nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Tail-flick test: II. The role of supraspinal systems and avoidance learning.

It is held that the tail-flick test of pain depends on a spinal reflex because a similar response is observed in spinally transected rats. But when subjects were manually held and a cool heat setting was used, supraspinal systems facilitated the response (Experiment 1). This effect did not depend on the rate at which the tail was heated (Experiment 2) but rather on the co-occurrence of visual, auditory, and tactile cues that predict impending pain (Experiments 3 and 4). Subjects rapidly learned to exhibit a tail movement during these co-occurring cues, and this avoidance response was instrumental in nature (Experiment 5). Optimal learning was observed when the visual signal was presented 8-12 s before a heat-elicited response is normally observed (Experiment 6), and a low dose of morphine inhibited the performance of the instrumental response (Experiment 7).

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Minerais em melados e em caldos de cana

Sugar cane is an easily adaptable crop to diverse climate conditions, and it is used in the manufacturing of many different products. Among those products is the syrup, which is popularly known to be good sources of iron. In this work, we aimed to measure the concentration of some minerals in commercial sugar cane syrup brands and syrup prepared in the laboratory using stainless steel equipment. A total of 20 samples were analyzed, 10 of commercial brands and ten prepared in the laboratory. The samples were prepared by wet-air oxidation of organic matter and the contents of Ca, Mg, Cu, Mn, Zn, and Fe were determined by atomic absorption. Na and K were determined by photometry and P by colorimetry. It was found that the mean concentration of Fe, P, Na, and Mn were higher in the commercial products than in that prepared in the laboratory using stainless steel equipment. On the other hand, it was found that the calcium content was higher in the laboratory made syrup, which is in agreement with the Ca content found for the sugarcane juice. There was no significant difference in the concentration of the other tested minerals.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Characterization of a ferric uptake regulator (Fur)-mutant of the cyanotrophic bacterium Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes CECT5344.

The Fur protein is the main sensor of cellular iron status in bacteria. In the present study, we inactivated the fur gene of Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes CECT5344 and characterized the resulting mutant. Our findings provide experimental evidence that, cyanide generates an intracellular signal equivalent to that triggered by iron deprivation, as witnessed by the induction of prrF and fiuA (ferrichrome receptor) expression in the presence of cyanide. The fur mutant also displayed slow growth, especially in minimal culture medium, increased sensitivity to cyanide in LB medium and as expected, resistance to manganese ions. Moreover, the mutant exhibited enhanced iron accumulation and increased sensitivity to streptonigrin, as well as to some inducers of oxidative stress, such as paraquat and menadione, yet it remained resistant to hydrogen peroxide. Surprisingly, neither the wild type strain nor the fur mutant strain produced siderophores that could be detected using the universal CAS-agar method.

Field of study: Biology, Engineering
Fractional vortices as evidence of time-reversal symmetry breaking in high-temperature superconductors.

We argue that recent experiments by Kirtley et al. may show evidence of time-reversal symmetry breaking in ${\mathrm{YBa}}_{2}{\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}{O}_{7}$ at crystal grain boundaries. We illustrate this through a Ginzburg-Landau model calculation. Further experimental tests are proposed.

Field of study: Physics
On the Impact of Developing Low-carbon Economy on Undergraduates' Employment

Based on the current development status of China's low-carbon economy,the paper begins with the concept of low-carbon economy,and then analyzes the lack of employability on the part of college students in China.To cultivate integrated talents adaptable to current low-carbon economic development,the paper claims that the following measures be taken,i.e.,bringing up new-type innovative and knowledgeable talents,strengthening students' career resilience,scientifically planning their career,strengthening ideological and political education and innovating professional training model of school education.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Myasthenia gravis-associated systemic vasculitis and myocarditis with involvement of the cardiac conducting tissue.

We describe unexpected autopsy findings in an elderly woman with myasthenia gravis (MG) who had myocarditis of the working and conducting myocardium and coronary and renal vasculitis. Myasthenia gravis, characterized by autoantibodies to the acetylcholine receptor in the postsynaptic cell membrane, may be associated with other autoimmune disorders. An additional manifestation of autoimmunity is the presence of heart muscle antibodies, which may be the basis for myocarditis, which has been reported in up to 60% of MG patients at autopsy. Although myocarditis of the working myocardium is rather common, conduction system myocarditis and systemic vasculitis have not been previously reported in MG.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
On the mechanism of photoconductivity in polycrystalline lead selenide films

The mechanism of photoconductivity in vacuum-evaporated polycrystalline PbSe films has been studied using thermoelectric and conductivity measurements in the dark and under illumination. An analysis is made of the steady-state photoconductivity as a function of temperature and light intensity in the cases where drift and recombination are governed by the same or different barriers. It is shown that the experimental data can be interpreted by assuming a recombination barrier different from the drift barrier, the height of which is not modulated under illumination. The average recombination and drift barrier heights have been estimated to be 0.09 and 0.04 V respectively. The value of the recombination barrier trap density is found to be of the order of 1013 cm-2.

Field of study: Materials science
Functional derivatives of thiophene

A method was developed for the synthesis of 5-acylamino-2,3-dimethyl-and 5-acylamino-2,3-tetramethylenethiophenes by decarboxylation of the corresponding 5-acylaminothiophene-4-carboxylic acids. The azo coupling and aminomethylation of the synthesized acylaminothiophenes were studied.

Field of study: Chemistry
On the Monotonic Character of the Power Functions of Two Multivariate Tests

1.  The largest characteristic root has been proposed in  as a test statistic in (i) the multivariate analysis of variance test, and (ii) testing that two sets of variates are independent. In this paper it is shown that, in each case, the power function is a monotonically increasing function of each non-centrality parameter, separately. This property was stated in  without proof. This provides a stronger result than would be obtained by any direct use of Anderson's Theorem  which implies that the power function increases when all the roots are simultaneously increased in the same ratio. The proof of the monotonocity property for the multivariate analysis of variance is given in Section 3, and in Section 4 it is shown how the proof is modified for testing independence between two sets of variates. 2. Preliminaries for the multivariate analysis of variance situation. Let u, s and n denote respectively the "effective" number of variates, the degrees of freedom of the hypothesis and the degrees of freedom for the error and let t = min (u, s). Then, with X _ [xij]:u X s and Y- [yij]:u X n, the canonical form for the d.f. in the multivariate analysis of variance model was obtained in [2, p. 86] to be

Field of study: Mathematics
WELDED TUFFS OF CHIRICAHUA NATIONAL MONUMENT, ARIZONA

Chiricahua National Monument, Arizona, and much of the western part of the Chiricahua Mountains contain extensive bedded rhyolite deposits of Cenozoic age heretofore termed flows. Most of these volcanic rocks, however, are more correctly classified as welded rhyolite tuff or ignimbrite, the result of many eruptions of nuees ardentes. These deposits are characterized by vertical gradation from a coherent, nonporous base exhibiting prominent eutaxitic structure to a less coherent, porous top. By following vertical joints of tectonic origin and the eutaxitic structure developed by flattening and aligning of blocks of pumice in the deposit, weathering has developed spectacular columns and balanced rocks. Study of the petrography, structure, conditions of deposition, and origin of this unusually thick section of rock permits an evaluation of features which have been termed characteristic of welded tuffs, and facilitates identification of this important rock type.

Field of study: Geology
Screening and identification of anti-KG1a cell ScFvs from a phage display antibody library

Screening and cloning of anti KG1a cell single chain antibodies (ScFvs) from phage display antibody library.  A ScFv phage display library from the spleen cells of mice immunized with KG1a cells (acute myelogenous leukemia cell line) was selected by using the immunizing cells. After 4 rounds of panning, 96 individual clones of phage ScFvs were tested by cell ELISA. Three out of the 26 positive clones them were further checked for the distribution of their antigens on different cells by using immunofluorescence flow cytometry.  Flow cytometry assay showed different distribution of the antigens on different leukemia cells. DNA sequences and deduced amino acid sequences of the two clones analyzed both belong to the same mouse Ig V region subgroup and family: The V H belongs to subgroup Ⅱand family Ⅵ, the Vκ belongs to subgroup Ⅲ and family Ⅸ.  Intact cells can be used effectively to screen, isolate and clone ScFv genes against cell surface molecules which are usually hard to isolate and purify. The anti KG1a ScFvs we obtained are promising for further studying and isolating the cell surface molecules of leukemia cells.

Field of study: Biology
Field-effect proximity exchange coupling in bilayer graphene on monolayer ferromagnetic semiconductor Cr$_2$X$_2$Te$_6$ with X=Ge, Si, and Sn

We investigate the electronic band structure and the proximity exchange effect in bilayer graphene on a family of ferromagnetic multilayers Cr$_2$X$_2$Te$_6$, X=Ge, Si, and Sn, with first principles methods. In each case the intrinsic electric field of the heterostructure induces an orbital gap on the order of 10 meV in the graphene bilayer. The proximity exchange is strongly band dependent. For example, in the case of Cr$_2$Ge$_2$Te$_6$, the low-energy valence band of bilayer graphene has exchange splitting of 8 meV, while the low energy conduction band's splitting is 30 times less (0.3 meV). This striking discrepancy stems from the layer-dependent hybridization with the ferromagnetic substrate. Remarkably, applying a transverse electric field of a few V/nm reverses the exchange, allowing us to effectively turn on and off proximity magnetism in bilayer graphene. Such a field-effect should be generic for van der Waals bilayers on ferromagnetic insulators, opening new possibilities for spin-based devices.

Field of study: Physics
Tempest in Tehuantepec, 1529: Local Events in Imperial Perspective

URING THIE SUMMER Of 1529 two small elusters of Spanish horsemen traversed the 140 leagues of mountains, valleys, and plateaus between the city of Mexico and the pueblo of Tehuanltepec.1 Heading southeastward from the seat of the audiencia late in June went a hanidful of newly appointed officials. Centerinig about the figure of tall, 40-year-old Martin Lo6pez -off to his jurisdiction as alealde mayor-went a company destined to serve as tax collectors, constables and the like. Optimism and high humor surely keynoted the exchanges of men headed for salaried responsibilities and honors. The second lot of horsemen, like the first only in niumbers, was a plodding, grimly uncommunicative group. Francisco Maldonado, the dominant figure, had reason to be sullen, dejected and angry-as might any discredited ex-officeholder approaching prison. The several guards attending him looked to muleteer Crist6bal de Castromocho, momentarily serving as constable, for orders those September days in the saddle. Between the coming of Lo6pez and the departure of Maldonado, the tiny and not too prosperous looking frontier pueblo of Tehuantepec played host, that summer of 1529, to a bitter and revealing demonstration of the power struggle between Hernando Cortes and Nu-no de Guzman. Initially a Narv'aez man, Maldonado speedily shifted to the side of Cortes.2 Appointed by the captaini general to superintend the

Field of study: History
A Framework of IS/Business Alignment Management Practices to Improve the Design of IT Governance Architectures

This research aims to identify specific management practices that can help to improve the process of IS/business alignment and the design of ITG architecture that supports those processes. To this end the authors propose a framework that is used as a reference to classify relevant management practices in the process of IS/business alignment and design of ITG architectures. The analysis was carried out in a large leading international food and beverage company. Findings show that at operational and tactical levels, improving the coordination of the IT investment management process and enabling structures that strengthen the connection of budgetary controls are core structural capabilities that can positively improve the process of IS/business alignment and impact significantly the design of ITG architectures.

Field of study: Business
Ease of Counterfactual Thought Generation Moderates the Relationship Between Need for Cognition and Punitive Responses to Crime

Punitive responses to crime have been linked to a relatively low need for cognition (NFC).  (2004) findings suggest that this relationship is due to a relatively complex attributional system, employed by high-NFC individuals, which permits them to recognize potential external or situational causes of crime. However, high-NFC individuals may also be more likely to engage in counterfactual thinking, which has been linked to greater judgments of blame and responsibility. Three studies examine the relationship between trait and state NFC and punitiveness in light of counterfactual thinking. Results suggest that the ease of generating upward counterfactuals in response to an unfortunate crime moderates the NFC-punitiveness relationship, such that high-NFC individuals are less punitive than low-NFC individuals only when counterfactual thoughts are relatively difficult to generate. These findings are discussed in light of punishment theory and their possible implications with regard to the legal system.

Field of study: Psychology
Apparent impairment of primary antibody response with intact immunological memory.

A 46-year-old woman with repeated skin infections, sore throats, laryngitis and abscesses was investigated because of low gammaglobulin on serum electrophoresis. When tested for ability to form antibodies to several antigens the patient did not respond to primary antigenic stimuli with Salmonella H or O antigens, or with keyhole limpet haemocyanin (KLH). However, she had a good secondary response to numerous agents with which she had previous contact (tetanus, diphtheria, polio and specific blood group substances). The selective impairment of cells capable of giving a primary immune response in the presence of intact memory cells gives support to the concept of a qualitative difference between these two types of cells.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Anthropogenic litter cleanups in Iowa riparian areas reveal the importance of near-stream and watershed scale land use.

Volunteer cleanup operations collect large datasets on anthropogenic litter that are seldom analyzed. Here we assess the influence of land use in both near-stream and watershed scale source domains on anthropogenic litter concentration (standing stock, kg km-1) in riparian zones of Iowa, USA. We utilized riparian litter concentration data on four classes of anthropogenic litter (metal, recyclable, garbage, and tires) from volunteer cleanup operations. Anthropogenic litter data were tested for correlation with near-stream and watershed scale land uses (developed, road density, agricultural, and open lands). Road density (road length/area) and developed land use (% area) were significantly correlated to anthropogenic litter, but agricultural (% area) and open lands (% area) were not. Metal objects correlated to near-stream road density (r = 0.79, p = 0.02), while garbage and recyclable materials correlated to watershed scale road density (r = 0.69, p = 0.06 and r = 0.71, p = 0.05 respectively). These differences in the important spatial scales of land use may be related to differences in transport characteristics of anthropogenic litter. Larger, denser metal objects may be transported more slowly through the watershed/channelized system and thus, dependent on more proximal sources, whereas smaller, less dense garbage and recyclable material are likely transported more rapidly, resulting in concentrations that depend more on watershed scale supply. We developed a linear regression model that used near-stream road density and the total amount of observed litter to predict an average anthropogenic litter density of 188 kg km-1 and a standing stock of 946 t in all Iowa streams (>4th Strahler order). The techniques employed in this study can be applied to other professional and volunteer litter datasets to develop prevention and cleanup efforts, inform investigations of process, and assess management actions.

Field of study: Environmental science
Polaronic Effect on Electrical Conductivity and Thermoelectric Power in Ga(Cu)V4S8

Polycrystalline V4-cluster compounds of GaV4S8 and its derivatives Ga0.90 Cu0.10V4S8 and Ga0.90Cu0.20V4S8 have been prepared at 800°C by solid-state reaction method. Although the cubic–rhombohedral phase transformation at 45 K was found to be absent in the derivatives of GaV4S8, low-temperature hopping conduction occurred in all the materials. In the present context, we explain the conduction mechanism for all the materials using polaron theory. The polaron size was found to be large above 260 K but small below 260 K in GaV4S8, as confirmed by the Seebeck coefficient. From the activation energies and polaron size, the anomaly at 260 K is interpreted as associated with crossover from thermally activated to nearest-neighbor hopping upon cooling.

Field of study: Materials science
Application of an Information Technology Model to Software Engineering Environments

Model has been developed to describe the information processing activities of an enterprise, both the automated tasks performed by computer and the manual processes performed by the information technology staff of an organization. In this article, the ITEM model is applied to the description of software engineering environments as extensions to two previously developed reference models, the NIST/ ECMA framework (i.e., “toaster”) model and the Project Support Environment reference model. The ability to measure the degree of automation within a process, the ability to define the complexity of a process, and the ability to measure technology transition via a concept called technological drift are all metrics that can evolve from this model.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Ultra-wideband high-speed Mach-Zehnder switch based on hybrid plasmonic waveguides.

In this paper, the distinctive dispersion characteristic of hybrid plasmonic waveguides is exploited for designing ultra-wideband directional couplers. It is shown that by using optimized geometrical dimensions for hybrid plasmonic waveguides, nearly wavelength-independent directional couplers can be achieved. These broadband directional couplers are then used to design Mach-Zehnder-interferometer-based switches. Our simulation results show the ultra-wide bandwidth of ∼260  nm for the proposed hybrid plasmonic-waveguide-based switch. Further investigation of the proposed Mach-Zehnder switch confirms that because of the strong light confinement in the hybrid plasmonic waveguide structure, the switching time, power consumption, and overall footprint of the device can be significantly improved compared to silicon-ridge-waveguide-based Mach-Zehnder switches. For the Mach-Zehnder switch designed by using the optimized directional coupler, the switching time is found to be less than one picosecond, while the power consumption, VπLπ figure of merit, and active length of the device are ∼61  fJ/bit, 85  V×μm, and 30 μm, respectively.

Field of study: Physics
Direct Renin Inhibition Exerts an Anti-hypertrophic Effect Associated with Improved Mitochondrial Function in Post-infarction Heart Failure in Diabetic Rats

In addition to hypertension control, direct renin inhibition has been shown to exert direct beneficial effects on the heart in post-infarction cardiac remodeling. This study elucidates the possible contribution of mitochondria to the anti-hypertrophic effects of the direct renin inhibitor aliskiren in post-infarction heart failure complicated with diabetes in rats.  Diabetes was induced in male Sprague-Dawley rats by a single injection of streptozotocin (IP, 65 mg/kg body weight). After 7 days, the animals were randomly assigned to 4 groups: sham, heart failure, sham+aliskiren, and heart failure+aliskiren. Post-infarction HF was induced by coronary artery ligation for 4 weeks.  showed that heart failure reduced ejection fraction and cardiac output by 41% (P<0.01) and 42% (P<0.05), respectively, compared to sham-operated hearts. Cardiac dysfunction was associated with suppressed state 3 respiration rates and respiratory control index in mitochondria, and increased mitochondrial permeability transition pore (PTP) opening. In addition, heart failure reduced expression of the major mitochondrial sirtuin, SIRT3 and increased acetylation of cyclophilin D, a regulatory component of the PTP. Aliskiren significantly improved cardiac function and abrogated mitochondrial perturbations.  Our results demonstrate that aliskiren attenuates post-infarction remodeling which is associated with its beneficial effects on mitochondria.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Best Fit Social Choices: An Alternative to Arrow

This paper explores an approach to social choice which is an alternative to Kenneth J. Arrow's social welfare function. The author considers 'best fit' social rankings for any individual preferences through the definition of levels of agreement between preferences and rankings. He thereby avoids the pairwise approach of Arrow's independence and Pareto conditions and he demonstrates the possibility of nondictatorial social choice. The author considers the rationality implications of a nonunique outcome and determines additional properties, including majority-consistency, of the Condorcet process for determining the rankings. The approach also allows an interpretation of A. Sen's 'impossibility of a Paretian liberal' in terms of individual agreement.

Field of study: Economics
ROAL: A Randomly Ordered Activation and Layering Protocol for Ensuring K-Coverage in Wireless Sensor Networks

K-coverage in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) is defined as ensuring that every point in the area is monitored by at least K different sensor nodes. In this paper, we propose a new K-coverage algorithm for sensor networks, called randomly ordered activation and layering (ROAL), that solves the K-coverage problem in a small constant time in a distributed manner while providing simple and efficient dynamic reconfiguration for the WSNs. The simulation results show that the ROAL can guarantee K-coverage with the uncovered area less than 5% when a sufficient number of sensor nodes are provided, and that the lifetime of the sensor network is significantly extended by more than 400%.

Field of study: Computer science