nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Glacier area changes in Northern Eurasia

Glaciers are widely recognized as key indicators of climate change. Recent evidence suggests an acceleration of glacier mass loss in several key mountain regions. Glacier recession implies landscape changes in the glacial zone, the origin of new lakes and activation of natural disaster processes, catastrophic mudflows, ice avalanches, outburst floods, etc. The absence or inadequacy of such information results in financial and human losses. A more comprehensive evaluation of glacier changes is imperative to assess ice contributions to global sea level rise and the future of water resources from glacial basins. One of the urgent steps is a full inventory of all ice bodies and their changes. The first estimation of glacier state and glacier distribution on the territory of the former Soviet Union has been done in the USSR Glacier Inventory (UGI) published in 1965‐1982. The UGI is based on topographic maps and air photos and reflects the status of the glaciers in the 1940s‐1970s. There is information about 28 884 glaciers with an area of 7830.75 km 2 in the inventory. It covers 25 glacier systems in Northern Eurasia. In the 1980s the UGI has been transformed into digital form as a part of the World Glacier Inventory (WGI). Recent satellite data provide a unique opportunity to look again at these glaciers and to evaluate changes in glacier extent for the second part of the 20th century. About 15 000 glacier outlines for the Caucasus, Polar Urals, Pamir Alay, Tien Shan, Altai, Kamchatka and Russian Arctic have been derived from ASTER and Landsat imagery and can be used for glacier change evaluation. Results of the analysis indicate the steady trend in glacier shrinkage in all mountain regions for the second part of the 20th century. Glacier area loss for the studied regions varies from 13% (Tien Shan) to 22.3% (Polar Urals). The common driver, most likely, is an increase in summer air temperature. There is also a very large variability in the degree of individual glacier degradation, very much depending on the morphology and local meteorological conditions.

Field of study: Environmental science
Accurate solution of the Thomas-Fermi-Dirac-Weizsäcker variational equations for the case of neutral atoms and positive ions

The numerical solution of the Thomas-Fermi-Dirac-Weizsäcker variational equations for atomic many electron systems is discussed in terms of a spline representation. Accurate values for groundstate energies are obtained for the full range of the central charge and all degrees of ionisation.

Field of study: Physics
Examination of a climate stabilization pathway via zero-emissions using Earth system models

Long-term climate experiments up to the year 2300 have been conducted using two full-scale complex Earth system models (ESMs), CESM1(BGC) and MIROC-ESM, for a CO2 emissions reduction pathway, termed Z650, where annual CO2 emissions peak at 11 PgC in 2020, decline by 50% every 30 years, and reach zero in 2160. The results have been examined by focusing on the approximate linear relationship between the temperature increase and cumulative CO2 emissions. Although the temperature increase is nearly proportional to the cumulative CO2 emissions in both models, this relationship does not necessarily provide a robust basis for the restriction of CO2 emissions because it is substantially modulated by non-CO2 forcing. CO2-induced warming, estimated from the atmospheric CO2 concentrations in the models, indicates an approximate compensation of nonlinear changes between fast-mode responses to concentration changes at less than 10 years and slow-mode response at more than 100 years due to the thermal inertia of the ocean. In this estimate, CESM1(BGC) closely approximates a linear trend of 1.7 °C per 1000 PgC, whereas MIROC-ESM shows a deviation toward higher temperatures after the emissions peak, from 1.8 °C to 2.4 °C per 1000 PgC over the range of 400–850 PgC cumulative emissions corresponding to years 2000–2050. The evolution of temperature under zero emissions, 2160–2300, shows a slight decrease of about 0.1 °C per century in CESM1(BGC), but remains almost constant in MIROC-ESM. The fast-mode response toward the equilibrium state decreases with a decrease in the airborne fraction owing to continued CO2 uptake (carbon cycle inertia), whereas the slow-mode response results in more warming owing to continued heat uptake (thermal inertia). Several specific differences are noted between the two models regarding the degree of this compensation and in some key regional aspects associated with sustained warming and long-term climate risks. Overall, elevated temperatures continue for at least a few hundred years under zero emissions.

Field of study: Environmental science
Language switching and language competition

This study examined the asymmetrical language switching cost in a word reading task (Experiment 1) and in a categorization task (Experiment 2 and 3). In Experiment 1, Spanish–English bilinguals named words in first language (L1) and second language (L2) in a switching paradigm. They were slower to switch from their weaker L2 to their more dominant L1 than from L1 to L2. In Experiment 2 and 3, high vs. low English proficiency bilinguals decided whether a word visually presented in their L1 or L2 referred to an animate or to an inanimate entity. In this case, bilinguals did not show asymmetrical cost when they switched between languages. These results suggest that inhibitory processes in bilingual processing as indexed by the asymmetrical language switching cost are only observed when L1 and L2 lexical representations compete for selection (e.g. word naming task). In addition, L2 proficiency did not influence the absence of asymmetrical switching cost.

Field of study: Linguistics
Preoperative Serum Leptin Level Is Associated with Preoperative Pain Threshold and Postoperative Analgesic Consumption in Patients Undergoing Cesarean Section

This study aimed to investigate the preoperative level of serum leptin in cesarean section (C-section) patients with and without acute labor pain and its association with postoperative analgesic consumption and preoperative pain threshold.  Preoperative leptin levels, preoperative pain threshold, postoperative analgesic consumption in the first 24 h, and postoperative pain severity (visual analog scale (VAS) scores at 1, 2, 4, 6, 12, and 24 h postoperatively) in C-section patients with labor pain (emergency C-section; n = 21) and without labor pain (elective C-section; n = 25) were compared.  There were no signiﬁcant differences between the groups regarding the demographic characteristics. Leptin levels, postoperative VAS scores, and analgesic consumption were significantly higher in the group with labor pain, while the preoperative pain threshold was lower. Serum leptin levels correlated negatively with pain threshold and positively with postoperative analgesic consumption. Multiple linear regression analyses in our study revealed that the preoperative leptin levels and having an emergency C-section independently affected the postoperative analgesic consumption and preoperative pain threshold, whereas their combined effects on these parameters were statistically not significant.  Preoperative levels of serum leptin were higher in C-section patients with labor pain than in those without labor pain, and increased serum leptin levels were associated with decreased preoperative pain threshold and increased postoperative analgesic consumption in our study population. Postoperative analgesic requirements may vary among patients, and their requirements might be predicted using preoperative indicators. Serum levels of leptin might be one such indicator and this warrants further studies with larger sample sizes.

Field of study: Medicine
Migration of the Pee Dee River system inferred from ancestral paleochannels underlying the South Carolina Grand Strand and Long Bay inner shelf

Several generations of the ancestral Pee Dee River system have been mapped beneath the South Carolina Grand Strand coastline and adjacent Long Bay inner shelf. Deep boreholes onshore and high-resolution seismic-reflection data offshore allow for reconstruction of these paleochannels, which formed during glacial lowstands, when the Pee Dee River system incised subaerially exposed coastal-plain and continental-shelf strata. Paleochannel groups, representing different generations of the system, decrease in age to the southwest, where the modern Pee Dee River merges with several coastal-plain tributaries at Winyah Bay, the southern terminus of Long Bay. Positions of the successive generational groups record a regional, southwestward migration of the river system that may have initiated during the late Pliocene. The migration was primarily driven by barrier-island deposition, resulting from the interaction of fluvial and shoreline processes during eustatic highstands. Structurally driven, subsurface paleotopography associated with the Mid-Carolina Platform High has also indirectly assisted in forcing this migration. These results provide a better understanding of the evolution of the region and help explain the lack of mobile sediment on the Long Bay inner shelf. Migration of the river system caused a profound change in sediment supply during the late Pleistocene. The abundant fluvial source that once fed sand-rich barrier islands was cut off and replaced with a limited source, supplied by erosion and reworking of former coastal deposits exposed at the shore and on the inner shelf.

Field of study: Geology
Genetic Variance Analysis of Nucleocapsid Protein Gene of Infectious Bronchitis Viruses with Different Tissue Tropism

Two specific primers were designed according to the published sequence of nucleocapsid(N)protein gene of strain Beaudette of infectious bronchitis virus(IBV)from GenBank.cDNA of N gene was amplified by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR)from viral RNAs of proventriculopathogenic IBV strain ZJ971,nephropathogenic IBV strains N,X and IBV vaccine strain H52 respectively.They were cloned into vector pBluescript SK(+) and sequenced by the dideoxy-mediated chain termination method.The results indicated that the complete open reading frame(ORF)of N gene is 1230bp in length,which encodes a protein of 409 amino acids.Compared with N gene of the other 8 IBV strains from GenBank,the homology of nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences was 88.2%-98.6% and 91.2%-97.8% for ZJ971,86.6%-87.4% and 90.5%-91.5% for N,86.3%-87.4% and 90.0%-91.5% for X,90.4%-98.3% and 92.0%-98.0% for H52 respectively.The characteristics of variation of N gene for ZJ971,X and N strains was scattered point mutation without obvious HVR, while those of X and N tend to vary in middle and rear regions relatively.These findings showed that variation of nucleocapsid protein gene of IBV with different tissue tropism was different.Variation of amino acid sequence of nucleocapsid protein of proventriculopathogenic IBV strain ZJ971 was characterized with H 111D,S 117A,V 142L,P 171A,E 401D;and that of nephropathogenic IBV strains N and X was characterized with A 46S?A 48P?L 189R?N 190S?E 220D?I 223A?V 236Y?S 237K?K 240Q?Q 286R?T 299K?R 301E?E 334D?V 335E?V 336P and T 351S.

Field of study: Biology
Two-body quantum transport theory of interacting electrons in laterally patterned semiconductor 2DEG structures

A previous coupled-mode formalism for quantum transport in semiconductor two-dimensional electron gases is extended to interacting electrons. The monomode case has similar effective potentials to the single-carrier theory arising from the curvature of the actual confinement potential. In the case of the tunnelling of two electrons through a constriction in monomode a new phenomenon of Coulomb-assisted resonant tunnelling on single barriers is proposed and confirmed by numerical solutions to the two-body wave equation.

Field of study: Materials science
Multicollision Attacks on Generalized Hash Functions

In a recent paper in crypto-04, A. Joux [6] showed a multicollision attacks on the classical iterated hash function. He also showed how the multicollision attack can be used to get a collision attack on the concatenated hash function. In this paper we have shown that the multicollision attacks exist in a general class of sequential or tree based hash functions even if message blocks are used twice unlike the classical hash function.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Experimentelle Untersuchungen über das Auflösungsvermögen von Leuchtschirmen

ZusammenfassungEs wird das Auflösungsvermögen verschiedener Vielkristall-Leuchtschirme und eines Einkristall-Leuchtschirmes bei Ultraviolett-Erregung nach der Doppelkeilmethode bestimmt: Die Versuchsergebnisse sind bei Benutzung eines Helldoppelkeiles die gleichen wie bei Benutzung eines Dunkeldoppelkeiles. Von wesentlichem Einfluß auf das Auflösungsvermögen sind die Rauhigkeit der Schirmoberfläche und die Streuung der erregenden und der emittierten Strahlung im Leuchtmaterial. Die gemessenen Werte liegen zwischen 5 und 15 μ für die verschiedenen Schirme und stimmen mit den nach der Methode der Kantenschärfe gefundenen Resultaten innerhalb der Fehlergrenzen überein. Die Methode der Kantenschärfe wird zur Bestimmung des Auflösungsvermögens von Leuchtschirmen bei Erregung durch Kathodenstrahlen benutzt.

Field of study: Physics
Alcohol-related olfactory cues activate the nucleus accumbens and ventral tegmental area in high-risk drinkers: preliminary findings.

The mesocorticolimbic dopamine system is implicated in motivation and reward and may be involved in the development of alcoholism.



We used functional magnetic resonance imaging to study the blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) response to alcohol-related olfactory stimuli (AROS; odors of beer and whiskey) and non-alcohol-related olfactory stimuli (NAROS; odors of grass and leather) in 10 high-risk (HR) drinkers (average drinks per week, 19.99; SD, 6.99; all with > or = 2 first- or second-degree alcoholic relatives) and 5 low-risk (LR) social drinking controls (drinks per week, 2.82; SD, 2.87; 1 subject had 1 second-degree alcoholic relative). Data were analyzed with SPM99 and random effects analysis by using regions of interest and corrected cluster statistics (p < 0.05) to focus on the nucleus accumbens (NAc) and ventral tegmental area (VTA).



In HR subjects, there was a greater BOLD signal increase in the NAc during AROS than during clean air. BOLD signal increases during AROS were also greater in the NAc than the signal increases induced by NAROS. The AROS signal was significantly greater than the NAROS signal in a small number of voxels in the VTA. Finally, the AROS/NAROS difference signal was larger in HR drinkers in both the NAc and VTA.



Alcoholic olfactory cues may invoke the dopaminergic mesocorticolimbic system to a greater degree than nonalcoholic odors and could be effective tools in exploring the role of the dopamine system in susceptibility to alcoholism.

Field of study: Medicine
Effects on Student Achievement of Behavioral and Nonbehavioral Objectives

Educators disagree on the relative merits of stating classroom objectives behaviorally or nonbehaviorally and have done little to add data to their argument. An experiment was conducted in the field of social science where one of three lists of objectives—one list nonbehavioral, the other two behavioral--was randomly assigned to participating high school social studies teachers who were instructed to teach objectives in their classes. Unit sampling was used and eighteen classrooms were involved. Students were measured, using a form of item sampling, on the acquisition of the five skills stated in the behavioral objectives as well as on eighteen transfer skills. Teachers’ faulty understanding of objectives, indicated by their inability to provide relevant classroom practice and to identify, when asked, test items measuring given objectives, may have accounted for lack of differences.

Field of study: Education
Simulation and Experimental Demonstration of a Large-Scale HTS AC Induction Furnace for Practical Design

Preheating for nonferrous metals in industry is realized through induction furnaces with a large capacity at commercial frequency. The energy efficiency of this process is about 50%-60% due to enormous energy loss through the copper coils. An ac induction furnace applying 2G high-temperature superconducting (HTS) magnets has been suggested in order to achieve higher efficiency. The most important factor in this technology is the ability to predict and minimize the ac loss, which is generated in HTS magnets during operation. In this paper, we demonstrate the simulation and experimental results of a large-scale HTS ac induction furnace for practical design. The HTS ac induction furnace was designed and simulated through a finite-element method (FEM) tool and an equivalent circuit model. The inductors were designed by using 2G HTS magnets, with consideration given to the ac loss generated in the magnet. To predict the ac loss of the magnet, the FEM was used, and the results were compared with those of the fabricated HTS magnets. The simulation and experimental results will be applied to fabricate a full-scale HTS ac induction furnace.

Field of study: Physics
THE BASIC LAW OF THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY

Page 1 of 43 Übersetzung durch: Professor Christian Tomuschat und Professor David P. Currie Übersetzung überarbeitet durch: Professor Christian Tomuschat und Professor Donald P. Kommers in Kooperation mit dem Sprachendienst des Deutschen Bundestages Translated by: Professor Christian Tomuschat and Professor David P. Currie Translation revised by: Professor Christian Tomuschat and Professor Donald P. Kommers in cooperation with the Language Service of the German Bundestag Stand: Die Übersetzung berücksichtigt die Änderung(en) des Gesetzes durch Artikel 1 des Gesetzes vom 23.12.2014 (BGBl. I S. 2438)  The translation includes the amendment(s) to the Act by Article 1 of the Act of 23.12.2014 (Federal Law Gazette I p. 2438)

Field of study: Political science
Research and Development of Functionalized Aptamer based Biosensor

In recent years, aptamer-based biosensors have been quickly developed due to its characteristic such as high sensitivity & selectivity, excellent stability and extensive application in various fields. According to different principles various aptamer biosensors have been designed. In this review, we mainly focused on the development of electrochemical, fluorescent and colorimetric aptamer sensors. The potential development of aptamer-based biosensors has also been discussed.

Field of study: Chemistry
Optimal Design via Curve Fitting of Monte Carlo Experiments

This article explores numerical methods for stochastic optimization, with special attention to Bayesian design problems. A common and challenging situation occurs when the objective function (in Bayesian applications, the expected utility) is very expensive to evaluate, perhaps because it requires integration over a space of very large dimensionality. Our goal is to explore a class of optimization algorithms designed to gain efficiency in such situations, by exploiting smoothness of the expected utility surface and borrowing information from neighboring design points. The central idea is that of implementing stochastic optimization by curve fitting of Monte Carlo samples. This is done by simulating draws from the joint parameter/sample space and evaluating the observed utilities. Fitting a smooth surface through these simulated points serves as estimate for the expected utility surface. The optimal design can then be found deterministically. In this article we introduce a general algorithm for cu...

Field of study: Mathematics
A Lower Cambrian Eotebenna (Mollusca) from Arctic North America

The helcionellacean mollusc Eotebenna Runnegar and Jell, 1976 is described from the Lower Cambrian Henson Gletscher Formation of central North Greenland, part of the Franklinian Basin sequence of Arctic Canada and adjacent northern Greenland. The Henson Gletscher Formation specimens of Eotebenna are the first Lower Cambrian and North American records of a genus originally described from the Middle Cambrian of Australia. A new species, Eotebenna arctica, is described.

Field of study: Environmental science
Electrons in mesoscopically inhomogeneous magnetic fields

We investigated the low-field magnetoresistivity of a two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) underneath microstructured ferromagnetic gratings. The strength and the direction of an externally applied magnetic field determines the strength and the shape of the micromagnet's stray field. Commensurability effects due to the imposed periodic magnetic field are in competition with similar effects resulting from a strain-induced periodic electrostatic potential, associated with the patterned ferromagnets on top of the heterojunction. The presence of both a periodic magnetic field and a periodic electrostatic potential gives rise to the interesting interference phenomena presented here.

Field of study: Materials science
Brief overview of effects of temperature rising rate on mechanical properties of metals

Researches into effects of temperature rising rate on mechanical properties of metals under rapid heating are reviewed,including those carried out by American researchers using methods of macroscopic tensile-heating experiments in 1950 or so and those by domestic researchers employing combined methods of macroscopic property measurements and microscopic constitution observations in recent years.It is mentioned that,as far as effects of temperature rising rate on mechanical properties of metals is concerned,more accurate and systematical macroscopic-microscopic experiments and theoretical modeling and numerical simulation of multi-scale thermo-mechanical-material coupling should be performed,clearer laws should be understood,and available mathematical formula in engineering should be developed in the future.

Field of study: Physics
Picking up the pieces--applying the DISEASE FILTER to health data.

This contribution presents systematic biases in the process of generating health data by using a step-by-step explanation of the DISEASE FILTER, a heuristic instrument that we designed in order to better understand and evaluate health data. The systematic bias in health data generally varies by data type (register versus survey data) and the operationalization of health outcomes. Self-reported subjective health and disease assessments, for instance, underlie a different selectivity than do data based on medical examinations or health care statistics. Although this is obvious, systematic approaches used to better understand the process of generating health data have been missing until now. We begin with the definitions and classifications of diseases that change (e.g. over time), describe the selective nature of access to and use of medical health care (e.g. depending on health insurance and gender), present biases in diagnoses (e.g. by gender and professional status), report these biases in relation to the decision for or against various treatment (e.g. by age and income), and finally outline the determinants of the treatments (ambulant versus stationary, e.g. via mobility and age). We then show how to apply the DISEASE FILTER to health data and discuss the benefits and shortcomings of our heuristic model. Finally, we give some suggestions on how to deal with biases in health data and how to avoid them.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science