nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Optimization of the niobium-tin inserts for the 80 kA current lead to be used in the TOSKA facility for the ITER toroidal field model coil test

One essential tool in the construction of the forced-flow cooled 80 kA current lead to be used in the TOSKA facility at FZK for the ITER TFMC tests is the use of niobium-tin inserts in the lower temperature region of the heat exchanger allowing the operation of the lead with minimum He mass flow rate in a wide current range. Due to the fact that there is only limited space for the superconductor inserts in the 80 kA current lead, it was necessary to look for niobium-tin strands having a very high critical current at low magnetic fields and high temperatures. It was decided to use internally stabilized bronze routed strands because of the absence of an outer barrier which may hinder the current transfer from the copper of the current lead to the superconductor filaments. During the test measurements, it was found that the current transfer from the external copper to the superconductor was a second important criterion for the strand choice. A series of measurements were done using superconductor strands embedded in profiles made of different copper materials. The result of the test measurements are presented which were the base for the decision which strand material is appropriate for the inserts.

Field of study: Physics
A FLUID-STRUCTURE INTERACTION MODEL OF TURBINE ROTORS BASED ON A COMPREHENSIVE LEAKAGE FLOW MECHANISM

Considering the inherent deficiency of the Alford force model, a new comprehensive leakage flow mechanism on the clearance-excitation forces acting on turbine rotors is studied by taking both the influences of the radial and axial clearance variations on the leakage flow into account. The new mechanism considers the radial eccentricity and the axial pitch angle of turbine rotors. Based on the proposed mechanism, a nonlinear clearance-excitation force model of turbine rotors is developed, which reflects the radial eccentricity and the axial pitch angle of turbine rotors on one hand and embodies the mean radial and axial clearances on the other. A set of figures reflecting the relationships of clearance-excitation force to the eccentricity and pitch angle are obtained through numerical integration. The effects of the mean radial and axial clearances and the phase angle differences between eccentricity and pitch on the clearance-excitation force are discussed. The present model is proved to be effective by the experimental data available at present, and is of practical significance in the dynamical modeling of turbine rotor systems with the consideration of fluid-structure interactions.

Field of study: Engineering
Synchrotron-based X-ray diffraction of the lead apatite series Pb(10)(PO(4))(6)Cl(2)-Pb(10)(AsO(4))(6)Cl(2).

A number of compounds of the pyromorphite-mimetite solid solution series were synthesized at room temperature and analyzed with infrared spectroscopy and powder X-ray diffraction. High-resolution high-quality powder diffraction data were obtained by means of the state-of-the-art instrument at the 11-BM beamline of the Advanced Photon Source at Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, USA. The unit-cell dimensions, atomic position and atomic displacement parameters, as well as site occupancy for analyzed phases, were refined by the Rietveld method and reported herein for the first time. The results of this study indicate that the pyromorphite-mimetite series is continuous in near-Earth-surface environments. Detailed structural changes caused by P(5+)-As(5+) substitutions in minerals from the pyromorphite-mimetite solid solution series are reported.

Field of study: Physics
Study on optimum process for semi-bionic extraction of total flavonoids from ginkgo leaves by orthogonal test

The optimum extraction process was optimized with orthogonal test.Experiments were made by using orthogonal design with extractive yield of total flavonoids as the index,investigating the influence ofe xtracting temperature,extract concentration and the ratio of solid to liquid.Optimum extraction conditions were determined as follows: extract concentration 80%,temperature 80 ℃,stock ratio 1∶20(g/mL,mass: volume).The extractive yield of total flavonoids from ginkgo leaves is 6.3468 mg/g at the optimum parameters.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Metformin exerts glucose-lowering action in high-fat fed mice via attenuating endotoxemia and enhancing insulin signaling

Accumulating evidence shows that lipopolysaccharides (LPS) derived from gut gram-negative bacteria can be absorbed, leading to endotoxemia that triggers systemic inflammation and insulin resistance. In this study we examined whether metformin attenuated endotoxemia, thus improving insulin signaling in high-fat diet fed mice.Mice were fed a high-fat diet for 18 weeks to induce insulin resistance. One group of the mice was treated with oral metformin (100 mg·kg−1·d−1) for 4 weeks. Another group was treated with LPS (50 μg·kg−1·d−1, sc) for 5 days followed by the oral metformin for 10 d. Other two groups received a combination of antibiotics for 7 d or a combination of antibiotics for 7 d followed by the oral metformin for 4 weeks, respectively. Glucose metabolism and insulin signaling in liver and muscle were evaluated, the abundance of gut bacteria, gut permeability and serum LPS levels were measured.In high-fat fed mice, metformin restored the tight junction protein occludin-1 levels in gut, reversed the elevated gut permeability and serum LPS levels, and increased the abundance of beneficial bacteria Lactobacillus and Akkermansia muciniphila. Metformin also increased PKB Ser473 and AMPK T172 phosphorylation, decreased MDA contents and redox-sensitive PTEN protein levels, activated the anti-oxidative Nrf2 system, and increased IκBα in liver and muscle of the mice. Treatment with exogenous LPS abolished the beneficial effects of metformin on glucose metabolism, insulin signaling and oxidative stress in liver and muscle of the mice. Treatment with antibiotics alone produced similar effects as metformin did. Furthermore, the beneficial effects of antibiotics were addictive to those of metformin.Metformin administration attenuates endotoxemia and enhances insulin signaling in high-fat fed mice, which contributes to its anti-diabetic effects.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Ratio Matching MMD Nets: Low dimensional projections for effective deep generative models

Deep generative models can learn to generate realistic-looking images on several natural image datasets, but many of the most effective methods are adversarial methods, which require careful balancing of training between a generator network and a discriminator network. Maximum mean discrepancy networks (MMD-nets) avoid this issue using the kernel trick, but unfortunately they have not on their own been able to match the performance of adversarial training. We present a new method of training MMD-nets, based on learning a mapping of samples from the data and from the model into a lower dimensional space, in which MMD training can be more effective. We call these networks ratio matching MMD networks (RMMMDnets). We train the mapping to preserve density ratios between the densities over the low-dimensional space and the original space. This ensures that matching the model distribution to the data in the low-dimensional space will also match the original distributions. We show that RM-MMDnets have better performance and better stability than recent adversarial methods for training MMD-nets.

Field of study: Computer science
Connectivity within estuaries: An otolith chemistry and muscle stable isotope approach

Understanding whether fish move among estuarine areas and habitats or show high site fidelity has major implications for habitat conservation and the safeguard of estuarine ecological integrity. Muscle stable isotopes (δ 13 C, δ 15 N) and otolith elemental composition (Li:Ca, Mg:Ca, Mn:Ca, Cu:Ca, Sr:Ca, Ba:Ca and Pb:Ca) were used to evaluate connectivity between two separate estuarine nursery areas in summer and autumn for juvenile age-0 Dicentrarchus labrax and Pomatoschistus microps . Distinct isotopic ratios and otolith elemental signatures were found between areas for D. labrax and P. microps , and in both sampling times. High classification accuracies to collection sites were achieved via otolith elemental signatures (80–94%), and a combined analysis using both muscle stable isotopes and otolith chemistry resulted in increased accuracy with no classification errors. Overall, low site connectivity was found for both species. The use of two distinct natural tags provided corroborative and complementary information on fish movement and intra-estuarine habitat use at different temporal scales, whilst elucidating distinct ecological and environmental linkages. Ultimately, the combined use of distinct natural tags showed great promise to unravel intra-estuarine connectivity patterns.

Field of study: Environmental science
Protein flexibility: coordinate uncertainties and interpretation of structural differences.

Valid interpretations of conformational movements in protein structures determined by X-ray crystallography require that the movement magnitudes exceed their uncertainty threshold. Here, it is shown that such thresholds can be obtained from the distance difference matrices (DDMs) of 1014 pairs of independently determined structures of bovine ribonuclease A and sperm whale myoglobin, with no explanations provided for reportedly minor coordinate differences. The smallest magnitudes of reportedly functional motions are just above these thresholds. Uncertainty thresholds can provide objective criteria that distinguish between true conformational changes and apparent 'noise', showing that some previous interpretations of protein coordinate changes attributed to external conditions or mutations may be doubtful or erroneous. The use of uncertainty thresholds, DDMs, the newly introduced CDDMs (contact distance difference matrices) and a novel simple rotation algorithm allows a more meaningful classification and description of protein motions, distinguishing between various rigid-fragment motions and nonrigid conformational deformations. It is also shown that half of 75 pairs of identical molecules, each from the same asymmetric crystallographic cell, exhibit coordinate differences that range from just outside the coordinate uncertainty threshold to the full magnitude of large functional movements. Thus, crystallization might often induce protein conformational changes that are comparable to those related to or induced by the protein function.

Field of study: Chemistry
INTEGRATING CLASSROOM LEARNING AND RESEARCH The Pennsylvania Area Mobile Radar Experiment (PAMREX)

Instructors at The Pennsylvania State University report on their experience of developing a course in radar meteorology in conjunction with a field experiment utilizing the Doppler On Wheels (DOW) radars maintained by the Center for Severe Weather Research. The field experiment, coined the Pennsylvania Area Mobile Radar Experiment (PAMREX), was inextricably wedded to the classroom experience of the students. The unusual hands-on learning experience provided a firsthand taste of what research is all about, particularly field research, while also including fairly traditional lectures on the theoretical aspects of radar.

Field of study: Environmental science
[Peculiarities of affective disorders in residual cerebral insufficiency].

To determine clinical and psychopathological features of anxiety-depressive disorders in patients with cerebral residual organic insufficiency.



One hundred and fourteen patients with anxiety-depressive disorders and cerebral residual-organic insufficiency were studied. Psychopathological, psychometric, statistical methods were used.



Asthenia was identified as a core syndrome in anxiety-depressive disorders developed in patients with cerebral residual-organic insufficiency. Severe anxiety and depression with somatization of symptoms were characteristic of the structure of affective pathology. The somatization of affect, interpersonal sensitivity, marked asthenic and autonomic disorders as well as negative attitudes about their own condition, abilities and activity were main features of affective disorders in patients with cerebral residual-organic insufficiency. Clinical characteristics of cerebral residual-organic insufficiency and the diversity of its manifestations, including the combination with mental disorders, determine the relevance of further research.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Study of Actuation Current Value of Residual Current Operated Protective Devices

If a rural low voltage grid(AC 50HZ,380V/220V,direct neutral point grounding) applies the TT work mode,and the residual current operated protective device is installed respectively to a three-layer residual current protective system which is constituted by VCC,branch circuit and load end.This paper systematically analyzes the setting of actuation current value of current operated protective devices on all levels,offers a high guidance value over safe and stable function of the rural low voltage grid.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Analysis on SSR information in Camellia sinensis transcriptome

A total of 127 094 unigenes derived from deep sequencing of camellia sinensis transcriptome were used for the development of functional SSR molecular markers.Overall,12 242 SSRs distributed in 10 325 unigenes were detected,accounting for 9.63% of all the unigenes.The average length and distribution distance of the transcriptomic SSRs are about 16 bp and 3.68 kb,respectively.There are 181 kinds of repeat motifs existing in the tea plant transcriptome,and the dinucleotide repeats are the main types,accounting for 63.78% of all the SSRs.CT/AG and TC/GA are the most frequent motifs,accounting for 23.84% and 23.58% in all the SSR repeat motifs,respectively.The potential of the transcriptomic SSRs for further usage and research was assessed.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
After compulsory licensing: coming issues in Canadian pharmaceutical policy and politics.

Bills C-22 and C-91 eliminated compulsory licensing for pharmaceutical products in Canada. However, in the wake of these bills there are pressing issues of pharmaceutical policy that need to be decided. The value of additional spending in pharmaceutical R and D has yet to be evaluated. There needs to be a public debate about how far government policy should go in encouraging pharmaceutical R and D as opposed to investing resources in other areas. There has been a continuing escalation in the cost of the average prescription, due to the introduction of newer, but not necessarily more effective, medications. So far government has not been willing to commit resources to promote cost-effective prescribing. Pharmaceutical companies are now lobbying for more rapid approval of products and an extension to the normal patent period to make up for the time that drugs spend in the regulatory process. The process that the government uses to resolve these issues will be just as important as the ultimate decisions.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Which attenuation curves for star-forming galaxies?

Dust attenuation shapes the spectral energy distributions of galaxies and any modelling and fitting procedure of their spectral energy distributions must account for this process. We present results of two recent works dedicated at measuring the dust attenuation curves in star forming galaxies at redshift from 0.5 to 3, by fitting continuum (photometric) and line (spectroscopic) measurements simultaneously with CIGALE using variable attenuation laws based on flexible recipes. Both studies conclude to a large variety of effective attenuation laws with an attenuation law flattening when the obscuration increases. An extra attenuation is found for nebular lines. The comparison with radiative transfer models implies a flattening of the attenuation law up to near infrared wavelengths, which is well reproduced with a power-laws recipe inspired by the Charlot and Fall recipe. Here we propose a global modification of the Calzetti attenuation law to better reproduce the results of radiative transfer models.

Field of study: Physics
Apoptotic DNA fragmentation in the rat cerebral cortex induced by permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion.

Recent investigations have demonstrated internucleosomal DNA fragmentation in ischemic neuronal tissue. This type of fragmentation is characteristic of programmed cell death or apoptosis and suggests that neuronal death in stroke may be more complex than simple necrotic death. The present experiments provide a detailed examination of the regional localization and time course for apoptotic DNA fragmentation in the cerebral cortex following focal cerebral ischemia. Spontaneously hypertensive rats were subjected to permanent right middle cerebral artery occlusion and the cerebral cortices were examined for evidence of DNA fragmentation using electrophoretic, flow cytometric, and histological approaches. An electrophoretic examination of cortical DNA at 24 h after the occlusion indicated that the majority of nucleosomal ladders were in the transition zone or penumbra and the core of the infarction, with no fragmentation apparent in the contralateral normal cortex. A flow cytometric analysis of DNA fragmentation in intact cells revealed a similar pattern, with increased fragmentation observed in ischemic cortex vs. the contralateral cortex. Saggital sections taken 1.5 mm lateral to midline were collected from animals at 1, 4, and 24 h after the infarction and DNA fragmentation was examined histologically by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining. Quantitative analysis of these sections indicated that DNA fragmentation can be observed in the anterior and central area of the infarctions as soon as 1 h after the occlusion and that the extent and magnitude of the fragmentation increases at 4 and 24 h.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Field of study: Biology
Réunions de famille

> Mme S. est une femme de 83 ans atteinte de demence avancee qui vit avec sa fille. Au depart, Mme S. est capable de communiquer, mais elle est confuse, a besoin d’aide dans ses activites de la vie quotidienne et n’a plus d’interet pour les repas. Sa fille essaie de la nourrir avec des

Field of study: Medicine
Asymmetric Synthesis of β-Amino-α-hydroxy Aldehyde Derivatives Bearing a Quaternary Stereogenic Center

An organocatalytic approach for the stereoselective synthesis of β-amino-α-hydroxy aldehydes bearing a fully substituted stereogenic center in the α-position with respect to the aldehyde moiety is presented. It utilizes a one-pot reaction cascade involving an aziridination reaction followed by a sodium methoxide initiated rearrangement. In order to control the chemoselectivity of the rearrangement, a new aziridinating reagent enabling the introduction of a nosyl protecting group at the nitrogen atom has been designed and introduced. Products of the reaction have thus been obtained exclusively as dimethyl acetal. The possibility to deprotect the aldehyde moiety with the preservation of the introduced optical purity has also been demonstrated.

Field of study: Chemistry
Follow-up Analysis of Use of Forewarning and Deception in Psychological Experiments

The present study examined students' reactions to a psychological experiment involving deception and forewarning. A 2 × 2 factorial design consisted of two levels of deception (deception present versus deception absent) and two levels of forewarning (presence of deception suggested versus presence of deception absent). 48 subjects participated in a two-person Prisoner's Dilemma cooperation game, 12 in each experimental condition. The present study showed (a) deceived subjects performed more competitively than did nondeceived subjects, (b) forewarned subjects recalled the forewarning, and (c) only deceived subjects rated the experiment as worthless, were annoyed with the experiment, and would not recommend the experiment to a friend. It was concluded that it is possible to inform subjects that deceptions are sometimes used in experiments without necessarily eliminating the possibility that the subjects can subsequently be deceived.

Field of study: Psychology
Tractor Platooning System on Sloping Terrain at Low Speed

This article presents the development of a two-tractor platooning system on sloping terrain. A reference course for the following tractor was dynamically created from the position points of the leading tractor and subsequently processed by the least squares fitting method to filter out some noise. A path-tracking controller composed of the feedforward and feedback component elements was employed to guide the following tractor along the reference course. Field tests were conducted on an 11° sloping meadow. The results indicated that the following tractor tracked the leading one successfully, with mean and RMS lateral deviations of less than 0.028 and 0.078 m, respectively, at travel speed of 0.5 m s-1 on sloping terrain.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Study on a combined TM_(01)-TE_(11) mode converter of bent circular waveguides

This paper studies the combined TM_(01)-TE_(11) mode converter, which consists of two bent circular waveguides with a straight circular waveguide between them. Keeping the axes parallel of both the output and the input ports, its structure is analyzed and power conversion efficiency is calculated by theory and simulation. The results from both methods are in good agreement. Considering of higher-order modes coupling and the power attenuation of the straight circular copper waveguide, the output value of the overall power conversion efficiency is 93.8% at 3.75 GHz when the inner diameter is 9.0 cm and the axial distance between the two ports is up to 10.57 m.

Field of study: Physics
Determining rainwater chemistry to reveal alkaline rain trend in Southwest China: Evidence from a frequent-rainy karst area with extensive agricultural production.

Rainwater chemistry plays an important role in the earth-surficial ecosystem, but studies on rainwater chemical composition of karst agro-ecosystem are rare. To explore the rainwater alkalization and the provenance of components responsible for neutralization, two-years chemical monitoring of rainwater was carried out in a karst agricultural catchment in Southwest China. The main findings suggest that SO42-, NO3-, Ca2+, and NH4+ are the principal ions. All the ionic contents show distinctly seasonal variation (highest in winter) in response to variations in seasonal precipitation because the rain-scour process can efficiently remove atmospheric materials. Source identification indicates that Cl- and Na+ are mainly derived from marine input whereas SO42- and NO3- are controlled by anthropogenic emission, in particular, fixed emission sources. The source of NH4+ is attributed to intense agricultural production, while Ca2+ and Mg2+ are mainly derived from calcite dissolution. The rainwater alkalization caused by the seasonal acid neutralization (via basic components, Ca2+ and NH4+) is beneficial to crop growth but also reflect agricultural overfertilization. Sulfur controlled the total wet acid deposition (68%-94%) and could be a potential agent of weathering.

Field of study: Environmental science