nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Spatiotemporal variability of solar radiation introduced by clouds over Arctic sea ice

The role of clouds in recent Arctic warming is not fully understood,
including their effects on the solar radiation and the surface
energy budget. To investigate relevant small-scale processes in detail, the intensive Physical feedbacks of Arctic planetary boundary layer, Sea ice, Cloud and AerosoL
(PASCAL) drifting ice floe station field campaign was conducted during early summer in the central arctic. During this campaign, the small-scale spatiotemporal
variability of global irradiance was observed for the first time on an
ice floe with a dense network of autonomous pyranometers. A total of 15 stations
were deployed covering an area of 0.83 km×1.59 km from
4–16 June 2017. This unique, open-access dataset is described here,
and an analysis of the spatiotemporal variability deduced from this
dataset is presented for different synoptic conditions. Based on
additional observations, five typical sky conditions were identified and
used to determine the values of the mean and variance of atmospheric
global transmittance for these conditions. Overcast conditions were
observed 39.6 % of the time predominantly during the first week, with
an overall mean transmittance of 0.47. The second most frequent
conditions corresponded to multilayer clouds (32.4 %), which
prevailed in particular during the second week, with a mean
transmittance of 0.43. Broken clouds had a mean transmittance of 0.61
and a frequency of occurrence of 22.1 %. Finally, the least frequent
sky conditions were thin clouds and cloudless conditions, which both
had a mean transmittance of 0.76 and occurrence frequencies of 3.5 %
and 2.4 %, respectively. For overcast conditions, lower global
irradiance was observed for stations closer to the ice edge, likely
attributable to the low surface albedo of dark open water and a
resulting reduction of multiple reflections between the surface and
cloud base. Using a wavelet-based multi-resolution analysis, power
spectra of the time series of atmospheric transmittance were compared
for single-station and spatially averaged observations and for
different sky conditions. It is shown that both the absolute magnitude
and the scale dependence of variability contains characteristic
features for the different sky conditions.

Field of study: Environmental science
Ethanol feeding selectively impairs the spreading of rat perivenous hepatocytes on extracellular matrix substrates.

Hepatocytes require attachment and subsequent spreading on an extracellular matrix for their proper growth, function and survival. Our previous studies have shown that ethanol feeding selectively impairs perivenule hepatocyte attachment to various extracellular matrices. This study was undertaken to determine whether zonal differences in hepatocyte spreading in response to ethanol feeding occurs and to ascertain the influence of ethanol consumption on the zonal expression of the beta1 subunit of integrins, which are the major surface receptors responsible for matrix binding and subsequent interactions.



Hepatocytes from the perivenous and periportal regions of the liver were isolated by digitonin/collagenase perfusion from rats that were pair-fed for 2 to 3 weeks with a liquid diet containing either ethanol or isocaloric carbohydrate. The ability of perivenous and periportal hepatocytes to spread on plates coated with either type IV collagen, laminin, fibronectin or polylysine was determined. In addition, the isolated cells were used for the analysis of total cellular and surface beta1 integrin expression.



With all of the matrix substrates tested, the spreading of perivenous hepatocytes isolated from the ethanol-fed animals was markedly impaired, while the spreading of periportal hepatocytes was essentially unaffected by ethanol feeding. Both the total cellular as well as the surface expression of the beta1 integrin subunit in perivenous cells from the ethanol-fed rats were significantly higher than from the perivenous control cells, whereas the total and surface expression of the beta1 integrin in periportal cells isolated from ethanol-fed and control rats were not significantly different.



The results indicated that in addition to impairing hepatocyte attachment, ethanol feeding also impairs another critical step of the adhesion process, that of hepatocyte spreading on extracellular matrix substrates. This defect occurred preferentially in perivenous cells and not periportal cells and was associated with an increase in beta1 integrin expression, suggesting that a compensatory mechanism occurs as an attempt by the perivenous cells to overcome impaired cell-matrix interactions caused by ethanol. Overall, these alterations in extracellular matrix-hepatocyte interactions could lead to alterations of hepatocyte structure and function and potentially play a role in alcoholic liver injury.

Field of study: Medicine
A follow-up discussion about the original meaning of the View of teaching in fitness made from technology——A discussion with ZHANG Lei

This paper is a discussion with the author of A further discussion about the "view of constitution" and the "view of skills"-Also a review of the "view of fitness made from technology" of Dr.ZHANG Hong-tan(hereinafter referred to as Further discussion for short).In the opinion of the author of this paper,the author of the Further discus-sion misunderstood the View of teaching in fitness made from technology.As a pair of basic contradictions in school physical education,the "view of constitution" and the "view of skills" are achievements of acquaintance summarized based on historical facts;"enhancing constitution" and "technology teaching and learning" is in a "mutually excluding and supplementing relation";school physical education should stick to its devoir of technology teaching and learning.

Field of study: Education
Calculating an intervention's (cost-)effectiveness for the real-world target population: the potential of combining strengths of both RCTs and observational data.

Economic evaluations most often use results from randomised controlled trials (RCTs) to model effectiveness. Inconsiderate application of the absolute treatment effect from RCTs may result in unrealistic estimates of an intervention's benefit for the real-world target population. The baseline risk of events in this target population may differ significantly from the baseline risk in the RCT population. An approach to handle this problem is to combine observational data with evidence from RCTs. Reliable administrative or register data can provide an estimate of the real-world baseline risks. In combination with the relative treatment effect from well-performed RCTs this results in an estimate of the absolute benefit for the relevant target population. Applying this approach, one must remain cautious about the validity of the assumption of a constant relative treatment effect.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Application of BP artificial neural network in extruded surimi product

A back propagation(BP) artificial neural network(ANN) model was developed to predict the properties of extruded surimi products produced by a twin screw extruder.A BP-ANN model was established in MATLAB to simulate the relationships between running parameters of contents of surimi,screw speed and heating temperature of barrel III with the properties of surimi products such as water holding capability(WHC),swelling degree(SD),hardness(H) and springiness(S) during extrusion process.Using the experimental data from a quadratic general rotary unitized design,the neural network was trained and then validated with a validation subset.Besides,the method of response surface method(RSM) was also used to analyze and predict these properties.By comparing with mean squared error(MSE) and sum squared error(SSE) of BP-ANN and RSM models,it was showed that BP-ANN was more accurate than RSM in predicting the relationship between the responses and the running parameters.The BP-ANN was then used to search for a combination of running parameters resulting in maximal WHC,SD,S and minimal H.As a result,the optimal running parameters for content of surimi,screw speed and heating temperature was 45.70%,170 r/min and 106.2 ℃,respectively.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
A quench initiation and propagation study (QUIPS) for the 45 T hybrid

In an ongoing effort to understand stability and quench characteristics in large high field superconductivity systems, a series of Quench Initiation and Propagation Studies (QUIPS) is being employed. The goal is to establish a database of stability and quench information for the present 45 T Hybrid project and for future applications. To reach the goal in an efficient, cost effective manner, novel techniques are implemented to model high field stability and quench behaviour in cable in conduit conductors (CICC) at relatively low fields. A relatively low J/sub c/ superconductor having a comparable critical temperature is used to approach the operating temperature margins of the Nb/sub 3/Sn conductor in the A subcoil of the 45 T Hybrid. One particular technique was the heat treatment of the single triplex NbTi CICC to degrade the J/sub c/ for stability matching purposes. Design parameters and operating conditions of the long solenoid are also tailored for optimal sealing. This paper discusses the analytical methods, processes, and their associated effects on the model.

Field of study: Physics
A Novel Polymorphic Ant Colony -Based Clustering Mechanism for Wireless Sensor Networks

In wireless sensor networks, sensor nodes are extremely power constrained, so energy efficient clustering mechanism is mainly considered in the network topology management. A new clustering mechanism based on the polymorphic ant colony (PAC) is designed for dynamically controlling the networks clustering structure. According to different functions, the nodes of the networks are respectively defined as the queen ant, the scout ant and worker ant. Based on the calculated cost function and real-time pheromone, the queen ant restructures an optimum clustering structure. Furthermore, the worker ants and the scout ants can send or receive sensing data with optional communication path based on their pheromones. With the mechanism, the energy consumption in inter-cluster and intra-cluster communication for the worker ants and scout ants can be reduced. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed mechanism can effectively remodel the clustering structure and improve the energy efficiency of the networks.

Field of study: Computer science
POLARIZATION AND CORROSION OF STEEL IN SOLUTIONS OF SODIUM PHOSPHATE ON PRESENCE OF CHLORIDE-ION

The present work on polarization and corrosion of steel is undertaken to investigate the hydrogen overvoltage, cathodic and anodic polarization and corrosion of specimens in inhibited and noninhibited solutions. 
Hydrogen overvoltage-log current density relationships on specimens have been measured. The results are shown in Fig. 3, and for each current densitiey, the hydrogen overvoltage on the steel in 0.1 N HCl decreases as corrosion proceeds. But it increases markedly during the addition of sodium phosphate as inhibitor up to a concentration of 0.78.10-1 M which is believed to be an optimum concentration . 
The anodic and cathodic polarization curves of the specimens in solu-tions of 0.1 N hydrochloric acid containing 1.0·10-1 M sodium phosphate with pH 8.6 and of 0.1 N alkalinized sodium chloride with same pH, are studied and compared. At current density 0.4 mA/cm2 the magnitude of △, the difference between steady state potential and potential of cathodic polarized electrode, in former solution is 577 mv greater than that in the later. The presence of sodium phosphate shifts the steady state potential in the anodic direction. There has been no change in weight, and no local corrosion could be detected by microscopic examination when steel specimens are exposed to this inhibited solution for fourteen days . 
In solutions of lesser sodium phosphate concentration, corrosion be-havior of steel has been investigated. Although the passivation occurs in time-corrosion curves as shown in Fig. 8, microscopic examination still reveals local corrosion on its surface . 
The extend to which corrosion is inhibited and the increase in △ are closely related, and run approximately parallel to each other.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Factors in the Sharing of Tacit Knowledge among Volunteer Firefighters

The studies in the area of knowledge management, directed to non-profit organizations are scarce, as opposed to what happens in the private and public sector. The growing importance of the third sector and its institutions, in establishing a more just and balanced society, combating asymmetries and placing itself on the side of the neediest, justifies the attention of the academic community, in order to establish and adopt best practices to carry out their missions.

The choice of a case study of organizations such as the Portuguese fire brigades, unique in their action and identity, accompanies the need increasingly recognized by Portuguese society to enable these organizations to perform best in the face of tragic events in recent years in Portugal, particularly in the case of large fires.

This study focuses on analysing the sharing of tacit knowledge in non-profit organisations (NPOs) through the case of Portuguese volunteer firefighters (Vfs). A literature review on tacit knowledge sharing allowed the identification of indicators to share this knowledge. A quantitative methodology was followed, with data collection through questionnaires and the treatment of which was able to determine the indicators that influence each factor. We correspondingly applied exploratory factorial analysis to study the indicators for the tacit sharing of knowledge. 

This returned three factors as leading to the sharing of tacit knowledge within the scope of these organisations: organisational culture, individual characteristics and organisational structure.

Field of study: Business
Production of High Transverse Energy Events in p - Nucleus Collisions at 400-GeV/c

High-transverse-energy events produced in pp collisions at 400 GeV/c were studied using the large-acceptance Fermilab multiparticle spectrometer. The cross sections for such interactions exhibit an exponential dependence on transverse energy with values of the slope increasing with the decreasing azimuthal acceptance of the trigger. The majority of events selected with full azimuthal acceptance are nonplanar; hence they do not show jet-like event structure. The fraction of planar events is small and remains constant as a function of transverse energy.

Field of study: Physics
An Investigation of Tenascin-C Levels in Rheumatic Mitral Stenosis and Their Response to Percutaneous Mitral Balloon Valvuloplasty

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the tenascin-C levels in severe rheumatic mitral stenosis before and after percutaneous mitral balloon valvuloplasty (PMBV).  Forty patients with severe mitral stenosis requiring PMBV and 20 age-matched healthy subjects were included in the study. The mitral valve areas, mitral gradients and systolic pulmonary artery pressure (sPAP) were measured by echocardiography. The sPAP values and mitral gradients were also measured by catheterization before and after PMBV. The blood tenascin-C levels were measured before PMBV and 1 month after the procedure.  The echocardiographic mean mitral gradients had a significant decrease after PMBV (11.7 ± 2.8 vs. 5.6 ± 1.7 mm Hg; p < 0.001) and also those of catheterization (13.9 ± 4.4 vs. 4.0 ± 2.4 mm Hg; p < 0.001). Mitral valve areas increased significantly after PMBV (from 1.1 ± 0.1 to 1.8 ± 0.2 cm2, p < 0.001). Tenascin-C levels decreased significantly in patients after PMBV (from 15.0 ± 3.8 to 10.9 ± 3.1 ng/ml; p < 0.001). Tenascin-C levels were higher in patients with mitral stenosis before PMBV than in healthy subjects (15.0 ± 3.8 and 9.4 ± 2.9 ng/ml; p < 0.001, respectively). There were no significant differences between patients with mitral stenosis after PMBV and healthy subjects (10.9 ± 3.1 and 9.4 ± 2.9 ng/ml; p = 0.09, respectively). There was a significant positive correlation between tenascin-C levels and sPAP (r = 0.508, p < 0.001). In multivariant analysis, tenascin-C predicted mitral stenosis (p = 0.004, OR: 2.31).  Tenascin-C was an independent predictor for rheumatic mitral stenosis.

Field of study: Medicine
The cancellation of the National Games: a perspective based on sport public service.

Guided by the people orientated scientific development view,and based on the perspective that sport should serve the public,the authors thought that the cancellation of the National Games would meet the requirements of governmental function transformation,service type government construction,and sport system reform,and enable the sport department of governments at all levels to have the enthusiasm and power to service the people,thus meeting the fundamental interests of the vast majority.

Field of study: Education
High-speed FPGA-based pulse-height analyzer for high resolution X-ray spectroscopy

A complete four channel acquisition system for high-resolution spectroscopy has been designed and realized. The analog section is composed of four semi-Gaussian shaping amplifiers with two software-selectable shaping times. The shaping times (150 and 450 ns) were chosen to perform either high rate or best resolution XRF measurements with state-of-the-art multielement silicon drift detector. The pulses' amplitudes are caught by four large-bandwidth peak-stretchers whose outputs are multiplexed into a single 10 MHz 12-bit analog-to-digital converter (ADC). A field-programmable gate array (FPGA) operating at 24 MHz (or 48 MHz) clock frequency controls the whole process and stores the four spectra in the on-chip RAM, thus guaranteeing a maximum counting rate per bin of 332 kcps and an overall counting rate in excess of 4 Mcps. The system interfaces the host PC by means of the enhanced parallel port with a custom made control software for data visualization and analysis as in a conventional MCA system. If more than four channels have to be managed, various boards can be operated in parallel on the same EPP bus.

Field of study: Physics
On removable sets for quasiconformal mappings

we call E removable for QCH if every f in QCH(E) is quasiconformal in R n. In R 2, the following theorems ([C], [G], [K]) are known: T h e o r e m A. (Carleson, Gehring) If S C R 1 is compact, then S• [0, 1] is removable for QCH if and only if S is countable. T h e o r e m B. (Kaufman) If S C R 1 is uncountable, then S• [0, 1] contains a graph E which is not removable for QCH. In R '~, n>2, Cantor type sets are removable ([HK]): T h e o r e m C. (Heinonen and Koskela) Let E be a closed set in R% Suppose that there exist a > l , and {rj}, rj--+O as j--*c~, such that at each x E E , the annular regions { y : a l r j m > 2 and S is an {ak}-porous set in R m with ~ a k = C ~ , then S • n-m is removable for QCH in R n. I f S is closed in R 1, then S • n-1 is removable for QCH in R n if and only if S is countable. Given {ak}, 0 < a k < l , a set SC_R n is called {ak}-porous if there exists a sequence of coverings gk -={Bk,j ~B(xk , j , rk,j)} of S, by balls with mutually disjoint interiors, so that each Bk,j \ S contains a ring Rk,j =-{ x: (1 -(~k ) rk,j < IX-Xk,j I < rk,j },

Field of study: Mathematics
Social Comparison and the Pill: Reactions to Upward and Downward Comparison of Contraceptive Behavior

It has been assumed that engaging in downward social comparison can improve subjective well-being both by ameliorating negative mood and by improving self-concept. Although a number of studies have demonstrated the effect of downward comparison on mood, there has been little empirical evidence of its effect on self-concept. The results of the current study indicate that downward comparison can increase self-esteem and does so especially for persons with relative low self-esteem. The results also suggest that upward comparison opportunities have different effects on the attitudes of high- and low-self-esteem persons.

Field of study: Psychology
Giant Cell Arteritis of the Breast

To report a rare case of giant cell arteritis of the breast in a 56-year-old woman.  The patient presented with tenderness in the upper outer quadrant of the left breast, in the absence of any constitutional symptoms. A diagnosis of giant cell arteritis was made only after surgical wedge excision of the affected breast quadrant. She returned 6 weeks later with tenderness in the upper inner medial quadrant of the same breast, with a raised erythrocyte sedimentation rate. She has since been referred to the rheumatologist for further management.  The diagnosis of giant cell arteritis of the breast was made only after pathological examination of the excised breast tissue. This study focused attention on the need to be aware of systemic conditions that may present as localised lesions of the breast and to maintain a high index of clinical suspicion in order to adequately investigate them and perhaps avoid unnecessary radical surgical intervention such as mastectomy.

Field of study: Medicine
Factors Contributing to Cmos Static Ram Upset

Phenomena contributing to transient radiation induced static RAM (SRAM) cell upset in CMOS integrated circuits (ICs) include rail span collapse, dynamic FET threshold voltage shifts, photocurrents internal to the RAM cell, secondary photocurrents, and lateral variations in silicon surface potential. Of these phenomena, it is found that the major contributors are rail span collapse and internal cell photocurrents. A model is presented which combines global rail span collapse calculations with detailed analyses of local effects in the ram cell.

Field of study: Physics
Factors, Shaping Fields and Typology of Organizational Culture of School on Tehran City

purpose of this research was to explore the organizational culture of public schools and their typology. This research was a qualitative exploratory study of grounded theory studies. After recording the studies (interviews, observing and evaluating in schools and focus group) the received information was obtained. Model of organizational culture was formed on seven categories (Academic culture and student learning method- The general culture of society, family, media - The curriculum and educational opportunities - The leadership style of the school principal – professionalism& occupational development teacher - The ruler educational system and ideology -The Possibilities Support and school space). So we have four types school a- School of Culture Designer(Excellence) b-Vocational school(Leading) c- Suspended Culture School(Unstable) d- Conflict culture school(Toxic). The outcomes of the garrison school, school leaving school and school dropout are expected in the future of Iranian schools.  organizational culture of School, education, students, typology, Grounded theory

Field of study: Education