nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Stacked double-flux-quantum output amplifier

A suitable data link from RSFQ to semiconductor electronics remains challenging. We report an output amplifier that uses a new pulse multiplier circuit. The pulse multiplier consists of several stages arranged in series; a double-flux-quantum gate at each stage promotes the SFQ pulse to the next stage. Characteristics of the circuit design are: 1) DC power. As with the DFQ gate, every unshunted Josephson junction in the amplifier is loaded by critically-damped junctions that prevent voltage-state modes. 2) Equal rise and fall times that scale with output amplitude. In our case, 50 ps rise and fall time and 1-2 mV output amplitude can be realized, which is ideal for a data rate of 10 Gb/s. 3) Quantum accurate voltage multiplication independent of bias current. 4) Non-return-to-zero (NRZ) operation. The circuit was designed and successfully tested in our 8 kA/cm/sup 2/ foundry process. A 60 GHz pulse train, generated on-chip, was gated with RSFQ logic to produce a data pattern that was then fed into a pulse multiplier of either ten or twenty stages. Voltage multiplication was observed with operating margins of /spl plusmn/21% on bias current. Fast rise time was directly observed; unfortunately, fall time was spoiled by ringing on a 1 ns time scale. It is plausible that small changes to the physical layout of the circuit would produce desired operation.

Field of study: Physics
Self-assembly of [Au(CN)2]− Complexes with Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) Steroidal Alkaloid Glycosides to Form Sheet or Tubular Structures

Composites were prepared using [Au(CN)2]− complexes and steroidal alkaloid glycosides (SAGs) from tomato, including hydrophilic sugar and hydrophobic aglycone groups. Supramolecular sheet, tubular and unique structures were obtained, depending on the molecular structure of the SAG. Polymeric [Au(CN)2]−n units in these supramolecular structures resulted in aurophilic interactions that produced luminescent aggregates, depending on the SAG.

Field of study: Chemistry
A semi-theoretical model for predicting refrigerant/lubricant mixture pool boiling heat transfer

This paper outlines the framework of a semi-theoretical model for predicting the pool boiling heat transfer of refrigerant/lubricant mixtures on a roughened, horizontal, flat pool-boiling surface. The predictive model is based on the mechanisms involved in the formation of the lubricant excess layer that exists on the heat transfer surface. The lubricant accumulates on the surface in excess of the bulk concentration via preferential evaporation of the refrigerant from the bulk refrigerant/lubricant mixture. As a result, excess lubricant resides in a thin layer on the surface and influences the boiling performance, giving either an enhancement or degradation in heat transfer. A dimensionless excess layer parameter and a thermal boundary layer constant were derived and fitted to data in an attempt to generalize the model to other refrigerant/lubricant mixtures. The model inputs include transport and thermodynamic refrigerant properties and the lubricant composition, viscosity, and critical solution temperature with the refrigerant. The model predicts the boiling heat transfer coefficient of three different mixtures of R123 and lubricant to within ±10%. Comparisons of heat transfer predictions to measurements for 13 different refrigerant/lubricant mixtures were made, including two different refrigerants and three different lubricants.

Field of study: Engineering
Aluminized Solid Propellants Burning in a Rocket Motor Flowfield

Combustion and agglomeration processes of aluminum particles emitted from the surface of an aluminized double-base propellant (NC/TMETN) were studied under rocket motor, crossflow conditions. High-speed color photographs (-2000 frames/s) were taken of burning AI/AI2O3 agglomerates forming on the surface, moving along the surface, and entering the flowfield. As an example, a propellant containing 6-^m Al burning at 7 MPa and 6 m/s crossflow produced a mean agglomerate size of about 250 ^m. Analysis of size distributions of the agglomerates leaving the surface revealed that the following parameters decrease with increasing pressure: collision frequency on the surface, the agglomerate stay time on the surface, and mean agglomerate size. Increasing the crossflow velocity decreased the mean agglomerate size. The propellants which contained the large aluminum particles (50 /*m vs 6 j*m) burned without the aluminum igniting or agglomerating on the surface.

Field of study: Physics
Genetically mediated brain abnormalities in schizophrenia

Schizophrenia is a highly heritable, neurobehavioral disorder; however, the mode of inheritance is complex, and linkage findings have been difficult to replicate. Some consistent linkage findings have emerged on chromosomes 1, 6, 8, 11, 13, 15, and 22. New methods are being developed for candidate gene identification, including the use of neurobiologic phenotypes observed in relatives of persons with schizophrenia. Neuroimaging studies of relatives implicate abnormal hippocampal structure and inefficient prefrontal network functioning, probably representing mild variants of the abnormalities observed in schizophrenia. These characteristics may represent stable markers of vulnerability to schizophrenia, because they are not confounded by effects of antipsychotic drugs or psychosis. Recent studies provide evidence for a small role of the catechol-O-methyltransferase gene on 22q, and the serotonin receptor transporter gene on 17q11–q12 in the development of schizophrenia. Linking genes and brain regions or networks is an important step in identification of the pathophysiology of schizophrenia.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Isolation, characterization and oxygen equilibrium of an extracellular haemoglobin from Eunice aphroditois (Passas).

The extracellular haemoglobin from the polychaeta,Eunice aphroditois, existed as a mixture of a heavy major component (so20, w = 56.96 +/- 0.125) and a light minor component (so20, w = 10.00 +/- 0.13S), the latter probably being a dissociation product of the former. The molecular weight of the purified heavier component, as detetermined by sedimentation equilibrium, was 3.44 x 10(6) +/- 0.04x10(6). The molecule had the electron-microscopic appearance typical of annelid haemoglobins, consisting of a stack of two hexagonal plates, with dimensions 26.32 +/- 0.27 nm across the flats of the hexagon, height of stack 17.86 +/- 0.34 nm. The sugar composition is reported, and the isoelectric point was approx. pH7.8. The haem content was 2.31 +/- 0.01%, corresponding to a minimal mol.wt. of 26700. Detergent/gel electrophoresis revealed the presence of at least four bands with molecular weights in the range 14600-31000. Five N-terminal amino acids were found. In addition to the 10S component, which co-existed with the 57S component at all pH values in the range 4.0-10.6, at low pH values (less than pH.5.0) A 16S and a 1.9 S component were found. The absorption and circular-dichroic spectra are reported, and the alpha-helical content, calculated from the ellipticity at 222 nm, was about 40%. The molecule bound O2 co-operatively with a maximum value of the Hill coefficient, h, of 3.9. Over the pH range 7.0-8.0 there was a positive Bohr effect.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Effect of electron transport properties on unipolar CdZnTe radiation detectors: LUND, spectrumplus and coplanar grid

Device simulations of (1) the laterally contacted-unipolar-nuclear detector (LUND), (2) the SpectrumPlus, (3) and the coplanar grid made of Cd0.9Zn0.1Te (CZT) were performed for 137Cs irradiation by 662.15 keV gamma-rays. Realistic and controlled simulations of the gamma-ray interactions with the CZT material were done using the MCNP4B2 Monte Carlo program, and the detector responses were simulated using the Sandia three-dimensional multi-electrode simulation program (SandTMSP). The simulations were done for the best and the worst expected carrier mobilities and lifetimes of currently commercially available CZT materials for radiation detector applications. For the simulated unipolar devices, the active device volumes were relatively large and the energy resolutions were fairly good, but these performance characteristics were found to be very sensitive to the materials properties. The internal electric fields, the weighting potentials, and the charge induced efficiency maps were calculated to give insights into the operation of these devices.

Field of study: Materials science
Productivity and patient satisfaction in primary care--conflicting or compatible goals?

Following recent reforms in Swedish primary care, providers are accountable to both citizens and county councils, in their role as payers. Productivity and quality measurement is fundamental for ensuring health care providers accountability to payers and that resources are spent as intended. The purpose was to study productivity and patient satisfaction in Swedish primary care. One measure of productivity capturing volume of visits and one measure capturing individual's judgment about the quality of services in relation to allocated resources was estimated. The potential conflict between the two measures and variation with respect to different factors was analyzed. There was a great variation in both measures of productivity. No conflict between the two measures of productivity was found. Thus, most providers could increase their volume of services without adverse effects for the quality and vice versa. Providers are however faced with different conditions. Traditional productivity measures are not enough to assess whether allocated resources are used according to set priorities and generates value for money. Information about the length and content of visits and the distribution of services produced is also needed, in particular to assess if resources allocated based on expected great needs among certain groups actually benefits those individuals. Effects of services produced are also needed. This is particularly important to assess if resources allocated based on expected great needs among certain groups actually benefits those individuals.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Estimating fault hitting rates by recapture sampling

For the recapture debugging design introduced by Nayak (1988) we consider the problem of estimating the hitting rates of the faults remaining in a system. In the context of a conditional likelihood, moment estimators are derived and are shown to be asymptotically normal and fully efficient. Fixed sample properties of the moment estimators are compared, through simulation, with those of the conditional maximum likelihood estimators. Also considered is a procedure for testing the assumption that faults have identical hitting rates; this provides a test of fit of the Jelinski-Moranda (1972) model. It is assumed that the residual hitting rates follow a log linear rate model and that the testing process is truncated when the gaps between the detection of new errors exceed a fixed amount of time.

Field of study: Mathematics
Characterization of seeds of selected wild species of rice (Oryza) stored under high temperature and humidity conditions.

Wild progenitors of rice (Oryza) are an invaluable resource for restoring genetic diversity and incorporating useful traits back into cultivars. Studies were conducted to characterize the biochemical changes, including SDS-PAGE banding pattern of storage proteins in seeds of six wild species (Oryza alta, O. grandiglumis, O. meridionalis, O. nivara, O. officinalis and O. rhizomatis) of rice stored under high temperature (45 degrees C) and humidity (approixmately 100%) for 15 days, which facilitated accelerated deterioration. Under the treated conditions, seeds of different wild rice species showed decrease in per cent germination and concentrations of protein and starch, but increase in conductivity of leachate and content of sugar. The SDS-PAGE analysis of seed proteins showed that not only the total number of bands, but also their intensity in terms of thickness differed for each species under storage. The total number of bands ranged from 11 to 22, but none of the species showed all the bands. Similarity index for protein bands between the control and treated seeds was observed to be least in O. rhizomatis and O. alta, while the indices were 0.7 and 0.625 for O. officinalis and O. nivara, respectively. This study clearly showed that seed deterioration led to distinctive biochemical changes, including the presence or absence as well as altered levels of intensity of proteins. Hence, SDS-PAGE protein banding pattern can be used effectively to characterize deterioration of seeds of different wild species of rice.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Physics
[Formation of paroxysmal brain activity in the liquidators of the consequences of the Chernobyl nuclear disaster].

To investigate the effect of ionizing radiation on the formation of paroxysmal brain activity (PBA) in the liquidators of the consequences of the Chernobyl nuclear disaster in view of their age on the date of exposure to radiation.



EEG examinations were performed in 105 liquidators of the consequences of the nuclear disaster (LCND) and 90 people without radiation anamnesis (control group).



It has been determined that the formation of paroxysmal brain activity in LCND occurs 3.5 times more frequent (p<0.001) and 15-17 years earlier (p<0.001) than in the control group and mainly during the first 10 years after the exposure to radiation. The history of the exposure to ionizing radiation is associated with the increased risk of the development of convulsive PBA as focal seizures by 5.5 times (p<0.001), interictal epileptiform discharges (IED) in EEG by 3.3 times (p<0.001). Radiation effect on LCND under 30 years old increases (as compared to the control group) the risk of the formation of elevated paroxysmal brain activity by 19 times (p<0.001), convulsive epileptic seizures by 33.3 times (p<0.001), interictal epileptiform discharges in EEG by 12 times (p<0.001), asymptomatic focal epileptoid nidus in EEG by 9.3 times (p<0.001). Stimulating effect of ionizing radiation on the development of PBA related to the age on the date of exposure to radiation was found.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Part-load characteristics of a new ammonia/lithium nitrate absorption chiller

A pre-industrial prototype of a new water-cooled ammonia/lithium nitrate absorption chiller was characterised at part-load operation mode. The chiller was built using brazed plate heat exchangers in all its components, including the absorber and the generator. A test campaign was carried out varying the thermal load in the chilled water circuit and keeping the hot and cooling water temperatures constant. Part-load curves of the thermal and electrical coefficients of performance were obtained, plotted and compared with data from the literature on small capacity absorption chillers with conventional working pairs, namely ammonia/water and water/lithium bromide. The experimental results showed that to achieve a higher electrical coefficient of performance at part-load operation, it was much more convenient to use an ON-OFF control than to modify the hot water temperature. Furthermore, using a simple ON-OFF control strategy, the behaviour of the new absorption chiller was more agile and responded more quickly. The part-load curve of the electrical coefficient of performance was obtained by adjusting the experimental data to the shape of the curve proposed in the standard prEN-14825:2011 for air-to-water chillers. The Cc coefficient was 0.7985 matching the value obtained dividing the remaining electrical consumption measured during the OFF half cycles by the total energy consumption generated.

Field of study: Engineering
Design of Cooling System for Spinning-drawing Equipment and Flow Analysis

Spinning-drawing equipment is commonly used in thickness deviation correction forming after cup-shaped pieces drawing.However,it often has a short life because of high temperature in spinning working position,and so this equipment is confined to a single trial production,hence hardly being widely used.Based on the analysis of the equipment structure and forming technology,the design of the cooling system was complete adopting the ideas of coolant and processing site isolating,and the model was established.According to the cooling fluid flow and vortex analysis,the cooling system design was optimized,which extends the life of the equipment.

Field of study: Materials science
Effects of ABCA1 variants on rosiglitazone monotherapy in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes patients

The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between R219K, M883I, and R1587K variants of the ATP-binding cassette transporter subfamily A number 1 (ABCA1) gene and response to rosiglitazone treatment in newly diagnosed patients with type 2 diabetes.A total of 105 diabetic patients with no history of antihyperglycemia medication were treated with rosiglitazone (4 or 8 mg daily) for 48 weeks. Three non-synonymous variants R219K, M883I, and R1587K, were genotyped in all patients.Ninety-three patients completed the entire study. The R219K variant of ABCA1 had an effect on rosiglitazone response with the per-allele odds ratio of 2.04 for treatment failure (P < 0.05). The RR homozygotes had a better improvement in indicators of insulin sensitivity, as determined by a significantly greater decrease in the homeostasis model assessment index of insulin resistance (-2.39±0.46 vs -0.69±0.51, P < 0.05). No genotype-phenotype association was detected for M883I and R1587K.Conclusion:The R219K variant of ABCA1 was associated with the therapeutic effect of rosiglitazone. The RR homozygotes had a better response to rosiglitazone treatment in terms of insulin sensitivity improvement than minor K allele carriers. Neither the M883I nor R1587K variant of the ABCA1 gene was associated with rosiglitazone response.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Power cycling issues and challenges of SiC-MOSFET power modules in high temperature conditions

Silicon carbide (SiC) MOSFETs power modules are very attractive devices and are already available in the market. Nevertheless, despite technological progress, reliability remains an issue and reliability tests must be conducted to introduce more widely these devices into power systems. Because of trapping/de-trapping phenomena at the SiC/SiO 2 interface that lead to the shift of threshold voltage, test protocols based on silicon components cannot be used as is, especially in high temperature conditions. Using high temperature SiC MOSFET power modules, we highlight the main experimental difficulties to perform power cycling tests. These reversible physical mechanisms preclude the use of temperature sensitive parameters (TSEP) for junction temperature measurements, so we set up fiber optic temperature sensors for this purpose. Moreover, these degradation phenomena lead to difficulties in both controlling the test conditions and seeking for reliable aging indicator parameters. Finally, a power cycling test protocol at high temperature conditions is proposed for such devices.

Field of study: Engineering
New high-resolution scheme for three-dimensional nonlinear hyperbolic conservation laws

We present a new third-order central weighted essentially non-oscillatory (CWENO) reconstruction for computations of nonlinear hyperbolic conservation laws in three spatial dimensions. The semi-discrete central-upwind schemes of Kurganov et al. are extended by giving some simple approximations for the local speeds of the discontinuities. To this end, the obtained CWENO-type central-upwind scheme, i.e., the extended semi-discrete central-upwind scheme based on the new high-resolution CWENO reconstruction, is developed straightforwardly to solve 3D systems, such as Euler equations and magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) equations. The good performance of the resulting method is finally shown in the numerical examples.

Field of study: Mathematics
Did X Mark the Spot? Brand X and the Scope of Agency Overrides of Judicial Decisions

In 2005, the Supreme Court issued a startling administrative law decision in National Cable & Telecommunications Ass’n v. Brand X Internet Services. In Brand X, the Court held that agencies could override judicial constructions of ambiguous federal laws by promulgating their own conflicting, yet authoritative, interpretations. Justice Scalia dissented, arguing that the Brand X rule marked an unconstitutional threat to judicial supremacy and stare decisis. To date, the commentary surrounding Brand X has assumed that the decision had enormous repercussions on both agency statutory interpretation and the balance of powers between courts and agencies. The intense reaction to the decision notwithstanding, this Note explores whether the Brand X decision has really mattered in practice. This Note employs a unique dataset of rulemakings from the Federal Register to empirically analyze the extent to which agencies have engaged in Brand X-type overrides. Contrary to the prevailing understanding about the decision’s importance, this study finds that agencies rarely promulgate rules that conflict with established judicial precedent. Moreover, there is little evidence that Brand X actually changed agency behavior—agencies have not been more willing to disregard judicial precedent since the 2005 decision. Finally, where agencies have passed rules that displace judicial interpretations, this Note argues that they have done so in ways that are consistent with the institutional competencies and rationales underlying agency deference in the first place. These findings suggest that Brand X was not as momentous a decision as initially predicted, and that concern over its separation of powers implications lacks empirical support. Instead, the empirical evidence points to a more nuanced and balanced portrait of administrative agencies that see their role in partnership—and not in conflict— with the courts.  I would like to thank Daniel E. Ho, who both introduced me to administrative law and provided his guidance and mentorship throughout my research. I am also grateful to Salvatore U. Bonaccorso and participants of the Stanford Legal Studies Workshop for their insightful comments and feedback on earlier drafts. And lastly, the editors of the Stanford Law Review should be recognized for their diligent editing—this Note is greatly improved due to their efforts. All errors are my own. Volume 68 January 2016 Stanford Law Review Did X Mark the Spot? 68 STAN. L. REV. 235 (2016) 236 Table of

Field of study: Law