nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Interferon-β promotes macrophage foam cell formation by altering both cholesterol influx and efflux mechanisms.

Foam cell formation is a crucial event in atherogenesis. While interferon-β (IFNβ) is known to promote atherosclerosis in mice, studies on the role of IFNβ on foam cell formation are minimal and conflicting. We therefore extended these studies using both in vitro and in vivo approaches and examined IFNβ's function in macrophage foam cell formation. To do so, murine bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) and human monocyte-derived macrophages were loaded with acLDL overnight, followed by 6h IFNβ co-treatment. This increased lipid content as measured by Oil red O staining. We next analyzed the lipid uptake pathways of IFNβ-stimulated BMDMs and observed increased endocytosis of DiI-acLDL as compared to controls. These effects were mediated via SR-A, as its gene expression was increased and inhibition of SR-A with Poly(I) blocked the IFNβ-induced increase in Oil red O staining and DiI-acLDL endocytosis. The IFNβ-induced increase in lipid content was also associated with decreased ApoA1-mediated cholesterol efflux, in response to decreased ABCA1 protein and gene expression. To validate our findings in vivo, LDLR(-/-) mice were put on chow or a high cholesterol diet for 10weeks. 24 and 8h before sacrifice mice were injected with IFNβ or PBS, after which thioglycollate-elicited peritoneal macrophages were collected and analyzed. In accordance with the in vitro data, IFNβ increased lipid accumulation. In conclusion, our experimental data support the pro-atherogenic role of IFNβ, as we show that IFNβ promotes macrophage foam cell formation by increasing SR-A-mediated cholesterol influx and decreasing ABCA1-mediated efflux mechanisms.

Field of study: Medicine
Sulpholipid formation in rat submandibular gland.

The sulphotransferase activity of rat submandibular gland differs markedly from that of testis, kidney and brain. The addition of lipid acceptors and Mn2+ (or Mg2+), which have been shown to enhance sulpholipid formation from adenosine 3'-phosphate 5'-sulphatophosphate in other tissues, has either no effect or inhibits the transfer process.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Cablegation: I. Cable Controlled Plugs in Perforated Supply Pipes for Automatic Furrow Irrigation

A single pipe line served both the transmission and distribution functions at the head of a furrow ir-rigated field. Pipe size was selected to be slightly less than full when carrying the flow rate available on the ex-isting grade. Orifices were drilled in the pipe 30 ° from vertical toward the furrow side. Water was forced out of these orifices by a plug in the pipe. Position and move-ment of the plug were controlled by attaching it, with a cable through the pipe, to a reel at the inlet end with its rotation rate governed by a geared down, 12 v DC elec-tric motor, regulated in turn by a rheostat. A computer model predicted, and field tests corrobo-rated, that orifices near the plug had highest flows, with flow diminishing in orifices further upstream to zero flow at a distance determined by total flow, orifice size and spacing, and slope of the pipeline. As the plug passes a specific orifice, moving downstream at speeds from 3 to 6 m/h, flow begins at the maximum rate then decreases with time until the flow ceases. Effects on flow times and rates from orifices of varying orifice size, total water supply rate and plug speed, and of using multiple plugs and sleeving, are illu-strated and discussed.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Teacher Greetings Increase College Students' Test Scores

The current study is an extension of a previous investigation dealing with teacher greetings to students. The present investigation used teacher greetings with college students and academic performance (test scores). We report data using university students and in-class test performance. Students in introductory psychology who received teachers' personal recognition before class begins ("Hello", "I am glad you're in class today") did significantly better on a class test that day than the same students who did not receive such preclass attention. Pretest mean was 67.05% and posttest mean was 85.25%. There were 40 participants, (t(39) = 7.401, p ********** Student evaluations are widely used in colleges in the USA (d'Apollonia & Abrami, 1997; Greenwald & Gillmore, 1997). One assumption underlying the use of student evaluations is that if evaluations improve teaching, students will get a better education, learn more which should be reflected in their test scores. In 1951 Carl Rogers (as cited in Nietzel, Bernstein, Kramer, & Milch, 2003) believed that the relationship between a therapist and a client was the single most important element in effective psychotherapy. Sidney Jourard pointed out that what applies to a therapist and client could also apply to teachers and students (Jourard, 1971). The most effective teaching depends on establishing a good working relationship with students. With this in mind, it seems that one way to establish a positive relationship would be for the teacher to greet students at the door as they come to class and to show that the teacher is really interested in each student and is glad to see each student. This is probably as true in college as it is in middle school. It is probably as true with emotionally stable college students as it is with problematic middle school students. Besides the quality of teachers which might influence students test scores, there are other variables that might affect students' test score (i.e., students' GPAs, hours studied). One intervention that has been investigated in a limited context is teacher greetings. Allday and Pakurar (2007) demonstrated that teacher greetings affected on- task behavior of problematic middle school students. They usually failed to complete the task, slept in class, talked out and annoyed other students. Greetings increased their on-task behavior. Neither these authors nor anyone has examined the influence of greetings on in class academic (test) performance in older students at college.  Participants Forty lower division college students enrolled in an introductory psychology course (19 males and 21 females, mean age = 22 years) participated. …

Field of study: Education
Dynamical Induction of s-Wave Component in d-Wave Superconductor Driven by Thermal Fluctuations

We investigated the mutual induction effects between the d -wave and the s -wave components of order parameters due to superconducting fluctuation above the critical temperatures and calculated its contributions to paraconductivity and excess Hall conductivity based on the two-component stochastic TDGL equation. It is shown that the coupling of two components increases paraconductivity while it decreases excess Hall conductivity compared to the cases when each component fluctuates independently. We also found the singular behavior in the paraconductivity and the excess Hall conductivity dependence on the coupling parameter which is consistent with the natural restriction among the coefficients of gradient terms.

Field of study: Physics
Effects of sea surface temperature on tuna catch: Evidence from countries in the Eastern Pacific Ocean

bstract This paper explores how changes in sea surface temperature (SST) affect tuna catch in countries in the Eastern Pacific Ocean (EPO). We apply a production function approach to establish the relationship between SST and the catch of yellowfin (Thunnus albacares) and skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) that use purse seines. We use data for 1° latitude/longitude grids within the exclusive economic zones of countries in the EPO. Catch of yellowfin and skipjack tuna increases with SST in all countries, with high values of catch recorded in the eastern coastal borders. The biggest increase in revenue from yellowfin and skipjack tuna as result on 1 °C increase in SST is for Mexico, while Kiribati had the smallest increase. However, if we adjust the increase in revenue by coastal population, the highest values are for Kiribati and French Polynesia. The higher tuna catch translates to higher government revenue from tuna fishing licenses, and more jobs for tuna fishers and those in the tuna processing industry in the state. However, the reduction on catch of other species may offset the positive effects on tuna catch, and may even result in a negative impact overall. We highlight the importance of conducting research on SST that is specific to species, gear, and location to fully account for the impact of ocean warming.

Field of study: Environmental science
Molecular design of tyrosinase inhibitors: A critical review of promising novel inhibitors from synthetic origins

The enzyme tyrosinase is known to be a multifunctional copper-containing enzyme from the oxidase superfamily, which is the key protein involved in the biosynthesis of the large biological pigment, melanin. The enzyme catalyzes two distinct reactions of melanin biosynthesis, the hydroxylation of a monophenol and the conversion of an o-diphenol to the corresponding o-quinone. Inhibitors of this protein have a huge impact on industry and economy. So a number of research groups around the world are engaged and are expending much effort in the discovery of these inhibitors. In this report, we review the importance and applications of the recently designed synthetic tyrosinase inhibitors from our and other leading laboratories of the world, which have been published in recent years. In our continuing search for tyrosinase inhibitors from natural resources to semi- and full synthetic approaches, until now we discovered and reported a large number of mild to potent inhibitors of several classes, such as phenolics, terpenes, steroids, chalcones, flavonoids, alkaloids, long-chain fatty acids, coumarins, sildenafil analogs, bipiperidines, biscoumarins, oxadiazole, tetraketones, etc. The structure-activity relationships (SARs) of different classes of synthetic tyrosinase inhibitors have been discussed in this review.

Field of study: Chemistry
Illegitimacy in Renaissance Florence. Thomas J. Kuehn

The conflict had no happy ending, and Bonazza does not present one. The dispute subsided with the signing of the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648. But the issues were never resolved. Bonazza explains the importance of the story of Trent, Tyrol, and the Steuerstreit as providing an "alternate model" to the concept of the emerging fiscal state in the seventeenth century. The region remained a "statehood divided." Bonazzas clear-sighted depiction of the complexity of the issue is the true value of the book.

Field of study: History
Measuring Nonpathological Compulsiveness

The purpose of this study was to refine the Leyton Obsessional Inventory for use among a normal population. A subset of 25 items from the Leyton inventory was administered to 563 college students along with several self-report personality tests. A factor analysis of the Leyton items yielded three subscales pertaining to the tendency to be overly concerned that decisions and tasks are completed perfectly according to a rigid procedure. The construct validity of the subscales was evaluated in terms of intercorrelations with scores on the other personality tests.

Field of study: Psychology
Substrate mediated nitridation of niobium into superconducting Nb2N thin films for phase slip study

Here we report a novel nitridation technique for transforming niobium into hexagonal Nb2N which appears to be superconducting below 1K. The nitridation is achieved by high temperature annealing of Nb films grown on Si3N4/Si (100) substrate under high vacuum. The structural characterization directs the formation of a majority Nb2N phase while the morphology shows granular nature of the films. The temperature dependent resistance measurements reveal a wide metal-to-superconductor transition featuring two distinct transition regions. The region close to the normal state varies strongly with the film thickness, whereas, the second region in the vicinity of the superconducting state remains almost unaltered but exhibiting resistive tailing. The current-voltage characteristics also display wide transition embedded with intermediate resistive states originated by phase slip lines. The transition width in current and the number of resistive steps depend on film thickness and they both increase with decrease in thickness. The broadening in transition width is explained by progressive establishment of superconductivity through proximity coupled superconducting nano-grains while finite size effects and quantum fluctuation may lead to the resistive tailing. Finally, by comparing with Nb control samples, we emphasize that Nb2N offers unconventional superconductivity with promises in the field of phase slip based device applications.

Field of study: Physics
A complete pollen record of the last 230 ka from Lynch's Crater, north-eastern Australia

Recent drilling eventually reached to the base of the sediments of Lynch's Crater on the Atherton Tableland within the humid tropics of north-eastern Australia. This paper incorporates results from the sequence extension into a complete record from the site, much of which has only been presented previously in summary form. A more certain chronology for the record is provided by recent radiocarbon dating on the topmost sediments and the application of time series analysis to the whole sequence. This suggests that the vegetation and climate are forced essentially by northern hemisphere insolation and ice volume, probably operating through sea level and sea surface temperature changes. The extended record is considered to cover the last 230,000 years and the pattern of complex rainforest expansion during wetter interglacial periods and its replacement by drier rainforest and sclerophyll vegetation during drier glacials is maintained. Superimposed on this cyclicity are trends resulting from both the evolution of the lake basin as well as external influences that include climate and, within the last 45,000 years, people.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
A Clarkson's sector integration routine for personal computers.

A Clarkson's sector integration scheme has been implemented on a personal computer to calculate mean scatter-air ratio (SAR) and mean tissue-air ratio (TAR) for external photon beams of irregular shape. To find where a given radial line from the point of interest intersects the edge of the radiation field, polygon clipping algorithms have been adapted from the field of image processing. The program has calculation run times of approximately 1 s on an 80387 with a math coprocessor for an integration of 36 sectors. The software was validated by comparison to program IRREG, where for various squares and clinical shapes, the agreement was typically 0.7%. The source code is available from the authors.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
MicroRNA-99b-3p promotes angiotensin II-induced cardiac fibrosis in mice by targeting GSK-3β

Cardiac fibrosis is a typical pathological change in various cardiovascular diseases. Although it has been recognized as a crucial risk factor responsible for heart failure, there is still a lack of effective treatment. Recent evidence shows that microRNAs (miRNAs) play an important role in the development of cardiac fibrosis and represent novel therapeutic targets. In this study we tried to identify the cardiac fibrosis-associated miRNA and elucidate its regulatory mechanisms in mice. Cardiac fibrosis was induced by infusion of angiotensin II (Ang II, 2 mg·kg−1·d−1) for 2 weeks via osmotic pumps. We showed that Ang II infusion induced cardiac disfunction and fibrosis accompanied by markedly increased expression level of miR-99b-3p in heart tissues. Upregulation of miR-99b-3p and fibrotic responses were also observed in cultured rat cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) treated with Ang II (100 nM) in vitro. Transfection with miR-99b-3p mimic resulted in the overproduction of fibronectin, collagen I, vimentin and α-SMA, and facilitated the proliferation and migration of CFs. On the contrary, transfection with specific miR-99b-3p inhibitor attenuated Ang II-induced fibrotic responses. Similarly, intravenous injection of specific miR-99b-3p antagomir could prevent Ang II-infused mice from cardiac dysfunction and fibrosis. We identified glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta (GSK-3β) as a direct target of miR-99b-3p. In CFs, miR-99b-3p mimic significantly reduced the expression of GSK-3β, leading to activation of its downstream profibrotic effector Smad3, whereas miR-99b-3p inhibitor caused anti-fibrotic effects. GSK-3β knockdown ameliorated the anti-fibrotic role of miR-99b-3p inhibitor. These results suggest that miR-99b-3p contributes to Ang II-induced cardiac fibrosis at least partially through GSK-3β. The modulation of miR-99b-3p may provide a new approach for tackling fibrosis-related cardiomyopathy.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Deducing neighborhoods of classes from a fitted model

In todays world the request for very complex models for huge data sets is rising steadily. The problem with these models is that by raising the complexity of the models, it gets much harder to interpret them. The growing field of \emph{interpretable machine learning} tries to make up for the lack of interpretability in these complex (or even blackbox-)models by using specific techniques that can help to understand those models better. In this article a new kind of interpretable machine learning method is presented, which can help to understand the partitioning of the feature space into predicted classes in a classification model using quantile shifts. To illustrate in which situations this quantile shift method (QSM) could become beneficial, it is applied to a theoretical medical example and a real data example. Basically, real data points (or specific points of interest) are used and the changes of the prediction after slightly raising or decreasing specific features are observed. By comparing the predictions before and after the manipulations, under certain conditions the observed changes in the predictions can be interpreted as neighborhoods of the classes with regard to the manipulated features. Chordgraphs are used to visualize the observed changes.

Field of study: Computer science
The Role of the Patient-Centered Medical Home in Treating Depression

This review discusses the role of the patient-centered medical home (PCMH) in treating depression, focusing on findings from primary care-based studies and their implications for the PCMH.  Pharmacotherapy, psychotherapy, and collaborative care are evidence-based treatments for depression that can be delivered in primary care and extended to diverse populations. Recent research aligns with the core components of the PCMH model.  The core components of the PCMH are critical elements of depression treatment. Comprehensive care within the PCMH addresses medical and behavioral health concerns, including depression. Psychiatric and psychological care must be flexibly delivered so services remain accessible yet patient-centered. To ensure the quality and safety of treatment, depression symptoms must be consistently monitored. Coordination within and occasionally outside of the PCMH is needed to ensure patients receive the appropriate level of care. More research is needed to empirically evaluate depression treatment within the PCMH.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
A Weyl-Type character formula for PDC modules of gl(m|n)

In 1994, Kac and Wakimoto suggested a generalization of Bernstein and Leites character formula for basic Lie superalgebras, and the natural question was raised: to which simple highest weight modules does it apply? In this paper, we prove a similar formula for a large class of finite-dimensional simple modules over the Lie superalgebra gl(m|n), which we call piecewise disconnected modules, or PDC. The class of PDC modules naturally includes totally connected modules and totally disconnected modules, the two families for which similiar character formulas were proven by Su and Zhang as special cases of their general formula. This paper is part of our program for the pursuit of elegant character formulas for Lie superalgebras.

Field of study: Mathematics
Manufacturing and Characterization of 18Ni Marage 300 Lattice Components by Selective Laser Melting

The spreading use of cellular structures brings the need to speed up manufacturing processes without deteriorating mechanical properties. By using Selective Laser Melting (SLM) to produce cellular structures, the designer has total freedom in defining part geometry and manufacturing is simplified. The paper investigates the suitability of Selective Laser Melting for manufacturing steel cellular lattice structures with characteristic dimensions in the micrometer range. Alternative lattice topologies including reinforcing bars in the vertical direction also are considered. The selected lattice structure topology is shown to be superior over other lattice structure designs considered in literature. Compression tests are carried out in order to evaluate mechanical strength of lattice strut specimens made via SLM. Compressive behavior of samples also is simulated by finite element analysis and numerical results are compared with experimental data in order to assess the constitutive behavior of the lattice structure designs considered in this study. Experimental data show that it is possible to build samples of relative density in the 0.2456–0.4367 range. Compressive strength changes almost linearly with respect to relative density, which in turns depends linearly on the number of vertical reinforces. Specific strength increases with cell and strut edge size. Numerical simulations confirm the plastic nature of the instability phenomena that leads the cellular structures to collapse under compression loading.

Field of study: Materials science
Partitioning of Hydrophobic Organic Compounds to Sorbed Surfactants. 1. Experimental Studies

Partitioning of two hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs), phenanthrene and naphthalene, to surfactant micelles, kaolinite, and sorbed surfactants was studied to provide further insight on (1) the effectiveness of using sorbed surfactants to remove HOCs from water and (2) the feasibility of surfactant-enhanced remediation (SER) for contaminated subsurface systems. Sorbed surfactant partition coefficients, Kss, showed a strong dependence on the surfactant sorption isotherms:  at low sorbed surfactant levels Kss values were at their highest and then decreased with increasing surfactant sorption densities. Kss values for SDS were always larger than the corresponding micellar partition coefficient (Kmic) values; for Tween 80, however, Kss values were higher than Kmic values only at the lower sorbed surfactant densities. HOC distributions between the immobile and mobile phases varied with surfactant dose because of the competition between sorbed and micellar surfactants for HOC partitioning:  distribution coeff...

Field of study: Environmental science