nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Numerical Studies of Multiple-injection Fuel Mass Fluctuation in High Pressure Common Rail System

The multiple-injection fuel mass fluctuation play a major role in precise controlling of multiple-injection in the high pressure common rail (CR) system. In order to obtain a deep insight into the multiple-injection fuel fluctuation phenomena, a common rail mathematical model was developed, including three sub-models for the hydraulics, the mechanics, and the electro-magnetic. For multiple injection events, Fundamental aspects of CR system dynamics were investigated, especially the water hammer pressure wave influences on multiple-injection fuel mass fluctuation. The mechanism of different multiple-injection fuel mass fluctuation characteristic among multiple-injections was investigated and explained by numerical procedure.

Field of study: Engineering
Study of sol–gel prepared nanostructured WO3 thin films and composites for electrochromic applications

Nanostructured tungsten oxide (WO 3 ) thin films have been prepared by the sol–gel method following the inorganic route in which alcoholic solutions containing tungsten salts have been used as precursors. The WO 3 films were deposited by dipcoating on glass substrates. In order to create nanoporosity in some of these films, the films were deposited on glass substrates coated with a layer of polystyrene (PS) microspheres. This polymer was then removed either by thermal treatment or by solvent extraction, generating a high density of pores within the tungsten framework. The characterization of these films has been carried out by atomic force microscopy (AFM), optical studies and ATR–FTIR spectroscopy. The lithium intercalation of these WO 3 films has been carried out using a dry (in vacuo) technique. Results on the comparative study of the optical and electrochromic properties of these different types of WO 3 are presented here.

Field of study: Materials science
Transfers Incident to a Divorce

Divorce can be a very complex matter, both emotionally and financially. The financial complexity is illustrated by the many tax implications of divorce. People going through divorces often find themselves in disputes with the IRS. The Tax Court recently decided one such matter. John and Louise Young were married in 1969 and divorced in 1988.  In October 1989 they entered into a property settlement whereby Louise received a promissory note for $1,500,000, previously held by John. The note was secured by property John received as part of the settlement. He was to pay the note to Louise in five annual installments, which included interest. The settlement also provided that John would pay legal and collection fees if he defaulted. John defaulted on the note in 1990, and Louise filed suit to collect the amount he owed her. A judgment was entered in her favor. In 1991, John paid Louise only $160,000. Louise properly recognized this amount as interest income on her 1991 income tax return. In 1992, Louise again filed suit to execute the rest of the 1991 judgment. In December 1992, John and `Louise entered into another settlement whereby he transferred the land that secured the note to Louise in exchange for surrender and cancellation of the note. John's basis in the land was $130,794. This settlement discharged all of his debts to Louise, which totaled $2,153,844 including the $1,500,000 principal amount, accrued interest of $344,938, legal expenses of $300,606 and collection expenses, of $8,300. The settlement also gave John the option to repurchase the land for $2,265,000. John assigned' this option to a third party, who exercised it and acquired the land from Louise in 1993. Louise's attorneys collected $300,000 directly from the sale proceeds in settlement of Louise's legal fees. Louise received the remainder. The case does not give details about how Louise wanted to treat the transaction. Presumably, she wanted receipt of the land to be considered a settlement of the $1,500,000 promissory note from John,. If that had been the case, she would have a capital gain equal to the excess of the value of the land she received over the face value of the promissory note. This treatment would have given Louise a $2,265,000 fair-market-value basis in the land when she sold it to the third party in 1993 instead of John's $130,794 carryover basis.

Field of study: Business
Laser-ablation rates measured using x-ray laser transmission.

The rate of laser ablation at irradiances of approximately 2 x 10{14} W cm{-2} of solid iron has been measured using the transmission of a neonlike zinc x-ray laser at 21.2 nm through thin iron targets. Ablated iron becomes transparent to the x-ray laser flux, enabling the thickness of unablated material and hence the rate of ablation to be measured from time resolved x-ray laser transmission.

Field of study: Physics
Spatial uncertainty in prediction of the topographical factor for the revised universal soil loss equation (RUSLE)

The Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) is a model widely used to predict soil loss. An important 
component of RUSLE is the combined topographical factor (LS), which is the product of the slope length factor (L) and the 
slope steepness factor (S). It is important to identify the main sources of uncertainty in the LS factor and reduce the uncertainty 
where practical. Moreover, the uncertainty of the LS factor may vary across space, and this spatial uncertainty may require 
error management. For this reason, the spatial effects of slope steepness and slope length should be quantified, and their 
uncertainty propagation should be modeled. This article presents a general methodology for spatial uncertainty assessment 
of the RUSLE and its application results to the uncertainty analysis of LS as an example. A sequential indicator simulation 
was used to develop spatial prediction maps of slope steepness and slope length based on collected field data. The uncertainty 
due to slope steepness, slope length, and model parameters were propagated through topographical factor LS using the 
Fourier Amplitude Sensitivity Test (FAST). Spatial variance partitioning was performed to generate error budgets, and 
uncertainty sources were identified. Slope steepness contributed the largest variance in predicting topographical factor LS, 
followed by slope length. The variance contributions from the model parameters and measurement errors were relatively 
small. The results provide modelers and decision–makers with spatial uncertainty information for the purpose of error 
management.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
The amino terminus of the putative Drosophila choline acetyltransferase precursor is cleaved to yield the 67 kDa enzyme.

A putative precursor of the 67 kDa choline acetyltransferase (Acetyl-CoA: choline-O-acetyltransferase; EC 2.3.1.6) polypeptide from Drosophila was examined using polyclonal antibodies. The central purpose of the study was to probe the suspected precursor with anti-peptide antibodies that could identify a cleavable amino terminal domain, since such a structure could be responsible for targeting the enzyme to the presynaptic terminal. Antisera were produced to both a plasmid-expressed fusion-free enzyme protein and a 26-amino acid-long peptide reproducing sequence from the enzyme. Both antisera were capable of precipitating enzyme activity from crude supernatants. Western blotting with the antibody to the plasmid-expressed enzyme visualized a major polypeptide at 75 kDa and minor polypeptides at 67 and 54 kDa. Affinity-purified IgG to the synthetic peptide only recognized the 75 kDa component and was unable to recognize purified 67 kDa enzyme protein. Timed autolysis of the enzyme in crude homogenates demonstrated both a 67 kDa polypeptide that was present prior to homogenization and a species that appeared as a product of the autolysis. The evidence from this study is consistent with the expectation that the 75 kDa band, visualized on Western blots with antisera to the enzyme, is an authentic enzyme protein. These data further suggested that the 75 kDa protein is an amino-terminally extended precursor of the 67 kDa enzyme that can be cleaved to generate the 67 kDa species.

Field of study: Biology
Effect of Ageing Treatment on SiC_p/AZ61 Composite Microstructure and Mechanical Properties

The ageing treatment of SiCp/AZ61 magnesium matrix composite fabricated by ultrasonic stirring was studied.The results show that the secondary precipitation phase during ageing is Mg17Al12,and the secondary phase is precipitated in continuous and discontinious precipitation ways.Compared with AZ61 magnesium alloy,the incubation period of its ageing is longer,and the microhardness decreases slowly during over-aging.The microhardness of SiCp/AZ61 magnesium matrix composite is 66.5 HB after solution treatment at 420 ℃ for 10 h.The highest microhardness of 81.5 HB can be obtained after ageing at 250 ℃ for 10 h. Compared with AZ61 magnesium alloy,the microhardness increases by 54%.

Field of study: Materials science
Recognising New Kinds of Direct Sex Discrimination: Transsexualism, Sexual Orientation and Dress Codes

The concept of direct sex discrimination in EC and UK law has recently been invoked in three contexts which, at first glance, appear unrelated. In P v S and Cornwall County Council,' a male-to-female transsexual manager succeeded in persuading the European Court of Justice (ECJ) that her dismissal was direct sex discrimination under the Equal Treatment Directive (ETD).2 But in R v Ministry of Defence, exp Smith,3 four gay and lesbian members of the armed forces failed to convince the Court of Appeal that their dismissals were direct sex discrimination under the ETD. And in Smith v Safeway plc,4 a pony-tail-wearing male delicatessen assistant saw the Court of Appeal reject his direct sex discrimination argument in upholding his dismissal under the Sex Discrimination Act 1975 (SDA). What do these plaintiffs' cases have in common? Can each one be analysed as a case of direct sex discrimination? If not, was P correctly decided? If so, were Ministry of Defence and Safeway correctly decided? I will begin this article by outlining a proposed general concept of direct sex discrimination and by identifying eight potential kinds of direct sex discrimination that seem to fit this general concept. After a brief discussion of some of the differences among these eight kinds, I will then focus on the three kinds at issue in P, Ministry of Defence and Safeway: discrimination against (i) transsexual persons, (ii) gay, lesbian and bisexual persons, and (iii) persons who violate sex-distinct dress codes. Before turning to the proposed general concept of direct sex discrimination, I must explain the terminology I will be using. I will use 'sex' to mean 'biological sex' and, more precisely, because the indicia of biological sex (eg chromosomes, gonads, genitals) may conflict, 'chromosomal sex,' ie whether a person is chromosomally male (XY) or female (XX), or belongs to another chromosomal category. 'Sex,' 'men' and 'women' will thus mean 'chromosomal sex,' 'chromosomal males' and 'chromosomal females,' but the latter more precise terms will often not be used where those affected by a particular kind of direct sex discrimination are mainly non-transsexual. I will use 'psychological sex'5 to refer to whether a person, regardless of their chromosomal sex or physical sex characteristics (gonads, hormones, genitals, presence or absence of breasts or a uterus or a prostate, physique, body or facial hair, voice pitch, etc), considers

Field of study: Law
Synchrotron radiation computed laminography using an inclined detector.

Synchrotron radiation computed laminography (SR-CL) has been in use in three-dimensional non-destructive imaging of flat objects for several years. A new set-up is proposed based on the traditional SR-CL method but with the detector inclined at the same angle as the sample inclination to collect projections. The results of computer simulations and real-sample experiments demonstrate that reconstructions acquired using an inclined detector are of better quality compared with those acquired using ordinary detecting methods, especially for the situation of few projections and small difference of attenuation ratio of the sample. This method could be applied to obtain high-quality images of weak-contrast samples with short measurement time and mild radiation damage.

Field of study: Physics
The effects of habitat loss on bat-fruit networks

Habitat loss and fragmentation typically lead to species loss and, consequently, changes in the structure and stability of interaction networks. These changes may lead to important limitation of crucial ecosystems services such as seed dispersal. Here, we compared the spatial structure and species composition of bat-fruit interaction networks in continuous and fragmented forests based on the compilation of 14 datasets from the highly diverse and threatened Atlantic Forest sites in Brazil. As predicted, the number of bat-dispersed species was reduced in fragmented forests. Surprisingly, in both continuous and fragmented forests, bat-fruit networks were nested and modular and presented high complementary specialization. Bat species from genera Artibeus, Carollia, and Sturnira, as well as five plant genera (Cecropia, Ficus, Piper, Solanum, and Vismia) played a central role in both continuous and fragmented forests, revealing small effects of habitat loss on the phylogenetic identity of core species. These bats are considerably tolerant to habitat loss and may support seed dispersal of they preferred plants also in fragmented forests, which explains the similarities of the networks between continuous and fragmented forests. In addition, these key plants provide food resources continuously throughout the year, which facilitates the persistence of seed disperser bats year-round in the community. Although our results indicate that habitat loss had little influence on the structure of the bat-fruit interactions, we evidenced that fragmentation reduces the number of resources consumed and dispersed by bats, which may have negative impacts on forest dynamics and ecosystem functioning.

Field of study: Environmental science
Optimization of thermo-mechanical reliability of solder joints in crystalline silicon solar cell assembly

A robust solder joint in crystalline silicon solar cell assembly is necessary to ensure its thermo-mechanical reliability. The solder joint formed using optimal parameter setting accumulates minimal creep strain energy density which leads to longer fatigue life. In this study, thermo-mechanical reliability of solder joint in crystalline silicon solar cell assembly is evaluated using finite element modelling (FEM) and Taguchi method. Geometric models of the crystalline silicon solar cell assembly are built and subjected to accelerated thermal cycling utilizing IEC 61215 standard for photovoltaic panels. In order to obtain the model with minimum accumulated creep strain energy density, the L9 (33) orthogonal array was applied to Taguchi design of experiments (DOE) to investigate the effects of IMC thickness (IMCT), solder joint width (SJW) and solder joint thickness (SJT) on the thermo-mechanical reliability of solder joints. The solder material used in this study is Sn3.8Ag0.7Cu and its non-linear creep deformation is simulated using Garofalo-Arrhenius creep model. The results obtained indicate that solder joint thickness has the most significant effect on the thermo-mechanical reliability of solder joints. Analysis of results selected towards thermo-mechanical reliability improvement shows the design with optimal parameter setting to be: solder joint thickness — 20 μm, solder joint width — 1000 μm, and IMC thickness — 2.5 μm. Furthermore, the optimized model has the least damage in the solder joint and shows a reduction of 47.96% in accumulated creep strain energy density per cycle compared to the worst case original model. Moreover, the optimized model has 16,264 cycles to failure compared with the expected 13,688 cycles to failure of a PV module designed to last for 25 years.

Field of study: Engineering
Integrated stratigraphy and 40Ar/39Ar chronology of early Middle Miocene sediments from DSDP Leg 42A, Site 372 (Western Mediterranean)

An integrated magneto-biostratigraphic framework is presented for Middle Miocene sediments of DSDP Site 372 located in the Western Mediterranean. Detailed biostratigraphic analysis shows a nearly complete sequence of early Middle Miocene calcareous plankton bioevents in the Mediterranean, including the LCO (Last Common Occurrence) of the nannofossil Sphenolithus heteromorphus which has been astronomically dated in the Ras il Pellegrin (RIP) section on Malta Island [Abels, H.A., Hilgen, F.J., Krijgsman, W., Kruk, R.W., Raffi, I., Turco, E., Zachariasse, W.J., 2005. Long-period orbital control on middle Miocene global cooling: integrated stratigraphy and astronomical tuning of the Blue Clay Formation on Malta, Paleoceanography, 20, PA4012. . Thermal demagnetization of discrete samples revealed a characteristic low-temperature component with dual polarities despite a weak paleomagnetic signal. The resultant magnetostratigraphic record, combined with the calcareous plankton biostratigraphy, is straightforwardly correlated to the geomagnetic polarity time scale (CK95) of Cande and Kent [Cande, S.C., Kent, D.V., 1995. Revised calibration of the Geomagnetic Polarity Time Scale for the Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic, ] and the Astronomical Tuned Neogene Time Scale (ATNTS04) of Lourens et al. [Lourens, L.J., Hilgen, F.J., Laskar, J., Shackleton, N.J., Wilson, D., 2004. The Neogene Period.  Gradstein F.M., Ogg J.G., Smith A.G. (Eds.), A Geologic Time Scale, ]. The subchrons recorded in Site 372 succession range from C5Br up to C5AAr. To confirm the magnetostratigraphic calibration, 40Ar/39Ar dating was performed on feldspar of two volcanic ash layers. The radio-isotopic dating indicates a younger age for these two ash layers compared to the magnetostratigraphic calibrated ages according to the CK95 and ATNTS04 age models. However, if the astronomically calibrated age of 28.21 ± 0.04 Ma is used for the Fish Canyon standard (FCs), the age for the older ash layer exactly matches its ATNTS04 age. Ages for bioevents were calculated assuming constant sedimentation rates between magnetostratigraphic age-tie points. The S. heteromorphus LCO has an age of 13.54 Ma and 13.63 Ma according to CK95 and ATNTS04, respectively, which is consistent with the astronomical tuned age of 13.65 Ma determined at RIP section [Abels, H.A., Hilgen, F.J., Krijgsman, W., Kruk, R.W., Raffi, I., Turco, E., Zachariasse, W.J., 2005. Long-period orbital control on middle Miocene global cooling: integrated stratigraphy and astronomical tuning of the Blue Clay Formation on Malta, Paleoceanography, 20, PA4012. doi:10.1029/2004PA001129. 11 pp]. We therefore conclude that the magnetostratigraphic calibration of DSDP Site 372 is correct and that, for the time being, this site can be considered as a reference section for the early Middle Miocene of the Mediterranean region.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Power and robustness of sib-pair linkage tests and extension to larger sibships

We investigate the power and robustness of Haseman and Elstonfs sib-pair test for genetic linkage between a marker locus and a locus affecting a quantitative trait, and compare the test to that of Penrose. The Haseman-Elston test is more powerful than Penrrose's test; its power is acceptable for cases of tight linkage and high heritability due to the hypothesized quantitative trait locus, but is quite low in other situations. Computer simulations indicate that both tests are valid for normally distributed trait values, and that the Haseman-Elston test is robust for a variety of continuous distributions of the trait values. Several linkage tests are developed for sib trios that are much more powerful , for the same total number of sibs, than the test on independent sib pairs. The Haseman-Elston test on all possible sib pairs is suggested for sibships of size larger than three and for samples including sibships of various sizes.

Field of study: Mathematics
Ezrin/Exocyst Complex Regulates Mucin 5AC Secretion Induced by Neutrophil Elastase in Human Airway Epithelial Cells

Increased mucin secretion is a characteristic feature of many chronic airway diseases, particularly during periods of exacerbation; however, the exact mechanism of mucin secretion remains unclear. Ezrin, which is a specific marker of apical membranes, is predominantly concentrated in exocyst-rich cell surface structures, crosslinking the actin cytoskeleton with the plasma membrane. In the present study, we examined whether Ezrin is involved in mucin 5AC (MUC5AC) secretion after neutrophil elastase (NE) attack, and we investigated the role of the exocyst complex docking protein Sec3 in this process.  NE was used as a stimulator in a 16HBE14o- cell culture model. The expression and location of Ezrin and Sec3 were investigated, and the interaction between Ezrin and Sec3 in 16HBE14o-cells was assayed after treatment with NE, Ezrin siRNA, Sec3 siRNA, neomycin or PIP2-Ab.  We found that Ezrin was highly expressed in the bronchi of humans with chronic airway diseases. NE induced robust MUC5AC protein secretion. The Ezrin siRNA, Sec3 siRNA, and neomycin treatments led to impaired MUC5AC secretion in cells. Both Ezrin and Sec3 were recruited primarily to the cytoplasmic membrane after NE stimulation, and the neomycin and PIP2-Ab treatments abrogated this effect. Immunoprecipitation analysis revealed that Ezrin and Sec3 combined to form complexes; however, these complexes could not be detected in Ezrin∆1-333 mutant-transfected cells, even when PIP2 was added.  These results demonstrate that Ezrin/Sec3 complexes are essential for MUC5AC secretion in NE-stimulated airway epithelial cells and that PIP2 is of critical importance in the formation of these complexes.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Effect of modified atmosphere packaging on the shelf-life of coated, whole and sliced mushrooms

Whole and sliced fresh mushrooms ( Agaricus bisporus ) were packaged with PVC wrap or two polyolefins (PD-941 and PD-961) films after coating with CaCl 2 and chitosan. Package gas composition, color, weight loss and maturity were measured during storage at 12 °C and 80%RH. For PD-961, the highest in-package concentration occurred during the first day of storage regardless of treatments, while wrap and PD-941 showed varying degrees in-package concentration with different processes and coatings. The whiteness of whole mushrooms varied significantly with the type of coating, but not with the type of films. The extent of darkening was greater in coated whole mushrooms than in sliced ones. Weight loss occurred in all packages and varied from 3 (g/100 g) to about 7 (g/100 g) after 6 days of storage. Due to a lower permeability, PD-961 packages had the lowest weight loss. The type of packaging films significantly affected the maturity index, where PD-961 most effectively lowered maturity index for both whole and sliced mushrooms, thus extending the shelf-life. The type of coating did not appear to affect maturity index except for the wrap package where chitosan coating markedly lowered the maturity index of sliced mushrooms.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
NOVEL SYNTHESIS OF ACEPERIMIDINES

Authors: A. S. Lyakhovnenko, T. S. Red'ko, I. V. Aksenova, and A. V. Aksenov English Translation in Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds , 2013, 49 (4), pp 653-655 http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10593-013-1295-0

Field of study: Chemistry