nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Impact of Pulmonary Exposure to Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles on Experimental Acute Kidney Injury.

Cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO₂ NPs) are released from diesel engines that use cerium compounds as a catalytic agent to decrease the diesel exhaust particles, leading to human exposure by inhalation to CeO₂ NPs. We have recently demonstrated that pulmonary exposure to CeO₂ NPs induces lung inflammation, thrombosis, and oxidative stress in various organs including kidneys. It is well known that particulate air pollution effects are greater in patients with renal diseases. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of pulmonary exposure to CeO₂ NPs in a rat model of acute kidney injury (AKI).



AKI was induced in rats by a single intraperitoneal injection of cisplatin (CP, 6 mg/kg). Six days later, the rats were intratracheally (i.t.) instilled with either CeO₂ NPs (1 mg/kg) or saline (control), and various renal and pulmonary endpoints were assessed 24 h afterward using histological, colorimetric assay, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Comet assay techniques.



CP alone decreased body weight, and increased water intake, urine volume and relative kidney weight. CP also increased the plasma concentrations urea and creatinine, and decreased creatinine clearance. In the kidneys, CP significantly increased renal injury molecule-1, interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) and glutathione concentrations, and caused renal tubular necrosis, and DNA injury assessed by Comet assay. All these actions were significantly aggravated in rats given both CP and CeO₂ NPs. Histopathological changes in lungs of CeO₂ NPs-treated rats included marked interstitial cell infiltration and congestion. These were aggravated by the combination of CP + CeO₂ NPs. Moreover, this combination exacerbated the increase in the concentrations of TNFα and IL-6, and the decrease in the activity of pulmonary catalase and total nitric oxide concentration, and lung DNA damage.



We conclude that the presence of CeO₂ NPs in the lung exacerbated the renal and lung effects of CP-induced AKI.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Left occipital craniotomy for resection of falcotentorial meningioma.

A 49-year-old man presented with headache and cognitive difficulty. MRI demonstrated a meningioma in the falcotentorial region with compression of the internal cerebral veins, basal veins of Rosenthal, and vein of Galen. It was a removed via a left-sided occipital interhemispheric approach, performed with the patient in the lateral position. After tumor debulking and removal of its attachment to the tentorium and anterior falx, the tumor was resected. All venous structures were preserved. The video demonstrates the technical nuances and strategy for removal of tumors in a region with complicated venous anatomy that must be preserved. The video can be found here: https://youtu.be/wKqAn3dYu4E .

Field of study: Medicine
Interstellar Dust and Gas in the Heliosphere

Interstellar dust and gas that enter the heliosphere provide us with important clues about both the heliosphere and the local interstellar medium (LISM). The picture we have of the Local Interstellar Cloud (LIC) from both \emph{in situ} detections and absorption line data presents questions that have important implications for the origins and evolution of the cloud. New detections of $^{60}$Fe on Earth in deep sea crusts and Antarctic snow cores provide evidence for the role of supernovae in shaping the LISM. We discuss our models for the evolution of the LIC inside the Local Bubble and possible explanations for the source of the supernova produced dust.

Field of study: Physics
Cost-effectiveness analysis with defined budget: how to distribute resources for the prevention of cardiovascular disease?

The aim of the study was to undertake cost-effectiveness calculations subject to a defined budget. The setting chosen was the prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD) by means of three intervention programmes in a Swedish county council. The population in the county was divided into subgroups according to risk level. For each subgroup the cost per years of life saved was calculated, as well as the annual budget claims. The budget available was defined as present direct cost in the programmes. The calculations resulted in a programming solution showing the optimal distribution of resources between the programmes. Also a league table was constructed and the cut-off value for a 'acceptable' cost-effectiveness was shown. The conclusion that can be drawn is that a combination of internationally published intervention results and local data regarding epidemiology and resource improves the accuracy and usefulness of cost-effectiveness ratios. However, the model presented is a first attempt containing only three interventions: the planned next phase is to integrate more interventions in the model.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Monotone Chromatic Number of Graphs

For a graph G = (V, E), a vertex coloring (or, simply, a coloring) of G is a function C: V (G) → {1, 2, ..., k} (using the non-negative integers {1, 2, ..., k} as colors). In this research work, we introduce a new type of graph coloring called monotone coloring, along with this new coloring, we define the monotone chromatic number of a graph and establish some related new graphs. Basic properties and exact values of the monotone chromatic number of some graph families, like standard graphs, Kragujevac trees and firefly graph are obtained. Also, we get a characterization for bipartite graphs by defining the monotone bipartite graph. Exact values of the monotone chromatic number for some special case of Cartesian product of graphs are found. Finally, upper and lower bounds for monotone chromatic number of the Cartesian product for non trivial connected graphs are presented.

Field of study: Mathematics
Phthalates and perfluorinated alkylated substances in Atlantic bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) specimens from Mediterranean Sea (Sardinia, Italy): Levels and risks for human consumption

Atlantic blue fin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) is a species of great importance for Mediterranean Sea area, from both ecological and commercial points of view. The scientific literature reports few data on the contamination of this fish by emerging organic compounds such as perfluorinated alkylated substances(PFASs) and phthalates, being the latter never been studied in tuna. This study therefore investigated the presence of the PFASs perfluorooctane sulphonate (PFOS) and perfluoroctanoic acid (PFOA) and the phthalate di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), also monitored by its metabolite mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate(MEHP), to assess both the state of contamination of Atlantic bluefin tuna specimen and the risk due to the toxicity of these compounds for human consumption. While PFOA was never found, detectable levels of PFOS (0.4–1.88 ng/g), DEHP (9–14.62 ng/g) and MEHP (1.5–6.30 ng/g) were found. The results were elaborated relating the accumulation to the size and age of the individuals and showed a correlation between the levels of different pollutants investigated.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Validity and Reliability of Alcoholics' Self-Reports of Use of Alcohol Submitted before and after Treatment

The subjects were 239 alcoholics who participated in a treatment program for employed alcoholics. Reports on their drinking behavior were obtained at four points: immediately prior to treatment, and at 3, 6, and 12 mo. of the year following residential treatment. Four data sources were used: the subject, his spouse if any (133 were married), his therapist, and his work supervisor. The results indicated high agreement among all four sources on the subjects' drinking behavior, suggesting that any one of the four sources could provide adequate data for program evaluation. It was noted that return rates from all sources decreased during the follow-up year and that a higher proportion of subjects could be assessed by using several data sources.

Field of study: Psychology
Expression of the protein tyrosine phosphatase, phosphatase of regenerating liver 1, in the outer segments of primate cone photoreceptors.

Foveal cone photoreceptors are morphologically distinct and, presumably, express unique transcripts. We have identified a cDNA clone encoding the protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP), phosphatase of regenerating liver 1 (PRL-1) in a screen for genes that are enriched in monkey fovea. PRL-1 was originally isolated as an immediate early gene in regenerating liver [R.H. Diamond, D.E. Cressman, T.M. Laz, C.S. Abrams, R. Taub, PRL-1, a unique nuclear protein tyrosine phosphatase, affects cell growth,  (1994) 3752-3762]. On cDNA Southern blots of human and monkey retina, radiolabeled PRL-1 cDNA hybridized to a single mRNA species of about 2.5 kb that was most intense in fovea-enriched samples. The monkey PRL-1 deduced amino acid sequence is identical to human, rat and mouse PRL-1. Affinity-purified antibodies directed against PRL-1 preferentially labeled cone photoreceptor cells and a subpopulation of bipolar cells in monkey retina. Immunoreactivity in cones was confined to red and green, but not to blue, cones and was restricted to the outer segments. Immunolocalization also revealed that PRL-1 protein expression was non-nuclear, suggesting that its function in the retina may be unrelated to its role in other tissues where it is expressed primarily in nuclei. Although both foveal and extrafoveal cones were PRL-1 reactive, the high abundance of PRL-1 mRNAs detected in monkey fovea correlates with the high concentration of cones in the fovea. The PRL-1 gene is located on chromosome 6q within an interval that also contains the genes that cause two hereditary retinal dystrophies. These studies demonstrate novel expression of the PRL-1 gene in the neural retina and suggest the phosphatase activity of PRL-1 may modulate normal cone photoreceptor cell function.

Field of study: Biology
Functional interaction between leaf trichomes, leaf wettability and the optical properties of water droplets

Because CO2 diffuses 10000 times more slowly through water than air, there may be strong selective pressure for increased water repellency in terrestrial plant leaves. In the present study, leaf trichomes appeared to have a strong influence on leaf water repellency (i.e. degree of water droplet formation on the leaf surface) as well as the retention of droplets on the leaf. Based upon evaluation of 38 plant species from 21 families, we found that leaves with trichomes were more water repellent, especially where trichome density was greater than 25mm2. However, droplet repellency and retention were both high in some species where trichomes entrapped droplets. Finally, the lensing effects of water droplets on leaf surfaces increased incident sunlight by over 20-fold directly beneath individual droplets. These results may have important implications for such processes as stomatal function, whole leaf photosynthesis, and transpiration for a large variety of plant species.

Field of study: Environmental science
Effect of Blue Ocean Strategy on Market Innovation of Quoted Commercial Banks in Nigeria

This paper investigates effect of Blue Ocean Strategy on Market Innovation of quoted commercial banks in Nigeria. The research design adopted for this study was descriptive design. Data relating to the study were obtained from research questionnaire distributed to 150 staff of Zenith bank, first bank, Guaranty Trust Bank, Access Bank and United Bank for Africa using systematic sampling technique. Creating an unrivaled market atmosphere, making competition meaningless, creating and capturing of new demand sources were used as the independent proxies, while market innovation was considered as the dependent variable. Ordinary least square regression analysis was used to analyze the data collected. It was found that blue ocean strategy has significant effect on market innovation of quoted commercial banks in Nigeria. Based on this it was recommended that there is need to fully entrench the concept by ensuring that managers are well trained on blue ocean strategy. Also, the government should come up with stringent policies to curb unfair and unethical competition or market practices in the banking sector; including product identity protection laws.

Field of study: Business
SOCIAL COOPERATION OF THE MAHALLA INSTITUTE WITH STATE ORGANIZATIONS IN IMPROVING EDUCATION AND UPBRINGING OF YOUTH

The article reveals the role of the mahalla institute in educating young people, as well as legal norms for expanding the status in the principles of social partnership. It was noted that the upbringing of the young generation is primarily focused on the family, school and mahalla. Since ancient times,the mahalla was a social partner of neighboring people. The social cooperation not only gives mahalla institute an opportunity of self-control, but also creates conditions for improvement of the society

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
EPITHERMAL MINERALIZATION AT THE LAST CHANCE AND HORNSILVER MINES, LAVA CREEK DISTRICT, BUTTE COUNTY, IDAHO

The epithermal deposits in the Lava Creek district are confined to a zone of structural weakness in Tertiary volcanics which facilitated intrusion of Miocene magma and circulation of ore-bearing solutions. After widespread sericitization, chalcedonization, pyritization, and local alunitization had initiated the first of two main stages of mineralization, pyrite, marcasite, sphalerite, wurtzite, galena, and chalcedony were deposited from solutions whose flow was controlled by minor structural adjustments at the source and along the channelways. Following a more marked structural reopening a second assemblage consisting of minor and variable amounts of quartz, barite, pyrite, stannite, tetrahedrite, famatinite, enargite, klaprothite, chalcopyrite, aikinite, and dickite were added. Lack of equal permeability of fracture zones during mineralization resulted in considerable variation in substance of individual lodes. Those of present commercial interest contain a notable concentration of lead and zinc sulfides. Characteristics of the mineralization indicate that the early solutions were alkalic and moderately hot, but with the formation of alunite they became and remained acidic and mostly below 135° C. Intimate associations of pyrite-marcasite and sphalerite-wurtzite afford evidence of a delicate balance between temperature and acidity changes with some fluctuations of one or the other and a gradual rise in temperature at the close of the stage. Colloform structures in the iron and zinc sulfides suggest colloidal phenomena. Solutions remained acidic during the second stage of deposition but had a higher temperature than during the earlier stage.

Field of study: Geology
Implications of regional improvement in global climate models for agricultural impact research

Global climate models (GCMs) have become increasingly important for climate change science and provide the basis for most impact studies. Since impact models are highly sensitive to input climate data, GCM skill is crucial for getting better short-, medium- and long-term outlooks for agricultural production and food security. The Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP) phase 5 ensemble is likely to underpin the majority of climate impact assessments over the next few years. We assess 24 CMIP3 and 26 CMIP5 simulations of present climate against climate observations for five tropical regions, as well as regional improvements in model skill and, through literature review, the sensitivities of impact estimates to model error. Climatological means of seasonal mean temperatures depict mean errors between 1 and 18 C (2‐130% with respect to mean), whereas seasonal precipitation and wet-day frequency depict larger errors, often offsetting observed means and variability beyond 100%. Simulated interannual climate variability in GCMs warrants particular attention, given that no single GCM matches observations in more than 30% of the areas for monthly precipitation and wet-day frequency, 50% for diurnal range and 70% for mean temperatures. We report improvements in mean climate skill of 5‐15% for climatological mean temperatures, 3‐5% for diurnal range and 1‐2% in precipitation. At these improvement rates, we estimate that at least 5‐30 years of CMIP work is required to improve regional temperature simulations and at least 30‐50 years for precipitation simulations, for these to be directly input into impact models. We conclude with some recommendations for the use of CMIP5 in agricultural impact studies.

Field of study: Environmental science
Effects of a metal layer on selective etching of a Ge5Sb75Te20 phase-change film

Selective etching between an amorphous and a crystalline phase of a Ge5Sb75Te20 alloy film is carried out with an alkaline etching solution of NaOH. The etching selectivity is dependent not only on the concentration of the etching solution but also on the type of metal layer in the film structure. Specifically, Ag and Al metal films for a heat control function during writing in phase change recording show opposite behavior in the selective etching process. Surviving amorphous pits are obtained with the Al metal layer while etched amorphous pits are observed with the Ag metal layer. The etching selectivity of a sample with the survived amorphous pits with Al metal is better than that of the etched amorphous pits with an Ag metal layer.

Field of study: Materials science
SIMULATION OF COUPLED HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER DURING FREEZING OF A POROUS HUMID MATRIX SIMULATION DU TRANSFERT DE CHALEUR ET DE MASSE DANS UN MILIEU POREUX HUMIDE LORS DE LA CONGELATION

A numerical simulation using Lees's three-level scheme and a fixed grid was carried out to predict heat and mass transfer during the freezing of a porous humid matrix. The simulations predict local moisture content, temperature and weight loss of the foods throughout the freezing process. The model accommodates the effects of temperature dependent variables such as apparent specific heat, enthalpy, thermal conductivity, and water activity. The model was validated by experiments on a cellulose sponge. The results of the model showed good agreement with experimental data.

Field of study: Engineering
Closed clusters approach to graphene

The Closed Cluster method (CC method) is applied to find solutions for various calculation problems of the energy band structure of graphene. The essence of the CC method consists in the addition of closing bonds between edge atoms to the usual cluster method in order to eliminate the "dangling" bonds on the edges of the cluster. We study the cases of an "infinite" layer of graphene as well as nanoribbons, nanotubes and bilayer graphene. Results for these cases are in agreement to that what was obtained by means of other methods (tight binding approximation and others). By means of the CC method we also study the problem of point defects in graphene and obtain the distortion of the energy spectrum. The energy spectrum of the layer C$_{1-x}$ Si$_{x}$ $(0\leq x \leq 1)$ is found as well as the dependence of the energy gap on the concentration of silicon. We show that the energy band structure of C$_{1-x}$ Si$_{x}$ looks like a tunnel transition. Wave functions of graphene in the symmetry points of Brillouin zone are also obtained.

Field of study: Physics
Diene synthesis with 2-pyrones and 2-pyridones XIV. 1,4-Cycloadducts of 1-alkyl-2-pyridones with N-phenylmaleinimide and maleinimide

pyridones react with N-phenylmaleinimide and maleinimide stereoselectively via the scheme of the diene synthesis to give imides of 8-alkyl-8-azabicyclo[2.2.2]-4-octen-7-one-1,2-dioic acid. 3-Unsubstituted 2-pyridones form adducts with an endo configuration, whereas 1,3-dimethyl-2-pyridone gives an exo adduct under the same conditions. The endo- and exo-bridge adducts readily undergo retrograde diene disintegration on heating.

Field of study: Chemistry
Overview and transparency of non-research payments to healthcare organizations and healthcare professionals from pharmaceutical companies in Japan: Analysis of payment data in 2016.

To provide an overview of non-research pharmaceutical payments to healthcare organizations and professionals in Japan and evaluate data disclosure methods.



We calculated the aggregated value of each category of non-research payments among all 71 Japanese pharmaceutical companies belonging to the Japan Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Association. Non-research payments were categorized into academic research support expenses (e.g. donations), lecture, manuscript/writing, and consulting/commissioning fees, information provision-related expenses, and other expenses. Data disclosure methods for academic research support and lecturing/writing/consulting fees were evaluated through 11 factors, such as availability of individual payment data, disclosure of characters and figures with machine encoding, and possibility of data download as digital files.



The total value of non-research payments was US$1 762 119 513, with information provision-related expenses accounting for the largest proportion (US$1 138 049 361, 64.6 %). One company did not disclose individual payment data for academic research support and lecturing/writing/consulting and 31 (44.3%) of the remaining 70 demanded a registration for data access. Of the 70 companies disclosing data, 29 (41.4 %) disclosed characters and figures without machine encoding, and only 27 (38.6 %) allowed data download.



Japanese healthcare organizations and professionals received significant amounts of non-research payments from pharmaceutical companies. Data disclosure methods did not provide adequate levels of transparency in these financial relationships.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Multimethod radiometric age for a bentonite near the top of the Baculites reesidei Zone of southwestern Saskatchewan (Campanian–Maastrichtian stage boundary?)

A 15 cm thick bentonite at the top of the Baculites reesidei Zone in Cruikshank Coulee north of Herbert in southwestern Saskatchewan yielded biotite, sanidine, plagioclase, and zircon. Rb–Sr analyses give a mineral isochron with an age of 72.5 ± 0.2 Ma (± 2σ). U–Pb analyses of zircon produced concordant 206Pb/238U and 207Pb/235U ages of 72.4 ± 0.4 Ma (± 2σ) and 72.6 ± 0.4 Ma (± 2σ), respectively. Laser 40Ar/39Ar dating of sanidine and biotite revealed ages of 72.5 ± 0.2 Ma (± SE) and 72.6 ± 0.2 Ma (± SE), respectively. If the Campanian–Maastrichtian stage boundary is near the top of the Baculites reesidei Zone, then the overall average age of 72.5 ± 0.4 Ma dates the stage boundary.

Field of study: Environmental science