nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Purification of α-galactosidase from Lactobacillus fermentum

The purification and properties of α-galactosidase from Lactobacillus fermentum are described. This enzyme has different characteristics from those isolated from other microorganisms. Its molecular mass is 194500 Da and it is composed of four subunits of 45 kDa each. α-Galactosidase exhibits a greater affinity for the substrate, p-nitrophenyl-α- d -galactopyranoside (Km = 0.079 mM and Vm = 2838 μmol ml−1 min−1 mg−1). Maximum activity occurred at 45°C and in a pH range of 5.0–6.5. The apparent activation energy, determined according to the Arrhenius plot (12001 cal mol−1) showed a straight line with no inflections in the temperature region between 25 and 45°C. A strong inhibition of α-galactosidase activity was found in the presence of 0.1 mM HgCl2 and 0.01 mM p-chloromercuribenzoate; however, the enzyme was not affected by CaCl2, CuSO4, MnCl2, FeCl3, CdCl2, NaCN, NiSO4, KCN, FeSO4 or other chemical products such as EDTA, dithiothreitol and β-mercaptoethanol.

Field of study: Biology, Engineering
Spectroscopic study of Ga-In-P based self-organized lateral superlattices

This paper reports polarization and temperature dependent contactless electroreflectance (CER) and photoluminescence (PL) study of strain compensated short period superlattices on GaAs(001) substrates which show self-organized lateral composition modulation (LCM) in the form of alternate In/Ga rich regions along the [110] direction in the (001) plane. The LCM related PL peak position is at a lower energy as compared to the corresponding feature in the CER spectrum and the difference is found to be the same as the activation energy for thermal quenching of the PL signal. These results have been explained by suggesting that the PL signal arises mainly from recombination of carriers localized at potential fluctuations (In rich regions with excessively high In concentration) within the lateral superlattice (LS) structure that is formed due to the LCM while the CER feature arises from transitions between the minibands of the average LS structure. The PL signal is quenched due to thermal excitation of the carriers from these excessively In rich regions into the minibands. The LS band gap energy is accurately determined and its implication for the random alloy model used to describe the electronic band structure of such systems is discussed. The temperature dependences of critical point energies have also been measured and analysed.

Field of study: Materials science
Crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction data of an archaeal asparagine synthetase related to asparaginyl-tRNA synthetase.

The archaebacterial-type asparagine synthetase A from Pyrococcus abyssi (AS-AR), which is related to asparaginyl-tRNA synthetase, was crystallized in two different conditions using the hanging-drop vapour-diffusion method. Crystals belonging to space group C2 with unit-cell parameters a = 103.6, b = 43.3, c = 121.5 A, beta = 112.6 degrees and one dimer per asymmetric unit were obtained in the presence of 2-propanol and PEG 4000 at pH 5.6. Another crystal form was obtained in the presence of dioxan and belongs to the monoclinic space group P2(1), with unit-cell parameters a = 96.8, b = 103.9, c = 98.4 A, beta = 107.5 degrees and two dimers per asymmetric unit. Two different native diffraction data sets were collected to 2.3 and 3.0 A resolution using synchrotron radiation and cryocooling for crystals belonging to space groups C2 and P2(1), respectively.

Field of study: Chemistry
Cambrian magmatic flare-up, central Tibet: Magma mixing in proto-Tethyan arc along north Gondwanan margin

Accompanying Gondwana assembly, widespread but diachronous Ediacaran−early Paleozoic magmatism of uncertain origin occurred along the supercontinent’s proto-Tethyan margin. We report new geochemical, isotopic, and geochronological data for Cambrian magmatic rocks (ca. 500 Ma) from the Gondwana-derived North Lhasa terrane, located in the present-day central Tibetan Plateau. The magmatic rocks are composed of basalts, gabbros, quartz monzonites, granitoids (with mafic microgranular enclaves), and rhyolites. Nd-Hf isotopic and whole-rock geochemical data indicate that these rocks were probably generated by mixing of mantle-derived mafic and crust-derived felsic melts. The mantle end-member volumes of mafic, intermediate, and felsic rocks are ∼75%−100%, 50%−60%, and 0−30%, respectively. Integration of our new data with previous studies suggests that the North Lhasa terrane experienced long-term magmatism through the Ediacaran to Ordovician (ca. 572−483 Ma), with a magmatic flare-up at ca. 500 Ma. This magmatism, in combination with other Ediacaran−early Paleozoic magmatism along the proto-Tethyan margin, was related to an Andean-type arc, with the magmatic flare-up event related to detachment of the oceanic slab following collisional accretion of Asian microcontinental fragments to northern Gondwana. Diachroneity of the proto-Tethyan arc system along the northern Gondwanan margin (ca. 581−531 Ma along the Arabian margin and ca. 512−429 Ma along the Indian-Australian margin) may have been linked to orogenesis within Gondwana. The North Lhasa terrane was probably involved in both Arabian and Indian-Australian proto-Tethyan Andean-type orogens, based on its paleogeographic location at the northern end of the East African orogen.

Field of study: Geology
Hypergraph based Model and Architecture for Planet Surface Networks and Orbit Access

In the future, it is important to construct infrastructure on the surface of deep space planets, and then networking can be achieved to support both the communication between surface network nodes and planet satellite access. And because multiple access is an important technique in deep space communication, a scene of deep space exploration was proposed based on multiple access, which include planet surface network and satellite access network. Then hypergraph theory was used to model the network, thus provide a new way to improve the network connectivity, save frequency spectrum resource and reduce mutual interference, and also how to construct a hyperedge was described. According to the network model, a novel 7-layer network architecture was introduced.

Field of study: Computer science
Toussaint L’Ouver-Who? An Anthropological Approach to Infusing the African Diaspora into Caribbean History

World history curriculum continues to be plagued by Eurocentric narratives and perspectives eliminating local and community agency in Caribbean history. Textbooks and curriculum standards exclude much of Caribbean history and marginalize the influence and contributions of the African Diaspora. Oftentimes, Caribbean achievements are attributed to European influence and not the local community as seen with the Haitian Revolution and diffusion of the European Enlightenment. African culture and syncretic Haitian religion however, heavily contributed to the inspiration of revolution by African slaves in Haiti. This article explores ways educators can infuse the African Diaspora into Caribbean history through anthropology. Using an ethnographic lens to examine the Haitian Revolution, Haitian Voudou, and Toussaint L’Ouverture presents a new way educators can teach about this pivotal event and society in World History.

Field of study: Sociology
Characterization of alternative molecular forms of xanthine oxidase in the mouse.

1. Two major forms of xanthine oxidase are demonstrated for the mouse. On polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis the duodenal form migrates faster towards the anode than that of the liver. Both forms also differ in their (NH(4))(2)SO(4) precipitation patterns and sucrose-density-gradient molecular-weight determinations. 2. The liver form is fully converted into the duodenal form by incubation at 37 degrees C with 2.5mg of crude trypsin/ml for 1(1/2)h, without loss of activity. The trypsin-treated liver form behaves like the normal duodenal form as characterized by electrophoresis, (NH(4))(2)SO(4) precipitation patterns, and sucrose-density-gradient molecular-weight determinations. 3. Partial conversion is also brought about by purified trypsin and chymotrypsin, but not with beta-carboxypeptidase or lipase. The conversion is inhibited by soya-bean trypsin inhibitor. 4. In embryo mice the duodenal form is similar to the liver form on electrophoresis. 5. These studies indicate, as might be expected, that the duodenal form is a modified version of the liver enzyme, probably caused by proteolytic alteration.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Ordovician conodonts and the Tornquist Lineament

The Holy Cross Mts. in southern Poland are generally believed to be split by a tectonic dislocation into two separate parts, a NE one being a part of the Baltic Craton and a SW part belonging to the Malopolska Terrane of a complex geotectonic history connected with the Trans-European Suture Zone (Tornquist Lineament). Unexpectedly, conodont assemblages of earliest Middle Ordovician (early Darriwilian) age from Pobroszyn in the northeastern Łysogory region and from Szumsko in the southwestern Kielce region show virtually identical species composition. One of the dominant species both in Pobroszyn and Szumsko, Trapezognathus pectinatus sp. n., characterized by denticulated M elements, occurs elsewhere only on the northern margin of Gondwana. Separation of the Malopolska microcontinent from Baltica continued after the disappearance of Trapezognathus and an apparently allopatric speciation process was initiated by a population of Baltoniodus. Also in this case, denticulation developed in the M elements of the apparatus but the process of speciation of B. norrlandicus denticulatus ssp. n. was truncated by re-appearance of the Baltic lineage of Baltoniodus. Later conodont faunas from the region are of Baltic affinities, but remain distinct in showing a relatively high contribution from exotic species of Sagittodontina, Phragmodus, and Complexodus. The periodic North American Midcontinent tropical influences observable in the Baltic region did not reach the Holy Cross Mts. The Ordovician conodont faunas from the Holy Cross Mts. can be fit into a transect extending from Baltica to Gondwana, with several intermediate terranes. This new evidence disproves the long-held concept that the Łysogory and Kielce regions had separate early Palaeozoic fates and that the Malopolska Terrane was unified with Baltica already in the earliest Ordovician. The Trans-European Suture Zone truly marks the presence of a wide Tornquist Sea in the early Palaeozoic.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Effective mass of 3He impurities in 4He films.

Calcul de la masse effective des atomes d'impuretes d'helium 3 dans une couche d'helium 4 liquide, adsorbee sur un support. La masse effective depend de la structure de la couche d'helium 4 sousjacente. La contribution du liquide de Fermi peut etre observee experimentalement

Field of study: Physics
Study of Agave Fiber-Reinforced Biocomposite Films

Thermoplastic resins (linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE), high-density polyethylene (HDPE), and polypropylene (PP)) reinforced by different content ratios of raw agave fibers were prepared and characterized in terms of their mechanical, thermal, and chemical properties as well as their morphology. The morphological properties of agave fibers and films were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and the variations in chemical interactions between the filler and matrix materials were studied using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. No significant chemical interaction between the filler and matrix was observed. Melting point and crystallinity of the composites were evaluated for the effect of agave fiber on thermal properties of the composites, and modulus and yield strength parameters were inspected for mechanical analysis. While addition of natural fillers did not affect the overall thermal properties of the composite materials, elastic modulus and yielding stress exhibited direct correlation to the filler content and increased as the fiber content was increased. The highest elastic moduli were achieved with 20 wt % agave fiber for all the three composites. The values were increased by 319.3%, 69.2%, and 57.2%, for LLDPE, HDPE, and PP, respectively. The optimum yield stresses were achieved with 20 wt % fiber for LLDPE increasing by 84.2% and with 30 wt % for both HDPE and PP, increasing by 52% and 12.3% respectively.

Field of study: Materials science
Une correspondance entre deux humanistes. Gian Vincenzo Pinelli , Claude Dupuy , Anna Maria Raugei

dan Avramov on "Letter Writing and the Management of Scientific Controversy: The Correspondence of Henry Oldenburg (1661-77)." These papers also indicate the importance of letters for publication to predispose a reader. Letters could yield an intellectual response as well as emotional reaction. Published letters had a large readership. Also, letters were tools, to solve specific communication dilemmas or to present scientific findings and to handle controversies. Much correspondence would gradually appear as articles in scientific journals. The final part, "Literary Fame and Scientific Reputation," has papers by Karl A.E. Enekel on "Die Grundlegung humanistischer Selbstprasentation im Brief-Corpus: Francesco Petrarcas Familiarium rerum libriXXIV," Lisa Jardine on "Before Clarissa: Erasmus, 'Letters of Obscure Men,' and Epistolary Fictions," Edward V. George on "Conceal or Disclose? The Limits of Self-Representation in the Letters of Juan Luis Vives," Philip J. Ford on "Self-Presentation in the Published Correspondence of George Buchanan," and Adam Mosley on "Tycho Brahe's Epistolae Astronomicae: A Reappraisal." These correspondences indicate how fame and scientific reputation were achieved by the exchange of letters. There was an equation of letters with fame. The goal was the "Republic of Letters" whose members were classical and patristic authors as well as the present and future generations of authors and intellectuals. Further, A. Mosley differs with Edward Rosen on an interpretation of a phrase in one of Tycho's letters (452). A thorough and accurate index of names befits the outstanding quality of scholarship in this volume. Without exception, the papers with abundant footnotes indicate extensive research on the many aspects of early modern letters. Each author has given careful study to his subject in light of this new approach to evaluate these letter collections. It is hoped that this work will alert scholars to examine many other letter collections and thus contribute to the growing interest and research in the history of the ars dictaminis and the ars epistolandi which will yield more editions and studies and perhaps even the founding of the proposed LETS, the Letters and Epistolary Theory Society. For J. IJsewijn and all those departed and present, this work is a major contribution to the study of epistolography in the Neo-Latin culture of the Renaissance. EMIL J. POLAK Queensborough Community College, City University of New York

Field of study: History
Light-trapping design of graphene transparent electrodes for efficient thin-film silicon solar cells.

In this paper, the performance of solar cells with graphene transparent electrodes is compared with cells using conventional indium tin oxide (ITO) electrodes, and it is demonstrated the optical absorption of solar cells with bare graphene structure is worse than that of bare ITO structure because of the higher refractive index of graphene. To enhance the light trapping of graphene-based thin-film solar cells, a simple two-layer SiO(2)/SiC structure is proposed as antireflection coatings deposited on top of graphene transparent electrodes, and the thickness of each layer is optimized by differential evolution in order to enhance the optical absorption of a-Si:H thin-film solar cells to the greatest degree. The optimization results demonstrate the optimal SiO(2)/SiC/graphene structure can obtain 37.30% enhancement with respect to bare ITO structure, which has obviously exceeded the light-trapping enhancement of 34.15% for the optimal SiO(2)/SiC/ITO structure. Therefore, with the aid of the light-trapping structure, the graphene films are a very promising indium-free transparent electrode substitute for the conventional ITO electrode for use in cost-efficient thin-film silicon solar cells.

Field of study: Physics
Comparison of the effects of stanozolol, oxymetholone, and testosterone cypionate on the sexual behavior of castrated male rats.

In 3 experiments, adult male Long-Evans rats were castrated and treated daily with an anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS) compound (either stanozolol, oxymetholone, or testosterone cypionate) for 6 weeks. Subjects were assigned to 5 groups that received injections of a high, medium, or low dose of the AAS, testosterone propionate, or the oil vehicle. Stanozolol failed to maintain ejaculation at any dose tested. Although some subjects receiving the low dose of oxymetholone ejaculated, oxymetholone generally failed to stimulate ejaculation above the levels of the oil group. Testosterone cypionate sustained ejaculation at all doses tested. The relative potency of the medium dose of each AAS in the sex accessory tissues was (from most potent to least potent): testosterone cypionate > stanozolol = oxymetholone = oil. Thus, these 3 AAS compounds produced a range of behavioral and endocrine responses in castrated male rats.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Chorein Sensitive Arrangement of Cytoskeletal Architecture

Chorein is a protein expressed in various cell types. Loss of function mutations of the chorein encoding gene VPS13A lead to chorea-acanthocytosis, an autosomal recessive genetic disease characterized by movement disorder and behavioral abnormalities. Recent observations revealed that chorein is a powerful regulator of actin cytoskeleton in erythrocytes, platelets, K562 and endothelial HUVEC cells.  In the present study we have used Western blotting to study actin polymerization dynamics, laser scanning microscopy to evaluate in detail the role of chorein in microfilaments, microtubules and intermediate filaments cytoskeleton architecture and RT-PCR to assess gene transcription of the cytoskeletal proteins.  We report here powerful depolymerization of actin microfilaments both, in erythrocytes and fibroblasts isolated from chorea-acanthocytosis patients. Along those lines, morphological analysis of fibroblasts from chorea-acanthocytosis patients showed disarranged microtubular network, when compared to fibroblasts from healthy donors. Similarly, the intermediate filament networks of desmin and cytokeratins showed significantly disordered organization with clearly diminished staining in patient's fibroblasts. In line with this, RT-PCR analysis revealed significant downregulation of desmin and cytokeratin gene transcripts.  Our results provide for the first time evidence that defective chorein is accompanied by significant structural disorganization of all cytoskeletal structures in human fibroblasts from chorea-acanthocytosis patients.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Financial Distress Prediction Using Distress Score as a Predictor

Financial distress can be the reflection of corporation's management condition. Consequently the distress score of corporations should be considered as a new predictor variable in predicting the financial distress. The analysis of ROC curve, among the models employed to compare the effectiveness of different statistical models, is often used in the fields of psychology and bio-physics in order to summarize the discriminatory of a diagnostic test and also to compare the performance of different models for binary outcomes. Therefore, concerning the topic of this research and the use of ROC curves in predicting the financial distress of corporations, we use logit models to study the financial distress of the manufacturing corporations in Tehran Stock Exchange. We also compare the accuracy of the prediction method with financial distress score variable to the method without this variable. Concerning the accuracy of prediction and classification, the results of this research show that the accuracy of prediction can be enhanced by using the distressed score, gained from DEA, as a new predictor variable in predicting the financial distress.

Field of study: Business
The IEP: The Ultimate Process

As part of an extensive federally funded project, the authors directed teams of interviewers who questioned various levels of educational administrators, teachers, parents of handicapped children, support personnel, teacher-union leaders, and child advocates regarding critical aspects of the Individualized Education Program (IEP). The article synthesizes the impressions and insights gleaned from the interviews. Most respondents tended to view the IEP as a stable, fixed, potentially threatening product. The interview data suggested that if the IEP is to become an effective mechanism for improving the education for all handicapped children, it must be conceived of as a process and carried out as a process, not as a product alone.

Field of study: Education
Evaluation of vehicular pollution using the TRAD-MCN mutagenic bioassay with Tradescantia pallida (Commelinaceae).

Biomonitoring is one of the tools used to assess the mutagenic potential of the atmosphere. In this study, the mutagenicity of Tradescantia pallida, a species of plant largely present in urban environments, was investigated. The objectives of this study was to estimate the mutagenic potential of vehicular flow through the TRAD-MCN bioassay in cities located at different altitudes in the southwest mesoregion of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, to infer possible abiotic agents that may contribute to the effects of atmospheric pollutants, and finally to map the cities with greater risks to the health of the local population. To achieve these objectives, the Tradescantia-micronucleus test was performed on young buds of T. pallida collected between August 2015 and August 2016 in nine cities of Mato Grosso do Sul. These buds were exposed to traffic flows of various intensities. The data collected consisted of measurements of meteorological parameters and vehicular traffic counts for each city. The variables considered were: mean ambient temperature; micronuclei frequency; vehicular flow; altitude; relative humidity; pluviosity. The application of the Trad-MCN bioassay, with the consideration of environmental variables and altitudes, and the use of the Kernel interpolation technique, allowed us to map the areas with significant pollution risks to the population. The highest frequency of exposure to mutagens occurred in the cities with the highest vehicular traffic intensity. The average ambient temperature failed to show a linear association with the frequency of the micronuclei in the samples analyzed (r = 0.11ns). A positive correlation was observed between micronuclei frequency and vehicular flow, (r = 0.67; p ≤ 0.001%) and between micronuclei frequency and altitude (r = 0.24; p ≤ 0.05). A negative correlation was found between relative humidity and micronuclei frequency (r = -0.19; p ≤ 0.05%). Thus, higher micronuclei frequency tended to be present in locations with low relative humidity and high altitudes and vehicular flow.

Field of study: Environmental science