nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Purification of sphingomyelinase to apparent homogeneity by using hydrophobic chromatography.

Placental sphingomyelinase has been purified to apparent homogeneity by a procedure that makes extensive use of hydrophobic interaction chromatography on sphingosylphosphocholine-CH-, octyl-, hexyl- and Blue-Sepharoses. Enzyme purification is about 10000- 14000-fold over starting extract with excellent yield (usually greater than 28%). Purification of bis-4-methylumbelliferyl phosphate phosphodiesterase activity generally paralleled that of sphingomyelinase during the final stages of the procedure. The enzyme also hydrolysed bis-p-nitrophenyl phosphate, but at a lower rate compared with bis-4-methylumbelliferyl phosphate. A single major protein was observed under non-denaturing conditions. Sphingomyelinase, denatured by reduction and alkylation, is composed of a major polypeptide chain with an apparent molecular weight of 89 100 on sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. Two minor lower-molecular-weight components were consistently obtained at 47 500 and 30 700. These results were also obtained after maleoylation of the reduced and alkylated sample. The enzyme contains a blocked-N-terminal amino acid. An extensive search for contaminating enzymes revealed the presence of minor amounts of acid phosphatase, which were removed from the final enzyme sample. The highly purified enzyme is stable for several weeks when stored with Triton X-100 at 4 degrees C. The pure enzyme aggregates under denaturing and electrophoretic conditions and special care must be taken to ensure that hydrophobic bonding of the protein is decreased as much as possible. The reproducibility and large scale of this procedure should facilitate further study on the structure and kinetic properties of the enzyme.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Research on the Construction Scheme of Oversize Transmission Overhead Lines Stringing

In order to carry out the construction scheme of oversize transmission overhead lines stringing successfully, the paper has done research on the construction scheme by the example of Su Tong oversize Transmission Overhead Lines so that a general scheme can be formed and promoted the use. As a result, the tension of wires and pulling ropes was obtained according to the formula of tension calculation giving and then achieved the selection of pulling rope and wires. Finally, the paper developed a strategy for the construction of oversize Transmission Overhead Lines Stringing. The research will play a key role in the general construction scheme of Oversize Transmission Overhead Lines Long Span in the future.

Field of study: Engineering
Retrograde ureteral access after cross-trigonal ureteral reimplantation: A straightforward technique.

Retrograde ureteral access after cross-trigonal ureteral reimplantation can be challenging. We present our experience with percutaneous retrograde ureteral catheterization, status post cross-trigonal ureteral reimplantation.



We evaluated all patients who underwent attempted percutaneous retrograde ureteral catheterization after cross-trigonal ureteral reimplantation. All clinical data, radiographic images and operative reports were reviewed. Ureteral access was obtained by percutaneously entering the bladder with an intravenous needle/catheter under cystoscopic guidance. The needle was then removed leaving the catheter in place. The ureteral orifice was then accessed through the intravenous catheter by a ureteral access wire and/or ureteral catheter under cystoscopic guidance.



From 1978 to 2008, 13 patients (11 boys and 2 girls) with a history of cross-trigonal ureteral reimplantation underwent percutaneous retrograde ureteral catheterization. The procedure was unilateral in 12 patients and bilateral in one. Indications for the procedure included: retrograde pyelography and double-J stent insertion for ureteropelvic junction or ureterovesical junction obstruction (10); removal of migrated stent (2); and treatment of a ureteral stone (1). The procedure was performed successfully in all patients and without complications.



Percutaneous retrograde ureteral catheterization is a safe, straightforward, and effective modality for obtaining retrograde ureteral access in children, status post cross-trigonal ureteral reimplantation.

Field of study: Medicine
Factors explaining the referral of the elderly to home nursing or home help.

Factors explaining the referral of the elderly to home nursing or home help or both were studied in a population (n = 1358) aged 60 years or over and living in the commune of Ahtäri, a semi-industrialized community in middle-western Finland, using social and health care registers and questionnaires in collecting data. The clients of home nursing and of combined home nursing and home help were predominantly women, whereas men were in the majority among those referred to home help. A stepwise regression analysis showed old age, living alone, low self-perceived health, low education and few visiting contacts to explain home nursing or home help among men. Among women, the most important variables explaining home nursing or home help in the regression model were old age, low self-perceived health, low standard of housing, high amount of symptoms and lowered functional capacity. The poor availability of social support is more important a factor explaining the referral to home care among elderly men than among women. On the other hand, low health status and poor functional capacity, as well as poor availability of physical support are more important factors among women than men.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Instructional Scaffolding to Improve Students’ Skills in Evaluating Clinical Literature

To implement and assess the effectiveness of an activity to teach pharmacy students to critically evaluate clinical literature using instructional scaffolding and a Clinical Trial Evaluation Rubric.  The literature evaluation activity centered on a single clinical research article and involved individual, small group, and large group instruction, with carefully structured, evidence-based scaffolds and support materials centered around 3 educational themes: (1) the reader's awareness of text organization, (2) contextual/background information and vocabulary, and (3) questioning, prompting, and self-monitoring (metacognition). Assessment. Students initially read the article, scored it using the rubric, and wrote an evaluation. Students then worked individually using a worksheet to identify and define 4 to 5 vocabulary/concept knowledge gaps. They then worked in small groups and as a class to further improve their skills. Finally, they assessed the same article using the rubric and writing a second evaluation. Students’ rubric scores for the article decreased significantly from a mean pre-activity score of 76.7% to a post-activity score of 61.7%, indicating that their skills in identifying weaknesses in the article's study design had improved.  Use of instructional scaffolding in the form of vocabulary supports and the Clinical Trial Evaluation Rubric improved students’ ability to critically evaluate a clinical study compared to lecture-based coursework alone.

Field of study: Education, Medicine
Ooidal ironstones from Ordovician Gondwana: a review

Ooidal ironstones occur widely in the Ordovician shelf sequences of SW Europe (the Western European Platform), the Avalonian Terranes and North Africa. They form the most important group of deposits of the earlier of the two major periods of Phanerozoic ooidal ironstone generation (Ordovician-Devonian and Jurassic-Paleogene). Individual ooidal ironstone horizons are generally thin (less than 2 m), but may have a very wide lateral extent. The ooidal ironstones represent sediments formed under extremely low sedimentation rates and were most commonly developed as the initial deposit above a disconformity. Ooidal ironstone-producing events occurred almost synchronously over wide areas of the Gondwanan shelf, reflecting the uniform sedimentary conditions across large areas of the shallow, low gradient shelf. Clastic sediments deposited during periods of “normal” sedimentation show similar remarkable uniformity over large areas. This geometry, together with the abundant fauna (both micro- and macro-) in the ironstone facies, means that these thin ironstone beds form important marker horizons for correlation within the region. The stratigraphic distribution of the ironstones shows strong correlation with periods of high relative sea level. Sedimentological study of examples in SW Europe indicate that they separate transgressive systems tracts (with parasequences bounded by phosphorites) from the early part of the following highstand systems tracts (without significant parasequences) and are therefore interpreted to lie on maximum flooding surfaces. Such maximum flooding surfaces occur in the early Llavirn, the late Llanvirn, the early Caradoc and the early Ashgill of SW Europe. Outside SW Europe the ooidal ironstones may have a different relationship to the sequence stratigraphy, possibly reflecting the influence of absolute water-depth.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Sand pits as habitats for beetles (Coleoptera): does area affect species number and composition?

Species living in open sandy habitats are declining in northern Europe because of habitat loss and degradation. However, mining of sand creates potential new habitats for these species in the form of sand pits. In this study we investigated the beetle fauna in sand pits in order to determine what kind of sand pits are the most valuable for conservation, in terms of sand pit area (primarily) and the proportion of sand material, vegetation cover, tree cover and edge habitats. Thirteen sand pits in Uppsala County, Sweden, ranging in size from 0.02 to 18 ha, were included in this study. A total of 2,500 individuals of beetles, belonging to 256 species, were sampled by pitfall traps. Thirty-nine of the species were classified as specialized sand-dwelling species and two were Swedish Red List species. We found that the area of sand pits affects both species number and species composition of beetles. A positive species-area relationship was found, best explained by a quadratic power function, for the habitat-specific species (i.e., sand species). Our recommendation is to prioritize sand pits with areas between 0.3 and 5 ha, with preference towards the lower end of this range, for conserving sand-dwelling beetles.

Field of study: Environmental science
Drama at the Courts of Henrietta Maria (review)

raised to political prominence after his father’s death by merit not blood. Ng also casts canonical authors in a new light: her analysis of the dynamic fraternal relations of Paradise Lost, for example, concludes with an innovative discussion of Eve as an analogical younger brother — a seemingly secondary figure whose belatedness actually augurs social and religious renewal. In a similarly sophisticated reading, she shows how Margaret Cavendish’s old Cavalier values clash with Restoration sexual and state politics. It may be an overstatement to align Cavendish with “radicalism” (141), but Ng’s revelation of fissures within Restoration Royalism is subtle and persuasive. Reading across the boundaries of political affiliation and genre, this book brilliantly elucidates the variable and hotly-contested nature of parallels between family and state in this turbulent period. Literature and the Politics of Family will prove invaluable to scholars of seventeenth-century literature, political culture, and gender politics. CATHARINE GRAY University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

Field of study: History
Flexible Power Interconnection With SMES

Electric power networks are usually interconnected with each other through a back-to-back direct-current (DC) link to increase reliability of electric power networks and to improve system operations. The objective of this work is to discuss the concept of a superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) incorporated into a back-to-back interconnection. In this case, the back-to-back system is used as a power conditioning system for the SMES coils. Since the AC/DC converter can be designed independently of the frequency of the power system, a two-way switch is connected to the AC side of each converter. This two-way switch can select the interconnected power system. By using the two-way switches, this system can increase the availability factor of the back-to-back interconnection during the SMES operations and also enables the flexible power interchange between interconnected power networks with an optimal time interval for the power demand of each interconnected power network. This work discusses the design considerations of the back-to-back interconnection with the SMES that enables the replacement of a pumped hydro storage. In this case, the SMES system is composed of a number of superconducting coils in order to decrease the risk of the superconducting coil constructions by the effect of mass production. In this work, the SMES coils are optimized from the required mass of the structure and the leakage magnetic field

Field of study: Physics
Mining domain knowledge from app descriptions

Domain analysis aims at gaining knowledge to a particular domain in the early stage of software development. A key challenge in domain analysis is to extract features automatically from related product artifacts. Compared with other kinds of artifacts, high volume of descriptions can be collected from App marketplaces (such as Google Play and Apple Store) easily when developing a new mobile application (App), so it is essential for the success of domain analysis to gain features and relationships from them using data analysis techniques. In this paper, we propose an approach to mine domain knowledge from App descriptions automatically, where the information of features in a single App description is firstly extracted and formally described by a Concern-based Description Model (CDM), which is based on predefined rules of feature extraction and a modified topic modeling method; then the overall knowledge in the domain is identified by classifying, clustering and merging the knowledge in the set of CDMs and topics, and the results are formalized by a Data-based Raw Domain Model (DRDM). Furthermore, we propose a quantified evaluation method for prioritizing the knowledge in DRDM. The proposed approach is validated by a series of experiments.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
The new regulatory tools of the 2016 Health Law to fight drug shortages in France.

Drug shortages are becoming worrying for public health in the European Union. The French public authorities first took action against the causes of drug shortages in 2011 with a law, followed by a decree in 2012 to overcome the dysfunctions of the pharmaceutical distribution channel. These texts would establish emergency call centres implemented by pharmaceutical companies for pharmacists and for wholesalers to inform of shortages, and would oblige pharmaceutical companies to inform health authorities of any risk of potential shortage situation; they would also reinforce the declaration regime of the territory served by wholesalers. Through the Health Law of January 2016, France acquired new regulatory tools in order to fight against these shortages and wanted to target the drugs for which they are the most detrimental: the major therapeutic interest (MTI) drugs. Furthermore, this new text reinforces the legal obligations of pharmaceutical companies and of wholesalers for drug shortages and sets out the enforcement of sanctions in case of breach of these obligations. France's goal is ambitious: to implement coercive measures aiming at making the actors of the drug distribution channel aware of their responsibilities in order to take up the public health challenge triggered by drug shortages.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Euphemism and the Politeness Principle

In linguistic communication, euphemism is a lubricant, whereas the politeness principle is a norm of moderating linguistic behavior. This paper analyzes euphemism with the basic theory of pragmatics, showing the relationship between euphemism and the politeness principle. In order to achieve a better communicative effectiveness, euphemism is used to deliberately violate the cooperative principle due to the consideration of politeness in specific context. Euphemism is closely related to politeness, and euphemism observes the politeness principle.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
An Extended Projection Data Depth and Its Applications to Discrimination

This article investigates the possible use of our newly defined extended projection depth (abbreviated to EPD) in nonparametric discriminant analysis. We propose a robust nonparametric classifier, which relies on the intuitively simple notion of EPD. The EPD-based classifier assigns an observation to the population with respect to which it has the maximum EPD. Asymptotic properties of misclassification rates and robust properties of EPD-based classifier are discussed. A few simulated data sets are used to compare the performance of EPD-based classifier with Fisher's linear discriminant rule, quadratic discriminant rule, and PD-based classifier. It is also found that when the underlying distributions are elliptically symmetric, EPD-based classifier is asymptotically equivalent to the optimal Bayes classifier.

Field of study: Mathematics
Ultrastructural changes and Heat Shock Proteins 70 induced by atmospheric pollution are similar to the effects observed under in vitro heavy metals stress in Conocephalum conicum (Marchantiales--Bryophyta).

Changes in ultrastructure and induction of Heat Shock Proteins 70 have been studied in Conocephalum conicum (Marchantiales) collected in different urban and country sites in Italy. These results were compared to the effects in vitro of exposition to different heavy metals for several days. At urban sites, cellular ultrastructure was modified, and heavy metals could be observed accumulating in cell walls. Simultaneously, a strong increment in Hsp70 was detected, compared with results observed on control specimens. When C. conicum was exposed to heavy metals in vitro, comparable effects as in polluted sites were observed: Cd and Pb accumulated mostly within parenchyma and, within cells, were absorbed to cell walls or concentrated in vacuoles. Moreover, severe alterations were observed in organelles. Concomitantly, a progressive accumulation of Hsp70 was detected following heavy metals exposition. These effects are discussed in order to describe the dose and time-dependent response to heavy metal stress in C. conicum.

Field of study: Environmental science
Semiclassical delta self-energy

We present a semiclassical approach of the Δ self-energy. We show that the in-medium corrections of the Δ width issued from the Pauli blocking and the coupling to the 2N-1h continuum are in good agreement with the previous approaches and particularly with the quantum Δ-h model even for light nuclei. We separate out the different sources of the imaginary part of the self-energy. The predominant corrections come from two antagonistic origins: the Pauli blocking and the contribution to the two-nucleon emission channel, the latter being model dependent. We further show that the non-diagonal spin matrix elements of the self-energy, generated by its tensor component, are mostly due to the Pauli blocking.

Field of study: Physics
Myths of Venice: The Figuration of a State. David Rosand

The first generation of American historians to try to reach women took the field of Venetian Renaissance at its then current state, with its study of political and intellectual elites, and tried to hear women's voices. Stanley Chojnacki relied on the documents of the leading class; his work of twenty years is newly collected in Women and Men in Renaissance Venice: Twelve Essays on Patrician Society (Baltimore, 2000). Margaret King's definitive study of the intellectual elite, Venetian Humanism in an Age of Patrician Dominance (Princeton, 1986), led her to locate women among the humanists, as in King and Albert Rabil, Her Immaculate Hand (Binghamton, NY, 1983), and arguably has led to the University of Chicago Press' "Other Voices" series, the latter artfully used by Ferraro. However a second generation, in one case quite literally, has tried to push out from the elite center toward women on the peripheries of Venetian life and to place them in their institutional setting, whether the informal institutions of neighbor and class or the formal institutions of convent and house of refuge. Monica Chojnacka does the former in Working Women in Early Modern Venice (Baltimore, 2001), Jutta Sperling the latter in Convents and the Body Politic in Late Renaissance Venice (Chicago, 1999). This broader social context for women's lives is further expanded by Ferraro's use of mostly non-patrician documents to study the age-old institution of marriage. Ferraro's own evolution from her first book, Family and Public Life in Brescia, 1580-1650: The Foundations of Power in the Venetian State (Cambridge, 1993), to Marriage Wars reflects this general trend among American Venetianists. The patriarchal archives, newly opened to scholarly access, offer many avenues of investigation. Scholars can be grateful to Ferraro for opening up a vein of documentation and showing how it may be mined. Those who have studied the Renaissance because of its high culture of humanism and art may be dismayed by a discussion of such matters; others will welcome the added dimension of humanity, with all its complexity and complexes, which Ferraro has added to our common pursuit of Renaissance studies. SALLY A. SCULLY San Francisco State University

Field of study: History
Differences between two laparoscopic insufflated activities during the postoperative recovery

To observe the differences between two laparoscopic insufflated activities during the postoperative recovery. Sixty patients who chosen the gynecological benign elective operation were divided into two groups: group A (improved group, n=30)and group B(traditional group, n=30). All patients were received general anesthesia through the navel. Group A: it was insufflated via Laparoscopic sleeve after positioning the light. Group B: it was insufflated via verss. No one showed the signs of extra peritoneal emphysema and subcutaneous hemorrhage, while the patients in group B was 7 and 3. The differences between two groups had statistical significance(P<0.05).  The improved insufflated activities had obviously improved the quality of postoperative recovery.

Field of study: Medicine
Effect of source-sink ratio on seed set and filling in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)

Poor seed development in sunflower may result from insufficient assimilate supply (source limitation). To test this hypothesis, the effects of changed source‐sink ratio on seed set (measured as percentage of empty achenes) and seed filling (measured as dry mass per filled achene) in individual plants were investigated. Source‐sink ratio, defined as leaf area per floret (LAF), was experimentally altered using invasive (floret removal, defoliation) and non-invasive (pulse of chilling, short days or shading during leaf or floret initiation) treatments. Shading at floret initiation proved the most effective non-invasive method. Generally, an increase, or decrease, in LAF improved, or impaired, both seed set and filling. Increasing LAF by 2.0 cm 2 [95% confidence interval (1.5, 2.5)] decreased the percentage of empty achenes by 36.9%-points ( − 41.9, − 30.9) and increased dry mass per filled achene by 20.1 mg (13.6, 26.7) in the capitulum centre. The effect of source‐sink ratio on seed set was always strongest in the centre, whereas peripheral whorls were not affected. Achene mass was affected in all parts of the capitulum. It is concluded that source limitation is a major cause for empty achenes in sunflower plants grown under non-stress conditions.

Field of study: Environmental science