nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Perinatal choline supplementation improves cognitive functioning and emotion regulation in the Ts65Dn mouse model of Down syndrome.

In addition to mental retardation, individuals with Down syndrome (DS) also develop the neuropathological changes typical of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and the majority of these individuals exhibit dementia. The Ts65Dn mouse model of DS exhibits key features of these disorders, including early degeneration of cholinergic basal forebrain (CBF) neurons and impairments in functions dependent on the two CBF projection systems; namely, attention and explicit memory. Herein, we demonstrate that supplementing the maternal diet with excess choline during pregnancy and lactation dramatically improved attentional function of the adult trisomic offspring. Specifically, the adult offspring of choline-supplemented Ts65Dn dams performed significantly better than unsupplemented Ts65Dn mice on a series of 5 visual attention tasks, and in fact, on some tasks did not differ from the normosomic (2N) controls. A second area of dysfunction in the trisomic animals, heightened reactivity to committing an error, was partially normalized by the early choline supplementation. The 2N littermates also benefited from increased maternal choline intake on 1 attention task. These findings collectively suggest that perinatal choline supplementation might significantly lessen cognitive dysfunction in DS and reduce cognitive decline in related neurodegenerative disorders such as AD.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Adaptation of Ruminococcus flavefaciens resulting in increased degradation of ryegrass cell walls.

This study investigated the long term adaptation of a ruminal bacterium to growth on four different plant cell wall substrates. No significant increase in degradation was detected for lucerne, barley straw or weeping lovegrass after 23 serial subcultures of the cellulolytic rumen bacterium Ruminococcus flavefaciens strain 17 on each of these substrates. Significantly increased substrate degradation by R. flavefaciens strain 17 was however observed after 23 subcultures on perennial ryegrass. The increase in dry matter solubilisation (from 24.3 to 39.5% in 24 h incubation and from 52.3 to 61% in 72 h) was at least partially due to an increase in solubilisation of xylose, glucose and arabinose. Enhanced growth of the adapted strains occurred on this substrate. Significant increases in xylanase and beta-xylosidase specific activities were detected but no effect was detected on xylanase profiles in zymogram analyses. Similar responses were observed for two cultures originally derived from single-colony re-isolates. The most likely explanation for the observed adaptation involves selection for mutations affecting the regulation of xylanolytic enzymes.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
[The use of neurobion in neurological practice].

Vitamins are actively involved in many metabolic processes of the nervous system. Their deficit may cause severe and, sometimes, irreversible consequences. Mechanisms of the therapeutic effects of the vitamin B complex neurobion are considered. Results of the studies on the efficacy and safety of neurobion in patients with polyneuropathies, including those caused by diabetes mellitus, pain syndromes of origin (skeletal/muscle pain, trauma etc) are presented. The necessity of using neurobion in treatment of a wide spectrum of nervous system diseases is emphasized.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Luminescent properties of rare Earth ions in M2B5O9Cl: RE (M=Ca, Sr, Ba; RE= (Eu, Tb))

The luminescent properties as well as the influences of the matrix composition and other doping ions on the luminescence of the rare earth ions of the co-doped phosphorsM2B5O9Cl:RE(M=Ca, Sr, Ba;RE=(Eu, Tb))were investigated. The coexistence of Eu3+, Eu2+and Tb3+ were observed in these matrices. The phenomenon may be explained by the electron transfer theory. The intensity of Eu2+ emission increases under 365nm excitation and decreases under 254nmexcitation with increasing the Tb3+ concentration. The competition between electron transfer and energy migration might be the reason for the observation.

Field of study: Materials science
State Capitalism Revisited: A Review of Emergent Forms and Developments

Even when the neoliberal ideology of the free market was more dominant than it now is, the state was involved in economic activities that could be undertaken by private firms. State capitalism takes increasingly diverse forms, including beyond direct, partial or even indirect ownership. This paper briefly reviews some of these forms without claiming to be exhaustive as the shape state capitalism takes differs widely across the institutionalized contexts of countries. We assess state capitalism using Polanyi’s double movement framework and argue that this framework needs adaptation to novel forms of state capitalism that include, e.g., state-owned multinationals and sovereign wealth funds.

Field of study: Economics
Constitutive and herbivore-induced monoterpenes emitted by Populus x euroamericana leaves are key volatiles that orient Chrysomela populi beetles.

Chrysomela populi beetles feed on poplar leaves and extensively damage plantations. We investigated whether olfactory cues orientate landing and feeding. Young, unexpanded leaves of hybrid poplar emit constitutively a blend of monoterpenes, primarily (E)-beta-ocimene and linalool. This blend attracts inexperienced adults of C. populi that were not previously fed with poplar leaves. In mature leaves constitutively emitting isoprene, insect attack induces biosynthesis and emission of the same blend of monoterpenes, but in larger amount than in young leaves. The olfactometric test indicates that inexperienced beetles are more attracted by adult than by young attacked leaves, suggesting that attraction by induced monoterpenes is dose dependent. The blend does not attract adults that previously fed on poplar leaves. Insect-induced emission of monoterpenes peaks 4 d after the attack, and is also detected in non-attacked leaves. Induced monoterpene emission is associated in mature leaves with a larger decrease of isoprene emission. The reduction of isoprene emission is faster than photosynthesis reduction in attacked leaves, and also occurs in non-attacked leaves. Insect-induced monoterpenes are quickly and completely labelled by 13C. It is speculated that photosynthetic carbon preferentially allocated to constitutive isoprene in healthy leaves is in part diverted to induced monoterpenes after the insect attack.

Field of study: Environmental science
Reappraisal of the Mesozoic tectonic transition from the Paleo-Tethyan to Paleo-Pacific domains in South China

The southeastern (SE) South China Block was mainly influenced by the Paleo-Tethyan and Paleo-Pacific dynamic domains during the Mesozoic. The initial timing of the tectonic transition between these two domains in the SE South China Block still remains debated. The transition would affect the nature of the lithosphere and material provenance of sediments, and, therefore, igneous and sedimentary rocks in the area could record such dynamic processes. In this study, published geochronological and geochemical data of the Triassic and Jurassic igneous rocks and detrital zircon data of contemporaneous sedimentary rocks in the SE South China Block were compiled, aiming to provide constraints on the tectonic transition via tracing the spatial-temporal variations in the nature of the lithosphere and sedimentary provenance signals. The compiled results suggest that the magmatic intensity and volume decreased significantly from the Late Triassic to Early−Middle Jurassic, with an obvious magmatic quiescence between them, and increased from the Early−Middle Jurassic to Late Jurassic. The εNd(t) and zircon εHf(t) values of mafic rocks, granitoids, and shoshonitic rocks remarkably increased from the Late Triassic to Early−Middle Jurassic, indicative of variations in the lithospheric mantle and continental crust. Such variations suggest that the initial tectonic transition occurred at the earliest Early Jurassic. Based on the southward paleocurrents from Early Jurassic sandstone, E-W−trending extension of Early−Middle Jurassic mafic and shoshonitic rocks, and similar sedimentary provenances of Late Triassic and Early−Middle Jurassic sedimentary rocks, these features imply that the SE South China Block was not immediately influenced by the Paleo-Pacific domain during the Early−Middle Jurassic. However, from the Early−Middle Jurassic to Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous, the spatial distribution, geochemical signatures, magmatic intensity, and magmatic volume of igneous rocks and provenance of sedimentary rocks exhibit obvious variations, and the regional fold hinge direction changed from E-W−trending to NE-trending, suggesting significant effects from Paleo-Pacific subduction on the SE South China Block. Thus, the Mesozoic tectonic transition from the Paleo-Tethyan to the Paleo-Pacific dynamic domain in the SE South China Block likely occurred during the Early−Middle Jurassic.

Field of study: Geology
A Century of Chicano History: Empire, Nations, and Migration (review)

Transcending Cultural Models 2. Empire and the Origins of 20th Century Migration from Mexico to the United States 3. The Ideology and Practice of Empire: The U. S., Mexico and Mexican Immigrants 4. Agency, Gender and Migration 5. The Integration of Mexican Workers into the U. S. Economy 6.  The Journal of American History on the Ideological  Chicano History into the Twenty-First Century

Field of study: History
The TES beamline (8-BM) at NSLS-II: tender-energy spatially resolved X-ray absorption spectroscopy and X-ray fluorescence imaging.

The tender-energy X-ray spectroscopy (TES) beamline at the National Synchrotron Light Source II (NSLS-II) is now operational for general users. Its scientific mission includes static and in situ X-ray fluorescence imaging and spatially resolved X-ray absorption spectroscopy for characterization of complex heterogeneous, structured and dynamic natural or engineered materials and systems. TES is optimized for the tender-energy range, offering routine operations from 2.0 to 5.5 keV, with capabilities to reach down to 1.2 or up to 8 keV with configuration change. TES is designed as an extended X-ray absorption fine-structure microprobe (EXAFS microprobe) for applications of micrometre-scale EXAFS spectroscopy to heterogeneous samples. Beam size is user-tunable from ∼2 to 25 µm. Energy may be scanned on-the-fly or in traditional step scanning. Importantly, the position of the microbeam at the sample location does not move significantly during energy scanning or when changing energy across the entire routine energy range.  of a particle or domain the same size as the probe beam, and measurement of the same spot at different energies. In addition, there is no measureable drift in energy calibration (repeatability) scan-to-scan and over 24 h. This is critical where simultaneous calibration measurements are generally not feasible, and for speciation mapping where precise and stable control of incident energy is essential. The sample environment is helium atmosphere at room pressure with infrastructure for in situ electrochemistry and catalysis in small sample cells or microreactors. As the first bend-magnet beamline at NSLS-II, noteworthy commissioning aspects are described. Example measurements are presented to illustrate its capabilities.

Field of study: Physics
Syn- and post-collisional heat flow in the Cenozoic Eastern Alps

The heat flow evolution of a continental collisional zone is exemplified by the Eastern Alps. Heat flow maps for the syn-collision (Oligocene), syn-extrusion (Early/Middle Miocene), and post-extrusion (Late Miocene, Recent) stages are presented, and are discussed in relation to the orogenic evolution. Continental collision during Paleogene time was characterized by extremely low heat flow (<40 mW/m2) along the orogenetic front, and very high heat flow (>150 mW/m2) a few hundred kilometers south of it. The former was a result of crustal thickening and of thermal blanketing due to rapid sedimentation and nappe stacking. The latter was caused by slab break-off and magmatic activity. The Early/Middle Miocene syn-extrusion stage was characterized by rapid exhumation of metamorphic core complexes (Tauern and Rechnitz Windows), and by magmatic activity (Styrian Basin). Both mechanisms caused extremely high heat flow (>200 mW/m2). In contrast, the orogenetic front remained cold. Thereafter, magmatic activity ended and uplift rates decreased. Thus, Late Miocene heat flow is characterized by low to moderately high values. Heat flow values >75 mW/m2 were restricted to the transition zone of the Pannonian Basin characterized by thinned crust, and to the Tauern Window area. Recent temperature data indicate a subtle post-Miocene increase in heat flow.

Field of study: Environmental science
A thousand words about the link between red blood cell distribution width and heart failure

A link between the red blood cell distribution width (RDW) and clinical outcomes in heart failure (HF) was reported for the first time in 2007. Since then, many studies have shown that an increased RDW is an independent and strong predictor of mortality and morbidity in patients with acute, decompensated or chronic HF. The evidence for such a link comes from dozens of prospective and retrospective studies in which clinical data from hundreds or even thousands of patients were examined. Although many processes such as nutritional deficiencies (e.g. iron, folate, vitamin B12), inflammation (interleukin 6, tumour necrosis factor), malnutrition, renal failure or tissue and organ hypoxia have been proposed, no clear explanation exists or is commonly accepted. This mini‑review summarises the clinical evidence on the increased RDW as a predictor of adverse clinical outcomes in HF patients, and hypothetical mechanisms that might be responsible for this interesting clinical observation.

Field of study: Medicine
Jogos Paralímpicos: a experiência com “o outro” através das telas

O Comitê Paralímpico Internacional, órgãos reguladores do esporte paraolímpico, bem como alguns representantes de cidades/países sedes dos Jogos Paralímpicos, alegam que estes Jogos  se constituem em uma importante plataforma para modificar as percepções da sociedade em relação às capacidades das pessoas com deficiência (PCD). Tendo em vista estas alegações, desenvolvemos uma pesquisa com o  objetivo de verificar se indivíduos que tiveram contato com os Jogos Paralímpicos mudaram a sua percepção em relação às capacidades das PCD. O estudo foi de cunho qualitativo e exploratório. A coleta de dados foi baseada em entrevistas semiestruturadas desenvolvidas entre abril e julho de 2018.  Entrevistamos 50 acadêmicos de diferentes cursos da Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR). Realizamos uma análise temática dos dados e  utilizamos a Teoria de Contato entre Grupos (TCEG) como base para a discussão.  Os resultados deste trabalho  reafirmam a tese da TCEG que postula que tanto o contato direto quanto o indireto com grupos distintos pode servir como uma ferramenta para a diminuição de preconceitos.

Field of study: Education
Spontaneous nemaitc transition within the pseudogap state in cuprates

Overshadowing the superconducting dome in hole-doped cuprates, the pseudogap state is still one of the mysteries that no consensus can be achieved. It has been shown that the rotational symmetry is broken in this state and may result in a nematic phase transition, whose temperature seems to coincide with the onset temperature of the pseudogap state $T^*$ around optimal doping level, raising the question whether the pseudogap is resulted from the establishment of the nematic order. Here we report results of resistivity measurements under uniaxial pressure on several hole-doped cuprates, where the normalized slope of the elastoresisvity $\zeta$ can be obtained as illustrated in iron-based superconductors. The temperature dependence of $\zeta$ along particular lattice axes exhibits kink feature at $T_{k}$ and shows Curie-Weiss-like behavior above it, which suggests a spontaneous nematic transition. While $T_{k}$ seems to be the same as $T^*$ around optimal doping level, they become different in very underdoped La$_{2-x}$Sr$_{x}$CuO$_4$. Our results suggest that the nematic order is an electronic phase within the pseudogap state.

Field of study: Physics
Some investigations on the decay of60Co

AbstractThe60Co decay has been reinvestigated using an electromagneticβ-spectrometer and a Ge(Li)γ-spectrometer. A new weakβ−-transition of characterΔJ=3, no parity change between the 5+ groundstate of60Co and the second excited 2+ level atE=2.155 MeV in60Ni could be established. The endpoint energies and intensities of the threeβ−-transitions are:
$$\begin{gathered} E_{\beta \bar 1\max } = \left( {1.492 \pm 0.020} \right)MeV,I_{\beta \bar 1} = \left( {0.08 \pm 0.02} \right)\% ; \hfill \\ E_{\beta \bar 2\max } = \left( {0.670 \pm 0.020} \right)MeV,I_{\beta \bar 2} = \left( {0.18 \pm 0.03} \right)\% ; \hfill \\ E_{\beta \bar 3\max } = \left( {0.315 \pm 0.004} \right)MeV,I_{\beta \bar 3} = \left(  \right)\% ; \hfill \\ \end{gathered} $$
.The intensity ratio of the stopover and crossoverγ-transitions deexciting the 2.155 MeV level has been determined to be ≧120. Some conclusions for the theory are discussed.

Field of study: Physics
Accountable Authority Ciphertext-Policy Attribute-Based Encryption with White-Box Traceability and Public Auditing in the Cloud

As a sophisticated mechanism for secure fine-grained access control, ciphertext-policy attribute-based encryption (CP-ABE) is a highly promising solution for commercial applications such as cloud computing. However, there still exists one major issue awaiting to be solved, that is, the prevention of key abuse. Most of the existing CP-ABE systems missed this critical functionality, hindering the wide utilization and commercial application of CP-ABE systems to date. In this paper, we address two practical problems about the key abuse of CP-ABE: (1) The key escrow problem of the semi-trusted authority; and, (2) The malicious key delegation problem of the users. For the semi-trusted authority, its misbehavior (i.e., illegal key (re-)distribution) should be caught and prosecuted. And for a user, his/her malicious behavior (i.e., illegal key sharing) need be traced. We affirmatively solve these two key abuse problems by proposing the first accountable authority CP-ABE with white-box traceability that supports policies expressed in any monotone access structures. Moreover, we provide an auditor to judge publicly whether a suspected user is guilty or is framed by the authority.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Interface Enhancement-Induced Improvement of Dielectric Traits in Poly(Ether Sulfone)/Ti3C2 MXene/KH550 Nanocomposites

Two-dimensional conductive MXenes are employed as fillers for fabricating polymer-based high-permittivity composite dielectrics. However, high dielectric loss from high interfacial leakage conduction is a shortcoming. To obtain low interfacial leakage conduction, in this work we selected high-modulus poly(ether sulfone) (PES) as matrix and (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (KH550) as interface compatibilizer. Ternary PES/Ti3C2 MXene/KH550 nanocomposites were fabricated by solution casting. Compared with PES/MXene composites, the ternary counterparts have improved permittivity and reduced dielectric loss and conductivity. The increased permittivity is ascribed to enhanced interfacial polarization. The reduction in dielectric loss and conductivity stems from lower interfacial leakage conduction as a result of improved interface compatibility. The ternary composite with 4 wt.% MXene exhibited high permittivity of ~ 81, low dielectric loss of ~ 0.12 and low conductivity of ~ 6.3 × 10−7 S m−1 at 100 Hz. This work may enable the large-scale fabrication of promising composite dielectrics.

Field of study: Materials science
Experimental study on the performance of multi-split heat pump system with thermal energy storage

Recently, electricity demand is increasing drastically compared to electric power supply. In particular, this trend is due to the demand for heating in winter, leading to the electricity peak consumption at any time of the day. In this study, a new heat pump system is proposed to address the imbalance between power supply and demand solving the electricity soaring problem. The suggested heat pump system uses thermal energy storage and discharge concept that is capable of continuous heating operation simultaneously. In order to demonstrate the effectiveness of such a system, the dynamic performance change of the system was investigated by experimental study. From the results, it was shown that the performance of heat storage system was varied according to refrigerant mass flow rate branched to the heat storage tank. Furthermore, it was confirmed that the performance was reduced during the heat storage operation process, and it was improved during the discharge operation process. The overall performance is reduced taken as a whole, but it is meaningful that it disperses the electricity peak. As a result of this study, it is expected that the new thermal storage heat pump system can reduce the maximum power load.

Field of study: Engineering
Preliminary Consideration of the Modification of the SGEMP Response of a Triaxial Satellite Due to Electrn Clouds

In SGEMP experiments, extraneous electrons are emitted from the walls and damper of the vacuum tank. This paper examines the effect of these electron clouds on the electromagnetic modal response of satellites by considering a simple LC network model of a mode. The results suggest that substantial frequency and damping increases may occur in high-fluence experiments.

Field of study: Physics
Dienolether condensations–a powerful tool in carotenoid synthesis

The catalytic dienolether condensation reactions, discovered by Nazarov and Makin in 1958, are of special interest in the carotenoid ®eld for chain extension by ®ve carbon atoms. In this paper, new developments in the synthesis of apoesters and apocarotenals using vinyl ketene acetals and dienolethers, respectively, as C5-building blocks are discussed. New `Wittig-free' routes to astaxanthin and canthaxanthin applying these Lewis acid-catalysed dienolether condensation reactions are described.

Field of study: Chemistry