nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Learning to learn from bushfire: Perspectives from Victorian emergency management practitioners

The Black Summer Fires of 2019/2020 remind us not only that Australia is arguably the most bushfire prone area in the world but also that we have much to learn in terms of how we learn from such events Bushfires interact with emergency management systems in a manner that is complex and unpredictable which all too often results in damages and losses, so significant that governments establish public inquiries to forensically examine what happened and why afterwards Too often, such processes have resulted in emergency management practitioners (EMP) being blamed, not to mention scapegoated and even vilified for damages and losses from major bushfire events With recent bushfire events (as well as other crises surrounding Covid-19) highlighting the excruciating demands placed on EMP and an escalating scepticism about whether public inquiries improve preparation for future bushfires, this paper explores the question: what can we learn about public inquiries based on the experiences of EMP?

Field of study: Political science
Zur Streuung von Teilchen mit dem Spin 1/2

ZusammenfassungDie Streuamplituden relativistischer Teilchen mit dem Spin 1/2 werden auf die Streuamplituden nichtrelativistischer Teilchen zurückgeführt. Es wird gezeigt, daß die relativistische Behandlung keine wesentlich neuen Gesichtspunkte ergibt.

Field of study: Physics
GEOMORPHOLOGY AND STRUCTURE OF THE WEST KAIBAB FAULT ZONE AND KAIBAB PLATEAU, ARIZONA

The western flank of the Kaibab Plateau contains three principal normal faults, all downthrown on the west, and locally developed monoclinal flexures. About half the total displacement of 2500 to 3000 feet between plateau summit and adjacent Kanab platform level is accomplished by these faults and monoclines, the other half by steady westward and northwestward regional dips. Strata on downthrown sides of major fault lines show downbending toward fault planes and indicate sagging of the edge of the lowered plateau blocks during faulting. Numerous minor faults, grabens, and swells affect the plateau arch. All deformational structures of the Kaibab region affecting Paleozoic and Mesozoic strata are regarded as Laramide in age, although positive stratigraphic evidence is completely lacking. The Kaibab plateau is dissected by numerous resequent and subsequent streams which follow the dip of the resistant, stripped Kaibab limestone or occupy fault lines. Scarps along faults are classified as resequent fault-line scarps, exposed by rapid stripping of weak Triassic shales from the plateau area. No evidence was found of peneplanation in a former erosion cycle. Small pediment remnants near the lower flanks of the plateau arch are interpreted as local features which do not require regional base-leveling. The Colorado River in the Kaibab region is explained as subsequent in origin. The ancestral river developed along a belt of weak Triassic shales which formerly encircled the southern end of the plunging Kaibab arch. Later intrenchment into resistant Paleozoic strata and removal of Mesozoic beds from the area have made the canyon appear to cut discordantly across the Kaibab arch.

Field of study: Geology
The Severe Winter in Europe 1941–42: The Large-scale Circulation, Cut-off Lows, and Blocking

The winter of 1941–42 is known as the coldest European winter of the 20th Century. The temperature was much below normal from the beginning of January until the end of March 1942. Blockings and cut-off lows were frequent, particularly during January and February 1942. The role of quasi-stationary waves during this winter has been studied by decomposing the 500-mb geopotential height data in a low-pass, filtered, quasi-stationary part and a traveling part. The phase of the quasi-stationary wave was such that a ridge was present over the eastern Atlantic and a trough over western Russia throughout most of the winter. As a result, the majority of migratory cyclones that approached Europe from the west were steered either south toward the Mediterranian or north of Scandinavia. The synoptic course of events during an outbreak of unusually cold air from the northeast at the end of January 1942 is described in some detail. Some comments are given on how the severe winter weather affected the war in the ...

Field of study: Environmental science
Psychology and primary care: Evolving traditions

The involvement of psychology and psychologists in primary health care is based upon patient care needs which suggest that upward of 60% of all visits to primary care physicians' offices are psychological in nature. Psychologists have a strong tradition of providing primary health care to medically ill patients and as long-term members of the health care team. The wide array of cost-effective patient care services provided by psychologists is discussed. Present APA initiatives in primary health care are presented, along with descriptions of the manuscripts in this special issue of theJournal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings focusing on primary health care.

Field of study: Psychology
FAIRING AND CONFIGURATION OPTIMIZATION METHOD OF FREE-FORM SPACE GRID STRUCTURES BASED ON ENERGY METHOD

The thorough study on the fairing and configuration optimization of free-form space grid structures is presented.Combined with mapping technology of bicubic quasi-uniform B-spline surfaces,the energy method is introduced to smooth free-form space grid structures through a fairing factor adjustment,and the effects of a fairing factor on morphological characteristics of a grid structure are investigated.On this basis,the fairing factor is set as the design variable,and the multi-objective optimum function,whose objective variables are the quality factor of a grid form,the tolerance of elements length,and the characteristic of Gaussian curvature,is proposed.The optimum configuration of a space grid structure is finally achieved from the solution of a multi-objective optimum function,and the nature of the optimum process is interpreted by the solution space.The analyses of several free-form surface grid structures verify the practicality and reliability of the method discussed in the paper.

Field of study: Engineering
Temporal-spatial characteristics and source apportionment of PM2.5 as well as its associated chemical species in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region of China.

PM2.5 and its major chemical compositions were sampled and analyzed in January, April, July and October of 2014 at Beijing (BJ), Tianjin (TJ), Langfang (LF) and Baoding (BD) in order to probe the temporal and spatial characteristics as well as source apportionment of PM2.5 in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) region. The results showed that PM2.5 pollution was severe in the BTH region. The average annual concentrations of PM2.5 at four sampling sites were in the range of 126-180 μg/m3, with more than 95% of sampling days exceeding 35 μg/m3, the limit ceiling of average annual concentration of PM2.5 regulated in the Chinese National Ambient Air Quality Standards (GB3095-2012). Additionally, concentrations of PM2.5 and its major chemical species were seasonally dependent and demonstrated spatially similar variation characteristics in the BTH region. Concentration of toxic heavy metals, such as As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, and Zn, were higher in winter and autumn. Secondary inorganic ions (SO42-, NO3-, and NH4+) were the three-major water-soluble inorganic ions (WSIIs) of PM2.5 and their mass ratios to PM2.5 were higher in summer and autumn. The organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) concentrations were lower in spring and summer than in autumn and winter. Five factors were selected in Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) model analysis, and the results showed that PM2.5 pollution was dominated by vehicle emissions in Beijing, combustion emissions including coal burning and biomass combustion in Langfang and Baoding, and soil and construction dust emissions in Tianjin, respectively. The air mass that were derived from the south and southeast local areas around BTH regions reflected the features of short-distant and small-scale air transport. Shandong, Henan, and Hebei were identified the major potential sources-areas of secondary aerosol emissions to PM2.5.

Field of study: Environmental science
Students’ Assessment of Hostel Facilities in The Polytechnic Ibadan, Nigeria: Realities and Challenges

Provision of on-campus accommodation for students influences students’ academic performance and social integration. In order to ensure that students’ hostels in tertiary institutions particularly in Nigeria justify this assertion, there is a need to deal with facilities gaps in students’ housing. This study examines the status of students’ hostel facilities in The Polytechnic, Ibadan, Nigeria, with a view to recognizing the improvement for satisfactory housing for students in tertiary institutions. Using questionnaire, 2 (two) hostels representing half of the total hostels were purposively selected. Subsequently, 101 representing twenty percent (20%) of the total population were systematically sampled from the selected hostels. The data obtained from the survey were analyzed using descriptive analysis such as frequency distribution to assess the general level of student’ housing facilities and second, to determine the status of hostel facilities. The results of the analysis indicate gross inadequacy of students’ housing facilities as a result of non-provision, obsolescence, and inadequate maintenance. It was equally observed that some of the facilities are not evenly distributed. However, the results also revealed adequacy of few facilities. It is recommended that improvement be made on those facilities that were not adequate, while those considered to be adequate should be maintained and sustained by the authorities concerned.  Student, Hostel, Facility, Polytechnic, Adequacy, Inadequacy and Nigeria DOI : 10.7176/JEP/10-30-10 Publication date :October 31 st 2019

Field of study: Education
Correlation between Th17/Treg ratio imbalance and impaired lung function in patients with COPD

To study the correlation between immune imbalance mediated by Th 17 and Treg cells and impaired lung function in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease （ COPD ） .  Ninety-five patients with moderate or severe COPD , thirty-five smokers with normal lung function and thirty-one healthy non-smokers from Yinzhou People′s Hospital from January 2009 to December 2012 were recruited in this study .The percentages of circulating Th 17 and Treg cells in peripheral blood samples were determined by flow cytometry .The concentrations of cytokines in serum samples and supernatants of in-duced sputum samples were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA）.The expression of ROR-γt and Foxp3 at mRNA level in peripheral blood mononuclear cells （ PBMC） were determined by quan-titative real-time PCR.The potential association between ratios of Th 17/Treg cells and lung function was evaluated. Compared with smokers and healthy subjects , patients with moderate or severe COPD showed high levels of Th17 cells, IL-17A, IL-6 and IL-23, and an up-regulated expression of ROR-γt at transcriptional level .However, the percentage of Treg cells , IL-10 level and the expression of Foxp 3 at mRNA level were down-regulated in patients with COPD .The levels of cytokines in supernatants of induced sputum samples varied in the same way as that of Th 17/Treg in peripheral blood samples .The ratio of Th17 to Treg cells was negatively correlated with the values of forced vital capacity （ FVC） , forced expiratory vol-ume in one second （FEV1）, and FEV1/FVC.Conclusion Th17/Treg cells imbalance was closely associ-ated with the deterioration of pulmonary function in patients with moderate or severe COPD .Th17/Treg cells imbalance might be involved in the progression of COPD . 
 
 
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; Th17 cells; Regulatory T cells; Lung func-tion; Immune imbalance

Field of study: Biology
An extraction algorithm for core-level excitations in non-resonant inelastic X-ray scattering spectra.

Non-resonant inelastic X-ray scattering of core electrons is a prominent tool for studying site-selective, i.e. momentum-transfer-dependent, shallow absorption edges of liquids and samples under extreme conditions. A bottleneck of the analysis of such spectra is the appropriate subtraction of the underlying background owing to valence and core electron excitations. This background exhibits a strong momentum-transfer dependence ranging from plasmon and particle-hole pair excitations to Compton scattering of core and valence electrons. In this work an algorithm to extract the absorption edges of interest from the superimposed background for a wide range of momentum transfers is presented and discussed for two examples, silicon and the compound silicondioxide.

Field of study: Physics
The Strange Attractor of Chaotic Voltage Oscillation in Water-Oil-Water Liquid Membrane Containing Cationic Surfactant

A strange attractor of chaotic voltage oscillation caused by micelle formation of cationic surfactant in the water-oil-water liquid membrane was found. The topology of the strange attractor is the mirror image of the Rossler’s attractor. The correlation dimension of the attractor is 2.4.

Field of study: Chemistry
Study of proton resonances in 18Ne via resonant elastic scattering of 17F + p and its astrophysical implication in the stellar reaction of 14O(α, p)17F

The stellar 14O (α, p) 17F reaction is thought to be one of the most important breakout reactions from the Hot CNO cycles into the rp-process in Type I X-ray bursters. In the present work, the properties of proton resonances in 18Ne have been investigated efficiently by utilizing a technique of proton resonant elastic scattering with a 17F radioactive-ion (RI) beam and a thick proton target. A 4.22 MeV/nucleon 17F RI beam, which was produced via a projectile-fragmentation reaction and experiencing a series of energy degradation, was separated by a Radioactive Ion Beam Line in Lanzhou (RIBLL) and bombarded a (CH2)n target. Energy spectra of the recoiled protons were measured by two sets of ΔE-E silicon telescope at center-of-mass scattering angles of θc.m. ≈ 175° ± 5°, θc.m. ≈ 152° ± 8°, respectively. Several proton resonances in 18Ne were observed, and their resonant parameters have been determined by an R-matrix analysis of the differential cross-sections. A doublet structure around 7.10 MeV has been identified and thought to be one state at 7.05 MeV (2+) and another one at 7.12 MeV (4+). The presently calculated total reaction rates of 14O (α, p) 17F are, at least, a factor of 1.2 ∼ 1.9 larger than the previous ones in a temperature region of 1.7 ∼ 3.0 GK mainly owing to the contribution from the 7.05 MeV (2+) state. This result implies that this breakout reaction may play a more important role than previously expected.

Field of study: Physics
Expression Of Progesterone Receptors In The Human Fetal Genital Tubercle During Sex Specific Morphogenesis: Implications For The Endocrine Disruptor Hypothesis In The Etiology Of Hypospadias

In the two recently published studies, it was reported that the progesterone receptors (PR) and consequently progesterone may be involved in normal or anomalous development of mice external genitalia. However the literature lacks data regarding the existence of PRs in the human fetal genital tubercles.  The study was performed on 16 normal humal fetal specimens (8 male and 8 female) at 13 to 19 weeks of gestation. The external genitalia of each specimen was carefully dissected immediately after abortion, fixed with formalin, embedded in paraffin and serially sectioned at 5 microns. Immunocytochemistry was assessed on selected sections with an antibody raised against the progesterone receptor. The staining intensity and distribution were recorded.  Progesterone receptor expression was positive on all sections. The staining intensity was highest in the distal urethra followed by a moderate staining in glans, cavernosal bodies and skin. Prostatic urethra, bladder neck and bladder sections revealed negative staining signal. No difference was noted between male and female genital tubercles in terms of the tissue distribution and staining intensity of progesterone receptor expression.  Progesterone receptors are expressed in developing human genital tubercles, suggesting a direct role of progesterone in normal human genital tubercle patterning. The existence of positive signal in the distal urethra but not in the proximal urethra implies a potential sensitivity of the distal urethra to the effects of estrogenic or progestogenic endocrine disruptors during fetal period, which may be an important finding in understanding the molecular basis of hypospadias.

Field of study: Medicine
Advanced Concepts on Remote Sensing of Precipitation at Multiple Scales

ADVANCED CONCEPTS ON REMOTE SENSING OF PRECIPITATION AT MULTIPLE SCALES by S oroosh S orooshian , A mir A gha K ouchak , P hillip A rkin , J ohn E ylander , E fi F oufoula -G eorgiou , R ussell H armon , J an M. H. H endrickx , B isher I mam , R obert K uligowski , B rian S kahill , and G ail S kofronick -J ackson Overview of Recommendations (i) Uncertainty of merged products and multisensor observations warrants a great deal of research. Quantification of uncertainties and their propa- gation into combined products is vital for future development. (ii) Future improvements in satellite-based precipi- tation retrieval algorithms will rely on more in- depth research on error properties in different climate regions, storm regimes, surface condi- tions, seasons, and altitudes. Given such infor- mation, precipitation algorithms for retrieval,  S orooshian , A gha K ouchak , I mam —University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California; A rkin —University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland; E ylander —U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Hanover, New Hampshire; F oufoula -G eorgiou —University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; H armon —Army Research Laboratory, Durham, North Carolina; H endrickx —New Mexico Tech, Socorro, New Mexico; K uligowski —NOAA/NESDIS/ STAR, Camp Springs, Maryland; S kahill —U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, Mississippi; S kofronick -J ackson —NASA GSFC, Greenbelt, Maryland CORRESPONDING AUTHOR : Soroosh Sorooshian, Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697 E-mail: soroosh@uci.edu DOI:10.1175/2011BAMS3158.1 In final form 18 April 2011  The Advanced Concepts Workshop on Remote Sensing of Precipitation at Multiple Scales W hat : 50 participants from precipitation research com- munity met to develop a list of research priori- ties and recommendations in the field of remote sensing of precipitation W hen : 15–17 March 2010 W here : University of California, Irvine downscaling, and data fusion can be optimized for different situations. (iii) B ased on the currently available data, global multichannel precipitation estimates with spatial and temporal resolutions of 4 km and 30 min can be considered as the target dataset that can be achieved in the near future. At high resolutions, however, achieving desirable accuracy is the main challenge. Extensive development and validation efforts are required to make such a dataset available to the community for research and applications. (iv) Development of metrics for validation and uncer- tainty analysis are of great importance. Various metrics with emphasis on different aspects of performance are required so that users can decide which product fits their purposes/applications best. Furthermore, developing diagnostic statis- tics (shifting and rotation) will help to capture the systematic deficiency inherent in precipitation retrieval algorithms. october 2011

Field of study: Environmental science
On the "table tennis spirit" and its social values.

The "table tennis spirit" is an important treasure for maintaining the long lasting heyday of Chinese table tennis,embodied in the national spirit,collectivist spirit and constantly innovated conceptions.The "table tennis spirit" is provided with such social values as being inheritable,educational and social directive.It enriched the connotation of the Chinese national spirit,promoted the patristic spirit,and guided people to think and act positively.

Field of study: Education
K-Partition Ensemble Multi-label Classifier for Insurance Purchase Prediction

Individual insurance purchase prediction can help effectively and accurately advertise to maximize sales. Most current insurance purchase prediction model only considers whether a customer will buy certain insurance. In this way, the prediction will be time-consuming with the rapid growth of the number of insurance products. In order to provide more effective and efficient marketing methods for insurance companies, this work proposes a K-Partition Ensemble Multi-Label classification model to predict the customer’s possible future insurance purchase. First, by transforming the insurance purchase prediction problem into a multi-label classification problem, the balance between features and labels of data division in the insurance purchasing dataset is explored. Second, a k-partition ensemble multi-label classification model is introduced, where each distinct label constitutes in the training set as a new category of a single-label classification task, and the random forest is used for multi-class classification. The empirical test is carried out using the Insurance Company Case data from CoIL Challenge 2000. We find prediction classifiers perform the best when the number of labels is around 20. Empirical evidence indicates that our model manages to improve substantially over other 3 classical multi-label classification algorithms with relatively little time, especially in domains with a large number of labels. The research results also provide a new idea and useful reference for the application in specific fields construction of data models based on the multi-label evaluation.

Field of study: Engineering
Research on Integration and Optimization of the Course Group of Operating Systems for Embedded System-Oriented Software Engineering Majors

On the basis of six years' practice in provincial pilot software engineering school and the requirements of Ministry of Education on pilot software engineering schools, mainly introduces a reformation on integration and optimization of the course group of operating systems for embedded system-oriented software engineering majors. The reformation is carried out by reducing the original four required courses into two required courses and one professional elective course with the emphasis of practical teaching and students' practical ability. The result shows that the reformation meets the university development orientation and increases the teaching efficiency thus it achieves a good result.

Field of study: Computer science
Density dependence of the s-wave repulsion in pionic atoms

Several mechanisms of density dependence of the s-wave repulsion in pionic atoms, beyond the conventional model, are tested by parameter fits to a large (106 points) set of data from 16O to 238U, including ‘deeply bound’ states in 205Pb. Special attention is paid to the proper choice of nuclear density distributions. A density-dependent isovector scattering amplitude suggested recently by Weise to result from a density dependence of the pion decay constant is introduced and found to account for most of the so-called anomalous repulsion. The presence of such an effect might indicate partial chiral symmetry restoration in dense matter. The anomalous repulsion is fully accounted for when an additional relativistic impulse approximation term is included in the potential.

Field of study: Physics