nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Trends and costs of overtime among nurses in Canada.

To examine the regular and overtime working hours of Registered Nurses in acute care and their associated costs by employment status (full time, part time, casual) and department over a 4-year period.



Data were extracted for 2005-2008 from one health region's payroll database for Registered Nurses in acute care in British Columbia, Canada. Regular and overtime hours by employment status and department were plotted over time and tested using simple linear regression. Regular and overtime wage costs were calculated at the individual level using the employee's wage rate and stratified by year, gender, age, employment status and department.



 Nurses are working an increasing amount of overtime hours each year. Full time nurses in Emergency, Intensive Care and General Medical departments are working the highest proportion of overtime hours per total hours and consequently, contributing the highest proportion of overtime costs.



Efforts to lighten the burden of overtime should be focused at the department level. Creating more full time positions out of overtime hours may be one solution to alleviate this burden of overtime and to assuage the nursing shortage in Canada.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Parameters affecting the X-ray dose absorbed by macromolecular crystals.

The lifetime of a macromolecular crystal in an X-ray beam is assumed to be limited by the absorbed dose. This dose, expressed in Gray (Gy = J kg(-1)), is a function of a number of parameters: the absorption coefficients of the constituent atoms of the crystal, the number of molecules per asymmetric unit, the beam energy, flux, size and profile, the crystal size, and the total irradiation time. The effects of these variables on the predicted absorbed dose, calculated using the program RADDOSE, are discussed and are illustrated with reference to the irradiation of a selenomethionine protein crystal of unknown structure. The results of RADDOSE can and will in the future be used to inform the data collection procedure as it sets a theoretical upper limit on the total exposure time at a certain X-ray source. However, as illustrated with an example for which the experimental data are compared with prediction, the actual lifetime of a crystal could become shorter in those cases where specific damage breaks down crucial crystal contacts.

Field of study: Physics
[Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in transient disorders of the cerebral circulation].

Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the brain was performed in 8 patients with asymptomatic carotid stenosis as well as in 26 patients with transient ischemic attacks (TIA) and 19 patients with reversible ischemic neurologic deficiency (RIND). The study was carried out by means of Philips apparatus. The results of investigation were compared with data of spectroscopic examination of 9 older and 10 younger normals. The mathematical analysis of ratio of N-acetylaspartate concentration (NAA) to phosphocholine (Pch), phosphocreatine (Pcr), and lactic acid was used to describe the metabolic changes. As a result lactic acid was not found in control volunteers' brains while it was detected either in the damaged (59%) or in the contralateral (47%) hemispheres of the patients. The significant decrease of NAA/Pch and NAA/Pcr ratios was observed in the pathological hemispheres of the patients. These results testify to high sensitivity of proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy for evaluation of metabolic disturbances in latent or reversible cerebral ischemia.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
INTERFACIAL PHENOMENA IN LIQUID-LIQUID SYSTEMS:NEW EXPLANATION OF SOME PECULARITIES OF MASS TRANSFER WITH CHEMICAL REACTIONS

Some important peculiarities of interfacial mass transfer with chemical reactions in liquid-liquid systems were explained with the help of interfacial dispersed zones (IDZ) formation.A sudden and sharp increase in HCl extraction rate by tri( n -dodecyl)amine was explained by means of a new dispersed phase formation inside of the organic layers adjacent to the interphase.This process of water mirodroplets formation is accompanied with the change of local equilibrium constant and concentration gradient.Surface-active substances(SAS) added to the system could essentially affect the rate of interfacial diffusion because of change of number and dimension of microparticles inside of IDZ.The rate of interfacial diffusion increases if SAS stabilize IDZ and (or) enhance adsorption of reactants on the surface of microparticles of IDZ.The opposite situation can be observed if SAS destabilize IDZ and (or) decrease adsorption of reactants.These effects were found in extraction and stripping of Cu 2+ in the system with 2-hydroxi-5-octylbezo phenonoxime.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
An effective and scalable overlapping community detection approach: Integrating social identity model and game theory

Because of its broad real-life application, community detection (in the realm of a complex network) is an attractive challenge to many researchers. However, current methods fail to reveal the full community structure and its formation process. Thus, here we present SIMGT, an effective and Scalable approach that detects overlapping communities: Integrating social identity Model and Game Theory. Inspired by social identity theory and nodes’ high-order proximities, first we weight and rewire the original network, then we associate each node with a new utility function. Next, we model community formation as a non-cooperative game among all nodes, and we regard the nodes as self-interested players. Further, we use a stochastic gradient-ascent method to update players’ strategies toward different communities, and prove that our game greatly resembles and matches how a potential game works (in the classical sense in game theory), indicating that the Nash equilibrium point must exist. Finally, we implement comprehensive experiments on several synthetic and real-life networks. The results show that whatever weighting strategy we choose, SIMGT can gain better performance on community detection task. In particular, SIMGT achieves a best result when we choose the Jaccard coefficient. After comparing SIMGT with six benchmark algorithms, we obtain convincing results in terms of how well the algorithms reveal communities, as well as algorithms’ scalability.

Field of study: Mathematics
Reactions of Sn-3.5Ag-Based Solders Containing Zn and Al Additions on Cu and Ni(P) Substrates

In this study we consider the effect of separately adding 0.5 wt.% to 1.5 wt.% Zn or 0.5 wt.% to 2 wt.% Al to the eutectic Sn-3.5Ag lead-free solder alloy to limit intermetallic compound (IMC) growth between a limited volume of solder and the contact metallization. The resultant solder joint microstructure after reflow and high-temperature storage at 150°C for up to 1000 h was investigated. Experimental results confirmed that the addition of 1.0 wt.% to 1.5 wt.% Zn leads to the formation of Cu-Zn on the Cu substrate, followed by massive spalling of the Cu-Zn IMC from the Cu substrate. Growth of the Cu6Sn5 IMC layer is significantly suppressed. The addition of 0.5 wt.% Zn does not result in the formation of a Cu-Zn layer. On Ni substrates, the Zn segregates to the Ni3Sn4 IMC layer and suppresses its growth. The addition of Al to Sn-3.5Ag solder results in the formation of Al-Cu IMC particles in the solder matrix when reflowed on the Cu substrate, while on Ni substrates Al-Ni IMCs spall into the solder matrix. The formation of a continuous barrier layer in the presence of Al and Zn, as reported when using solder baths, is not observed because of the limited solder volumes used, which are more typical of reflow soldering.

Field of study: Materials science
Research on Congestion Control Method Based on Rate in Streaming Media System

On the basis of comparing and studying all kinds of congestion control mechanism based on rate, establishes a new kind of congestion control method in streaming media system based on rate. This method adjusts dynamically the transmission rate of the server terminals through monitoring the change of network conditions and buffer area conditions on client's side. This method is of great flexibility and stability, and it has a low complexity in calculation and it will not influent transmission efficiency. Compared with traditional congestion control mechanism, this method is ameliorated to some degree in current control, restraint of network shake and quality of multimedia communication.

Field of study: Computer science
Mass composition of cosmic rays with energy E0 ≥ 1017 eV, according to surface detectors of the Yakutsk EAS array

The lateral distribution of charged particles is investigated in extensive air showers (EASes) with energy E0 ≥ 1017 eV at the Yakutsk array using surface scintillation detectors over the period 1977–2013. Experimental values are compared to calculations made by different models of EAS development contained in the CORSICA software package. The best agreement between theory and experiment is observed with the QGSJET-01-d and QGSJET-II-04 models. A change in the mass composition of cosmic rays in the direction of purely proton is observed in the energy range of 1–20 × 1017 eV.

Field of study: Physics
Synchronous degassing patterns of the neighbouring volcanoes Llaima and Villarrica in south-central Chile: the influence of tidal forces

The neighbouring volcanoes Villarrica and Llaima are two of the most active volcanoes in Chile and both currently degas continuously. We present a semi-continuous time series of SO2 fluxes for Villarrica and Llaima volcanoes. The time series was obtained using five scanning Mini-Differential Optical Absorption Spectrometers (Mini-DOAS, UV spectrometers) over 6 months (13 February to 31 July 2010) and is based on 6,829 scans for Villarrica and 7,165 scans for Llaima. Statistical analyses of the SO2 flux time series reveal a periodicity of degassing maxima about every 7 days, and further a conspicuous synchronicity of the degassing maxima and minima between the two volcanoes. Intra-day variations in SO2 fluxes also show a striking correlation between Villarrica and Llaima. All these patterns correlate well with the trend of the modelled solid Earth tide curves, where the 7-day degassing maxima correspond with both the fortnightly tidal maxima and minima. The intra-day degassing peaks mostly correlate well with the periods of maximum deformation rates during the diurnal tidal cycle, and further with semidiurnal minima in atmospheric pressure, a phenomenon we refer to as “the tidal pump”. As there is little time lag between the tidal action and the changes in degassing rates, we infer that degassing at both volcanoes is controlled by conduit convection, involving physical separation between gas and magma at comparatively shallow levels. Variations in daily degassing rates were up to a factor of ca. 12 and 10 for Villarrica and Llaima, respectively, without any noticeable changes in the periodicity. We thus suggest that the described cyclic variations must be taken into account for all comparable volcanoes when using gas monitoring as a tool for volcanic hazard mitigation.

Field of study: Environmental science
The Theological Origins of Modernity (review)

Despite my disagreement about White Noise, Qualified Hope does uphold one of postmodernism's more useful orthodoxies: salient analyses of race, gender, and nationality. At the same time, it moves the discussion forward—if one can use a term that encompasses both time and space—giving the reader, if not a resolution of postmodernism's paradoxes, then at least insight into a number of undervalued and seldom-discussed works of literature.

Field of study: Art
A Critical Comparison of Methods for the Analysis of Indigo in Dyeing Liquors and Effluents

Indigo is one of the most important dyes in the textile industry. The control of the indigo concentration in dyeing liquors and effluents is an important tool to ensure the reproducibility of the dyed fabrics and also to establish the efficiency of the wastewater treatment. In this work, three analytical methods were studied and validated with the aim to select a reliable, fast and automated method for the indigo dye determination. The first method is based on the extraction of the dye, with chloroform, in its oxidized form. The organic solution is measured by Ultraviolet (UV)-visible spectrophotometry at 604 nm. The second method determines the concentration of indigo in its leuco form in aqueous medium by UV-visible spectrophotometry at 407 nm. Finally, in the last method, the concentration of indigo is determined by redox titration with potassium hexacyanoferrate (K3(Fe(CN)6)). The results indicated that the three methods that we studied met the established acceptance criteria regarding accuracy and precision. However, the third method was considered the most adequate for application on an industrial scale due to its wider work range, which provides a significant advantage over the others.

Field of study: Materials science
Hepatic, metabolic and toxic effects of ethanol: 1991 update.

Until two decades ago, dietary deficiencies were considered to be the only reason for alcoholics to develop liver disease. As the overall nutrition of the population improved, more emphasis was placed on secondary malnutrition and direct hepatotoxic effects of ethanol were established. Ethanol is hepatotoxic through redox changes produced by the NADH generated in its oxidation via the alcohol dehydrogenase pathway, which in turn affects the metabolism of lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, and purines. Ethanol is also oxidized in liver microsomes by an ethanol-inducible cytochrome P-450 (P-450IIE1) that contributes to ethanol metabolism and tolerance, and activates xenobiotics to toxic radicals thereby explaining increased vulnerability of the heavy drinker to industrial solvents, anesthetic agents, commonly prescribed drugs, over-the-counter analgesics, chemical carcinogens, and even nutritional factors such as vitamin A. In addition, ethanol depresses hepatic levels of vitamin A, even when administered with diets containing large amounts of the vitamin, reflecting, in part, accelerated microsomal degradation through newly discovered microsomal pathways of retinol metabolism, inducible by either ethanol or drug administration. The hepatic depletion of vitamin A is strikingly exacerbated when ethanol and other drugs were given together, mimicking a common clinical occurrence. Microsomal induction also results in increased production of acetaldehyde. Acetaldehyde, in turn, causes injury through the formation of protein adducts, resulting in antibody production, enzyme inactivation, decreased DNA repair, and alterations in microtubules, plasma membranes and mitochondria with a striking impairment of oxygen utilization. Acetaldehyde also causes glutathione depletion and lipid peroxidation, and stimulates hepatic collagen production by the vitamin A storing cells (lipocytes) and myofibroblasts.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Field of study: Medicine
Methane and nitrous oxide retrievals from MIPAS-ENVISAT

We present the strongly revised IMK/IAA MIPAS-ENVISAT CH4 and N2O data products for the MIPAS full-resolution (versions V5H_CH4_21 and V5H_N2O_21) and for the reduced-resolution period (versions V5R_CH4_224, V5R_CH4_225, V5R_N2O_224 and V5R_N2O_225). These data sets cover both MIPAS measurement periods from June 2002 until March 2004 and from January 2005 to April 2012. Differences with older retrieval versions which are known to have a high bias are discussed. The usage of the HITRAN 2008 spectroscopic data set leads to lower values for both gases in the lower part of the profile. The improved correction of additive radiance offsets and handling of background radiance continua allows for aerosol contributions at altitudes in the upper stratosphere and above. These changes lead to more plausible values, both in the radiance offset and in the profiles of the continuum absorption coefficients. They also increase the fraction of converged retrievals. Some minor changes were applied to the constraint of the inverse problem, causing small differences in the retrieved profiles, mostly due to the relaxation of off-diagonal regularisation matrix elements for the calculation of jointly retrieved absorption coefficient profiles. Spectral microwindows have been adjusted to avoid areas with saturated spectral signatures. Jointly retrieving profiles of water vapour and nitric acid serves to compensate spectroscopic inconsistencies. We discuss the averaging kernels of the profiles and their vertical resolution. The latter ranges from 2.5 to 7 km for CH4, and from 2.5 to 6 km for N2O in the reduced-resolution period. For the full-resolution period, the vertical resolution is in the order of 3 to 6 km for both gases. We find the retrieval errors in the lower part of the profiles mostly to be around 15 % for CH4 and below 10 % for N2O. The errors above 25 or 30 km increase to values between 10 and 20 %, except for CH4 from the reduced-resolution period, where the estimated errors stay below 15 %.

Field of study: Environmental science
A Cross-Sectional Survey of Age and Sense of Authenticity among Japanese

This study examined age differences on the sense of authenticity and its relation with mental health measured on the General Health Questionnaire. Participants were 963 Japanese (M age = 51.5 yr., SD = 19.5). Scores on the Sense of Authenticity Scale increased across age cohorts. Correlations of –.45 to –.75 were observed between the sense of authenticity and mental health in all age groups.

Field of study: Psychology
Spectral Correlation Analysis for Tidal Gravity Signal

In the analysis of tidal gravity signal, the method based on cyclostationary signal analysis has gradually been paid attention to people. This paper analyzes tidal gravity signal by using the method of spectral correlation analysis, it mainly analyzes the intermodulation relationship of year-wave, month-wave, half-month wave and half-daily wave in tidal gravity signal, to achieve the purpose of tidal gravity signal being demodulated. Through simulation and analysis based on spectral correlation demodulation’s method, we can effectively demodulate the relationship of year-wave, month-wave, half-month wave, and half-daily wave. Finally, through processing and analysis of experimental data, it shows that intermodulation between year-wave and daily-wave, besides it is the same as month-wave and half-daily wave.

Field of study: Engineering
Citation analysis of JOURNAL OF HIGHER EDUCATION from 2002 to 2006 based on CSSCI

Taking advantage of CSSCI database,we have analyzed the situation of being quoted of the aiticles of JOURNAL OF HIGHER EDUCATION which were published between 2002 and 2006,and contrasted it with other related publications of higher education,we found that the rate of being quoted,the rate of being quoted of each article and the rate of being quoted by itself of the journal of it are all higher than other similar journals,the journals it quoted are generaly national core journals.The topics of JOURNAL OF HIGHER EDUCATION have stability,continuity and originality.The journal's degree of influence is vere high,its range of spread is very extensive,and it has a extraordinary leading status in the higher education of China.

Field of study: Education
A thrust plate of ophiolitic rocks in the Preston Peak area, Klamath Mountains, California

In the Preston Peak area, Klamath Mountains, California, a regional thrust fault separates metasedimentary rocks of the Late Jurassic Galice Formation from an overlying plate of older ophiolitic rocks. The ophiolite consists of a basal sheet of ultramafic tectonite overlain and intruded by a heterogeneous mafic complex that in turn is overlain by metabasaltic and metasedimentary rocks. Field relations indicate that the ophiolite is polygenetic, with a major temporal hiatus separating the tectonitic ultramafic rocks and the associated mafic rocks. Mineral assemblages and textures in the ultramafic rocks suggest high-temperature recrystallization and penetrative deformation. In contrast, diabase and diabase breccia, the most abundant constituents of the mafic complex, are nonschistose rocks metamorphosed to lower greenschist facies. Contacts between ultramafic rocks and rocks of the mafic complex are fault contacts, intrusive contacts, or both. Mafic rocks occur in the ultramafic rocks as diabase dikes with chilled margins and as tectonic inclusions. Piecemeal growth of the ophiolite is also indicated by minor features: scarce jackstraw-textured talc-olivine rocks in tectonitic peridotite, cognate xenoliths of gabbro and olivine clinopyroxenite in diabase, and scattered dikes of intermediate composition in both ultramafic and mafic rocks. Field aspects of the ophiolite appear more compatible with a primitive island-arc setting than with a spreading oceanic ridge or marginal-basin model. The temporal relations between the ultramafic and mafic rocks, the presence of pyroclastic breccias, and the character of associated epiclastic rocks support this hypothesis. On the basis of this interpretation, the tectonic history of this segment of the Klamath Mountains during late Paleozoic to Jurassic time was dominated by island-arc genesis and westward extensional rifting. The ultimate collapse of this system occurred during the Late Jurassic (Nevadan orogeny) when the Galice Formation (Jurassic island arc and associated sedimentary basin) was thrust beneath the Preston Peak ophiolite, a Permian-Triassic remnant arc.

Field of study: Geology
Fisher's Exact Test

This paper reviews the problems that bedevil the selection of an appropriate test for the analysis of a 2 × 2 table. In contradiction to an earlier paper, the author now argues the case for the use of Fisher's exact test. It is noted that all test statistics for the 2 × 2 table have discrete distributions and it is suggested that it is irrational to prescribe an unattainable fixed significance level. The use of mid-P is suggested, if a formula is required for prescribing a variable tail probability. The problems of two-tail tests are discussed

Field of study: Mathematics
Sobolev functions whose inner trace at the boundary is zero

Let Ω⊂Rn be an arbitrary open set. In this paper it is shown that if a Sobolev functionf∈W1,p(Ω) possesses a zero trace (in the sense of Lebesgue points) on ϖΩ, thenf is weakly zero on ϖΩ in the sense thatf∈W01,p(Ω).

Field of study: Mathematics
Orbiting compressor for residential air-conditioners

A new type of compressor, called an orbiting compressor, is introduced in this paper. The orbiting compressor is characterized by an orbiting piston, and the piston or orbiter consists of a circular base plate and a ring type vane protruding vertically from the base plate. The orbiter is made to orbit in an annular space formed between two concentric circular walls via an Oldham-ring mechanism, producing two sealed gas pockets on both sides of the vane wrap with a 180° phase difference. This operating mechanism leads to alternating compression and discharge processes, which results in low torque variation. The orbiting compressor has been designed for an R410A residential air conditioner with a cooling capacity of 10.0 kW. The performance of the orbiting compressor model has been analytically investigated, where the volumetric, adiabatic and mechanical efficiencies were calculated to be 94.8%, 90.4% and 93.4%, respectively for the ARI condition. The EER was estimated to be about 10.86 with a motor efficiency of 89%.

Field of study: Engineering