nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
RATES OF DENUDATION IN THE HIGH PLATEAUS OF SOUTHWESTERN UTAH

Two C 14 dates on wood from lake sediments that accumulated behind landslide dams in deep canyons of Zion National Park, Utah, permit calculation of the rate of sediment fill. From this, the rate of denudation of the related drainage basin is found to be about 33 inches per 1000 years. Another denudation rate was determined in the headward drainage of Coal Creek, just north of Cedar Breaks National Monument, by the ages of bristle-cone pine trees and the amount of root exposure. This rate is approximately 17 inches per 1000years. Both areas, obviously exposed to rapid erosion, are unusual features in the Colorado River watershed whose average denudation rate is only 6.5 inches per 1000 years (Judson and Ritter, 1964).

Field of study: Geology
The Winds in the world of the Ancient Mesopotamian Civilizations

The ancient Mesopotamian civilizations (Sumer, Akkad, Assyria, and Babylonia), reaching back to before 3000 B.C., did not develop or possess the notion of the “cardinal” astronomical directions—N, E, S, and W—until the relatively late date of about 700 B.C., in contrast to the Greek and Hebrew civilizations of antiquity. Instead, orientation was determined by the directions of four principal winds, namely, the “regular wind,” the “mountain wind,” the “cloud wind,” and the “Amorite wind.” In terms of our notation, these could be described as, respectively, a NW, a NE, a SE, and a SW wind or as winds from the northwesterly, the northeasterly, etc., quarters. Even astronomical features were indicated (mainly before 700 B.C.) in terms of the directions of the principal winds. In the Assyro-Babylonian language the same word designated a principal wind and the direction from which that wind blows. Judging by inscriptions and other finds of archaeological excavations, the most prominent wind was the “regular win...

Field of study: Environmental science
Magnetic-Field Variations of the Pair-Breaking Effects of Superconductivity in (TMTSF)2ClO4

We have studied the onset temperature of the superconductivity T c onset of the organic superconductor (TMTSF) 2 ClO 4 , by precisely controlling the direction of the magnetic field H . We compare the results of two samples with nearly the same onset temperature but with different scattering relaxation time τ. We revealed a complicated interplay of a variety of pair-breaking effects and mechanisms that overcome these pair-breaking effects. In low fields, the linear temperature dependences of the onset curves in the H – T phase diagrams are governed by the orbital pair-breaking effect. The dips in the in-plane field-angle φ dependence of T c onset , which were only observed in the long-τ sample, provides definitive evidence that the field-induced dimensional crossover enhances the superconductivity if the field direction is more than about 19° away from the a axis. In the high-field regime for H ∥ a , the upturn of the onset curve for the long-τ sample indicates a new superconducting state that overcomes t...

Field of study: Physics
Admixture Mapping of African–American Women in the AMBER Consortium Identifies New Loci for Breast Cancer and Estrogen-Receptor Subtypes

Recent genetic admixture coupled with striking differences in incidence of estrogen receptor (ER) breast cancer subtypes, as well as severity, between women of African and European ancestry, provides an excellent rationale for performing admixture mapping in African American women with breast cancer risk. We performed the largest breast cancer admixture mapping study with in African American women to identify novel genomic regions associated with the disease. We conducted a genome-wide admixture scan using 2,624 autosomal ancestry informative markers (AIMs) in 3,629 breast cancer cases (including 1,968 ER-positive, 1093 ER-negative, and 601 triple-negative) and 4,658 controls from the African American Breast Cancer Epidemiology and Risk (AMBER) Consortium, a collaborative study of four large geographically different epidemiological studies of breast cancer in African American women. We used an independent case-control study to test for SNP association in regions with genome-wide significant admixture signals. We found two novel genome-wide significant regions of excess African ancestry, 4p16.1 and 17q25.1, associated with ER-positive breast cancer. Two regions known to harbor breast cancer variants, 10q26 and 11q13, were also identified with excess of African ancestry. Fine-mapping of the identified genome-wide significant regions suggests the presence of significant genetic associations with ER-positive breast cancer in 4p16.1 and 11q13. In summary, we identified three novel genomic regions associated with breast cancer risk by ER status, suggesting that additional previously unidentified variants may contribute to the racial differences in breast cancer risk in the African American population.

Field of study: Biology
Fabrication of micro-moiré gratings on a strain sensor structure for deformation analysis with micro-moiré technique

In this study, the electron beam lithography technique is applied to fabricate moire grating on the tiny structure of a strain gauge sensor. The grating fabrication technique is discussed in detail. The grating pattern is controlled by a pattern generator, which makes it possible to write a graph in the assigned region of the resist using the electron beam, and as a result a moire grating is left on the surface of the sample. By the aid of the fabricated grating with electron moire technique under the scanning electron microscope (SEM), the residual deformation of strain gauge sensor is measured after a direct voltage is imposed to it. The successful results verify the feasibility of the moire grating fabrication using electron beam lithography, and the grating has a good potential for further application.

Field of study: Engineering
Longitudinal Coupling Impedance for a Beam Pipe with a Cavity

A method is presented for the computation of the longitudinal coupling impedance of an azimuthally symmetric obstacle of general shape in a long beam pipe. The method involves a numerical calculation of the fields at mesh points in the cavity alone, from which the additive contribution of the cavity to the coupling impedance of the beam pipe can be obtained as a surface integral confined to the cavity wall. Numerical work for obstacles of various geometries is in progress.

Field of study: Physics
Le temps, entre psychanalyse et biologie

Resume Contexte Le mouvement psychanalytique francophone, longtemps reste crispe au Freud de la premiere topique, s’est desinteresse de la physiologie a laquelle l’inventeur de la psychanalyse accordait tant d’importance comme fondement de la psychologie. La neuropsychologie anglo-saxonne a suivi la voie contraire, celle de Theodule Ribot (« La physiologie est premiere »), de William James (« Je vois un ours, je tremble, j’ai peur ») et de Noam Chomsky (« Une capacite de langage genetiquement determinee specifie une certaine classe de grammaires humainement accessible »). Objectifs Cet article cherche a comparer les connaissances physiologiques actuelles concernant le fonctionnement des organismes vivants dans le temps (cycles) et l’effet de la representation consciente du temps sur le destin pulsionnel (« sphincterisation preconsciente »).  Nous procedons une etude comparative entre, d’une part, les donnees actuelles de la biologie (chronobiologie) et de la neurophysiologie (synchronisation de reseaux neuronaux) concernant l’orientation dans le temps et, d’autre part, ce que la metapsychologie freudienne peut dire de la construction de la temporalite psychique (atemporalite des processus inconscients, discontinuite des processus preconscients, instantaneite de la conscience, temps eclate pathologique). Resultats Notre exploration autorise un rapprochement entre les concepts de synchronisation neuronale, d’investissement psychique, de symbolisation. L’expose des travaux d’Endel Tulving sur les systemes mnesiques, permet de relier l’emergence des differentes memoires (modules cognitifs) et certaines etapes du developpement libidinal et objectal de l’enfant (modules affectifs).  Entre neuropsychanalyse et neurosepticisme, nous abordons, pour conclure, les questions suivantes : en quoi ces connaissances neurophysiologiques sont-elles utiles au travail clinique du psychanalyste ? Un isolement epistemique du clinicien pourrait-il avoir comme consequence une reduction de son champ symbolique prejudiciable a l’ecoute des patients contemporains ?

Field of study: Philosophy
5- and 10-Year Recurrence Rate Is the New Gold Standard in Pilonidal Sinus Surgery Benchmarking

retention, while others may seem silent. From histological evaluation of so-called incidental sinuses we know that every sinus is accompanied by acute, chronic or mixed acute-chronic tissue inflammation, even if it may seem clinically uninflamed [6] . Thus varying degrees of inflammation may bias the effects of treatment, wound healing and recurrence. Thirdly, from recent long-term examinations we know that recurrence rate is a function of time. Pilonidal sinus recurrences may occur from the time of surgery up to 22 years and beyond. Putting this into a time frame, 60% of all recurrences will be seen within 5 years [7] . This has been proven on more than 500 patients, who received long-term follow-up of 2 decades. It is therefore obvious that a very short-term follow-up will result in very low recurrence rate. As a benchmark, the 5and 10-year recurrence rate is the new gold standard. The authors of the presented study  enrolled 30 consecutive pilonidal sinus patients within 4 months for the study, which makes them a high-volume hospital in terms of pilonidal sinus surgery. They treated them with incision of tracts and the pilonidal cave, adding phenol liquid cauterization, dressing and 1 week’s daily follow-up to that therapy. They followed up patient satisfaction and if patients recommended their therapy to fellow patients. Some remarks need to be added to this small study with a 14-month mean follow-up time. Firstly, the results show Pilonidal sinus disease is a disease of young men that results in prolonged time off from work, its incidence being approximately 1 in 1,000. Now, 129 years after the first description of pilonidal sinus disease, there is a wide range of therapies and still controversy about the management of the condition. The only cure may be surgery, but every new conservative method needs to be thoroughly examined and compared with established methods in terms of aggressiveness and effectiveness. This is the case with phenol treatment of pilonidal sinus disease. First instituted in 1964 by Maurice and Greenwood  , they found a recurrence rate of 19% after 18 months of follow-up. Twenty-four studies using phenol have been published since then, with patient numbers up to 143, follow-up periods between 1 month [2] and 98 months  , and a recurrence rate between 9% [4] and 19%  . Recurrence rates vary widely and there are some explanations for this inconsistency. Firstly, pilonidal sinus disease is thought to be an acquired disease of hair interrupting the skin integrity, thus forming persisting epithelial tracts around hair. If tracts containing hair are only removed or destroyed partially, remnants will persist in the deeper layers of the skin, acting as a source of recurrent disease. Secondly, success and failure of pilonidal sinus therapy depend on the degree of inflammation of the pilonidal sinus, which is especially true for phenol treatment. Some sinuses present with overt inflammation and

Field of study: Medicine
BRIEF COMMUNICATIONS: Formation of beats between Stokes components of stimulated Raman scattering excited in a system comprising two media

A cell containing a mixture of benzene and toluene was inserted in a transversely pumped external resonator and one Stokes component of stimulated Raman scattering was excited from each material. This radiation gave stable beats with a period of 3 psec on the photocathode of an image converter. The beat signals could be used as calibration time intervals.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Research Progress on Applications of Polyaniline (PANI) for Electrochemical Energy Storage and Conversion

Conducting polyaniline (PANI) with high conductivity, ease of synthesis, high flexibility, low cost, environmental friendliness and unique redox properties has been extensively applied in electrochemical energy storage and conversion technologies including supercapacitors, rechargeable batteries and fuel cells. Pure PANI exhibits inferior stability as supercapacitive electrode, and can not meet the ever-increasing demand for more stable molecular structure, higher power/energy density and more N-active sites. The combination of PANI and other active materials like carbon materials, metal compounds and other conducting polymers (CPs) can make up for these disadvantages as supercapacitive electrode. As for rechargeable batteries and fuel cells, recent research related to PANI mainly focus on PANI modified composite electrodes and supported composite electrocatalysts respectively. In various PANI based composite structures, PANI usually acts as a conductive layer and network, and the resultant PANI based composites with various unique structures have demonstrated superior electrochemical performance in supercapacitors, rechargeable batteries and fuel cells due to the synergistic effect. Additionally, PANI derived N-doped carbon materials also have been widely used as metal-free electrocatalysts for fuel cells, which is also involved in this review. In the end, we give a brief outline of future advances and research directions on PANI.

Field of study: Materials science
Lorenzo Ghiberti’s “Gates of Paradise”: Humanism, History, and Artistic Philosophy in the Italian Renaissance. Amy R. Bloch. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2016. xxi + 360 pp. $99.99.

program. In support of her argument, Keyvanian invokes Perugino’s Donation of the Keys and Botticelli’s Cleansing of the Lepers. The latter makes a visual reference to the facade of the hospital of Santo Spirito in Sassia, and Keyvanian convincingly links it to papal charity. Less convincing is the reference to Perugino’s rendition of the Temple of Solomon in the Donation of the Keys. Keyvanian translates the inscription “IMMENSUM SALAMO TEMPLUM TU HOC QUARTE SACRASTI SIXTE OPIBUS DISPAR RELIGIONE PRIOR” as “Sixtus surpassed thee, O Solomon, in the charity of his works, if not in their magnificence.” Apart from other problems in the translation, to render “religion” here as “charity” is tendentious at best. In other respects, however, the author convincingly ties the architectural history of hospitals to power and to urban planning and development in high and late medieval Rome.

Field of study: History
Safe sex and constructions of young male sexuality in one semi-rural Western Cape community

Young people in South Africa are at risk of unplanned pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases. In efforts to address these reproductive health problems, the dominant focus so far has been on young women. There is an increasing awareness that males need to be involved at all levels of reproductive health, and the importance of researching young men's sexuality has been emphasised. Sexuality researchers also argue for localised understandings of sexuality, because sexuality and sexual behaviour are likely to have different meanings for adolescents living in different communities. This article reports on the qualitative findings of a larger study that aimed to explore the sexuality of young heterosexual males living in a Coloured 1 , semi-rural community in the Western Cape. The focus was on investigating adolescent men's constructions of their own sexuality and the implications for safe sexual behaviour. Social construc-tionist grounded theory was used to analyse interviews conducted with 7 young men between the ages of 16 and 18. It was found that these young men constructed their sexuality as being driven by physiological and social forces. It is argued that such a construction limits their ability to take responsibility for their own and their partners' reproductive health.

Field of study: Sociology
High-performance routing for hose-based VPNs in multi-domain backbone networks

By utilizing Layer-1 Virtual Private Networks (L1VPN), a single physical network, e.g., optical backbone networks, can support multiple virtual networks, which is the basic infrastructure for cloud computing and other enterprise networks. The L1VPN hose model is an elegant and flexible way to specify the customers' bandwidth requirements, by defining the total incoming and outgoing demand for each endpoint. Furthermore, multi-domain physical infrastructures are common in L1VPNs, since these are usually deployed on a global scale. Thus, high-performance Routing for Multi-domain VPN Provisioning (RMVP) for the hose model is an important problem to efficiently support a global virtual infrastructure. In this paper, we formulate the RMVP problem as a Mixed Integer Linear Program (MILP). Also, we propose a Top-Down Routing (TDR) strategy to compute the optimal routing for the hose-model L1VPN in multi-domain backbone networks. Results indicate that TDR approaches the minimum routing cost when compared to ideal case of single-domain routing.

Field of study: Computer science
X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Study of Double Comb Shape Copolymer on Atrazine Particles Surface

The electron state of adsorption of double comb shape copolymer on the surface of atrazine particles was observed with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and the adsorption layer thickness was also calculated.After the adsorption,the absorption strength of N 1s and Cl 2p on the interface of atrazine particles decreased sharply and the absorption peak of Cl 2s almost diminished.Because of the contribution of C and O in the dispersant,the absorption strength of C 1s and O 1s on the interface increased.Moreover,the dispersant formed an adsorption membrane coating the atrazine particles thoroughly,whose thickness is 14.98 nm.This report expands the application field of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and it also plays significant role in the theory of atrazine suspension concentrate stability.

Field of study: Chemistry
Preconsolidation Effects on Flow Characteristics of Soybean Meal

Triaxial testing was used to study the effects of confining pressure, moisture content, and time-at-rest on the flow and stress-strain characteristics of soybean meal. Test results show that soybean meal at 11.5% moisture content (w.b.) and 21° C exhibited no cohesion; whereas, cohesion increased with increasing moisture content and overconsolidation stress. The effective yield loci was the same for both isotropic and aniostropic consoUdation. The lateral stress ratio, K^, is approximately 0.3 and can be reasonably estimated using the Jaky (1944, 1948) equation. Unconfined strengths increased with increasing time-at-rest and with increasing overconsolidation stresses..

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Acoustic startle and prepulse inhibition in 40 inbred strains of mice.

A high-throughput phenotype screening protocol was used to measure the acoustic startle response (ASR) and prepulse inhibition (PPI) in mice. ASRs were evoked by noise bursts; prepulses for PPI were 70 dB sound pressure level tones of 4, 12, and 20 kHz. Forty inbred strains of mice were tested (in most cases using 10 males and 10 females of each strain). The data on both the ASR and PPI had high internal and test-retest reliability and showed large differences among inbred strains, indicative of strong genetic influences. Previously obtained measures of hearing sensitivity in the same inbred strains were not significantly correlated with ASR or PPI measures.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
A BP NEURAL NETWORK-BASED STAGE IDENTIFICATION METHOD FOR MOVING LOADS ON BRIDGES

Identification of moving loads on bridges may be required in the study of the fatigue or damage mechanism of bridges, and it provides reliable data for traffic planning. A novel BP neural network-based stage identification method for moving loads on bridge is proposed. To develop this method, a finite element model of a bridge and a vehicle model with two degrees of freedom and five parameters are built, and the training samples of the neural network are numerically simulated. The position, velocity and weight of vehicles on bridge are identified step by step using the stage identification technique. In the design of neural network, the training sample set is selected using the orthogonal design method, the error performance function is modified by regularization, and the initial weights are optimized by employing the genetic algorithm. The identification for moving vehicle load on a simply supported girder is numerically simulated and verified through a model test. The results show that the proposed method may identify the moving loads on bridge on-line and real-time with high accuracy and rapid convergence, and has powerful robustness and noise-immunity.

Field of study: Engineering
Experimental research and numerical simulation of asymmetric impinging streams

The characteristics of asymmetric impinging streams were measured with hot wire anemometry and simulated with CFD. The results of numerical simulation were consistent with the results of experiments. The characteristics of axial velocity of asymmetric impinge streams were similar with those of free round jet except in the vicinity of the impinging face. When the distance of two nozzles was fixed, the offset of impinging stagnation point on the axis increased with the ratio of velocity and the nozzle diameter. When the ratio of velocity was fixed, the offset of impinging stagnation point on the axis increased with the distance of two nozzles.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Analysis of a 6-point binary subdivision scheme

In this paper, a linear 6-point binary approximating subdivision scheme with support [−6, 5] is fully investigated. It is shown that the scheme is simple and has elegant properties. We prove that the scheme can have high order continuity, polynomial reproduction and convexity preserving properties simultaneously. Furthermore, we explore the trade-offs among these properties. Examples are given to demonstrate the efficiency and flexibility of the scheme.

Field of study: Mathematics
Resource Reservation in Shared Environments Based on the Prediction of Time

It is an important method that resource reservation can guarantee QoS of the grid jobs. Introduces resource reservation into shared environments to lead to the problem that queuing jobs mean waiting time increase heavily, then proposes an policy of resource reservation based on the prediction of waiting time. Queuing jobs include remote jobs and local jobs. Introduces priority policy, and predicts the waiting time of different priorities to calculate the cost to choose resource.Experimetal results show that prediction relative error and scheduling algorithms based on the cost are practically effective and have a real potential.

Field of study: Computer science
What will Change with Highly Sensitive Troponin Assays

In the not too distant future, high-sensitivity cardiac troponin assays will be introduced for use in the United States. They bring with them many exciting new opportunities within cardiovascular practice including the ability to confirm or refute a diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction more rapidly as well as the ability to risk stratify and guide treatment decisions in patients with a variety of acute and chronic noncoronary diseases. However, clinicians and researchers must be aware of the new facets introduced with troponin testing and, in particular, the new issues that will arise with high sensitivity assays. Emphasis must also be placed on reiterating the same principles of the effective use of troponin testing that applied to conventional assays, as these are likely to become even more important. This review outlines a number of important issues related to high sensitivity assays with a focus on their use in acute hospital settings.

Field of study: Medicine