nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
A literature review of insect responses to fire, compared to other conservation managements of open habitat

This literature review concerns insect responses to fire, compared to other feasible and appropriate conservation managements of open habitats. Many insect groups decline markedly immediately after fire, with the magnitude of reduction related to the degree of exposure to the flames and mobility of the insect. Niche diversity is lower in recently burned habitat, and the rate of insect increase following fire also relates to the species' ability to gain access to the regrowing vegetation. Postburn flora can be quite attractive to some recolonizing insects, possibly to some degree a result of fire-caused insect mortality which provides plants with short-term release from insect herbivory. Insect declines may follow immediately after mowing, but usually of lesser degree and shorter duration than after a fire of comparable timing and size. Season and scale of cutting may affect how much and which species showed positive or negative responses. Cut areas offer the vegetational structure and composition preferred by some insects, but cutting – or cutting at certain scales, seasons, or frequencies – may also be unfavorable for some species. Heavy grazing results in niche and assemblage simplification. Nonetheless, some invertebrates prefer the short turfs and bare ground resulting from heavier grazing. Other species vary in whether they peak in abundance and diversity in intermediate, light, or no grazing. In comparisons of mowing/haying and grazing regimes of similar compatibility with maintenance of the same habitat types, responses of particular species and species groups varied as to whether they had a preference for one or the other. Characteristics associated with insect responses to fire related to the degree of exposure to lethal temperature and stress experienced in the post-fire environment, suitability of post-treatment vegetation as habitat, and ability to rebuild numbers in the site (from survivors and/or colonizers). These factors appear equally useful for explicating insect responses to other managements such as haying, mowing, and grazing. By contrast, the assumption that the most habitat-restricted species will be most adapted to ecological forces believed to be prevalent in that ecosystem appears less efficacious for predicting insect management preferences.

Field of study: Environmental science
A pitfall in the diagnosis of child abuse: external hydrocephalus, subdural hematoma, and retinal hemorrhages.

External hydrocephalus has been associated with subdural hematomas in infancy, and the hematomas have been noted to be secondary to minor trauma or have even been described as spontaneous. The author reports the case of an infant with external hydrocephalus who developed retinal as well as subdural hemorrhages after sustaining a minor head injury. Although retinal hemorrhage in infancy has been considered virtually pathognomonic of child abuse, in the setting of external hydrocephalus a more cautious interpretation may be appropriate.

Field of study: Medicine
Canada and Nato enlargement: Interests and options

In response to evolving discussions at the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), Minister's interests and the need to explore NATO'S future including the question of NATO enlargement, the Canadian Centre for Foreign Policy Development commissioned a major policy options paper on NATO enlargement in May 1996. This was the first advertised invitation for a policy options paper to be financed by the Centre John Holmes Fund. The project was undertaken by a collaborative university group led by Albert Legault (Universite Laval) and Allen Sens (University of British Columbia). They completed their work in October 1996. The following is a summary of their policy option views.

Field of study: Political science
Representations of D_q(k [x])

The algebra of quantum differential operators on graded algebras was introduced by V. Lunts and A. Rosenberg. D. Jordan, T. McCune and the second author have identified this algebra of quantum differential operators on the polynomial algebra with coefficients in an algebraically closed field of characteristic zero. It contains the first Weyl algebra and the quantum Weyl algebra as its subalgebras. In this paper we classify irreducible weight modules over the algebra of quantum differential operators on the polynomial algebra. Some classes of indecomposable modules are constructed in the case of positive characteristic and q root of unity.

Field of study: Mathematics
Transport calculations of antiproton-nucleus interactions

The Giessen Boltzmann-Uehling-Uhlenbeck transport model is extended and applied to the antiproton-nucleus interactions in a wide beam momentum range. The model calculations are compared with the experimental data on $\bar p$-absorption cross sections on nuclei with an emphasis on extraction of the real part of an antiproton optical potential. The possibility of the cold compression of a nucleus by an antiproton in-flight is also considered.

Field of study: Physics
Clinical response of O(6)-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase levels to 1,3-(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea chemotherapy in glioma patients.

Adjuvant nitrosourea chemotherapy fails to prolong patient survival significantly as many tumors demonstrate resistance to these drugs. It has been documented in cell lines that O(6)-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) plays an important role in chloroethylnitrosourea (CENU) drug resistance. The authors evaluated MGMT expression in 22 glioma specimens by using an immunofluorescence assay and compared the results with clinical response of the patients to CENU-based chemotherapy. The patients were treated with CENU after evidence of progressive disease following surgery and radiotherapy. Eight tumor samples had no detectable MGMT, whereas other samples had from 9989 to 982,401 molecules/nucleus. In one group (12 patients), the tumor decreased in size or was stable (effective group), whereas in the other group (10 patients), the tumor demonstrated continuous growth during chemotherapy (progressive group). The median time to progression (TTP) was 6.7 months with a median survival of 13 months. The Mer(-) patients (MGMT < 60,000 molecules/nucleus) appeared to have more chance of stable disease or response to CENU therapy than the Mer(+) patients (MGMT > 60,000 molecules/nucleus) (chi-square = 4.791, p = 0.0286). In patients with glioblastomas multiforme (GBMs), the TTP of Mer(+) patients was shorter than that of Mer(-) patients (t = 2.04, p = 0.049). As a corollary, the MGMT levels were significantly higher in GBM tumors from the progressive group than those from the effective group (t = -2.26, p = 0.029). The TTP and survival time in the effective GBM group were also longer than those in the progressive GBM group. However, there was no significant correlation between MGMT levels and either the survival time (r = 0.04, p = 0.8595) or TTP (r = 0.107, p = 0.6444). Results from this study suggested that MGMT positivity is indicative of more aggressive disease that progresses more rapidly when exposed to CENU therapy. However, MGMT-negative tumors are not always sensitive to CENU agents, suggesting that other factors may also be important.

Field of study: Medicine
A two-dimensional Prony's method for spectral estimation

The problem of estimating the parameters of a model for bidimensional data made up by a linear combination of damped two-dimensional sinusoids is considered. Frequencies, amplitudes, phases, and damping factors are estimated by applying a generalization of the monodimensional Prony's method to spatial data. This procedure finds the desired quantities after an autoregressive model fitting to the data, a polynomial rooting, and a least-squares problem solution. The autoregressive models involved have a particular nature that simplifies the analysis. In fact, their characteristic polynomial factors into two parts so that many of their properties can be easily determined. Quick estimates of the parameters computed are found by using standard one-dimensional autoregressive estimation methods. An iterative procedure for refining the autoregressive parameters estimates which gives rise to better frequency estimates is also discussed. Some simulation results are reported.

Field of study: Engineering
Benthic foraminifera-based reconstruction of the first Mediterranean-Atlantic exchange in the early Pliocene Gulf of Cadiz

Upper Miocene to lower Pliocene sediment cores from Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) Hole U1387C (IODP Expedition 339) have been studied. The main goal of this study is to reconstruct initial Mediterranean-Atlantic water exchange after the opening of the Gibraltar Strait in the early Pliocene. Benthic foraminiferal assemblages are the focus of the palaeoceanographic analyses of this work. A distinct faunal turnover indicates a considerable change of the depositional environment at the Miocene/Pliocene boundary. Foraminiferal composition suggests high rates of organic carbon flux and poorly oxygenated sea-floor environment for the basal, late Messinian interval. In contrast, earliest Pliocene assemblages point to periodic advection of warm, better ventilated and likely Mediterranean-sourced waters to the studied site. Parallel periodic changes in Siphonina tubulosa, Globocassidulina subglobosa, and Planulina ariminensis and previously established sedimentological and geochemical records (Zr/Al, δ18O) suggest a rather sluggish Mediterranean Outflow between ~ 5.3 and 5.2 Ma. Benthic foraminifera, along with sedimentological and geochemical data thus provide the earliest indications of Mediterranean-Atlantic water exchange following the opening of the Gibraltar Strait. Sandy layers become frequent towards the top of the interval. These sediments are rich in shelf foraminifera, reflecting episodes of turbidite deposition possibly caused by tectonic adjustments related to the opening of the Gibraltar Strait. The allochthonous assemblages frequently contain Cibicides lobatulus and C. refulgens, species that have been considered indicators of Mediterranean Outflow Water (MOW) in previous studies. Our results warrant for caution when applying these species as MOW proxy in the fossil record if there is evidence for downslope transport.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Performance of R170 mixtures as refrigerants for refrigeration at −80 °C temperature range

The refrigeration performance parameters of two binary azeotropic mixtures of R170 + R23 and R170 + R116 and a ternary azeotropic mixture of R170 + R23 + R116 were measured systematically in the low-stage loop of a two-stage cascade system. In addition, the performance of the currently used R508B refrigerant was also measured at similar conditions for comparison. A two-stage cascade refrigeration testing apparatus was designed and assembled, in which an R404A system was used as the high-temperature refrigeration stage. Thermodynamic performance parameters of the low-stage loop such as the coefficient of performance (COP), cooling capacity, and the discharge temperature of these four mixtures were measured at various condensation and evaporating temperatures. The results show that the COP of the R170 + R116 binary mixture is up to 10% higher than that of R508B. These mixtures show good potential as low-temperature stage refrigerants for applications in the −80 °C temperature range.

Field of study: Engineering
Effects of allisartan, a new AT1 receptor blocker, on blood pressure and end-organ damage in hypertensive animals

To investigate the effects of allisartan, a new angiotensin II type 1 (AT1) receptor antagonist, on blood pressure (BP) and end-organ damage (EOD) in hypertensive rats and dogs.First, a single dose of allisartan was given intragastrically to evaluate the BP reduction in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs), two kidney-one clip (2K1C) renovascular hypertensive rats and dogs, and Beagle dogs with angiotensin II-induced hypertension. Second, allisartan was mixed in rat chow for long-term treatment. After 4 months of drug administration, rats were instrumented to determine BP and baroreflex sensitivity (BRS). Observation of morphologic changes was used to estimate EOD. Third, the acute toxicity of allisartan was compared with that of losartan in mice.BP was significantly decreased after intragastric administration of allisartan in SHRs, 2K1C rats, 2K1C dogs and Beagle dogs with angiotensin II-induced hypertension. Compared with the control, SHRs that received long-term treatment with allisartan exhibited an improved BRS and organ protective effects. Mice who were administered allisartan experienced less acute toxicity than those treated with losartan.Allisartan is highly effective for BP reduction and organ protection with low toxicity.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
200 kV long-pulse power generator research

The paper introduces the principle of pulse form network (PFN), the PSpice simulation result of Marx-PFN and the design process of 200 kV long pulse power generator. A 200 kV long pulsed power generator based on five-stage Marx-PFN has been built, with network impedance of 14 Ω. The results indicate that the FWHM of the output pulse with 3 μs flat-top is 4 3 μs,the ripples of the top of the pulse are less than 1%,the risetime of the pulse is less than 500 ns, and the voltage of the pulse is about 200 kV. The effect of earthing resistance and induction on waveform is analyzed too.

Field of study: Physics
Effect of removal of calcium-activated adenosine triphosphatase from rat mast cells by treatment with sodium glycocholate.

Sodium glycocholate was shown to remove a Ca2+-activated adenosine triphosphatase from the external surface of the rat mast cell without causing lysis. Sensitized mast cells pretreated with sodium glycocholate showed a decrease in histamine-releasing capacity when triggered with antigen, Synacthen and ATP. Release induced by calcium ionophore A23187 was unaffected.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
La sérigraphie à l'école des Beaux-Arts. Entretien avec Rougemont

Gervereau Laurent, Rougemont . La serigraphie a l'ecole des Beaux-Arts. Entretien avec Rougemont. In: Materiaux pour l'histoire de notre temps, n°11-13, 1988.  Les mouvements etudiants en France et dans le monde, sous la direction de Stephane Courtois. pp. 180-183.

Field of study: Materials science
Design and Implementation of Computer Intelligence Network Monitoring System

Discusses the existing problems on the computer network management, and how to manage the network intelligently with network programme technology. Adopts the design mode of C/S, the customer terminal applications program will autorun when the computer startup, and communicates with the service terminal applications program. The manager uses the service terminal applications to monitor the customer terminal computer. That is, the server can make customer terminal computer carry out the corresponding operation by sending command.

Field of study: Computer science
Die Dissoziation O-silylierter Pinakole, sowie Struktur und Stabilität der entstehenden Ketylradikale R1R2COSiMe3

Neue Ketyle R1R2COSiMe3 werden durch photochemische oder thermische Reaktion des entsprechenden Ketons mit (Me3Si)2Hg erhalten, ihre ESR-Spektren vermessen. Sowohl beim Benzhydryltyp (R1,R2 = Ar) wie beim Benzyltyp (R1 = Ar, R2 = Alk) hangt die Neigung zur Dimerisierung hauptsachlich von der Raumerfullung von R1 und R2 ab, so das auch bei letzterem Ar verdrillt werden kann. Steigende Raumerfullung von R1 und R2 fuhrt bis zur volligen kinetischen Stabilitat des Ketyls ohne jegliche Mesomeriestabilisierung (23). Dissoziationsenthalpie sowie -geschwindigkeit einiger Dimerer, also silylierter Pinakole, wurden gemessen. Auch hier folgt der dominierende Einflus des sterischen Druckes („front-strain”) auf die Starke der C C-Bindung. 
 
 
 
New ketyl radicals R1R2COSiMe3 have been generated by photochemical or thermal reaction of the corresponding ketone with (Me3Si)2Hg, and their ESR spectra have been recorded. Their tendency to undergo dimerization depends mainly on the bulkiness of R1 and R2 for both the benzhydryl type (R1,R2 = Ar) and the benzyl type radicals (R1 = Ar, R2 = Alk). Thus Ar may be twisted even in the latter case. Increasing bulkiness of R1 and R2 leads to complete kinetic stability of the ketyl without resonance stabilization (23). Enthalpies and rates of dissociation for several dimers, i. e. silylated pinacols, have been measured. The predominant influence of steric strain (front strain) on the strength of the C C bond can again be seen.

Field of study: Chemistry
Academic Help-Seeking Behavior Among Student Pharmacists

To identify factors associated with academic help-seeking behavior among student pharmacists at a public university.  Semi-structured focus group interviews were conducted to explore in depth perceptions of facilitators of and barriers to the help-seeking behavior and academic achievement of student pharmacists who had received a D or F grade in any year. A 4-part survey instrument was developed and administered to all student pharmacists and included sections for (1) attitudes and academic help-seeking behavior, (2) health status, (3) demographics, and (4) open comments. A structural equation modeling approach was used to assess relationships among domains of interest.  Three student focus groups noted that helpfulness of faculty members and school administrators were 2 prominent facilitators of help-seeking behavior and academic achievement. Diminished quality of life caused by stress and depression was the primary barrier to help-seeking and achievement. Three hundred four (68.6%) student pharmacists completed the survey instrument. Academic help-seeking behavior was influenced mostly by perceived academic competence and perceived faculty helpfulness. In contrast, ambivalence and perception of help-seeking as threatening were 2 factors that were negatively associated with academic help-seeking behavior.  Academic help-seeking behavior was positively related to greater perceived academic competence and positive relationships among student pharmacists and faculty members.

Field of study: Education, Medicine
Functional Neurological Symptom Disorder in Children and Adolescents within Medical Settings

Pediatric functional neurological symptom disorder (FNSD or conversion disorder) is an often misunderstood but treatable condition that frequently presents in medical settings with unexplained symptoms. Although research regarding treatment of pediatric FNSD is increasing, it is still in its infancy and studies in pediatrics do not provide clear guidelines about which patients are most likely to benefit from various treatments. The role of pediatric psychologists may include consultation, assessment, treatment, program development, and providing education to patients, families, and healthcare colleagues in various disciplines. The purpose of this article is to provide a review of FNSD, discuss the importance of timely and accurate diagnosis, suggest how to present information to patients and families, and present options for treatment that are either supported by preliminary research or clinical experiences of the authors.

Field of study: Psychology
Quaternary reactivation of the Kern Canyon fault system, southern Sierra Nevada, California

The Kern Canyon fault, the longest fault in the southern Sierra Nevada, is an active structure and has been reactivated at discrete times over the past ~100 m.y. in response to changing lithospheric stresses. After initiation as a Cretaceous transpressional structure, the Kern Canyon fault transitioned into a dextral strike-slip shear zone that remained active as it was exhumed into the brittle regime during regional Late Cretaceous uplift of the Sierra Nevada batholith. The Kern Canyon fault was reactivated during Miocene regional extension as part of a transfer zone between two differentially extending domains in the southern Sierra Nevada. Subsequent normal displacement along the fault began in Pliocene time. New evidence for fault activity, which continued into late Quaternary time, includes its current geomorphic expression as a series of meters-high, west-side-up scarps that crop out discontinuously along the fault’s 130-km length. Relocated focal mechanisms of modern earthquakes confirm ongoing normal faulting, and geodetic measure ments suggest that the Sierra Nevada is uplifting relative to the adjacent valleys. This evidence for recent activity overturns a long-held view that the Kern Canyon fault has been in active for more than 3.5 m.y. Its reactivation indicates that deformation repeatedly localized along a pre existing crustal weakness, a Cretaceous shear zone. We propose that a system of inter related normal faults, including the Kern Canyon fault, is responding to mantle lithosphere removal beneath the southern Sierra Nevada region. The location of the active Kern Canyon fault within the Sierra Nevada–Great Valley microplate indicates that deformation is occurring within the microplate.

Field of study: Geology
Vegetation, climate and fire in the eastern Andes (Bolivia) during the last 18,000 years

A c. 18 ka cal BP long sediment record from Laguna Khomer Kocha Upper (4153 m asl), Bolivia, shows that fire regime, governed by climatic variation, has long been a transformative agent in the eastern Andes. Before c. 14.5 ka cal BP, warming and relatively moist conditions free from fire, facilitated the expansion of high Andean Polylepis woodland. Fire onset at c. 14.5.ka cal BP, quickly transformed the local vegetation and the woodlands became restricted to areas protected from fire. A major increase in burning, c. 10.1–6.4 ka cal BP removed Polylepis woodland locally and this coincided with a region-wide Holocene dry event (HDE) which caused falling lake levels and allowed fire intensification. A decline in burning at c. 6.4 ka cal BP and an increase in marsh–woodland (Alnus) marked the termination of the HDE and a return to wetter conditions. As well as recording the environmental history of local vegetation dynamics, long-distance pollen transport provides evidence of changes in the Yungas montane forests, highlighting their sensitivity to climate and burning regimes. Simultaneous adjustments in both Andean and Yungas montane taxa suggest that vegetation dynamics in the two environments are linked to a common climatic driver. There is no evidence to indicate that human activity had any impact on the local landscape.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
MISALIGNED DISKS AS OBSCURERS IN ACTIVE GALAXIES

We critically review the evidence concerning the fraction of active galactic nuclei (AGNs) that appear as Type 2 AGNs, carefully distinguishing strict Type 2 AGNs from both more lightly reddened Type 1 AGNs, and from low excitation narrow line AGNs, which may represent a different mode of activity. Low-excitation AGNs occur predominantly at low luminosities; after removing these, true Type 2 AGNs represent 58% {+-} 5% of all AGNs, and lightly reddened Type 1 AGNs a further {approx}15%. Radio, IR, and volume-limited samples all agree in showing no change of Type 2 fraction with luminosity. X-ray samples do show a change with luminosity; we discuss possible reasons for this discrepancy. We test a very simple picture which produces this Type 2 fraction with minimal assumptions. In this picture, infall from large scales occurs in random directions, but must eventually align with the inner accretion flow, producing a severely warped disk on parsec scales. If the re-alignment is dominated by tilt, with minimal twist, a wide range of covering factors is predicted in individual objects, but with an expected mean fraction of Type 2 AGNs of exactly 50%. This 'tilted disk' picture predicts reasonable alignment of observed nuclear structures on average,more » but with distinct misalignments in individual cases. Initial case studies of the few well-resolved objects show that such misalignments are indeed present.« less

Field of study: Physics