nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
X-ray tube with axial focusing

A dc X-ray tube based on an immersion lens has been designed. The tube consists of electrodes with axial symmetry, a directly heated cathode, and a cylindrical anode; it has a front radiation output and small sizes. 50 and 100 W X-ray tubes and a 1.2 kW demountable tube with a dual Al-Mg anode were designed, running tests were performed, are the main electrical and X-ray optical characteristics were analyzed. The technique developed makes it possible to fabricate anode targets from different materials and to use aluminum, beryllium, or steel output windows. The tube proposed has a wide range of application.

Field of study: Physics
Receiver Based-Application TCP Flow Control

The traditional TCP mechanism of congestion control and bandwidth control do not deal with the competition of different data flows in a single link, which can not satisfy the user's expectations of performance. According to the properties of different type of data flows, by modifying the window size and ACK delay of receiver, this paper present he strategy of TCP flow control based on users, which can satisfy the requirement of bandwidth of different network application. The simulation experiments under NS displays the strategy effective and efficient

Field of study: Computer science
On properties of some integrals related to potentials for Stokes equations

. The integrals arising from potentials for two-dimensional Stokes equations are explored in the case when the potentials are defined on the smooth open arc of an arbitrary shape, while the densities in the potentials belong to weighted Holder space and may have power singularities. The properties of smoothness of these integrals and their derivatives are studied. The singularities of the derivatives of the integrals at the ends of the arcs are examined. The integrals studied in the paper being coupled with harmonic logarithmic potential yield single layer potentials for velocities in Stokes equations. Single layer potential for pressure in Stokes equations is investigated also.

Field of study: Mathematics
The Role of the Electronic Journalism in the Political Reform Processes

The present study aimed to explore the role of the electronic journalism in the political reform processes. The researcher adopted a descriptive analytical approach. He used a questionnaire that consists from 14 items. The population consists from all the students enrolled at public universities in Jordan. A random sample was selected. It consists from 200 female and male students.  It was found that the extent of following the electronic news by the university students in Jordan is high from their perspective. It was found that the electronic journalism play a very significant role in the political reform processes from the perspective of the students enrolled at public universities in Jordan. The researcher recommends increasing the engagement of students in the discussions held on news websites and blogs in order to promote political awareness.  Electronic journalism, political reform DOI: 10.7176/JEP/11-15-18 Publication date: May 31 st 2020

Field of study: Education
Temperature Field Simulation Analysis of the Vice Furnace of Gas Suspension Calciner

Using Abaqus finite element analysis software to simulation analysis the temperature field of the lord of the gas suspension calciner which use "fluidized roasting high efficiency and energy saving furnaces technology".Results showed that the temperature of baking furnace body extension radial direction distributed uniform.Just appear uneven distribution of temperature and stress concentration phenomenon around the ask board.

Field of study: Materials science
Establishment of the HDA method of detecting Escherichia coli O157:H7

In this paper,a new method,which based on helicase-dependent isothermal DNA amplification(HDA) to detect Escherichia coli O157:H7 of sample,was established.A highly specific set of primers was syn-thesized to target the rfbE gene of Escherichia coli O157:H7 so as to establish helicase-dependent isothermal DNA amplification method.Specific and sensitivity were tested compared with PCR method.The results showed that the sensitivity of HDA was 4.3×103 cfu·mL-1 which was similar to the result of PCR method.Detecting Es-cherichia coli O157:H7 with HDA is specific and sensitive as well as with PCR method and has lower instrumen-tal requirement.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Unintended durotomy in lumbar degenerative spinal surgery: a 10-year systematic review of the literature.

OBJECT Unintended durotomy is a common occurrence during lumbar spinal surgery, particularly in surgery for degenerative spinal conditions, with the reported incidence rate ranging from 0.3% to 35%. The authors performed a systematic literature review on unintended lumbar spine durotomy, specifically aiming to identify the incidence of durotomy during spinal surgery for lumbar degenerative conditions. In addition, the authors analyzed the incidence of durotomy when minimally invasive surgical approaches were used as compared with that following a traditional midline open approach.  A MEDLINE search using the term "lumbar durotomy" (under the 2015 medical subject heading [MeSH] "cerebrospinal fluid leak") was conducted on May 13, 2015, for English-language medical literature published in the period from January 1, 2005, to May 13, 2015. The resulting papers were categorized into 3 groups: 1) those that evaluated unintended durotomy rates during open-approach lumbar spinal surgery, 2) those that evaluated unintended durotomy rates during minimally invasive spine surgery (MISS), and 3) those that evaluated durotomy rates in comparable cohorts undergoing MISS versus open-approach lumbar procedures for similar lumbar pathology.  The MEDLINE search yielded 116 results. A review of titles produced 22 potentially relevant studies that described open surgical procedures. After a thorough review of individual papers, 19 studies (comprising 15,965 patients) pertaining to durotomy rates during open-approach lumbar surgery were included for analysis. Using the Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine (CEBM) ranking criteria, there were 7 Level 3 prospective studies and 12 Level 4 retrospective studies. In addition, the authors also included 6 studies (with a total of 1334 patients) that detailed rates of durotomy during minimally invasive surgery for lumbar degenerative disease. In the MISS analysis, there were 2 prospective and 4 retrospective studies. Finally, the authors included 5 studies (with a total of 1364 patients) that directly compared durotomy rates during open-approach versus minimally invasive procedures. Studies of open-approach surgery for lumbar degenerative disease reported a total of 1031 durotomies across all procedures, for an overall durotomy rate of 8.11% (range 2%-20%). Prospectively designed studies reported a higher rate of durotomy than retrospective studies (9.57% vs 4.32%, p = 0.05). Selected MISS studies reported a total of 93 durotomies for a combined durotomy rate of 6.78%. In studies of matched cohorts comparing open-approach surgery with MISS, the durotomy rates were 7.20% (34 durotomies) and 7.02% (68), respectively, which were not significantly different.  Spinal surgery for lumbar degenerative disease carries a significant rate of unintended durotomy, regardless of the surgical approach selected by the surgeon. Interpretation of unintended durotomy rates for lumbar surgery is limited by a lack of prospective and cohort-matched controlled studies.

Field of study: Medicine
Child non-ischemic priapism, a conservative approach: case report and updated review.

Non-ischemic priapism in children is an uncommon entity usually related to blunt trauma in the perineal region and subsequent fistula formation into the corpus cavernosum. In this report we present the case of a 7-year-old boy who had undergone perineal trauma and developed non-ischemic priapism confirmed radiologically. He was treated by conservative measures along with ultrasonographic monitoring. We discuss the diagnostic approach, the radiologic findings and the mainly conservative management of this infrequent pathology.

Field of study: Medicine
Bilateral cutaneous stimulation of the somatosensory system in hemidecorticate rats.

An enduring somatosensory consequence of extensive neocortex injury in people is "simultaneous extinction," which is an interhemispheric perceptual interaction that is operationally distinguishable from neglect. A cutaneous stimulus presented on the contralateral side of the body is readily detected when presented singly but is actively masked during bilateral stimulation. In hemidecorticate rats, small adhesive stimuli were attached to the radial surface of each forelimb simultaneously, and the latencies to contact and to remove each stimulus were recorded. Neglect of the contralateral stimulus lasted 2-3 days. Thereafter the ipsilateral stimulus was removed first, followed immediately by the contralateral stimulus. This ipsilateral sensorimotor bias lasted several months. Further analysis with unremovable tactile stimuli provided evidence for true extinction. For a limited period (during the first 2 postoperative weeks), the contralateral stimulus did not appear to be detected in the presence of the ipsilateral stimulus. Rather than switching back and forth between the two stimuli, the animals ignored the stimulus on the contralateral limb and persisted in their attempts to remove the ipsilateral stimulus. A key feature of the "extinction" was its complete reversibility. Simply by adjusting the sensory fields occupied by the contralateral (C) and ipsilateral (I) stimuli (specifically, by increasing the C/I ratio), the sensorimotor bias was totally shifted to contralateral. During recovery, the size of the C/I ratio necessary to reverse sensorimotor asymmetry gradually decreased. Asymmetrical sensorimotor behavior and amphetamine-induced circling were examined in three additional groups of hemidecorticate rats, which were given their initial behavioral tests at 2, 12, or 52 postoperative weeks. This experiment confirmed the above findings and controlled for practice. Over the course of a year, apparently complete recovery occurred; however, there were residual effects. At each period, previously recovered symptoms were reinstated simply by turning on the room lights and opening the home cage slightly. These data underscore the importance of detailed behavioral analysis and the value of the rat as a model in studies of recovery of sensorimotor function.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Differential susceptibility to misleading flat earth arguments on youtube

YouTube has been influential in propagating Flat Earth Ideology, but not everyone is equally susceptible to the effects of watching these videos. In an experiment with a participant pool restricted to regular YouTube users, we found that lower science intelligence and higher conspiracy mentality increase individuals’ susceptibility to flat Earth arguments on YouTube. In fact, these two dispositional variables interact: whereas people with lower conspiracy mentality do not find the arguments compelling at any level of science intelligence, among those with higher conspiracy mentality, perception of argument strength decreases as science intelligence increases. Moreover, perceptions of argument strength varied on the thrust of the clip’s argument (science-, conspiracy-, or religious-based), with the religious appeal being perceived as weaker and inspiring more counterarguing than the science clip. We discuss implications for both the knowledge deficit hypothesis and for the differential susceptibility to media effects model.

Field of study: Psychology
Bipolar switching behavior in TiN/ZnO/Pt resistive nonvolatile memory with fast switching and long retention

Highly stable bipolar resistive switching behaviors of TiN/ZnO/Pt devices were demonstrated for the first time. The excellent memory characteristics including fast switching speed (<20 ns for set and <60 ns for reset), long retention (in the order of 105 s) and non-electroforming process were demonstrated. The bipolar switching behaviors can be explained by formation and rupture of the filamentary conductive path consisting of oxygen vacancies. The excellent bipolar switching behavior can be attributed to the significant amount of oxygen vacancies in ZnO film and the effect of TiN layer serving as an oxygen reservoir.

Field of study: Materials science
Isolation of acetic, propionic and butyric acid-forming bacteria from biogas plants.

In this study, acetic, propionic and butyric acid-forming bacteria were isolated from thermophilic and mesophilic biogas plants (BGP) located in Germany. The fermenters were fed with maize silage and cattle or swine manure. Furthermore, pressurized laboratory fermenters digesting maize silage were sampled. Enrichment cultures for the isolation of acid-forming bacteria were grown in minimal medium supplemented with one of the following carbon sources: Na(+)-dl-lactate, succinate, ethanol, glycerol, glucose or a mixture of amino acids. These substrates could be converted by the isolates to acetic, propionic or butyric acid. In total, 49 isolates were obtained, which belonged to the phyla Firmicutes, Tenericutes or Thermotogae. According to 16S rRNA gene sequences, most isolates were related to Clostridium sporosphaeroides, Defluviitoga tunisiensis and Dendrosporobacter quercicolus. Acetic, propionic or butyric acid were produced in cultures of isolates affiliated to Bacillus thermoamylovorans, Clostridium aminovalericum, Clostridium cochlearium/Clostridium tetani, C. sporosphaeroides, D. quercicolus, Proteiniborus ethanoligenes, Selenomonas bovis and Tepidanaerobacter sp. Isolates related to Thermoanaerobacterium thermosaccharolyticum produced acetic, butyric and lactic acid, and isolates related to D. tunisiensis formed acetic acid. Specific primer sets targeting 16S rRNA gene sequences were designed and used for real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR). The isolates were physiologically characterized and their role in BGP discussed.

Field of study: Biology, Engineering
Constrained User Exposure Matrix Factorization in Recommendation System

Due to the massive items and users limited scope, many existing recommendation systems suffer a more and more serious sparse problem on rating matrix. Most of the recommendation systems employ the content-based method or the collaborative filter model to abbreviate the sparse problem. While in our paper, based on the assumption that users who have rated similar sets of items are likely to have similar preference information, we present a constrained user exposure matrix factorization collaborative filter model and apply it to deal with the matrix sparsity problem, which it makes a better recommendation to users who have very few ratings. In detail, for the sake of capturing the effect of user having rated a particular item, we introduce a constrained matrix to user latent vector space. This effect will have an impact on the prior mean of user latent feature vector. After that, using the user feature vector and item feature vector to estimate the values of unrated items. The experimental results show that the proposed model gets higher prediction precision than the state-of-the-art models in providing recommendation for user having very few ratings.

Field of study: Engineering
PARTIAL NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT: FIXED-RATIO ESCAPE.

Rats were unable to sustain performance when eight bar-presses turned off shock (-FR 8). In a second experiment, thirsty rats were able to maintain a moderate response rate when performance on -FR 8 was also reinforced with water. Some rats continued to bar-press on -FR 8 after withdrawal of positive reinforcement, but at a much lower rate. A possible explanation of the results is that during intermittent escape conditioning in a free-responding situation the absence of shock itself acquires aversive properties.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Optical waveguiding in epitaxial PbTiO(3) thin films.

Epitaxial lead titanate (PbTiO(3)) thin films on SrTiO(3) (100) substrate were grown in situ by radio-frequency sputtering for optical waveguiding applications. The crystalline quality of the PbTiO(3) films deposited at 550 degrees C has been investigated through x-ray diffraction analysis. It indicates that thin films are completely c-axis oriented (rocking curve FWHM of 0.2 degrees for the 001 reflection). The transmission spectrum method has been used to measure the dispersion of the refractive index. At 632.8 nm, the PbTiO(3) film with an (001) orientation exhibits a refractive index of 2.61, which represents 98% of the bulk material. The prism-coupling technique has been also employed to determine the optical attenuation in the planar waveguide. In this study, we report a low propagation loss of 2.2 ? 0.2 dB/cm obtained in a PbTiO(3) optical waveguide.

Field of study: Physics
Thermal conductance of a proximity superconductor

We study heat transport in hybrid normal metal - superconductor - normal metal (NSN) structures. We find the thermal conductance of a short superconducting wire to be strongly enhanced beyond the BCS value due to inverse proximity effect. The measurements agree with a model based on the quasiclassical theory of superconductivity in the diffusive limit. We determine a crossover temperature below which quasiparticle heat conduction dominates over the electron-phonon relaxation.

Field of study: Physics
Effect of NaCl Stress on Physiological Characteristics of Two Manilkara Species Leaves

The physiological characteristics of Manilkara zapota(L.)van Royen and Manilkara roxburghiana(Wight)Dubard were studied by watering the potted plants with NaCl solution.The characteristics include chlorophyll,proline,soluble protein,SOD,POD,CAT and so on.The results showed that Manilkara zapota(L.)van Royen grew well below 1.98‰ NaCl stress condition,so did Manilkara roxburghiana(Wight)Dubard below 2.42‰ NaCl stress condition.Under NaCl stress,chlorophyll synthesis was significantly restricted;For Manilkara zapota(L.)van Royen,the activity of the SOD increased,however the activity of POD or CAT increased first and then dropped.The content of proline was higher significantly than that of the control,so did the content of soluble protein when the concentration of NaCl was between 4‰~8‰.For Manilkara roxburghiana(Wight)Dubard,the activity of CAT increased and that of SOD or POD decreased.The activities of the SOD,POD and CAT differed significantly from that of the control.The content of proline or soluble protein was higher than that of the control when the concentration of NaCl was between 4‰~8‰.The small organic molecules working as osmotic potentials in cells played a key role in salt tolerance for the two species.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
An order-disorder twin crystal of L-2-haloacid dehalogenase from Sulfolobus tokodaii.

The L-2-haloacid dehalogenase enzymes catalyse the hydrolytic cleavage of a halogen from the C2 position of short-chain haloacids. The recombinant dehalogenase from the thermophilic archaeon Sulfolobus tokodaii has been cloned, overexpressed and purified to homogeneity. The 24 kDa enzyme was crystallized using the microbatch method in the monoclinic space group C2, with unit-cell parameters a = 127.6, b = 58.1, c = 51.2 A, beta = 97.2 degrees . Data were collected to 1.9 A resolution using synchrotron radiation and the structure was solved by molecular replacement. Analysis of the data and the preliminary refined model showed that the crystal was an order-disorder twin by reticular merohedry with a twin index of 10. It was possible to de-twin the experimental data utilizing the symmetry of the molecular layers from which the crystal is built.

Field of study: Chemistry
Holocene tephras in lake cores from northern British Columbia, Canada

Sediment cores recovered from alpine and subalpine lakes up to 250 km apart in northern British Columbia contain five previously unrecognized tephras. Two black phonolitic tephras, each 5–10 mm thick, occur within 2–4 cm of each other in basal sediments from seven lakes in the Finlay River – Dease Lake area. The upper and lower Finlay tephras are slightly older than 10 220 – 10 560 cal year B.P. and likely originate from two closely spaced eruptions of one or two large volcanoes in the northern Cordilleran volcanic province. The Finlay tephras occur at the transition between deglacial sediments and organic-rich postglacial mud in the lake cores and, therefore, closely delimit the termination of the Fraser Glaciation in northern British Columbia. Sediments in Bob Quinn Lake, which lies on the east edge of the northern Coast Mountains, contain two black tephras that differ in age and composition from the Finlay tephras. The lower Bob Quinn tephra is 3–4 mm thick, basaltic in composition, and is derived from...

Field of study: Environmental science
On the Weil Sum Evaluation of Central Polynomial in Multivariate Quadratic Cryptosystem

A parity checking-styled Weil sum algorithm is presented for a general class of the univariate polynomials which fully characterize a system of n polynomials in n variables over F2. The previously known proof methods of explicit Weil sum evaluation of Dembowski-Ostrom polynomials are extended to general case. The algorithm computes the absolute values of the Weil sums of the generic central polynomials in MQ problem.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Game-based versus traditional case-based learning

To evaluate family physicians’ enjoyment of and knowledge gained from game-based learning, compared with traditional case-based learning, in a continuing medical education (CME) event on stroke prevention and management.

DESIGN An equivalence trial to determine if game-based learning was as effective as case-based learning in terms of attained knowledge levels. Game questions and small group cases were developed. Participants were randomized to either a game-based or a case-based group and took part in the event.

SETTING Ontario provincial family medicine conference.

PARTICIPANTS Thirty-two family physicians and 3 senior family medicine residents attending the conference.

INTERVENTION Participation in either a game-based or a case-based CME learning group.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Scores on 40-item immediate and 3-month posttests of knowledge and a satisfaction survey.

RESULTS Results from knowledge testing immediately after the event and 3 months later showed no significant difference in scoring between groups. Participants in the game-based group reported higher levels of satisfaction with the learning experience.

 Games provide a novel way of organizing CME events. They might provide more group interaction and discussion, as well as improve recruitment to CME events. They might also provide a forum for interdisciplinary CME. Using games in future CME events appears to be a promising approach to facilitate participant learning.

Field of study: Medicine
분열문의 의미와 초점 후치사의 수의성

This study proposes that there are two distinct semantic types of Korean kes-cleft sentences, one an equative clause and the other a predicational clause in the sense of Higgins (1979). It is claimed that this distinction is based on the presence/absence of postpositions in the pivot phrase of a kes-cleft. The semantic and syntactic derivational process for each type is provided, which can capture the difference of these two semantic types and the two widely known semantic interpretations of cleft constructions, i.e., existential presupposition and exhaustivity interpretation.

Field of study: Linguistics