nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
MOCVD growth of GaN on SEMI-spec 200 mm Si

We describe the results produced from our research on integrating GaN devices with Si CMOS integrated circuits. High quality, low bow and robust 200 mm GaN on SEMI-spec epitaxial Si (725 μm) wafers are achieved by using a unique shaped susceptor and careful control of buffer design. High brightness InGaN/GaN MQW LEDs emitting at 450 nm with total III-N stack thickness of 3.6 μm have also been demonstrated. The growth technology of GaN on SEMI-spec 200 mm leads to new wafer/device platforms such as GaN-OI and CMOS + GaN that will open new avenues in device performance and integration of III-N devices with Si CMOS.

Field of study: Materials science
Nucleon flow and dilepton production in heavy-ion collisions

Nucleon flow in Au+Au collisions at 1 GeV/nucleon region and dilepton spectra in S+Au collisions at SPS energies are analysed in the relativistic transport model. They are shown to be sensitive to the nucleon vector and scalar potentials, respectively, and are thus useful probes of these potentials in dense matter. A recently developed effective Lagrangian with self-interactions of vector as well as scalar fields is found to describe both data reasonably well.

Field of study: Physics
Short research note: The Beginning Spanish Lexicon: A web-based interface to calculate phonological similarity among Spanish words in adults learning Spanish as a foreign language

A number of resources provide psycholinguistic researchers with information about the words that the typical child or adult knows in a variety of languages. What is currently not available is a resource that provides information about the words that a typical adult learning a foreign language knows. We created such a resource for Spanish: The Beginning Spanish Lexicon. The present report describes the words contained in this web-accessible resource, and the information about those words provided by the interface. This information is freely accessible at: http://www.people.ku.edu/~mvitevit/BegSpanLex.html

Field of study: Linguistics
TNFα increases STAT3-mediated expression of glutaminase isoform KGA in cultured rat astrocytes.

Glutamate related excitotoxicity and excess of cerebral levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) are interrelated and well documented abnormalities noticed in many central nervous system diseases. Contribution of kidney type glutaminase (KGA) and shorter alternative splicing form (GAC) to glutamine degradation in astrocytes has been recently a matter of dispute and extensive study but the regulation of the GLS isoforms by inflammatory factors is still not well known. Here we show that treatment of cultured rat cortical astrocytes with pathophysiologically relevant (50 ng/ml) concentration of TNFα specifically increases the expression of KGA but not GAC and increases activity of GLS. No changes in the expression of either of two GLS isoforms were observed following treatment with other tested cytokines IL-1β and IL-6. The TNFα mediated KGA expression was associated with increased phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3). Stimulatory effect of TNF-α on KGA expression was reduced by selective inhibition of (STAT3) but not by inhibition of STAT1 nor nuclear transcription factor kappa. Additionally, the role of miRNA in TNFα-induced expression of KGA in astrocytes was excluded, since the expression of miR-23a/b and miR-200c, potential regulators of KGA expression, was unchanged. This study documents increased KGA expression in the astrocytes under inflammatory stimulation, identifying TNFα as a cytokine mediating this response, and demonstrates the specific and selective involvement of STAT3.

Field of study: Medicine
Corrosion Analysis of Radar Typical Component Based on High Humidity and High Salinity Environment

This paper studies the mechanism of the corrosion of typical radar component working for the longterm in the environment of high temperature, high humidity and high salt fog. It puts forward the simulation calculation method of radar typical components in the environment, establishes the finite element model of radar typical components and conducts simulation analysis with computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software FLUENT for platform. The distributions of temperature, humidity and salinity of typical radar components are obtained. The simulation result shows the corrosion degree of parts surface is above 0.6mm and serious, which is in agreement with the actual radar equipment test result. In addition, from distributions of the simulation, the single temperature or salinity has little influence on the corrosion of the surface of the parts, while the humidity has a significant impact on the corrosion. It proves the rationality and correctness of the simulation calculation method, and provides a theoretical guidance for the further study and prevention of radar equipment corrosion of the typical parts of the radar.

Field of study: Engineering
Effects of diltiazem and propafenone on the inactivation and recovery kinetics of fKv1.4 channel currents expressed in Xenopus oocytes

To investigate the effects of diltiazem, an L-type calcium channel blocker, and propafenone, a sodium channel blocker, on the inactivation and recovery kinetics of fKv1.4, a potassium channel that generates the cardiac transient outward potassium current.The cRNA for fKv1.4ΔN, an N-terminal deleted mutant of the ferret Kv1.4 potassium channel, was injected into Xenopus oocytes to express the fKv1.4ΔN channel in these cells. Currents were recorded using a two electrode voltage clamp technique.Diltiazem (10 to 1000 μmol/L) inhibited the fKv1.4ΔN channel in a frequency-dependent, voltage-dependent, and concentration-dependent manner, suggesting an open channel block. The IC50 was 241.04±23.06 μmol/L for the fKv1.4ΔN channel (at +50 mV), and propafenone (10 to 500 μmol/L) showed a similar effect (IC50=103.68±10.13 μmol/L). After application of diltiazem and propafenone, fKv1.4ΔN inactivation was bi-exponential, with a faster drug-induced inactivation and a slower C-type inactivation. Diltiazem increased the C-type inactivation rate and slowed recovery in fKv1.4ΔN channels. However, propafenone had no effect on either the slow inactivation time constant or the recovery.Diltiazem and propafenone accelerate the inactivation of the Kv1.4ΔN channel by binding to the open state of the channel. Unlike propafenone, diltiazem slows the recovery of the Kv1.4ΔN channel.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
New insights in the pattern and timing of the Early Jurassic calcareous nannofossil crisis

The Toarcian calcareous nannofossils crisis associated with the early Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event (T-OAE) in the Early Jurassic period is thought to represent one of the most important biocalcification crises during the Mesozoic, occurring simultaneously with profound disturbance of the carbon cycle. However, the causes are still under debate, particularly with regard to the pattern, timing of the biocalcification crisis, relative roles of intrinsic and extrinsic processes as drivers of the crisis, and also causal mechanisms of the T-OAE. In this study, a new quantification of Toarcian calcareous nannofossil abundance and size is presented for the Sancerre borehole (Paris Basin, France). Beyond the recognition of a severe biocalcification crisis defined by the major drop in abundance, and the reduction in size of the most important pelagic carbonate producer Schizosphaerella punctulata , for the first time, this study proposes an insight into the pace and timing of the nannoplankton crisis. At Sancerre, the carbonate production of the lower Toarcian sediments previously attributed to obliquity forcing of climate allows estimating a duration of ~ 210 kyr for the biocalcification crisis and of ~ 120 kyr for the shift towards lower carbon isotope values. The onset of the biocalcification crisis marked by a fertility event lasted ~ 60 kyr, and the calcium carbonate values remained low for ~ 150 kyr; the subsequent recovery of carbonate and nannoplankton lasted ~ 60 kyr and > 550 kyr, respectively. Additionally, a link between the biocalcification crisis, the seawater palaeotemperature, and the carbon isotope steps can be demonstrated. This covariance provides compelling evidence of fundamental change in the response of the climatic warming and the carbon cycle systems triggering the biocalcification crisis. These observations indicate that the biocalcification crisis can be regarded as a direct or indirect consequence of a global warming. Moreover, a deficiency of the biological pump is proposed here, as a complementary causal mechanism for explaining the negative carbon-isotope excursion.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Cultural communication of Wuzu Boxing created by CAI Yu-ming.

Based on field investigation at Dawutang village coupled with clan pedigree and boxing history literature and dictated information,the author interpreted cultural communication conducted by the creator of Wuzu Boxing.CAI Yu-ming realized the socialization of Wuzu Boxing by establishing a mass foundation and blending Wuzu Boxing into social life;he was recognized by the boxing community in Quanzhou,and realized the localization of Wuzu Boxing;he had boosted the development of Wuzu Boxing in Quanzhou by utilizing social networks and pro-fessional spaces,as well as by setting the subject of communication to elites and masses.

Field of study: Education
A general assessment of the conservation status and decline trends of Mexican amphibians

We present a review on the conservation status and population trends of the 372 amphibian species currently recognized for Mexico. We based our analyses on the information gathered by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature-the Global Amphibian Assessment (IUCN-GAA) as well as on available literature about imminent or potential threats to these organisms in Mexico. This country has the fifth largest amphibian fauna in the world and almost 58% of the species that inhabit this country are considered as threatened. We highlight the proportion of species per order, family, and genus that are currently under severe risk in Mexico. In addition, we prepared a detailed list of the main factors that are threatening amphibians in this country. Evidence is provided that the six main mechanisms that are globally leading amphibians to extinction (alien species, over-exploitation, land use change, global changes, pollution, and infectious diseases) are indeed currently operating in Mexico. We discuss the relative importance of each of these causes. We also highlight the paucity of quantitative studies that support the current conservation status of Mexican amphibian species.

Field of study: Environmental science
Resource optimization algorithms for virtual private networks using the hose model

Virtual private networks (VPNs) provide a secure and reliable communication between customer sites over a shared network. With increase in number and size of VPNs, service providers need efficient provisioning techniques that adapt to customer demands. The recently proposed hose model for VPN alleviates the scalability problem of the pipe model by reserving for aggregate ingress and egress bandwidths instead of between every pair of VPN endpoints. Existing studies on quality of service guarantees in the hose model either deal only with bandwidth requirements or regard the delay limit as the main objective ignoring the bandwidth cost. In this work we propose a new approach to enhance the hose model to guarantee delay limits between endpoints while optimizing the provisioning cost. We connect VPN endpoints using a tree structure and our algorithm attempts to optimize the total bandwidth reserved on edges of the VPN tree. Further, we introduce a fast and efficient algorithm in finding the shared VPN tree to reduce the total provisioning cost compared to the results proposed in previous works. Our proposed approach takes into account the user preferences in meeting the delay limits and provisioning cost to find the optimal solution of resource allocation problem. Our simulation results indicate that the VPN trees constructed by our proposed algorithm meet maximum end-to-end delay limits while reducing the bandwidth requirements as compared to previously proposed algorithms.

Field of study: Computer science
Permanence of moment estimates for p-products of convex bodies

It is shown that two inequalities concerning second and fourth moments of isotropic normalized convex bodies inR n are permanent under forming p-products. These inequalities are connected with a concentration of mass property as well as with a central limit property. An essential tool are certain monotonicity properties of the -function.  The topic of the present paper originated from and is connected with a version of the central limit theorem in the context of convex bodies in geometry. A normalized convex body K R n is a convex compact set of volume 1 whose centre of mass is at the origin. A normalized convex body is isotropic if its ellipsoid of inertia is a Euclidean ball, i.e., if

Field of study: Mathematics
Optimal response to chemotherapy for a mathematical model of tumor–immune dynamics

An optimal control problem for cancer chemotherapy is considered that includes immunological activity. In the objective a weighted average of several quantities that describe the effectiveness of treatment is minimized. These terms include (i) the number of cancer cells at the terminal time, (ii) a measure for the immunocompetent cell densities at the terminal point (included as a negative term), (iii) the overall amount of cytotoxic agents given as a measure for the side effects of treatment and (iv) a small penalty on the terminal time that limits the overall therapy horizon which is assumed to be free. This last term is essential in obtaining a well-posed problem formulation. Employing a Gompertzian growth model for the cancer cells, for various scenarios optimal controls and corresponding responses of the system are calculated. Solutions initially follow a full dose treatment, but then at one point switch to a singular regimen that only applies partial dosages. This structure is consistent with protocols that apply an initial burst to reduce the tumor volume and then maintain a small volume through lower dosages. Optimal controls end with either a prolonged period of no dose treatment or, in a small number of scenarios, this no dose interval is still followed by one more short burst of full dose treatment.

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics
Further Tests of Validity for the One-Dimensional Hong's Psychological Reactance Scale

Prior work using Hong's Psychological Reactance Scale has shown that there were main effects for participants' sex, race, and age. No consistent significant relationships with these demographic factors were obtained with scores on Hong's Psychological Reactance Scale. The one-dimensional nature of the scale was supported. Further analyses yielded no significant results with sexual orientation, socioeconomic classifications, and education. If the scale is to be a useful measure of Psychological Reactance, much more work is needed. The findings from prior work and this one may be affected by measurement error in the construct and the small magnitude of the relationships.

Field of study: Psychology
Application of glow discharge optical emission spectroscopy to study semiconductors and semiconductor devices

This letter introduces glow discharge optical emission spectroscopy for the study of semiconductors and semiconductor devices. It has been demonstrated that, by analysing simple Si-based devices, this technique is suitable for detecting impurity trace elements down to parts per million levels. It has also been shown that this is a fast and economical technique for depth profiling of semiconductor materials and device structures. The major advantages of this method are the low cost, speed and simplicity of analysis.

Field of study: Materials science
Analysis of the level of specific physical quality training and sports performances of Class one female shot athletes in China

By collecting the sports performances of 27 Class one female shot athletes in China in 65 contests as well as the test results of their corresponding specific physical quality indices,the authors analyzed the data and concluded that the main specific physical quality factors that affected the performances of Class one female shot athletes in China were: maximum strength factor,specific shot putting training factor,and specific speed strength factor.Based on this conclusion,the author studied and concluded that the specific physical quality indices that affected the performances of Class one female shot athletes in China were in turn: 4 kg shot backward putting,30m run with a standing style start,standing long jump,supine shot putting,and corresponding regression equations.In accordance with the normal distribution principle in statistics and applying corresponding calculation formulas,the author established three kinds of criteria for evaluation,namely comprehensive development level of specific physical quality,degree of equilibrium of overall development of specific physical quality,and the degree of adaptation of specific physical quality comprehensive development level to sports performance.

Field of study: Education
Application of Rough Set Theory in University Library Information Analysis

On the basis of thorough analysis and investigation of requirements of university library presently,by using Rough Set and VC++,designs and realizes a data mining system which integrates function of university library management,reader information analysis. The system provides user-friendly interface,easy operations,security insurance and high efficiency. The strong function can not only save massive human resource,material resource and financial resource,but also can know the purpose,tendency,interest and demand of the readers,so as to improve the service and become more active.

Field of study: Computer science
Luminescence and Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Studies of the Excited States of a UV Absorber, 2-Methylphenyl 2-Naphthoate

Fluorescence, phosphorescence, and electron paramagnetic resonance spectra have been observed for the excited states of a new UV absorber, 2-methylphenyl 2-naphthoate (2-MPN), in ethanol at 77 K. The observed phosphorescence spectrum, phosphorescence lifetime, and zero-field splitting parameters of the lowest excited triplet (T 1 ) state of 2-MPN revealed that the T 1 state of 2-MPN can be regarded as a locally excited triplet state within naphthalene.

Field of study: Chemistry
Managing urban coastal areas through landscape metrics: An assessment of Mumbai's mangrove system

The loss of coastal landscapes resulting from urban sprawl has become a growing concern that is difficult to manage. The consequences of sprawl are often lasting, leading to the irreversible loss of vulnerable and valuable natural landscapes in favour of urban land. In this paper I analyse the spatiotemporal differences of the urban footprint in Mumbai, India, and compare these changes to the existent mangrove systems in the coastal stretches of metropolitan Mumbai. Based on the extracted urban footprint of the coastal mangrove regions, landscape metrics are performed to understand the impacts of urbanisation on the relative increase and decrease of mangrove systems. Of the entire mangrove system in the Mumbai Metropolitan Area, 36% has been lost to urban land since 1973. Over the four time periods studied, an area of urban sprawl comprises the southeastern border of Mumbai, where, since 2000, pressure on the wetlands has been largely aggravated. The high correlation of coastal stretches and urbanisation is one of the main reasons for the current fragile state of Mumbai's mangroves. A combination of a decrease and an increase in mangrove sites suggests that certain urban typologies, such as denser urban areas and older urban regions, are more prone to mangrove recovery, whereas unplanned urban settlements and highly fragmented urban areas lead to a less favourable mangrove landscape. A spatial accounting of the distribution of landscape metrics is proposed in this paper to understand land use transitions where (1) a significant increase of dense urban areas along Mumbai's fragile coastal stretches is reported; (2) this loss of mangroves is underpinned by urban typology over time; and (3) a combination of metrics vis-a-vis zones where mangroves increase and decrease are spatially and temporally addressed. With the increase in economic development that Mumbai has exhibited in recent decades, it is important to monitor the impacts on natural regions. This is a challenging task where spatial metrics combined with urban footprints may lead to a better understanding of the environmental impacts on coastal stretches. The current planning policies suggest that attention has been given to the mangrove systems of the MMR, equating to beneficial results if economic prosperity and preservation measures in Mumbai continue to take place.

Field of study: Environmental science
Application of thermal fogger to the control of maize diseases and pests.

The chemical control of maize pests and diseases was mainly at the latter stage of corn growth,but maize grew too highly to spray chemicals in the field at this stage in this paper,some oils was used as a pesticide carrier in thermal fogger,which became gasification in a flash and formed heat fog at the high temperature point(350~400℃) through the tube.The heat fog was well distributed,so chemicals were sprayed along the ridge in maize by use of thermal fogger.The droplet subsidence distribution rule and the control efficiency of chemicals on maize diseases and pests by means of thermal fogger were studied in contrast with electric mist sprayer.The results showed that the control effect of chemicals on pests by thermal fogger was higher than that of electric mist sprayer.The effective distance of spraying by thermal fogger was more than 25 m;the droplet deposition was symmetrical at the level distance from 0 to 25 m,and vertical height from 0 to 2 m.The droplets of the foliar were about 150～300 cm-2,50～140 cm-2 on the blade back.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Effect of Ultrasonic Bending Vibration Introduced by the L-shaped Ultrasonic Rod on Solidification Structure and Segregation of Large 2A14 Ingots

In order to achieve long-term and stable ultrasonic treatment in the direct chill semi-continuous casting process, a new L-shaped ceramic ultrasonic wave guide rod is designed to introduce ultrasonic bending vibration into 2A14 aluminum alloy melt. The effect of ultrasonic bending vibration on the solidification structure and composition segregation of large 2A14 aluminum alloy ingots (φ 830 mm × 6000 mm) in the process of semi-continuous casting were studied by means of a direct reading spectrometer, scanning electron microscope, metallographic microscope, and hardness test. The ultrasonic ingot treated by bending vibration was compared with the ingot without ultrasonic treatment and the ingot treated by the traditional straight-rod titanium alloy wave guide rod. The results show that, during the solidification of 2A14 aluminum alloy, ultrasonic treatment can significantly refine the grain, break up the agglomerated secondary phase, and make its distribution uniform. The macro-segregation degree of solute including the negative segregation at the edge of the ingots and the positive segregation in the center can be reduced. Through comparative analysis, the macrostructure of the ingot, treated by the L-shaped ceramic ultrasonic wave guide rod, was found to be better than that of the ingot treated by the traditional straight-rod titanium alloy wave guide rod. In particular, the grain refinement effect at the edge of the ingot was the best, the secondary phase was smaller, more solute elements can be dissolved into the α-Al matrix, and the ability of the L-shaped ultrasonic wave guide rod to restrain segregation was stronger at the edge of the ingot.

Field of study: Materials science