nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Inactivation of Microorganisms in Cloudy Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba Linn.) Juice by Pulsed Electric Fields

Pulsed electric fields (PEF) were applied to neutral ginkgo cloudy juice to study the influence of the electric field strength, the treatment time and temperature on microbial inactivation. The results showed that microbial inactivation increased with the electric field strength, the treatment time and temperature. PEF treatment caused 3.39 and 4.44-log cycles reduction of coliforms and total plate counts, respectively, when pulse duration was 3 μs, the electric field strength 30 kV/cm, the treatment time 520 μs and the water bath temperature 15°C. Under the same conditions, the microbial shelf life of ginkgo cloudy juice was extended to 24 days at 4°C and 18 days at room temperature. A 3.7-log cycles reduction of the total yeast and mould counts was obtained by applying 390 μs of 30 kV/cm at 15°C.Yeast and mould cells were less resistant to PEF process than bacteria cells. The effect of heat generated during the PEF treatment was limited on microbial inactivation. Temperature and the induced heat by PEF had synergistic effects to microbial inactivation in cloudy ginkgo juice.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Deficiencies in CD4+ and CD8+ T cell subsets in ataxia telangiectasia

Chronic sinopulmonary infections that are associated with immunodeficiency are one of the leading causes of death in the multi‐systemic disease ataxia telangiectasia (AT). Immunological investigations of AT patients revealed a broad spectrum of defects in the humoral and the cellular immune system. Based on their important role in host defence the aim of our study was an extensive analysis of cell distribution and function of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes and NK cells. We found that naive (CD45RA+) CD4+ lymphocytes, as well as CD8+/CD45RA+ lymphocytes, are decreased, whereas NK cells (CD3−/CD16+CD56+) are significantly elevated in AT patients. In our culture system proliferation and cytokine production was normal in purified memory (CD45RO+) lymphocytes after stimulation with phorbol‐12,13‐dibutyrate (PBu2) and after PHA activation, indicating that differences in proliferation and cytokine production are due solely to reduced numbers of CD45RA+ lymphocytes. However, activation, and especially intracellular interferon production of AT lymphocytes, seem to follow different kinetics compared to controls. In contrast to polyclonal activation, stimulation via the T cell receptor results consistently in a reduced immune response. Taken together, our results suggest that deficiency of immunocompetent cells and an intrinsic immune activation defect are responsible for the immunodeficiency in AT.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Expression of the growth-associated protein B-50/GAP43 via a defective herpes-simplex virus vector results in profound morphological changes in non-neuronal cells.

This study describes the creation and application of a defective herpes simplex viral (HSV) vector for B-50/GAP-43, a neural growth-associated phosphoprotein. We demonstrate abundant expression of B-50/GAP-43 in cultured non-neuronal cells (African green monkey kidney cells [vero cells] and Rabbit skin cells) via this HSV vector. When B-50/GAP-43 was expressed in non-neuronal cells major morphological changes occurred that included extensive membrane ruffling, the formation of filopodia and long thin extensions reminiscent of neurites. These extensions often terminated in growth cone-like structures. Quantitation of these morphological changes at different times following infection demonstrates that the surface area of the B-50/GAP-43-expressing cells started to increase between 6 and 10 h post-infection. At 72 h, B-50/GAP-43-positive cells were 3.0 times larger in size and one third of the cells expressed long processes with a mean length of 165 +/- 14.5 microns. Ultrastructural studies of cells 48 h after infection revealed that B-50/GAP-43 is predominantly localized at the plasma membrane of the elaborated processes. Some immunoreactivity was associated with vesicular structures that appear to be in-transit in the processes. These observations suggest that B-50/GAP-43 acts at the plasmamembrane to induce a neuron-like morphology in non-neuronal cells persisting for several days in culture. In the future the defective viral vector will enable gene transfer to express B-50/GAP-43 in neurons in vivo in order to study its involvement in regenerative sprouting and neuroplasticity.

Field of study: Biology
Acute Intravenous Infusion of Immunoglobulins Protects Against Myocardial Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury Through Inhibition of Caspase-3

To investigate the cardioprotective effects of intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIG) in rats subjected to regional myocardial ischemia reperfusion (I/R).  Langendorff-perfused rat hearts were used in this study. Hearts subjected to regional ischemia served as a negative untreated control. The effects of IVIG pre- and post-ischemic treatment on left ventricular function, coronary vascular dynamics and contractility were assessed. IVIG were administered in either a low or high dose. The infarct size was determined using triphenyltetrazolium chloride and through biochemical assays using the measured creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase levels. Apoptosis was evaluated by the TUNEL assay, and the caspase-3 expression level was assessed by immunoblotting. The cytokine levels were measured by ELISA.  Low and high doses of immunoglobulins administered 2 hours before sacrifice, before the ischemic insult or at reperfusion resulted in a significant improvement in cardiac hemodynamics, coronary vascular dynamics and heart contractility. A significant decrease in the infarct size and cardiac enzymes was also evident compared to those in the control. IVIG administered as an infusion at reperfusion or pre-treatment resulted in a marked decrease in myocyte apoptosis, which was associated with decreased levels of caspase-3 expression in the supernatants of homogenized left ventricles. Infusion of IVIG both pre-ischemia and at reperfusion did not show the same protective effects.  This study demonstrates a novel protection to the heart by low and high doses of IVIG given either pre- or post-ischemia.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Estimation of Distribution Algorithm for Dynamic RWA in ASON

In order to solve dynamic routing and wavelength assignment(RWA)problem in ASON,the corresponding network model is established,and a new optimization algorithm based on estimation of distribution algorithm is presented.Compared with shortest path algorithm,this algorithm reduces the calculation work significantly,which facilitates the application of algorithm on projects.Simulations showed that a lower blocking probability and the near global optimal solution can be achieved and the solution is definitely satisfactory in engineering.

Field of study: Computer science
The Effect of Social Justice Advocacy and Ethical Sensitivity on the Social Entrepreneurial Intention of High School Students

The objective of this study was to assess the effect of ethical sensitivity and social justice advocacy on social entrepreneurial intention, and also, examined the impact of empathic concern and perspective taking on social justice advocacy and ethical sensitivity respectively. Another objective is to assess these relationships using the high school student population. This study collected the data from 201 high school students in the east coast area in the U.S. The students were randomly selected and invited to the survey. Path analysis was used to test the suggested hypotheses. The results indicated that high school students with a high level of social justice advocacy and ethical sensitivity showed stronger social entrepreneurial intention. Also, empathic concern was significantly related to social justice advocacy, while perspective taking was associated considerably with ethical sensitivity. Our study finds that ethical sensitivity and social justice advocacy will foster SE intention among high school students. Unlike adult groups, high schools students are under development of their ethical system and the value and attitude toward social issues. Education or training can play a critical role in high school students' ethical system or attitudes toward social justice. There should be more emphasis on ethics and social justice in the curriculum of high schools.

Field of study: Business
Elektronenvervielfacher als Elektronenzähler

ZusammenfassungEine neue, auf die sekundäre Elektronenvervielfachung gegründete Methode der Zählung von Elektronen wird beschrieben. Die zu diesem Zweck verwendbaren Elektronenvervielfacher müssen einen kleinen Nulleffekt aufweisen. Dies war auf zwei Wegen zu erreichen: a) durch Kühlung der Elektroden mit flüssiger Luft, oder b) bei Verwendung. von Elektroden mit hoher Austrittsarbeit. — Als sekundäremittierende Elektroden wurden die bekannte Ag-Cs2O-Cs-Elektrode, Legierungen von Cu und Zn (Messing), Ag und Mg, Fe und Cr (letztere nach vorangegangener Wärmebehandlung und Oxydierung) verwendet. Der erhaltene Koeffizient der sekundären Emission betrug 4,5 bis 6 bei einer primären Elektronengeschwindigkeit von 200 Volt. — Verglichen mit den Methoden, wo sich die Zählung in einer Gasatmosphäre abspielt, zeichnet sich die beschriebene Methode dadurch aus, daß nur Vakuumvorgänge verwendet werden. Dadurch erklärt sich das hohe, die bekannten Methoden mit einigen Größenordnungen übersteigende Auflösungsvermögen und die gute Reproduzierbarkeit. Der Einfluß einer Nachverstärkung auf das Auflösungsvermögen wird ausführlich untersucht. Die Methode wurde auf Licht-,α-,β-,γ- und Röntgen-Strahlen angewendet.

Field of study: Physics
Outcome after complex neurosurgery: the caregiver's burden is forgotten.

OBJECT
The goals of this study were twofold: 1) to determine outcome, including quality of life, in patients who have undergone surgery for petroclival meningioma in which a standard skull base approach was used; and 2) to assess the impact of the patients' surgical treatment on their caregivers.



Seventeen patients (13 women and four men ranging in age from 29 to 63 years) who underwent a transpetrosal approach for a petroclival meningioma during a 5-year period were prospectively included in this study. Pre- and postoperative data including adverse events were noted. The patients were assessed at 3, 6, and 12 months postoperatively, and annually thereafter, and they completed a postoperative SF-36 questionnaire. In addition, each patient's caregiver was interviewed to determine the effect of the patient's illness on the caregiver's life and responsibilities. Twenty-two operations were performed. A new permanent neurological deficit developed in five patients and in eight a temporary deficit or exacerbation of existing deficits occurred. Two patients underwent surgery to create a facial-hypoglossal nerve communication; five required a temporary percutaneous gastrostomy and/or tracheostomy; three required a shunt; and one underwent successful squint surgery. At 1 year postoperatively 13 patients had made a good or moderate recovery, three were severely disabled, and one had died--outcomes in keeping with other studies. By contrast, responses to the SF-36 questionnaire showed that, in all eight of its categories, between 43% and 75% of surviving patients were functioning below accepted norms. Fifty-six percent of caregivers experienced a major change in lifestyle and 38% experienced a major change with respect to their work.



After transpetrosal excision of a petroclival meningioma, the quality of life for the patient is worse than that indicated in surgeons' reported results. The impact on the patient's caregiver is profound-a burden perhaps not fully appreciated by the surgeon.

Field of study: Medicine
ANALYSIS OF NONLINEAR DYNAMIC BEHAVIORS OF AN ARTICULATED TOWER PLATFORM UNDER TWO WAVE THEORIES

An articulated tower platform is modeled as a flexible beam supported by a linear-elastic torsional spring at the base and with a point mass at the free end.Using the method of continuum mechanics and on the basis of small deformation and large deflection,nonlinearly coupled equations of motion and boundary conditions are derived.The fluid forces are modeled using a semi-empirical Morison equation under Airy wave theory and second-order Stokes wave theory.The nonlinear vibrations under two wave theories are analyzed through a finite difference approach and the Runge-Kutta method.The influences of nonlinearity of the second-order Stokes wave theory on the vibrations are studied,and the results of the nonlinear structures with accurate angles and with approximate angles and the linear structures are compared.

Field of study: Engineering
Measures taken by German TV media to boost German football development and inspirations therefrom.

The purpose of this paper is to probe into measures taken by German TV media to boost German football development and their specific forms of expression,so as to provide a reference for Chinese TV media to boost Chinese football development in a better and quicker way.Through his study the author put forward the following opinions: In Germany,the TV system characterized with "twin system" and "intendancy" provided system assurance for TV media to boost football development;the core objectives of operation of public and private TVs in Germany made the "marriage" between German TV media and football become inevitable;broadcasting fees paid by the German TV organization maintained the independency of the football association,and provided a possibility for low ticket prices and high audience attendance rates in German Bundesliga;TV media considered it as their own responsibility to provide real and reliable football information for the public while monitoring German football development.The author offered the following suggestions: appropriately introduce a benign competition mechanism,so as to boost professional league TV broadcasting fees and promotion,and the realness of football information obtained by the public;moderately open program making processes and explain program related policies to the public,cultivate "critical audience";enhance the awareness of social responsibility,enhance the realness and reliability of communicated information based on the interest of the public.

Field of study: Education
Microbiome profiling in extremely acidic soils affected by hydrothermal fluids: the case of the Solfatara Crater (Campi Flegrei, southern Italy).

An integrated geochemical and microbiological investigation of soils from the Solfatara Crater (Campi Flegrei, southern Italy) demonstrated that interstitial soil gases dominated by CO2 and other typical hydrothermal gaseous species (e.g. H2S, CH4, ethane, benzene, alkenes and S-bearing organic compounds) influenced the composition of microbial communities. The relatively high concentrations of hydrothermal fluids permeating the soil produced acidic conditions and whitish deposits that characterize the Solfatara Crater floor. Archaea and Bacteria showed almost equal cell abundance (up to 3.2 × 107 and 4.2 × 107 cell/g, respectively) with relatively low levels of biodiversity and equitability in sites characterized by elevated temperatures (up to 70°C), very low pH values (up to 2.2) and reducing conditions. In these sites, high-throughput sequencing showed the marked selection of microorganisms, mainly affiliated with the genera Thermoplasma, Ferroplasma and Acidithiobacillus. A relatively high biodiversity and concomitant distinctive structure of the microbial community were observed in soils poorly affected by fumarolic emissions that were oxic and rich in organic matter.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Highly efficient pure yellow electrophosphorescent device by utilizing an electron blocking material

Yellow organic light-emitting devices (OLEDs) are not easy to obtain since yellow emissive materials are rare and the color purity is often perturbed by the emission from the carrier transport layer. A high-efficiency yellow-emission phosphorescent complex, iridium(III) bis(2-(9,9'-spirobi[fluorene]-7-yl)pyridine-N,C2') acetylacetonate ((SBFP)2Ir(acac)), is selected as the dopant material for yellow phosphorescent OLEDs (PHOLEDs). An electron blocking material, Ir(ppz)3 (ppz = phenylpyrazole), is utilized to restrain the blue emission from the hole transport layer and improve the color purity of yellow devices. The optimized device shows stable pure yellow electrophosphorescence with the Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage (CIE) coordinates of (0.46, 0.53), and the spectra are largely insensitive to the driving voltages. A maximum luminance of 37219 cd m−2, a maximum luminous efficiency of 50.6 cd A−1 and a maximum external quantum efficiency of 15.4% are obtained.

Field of study: Materials science
Design and Analysis of the Ku Band Waveguide-Microstrip Converter

Designs and processes a waveguide-microstrip converter applied in Ku band by using HFSS software. The waveguide-microstrip converter adopts the probe plane and narrow waveguide wall vertical structure. Simulation of return loss small than-30 d B, insert loss less than0.3d B, actual test return loss is less than-18 d B, single loss is 0.3d B.

Field of study: Computer science
No. 43412. International Bank for Reconstruction and Development and Argentina

Loan Agreement (Institutional Strengthening of the National Social Security Administration Project) between the Argentine Republic and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (with schedules and General Conditions Applicable to Loan and Guarantee Agreements for Fixed-Spread Loans dated 1 September 1999, as amended through 1 May 2004). Washington, 14 July 2006 and Buenos Aires, 14 July 2006

Field of study: Political science
Derived recollements and generalised AR formulas

The Defect Recollement, Restriction Recollement, Auslander–Gruson–Jensen Recollement, and others, are shown to be instances of a general construction using zeroth derived functors and methods from stable module theory. The right derived functors W k : = R k ( _ ) ⁎ are computed and it is shown that the functor W 2 : = R 2 ( _ ) ⁎ is right exact and restricts to a duality W of the defect zero functors. The duality W satisfies two identities which we call the Generalised Auslander–Reiten formulas. We show that W induces the generalised Auslander–Bridger transpose and show that the Generalised Auslander–Reiten formulas reduce to the well-known Auslander–Reiten formulas.

Field of study: Mathematics
Revisiting the role of bad news in maintaining human observing behavior.

Results from studies of observing responses have suggested that stimuli maintain observing owing to their special relationship to primary reinforcement (the conditioned-reinforcement hypothesis), and not because they predict the availability and nonavailability of reinforcement (the information hypothesis). The present article first reviews a study that challenges that conclusion and then reports a series of five brief experiments that provide further support for the conditioned-reinforcement view. In Experiments 1 through 3, participants preferred occasional good news (a stimulus correlated with reinforcement) or no news (a stimulus uncorrelated with reinforcement) to occasional bad news (a stimulus negatively correlated with reinforcement). In Experiment 4 bad news was preferred to no news when the absence of stimulus change following a response to the bad-news option was reliably associated with good news. When this association was weakened in Experiment 5 the results were intermediate. The results support the conclusion that information is reinforcing only when it is positive or useful. As required by the conditioned-reinforcement hypothesis, useless information does not maintain observing.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Educational Leadership and Common Discipline Issues of Elementary School Children and How to Deal with Them

Discipline issues are obstacles towards childhood learning in elementary school settings. There are a number of factors which positively and negatively affect a student's behavior in the classroom, and past literature was explored and an analysis of that literature performed in order to obtain a clear idea about the techniques, relationships, and structures that are conducive towards fostering positive behavior among children in the classroom, such as leadership of teachers and administration in schools. Close coordination between parents and teachers, the building and maintaining of a trustful environment in the class, a solid support structure that teachers can rely on, and good methods for communication between teachers and students all help in creating a positive learning environment and reducing the behavioral issues exhibited by children that can slow down the pace of learning.

Field of study: Education
Simulation study on the feeding status of the light component removal column in the carbonylation process for the preparation of acetic anhydride

The parameters including reflux ratio,column diameter,material balance and heating load of the light component removal column are simulated under the vapor and liquid feeding status,using Aspen Plus software.The simulation results show that the cooling load and heating load under the vapor feeding status are 74.8% and 38.3% of those under the liquid feeding status,respectively.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Inhibitory effects of Ginkgo biloba extract on vascular endothelial growth factor in rat aortic endothelial cells.

To study the protective effects of Ginkgo biloba extract (GbE) against rat aortic endothelial cells (RAEC) damage induced by lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC).



Cell injury were determined by MTT assay and LDH release. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) protein production from RAEC was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). VEGF mRNA expression was examined by in situ hybridization and dot blot.



GbE 0.01-1 microg/L prevented LPC-induced injury in cultured RAEC in a concentration-dependent manner. Cultured RAEC could express VEGF protein and VEGF mRNA was induced by LPC 5 mg/L. GbE could inhibit the expression of VEGF protein and VEGF mRNA in co-cultured RAEC with LPC.



LPC could induce a strong expression of VEGF in RAEC. GbE could protect RAEC against the LPC-induced damage and downregulate VEGF protein and VEGF mRNA expression in cultured RAEC.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Evaluation of Environmental Water Quality by Application of Comet Assay with Unicellular Protozoan Tetrahymena thermophila

Unicellular protozoan Tetrahymena thermophila was used in comet assay to detect DNA damage induced by wastewater so as to evaluate water quality. Results showed that a fine dosages-response relation between H2O2 and DNA damage was presented. Water from East Lake and the Yangtze River did not induce visible DNA damage while effluent from a printing and dyeing plant induced significant DNA damage which could impact on normal ecoenvironment.

Field of study: Environmental science