nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
$(\Theta_n,sl_n)$-graded Lie algebras $(n=3,4)$

Let $\mathbb{F}$ be a field of characteristic zero and let $\mathfrak{g}$ be a non-zero finite-dimensional split semisimple Lie algebra with root system $\Delta$. Let $\Gamma$ be a finite set of integral weights of $\mathfrak{g}$ containing $\Delta$ and $\{0\}$. Following [2,10], we say that a Lie algebra $L$ over $\mathbb{F}$ is \emph{generalized root graded}, or more exactly $(\Gamma,\mathfrak{g})$-\emph{graded}, if $L$ contains a semisimple subalgebra isomorphic to $\mathfrak{g}$, the $\mathfrak{g}$-module $L$ is the direct sum of its weight subspaces $L_{\alpha}$ ($\alpha\in\Gamma$) and $L$ is generated by all $L_{\alpha}$ with $\alpha\ne0$ as a Lie algebra. Let $\mathfrak{g}\cong sl_{n}$ and \[ \Theta_n = \{0,\pm\varepsilon_i \pm\varepsilon_j, \pm\varepsilon_i, \pm2\varepsilon_i \mid1 \leq i \neq j \leq n\} \] where $\{\varepsilon_1, \dots, \varepsilon_n\}$ is the set of weights of the natural $sl_{n}$-module. In , we classify $(\Theta_{n},sl_{n})$-graded Lie algebras for $n>4$. In this paper we describe the multiplicative structures and the coordinate algebras of $(\Theta_{n},sl_{n})$-graded Lie algebras $(n=3,4)$. In $n=3$, we assume that \[ [V(2\omega_{1})\otimes C,V(2\omega_{1})\otimes C]=[V(2\omega_{2})\otimes C',V(2\omega_{2})\otimes C']=0 \] where $V(\omega)$ is the simple $\mathfrak{g}$-module of highest weight $\omega$, $C={\rm Hom_{\mathfrak{g}}}(V(2\omega_{1}),L)$ and $C'={\rm Hom_{\mathfrak{g}}}(V(2\omega_{2}),L)$ .

Field of study: Mathematics
New research in the methods and applications of sclerochronology

Because the instrumental record is short and does not extend to periods before the initiation of significant human impacts, full understanding of the processes and dynamics involved in the modern phase of very rapid global change depends on the interpretation of high resolution and precisely dated proxy archives. The identification of very long-lived species of bivalve mollusc in the extratropical marine environment has been a crucial recent advance. These molluscs form patterns of periodic (usually annual) banding in their shells that are synchronous within populations, so that long (centennial and millennial) stacked chronologies can be built by crossdating from live collected to fossil shells. The variable growth rates and precisely dated geochemical data from the shell material provide long term real world data that can in principle be used to constrain climate models and to define long baselines for environmental monitoring. However, the signals in these data usually result from the complex interaction of multiple influences, and the deconvolution and understanding of these influences is a major target of the scientific field of sclerochronology. This special issue presents some of the latest research into the sclerochronology of mollusc shells. It includes contributions to our understanding of shell growth, including the identification of endogenous (non-environmental) growth rhythms that persist throughout ontogeny, and analysis in two papers of variability through ontogeny in the season of growth and the implications of such variability for temperature reconstruction. One paper presents a new network of bivalve chronologies for UK waters, with a 200-year seawater temperature reconstruction. Three papers cover trace element geochemistry, including a novel approach to sampling for LA-ICP-MS that enables giant clam shells to be sampled at daily resolution, an attempt to identify an independent temperature proxy for coastal waters using limpet shells, and a detailed study of the drivers of variability in Sr/Ca and Ba/Ca ratios. One study looks at shell microstructure as a temperature proxy, finding a coherent temperature response in the shape of the prisms.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Minimally invasive techniques in spinal surgery: current practice.

Minimally invasive spinal surgery under arthroscopic or endoscopic magnification and illumination is emerging as an alternative, reliable method of treatment in a variety of spinal disorders. The operative techniques being used for discectomy and retrieval of herniated disc fragments or stabilization of unstable spinal motion segments are being utilized for visual diagnosis and debridement of infectious discitis and osteomyelitis transpedicular and transforaminal vertebral body biopsy, temporary diagnostic fixation of unstable lumbar motion segments, and transforaminal epidural steroid therapy.

Field of study: Medicine
PIC simulations of the thermal anisotropy-driven Weibel instability: field growth and phase space evolution upon saturation

The Weibel instability is investigated with PIC simulations of an initially unmagnetized and spatially uniform electron plasma. This instability, which is driven by the thermally anisotropic electron distribution, generates electromagnetic waves with wave vectors perpendicular to the direction of the higher temperature. Two simulations are performed: a 2D simulation, with a simulation plane that includes the direction of higher temperature, demonstrates that the wave spectrum is initially confined to one dimension. The electric field components in the simulation plane generated by the instability equalize at the end of the simulation through a secondary instability. A 1D PIC simulation with a high resolution, where the simulation box is aligned with the wave vectors of the growing waves, reveals details of the electron phase space distribution and permits a comparison of the magnetic and electric fields when the instability saturates. It is shown that the electrostatic field is driven by the magnetic pressure gradient and that it and the magnetic field redistribute the electrons in space.

Field of study: Physics
New developments in the heteroepitaxial growth of Be-chalcogenides based semiconducting alloys

We have studied the heteroepitaxial growth of Zn(Mg)BeSe alloys on both GaAs and Si substrates. X-ray measurements show that ZnMgBeSe quaternary alloys can be grown with a high structural quality on GaAs(001). Linewidths as low as to 20 arcsec have been obtained from double x-ray diffraction and the etch pit density is in the range of 10−3 cm−2. The growth of ZnBeSe ternary alloys on vicinal Si(001) substrates has been investigated. Optical properties of Zn0.55Be0.45Se which is lattice-matched to silicon have been studied by photoluminescence and reflectivity and a fundamental bandgap E0 of 3.85 eV has been measured. Therefore, this material is a potential candidate for ultraviolet B detection. However, it is important to note that these measurements are not conclusive about the direct nature of alloys bandgaps.

Field of study: Materials science
Post-translational modification of the N-terminal His tag interferes with the crystallization of the wild-type and mutant SH3 domains from chicken src tyrosine kinase.

Structural studies of the wild type and mutants of the src SH3 domain were initiated to elucidate the correlation of the native-state topology with protein thermostability and folding kinetics. An extra mass of 178 Da arising from the post-translational modification at the N-terminal His tag was observed. The spontaneous alpha-N-6 gluconoylation at the amino group of the His-tagged SH3 domain contributed to the observed extra mass. The partial modification of the N-terminal His-tag produced heterogeneity, both in size and in charge, in the Escherichia coli expressed SH3 domain. The removal of the His tag from the SH3 domain was essential for the crystallization of both wild-type and mutant src SH3. Both the wild type and the W43I mutant were crystallized by hanging-drop vapor diffusion and are in the hexagonal space group P6(5)22 with one molecule in the asymmetric unit. Data sets were collected to 1.8 and 1.95 A resolution for the the wild type and the W43I mutant, respectively.

Field of study: Chemistry
The Network Structure between Organizations and the Operational Efficiency of Drug Development

The sharp rise in health-care costs is compressing the public finance in various countries today, and an increase in the efficiency of the research and development of pharmaceutical products is required. In order to increase the efficiency of drug development, open innovation through external cooperation between drug manufacturing companies is attracting attention. However, the research findings of previous researches are not necessarily the same regarding the size of the effect of external cooperation between drug manufacturing companies. It is assumed that differences in the kinds of pharmaceutical products and in the mode of inter-organisational relations are two of the causes of the variation in the research findings. For example, with regard to the interorganisational relation mode, the operational efficiency of a horizontal international specialization style is high in the IT industry, and the operational efficiency of a vertical integration style is high in the motor industry. Thus, in this research, pharmaceutical products were classified appropriately and the inter-organisational relation fit for each was clarified empirically. As a method of research, from the intellectual-property database, the joint-application patents for the past ten years were extracted, and the inter-organisational relation was analysed by using the method of social network analysis. As a result, when the pharmaceutical products were classified using the conventional polymer formulation, the bio-drug development and the dosage-form development, the effect of external cooperation changed with differences in product characteristics. In addition, it became clear that the modes of external cooperation fit for each difference.

Field of study: Business
Microstructural Evolution and Hardness Profile of High Nitrogen Austenitic Steel After Arc-laser Hybrid Welding

An arc-laser hybrid welding was performed on high nitrogen austenitic steel which was used in the industries. Micro-vickers hardness tester, Optical microscopy, secondary and backscattered electron beam image analysis, image analyzer and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) in Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) were applied to reveal the microstructural details. The results indicate that, the microstructures of the weld bead are consisted of the dendrite-like austenitic phase and the small rod-like delta ferritic phase located between the dendrites. The solidification mode of the bead is AF mode. The grain size in heat affected zone (HAZ) is larger than the parent metal, and the near the bead area, the larger the size of the grain.

Field of study: Engineering
Relationship between optical extinction and liquid water content in fogs

Studies carried out in the late 1970s suggest that a simple linear relationship exists in practice between the optical extinction in the thermal IR and the liquid water content (LWC) in fogs. Such a relationship opens the possibility to monitor the vertical profile of the LWC in fogs with a rather simple backscatter lidar. Little is known on how the LWC varies as a function of height and during the fog life cycle, so the new measurement technique would help understand fog physics and provide valuable data for improving the quality of fog forecasts. In this paper, the validity of the linear relationship is revisited in the light of recent observations of fog droplet size distributions measured with a combination of sensors covering a large range of droplet radii. In particular, large droplets (radius above 15 μm) are now detected, which was not the case in the late 1970s. The results confirm that the linear relationship still holds, at least for the mostly radiative fogs observed during the campaign. The impact of the precise value of the real and imaginary parts of the refractive index on the coefficient of the linear relationship is also studied. The usual practice considers that droplets are made of pure water. This assumption is probably valid for big drops, but it may be questioned for small ones since droplets are formed from condensation nuclei of highly variable chemical composition. The study suggests that the precise nature of condensation nuclei will primarily affect rather light fogs with small droplets and light liquid water contents.

Field of study: Environmental science
Calculating hard probe radiative energy loss beyond soft-gluon approximation: how valid is the approximation?

The soft-gluon approximation, which implies that radiated gluon carries away a small fraction of initial parton's energy, is a commonly used assumption in calculating radiative energy loss of high momentum partons traversing QGP created at RHIC and LHC. While soft-gluon approximation is convenient, different theoretical approaches reported significant radiative energy loss of high $p_{\perp}$ partons, thereby questioning its validity. To address this issue, we relaxed the soft-gluon approximation within DGLV formalism. The obtained analytical expressions are quite distinct compared to the soft-gluon case. However, numerical results for the first order in opacity fractional energy loss lead to small differences in predictions for the two cases. The difference in the predicted number of radiated gluons is also small. Moreover, the effect on these two variables has an opposite sign, which when combined results in almost overlapping suppression predictions. Therefore, our results imply that, contrary to the commonly held doubts, the soft-gluon approximation in practice works surprisingly well in DGLV formalism. Finally, we also discuss generalizing this relaxation in the dynamical QCD medium, which suggests a more general applicability of the conclusions obtained here.

Field of study: Physics
Prospective evaluation of the utility of intraoperative confocal laser endomicroscopy in patients with brain neoplasms using fluorescein sodium: experience with 74 cases.

This study evaluated the utility, specificity, and sensitivity of intraoperative confocal laser endomicroscopy (CLE) to provide diagnostic information during resection of human brain tumors.



CLE imaging was used in the resection of intracranial neoplasms in 74 consecutive patients (31 male; mean age 47.5 years; sequential 10-month study period). Intraoperative in vivo and ex vivo CLE was performed after intravenous injection of fluorescein sodium (FNa). Tissue samples from CLE imaging-matched areas were acquired for comparison with routine histological analysis (frozen and permanent sections). CLE images were classified as diagnostic or nondiagnostic. The specificities and sensitivities of CLE and frozen sections for gliomas and meningiomas were calculated using permanent histological sections as the standard.



CLE images were obtained for each patient. The mean duration of intraoperative CLE system use was 15.7 minutes (range 3-73 minutes). A total of 20,734 CLE images were correlated with 267 biopsy specimens (mean number of images/biopsy location, in vivo 84, ex vivo 70). CLE images were diagnostic for 45.98% in vivo and 52.97% ex vivo specimens. After initiation of CLE, an average of 14 in vivo images and 7 ex vivo images were acquired before identification of a first diagnostic image. CLE specificity and sensitivity were, respectively, 94% and 91% for gliomas and 93% and 97% for meningiomas.



CLE with FNa provided intraoperative histological information during brain tumor removal. Specificities and sensitivities of CLE for gliomas and meningiomas were comparable to those for frozen sections. These data suggest that CLE could allow the interactive identification of tumor areas, substantially improving intraoperative decisions during the resection of brain tumors.

Field of study: Medicine
Evaluation of the Major Characteristics of IRRDB 1981 Rubber Tree Germplasm Planted in 1987

The girth, latex yield, laticifer number and wind tolerance of 1981 IRRDB rubber tree germplasm planted in 1987 were observed. The results showed much obvious difference between accessions of the germplasm. Genotype 62 of the accessions was found to have larger girth, higher latex yield and windfirmness, and could be utilized as breeding material in the breeding program to widen the genetic base of the existing clones. The SAS correlation analysis of the girth, latex yield and laticifer number of 81 genotypes indicated that the girth had a significant correlation with latex yield (r=0.263*) and that both laticifer rings and laticifer number showed a highly significant correlation with latex yield (r=0.631**, r=0.422**).

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Neutral stochastic functional differential equations with additive perturbations

The paper deals with the solution to the neutral stochastic functional differential equation whose coefficients depend on small perturbations, by comparing it with the solution to the corresponding unperturbed equation of the equal type. We give conditions under which these solutions are close in the (2m)th mean, on finite time-intervals and on intervals whose length tends to infinity as small perturbations tend to zero.

Field of study: Mathematics
Inhibitory effects of tanshinone II-A on invasion and metastasis of human colon carcinoma cells

To investigate the effects and possible mechanisms of tanshinone II-A, an alcohol extract of the root of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge, on tumor invasion and metastasis of human colon carcinoma (CRC) cells.The effects of tanshinone II-A on invasion and metastasis of CRC cell lines HT29 and SW480 were evaluated by in vitro and in vivo assays. Western blotting was used to investigate possible molecular mechanisms of tanshinone II-A anti-cancer actions.Tanshinone II-A inhibited migration and invasion of CRC cells in a dose-dependent manner. The inhibitory effect also depended on time, with the most significant effects observed at 72 h. Tanshinone II-A also significantly inhibited in vivo metastasis of colon carcinoma SW480 cells. It inhibited in vitro and in vivo invasion and metastasis of CRC cells by reducing levels of urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) and matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-2 and MMP-9, and by increasing levels of tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase protein (TIMP)-1 and TIMP-2. Tanshinone II-A was also shown to suppress the nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) signal.Tanshinone II-A inhibited in vitro and in vivo invasion and metastasis of CRC cells. The effect resulted from changes in the levels of uPA, MMP-2, MMP-9, TIMP-1 and TIMP-2, and apparent inhibition of the NF-κB signal transduction pathway.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
The diversity of soil communities, the ‘poor man's tropical rainforest’

This paper reviews the various factors that facilitate the high biodiversity of soil communities, concentrating on soil animals. It considers the problems facing soil ecologists in the study of soil communities and identifies the important role such communities play in terrestrial ecosystems. The review also considers diversity and abundance patterns. A range of factors are identified that may contribute to the biodiversity of soil and their role is reviewed. These include diversity of food resources and trophic specialization, habitat favourableness, habitat heterogeneity in space and time, scale and spatial extent of the habitat, niche dynamics and resource partitioning, productivity, disturbance and aggregation.Biodiversity of soil organisms appears high, largely attributable to the nested set of ecological worlds in the soil — the relationship between the range of size groupings of soil organisms relative to the spatial heterogeneity perceived by these various groups — that provide a large ‘area for life” for the micro- and mesofauna. The role of aggregation and how it relates to the spatial scale under consideration and to species interactions amongst soil animals is largely unknown at present. The role of disturbance is equivocal and man's activities more often than not seem to lead to a reduced biodiversity of soil communities. This paper also identifies areas where further work is desirable to improve our understanding of the structure and functioning of soil communities.

Field of study: Environmental science
Berechnung der Strom- und Spannungsverhältnisse eines selbsterregten Parallelwechselrichters

ZusammenfassungIn einem sogenannten Gegentakt-Wechselrichter mit Selbsterregung spielen sich eigenartige Schwingungsvorgänge ab, deren Berechnung allgemein als sehr kompliziert betrachtet wurde. Anfang 1933 hat W. Schilling ein Verfahren angegeben, wobei er durch einen Kunstgriff das Problem in eine Aufgabe rein sinusförmiger Wechselströme verwandelte und der Hauptteil der Berechnung letzten Endes auf die Bestimmung der Amplituden der Grundwelle und der höheren Harmonischen einer Fourierschen Darstellung des Vorganges hinaus-lief. Dieses Verfahren könnte prinzipiell auf jeden Belastungsfall angewendet werden. In Wirklichkeit stößt man aber sehr bald (schon bei einem einzigen induktiven Belastungswiderstand) auf ungemein komplizierte Formeln, deren Handhabung recht viel Unannehmlichkeiten bietet. In der vorliegenden Arbeit soll daher versucht werden, dieses Problem von einem ganz anderen Standpunkt aus zu betrachten. Mit dem dabei zu gewinnenden Rechenverfahren werden dann Belastungsfälle zahlenmäßig berechnet, die über die Rechenbeispiele der Schillingschen Arbeit hinausreichen.

Field of study: Physics
The Significance of the Relative Lymphocyte Count as an Independent Predictor of Cardiovascular Disease in Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome

The aim of this study was to determine whether or not relative lymphocyte count (RLC) is associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS).  In this study, 141 patients diagnosed with OSAS using polysomnography were enrolled. Patients were classified according to the severity of OSAS as determined by the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) and presence of CVD. Lymphocyte count and other hematological parameters at complete blood count were determined and compared between patients with and without CVD. Multivariate regression analysis was used to estimate the associated factors for presence of CVD.  Absolute and relative lymphocyte counts were lower in the OSAS patients with CVD compared to those without CVD (mean absolute lymphocyte counts: 2.0 × 103 vs. 2.5 × 103 µl, p = 0.004, and mean RLC: 28.3 vs. 33.9%, p = 0.001, respectively). OSAS patients with CVD (14.2) had higher red cell distribution width values than the patients without CVD (13.4) (p = 0.005). Multivariate analysis identified RLC as an independent predictor of CVD in patients with OSAS (odds ratio = 0.9, 95% CI: 0.85-1.0, p = 0.042).  RLC was identified as an independent predictor of CVD in patients with OSAS. Since RLC is a widely available diagnostic tool with no additional costs over the routinely performed complete blood count, it can be used for predicting CVD in patients with OSAS.

Field of study: Medicine