nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Frequencies and Characteristics of Global Oceanic Precipitation from Shipboard Present-Weather Reports

Ship reports of present weather obtained from the Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set are analyzed for the period 1958–91 in order to elucidate regional and seasonal variations in the climatological frequency, phase. intensity, and character of oceanic precipitation. Specific findings of note include the following: 1) The frequency of thunderstorm reports, relative to all precipitation reports, is a strong function of location, with thunderstorm activity being favored within 1000–3000 km of major tropical and subtropical landmasses, while being quite rare at other locations, even within the intertropical convergence zone. 2) The latitudinal frequency of precipitation over the southern oceans increases steadily toward the Antarctic continent and shows relatively little seasonal variation. The frequency of convective activity, however, shows considerable seasonal variability, with sharp winter maxima occurring near 381 latitude in both hemispheres. 3) Drizzle is the preferred form of precipitat...

Field of study: Environmental science
Interpretation of curriculum setup for the sports science major in Pennsylvania State University

The authors introduced and dissected the sports science major in the Department of Kinesiology of the College of Health and Human Development of Pennsylvania State University,and revealed the characteristics of the setup of its curriculum system and curriculum contents,as well as the following findings: the proportion of the cred-its for general education in the degree curriculum in Pennsylvania State University in total credits is 25%～35%;re-quired public courses for all research orientations in the kinesiology major are completely the same;more physics and chemistry courses are set up as required courses for the sports science major;multiple limitations are estab-lished for the selection of additional courses and basic courses in order to establish a unified knowledge system.

Field of study: Education
Elastic electron scattering from 4N nuclei in the $\alpha$α-cluster model with dispersion

The $\alpha$α-cluster model with dispersion has been developed for some 4N nuclei in the 2s-1d shell. The previously considered molecule-like configuration for the 24Mg nucleus is compared with the octahedron one. For the 32S nucleus both the cubic and bitetrahedron configurations are discussed. Molecule-like configurations with the 32S nucleus core and additional dumb-bell for the 40Ca nucleus are proposed. The structure of the 40Ca nucleus consisting of six $\alpha$α-clusters arranged in a octahedron outside of tetrahedron 16O core is also considered. The calculated charge form factors and root mean square radii of such nuclei are in a reasonable agreement with the available experimental data.

Field of study: Physics
Linear Programming Techniques for Regression Analysis

In regression problems alternative criteria of “best fit” to least squares are least absolute deviations and least maximum deviations. In this paper it is noted that linear programming techniques may be employed to solve the latter two problems. In particular, if the linear regression relation contains p parameters, minimizing the sum of the absolute value of the “vertical” deviations from the regression line is shown to reduce to a p equation linear programming model with bounded variables; and fitting by the Chebyshev criterion is exhibited to lead to a standard-form p+1 equation linear programming model.

Field of study: Mathematics
Ergotamine and methysergide abuse in patients with migraine.

Five cases of abuse of ergotamine preparations and one of methysergide are reported. Abuse of methysergide has not previously been reported. The effects of tolerance and withdrawal headaches as factors contributing to the abuse of these drugs are discussed. Attention is drawn to the dangers of such abuse in patients who are unduly anxious and are subjected to prolonged stress. The need to treat the patient as a whole is emphasized in relationship to the prevention of abuse of antimigraine drugs and to the management of such abuse if it develops.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
RNA Biology Provides New Therapeutic Targets for Human Disease

RNA is the messenger molecule that conveys information from the genome and allows the production of biomolecules required for life in a responsive and regulated way. Most genes are able to produce multiple mRNA products in response to different internal or external environmental signals, in different tissues and organs, and at specific times in development or later life. This fine tuning of gene expression is dependent on the coordinated effects of a large and intricate set of regulatory machinery, which together orchestrate the genomic output at each locus and ensure that each gene is expressed at the right amount, at the right time and in the correct location. This complexity of control, and the requirement for both sequence elements and the entities that bind them, results in multiple points at which errors may occur. Errors of RNA biology are common and found in association with both rare, single gene disorders, but also more common, chronic diseases. Fortunately, complexity also brings opportunity. The existence of many regulatory steps also offers multiple levels of potential therapeutic intervention which can be exploited. In this review, I will outline the specific points at which coding RNAs may be regulated, indicate potential means of intervention at each stage, and outline with examples some of the progress that has been made in this area. Finally, I will outline some of the remaining challenges with the delivery of RNA-based therapeutics but indicate why there are reasons for optimism.

Field of study: Biology
Judging Air Quality Model Performance

Under the direction of the AMS Steering Committee for the EPA Cooperative Agreement on air quality modeling, a small group of scientists was convened to review and recommend procedures to evaluate the performance of air quality models. Particular attention was paid to the operational use of models in regulatory settings. A number of general recommendations resulted from the workshop. The usefulness of models to aid decision makers in air quality management was reiterated. Concerns about the absolute, rather than the statistical, nature of air quality standards were raised, with a recommendation to reformulate standards accordingly. Model performance evaluation was suggested on the basis of differences between observed and predicted concentrations. The bias (average), the variance (noise), and the gross variability (gross error) of such differences were the recommended performance measures. In addition, correlation measures calculated in time, space, and jointly between observation and predictions...

Field of study: Environmental science
Explaining Health Care Professionals’ Resistance to Implement Diagnosis Related Groups: (No) Benefits for Society, Patients and Professionals

Effective health system reform requires support from health care professionals. However, many studies show an increasing discontent among health care professionals toward certain government policies. When professionals resist implementing policies, this may have serious consequences for policy effectiveness.



To develop and test a model for explaining resistance of health professionals to implement policies, based on three dimensions: societal benefits (such as improving efficiency), patient benefits (such as improving quality for individual patients) and personal benefits for professionals (for example increased income or fewer administrative burdens).



We conduct a survey among 1317 Dutch psychologists, psychotherapists and psychiatrists in 2010 who had to implement a new policy: Diagnosis Related Groups (DRGs). The dependent variable is professionals' resistance to implement these DRGs. As independent variables we develop scales to measure perceived societal benefits, patient benefits and personal benefits. Socio-demographic variables are also included.



The model worked adequately in that the three benefit dimensions, together with control variables, explained 43% of the variance in resistance to implement DRGs. Results indicate that health professionals were overall quite resistant towards the policy. The main reason was widespread belief that DRGs neither contribute to care quality nor help to control costs (low societal benefits). Resistance can also be explained by fears for one's personal status, income, and administrative burdens. Professionals furthermore doubt whether the policy is beneficial for patients, although this dimension is the least influential, which was unexpected. Perceived effects on patient choice, furthermore, do not contribute to willingness or resistance to work with DRGs. These insights can help in understanding why health care professionals embrace or resist the implementation of particular policies.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Disruption of the SHM2 gene, encoding one of two serine hydroxymethyltransferase isoenzymes, reduces the flux from glycine to serine in Ashbya gossypii.

Riboflavin overproduction in the ascomycete Ashbya gossypii is limited by glycine, a precursor of purine biosynthesis, and therefore an indicator of glycine metabolism. Disruption of the SHM 2 gene, encoding a serine hydroxymethyltransferase, resulted in a significant increase in riboflavin productivity. Determination of the enzyme's specific activity revealed a reduction from 3 m-units/mg of protein to 0.5 m-unit/mg protein. The remaining activity was due to an isoenzyme encoded by SHM 1, which is probably mitochondrial. A hypothesis proposed to account for the enhanced riboflavin overproduction of SHM 2-disrupted mutants was that the flux from glycine to serine was reduced, thus leading to an elevated supply with the riboflavin precursor glycine. Evidence for the correctness of that hypothesis was obtained from (13)C-labelling experiments. When 500 microM 99% [1-(13)C]threonine was fed, more than 50% of the label was detected in C-1 of glycine resulting from threonine aldolase activity. More than 30% labelling determined in C-1 of serine can be explained by serine synthesis via serine hydroxymethyltransferase. Knockout of SHM 1 had no detectable effect on serine labelling, but disruption of SHM 2 led to a decrease in serine (2-5%) and an increase in glycine (59-67%) labelling, indicating a changed carbon flux.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
BRIEF COMMUNICATIONS: Problem of self-mode-locking in a neodymium laser with a long resonator

Measurements were made of the energy, space, and time characteristics of radiation from a laser with a long (273 m) resonator. Stable self-locking of the longitudinal modes was observed in this laser. A mechanism accounting for the self-mode-locking in lasers with long resonators is proposed.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
New insights into the pelagic microorganisms involved in the methane cycle in the meromictic Lake Pavin through metagenomics

&NA; Advances in metagenomics have given rise to the possibility of obtaining genome sequences from uncultured microorganisms, even for those poorly represented in the microbial community, thereby providing an important means to study their ecology and evolution. In this study, metagenomic sequencing was carried out at four sampling depths having different oxygen concentrations or environmental conditions in the water column of Lake Pavin. By analyzing the sequenced reads and matching the contigs to the proxy genomes of the closest cultivated relatives, we evaluated the metabolic potential of the dominant planktonic species involved in the methane cycle. We demonstrated that methane‐producing communities were dominated by the genus Methanoregula while methane‐consuming communities were dominated by the genus Methylobacter, thus confirming prior observations. Our work allowed the reconstruction of a draft of their core metabolic pathways. Hydrogenotrophs, the genes required for acetate activation in the methanogen genome, were also detected. Regarding methanotrophy, Methylobacter was present in the same areas as the non‐methanotrophic, methylotrophic Methylotenera, which could suggest a relationship between these two groups. Furthermore, the presence of a large gene inventory for nitrogen metabolism (nitrate transport, denitrification, nitrite assimilation and nitrogen fixation, for instance) was detected in the Methylobacter genome. &NA;  Metagenomic analyses revealed prominent roles for Methanoregula and Methylobacter in Lake Pavin methane‐cycling.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Determination of Polysaccharide in Pea Root Mucilage by Precolumn Derivatization and Capillary Gas Chromatography

A novel gas chromatographic method was developed to determine six kinds of monosaccharide units hydrolyzed by trifluoroacetic acid from polysaccharide in pea root cap mucilage.The baseline separation of the monosaccharide units were achieved with a medium polar capillary column OV-17(35 m×0.32 mm,0.33 μm).The total analysis time was 42 min.Retention times were used to identify the individual sugar in the chromatogram and external standard method was used for quantitative analysis.The linear range of the method was 0.0025-2.5 g/L and the correlation coefficient were over 0.9991.Minimum detectable limit at a signal-to-noise of 2:1 was 0.0216-0.1578 mg/L.The recovery of the six kinds of standard mono sugars was 96.7%-107.4%.The results indicated that this method was effective and quick in analyzing the components of sugars in the mucilage collected from plant root tips under adversity stress.

Field of study: Chemistry
The Economics of the Next Century

Austin Robinson argues that the extraordinarily rapid growth of the British economy in the century 1800-1900 was due to very unequal technical development, with lack of capital and of education limiting the capacity of backward countries to complete with inventing countries. Today multi-national firms, investing where labor of the necessary efficiency is cheapest, combined with widespread technical education make any repetition of nineteenth century export-based leadership virtually impossible. He expects no more than slow growth of the British economy, which by the end of the first quarter of the next century may give us a standard of life comparable to that of the United States today. He speculates on what may be the principal elements in that growth.

Field of study: Economics
A Survey of the Yemeni Translation Market Needs

لقد تغيرت طرق تطوير البرامج الأكاديمية خلال السنوات السابقة لتصبح متمحورة حول المتعلم، وهذا يعني أن البرامج تبنى على الكفايات التي يجب أن يكتسبها الدارس ويتم التوصل إليها من خلال استطلاع أراء المستفيدين من البرنامج، ويعد سوق العمل أحد أهم المصادر لهذه الكفايات. ولذلك فقد هدفت هذه الدراسة إلى التعرف على كفايات الترجمة المطلوبة لسوق الترجمة في اليمن، حيث قامت الباحثة بتطوير استبانة للكفايات المطلوبة للترجمة بالاستناد على ما كتب حديثا فيه واستقصت آراء 50 مترجما محترفا يعملون في صنعاء. اشتملت الاستبانة على 35 فقرة وصفت كفايات الترجمة لبرامج المرحلة الجامعية. توزعت الفقرات على خمس محاور أساسية وهي: الكفايات اللغوية، وكفايات الترجمة، والكفايات الثقافية، وكفايات وسائل الترجمة والبحث، والكفايات الإستراتيجية بالإضافة إلى القدرات الشخصية للمترجم. أظهرت النتائج أن كفايات الترجمة كانت ذات أهمية كبيرة للمشاركين من المترجمين المحترفين، حيث لم تستثنى أي كفاية، وتحديدا تم اختيار 21 منها كمهمة جدا. الكفايات الحاصلة على أعلى درجات الأهمية ركزت على المهارات الأساسية للمترجم التي لا يمكن للعمل الترجمي أن يتم بدونها وهي الكفايات اللغوية والثقافية والتعرف على المشكلات وحلها واستخدام القواميس والبحث عن المعلومات، وحصلت كفايات الترجمة الشفوية واستخدام تكنولوجيا الترجمة الحديثة على اهتمام أقل والذي قد يعزى إلى الركود الحاصل في السوق الترجمة نظرا لتردي أوضاع البلاد إجمالا.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Public dialogue on healthcare prioritisation.

The Swedish public healthcare sector is administered by county councils or regions with their own power of taxation. These authorities are facing difficult times as the gap between demand and healthcare resources is widening and the option to further increase county council taxes is not politically tempting. It is becoming ever more apparent that, sooner or later, limits to the public healthcare commitment must be set. In the north-western district of Region Skåne, the district board determined to initiate a public dialogue on prioritisation with local residents. Annual surveys were sent to 1% of the population ( approximately 2500 individuals) during the period 2002-2004. The addressees were also asked if they wanted to participate in public meetings with the healthcare politicians. This study investigates what happened to the preferences and attitudes of the interest group when the participants were not only offered an opportunity to enter into a dialogue with their peers and representatives, but also received information on prioritisation matters. After the intervention, which consisted of two public meetings with politicians and five information booklets on prioritisation issues, the study group was asked to participate in a second survey. At the follow-up, 20% fewer thought that one should always have a right to public healthcare, even if troubles were trivial. Eighty four percent in the study group thought that the general public should participate in prioritisation discussions while only 64% in the control group agreed to this. Eighty two percent of the study group marked the dialogue project "good" or "very good". The results indicate an increased acceptance for reallocations, a strengthened will to participate and more confidence in the politicians and their work. The study is descriptive and designed to make long-term follow-ups possible.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
An 80 kG-Foot Beam Switching Magnet and Its Pulsed Current Supply

A flattopped switching magnet system has been developed for deflecting the beam of the Zero Gradient Synchrotron (ZGS) to a bubble chamber. A 13 kV, 100 kJ capacitor bank provides the pulse energy. The flattop is maintained within ± 0.005% by a low voltage capacitor bank. The discharge circuit oscillates for little more than one-half cycle and 96% of the pulse energy is returned to the capacitor bank.

Field of study: Physics
Question & Answer 3

From “Black Collectivities: A Conference,” held May 3–4, 2013, at Northwestern University’s Mary and Leigh Block Museum of Art, the Museum of Contemporary Art Chicago, and the University of Chicago’s Arts Incubator. The final question-and-answer session from the conference, it addresses the intersection of sex and race, gender and the role of women in collective organizing, the constitution of public versus private spaces, the extensibility of blackness as a political frame, and the ways that artistic practice provides models of engagement on each of those scores. Participants include Huey Copeland, Romi Crawford, Theaster Gates, Rick Lowe, and Claire Tancons.

Field of study: Art
Varying Architecture of Heat Shock Elements Contributes to Distinct Magnitudes of Target Gene Expression and Diverged Biological Pathways in Heat Stress Response of Bread Wheat

The heat shock transcription factor (HSF) binds to cis-regulatory motifs known as heat shock elements (HSEs) to mediate the transcriptional response of HSF target genes. However, the HSF–HSEs interaction is not clearly understood. Using the newly released genome reference sequence of bread wheat, we identified 39,478 HSEs (95.6% of which were non-canonical HSEs) and collapsed them into 30,604 wheat genes, accounting for 27.6% wheat genes. Using the intensively heat-responsive transcriptomes of wheat, we demonstrated that canonical HSEs have a higher propensity to induce a response in the closest downstream genes than non-canonical HSEs. However, the response magnitude induced by non-canonical HSEs was comparable to that induced by canonical HSEs. Significantly, some non-canonical HSEs that contain mismatched nucleotides at specific positions within HSEs had a larger response magnitude than that of canonical HSEs. Consistently, most of the HSEs identified in the promoter regions of heat shock proteins were non-canonical HSEs, suggesting an important role for these non-canonical HSEs. Lastly, distinct diverged biological processes were observed between genes containing different HSE types, suggesting that sequence variation in HSEs plays a key role in the evolution of heat responses and adaptation. Our results provide a new perspective to understand the regulatory network underlying heat responses.

Field of study: Biology
Bartolomeo Marchionni “Homem de grossa fazend” (ca. 1450–1530): Un mercante fiorentino a Lisbona e l’Impero portoghese. Francesco Guidi Bruscoli. Biblioteca Storica Toscana 73. Florence: Leo S. Olschki, 2014. xxvi + 272 pp. €32.


Field of study: History
TAMBUS: A novel authentication method through covert channels for securing industrial networks

Nowadays, many companies still use old and insecure protocols in Industrial Control Systems (ICSs). An example of such protocols is Modbus, one of the most employed industrial protocols. Also, companies are moving to Modbus/TCP when there are TCP devices involved in the facility. While remaining insecure, this migration also disrupts the assumption of air-gapped industrial networks, opening more attack surface to previously isolated systems. Due to legacy and efficiency constraint, the replacement of Modbus/TCP with secure protocols is not possible, generating big security issues. In this paper, we present TAMBUS (Transmitter Authentication and packet integrity in Modbus/TCP). This method is the first that at the same time: is not implemented in a secure by obscurity design and keeps the Modbus/TCP protocol compatible with legacy devices. TAMBUS allows detecting attacks with high statistical confidence, by leveraging two covert channels as a mean of providing security: 1) Storage-based, that hides authentication messages into the Modbus/TCP protocol fields; 2) Timing-based, that considers the inter-arrival time of packets. We demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of our method through a prototype implementation and testing in an industrial testbed environment. Our experiments confirm that TAMBUS introduces only a small overhead, negligible in most application, and it preserves the regular functioning of industrial systems. In particular, considering the storage-based covert channel, TAMBUS introduces an error into transmitted values of only 1 . 19 × 1 0 − 5 % , without traffic overhead. On the other hand, TAMBUS can transmit correct security information through the timing-based covert channel with an accuracy of more than 99.99%.

Field of study: Computer science
Fatal reactivation of chronic hepatitis B virus infection following withdrawal of chemotherapy in lymphoma patients.

Four Chinese patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and asymptomatic chronic hepatitis B infection developed fulminant hepatitis three to four weeks after two to five courses of chemotherapy. One was initially positive for hepatitis B e antigen and three were positive for antibody to HBeAg. They had normal initial serum aminotransferase levels. In all four patients, the hepatic illness appeared to be caused by reactivation of hepatitis B virus replication as evidenced by the appearance of HBV DNA in serum at the onset of hepatitis, seroreversion from anti-HBe to HBeAg positivity, and the absence of other incriminating drugs or viral markers. All died within three weeks after the onset of jaundice. Serum HBV DNA level dropped to undetectable level as the hepatitis progressed. We postulate that potent cytotoxic therapy reactivated HBV replication and permitted widespread infection of hepatocytes. Upon withdrawal of chemotherapy, the immunologic rebound resulted in rapid destruction of infected hepatocytes and massive liver necrosis. Several methods for the prevention of such hepatic reactivation are discussed.

Field of study: Medicine