nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Efficacy of Fungicides for the Management of Rice Sheath Rot, Sarocladium oryzae (Sawada)

Bioefficacy tests of fungicides in the laboratory against sheath rot of rice revealed that benomyl and carbendazim among systemic fungicides and copper oxychloride and mercury fungicide among non-systemics were found effective at all the three concentrations. In in vivo trials, mancozeb @ 0.2%, carbendazim 0.1% and propiconazole @ 0.1% were found superior to the other fungicides with respect to disease intensity (PDI), 1000 grain weight, grain and straw yield, and per cent healthy grain. It was concluded that three sprays, at 15 days interval, starting from panicle initiation, can effectively manage the sheath rot of rice and grain discoloration.

Field of study: Biology
Testing climate models : An approach

The scientific merit of decadal climate projections can only be established by means of comparisons with observations. Testing of models that are used to predict climate change is of such importance that no single approach will provide the necessary basis to analyze systematic errors and to withstand critical analysis. Appropriate observing systems must be relevant, global, precise, and calibratable against absolute standards. This paper describes two systems that satisfy these criteria: spectrometers that can measure thermal brightness temperatures with an absolute accuracy of 0.1 K and a spectral resolution of 1 cm-1, and radio occultation measurements of refractivity using satellites of the GPS positioning system, which give data of similar accuracy. Comparison between observations and model predictions requires an array of carefully posed tests. There are at least two ways in which either of these data systems can be used to provide strict, objective tests of climate models. The first looks f...

Field of study: Environmental science
Genomic structural variation and schizophrenia

It has recently been demonstrated that a large amount of structural variation exists in the human genome. Since 2004, when two landmark studies reported polymorphic levels of copy number variation in phenotypically normal individuals, our understanding of genome-wide levels of copy number variation has grown. This has inspired hypotheses about this class of variation’s contribution to complex genetic phenotypes, including the specific hypothesis that structural variation is associated with psychiatric illness. The technology to accurately and efficiently detect polymorphic structural variants is still largely under development, but some examples of genomic imbalance contributing to schizophrenia and bipolar disorder already have been identified. Although much optimism surrounds this burgeoning field, the technical challenges in reliably identifying structural variation mean recent literature should be approached with caution.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
System Identification of a Vortex Lattice Aerodynamic Model

The state-space representation of an aerodynamic vortex lattice model is considered from a classical, system identie cation perspective. By the use of an aerodynamic vortex model as a numerical simulator of a wind-tunnel experiment, both full-state and limited-state data or measurements are considered. Two possible approaches for system identie cation are presented, and modal controllability and observability are also considered. The theory then is applied to the system identie cation of the e ow over a delta wing, and typical results are presented.

Field of study: Physics
Exciton Condensation in Bilayer Quantum Hall Systems

The condensation of excitons, bound electron-hole pairs in a solid, into a coherent collective electronic state was predicted more than 50 years ago. Perhaps surprisingly, the phenomenon was first observed in a system consisting of two closely spaced parallel two-dimensional electron gases in a semiconductor double quantum well. At an appropriate high magnetic field and low temperature, the bilayer electron system condenses into a state resembling a superconductor, only with the Cooper pairs replaced by excitons consisting of electrons in one layer bound to holes in the other. In spite of being charge neutral, the transport of excitons within the condensate gives rise to several spectacular electrical effects. This article describes these phenomena and examines how they inform our understanding of this unique phase of quantum electronic matter.

Field of study: Physics
Risk of arsenic exposure from drinking water and dietary components: implications for risk management in rural Bengal.

This study investigates the risk of arsenic (As) exposure to the communities in rural Bengal, even when they have been supplied with As safe drinking water. The estimates of exposure via dietary and drinking water routes show that, when people are consuming water with an As concentration of less than 10 μg L(-1), the total daily intake of inorganic As (TDI-iAs) exceeds the previous provisional tolerable daily intake (PTDI) value of 2.1 μg day(-1) kg(-1) BW, recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 35% of the cases due to consumption of rice. When the level of As concentration in drinking water is above 10 μg L(-1), the TDI-iAs exceeds the previous PTDI for all the participants. These results imply that, when rice consumption is a significant contributor to the TDI-iAs, supplying water with an As concentration at the current national drinking water standard for India and Bangladesh would place many people above the safety threshold of PTDI. We also found that the consumption of vegetables in rural Bengal does not pose a significant health threat to the population independently. This study suggests that any effort to mitigate the As exposure of the villagers in Bengal must consider the risk of As exposure from rice consumption together with drinking water.

Field of study: Environmental science
Wind-Driven Model for Evaporite Deposition in a Layered Sea

Deposition of evaporites in a salinity- and density-layered sea is examined by theoretically predicting the large-scale circulation in a simplified model sea. In the constant depth model sea, vertical stratification is represented by two homogeneous layers; the upper layer is normal or slightly concentrated sea water, and the considerably denser lower layer is saturated with respect to halite. Each layer has a constant density and volume for all time. The horizontal transport form of the time-dependent equations of motion and continuity for each layer are solved numerically by a finite-difference method. A forward time extrapolation of four transport components, upper layer depth, and free surface height is performed on a square lattice covering the model basin. Interface stresses acting between the two layers and bottom stresses acting between the lower layer and the bottom allow consideration of vertical turbulent friction. Forcing is by a constant and uniform wind stress acting on the free surface. Rotation and hydrostatic pressure gradient terms are also included in the equations of motion. Several 140-hr (5.8 days) calculations were made for the Upper Silurian evaporites in Michigan Basin, using reasonable values of physical parameters. For an initially static sea 120 m deep with a 5-m-deep upper layer, mild easterly paleowinds cause upwelling of the lower layer at the north boundary. As the wind continues to blow, the region of upwelling slowly increases in area and migrates around the margin to the east boundary. In an evaporite sea, salt would precipitate in the exposed lower-layer brine because of evaporation. The salt could precipitate at the free surface as hopper crystals, internally, or at the bottom. By assuming a modest evaporation rate of 10 cm per yr, model calculations show that the total Upper Silurian salt volume is easily accounted for by an average of fewer than two 140-hr wind events per year. Model predicted upwelling at the north and east boundaries indicates that hopper crystals should be concentrated around the northeast margin of Michigan Basin. Other regional sedimentological and chemical variations related to circulation patterns, such as lithology and reef type, are suggested by the model calculations.

Field of study: Geology
Study on Oxide-layer Drop of Inner Pipe for High Temperature Over-heater of 102 Steel

Aimed at the tube-burst accident caused by blinding off the tube because of inner pipe oxide-layer drop of 102 steel high temperature over-heater,the microstructure and composition of oxide-layer were analyzed by SEM,metallurgical microscope,EDS.From material and practical running,the reasons of the production and drop,the mechanism of inner oxidation were studied.Some methods were put forward to avoid or remit the production and drop of inner pipe oxide-layer.

Field of study: Materials science
The structure of full-length human CTNNBL1 reveals a distinct member of the armadillo-repeat protein family.

Catenin-β-like protein 1 (CTNNBL1) is a highly conserved protein with multiple functions, one of which is to act as an interaction partner of the antibody-diversification enzyme activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) for its nuclear import and subnuclear trafficking. Here, the crystal structure of full-length human CTNNBL1 is reported. The protein contains six armadillo (ARM) repeats that pack into a superhelical ARM domain. This ARM domain is unique within the ARM protein family owing to the presence of several unusual structural features. Moreover, CTNNBL1 contains significant and novel non-ARM structures flanking both ends of the central ARM domain. A strong continuous hydrophobic core runs through the whole structure, indicating that the ARM and non-ARM structures fold together to form an integral structure. This structure defines a highly restrictive and discriminatory protein-binding groove that is not observed in other ARM proteins. The presence of a cluster of histidine residues in the groove implies a pH-sensitive histidine-mediated mechanism that may regulate protein binding activity. The many unique structural features of CTNNBL1 establish it as a distinct member of the ARM protein family. The structure provides critical insights into the molecular interactions between CTNNBL1 and its protein partners, especially AID.

Field of study: Chemistry
Single Crystal Growth and Characterization of the Iron-Based Superconductor KFe2As2 Synthesized by KAs Flux Method

Centimeter-sized platelet single crystals of KFe 2 As 2 were grown using a self-flux method. An encapsulation technique using a commercial stainless steel container allowed the stable crystal growth to last for more than 2 weeks. Ternary K–Fe–As systems with various starting compositions were examined to determine the optimal growth conditions. The employment of KAs flux led to the growth of large single crystals with a typical size of as large as 15 ×10 ×0.4 mm 3 . The grown crystals exhibit a sharp superconducting transition at 3.4 K with the transition width 0.2 K, as well as the very large residual resistivity ratio exceeding 450, evidencing the good sample quality.

Field of study: Physics
Differentiating captive and wild African lion (Panthera leo) populations in South Africa, using stable carbon and nitrogen isotope analysis

The international trade in lion (Panthera leo) products, particularly bone, has increased substantially over the last decade. The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) has established a zero-export quota for wild-origin lion bones. Whilst the trade of lion bone is permittable from captive-bred South African populations, there is no established method to differentiate between captive and wild-sourced lion derivatives in trade. This study acts as a preliminary investigation, by examining the stable carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) isotope composition of hair from wild and captive lion populations as well as wild prey animals in South Africa, to judge the accuracy and applicability of this method for future bone analysis. Isotopic values for δ15N are found to be significantly enriched in some wild populations, however it is not possible to discriminate between captive and wild populations using δ13C analysis alone. Using the classification algorithm k-Nearest Neighbour, the origin of simulated data was identified with 70% accuracy. When using the model to test the origin of seized samples, 63% were classified as of wild origin. Our study indicates the potential for stable isotope analysis to discriminate between captive and wild populations. Additional study of captive husbandry, and analysis of bone samples from populations of a known origin and feeding regime is recommended to improve the utility of this method for maintaining transparency in trade.

Field of study: Environmental science
Studying the integration of distributed and dynamic schemes in the mobility management

The raise of demanding multimedia content and the increasing number of mobile devices originated a rapid growth of mobile Internet traffic, which is expected to continue increasing with an exponential behavior in the next years. In order to cope with this rapid increase, service providers are already developing new strategies, such as the selective traffic offloading through the wireless local area networks. Moreover, a new trend is to flatten the network architectures for mobile Internet, and hence, IP mobility management protocols need to be adapted for such evolution. However, current mobility management models rely on a centralized entity, called mobility anchor, which routes the whole data traffic and manages all bindings of its users. With the increase of the mobile Internet traffic and the number of users' devices, such centralized models encounter several barriers for scalability, security and performance, such as a single point of failure, longer traffic delays and higher signaling loads. Hence, we study the distribution of mobility management based on the decoupling of functionalities into: handover management, location management and data management. We evaluate distinct approaches to distribute the mobility functionalities closer to the end-user. We demonstrate, through analytical and simulation results, that distributed mobility management approaches improve the data delivery when compared with current centralized models.

Field of study: Computer science
Affinity repertoire of monoclonal antibodies obtained by primary or secondary in vitro immunization.

The effect of the antigenic dose (1 ng-10 micrograms DNP-KLH/ml) on affinity constants of monoclonal antibodies produced by in vitro immunization was investigated. A statistically significant (p = 0.0000) trend could be demonstrated since the higher antigen concentration that was used during the five day culture the lower was the obtained Kass value. The range of affinities of the IgM monoclonal antibodies was similar to what was obtained from IgM antibodies produced by in vivo immunizations. However, the combination of a primary in vivo immunization followed by a secondary in vitro stimulation schedule resulted in an antigen dependent generation of high affinity isotype switch variants, exhibiting even higher affinities compared to monoclonal antibodies produced from only in vivo immunized animals. These results demonstrate that it is possible to elicit both an antigen-driven primary or secondary response in vitro.

Field of study: Biology
Vinpotropil in the treatment of dyscirculatory encephalopathy with cognitive impairment without dementia

: The fixed combination containing 5 mg of vinpocetine and 400 mg of pyracetam (vinpotropil) was prescribed to 349 patients with dyscirculatory encephalopathy, I-II stages in dose one capsule three times a day during 3 months. After this treatment, repeated neuropsychological testing showed significant diminishing of dysexecutive cognitive impairment linked with frontal lobes dysfunction. The cognitive improvement was associated with the regress of subjective neurological symptoms like headache, dizziness, tinnitus, fatigue and insomnia. Vinpotropil was safe and well tolerated in elderly patients with chronic cerebral vascular insufficiency.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Anomalous internal pair creation

In recent electron-positron angular correlation measurements the observed significant enhancements relative to the internal pair creation at large angles was interpreted as indication of the creation of $J^{\pi }=1^{+}$ boson called X17 particle. In this paper it is brought up that such enhancements can be generated by higher order processes. It is found that nuclear transitions, the transition energy of which is significantly lower than the whole transition energy, can cause peaked angle dependence in electron-positron angular correlation.

Field of study: Physics
The SeqAn C++ template library for efficient sequence analysis: A resource for programmers.

The use of novel algorithmic techniques is pivotal to many important problems in life science. For example the sequencing of the human genome (Venter et al., 2001) would not have been possible without advanced assembly algorithms and the development of practical BWT based read mappers have been instrumental for NGS analysis. However, owing to the high speed of technological progress and the urgent need for bioinformatics tools, there was a widening gap between state-of-the-art algorithmic techniques and the actual algorithmic components of tools that are in widespread use. We previously addressed this by introducing the SeqAn library of efficient data types and algorithms in 2008 (Döring et al., 2008).



The SeqAn library has matured considerably since its first publication 9 years ago. In this article we review its status as an established resource for programmers in the field of sequence analysis and its contributions to many analysis tools.



We anticipate that SeqAn will continue to be a valuable resource, especially since it started to actively support various hardware acceleration techniques in a systematic manner.

Field of study: Biology, Engineering
Isolation and characterization of Aeromonas from seafoods in Taipei.

A total of 124 fresh seafoods and 158 processed seafoods collected from the retail markets and supermarkets in Taipei were tested for the contamination with motile Aeromonas spp. Of the fresh seafoods analyzed, 88% displayed the presence of Aeromonas. The isolation rates of various samples were as follows: 100%, freshwater fish; 95%, seawater fish; 78%, fish fillets; 84%, shrimp and crab of the crustacea group; 83%, bivalve shellfish and 84%, non-bivalve shellfish of the mollusca group, and 100%, seaweed. Of the 158 processed seafoods, 11% were contaminated by Aeromonas. The isolation rates were as follows: 0%, canned, dried, or frozen fresh seafood; 18%, salted seafood; 30%, fish cake; 7% vacuum-packaged fish cakes; 14%, frozen seafood dumplings; 8%, cooked seafoods. One hundred and eighty-three Aeromonas strains isolated in this survey were characterized to species level and tested for their ability to produce beta-hemolysin. Ninety-eight percent (98%) of the A. hydrophila produced beta-hemolysin on 5% blood agar, 94% of the A. sobria and 33% of the A. caviae produced beta-hemolysin. Thus it is likely that fresh seafoods are potentially significant sources of the virulent Aeromonas species and may play an important role in the epidemiology of Aeromonas-associated gastroenteritis.

Field of study: Biology
Characterization and cathode performance of Li1 − xNi1 + xO2 prepared with the excess lithium method

Samples of Li1 − zNi1 + xO2 with various x values were synthesized and their electrochemical properties, phase transitions, and ordering phenomena were investigated comparatively. In order to synthesize samples with a small x value, an excess lithium was used as a starting material to compensate for lithium loss during the calcination process. A stoichiometric sample with a large reversible capacity of more than 200 mAh g−1 is also described.

Field of study: Materials science
The Competency of Pre-Service Classroom Teachers’ Regarding the Learning-Teaching Process in a Music Course: Implementation from a Turkish University

This study was a descriptive study that evaluated pre-service classroom teachers’ competencies in regarding the learning-teaching process in a music course. The study made use of a general screening model. Participants of the research is consists of pre-service classroom teachers taking music and music teaching course at the primary school teaching department of the Education Faculty at a university located in Mediterranean region of Turkey during spring semester of 2014-2015 academic year. This study has employed “criterion sampling method”, one of the purposive sampling methods. The "personal information form", a questionnaire prepared by the researcher, and the evaluation form for performance indicators pertaining to the learning-teaching process were used in the research as data collection tools. The findings of the study revealed that although pre-service teachers generally considered themselves rather competent in the learning-teaching process of music courses, the evaluation of the observation forms based on performance indicators prepared by the researcher showed that their competencies in lesson planning, material preparation, organization of learning environments, and time management considered as less competent.  Pre-service classroom teachers, learning-teaching process, music course.

Field of study: Education
Human resources and the adjustment process

Lasting economic adjustment in Latin America will require comprehensive worker framing programs that respond to changing private sector needs. Human Resources and the Adjustment Process examines whether drops in output are associated with structural, adjustment, identifies the labour categories hardest hit, and analyses the efforts of national institutions to retrain the work force and cushion the impact of adjustment. Studies of Brazil, Chile, Colombia and Uruguay find that none has yet designed a retraining program that deals adequately with an the effects of adjustment. Better co-ordination is needed between restructured firms and the educational system, and countries must move beyond cyclical funding for training 'programs. Human resource development tends to surge during boom periods but wither during recessionary cycles. Institutional mechamsms are needed to consistently track demand for different types of labour and to ensure that training not only meets current demand but anticipates future labour needs as well.

Field of study: History
Several New Conceptions in Fault-Tolerant Computer Technology

The conception of system resource in fault-tolerant computers is proposed in this paper.It gives the definition of faulttolerant margin,error capacity,fault-tolerability and efficiency of fault-tolerance.We set the relation between system reliability,fault-tolerability and efficiency of fault-tolerance.We can use this relation to guide our design and make trade off among the system reliable parameters.

Field of study: Computer science
Neodymium YAG lasers pumped by light-emitting diodes

The results are presented of theoretical and experimental investigations of room-temperature YAG:Nd lasers pumped by light-emitting diodes. The lasing characteristics of a laser operated at the 1.06 and 1.32 µ wavelengths were investigated in the cw and pulsed regimes and dependences of its parameters on the temperature, pulse repetition frequency, and other factors were studied. In the pulsed regime the laser efficiency was 0.2% and in the cw regime the radiation power reached 50 and 17 mW at the 1.06 and 1.32 µ wavelengths, respectively.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Heterocyclic analogs of pleiadiene

In most cases 2-R-2,3-dihydroperimidines are smoothly dehydrogenated by sulfur in refluxing xylene to give 2-substituted perimidines in high yields. 2-(5-Halo-2-furyl)-2,3-dihydroperimidines, which form IV and 2-(5-halo-2-furyl)perimidines when they are heated with sulfur, constitute an exception.

Field of study: Chemistry