nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The role of sea-level change and marine anoxia in the Frasnian–Famennian (Late Devonian) mass extinction

Johnson et al. (Johnson, J.G., Klapper, G., Sandberg, C.A., 1985. Devonian eustatic fluctuations in Euramerica. Geological Society of America Bulletin 96, 567–587) proposed one of the first explicit links between marine anoxia, transgression and mass extinction for the Frasnian–Famennian (F–F, Late Devonian) mass extinction. This cause-and-effect nexus has been accepted by many but others prefer sea-level fall and cooling as an extinction mechanism. New facies analysis of sections in the USA and Europe (France, Germany, Poland), and comparison with sections known from the literature in Canada, Australia and China reveal several high-frequency relative sea-level changes in the late Frasnian to earliest Famennian extinction interval. A clear signal of major transgression is seen within the Early rhenana Zone (e.g. drowning of the carbonate platform in the western United States). This is the base of transgressive–regressive Cycle IId of the Johnson et al. (Johnson, J.G., Klapper, G., Sandberg, C.A., 1985. Devonian eustatic fluctuations in Euramerica. Geological Society of America Bulletin 96, 567–587) eustatic curve. This was curtailed by regression and sequence boundary generation within the early linguiformis Zone, recorded by hardground and karstification surfaces in sections from Canada to Australia. This major eustatic fall probably terminated platform carbonate deposition over wide areas, especially in western North America. The subsequent transgression in the later linguiformis Zone, recorded by the widespread development of organic-rich shale facies, is also significant because it is associated with the expansion of anoxic deposition, known as the Upper Kellwasser Event. Johnson et al.'s (Johnson, J.G., Klapper, G., Sandberg, C.A., 1985. Devonian eustatic fluctuations in Euramerica. Geological Society of America Bulletin 96, 567–587) original transgression-anoxia–extinction link is thus supported, although some extinction losses of platform carbonate biota during the preceeding regression cannot be ruled out. Conodont faunas suffered major losses during the Upper Kellwasser Event, with deep-water taxa notably affected. This renders unreliable any eustatic analyses utilising changes in conodont biofacies. Claims for a latest Frasnian regression are not supported, and probably reflect poor biostratigraphic dating of the early linguiformis Zone sequence boundary.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Linking organic pollutant (bio)availability with geosorbent properties and biomimetic methodology: a review of geosorbent characterisation and (bio)availability prediction.

The interdependent link between structure and physico-chemical properties of geosorbents and sorption activity of hydrophobic organic pollutants (HOC) upon interaction with solid matrices has been established. The conclusions derived from these investigations have not been actively incorporated into risk assessment and remediation protocols since legislators prefer to adopt a conservative approach when the potential of contaminants to be released from soil matrices are evaluated. With the advent of spectroscopic techniques, it is possible to determine the molecular properties of the geosorbent organic matter which play a pivotal role in HOC retention. Physical-chemical and biological methods are employed to predict the potential for HOC release from sorbent matrices. This article serves as a review discussing the literature and reports the progress that has been made in these particular areas. The implication of employing molecular descriptor factors correlated with a biomimetic method to assess availability and risk is also considered.

Field of study: Environmental science
Infrared Detection of Abundant CS in the Hot Core AFGL 2591 at High Spectral Resolution with SOFIA/EXES

We have performed a 5-8 $\mu$m spectral line survey of the hot molecular core associated with the massive protostar AFGL 2591, using the Echelon-Cross-Echelle Spectrograph (EXES) on the Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA). We have supplemented these data with a ground based study in the atmospheric M band around 4.5 $\mu$m using the iSHELL instrument on the Infrared Telescope Facility (IRTF), and the full N band window from 8-13 $\mu$m using the Texas Echelon Cross Echelle Spectrograph (TEXES) on the IRTF. 
Here we present the first detection of ro-vibrational transitions of CS in this source. The absorption lines are centred on average around -10 kms$^{-1}$ and the line widths of CS compare well with the hot component of $^{13}$CO (around 10 kms$^{-1}$). Temperatures for CS, hot $^{13}$CO and $^{12}$CO v=1-2 agree well and are around 700 K. We derive a CS abundance of 8$\times$10$^{-3}$ and 2$\times$10$^{-6}$ with respect to CO and H$_2$ respectively. This enhanced CS abundance with respect to the surrounding cloud (1$\times$10$^{-8}$) may reflect sublimation of H$_2$S ice followed by gas-phase reactions to form CS. 
Transitions are in LTE and we derive a density of $>$10$^7$ cm$^{-3}$, which corresponds to an absorbing region of $<$0.04$''$. EXES observations of CS are likely to probe deeply into the hot core, to the base of the outflow. Submillimeter and infrared observations trace different components of the hot core as revealed by the difference in systemic velocities, line widths and temperatures, as well as the CS abundance.

Field of study: Physics
LiMn1.8Ni0.2O4 nanorods obtained from a novel route using α-MnOOH precursor as cathode material for lithium-ion batteries

Nanorod structures of LiMn1.8Ni0.2O4 applicable as active cathode material for Li-ion batteries were synthesized from α-MnOOH and α-MnO2 initial phases. The LiMn1.8Ni0.2O4 spinel nanorods obtained from α-MnOOH using a novel, eco-friendly method showed higher purity than the traditional spinel obtained from α-MnO2. The showed charge capacity that was in the order of 122 mA h g−1 higher than similar active material reported in the literature, and it was able to keep >80% of initial capacity at a charge rate of 5 C.

Field of study: Materials science
Presidential Selection: Complex Problems and Simple Solutions

Our method of selecting a president is not entirely what the Framers of the Constitution envisioned in 1787. It has changed and developed in several ways, but it still is compatible with and supportive of the American idea of de mocracy. The American idea of democracy is complex, not simple; federal, not all-national; consensual, not strictly majoritarian. The political slogan "all power to the people" is not one our Founders would have endorsed. Their slo gan was "all power to no one," not even the numerical majority. As James Mad ison pointed out in The Federalist, No. 47, all power in the hands of the many is a form of tyranny. The goal of the Founders was liberty, and because they had decided on a democratic republic, they had to find a way to balance liberty and equality. Their solution to the problem of majority tyranny was a system of concurrent majorities that not only divides the powers of the national gov ernment by function, but also divides, shapes, and structures all governing ma jorities under a federal principle. This form of government seeks more than majority rule; it seeks majority rule with minority consent. To gain that consent, it must give minorities of all kinds the opportunity to be a part of the majority. These opportunities are created in two ways: first,

Field of study: Political science
Total Hip Arthroplasty in Acetabular Deficiency: Experience in Al Razi Hospital, Kuwait

To report clinical and radiological outcomes of cemented and cementless total hip arthroplasty for primary and secondary osteoarthritis with a deficiency of acetabular bone stock.  Thirty-seven patients (16 male and 21 female) having 41 hips affected by primary and secondary acetabular bone stock defect that were operated using cemented (n = 25) and cementless (n = 16) hip replacement were followed for an average period of 37 (range 12–100) months. Bone defect was classified according to American Academy of Orthopedic Surgery criteria. Different types of bone graft techniques and metal reinforcements were used. Merle d’Aubigné clinical score was used to calculate clinical outcomes. Geometrical position of the acetabular component, cup integration, hip center and graft integration were assessed.  The mean clinical score improved significantly from 10.6 patients preoperatively to 16.7 patients postoperatively; 95% of the cups were in the desired position and were considered integrated and the bone graft remodeled in most cases. There were 2 deep infections, 1 dislocation and 2 cases of transient neurological deficit. No significant differences in final clinical and radiological outcomes, rate of loosening and rate of complications were found between cemented and cementless acetabular replacements. The results show that reconstruction of acetabular bone deficiency can be accomplished with few complications using either a cemented or cementless acetabular component with or without grafting according to the clinical situation.

Field of study: Medicine
'I Love You...I Mutilate You': The Capture of Flesh and the Word in 'Female Genital Mutilation' Law

We must see right away how crude it is to accept the idea that, in the ethical order itself, everything can be reduced to social constraint as if the fashion in which that constraint develops doesn't in itself raise a question... (Lacan, 1992 [1960], 225) We must see right away that the desire to institute social constraint, and the fashion in which this is initiated and legitimated, raises a question as to the desire of the advocate of such constraint. In the text that is female genital mutilation, any call to the institution of law betrays itself as not so self evident in its altruism, but raises a question as to the desire of the anti-female genital mutilation (fgm) advocate. In this article I discuss the fantasising that accompanies anti-female genital mutilation advocacy and the passions that inspire the calls to law. I argue that the aggressive fantasising of female genital mutilation as a 'barbaric' and 'sadistic' practice, and the accompanying refusal to engage with the commentary of women who are circumcised and with the research which counters much anti-fgm rhetoric, betrays a horror of castration in the 'non-mutilated' subject. This horror is played out in discussions of the animation of the flesh of the 'mutilated woman' and in a liberal politico-legal terrain in which the sovereign comes to function as an Other who can restore the lost fresh to the horrified advocate. Advocating for anti-fgm law in this light becomes an alignment with the sovereign's law and the sovereign's language; in this form such 'social constraint' functions as the salve to castration.

Field of study: Philosophy
Encoding Effects on First-Graders' Use of Manipulatives

The effects of prior encodings of manipulatives (red and blue plastic chips) on children's ability to use them as representations of quantity were tested. First graders (N = 73) were assigned to four conditions in which the encoding of plastic chips was experimentally manipulated. All children then participated in an addition activity that relied on the chips' quantitative representations. Children who were given quantitative encodings were better able to use the chips with meaning relative to those who played with them during the encoding phase. Children who perceived the chips as toys after encoding were similarly hindered on their ability to use them as quantities. The findings suggest that prior encodings are predictive of children's quantitative representations of manipulatives.

Field of study: Education
Efficient QP-ADMM Decoder for Binary LDPC Codes and Its Performance Analysis

This paper presents an efficient quadratic programming (QP) decoder via the alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM) technique, called QP-ADMM, for binary low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes. Its main contents are as follows: first, we relax the maximum likelihood (ML) decoding problem to a non-convex quadratic program. Then, we develop an ADMM solving algorithm for the formulated non-convex QP decoding model. In the proposed QP-ADMM decoder, complex Euclidean projections onto the check polytope are eliminated and variables in each updated step can be solved analytically in parallel. Moreover, it is proved that the proposed ADMM algorithm converges to a stationary point of the non-convex QP problem under the assumption of sequence convergence. We also verify that the proposed decoder satisfies the favorable property of the all-zeros assumption. Furthermore, by exploiting the inside structures of the QP model, the complexity of the proposed algorithm in each iteration is shown to be linear in terms of LDPC code length. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed QP-ADMM decoder.

Field of study: Engineering
Equilibrium-line altitudes on reconstructed LGM glaciers of the northwest Barguzinsky Ridge, Northern Baikal, Russia

The spatial extent of the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) glaciers (MIS 2) in the northwest of the Barguzinsky Ridge has previously been mapped. Geographical information system (GIS)-computing of the glaciers' quantitative parameters allowed us to use various methods to evaluate the former equilibrium-line altitudes (ELAs) for the 10 largest glaciers. ELAs on reconstructed glaciers were calculated using four common methods: (1) the median elevation of glaciers (MEG), (2) the toe-to-headwall altitude ratio (THAR), (3) the accumulation area ratio (AAR), and (4) Gefer's method. The results suggest that the mean macroclimatic LGM “background” ELA for the area studied was about 1200±145 m above present sea level and the mean ELA depression relative to modern conditions was about 1100 m. Tentative estimates suggest that the reconstructed glaciers could have existed in a drier (about 1.5 times drier-than-present) environment if the mean summer air temperature was about 8–9 °C lower than present day.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
PHOTOLYSIS OF CHLOROBENZENE. PHENYLATION OF CHLOROBENZENE WITH ANOMALOUS ORIENTATION

Photolysis of chlorobenzene as neat and in concentrated solutions gives a mixture of o-, m-, and p-chlorobiphenyls in an anomalous ratio, with the highest ratio of the p-isomer. However, on dilution with solvent, the isomer ratio tends to approach the normal ratio as obtained from the usual phenylation of chlorobenzene with the highest ratio of the o-isomer. A mechanism is proposed in which a triplet excimer of chlorobenzene arising in concentrated solutions favours the production of the p-isomer.

Field of study: Chemistry
Effect of storage duration on cytokine stability in human serum and plasma

&NA; Quantification of analytes such as cytokines in serum samples is intrinsic to translational research in immune diseases. Optimising pre‐analytical conditions is critical for ensuring study quality, including evaluation of cytokine stability. We aimed to evaluate the effect on cytokine stability of storage duration prior to freezing of serum, and compare to plasma samples obtained from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Protein stability was analysed by simultaneously quantifying 18 analytes using a custom multi‐analyte profile in SLE patient serum and plasma samples that had been prospectively stored at 4 °C for pre‐determined periods between 0 and 30 days, prior to freezing. Six analytes were excluded from analysis, because most tested samples were above or below the limit of detection. Amongst the 12 analysed proteins, 11 did not show significant signal degradation. Significant signal degradation was observed from the fourth day of storage for a single analyte, CCL19. Proteins levels were more stable in unseparated serum compared to plasma for most analytes, with the exception of IL‐37 which appears slightly more stable in plasma. Based on this, a maximum 3 days of storage at 4 °C for unseparated serum samples is recommended for biobanked samples intended for cytokine analysis in studies of human immune disease.

Field of study: Medicine
Oxygen diffusion in titanium carbide

The diffusion coefficients of oxygen were measured in TiC0.97 single crystals by a gas exchange technique in which the amount of stable isotope taken up by the carbide was controlled by introducing a constant gas volume of oxygen-marked carbon monoxide. Diffusion was extended over depths of 1 to 150 μm. The concentration profiles were measured by secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS). Interpretation was made by assuming a constant superficial concentration. The results can be described by the expression D(cm2/s)=0.48 exp [-3.97 (eV) atomkT] in the temperature range 1500−2100°C. These results are compared with carbon self-diffusion data. For the low-temperature range (1000<T<1500°C) the diffusion coefficients show a departure from the high-temperature extrapolated data, which is interpreted as an enhancement of the oxygen diffusion by dislocations.

Field of study: Materials science
A method to assess the accuracy of sonic anemometer measurements

We propose a method to assess the accuracy of atmospheric turbulence
measurements performed by sonic anemometers and test it by analysis of
measurements from two commonly used sonic anemometers, a Metek USA-1 and a
Campbell CSAT3, at two locations in Denmark. The method relies on the
estimation of the ratio of the vertical to the along-wind velocity power
spectrum within the inertial subrange and does not require the use of another
measurement as reference. When we correct the USA-1 to account for
three-dimensional flow-distortion effects, as recommended by Metek GmbH, the
ratio is very close to 4∕3 as expected from Kolmogorov's hypothesis, whereas
non-corrected data show a ratio close to 1. For the CSAT3, non-corrected data
show a ratio close to 1.1 for the two sites and for wind directions where the
instrument is not directly affected by the mast. After applying a previously
suggested flow-distortion correction, the ratio increases up to ≈1.2 ,
implying that the effect of flow distortion in this instrument is still not
properly accounted for.

Field of study: Environmental science
NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF MEAN VELOCITY SPEED-UP EFFECT IN HILLY TERRAIN

In early researches on velocity speed-up effects, relative simple formulations are often used to calculate the speed-up ratio on crest, but other complex situation is neglected. In order to discuss the influence of the slope and height of hills as well as terrain conditions on speed-up effects, the speed-up ratio has been calculated by Fluent numerical simulation. The results show that the maximum speed-up ratio increases with the increasing of the slope and height of hills and with the decreasing of exponent of ground roughness. Besides, the slope, height and terrain conditions have notable influence on the distribution of the speed-up ratio on crest. Modified guidelines are suggested to correct the Original Guidelines.

Field of study: Engineering
Delayed-response strategies in repeated games with observation lags

We extend the folk theorem of repeated games to two settings in which players' information about others' play arrives with stochastic lags. In our first model, signals are almost-perfect if and when they do arrive, that is, each player either observes an almost-perfect signal of period-t play with some lag or else never sees a signal of period-t play. The second model has the same lag structure, but the information structure corresponds to a lagged form of imperfect public monitoring, and players are allowed to communicate via cheap-talk messages at the end of each period. In each case, we construct equilibria in “delayed-response strategies,” which ensure that players wait long enough to respond to signals that with high probability all relevant signals are received before players respond. To do so, we extend past work on private monitoring to obtain folk theorems despite the small residual amount of private information.

Field of study: Economics
Changes in thyroid hormone and insulin status of the brown adipose tissue of cold acclimated rats on short term exposure to heat.

Acclimation of rats to cold caused 45% increase in the concentration of triidothyronine (T3) and 35% increase in the concentration of thyroxine (T4) in serum. Exposure of cold-acclimated rats to heat (12 hr, 37 degrees C) failed to decrease the concentrations of thyroid hormones in circulation. The concentration of T3 in brown adipose tissue (BAT) increased almost 10-fold on cold acclimation. Iodothyronine deiodinase activity also registered 3-fold increase. Exposure of cold-acclimated animals to heat caused decrease in the concentration of T3 in BAT without appreciably affecting T4 concentration. In liver tissue, the changes in hormone concentrations were quite small compared to those in BAT. On thyroidectomy or when fed with propyl thiouracil, rats could not survive exposure to the cold. The concentration of insulin in circulation showed small increase, while that in the tissues showed significant decrease on acclimation of rats to the cold. The concentration of the hormone in BAT registered significant increase on exposure of cold-acclimated animals to heat (12 hr, 37 degrees C). The increase in liver was marginal. The temperature-dependent response of T3 indicates an important role for this hormone in rapid physiological response in BAT.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Physics
Thomas Hobbes on the Family and the State of Nature

Among the most celebrated passages in the literature of political philosophy is Thomas Hobbes' classic description of the incommodious, barren, and uncertain life in the state of nature: "no Arts; no Letters; no Society; and which is worst of all, continuall feare, and danger of violent death; And the life of man, solitary, poore, nasty, brutish, and short." Seventeenth-century critics, assuming that even the most rudimentary social unit, the family, was excluded from the Hobbesian state of nature, often opposed this view of "the NATURALL CONDITION of Mankind" with the patriarchally governed household and insisted that the natural "warre of every man against every man"1 never existed. The reaction of Bishop John Bramhall was typical:

Field of study: Political science
Complete genome of Pseudomonas sp. strain L10.10, a psychrotolerant biofertilizer that could promote plant growth.

Pseudomonas sp. strain L10.10 (=DSM 101070) is a psychrotolerant bacterium which was isolated from Lagoon Island,  Analysis of its complete genome sequence indicates its possible role as a plant-growth promoting bacterium, including nitrogen-fixing ability and indole acetic acid (IAA)-producing trait, with additional suggestion of plant disease prevention attributes via hydrogen cyanide production.

Field of study: Biology, Engineering
Path-vector contracting: Profit maximization and risk management

We consider an Internet Service Provider's (ISP's) problem of providing end-to-end (e2e) services with bandwidth guarantees, using a path-vector based approach. In this approach, an ISP uses its edge-to-edge (g2g) single-domain contracts and vector of contracts purchased from neighboring ISPs as the building blocks to construct, or participate in constructing, an end-to-end ''contract path''. We develop a spot-pricing framework for the e2e bandwidth guaranteed services utilizing this path contracting strategy, by formulating it as a stochastic optimization problem with the objective of maximizing expected profit subject to risk constraints. In particular, we present time-invariant path contracting strategies that offer high expected profit at low risks, and can be implemented in a fully distributed manner. Simulation analysis is employed to evaluate the contracting and pricing framework under different network and market conditions. An admission control policy based on the path contracting strategy is developed and its performance is analyzed using simulations.

Field of study: Computer science