nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The MUN Med Gateway Project

Problem addressed Access to a continuum of care from a family physician is an essential component of health and well-being; however, refugees have particular barriers in accessing medical care.

 To provide access to family physicians and continuity of care for newly arrived refugees; to provide opportunities for medical students to practise cross-cultural health care; and to mentor medical students in advocacy for underserved populations.

Program description The MUN Med Gateway Project, based at Memorial University of Newfoundland in St John’s, is a medical student initiative that partners with the local refugee settlement agency to provide health care for new refugees to the province. Medical students conduct in-depth medical histories, with provision of some basic physical screening, while working through an interpreter with supervision by a family doctor and settlement public health nurse. Each patient or family is matched with a family physician.

 The project’s adaptation of student-run clinics, which connects refugees with the existing mainstream medical system, has been an overwhelming success, making it a model for community action as an educational strategy.

Field of study: Medicine
HEAT TRANSFER AND FLUID FLOW OF AIR ACROSS CORRUGATED TUBE BUNDLES

The characteristics of pressure drop and heat transfer of air across the corrugated tubes with three values of row number were investigated experimentally by measuring the average heat transfer coefficients and friction factors. The results were compared with that of the corresponding same row number smooth tube bundles.The corresponding correlation for the Nusselt numbers and Euler numbers vs the Reynolds numbers for the corrugated tubes were obtained. It was found that the corrugated tube bundles will reach the developed state at a smaller row number compared with the smooth tube bundles. Within the range of Reynolds numbers of the present work, the heat transfer coefficients and the friction factors of the corrugated tube bundles were 13.6%-29.2% and 3.2%-60.0% higher than those of the smooth tube bundles respectively.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Stellar bars in counter-rotating dark matter haloes: the role of halo orbit reversals

Disk galaxies can exchange angular momentum and baryons with their host dark matter (DM) halos. These halos possess internal spin, `lambda', which is insignificant rotationally but does affect interactions between the baryonic and DM components. While statistics of prograde and retrograde spinning halos in galaxies is not available at present, the existence of such halos is important for galaxy evolution. In the previous works, we analyzed dynamical and secular evolution of stellar bars in prograde spinning halos and the DM response to the bar perturbation, and found that it is modified by the resonant interactions between the bar and the DM halo orbits. In the present work, we follow the evolution of stellar bars in retrograde halos. We find, that this evolution differs substantially from evolution in rigid unresponsive halos, discussed in the literature. First, we confirm that the bar instability is delayed progressively along the retrograde `lambda' sequence. Second, the bar evolution in the retrograde halos differs also from that in the prograde halos, in that the bars continue to grow substantially over the simulation time of 10 Gyr. The DM response is also substantially weaker compared to this response in the prograde halos. Third, using orbital spectral analysis of the DM orbital structure, we find a phenomenon we call the orbit reversal --- when retrograde DM orbits interact with the stellar bar, reverse their streaming and precession, and become prograde. This process dominates the inner halo region adjacent to the bar and allows these orbits to be trapped by the bar, thus increasing efficiency of angular momentum transfer by the Inner Lindblad Resonance. We demonstrate this reversal process explicitly in a number of examples.

Field of study: Physics
Effect of Endothelin, Angiotensin II and ANP on Proliferation of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells and Cardiomyocytes

: By means of cell culture, 3H-thymidine (3H-TdR) incorporation and c-fos oncogene dot plotting technique, it was found that endothelin (ET) and angiotensin (ANG II) could promote proliferation and DNA synthesis of cultured vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and myocardial cells, and stimulate expression of c-fos oncogene of VSMCs. However, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) antagonizes the above effects of ET and ANG II.

Field of study: Chemistry
Rapid incremental assembly of the Monte Capanne pluton (Elba Island, Tuscany) by downward stacking of magma sheets

The late Miocene Monte Capanne pluton (Elba Island, Italy) is characterized by the widespread occurrence of euhedral K-feldspar megacrysts, for which variations in size and abundance have been determined at 392 stations. The variability of megacryst distribution defines three main facies characterized by low (San Piero facies), high (Sant9Andrea facies), and intermediate (San Francesco facies) megacryst abundance. The three facies show minor yet systematic differences in whole-rock major- and trace-element contents, isotopic composition, and biotite mineral chemistry, with no detectable link between chemical variabilities and megacryst abundance. These results, along with the reconstruction of the crystallization sequence, suggest that the facies formed at depth as distinct magma batches with their own peculiar geochemical features, which were preserved after ascent and emplacement. The new geological map based on K-feldspar megacryst distribution thus reveals the composite structure of the pluton, which was built up incrementally by downward stacking of three slightly different magma batches, resulting in a sheeted pluton in the intermediate-shallow crust. The three magma batches were emplaced in a short time sequence in order to have internal magmatic contacts preserved, thus giving a new perspective to the ongoing geochronological efforts to unravel age differences between internal plutonic facies.

Field of study: Geology
Realization of very long wavelength infrared photovoltaic detector arrays on mercury cadmium telluride epitaxial layers grown on Si substrates

This paper proposes a development of n-on-p structures for realizing very long wavelength infrared (VLWIR) detector arrays on mercury cadmium telluride (HgCdTe) epitaxial layers grown on Si substrates. It is shown from a comparative study of zero-bias resistance-area product (R0A) of diodes in n-on-p and p-on-n configurations that the n-on-p structure has promising potential to control contribution of dislocations, without actually reducing dislocation density below the current level (mid-106 cm−2) of HgCdTe/Si material technology. The resulting gain will be in terms of both higher numerical magnitudes of R0A and its reduced scatter.

Field of study: Materials science
YVAD protect post-natal retinal ganglion cells against axotomy-induced but not free radical-induced axonal degeneration in vitro.

In the developing central nervous system (CNS), the differentiation of neurons is accompanied by a large amount of cell loss in the form of programmed cell death (apoptosis). On the other hand, injury in the adult CNS often results in permanent neuronal degeneration leading to the failure of axonal regeneration. This could be related to an axotomy-induced activation of an apoptotic program. The interleukin-1beta-converting enzyme family of proteases has been implicated in playing a fundamental role in apoptotic processes in both invertebrates and vertebrates. In order to determine what role, if any, inhibitors of the interleukin-1beta-converting enzyme family might play in axonal regeneration after axotomy we employed an in vitro system using retinal explants from post-natal rats at the age between 9 and 12 days [R. Lucius, P. Young, S. Tidow and J. Sievers, Growth stimulation and chemotropic attraction of retinal ganglion cell axons in vitro by co-cultured optic nerves, astrocytes and astrocyte conditioned medium,  (1996) 387-398]. The retinal ganglion cells in this model are comparable to adult animals in their regenerative response (D. Alcutt, M. Berry and J. Sievers, A qualitative comparison of the reaction of retinal ganglion cells to optic nerve crush in neonatal and adult mice,  (1984a) 231-240; D. Allcutt, M. Berry and J. Sievers, A quantitative comparison of the reaction of retinal ganglion cells to optic nerve crush in neonatal and adult mice,  (1984b) 219-230]. The addition of the synthetic peptide inhibitor YVAD (Ac-Tyr-Val-Ala-Asp-aldehyde), which reversible inhibits interleukin-1beta-converting enzyme and subsequent apoptosis, enhances the number and length of regenerating neurites of retinal ganglion cells. However, this manipulation was not able to overcome free radical-induced axonal degeneration/neuronal apoptosis, suggesting at least two different death pathways leading to neuronal degeneration/cell death. These results provide the first evidence that inhibitors of key enzymes of the apoptotic program could play a beneficial role to overcome neurite degeneration after axotomy in the adult mammalian CNS.

Field of study: Biology
PEM-PIM SCHEME FOR NON-STATIONARY RANDOM VIBRATION ANALYSIS OF VEHICLE-BRIDGE SYSTEMS

A new method for a vertical non-stationary random vibration analysis of vehicle-bridge systems subjected to track irregularity excitations is proposed. The vehicle is modeled as a four-wheel mass-spring-damper system with two layers of suspension systems possessing 10 degrees of freedom. The bridge is modeled as an elastic Bernoulli-Euler beam, and the track irregularity is assumed to be a uniformly modulated evolutionary random process with the phase-lags between the wheels taken into account. Pseudo-Excitation Method (PEM) is applied to transform the random surface roughness of the track into the superposition of a series of deterministic pseudo harmonic surface unevenness and thus simplifies the solution of the non-stationary random vibration equations considerably. Meanwhile the Precise Integration Method (PIM) is developed to simulate the continuous varying of the vehicle loads both in the time and space domains in the numerical integration process. Numerical examples are given and the influences of the track irregularity on the system random responses are discussed. Comparisons with the Monte Carlo simulations show the effectiveness and satisfactory accuracy of the proposed method.

Field of study: Engineering
Effects of Commodity Quarantine and Inspection on Export Trade and our Counter Measure

TBT has become one of the major non tariff measures affecting our export trade. According to their technology advantage, developde countries and districts, especially the USA, Japan and EU, are making use of safety, health quarantine and packing to check the import goods strictly. Commodity inspection influences the export of our agriculture goods and foods. In order to break these restrictions, our government and enterprises must improve the quality inspection system; strive for solving foreign technology barriers; quality inspection bureau grant the company technology support.

Field of study: Economics
Electromechanical losses in carbon- and oxygen-containing bulk AlN single crystals

Bulk single-crystalline aluminum nitride (AlN) is potentially a key component for low-loss high-temperature piezoelectric devices. However, the incorporation of electrically active impurities and defects during growth of AlN may adversely affect the performance of piezoelectric resonators especially at high temperatures. The electrical conductivity and electromechanical losses in bulk AlN single crystals are analyzed in the temperature range of 300–1200 K with respect to various contents of growth-related impurities in them. For AlN with [O]/[C] ≤ 1, an increase of electrical conductivity due to thermal activation of charge carriers in the temperature range of 850–1200 K has been observed and was determined to be a major contribution to electromechanical losses Q−1 rising up to maximum values of about 10−3 at 1200 K. As the oxygen content in AlN increased, the magnitude and the activation energy of high-temperature electrical conductivity increased. In oxygen-dominated AlN, two major thermally activated contributions to electromechanical losses were observed, namely, the anelastic relaxations of point defects at temperatures of 400–800 K and electrical conductivity at T > 800 K.

Field of study: Materials science
Reliability of statically controlled drives

With rapid development in the technology of solid-state devices and high power SCRs, electric drives with solid-state control are becoming increasingly popular. Since solid-state drives employ hundreds of semiconductor and other electronic components, the study of the reliability of these drives has become an important problem. This paper presents the results of a comparative study of reliability of statically controlled drives. Logic diagrams and mathematical models have been used to evaluate the quantitative reliability of the systems.

Field of study: Engineering
Pluralism, Elitism, and the Home Mortgage Disclosure Act

Pluralism and elitism are the two prevailing theories of policy making in the United States. The purposes of this article are to suggest an alternative framework linkage political economy and to evaluate that framework against both pluralist and elitist policy explanations. The evaluation will take place within the medium of a case study on housing policy. The linkage political economy framework addresses some of the weaknesses evident in both pluralist and elitist studies of public policy. For example, in the housing policy field, elite theorists assert that policy making is dominated by a cohesive, politically powerful corporate bloc made up of the construction, finance, and realty industries.I But the elite theorists are then hard pressed to explain policy failures of this dominant coalition such as the passage of the 1937 public housing program or the original low-income thrust of the 1949 urban redevelopment program. On the other hand, pluralist analysts find a much more open and balanced policy process with a wide spectrum of interests able to be heard through multiple channels available in a decentralized political process.2 Yet, this pluralist analysis cannot adequately explain the consistent bias in U.S. housing policies and out-

Field of study: Political science
High-precision real-time 3D shape measurement using a bi-frequency scheme and multi-view system.

High-speed and high-precision 3D shape measurement plays a central role in diverse applications such as automatic online inspection, robotics control, and human-computer interaction. Conventional multi-frame phase-shifting-based fringe projection profilometry techniques face inherent trade-offs between the speed and measurement precision, which are fundamentally limited by the fringe density and extra pattern projections used for de-ambiguity of fringe orders. Increasing the frequency of the projection fringes can obviously improve the measurement precision; however, it creates difficulties in the subsequent phase unwrapping. For this reason, to date, the frequency of the fringes in typical real-time 3D shape measurement techniques is generally less than 30 to guarantee a reasonable reliability of phase unwrapping. To overcome this limitation, a bi-frequency phase-shifting technique based on a multi-view fringe projection system is proposed, which significantly enhances the measurement precision without compromising the measurement speed. Based on the geometric constraints in a multi-view system, the unwrapped phase of the low-frequency (10-period) fringes can be obtained directly, which serves as a reference to unwrap the high-frequency phase map with a total number of periods of up to 160. Besides, the proposed scheme with 10-period and 160-period fringes is suitable for slightly defocusing projection, allowing a higher projection rate and measurement speed. Experiments on both static and dynamic scenes are performed, verifying that our method can achieve high-speed and high-precision 3D measurement at 300 frames per second with a precision of about 50 μm.

Field of study: Physics
Physiological and evolutionary potential of microorganisms from the Canterbury Basin subseafloor, a metagenomic approach.

Subseafloor sediments represent a large reservoir of organic matter and are inhabited by microbial groups of the three domains of life. Besides impacting the planetary geochemical cycles, the subsurface biosphere remains poorly understood, notably questions related to possible metabolic pathways and selective advantages that may be deployed by buried microorganisms (sporulation, response to stress, dormancy). In order to better understand physiological potentials and possible lifestyles of subseafloor microbial communities, we analyzed two metagenomes from subseafloor sediments collected at 31 mbsf (meters below the sea floor) and 136 mbsf in the Canterbury Basin. Metagenomic phylogenetic and functional diversities were very similar. Phylogenetic diversity was mostly represented by Chloroflexi, Firmicutes and Proteobacteria for Bacteria and by Thaumarchaeota and Euryarchaeota for Archaea. Predicted anaerobic metabolisms encompassed fermentation, methanogenesis and utilization of fatty acids, aromatic and halogenated substrates. Potential processes that may confer selective advantages for subsurface microorganisms included sporulation, detoxication equipment or osmolyte accumulation. Annotation of genomic fragments described the metabolic versatility of Chloroflexi, Miscellaneous Crenarchaeotic Group and Euryarchaeota and showed frequent recombination events within subsurface taxa. This study confirmed that the subseafloor habitat is unique compared to other habitats at the (meta)-genomic level and described physiological potential of still uncultured groups.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Microarray Expression Profile Analysis of Long Non-Coding RNAs in Umbilical Cord Plasma Reveals their Potential Role in Gestational Diabetes-Induced Macrosomia

Fetal macrosomia and its associated complications are the most frequent and serious morbidities for infants associated with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). The associations between long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and macrosomia have been rarely reported; therefore, we investigated the umbilical cord lncRNA profiles in GDM macrosomia.  Thirty pairs of GDM macrosomia and normal controls were divided into three subgroups randomly, and the umbilical cord vein blood from each subgroup was mixed, and hybridized to a microarray containing probes representing 33,000 lncRNA genes. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was used to validate selected differentially expressed lncRNAs. The gene ontology (GO), pathway and network analysis were performed.  The microarray identified 8814 lncRNAs that were expressed in the umbilical cord blood, of which 349 were significantly upregulated and 892 were significantly downregulated (fold-change ≥ 2.0) in GDM group. The highest enriched GOs targeted by downregulated transcripts were biological regulation. Pathway analysis indicated that nine pathways corresponded to downregulated transcripts.  Certain lncRNAs that were aberrantly expressed in the umbilical cord blood from GDM macrosomia might play a partial or key role in GDM macrosomia development. This study provided potential targets for treatment of macrosomia and novel insights into macrosomia biology.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Employee Adjustment to an Organizational Merger: An Intergroup Perspective

Adopting an intergroup perspective, the research was designed to examine predictors of employee responses to an organizational merger. Data were collected from 465 fleet staff employed in a newly merged airline company. As predicted from social identity theory, the negative effects of the merger were most marked for employees of the low-status premerger organization. Also, as predicted, the perception of permeable intergroup boundaries in the new organization was associated positively with identification with the new organization and both job-related and person-related outcomes among employees of the low-status premerger organization but negatively with person-related outcomes among employees of the high-status premerger organization. As predicted, there was some evidence that the main and interactive effects involving status, perceived permeability, and intergroup contact on employee adjustment were mediated through strength of identification with the new organization.

Field of study: Psychology
Amyloid precursor protein potentiates the neurotrophic activity of NGF.

Cortical amyloid precursor protein (APP) is induced and secreted in response to subcortical lesions of cholinergic innervation. To understand the physiological role of the induced APP, we have characterized its neurotrophic activity on PC12 cells. Highly purified human APP751 (50-1000 pM) induced outgrowth of neurites. The neurotrophic activity was inhibited by an antibody that was directed to the C-terminal portion of the secreted APP but not by an antibody directed to the KPI domain. The neurotrophic activity of APP was independent of the TrkA NGF receptor because neither phospholipase C-gamma1 nor TrkA exhibited tyrosine phosphorylations with APP treatment. Furthermore, APP stimulated neurite outgrowth from PC12 cells lacking TrkA receptors. At lower concentrations (10-50 pM), APP synergistically potentiated the neurotrophic effects of NGF when added with NGF or before NGF as a priming pretreatment. These results implicate APP, a rapidly induced protein in the injured cortex, as a potentiating agent that may render compromised neurons more responsive to low levels of NGF or other neurotrophins.

Field of study: Biology
Influence of the valve-seat gap on the dynamics of reed type valves

One of the main parts of refrigeration compressors is the automatic valve system used to control the suction and discharge processes. Experimental studies of these processes in the compressor environment are complex because the small size of the compressor. Thus, experimental analysis in enlarged valve models is useful for improving the understanding of the flow characteristics. This work consists of an experimental investigation into the fluid-structure interaction problem due to the flow acting on the valve surfaces in enlarged reed type valves, aimed at evaluating the influence of the valve-seat gap on the dynamic behavior of the valve. The instantaneous position of the valve was measured by using an optical sensor for flows with Reynolds number based in the orifice inlet parameters varying from about 2,000 to 19,000. It was found that even a small valve-seat gap significantly influences the dynamic behavior of the valve. An abrupt increase in the amplitude of the valve displacement occurs in a narrow range of Reynolds number due to flutter. For lower stiffness valves, this phenomenon occurs for Reynolds numbers varying from about 6,000 to 8,000. For higher stiffness valves, it occurs for Reynolds numbers varying from about 2,000 to 3,000. When the valve is assembled without a gap, the amplitude increases monotonically, without the appearance of flutter. The article also presents how these results are useful to validate computational codes typically employed to investigate fluid-structure interaction problems in reed type valves, especially because the valve-seat gap is required in most computational codes.

Field of study: Engineering