nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Reactivity of 2-amino[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-а]-pyrimidines with various saturation of the pyrimidine ring towards electrophiles

The effect of pyrimidine ring saturation in 2-amino[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-а]pyrimidines on their reactivity as polyfunctional N-nucleophiles was studied by computational methods (reactivity indices and transition state energy values for the model reaction of SN2 alkylation with chloromethane, DFT B3LYP/6-311++G(2d,2p)), as well as experimentally (alkylation with benzyl bromide). The global nucleophilicity of partially hydrogenated aminotriazolopyrimidines was shown to be substantially higher than for aromatic analogs. The most likely sites for electrophilic attack in partially hydrogenated aminotriazolopyrimidines were the N-1 and N-3 atoms, as well as the amino group, and the probability of attack at the N-3 atom increased with harder electrophiles. The nucleophilicity of amino group and the N-1 atom was substantially decreased in aromatic aminotriazolopyrimidines, where the most likely sites of attack by hard electrophiles were the N-3 and N-4 atoms.

Field of study: Chemistry
Optimization algorithms exploiting unitary constraints

This paper presents novel algorithms that iteratively converge to a local minimum of a real-valued function f (X) subject to the constraint that the columns of the complex-valued matrix X are mutually orthogonal and have unit norm. The algorithms are derived by reformulating the constrained optimization problem as an unconstrained one on a suitable manifold. This significantly reduces the dimensionality of the optimization problem. Pertinent features of the proposed framework are illustrated by using the framework to derive an algorithm for computing the eigenvector associated with either the largest or the smallest eigenvalue of a Hermitian matrix.

Field of study: Engineering
Multisite study of particle number concentrations in urban air.

Particle number concentration data are reported from a total of eight urban site locations in the United Kingdom. Of these, six are central urban background sites, while one is an urban street canyon (Marylebone Road) and another is influenced by both a motorway and a steelworks (Port Talbot). The concentrations are generally of a similar order to those reported in the literature, although higher than those in some of the other studies. Highest concentrations are at the Marylebone Road site and lowest are at the Port Talbot site. The central urban background locations lie somewhere between with concentrations typically around 20 000 cm(-3). A seasonal pattern affects all sites, with highest concentrations in the winter months and lowest concentrations in the summer. Data from all sites show a diurnal variation with a morning rush hour peak typical of an anthropogenic pollutant. When the dilution effects of windspeed are accounted for, the data show little directionality at the central urban background sites indicating the influence of sources from all directions as might be expected if the major source were road traffic. At the London Marylebone Road site there is high directionality driven by the air circulation in the street canyon, and at the Port Talbot site different diurnal patterns are seen for particle number count and PM10 influenced by emissions from road traffic (particle number count) and the steelworks (PM10) and local meteorological factors. Hourly particle number concentrations are generally only weakly correlated to NO(x) and PM10, with the former showing a slightly closer relationship. Correlations between daily average particle number count and PM10 were also weak. Episodes of high PM10 concentration in summer typically show low particle number concentrations consistent with transport of accumulation mode secondary aerosol, while winter episodes are frequently associated with high PM10 and particle number count arising from poor dispersion of local primary emissions.

Field of study: Environmental science
Relationship of NPY gene's polymorphisms with reproduction traits in female line of Shaobo chicken.

In this study,neuropeptideY(NPY) gene was used as a candidate gene to analyze the association of polymorphisms sites with reproduction traits in female line of Shaobo chicken,which included age at first egg(AFE),weight at first egg(WFE),the body weight at first egg(BWFE) and the total number of eggs with 300 age(EN).The result indicated that a SNP site was detected by PCR-SSCP.Frequencies of allele A and B at the SNP site were 0.35 and 0.65,respectively.The significant difference was found only between genotypes and the body weight laying at first egg.The average body weight at first egg of genotype AA is 119.03 g and 47.6 g more than that of genotype AB and BB,respectively,and the difference between genotypes AA and AB is significant(P0.05);The average body weight at first egg of genotype BB is 71.43 g more than that of genotype AB,and the difference between the two genotypes is not significant(P0.05).

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
A review of liquid injection techniques for the manufacture of aerospace composite structures

This paper reviews the current state of liquid injection moulding technology for the manufacture of aerospace composite components. The requirements ofthe process are based on the material specifications, which stipulate low void contents below 1%, high volume fractions of fibre and an optimised cure cycle. The liquid injection process must also be economically competitive with current aerospace composite production techniques. Most liquid injection techniques have been developed with consideration for automobile requirements which mainly use glass fibre preforms at relatively low fibre volume fractions when compared with aerospace requirements. High production rates for automobile components are also necessary, which in most cases leads to high void contents. Polyester resins are also commonly used whereas aerospace demands the physical properties of epoxy resins. This review discusses reported investigations and possible process variations which have the potential to deliver economically competitive, high performance and high quality composite material when compared with current aerospace processing.

Field of study: Materials science
Self-Punishment for Responding by Monkeys during Extinction of Discriminated Avoidance: Effects of Previous Stimulus Change Reinforcement

Two groups of rhesus monkeys acquired a discriminated avoidance response (lever-pressing) under different training procedures. One group was trained using a conventional escape-avoidance procedure for 6 training sessions. The other group received one escape-avoidance session following 5 training sessions with stimulus-change reinforcement in which lever pressing momentarily terminated the light-tone combination later used as CS during avoidance training. Experience with stimulus change reinforcement facilitated acquisition of avoidance responding. Both groups showed self-punishment during extinction and did not differ significantly on this dimension.

Field of study: Psychology
Is United States Foreign Policy "Imperialist" or "Imperial"?

For most of the postwar period the dominant scholarly consensus on the United States role in international politics closely paralleled the image that policy makers themselves held: the United States was a defensive, status-quo power seeking to contain the revolutionary or simply imperialist expansionism of Soviet-led communism. The dominant critique of United States foreign policy operated well within this framework of assumptions; one common argument was that the United States had a tendency to overreach itself, to undertake commitments that excessively taxed its military and economic capabilities. The focus was on the limits of American power; critics never tired of quoting Sir Denis Brogan on "the illusions of American omnipotence."

Field of study: Political science
Iterative reconstruction method for light emitting sources based on the diffusion equation.

Bioluminescent imaging (BLI) of luciferase-expressing cells in live small animals is a powerful technique for investigating tumor growth, metastasis, and specific biological molecular events. Three-dimensional imaging would greatly enhance applications in biomedicine since light emitting cell populations could be unambiguously associated with specific organs or tissues. Any imaging approach must account for the main optical properties of biological tissue because light emission from a distribution of sources at depth is strongly attenuated due to optical absorption and scattering in tissue. Our image reconstruction method for interior sources is based on the deblurring expectation maximization method and takes into account both of these effects. To determine the boundary of the object we use the standard iterative algorithm-maximum likelihood reconstruction method with an external source of diffuse light. Depth-dependent corrections were included in the reconstruction procedure to obtain a quantitative measure of light intensity by using the diffusion equation for light transport in semi-infinite turbid media with extrapolated boundary conditions.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
The biofilm formation and the alginate biosynthetic genes expression of a Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain with a new type mucA gene mutation

To identify the mutation point of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain PA17 and to investigate the alginate biosynthetic genes expression during biofilm formation.  The mucA gene of PA17 was amplified and the products were sequenced. A modified plate culture method was used to establish the biofilm model of PA17. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR was used to determine the expression level of algD, algU and algR during the biofilm formation. One-Way ANOVA was used to identify the significance of the difference. Scanning electron microscope was used to observe the biofilm structure.  There was a 166-333 deletion mutation and 342 A→G in mucA gene of PA17. The expression level of algD and algU was maximal at the 6 d time point during biofilm formation but the expression level of algR was maximal at 24 h time point. The expression difference of algD, algU and algR in different time point of biofilm formation had statistic significance. PA17 biofilm was mature after 6 d and the biofilm structure is a pellicle-shaped one.  PA17 is a mucoid Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain with a new type of mutation of mucA gene, and the expression difference of alginate biosynthetic genes of this strain in different time points of biofilm formation had statistic significance, the biofilm structure of PA17 is a pellicle-shaped one.

Field of study: Biology
The Energy Future and the Chemical Fuels

An account is first given of the origin of present chemical fuels, with particular reference to the lastingness of coal. Methods of estimation of these fuels are discussed and the greenhouse effect arising from the burning of coal is described. Consideration is then given to methods available for extending the uses of chemical fuels, including interfacing them with new inexhaustible, clean energy sources. Finally, accounts are given of the Hydrogen Economy and of the production of chemical fuels from wind energy in massive wind belts.

Field of study: Chemistry
Adjustment Disorder: New Developments

Adjustment disorders (ADs) have been included in the psychiatric classifications since 1952 although their name has changed over time. In DSM 5 they have been classified under the trauma and stress related disorders for the first time. Despite this positive step, there are still problems with the classification of ADs. There is no guidance on the distinction from normal stress reactions, it remains a subthreshold category, and the subtypes are not strongly underpinned by research. There are no specific diagnostic criteria in terms of symptom numbers or combinations of these, unlike most other conditions classified in DSM. Apart from epidemiological studies in those with medical illnesses, recent prevalence studies in other populations are scarce. Research is lacking in many aspects of AD, especially their biological underpinnings and treatments. One factor contributing to this is the absence of adequate diagnostic interview schedules. Interest in ADs may increase now that they are classified with the trauma-related group of disorders.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Messungen am Radiometer II

Zusammenfassung1.Die in einer früheren Arbeit gefundene Symmetrie der Kurve, welche die Abhängigkeit des Radiometerausschlages vom Logarithmus des Gasdruckes darstellt, wird zwischen Drucken, die sich etwa wie 1 ∶ 100 verhalten, durch weitere Versuche bestätigt. Eine kleine Abweichung von der Symmetrie tritt erst bei einem Druck von etwa 0,001mm Hg auf.2.BezeichnetR den Radiometerausschlag beim Druckp,R0den maximalen Ausschlag,p0den dazu gehörigen Druck, so werde die FunktionR/R0=f(logp/p0) als „Radiometerfunktion“ bezeichnet.Der Verlauf der Radiometerfunktion ist bei dünn berußten Radiometern, die bei höherem Druck einen negativen Radiometereffekt zeigen, naturgemäß nicht symmetrisch. Er wird jedoch symmetrisch, wenn man den relativen RadiometerausschlagR/R0als Funktion von logp+π/p0+π darstellt, wobei π eine je nach der Dicke der Berußung verschieden große Konstante darstellt.3.Die Radiometerfunktion stimmt bei dem gleichen Radiometer für verschiedene Gase überein; sie ist bei verschiedenen Radiometern nicht sehr erheblich verschieden.4.Die Wellenlänge der auf das Radiometer fallenden Strahlung ist innerhalb des sichtbaren Gebiets ohne Einfluß auf die Radiometerfunktion.5.Das Maximum des Radiometereffekts liegt in Wasserdampf bei tieferem Druck als in Luft. Im Zusammenhang mit früheren Versuchen deutet dies darauf hin, daß das Maximum des Radiometereffekts bei einem um so tieferen Druck liegt, je. größer die Anzahl der Atome im Gasmolekül ist.

Field of study: Physics
SPOILAGE IDENTIFICATION OF BEEF USING AN ELECTRONIC NOSE SYSTEM

A commercially available Cyranose-320. conducting polymer-based electronic nose system was used to analyze 
the volatile organic compounds emanating from fresh beef strip loins (M. Longisimmus lumborum) stored at 4°C and 10°C. 
Two statistical techniques, i.e., linear discriminant analysis (LDA) and quadratic discriminant analysis (QDA), were used 
to develop classification models from the collected sensor signals. The performances of the developed models were validated 
by two different methods: leave-1-out cross-validation, and bootstrapping. The developed models classified meat samples 
based on the microbial population into “unspoiled” (microbial counts 
6.0 log10 cfu/g). Overall, quadratic discriminant-based classification models performed better than linear discriminant 
analysis based models. For the meat samples stored at 10°C, the highest classification accuracies obtained by the LDA 
method with leave-1-out and bootstrapping validations were 87.10% and 85.87%, respectively. On the other hand, 
classification by QDA and subsequent validation by leave-1-out and bootstrapping provided highest accuracies of 87.5% 
and 97.38%, respectively. For samples stored at 4°C, the LDA method provided highest classification accuracies of 79.17% 
and 85.64% using leave-1-out and bootstrapping validation, respectively. When the QDA method was used, the highest 
classification accuracies obtained for the samples stored at 4°C were 87.50% and 98.48%, respectively, with leave-1-out 
and bootstrapping validations.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
A New Class of Hydrophobic Ionic Liquids: Trialkyl(2-methoxyethyl)ammonium Perfluoroethyltrifluoroborate

New hydrophobic ionic liquids consisting of trialkyl(2-methoxyethyl)ammonium ([R1R2R3NCH2CH2OCH3]+, R1, R2, R3 = CH3 or C2H5) cation and perfluoroethyltrifluoroborate ([C2F5BF3]−) anion were prepar...

Field of study: Chemistry
Unique Shortest Vector Problem for max norm is NP-hard

The unique Shortest vector problem (uSVP) in lattice theory plays a crucial role in many public-key cryptosystems. The security of those cryptosystems bases on the hardness of uSVP. However, so far there is no proof for the proper hardness of uSVP even in its exact version. In this paper, we show that the exact version of uSVP for `∞ norm is NP-hard. Furthermore, many other lattice problems including unique Subspace avoiding problem, unique Closest vector problem and unique Generalized closest vector problem, for any `p norm, are also shown to be NP-hard.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Using Moodle in a General Education English as a Second Language Program: Taiwanese College Student Experiences and Perspectives

Pascarella and Terenzini (1991) concluded that general education improves students’ critical thinking. General education English courses have used the Modular Object-Oriented Dynamic Learning Environment (Moodle) platform for more than a decade. Moodle has become a popular free software package to assist educators and researchers in harnessing the benefits of online learning communities. This study uses a non-experimental, quantitative SPSS 17.0 research design to explore the relationship among demographic characteristics, Moodle use, flexible learning, and English as a second language (ESL) learning outcomes.The accessible population sample consisted of 231 participants, resulting in a response rate of 87%. The participants were college students from 2 colleges in Taiwan. The results show that Hypothesis 1 was supported for all variables for the ESL outcome (p = .0). Hypothesis 2 was supported for all variables for the pretest and posttest outcomes (p = .0). Hypothesis 3 was supported for Moodle use and flexible learning with Moodle (p = .0). Hypothesis 4 was not supported, and for general English, the posttest outcome explained more variance than the pretest outcome. Hypothesis 5 was not supported for Moodle use and the general English and English outcomes. The results of this study have limited applicability because the participants were from 2 small colleges. The distribution of the groups was also irregular. Although the results are valid, they should not be overgeneralized to the whole population. Future studies on general education English should sample all colleges in Taiwan. 
 DOI: 10.5901/jesr.2013.v3n3p97

Field of study: Education, Sociology
Styles of Proterozoic crustal growth on the southeast margin of Laurentia: evidence from the central Grenville Province northwest of Lac St.-Jean, Quebec

The southeast margin of Laurentia was a very long lived active continental margin, part of whose history is recorded in the Grenville Province of the Canadian Shield. Within this province, Nd-isotope mapping can be used to define the boundaries between terranes with a variety of crustal formation ages and can also distinguish between crustal growth by oceanic and continental-arc magmatism. The former gives rise to large terranes with homogeneous Nd-isotope signatures and well-defined boundaries, whereas the latter leads to areas with heterogeneous Nd-isotope signatures. One of the best examples of continental-arc magmatism in the Grenville Province is provided by the region northwest of Lac St.-Jean, Quebec. Eighty new Nd-isotope analyses are used (along with aeromagnetic data) to divide this area into three blocks, bounded by abrupt changes in Nd model age. The western block consists almost exclusively of tonalitic grey gneisses with Archean model ages. The eastern block is composed almost exclusively of...

Field of study: Environmental science
A MicroRNA-124 Polymorphism is Associated with Fracture Healing via Modulating BMP6 Expression

miR-124-3p has been reported to be involved in the pathogenesis of many diseases by modulating a variety of signaling pathways. In this study, we aimed to understand the impact of miR-124-3p expression level on the fracture healing in the patients of metaphyseal fracture of distal tibia, who received minimal invasive percutaneous plate osteosynthesis.  We firstly collected 195 patients of metaphyseal fracture of distal tibia, and the genotype of rs531564 was determined: GG (n=124) and GC+CC (n=71). We collected information of the participants including age, gender, total in-hospital time, smoking and alcohol consumption. Subsequently, we searched the miRNA database online to identify the possible binding sequence of miR-124-3p located within the 3’-UTR of the target gene. We did correlation analysis and luciferase to understand the regulatory relationship between miR-124-3p and BMP6. Meanwhile, we also conducted real time PCR and western blotting analysis to study the mRNA and protein expression level of BMP6 in different genotype groups. We then treated the cells with scramble control, miR-124-3p mimics, BMP6 siRNA and miR-124-3p inhibitors to investigate the influence of miR-124-3p on the expression of BMP6, viability and apoptosis of cells.  Total in-hospital time was significantly longer in GC+CC group than GG group. MiR-124-3p was up-regulated in GG group than GC and CC groups. BMP6 was virtual target of miR-124-3p. There existed negative regulatory relationship betweenmiR-124-3p and BMP6. The mRNA and protein expression level of BMP6 decreased in GG group. MiR-124-3p decreased the expression of BMP6. MiR-124-3p negatively interfered with the viability of cells and BMP6 positively interfered with the viability of cells. MiR-124-3p reduced apoptosis and BMP6 promoted apoptosis.  These data proved the expression of miR-124-3p was associated with the healing of metaphyseal fracture of distal tibia, and could be recognized as a biomarker to predict the healing of metaphyseal fracture of distal tibia.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Ein geometrisches Modell des Atomkerns

ZusammenfassungDiskontinuitäten in der Existenz und den Eigenschaften der Kerne oberhalb He4 scheinen bei ungeordneter Bewegung der Kernbausteine kaum zu erklären. Die auffälligste Sonderstellung zeigt der Kern Fe56. Bei der diesem Kern entsprechenden Zahl von 13α-Teilchen ist es gerade möglich, eine Kugel mit 12 anderen räumlich voll zu koordinieren. Es wird daher ein geometrischesα-Modell vorgeschlagen. Die Modelle der Aggregate bisα8 werden abgeleitet. Die zu ziehenden Schlüsse werden an dem Verhalten des Massendefektes, der Isotopie und der Häufigkeit nachgeprüft.

Field of study: Physics
Tuning of the superconducting and ferromagnetic transitions by Cu doping for Ru in GdSr2RuCu2O8

In order to explore the possibility of tuning superconducting and ferromagnetic transitions by Cu doping (for Ru) in GdSr2RuCu2O8, we have carried out synthesis and characterization of GdSr2Ru1−xCu2+xO8 (x=0, 0.05, 0.1 and 0.2) and studied their physical properties. Coexistence of superconductivity and ferromagnetism is observed in all the Cu doped samples studied here. The zero field susceptibility data suggests formation of a spontaneous vortex phase. Cu doping decreases the ferromagnetic Curie temperature, whereas the superconducting transition temperature increases until an optimal concentration x∼0.1. This reflects an increase in hole transfer to the CuO2 planes and reduction of ferromagnetic order within the ruthenate layers.

Field of study: Physics
An argument on the security of LRBC, a recently proposed lightweight block cipher

LRBC is a new lightweight block cipher that has been proposed for resource-constrained IoT devices. The cipher is claimed to be secure against differential cryptanalysis and linear cryptanalysis. However, beside short state length which is only 16-bits, the structures of the cipher only use the linear operations, the its s-boxes, and this is a reason why the cipher is completely insecure against the mentioned attacks. we present a few examples to show that. Also, we show that the round function of LRBC has some structural problem and even if we fix them the cipher does not provide complete diffusion. Hence, even with replacement of the cipher s-boxes with proper s-boxes, the problem will not be fixed and it is possible to provide deterministic distinguisher for any number of round of the cipher. In addition, we show that for any fixed key, it is possible to create a full code book for the cipher with the complexity of 2, which should be compared with 2 for any secure n-bit block cipher.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics