nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Assembly of a dike-fed magma chamber: The Jackass Lakes pluton, central Sierra Nevada, California

The mechanisms of ascent, assembly, and emplacement of granitic magma in the crust are critical to understanding the dynamics of continental margin growth, yet these mechanisms remain controversial and poorly understood. Detailed study of structural and petrologic fabrics in the middle Cretaceous Jackass Lakes pluton-wall-rock system, central Sierra Nevada, California, coupled with U-Pb geochronology, indicates that the pluton formed via sheet-like assembly of a dike-fed magma chamber. Final emplacement of the pluton was facilitated by multiple brittle and ductile mechanisms that were active at different times and places within the system; this supports hybrid viscoelastic emplacement models as realistic alternatives to end-member models (i.e., dike versus diapir). Fracture propagation, which initiated ≈40% of the space required for emplacement, may have been facilitated by a small component of arc-parallel dextral shear that produced north-northwest-striking tension gashes. A combination of ductile wall-rock shortening during lateral expansion of sheets, and return flow of elongate, strongly deformed wall-rock septa, produced an additional ≈25% of the space required. Other mechanisms, including coeval formation of the overlying Minarets caldera and stoping in the subvolcanic part of the magma chamber, must account for the remaining ≈35% space, implying that vertical transfer of material is an important emplacement mechanism at shallow crustal levels.

Field of study: Geology
Basin neotectonics of Lakes Edward and George, East African Rift

The Edward and George lake basins are located in the western branch of the East African Rift System (EARS). Both basins occupy half grabens with the main boundary fault located in the west and are separated by a high relief accommodation zone. This structural high formed where the NNE–SSW trend of the Miocene rifting and NW–SE oriented basement lineaments interfere. The Kazinga Channel, connecting Lake George to Lake Edward, cuts across this uplifted area. The course of the channel has been affected by syn- and antithetic faulting. Volcanism in this part of the EARS is related to high relief accommodation zones, and volcanic craters are either parallel to the NW–SE oriented Precambrian lineaments or the NNE–SSW oriented Miocene rift. Volcanism that initiated during the early stages of rifting commonly parallels the NW–SE oriented accommodation zones and basement lineaments, while craters that formed during the later stages of rifting tend to parallel the large border faults of the NNE–SSW oriented rift. Rifting processes in the Edward and George basins have been disturbed by uplift mechanisms related to the Rwenzori horst block formation. The Kasindi Fault Zone located in the central part of the Edward Basin is related to a low relief accommodation zone formed between two opposite dipping border faults. The Edward–George basin is tectonically active; the large boundary faults, the syn- and antithetic faults of the rift basin, and the accommodation zones all show signs of recent movement. Faulting related to the Kasindi Fault Zone suggests a >12 m fault movement during the Holocene, possibly related to periods of extensive volcanism within the Toro Ankole volcanic province.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Superconducting Super Motor and Generator

We have developed a new type of superconducting synchronous rotating machine whose self-induction is cancelled out, with the intention of achieving a very high power-to-weight ratio including the weight of the cooling system. Magnetic cores are used to direct the magnetic field from permanent magnets on the rotors onto superconducting wires on the stator, and the reaction of the Lorenz force is used to drive the rotors. Cancellation of self-induction in the cores enables the elimination of core losses and magnetic saturation, permitting the core mass to be reduced significantly, and also reducing ac losses in the superconducting wires. In this study, a prototype prepared using 100 m of second-generation high-temperature superconductor (2G-HTS) wire is described, and its characteristics are measured and compared with a numerical simulation. We conclude that electrical rotating machines with power-to-weight ratios comparable to jet engines could be developed with 2G-HTS wire.

Field of study: Physics
Analysis of the relationship between the contact barrier and rectification ratio in a two-dimensional P–N heterojunction

The excellent performance of electronic and optoelectronic devices based on two-dimensional materials, including graphene and transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) such as MoS2 and WSe2, has inspired enthusiastic research on their potential applications in many fields. Numerous studies have been done on van der Waals heterojunctions, but a full understanding of the relationship between the contact barrier and the rectification ratio in these structures is still uncertain. In this work, we investigate the electrical properties of a lateral P–N junction based on an MoS2 and WSe2 heterojunction and extract the Schottky barrier heights in the contact areas. The barrier heights extracted from the device for MoS2-metal, WSe2-metal and P–N junction, are 71.6 meV, 232.7 meV, and 30.9 meV respectively. The result indicates that the rectification ratio of a lateral P–N junction mainly comes from the Schottky barrier between WSe2 and metal, which is distinct from traditional P–N junctions based on silicon. Our work quantitatively analyzes the effect of the contact barrier and the P–N junction on the electrical characteristics of the rectification ratio, which provides a deep understanding of the electronic transport characteristics of P–N heterojunctions and paves the way for the construction of novel electronic devices based on van der Waals heterojunctions in the future.

Field of study: Materials science
AKARI Far-Infrared All Sky Survey

We demonstrate the capability of AKARI for mapping diffuse far-infrared emission and achieved reliability of all-sky diffuse map. We have conducted an all-sky survey for more than 94 % of the whole sky during cold phase of AKARI observation in 2006  The survey in far-infrared waveband covers 50 um -- 180 um with four bands centered at 65 um, 90 um, 140 um, and 160 um and spatial resolution of 3000 -- 4000 (FWHM).This survey has allowed us to make a revolutionary improvement compared to the IRAS survey that was conducted in 1983 in both spatial resolution and sensitivity after more than a quarter of a century. Additionally, it will provide us the first all-sky survey data with high-spatial resolution beyond 100 um. Considering its extreme importance of the AKARI far-infrared diffuse emission map, we are now investigating carefully the quality of the data for possible release of the archival data. Critical subjects in making image of diffuse emission from detected signal are the transient response and long-term stability of the far-infrared detectors. Quantitative evaluation of these characteristics is the key to achieve sensitivity comparable to or better than that for point sources (< 20 -- 95 [MJy/sr]). We describe current activities and progress that are focused on making high quality all-sky survey images of the diffuse far-infrared emission.

Field of study: Physics
Measurement of Power Density at Zero Frequency With a Trend Compensation

The noise power spectrum (NPS) at zero frequency can represent a global noise property of a system and is the sum of the covariances with lags. As the lag increases, an estimate of the sum shows a converging curve. However, due to the unpredictable signal trend, the estimate continues to increase. In this paper, a trend model is first introduced to describe the trends. A high-precision estimate algorithm for zero-frequency NPS is then proposed based on a Blackman-Tukey method with a rectangular window, in which windowed periodograms are sample averaged as the Bartlett-Welch method. In order to analyze the covariance and trend components, sequential observations on estimates are conducted with respect to the periodogram and window sizes. Through the analysis, an appropriate range of the window sizes is suggested and a trend-compensation scheme is developed. Experimental results for x-ray images acquired from a radiography detector showed that an estimate precision was improved to 2.63% from 49.1% of a conventional approach with 99.5% covariance components.

Field of study: Engineering
A monoclonal antibody against F1-F0 ATP synthase beta subunit.

As a transmembrane enzyme, ATP synthase plays an important role in energy metabolism of organ tissues, as well as in tumors. In this study we generated a monoclonal antibody, 6G11, to the catalytic subunit of F1-F0 ATP synthase (ATP5B). The SDS-PAGE result demonstrated that the hybridoma clone had a molecular weight of 50 and 27 kDa components that could be the heavy and light chains of the monoclonal antibody, respectively. Chromosome analysis of the hybridoma clone proved that they had 98 to 102 chromosomal numbers that were the sum of the SP2/0 and spleen cells. Western blot assay revealed that the hybridoma clone reacted specifically with the ATP synthase beta subunit, but not with other proteins. In addition, the subclass of the hybridoma clone was identified as IgG1 by capture ELISA. Furthermore, it demonstrated that the antibody retained stability after half a year. These results indicated that the hybridoma clone 6G11 was a monoclonal antibody with significant stability and special reactivity to ATP5B antigen.

Field of study: Biology
Mucosal immunization with a ricin toxin B subunit-rotavirus NSP4 fusion protein stimulates a Th1 lymphocyte response.

The castor-oil plant Ricinus communis A-B dimeric toxin B subunit (RTB) was genetically linked at its N-terminus with a 90 amino acid peptide from simian rotavirus SA-11 non-structural protein NSP4(90) and produced in Escherichia coli BL21 cells. Biologically active recombinant NSP4(90)-RTB fusion protein was shown to bind glycoprotein asialofetuin receptor molecules in an in vitro enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Oral inoculation of the purified NSP4(90)-RTB ligand-antigen fusion protein delivered the chimeric protein to intestinal epidermal cells for mucosal immunization against rotavirus infection. Mice fed the NSP4(90)-RTB fusion protein generated higher humoral and intestinal antibody titers than mice inoculated with NSP4(90) alone. Titers of serum IgG2a antibodies were significantly higher than IgG1 titers suggesting a dominant Th1 lymphocyte immune response. ELISA measurement of cytokines secreted from splenocyte isolated from immunized mice confirmed NSP4(90)-RTB fusion protein stimulates a strong Th1 cell-mediated immune response. The experimental results demonstrate that the ricin toxin B subunit N-terminus can be used as a site for delivery of virus antigens to the gut associated lymphoid tissues for RTB-mediated immune stimulation of antiviral mucosal immune responses.

Field of study: Biology, Engineering
Hou jou kant skoon : fokus op biosekuriteit

Vir bees- en melkplase is die onlangse uitbraak van Slenkdalkoors 'n bewys dat plase kwesbaar is vir siektes wat produksie erg kan knou. Biosekuriteit op melkplase kan nog baie verbeter in vergelyking met sommige ander produsente-plase waar intensief met diere geboer word.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Bryozoa, foraminifera and calcareous nannoplankton as environmental proxies of the “bryozoan event” in the Middle Miocene of the Central Paratethys (Czech Republic)

In order to improve the reliability of using bryozoans as an indicator of the palaeoenvironment, a detailed study of the ancient environmental parameters of the Middle Miocene bryozoan event was carried out using foraminifera, calcareous nannoplankton and oxygen and carbon stable isotope data. Abundant occurrence of Bryozoa in the Middle Miocene of the Central Paratethys was an isochronous event which can be correlated with M6 Zone between FO of Orbulina suturalis and LO of Praeorbulina circularis (14.8–14.58 Ma). The ecosystems of the Central Paratethys marine basins during this time were generally influenced by the Middle Miocene climatic optimum and the large transgression which covered the Central Paratethys basins with tropical–subtropical waters. These events triggered the expansion of Bryozoa which settled in the narrow shallow-water zone of the basin and were accompanied by epiphytic foraminifera such as Asterigerinata, Lobatula and Elphidium and large foraminifera such as Amphistegina, rarely cibicidoids. Although foraminiferal assemblages show only small palaeoenvironmental variations, bryozoan species compositions remarkably vary according to palaeoenvironments. In this study, four clusters with differing bryozoan assemblages can be distinguished in shallow-water environment as follows: 1) Reteporella–Hornera verrucosa assemblage, indicative of a high-energy environment, 2) Buffonellodes–Rhynchozoon assemblage, occurred on carbonate substratum with seagrass meadows influenced by the Middle Miocene warm-water incursion. 3) Smittina–Metrarabdotos assemblage, indicative of toleration of suboxic zone in sediment. 4) Schizomavella tenella–Schizoporella tetragona assemblage, recorded almost in all shallow-water environments. This cluster probably represents species with high adaptation potential. Exceptionally deeper-water conditions were inferred at one section, and represented by a Tervia irregularis dominated assemblage. This assemblage was only present for a short period of time.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
South Asian participation in clinical trials: the views of lay people and health professionals.

There is little UK-based empirical research on South Asian participation in clinical trials. The predominantly US literature rarely engages with mainstream debates about ethnicity, diversity and difference. This study was prompted by a lack of knowledge about how South Asian people perceive trial involvement and the risks and benefits involved. Face to face interviews were conducted with 25 health professionals (consultants, GPs, nursing staff, academics, non-medically trained trial co-ordinators, LREC and MREC members) and 60 South Asian lay people (20 Indians, 20 Pakistanis and 20 Bangladeshis) who had not taken part in a trial. The study took place in the Leeds and Bradford areas of England. It was found that lay South Asian attitudes towards clinical trial participation focused on similarities rather than differences with the general UK population, suggesting that the relevance of ethnicity should be kept in perspective. There was no evidence of antipathy amongst South Asians to the concept of clinical trials, and awareness was a correlate of social class, education and younger age. Lay factors that might affect South Asian participation in clinical trials included: age; language, social class; feeling of not belonging/mistrust; culture and religion. Approachable patients (of the same gender, social class and fluent in English) tended to be 'cherry picked' to clinical trials. This practice was justified because of a lack of time, resources and inadequate support. South Asian patients might be systematically excluded from trials due to the increased cost and time associated with their inclusion, particularly in relation to the language barrier. Under-representation might also be due to passive exclusion associated with cultural stereotypes. The paper concludes by applying the theoretical framework of institutional racism as a means of making sense of policy and practice. At the same time, caution is advocated against using ethnicity as the only form of discrimination facing minority ethnic populations.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Aft-body drag reduction by combined boat-tailing and base blowing atM = 3

the sphere in the pressure range 4x 10~ 6 5 which is now equal to +0.3 V. We have chosen to examine the influence of the slow ions on the electron temperature at the closest vicinity to the sphere downstream, since it is in this region that the effect of Te (wake) > 7; (ambient) is pronounced. 12~14 As is seen from Fig. 4, Te (wake) is larger than Te(ambient) for pressures smaller than about 1.6xlO~ 5 Torr. For the higher pressures, the enhancement in T e(wake) with respect to rc,(ambient) is close to the experimental error in the electron temperature determination. The trend seems, however, to be clear. Namely, as the pressure increases the influence of the slow ions on the electron temperature observations is more significant, which is similar to the influence of the slow ions on the electron current profiles . In summary, the findings of this study indicate that the effect of slow ions, when a<0.3, is not significant for measurements of ion current variations in the wake zone. However, this is not the case when studies are aimed at the quantitative examination of electron current and temperature variations in the near wake zone. In these instances, the measurements of electron properties in the wake should be done at very low systems pressures or over a range of system pressures in order to ascertain the effect of slow ions.

Field of study: Physics
Shengmai San Alleviates Diabetic Cardiomyopathy Through Improvement of Mitochondrial Lipid Metabolic Disorder

Shengmai San (SMS), prepared from Panax ginseng, Ophiopogon japonicus, and Schisandra chinensisin, has been widely used to treat ischemic disease. In this study, we investigated whether SMS may exert a beneficial effect in diabetic cardiomyopathy through improvement of mitochondrial lipid metabolism.  A leptin receptor-deficient db/db mouse model was utilized, and lean age-matched C57BLKS mice served as non-diabetic controls. Glucose and lipid profiles, myocardial structure, dimension, and function, and heart weight to tibial length ratio were determined. Myocardial ultrastructural morphology was observed with transmission electron microscopy. Protein expression and activity of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) complex were assessed using western blotting and microplate assay kits. We also observed cellular viability, mitochondrial membrane potential, OXPHOS complex activity, and cellular ATP level in palmitic acid-stimulated H9C2 cardiomyocytes. Changes in the sirtuin (SIRT1)/AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)/peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1α) pathway and mitochondrial uncoupling signaling were assessed using western blotting and quantitative real-time PCR.  Leptin receptor-deficient db/db mice exhibit obesity, hyperglycemia, and hyperlipidemia, accompanied by distinct myocardial hypertrophy and diastolic dysfunction. SMS at a dose of 3 g/kg body weight contributed to a recovery of diabetes-induced myocardial hypertrophy and diastolic dysfunction. SMS administration led to an effective restoration of mitochondrial structure and function both in vivo and in vitro. Furthermore, SMS markedly enhanced SIRT1 and p-AMPKα protein levels and decreased the expression of acetylated-PGC-1α and uncoupling protein 2 protein. SMS also restored the depletion of NRF1 and TFAM levels in diabetic hearts and H9C2 cardiomyocytes.  The results indicate that SMS may alleviate diabetes-induced myocardial hypertrophy and diastolic dysfunction by improving mitochondrial lipid metabolism.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Estimation of the Asymptotic Variance of Semiparametric Maximum Likelihood Estimators in the Cox Model with a Missing Time-Dependent Covariate

The relationship between a time-to-event and a time-dependent or time-independent covariate is usually assessed using the Cox model. A frequently encountered problem however is occurrence of missing covariate values. A recent approach for estimating the Cox model with a missing covariate jointly models the time-to-event and covariate. In the case of a time-dependent covariate, Dupuy and Mesbah [Dupuy, J.-F., Mesbah, M. (2002). Joint modeling of event time and nonignorable missing longitudinal data.  have proposed a joint model and have obtained a semiparametric maximum likelihood estimator of the regression parameter of the Cox model that is consistent and asymptotically normal. Furthermore, an explicit expression was obtained for the asymptotic variance of this estimator. In this paper, we examine the problem of estimating this variance. We propose a computationally simple estimator and we show its consistency. We illustrate the approach by applications to real data sets.

Field of study: Mathematics
The ALLHAT study: results and clinical implications.

The Antihypertensive Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT) just published,1 is the largest clinical trial so far conducted. Under the auspices of the National Heart Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI), it included over 40 000 high-risk hypertensive patients (aged 55 years or older) who were followed over 5 years (with the exception of the doxazosin treatment arm, which was discontinued prematurely due to a higher incidence of heart failure).2 It included 33 357 patients who were randomized to treatments, including chlorthalidone 12.5–25.0 mg/day ( n  = 15 255), amlodipine 2.5–10 mg/day ( n  = 9048) and lisinopril 10–40 mg/day ( n  = 9054). The doses of these drugs were increased until a blood pressure goal of < 140/90 mmHg was achieved. In addition, other drugs could be added to the baseline treatments such as atenolol (25–100 mg/day), reserpine (0.1–0.2 mg/day) or clonidine (0.1–0.3 mg bid) at the discretion of the investigator. Also, hydralazine 25–100 mg bid could be added as a step 3 drug. The pre-specified primary outcome of this trial was fatal coronary heart disease or non-fatal myocardial infarction combined. Secondary outcomes included all-cause mortality, fatal and non-fatal stroke, coronary artery disease, peripheral vascular disease, heart failure, end-stage renal disease and cancer. The mean age of the study population was 67 years, 47% were women, 35% were Black, 19% were Hispanic and 36% were diabetic.

The major clinical findings of this large study were as follows.

Some 60% of treated hypertensive patients reached a blood pressure goal of < 140/90 mmHg, compared to current estimates of 34%.3 This despite the protocol limitations on proper drug combination, on which I will comment later.

There …

Field of study: Medicine