nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Elizabeth I’s Virginity and the Body of Evidence: Jonson’s Notorious Crux

In a famous, frequently quoted statement, Ben Jonson claims that Queen Elizabeth I “had a membrana on her which made her uncapable of man.” This essay reinvestigates the basis for Jonson’s 400-year-old crux and, more broadly, argues for the relevance of an unexplored area of critical studies on Elizabeth: what early modern medicine and culture thought about lifelong virginity and its distinctive perils for the queen’s aging body natural. Finally, looking at the inner-circle gossip about Tudor and Stuart queens’ health and various records documenting Elizabeth’s identified illnesses, including hysterica passio, the essay uncovers how virgins’ diseases were thought to afflict Elizabeth over her reign and possibly contribute to her death.

Field of study: History
Aqueous humor immune factors and cytomegalovirus (CMV) levels in CMV retinitis through treatment - The CRIGSS study.

This study aims to perform comprehensive longitudinal immune factor analysis of aqueous humor in relation to the aqueous CMV viral load and systemic CD4 counts during treatment of patients with co-infection of HIV and CMVR.



Aqueous humor samples were collected from 17 HIV-positive patients with CMVR scheduled to undergo weekly intravitreal ganciclovir therapy as part of the prospective CMV Retinitis Intravitreal Ganciclovir Singapore Study (CRIGSS) over the course of 1year. Full data across all the 4 time points was obtained and analyzed for CMV DNA viral load, 41 cytokine and chemokine factors using real-time PCR with the FlexMAP 3D (Luminex®) platform and assessed using the Milliplex Human Cytokine® kit.



The following immune factors (Spearman correlation coefficient r value in parenthesis, p<0.05) showed strong correlation with CMV DNA load in the aqueous - MCP-1 (0.80, IFN-g (0.83), IP-10 (0.82), IL-8 (0.81), fractalkine (0.73), RANTES (0.68) - while the following showed moderate correlation - PDGF-AA (0.58), Flt-3L (0.59) and G-CSF (0.53). Only PDGF-AA revealed a statistically significant negative correlation with serum CD4 levels (r=-0.74).



Immune factors that correlate with intraocular CMV DNA load are identified. They are indicative of a Th1 and monocyte-macrophage mediated response, and exhibit a decreasing trend longitudinally through the course of treatment. These factors may be an important new consideration in individualizing the treatment of patients with CMVR.

Field of study: Medicine
Higher order commutators for a class of rough operators

In this paper we study the (Lp(up),Lq(vq)) boundedness of the higher order commutatorsTΩ,α,bm andMΩ,α,bm formed by the fractional integral operatorTΩ,α, the fractional maximal operatorMΩ,α, and a functionb(x) in BMO(v), respectively.Our results imporve and extend the corresponding results obtained by Segovia and Torrea in 1993 .

Field of study: Mathematics
Bitsliced Masking and ARM: Friends or Foes?

Software-based cryptographic implementations can be vulnerable to side-channel analysis. Masking countermeasures rank among the most prevalent techniques against it, ensuring formally the protection vs. value-based leakages. However, its applicability is halted by two factors. First, a masking countermeasure involves a computational overhead that can render implementations inefficient. Second, physical effects such as glitches and distance-based leakages can cause the reduction of the security order in practice, rendering the masking protection less effective. This paper, attempts to address both factors. In order to reduce the computational cost, we implement a high-throughput, bitsliced, 2nd-order masked implementation of the PRESENT cipher, using assembly in ARM Cortex-M4. The implementation outperforms the current state of the art and is capable of encrypting a 64-bit block of plaintext in 6,532 cycles (excluding RNG), using 1,644 bytes of data RAM and 1,552 bytes of code memory. Second, we analyze experimentally the effectiveness of masking in ARM devices, i.e. we examine the effects of distance-based leakages on the security order of our implementation. We confirm the theoretical model behind distance leakages for the first time in ARM-based architectures.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Word Sense Disambiguation for Indian Languages: A brief Survey

In this paper, we made a survey on Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) using some of the Indian languages. A research in WSD has been conducted upto different extents. In this paper, we have gone through a survey regarding the different approaches adopted in different research works, the State of the Art in the performance in this domain, recent works in different Indian languages such as Bengali, Hindi, Punjabi language. We have made a survey on different competitions in this field and built a comparison according to results, obtained from those competitions.

Field of study: Engineering
Functional inactivation of the lateral and basal nuclei of the amygdala by muscimol infusion prevents fear conditioning to an explicit conditioned stimulus and to contextual stimuli.

The GABAa agonist, muscimol (0.5 microgram in 0.5 microliter saline), or vehicle was infused into the lateral and basal amygdala nuclei prior to fear conditioning or testing in rats. Rats given muscimol before conditioning and saline before testing showed much less freezing to the conditioned stimulus (CS) and the context than did controls given saline before training and testing. Rats given saline before training and muscimol prior to testing also showed low levels of freezing to the CS and the context. In follow-up procedures, rats with acquisition initially blocked by pretraining muscimol infusions froze in a manner similar to that of controls when retrained and retested with saline infusions. Rats trained with saline but tested with muscimol presumably became conditioned but could express the learning. When retested with saline, they froze in the same manner as controls. Thus, activity in the lateral and basal amygdala appears to play an essential role in the acquisition and expression of fear conditioning.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
xdlMAPMAN and xdlDATAMAN - programs for reformatting, analysis and manipulation of biomacromolecular electron-density maps and reflection data sets.

Two user-friendly computer programs are described for use in macromolecular X-ray crystallography, xdlMAPMAN provides an interface for electron-density map exchange between some of the most commonly used phase refinement, structure refinement and model- building programs. In addition, it contains several options to analyse and abstract such maps. xdlDATAMAN provides similar functionality for the analysis and manipulation of macromolecular reflection data sets. Both programs have a simple graphical user interface, and their source code has been put into the public domain.

Field of study: Chemistry
Spline reproducing kernels on and error bounds for piecewise smooth LBV problems

Reproducing kernel method for approximating solutions of linear boundary value problems is valid in Hilbert spaces composed of continuous functions, but its convergence is not satisfactory without additional smoothness assumptions. We prove 2nd order uniform convergence for regular problems with coefficient piecewise of Sobolev class H2. If the coefficients are globally of class H2, more refined phantom boundary NSC-RKHS method is derived, and the order of convergence rises to 3 or 4, according to whether the problem is piecewise of class H3 or H4. The algorithms can be successfully applied to various non-local linear boundary conditions, e.g. of simple integral form. The paper contains also a new explicit formula for general spline reproducing kernels in Hm[a, b], if the inner product 〈 f , g 〉 m , ξ = ∑ i m f ( i ) ( ξ ) g ( i ) ( ξ ) + ∫ f ( m ) g ( m ) depends on any fixed reference point ξ ∈ [a, b]. The piecewise NSC–RKHS methods are then applied to two example regular LBV problems in H3 and H5. Exactness of the resulting numerical solutions, the degree of convergence, and their dependency of the reference point ξ ∈ [a, b] are presented in attached figures.

Field of study: Mathematics
Reciprocity: A Fragile Equilibrium

Reciprocity may serve to explain or to justify law. In its latter capacity, which is the topic of this article, reciprocity is commonly turned into a highly idealized notion, as either a balance between two free and equal parties or as the possibility of communication tout court. Both ideals lack empirical reference. If sociological and anthropological literature on forms of exchange is taken into account, it should be acknowledged that reciprocal relations are easy to destabilize. The dynamics of exchange invites to exclusion and inequality. For this reason reciprocity should not be presupposed as the normative underpinning of law, but law should be presupposed in order to turn reciprocity into a desirable ideal.

Field of study: Philosophy
Quantiative analysis of sodium cyclamate in food by liquid chromatograph-mass spectrometry

A liquid chromatograph-mass spectrometric method for the determination of sodium cyclamate in food had been established.We studied the effects of differert solvents and found that the recovery was better than others if extracted with ethyl acetate and methyl cyanide.The seperation was carried out on a C18 analytical column with a liner gradiert elution of methyl(A)-solution of 0.02 mol/L ammonium acetate.The linear range was 0.02～0.3 μg/mL and r was 0.9994.The recoveries were in a range of 70.5%～88.2% and the relative standard deviations were less than 6.0%.This method not only was accurate and rapid,but also had preferable reproducivity.It could apply to the analysis of many kinds of flavoring and food such as sugar,mianshaowan,and so on.So it met the needs of practical analysis.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Sampling of periodic signals: a quantitative error analysis

We present an exact expression for the L/sub 2/ error that occurs when one approximates a periodic signal in a basis of shifted and scaled versions of a generating function. This formulation is applicable to a wide variety of linear approximation schemes including wavelets, splines, and bandlimited signal expansions. The formula takes the simple form of a Parseval's-like relation, where the Fourier coefficients of the signal are weighted against a frequency kernel that characterizes the approximation operator. We use this expression to analyze the behavior of the error as the sampling step approaches zero. We also experimentally verify the expression of the error in the context of the interpolation of closed curves.

Field of study: Engineering
Protistan diversity and activity inferred from RNA and DNA at a coastal ocean site in the eastern North Pacific.

Microbial eukaryotes fulfill key ecological positions in marine food webs. Molecular approaches that connect protistan diversity and biogeography to their diverse metabolisms will greatly improve our understanding of marine ecosystem function. The majority of molecular-based studies to date use 18S rRNA gene sequencing to characterize natural microbial assemblages, but this approach does not necessarily discriminate between active and non-active cells. We incorporated RNA sequencing into standard 18S rRNA gene sequence surveys with the purpose of assessing those members of the protistan community contributing to biogeochemical cycling (active organisms), using the ratio of cDNA (reverse transcribed from total RNA) to 18S rRNA gene sequences within major protistan taxonomic groups. Trophically important phytoplankton, such as diatoms and chlorophytes exhibited seasonal trends in relative activity. Additionally, both radiolaria and ciliates displayed previously unreported high relative activities below the euphotic zone. This study sheds new light on the relative metabolic activity of specific protistan groups and how microbial communities respond to changing environmental conditions.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Gabapentin Enacarbil Extended‐Release for Alcohol Use Disorder: A Randomized, Double‐Blind, Placebo‐Controlled, Multisite Trial Assessing Efficacy and Safety

Several single-site alcohol treatment clinical trials have demonstrated efficacy for immediate-release (IR) gabapentin in reducing drinking outcomes among individuals with alcohol dependence. The purpose of this study was to conduct a large, multisite clinical trial of gabapentin enacarbil extended-release (GE-XR) (HORIZANT® ), a gabapentin prodrug formulation, to determine its safety and efficacy in treating alcohol use disorder (AUD).



Men and women (n = 346) who met DSM-5 criteria for at least moderate AUD were recruited across 10 U.S. clinical sites. Participants received double-blind GE-XR (600 mg twice a day) or placebo and a computerized behavioral intervention (Take Control) for 6 months. Efficacy analyses were prespecified for the last 4 weeks of the treatment period.



The GE-XR and placebo groups did not differ significantly on the primary outcome measure, percentage of subjects with no heavy drinking days (28.3 vs. 21.5, respectively, p = 0.157). Similarly, no clinical benefit was found for other drinking measures (percent subjects abstinent, percent days abstinent, percent heavy drinking days, drinks per week, drinks per drinking day), alcohol craving, alcohol-related consequences, sleep problems, smoking, and depression/anxiety symptoms. Common side-effects were fatigue, dizziness, and somnolence. A population pharmacokinetics analysis revealed that patients had lower gabapentin exposure levels compared with those in other studies using a similar dose but for other indications.



Overall, GE-XR at 600 mg twice a day did not reduce alcohol consumption or craving in individuals with AUD. It is possible that, unlike the IR formulation of gabapentin, which showed efficacy in smaller Phase 2 trials at a higher dose, GE-XR is not effective in treating AUD, at least not at doses approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for treating other medical conditions.

Field of study: Medicine
Short-Term Annealing in Electron-Irradiated p-Type Silicon

Studies of short-term annealing of minority carrier lifetime in bulk p-type silicon following ~1.4 MeV pulsed electron irradiation are reported. Investigations were performed on vacuum-float-zone boron-doped material in the temperature range 235-3860K and the maximum fluence employed was ~5 x 1012 electrons/cm . Simple exponential recovery under isothermal conditions, a characteristic of first order reaction kinetics, was observed. The amount of unstable damage varied as exp (-t/?R), where ?R is the characteristic recovery time. The temperature dependence of ?R yielded an activation energy of 0. 32 ± 0. 03 eV for the recovery process. The current results, when extrapolated to lower temperatures, compare quite closely with Watkins' EPR data for similar material. It is concluded that the present data is consistent with the observation of neutral vacancy annealing.

Field of study: Physics
BRIEF COMMUNICATIONS: Experimental study of the energy balance in the interaction of a pulsed CO2 laser with metal and insulating targets in air

Measurements were made of components of the energy balance in the interaction of pulsed CO2 laser radiation with Dural, glass, quartz, ebonite, and Plexiglas in air at atmospheric pressure. At laser energy densities between 1 and 20 J/cm2 and in the spectral range 0.2–7 μm, the re-emission of radiation by the laser plasma was found to be less than 1 %. At energy densities exceeding 10 J/cm2, up to 90% of the laser energy failed to reach the irradiated surface.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Garbling Gadgets for Boolean and Arithmetic Circuits

We present simple, practical, and powerful new techniques for garbled circuits. These techniques result in significant concrete and asymptotic improvements over the state of the art, for several natural kinds of computations. For arithmetic circuits over the integers, our construction results in garbled circuits with free addition, weighted threshold gates with cost independent of fan-in, and exponentiation by a fixed exponent with cost independent of the exponent. For boolean circuits, our construction gives an exponential improvement over the state of the art for threshold gates (including AND/OR gates) of high fan-in. Our construction can be efficiently instantiated with practical symmetric-key primitives (e.g., AES), and is proven secure under similar assumptions to that of the Free-XOR garbling scheme (Kolesnikov & Schneider, ICALP 2008). We give an extensive comparison between our scheme and state-of-the-art garbling schemes applied to boolean circuits.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Supply Chain Risk Management â€“ Agri-Food Implications

Issues related to â€œgoodâ€ governance of multiple risks (natural, technological, market, institutional, political, international) in various supply and distribution chains are among the most topical and posing serious challenges to sustainable development. This paper presents a holistic framework for analyzing the system of risk governance in agri-food supply and distribution chains, and give insights on major challenges and opportunities related to sustainable food security. Most risks management studies and practices in the agri-food chains predominately focus on technical methods and capability to perceive, prevent, mitigate, and recover from diverse risks. In mainstream economic publications risks are usually studied as â€œanother commodityâ€ regulated by market supply and demand, and farmers and agribusiness agents â€œwillingness to payâ€ for an insurance contract modelled. At the same time, risk management analysis largely ignore significant â€œhuman natureâ€ (individual, agency, state) based risks (due to bounded rationality, opportunism, conflicting interests, bad management), and large risks related to food distribution and access, and critical factors for managerial choice (institutional environment, transaction costs), and diversity of alternative (market, private, collective, public, hybrid) modes of risk governance. We incorporate interdisciplinary New Institutional Economics (combining Economics, Organization, Law, Sociology, Behavioural and Political Sciences) and present a comprehensive framework for analyzing risk governance in agri-food supply and distribution chains. First, we specify diverse (natural, technical, behavioural, economic, institutional, policy, international) type of agri-food risks, and (market, private, public, hybrid, international) modes of their management. Second, we define efficiency of risk management and identify (personal, institutional, dimensional, technological, natural, transnational) factors of governance choice. Third, we present stages in analysis of risk governance and for improvement of public (state, international) intervention in risk management. Finally, we identify major opportunities and challenges for risk governance in agri-food supply and distribution chains at the current stage of development.

Field of study: Business
Dynamics of DC-SQUID with nontrivial barriers under external radiation

We study the phase dynamics and IV--characteristics of DC--SQUIDs consisting of Josephson junctions with topologically nontrivial barriers, which cause the appearance of Majorana bound state. Its comparative analysis with the trivial case is performed. The influence of external electromagnetic radiation is considered and the analysis of the amplitude dependence of the Shapiro step widths is performed. We have shown that in nontrivial case the width of even harmonic of Shapiro step is larger than width of odd harmonic. In the presence of external dc magnetic field a beating state is realized in the DC--SQUID, which leads to a resonance branch in the IV--curve. We show that in the presence of resonance branch the maximum width of Shapiro step and periods of its amplitude dependence are decreased in comparison of situation without resonance in both trivial and nontrivial cases. We demonstrate that in the presence of the resonance branch the chaotic behavior of IV--curve is reduced.

Field of study: Physics
Health for All indicators in health interview surveys.

The World Health Organization's strategy of health for all 2000 (HFA 2000) has, among other things, attempted to reduce the actual differences in health status between and within countries. In order to evaluate the progress made towards the attainment of the HFA strategy, each country reports their status of achievement to the World Health Organization every 3 years. This study investigates the extensiveness and the methodology of interview surveys which measure health as a source of information for HFA in the European Region. This study focuses on the comparability of data which derive from the interview survey. The study shows that the different questions (related to the same indicator) in interview surveys mostly lead to incomparable information because there is a lack of uniformity both in phrasing and in the standards and methods used.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Public mis-notification of coastal water quality: a probabilistic evaluation of posting errors at Huntington Beach, California.

Whenever measurements of fecal pollution in coastal bathing waters reach levels that might pose a significant health risk, warning signs are posted on public beaches in California. Analysis of historical shoreline monitoring data from Huntington Beach, southern California, reveals that protocols used to decide whether to post a sign are prone to error. Errors in public notification (referred to here as posting errors) originate from the variable character of pollutant concentrations in the ocean, the relatively infrequent sampling schedule adopted by most monitoring programs (daily to weekly), and the intrinsic error associated with binary advisories in which the public is either warned or not. In this paper, we derive a probabilistic framework for estimating posting error rates, which at Huntington Beach range from 0 to 41%, and show that relatively high sample-to-sample correlations (>0.4) are required to significantly reduce binary advisory posting errors. Public mis-notification of coastal water quality can be reduced by utilizing probabilistic approaches for predicting current coastal water quality, and adopting analog, instead of binary, warning systems.

Field of study: Environmental science