nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
17-β-ESTRADIOL SUPPRESSES IL-2 AND IL-2 RECEPTOR

(IL-2) plays an important role in adaptive immune responses. These responses differ between females and males and may be due to the sex steroid estrogen. In this investigation we show that estrogen suppresses IL-2 production from activated peripheral blood T cells and CD4+ T cell lines at the transcriptional level. Suppression of IL-2 occurred at short term, high 17-β-estradiol concentrations as well as longer term lower 17-β-estradiol concentrations. In CD4+ Jurkat T cells, suppression of IL-2 was associated with decreased nuclear binding of two important IL-2 promoter transcription factors: NFκB and AP-1. The decreased nuclear binding of NFκB occurred in the setting of estrogen-induced increases in IκBα protein levels, an important inhibitor of NFκB nuclear translocation. 17-β-Estradiol was also shown to inhibit IL-2 receptor (IL-2R) expression in activated peripheral blood T cells. Estrogen-induced suppression of IL-2 and its receptor may have many ramifications for our understanding of immune and autoimmune sexual dichotomies, immune responses during pregnancy, and potential therapeutic intervention with hormone agonists and antagonists.

Field of study: Medicine
Chronostratigraphy of Late Neogene sediments in the southern North Sea Basin and paleoenvironmental interpretations

A chronostratigraphic framework has been established for Upper Neogene sediments from the northern Netherlands offshore sector, southern North Sea. Data of dinoflagellate cysts, pollen and foraminifers from eight boreholes are integrated and the resulting biostratigraphic events are connected to an additionally retrieved paleomagnetic record. The sedimentary succession comprises at the base Late to Middle Miocene sediments and spans the Piacenzian to Gelasian stages, from 3.6 to 1.8 Ma, including the paleomagnetic Gauss-Matuyama boundary and the Olduvai subchron. Sedimentation rates vary between 30 cm/kyr in the lower part of the succession and reach up to 84 cm/kyr in the upper part. These rates are high enough to record short paleomagnetic events and for the first time the presence of the so-called X-event has been recorded and dated at around 2.44 Ma in a sedimentary setting. The name 'North Sea event' is proposed here. The paleoclimatic and paleoenvironmental information pictures the onset of Northern Hemisphere Glaciation and the subsequent intensification of glacial conditions with its impact on the North Sea sea region. The paleoenvironmental changes are characterised by a stepwise development and five successive intervals are distinguished. During the first interval, a warm climate and an open marine setting prevailed. The second interval is characterised by dominantly cold climatic conditions with occasional warmer periods. During the third interval, the environment became restricted marine and a stable freshwater layering occurred, which facilitated the development of sea-ice in the shallow sea. Within the fourth interval, extreme cold (arctic) conditions were predominant, and shallowing continued. The fifth interval shows fluvial to deltaic, paralic conditions. From then on, facies differences from the nearby delta system overruled the basin-wide signals at the studied location.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Katherine Anne Porter: Conversations, and: Truman Capote: Conversations, and: With All My Might, and: William Styron, and: The Southern Vision of Andrew Lytle (review)

Joan Givner, ed. Katherine Anne Porter: Conversations. Jackson: UP of Mississippi, 1987. 197 pp. pb. $9.95. M. Thomas Inge, ed.  UP of Mississippi, 1987. 374 pp. pb. $14.95. Erskine Caldwell. With All My Might.  Ungar, 1987. 160 pp. $16.95. Mark Lucas. The Southern Vision of Andrew Lytle. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State UP, 1987. $22.50.

Field of study: Art
Conditioned reinforcement and information theory reconsidered.

The idea that stimuli might function as conditioned reinforcers because of the information they convey about primary reinforcers has a long history in the study of learning. However, formal application of information theory to conditioned reinforcement has been largely abandoned in modern theorizing because of its failures with respect to observing behavior. In this paper we show how recent advances in the application of information theory to Pavlovian conditioning offer a novel approach to conditioned reinforcement. The critical feature of this approach is that calculations of information are based on reductions of uncertainty about expected time to primary reinforcement signaled by a conditioned reinforcer. Using this approach, we show that previous failures of information theory with observing behavior can be remedied, and that the resulting framework produces predictions similar to Delay Reduction Theory in both observing-response and concurrent-chains procedures. We suggest that the similarity of these predictions might offer an analytically grounded reason for why Delay Reduction Theory has been a successful theory of conditioned reinforcement. Finally, we suggest that the approach provides a formal basis for the assertion that conditioned reinforcement results from Pavlovian conditioning and may provide an integrative approach encompassing both domains.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Event-by-event physics in relativistic heavy ion collisions

Motivated by forthcoming experiments at RHIC and LHC, and results from SPS, a review is given of the present state of event-by-event fluctuations in ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions. Fluctuations in particle multiplicities, ratios, transverse momenta, rapidity, etc. are calculated in participant nucleon as well as thermal models. The physical observables, including multiplicity, kaon to pion ratios, and transverse momenta agree well with recent NA49 data at the SPS, and indicate that such studies do not yet reveal the presence of new physics. Predictions for RHIC and LHC energies are given. The centrality dependence with and without a phase transition to a quark-gluon plasma is discussed - in particular, how the physical quantities are expected to display a qualitative different behavior in case of a phase transition, and can be signaled by anomalous fluctuations and correlations in a number of observables.

Field of study: Physics
An Interprofessional Faculty Seminar Focused on Interprofessional Education

To evaluate an interprofessional faculty seminar designed to explore the topic of interprofessional education (IPE) as a way to encourage dialogue and identify opportunities for collaboration among health professional programs.  A seminar was developed with the schools of pharmacy, nursing, dental medicine, and medicine. Components included a review of IPE presentation, poster session highlighting existing IPE endeavors, discussion of future opportunities, and thematic round tables on how to achieve IPE competencies. Assessment. Fifty-four health professions faculty members attended the seminar. Significant differences in knowledge related to the IPE seminar were identified. Responses to a perception survey indicated that seminar goals were achieved.  An interprofessional faculty seminar was well received and achieved its goals. Participants identified opportunities and networked for future collaborations.

Field of study: Education, Medicine
Seabirds, gyres and global trends in plastic pollution.

Fulmars are effective biological indicators of the abundance of floating plastic marine debris. Long-term data reveal high plastic abundance in the southern North Sea, gradually decreasing to the north at increasing distance from population centres, with lowest levels in high-arctic waters. Since the 1980s, pre-production plastic pellets in North Sea fulmars have decreased by ∼75%, while user plastics varied without a strong overall change. Similar trends were found in net-collected floating plastic debris in the North Atlantic subtropical gyre, with a ∼75% decrease in plastic pellets and no obvious trend in user plastic. The decreases in pellets suggest that changes in litter input are rapidly visible in the environment not only close to presumed sources, but also far from land. Floating plastic debris is rapidly "lost" from the ocean surface to other as-yet undetermined sinks in the marine environment.

Field of study: Environmental science
Purification of E. coli-synthesized Pan proteins and development of a Pan-specific monoclonal antibody.

The helix-loop-helix (HLH) transcription factors, Pan-1 (E47) and Pan-2 (E12), are produced by the mechanism of alternative transcript splicing. Pan-1 and Pan-2 were expressed in Escherichia coli, and a purification scheme was developed. Purified Pan-2 was used to immunize Smith-Webster mice and a hybridoma was generated that produced a monoclonal antibody (Yae) that specifically recognized both native and denatured Pan-1 and Pan-2. Deletion mapping and sequence transfer studies have localized the determinant recognized by the Yae antibody to the region 195-208 of Pan-2. This region is conserved in Pan-1 and Pan-2. The Yae antibody recognized in vitro-synthesized ITF-1, a third E2A (Pan) gene product also produced by the mechanism of alternative RNA splicing, but did not recognize the related HLH proteins, ITF-2, REB alpha, or REB beta. By Western blot assay of pancreatic acinar cells, the Yae antibody detected a single protein species of 72 kD that comigrated with in vitro-synthesized Pan-1 and Pan-2.

Field of study: Biology
Semiconductor laser with 133Cs vapor external selective mirror

Pulsed stimulated emission near the D2 line of 133Cs (852.1 nm) was obtained from a semiconductor laser with an external selective element utilizing specular reflection from a cesium vapor cell. The power and spectral width of the stimulated emission at a vapor pressure of 2 Torr were 1 mW and 5×10−3 nm, respectively. Investigations were made of the spectral and temporal characteristics of the laser radiation at different cesium vapor pressures. An analysis was made of the conditions needed to enhance substantially the average stimulated emission power. The possibility of using a laser with an external selectively reflecting cell for optical pumping of alkali metal vapors is discussed. The resonance absorption lines of rubidium and potassium were recorded using a pulsed injection laser.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Meaning and Its Objects: Material Culture in Medieval and Renaissance France (review)

model of microand macro-art history. And, as the product of nearly a professional lifetime, it should give us pause in a publish-or-perish academic environment. Liebert, a psychoanalyst and not an art historian, shows us that artists’ lives and works are fruitfully examined by the non-artist and non-art historian. For an analysis of the monograph, however, the twentieth century is problematic not only because there were so many monographs written on major and minor artists, but because the model became, quite literally, a master with little apparent tolerance for variation. The twentieth-century monograph codified the canon, and established and upheld distinctions between major and minor. Once feminist art historians began to question the notion of artistic greatness and genius enforced by this model, the future of the monograph and the role of such an undertaking came into question. Guercio’s work reminds us that the artist’s monograph remains a core reference work for art historians and scholars in other disciplines whose research involves images and their creators. He also offers a history of art in the West based on scholars’ accounts of artists: what is privileged and when, what issues are taken up, when do we study the master and when do we consider the pupil. This is an important book to read if one is contemplating writing a monograph, reviewing the discipline’s history, or teaching the history of art. Regretfully, there is no bibliography, although the footnotes are a rich resource. A number of the illustrations are of title pages, the earliest from Vasari’s Le vite de’ piá eccelenti pittori, scultori, e architettori published in Florence in 1568, the most recent being Bernard Berenson’s Lorenzo  An Essay in Constructive Art Criticism published in London in 1895. The illustrations are interesting as artifacts: a discussion of these as objects with a history would be valuable and would also put into practice what is implied in Guercio’s text, and that is that the subject of the monograph shares something with the history of our discipline. MARJORIE OCH University of Mary Washington

Field of study: History
Lateral variation in sandstone lithofacies from conventional core, Scotian Basin: implications for reservoir quality and connectivity1,2

Facies analysis in outcrops on land is strongly dependent on the lateral variability of lithofacies. Interpretation of conventional core in wells relies principally on the vertical succession of lithofacies. To better understand depositional environments and reservoir sandstone connectivity, the lithofacies of reservoir sandstones sampled in conventional core were correlated laterally through two sets of closely spaced wells in the Scotian Basin: in the Barremian–Albian succession around the Panuke–Cohasset field and in the Late Jurassic succession west of the Venture field. Regional correlation by gamma logs is confirmed by lithologically similar transgressive units including shelly mudstones or coals. A standard scheme of lithofacies and recognition of three types of parasequences were used for comparisons between wells. Some transgressive surfaces are of limited extent and may represent delta distributary switching and subsidence rather than regional changes in sea level. Major sandstone packets extend at least 10–30 km laterally, but commonly show lateral changes in lithofacies, and some are bounded by the margins of incised valleys. Such packages show poor correlation of lithofacies with porosity and permeability, probably because of the variable effects of diagenesis. Lateral transitions from tidal estuary sandstones in Panuke B-90 to thick-bedded river-mouth turbidites in Lawrence D-14, over a distance of 15 km, demonstrates the scale of delta lobes and confirms that sharp-based sandstone beds are turbidites related to river floods, not storm deposits. Similar lateral transitions in the Venture field are on a similar scale and pass distally into prodeltaic muddy landslide deposits.

Field of study: Environmental science
Image Processing on Orange Industry, a Brief Review

The huge expectation of population for food products, mainly fruits require quality products. The need for accurate, fast and objective determination of these characteristics on food products continues to grow. Normally, classification of the oranges industrially produced is made visually and manually, considering the color pattern, which requires a lot of labor and can be inappropriate and has an elevate cost, machine vision provides one alternative for an automated, non-destructive and cost-effective technique to accomplish these requirements. Researches focused on the development of this task has been tried to find ways to automatize this process. However, part of this development happens in many areas, commercially and industrially. This work aims to present the progress of image processing on industry and mainly on classification of oranges.

Field of study: Engineering
Future of Employee Benefits Debated

The nature of employee benefits is changing rapidly and the future isn't certain, according to participants at the Conference Board's Employee Benefits Conference in New York City. While some benefits specialists predicted defined-benefit plans, including traditional pensions, would be relegated to history's dust bin--along with rotary phones and typewriters--others asserted companies were mistaken in relying on defined-contribution plans, such as 401(k)s, to meet retiree needs. One thing, however, was clear: CPAs who advise businesses about benefit strategies will need to keep alert. "For better or for worse, cradle-to-grave job security is a thing of the past," said J. Randall MacDonald, vice-president for employee relations and organization development of GTE Corp. By the year 2000, he added, there will be a shift away from defined-benefit pension plans that promise to pay a specified amount to each retiree in favor of defined-contribution plans, which he termed less "paternalistic" because employees can choose how much income to set aside into their retirement accounts. "Companies will offer more plans with more choices for less money," MacDonald predicted. "There also will be more |outsourcing' as outside companies handle everything from plan design to administration." Paternalism defended. On the other hand, Dallas Salisbury, president of the Employee Benefits Research Institute, argued "that nasty word, paternalism," might not be such a bad thing after all. "Most employees don't start thinking seriously about putting retirement money away until their last child is out of college. At that point," he said. "it's too late to accumulate sufficient savings." Thus, there will be a continuing need for defined-benefit plans that ensure workers predictable income--even at the expense of some choice. The government, Salisbury added, was looking at the private sector's growing reliance on defined-contribution plans "with a tremendous amount of angst." This is because the principal government programs for retirees--Medicare and Social Security--also are being cut back. Debates have been taking place in congressional hallways, he said, about when (not if) the qualifying age for benefits should be raised to age 70, with benefits subject to tax and reductions made in the benefit formula. "By the year 2015 or 2020, government benefits for individual retirees will amount to only 7% or 8% income replacement," Salisbury warned. …

Field of study: Business
Advanced field-measurement method with three orthogonal Hall probes for an elliptically polarizing undulator.

A three-orthogonal-Hall-probe assembly with an 'on the fly' mapping method has been developed to characterize an elliptically polarizing undulator (EPU). The underlying design concept is that it can measure the three real field components without any field correction under a reliable and synchronization measurement method. Therefore, the relative central position shift, orthogonal angle and the planar Hall effect error between the three Hall probes should be calibrated and readjusted. Experimental results demonstrate that this method can yield an r.m.s. reproducibility of 10 G cm for the three field components and 2 G for the peak field strength. Under precision conditions this system can completely measure the three on-axis field components within 2 min for a 4 m-long EPU.

Field of study: Physics
Observation-Team Reliability Determined by Analysis of Variance

This report examines the reliability and the sources of variation of a part of an observation schedule using the model first proposed by Medley and Mitzel. Reliability coefficients for the three categories of behavior, mobility, involvement, and irrelevant acts, were found to be . 72, . 67, and . 69 for the entire team. When the data were considered only in terms of the four observers present during both observations the reliability coefficients were . 84, . 85, and . 90. That the second analysis yielded higher r’s was to be expected, since there was less variation in observers. The question of why the third category was lowest in the first instance and highest in the second is still to be investigated.

Field of study: Education
Lava Movement at PARÍCUTIN Volcano, Mexico

The lava flows of Paricutin Volcano, Mexico, offer an exceptional opportunity to study details of lava movement, because many flows are accessible throughout their length and can be watched from their birth to the cessation of their movement. Petrographically the lavas show no significant difference from one flow to another or in different parts of the same flow. The maximum lava temperature observed was 1070°C.; the maximum estimated rate of flow was 60 meters per minute; the viscosity is probably on the order of 105 to 106 poises. The flows start in fissure zones cutting older Paricutin lavas near the southwest base of the volcano. Within a short distance of its orifice a flow is covered with cooled blocks which are broken and slightly abraded as they are carried downstream. Differential movement in a flow takes place principally at its edges, where a reddish breccia and grooved and slickensided surfaces form. Like a glacier, a lava flow develops transverse crescentic ridges and lateral moraines. At its front movement is normally effected by the rolling forward of molten lava within, which carries down cooled blocks from the surface and piles them up ahead of the flow. As a flow dies the lava level lowers in the channel, and small side tongues break through the moraines. Some Paricutin lavas move considerable distances beneath older lava. The longest flow, which covered the town of San Juan in 1944, has a surface of rough curved slabs very different from the blocky surface of other flows but similar to the surface structures developed near lava orifices and by movement of viscous lava through fissures.

The complexities of this small lava field, produced simply by the movement of successive flows, would be difficult to interpret if found in older rocks.

Field of study: Geology
Experimenter-Subject Interaction in Verbal Conditioning: Review of the Literature

This paper reviews investigations of the E-S interaction variable in verbal conditioning. The research is viewed in terms of the constructs of interpersonal attraction and interpersonal influence and is categorized under the headings: (a) experiments in which Es with different physical and personality characteristics are used; (b) experiments in which S's attraction to E is manipulated by S's interaction with him (resultant interpersonal attraction); (c) experiments in which S's attraction to E is manipulated by matching Es with Ss on the basis of psychological test scores; (d) experiments in which S's attraction to E is manipulated by having a collaborator give S information about E (induced interpersonal attraction). Major findings are summarized and suggestions for future research mentioned.

Field of study: Psychology
HD2C histone deacetylase and a SWI/SNF chromatin remodelling complex interact and both are involved in mediating the heat stress response in Arabidopsis.

Studies in yeast and animals have revealed that histone deacetylases (HDACs) often act as components of multiprotein complexes, including chromatin remodelling complexes (CRCs). However, interactions between HDACs and CRCs in plants have yet to be demonstrated. Here, we present evidence for the interaction between Arabidopsis HD2C deacetylase and a BRM-containing SWI/SNF CRC. Moreover, we reveal a novel function of HD2C as a regulator of the heat stress response. HD2C transcript levels were strongly induced in plants subjected to heat treatment, and the expression of selected heat-responsive genes was up-regulated in heat-stressed hd2c mutant, suggesting that HD2C acts to down-regulate heat-activated genes. In keeping with the HDAC activity of HD2C, the altered expression of HD2C-regulated genes coincided in most cases with increased histone acetylation at their loci. Microarray transcriptome analysis of hd2c and brm mutants identified a subset of commonly regulated heat-responsive genes, and the effect of the brm hd2c double mutation on the expression of these genes was non-additive. Moreover, heat-treated 3-week-old hd2c, brm and brm hd2c mutants displayed similar rates of growth retardation. Taken together, our findings suggest that HD2C and BRM act in a common genetic pathway to regulate the Arabidopsis heat stress response.

Field of study: Environmental science