nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Flow Instability of Polyvinyl alcohol)/Dimethyl Sulfoxide Solution under Steady Shear

The effects of solution temperature and molecular weight on the rheological responses of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) semidilute solutions (13 g/dL- 19 g/dL) in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) have been studied using PVA with two different number-average degrees of polymerization (Pn): 1700 and 4000. For the rheological experiments using dynamic shear, the PVA solution with a Pn of 1700 showed rather simple Newtonian fluid behaviour, whereas that with Pn of 4000 exhibited non-Newtonian shear thinning behaviour. Steady shear rheology experiments suggested that the lower Pn PVA solutions were Newtonian fluids, which is consistent with the dynamic shear rheology results. However, an abrupt decrease of shear viscosity at high shear rates was observed for the higher Pn PVA solutions at lower temperatures, such as 30 °C and 50 °C. At higher temperatures of 70 °C and 90 °C, the higher molecular weight PVA solutions exhibited simple shear thinning behaviour without any further complications of flow instability. The fact that temperature plays a critical role in controlling the observed flow instability of the PVA solutions in DMSO strongly suggests that there exist enhanced inter-chain interactions by hydrogen bonding of PVA chains beyond the chain entanglements, particularly for the higher Pn PVA semidilute solutions at low temperatures. Therefore, it is important to consider both chain entanglements and hydrogen bonding interactions in order to process PVA solutions without causing undesirable flow instability.

Field of study: Materials science
跨膜Ca 2+ 梯度通过磷脂酰胆碱调节肌质网Ca 2+ -ATP酶

将纯化的肌质网Ca 2+ -ATP酶重组在具有或不具有跨膜Ca 2+ 梯度的脂质体上,研究了磷脂(特别是磷脂酰胆碱)在跨膜Ca 2+ 梯度对肌质网Ca 2+ -ATP酶功能调节中的作用。结果表明:(1)高浓度的Ca 2+ 对与不同磷脂保温的去脂Ca 2+ -ATP酶都产生抑制,但对与PC保温的Ca 2+ -ATP酶抑制最大。(2)当存在一个正向跨膜Ca 2+ 梯度时(酶活性中心一侧Ca 2+ 浓度较低,类似生理条件),它只对与中性磷脂PC:PE重组的Ca 2+ -ATP酶产生抑制,且PC:PE(摩尔比)为1:1时,抑制程度最大。如以酸性磷脂PS或PG替代PC则均无明显抑制。(3)比较不同脂肪酸侧链的PC的作用表明,当DOPC或DPPC存在时均有明显抑制作用,而DMPC则几乎不表现抑制作用。(4)若Ca 2+ 梯度逆转,则无论是与酸性磷脂或中性磷脂重组的肌质网Ca 2+ -ATP酶都会被抑制。

Field of study: Chemistry
Subgame perfect equilibrium in continuous games of perfect information: An elementary approach to existence and approximation by discrete games

This paper relates infinite-action (continuous) games of perfect information to finite-action approximations of such games and thereby obtains a new existence proof for subgame-perfect equilibrium (SPE) in the infinite-action case. Accumulation points of SPE paths of approximating finite-action games are shown to be SPE paths of the limiting infinite-action game. However, no such upper hemi-continuity property holds for SPE strategies. The discontinuity in strategies corresponds to a need for forward induction in the SPE construction for the infinite-action game, thus conflicting with the Harsanyi-Selten principle of subgame-consistency.

Field of study: Economics
Comparison of the rearing effects of different artificial diets for young silkworm during different instars

Using 32 hybrid silkworm varieties fed with two kinds of artificial diets,the setae dispersion rates(SDR) at 24 h from the beginning of rearing were obtained.The results showed that the SDR of the new artificial diet(NAD) was statistically higher than that of the old artificial diet(OAD).The SDR of 21 hybrid silkworm varieties fed with NAD exceeded 98%,while only 6 ones with OAD.This suggested that the NAD widened the range of silkworm varieties,and was suitable for atificial diet.From comparison of the scores of rearing silkworm and the quality of cocoons by NAD-fed during different larval instars with that of by mulberry leaf-fed in the full larval stage,we conclude that it is feasible to feed the young silkworm with artificial diet before 2nd molting,then with mulberry leaves.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Immunological response to cytomegalovirus in congenitally infected neonates

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is the most common cause of congenital infection worldwide and occurs as a result of transplacental transmission of the virus. The human neonate is highly susceptible to infection due to a combination of immaturity of the immune system and antigenic inexperience. This study uses the in vivo model of congenital CMV to examine both the humoral and cell‐mediated immune responses in vertically infected neonates and their mothers. Ten pairs of matched neonates and their mothers were evaluated for specific IgM responses to three immunodominant CMV antigens: pp38 (pUL80a), pp52 (pUL44) and pp150 (pUL32). In contrast to conventional enzyme immunoassay (EIA) testing for CMV‐specific IgM, which found five of the mothers and four of the neonates to be positive, Western immunoblotting showed all 10 adults and nine newborns to be positive. Eight mothers and nine newborns had serological evidence of primary infection. All neonates showed a response to pp38, an assembly protein, nine responded to the pp52 immediate early antigen but only four had reactivity to the pp150 tegument associated protein. Of the mothers, eight had pp38 reactivity, 10 showed a response to the pp52 antigen and seven to the pp150 antigen. T cell‐mediated immunity was assessed by measuring cytokines using a multiplex microarray assay. Levels of interferon (IFN)‐γ were high in both groups [mean ± standard error of the mean (s.e.m.): neonates = 657 ± 238 pg/ml, mothers = 1072 ± 677 pg/ml, pNS]; however, neonates had significantly higher levels of interleukin (IL)‐8 (316 ± 136 pg/ml versus 48 ± 28 pg/ml, P < 0·005). Similar levels of IL‐2, IL‐7, IL‐10 and IL‐12 were measured in both groups, but levels of IL‐1α, IL‐1β, IL‐4, IL‐6 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)‐α were either absent or low. In response to CMV, neonates and adults mount a predominant T helper 1 (Th1) response, as evidenced by the presence of IL‐2, IL‐8, IL‐12 and IFN‐γ with concomitant lack of IL‐4. These findings suggest that the neonate, when presented with infection in utero, is capable of mounting an individual response; however, the lower IFN‐γ and higher IL‐8 levels suggest reduced immune responsiveness when compared to their adult counterparts.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Improvement of Ionic Conductivity in A-site Lithium Doped Sodium Bismuth Titanate

Oxide-ion conductors play a significant role in various applications such as solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs), oxygen separation membranes and sensors. Recently, high ionic conductivity (~ 1 × 10− 4 S cm− 1 at 600 °C) was found in sodium bismuth titanate (NBT), which originates from oxygen vacancies compensating the introduced Bi-deficiency. By providing pathways with low diffusion barriers, the highly polarizable Bi3 + ions with 6s2 lone pair electrons and weak Bi O bonds are also beneficial for the migration of oxygen ions. Here we report the influence of lithium doping on the electrical properties of NBT. The optimal doping level of 4 at% Li on the Bi-site improves the ionic conductivity by one order of magnitude to ~ 7 × 10− 3 S cm− 1 at 600 °C without changing the conduction mechanism, which could be attributed to an increase in the oxygen vacancy concentration based on an acceptor doping mechanism. A further increase in Li content does not improve the total conductivity. Oxygen diffusion data were acquired by the Isotope Exchange Depth Profile (IEDP) method in combination with Secondary Ion-Mass Spectrometry (SIMS). The oxygen self-diffusion coefficients (e.g. 7.04 × 10− 9 cm2 s− 1 at 600 °C) are in excellent agreement with the values derived from impedance spectroscopy data, suggesting that the oxygen ions are the main charge carriers in the system. Furthermore, a degradation test was performed for 100 h under a variety of atmospheres, showing only a slight decrease in conductivity in both air and oxygen atmospheres attributed to the loss of material from the A-site. Comparison with other oxide-ion conductors indicates that Li-doped NBT materials are promising candidates for intermediate temperature SOFC applications.

Field of study: Materials science
A Research on Intelligent Cylindrical Grinding Active Measuring Instrument

An intelligent cylindrical grinding active measuring instrtument based on 16-bit ndcroprocessor 8089 has been developed by the whiters of this paper. Its multi-function, compact structure and easy adjustment make it a perfect iustrument, which can display absolute and relative size. normal size, lower and upper deviation, and print out finished size easily. Control point can be Selected artificially in tolerance range. The mechanical construction and circuit principle of this instrument are introduced in this paper.

Field of study: Engineering
Black hole tariffs and endogenous policy theory : political economy in general equilibrium

Preface Acknowledgments list of results 1. A preview of the results 2. Endogenous policy theory: a diagrammatic approach Part I. Endogenous Policy Theory with Specific Factors: The Theory of Industry Tariffs  The probabilistic voting model of political efficiency and powerless politicians 4. Endogenous lobbying theory and the contribution specialization theorem 5. Endogenous tariff theory 6. The power function model of endogenous industry lobbying 7. Three simple tests of the Stolper-Samuelson theorem 8. The invisible foot and the waste of nations: lawyers as negative externalities Part II. Endogenous Policy Theory in General Equilibrium: A Long-Run Theory of National Tariff Levels: 9. The 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 model of endogenous redistribution theory 10. A prisoner's dilemma theory of endogenous protection: the Leontief model 11. The compensation effect and the multiple equilibrium trap 12. increasing returns to politics and factor endowments: economic development and Brazilian vitality versus the Indian disease 13. Endogenous protection in the United States, 1900-88 14. A Cobb-Douglas model 15. Black hole tariffs 16. The endowment effect: cross-national evidence on endogenous tariffs Part II.  The senile-industry argument for protection 18. Optimal obfuscation and the theory of the second worst: the politically efficient policy Mathematical appendices References Author index Subject index.

Field of study: Economics
Stellar Archaeology in the Galactic Halo with the Ultra-faint Dwarfs. VI. Ursa Major II

We present a B, V color-magnitude diagram (CMD) of the Milky Way dwarf satellite Ursa Major II (UMa II), spanning the magnitude range from V {approx} 15 to V {approx} 23.5 mag and extending over an 18 Multiplication-Sign 18 arcmin{sup 2} area centered on the Galaxy. Our photometry goes down to about 2 mag below the Galaxy's main-sequence turnoff that we detected at V {approx} 21.5 mag. We have discovered a bona fide RR Lyrae variable star in UMa II, which we use to estimate a conservative dereddened distance modulus for the galaxy of (m - M){sub 0} = 17.70 {+-} 0.04 {+-} 0.12 mag, where the first error accounts for the uncertainties of the calibrated photometry, and the second reflects our lack of information on the metallicity of the star. The corresponding distance to UMa II is 34.7{sup +0.6}{sub -0.7}({sup +2.0}{sub -1.9}) kpc. Our photometry shows evidence of a spread in the Galaxy's subgiant branch, compatible with a spread in metal abundance in the range between Z = 0.0001 and Z = 0.001. Based on our estimate of the distance, a comparison of the fiducial lines of the Galactic globular clusters M68 and M5 ([Fe/H] = -2.27 {+-} 0.04more » dex and -1.33 {+-} 0.02 dex, respectively), with the position on the CMD of spectroscopically confirmed Galaxy members, may suggest the existence of stellar populations of different metal abundance/age in the central region of UMa II.« less

Field of study: Physics
Study on free radical scavenging property of astaxanthin

To investigate the anti-oxidation activity of astaxanthin and compared with VC.Method:Free radical scavenging properties were investigated in modified chemical system.The antioxidation activity of astaxanthin and VC for DPPH radical,hydroxy radical and superoxide anion was detected by spectro-photometry.The inhibition and elimination rate of astaxanthin to ·OH and O 2-·was higher than VC.Although the effect of astaxanthin on eliminating DPPH·radical was slightly lower than VC,but the elimination rate still high to 95.0% at concentration 90 μg/mL.Conclusion:Astaxanthin has obvious anti-oxidation activity.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Weyl anomaly of the product of string vertex functions

In the Polyakov's path integral formalism we calculate the Weyl anomaly of the product of vertex functions which emit the oscillation modes of closed bosonic string. This Weyl anomaly appears when several strings' emission points on the world sheet approach to the same point. Owing to this anomaly, Weyl invariance in the presence of background fields determines the background field equations of motion.

Field of study: Physics
Crystals of the carotenoid protein from Arthrospira maxima containing uniformly oriented pigment molecules.

Crystals of a carotenoid protein from the cyanobacterium Arthrospira maxima have been grown in space group C2 with unit-cell dimensions a = 219.6, b = 40.3, c = 75.5 A and beta = 95.5 degrees. The crystals diffract X-rays to 2.3 A resolution and display unusual optical properties in polarized light that suggest that all of the carotenoid molecules in the crystals are oriented similarly. A slight increase in the concentration of a crystallization additive in the mother liquor induces macroscopic twinning, which is also visible when the crystals are illuminated with polarized light.

Field of study: Chemistry
Late Miocene climate in the circum-Alpine realm—a quantitative analysis of terrestrial palaeofloras

Selected mega- and microfloras from Central and Southern Europe have been analysed for the time interval Tortonian/Pannonian (MN 9–12) with the Coexistence Approach to obtain quantitative palaeoclimate data. The results give a geographically differentiated picture of the Late Miocene climate in the circum-Alpine area. Spatial patterns are presented in maps for mean annual temperature, temperature of the coldest month, temperature of the warmest month, mean annual precipitation, and mean annual range of temperature. The obtained data show an overall warm, humid, and homogenous climate with very low latitudinal and longitudinal gradients; there is no indication of a Mediterranean type of climate. Palaeogeographic influences on climate patterns are evident; the Pannonian Lake caused mild winters and a lower seasonality of temperature in the Pannonian basin.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Differential distribution of mRNA encoding cAMP-specific phosphodiesterase isoforms in the rat brain.

We studied the distributions of four different cyclic AMP-specific phosphodiesterase isoform mRNAs (APDE1-4) and compared them with that of 63 kDa calmodulin-stimulated phosphodiesterase (CPDE) in the rat brain by in situ hybridization histochemistry using specific radiolabeled oligonucleotides. The distribution patterns were unique for all the APDE isoforms examined here. Although no significant signals for APDE1 could be detected anywhere in the rat brain, all other isoforms were expressed ubiquitously but unevenly and showed overlapping distribution patterns. Among all the APDE isoforms studied here, APDE3 showed the strongest and the most extensive expression. Its distribution pattern implies that it may modulate different cellular processes associated with learning and memory. Compared to APDE3, the levels of expression of APDE2 and APDE4 were weaker, the latter showing the weakest expression. Our study suggests that different isoforms of APDE are expressed together in the same class of neurons implying complex interactions among different signaling pathways, thereby mediating distinct and specific functions.

Field of study: Biology
The influence of fertilizer level and spore density on arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization of transgenic Bt 11 maize (Zea mays) in experimental microcosms.

Crop plants genetically modified for the expression of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) insecticidal toxins have broad appeal for reducing insect damage in agricultural systems, yet questions remain about the impact of Bt plants on symbiotic soil organisms. Here, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF) colonization of transgenic maize isoline Bt 11 (expressing Cry1Ab) and its non-Bt parental line (Providence) was evaluated under different fertilizer level and spore density scenarios. In a three-way factorial design, Bt 11 and non-Bt maize were inoculated with 0, 40, or 80 spores of Glomus mosseae and treated weekly with 'No' (0 g L(-1) ), 'Low' (0.23 g L(-1) ), or 'High' (1.87 g L(-1) ) levels of a complete fertilizer and grown for 60 days in a greenhouse. While no difference in AMF colonization was detected between the Bt 11 and Providence maize cultivars in the lower spore/higher fertilizer treatments, microcosm experiments demonstrated a significant reduction in AMF colonization in Bt 11 maize roots in the 80 spore treatments when fertilizer was limited. These results confirm previous work indicating an altered relationship between this Bt 11 maize isoline and AMF and demonstrate that the magnitude of this response is strongly dependent on both nutrient supply and AMF spore inoculation level.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Regional structure and kinematic history of the Sevier fold-and-thrust belt, central Utah: Discussion

[DeCelles and Coogan (2006)][1] summarize the structure and evolution of the Late Jurassic to Paleocene Sevier orogenic belt in central Utah, inferring at least 220 km of crustal shortening on the basis of a regional balanced cross section. Difficulties arise in an otherwise excellent synthesis in

Field of study: Geology
Extragalactic background light: inventory of light throughout the cosmic history

The Extragalactic Background Light (EBL) stands for the mean surface brightness of the sky as we would see it from a representative vantage point in the intergalactic space outside of our Milky Way Galaxy. Averaged over the whole 4π solid angle it represents the collective light from all luminous matter radiated throughout the cosmic history. Part of the EBL is resolved into galaxies that, with the increasing detecting power of giant telescopes and sensitive detectors, are seen to deeper and deeper limiting magnitudes. This resolved part is now known to contribute a substantial or even the major part of the EBL. There still remains, however, the challenge of finding out to what extent galaxies too faint or too diffuse to be discerned individually, individual stars or emission by gas outside the galaxies, or – more speculatively – some hitherto unknown light sources such as decaying elementary particles are accounting for the remaining EBL. We review the recent progress that has been made in the measurement of EBL. The current photometric results suggest that there is, beyond the resolved galaxies, an EBL component that cannot be explained by diffuse galaxy halos or intergalactic stars.

Field of study: Physics
Po‐Thur Eve General‐10: Dose gradient analyses in the prostate organ motion: treatment plan evaluation independent of DVH

The aim of this study is to investigate internal organ motion using the profiles of the PTV dose gradients independent of DVH. In this study, the four‐beam box (4BB) and 5‐beam IMRT of three prostate patients were analyzed. Patients with small (17.3 cm3), medium (51.6 cm3) and large (87.1 cm3) prostate volumes were selected from Grand River Regional Cancer Center (GRRCC). A Pinnacle3 planning system was used to determine the PTV dose profiles crossing the isocenter in the L‐R, A‐P and S‐I directions. The convolution of the “static” dose and the Gaussian distribution were used to describe the discrepancy between the prescribed and delivered dose affected by patient repositioning and internal organ motion. The “shoulder” shape of the PTV profile determines the dose delivered to the tumor and critical organs when internal organ motion was considered. A “line equivalent uniform dose” (LEUD) was used to evaluate the shoulder dose deviation. The profile shapes influence the organ at risk (OAR) dose distribution more significantly for 4BB in comparison with IMRT especially in the posterior direction. The LEUD deviation in the range from 7.7% to 2.8% for S‐I and A‐P directions, respectively, was observed for the standard deviation of 1. The analysis of the PTV profile shape is a powerful tool for further improvement of IMRT treatment plan optimization. The results can be included as a parameter in the objective function used in the IMRT optimization.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Fast Single Image Super Resolution Reconstruction via Image Separation

In this work, a fast single image super resolution reconstruction (SRR) approach via image separation has been proposed. Based on the assumption that the edges, corners, and textures in the image have different mathematical models, we apply different image SRR algorithms to process them individually. Thus, our approach is divided into three steps: 1) separating the given image into cartoon and texture subcomponent by nonlinear filter based image decomposition technique; 2) using improved local-self similarity model based algorithm to interpolate the cartoon subcomponent and the wavelet domain Hidden Markovian Tree (HMT) model based algorithm to zoom the texture subcomponent; and 3) fusing the interpolated cartoon and texture subcomponents together to derive the recovered high-resolution images. Since the decomposition and super resolution algorithms in the proposed approach are mainly based on simple convolution and linear algebra computations, its efficiency can be guaranteed. Also, the simulated and real-life images experiments can validate the performance of our proposed algorithm when compared with some other state-of-the-art super-resolution approaches.

Field of study: Computer science
The effect of drought and ultraviolet radiation on growth and stress markers in pea and wheat

It emerged recently that there is an inter-relationship between drought and ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation in plant responses, in that both stresses provoke an oxidative burst. The purpose of this investigation was to compare the effects and interaction of drought and UV-B in wheat and pea. The absence of changes in relative leaf water content (RWC) after UV-B treatments indicate that changes in water content were not involved. RWC was the main factor resulting in reduced growth in response to drought. Increases in anthocyanin and phenols were detected after exposure to UV-B. The increases do not appear to be of sufficient magnitude to act as a UV-B screen. UV-B application caused greater membrane damage than drought stress, as assessed by lipid peroxidation as well as osmolyte leakage. An increase in the specific activities of antioxidant enzymes was measured after UV-B alone as well as after application to droughted plants. Proline increased primarily in drought-stressed pea or wheat. Proline may be the drought-induced factor which has a protective role in response to UV-B. The physiological and biochemical parameters measured indicate the UV-B light has stronger stress effectors than drought on the growth of seedlings of both species. The two environmental stresses acted synergistically to induce protective mechanisms in that pre-application of either stress reduced the damage caused by subsequent application of the other stress.

Field of study: Environmental science