nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and Characterization of Dual-function H2O2-Responsive Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery to Treat Atherosclerosis

Oxidative stress is one of the major factors involved in pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Here, a smart dual-function drug delivery system (DDS) that neutralized the plaques through its reaction with the oxidative microenvironment was fabricated. Micelles were obtained from the graft copolymer of serotonin hydrochloride, polyethylene glycol, p (itaconic acid) and aminophenylboronic-acid-linked rutin. Fluorescence carbon quantum dots (CDs) were attached to the surface of the micelles to provide dual functionality of precise treatment and diagnosis. DDS was simultaneously served as a stimuli-responsive drug delivery carrier and as a probe to detect plaques. In vitro experiments indicated that these “smart” nanoparticles could efficiently target macrophages and provide accurate imaging. At the same time, their “smart” responses to H2O2 solved the problem of sudden drug release, which could significantly improve therapeutic effect of the delivered drug.

Field of study: Chemistry
Fourteen-decade photocurrent measurements with large-area silicon photodiodes at room temperature.

Recent improvements in commercial silicon photodiodes and operational amplifiers permit electrical noise to be reduced to an equivalent of 0.1 fA of photocurrent when a measurement time of 400 s is used. This is equivalent to a photocurrent resulting from fewer than 800 photons/s, and it implies a dynamic range of 14 orders of magnitude for a detector circuit. We explain the circuit theory, paying particular attention to the measurement bandwidth, the causes of noise and drift, and the proper selection of circuit components. These optical radiation detectors complement the primary radiometric standards. These detectors may replace photomultiplier tubes that have been used traditionally and or that were too costly to be used.

Field of study: Physics
Access to Literacy Resources in Tanzanian Homes and Schools

The issue of scarcity of resources that aid language and literacy acquisition at home and at school is the focus of this paper. These resources include books, print media such as newspapers, broadcasting media for instance television and radio sets. This paper examines - through an ethnographic lens - the role played by literacy resources in literacy acquisition. This was done through data elicited from interview and observations of interviewees’ home to determine the availability of these literacy resources and the way interviewees interact with them. First, the finding indicates, on the one hand, that some homes lack literacy resources, which assist language and literacy acquisition, and on the other, the finding suggests that some home possess these materials and yet they are not used in literate ways. Secondly, with regard to the availability of textbooks at school, the finding shows that books are scarce and where available they are locked away for fear of being lost by pupils.  Concerning this issue, the paper exhorts parents to invest in textbooks for their children.  New literacy studies; literacy resources; literacy acquisition; Kiswahili; Tanzania; ethnography

Field of study: Education
Endovascular management of carotid artery disease after radiation therapy and radical neck dissection.

OBJECT
More patients with head and neck cancers who undergo radical neck dissection and adjuvant radiation are experiencing prolonged survival times. Because of their improved survival, patients are living long enough to suffer the delayed effects of radiation therapy. Radiation-induced carotid artery (CA) stenosis in patients with or without radical neck dissection often requires extensive exposure and vessel reconstruction. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of endovascular treatment as an alternative therapy for radiation-induced CA stenosis.



Coinciding with the improved longevity of these patients, CA angioplasty and stent placement has become a definitive treatment strategy for this particularly challenging group of individuals. Long lesions are easily addressed with multiple telescoped stents. The tendency toward early restenosis can now be addressed with cutting balloon angioplasty. A review of the authors' institutional database yielded five patients (four men and one woman) with a history of radiation treatment ipsilateral to their CA stenosis. Three of five patients were symptomatic, and the interval between radiation therapy and endovascular treatment ranged from 1 to 47 years (mean 16.6 years). Four of the five patients were treated using distal embolic protection devices, and all patients underwent balloon dilation after stent placement.



As advancements are made in the technology and techniques for CA angioplasty and stent placement, the safety and durability of treatments in patients with radiation-induced atherosclerotic disease will improve.

Field of study: Medicine
Wave physics of the graphene lattice emulated in a ripple tank

Using the example of graphene, we have extended the classic ripple tank experiment to illustrate the behavior of waves in periodic lattices. A loudspeaker driving air through a periodically perforated plate onto the tank's water surface creates wave patterns that are in agreement with numerical simulations and are explained in terms of solid state theory. From an educational point of view, the experiment provides an illustrative example of the concepts of reciprocal space and symmetry.

Field of study: Physics
Proliferation of antigen specific T cells in vitro and analysis of phenotype and function

To explore a new peptide-based approach independent of HLA to generate antigen-specific CD+ CD8+T cells.  Peripheral blood mononuclear cells(PBMC) were stimula- ted for 6 h with IE-1 peptide pool. Then the activated IFN-γsecreting ceils were tested by immunomagnetic selection. And the selected cells were cultured with radio-inactivated PBMC in medium with 100 IU/ml IL-2 for 4 weeks.  The generated T cell lines consisted of IE-1 specific CD4+ T (6.88%) and CD8+ T cells 92.99%, which demonstrated antigen-specific killing and cytokine secretion.  T ceils can be proliferated with this new procedure, and maintain its phenotype and antigen-specific function. 
 
 
Adoptive immunotherapy;  Antigen-specific T cells;  Peptide pool

Field of study: Biology
Preparation of Nano-silver with Green Tea Extract

As zero-dimensional nanomaterial,nano-si1ver has been widely used in various fields due to its unique properties. Preparation of nano-si1ver using biological method as an environmental friendly method can actively promote the construction of environment-friendly society. However there are few reports on the study on reducing si1ver ions by using plants. Nano-si1ver was obtained through reducing AgNO3 by green tea extract without any surfactants,and the prepared nanometer si1ver powder prepared was characterized by scanning electron micrograph(SEM) and X- ray diffraction(XRD). Results showed that the obtained nanometer silver powder was excellent with regular spherical shape and facecentered cubic(FCC) system with its grain diameter among 30 ~40nm The best preparation conditions were determined through the orthogonal test design as reaction temperature 40 ℃,AgNO3 concentration 0.08 mol/L,concentration of green tea extract 0.012 5 g/mL for 2 h.

Field of study: Environmental science
Plexiform Neurofibroma from Palmaris Longus with Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

Plexiform neurofibromas (NF) involving the palmaris longus tendon are rare diseases difficult to diagnose when the classical manifestations, e.g. skin pigmentation, sub cutaneous nodules, lisch nodules, family history, etc are absent. We report a case of 26 years male with plexiform NF of palmaris longus tendon which is a relatively rare site. Plexiform NF commonly involve the cranial nerves.

Field of study: Medicine
Impact of short-lived non-CO2 mitigation on carbon budgets for stabilizing global warming

Limiting global warming to any level requires limiting the total amount of CO2 emissions, or staying within a CO2 budget. Here we assess how emissions from short-lived non-CO2 species like methane, hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), black-carbon, and sulphates influence these CO2 budgets. Our default case, which assumes mitigation in all sectors and of all gases, results in a CO2 budget between 2011–2100 of 340 PgC for a >66% chance of staying below 2°C, consistent with the assessment of the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Extreme variations of air-pollutant emissions from black-carbon and sulphates influence this budget by about ±5%. In the hypothetical case of no methane or HFCs mitigation—which is unlikely when CO2 is stringently reduced—the budgets would be much smaller (40% or up to 60%, respectively). However, assuming very stringent CH4 mitigation as a sensitivity case, CO2 budgets could be 25% higher. A limit on cumulative CO2 emissions remains critical for temperature targets. Even a 25% higher CO2 budget still means peaking global emissions in the next two decades, and achieving net zero CO2 emissions during the third quarter of the 21st century. The leverage we have to affect the CO2 budget by targeting non-CO2 diminishes strongly along with CO2 mitigation, because these are partly linked through economic and technological factors.

Field of study: Environmental science
The effects of the microscopical theory of the Coriolis forces on nuclear beta-decay155Eu →155Gd

The wave functions yielded by the microscopical non-adiabatic treatment of the Coriolis interaction proposed in Dubna by Pyatov, Chernej and Baznat have been used in order to calculate the beta decay observables of some allowed transitions of the155Eu nucleus. The Coriolis interaction effects are important especially for the absoluteft values (an important improvement is obtained) and for theβ-γ circular polarization correlation.

Field of study: Physics
An analysis of neutral-alleles and variable-environment diffusion models

Three diffusion models are formulated for the evolution of a diploid population with K alleles at one locus with completely symmetric mutation and random genetic drift, a variable-environment, and all the above mechanisms. For the diallelic case, the transient behavior is studied by solving the corresponding diffusion equations by an asymptotic method valid for short time intervals. The transient behavior of the three models is compared for the case when their stationary distributions are identical. The expected amount of heterozygosity is computed using the asymptotic solution and is compared to an exact result. The asymptotic results are extended to the general case with K alleles at the locus for the symmetric mutation and variable-environment models.

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics
A new analytical expression for calculation of the Coulomb potential in spherical nuclei

A lot of problems of atomic and nuclear physics depend on with high accuracy to the Coulomb potential. Therefore, it is very important to carefully and accurately calculate the Coulomb potential. In this study, a new analytical expression was obtained for calculating the Coulomb potential by choosing the Fermi distribution function, which is suitable for charge distribution in nuclei. The proposed formula guarantees an accurate and simple calculation of the Coulomb potential of nuclei. Using the analytical expression obtained, the Coulomb potentials for several spherical nuclei were calculated for all values of the parameters. It is shown that the results obtained for arbitrary values of the radius are consistent with the literature data. In this study, the accepted values in literature of the two parameters (Coulomb radius R_c and diffuseness parameter a_c) which are important for the coulomb potential are also discussed.

Field of study: Physics
Preparation of Trifluoromethylated Compounds by Anodic Oxidation of 3-Hydroxy-2-trifluoromethylpropionic Acid

Electrochemical Oxidation of 3-hydroxy-2-trifluoromethylpropionic acid(1) produced 2,3-bis (trifluoromethyl)-1,4-butanediol in quantitative yield. Furthermore, 2-trifluoromethylated alcohols were obtained by the crossed Kolbe reaction of 1 with carboxylic acids or dicarboxylic acid mono esters.

Field of study: Chemistry
Comparison of Growth Rates in the Enrollments and Numbers of Graduates for US Medical and Pharmacy Schools

The statement by Brown and the follow-up statement by Knapp and Schommer in a recent issue of the Journal are informative and thought-provoking for the academy, as well as for the profession of pharmacy as a whole.1,2 Brown opines that the growth in the number of pharmacy graduates since the beginning of the 21st century will result in “looming joblessness” for pharmacy graduates. Knapp and Schommer acknowledge that “pharmacy education expansion is a key issue,” and that the academy “likely overshot the ideal balance” between demand and supply with reference to pharmacy graduates since the start of the 21st century. With these concerns in mind, it is enlightening to consider the growth in medical school enrollments over a comparable period of time as reported in a recent article in the New England Journal of Medicine.3 
 
Data summarized in the New England Journal of Medicine report that the 10-year growth rate in first-year enrollments in US medical schools (both allopathic and osteopathic) between 2002 and 2012 was 30%. The projected 15-year first-year enrollment growth rate between 2002 and 2017 is 44%. These percentages can be viewed as reasonably consistent with the recommendation in 2006 by the Association of American Medical Colleges for a 30% increase in medical school enrollments over a 10-year period.3 
 
Data reported by Brown are in terms of the number of pharmacy graduates rather than first-year enrollments.1 However, since the attrition rates in US medical schools are historically below 10%, first-year medical school enrollment data can serve as a reasonable surrogate for number of graduates.4 
 
Data reported in Brown’s article indicate that the 10-year growth rate in the number of US pharmacy graduates between 2001 and 2011 was 71%. The projected 15-year growth rate between 2001 and 2016 is 105%. These comparisons make it clear that the growth rates in enrollments and graduation numbers in US pharmacy colleges and schools during the first 2 decades of the 21st century have been more than double the comparable rates of growth in US medical schools. This seems to provide further credence to the points made by Brown, and by Knapp and Schommer in their articles.

Field of study: Education, Medicine
CHARIOT: Cloud-Assisted Access Control for the Internet of Things

The Internet of Things (IoT) technology has ex- panded widely across the world, promising new data management opportunities for industries, companies and individuals in different sectors, such as health services or transport logistics. The exponentially increasing number of IoT devices, their origin diversity, their limited capabilities in terms of resources, as well as the ever-increasing amount of data, raise new challenges for security and privacy protection, precluding traditional access control solutions to be integrated to this new environment. In this paper, we propose a reliable, server-aided, policy-based access control mechanism, named CHARIOT, that enables an IoT platform to verify credentials of different devices requesting access to the data stored within it. CHARIOT enables IoT devices to authenticate themselves to the platform without compromising their privacy by using attribute-based signatures. Our solution also allows secure delegation of costly computational operations to a cloud server, hence relieving the workload at IoT devices' side.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
GAS-SOLIDS TWO-PHASE FLOW IN STANDPIPE UNDER NEGATIVE PRESSURE GRADIENT

This paper presents an experimental study on the axial pressure, voidage and gas flow of gas solids two phase flow in a  150 mm×11500 mm standpipe under negative pressure gradient.The outlet of standpipe is submerged in a dense fluidized bed and the maximum mass flux of solids is about 1200 kg·m -2 ·s -1 .The axial pressures, voidage and gas flow in the standpipe are affected by mass flux of solids, inlet velocity of cyclone, fluidizing velocity, mainly determined by mass flux of solids.When mass flux of solids is less than 200～250 kg·m -2 ·s -1 , there are two fluidization regimes coexisting in the standpipe,a dilute phase flow and a bottom dense phase flow The pressure is low and changes little in the dilute regime.Gas flows upward, which is fluidizing gas from the standpipe bottom.When mass flux of solids is more than 200～250 kg·m -2 ·s -1 , there is only one dense phase conveying regime in the standpipe.The pressure increases progressively from top to bottom and pressure profiles are smooth Gas flows downward, and is carried by particles The axial voidage distribution in the standpipe changes from Z shaped profile to S shaped as mass flux of solids increases.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
A Massacre Foretold (review)

Fifteen years after Chiapas' Zapatistas burst onto the scene, themes central to their rebellion—indigenous and women's rights, the impact of globalization, democratization, autonomy, and the transformation of Left—remain deeply relevant throughout Latin America. In the late 1990s, libraries and bookstores were awash in documentary videos (of varying quality) on the Zapatistas and their enigmatic spokesman, Subcomandante Marcos. I used Saul Landau's The Sixth Sun (1995) in my classes for many years, despite its overly romantic treatment of Marcos and his movement. This film and others became dated following the PRI's electoral defeat in 2000 and the rise of autonomous Zapatista communities in eastern Chiapas in 2003. The need for an update on the conflict was clear.

Field of study: History
Stimulation of Eryptosis by Combretastatin A4 Phosphate Disodium (CA4P)

Combretastatin A4 phosphate disodium (CA4P) is utilized for the treatment of malignancy. The substance has previously been shown to trigger suicidal cell death or apoptosis. Similar to apoptosis of nucleated cells, erythrocytes may enter suicidal death or eryptosis, characterized by cell shrinkage and cell membrane scrambling with phosphatidylserine translocation to the erythrocyte surface. Stimulators of eryptosis include increase of cytosolic Ca2+ activity ([Ca2+]i), ceramide, oxidative stress and ATP depletion. The present study explored, whether CA4P induces eryptosis and, if so, to gain insight into mechanisms involved.  Flow cytometry has been employed to estimate phosphatidylserine exposure at the cell surface from annexin-V-binding, cell volume from forward scatter, [Ca2+]i from Fluo3-fluorescence, reactive oxygen species (ROS) abundance from DCF fluorescence, glutathione (GSH) abundance from CMF fluorescence and ceramide abundance from fluorescent antibodies. In addition cytosolic ATP levels were quantified utilizing a luciferin-luciferase-based assay and hemolysis was estimated from hemoglobin concentration in the supernatant.  A 48 hours exposure of human erythrocytes to CA4P (≥ 50 µM) significantly increased the percentage of annexin-V-binding cells and significantly decreased forward scatter. CA4P did not appreciably increase hemolysis. Hundred µM CA4P significantly increased Fluo3-fluorescence. The effect of CA4P (100 µM) on annexin-V-binding was significantly blunted, but not abolished, by removal of extracellular Ca2+. CA4P (≥ 50 µM) significantly decreased GSH abundance and ATP levels but did not significantly increase ROS or ceramide.  CA4P triggers cell shrinkage and phospholipid scrambling of the erythrocyte cell membrane, an effect at least in part due to entry of extracellular Ca2+ and energy depletion.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
The Report of the 2016-2017 Advocacy Standing Committee

Based on the growing importance of community engagement and the recognition of its importance by the American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy (AACP), the committee offers several examples of community engagement activities for consideration and replication by our academy and beyond. These activities, including those of winning institutions of the Lawrence J. Weaver Transformational Community Engagement Award, can be mapped to the core components of community engagement presented in Table 1. The committee, using an implementation readiness framework, provides the reader with insight into the challenges that may impact successful community engagement and encourages our academy to continue its work to support faculty capacity in this area. Toward that end, the committee offers a policy statement that encourages schools and colleges of pharmacy to have an office or designate a faculty member whose focus is specifically on community engagement. The committee also offers a recommendation that the core components be included in the criteria for the Weaver Award.

Field of study: Education, Medicine
镧氢反应热力学的理论计算 The Thermodynamics Calculation of Lanthanum-Hydrogen Reaction

根据量子力学、热力学与统计物理学和化学反应等理论，通过建立镧氢反应热力学的理论计算模型，并通过计算机模拟计算，获得了243.15 K~333.15 K温度范围内镧氢反应热力学的特性。结果表明，镧氢反应为放热反应，在所计算的温度范围内能够自发进行，温度升高将不利于金属镧吸收氢气反应的进行。  According to quantum mechanics, thermodynamics and statistical physics, and chemical reaction theory, through the establishment of thermodynamic calculation model of lanthanum-hydrogen reaction, and using the method of computer simulation, the thermodynamics characteristics of lanthanum-hydrogen reaction have obtained ranging from 243.15 K to 333.15 K in temperature. The results show that lanthanum-hydrogen reaction is exothermic reaction; it can occur spontaneously in the temperature range of our calculations, and the temperature rise is not conducive to the hydrogen absorption of lanthanum metal.

Field of study: Mathematics
A STUDY OF THE CONFORMABILITY OF FINITE ELEMENT EQUATIONS FOR SYMMETRIC AND NON-SYMMETRIC BIOT'S CONSOLIDATION

The conformability of finite element equations for symmetric and non-symmetric Biot抯 consolidation is discussed in this paper. It is found that the symmetry of the coefficient matrix of finite element equations for Biot抯 consolidation is dependent on the integration by part to the pore pressure item in Biot抯 equilibrium equations. When integration by part is not performed to the pore pressure item in Biot抯 equilibrium equations, non-symmetrical coefficient matrix results. When integration by part is performed to the pore pressure item in Biot抯 equilibrium equations, symmetrical coefficient matrix is produced, and the corresponding nodal load has different meaning. If the nodal load is handled in the same way, conformability of the finite element equations for Biot抯 consolidation will be reached.

Field of study: Engineering