nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Equal time hierarchies for transport descriptions of fermionic fields

A transport theory which is not restricted to the gradient and quasi-particle approximations is presented which is formulated in terms of the energy moments, or equivalently the equal-time derivatives of the one-particle Green functions. A set of infinite hierarchies of kinetic and constraint equations for equal-time quantities for the spectral and the kinetic part of the one-particle Green function are derived. The hierarchies for the spectral function truncate automatically as in the mean field approximation. The possibility of a systematic truncation of the hierarchies for the kinetic part is discussed. The effects the quantum corrections are illustrated in a simple one-dimensional model.

Field of study: Physics
Indiana pouch in children: a 15-year experience.

We report our experience with the Indiana pouch (continent urinary reservoir) in 12 consecutive children over the last 15 years and report their follow-up.



Twelve consecutive children, who underwent the continent urinary reservoir procedure in the form of an Indiana pouch, were prospectively enrolled in the study. All consecutive children who were referred to our service with multiple failed surgeries for exstrophy-epispadias repair, cloacal exstrophy, genitourinary rhabdomyosarcoma with residual disease in the trigonal area not amenable to partial cystectomy, and neuropathic bladder with nephrogenic metaplasia were included over the period 1997-2012. All these children were offered the same form of bladder substitution (Indiana pouch) as described by the Indiana group many years ago. Postoperative care was on a fixed protocol, and follow-up details recorded over the years. They were followed up for dry interval with clean intermittent catheterisation, social acceptance, and early and late complications.



Out of these 12 patients (7 males and 5 females), eight patients had exstrophy-epispadias with multiple failed operations carried out elsewhere, cloacal exstrophy (2), residual rhabdomyosarcoma in the trigonal area with incontinence following chemotherapy (1), and neuropathic bladder with recurrent diffuse neoplastic polyposis (1). In the follow-up period of 1-15 years (median 24 months) all the patients had a dry interval of 4 h or more with clean intermittent catheterisation. One patient had wound dehiscence during the postoperative period and another required stomal revision 1 year after initial surgery.



The Indiana pouch is a reliable, safe, and effective form of bladder substitution. It can be reconstructed in a wide range of lower urinary tract disorders. In the vast majority of children with multiple failed surgical procedures for exstrophy-epispadias, the Indiana pouch is a safe, reliable, and reproducible procedure to provide a socially acceptable quality of life with a dry interval of 4 h.

Field of study: Medicine
Quantitative absorption spectroscopy of residual water vapor in high-purity gases: pressure broadening of the 1.39253-microm H2O transition by N2, HCl, HBr, Cl2, and O2.

We determined the respective pressure-broadening coefficients of HCl, HBr, Cl2, and O2 (expressed relative to that of the reference gas N2) for the (v1,v2,v3)J(Ka,Kc) = (0,0,0)3(0,3) --> (1,0,1)2(0,2) rovibrational transition of H2 16O that occurs at 1.39253 microm. The experiment used a continuous-wave cavity ring-down spectroscopy analyzer to measure the peak absorption losses as a function of added moisture concentration. The measured pressure-broadening coefficients for HCl, HBr, Cl2, and O2 are, respectively, 2.76, 2.48, 1.39, and 0.49 times that of the N2 pressure-broadening coefficient, and detection limits for water vapor range from 0.22 nmol mol(-1) for O2 matrix gas to 2.3 nmol mol(-1) for HBr matrix gas. The degradation of the detection limit (relative to the N2 matrix gas) is ascribed to a pressure-broadening-induced reduction in peak absorption cross section and to elevated background loss from the matrix gas.

Field of study: Physics
The Down-Regulation of MicroRNA-497 Contributes to Cell Growth and Cisplatin Resistance Through PI3K/Akt Pathway in Osteosarcoma

Down-expression of microRNA-497 (miR-497) was often found in malignancies. The purposes of this study were to determine the expression of miR-497 in human osteosarcoma and to establish the association between miR-497 expression with cell survival and the sensitivity to cisplatin in human osteosarcoma cells.  The effects of ectopic miR-497 expression on the cell survival and cisplatin sensitivity in osteosarcoma cells were measured by the Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was utilized to determine the expression of miR-497. The effects of ectopic miR-497 expression on the expression of VEGFA, Akt and p-Akt were determined by western blot.  Real-time quantitative PCR analysis revealed that miR-497 was significantly down-regulated in osteosarcoma tissues and in the osteosarcoma cell line SAOS-2 compared with adjacent nontumorous osteosarcoma tissues and normal human osteoblasts. Up-regulation of miR-497 inhibited cell survival and enhanced the sensitivity to cisplatin in osteosarcoma cells. In addition, knockdown of miR-497 induced osteosarcoma cells growth and cisplatin resistance. Luciferase reporter assay and western blot confirmed that VEGFA was a direct target of miR-497. PI3K inhibitor LY294002 abrogated miR-497 inhibitors induced cisplatin resistance.  Taken together, our results suggest that miR-497 modulates the sensitivity to cisplatin at least in part through PI3K/Akt pathway in osteosarcoma cells.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Entropy change and kinetic effects at the magnetostructural phase transition of MnBi

In this paper we investigate the entropy change and the kinetics at the magneto-structural transition (at 628 K) of polycrystalline MnBi. Samples were prepared by rapid quenching and annealing and exhibit 86 wt% of the hexagonal MnBi phase. The entropy change at the transition is found to be Δs = 17.6 J kg−1 K−1 and the magnetic field shifts the transition temperature at a rate of 2.6 K T−1. The temperature hysteresis, of 19 K, is quite large for magneto-thermal application. The transition shows kinetics effects upon cooling in which the transition temperature is found to depend approximately to the logarithm of the temperature rate with coefficient −3.8 K.

Field of study: Engineering
Lysophosphatidic Acid Promotes Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition in Ovarian Cancer Cells by Repressing SIRT1

Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) plays an essential role in the transition from early to invasive phenotype, however the underlying mechanisms still remain elusive. Herein, we propose a mechanism through which the class-III deacetylase SIRT1 regulates EMT in ovarian cancer (OC) cells.  Expression analysis was performed using Q-PCR, western blot, immunofluorescence and fluorescence-IHC study. Matrigel invasion assay was used for the invasion study. Morphological alterations were observed by phalloidin-staining. Co-immunoprecipitation study was performed to analyze protein-protein interaction.  Overexpression of SIRT1-WT as well as Resveratrol-mediated SIRT1 activation antagonized the invasion of OC cells by suppressing EMT. SIRT1 deacetylates HIF1α, to inactivate its transcriptional activity. To further validate HIF1α inactivation, its target gene, i.e. ZEB1, an EMT-inducing factor was found to attenuate upon SIRT1 activation. To uncover the regulatory factor governing SIRT1 expression, lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), a highly enriched oncolipid in ascites/serum of OC patients, was found to down-regulate SIRT1 expression. Importantly, LPA was found to induce the mesenchymal switch in OC cells through suppression of SIRT1. Decreased level of SIRT1 was further validated in ovarian tissue samples of OC patients.  We have identified a mechanism that relates SIRT1 down-regulation to LPA-induced EMT in OC cells and may open new arenas on developing novel anti-cancer therapeutics.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Geochronology and Nd-Sr systematics of Lusatian granitoids: significance for the evolution of the Variscan orogen in east-central Europe

AbstractA variety of pre-Variscan granitoids and two Variscan monzogranites occurring in the central and western parts of the Lusatian Granodiorite Complex (LGC), Saxonia were dated by the single zircon evaporation method, complemented by whole rock Nd isotopic data and Rb-Sr whole rock and mineral ages. The virtually undeformed pre-Variscan granitoids constitute a genetically related, mostly peraluminous magmatic suite, ranging in composition from two-mica granodiorite, muscovitebearing biotite quartz diorite (tonalite) and granodiorite to biotite granodiorite and monozogranite.
207Pb/206Pb isotopic ratios derived from the evaporation of single zircons separated from 13 samples representing the above rock types display complex spectra which document significant involvement of late Archaean to late Proterozoic continental crust in the generation of the granitoid melts. Mean 207/Pb/206Pb ages for zircons considered to reflect the time of igneous emplacement range between 542 ± 9 and 587 ± 17 Ma, typical of the Cadomian event elsewhere in Europe, whereas zircon xenocrysts yielded ages between 706 ± 13 and 2932 ± Ma. Detrital zircons from greywackes intruded by the granitoids and found as xenoliths in them provided ages between 1136 ± 22 and 2 574 ± Ma. Rb-Sr whole rock data display good to reasonable linear arrays that, with one exception, correspond to the emplacement ages established for the zircons. Two post-tectonic Variscan monzogranites yielded identical 207/Pb/206Pb single zircon ages of 304 ± 14 Ma and record the end of Variscan granitoid activity in the LGC.The variations in Nd and Sr isotopic data of the Cadomian granitoids are consistent with an origin through the melting and mixing of Archean to early Proterozoic crust with variable proportions of mantle-derived, juvenile magmas. Such mixing may have occurred at the base of an active continental margin or in an intraplate setting through plume-related magmatic underplating. The LGC is interpreted here as a Cadomian (Pan-African) terrane distinct from adjacent Variscan and pre-Variscan domains, the origin of which remains obscure and which probably became involved in Palaeozoic terrane accretion late in the Variscan event.

Field of study: Environmental science
Effect of Mixture Variables on Durability for Alkali-Activated Slag Cementitious

In this study, the influence of three mixture variables named Sand/Aggregate ratio, Liquid/Binder ratio, and Paste/Aggregate ratio on the cementitious properties were studied. The durability of cementitious including absorption, absorption rate, resistivity, rapid chloride permeability index, and carbonation rate were examined. Results showed that the alkali-activated slag cementitious has superior durability. The trends of influences on the composites properties for these three mixture variables are similar to those for the ordinary Portland cement concrete. It means that the experiences for making the ordinary Portland cement concrete should be able to be used for the alkali-activated slag cementitious. This paper also provides a lot of data for the alkali-activated slag cementitious for future development of the mix design.

Field of study: Materials science
Are Concurrent Processors General Purpose Computers?

At Caltech, we have successfully used a 64 node concurrent processor for over a year and we extrapolate our experience to study the general applicability of this class of computer, We have implemented over ten scientific problems on our machine - ranging from high energy physics to matrix problems- and find typical speed ups of 50 over a single node. This corresponds to a power of 8 times a VAX11/780. We believe that the small available software base makes concurrent processors currently specialized machines. However we see no reason why they cannot be effectively applied to the large majority of computationally intense problems and so be a general purpose computer in the future when more software is available.

Field of study: Physics
Public responses to precautionary information from the Department of Health (UK) about possible health risks from mobile phones.

Understanding public perceptions of health information is of increasing importance in the light of the growing imperatives upon regulators to communicate information about risk and uncertainty. Communicating the possible health risks from mobile telecommunications is a domain that allows consideration of both public perceptions of uncertain public health information and public responses to precautionary advice. This research reports the results of a nationally representative survey in the UK (n=1742) that explored public responses to a leaflet issued by the Department of Health (DoH) in 2000 providing information about the possible health risks of mobile phones. The aims of the study were two-fold: (a) to assess awareness of the leaflet and the extent to which participants could identify the precautionary advice that the leaflet contained as coming from the Government; and (b) to examine publics' responses to the current Government precautionary advice about mobile phone health risks; was this associated with increased concern or reassurance? The results indicate the importance of policy makers developing a clear understanding of the possible effects of communicating precautionary advice.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Fossil evidence for micro- and macrofaunal utilization of large nekton-falls: Examples from early Cenozoic deep-water sediments in Washington State, USA

Whale and fish carcasses and wood in the deep-sea host diverse and specialized faunas related to the hydrothermal vent and hydrocarbon seep biota. Fossil examples of such food-falls were found in the Eocene to Oligocene Crescent, Humptulips, Lincoln Creek, and Pysht formations in western Washington State, USA. They are used to document paleoecologic and taphonomic features of such sites. Paleontological evidence for ecologic processes occurring at ancient whale falls include: shark teeth indicating the presence of scavengers; bored bone surfaces showing microbial bone degradation; and bivalves belonging to chemosymbiotic groups. The latter indicator shows that sulfide was released from the anaerobic decay of carrion and/or bone lipids. It appears that the type of taxa and the low number of specimens mark a ‘chemotrophic opportunist stage’ that lasted only a few years. Furthermore, detritus in the marrow spaces of cancellous bones indicate that the bones were hollow for a significant length of time before burial, perhaps 1000 years or more. These spaces are now mostly filled with clotted micrite and other cement phases, the δ13C values of which are in the same range as those of the concretionary matrix enclosing the bones, indicating cement formation within the sediments. A piece of wood from the Pysht Formation shows evidence for two generations of wood-boring bivalves, such that some boreholes have calcitic linings characteristic for teredinids, and some are lined with a crust of decomposed wood characteristic for xylophagains. Several investigated fossil wood-falls show that wood-boring bivalves were active on the seafloor: fecal pellets composed of woody detritus are abundant in the concretionary matrix surrounding the wood. The excellent preservation of these fecal pellets indicates that these concretions with wood and associated mollusks represent undisturbed, in situ wood-fall communities. In sum, undisturbed deep-water sediments can preserve evidence of life and ecologic processes at short-lived nekton-falls. However, the data also indicate a long time interval between the macrofaunal utilization of the substrates, and the cementation and fossilization of these associations. Thus using mineral deposits such as clotted micrite and pyrite as evidence for microbial activity during the macrofaunal utilization of the substrates is doubtful.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Superfluidity and vortices: A Ginzburg-Landau model ∗

The paper deals with the study of superfluidity by a Ginzburg-Landau model that investigates the material by a second order phase transition, in which any particle has simultaneouly a normal and superfluid motion. This pattern is able to describe the classical effects of superfluidity as the phase diagram, the vortices, the second sound and the thermomechanical effect. Finally, the vorticities and turbulence are described by an extension of the model in which the material time derivative is used.

Field of study: Physics
Task Scheduling Optimization in Cloud Computing Based on Heuristic Algorithm

Cloud computing is an emerging technology and it allows users to pay as you need and has the high performance. Cloud computing is a heterogeneous system as well and it holds large amount of application data. In the process of scheduling some intensive data or computing an intensive application, it is acknowledged that optimizing the transferring and processing time is crucial to an application program. In this paper in order to minimize the cost of the processing we formulate a model for task scheduling and propose a particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm which is based on small position value rule. By virtue of comparing PSO algorithm with the PSO algorithm embedded in crossover and mutation and in the local research, the experiment results show the PSO algorithm not only converges faster but also runs faster than the other two algorithms in a large scale. The experiment results prove that the PSO algorithm is more suitable to cloud computing.

Field of study: Computer science
A five-year monitoring study of the chlorinated hydrocarbons in the fish of a Finnish lake ecosystem

The present study, concerning the chlorinated hydrocarbon contents, PCB- and DDT-related compounds in the Finnish inland water fish, was the biggest ever carried out in Finland. During five years 1723 specimens and twelve species were analysed, the material being obtained from Lake Paijanne, the second largest lake in Finland. The lake consists of five limnologically different areas. The results of the study were statistically tested by t -test, one way analysis of variance and regression analysis. The results showed that the average PCB concentration mg/kg on a wet weight basis was 0·056 and ΣDDT (DDT + metabolites) 0·010, respectively. The concentrations of lindane, aldrin and dieldrin were under 0·0005 mg/kg. The differences between the species were greater than those between the areas. The regression analysis showed that in the commonest fish, pike, perch and bream, mostly no statistically significant differences were observed in the concentrations between different areas and research years.

Field of study: Environmental science
Molecular pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the major causes of death among cirrhotic patients, being viral hepatitis and alcohol abuse, the main risk factors for its development. The introduction of highly sophisticated genomic technologies has spurred extensive research on the molecular pathogenesis of this devastating disease. Several signaling cascades have been consistently found dysregulated in HCC (e.g., WNT-β-catenin, PI3K/AKT/MTOR, RAS/MAPK, IGF, HGF/MET, VEGF, EGFR, and PDGF). In addition, there have been numerous molecular classifications proposed for this disease, what provides an additional hint about its genomic complexity. The importance of knowing the molecular drivers of HCC is underscored by the positive results of a molecular targeted agent, sorafenib, able to improve survival in patients with advanced disease. This review will briefly outline key concepts in alcohol-related hepatocarcinogenesis, and provide some insight regarding current trends in translating HCC genomics into clinical management of the disease.

Field of study: Medicine
MOBILE PHONE CLONING HISTORY WITH PREVENTION TECHNIQUES

This paper describes about the cell phone cloning with implementation in GSM and CDMA technology phones. Mobile communication has been readily available for several years, and is major business today. It provides a valuable service to its users who are willing to pay a considerable premium over a fixed line phone, to be able to walk and talk freely. Because of its usefulness and the money involved in the business, it is subject to fraud. Unfortunately, the advance of security standards has not kept pace with the dissemination of mobile communication. Some of the features of mobile. Keywords- GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications), CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access), ESN (Electronic Security Number), MIN (Mobile Identification Number), SCN (Station Class Mark), DDI (Digital Data Interface).  Cell phone cloning is a technique where in secured data from one cell phone is transferred into another phone. The other cell phone becomes the exact replica of the original cell phone like a clone. As a result, while calls can be made from and received by both phones, only the legitimate subscriber is billed as the service provider network does not have a way to differentiate between the legitimate phones and the "cloned" phone. The cloner can set the options to ring his phone when you make a call and you will have no idea that the cloner is listening from his own mobile .He can read text message, phone book entries, look at pictures etc. Also he can dial phone numbers from their phone and a whole lot more. So when one gets huge bills, the chances are that the phone is being cloned. Millions of cell phones users, be it GSM or CDMA, run at risk of having their phones cloned.

Field of study: Engineering
Screening and studying the strains of weak postacidification in yoghurt

In this paper,the typical yogurt starter strains:Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp.Bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus were experimental materials.The characteristics of acid producing of single strain and mixing according to different ratio were determined.Results indicated that two trains with weak postacidification were obtained.When the mixing ratio of the two strains was 100:1,its acidity rose only 10 °T after 24 h at 42 ℃.Compared to YF-L822 starter culture from Hansen Corporation,it produced a little postacidification.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Human amnesia and animal models of amnesia: performance of amnesic patients on tests designed for the monkey.

The performance of amnesic patients was assessed on five tasks, which have figured prominently in the development of animal models of human amnesia in the monkey. The amnesic patients were impaired on four of these tasks (delayed nonmatching to sample, object-reward association, 8-pair concurrent discrimination learning, and an object discrimination task), in correspondence with previous findings for monkeys with bilateral medial temporal or diencephalic lesions. Moreover, performance of the amnesic patients correlated with the ability to verbalize the principle underlying the tasks and with the ability to describe and recognize the stimulus materials. These tasks therefore seem to be sensitive to the memory functions that are affected in human amnesia, and they can provide valid measures of memory impairment in studies with monkeys. For the fifth task (24-hour concurrent discrimination learning), the findings for the amnesic patients did not correspond to previous findings for operated monkeys. Whereas monkeys with medial temporal lesions reportedly learn this task at a normal rate, the amnesic patients were markedly impaired. Monkeys may learn this task differently than humans.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology