nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
A biochemical, histochemical, and electron microscopic study on the effects of iron-loading on the hearts of mice.

Acute iron poisoning and chronic iron overload are well-known causes of myocardial failure. Although the exact mechanism is not known, excess iron-catalyzed free radical generation is conjectured to play a role in damaging the myocardium and altering cardiac function. We report here on the effects of acute and chronic iron-loading on the total iron concentration, glutathione peroxidase activity, and cytotoxic aldehyde production in the heart of a murine model (n = 35). Light microscopic examination for the presence of ferrous and ferric iron was undertaken following histochemical staining for these species. In addition, examination of representative samples by transmission electron microscopy was performed. Our findings show that iron-loading can result in significant increases in total iron concentrations, alterations to glutathione peroxidase activity, and increases in cytotoxic aldehyde concentrations in the hearts of mice. Furthermore, we observe that iron-loading can significantly alter and damage various cellular constituents (e.g., mitochondria, lysosomes, sarcoplasmic reticulum) and this may have bearing on the mechanism of iron-induced heart failure.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Errors of Classification in a Binomial Population

In the classification of the elements in a binomial population, there is in many cases a chance of misclassifying an item. When an item in a sample from a binomial population is misclassified, it causes a bias, independent of the standard error, in the estimate of the population parameter P. This paper analyzes this bias when each of two interviewers independently classify the items in a single sample. Upper and lower bounds for the bias are derived.

Field of study: Mathematics
Effect of Mo Addition on Structure and Magnetocaloric Effect 
in γ-FeNi Nanocrystals

Nanocrystalline powders of (Fe70Ni30)100−xMox (x = 1 to 4) were produced by high-energy (SPEX) mechanical alloying. Increasing the Mo content was found to stabilize the face-centered cubic phase in mechanically alloyed nanopowders. To obtain a single γ-phase, a powdered sample was solution annealed in the γ-phase field and water quenched. The Curie temperature, TC, of the alloys was lowered with Mo addition, without decreasing the refrigeration capacity (RC), due to the additional temperature broadening of the magnetic entropy change. Based on previous study on the role of disorder, the additional temperature broadening was attributed to increased positional disorder and changes in the distribution of ferromagnetic exchange bonds introduced by Mo addition into the γ-FeNi system. (Fe70Ni30)97Mo3 and (Fe70Ni30)96Mo4 alloys have RCFWHM values of ∼440 J/kg and ∼432 J/kg at 5 T, comparable to other prominent magnetic refrigerants operating near room temperature. The economic viability of these alloys, along with their competitive magnetocaloric properties and potential for scalable production, make them good candidate magnetic refrigerants without critical rare-earth materials.

Field of study: Materials science
Improvements in birefringent filters. 5: Field of view effects.

The field of view characteristics of wide field birefringent (WFB) elements are compared with those of the Fabŕy-Perot (F.P.), Michelson (MI), and wide field Michelson (WFM) interferometers. Throughput gains of 50 to 300 or more with respect to the F.P. or MI are demonstrated. Further, it is shown that by proper choice of material WFB elements can have angular characteristics identical with WFM interferometers. The properties of misaligned and mismatched half-length WFB elements are calculated. It is shown that properly misadjusted WFB elements can exhibit throughput gains with respect to properly adjusted systems. Finally, a catalog of fringe patterns for WFB elements of different materials and differing angular misadjustment is presented.

Field of study: Physics
Leaf growth and turgor in growing cells of maize (Zea mays L.) respond to evaporative demand under moderate irrigation but not in water-saturated soil.

To test whether the inhibition of leaf expansion by high evaporative demand is a result of hydraulic processes, we have followed both leaf elongation rate (LER) and cell turgor in leaves of maize plants either normally watered or in water-saturated soil in which hydraulic resistance at the soil-root interface was abolished. Cell turgor was measured in situ with a pressure probe in the elongating zone of the first and sixth leaves, and LERs of the same leaves were measured continuously with transducers or by following displacements of marks along the growing leaves. Both variables displayed spatial variations along the leaf and positively correlated within the elongating zone. Values peaked at mid-distance of this zone, where the response of turgor to evaporative demand was further dissected. High evaporative demand decreased both LER and turgor for at least 5 h, with dose-effect linear relations. This was observed in five genotypes with appreciable differences in turgor maintenance among genotypes. In contrast, the depressing effects of evaporative demand on both turgor and LER disappeared when the soil was saturated, thereby opposing a negligible resistance to water flow at the soil-root interface. These results suggest that the response of LER to evaporative demand has a hydraulic origin, enhanced by the resistance to water flux at the soil-root interface. They also suggest that turgor is not completely maintained under high evaporative demand, and may therefore contribute to the reductions in LER observed in non-saturated soils.

Field of study: Environmental science
Secondary contamination in organophosphate poisoning.

Sir,

We read with interest the article by Stacey et al . discussing their experience with treatment of organophosphate/organophosphorus (OP) pesticide  This is an important topic, given the large number of exposures and deaths from poisoning with this class of pesticide  A number of important points have been raised by these authors, on which we would like to comment.

In this case, advanced protective garments were used by treating staff which interfered with patient care, the ED was closed down temporarily, staff were taken off duty (placing a strain on other hospital areas) and the Chemical Incident Response Service were involved. Despite the delay in institution of such procedures, no person was poisoned other than the patient with intentional poisoning. The question remains: was the response taken for this incident necessary?

For secondary contamination to occur, there must be direct contact between staff and the pesticide. This may occur when the pesticide has been spilled on skin or clothes, or if contained in body fluids such as vomit and diarrhoea. OP pesticides are formulated in hydrocarbon solvents, …

Field of study: Medicine
The World’s Richest Municipality: The Importance of Institutions for Municipal Development

Organizations with the capability to handle uncertainty are those which best solve problems and stay successful for longer periods of time. This assertion is strongly supported in several important works of research in the field of social sciences (see, e.g., Olson 1984, North 1990, and Ostrom 1990). Each organization has at its disposal a set of methods and techniques, and the purpose of applying them in the implementation of activities is to contribute to the reduction of uncertainty. Factors such as good leadership, a well-adapted form of organization, satisfactory rendering of information, and reliable data for decision making bring reduction of uncertainty. Hence, the goal is to use suitable methods and techniques and apply them in such a way that they serve the purpose of the organization and its performers as well as the activities carried on. However, current knowledge regarding which solutions are best suited to handle uncertainty is insufficient. After all, uncertainty means that there is a lack of knowledge about the circumstances under which the chosen solution should be applied, and this, in turn, means that the solution selected and applied may not be at all suited for the

Field of study: Economics
Urbanization signatures in strong versus weak precipitation over the Pearl River Delta metropolitan regions of China

We assess the issues of urban effects on the precipitation over the Pearl River Delta (PRD) metropolitan regions of China. The spatial and temporal variations of strong versus weak precipitation over the PRD and surrounding nonurban areas are investigated. The results show that the urbanization signatures in strong precipitation are significantly different from those in weak precipitation over the urban areas. The PRD experiences more strong precipitation but less weak precipitation compared to surrounding nonurban regions. In addition, the strong precipitation over the PRD displays a pronounced seasonal variation. The seasonality of weak precipitation, however, is much weaker over the PRD compared to the surrounding nonurban regions. Moreover, a strengthening in the precipitation intensity, a reduction in the rainfall frequency and an increase in the convective precipitation as well as the afternoon precipitation are found over the urban areas, which are probably associated with the abundance in strong precipitation and the deficit in weak precipitation over the PRD.

Field of study: Environmental science
Effect of Centerbody Scattering on Advanced Open-Rotor Noise

Formulas for calculating the effect of centerbody scattering on the sound radiated from an advanced open rotor are presented. The effects of blade sweep and distributed blade loading are considered.Mach number effects are also implicitly included in the model. The work extends a previously published method and applies it to a practical situation in which scattering by the centerbody has a significant effect on the radiated sound field.

Field of study: Physics
U.S.-Soviet Relations and Nuclear-Risk Reduction

Since the decline of detente in the 1970s, there has been an increase in public concern about the U.S.-Soviet relations and the risk of nuclear war. This is not the first time that public concern has been aroused, nor is it likely to be the last time. Managing relations with the USSR has never been easy for the United States. One reason is the Soviet Union itself. The marriage of the old Russian empire and a universalistic ideology has produced a state that sometimes looks like a traditional great power and sometimes like an expansionist revolutionary power. A repressive and secretive political system frustrates efforts to fathom Soviet intentions. It is small wonder then that Americans often have divided views about the nature of their principal opponent. Even lifelong experts do not agree about the nature of the Soviet state and its goals. Although-the Soviet Union will remain an enigma, its nuclear capability remains an inescapable fact, and there is broad public concern over whether we can manage the relationship in a manner that reduces the risk of nuclear war.

Field of study: Political science
Study of Abrasive Wear Resistant of WC Particle Reinforced Chromium White Cast Irons Matrix Composite

Wear-resistant performance of WC particle reinforced chromium white cast iron matrix composite was studied under the condition of two body wear by pin-on-disk test, and the wear-resistant performance is compared with white cast iron. The results show that with the Cr content increasing the wear-resistant performance increase, while as-cast distressing treatment. When Cr content ranges from 2% to 26%, relative wear-resistant performance ranges from 1 to 1.48, however, the relative wear-resistant performance increase over 10; with the Cr content increasing the wear-resistant performance increase slightly, while as-harden distressing treatment. When Cr content ranges from 2% to 26%, relative wear-resistant performance ranges from 1 to 1.32, while the relative wear-resistant performance up to 30.So in order to improve wear-resistant performance, using the method of prepare WC particle reinforced chromium white cast iron matrix composite is very effect.

Field of study: Materials science
Factors Influencing a Persons Reaction to Informed Consent

The present study examined how social and physical demand characteristics influenced the willingness of 128 volunteer undergraduates to participate in a drug experiment. Subjects read an informed consent form about an experiment and then received different amounts of supplemental information about the study presented orally by a physician-confederate in a medical school setting. After making an initial decision about participation in the study, participants were tested for their comprehension about the experiment. All subjects who indicated an interest in the project were asked to attend a second meeting in the Psychology Department when they were asked if they wished to change their original decisions. Because high trust was placed in the physician-confederate, there were no differences, no effect for the differing oral presentations was found. However, a significant number of subjects changed their decisions to participate at the second session. The relationship of these and other findings to clinical research and practice were discussed.

Field of study: Psychology
On testing exponentiality against IFRA alternatives

In a recent paper, Ahmad [ (2001) 121] proposes a family of tests for new better than used, new better than used in expectation and harmonic new better than used in expectation. His family of tests is based on some moment inequalities of these classes. In this paper we present a family of tests to test exponentiality against increasing failure rate average (IFRA) alternatives. Our proposed family is based on a moment inequality of the IFRA class. The results of a Pitman asymptotic relatives efficiency comparison indicate the superiority of our tests.

Field of study: Mathematics
Sensible Matchmaking: Qualitative Research Design and the Program Evaluation Standards

In this article, a welcome move by educational evaluators away from positivistic models of research is discussed. This move reflects prior epistemological shifts in the social and physical sciences. Most important to qualitative researchers is the Standards' new focus on the human aspects of evaluation, validity, and meaning and a broadened definition of what constitutes legitimate data collection and data analysis techniques. The author acknowledges how evaluators have incorporated subjectivities into research design and qualified their absolute criterion of objective evaluation while spelling out clear guidelines for documentation of all stakeholder perspectives. This analysis is from the perspective of the author's experiences with both traditional and qualitative evaluation research projects.

Field of study: Education
Advanced High-Power Generator for Airborne Applications

This report summarizes the work accomplished through Phase II of a four-phase program to design and build the stator and housing for a 5-Mw generator and test the complete 5-Mw generator. The PM rotor for this stator and housing is being built under a separate AF companion contract. This work is part of an Air Force exploratory program for high-power airborne electrical power supply technology. Phases I and II encompassed a 10-month period from April 1981 to January 1982. In Phase I, a lightweight, high-power density stator/housing was designed and optimized with computer model BIGMAG for integration with a permanent magnet rotor into a 5-Mw alternator with a specific weight of 0.1 lb/ kw or less. Components with potential for significant weight reduction were identified for testing in Phase II. Among these critical components are a novel liquid-cooling scheme for the stator and an elastomer bore seal. Fabrication drawings were prepared for all individual parts of the stator and housing along with a detailed fabrication plan. A plan for testing the complete 5-Mw generator under full-load conditions at the AF Compressor Research Facility also was prepared. Fabrication and testing will be done in Phases III and IV, respectively.

Field of study: Mathematics
Self-absorption effect in nanosecond laser induced plasma emission spectrum

In order to reduce the self-absorption effect of spectral lines in the laser induced plasma emission, which could improve the detection level of laser spectral analysis technology for high-content elements in materials, a plane mirror device was used to constraint plasma in the experiment. The change of the spectral lines with or without the plane mirror device was compared. Without the plane mirror device, the half-maximum line widths of spectral line of the sample element Al, Mg and Mn were 0.16 nm, 0.24 nm and 0.058 nm, respectively. But they were 0.11 nm, 0.13 nm and 0.047 nm with four plane mirrors device constraining plasma. It shows that the self-absorption effect of spectral lines decrease significantly by the use of plane mirror device to restrain plasma on the space, while the spectral line becomes sharper and the intensity is improved significantly. By observing the plasma photos and measuring of plasma temperature and electron density, the reason to reducing the self-absorption effect in laser spectrum is discussed.

Field of study: Physics
Redox Photochromism Involving Near Infrared Absorption Maximum

trans-4,4′-Vinylenebis (1-benzylpyridinium) dichlorides and 1,1′-ethylene-2,2′-bipyridinium dibromides in a poly(N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone) matrix film exhibited reversible absorption maxima in the near IR(ca. 800 nm) upon UV irradiation. The thermal stability of the absorption maximum thus developed was influenced by the surroundings as well as the kind of compound.

Field of study: Chemistry
Newly discovered angiogenesis inhibitors and their mechanisms of action

In the past decade, the success of angiogenesis inhibitors in clinical contexts has established the antiangiogenic strategy as an important part of cancer therapy. During that time period, we have discovered and reported 17 compounds that exert potent inhibition on angiogenesis. These compounds exhibit tremendous diversity in their sources, structures, targets and mechanisms. These studies have generated new models for further modification and optimization of inhibitory compounds, new information for mechanistic studies and a new drug candidate for clinical development. In particular, through studies on the antiangiogenic mechanism of pseudolaric acid B, we discovered a novel mechanism by which the stability of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α is regulated by the transcription factor c-Jun. We also completed a preclinical study of AL3810, a compound with the potential to circumvent tumor drug resistance to a certain extent. All of these findings will be briefly reviewed in this article.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Feature Extraction Approach for Mass Spectrometry Imaging Data Using Non-negative Matrix Factorization

Mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) provides molecules composition information and corresponding spatial information on complex biological surfaces in a single experiment without label. It is a hotspot for getting significant amount of attention in the mass spectrometric community currently. However, the MSI data are large and complexity, which makes the reduction and feature extraction difficult. Some multivariate statistical analysis methods, for example, the famous principal component analysis (PCA), were developed to address this issue. But the results with negative value are hard to be interpreted as features about molecules. In this study, a feature extraction approach for MSI data by applying non-negative matrix factorization was developed. It could extract single molecules composition feature and corresponding distribution (basic images) feature, and further integrated the basic images to create a profile showing the whole sample by RGB (red, green and blue) color overlaid model clearly. The MSI data of a mouse brain section was used to test the efficiency of this approach. The white matter regions, the grey matter regions and the background regions were clearly observed and the corresponding molecules mass spectrums were extracted, which indicated that the approach was easier than PCA approach in results interpreting. Moreover, the MSI data of a human cancerous and adjacent normal bladder tissue sections on the same sample target were analyzed by the approach, and the cancerous regions and the normal regions were clearly differentiated. The software developed in this paper could be downloaded from the website http://www.msimaging.net .

Field of study: Chemistry
Depression and Mortality in End-Stage Renal Disease

End-stage renal disease is growing in prevalence and incidence. With technical advancements, patients are living longer on hemodialysis. Depression is the most prevalent comorbid psychiatric condition, estimated at about 25% of end-stage renal disease samples. The identification and assessment of depression are confounded by the overlap between depression symptomatology and uremia. Several recent studies have employed time-varying models and identified a significant association between depression and mortality. Due to the high prevalence of depression and the potential impact on survival, well-constructed investigations are warranted.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Management priorities from tourists’ perspectives and beach quality assessment as tools to support sustainable coastal tourism

Recently coastal tourism has increased dashingly; however, it has negatively affected environmental, social and cultural sustainability. Algarve is the most visited tourist attraction in Portugal with a large number of beautiful beaches. Due to negative tourism impacts and climate change, coastal tourism management tools need to be assessed and implemented. Most beach areas have the dual mandate of conserving natural resources and providing opportunities for recreation and tourism. This paper aims to develop a methodology for sustainable beach management. An urban, rural, resort and remote beach type were chosen as case studies. The proposed methodology for assessing beach quality and effective beach management consisted of three parts: initially, SWOT analysis was performed, where overcrowding, coastal urbanization, ecosystem degradation and coastal erosion due to sea level rising emerged as main future threats. Beach quality evaluation was assessed using the Bath Area Registration and Evaluation (BARE) method. Face-to-face interviews were conducted to get the beach visitor's opinions. An Importance–performance (I–P) analysis has been applied to identify the service quality gap and the most appropriate actions to improve beach management. For most of the beach attributes, satisfaction exceeded importance, and hence no management attention was needed. Exceptions were the condition of litter facilities, public toilets, showers and associated footpaths, the use of renewable energy, and the presence of litter in sand and vegetation health. For these, satisfaction was lower than importance, suggesting management attention is needed. The combined methodology allowed to identify beach management priorities resulting in enhanced visitors' experiences and protecting the natural environment.

Field of study: Environmental science
Strategy for Dynamic Data and Load Balancing in Heterogeneous Database Cluster

In order to solve the problem of data and load balancing in heterogeneous database cluster,an improved range data distribution method based on computing weights is proposed,which can effectively utilize different computing resources of heterogeneous nodes and keep the workloads of the system balanced for longer time.And the online migrating algorithm is further presented when data skew happens because of workloads accessing.The experimental results show that the improved range partition method has higher throughput and better scalability than both the traditional even range and prime based hash algorithms in the heterogeneous computing environments.

Field of study: Computer science