nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Reconstructing early Holocene seasonal bottom-water temperatures in the northern North Sea using stable oxygen isotope records of Arctica islandica shells

The knowledge of seasonal temperature variability in the ocean is essential for understanding climate and its response to forcing factors. Time intervals with highly dynamic climate and increased seasonal forcing such as the early Holocene are of particular interest. Yet, the temporal resolution of most existing climate records is not sufficient to reconstruct temperature seasonality. Here, we present the first seasonally resolved, early Holocene, bottom-water temperature record from the Viking Bank in the northern North Sea. The reconstruction is based on the stable oxygen isotope data (δ18Oshell) of two crossdated, radiocarbon-dated subfossil shells of Arctica islandica (Bivalvia). Oxygen isotope data were combined into a 21-year long record, dated at 9593–9573 (±55) cal yr BP The record indicates an early Holocene seasonal temperature amplitude up to ca. 4.5 °C. To estimate changes in the mean state and seasonality of temperature conditions between the present and early Holocene, the record and temperatures inferred thereof are compared with modern δ18Oshell profiles and instrumental temperature data. The results indicate that the seasonal amplitude of δ18Oshell signal in the subfossil shells reflects sea-level changes. The reconstruction suggests that the long-term average and seasonal variability of temperature were similar to modern times when considering changes in the relative sea level. Our data also confirm that δ18Oshell records are reproducible and track seasonal amplitude of bottom-water temperature variability, thus demonstrate the potential for application in reconstructions of past seasonality. Furthermore, our results show that δ18Oshell records can be used to reconstruct seasonal stratification dynamics. This novel application of sclerochronological data has the potential to be used to validate and constrain paleotidal models.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
SU‐E‐T‐485: In Vivo Dosimetry with EBT3 Radiochromic Films for TBI Treatments

Total body irradiation (TBI) is a technique that requires special equipment to control “in vivo” the dose to the patient because it is a complex technique performed in extraordinary conditions. There are several devices to perform this task (diodes, TLDs, ionization chambers, MOSFET). In this paper we study the possibility of performing these measurements with radiochromic films EBT3 properly calibrated. This method has been compared to the PTW diodes system for TBI.  Once made the TC to the patients, we measured different thicknesses of the relevant areas of the body (head, neck, chest with or without arms, umbilicus area, knees and ankles); for each of these thicknesses we measured dose rate (cGy / UM) in RW3 phantom, in TBI conditions, with ionization chamber in the center; in turn, the input diode and the output of each configuration is placed to assign dose to each set of diodes. Movie calibration is performed according to manufacturer’s recommendations but TBI conditions. The dose at the center of each thickness compared to a linear interpolation of the dose at the entrance and exit, resulting in an adequate approximation. Finally in each session for each patient put a piece of film (2×2 cm2) at the entrance and another at the exit in each area, obtaining these readings and interpolating the estimated center dose, as with the diodes.  These results show a greater homogeneity in the distribution for use with film and validate the use of the same for this task and, if necessary, to avoid purchasing diode group if they have not.  By using radiochromic films for this technique gives us a proper calculation of the dose received by the patient in the absence of other methods, or gives us a second additional track that already used normally.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Differential expression of inducible transcription factors in basal ganglia neurons.

The dopamine receptor antagonist, haloperidol, produced a time-dependent differential induction of inducible transcription factors (ITFs) in rat striatal neurons: Fos, Fos B, Jun B, Jun D, Krox 20, and Krox 24, but not c-Jun, were induced in the caudate putamen and nucleus accumbens with varying time courses. The induction of Fos by haloperidol was stronger in anterior versus posterior regions of the striatum. In contrast, induction of Fos by the muscarinic agonist pilocarpine was stronger in the posterior regions of the striatum suggesting that muscarinic receptors do not play a role in the induction of ITFs in striatal neurons by haloperidol. Although c-Jun was not induced in caudate neurons by haloperidol it was strongly induced in these neurons following prolonged seizure activity. The differential pattern of Jun protein expression suggests that haloperidol induces a specific transcriptional program in basal ganglia neurons. These effects of haloperidol may be involved in producing its extrapyramidal side effects.

Field of study: Biology
David J. Weber (1940-2010)

David J. Weber, an outstanding scholar, teacher, and mentor, dedicated his productive career to the Ibero-American borderlands. He held the Robert and Nancy Dedman Chair in History at Southern Methodist University from 1976 until his retirement in June 2010, only months before his death on August 20, 2010, from complications following his three-year struggle with multiple myeloma. David Weber endured his illness with dignity and courage; his ashes remained in his beloved New Mexico, where he received his graduate training and focused his early research.

Field of study: History
Über die optische Abbildung von Nicht-Selbstleuchtern

ZusammenfassungEs wurde eine neue Deutung der mikroskopischen Dunkelfeldexperimente mit Amphipleura und mit Gonokokken angegeben. Die Schlußfolgerungen, die aus den Experimenten auf ein Versagen der Abbeschen Theorie gezogen waren, werden infolgedessen abgelehnt. Nur die Abbesche Theorie der Nicht-Selbstleuchter-Abbildung wird den beobachteten Erscheinungen gerecht. Auch weitgeoffnete Beleuchtungsbüschel bedingen noch keine Abbildung wie Selbstleuchter. Der von Abbe aufgestellte Unterschied bleibt bestehen und wird im besonderen durch einen optischen Differenzsatz gestützt, der sich bei Anwendung auf Objektive mit begrenzter Öffnung aus dem Äquivalenzsatz ergibt.

Field of study: Physics
Strategies of method selection for fine-scale PM 2.5 mapping in an intra-urban area using crowdsourced monitoring

Fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 ) is of great concern to the
public due to its significant risk to human health. Numerous methods have
been developed to estimate spatial PM 2.5 concentrations in unobserved
locations due to the sparse number of fixed monitoring stations. Due to an
increase in low-cost sensing for air pollution monitoring, crowdsourced
monitoring of exposure control has been gradually introduced into cities.
However, the optimal mapping method for conventional sparse fixed
measurements may not be suitable for this new high-density monitoring
approach. This study presents a crowdsourced sampling campaign and strategies
of method selection for 100 m scale PM 2.5 mapping in an
intra-urban area of China. During this process, PM 2.5 concentrations
were measured by laser air quality monitors through a group of volunteers
during two 5 h periods. Three extensively employed modelling methods
(ordinary kriging, OK; land use regression, LUR; and regression kriging,
RK) were adopted to evaluate the performance. An interesting finding is that
PM 2.5 concentrations in micro-environments varied in the intra-urban
area. These local PM 2.5 variations can be easily identified by
crowdsourced sampling rather than national air quality monitoring stations.
The selection of models for fine-scale PM 2.5 concentration mapping
should be adjusted according to the changing sampling and pollution
circumstances. During this project, OK interpolation performs best in
conditions with non-peak traffic situations during a lightly polluted period
(holdout validation R2 : 0.47–0.82), while the RK modelling can perform
better during the heavily polluted period (0.32–0.68) and in conditions with
peak traffic and relatively few sampling sites (fewer than ∼100 ) during the lightly polluted period (0.40–0.69). Additionally, the LUR
model demonstrates limited ability in estimating PM 2.5 concentrations on
very fine spatial and temporal scales in this study (0.04–0.55), which
challenges the traditional point about the good performance of the LUR model
for air pollution mapping. This method selection strategy provides empirical
evidence for the best method selection for PM 2.5 mapping using
crowdsourced monitoring, and this provides a promising way to reduce the
exposure risks for individuals in their daily life.

Field of study: Environmental science
Social Psychology, Science and History

Further exploration into the historical dependency of social knowledge is undertaken, with special attention given to various objections to the earlier thesis. Initial concern is with general theory as a means of transcending historical period. It is found that while such theory may be of continuous utility as an explanatory device, its contribution to the task of pre diction is highly limited. The related issue of "underlying regularity" is then considered, and the conclusion reached that regularity must continuously be negotiated post hoc. Further, social life is sufficiently complex that virtually all hypo thetical regularities may be supported. The "if then..." solution is then considered, and it is found that the process of continued qualification over time renders theories untestable. Numerous instances of eroding knowledge are then considered, along with the issue of enlightenment effects in social psy chology. It is concluded that the important question is not if present knowledge is passing into obscurity so much as whether its passing is inevitable.

Field of study: Psychology
Minimax lower bounds for ridge combinations including neural nets

Estimation of functions of d variables is considered using ridge combinations of the form Σ<sup>m</sup><inf>k=1</inf> c<inf>1, k</inf>φ(Σ<sup>d</sup><inf>j=1</inf>c<inf>0, j, k</inf>x<inf>j</inf>-b<inf>k</inf>) where the activation function φ is a function with bounded value and derivative. These include single-hidden layer neural networks, polynomials, and sinusoidal models. From a sample of size n of possibly noisy values at random sites X ∊ B = [−1, 1]<sup>d</sup>, the minimax mean square error is examined for functions in the closure of the ℓ<inf>1</inf> hull of ridge functions with activation ϕ. It is shown to be of order d/n to a fractional power (when d is of smaller order than n), and to be of order (log d)/n to a fractional power (when d is of larger order than n). Dependence on constraints v<inf>0</inf> and v<inf>1</inf> on the ℓ<inf>1</inf> norms of inner parameter co and outer parameter c<inf>1</inf>, respectively, is also examined. Also, lower and upper bounds on the fractional power are given. The heart of the analysis is development of information-theoretic packing numbers for these classes of functions.

Field of study: Computer science
Organic nanotubes created from mesogenic derivatives

A facile route to prepare nanotubes from rod-like mesogens dissolved in typical organic solvents is reported. For selected types of chiral rod-like molecules, nanotubes were formed from both enantiomers and racemic mixtures by slow evaporation from solution, regardless of the solvent, concentration or deposition type. The obtained supramolecular assemblies were studied using AFM, TEM and SEM techniques, and other experimental techniques (IR, UV-Vis spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction) were also applied. The difference in the surface tension at opposite crystallite surfaces is suggested as a possible mechanism for nanotube nucleation. We propose a quite new rolling-up mechanism related to the surface tension difference at opposite crystallite surfaces.

Field of study: Physics
Cooling coil selection using apparatus dewpoint charts

This Paper presents apparatus dewpoint charts for selecting cooling and dehumidifying coiĺs in the design of air conditioning plants. The apparatus dewpoint parameter has become one of the common methods for selecting cooling coils. With the aid of a digital computer, values for the apparatus dewpoint were computed for several ambient conditions and effective sensible heat factors. The computations reveal that, for any set of ambient conditions, there is a corresponding minimum value of the effective sensible heat factor below which no unique apparatus dewpoint exists. This fact is borne out by the apparent asymptotic trend of the graphs produced.

Field of study: Engineering
MCT1 and MCT4 Expression During Myocardial Ischemic-Reperfusion Injury in the Isolated Rat Heart

Myocardium ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury can be caused by imbalances in cellular metabolism. Lactate, transported by monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs), has been implicated as a mechanism in this process. The present study was designed to investigate the expression and functional role of MCTs in rat hearts during ischemia and reperfusion.  Langendorff-perfused rat hearts were subjected to 20 minutes stabilization, 30 minutes of global ischemia and 60 minutes reperfusion. Hearts were collected serially for detecting expression changes in MCT1, MCT4 during myocardial I/R injury and lactate concentration was measured. Post-ischemic left ventricular function and infract size were determined at end-point, followed by the pretreatment of D-lactate, a competitive inhibitor of MCTs.  MCT4 was significantly increased following global ischemia and MCT1 expression was increased during the early stages of reperfusion in isolated rat hearts, while the expression of the ancillary protein CD147 was increased during I/R injury. We determined increases in AMPK phosphorylation status, which was significantly elevated following ischemia and early reperfusion. Blocking monocarboxylate transport by competitive inhibition with D-lactate caused decreased left ventricular performance and increased infarct size.  Increased MCT4 expression facilitates lactate extrusion during the ischemic period, while increased MCT1 may facilitate lactate transport into and out of cells simultaneously during early reperfusion, with increases in AMPK phosphorylation status during the myocardial I/R period. Lactate transport by MCTs has a profound protective effect during myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
The States of Memory: National Narratives of Belonging, the Refugee Novel, and Jenny Erpenbeck’s Go, Went, Gone

Published at the height of the Syrian refugee crisis, Jenny Erpenbeck’s novel Gehen, ging, gegangen (Go, Went, Gone) posits a new German national narrative for the age of migration. Detailing state bureaucracies and how they thwart the characters’ futures, the novel depicts conflicts between official narratives and personal memory that expose state power over representations of the past. The novel expands the German memory regime by incorporating migrant memories into national ones, connecting past Holocaust victims and Silesian expellees to present African and Muslim refugees and establishing all as fundamental to the nation’s long history of migration.

Field of study: Art
Dynamic equilibrium of radiocesium with stable cesium within the soil-mushroom system in Turkish pine forest.

Mushrooms and soils collected from pine forests in Izmir, Turkey were measured for radiocesium and stable Cs in 2002. The ranges of (137)Cs and stable Cs concentrations in mushrooms were 9.84+/-1.67 to 401+/-3.85Bqkg(-1) dry weight and 0.040+/-0.004 to 11.3+/-1.09mgkg(-1) dry weight, respectively. The concentrations of (137)Cs and stable Cs in soils were 0.29+/-0.18 to 161+/-1.12Bqkg(-1) dry weight and 0.14+/-0.004 to 1.44+/-0.045mgkg(-1) dry weight, respectively. Even though different species were included, the concentration ratios of (137)Cs to stable Cs were fairly constant for samples collected at the same forest site, and were in the same order of magnitude as the (137)Cs to stable Cs ratios for the organic soil layers. The soil-to-mushroom transfer factors of (137)Cs and stable Cs were in the range of 0.19-3.15 and 0.17-12.3, respectively. The transfer factors of (137)Cs were significantly correlated to those of stable Cs.

Field of study: Environmental science
Benchmark for a 3D Monte Carlo Boiling Water Reactor Fluence Computational Package - MF3D

A detailed three dimensional model of a quadrant of an operating BWR has been developed using MCNP to calculate flux spectrum and fluence levels at various locations in the reactor system. The calculational package, MF3D, was benchmarked against test data obtained over a complete fuel cycle of the host BWR. The test package included activation wires sensitive in both the fast and thermal ranges. Comparisons between the calculational results and test data are good to within ten percent, making the MF3D package an accurate tool for neutron and gamma fluence computation in BWR pressure vessel internals.

Field of study: Mathematics
Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase β/ζ and alcohol use disorder: A Commentary.

The need to find new pharmacological targets for treating alcohol use disorder (AUD) has been an extensive effort in alcohol research. Changes in immune function due to AUD may represent an exploitable target for developing new medications to treat AUD, since the cytotoxic effect of alcohol has shown to alter the expression of inflammatory mediators in the periphery and in the central nervous system (CNS).

Field of study: Medicine
Simultaneous Contact Sensing and Characterizing of Mechanical and Dynamic Heat Transfer Properties of Porous Polymeric Materials.

Porous polymeric materials, such as textile fabrics, are elastic and widely used in our daily life for garment and household products. The mechanical and dynamic heat transfer properties of porous polymeric materials, which describe the sensations during the contact process between porous polymeric materials and parts of the human body, such as the hand, primarily influence comfort sensations and aesthetic qualities of clothing. A multi-sensory measurement system and a new method were proposed to simultaneously sense the contact and characterize the mechanical and dynamic heat transfer properties of porous polymeric materials, such as textile fabrics in one instrument, with consideration of the interactions between different aspects of contact feels. The multi-sensory measurement system was developed for simulating the dynamic contact and psychological judgment processes during human hand contact with porous polymeric materials, and measuring the surface smoothness, compression resilience, bending and twisting, and dynamic heat transfer signals simultaneously. The contact sensing principle and the evaluation methods were presented. Twelve typical sample materials with different structural parameters were measured. The results of the experiments and the interpretation of the test results were described. An analysis of the variance and a capacity study were investigated to determine the significance of differences among the test materials and to assess the gage repeatability and reproducibility. A correlation analysis was conducted by comparing the test results of this measurement system with the results of Kawabata Evaluation System (KES) in separate instruments. This multi-sensory measurement system provides a new method for simultaneous contact sensing and characterizing of mechanical and dynamic heat transfer properties of porous polymeric materials.

Field of study: Materials science
Sox9 Activation is Essential for the Recovery of Lung Function after Acute Lung Injury

Acute lung injury (ALI) often predisposes acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in humans, and is featured with neutrophilic alveolitis, injury of the alveolar epithelium and endothelium, hyaline membrane formation, and microvascular thrombi. Although the pathogenesis of ALI is relatively well studied, the knowledge on the molecular regulation of the post-ALI lung recovery are poorly understood.  Here, we used a widely applied bleomycin-induced ALI model to study the molecular mechanisms that underlie the post-ALI lung recovery in mice. We analyzed Sox9 expression in mouse lung by RT-qPCR, Western blot and immunohistochemistry. We analyzed miR-101 levels in mouse lung by RT-qPCR. We inhibited Sox9 in mouse lung by expressing either shRNA for Sox9 or miR-101, and analyzed the effects of Sox9 suppression on lung recovery.  We detected a significant increase in Sox9 protein but not mRNA, and a signifcant decrease in miR-101 levels in the mouse lung after ALI. MiR-101 was found to target 3'-UTR of Sox9 mRNA to inhibit its expression. Sox9 inhibition by either shRNA for Sox9 or by miR-101 further impaired the functional recovery of the lung after ALI.  Our data suggest that Sox9 activation is essential for the recovery of lung function after ALI, which highlights a previously unappreciated mechanism that controls the post-ALI lung recovery.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Adirondack Mafic Granulites and a Model Lower Crust

In mafic and ultramafic rocks that appear to have equilibrated under largely anhydrous conditions at temperatures and pressures appropriate for the lower crust and upper mantle, evidence for the reactions (GAR) olivine + plagioclase = spinel + orthopyroxene + clinopyroxene, (OL) spinel + orthopyroxene + plagioclase = garnet ± clinopyroxene, and (PLAG) orthopyroxene + spinel ± clinopyroxene = garnet + olivine is commonly recorded in reaction rims or corona structures . Even before the celebrated work of Sederholm (1916), these features fascinated petrologists because of their common occurrence in such rocks, but it was not until the advent of high-pressure experimental petrology (Birch and LeComte, 1960; Boyd and England, 1960) that their petrogenetic significance could be addressed with any certainty. Recently, experimental investigations (for example, Evans, 1977) have focused on the univariant analogs of these reactions in model end-members systems CaO-MgO-Al 2 O 3 -SiO 2 (CMAS) and MgO-Al 2 O 3 -SiO 2 (MAS). However, because of their sluggishness, reversal of these reactions at temperatures of principal geological interest (500 to 800 °C) for lower crustal metamorphism has yet to be demonstrated. Application of experimental results to delineate phase relations in natural systems is thus limited by uncertainties introduced by extrapolating model end-member univariant reactions to lower temperatures as well as those involved in accounting for displacements of these reactions due to the extra components found in natural systems. The recent application of differential scanning calorimetry and high-temperature solution calorimetry (for example, Perkins and others, 1977; Newton and other, 1977; Newton and others, 1977; Navrotsky and Coons, 1976) has reduced uncertainties involved in the low-temperature extrapolation of the experimental data. However, residual uncertainties in end-member thermodynamic data and, more particularly, in the thermodynamic mixing properties of the mineral phases are still too large to permit accurate prediction of phase relations at these temperatures. In this work, the phase relations of rocks composed of these minerals are examined for conditions of equilibration characteristic of the clinopyroxene granulite facies for metamorphism (DeWaard, 1965); the development of these relations is based on analysis of mineral assemblages defined by mineral contacts in the core of a layered metagabbro body from the eastern edge of the Precambrian rocks of the Adirondack Highlands near Westport, New York (for example, Kemp, 1894; Buddington and Whitcomb, 1941).

Field of study: Geology