nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The Girls are Better at Language Learning: A Comparative Approach

The sex plays a very important role in language learning when compared to opposite sex. Some factors such as; cognitive, social and educational are essential for better learning foreign language. Each factor functions differently in boys and girls. But the girls have the combination of all factors when compared to boys.This study investigates the motivational factors for English language learning of Albanian private school students (girls). The qualitative and quantitative methods were was employed together. A questionnaire was distributed among class 10 and 11 students to obtain data. The study was carried out in second semester of academic year in two separate schools requesting anonymity. The results reveal that private school students (girls) have more instrumental and intrinsic motivation for English language learning, by dint of its usefulness in career planning and also students` utilitarian approach for learning English language. The limitation is that less students participated in the questionnaire. If there were more than 300 participants, it would increase the reliability of the study. For further study, more participants should be considered. This research revealed that private school students’(girls) motivation towards English language learning is better than boys, because Girls have a combination of social, cognitive and educational factors that affect better foreign language learning. DOI: 10.5901/jesr.2014.v4n2p17

Field of study: Education, Sociology
[Construction of a full-length cDNA clone of a live attenuated vaccine strain against Japanese encephalitis virus and preliminary study of expressing exogenous gene].

This study aimed to construct full-length cDNA clones of the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV). SA14-14-2 strain and discuss the feasibility of constructing chimeric viruses for exogenous gene expression based on the JEV genetic skeleton. Long-fragment RT-PCR techniques were applied to amplify JEV cD-NAs, and two amplified fragments with corresponding restriction endonuclease sites at both ends were cloned into the pACYC184 vector sequentially. Using standard molecular techniques, the enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) gene was inserted into the 3' non-coding region of JEV as a reporter gene. After in vitro transcription and transfection procedures, wild-type JEV and chimeric JEV that expressed the EGFP as the reporter gene were successfully rescued. The recovered viruses were characterized by RT-PCR, plaque assays, and direct fluorescence microscopy. After six serial passage generations, the stability of the recovered viruses were studied in terms of virus growth characteristics and structural gene expression. The results showed that cDNA clones of rJEV and rJEV-EGFP were successfully constructed and rescued in BHK-21 cells after in vitro transcription and transfection. Each generation of the recovered viruses was stable and the chimeric virus rJEV-EGFP could stably express EGFP. The findings of this study indicate that both rJEV and rJEV-EGFP could be constructed and rescued in BHK-21 cells, and the JEV SA14-14-2 strain could be obtained as a viral vector to express foreign genes.

Field of study: Biology
The Impacts of Domestication and Breeding on Nitrogen Fixation Symbiosis in Legumes

Legumes are the second most important family of crop plants. One defining feature of legumes is their unique ability to establish a nitrogen-fixing root nodule symbiosis with soil bacteria known as rhizobia. Since domestication from their wild relatives, crop legumes have been under intensive breeding to improve yield and other agronomic traits but with little attention paid to the belowground symbiosis traits. Theoretical models predict that domestication and breeding processes, coupled with high−input agricultural practices, might have reduced the capacity of crop legumes to achieve their full potential of nitrogen fixation symbiosis. Testing this prediction requires characterizing symbiosis traits in wild and breeding populations under both natural and cultivated environments using genetic, genomic, and ecological approaches. However, very few experimental studies have been dedicated to this area of research. Here, we review how legumes regulate their interactions with soil rhizobia and how domestication, breeding and agricultural practices might have affected nodulation capacity, nitrogen fixation efficiency, and the composition and function of rhizobial community. We also provide a perspective on how to improve legume-rhizobial symbiosis in sustainable agricultural systems.

Field of study: Biology
Innovative education’s probing research for higher teachers university of physical education specialized subject in the 21st century

Based on the structure of person with ability, the theory of the innovative education and the speciality of function in higher teachers university's physical education department in the 21st century, adopted some of the research techniques, such as questionnaire investigation, expatiated the content of innovative education in higher teachers university's physical education specialized subject, analyzed the mostly complication of affecting the innovative education in higher teachers university's physical education specialty, from unsoldering the students' innovative vigor, up still to changing the courses, the exam system and the way of giving lessons, discussed the cultivate approach of innovative person, explored how to cultivate the students' innovative ability, put up the theoretic research profound.

Field of study: Education
Neonatal handling alters brain organization but does not influence recovery from perinatal cortical injury.

Handling rat pups by removing them from the nest during the preweaning period has been shown to influence brain and behavioral development. The authors hypothesized that handling rats with perinatal (Day 4) medial frontal cortex removals might attenuate behavioral deficits and reverse dendritic atrophy associated with such an injury. On the day after surgery, pups were removed from the nest for 15 min, 3 times per day until weaning. Animals were tested as adults in the Morris water task and on skilled reaching. Handled animals showed no improvement in behavioral performance. The handling procedure led to a decrease in dendritic length in parietal cortex, but spine density was unchanged. No therapeutic advantage was observed following the preweaning handling of brain-injured rats.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
RNAi-mediated silencing of leptin gene expression increases cell death in C6 glioblastoma cells.

We previously demonstrated that the brain, pituitary, and C6 glioblastoma cells express leptin. To determine the physiological role of brain-derived leptin, we sought to selectively silence its expression using RNA interference (RNAi) in vitro. One of four potential targets, siRNA L7, reduced leptin mRNA by 50% (P < 0.05) and protein by 55% (P < 0.0001) in C6 cells. RNAi also induced a twofold increase in cell death as seen by ethidium homodimer-1 (P < 0.015) and TUNEL (P < 0.005) staining. These data suggest that endogenous leptin may be a critical factor promoting cell survival in the brain.

Field of study: Biology
Women of Color in Academe

I recall a personal example of how multiple social identities may shape one’s opportunities in higher education. As a woman of color from a “no collar” class (I come from a farm labor background), when first exploring graduate school options I was discouraged from applying to a master’s level program in business by an admissions officer. The admissions officer stated that I would not fit. I was a woman, a minority, a single parent, I had a background in the public sector, and I had some but not enough math background. This would make it nearly impossible for me to succeed as others in the program fit another and opposite profile. Although all of this may be true, it did not occur to the admissions officer that this might not be an appropriate state of affairs for student enrollment in the program. It was merely accepted as the way things are and should remain. I remember being struck by the many ways I could be defined as not “fitting” and, therefore, not encouraged and, more than likely, not admitted. I was so easily “defined out” rather than “defined in.” I am now a faculty member at a major research university. My current work focuses on the experiences of faculty of color in higher education. While pursuing this work, I have had many opportunities to interview, converse with, and read about the lives of other faculty women of color. Many continue to speak, although in different ways, about the experiWomen of Color in Academe

Field of study: Education
重组结核抗原痘苗病毒免疫次数和免疫途径对免疫原性的影响

卡介苗(BCG)是目前用于预防结核病的惟一疫苗,但其对成年人结核病的预防效果不理想.本研究前期工作已构建了5种不同类型的表达结核杆菌特异抗原的重组痘苗病毒,其免疫小鼠2次后均可激发针对结核杆菌抗原的特异性细胞免疫.然而,重组安卡拉痘苗病毒(MVA)是一活的病毒载体[1],此重组病毒是否能多次免疫动物以及多次免疫动物后能否产生更有效的免疫反应尚不清楚。

Field of study: Biology
Poverty Alleviation Among Nigerian Youths via Entrepreneurial Education: Issues and Challenges

This paper discussed the relevance of entrepreneurship education in alleviating poverty among Nigerian youths. The paper equally discussed the issues and challenges inherent in the implementation of entrepreneurship education in Nigeria Universities. Objectives of entrepreneurship education were highlighted. Theoretical and empirical literature relevant to the study was reviewed. Finally, the study recommended among others that all the three tiers of government, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and all other stakeholders in education industry should ensure that entrepreneurship education is properly funded for effective implementation.  poverty, alleviation, youths, stake holders,  entrepreneurial education, self-reliance, issues, challenges.

Field of study: Education
Influences of social strata on students’ recommended opportunities to higher education

By the theory of strata reproduction and the research method of rate of generation appearance, this article makes an empirical study on different recommended opportunities to key universities and hot specialities among students from different social strata. The result shows that students from such two superior social strata as cadre and intellectual gain much more recommended opportunities to key universities and hot specialities than those from farmer and worker families. Moreover, students from cadre family obviously obtain more such kind of opportunities than those from intellectual family, which means that the mechanism of cultural reproduction and the ownership of privileges decide the fate of the system of students’ recommendation together, and the countermeasure is to strict procedures of recommendation and raise standards of recommendation.

Field of study: Education
Understanding DNA results within the case context: importance of the alternative proposition

There is a growing awareness of the dangers of reporting DNA profiling results in criminal investigations without consideration of the implications of the finding within the case context. A recent article in the New York Times (July 24 2013) described a robbery that resulted in the death of Raveesh Kumra. Foreign DNA on the victim's fingernails corresponded with the profile of a local man, Lukis Anderson who was charged with murder. Following 5 months in prison, it was found that Mr. Anderson could not have committed the crime as he was in hospital at the time of the robbery. This and other cases demonstrate that reporting the DNA profile results alone can be misleading. The investigators and courts may be impressed by the probity of the DNA result in isolation and not think about other issues such as the possibility of secondary transfer. The Association of Forensic Science Practitioners, UK and Ireland (2009) attempted to address this problem for trace evidence through the introduction of Standards for the Formulation of Evaluative Forensic Science Expert Opinion. These standards require that the scientific finding is considered relative to two mutually exclusive propositions, one from the prosecution and one from the defence [based on the work of Evett et al. (2000)]. Within the case context, the probability of the evidence given the prosecution proposition divided by the probability of the evidence given the defence proposition produces the Likelihood Ratio (LR). The magnitude of the LR indicates the degree of support for one proposition vs. the other. This approach allows the scientist to help the court to understand the implications of the findings for the particular circumstances of each case. 
 
Since the publication of the AFSP standard, EFE (Forensic Science Laboratory, Dublin, Ireland) has worked at applying the criteria to its casework. The following examples are drawn from EFE casework and illustrate how the alternative proposition can significantly affect the impact of the DNA finding.

Field of study: Biology
The Xenopus clock gene is constitutively expressed in retinal photoreceptors.

Many aspects of normal retinal physiology are controlled by a retinal circadian clock. In Xenopus laevis, the photoreceptor cells within the retina contain a circadian clock that controls melatonin release. In this report we present the cloning and characterization of the Xenopus homolog of the Clock gene, known to be critical for normal circadian behavioral rhythms in the mouse. The Xenopus Clock gene is expressed primarily in photoreceptors within the eye and is expressed at constant levels throughout the day. Analysis of other tissues revealed that, as in other species, the Xenopus Clock gene is widely expressed. This characterization of the Clock gene provides a useful tool for further exploration of the role of the circadian clock in normal retinal function.

Field of study: Biology
A Monte Carlo method for comparing generalized estimating equations to conventional statistical techniques for discounting data.

Discounting is the process by which outcomes lose value. Much of discounting research has focused on differences in the degree of discounting across various groups. This research has relied heavily on conventional null hypothesis significance tests that are familiar to psychologists, such as t-tests and ANOVAs. As discounting research questions have become more complex by simultaneously focusing on within-subject and between-group differences, conventional statistical testing is often not appropriate for the obtained data. Generalized estimating equations (GEE) are one type of mixed-effects model that are designed to handle autocorrelated data, such as within-subject repeated-measures data, and are therefore more appropriate for discounting data. To determine if GEE provides similar results as conventional statistical tests, we compared the techniques across 2,000 simulated data sets. The data sets were created using a Monte Carlo method based on an existing data set. Across the simulated data sets, the GEE and the conventional statistical tests generally provided similar patterns of results. As the GEE and more conventional statistical tests provide the same pattern of result, we suggest researchers use the GEE because it was designed to handle data that has the structure that is typical of discounting data.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Between Kant and Schopenhauer: Issues on Moral Motivation

Perhaps the single most important characteristic approaches to moral education have been the emphasis on moral reasoning (Plato, Kant, Aquinas etc,). While this emphasis is, I believe, a healthy one, there is some tendency to neglect the emotive side (motivational dynamics) and to suppose that merely verbalizing theoretically “higher level” moral reasons will correlate positively with moral behaviour (Kohlberg, 39). My contentions in this paper are first, that moral growth involves a gradual development of moral understanding (where there is a highly contingent and often misleading correlate between “giving reasons” and operating on a certain level of moral understanding); secondly, that moral maturity involves the gradual acquisition of a number of feeling dispositions like a sense of justice and an abhorrence of the unnecessary suffering of any sentient creature; and finally, that there ought to be a kind of harmony or fit between moral understanding or reasoning on the one hand, and the feeling dispositions on the other hand.

Field of study: Education, Sociology
Effect of nucleus basalis magnocellularis cholinergic lesions on fear-like and anxiety-like behavior.

Previous research has suggested that cholinergic neurons in the nucleus basalis magnocellularis and substantia innominata (NBM/SI) may be important in mediating aversive states. The authors investigated the effect of NBM/SI cholinergic lesions, induced with 192 IgG saporin, on behavioral measures of aversive states in rats. Behavior in the elevated plus maze and behavioral suppression induced by 2 fear-conditioned stimuli, a tone and a light, were evaluated. Lesions had no effect on any measures in the elevated plus maze but attenuated operant suppression induced by the light and attenuated freezing induced by the tone, though this last effect was not statistically significant. The results of the study suggest that NBM/SI cholinergic neurons may be important in mediating selective aspects of aversive states.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Development and characterization of MAb against haemagglutinin of highly pathogenic H5 avian influenza virus

Six MAbs against haemagglutinin of higly pathogenic H5 avian influenza virus were developed by fusing SP2/0 myeloma cells with spleen cells of BALB/c mice immunized with Ck/HK/Yu22/02(H5N1),which were designated as 2F2,3C8,3FC1, 7C6,10HD4 and 13G4 respectively.By hemagglutinin inhibition test(HI),these six MAbs displayed high specificity and reactivity.Based on the MAb 2F2,we developed three diagnostic assays for H5N1 viruses,all displaying very good specificity to H5N1 virus.The results suggested that these MAbs will be very useful in diagnosing H5N1 viruses.

Field of study: Biology
Against Dataism and for Data Sharing of Big Biomedical and Clinical Data with Research Parasites

According to the Oxford Dictionaries Online, Medicine is “The science or practice of the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of disease.” This implies that a patient is in the central focus of the profession and all relevant specializations and subareas are concerned with benefiting a patient's health. In recent years, the analysis of clinical and biomedical data, including high-throughput experiments, has been added to the list of such specializations that make contributions for the greater good. However, the analysis and the reuse of such data is in general difficult and for this reason has been under scrutiny (Ioannidis, 2005; Chalmers and Glasziou, 2009; Ioannidis and Khoury, 2011; Rung and Brazma, 2013; Ioannidis et al., 2015).

Field of study: Biology
Evidences of Transformative Learning in Service-Learning Reflections.

A major shift in university course work involves activities outside the traditional classroom in which students are required to apply knowledge from the coursework in real-life service-learning environments. Such complex learning contexts generate a level of disequilibrium or anxiety that may or may not result in transformative learning. This phenomenological study examined student reflective writings from an Honors service-learning course at a medium-sized mid-western university for evidences of transformative learning, the precipitating disequilibria, and the significant pedagogical structures underlying growth. All students learned and all students encountered disquieting experiences; however, only half the participants exhibited varying levels of transformative learning.  Results indicate that transformative learning requires time, space, and appropriate scaffolding to develop or augment personal internal systems of adjusting what one thinks and how one thinks about new information and experiences. The results further suggest that a framework of iterative service experiences, grounded in course content, readings, faculty-student-community dialogue, and continuous, thoughtfully designed, reflective practice can maximize transformative learning potentials. Future research should continue to explore how service-learning is experienced by individual participants and what contextual factors are essential for increasing the likelihood that transformative learning will occur.

Field of study: Education
Circular RNA CircHIPK3 Elevates CCND2 Expression and Promotes Cell Proliferation and Invasion Through miR-124 in Glioma

As a malignant tumor of the central nervous system, glioma exhibits high incidence and poor prognosis. Circular RNA HIPK3 (circHIPK3) is a circular RNA (circRNA) related to cancer progression. However, the role of circHIPK3 in gliomas remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of circHIPK3 in gliomas and its mechanism. The qRT-PCR method was used to determine the expression pattern of circHIPK3 in glioma cell lines. CCK-8 assay was used to detect cell proliferation. Cell migration and invasion were evaluated using the Transwell assay. Our results showed that circHIPK3 expression was significantly up-regulated in glioma tissues and cell lines. In vitro, the down-regulation of circHIPK3 significantly inhibited the proliferation, migration and invasion of glioma cells. Besides, we demonstrated that circHIPK3 acted as a sponge to absorb miR-124 and promoted CCND2 expression. In summary, our results indicated that circHIPK3 had carcinogenic effects by regulating the expression of CCND2 in glioma by sponging miR-124. These findings provided favorable evidence to reveal the role of circHIPK3 in the development of gliomas.

Field of study: Biology
Information Re-Packaging: The New Technologies as Enhancement Tool for Teaching and Learning of General Studies Programme in Tertiary Institutions

The emergence of new technologies has brought about a paradigm shift in all spheres of life.  Education is not left behind in this new era of information technology, hence information repackaging is a strategy in enhancing teaching and learning in tertiary institutions. The conventional approach of classroom interactions in teaching and learning is declining with the development of new technological tools.  The relevance of General Studies in University curriculum is to develop students’ horizon  in diverse perspectives for holistic knowledge. This article looks into the overview of teaching and learning of General Studies Programme in Nigeria Universities with a view to elucidating various ways of using information communication technology in the enhancement of teaching and learning of the programme. The article identifies some of the challenges facing the enhancement of using information technology tools in teaching and learning of General Studies, and strategies adopted to overcome these impediments. The study predicates its analysis on communication theory as the theoretical framework necessary to exploit the broad spectrum of technology, and it concludes with recommendations on the way forward. Information Re-Packaging, New Technology Tools, Teaching and Learning

Field of study: Education