nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Formation and evolution of the Badain Jaran Desert, North China, as revealed by a drill core from the desert centre and by geological survey

The deserts in north China are regarded as direct records of the process of inland Asian aridification. Amongst these deserts, those proximal to the Chinese Loess Plateau (CLP) are especially important because of their role as sediment source areas. In order to investigate the formation history of the Badain Jaran Desert, the largest desert proximal to the CLP, a 310 m-long drill core was obtained from the desert centre, which reached the underlying basement rock. The lithology of the core consists of an upper layer of aeolian sand, with three intercalated layers of lacustrine sediments, overlying alluvial/fluvial deposits which are developed unconformably over red-coloured basement rock. A geological survey indicates that the lower red-coloured basement rock is of late Cretaceous age, and is cut by a Mesozoic erosion surface widely developed over the Badain Jaran area. On the basis of optically stimulated luminescence and electron spin resonance dating, and stratigraphic correlation, a preliminary chronological framework was established which was improved by tuning the aeolian sand proportion of the drill core to Earth orbital obliquity and precession. This final chronology suggests that: 1) the basal age of the desert strata is at least ~ 1100 ka, corresponding to the formation of the Badain Jaran Desert; and 2) that the formation of the erosion surface terminated and the surface had begun to subside by at least ~ 1200 ka. The formation of the desert can be summarized as follows: the alluvial/fluvial fan formed by the Heihe River draining the Qilian Mountains provided sufficient sedimentary material to form the desert under an arid climate, while the Asian winter monsoon and the Westerlies entrained the clastic sediments from the fan area which finally accumulated downwind. More distant sediment transport was prevented by the intervening mountainous terrain. These coupled processes were driven by Tibetan Plateau uplift and ongoing global climatic cooling. After initial formation of the desert, three humid phases occurred, in MIS 13–15, MIS 5 and the Holocene, during which extensive lakes developed. The sequential drying out of the lakes may reflect inter-relationships between global climate and the intensity of the Asian summer monsoon and the Westerlies.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Seismic structure of the Transverse Ranges, California

Travel-time data obtained from both natural and artificial events occurring in southern California indicate a major, lateral crustal transition within the Transverse Range Province. The eastern crust is very similar to the adjacent Mojave region, where a crustal velocity of 6.2 km/sec is typically observed. The western ranges are dominated by an extensive 6.7 km/sec layer. P_n velocity beneath the western Mojave, Transverse Ranges, and northern Peninsular Ranges is 7.8 km/sec. The crustal thickness of these provinces is 30 to 35 km. The Transverse Ranges do not have a distinct crustal root. Unlike other provinces within southern California, the Transverse Ranges are underlain at a depth of 40 km by a refractor with a P-velocity of 8.3 km/sec. P-delays from a vertically incident, well-recorded teleseism suggest that this velocity anomaly extends to a depth of 100 km. These data indicate that this high-velocity, ridge-like structure is coincident with much of the areal extent of the geomorphic Transverse Ranges and is not offset by the San Andreas fault. Four hypotheses are advanced to explain the continuity of this feature across the plate boundary: (1) dynamic phase change; (2) a coincidental alignment of crust or mantle anomalies; (3) the litho-sphere is restricted to the crust; (4) the plate boundary at depth is displaced from the San Andreas fault at the surface. Within the context of the last model, we suggest the plate boundary at depth is at the eastern end of the velocity anomaly, in the vicinity of the active Helendale-Lenwood-Camprock faults. The regionally observed 7.8 km/sec layer is suggested as a zone of decoupling necessary to accommodate the horizontal shear that must result from the divergence of the crust and upper mantle plate boundaries. The geomorphic Transverse Ranges are viewed as crustal buckling caused by the enhanced coupling between the crust and upper mantle which is suggested by the locally thin, 7.8 km/sec layer.

Field of study: Geology
Effects of Feeding on Different Host Plants on Susceptibility Variation to Insecticides in the Progeny of Brontispa longissima

The sensitivity to 3 insecticides of the laboratory populations of coconut leaf beetle,Brontispa longissima,feeding on different host plants was tested with bioassay.The results showed that the susceptibility of the test populations to acetamiprid could be arranged in order by the plants that the larvae fed on:Fishtail palm leaf Bottle palm leaf Royal palm leaf Coconut leaf;the susceptibility to β-cypermethrin:Fishtail palm leaf Bottle palm leaf Coconut leaf Royal palm leaf;the susceptibility to avermectin:Bottle palm leaf Coconut leaf Royal palm leaf Fishtail palm leaf.The maximal susceptibility difference to avermectin was 14.18 times,but to β-cypermethrin and acetamiprid was only 3.47 times and 2.54 times,respectively.It proved that the rearing on different host plants could cause by the susceptibility changes to insecticides of Brontispa longissima.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
An Overview of Theories Explaining Plagiaristic Behavior of Students

In academic writing, creating own text integrating appropriate sources is one of the troublesome areas for both L1 (for whom English is the first language) and L2 (for whom English is the second language) writers. As a result, to meet the writing demand of the academia an inexperienced writer adopts the technique of using other peoples’ language and concepts without acknowledging the source- which is known as “plagiarism”, a kind of academic dishonesty. However, there has been an outstanding dichotomy among the researchers regarding the reasons for plagiarism in academic writing committed by students. One group of researchers consider students as solely responsible for committing plagiarism. By this cohort of researchers, students’- lack of knowledge and skill in source acknowledgement, poor time management, busy schedule, procrastination, deficiency in academic writing, absence of ethical reasoning, attaining recognition- are mentioned as primary reasons of plagiarism. On the other hand, the other group of scholars brings forth the issue of responsibility of the educational institutions and academics as well. In this review, standpoints of scholars of both the schools explaining reasons of plagiarism are presented in a brief.  Plagiarism, theory, dichotomy, responsibility, educational institutions.

Field of study: Education
Analysis of Secure Electronic Payment System

With the development of electronic commerce, how to guarantee the security of electronic payment is the key to exchange completely. In this paper two popular transaction protocol--SSL(Secure Socket Layer) and SET (Secure Electronic Transaction) are compared,and electronic trade process based on SET is explained, and overall design of online shopping payment system is introduced. Electronic payment system based on SET meets the need of secure electronic transaction, can ensure electronic transaction completes safely and smoothly.

Field of study: Computer science
Regulatory effects of IFN-γon the expression of PDL2 on human placenta mesenchymal stem cells （hPMSCs） and the hPMSCs-induced differentiation of peripheral blood CD8＋IL-10＋T cell subsets

To investigate the regulatory effects of IFN-γon the expression of pro-grammed death ligand 2 （PDL2） on human placenta mesenchymal stem cells （hPMSCs） and the hPMSCs-induced differentiation of peripheral blood CD 8＋IL-10＋T cell subsets .Methods hPMSCs were isolated from mature human placenta by enzyme digestion .The expression of PDL2 on hPMSCs and the regulatory effects of IFN-γon PDL2 expression were detected by RT-PCR and flow cytometry （ FCM ） , respectively . Peripheral blood mononuclear cells （PBMCs） were isolated from healthy subjects by density gradient centrif-ugation.T cells were purified with sheep red blood cells .FCM was used to detect the ratios of CD 8＋IL-10＋T cell subsets in PHA or CD3/CD28 beads activated T cells in the presence of hPMSCs treated with Anti-PDL2 McAb or IFN-γ.Results PDL2 molecules were highly expressed on hPMSCs that could be further enhanced by IFN-γ.The results of FCM demonstrated that hPMSCs could induce the differentiation of CD 8＋IL-10＋T cell subsets .The ratios of CD8＋IL-10＋T cell population in T cells activated by different stimulators including PHA and CD3/CD28 beads were significantly increased in the presence of hPMSCs as compared with those without hPMSCs （P〈0.01）.In addition, the antibody blocking experiments indicated that PDL 2 McAb down-regulated the percentages of CD 8＋IL-10＋T cell subsets in PHA or CD 3/CD28 beads stimulated T cells in the presence of hPMSCs as compared with those of unblocked groups .CD8＋IL-10＋T cell subsets were up-regulated in IFN-γtreated hPMSCs groups as compared with those of untreated groups .Conclusion hPMSCs could induce the differentiation of peripheral blood T cells into CD 8＋IL-10＋T cell subsets , which was enhanced by PDL 2 expressed on hPMSCs .IFN-γcould promote the differentiation of CD 8＋IL-10＋T cell subsets induced by hPMSCs through up-regulating the expression of PDL2 on hPMSCs. 
 
 
Human placenta mesenchymal stem cells （hPMSCs） ;  PDL2;  CD8^＋ IL-10^＋ T cells; IFN-γ

Field of study: Biology
STUDY ON THE PREPARATION PERFORMANCES OF ANTIREF LECTIVE AND PROTECTIVE COATINGS OF KDP CRYSTALS

In this paper, we report the preparation and performances of the sol gel antireflective and protective coatings on KDP crystals. The AR coatings with refractive index of 1.23 are of high transmission, the maximum of which is large than 99%, and the laser damage threshold is about 10J/cm 2 for laser beam at 1.06μm and with pulse width of 1ns. The composition coatings methyl silicone and porous silica reduced the threshold down to 5～8J/cm 2.

Field of study: Physics
Student attitudes toward Field vs. Didactic Instruction in Career Education.

Although many studies have evaluated the gains in knowledge resulting from various programs and models, the affective effects of such interventions have been largely ignored. Positive affect, however, can serve to motivate cognitive learning. This study investigated how students felt about two types of career education instructional models: field exposure and didactic. Students who received field exposure training felt more positive about their training experience than students who received didactic instruction. This difference may be one reason why field exposure training has been found to be effective in producing cognitive gains relative to more traditional, didactic approaches.

Field of study: Education
From sea sharing to sea sparing – Is there a paradigm shift in ocean management?

During the past decade, the apocalyptic rhetoric of dwindling ocean resources and the destruction of aquatic habitats in the ocean and along our coasts has motivated conservationist, scientists, international Non Governmental Organisations (NGOs) and several coastal states to advocate the separation of ever increasing ocean and coastal areas as Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) to allow for the restoration of the ocean and its resources. At the same time, and analogue to what is happening with industrial agriculture, large industrial fishing fleets are operating in the Economic Exclusive Zones (EEZ's) of foreign countries, extracting a substantial part of their valuable ocean resources for the world market. The sparing of ocean and shelf areas for both, MPA implementation and Distant Water fishing (DWF) has impacted (positively and negatively) the concerned ecosystems and has often caused use conflicts with local stakeholders. I argue that current ocean use and conservation strategies are favouring these ocean-sparing (“blue grabbing”) measures as necessary means for ocean protection and sea food production over the science-based sustainable fisheries management approach, which is based on participatory fisheries assessment and the inclusion of local stakeholders in the management process. I perceive this change from sea sharing to sea sparing approaches as a paradigm shift in ocean management.

Field of study: Environmental science
Optically pumped molecular phosphine submillimeter Stark laser

The Stark effect was used to reproduce in the cw regime six stimulated emission lines of a submillimeter PH3 laser pumped by CO2 laser radiation. Previously, these had only been obtained in the pulsed regime. Stark tuning of the output radiation frequency was observed for five of these lines. Detailed investigations were made of the character and scales of frequency tuning of the λ = 195 μm output radiation from the PH3 laser.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Methotrexate inhibits the first committed step of purine biosynthesis in mitogen-stimulated human T-lymphocytes: a metabolic basis for efficacy in rheumatoid arthritis?

The immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory eects of lowdose methotrexate (MTX) have been related directly to inhibition of folate-dependent enzymes by polyglutamated derivatives, or indirectly to adenosine release and}or apoptosis and clonal deletion of activated peripheral blood lymphocytes in S-phase. In this study of phytohaemagglutinin-stimulated primary human Tlymphocytes we show that MTX (20 nM to 20 lM) was cytostatic not cytotoxic, halting proliferation at G " . This stasis of blastogenesis was associated with an inhibition of purine ribonucleotide synthesis but a stimulation of pyrimidine biosynthesis, the normal mitogen-induced expansion of ATP and GTP pools over 72 h being restricted to concentrations of unstimulated T-cells, whereas the increment in UTP pools exceeded that of controls. Decreased incorporation of H"%CO’ or ["%C]glycine into purine ribonucleotides, with no radiolabel accumulation in any de noao synthetic intermediate but enhanced H"%CO’ incorporation into UTP, supported these MTX-related eects. Exaggerated ["%C]hypoxanthine salvage (which normalized the purine and UTP pools) confirmed the increased availability of 5-phospho

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
A Study of the Crystallization Behaviour of Dynamically Vulcanized EPDM/Nylon Copolymer Blends

In this work the crystallization kinetics of polyamide copolymer (PA) in PA/ ethylene-propylene-diene rubber (EPDM) thermoplastic vulcanizates was studied under non-isothermal and isothermal conditions from the melt. A differential scanning calorimeter was used to monitor the energetics of the crystallization process. The effects of rubber, compatibilizer, vulcanizing agents, and the process methods on the isothermal and non-isothermal crystallization of PA were investigated. Relative crystallinity develops in accordance with the time dependence described by the Avrami equation with the exponent n ≈ 3. The experimental results show that the EPDM rubber is not the nucleating agent in those samples that were not dynamically vulcanized. The addition of chlorinated polyethylene has no effect on the crystallization of PA. But in dynamically vulcanized samples the EPDM rubber is a nucleating agent and the addition of chlorinated polyethylene helps the EPDM to form fine and well-dispersed particles and improves the crystallization of PA.

Field of study: Materials science
Copper(I) thiocyanate (CuSCN) as a hole-transport material for large-area opto/electronics

Recent advances in large-area optoelectronics research have demonstrated the tremendous potential of copper(I) thiocyanate (CuSCN) as a universal hole-transport interlayer material for numerous applications, including transparent thin-film transistors, high-efficiency organic and hybrid organic-inorganic photovoltaic cells, and organic light-emitting diodes. CuSCN combines intrinsic hole-transport (p-type) characteristics with a large bandgap (>3.5 eV) which facilitates optical transparency across the visible to near infrared part of the electromagnetic spectrum. Furthermore, CuSCN is readily available from commercial sources while it is inexpensive and can be processed at low-temperatures using solution-based techniques. This unique combination of desirable characteristics makes CuSCN a promising material for application in emerging large-area optoelectronics. In this review article, we outline some important properties of CuSCN and examine its use in the fabrication of potentially low-cost optoelectronic devices. The merits of using CuSCN in numerous emerging applications as an alternative to conventional hole-transport materials are also discussed.

Field of study: Materials science
Effects of aluminum over-layer thickness on characteristics of niobium tunnel junctions fabricated by DC magnetron sputtering

We have fabricated Nb/AlO/sub x//Nb Josephson tunnel junctions using a sputtering apparatus with a load-lock system. The junctions that had 50 /spl mu/m/spl times/50 /spl mu/m area showed a V/sub m/ value (the product of the critical current and the subgap resistance at 2 mV) as high as 50 mV at a current density of 160 A/cm/sup 2/. Moreover, junctions having different thicknesses of the Al overlayer were concurrently fabricated on one wafer to study the dependence of the current-voltage characteristics on this Al over-layer. The I-V characteristics were also calculated by McMillan's tunneling model and were compared with the measured I-V characteristics.<<ETX>>

Field of study: Physics
Gradual Late Pliocene onset of glaciation: a deep-sea record from the Northeast Atlantic

A detailed analysis of planktonic foraminifera assemblages and benthic oxygen isotope values from the Late Pliocence of DSDP Site 548 in the Northeast Atlantic shows that the initiation of Northern Hemisphere glaciation developed gradually, through a series of cycles. These results contrast with those of other DSDP Sites which indicate constant paleoclimatic conditions preceding the sudden, step-wise, development of glaciations at 2.4–2.5 m.y. The difference between these sites and Site 548 might be explained by broad sampling interval and breaks in the sedimentary sequence which obscure the onset of Late Pliocence glaciation at those locations where it appears to occur in a step-wise fashion. The results from Site 548 indicate that the development of Northern Hemisphere glaciation could be regarded as part of a progressive climatic deterioration rather than a geologically sudden paleoclimatic event.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
The use of dental services for children: implications of the 2010 dental reform in Israel.

Routine dental examinations for children are important for early diagnosis and treatment of dental problems. The level of dental morbidity among Israeli children is higher than the global average. A July 2010 reform of Israel's National Health Insurance Law gradually offers free dental services for children up to age 12. The study examines the use of dental services for children and the factors affecting mothers' decision to take their children for routine checkups. In addition, the study examines the impact of the reform on dental checkups for children in various populations groups. A national representative sample comprising 618 mothers of children aged 5-18 was surveyed by telephone. The survey integrated the principles of the health beliefs model and socio-demographic characteristics. The results show that mothers' decision to take their children for dental checkups is affected by their socio-demographic status and by their health beliefs with respect to dental health. After the reform, the frequency of children's dental checkups significantly increased among vulnerable populations. Therefore, the reform has helped reduce gaps in Israeli society regarding children's dental health. Raising families' awareness of the reform and of the importance of dental health care together with expanding national distribution of approved dental clinics can increase the frequency of dental checkups among children in Israel.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Dip coating fabrication process for micro-tubular SOFCs

This study investigates the dip coating fabrication process in detail. First the slurry formulation development is presented. This includes optimizing the concentration of slurry components. Controlling the coating thickness is then addressed. It is shown that a broad range of uniform thicknesses from a few microns up to a few hundreds of microns is achievable by adjusting the solid loading and/or the dip coating rate. This study reports that dip coating is a commercially reliable technique to fabricate micro-tubular solid oxide fuel cells not only because it is low cost but, more importantly, because it is fairly reproducible and highly controllable.

Field of study: Materials science
Electrochemical Properties of LiNi0.90Co0.05Al0.05O2/LiFe0.9Mn0.1PO4/C Blended Cathode for Lithium Ion Batteries

The influence of olivine-type blending with LiNi0.90Co0.05Al0.05O2 (NCA) powders and electrochemical properties were investigated by means of XRD, SEM, and charge–discharge tests. The rate capabili...

Field of study: Chemistry
SU‐E‐I‐128: Evaluation of Magnetic Resonance Phase Data of Projection and 2‐D FLASH Acquisition to Estimate the AIF

Dynamic Contrast Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging (DCE‐ MRI) is a technique that non‐invasively collects data related to the vasculature of tissue. Quantitative information is derived from the time course concentration of contrast agent in a supplying vessel, known as the arterial input function (AIF). The AIF should have a high temporal resolution, but it often compromises spatial resolution. The phase of MRI signal varies linearly with the concentration of a contrast agent, is independent of the hematocrit and is expected to have an increased signal to noise ratio (SNR) when compared to magnitude based data. The use of phase data from projection images satisfies the requirement for high temporal resolution and may be used to reconstruct a 2D image if projected along different axes.  Data was collected using a 7.0 T Bruker MRI system. 1‐D Projection and 2‐D FLASH images were collected on a phantom for varying concentrations of Gadolinium. Phase information was determined directly from the free induction decay (FID) and unwrapped where appropriate.  Calibration of the phase data (2‐D FLASH acquisition) verified that the phase increased linearly with the concentration of contrast agent with a slope of (1.183 ± 0.015) rad/mM. A small phase drift was present ((0.014± 0.019) rad/100 min), but had neglible impact on the calibration curve. The concentration of contrast agent as determined from the projection data was in good agreement with the 2D analysis with a slope of (1.187 ± 0.027) rad/mM.  Projection based imaging will significantly increase the temporal resolution of DCE‐MRI studies. The linear relationship between the phase and concentration of contrast agent was consistent between the 2‐D FLASH and projection acquisitions. The results of this study suggest that projection based imaging may be used to accurately estimate the AIF.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics