nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Polynomial Wigner-Ville distributions and their relationship to time-varying higher order spectra

The Wigner-Ville distribution (WVD) has optimal energy concentration for linear frequency modulated (FM) signals. This paper presents a generalization of the WVD in order to effectively process nonlinear polynomial FM signals. A class of polynomial WVD's (PWVD's) that give optimal concentration in the time-frequency plane for FM signals with a modulation law of arbitrary polynomial form are defined. A class of polynomial time-frequency distributions (PTFD's) are also defined, based on the class of PWVD's. The optimal energy concentration of the PWVD enables it to be used for estimation of the instantaneous frequency (IF) of polynomial FM signals. Finally, a link between PWVD's and time-varying higher order spectra (TVHOS) is established. Just as the expected value of the WVD of a nonstationary random signal is the time-varying power spectrum, the expected values of the PWVD's have interpretations as reduced TVHOS

Field of study: Engineering
A Family Physician's Approach to Acne.

Because of the potential for permanent physical and psychological sequelae, acne vulgaris should be regarded as a true disease-not the "normal" physiologic response one might infer from its near universal prevalence in adolescence. Effective therapy reduces pilosebaceous unit obstruction, minimizes secondary inflammation, and lessens the chance of significant scarring. This article reviews current therapeutic modalities, and suggests a sequence for implementation of specific agents.

Field of study: Medicine
The CMS ECAL Upgrade for Precision Crystal Calorimetry at the HL-LHC

The Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) experiment is operating at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) with proton–proton collisions at 13-TeV center-of-mass energy and at a bunch spacing of 25 ns. Challenging running conditions for CMS are expected after the High-Luminosity upgrade of the LHC (HL-LHC). We review the CMS ECAL crystal calorimeter upgrade and present results from the first test beam studies. Particular challenges at HL-LHC are the harsh radiation environment, the increasing data rates, and the extreme level of pile-up events, with up to 200 simultaneous proton–proton collisions. Precision timing can be exploited to reduce the effect of the pileup. We report on the timing resolution studies performed with test beams. We discuss the new readout and trigger electronics, which must be upgraded due to the increased trigger and latency requirements at the HL-LHC.

Field of study: Physics
Managing the Dangers of Democratic Transition in Russia

This article examines some of the linkages between democratization and armed conflict, and the forces which may encourage or mitigate conflict during democratic transitions. Focusing on the transition process occurring in the newly independent states of the former Soviet Union (NIS), the article examines the dangers that can arise in the transition toward democracy and the role of the international community – including Canada – in helping secure peaceful democratization within the region. The article concludes with some general observations on the merits of democracy promotion as a foreign policy goal and the means of attaining democracy.

Field of study: Political science
List of Invasive Alien Weeds in Hainan,China

The species,origin and distribution of invasive alien weeds in Hainan or other provinces of China and in the world and the first time and site of their introduction or discovery in Hainan or China are described.This will benefit our correct recognition of and deep research on invasive alien weeds and provide data for construction of invasive alien species database in the future.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
THE INFLUENCE OF CLASS LEVEL ON PARENTAL DEMANDINGNESS, MALE ADOLESCENT REBELLIOUS BEHAVIOUR AND ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE IN PUBLIC SECONDARY SCHOOLS

The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of class level on PD, male adolescent rebellious behavior and academic performance in public secondary schools in Kiambu district.  The study used ex-post facto research design. Stratified sampling was used to select the participants in the study. Schools were stratified into single sex and co-education schools.  Systematic sampling using the class lists was used to identify the students who constituted the sample. The research instruments were the students’ questionnaire, the deputy principal’s and the teacher counsellor’s interview guide. The sample constituted 240 male students, six deputy principles and six teacher counselors. A pilot study was done to pre-test the research instruments so as to estimate their reliability and validity. Data collected was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). The findings were presented using descriptive and inferential statistics. Descriptive statistics included, frequency distribution, means, bar graphs, and tabulated according to the research objectives. Inferential statistics used included Chi Square and pearson correlation to test the hypotheses at 90% and 95% level of confidence; correlation coefficient was used to measure the strength of linear relationship between the variables of the study.  Class level was found to have no significant relationship with PD and rebellion but it had a significant relationship with academic performance. Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy : The study came up with a model that is recommended to schools for adoption by guidance and counselling teachers to help create awareness and understanding to both the students and parents with the aim of improving or bettering their relationship, academic performance and prevent rebellion in public secondary schools.

Field of study: Education
Platonic Shadows in C. S. Lewis' Narnia Chronicles

As a literary critic, science fiction writer, Christian apologist, and creator of the Chronicles of Namia, in the last several decades C. S. Lewis has attained a reputation and following enviable in size and amazing in diversity. In many ways the quiet Oxbridge professor's achievements have assumed an air of authority, an aura of credibility, difficult to explain; Lewis, after all, is not an "apologist" in the same sense as Merton, nor a critic with a comprehensive system such as McLuhan. He is not, likewise, a fiction writer whose "science" background even begins to parallel that of Asimov, whose characterizations approach those of Faulkner, whose ethical dilemmas rival Greene's, and whose epic sweep is as broad as Tolkien's.

Field of study: Art
The effect of warm gas on the buckling instability in galactic bars

By using $N$-body and hydro simulations, we study the formation and evolution of bars in galaxies with significant gas content focusing on the phenomenon of the buckling instability. The galaxies are initially composed of a spherical dark matter halo and only stellar, or stellar and gaseous, disks with parameters that are similar to the Milky Way and are evolved for 10 Gyr. We consider different values of the gas fraction $f =0-0.3$ and in order to isolate the effect of the gas, we kept the fraction constant during the evolution by not allowing the gas to cool and form stars. The stellar bars that form in simulations with higher gas fractions are weaker and shorter, and they do not form at all for gas fractions that are higher than 0.3. The bar with a gas fraction of 0.1 forms sooner due to initial perturbations in the gas, but despite the longer evolution, it does not become stronger than the one in the collisionless case at the end of evolution. The bars in the gas component are weaker; they reach their maximum strength around 4 Gyr and later decline to transform into spheroidal shapes. The distortion of the stellar bar during the buckling instability is weaker for higher gas fractions and weakens the bar less significantly, but it has a similar structure both in terms of radial profiles and in face-on projections. For $f=0.2,$ the first buckling lasts significantly longer and the bar does not undergo the secondary buckling event, while for $f=0.3,$ the buckling does not occur. Despite these differences, all bars develop boxy/peanut shapes in the stellar and gas component by the end of the evolution, although their thickness is smaller for higher gas fractions.

Field of study: Physics
Effect of Cold-box Core on the Property of Chill Cam Shaft

Cold core box was used in the chilling cast process of shaft. Experiment and analysis were made on the factors that affect the core's property, such as water and soil content, particle size distribution and temperature of the sand, design of the core box, volume and percentage of resin, time of ready made core and storage condition. Finally , optimum parameters to obtain sound castings were given.

Field of study: Materials science
Perovskite-like system (Sr,La)(Fe,Ga)O3−δ: structure and ionic transport under oxidizing conditions

The maximum solid solubility of gallium in the perovskite-type La 1− x Sr x Fe 1− y Ga y O 3− δ ( x =0.40–0.80; y =0–0.60) was found to vary in the approximate range y =0.25–0.45, decreasing when x increases. Crystal lattice of the perovskite phases, formed in atmospheric air, was studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and neutron diffraction and identified as cubic. Doping with Ga results in increasing unit cell volume, while the thermal expansion and total conductivity of (La,Sr)(Fe,Ga)O 3− δ in air decrease with gallium additions. The average thermal expansion coefficients (TECs) are in the range (11.7–16.0)×10 −6 K −1 at 300–800 K and (19.3–26.7)×10 −6 K −1 at 800–1100 K. At oxygen partial pressures close to atmospheric air, the oxygen permeation fluxes through La 1− x Sr x Fe 1− y Ga y O 3− δ ( x =0.7–0.8; y =0.2–0.4) membranes are determined by the bulk ambipolar conductivity; the limiting effect of the oxygen surface exchange was found negligible. Decreasing strontium and gallium concentrations leads to a greater role of the exchange processes. As for many other perovskite systems, the oxygen ionic conductivity of La 1− x Sr x Fe 1− y Ga y O 3− δ increases with strontium content up to x =0.70 and decreases on further doping, probably due to association of oxygen vacancies. Incorporation of moderate amounts of gallium into the B sublattice results in increasing structural disorder, higher ionic conductivity at temperatures below 1170 K, and lower activation energy for the ionic transport.

Field of study: Materials science
Compare of SOI and SOS LIGBT structure for the thermal conductivity and self-heating characteristics

The electrothermal simulation of high voltageLIGBT(Lateral Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor) in thin Silicon on insulator (SOI) and Silicon on sapphire (SOS) for thermal conductivity and sink is performed by means of MEDICI. The finite element simulations demonstrate that the thermal conductivity of the buried oxide is an importan parameter for the modeling of the thermal behavior of silicon-on-insulator (SOI) devices. In this paper, using for SOI LIGBT, we simulated electrothermal for device that insulator layer with SiO 2 and Al 2 O 3 at before and after latch up to measured the thermal conductivity and temperature distribution of whole device and verified that SOI LIGBT with Al 2 O 3 insulator had good thermal conductivity and reliability.

Field of study: Engineering
Successive interresponse times in fixed-ratio and second-order fixed-ratio performance.

Three rats were trained on a schedule in which every sixth response produced a timeout of 5 sec minimum duration, and food was delivered at the onset of timeout. Successive interresponse times were measured under these conditions, and also when behavior was maintained by second-order fixed-ratio and fixed-interval schedules. Under the second-order schedules, each six-response fixed-ratio component was followed by a timeout, and occasionally food was delivered at the onset of a timeout. In the fixed-ratio schedule, the successive interresponse times showed a decrease followed by an increase before food delivery, but this systematic variation in interresponse times was not found when the performance was under second-order reinforcement. Under both second-order schedules the latencies of successive components, and the successive interresponse times within each component, showed a decrease as food delivery was approached.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Bridging the divide: a model-data approach to Polar and Alpine microbiology

Advances in microbial ecology in the cryosphere continue to be driven by empirical approaches including field sampling and laboratory-based analyses. Although mathematical models are commonly used to investigate the physical dynamics of Polar and Alpine regions, they are rarely applied in microbial studies. Yet integrating modelling approaches with ongoing observational and laboratory-based work is ideally suited to Polar and Alpine microbial ecosystems given their harsh environmental and biogeochemical characteristics, simple trophic structures, distinct seasonality, often difficult accessibility, geographical expansiveness and susceptibility to accelerated climate changes. In this opinion paper, we explain how mathematical modelling ideally complements field and laboratory-based analyses. We thus argue that mathematical modelling is a powerful tool for the investigation of these extreme environments and that fully integrated, interdisciplinary model-data approaches could help the Polar and Alpine microbiology community address some of the great research challenges of the 21st century (e.g. assessing global significance and response to climate change). However, a better integration of field and laboratory work with model design and calibration/validation, as well as a stronger focus on quantitative information is required to advance models that can be used to make predictions and upscale processes and fluxes beyond what can be captured by observations alone.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Spin-dependent np → pn amplitude estimated from dp → ppn

An estimation of the spin-dependent part of the np↦pn charge exchange amplitude was made on the basis of dp↦(pp)n data, taken at 1.67 GeV/c per nucleon in a full solid-angle arrangement. The np↦pn amplitude turned out to be entirely spin-dependent. This result shows new possibilities for experiments using polarized deuteron beams and polarized proton targets.

Field of study: Physics
An automated model-based approach to repair test suites of evolving web applications

Capture-Replay tools are widely used for the automated testing of web applications The scripts written for these Capture-Replay tools are strongly coupled with the web elements of web applications. These test scripts are sensitive to changes in web elements and require repairs as the web pages evolve. In this paper, we propose an automated model-based approach to repair the Capture-Replay test scripts that are broken due to such changes. Our approach repairs the test scripts that may be broken due to the breakages (e.g., broken locators, missing web elements) reported in the existing test breakage taxonomy. Our approach is based on a DOM-based strategy and is independent of the underlying Capture-Replay tool. We developed a tool to demonstrate the applicability of the approach. We perform an empirical study on seven subject applications. The results show that the approach successfully repairs the broken test scripts while maintaining the same DOM coverage and fault-finding capability. We also evaluate the usefulness of the repaired test scripts according to the opinion of professional testers. We conduct an experiment to compare our approach with the state-of-the-art DOM-based test repair approach, WATER. The comparison results show that our approach repairs more test breakages than WATER.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
The influence of a hydride preflow on the crystalline quality of InP grown on exactly oriented (100)Si

Several microns thick epitaxial InP films have been successfully deposited on exactly oriented (100) Si substrates by metal-organic vapour-phase epitaxy. We have studied the influence of a hydride preflow before buffer growth on the crystalline quality of the InP by measuring the surface roughness, by X-ray diffractometry, TEM and SEM investigations, and by detection of anti-phase-domains. Generally, an AsH3 preflow instead of PH3 improved the crystalline perfection considerably. Furthermore, if AsH3 is introduced only during cool-down between 700 and 900° C after the thermal cleaning step anti-phase-domain free InP is grown.

Field of study: Materials science
Reactance and Thought Suppression

Two studies explored whether dispositional reactance moderates the effects of thought suppression. In Study 1 (N= 87) and Study 2 (N = 114), higher and lower reactant undergraduates were instructed either to suppress or to express their own intrusive thoughts during a stream-of-consciousness writing task. Results revealed that among higher reactant participants, those in the suppression group subsequently reported feeling more out of control of and disturbed by their intrusive thoughts and by their thoughts in general than did those in the expression group. Among the lower reactant participants, this pattern was reversed: Those in the expression group reported feeling more out of control of their thoughts than did those in the suppression group. The findings suggest that being motivated to restore one's freedom may paradoxically leave one feeling more out of control of one's thoughts after suppressing them.

Field of study: Psychology
Feeding of discrete-line superdeformed bands at very high spin.

The superdeformed band in /sup 149/Gd has been populated with various input angular momenta and excitation energies. These, together with all other available data, indicate that the necessary criterion for populating superdeformed bands is to form cold residual nuclei at spins higher than those where the superdeformed states become yrast. In addition, the decrease in the superdeformed band intensity as it is gated by higher-energy ..gamma.. rays does not support the predictions based on a recently proposed feeding mechanism of these states.

Field of study: Physics
Reciprocal Moments of Linear Combinations of Exponential Variates

The reciprocal moments of a linear combination of exponential variates are derived. The resultant formula is used to obtain the moments of quantile and other similar estimators for the shape parameter of a Pareto distribution. The calculations show that such estimators are more biased and less “precise” than indicated by Monte Carlo estimates of the moments previously published. The general formula for the reciprocal moments is shown to be potentially useful in linear models and in studying models of the variation in the rate of births in a pure birth process.

Field of study: Mathematics
Circulating interferon-λ3 and post-vaccination antibodies against the surface antigen of hepatitis B virus in hemodialysis patients exposed to hepatitis E virus.

Responsiveness to the hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccination in hemodialysis (HD) patients who had been exposed to the hepatitis E virus (HEV) and persistently generate antibodies against HEV remains unknown. Interferon (IFN)-λ3 positively correlates with the surface HBV antibodies (anti-HBs) in both healthy and HD subjects. We aimed to show whether HD patients differ in circulating IFN-λ3 and vaccine-induced anti-HBs titers concerning natural HEV immunization. HBV/HCV negative HD patients (31 HEV IgG positive, 45 HEV negative), HBV vaccinated and receiving booster doses as needed, had been tested for anti-HBs titers (CMIA) and IFN-λ3 concentrations (ELISA) in the blood collected before a dialysis session. There were no differences in circulating IFN-λ3 and anti-HBs titers between both groups. In responders to the HBV vaccine, there was a positive correlation between plasma IFN-λ3 levels and anti-HBs titers (r = 0.505, adjusted P = 0.01 in HEV exposed subjects; r = 0.523, adjusted P = 0.001 in controls). HEV past infection does not attenuate post-vaccination anti-HBs generation and does not influence a correlation between circulating IFN-λ3 levels and anti-HBs titers.

Field of study: Medicine
Accepting the consequences of anti-individualism

The characteristic thesis of anti-individualism is that certain de dicto cognitive attitude predicates such as 'is thinking that water is wet' express 'wide' psychological properties properties, that is, whose possession 'presupposes' or 'necessarily depends upon' the existence of objects that are external relative to the person to whom the properties are ascribed. In my paper 'Anti-Individualism and Privileged Access' [6], I argued that contrary to the claims of Burge , the characteristic thesis of anti-individualism is inconsistent with the Cartesian idea that we each have privileged access to the contents of our thoughts. In his reply to my paper, Anthony Brueckner  claims that my criticism is wrong because it is based on a simple misunderstanding of Burge (pp. 111, 114, and 116, note 5). My argument relied on my contention that the anti-individualist's notion of 'necessary dependence' should be understood as logical, or conceptual, implication. Brueckner claims that this is wrong. The anti-individualist's notion of necessary dependence, he says, is much weaker than conceptual implication (p. 114). Brueckner's opinion was quickly seconded by Warfield , who claims repeatedly (pp. 232-33) that 'Brueckner has refuted McKinsey'. Although Brueckner is unclear about what he thinks the notion of necessary dependence is supposed to be, his considered view seems to be that necessary dependence should be interpreted as metaphysical dependence (p. 116). But if so, then it seems that, contrary to Brueckner's claims, I did not misunderstand Burge after all. For one of the points that I was most concerned to make in my paper was that Burge's argument in  for the consistency of anti-individualism and privileged access tacitly (and illegitimately) identifies the anti-individualist's notion of necessary dependence with that of metaphysical dependence (see , pp. 12-13). Since this is an interpretation of Burge to which Brueckner himself is committed, he is wrong to claim that my main mistake was that of not understanding what Burge really had in mind. Again, an interpretation of Burge that Brueckner endorses is an interpretation that I myself took (laborious) pains to emphasize in my paper. Moreover, by resting his whole case merely on the claim that I misunderstood Burge, Brueckner neglects the fact that I gave an argument for the conclusion that the anti-individualist's notion of necessary dependence should be interpreted as conceptual implication (, pp. 13-14). For (I argued), interpreting the notion as metaphysical dependence results in a

Field of study: Philosophy
Production of lignocellulosic gasoline using fast pyrolysis of biomass and a conventional refining scheme

This paper shows how some existing refining technologies such as fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) can be modified to process bio-oil, derived from agricultural lignocellulosic wastes such as the sugar cane straw. Tests carried out in demonstration scale (150 kg/h) show the potential of these alternative materials to produce lignocellulosic gasoline or aromatic compounds, suitable to the petrochemical industry.

Field of study: Chemistry