nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
On paranorm BVσ I-convergent double sequence spaces defined by an Orlicz function

The space BV σ {\mathrm{BV}_{\sigma}} was introduced and studied by Mursaleen [21]. In the present article we study the double sequence spaces ( 0 BV ( M , p ) σ I ) 2 {{}_{2}(_{0}\mathrm{BV}{{}^{I}_{\sigma}}(M,p))} , BV 2 ( M , p ) σ I {{}_{2}\mathrm{BV}{{}^{I}_{\sigma}}(M,p)} and ( ∞ BV ( M , p ) σ I ) 2 {{}_{2}(_{\infty}\mathrm{BV}{{}^{I}_{\sigma}}(M,p))} with the help of the space BV σ {\mathrm{BV}_{\sigma}} and an Orlicz function M, where p = ( p i ⁢ j ) {p=(p_{ij})} is the double sequence of strictly positive real numbers. We study some of its properties and prove some inclusion relations related to these new spaces.

Field of study: Philosophy
Frobenius-Schur theorem for $C^*$-categories

We generalize the Frobenius-Schur theorem to $C^*$-categories. From this category-theoretical point of view, we introduce the notions of real, complex and quaternionic representations of Hopf $C^*$-algebras. Based on these definitions, we give another type of the Hopf-algebraic analogue of the Frobenius-Schur theorem, originally due to Linchenko and Montgomery. Also given are similar results for weak Hopf $C^*$-algebras, table algebras and compact quantum groups.

Field of study: Mathematics
SIMPSONITE AND THE NORTHERN BRAZILIAN PEGMATITE REGION

A study of the Alto do Giz, near Equador, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil, reveals an interesting series of tantalum minerals including the rare aluminum tantalate, simpsonite. Crystals of this mineral are yellow brown, hexagonal in outline; c = .60978. It belongs to the hexagonal dipyramidal class C 6h . Hardness 7½, specific gravity is 6.81. It fluoresces blue to white in a cold quartz mercury vapor lamp with a filter. It is also found in white crystals at this mine and in buff-colored crystals at the Onca Mine, some miles away. It appears to be a replacement mineral of a short complex pegmatite sequence, crystallizing after microlite and tantalite.

Field of study: Geology
Application of a new theoretical transport study to the assessment of the purity of ZnSe

Zinc selenide has been studied for a long time, mainly as a candidate for blue light electroluminescence. The main problem is to achieve a good control of the conductivity. Surprisingly, up to now, there have been few attempts to study the electrical properties of the material, in order to find the ultimate limits of the transport parameters and to determine the purity of the layers accurately. The authors have made a detailed analysis of the transport properties: the scattering mechanisms are discussed and the relevant ones are included in the Boltzmann transport equation, which is solved using two methods (variations and Rode's iterative method). The drift and Hall mobilities, as well as the Hall ratio are plotted against Hall factor at 300 K and 77 K, the compensation ratio (defined as Na-/Nd+) being used as a parameter. These results can be used a s tool for assessing the material quality, by deducing the compensation ratio at 300 K and 77 K from Hall measurements. The authors apply this to their growth results as well as to other results reported in the literature and they discuss the purity of the material obtained in MBE and MOVPE. The nature of the impurities is discussed from the influence of the growth parameters and it is assumed that group VII elements are the dominant donor species while group 1a elements are the main acceptors.

Field of study: Materials science
Single-crystal diffraction at the high-pressure Indo-Italian beamline Xpress at Elettra, Trieste.

In this study the first in situ high-pressure single-crystal X-ray diffraction experiments at Xpress, the Indo-Italian beamline of the Elettra synchrotron, Trieste (Italy), are reported. A description of the beamline experimental setup and of the procedures for single-crystal centring, data collection and processing, using diamond anvil cells, are provided. High-pressure experiments on a synthetic crystal of clinoenstatite (MgSiO3), CaCO3 polymorphs and a natural sample of leucophoenicite [Mn7Si3O12(OH)2] validated the suitability of the beamline experimental setup to: (i) locate and characterize pressure-induced phase transitions; (ii) solve ab initio the crystal structure of high-pressure polymorphs; (iii) perform fine structural analyses at the atomic scale as a function of pressure; (iv) disclose complex symmetry and structural features undetected using conventional X-ray sources.

Field of study: Physics
Pharmacokinetic evaluation of novel oral fluorouracil antitumor drug S-1 in Chinese cancer patients

S-1 is an oral anticancer fluoropyrimidine formulation consisting of tegafur, 5-chloro-2,4-dihydroxypyridine and potassium oxonate. The aim of this study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetics and bioequivalence of a newly developed generic formulation of S-1 in Chinese cancer patients in comparison with the branded reference formulation of A single-dose, randomized-sequence, open-label, two-way self-crossover study was conducted in 30 Chinese cancer patients. The subjects alternatively received the two formulations (40 mg/m2, po) with a 7-d interval. Plasma concentrations of FT, CDHP, Oxo, and 5-Fu were determined using LC-MS/MS. Pharmacokinetic parameters, including Cmax, Tmax, t1/2, AUC0–t, and AUC0–∞ were determined using non-compartmental models with DAS2.0 software. Bioequivalence of the two formulations were to be evaluated according to 90% CIs for the log-transformed ratios of AUC and Cmax of S-1. Adverse events were evaluated through monitoring the symptom, physical and laboratory examinations, ECGs and subject interviews.The mean values of Cmax, AUC0–t, and AUC0–∞ of FT, 5-Fu, CDHP, and Oxo for the two formulations had no significant differences. The 90% CIs for natural log-transformed ratios of Cmax, AUC0–t, and AUC0–∞ were within the predetermined bioequivalence acceptance limits. A total of 11 mild adverse events, including fatigue, nausea and vomiting, anorexia, diarrhea and myelosuppression, were observed, and no serious and special adverse events were found.The newly developed generic formulation and reference formulation of S-1 have similar pharmacokinetics with one dose (40 mg/m2) in Chinese cancer patients. Both the formulations of S-1 are well tolerated.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Reliability system with two types of repair facilities

This paper deals with two identical unit cold stand-by systems. Two types of repair facilities, having a considerable difference in their costs, are used to repair the units. Repair of type 2 facility, a costlier one, is always available, while for repair of type 1 facility one has to wait for some time. If this waiting time exceeds some given maximum time, one has to call costly repair i.e. repair of type 2 facility. The system has been analysed to determine the reliability measures viz. MTSF, steady state availability, expected number of repairs etc., by using theory of semi-Markov processes and regenerative processes. Integral equations are set up for deriving these measures. These equations are solved with the help of Laplace transform technique. A cost equation is derived. The condition for maximizing the profit is also derived. Certain particular cases are analysed.

Field of study: Engineering
Dynamics of arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis in heavy metal phytoremediation: meta-analytical and conceptual perspectives.

To estimate dynamics of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis in heavy metal (HM) phytoremediation, we conducted a literature survey and correlated HM uptake and relative plant growth parameters from published data. After estimating AM feedback responses for these parameters at low and high soil-HM concentration intervals, we determined that the roles of AM symbiosis are characterized by (1) an increased HM phytoextraction via mycorrhizospheric 'Enhanced Uptake' at low soil-HM concentrations, and (2) a reduced HM bioavailability via AM fungal 'Metal-Binding' processes at high soil-HM levels, hence resulting in increased plant biomass and enhanced plant tolerance through HM stress-avoidance. We present two conceptual models which illustrate the important compromise between plant growth, plant HM uptake and HM tolerance, and further emphasize the importance of AM symbiosis in buffering the soil environment for plants under such stress conditions.

Field of study: Environmental science
Application of Convolutional Neural Networks to Identify Protostellar Outflows in CO Emission

We adopt the deep learning method CASI-3D (Convolutional Approach to Structure Identification-3D) to identify protostellar outflows in molecular line spectra. We conduct magneto-hydrodynamics simulations that model forming stars that launch protostellar outflows and use these to generate synthetic observations. We apply the 3D radiation transfer code RADMC-3D to model 12CO (J=1-0) line emission from the simulated clouds. We train two CASI-3D models: ME1 is trained to predict only the position of outflows, while MF is trained to predict the fraction of the mass coming from outflows in each voxel. The two models successfully identify all 60 previously visually identified outflows in Perseus. Additionally, CASI-3D finds 20 new high-confidence outflows. All of these have coherent high-velocity structures, and 17 of them have nearby young stellar objects, while the remaining three are outside the Spitzer survey coverage. The mass, momentum and energy of individual outflows in Perseus predicted by model MF is comparable to the previous estimations. This similarity is due to a cancelation in errors: previous calculations missed outflow material with velocities comparable to the cloud velocity, however, they compensate for this by over-estimating the amount of mass at higher velocities that has contamination from non-outflow gas. We show outflows likely driven by older sources have more high-velocity gas compared to those driven by younger sources.

Field of study: Physics
An Elaboration of Zimmerman's Procedure for Demonstrating Durable Secondary Reinforcement

Thus, Zirnmerman failed to demonstrate what the secondary reinforcer is for the E group and instead provided evidence of variables that affect response rate in the C groups. In addition, Keehn ( 1962 ) clearly found that the secondary reinforcing effecr occurred only when a previously learned response followed the secondarily reinforcing event. His general conclusion was rhat secondary reinforcement affects performance, not learning. Prior to investigating the possible specific reinforcing effects of the buzzer sounding, lifting of the starting box door, escape from the starting box, and traversing of the runway, it seemed appropriate to attempt to decermine whether or not the complex intermittent reinforcement schedule and presence of a secondary reinforcer are necessary to obtain the resulrs reported by Zimmerman. The purpose of the present study was to assess the secondary reinforcing effects of a reinforced cue md a nonreinforced cue when there had been discrimination training. The presence of the SA makes possible comparison of cue effects as well as providing a comparison stimulus for the SD.

Field of study: Psychology
Learning Method of Hopfield Neural Network and Its Application to Traveling Salesman Problem (特集:論文誌C発刊30周年記念)

A learning method of the Hopfield neural network is presented for efficiently solving combinatorial optimization problems. The learning method adjusts the balance between the constraint term and the cost term of the energy function so as to keep the Hopfield network updating in a gradient descent direction of energy.This paper describes and analyzes the learning method and shows its application to the traveling salesman problem (TSP). The performance is evaluated through simulating 100 randomly generated instances of the 10-city traveling salesman problem and some TSPLIB benchmark problems. The simulation results show that the performance of the proposed learning method on these test problems is very satisfactory in terms of both solution quality and running time. The proposed learning method finds the optimal solutions on the test TSPLIB benchmark problems in very short computation time.

Field of study: Computer science
Capitalism, Employment, and Complexity: With Further Critical Comments on Another Hodgson

I would be very grateful if the readers of this journal would help me. It seems that there is another "Geoffrey Hodgson" who also published a book called Economics and Utopia in 1999. This other Hodgson is the one whom Stephanie Bell and John Henry (2001) have criticized so forcibly in a recent issue of this journal. The position they criticized is so very different from my own that it is clear there must be another Hodgson at large. I am most grateful to Stephanie and John for bringing this other Hodgson to my attention. But I cannot find this other Hodgson's (1999) work anywhere. This other Hodgson seems to have plagiarized a few words from my own book and, to make matters worse, seems also to be responsible for a number of silly arguments. I am also grateful to Stephanie and John for showing how weak the other Hodgson's arguments are. But I am still worried. This other Hodgson could be confused with me! I am asking for the help of lEI readers in two ways. First, if anyone has a copy of Economics and Utopia by the other "Geoffrey Hodgson," then I shall love to obtain a copy. Second, I ask to be allowed to explain here how my views differ from those of the other Hodgson. I fully acknowledge that my own ideas are not always presented with optimum clarity, so I appreciate this opportunity to have another try. In the following section I recapitulate some of the ideas of the other Hodgson, as portrayed by Bell and Henry. I contrast my own views with those of my unfortunate namesake. In the subsequent section I summarize, for the record, my own argument in the third part of my Economics and Utopia.

Field of study: Economics
Diversity of benthic macrofauna in the eastern English Channel: comparison among and within communities

The diversity of benthic macrofaunal assemblages in the eastern English Channel is described from 707 samples collected with a Rallier-du-Baty dredge during 1971–1975. Four assemblages were primarily defined by means of multivariate data analyses and clustering methods: the ‘Abra alba community’, the ‘Ophelia borealis community’, the ‘pebbles community’ and a ‘mixed assemblage’ of the first three communities. Spatial heterogeneity of these communities is significantly correlated with sedimentary characteristics, although local variability appears to be controlled by both physical and biological processes. Ecological diversity of these communities was analysed considering species richness (S), the Shannon diversity index (H′), and rank-frequency diagrammes (RFD). These analyses were performed at two spatial scales: for a single sample, and for a 'site’ of 10 pooled samples. Thus, several sites were chosen in order to compare diversity patterns and species quantitative structure among and within the communities. The greatest species richness was recorded for the pebbles (57–69) and the A. alba (63–79) communities. In the former, high values may be due to the complexity of microhabitats and the large flux of food related to strong currents. In the latter, both organic matter and terrestrial inputs associated with the mud favour the presence of deposit-feeder organisms. No clear trend was observed among and within the community sites in terms of the species quantitative structure. Thus, convex RFD shapes were observed in three assemblages: the ‘mixed assemblage’ (offshore site), the A. alba (North Sea), and the pebbles (Normandy coast). ‘Sigmoid’ shapes were observed in the pebbles (Dover Strait) and A. alba (English coast) communities. Presumably, these shapes can be caused by the combined action of physical (strong currents, substrate stability, mud content in the sediments) and biological factors (co-occurrence of species from different communities, strong species recruitment, relative dominance of carnivorous species).

Field of study: Environmental science
Shock Oscillations in Diffuser Modeled by a Selective Noise Amplification

Shock waves in supersonic flow oscillate under certain conditions. These oscillations usually have negative effects, especially for flow past transonic airfoils and in supersonic diffusers. It is therefore of practical importance to understand the origin and the consequences of these oscillations. We model and predict some physical characteristics of self-sustained shock oscillations in transonic diffuser flows. We first give the results of a quasi-one-dimensional stability analysis. The mean flow is calculated with a code solving the averaged Navier-Stokes equations. The present stability approach however is limited to the core region where the viscous effects can be neglected

Field of study: Physics
Computer-Assisted Cognitive-Behavior Therapy in Medical Care Settings

of ReviewWe reviewed research on computer-assisted cognitive-behavior therapy (CCBT) performed in medical settings with the goals of assessing the effectiveness of this newer method of treatment delivery, evaluating the need for clinician support of therapeutic computer programs, and making suggestions for future research and clinical implementation.Recent  overall results of randomized, controlled trials suggest that CCBT can be an effective treatment for depression in primary care patients and health care anxiety. Also, it can be a useful component of treatment for somatic conditions including irritable bowel syndrome, diabetes, fibromyalgia, and chronic pain. The amount and type of clinician support needed for maximizing effectiveness remains unclear.SummaryCCBT offers promise for overcoming barriers to delivering effective psychotherapy in medical settings. We recommend that next steps for researchers include more definitive studies of the influence of clinician support, investigations focused on implementation in clinical practices, cost-benefit analyses, and use of technological advances.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Efficiently Outsourcing Multiparty Computation Under Multiple Keys

Secure multiparty computation enables a set of users to evaluate certain functionalities on their respective inputs while keeping these inputs encrypted throughout the computation. In many applications, however, outsourcing these computations to an untrusted server is desirable, so that the server can perform the computation on behalf of the users. Unfortunately, existing solutions are either inefficient, rely heavily on user interaction, or require the inputs to be encrypted under the same public key - drawbacks making the employment in practice very limited. We propose a novel technique based on additively homomorphic encryption that avoids all these drawbacks. This method is efficient, requires no user interaction whatsoever (except for data upload and download), and allows evaluating any dynamically chosen function on inputs encrypted under different public keys. Our solution assumes the existence of two non-colluding but untrusted servers that jointly perform the computation by means of a cryptographic protocol. This protocol is proven to be secure in the semi-honest model. By developing application-tailored variants of our approach, we demonstrate its versatility and apply it in two real-world scenarios from different domains, privacy-preserving face recognition and private smart metering. We also give a proof-of-concept implementation to highlight its feasibility.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Renal Mesangial Cells Isolated from Sphingosine Kinase 2 Transgenic Mice Show Reduced Proliferation and are More Sensitive to Stress-Induced Apoptosis

Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) is considered as a key molecule regulating various cell functions including cell growth and death. It is produced by two sphingosine kinases (SK) denoted as SK-1 and SK-2. Whereas SK-1 has been extensively studied and has been appointed a role in promoting cell growth, the function of SK-2 is controversial, and both pro-proliferative and pro-apoptotic functions have been suggested. In this study we investigated whether renal mesangial cells isolated from transgenic mice overexpressing the human Sphk2 gene (hSK2-tg) showed an altered cell response towards growth-inducing and apoptotic stimuli.  hSK2-tg mice were generated by using a Quick KnockinR strategy. Renal mesangial cells were isolated by a differential sieving method and further cultivated in vitro. Lipids were quantified by mass spectrometry. Protein expression was determined by Western blot analysis, cell proliferation was determined by 3H-thymidine incorporation, and apoptosis was determined by a DNA fragmentation ELISA.  We show here that kidneys and mesangial cells from hSK2-tg mice express the hSK2 as well as the endogenous mouse mSK2. hSK2 and mSK2 predominantly resided in the cytosol of quiescent transgenic cells. However, S1P accumulated strongly in the nucleus and only minimally in the cytosol of transgenic cells. Functionally, hSK2-tg cells proliferated less than control cells under normal growth conditions and were also more sensitive towards stress-induced apoptosis. On the molecular level, this was reflected by reduced ERK and Akt/PKB activation, and upon staurosporine treatment, by a sensitized mitochondrial pathway as manifested by reduced anti-apoptotic Bcl-XL expression and increased cleavage of caspase-9, downstream caspase-3 and PARP-1.  Altogether, these data demonstrate that SK-2 exerts an antiproliferative and apoptosis-sensitizing effect in renal mesangial cells which suggests that selective inhibitors of SK-2 may promote proliferation and reduce apoptosis and this may have impact on the outcome of proliferation-associated diseases such as mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Generalizations of the ‘Linear Chain Trick’: incorporating more flexible dwell time distributions into mean field ODE models

In this paper we generalize the Linear Chain Trick (LCT; aka the Gamma Chain Trick) to help provide modelers more flexibility to incorporate appropriate dwell time assumptions into mean field ODEs, and help clarify connections between individual-level stochastic model assumptions and the structure of corresponding mean field ODEs. The LCT is a technique used to construct mean field ODE models from continuous-time stochastic state transition models where the time an individual spends in a given state (i.e., the dwell time) is Erlang distributed (i.e., gamma distributed with integer shape parameter). Despite the LCT’s widespread use, we lack general theory to facilitate the easy application of this technique, especially for complex models. Modelers must therefore choose between constructing ODE models using heuristics with oversimplified dwell time assumptions, using time consuming derivations from first principles, or to instead use non-ODE models (like integro-differential or delay differential equations) which can be cumbersome to derive and analyze. Here, we provide analytical results that enable modelers to more efficiently construct ODE models using the LCT or related extensions. Specifically, we provide (1) novel LCT extensions for various scenarios found in applications, including conditional dwell time distributions; (2) formulations of these LCT extensions that bypass the need to derive ODEs from integral equations; and (3) a novel Generalized Linear Chain Trick (GLCT) framework that extends the LCT to a much broader set of possible dwell time distribution assumptions, including the flexible phase-type distributions which can approximate distributions on \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${\mathbb {R}}^+$$\end{document}R+ and can be fit to data.

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics