nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
PROPER DIFFUSION-WEIGHTED WINDOW LEVEL IN MR IMAGING IN ACUTE VIRAL ENCEPHALITIS AND HYPOXIC ISCHAEMIC ENCEPHALOPATHY

Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance (MR) imaging provides image contrast that is different from that provided by conventional MR techniques. Improper Paper Submission DateDiffusion weighted (DW) window level obscures the diffuse cortical abnormality on DW image, hence proper windowed Diffusion weighted images are must for evaluation of cortical & deep grey matter nuclei abnormality. The increased sensitivity of DWI sequences with regard to viral encephalitis/hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy (HIE) has been shown in several studies This study was performed to evaluate the role of proper DWI window level (250/150) in the diagnosis of viral encephalitis & HIE vs improperly windowed (500-850/250-Paper Publication Date 400) DW images for evaluation of cortical & deep grey matter nuclei.
 Material and  We performed conventional MRI including T1, T2-Weighted and DOI fluid attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) sequences and DWI in 16 patients with viral encephalitis & 02 patients of hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy diagnosed on the basis of laboratory, clinical and radiologic findings. Gradient B value of diffusion was 0, 400 & 800. Properly windowed (250/150) DW image versus an improperly windowed (500-850/250-400) DW image were evaluated for evaluation of cortical & deep grey matter nuclei signal intensity.
 Results: Axial DW images were reviewed at a consistent window level of 250/150. DW image with proper window level of 250/150 shows that the cortical/ deep gray matter nuclei abnormality is more evident. Apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) map further illustrates the cortical restricted diffusion. Although with improperly windowed DWI (500-850/250-400), there is accentuated grey–white matter differentiation, but improper window level obscures the diffuse cortical abnormality on DW image. With proper window level of DW images, diffusion restriction was picked up in all the 16 cases of acute viral encephalitis and 02 patients of HIE.
  Proper window level of DWI (250/150) is helpful in early diagnosis of acute viral encephalitis & hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy.

Field of study: Medicine
Kinetics of sulfate respiration by free-living and particle-associated sulfate-reducing bacteria

Effects on sulfate respiration of association of sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) with solid particles (anion exchange resin and FeS-precipitate) were examined using Desulfovibrio desulfuricans. The rates of sulfide production by resin- and FeS-associated cells were 2–3% and 19–56% of that by free-living ones, respectively, under sulfate- and lactate-rich conditions. On the other hand, under sulfate-poor (less than 50 μM) and lactate-rich conditions the rate by FeS-associated cells was higher than that by free-living ones. The values of Km (μM), half saturation constant of the Michaelis-Menten model, for sulfate were 244 for free-living cells, 8.96 for resin-associated ones and 8.42 for FeS-associated ones. Under lactate-poor and sulfate-rich conditions the rate by FeS-associated cells was similar to that by free-living ones. These results suggest that FeS-associated SRB are more advantageous than free-living ones under sulfate-poor environments such as freshwater sediments.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Effects of nematicides on populations of soil microflora and Pratylenchus penetrans, soil enzymes and flue‐cured tobacco

Field experiments were conducted on Fox loamy sand to study the effects of Telone C17, Vorlex, Vorlex CP, dazomet and fenamiphos on populations of Pratylenchus penetrans, soil microflora, on soil enzymes and growth of tobacco. Nematicides were applied on May 10, 1978 except fenamiphos, which was applied on May 16. With the exception of fenamiphos, the nematicide treatments increased the yield of tobacco. Crop index followed the pattern of the yield. No significant difference was observed in the grades of tobacco in all treatments. Chlorine content in the tobacco was significantly lower in the Vorlex, dazomet or fenamiphos treated samples than in the plots treated with Telone C17. The levels of total alkaloids and reducing sugars were similar in the treated and untreated plots. Nematicide treatments other than fenaminophos resulted in significantly lower nematode populations in ridged soils on May 23, June 13, and July 11, and in root samples on June 27 and July 11. The number of nematodes before ...

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Surface Compound Material VC-Fe by Cast-sintering Method

Using a new cast sintering technique, a surface composites with thickness of 3～4 mm, which consists of chromium carbides and a mass of VC particles, was synthesized on a surface of cast iron. The study of mechanism of cast sintering was made with the help of their microstructures and thermodynamic analysis. At the same time the theoritical difference between cast sintering and cast infiltrating was analysed.

Field of study: Materials science
Co-payments in the Austrian social health insurance system. Analysing patient behaviour and patients' views on the effects of co-payments.

Austrian health politicians constantly claim that patients have to be the focus of interest when providing health care services. However, due to increasing demand, scarce resources and insufficient guidance for health care provision at the national level, Austrian patients have been confronted with a variety of health care reforms during recent years. These reforms include the introduction of additional, mainly lump sum co-payments and the increase of existing (lump sum) co-payments. Using a sample of 378 socially-insured patients, the aim of this study is to analyse patients' attitudes towards co-payments, their views on the effects of co-payments on health care demand and their actual behaviour in response to co-payments. The study is descriptive rather than hypothesis testing due to the limited data. The results of this survey indicate that co-payments have no major guiding effect on health care demand. This is confirmed by what the patients indicate as regards their actual behaviour.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Reading Public Service Co-Production through the Lenses of Requisite Variety

This paper conceives municipalities as Smart Local Service Systems (SLSS), where co-production and variety perform as key resources to merge service quality and sustainability. The attention is focused on local public transport services, where users’ involvement in value creation process is considered to be especially relevant. A narrative case study is presented, concerning the mobility service system of the municipality of Bologna (Italy). The research focused on the SMARTIP (Smart Metropolitan Areas Realised Through Innovation & People) European project, which was aimed at enhancing service quality and sustainability through citizens’ empowerment and co-production. Citizens’ involvement in co-planning and co-designing local transport services was found to be critical to improve service quality. Citizens’ empowerment process allows to establish a co-creating relationship among the different stakeholders who are involved in urban mobility, paving the way for their engagement in devising, implementing and assessing transportation services. Public managers should take into consideration the role of value co-creation to enhance the responsiveness of public sector organizations and to achieve increased smartness. On the one hand, a citizens’ empowerment process is required to foster their participation in service co-production; on the other hand, citizens’ involvement engenders a virtuous cycle, encouraging the latter in co-producing public services. This paper represents one of the first attempts to examine service co-production in light of the requisite variety perspective. Co-production allows to merge competing purposes by activating the citizens’ sleeping assets and by absorbing external variety through the creation of internal variety.

Field of study: Business
Analysis of PM_(2.5) Variations and Affecting Factors in Experimental Cities

Based on analysis of PM 2.5 variations in experimental cities in 2011,it showed that the ratio of nonattainment days ranged from 3.3% to 42.9% and annual PM2.5 concentrations were all seriously over the PM2.5 yearly criterion.PM2.5 concentration and the ratio of PM2.5 /PM10 in hazy days were respectively 80.0% and 4.1% higher than that in non-haze days.In addition,characters during seriously air polluted days in Beijing from Dec.3 to Dec.13 were analyzed,and results showed that higher particle concentration and worse weather condition were two reasons that caused lower visibility.The ratio of OC/EC ranged from 3.6 to 11.4 indicated secondary pollution existed.Particle count concentration showed a negative correlation with visibility,and particle counts in hazy days were obviously higher than that in non-haze days,with diameter of 9l.8% particles less than l μm.The weather conditions over the ground and at 850 hPa had significant influences on PM2.5 concentration.

Field of study: Environmental science
Ubiquitous Commerce: Theories, Technologies, and Applications

With the rapid development of ubiquitous computing and mobile communication technologies, the traditional business model will change drastically. As a logical extension of e-commerce and m-commerce, ubiquitous commerce (u-commerce) research and application are currently under transition with a history of numerous tried and failed solutions, and a future of promising but yet uncertain possibilities with potential new technology innovations. At this point of the development, we propose a suitable framework and organize the u-commerce research under the proposed classification scheme. The current situation outlined by the scheme has been addressed by exploratory and early phase studies. We hope the findings of this research will provide useful insights for anyone who is interested in u-commerce. The paper also provides some future directions for research.

Field of study: Computer science
The population of highly magnetized neutron stars

In this work, we study the effects of strong magnetic field configurations on the population of neutron stars. The stellar matter is described within a relativistic mean field formalism which considers many-body force contributions in the scalar couplings. We choose the parametrization of the model that reproduces nuclear matter properties at saturation and also describes massive hyperon stars. Hadronic matter is modeled at zero temperature, in beta-equilibrium, charge neutral and populated by the baryonic octet, electrons and muons. Magnetic effects are taken into account in the structure of stars by the solution of the Einstein-Maxwell equations with the assumption of a poloidal magnetic field distribution. Our results show that magnetic neutron stars are populated essencialy by nucleons and leptons, due to the fact that strong magnetic fields decrease the central density of stars and, hence, supress the appearance of exotic particles.

Field of study: Physics
Left Liberalism and Race in the Evolution of Colombian Popular National Identity*

Though a nation of discordant regionalism and historically weak central institutions, Colombia can paradoxically claim strong currents of popular national identity. It is well known that long centuries of relative economic isolation, coupled with Colombia's largely subsistence internal economy and torturous topography, provided few opportunities to integrate the nation's different regions. Such conditions resulted in fractured regional identities and racial compositions. What few links to the world market Colombia enjoyed before the late nineteenth century came from the mining of gold, with short episodes of tobacco and quinine exportation. Only in the 1880s and later did coffee production finally reorient the nation's economy and introduce new questions of land tenure and social relations. Colombia's fiercely partisan political system evolved during the nineteenth century, therefore, when the country was still overwhelmingly rural, inward-looking, and little more than a collection of semi-autonomous regions. Keith Christie noted that before the 1950s, regionalism was so strong that “Bogotá was essentially just another provincial capital.” As a consequence, the national army in the nineteenth century seldom proved more powerful than the many rebel armies it faced. Indeed, according to the basic Weberian definition of the “state” as the entity that controls a monopoly on the legitimate use of force, and evidenced by the fact that the national government still does not control large portions of the country's territory, Colombia's central state structures continue to be glaringly weak at the end of the twentieth century.

Field of study: History
Self-assembling and spectroscopic properties of soluble linear acenes

The gelling and spectroscopic properties of new soluble disubstituted acenes (anthracene, tetracene, pentacene) are reported. It is shown that the 2,3-alkoxy derivatives gel a large variety of organic solvents, a process that is related to the linear shape of the molecule. The gelation involves the formation of nanofibers through noncovalent interactions (van der Waals, π-π stacking), weaving a 3D supramolecular network or a deposit made of isolated fibers on surfaces (mica or graphite). Transport of photons through this type of nanostructure has been evidenced by the observation of an efficient energy transfer occurring from an anthracene light-harvesting matrix to a tetracene energy trap doping agent.

Field of study: Chemistry
Pb–Zn occurrences and their Pb-isotopic signatures bearing on metallogeny and mineral exploration—Paleozoic sedimentary rocks, northern Appalachians, Quebec

Galena Pb-isotope ratios of epithermal vein and disseminated sulfide occurrences in the Taconian Orogen and Siluro-Devonian basin cluster around 17.90–18.05 for 206Pb/204Pb and 37.70–38.00 for 208Pb/204Pb. The major source of Pb in most, if not all, occurrences is a fairly common continental crust, a characteristic found in published analyses of Grenville feldspar Pb. A southwest to northeast increase in galena 206Pb/204Pb ratios is ascribed to the supply of several types of detritus from Grenville basement during the Cambro-Ordovician: coarse-grained, K-feldspar-bearing in the southwest, grading into fine-grained phyllitic, and relatively more highly radiogenic in the northeast.Emplacement (i) of Pb–Zn–barite veins and disseminations, commonly of homogeneous crustal Pb-isotopic signature, was late Taconian; (ii) of Pb–Zn–quartz veins, of less homogeneous signature, was post-Taconian; and (iii) of Pb–Zn–carbonate veins, relatively highly radiogenic and commonly homogeneous, was late or post-Acadian. Signa...

Field of study: Environmental science
Genome-wide association study for biomarker identification of Rapamycin and Everolimus using a lymphoblastoid cell line system

The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors, a set of promising potential anti-cancer agents, has shown response variability among individuals. This study aimed to identify novel biomarkers and mechanisms that might influence the response to Rapamycin and Everolimus. Genome-wide association (GWA) analyses involving single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), mRNA, and microRNAs microarray data were assessed for association with area under the cytotoxicity dose response curve (AUC) of two mTOR inhibitors in 272 human lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs). Integrated analysis among SNPs, expression data, microRNA data and AUC values were also performed to help select candidate genes for further functional characterization. Functional validation of candidate genes using siRNA screening in multiple cell lines followed by MTS assays for the two mTOR inhibitors were performed. We found that 16 expression probe sets (genes) that overlapped between the two drugs were associated with AUC values of two mTOR inhibitors. One hundred and twenty seven and one hundred SNPs had P < 10−4, while 8 and 10 SNPs had P < 10−5 with Rapamycin and Everolimus AUC, respectively. Functional studies indicated that 13 genes significantly altered cell sensitivity to either one or both drugs in at least one cell line. Additionally, one microRNA, miR-10a, was significantly associated with AUC values for both drugs and was shown to repress expression of genes that were associated with AUC and desensitize cells to both drugs. In summary, this study identified genes and a microRNA that might contribute to response to mTOR inhibitors.

Field of study: Biology
Preparation of yogurt powder and study on its restoration

Yogurt powder contains the same nutrients as yogurt,and has the advantages for easily carrying and transporting as well as long shelf life. The objectives of this study were to produce yogurt powder by using spray drying,and to optimize the restoration conditions for using yogurt powder. Various quantities,water temperatures,and stabilizers were tested for restoration by single factor or orthogonal design. The results showed that 15%～20% of yogurt powder at 37～45 ℃ had high solubility. Addition of 0.20% CMC-Na,0.15% kara gum,or 0.20% guar gum showed the best performance for viscosity. Orthogonal design test indicated that the optimal combination for yogurt powder restoration was addition of 0.10% CMC-Na,0.05% kara gum and 0.15% guar gum.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Young open star clusters: The spatial distribution of metallicity in the solar neighborhood

We perform a comparative analysis of the spatial distribution of young (<50 Myr) open star clusters and field Cepheids with different metallicities. A significant fraction of young clusters are shown to have low metallicities atypical of field Cepheids. Both types of objects exhibit approximately equal (in magnitude) negative radial metallicity gradients, while their azimuthal metallicity gradients differ outside the error limits and have opposite signs. Among the stellar complexes identified by young clusters, the most metal-poor clusters are grouped in the Perseus complex. It is the clusters of this complex that are responsible for the radial and azimuthal metallicity gradients among young clusters. The described properties are indicative of a weak mixing of interstellar matter before the onset of star formation there. Significant differences between the spatial distributions of open clusters and field stars with different metallicities suggest different conditions required for the formation of these types of objects.

Field of study: Physics
Teachers’ Competency Development System Through School – Based Training of Local Administration Organizations

The purpose of this research was to improve the teachers’ competency development system through school-based training of local administration organizations . The process comprised 4 steps; analysis, planning, implementation  and  evaluation. The target group was 10 purposively- random sampled teachers. The instruments used questionnaires and quantitative analysis. The data described by using percentile, mean, and standard deviation. The research found that : The teachers’ competency development system shall be consisted of 4 main steps and minor steps. Step 1  problem analysis; investigate present situation and problems, study the needs of teachers’ competency, organize meetings. Step 2 development planning; meeting for share learning, prioritizing the importance, setting the action plan, making developmental manual. Step 3 implementation; workshops on School-Based Training, knowledge implementation, pairs of partners. Step 4  acceleration of supervision and monitoring; meeting for share learning, evaluating workshops, evaluating the teachers’ characteristics, evaluating the satisfaction of participating teachers and students.  Enhancement system, teachers’ competency, schools-based training.

Field of study: Education
Accuracy, precision, and temperature dependence of Pandora total ozone measurements estimated from a comparison with the Brewer triad in Toronto

This study evaluates the performance of the recently developed Pandora spectrometer by comparing it with the Brewer reference triad. This triad was established by Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC) in the 1980s and is used to calibrate Brewer instruments around the world, ensuring high-quality total column ozone (TCO) measurements. To reduce stray light, the double Brewer instrument was introduced in 1992, and a new reference triad of double Brewers is also operational at Toronto. Since 2013, ECCC has deployed two Pandora spectrometers co-located with the old and new Brewer triads, making it possible to study the performance of three generations of ozone-monitoring instruments. The statistical analysis of TCO records from these instruments indicates that the random uncertainty for the Brewer is below 0.6 %, while that for the Pandora is below 0.4 %. However, there is a 1 % seasonal difference and a 3 % bias between the standard Pandora and Brewer TCO data, which is related to the temperature dependence and difference in ozone cross sections. A statistical model was developed to remove this seasonal difference and bias. It was based on daily temperature profiles from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts ERA-Interim data over Toronto and TCO from the Brewer reference triads. When the statistical model was used to correct Pandora data, the seasonal difference was reduced to 0.25 % and the bias was reduced to 0.04 %. Pandora instruments were also found to have low air mass dependence up to 81.6° solar zenith angle, comparable to double Brewer instruments.

Field of study: Environmental science
Study on Debugging Program and Operation of ARN Type Automatic Tuning Neutralizer in 10 kV System

In this paper the operation principle and adjustment method of automatic tuning neutralizer in 10 kV system were described in two 110 kV substations in Yichang City．The operation circumstance was analyzed after the neutralizer equipments have been commissioned．The improvement measures were proposed．The outcome was presented．

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Matching in concurrent variable-interval avoidance schedules.

After pretraining with multiple variable-interval avoidance schedules, two rats were exposed to a series of concurrent variable-interval avoidance schedules. Responses on two levers cancelled delivery of electric shocks arranged according to two independent variable-interval schedules. The ratio of responses and time spent on the two levers approximately matched the ratio of shocks avoided on each. Matching to the number of shocks received was not obtained. Concurrent variable-interval avoidance can therefore be added to the group of positive and negative reinforcement schedules that can be expressed in the quantitative framework of the matching law.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology