nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Distinguishing Properties of Higher Order Derivatives of Boolean Functions

Higher order differential cryptanalysis is based on the property of higher order derivatives of Boolean functions that the degree of a Boolean function can be reduced by at least 1 by taking a derivative on the function at any point. We define fast point as the point at which the degree can be reduced by at least 2. In this paper, we show that the fast points of a n-variable Boolean function form a linear subspace and its dimension plus the algebraic degree of the function is at most n. We also show that non-trivial fast point exists in every n-variable Boolean function of degree n− 1, every symmetric Boolean function of degree d where n 6≡ d (mod 2) and every quadratic Boolean function of odd number variables. Moreover we show the property of fast points for n-variable Boolean functions of degree n− 2.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Variscan geodynamic evolution of the Carnic Alps (Austria/Italy)

The South-Alpine Carnic Alps are part of the southern flank of the European Variscides and display a continuous sedimentary record from Late Ordovician to Devonian times followed by Carboniferous S-directed nappe stacking and Late Carboniferous to Early Permian post-collisional collapse. The tectonometamorphic and sedimentary evolution of the Carnic Alps resembles a continuous process where pre- and syn-orogenic volcanism, syn-orogenic flysch sedimentation, deformation including nappe stacking, metamorphism and tectonic collapse shift in age from internal zones in the N towards external zones in the S. New structural, petrological and sedimentological data are presented concerning the tectonometamorphic history of the Carnic Alps. We distinguish three thrust sheets or tectonic nappes differing in their stratigraphic, sedimentological, deformational and metamorphic histories which were thrust over each other in Carboniferous times. Our data lead to a new geodynamic model showing an evolution from rifting or back-arc spreading in the Late Ordovician to the establishment of a mature passive continental margin in the Late Devonian/Early Carboniferous, flysch sedimentation in an active continental margin setting during the Visean/Namurian and finally collision during the Late Carboniferous between the northern margin of Gondwana and a microcontinent to the N.

Field of study: Environmental science
Nonhomogeneous charge distribution in layered high-Tc superconductors.

We consider the problem of the charge distribution of holes among the various CuO{sub 2} layers in the unit cell for compounds of the type Tl{sub 2}Ba{sub 2}Ca{sub {ital n}{minus}1}Cu{sub {ital n}}O{sub 2{ital n}+4}. In analogy with graphite intercalation compounds, the charge distribution is strongly nonhomogeneous (for {ital n}{ge}3) with a depletion in the central layers. This result points to a special importance of the bounding layers and it provides a way to understand the observed maximum {ital T}{sub {ital c}} as a function of {ital n}.

Field of study: Physics
Mieko Nishida, Diaspora and Identity: Japanese Brazilians in Brazil and Japan (Honolulu: University of Hawai'i, 2017), pp. xiv + 294, $68.00, hb.

newspapers such as the Gazeta de Notícias and its column ‘Street Occurrences’, advertisements, police and court records, vending licences, criminal codes, registry entries from the city’s detention centre, lithographs, photographs, patent proposals, memoirs, chronicles and travellers’ accounts. Her thorough research allowed her to present a vivid portrayal of street commerce. For instance, she describes the soundscapes of Rio by looking at the cantos do trabalhador (literally ‘the worker’s songs’), which consisted of ‘vibrant cries and catchy lines’ (p. 22). Either loved or detested by residents, these vendors’ sounds attracted clientele or helped them identify products. This book will certainly interest students of the Atlantic world, slavery, migration, food studies and urban history. It is a wonderful addition to recent studies on street vending.

Field of study: Political science
MinireviewPhage-host interactions in soil

Phages are abundant and ubiquitous in nature, and are therefore important components of microbial communities. They can impact on host populations in several ways, including predation and alteration of host phenotype by genetic interactions. The dynamic survival of phage populations in soil requires infective interactions with host populations which must be undergoing growth. Hence survival is limited by the activity of soil bacteria, and phage populations must adopt strategies to overcome periods of inactivity. One of the most effective strategies is the lysogenic cycle of temperate phages. It is argued here that lysogeny in soil has a distinct advantage over virulence for phage and host survival, as opposed to aquatic ecosystems where virulence seems a more successful strategy for phage populations.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Edges of Dreams for Marginalized, Urban, Latino Students: Building a Community School

This study examines the way an urban Hispanic school in New Mexico, ranked 50 th academically in the United States, grapples with the issues of poverty, disconnection, race, conflicting visions, and hope. Investigating the school’s transition to a community school, a movement that is sweeping high-poverty areas, provides a more encompassing way to look at school reform.  In its one-year existence as a community school in Las Cruces, Lynn Middle School has engaged a vast number of stakeholders along with the School Board and City Council who have begun to work on turning this ‘ghetto’ school into a vibrant community school.  The paper answers the research question, ‘What are the process, procedures and challenges in starting a community school?’ and rather than simply continue to test students, thus providing data that reflect their failure, community schools collaboratively ameliorate the non-academic barriers to student success.  What then might be the anticipated benefits for students, families and neighborhoods?  poverty, community schools, Hispanics, urban schools, relationships

Field of study: Education
Classical, Generalizability, and Multifaceted Rasch Detection of Interrater Variability in Large, Sparse Data Sets

Classical test theory (CTT), generalizability theory (GT), and multi-faceted Rasch model (MFRM) approaches to detecting and correcting for rater variability were compared. Each of 4,930 students' responses on an English examination was graded on 9 scales by 3 raters drawn from a pool of 70. CTT and MFRM indicated substantial variation among raters; the MFRM analysis identified far more raters as different than the CTT analysis did. In contrast, the GT rater variance component and the Rasch histograms suggested little rater variation. CTT and MFRM correction procedures both produced different scores for more than 50% of the examinees, but 75% of the examinees received identical results after each correction. The demonstrated value of a correction for systems of well-trained multiple graders has implications for all systems in which subjective scoring is used.

Field of study: Education
Previous mental health service utilization and change in clients' depressive symptoms.

Although a potentially important factor in case conceptualization and treatment planning, the impact of previous treatment on subsequent counseling response has received little empirical attention. Using archival data, this study aimed to (a) report the prevalence of previous treatment utilization in a counseling population, (b) examine potential differences in symptom severity by treatment history, and (c) test whether the rate of change in symptoms over a course of counseling is moderated by previous treatment utilization, when also accounting for initial severity. A sample of 1,262 college students presenting for treatment in university/college counseling centers across the United States provided information on previous treatment history and completed the Counseling Center Assessment of Psychological Symptoms, administered at intake and up to 4 additional time points, with an average of 3-5 weeks between assessments. Data from the 13-item Depression subscale were used for the present study. Half the clients reported previous counseling, one third psychotropic medication, and one tenth psychiatric hospitalization. Previous treatment was associated with increased baseline depressive symptom severity. Results from latent growth curve models showed that previous counseling and medication correlated with a slower rate of symptom response, and previous counseling reduced the probability of being labeled a treatment responder. Previous counseling remained a significant predictor of counseling response when controlling for baseline severity. Hypothesized mechanisms through which previous treatment experience impacts subsequent treatment response remain largely theoretical and should be the focus of future research.

Field of study: Psychology
Tunable Pb1–ySnySe–PbSe heterojunction laser

Heterojunction lasers of the Pb/sub 1 - y/Sn/sub y/Se--PbSe type were prepared by vapor epitaxy. The minimum threshold at 4.2degreeK was 500 A/cm/sup 2/. In the working temperature range (4.2--100degreeK) the emission wavelength of a heterojunction laser diode with y=0.08 could be tuned within the range 10.6--15 ..mu.. (260 cm/sup -1/). The polarization of the emitted radiation and the far-zone intensity distribution were determined.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Interleukin 6 knock-out mice are resistant to antigen-induced experimental arthritis.

In order to assess the potential role of IL-6 in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), we have compared IL-6 deficient (IL-6 ko) mice and their wild-type (wt) counterpart for the capacity to develop methylated bovine serum albumin (mBSA)-induced arthritis. Our data show that IL-6 ko mice are not susceptible to antigen-induced arthritis (AIA). In fact, IL-6 ko mice treated by a standard protocol of immunization with mBSA did not develop joint swelling following intra-articular mBSA injection, nor revealed the characteristic joint lesions by histological examination. Conversely, wt mice treated according to the same protocol developed arthritis about 9 days after intra-articular injection, as detected by knee joint swelling and histological confirmation. We observed that the proliferative response of splenocytes to mBSA was impaired in ko mice following arthritis induction, as compared to the strong response observed in wt mice. Furthermore, anti-mBSA IgG levels were lower in ko mice as compared to wt mice. Finally, we show that sensitivity to AIA can be reconstituted in ko mice by subcutaneous injections of recombinant human IL-6 (rhIL-6). In addition, co-administration of IL-6 with mBSA by intra-articular injection into the joint was only partially effective in conferring sensitivity to AIA, suggesting the importance of a systemic effct for IL-6, but also that an additional role for this cytokine can be envisaged in the local inflammatory reaction during establishment of AIA.

Field of study: Medicine
C‐terminal and intact FGF23 in critical illness and their associations with acute kidney injury and in‐hospital mortality

FGF23 proved its value in prognostication of cardiovascular events and mortality among renal patients and general population. Limited data exist whether FGF23 may have any use in prediction of negative outcomes among critically ill patients admitted to intensive care unit (ICU).  Single center cohort study performed among patients admitted to ICU. The primary exposure was FGF23 plasma concentration measured within 24 h of ICU admission. The primary outcome was incident Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) and in‐hospital mortality during the ICU stay.  The study enrolled 79 patients admitted to ICU. C‐terminal FGF23 (cFGF23) but not intact FGF23 (iFGF23) concentration was significantly elevated in patients, who acquired AKI and non‐survivors (p < .001). ROC analysis of cFGF23 yielded an AUC of 0.81 and 0.85 for prediction of incident AKI and death during ICU stay, respectively. Multivariate analysis showed higher odds for AKI (OR 1.80; 95% CI 1.10–2.96) and in‐hospital mortality (OR 2.85; 95% CI 1.60–5.06) for one unit increase of log transformed cFGF23.  cFGF23 measurement may serve as a novel biomarker for incident AKI and death among critically ill patients.

Field of study: Medicine
In-medium chiral perturbation theory

We report on how to tackle the problem of establishing a chiral effective field theory in nuclear matter with explicit pion fields and in the presence of external sources (Ann. Phys. 297, 27 (2002)). We have made use of the results of J.A. Oller ( (2002)) where the generating functional for the in-medium chiral SU(2) x SU(2) Lagrangian has been derived. Within this approach we develop the so-called standard power counting rules for the calculation of in-medium pion properties if the residual nucleon energies are of the order of the pion mass. In addition, for the case of vanishing residual nucleon energies, a modified scheme (non-standard counting) is introduced. For both schemes the pertinent scales where the chiral expansions have to break down are established as well. We have performed a systematic analysis of n-point in-medium Green functions up to and including next-to-leading order when the standard rules apply. These include the in-medium contributions to quark condensates, pion propagators, pion masses and couplings of the axial-vector, vector and pseudoscalar currents to pions.

Field of study: Physics
Induction of thymocytes apoptosis in mouse infected with Candida albicans

To examine the influence of an in vivo infection by Candida albicans (C. albicans ) on apoptosis of mouse thymocytes.  The mouse thymocytes apoptosis were examined by staining (AO and EB), FCM and DNA electrophoresis.  C. albicans elicited typical morphological changes of apoptosis in murine thymocytes with AO and EB stain, and typical peak of apoptosis with FCM, and thymic atrophy. The extracted DNA of thymocytes displayed the typical “ladder pattern” in agarose gel electrophoresis. The percentage of apoptotic cells rose with increasing doses of C. albicans. The percentage of apoptotic cells began to increase at 6h, and reached their highest level at 24h. The thymus weight significantly decreased at 12h, and reached their lowest level at 72h. Heat inactivated C. albicans was unable to induce apoptosis in murine thymocytes in vivo. The inhibitor of NOS (aminoguanidine) only partially inhibited the C. albicans induced apoptosis in murine in vivo.  The sepsis of C. albicans induces thymocytes apoptosis in a dose and time dependent manner. Apoptosis in murine thymocytes induced by C. albicans in vivo is depending on metabolism of the fungus. NO is partially related to apoptosis in murine thymocytes induced by C. albicans.

Field of study: Biology
Comparative Analysis of College Students' Cognition to Teachers' Instructional Leadership between Shanghai and Taiwan

In recent years,there're frequent exchanges of education and culture across Taiwan Straits.However,the educational results are different because of the different central ideas.Questionnaire is adopted in this study to investigate the college students in Taiwan and Shanghai,in order to find out the college students' cognition to teachers' instructional leadership ability.The results are showed as follows:(1) the degree of students' perception of teachers' instructional leadership in Taiwan was higher than Shanghai;(2) there was significant difference on students' perception of both sides students' demographic variables,especially on age and colleges;(3) the students from Shanghai have the strength of predicting teachers' instructional leadership.As the result,we suggest that teachers in both sides should understand students' need in the beginning of course,in order to inspire their learning desire.And,the teachers in both sides should communicate deeply and learn mutually,to improve students' learning effectiveness.

Field of study: Education
Direct numerical simulation of gas-particle flows using EFG method

The element free Galerkin method (EFG) was used in the direct numerical simulation of multi-phase flows.Forces acting on particles were calculated by integrating the pressure and shear forces over particle surfaces.In the simulation of one particle’s falling process,it was found that a Karman vortex street was formed behind the particle with the increase of the particles’velocity and two particles’ falling process was simulated as well.The known drafting, kissing and tumbling phenomenon which was in agreement with experimental results was reproduced.In the simulation, EFG showed its advantage in dealing with particle’s collisions.The collision of a moving particle and a stationary cylinder was simulated and EFG was capable of dealing with real-contact collisions, while other methods based on meshes failed.Moreover, six particles’ falling process was calculated in this study.All these simulations showed that EFG could be applied to the large-scale direct numerical simulation of multiphase flows.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
A Study of Evolutionary Pattern of Regional Brand Based on Jinjiang Special Sports Industry

As the regional special industry takes on different features at different developing levels,the regional brand based on special industry tends to reflect an evolutionary developing pattern.This paper,taking the Jinjiang special sports industry as an example,conducts the analysis of the evolutionary pattern of Jinjiang regional brands at different developing levels,furthermore,attempts to raise a few beneficial proposals about the development of regional brands based on the special industry.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
The use of trimethylamine N-oxide as a primary precipitating agent and related methylamine osmolytes as cryoprotective agents for macromolecular crystallography.

Both crystallization and cryoprotection are often bottlenecks for high-resolution X-ray structure determination of macromolecules. Methylamine osmolytes are known stabilizers of protein structure. One such osmolyte, trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), has seen occasional use as an additive to improve macromolecular crystal quality and has recently been shown to be an effective cryoprotective agent for low-temperature data collection. Here, TMAO and the related osmolytes sarcosine and betaine are investigated as primary precipitating agents for protein crystal growth. Crystallization experiments were undertaken with 14 proteins. Using TMAO, seven proteins crystallized in a total of 13 crystal forms, including a new tetragonal crystal form of trypsin. The crystals diffracted well, and eight of the 13 crystal forms could be effectively cryocooled as grown with TMAO as an in situ cryoprotective agent. Sarcosine and betaine produced crystals of four and two of the 14 proteins, respectively. In addition to TMAO, sarcosine and betaine were effective post-crystallization cryoprotective agents for two different crystal forms of thermolysin. Precipitation reactions of TMAO with several transition-metal ions (Fe(3+), Co(2+), Cu(2+) and Zn(2+)) did not occur with sarcosine or betaine and were inhibited for TMAO at lower pH. Structures of proteins from TMAO-grown crystals and from crystals soaked in TMAO, sarcosine or betaine were determined, showing osmolyte binding in five of the 12 crystals tested. When an osmolyte was shown to bind, it did so near the protein surface, interacting with water molecules, side chains and backbone atoms, often at crystal contacts.

Field of study: Chemistry
PECVD grown silicon nitride ultra-thin films for CNTFETs

As-fabricated carbon nanotube field effect transistors (CNTFLTs) exhibit p-type nature. In this work, silicon nitride (SiNx) films are deposited on CNTs to realize n-type CNTELTs. This method of fabricating n-type CNTELTs is advantageous as SiNx film serves both as a passivation layer and as a top-gate dielectric. There has been extensive work done on SiNx passivation phenomena previously, but very few have investigated the properties of ultra-thin SiNx films with thickness less than 20 nm. In this work, the ultra-thin SiNx films are deposited using plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) method. This paper discusses the systematic investigation of the effect of PECVD process parameters such as flow rates of precursor gasses (NH3, SiH4), power of electrodes and deposition temperature on the properties of SiNx films such as refractive index, dielectric constant and stoichiometry. The quality of the SiNx thin films obtained is comparable with several reports that have investigated thicker films Using these ultra-thin SiNx films, we implement a CNTELT based logic inverter. The results indicate that ultra-thin films of SiNx have great potential in future transistor technology.

Field of study: Materials science
Stomatal responses to humidity and temperature in darkness.

Stomatal responses to leaf temperature (T(l)) and to the mole fractions of water vapour in the ambient air (w(a)) and the leaf intercellular air spaces (w(i)) were determined in darkness to remove the potential effects of changes in photosynthesis and intercellular CO(2) concentration. Both the steady-state and kinetic responses of stomatal conductance (g(s)) to w(a) in darkness were found to be indistinguishable from those in the light. g(s) showed a steep response to the difference (Deltaw) between w(a) and w(i) when w(a) was varied. The response was much less steep when w(i) was varied. Although stomatal apertures responded steeply to T(l) when Deltaw was held constant at 17 mmol mol(-1), the response was much less steep when Deltaw was held constant at about zero. Similar results were obtained in the light for Deltaw = 15 mmol mol(-1) and Deltaw approximately 0 mmol mol(-1). These results are discussed in the context of mechanisms for the stomatal response to humidity.

Field of study: Environmental science