nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The Origin of Stokes Shift in Semiconductor Quantum Dots

The mechanism of Stokes shift in semiconductor quantum dots is investigated by calculating the energy of the excitonic states. We have taken into account all possible contributions to the total electronic energy in the dot, i.e, dielectric mismatch between dot and surrounding medium, the effects of finite barrier height and electron-hole exchange interaction. The Stokes shift is calculated as a function of radius of dot and compared with experimental data on two different semiconductor based quantum dots. These results provide evidence for exchange splitting of excitonic states, as the mechanism of Stokes shift in quantum dot

Field of study: Physics
Engaging the Culture of Death with the Gospel of Life: “Integrating the Catholic Faith in the Practice of Law and medicine” *

The lay Catholic, ordained, and religious today are faced with making legal and medical decisions that will affect their health care during a time of incapacity and eventually the final moments of their life. Often times the response to the need for sound legal and medical instructions is met by non-profit, pro-life organizations which provide legal forms such as powers of attorney. By and large, these documents are morally in line with Catholic Church teaching, but do very little for practical application of the law as it interfaces with medicine in the crucible of the emergency room and courtroom. Thus, the “culture of death” which pervades both the professions of law and medicine, and which veils itself in euphemisms such as a “patient's right to die,” creates pragmatic challenges to pre-printed legal documents which may vary from what are statutory in form for individual states. Thus, the promotion of “living wills” is tantamount to the expression of a fear and human desire to escape suffering at all costs. Accordingly, when Catholic physicians are informed of the legal and moral obligations owed to their patients through various estate planning documents, and Catholic lawyers seek to provide an integrated approach to drafting legal documents which include various provisions grounded in Catholic bioethical teaching, documents such as “living wills” and “advanced directives to physicians” ultimately are seen as unnecessary. Thus, engaging the culture of death is best accomplished when both physician and attorney work in their respective fields of practice by discussing the morality of various bioethical decisions with their patients and clients without fear of legal reprisal or recrimination.

Field of study: Medicine, Philosophy
The BSS population in NGC 6229

We have used a combination of high-resolution Hubble Space Telescope WFPC2 and wide-field ground-based observations in ultraviolet and optical bands to study the blue straggler star (BSS) population of the outer-halo globular cluster NGC 6229, over its entire radial extent. A total of 64 bright BSS (with m255 6 21.30, corresponding to m555 6 20.75) has been identified. The BSS projected radial distribution is found to be bimodal, with a high central peak, a well defined minimum at intermediate radii (r ∼ 40 ′′ ), and an upturn in the outskirts. From detailed star counts even in the very inner region, we compute the centre of gravity of the cluster and the most accurate and extended radial density profile ever published for this system. The profile is reasonably well reproduced by a standard King model with an extended core (rc ≃ 9.5 ′′ ) and a modest value of the concentration parameter (c ≃ 1.49). However, a deviation from the model is noted in the most external region of the cluster (at r > 250 ′′ from the centre). This feature needs to be further investigated in order to assess the possible presence of a tidal tail in this cluster.

Field of study: Physics
How Nonprofit Organizations Use Social Media for Fundraising: A Systematic Literature Review

Social media (SM) are widely used by nonprofit organizations (NPOs). However, little is known about how they are used for fundraising, especially regarding their benefits/disbenefits, and the optimum strategies for maximizing value from such campaigns. The study presented here aimed to address this gap by collecting, analyzing and synthesizing the results of the corpus of published academic research on this topic. 

Of 194 potentially relevant search results generated from seven international online databases, only 71 (62 studies) fully met the inclusion criteria. Most of these qualifying studies were published in social science journals in the past three years and derived from high-income countries. Our findings indicate that the benefits NPOs can obtain from using SM for fundraising include increased transparency and accountability, operational, involvement and engagement, and improved organizational image (although in respect of the two latter, outcomes can be mixed). The strategies for NPOs' SM use for fundraising focused either on generic management of social media for NPO’s fundraising or on management of some specific SM fundraising campaigns.

Field of study: Business
Influence of the Si content in steels on their mechanical and chemical behaviors. Part 2: Properties in corrosion

The four ternary steels Fe-xSi-0.01C (x=1 to 2.5%) elaborated in the first part of this work to study the effect of the silicon content and the plastic deformation on hardness, and on high temperature oxidation at this can be encountered during hot-rolling, were considered to study the effects of the same parameters on the corrosion rate in acidic aqueous solution. The additional experiments done to complete the preceding ones for characterizing the various solicitations to which iron sheets can be exposed at the different steps of their manufacturing were cyclic polarization runs performed in a 2N sulphuric solution. A lot of parameters characterizing these curves were analyzed with regards to the Si content and to the plastically deformed state. The greatest influence on the results is due to the presence of 1% and more of silicon. This element lowers the corrosion rate in the active state and modifies the shapes of both the potentialincreasing part and the potential-decreasing part of the cyclic polarization curves by comparison with pure polycrystalline iron. The better resistance against active corrosion is an additional beneficial effect of silicon which improved hardness and compression resistance at room temperature as well as high temperature oxidation behaviour, as previously seen in the first part of this work.

Field of study: Materials science
Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells Based on a Novel Fluorescent Dye with a Pyridine Ring and a Pyridinium Dye with the Pyridinium Ring Forming Strong Interactions with Nanocrystalline TiO2 Films

As new-type donor-acceptor π-conjugated dyes capable of forming a strong interaction between the electron-acceptor moiety of the sensitizers and a TiO 2 surface, fluorescent dye OH11 and pyridinum dye OH12 with a pyridine and pyridinium ring as the electron-accepting group, respectively, have been designed and synthesized as photosensitizers for use in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). The fluorescent dye OH11 exhibits an absorption band at around 410 nm and a fluorescence band at around 530 nm. On the other hand, the pyridinum dye OH12 shows an absorption maximum at around 560 nm, assigned to a strong intramolecular charge-transfer excitation from the dibutylamino group to the pyridinium ring. The short-circuit photocurrent densities of the DSSCs prepared by using OH11 and OH12 are 4.33 and 1.74 mA cm -2 , and the solar energy-to-electricity conversion yields are 1.33 and 0.51 %, respectively, under simulated solar light [AM (air mass) 1.5, 100 mW cm -2 ]. The open-circuit photovoltage for OH11 (525 mV) is higher than that of OH12 (444 mV). The effects of the configuration of the dyes on the TiO 2 surface and of their chemical structures on the photovoltaic performances are discussed on the basis of semi-empirical molecular orbital calculations (AM1 and INDO/S), spectral analyses and cyclic voltammetry.

Field of study: Chemistry
Effect of Holding Time and Stirring Before Pouring on Microstructure and Properties of ZL102 Cast Alloy

The effect of holding time and stirring before pouring on the microstructure and properties of ZL102 cast alloy was investigated.The results show that: the morphology of primary Si is from large polygon or plate to small blocks or dendrites and that of eutectic Si is from large noodle or plate to fine noodles or fibers and short;the liquid of ZL102 alloy is more uniform and the dendrite matrix is refined.Brinell hardness of ZL102 cast alloy by directly pouring is the lowest in the all samples and that of sample poured by holding 2 min after stirring is the highest than the former by 17.5%.Wear resistance of ZL102 alloy sample by holding 3 min is the best.The wear resistance of samples poured by direct pouring,pouring and holding time after stirring are almost the same,which can improve a little of its wear.

Field of study: Materials science
Collapse, infilling, and postimpact deformation at the Mjølnir impact structure, Barents Sea

A dense composite grid of high-resolution single-channel, shallow multichannel, and conventional multichannel seismic reflection profiles defines in detail the structures and stratigraphy associated with impact-induced tectonics, and the postimpact evolution of the Mjolnir impact structure, Barents Sea. Clear seismic images of the well-preserved 40-km-diameter structure reveal that the primary, impact-induced deformation is bounded on top by discernible structural relief. At this stratigraphic level the structure exhibits a distinct radial zonation pattern composed of a 12-km-wide complex outer zone, including a marginal fault zone and a modestly elevated ring, a 4-km-wide annular depression, and an uplifted central high, 8 km in diameter. Key features of the Mjolnir structure are similar to the majority of large terrestrial complex craters. Sharp boundary faults form an ∼150-m-high, near-circular rim wall and separate highly deformed strata within the crater from intact platform strata. A 45–180-m-thick layer of disturbed and incoherent seismic reflectivity caused by the impact is confined by prominent fault blocks and the postimpact strata. The seismic data also provide evidence of crater-influenced sedimentation, and extensive secondary, postimpact deformation expressed by structural reactivation and differential subsidence. Reconstruction of the original crater relief reveals a subtle structure that has average depth variations of only ∼30–40 m. When compared to the current morphology of the crater floor, this demonstrates substantial enhancement of structural features by postimpact burial and deformation. We infer that impact in a shallow-marine sedimentary basin led to an atypically shallow crater depth, resulting from gravitational collapse on an apparent low-angle decollement at the crater periphery, and considerable infilling of the crater. The extensive postimpact deformation is closely related to the instability and lateral changes in physical properties within the impact-affected rock volume, triggered by prograding postimpact sediments.

Field of study: Geology
A new betweenness centrality measure based on an algorithm for ranking the nodes of a network

We propose and discuss a new centrality index for urban street patterns represented as networks in geographical space. This centrality measure, that we call ranking-betweenness centrality, combines the idea behind the random-walk betweenness centrality measure and the idea of ranking the nodes of a network produced by an adapted PageRank algorithm. We initially use a PageRank algorithm in which we are able to transform some information of the network that we want to analyze into numerical values. Numerical values summarizing the information are associated to each of the nodes by means of a data matrix. After running the adapted PageRank algorithm, a ranking of the nodes is obtained, according to their importance in the network. This classification is the starting point for applying an algorithm based on the random-walk betweenness centrality. A detailed example of a real urban street network is discussed in order to understand the process to evaluate the ranking-betweenness centrality proposed, performing some comparisons with other classical centrality measures.

Field of study: Mathematics
Novel measuring technique of the optical performance of objective lenses for optical disk systems.

Methods for the novel calculation of aberrations in objective lenses that require diffraction-limited optical performance are proposed and discussed. Coma, astigmatism, and spherical aberrations are evaluated separately and quantitatively from the intensity distribution of spot images. The aberration values calculated from the spot images were found to correlate well with the experimental results from the wave-front aberrations measured by a laser interferometer. The measurements took only 12 s as a mean value. This is 10 times faster than the conventional method.

Field of study: Physics
Establishment of Hantaan virus-specific T cell clone and its target cells in patients with hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome

ObjectiveTo establish T cell clone which is specific for nucleocapsid protein (NP) of Hantaan virus (HTNV) in patients with hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) and to lay a foundation for the study of T cell epitope and T cell immunology. MethodsPeripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of patients with HFRS separated by Ficoll-Hypaque density gradient centrifugation were stimulated in vitro with inactivated HTNV and recombinant human IL-2. T cell clones were established with limiting dilution technique and clone phenotype was identified by flow cytometer. PBMCs infected by EB virus (EBV) were used to establish immortalized B lymphoblastoid cell lines (B-LCLs). B-LCLs infected by rVV were used as the target cells of HTNV-specific CTL clones. The antigenic specificity of T cell lines was identified by cytotoxicity assays. ResultsB-LCLs expressed NP were recognized by HTNV-specific T cell clones. Of the 5 individuals tested,three had high specific lysis rate. Five T cell clones were obtained from two patients and CD8 + T cell clone takes more than 60%. ConclusionHTNV NP- specific T cell clones and their target cells have been established. NP is potentially a major target of the CTL response during HTNV infection.

Field of study: Biology
An axiomatic characterization of some measures of unfairness

This paper deals with measuring the inequity that results when a group of buyers is charged the correct amount in total, but due to imperfect information on the part of the seller, there are overcharges and undercharges for various individuals in the group. Under certain natural axioms, the main one being an additive decomposition postulate, one arrives at a one parameter family of functions, analogous to that found for measuring income inequality. The usual differentiability and/or continuity assumptions present in many axiomatic characterizations of this type are removed.

Field of study: Economics
Hypotensive endovascular test occlusion of the carotid artery in head and neck cancer.

To evaluate the reliability of balloon test occlusion with hypotensive challenge (BTO and HC) as a predictor of neurological complications before internal carotid artery (ICA) sacrifice in patients with advanced head and neck cancer, the authors retrospectively reviewed the medical records of patients presenting to their institutions between 1992 and 1997 in whom this preoperative assessment was performed.



Eleven patents who were candidates for extended comprehensive neck dissection (ECND) and potential ICA sacrifice were included in the study. Eight patients tolerated the test and underwent endovascular occlusion or surgical ligation of the ICA before ECND (four patients), preservation of the ICA at the time of surgery (three patients), or palliative therapy (one patient). Of three patients in whom BTO and HC failed, one patient received palliative treatment only; the other two underwent ECND with preservation of the ICA. In the group of patients who passed the test and underwent ICA occlusion or ligation before ECND, fatal thromboembolic stroke occurred within 24 hours of permanent balloon occlusion in one patient, resulting in a combined neurological morbidity/mortality rate of 25% in this subset of patients and an overall complication rate of 9% in this series.



The authors found that BTO and HC offers a simple and reliable method of preoperative risk assessment when ICA resection is planned for regional control of disease in advanced head and neck cancer. This management option, however, is associated with a potential for neurological complication that must be weighed against the natural course of the disease and the risks and benefits of other treatment modalities.

Field of study: Medicine
Gap function of hexagonal pnictide superconductor SrPtAs from quasiparticle interference spectrum

The pnictide superconductor SrPtAs has a hexagonal layered structure containing inversion symmetry. It is formed by stacking two inequivalent PtAs layers separated by Sr layers. The former have no local (in-plane) inversion symmetry and, therefore, a (layer-)staggered Rashba spin orbit coupling appears which splits the three Kramers degenerate bands per layer into six quasi-2D bands. The symmetry of the superconducting state of SrPtAs is unknown. Three candidates, spin-singlet and as well as triplet states have been proposed. We predict the quasiparticle interference (QPI) spectrum for these gap functions in t-matrix Born approximation. We show that distinct differences in the pattern of characteristic QPI wave vectors appear. These results may be important to determine the gap symmetry of SrPtAs by STM-QPI method.

Field of study: Physics
Triggering Institutional Change: Examining the Development of the 2001 Quebec Breastfeeding Policy

The Quebec Government published Canada's first breastfeeding policy in 2001 with the goal to increase breastfeeding rates in the province.  To ultimately contribute to more informed policy decision-making, this investigation aimed to identify key stakeholders and understand events and processes that contributed to the establishment of this policy.  Building from the neo-institutional theory, this was a retrospective case study. Interviews with key informants were conducted, and several texts were compiled. Hybrid thematic analysis was used to analyze text transcribed verbatim from interviews. Resulting themes, summary of archival material and temporal bracketing were adopted to elaborate a historical narrative of the development of the policy.  The emergence, development and initial implementation of the Quebec breastfeeding policy phases were traced from 1977 to 2009. The policy was triggered by a grassroots health professional movement that advocated for years for a cultural change toward breastfeeding in Quebec. Once Quebec's Ministry of Health finally accepted dialogue, institutional actors cooperated to formulate the policy. However, conflicts arose because of the Ministry's increasingly centralized mechanisms of governance. By 2009, discontent was so pervasive that several health professionals and other breastfeeding actors created an independent organization to further support breastfeeding, out of the Ministry's scope of control.  Collaboration in this domain was possible when shared decision-making was accepted, but conflict emerged when the institutional actor with formal authority re-adopted traditional top-down modes of action.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Innovation, adaptation and foreign policy in the age of globalization: is Global Affairs Canada fit for purpose?

The continuing evolution away from state-centricity requires that diplomacy become more public, inclusive and participatory. Responding to that imperative, and recognizing that the foreign ministry is not a cathedral, the foreign service is not a priesthood, and diplomacy is not liturgy, collectively represent the sine qua non for bringing Canada “back.” By privileging talking over fighting, embracing innovation and re-thinking diplomatic practice and representation abroad, Canada can advance its interests, effectively pursue its policy goals and make a significant contribution to global peace and prosperity. Absent radical reform and a commitment to praxis, however, none of these outcomes is likely to eventuate. This commentary surveys the past 50 years of diplomatic history, assesses the current government’s record to date, and suggests eight preconditions for real progress.

Field of study: Political science
What Does it Mean to Suffer Loss? Haxton v Philips Electronics

In Haxton v Philips Electronics the Court of Appeal considered whether a widow could recover the diminution in value of her dependency claim following the defendant's tortious reduction of her life expectancy. The note outlines the development of the common law, demonstrating that Haxton is novel but not unorthodox, and tests whether Haxton's principles can provide a sound foundation for future cases. Positing three hypothetical scenarios, it argues that the disparity in outcome, rather than indicating a lack of unifying principle, as was suggested in Jobling v Associated Dairies, may be explained by combining Austin's division between primary and secondary rights with Gardner and Stevens' contributions as to how they are protected. Restitutio in integrum requires consideration of the reasons and values underlying the right in question and these are discernible in the jurisprudence. The note also considers whether Haxton could have been decided on the basis that a defendant should not profit from its own wrongdoing.

Field of study: Law
Cobalt induced changes in immune response and adenosine triphosphatase activities in rats.

The immuno-biochemical effects of cobaltous chloride in rats receiving iron-sufficient and deficient diets were investigated. Rats receiving 100 ppm or more cobalt showed a significant reduction in thymus and body weights along with a marked decrease in hemoglobin, hematocrit, sheep agglutinins and plaque forming cells. These effects were more pronounced in rats receiving cobalt mixed with iron-deficient diet than those fed on iron-sufficient diet. The Na+-K+ and mitochondrial (Oligomycin-sensitive) Mg2+ATPase activities in brain and liver of rats fed with iron-deficient diets were decreased significantly. However, the ATPase activities in these tissues from rats fed with cobalt mixed with iron-sufficient diets were not altered.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
[Anxiety and depressive psychopathological characteristics of patients with multiple sclerosis at different stages of disease].

To study the development of anxiety and depressive disorders in patients with exacerbated multiple sclerosis (MS).



Forty-three patients with MS were included in the study (women 74.4%, mean age 33.1 years old). SCL-90-R and MASQ questionnaire were used to evaluate psychopathological symptoms.



There is the high prevalence of symptoms of anxiety and depression in patients with MS. Other symptoms, including interpersonal sensitivity, hostility and decrease of stress response, are observed as well.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology