nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
One-Dimensional Nature of Superconductivity at the LaAlO_{3}/SrTiO_{3} Interface.

We examine superconductivity in LaAlO_{3}/SrTiO_{3} channels with widths that transition from the 1D to the 2D regime. The superconducting critical current is independent of the channel width and increases approximately linearly with the number of parallel channels. Signatures of electron pairing outside of the superconducting regime are also found to be independent of the channel width. Collectively, these results indicate that superconductivity exists at the boundary of these channels and is absent within the interior region of the channels. The intrinsic 1D nature of superconductivity at the LaAlO_{3}/SrTiO_{3} interface imposes strong physical constraints on possible electron pairing mechanisms.

Field of study: Physics
Verifying Forecasts Spatially

Numerous new methods have been proposed for using spatial information to better quantify and diagnose forecast performance when forecasts and observations are both available on the same grid. The majority of the new spatial verification methods can be classified into four broad categories (neighborhood, scale separation, features based, and field deformation), which themselves can be further generalized into two categories of filter and displacement. Because the methods make use of spatial information in widely different ways, users may be uncertain about what types of information each provides, and which methods may be most beneficial for particular applications. As an international project, the Spatial Forecast Verification Methods Inter-Comparison Project (ICP; www.ral.ucar.edu/projects/icp) was formed to address these questions. This project was coordinated by NCAR and facilitated by the WMO/World Weather Research Programme (WWRP) Joint Working Group on Forecast Verification Research. An overview of t...

Field of study: Environmental science
Effect of Surface Properties of T800 Carbon Fibers on Epoxy/Fiber Interface Adhesion

The purpose of this paper is to study the effect of surface properties of domestic sized-T800 carbon fibers on the epoxy/fiber interfacial adhesion by comparing with Toray sized-T800 carbon fibers. Surface chemistry analysis of the fibers was carried out by using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The surface roughness of the carbon fibers was characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and atomic force microscope (AFM). Dynamic contact angle analysis (DCAA) was selected to characterize the surface energy of the two types of carbon fibers. The interlaminar shear strength (ILSS) test, SEM and Dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA) were used to study the interface adhesion of the two carbon fiber reinforced epoxy composites. The results show that Toray sized-T800 carbon fiber/epoxy composite has higher interlaminar shear strength than domestic sized-T800/epoxy composite because Toray sized-T800 carbon fibers have more active and rougher surface than the domestic sized-T800 carbon fibers.

Field of study: Materials science
Chemical, Structural and Thermal Changes in PET Caused by Solvent Induced Polymer Crystallisation

The structural and thermal properties of solvent-induced poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) polyester have been investigated. Flat, high twist and spun yarns were treated with trichloroacetic acid-methylene chloride (TCAMC) mixed solvent for 5 min at about 25 °C. The treatment influenced the solvent- induced crystallisation in PET, and the high interacting power of TCAMC with PET was substantiated. An increase in X-ray crystallinity was observed in the treated flat yarn but the orientation was reduced. The variation in crystallinity was measured by X-ray and DSC techniques and is discussed. The melting and recrystallisation behaviour of the crystallites were indicated by DSC measurements. The treatment improved the crystallite stability and perfection. Flat yarn exhibited a distribution of the more stable crystals with higher heat of fusion than the respective spun and high twist yarns. The study shows that the crystalline structure reorganises to a more stable and uniform form as a result of the treatment. Double melting peaks were seen in the DSC of the high twist treated samples.

Field of study: Materials science
[Effects of an endogenous GABA receptor binding inhibitor on rat blood pressure].

The GABA receptor agonists GABA (400 micrograms icv) and muscimol (1 microgram icv) induced hypotension in urethane-anesthetized rats, while the GABA receptor antagonist bicuculline (2 micrograms icv) elicited hypertension. An endogenous GABA receptor binding inhibitor (1 mg), prepared from bovine cerebellum, showed bicuculline-like hypertensive action in a dose-dependent manner. It was antagonized by icv muscimol, but not by the alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonist clonidine. These in vivo results agree quite well with our previous in vitro receptor binding assay experiments.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Simple Conditioning versus the Dynamic Approach to Symptoms and Symptom Substitution: A Reply to Yates

A basic conceptual difference between two major approaches to psychotherapy, viz., the simple conditioning (18, 19, 20) and the psychoanalyticallyoriented or dynamic, is highlighted with respect to the problem of symptom removal and symptom substitution. Thus, those of the simple conditioning persuasion maintain that sympcoms can be treated direccly with various conditioning techniques, in contrast with the usual approach of dynamic psychotherapy, which is to treat the underlying difficulty. Yates' recent discussion of the problem (19) can be considered to be representative of the simple conditioning approach. The purpose of this paper is ro present the dynamic viewpoint on this problem and then attempt to clarify and resolve some of its significant issues, which were raised in Yaces' paper. A case history involving symptom removal will now be presented (17, pp. 419-421 )"in order to facilitate the discussion to follow. Wolberg treated a physician who was very agitated about his impending New York State Board examinations because he was unable to remember his medical studies. He was hypnotically regressed to his medical school days and was able to recall che material. Wolberg also gave him a post-hypnotic suggestion to the effect that during the examination he would recall as much as was necessary for him to remember. During a follow-up interview, the patient reporced that he had overslept the examination and felt very calm upon awakening. He told Wolberg that he could now go back to the Midwest to practice and marry the girl he had met while on his internship there. It turned ouc that his parents wanted him co practice in New York and because he felt obligated to them for putting him through medical school, he was going to give up his plan to settle in his girl's home town. Wolberg interpreted the parient's problem as being a conflict between passing his Boards and practicing in New York vs. failing them and marrying his Midwestern girl friend. His thinking block was a symptom aimed at failing his boards and thereby returning to his girl friend; this motive was ap-

Field of study: Psychology
SU-F-T-541: Impact of VMAT Dose Calculations with Respiratory Movements in Lung.

To evaluate dose impact due to respiratory movements for volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) in lung, using deformation technique.



The dose impact due to respiratory movements was evaluated for VMAT in lung. VMAT dose distributions were calculated with 4D-CT images for a 3-D dynamic lung phantom and seven patients. First, one-arc VMAT dose distributions were calculated at the reference phase (the maximum of expiratory phase) using the Varian Eclipse (ver.10) treatment planning system. All VMAT were planned with 48Gy for 4 fractions. The VMAT dose distributions were divided into 88 control points (CPs) and were assigned to each one of ten phases divided through one respiratory cycle time. Next, the dose distributions were recalculated at each phase and were deformed at the reference phase using DIRART ver.1.0a and Velocity AI ver.3.1 software. The deformed dose distributions were summed up. Finally, VMAT dose distributions with respiratory movements were evaluated from dose volume histograms (DVHs).



VMAT dose distributions deformed by DIRART and the Velocity AI in the phantom study agreed within 2% with that of the reference phase for 95% of GTV (D95 ). In the patient study, deformed VMAT dose distributions decreased up to 4.15% and 3.46% for DIRART and Velocity AI, respectively. The maximum dose of GTV (Dmax) tended to be higher with increasing tumor movements. In constant, D95 for DVHs decreased with increasing tumor movements. The discrepancy in the VMAT dose distributions deformed by two software depended on specific properties of respective algorithms and parameters.



Respiratory movements impact on the dose distributions for GTV. The Dmax may relate with amplitude of tumor movements.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Optimal inspection when the system is repaired upon detection of failure

In Barlow and Proschan (  Section 3.2) a cost model is presented for a system subject to random failure and whose state is known only by inspection. Upon detection of failure repair (or replacement) is performed and the system is then as good as new. A method of determining the inspection schedule which minimizes the long run average (expected) cost per unit time is proposed. In this present paper we look closer into the problem of finding an optimal inspection schedule for this model. Some new results, which are useful in connection with the computation of the optimal inspection schedule, are given.

Field of study: Engineering
Neuropeptide Y receptor genes are associated with alcohol dependence, alcohol withdrawal phenotypes, and cocaine dependence.

Several lines of evidence in both human and animal studies suggest that variation in neuropeptide Y (NPY) or its receptor genes (NPY1R, NPY2R and NPY5R) is associated with alcohol dependence as well as alcohol withdrawal symptoms. Additional studies suggest that cocaine may affect NPY expression.



A total of 39 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were genotyped across NPY and its 3 receptor genes in a sample of 1,923 subjects from 219 multiplex alcoholic families of European American descent recruited as part of the Collaborative Studies on the Genetics of Alcoholism (COGA) study. Family-based association analysis was performed to test the primary hypothesis that variation in these genes is associated with alcohol dependence. Secondary analyses evaluated whether there was an association of these SNPs with symptoms of alcohol withdrawal, cocaine dependence, or comorbid alcohol and cocaine dependence.



Although variations in NPY itself were not associated with these phenotypes, variations in 2 NPY-receptor genes were. SNPs in NPY2R provided significant evidence of association with alcohol dependence, alcohol withdrawal symptoms, comorbid alcohol and cocaine dependence, and cocaine dependence (all p < 0.03). Haplotype analyses strengthened the evidence for these phenotypes (global 0.0004 < p < 0.005). SNPs in NPY5R demonstrated significant association with alcohol withdrawal characterized by seizures (p < 0.05).



These results indicate that sequence variations in NPY receptor genes are associated with alcohol dependence, particularly a severe subtype of alcohol dependence characterized by withdrawal symptoms, comorbid alcohol and cocaine dependence, and cocaine dependence.

Field of study: Medicine
T's en V's wat geld

Dis nou maar 'n feit soos 'n koei: boere met soortgelyke omstandighede en insette, bereik verskillende resultate. Soms le die grootste verskil tussen die keuses en ingesteldheid van die produsent. Elke nou en dan kom 'n boer voor 'n vurk in die pad te staan om keuses te maak oor koste, beleggings en die potensiele wins en volhoubaarheid wat dit vir die plaas kan beteken.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
A pesquisa histórica no Brasil

A Mesa-Reodnda sôbre "A pesquisa histórica no Brasil", promovida pelo Núcleo do Paraná da Associação dos Professôres Universitários de História, como parte da XXIII Reunião da Sociedade Brasileira para o Progresso da Ciência, tem importância decisiva no quadro intelectual do país . E' a primeira vez que essa instituição considera deve abranger também as ciências sociais . Deve-se aos professôres de História do Núcleo do Paraná a iniciativa de fazer participar de colóquios, em que se examinam as ciências e o que podem fazer pelo Brasil, a História, até aí excluída de tais debates . A Mesa-Redonda, que ora se realiza, pode ser vista como verdadeiro marco na vida da História no Brasil, como também no das ciências, que assim dilatam seus horizontes . E' a superação do quadro estrito do século XIX, com seus determinismos e falsos conceitos, que levaram a idéias empobrecedoras da realidade científica .

Field of study: History
Automatic method for white matter lesion segmentation based on T1-fluid-attenuated inversion recovery images

The authors propose a fast and effective solution for automatic segmentation of white matter lesions by using T1 and fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) image modalities with no need for manual segmentation and atlas registration. Initially, a brain tissue segmentation method is used to segment the T1 image into cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), grey matter and white matter. Based on the obtained tissue segmentation results, the region of interest (ROI) of the FLAIR image is created by subtracting the CSF from the FLAIR image. Subsequently, the authors calculate the z-score of the intensities in the ROI and define a threshold to perform a preliminary identification of abnormalities from normal tissues. The abnormalities obtained at this stage are used as the prior knowledge for the modified level-set technique. The proposed level set method here is applied based on local Gaussian distribution to precisely detect the boundaries of the white matter lesions in the ROI. The level set method based on local Gaussian distribution fitting energy is robust to the intensity inhomogeneity of MR data and therefore capable of precisely extracting the boundaries of white matter lesions. Experimental analysis and quantitative comparisons with the peak-seeking and state-of-the-art white matter lesion segmentation (WMLS) techniques demonstrate that the algorithm is a stable and effective approach which significantly outperforms other trusted solutions for white matter lesion segmentation.

Field of study: Computer science
A 3-D tomographic retrieval approach with advection compensation for the air-borne limb-imager GLORIA

Infrared limb sounding from aircraft can provide 2-D curtains of multiple trace gas species. However, conventional limb sounders view perpendicular to the aircraft axis and are unable to resolve the observed airmass along their line-of-sight. GLORIA (Gimballed Limb Observer for Radiance Imaging of the Atmosphere) is a new remote sensing instrument that is able to adjust its horizontal view angle with respect to the aircraft flight direction from 45° to 135°. This will allow for tomographic measurements of mesoscale structures for a wide variety of atmospheric constituents. Many flights of the GLORIA instrument will not follow closed curves that allow measuring an airmass from all directions. Consequently, it is examined by means of simulations, what spatial resolution can be expected under ideal conditions from tomographic evaluation of measurements made during a straight flight. It is demonstrated that the achievable horizontal resolution in the line-of-sight direction could be reduced from over 200 km to around 70 km compared to conventional retrievals and that the tomographic retrieval is also more robust against horizontal gradients in retrieved quantities in this direction. In a second step, it is shown that the incorporation of channels exhibiting different optical depth can further enhance the spatial resolution of 3-D retrievals enabling the exploitation of spectral samples usually not used for limb sounding due to their opacity. A second problem for tomographic retrievals is that advection, which can be neglected for conventional retrievals, plays an important role for the time-scales involved in a tomographic measurement flight. This paper presents a method to diagnose the effect of a time-varying atmosphere on a 3-D retrieval and demonstrates an effective way to compensate for effects of advection by incorporating wind-fields from meteorological datasets as a priori information.

Field of study: Environmental science
Application of Mössbauer spectroscopy to determine the redox potential of the upper mantle

The chemical composition of mineral associations in the rock of mantle xenoliths was investigated, the content of Fe2+ and Fe3+ being determined by the Mössbauer spectroscopy technique. The crystallization conditions (temperature, pressure, and oxygen fugacity) of mantle xenoliths and the composition of the coexisting mantle fluids were assessed. The dependence of the iron oxidation state in spinels on the fugacity of oxygen in a particular system was determined.

Field of study: Physics
Evaluation of an activated carbon filter for the retention of selected pesticide vapours

An activated charcoal bed unit (ACBU) was constructed using teflon stock. The unit duplicated the flow and bed design of a commercially available tractor mounted filter for removing pesticides from the air. Eight pesticides (4 herbicides and 4 insecticides) were used to test the retention efficiency of ACBU over a 12–48 h period with the ACBU in place. Polyurethane foam (PUF) plugs in series trapped any residual pesticide that came through the ACBU. The ACBU retained 93–100% of the pesticides tested. The unit thus provides an efficient mechanism for removing airborne pesticides.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Authenticated Key Exchange with Synchronized States

Nowadays, most of sensitive applications over insecure network are protected by some authenticated secure channel which is highly relies on specific authenticated key exchange (AKE) protocol. Nevertheless, the leakage of authentication credential used in AKE protocol somehow result in unauthorized exploitation of credential information via identity impersonation (IDI) attack. To address the problem of IDI, we introduce a new dynamic authentication factor for AKE protocols, i.e., the secret execution states, to either prevent IDI attack by detecting attempts thereof, or limit its consequences by on-line detecting situations of previously unidentified IDI. In this paper, we model the security for authenticated key exchange with synchronized states (AKESS) based on Bellare-Rogaway model, and we particularly formalize the IDI and IDI detection. We propose a generic execution states synchronization framework for AKE, in which we utilize the session key to generate the secret execution states on both sides, and present a new AKESS protocol which is provably secure in the standard model. Our goal is to enhance the security of existing authenticated key exchange with long-lived key (AKELL) protocols by equipping them with the capabilities of both IDI prevention and detection without modifications on those protocols.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Later toilet training is associated with urge incontinence in children.

The objective of this study was to determine if later toilet training is associated with urge incontinence in children.



We used a case-control study design to yield level 2 evidence.



Initiation of toilet training after 32 months of age was associated with urge incontinence (P=0.02).



For children who display signs of toilet-training readiness, training should be initiated prior to 32 months of age to reduce the risk for urge incontinence.

Field of study: Medicine
Ventricular remodeling after myocardial infarction and effects of ACE inhibition on hemodynamics and scar formation in SHR.

The effect of ACE inhibition after myocardial infarction (MI) on MI healing and remodeling in the presence of hypertension is not exactly known. Therefore, the effect of quinapril on scar formation, remodeling and hemodynamics was studied in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Nine weeks after moderate and large MI, left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) and passive pressure-volume relations were similar in 28-week-old hypertensive and normotensive rats. Chronic therapy with quinapril (6 mg/kg/day, started 30 min post-MI) reduced LVEDP and LV to body weight ratio, yet did not affect pressure-volume relations. Quinapril increased MI size and reduced the content and brightness of collagen fibers in the scar examined by polarized light microscopy. In conclusion, ventricular dilatation after MI was not accelerated in SHR, probably due to LV hypertrophy. Quinapril produced beneficial hemodynamic effects similar to that observed in the normotensive rat model. The significance and timing of ACE inhibitor-induced impairment of scar formation need further evaluation.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Metal Pollutant Exposure and Behavior Disorders: Implications for School Practices

Childhood exposure to metal pollutants routinely encountered in the environment is an issue of importance to the field of behavior disorders. Metal pollutants at low levels, far below those associated with clinical metal poisoning, are associated with a spectrum of behavior disorders. This review addresses a set of environmental and diet variables to reduce metal exposure which are potentially within the realm of control of child, parent, and health or educational professional working with the family.

Field of study: Education
Application of high frequency scanning acoustic microscopy for the failure analysis and reliability assessment of MEMS sensors

We successfully applied high frequency scanning acoustic microscopy (SAM) as a tool for the analysis of MEMS sensors. Using state of the art transducers with frequencies up to 300 MHz, we evaluated the achievable resolution and performed case studies: we localized a contamination-induced delamination on the ASIC surface and studied failure modes after mechanical stability tests, showing that a combination of SAM and infrared microscopical evaluation provides information about the course of cracks on a micrometer length scale.

Field of study: Engineering
Exact solution to a multidimensional wave equation with delay

This paper deals with a mixed problem for the wave equation with discrete delay τ > 0 , u t t ( t , x ) = a 1 2 Δ x u ( t , x ) + a 2 2 Δ x u ( t − τ , x ) + b 1 u ( t , x ) + b 2 u ( t − τ , x ) , t > τ , 0 ≤ x ≤ l , with Dirichlet boundary conditions. The exact infinite series solution is constructed by the method of separation of variables, where the time-dependent functions of the decomposition satisfy second-order delay differential equations. Our approach is based on and extends the work by Rodriguez, Roales and Martin (Applied Mathematics and Computation, 2012).

Field of study: Mathematics