nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
THERMODYNAMIC MODELS FOR CALCULATING ENTRAINMENT RATIO OF STEAM-JET EJECTOR

In the present work,the process of steam-jet ejector was analyzed in detail.Three thermodynamic models for calculating entrainment ratio of steam-jet ejector:the ideal model,the momentum conservation model and the kinetic energy conservation model were deduced according to the change in thermodynamic state.The IAPWS-IF97 formulation was used to compute steam properties,and the effects of nozzle,mixing and diffuser efficiency on ejector performance were studied.Although there was some difference between the MC model and the ideal model when no imperfect factors were considered,however,it was found that the MC model represents the empirical curves better than the KEC model if reasonable efficiencies were used.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Evidence for Validity of “Your Style of Learning and Thinking”

Responses of 124 subjects to Your Style of Learning and Thinking, using What Kind of Person Are You, Personal-Social Motivation Inventory, Something About Myself and the Preconscious Activity Scale as criteria, show subjects who have a right-hemispheric-specialization score above median also have a significantly higher mean than those who score below the median on three of the four criteria (ns = 62).

Field of study: Psychology
Faunal evidence for a cool boundary current and decoupled regional climate cooling in the Permian of western Laurentia

Deglaciation following the late Paleozoic ice age was a complex climate transition marked by smaller glacial–interglacial transitions superimposed on an overall Permian warming trend. In contrast to this growing recognition of a dynamic climate system, few studies have investigated geographic variations in postglacial climate changes, which may have been as dynamic as the temporal variations. Because temperature and ocean circulation are important controls on the biogeography of marine invertebrates, many Permian taxa were characteristic of either paleotropical or high-latitude faunal realms. This study takes advantage of that temperature sensitivity, using a database of more than 5000 Permian fossil collections from northwestern Pangea to reconstruct spatial variations in Permian climate changes throughout the region. Cluster analysis demonstrates that localities in the Phosphoria basin (Nevada/Idaho/Wyoming) were taxonomically distinct from coeval faunas in Texas and occupied the transitional zone between Paleoequatorial and Boreal realms. Quantitative scoring of the faunal affinity of all taxa in 1 by 1° paleolatitudinal bins suggests that the western margin of Laurentia was affected by a persistent southward-flowing cool boundary current, and that the effects of the current became more pronounced throughout the Permian in conjunction with cooling in the Boreal ocean. The increasingly cool-water nature of Phosphoria basin faunas contrasted with warming in Texas and implies that northern and northwest Pangea were decoupled from the broader global warming trend following the late Paleozoic ice age.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
The Contraband Slave Trade to Brazil and the Dynamics of US Participation, 1831–1856

This article explores the US contribution to the illegal transatlantic slave trade to Brazil and the tensions generated by this hemispheric connection in the mid-nineteenth century. It combines qualitative and quantitative approaches, based on diplomatic records and Voyages: The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database, in order to assess the size and variety of forms of US participation in the traffic to Brazil. More generally, the article examines the tensions caused by the rise of abolitionism and the limits to the enforcement of anti-slave trade legislation in the free trade international environment that emerged after the Napoleonic Wars. By framing the attitudes of the US government within a broader Atlantic context, this work shows why certain forms of US participation in the contraband slave trade (such as providing US-built ships) became more predominant than others (such as directly financing and organising slave voyages) by the mid-nineteenth century.  Este artículo explora la contribución estadounidense al tráfico ilegal transatlántico de esclavos a Brasil. El material combina perspectivas cualitativas y cuantitativas basadas en los registros diplomáticos y en el documento Voyages: The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database ( Base de Datos del Tráfico Transatlántico de Esclavos) con el fin de evaluar la dimensión y las formas de participación estadounidense en dicho tráfico a Brasil. De forma más general, el artículo examina las tensiones causadas por el surgimiento del abolicionismo y las limitaciones para la aplicación de la legislación anti-tráfico de esclavos en un ambiente de comercio libre internacional surgido tras las Guerras Napoleónicas. Al enmarcar las actitudes del gobierno norteamericano al interior de un contexto Atlántico más amplio, este trabajo muestra por qué ciertas formas de participación estadounidense en el contrabando del tráfico de esclavos (como proveer barcos construidas en Estados Unidos) fueron más predominantes que otras (como financiar y organizar directamente traslados de esclavos) a mediados del siglo XIX. Portuguese abstract O presente artigo explora a contribuição dos EUA para o tráfico transatlântico ilegal de escravos para o Brasil. Abordagens qualitativas e quantitativas são combinadas, com base em documentos diplomáticos e na Voyages: The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database, para estimar o volume e a variedade de formas de participação dos EUA no tráfico para o Brasil. De modo mais geral, o artigo examina as tensões geradas pela ascensão do abolicionismo e os obstáculos à execução da legislação anti-tráfico no ambiente internacional de livre comércio que emergiu após as Guerras Napoleônicas. Com o enquadramento das ações do governo dos EUA em um contexto atlântico mais amplo, este trabalho demonstra por que certas formas de participação dos EUA no contrabando negreiro (como o fornecimento de navios construídos no país) se tornaram mais predominantes que outras (como o financiamento e organização diretas de expedições negreiras) em meados do XIX.

Field of study: Political science
Implementing multiple static field delivery for intensity modulated beams.

A clinically oriented two-dimensional intensity-modulated beam delivery method is implemented using multiple static segmented fields, i.e., the "step-and-shoot" approach. Starting with a desired al" intensity distribution, it creates a multiple-level intensity approximation, and then constructs a sequence of segmented fields to deliver the multiple-level intensities using multileaf collimator (MLC) and independent backup jaws. The approach starts with a simple grouping of all the nonzero intensity values into a minimum number of clusters for a user specified deviation tolerance for the ideal plan. The k-means clustering algorithm is then employed to find the optimal levels of intensity that minimize the discrepancies between the ideal and the approximated intensities, without violating the user specified deviation tolerance. The multiple-level intensities are then decomposed into a sequence of machine deliverable segments. Apart from the first segment for each gantry angle, all the other segments are arranged to minimize the total travel distance of the leaves. The first segment covers the entire irradiated area and is used for treatment verification by electronic portal imaging. The implementation issues due to the physical constraints of the MLCs are also addressed.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Milking money : editor's note

Sometimes it's difficult to sound positive, especially when we talk about dairy farming. "There's no money in dairying." "Dairying is too much hard work." "It's too expensive to start dairying." I'm sure we have all heard these statements before. But there is money in dairying, and hundreds of dairy farmers in South Africa are proving it every day, even during these difficult times.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
The Biggest Auction Ever: the Sale of the British 3G Telecom Licenses

This paper reviews the part played by economists in organizing the British third-generation mobile-phone licence auction that concluded on 27 April 2000. It raised £22 1/2 billion ($34 billion or 2 1/2% of GNP) and was widely described at the time as the biggest auction ever. We discuss the merits of auctions versus "beauty contests", the aims of the auction, the problems we faced, the auction designs we considered, and the mistakes that were made.

Field of study: Economics
Quantum-dot-spin single-photon interface.

Using background-free detection of spin-state-dependent resonance fluorescence from a single-electron charged quantum dot with an efficiency of 0.1%, we realize a classical single spin-photon interface where the detection of a scattered photon with 300 ps time resolution projects the quantum dot spin to a definite spin eigenstate with fidelity exceeding 99%. The bunching of resonantly scattered photons reveals information about electron spin dynamics. High-fidelity fast spin-state initialization heralded by a single photon enables the realization of quantum information processing tasks such as nondeterministic distant spin entanglement. Given that we could suppress the measurement backaction to well below the natural spin-flip rate, realization of a quantum nondemolition measurement of a single spin could be achieved by increasing the fluorescence collection efficiency by a factor exceeding 10 using a photonic nanostructure.

Field of study: Physics
Bayesian Network Based Business Information Retrieval Model in Electronic Commerce

This paper analyses the problem of business information retrieual in Electronic Commerce (EC) environment and proposes a business information retrieval model by means of Bayesian Network (BN) and Information Retrieval theory. In this model, the BN has four layers of nodes and user query is expressed in terms of the predefined information sample documents. The similarities between documents and the query can be calculated with the conditional probabilities among the nodes in the Bayesian Network. Experiments show that the proposed model has a good performance in searching business information.

Field of study: Computer science
Pseudo-phosphorylation of tau at Ser202 and Thr205 affects tau filament formation.

The microtubule-associated protein tau aggregates into insoluble filaments in numerous neurodegenerative diseases, most common of which is Alzheimer's disease. Tau aggregation in Alzheimer's disease appears to follow a continuum from soluble monomer to an end point of insoluble extracellular tangles with a strong correlation between the amount of fibrillar tau and dementia. The phosphorylation of amino acids S202 and T205 in the tau molecule is recognized by the phosphorylation-specific monoclonal antibody, AT8, and has been observed by a number of researchers to be an early step in the progression of monomer to filaments. In addition, these amino acids are located in a proline-rich region containing a set of five phosphorylation sites (one being S202), that when phosphorylated, were reported to alter several properties of tau, including filament formation. Considering these observations, we have investigated the role of S202 and T205 phosphorylation in the in vitro polymerization of tau. Pseudo-phosphorylation mutants were constructed by site-directed mutagenesis in which amino acids S202 and T205 were changed to negatively charged glutamic acids mimicking post-translational phosphorylation. These pseudo-phosphorylated, mutant tau proteins were then assayed in vitro for changes in structure, polymerization into filaments, and microtubule binding. Phosphorylation at the AT8 site does not appear to influence either SDS-resistant structure nor microtubule binding. However, in regard to filament formation, phosphorylation at S202 appears to enhance polymerization; and phosphorylation at both sites not only enhances polymerization but also makes filament formation more sensitive to small changes in tau concentration.

Field of study: Biology
Location, Location, Location: The Misprediction of Satisfaction in Housing Lotteries

People tend to overestimate the emotional consequences of future life events, exhibiting an impact bias. The authors replicated the impact bias in a real-life context in which undergraduates were randomly assigned to dormitories (or “houses”). Participants appeared to focus on the wrong factors when imagining their future happiness in the houses. They placed far greater weight on highly variable physical features than on less variable social features in predicting their future happiness in each house, despite accurately recognizing that social features were more important than physical features when asked explicitly about the determinants of happiness. In Experiment 2, we found that this discrepancy emerged in part because participants exhibited an isolation effect, focusing too much on factors that distinguished between houses and not enough on factors that varied only slightly, such as social features.

Field of study: Psychology
Icariin attenuate microcystin-LR-induced gap junction injury in Sertoli cells through suppression of Akt pathways.

Microcystin-leucine-arginine (MC-LR) can cause male reproductive disorder. However, the underlying mechanism are not yet entirely elucidated. In this study, we aimed to investigated the effects of MC-LR on the integrity of blood-testis barrier (BTB) and the related molecular mechanisms. Both in vivo and in vitro experiments revealed that MC-LR caused disruption of BTB and gap junctions between Sertoli cells respectively, which was paralleled by the alteration of connexin43 (Cx43). Our data demonstrated that MC-LR decreased gap junction intercellular communication (GJIC) and impaired Cx43 expression by activating the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt cascades. In addition, a possible protective effect of Icariin (ICA), a flavonoid isolated from Chinese medicinal herb, against MC-LR toxicity was investigated. The ICA prevented the degradation of GJIC and impairment of Cx43 induced by MC-LR via suppressing the Akt pathway. Together, our results confirmed that the expression of Cx43 induced by MC-LR was regulated in vivo and in vitro, which was involved in the destruction of BTB. Additionally, ICA seems to be able to mitigate the MC-LR toxic effects.

Field of study: Environmental science
Effectiveness of Anti-Smoking Advertising: The Roles of Message and Media

In the last few years, Malaysia government has put in a lot of efforts in order to reduce the number of smokers especially youths in Malaysia. Unfortunately, the numbers of smokers are still increasing according to Global Adult Survey Tobacco (2012). This survey was carried out to evaluate the effectiveness of anti-smoking advertising message and media in Malaysia. A questionnaire was used as a research instrument in this survey. The findings showed that the respondents are “neutral” on the anti-smoking advertising messages except for the fear message. One-way ANOVA and independent samples t-test were used to test the hypotheses. The result from independent samples t-test shows there is a real difference between gender and effectiveness of the anti smoking message. However, the result from one-way ANOVA shows there is no difference between ethnic groups and effectiveness of the anti - smoking message. Besides, the findings also showed that the Internet was the most effective medium to promote anti-smoking advertisements. In future, the comprehensive evaluation of anti-smoking advertising effectiveness in terms of copy, layouts and appeals needs to be studied.

Field of study: Business
Effects of Parental Authoritarianism and Authoritativeness on Self-Esteem

The effect of parental authority upon the self-esteem of 230 college students was studied. Authoritarianism and authoritativeness of the mother and the father were found to correlate significantly with self-esteem; authoritarianism was inversely related to self-esteem while authoritativeness was directly related to self-esteem. Permissiveness of the mother and the father were not significantly related to self-esteem. Regression analyses revealed that the proportion of variance in self-esteem that was associated with parental authoritarianism and authoritativeness was over twice as great for females as for males.

Field of study: Psychology
Localizations for quiver Hecke algebras

We provide the localization procedure for monoidal categories by a real commuting family of braiders. For an element $w$ of the Weyl group, $\mathscr{C}_w$ is a subcategory of modules over quiver Hecke algebra which categorifies the quantum unipotent coordinate algebra $A_q[\mathfrak{n}(w)]$. We construct the localization $\widetilde{\mathscr{C}_w}$ of $\mathscr{C}_w$ by adding the inverses of simple modules which correspond to the frozen variables in the quantum cluster algebra $A_q[\mathfrak{n}(w)]$. The localization $\widetilde{\mathscr{C}_w}$ is left rigid and we expect that it is rigid.

Field of study: Mathematics
Functionally distinct memories for imprinting stimuli: behavioral and neural dissociations.

Precocial chicks exposed to a stimulus subsequently approach that stimulus in preference to other, novel stimuli. Previous investigations of the neural basis of these imprinting preferences suggest that imprinting training results in the formation of two memories. The first memory is formed rapidly and is located in the intermediate and medial part of the hyperstriatum ventrale (IMHV) of the left hemisphere; the formation of the second, in another memory system, S', takes several hours and can be prevented by a lesion placed in the right IMHV soon after training. The results of the present study suggest that the functional characteristics of these memories differ. Although memories in both left IMHV and S' supported imprinting preferences (Experiments 1a and 2a), only memories in S' influenced the acquisition of a heat-reinforced discrimination in which imprinted objects served as discriminanda (Experiments 1b and 2b).

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
OPTIMIZATION OF PHOSPHORUS PARTITIONING IN DAIRY MANURE USING CHEMICAL ADDITIVES WITH A MECHANICAL SOLIDS SEPARATOR

The use of liquid aluminum sulfate (alum) and a cationic polymer to precipitate soluble phosphorus, measured 
as dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP), from dairy manure was investigated in conjunction with a mechanical screw press 
solids separator. The ability to partition phosphorus (P) into the recovered solids would increase the feasibility of transporting 
P off the farm. Initial settling studies were conducted using Imhoff cones to determine the effectiveness of aluminum (Al) to 
P molar ratios of 2.5:1, 5:1, and 7.5:1. In the Imhoff cone tests, the DRP concentration in the treated bulk liquid was 68%, 
95%, and 98% less than the control, respectively. For the mechanical separator tests, alum was added at a molar ratio of Al 
to P (measured as DRP, but converted to an elemental P equivalency for the ratio calculations) of 5.5:1, and alum plus a 
cationic polymer was tested with the alum added at an Al to P molar ratio of 7.5:1. The DRP concentrations in the manure 
after alum amendment at the 5.5:1 Al:P ratio (and prior to processing in the separator) and in the press liquor were 52% less 
than prior to alum amendment. The total phosphorus (TP) in the press liquor was not affected by alum addition because the 
aluminum phosphate floc remained with the press liquor when alum alone was added. With the addition of alum at a 7.5:1 
Al:P ratio in conjunction with cationic polymer at a rate of 55.5 mg L-1, the DRP concentration in the press liquor was reduced 
by 96%. When compared to the control, waste amended with alum and polymer had 82% less TP in the press liquor, which 
indicates that P was partitioned into the press cake. This combined alum/polymer treatment also resulted in a 36% reduction 
in TS and a 71% reduction in chemical oxygen demand (COD) in the press liquor when compared to the control. Polymer 
addition also increased the dry mass capture efficiency of the solid separator to 81.8% compared to 65.5% in the control, 
but the press liquor flow rate was reduced by 81%. The combined retail cost for alum and polymer addition at the above rates 
is estimated to be $2.63 per 1000 L of treated manure slurry. The results indicate that a cationic polymer used in conjunction 
with alum amendment can effectively partition P into the press cake during mechanical solids separation.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Deformation at an Archean subprovince boundary, northern Minnesota

Structural analysis in the northern margin of the Quetico subprovince (part of the Archean Superior Province of the Canadian Shield) in Minnesota reveals that the main deformation involved polyphase folding (F1 recumbent and nappe-like, and F2 upright, east–west trending, and tight to isoclinal) during regional ductile transpression and amphibolite-facies metamorphism. A younger deformation, developed during the latter stages of regional transpression, resulted in the generation of localized ultraphyllonites along the steeply dipping Rainy Lake – Seine River fault (RLSRF), the major fault separating the Quetico subprovince from the Rainy Lake wrench zone (a wedge-shaped block between the Quetico and Wabigoon subprovinces). The transpression involved north–south shortening and east–west dextral shear. The presence of shear zones in amphibolite-facies wall rock south of the fault and in lower grade ultraphyllonites within the RLSRF suggests that localization of shear occurred by work and (or) reaction softe...

Field of study: Environmental science
Estimated phase equilibria in the transition metal-Ga-N systems: Consequences for electrical contacts to GaN

High quality electrical contacts to GaN are required for the advancement of electronic and optoelectronic devices based on the III-V nitrides. In this study, the metallurgy of contacts to GaN and the implications for the design of electrical contacts are considered. First, phase diagrams are estimated for the transition metal-Ga-N systems. The diagrams are then used as an aid in predicting the reaction products of annealed metal/GaN contacts, to suggest materials that may be useful as thermally stable electrical contacts and to explore the role of the partial pressure of N2 in the annealing environment on the reactions in metal/GaN contacts. It is believed that this information will be particularly useful to researchers during the early stages of contact development since very little experimental information is currently available on the GaN contact metallurgy.

Field of study: Materials science
über die innere Reibung von Holz

ZusammenfassungEs wurde das logarithmische Dekrement der SchwingungsdÄmpfung für verschiedene Holzarten (Fichte, Ahorn, Kiefer, Eiche) einerseits bei Transversal-schwingungen und Frequenzen zwischen 10 bis 700 Hz, andererseits bei Longitudinalschwingungen und Frequenzen zwischen 2000 bis 10000 Hz bestimmt. Das auf die Amplitude Null extrapolierte logarithmische Dekrement erwies sich für beide Arten der Schwingungen in den angewandten Frequenzintervallen als frequenzunabhÄngig. Das steht in übereinstimmung mit der Theorie für die innere Reibung fester Körper von Boltzmann. Das logarithmische Dekrement ergab sich als am kleinsten für Fichtenholz, in zunehmender Reihe grö\er für Ahorn-, Kiefern- und Eichenholz. Für StÄbe, die senkrecht zur Faserrichtung geschnitten waren, war das Dekrement 3,5 mal grö\er als für solche parallel zur Faserrichtung geschnittenen. überziehen der StÄbe mit Ahornlack ergab eine Erhöhung des Dekrements um etwa 40%. Ein mit Wasser wÄhrend 12 Stunden getrÄnkter Stab ergab ein um 75% erhöhtes Dekrement. In übereinstimmung mit der für das logarithmische Dekrement hier gefundenen Reihe der Hölzer wird für Resonanzböden in erster Linie Fichten- und Ahornholz als am geeignetsten für Resonanzböden von Musikinstrumenten benutzt, da bei ihnen die Energieverluste durch innere Reibung am kleinsten sind.

Field of study: Physics