nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Clinical pharmacology considerations in biologics development

Biologics, including monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and other therapeutic proteins such as cytokines and growth hormones, have unique characteristics compared to small molecules. This paper starts from an overview of the pharmacokinetics (PK) of biologics from a mechanistic perspective, the determination of a starting dose for first-in-human (FIH) studies, and dosing regimen optimisation for phase II/III clinical trials. Subsequently, typical clinical pharmacology issues along the corresponding pathways for biologics development are summarised, including drug-drug interactions, QTc prolongation, immunogenicity, and studies in specific populations. The relationships between the molecular structure of biologics, their pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics, and the corresponding clinical pharmacology strategies are summarised and depicted in a schematic diagram.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
A well-preserved Cambrian impact exposed in Central Sweden

The Lockne impact crater south of Östersund formed in the early Middle Cambrian with a diameter of 7 km. It is identified by its rim wall of crushed Precambrian basement granite, by fragments of impact melt, and by grains of shocked quartz. The exceptional preservation, in particular of the rim wall, is due to a complicated geological history, the first stage of which consisted of burial by marine sediments. This stage lasted until the Middle Ordovician, or over 50 million years. An early Caradoc lowering of the sea-level may have induced debris flows that stripped the rim wall of much of its sedimentary cover. Because normal marine sedimentation recommenced soon after this event, the structure was not seriously damaged, as it was buried again. The Caledonian orogeny emplaced an overthrust nappe as ultimate protection, which was removed by a recent erosion episode from all but the center of the structure.Structures formed by the impact of extraterrestrial bodies are very rare throughout much of Europe, because such structures are neither well preserved nor displayed in young mountain belts or sedimentary basins. However, northern Europe has several ascertained structures of this kind (Svensson &Wickman, 1965;Svensson, 1968;Bruun &Dahlman, 1982;Kala et al., 1984;Flodén et al., 1986;Wickman, 1988). Unfortunately, the hitherto known structures are either poorly preserved or hidden by younger deposits. We are reporting the discovery of a well-preserved exposed and accessible impact structure that has escaped the notice of geologists although important features of it have been described and puzzled over by generations of researchers (Wiman, 1900;Hadding, 1927;Thorslund, 1940;Lindström et al., 1983).The structure is located in the Lockne area to the south of Östersund in central Sweden. It has a diameter of 7 km and its center is near Tramsta on the northwest shore of Lake Locknesjön . Its middle is covered by folded Lower to Middle Ordovician Orthoceratite Limestone with the sheared Lower Ordovician Töyen Shale at its base. This local expanse of deformed rock is the remainder after erosion of an extensive nappe of overthrust rocks emplaced during the Caledonian orogeny. The good preservation of the impact structure is due to the nappe cover, which had to be removed before erosion could attack the underlying structures.The rim of the impact crater is outlined by a wall of strongly shattered fragments of Proterozoic crystalline rocks , which formed the local bedrock (Strömberg et al., 1984) at the time of impact. The rim wall is best preserved along the western part of the structure. It was referred to as »arkose-like breccia« byThorslund (1940), who interpreted it as the result of continental weathering, but the components rather show evidence of intense crushing than of weathering (Simon, 1987a). The »arkose-like breccia« does not contain components derived from the lower Palaeozoic deposits of the area.

Field of study: Environmental science
Dataset Augmentation in Feature Space

Dataset augmentation, the practice of applying a wide array of domain-specific transformations to synthetically expand a training set, is a standard tool in supervised learning. While effective in tasks such as visual recognition, the set of transformations must be carefully designed, implemented, and tested for every new domain, limiting its re-use and generality. In this paper, we adopt a simpler, domain-agnostic approach to dataset augmentation. We start with existing data points and apply simple transformations such as adding noise, interpolating, or extrapolating between them. Our main insight is to perform the transformation not in input space, but in a learned feature space. A re-kindling of interest in unsupervised representation learning makes this technique timely and more effective. It is a simple proposal, but to-date one that has not been tested empirically. Working in the space of context vectors generated by sequence-to-sequence models, we demonstrate a technique that is effective for both static and sequential data.

Field of study: Computer science
Effects of Processing and Amount of Co Addition on Shear Strength and Microstructual Development in the Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu Solder Joint

Due to its high Young’s modulus and strong bond with Sn, Co has been considered as one of the most promising alloying elements to improve the strength and reliability performance of Pb-free solders. In this study, the microstructual characteristics and mechanical properties of Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu + XCo (X = 0 wt.%, 0.1 wt.%, 0.2 wt.%, 0.45 wt.%, and 1.0 wt.%) solder joints on Cu substrates were investigated. Moreover, an exploration on different joint fabrication methods and undercooling of solder alloys with both solder preform and paste was carried out. Experimental results indicated that the undercooling of the solder alloy can be altered by Co additions. During the metallurgical process, the added Co can dissolve into the solder matrix before rolling the preform. In addition, Co can form reinforcement particles in the solder paste. The tendency for the formation and growth of an intermetallic compound (IMC) layer can be enhanced after incorporation of Co elements into the preform. However, a proper amount of Co addition to the paste can suppress IMC growth. The shear strength of solder joints reinforced with 0.1 wt.% or 0.2 wt.% Co addition can be increased. The solder joint made by paste with 0.2 wt.% Co addition exhibited the highest shear strength among all the solder joints.

Field of study: Materials science
Depth trends in magnetic properties in an area of prolonged cold seawater drawdown in uppermost Troodos-type oceanic crust

Study of the oxide minerals and measurements of the magnetic properties of about 100 samples distributed over a 475 m continuous drill-core section from the uppermost part of an extrusive sequence of the Troodos, Cyprus, ophiolite close to 35°02′N, 33°11′E, in the vicinity of Malounda, yields the following principal results: (1) Low-temperature alteration is intense to a depth of 260 m, below which it is relatively much subdued. (2) Saturation magnetization, natural remanence intensity, and initial susceptibility all increase continuously with depth throughout the section. (3) Curie temperature decreases with depth to 260 m, below which a change in the style of the thermal decay of magnetization behaviour takes place. (4) Pillowed and massive flows differ in their magnetic properties.The results are consistent with the downwards decrease in low-temperature alteration also noted by K. Gillis from the distribution of secondary minerals. The downwards variations in magnetic properties closely follow in both ...

Field of study: Environmental science
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF 3D HYBRID STRESS ELEMENTS WITH A BASIC DEFORMATION-BASED APPROACH

The basic deformation modes of a hybrid stress element are obtained by separating the stress modes corresponding to the different deformation modes of a hybrid stress element. Consequently a basic deformation-based approach is presented to investigate the performance for a given hybrid stress element. It is shown that the element deformation modes generally depend upon the assumed stress fields and thus are complex and coupled. In the proposed approach, the coupled stress fields are expressed with the stress parameters such that they can be easily decoupled into the linear combination of a series of basic stress fields. The relevant basic deformation modes are derived and the rigidity of hybrid element for arbitrary deformation modes, namely the element performance can be directly studied. The difficulty associated with the decoupling of various deformation modes is completely avoided. Investigations show that some of these assumed stress fields can not be used to the general hybrid elements.

Field of study: Engineering
The radiation therapy dosimetry network in the United States

The United States government and the governments of sixteen other countries have established radiation standards laboratories which house the primary standards dosimeters of the respective countries. In the United States, three regional calibration laboratories were established to disseminate the national radiation standards through the use of secondary standards dosimeters. These, in turn, are used for calibration of radiation field instruments used to measure radiation applied in therapy. These laboratories are periodically accredited by the American Assocation of Physicists in Medicine (AAPM). In 1976, AAPM established a Committee on Radiation Calibration Needs in Therapy to conduct a study of the adequacy of the therapy dosimetry network in the United States. According to this study, 1322 centers were performing radiotherapy in 1978, and 1057 radiation instruments were used to calibrate the therapy machines in these facilities. In more than 99% of the institutions, medical physicists are responsible for carrying out the necessary calibrations. The study showed that there is a need, though not an urgent one, for an additional regional calibration laboratory in the Far Western United States. Establishment of such a laboratory would not be excessively disruptive to the existing laboratories.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
The Nurses' Knowledge and Attitudes towards the Palliative Care.

Palliative care (PC) is an approach that improves the quality of life of patients and their families facing the problem associated with life-threatening illness through the prevention and relief of suffering by means of early identification, impeccable assessment and treatment of pain and other problems like physical, psychosocial and spiritual. Palliative care is traditionally viewed as being the intense care of a patient who is close to death. In recent years, the scope of palliative care has expanded to include patients who may live for many years with end stage organ failure or cancer.  The study aimed to assess the nurses' knowledge and attitudes towards PC among nurses working in selected hospitals in Northern districts, Palestine.  Descriptive, cross sectional study was used for conducting the study, A purposive sample consisted of 96 nurses invited to participate in the study. Data collected through; nurses’ sociodemographic characteristic, knowledge level, and Attitude level towards PC which is developed by the researchers. Validity and pilot study were examined .  Study results have shown that 20.8 % of the respondents had good overall knowledge towards PC, 59.4 % had training of palliative care, and 6.2 % of participants had good attitude towards PC. There was a significant difference between Nurses' qualification, experience, and training of palliative care towards Knowledge of PC.  The nurses had poor knowledge, but their attitude towards PC was moderate. Recommendations are that due attention should be given towards PC by the national health policy and needs to be incorporated in the national curriculum of nurse education.

Field of study: Education
Fission of232Th induced by 4–11 MeV protons

The excitation function for the232Th(p,f) reaction has been determined in the energy range from 4 to 11 MeV. A discrepancy existing in the literature is resolved. The mass yield distribution has been studied at 8 MeV proton energy and the peak-to-valley ratio has been determined to be 9.2. The fission data, together with evaporation residue data from an earlier experiment, are understood rather well within the framework of a statistical decay model which derives its parameters from independent data. The absorption cross sections for protons in the vicinity of and below the Coulomb barrier are also discussed and confronted with optical model predictions using published global proton potentials.

Field of study: Physics
Design of a superconducting multipole wiggler for synchrotron radiation

A 32-pole superconducting magnet with a 12 /spl times/ 80 mm/sup 2/ cold bore aperture was designed to serve as a multipole wiggler in the Taiwan synchrotron light source. The magnet consists of 32 pairs of racetrack NbTi superconducting coils with a periodic length of 60 mm, and can produce a maximum magnetic field of 3.2 Tesla at a pole gap of 18 mm. The superconducting coils, the aluminum-supporting block, and the return iron yokes are cooled to 4.4 K in LHe bath. The temperature of cold bore beam duct will be at 70 K using liquid nitrogen. Technical issues concerning the design of the magnet and its construction are discussed. A prototype magnet with five poles was also constructed to characterize the magnet design by means of various methods of magnetic field measurement.

Field of study: Physics
Habituation and iterative enhancement of multiple components of the Tritonia swim response

To understand the relationship between memory storage sites in the brain and learned changes in behavior, the learned behavior must be characterized. However, even simple types of learning may be quite complex. Repeated elicitation of the Tritonia swim produced multiple changes in the response. Several types of acquisition curves were observed in a single experiment depending on the response component measured. Habituation (response decrement) and iterative enhancement (response facilitation) occurred simultaneously in different swim components. The acquisition curve for one component could be modulated by stimulus strength. Because the Tritonia swim neural network is well studied, it may be possible to causally relate experience-dependent behavioral changes to the underlying memory trace in this marine mollusk.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Separation of Mineral Salts and Lactose Solutions through Nanofiltration Membranes

Whey is a highly polluting by-product obtained from the elaboration of cheese. Its high content in organic matter, mainly proteins and lactose, makes it a valuable candidate for multiple applications in the food industry. However, mineral salts have to be previously eliminated. The main objective of this work was to eliminate mineral salts from model solutions with different nanofiltration membranes: NF200, NF270, Ds-5 DK and Ds-5 DL polyamide. Although all four membranes showed fairly good results in the demineralisation of the used samples, the most promising results in terms of good permeate flux and low solute retention were obtained with the NF200 and Ds-5 DL membranes, respectively. The effect of the salt mixture concentration on permeate flux and solute retention was further evaluated for Ds-5 DL membrane.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
A novel vaccine platform using glucan particles for induction of protective responses against Francisella tularensis and other pathogens

Vaccines are considered the bedrock of preventive medicine. However, for many pathogens, it has been challenging to develop vaccines that stimulate protective, long‐lasting immunity. We have developed a novel approach using β‐1,3‐D‐glucans (BGs), natural polysaccharides abundantly present in fungal cell walls, as a biomaterial platform for vaccine delivery. BGs simultaneously provide for receptor‐targeted antigen delivery to specialized antigen‐presenting cells together with adjuvant properties to stimulate antigen‐specific and trained non‐specific immune responses. This review focuses on various approaches of using BG particles (GPs) to develop bacterial and fungal vaccine candidates. A special case history for the development of an effective GP tularaemia vaccine candidate is highlighted.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Key Success Factors of SME Entrepreneurs: Empirical Study in Vietnam

In the current increasingly competitive environment, productivity and profitability of each organization are strictly associated with its leaders’ management capacity. For the SMEs, their growth and success depend mainly on the entrepreneur’s management capacity. Based on an empirical study of 206 SMEs in Vietnam, this article clarifies five groups of key success factors of SME entrepreneurs. According to results obtained, knowledge on business and management, management skills, certain personal characteristics (such as flexibility, adventurous and punctilious spirit) and experience of SME entrepreneur are the factors that significantly and positively influence the success of SMEs.

Field of study: Business
Evaluation of physician return-for-service agreements in Newfoundland and Labrador.

Despite the widespread use of physician return-for-service (RFS) programs in Canada, few have been evaluated. We examined two types of RFS agreements (Family Medicine Bursary and Special Funded Residency Position) and (a) describe the proportion of RFS physicians who complete their service obligation and identify the predictors of completion and (b) compare the retention of RFS physicians to that of non-RFS physicians.



Using administrative data on physicians with RFS agreements in Newfoundland and Labrador (NL), Memorial University's Postgraduate Medical Education Office and the Physician and Medical Practice Database, we calculated the proportion of RFS physicians (1997-2009) who fulfilled their service obligation and also identified predictors of completion. We then followed to 2010 a cohort of physicians who started practice in NL between 2000 and 2005 to compare the retention of RFS and non-RFS physicians.



Ninety-six (71.6%) of 134 RFS physicians fulfilled the service obligation in full.  to complete their service commitment than physicians who held Family Medicine Bursary RFS agreements. In the cohort of 60 RFS and 67 non-RFS physicians, 16.9% of RFS versus 41.8% of non-RFS physicians left NL by 2010 (p=0.004). RFS physicians were 3.22 times less likely (95% CI: 1.41-7.14) than non-RFS physicians to leave the province. Four years after starting practice, roughly 90% of RFS versus 60% of non-RFS physicians remained in NL; after 10 years, 70% of RFS versus 60% of non-RFS physicians remained (p=0.006).



The RFS program improves the retention of physicians in NL. Using RFS tied to bursaries rather than residency positions may increase service completion and retention rates.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
CDF run IIb silicon: design and testing

The various generations of Silicon Vertex Detectors (SVX, SVX', SVXII) for Collider Detector at Fermilab (CDF) at the Fermilab Tevatron have been fundamental tools for heavy-flavor tagging via secondary vertex detection. The CDF Run IIb Silicon Vertex Detector (SVXIIb) has been designed to be a radiation-tolerant replacement for the currently installed SVXII because SVXII was not expected to survive the Tevatron luminosity anticipated for Run IIb. One major change in the new design is the use of a single mechanical and electrical element throughout the array. This element, called a stave, carries six single-sided silicon sensors on each side and is built using carbon fiber skins with a high thermal conductivity on a foam core with a built-in cooling channel. A Kapton bus cable carries power, data and control signals underneath the silicon sensors on each side of the stave. Sensors are read out in pairs via a ceramic hybrid glued on one of the sensors and equipped with four SVX4 readout chips. This new design concept leads to a very compact mechanical and electrical unit, allowing streamlined production and ease of testing and installation. A description of the design and mechanical performance of the stave is given. Results on the electrical performance obtained using prototype staves are also presented.

Field of study: Physics
Research on Unbalanced Data Set for Transmission Fault Classification

In order to solve the fault detection problem of new transmission products,this paper presents a method of fault feature extraction by order analysis and fault classification by support vector machine(SVM) classifier.The establishment of the tw o-layer SVM discriminant model and the adjustment of the penalty factor C solve the problem of imbalance in the training sample set w hich leads to get w rong classicification results.The experimental result of field data show s that the fault identification rate and run time of the method are greatly improved than BP neural netw ork and standard SVM algorithm.

Field of study: Computer science
Differentiation of Banach-space-valued additive processes

Let X be a Banach space and ( ; ; ) be a -nite measure space. Let L be a Banach space of X-valued strongly measurable functions on ( ; ; ). We consider a strongly continuous d-dimensional semigroup T = fT (u) : u = (u1;:::;ud); ui > 0; 1 i dg of linear contractions on L. We assume that each T (u) has, in a sense, a contraction majorant and that the strong limitT (0) = strong-lim u!0 T (u) exists. Then we prove, under some suitable norm conditions on the Banach space L, that a dieren tiation theorem holds for d-dimensional bounded processes in L which are additive with respect to the semigroup T. This generalizes a dieren tiation theorem obtained previously by the author under the assumption that L is an X-valued Lp-space, with 1 p <1.

Field of study: Mathematics
Sur quelques modifications subies par les gites saliferes

RésuméSous l'influence des facteurs physico-chimiques auxquels ils ont été soumis depuis leur dépôt, les gîtes salifères ont subi une évolution complexe, dont quelques termes sont envisagés: dissolution du sel, transformation de la polyhalite en gypse, transformation de l'anhydrite en gypse, formation du gypse fibreux, cargneulisation des mélanges dolomie-anhydrite.

Field of study: Environmental science