nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Extended analysis of fine-structure energy levels of 4s~24p~3 and 4s4p~4 for ions from PdXIV to Cd XVI

In this paper, fine-structure energy levels of configurations 4s~24p~3 and 4s4p~4 for Arsenic isoelectronic sequence ions from KrⅣto CdⅩⅥ are analysed by multi-configuration Hartree-Fock plus exchange-statistical-potential with relativistic corrections(HXR) method in Cowan'code. By analyzing variation of differences between the experimental data and the associated theoretical energies with Z_c along the sequence, a new formula has been found for fit calculation. With this new formula, the fine-structure levels of the configurations mentioned above are predicted, the uncentainty of most predicted energy level values with the associated experimental results are not more than 100 cm~(-1). The wavelengths, oscillator strengths and probabilities of transitions 4s~24p~3—4s4p~4 calculated with HXR method are given here too. The predicted wavelengths of transition 4s~24p~3—4s4p~4 for PdⅩⅣ are in well agreement with the experimental ones within 0.005 nm except that of transition 4s~24p~3 ~2D_(5/2)—4s4p~4 ~2D_(5/2) which is 0 018 nm, and the other results of transitions 4s~24p~3—4s4p~4 for ions from PdⅩⅣ to CdⅩⅥ are sheer predicted ones.

Field of study: Physics
Microsurgical treatment of a tentorial galenic dural arteriovenous fistula.

Tentorial dural arteriovenous fistulae (TDAVFs) are complex lesions with the arteriovenous fistula located between the leaves of the tentorium cerebelli. While a large portion of dural arteriovenous fistulae are treated endovascularly, TDAVF may require additional microsurgical treatment given their high risk of hemorrhage and multitude of feeders. We describe the case of a 65-year-old male who presented with hemorrhage from a straight sinus and galenic TDAVF. The straight sinus portion of the fistula was obliterated by 3 endovascular treatments and 1 microsurgical treatment. The galenic component of the TDAVF persisted and was approached via a posterior interhemispheric approach in a lateral position. This video demonstrates surgical technique and anatomy associated with this rarely seen dural arteriovenous fistula. The video can be found here: https://youtu.be/iOLzWOabLZ0 .

Field of study: Medicine
Design thinking for deepfry & microwave mix dryness equipment in snack noodles

The oil content of snack noodles is a very attentioned job in the company and public, it relates company benefit and consumer health. This paper talks form snack noodles dehydrate technique, it discuss the possibility as well as need for combining moden microwave technology and tradition deepfry technology, and by deepfry microwave mix equipment to replace used completeness deepfry equipment, and point out the technology thinking of design mix equipment.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Amphetamine and vigabatrin down regulate aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase mRNA levels.

Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC) has previously been shown to be up-regulated at the level of its protein activity and its mRNA abundance by antipsychotic drugs. Its activity has also been shown to be down-regulated by dopamine agonists including amphetamine. In this study we have injected rats for up to 32 days with amphetamine and the anti-epileptic drug vigabatrin, both of which can cause psychosis with similarities to schizophrenia. We have shown that AADC mRNA levels are reduced in most brain regions by both drugs. Cocaine and other non-psychotogenic anti-epileptic drugs had no effect in this paradigm. Two products of this enzyme are implicated in psychotogenesis.

Field of study: Biology
Ready preparation of trialkoxyboranes and dialkoxyboranes by LiBEt3H-promoted reaction of BH3 in tetrahydrofuran with alcohols

A catalytic amount of LiBEt3H (1%) promoted markedly the reactions of BH3 in tetrahydrofuran (THF) with stoichiometric amounts of alcohols (1:2 and 1:3) to provide corresponding trialkoxyboranes and dialkoxyboranes quantitatively under mild reaction conditions.

Field of study: Chemistry
Multiscale 3D Curvature Analysis of Processed Surface Textures of Aluminum Alloy 6061 T6

The objectives of this paper are to demonstrate the viability, and to validate, in part, a multiscale method for calculating curvature tensors on measured surface topographies with two different methods of specifying the scale. The curvature tensors are calculated as functions of scale, i.e., size, and position from a regular, orthogonal array of measured heights. Multiscale characterization of curvature is important because, like slope and area, it changes with the scale of observation, or calculation, on irregular surfaces. Curvatures can be indicative of the topographically dependent behavior of a surface and, in turn, curvatures are influenced by the processing and use of the surface. Curvatures of surface topographies have not been well- characterized yet. Curvature has been used for calculations in contact mechanics and for the evaluation of cutting edges. Manufactured surfaces are studied for further validation of the calculation method because they provide certain expectations for curvatures, which depend on scale and the degree of curvature. To study a range of curvatures on manufactured surfaces, square edges are machined and honed, then rounded progressively by mass finishing; additionally, a set of surfaces was made by turning with different feeds. Topographic measurements are made with a scanning laser confocal microscope. The calculations use vectors, normal to the measured surface, which are calculated first, then the eigenvalue problem is solved for the curvature tensor. Plots of principal curvatures as a function of position and scale are presented. Statistical analyses show expected interactions between curvature and these manufacturing processes.

Field of study: Materials science
Climate adaptation wedges: a case study of premium wine in the western United States

Design and implementation of effective climate change adaptation activities requires quantitative assessment of the impacts that are likely to occur without adaptation, as well as the fraction of impact that can be avoided through each activity. Here we present a quantitative framework inspired by the greenhouse gas stabilization wedges of Pacala and Socolow. In our proposed framework, the damage avoided by each adaptation activity creates an ‘adaptation wedge’ relative to the loss that would occur without that adaptation activity. We use premium winegrape suitability in the western United States as an illustrative case study, focusing on the near-term period that covers the years 2000–39. We find that the projected warming over this period results in the loss of suitable winegrape area throughout much of California, including most counties in the high-value North Coast and Central Coast regions. However, in quantifying adaptation wedges for individual high-value counties, we find that a large adaptation wedge can be captured by increasing the severe heat tolerance, including elimination of the 50% loss projected by the end of the 2030–9 period in the North Coast region, and reduction of the projected loss in the Central Coast region from 30% to less than 15%. Increased severe heat tolerance can capture an even larger adaptation wedge in the Pacific Northwest, including conversion of a projected loss of more than 30% in the Columbia Valley region of Washington to a projected gain of more than 150%. We also find that warming projected over the near-term decades has the potential to alter the quality of winegrapes produced in the western US, and we discuss potential actions that could create adaptation wedges given these potential changes in quality. While the present effort represents an initial exploration of one aspect of one industry, the climate adaptation wedge framework could be used to quantitatively evaluate the opportunities and limits of climate adaptation within and across a broad range of natural and human systems.

Field of study: Environmental science
Expression of members of Wnt and Frizzled gene families in the postnatal rat cochlea.

The functioning of the mammalian cochlea is entirely based on its mechanical properties, which are supported by a highly complex tissue architecture resulting from the precise arrangement of sensory hair cells and non-sensory supporting cells. Growing evidence indicates that evolutionary conserved signaling pathways are involved in inner ear development and in the differentiation of its diverse cell types. We investigated whether members of the Wnt and Frizzled gene families, which play key roles in a wide variety of cellular and developmental processes, are expressed in the postnatal rat cochlea. A PCR screening of a rat cochlea cDNA library performed with degenerate primers allowed us to isolate five members of the Wnt gene family (RWnt-2B, -4, -5A, -5B, and -7A) and six members of the Frizzled gene family (Rfz1, Rfz2, Rfz3, Rfz4, Rfz6, Rfz9). In situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry experiments demonstrated that RWnt-4, -5B, -7A have distinct, although partly overlapping, expression patterns in the juvenile rat cochlea. These results suggest that the Wnt-Frizzled signaling pathway could be involved in several aspects of late cochlear differentiation and/or auditory function.

Field of study: Biology
Protection of the coelacanth, a primitive fish in the coastal waters of Tanzania

Since the first coelacanth (Latimeria chalumnae) capture in Tanzania in 2003 there have been about 35 other captures. With increasing call for protection, imposing ban on gill net fishery, which has resulted in the accidental captures is being considered off Kigombe, northern Tanzania. There is however, a dilemma because the gill net fishery is just recent, having been introduced towards attaining poverty eradication and food security goals. On the basis of the assessment of the environmental conditions of the coelacanth it is suggested that a total ban on bottom set shark nets may not be necessary except during the cooler SE monsoon period when coelacanth can easily venture into the cool shallow waters in search for food.

Field of study: Environmental science
On rate limitation mechanisms for TCP throughput: A longitudinal analysis

TCP remains the dominant transport protocol for Internet traffic. It is usually considered to have its sending rate covered by a sliding window congestion control mechanism. However, in addition to this normal congestion control, a number of other mechanisms limit TCP throughput. This paper analyses the extent to which network, host and application settings define flow throughput over time and across autonomous systems. Our study draws on data from a longitudinal study spanning five years of passive traces collected from a single transit link. Mechanisms for this include limiting by application, interference with the TCP window control mechanism and artificial limitations on maximum window sizes by the operating system. This paper uses a large data set to assess the impact of each mechanism. We conclude that more than half of all heavy-hitter inbound traffic remains throttled by constraints beyond network capacity. For this data set, TCP congestion control is no longer the dominant mechanism that moderates throughput.

Field of study: Computer science
Newer variations of cognitive-behavioral therapy: Behavioral activation and mindfulness-based cognitive therapy

Recent innovations in the treatment and prevention of depression that build on the foundation of cognitivebehavioral therapy represent promising directions for clinical practice and research. Specifically, behavioral activation and mindfulness-based cognitive therapy have been a recent focus of attention. Behavioral activation is a brief, structured approach to treating acute depression that seeks to alleviate depression by promoting an individual’s contact with sources of reward through increasing activation, improving problem solving, and decreasing avoidance and other barriers to activation. Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy is a brief group intervention that seeks to prevent depressive relapse by promoting mindful attention, acceptance, and skillful action to help individuals interrupt habitual cognitive and affective patterns associated with risk of relapse. Each approach is supported by at least two large-scale, randomized clinical trials; however, many important questions remain. We examine current research on both approaches by addressing the robustness of findings, the extension to novel populations, and the processes by which clinical benefit is achieved.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
A graph based approach for reliability analysis of nano-scale VLSI logic circuits

Advances in nano-electronics VLSI manufacturing technology and the rapid downscaling of the size of logic circuits have made them more prone to errors. This has led to the need for fast circuit reliability evaluation of large logic circuits. In this paper a new method for reliability analysis of VLSI logic circuits based on a modified form of Mason’s rule is proposed. Utilizing matrix sparsity significantly increases the speed and reduces the required memory of the proposed approach. In addition, an approach is introduced to mitigate the effect of reconvergent paths. Simulation results indicate that the proposed method is scalable and runs 4× faster than previously proposed schemes.

Field of study: Engineering
Literacy and Literate Subjects in a Health and Physical Education Class: A Poststructuralist Analysis

In this paper an analysis is made of 15 minutes in a year 12 health and Physical Education class, 2 weeks prior to the final exam. The text of student and teacher talk is analyzed to show the ways that a semi-literate male teacher is supported and assisted by an orally competent group of female students to produce himself as a competent, authoritative, literate teacher. At the same time, these female students produce themselves as literate and glean information to enable them to produce themselves as literate in the exam. The specified task of the analysis was to focus on literacy practices in relation to Andrea, a relatively silent student. The problems of analyzing silence are discussed, and the positioning of Andrea as non-literate, compliant subject is also analyzed.

Field of study: Education, Linguistics
Divisible Tasks and Pooling Performance in Groups

Groups and individual Ss worked on two problems which were a composite of simpler, self-contained sub-problems (phases) taken from the SCAT. If appropriately organized, groups could work on two or more sub-problems or phases simultaneously. The primary purpose of the study was to test the Lorge-Solomon Model B. Although a significantly higher proportion of groups than individuals solved Problem 2, the test problem, the Lorge-Solomon Model B over-predicted group performance. Model B was rejected as a description of group performance in this case, but when employed as a baseline, it suggested the presence of social restraint which was consistent with earlier research. A second objective was the evaluation of a modification of the Lorge-Solomon Models A and B to include individual differences. The modified models gave no better account of the data than the original models.

Field of study: Psychology
Dexmedetomidine Alleviates Hyperoxia-Induced Acute Lung Injury via Inhibiting NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation

Dexmedetomidine (Dex), a specific agonist of α2-adrenoceptor, has been reported to have extensive pharmacological effects. In this study, we focused on the protective effect of Dex on hyperoxia-induced acute lung injury and further explored its possible molecular mechanisms.  The model of hyperoxia-induced acute lung injury was established by continuous inhalation of oxygen (FiO2= 0.90) for 7 d in neonatal rats in vivo. The in vitro experiments were carried out in LPS/ATP or hyperoxia-treated RAW264.7 cells. ELISA, western blot, TUNEL staining, and immunohistochemistry staining assays were performed and the commercial kits were used to assess the beneficial effect of Dex on hyperoxia-induced acute lung injury.  According to our results, Dex treatment attenuated hyperoxia-induced acute lung injury via decreasing the lung wet/dry(W/D) weight ratio and mitigating pathomorphologic changes. Moreover, the oxidative stress injury, inflammatory reaction, and apoptosis in lung epithelial cells were inhibited by Dex treatment. In addition, the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome was restrained by Dex both in lung tissue in vivo and RAW264.7 cells in vitro.  These data provide evidence that Dex may ameliorate hyperoxia-induced acute lung injury, which suggests a potential clinical application of Dex in long-term supplemental oxygen therapy.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Low threshold YSGG:Cr:Er laser for the 3-μm range with a high pulse repetition frequency

A laser emitting at the wavelength of 2.79 μm was constructed using an yttrium scandium gallium garnet containing chromium and erbium, and the threshold of this laser did not exceed 2 J. This made it possible to achieve an average output power of 0.7 W at a pulse repetition frequency of 100 Hz.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Systemic and cutaneous associations of vitiligo

Vitiligo is a common, acquired, pigmentary disorder of the skin, mucous membrane, and hair, resulting from the destruction of functional melanocytes.  The objective of this study was to describe the cutaneous and systemic manifestations of vitiligo.  The study comprised 130 patients attending the outpatient department (OPD) of dermatology, MGM Medical College and Hospital, Aurangabad, India. Clinical details were noted in the pro formas, and cutaneous examination was done in relation to the size and type of lesions of vitiligo and other lesions if present. Pure-tone audiometry (PTA) and ophthalmological examinations were also performed to rule out audiometric and ocular changes. Further, lab investigations were conducted.  Of 130 patients, the female-to-male ratio was found to be 1.06:1. The most common age-group for the disease onset was 21–30 years. Vitiligo vulgaris and focal vitiligo were found to be the most common types, followed by generalized, acrofacial, segmental, poliosis in 3.8% patients, alopecia in 4.6% cases, hypoacusis was observed in 3.1%, halo nevi in 0.8%, thyroid disease in 7.7%, diabetes mellitus in 3.1%, and psoriasis in 0.8% of cases.  Vitiligo vulgaris and focal vitiligo were the most common types found with associated cutaneous and systemic abnormalities such as thyroid disease, diabetes mellitus, and alopecia areata.

Field of study: Medicine
Petrogenesis of McKinney (Snake River) olivine tholeiite in light of rare-earth element and Cr/Ni distributions

Samples of McKinney Basalt, including a pillow glass, are characterized by light rare-earth element–enriched abundance patterns with small positive Eu anomalies (relative to chondrites) and high Cr/Ni ratios. In particular, the positive Eu anomaly observed in the pillow glass is considered to be characteristic of the McKinney parental magma. These compositional features are apparently inconsistent with derivation of McKinney magma by partial fusion of garnet- or plagioclase-bearing Iherzolite or clinopyroxenite or by crystal fractionation of likely liquidus phases at high or low pressure. Rather, partial melting calculations show that fusion of spinel peridotite or aluminous clinopyroxene peridotite can yield liquids with the rare-earth element patterns and Cr/Ni ratios of McKinney Basalt. An essential feature of the favored models is a relatively large contribution of clinopyroxene to the melt. This result suggests an origin of McKinney magma by fusion of mantle Iherzolite at pressures between the stability fields of plagioclase peridotite (low P ) and garnet peridotite or garnet clinopyroxenite (high P ), that is, at depths within the continental lithosphere in this region.

Field of study: Geology
Study on the Cost Management Based on the Cooperative Value Chain

The competition among modern enterprises has not been the competition about single enterprise, but the competition among the value chains and the enterprise needs to strengthen the competitive ability by the cooperation. Based on developing Porter’s value chain, the opinion that the whole value chain contains the upper suppliers and the lower dealers was proposed, and how to achieve the optimal cost management by the cooperation between the upper and lower enterprises with the homogenous enterprises was further explained in the article. In addition, some risk costs which may occur in the cooperation process and how to implement cooperative harmony were analyzed, and according to the analysis results, the enterprise could keep away from these risks in advance.

Field of study: Business
The Message in the Music: Popular Culture and Teaching in Social Studies

usic is the universal language, or so the saying goes. Most people love music and may even find solace as they listen to their preferred musical genres. How often do songs “take us back” to a memory long since past? Because music can evoke deep personal meanings, social studies educators often use songs to emphasize larger historical moments. This personalization phenomenon continues as today’s youths explore their own musical genres and store today’s memories. Because music is a vital component of youth popular culture, preferred over even movies and television (Rideout, Roberts, and Foehr 2005), a teacher’s understanding and application of popular music can be a powerful tool for instruction and learning in social studies education. Popular music is most often used to enhance history education through an investigation of the music of a period, a practice suggested by Harris (2004), Bafumo (2004), and Palmer (1998). Music’s full potential, however, is often underused, especially that of contemporary popular music. As social studies educators, our ongoing challenges are to provide students with effective tools to examine relevant societal issues critically and to make connections to the world of students; current popular music is a way to do that. Although traditional social studies education often focuses on covering essential knowledge to ensure high test scores and teachers often do not have enough time to include music, which some consider inappropriate for the classroom, teachers interested in a relevant social studies curriculum that facilitates active participation and problem solving may apply contemporary popular music in a variety of significant ways. With myriad present social problems, meaningful integration of current issues is vital in social studies education. Music is a powerful tool that teachers can use for a serious examination of such social problems as poverty, racism, abuse, and addictions and such global issues as hunger, disease, and war. Following in the footsteps of former entertainers, today’s artists, like the Black Eyed Peas, Dixie Chicks, and Green Day, focus on social issues that should be considered in our classrooms. Through the students’ exploration of lyrics, music becomes a tool that offers social studies educators opportunities to engage in meaningful conversations about major social issues and to connect with students. Part of our responsibility as educators is to analyze the historical role that music has played in raising social consciousness, but more important, teachers need to use these examples to connect to the struggles that are being waged now.

Field of study: Sociology