nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Clinical efficacy of clozapine in treatment-refractory schizophrenia: an overview.

The treatment of patients with schizophrenia who fail to respond to antipsychotic medications remains a challenge. Despite numerous attempts to establish effective somatic treatment approaches for this population, clozapine appears to be the only well established alternative. Depending upon trial duration and response criteria, between 30% and 60% of previously unresponsive patients appear to derive clinically significant benefit from clozapine. Clozapine also has important advantages in terms of its reduced propensity to produce extrapyramidal side-effects. Agranulocytosis remains an important risk, so strategies to improve the benefit-to-risk ratio should be explored. Issues such as trial duration, dosage, blood levels and predictors of response require additional study.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Aircraft based four-channel thermal dissociation laser induced fluorescence instrument for simultaneous measurements of NO 2 , total peroxy nitrate, total alkyl nitrate, and HNO 3

A four-channel thermal dissociation laser induced fluorescence (TD-LIF) instrument has been developed for simultaneous measurements of nitrogen dioxide (NO2), total peroxy nitrate (∑PNs), total alkyl nitrate (∑ANs) and nitric acid (HNO3). NO2 is measured directly by LIF at 532 nm, whereas organic nitrates and nitric acid are thermally dissociated at distinct temperatures in the inlet to form NO2, which is then measured by LIF. The concentrations of each dissociated species are derived by the differences in measured NO2 relative to the reference colder inlet channel. The TD-LIF was adapted to fly on board the UK Facility for Airborne Atmospheric Measurements (FAAM) BAe 146-301 atmospheric research aircraft in summer 2010, and to date has successfully flown in five field campaigns. This paper reports novel improvements in the TD-LIF instrumentations, including (1) the use of a single wavelength laser, which makes the system compact and relatively cheap; (2) the use of a single beam laser that allows easy alignment and optical stability against the vibrational aircraft environment; and (3) the optical assembly of four detection cells that allow simultaneous and fast (time resolution up to 0.1 s) measurements of NO2, ∑PNs, ∑ANs and HNO3. Laboratory-generated mixtures of PNs, ANs and HNO3 in zero air are converted into NO2 and used to fix the dissociation temperatures of each heated inlet to test the selectivity of the instrument and potential interferences due to recombination reactions of the dissociated products. The effectiveness of the TD-LIF was demonstrated during the RONOCO aircraft campaign (summer 2010). A chemiluminescence system that was measuring NO2 and a broadband cavity enhanced absorption spectrometer (BBCEAS) that was measuring one of the PNs (N2O5) were installed on the same aircraft during the campaign. The in-flight intercomparison of the new TD-LIF with the chemiluminescence system for NO2 measurements and the intercomparison between ∑PNs measured by the TD-LIF and N2O5 by the BBCEAS are used to assess the performance of the TD-LIF.

Field of study: Environmental science
Do consumers actually sense that sashimi made from frozen-thawed fish tastes worse than non-frozen one?

Freezing preservation is the only technique that has potential to preserve food as it is even for years. It can also bring us important benefits such as; stable food supply, saving energy, reducing environmental load, food loss and parasites risk. However, many consumers are suspected to have prejudice “frozen food does not taste good” that might be the biggest obstacle to the further utilisation of frozen preservation, especially for the fishery food consumed in raw as sushi or sashimi. Therefore, sensory evaluation of sashimi made of Pacific saury was attempted to investigate whether the consumer preference of frozen-thawed fish is apparently worse than non-frozen fish. The influence of linguistic information ‘frozen’ on the consumer preference was also investigated. Pair test was conducted to compare non-frozen sample and frozen sample. The test was executed twice where 1st test was made without any information and 2nd test was made with disclosing whether the sample was non-frozen or frozen. To execute consumer panel sensory evaluation of sashimi, extremely careful preparations were applied for whole process from harvest to serving to ensure the consistent quality of all pieces of sashimi, by cooperation with a fish supplier and a chef training college. As a result, it was confirmed the average score of the preference was almost same regardless of frozen/non-frozen under the blind condition. However, by disclosing the information frozen/non-frozen, the score for frozen-thawed saury drastically decreased. Factor analysis was further executed to discuss the reason why the information ‘frozen’ decreased the consumer preferences.

Field of study: Engineering
Fragmentation and dispersal of komatiitic pyroclasts in the 3.5–3.2 Ga Onverwacht Group, Barberton greenstone belt, South Africa

The 3.5–3.2 Ga Onverwacht Group of the Barberton greenstone belt, South Africa, contains thick sequences of komatiitic tuff, lapilli tuff, and lapillistone representing proximal to distal volcanic settings. Volcaniclastic komatiites in the southern part of the belt include: (1) areally extensive sheets of silicified, massive to normally graded ash and accretionary lapilli interpreted as pyroclastic fall deposits, and (2) thick, widespread, carbonatized beds of lapilli and minor ash deposited by subaqueous sediment flow and pyroclastic fallout. Lithofacies 1 clasts are aphyric and poorly to nonvesicular, implying rapid quench rates and fragmentation primarily through magma-water contact. Low water/magma ratios, initial melt fracturing through minor volatile exsolution, and high magma fluxes were probably the main factors that enabled the production of buoyant eruption columns and widespread ash distribution. These tuffs were generated during vent shoaling in water that was probably

Field of study: Geology
High-resolution lithofacies and porosity modeling of the mixed siliciclastic–carbonate deposits of the Burdigalian Dam Formation, Eastern Saudi Arabia

Conventional subsurface models of reservoir bodies are limited with respect to the good understanding of small-scale heterogeneities at inter-well spacing. Uncertainties associated with data limitation of such large-scale models can be enhanced by information from small-scale modeling. These high-resolution models may provide a realistic three-dimensional insight into their relevant subsurface reservoir setting. In this context, outcrop studies are frequently used to produce high-resolution models. In this paper, the Burdigalian Dam Formation outcrop in eastern Saudi Arabia was targeted to construct high-resolution models of lithofacies and porosity variations. These models were used to identify small-scale heterogeneities in lithofacies and porosity distribution using geostatistical modeling. Ten different lithofacies were identified and modeled. Indicator semivariogram analysis of the lithofacies showed good continuity in NW–SE direction but less continuity in NE–SW. The porosity model showed differing porosity distributions in different carbonate lithofacies. Several realizations of lithofacies and porosity models were generated and ranked against the input data set. Furthermore, the porosity variation was investigated through detailed petrography and SEM analyses for each of the studied lithofacies. The models demonstrated the presence of patterns of lithofacies and porosity variation at a small scale that cannot be obtained from conventional subsurface models. The study indicated the importance of such models in reducing the uncertainty associated with subsurface modeling as a result of data limitation.

Field of study: Environmental science
CYCLIZATION MECHANISM OF TRANS-β-MONOCYCLOHOMOFARNESIC ACID AND RELATED COMPOUNDS

Cyclization of trans-β-monocyclohomofarnesic acid and the related compounds was closely examined in order to elucidate the reaction mechanism. It was revealed that the cyclization of trans-β-monocyclohomofarnesic acid proceeds via formation of the cationic intermediate followed by concerted lactonization to give trans-anti-trans norambreinolide stereoselectively.

Field of study: Chemistry
The communication requirements of social choice rules and supporting budget sets

The paper examines the communication requirements of social choice rules when the (sincere) agents privately know their preferences. It shows that for a large class of choice rules, any communication verifying that an alternative is in the rule must reveal supporting budget sets for the agents such that the optimality of the proposed alternative to all agents within their respective budget set in itself verifies the alternative. We characterize the budget equilibria that are the minimally informative messages verifying a given choice rule. This characterization is used to identify the communication burden of choice rules, measured with the number of transmitted bits or real variables. Applications include efficiency in convex economies, exact or approximate surplus maximization in combinatorial auctions, the core in indivisible good economies, and stable many-to-one matchings.

Field of study: Economics
Value Chain Management in Agribusiness

Work offers discussion of the issues of value chain management and development in agribusiness. In particular, based on the study of business entities in Georgia it analyzes and assesses the process of value chain formation and role of the involved stakeholders that increase the product value for the consumers through organized cooperation.Value chain connects the raw material producers, middlemen, processing enterprises, sales markets, service providers and different parties, whose activities promote competitiveness of one another at marketplace and its maintenance through introduction of innovations in the processes of value chain. Value chain management is the instrument of strategic business analysis and planning that is used for coordination of the value chain components and resources. Effective management of value chain directly affects profitability of the involved stakeholders and satisfaction of consumers. The work demonstrates the main challenges hindering development and effectiveness of agribusiness management in Georgia, including land fragmentation, low availability of advanced technologies, lack of business management awareness and skills, poor organization of logistics and supply process, low opportunities of negotiating and performing agrarian marketing etc.Within the scopes of the research various cases of the agricultural cooperatives involved in the sector were studied and business cycles of priority sectors of Georgian agriculture were surveyed. Work was prepared on the basis of in-depth interviews with the industry experts, agribusiness managers and parties involved in the value chain. Secondary data (desk research) were collected through studying of the publications related to the issue and value chain reports.Seasonality of raw materials production and their insufficiency was found to be one of the main causes of instability of value chain and supply chain in agriculture sector. Participants of value chain do not perceive one another as partners and do not care properly about the quality stability thus reducing competitiveness of their businesses. In the process of research the emphasis was made on the problems of value chain management. In agribusiness, necessity of formation and setup of the full production chain allowing significant reduction of production costs was identified as one of the significant directions for production growth and development.Recommendations offered by the work would contribute to improvement of value chain management in agribusiness, in Georgia.

Field of study: Business
Machine Fault Diagnosis Using a Neural Network Based on Autocorrelation Coefficients of Wavelet Transformed Signals

Machine Fault Diagnosis Using a Neural Network Based on Autocorrelation Coefficients of Wavelet Transformed Signals Kokoro Matsumoto, Non-member (Okinawa Hitachi Network Systems Co., Ltd.), Yuling Yan, Non-member (University of Wisconsin), Hiroshi Kinjo, Member, Tetsuhiko Yamamoto, Non-member (University of the Ryukyus) In this paper, a diagnosis method for machine faults using a neural network based on autocorrelation coefficients of wavelet transformed signals is presented. It is important for factory engineers to accurately estimate machine faults. In conventional diagnosis methods, frequency analysis using the fast Fourier trans form (FFT) has often been employed. Recently, wavelet transforms have been studied and applied to many signal-processing applications. Wavelet transforms are very useful because of characteristics of time-frequency analysis. In this paper, we propose an application of wavelet transforms to machine fault diagnosis. In order to apply wavelet transforms to machine fault diagnosis, we use autocorrelation coefficients of the wavelet transformed signal. In this research, it becomes clear that the autocorrelation coefficients represent the dif ferent classes of machine states. For the automatic diagnosis, we trained a neural network to recognize three classes of machine states based on the autocorrelation coefficients of wavelet transformed signals. Simulation and experimental results show that the trained neural network could successfully estimate machine faults.

Field of study: Computer science
Simple methods for ecological inference in 2×2 tables

This paper considers inference about the individual level relationship between two dichotomous variables based on aggregated data. It is known that such analyses suffer from ‘ecological bias’, caused by the lack of homogeneity of this relationship across the groups over which the aggregation occurs. Two new methods for overcoming this bias, one based on local smoothing and the other a simple semiparametric approach, are developed and evaluated. The local smoothing approach performs best when it is used with a covariate which accounts for some of the variation in the relationships across groups. The semiparametric approach performed well in our evaluation even without such auxiliary information

Field of study: Mathematics
An Optical Method to Measure Time Response in Scanning Spectrophotometers

An optical method to measure time response in scanning spectrophotometers is described. The method is wavelength independent and can be used to check both the raise time and the fall time. The method was applied to a scanning spectrophotometer and the results were compared to those obtained for the same instrument using a kinetic method. The validity of the new method was demonstrated by the fact that the agreement between the results obtained using the two methods was complete.

Field of study: Physics
EEG dimension in sons of alcoholics.

Recent advances in the field of nonlinear dynamics have provided new conceptual models, as well as novel analytical techniques applicable to studies in alcohol research. One measurement technique, which has been developed in an attempt to characterize nonlinear systems in physics and biology, is the estimation of attractor dimension. This dimension may be seen as a measure of the information required to describe the current behavior of a system. We have applied these techniques to the analysis of EEG collected from 17 men with alcoholic fathers and 19 men with no alcoholic relatives. The men with alcoholic fathers were found to have a lower EEG attractor dimension than their matched controls. This suggests that the EEG of young men with alcoholic fathers may be "more organized" or "less complex" than men with no alcoholic relatives. Although more studies will be needed to explore this hypothesis, these studies suggest that further development of nonlinear approaches to the analysis of brain systems are likely to generate new clinical measures, as well as new ways of viewing brain electrical function and alcoholism.

Field of study: Medicine
Social justice and the roles of university

Social justice is not only a vital ethical principle of human being but also the all-important value of whole social institutions.As a public sphere, the university undertakes the aim to achieve public good.Therefore,it plays significant roles in reflecting,defending,and promoting social justice.Cultivating people who have rooted consciousness of social justice in mind is a key mission of the university;the university should disseminate ideas of social justice positively,advancing the shaping of consciousness of social justice of the public;the university itself must strive to reflect and defend procedural justice.

Field of study: Education
Optically detected magnetic resonance studies of intrinsic defects in 6H-SiC

Optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR) was used for study of defects in n-type 6H-SiC. Four ODMR spectra related to spin S = 1 centres were observed. Two of these centres, labelled a and b, have a trigonal symmetry with the symmetry axis along the c-axis of the hexagonal crystal. For the other two centres, labelled c and d, the symmetry is lower (C1h) and the principal axis z of the g- and D-tensor is about 71 degrees off the c-axis. Based on the symmetry axes, the annealing behaviour and the intensity, these spectra are suggested to originate from different configurations of the paired centre between a silicon vacancy and a nearest-neighbour point defect (either a carbon vacancy or a silicon antisite), occupying different inequivalent sites in the 6H-SiC. These defects are non-radiative and act as efficient recombination channels in the material.

Field of study: Materials science
External Debt and Commitment Mechanisms: Danish Borrowing in Holland, 1763–1825

type="main"> External borrowing constituted an important part of sovereign finances in early modern Europe. As payments could not be enforced through third parties, sovereigns had to convince lenders of their commitment to service their loans. Although the literature has dealt with this problem extensively, little is known about what supported lending in early modern Europe. This article therefore asks whether and how commitment mechanisms identified in the sovereign borrowing literature made external borrowing safer in early modern Europe. It attempts to answer this question by analysing the loans that a small and peripheral state (Denmark) issued in Europe's foremost international investment hub (eighteenth-century Holland). Primary sources demonstrate that Denmark inspired confidence in investors and serviced its loans well; a new dataset with securities prices reveals yields to maturity in accordance with this. Economic spillovers (domestic economic damage) and reputation (loss of access to external loans) are identified as the mechanisms that kept the Danish sovereigns committed to honouring their debts. The Danish case shows, however, that these commitment mechanisms could only be adopted after the growth and integration of northern Europe's economies. This suggests that commitment mechanisms are not as universally applicable as the literature often seems to claim.

Field of study: Economics, History
Quality of Runoff from Four Northwest Arkansas Pasture Fields Treated with Organic and Inorganic Fertilizer

Long-term land application of animal manures, even at agronomic rates, can promote accumulation of soil phosphorus (P) which can, in turn, contribute to increased P loadings to downstream waters. The objective of this study was to assess the soil and runoff effects of replacing animal manure as a soil amendment with inorganic fertilizer (ammonium nitrate, NH4NO3) on fields that had been treated previously with animal manures. Runoff from two pairs of small fields (0.57 to 1.46 ha) was sampled from September 1991 to April 1994. All fields had been treated previously with animal manures; after runoff monitoring began, one field of each pair received only NH4NO3, while the other of each pair continued to receive animal manure. Both soil and runoff P concentrations exhibited statistically significant decreasing trends over the monitoring period. The results demonstrate the potential for positively influencing runoff quality in a relatively short duration by replacing animal manures with ammonium nitrate for fields already having sufficient soil P.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
FEEDBACK FROM CENTRAL BLACK HOLES IN ELLIPTICAL GALAXIES: TWO-DIMENSIONAL MODELS COMPARED TO ONE-DIMENSIONAL MODELS

We extend the black hole (BH) feedback models of Ciotti, Ostriker, and Proga to two dimensions. In this paper, we focus on identifying the differences between the one-dimensional and two-dimensional hydrodynamical simulations. We examine a normal, isolated L * galaxy subject to the cooling flow instability of gas in the inner regions. Allowance is made for subsequent star formation, Type Ia and Type II supernovae, radiation pressure, and inflow to the central BH from mildly rotating galactic gas which is being replenished as a normal consequence of stellar evolution. The central BH accretes some of the infalling gas and expels a conical wind with mass, momentum, and energy flux derived from both observational and theoretical studies. The galaxy is assumed to have low specific angular momentum in analogy with the existing one-dimensional case in order to isolate the effect of dimensionality. The code then tracks the interaction of the outflowing radiation and winds with the galactic gas and their effects on regulating the accretion. After matching physical modeling to the extent possible between the one-dimensional and two-dimensional treatments, we find essentially similar results in terms of BH growth and duty cycle (fraction of the time above a given fraction of the Eddington luminosity). In the two-dimensional calculations, the cool shells forming at 0.1-1?kpc from the center are Rayleigh-Taylor unstable to fragmentation, leading to a somewhat higher accretion rate, less effective feedback, and a more irregular pattern of bursting compared with the one-dimensional case.

Field of study: Physics
Lessons for School Principals from Transformational Leadership Characteristics

This study was carried out in selected public secondary schools in Kenya. It is on the realization that the work of the school Principal is not easy and many find themselves in leadership without proper preparation for the hard task. The school principals’ work is a high-stress job especially because he or she has to do virtually everything related to students, teachers, parents, subordinate staff and the community at large. This kind of leader would require extra-ordinary characteristics to be able to be successful. Majority of principals perform decimally in all the areas that spell success in secondary schools especially in discipline and academic performance. The purpose of this study was to find out how principals’ transformational leadership characteristics were correlates to effective school performance. Kouze’s and Posner’s leadership Practices Inventory(LPI)  “self” questionnaire  was used to measure  Principals’ transformational leadership style. LPI “others” was used to triangulate the principals’ response with the teachers. The target population consisted of 72 Principals in public schools and 139 principals in private schools.  There were also 1210 teachers in public secondary schools and 1500 teachers in private secondary schools in Nairobi County. The findings indicated positive correlations between the Principals’ transformational leadership characteristics with effective school performance.  Secondary schools, transformational leadership, modeling the way, inspiring a shared vision, encouraging the heart, enabling others to act.

Field of study: Education