nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
A Uqp(u2) ROTOR MODEL FOR ROTATIONAL BANDS OF SUPERDEFORMED NUCLEI

A nonrigid rotor model is developed from the two-parameter quantum algebra Uqp(u2). (This model presents the Uqp(u2) symmetry and shall be refered to as the qp-rotor model.) A rotational energy formula as well as a qp-deformation of E2 reduced transition probabilities are derived. The qp-rotor model is applied (through fitting procedures) to twenty rotational bands of superdeformed nuclei in the A~130, 150, and 190 mass regions. Systematic comparisons between the qp-rotor model and the q-rotor model of Raychev, Roussev, and Smirnov, on one hand, and a basic three-parameter model, on the other, are performed on energy spectra, on dynamical moments of inertia and on B(E2) values. The physical significance of the deformation parameters q and p is discussed.

Field of study: Physics
Lessons Learned During Spiroketalization Experiments: Progress and Setbacks in the Preparation of Oxygenated Rubromycins and Synthesis of 3′‐Deoxyheliquinomycinone

In this account we disclose our results on the synthesis of 3-hydroxy-substituted rubromycin derivatives. We reevaluate our methoxyallene-based first-generation approach to this class of natural products, that so far suffered from a notoriously inefficient late-stage spiroketalization step. While resuming model studies we recognized that the success of this acid-mediated key transformation is highly solvent-dependent. Methanol turned out to be the solvent of choice. With one substrate an unexpected intramolecular Friedel–Crafts-type alkylation provided an interesting hexacyclic side-product. Based on these observations and with several adjustments to the synthetic route, but still maintaining the original retrosynthetic strategy, here we present a second-generation approach that eventually allowed the preparation of several rubromycin derivatives (on an up to >100 mg scale) for the first time.

Field of study: Chemistry
Stability of heated nuclei against mass-asymmetric deformations in the fission process

The fission-fragment mass distributions for3He-induced reactions on162Dy,169Tm,176Hf,181Ta, and180W were measured at a bombarding energy of 60–65 MeV. The parameters of stability of the saddle-point configurations with respect to the mass-asymmetric deformationsQ have been estimated from the data on the distribution variances and compared with the LDM predictions. Quantitative analysis of the fission barriers andQ(X)-dependence has shown inconsistencies in the modern description of the mass and energy macroscopic component.

Field of study: Physics
Behavioral responses of the chronically instrumented sheep fetus to chemosensory stimuli presented in utero.

Fetal sheep were surgically prepared on Days 113-114 of gestation with an array of chronic instruments for recording electromyographic data (EMG) in oral-facial, axial, and limb muscles and heart rate (FHR). Fetuses also were fitted with an intraoral catheter for infusion of chemosensory fluids (isotonic saline, quinine, colostrum, sucrose) onto the surface of the tongue. Individual subjects received chemosensory infusions on Days 134-137. Fetuses showed consistent oral responses to quinine and milk, but did not respond to isotonic saline or sucrose. Different patterns of motor responses suggested that fetuses discriminated among different concentrations of quinine. The expression of tachycardia to quinine and bradycardia to milk also suggested differential responding to chemosensory fluids that differ in hedonic qualities. Detailed characterization of fetal responses to these stimuli in utero confirm the functionality of the gustatory system in the sheep fetus near term.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
On The Use of Consensus: Prediction, Attribution and Evaluation

Subjects read about a psychology experiment on helping be havior. Consensus information was manipulated by presenting base rates for experimental helping behavior (high, low, or no base rate information) and by altering the described situation such that helping behavior was more or less expected of participants (high, medium, low or no implicit consensus). Base rate information influenced predic tions more than did implicit consensus information. However, implicit consensus but not base rates influenced causal attributions for non- helping behavior and evaluations of non-helpers. Implications of these results for the recent dispute concerning observers' use of consensus information were discussed.

Field of study: Psychology
Buffeting of a slender circular beam in axial turbulent flows

This paper deals with the buffeting of a slender, circular, flexible beam-rod in an axial turbulent flow. The principal excitation mechanisms are the turbulent wall pressure fluctuations and the motion-dependent (self-excited) aerodynamic force caused by the beam motion. On the assumption that the turbulent wall pressure fluctuations are independent of the beam motion, a linear forced-vibration model is used to determine the buffeting response of the beam and to investigate the length scale effects of turbulences on the beam buffeting. Transverse buffeting of the beam in an axial turbulent flow depends largely on the ratio of the longitudinal scale of the turbulences to the bending wavelength of the beam and on the ratio of the circumferential scale of the turbulences to the radius of the beam. The spectra and the mean square values of the buffeting displacement of the beam become vanishingly small, both when either of these ratios is very small ( 10/sup 2/). When the former ratio is very large the first mode of the buffeting is dominant and other modes are less apparent, especially the high-frequency modes. 27 references, 3 figures.

Field of study: Physics
The Role of language in Education: An Analytical Review of Pakistan’s Education Policy 2009

The focus of this discussion is the latest language policy in Pakistan, suggested in 2009. The theme of “divide and rule” has been an essential part of language policy in Pakistan through the colonialist role of English during the colonial period as well as the post-independence period. We have analyzed the role of proposed language in NEP (National Education Policy), 2009 in terms of educational divide. The conclusion of this discussion is that teaching in mother tongue for primary education can be successfully implemented. It will help minimize dropout level and help children in their educational careers at the same time. A strategy for the development of English language teaching in Pakistan has also been suggested in this paper. This strategy has been outlined, keeping in view the objectives of the NEP and the available resources.  Education Policy, Language Policy, Educational divide, Primary Education, Medium of Instruction

Field of study: Education
Avez-vous utilisé votre SOAP aujourd’hui?: Tenir compte des effets de l’alimentation et de l’environnement sur l’expression génétique

> Que ton aliment soit ta seule medecine. 
> 
> Hippocrate
Etant medecin de famille depuis plus de 25 ans, j’utilise le « SOAP » tous les jours. Bien sur, je ne parle pas ici du savon que nous utilisons habituellement pour nous debarrasser des mechants microbes et nous garder propres ainsi

Field of study: Medicine
Reliability of a Utility for Risk Measure

Since the publication of Von Neurnann and Morgenstern's book (1944), risk-taking has received intensified attention as a factor in psychological behavior. Recently, Ziller (1957) has developed a technique for estimating utility for risk which supposedly measures individual decision-making response under conditions of uncertainty and risk.  Test Risk score is obtained by the following formula developed by him and Roby ( 1957 ) : R = 2\W/ ( 2 W + 0 ) , where R = Risk, W = Number of wrong responses, and 0 = Number of items omitted. The measure of utility for risk may then be described as the ratio of the number of items on which Ss hazard guesses to the number of items not known by Ss. However, the reliability of this type of measure has not been established. A 15-item quiz,l designed on the Ziller paradigm for an introductory psychology class at the University of North Dakota was administered to 279 students. Their scores from the odd-numbered items of the quiz were used in the Ziller formula in order to obtain Test Risk scores. The same procedure was followed, using information from the even-numbered items. A split-half reliability coefficient was computed, based on these two sets of Test Risk scores. The obtained split-half coefficient was .77, when corrected by the Brown-Spearman formula was 3 7 . The split-half technique generally is believed to result in spurious estimates of the reliability of a measure. However, the results suggest that chis parcicular measure possessed acceptable split-half reliability.

Field of study: Psychology
[Susac syndrome, review and clinical case].

Susac syndrome (SS) is an extremely rare neurological disorder characterized by symptoms of a clinical triad: encephalopathy, retinopathy and hearing loss. These problems arise from the microangiopathy of blood vessels that supply blood to the brain, the retina and the cochlea. SS is more common in young women. The authors present a literature review on the diagnosis and treatment of SS and the clinical observation of patients with classic signs of the disease triad.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Massive rhizobial genomic variation associated with partner quality in Lotus-Mesorhizobium symbiosis.

Variation in partner quality is commonly observed in diverse cooperative relationships, despite the theoretical prediction that selection favoring high-quality partners should eliminate such variation. Here, we investigated how genetic variation in partner quality could be maintained in the nitrogen-fixing mutualism between Lotus japonicus and Mesorhizobium bacteria. We reconstructed de novo assembled full-genome sequences from nine rhizobial symbionts, finding massive variation in the core genome and the similar symbiotic islands, indicating recent horizontal gene transfer (HGT) of the symbiosis islands into diverse Mesorhizobium lineages. A cross-inoculation experiment using nine sequenced rhizobial symbionts and 15 L. japonicus accessions revealed extensive quality variation represented by plant growth phenotypes, including genotype-by-genotype interactions. Variation in quality was not associated with the presence/absence variation in known symbiosis-related genes in the symbiosis island; rather, it showed significant correlation with the core genome variation. Given the recurrent HGT of the symbiosis islands into diverse Mesorhizobium strains, local Mesorhizobium communities could serve as a major source of variation for core genomes, which might prevent variation in partner quality from fixing, even in the presence of selection favoring high-quality partners. These findings highlight the novel role of HGT of symbiosis islands in maintaining partner quality variation in the legume-rhizobia symbiosis.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
ANDSF-Assisted vertical handover decisions in the IEEE 802.11/LTE-Advanced network

To address the challenging issues of energy-efficiency and seamless connectivity in heterogeneous networks, 3GPP and IEEE have recently incorporated several architectural and functional enhancements to the baseline operation of their standards for cellular and wireless local area network access, respectively. Based on the 3GPP Access Network Discovery and Selection Function (ANDSF) as well as the advanced measurement capabilities provided by the IEEE 802.11-2012 and the 3GPP Long Term Evolution-Advanced (LTE-A) Standards, we propose an ANDSF-assisted energy-efficient vertical handover decision algorithm for the heterogeneous IEEE 802.11-2012 / LTE-A network. The proposed algorithm enables multi-mode mobile terminals to select and associate with the network point of attachment that minimizes the average overall power consumption at the mobile terminal and guarantees a minimum supported quality of service for its ongoing connections. System-level simulations demonstrate the performance of the proposed algorithm and compare it against that of other competing solutions.

Field of study: Computer science
Letter from Colonel John T. Pickett, of the Southern Confederacy, to Senor Don Manuel de Zamacona, Minister of Foreign Affairs, Mexico

Early in 1861, Colonel John T. Pickett of Virginia was sent to Mexico as the diplomatic agent of the Confederate States. He soon found that, while Corwin, the minister from the United States, and the people from the North who happened to be in the country were in high favor, he himself was regarded with coldness and suspicion. The unfriendliness of the Mexicans towards him and his government was augmented by the efforts of the Northerners, with one of whom-"an unlucky pill-vender by the name of Bennett"-he got into a quarrel. Bennett refused to respond to a challenge to a duel and the Southern diplomat went to the former's place of business and, after calling him a liar, struck and kicked him. This incident resulted in Pickett's arrest by the Mexican authorities on the charge of assault and battery. Pickett claimed immunity on the basis of his diplomatic character, and, this being refused him, finally secured his release from jail by means of bribery. In December he left Mexico, by which time the government of the Republic had virtually ceased to function, and the European creditors of the hapless nation had begun to crowd it badly. Among the Pickett Papers in the Map Division of the Library of Congress are to be found copies of the Mexican correspondence of Pickett, from which the following letter (marked "with No. 10"), which indicates the nature of Pickett's negotiations and the general character of the correspondence, has been reproduced. The volume containing the copy of the letter is number 26 of the Papers of the Confederate States. MARY WILHELMINE WILLIAMS.

Field of study: History
Modulo l-representations of p-adic groups SLn(F): maximal simple k-types

Let p be an arbitrary prime number and k be an algebraically closed field of characteristic l different from p. We construct maximal simple k-types of Levi subgroups M' of SLn(F), when F is a non-archimedean locally compact field of residual characteristic p, which is to say that any cuspidal k-representation of M' can be compactly induced from an irreducible k-representation of a compact modulo centre subgroup of M', and we also prove the unicity property of intertwining implies conjugacy for maximal simple k-types, extended maximal simple k-types and simple k-characters of M'.

Field of study: Mathematics
The Matuyama–Brunhes boundary and the nature of magnetic remanence acquisition in the loess–palaeosol sequence from the western part of the East European loess province

Loess–palaeosol sequences from the western part of the East European loess province were palaeomagnetically studied. The position of the Matuyama–Brunhes boundary was found in the sequence at Zahvizdja (East Carpathian Foreland) overlying the surface that corresponds to the VI Dniestre terrace. This boundary is located within the accumulation horizon of an interglacial soil developed during the time equivalent of oxygen isotope stage 19. The lowermost palaeosol of this sequence, located just below the soil containing the Matuyama–Brunhes boundary record, can thus be correlated with oxygen isotope stage 21 and the VI Dniestre terrace was developed during oxygen isotope stage 22. Samples from the palaeosols (especially from their accumulation horizons) revealed the presence of secondary (postdepositional) components of magnetisation, some resistant to alternating field demagnetisation even as high as 100 mT. Fine-grained maghaemite is most probably the carrier of these components. Subsequent thermal demagnetisation can remove them, to establish the primary palaeodirections. Haematite and magnetite are the main carriers of remanent magnetisation of the loess layers. The degree of possible delay of remanence acquisition in loess sequences was assessed on sediments from three sections sampled in the Volhynia and Lublin uplands. Good correlation of directional changes recorded in coeval segments of loess sections shows that the characteristic magnetisation of aeolian deposits from the western part of the East European loess province is approximately syndepositional.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Optimized multiwavelength combination sources for interferometric use.

We present the use of multiwavelength combination sources in a direct method for improved central fringe identification in a white-light interferometric system. The optimum wavelength combinations of such sources can be obtained by the use of the results of a simple analysis. We find that this multiwavelength technique can greatly reduce the minimum signal-to-noise ratio required by the systemwhen used to identify the central fringe, and thus it offers an increased signal resolution. As a result, it is suitable for high-precision measurement purposes as well as for applications in coherence multiplexed interferometric sensor systems.

Field of study: Physics
Late-glacial chironomid-based temperature reconstructions for Lago Piccolo di Avigliana in the southwestern Alps (Italy)

Chironomid headcapsules were used to reconstruct late glacial and early-Holocene summer temperatures at Lago Piccolo di Avigliana (LPA). Two training sets (northern Sweden, North America) were used to infer temperatures. The reconstructed patterns of temperature change agreed well with the GRIP and NGRIP δ18O records. Inferred temperatures were high during the Bolling (ca 19 °C), slowly decreased to ca 17.5 °C during the Allerod, reached lowest temperatures (ca 16 °C) during the Younger Dryas, and increased to ca. 18.5 °C during the Preboreal. The amplitudes of change at climate transitions (i.e. Oldest Dryas/Bolling: 3 °C, Allerod/Younger Dryas: 1.5 °C, and Younger Dryas/Preboreal: 2.5 °C) were smaller than in the northern Alps but similar to those recorded at another site in northeastern Italy. Our results suggest that (1) Allerod temperatures were higher in the southern Alps and (2) higher during the Preboreal (1 °C) than during the Allerod. These differences might provide an explanation for the different responses of terrestrial-vegetation to late glacial and early-Holocene climatic changes in the two regions. Other sites on both sides of the Alps should be studied to confirm these two hypotheses.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Recovery of a marker strain of Salmonella typhimurium in litter and aerosols from isolation rooms containing infected chickens

Screening of poultry flocks for foodborne pathogen Salmonella contamination is critical for Salmonella control in preharvest stages of poultry production. In this study, two sampling methods (litter and air filter) were compared for detection of S. typhimurium from experimentally infected chicks some of which had received either a probiotic competitive exclusion culture or transfer of cecal contents from salmonellae‐free adult birds. At 4, 9, and 11 days after inoculation, S. typhimurium samples were enumerated by selective plating. For both types of sampling, the control birds yielded the greatest levels of environmental contamination followed by the samples from the probiotic inoculated birds with the birds receiving the cecal transfer culture having the lowest levels of contamination. Although the two sampling methods responded in a similar fashion, detection sensitivity needs to be increased for air filter sampling.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Opportunities in silicon photovoltaics and defect control in photovoltaic materials

Silicon is the dominant semiconductor material in use for terrestrial photovoltaic cells. The critical issues in cell design, materials specification and cell processing are reviewed. Specific attention is given to light trapping, minority carrier lifetime control and novel microstructures for enhancing photon absorption. Relevant topics in generic defect control are discussed with particular emphasis on compound semiconductor materials.

Field of study: Materials science
Experimental investigation of precooling desiccant-wheel air-conditioning system in a high-temperature and high-humidity environment

Desiccant-wheel air-conditioning systems driven by low-grade thermal energy have many advantages compared with traditional air-conditioning systems, including energy savings, comfort and environmental protection. Because of the insufficient dehumidification capacity of traditional air-conditioning systems, a precooling desiccant-wheel air-conditioning system that operates under high-temperature and high-humidity conditions was developed. To study the performance of the precooling desiccant-wheel air-conditioning system, experimental devices were built. The effects of the air parameters, regeneration temperature and water supply temperature on the performance of the precooling desiccant-wheel air-conditioning system were experimentally studied. The performance indices included the moisture removal capacity, dehumidification efficiency, refrigeration capacity, enthalpy efficiency and thermodynamic efficiency. The process air temperature, process air humidity ratio, regeneration temperature and water supply temperature had significant effects on the system's performance. When a renewable low-grade heat source was used, the energy consumption of the precooling desiccant-wheel air-conditioning system was reduced. This study provides guidance on the energy conservation design for precooling desiccant-wheel air-conditioning systems intended for use in high-temperature and high-humidity environments.

Field of study: Engineering
Living Between Empires: Diplomacy and Politics in the Late Eighteenth-Century Mosquitia

In June 1787, Lieutenant Colonel Gabriel de Hervías, on behalf of the Spanish crown, took possession from Major James Lawrie of the small British settlement of Black River (Río Tinto), marking the formal end of three decades of diplomatic wrangling over the existence of the British Superintendency over the Mosquito Shore (1748 to 1787). Within three years of Lawrie's departure, along with that of 537 British settlers and 1,677 slaves, the narrow stretch of territory extending along the Atlantic coasts of Honduras and Nicaragua and known to the Spanish as costa de mosquitos was engulfed in violent conflicts between leaders of the Miskitu peoples and their followers. The first outbreak of intra-Miskitu hostilities pitted the Indian governor Colville Briton against other prominent chiefs, including his nephew Admiral Alparis Dilson; a second pitted Admiral Dilson and his brother Major Hewlett against the Afro-Indian or “Zambo” King George II. By the time the conflicts had come to an end, both Briton and Dilson had been executed, Hewlett had escaped the region for the safety of the Panamanian coast, and George had asserted his ascendancy over rival chiefs and their people.

Field of study: History