nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
BRIEF COMMUNICATIONS: Use of stimulated scattering by polaritons in detection of submillimeter radiation

An experimental investigation was made of a detector of submillimeter radiation utilizing a difference frequency generated as a result of stimulated scattering by polaritons in a crystal of lithium niobate. When the pump pulse duration was 2τp = 18 nsec and the cross-sectional area of the pump beam was Qp = 0.17 cm2, about 4×105 photons with frequencies in the range 25–35cm−1 were detected in a solid angle Ω = 10 msr for the signal/noise ratio of 5. The experimental results were in qualitative agreement with theoretical estimates obtained allowing for the finite apertures of the interacting waves.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Geologic map of the Centennial Wash quadrangle, Mohave and La Paz Counties, Arizona

The Centennial Wash quadrangle is important for understanding the tectonic framework of west-central Arizona because it includes the north boundary of the Rawhide Mountains. These mountains are part of one of the most extensive metamorphic core complexes (as defined by Coney, 1980) in the Cordillera. The quadrangle includes the three tectonic elements that characterize metamorphic core complexes: upper plate, lower plate, and the detachment fault separating the two. In this area, the fault is known as the Rawhide detachment fault. This quadrangle is one of several that have been mapped along a northeast-trending belt of nearly continuous exposures extending from the Buckskin-Rawhide metamorphic core complex to the Colorado Plateau near Wikieup, Arizona (figs. 1,2) (Lucchitta and Suneson, 1988a, b, 1990, and in press a, b, c; Lucchitta and Beard, unpub. mapping, 1980-84). These maps explore the structural transition from the highly extended terrane of the metamorphic core complexes to the relatively stable Colorado Plateau.

Field of study: Geography, Geology
A Completion Item Teaching Machine for Routine Classroom Use

The current interest in teaching machines shows that psychology is recognizing its responsibility for applying learning theory to the practical problems of education. Every classroom teacher should by now have some awareness of the meaning of "reinforcement" and "feedback." A number of ingenious but rather costly machines are becoming available for laboratory or special remedial purposes, but too little attention has been given to simple equipment and procedures suitable for regular classroom use. The punchboard makes possible inexpensive self-teaching use of the multiple choice item, and the model answer method has been shown to serve equally well for the essay test (Willey, 1958). Tests of these types can thus be scored easily item by item with consequent immediate knowledge of success or error. The writer has recently developed a device for similar scoring of completion items which he calls a teaching machine only for the reason that this has become the accepted general term for all such mechanical aids to self-instruction. (A new comprehensive term is needed.) The materials for this device are ( 1) a legal size manila mailing envelope, (2) a panel of 1/8" masonite slightly smaller than the envelope with one end rounded, so a sheet of paper will move around it, (3) a short length of flexible cord about l/s" in diameter, and (4) a strip of acetate about 9 X 1% in. A mimeographed question and answer sheet is prepared in the following form:

Field of study: Psychology
Toward an Operational Water Cycle Prediction System for the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence River

AbstractIn this time of a changing climate, it is important to know whether lake levels will rise, potentially causing flooding, or river flows will dry up during abnormally dry weather. The Great Lakes region is the largest freshwater lake system in the world. Moreover, agriculture, industry, commerce, and shipping are active in this densely populated region. Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC) recently implemented the Water Cycle Prediction System (WCPS) over the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence River watershed (WCPS-GLS version 1.0) following a decade of research and development. WCPS, a network of linked models, simulates the complete water cycle, following water as it moves from the atmosphere to the surface, through the river network and into lakes, and back to the atmosphere. Information concerning the water cycle is passed between the models. WCPS is the first short-to-medium-range prediction system of the complete water cycle to be run on an operational basis anywhere. It currently produces ...

Field of study: Environmental science
Local Quivers and Stable Representations

In this paper we introduce and study the local quiver as a tool to investigate the étale local structure of moduli spaces of θ-semistable representations of quivers. As an application we determine the dimension vectors associated to irreducible representations of the torus knot groups G p,q = ⟨a, b ∣ a p = b q ⟩.

Field of study: Mathematics
Can hand-held computers improve adherence to guidelines? A (Palm) Pilot study of family doctors in British Columbia.

To examine whether Palm Prevention, a free software tool for Palm OS personal digital assistants (PDAs) that provides quick access to preventive guidelines in a patient-specific manner at the point of care, improved adherence to five preventive measures in primary care.



Prospective intervention pilot study.



Vancouver, BC, and surrounding area.



Eight general practitioners.



Each physician used Palm Prevention for five preventive measures during routine preventive health visits with 10 patients (n = 80). Charts of consenting patients were reviewed for documentation of recommended maneuvers.



Rates of adherence to five evidence-based guidelines selected from the Canadian and American task forces on preventive care and incorporated into Palm Prevention.



Intervention and control physicians were similar in their familiarity with and use of PDAs, and they recruited similar patients for the study. Intervention and control groups had similar rates of screening for hypertension. Intervention improved adherence to the remaining four guidelines: cervical cancer screening increased 22% (only absolute increases are reported); hyperlipidemia screening increased 30%; colorectal cancer screening increased 27%; and prophylaxis with acetylsalicylic acid in high-risk patients increased 38%. Participants were surveyed after the study; all reported that they found the software helpful and would continue using Palm Prevention. Usage statistics showed that study participants used the tool outside the trial: users entered between 28 and 68 unique patients into the program during the 2-month intervention.



This pilot study suggests PDAs are useful in improving preventive care and facilitating translation of knowledge into practice. This was particularly apparent with newer guidelines.

Field of study: Medicine
Precoding techniques for undersampled multi-receiver communication systems

In this paper, we investigate the feasibility of blind signal recovery from undersampled data collected from a plurality receivers. We show that although an undersampled communication system is not completely identifiable in general, such an obstacle can be overcome by employing proper precoding with an arbitrary amount of the bandwidth expansion in the transmitter. The main contribution of this study is the formulation of a generic framework for the undersampled systems, and the derivation of conditions for a class of filters which we term ambiguity resistant precoders.

Field of study: Engineering
Informal Analysis for Authentication Protocol Security

Informal methods for the analysis of cryptographic protocols especially authentication protocols are becoming more important in complicated modern communications.This paper points out that neither the famous Abadi's principles nor Lin etc.'s reasons or suggestions are sufficient to correct the flaws,so some new attacks upon their fixed protocols can be presented by us.Two requirements essential for cryptographic protocol security are presented in this paper via analysis of some classical cryptographic protocols.Finally,this paper demonstrates the concrete method on how to achieve the liveness of principal,the freshness and association of freshness identifier for challenge-response authentication protocols.

Field of study: Computer science
Experimental study of the balancing capability of calisthenic athletes in three conditions

The authors tested the balancing capability of 20 ordinary college students and 20 physical education majoring students in the control group and 20 high level exercising calisthenic athletes and 20 high level competi-tive calisthenic athletes in the experiment group in three conditions(calm condition,the moment right after aerobic exercise and the moment right after anaerobic exercise),and revealed the following findings: The training for exer-cising calisthenics and competitive calisthenics couldn’t improve the balancing capability in a calm condition,but the balancing capability at the moment right after aerobic exercise was significantly enhanced;the balancing capa-bility of females students was better than that of male students in a calm condition and at the moment right after aerobic exercise,but significantly declined at the moment right after anaerobic exercise.These findings can be used as theoretical criteria for selecting and training female students for competitive calisthenics.

Field of study: Education
Status of the hard X-ray microprobe beamline ID22 of the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility.

The ESRF synchrotron beamline ID22, dedicated to hard X-ray microanalysis and consisting of the combination of X-ray fluorescence, X-ray absorption spectroscopy, diffraction and 2D/3D X-ray imaging techniques, is one of the most versatile instruments in hard X-ray microscopy science. This paper describes the present beamline characteristics, recent technical developments, as well as a few scientific examples from recent years of the beamline operation. The upgrade plans to adapt the beamline to the growing needs of the user community are briefly discussed.

Field of study: Physics
Crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction studies of a fungal hydrolase from Ophiostoma novo-ulmi.

Dutch elm disease fungus Ophiostoma novo-ulmi contains a hydrolase activity which catalyses the resolution of racemic ethyl naproxen to the corresponding acid. The recombinant enzyme has been crystallized by the vapour-diffusion method in two crystal forms. The crystals of the first form belong to space group P2(1)2(1)2, with unit-cell parameters a = 115.9, b = 174.4, c = 62.1 A. The enzyme also crystallizes in space group P2(1)2(1)2, with unit-cell parameters a = 72.9, b = 212.7, c = 61.7 A. Synchrotron data have been collected for both crystal forms to 2.6 and 2.3 A, respectively. A molecular-replacement solution has been found using a remote starting model of a bacterial esterase (23% sequence identity) for both crystal forms. Multicrystal averaging has resulted in interpretable electron-density maps.

Field of study: Chemistry
Comprehensive Welding of Thermoplastics by a Diode Laser

This paper deals with a development of “comprehensive" laser welding of thermoplastics with versatility in color and shape of products. Overlap welding of thermoplastics is one of the features of application of diode lasers. Most of thermoplastics are transparent to diode lasers; therefore it is need to weld plastic article with colorant. The influence of absorptance and transmittance of overlapping colored plastics were studied. Various colored plastics with infrared-transparent pigments were tested as the welding material. The appropriate absorptance and transmittance of overlapping colored plastic were examined. The feasibility of the technique of welding of transparent plastics using infrared-absorbing layer was also investigated. The temperature distribution within the plastics was calculated by numerical simulation in order to estimate the validity of the proposing experimental systems. It was confirmed by the experiments that the 35μm film, which shows only 10% in absorptance is enough to weld a pair of transparent articles as infrared-absorbing layer.

Field of study: Computer science
A stepwise optimization algorithm of clustered streaming media servers

The optimization of Clustered Streaming Media Servers (CSMS), which aims at using as few hardware resources and as cost-effective as possible, while providing satisfactory performance and QoS, has a great impact on the practicability and efficiency of CSMS. Based on the analysis and formulization of critical performance factors of CSMS and the relationship among the performance, QoS, and the costs in CSMS, a stepwise optimization algorithm is developed to solve the optimization problem efficiently. The algorithm is based on an approach that models the optimization problem into a directed acyclic graph and then addresses the complex optimization problem step by step. The algorithm applies a divide and conquer model that not only reduces the complexity of the optimization problem, but also accelerates the optimization process. Progressive information is collected in the process and used in solving the problem. Furthermore, a simulation system of CSMS is necessary for the optimization algorithm to generate the accurate information produced in the entire streaming service process. Thus, we designed and implemented such a simulation system based on the theoretical performance model of CSMS and the parameters measured in practical CSMS testbed. Finally, a case study of the optimization problem is given to demonstrate the process of the algorithm, and an appropriate plan for designing practical CSMS system is illustrated.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Validation of the Male Social-Sexual Effectiveness Scale

The author (1989) developed the Male Social-Sexual Effectiveness Scale as a means to assess men's perceived effectiveness in dating and sexual relating; however, assessment of validity, beyond the content validity of the scale, is required. Burt (1980) developed scales of Adversarial Sexual Beliefs, Acceptance of Interpersonal Violence, and Rape Myth Acceptance to tap these dimensions of American society's stereotypes regarding relations between women and men. One might expect men with limited skill and confidence when relating with women to ascribe to many of these stereotyped attitudes, i.e., to rely on the myths of society to function somewhat effectively in the social arena, whereas men with greater comfort and confidence should ascribe to fewer such attitudes. From chis one may infer that scores on the Male Social-Sexual Effectiveness Scale should correlate negatively with scores on Burt's three scales. As part of the initial development of the Male Social-Sexual Effectiveness Scale, 90 male college students completed each of the four scales mentioned above. Pearson product-moment correlations indicated significant negative associations between scores on the Male Social-Sexual Effectiveness Scale ( M = 63.22, SD = 12.40) and each of Burt's scales (Adversarial Sexual Beliefs, r = -.26, p < .01, M = 28.19, S D = 7.54; Acceptance of Interpersonal Violence, r = -.22, p < .05, M = 15.96, S D = 5.22; Rape Myth Acceptance, r = -.23, p < .05, M = 42.52, SD = 11.36), supporting the criterion-referenced validity of the newly developed scale of effectiveness. Men scoring higher on the scale tended to believe fewer of the stereotyped myths regarding male-female relations, indicating less acceptance of adversarial sexual beliefs, interpersonal violence, and rape mythology, than men who scored lower on the scale. Note that the obtained correlation values account, at best, for only about 7% of the common variance. Further assessment of validity is needed.

Field of study: Psychology
Tree population changes in a tropical dry evergreen forest of south India over a decade (1992–2002)

Changes in species composition and density of trees >10 cm gbh in a tropical dry evergreen forest in Puthupet, south India are interpreted for the period between 1992 and 2002. A 1-ha plot was inventoried in 1992 and was recensused in 2002. During the 10-year interval tree taxa diversity as well as stand density increased, but the basal area value decreased. Tree species richness increased by 21% (from 24 to 29 species) by an addition of eight species and local extinction of three species. The tree density increased just by eight individuals (from 1330 stems ha−1 in 1992 to 1338 ha−1 in 2002), but the basal area decreased by 8% (from 37.5 to 34.5 m2 ha−1). Many species (11 numbers) have increased in abundance rather than decreased. Many surviving species seem to have considerable stability in abundance at the local scale. The density of smaller stems (10 29 cm gbh) increased by 15.3%, while that of the larger trees decreased drastically (81.6%). Ninety percent of the missing stems were from the middlestorey of the forest. Tree density changes among the three ecological guilds revealed a decrease in stem density and an increase in basal area in the lowerstorey; while the middlestorey exhibited a reverse trend. Family-wise, tree density changes revealed that the majority of families (67%) showed an increase in stem density. Long-term studies on tree population changes are essential to estimate tree mortality and recruitment rates, which will provide a greater insight in tropical forest dynamics.

Field of study: Environmental science
Variations in non-prescription drug consumption and expenditure: Determinants and policy implications.

This paper analyses the determinants of cross-regional variations in expenditure and consumption for non-prescription drugs using the Italian Health Care Service as a case study. This research question has never been posed in other literature contributions. Per capita income, the incidence of elderly people, the presence of distribution points alternative to community pharmacies (para-pharmacies and drug corners in supermarkets), and the disease prevalence were included as possible explanatory variables. A trade-off between consumption of non-prescription and prescription-only drugs was also investigated. Correlation was tested through linear regression models with regional fixed-effects. Demand-driven variables, including the prevalence of the target diseases and income, were found to be more influential than supply-side variables, such as the presence of alternative distribution points. Hence, the consumption of non-prescription drugs appears to respond to needs and is not induced by the supply. The expected trade-off between consumption for prescription-only and non-prescription drugs was not empirically found: increasing the use of non-prescription drugs did not automatically imply savings on prescription-only drugs covered by third payers. Despite some caveats (the short period of time covered by the longitudinal data and some missing monthly data), the regression model revealed a high explanatory power of the variability and a strong predictive ability of future values.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Qualitative Simulation of the Thermal and Electrical Normal-Zone Transition of 2G-HTS Solenoidal Magnets: Mathematical Model and Example

The ongoing development of a semi-analytical/numerical model aims at studying the qualitative thermal and electrical behavior of 2G-HTS solenoidal magnets under loss of superconducting state for both persistent and driven current modes. The mathematical transient model is based on a Runge-Kutta scheme which includes an adaptative time step to solve simultaneously heat balance and electric equations. Brent's method was used to determine the fraction of currents in the stabilizing layer during current sharing. In addition, the model implements the dependency of current density and material properties upon changes of temperature and magnetic flux density experienced by the superconducting winding during normal-zone transition. A parametric case study is presented for which striking voltage profiles are obtained which may render the detection of localized normal-zone transition a complicated task.

Field of study: Physics
The NO/sGC/PKG signaling pathway in the NAc shell is necessary for the acquisition of morphine-induced place preference.

There is evidence that the nitric oxide (NO)/soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC)/cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG) signaling pathway in the basal lateral amygdala and hippocampus plays a key role in memory processing, but it is not known if this NO signaling pathway in the nucleus accumbens (Gomes et al., 2006), a known pivotal region in reward memory, is essential for drug-associated reward memory. We therefore investigated the effect of the NO/sGC/PKG signaling pathway in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) on morphine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP). Results showed that a preconditioning microinjection of the NO synthase (NOS) inhibitor Nω-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) into the NAc shell, but not into the core, significantly blocked the acquisition of morphine CPP. The blockage effect of L-NAME on the acquisition of CPP was imitated by the neuronal NOS inhibitor 7-nitroindazole, 3-bromo-, sodium salt (7-NI), the sGC inhibitor 1H-[1,2,4] oxadiazolo-[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ), and the PKG inhibitor Rp-8Br-PET-cGMPS. The 7-NI- or ODQ-induced effect was reversed by premicroinjection of the sGC activator YC-1 or the PKG activator 8-Br-cGMP in the NAc shell. However, microinfusion of 7-NI, ODQ, or Rp-8Br-PET-cGMPS into the NAc shell or the core had no effect on the expression of morphine CPP. These findings indicate that the NO/sGC/PKG signaling pathway in the NAc shell is critical for the acquisition of morphine-induced place preference, whereas the same signaling pathway in the NAc shell or core is not involved in the retrieval of morphine-induced place preference.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Agriculture is the main driver of deforestation in Tanzania

Reducing deforestation can generate multiple economic, social and ecological benefits by safeguarding the climate and other ecosystem services provided by forests. Understanding the relative contribution of different drivers of deforestation is needed to guide policies seeking to maintain natural forest cover. We assessed 119 randomly selected plots from areas deforested between 2010 and 2017, in Tanzania. Through ground surveys and stakeholder interviews we assessed the proximate deforestation drivers at each point. Crop cultivation was the most commonly observed driver occurring in 89% of plots, compared to livestock grazing (69%) and charcoal (35%). There was evidence of fire in 77% of plots. Most deforestation events involved multiple drivers, with 83% of plots showing signs of two or more drivers. Stakeholder interviews identified agriculture as the primary deforestation driver in 81% of plots, substantially more than charcoal production (12%), timber harvesting (1%) and livestock (1%). Policy-makers in Tanzania have sought to reduce deforestation by reducing demand for charcoal. However, our work demonstrates that agriculture, not charcoal, is the main driver of deforestation in Tanzania. Beyond protected areas, there is no clear policy limiting the conversion of forests to agricultural land. Reducing deforestation in Tanzania requires greater inter-sectoral coordination between the agriculture, livestock, land, energy and forest sectors.

Field of study: Environmental science