nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Effects of (-)-stepholidine on firing activity of dopamine neurons in ventral tegmental area of rats.

Extracellular single-unit recording techniques were used to evaluate the effects of (-)-stepholidine (SPD) on the firing activity of ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopamine (DA) neurons. SPD reversed the DA agonist apomorphine (Apo)-induced inhibition of VTA DA cell firing rate (ED50 = 4.9, 4.5-5.3 micrograms.kg-1), and the reversal was more rapid than that of a classic DA antagonist haloperidol (Hal) (ED50 = 11.2, 9.1-13.8 micrograms.kg-1). Pretreatment with SPD or Hal 0.5 mg.kg-1 attenuated Apo-induced inhibition, and SPD rendered the VTA DA cells less sensitive to larger doses of Apo (1024-4096 micrograms.kg-1) than Hal did. Pharmacological analysis indicated that the effects of SPD were mainly mediated through D2 subtype receptors. In addition, SPD increased the firing rate of VTA DA cells, while higher doses (1.4, 0.6-3.3 mg.kg-1) of SPD dramatically inactivated 4/6 of the VTA DA cells sampled. This inhibition was considered to be due to depolarization inactivation. These results suggest that SPD is a DA receptor antagonist and can effectively block the D2 autoreceptors located in the VTA DA cells.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
The Influence of Deposition Methods of Support Layer on Cordierite Substrate on the Characteristics of a MnO2–NiO–Co3O4/Ce0.2Zr0.8O2/Cordierite Three Way Catalyst

This paper compares different coating methods (in situ solid combustion, hybrid deposition, secondary growth on seed, suspension, double deposition of wet impregnation and suspension) to deposit Ce0.2Zr0.8O2 mixed oxides on cordierite substrates, for use as a three way catalyst. Among them, the double deposition was proven to be the most efficient one. The coated sample shows a BET (Brunauer–Emmett–Teller) surface area of 25 m2/g, combined with a dense and crack free surface. The catalyst with a layer of MnO2–NiO–Co3O4 mixed oxides on top of the Ce0.2Zr0.8O2/cordierite substrate prepared by this method exhibits good activity for the treatment of CO, NO and C3H6 in exhaust gases (CO conversion of 100% at 250 °C, C3H6 conversion of 100% at 400 °C and NO conversion of 40% at 400 °C).

Field of study: Materials science
Stable small-amplitude solutions in reaction-diffusion systems

Bifurcation and perturbation techniques are used to construct smallamplitude periodic wave-trains for general systems of reaction and diffusion. All solutions are characterized by the amplitude a and the wavenumber k. For scalar diffusion, k ~ a, while for certain types of nonscalar diffusion, k is bounded away from zero as a\0. For certain ranges of a and k, linear stability of waves is demonstrated.

Field of study: Mathematics
BRIEF COMMUNICATIONS: Stimulated Brillouin scattering of single-mode and weakly inhomogeneous beams

An investigation was made of stimulated Brillouin scattering of single-mode and weakly inhomogeneous beams. It was found that the Stokes beam profile was not similar to that of a Gaussian beam and it had a smaller angular divergence. In the case of weakly inhomogeneous pumping the conversion was efficient in a nonlinear region. The effects could be used for correction of the wavefronts of two-pulse laser radiation.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
[Cell proteins that potentially interact with HBV polymerase were identified by co-immunoprecipitation-based LC-MS/MS identification and IPA].

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a major cause of chronic liver disease, and frequently results in hepatitis, cirrhosis, and ultimately hepatocellular carcinoma. HBV polymerase (Pol) is an essential viral protein that is important for HBV replication and might be involved in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma. Protein-protein interactions appears to be crucial for its role. The aim of this study was to screen and identify the proteins that interact with Pol using a co-immunoprecipitation-based LC-MS/MS identification technique. The HBV Pol gene was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and cloned into pCDNA3.1(+). The recombinant plasmid pCDNA3. 1(+)-Pol-flag was transfected into HeLa cells. Liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) identified 45 proteins that co-immunoprecipitated with flag-tagged HBV Pol. Eleven of these have previously been reported as proteins that interact with HBV Pol. A proof-of-concept-based Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA, www.ingenuity.com) was used to characterize the functions and pathways of these 45 identified proteins and HBV Pol. Among these proteins, four proteins may play a role in three major molecular cellular networks, and are therefore worthy of further investigation.

Field of study: Biology
Field Training in Radar Meteorology

The NSF Division of Mesoscale Meteorology and the University of Nevada—Reno (UNR) provided support for a two-week field course at the CSU—CHILL radar during 12—24 May 1991. Ten atmospheric science graduate students and two faculty from the Desert Research Institute (University of Nevada) spent the two weeks at the Greeley, Colorado, site of the CSU-CHILL 11-cm dual-polarization Doppler radar. This article describes the purpose, design, facilities, and success of the radar meteorology field course.

Field of study: Environmental science
Folding style controlled by intermediate decollement thickness change in the Lurestan region (NW of the Zagros fold-and-thrust belt), using analogue models

The basal and intermediate decollements play an important role in structural style of fold-and-thrust belts. The decollement units, or different mechanical stratigraphy within the rock units, are not uniform throughout the ZFTB and show a strong spatial variation. The Lurestan region with varied thickness of the intermediate decollement in its northern and southern parts is one of the most important parts of the Zagros fold-and-thrust belt, regarding its hydrocarbon exploration–extraction projects. Thickness variation of the intermediate decollement in different parts of the Lurestan region allows us to address its role on folding style. Based on scaled analogue modeling, this study outlines the impact of thickness and facies variation of sedimentary rocks in the northern and southern parts of this region on folding style. Two models simulated the mechanical stratigraphy and its consequent different folding styles of the northern and southern parts of the region. In the models, only thickness of the intermediate decollement (thick and thin) for the northern and southern parts of the Lurestan region was varied. Detached minor folds above the intermediate decollement were created in response to the presence of the thicker intermediate decollement, northern part of the study area, which consequently deformed complexly and disharmonically folded, in contrast to polyharmonic folding style in the section, compared to polyharmonic folding style in the southern part, where thin intermediate decollement exists. The model results documented that thickness variation of intermediate decollement levels could explain complex and different folding styles in natural examples which must be taken into account for hydrocarbon exploration throughout these areas.

Field of study: Environmental science
The Brown Paper Bag Test: Hervé Télémaque's Exploded Discourse

In his collection of essays, Caribbean Discourse, ´Edouard Glissant describes the Creole languages and literatures of the French Antilles and the pedagogical projects that strive to bring greater understanding and appreciation to créolitié as an "exploded discourse." In Glissant's thinking, the ruptures and disassembling in vernacular speech in the Francophone Caribbean result in an "exemplary phenomenon," a "counterpoetics," and a "compact mass, pushing us through a dimension of emptiness where we must with difficulty and pain put it all back together." Glissant's idea of fractured yet imaginative Creole communiqués have a counterpart in the paintings, sculptures, and collages of the Haitian-born, Paris-based artist Hervé Télémaque (b. 1937). After studying in the mid-1950s at the Centre d'Art in Port-au-Prince, Haiti, Télémaque moved to New York City, where he attended the Art Students League and embraced abstract expressionism. By 1961, Télémaque had relocated to Paris, where his first paintings produced there brought him much success. Télémaque's subsequent career, during which he took up structuralist, poststructuralist, and postmodernist modes of image making, not only garnered broad institutional recognition and critical accolades, but also situated him within the French art historical modernist canon and a cultural field that one might describe as black Atlantic, global in scope and discursively cosmopolitan. This article summarily tracks Hervé Télémaque's sixty-plus-year career: a path where his artistic practices harken back to Glissant's theories of an insurgent creolité and produce uncharted, creative passageways in concert with his fellow wayfarers throughout the greater African diaspora.

Field of study: Art
Reliable Fault-Tolerant Multipath Routing Scheme for Wireless Sensor Networks

Several routing schemes have been designed in the recent years for wireless sensor networks (WSN). This protocol improves the reliability of data routing in WSN networks. In future WSN networks are expected to carry different traffic such as voice and video as well as data to serve both real and non-real time applications. Therefore, the reliability and quality of the data transmitted to support diverse applications is very important. In this paper, we proposed a new on demand routing protocol i.e. Reliable Fault-Tolerant Multipath (RFTM) routing protocol. RFTM is a multi-objective routing protocol that meets diverse application requirements. Proposed protocol improves both reliability and link quality to determine the number of desired multiple disjoint paths between the sink and source nodes. RFTM routing protocol provides the fault- tolerance and achieves the desired.  WSN, Multipath routing, RFTM routing scheme

Field of study: Engineering
Leer meer by die AADS&E

Die sewende All Africa Dairy School & Expo (AADS&E) vind vanjaar by Mentorskraal net buite Jeffreysbaai in die Oos-Kaap plaas. Die ekspo, wat beloof om die suiwelgeleentheid van die jaar te wees, is gerig op ontwikkelende boere, kommersiele melkprodusente, suiwelverwerkers en -verspreiders, provinsiale landbou-raadgewers, en die res van Afrika se suiwelbedryf - veral afgevaardigdes wat die vyfde Africa Dairy Conference & Exhibition in Augustus verlede jaar bygewoon het.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
SNP imputation bias reduces effect size determination

Imputation is a commonly used technique that exploits linkage disequilibrium to infer missing genotypes in genetic datasets, using a well-characterized reference population. While there is agreement that the reference population has to match the ethnicity of the query dataset, it is common practice to use the same reference to impute genotypes for a wide variety of phenotypes. We hypothesized that using a reference composed of samples with a different phenotype than the query dataset would introduce imputation bias. To test this hypothesis we used GWAS datasets from Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), Parkinson Disease (PD), and Crohn's Disease (CD). First, we masked and then performed imputation of 100 disease-associated markers and 100 non-associated markers from each study. Two references for imputation were used in parallel: one consisting of healthy controls and another consisting of patients with the same disease. We assessed the discordance (imprecision) and bias (inaccuracy) of imputation by comparing predicted genotypes to those assayed by SNP-chip. We also assessed the bias on the observed effect size when the predicted genotypes were used in a GWAS study. When healthy controls were used as reference for imputation, a significant bias was observed, particularly in the disease-associated markers. Using cases as reference significantly attenuated this bias. For nearly all markers, the direction of the bias favored the non-risk allele. In GWAS studies of the three diseases (with healthy reference controls from the 1000 genomes as reference), the mean OR for disease-associated markers obtained by imputation was lower than that obtained using original assayed genotypes. We found that the bias is inherent to imputation as using different methods did not alter the results. In conclusion, imputation is a powerful method to predict genotypes and estimate genetic risk for GWAS. However, a careful choice of reference population is needed to minimize biases inherent to this approach.

Field of study: Biology
Guaranteed Localization of More Sources Than Sensors With Finite Snapshots in Multiple Measurement Vector Models Using Difference Co-Arrays

The Multiple Measurement Vector (MMV) problem is central to sparse signal processing, where the goal is to recover the common support of a set of unknown sparse vectors of size <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$N$</tex-math></inline-formula>, from <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$L$</tex-math></inline-formula> compressed measurement vectors, each of size <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$M << N$</tex-math></inline-formula>. Recent advances in correlation-aware and Bayesian techniques for MMV models show promising evidence that under appropriate assumptions, it is possible to recover supports of size (<inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$s$</tex-math></inline-formula>) <italic>larger than the dimension (<inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$M$</tex-math></inline-formula>)</italic> of each measurement vector. However, these results are primarily asymptotic in <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$L$</tex-math></inline-formula>, and cannot provide support recovery guarantees for finite <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$L$</tex-math></inline-formula>. This paper overcomes such drawback by focusing on a broader family of correlation-aware optimization problems (which include convex problems), and establishing rigorous <italic>non-asymptotic</italic> probabilistic guarantees in the regime <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$s>M$</tex-math></inline-formula> when the measurements are collected using appropriately designed sparse sensor arrays (such as nested and coprime). Assuming the source locations obey a certain “minimum separation” condition, we develop uniform upper bounds on the estimation error that is obeyed by any algorithm belonging to this family, and utilize this bound to ensure probabilistic support recovery in the regime <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$s>M$</tex-math></inline-formula>. Our results crucially rely upon (i) the unique geometry of the difference co-array of the sparse arrays, and (ii) certain non-negativity constraints on the optimization variable. As a result of independent interest, we also show that this upper bound is tight with respect to the dimension <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$N$</tex-math></inline-formula>. Extensive numerical simulations (including phase transition plots) are presented to validate the theoretical claims.

Field of study: Engineering
Aristocratic Indebtedness in the Nineteenth Century: The Case Re-opened

D URING the I 950's, while the "storm over the gentry" raged and blew, there took place another debate on the subject of aristocratic finance and landownership, more genteel and less well known. Its chief protagonists were Profs. David Spring and F. M. L. Thompson, and the subject of their disagreement concerned the origins, extent, and consequences of aristocratic indebtedness in nineteenth-century England. In a seminal article published a quarter of a century ago, Prof. Spring drew attention to the "widespread financial embarrassment", the "heavy indebtedness", which he believed was "often to be found among the older landed families" in the first half of the nineteenth century, resulting from heavy and accumulated family charges, electoral extravagance, the expense of house-building, and the high living of the Regency period. But, he argued, by mid-Victorian times, the aristocracy-who by now combined "abstinence and thrift mixed with Evangelical earnestness"-had become more restrained, more sober, and more aware of their obligations. Gambling, housebuilding, and excessive spending on high politics were curtailed or reduced, and retrenchment and recovery were successfully accomplished: the spendthrifts of one era were replaced by a "generation more careful about how its money was spent, and more informed about how it was earned". One major consequence of this awakened sense of responsibility was that many aristocrats sought to exploit the non-agricultural resources of their estates, so as to augment income and reduce encumbrances, a process which might, in the short run, actually serve to increase indebtedness before the golden harvest of dividends, urban rentals, mineral royalties, or market dues was garnered. Thus the threat of "imminent disaster" was averted. By i 88o, "many of the big estates saw their encumbrances

Field of study: Economics, History
Analysis of the prevalence of dental and occlusal anomalies in children and adolescents in Poland and elsewhere – review of the publications from the last 10 years

Dental and occlusal anomalies constitute a very common disorder of the mastication organ. The objective of this work was to analyse papers published over the last decade on the prevalence of the mastication irregularities in Poland and elsewhere.  The work analyses 22 publications, i.e. 6 papers on disorders in children and adolescents in Poland and 16 papers discussing such abnormalities elsewhere.  Prevalence of malocclusion in the population of children and adolescents in Poland fluctuates between 52.5% and 88%, depending on the region. As regards scientific works published abroad, malocclusion oscillates between 33% and 95.6%, depending on the country.  Occlusal defects are diagnosed in children and adolescents both in Poland and elsewhere and the prevalence of the mastication anomalies depends neither on race nor on ethnic origin.

Field of study: Medicine
Diode laser spectrometer for monitoring up to five atmospheric trace gases in unattended operation.

An automated diode laser spectrometer for recording concentrations of trace gases is described. It has been tested for unattended operation in the laboratory and at an atmospheric surveillance station for several months. The sensitivities reached are, e.g., 50 ppt for NO(2) and 300 ppt for NO. In an optical path length of 100 m the lowest extinction measured in unattended operation is ~1.5 x 10(-5) for a measuring time of ~60 s. Recordings of trace gases are shown for urban and rural atmospheric conditions.

Field of study: Physics
Characterisation of the porcine cytokines which activate the CD131&bgr;c common sub‐unit, for potential immune‐augmentation

Graphical abstract Recombinant cytokines IL‐3, IL‐5 and GM‐CSF induce significant increases in peripheral basophils and eosinophils in pigs.  HighlightsrPoIL‐5 was identified as a potent eosinophilopoietin in pigs.rPoIL‐3 induces a significant increase in basophil numbers.rPoGM‐CSF significantly increases progenitors and granulocytes the BM.rPoGM‐CSF significantly increases peripheral eosinophils.  Early acting cytokines and growth factors such as those of the CD131 &bgr;c subunit, may offer an alternative method to the current use of antibiotics and chemicals such as anthelmintics in maintaining Porcine (Po) health. Thus far, the recombinant Po (rPo) Granulocyte‐macrophage colony‐stimulating factor (GM‐CSF), rPo interleukin‐3 (IL‐3) and rPo interleukin‐5 (IL‐5) proteins have been identified and cloned and the biological activity of each cytokine has been confirmed in vitro, however, in vivo immune system regulation and hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) augmentation are regulated by numerous cytokines and cellular signals within the bone marrow (BM) niche. In order to quantify the use of recombinant cytokines in augmenting the immune response, it is necessary to determine the stages of hematopoiesis induced by each cytokine and possible areas of synergy requiring further investigation. Here we used the chemotherapeutic agent 5‐fluorouracil (5‐FU), to chemically induce a state of myelosuppression in young pigs. This allowed for the monitoring of both the autologous BM reconstitution and recombinant cytokine induced BM repopulation, precursor cell proliferation and cellular differentiation. The recombinant cytokines PoGM‐CSF, PoIL‐3 and PoIL‐5 were administered by intramuscular injections (i.m.) following confirmation of 5‐FU induced leukocytopenia. Blood and BM samples were collected and then analysed for cell composition. Statistically significant results were observed in several blood cell populations including eosinophils for animals treated with rPoIL‐5, rPoGM‐CSF and basophils for animals treated with rPoIL‐3. BM analysis of CD90+ and CD172a+ cells confirmed myelosuppression in week one with significant results observed between rPoIL‐3 and the 5‐FU control group in week two and for the rPoGM‐CSF group in week three. These results have demonstrated the effects of each of these rPo cytokines within the hematopoietic processes of the pig and may demonstrate similar outcomes in other mammalian models including human.

Field of study: Medicine
Performance analysis of the linearly constrained constant modulus algorithm-based multiuser detector

This paper quantifies the adaptive performance of a blind adaptive multiuser detector (MUD) based on the linearly constrained constant modulus algorithm (LCCMA) in both a stationary and nonstationary channel. A framework is developed to apply the feedback analysis method to analyzing adaptive MUD schemes. A closed-form expression for the excess mean square error (EMSE) of LCCMA blind adaptive MUD in a CDMA communications system is derived for both of the steady-state and tracking cases. The effects of additive noise and multiple access interference are considered. A transient analysis is performed that predicts the learning curve of the adaptive filter. Computer simulation is used to verify the accuracy of the analysis.

Field of study: Engineering
Prokaryotic Expression and Purification of Actin Depolymerizing Factor in Rubber Tree

In this study, the primer pair was designed to amplify the open reading fragment of HbADF according to the known HbADF sequences. The amplified fragment was inserted into pET28a vector to construct the recombinant vector of pET28a-HbADF. The recombinant vector was transformed into an Escherichia coli strain BL21(DE3), and the HbADF protein with molecular weight about 20 ku was successfully induced by adding 1mM isopropyl-β-D-thiogalactopyranoside(IPTG). The fusion HbADF protein was produced in the form of the solubility or inclusion body, purified by affinity chromatography, identified by Western blot with anti-HIS tagged monoclonal antibody. These results laid a foundation for elucidating characteristic and function of HbADF in rubber tree.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences