nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
On the network impact of dynamic server selection

Widespread replication of information can ameliorate the problem of server overloading but raises the allied question of server selection. Clients may be assigned to a replica in a static manner or they may choose among replicas based on client-initiated measurements. The latter technique, called dynamic server selection (DSS), can provide significantly improved response time to users when compared with static server assignment policies (for example, based on network distance in hops). In the first part of this paper we demonstrate the idea of DSS using experiments performed in the Internet. We compare a range of policies for DSS and show that obtaining additional information about servers and paths in the Internet before choosing a server improves response time significantly. The best policy we examine adopts a strategy of never adding more than 1% additional traffic to the network, and is still able to provide nearly all the benefits of the most expensive policies. While these results suggest that DSS is beneficial from the network user's standpoint, the system-wide effects of DSS schemes should also be closely examined. In the second part of this paper we use large-scale simulation to study the system-wide network impact of dynamic server selection. We use a simulated network of over 100 hosts that allows local-area effects to be distinguished from wide-area effects within traffic patterns. In this environment we compare DSS with static server selection schemes and confirm that client benefits remain even when many use DSS simultaneously. Importantly, we also show that DSS confers system-wide benefits from the network standpoint, as compared to static server selection. First, overall data traffic volume in the network is reduced, since DSS tends to diminish network congestion. Second, traffic distribution improves – traffic is shifted from the backbone to regional and local networks.

Field of study: Computer science
Cloning of BCH Gene and Construction of Two-gene Plant Expression Vector Harboring LCYE RNAi and Antisense BCH in Chinese Narcissus(Narcissus tazetta var. chinensis)

A pair of specific primers were designed and synthesized according to the reported cDNA sequence of the BCH gene in Narcissus pseudonarcissus. An ORF of 959 bp fragment of BCH in Chinese narcissus(Narcissus tazetta Var. chinensis) was isolated, encoding 303 amino acid. With LCYE RNAi and antisense BCH as the targeted genes, a dual plant expression vector was constructed using vectors of pKANNBIAL,  The work will lay the foundation for the genetic breeding of Narcissus tazetta Var. chinensis.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Rethinking International Trade

Over the past decade, a small group of economists has challenged traditional wisdom about international trade. "Rethinking International Trade provides a coherent account of this research program and traces the key steps in an exciting new trade theory that offers, among other possibilities, new arguments against free trade. Krugman's introduction is a valuable guide to research that has delved anew into the causes of international trade and reopened basic questions about the international pattern of specialization, the effects of protectionism, and what constitutes an optimal trade policy In the four sections that follow, he takes a revisionary look at the causes of international trade, and discusses growth and the role of history, technological change and trade, and strategic trade policy. Essays in part I review and challenge the theories of Ricardo and his successors, rethinking a 160-year tradition of looking at international trade. Models are presented in which trade frequently arises because of opportunities to exploit increasing returns through exports rather than from comparative advantage. In part II, Krugman traces the resulting pattern of trade specialization not only to the influence of comparative advantage but also to more arbitrary factors such as historical events, the rachet effect of cumulative processes, technological changes, and temporary economic shocks. Part III expands on the theme of technological change as a key factor in determining the pattern of specialization in international trade and addresses questions about the effects of innovation, or lack of it, on a country's international trade position. The concluding essays examine the issue of protectionismalong with other elements of trade policy, showing how protectionist policies, used as an export enhancement device by some national governments, may shift world specialization to the advantage of the protectionist nations. Paul R. Krugman is Professor of Economics at MIT.

Field of study: Economics
Economic loss and alcohol consumption and problems during the 2008 to 2009 U.S. recession.

There is some evidence that individual-level job loss can lead to greater alcohol consumption and problems. While other forms of economic loss were common during the recent recession, these are rarely investigated in studies of macroeconomic decline. This study examined the relationship between types of economic loss in the 2008 to 2009 recession and alcohol outcomes, and whether this varied by gender and age.



Data are from the 2009 to 2010 U.S. National Alcohol Survey (N = 5,382). We used multivariable regression to estimate associations between economic loss and alcohol volume, monthly drunkenness, negative drinking consequences, and alcohol dependence in the overall sample and within gender and age groups (18 to 29, 30 to 49, 50+), controlling for demographic and alcohol history covariates.



In the overall sample, severe economic loss (job or housing loss) was positively associated with negative drinking consequences, alcohol dependence, and (marginally) drunkenness, whereas moderate loss (loss of retirement savings, reduced work hours/wages, or trouble paying the rent/mortgage) was unassociated with alcohol outcomes. Important gender and age differences were observed. Women reporting retirement loss, reduced hours/wages, and job loss consumed 41 to 70% more alcohol than women unaffected by the recession, and men who experienced job loss and housing problems had increased risk for drunkenness, drinking consequences, and dependence. Middle-aged Americans affected by partial or complete job loss and housing problems also had greater risk of drunkenness and alcohol-related problems, and older adults who lost retirement savings drank 42% more alcohol than their peers unaffected by the recession. With the exception of negative drinking consequences, young adult alcohol outcomes were largely unrelated to recessionary loss.



This study highlights the adverse effects of recession-induced economic losses on alcohol use and problems in demographic subgroups. As men and middle-aged Americans were at risk for multiple, adverse alcohol outcomes, these groups may warrant special alcohol screening and intervention efforts in future macroeconomic crises.

Field of study: Medicine
Physical design of 2 MeV standing wave accelerating tube

In order to develop compact accelerators with small beam spot, a C-band 5.52 GHz 2 MeV SW accelerating tube is physically designed and studied, which operated in the π/2 mode. Not using any exterior focusing element,transverse emittance growth aroused from space charge effect is restrained efficiently by repeatedly bunching and utilizing dissymmetry field of first cavity. The accelerating tube consists of 3-cell buncher and 4-cell accelerating section with a total length of about 163 mm,excited with 1 MW magnetron. In final dynamics simulation, 2 MeV 150 mA beam pulse current is obtained, and the capture efficiency is more than 30%. By means of nolinear Gauss fit on electron transverse distribution, the diameter of beam spot (Full Width at Half Maximum of density distribution) is about 0.55 mm.

Field of study: Physics
Context Conversion Based on Equivalence Class in Semantic Information Integration

Ontology based semantic information integration can solve the schematic heterogeneity among distributed data sources,but can not solve context heterogeneity which is widely existed.To solve context heterogeneity,firstly a context presentation to describe the implicit semantics formally is introduced.Then,aiming at the represent heterogeneity,one of the context heterogeneities,a flexible,simple and scalable context conversion method based on equivalence class is proposed.It avoids the shortcoming of existing method which need to define numerous mappings repeatedly and conduct complex reasoning.

Field of study: Computer science
A General Method for Approximating Tail Probabilities

A new transformation referred to as the G (m) n -transformation is introduced to establish a general methodology for finding functions that are easy to evaluate and give very good approximations to tail probabilities. The transformation is based only on a general class of differential equations that include the specified density function in the solution set, at least asymptotically. As a result this new method applies to a broad class of distributions. Not only is the method general, it is also accurate. Unlike many other approximation methods, the approximation functions produced maintain their high degree of accuracy even in the extreme tails, making them also suitable for extreme tail probability approximation. In this article the method is applied to the Pearson family members, the inverse Gaussian, and the ratio of χ 2 and lognormal that do not belong to the Pearson family. Furthermore, it is applicable in the case of all of the standard noncentral distributions. Tables are included that sho...

Field of study: Mathematics
A specific mix of generalists: bacterial symbionts in Mediterranean Ircinia spp.

Microbial symbionts form abundant and diverse components of marine sponge holobionts, yet the ecological and evolutionary factors that dictate their community structure are unresolved. Here, we characterized the bacterial symbiont communities of three sympatric host species in the genus Ircinia from the NW Mediterranean Sea, using electron microscopy and replicated 16S rRNA gene sequence clone libraries. All Ircinia host species harbored abundant and phylogenetically diverse symbiont consortia, comprised primarily of sequences related to other sponge-derived microorganisms. Community-level analyses of bacterial symbionts revealed host species-specific genetic differentiation and structuring of Ircinia-associated microbiota. Phylogenetic analyses of host sponges showed a close evolutionary relationship between Ircinia fasciculata and Ircinia variabilis, the two host species exhibiting more similar symbiont communities. In addition, several bacterial operational taxonomic units were shared between I. variabilis and Ircinia oros, the two host species inhabiting semi-sciophilous communities in more cryptic benthic habitats, and absent in I. fasciculata, which occurs in exposed, high-irradiance habitats. The generalist nature of individual symbionts and host-specific structure of entire communities suggest that: (1) a 'specific mix of generalists' framework applies to bacterial symbionts in Ircinia hosts and (2) factors specific to each host species contribute to the distinct symbiont mix observed in Ircinia hosts.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
The Astrochemistry Implications of Quantum Chemical Normal Modes Vibrational Analysis

Understanding the molecular vibrations underlying each of the unknown infrared emission (UIE) bands (such as those found at 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 6.2, 6.9, 7.7, 11.3, 15.8, 16.4, 18.9 μ m) observed in or towards astronomical objects is a vital link to uncover the molecular identity of their carriers. This is usually done by customary classifications of normal-mode frequencies such as stretching, deformation, rocking, wagging, skeletal mode, etc. A large literature on this subject exists and since 1952 ambiguities in classifications of normal modes via this empirical approach were pointed out by Morino and Kuchitsu New ways of interpretation and analyzing vibrational spectra were sought within the theoretical framework of quantum chemistry. Many of these methods cannot easily be applied to the large, complex molecular systems which are one of the key research interests of astrochemistry. In considering this demand, a simple and new method of analyzing and classifying the normal mode vibrational motions of molecular systems was introduced. This approach is a fully quantitative method of analysis of normal-mode displacement vector matrices and classification of the characteristic frequencies (fundamentals) underlying the observed IR bands. Outcomes of applying such an approach show some overlap with customary empirical classifications, usually at short wavelengths. It provides a quantitative breakdown of a complex vibration (at longer wavelengths) into the contributed fragments such as their aromatic or aliphatic components. In addition, in molecular systems outside the classical models of chemical bonds and structures where the empirical approach cannot be applied, this quantitative method enables an interpretation of vibrational motion(s) underlying the IR bands. As a result, further modifications in the structures (modeling) and the generation of the IR spectra (simulating) of the UIE carriers, initiated by proposing a PAH model, can be implemented in an efficient way. Here fresh results on the vibrational origin of the spectacular UIE bands based on astrochemistry molecular models, explored through the lens of the quantitative method applied to thousands of different vibrational motion matrices are discussed. These results are important in the context of protoplanetary nebulae and planetary nebulae where various molecular species have been uncovered despite their harsh environments.

Field of study: Physics
Aspects of the ecology of Carabidae (Coleoptera) from woodlands polluted by heavy metals.

The carabid faunas of six woodlands at varying distances from a source of heavy metal pollution were studied. Concentrations of zinc, lead, cadmium and copper were determined in three surface layers at each wood. Whereas no gross effects of pollution on populations were identified, some differences relating to the ecology and life histories of the animals were found. The numbers of individuals and numbers of species of Carabidae at each site were not significantly correlated to metal concentration. However, species diversities (Shannon Weiner H') were. Later dates of median capture of total Carabidae were found in the sites nearest to the pollution source. This also occurred with a common species, Nebria brevicollis. At the most polluted site this species also showed an absence of summer diapause. This may be relatd to scarcity of prey. Negative correlations of numbers of spring breeders with metal concentration but positive correlations of numbers of spring breeders with in all the soil layers. The sites were significantly different in the relative distributions of individuals in each of four size categories.

Field of study: Environmental science
119Sn and 13C NMR spectral study of some vinyltin(IV) compounds involving the Sn-S bond

The 13 C and 119 Sn NMR spectra were examined for two series of vinyltin(IV) compounds involving the Sn-S bond, of general formulas (CH 2 =CH) n Sn(SR) 4 - n ( n = 0 - 4) and (CH 2 =CH) n Sn(Cl)(SR) 3 - n ( n = 0 - 3) where R = 1-C 4 H 9 , C(S)N(C 2 H 5 ) 2 or 8-quinolinyl C 9 H 6 N, or SR = 1/2 (SCH 2 CH 2 S). Deuteriochloroform and hexadeuteriodimethyl sulfoxide served as non-coordinating and coordinating solvents, respectively. The 13 C and 119 Sn NMR data provided a basis for discussion of the nature and strength of the Sn-S bonding, coordination of the central tin atom including the shape of the coordination polyhedron, and the ability of the compounds to form donor acceptor complexes.

Field of study: Chemistry
Suicide among drug addicts in the UK.

The extent of suicide among addicts in the UK has not been sufficiently examined.



To examine suicide trends among registered addicts in the UK over a 25-year period.



We quantified suicide using International Classification of Diseases (ICD) external death codes E950-959, calculated annual age-standardised suicide rates, standardised mortality ratios (SMRs) and described trends in methods of suicide and drug overdose suicides in five successive cohorts of registered addicts.



Male and female suicide rates are 69.0 and 44.8 per 100,000 person-years, respectively. There was a consistent decline in suicide rate throughout the 25-year period. Among males, the SMR for suicide declined from 17.2 in 1968-1972 to 4.4 in 1988-1992 (SMR ratio = 3.9, 95% CI = 2.5-6.1); among females it declined from 52.6 to 11.3 in the same period (SMR ratio = 4.7, 95% CI = 1.9-10.8). Drug overdose was the most common method of suicide, accounting for 45% of cases. Significant increase in antidepressant (percentage difference = 23.5%, 95% CI = 15.2-31.8) and methadone (percentage difference = 11.0%, 95% CI = 0.5, 21.5) overdose in 1988-1992 compared with 1968-1972 was reported.



The findings confirm that addicts are still at higher risk of suicide than the general population and that prescribed drugs, notably antidepressants and methadone, influence this heightened risk.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Dropping Simulation Induced by BGA Position in Printed Circuit Board for Optical Module Application

To obtain higher reliability of printed circuit board (PCB), finite element analysis on dropping state was introduced to point out the influence factors of BGA solder joints. The parameters of simulation included drop angle and location of chip. The results indicated that PCB dropping at 180° had greater damage to solder joints than that at 0° drop since the former case could result in direct ground contact of PCB, thereby causing larger deformation. In addition, compared to chip located in side and corner of PCB, chip located in the center exhibited good reliability during dropping simulation both at 180° and 0°.

Field of study: Engineering
Relating experimental and geological rheology

This paper is concerned with the question of how to relate laboratory measurements of the rheology of rocks to the rheological assumptions that need to be made in geodynamic modelling. First, there is a brief resumé of the principal types of rheological behaviour that have been studied in the laboratory, both pressure-dependent, strain rate-independent and pressure-independent, strain-rate-dependent. Then, the generalization of the results from the relatively simple stress states of the experiments to general stress states is discussed, followed by consideration of the extrapolation of the experimental results to geological strains and strain rates. Finally, the problems associated with spatial scale are considered, leading to the question of how to model the rheological behaviour of large-scale rock masses, using the rheological measurements of laboratory specimens and taking into account the heterogeneity of geological-scale rock masses.

Field of study: Environmental science
Hyperlexia, Hypolexia, or Dyslexia

major question to be confronted is that raised by viewing reading as a physiological variant, as opposed to the more popular view that there is relative equal potential for reading in all children, and that it is the responsibility of the teacher to reach it.&dquo; The concept of hyperlexia is a useful one, for it points out that the ability to read cannot be equated with other factors of intellectual

Field of study: Education
Immunosuppression with cyclophosphamide in the dog.

Cyclophosphamide significantly diminished the canine humoral antibody response to sheep red blood cells and tended to prevent arterial lesions in renal homografts. However, cyclophosphamide failed to prolong renal homograft survival when administered to dogs as the sole immunosuppressive agent, and it did not add to the effectiveness of azathioprine when given as a supplement to the azathioprine and administered simultaneously or sequentially.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Association of Burnout with Emotional Coping Strategies, Friendship, and Institutional Support Among Internal Medicine Physicians

Physician burnout influences physician mental health, staff stress, safety events, and patient outcomes. The association of burnout with compassion satisfaction, secondary stress, emotional coping strategies and many psychosocial variables, such as institutional support, friendship, and spirituality, have not been well studied. A convenience sample of internal medicine physicians was emailed a survey using validated instruments to explore these associations. The response rate was 337/1021 (33%), with a burnout prevalence of 175/337 (52%). Grit, acceptance, active coping, positive reframing, and strategy planning were associated with lower burnout domains and greater compassion satisfaction. Certain emotional coping strategies such as denial, disengagement, self-blame, substance abuse, and venting were associated with greater burnout and lower compassion satisfaction. Greater institutional support was associated with lower burnout ( r  =  − .35, p  < .001), secondary stress ( r  =  − .14, p  < .05), and compassion satisfaction ( r  = .28, p  < .0001). Friendship was associated with lower burnout ( r  =  − .25, p  < .0001) and greater compassion satisfaction ( r  = .28, p  < .0001). This study suggests that amelioration of burnout requires both intrinsic strategies that emphasize physician coping skills as well as extrinsic strategies that address institutional support.

Field of study: Psychology
Inhibition of expression of tomato-ripening genes at high temperature

Ripening tomato fruits incubated at 35°C fail to achieve normal pigmentation, soften little and show a marked decline in ethylene evolution. Labelling studies in vivo indicate that protein synthesis continues throughout incubation at 35°C although the spectrum of labelled proteins is different to that observed at 25°C. Translation of mRNAs in vitro shows traces of several ‘heat-shock’ mRNAs at 35°C and the loss of several others normally found in fruit ripened at 25°C. Using ripening-related cDNA clones as hybridization probes the expression of 12 ripening-related genes was followed during incubation at 25°C and 35°C. In general, there was a marked decline in the amounts of these mRNAs following incubation of ripening fruit at 35°C. In particular, mRNA homologous to pTOM 6, a cDNA clone coding for polygalacturonase, a major cell wall degrading enzyme, showed a rapid decline following incubation at 35°C and after 72-h at elevated temperature was undetectable. There was no recovery of expression during 120 h at 35°C and the application of exogenous ethylene did not overcome the inhibition of ripening or lead to the renewed accumulation of polygalacturonase mRNA. It is proposed that the failure to soften normally at elevated temperature is due, in part, to the suppression of polygalacturonase mRNA and that the inhibition of other facets of ripening at 35°C is due to the inhibition or reduced expression of other, as yet unidentified, ripening-related genes.

Field of study: Environmental science
LASER APPLICATIONS AND OTHER PROBLEMS IN QUANTUM ELECTRONICS: Threshold sensitivity of a projection optical system based on a brightness amplifier with a four-wave hypersonic phase-conjugating mirror under absolute instability conditions

The threshold (maximum) sensitivity was achieved experimentally for a projection system comprising a highly sensitive four-wave hypersonic phase-conjugating mirror and optical quantum amplifiers. The sensitivity at λ = 1.054 μm amounted to 4.8 × 10 − 19 J (2.4 photons) per resolution element. The results obtained were confirmed by theoretical estimates.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics