nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Assessment of the effectiveness of nature reserve management in China

Assessing the management effectiveness of nature reserves is an effective way to promote management quality and achieve management targets. Using a questionnaire developed by the World Bank (WB) and the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) as a tool for tracking management effectiveness, we carried out a survey in 535 nature reserves in China to assess the management status quo in 2005. The results indicated that the indices related to management regulation, infrastructure and equipment, monitoring and evaluation, budget and community involvement produced relatively lower scores, while the indices related to management of protection targets and resources, setup of management agency and reserve boundary had better performances. The independent variables of reserve class, time since establishment, distribution region, economic condition and staff number exhibited strong correlations with the effective management of nature reserves. Pearson correlation coefficients were used to measure the association between the 3 assessment indices representing management effectiveness and other 28 assessment indices. Among these 28 assessment indices, the indices of personnel management, resource management, monitoring and evaluation, and management plan had more effects on the management effectiveness of nature reserves than other indices. When the most pressing management issues and influence factors have been identified, countermeasures can be implemented to improve the management of nature reserves.

Field of study: Environmental science
The emergence of mass unemployment: some questions of precision

In a recent article in this journal, Broadberry has argued that the mass unemployment of the interwar period was instigated by a 'supply side shock' coinciding with a raised exchange  The former resulted from a reduction in the length of the 'normal' working week which, according to Broadberry, raised real wages and lowered labour productivity. The government's efforts to appreciate the exchange rate were associated with the intention to restore the gold standard. To claim that such developments exacerbated the problems of the British economy at the end of the First World War is scarcely novel,3 but we believe that Broadberry's effort to explain the slump of the early I920s entirely in these terms is mistaken, as are his suggestions about the causes of mass unemployment throughout the interwar period. We also question the wisdom of drawing behavioural and macroeconomic conclusions from a macroeconomic model and data.

Field of study: Economics, History
Isolation and characterization of extremely halophilic CO-oxidizing Euryarchaeota from hypersaline cinders, sediments and soils and description of a novel CO oxidizer, Haloferax namakaokahaiae Mke2.3T, sp. nov.

The phylogenetic affiliations of organisms responsible for aerobic CO oxidation in hypersaline soils and sediments were assessed using media containing 3.8 M NaCl. CO-oxidizing strains of the euryarchaeotes, Haloarcula, Halorubrum, Haloterrigena and Natronorubrum, were isolated from the Bonneville Salt Flats (UT) and Atacama Desert salterns (Chile). A halophilic euryarchaeote, Haloferax strain Mke2.3(T), was isolated from Hawai'i Island saline cinders. Haloferax strain Mke2.3(T) was most closely related to Haloferax larsenii JCM 13917(T) (97.0% 16S rRNA sequence identity). It grew with a limited range of substrates, and oxidized CO at a headspace concentration of 0.1%. However, it did not grow with CO as a sole carbon and energy source. Its ability to oxidize CO, its polar lipid composition, substrate utilization and numerous other traits distinguished it from H. larsenii JCM 13917(T), and supported designation of the novel isolate as Haloferax namakaokahaiae Mke2.3(T), sp. nov (= DSM 29988, = LMG 29162). CO oxidation was also documented for 'Natronorubrum thiooxidans' HG1 (Sorokin, Tourova and Muyzer 2005), N. bangense (Xu, Zhou and Tian 1999) and N. sulfidifaciens AD2(T) (Cui et al. 2007). Collectively, these results established a previously unsuspected capacity for extremely halophilic aerobic CO oxidation, and indicated that the trait might be widespread among the Halobacteriaceae, and occur in a wide range of hypersaline habitats.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
LDB: Localization with Directional Beacons for Sparse 3D Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks

In this paper, we propose a novel distributed localization scheme LDB, a 3D localization scheme with directional beacons for Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks (UWA-SNs). LDB localizes sensor nodes using an Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV) as a mobile beacon sender. Mounted with a directional transceiver which creates conical shaped directional acoustic beam, the AUV patrols over the 3D deployment volume with predefined trajectory sending beacons with constant interval towards the sensor nodes. By listening two or more beacons sent from the AUV, the nodes can localize themselves silently. Through theoretical analysis, we provide the upper bound of the estimation error of the scheme. We also evaluate the scheme by simulations and the results show that our scheme can achieve a high localization accuracy, even in sparse networks.

Field of study: Computer science
Dispersion mechanism of surface magnetoplasmons in periodic layered structures.

We investigate the dispersion mechanism of surface magnetoplasmons for periodic layered structures in the Voigt configuration. An analytical dispersion relation that retains a similar form with ordinary surface plasmons is obtained. The splitting of surface plasma frequency is accompanied with unequal field strengths of surface modes at the two interfaces and is characterized by a simple dynamic model that recasts the role of magnetic force on to the effective mass. The underlying mechanism is illustrated with the transverse currents induced by the cyclotron motion of electrons, which appears as the typical feature of the dynamic Hall effect. In particular, the acoustical and optical branches exhibit an anticrossing scheme for small filling fractions, due to the like symmetry of modes in the two branches. As the parallel wave number changes, the two interaction branches experience a transition of mode pattern from symmetry to antisymmetry, or vice versa.

Field of study: Physics
Variations in the secretion of monoclonal antibodies by human-human hybridomas.

A series of human-human hybridomas derived from a single fusion of UC 729-6 with lymph node lymphocytes were examined for the type and nature of macromolecules synthesized and secreted. One hybrid, VLN3G2, secreted fourfold higher IgG than that present in the cytoplasm over 4 days of growth, while the IgM distribution was opposite to that of IgG. VLN5C7, contrary to VLN3G2, contained several-fold more cytoplasmic IgG as well as IgM than the amounts secreted over the same period of time. Of the secreted IgG and IgM by both of these hybridomas, only the IgG showed immunoreactivity against target A431 cell surface antigen(s). Another hybridoma, termed VLN1H12, secreted immunoreactive IgM against target A431 cells, but no detectable IgG. Cytoplasmic proteins prepared by repeated freeze-thaw of the hybridoma cells, membrane proteins obtained by NP-40 extraction of the cell membrane, and secreted proteins present in the supernates of the various hybridomas were assayed by an enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA), to understand the discrepancy observed in the immunoglobulins of the cellular and extracellular compartments. The parental UC 729-6 cell line used in these cell fusions produced only trace amounts of immunologically inactive IgM and no detectable IgG. Molecular sieving column chromatography of these hybridoma supernates suggested the presence of intact IgG and IgM molecules and the absence of free heavy chains or hybrid antibodies containing both mu and gamma heavy chains. Intrinsic labeling of VLN3G2 hybridoma cells with 35S-methionine demonstrated the presence of not only a nonimmunoglobulin protein but also a small molecular weight protein-A-binding polypeptide in the culture supernatant. 35S-methionine-incorporated IgG and IgM antibodies, isolated from spent media, cytoplasm, and cell membranes of VLN3G2, also showed binding to protein-A-bearing bacteria. In conclusion, the differences observed in the amounts of secreted MAbs by the human-human hybridomas were not due to the decreased synthesis of these molecules.

Field of study: Biology
Statistical reactions with memory and thermalized-nonequilibrated nuclear states

Starting from the Feshbach S-matrix pole expansion we modify the standard statistical model for compound reactions by introducing correlations between fluctuating S-matrix elements with different J (total spin) and π (parity) values. The S-matrix (J, π)-correlations are obtained at the expense of introducing infinitesimally small entrance-exit channel off-diagonal (J, π)-correlations between the random variables of the statistical model. Although later on these correlations are switched off by means of a properly applied limiting procedure, the S-matrix (J, π)-correlations do not vanish and can be strong. The physical origin of the S-matrix (J, π)-correlations resembles the effect of spontaneous symmetry breaking while S-matrix (J, π)-decoherence is due to quantum chaos. Novel reaction mechanism results in the excitation of peculiar nuclear states: The intermediate system is thermalized so that the shape of the spectrum is angle-independent and Maxwellian with angle-independent slope, yet the intermediate nucleus is not equilibrated since the angular distribution is forward-peaked, i.e., memory of the direction of the initial beam is not lost. The existence of thermalized-nonequilibrated nuclear states is supported by data on the 50–100% forward peaking of neutrons in the typically evaporation (1–3.5 MeV) part of the spectrum observed in the 93N b(n, n′) scattering with En = 7 MeV.

Field of study: Physics
Dnase1l3 deficiency in lupus‐prone MRL and NZB/W F1 mice

Loss of deoxyribonuclease I (Dnase1) function is associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in humans and mice; however, no coding mutations in Dnase1 are found in polygenic murine models. Instead, both MRL‐lpr strains and NZB/W F1 hybrids are homozygous for T89I missense in the macrophage‐DNASE, desoxyribonuclease I‐like 3 (Dnase1l3). By in vitro expression studies, this substitution decreases this enzyme's nuclease activity against free DNA by only approximately twofold; however, the mutation has a greater effect on the capacity of media conditioned with Dnase1l3 to confer a barrier to liposomal gene transfection to HeLa cells. The 89I substitution decreases the Dnase1l3 barrier function in vitro by eightfold (P < 0·01). In splenocytes and BM‐derived macrophages of SLE mice, while cellular Dnase1l3 levels are induced relative to C57BL/6 (control) mice, levels of FD‐nuclease activity are similar. Finally, media conditioned by MRL and NZB/W F1 macrophages, relative to control, contains a weak interferon‐gamma (IFN‐γ) inducible Dnase1l3‐associated barrier to transfection. This barrier function is hypothesized to reflect the inability of SLE mice to degrade membrane‐enveloped DNA‐associated antigens, such as apoptotic bodies, which are predicted to stimulate the characteristic autoimmunity of SLE. Our results for these two generally independent models strongly suggest that Dnase1l3 deficiency increases the susceptibility of these mice to polygenic SLE.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
AppSpear: Automating the hidden-code extraction and reassembling of packed android malware

Code packing is one of the most frequently used protection techniques for malware to evade detection. Particularly, Android packers originally designed to protect intellectual property are widely utilized by Android malware nowadays to hide their malicious behaviors. What’s worse, Android code packing techniques are evolving rapidly with new features of Android system (e.g., the use of new Android runtime). Meanwhile, unpacking techniques and tools generally do not respond to the evolving of packers immediately, which weakens the effectiveness of new malware detection. To address the unpacking challenge especially for Android packers with advanced code hiding strategies, in this paper we propose AppSpear , an automated unpacking system for both Dalvik and ART. AppSpear adopts a universal unpacking strategy that combines runtime instrumentation, interpreter-enforced execution, and executable reassembling to guarantee the hidden code is extracted and reconstructed as a complete executable. Our experimental evaluation with 530 packed samples shows that AppSpear is able to unpack protected code generated by latest versions of mainstream Android packers effectively.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Platitudes and Attitudes: A Minimalist Conception of Belief

1. Minimalism about truth-aptitude appears to undercut the central claim of expressivism about moral value (Wright ). The central claim of expressivism is that declarative sentences of moral discourse are not apt to be evaluated as true or false. Minimalism about truth-aptitude appears to undercut this claim by insisting that the sentences in question are apt to be evaluated as true or false according to the standards of truth-aptitude imposed by disciplined syntacticism - i.e. the sentences in question have appropriate syntactic features and their use is constrained by appropriate standards of discipline. The claim that minimalism about truth-aptitude succeeds in undercutting the central claim of expressivism about value has met with considerable resistance (Jackson , Smith [4]). In a previous article we

Field of study: Philosophy
Expression, purification, crystallization and preliminary diffraction analysis of RNase P protein from Thermotoga maritima.

Ribonuclease P (RNase P), the ubiquitous endonuclease that catalyzes maturation of the 5'-end of tRNA in bacteria, is a ribonucleoprotein particle composed of one large RNA and one small protein. Two major structural types of bacterial RNase P RNA have been identified by phylogenetic comparative analysis: the A (ancestral) and B (Bacillus) types. The RNase P protein from Thermotoga maritima, a hyperthermophilic bacterium with an A-type RNase P RNA, has been expressed in Escherichia coli. A purification strategy was developed to obtain a protein preparation suitable for crystallization. Protein crystals suitable for diffraction studies were obtained and characterized.

Field of study: Chemistry
Is there time discounting for risk premium?

Individuals with a higher subjective discount rate concentrate more on the present and delay is more significant for them. However, when a risky asset is delayed, not only is the outcome delayed but also the risk. In this paper, we suggest a new, two-stage experimental method with real monetary incentives that allows us to distinguish between the effect of the risk and the effect of the time when pricing a risky asset. We show that when individuals have greater preference for the present, their risk aversion for a risky asset realized in the future decreases. We argue that the effect of the risk for future asset is lower for individuals with higher time preference because they discount not only the outcome but also the risks.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Pharmacokinetics of theophylline metabolites in 8 Chinese patients.

To study theophylline metabolites pharmacokinetics in patients after a therapeutic dose.



Eight adult patients with mild bronchial asthma and normal liver function were infused aminophylline intravenously (6.6 mumol.kg-1). The plasma concentrations of theophylline and its 4 metabolites: 1,3-dimethyluric acid (DMUA), 3-methylxanthine (3-MX), 1-methyluric acid (MUA), and the intermediate 1-methylxanthine (1-MX) were monitored by HPLC throughout 24 h.



The plasma concentration of DMUA was the highest one among the 4 metabolites. 3-MX showed the slowest elimination rate. The plasma concentration of 1-MX throughout a 24-h period showed that there was a picking up of 1-MX (from 0.04 mumol.L-1 to 1.05 mumol.L-1) in the next morning.



The formation of DMUA was the main metabolites. During night there was an accumulation of 1-MX.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Dependence of samarium-soil interaction on samarium concentration: Implications for environmental risk assessment.

The sorption and desorption behaviour of samarium (Sm), an emerging contaminant, was examined in soil samples at varying Sm concentrations. The obtained sorption and desorption parameters revealed that soil possessed a high Sm retention capacity (sorption was higher than 99% and desorption lower than 2%) at low Sm concentrations, whereas at high Sm concentrations, the sorption-desorption behaviour varied among the soil samples tested. The fractionation of the Sm sorbed in soils, obtained by sequential extractions, allowed to suggest the soil properties (pH and organic matter solubility) and phases (organic matter, carbonates and clay minerals) governing the Sm-soil interaction. The sorption models constructed in the present work along with the sorption behaviour of Sm explained in terms of soil main characteristics will allow properly assessing the Sm-soil interaction depending on the contamination scenario under study. Moreover, the sorption and desorption Kd values of radiosamarium in soils were strongly correlated with those of stable Sm at low concentrations (r = 0.98); indicating that the mobility of Sm radioisotopes and, thus, the risk of radioactive Sm contamination can be predicted using data from low concentrations of stable Sm.

Field of study: Environmental science
Parameter Estimation for Dynamic Studies in Emission-Tomography Systems Having List-Mode Data

Maximum-likelihood parameter estimation for dynamic tracer-studies is investigated for emission-tomography systems having time-of-flight measurements in the form of list-mode data. It is shown how the EM iterative algorithm of statistics can be used to estimate compartmental parameters just as it is also used to reconstruct images of activity distributions. Retrospective processing of list-mode data for dynamic studies requires that the influence of each measurement point to the region of interest in the reconstructed images be identified; a procedure for accomplishing this is given.

Field of study: Physics
Secret image sharing with steganography and authentication

A novel approach to secret image sharing based on a (k, n)-threshold scheme with the additional capabilities of steganography and authentication is proposed. A secret image is first processed into n shares which are then hidden in n user-selected camouflage images. It is suggested to select these camouflage images to contain well-known contents, like famous character images, well-known scene pictures, etc., to increase the steganographic effect for the security protection purpose. Furthermore, an image watermarking technique is employed to embed fragile watermark signals into the camouflage images by the use of parity-bit checking, thus providing the capability of authenticating the fidelity of each processed camouflage image, called a stego-image. During the secret image recovery process, each stego-image brought by a participant is first verified for its fidelity by checking the consistency of the parity conditions found in the image pixels. This helps to prevent the participant from incidental or intentional provision of a false or tampered stego-image. The recovery process is stopped if any abnormal stego-image is found. Otherwise, the secret image is recovered from k or more authenticated stego-images. Some effective techniques for handling large images as well as for enhancing security protection are employed, including pixelwise processing of the secret image in secret sharing, use of parts of camouflage images as share components, adoption of prime-number modular arithmetic, truncation of large image pixel values, randomization of parity check policies, etc. Consequently, the proposed scheme as a whole offers a high secure and effective mechanism for secret image sharing that is not found in existing secret image sharing methods. Good experimental results proving the feasibility of the proposed approach are also included.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Treatment of Anorexia Nervosa in Children and Adolescents

In this review, we discuss the treatment of anorexia nervosa (AN) in children and adolescents, highlighting inpatient and outpatient psychiatric treatment. AN is an illness that involves medical and psychological issues; hence, treatment often requires the seamless integration of several medical professionals. It is important that the treatment model be unified and consistent as patients transition from inpatient to outpatient treatment. We briefly describe the therapeutic principles involved in treatment of AN and then give examples of how we employ these principles across treatment settings and with multiple medical professionals.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
A continuous analytic I?V model for long-channel undoped ultra-thin-body silicon-on-insulator (UTB-SOI) MOSFETs from a carrier-based approach

This paper presents for the first time a continuous analytic I–V model for long-channel undoped (lightly doped) ultra-thin-body silicon-on-insulator (UTB-SOI) MOSFETs from a carrier-based approach. It is based on the solution of the Poisson–Boltzmann equation and the current continuity equation of the Pao–Sah current formulation in terms of the mobile carrier concentration under an appropriate boundary approximation. The model is continuous and valid for all the operation regions (linear, saturation and sub-threshold) and traces the transitions between them. This preliminary model has been verified by comparison with long-channel results generated by a two-dimensional simulator. The predicted I–V characteristics also show a good agreement with two-dimensional numerical simulations for all ranges of gate and drain voltages, proving the validity of the analytical model. All these indicate that this model will be an ideal core model for UTB MOSFET modelling if the appropriate second-order effects such as the quantum-mechanical effect, doping-profile effect, short-channel effect and poly-depletion effect are integrated into it.

Field of study: Materials science
Some features of lithium iodate used for intracavity second harmonic generation

The large scatter of efficiencies of intracavity conversion of λ = 1.064 μ cw laser radiation to the second harmonic in lithium iodate crystals is attributed to the irreproducibility of the crystal growth conditions. It is shown that the nonuniformity of the hydrogen ion distribution and the capture of accidental impurities have a decisive influence on the efficiency of intracavity second harmonic generation.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
The Central Kansas Flash Floods of June 1981

Two severe flash floods occurred in central Kansas during June 1981. They were unusual because they occurred close together in time and space (only eight days and 16 km apart). Terrain was not an important contributing factor to either flood. However, moist soil that resulted from the first storm apparently was an important contributor to the second flood. Although only eight days separated the floods, the synoptic conditions that produced them were quite different. Each storm was similar to flash-flood models described by Maddox et al. (1979), but there were important differences.

Field of study: Environmental science