nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
INVESTIGATION OF GENDER DIFFERENCES IN THE INTERNET KNOWLEDGE AS AN ACADEMIC RESOURCE TOOL IN UNIVERSITIES IN KENYA

The purpose of this study was to investigate gender differences in the internet knowledge as an academic resource tool in universities in Kenya.  Quantitative research approach was undertaken. An ex post facto research survey design was adopted. The researcher used a representative sample of 435 (Moi University) and 175 (Daystar University)adding up to 610 Third year student teachers of the academic year 2015/2016 drawn from School of Education in the two universities. Stratified sampling was used to categorize students by gender from each stratum; participants were chosen randomly. Questionnaires were used as instruments of data collection. Content validity was established by use of expert judgment in the school of education. Test re-test method was used to establish the reliability of instruments of data collection. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze data. In descriptive statistics data frequencies, percentages and mean was used. Analysis of variance (ANOVA), Chi square and Post hoc tests were used to test the hypotheses.  The study findings indicated that gender is not significantly related to internet knowledge, internal self efficacy and perceived ease of use but significantly related to perceived usefulness. Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: The results of the study are useful in designing educational programmes in Kenyan institutions of higher learning and also, offer an opportunity to connect the knowledge gap in digital divide research which is useful for future studies of technology acceptance.

Field of study: Education
An interpretive review of selective sweep studies in Bos taurus cattle populations: identification of unique and shared selection signals across breeds

This review compiles the results of 21 genomic studies of European Bos taurus breeds and thus provides a general picture of the selection signatures in taurine cattle identified by genome-wide selection-mapping scans. By performing a comprehensive summary of the results reported in the literature, we compiled a list of 1049 selection sweeps described across 37 cattle breeds (17 beef breeds, 14 dairy breeds, and 6 dual-purpose breeds), and four different beef-vs.-dairy comparisons, which we subsequently grouped into core selective sweep (CSS) regions, defined as consecutive signals within 1 Mb of each other. We defined a total of 409 CSSs across the 29 bovine autosomes, 232 (57%) of which were associated with a single-breed (Single-breed CSSs), 134 CSSs (33%) were associated with a limited number of breeds (Two-to-Four-breed CSSs) and 39 CSSs (9%) were associated with five or more breeds (Multi-breed CSSs). For each CSS, we performed a candidate gene survey that identified 291 genes within the CSS intervals (from the total list of 5183 BioMart-extracted genes) linked to dairy and meat production, stature, and coat color traits. A complementary functional enrichment analysis of the CSS positional candidates highlighted other genes related to pathways underlying behavior, immune response, and reproductive traits. The Single-breed CSSs revealed an over-representation of genes related to dairy and beef production, this was further supported by over-representation of production-related pathway terms in these regions based on a functional enrichment analysis. Overall, this review provides a comparative map of the selection sweeps reported in European cattle breeds and presents for the first time a characterization of the selection sweeps that are found in individual breeds. Based on their uniqueness, these breed-specific signals could be considered as “divergence signals,” which may be useful in characterizing and protecting livestock genetic diversity.

Field of study: Biology
Characterization of ITER $\hbox{Nb}_{3}\hbox{Sn}$  Strands Under Strain-Applied Conditions

Japan Atomic Energy Agency has developed four types of strand which can be used in the ITER TF coils. One is a strand made by an internal tin process strand and the others are bronze process strands. The achieved critical current density is more than 790 in the bronze process strands and more than 980 in the internal tin process strand under 4.2 K temperature and 12 T magnetic field and there is hysteresis loss of less than 770 mJ/cc under 3 T cycle. Since these strands are utilized with an external strain, it is necessary to evaluate strain dependency to confirm the ITER conductor design. An apparatus to measure the strain dependency was newly developed. It has a horseshoe-shaped ring to produce uniform axial compressive or tensile strain along the strand length, a strand being soldered on the outer surface of the ring. The detailed strand characteristics were investigated subjecting the developed strands to a magnetic field from 10 T to 13 T, a strain from about 0.8% to 0.5%, and a temperature from 4.2 K to the critical temperature. When the critical current is normalized to that under the conditions where strain is intrinsically zero, the bronze process strands exhibit better performance than the internal tin process strand. However, the three bronze process strands do not exhibit the same -strain characteristics. Two types of scaling relations are applied to the data, and good expressions of strand performance were obtained by the least square method within 3 A as RMS.

Field of study: Physics
Über die Mechanik und Dynamik der Erdbeben

ZusammenfassungDie Hauptbebengebiete der Erde sind an verhältnismä\ig junge tektonische Störungen (Faltengebirge und Tiefseegräben) gebunden. Nach dem Auftreten von mitteltiefen und tiefen Bebenherden in den besonders aktiven Zonen reichen die Störungen hier mehrere Hundert Kilometer tief, etwa bis 700 km. Soweit bis jetzt der Herdmechanismus einzelner Beben oder einzelner Bebengebiete bekannt ist, ergeben sich aufschlu\reiche Zusammenhänge zwischen den heutigen Erdbeben und der Tektonik der betreffenden Gegend.Um die Frage der Dynamik der Erdbeben zu beleuchten, werden zwei besonders markante Fälle von Erdbebenverkoppelung angeführt, einmal kleinräumig für Südwestdeutschland in den Jahren 1933 bis 1936 und dann gro\räumig für den ganzen Pazifik in den Monaten November 1955 bis Februar 1956. Im kleinräumigen Fall ist die kräftemä\ige Verkoppelung unter den einzelnen Herden leicht zu verstehen, da alle Beben in diesem Raum auf eine gemeinsame Ursache, die Alpenauffaltung, zurückzuführen sind. Der gro\räumige Fall in den genannten vier Monaten lä\t ebenfalls eine gewisse kräftemä\ige Verkoppelung über den ganzen pazifischen Raum, also über etwa ein Viertel der gesamten Erdoberfläche, vermuten. Wenn dies wirklich zutrifft, kann das Wechselspiel der Kräfte und Spannungen nicht mehr in einem verhältnismä\ig dünnen Band von einigen Hundert Kilometer Dicke stattfinden; man mu\ vielmehr annehmen, da\ dann die eigentliche Energie- und Anregungsquelle der Erdbeben und damit auch der Tektonik wenigstens zu einem gro\en Teil aus dem tieferen Erdinnern, dem Erdmantel oder gar dem Erdkern, kommt.

Field of study: Environmental science
Expressed emotion and schizophrenia in Italy. A study of an urban population.

Forty-two schizophrenic patients and their close relatives took part in an Italian replication study of expressed emotion (EE). The patients were selected from the psychiatric ward of a general hospital in Milan and were subsequently followed up for nine months. All patients attended a community service clinic as out-patients, and all but one were prescribed neuroleptics for the duration of the study. Relatives were assigned to the high-EE group if they scored 4 or 5 on the emotional overinvolvement (EOI) scale, or showed hostility, or made six or more critical comments. On this basis, 18 (42%) families were rated as low EE and 24 (57%) as high EE. At follow-up, the admission rate for the 9-month period was significantly higher for the high-EE group (P less than 0.05). Furthermore, significantly fewer patients were readmitted from families showing high warmth (P less than 0.05). The presence of high warmth appeared to be associated with a lower admission rate, even in high-EE families.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Size-controlled Fabrication of Periodic Nanocrystal Arrays by Using the Hemispherical Metal Nanowells

A periodic array of NaCl nanocrystals is prepared using a nanoreactor array, which consists of hemispherical nanowells of 800 nm in diameter fused side-by-side prepared by sputter deposition of Fe and Au layers over hexagonally close-packed 1-μm polystyrene (PS) beads. The size of the nanocrystals can be controlled simply by changing the concentration of the precursor solution.

Field of study: Chemistry
Visualization of refrigerant flow at the capillary tube inlet of a high-efficiency household refrigerator

The subcooled condition at the condenser outlet ensures complete condensation, which is necessary in vapor compression systems to increase the cooling capacity and ensure the liquid conditions at the expansion device inlet. However, in household refrigerators, recent works indicate the presence of two-phase flow at the capillary tube inlet. These systems behave quite differently from other refrigeration systems due to the extremely low capacity. In the present work, a test bench was built to visualize the refrigerant flow at the condenser outlet and at the capillary tube inlet of a commercial household refrigerator. A transparent tube replaced the end of the condenser and three transparent filters were installed with different orientations. Different positions of the capillary tube within the filters were also tested. Despite measuring a certain subcooling, all the reported visualizations showed that the capillary tube was steadily drawing in two-phase flow.

Field of study: Engineering
Comparison of some tectonostratigraphic zones in the Appalachians of Newfoundland and New Brunswick

Whereas rocks of the Avalon Zone in Newfoundland are in fault contact with those of the Gander Zone, rocks identifiable as equivalents of the Gander Zone in New Brunswick are separated from the Avalon Zone by a 65 km wide belt of Silurian, Ordovician, and older rocks. This belt, referred to as the Fredericton Zone, contains a number of fault bounded blocks, each containing contrasting depositional, structural, and metamorphic histories. It is concluded that the Gander/Avalon Zone boundary in southern New Brunswick has controlled the development of subsequent basins, which have been deformed by Taconic and Acadian movements. In Newfoundland, the same boundary has remained essentially inactive in Paleozoic times.

Field of study: Environmental science
Attenuation and impulse response for multiple scattering of light in atmospheric clouds and aerosols.

Model phase functions for atmospheric clouds and aerosols typically comprise a narrow forward lobe (corona), a broad diffuse background, and a narrow backscattering peak (glory), which can reach relatively high values, especially for polyhedral scattering particles, such as hexagonal ice columns and plates. The influence of these three major components on the asymptotic and transient attenuation of the scattered light is compared for several analytic phase functions to assess the dependence of radiative transfer in clouds and aerosols on the choice of phase function. The impulse response (temporal evolution of the angular intensity distribution) is sensitive to the higher moments of the phase function and could prove to be a useful technique for inferring the optical scattering parameters of clouds and aerosols.

Field of study: Physics
Bittle and Lane on Charity: An Uncharitable Comment

T HE recent article by Bittle and Lane on charities' contains errors surprisingly naive in any article published in the Economic History Review. Bittle and Lane fashion a constant-price series of the values of charitable donations by using the composite price index developed by Phelps Brown and Hopkins to deflate the current price series of W. K. Jordan. There is nothing objectionable in this procedure, though the extremely simple division sums which are all that is involved scarcely merit eight precious pages of the Review, including one graph and four tables. The nazvetd emerges when the authors seek to justify the use of this particular price index. They note that Jordan himself "remained unconvinced that a meaningful index of inflation had been, or could be, constructed with which accurately to deflate his data", and go on to assert that Jordan was convinced that "it could have only local applicability as 'the prices and values in one English region in say the late sixteenth century bore almost no relation to prices in another.' " Aware of these views, Messrs Bittle and Lane calculate the coefficients of correlation between several pairs of series: first, between the Phelps Brown and Hopkins index and Jordan's estimates of charitable benefactions for all England, and for four regional subdivisions, and then secondly between the benefactions totals themselves for these various geographical subdivisions-in all cases for decade intervals over the period I 480-90 to i65 i-6o. The authors comment on this procedure: "The assumption underlying this approach was that a high correlation with these totals would indicate that, contrary to Jordan's assertion, such a scale could be meaningfully applied. A further assumption was that, should the various district totals likewise correlate highly with each other, the 'regional differences' proposed as a further deterrent to such an approach might be disregarded." These "assumptions" are sheer nonsense. Both the total money value of the benefactions and the level of prices rose through time, so that one should expect, and in fact finds, a positive correlation between them. Suppose for the sake of argument that the undeflated total of benefactions had in fact followed a declining trend; in that event one would have expected a negative correlation between it and the Phelps Brown-Hopkins index over the same period. Should one then have concluded that the price index is a bad and inappropriate deflator to use? The answer of course is not at all: it would be just as good, or as bad, as in the first case, the degree of statistical relationship between the price index and the money value of the benefactions over time being totally irrelevant to the question of the suitability of the former as a deflator.

Field of study: Economics, History
The Categorising Characteristics of Facebook Pages: Using the K-Means Grouping Method

This study conducts the K-means grouping analysis on 1,373 Facebook pages in order to find the difference and characteristics between groups, and furthermore attempt to understand the behavioural characteristics of Facebook page users. The study produces four clusters with different characteristics, all of which are named and defined according to their qualities. The four types of pages are the “functional video and audio informational pages,” “audio and video entertainment with low discussion pages,” “high-identifying celebrity pages”, and “food and travel with active discussion pages .” The result of this study not only provides a clear understanding of the grouping structure of Facebook pages, but also provides reference for fan page managers when constructing management strategies.

Field of study: Business
Likelihood ratio test for testing order of continuous time finite markov chains

Anderson and Goodman ( 1957) have obtained the likelihood ratio tests and chi-square tests for testing the hypothesis about the order of discrete time finite Markov chains, On the similar lines we have obtained likeli¬hood ratio tests and chi-square tests (asymptotic) for testing hypotheses about the order of continuous time Markov chains (MC) with finite state space.

Field of study: Mathematics
Study on the infection of “Mopan” persimmon by the treatment of carbon dioxide

In the experiment, we choose “Mopan” persimmon as stuff. Different concentratied CO2 were used to treat the material for de-astringency. We periodically observed and analyzed the changes of firmness of fruit, pectin content, pectic enzyme activity, fruit quality and so on. The result show that the quality of persimmon, when the concentration of CO2 is improved. The treatment of 70% concentration CO2 was quickly de-astringency, kept firmness of fruit in 7 days, and the fruit quality is the best. But the persimmon should be removed from the environment of high carbon dioxide, in order to avoid damage.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Measuring Soil Erodibility Using a Laboratory “Mini” JET

Typically soil erodibility is quantified using an excess shear stress equation, dependent on two major soil parameters: the critical shear stress (I„ c ) and the erodibility coefficient (k d ). A submerged jet test (JET, Jet Erosion Test) is one method that has been developed and methodology of use established in the literature for measuring these parameters. In this study, a new miniature version of the JET device (â€œminiâ€ JET), with the advantage of being easier to use in the field, was used to measure I„ c and k d for two soils (silty sand and clayey sand), and results were compared to the larger original laboratory JET. The objective of this research was to determine if the â€œminiâ€ JET measured equivalent values for I„ c and k d compared to the original JET device. In-order to compare the performance and repeatability of both JET devices, tests were performed on paired samples prepared in the same way and tested at the same time. Samples of the soils tested were prepared at different water contents with a standard compaction effort of 600 kN-m/m 3 (ASTM). Some variability in measuring I„ c and k d was observed between paired samples due to variability in the soil texture of the soil samples and differences in soil moisture levels. The k d values measured by the two JET devices for both soils were not significantly different. The I„ c values measured by the â€œminiâ€ JET were consistently lower than those measured by the original JET. This was hypothesized to be due to the structure of the soil sample due to the compaction method and the procedure utilized to determine I„ c . Adjustment of the equilibrium depth of the â€œminiâ€ JET resulted in small differences in the estimated I„ c between both JET devices. Both JET devices also demonstrated consistent performance in measuring I„ c -k d relationships, which were compared with those observed in previous field research.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Stimulation of human lymphocytes in vitro by leucocytes from patients with untreated acute myeloid leukaemia.

Leucocytes from sixteen untreated acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) patients were tested for their ability to stimulate lymphocytes from each of twelve normal donors. Of 192 tests between the stimulating AML leucocytes, and responding lymphocytes, 42% resulted in positive lymphocyte stimulation, in contrast to one-way mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) responses, involving the same lymphocyte donors, which were 100% positive. Lack of stimulation by AML leucocytes was significantly associated, in 11% of the tests, with two or more HLA-A and/or -B antigens common to the responding lymphocyte and stimulating AML leucocyte. The most stimulatory of the AML leucocytes were obtained from two high-leucocyte-count acute myelomonocytic leukaemia patients. The stimulatory capacity of AML leucocytes did not correlate with the clinical fate of the cell donor. Presence of contaminating lymphocytes from the patient in the AML leucocyte samples did not account for the differences in stimulatory capacity between AML leucocytes. Limited in vitro viability of AML leucocytes was ruled out as a factor causing poor lymphocyte stimulation. Kinetic studies showed that AML leucocytes induce either an MLC-type response, or no response at all. Differences in response kinetics were observed between two normal and two remission AML patients, the latter receiving active immunotherapy. Pronase treatment of AML leucocytes failed to increase their stimulatory capacity, but distilled H2O markedly reduced it. The significance of the results is discussed in relation to lymphocyte stimulation by other types of allogeneic cell, and in the context of active immunotherapy of AML.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Numerical simulation on contactless measurement of critical current density in HTS

According to the experiments by Claassen et al., (1991), the odd harmonics of the magnetic field are excited with an increase in the amplitude of the applied ac magnetic field. Especially, the third harmonic is suddenly excited after the amplitude exceeds a certain limit. This onset of the third harmonics indicates that the critical current density is following in all over the HTS. On the basis of the experimental results, Claassen developed the contactless method for measuring the critical current density. The purpose of this study is to reproduce Claassen's results by means of the numerical simulation. To this end, the governing equation of the shielding current density has been formulated and the numerical code for solving the initial-boundary-value problem of the equation has been developed. After the shielding current density is evaluated by using the code, the magnetic field generated by the shielding current density is calculated as a function of time. Spectral analysis of the field is performed. The results of computations show that the flux-flow region covers the whole volume of the HTS above a certain limit of the amplitude of the applied magnetic field.

Field of study: Physics
Assessment of spring floods and surface water extent over the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous District

Remote sensing of Arctic water bodies is an essential method for monitoring the dynamics of frozen ground. Thaw lake change provides insight into the state of permafrost. In the vast Arctic and sub-Arctic areas capturing changes in lake extent is assisted by satellite data. In particular, active microwave sensors can be used in a straightforward manner for water body classifications.This study uses the pan-Siberian datasets that are provided under the ESA STSE-ALANIS methane project. Surface water classifications in 10-day intervals have been produced using Envisat ASAR (Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar) operating in wide swath mode. The high temporal frequency of these data allows an investigation of surface hydrology on an intra-annual basis.The current study applies a post-processing algorithm to the ALANIS products in order to investigate changes in surface inundation across the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous District over the summer period of 2007. Multiple areas are found to exhibit changes in surface inundation. Strong seasonal variations occur in areas where previous investigations determined disappearing lakes. Spring floods associated with the depletion of snow-cover and melt waters as well as floodplain dynamics can be identified. On the Yamal peninsula, these changes occur most dominantly in the west; an area subject to anthropogenic land-use change. Changes in water body extent for each hot spot of seasonal variations are quantified and discussed.

Field of study: Environmental science
Empirical Research on the Impact of RMB Exchange Rate Fluctuations on the Price Level in China

China's exchange rate had climbed since July in 2005 after the currency reform,meanwhile,the domestic prices also rose significantly,that is,so-called currency"within the outer rise banished".This article uses vector Autoregressive model(VAR) and vector error correction model(VEC) to carry out the conductive effect that RMB exchange rate fluctuation has on the domestic prices from a quantitative point of view,and it put forward suggestions for the entire empirical analysis of the results.

Field of study: Economics