nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Minimising disparity in distribution for unsupervised domain adaptation by preserving the local spatial arrangement of data

Domain adaptation is used for machine learning tasks, when the distribution of the training (obtained from source domain) set differs from that of the testing (referred as target domain) set. In the work presented in this study, the problem of unsupervised domain adaptation is solved using a novel optimisation function to minimise the global and local discrepancies between the transformed source and the target domains. The dissimilarity in data distributions is the major contributor to the global discrepancy between the two domains. The authors propose two techniques to preserve the local structural information of source domain: (i) identify closest pair of instances in source domain and minimise the distances between these pairs of instances after transformation; (ii) preserve the naturally occurring clusters present in source domain during transformation. This cost function and constraints yield a non-linear optimisation problem, used to estimate the weight matrix. An iterative framework solves the optimisation problem, providing a sub-optimal solution. Next, using orthogonality constraint, an optimisation task is formulated in the Stiefel manifold. Performance analysis using real-world datasets show that the proposed methods perform better than a few recently published state-of-the-art methods.

Field of study: Computer science
Neonatal alcohol-induced region-dependent changes in rat brain neurochemistry measured by high-resolution magnetic resonance spectroscopy.

Maternal drinking during pregnancy can lead to a range of deleterious outcomes in the developing offspring that have been collectively termed fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs). There is interest and recognized value in using non-invasive neuroimaging techniques such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) to characterize, respectively, structural and biochemical alterations in individuals with FASDs. To date, however, results with MRS have been inconsistent regarding the degree and/or nature of abnormalities.



High-resolution magic angle spinning (HR-MAS) proton ((1)H) MRS is an ex vivo neuroimaging technique that can acquire spectra in small punches of intact tissue, providing clinically relevant neurochemical information about discrete brain regions. In this study, HR-MAS (1)H MRS was used to examine regional neurochemistry in frontal cortex, striatum, hippocampus, and cerebellum of young rats previously exposed to ethanol as neonates. Key neurochemicals of interest included N-acetyl-aspartate (NAA), glutamate, GABA, glutamine, creatine, choline and myo-inositol.



Daily neonatal alcohol exposure from postnatal day 4 (PN4) through PN9 significantly reduced levels of NAA and taurine in the cerebellum and striatum, and induced sex-dependent reductions in cerebellar glutamate when measured on PN16. In addition, myo-inositol was significantly increased in cerebellum. The frontal cortex and hippocampus were virtually unaffected by this neonatal alcohol exposure.



Results of this research may have implications for understanding the underlying neurobiology associated with FASDs and aid in testing treatments in the future. Ongoing studies are assessing the developmental persistence of and/or maturational recovery from these changes.

Field of study: Medicine
Crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction data for a purple acid phosphatase from sweet potato.

Purple acid phosphatase from sweet potato is a homodimer of 110 kDa. Two forms of the enzyme have been characterized. One contains an Fe-Zn centre similar to that previously reported for red kidney bean purple acid phosphatase. Another isoform, the subject of this work, is the first confirmed example of an Fe-Mn-containing enzyme. Crystals of this protein have been grown from PEG 6000. They have unit-cell parameters a = b = 118.4, c = 287.4 A and have the symmetry of space group P6(5)22, with one dimer per asymmetric unit. Diffraction data collected using a conventional X--ray source from a cryocooled crystal extend to 2.90 A resolution. The three-dimensional structure of the enzyme will provide insight into the coordination of this novel binuclear metal centre.

Field of study: Chemistry
Approximate Minimum Energy Control

A computationally simple approximation to the minimum energy controller for a linear system is achieved by reducing the complexity of the mathematical model of the system. After specifying the criterion for identifying an optimal model of lower order, the required model boundary conditions are deduced. Controller performance is expressed as a scalar valued functional of the model coefficient matrices, and a computational algorithm is suggested for evaluating the best model. The suboptimal control is then expressed in terms of the derived model parameters.

Field of study: Physics
A Concept of the “Ideal” Therapeutic Relationship in Classes for Emotionally Disturbed Children

tionally disturbed children about which educators have generally agreed is the need for positive teacher-pupil rapport. The number of articles related to this factor and the number of references in which such concern appears are legion. Devereux (1956) has formulated teacher-pupil relationships which are based on psychoanalytic conceptualizations of teaching emotionally disturbed children. He specifies, among other things, the realization of teacher behavior directed toward immediate pupil achievement as a basic condition in the initial o r unlearning phase of “therapeutic education.” Berkowitz and Rothman (1960), consider “need-acceptance” (the view that a child’s behavior must be totally accepted by his teacher as being needed by the child for sustaining himself in the environment in which he finds himself); as being an essential state in the development of a conUniversity of Minnesota flict-free classroom milieu. Such a classroom environment, established early, reportedly decreases the potential for hostile teacher perceptions and allows the child to derive greater benefit from the teacher’s instructional talents. Similarly, Morse (1964), and others (,Liss 1955, Hirschberg 1953), maintain that although the teacher’s relationship with her disturbed pupils is not necessarily the prototype of the psychotherapist’s relationship with his client, it contains many of the same components. What is more, it has frequently been possible to demonstrate that the perceptions held by teachers in regard to teacher-pupil relationships yield a significant predictive accuracy for describing teacher behavior in the areas of classroom management, control, and instruction. Flanders (1965) offers some support for this position. On the A CONCEPT OF THE “IDEAL” THERAPEUTIC RELATIONSHIP IN CLASSES FOR EMOTIONALLY DISTURBED CHILDREN :RANK 8. WILDERSON, JR., Ph.D.

Field of study: Education
Selective inhibition of alcohol intake in diverse alcohol-preferring rat strains by the 5-HT2A antagonists amperozide and FG 5974.

The present studies sought to elucidate the role of 5-HT2A receptor antagonists in suppressing alcohol intake by comparing the effects of amperozide and FG 5974 on alcohol, food, and water intake in strains of alcohol-preferring rats: P, Alko Alcohol (AA), and Fawn-Hooded (FH). Both amperozide and FG 5974 have 5-HT2A receptor antagonist properties, but FG 5974 also shows presynaptic 5-HT1A receptor agonist activity. After establishment of stable baselines for intake measures in a two-bottle continuous access paradigm, rats (n = 10) were injected with 1 of 5 doses (0, 2.5, 5.0, and 10.0 mg/kg, sc) of amperozide or FG 5974 at weekly intervals. Amperozide dose-dependently reduced alcohol intake, total fluid intake, and alcohol preference in all three strains under continuous access conditions, whereas FG 5974 was less effective. Food intake was also suppressed by amperozide at higher doses, whereas it was increased by FG 5974. Amperozide also dose-dependently reduced alcohol intake when it was available for only 1 hr/day, but FG 5974 tended to increase it. After oral administration, amperozide was also more effective than FG 5974 in reducing alcohol intake. Despite these differences in efficacy in suppressing alcohol intake, both compounds produced taste aversion to a novel saccharin solution. These complex findings suggest that biochemical properties other than 5-HT2A receptor antagonism (e.g., 5-HT1A receptor agonism) may be involved in the effects of amperozide and FG 5974 on alcohol intake and other consummatory behaviors.

Field of study: Medicine
Transpiration rates of stored perishable commodities: a mathematical model and experiments on tomatoes

Resume On decrit un modele mathematique permettant de prevoir les pertes d'eau dues a la transpiration lors de l'entreposage frigorifique des fruits et des legumes. Ce modele est valable pour des produits de forme a peu pres spherique, avec une peau uniforme et tres impermeable. Ce modele est ainsi applicable a une grande diversite de fruits, mais l'experimentation a ete limitee aux tomates.

Field of study: Engineering
Highest Weight Theory for Finite W-Algebras

We define analogues of Verma modules for finite W-algebras. By the usual ideas of highest weight theory, this is a first step toward the classification of finite-dimensional irreducible modules. We also introduce an analogue of the BGG category . Motivated by known results in type A, we then formulate some precise conjectures in the case of nilpotent orbits of standard Levi type.

Field of study: Mathematics
Atmospheric fate of peroxyacetyl nitrate in suburban Hong Kong and its impact on local ozone pollution.

Peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) is an important reservoir of atmospheric nitrogen, modulating reactive nitrogen cycle and ozone (O3) formation. To understand the origins of PAN, a field measurement was conducted at Tung Chung site (TC) in suburban Hong Kong from October to November 2016. The average level of PAN was 0.63 ± 0.05 ppbv, with a maximum of 7.30 ppbv. Higher PAN/O3 ratio (0.043-0.058) was captured on episodes, i.e. when hourly maximum O3 exceeded 80 ppbv, than on non-episodes (0.01), since O3 production was less efficient than PAN when there was an elevation of precursors (i.e. volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and nitrogen oxide (NOx)). Model simulations revealed that oxidations of acetaldehyde (65.3 ± 2.3%), methylglyoxal (MGLY, 12.7 ± 1.2%) and other oxygenated VOCs (OVOCs) (8.0 ± 0.6%), and radical cycling (12.2 ± 0.8%) were the major production pathways of peroxyacetyl (PA) radical, while local PAN formation was controlled by both VOCs and nitrogen dioxide (NO2). Among all VOC species, carbonyls made the highest contribution (59%) to PAN formation, followed by aromatics (26%) and biogenic VOCs (BVOCs) (10%) through direct oxidation/decomposition. Besides, active VOCs (i.e. carbonyls, aromatics, BVOCs and alkenes/alkynes) could stimulate hydroxyl (OH) production, thus indirectly facilitating the PAN formation. Apart from primary emissions, carbonyls were also generated from oxidation of first-generation precursors, i.e., hydrocarbons, of which xylenes contributed the most to PAN production. Furthermore, PAN formation suppressed local O3 formation at a rate of 2.84 ppbv/ppbv, when NO2, OH and hydroperoxy (HO2) levels decreased and nitrogen monoxide (NO) value enhanced. Namely, O3 was reduced by 2.84 ppbv per ppbv PAN formation. Net O3 production rate was weakened (∼36%) due to PAN photochemistry, so as each individual production and loss pathway. The findings advanced our knowledge of atmospheric PAN and its impact on O3 production.

Field of study: Environmental science
SPR proxy mechanism for 3GPP Policy and Charging Control System

3GPP has standardized its Policy and Charging Control (PCC) system to provide dynamic policy control combined with real-time charging. The specific guidance on how PCC signaling delay can be reduced in session setup has not been explored in 3GPP standard. To bridge this gap, we propose an SPR proxy mechanism to shorten the PCC record retrieval delay which occurs between two PCC nodes: the Policy and Charging Rule Function (PCRF) and the Subscription Profile Repository (SPR). Our proposed SPR proxy is implemented at the PCRF to store the serving users' PCC records retrieved from the SPR. Once the PCC records are updated by the subscribers, the SPR needs to refresh the SPR proxy in order to retain the record validity. If the PCC record updates in the SPR occur more frequently than the PCC record accesses performed by the PCRF, the SPR will generate many unnecessary refresh operations. The objective of this paper is to propose two delayed refresh schemes to be used alongside the SPR proxy for refresh suppression. Our schemes can dynamically adjust the delayed refresh timer according to the multi-user update rate of PCC records in the SPR. An analytical model and extensive simulation are developed to investigate the SPR proxy performance in terms of the proxy validity and the expected number of refreshes saved. Numerical results show that our SPR proxy mechanism with delayed refresh can significantly shorten the PCC-based session setup delay without significantly diminishing the proxy validity of PCC records.

Field of study: Computer science
Long Non-Coding RNAs in Cardiac Remodeling

Cardiac remodeling occurs after stress to the heart, manifested as pathological processes, including hypertrophy and apoptosis of cardiomyocytes, dysfunction of vascular endothelial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells as well as differentiation and proliferation of fibroblasts, ultimately resulting in progression of cardiovascular diseases. Emerging evidence has revealed that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) acted as powerful and dynamic modifiers of cardiac remodeling. LncRNAs including Chaer, Chast, Mhrt, CHRF, ROR, H19, and MIAT have been implicated in cardiac hypertrophy while NRF, H19, APF, CARL, UCA, Mhrt and several other lncRNAs (n379599, n379519, n384640, n380433 and n410105) in cardiomyocyte loss and extracellular matrix remodeling. In addition, MALAT1 and TGFB2-OT1 have been reported to contribute to vascular endothelial cells dysfunction while lincRNA-p21 and lnc-Ang362 to vascular smooth muscle cells proliferation. Thus, manipulation of lncRNA expression levels through either the inhibition of disease-up-regulated lncRNAs or increasing disease-down-regulated lncRNAs represents novel therapeutic strategies for cardiac remodeling.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
The transcription factor CREB is not phosphorylated at serine 133 in axotomized neurons: implications for the expression of AP-1 proteins.

The present study has investigated whether nerve fiber transection alters the phosphorylation of serine at position 133 (Ser133) of the transcription factor CREB (phosphoCREB). Activation of CREB by phosphorylation has a major function in the control of gene transcription. PhosphoCREB was visualized by antisera that specifically react with an epitope comprising the phosphorylated Ser133 of CREB as well as of CREM and ATF1 proteins. In untreated rats, nuclear immunoreactivity (IR) of phosphoCREB was consistently visible, e.g. in the cortex, thalamic and hypothalamic compartments and central termination areas of primary somatosensory afferents. Transection of peripheral (sciatic nerve), cranial (hypoglossal and facial nerve) and central (medial forebrain bundle and mammillo-thalamic tract) nerve fibers did not increase phosphoCREB-IR in the axotomized neurons between 5 min and 30 days post-axotomy. In contrast, phosphoCREB-IR appeared after 24 h in glial cells adjacent to the axotomized motoneurons and persisted up to 4 weeks. This increase in glial phosphoCREB-IR was paralleled by enhanced expression of the CREB protein itself. Between 20 min and 24 h following sciatic nerve transection, the number of phosphoCREB labeled nuclei also increased in neurons of the ipsilateral superficial dorsal horn of lumbar L3-L5 spinal cord segments. These data suggest that phosphorylation of Ser133 in CREB/CREM/ATF1 proteins is not involved in the transcriptional control of early-response genes such as c-jun in axotomized neurons following nerve transection. This is in contrast to the reported phosphorylation of CREB and its trans-acting effects on immediate-early genes such as c-fos after transynaptic neuronal excitation.

Field of study: Biology
Speckle from rough rotating objects.

Dynamic speckle from rough rotating objects with nonplanar underlying shape is considered in theory and experiment. The theoretical treatment is based on modeling the optical field as a sum of contributions from discrete scatterers on the surface of the object. It follows that computation of the speckle correlation function requires knowledge of the object's average scattering strength as a function of position and the underlying shape of the object. Calculation of the speckle correlation function reduces to tracing a series of rays that coarsely sample the object and for each ray computing the relative phase shift resulting from object rotation. This method is quite simple compared to previous analytic techniques. Theory and experiment are compared for cylinders with a variety of surface coatings. Dynamic speckle from multiple rotating objects and objects with complicated underlying shape is also considered.

Field of study: Physics
The Political Economy and Complex Interdependency of the War System in Syria

Duration of civil wars has been an elusive area of study particularly because of the tedious task of disentangling the interplay of actors’ agencies, incentives' structures and constraints. This article tackles Syria’s civil war that has completed its fifth year with little hope for an end any time soon. I examine a plausible cause leading to its protraction. Namely the formation of a war system, which made the costs of war less than the expected risks of peace giving the local, regional and international actors that are shouldering the costs. The war system approach combines class analysis with system-structural analysis capturing nuances and dynamics of conflict. This article is based in part based on primary sources collected by author in the Summers of 2014 and 2015

Field of study: History, Sociology
Posterior Urethral Valves (PUV): Prenatal Ultrasound Findings and their Correlation with Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) at I Year of Age

The prognostic value of prenatal ultrasound in boys with PUV is controversial, especially in those with normal amniotic fluid (AF) volumes. This study correlates the prenatal status with the outcome of renal function at age 1-year.  with a prenatal history at one of two referring fetal medicine units are included in the analysis. GFR (Cr51 EDTA C-slope clearance ml/min/1.73 m 2) at 1-year of age was correlated with amniotic fluid volume (AF; n=25) and with the status of pre-natal renal cortical echogenecity (n=18). GFR results were classified into 3 groups; Normal (>80mls/min/1. 73m 2), Impaired (30 – 80 ml/min/1.73 m 2) and End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) (  Prenatal detection did not affect the outcome of GFR compared with post-natal presentation only (means 71.73 v 71.5 respectively). Normal AF was associated with a better GFR compared with reduced AF (86 v 30; P Conclusions “Normal” AF with PUV obstruction does not predict a normal GFR at 1-year of age. Pre-natal bilateral echogenic kidneys and reduced AF are associated with a poor renal outcome at age 1-year. A “Normal” ultrasound at 20 weeks gestation does not exclude PUV obstruction.

Field of study: Medicine
بند موصولی عربی و فارسی

Typology is a branch of linguistics which studies the structural similarities between languages, regardless of their history. Linguistic studies have proven that different languages in the world have similarities which called Language Universals. Study of Word Order is one of the most important topics in Typology of language, because of languages are more diverse in this respect, and this diversity is a tool for typological studies. One of these diversities is sequence of Relative Clause and Noun. Topologists have identified two types: Relative Clause – Noun (Rel N) and Noun - Relative Clause (N Rel). In their view, these two sequences correlate with the arrangement of the main constituents of language in particular (verb and object).Consequently, according to their predictions, (N Rel) sequence is predominantly in VO languages, and (Rel N) sequence in OV languages. In the present article, we study relative clause in Persian and Arabic languages in order to clarify what are the characteristics of relative clause in both languages and what are the similarities and differences between them. In addition, the research seeks to study the sequence of noun and relative clause in the light of the views of Topologists. The research method is descriptive-analytical and the sentences are collected from different official texts of both Persian and Arabic languages. Over ten thousand sentences were studied .The findings of the study showed that Persian and Arabic languages follow the dominant global pattern in the sequence of relative clause and noun, meaning that both languages have the sequence (N Rel). In this context, however, the Persian language does not follow the predictions made for the ending verbs or OV languages. While the Arabic language is consistent with the predictions presented for VO languages. Also another result of this study is that the phenomenon of relative clause movement in Persian language is possible but not in Arabic.

Field of study: Linguistics
Improved retrieval of gas abundances from near-infrared solar FTIR spectra measured at the Karlsruhe TCCON station

We present a modified retrieval strategy for solar absorption spectra recorded by the Karlsruhe Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectrometer, which is operational within the Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON). In typical TCCON stations, the 3800–11 000 cm−1 spectral region is measured on a single extended Indium Gallium Arsenide (InGaAs) detector. The Karlsruhe setup instead splits the spectrum across an Indium Antimonide (InSb) and InGaAs detector through the use of a dichroic beam splitter. This permits measurements further into the mid-infrared (MIR) that are of scientific interest, but are not considered TCCON measurements. This optical setup induces, however, larger variations in the continuum level of the solar spectra than the typical TCCON setup. Here we investigate the appropriate treatment of continuum-level variations in the retrieval strategy using the spectra recorded in Karlsruhe. The broad spectral windows used by TCCON require special attention with respect to residual curvature in the spectral fits. To accommodate the unique setup of Karlsruhe, higher-order discrete Legendre polynomial basis functions have been enabled in the TCCON retrieval code to fit the continuum. This improves spectral fits and air-mass dependencies for affected spectral windows. After fitting the continuum curvature, the Karlsruhe greenhouse gas records are in good agreement with other European TCCON data sets.

Field of study: Environmental science