nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
A Comparison of Activity-Based Intervention and Embedded Direct Instruction When Teaching Emergent Literacy Skills

This replication study focused on the effectiveness of two different intervention approaches, activity-based intervention and embedded direct instruction, on the acquisition, generalization, and maintenance of phonological awareness, a key area of emergent literacy, by preschool children with language delays. Five male preschool participants with language delay were treated with a modified alternating-treatments design. Embedded direct instruction was more effective and efficient in the acquisition of phonological awareness skills for preschool children with language delays. Embedded direct instruction was also more effective in the generalization of emergent literacy skills to probe generalization sessions, as well as in the percentage of maintained skills. Preschool children who are at risk of acquiring foundational skills necessary for the development of conventional literacy would benefit from an explicit, systematic instructional approach. Embedded direct instruction provided the structure necessary to promote effective and efficient acquisition of skills, as well as generalization and maintenance of learning.

Field of study: Education
Upper Permian and Lower Triassic palynomorphs from eastern Yunnan, China

In eastern Yunnan the Upper Permian Lungtan and Changhsing Formations and the Lower Triassic Kayitou Formation each contain a characteristic assemblage of spores and pollen.The Torispora gigantea – Patellisporites meishanensis assemblage in the Lungtan Formation contains abundant pteridophyte and pteridosperm spores and few gymnosperm pollen. Some genera are known from the Carboniferous and Lower Permian of Europe but most are Cathaysian. The Yunnanospora radiata – Gardenasporites assemblage in the Changhsing Formation has a Paleozoic aspect but characteristic Mesozoic genera and species occur. The Lundbladispora–Aratrisporites–Pteruchipollenites assemblage in the Kayitou Formation contains numerous pteridophyte and pteriodosperm spores and gymnosperm pollen; some Paleozoic genera occur (Crassispora, Lycospora?, Stellisporites, Thymospora, Torispora, Triparites, Triquitrites, and Waltzispora), but Mesozoic genera predominate. Thirty metres above the base of the Kayitou Formation gymnosperm pollen, especia...

Field of study: Environmental science
[The association between the NRG1 gene polymorphism and cognitive functions in patients with schizophrenia and healthy controls].

NRG1 is a strong candidate for schizophrenia though its role in the pathogenesis of the disease remains unknown. One of the approaches to study mechanisms underlying the association between NRG1 and schizophrenia is to investigate the association between a gene and an endophenotype of schizophrenia, e.g., cognitive dysfunctions. Authors looked for the association of 478B14-848 и 420M9-1395 microsatellites with semantic verbal fluency, working and episodic memory in 338 patents with schizophrenia, 162 their unaffected relatives and 316 healthy controls from the Russian population. It was found associations between allele 0 at 478B14-848 (220 bp) and long-term episodic memory and between allele 0 at 420M9-1395 (274 bp) and short-term memory in schizophrenic patients. The frequency of homozygotes for 420M9-1395 was higher in the group of patients as compared to controls. In conclusion, the risk allele 0 at 420M9-1395 is associated with the short-term memory deficit while allele 0 at 478B14-848 is protective for long-term memory deficits.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Liberalism, Normative Expectations, and the Mechanics of Fault

In this review of Jeremy Horder's "Excusing Crime," Huigens argues that Horder's analysis of excuse in criminal law is flawed on two grounds. First, Horder approaches the excuses (which, in American terms, correspond to non-fault arguments instead of denials of responsible agency) with a normative jurisprudence that resembles and draws upon the normative jurisprudence of Dworkin and Finnis. This approach, which is prevalent in punishment theory generally, requires an adequate explanation of criminal law to be a morally defensible account of criminal law as well. The better approach is to consider the normative claims and requirements of criminal law analytically, from an internal point of view, following Hart and Raz. Second, Horder criticizes John Gardner's normative expectations account of excuse, and then elaborates it using liberal political theory. Not only are the claims of liberalism unnecessary once one abjures normative jurisprudence, Gardner's account is not improved by them. Instead, Gardner's account can be improved by refining his broadly Aristotelian approach. Two of Horder's three proposed excuses - an excuse for demands of conscience and an excuse for a hybrid defense of diminished responsibility and excuse - are examined and found wanting from this perspective.

Field of study: Law
Intra-industry Trade and Investment under Oligopoly: The Role of Market Size

This paper examines the factors which influence intra-industry trade under oligopoly. It argues that major determinants are the size of markets and the height of trade barriers. If national markets are large and trade barriers high, intra-industry trade is replaced by cross-investment between countries, whereby firms serve the markets of their foreign rivals by investing abroad instead of exporting. This result is established formally using a simple two country, two firm game-theoretic model. The same model is also used to examine how barriers to trade influence prices and output. The paper concludes with a brief discussion of how economic growth affects the volume of intra-industry trade.

Field of study: Economics
Localized folding of viscoelastic layers

Naturally occurring fold systems are typically irregular. Although such systems may sometimes be approximated by a periodic geometry, in reality they are commonly aperiodic. Ord (1994) has proposed that naturally occurring fold systems may display spatial chaos in their geometry. Previous work has indicated that linear theories for the formation of fold systems, such as those developed by Biot (1965), result in strictly periodic geometries. In this paper the development of spatially chaotic geometries is explored for a thin compressed elastic layer embedded in a viscoelastic medium which shows elastic softening. In particular, it is shown that spatially localized forms of buckling can develop and the evolution of these systems in the time domain is presented. A nonlinear partial differential equation, fourth order in a spatial variable and first order in time, is found to govern the evolution. A related nonlinear fourth-order ordinary differential equation governs an initial elastic phase of folding. The latter equation belongs to a class with spatially chaotic solutions. The paper reviews the implications of localization in the geological framework, and draws some tentative conclusions about the development of spatial chaos. Crudely arrived-at, yet plausible, evolutionary time plots under the constraint of constant applied end displacement are presented. Emphasis throughout is on phenomenology, rather than underlying mathematics or numerics.

Field of study: Environmental science
More Than “Just a Joke”: The Prejudice-Releasing Function of Sexist Humor

The results of two experiments supported the hypothesis that, for sexist men, exposure to sexist humor can promote the behavioral release of prejudice against women. Experiment 1 demonstrated that hostile sexism predicted the amount of money participants were willing to donate to a women's organization after reading sexist jokes but not after reading nonhumorous sexist statements or neutral jokes. Experiment 2 showed that hostile sexism predicted the amount of money participants cut from the budget of a women's organization relative to four other student organizations upon exposure to sexist comedy skits but not neutral comedy skits. A perceived local norm of approval of funding cuts for the women's organization mediated the relationship between hostile sexism and discrimination against the women's organization.

Field of study: Psychology
A semiempirical model for the description of solvent effects on chemical reactions

— An attempt is made to provide a more rigorous basis for the description of solvent effects on chemical reactions by taking into account the various free energy contributions involved in the transfer of a substrate from the gas to the solution phase. It is shown that the solvent influence on various chemical and physical processes can be represented in a semiquantitative or even quantitative way by means of three parameters, namely the socalled acceptor number, which represents a measure of the electrophilic or acceptor properties of the solvent, the donor number, which represents a measure of the nucleophilic or donor properties of the solvent and the standard free energy of vaporization of the solvent which is related to the free energy required to create holes in the solvent in which the substrates can be accomodated. Protic solvents usually do not obey the relationships obtained for aprotic media and this appears to be due to the varying basicity of the substrates under consideration.

Field of study: Chemistry
Fourier transform studies of nuclear spin relaxation

The transient response to a radiotrequency impulse is known to be the Fourier transform of the slow-passage nmr spectrum. In high resolution nmr spectroscopy the Fourier transform method represents a considerable acceleration of the rate of acquiring data from samples with many component lines, and when coupled with time-averaging techniques, it provides a significant enhancement in spectrometer sensitivity. The improved time resolution of this technique can be exploited to monitor dynamic nmr phenomena such as chemical exchange or spin relaxation effects. Spin—lattice relaxation times of the individual lines of a high resolution spectrum have been studied by the inversion-recovery method and by the Fourier transform analogue of progressive saturation. Spin—spin relaxation measurements utilize the spin-echo pulse sequence of Can and Purcell or the forced transitory precession technique of Solomon. In each case the experiment is done under complete computer control and the results are presented in the form of a 'three-dimensional' diagram of intensities as a function of frequency and elapsed time.

Field of study: Chemistry
The Process,Progress and Trends of University Teaching Method Research in the Mainland since Reforming and Opening

Since the reform and opening up,the research on university teaching method in the mainland of China experienced three stages from rising,exploring to deepening.The connotation,essence,characteristics,classification and selection basis,reform and innovation of university teaching methods,and the introduction of foreign university teaching methods and comparison between home and abroad were researched.It would carry forward by interacting between the localization theory construction and the practice exploration,combining macroscopic research with microscopic exploration,connecting pedagogical theory with multidiscipline perspective,and using quantitative and qualitative research comprehensively.

Field of study: Education
Minimax estimation of the mixing proportion of two known distributions

Let X 1 …, X n, be a sample from P ϑ = ϑP 1 + (1 − ϑ)P 0, with P 0 and P 1 known. Several estimators for ϑ have been proposed in the literature. The estimator proposed by Boes (1966) is minimax unbiased. In this article the unbiasedness is dropped and minimax estimators are derived with respect to the squared error loss function within the class of all moment-type estimators . For larger values of n, the minimax estimator coincides with a shrunken version of the Boes estimator. To give an example, let P ϑ have density fϑ(x) = ϑ(1 + 1.2x) + (1 − ϑ)(1 − .8x)(−.5 ≦ x ≦ .5). The Boes estimator is , with maximal risk equal to 3/n. For n ≧ 132 the minimax estimator is given by , with . Its maximal risk equals . For smaller values of n the minimax estimator is a bit harder to compute. Table 1 shows that for n = 20 the minimax estimator reduces the maximal risk from .150 to .088. In the last section minimax estimators are constructed with respect to the more general loss function L(ϑ, a) = w(ϑ)(ϑ − a)2.

Field of study: Mathematics
A Fast AC Field Controlled Impedance in HTS Coated Conductors: Response Speed and Electric Field Value

Direct current carrying Type II superconductors present a dc electric field under external perpendicular ac magnetic field. This effect can also be considered as an equivalent dynamic resistance. The minimum field magnitude required to generate the dynamic resistance is less than the fully penetration field of the superconductor, which is much less than its upper critical field. Thus, the superconductor can remain superconducting, leading to fast recovery times and meaning that it is feasible to use dynamic resistance to add a controlled impedance into the system. In this study, we built a demonstrator using a section of YBCO coated conductor controlled by an external ac field of a wide frequency range. We tested the electric field value and response time of the system. The work may be indicative for designing impedances for flux pumps or superconducting magnetic energy storage systems.

Field of study: Physics
ASIMETRIA FLUCTUANTE EN DOS POBLACIONES DE CEROGLOSSUS CHILENSIS (ESCBSCROLTZ, 1829) (COLEÓPTERA: CARABIDAE) EN EL AGROECOSISTEMA PINUSRADÍALA D. DON REGION DEL BIO-BIO, CHILE

Para Ceroglossus chilensis se realizo un analisis de Asimetria Fluctuante (AF) en poblaciones presentes en plantaciones de Pinus radiata de diferentes edades y tipos de manejo, ubicadas en la cordillera de la costa y precordillera andina de la Region del Bio-Bio, Chile. El objetivo fue comparar en diferentes poblaciones de C. chilensis niveles de AF, a traves de medidas del tercer segmento antenal. Para ello los insectos se recolectaron mediante trampas de intercepcion entre diciembre 2004 y enero 2005, en plantaciones de 6-7, 10, 13 y 22-24 anos. Nuestros resultados mostraron para el total de individuos (n = 128), diferencias significativas en los valores de AF en plantaciones de 6-7 (post primer raleo) y 10 anos (previo raleo comercial) para ambas situaciones geograficas. Al analizar los sexos por separado, se encontro machos y hembras asimetricas en plantaciones de 13 anos de la precordillera andina y Cordillera de la Costa, respectivamente. No se encontro correlacion entre las abundancias, porcentaje de cobertura del sotobosque y asimetria fluctuante para ambas situaciones geograficas. Se discute si la asimetria en antenas puede afectar negativamente la adecuacion biologica de los individuos expresada en menor exito en la captura de presas y encuentro de pareja, reflejo probable del efecto que el tipo de manejo al que ha sido sometida la plantacion tendria sobre la ontogenia de los individuos.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
The State of Things: New Directions in Latin American Film History

Twenty-five years ago, English-language scholarship on Latin American film was almost entirely identified with the New Latin American Cinema movement. The emerging “new” cinemas of Brazil, Cuba and Argentina, linked to evolving social movements and to the renewal of the pan-Latin American dreams of Martí and Bolivar (Nuestra América, “Our America”), had captured the imagination of U.S.-based and other scholars. As I argued in a 1991 review essay,1 unlike other national cinemas which were introduced into English-language scholarship via translations of “master histories” written by nationals (for example, the German cinema, which was studied through the histories of Sigfried Kracauer and Lotte Eisner), the various Latin American cinemas were first introduced in English-language scholarship in the 1970s ahistorically, through contemporary films and events reported in non-analytical articles that provided above all, political readings and assessments. Overall, this first stage of Latin American film scholarship was plagued by problems that continued to haunt researchers through the 1980s: difficult access to films, scarce historical data, and unverifiable secondary sources. Above all, this work displayed a blissful disregard of the critical and historical work written in Spanish and Portuguese and published in Latin America.

Field of study: History
MARCH1 down-regulation in IL-10-activated B cells increases MHC class II expression.

IL-10 is vastly studied for its anti-inflammatory properties on most immune cells. However, it has been reported that IL-10 activates B cells, up-regulates their MHC class II molecules and prevents apoptosis. As MARCH1 was shown to be responsible for the intracellular sequestration of MHC class II molecules in dendritic cells and monocytes in response to IL-10, we set out to clarify the role of this ubiquitin ligase in B cells. Here, we demonstrate in mice that splenic follicular B cells represent the major cell population that up-regulate MHC II molecules in the presence of IL-10. Activation of these cells through TLR4, CD40 or the IL-10 receptor caused the down-regulation of MARCH1 mRNA. Accordingly, B cells from MARCH1-deficient mice do not up-regulate I-A(b) in response to IL-10. In all, our results demonstrate that IL-10 can have opposite effects on MARCH1 regulation in different cell types.

Field of study: Medicine
What's the Exchange Rate? Personal Impressions Back from Brazil

In this paper, CRP senior Christina Batteate writes about her participation in the international exchange program with the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro during the summer and fall quarters of 2007. Her experience included a class project for recycling old industrial buildings next to a squatter-settlement into new housing, and an internship with the United Nations Human Settlements Program in their regional office for Latin America. Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/focus This International Exchange is brought to you for free and open access by the City and Regional Planning at DigitalCommons@CalPoly. It has been accepted for inclusion in Focus by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@CalPoly. For more information, please contact mwyngard@calpoly.edu. Recommended Citation Batteate, Christina (2008) "What's the Exchange Rate? Personal Impressions Back from Brazil,"  Iss. 1, Article 17.

Field of study: Medicine
Enantiopure Chiral Concave 1,10‐Phenanthrolines

Chiral information has been introduced into concave 1,10-phenanthrolines of different ring sizes by using a 2,7-disubstituted naphthalene bridgehead, which causes axial chirality. A tetraphenolic 2-(dihydroxynaphthyl)-9-(dihydroxyphenyl)-1,10-phenanthroline was synthesized as a key intermediate. Two strategies were followed to obtain the bimacrocyclic chiral concave 1,10-phenanthrolines: quadruple Williamson ether synthesis or alkenylation of the OH groups and subsequent ring-closing metathesis followed by hydrogenation. The overall yields of bimacrocyles 19 were 10 to 17 % starting from the respective Suzuki coupling of the substituted arenes 11 and 13 to 2,9-dichloro-1,10-phenanthroline (5). Racemic mixtures of the three concave 1,10-phenanthrolines 19 were separated by using chiral high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) techniques, and their absolute stereochemistry was assigned by comparison of simulated and experimental circular dichroism (CD) spectra. The enantiopure concave 1,10-phenanthrolines were used as ligands in a copper-catalysed cyclopropanation, and their selectivity was determined by chiral gas chromatography (GC).

Field of study: Chemistry
Low-Frequency Noise Characteristics of HgCdTe Infrared Photodiodes Operating at High Temperatures

We present experimental results of 1/f noise characterization in n+/p mercury-vacancy-doped photodiodes. The 1/f noise was measured as a function of temperature and diode bias voltage for different photodiode configurations. We have investigated the 1/f noise of devices with various geometries and structures, in different spectral bands, and produced using different growth processes. Contrasting 1/f noise behavior was observed in mid-wavelength infrared range (MWIR) and long-wavelength infrared range (LWIR) devices. The results indicate that the 1/f noise in MWIR photodiodes is proportional to the diode area, which implies the presence of a previously unreported noise-generating mechanism occurring in bulk material. The 1/f noise in the LWIR photodiodes was found to be independent of diode geometry, indicating the presence of a diffusion current modulation at specific points of the junction.

Field of study: Materials science
Serum-free media for lymphoid culture.

A serum-free medium is described that we have been using since almost ten years when growing a number of lymphoid cell lines. Serum-free media offer several advantages before media containing even well standardized animal sera. As an example of studies where serum-free media offer advantages we present data demonstrating the use of a defined medium when monitoring glycosidase enzyme levels in lymphoid cells.

Field of study: Biology, Engineering
Molecular characterization of clinical isolate of Vibrio cholerae isolated from outbreaks cases in Malaysia

A total of 32 clinical strains of Vibrio cholerae, including members of the 01 and 0139 serogroup were collected from Klang, Selangor; Penang Island; Samarahan, Sarawak and Miri, Sarawak in Malaysia. In general, all the isolates except the 0139 serotype expressed low resistance to all the antibiotics tested with their Multiple Antibiotic Resistance (MAR) indices ranged from 0.10 to 0.48. The presence of ctx gene that encoded the cholera toxin was confirmed in all these clinical isolates by polymerase chain reaction. The results from the RAPD-PCR were analyzed using the RAPDistance software (Version 1.04). From the dendrogram generated, two main groups were observed which were subdivided into two clusters each. The Selangor's isolates and the 0139 Penang's isolates formed one group whereas the Samarahan, Sarawak isolates and the Miri, Sarawak isolates made up the other group, thus delineating their different sources of origin based on their geographical location.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Cardiac fibroblasts form and function.

The formation and structure of the extracellular matrix (ECM) that makes up the cardiac interstitum is well known yet the underlying mechanisms that regulate the interstitum are poorly known. This review focuses on the role of the cardiac fibroblast in the formation and regulation of the ECM components during cardiac development and in response to physiological and pathological stimulation. The role of ECM receptors (integrins), cellular phenotype, and chemical and mechanical signaling by cardiac fibroblasts are discussed.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
OF HEAT TRANSFER CONDITIONS ON PERFORMANCE OF OSCILLATORY TUBE

对管外换热状况对振荡管性能的影响进行了实验研究及理论分析.实验中采用自然对流及强制对流(轴向水冷却)两种典型的管外换热型式.结果表明:改善振荡管外的传热状况,可使振荡管的冷效应显著增强,在膨胀比e=2.0～6.0的范围内可使制冷效率提高4.6%～5.4%,同时可使最佳射流激励频率fopt降低且膨胀比对fopt值不再有明显影响. 对导致上述结果的内在机制进行了探讨.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science