nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Design and analysis of the Stacked-Banyan ATM switch fabric

ATM switches in future broadband networks will be required to support multigigabits/sec port speeds. At such high switching speeds, space-division switch architectures are more competitive than currently implemented shared-memory switch architectures. In this paper, we present the design and analysis of a new switch architecture, named Stacked-Banyan (SB), which utilizes parallel Banyan planes and supports K QoS levels with output queuing. The Banyans are composed of 2 × 4 switching elements (SEs). The SE is implemented by 0.35 μ CMOS logic gates. Circuit simulations of the SE show satisfactory performance at 1 Gbps. The non-blocking behavior of the SB fabric is verified by VHDL. The proposed fabric uses output queuing to resolve contention. In general, the output buffer handles K QoS levels by K virtual queues. Focusing on the case K=2, we propose a buffer management and channel allocation strategy that can be adjusted to meet the delay and loss requirements of the two types of traffic. The output buffer is managed as two virtual queues, each handling a different traffic type. To meet the delay QoS of one traffic type, the channel is allocated to the respective queue with a probability that depends on the congestion level in that queue. We present a model and analysis of the output queues and calculate the waiting time and loss performance under two specific allocation strategies. The results indicate that the proposed channel allocation strategy is quite effective in maintaining a balance between the QoS objectives of the two traffic types.

Field of study: Computer science
Diagrams of phase equilibria: a basis for implementing technologies of technogenic waste product conversion

Diagrams of the phase equilibria of multicomponent systems simulating the composition of technogenic waste products of thermal power stations’ burning of vanadium-containing fuel were obtained. The possibility of controlling the degree of vanadium extraction during oxidative calcinations was shown by varying the proportions of the mixture of two types of waste: thermal power station energy silts and wastewater treatment silts.

Field of study: Physics
New method of preparing (100) InP surfaces for schottky barrier and ohmic contact formation

The electrical behaviour of metal contacts to the (100) InP surface is examined and shown to be critically dependant on the surface pretreatment. Ag and Al contacts were deposited onto surfaces under ultrahigh vacuum conditions with particular emphasis being placed on surface preparation. The chemical composition of the InP surface during preparation was monitored using Auger electron spectroscopy. The results indicate that the electrical behaviour of the contact is dominated by the compositional and morphological features of the interface. Surfaces prepared by low energy Ar+ ion bombardment are highly disordered and non-stoichiometric. This damage is only partly removed by annealing. Small In islands remain which are a consequence of selective sputtering and In atom migration. These islands are shown to be a key factor in the production of ohmic contacts using metals previously considered to be inert. H+ ion bombardment is shown to be effective in cleaning the surface without introducing In precipitation, enabling barrier contacts to be formed using Au and Ag. Chemical interactions at the interface which would normally prevent a reactive metal such as Al from forming a barrier contact can be overcome by means of a passivating layer of oxide approximately 30A0 thick formed by low temperature plasma oxidation. The existence of a thin interfacial oxide is shown not to influence the electrical behaviour of a barrier contact provided the layer occurs within the range of tunnelling electrons. The thermal stability of the Al Schottky barrier contact is shown to be superior to that of other metallizations on plasma oxidized surfaces.

Field of study: Materials science
Numerical investigation of nitrogen oxides emission from turbulent non-premixed flames

Nitrogen oxides emission from a series of turbulent me thane jet non-premixed flames with different Reynolds number was numerically si mulated, in order to investigate the influence of turbulence on the formation of nitrogen oxides.A two-scale k-e turbulence model was adopted to calculat e turbulent velocity field, and the probability density function (PDF) method wa s combined with the Lagrangian flamelet model to predict the turbulent scalar fi elds.Detailed chemical reaction mechanism GRI-Mech 3.0 was incorporated to des cribe methane oxidation and nitrogen oxides formation.The comparisons between ni trogen oxides predictions and measurements were made,and the influence of Reynol ds number, scalar dissipation and flamelet time on the formation of nitrogen oxi des was discussed. The numerical results were in good agreement with the measure ments, and the trend that nitrogen oxides emission decreased with the increase o f Reynolds number in the experiment was reasonably represented by the present nu merical models.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Reticulography: a simple and sensitive technique for mapping misorientations in single crystals.

Interposition of a fine-scale X-ray absorbing mesh between a Laue-diffracting crystal specimen and the photographic plate recording its topographic image splits the diffracted beam into an array of individually identifiable microbeam elements. Direction differences between the microbeams in the array, which are twice the orientation differences between the crystal elements reflecting them, are measured by recording the array at two or more mesh-to-photoplate distances. Maps of misorientation vectors over the crystal lattice planes under examination can be derived from these array images by visual or digital electronic metrological procedures. Applications to two specimens widely different in diffracting properties are described. Angular size of the X-ray source is the principal instrumental factor setting misorientation detection limits, and was less than 1 arc second in this work.

Field of study: Physics
Room temperature operational single electron transistor on the macroscopic surface of hydrogenated diamond like carbon

This paper shows single electron transistor at room temperature,created on macroscopic system-the two-dimensional large area surface of our hydrogenated diamond like carbon thin film. Our results, free from the limitation of lowering the size of coulomb blockade in sub-nanometer range with the existing unprofitable process,are consistent with the theoretical results and will be relevant for future practical applications in the realm of atomic physics, quantum phenomenon and metrology.

Field of study: Physics
Anthropogenic Contributions to the 2018 Extreme Flooding over the Upper Yellow River Basin in China

Ji—Key Laboratory of Regional ClimateEnvironment for Temperate East Asia, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Yuan—Key Laboratory of Regional ClimateEnvironment for Temperate East Asia, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, and School of Hydrology and Water Resources, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China; Jiao—School of Hydrology and Water Resources, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China; Wang—Hydrology Bureau of Yellow River Conservancy Commission, Zhengzhou, China; Han and SHi—National Meteorological Information Center, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing, China CORRESPONDING AUTHOR: Xing Yuan, xyuan@nuist.edu.cn

Field of study: Environmental science
Welfare Insurance and Casual Labour: A Study of Administrative Intervention in Industrial Employment, 1906–26

A THOUGH much historical study has been directed recently to tracing the origins and development ofa national policy for the unemployed, relatively little attention has been given to what many contemporaries saw as the root of the problem, namely the prevalence of underemployment in major towns and cities.' Sociological inquiry around the turn of the century established a positive correlation between the incidence of poverty and irregularity of employment. Casual work-as well as low-paid work-was a major source of pauperism and social distress. Casuals were an economic burden on the communities in which they lived. Industries using casual labour were condemned as being highly wasteful of manpower resources. They covertly encouraged irregular work habits, thereby perpetuating the existence of a degenerate and inefficient work-force. The movement to eliminate the use of casual labour became almost a moral crusade; in the early years of the twentieth century this particular reform was advocated repeatedly in discussions over unemployment. Casual workers were a problem because they were not amenable to many contemporary schemes for those without work; they could not be sent to labour colonies, be retrained, or be given assisted passages to the less inhabited parts ofthe empire. Equally obviously, the underemployed and the unemployed could not be divided into two mutually exclusive groups. The elimination of casual labour was widely regarded as necessary to help mitigate the problems of unemployment and poverty. Whether, and if so how, the state should aid this process was a more controversial point. Determining the size of the casual-labour market during this period has proved very difficult. Reasons why this is so have been well explained elsewhere and will not be repeated  This article makes no attempt to tackle this thorny problem. Instead it re-examines the underlying implications of state welfare insurance, and demonstrates how responsibility for the unemployed of necessity involved government in defining the work habits of the individual-a point nicely illustrated in the genesis of official efforts to promote decasualization. In spite of subsequent attempts to extricate the state from problems involved in the supply and distribution of labour, it is apparent that postwar governments continued

Field of study: Economics, History
Periplocin Inhibits Growth of Lung Cancer in vitro and in vivo by Blocking AKT/ERK Signaling Pathways

Periplocin is one of cardenolides isolated from cortex periplocae which is used for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and reinforcement of bones and tendons in traditional medicine. Here, we investigated the anti-tumor activity of periplocin against lung cancer cells bothin vitro and in vivo, and explored its anti-cancer mechanism. Periplocin inhibited the growth of lung cancer cells and induced their apoptosis in time- and dose-dependent manners by cell cycle arrest in G0/G1 phase. Periplocin exhibited anti-tumor activity both in human (A549) and mouse (LL/2) lung cancer xenograft models. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that intratumoral angiogenesis was significantly suppressed. Furthermore, anti-cancer activity mediated by periplocin was associated with decreased level of phosphorylated AKT and ERK both in vitro and in vivo, which were important for cell growth and survival. Moreover, periplocin induced apoptosis by downregulating Bcl-2 and upregulating Bax, leading to activation of caspase-3 and caspase-9. These findings suggested that periplocin could inhibit the growth of lung cancer both in vitro and in vivo, which could be attributed to the inhibition of proliferation and the induction of apoptosis signaling pathway, such as AKT and ERK. These observations provide further evidence on the anti-tumor effect of periplocin, and it may be of importance to further explore its potential role as a therapeutic agent for cancer.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Topical application of substance P promotes wound healing in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.

Substance P (SP) is known to stimulate angiogenesis, fibroblasts proliferation and expressions of cytokines and growth factors involved in wound healing. However, SP level reduces in dermis in diabetics and, hence, it was hypothesized that exogenously applied SP could be helpful in improving wound healing in diabetic rats. Excision skin wound was created on the back of diabetic rats and rats were divided into three groups i.e. (i) saline-, (ii) gel- and (iii) SP-treated. Normal saline, pluronic gel and SP (10(-6)M) in gel were topically applied once daily for 19days. SP treatment significantly increased the wound closure, levels of interleukin-10, and expressions of vascular endothelial growth factor, transforming growth factor-beta1, heme oxygenase-1 and endothelial nitric oxide synthase, whereas it significantly decreased the expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1beta and matrix metalloproteinases-9 in the granulation/healing tissue. The inflammatory cells were present for long time in normal saline-treated group. Histological evaluation revealed better extracellular matrix formation with marked fibroblast proliferation and collagen deposition in SP-treated group. Early epithelial layer formation, increased microvessel density and greater growth associated protein-43 positive nerve fibers were also evidenced in SP-treated group. In conclusion, SP treatment markedly accelerated cutaneous wound healing in diabetic rats.

Field of study: Medicine
Adjusted Least Squares Estimates for the Scaled Regression Coefficients with Censored Data

The ordinary least squares (OLS) method is popular for analyzing linear regression models because of its simplicity in computation. Suppose that the regressor variables are stochastic and the dependent observations are censored; we can prove that under very general design conditions, the least squares (LS) method can still be useful in estimating the scaled regression coefficients of the general regression model Y * = Q (α + βXi, ℰi), i = 1, 2, …, n, provided that the censored response observations are properly weighted. (Here α is a constant, β is a 1 + p row vector, X i are p + 1 column vectors of explanatory variables, ℰi are unobserved random errors, and Q is an arbitrary unknown function.) Particularly, we shall see that under stronger design conditions, such as assuming that the regressor variables have elliptically symmetric distribution, the OLS estimator consistently estimates the scaled β when the response observations are complete. The model discussed here is not the usual nonlinear re...

Field of study: Mathematics
DSP Based Continuous Wavelet Transform Algorithm for Detecting Power Disturbance

Wavelet Transform(WT) possesses good time-frequency domain characteristics and is able to collect the time-frequency parameters of signals simultaneously,it is a powerful tool for power quality analysis.The analyzing method used in this paper is by continuous wavelet transformation and the complex Morlet wavelet with good frequency domain characteristics is chosen as base wavelet to process power disturbance signals,and the validation is through digital signal processor(DSP).The results show that from given sample data the algorithm can collect the various characteristic parameters of the disturbance signals precisely.Thus it proves that it is an effective means for accurate detection of power disturbance.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
SU-C-9A-06: The Impact of CT Image Used for Attenuation Correction in 4D-PET.

To evaluate the appropriateness of using 3D non-gated CT image for attenuation correction (AC) in a 4D-PET (gated PET) imaging protocol used in radiotherapy treatment planning simulation.



The 4D-PET imaging protocol in a Siemens PET/CT simulator (Biograph mCT, Siemens Medical Solutions, Hoffman Estates, IL) was evaluated. CIRS Dynamic Thorax Phantom (CIRS Inc., Norfolk, VA) with a moving glass sphere (8 mL) in the middle of its thorax portion was used in the experiments. The glass was filled with 18 F-FDG and was in a longitudinal motion derived from a real patient breathing pattern. Varian RPM system (Varian Medical Systems, Palo Alto, CA) was used for respiratory gating. Both phase-gating and amplitude-gating methods were tested. The clinical imaging protocol was modified to use three different CT images for AC in 4D-PET reconstruction: first is to use a single-phase CT image to mimic actual clinical protocol (single-CT-PET); second is to use the average intensity projection CT (AveIP-CT) derived from 4D-CT scanning (AveIP-CT-PET); third is to use 4D-CT image to do the phase-matched AC (phase-matching- PET). Maximum SUV (SUVmax) and volume of the moving target (glass sphere) with threshold of 40% SUVmax were calculated for comparison between 4D-PET images derived with different AC methods.



The SUVmax varied 7.3%±6.9% over the breathing cycle in single-CT-PET, compared to 2.5%±2.8% in AveIP-CT-PET and 1.3%±1.2% in phasematching PET. The SUVmax in single-CT-PET differed by up to 15% from those in phase-matching-PET. The target volumes measured from single- CT-PET images also presented variations up to 10% among different phases of 4D PET in both phase-gating and amplitude-gating experiments.



Attenuation correction using non-gated CT in 4D-PET imaging is not optimal process for quantitative analysis. Clinical 4D-PET imaging protocols should consider phase-matched 4D-CT image if available to achieve better accuracy.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Monastic tithes : from their origins to the twelfth century

Part I. Tithes in the Early Middle Ages 1. The Christian theory of tithes 2. The early practice of tithing 3. Carolingian legislation on tithes Part II. Monastic possession of tithes: 4. From the seventh to the eleventh century 5. The policy of the reformed papacy 6. Monastic possession of tithes in the twelfth century 7. Opposition to monastic possession of tithes 8. The defence of monastic possession of tithes 9. The end of the opposition Part III. Monastic Payment of tithes: 10. Monastic payment of tithes before the twelfth century 11. The growth of monastic freedom from tithes in the first half of the twelfth century 12. The crisis of monastic freedom from tithes.

Field of study: Economics, History
Synthesis of Alkyl 5,6-Dialkyl-2-amino-3-cyanopyridine-4-carboxylates

An unusual route has been found for the hydrolysis of 3-amino-1,1-dialkoxy-6,7-dialkyl-4-aryl-3a,4,5,7a-tetrahydro-1H-pyrrolo[3,4-c]pyridine-3a,7a-dicarbonitriles in acidic medium which leads to the formation of alkyl 5,6-dialkyl-2-amino-3-cyanopyridine-4-carboxylates.

Field of study: Chemistry
SU‐FF‐T‐40: A Robust Proton Treatment Planning Strategy to Account the Diaphragm Motion for the Esophagus Cancer Using 4D CT

The purpose of this work is to design a treatment plan so that the target will be adequately covered on each phase of four‐dimensional computed tomography (4D CT) for patients with large diaphragm motion when the same treatment plan was recalculated in all 10 phases of the 4D CT.Method: We evaluate two planning strategies based on (1) average CT and (2) inspiration CT. For both strategies, smearing, proximal and distal margins were adjusted to improve the target dose coverage for 10 phases of 4D CT. For an esophagus patient with large diaphragm motion (∼5cm), a treatment plan was designed based on strategies (1) and (2). The same treatment plan was recalculated in all 10 phases of the 4D CT.Result: For strategy (1), internal target volume (ITV) prescription dose coverage at inspiration/expiration phase decreased/increased from 99.3%/91.5% to 94.6%/99.6% when the smearing margin was increased from 0.5 cm to 3.5 cm. Adjusting the distal and proximal margin had not effect on the ITV coverage. For strategy (2), using the smearing margin 3.5 cm and an increased distal margin for one of the three beams, the ITV prescription dose coverage is at least 99.5% for all ten phases of 4D CT.Conclusion: By designing a proton treatment plan on the inspiration phase with slightly adjusted planning parameters, it is possible to have the target adequately covered for the esophagus cancer patient with large diaphragm motion.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
The Act-Frequency Approach

The core assumptions of Buss and Craik's act-frequency approach are analyzed, with special emphasis on their conception of personal dispositions. Points of critique are (1) a positivistic interpretation of personal dispositions, (2) lack of empirical content of the integration of prototypicality and fuzzy sets notions, (3) the unrealistic conception of traits, and (4)problems with the metric underlying the act-frequency approach. The author argues that a philosophical critical realist's interpretation of dispositions is more appropriate given the central research topics in personality psychology, that the integration of the cognitive concepts still needs a demonstration of its worth, and that some of the new metric possibilities do not make much sense. The final thesis is that the act-frequency approach's proposal to aggregate individual data, an idea born of the consistency debate of the seventies, bypasses the original main issue: the explanation and prediction of single behavioral acts.

Field of study: Psychology
On a Class of Rank Order Tests for the Parallelism of Several Regression Lines

0.  For the regression model Y,i = a + 3cpi + e,,, i = 1, * *, Nt, where the e,i are independent and identically distributed random variables (iidrv), optimum rank order tests for the hypothesis that 3 = 0 are due to Hoeffding (1950), Terry (1952) and Hajek (1962), among others. In the present paper, the theory is extended to the problem of testing the homogeneity of the regression coefficients from kI (_ 2) independent samples. Allied efficiency results are also presented.

Field of study: Mathematics
Prolonged limitation of tree growth due to warmer spring in semi-arid mountain forests of Tianshan, northwest China

Based on radial tree growth measurements in nine plots of area 625 m 2 (369 trees in total) and climate data, we explored the possibly changing effects of climate on regional tree growth in the temperate continental semi-arid mountain forests in the Tianshan Mountains in northwest China during 1933‐2005. Tree growth in our study region is generally limited by the soil water content of pre- and early growing season (February‐July). Remarkably, moving correlation functions identified a clear temporal change in the relationship between tree growth and mean April temperature. Tree growth showed a significant (p < 0:05) and negative relationship to mean April temperature since approximately the beginning of the 1970s, which indicated that the semi-arid mountain forests are suffering a prolonged growth limitation in recent years accompanying spring warming. This prolonged limitation of tree growth was attributed to the effects of soil water limitation in early spring (March‐April) caused by the rapid spring warming. Warming-induced prolonged drought stress contributes, to a large part, to the marked reduction of regional basal area increment (BAI) in recent years and a much slower growth rate in young trees. Our results highlight that the increasing water limitation induced by spring warming on tree growth most likely aggravated the marked reduction in tree growth. This work provides a better understanding of the effects of spring warming on tree growth in temperate continental semi-arid forests.

Field of study: Environmental science