nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Association between the functional polymorphism of catechol-O-methyltransferase gene and alcohol consumption among social drinkers.

A common functional genetic polymorphism in the catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) gene (Val158 Met) results in 3- to 4-fold differences in COMT enzyme activity and dopamine inactivation rate. Previous studies have shown that type I alcoholism is more common among subjects with low activity COMT genotype (LL), compared with high activity (HH) or heterozygotic (LH) genotypes.



We studied alcohol consumption and the COMT genotype in middle-aged Finnish men (n 896), who represented an unselected ethnically homogenous population sample and reported using alcohol during the past year. Average alcohol use in pure ethanol (grams per week) was compared between subjects with LL genotype and subjects with LH or HH genotypes.



Men with LL genotype (30% of all subjects) reported 27% higher weekly alcohol consumption compared with the two other genotype groups (p < 0.05). The difference remained statistically significant after a multivariate adjustment for sociodemographic factors and prior or existing diseases (p = 0.031).



The results indicate that COMT polymorphism may contribute significantly to alcohol intake not only in alcoholics but also in a general male population.

Field of study: Medicine
Acquisition and Analysis of Scanning Tunneling Spectroscopy Data $-$ WSe$_2$ Monolayer.

Acquisition and analysis is described for scanning tunneling spectroscopy data acquired from a monolayer of WSe$_2$ grown on epitaxial graphene on SiC. Curve fitting of the data is performed, in order to deduce band-edge energies. In addition to describing the details of the theoretical curves used for the fitting, the acquisition and analysis methods are also discussed within the larger context of the historical development of scanning tunneling spectroscopy techniques.

Field of study: Physics
Evaluation of dual energy quantitative CT for determining the spatial distributions of red marrow and bone for dosimetry in internal emitter radiation therapy.

To evaluate a three-equation three-unknown dual-energy quantitative CT (DEQCT) technique for determining region specific variations in bone spongiosa composition for improved red marrow dose estimation in radionuclide therapy.



The DEQCT method was applied to 80/140 kVp images of patient-simulating lumbar sectional body phantoms of three sizes (small, medium, and large). External calibration rods of bone, red marrow, and fat-simulating materials were placed beneath the body phantoms. Similar internal calibration inserts were placed at vertebral locations within the body phantoms. Six test inserts of known volume fractions of bone, fat, and red marrow were also scanned. External-to-internal calibration correction factors were derived. The effects of body phantom size, radiation dose, spongiosa region segmentation granularity [single (∼17 × 17 mm) region of interest (ROI), 2 × 2, and 3 × 3 segmentation of that single ROI], and calibration method on the accuracy of the calculated volume fractions of red marrow (cellularity) and trabecular bone were evaluated.



For standard low dose DEQCT x-ray technique factors and the internal calibration method, the RMS errors of the estimated volume fractions of red marrow of the test inserts were 1.2-1.3 times greater in the medium body than in the small body phantom and 1.3-1.5 times greater in the large body than in the small body phantom. RMS errors of the calculated volume fractions of red marrow within 2 × 2 segmented subregions of the ROIs were 1.6-1.9 times greater than for no segmentation, and RMS errors for 3 × 3 segmented subregions were 2.3-2.7 times greater than those for no segmentation. Increasing the dose by a factor of 2 reduced the RMS errors of all constituent volume fractions by an average factor of 1.40 ± 0.29 for all segmentation schemes and body phantom sizes; increasing the dose by a factor of 4 reduced those RMS errors by an average factor of 1.71 ± 0.25. Results for external calibrations exhibited much larger RMS errors than size matched internal calibration. Use of an average body size external-to-internal calibration correction factor reduced the errors to closer to those for internal calibration. RMS errors of less than 30% or about 0.01 for the bone and 0.1 for the red marrow volume fractions would likely be satisfactory for human studies. Such accuracies were achieved for 3 × 3 segmentation of 5 mm slice images for: (a) internal calibration with 4 times dose for all size body phantoms, (b) internal calibration with 2 times dose for the small and medium size body phantoms, and (c) corrected external calibration with 4 times dose and all size body phantoms.



Phantom studies are promising and demonstrate the potential to use dual energy quantitative CT to estimate the spatial distributions of red marrow and bone within the vertebral spongiosa.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Ramp-flat detachment faulting and low-angle normal reactivation of the Tule Springs thrust, southern Nevada

Detailed geological mapping of the southern and central Tule Springs Hills and northern East Mormon Mountains, Nevada, reveals details of the interaction between a Mesozoic thrust system and Tertiary detachment faults. The main structure in the area is the subhorizontal Tule Springs detachment, along which a highly deformed hanging wall of Paleozoic and sparse Tertiary strata overlies a much less deformed footwall of Permian to Jurassic beds. The hanging wall was emplaced in Mesozoic time along a decollement-style thrust with a ramp-flat footwall geometry, then extended in Neogene time synchronous with normal reactivation of the flat and upper part of the ramp. Below that point the detachment diverged from the thrust ramp, cutting more steeply into the thrust footwall, forming a similar ramp-flat detachment geometry. The Middle Member of the Jurassic Kayenta Formation forms the flat, for ∼14 km in the Tertiary transport direction. This part of the detachment dipped 3°-15° toward the transport direction and was shallower than 5 km at the onset of normal slip. Much slip may have occurred in weak subjacent siltstone. The detachment ramp is also now subhorizontal, having been rotated from an initial moderate west dip, probably due to isostatic rebound during tectonic unloading along the ramp. Permian to Jurassic strata beneath the detachment ramp in the southwestern Tule Springs Hills now dip moderately east-northeast, having been tilted from subhorizontal while the detachment ramp was flattened. Those beds now form the west limb of a range-scale asymmetric syncline, and footwall beds below the detachment flat form the east limb. In the northern East Mormon Mountains, the detachment is represented by the Toquop Chaos fault zone, which cuts downsection through lower Paleozoic strata that also probably belong in the west limb of the syncline, beneath the detachment ramp. The basal nonconformity there dips east also, so the syncline deformed the entire stratified sequence and the underlying crystalline basement. A large klippe of the detachment (∼185 km 2 ) is characterized by north- trending ridges and valleys ∼2 km wide. These are bounded by moderately dipping or listric normal faults, many of which demonstrably end at, or merge with, the detachment. The topography of the klippe mimics the linear basins and ranges of the Great Basin at a smaller scale. If the structural style is also analogous, then many Great Basin range-valley pairs may be underlain by detachments at relatively shallow depths, rather than being bounded by deeply penetrating faults. Large north-striking faults that cut the Tule Springs detachment control range- scale topography, are each several kilometers long, and cut all other structures in the map area. They postdate detachment slip. One of them cuts Pliocene(?) calcrete-cemented alluvium that is younger than the detachment, and another has ∼8 km of left-lateral offset.

Field of study: Geology
Intermolecular interactions and selectivity of polyaromatic hydrocarbons in liquid chromatography

A mathematical modelling method and principle of additivity for investigations of intermolecular interactions and selectivity of polyaroma- tic hydrocarbons separation in high performance liquid chromatography is described. The proposed correlation equations show good correlation for all chromatographic systems under investigation and can be used to predict retentions of different substances.

Field of study: Chemistry
Hypoglycemia but Not Hyperglycemia Is Associated with Mortality in Critically Ill Patients with Diabetes

Both severe hyperglycemia (> 200 mg/dL) and hypoglycemia (≤70 mg/dL) are known to be associated with increased mortality in critically ill patients. Therefore, we investigated associations of a single episode of blood glucose deviation (concentration either ≤70 mg/dL and/or > 200 mg/dL) during an intensive care unit (ICU) stay with mortality in these patients.  A total of 4,986 patients (age 65 ± 15 years; 39% female; 14% type 2 diabetes [T2DM] based on medical records) admitted to a German ICU in a tertiary care hospital were investigated retrospectively. The intra-ICU and long-term mortality of patients between 4 and 7 years after their ICU submission were assessed.  A total 62,659 glucose measurements were analyzed. A single glucose deviation was associated with adverse outcomes compared to patients without a glucose deviation, represented by both intra-ICU mortality (22 vs. 10%; OR 2.62; 95% CI 2.23–3.09; p < 0.001) and long-term mortality (HR 2.01; 95% CI 1.81–2.24; p < 0.001). In patients suffering from T2DM hypoglycemia (30 vs. 13%; OR 2.94; 95% CI 2.28–3.80; p < 0.001) but not hyperglycemia (16 vs. 14%; OR 1.05; 95% CI 0.68–1.62; p = 0.84) was associated with mortality.  In patients with diabetes, hypo- but not hyperglycemia was associated with increased mortality, whereas in patients without diabetes, both hyper- and hypoglycemia were associated with adverse outcome. Blood glucose concentration might need differential approaches depending on concomitant diseases.

Field of study: Medicine
Review of nanotube bio-technology

With the rapid development of nanotube science, nanotubes are attracting more and more research and application interests in bio-technology due to their unique tubular structure and consequently unique mechanical, chemical, electronic and optical properties.Nanotube bio-technology has become the frontier and hot issue in nano-technology.The main preparation methods, formation mechanisms and characteristics of nanotubes are outlined, and the research progress of nanotubes in bio-separation, bio-catalysis, bio-sensor and bio-medical engineering is briefly reviewed.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Derangements and tensor powers of adjoint modules for sl_n

We obtain the decomposition of the tensor space sl ⊗k n as a module for sln, find an explicit formula for the multiplicities of its irreducible summands, and (when n ≥ 2k) describe the centralizer algebra C = Endsln (sl ⊗k n ) and its representations. The multiplicities of the irreducible summands are derangement numbers in several important instances, and the dimension of C is given by the number of derangements of a set of 2k elements.

Field of study: Mathematics
The Jordanian Catering Theory of Dividends

This paper aims to investigate the validity of Catering Theory of dividend in the Jordanian market. Utilizing unbalanced pooled cross-sectional time series OLS regression model for all Amman Stock Exchange listed companies, after excluding the financial sector firms and non-consistently dividends-paying firms, for the time period of 1999–2013. Findings indicate that dividend premium, a proxy for Catering Theory, is affected by the explanatory variables. Therefore, the study concluded that Amman Stock Exchange listed companies counts for the investors require for dividends and react to this require in their dividend policy, and thus, confirming the validity of the Catering Theory of dividend in the Jordanian market.

Field of study: Business
The Colored Noise of Spin Ice: Subdiffusion of Magnetic Monopoles in a Coevolving Vacuum

We relate the anomalous noise found experimentally in spin ice to the subdiffusion of magnetic monopoles. As emergent particles, monopoles do not move in a structureless vacuum. Rather, the underlying spin ensemble filters the thermal white noise. Certain hops are forbidden by by the local spin structure, which in turns is changed by monopole passage, leading to non-trivial coevolution. Thus, monopoles can be considered as random walkers under the effect of stochastic forces, as long as those are endowed with a memory which subsumes the evolution of the non-trivial vacuum. We conjecture relations between the anomalous noise and the exponent of anomalous subdiffusion, the fractal dimension of the walk and the dynamical critical index.

Field of study: Physics
Revisiting the Efficient Key Generation of ZHFE

ZHFE, proposed by Porras et al. at PQCrypto’14, is one of the very few existing multivariate encryption schemes and a very promising candidate for post-quantum cryptosystems. The only one drawback is its slow key generation. At PQCrypto’16, Baena et al. proposed an algorithm to construct the private ZHFE keys, which is much faster than the original algorithm, but still inefficient for practical parameters. Recently, Zhang and Tan proposed another private key generation algorithm, which is very fast but not necessarily able to generate all the private ZHFE keys. In this paper we propose a new efficient algorithm for the private key generation of the ZHFE scheme. Our algorithm reduces the complexity from \(O(n^{2\omega +1})\) by Baena et al. to \(O(n^{\omega +3})\), where n is the number of variables and \(2<\omega <3\) is a linear algebra constant. We also estimate the number of possible keys generated by all existing private key generation algorithms for ZHFE. Our algorithm generates as many private ZHFE keys as the original and Baena et al.’s ones. This makes our algorithm be the best appropriate for the ZHFE scheme.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Monoclonal antibodies against human collagenase and stromelysin.

Mouse monoclonal antibodies against recombinant human fibroblast procollagenase and prostromelysin have been generated and characterized. The epitope-containing domains for the antibodies have been assigned based on their immunoreactivities against recombinant proenzymes, mature enzymes, truncated collagenases, proteolytic fragments of stromelysin, and chimeric molecules constructed from different domains of the two enzymes. These antibodies can be divided into four groups: (1) antibodies that recognize the truncated 19-kDa NH2-terminal collagenase, (2) antibodies that recognize the C-terminal domain of collagenase and stromelysin, (3) antibodies that recognize a 31-kDa NH2-terminal collagenase fragment, and (4) antibodies that recognize the 19-kDa NH2-fragment of stromelysin. The prostromelysin-specific antibody 11N13 is of particular interest; it neutralizes stromelysin activity in a stromelysin peptide substrate assay, with an IC50 value of 75 nM. MAb 11N13 may be useful for in vivo and in vitro studies to validate the roles of stromelysin in tumor cell invasion, metastasis, and connective tissue disorders.

Field of study: Biology
On Administrative Power Expanding in Chinese Universities from the Perspective of Organizational Structure Theory

Organizational structure of the university defines the division-coordination mode of its research and teaching activities.Consequently,it decides its internal management mode,operational status of academic power and administrative power.It presents systemic analysis of interaction influence among organizational structure,management mode and power operation status of Chinese universities.It finds that the one-way operational status of midline administrative part,weakness of technology part,improper scope of function of support part and misconfiguration of coordination manners are the main reasons to cause administrative power strengthening.Optimizing operational division structure,matching coordination manners and its operational structure functions,building coordination platform to conciliate academic power and administrative power could be the possible way to optimize the governance structure and promote the management effectiveness of our universities.

Field of study: Education
Alcohol and the fetus: a reasoned approach.

Evidence relating adverse pregnancy outcome to maternal alcohol use seldom focuses on nonabusive levels of drinking, yet this is what the majority of patients seek information about. Outcomes of the hypothesized mechanisms of action appear related to pattern of exposure and timing during pregnancy. Methodological problems encountered in human studies include determination of exposure, method of analysis, and outcome measurement. Physicians should be aware of drinking habits of women in the childbearing years, and the reported adverse effects of moderate drinking. Guidelines for alcohol use in pregnancy are suggested.

Field of study: Medicine
Flow Reattachment and Vortex Re-formation on Oscillating Low-Aspect-Ratio Wings

Effects of small-amplitude wing oscillations on flow reattachment and vortex re-formation in the poststall region were studied experimentally. Low-aspect-ratio delta and cropped delta wings with sweep angles in the range of A = 20-50 deg were tested. Effects of forcing frequency, amplitude, wing sweep angle, and mode of the wing oscillations were investigated. It was shown that wing oscillations at an appropriate frequency promotes the reattachment of the otherwise separated flow at poststall incidences. Moreover, with increasing frequency, leading-edge vortices develop with axial flow in the cores, followed by their breakdown. For an optimum range of Strouhal numbers, Sr = 1-2, vortex breakdown is delayed to a maximum distance from the apex. This range of Strouhal numbers compares well with the dominant frequencies of the shear layer instabilities. For sweep angles larger than 20 deg, the reattachment process is generic for all nonslender wings and there is an optimum range of Strouhal numbers.

Field of study: Physics
On Some New α-Modified Binomial and Poisson Distributions and Their Applications

A new class of α-modified binomial distribution has been proposed, and its distributional properties like probability generating function (pgf), moments, and their interrelations have been studied. Two new α-modified Poisson distributions and Poisson distribution have been obtained as limiting distributions. Modified binomial and Poisson distributions introduced by Berg and Jaworski (1988) have been seen as particular cases. Mixture distributions of α-modified binomial distributions have been derived. A new distributions called α-modified binomial distributions of type j, their moment properties, limiting distributions as α-modified Poisson distribution of type j, their different convolution properties, pgf, parameter estimators have been studied. Two more new distributions namely Doubly α-modified binomial distributions of type (i, j) and α-modified weighted generalized Poisson distributions of type (j − 1) have also been studied. Various α-modified binomial and Poisson distributions of Berg and Mutafchiev (1990) and Berg and Nowicki (1991) have been seen as special cases. Application of some of these proposed distributions have been identified.

Field of study: Mathematics
Regularized Modified BPDN for Noisy Sparse Reconstruction With Partial Erroneous Support and Signal Value Knowledge

We study the problem of sparse reconstruction from noisy undersampled measurements when the following knowledge is available. (1) We are given partial, and partly erroneous, knowledge of the signal's support, denoted by T . (2) We are also given an erroneous estimate of the signal values on T, denoted by (μ̂)T . In practice, both of these may be available from prior knowledge. Alternatively, in recursive reconstruction applications, like real-time dynamic MRI, one can use the support estimate and the signal value estimate from the previous time instant as T and (μ̂)T. In this paper, we introduce regularized modified basis pursuit denoising (BPDN) (reg-mod-BPDN) to solve this problem and obtain computable bounds on its reconstruction error. Reg-mod-BPDN tries to find the signal that is sparsest outside the set T, while being “close enough” to (μ̂)T on T and while satisfying the data constraint. Corresponding results for modified-BPDN and BPDN follow as direct corollaries. A second key contribution is an approach to obtain computable error bounds that hold without any sufficient conditions. This makes it easy to compare the bounds for the various approaches. Empirical reconstruction error comparisons with many existing approaches are also provided.

Field of study: Engineering
Code of Practice:A Useful Instrument for the Quality Assurance of Transnational Degree Program

Some major exporting countries of higher education trade,such as Australia and the UK,and some international bodies,such as UNESCO or OECD,are making efforts to develop an international quality assurance framework for transnational education.All of them adopt Code of Practice or guideline.With a brief introduction of four important codes of practice,this article tries to highlight eight aspects of the quality assurance of transnational degree programs.Code of Practice which is regarded as a useful instrument for the quality assurance of transnational degree programs is undoubtedly becoming more and more important.

Field of study: Education
Development of capacity modulation compressor based on a two-stage rotary compressor – Part ΙΙ: Performance experiments and P–V analysis

The capacity and efficiency of a capacity modulation compressor based on a two-stage rotary compressor are studied experimentally. The test results are compared with results from a numerical analysis (Part Ι). The proposed compressor has superior performance and efficiency compared to the conventional bypass-type single-stage compressor. The results satisfy a maximum 3% error requirement for all air conditioning operational conditions. Our results show that for the power mode, the cooling capacity (1% higher than that of the bypass-type) and power consumption (3% lower than that of the bypass-type) of the two-stage rotary compressor are slightly improved. For the saving mode, the cooling capacity (10% higher than that of the bypass-type) and power consumption (8% lower than the bypass-type) are significantly improved. In addition, the results of a loss analysis based on the pressure–volume (P–V) diagram exactly matched the results of the numerical simulation.

Field of study: Engineering
Biogeo-optics: particle optical properties and the partitioning of the spectral scattering coefficient of ocean waters.

We propose a direct method of partitioning the particulate spectral scattering coefficient of the marine hydrosol based on the concurrent determination of the concentrations of particulate mineral and organic matter (the total mass of optically active scattering material exclusive of water) with the particulate spectral scattering coefficient. For this we derive a Model II multiple linear regression model. The multiple linear regression of the particulate spectral scattering coefficient against the independent variables, the concentrations of particulate inorganic matter and particulate organic matter, yields their mass-specific spectral scattering cross sections. The mass-specific spectral scattering cross section is simply the particle scattering cross section normalized to the particle mass, a fundamental optical efficiency parameter for the attenuation of electromagnetic radiation [Absorption and Scattering of Light by Small Particles, (Wiley-Interscience, 1983), pp. 80-81, 289]. It is possible to infer the optical properties of the suspended matter from the mass-specific spectral scattering cross sections. From these cross sections we partition the particulate spectral scattering coefficient into its major components.

Field of study: Physics