nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Lasing of Cd3(AsxP1–x)2 solid solutions

Lasing was observed when Cd3(AsxP1–x)2 solid solutions were pumped with optical radiation. The lasing wavelength depending on the composition x ranging from 2.14 μ (x = 0) to 2.45 μ (x = 0.11) at 105 °K. The half-width of the spectrum did not exceed 20 cm−1. The characteristics of the energy band structure of Cd3(AsxP1–x)2 were used in an analysis of the reasons responsible for the steep rise of the lasing threshold in the composition range x > 0.1.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Double Generative Adversarial Networks for Conditional Independence Testing

In this article, we consider the problem of high-dimensional conditional independence testing, which is a key building block in statistics and machine learning. We propose a double generative adversarial networks (GAN)-based inference procedure. We first introduce a double GANs framework to learn two generators, and integrate the two generators to construct a doubly-robust test statistic. We next consider multiple generalized covariance measures, and take their maximum as our test statistic. Finally, we obtain the empirical distribution of our test statistic through multiplier bootstrap. We show that our test controls type-I error, while the power approaches one asymptotically. More importantly, these theoretical guarantees are obtained under much weaker and practically more feasible conditions compared to existing tests. We demonstrate the efficacy of our test through both synthetic and real datasets.

Field of study: Computer science
Multi-parametric flow cytometric and genetic investigation of the peripheral B cell compartment in human type 1 diabetes

The appearance of circulating islet‐specific autoantibodies before disease diagnosis is a hallmark of human type 1 diabetes (T1D), and suggests a role for B cells in the pathogenesis of the disease. Alterations in the peripheral B cell compartment have been reported in T1D patients; however, to date, such studies have produced conflicting results and have been limited by sample size. In this study, we have performed a detailed characterization of the B cell compartment in T1D patients (n = 45) and healthy controls (n = 46), and assessed the secretion of the anti‐inflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)‐10 in purified B cells from the same donors. Overall, we found no evidence for a profound alteration of the B cell compartment or in the production of IL‐10 in peripheral blood of T1D patients. We also investigated age‐related changes in peripheral B cell subsets and confirmed the sharp decrease with age of transitional CD19+CD27−CD24hiCD38hi B cells, a subset that has recently been ascribed a putative regulatory function. Genetic analysis of the B cell compartment revealed evidence for association of the IL2–IL21 T1D locus with IL‐10 production by both memory B cells (P = 6·4 × 10−4) and islet‐specific CD4+ T cells (P = 2·9 × 10−3). In contrast to previous reports, we found no evidence for an alteration of the B cell compartment in healthy individuals homozygous for the non‐synonymous PTPN22 Trp620 T1D risk allele (rs2476601; Arg620Trp). The IL2–IL21 association we have identified, if confirmed, suggests a novel role for B cells in T1D pathogenesis through the production of IL‐10, and reinforces the importance of IL‐10 production by autoreactive CD4+ T cells.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
The DiversiLab typing research of Staphyloccocus aureus strains isolated from quick frozen dumpling samples

To conduct molecular typing research for the 20 Staphyloccocus aureus strains isolated from quick frozen dumpling samples submitted by the same food production enterprise.DiversiLab automated typing system was used to study the genetics and cluster distribution of the 20 Staphyloccocus aureus strains.Genomic DNA of the 20 Staphyloccocus aureus strains were amplified using the DiversiLab Staphylococcus kit for DNA fingerprinting.The amplified product were analyzed using the DiversiLab system which includes the separation of amplicons on microfluidics chips and webbased data analysis software.According to the diagnostic criteria,the 20 Staphyloccocus aureus strains were distributed to 13 patterns.Among them pattern 1 contained strains L17,L14,L11;Pattern 2 contained strains L16,L12,L19,L4;Pattern 3 contained strains L3,L18,L13.The rest ten strains were distributed to ten different patterns.Based on their genotypes,20 Streptococcus aureus strains show certain degree of aggregation,suggesting they may come from similar sources of contamination.Meanwhile,some other S.aureus strains show stronger genotype differences,indicating they are relatively far from each other genetically.These strains may come from various pathways of contamination.The convenient and efficient DiversiLab automated typing system is a powerful molecular genotyping tool for food production enterprise to monitor bacterial contamination.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Impact of Visual Graphic Organizer in the Study of Information

Grade 11 students participated in a study that looks to answer the question" does use of Visual Graphic Organizer as teaching technique  improve student to study of information and achievement and their attitudes in grade 11 chemistry in our schools? Attitudes were measured with a Likert Scale survey " Questionnaire" ; while achievement was measured with pre-post test. The unit included in this study is "Periodic Table" which is one of the most difficult subjects for the students. The main sources of information were teachers and grade 11 student's book. Students took both a unit test and Likert scale following the instructional period. The results show that using visual graphic organizer enhanced test scores. The Likert scale survey shows that students in the first group like the way of using visual graphic organizer and enjoy it. In contrast, the second group which subjected to the old way did not like it.  Visual Graphic Organizer, information, achievement, schools.

Field of study: Education
Menu suggestion: an effective way to improve dietary compliance in peritoneal dialysis patients.

Poor compliance with the dietary prescriptions is quite common in dialysis patients. We believe that most of the noncompliance is caused by the patient's poor understanding of the dietary prescription. Therefore, in the present study, we tried to investigate the role of menu suggestion in improving the patient's compliance with the dietary prescription.



A longitudinal cohort study conducted at an outpatient dialysis clinic.



Seventy clinically stable patients on peritoneal dialysis were included in this prospective study during April 1, 2004, to November 31, 2004, in a single center. Patients who had significant cognitive impairment and thus did not understand the food contents during the training course were not eligible for enrollment.



All the patients were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 groups. Group 1 patients received the traditional patient education method. Group 2 patients additionally received individualized menu suggestions based on their food preferences and education on how to exchange the foods at equivalent amounts according to the exchange list.



At present, there are no clear optimal dietary protein intake levels for peritoneal dialysis patients. Our experience is that a dietary protein intake level of 0.8 to 1.2 g/kg/d can maintain our patients in a good nutritional status. Thereafter, in this study we prescribed the dietary protein intake level at 0.8 to 1.2 g/kg/d and defined compliance as meeting this target protein intake level.



There were 35 patients in each group. The compliance was 22.9% in group 1 and 57.1% in group 2 (P < .05).



Our study suggests that menu suggestion may be an effective way of improving the compliance with the diet in peritoneal dialysis patients. It improves the patient's understanding of the dietary prescription.

Field of study: Medicine
عجز الموازنة والدين العام والحجم الأمثل للدين العام – دراسة نظرية تقييمية للأدبيات المعاصرة

تناولت الدراسة تحليلا تقييما للأدبيات الاقتصادية المعاصرة، فيما يتعلق بعجز الموازنة العامة وعلاقتها بتطور مستوى الدين العام ومن ثم تحديد المستوى الأمثل لحجم عجز الموازنة، كما تناولت الآثار الاقتصادية والاجتماعية لعجز الموازنة العامة، وقد أظهرت الدراسة أن اتجاه وحجم تلك الآثار يعتمد على أساليب تمويل عجز الموازنة، وينجم عن ذلك أن تقييم اتجاه السياسة المالية ومدى استدامتها سيختلف باختلاف طريقة تمويل عجز الموازنة، وقد ناقشت الدراسة أبعاد هذا التقييم وفقا لأساليب تمويل عجز الموازنة سواء أساليب التمويل المحلي أو التمويل الخارجي، كما ركزت الدراسة على تحديد المستوى الأمثل لعجز الموازنة في ضوء علاقته بالحالة اليمنية، حيث أظهر التحليل أن مستوى العجز الأمثل للموازنة المرتبط بالدين العام يتجاوز ذلك الحد الأمثل بكثير. مما يكشف حجم عوار الاختلالات المالية التي تحتاج إلى إصلاح مالي واسع ولكن في إطار رؤية كلية للإصلاح الاقتصادي والاجتماعي والسياسي، وفي كل الأحوال، فإن الدراسة تؤكد على المحافظة على حجم أمثل لعجز الموازنة مشروطا بعدم تجاوز نسبة نمو الدين العام الكلي ونسبة نمو الناتج المحلي الإجمالي الاسمي.This study aimed to examine the evaluative analysis of the modern economic literature reviews that are related to the budget deficit and public debt. The emphasis was on how to define consistent optimal level of budget deficit that is related to optimal level of public debt. Furthermore, the study focused on the evaluation of social and economic impact of budget deficit. The results of the study showed that the direction and level of the impact depend mainly on the methods of financing budget deficit. As a result, the assessment of fiscal policy direction, and its sustainability will vary depending on the method of financing the deficit. The study discussed the dimensions of this evaluation based on methods of financing the budget deficit, either local or international financing methods. The study also focused on defining the optimal level of the budget deficit in light of its relation with the Yemeni case. The analysis showed that the optimal level of the budget deficit related to the public debt over exceeds the optimal limit, which reveals the extent of gap of fiscal imbalances in Yemen that need a broad fiscal reform but within the comprehensive vision of the economic, social and political reform. In all cases, the study strongly recommends to preserve the optimal level of budget deficit with equal growth rate of both aggregate public debt and gross national product.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Distribution and Transport of Suspended Particulate Matter in Hueneme, Redondo, Newport, and La Jolla Submarine Canyons, California

Studies of the distribution of suspended particulate matter in the waters over Hueneme, Redondo, Newport, and La Jolla submarine canyons off southern California are combined with analyses of recordings of canyon-floor currents to evaluate the influence of canyons on the seaward dispersal of fine, terrigenous sediment. The canyon surveys were undertaken during the fall and winter months of 1971 to 1973 when suspended-sediment concentrations and composition over the mainland shelf are controlled principally by terrigenous-sediment supply. Consequently, particle concentrations at all levels generally increased toward the coast; highest values, exceeding 6 mg per 1, were present in the Newport and Hueneme areas because of the relative proximity of large rivers. The vertical distribution of suspended particulate matter is influenced strongly by the density structure of the water column on the shelf and slope, and sharply bounded, midwater, turbidity maxima are well developed over the shelf where sediment supply is comparatively large. Nepheloid layers were present and ranged from a few meters to >200 m in thickness with peak particle concentrations of 5 to 7 mg per 1 over the inner shelf and within the steep-walled, headward portions of each canyon. Although a nepheloid layer is a characteristic component of suspensate distribution in all sampled areas, maximum particle concentrations were

Field of study: Geology
The Empirical Distribution of Singletons for Geographic Samples of DNA Sequences

Rare variants are important for drawing inference about past demographic events in a species history. A singleton is a rare variant for which genetic variation is carried by a unique chromosome in a sample. How singletons are distributed across geographic space provides a local measure of genetic diversity that can be measured at the individual level. Here, we define the empirical distribution of singletons in a sample of chromosomes as the proportion of the total number of singletons that each chromosome carries, and we present a theoretical background for studying this distribution. Next, we use computer simulations to evaluate the potential for the empirical distribution of singletons to provide a description of genetic diversity across geographic space. In a Bayesian framework, we show that the empirical distribution of singletons leads to accurate estimates of the geographic origin of range expansions. We apply the Bayesian approach to estimating the origin of the cultivated plant species Pennisetum glaucum [L.] R. Br. (pearl millet) in Africa, and find support for range expansion having started from Northern Mali. Overall, we report that the empirical distribution of singletons is a useful measure to analyze results of sequencing projects based on large scale sampling of individuals across geographic space.

Field of study: Biology
A Case of Schizophrenia with Multiple Unusual Symptoms: A Case Report from Iran

We intend to report a case of Schizophrenia whom was presented with multiple rare and interesting symptoms. He showed perseveration, autoscopic hallucination and confabulation. The patient is a 23 years old man that his problems started about five years ago with bizarre behavior; self-talking, autoscopic hallucination, seeing himself at past. In this exacerbation; had poverty of content of thought, commanding auditory hallucination and elementary visual hallucination. About Autoscopic hallucination, our current data mentions this fact that several brain mechanisms are involved in Autoscopic Hallucination, hence we suggest that since Schizophrenia accompanies with several brain changes, these changes led to Autoscopic Hallucination in this patient. Our patient's confabulation is Schizophrenic confabulation that is due to his poverty of content of thought and is not related to any neurological disorder.

Field of study: Medicine
Random fluctuations around a stable limit cycle in a stochastic system with parametric forcing.

Many real populations exhibit stochastic behaviour that appears to have some periodicity. In terms of populations, these time series can occur as limit cycles that arise through seasonal variation of parameters such as, e.g., disease transmission rate. The general mathematical context is that of a stochastic differential system with periodic parametric forcing whose solution is a stochastically perturbed limit cycle. Earlier work identified the power spectral density (PSD) features of these fluctuations by computation of the autocorrelation function of the stochastic process and its transform. Here, we present an alternative analysis which shows that the structure of the fluctuations around the limit cycle is analogous to that of fluctuations about a fixed point. Furthermore, we show that these fluctuations can be expressed, approximately, as a factorization which reveals the combined frequencies of the limit cycle and the stochastic perturbation. This result, based on a new limit theorem near a Hopf point, yields an understanding of the previously found features of the PSD. Further insights are obtained from the corresponding stochastic equations for phase and amplitude.

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics
Investigation of trap levels in HgCdTe IR detectors through low frequency noise spectroscopy

Low frequency noise spectroscopy is a valuable tool for studying narrow gap semiconductor materials and devices. In the paper, the method of traps investigation with low frequency noise spectroscopy was presented, together with quantitative analysis of the results obtained for high-operating-temperature, fast response, Hg1−x Cd x Te mid-wavelength infrared detectors. The hole trap levels in these devices are Cd-content independent and take the value E T 140 meV or E T 40 meV. The level at E T 140 meV was found for almost all tested detectors. The level around E T = 40 meV was found in two samples. Apart from the hole traps, three electron traps were also found. Their energy levels follow the trend lines E T = 0.35E g(x) and E T = 0.75E g(x). All trap energies are consistent with the results reported in the literature for Hg1−x Cd x Te devices.

Field of study: Materials science
Self-Presentations of Happiness: Sincere, Polite, or Cautious?

Two studies addressed the meaning of expressed happiness in social relationships. In the first study, men expected to interact with a socially desirable or a socially undesirable woman. It was predicted that (a) when about to meet a socially undesirable woman, men would display more happiness publicly than is felt privately and (b) when about to meet a socially desirable woman, men would display less happiness publicly than felt privately. Results supported the former and tended to support the latter prediction. In the second study, the authors predicted that women would mistrust men’s expressions of happiness upon meeting them such that (a) unattractive women would suspect men of inflating happiness and (b) attractive women would suspect men of suppressing happiness. Results supported the former but not the latter hypothesis. Taking relationship-specific goals into account appears to be important in determining whether emotion will be accurately conveyed and can be trusted.

Field of study: Psychology
Critique of Thomas Flory’s “Judicial Politics in Nineteenth-Century Brazil”

It is a pity that Thomas Flory in his "Judicial Politics in Nineteenth-Century Brazil" is so dominated by traditional historiographical assumptions concerning the Empire that his principal thesis seriously misinterprets and confuses even his own evidence. Flory's examination of the "functions and personnel" (p. 665) of the professional magistracy, which is perceived as exercising a crucial "political brokerage" (p. 665) between "the ministry and its landed support" (p. 683), is based on a number of assumptions concerning the Empire: (a) that power and status in Imperial Brazil were held by "the empire's landowning elite" (p. 685), which was also "its socially privileged" (p. 682), and that because members of the judiciary did not basically come from this group "relatively few could claim elite status as a birthright" (p. 680); (b) that the national government, characterized as "the monarch and his ministers" (p. 665) or as synonymous with a political party ("and central government or political party on the other," p. 669) did not of itself constitute the center of power but took its initiative from the political party in office; (c) that from the 1820s the two political parties acted "on ideological premises" (p. 666) with the Conservatives being "reactionaries" (pp. 668 and 674) and the Liberals "reformers" in favor of "democracy" (p. 666);

Field of study: History
Role of domains within the autotransporter Hbp/Tsh.

The autotransporter Tsh (temperature-sensitive haemagglutinin) secreted by avian pathogenic Escherichia coli was reported in 1994 and the almost identical Hbp (haemoglobin protease) was discovered some years later in isolates from patients suffering from peritoneal abscesses. However, the function of the protein remains uncertain. The crystal structure of Hbp shows that the protein carries a serine protease domain (domain 1) and a small domain of 75 residues called domain 2 which is inserted into the long β-helix characteristic of autotransporter passenger proteins. In this paper, domain 1 is shown to bind calcium, although metal ions binding to this site do not seem to regulate protease activity. Tsh has been reported to bind red cells and components of the extracellular matrix, but it is demonstrated that these properties are not a consequence of the presence of domain 2.

Field of study: Chemistry
Turbulent thermal diffusion and barodiffusion of passive scalar and dispersed phase of particles in turbulent flows.

It is shown that direct interaction approximation closure solutions for passive scalar and dispersed inertial particles in compressible turbulent flows result in the phenomena, proposed by Elperin et al. , of turbulent thermal diffusion and turbulent barodiffusion. A more rigorous analysis of Lagrangian history direct interaction approximation for the dispersed phase in the kinetic approach framework is used to accurately quantify the phenomena.

Field of study: Physics
Interfacial evolution and bond reliability in thermosonic Pd coated Cu wire bonding on aluminum metallization: Effect of palladium distribution

In this paper, the growth kinetics of Cu–Al intermetallic compounds formed during isothermal annealing of Pd–Cu wire bonds with different palladium distribution at 175 °C are investigated by electron microscopy and compared to bare Cu wire bonds. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to provide high resolution imaging of the Cu–Al IMCs in the as-bonded state and TEM-EDX used to analyze the concentrations of Pd at the bond interface in the as-bonded state. Cu–Al IMCs were found to grow thicker with increasing annealing duration. The growth kinetics of the Cu–Al IMCs were correlated with the diffusion process during thermal annealing. The IMC thickness for Pd–Cu wire bonds with Pd at the bond interface was found to be thinner as compared to that for Pd–Cu wire bonds with no Pd at the bond interface. Thus, the presence of palladium at the bond interface has slowed down the IMC growth. Nano-voids were found in the Pd–Cu wire bonds with Pd at the bond interface, but not in the Pd–Cu wire bonds with no Pd at the bond interface. The IMC growth rate for the Pd–Cu bonds with no Pd was found to be close to that for bare Cu for the initial annealing durations. Corresponding bond pull testing showed that Pd–Cu wire bonds containing Pd have best preserved the bond strength after 168 h aging at 175 °C due to the beneficial presence of Pd.

Field of study: Engineering
A Phase Change scenario for Galaxy Formation

The 5 independent correlations between the properties of galaxies observed outside big clusters must set such strong constraints on any theory of galaxy formation that it is hard to imagine any but the right one passing muster; certainly the standard model of Hierarchical Formation does not. Furthermore those global correlations imply that such galaxies must be remarkably simple, i.e. have virtually all of their variance attributable to a single Principal Component. That being so the correlations ought to give strong hints as to the process of formation. Two in particular: all galaxies have the same Luminosity-Density, while Luminosity and Dynamical Mass are everywhere tightly correlated, hint that formation took place at the epoch of Recombination. Halving of particle numbers then will set up strong pressure-forces which could fragment the medium and halt the expansion of neutral fragments, if they are not too large. We find that fragments between $10^{11} $ and $10^{6} $ solar masses (baryonic) will collapse gravitationally upon themselves, mostly flattening in one dimension, to form galaxies between 10 kpc. and 0.3 kpc. in size, and in two distinct classes. Those below $10^{8}$ solar masses will remain transparent and cool, eventually sub-fragmenting into stars with a warm, spheroidal distribution, while those above will become opaque and thus too hot to form stars until after they have radiated away most of their axial binding energy. They will then settle into thin discs with a low axial velocity dispersion. This simple scenario generates most of the properties of the galaxies but not flat rotation-curves. Finally we attempt to weigh up its pros and cons as a viable theory of galaxy formation and conclude that it is much superior to the Hierarchical model when it comes to fitting most observations. At the very least it deserves further critical evaluation.

Field of study: Physics