nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
New Mexico Lineament of the Colorado Rockies Front

The Colorado Rockies end in the Sangre de Cristo Range between Santa Fe and Las Vegas, New Mexico. At this latitude the Colorado Rockies are bipronged, consisting of the Santa Fe Range on the west and the Las Vegas Range on the east, with a synclinorium lying between the two. South of the end of the Santa Fe front a mild line of deformation continues for 60 mi along a monocline between Glorieta Mesa and the Estancia Valley downwarp. This trend dies out near the southern end of the Pedernal uplift near U.S. Highway 60. The eastern front of the Colorado Rockies dies out at the end of the Las Vegas Range a few miles south of Las Vegas. Recent mapping in eastern New Mexico reveals a lineament of structures aligned southward from the Las Vegas front for nearly 200 mi. The principal elements of this alignment are the Anton Chico monocline, Leon anticline, Vaughn sag, Nalda shear zone, Tinnie fold belt, and Dunken uplift. Lesser folds and faults connect the above features along the lineament. These structures may reflect movement on a basement fracture zone which also determined the alignment of the eastern front of the Rockies.

Field of study: Geology
Testing Human Bonds Within Nations: Jews in the Occupied Netherlands

Helen Fein, a holocaust scholar, has posited that "Jewish victimization was a test case of the response of nations, the end product of a process testing human bonds within nations subject to German instigation or occupation." In order to implement the Final Solution, "the Germans had to change the boundaries of the universe of obligation" in each of the nations controlled by them. In this effort they did not always succeed, and the rates of Jewish victimization varied accordingly: "in almost half . .. of the states and regions occupied by or allied to Germany, fewer than half of the Jews counted there were killed."' National bonds between Jews and non-Jews had been close in the Netherlands before the German invasion. The Jewish population, some 143,000, was well integrated, and anti-Semitism had been relatively unimportant.2 Yet these national bonds did not withstand the Nazi onslaught when the Germans implemented

Field of study: Political science
Whole Genome Amplification of Single Pollen Grains from a Sugarcane Cultivar and Analysis of the Genetic Relatedness based on SCoT Markers

Single pollen grains were isolated from an intact anther of a sugarcane cultivar and collected using a pair of special forceps.The single pollen grains were lysed in an alkali/detergent solution respectively.The resulting solution was used as the template for Whole Genome Amplification.Genomic DNA of individual pollen grains was amplified successfully and WGA products of single pollen grains were tested by 5S rRNA-ITS primers to select those with high fidelity to the donor plant.The WGA products selected out were analyzed with SCoT markers and produced a mount of DNA polymorphism.Genetic similarity calculation was performed using the software NTSYSpc 2.1.The similarity coefficient values ranged from 0.0888～0.3654 and 69 percent of total pollen grains were clustered into two groups at the value of 0.187.The results indicated a high scale of pollen grains shared same gene loci during the meiotic segregation stage.The 52 single pollen grain samples were clustered into four groups based on the homology tree.A probability distribution of the pollen grains was calculated based on the number of pollen grains in the four groups.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Culture in Education

T HIS article has two purposes. The first is to distinguish between the cultural and the practical aspects of a college curriculum. The second is to suggest a philosophy of education for the small college, especially for the college having both academic and engineering departments. In pursuing our first objective, we desire to define and differentiate, not to evaluate. In our opinion, we evaluate too much. It is the easiest thing in the world to make value judgments. We do this almost as easily as we breathe. In fact, most of the statements we make merely exhale our emotional preferences. When the silent films first relinquished their silence, expressions of disapproval were heard on all sides. No reasons for regretting the change were given, or even entertained; it was just disapproved. But there were at least two individuals, Hugo Mfinsterberg and Charlie Chaplin, who had been engaging in a little analysis. They knew why they regretted the change: the opportunity to develop a new art of pantomime s emed lost forever. For them, there was meaning in debating the issue. Evaluation after analysis is, as a procedure, very rare. The prevailing practice is to base our value judgments, not upon clearly discerned differences, but upon habit, convention, and tradition-that is, upon emotion; and, accordingly, we label certain courses cultural and certain other courses practical, blithely ignorant of what we mean by such division but, nevertheless, quite confident that the former are superior. It would be well for a college community to place a moratorium upon value judgments and to give special attention to judgments of the

Field of study: Education
Treatment of Chemical Wastewater with Combined Process of Physichemistry and Biochemistry

Combined process of micro-electrolysis-coagulation, activated sludge, hydrolysis acidification, SBR and powder activated carbon adsorption was used to treat wastewater of sodium carbonate. Waste H2SO4, Fe and C were used to control micro-electrolysis process. It was found that the concentration of S2-, colority, COD was reduced dramatically, with average removal efficiency of 99.0%, 98.9% and 66.9% respectively. PH and VFA were highlighted to testify the effect of hydrolysis acidification, with effluent COD less than 300mg/L, which can meet national discharge standard.

Field of study: Environmental science
A case series of penetrating spinal trauma: comparisons to blunt trauma, surgical indications, and outcomes.

OBJECTIVEWhile blunt spinal trauma accounts for the majority of spine trauma, penetrating injuries affect a substantial number of patients. The goal of this study was to examine the epidemiology of penetrating spine injuries compared with blunt injuries and review the operative interventions and outcomes in the penetrating spine injury group.METHODSThe prospectively maintained trauma database was queried for spinal fractures from 2012 to 2018. Charts from patients with penetrating spine trauma were reviewed.RESULTSA total of 1130 patients were evaluated for traumatic spinal fractures; 154 injuries (13.6%) were secondary to penetrating injuries. Patients with penetrating injuries were significantly younger (29.2 years vs 44.1 years, p < 0.001), more likely male (87.7% vs 69.2%, p < 0.001), and more commonly African American (80.5% vs 33.3%, p < 0.05). When comparing primary insurers, the penetrating group had a significantly higher percentage of patients covered by Medicaid (60.4% vs 32.6%, p < 0.05) or prison (3.9% vs 0.1%, p < 0.05) or being uninsured (17.5% vs 10.3%, p < 0.05). The penetrating group had a higher Injury Severity Score on admission (20.2 vs 15.6, p < 0.001) and longer hospital length of stay (20.1 days vs 10.3 days, p < 0.001) and were less likely to be discharged home (51.3% vs 65.1%, p < 0.05). Of the penetrating injuries, 142 (92.2%) were due to firearms. Sixty-three patients (40.9%) with penetrating injuries had a concomitant spinal cord or cauda equina injury. Of those, 44 (69.8%) had an American Spinal Injury Association Impairment Scale (AIS) grade of A. Ten patients (15.9%) improved at least 1 AIS grade, while 2 patients (3.2%) declined at least 1 AIS grade. Nine patients with penetrating injuries underwent neurosurgical intervention: 5 for spinal instability, 4 for compressive lesions with declining neurological examination results, and 2 for infectious concerns, with some patients having multiple indications. Patients undergoing neurosurgical intervention did not show a significantly greater change in AIS grade than those who did not. No patient experienced a complication directly related to neurosurgical intervention.CONCLUSIONSPenetrating spinal trauma affects a younger, more publicly funded cohort than blunt spinal trauma. These patients utilize more healthcare resources and are more severely injured. Surgery is undertaken for limiting progression of neurological deficit, stabilization, or infection control.

Field of study: Medicine
Comments on the Institutionalist View of Reaganomics

Greater attention to the institutionalist tradition in economics, especially as developed by John R. Commons and W. C. Mitchell, might have avoided many of the problems of Reaganomics-which I define as monetarism; plus supply-side economics. This institutionalist tradition is based on careful attention to empirical evidence, the inductive method, and an analysis of organizations and institutions, and not merely on narrow market-oriented analysis based on highly restrictive deductive assumptions. Contrary to the opinions of some of their critics, institutionalists are not anti-theoretical or anti-quantitative; rather, they place heavy emphasis on theories derived from studying the real world and other empirical evidence to reveal the organic relationships between systems rather than the deductive mechanical relationships explored in much of neo-classical economics. Reaganomics is unfair, unworkable, and unrealistic. Monetarism is based on the assumption that inflation is caused only by an increase in the money supply. In a perfectly competitive world, where all decisions were made at one time and where there was something called "money" that people could agree on, then perhaps the monetarists would be correct. But in the real world these conditions clearly do not hold. In an informa-

Field of study: Economics
TU-FF-A4-01: Virtual Simulator Design for Collision Prevention During External Radiotherapy Planning

Collision avoidance of the treatment accelerator components such as gantry, table, collimators, jaws, and fixation devices with the patient is one of the biggest concerns in external treatment planning. Most commercial treatment planning systems do not include collision prevention simulation step. On the other hand, a fool‐proof collision‐map, lookup table, and simpler analytical method guard only against the most apparent collisions. Thus, a comprehensive virtual simulator design for collision avoidance is very useful for external radiotherapy planning.  An accurate modeling of the treatment accelerator is possible with geometric data. Three‐dimensional patient modeling is also possible from the patient's CT data. Since each component in the data bank is described as an independent mesh modeling based on the type of associated polygons, relative position changes can be described easily for the device dynamics simulation. The relative motions of the gantry and the treatment table are collected from the treatment plan and the graphical user interface generates the events at the given time intervals. This visual system is incorporated with the treatment planning simulation system.  The quality verification of our virtual simulator for the potential collision has been performed with two combinations of treatment table and gantry rotations where a collision is eminent based on the visual assessment. The planner can search for beam paths with minimal critical structure interference before extensive optimization process. A database of CT and MR scans for all tumor sites is being built, which provide useful information to map all potential collision possibilities for all treatment isocenters.  The important benefits of this virtual simulator is the replacement of the conventional laborious procedures required for the expensive hardware simulator unit, the efficiency increment, the accuracy improvement of radiation treatment procedure, and the cost reduction in terms of time and physical patient's presence.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
The African Information Society Initiative: A Seven-year Assessment (1996-2002)

This paper provides a contemporary historical analysis of the African Information Society Initiative (AISI), the first systematic and comprehensive effort by African governments to bring their countries into the information age. Covering the period 1996- 2002, it is based on interviews, documentary and statistical sources, press reports, parliamentary records, and participant observation. For the first five years of the time-span of the study, the author was a senior official of the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa, in charge of coordinating the AISI. While this may put the objectivity of the author in question, it also brings the advantages of direct personal knowledge of the events and processes described. The paper examines the origins of the Initiative, its content, the process of its implementation, its achievements, and its constraints. The paper's narrative looks at how and why the Initiative developed as it did, in particular with relation to policy decisions. Additionally, the paper presents an AISI progress index, which represents an attempt to measure the relative positions of African countries on each of the major dimensions of the Initiative. It concludes with a brief analysis of how Africa stands in relation to the rest of the world in the utilization of information technology for development and what it needs to do to accelerate its progress.

Field of study: Political science
Production of human single-chain variable fragment (scFv) antibody specific for digoxin by ribosome display.

Ribosome display was applied in vitro to select single-chain variable fragment (scFv) antibody specific for digoxin from a human non-immune naive scFv library. A cell-free system was used to produce stable antibody-ribosome-mRNA (ARM) complexes to provide the linkage of genotype and phenotype, allowing simultaneous selection of a desired antibody together with its encoding mRNA. The mRNA was then recovered and amplified as DNA by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Repeating the display cycle enriched the selected molecules, enabling rare species to be isolated. In this study, digoxin-binding segments were selected over four cycles of ARM display and the selected DNA was cloned and expressed as a single-chain variable fragment antibody (the best scFv, A3) in Escherichia coli. The affinity (equilibrium dissociation constant Kd) of digoxin was 8.3 x 10(-8) M for A3, which validated construction of the naïve library and the power of ribosome display lending to the evolution of functional characteristics, such as potency of leading candidate antibodies to provide therapeutic antibodies. A3 was purified using affinity chromatography and determined by Western blot. The results indicate that ribosome display technnique can be efficiently used to isolate specific antibody fragments from a naive library.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Physics
Biopesticides and Beauveria bassiana against Green Semilooper, Thysanoplusia orichalcea and Capitulum Borer, Helicoverpa armigera in Sunflower

During Kharif season of 2010, six biopesticides including the entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana were evaluated under field conditions for their efficacy against green semilooper Thysanoplusia orichalcea Fab. and capitulum borer, Helicoverpa armigera Hub. infesting sunflower. For the suppression of green semilooper, neem seed kernel extract-NSKE (5%), and pongamia seed kernel extract-PSKE (5%) were significantly superior and were at par with IPM module, endosulfan and profenophos. The present findings also revealed that NSKE and Ha NPV were potential candidates for the suppression of capitulum borer among the different biopesticides that were evaluated.

Field of study: Biology
Adaptability Study on Eight Hevea brasiliensis Clones Introduced from Abroad in Yunnan

Eight Hevea brasiliensis Clones i.e.PB235,PB260,PB310,PB217,PB255,PR261,IAN873,and RRIM712 were introduced and an adaptability trial was established in Yunnan in 1986.RRIM600 was set as the control.Data collection of 17 years shows only PB217 produced more dry rubber than the control.The average yield is 3.8 kg/tree/year,or 1 360.5 kg/hm2/year,which is 135.7%,or 119.7% of the control.The girths of IAN873 and PB217 are significantly longer than the control on the 25th year,which are 115.3% and 109.4% of RRIM600 respectively.The radiation cold resistance ability of IAN873 is higher than RRIM600,but lower than GT1.PR261 shows the best cold resistance ability.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
RESISTENCIA TERMITICA DE LA MADERA A POROTERMES QUADRICOLLIS (RAMBUR), TERMITA DE LA MADERA HUMEDA (ISOPTERA, TERMOPSIDAE)

Se uso distintas tecnicas - incluyendo las pruebas de Schmidt de virutas; de Wolcott modificada; de preferencia; Standard de arena, Cajas Skaife; y de inanicion - para evaluar la resistencia termitica a Porotermes quadricollis (Rambur) de distintas maderas. Como resultado de los ensayos, las maderas se ordenaron segun su resistencia termitica en tres. Baja: Pino (natural) Pinus radiata D.Don, Manio Podocarpus saligna D.Don y Olivillo Aextoxiconpunctatum Ruiz et Pavon.  Alerce Fitzroya cupressoides (Molina), Pino Insigne aglomerado, Rauli Nothophagus alpina (Poepp. et Endl.) y Roble Nothophagus obliqua (Mirbel). Alta: Laurel Laurelia sempervirens (Ruiz et Pavon), Araucaria Araucaria araucana (Molina) y Lingue Persea tingue (Ruiz et Pavon). El Laurel demostro la mayor resistencia termitica. El Pino Insigne impregnado con Sales Boliden® (K33, 6 kg x m ) demostro ser altamente toxico para este termite. Los individuos que lo consumieron resistieron hasta 13 dias, ligeramente mas que los termites sometidos a la prueba de inanicion; las excretas negras y el dermoesqueleto alterado, demostraron los efectos de la intoxicacion. Se estimo que la capacidad de consumo de 50 termites de 0.8 - 10 mm, en 30 dias es de: 0.247 g - 0.232 Pino insigne y Manio; 2.206 g - 0.187 g Lingue, Coigue, Rauli, Alerce, Araucaria; 0.179 g- 0.077 g Lurel, Ulmo, Olivillo.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
The signal-to-noise ratio in SAD experiments

De novo single-wavelength anomalous dispersion (SAD) determination of macromolecular structures requires accurate measurement of anomalous signal from naturally occurring (S, P, Ca, etc.) or incorporated (Se, Hg, etc.) anomalous scatterers. The quality and the level of the anomalous signal in SAD datasets can be assessed using, as an indicator, the average anomalous signal-to-noise level ⟨|ΔIanom|/σ(ΔI)⟩ based on intensities or ⟨|ΔFanom|/σ(ΔF)⟩ based on amplitudes. The value for the average anomalous signal-to-noise for a successful SAD experiment is a matter of debate given its high variability from one SAD experiment to another. We present a mathematical model relating the ⟨|ΔIanom|/σ(ΔI)⟩ to the overall final ⟨I/σ(I)⟩, necessary for successful SAD phasing. By statistical analysis of the data from 115 successful native SAD experiments, as available in the PDB, we show that the experimental values of ⟨|ΔIanom|/σ(ΔI)⟩ follow a Gamma distribution with an average value of 1.2 ± 0.3. This mathematical model allows a-priori prediction of the overall ⟨I/σ(I)⟩, necessary for successful SAD phasing given the description of the sample expressed. The results reported here are of general applicability to any phasing experiment involving the measurement of anomalous signal from any anomalous scatterer or X-ray source, including X-FEL data.

Field of study: Materials science
The Effect of Dietary Supplementation With Curcumin on Redox Status and Nrf2 Activation in Patients With Nondiabetic or Diabetic Proteinuric Chronic Kidney Disease: A Pilot Study.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a worldwide public health problem, and proteinuria may accelerate the progression of CKD, being oxidative stress a common mechanism in nondiabetic or diabetic proteinuric kidney disease. This study was designed to evaluate the effect of the dietary supplementation with curcumin (CUR) on the redox status and the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) activation in patients with nondiabetic or diabetic proteinuric CKD.



Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial.



A total of 101 Mexican patients from the National Institute of Cardiology "Ignacio Chavez", with nondiabetic or diabetic proteinuric CKD (proteinuria ≥ 1 g protein/24 hours), aged 20 to 70 years; 60% were male, and 51% were diabetic.



Patients with nondiabetic proteinuric CKD received placebo (n = 26) or CUR 320 mg/day (n = 24) for 8 weeks, and patients with diabetic proteinuric CKD were intervened with placebo (n = 23) or CUR 320 mg/day (n = 28) for the same period.



Anthropometrical, clinical, and biochemical characteristics, as well as oxidative stress markers, antioxidant enzyme activities and Nrf2 activation were evaluated at baseline and after intervention.



The intervention with CUR did not improve proteinuria, estimated glomerular filtration rate, or lipid profile. However, in plasma, CUR attenuated lipid peroxidation in individuals with nondiabetic proteinuric CKD (P<.05) and enhanced the antioxidant capacity in subjects with diabetic proteinuric CKD (P<.05). No effect of CUR was observed on the antioxidant enzymes activities or Nrf2 activation.



Dietary supplementation with CUR has the potential to reduce oxidative stress in Mexican patients with nondiabetic or diabetic proteinuric CKD. Studies with higher doses of CUR and longer follow-up are granted to confirm our findings.

Field of study: Medicine
A Multichannel Radiation Monitor with Logarithmic Response from 0.1 to 106 Mrem/Hr

A radiation monitoring system having a very wide dynamic range and providing continuous audible information feedback to the user was built for the 55-MeV Princeton A. V. F. Cyclotron. A remote sensor in each room consists of a plastic scintillator and photomultiplier. At the control room there is a DC amplifier with output proportional to the log of the anode current and hence to the dose rate. This is examined by two independently adjustable set points with DTL outputs which establish limits for human occupancy and radiation damage to equipment respectively. For each channel discrete pulses from the photomultiplier are also amplified and operate a loudspeaker placed near the detector. When the lower set point is tripped the speaker broadcasts a sirenlike tone. A failure condition logic signal is generated if discrete pulses are not present when the low level set point is not tripped. Although this type of detector does not directly respond to slow neutrons, it does indicate the radiation hazzard by detecting the fast neutrons and capture gamma rays which accompany them in a cyclotron environment.

Field of study: Physics