nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
College Budgetary Principles: the Function of the Budget in Educational Institutions

IN AN important survey of land-grant institutions made in I930, Arthur J. Klein defined the objective of the annual institutional budget as the distribution of available funds designed to further in an equitable and orderly manner the educational program of the year.' No one has described the aim of the college and university budget more tersely or more accurately. Others have called the budget an educational plan for the all-important financial work of the school. Although the college is not established to operate at a profit like an industrial plant, its financial management is essential to its existence and to the effectiveness of its program. Accounting, purchasing, construction, repair and maintenance of buildings, collection of income, and many other activities of the business world must be conducted in the educational world. Sound business principles should apply in every financial facet of college life. The eleemosynary character of many higher educational acts does not lessen the need for strict controls or condone laxness in the disbursement of funds that accrue from gifts and endowments. More and more, the schools will come to depend upon the businessman and his corporation for the new resources needed for higher education. A person trained in commercial procedures and successful in applying them will tend to think of his support as an investment, not as a gift. Such men will be encouraged to invest in the college because of demonstrable needs of society-some of which naturally will be the needs of their own industry for engineers and other trained personnel. Others will be motivated by the more altruistic end of supporting the nation and our democratic culture. The American businessman will be convinced of the worthiness of these goals, but he will want to know what he has bought, and he will demand that the college give an accounting of the trust. The returns he anticipates on his investment will be measured, not in terms of profits, but in terms of performance: more and better teachers, scientists, and citizens in general. Those who provide money for education demand with increasing

Field of study: Education
SU‐FF‐J‐126: An Open‐Source Radiotherapy Image Registration Toolkit Integrated with CERR

We developed an image registration module for the open‐source system CERR (the computational environment for radiotherapy research) for the purpose of radiation therapyimage guidance quality assurance and image analysis. This new module provides functionality useful for registration algorithm optimization, visualization, analysis, and validation.  We implemented a series of automatic (rigid and deformable) and semi‐automatic image registration methods. We implemented 20+ original and variant deformable methods, including optical flow based methods with different constraints, level set motion based methods and demon based methods. We imported ITK rigid image registration methods into CERR, including affine transform, similarity transform, Euler3D transform, versor3D transform, etc. We also implemented a multi‐grid framework to improve the speed and accuracy of the automatic registration process. In addition, we implemented 3D control point matching methods. We use several similarity metrics, including MSE, cross correlation, MI etc., to quantitatively analyze and validate the registration results. For results visualization, we implemented functions such as difference, dynamic checkerboard, image mirror, deformation field vector and grid plotting, etc. We programmed the GUI in MATLAB and Java, deformable methods in MATLAB and ITK rigid registration methods in C++.  The new CERR module supports 3D rigid and deformable registration. By monitoring the registration process and measuring the results, we can optimize the registration methods by tuning the parameters. We tested the deformable methods with chest CT images and the results were satisfied.  The goal of this work is to extend the functions of CERR, to provide an open source implementation of image registration algorithms for radiotherapy research. As an ongoing project, we plan to provide more registration methods and further improve the integration of the registration results with treatment planning data.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Preparation of Cellulose Acetate/Nano-SiO2 Composites and their Application in Filtration of Cigarette Smoke

Cellulose acetate/nano-SiO2 composites were prepared and spun into fibers. Their morphology and tensile properties were investigated by scanning electron microscopy, specific surface area analysis by BET and static mechanical analysis. The results showed that the composite fibers had an optimal filtration effect on the tar and nicotine in cigarette smoke. Compared with conventional cellulose acetate fibers, the composite ones had greater specific surface area, and the reduction in tar and nicotine in the smoke after filtration with the composite fibers was 44% and 35%.

Field of study: Materials science
Localization method for low-power wireless sensor networks

Context awareness is an important issue in ambientintelligence to anticipate the desire of the user and,in consequence, to adapt the system. In context awareness,localization is very important to enable a responsive environmentfor the users.Focusing on this issue, this paper presents a localizationsystem based on the use of Wireless Sensor Networksdevices. In contrast to a traditional RFID, these devices offerthe possibility of a collaborative sensing and processing ofenvironmental information.The proposed system is a range-free localization algorithmthat uses fuzzy inference to process the RSSI measurementand to estimate the position of mobile devices. The maingoal of the algorithm is to reduce the power consumptionand the cost of the devices, especially for the mobiles ones,maintaining the accuracy of the inferred position.

Field of study: Computer science
Individual Correlations in Ensemble Density Functional Theory: State- and Density-Driven Decompositions without Additional Kohn-Sham Systems.

Gould and Pittalis [ (2019)PRLTAO0031-900710.1103/PhysRevLett.123.016401 recently revealed a density-driven (DD) correlation energy that is specific to many-electron ensembles and must be accounted for by approximations. We derive in this Letter a general and simpler expression in terms of the ensemble weights, the ensemble Kohn-Sham (KS) orbitals, and their linear response to variations in the ensemble weights. As no additional state-driven KS systems are needed, its evaluation is greatly simplified. We confirm the importance of DD effects and introduce a direct and promising route to approximations.

Field of study: Physics
Solar Energy Transmission Through Two Transparent Covers

WE present a method to calculate the solar trans-mittance of solar collector cover systems that employ one or two covers. This method is based on theoretical optics of partially transparent materials. Comparison with experimental results shows the method to be accurate for most materials, including a corrugated glazing. The solar transmittance of nonhomogeneous, translucent materials is usually lower than predicted by this theoretical procedure. Since transparent materials transmit diffuse and direct sunlight at different rates, a method is included to calculate the direct and diffuse radiation on a surface of any orientation given hourly total horizontal insolation. We also include experimental measurements of the effect of a significant dust ac-cumulation on the transmittance of one and two sheets of Dupont Tedlar.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
USP37 Promotes Lung Cancer Cell Migration by Stabilizing Snail Protein via Deubiquitination

Snail is a prominent epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) transcription factor and promotes metastasis. However, Snail protein is unstable and is quickly degraded through ubiquitination-mediated proteasome pathway. Deubiquitinases prevent Snail degradation by regulating the ubiquitination-mediated hydrolysis process. Our studies demonstrate that a deubiquitinating enzyme (DUB) family member, USP37, can deubiquitinate Snail and prevent degradation of Snail. USP37 is co-localized with Snail in the nucleus. Biologically, upregulated expression of USP37 promotes lung cancer cell migration, while depletion of Snail abolishes the effect of USP37. These data demonstrate that USP37 is a Snail-specific deubiquitinase and also indicate a potential therapeutic target for metastasis.

Field of study: Biology
Neither xylem collapse, cavitation or changing leaf conductance drive stomatal closure in wheat.

Identifying the drivers of stomatal closure and leaf damage during stress in grasses is a critical prerequisite for understanding crop resilience. Here we investigated whether changes in stomatal conductance (gs ) during dehydration were associated with changes in leaf hydraulic conductance (Kleaf ), xylem cavitation, xylem collapse and leaf cell turgor in wheat (Triticum aestivum). During soil dehydration the decline of gs was concomitant with declining Kleaf under mild water stress. This early decline of leaf hydraulic conductance was not driven by cavitation, as the first cavitation events in leaf and stem were detected well after Kleaf had declined. Xylem vessel deformation could only account for <5% of the observed decline in leaf hydraulic conductance during dehydration. Thus we concluded that changes in the hydraulic conductance of tissues outside the xylem were responsible for the majority of Kleaf decline during leaf dehydration in wheat. However, the contribution of leaf resistance to whole plant resistance was less than other tissues (<35% of whole plant resistance) and this proportion remained constant as plants dehydrated, indicating that Kleaf decline during water stress was not a major driver of stomatal closure. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Field of study: Environmental science
A Comparative Evaluation of Levobupivacaine Hydrochloride and Levobupivacaine Hydrochloride with Dexmedetomidine in Epidural Anesthesia and Postoperative Pain Relief undergoing Infraumbilical Surgeries

Epidural anesthesia is a versatile technique which is widely used for surgeries for providing intraand postoperative analgesia. Several adjuvants have been used to prolong the action of the local anesthetic agent used.  We performed prospective randomized, double blinded controlled study on 90 patients to compare the effects of adding of dexmedetomidine to levobupivacaine in prolonging the analgesia produced by epidural levobupivacaine alone in patients undergoing infraumbilical surgeries and also compared the duration of motor block and sedation scores.  Ninety American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) I and II patients (18–60 years), under going infraumbilical surgery, were prospectively randomized to one of two groups to receive epidural anes thesia with 17 ml of 0.5% levobupivacaine + 3 ml of normal saline (group L) or epidural anes thesia with 17 ml of 0.5% levo bupivacaine with 75 mg (0.75 ml) of dexmedetomidine + 2.25 ml of normal saline (group LD). Various parameters hemodynamic changes, onset time of sensory and motor blockade, highest level of sensory blockade, duration of sensory and motor block, postoperative pain using visual analog scale (VAS) score, and any side-effects were recorded and data were statistical analyzed using student’s t-test by statistics calculator SPSS software.  The two study groups were similar for mean age, weight and duration of surgery. Mean duration of analgesia was signi­ficantly­longer­in­group­LD­(438.33­±­38.72­min)­than­in­ group­L­(271.2­±­23.77­min);­p­<­0.05.­Onset­time­of­sensory­and­ motor­blockade­was­significantly­less­in­group­LD­as­compared­ to­group­L;­p­<­0.05.­Duration­of­sensory­and­motor­block­was­ significantly­ higher­ in­group­LD­when­compared­ to­group­L­ ( Dexmedetomidine in a dose of 75 μg added as an adjuvant to 0.5% levobupivacaine for epidural anesthesia, during infraumbilical surgeries, prolongs the duration of analgesia of levobupivacaine and increases postoperative sedation, without any other adverse effects. ORIGINAL ARTICLE 1Assistant Professor, 2Postgraduate, 3Associate Professor 4Professor and Head 1-4Department of Anesthesiology, Gajra Raja Medical College Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India Corresponding Author: S Gupta, Assistant Professor, Depart ment of Anesthesiology, Gajra Raja Medical College, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh,­India,­Phone:­09981962454,­e-mail:­sumangupta02@ rediffmail.com 10.5005/jp-journals-10036-1048

Field of study: Medicine
Fine-structure distortions in wavefront reversal by stimulated Brillouin scattering under transient conditions

A calculation is made of the precision of the wavefront-reversing solution for transient stimulated Brillouin backscattering in the field of a coded pump wave. It is shown that serpentine fine-structure distortions are halved under conditions far from steady state, compared with the steady-state distortions, and the increment for the reversing wave is times greater than the increment for uncorrelated waves.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Devonian fossil zones in wells from southwestern Ontario

A systematic study of the cuttings from a number of oil and gas wells located in southwestern Ontario has led to the establishment of a number of reliable horizons based upon microfossils. Graphs have been prepared to show the consistency of the relationships of these horizons in several of the well-known fields. A graphic comparison has also been made between the fossil horizons and the physical horizons commonly used by the well drillers. The investigation has shown that the top of the Big Lime, a physical horizon used by the well drillers, is invalid at least in the Dawn field. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that another physical horizon—the bottom of the Big Lime—is present which may be relied upon more generally.

Field of study: Geology
The existence of symmetric positive solutions for some nonlinear equation systems

In this paper, the existence of symmetric positive solutions of the following boundary value problem: ( ϕ p 1 ( u ′ ) ) ′ + a 1 ( t ) f ( u , v ) = 0 , 0 t 1 , ( ϕ p 2 ( v ′ ) ) ′ + a 2 ( t ) g ( u , v ) = 0 , 0 t 1 , u ( 0 ) - α u ′ ( ξ ) = 0 , u ( 1 ) + α u ′ ( η ) = 0 , v ( 0 ) - α v ′ ( ξ ) = 0 , v ( 1 ) + α v ′ ( η ) = 0 , is studied, where ϕ p i ( s ) = | s | p i - 2 s , p i > 1 . We show the sufficient conditions for the existence of symmetric positive solutions by using a fixed point index theorem in cones.

Field of study: Mathematics
Electromagnetic non-destructive evaluation of fiberglass/aluminum laminates using HTS SQUID magnetometers

The aerospace and aeronautical industries pay much attention to improve flight safety of the airlines. In aircraft design it is important to couple low structural weight with high damage tolerance. For this reason, a new class of advanced composite materials, named Fiber/Metal Laminates (FML), which combine the best features of organic matrix composites and metals, are used. In this work, a nondestructive evaluation of FML specimens based on an eddy-current technique that uses an HTS SQUID (Superconductive QUantum Interference Device) magnetometer is proposed. The aim is to demonstrate that this technique is capable of detecting the presence of damage hidden by plastic deformation after impact events.

Field of study: Physics
A Hierarchical Framework for Correcting Under-Reporting in Count Data

Tuberculosis poses a global health risk and Brazil is among the top 20 countries by absolute mortality. However, this epidemiological burden is masked by under-reporting, which impairs planning for effective intervention. We present a comprehensive investigation and application of a Bayesian hierarchical approach to modeling and correcting under-reporting in tuberculosis counts, a general problem arising in observational count data. The framework is applicable to fully under-reported data, relying only on an informative prior distribution for the mean reporting rate to supplement the partial information in the data. Covariates are used to inform both the true count-generating process and the under-reporting mechanism, while also allowing for complex spatio-temporal structures. We present several sensitivity analyses based on simulation experiments to aid the elicitation of the prior distribution for the mean reporting rate and decisions relating to the inclusion of covariates. Both prior and posterior predictive model checking are presented, as well as a critical evaluation of the approach.

Field of study: Mathematics
Effects of metal mass on the performance of adsorption heat pumps utilizing zeolite 4A coatings synthesized on heat exchanger tubes

The effects of the wall thickness of stainless steel heat exchanger tubes on the performance of adsorption machines, employing zeolite 4A coatings synthesized on metal heat exchanger tubes, are investigated. A recently developed mathematical model is used to determine the cycle durations when various wall thicknesses of the heat exchanger tubes as well as different zeolite layer thicknesses are utilized. For each case, the power and the COP cycle values of the system are estimated. In general, very high power and quite low COP cycle values are obtained when the proposed arrangement is utilized in the adsorption heat pumps. The zeolite layer thicknesses that may result in obtaining high COP cycle values are generally much higher than the optimum layer thickness value that maximizes the power and the utilization of layers thicker than the optimum value may lead to significant extensions in the cycle durations and hence to a decrease in the power obtained from the system. Decreasing the wall thickness of the heat exchanger tubes increases both the power and the COP cycle values when the optimum zeolite layer thickness for each wall thickness is taken into account. The possibility of such an enhancement will most probably be limited by the minimum wall thickness value that can actually be obtained by the available technology. The COP values of adsorption heat pumps may also be increased by using regenerative processes. Due to the generally low COP values obtained, the proposed arrangement seems especially suitable to be employed in adsorption machines utilizing energy sources of low economical value, such as waste heat. An optimum compromise between the COP value, which is closely related to the operating costs, and the power of the system should be provided, in case more valuable energy sources are utilized.

Field of study: Engineering
Emission factor for antimony in brake abrasion dusts as one of the major atmospheric antimony sources.

Abrasion tests were conducted using a brake dynamometer to determine the antimony (Sb) emission factor originating from automobiles. Abrasion dusts from commercially available brake pads (nonasbestos organic type) were emitted into an enclosed chamber under various braking conditions in terms of initial driving speed and deceleration. Suspended dusts inside the chamber were collected on a quartz fiber filter and weighed. From the experimental data, dust emission could be regressed as a function of the initial kinetic energy loading and the braking time. Using the regression function, the emission factors of brake abrasion dusts under the typical braking conditions (initial driving speed; 50 km/h, deceleration; 1.0 m/s2) were calculated as 5.8 mg/braking/car for PM10 and 3.9 mg/braking/car for PM2.5. The elemental composition of the collected dusts indicated that the fraction originating from disk wear contributed to approximately 30% of the suspended dusts. From these analytical results, it was concluded that the Sb emission factors originating from automobiles were approximately 32 microg Sb/braking/car for PM10 and 22 microg Sb/ braking/car for PM2.5. These essential data will contribute to the modeling of atmospheric Sb concentration alongside roadways and also to the better understanding of Sb source apportionment.

Field of study: Environmental science
Die Beiträge von Einzelstreuung und Diffusion zur Rückstreuung monoenergetischer Elektronen

ZusammenfassungDie bisher bekannten elementaren Theorien zur Berechnung des Rückstreukoeffizienten für ein senkrecht auf das ebene Streumedium einfallendes Elektronenbündel und eine 2π-Beobachtungsgeometrie ( Diffusionsmodell) wurden durch Berücksichtigung der (Teilchen-) Absorption der Elektronen auf dem Rückwege aus der Streutiefe zur Targetoberfläche erweitert. Dadurch wird es möglich, nach Addition der auf Absorption korrigierten Beiträge von Diffusion und Einzelstreuung die experimentellen Werte der Rückstreukoeffizienten nahezu quantitativ zu erklären; der Diffusionsanteil beträgt fürE0=0,1;  4,0 MeV mehr als etwa 50, 70, 80%.

Field of study: Physics
Renaissance Encyclopaedism: Studies in Curiosity and Ambition. W. Scott Blanchard and Andrea Severi, eds. Essays and Studies 41. Toronto: Centre for Reformation and Renaissance Studies, 2018. 468 pp. $49.95.

esty and chastity. He analyzes the connection between literary interpretation and artistic renderings. Tobias Leuker addresses Petrarchan sonnets that are connected with visual arts, noting that these poems are rare and do not describe the works of art they refer to or do so only partially. “Petrarchismo (e manierismo) in Accademia,” by Renzo Rabboni, elucidates the connection between the Accademia Fiorentina and Petrarchism under Nicolò Martelli and Benedetto Varchi in 1544 and 1545. Part 3 opens with Stefano Carrai’s “Petrarchismo e umanesimo.” This essay offers a survey of Latin translations of single texts from the Canzoniere and shows how classical literary forms such as elegy, eclogue, epigram, and ode were introduced into poetry written in volgare. Stefano Jossa writes about the relationship between Petrarchism and classicism, comparing Annibal Caro’s Petrarchism, based on poetry and allegory, with Ludovico Castelvetro’s Petrarchism, based on language and form, and questioning the nature of imitatio. Massimo Danzi analyzes the development of the eclogue, with examples from Sannazaro’s Arcadia and Tasso’s Aminta, and shows how this literary form is capable of establishing a metatextual dialogue within the tradition of Virgil and Petrarch. In section 4, Franz Penzenstadler focuses on the relationship between literary and musical madrigals and Petrarchism, while Florian Mehltretter looks for Petrarchan traces of love poetry in the Mozartian libretti of Da Ponte. On the whole, this book shows that approaching Petrarch and Petrarchism from an interdisciplinary perspective is suitable for the complexity of the matter; it achieves important results in showing why Petrarch has been held up as auctoritas throughout the centuries and which forms of Petrarchism have been generated as a result.

Field of study: History
Iron oxidation and transferrin formation by phosvitin.

The catalytic activity of phosvitin in Fe(II) oxidation and the addition of iron to transferrin were studied under various conditions. It was concluded that the Fe(II) oxidized by phosvitin would bind to apotransferrin, although an appreciable fraction of Fe(III) remained bound to phosvitin. Fe(III) also migrated from phosvitin to apotransferrin. This reaction was first-order with respect to Fe(III)-phosvitin concentration with a half-time (t1/2) of 10 min, and a first-order rate constant, k=0.069min-1, in 700 muM-phosphate buffer, pH 7.2, at 30 degrees C. The catalysis of the oxidation of Fe(III) by phosvitin was proportional to O2 concentration, and is quite different from the relative O2 independence of Fe(II) oxidation as catalysed by ferroxidase. A scheme for the mobilization and transfer of iron in the chicken, including the role of ferroxidase, phosyitin and transferrin, is presented.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science