nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
A dyad approach to the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

To study anxiety in adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and their mothers and to evaluate the efficacy of a dyad approach (simultaneous treatment of the mother and the child) to ADHD treatment.  Thirty-four adolescents, aged 12-15 years, with ADHD and their mothers were studied. All participants of the study received anxiolytic treatment: children were treated with noophen (500 mg per day 45 days) and their mothers received adaptol (1500 mg per day 45 days). In the comparison group with the same clinical/psychological characteristics, anxiolytic therapy with noophen was used only in adolescents.  Symptoms of anxiety were found in 61.7% of adolescents with ADHD and in 79.4% of the mothers. After the dyad therapy, an improvement was noted in 73.5% of adolescents and 69.7% of the mothers. There was an improvement in 63.3% of patients in the comparison group.  The results demonstrate the high efficacy of the dyad approach in treatment of ADHD with comorbid anxiety disorders.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Missing response after teacher question in primary school English as a foreign language classes

This study investigates question and answer sequences in primary school English language classes. Using the framework of conversation analysis, it explores instances in which student responses are noticeably absent after teacher questions and reveals teacher interpretation of the missing responses. This study draws on 22 h of video-recorded primary school English classes collected in Japan. The analysis revealed that overwhelmingly teachers treated students’ insufficient linguistic knowledge as a source of missing responses and such interpretation was found to be specific to language classrooms. Moreover, in dealing with missing responses due to students’ linguistic problems, teachers prioritized the preference for dealing with problems in understanding questions over the preference for dealing with problems in producing the answers. However, there were also occasions in which teachers attributed missing responses to their failure in producing questions appropriately. In such cases the trajectory of the interaction approximated to that of mundane conversation and other types of institutional interaction. This study suggests the significant consequences of on-line interactive decisions teachers make in classrooms.

Field of study: Education, Linguistics
Topology and Prediction Focused Research on Graph Convolutional Neural Networks

Important advances have been made using convolutional neural network (CNN) approaches to solve complicated problems in areas that rely on grid structured data such as image processing and object classification. Recently, research on graph convolutional neural networks (GCNN) has increased dramatically as researchers try to replicate the success of CNN for graph structured data. Unfortunately, traditional CNN methods are not readily transferable to GCNN, given the irregularity and geometric complexity of graphs. The emerging field of GCNN is further complicated by research papers that differ greatly in their scope, detail, and level of academic sophistication needed by the reader. 
The present paper provides a review of some basic properties of GCNN. As a guide to the interested reader, recent examples of GCNN research are then grouped according to techniques that attempt to uncover the underlying topology of the graph model and those that seek to generalize traditional CNN methods on graph data to improve prediction of class membership. Discrete Signal Processing on Graphs (DSPg) is used as a theoretical framework to better understand some of the performance gains and limitations of these recent GCNN approaches. A brief discussion of Topology Adaptive Graph Convolutional Networks (TAGCN) is presented as an approach motivated by DSPg and future research directions using this approach are briefly discussed.

Field of study: Computer science
BRIEF COMMUNICATIONS: Influence of saturation absorption on the sensitivity of intracavity spectroscopy

An experimental study was made of the dependence of the sensitivity of intracavity laser spectroscopy on the excess pump power above the threshold. The investigation was carried out on Na and H2O vapors using a cw dye laser. The observed dependence of the sensitivity in the case of the Na vapor was attributed to the saturation of absorption in the laser radiation field. The published reports of the saturation of the sensitivity of the intracavity method in a time of ~100 nsec was attributed to the saturation of absorption and not to spatial effects.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Microbial degradation of propoxur in turfgrass soil.

This study was conducted to determine the degradation rates in turfgrass soil over a 12-month period after a single field application of propoxur and to isolate microorganisms from the soil capable of degrading the insecticide. Soil samples were collected from a turfgrass experimental site near Fort Lauderdale, FL one week before the field application of propoxur, and over a 12-month period after the field application. Mineralization rates in surface (0-15 cm depth) and subsurface (15-30 cm depth) soil samples collected before the field application were low. Mineralization in surface and subsurface samples collected 1, 6 and 8 months after the field application was much higher than for corresponding samples collected before the field application. Mineralization in the subsurface samples collected 12 months after the field application had reverted back to the similar rate for the corresponding sample collected before field application. Half-life values (t1/2) for propoxur showed similar trends to the results of mineralization. After a single application of propoxur, degradation in turfgrass soil was enhanced. Such enhancement lasted less than 12 months for the subsurface, but more than 12 months for the surface. A strain of Arthrobacter sp. capable of degrading propoxur was isolated from the soil.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Managing the medical workforce: time for improvements?

There has been a regular cycle of Government committees in Britain that have forecast 'shortages' and 'surpluses' in medical manpower. It is remarkable how little change there has been in the methods used in these forecasts despite criticism of their methods and the move towards competitive markets in the delivery of health care. The practice of medical manpower planning was criticised in the 1960s because of the failure to explore the implications of alternative skill mixes and incentives. Whilst these criticisms were ignored, the forecasters now pay more regard to budget constraints and produce more regular estimates. The 1992 forecast could be improved by sensitivity analysis (e.g. for GP/population ratios). However, unless the issue of scope (forecasting for all health care staff, not just for doctors alone) and the implications of skill mix and incentives identified in the 1960s are addressed effectively, the current recommendations may produce doctor 'surpluses' in the early twenty-first century. The Government's analysis should be challenged at the level of principle and practice, and this implies that the research activity proposed in the 1960s is carried out in the 1990s to facilitate efficiency in the twenty-first century. Furthermore, the issue of policy priorities and their ranking needs to be spelt out explicitly: does the Government want a competitive NHS internal market, and if it does, what is the role of central manpower planning? One implication of current policy choice and the maintenance of manpower planning is that cost containment is of more importance to policy makers than the internal market.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
BAD and Bcl-2 regulation are early events linking neuronal endoplasmic reticulum stress to mitochondria-mediated apoptosis.

The mechanism of endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-mediated apoptosis in neurons was examined. Using primary cortical neurons, we show that nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) and brefeldin A (BFA), two ER stressors, induce early ER stress as shown by Western blotting of the eukaryotic initiation factor-2alpha (eIF2alpha), an ER stress marker. This event was associated with an enhancement of neuronal apoptosis as demonstrated by the time-dependent increase in caspase-3 activity and by nuclear fragmentation. The study of the apoptotic signaling showed the translocation of cytochrome c from the mitochondrial matrix to the cytosol. Further evaluation of the apoptotic process revealed that NDGA and BFA induced a rapid dephosphorylation of BAD and decrease expression of Bcl-2. Altogether, our results indicate that neuronal ER stress is associated with an apoptotic cascade involving the mitochondria.

Field of study: Biology
Apparent inhibition of induced plant volatiles by a fungal pathogen prevents airborne communication between potato plants.

Plant communication in response to insect herbivory has been widely studied, whereas that involving pathogen attack has received much less attention. We tested for plant communication in potato (Solanum tuberosum) plants in response to leaf infection by the fungal pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. To this end, we measured the total amount and composition of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) produced by control and infected emitter plants, as well as tested for induced resistance of receiver plants exposed to VOCs from infected emitters. We further tested for changes in the expression of defensive genes due to pathogen infection. Fungal infection did not significantly affect the total amount or composition of VOCs produced by emitter plants. Correspondingly, we found no evidence of higher resistance to the pathogen in receiver plants exposed to VOCs from infected emitters relative to control emitters. Molecular analyses indicated that pathogen infection drove a downregulation of genes coding for VOC precursors, potentially explaining the absence of pathogen effects on VOC emissions and thus of communication. Overall, these results indicate no evidence of airborne communication between potato plants in response to fungal infection and point at pathogen inhibition of VOC emissions as a likely explanation for this result. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Field of study: Environmental science
BRIEF COMMUNICATIONS: Investigation of the self-focusing of light scattered in the stimulated Raman effect at different excitation levels

An investigation was made of the dependence of the self-focusing of the light scattered in the stimulated Raman effect on the power of the pulse of the first Stokes component. The investigation was carried out on substances with different values of the Kerr constant: These substances included liquid nitrogen, calcite, carbon disulfide, and nitrobenzene. It was found that the self-focusing of the scattered light was always observed, even if the exciting radiation was not self-focused. The distributions of the self-focusing points near the front and rear ends of a sample were similar, if the scattering layer was thin and the power density of the exciting radiation was low. An increase in the power density of the first Stokes component resulted in an increase of the self-focusing points and a reduction in their diameter. The maximum power density at the self-focusing points was a constant characteristic of a given substance.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
SU‐GG‐T‐328: Human Anatomy‐Based Monte Carlo Dose Calculation for External Protons

In this work, we aim to build an accurate dose calculation algorithm based on human anatomy‐based model using Monte Carlo simulation for providing basic and benchmarking data for therapeuticprotons. Both phantom‐based and human anatomy‐based models were used. The human anatomy model was developed from VHP® at National Library in Medicine. The human anatomy‐based model was built with 4 mm × 4 mm × 4mm voxel resolution with total over 6 million voxels for describing the whole body. Each voxel was assigned physical properties, including density and isotopic composition. MCNPX was used to simulate the transport and energy deposit to each voxel. An in‐house dosimety software package, Human Anatomy‐based Monte Carlo Dose (HAMD) was developed to analysis the huge dose dataset based on Monte Carlo simulation and the three dimensional dose matrix was super positioned to the CT image correspondingly.  The Monte Carlo simulation provided very close agreement to the two widely used proton range‐energy tables with average depth peak difference less than 0.70% and −0.37% to ICRU Report 49 and Janni DNDT respectively from 40 MeV to 250 MeV energy range. HAMD performed well in proton treatment dose calculation. HAMD offers very friendly and familiar interface for physicians to conveniently review a treatment plan. The isodose lines in transverse, sagittal and coronal views provided very conformal coverage to the contours in lung.  The simulated proton range‐energy table has been accurately benchmarked compared to measurements. The in‐house developed dose algorithm HAMD performs very well in dose calculation both in phantom‐based and human anatomy‐based heterogeneity. The HAMD needs further validation by using additional human anatomy‐based models and specified beam source configuration. The long‐term and board objective is to provide an extreme accurate dose calculation based on human model for benchmarking clinic treatment planning systems.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Characterization of α-Amylase Binding Agents from Hawthorn Leaf Using Ultrafiltration and Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry

An affinity based ultrafiltration method was established to rapid screening amylase inhibitors from hawthorn leaf.Various factors were optimised including the pH of the incubation buffer,ion strength,incubation time,incubation temperature and the concentration of α-amylase.Kaemp-ferol was chosen as a model compound.The condition chosen for screening was as follows: pH 7.4,ion strength 10 mmol/L,incubation time 45 min,incubation temperature 37 ℃,amylase concentration 10 g/L.Then,the established method was applied to screening α-amylase inhibitors from extract of hawthorn leaf and three active compounds were obtained.

Field of study: Chemistry
Forging a biodiversity ethic in a multicultural context

New Zealand belongs to the Pacific region, a part of the world where human impacts have been both very recent and extreme in their effect. The New Zealand natural environment is rich in endemic taxa, but these are poorly equipped to cope with the effects of invasion by humans and exotic animals and plants. Polynesian immigrants brought to New Zealand a distinctive world view which gave rise to both tribal traditions and living traditions of the Maori. The resultant environmental ethic emphasises guardianship and stewardship, establishment of the right to use a resource, kinship obligations, and a balance between pairs of opposites. Nineteenth-century European colonists were ambivalent in their view of the environment, although a world view which emphasises ‘dominion’ has tended to dominate. Two recent developments which are important factors in development of a multicultural biodiversity ethic are the enactment of the Resource Management Act 1991 and legal recognition of the principles of the Treaty of Waitangi. The intersection of these developments provides an opportunity to develop a new approach to environmental ethics especially in conceptualising ‘significance’, consultative processes, and developing a holistic and ecocentric use of resources.

Field of study: Environmental science
An Analysis and Comparison of Wheat Production Competitiveness between China and the USA

Before China joined the World Trade Organization, there was a prevailing viewpoint for a long time in both China and the United States that U.S. wheat was more competitive in price than that of China. As a result, U.S. farmers held a high expectation of selling their wheat in Chinese markets after China joined the WTO, and the Chinese government also worried about the serious challenge Chinese peasants would face from the U.S. wheat. Surprisingly, the Chinese wheat market has not suffered from the striking of wheat from the USA or other countries since China joined the WTO. To explain this phenomenon, we have conducted a thorough investigation and analysis. This article compares wheat production competitiveness between China and the USA through analyzingwheat production costs and domestic market prices in both China and the USA.

Field of study: Economics
An Introduction to Bibliographical Tools in Spanish Archives and Manuscript Collections Relating to Hispanic America

I HE PURPOSE of this article is to ilntroduce the student of Hispanic American history to the more importailt printed and malluseript catalogues, guides, invelntories, cardindexes and other bibliographical tools available in the key Spanish repositories. First of all, a few practical suggestions for the student doing research in such centers for the first time. An introductory letter from one of the officials of the institution with which the student is connected usually suffices to secure the requisite authorization to carry on research in Spanish archives and libraries. Thus recommended, the student may consult the documents of the Archivo Historieo Naciolnal in Madrid, the Archivo General de Indias in Seville, the Archivo General de Simaneas, and many others. Regulations, however, vary greatly; in consequence, the student should be ready to comply with them. Thus the Museo Naval in Madrid requires two photographs (passport size) of the researcher, and as some other research centers require the same, the student would do well to have on hand a dozen or so of such photographs. The Real Academia de Historia in Madrid gralnts permission to consult its manuscripts only upon preselntation of a letter of recommendation from one's natiolnal colnsulate. As a rule, these documents are placed ol file, thus authorizilng the researcher to return during an indefinite period of time. The Biblioteca de Palacio in Madrid requires a letter petitioniing to consult its manuscripts, and usually grants authorization for a year at a time. But, without exception, the studelnt will find the regulations easy to comply with and the personnel most ready to help. Deeply appreciated and certainly a good will gesture that prepares the way for other investigators is to send an offprint of one 's research

Field of study: History
Fault-tolerant embryonic network development for high reliability mechatronic applications

As it is known, the immune system found in higher evolutional level biological organisms is a distributed and multilayered system that is robust and able to identify infectious pathogens, injury, diseases, or other harmful effects. Therefore, their properties and abilities — like self-healing or surviving — would be more advantageous in many mechatronic applications, where often are imposed robustness and also high reliability operation requirements. Founded by these observations, the paper is focused on modeling and simulation artificial embryonic structures, with the purpose to develop VLSI hardware architectures able to imitate cells or organism operation mode, with similar robustness like their biological equivalents from nature. Self-healing algorithms and artificial immune properties implementation is investigated and experimented on the developed models. The presented theoretical and simulation approaches were tested on a FPGA-based embryonic network architecture (embryonic machine), built...

Field of study: Engineering
Fermi-Suface Evolution by Transition-Metal Substitution in the Iron-based Superconductor LaFeAsO

We study how Co- and Ni-substitution affect the electronic structure of the iron-based superconductor, LaFeAsO. We perform ab initio supercell calculations and unfold the first Brillouin zone (BZ) to calculate the spectral function in the BZ for the normal cell. The charge density distribution in real space shows that doped extra electrons are trapped around Co (Ni) atom. This seems to suggest that carriers are not doped by Co(Ni)-substitution. However, the present momentum-space analysis indicates that the Fermi-surface volume indeed expands by substitutions, which can be well described by the rigid-band shift approximation. By taking into account this effective doping, we discuss whether the sign-reversing s -wave ( s ± -wave) scenario is compatible with experiments.

Field of study: Physics
Enhanced GLUT1 glucose transporter and cytoskeleton gene expression in cultured bovine brain capillary endothelial cells after treatment with phorbol esters and serum.

The in vitro angiogenesis of endothelium obtained from peripheral tissues is stimulated by phorbol esters. The present studies examine the effects of phorbol esters or serum factors on GLUT1 glucose transporter, cytoplasmic actin, and beta-tubulin messenger RNA levels and gene transcription rates in bovine brain capillary endothelial cells grown in tissue culture. Messenger RNA levels were measured by Northern blot analysis and transcription rates were quantified by nuclear run-on assays. Although cytoplasmic actin mRNA levels in cultured brain endothelium were comparable to levels found in isolated capillaries isolated in vivo, there was a profound down-regulation of the GLUT1 glucose transporter mRNA in the cultured endothelium. The GLUT1 mRNA level was increased by exposure to 12-O-tetra-decanoyl-phorbol 13-acetate (TPA). Both serum and TPA enhanced cytoplasmic actin and beta-tubulin mRNA levels in cultured cells; the serum effect on cytoskeletal mRNA persisted through at least 24 h of exposure whereas the TPA stimulation was maximal by 2 h of exposure and lost following 8 h. Both serum and TPA increased cytoplasmic actin mRNA levels approximately 2- to 3-fold greater than the increase in beta-tubulin mRNA levels. GLUT1 and actin transcription rates were measured with the nuclear run-on assay, but no stimulation was observed following 3 h exposure to 200 nM TPA. In conclusion, these studies show that GLUT1 glucose transporter, cytoplasmic actin, and beta-tubulin mRNA levels in bovine brain capillary endothelial cells are regulated by both serum factors and phorbol ester, which activates the protein kinase C pathway, and that the mechanism of the phorbol ester effect is post-transcriptional.

Field of study: Biology
Cloning of a Chinese Human T-lymphotropic Virus Type I env Gene and the Prokaryotic Expression and Immuno-activity Detection of the Type I+II Chimeric Gene

For development of an antibody detection reagent for human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV), a full-length envelope (env) gene of HTLV type I (HTLV-I) was cloned from peripheral blood cells of a HTLV-I infected individual in a HTLV endemic region of Fujian, and then a gene fragment of 212 amino acid length from the midpiece of gp46 extending to the N-terminal of gp21 was selected as well as a type specific epitope region of HTLV type II env gene to construct a HTLV I+II chimeric gene. This chimeric fragment was inserted into prokaryotic expression vector pRSET and expressed in E. coli. The yield of the target recombinant protein was about 30%. The final purity is about 95% after electrophoresis elution purification. Detected by Western blotting, this recombinant protein showed strong reaction with four HTLV-I positive sera as well as two HTLV-II positive sera, and had no response to four HTLV negative sera. Thus, this recombinant antigen can be used to develop a diagnostic reagent for HTLV antibody detection.

Field of study: Biology