nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Lithologische Untersuchungen an den Kirchberger Sanden (Pannon C, Steirisches Becken) mit Hilfe elektronischer Datenverarbeitung

ZusammenfassungIm Zuge der lithologischen Bearbeitung eines Sandhorizontes im Pannon C der Oststeiermark (Österreich) wurden statistische Auswertungen mit Hilfe einer elektronischen Rechenanlage durchgeführt. Trendflächenanalysen lassen zum Teil Zusammenhänge zwischen der aus Schrägschichtungsmessungen festgestellten Sedimentationsrichtung (NW-SE) einerseits und den Korngrößenparametern der Sande sowie der Schwermineralführung andererseits vermuten.AbstractIn the course of lithological researches on sands occurring in Pannonian C in the east of the Province of Styria, Austria, statistical evaluations were made by means of a computer. Trend-surface analyses partly seem to indicate the existence of correlations between the paleocurrents (NW-SE), found as a result of measurements of cross-bedding on the one hand and the size-parameters of the sands as well as the heavy mineral composition on the other hand.RésuméL'exploitation statistique de recherches lithologiques d'un horizon sableux au pannonien C à l'est de la Styrie (Autriche) fut réalisée à l'aide d'une calculatrice électronique. En analysant des surfaces d'équation polynomiale nous supposons des corrélations entre la direction de transport (constatée par des mesures de la stratification entrecroisée: NW-SE) et les paramètres granulométriques des sables ainsi que la contenance en minéraux lourds.Краткое содержаниеЛитологическое иссл едование горизонта п есков паннонского яруса в восточном Штейермар ке (Австрия) провели статистически с помо щью электронносчетной м ашины. Данные анализа устанавливают части чную связь между направле нием отложения осадк ов (северо-запад — юговос ток), установленным по изм ерению косой слоисто сти с одной стороны и параметрами величин ы зерен песков и содер жанием тяжелых минералов с другой.

Field of study: Environmental science
The electrical and thermal properties of sodium sulfate mixed with lanthanum sulfate and aluminum oxide

Sodium sulfate mixed with yttrium sulfate and aluminum oxide was prepared and its phases and electrical properties were studied. The Na2SO4Y2(SO4)3Al2O3 electrolyte maintains a phase similar to the Na2SO4I phase, which is effective in Na+ cationic conduction, and shows higher electrical conductivities than pure sodium sulfate. Electromotive force (EMF) measurements were performed with a sulfur dioxide gas concentration cell method and with a solid reference electrode method. A good agreement between the measured and calculated EMF was obtained, for the inlet SO2 gas concentration range from 200 ppm to 1%.

Field of study: Materials science
Record of middle Pleistocene climate change from Buck Lake, Cascade Range, southern Oregon—Evidence from sediment magnetism, trace-element geochemistry, and pollen

Comparison of systematic variations in sediment magnetic properties to changes in pollen assemblages in middle Pleistocene lake sediments from Buck Lake indicates that the magnetic properties are sensitive to changes in climate. Buck Lake is located in southern Oregon just east of the crest of the Cascade Range. Lacustrine sediments, from 5.2 to 19.4 m in depth in core, contain tephra layers with ages of ≈300–400 ka at 9.5 m and ≈400–470 ka at 19.9 m. In these sediments magnetic properties reflect the absolute amount and relative abundances of detrital Fe-oxide minerals, titanomagnetite and hematite. The lacustrine section is divided into four zones on the basis of magnetic properties. Two zones (19.4–17.4 m and 14.5–10.3 m) of high magnetic susceptibility contain abundant Fe oxides and correspond closely to pollen zones that are indicative of cold, dry environments. Two low-susceptibility zones (17.4–14.5 m and 10.3–5.3 m) contain lesser amounts of Fe oxides and largely coincide with zones of warm-climate pollen. Transitions from cold to warm climate based on pollen are preceded by sharp changes in magnetic properties. This relation suggests that land-surface processes responded to these climate changes more rapidly than did changes in vegetation as indicated by pollen frequencies. Magnetic properties have been affected by three factors: (1) dissolution of Fe oxides, (2) variation in heavy-mineral content, and (3) variation in abundance of fresh volcanic rock fragments. Trace-element geochemistry, employing Fe and the immobile elements Ti and Zr, is utilized to detect postdepositional dissolution of magnetic minerals that has affected the magnitude of magnetic properties with little effect on the pattern of magnetic-property variation. Comparison of Ti and Zr values, proxies for heavy-mineral content, to magnetic properties demonstrates that part of the variation in the amount of magnetite and nearly all of the variation in the amount of hematite are due to changes in heavy-mineral content. Variation in the quantity of fresh volcanic rock fragments is the other source of change in magnetite content. Magnetic-property variations probably arise primarily from changes in peak runoff. At low to moderate flows magnetic properties reflect only the quantities of heavy minerals derived from soil and highly weathered rock in the catchment. At high flows, however, fresh volcanic rock fragments may be produced by breaking of pebbles and cobbles, and such fragments greatly increase the magnetite content of the resulting sediment. Climatically controlled factors that would affect peak runoff levels include the accumulation and subsequent melting of winter snow pack, the seasonality of precipitation, and the degree of vegetation cover of the land surface.Our results do not distinguish among the possible contributions of these disparate factors.

Field of study: Geology
Soil microbial succession following surface mining is governed primarily by deterministic factors.

Understanding the successional dynamics governing soil microbial community assembly following disturbance can aid in developing remediation strategies for disturbed land. However, the influences shaping microbial communities during succession following soil disturbance remain only partially understood. One example of a severe disturbance to soil is surface mining for natural resources, which displaces communities and changes the physical and chemical soil environment. These changes may alter community composition through selective pressure on microbial taxa (i.e. deterministic processes). Dispersal and ecological drift may also shape communities following disturbance (i.e. stochastic processes). Here, the relative influence of stochastic and deterministic processes on microbial community succession was investigated using a chronosequence of reclaimed surface mines ranging from 2-32 years post-reclamation. Sequencing of bacterial and fungal ribosomal gene amplicons coupled with a linear modeling approach revealed that following mine reclamation, while bacterial communities are modestly influenced by stochastic factors, the influence of deterministic factors was ∼7 × greater. Fungal communities were influenced only by deterministic factors. Soil organic matter, texture, and pH emerged as the most influential on both bacterial and fungal communities. Our results suggest that management of deterministic soil characteristics over a sufficient time period could increase the microbial diversity and productivity of mine soils.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Dual partially harmonic tensors and Brauer-Schur-Weyl duality

Let V be a 2m-dimensional symplectic vector space over an algebraically closed field K. Let $$ \mathfrak{B}_n^{(f)} $$ be the two-sided ideal of the Brauer algebra $$ {\mathfrak{B}_n}\left( { - 2m} \right) $$ over K generated by e1e3⋯e2f-1 where 0 ≤ f ≤ . Let $$ \mathcal{H}\mathcal{T}_f^{ \otimes n} $$ be the subspace of partial-harmonic tensors of valence f in V⊗n. In this paper we prove that dim$$ \mathcal{H}\mathcal{T}_f^{ \otimes n} $$ and dim $$ {\text{En}}{{\text{d}}_{K{\text{Sp}}(V)}}\left( {{{{V^{ \otimes n}}} \mathord{\left/{\vphantom {{{V^{ \otimes n}}} {{V^{ \otimes n}}}}} \right.} {{V^{ \otimes n}}}}\mathfrak{B}_n^{(f)}} \right) $$ are both independent of K, and the natural homomorphism from $$ {\mathfrak{B}_n}{{\left( { - 2m} \right)} \mathord{\left/{\vphantom {{\left( { - 2m} \right)} {\mathfrak{B}_n^{(f)}}}} \right.} {\mathfrak{B}_n^{(f)}}} $$ to $$ {\text{En}}{{\text{d}}_{K{\text{Sp}}(V)}}\left( {{{{V^{ \otimes n}}} \mathord{\left/{\vphantom {{{V^{ \otimes n}}} {{V^{ \otimes n}}}}} \right.} {{V^{ \otimes n}}}}\mathfrak{B}_n^{(f)}} \right) $$ is always surjective. We show that $$ \mathcal{H}\mathcal{T}_f^{ \otimes n} $$ has a Weyl filtration and is isomorphic to the dual of $$ {{{{V^{ \otimes n}}\mathfrak{B}_n^{(f)}} \mathord{\left/{\vphantom {{{V^{ \otimes n}}\mathfrak{B}_n^{(f)}} V}} \right.} V}^{ \otimes n}}\mathfrak{B}_n^{\left(  \right)} $$ as an $$ {\text{Sp}}(V) - \left( {{\mathfrak{B}_n}{{\left( { - 2m} \right)} \mathord{\left/{\vphantom {{\left( { - 2m} \right)} {\mathfrak{B}_n^{\left(  \right)}}}} \right.} {\mathfrak{B}_n^{\left(  \right)}}}} \right) $$-bimodule. We obtain an $$ {\text{Sp}}(V) - {\mathfrak{B}_n} $$-bimodules filtration of V⊗n such that each successive quotient is isomorphic to some $$ \nabla \left( \lambda \right) \otimes {z_{g,\lambda }}{\mathfrak{B}_n} $$ with λ ⊢ n 2g, ℓ(λ)≤m and 0 ≤ g ≤ , where ∇(λ) is the co-Weyl module associated to λ and zg,λ is an explicitly constructed maximal vector of weight λ. As a byproduct, we show that each right $$ {\mathfrak{B}_n} $$-module $$ {z_{g,\lambda }}{\mathfrak{B}_n} $$ is integrally defined and stable under base change.

Field of study: Mathematics
Singlet‐Oxygen‐Initiated Tandem Transformation of 2‐Hexylfuran to the Natural Alkaloids Glochidine and Glochidicine

A synthesis of the imidazole alkaloids glochidine and glochidicine is presented. These natural products were prepared by the photooxygenation of a readily accessible alkylfuran precursor using histamine as a nitrogen source. By tailoring the choice of the photosensitizer as well as the conditions used for the cyclization of an N-acyliminium intermediate, the tandem reaction sequence could be manipulated to afford each of the natural products independently and as desired.

Field of study: Chemistry
Comparative Genome Analysis Reveals the Molecular Basis of Niche Adaptation of Staphylococcus epidermidis Strains

Staphylococcus epidermidis is one of the most commonly isolated species from human skin and the second leading cause of bloodstream infections. Here, we performed a large-scale comparative study without any pre-assigned reference to identify genomic determinants associated with the diversity and adaptation of S. epidermidis strains to various environments. Pan-genome of S. epidermidis was open with 435 core proteins and had a pan-genome size of 8,034 proteins. Genome-wide phylogenetic tree showed high heterogeneity and suggested that routine whole genome sequencing was a powerful tool for analyzing the complex evolution of S. epidermidis and for investigating the infection sources. Comparative genome analyses demonstrated a range of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes, especially those within mobile genetic elements. The complicated host-bacterium and bacterium-bacterium relationships help S. epidermidis to play a vital role in balancing the epithelial microflora. The highly variable and dynamic nature of the S. epidermidis genome may contribute to its success in adapting to broad habitats. Genes related to biofilm formation and cell toxicity were significantly enriched in the blood and skin, demonstrating their potentials in identifying risk genotypes. This study gave a general landscape of S. epidermidis pan-genome and provided valuable insights into mechanisms for genome evolution and lifestyle adaptation of this ecologically flexible species.

Field of study: Biology
Simultaneous Detection and Differentiation of Staphylococcus Speciesin Blood Cultures Using Fluorescence in situ Hybridization

To develop a new protocol for the simultaneous detection and differentiation of Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) in blood cultures using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), without cultivation and biotyping.  Oligonucleotide probes were used to target the variable regions of the 16S rRNA of S. aureus and CoNS, the probes were labeled with fluorochrome Cy3 (red signal) and fluorescein isothiocyanate (green signal), respectively. It is not possible to design one probe that will hybridize to all CoNS species. Therefore, in this study two differentially labeled probes (STA and SAU) were mixed and used to detect and differentiate S. aureus from CoNS rapidly in a single smear. Samples of 189 positive blood cultures with Gram-positive cocci in clusters and 11 Gram-positive cocci in chains or pairs were included.  The FISH assay showed 91.8% sensitivity and 100% specificity for S. aureus and 100% sensitivity and 93.3% specificity for CoNS when hybridized with STA and SAU probes. Meanwhile, the assay showed 91.8% sensitivity and 100% specificity for S. aureus and 100% sensitivity and 90% specificity for CoNS, when hybridized with the SAU probe only.  Our data showed that the FISH technique was suitable for the simultaneous detection and differentiation of Staphylococcus sp. in blood cultures.

Field of study: Medicine
Assessing security relations in the Asia Pacific: the cases of China, India and Pakistan

The article looks at security relations in the Asia Pacific region, with a special focus on China, India and Pakistan. In doing so, the article applies Gerald Segal’s model to these case studies and tries to make an assessment as to how secure or insecure the region is. The four factors which are taken into consideration to make this assessment are the nature of political systems, the levels of economic interdependence, the role played by regional organizations and the balance of power. Finally, the article argues, while some of these areas look good, a lot of them don’t and much more needs to be done to make the region more secure. Going by this assessment, the prospects for security, by and large, look bleak.

Field of study: Political science
Extensive Cryptic Diversity Within the Physalaemus cuvieri–Physalaemus ephippifer Species Complex (Amphibia, Anura) Revealed by Cytogenetic, Mitochondrial, and Genomic Markers

Previous cytogenetic and phylogenetic analyses showed a high variability in the frog taxa Physalaemus cuvieri and Physalaemus ephippifer and suggested the presence of undescribed diversity in this species complex. Here, by 1) adding specimens from the Brazilian Amazon region, 2) employing sequence-based species delimitation approaches, and 3) including RADseq-style markers, we demonstrate that the diversity in the P. cuvieri–P. ephippifer species complex is even greater than previously suspected. Specimens from Viruá and Western Pará, located at the Guiana Amazonian area of endemism, were recovered as distinct from all previously identified lineages by the phylogenetic analyses based on mitochondrial DNA and RAD markers, a PCA from RAD data, and cytogenetic analysis. The sequence-based species delimitation analyses supported the recognition of one or two undescribed species among these Amazonian specimens and also supported the recognition of at least three other species in the P. cuvieri–P. ephippifer species complex. These new results reinforce the need for a comprehensive taxonomic revision.

Field of study: Biology
Special Education in the Most Restrictive Environment: Correctional/Special Education

National attention recently has focused on the problems of delivering special education services to incarcerated youthful handicapped offenders. In this article, data from a national survey of state departments of correctional and special education relative to the need for, and provision of, these services are presented. Issues relative to the compliance of correctional education programs with the PL 94-142 mandate are discussed and recommendations for improving educational experiences for handicapped youths under the supervision of the criminal justice system are offered.

Field of study: Education
Molecular characterization of bacteria associated with the trophosome and the tube of Lamellibrachia sp., a siboglinid annelid from cold seeps in the eastern Mediterranean.

Specimens of Lamellibrachia (Annelida: Siboglinidae) were recently discovered at cold seeps in the eastern Mediterranean. In this study, we have investigated the phylogeny and function of intracellular bacterial symbionts inhabiting the trophosome of specimens of Lamellibrachia sp. from the Amon mud volcano, as well as the bacterial assemblages associated with their tube. The dominant intracellular symbiont of Lamellibrachia sp. is a gammaproteobacterium closely related to other sulfide-oxidizing tubeworm symbionts. In vivo uptake experiments show that the tubeworm relies on sulfide for its metabolism, and does not utilize methane. Bacterial communities associated with the tube form biofilms and occur from the anterior to the posterior end of the tube. The diversity of 16S rRNA gene phylotypes includes representatives from the same divisions previously identified from the tube of the vent species Riftia pachyptila, and others commonly found at seeps and vents.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Indirect effects of insect herbivory on leaf gas exchange in soybean

Herbivory can affect plant carbon gain directly by removing photosynthetic leaf tissue and indirectly by inducing the production of costly defensive compounds or disrupting the movement of water and nutrients. The indirect effects of herbivory on carbon and water fluxes of soybean leaves were investigated using gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence and thermal imaging. Herbivory by Popillia japonica and Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) caused a 20‐90% increase in transpiration from soybean leaflets without affecting carbon assimilation rates or photosynthetic efficiency ( F F F PSII ). Mechanical damage to interveinal tissue increased transpiration up to 150%. The spatial pattern of leaf temperature indicated that water loss occurred from injuries to the cuticle as well as from cut edges. A fluorescent tracer (sulforhodamine G) indicated that water evaporated from the apoplast approximately 100 m m away from the cut edges of damaged leaves. The rate of water loss from damaged leaves remained significantly higher than from control leaves for 6 d, during which time they lost 45% more water than control leaves (0.72 mol H 2 O per cm of damaged perimeter). Profligate water loss through the perimeter of damaged tissue indicates that herbivory may exacerbate water stress of soybeans under field conditions.

Field of study: Environmental science
Expression and role of miR-34a in bladder cancer.

To investigate the biological function of microRNA-34a (miR-34a) in bladder cancer, the expression of miR-34a was determined using quantitative real-time polymerase chain (qRT-PCR) reaction in 42 cases of bladder cancer. The relationship between the expression of miR-34a and development of bladder cancer was also studied. The mature mimics of miR-34a were chemically synthesized and transiently transfected into human bladder cancer T24 cells. The effects of miR-34a on apoptosis, cell cycle and proliferation in T24 cells were evaluated by flow cytometry and MTT, respectively. The results showed that the low expression rate of miR-34a was correlated with the malignancy and tumor size of bladder cancer. The up-regulation of miR-34a in T24 cells contributed to cell growth and cell cycle arrest, but not caspase-3 pathway. These findings suggest that the relative low expression of miRNA-34a might be involved in the tumorigenesis of bladder cancer.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Physics
Phase-coherent transport in InN nanowires of various sizes

We investigate phase-coherent transport in InN nanowires of various diameters and lengths. The nanowires were grown by means of plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy. Information on the phase-coherent transport is gained by analyzing the characteristic fluctuation pattern in the magnetoconductance. For a magnetic field oriented parallel to the wire axis, we found that the correlation field mainly depends on the wire cross section, while the fluctuation amplitude is governed by the wire length. In contrast, if the magnetic field is perpendicularly oriented, for wires longer than approximately $200\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm}$, the correlation field is limited by the phase coherence length. Further insight into the orientation dependence of the correlation field is gained by measuring the conductance fluctuations at various tilt angles of the magnetic field.

Field of study: Physics
A uniform random test data generator for path testing

Path-oriented Random Testing (PRT) aims at generating a uniformly spread out sequence of random test data that execute a single control flow path within a program. The main challenge of PRT lies in its ability to build efficiently such a test suite in order to minimize the number of rejects (test data that execute another control flow path). We address this problem with an original divide-and-conquer approach based on constraint reasoning over finite domains, a well-recognized Constraint Programming technique. Our approach first derives path conditions by using backward symbolic execution and computes a tight over-approximation of their associated subdomain by using constraint propagation and constraint refutation. Second, a uniform random test data generator is extracted from this approximated subdomain. We implemented this approach and got experimental results that show the practical benefits of PRT based on constraint reasoning. On average, we got a two-order magnitude CPU time improvement over standard Random Testing on a set of paths extracted from classical benchmark programs.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
A review of methods of opening wood cell pathways

Drying rate and liquid penetration ability for wood preservation or fire proofing treatments are dependent on wood cell pathways.This study is aimed at investigating the mechanism of liquid path through wood cells starting at opening the pit membranes.Based on a review of the previous studies about the liquid flow and the paths in wood cells,three methods to open wood cell pathways were summarized: chemical treatment,biological treatment and physical forces(such as mechanical force,vaporization force and freezing force).Using these methods,the membranes on cell walls could be broken and the aspirated pits could be opened.Furthermore,the limits for application of each method were described.The review may be helpful for understanding the princi-ple of water flow paths in wood cells,which will benefit the wood drying,preservation treatment,fire proofing treatment and wood dyeing.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences