nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Nautilus multi-grain model: Importance of cosmic-ray-induced desorption in determining the chemical abundances in the ISM

Species abundances in the interstellar medium (ISM) strongly depend on the chemistry occurring at the surfaces of the dust grains. To describe the complexity of the chemistry, various numerical models have been constructed. In most of these models, the grains are described by a single size of 0.1$\mu$m. We study the impact on the abundances of many species observed in the cold cores by considering several grain sizes in the Nautilus multi-grain model. We used grain sizes with radii in the range of $0.005\mu$m to $0.25\mu$m. We sampled this range in many bins. We used the previously published, MRN and WD grain size distributions to calculate the number density of grains in each bin. Other parameters such as the grain surface temperature or the cosmic-ray-induced desorption rates also vary with grain sizes. We present the abundances of various molecules in the gas phase and also on the dust surface at different time intervals during the simulation. We present a comparative study of results obtained using the single grain and the multi-grain models. We also compare our results with the observed abundances in TMC-1 and L134N clouds. We show that the grain size, the grain size dependent surface temperature and the peak surface temperature induced by cosmic ray collisions, play key roles in determining the ice and the gas phase abundances of various molecules. We also show that the differences between the MRN and the WD models are crucial for better fitting the observed abundances in different regions in the ISM. We show that the small grains play a very important role in the enrichment of the gas phase with the species which are mainly formed on the grain surface, as non-thermal desorption induced by collisions of cosmic ray particles is very efficient on the small grains.

Field of study: Physics
Defective yeast opsonization and C2 deficiency in atopic patients.

Twenty-seven per cent of atopic patients initially presenting with infantile eczema or hay fever were defective for yeast opsonization and 18% had low levels of C2; these deficiencies were mutually exclusive, suggesting that they are primary. Both defects were associated with each of four different atopic syndromes, some of which were related to certain HLA haplotypes.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Murine lymphotactin: gene structure, post-translational modification and inhibition of expression by CD28 costimulation.

The production of lymphokines by T cells is dependent on TCR signalling and is enhanced by costimulatory signals through CD28. In IL-2 producing T cells clones (Th1 cells), TCR signalling in the absence of costimulatory signals renders these cells unable to product IL-2 in response to subsequent stimulation through the TCR and CD28. Using a differential screening approach we independently cloned murine lymphotactin from a cDNA library produced from an unresponsive Th1 cell. Resting Th1 clones and freshly isolated CD8+ T cells produced lymphotactin mRNA maximally in response to TCR stimulation alone and expression was surprisingly inhibited by CD28 costimulation, at least early after activation. In addition, Th1 cells made unresponsive by prior TCR stimulation, produced lymphotactin but not IL-2 mRNA when restimulated through the TCR and CD28. Sequence analysis of the lymphotactin gene and mapping of the transcription initiation sites have delineated the promoter region and the boundaries of exons and introns. Studies on post-translational modification of lymphotactin demonstrate the cleavage of the signal peptide containing the first two cysteine residues in the predicted amino acid sequence and suggests that the secreted lymphotactin is an O-glycosylated protein.

Field of study: Medicine
Isomer ratios of products from photonuclear reactions on silver and indium nuclei at γ ray energies above 35 MeV

The paper reports the results of measuring and calculating isomer ratios of products from photonuclear reactions with multiple emission of particles occurring on silver and indium nuclei at γ ray energies higher than energies of the giant dipole resonance. The technique of measuring the induced activity of irradiated samples by a semiconductor spectrometer with detector of highly pure germanium was used to obtain the isomer ratios. The TALYS code was employed to analyze agreement of the theoretical calculations and the experimental data.

Field of study: Physics
Le renouveau du cycle de Rankine

Adaptations of the Rankine cycle to new applications are described. The first move has been to increase the efficiency of thermal generating stations operation on liquid fuels by using the combined gas turbine/steam turbine cycle. In these systems the steam produced is by the exhaust fumes of the high temperature gas turbine (1000°C). One has been able to increase the efficiency of the station to a very high value, ie 47% and it is expected that a figure of 50% is possible. There is also an attempt to use coal with these cycles by employing gasifiers. The second move has been to use binary cycles consisting of a Rankine water cycle for the high temperature side and a Rankine ammonia cycle for the low temperature side, the cycles being linked in cascade. These binary cycles enable one to: increase the maximum possible power for a given rotating speed of the machine, eliminate the problems of erosion which are encountered in low pressure steam turbines, and employ dry coolers by using low outside temperatures to the best advantages. The third line of research has been the adaptation of the Rankine cycle to producing mechanical or electrical energy from fairly low temperature heat such as recuperated heat or solar heat. After having pointed out system drawbacks in using water as the working fluid and the advantage of ammonia and fluorocarbon fluids, the report shows how to achieve the optimal cycle. A comparison is made between optimal cycles for NH 3 . R 11 and R 114. A description is given of a novel free-piston machine developed by D. Vokaer at the Institute for Applied Mechanics of the University of Brussels. The drive components of a Rankine cycle and the compressor of a refrigeration cycle are grouped in the same mechanical assembly. This system will produce refrigeration by heat from a fairly low temperature source (between 50° and 75°C). Performance curves are given for R 114 producing cooling at 10°C for a range of ambient and hot source temperatures.

Field of study: Engineering
PBMA—its role in the future purchasing arrangements for health care services

The movement of the purchasing process in health care from a central to local level has to be accompanied by an accountability process which makes local purchasers accountable within an agreed national and area framework for their decisions and implementation of change. This paper focuses on PBMA and its applicability to health boards and general practitioner fundholders in future purchasing arrangements. It is argued that it is a useful tool which may provide a basis for more rational discussion about use of resources, both at a micro and macro level, than the current arrangements.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Effect of temperature on browning in low lactose milk

The main factor (temperature) was studied and made lactose in the milk degrade 70%,then 95℃,105℃,115℃,121℃ sterilize and determine sense,microbe color index, in order to improve low lactose milk development.The result showed that 105℃,5min sterilization can make milk asepsis and browning reduce, and lactose degradation rate is 72.82%.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
An overview of radiation-induced interface traps in MOS structures

The authors focus on radiation-induced interface traps, describing first how they fit into the overall radiation response of metal-oxide-semiconductor structures. Detailed measurements of the time, field and temperature dependences of the build-up of radiation-induced interface traps indicate three processes by which the build-up occurs. The largest of these is the slow two-stage process described by McLean and co-workers (1989) which is rate-limited by the hopping transport of hydrogen ions. Two other faster processes also contribute small interface trap build-ups in gate oxides. The processes seem to be controlled by hole transport to the Si/SiO2 interface and by neutral hydrogen diffusion respectively. They also discuss several models which fall into three classes, corresponding roughly to the three processes observed experimentally. Other topics discussed briefly are dose dependence, field oxide effects, chemical and processing dependences and scaling effects.

Field of study: Materials science
Cobaltocene electrode films prepared by electropolymerization of (Co(C5H4CCl=CHCHO)2)PF6.

A new cobalticinium salt [Co(C5H4CCl=CHCHO)2]PF6 gives electroactive films on electrode surfaces by electroreduction in n-Bu4NI–MeCN and the formed films act as a one-way charge-carrier for the redox reactions of solution species.

Field of study: Chemistry
On polymerization of organosilicon cyclic compounds

The chemistry of organosilicon cyclic compounds has been vigorously developed. The interest in this field of organosilicon chemistry is due to the exceptionally wide synthetic possibilities and investigations on the structure and properties of cyclic systems. The high reactivity of the cycle in various rearrangements and polymerizations offers unlimited possibilities of synthesizing and investigating the macromolecules of elemento-organic polymers (metalorganic polymers). The polymerization reaction of cyclic organosilicon compounds gains further theoretical and practical interest also for the reason that this is one of the most significant ways for synthesis of oligomers and high molecular compounds with inorganic and organo-inorganic chains in the molecule. It would be impossible for such a report to consider the widespread investigations made in this field of organosilicon chemistry, therefore, I will restrict myself to rearrangements and polymerization reactions examplified by representatives of two classes of cyclic compounds: organocyclosiloxanes and organocyclosilazanes.

Field of study: Chemistry
Optimization for extracting technology of chlorogenic acid from sunflower seeds by response surface methodology

研究了向日葵籽中提取绿原酸的主要参数:乙醇浓度、液料比、提取温度、料液pH、提取时间等对绿原酸萃取率的影响。通过在单因素实验基础上进行3因素3水平的Box-Behnken实验,得到了优化的工艺条件:乙醇浓度为75%、pH为4.9、温度为40℃、液料比为1:14,提取99min的条件下提取3次,绿原酸的萃取率可达到64.73%。

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Dissociating the long-term effects of fetal/neonatal iron deficiency on three types of learning in the rat.

Iron deficiency (ID) is a common nutrient deficiency worldwide. This condition is linked to changes in myelin formation, dopaminergic function, and energy metabolism. Early ID results in persistent long-term cognitive and behavioral disturbances in children, despite a return to normal iron status. The present study assesses formerly ID adult rats on maze learning tasks that depend on specific brain regions related to learning, specifically the hippocampus, striatum, and amygdala. Rat dams were fed ID chow starting on gestational Day 2 through postnatal Day 7, and behavioral testing began at postnatal Day 65--following a return to normal iron status. Formerly ID rats exhibited delayed acquisition of the hippocampus-dependant task and no differences from controls on the striatum- and amygdala-dependent tasks. These findings likely reflect long-term reduction in but not abolition of hippocampus-dependent learning and preserved function in other brain structures (e.g., striatum and amygdala).

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Regression Analysis in Medical Research for Starters and 2nd Levelers , Cleophas, T. J. , Zwinderman, A. H. 2018 , Basel Springer xii + 426 pp., £74.50 (hardbound), £74.99 (paperbound), £59.99 (e‐book) ISBN 978‐3‐319‐71936‐8


Field of study: Mathematics
Investigation of the reliability of data readout by an optoelectronic channel in a holographic memory

An approximate expression is obtained for the case of low values of the error probability, considered as a function of the contrast between unity and zero, and of low ratio of the signal to the rms fluctuation the assumption that the laser radiation obeys the Poisson statistics. This expression is used to plot the dependences of the error probability on the two parameters mentioned above and on the stability of the threshold and signal level in the readout channel. A method is suggested for measuring the distribution of the amplitude fluctuations in the readout channel. The results of an experimental study are given.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
U-Pb geochronology of detrital zircons in metasedimentary rocks from southern Baffin Island: implications for the Paleoproterozoic tectonic evolution of Northeastern Laurentia

A geochronological investigation of metasedimentary rocks from southern Baffin Island using the Geological Survey of Canada SHRIMP II (sensitive high-resolution ion microprobe) has characterized the ages of detrital zircon populations to determine their provenance, bracket timing of deposition, and distinguish potentially distinct sequences of rocks. Four lithologically and structurally distinct metasedimentary packages have been identified; each appears to have been derived from a different source region. In the structurally lowest package, all analysed zircons are Archean, and > 90% have ages between 2.83 and 2.63 Ga; these rocks are interpreted as the northernmost exposures of the Paleoproterozoic Povungnituk Group of the Cape Smith Belt, northern Quebec, with detritus derived from the Superior craton. Occupying the intermediate structural levels, the most abundant supracrustal rocks on southern Baffin Island are siliciclastic and carbonate units of the Lake Harbour Group, and the Tasiuyak paragneiss.

Field of study: Environmental science
Faculty Perceptions of Entrustable Professional Activities to Determine Pharmacy Student Readiness for Advanced Practice Experiences

To quantify pharmacy faculty members’ perceptions of the importance of entrustable professional activities (EPAs) and the expected level of entrustment that should be achieved to determine APPE readiness.  Entrustable professional activities define the core skills and tasks expected of new pharmacy graduates and may serve as a logical framework for determining pharmacy student readiness to begin advanced pharmacy practice experiences (APPEs). A five-question survey was distributed to all faculty members, staff members, and administrators at Ferris State University College of Pharmacy. Respondents were asked to rate 18 statements mapped to 12 EPAs on the perceived importance of each statement and the expected level of entrustment students should achieve to determine readiness for APPEs. Thresholds were used to determine consensus for importance and level of entrustment for each statement.  Of the 44 faculty members surveyed, 28 (63.6%) responded. A strong consensus was reached on the level of importance for 16 of 18 statements (89%), while two statements demonstrated moderate consensus (11%). No strong consensus was identified on levels of entrustment. Seven (39%) of 18 statements demonstrated moderate entrustment consensus and 11 (61%) statements demonstrated little consensus.  Strong consensus was identified regarding which EPAs are important to determine students’ APPE readiness; however, no strong consensus was found when evaluating levels of entrustment. Lack of consensus regarding entrustment raises several questions that require further study and clarification as the implementation of EPAs continues throughout the Academy.

Field of study: Education, Medicine
TEMPORALLY SPACED RESPONDING BY PIGEONS: DEVELOPMENT AND EFFECTS OF DEPRIVATION AND EXTINCTION.

In the first five or six sessions on a DRL 20-sec schedule of reinforcement there developed a stable performance characterized by a relatively constant conditional probability of occurrence (IRTs/op) of interresponse times (IRTs) of durations greater than 5 or 6 sec. Extinction and the level of deprivation changed both the overall rate of responding and the form of the function relating the duration of an IRT to its value of IRTs/op. The value of IRTs/op decreased more rapidly for short than for longer IRTs, resulting in the emergence of a finer discrimination of IRT duration.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Comparative Statics under Uncertainty for a Class of Economic Agents

This paper explores trade-offs between assumptions on risk preferences, ordinal preferences under certainty, and cumulative distribution function (CDF) changes of an exogenous random variable needed for determinate comparative statics results. Specifically, we ask: Absent restrictions on risk preferences, what CDF changes lead all agents whose choice under certainty is monotonic in the exogenous variable to increase their choice variable under uncertainty? We find that the desired class of changes are those satisfying monotone likelihood ratio (MLR) dominance. We also note that MLR improvements are behaviorally identical to decreased risk aversion, a result that illuminates the relationship between changes in risk and risk aversion. Journal of Economic Literature ,

Field of study: Economics
First-principles Wannier function analysis of the electronic structure of PdTe: weaker magnetism and superconductivity.

We report a first-principles Wannier function study of the electronic structure of PdTe. Its electronic structure is found to be a broad three-dimensional Fermi surface with highly reduced correlation effects. In addition, the higher filling of the Pd d-shell, its stronger covalency resulting from the closer energy of the Pd d and Te p shells, and the larger crystal field effects of the Pd ion due to its near octahedral coordination, all serve to weaken significantly electronic correlations in the particle-hole (spin, charge, and orbital) channel. In comparison to the Fe chalcogenides, e.g. FeSe, we highlight the essential features (quasi-two-dimensionality, proximity to half-filling, weaker covalency, and higher orbital degeneracy) of Fe-based high-temperature superconductors.

Field of study: Physics
The dolomite nodules enclosing fossil marine vertebrates in the East Pisco Basin, Peru: Field and petrographic insights into the Lagerstätte formation

The Mio-Pliocene Pisco Formation (Peru) is a world-famous marine vertebrate Lagerstatte. Several fossil specimens are wrapped up in dolomitic nodules. Some others lie in the sediment displaying dolomite only in bone cavities (e.g., mesorostral canal and endocranium). With the aim to understand whether the precipitation of the dolomitic nodules influenced the formation of the Lagerstatte, we collected field data on a high number of fossil vertebrates and conducted petrographic and mineralogical analyses on samples representative of the variable development of concretions. Our results revealed positive relationships between size, completeness and articulation of skeletons and the presence of an external nodule. Clear evidence of chemoautotrophic communities that thrived on the carcasses is scarce. Microborings are often found in the cortical bone tissues together with iron oxides; the former are left by microorganisms feeding on the carcass, the latter are traces of former Fe sulphides, a product of organic matter degradation. We suggest that an early burial of the skeletons was a determinant factor in the development of dolomite concretions, since it allowed methanogenesis and anaerobic sulphate reduction exploiting the lipids in the bones and the organic matter dispersed in the sediments. Dolomite precipitation was driven by the same bacteria operating during the suphophilic stage of whale-fall communities. Textural observations imply that dolomite precipitated shortly after the burial of carcasses. The increase of alkalinity generated by sulphate reduction and methanogenesis caused a rapid precipitation of the dolomite within skeletal cavities and prevented the degradation of the bones and diagenetic compression of skeletons; the nodules themselves prevented erosion of fossils after exhumation. Therefore, nodule formation had a crucial role in the development of the Pisco Lagerstatte.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Standard Confidence Limits for Linear Functions of the Normal Mean and Variance

Tables of standard confidence limits for linear functions of the mean and variance of a normal distribution are presented. Algorithms are presented by which confidence limits for an arbitrary linear function μ + λσ 2 can be obtained using the tables given observed values of Y distributed as N(μ,σ 2 /γ 2) and S 2 distributed independently as σ2/v times χ2 with v degrees of freedom, where μ and σ2 are unknown parameters and v, γ, and λ are known but arbitrary numbers.

Field of study: Mathematics
Peculiarities of femtosecond photon echo signals in dye-doped polymer films at high temperatures

Some results of femtosecond echo experiments on polyvinylbutyral polymer films doped with phtalocyanine molecules at high (up to room) temperatures are reported. Special attention is paid to the stimulated femtosecond photon echo (SFPE), which was observed in a solid-state medium at room temperature for the first time. A decay curve of the SFPE signal has been obtained and theoretically analyzed. The results of the analysis indicate that the random interaction between impurity molecules and quasi-localized low-frequency vibration modes in an amorphous matrix plays the dominant role in the character of optical dephasing at high temperatures.

Field of study: Physics
COMBINATION SOAKING PROCEDURE FOR ROUGH RICE PARBOILING

Soaking of rough rice is the most time-consuming operation in the parboiling process. A combination soaking 
procedure for parboiling of rough rice was developed based on the gelatinization temperature of rice starch to achieve rapid 
completion of soaking. The objectives of this study were to determine the gelatinization temperature of rice starch, the soaking 
characteristics of the rough rice, and prescribe the operating parameters of the combination soaking procedure. 
Medium-grain rough rice (‘Pankaj’) was selected, and its starch gelatinization temperature was determined as 72°C using 
alkali degradation and hot stage microscopy methods. Soaking characteristics of rough rice were studied at 60°C, 70°C, and 
80°C. Below the gelatinization temperature, soaking proceeded in the normal way; however, above the gelatinization 
temperature, excessive water absorption, husk splitting, actual cooking of rice kernels, and loss of quality due to soak water 
contamination were observed. The combination soaking procedure, involving 80°C water as the first stage until an 
intermediate moisture content of 35.0% d.b. (approx. 45 min) followed by 70°C as the second stage up to the saturation 
moisture content of 42.7% d.b. (approx. 3 h 15 min), resulted in a 67% time reduction when compared with single-stage 
soaking at 70°C. Rice from the combination procedure resembled that obtained from 70°C single-stage soaking in all respects. 
In milling analysis, after parboiling the rough rice from both soaking methods, the polished rice did not show any difference 
in terms of head rice yield, broken grains produced, and cracked grains produced.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Electron transport through symmetrical junctions of semimetal graphene ribbons

Based on the nearest-neighbor tight-binding model, we present analytical description of low-energy electron transport through a symmetrical junction of two semimetal armchair ribbons. The results obtained demonstrate the transmission suppression in the vicinity of the neutrality point except for the junction of the ribbons consisting of 3p-1 and 3p+5 dimer lines, p/2 is odd. Unlike other interconnections, these compounds are shown to be free of even local levels arising at the junction interface and exhibit electron backscattering to be inversely as the square of p+1.

Field of study: Physics