nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Effect of Pesticide Use in Fruit Production Orchards on Shallow Ground Water

As a part of landscape‐scale study, ground water samples were collected from 30 wells located in fruit production farms belonging to the valley of Neuquen river during the period 1995–1998 and analyzed for organophosphate pesticides. As a consequence of the leaching process, ground water from the Valley of Neuquen River frequently contained concentrations of organophosphorus pesticides that exceeded acute toxicity risk ratios established to protect aquatic life. It was found that some pesticides, as azinphos methyl, had a high detection frequency, 66% of the samples, with concentrations varying from no detection to 48.9 ppb. Dimethoate, metidathion and phosmet were also detected with frequencies of 14.1, 13.6 and 10.8% and with concentration ranks from no detection to a maximum value of 10.9, 2.0 and 15.5 ppb, respectively. Seasonal variations and temporal trends were found for these compounds in ground water.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Boundary-Layer Separation on Slender Cones at Angle of Attack

6 McClure, J. D., "On Perturbed Boundary Layer Flows," Reflection at a Laminar Boundary Layer of a Weak Steady Disturbance to a Supersonic Stream, Neglecting Velocity and Heat Conduction," Quarterly Journal of Mechanics and Applied MathematicsOn Boundary Layers and Upstream Influence II Supersonic Flows Without Separation," Proceedings of the Royal Society,  1953, pp. 478-507, 9 Benjamin, T. B., "Shearing Flow Over a Wavy Boundary," Journal of Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 6, No. 2, 1959, pp. 161-205. 10 Lees, L. and Reshotko, E., "Stability of the Compressible Laminar Boundary Layer," Journal of Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 12, No. 4, 1962, pp. 555-590. 11 Inger, G. R., "Discontinuous Supersonic Flow Past an Ablating Wavy Wall," AIAA Journal, Vol. 7, No. 4, April 1969, pp. 762-764. 12 Inger, G. R., "Rotational Inviscid Supersonic Flow Past a Wavy Wall," Bulletin of the American Physical Society, Vol. 13, No. 11, Nov. 1968, p. 1579. 13 Martellucci, H., Rie, H., and J. F. Somtowski, J. F., "Evaluation of Several Eddy Viscosity Models through Comparison with Measurements in Hypersonic Flows," AIAA Paper 69-688, San Francisco, Calif., 1969. 14 Brown, W. B., "Stability of Compressible Boundary Layers," AIAA Journal, Vol. 5, No. 10, Oct. 1967,  Lew, H. G. and Li, H., "The Role of the Turbulent Viscous Sublayer in the Formation of Surface Patterns," Rept. R68SD12, June 1968, General Electric Missle and Space Div., Valley Forge, Pa. 16 Klein, E. J., "Liquid Crystals in Aerodynamic Testing," Astronautics and Aeronautics, Vol. 6, No. 7, July 1968, pp. 20-25. 17 Williams, E. P. and Inger, G. R., "Investigations of Ablation Surface Cross Hatching," SAMSO TR-70-246, June 1970, McDonnell Douglas Astronautics, Huhtington Beach, Calif.

Field of study: Physics
Evolutionary game theoretic strategy for optimal drug delivery to influence selection pressure in treatment of HIV-1

Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) escape mutation is associated with long-term behaviors of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). Recent studies indicate heterogeneous behaviors of reversible and conservative mutants while the selection pressure changes. The purpose of this study is to optimize the selection pressure to minimize the long-term virus load. The results can be used to assist in delivery of highly loaded cognate peptide-pulsed dendritic cells (DC) into lymph nodes that could change the selection pressure. This mechanism may be employed for controlled drug delivery. A mathematical model is proposed in this paper to describe the evolutionary dynamics involving viruses and T cells. We formulate the optimization problem into the framework of evolutionary game theory, and solve for the optimal control of the selection pressure as a neighborhood invader strategy. The strategy dynamics can be obtained to evolve the immune system to the best controlled state. The study may shed light on optimal design of HIV-1 therapy based on optimization of adaptive CTL immune response.

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics
Standard of care and liability in medical malpractice litigation in Japan.

Although the incidence of medical malpractice litigation is increasing in Japan, it remains unclear whether medical malpractice litigation gives doctors and hospitals, an economic incentive to provide high-quality medical care by requiring that they compensate patients for harm caused by negligence. Therefore, to evaluate whether the medical malpractice litigation system contributes to the delivery of high-quality medical care, we first analyzed the decisions made in medical malpractice cases between 1986 and 1998 in ten district courts (n=421). We found the following results: (1) the probability that patients received compensation and the amount of compensation received, increased with the level of negligence, for all injury severity levels; (2) the significant predictors that a case would be decided in favor of the patient were the patient's legal basis (P=0.00) and the severity of injury (P=0.02). Although, it seems that Japanese medical malpractice litigation gives doctors an economic incentive to avoid delivering substandard medical care, since both the severity of injury and negligence were significant predictors, medical litigation in Japan might in fact corrupt the compensation process by creating an adversarial atmosphere.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Managing Alcohol Use Disorder in Primary Health Care

Purpose of ReviewThe aim of this study is to summarise the current literature on both the impact and the implementation of primary health care-based screening and advice programmes to reduce heavy drinking, as an evidence-based component of managing alcohol use disorder in primary health care.Recent FindingsSystematic reviews of reviews find conclusive evidence for the impact of primary health care delivered screening and brief advice programmes in reducing heavy drinking. The content, length of advice and which profession delivers the advice seems less important than the actual encounter between provider and patient. Despite the global burden of disease due to heavy drinking and the evidence that this can be reduced by screening and brief advice programmes delivered in primary health care, such programmes remain poorly implemented. Were such programmes widely implemented, there would be substantial health and productivity gains. Systematic reviews and international studies indicate that improved implementation requires tailoring of training and programme content to match the needs of providers, training and ongoing support and embedding of programmes within local community support, championed by local leaders.SummaryThe next stage of implementation and scale-up of evidence-based screening and brief advice programmes should take place embedded within supportive local community action, with appropriate research to demonstrate impact.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Critical point multiplicities and multiplicity fluctuations in heavy ion collisions

An exactly solvable thermodynamic model of nuclear fragmentation exhibiting a phase transition is shown to lead to a simple connection between the critical point multiplicity 〈 m 〉 c and the critical point exponent τ. This transition is characterized by large multiplicity fluctuations and the sudden appearance of very large clusters. The model agrees in many respects with the critical properties recently extracted experimentally by the EOS collaboration from the behavior of the reduced moments. Parallels of our model with percolation theory and Bose-Einstein condensation are discussed.

Field of study: Physics
[Efficacy, safety and tolerability of glatiramer acetate injections in dose 40 mg/ml in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis].

The article presents the results of an international study on the efficacy and safety of glatiramer acetate (GA) (40 mg/ml administered 3 times a week) compared with placebo in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). This study was conducted in 142 sites in 17 countries including Russia. In total, the study included 1404 patients with RRMS including 166 patients from Russia. Glatiramer acetate (40 mg/ml 3 times a week) demonstrated the high efficacy, safety and tolerability profile. In conclusion, glatiramer acetate GA in dose 40 mg/ml should be considered as a more convenient regimen for RRMS patients which can improve patients' adherence to treatment and as a result, its efficacy.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
On the potential generality of depth-related ecologic structure in cold-seep communities: Evidence from Cenozoic and Mesozoic examples

Faunal communities inhabiting hydrocarbon seeps in the deep sea today show a depth-related change in their ecologic structure: the proportion of obligate ([`]endemic') taxa increases with depth while the abundance of predators and other background taxa decreases. Here the fossil record of seep communities is investigated for similar gradients. The middle Eocene to middle Miocene deep-water cold-seep deposits in western Washington State, USA, are from different depths: those of the middle to late Eocene Humptulips, Bear River and Whiskey Creek sites lived in depths of 500 to 2000 m, those of the late Oligocene to middle Miocene seep communities of the Lincoln Creek and Astoria Formations in depths of 16 to 900 m. These seeps were inhabited by the same taxa that inhabit cold seeps today and like their modern analogs, they show an increasing proportion of obligate taxa and a decreasing abundance of predators and other background taxa with depth. Also among late Mesozoic seep sites a depth-related change in the proportion of obligate taxa is apparent: seep communities in shallow-shelf settings harbor virtually no obligates, while seep communities in outer shelf to slope settings show a high proportion of obligates, although the constituting species have different taxonomic affinities than their Cenozoic and extant counterparts. Unlike in modern examples, differences between seep communities from outer shelf and slope depths were not seen. It is hypothesized that due to the higher Mesozoic sea-levels many seep communities on the continental shelves were located below the photic zone, where an obligate seep fauna could develop. Because an increase in the proportion of obligate taxa with depth can be seen both in the Cenozoic and in the late Mesozoic despite the different taxonomic affinities of the obligate taxa, it is suggested here that this depth-related structure is a general feature of seep faunas independent of the taxa that express this pattern.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Generalized spin representations

We introduce the notion of a generalized spin representation of the maximal compact subalgebra $\mathfrak k$ of a symmetrizable Kac--Moody algebra $\mathfrak g$ in order to show that, if defined over a formally real field, every such $\mathfrak k$ has a non-trivial reductive finite-dimensional quotient. The appendix illustrates how to compute the isomorphism types of these quotients for the real $E_n$ series. In passing this provides an elementary way of determining the isomorphism types of the maximal compact subalgebras of the semisimple split real Lie algebras of types $E_6$, $E_7$, $E_8$.

Field of study: Mathematics
Investigation of Deep-Sea Volcanic Ash Layers from Equatorial Pacific Cores

Trace and minor element analysis of 128 volcanic ash samples from 56 cores taken in the eastern equatorial and southeastern Pacific Ocean has allowed identification and correlation of individual volcanic ash layers over wide areas of the ocean floor. Three principal areas of ash deposition have been delineated, with probable source areas in Guatemala, El Salvador, Nicaragua, and Colombia or Ecuador. Analyses of continental pumice samples indicate vents near the Tecpan-Chimaltenango basin in the Guatemalan Highlands and the Lake Ilopango region of El Salvador. Many, perhaps all, of the ash layers do not date beyond 300,000 yrs. The two most extensive (400,000 and 300,000 km2) and voluminous (43 and 19 km3) ash falls have been tentatively dated at 54,000 and 220,000 yrs, respectively. Together these ash layers comprise the so-called “Worzel Ash.” The most extensive of the two layers occurs in all three ash areas and may also correlate with an ash horizon in the Gulf of Mexico dated at approximately 60,000 yrs. The correlation of some ash layers with a sequence of subbottom reflectors suggests that the entire sequence of reflectors seen in the upper 100 m of sediment off Central America can be attributed to discrete layers of volcanic ash.

Field of study: Geology
Pinch point analysis and design considerations of CO2 gas cooler for heat pump water heaters

Due to strong nonlinear variation of supercritical CO 2 specific heat capacity with temperature, pinch point would occur in water-cooled CO 2 gas cooler, which has great impacts on the heat transfer characteristics of gas cooler and overall system performance. Pinch point analysis was conducted for CO 2 gas cooler in the present study. The effects of refrigerant pressure, mass flow ratio (m w /m c ), inlet water temperature and heat transfer area on pinch point location, approach temperature difference and heat transfer rate were analyzed in detail. Based on the analysis of pinch point location in CO 2 gas cooler, the critical flow ratios were proposed to effectively control the approach temperature difference. Furthermore, the actual conductance of gas cooler was calculated and compared with that estimated by LMTD method. The results showed that CO 2 gas cooler may be undersized by as much as a factor of 30–60% for different pressures if LMTD method is used. However, the UA value evaluated by LMTD method also may be overestimated under high refrigerant pressures when the approach temperature difference tends to be zero. Results of the present study are helpful to practical designs of CO 2 gas cooler and heat pump water heaters.

Field of study: Engineering
An Automatic Object State Machine Extraction Method Using Dynamic Analysis

Object behavior protocols are of great significance in guiding developers to understand and properly use the external functions provided by the object.Nevertheless,the related documents are often missed or inconsistent.Therefore,reverse analysis is used to recover the protocols.To achieve this goal,this paper presents a new method to extract Object State Machine(OSM) based on intentional method invoking and dynamic analysis.This method firstly extracts condition expressions containing class attributes from source code and defines states to be the sets of values of expressions at run-time as well as the exceptions;then gets states transition information by intentional method invoking;and finally uses the sates and the states transition information to construct object state machine.The corresponding prototype system has been realized and the preliminary experimental results show that this method can efficiently and accurately recovers behavior protocols.

Field of study: Computer science
Responding under fixed-ratio and multiple fixed-interval fixed-ratio schedules of electric shock presentation.

Squirrel monkeys, initially trained under a schedule of electric shock postponement and then under fixed-interval schedules of electric shock presentation, were studied under multiple fixed-interval fixed-ratio and under fixed-ratio schedules of shock presentation. Under the fixed-interval (10-min) component of the multiple schedule, a pause was followed by a gradual increase in responding to a rate maintained until shock presentation; under the fixed-ratio (3-, 10-, or 30-response) component of the multiple schedule, a brief pause was typically followed by a relatively high and uniform rate of responding until shock was presented. When the 60-sec timeout periods, which usually followed shock presentation, were eliminated from the multiple schedule for one monkey, responding was only transiently affected. In the one monkey studied, responding was maintained under a fixed-ratio schedule alone (with timeout periods), but rates of responding were lower than under the fixed-ratio component of the multiple schedule. Characteristic patterns of responding, similar to those engendered under schedules of food presentation or shock termination, can be maintained under fixed-ratio schedules of shock presentation; further, patterns of responding can be controlled by discriminative stimuli in multiple schedules.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
The robust selection of rationalizability

We propose a notion of selecting rationalizable actions by perturbing players' higher-order beliefs, which we call robust selection. Similarly to WY selection [28], robust selection generalizes the idea behind the equilibrium selection in the email game [27] and the global game . In contrast to WY selection, however, we require selection to be robust to misspecifications of payoffs. Robust selection is a strong notion in the sense that, among types with multiple rationalizable actions, “almost all” selections are fragile; but it is also a weak notion in the sense that any strictly rationalizable action can be robustly selected. We show that robust selection is fully characterized by the curb collection, a notion that generalizes the curb set in . We also use the curb collection to characterize critical types  in any fixed finite game.

Field of study: Economics
Beam Extraction Studies for the Proposed Superconducting Cyclotron at the University of Milan

The preliminary extraction scheme described here does not seem, in principle, to offer any major obstacles. Further development should go towards: i) minimizing the problem of adapting the contour of deflectors to the trajectories of different ions, given the rather different orbits scalloping at high and low magnetic fields. ii) minimize the range of movements required for the extraction elements. iii) verify the possihility of insertiont of a third deflector, iiii) verify the possibility of an essentially constant,fixed, gradient for the magnetic channel, in which case a passive channel could be adopted. Work on these issues is in progress, and will be completed as soon as magnetic field data from the 1:6 scale model are available.

Field of study: Physics
A diversity-based search-and-routing approach for named-data networking

Nowadays, the Internet is mostly used for content generation, sharing and access. Users are no longer interested in connecting their computers and mobiles to an end system located at somewhere in the network border, but at obtaining pieces of content. This paradigm shift in Internet usage has motivated the proposal of Information-Centric Networking (ICN) architectures. ICN architectures replace the current connection oriented architecture for a general data oriented one. Contents are identified by their names and the architecture uses those names for routing and retrieving contents. The routers temporarily store copies of requested contents. Therefore, ICN introduces a largely distributed in-networking caching infrastructure. When content’s copies are highly spread across the network routers, end-to-end routing algorithms between client and servers are no longer the most effective way of retrieving contents. In this work, we extend DIVER, a routing algorithm that explores the network in order to search and retrieve router’s copies that are closer to the clients. DIVER uses probe packets to find routers copies, and the routers, upon receiving the probe packets, answer them by inserting their availability information in a space-efficient data structure. DIVER keeps the most diversified as possible the acquired availability information in the explorations in order to raise the probability of satisfying future requests for the same content. Simulation results show that DIVER is able to retrieve four times more chunks from routers compared to the end-to-end traditional routing.

Field of study: Computer science
Changes in abundance of Lactobacillus spp. and Streptococcus suis in the stomach, jejunum and ileum of piglets after weaning.

This present study investigated the changes in bacterial community composition, with an emphasis on Lactobacillus spp. and Streptococcus suis populations as potentially beneficial and harmful groups, in the stomach, jejunum and ileum of piglets after weaning (21 days postpartum) by 16S rRNA gene-based methods. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis showed that, after weaning, predominant bands related to Lactobacillus spp. disappeared and were replaced by potential pathogenic species, such as Peptostreptococcus anaerobius, Moraxella cuniculi, S. suis and Porphyromonas catoniae. Real-time PCR revealed that the abundances of lactobacilli and Lactobacillus sobrius as a proportion of total bacterial abundance were significantly lower in the stomach, jejunum and ileum of weaned piglets than in 21-day-old piglets. A specific and sensitive real-time PCR assay was developed for quantification of the important pathogen S. suis within gastrointestinal microbiota. The assay showed that S. suis predominated in the stomach samples of weaned piglets with population levels up to 10(7) copies g(-1) digesta, while it was not detected in the stomach before weaning. Streptococcus suis was not dominant in the jejunum and ileum digesta before weaning, but became dominant after weaning, with population levels up to 10(7) copies g(-1) digesta. The results demonstrated for the first time the postweaning dominance of the potentially harmful S. suis in piglet intestine. The results also suggest that the defensive barrier of the stomach can be impaired as S. suis became dominant while the proportion of Lactobacillus populations decreased after weaning, which may further result in an increase of S. suis abundance in the intestine.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Activation energies of intermetallic growth of Sn-Ag eutectic solder on copper substrates

Intermetallic phases formed along a Sn-Ag eutectic solder/Cu interface during solid-state aging have been characterized and the activation energies of Cu3Sn and Cu6Sn5 growth have been calculated. Diffusion couples consisting of Cu/ 96.5Sn-3.5Ag/Cu were aged at 110 to 208°C for 0 to 32 days. After aging, the Cu/ solder interfaces were examined using scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy. The growth rate constants for each intermetallic layer were calculated assuming a simple parabolic diffusion-controlled growth model. The activation energy for Cu3Sn growth is 0.73 eV/atom and the activa-tion energy for Cu6Sn5 growth is 1.11 eV/atom.

Field of study: Materials science