nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Valuation Monotonicity, Fairness and Stability in Assignment Problems

In this paper, we investigate the possibility of having stable rules for two-sided markets with transferable utility, that satisfy some valuation monotonicity and fairness axioms. Valuation fairness requires that changing the valuation of a buyer for the object of a seller leads to equal changes in the payoffs of this buyer and seller. This is satisfied by the Shapley value, but is incompatible with stability. A main goal in this paper is to weaken valuation fairness in such a way that it is compatible with stability. It turns out that requiring equal changes only for buyers and sellers that are matched to each other before as well as after the change, is compatible with stability. In fact, we show that the only stable rule that satisfies weak valuation fairness is the well-known fair division rule which is obtained as the average of the buyers-optimal and the sellers-optimal payoff vectors. Our second goal is to characterize these two extreme rules by valuation monotonicity axioms. We show that the buyers-optimal (respectively sellers-optimal) stable rule is characterized as the only stable rule that satisfies buyer-valuation monotonicity which requires that a buyer cannot be better off by weakly decreasing his/her valuations for all objects, as long as he is assigned the same object as before (respectively object-valuation antimonotonicity which requires that a buyer cannot be worse off when all buyers weakly decrease their valuations for the object that is assigned to this specific buyer, as long as this buyer is assigned the same object as before). Finally, adding a consistency axiom, the two optimal rules are characterized in the general domain of allocation rules for two-sided assignment markets with a variable population.

Field of study: Economics
Mixed Categories and Multiple Inheritance Hierarchies in English and Korean Gerundive Phrases

One of the main puzzles in English and Korean gerundive phrases (GPs) is that they display a mix of nominal and verbal properties. This has provided a challenge to syntactic analyses with a strict version of X-bar theory. Various approaches (cf. Lapointe 1993, Yoon 1996a & b, Kaiser 1998, Malouf 2000) have been proposed to solve this puzzle, but they all have ended up abandoning or modifying fundamental theory-neutral principles such as endocentricity, lexicalism, and null licensing (cf. Pullum 1991) with the introduction of otherwise unmotivated abstract elements or structures. This paper has shown that it is possible to analyze English and Korean VGPs in a way that maintains the lexical integrity principle (no syntactic rule refers to word-internal structure), captures endocentricity (the generalization that every phrase has a head), and avoids empty categories. This has been achieved through the framework of HPSG. HPSG is a sign-based grammar in which the basic unit of linguistic object sign is a structured complexes of linguistic information, represented by typed feature structure. The grammar of a language is based on the interactions of declarative constraints on types of signs. In capturing linguistic generalizations in a precise and concise manner, linguistic types are arranged into a multiple-inheritance hierarchy. The mechanism of multiple inheritance hierarchy allows a succinct way of encoding generalizations about English and Korean gerundive constructions. This system provides a clean, streamlined way of capturing the mixed properties of English and Korean gerundive phrases. It also has allowed to have a simpler grammar that can capture parametric differences between the two languages.

Field of study: Linguistics
Expression and bioactivity of the fusion protein LFn-PSCA

目的 研究大肠杆菌中表达的炭疽毒素致死因子氨基端与前列腺干细胞抗原(PSCA)融合蛋白的生物活性.方法 分别扩增炭疽毒素致死因子LF(lethal factor)N端254个氨基酸(LFn)的基因片段和PSCA氨基酸29～100的基因片段,将两片段先后克隆进分泌型载体pAS22中,构建成表达质粒pAS-LFn-PSCA,在大肠杆菌中表达,并对融合蛋白进行纯化和活性检测.结果 实现了融合蛋白LFn-PSCA的分泌型表达.纯化后纯度可达90%以上.体外试验显示LFn-PSCA对小鼠巨噬细胞无毒性,并保留了LFn与保护性抗原结合的活性.结论 在大肠杆菌中实现了LFn-PSCA的分泌型表达,为继续进行以炭疽毒素为载体增强机体免疫应答的研究打下基础。

Field of study: Biology
Casting Defect Analysis of Wear-resisting Ring Inlaid in Aluminum Alloy Piston

The common casting-defects of wear-resisting ring inlaid in aluminum alloy piston was analyzed and summed up,and the corresponding settlement measure in accordance with the different defect forms was put forward.The aluminizing layer of wear-resisting ring was metallurgic link through atom diffusing action under high temperature aluminum liquid,and was gained by casting method,so the probability of causing defects was more greatly.There are three kinds of casting defects during the forming aluminizing layer by casting: oxide defects,wanting aluminizing and cracks in the intermetallic layer.Peeling off the wear-resisting ring from piston and taking a sample for metallographic analysis,the defect form and the cause of formation were analyzed and studied,then the different settlement methods chiefly from the production technology angle were given out,respectively.

Field of study: Materials science
GLACIATION OF MAUNA KEA, HAWAII

Wentworth and Powers have described four stages of glaciation on Mauna Kea, Hawaii. The type localities of the deposits have been studied by the writer, and only the latest or Makanaka deposits can be accepted as definitely glacial drift. The deposits of the first and second stages are paroxysmal explosion deposits. Those of the third stage are a fanglomerate that could have been laid down in early Wisconsin time by floods caused by hot lava melting the icecap.

Field of study: Geology
Identification of ginkgolide B metabolites in urine and rat liver cytochrome P450 enzymes responsible for their formation in vitro

To identify metabolites of ginkgolide B in rat urine, the predominant metabolism of ginkgolide B and the major cytochrome (CYP) P450 enzymes responsible for the metabolism of ginkgolide B in rat liver microsomes.A liquid chromatography quadrupole mass spectrometer and liquid chromatography ion-trap-time-of-fight mass spectrometer with electrospray ionization in negative-ion mode were used for the structure elucidation of metabolites in rat urine and liver microsome incubation. Various selective CYP450 inhibitors were applied to investigate their effects on the metabolism of ginkgolide B and the formation of the major metabolite in rat liver microsomes.Three metabolites were identified in rat urine. One hydroxyl metabolite of ginkgolide B were identified in rat liver microsomes, and quinidine uncompetitively inhibited the formation of the metabolite; its inhibitor constant (Ki) value for the inhibition of hydroxyl metabolite was estimated to be 8 μmol/L, while α-naphthoflavone, ketoconazole, sulfaphenazole, and diethyldithiocarbamate had no inhibitory effects.Ginkgolide B was metabolized to its hydroxyl metabolite in rats, and CYP2D6 was the major rat CYP isoform responsible for the ginkgolide B metabolism in rat liver microsomes.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
A method to measure the voltage standing wave ratio of a component with nonstandard interface

A method to precisely measure the voltage standing wave ratio(VSWR) of a component with nonstandard interfaces,named directional coupler method,is put forward in the paper.The measurement principle of the method is presented,and the errors by the method are analyzed.The errors relate to the directivity of the coupler and the VSWR of the component.The method is used to measure a matching load with nonstandard interfaces.The experimental results(VSWR value is less than 1.2) are achieved.The results prove that the method is feasible.The method has eased the problems of measuring the VSWR of a component with nonstandard interfaces,which is commonly involved in the researches of high power microwave.

Field of study: Physics
Expert systems in production scheduling: Lessons from a failed implementation

This article describes an attempt to implement an expert system for production scheduling in a small manufacturing company. The approach adopted was to attempt to capture the heuristics and constraints used by the human scheduler in the form of a set of production rules that would be capable of imitating the human scheduler's behavior and eventually replace him. The implementation was eventually abandoned in favor of the introduction of a highly simplified version of the system to be used only in the decision support role, which was also unsuccessful. The reasons behind the failure are identified and discussed, and are found to relate to the following: underestimation of the complexity of the knowledge acquisition problem and the rate of change of the knowledge base; failure to adequately conceptualize the relationship between the human scheduler and the system; inadequate representation of uncertainty in scheduling parameters; the difficulty of the scheduler in adapting to an unfamiliar representation of the problem space, and lack of attention to deliberately simplifying the manufacturing operation before the introduction of the system.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
T-lymphocyte colonies in normal blood, bone marrow and lymphoproliferative disorders.

The formation of T-lymphocyte colonies was studied in normal individuals and in different lymphoproliferative disorders, using the double layer technique of Lowenberg & de Zeeuw (1977). All normal peripheral blood and bone marrow samples formed colonies: range 102-270 (mean 177) and 55-245 (mean 138) per 1 X 10(5) cells, respectively. Bone marrows from acute leukaemias in complete remission showed normal or increased colony formation. The T cell nature of the colonies was shown by rosette formation with sheep and human red blood cells (RBC). Most lymphoproliferative disorders of T and B cell either failed to grow colonies or showed reduced colony numbers. This was of particular interest in the chronic T cell disorders in which a high proportion of T cells was plated. This technique may help in the further characterization of leukaemic cell populations and may also provide clues on the distribution of particular subsets of T-lymphocytes in peripheral blood and bone marrow.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Are the actively respiring cells (CTC+) those responsible for bacterial production in aquatic environments?

The 5-cyano-2,3-ditolyl tetrazolium chloride (CTC) staining method is commonly and increasingly used to detect and to enumerate actively respiring cells (CTC+ cells) in aquatic systems. However, this method remains controversial since some authors promote this technique while others pointed out several drawbacks of the method. Using flow cytometry (FCM), we showed that CTC staining kinetics vary greatly from one sample to another. Therefore, there is no universal staining protocol that can be applied to aquatic bacterial communities. Furthermore, using (3)H-leucine incorporation, it was shown that the CTC dye has a rapid toxic effect on bacterial cells by inhibiting protein synthesis, a key physiological function. The coupling of radioactive labelling with cell sorting by FCM suggested that CTC+ cells contribute to less than 60% of the whole bacterial activity determined at the community level. From these results, it is clearly demonstrated that the CTC method is not valid to detect active bacteria, i.e. cells responsible for bacterial production.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
The accumulation of mutations in asexual populations and the structure of genealogical trees in the presence of selection

AbstractWe study the accumulation of unfavourable mutations in asexual populations by the process of Muller's ratchet, and the consequent inevitable decrease in fitness of the population. Simulations show that it is mutations with only moderate unfavourable effect that lead to the most rapid decrease in fitness. We measure the number of fixations as a function of time and show that the fixation rate must be equal to the ratchet rate once a steady state is reached. Large bursts of fixations are observed to occur simultaneously. We relate this to the structure of the genealogical tree. We derive equations relating the rate of the ratchet to the moments of the distribution of the number of mutations k per individual. These equations interpolate between the deterministic limit (an infinite population with selection present) and the neutral limit (a finite size population with no selection). Both these limits are exactly soluble. In the neutral case, the distribution of k is shown to be non-self-averaging, i.e. the fluctuations remain very large even for very large populations. We also consider the strong-selection limit in which only individuals in the fittest surviving class have offspring. This limit is again exactly soluble. We investigate the structure of the genealogical tree relating individuals in the same population, and consider the probability 
$$\bar P$$
(T) that two individuals had their latest common ancestor T generations in the past. The function 
$$\bar P$$
(T) is exactly calculable in the neutral limit and the strong-selection limit, and we obtain an empirical solution for intermediate selection strengths.

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics
[Clinical and stabilometric analysis of postural instability in Parkinson's disease].

A disturbance of postural control is one of the most invalidating symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD), and mechanisms underlying its development have not been so far elucidated. To specify the postural control features in different PD forms, clinico-neurophysiological analysis was conducted in 61 patients divided into 3 groups according to PD forms: tremor-rigid, rigid-tremor and akinetic-rigid. Dissociation between clinical expression of postural instability and its stabilometric reflection--the square of statokinesogram was found, indicating importance of differentiated approach in performance of stabilometric analysis in patients with different PD forms. The square of statokinesogram may be regarded as a neurophysiological marker of postural instability only in patients with rigid forms, in tremor parkinsonian phenotypes an increased square of stabilogram being mainly a stabilometric reflection of tremor. The importance of stabilometric test performance with cognitive loading, allowing switching out of voluntary posture control, is shown. Possible neuromediator mechanisms involved in postural instability in PD are discussed.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Extracting the Possible Intrinsic Relation between the Radiative Efficiency and Mass of QSOs: A Maximum Likelihood Method and its Application to the SDSS DR7 QSOs

Radiative efficiencies of QSOs and its distribution encode rich information on the evolution of both masses and spins of massive black holes (MBHs) across cosmic time. In this paper, we develop a maximum likelihood method to statistically extract the intrinsic relation between radiative efficiency ($\epsilon$) and mass ($M_{\bullet}$) of QSOs from their distribution on the luminosity-(empirically estimated virial) mass plane. By using mock samples, we find that strong constraint can be put on the $\epsilon-M_{\bullet}$ relation at redshift $z\lesssim 0.4$ from uniform QSO samples similar to those in Sloan Digital Sky Survey, and from QSO samples at $z \sim 0.6$ (or $\lesssim 1.0$) if the magnitude limit of the survey can be $\sim 1-2$ (or $2-3$) magnitude deeper. Applying this method to the SDSS DR7 QSOs with $z\lesssim 0.7$, we find $\epsilon \propto M_{\bullet}^{0\sim 1.1}$ (or $\epsilon \propto M_{\bullet}^{-1.0\sim 0}$) correlation for QSOs with the masses obtained according to the H$\beta$ (or Mg II) empirical mass estimator. These contradictory results may be due to the unknown systematic errors in the two mass estimators, preventing an accurate constraint on the $\epsilon-M_{\bullet}$ relation by using current available QSO samples. We find that both the estimates of MBH mass and Eddington ratio distribution functions can be affected by the $\epsilon-M_\bullet$ relation, suggesting that the determination of this relation is important for understanding the accretion and growth history of MBHs. In future, the intrinsic $\epsilon-M_{\bullet}$ relation is expected to be strongly constrained by using QSO samples obtained from surveys deeper than SDSS if the host galaxy contamination and systematic errors of the mass estimator(s) can be well modeled or removed.

Field of study: Physics
No. 41046. International Bank for Reconstruction and Development and Peru

Loan Agreement (Institutional Capacity for Sustainable Fiscal Decentralization Technical Assistance Project) between the Republic of Peru and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (with schedules and General Conditions Applicable to Loan and Guarantee Agreements for Fixed-Spread Loans dated I September 1999, as amended through I May 2004). Washington, 16 December 2004

Field of study: Political science
Methanol steam reforming on Pd/ZnO catalysts

The steam reforming of methanol on Pd/ZnO catalysts prepared by co-precipitation was studied in a stainless reactor under various conditions. The effects of Pd loading, reduction temperatures, reaction temperatures, weight hourly space velocity (WHSV) and molar ratio of water to methanol on the steam reforming of methanol to hydrogen were investigated. The results showed that when the mass fraction of metallic palladium was 15.9%, reaction temperature was 523—573 K, reduction temperature was 523—573 K, molar ratio of water to methanol was 1.0—1.2 and WHSV was 17.2 h -1, higher methanol conversion, higher CO_2 selectivity, higher hydrogen yield and lower outlet CO molar fraction were achieved. The stability tests over 15.9% Pd/ZnO and the commercial CuO/ZnO/Al_2O_3 catalyst were made at 573 K. The results showed that the methanol conversion over 15.9% Pd/ZnO remained constant for 8 h without deactivation. On the contrary, the methanol conversion over CuO/ZnO/Al_2O_3 catalyst gradually decreased with time on stream by 14.4%. So Pd/ZnO catalysts display better stability.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
PIR-PSI: Scaling Private Contact Discovery

An important initialization step in many social-networking applications is contact discovery, which allows a user of the service to identify which of its existing social contacts also use the service. Naïve approaches to contact discovery reveal a user’s entire set of social/professional contacts to the service, presenting a significant tension between functionality and privacy. In this work, we present a system for private contact discovery, in which the client learns only the intersection of its own contact list and a server’s user database, and the server learns only the (approximate) size of the client’s list. The protocol is specifically tailored to the case of a small client set and large user database. Our protocol has provable security guarantees and combines new ideas with state-of-the-art techniques from private information retrieval and private set intersection. We report on a highly optimized prototype implementation of our system, which is practical on real-world set sizes. For example, contact discovery between a client with 1024 contacts and a server with 67 million user entries takes 1.36 sec (when using server multi-threading) and uses only 4.28 MiB of communication.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
The Method for Calculating Transformer District Line Loss Based on Current Variance

After analyzing the traditional methods of the low-voltage line loss calculation, the method for calculating line loss index by parameters (copied electricity) in examined days is given in this article. It contains the advantages of electricity method and equivalent power method and the reduction formula for calculating current variance is given. This method is simple, applied and can meet the demand for the calculation of the line loss index in transformer district basically. An instance is given in this paper at last.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
BailighPulse: A low duty cycle data gathering protocol for mostly-off Wireless Sensor Networks

Mostly-off sensor network applications alternate between long periods of inactivity (ranging from minutes to hours) and short periods of activity (normally a few seconds). From an energy consumption point of view, it is desirable that the network switch off completely during application inactive periods and wake-up efficiently at the start of application active periods. The fundamental problem preventing this is the inter-node clock skew arising from the network being off for a long period. Existing solutions maintain synchronization during the inactive period or use the radio excessively to enable asynchronous wake-up. Herein, we propose BailighPulse, a low duty cycle data gathering protocol for mostly-off WSN applications. BailighPulse incorporates a novel multi-hop wake-up scheme that allows for energy efficient recovery of network synchronization after long off periods. The scheme uses a staggered wake-up schedule and optimized channel polling during wake-up based on knowledge of the pre-defined application-level schedule. Herein, we provide an extensive assessment of the protocol's performance including an analytic model, simulations, and testbed results. We show that, for a homogeneous schedule with collection period greater than 2min, BailighPulse reduces radio duty cycles by at least 30% and 90% compared to Dozer and B-MAC, respectively. We also show that BailighPulse is able to reduce radio duty cycle by to 68% for a heterogeneous schedule under similar conditions.

Field of study: Computer science
Backward Collinear Acousto-Optic Interaction in KRS-5 Crystal and Its Nonreciprocal Effect

Backward collinear acousto-optic interaction (i.e., the Bragg reflection of an electromagnetic wave from an ultrasound wave in KRS-5 crystal) is considered. The main parameters of interaction are shown to depend on the wavelength of electromagnetic radiation. Particular attention is given to acoustic-optic nonreciprocal effects. The optimum spectral ranges for the application of backward collinear interaction are determined.

Field of study: Physics
Procedural justice of Olympic sports arbitration by CAS.

Based on such a logical start point as that Olympic sports arbitration by CAS is different from ordinary arbitration,the author demonstrated the relations between Olympic sports arbitration by CAS and procedural justice,as well as the necessity for Olympic sports arbitration by CAS to comply with procedural justice,and put forward the following opinions: while Olympic sports arbitration by CAS is boosting the development of the international sports law,its juridical characteristics become ever increasingly evident;the homogenization of Olympic sports ar-bitration by CAS and judicial litigation will enable the principle of procedural justice to be complied with in Olym-pic sports arbitration by CAS,which will be the important assurance for impartial verdicts delivered in Olympic sports arbitration by CAS;basic requirements for the assurance for the procedural justice of Olympic sports arbitra-tion by CAS mainly include principles for such aspects as neutrality of arbitration,timeliness of arbitration,listening to debates conducted by the parties concerned and examining evidence presented by the parties concerned,formal justice,providing reasons for verdict delivery,etc.

Field of study: Education