nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Occupational Classification in the South African Census Before ISCO-58

The population census is one of the major statistics gathering exercises undertaken by the state, when information on a wide range of personal attributes is demanded. None is more problematic than occupation, which, for clarity, requires the subsequent simplification and classification of the myriad of self-descriptions collected. Nowhere is this more evident than in South Africa before 1958. Conflict between British imperial directives and local peculiarities, notably the issue of race, resulted in the adoption of widely fluctuating classification schemes. Consequently, direct comparisons between the published occupational statistics of successive enumerations are highly problematic, if not impossible.

Field of study: Economics, History
Diagnosis of sympathetically maintained pain in posttraumatic complex regional pain syndrome with laser Doppler flowmetry

: Forty-nine patients with posttraumatic complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) of the upper extremities were investigated by laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF) with wavelet-analysis of skin blood flow oscillations. Clinical evaluation of sympathetically maintained pain was carried out after the thoracoscopic clipping above and below the Тh3 ganglion of sympathetic chain) in 33 patients and after the perivascular sympathectomy at the level of brachial artery and veins) in 16 patients. The objective diagnosis of sympathetically maintained pain was created with LDF; it was directed specially to discovery of sensory-sympathetic coupling in CRPS. Sensitivity of preoperative LDF − diagnosis was 90.2%, specificity − 87.5%, positive predictive value − 97.3%, negative predictive value − 63.6%, diagnostic effectiveness − 89.8%.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Reforming Spanish health care: a matter of survival.

Gallo and Gené-Badia report on the most important hanges in the Spanish healthcare system as a result of he financial crisis and the preliminary impact of these hanges on the health of the population. The authors ightly state that cost reduction has been the chief drivng force and that the unpopular measures undertaken o far have not counted with the support of the main ctors involved in their implementation, including healthare professionals and some regional health authorities . ome specific, evidence-based interventions may help reddress the worrying situation of the Spanish healthcare ystem. The current situation of the Spanish National Health ervice (SNS) may be unsustainable. Spain cannot coninue to accumulate deficits while making cuts that may ffect the quality of healthcare and health outcomes. In ddition to economic woes, the system is imperiled by ther elements, including total structural debts, growing hronic illnesses, an aging society, expensive, inadequately valuated, new technologies, and disproportionate medialization . With a few exceptions, Spain has not used the risis as a chance to increase quality and efficiency, reoranize and rationalize health services and recover public onfidence and credibility. Therefore, reform is necessary. ne way of introducing reform would be to mimic the aradigm of evidence-based medicine: fund what works nd cut back what does not. When evidence is robust, act. hen it is incomplete, look for better awareness to inform ecision-making.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
A fast visible-wavelength 3D radiative transfer model for numerical weather prediction visualization and forward modeling

Solar radiation is the ultimate source of energy flowing through the
atmosphere; it fuels all atmospheric motions. The visible-wavelength range of
solar radiation represents a significant contribution to the earth's energy
budget, and visible light is a vital indicator for the composition and
thermodynamic processes of the atmosphere from the smallest weather scales to the
largest climate scales. The accurate and fast description of light
propagation in the atmosphere and its lower-boundary environment is
therefore of critical importance for the simulation and prediction of
weather and climate. Simulated Weather Imagery (SWIm) is a new, fast, and physically based visible-wavelength three-dimensional radiative transfer model. Given the location and
intensity of the sources of light (natural or artificial) and the
composition (e.g., clear or turbid air with aerosols, liquid or ice clouds, precipitating rain, snow, and ice hydrometeors) of the atmosphere, it
describes the propagation of light and produces visually and physically
realistic hemispheric or 360 ∘ spherical panoramic color images of
the atmosphere and the underlying terrain from any specified vantage point
either on or above the earth's surface. Applications of SWIm include the visualization of atmospheric and land
surface conditions simulated or forecast by numerical weather or climate
analysis and prediction systems for either scientific or lay audiences.
Simulated SWIm imagery can also be generated for and compared with observed
camera images to (i) assess the fidelity and (ii) improve the performance
of numerical atmospheric and land surface models. Through the use
of the latter in a data assimilation scheme, it can also (iii) improve the estimate of
the state of atmospheric and land surface initial conditions for situational
awareness and numerical weather prediction forecast initialization purposes.

Field of study: Environmental science
Health functions and prospective of camellia oil

Camellia oil is our own woody lipin. Its fatty acid composition is similar as olive oil, which is recog- nized the best plant lipin in the word. Thus it has a good name that “eastern olive oil”. Camellia oil contain many functional components that not only can prevent cardiovascular cirrhosis, lower the blood pressure, reduce blood fat, but also have the special function of cancer prevention and resistance as taking it for a long time. In order to advance application of camellia oil, the fatty acid composition, functional components and health functions of camellia oil were studied in this paper.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Bounded and Semi-bounded Representations of Infinite Dimensional Lie Groups

In this note we describe the recent progress in the classification of bounded and semibounded representations of infinite dimensional Lie groups. We start with a discussion of the semiboundedness condition and how the new concept of a smoothing operator can be used to construct $C^*$-algebras (so called host algebras) whose representations are in one-to-one correspondence with certain semibounded representations of an infinite dimensional 
Lie group $G$. This makes the full power of $C^*$-theory available in this context. 
Then we discuss the classification of bounded representations of several types of unitary groups on Hilbert spaces and of gauge groups. After explaining the method of holomorphic induction as a means to pass from bounded representations to semibounded ones, we describe the classification of semibounded representations for hermitian Lie groups of operators, loop groups (with infinite dimensional targets), the Virasoro group and certain infinite dimensional oscillator groups.

Field of study: Mathematics
Experimental Study on Control of Odor from Dewatered Sewage Sludge in Landfill by Additives

Landfill of dewatered sewage sludge which has not been bio-stabilized has faced strong odor problems.Modifying additives,such as coal fly ash,aged refuse,building wastes and soil taking as the contrast,were selected to mix with sewage sludge to control odor effectively,targeting waste utilization and waste control by utilizing waste.It is found that the sequence of deodorization capability from strong to weak is coal fly ash,aged refuse,building wastes and soil.The aged refuse should be the priority option of additives to mix with sludge when sludge is to be disposed into the existing landfills,as it is easy available,of large quantity and not to occupy extra space of landfill.It is shown that the more the aged refuse added,the weaker the odor from modified sewage sludge was,but the less concentration of hydrogen sulfide in odor reduction was.The removal of hydrogen sulfide could reach 96% when the ratio of aged refuse to sludge is 7:10.The odor of the sludge mixtures could be reduced to lower than 3 levels,conforming to the emission standard of odor pollutants in landfill when 4 kinds of modified additives are added in the minimum mixing ratio meeting the strength requirements for landfill.

Field of study: Materials science
Grating-assisted demodulation of interferometric optical sensors.

Accurate and dynamic control of the operating point of an interferometric optical sensor to produce the highest sensitivity is crucial in the demodulation of interferometric optical sensors to compensate for manufacturing errors and environmental perturbations. A grating-assisted operating-point tuning system has been designed that uses a diffraction grating and feedback control, functions as a tunable-bandpass optical filter, and can be used as an effective demodulation subsystem in sensor systems based on optical interferometers that use broadband light sources. This demodulation method has no signal-detection bandwidth limit, a high tuning speed, a large tunable range, increased interference fringe contrast, and the potential for absolute optical-path-difference measurement. The achieved 40-nm tuning range, which is limited by the available source spectrum width, 400-nm/s tuning speed, and a step resolution of 0.4 nm, is sufficient for most practical measurements. A significant improvement in signal-to-noise ratio in a fiber Fabry-Perot acoustic-wave sensor system proved that the expected fringe contrast and sensitivity increase.

Field of study: Physics
Research Applications of a Boundary-Layer Wind Profiler

A small UHF radar wind profiler was operated over a 40-day period during the summer of 1990 at a site on the windward coast of the island of Hawaii. It provided continuous measurements of winds up to the height of the trade-wind inversion, which varied in altitude from about 2 to 4 km during the course of the experiments. The inversion was readily discernible in the data as an elevated layer of high reflectivity, caused by the sharp gradient of refractive index at that level. With a wavelength of 33 cm, the profiler has about the same sensitivity to light rain as to moderately reflective clear air. The data have provided unexpected information on rain development, wave motions on the inversion, sustained vertical air motions at low levels, and interactions between convection and the inversion echo. This paper gives examples of some of the observations, indicating the wide range of applications of boundary-layer profilers.

Field of study: Environmental science
The arithmetic-geometric scaling spectrum for continued fractions

To compare continued fraction digits with the denominators of the corresponding approximants we introduce the arithmetic-geometric scaling. We will completely determine its multifractal spectrum by means of a number-theoretical free-energy function and show that the Hausdorff dimension of sets consisting of irrationals with the same scaling exponent coincides with the Legendre transform of this free-energy function. Furthermore, we identify the asymptotic of the local behaviour of the spectrum at the right boundary point and discuss a connection to the set of irrationals with continued-fraction digits exceeding a given number which tends to infinity.

Field of study: Mathematics
A multi-standby multi-failure mode system with repair and replacement policy

This paper investigates the mathematical model of a system composed of ( m + 1) non identical units—one functioning and m standby. Each unit of the system has three possible states—normal, degraded and failed. We consider two types of repair facilities—overhaul and minor repair. The system breaks down when the ( m + 1)th unit after total failure is finally rejected and no standby remains to replace it. Several reliability characteristics of interest to system designers as well as operations managers have been computed. Results obtained earlier are verified as particular cases.

Field of study: Engineering
Privacy-aware contextual localization using network traffic analysis

The rise of location-based services has enabled many opportunities for content service providers to optimize the content delivery to users wireless devices based on her location. Since the sharing precise location remains a major privacy concern among the users, certain location-based services rely on contextual location (e.g. residence, work, etc.) as opposed to acquiring users exact physical location. In this paper, we present PACL (Privacy-Aware Contextual Localizer) model, which can learn users contextual location just by passively monitoring users network traffic. PACL can discern a set of vital attributes (statistical and application-based) from users network traffic, and predict users contextual location with a very high accuracy. We design and evaluate PACL using real-world network traces of over 1700 users with over 100GB of total data. Our results show that PACL, when built using the Bayesian Network machine learning algorithm, can predict users contextual location with the accuracy of around 89%.

Field of study: Computer science
Cholinergic lesion of the striatum impairs acquisition and retention of a passive avoidance response.

Significant impairments in the acquisition and retention of a step-down passive avoidance task were found in rats with striatal lesions induced by the cholinergic neurotoxin AF64A. No significant differences between control and AF64A-injected rats were found in sensitivity to electric shock or in various measures of spontaneous locomotor activity. Striatal choline acetyltransferase (CAT) activity was significantly decreased in AF64A-treated rats compared with controls, whereas glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) activities were not. Furthermore, there were no significant differences between groups in activities of CAT and GAD in either the cortex or the hippocampus, results that support the specificity of the lesion to the striatum. The passive avoidance deficits found in these rats after intrastriatal injection of AF64A support a role for the striatal cholinergic system in complex behavioral processes.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Beta-delayed two-proton decay of39Ti

The beta-delayed two-proton decay of theTz=−5/2 nuclide39Ti has been observed. The39Sc isobaric analog state has been calculated to lie at 8.82 MeV using the measured two-proton sum energy of 4750±40 keV for its decay to the37K ground state. Combining this excitation energy with a Coulomb displacement energy calculation has lowered the energy available for ground state two-proton emission of39Ti from 760 to 530 keV.

Field of study: Physics
Effect of fenvalerate on kynurenine metabolizing enzymes and acid ribonuclease of mouse liver.

The effects of fenvalerate, a pyrethroid insecticide, were studied on some mouse liver enzymes. Given orally, either in a single dose of 60 mg/kg or in a six daily doses of 20 mg/kg, fenvalerate reduced the activity of the B6-dependent kynurenine hydrolase (KH), but increased that of kynurenine aminotransferase (KATE) and beta-glucuronidase (beta-Glase). While the single dose treatment with fenvalerate had no effect on acid ribonuclease (RNase), the repeated treatments increased the activity of this enzyme. This study demonstrates that fenvalerate can alter the kynurenine metabolizing enzymes and acid ribonuclease of mouse liver.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
The Bent Bonds of Cubane

The carbon–carbon bonding in cubane is shown not to be along the C–C vectors between carbon atoms at the corners of a cube. Instead, the bonding is “bent” as seen in a new single-crystal X-ray structure of cubane at 93 K. The bent bond angles and lengths are compared with the geometric angles and with predictions. The distortions from the tetrahedral angle of the sp3-hybridized carbon atoms are shown to be relatively small in cubane, unlike those in cyclopropane, which are large. Despite this and other differences, cubane and cyclopropane have similar reactivity, a fact that has not been widely recognized. It is suggested that cubane might mimic the chemistry of the cyclopropane ring in the pharmacology of some cyclopropane-containing drugs.

Field of study: Chemistry
A framework for allocating fishing rights in small-scale fisheries

Voluntary Guidelines for Securing Small-Scale Fisheries have called out the need to provide secure tenure rights as a means of securing livelihoods, promoting food security, and poverty alleviation, all of which can support the human rights of small-scale fishers. However, there are few examples to be found in the literature of the necessary processes and mechanisms for allocating such rights to small-scale fishers. While in industrial fisheries the criteria for allocation are typically based on catch history data, these are likely to be unavailable for many small-scale fisheries, which will instead require different criteria for making decisions. Furthermore, as linked social-ecological systems providing both livelihoods and food to fishing communities, as well as playing important social and cultural roles, small-scale fisheries are likely to have allocation goals that differ from industrial fisheries. These may include promoting equity, preserving cultural values, ensuring the participation of marginalized groups, or setting aside fish for subsistence, among others. A process for allocating rights will require extensive stakeholder participation to elucidate these underlying goals and values and to develop solutions that best address them. This paper describes the steps necessary for engaging stakeholders in such a process and provides examples of novel fisheries allocation mechanisms that may address the concerns of small-scale fisheries.

Field of study: Environmental science
Late Quaternary palaeoecology and palaeoclimatology from pollen records of the savannas of the Llanos Orientales in Colombia

Pollen analysis of sediment cores from Laguna Angel (4°28′N, 70°34′W, 200 m elevation) and Laguna Sardinas (4°58′N, 69°28′W, 80 m a.s.l.) in the savannas of the Llanos Orientales of Colombia are presented. The pollen record of Laguna Angel includes 7 radiocarbon dates and shows the Holocene vegetation and climatic history since 10,030 yr B.P. The record of Laguna Sardinas includes 7 radiocarbon dates and shows the late Glacial and Holocene history since 11,570 yr B.P. Both pollen records show that the present-day savanna vegetation, dominated by grassland (Poaceae) with only few woody savanna taxa (e.g. Curatella, Bryrsonima ), was present since the late Glacial, indicating dry climatic conditions with a marked dry season. Shrubs and trees of forest and/or gallery forest, e.g. Mauritia, Mauritiella , Moraceae/Urticaceae, Melastomataceae, Alchornea , and Myrtaceae are well represented during the recorded period. The proportions between forest and savanna were subject to change in the past, but also the composition of the forest and savanna ecosystems changed. Laguna Sardinas shows a greater abundance during the late Glacial/Holocene transition than today for Alchornea , especially from 10,680 to 10,070 yr B.P. For this interval, synchronous to the El Abra stadial (Younger Dryas equivalent) in Colombia, more humid climatic conditions have been inferred, which are primarily the result of higher moisture levels under colder conditions. During the early and middle Holocene, from 9730 to 5260 yr B.P. in Laguna Angel, and from 9390 to 6390 yr B.P. in Laguna Sardinas, the maximum expansion of grassland occurred, indicating very dry climatic conditions. The following period, from 5260 to 3890 yr B.P. in Laguna Angel, and from 6390 to 3680 yr B.P. in Laguna Sardinas, shows a decrease of savanna herbs and an increase of forest and gallery forests, reflecting a wetter period, probably with a shorter annual dry season. In both lake records, the period after ca. 3500 yr B.P. is incomplete, but is characterized by a high representation of the palm genera Mauritiella in Laguna Angel, and Mauritia in Laguna Sardinas. This marked change has been interpreted as evidence of strong a anthropogenic influence on the vegetation, but also wetter climatic conditions than during the late Glacial and early and middle Holocene periods.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
[Oxidative stress and Parkinson's disease: mechanisms and perspectives of treatment].

ЖУРНАЛ НЕВРОЛОГИИ И ПСИХИАТРИИ, 7, 2015 Процесс образования свободных радикалов относится к универсальным механизмам жизнедеятельности любой живой клетки. Их основным источником является процесс трансформации кислорода в митохондриях. Поступающий в клетку кислород подвергается полному восстановлению до воды. Однако в процессе аэробного метаболизма при неполном восстановлении кислорода в качестве промежуточных продуктов образуются свободные радикалы (СР). Они представляют собой различные по атомному составу химические вещества, общей особенностью которых является наличие неспаренного электрона на одной из их орбит. В результате этого СР являются нестабильными веществами, обладающими высокой химической активностью. Свободные радикалы при контролируемом образовании играют важную физиологическую роль: регуляция сосудистого тонуса, проведение возбуждения, участие в реакциях воспаления, механизмах репарации, элиминации отживших клеток [6, 12, 43]. В то же время избыточное образование СР ассоциируется с патологическими процессами. Интенсификация свободнорадикальных процессов в организме может быть вызвана как усилением образования активных форм кислорода (АФК), свободных радикалов и низкомолекулярных эндогенных проокcидантов, так и снижением эффективности действия биологических систем утилизации и детоксикации АФК и СР. Образование СР могут провоцировать различные процессы, сопровождающие жизнедеятельность организма: стрессы, ионизирующее излучение, токсины и т.д. СР участвуют в патогенезе большого количества заболеваний — ишемии, сахарного диабета, черепно-мозговой травмы, онкологии, атеросклероза, катаракты, преждевременного старения, болезни Паркинсона (БА), болезни Альцгеймера, хореи Гентингтона [14, 26, 44].

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology