nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Calcineurin/NFAT pathway mediates wear particle-induced TNF-α release and osteoclastogenesis from mice bone marrow macrophages in vitro

To investigate the roles of the calcineurin/nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) pathway in regulation of wear particles-induced cytokine release and osteoclastogenesis from mouse bone marrow macrophages in vitro.Osteoclasts were induced from mouse bone marrow macrophages (BMMs) in the presence of 100 ng/mL receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL). Acridine orange staining and MTT assay were used to detect the cell viability. Osteoclastogenesis was determined using TRAP staining and RT-PCR. Bone pit resorption assay was used to examine osteoclast phenotype. The expression and cellular localization of NFATc1 were examined using RT-PCR and immunofluorescent staining. The production of TNFα was analyzed with ELISA.Results:Titanium (Ti) or polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) particles (0.1 mg/mL) did not significantly change the viability of BMMs, but twice increased the differentiation of BMMs into mature osteoclasts, and markedly increased TNF-α production. The TNF-α level in the PMMA group was significantly higher than in the Ti group (96 h). The expression of NFATc1 was found in BMMs in the presence of the wear particles and RANKL. In bone pit resorption assay, the wear particles significantly increased the resorption area and total number of resorption pits in BMMs-seeded ivory slices. Addition of 11R-VIVIT peptide (a specific inhibitor of calcineurin-mediated NFAT activation, 2.0 μmol/L) did not significantly affect the viability of BMMs, but abolished almost all the wear particle-induced alterations in BMMs. Furthermore, VIVIT reduced TNF-α production much more efficiently in the PMMA group than in the Ti group (96 h).Conclusion:Calcineurin/NFAT pathway mediates wear particles-induced TNF-α release and osteoclastogenesis from BMMs. Blockade of this signaling pathway with VIVIT may provide a promising therapeutic modality for the treatment of periprosthetic osteolysis.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Robustness of Anytime Bandit Policies

This paper studies the deviations of the regret in a stochastic multi-armed bandit problem. When the total number of plays n is known beforehand by the agent, Audibert et al. (2009) exhibit a policy such that with probability at least 1-1/n, the regret of the policy is of order log(n). They have also shown that such a property is not shared by the popular ucb1 policy of Auer et al. (2002). This work first answers an open question: it extends this negative result to any anytime policy. The second contribution of this paper is to design anytime robust policies for specific multi-armed bandit problems in which some restrictions are put on the set of possible distributions of the different arms.

Field of study: Computer science
A necessary and sufficient RHC stabilizability condition for stochastic control with delayed input

We study the mean-square stabilizability of Ito stochastic systems with delayed input. In contrast to most previous results, where only sufficient condition was derived, this paper proposes a necessary and sufficient stabilization condition by exploring the receding horizon control (RHC) and the coupled Riccati equations. It is shown that the system controlled by RHC is stabilizable if and only if the two coupled Lyapunov type inequalities are satisfied. The key is to design a novel cost function based on the optimal cost of finite horizon optimization problem.

Field of study: Mathematics
Relationships among soil properties, plant nutrition and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi-plant symbioses in a temperate grassland along hydrologic, saline and sodic gradients.

Temporal variations in the relationships among plant nutrient concentrations, soil properties and arbuscular-mycorrhizal (AM) fungal dynamics were studied along a topographic and saline gradient in a temperate grassland soil. Soil and plant (Lotus tenuis, Paspalum vaginatum, Stenotaphrum secundatum) samples were collected on four seasonally based occasions. The morphology of AM root colonization had a similar pattern in the plants studied. Maximum arbuscular colonization occurred at the beginning of the growing season in late winter and was minimal in late summer, but maximal vesicular colonization occurred in summer and was minimal in winter, suggesting a preferential production of these morphological phases by the fungus with respect to season. The greatest arbuscular colonization was associated with the highest N and P concentrations in plant tissue, suggesting a correspondence with increases in the rate of nutrient transfer between the symbiotic partners. Water content, salinity and sodicity in soil were positively associated with AM root colonization and arbuscule colonization in L. tenuis, but negatively so in the grasses. There were distinct seasonally related effects with respect to both spore density and AM colonization, which were independent of particular combinations of plant species and soil sites.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Thomas M. Cooley and the Interstate Commerce Commission: Continuity and Change in the Doctrine of Equal Rights

<j Thomas M. Cooley, a man whose 1887 appointment to the Interstate Commerce Commission gave dignity and distinction to the inception of federal regulatory action, has been misunderstood by commentators to the neglect of important themes in nineteenth-century American history. Misjudged as a single-minded advocate of the judicial protection of property rights, Cooley, in reality, was a complicated individual who approached the administrative task of implementing the Interstate Commerce Act with values and beliefs which had their source in the Jacksonian persuasion of the first three decades of his life.' The democratic attitudes

Field of study: Political science
Vegetation changes during the late Early Pleistocene at Montalbano Jonico (Province of Matera, southern Italy) based on pollen analysis

Pollen analysis of the Early Pleistocene Montalbano Jonico section in southern Italy reveals cyclic changes driven by climate and eustasy, as illustrated by mesothermic vs. steppe elements for climate, and Pinus vs. Caryophyllaceae, Amaranthaceae–Chenopodiaceae and Ephedra for eustasy. These results are directly compared with oxygen isotope data on Globigerina bulloides constrained within a biostratigraphic framework based on nannofossils and foraminifers, facilitating a new age calibration for the section. Marine isotopic stages 37 to 23 (1.250–0.900 Ma) are recorded, and compared with global and Mediterranean oxygen isotope curves. High-frequency changes in pollen are related to the Mediterranean curve (Globigerinoides ruber) from ODP Site 967, and superimposed the LR04 stack curve. During the Early Pleistocene, pollen recorded global and regional climate changes related to obliquity and precession, respectively, and regional tectonic evolution. Precession forcing was caused by Mediterranean wetness related to precession. The intensified precession effect over climatic cycles, that is expected during the Middle Pleistocene Transition, is not recorded in the Montalbano Jonico interval A vegetation changes.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Mass measurements demonstrate a strong N=28 shell gap in argon.

We present results from recent time-of-flight nuclear mass measurements at the National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory at Michigan State University. We report the first mass measurements of ^{48}Ar and ^{49}Ar and find atomic mass excesses of -22.28(31)  MeV and -17.8(1.1)  MeV, respectively. These masses provide strong evidence for the closed shell nature of neutron number N=28 in argon, which is therefore the lowest even-Z element exhibiting the N=28 closed shell. The resulting trend in binding-energy differences, which probes the strength of the N=28 shell, compares favorably with shell-model calculations in the sd-pf shell using SDPF-U and SDPF-MU Hamiltonians.

Field of study: Physics
Intérêt des pompes de chaleur à transferts thermiques sans auxiliaires, à convection naturelle et rayonnement

With many conventional heat pump systems the energy absorbed by auxiliary equipment (fans, defrosters, pumps) can be higher than the power used by the compressor. For example, with a particular air-air heat pump system the annual energy consumption of the compressor and its crankcase heater is 11 240 kWh, whilst 21 501 kWh of energy are consumed by auxiliary fans, the defrost unit, back-up heating and system heat losses. Some savings can be made by monitoring the interior unit fan to correspond to the running time of the compressor or by increasing the size of the heat pump in order to reduce back-up heating, but the latter solution has proved to be costly. Laboratory experiments since 1976 have been to reduce power consumption of auxiliaries, particularly air-air and air-water systems, by using a solar collector as the heat pump evaporator. The collector is made up of flat plates oriented in such a manner as to receive direct solar radiation, with both faces of the plates absorbing energy from the surrounding air by natural convection. The faces of the plates exposed to solar radiation are preferably painted black, but other colours with a low coefficient of reflection (eg brown, brick red, dark green, etc.) can be used if the evaporator-collector is to be architecturally pleasing. Glazing is not necessary, as is usually the case with solar panels. The collector-evaporator plates, and associated piping, are precharged with refrigerant and ready for connection to the heat pump circuit. A heat pump equipped with this collector-evaporator will provide an annual energy saving of 30% as compared to a standard air—water system. Additional benefits are no defrosting cycles, simplified installation, greater operational reliability, and an increased system COP. A table sets out the performance parameters of this system to show the incidence of back-up solar energy during the months of lesser solar radiation, ie outside the months of June to September, eg the COP during daylight hours (a minimum of about 7 h in December, to a minimum of 14 h in May) averages out at 3.89, and 3.27 during nocturnal hours. The article also describes a water heating system (200 and 300 I) using this collector-evaporator, an air-air heat pump with static (no forced ventilation) heat exchangers, and an air-water system using a static evaporator which will provide a 25% energy saving over its conventional counterpart.

Field of study: Engineering
Innovative approaches to exploring processes of change in counseling psychology: Insights and principles for future research.

In recent years, innovative approaches have been implemented in counseling and psychotherapy research, creating new and exciting interdisciplinary subfields. The findings that emerged from the implementation of these approaches demonstrate their potential to deepen our understanding of therapeutic change. This article serves as an introduction to the "Innovative Approaches to Exploring Processes of Change in Counseling Psychology" special issue. The special issue includes articles representing several of the most promising approaches. Each article seeks to serve as a sourcebook for implementing a given approach in counseling research, in such areas as the assessment of coregulation processes, language processing, physiology, motion synchrony, event-related potentials, hormonal measures, and sociometric signals captured by a badge. The studies included in this special issue represent some of the most promising pathways for future studies and provide valuable resources for researchers, as well as clinicians interested in implementing such approaches and/or being educated consumers of empirical findings based on such approaches. This introduction synthesizes the articles in the special issue and proposes a list of guidelines for conducting and consuming research that implements new approaches for studying the process of therapeutic change. We believe that we are not far from the day when these approaches will be instrumental in everyday counseling practice, where they can assist therapists and patients in their collaborative efforts to reduce suffering and increase thriving.

Field of study: Psychology
Global biodiversity and conservation of insects

We are losing large numbers of insects and arachnids at a rate unprecedented in the history of life, whereas they are the most diverse and abundant of all living things. Arthropods constitute an important aspect of biodiversity conservation and yet are the most neglected in the global conservation effort. At the same time, despite the publication of an Annual Review article on insect conservation by Pyle et al. (1981) and a prophetic book, Insect Conservation an Australian Perpsective by New (1984), the world entomological community at large has not dealt with biodiversity issues in any serious manner. For the first time a symposium on the global biodiversity issues was organized for the 18th International Congress of Entomology (Vancouver, Canada) in August 1989. Since then two major efforts have been published by Hawksworth (1991) and by Collins and Thomas (1991), and several major works, such as a textbook on insect conservation by Samways (1993) are being prepared for publication. Toward engaging the North American entomological community in the global biodiversity issues and insect conservation, an international symposium on biodiversity was convened for the 1991 Entomological Society of America Annual Meeting in December 1991 (Reno, Nevada, USA) Section A Symposium, sponsored by International Affairs Committee; co-organizers and co-moderators K.C. Kim and Hiram Larew. This symposium provided the forum for entomologists to discuss the issues on global biodiversity and conservation of insects and arachnids. The symposium consisted of seven papers with a concluding remark: K.C. Kim (global biodiversity), N.E. Stork (insect diversity), J.C. Miller (insect natural history), P. Opler (endangered species), L. Knutson (biological control), M. Kogan (integrated pest management), M.J. Samways (insect conservation) and K.C. Kim (conclusion). With Professor Alan T. Bull's encouragement we have put together a series of five papers from the symposium and present them here in this issue of Biodiversity and Conservation. K.C. Kim in the first paper discusses the global biodiversity issues pertaining to insects and related arthropods with a focus on inventory and monitoring. N.E. Stork deals with insect diversity, specifically species richness and related issues concerning insect conservation. This paper is followed by J.C. Miller expounding the role of insects in the ecological processes. Marcos Kogan and J.D. Lattin discuss the relevance of insect conservation in pest management. In the last paper Michael Samways provides principles and perspectives on insect conservation. To complete this effort, I am indebted to many colleagues in numerous ways including manuscript reviews with constructive suggestions. I wish to thank my colleagues, N.E. Stork, J.C. Miller, M. Kogan, J.D. Lattin and M.J. Samways for their efforts to provide contributions on time and also thank the following colleagues for taking time to review

Field of study: Environmental science
1,3,2-Oxathiaphospholane approach to the synthesis of P-chiral stereodefined analogs of oligonucleotides and biologically relevant nucleoside polyphosphates

Among the various classes of modified nucleotides and oligonucleotides, phosphorothioate analogs, in which the sugar-phosphate backbone is modified by the substitution of a sulfur atom for one of the nonbridging oxygen atoms, have been most extensively studied in both in vitro and in vivo experiments. However, this substitution induces P-chirality of the dinucleoside phosphorothioate moiety. Consequently, even short phosphorothioate oligonucleotides synthesized using standard chemical methods exist as mixtures of many diastereoisomers. In our laboratory, the oxathiaphospholane (OTP) method has been developed for a stereocontrolled synthesis of oligo(deoxyribonucleoside phosphorothioate)s. Recently, this approach has been extended to ribonucleoside derivatives, and stereodefined phosphorothioate diribonucleotides were incorporated into oligomers suitable for mechanistic studies on deoxyribozymes. Next, it was found that the OTP ring can be opened with nucleophiles as weak as the phosphate or pyrophosphate anion, giving rise to nucleoside α-thiopolyphosphates. Surprisingly, the reaction between nucleoside OTP and O,O-dialkyl H-phosphonate or O,O-dialkyl H-phosphonothioate led to nucleoside 5'-O-(α-thio-β-O,O-dialkyl-hypophosphate) or 5'-O-(α,β-dithio-β-O,O-dialkyl-hypophosphate), respectively, i.e., derivatives containing a direct P-P bond.

Field of study: Chemistry
Dendritic cells as natural adjuvants and modulators of immune response in cancer immunotherapy.

Dendritic cells (DCs) are potent antigen presenting cells. Mature DCs activate antigen specific naïve T cells, B cells and NK cells. Under certain conditions, DCs even silence T cell immune responses in vivo, thus, modulating the immune response. This special function of DCs could be exploited in the treatment of cancer, autoimmune disorder and chronic viral infections.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Physics
Selective suction for controlling bursting events in a boundary layer

Continuous and intermittent suction from a single streamwise slot was used to eliminate either a single burstlike event or a periodic train of artificially generated bursts in laminar and turbulent boundary layers. The experiments were conducted using a flat plate towed in an 18-m water channel. Flow visualization and hot-film probe measurements were used together with a burst detection algorithm to demonstrate the feasibility of controlling bursting events in a boundary layer. When the suction parameters were optimized, equivalent values of the suction coefficient as low as 0.0006-0.0015 were sufficient to eliminate the artificially generated hairpin vortices.

Field of study: Physics
A Few New Children

Research regarding children of intercountry adoption is limited, and most children of intercountry adoption have complex histories that may place them at risk for difficulty or failure in the classroom. Although the performances of some children from orphanage environments approximate those of chronological-age peers 2 to 4 years postadoption, duration of deprivation is consistently related, both historically and currently, to the cognitive delays and behavioral difficulties displayed by many postinstitutionalized children. Research regarding children of intercountry adoption is reviewed, and recommendations for future research are offered.

Field of study: Education
Phenomenology of Andreev reflection from first-principles transport theory

We study Andreev reflection in normal metal-superconductor junctions by using an extended Blonder-Tinkham-Klapwijk model combined with transport calculations based on density functional theory. Starting from a parameter-free description of the underlying electronic structure, we perform a detailed investigation of normal metal-superconductor junctions, as the separation between the superconductor and the normal metal is varied. The results are interpreted by means of transverse momentum resolved calculations, which allow us to examine the contributions arising from different regions of the Brillouin zone. Furthermore we investigate the effect of a voltage bias on the normal metal-superconductor conductance spectra. Finally, we consider Andreev reflection in carbon nanotubes sandwiched between normal and superconducting electrodes.

Field of study: Physics
Mariner 9 observations of the Mars north polar hood

Mariner 9 photographs showing variations in the behavior of the Mars atmosphere over 21 consecutive days during northern winter are displayed. The photographs show the north polar cloud hood to be highly variable from day to day, with variations suggestive of development, motion, and decay of baroclinic waves. Lee wave clouds apparently composed primarily of water ice, convective cloud lines inferred to consist of CO2. ice. and dust clouds all occur frequently in the active region between latitudes 40 and 6ON. The wave clouds show that persistent surface westerlies and strong westerly shear occur in this region.

Field of study: Environmental science
Deposition and Electrical and Structural Properties of La0.6Sr0.4CoO3 Thin Films for Application in High-Temperature Electrochemical Cells

Low-temperature deposition of electroceramic thin films allows the construction of new devices and their integration with existing large-scale fabrication methods. Developing a suitable low-cost deposition method is important to further advance the development of microdevices. In this work, we deposited a 1-μm-thick La0.6Sr0.4CoO3−δ (LSC) perovskite with high electrical conductivity on sapphire substrates at 400°C and analyzed its electrical, morphological and structural properties as a function of temperature in the range of 400–1100°C. The results show that spray pyrolysis can be used to deposit high-quality reproducible layers with the desired chemical and phase composition. Upon heating to around 600°C, the residual C–O and C=O species are removed, and the deposited layers crystallize and become conducting. The dependence of electrical conductivity versus processing temperature has a complex character—the maximum conductivity is found for layers processed at 800°C. An analytical model of stress distribution was used to predict stress to which the bi-layer material would be exposed to while being cooled down from the annealing temperature to room temperature. The high electronic conductivity and high-quality microstructure of the LSC layers, which can be adjusted with the appropriate heat treatment procedure, make them suitable for applications in electrochemical devices applied in integrated energy modules, including electrodes or contacts.

Field of study: Materials science
Social Support, Relationship Power, and Knowledge of HIV+ Serostatus in Sexual Risk Behavior Among Women in Psychiatric Treatment

This study examined social support, perceived relationship power, and knowledge of HIV+ serostatus in relation to frequency of unprotected sex acts and number of partners among women with comorbid psychiatric illness receiving treatment. Data were drawn from an initial assessment of participants enrolled in an HIV risk reduction intervention ( N  = 284), and two generalized linear models were used to examine the potential associations. Relationship power was significantly associated with fewer unprotected sex acts. This relationship was stronger among those with greater social support. Knowledge of HIV+ serostatus was linked with fewer sexual partners and less unprotected sex. Findings also revealed that the protective nature of support varies by level of perceived relationship power, with higher power indicative of a stronger protective relationship. Study findings suggest that the potential protective benefits of social support may depend on one’s perceived relationship power. Implications for HIV prevention intervention for this at-risk group are discussed.

Field of study: Psychology
The stability of Frenkel pairs and group V interstitials in electron-irradiated GaAs and GaP

BGa impurity atoms selectively trap mobile group V interstitials to form defects designated B(1) centres in both GaAs and GaP during 2 MeV electron irradiation at room temperature. The production of these centres has been measured in both n-type and p-type material by infrared absorption and compared with a model proposed by Pons and Bourgoin relating to radiation-enhanced diffusion of the interstitial atoms. The results imply, however, that the dissociation of Frenkel pairs produced on the group V sublattice as primary defects control the process. The Frenkel pairs are stable in n-type material but not in p-type or high-resistivity material.

Field of study: Materials science