nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Ontology Interpretation and Value Clarification of "from Abundance back to Conciseness"

The teaching-learning opinion of "from abundance back to conciseness" in Chinese traditional educational views has an important guidance on the theory and practice of the teaching-learning.The matter of abundance and conciseness in teaching-learning is of naturalness,fundamental and universality on its ontology,and also reflects many aspects of teaching-learning value consciousness in the axiology,such as cultural awareness,humanism awareness,open consciousness of life and the consciousness of sustainable development.For the theory and practice of teaching-learning in the network information age,we should handle the relationship well,and deepen the development of the teaching-learning opinion "from abundance back to conciseness",so that it can help to clarify and return to ultimate concern of teaching-learning being,promote the teaching-learning innovation from the basic theory,really promote the students' development,and respond to the call of the times.

Field of study: Education
Functional interactions of the SPAK/OSR1 kinases with their upstream activator WNK1 and downstream substrate NKCC1.

The SPAK (STE20/SPS1-related proline/alanine-rich kinase) and OSR1 (oxidative stress-responsive kinase-1) kinases interact and phosphorylate NKCC1 (Na+-K+-2Cl- co-transporter-1), leading to its activation. Recent studies indicated that SPAK and OSR1 are phosphorylated and activated by the WNK1 [with no K (lysine) protein kinase-1] and WNK4, genes mutated in humans affected by Gordon's hypertension syndrome. In the present study, we have identified three residues in NKCC1 (Thr175/Thr179/Thr184 in shark or Thr203/Thr207/Thr212 in human) that are phosphorylated by SPAK and OSR1, and have developed a peptide substrate, CATCHtide (cation chloride co-transporter peptide substrate), to assess SPAK and OSR1 activity. Exposure of HEK-293 (human embryonic kidney) cells to osmotic stress, which leads to phosphorylation and activation of NKCC1, increased phosphorylation of NKCC1 at the sites targeted by SPAK/OSR1. The residues on NKCC1, phosphorylated by SPAK/OSR1, are conserved in other cation co-transporters, such as the Na+-Cl- co-transporter, the target of thiazide drugs that lower blood pressure in humans with Gordon's syndrome. Furthermore, we characterize the properties of a 92-residue CCT (conserved C-terminal) domain on SPAK and OSR1 that interacts with an RFXV (Arg-Phe-Xaa-Val) motif present in the substrate NKCC1 and its activators WNK1/WNK4. A peptide containing the RFXV motif interacts with nanomolar affinity with the CCT domains of SPAK/OSR1 and can be utilized to affinity-purify SPAK and OSR1 from cell extracts. Mutation of the arginine, phenylalanine or valine residue within this peptide abolishes binding to SPAK/OSR1. We have identified specific residues within the CCT domain that are required for interaction with the RFXV motif and have demonstrated that mutation of these in OSR1 inhibited phosphorylation of NKCC1, but not of CATCHtide which does not possess an RFXV motif. We establish that an intact CCT domain is required for WNK1 to efficiently phosphorylate and activate OSR1. These data establish that the CCT domain functions as a multipurpose docking site, enabling SPAK/OSR1 to interact with substrates (NKCC1) and activators (WNK1/WNK4).

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Shaping avoidance behavior in restrained monkeys.

Lever-pulling avoidance behavior of 24 monkeys was actively shaped with a manual shock-control box and a closed-circuit TV system. A negative reinforcement procedure was used wherein a periodically occurring body shock was postponed each time the subject moved toward the lever. All subjects were trainable with this method, two-thirds of them in fewer than five, 1- to 2-hr sessions. Negative reinforcement was more effective than a punishment procedure.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Discovering and creating business opportunities for cloud services

This study focuses on how the opportunities for cloud services are detected.The study develops a framework to detect and exploit cloud-based opportunities.This study incorporates entrepreneurship theories to extend and enrich IS research. Cloud computing provides new business opportunities for firms selling or using cloud services. However, little is known about how software firms detect and exploit these opportunities. Based on in-depth qualitative case studies, this study identified two different pathways followed by software firms when they detect and exploit opportunities. In the first pathway, the opportunity is based on an existing problem and need in the market. In the case firms, the opportunity was exploited by adapting the software to the cloud environment. In the second pathway, the opportunity arises from the founders' prior knowledge and imagination, in the absence of any existing problem or need in the market. In this case, the opportunity was exploited through the features offered by cloud computing. This research contributes to Information Systems (IS) literature by incorporating relevant entrepreneurship theories in such a way as to enrich and extend IS research.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Toward an Expanded Economic Theory of Contract

The Coase Theorem in its most innocuous form appears to be little more than a restatement of the Pareto criterion. In a zero transaction costs (hereafter ZTC) world, transactions will continue to occur until there remains no possibility for further transactions which would make at least one party better off while making no other party worse off. If transaction costs are defined broadly enough to include all strategic and bargaining costs, then, as Guido Calabresi asserts, the proposition would appear true by definition.' It must, as he suggests, hold not only for the short run, but for the long run as well.2 However, except by using a very strained characterization of contract (to be discussed below), it can be shown that even this modest version of the Coase Theorem is vulnerable. Before showing this it is worth pausing first to ask whether this trip is really necessary. While exploring all the ramifications of the ZTC assumption may be intellectually challenging, it is not likely that a detailed knowledge of that mythical world will be of much practical use. Indeed, the Coase Theorem-especially in the minimal form presented here-was not proffered as a serious attempt to analyze a ZTC world.3 Rather, Coase was concerned with showing that the treatment of externalities in the Pigovian tradition implicitly partitioned the world into two categories: those things which the market handled perfectly (normal goods with ZTC) and those which

Field of study: Economics
Sons and Mothers: Agrippina, Semiramis, and the Philological Construction of Gender Roles in Early Modern Germany (Lohenstein's Agrippina, 1665)

ACT THREE OF DANIEL CASPER VON LOHENSTEIN'S 1665 Germanlanguage play about Nero's assassination of his mother and erstwhile co-regent Agrippina in A.D. 59 contains what could arguably be deemed one of the most salacious scenes produced on the early modern stage in central Europe. The astoundingly explicit rendering of the incident of incestuous seduction is based on suggestions by Suetonius and Tacitus of improper sexual relations between mother and son.1 Although barely noted in the criticism, the material realities of the play's production might well have made the erotically-charged scene all the more outrageous. Lohenstein's Agrippina belonged to the genre of early modern schooldrama; produced under the aegis of one of the humanistic Gymnasien in Breslau (now Wroclaw) in the year following its publication in 1665, the play including all female roles was acted by schoolboys whose lessons in history and rhetoric and familiarity with the classical tradition were driven home by their participation

Field of study: History
Determination of Anilines Pollutant in Water by Monolithic Column-online Solid Phase Microextraction-Liquid Chromatography

For extraction column and valve system compatibility issues in on-line SPE-liquid chromatography analysis,we have built the large inner diameter extraction monolithic column compatible with liquid chromatography and related valve,pumping system.A large inner diameter(530 μm i.d.),uniform and stable silica monolithic capillary column has been prepared by using two hybrid precursor-tetramethoxysilane and methyltrimethoxysilane.After the modification of C 18 group,the results of frontier analysis show that the monolithic column has a larger adsorption capacity,wherein Ν-methylaniline is approximately 214 g/g,and N,N-Dimethylaniline is about 388 g/g.The column permeability is good,so the on-line solid phase extraction can be completed requires only the injection pump.The monolithic column was connected to the sample preparation equipment made by our laboratory and with the combination of liquid chromatography for online enrichment and separation,and it was applied to the determination of trace aniline categories compounds in river water.The mobile phase consisted of 15% methanol and 85% water solution in volume ratio;the flow rate for chromatographic separation was 0.5 mL/min;the detection wavelength was 254 nm.The recoveries were in the range of 81.9%-91.3%,and the relative standard deviation(RSDs) of intraday and interday were not larger than 7.6% at 0.1,1 and 10 g/L three spiked levels for all analytes.

Field of study: Chemistry
Linear extension operators for restrictions of function spaces to irregular open sets

Let an open set R n satisfy for some 0 d n and " > 0 the condition: the d-Hausdorr content H d (\ B) "jBj d=n for any ball B centered at of volume jBj 1. Let H s p denote the Bessel potential space on R n (1 < p < 1, s > 0), and let H s p ] be the linear space of restrictions of elements of H s p to endowed with the quotient space norm. In this paper we nd suucient conditions for the existence of a linear extension operator for H s p ], i.e., a linear bounded operator ext : H s p ] ! H s p such that ext fj = f for all f. The main result is that such an operator exists if (i) d > n ? 1 and s > (n ? d)= min(p; 2), or (ii) d n ? 1 and s ? s] > (n ? d)= min(p; 2). It is an open problem whether these assumptions are sharp.

Field of study: Mathematics
A Supplement to Multidimensional Scaling Framework for Mobile Location: A Unified View

Recently, while the classical multidimensional scaling (MDS) algorithm had been claimed to be infeasible, MDS based algorithms, including modified MDS and subspace approach, have been applied to the range measurements based mobile localization. In this correspondence, we first prove that the classical MDS algorithm is feasible for the mobile localization. Then we show that all MDS-based algorithms can be unified under the same framework and they are not optimal according to the Gaussian-Markov theorem. Based on the unified framework, the weighted MDS analysis is applied to obtain the optimum performance. The performances of both the MDS algorithms and their corresponding weighted MDS-based algorithms in the unified framework are demonstrated through simulations.

Field of study: Engineering
Gap structure in the electron-doped iron–arsenide superconductor Ba(Fe0.92Co0.08)2As2: low-temperature specific heat study

In this paper, we report the field and temperature dependence of low-temperature specific heat down to 400 mK and in magnetic fields up to 9 T of the electron-doped Ba(Fe0.92Co0.08)2As2 superconductor. Using the phonon specific heat obtained from pure BaFe2As2, we found a normal state Sommerfeld coefficient of 18 mJ mol−1 K-2 and a condensation energy of 1.27 J mol−1. The temperature dependence of electronic specific heat clearly indicates the presence of low-energy excitations in the system. The magnetic field variation of field-induced specific heat cannot be described by single clean s- or d-wave models. Rather, the data require an anisotropic gap scenario that may or may not have nodes. We discuss the implications of these results.

Field of study: Physics
Age of the Brookville Gneiss and associated rocks, southeastern New Brunswick: Discussion

The following discussion on the paper by Olszewski and Gaudette is concerned with the stratigraphic nomenclature used by the authors and as such is not a criticism of the main content of their paper. Since their paper might give the impression that new formal stratigraphic divisions of the Green Head Group have been established, I wish to emphasize that this is not the case. Wardle (1978), in an unpublished Ph.D. thesis, divided the Green Head Group into four formations, whereas Hamilton (1965) had previously recognized only two. Currie et al. (1981) claimed these divisions are unmappable. Regardless of whether or not this is the case, according to Article 13c of the Code of Stratigraphic Nomenclature (American Commission on Stratigraphic Nomenclature 1961), theses have no status in stratigraphic literature. Therefore,  (1978) geographic designations should not have been accompanied by the word "Formation" since they have not been published in a recognized journal (Article log). According to Article l l c of the Code, geographic names should not be duplicated; it is the responsibility of the author to check for previous usage (Article 13Q. Wardle (1978) referred to one of his divisions of the

Field of study: Environmental science
Sex Unleashes Your Tongue: Sexual Priming Motivates Self-Disclosure to a New Acquaintance and Interest in Future Interactions

Research has demonstrated the contribution of sexual activity to the quality of ongoing relationships. Nevertheless, less attention has been given to how activation of the sexual system affects relationship-initiation processes. Three studies used complementary methodologies to examine the effect of sexual priming on self-disclosure, a relationship-promoting behavior. In Study 1, participants were subliminally exposed to sexual stimuli (vs. neutral stimuli), and then disclosed over Instant Messenger a personal event to an opposite-sex stranger. Results showed that merely thinking about sex, even without being aware of it, encouraged self-disclosure. Study 2 replicated these findings in relatively naturalistic conditions (live face-to-face interactions following supraliminal video priming). Study 3 extended these findings, indicating that sexual priming facilitated self-disclosure, which, in turn, increased interest in future interactions with the stranger. Together, these findings suggest that activation of the sexual system encourages the use of strategies that allow people to become closer to potential partners.

Field of study: Psychology
Irrigation, Drainage and Soil Salinity in Cracking Soils

A field evaluation of the impact of soil cracking on irrigation, drainage and soil salinity was conducted on a heavy clay soil in the Imperial Valley of California. Results of the evaluations identified that water movement within soil cracks controls the water application uniformity, soil profile wetting, salt leaching, and drain system response to irrigation. From observations of a linear advance trajectory of the border irrigated field, crack volume was estimated as 1600 m^/ha. Maximum water contents at depths of approximately 0.7 m immediately following irrigation appeared to correspond with the effective crack depth. Drain response to applied water occurred during the irrigation event despite extremely low permeability of the soil. Soil salinity exceeded drainwater salinity implying occurrence of minimal leaching. Impacts of soil cracking on irrigation-drainage system design are discussed in the context of future research.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
[Robotic recovery of walking function in patients in the early recovery period of stroke].

To compare the efficacy of walking function recovery in patients in the early recovery period of ischemic stroke (IS) using an exoskeleton for the lower extremities and an active-passive pedal exercise bike.



An open randomized study of 47 patients in the early recovery period of IS was conducted. The rehabilitation course included exercises on an ExoAtlet exoskeleton in group 1 and exercises on a pedal simulator for active-passive training (5 days a week for 2 weeks) in group 2. Several tests were used to evaluate treatment results, including the Hauser walking index, the 10-meter walking test, the Berg balance scale, stabilometry, and biomechanics of walking. The complete training course was completed by 20 patients of group 1 and 21 of group 2.



There was a significant increase in strength in paretic muscles, postural stability, functional level and walking speed in patients of both groups, but in patients of group 1, the dynamics of recovery was more pronounced (p<0.05). In group 1, there was a significant decrease in the level of disability and an increase in daily activity, which was higher compared to group 2. An analysis of the main indicators of the statokinesiogram showed the more pronounced positive shifts in patients of group 1, but significant differences were found only in the dynamics of the length and area of the curve in the test with eyes open. When studying the biomechanics of walking, it was found that the function of walking was changed: there was a significant decrease in the speed of movement by 2.2 times, the length of a double step by 1.6 times, and the pace of walking by 1.3 times compared to normal indicators. After the end of exercises, a significant increase in the length of the double step, speed and pace of walking as well as a decrease in the period of the locomotor cycle were found in group 1.



The study revealed a positive impact of hardware rehabilitation on locomotion, both with the use of an exoskeleton and an active-passive pedal simulator. The use of an exoskeleton, have the advantages resulting in a significantly greater recovery of strength, stability, speed and symmetry of walking over the same period of training. A significant increase in postural stability in vertical position was revealed.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis amastigotes induces the expression of TNFα and IL-10 by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells in vitro in a TLR4-dependent manner.

While the role of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) has been investigated in murine models of tegumentary leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis, the interaction between TLRs and Leishmania sp. has not been investigated in human cells. The aim of this study was to evaluate the involvement of TLR4 in cytokine production of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) induced by L. braziliensis, and whether the parasite alters the expression of TLR4 on monocytes/macrophages. Amastigote forms were obtained from mice lesions and PBMCs were isolated from healthy donors. PBMCs were cultured in absence or presence of IFNγ, TLR4 neutralizing antibodies, natural antagonist of TLR4 (Bartonella LPS), TLR4 agonist (E. coli LPS), and amastigote forms. The concentrations of tumor necrosis factor (TNFα) and interleukin 10 (IL-10) were assayed by ELISA and TLR4 expression by flow cytometry. Amastigotes forms of L. braziliensis induced TNFα and IL-10 production only in IFNγ-primed PBMCs. The TNFα and IL-10 production was inhibited by TLR4 neutralization, both with anti-TLR4 antibodies and Bartonella LPS. Interestingly, addition of E. coli LPS further increased TNFα but not IL-10 production induced by L. braziliensis amastigotes. Amastigotes of L. braziliensis strongly reduced membrane TLR4 expression on monocytes/macrophages, apparently by internalization after the infection. The present study reveals that TLR4 drives the production of TNFα and IL-10 induced by L. braziliensis amastigotes and that the parasites decrease TLR4 expression on monocyte surface.

Field of study: Medicine
Oxidative Uranium Release from Anoxic Sediments under Diffusion-Limited Conditions.

Uranium (U) contamination occurs as a result of mining and ore processing; often in alluvial aquifers that contain organic-rich, reduced sediments that accumulate tetravalent U, U(IV). Uranium(IV) is sparingly soluble, but may be mobilized upon exposure to nitrate (NO3-) and oxygen (O2), which become elevated in groundwater due to seasonal fluctuations in the water table. The extent to which oxidative U mobilization can occur depends upon the transport properties of the sediments, the rate of U(IV) oxidation, and the availability of inorganic reductants and organic electron donors that consume oxidants. We investigated the processes governing U release upon exposure of reduced sediments to artificial groundwater containing O2 or NO3- under diffusion-limited conditions. Little U was mobilized during the 85-day reaction, despite rapid diffusion of groundwater within the sediments and the presence of nonuraninite U(IV) species. The production of ferrous iron and sulfide in conjunction with rapid oxidant consumption suggested that the sediments harbored large concentrations of bioavailable organic carbon that fueled anaerobic microbial respiration and stabilized U(IV). Our results suggest that seasonal influxes of O2 and NO3- may cause only localized mobilization of U without leading to export of U from the reducing sediments when ample organic carbon is present.

Field of study: Environmental science
Corrosion behavior, whisker growth, and electrochemical migration of Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu solder doping with In and Zn in NaCl solution

Corrosion characteristics of Sn–3.0Ag–0.5Cu (SAC) solder doped with In and Zn in NaCl solutions were conducted by sweeping the voltage at a constant rate with a potentiostat. Whisker growth was completed by dipping in 3.5 wt.% NaCl salt solution. Electrochemical migration (ECM) experiment was carried out as a designed program in an electric field with a power supply. Surface morphology and elemental composition of SAC and its doped candidates were determined by SEM, EDAX, XRD techniques. Results showed that when the percent content of Zn was ⩽1%, corrosion current density (Icorr) increased with Zn% increasing, it was up to the highest value when %Zn was 1%. After that, the open circuit potential moved negatively quickly as a function of Zn percent, however Icorr increased with Zn percent increasing, also lower than that of doped solder with 1 wt.% Zn, higher than that of no doped solder. The same corrosive law was suitable for SAC candidate with In doping. SEM morphologies showed that whiskers existed in all cases of different In/Zn-concentration alloys. After exposure to severe conditions (3.5 wt.% NaCl solution) for 7 days, the longest whisker for 96.8(Sn–3.0Ag–0.5Cu)–0.2In–3Zn solder was about 300 μm, the average grown rate was evaluated to about 5 A/s which is higher than the reported result in the former literatures. The possible mechanism was that: after metals reacted with water/ions in water, products or oxidizer in solder expanded to induce compression stress, during the release of stress, Sn extruded out. ECM tests showed that dendrite growth was a result of system under far-equilibrium conditions in sorts of fields as electrical field, thermal field, concentration field, etc., the farer off the equilibrium, the easier that ECM process took place. Dendrite growth rate of SAC solder were faster than those of its candidates with In or Zn dopings, furthermore, rate with Zn doping was larger than that with In doing, which is due to differences on surfaces or different intermetallic compound formations (IMC) on surfaces. Doped with In, dendrites looked like emarcid petals, although they might not look like dendrites, contents on dendrites were mainly Sn. Whereas, dendrites looked like clew with only Zn doping, it was mainly Sn with little Zn. Different from the above, dendritic microstructures of SAC solder without doping entirely looked like branches, contents were mainly Cu and Sn. From the points of corrosion and whisker growth, Zn, In dopings in SAC solders may be not benefit to micro/nanoelectronic packaging, though other mechanical or soldering characteristics can be improved with their dopings.

Field of study: Engineering