nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Inter-annual climate variability in Europe during the Oligocene icehouse

New sclerochronological data suggest that a variability comparable to the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) was already present during the middle Oligocene, about 20 Myr earlier than formerly assumed. Annual increment width data of long-lived marine bivalves of Oligocene (30–25 Ma) strata from Central Europe revealed a distinct quasi-decadal climate variability modulated on 2–12 (mainly 3–7) year cycles. As in many other modern bivalves, these periodic changes in shell growth were most likely related to changes in primary productivity, which in turn, were coupled to atmospheric circulation patterns. Stable carbon isotope values of the shells (δ 13 C shell ) further corroborated the link between shell growth and food availability. Sub-decal oscillations in the 3–7 year band in other annually resolved fossil archives were often interpreted as El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) cycles. This possibility is discussed in the present study. However, combined shell-derived proxy and numerical climate model data lend support to the interpretation of a NAO-like variability. According to numerical climate models, winter sea-level pressure (wSLP) and precipitation rate (wPR) across Central Europe during the Oligocene exhibited a pattern similar to the modern NAO. The simulated NAO index for the Oligocene shows periodicities coherent with those revealed by the proxy data (2.5–6 years), yet, on shorter wavelengths than the modern NAO (biennial and 6–10 year cycles). Likely, the different paleogeography and elevated atmospheric CO 2 concentrations not only influenced the sea-level pressure pattern, but also the temporal variability of the NAO precursor. The present study represents the first attempt to characterize the inter-annual climate variability in Central Europe during the Oligocene and sets the basis for future studies on the early phase of the Cenozoic icehouse climate state.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Milk Composition for Admixed Dairy Cattle in Tanzania

It is well established that milk composition is affected by the breed and genotype of a cow. The present study investigated the relationship between the proportion of exotic genes and milk composition in Tanzanian crossbred dairy cows. Milk samples were collected from 209 animals kept under smallholder production systems in Rungwe and Lushoto districts of Tanzania. The milk samples were analyzed for the content of components including fat, protein, casein, lactose, solids-not-fat (SNF), and the total solids (TS) through infrared spectroscopy using Milko-Scan FT1 analyzer (Foss Electric, Denmark). Hair samples for DNA analysis were collected from individual cows and breed composition determined using 150,000 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. Cows were grouped into four genetic classes based on the proportion of exotic genes present: 25–49, 50–74, 75–84, and >84%, to mimic a backcross to indigenous zebu breed, F1, F2, and F3 crosses, respectively. The breed types were defined based on international commercial dairy breeds as follows: RG (Norwegian Red X Friesian, Norwegian Red X Guernsey, and Norwegian Red X Jersey crosses); RH (Norwegian Red X Holstein crosses); RZ (Norwegian Red X Zebu and Norwegian Red X N’Dama crosses); and ZR (Zebu X GIR, Zebu X Norwegian Red, and Zebu X Holstein crosses). Results obtained indicate low variation in milk composition traits between genetic groups and breed types. For all the milk traits except milk total protein and casein content, no significant differences (p < 0.05) were observed among genetic groups. Protein content was significantly (p < 0.05) higher for genetic group 75–84% at 3.4 ± 0.08% compared to 3.18 ± 0.07% for genetic group >84%. Casein content was significantly lower for genetic group >84% (2.98 ± 0.05%) compared to 3.18 ± 0.09 and 3.16 ± 0.06% for genetic group 25–49 and 75–84%, respectively (p < 0.05). There was no significant difference (p < 0.05) between breed types with respect to milk composition traits. These results suggest that selection of breed types to be used in smallholder systems need not pay much emphasis on milk quality differences as most admixed animals would have similar milk composition profiles. However, a larger sample size would be required to quantify any meaningful differences between groups.

Field of study: Biology
Latest Precambrian to Early Cambrian basin evolution, Fortune Bay, Newfoundland: fault-bounded basin to platform

Uppermost Precambrian and lowest Cambrian sediments of the Rencontre, Chapel Island, and Random formations in the Fortune Bay area, western Avalon Zone, consist of conglomerates, sandstones, and shales deposited in fluvial, marginal-marine, and open-marine settings. Deposition began in a small fault-bounded basin. Alternation between nonmarine and marine deposition resulted from pulses in fault activity (= uplift and coarse terrestrial clastics), separated by quiescent periods of basinwide thermal subsidence (= transgressive, fine-grained marine units overstepping earlier basin margins). The tectonic regime may have been extensional (rift) or transtensional (strike-slip pull-apart); a strike-slip origin is easiest to defend and is consistent with current tectonic models for the Avalon Zone involving prolonged extension or transtension, but little spreading.The Fortune Bay basin persisted until the beginning of the Cambrian Period, at which time eustatic sea-level rise led to widespread transgression and d...

Field of study: Environmental science
Seven Metaphysical Poets: A Structural Study of the Unchanging Self. Robert EllrodtMarvell and Liberty. Warren Chernaik , Martin Dzelzainis

Bassanio off to the right casket and in fact do so is another matter, one that cannot be simply assumed. Berley continues: "It is possible [Portia's] father's trust in music could fail to prove true. But if Portia cheats with her hints, her father's wisdom . . . might prevail, and therefore not her love" (116). If Portia hints and cheats, she is subverting the conditions of her father's will; the notion that he wished for her to do so contradicts the facts of the play. Keats's declaration in the Ode on a Grecian Urn that "Heard melodies are sweet, but those unheard / Are sweeter" understandably resonates through After the Heavenly Tune, and that poem and the Ode to a Nightingale receive much attention in the section on Keats. "The nightingale," Berley writes of the bird in the latter poem, "not being made for death, is, paradoxically, not born for life. A soul that is not made by experience cannot truly be immortal" (258-59). That is very well said, and is entirely faithful to Keats's poem and to his general meditations on the failure of the not human to instruct the human. What follows, however, undermines this fine perception. "Keats's 'immortal bird' is immortal only in the limited sense that every nightingale sings the song of the nightingale. It dies, but is replaced by another indistinguishable singer of that song. Keats's nightingale is immortal in the sense invoked by Shakespeare in Sonnet 18 ['Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?']. The 'eternal summer' of his poem surpasses the idealized summer of its admired subject" (258-59). The nightingale is immortal because the species, which is what matters, will survive in nature. Shakespeare's young friend is immortal because he will be preserved as an individual in Shakespeare's sonnet. Immortality may be a figure of speech in both cases, but the two are vastly different figures. MARK TAYLOR Manhattan College

Field of study: History
Growth cycle stage-dependent NaCl induction of plasma membrane H+-ATPase mRNA accumulation in de-adapted tobacco cells

A cDNA clone encoding an isoform of the plasma membrane H+-ATPase was isolated from Nicotiana tabacum. The steady-state plasma membrane H+-ATPase message levels were the same in unadapted tobacco cells and tobacco cells adapted to 428 mol m−3 NaCl. When cells adapted to 428 mol m−3 NaCl maintained in the absence of NaCl (deadapted) for an excess of 100 passages were exposed to 400 mol m−3 NaCl for 24 h, there was an increased accumulation of plasma membrane H+-ATPase message. The NaCl responsiveness of the deadapted cells was dependent upon the growth cycle stage. Alterations in the levels of plasma membrane FT-ATPase message during the growth cycle support a role for the H+-ATPase in cell growth. These results document the induction by NaCl of plasma membrane FT-ATPase message accumulation in tobacco cells, and suggest that enhanced expression of the plasma membrane FT-ATPase has a role in the short term response of cells of NaCl, but is not necessarily involved in long-term adaptation.

Field of study: Environmental science
A General Approach to Hypothesis Testing for Nonparametric Tests

Researchers have preferred normal-theory tests over nonparametric procedures, despite evidence that the statistical properties of the latter are sometimes superior for variables and subject populations frequently encountered in educational and psychological research. Two ongoing concerns among researchers are that non parametric tests exist only in simple cases (e.g., univariate one-, two-, and /-sample tests) and that these tests are often not available in statistical computing programs. The nonparametric hypothesis-testing model of Puri and Sen (1969, 1985) cir cumvents these concerns by permitting a variety of statistical hypotheses to be tested using existing computing programs. The breadth and flexibility of this model is il lustrated with several examples. NORMAL-THEORY TESTS have been used more widely in educational and psychological research than nonparametric procedures. In this article, normal-theory tests will be identified by their reliance on a normality as sumption for the distribution of scores and nonparametric tests by a data transformation, e.g., replacing the original scores with ranks, whose sole purpose is to remove the normality requirement. Nonparametric analysis of qualitative data (i.e., contingency table analysis) is not considered. The im portance of evaluating the normality assumption underlying normal-theory tests has been reinforced by the work of Micceri (1989), whose results sug gest that the bulk of educational and psychological data are at least mod erately and sometimes strikingly nonnormal (e.g., polymodal). Under these conditions, data-analytic alternatives that are not dependent upon a nor mality assumption (e.g., nonparametric tests) deserve serious consideration. Why then do so many researchers prefer normal-theory tests? One reason is their supposed statistical power advantage over nonparametric tests. Despite theoretical and empirical evidence that nonparametric tests possess competitive power properties over a broad range of data conditions (Marascuilo & McSweeney, 1977, chpt. 4; Lehmann, 1975, pp. 69-81), many researchers remain skeptical that a test based on ranks can be more

Field of study: Education
Field-Emission Performance of Wormhole-Like Mesoporous Tungsten Oxide Nanowires

We prepared wormhole-like mesoporous tungsten oxide nanowires on a Cu-tape/Si substrate, and explored the field-emission performances. The wormhole-like mesoporous tungsten oxide nanowires of 20 nm diameter exhibited excellent field-emission properties with extremely low turn-on and threshold fields (emission current density of 10 μA/cm2 and 10 mA/cm2) of 0.083 V/μm and 1.75 V/μm, respectively, as well as current stability of about 1400 μA/cm2 at a fixed field of 0.67 V/μm. This approach provides an efficient methodology for fabricating a field emitter that is expected to work at low voltage and can be used in field-emission displays.

Field of study: Materials science
Detection of free microcystins in the liver and muscle of freshwater fish by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

MC analysis of biological tissue is considered to be very difficult due to the lack of validated methods. This is the primary limiting factor for monitoring potential risks in both the flesh of aquatic organisms and the aquatic ecosystem. In this study, an effective method to determine free MCs (MC-LR and MC-RR) in the muscle and liver tissues of freshwater cultured fish was developed using solid-phase extraction (SPE) and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS-MS). The extraction solvent, time of extraction, eluent and purification of the extract were optimized. Various SPE cartridges were also investigated. In this optimized analytical procedure, an 85% methanol/water solution (v/v) was selected as the extraction solvent, after which the extracts were purified by removing fats and proteins; a HLB cartridge was chosen for MCs enrichment; and 90% methanol containing 0.02% formic acid/water solution (v/v) was used as the eluent. Under the optimized pretreatment conditions and instrument parameters, good recoveries of MC-LR and MC-RR were obtained at three concentrations (0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 µg g−1 dry weight (DW)), with values ranging from 92.5 to 98.3% and 92.1 to 98.6%, respectively. The method detection limit (MDL) for muscle samples was 0.5 µg kg−1 and 0.4 µg kg−1 (DW) for MC-LR and MC-RR, respectively. The MDL for the liver samples was 0.8 µg kg−1 (DW) for both MC-LR and MC-RR. The developed procedure was successfully applied to analyze MCs in the muscle and liver of fish samples collected from a Chinese freshwater aquaculture pond during bloom seasons. The MC-LR concentrations ranged from below the MDL to 4.17 µg kg−1 and the MC-RR concentrations ranged from below the MDL to 2.64 µg kg−1.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Balanced scorecard implementation at Rang Dong plastic joint-stock company (RDP)

From the balanced scorecard (BSC) framework, which encourages the use of both financial and non-financial measures of performance, allowing the firm to pinpoint its strategic objectives via balancing four perspectives – financial, customers, internal business processes, and learning and growth – to measure firm performance (Kaplan and Norton, 1992; Kaplan and Norton, 1996b), the paper sought to explore how balanced business scorecards were designed and to what extent of success they were implemented at Rang Dong Plastic Joint-Stock Company (RDP) in terms of its organizational structure and company philosophy.

Field of study: Business
Media Ownership and Control: A European Approach

Towards the end of 1992 and throughout 1993, companies in the United Kingdom associated with press and broadcasting activities campaigned for changes to the media ownership and control rules. In particular, many of the media companies wanted to see a relaxation of the rules preventing mergers between those Channel 3 licensees which operated in the larger regions. One of the reasons for the advocacy of change was the fear that media companies from other European Community countries, such as Italian Berlusconi's Fininvest and German Bertelsmann, unhindered by UK ownership and control restrictions, would be able to step in and bid for these companies.2 At the same time, pressure was also being felt from the newspaper companies for a relaxation of the cross-media ownership rules.3 The outcome of this campaigning was that on 1 January 1994 the Broadcasting (Restrictions on the Holding of Licences) (Amendment)  An Assessment of the Need for Community Action.8 The purpose of the Green Paper was to analyse the issue of concentration in the media (television, radio and press) and the need for action, and to suggest possible courses of action. Since the publication of the Green Paper, the Commission has instigated a wide consultation process. Initial responses have

Field of study: Law
Enhancing Transparency and Control When Drawing Data-Driven Inferences About Individuals

Recent studies show the remarkable power of fine-grained information disclosed by users on social network sites to infer users' personal characteristics via predictive modeling. Similar fine-grained data are being used successfully in other commercial applications. In response, attention is turning increasingly to the transparency that organizations provide to users as to what inferences are drawn and why, as well as to what sort of control users can be given over inferences that are drawn about them. In this article, we focus on inferences about personal characteristics based on information disclosed by users' online actions. As a use case, we explore personal inferences that are made possible from “Likes” on Facebook. We first present a means for providing transparency into the information responsible for inferences drawn by data-driven models. We then introduce the “cloaking device”—a mechanism for users to inhibit the use of particular pieces of information in inference. Using these analytical tools we ask two main questions: (1) How much information must users cloak to significantly affect inferences about their personal traits? We find that usually users must cloak only a small portion of their actions to inhibit inference. We also find that, encouragingly, false-positive inferences are significantly easier to cloak than true-positive inferences. (2) Can firms change their modeling behavior to make cloaking more difficult? The answer is a definitive yes. We demonstrate a simple modeling change that requires users to cloak substantially more information to affect the inferences drawn. The upshot is that organizations can provide transparency and control even into complicated, predictive model-driven inferences, but they also can make control easier or harder for their users.

Field of study: Computer science
X-ray fluorescence analysis of metal distributions in cryogenic biological samples using large-acceptance-angle SDD detection and continuous scanning at the Hard X-ray Micro/Nano-Probe beamline P06 at PETRA III

A new Rococo 2 X-ray fluorescence detector was implemented into the cryogenic sample environment at the Hard X-ray Micro/Nano-Probe beamline P06 at PETRA III, DESY, Hamburg, Germany. It features a high solid angle of up to 1.10 steradian and high count rates of 1 Mcounts s−1 per sensor.

Field of study: Physics
Representations of twisted Yangians associated with skew Young diagrams


Let $G_M$ be either the orthogonal group $O_M$ or the
symplectic group $Sp_M$ over the complex field; in the latter case
the non-negative integer $M$ has to be even. Classically, the
irreducible polynomial representations of the group $G_M$ are
labeled by partitions $\mu=(\mu_{1},\mu_{2},\,\ldots)$
such that $\mu^{\prime}_1+\mu^{\prime}_2\le M$ in the case $G_M=O_M$, or
$2\mu^{\prime}_1\le M$ in the case $G_M=Sp_M$. Here
$\mu^{\prime}=(\mu^{\prime}_{1},\mu^{\prime}_{2},\,\ldots)$ is the partition
conjugate to $\mu$. Let $W_\mu$ be the irreducible polynomial
representation of the group $G_M$ corresponding to $\mu$.
 
Regard $G_N\times G_M$ as a subgroup of $G_{N+M}$.
Then take any irreducible polynomial representation
$W_\lambda$ of the group $G_{N+M}$.
The vector space
$W_{\lambda}(\mu)={\rm Hom}_{\,G_M}( W_\mu, W_\lambda)$
comes with a natural action of the group $G_N$.
Put $n=\lambda_1-\mu_1+\lambda_2-\mu_2+\ldots\,$.
In this article, for any standard Young tableau $\varOmega$ of
skew shape $\lm$ we give a realization of $W_{\lambda}(\mu)$
as a subspace in the $n$-fold tensor product
$(\mathbb{C}^N)^{\bigotimes n}$, compatible with the action of the group $G_N$.
This subspace is determined as the image of a certain linear operator
$F_\varOmega (M)$ on $(\mathbb{C}^N)^{\bigotimes n}$, given by an explicit formula.
 
When $M=0$ and $W_{\lambda}(\mu)=W_\lambda$ is an irreducible representation of
the group $G_N$, we recover the classical realization of $W_\lambda$
as a subspace in the space of all traceless tensors in $(\mathbb{C}^N)^{\bigotimes n}$.
Then the operator $F_\varOmega\(0)$ may be regarded as the analogue
for $G_N$ of the Young symmetrizer, corresponding to the
standard tableau $\varOmega$ of shape $\lambda$.
This symmetrizer is a certain linear operator on
$\CNn$$(\mathbb{C}^N)^{\bigotimes n} $ with the image equivalent to the irreducible
polynomial representation of the complex general linear group
$GL_N$, corresponding to the partition $\lambda$. Even in the case
$M=0$, our formula for the operator $F_\varOmega(M)$ is new.
 
Our results are applications of the representation
theory of the twisted Yangian, corresponding to the
subgroup $G_N$ of $GL_N$. This twisted Yangian
is a certain one-sided coideal subalgebra of the Yangian corresponding
to $GL_N$. In particular, $F_\varOmega(M)$ is an intertwining
operator between certain representations of the twisted Yangian
in $(\mathbb{C}^N)^{\bigotimes n}$.

Field of study: Mathematics
Mauricio Font, The State and the Private Sector in Latin America: The Shift to Partnership (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015), pp. xvi + 302, £55.00, hb.

concept of elites used here is arguably overly broad. It focuses more on political than economic elites and therefore fails to distinguish between them when their interests sometimes diverge (as is arguably the case in Bolivia since Morales’ showdown with the autonomistas in Santa Cruz in ). There is also not much consideration of the huge increase in the power of economic elites (especially extractive ones) in Peru since the privatisation and deregulation of the s and how this influences state policy. Finally, it is a shame that, despite the dates included in the title of the book, there is no chapter that offers a comparison of the very different political trajectories of the two countries since . These would seem to confirm rather than negate Vergara’s thesis. Whatever the criticisms that can be levelled at Vergara’s methods and findings, this is certainly an important book, one which will stand as a marker in the literature. Hopefully it will stimulate more by way of informed, historically-driven comparative analysis between two countries which, despite some obvious similarities, exhibit such divergent patterns of state-society relations.

Field of study: Political science
CALIBRACION DEL BIOENSAYO DE TOXICIDAD AGUDA CON DAPNIA PULEX (CRUSTACEA: CLADOCERA) USANDO UN TOXICO DE REFERENCIA

Los bioensayos de toxicidad, como cualquier instrumento analitico, requieren ser calibrados contra un patron, el toxico de referencia. Aunque el instrumento, en este caso los organismos de prueba, no puede ser ajustado a una respuesta esperada, la calibracion permite aceptar o rechazar los organismos de prueba cuando provienen de una poblacion cuya respuesta ante el toxico de referencia esta dentro o fuera del rango determinado para ese compuesto quimico. El estudio de calibracion que aqui se expone determina la precision y exactitud intralaboratorio (Laboratorio de Bioensayos, Universidad de Concepcion) alcanzadas en la ejecucion del bioensayo de toxicidad aguda con Daphnia pulex De Geer 1877 (Crustacea: Cladocera) mediante la determinacion de la inhibicion de la movilidad (mortalidad) utilizando bicromato de potasio (K2Cr2O7) como toxico de referencia. El objetivo final del estudio de calibracion es determinar la CL50 _ 24 h (concentracion letal 50) promedio y el rango de sensibilidad, representado por los limites de vigilancia superior (LVS) e inferior (LVI), al 95 %, de la mortalidad de Daphnia pulex frente al toxico de referencia. La calibracion fue realizada en base a nueve (n=9) valores de CL50-24 h de bicromato de potasio, dando como resultado el siguiente rango de sensibilidad = 0,092 - 0,197 mg.L-1 y una CL 50 - 24 h de 0,145 mg.L-1. Esos valores revelan una mayor sensibilidad de la poblacion chilena de D. pulex respecto a las poblaciones del hemisferio norte

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science