nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Selecting methods for the prediction of future events in cost-effectiveness models: a decision-framework and example from the cardiovascular field.

Evidence on the cost-effectiveness of healthcare interventions is increasingly required by decision-makers. Economic models can provide timely information on the long-term impact of new technologies. However, models have been criticised because of the implicit assumptions they make, in particular the methods used to extrapolate data are rarely documented. This paper presents a systematic process for choosing a method of predicting events in economic models. This process is illustrated using a model examining the cost-effectiveness of a new HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor (statin) for primary prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD). The prediction of future CVD events is a central component of the model, and the choice of method for predicting events was an important issue in the model's development. A literature review identified 11 studies with the information required to predict CVD events. A set of criteria were developed to assess the different methods of risk estimation, covering issues like scientific validity and acceptability to decision-makers. Risk equations derived from the Framingham Heart Study were found to be most suitable for predicting future events in the economic model. The paper illustrates how the development of economic models can be made more transparent, and suggests that the process outlined may be applied to other disease areas where there are several event prediction methods to choose from. In disease areas where published methods for predicting events are not available, the process outlined can make the uncertainty this leads to explicit, and highlight where further research is required. Such transparency can help decision-makers understand the scientific basis underpinning models, and therefore make these models more acceptable and useful for health policy-making.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
A test for correct species declaration of frog legs imports from Indonesia into the European Union

Frozen frog legs that had been shipped from Indonesia into the European Union were biochemically compared to reference muscle samples from wild Indonesian frog populations of different species. Frozen frog leg samples only allowed for the analysis of eight allozyme loci, two of which were polymorphic. The analyses clearly showed that all frog legs, despite their initial species declaration as Limnonectes macrodon, L. cancrivorus, L. limnocharis and Rana catesbeiana, all belonged to L. cancrivorus. Unless misclassification was intentional, it seems that Indonesian frog leg exporters are not able to discriminate between the species in trade. However, this ability should be the basis for a sustainable use of this wildlife resource. A test for management authorities is needed to monitor the international trade in frog legs.

Field of study: Environmental science
A Census of Tandemly Repeated Polymorphic Loci in Genic Regions Through the Comparative Integration of Human Genome Assemblies

Polymorphic Tandem Repeat (PTR) is a common form of polymorphism in the human genome. A PTR consists in a variation found in an individual (or in a population) of the number of repeating units of a Tandem Repeat (TR) locus of the genome with respect to the reference genome. Several phenotypic traits and diseases have been discovered to be strongly associated with or caused by specific PTR loci. PTR are further distinguished in two main classes: Short Tandem Repeats (STR) when the repeating unit has size up to 6 base pairs, and Variable Number Tandem Repeats (VNTR) for repeating units of size above 6 base pairs. As larger and larger populations are screened via high throughput sequencing projects, it becomes technically feasible and desirable to explore the association between PTR and a panoply of such traits and conditions. In order to facilitate these studies, we have devised a method for compiling catalogs of PTR from assembled genomes, and we have produced a catalog of PTR for genic regions (exons, introns, UTR and adjacent regions) of the human genome (GRCh38). We applied four different TR discovery software tools to uncover in the first phase 55,223,485 TR (after duplicate removal) in GRCh38, of which 373,173 were determined to be PTR in the second phase by comparison with five assembled human genomes. Of these, 263,266 are not included by state-of-the-art PTR catalogs. The new methodology is mainly based on a hierarchical and systematic application of alignment-based sequence comparisons to identify and measure the polymorphism of TR. While previous catalogs focus on the class of STR of small total size, we remove any size restrictions, aiming at the more general class of PTR, and we also target fuzzy TR by using specific detection tools. Similarly to other previous catalogs of human polymorphic loci, we focus our catalog toward applications in the discovery of disease-associated loci. Validation by cross-referencing with existing catalogs on common clinically-relevant loci shows good concordance. Overall, this proposed census of human PTR in genic regions is a shared resource (web accessible), complementary to existing catalogs, facilitating future genome-wide studies involving PTR.

Field of study: Biology
Some thoughts about the use of predicted values of the state of phytochrome in plant photomorphogenesis research

Predicted values of photoequilibrium ratios and rates of photoconversion and cycling, calculated from known optical parameters of purified phytochrome and the spectral photon flux distribution of the light sources used, arc often applied in the evaluation of the relationships between the state of phytochrome and the expression of phytochrome-mediated responses. This is commonly done when the state of phytochrome in vivo cannot be determined experimentally. The ‘predicted’ states of phytochrome may be quite different from the actual ones in vivo for several reasons: the particular set of optical parameters of purified phytochrome used in the calculations and the difficulties encountered in correcting the predicted values for the contribution of the non-photochemical reactions (dark reversion, destruction, synthesis), the effects of the optical properties of the tissue (light attenuation, scattering, trapping) on the rate of phytochrome photo-conversion, and the geometrical relationships between irradiated sample and the light source. At present, in many studies, it is not possible to avoid using predicted values of the state of phytochrome. The limitations imposed by the use of ‘predicted’ values in the interpretation of results obtained in plant photomorphogenesis research should be always clearly stated.

Field of study: Environmental science
Organic light-emitting diodes with n-type silicon anode

In an AIQ-based bilayer organic light-emitting diode, n-type silicon has been used as an anode, and semitransparent metals Sm (15 nm)/Au (15 nm) as a cathode. This device has much smaller currents at high voltages (> 8 V) and a higher turn-on voltage than the device with an identical structure but an indium-tin oxide anode. By successively depositing ultra thin films of Au and AIQ on the n-Si surface, the device performances are improved significantly, reaching a power efficiency of 0.1 Im W-1 and a current efficiency of 0.7 cd A(-1) at 15.9 V and 0.3 mA mm(-2). The mechanisms for the hole injection and performance improvement are discussed.

Field of study: Materials science
Laser Doppler Measurements of a Highly Curved Flow

A system for recording and analyzing an activity, such as a golf activity, is provided. The system comprises an impact detection device and one or more video capture unit for recording and displaying recorded activities. Preferred activities are saved, and may be viewed at a separate viewing unit located remote from the video capture unit. The remote viewing unit allows for replay and analysis of the saved activities. In addition, saved activities and data may be uploaded to the Internet for later viewing and analysis.

Field of study: Physics
On derivative of energy functional for elastic bodies with cracks and unilateral conditions

In this paper we consider elasticity equations in a domain having a cut (a crack) with unilateral boundary conditions considered at the crack faces. The boundary conditions provide a mutual nonpenetration between the crack faces, and the problem as a whole is nonlinear. Assuming that a general perturbation of the cut is given, we find the derivative of the energy functional with respect to the perturbation parameter. It is known that a calculation of the material derivative for similar problems has the difficulty of finding boundary conditions at the crack faces. We use a variational property of the solution, thus avoiding a direct calculation of the material derivative.There are many results related to the differentiation of the potential energy functional with respect to variable domains (see, e.g., [9, 4, 5, 16, 18, 17, 3]). The general theory of calculating material and shape derivatives in linear and nonlinear boundary value problems is developed in [6].Derivatives of energy functionals with respect to the crack length in classical linear elasticity can be found by different ways. It is well known that the classical approach to the crack problem is characterized by the equality-type boundary conditions considered at the crack faces [13, 4, 7, 14, 12, 15]. As for the analysis of solution dependence on the shape domain for a wide class of elastic problems, we refer the reader to [8].In the works  the appropriate technique of finding derivatives of the energy functional with respect to the crack length for unilateral boundary conditions is proposed, which can be used for a wide class of the unilateral problems. Qualitative properties of solutions (solution existence, solution regularity, dependence of solutions on parameters, etc.) in the crack problem for plates, shells, two- and three-dimensional bodies with unilateral conditions on the crack faces are analysed in  (see also [20, 19, 10, 11]).

Field of study: Mathematics
[Recurrence of stenocardia after aortocoronary bypass and the possibility of repeated myocardial revascularization].

The causes of angina pectoris recurrences after aortocoronary bypass surgery have been studied. Indications for repeated myocardial revascularization and the possibilities for its performance have been analyzed. The long-term results of aortocoronary bypass surgery performed in 358 patients were evaluated at 30 months, on the average, after the operation. A gradual rise in the rate of angina recurrences was noted mostly within the first postoperative year. Repeated coronary angiography with bypass contrasting was done in 100 patients, 37 of whom presented angina recurrence. Impaired patency of the aortocoronary bypass was found to be the major cause of a recurrence (83.8%), this could be secondary to bypass thrombosis, fibrous hyperplasia of the graft intima, and atherosclerosis. Among other causes were incomplete revascularization of the myocardium and progression coronary atherosclerosis. All patients with pronounced angina pectoris were recommended repeated coronary angiography with bypass contrasting to specify indications for operation and possibilities for its performance. It was noted, that repeated revascularization may be hindered not by a factor responsible for the current recurrence, but primarily by the poor status of the distal portion of the diseased arteries due to diffuse atherosclerosis.

Field of study: Medicine
Climate variability of heat waves and their associated diurnal temperature range variations in Taiwan

This study investigates heat waves in Taiwan and their maintenance mechanism, based upon observations and dynamically downscaled simulations. A 95th percentile threshold is used for identifying hot extremes over a period of consecutive days. Heat waves are forecast to become more severe in the future projection. Daily minimum temperatures are generally high and diurnal temperature ranges (DTR) are relatively large. The daily minimum temperature serves as the primary control in the variation in DTR during heat waves. An apparent increase in the daily minimum temperature suggests elevated heat stress at nighttime during future heat waves. Heat waves in Taiwan are associated with abnormal warming and drying atmospheric conditions under the control of an enhanced western North Pacific subtropical high. The surrounding waters serve as a vast moisture source to suppress the drying magnitude in the surface layer as the temperature rises, thereby ensuring a high humidity level during the hot spell. The subsidence and adiabatic warming above can trap the warm and humid air in the surface layer, leading to positive feedback to the abnormally hot surface condition. The associated warming and drying atmospheric conditions cover certain spatial extents, suggesting that the extreme situation identified here is not confined to just an island-wide hot spell; the abnormal hot weather can take place across a broad geographical area.

Field of study: Environmental science
ARTICLES: Use of a dye laser for nonlinear spectroscopy of the 23S1-23P transition in 6,7Li+ ions

A tunable dye laser was used to measure the fine structure of the 23P multiplet and the hyperfine structure of the 23S1, and 23P1,2 states of 6,7Li+ isotopes. The interaction constants for the hyperfine structure of the 3S1 and 3P levels were determined, showing good agreement with the theoretical data, and the splitting of the fine structure of the 3P line was also determined. The isotope shift of this transition was found and showed good agreement with values obtained by interferometric measurements.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Asymmetric Fingerprinting Protocol Based on RSA Public Key System

A kind of digital work commerce protocol is proposed based on RSA public key system. From the protocol,the user needs to transfer a random variables string to the publisher after it encrypted by public key,where the random variables,as a mark of identity,are generated under some certain constraint conditions. First be scrambled,and then be calculated with the digital work that encrypted with the user's public key,the data transferred from the user will be sent to the user by the publisher. The user can obtain a digital work with fingerprint after decryption,but the fingerprint cannot be deleted. While the publisher cannot obtain this digital work,but can judge whether there exists fingerprint information in illegal copied digital work. Hence this can be utilized in tracing and accusing the illegal piracy. Meanwhile,it can also protect legal user from framed by publishers. The third party is avoided in digital fingerprint identification with better performance in preventing forgery in the procedure.

Field of study: Computer science
"Picture-in-picture" endoscopic images in the microscope.

The authors describe a new piece of equipment that enables simultaneous monitoring of the endoscopic image and unilateral microscopic image; that is, "picture-in-picture" images for endoscope-assisted microsurgery. The system is simple and purely optical, consisting of light-weight semi-rigid fibers and a special adapter incorporated in the microscope. Throughout the initial neurosurgical procedures in which it was tested, the system proved particularly useful for inspecting the facial nerve behind the acoustic neurinoma and for observing the contact between arteries and the facial nerve during decompressive procedures for hemifacial spasm.

Field of study: Medicine
An Acousto-Electric Nanobiosensor

A technology is developed that uses two multiscale structures on a single crystal piezoelectric substrate of lithium niobate. A system of counter-pin electrodes for an acoustic delay line operating in the 2–3 MHz range is formed via photolithography. The system is combined with nanotransducers 60–80 nm in size, produced by means of negative electron-beam nanolithography.

Field of study: Physics
Regulation of B-lymphocyte stimulator expression levels in response to IFN-γ and IL-6

To investigate the regulation of B-lymphocyte stimulator(BLyS) levels in response to IFN-γand IL-6.  Flow cytometry, quantitative polymerase chain reaction, ELISA and Western blot were applied to examine the expression level of BLyS in response to IFN-γ and IL-6 .  IFN-γand IL-6 induced BLyS expression in KM3 cells. After treated with BAY11-7082, an IkB-α phospho- rylation inhibitor, the up regulation of BI,yS induced by IFN-γ was completely inhibited. Inhibiting the nu-clear faetor-kB (NF-kB) and mitogen activated protein kinase(MAPK) activation in KM3 cells reduced BLyS protein and gene expression.  MAPK and NF-kB pathways are involved in the regulation of BLyS expression, which suggests that MAPK and NF-kB might be used for the treatment of multiple mye- loma. 
 
 
Multiple myeloma; B-lymphocyte stimulator; Nuclear faetor-kB; Mitogen activatedprotein kinase

Field of study: Biology
Lexical and statistical evidence in the acquisition of second language phonemes

Adults can often improve their perception of novel phoneme contrasts with exposure to a second language, but there is yet little understanding of how they accomplish this. The primary aim of this study was to compare two types of evidence that learners might use to learn the phonemes of second language: minimal pairs, or the lexicon, and statistical information. It was found that adults show evidence of perceptual learning based on statistical information alone, but that the availability of minimal pairs leads to more accurate perception of a novel contrast. In a follow-up experiment, it was found that adults can exhibit knowledge of a novel contrast without yet being able to use the contrast to distinguish words in a lexical task.

Field of study: Linguistics
Photoluminescence, electrical and structural properties of ZnO films, grown by ALD at low temperature

We report the first results of the low-temperature photoluminescence study on polycrystal zinc oxide (ZnO) films obtained by atomic layer deposition at 100 °C, 130 °C and 200 °C. These ZnO films, when studied 'as-grown', show a strong excitonic emission even at room temperature. Low-temperature (T = 9 K) photoluminescence reveals lack of defect-related bands and a sharp photoluminescence peak at 3.36 eV with full width at half maximum of 6 meV which is comparable with the value reported for good quality bulk ZnO crystals. The energy position of the excitonic peak scales with temperature according to standard formulas and give the Debye temperature of 963 ± 26 K. We show that optical properties of low-temperature 'as-grown' ZnO films are correlated with structural and electrical ones and that optical study can be a valuable tool for evaluation of quality of ZnO films for novel electronic applications.

Field of study: Materials science
Winter Eurasian cooling linked with the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation

In this paper, we analyze observational and reanalysis data to demonstrate that the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) significantly modulates winter Eurasian surface air temperature through its impact on the shape, frequency and persistence of Ural blocking (UB) events that last for 10–20 d. This impact results from changes in mid-high latitude westerly winds over Eurasia associated with the warming in the Barents–Kara Seas (BKS) through the AMO-driven high sea surface temperature and sea-ice decline and resultant weakening in meridional temperature gradients. The BKS warming has a strongest positive correlation with the AMO at a time lag of about 14 years. During the recent positive AMO phase, more persistent northwest–southeast (NW–SE) oriented UB events are favored by weakened westerly winds in Eurasian mid-high latitudes. Through cold atmospheric advection and radiative cooling, such UB events produce a strong, persistent and widespread cooling over Eurasia and enhance BKS warming during 1999–2015. However, the positive AMO phase cannot directly produce the Eurasian cooling if the UB is absent. Thus, we conclude that the recent AMO phase change is a major cause of the recent winter cooling over Eurasia through its impact on BKS temperature and sea ice, which in turn affect the meridional temperature gradient, the westerly winds and the UB events.

Field of study: Environmental science
Quantifying Culture: Problems and Promises

Recently economists, even many in the mainstream, have come to acknowledge the influence of culture on the economic process. Some, like original institutionalists, have a thorough understanding of and appreciation for the richness of culture and are, therefore, suspicious of any attempt to quantify cultural information. Others, particularly those trained in the use of statistical methods, are anxious to incorporate culture into statistical/quantitative models and may rush to quantify and include cultural information in their models without a full appreciation of the meaning(s) of culture. This paper reiterates the role of culture in the economy, explores several attempts to quantify culture, and reviews a number of papers that incorporate cultural information into statistical analyses. The broad purpose is to evaluate the prospects for incorporating culture into statistical models in ways that respect the richness of culture as it is perceived by institutionalists.

Field of study: Economics
Authentical education idea:the emphasis of teacher's professional development

Teacher's professionalization campaign has been immersed in technology-orientation,which is affected by modernity and the professionalism of technology-orientation.Education is humanism activity,educational idea is the soul of educational technology,so teacher occupation is idea-orientation occupation.Educational idea commands educational content and educational teachnology.Educational idea is one of the base of teacher's professionalization.The aim of teacher's professionalization is idea-orientation profession not technology-orientation profession.After teacher's educational account reaches standtard,the emphasis of teacher's professional development should focus on authentical education idea.

Field of study: Education
Violent Films and Prosocial Behavior

This study attempted to further test the excitation transfer theory's applicability to prosocial behavior. Forty-two female college students were treated in either a positive or neutral manner by a confederate and then watched a violent, arousing film, a neutral, nonarousing film, or no film. Following this, participants were given the opportunity both to aggress against and reward the confederate. As predicted, individuals treated in a positive manner and shown the violent film were more generous in administering reward to the confederate than were similarly treated individuals exposed to the neutral film or no film.

Field of study: Psychology
Erroneous and Schismatical Opinions: The Question of Orthodoxy regarding the Theology of Hanserd Knollys (ca. 1599-1691). Barry H. Howson

from his cases. He can with conviction assail the Puritan divines who in their polemical tracts simplified ordinary parishioners and presented straw men — worldlings and ungodly characters unmoved by the Pauline message. And he can also embrace in this critique modern historians, especially Christopher Haigh, who imply that this was what English parishioners were really like. There is in this volume the germ of an alternative interpretation of local sources, based upon the role of the "middling sort" as brokers: it may now need some greater analytical boldness to develop and model these localist insights. FELICITY HEAL Jesus College, University of Oxford

Field of study: History