nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Palaeobiogeography and palaeogeographical implications of Permian marine bivalve faunas in Northeast Asia (Kolyma-Omolon and Verkhoyansk-Okhotsk regions, northeastern Russia)

The paper considers the biogeography and palaeogeographic implications of the Permian marine bivalve faunas of Northeast Asia, with a focus on the dynamic relationships between biotic similarities and palaeogeographic distance through an interval of ca. 50 million years. A stage-by-stage time series analysis of the biotic similarities between two previously recognized biochores in Northeast Asia, the Kolyma–Omolon and Verkhoyan–Okhotsk provinces, has been carried out using both the Jaccard and Dice similarity indices based on the spatio-temporal distributions of 355 Permian marine bivalve species in Northeast Asia. The outcome of this analysis, combined with other empirical data and previously published tectonic, sedimentological and palaeontological information, suggests that (1) the bivalve faunas from these two provinces were distinctive from one another as two separate biochores throughout all but the earliest (Asselian) Permian stages and (2) the biotic similarities between the Verkhoyan–Okhotsk and Kolyma–Omolon provinces remained consistently low since Sakmarian, all falling well below the minimum threshold of the Jaccard index of 0.42 required for distinguishing marine biotic provinces. We interpret these below-threshold Jaccard biotic similarities as an indication of significant palaeogeographic separation between the Verkhoyan-Okhotsk and Kolyma–Omolon provinces, which is in turn considered to indicate rifting and sea-floor spreading of the Omolon microcontinent and associated terranes and island arcs away from the North Asian craton, at least from the Sakmarian to the beginning of the Late Permian. Palaeo-distance separation appears to be the primary and most significant biogeographic determinant in accounting for the differences in the spatial distribution of most Permian bivalve species in Northeast Asia. Several other variables also appear to have played a significant role, including regional climate conditions, ocean currents and merged island chains as geographic barriers. In particular, the relatively high biotic similarity between the Verkhoyan–Okhotsk and Kolyma–Omolon provinces during the Late Wuchiapingian and Changhsingian may have been related to the shallowing of the deep-water basins (Oimyakon, Ayan-Yuryakh, Balygychan and Sugoi basins) that had previously separated the two provinces and the flooding (submergence) of the Okhotsk–Taigonos volcanic arc system, thus allowing the invasion of lower latitude warm-water Palaeotethyan and even Gondwanan species into Northeast Asia.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
In an Experimental Hypospadias model to repair with tissue engineered urethral epithelium

In an experimental hypospadias model created in rabbits, to perform autologous transplantation of in vitro cultivated urethral epithelium using grafting technique and to demonstrate their survival as urethral plaque.  We formed control and study groups, each one contained six adult male New Zealand rabbits. The hypospadias model was created by excision of approximately one cm distal urethra. Urethral mucosa was stripped off by fine dissection. In laminar air flow, mucosa was mechanically disrupted under sterile condition. Urethral epithelium was cultivated with tissue explants technique using DMEM-Ham's F 12 as medium and in 37 °C and 5 % CO2 . When they reached confluence, cells were treated with Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) for 24 hours, then collected following trypsinization, counted and seeded onto steril Polyglicolic asit (PGA) polymers 1x1,5 cm in size. Cells were incubated for five days. Cell-polymer complexes were laid on ventral penil surface by autologous grafting technique. In control group, cell-free polymers were used. One month later, penectomy was performed in all animals. Specimens were paraffin embedded and sections were stained with hemotoxylen and immuncytochemically for BrdU antibodies.  In the study group, urethral epithelial cells in six grafted rabbits were stained positive for BrdU antibodies. In the control group, sections were not stained for antibodies. When sections from the study group were examined with light microscopy, almost in all sections, grated neo-urethral epithelium was detected as a regular linear cell layer. In the control group, urethral cells were seen to localize irregularly only adjacent to proximal original urethra.  In our study, we demonstrated that after in vitro propagation, urethral mucosal cells composed of grafted ventral penile surface as a regular epithelial layer. We proposed that in cases without or lack of urethral plaque, this technique can be applied as an engineered tissue.

Field of study: Medicine
تأثير استراتيجية البيت الدائري في التحصيل المعرفي والاحتفاظ بمادة طرائق تدريس التربية الرياضية وتنمية الاتجاه نحوها لدى طلاب كلية التربية الرياضية

مشكلة البحث تحددت في السؤال الاتي  ما تأثير استراتيجية البيت الدائري في تحصيل مادة طرائق التدريس والاحتفاظ بها وتنمية الاتجاه نحوها لدى طلاب كلية التربية الرياضية، هدف البحث هو الكشف عن تاثير استراتيجية البيت الدائري في التحصيل المعرفي والاحتفاظ بها وتنمية الاتجاه نحوها لدى طلاب كلية التربية الرياضية، منهج البحث وعينته وادواته استخدم الباحث المنهج التجريبي، فيما مثلت عينة البحث (60) طالبا موزعين على مجموعتين تجريبية وضابطة، واستخدم الباحث الاختبار التحصيلي المعد من قبل ملا عبيده كما قام الباحث باستخدام مقياس للاتجاه نحو مادة طرائق تدريس التربية الرياضية، وتوصل الباحثهم الاستنتاجات ان استراتيجية البيت الدائري تفوقت على الاسلوب المتبع في متوسط التحصيل لطلاب المرحلة الثالثة في كلية التربية الرياضية في مادة طرائق تدريس التربية الرياضية.

Field of study: Education
Out�?Of�?Equilibrium Bids in First�?Price Auctions: Wrong Expectations or Wrong Bids

Deviations from risk-neutral equilibrium bids in auctions can be related to inconsistent expectations with correct best replies or correct expectations but deviant best replies (e.g. because of risk aversion, regret, quantal-response mistakes). To distinguish between these two explanations, we use a novel experimental procedure and study expectations together with best replies in symmetric and asymmetric auctions. We extensively test the internal validity of this setup. We find that deviations from equilibrium bids do not seem to be because of to wrong expectations but because of deviations from a risk-neutral best reply.

Field of study: Economics
Determination of Gallic Acid in Chinese Herbal Medicine with Flow Injection Chemiluminescence Method

The rapid and easy flow injection chemiluminescence method was established to measure the content of gallic acid in the chinese herbal medicines. It was based on the enhanceed chemiluminescent emitted during the oxidation of gallic acid by producing of hydroxy free radical with chemical reaction between Fe3+ and H2O2 solution in HCl medium condition in the presence of rhodmine 6G as energy transfer in chemiluminescence system,in which various factors influenced the chemiluminescence system were investigated carefully. The possible mechanism of the proposed method was also studied preliminarily. The results showed that 0.18 mol/L hydrochloric acid solution,ferric chloride concentration of 0.04 mol/L,hydrogen peroxide 1.0 mol/L,and 1.0×10-4 mol/L rhodamine 6G solution was the chemical composition of the optimal chemiluminescence system. The detection limit is 3×10-6 g/L (3σ),the linear range of determination was from 1.0×10-5-1×10-2 g/L and 0.01-1.0 g/L,r=0.9984 and 0.9947,the relative standard deviation was 3.8%(1×10-4 g/L,n=11). This method is proved to be of high sensitivity,low detection limit,simple operation and inexpensive devices. The recommended method has been successfully used for the analysis of gallic acid in chinese herbal medicine of gallnut and medicine terminalia fruit.

Field of study: Chemistry
GEOLOGY OF THE TECOPA AREA, SOUTHEASTERN CALIFORNIA

This paper presents the areal geology of the Tecopa area, which may be the root zone of the Amargosa thrust and other sheets described in the Death Valley (Virgin Spring) region, California (Noble, 1941). The stratigraphy of the Algonkian and Cambrian strata in the Tecopa area was studied by Hazzard assisted by the writer. The present map (Pl. 2) is an attempt to utilize the published stratigraphic units of Hazzard and Hewett as cartographic units, in parts of the Shoshone and Tecopa quadrangles, southeasternmost Inyo County, California. More than 16,000 feet of Cambrian and Algonkian strata is involved in structural complexity suggesting westward thrust faulting on a large scale. The sedimentary section apparently has been skidded off the rigid Archean basement, and similar skidding of younger over older beds occurs higher in the section at two or three horizons. Movement in nearly all cases seems to be to the west, a fact not yet harmonized with directions of movement reported in neighboring areas. High-angle faults, including those of the Basin Range faulting, are mapped.

Field of study: Geology
On high-resolution reciprocal-space mapping with a triple-crystal diffractometer for high-energy X-rays.

High-energy X-rav diffraction by means of triple-crystal techniques is a powerful tool for investigating dislocations and strain in bulk materials. Radiation with an energy typically higher than 80 keV combines the advantage of low attenuation with high resolution at large momentum transfers. The triple-crystal diffractometer at the High Energy Beamline of the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility is described. It is shown how the transverse and longitudinal resolution depend on the choice of the crystal reflection, and how the orientation of a reciprocal-lattice distortion in an investigated sample towards the resolution element of the instrument can play an important role. This effect is demonstrated on a single crystal of silicon where a layer of macro pores reveals satellites around the Bragg reflection. The resulting longitudinal distortion can be investigated using the high transverse resolution of the instrument when choosing an appropriate reflection.

Field of study: Physics
ANALYTICAL METHOD OF ACROSS-WIND RESPONSE AND EQUIVALENT STATIC WIND LOADS OF HIGH-RISE BUILDINGS

Acorss-wind responses and equivalent static wind loads of tall buildings are presently problems of great concerns in wind engineering and structural enginerring.Based on the results of across-wind aerodynamic forces and aerodynamic damping of high-rise buildings obtained in previous studies,a new analytical method for across-wind responses and corresponding equivalent static wind loads of high-rise buildings is developed.Effects of mode-shape correction of generalized aerodynamic force,aerodynamic damping and background response component on the overall responses are taken into account in this method.A comparison of across-wind responses of a typical building computed using the present method and the method recommended by the Architectural Institute of Japan verifies the convenience and accuracy of the proposed method for practical purpose.Advantages of this method over the AIJ method are also indicated.

Field of study: Engineering
Successful intradialytic parenteral nutrition after abdominal "Catastrophes" in chronically hemodialysed patients.

To assess the therapeutic contribution of intradialytic parenteral nutrition (IDPN) in four acutely ill, hypercatabolic, hemodialysed patients. All underwent major surgery, complicated by infection and malnutrition.



A retrospective clinical study.



An in-center hemodialysis unit, at a tertiary referral hospital.



Patient 1: a young woman, with a good renal transplant. Developed gastric lymphoma, which required gastrectomy. After cessation of immunosuppression, "lost" her kidney and returned to hemodialysis. Received IDPN for 4 months and recovered well from severe malnourishment. Patient 2: an elderly, malnourished man, on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). Developed biliary peritonitis and bacteremia. In a 3-month period, the patient had four operations. Maintained on IDPN for 4 months. Patient 3: a young and obese man, who suffered from life-threatening staphylococcal aureus peritonitis, resulting in widespread bowel adhesions. Underwent repeated aspirations of purulent ascites, laparoscopy, and explorative laparotomy. IDPN was administered for 4 months and stopped on the patient's request. Patient 4: a young man, who after cadaveric renal transplantation remained hospitalized for 6 months because of acute rejection and peritoneal and retroperitoneal abscesses. Had major surgery performed seven times. Received IDPN for 6 months, and is now well.



All four patients benefited from 4 to 6 months of IDPN, as an integral part of intensive supportive and nutritional treatment. Weight loss was halted, as patient appetite returned and oral nutrition became adequate. Estimated daily protein intake reached 1.2 g/kg, while caloric intake rose to nearly 30 kcal/kg/d (Table 3). Mean serum albumin levels increased from 25.5 g/L +/- 0.9 g/L to 38.0 g/L +/- 1.5 g/L. No adverse side effects were seen from IDPN.



IDPN is a worthwhile part of treatments used in the catabolic, postoperative hemodialysed patient. It is safe and efficient when used over a 6-month period in trying to attenuate existing, or worsening malnutrition in these patients. It should be commenced at an early stage in these patients, after attempts at oral nutritional support have been deemed inadequate.

Field of study: Medicine
Total phenolic content and primary antioxidant activity of methanolic and ethanolic extracts of aromatic plants’ leaves

The aim of this study is to determine the total phenolic content and primary antioxidant activity of methanolic and ethanolic extracts of four aromatic plants' leaves namely knotweed (Polygonum minus), curry (Murraya koenigii), kaffir lime (Citrus hysrix) and fragrant screwpine (Pandanus odurus). Total phenolic content (TPC) assay using Folin-Ciocalteu method was used to assess the presence and level of phenolic compounds in each sample. The present study showed that both methanolic and ethanolic extracts of P. minus had the highest TPC and followed by M. koenigii, C. hystrix and P. odorus. Primary antioxidant activity in terms of free radical scavenging activities of both methanolic and ethanolic extracts was then measured by 2, 2, diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity assay. The lowest EC 50 values based on the DPPH . radical scavenging activity were shown by P. minus extracts as compared to the other samples. For both ethanolic and methanolic extracts, the correlations between TPC and EC 50 based on the DPPH . radical scavenging activity assay were negative and weak. Relatively, the present results suggest that of the four aromatic plants, P. minus and M. koenigii have shown potential as sources of natural antioxidants.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Dynamics of time discrimination: II. The effects of multiple impulses.

According to a diffusion generalization model, time discrimination is determined by the frequency and recency of preceding intervals of time. A procedure for studying rapid timing was used to investigate whether pigeons' wait-time responses were sensitive to these factors. In Experiment 1 the number (two or eight) and spacing (consecutive or far apart) of 5-s interfood intervals (called impulses) intercalated in a series of 15-s interfood intervals (nonimpulses) were studied. Experiment 2 was identical to the first but the interfood intervals were increased by a factor of three. Overall, impulses shortened wait times in the next interfood interval. However, several impulses occurring in succession extended the localized effect of an impulse: Wait times following a set of eight-close impulses were slow to recover to preimpulse levels. The results show that linear waiting is only an approximation to the dynamic process, and a process that is sensitive to events in an animal's remote past, such as the diffusion generalization model, provides a better account of rapid timing effects.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
English reflexives as LF-affixes

The purpose of this study is to account for the binding properties of En­ glish anaphors within the Minimalist Theory (Chomsky 1992).We assume that anaphors have defective referential features to be checked off. These defective referential features of anaphors are checked off by AGRs which share all the features with NPs in SPEC of AGRsP. We also assume that anaphors are LF -affixes, being affixed to predicates which take them as their arguments. When an anaphor is affixed to its predicate, for example, V, anaphor+ V moves to AGRs to get phi-features and tense features of V checked off. In this position. the anaphor gets its defective referential feature checked by AGR. In this way, the process of binding is captured by the defective referential feature checking. By assuming that anaphors with defective referential features are LF -affixes, we can subsume En­ glish anaphora under the Principle of Full Interpretation and Economy without any other independent condition for anaphors.

Field of study: Linguistics
The Jurisdictional Label: Use and Misuse

* J.D. Candidate, Stanford Law School, 2006; B.A., Williams College, 2003. I would like to thank Alan Morrison for his help and guidance throughout the writing process, Frank Lees and Fran Mascia-Lees for their keen editing and much-needed encouragement, and the members of the editing team at the Stanford Law Review for their helpful comments. I owe a special debt of gratitude to Norm Spaulding, not only for his valuable insights on this topic, but also for his unending support and mentorship.

Field of study: Law
Metal-Poor Stars and the Chemical Enrichment of the Universe

Metal-poor stars hold the key to our understanding of the origin of the elements and the chemical evolution of the Universe. This chapter describes the process of discovery of these rare stars, the manner in which their surface abundances (produced in supernovae and other evolved stars) are determined from the analysis of their spectra, and the interpretation of their abundance patterns to elucidate questions of origin and evolution. More generally, studies of these stars contribute to other fundamental areas that include nuclear astrophysics, conditions at the earliest times, the nature of the first stars, and the formation and evolution of galaxies -- including our own Milky Way. We illustrate this with results from studies of lithium formed during the Big Bang; of stars dated to within ~1 Gyr of that event; of the most metal-poor stars, with abundance signatures very different from all other stars; and of the build-up of the elements over the first several Gyr. The combination of abundance and kinematic signatures constrains how the Milky Way formed, while recent discoveries of extremely metal-poor stars in the Milky Way's dwarf galaxy satellites constrain the hierarchical build-up of its stellar halo from small dark-matter dominated systems.

Field of study: Physics
The mercury resistance (mer) operon in a marine gliding flavobacterium, Tenacibaculum discolor 9A5.

Genes conferring mercury resistance have been investigated in a variety of bacteria and archaea but not in bacteria of the phylum Bacteroidetes, despite their importance in many environments. We found, however, that a marine gliding Bacteroidetes species, Tenacibaculum discolor, was the predominant mercury-resistant bacterial taxon cultured from a salt marsh fertilized with mercury-contaminated sewage sludge. Here we report characterization of the mercuric reductase and the narrow-spectrum mercury resistance (mer) operon from one of these strains - T. discolor 9A5. This mer operon, which confers mercury resistance when cloned into Flavobacterium johnsoniae, encodes a novel mercury-responsive ArsR/SmtB family transcriptional regulator that appears to have evolved independently from other mercury-responsive regulators, a novel putative transport protein consisting of a fusion between the integral membrane Hg(II) transporter MerT and the periplasmic Hg(II)-binding protein MerP, an additional MerP protein, and a mercuric reductase that is phylogenetically distinct from other known mercuric reductases.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Sm–Nd fluorite dating of Proterozoic low-sulfidation epithermal Au–Ag deposits and U–Pb zircon dating of host rocks at Mallery Lake, Nunavut, Canada

The Mallery Lake area contains precious metal-bearing quartzchalcedony stockworks that are pristine examples of ancient low-sulfidation epithermal deposits. Fluorite extracted from these epithermal deposits define a SmNd errorchron age of 1434 ± 23 Ma mean square of weighted deviates (MSWD) = 4.8. This date is interpreted to have age significance because (1) a simple linear trend does not exist between the 143Nd/144Nd ratios of the fluorite with respect to their 1/Nd concentrations as would be expected for mixing of two geochemical end members; (2) microthermometric studies indicate that the fluorite analysed in this study has an intimate association with a single high-salinity, calcic brinal fluid; and (3) the age determined from seven fluorite samples extracted from a single outcrop location yielded an identical age result (1434 ± 60 Ma; MSWD = 5.5) compared to the fluorite composite. Rhyodacites of the Pitz Formation and syenites from the Nueltin suite (intrusive equivalent to the rhyodacites) are th...

Field of study: Environmental science
Characterization and sequence of the Chryseobacterium (Flavobacterium) meningosepticum carbapenemase: a new molecular class B beta-lactamase showing a broad substrate profile.

The metallo-beta-lactamase produced by Chryseobacterium (formerly Flavobacterium) meningosepticum, which is the flavobacterial species of greatest clinical relevance, was purified and characterized. The enzyme, named BlaB, contains a polypeptide with an apparent Mr of 26000, and has a pI of 8.5. It hydrolyses penicillins, cephalosporins (including cefoxitin), carbapenems and 6-beta-iodopenicillanate, a mechanism-based inactivator of active-site serine beta-lactamases. The enzyme was inhibited by EDTA, 1-10 phenanthroline and pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylic acid, with different inactivation parameters for each chelating agent. The C. meningosepticum blaB gene was cloned and sequenced. According to the G+C content and codon usage, the blaB gene appeared to be endogenous to the species. The BlaB enzyme showed significant sequence similarity to other class B beta-lactamases, being overall more similar to members of subclass B1, which includes the metallo-enzymes of Bacillus cereus (Bc-II) and Bacteroides fragilis (CcrA) and the IMP-1 enzyme found in various microbial species, and more distantly related to the metallo-beta-lactamases of Aeromonas spp. (CphA, CphA2 and ImiS) and of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (L1).

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Fast Complexified Quaternion Fourier Transform

In this paper, we consider the extension of the Fourier transform to biquaternion-valued signals. We introduce a transform that we call the biquaternion Fourier transform (BiQFT). After giving some general properties of this transform, we show how it can be used to generalize the notion of analytic signal to complex-valued signals. We introduce the notion of hyperanalytic signal. We also study the Hermitian symmetries of the BiQFT and their relation to the geometric nature of a biquaternion-valued signal. Finally, we present a fast algorithm for the computation of the BiQFT. This algorithm is based on a (complex) change of basis and four standard complex FFTs.

Field of study: Engineering