nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Isotopic evidence for carbonate cementation and recrystallization, and for tectonic expulsion of fluids into the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin

Carbon, oxygen, and strontium isotope data for calcites and dolomites from the Devonian Obed platform in Alberta, Canada, demonstrate that (1) both limestones and dolostones of the Obed platform underwent significant deep-burial cementation and recrystallization, (2) calcites experienced more extensive geochemical alteration than did dolomites under deep-burial conditions, and (3) the fluids that facilitated deep-burial carbonate diagenesis probably were partially derived from the Rocky Mountain fold-and-thrust belt. The more extensive degree of recrystallization of calcite is shown especially by its higher 87 Sr/ 86 Sr ratios. A lesser degree of 13 C depletion in dolomites indicates that dolomite recrystallization partially coincided with hydrocarbon oxidation. Evidence supporting interpretation 3 (above) includes fractures and vugs bearing late-diagenetic calcite cements that have extremely high 87 Sr/ 86 Sr ratios, including the highest ratios reported thus far for any diagenetic carbonates from western Canada (0.7252). In carbonates, values this high are found only in tectonic veins in Proterozoic clastic rocks in the Rocky Mountains and in the Obed platform about 100 km into the foreland basin. The late-diagenetic calcite cements also have highly depleted δ 13 C values (minimum −27.1‰ relative to PDB [Peedee belemnite]), indicating incorporation of oxidized carbon from thermochemical sulfate reduction. The process of carbonate cementation and recrystallization in strata of the Obed platform probably occurred during deep burial (maximum 5–7 km) and was effected by a hot (>100 °C) mixture of connate brines and hydrothermal or metamorphic fluids that were expelled from the Rocky Mountain fold-and-thrust belt during the Laramide orogeny. The data also suggest that (1) the common practice of using limestones to establish marine or original geochemical baselines for stable and radiogenic isotope interpretations must be conducted with caution, and (2) replacement burial dolostones are quite resistant to burial recrystallization. Finally, the geochemical trace of tectonically expelled fluids may be limited to about 100 km into the foreland basin, implying that the volumes and/or fluxes of fluids produced by tectonic expulsion are rather low.

Field of study: Geology
Multiparameter data acquisition and analysis system with on-line compression

A modular system to determine correlations among many detectors in radiation measurements is described. It is based on PC computer and supports several types of CAMAC crate controllers. Besides standard techniques and procedures such as data taking, event building, event sorting, also sophisticated data visualization, processing, and a new efficient method of multidimensional data analysis with on-line compression have been implemented in the system.

Field of study: Physics
Circuit design and experimental test of a high power IGBT non-destructive tester

The study proposes the design and transient analysis of an IGBT non-destructive tester. The tester is designed to test IGBTs at voltage and current ratings less than 3.3 kV 2.4 kA. Due to stray elements, the circuit might oscillate during the different modes of operation and test conditions. These oscillations could cause high stresses to the IGBT switches in the circuit and cause one or more of the switches to fail. A transient analysis is performed taking into account the different operating conditions. Hence the potential for destructive oscillations can be minimized via the proper design of the IGBT gate resistors. An analogue controller, based on voltage collapse detection after turn off failure, is designed and developed. Simulation results of a failure case study using spice simulation software are then presented. Finally, experimental results are presented demonstrating failure detection and protection of the device under test.

Field of study: Engineering
An Effective End-User Knowledge Concern Training Method in Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) Based on Critical Factors (CFs) in Malaysian SMEs

Nowadays, many companies are using Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) as one of the comprehensive integrated systems. This study focuses on various aspects of the ERP utilized in Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in Malaysia in three phases. The success and the failure factors of ERP in SMEs were identified in the first phase. A comparison between different ERP training methods was carried out in the second phase. Based on the findings in the first two phases, a new training method was developed in the third phase, so that ERP users may have a more effective ERP training system in the SMEs in Malaysia. The research method applied to the current research is case study in which the required data was collected from different SMEs in Malaysia. The data collection was mainly based on the surveys and interviews, and the results of the data analysis were used to improve a client-based training system. The achieved results indicate that the application of this kind of system which is based on a combination of On-the-job training and Computer-based training system would considerably reduce the time and money spent on learning and training plans, while, at the same time, it would increase the user’s proficiency and knowledge concerning in the ERP system.

Field of study: Business
Experimental Research on SCHMM for Sign Language Recognition

In recent years' works on sign language recognition, HMMs has played an important role. The statistical frame based on the HMM is the mainstream method in dynamic recognition domain recently; also is this article's basic theory. Presents a Semi -Continuous Hidden Markov Model for sign language recognition. Experiments show that SCHMM is prior to the DHMM and the CHMM. SCHMM avoids the information loss because of the vector estimate in DHMM, debases the complexity and the operations at the same recognition rate.

Field of study: Computer science
Development of fast, simultaneous and multi-technique scanning hard X-ray microscopy at Synchrotron Soleil.

A distributed fast-acquisition system for synchronized multi-technique experiments is presented, in which the collection of metadata and the asynchronous merging of large data volumes from multiple detectors are managed as part of the data collection process. This fast continuous scanning scheme, named FLYSCAN, enables measurement of microscopy data on a timescale of milliseconds per pixel. Proof-of-principle multi-technique experiments, namely scanning X-ray fluorescence spectrometry combined with absorption, differential phase contrast and dark-field imaging, have been performed on biological and geological samples.

Field of study: Physics
O CONTROLE DA INTENSIDADE DURANTE A ATIVIDADE FÍSICA ATRAVÉS DA FREQÜÊNCIA CARDÍACA

The aim to the present study was to anlyse the importance of practing a permanent physical activity and controlling the intensity of effort appropriate to each practitioner’s capacity. Characterized as an experimental research it was carried out with a sample of thirteen students of a swimmingschool through a heartbeat frequency control stipulated for each practioner’s conditions. The data wer collected through a 12-minute free style swimming pre-test and post-stimulated the practitioners to continuously overcome their own limits, besedes proving to be an efficient method of general control for heterogeneous groups of practitioners as those enrolled in swimmingschools.

Field of study: Education
Influence of childhood trauma on diagnosis and substance use in first-episode psychosis.

BackgroundChildhood trauma has been significantly associated with first-episode psychosis, affective dysfunction and substance use.AimsTo test whether people with first-episode psychosis who had experienced childhood trauma, when compared with those who had not, showed a higher rate of affective psychosis and an increased lifetime rate of substance use.MethodThe sample comprised 345 participants with first-episode psychosis (58% male, mean age 29.8 years, s.d. = 9.7).ResultsSevere sexual abuse was significantly associated with a diagnosis of affective psychosis (χ2 = 4.9, P = 0.04) and with higher rates of lifetime use of cannabis (68% v 41%; P = 0.02) and heroin (20% v 5%; P = 0.02). Severe physical abuse was associated with increased lifetime use of heroin (15% v 5%; P = 0.03) and cocaine (32% v 17%; P = 0.05).ConclusionsPatients with first-episode psychosis exposed to childhood trauma appear to constitute a distinctive subgroup in terms of diagnosis and lifetime substance use.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Half-metallic silicon nanowires: first-principles calculations.

From first-principles calculations, we predict that specific transition metal (TM) atom-adsorbed silicon nanowires have a half-metallic ground state. They are insulators for one spin direction, but show metallic properties for the opposite spin direction. At high coverage of TM atoms, ferromagnetic silicon nanowires become metallic for both spin directions with high magnetic moment and may have also significant spin polarization at the Fermi level. The spin-dependent electronic properties can be engineered by changing the type of adsorbed TM atoms, as well as the diameter of the nanowire. Present results are not only of scientific interest, but also can initiate new research on spintronic applications of silicon nanowires.

Field of study: Physics
Sensitivities of Four Air Dispersion Models to Climatic Parameters for Swine Odor Dispersion

Using air dispersion models to predict downwind livestock odor concentrations in order to establish science-based setback distances has the potential to become a common practice for regulatory agencies. In this study, four air dispersion models, ISCST3, AUSPLUME, INPUFF2, and CALPUFF, were used to simulate odor dispersion from a swine farm. The sensitivity analyses were conducted to develop an understanding of how model climatic parameters affect downwind odor concentrations and travel distances. Under steady-state weather conditions, the results indicated that the odor dispersion was mainly affected by atmospheric stability, wind speed, wind direction, and air temperature. Odor transport was favored by stable atmospheric conditions, low wind speed, and high ambient temperature. The four models' predictions for odor concentrations varied greatly within 1 km from the source; beyond that, ISCST3 and CALPUFF gave similar results (within 17%), while AUSPLUME's and INPUFF2's predictions were much lower than those of ISCST3 by up to 45.3%. However, when hourly averaged annual meteorological data were used, CALPUFF predicted the highest odor concentrations (up to 71.4% higher than those of ISCST3), and AUSPLUME's predictions were also higher than those of ISCST3, which were very different from the results obtained under steady-state weather conditions. INPUFF2's predictions were the lowest (up to 40.5% lower than those of ISCST3). When determining setback distances, it is recommended that if steady-state weather data are used, the odor concentration criterion allowed should be higher than the criterion allowed when using hourly annual or monthly weather data for the same neighboring land use.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Quantitative Model of Visual Cortex and its Application in Object Detection

Rieseshuber and Poggio from MIT proposed a standard quantitative model of visual cortex(QMVC).This feedforward hierarchical model perfect follows the visual recognition mechanisms of the cortex from simple cells to the complex cells.A set of novel features from QMVC which is invariant of object transform can be used in object recognition systems combined with classifiers.This paper proposed a new recognition system framework based on QMVC′s features.We evaluated the performance of this new system on the single object recognition system and the results show excellent recognition rate and low false alarm rate than other category recognition systems.Together with a scaled window technique,those new features also work well in object detecting and localization in cluster background.

Field of study: Computer science
How Does Urban Spatial Structure Affect Economic Growth? Evidence from Landsat Data in China

Employing Landsat data, quantitative indicators relating to urban spatial structure in China—including an urban compactness ratio and an urban elongation ratio—from 2007 to 2016 were selected and quantified. The panel data model indicated that urban compactness was negatively correlated with the urban GDP. Urban elongation was positively correlated with the urban GDP. But the urban elongation and the consumption of land resources cannot sustain urban economic growth in the long run. Therefore, to give full play to the economic benefits of spatial agglomeration and to curb the extensive elongation of urban spatial structure, there is an urgent need to reform the current urbanization mode and employ a market mechanism, changing the single government-regulated mode into a multi-subject cooperative mode.

Field of study: Economics
Nonthermal occupation of higher subbands in semiconductor superlattices via sequential resonant tunneling.

The occupation of excited subbands in GaAs-AlAs superlattices under the ap-plication of an electric field perpendicular to the layers is directly observed in photoluminescence experiments. The coupling between adjacent wells at certain electric fields leads to a significant occupation of the respective higher subbands via resonant tunneling. The relative occupation of the second subband at the resonance field is used to determine the intersubband relaxation time. The effect provides a direct verification of the sequential resonant tunneling process in superlattices.

Field of study: Physics
Circadian Regulation of the Plant Transcriptome Under Natural Conditions

Circadian rhythms produce a biological measure of the time of day. In plants, circadian regulation forms an essential adaptation to the fluctuating environment. Most of our knowledge of the molecular aspects of circadian regulation in plants is derived from laboratory experiments that are performed under controlled conditions. However, it is emerging that the circadian clock has complex roles in the coordination of the transcriptome under natural conditions, in both naturally occurring populations of plants and in crop species. In this review, we consider recent insights into circadian regulation under natural conditions. We examine how circadian regulation is integrated with the acute responses of plants to the daily and seasonally fluctuating environment that also presents environmental stresses, in order to coordinate the transcriptome and dynamically adapt plants to their continuously changing environment.

Field of study: Biology
Crystallization and preliminary X-ray crystallographic analysis of p24, a component of the potato nuclear factor PBF-2.

The Solanum tuberosum (potato) nuclear factor PBF-2 is implicated in pathogen-induced expression of the pathogenesis-related gene PR-10a. Crystals of the DNA-binding component of PBF-2, p24, have been obtained at 277 K in 20 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.0. Recombinant protein with a His tag at its C-terminus was overexpressed in Escherichia coli in the presence and absence of selenomethionine and was purified using a combination of HiTrap affinity columns and gel-filtration chromatography. Crystals suitable for structural analysis were obtained for both native and selenomethionine-labelled proteins and yielded diffraction data at 100 K that were processed to 2.3 and 2.8 A resolution, respectively. The p24 protein crystals belong to space group P2(1)2(1)2(1), with unit-cell parameters a = 69.4 (69.1), b = 89.4 (90.5), c = 144.1 (144.3) A. The asymmetric unit contains four protomers, giving a crystal volume per protein mass (V(M)) of 2.23 A(3) Da(-1) and a solvent content of 45% by volume.

Field of study: Chemistry
Cloud Computing for Smart Grid applications

A reliable and efficient communications system is required for the robust, affordable and secure supply of power through Smart Grids (SG). Computational requirements for Smart Grid applications can be met by utilizing the Cloud Computing (CC) model. Flexible resources and services shared in network, parallel processing and omnipresent access are some features of Cloud Computing that are desirable for Smart Grid applications. Eventhough the Cloud Computing model is considered efficient for Smart Grids, it has some constraints such as security and reliability. In this paper, the Smart Grid architecture and its applications are focused on first. The Cloud Computing architecture is explained thoroughly. Then, Cloud Computing for Smart Grid applications are also introduced in terms of efficiency, security and usability. Cloud platforms' technical and security issues are analyzed. Finally, cloud service based existing Smart Grid projects and open research issues are presented.

Field of study: Computer science
On the structure of Specht modules in the principal block of $F\Sigma_{3p}$

Let $F$ be a field of characteristic $p$ at least 5. We study the Loewy structures of Specht modules in the principal block of $F\Sigma_{3p}$. We show that a Specht module in the block has Loewy length at most 4 and composition length at most 14. Furthermore, we classify which Specht modules have Loewy length 1, 2, 3, or 4, produce a Specht module having 14 composition factors, describe the second radical layer and the socle of the reducible Specht modules, and prove that if a Specht module corresponds to a partition that is $p$-regular and $p$-restricted then the head of the Specht module does not extend the socle.

Field of study: Mathematics
Influence of Leadership Style on Teacher's Job Productivity in Public Secondary Schools in Taraba State, Nigeria.

The main aim of these study was to find out the appropriate leadership style that could make teachers to be effective in their job productivity, one hundred and sixty five teachers were used in the study, frequency counts, percentage and chi-square test were used in data analysis, research survey was used as a method  of research and stratified proportionate random sampling as sampling techniques was for for the selection of respondents,  questionnaires comprising  twenty items were developed and administered to samples  staff in some selected public secondary schools  in Taraba state.  It was found out that among the leadership style, democratic style contribute more to teachers job productivity than autocratic style as can be seen in rated items. Base on the findings, the following recommendations were made, that democratic leadership style should be emphasize by principals in the administration of schools, seminars and workshops should be conducted for teachers to update their knowledge.

Field of study: Education
Peaks in the electronic density of states are not strong predictors of Superconductivity

Electronic bands near the Fermi energy with minimal energy dispersion in k-space, i.e. "flat bands", are often said to be an important characteristic of superconducting materials. When extending over a significant region of the k-space, this leads to peaks in the electronic density of states. If one could systematically search the calculated electronic structures of materials, already available through the Materials Genome Initiative, for such peaks, then the rate of new superconductor discovery could be accelerated greatly. Here we test whether this characteristic actually distinguishes known superconductors from known non-superconductors. We find that there is an anticorrelation for tetragonal symmetry materials, but that hexagonal symmetry superconductors exhibit such peaks more frequently than hexagonal non-superconductors. More generally, our study's limitations underscore the importance of standardizing digital resources for achieving the accelerated materials discovery paradigm promised by the Materials Genome Initiative.

Field of study: Physics
Algal-bacterial interactions in metal contaminated floodplain sediments.

The aim of the present study was to investigate algal-bacterial interactions in a gradient of metal contaminated natural sediments. By means of multivariate techniques, we related the genetic structure (denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis, DGGE) and the physiological structure (community-level physiological profiling, CLPP) of the bacterial communities to the species composition of the algal communities and to the abiotic environmental variables, including metal contamination. The results revealed that genetic and physiological structure of the bacterial communities correlated with the species composition of the algal community, but hardly to the level of metal pollution. This must be interpreted as an indication for a strong and species-specific linkage of algal and bacterial species in floodplain sediments. Metals were, however, not proven to affect either the algal or the bacterial communities of the Dutch river floodplains.

Field of study: Environmental science
O–H stretching vibration in a perovskite-type proton-conducting superlattice

The O–H stretching vibration in proton-conducting superlattices of SrCe 0.95 Yb 0.05 O 3 and SrZr 0.95 Yb 0.05 O 3 was investigated by FTIR-ATR (Fourier transform infrared-attenuated total reflection) spectroscopy to study the proton dynamics. The O–H/O–D stretching vibrational bands were deconvoluted into two broad Gaussians, their ratios depending on the superlattice period. It is suggested that this ratio and the frequencies of these two bands depend on the ratio of the thicknesses of the layers and the corresponding distortion.

Field of study: Materials science
Graph-Guided Banding of the Covariance Matrix

Regularization has become a primary tool for developing reliable estimators of the covariance matrix in high-dimensional settings. To curb the curse of dimensionality, numerous methods assume that the population covariance (or inverse covariance) matrix is sparse, while making no particular structural assumptions on the desired pattern of sparsity. A highly-related, yet complementary, literature studies the specific setting in which the measured variables have a known ordering, in which case a banded population matrix is often assumed. While the banded approach is conceptually and computationally easier than asking for “patternless sparsity,” it is only applicable in very specific situations (such as when data are measured over time or one-dimensional space). This work proposes a generalization of the notion of bandedness that greatly expands the range of problems in which banded estimators apply. We develop convex regularizers occupying the broad middle ground between the former approach of “patternless sparsity” and the latter reliance on having a known ordering. Our framework defines bandedness with respect to a known graph on the measured variables. Such a graph is available in diverse situations, and we provide a theoretical, computational, and applied treatment of two new estimators. An R package, called ggb, implements these new methods.

Field of study: Mathematics