nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
[Actual problems of brain pathology in cerebral microangiopathy].

Cerebral microangiopathy (small vessels disease) is a cause of diffuse changes of brain tissue (encephalopathy) denoted in Russian literature by the term dyscirculatory encephalopathy (DE). The main cause of microangiopathy leading to encephalopathy is arterial hypertension, less frequently - cerebral amyloid angiopathy and cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy. The diagnosis of encephalopathy in patients with microangiopathy is based on the combination of clinical manifestations (mainly, cognitive impairment of varying severity and disorders of gait) with the neuroimaging changes (white matter hyperintensity, multiple lacunar infarcts on MRI). The causes of DE hyperdiagnosis in Russia, its differential diagnosis with the consequences of recurrent strokes as well as the question of the terminology are considered. The term 'microangioencephalopathy' (instead of DE) to denote encephalopathy in patients with the cerebral small vessel disease is proposed, as more fully reflecting morphological changes of the brain.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Assortative matching with network spillovers

This paper investigates endogenous network formation by heterogeneous agents. The agents' types determine the value of linking and we incorporate spillovers as utility from indirect connections. We provide sufficient conditions for a class of networks with sorting to be stable for low to moderate spillovers; with only two types these networks are the unique pairwise stable ones. We also show that this sorting is suboptimal for moderate to high spillovers despite otherwise obeying the conditions for sorting in Becker (1973) . This shows that in our sorted networks a tension between stability and efficiency is present. We analyze a policy tool to mitigate suboptimal sorting.

Field of study: Economics
Fishing on the Incoming Tide

The decisions of the United Kingdom courts in the two cases of R v Secretasy of State for Transport, Ex parte Factortame ' and Factortame (No 2) 2 raise a number of important isksues about the compatibility of English law with Community law, and remedies in English law. The factual background to the litigation is complicated and needs to be set out briefly before the legal issues can be explored. The common fisheries policy of the European Community is suppoksed to protect the Hlshing stocks in EC waters by limiting catches. Given that the limitation of fishing will inevitably damage the HIshing industries of the various member states, a quota system was introducecl that was designed to 'assure each member state relative stability of fi<hing activities for each of the stocks considered.'3 In particular, stability must 'safeguard the particular needs of regions where local populations are especially dependent on fisheries and related industries.'4 The Spanish fishing fleet is the largest in the EEC, and its fishing vessels have for many years Elshed in the waters that are now covered by the fisheries policy. The British government became concerned from 1980 that Spanish vessels were 'quota-hopping' by registering in the United Kingdom and taking fish that should have been available to the British fishing industry under the quota system. The UK governme.nt first sought to counteract 'quota-hopping' and protect the British industry by imposing conditions on the granting of licences to fish against UK quotas. These conditions have for the most part been found to be unlawful by the European Court of Justice (the ECJ).s The Britiksh government then tried again to prevent fishing against British quotas by Spanish vessels by altering the law relating to registration, which is a precondition to obtaining a licence to fish. The Merchant Shipping Act 1988 and the Merchant Shipping (Registration of Fishing Vessels) Regulations 1988 required vessels that had previously been registered under the Merchant Shipping Act 1894 to re-register under new conditions. These conditions were designed to prevent Spanish fishing vessels registering by imposing nationality requirements. Nincty-five vessel.s were unable to register because they could not comply with these conditions. Of these, fifty-three were originally registered in Spain and flew the Spanish flag, and had registered under the British Merchant Shipping Act 1894 at various dates from 1980 onwards. The remaining forty-two had always been British, but were purchased by the applicants at various dates mainly since 1983.

Field of study: Law
Zur Elektrolumineszenz von ZnS/ZnO-Schmelzlingen

ZusammenfassungPolykristalline ZnS/ZnO-Schmelzlinge lassen sich vorteilhaft für Elektrolumines-zenz-Untersuchungen verwenden. Das Verhalten dieser Proben ist dem der üblichen Leuchtkondensatoranordnungen mit Pulverleuchtstoffen analog. Eine Anregungs-schwelle für die Elektrolumineszenz konnte an den Proben nicht gefunden werden.

Field of study: Physics
A role of nucleus accumbens dopamine receptors in the nucleus accumbens core, but not shell, in fear prediction error.

Two experiments used an associative blocking design to study the role of dopamine receptors in the nucleus accumbens shell (AcbSh) and core (AcbC) in fear prediction error. Rats in the experimental groups were trained to a visual fear-conditioned stimulus (conditional stimulus [CS]) A in Stage I, whereas rats in the control groups were not. In Stage II, all rats received compound fear conditioning of the visual CSA and an auditory CSB. Rats were later tested for their fear responses to CSB. All rats received microinjections of saline or the D1-D2 receptor antagonist cis-(z)-flupenthixol prior to Stage II. These microinjections targeted either the AcbSh (Experiment 1) or the AcbC (Experiment 2). In each experiment, Stage I fear conditioning of CSA blocked fear learning to CSB. Microinjection of cis-(z)-flupenthixol (10 or 20 μg) into the AcbSh (Experiment 1) had no effect on fear learning or associative blocking. In contrast, microinjection of cis-(z)-flupenthixol (10 or 20 μg) into the AcbC (Experiment 2) attenuated blocking and so enabled fear learning to CSB. These results identify the AcbC as the critical locus for dopamine receptor contributions to fear prediction error and the associative blocking of fear learning.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Anorexia nervosa, parental 'expressed emotion' and dropping out of treatment.

The number of dropouts from a long-term treatment study of patients with anorexia nervosa (AN) and bulimia nervosa (BN) was substantial. A variety of social, clinical, parental, and treatment factors were examined for their association with early termination of treatment by the patient or the family. Parents' expressed emotion' (EE) (particularly critical comments), BN, and the type of therapy offered (family or individual) were found to interact in some manner to result in dropping out. Some other aspects of parents' EE were also examined, including a comparison of scores in parental pairs; EE was found to be influenced by social class, and there were significant associations with the patient's symptomatology and social adjustment. There was a strong relationship between mothers' and fathers' scores in parental pairs.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Achieving the Goals of Dementia Plans: A Review of Evidence-Informed Implementation Strategies

A 2019 report by the Canadian Academy of Health Sciences identified the importance of evidence-informed implementation strategies in reforming dementia care. Such implementation strategies may be relevant to changing clinical practice in the wake of Canada's impending federal dementia plan (initiated by Bill C-233). As this federal dementia plan is elaborated, there may be value in looking ahead to some of the implementation challenges likely to be faced “on the ground” in healthcare settings. We thus conducted a rapid review of provincial and national dementia plans from high-income countries and reviewed studies on implementation strategies to dementia care. We advance seven key implementation strategies that may be useful for future dementia care reform.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Vein Assemblages and Metamorphism in Dutchess County, New York

Mineral assemblages of fissure veins in pelitic rocks are a consistent function of metamorphic grade within a 1,700 km 2 area in and near Dutchess County, New York. The following vein assemblages are cb-served with increasing grade: quartz and quartz-calcite up to just above the staurolite isograd, with limited occurrence of quarrz-albite below the biotite isograd; quartz and quartz-plagioclase (An 20 to An 50 ) from the staurolite isograde up to the sillimanite-orthoclase isograd; and quartz, quartz-plagioclase, and quartz-plagioclase-orthoclase above the sillimanite-orthoclase isograd. Extreme deformation makes relative crosscutting relations of veins difficult to determine; however, late quartz veins are fairly common, and late quartz-calcite veins are seen in high-grade rocks near marble contacts. A tentative conclusion is that quartz and quartz-calcite, quartz-plagioclase, and quartz-plagioclase-orthoclase veins form in pelitic rocks at successively higher metamorphic grades from material derived from the surrounding matrix. This may happen during prograde and retrograde metamorphism and during successive metamorphic events.

Field of study: Geology
Electronic structures of aromatic hydrocarbons with high spin multiplicities in the electronic ground state

It has been established experimentally that there are alternant hydrocarbons (AH) with high spin multiplicities in the electronpic ground state, the highest multiplicity known up to date being septet. Such electronic structures are rationalized by utilizing the degeneracy of non-bonding pi molecular orbitals (NBMO) predictable from the theory of Longuet-Higgins in conjunction with the non-bonding orbitals of divalent carbon atoms which are perpendicular to p-orbitals and are nearly degenerate with NBMO. The degeneracy of NBMO is determined by the topological nature of molecules which permits the ground state with high spin multiplicities according to Hund's rule in spite of their low molecular symmetries. The nature of AH having high spin multiplicities in the ground state reported so far is understood in this manner. It was found, however, that for some AH the high spin multiplet states are unexpectedly not the ground states although they lie very close to the singlet ground state. The difference between these two types of AH with high spin multiplicities is associated with the fact that the spin distribution of NBMO is alternant in the former AH, but not in the latter. To the latter AH the weak interaction model was found to apply in which a molecule is divided into two units weakly interacting with each other.

Field of study: Chemistry
Radiation-Tolerant, SRAM-FPGA Based Trigger and Readout Electronics for the ALICE Experiment

The ALICE detector is a dedicated heavy-ion detector at the large hadron collider which is commissioned end of 2007 at CERN. The ALICE triggers are handled by the central trigger processor and distributed to all sub-detectors, amongst other the time projection chamber and the photon spectrometer. The front end electronics of the time projection chamber and the photon spectrometer share many of the same components. The photon spectrometer provides the trigger system with level 0 and level 1 triggers (e.g., high-Pt photons) by the use of several trigger router units and a trigger-OR board. The trigger electronics and the front end electronics are situated close to the collision-point, and errors due to radiation effects are to be expected. This article gives an overview of the trigger system from trigger generation with the photon spectrometer to trigger reception of the front end electronics of both detectors. How to deal with the possible effects of the radiation environment on the electronics that do trigger handling was evaluated.

Field of study: Physics
Simultaneous enrichment of cereals with polyunsaturated fatty acids and pigments by fungal solid state fermentations.

Four Mucor strains were tested for their ability to grow on four cereal substrates and enriched them with gamma-linolenic acid (GLA) and β-carotene. M. circinelloides CCF-2617 as the best producer accumulated of both GLA and β-carotene in high amounts during utilization of rye bran/spent malt grains (3:1). The first growth phase was characterized by rapid GLA biosynthesis, while distinct β-carotene formation was found in the stationary fungal growth. Therefore various cultivation conditions were tested in order to optimize the yield of either GLA or β-carotene. The fungus grown on cereal substrate supplemented with glucose produced maximal 8.5 mg β-carotene and 12.1 g GLA in 1 kg fermented substrate, respectively. On the other hand, the highest amount of GLA in the fermented substrate (24.2 g/kg) was achieved when 30% of sunflower oil was employed to the substrate. Interestingly, β-carotene biosynthesis was completely inhibited when either whey or linseed oil were added to the substrate.

Field of study: Biology, Engineering
The compromise of embedded liberalism, American trade remedy law, and Canadian softwood lumber: Can't we all just get along?

The long‐running U.S.‐Canada softwood lumber dispute has always involved basic disagreements over forest policy, the protectionist impulses of a disgruntled U.S. forest sector, and the perceived vindictiveness of U.S. trade law applied to one of America's closest allies and its largest trading partner. The public debate about this dispute has tended to characterize it as an anomaly in an increasingly integrated and liberalized North American marketplace. However, the softwood dispute is much more than a single, seemingly intractable, trade irritant. Softwood is also a microcosm of the broader debate over public policy in an age of globalization. At the heart of this debate is the so‐called “compromise of embedded liberalism” whereby public policy has been shaped to help alleviate some of the negative effects of trade and capital market liberalization. Preserving this “compromise” has become increasingly problematic for the development of public policy and for maintaining support for additional liberalization. Domestic trade remedy laws, despite their negative impact in sectors like softwood, have always been a part of this “compromise.” This paper argues that the global rise in popularity of trade remedy law is part of the struggle for public policy to preserve the “compromise” and that, properly shaped within the World Trade Organization, could yet emerge as an important tool for preserving support for additional liberalization.

Field of study: Political science
On the mechanism of the144Nd(p, α)141Pr reaction

Experimental evidence is presented that the144Nd(p, α)141Pr reaction excites residual nucleus levels with a dominant single proton configuration, suggesting a contribution from knock-on mechanism.The angular distributions of theα-particles populating these levels have been analysed by means of one step pick-up (both in finite and zero range approximation) and knock-on theories, assuming that the spectroscopic amplitudes for the two processes are proportional to the spectroscopic amplitudes for proton transfer in pick-up and stripping reactions, respectively. The results obtained suggest the importance of knock-on contributions to some of the transitions.

Field of study: Physics
Nonparametric Estimation of Nonstationary Spatial Covariance Structure

Estimation of the covariance structure of spatial processes is a fundamental prerequisite for problems of spatial interpolation and the design of monitoring networks. We introduce a nonparametric approach to global estimation of the spatial covariance structure of a random function Z(x, t) observed repeatedly at times ti (i = 1, …, T) at a finite number of sampling stations xi (i = 1, 2, …, N) in the plane. Our analyses assume temporal stationarity but do not assume spatial stationarity (or isotropy). We analyze the spatial dispersions var(Z(xi, t) − Z(xj, t)) as a natural metric for the spatial covariance structure and model these as a general smooth function of the geographic coordinates of station pairs (xi, xj ). The model is constructed in two steps. First, using nonmetric multidimensional scaling (MDS) we compute a two-dimensional representation of the sampling stations for which a monotone function of interpoint distances δij approximates the spatial dispersions. MDS transforms the problem...

Field of study: Mathematics
The ages of stratified Precambrian rock sequences in central Arizona and northern Sonora

Stratified sequences of Precambrian rocks from twelve localities in Arizona and Sonora yield geologic and isotopic evidence of multiple periods of rock accumulation and orogeny. Isotopic dating indicates that these rocks were formed from 1800 m.y. to 950 m.y. ago. The oldest rocks are metamorphosed sequences of volcanic and sedimentary origin. They are separated in time from a younger sequence of metamorphosed volcanic and sedimentary rocks by batholithic plutonism dated at approximately 1700 m.y. The second period of volcanism and sedimentation was terminated by batholithic plutonism about 1400 m.y. ago.Subsequent to the 1400 m.y. event, the "Younger Precambrian" rocks of Arizona, the Apache Group and probably the Grand Canyon Series, were deposited. These dominantly sedimentary rocks are characteristically only slightly and locally metamorphosed and deformed. Their age is greater than the 1150 m.y. old diabase sills and dikes that intrude them. Some areas that are not underlain by rocks of the Apache Gr...

Field of study: Environmental science
On sensor selection in linked information networks

Sensor networks are often redundant by design in order to achieve reliability in information processing. In many cases, the relationships between the different sensors are known a-priori, and can be represented as virtual linkages among the different sensors. These virtual linkages correspond to an information network of sensors, which provides useful external input to the problem of sensor selection. In this paper, we propose the unique approach of using external linkage information in order to improve the efficiency of very large scale sensor selection. We design efficient theoretical models, including a greedy approximation algorithm and an integer programming formulation for sensor selection. Our greedy selection algorithm provides an approximation bound of 11/e, where e is the base of the natural logarithm. We show that our approach is much more effective than baseline sampling strategies. We present experimental results that illustrate the effectiveness and efficiency of our approach.

Field of study: Computer science
Fabrication and properties of anode-supported solid oxide fuel cell

The anode substrates in the planar anode-supported solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) were prepared by tape calendaring process, as well as the thin electrolyte films for increasing the power density of SOFCs at reduced operation temperature were fabricated by slurry-coating method. The minimization of co-firing temperature for anode and electrolyte layers was investigated by a novel three-step sintering technique in this paper. In order to obtain large three phase boundaries (TBP) at the electrolyte/anode interface, active anode layer was screen printed onto the anode substrate. Dense yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) thin films with a 10–15 µm thickness on porous anode substrates were successfully fabricated by slurry-coating in an YSZ suspension. These three layers were co-fired together at 1300–1350 °C. The fuel cells with a diameter of 25 mm fabricated by this co-firing technique show relatively high power density. The open circuit voltage (OCV) of 1.10 V was observed at 800 °C, the maximum power densities are 0.28, 0.51 and 0.95 W cm − 2 , at 700, 750 and 800 °C, respectively.

Field of study: Materials science
Brief Research Report: Growth Models With Small Samples and Missing Data

Small samples are common in growth models due to financial and logistical difficulties of following people longitudinally. For similar reasons, longitudinal studies often contain missing data. Though full information maximum likelihood (FIML) is popular to accommodate missing data, the limited number of studies in this area have found that FIML tends to perform poorly with small-sample growth models. This report demonstrates that the fault lies not with how FIML accommodates missingness but rather with maximum likelihood estimation itself. We discuss how the less popular restricted likelihood form of FIML, along with small-sample-appropriate methods, yields trustworthy estimates for growth models with small samples and missing data. That is, previously reported small sample issues with FIML are attributable to finite sample bias of maximum likelihood estimation not direct likelihood. Estimation issues pertinent to joint multiple imputation and predictive mean matching are also included and discussed.

Field of study: Education
Failure Analysis-assisted FMEA

In this paper, ordinary FMEA (Failure Mode and Effects Analysis) was applied during the design phase of an electric motor control system for vehicle HVAC (Heating/Ventilation/Air Conditioning). The analysis of the field data from the second year forces to review FMEA. The corrective actions, planned on the basis of the sole failure mode, as usual in FMEA, proved to be inadequate and Failure Analysis was performed to understand the failure mechanism of the indicted component and integrate. New proper corrective actions were devised and successfully implemented.

Field of study: Engineering
Lattice-translocation defects in specific crystals of the catalytic head domain of influenza neuraminidase.

Neuraminidase (NA) inhibitors are one of the two major classes of antivirals available for the treatment and prevention of influenza. X-ray crystal structure determination of NA head domains and their complexes with various inhibitors are of importance for the design and optimization of anti-influenza drugs. However, the globular tetrameric properties of NA head domains may produce crystals with pathological imperfections, lattice-translocation defects, making structure determination no longer straightforward. In this report, using a crystal of the NA head domain from the Wuhan Asiatic toad influenza virus as an example, the identification and solution of this type of crystal pathology are presented. Furthermore, its underlying mechanism of formation is explored.

Field of study: Chemistry
Carboprost versus oxytocin for active management of third stage of labour

Postpartum haemorrhage is a single largest and leading cause of maternal morbidity and mortality not only in developing countries but also in developed countries. Every 4 minutes one women die from pregnancy or child birth related complications. The present study is an attempt to evaluate the scope of using prophylactic intramuscular carboprost tromethamine 125μg in comparision with intramuscular oxytocin 10U for the active management of third stage of labour.  Two hundred pregnant women at term with spontaneous onset of labour were included in the study and were randomly divided into 2 groups of 100 women each. Group A and Group B were given Inj.Oxytocin 10 units and Inj. carboprost tromethamine 125 ug intramuscular respectively at the time of delivery of anterior shoulder. The main outcome measures with respect to third stage of labour were: duration, blood loss by volume, difference in hemoglobin, need for additional oxytocics and side effects.  Carboprost tromethamine group had a significant reduction in duration of third stage (p < 0.05) and blood loss (p <0.0001) when compared to oxytocin group.  Intramuscular carboprost is better alternative to intramuscular oxytocin in active management of third stage of labour.

Field of study: Medicine