nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
A Design Model of Prefecture-Level Integrated Information Network for Television

The digitization of all parts of the country overall conversion work is in an orderly manner, and the municipal integrated radio, film and television information network is a national network of the most important component. Therefore, pre-qualified in accordance with the implementation of urban experience in network design, integrates in various regions of the advantages of network building, sums up to the municipal radio and television network of integrated information model for policy-makers.

Field of study: Computer science
The yield models and defect density monitors for integrated circuit diagnosis

In IC manufacturing, the yield of a product is of important consideration. The yield of a circuit is governed by the defects developed in the circuit during fabrication. The accurate identification of the fault and its location helps in improving yield and in reducing development time. This paper reviews the yield models used in predicting the IC yield in semiconductor manufacturing and discusses the practical approach to yield analysis. An approach to systematic process diagnosis by IC structural decomposition is discussed. The design method and layout of some of the defect density test structure monitors are discussed. An example of the process problem analysis is also given.

Field of study: Engineering
Platelet Toll‐like receptor and its ligand HMGB‐1 expression is increased in the left atrium of atrial fibrillation patients

Atrial fibrillation(AF) is the most common sustained arrhythmia. Its most feared sequelae are stroke and peripheral thromboembolism due to atrial thrombi formation. Mechanisms underlying the relationship between platelet activation and left atrial thrombi have not been clearly elucidated yet. We aimed to investigate whether immune‐mediated platelet activation occurred in AF patients in this cross‐sectional study.  Persistent and paroxysmal AF patients who underwent cryoballoon‐based AF ablation between March 2015 and July 2016 were included as the patient group. Patients without AF in whom transseptal puncture was performed at the same period for purposes other than AF ablation were included as the control group. Peripheral and left atrial blood samples were obtained for determination of platelet Toll‐like receptor(TLR)‐2, TLR‐4 and high mobility group box‐1(HMGB‐1) expression levels.  A total of 75 subjects (53 patients with AF and 22 control subjects) [mean: 60.33 (SD: 6.14) years, 57.33% male] were included. Left atrial and peripheral TLR‐2, 4 and HMGB‐1 expression levels were significantly higher in the patient group when compared to the controls. Left atrial platelet TLR‐2 and TLR‐4 expression and serum HMGB‐1 levels were higher in persistent AF patients compared to paroxysmal AF patients. In the patient group, left atrial expression of TLR‐2, 4 and HMGB‐1 were significantly higher than the peripheral expression levels.  Findings of our study suggest evidence for immune‐mediated platelet activation in the left atria of AF patients. HighlightsThe most feared sequelae due to atrial fibrillation (AF) are thromboembolic events.In AF, thrombus most commonly originates from left atrium (LA) or LA appendage.We found higher expression of platelet TLR and its ligand in the LA in AF.Our findings suggest immune‐mediated platelet activation in LA of AF patients.This may constitute a novel therapeutic target in prevention of thromboembolism.

Field of study: Medicine
IL17RA in early-onset coronary artery disease: Total leukocyte transcript analysis and promoter polymorphism (rs4819554) association.

The interleukin-17 (IL-17) pathway would play an important role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and coronary-artery disease (CAD). The IL-17 inflammatory mediators are expressed by Th17 cells, a group of CD4 + leukocytes that infiltrate the vascular milieu and are pivotal in the origin, progression, stability and rupture of the atherosclerotic lesion. Cigarette smoke compounds stimulated the expression of IL-17 and IL-17-receptors. In atherogenic mice models the deficiency of IL-17RA resulted in a reduction of the atherosclerotic lesion size and leukocyte infiltrate. We hypothesised that common the IL-17RA transcript might be differential expressed in the leukocytes from CAD patients and healthy individuals.



The relative amount of the IL-17RA to ACTB transcript was determined in total leukocytes of 55 patients and 50 controls, all smokers. We genotyped the IL-17RA rs48195554 promoter polymorphisms in 390 healthy controls and 450 early-onset CAD patients.



Patients showed significantly higher mean IL-17RA normalised transcript value than controls (p < 0.001). For the IL-17RA rs48195554 promoter polymorphisms, IL-17RA G-carriers showed higher transcript values. However, allele and genotype frequencies did not differ between patients and controls and we thus excluded a significant association with CAD.



The higher levels of the IL-17RA transcript among CAD-patients was in agreement with a role for the IL-17 pathway in the pathogenesis of coronary atherosclerosis.

Field of study: Medicine
Selective hippocampal lesions and behavior: effects of kainic acid lesions on performance of place and cue tasks.

Kainic acid (KA) lesions were used to study the effects of damage to the CA3 cell field and subiculum on performance of complex place and cue tasks. In Experiment 1, neuroanatomical techniques were employed to determine the selectivity of the lesions. In a within-subjects design, rats in Experiment 2 were trained before the operations to run on an eight-arm radial maze with procedures that involved two kinds of learning (place and cue) and two memory functions (reference memory and working memory). Interrupting the intrahippocampal circuit by damaging the CA3 cell field with KA had minimal effects on performance; injections into subiculum and complete aspiration lesions of hippocampus resulted in impairments on the place but not the cue task. Only intraventricular injections of KA affected performance on both tasks. These results fail to support either the cognitive map or the working memory theory of hippocampal function. The presence of distant damage beyond the immediate area of injection complicates interpretation of the results and may serve to limit the usefulness of KA as a neurotoxin in behavioral investigations.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
The random-effects proportional hazards model with grouped survival data: a comparison between the grouped continuous and continuation ratio versions

When analysing grouped time survival data having a hierarchical structure it is often appropriate to assume a random-effects proportional hazards model for the latent continuous time and then to derive the corresponding grouped time model. There are two formally equivalent grouped time versions of the proportional hazards model obtained from different perspec-tives, known as the "continuation ratio" and the "grouped continuous" models. However, the two models require distinct estimation procedures and, more importantly, they differ substantially when extended to time-dependent covariates and/or non-proportional effects. The paper discusses these issues in the context of random-effects models, illustrating the main points with an application to a complex data set on job opportunities for a cohort of graduates.

Field of study: Mathematics
Análisis de la costo-efectividad del sistema intrauterino liberador de levonorgestrel, como alternativa a histerectomías, en dos países latinoamericanos

Objetivo: el sistema intrauterino con levonorgestrel ha demostrado un fuerte efecto supresor endometrial de mucha utilidad en gran variedad de problemas ginecologicos. Existen numerosos estudios y revisiones del sistema intrauterino con levonorgestrel que avalan su uso en sangrado uterino anormal, como tambien bastantes publicaciones que demuestran su costo-efectividad. No se encontraron publicaciones latinoamericanas. El objetivo del estudio es desarrollar un modelo para valorar el beneficio en costos del uso del dispositivo como manejo alternativo del sangrado uterino anormal. Metodos: se realizo modelo farmaco-economico que ayudara a comparar costos y efectividad de sistema intrauterino con levonorgestrel, insercion, controles clinicos mas ultrasonido transvaginal al mes, y anuales, y se comparo con los costos directos de histerectomia. Los costos de histerectomia se obtienen mediante GRD-WinSIG en Chile y los costos reales directos en Costa Rica. El modelo es basicamente comparar los costos de la insercion de sistema intrauterino con levonorgestrel mas las fallas del tratamiento versus histerectomias.

Field of study: Mathematics
Effects of Ca substitution and the pseudogap on the magnetic properties of Y1-xCaxBa2Cu3O7-delta

The effects of planar hole content, p, on the static magnetic susceptibility, χ(T), of Y1-xCaxBa2Cu3O7-δ polycrystalline samples were investigated over a wide range of Ca (x) and oxygen contents. Non-magnetic Ca, in the 3p state, induces a Curie-like contribution to χ(T) that increases systematically and non-linearly with x but is almost independent of p. We argue that this arises from statistical clusters containing two or more nearest neighbor Ca atoms. We have again found that the pseudogap in the quasiparticle spectral weight appears abruptly below a planar hole content p = 0.190 ± 0.005. PACS numbers: 74.72.Bk, 74.25.Ha, 74.25.Dw, 74.62.Dh

Field of study: Physics
Low-valent Niobium-mediated Synthesis of Indenes: Intramolecular Coupling Reaction of CF3 Group with Alkene C–H Bond

CF3 group of o-alkenyl-α,α,α-trifluorotoluenes underwent intramolecular coupling reaction with the alkene C–H bond under NbCl5/LiAlH4 system. Substituted indenes were obtained in good yields.

Field of study: Chemistry
In ovo very early-in-life exposure to diesel exhaust induced cardiopulmonary toxicity in a hatchling chick model.

Diesel exhaust (DE) had been associated with cardiopulmonary toxicity and developmental toxicity. However, neonatal very early-in-life exposure had not been extensively studied previously. To investigate the potential effects of neonatal very early-in-life exposure to DE, a brand-new chicken embryo in ovo exposure model had been established, with which the cardiopulmonary effects of DE exposure via air cell infusion at embryonic day 18/19 (ED18/19) were assessed in hatchling chicks post-hatch 0-, 1-, or 2-weeks. Heart rates were assessed with electrocardiography. Cardiac and pulmonary morphologies were investigated with histopathological methods. Cardiopulmonary effects were explored with immunohistochemistry for alpha smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA). In further investigations, the expression levels of phosphorylated AhR, serum levels of TGF-β1, phosphorylated SMAD2/3 and phosphorylated p38MAPK were assessed in the lung tissues. Significantly elevated heart rates, increased right ventricular wall thickness and cardiac collagen deposition were observed in the hearts of exposed hatchling chicks. Significantly increased collagen deposition as well as increased vascular alpha-SMA layer thickness/decreased cavity area were observed in exposed animal lungs. These effects persisted up to two weeks post-hatch. Mechanistic studies revealed elevated phosphorylated AhR expression levels in 0-week and 1-week chicken lungs, while phosphorylated SMAD2/3 levels significantly increased in 0-week chicken lungs but decreased in 2-week chicken lungs following DE exposure. Phosphorylation of p38MAPK did not remarkably increase until 2-week post-hatch. In summary, the novel chicken neonatal very early-in-life exposure model effectively exposed the chicken embryos during the neonatal initial breathing, resulting in cardiopulmonary toxicity, which is associated with AHR, TGF-β1 and MAPK signaling.

Field of study: Environmental science
Health professional mobility in the European Union: Exploring the equity and efficiency of free movement.

The WHO Global Code of Practice on the International Recruitment of Health Personnel is a landmark in the health workforce migration debate. Yet its principles apply only partly within the European Union (EU) where freedom of movement prevails. The purpose of this article is to explore whether free mobility of health professionals contributes to "equitably strengthen health systems" in the EU. The article proposes an analytical tool (matrix), which looks at the effects of health professional mobility in terms of efficiency and equity implications at three levels: for the EU, for destination countries and for source countries. The findings show that destinations as well as sources experience positive and negative effects, and that the effects of mobility are complex because they change, overlap and are hard to pin down. The analysis suggests that there is a risk that free health workforce mobility disproportionally benefits wealthier Member States at the expense of less advantaged EU Member States, and that mobility may feed disparities as flows redistribute resources from poorer to wealthier EU countries. The article argues that the principles put forward by the WHO Code appear to be as relevant within the EU as they are globally.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Simultaneous Determination of 18 Photoinitiators Residues in Paper-made Packaging by Gas Chromatograph-Mass Spectrometry after Dispersive Solid Phase Extraction Cleanup

A method was developed for the simultaneous determination of 18 photoinitiators(PIs) residues in paper-made packaging by gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry(GC-MS) after dispersive solid phase extraction(d-SPE) cleanup.PIs were ultrasonically extracted by acetonitrile from water presoaked sample,followed by liquid-liquid distribution extraction with n-hexane-acetic ether(3 ∶ 7,V/V) and cleaned up by the mixed sorbents of anhydrous MgSO4 plus primary secondary amine(PSA) and octadecylsilane(C18) sorbent power.The ultimate solution was detected and quantified by GC-MS under selected ion monitoring mode by using anthracene D10 as the internal standard.All of the 18 PIs had good linear relationship(R2 0.997) in the concentrations of 0.01 to 0.2 mg/L.The recoveries of 18 PIs were in the range from 81.6% to 123.8% at three spike levels of 0.1,0.4 and 2 mg/m2 with relative standard deviation(RSD) less than 9.6%.The detection limits of target compounds in the method were ranged from 0.007 mg/m2 to 0.023 mg/m2.The real sample analysis showed that this simple and accurate method could be used for the determination of the residues of 18 PIs simultaneously in the paper-made packaging sample.

Field of study: Chemistry
The Impact of Presymptomatic Molecular Testing in Hereditary Cancers

Genetic factors are likely to be the primary determinants in around 5–10% of cancer patients. Over the last decade the identification of some of these cancer susceptibility genes has revolutionised our understanding of cancer in general. In addition, it has allowed us to improve our management of patients in those families with a genetic predisposition by offering presymptomatic testing and hence early intervention and treatment for the disease. This review will examine the major hereditary cancer syndromes and look at the tests currently available for their diagnosis. Molecular Changes Associated with the Development of Cancers

Field of study: Medicine
The Future of Psychology in Medical Specialities: Introduction to the Special Issue

The continuing evolution of the health care delivery system in the United States presents threats and opportunities to psychologists in medical settings. This special issue explores the future of psychology in psychiatry, family medicine, rehabilitation, geriatric medicine, and pediatric medicine. The challenges facing neuropsychology and pain management are explored also. Finally, the professional issues of ethics in managed care, psychology in the public sector, and training future psychologists are addressed. Each paper summarizes concerns and provides recommendations for clinical practice, research, and training.

Field of study: Psychology
2.45 GHz Microwave Processing and Its Influence on Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastics

During the production of fiber-reinforced composite materials, liquid resin is introduced into the fiber material and cured, i.e., hardened. An elevated temperature is needed for this curing. Microwave curing of composites has been investigated for some time, but it has mostly been done using small domestic or laboratory equipment. However, no investigation has been carried out using an industrial-sized chamber-microwave for glass fiber-reinforced plastic (GFRP). Here, we show that microwave curing produces laminates of the same quality as oven-cured ones. The study shows that, if the process is done right, GFRP samples can be produced with an industrial scale microwave. Even if not fully cured, microwave samples show a glass transition temperature measured with DMA (Tg-DMA) that is comparable to the Tg-DMA according to the proposed cure cycle on the data sheet. Specific microwave-cured configurations show better inter-laminar shear strength than oven specimens. The results show that microwave-based heat introduction can be a beneficial curing method for GFRP laminates. A microwave-optimized process is faster and leads to better mechanical properties.

Field of study: Materials science
Adiabatic Selfconsistent Collective Coordinate Method for Large Amplitude Collective Motion in Nuclei with Pairing Correlations

An adiabatic approximation to the selfconsistent collective coordinate method is formulated in order to describe large amplitude collective motions in nuclei with pairing correlations on the basis of the time-dependent Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov equations of motion. The basic equations are presented in a local harmonic form which can be solved in a manner similar to that of the quasiparticle RPA equations. The formalism guarantees the conservation of nucleon number expectation values. An extension to the multi-dimensional case is also discussed.

Field of study: Physics
Carbofuran removal in continuous-photocatalytic reactor: Reactor optimization, rate-constant determination and carbofuran degradation pathway analysis

Carbofuran (CBF) removal in a continuous-flow photocatalytic reactor with granular activated carbon supported titanium dioxide (GAC-TiO2) catalyst was investigated. The effects of feed flow rate, TiO2 concentration and addition of supplementary oxidants on CBF removal were investigated. The central composite design (CCD) was used to design the experiments and to estimate the effects of feed flow rate and TiO2 concentration on CBF removal. The outcome of CCD experiments demonstrated that reactor performance was influenced mainly by feed flow rate compared to TiO2 concentration. A second-order polynomial model developed based on CCD experiments fitted the experimental data with good correlation (R2 ∼ 0.964). The addition of 1 mL min−1 hydrogen peroxide has shown complete CBF degradation and 76% chemical oxygen demand removal under the following operating conditions of CBF ∼50 mg L−1, TiO2 ∼5 mg L−1 and feed flow rate ∼82.5 mL min−1. Rate constant of the photodegradation process was also calculated by applying the kinetic data in pseudo-first-order kinetics. Four major degradation intermediates of CBF were identified using GC-MS analysis. As a whole, the reactor system and GAC-TiO2 catalyst used could be constructive in cost-effective CBF removal with no impact to receiving environment through getaway of photocatalyst.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Unintentional unfairness when applying new greenhouse gas emissions metrics at country level

The 2015 Paris Agreement sets out that rapid reductions in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are needed to keep global warming to safe levels. A new approach (known asGWP)has been suggested to compare contributions of longand short-livedGHGs, providing a close link between cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions and total warming.However, comparison factors for non-CO2GHGs under theGWPmetric depend on past emissions, and hence raise questions of equity and fairness when applied at any but the global level. The use ofGWPwould putmost developing countries at a disadvantage compared to developed countries, becausewhen usingGWP countries with high historical emissions of short-livedGHGs are exempted from accounting for avoidable futurewarming that is caused by sustaining these emissions.We show that when various established equity or fairness criteria are applied toGWP (defined here as eGWP), perceived national non-CO2 emissions vary by more than an order ofmagnitude, particularly in countries with highmethane emissions likeNew Zealand.We show that national emission estimates that useGWP are very sensitive to arbitrary choicesmade by countries and therewith facilitate the creation of loopholes whenCO2-equivalent emissions based on theGWP concept are traded between countries that use different approaches. In light of such equity-dependent accounting differences, GHGmetrics likeGWP should only be used at the global level. A common, transparent and equity-neutral accountingmetric is vital for the Paris Agreement’s effectiveness and its environmental integrity.

Field of study: Environmental science
Multiple Conceptions of Academy and Academic Development of the University

As an academic organization,the university development has been deeply affected by the conception of academy in its history.According to the narrow-sense and classical conception of academy formed in the European history,academy is the research work without practical use done by the university scholars who had formal education experience.This conception of academy played an important role in directing and enhancing the university development.However,its limitations are becoming increasingly obvious due to the current multiple trends of the higher education development.The development of modern universities requires a broad-sense conception of academy.It redefines academy as the composition of four aspects,namely,scholarship of discovery,scholarship of integration,scholarship of application and scholarship of teaching.The broad-sense and multiple conceptions of academy should be held,so as to improve academic work comprehensively,such as scientific research,students fostering,and social service.

Field of study: Education