nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The adaptor protein AP-4 as a component of the clathrin coat machinery: a morphological study.

The four members of the AP (adaptor protein) family are heterotetrameric cytosolic complexes that are involved in the intracellular trafficking of cargo proteins between different organelles. They interact with motifs present in the cytoplasmic tails of their specific cargo proteins at different intracellular locations. While AP-1, AP-2 and AP-3 have been investigated extensively, very few studies have focused on the fourth member, AP-4. In the present study, we report on the intracellular localization of AP-4 in the MDCK (Madin-Darby canine kidney) and MelJuSo cell lines after immunogold labelling of ultrathin cryosections. We find that AP-4 is localized mainly in the Golgi complex, as well as on endosomes and transport vesicles. Interestingly, we show for the first time that AP-4 is localized with the clathrin coat machinery in the Golgi complex and in the endocytic pathway. Furthermore, we find that AP-4 is localized with the CI-MPR (cation-independent mannose 6-phosphate receptor), but not with the transferrin receptor, LAMP-2 (lysosomal-associated membrane protein-2) or invariant chain. The difference in morphology between CI-MPR/AP-4-positive vesicles and CI-MPR/AP-1-positive vesicles raises the possibility that AP-4 acts at a location different from that of AP-1 in the intracellular trafficking pathway of CI-MPR.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
PGE2 Modulates GABAA Receptors via an EP1 Receptor-Mediated Signaling Pathway

PGE<sub>2</sub> is one of the most abundant prostanoids in mammalian tissues, but its effect on neuronal receptors has not been well investigated. This study examines the effect of PGE<sub>2</sub> on GABA<sub>A</sub> receptor currents in rat cerebellar granule neurons.  GABA<sub>A</sub> currents were recorded using a patch-clamp technique. Cell surface and total protein of GABA<sub>A</sub> β1/2/3 subunits was carried out by Western blot analysis.  Upon incubation of neurons with PGE<sub>2</sub> (1 µM) for 60 minutes, GABA<sub>A</sub> currents were significantly potentiated. This PGE<sub>2</sub>-driven effect could be blocked by PKC or CaMKII inhibitors as well as EP1 receptor antagonist, and mimicked by PMA or EP1 receptor agonist. Furthermore, Western blot data showed that PGE<sub>2</sub> did not increase the total expression level of GABA<sub>A</sub> receptors, but significantly increased surface levels of GABA<sub>A</sub> β1/2/3 subunits after 1 h of treatment. Consistently, both PKC and CaMKII inhibitors were able to reduce PGE<sub>2</sub>-induced increases in cell surface expression of GABA<sub>A</sub> receptors.  Activation of either the PKC or CaMKII pathways by EP1 receptors mediates the PGE<sub>2</sub>-induced increase in GABA<sub>A</sub> currents. This suggests that upregulation of postsynaptic GABA<sub>A</sub> receptors by PGE<sub>2</sub> may have profound effects on cerebellar functioning under physiological and pathological conditions.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Curriculum Topics in Pharmacy Education: Current and Ideal Emphasis.

This study assessed the current and ideal emphasis for curriculum coverage of 33 generalist curriculum topics in PharmD programs and evaluated barriers to curriculum change. These topics reflect a wide range of recommendations for curriculum change in a number of health professions. This study was part of a larger study of 11 health professions education programs. A 46-item survey using a 5-point scale format was mailed to the curriculum directors at all U.S. pharmacy schools affiliated with the American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy that offer the PharmD degree (n=71).The ordinal scores for current emphasis and ideal emphasis for each of the 33 topics were compared for differences between current and desired emphasis. The ratings of barriers to curriculum change were also analyzed. The four topics rated highest for ideal emphasis by pharmacy respondents were “Effective patient-provider relationships/communication,” “Patient teaching/ education,” “Outpatient/ ambulatory care,” and “Use of electronic information systems.” Topics related to community health and health care for the underserved were not ranked highly for ideal emphasis. The most significant barriers to curriculum reform were “Limited availability of clinical learning sites” and “An already crowded curriculum”. Responses indicate an awareness by pharmacy curriculum directors of the need for significant improvements in the coverage of broad, generalist competencies in the PharmD curriculum. The curriculum directors were most concerned about increasing the emphasis on “Accountability for cost-effectiveness and patient outcomes,” “Health promotion/disease prevention,” “Population- based health care,” “Managed care,” and “Use of electronic information systems.” A movement toward primary and outpatient care and better relationships and communication between pharmacists and patients were evident in the curriculum directors’ responses.

Field of study: Education, Medicine
Spatially contextualized analysis of energy use for commuting in India

India's land transport GHG emissions are small in international comparison, but growing exponentially. Understanding of geographically-specific determinants of GHG emissions is crucial to devise low-carbon sustainable development strategies. However, previous studies on transport patterns have been limited to socio-economic context in linear and stationary settings, and with limited spatial scope. Here, we develop a nested typology that categorizes all 640 Indian districts according to the econometrically identified drivers of their commuting emissions. Results reveal that per capita commuting emissions significantly vary over space, after controlling for socioeconomic characteristics, and are strongly influenced by built environment (e.g., urbanization, and road density), and mobility-related variables (e.g., travel distance and travel modes). The commuting emissions of districts are characterized by unique, place-specific combinations of drivers. We find that income and urbanization are dominant classifiers of commuting emissions, while we explain more fine-grained patterns with mode choice and travel distance. Surprisingly the most urbanized areas with highest population density are also associated with the highest transport GHG emissions, a result that is explained by high car ownership. This result contrasts with insights from OECD countries, where commuting emissions are associated with low-density urban sprawl. Our findings demonstrate that low-carbon commuting in India is best advanced with spatially differentiated strategies.

Field of study: Environmental science
A new Weber-type transform

In this paper we introduce a new Weber-type transform pair for the representation of a function f(r) defined over the domain a < r < oo and which satisfies the Robin mixed boundary condition f{a) + Xf'(a) = 0. The orthogonality relationships of the transform kernels are derived in both the spatial and the spectral domains as well as Parseval's theorem. We apply this new Weber-type transform pair to solve a mixed boundary value problem in a system of planar layers.

Field of study: Mathematics
The role of scientific institutes in American education

Until recent years, the traditional pattern of American graduate schools has been frozen along divisional and departmental lines. Natural cleavages have developed from this pattern which are far more serious than good‐natured interprofessional rivalry. The old saw that the chemical Tweedle‐Dees make very inaccurate measurements on very pure substances while their physical twins are merely mirror images, although amusing, nevertheless contains some very arresting truth. The fact of the matter is that the departmental scheme is not in itself adequate to cope with the myriad problems of modern organized research. In these days of increasing cost and complexity, the continued leadership of our universities in fundamental research requires a reconsideration of policy by our graduate schools.

Field of study: Physics
Research on Haploid Efficiently Inducing of Sweet Corn

In order to effectively carry out sweet corn haploid induction, 16 different types of sweet corn material as the female parents, 7 corn parthenogenesis inducers and 18 combinations between 7 inducers as the male parents were used to study on the influence to haploid induction ratio of inducers, female genotype, female silk length when pollination and environment, and at the same time, on the investigation of feasibility that induced sweet corn haploids by combinations between inducers through research on the heterosis and reciprocal cross effect of haploid induction ratio. The results showed that the haploid induction ability difference of the inducers was notable, ranged from 0.44% to 2.56%; Female genotype, female silk length when pollination and environment affected the haploid induction ratio, the induced rate of female materials ranged from 0% to 4.75%,the haploid induction rate was high if female had long silks when pollinated, and high temperature and high humidity was harmful for sweet corn haploid induction. Heterosis index was positive for all combinations between inducers, ranged from 28% to 719.15%, 16 combinations between inducers had positive mid-parent heterosis,ranged from-72%-619.15%, 14 combinations had positive over-parent heterosis, ranged from-80.86%-589.8%;In the same time, haploid induction rate had significant reciprocal cross effect, in the middle of 9 couple combinations,6 couple combinations had high haploid induction ratio when female had high haploid induction ratio;and " YS1 ×YE24" was selected out and was used to induce sweet corn haploids. In a word, inducers, female genotype, female silk length when pollination and environment affected the haploid induction ratio, the haploid induction ratio had significant heterosis and reciprocal cross effect, excellent combinations between inducers can be obtained through reasonably select and mate inducers.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Direct annelation of six-membered heterocycles with a quinoxaline ring

In previous communications we have shown that N-alkylpyrazinium and quinoxalinium cations as such, without introduction of any substituents, are also applicable for the synthesis of condensed pyrazines and quinoxalines with annelated furan, pyrrole, imidazole, thiazole, and other five-membered rings [4]. These cyclizations are based on the diaddition of 1,3-bisnucleophiles and lead to hydrogenated analogs of those pyrazines and quinoxalines that can be obtained in cyclizations with replacement of chlorine atoms in the 2 and 3 positions of the pyrazine ring.

Field of study: Chemistry
MASS TRANSFER CHARACTERISTICS IN COILED HOLLOW-FIBRE MEMBRANE EXTRACTION

Based on membrane extraction and helical tube technique, the mass transfer performance of some membrane modules with a different helically wound hollow-fibre was studied with the system of 30%TBP (in kerosene)-water and phenol as the solute. The effects of two phase flow rates, geometry of the membranes on mass transfer coefficients were investigated. The experimental results show that the helically wound hollow-fibre membrane makes much better performance in mass transfer. With an increase in the velocity of the aqueous phase in the tube, the overall mass transfer coefficients increase very quickly. The overall mass transfer coefficients have some relationship with the configuration parameters. When the pitch and inner diameter of the coiled membrane is decreased, the mass transfer coefficients will be increased. The overall mass transfer coefficients can be predicted with an equation.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Castration Anxiety and Phobias

Based on Freud's case study of “Little Hans,” the authors tested the hypothesis that men with phobias would score higher on castration anxiety than men without phobias. College men with either average or high scores on the Fears Scale of the MMPI–2 (n = 10 men in each group) responded to the Thematic Apperception Test, which was scored for castration anxiety. Men with high scores on the Fears Scale had higher scores on castration anxiety than men with average scores on the Fears Scale. The findings are consistent with Freud's hypothesis about phobias.

Field of study: Psychology
IL-15Rα deficiency leads to mitochondrial and myofiber differences in fast mouse muscles.

The purpose of this study was to determine mitochondrial changes in fast muscles from interleukin-15 receptor alpha knockout (IL-15RαKO) mice. We tested the hypothesis that fast muscles from IL-15RαKO mice would have a greater mitochondrial density and altered internal structure compared to muscles from control mice. In fast muscles from IL-15RαKO mice, mitochondrial density was 48% greater with a corresponding increase in mitochondrial DNA content. Although there were no differences in the relative size of isolated mitochondria, internal complexity was lower in mitochondria from IL-15RαKO mice. These data support an increase in mitochondrial biogenesis and provide direct evidence for a greater density and altered internal structure of mitochondria in EDL muscles deficient in IL-15Rα.

Field of study: Medicine
A Capacitor Charge Pump DC-DC Converter for Physics Instrumentation

We have prototyped a switched capacitor DC-DC converter aimed at powering low voltage integrated circuits in particle physics instrumentation. The ideal output current is 4 times the input current. The prototype was built using a CMOS integrated circuit containing all switches and switch driver circuitry, with external capacitors and clocks. We present measurements of performance with and without irradiation.

Field of study: Physics
Research on Multi-Objective Case Using Improved GA Based on PARETO

Introduces some relative concept about the multi -objectives and the PARETO solution,proposes an IAGAMO model according to the auto-adapted mechanism,and elitist preservation method and so on to enhance search efficiencies of GA,and with making some design on the multi-objective function's structure. Gives a case to simulate and compare using IAGAMO algorithm based on the PARETO in the production,which can be better comfortable to the production application with the obtained PARETO solution.

Field of study: Computer science
Valuing Private Companies: A DEA Approach

Traditionally, company valuation methods are based on discounted cash flows, market prices, comparable sales and even liquidation values, but these are known to have a number of shortcomings. The application of data envelopment analysis (DEA) to finding companies comparable to the one under examination and there by predicting the market values of such companies can be considered to be an extension of the market-based approaches. As a result of using DEA, companies are classified into either an "inefficient" or "efficient" group, for each of which we assume that a corresponding upper or lower bound of its market value exists, respectively. Furthermore, the market value of an inefficient company is expressed in a form of a range of values, which are calculated by utilizing firm's reference set defined by DEA. As the validation to the modelling part, inefficient companies correctly classified their market values into the evaluated variation range up to 36.93%, and 66.20% of the actual market values are below their upper bounds. On the other hand, 41.67% of the time DEA can find alower bound of their market values for efficient companies based on inefficient peer comparisons. The results show that using DEA in valuing private companies is a relatively advanced method, and could prospectively play an active role in company valuation.

Field of study: Business
Hallux Osteoid Osteoma: A Case Report and Literature Review

Osteoid osteoma is a benign bone tumour that mostly affects males in the second and third decade of their life. The lesion mainly occurs in long bones, usually in the femur and tibia, causing severe localized pain that is worse at night and responds to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Diagnosis is usually made on the basis of history and radiographic findings. However, in more unusual locations as the hand and foot, diagnostic issues can arise. Treatment often includes complete removal of the tumor. We present a 22 year old male with osteoid osteoma involving the distal phalanx of the hallux. To our knowledge very few cases of great toe osteoid osteoma have been reported in the literature.

Field of study: Medicine
Pin power reconstruction for CANDU reactors using a neuro-fuzzy inference system

A neuro-fuzzy inference system has been developed for reconstructing fuel pin powers from Canada deuterium uranium (CANDU) core calculations performed with a coarse-mesh finite difference diffusion approximation and single-assembly lattice calculations. The neuro-fuzzy inference system is trained by a genetic algorithm and a least-squares method using the partial core calculation results of two 6/spl times/6 fuel bundle models. Verification tests have been performed for two partial core benchmark problems composed of other 6/spl times/6 and 3/spl times/3 fuel bundles. The reconstructed pin powers are compared with the reference solutions obtained with the detailed collision probability calculations using the HELIOS lattice analysis code. The results indicate that the proposed reconstruction algorithm is accurate, yielding the error due to the reconstruction scheme of less than 0.5%.

Field of study: Physics
Operator Lipschitz functions on Banach spaces

Let $X$, $Y$ be Banach spaces and let $\mathcal{L}(X,Y)$ be the space of bounded linear operators from $X$ to $Y$. We develop the theory of double operator integrals on $\mathcal{L}(X,Y)$ and apply this theory to obtain commutator estimates of the form $\|f(B)S-Sf(A)\|_{\mathcal{L}(X,Y)}\leq \textrm{const} \|BS-SA\|_{\mathcal{L}(X,Y)}$ for a large class of functions $f$, where $A\in\mathcal{L}(X)$, $B\in \mathcal{L}(Y)$ are scalar type operators and $S\in \mathcal{L}(X,Y)$. In particular, we establish this estimate for $f(t):=|t|$ and for diagonalizable operators on $X=\ell_{p}$ and $Y=\ell_{q}$, for $p<q$ and $p=q=1$, and for $X=Y=\mathrm{c}_{0}$. We also obtain results for $p\geq q$. We also study the estimate above in the setting of Banach ideals in $\mathcal{L}(X,Y)$. The commutator estimates we derive hold for diagonalizable matrices with a constant independent of the size of the matrix.

Field of study: Mathematics
Internal Josephson phenomena in a tuned linear-nonlinear two-state Bose-Einstein condensate

We discuss the coherent oscillations between two coupled quantum states of a Bose-Einstein condensate in two-dimensional space at zero temperature. In the system we consider, weak interparticle repulsive interactions occur between the particles in state one only, while the state two particles remain non-interacting. The system is described by the coupled Gross-Pitaevskii (non-linear) and Schr\''{o}dinger (linear) equations for macroscopic wave functions of the two states. Analytical as well as numerical solution reveals a variety of regimes of dynamics of the relative quantum phase and population imbalance between the two states of the condensate, such as harmonic and anharmonic Rabi oscillations, internal a.c. Josephson effect, and macroscopic quantum self-trapping. We show that there is a value of energy detuning between the states at which oscillations are fully suppressed.

Field of study: Physics
Temporal variability of jun family transcription factor levels in peripherally or centrally transected adult rat dorsal root ganglia.

Enhanced chemiluminescent (ECL) immunoblotting was used to quantitatively assess the initial changes in jun family transcription factor protein levels in adult rat lumbar dorsal root ganglia (DRG) after peripheral axotomy and dorsal root transection, and to study the effects of neurotrophic factor administration on these changes. Transection of central (dorsal root) or peripheral (spinal nerve) branches of DRG neurons resulted in rapid elevation of c-jun protein levels, which was transient after dorsal root transection but sustained, though slightly attenuated, after spinal nerve transection. These results suggest that injury-induced c-jun elevation is biphasic, consisting of an early, transient, injury-initiated phase and a more prolonged secondary phase specific to peripheral target disconnection. c-jun protein changes were not modulated by administration of NGF or BDNF. Immunohistochemistry was used to localize c-jun protein induction to DRG neurons. Using ECL immunoblotting, we also observed temporally regulated increases in junD protein levels after both injuries. A transient up-regulation of junB was detected by immunoblotting 5 days after peripheral axotomy, coincident with a slight decrease in c-jun protein levels.

Field of study: Biology
Note on self-propagation of turbulent spots

numbers of reflections are 9, 15 and n + 1. This completes the proof for the case of three mirrors. For more than three mirrors all the considerations preceding equation 2 are valid, but the corresponding inequality has no integer solutions at all. To prove only Synge's result, which is included above, a much simpler method suffices. If a point arbitrarily near a vertex is reflected successively once in each of the sides meeting there the image remains arbitrarily close to the vertex. The third reflection must bring it to the antipode, an angular distance arbitrarily close to t radius. Thus the angular distance from the vertex to the third side is arbitrarily near x/2, and this applies to each side. Thus the triangle must be an octant of a sphere, which completes the necessity proof. The sufficiency is proved by reflecting an octant three times in its sides. It is of interest to compare our results with those described on pps. 81-83 of Coxeter's "Regular Polytopes" (Methuen, London, 1948). There the discrete groups of reflections generated by three or more concurrent planes are deduced. It is first found that all the dihedral angles must be of the form ir/n, then equation 2 is applied, and the solutions are given by equation 3, with none for more than three planes. In the problem of discrete groups all sequences of reflections are permitted, while in the present problem only "admissible" sequences of reflections are permitted, which is a weaker condition. On the other hand we have the condition that some admissible sequence must carry each point into its antipode, and this condition is strong enough to limit the solutions to those given in equation 4—a subset of the configurations generating discrete groups. The new parallel reflecting configurations given herein may have practical value in some applications because they reflect back only those rays which are incident from a certain angular region, and the angular region may be made much smaller than that of the mutually orthogonal mirrors. I wish to express my indebtedness to my colleague, Prof. Wilhelm Magnus, who supplied a crucial part of the necessity proof given above.

Field of study: Mathematics
Analysis of Cable Temperature Field Based on Finite Element Method

The analytical method of ampacity and temperature based on the IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission)-60287 standard has been widely used for its simplicity. However, the density of cable group and the complicated laying conditions reduce the accuracy of the analytical method which simplifies or ignores the actual situation. In this paper, the loss of the conductor temperature is taken as the internal heat source of cables. The finite element model is established to analyze the distribution of cable temperature field under two grounding modes by COMSOL to further improve the accuracy of cable ampacity.

Field of study: Engineering