nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Prevalence of Water Pipe Use and Its Correlates in Iranian Women of Reproductive Age in Tehran: A Population-Based Study

The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of water pipe smoking and its associated sociodemographic factors among Iranian women of reproductive age in Tehran.  This was a population-based cross-sectional study of 1,359 Iranian women aged 15–49 years. The multistage random cluster technique was used to obtain the sample. Questionnaire-based interviews with questions relating to water pipe smoking and sociodemographic variables were used to collect the data. The multivariate logistic regression model was used to analyse the relationships between the dependent variable (water pipe smoking) and the independent variables (sociodemographic characteristics).  The prevalence of water pipe smoking was 6.3% among Iranian women. Water pipe smoking was more likely in the age range of 15–24 years [odds ratio (OR) = 4.8, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) = 2.7–8.6] compared to the age range of 35 years or older, in women with a university education (OR = 1.9, 95% CI = 1.3–3.0) compared to women with a high-school diploma or lower, and in women with an average crowding index score (OR = 4.7, 95% CI = 2.1–10.6) compared to women living in small families.  The findings of this study show that Iranian women with a university education and the younger age group (15–24 years) were at most risk of water pipe smoking. The findings of this study about associated factors may contribute to the development of efficient health promotion programmes for the prevention and cessation of water pipe smoking.

Field of study: Medicine
The rich and the destitute in Sweden, 1805‐1855: a test of Tocqueville's inequality hypotheses

In his Democracy in America, published in i835, Alexis de Tocqueville viewed the United States as a country experiencing decreasing economic inequality during the two generations after independence.' In this study, which drew comparisons between America and Europe, he focused mainly on the reduced influence of the rich, and especially of the landed aristocracy, and made general statements concerning decreasing inequality or, rather, increasing equality in France and elsewhere over a long period. Tocqueville presented a somewhat contrasting view in a paper, also dated i835, dealing with the destitute of Europe. Here he remarked that I7 per cent of the English, but only 4 per cent of the Portuguese, were destitute, and that the wealthier nations and the more advanced areas within countries suffered most from the problems of destitution. Tocqueville also sketched a hypothesis of polar equality, where societies begin with equality in the hunting stage of development and experience increased inequality with the rise of private property. In the later stages of development a more democratic and egalitarian society evolves, producing a U-shaped pattern of changes in equality over time. He placed greater emphasis on the decreasing impact of the rich on the distribution than on the increasing influence of the rising destitute group.2 Because Tocqueville made rather explicit statements about groups located at the tails of the distributions both in different countries and in different areas within the same country, his assertions can be tested statistically. By far the most impressive data sets that can be used for this type of testing are the censuses of wealth in Sweden, beginning in i805. In them, each family was classified as being rich, moderately rich, poor, or destitute, and the results tallied for each parish and town in Sweden and Finland.3

Field of study: Economics, History
Efficient Differential Fault Analysis for AES

This paper proposes improved post analysis methods for Differential Fault Analysis (DFA) against AES. In detail, we propose three techniques to improve the attack efficiency as 1) combining previous DFA methods, 2) performing a divide-and-conquer attack by considering the AES key-schedule structure, and 3) taking the linearity of the MixColumns operation into account. As a result, the expectation of the analysis time in the previous work can be reduced to about one sixteenth. Notice that these improvements are based on the detailed analysis of the previous DFA methods and the calculation time and memory cost in practical implementations. Moreover, the proposed techniques can be widely applied to DFA attacks under different assumptions.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Exact solution to the inverse Womersley problem for pulsatile flows in cylindrical vessels, with application to magnetic particle targeting

An exact solution to the inverse Womersley problem was derived for the fully-developed, laminar pulsatile flow of a viscous Newtonian fluid, within a circular cylindrical vessel with rigid walls. In particular, given an arbitrary, time-periodic flow rate, the axisymmetric velocity profile was obtained by means of two neat and computable maps relating the corresponding Fourier coefficients. The study of such an inverse problem is motivated by the fact that flow rate is the main physical quantity which can be actually measured in many practical situations. The hypothesis of a fully-developed flow was deliberately introduced, in order to obtain an analytical solution (otherwise hardly achievable). Despite the intrinsic simplifications associated with the adopted position (which restrict the applicability of our results to 3D finite-length complex domains, and non-Newtonian fluids), the obtained solution provides a benchmark - and at the same time an approximation - for the inverse problem of pulsatile flows, it may serve as a debugging tool for more ambitious numerical approaches based on realistic data, and can also be used as an improved source of boundary data. As expected, the main advantage of our analytical solutions (compared to fully numerical approaches) resides in computational efficiency; this was quantitatively assessed through numerical tests. Moreover, the proposed solution was applied in the context of magnetic particle targeting, to highlight some peculiar effects on particle trajectories and capture efficiency due to pulsatility. Such a transport problem is increasingly drawing the attention of an interdisciplinary community, ranging from physicians to biomedical engineers, physicists and roboticists, thanks to its potential for targeted therapy, up to remote guidance of intravascular devices. More in general, the obtained benchmark solution holds potential for effectively exploitation in an interdisciplinary context.

Field of study: Mathematics
Developmental patterns of above‐ground hydraulic conductance in a Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) age sequence

Hydraulic resistance to water flow was measured in branches and stems of Scots pine trees ranging from 7 to 59 years of age in Thetford (East Anglia, UK). On the basis of these measurements, tree above-ground conductance was calculated and related to the amount of leaf area sustained by each tree. Branches at the crown bottom had a lower proportion of sapwood area and a lower total hydraulic conductance than branches of the same diameter at the tree top. Within branches, most of the hydraulic resistance was located near the needles. Tree above-ground conductance was positively related to tree diameter and inversely related to tree height. Compared with young trees, mature trees had about 4 times less above-ground conductance per unit of leaf area. Apparently, the increase in pathway length associated with tree height growth could be only partially compensated for by the increase in conductive capacities resulting from diameter growth. We argue that this reduction may account for reported decreases of stomatal conductance with tree age. It is suggested that the increase in branchiness associated with tree maturation may represent a compensation mechanism to reduce the overall resistance to water flow in the crowns.

Field of study: Environmental science
Sex in Marriage

In 1969, Cardinal O’Boyle addressed many questions people had about the teachings of Pope Paul VI’s encyclical Humanae vitae. Topics covered then are still of interest today to new generations: questions on revelation, conscience, infallibility, contraception, natural family planning, religious assent, government involvement in birth control, faith, morality, natural law, the ends of marriage, the spirit of Vatican II, receiving the sacraments, overpopulation, responsible parenthood, and disagreement among theologians, among others. Cardinal O’Boyle’s answers are as enlightening and relevant today as they were then.

Field of study: Medicine, Philosophy
Electrophilic addition of phenols to 1-vinyl-4,5,6,7-tetrahydroindole

Both uncatalyzed and acid-catalyzed (CH3COOH) addition of phenols to 1-vinyl-4,5,6,7-tetrahydroindole gave 1-(1-aroxyethyl)-4,5,6,7-tetrahydroindoles. With increasing acidity of the phenol and in the presence of CF3COOH the yield of adducts was lowered because of the oligomerization of 1-vinyl-4,5,6,7-tetrahydroindole.

Field of study: Chemistry
Structure and diversity of Gram-negative sulfate-reducing bacteria on rice roots.

Specific PCR assays were used to amplify the 16S rRNA genes of the Desulfobacteriaceae and the Desulfovibrionaceae from extracted environmental DNA from rice roots. 16S rDNA-based community patterns of the Desulfobacteriaceae were generated via terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis from rice roots and compared with bulk soil. The molecular fingerprints showed no significant difference between rice roots and bulk soil, but changes during the vegetation period. 16S rDNA clone libraries and sequencing showed that the predominant terminal restriction fragments represented distinct phylogenetic groups. The 16S rDNA clone sequences of the Desulfobacteriaceae fell in the phylogenetic radiation of Desulfonema and Desulfosarcina or grouped within the Desulforhabdus-Syntrophobacter assemblage. Three of the latter sequences were closely affiliated with the MPN isolate EZ-2C2 from rice roots. All Desulfovibrionaceae 16S rDNA clone sequences, with one exception, were affiliated with the MPN isolate F1-7b from rice roots. The clustering of the clone sequences and the close phylogenetic affiliation with isolates from MPN enrichments from the same habitat in two cases indicated that these sequence clusters may represent predominant Gram-negative sulfate reducers on rice roots. Quantification of the bacterial abundances was accomplished by rRNA dot blot hybridization. In total the Gram-negative sulfate reducers accounted for approximately 2-3% of the total rRNA content. The relative rRNA abundance of the Desulfobacteriaceae was, at 1.4%, higher than that of the Desulfovibrionaceae (0.5%).

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Breakdown of the giant spin model in the magnetic relaxation of the Mn6 nanomagnets.

We study the spin dynamics in two variants of the high-anisotropy Mn6 nanomagnet by inelastic neutron scattering, magnetic resonance spectroscopy and magnetometry. We show that a giant-spin picture is completely inadequate for these systems and that excited S multiplets play a key role in determining the effective energy barrier for the magnetization reversal. Moreover, we demonstrate the occurrence of tunneling processes involving pair of states having different total spin.

Field of study: Physics
Influence of intensity pulsations on the stimulated emission spectrum of a semiconductor laser

A new multimode mechanism of the stimulated emission from a semiconductor laser is considered. The excitation of several axial modes in the presence of intensity pulsations is attributed to the compensating influence of the spontaneous emission on the effective gain of the secondary modes, which are neighbors of the dominant mode excited at the threshold. The intensities of these secondary modes increase when the depth of modulation of the output radiation is increased. This mechanism explains the multimode stimulated emission near the self-excitation threshold of semiconductor lasers.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Alternative approaches for the use of metrics to order programs by complexity

With many program complexity metrics available, it is difficult to rank programs by complexity: the different metrics can give different indications. There are two parts to this problem. First, because different metrics can measure the same program attribute, we need a method of evaluating a given program attribute based on the values of all metrics that measure this attribute. Second, because different metrics can measure distinct program attributes, we need a method of evaluating the overall program complexity based on the values of all program attributes. This article compares two methods of simultaneously detecting those aspects of software complexity measured by the Halstead metrics and the McCabe cyclomatic complexity number. The first method synthesizes a combined metric by weighting each Halstead metric to reflect program attributes measured by the cyclomatic complexity number. The second method uses principal components analysis. This method derives a relative complexity metric, which represents each complexity metric in proportion to the amount of unique variation that it contributes. A validation study establishes a useful statistical relationship between this relative complexity metric and faults for a military telecommunications development effort.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Wave-vector―dependent temperature behavior of empty bands in ferromagnetic iron

Etude experimentale du comportement des bandes non occupees dedoublees par echange dans les ferromagnetiques a l'approche de la temperature de Curie. En utilisant la spectroscopie d'isochromate a spin polarise on observe l'apparition d'etats de majorite et de minorite au voisinage du point H dans Fe cubique centre quand la temperature s'eleve. Ceci fournit l'evidence d'un etat de bande en train de s'effondrer

Field of study: Physics
Performance of Grass Filters Under Laboratory and Field Conditions

A design model was demonstrated that estimates the filter effectiveness of grass subjected to sediment-laden runoff. A number of laboratory and field studies indicate that this model possesses the capability of serving as a working tool for estimating the fraction of sediment trapped and outflow concentration as a function of inflow hydraulic and sediment conditions. Additional necessary inputs for the model include the dimensions of the filter and vegetation. Analysis of complex situations, such as where either the channel slope or grass characteristics change along the filter length, is possible. An additional feature of the model is the capability to recalculate particle size distribution as a function of the sediment trapped in the filter. The developed relationships include the terms which would be anticipated to play an important role in filter phenomenon. Evaluation of the model based on verification studies using real grasses in laboratory flumes and in outdoor channels is described. The results from each set of tests indicated that more than 94% of the inflow sediment load was typically accounted for by this design.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
A new defect correction method for the Navier-Stokes equations at high Reynolds numbers

In this paper, a new defect correction method for the Navier–Stokes equations is presented. With solving an artificial viscosity stabilized nonlinear problem in the defect step, and correcting the residual by linearized equations in the correction step for a few steps, this combination is particularly efficient for the Navier–Stokes equations at high Reynolds numbers. In both the defect and correction steps, we use the Oseen iterative scheme to solve the discrete nonlinear equations. Furthermore, the stability and convergence of this new method are deduced, which are better than that of the classical ones. Finally, some numerical experiments are performed to verify the theoretical predictions and show the efficiency of the new combination.

Field of study: Mathematics
Food-paired stimuli as conditioned reinforcers: effects of d-amphetamine.

Seven pigeons were studied in two experiments in which key pecks were reinforced under a second-order schedule wherein satisfaction of variable-interval schedule requirements produced food or a brief stimulus. In the second part of each session, responses produced only the brief stimulus according to a variable-interval schedule (food extinction). For the 4 pigeons in Experiment 1, the response key was red throughout the session. In separate phases, the brief stimulus was either paired with food, not paired with food, or not presented during extinction. d-Amphetamine (0.3 to 10.0 mg/kg) dose-dependently reduced food-maintained responding during the first part of the session and, at intermediate dosages, increased responding during the extinction portion of the session. The magnitude of these increases, however, did not consistently depend on whether the brief stimulus was paired, not paired, or not presented. It was also true that under nondrug conditions, response rates during extinction did not differ reliably depending on pairing operations for the brief stimulus. In Experiment 2, 3 different pigeons responded under a procedure wherein the key was red in the component with food presentations and blue in the extinction component (i.e., multiple schedule). Again, d-amphetamine produced dose-related decreases in responding during the first part of a session and increases in responding in the second part of the session. These increases, however, were related to the pairing operations; larger increases were observed when the brief stimulus was paired with food than when it was not or when it was not presented at all. Under nondrug conditions, the paired brief stimulus controlled higher response rates during extinction than did a nonpaired stimulus or no stimulus. These findings suggest that d-amphetamine can enhance the efficacy of conditioned reinforcers, and that this effect may be more robust if conditioned reinforcers occur in the context of a signaled period of extinction.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Variational inequalities applied to option market problem

Since the classic work of Black and Scholes [F. Black, M. Scholes, The pricing of options and corporate liabilities,  (1973) 354–637] many techniques to calculate the value of European option have been developed. When we are interested in assessing the American option, these techniques must change to adapt to the early exercise possibility. To solve the American options problem, we obtain an inequality variational system and use numerical methods over it. This work aims to get the put American option price using the finite elements method and finite differences method. Numerical results are presented.

Field of study: Mathematics
Modelling in vivo action potential propagation along a giant axon

A partial differential equation model for the three-dimensional current flow in an excitable, unmyelinated axon is considered. Where the axon radius is significantly below a critical value $$R_{crit}$$Rcrit (that depends upon intra- and extra-cellular conductivity and ion channel conductance) the resistance of the intracellular space is significantly higher than that of the extracellular space, such that the potential outside the axon is uniformly small whilst the intracellular potential is approximated by the transmembrane potential. In turn, since the current flow is predominantly axial, it can be shown that the transmembrane potential is approximated by a solution to the one-dimensional cable equation. It is noted that the radius of the squid giant axon, investigated by (Hodgkin and Huxley 1952e), lies close to $$R_{crit}$$Rcrit. This motivates us to apply the three-dimensional model to the squid giant axon and compare the results thus found to those obtained using the cable equation. In the context of the in vitro experiments conducted in (Hodgkin and Huxley 1952e) we find only a small difference between the wave profiles determined using these two different approaches and little difference between the speeds of action potential propagation predicted. This suggests that the cable equation approximation is accurate in this scenario. However when applied to the it in vivo setting, in which the conductivity of the surrounding tissue is considerably lower than that of the axoplasm, there are marked differences in both wave profile and speed of action potential propagation calculated using the two approaches. In particular, the cable equation significantly over predicts the increase in the velocity of propagation as axon radius increases. The consequences of these results are discussed in terms of the evolutionary costs associated with increasing the speed of action potential propagation by increasing axon radius.

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics
Unresolved issues in the search for eta-mesic nuclei

Even if the theoretical definition of an unstable state is straightforward, its experimental identification often depends on the method used in the analysis and extraction of data. A good example is the case of eta mesic nuclei where strong hints of their existence led to about three decades of extensive theoretical and experimental searches. Considering the still undecided status of these states and the limitations in the understanding of the eta-nucleon as well as the eta-nucleus interaction, the present article tries to look back at some unresolved problems in the production mechanism and final state interaction of the eta mesons and nuclei. An unconventional perspective which provides a physical insight into the nature of the eta-nucleus interaction is also presented using quantum time concepts.

Field of study: Physics
[Clinical polymorphism, genetic heterogeneity and primary myopathy pathogenesis problems].

The peculiarities of clinic picture of primary myopathies with general gene defects, in particular differences in disease debut, dystrophy severity and degree of diverse muscle group's involvement in the dystrophic process, were analyzed. An attention was drawn specially to the cases of similar and identical mutations, including family cases, which gave rise to dramatically different pathological phenotypes. This information, along with the Becker muscular dystrophy cases (with deletions of DMD gene), describing the patients, aged 55 to 60 years, who maintained a certain movement activity, allow to revise an absolutely severe prognosis of primary myopathies and to stimulate primary myopathy pathogenesis studies. Hypothesis of "second" factors in primary myopathy's pathogenesis is discussed.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
New formulations of the equations for compressible flow

A prominent aerodynamic effect of combustion in a moving gas stream is an alteration of the flow pattern owing to heat release within the fluid. This alteration occurs not only in the immediate neighborhood of heat sources but also downstream where the entropy and stagnation temperature vary from one streamline to another. As a background for combustion research, appropriate descriptions of these altered flow patterns have been investigated. This paper considers the downstream patterns, which are restricted to be the adiabatic and steady flows of an inviscid fluid. In a second paper,1 diabatic (i.e., non-adiabatic) flows will be discussed. Since one-dimensional flow theory2,3 can be considerably condensed by use of the local Mach number M, it was natural to seek a corresponding condensation with the help of the Mach vector

Field of study: Mathematics