nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Delivering generics without regulatory incentives? Empirical evidence from French general practitioners about willingness to prescribe international non-proprietary names.

France presents a unique situation in which the take-off of a generic drug market depends, out of regulatory incentives, on whether physicians choose a prescription method (international non-proprietary names, INN) that can lead to the delivery of these drugs and on whether patients accept them. This paper is aimed at pointing out factors explaining general practitioners' (GPs') willingness to prescribe in INN through data collected from a South-Eastern France representative sample of 600 GPs in March 2002. The main results shed light on the key-role played by GPs' information about drugs and the source which they take it from, by GPs' volume of services and caseloads, and slightly by socio-economic characteristics of patients.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Synthesis of Fault Attacks on Cryptographic Implementations

Fault attacks are attacks in which an adversary with physical access to a cryptographic device, say a smartcard, tampers with the execution of an algorithm to retrieve secret material. Since the seminal Bellcore attack on modular exponentiation, there has been extensive work to discover new fault attacks against cryptographic schemes and develop countermeasures against such attacks. Originally focused on high-level algorithmic descriptions, these efforts increasingly focus on concrete implementations. While lowering the abstraction level leads to new fault attacks, it also makes their discovery significantly more challenging. In order to face this trend, it is therefore desirable to develop principled, tool-supported approaches that allow a systematic analysis of the security of cryptographic implementations against fault attacks. We propose, implement, and evaluate a new approach for finding fault attacks against cryptographic implementations. Our approach is based on identifying implementation-independent mathematical properties, or fault conditions. We choose fault conditions so that it is possible to recover secret data purely by computing on sufficiently many data points that satisfy them. Fault conditions capture the essence of a large number of attacks from the literature, including lattice-based attacks on RSA. Moreover, they provide a basis for discovering automatically new attacks: using fault conditions, we specify the problem of finding faulted implementations as a program synthesis problem. Using a specialized form of program synthesis, we discover multiple faulted attacks on RSA and ECDSA. Several of the attacks found by our tool are new, and of independent interest.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Effects of pregrinding and extrusion on quality of corn tortilla flour Efectos de la premolienda y la extrusión sobre la calidad de harina de maíz para tortillas

The effects of stone and pin milling (with and without subsequent extrusion) on quality parameters of tortilla flour were studied and quantified with the aid of a laboratory extruder. The viscoamylograms of selected flour samples were also determined. Results revealed that tortilla flour of good quality could be obtained by stone milling (with or without subsequent extrusion) but not pin milling, even with subsequent extrusion. Although the stone milled samples reflected adequate flour quality parameters, their viscoamylograms were different in many respects from that of a commercial tortilla flour sample which resembled the viscoamylogram of raw flour.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) After renal transplant in non-urologic anuric patients

To report on about LUTS after renal transplant (RTx) in pre-RTx anuric patients without associated urological malformations.  Transplanted patients were considered for study if they had been anuric before transplant for at least 6 months, had no urological cause for their renal failure, were neurologically normal, had at least 12 months of follow-up after transplant, and were older than 5 years at follow-up. LUTS were evaluated using a questionnaire adapted from previous scoring systems in order to assess storage and voiding symptoms, bowel habit, and possible effect of symptoms on the patient's quality of life.  Fourteen patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Median age at RTx was 11 (5-21) years, median duration of anuria before RTx 24 (7-46) months, and median post-RTx follow-up 2.7 (1.9-10.2) years. Thirteen cases presented a normal daytime voiding rate (5 to 7 times a day). One case presented episodes of daytime wetting and 4 suffered of urgency. None of the patients complained of a weak stream or about the need for straining during micturition. Ten cases (71%) presented nicturia and 1 occasional episodes of enuresis, nicturia was unrelated to length of follow-up. Twelve cases had a normal bowel habit. Only 1 patient reported that the symptoms affected her quality of life.  Pre-RTx anuric patients without associated urological malformation can present long-term storage symptoms. Nicturia was present in 71% of our cases irrespective of the length of follow-up.

Field of study: Medicine
Warmer climate projections in EC-Earth3-Veg: the role of changes in the greenhouse gas concentrations from CMIP5 to CMIP6

Climate projections for the 21st century for CMIP6 are warmer than those for CMIP5 despite nominally identical instantaneous radiative forcing. Many climate modeling groups attribute the stronger warming in the CMIP6 projections to the higher climate sensitivity of the new generation of climate models, but here we demonstrate that also changes in the forcing datasets can play an important role, in particular the prescribed concentrations of greenhouse gases (GHG) that are used to force the models. In the EC-Earth3-Veg model the effective radiative forcing (ERF) is reduced by 1.4 W m-2 when the GHG concentrations from SSP5-8.5 (used in CMIP6) are replaced by the GHG concentrations from RCP8.5 (used in CMIP5), and similar yet smaller reductions are seen for the SSP2-4.5/RCP4.5 and SSP1-2.6/RCP2.6 scenario pairs. From the reduced ERF we can estimate the temperature at the end of the century in a full climate simulation with the CMIP6 version of the EC-Earth model but using CMIP5 GHG concentrations instead. For the new SSP5-8.5 and SSP2-4.5 scenarios we find that 50% or more of the temperature increase from CMIP5 to CMIP6 at the end of the century is due to changes in the prescribed GHG concentrations. The implication is that CMIP5 and CMIP6 projections for the 21st century are difficult to compare with each other not only as models differ but also as the forcing conditions are not equal. Therefore, the communication of CMIP6 results to the impact, mitigation and adaptation communities has to be carefully formulated, taking into account the role of the updated GHG concentrations when interpreting the warmer climate projections for the 21st century.

Field of study: Environmental science
Changes of circulating Tfr and Tfh cells in children with myasthenia gravis

To investigate the changes of follicular regulatory T cells (Tfr cells) and follicular T helper cells (Tfh cells) in peripheral blood of children with myasthenia gravis (MG). 
 
 
 
We recruited 28 MG patients and 20 healthy subjects in this study. The percentages of Tfh and Tfr cells in peripheral blood samples were measured by flow cytometry. Real-time PCR was performed to detect the expression of transcription factors and regulatory factors of Bcl-6, c-MAF, Blimp-1 and PD-1 at mRNA level. ELISA was used to detect the levels of IL-2, IL-6, IL-10 and IL-21 in plasma samples and the titers of Ach-Rab and PsMab. 
 
 
 
Compared with the healthy subjects, the MG patients showed higher percentages of Tfh cells and lower percentages of Tfr cells before receiving treatment. The expression of Bcl-6 and c-MAF on CD4+ T lymphocytes cells at transcriptional level were significantly enhanced, while the expression of Blimp-1 on CD4+ T cells and the expression of PD-1 on Treg cells at transcriptional level were inhibited in the MG patients in comparison with those in healthy subjects. Moreover, decreased levels of IL-2 and increased levels of IL-21 were found in plasma samples collected from the MG patients. 
 
 
 
The decreased percentages of Tfr cells and increased percentages of Tfh cells in patients with MG resulted in abnormal ratios of Tfr/Tfh cells, which might be involved in the immunological pathogenesis of MG. Several changes in the patients with MG might be responsible for the imbalanced ratio of Tfr/Tfh cells, which included changes of IL-2 and IL-21 in microenvironment, enhanced expression of Bcl-6 and c-MAF at mRNA level and inhibited expression of Blimp-1 at mRNA level on CD4+ T cells as well as over-expression of PD-1 at mRNA level on Treg cells. 
 
 
 
Myasthenia gravis; Tfr cells; Tfh cells

Field of study: Biology
[Effects of 8 antitumor drugs against the growth of human lung adenocarcinoma (LAX-83) transplanted under the kidney capsule of nude mice].

Nude mice, inoculated with LAX 83 in bilateral subrenal capsules, were used in experimental therapy with 8 antitumor drugs. Treatment was initiated 2 d after tumor inoculation. All the drugs were ip to the nude mice daily for 7 d. At the daily doses VCR 0.4, MMC 2, CCNU 16, cis-DDP 2, AdM 2.5, 5-Fu 30, CTX 40 and MTX 2-6 mg/kg, the inhibition of the tumor growth were 100, 95.8, 91.3, 79.2, 65.2, 60.7, 62.3 and 0%, respectively. The results indicated that the effects of the drugs on nude mice inoculated with LAX-83 in subrenal capsule not only exhibited a good correlation to those in sc, but also shortened the period of experiment from 22 to 11 d. Furthermore, when LAX-83 was inoculated into the subrenal capsule of Swiss +/+ mice, the tumor tissues degenerated and disintegrated 2 d after the inoculation and replaced by inflammatory granuloma tissues 6 d later.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Difficulty, Consequence, and Effort in Academic Task Performance

This study extends previous research on the expectancy construct of the expectancy-value theory of motivation developed by Pintrich. In addition to value and expectancy for success, it is proposed that people take into account how much effort is required to complete a task. A 2 × 2 × 2 analysis of variance design was used to investigate the relationship of Difficulty, Consequence, and Required Effort on the willingness of participants to complete a task. The dependent variable was the score obtained from completing statistical problems that varied in difficulty and effort required to complete. 128 students at a public university were participants. Analysis showed significant main effects and an interaction for difficulty and required effort, but no main effect for consequence. Results are discussed in terms of creating optimal motivation for classroom tasks and for both classroom and standardized examinations. Implications for students in subject pools are also discussed.

Field of study: Psychology
On the Mas-Colell-Richard Equilibrium Theorem

A. Mas-Colell and S. F. Richard (, 1–11) published a remarkable infinite dimensional equilibrium existence theorem for exchange economies that encompasses all the currently available important equilibrium results as corollaries. To prove this theorem, the authors utilized in an ingenious way the lattice structure of Riesz spaces. However, in two critical steps during the proof of the theorem, there is an “obvious” claim used by the authors which may fail to be true. In this note, we present an example where this “obvious” conclusion is false. We also indicate how one can correct the proof of this truly outstanding equilibrium existence theorem.Journal of Economic LiteratureClassification Numbers: D51, D60.

Field of study: Economics
The love-hate relationship between the shell model and cluster models

We adopt a personal approach here reviewing several calculations over the years in which we have experienced confrontations between cluster models and the shell model. In previous cluster conferences, we have noted that cluster models go hand in hand with Skyrme-Hartree-Fock calculations in describing states which cannot easily, if at all, be handled by the shell model. These are the highly deformed (many particle-many hole) intruder states, linear chain states, etc. In the present work, we will consider several topics: the quadrupole moment of 6Li; the nonexistence of low-lying intruders in 8Be; and then jumping to the f7/2 shell, we discuss the two-faceted nature of the nuclei, which sometimes display shell-model properties and other times cluster properties.

Field of study: Physics
Family Politics: Campaigning for Child Benefits in the 1980s.

Child benefit was seen by some to encourage the sort of welfare dependency that the moralistic individualism of Thatcherism opposed. Yet, surprisingly, the benefit survived the Thatcher years. Its survival reveals the conundrum the Conservative party have had regarding benefits for the family and family policy more broadly. Neo-liberals were supportive of the family as a vehicle for reinforcing Conservative values. Yet, the late 1970s and 1980s were periods of social change where the traditional family of the Conservative imagination was breaking down and consequently 'family policy' became a key political theme. By emphasizing the utility of child benefit as being fair to families, rather than its role in poverty alleviation, the Child Poverty Action Group (CPAG) was able to draw on this increased concern. As a result, their campaigns to save child benefit profited from increased support from across Conservatism. In tracing the development of CPAG's campaign, this article will demonstrate the cautiousness of Conservatives, even in the neo-liberal era, to changing some aspects of social policy. It will also highlight the challenge changing family patterns posed to the male breadwinner model that had long been embedded within the welfare policy prescriptions of both main parties.

Field of study: History
The missing and building of teaching interaction in college physical education teaching

The teaching interaction between physical education teachers and students is a basic way of communication in college physical education teaching and learning. For reasons such as the teaching conceptions and skills of college physical education teachers, the learning methods of college students, as well as college physical education teaching contents and organizational systems, college physical education teaching interaction shows such signs as becoming unilateral, form simplified, as well as carrier and mechanism unsurpassable. Therefore, in order to build conscious teaching interaction in college physical education teaching, the authors put forward the following opinions: the value orientation of college physical education teaching should be shifted to "people development"; in terms of system construction, attention should be paid to flexible management, and the establishment of humanized system environments; teachers and students should jointly establish an environment for ideologically free interaction.

Field of study: Education
Sums of independent random variables-without moment conditions

Analogues of classical limit laws for sums of independent random variables (central limit theorem, laws of large numbers and law of the iterated logarithm) are discussed. We stress results which go through without moment or smoothness assumptions on the underlying distributions. These include (i) estimates for the spread of the distribution of Sn E2nXi in terms of concentration functions (Levy-Rogozin inequality), (ii) comparison of the distribution of Sn on different intervals (ratio limit theorems and Spitzer's theorem for the existence of the potential kernel for recurrent random walk), (iii) study of the set of accumulation points of Snlr(n) for suitable y(n) T oo. Only the following parallel to the law of the iterated logarithm is new: If X1, X2, * * * are independent random variables all with distribution F, Sn = jnX1, mn med (Sn), then there exists a sequence {y(n)} such that y(n) -0oo and -oo < lim inf (Sn mn)/T(n) < lim sup (Sn mn)/(n) < oo w.p. 1, if and only if F belongs to the domain of partial attraction of the normal law.

Field of study: Mathematics
Seamless Handoff Solution For Nested Mobile Networks

Ensuring seamless mobility for users is becoming one of the main objectives of ongoing research activities in the field of data telecommunications. More over, if some proposals are efficient in reducing handoff latency for single mobile hosts, adequate solutions are still required for moving networks. The NEtwork MObility protocol (NEMO), designed to provide network mobility, is not efficient to offer low latency handoff in the case of nested mobile networks because it uses fairly sub-optimal routing. In this paper, an optimized solution to reduce handoff latency for Nested Mobile Networks is proposed. This solution minimizes the registration delay component of the overall handoff latency. The paper describes the new architecture and mechanisms and provides simulation results indicating performance compared to the basic NEMO solution.

Field of study: Computer science
The Sacrificial Body and the Day of Doom: Alchemy and Apocalyptic Discourse in the Protestant Reformation (review)

context by Paul of Taranto (Geber of the Summa Perfectionis). This posited a corpuscular concept of matter in which components of a compound retain their identity as demonstrated experimentally by their recovery through chymical procedures resulting in “reductions to the pristine state” (24, ). The process of recovering original constituents through chymical analysis was an important strand in Paracelsus and Renaissance alchemy, and was also vigorously attacked from the stance traditional Aristotelian theory by figures such as Erastus. This stimulated efforts by figures such as Andreas Libavius and Daniel Sennert to draw on the corpuscular Aristotelianism of Geberian alchemy to support an understanding of chymical analysis and synthesis. Although he does not fully abandon substantial forms, Sennert most fully develops a corpuscular theory of matter based on chymical experiments to undermine the Aristotelian theory of mixtures as ruling out the persistence of atoms or other particulate structures. His recovery of silver from solution in aqua fortis showed the persistence of unchanged silver and supported its microparticulate structure. This process is nicely illustrated in the plates showing the stages of Newman’s replication of this experiment. Robert Boyle was aware of Sennert’s work and reductions to the pristine state inspired by Sennert were Boyle’s “most important experimental evidence for the persistence of micro level corpuscles and for the mechanical character of the accidental qualities induced upon and removed from those corpuscles” (217) by which Boyle replaced substantial forms with the mechanical origin of qualities. Newman’s recovery of this heritage that was not acknowledged by Boyle and has been given little consideration by historians is a tour-de-force that nonetheless also precisely delineates the revolutionary contribution Boyle does make as well as the integral role of experimental chymistry in the Scientific Revolution. Newman has also launched something of a methodological manifesto. Contra the claims of newer historiographical approaches to yield new insights, Newman argues that they have merely repackaged the established grand narrative. He strongly asserts, and recommends by example, the value of the close reading of original primary texts, the need to attend to the philosophy part of natural philosophy, and the existence of important continuities between medieval and early modern natural philosophy.

Field of study: History
Study of temporal changes of Forbush decrease amplitude spectra for different types of heliospheric disturbances

Experimentally obtained temporal changes of the index of the Forbush decreases amplitude spectrum, caused by heliospheric disturbances of different types at different phases of 23rd and 24th solar cycles and recorded by the URAGAN muon hodoscope, are studied. Coupling functions of the primary and the secondary cosmic ray fluxes for five zenith-angular intervals are used to obtain the energy spectrum of Forbush decrease amplitudes in a flux of muons. Analysis of the energy characteristics is based on the dependence of the amplitude of the decrease in the intensity of cosmic ray muons on the mean log energy of the primary particles that contribute to changes in the count rate of the URAGAN muon hodoscope during Forbush decreases.

Field of study: Physics
A preliminary world list of threatened conifer taxa

Conifers (the fast-growing ‘softwoods’ of the world) occur as the dominant plants of most temperate rainforest communities. Almost all are tall forest trees, whose high commercial value creates conservation vulnerability for many local species in our increasingly resource-hungry world. Counting species, of an estimated 600 world total 362 would fall into this category and consequently appear on this list. This paper provides a preliminary analytical world census list of 416 conifer taxa (species, subspecies and varieties) considered to be of conservation concern.

Field of study: Environmental science
Linux Driver for LVDS Output of V2 Video Chip

Based on loongson 2F processor,the authors developed ETX motherboard.Using V2 video chip,this board integrates VGA and LVDS paired video outputs,which support VGA and LVDS video ports displaying at the same time,with resolution ratio reaching 1600×1200.The original source code of Linux video driver already implements VGA port display function,while doesnt support LVDS port display function very well.To realize LVDS display function of V2 video chip,the authors need to modify the video driver source code in Linux kernel.This paper enters into details of the optimization process for LVDS port display.

Field of study: Computer science
Masking Effect on Tests for Outliers in Exponential Models

The masking effect in cases of tests for outlier(s) is defined and quantified by the loss in power due to the presence of more than the anticipated number of discordant observations in the sample. This effect is illustrated in cases of some commonly used outlier tests for exponential samples—namely, Dixon-type tests and the Cochran test. A comparison between the performances of the modified Dixon-type test and the Cochran test is made. Tables for powers of these tests are presented for different sample sizes and different values of discordancy parameter. An illustrative example is presented to support the conclusion that Cochran and modified Dixon-type tests do not suffer from the masking effect in the presence of two outliers.

Field of study: Mathematics
No. 41174. International Bank for Recoustruction and Development and Iran (Islamic Republic of)

Loan Agreement (Bam Earthquake Emergency Reconstruction Project) between the Islamic Republic of Iran and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (with schedules and General Conditions Applicable to Loan and Guarantee Agreements for Single Currency Loans dated 30 May 1995, as amended through 1 May 2004). Washington, 16 November 2004

Field of study: Political science
Sound Propagation Through a Variable Area Duct: Experiment and Theory

A comparison of experiment and theory has been made for the propagation of sound through a variable area axisymmetric duct with zero mean flow. Measurement of the acoustic pressure field on both sides of the constricted test section was resolved on a modal basis for various spinning mode sources. Transmitted and reflected modal amplitudes and phase angles were compared with finite element computations. Good agreement between experiment and computation was obtained over a wide range of frequencies and modal transmission variations. The study suggests that modal transmission through a variable area duct is governed by the throat modal cut-off ratio.

Field of study: Physics