nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
LINKING WATERSHED SUBBASIN CHARACTERISTICS TO WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS IN WAR EAGLE CREEK WATERSHED

A short-term sampling program was conducted to assess watershed-scale influences such as catchment land use, seasonal variability, and catchment size in War Eagle Creek in northwest Arkansas. The objective was to identify strategic subbasin sampling locations in War Eagle Creek watershed that would minimize the number of sampling sites while fully characterizing seasonal water quality. Additionally, we compared result from each sampling station (subbasin) to suggested ecoregion nutrient and sestonic chlorophyll-a criteria. Thirteen subbasins were identified within War Eagle Creek watershed for sampling and assessment. The effects of the WWTP effluent discharge (subbasin 8) were evident, as all constituent concentrations (conductivity, SRP, TP, NO2-N, NO3-N, and TN) were significantly greater (p < 0.10) downstream from the effluent discharge site compared with the majority of the other subbasins. NO3-N plus NO2-N and TN median concentrations for pasture-dominated subbasins 10 and 12 were greater than most other values. Similarly, regression analyses indicated a strong correlation between TN and % pasture cover in the subbasin (r = 0.912) and between NO3-N and % pasture cover in the subbasin (r = 0.925). Chlorophyll-a median concentration was greatest for subbasin 11, which was above median ecoregion criteria values. Sites and constituents varied seasonally, with lowest concentrations often measured in the winter-spring season and greatest loads calculated for winter-spring and fall seasons. Results indicated that a reduction of over 50% in the number of sites sampled can be made without losing information on the variability of the selected water quality parameters. By monitoring the reduced set of sampling sites, a more focused and frugal water quality monitoring program can be developed to determine the quality of water in War Eagle Creek for assessing designated uses.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Who should own abuse? The nature of, and factors associated with, wife-battering

This article examines the nature of wife-battering and the factors that contribute to this violence. This examination is based on the findings of an empirical study conducted by Phokojoe-Niboye between 1992 and 1996 in Canberra, Australia. Despite the time lapsed since the study was conducted, the findings are still relevant to contemporary analysis of wife-battering. The discussion is based on an analysis of the different views of battered women/survivors, perpetrators and people who are engaged in service provision. The findings revealed that despite admissions to the contrary, alcohol and jealousy were the most common factors associated with wife- battering. It also became evident that the battered women and perpetrators grew up in violence-stricken families and even experienced some themselves, which could be a predictor of perpetration and tolerance of abuse by both perpetrators and battered women, respectively. In those families alcohol also played a major role in the violence between parents. However, those in service provision were of the view that there was no relationship between alcohol and wife-battering.

Field of study: Sociology
Craving healthy foods?! How sensory appeals increase appetitive motivational processing of healthy foods in adolescents

The study examined how sensory appeal characteristics promoting fruits and vegetables capture attention, emotion, and memory formation, indicative of approach motivational processing. Grounded in biopsychological and communication science frameworks such as evolutionary theories, information-processing, LC4MP, and the dimensional emotion theory, two within-subjects experiments investigated how adolescents process pronutritional images appealing to the senses. Study 1 (N = 58, aged 12–18, 54% female) examined how sensory cues broke through the clutter of promotional media, attracting attentional selection, arousal and affect. Study 2 (N = 165, aged 12–18, 53% female) explored whether sensory appeal characteristics further directed the attention and mental resources toward processing the core healthy foods of fruits and vegetables. Eye-tracking provided an assessment of visual attentional focus and recognition memory indicated encoding efficiency. As hypothesized, core nutritious foods became noticeable, highly arousing, and memorable stimuli with adaptive significance to the organism when portrayed as enjoyable and ripe, through hedonic and palatability appeals. Sensory cues increased adolescents’ attentional selection and positive emotions to the pronutritional images, but also attracted visual focus and high memory formation of the fruits and vegetables. Health communication practice should take advantage of these results and promote core healthy foods through hedonic and visual food palatability appeals.

Field of study: Psychology
COMT Val158Met Polymorphism and Social Impairment Interactively Affect Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Symptoms in Healthy Adolescents

The dopaminergic system has been shown to have substantial effects on the etiology of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, while some studies found a significant direct effect, others did not. In this context, social behavior might play an important role as a factor that is related both to the dopaminergic system and ADHD. In a large epidemiological sample of adolescents (N = 462; 16–17 years), we assessed the level of ADHD symptoms using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, social behavior using the Social Responsiveness Scale, and the allelic distribution of the dopaminergic catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) Val158Met polymorphism. We found a significant association between COMT and social impairment, insofar as Met-allele carriers showed increased levels of social impairment. Moreover, social impairment significantly determined an association between COMT and ADHD (explained variance: 19.09%). This effect did not significantly differ between males and females. COMT and social impairment might interactively affect ADHD symptomatology, and could thus represent significant gene-phenotypic risk factors for ADHD symptomatology. This might have interesting implications for prevention and intervention strategies with a focus on social behavior in genetically at-risk individuals.

Field of study: Biology
LAVA FLOWS IN THE GRAND CANYON OF THE COLORADO RIVER, ARIZONA

Within the western part of the Grand Canyon, over a distance of more than 84 miles, from Toro-weap Valley almost to the Grand Wash cliffs, flow remnants of olivine basalt occur along the Colorado river channel. The remnants in the downstream three-fourths of the stream segment individually pertain to single flows. The accordance of their upper surfaces with a gradient parallel to that of the present river and the failure to discover sources of lava in this segment suggest that the remnants belong to the same flow. In the upstream one-fourth of the stream segment several flows may be distinguished, the lowest of which is correlated with the downstream remnants on the basis of near-continuity and similarity in physiographic position. The source of this flow is in the vicinity of Lava Falls at the mouth of Toroweap Canyon where the farthest upstream remnants are found. Later flows from the esplanade of the Uinkaret Plateau locally and briefly dammed the Colorado River near the mouths of Toroweap and Queanto-weap valleys. After removing the dams, the Colorado River cut downward to approximately its channel prior to the first flow. At one place below Lava Falls the river channel is still being cut in basalt, but everywhere else it is being cut a few feet to a few tens of feet below the bottoms of the lowest flow remnants. This long flow was an important event in the later geological history of the Grand Canyon and affords a striking example of the fluidity of basaltic lava, involving a descent of 700 feet in 84 miles along a water grade.

Field of study: Geology
Feeding patterns of rats chronically ingesting an ethanol-containing liquid diet.

We compared the feeding patterns of rats ingesting a 36% ethanol-containing liquid diet for 30 days with those of rats pair-fed an isocaloric liquid control diet or provided control diet or ground rat chow ad libitum. Ethanol-fed rats consumed fewer calories per day and gained less body weight than rats fed control diets ad libitum. Daily caloric intakes were approximately 50% lower during the first 10 days and 20% thereafter. Lower intakes in ethanol-fed rats occurred through a decrease in mean meal size rather than number of meals per day, although meals were more evenly distributed diurnally. Pair-fed rats ingested most of their food in one or two meals within a few hours of presentation. In a related experiment, a 4-hr duodenal infusion of ethanol at a rate comparable to that of ethanol ingestion resulted in plasma ethanol levels of 28 +/- 4 mM and suppressed 5-hr intake by approximately 40% by increasing the mean postmeal interval and satiety ratio. These results suggest that the suppressive effect of ethanol ingestion on food intake may be mediated in part by a post-gastric mechanism of ethanol action.

Field of study: Medicine
At-Risk for Diabetes: Coping with the News

This study assessed 37 children's and 38 adults', as well as their family members' (39 mothers and 26 spouses), coping responses to the news that they (or a loved one) were islet-cell antibody positive (ICA+) and at risk for type 1 diabetes. The Ways of Coping Checklist (WCC) was administered ∼4 months after ICA+ notification and at follow-up ∼10 months later. Participants' state anxiety was measured a few days after ICA+ notification and again ∼4 months later, at the time of the initial WCC administration. Children's coping strategies differed from those of adults, and mothers' coping strategies differed from spouses'. Initial state anxiety in response to ICA+ notification was related to how participants subsequently coped with the news. Coping, in turn, was related to maintenance of state anxiety over time.

Field of study: Psychology
Stochastic epidemic models with random environment: quasi-stationarity, extinction and final size

We investigate stochastic $$SIS$$ and $$SIR$$ epidemic models, when there is a random environment that influences the spread of the infectious disease. The inclusion of an external environment into the epidemic model is done by replacing the constant transmission rates with dynamic rates governed by an environmental Markov chain. We put emphasis on the algorithmic evaluation of the influence of the environmental factors on the performance behavior of the epidemic model.

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics
Single contaminant water network design for batch processes

A new time-purity two-dimensional water-using diagram was presented to synthesize water network for batch processes.In the diagram y-axis was water purity and the x-axis was time.Design rules with or without storage tank were presented respectively.The diagram could clearly describe water-using batch processes.The method firstly determined the pinch point and the minimum utility targets of the batch processes by the water cascade analysis technology,then synthesized the water network by using the diagram and rules,and then determined the number and volume of storage tanks for batch processes with storage tanks,and lastly described the synthesized optimum water network by the time-water network diagram.The influence of the water network by the flowrate demand of a water-using process was also discussed.Calculation of two literature examples showed that the method was easy,effective and efficient.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Study of CoFe2O4/CoFe2 nanostructured powder

We report an experimental study of the CoFe2O4/CoFe2 nanocomposite, a nanostructured material formed by hard (CoFe2O4) and soft (CoFe2) magnetic materials. The precursor material, cobalt ferrite (CoFe2O4), was prepared using the conventional stoichiometric gel-combustion method. The nanocomposite material was obtained by reducing partially the precursor material using activated charcoal as reducing agent in air and argon atmospheres, at 800 and 900 C respectively. The magnetic hysteresis loops demonstrate that, in general, prepared nanocomposite samples display single magnetic behavior, indicating exchange coupling between the soft and hard magnetic phases. However, for nanocomposite samples prepared at higher temperatures, the hysteresis measurements show steps typical of two-phase magnetic behavior, suggesting the existence of two non-coupled magnetic phases. The studied nanocomposites presented coercivity (HC) of about 0.7 kOe, which is considerably lower than the expected value for cobalt ferrite. A huge increase in HC (>440%) and maximum energy product (about 240%) was obtained for the nanocomposite after high energy milling processing.

Field of study: Physics
Inferences from DNA data: population histories, evolutionary processes and forensic match probabilities

We develop a flexible class of Metropolis-Hastings algorithms for drawing inferences about population histories and mutation rates from deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequence data. Match probabilities for use in forensic identification are also obtained, which is particularly useful for mitochondrial DNA profiles. Our data augmentation approach, in which the ancestral DNA data are inferred at each node of the genealogical tree, simplifies likelihood calculations and permits a wide class of mutation models to be employed, so that many different types of DNA sequence data can be analysed within our framework. Moreover, simpler likelihood calculations imply greater freedom for generating tree proposals, so that algorithms with good mixing properties can be implemented. We incorporate the effects of demography by means of simple mechanisms for changes in population size and structure, and we estimate the corresponding demographic parameters, but we do not here allow for the effects of either recombination or selection. We illustrate our methods by application to four human DNA data sets, consisting of DNA sequences, short tandem repeat loci, single-nucleotide polymorphism sites and insertion sites. Two of the data sets are drawn from the male-specific Y-chromosome, one from maternally inherited mitochondrial DNA and one from the "b"-globin locus on chromosome 11.

Field of study: Mathematics
Characterization and Determination of Silver Nanoparticle Using Single Particle-Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry

A single particle-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (SP-ICP-MS) method was established to detect the size distribution and number concentrations of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in dilute aqueous solution. The optimal dwell time was 3 ms to reduce possibility of two or more particles entering simultaneously into detector. An iterative algorithm was applied to distinguish AgNPs as outliers from baseline and dissolved metal ion signal if measured intensity was beyond five time standard deviation of whole data. The size distribution and number concentration of three commercial silver nanoparticle dispersions (nominal diameters of 30, 50 and 100 nm) were determined by SP-ICP-MS. The result of SP-ICP-MS was accurately similar to that of TEM, indicating that SP-ICPMS could be used to detect silver nanoparticles. The particle size detection limit was 25 nm and the limit of number concentration was 8 × 104 particles L−1 in dilute solution. Tap water being added with silver nanoparticles was tested to obtain a similar size distribution and number concentration. This method was simple, fast and highly sensitive, and quite feasible to investigate the risk assessment of silver nanoparticles in aqueous environment and monitor silver nanoparticles in drinking water.

Field of study: Chemistry
Research on Security of SIP Conferencing

Existing research on the SIP conferencing always only focuses on system architecture,utility function and running performance,but overlooks security issue in conferences.The security problems mainly summarize to two kinds,which are confidentiality problems caused by leakage and reliability problems caused by SIP attacks.According to these problems in SIP conferencing,this paper proposes a series of methods to advance SIP standard conferencing framework.The conference confidentiality technology research includes password security and media security.We use moderator's authentication and encryption to achieve double insurance.The conference reliability research mainly includes standardized examination,protocol extensions and SIP flooding intrusion detection.We verify the reasonableness via the experiment at last.

Field of study: Computer science
Placing the Analysis of Contemporary State Capitalism within an Evolutionary Discourse

Using Russia's state capitalist economy as an illustration, this paper discusses possible roles that the emergent regime of state capitalism could play in shaping societal evolution along more democratic and equitable lines. The study discusses major currents within the modern discourse of constructivist evolutionism to situate suggested roles for state capitalism within evolutionary economics, thus increasing the range of research issues that can be investigated. The paper argues that the theoretical framework of institutionalist constructivism makes it possible to demonstrate, with a progressivist agenda, the potential that could exist in a state capitalist order. Moreover, the paper outlines policies for progressive development through state capitalism.

Field of study: Economics
Communication and Data Processing in Local Public Group: Transparency and Accountability

The purpose of this story is to identify the role of information in the municipal public group with a view to New Public Governance and the need for mutual exchange between citizens and public bodies. The conducted analysis is quantitative subjective; the theory is demonstrated through the focus of a real case to increase the understanding of theoretical assumptions. The carried-out elaboration, after having identified the variables considered and the possible mathematical relationship between variables. The New Public Governance (NPG) sees public affection closely related to the need for information, this leads to study the real effects towards a new theory of citizen choice. The study shows that the use and dissemination of communication and processing tools in local authorities can have a positive impact on responsibility and transparency, improving trust in local governments and citizen participation in civic or political life. The information provided through open organic data on all sectors ensures greater trust in local public bodies and civic participation. The use of social indicators is a useful tool for assessing population satisfaction and understanding of the information provided to better plan and plan public services and municipal group interventions. The identified tools can be used to analyse the relapse and the involvement of both information and processing tools in the process of communicating the outputs to the stakeholders. All municipal groups have new tools for assessing planning and control. New analysis of the role of information in NPG.

Field of study: Business
Effects of Subtherapeutic Concentrations of Chlorhexidine Gluconate on Germ Tube Formation of Oral Candida

The main objective of this study was to investigate the effect of brief exposure to subtherapeutic concentrations of chlorhexidine gluconate on germ tube formation of Candida albicans isolates obtained from smokers, diabetics, asthmatics using steroid inhalers and healthy individuals.  Forty isolates of C. albicans were used in this study. All these isolates were quantified for germ tube formation without exposure to the drug and were used as the control group for data analysis. Isolates were also exposed to three subtherapeutic concentrations of chlorhexidine gluconate (0.00125, 0.0025 and 0.005%) for 30 min (limited exposure); the antiseptic was then removed and germ tube formation of these isolates was quantified microscopically following incubation in a germ tube-inducing medium.  Compared with the unexposed controls, brief exposure to all concentrations of chlorhexidine gluconate suppressed the ability of the C. albicans isolates to form germ tubes in increasing order by 13.72% (p < 0.001 to p = 0.02), 46.16% (p < 0.001) and 72.46% (p <0.001).  These findings show that brief exposure to subtherapeutic concentrations of chlorhexidine gluconate may modulate germ tube formation of C. albicans isolates, thereby suppressing their pathogenicity, and further elucidate the pharmacodynamic mechanisms by which chlorhexidine gluconate may operate in vivo.

Field of study: Medicine
SU‐GG‐T‐155: Quality Assurance for IMRT in Belgium: Verification of the Integral Delivered Dose with Alanine‐ESR Dosimetry

To face IMRT treatments with confidence, a federal QA program is set up in Belgium to verify the integral delivered dose for the routine technique as it is applied in the individual centers. The measured dose is compared to the TPS calculated dose as stated by the participant.  The integral IMRT‐delivered dose is measured at 3 locations within a phantom: at the center of two CTV's and at the center of one OAR in between. Dose is measured with alanine detectors which are read out in a desk top ESR‐spectrometer. Alanine dosimetry shows a linear variation with dose, no energy dependence nor fading. Dose is measured as the intensity of the central line in the powderabsorptionspectrum of alanine. The alanine pellets are calibrated in terms of “dose to water” between 1 Gy and 50 Gy by irradiation in a Co‐60 beam against water The participants are asked to pass the phantom through their routine process in order to perform a “end‐to‐end‐test”: acquiring CT scans for imaging, defining 2 cylindrical CTV's and one OAR as well to outline the detector volume. Complete freedom is given to the local staff in making a treatment plan: number of beams, optimization criteria, constraints, irradiation mode…). The only restriction is to deliver 10 Gy at the two CTV's and 3 Gy to the OAR. Finally the phantom is placed and lined up on the treatment couch using the routine procedure and irradiated.  up to now 6 centers are visited for which 10 tests with different IMRT techniques were performed: Tomotherapy(5), Segmented MLC(4), Dynamic MLC(1). The mean value of the ratio between stated and measured dose for CTV1 is 0.989 (sd=0.024); for CTV2 0.992 (sd=0.019); and 0.958 (sd=0.092) for OAR.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics