nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
PRORIL—An Erosion Model Using Probability Distributions for Rill Flow and Density II. Model Validation

A rill erosion model, PRORIL, simulates the stochastic variability of rill networks, including both variable rill spacing and rill flow rates, on erosion. PRORIL was compared to measured erosion using the Kentucky rainfall simulator at the University of Kentucky Coldstream Farm in 1987 and 1988 for three topsoil and three subsoil plots that were bare and prepared with rough and smooth surfaces. In 1989, additional studies were conducted on 1-m ¥ 1-m plots within the original erosion plots to measure interrill erosion using a single nozzle rainfall simulator. Measured soil erosion and hydrologic parameters were compiled from these field studies for the PRORIL model and used for model validation for the 12 erosion plots. Values of critical shear stress were estimated from other erosion studies with soils having similar rill erodibility and optimized using a selected subset of the validation data. PRORIL predicted the measured erosion values with relative differences of –22 to 91% for the observed sampled data and –24 to 51% for the observed rill profile data. The coefficients of variation of the PRORIL model estimates were 0.35 for the observed sampled data and 0.27 for the observed rill profile data and were comparable to other erosion model validation studies, which had coefficients of variations from 0.20 to 1.48. PRORIL realistically simulates the spatially distributed nature of rill spacings and rill flow rates and provides a new framework to analyze and simulate erosion as a stochastic process.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Content-Specific and General Reading Disabilities of Secondary-Level Students

The purposes of this study were (a) to examine the diagnostic utility of reading from text for distinguishing students with general reading disabilities from those whose reading deficits are related to background knowledge in specific content areas, and (b) to establish the educational utility of these two subgroups. Participants were 121 students (71 male and 50 female) in the 10th grade who were participating in a larger study to examine the contribution of reading to the academic success of secondary students. Students first completed a background-knowledge vocabulary test. Then they read aloud from English and science texts, studied and answered multiple-choice questions based on the selected texts, and finally read aloud from the texts again. The discrepancy between student performance in reading aloud from the prestudy English and science texts was utilized to formulate two subgroups: students with general reading deficits defined by low reading scores in both English and science, and students with content-specific deficits defined by reading scores in English that were substantially higher than in science. Results of the discrepancy analysis yielded a group of 33 students with general deficits and 6 students with content-specific deficits. To examine the educational utility of these groups, content-specific and matched general-deficit groups were compared on their poststudy reading performances of the science passage. Poststudy reading scores for the content-specific group were significantly higher than for the general-deficit group, suggesting that students in the content-specific group benefited more from study of the text than did students in the general-deficit group. Additional analyses supported the hypothesis that the content-specific deficits were due to a lack of background knowledge. Results lend support to the possibility that reading from text can be used by teachers as a diagnostic tool to identify educationally relevant subtypes of students with learning difficulties in the content areas.

Field of study: Education
Design and Preliminary Prototype Test of a High Temperature Superconducting Suspension Electromagnet

This paper presents the development of maglev train and superconducting technology in China. Aiming at the heating problem of normal suspension electromagnet, a high temperature superconducting (HTS) suspension electromagnet based on Bi-2223/Ag tape was designed. We tested the heating condition of normal suspension electromagnet and designed the structure, size and technical parameters of the HTS suspension electromagnet. Considering the high sensitivity of Bi-2223/Ag tape to the magnetic field perpendicular to its surface, the finite-element method (FEM) software was used to analyze and calculate the vertical component of magnetic field. The FEM simulation results have proved the feasibility that the HTS suspension electromagnet could work normally in liquid nitrogen with the relationship between critical current and vertical magnetic field extracted from the measurements in factory. A prototype was produced and tested. The test results show that the HTS suspension electromagnet could work steadily under the conditions of 77 K, influence of vertical magnetic field and larger exciting current than 20 A, which indicates the design of HTS suspension electromagnet has reached the level of practical projects.

Field of study: Physics
Multi-Monte Carlo method for simultaneous coagulation and condensation/evaporation of polydisperse particles

The time evolution of particle size distribution (PSD) is of fundamental interest and a key issue.PSD along with time is described by general dynamic equation (GDE).There is an antinomy of computation cost and computation precision in some ordinary Monte Carlo methods for GDE. A new multi-Monte Carlo (MMC) method is presented to consider GDE for simultaneous coagulation and condensation/evaporation of polydisperse particles.The MMC method is based on time-driven, constant number technique and constant volume technique.Firstly the MMC method is described in detail, including the setting of time step, the scheme of handling simultaneous coagulation and condensation/evaporation.Then the MMC method is validated by three kinds of special cases:constant coagulation kernel and constant condensation kernel(case1),constant coagulation kernel and linear condensation kernel(case2),and linear coagulation kernel and linear condensation kernel(case3).The simulation results of the MMC method for GDE agreed with analytical solution well, which proved that MMC method could resolve the contradiction between computation cost and computation precision, i.e., MMC method has both lesser computation cost and better computation precision.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Structure of the Yersinia enterocolitica molecular-chaperone protein SycE.

The crystal structure of the Yersinia enterocolitica molecular-chaperone protein SycE, which specifically binds the YopE protein, has been solved to 2.0 A resolution by molecular replacement. The crystal contains two SycE dimers per asymmetric unit; a novel feature of this crystal, when compared with closely related SycE structures, is a well ordered carboxy-terminal peptide in one protomer of each dimer. The peptide binds a hydrophobic patch of a neighboring molecule in a manner similar to that seen in a SycE-YopE chaperone-target complex, suggestive of low-affinity 'self-binding' through which the carboxy-terminal peptide might suppress counterproductive interactions with non-target proteins in vivo.

Field of study: Chemistry
Kinetics of Ultrasonic and Current Coupling-Enhanced Dissolution of Copper in Liquid Tin

With the development trend of high speed, light weight, continual miniaturization, and multifunctionality of microelectronic products, the size of solder joints continues to shrink. Therefore, higher requirements are being placed on soldering techniques. This study used the immersion method to investigate the dissolution kinetics of copper in liquid tin at temperatures in the range of 240–300°C with ultrasonic and current coupling. The amount of dissolution and the thickness of the interfacial intermetallic compound (IMC) layer were measured and the dissolution activation energy was calculated. Results showed that the composite fields of ultrasonic and current coupling accelerated copper dissolution in liquid tin and decreased the dissolution activation energy. The dissolution rate was 5–7 times higher compared to that without ultrasound and current, and was 2–3 times higher compared to that using only current. At a certain temperature, with the increase in immersion time, the thickness of the interface IMC layer demonstrated parabolic growth. The sound pressure caused by the ultrasound and the temperature gradient caused by current in the liquid tin were simulated by finite element modeling. The results show that the sound pressure distribution in liquid tin was uneven, and the temperature gradient inside the liquid tin increased with current.

Field of study: Materials science
PCM Data Transmission System Using Split Phase Code

The LAMPF control system specifies transmission of both data and timing signals between the control room and the local control points throughout the machine for data collection and equipment control information. A balanced system is used to reduce noise pickup. The transmitter receives a timing pulse train and the digital data in a "non return to zero" (NRZ) format. The two signals are combined to form a split phase code and transformer coupled to the transmission line. The receiver uses a minimum energy content circuit (integrator) preceding the decoder to reduce noise sensitivity. The number of timing pulses in the incoming pulse train is known as is the time duration of the transmission. This information is used to further reduce the probability of error.

Field of study: Physics
Colonization and shift of mollusc assemblages as a restoration indicator in planted mangroves in the Philippines

We compared the mollusc assemblages of planted mono-specific Rhizophora mangroves of known different ages. As forest age increased, there was a shift in species composition, abundance and biomass of mollusc assemblages for all faunal types (infauna, epifauna and arboreal fauna). This shift was correlated with the changes in vegetation (increasing forest cover and above-ground biomass) and sediment characteristics (increasing organic matter and decreasing sand content). Some species dominate in young plantations (<10 years old; Pirenella cingulata) and in intermediate plantations (10–15 years old; Nerita polita), while other species only occur in mature plantations and natural mangrove stands (>15 years; Terebralia sulcata, Nerita planospira). The two former groups of species are mostly species of infaunal and epifaunal habitats, while the latter group is mainly composed of arboreal species. The shift in mollusc species composition and dominance may serve as a useful indicator of restoration patterns in planted mangroves.

Field of study: Environmental science
Personality Disorders in DSM-5: Emerging Research on the Alternative Model

The current categorical classification of personality disorders, originally introduced in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-III), has been found to suffer from numerous shortcomings that hamper its usefulness for research and for clinical application. The Personality and Personality Disorders Work Group for DSM-5 was charged with developing an alternative model that would address many of these concerns. The developed model involved a hybrid dimensional/categorical model that represented personality disorders as combinations of core impairments in personality functioning with specific configurations of problematic personality traits. The Board of Trustees of the American Psychiatric Association did not accept the Task Force recommendation to implement this novel approach, and thus this alternative model was included in Sect. III of the DSM-5 among concepts requiring additional study. This review provides an overview of the emerging research on this alternative model, addressing each of the primary components of the model.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
The Burden of Power: Construing Power as Responsibility (Rather Than as Opportunity) Alters Threat-Challenge Responses

Power usually lowers stress responses. In stressful situations, having high (vs. low) power heightens challenge and lowers threat. Yet, even power-holders may experience threat when becoming aware of the responsibility that accompanies their power. Power-holders can construe (i.e., understand) a high-power position primarily as opportunity to “make things happen” or as responsibility to “take care of things.” Power-holders construing power as responsibility (rather than opportunity) may be more likely to experience demands—such as taking care of important decisions under their control—as outweighing their resources, resulting in less challenge and more threat. Four experiments with subjective and cardiovascular threat-challenge indicators support this. Going beyond prior work on structural aspects (e.g., power instability) that induce stress, we show that merely the way how power-holders construe their power can evoke stress. Specifically, we find that power construed as responsibility (vs. opportunity) is more likely to imply a “burden” for the power-holder.

Field of study: Psychology
Quantifying changes in the rates of forest clearing in Indonesia from 1990 to 2005 using remotely sensed data sets

Timely and accurate data on forest change within Indonesia is required to provide government, private and civil society interests with the information needed to improve forest management. The forest clearing rate in Indonesia is among the highest reported by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), behind only Brazil in terms of forest area lost. While the rate of forest loss reported by FAO was constant from 1990 through 2005 (1.87 Mha yr −1 ), the political, economic, social and environmental drivers of forest clearing changed at the close of the last century. We employed a consistent methodology and data source to quantify forest clearing from 1990 to 2000 and from 2000 to 2005. Results show a dramatic reduction in clearing from a 1990s average of 1.78 Mha yr −1 to an average of 0.71 Mha yr −1 from 2000 to 2005. However, annual forest cover loss indicator maps reveal a near-monotonic increase in clearing from a low in 2000 to a high in 2005. Results illustrate a dramatic downturn in forest clearing at the turn of the century followed by a steady resurgence thereafter to levels estimated to exceed 1 Mha yr −1 by 2005. The lowlands of Sumatra and Kalimantan were the site of more than 70% of total forest clearing within Indonesia for both epochs; over 40% of the lowland forests of these island groups were cleared from 1990 to 2005. The method employed enables the derivation of internally consistent, national-scale changes in the rates of forest clearing, results that can inform carbon accounting programs such as the Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation in Developing Countries (REDD) initiative.

Field of study: Environmental science
Elongation of (omega-14C)oleic acid and (omega-14C)nervonic acid.

During feeding experiments with [omega-14C]oleic acid and [omega-14c]nervonic acid to adult rats, 14C-labelled C26, C28 and C30 fatty acids were recovered from the intestinal mucosa, liver, plasma, kidney and stools. The structures of these fatty acids were determined by g.l.c., radio-g.l.c. and mass spectrometry. The Schmidt and Ginger degradation methods indicated that most of the 14C found in these extra-long fatty acids remained in the omega position. These radioactive extra-long fatty acids were found mainly in the polar lipids of rats killed 3 or 15 h after being fed on labelled oleic acid or nervonic acid. Rats killed 63 h later yielded only traces of these extra-long fatty acids. When the rats were given antibiotics or received the same radioactive fatty acids by intravenous injection, the labelled extra-long fatty acids could not be detected in any of the tissues. We conclude that they were probably synthesized by elongation of oleic acid and nervonic acid by intestinal micro-organisms (probably yeasts) and then absorbed by the intestinal mucosa.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Identification of 80K-H as a protein involved in GLUT4 vesicle trafficking.

PKCzeta (protein kinase Czeta) is a serine/threonine protein kinase controlled by insulin, various growth factors and phosphoinositide 3-kinase. It has been implicated in controlling glucose transport in response to insulin by the translocation of GLUT4-(glucose transporter 4) containing vesicles to the plasma membrane in stimulated cells.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Effect of Selected Training on Goal Kiking Ability of Football Players

The Study -The purpose of this study was to compare the goal and kicking ability of the football players of experimental group and control group. Selection of the subject - The study was conducted on 30 players of which 15 players are of experimental group and 15 players of control group. Statistical technique- Furthermore to find our significant comparison between the scores of each group, the‘t’ value employed for testing the hypothesis the level of significance is set at 0.05 level.  Result-It is concluded that training given to the football players affects their ability to do goals and experimental group perform significantly better than the control group.  Football, Training,etc

Field of study: Education
Conversion of Conjugated Enones into Enantiomerically Pure ‐Hydroxy Ketones or 1,3‐Diols – Samarium(II) Bromide Reductions of Protected ,‐Dihydroxy Ketones

Asymmetric dihydroxylations of α,β-unsaturated ketones in the presence of Sharpless' AD mix-β™ delivered α,β-dihydroxy ketones or, if phenylboronic acid was present, the corresponding phenylboronates. The C α ―O bonds of these species were removed at ―78 °C ― in the former case after acetonide formation, in the latter case directly ― in an unprecedented manner, namely by treatment with a suspension of Sm II bromide in THF/MeOH. The resulting monohydroxy ketones could be reduced if so desired to give syn- or anti-configured 1,3-diols. The same diols were produced in one-pot reductions of the α,β-dihydroxy ketone diacetonides with Sm II bromide at 0 °C. When the α,β-dihydroxy ketone phenylboronates were treated likewise, the phenylboronates of the 1,3-diols were obtained. Diastereocontrol in the one-pot reductions varied from perfect to nearly absent.

Field of study: Chemistry
Bargaining for Social Rights: Unions and the Reemergence of Welfare Capitalism, 1945-1952

The United States has long been distinctive among Western welfare states for its heavy reliance on private social policies. Private pensions, health, and disability insurance are not absent from other welfare states, but America has made a virtue of what many countries consider an unwanted stepchild. Even when compared to the less capacious welfare states of Britain or Australia, much less the comprehensive continental European or Scandinavian welfare states, American reliance on private social protection is anomalous. Payments to individuals for private or employer-provided social benefits accounted for 25 percent of total social welfare payments in 1985. The United States spends a higher fraction of GNP for private pensions (1.4 percent) than any other industrial society, and 57 percent of all U.S. health expenditures are private compared to an average of 20 percent in other welfare  Most individuals receive private social benefits as an employee benefit, financed by employer supplements to wages and salaries. Entitlement to these benefits is based on employment rather than citizenship. This private safety net has mostly benefited unionized workers and middle class citizens with steady, white collar jobs. Workers not in unions or in low-wage industries have been excluded from this system of private social protection. Reliance on private health insurance has also served as one of the main impediments to the adoption of national health insurance. Yet today this system of private social protec-

Field of study: Political science
Glacial to Holocene changes in sea surface temperature and seawater δ18O in the northern Indian Ocean

Sea surface temperature (SST) and seawater δ 18 O sw records were generated from sediment cores located in the southern Bay of Bengal (SBOB) and the northeastern Arabian Sea (NEAS) to understand glacial to Holocene changes in the hydrography of these regions. This was accomplished through the use of paired δ 18 O and Mg/Ca measurements in planktic foraminifera ( Globigerinoides ruber ) from two sediment cores; SK157-14 in the SBOB (lat. 5°11′N; long. 90°05′E; water-depth 3306 m) and SK148-21 in the NEAS (lat. 21°29′N, long. 67°01′E; water-depth 1900 m). The results suggest significant changes in SST and δ 18 O sw since last glacial period. The glacial SSTs in the SBOB and the NEAS were lower by ~ 2–2.5 °C relative to the Holocene. The deglacial period in both cores is characterized by significant variations in SSTs and seawater δ 18 O sw . The Dansgaard-Oeschger (DO) cycles and Heinrich events are strongly expressed in SST and δ 18 O sw records of the SBOB core. These records support a strong control of atmospheric-oceanic changes in the northern high latitude on thermal state of the SBOB. The SST time series in both these regions indicates a sudden and abrupt increase in temperature at the end of last glacial maximum. The SST time series in the NEAS core SK 148-21 reveals an intensification of the northeast monsoon during the last glacial maximum.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Treatment of Childhood Sexual Abuse: An Updated Review

Childhood sexual abuse (CSA) involves multiple complex factors that make the evaluation of therapeutic interventions especially complicated. PTSD prevalence rates of CSA are approximately 37 % -53 %. Several other psychiatric sequelae of CSA exist. CSA appears to disrupt brain and body physiology. One co-located service delivery model reported a 52 % linkage rate of CSA survivors with mental health treatment. This article reviews current literature on the treatment of CSA, including psychosocial interventions, pharmacotherapy, and early preventative interventions. It also provides an update on the short- and long-term sequelae of CSA and implications for future research directions. A literature search of papers published in the last 3 years was conducted using the keywords treatment, sexual abuse, childhood, epigenetics, resilience and review, and searching the following databases: PsycInfo, PubMed, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, and Centers for Disease Control.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Approximate Solution for the Compression Buckling of Fully-Anisotropic Cylindrical Shells

The circular cylindrical thin-walled shell is a fundamental building block of many structures, such as aircraft fuselages. When used with laminated composites, highly efficient structures can be designed. As a result, the analytical treatment of cylindrical shells has received significant attention over recent decades. However, most of the works carried out in this area concern isotropic materials or orthotropic laminates, that is, those with no couplings. The present analysis develops a closed-form, yet simple solution for the linear buckling of laminated circular cylindrical shell, from the Donnell’s model, including all available couplings. Although the usefulness of a linear solution for predicting buckling loads is questionable, its worth is in initial sizing and layup selection during the early stages of design. The resulting model could be used to examine the usefulness of different couplings that are not yet well understood. It is found that extension/shear coupling results in torsional movement of the cylinder, which, when restricted, induces a secondary torsional loading on the cylinder, thus reducing its overall buckling load by up to 50%. When not restricted, extension/shear couplings generally increase buckling loads.

Field of study: Physics