nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Homeostatic studies on performamce-enhanced competition

Homeostasis is the maintenance of a steady state and its steady functions.The homeostasis in sports training was found to be sport-specific so that it is called sport-specific ’ systems might be classified as SSH-essential system(SES) and SSH-non-essential system(SNS).The quality of SES homeostasis(SESH) represents sports capacity.The higher the SESH quality,the higher the sports capacity.The quality of the SNS homeostasis(SNSH) represents the expression of sports capacity.The higher the SNS quality,the more im-proved the sports performance.Athletes’ training might be also classified into two kinds,the extraordinary training(ET) such as DOMS to establish the SESH of higher quality by destroying the former SESH,and the ordinary train-ing(OT) such as tapering,fitness training,psychological training and spirit training to maintain SESH,and to estab-lish and maintain SNSH.The training ladder should be ET1-OT1-ET2-OT2-…-OTn-competition(EC);EC1-EC2-…-.Performance-enhanced competition might be of critical importance after OT induced recovery from ET induced fa-tigue.

Field of study: Education
Research on HAMs-family Based Homomorphisms

A main problem that exists in HAMs-family HRL is its joint state space consisting of the cross-product of the machine states in the HAM and the states in the original MDP,which is not completely solved by a subroutine-based state abstraction method.This paper analyzes this problem in detail and provides formal descriptions on HAMs model by using "policy-coupled" semi-Markov decision processes.It also provides formal definitions on HAMs-based homomorphisms,proves some useful theorems,and shows that the HAMs-based homomorphisms can conquer this problem.This paper concludes some important opinions on applying homomorphisms to state abstractions.Lastly,a typical example is analyzed and evaluated.

Field of study: Computer science
Flux noise in SQUIDs: Evidence for temperature dependent spin-diffusion

The intrinsic flux noise observed in superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs) is thought to be due to the fluctuation of electron spin impurities, but the frequency and temperature dependence observed in experiments does not agree with the usual 1/f models. We present theoretical calculations and experimental measurements of flux noise in rf SQUID flux qubits that shows how these observations can be interpreted in terms of a spin-diffusion constant that increases with temperature. Our measurements of flux noise in the 20-80 mK temperature range allows the extraction of the spin-diffusion constant and its temperature dependence, suggesting that a phase transition takes place at T ~ 1 mK.

Field of study: Physics
Brian S. McBeth, Dictatorship and Politics: Intrigue, Betrayal, and Survival in Venezuela, 1908–1935 (Notre Dame IN: University of Notre Dame, 2008), pp. xiv+578, $60.00, hb.

chief benefactor in Thomas Armstrong, an Irish Protestant and one of the richest ‘Anglo ’ merchants of the era. Armstrong funnelled funds to Fahy, who bestowed them on aspirant Irish landowners. The ties between the two men illustrated Fahy’s relentless but pragmatic pursuit of methods to consolidate the Irish community and his willingness to exploit non-Catholic Irish linkages. Kelly has an interesting chapter on William Bulfin, a fine Irish author who wrote several appealing pastoral narratives about Argentina and Ireland. During the Boer War of 1899–1902 Bulfin sought to promote Irish nationalism in Argentina and published numerous vitriolic anti-imperialist tracts in The Southern Cross, his newspaper in Buenos Aires. The campaign failed, and Bulfin returned to Ireland. The writing might have attracted a wider readership were it not for Bulfin’s decision to publish in English alone, a clearly misguided tactic on his part. Bulfin’s son had a leading role in the Easter Rising of 1916, after which he faced execution. Like American-born Eamon De Valera, he escaped death because he was foreign, namely Argentinian-born. On Bulfin’s era, Kelly might have considered social and cultural change in the community more extensively. By this point, access to land had disappeared ; the Irish Argentinians were seeping into the capital ; Irish girls, once the chattels of families on remote farms, now worked in the city as chambermaids or laundresses. The Bulfin era coincided with the onset of community urbanisation, exogamy and greater assimilation. Little scope existed for Irish republicanism; instead, the moderately inclined, sober-minded Irish Argentinians appeared far more likely to join the Unión Cı́vica Radical and to become Argentinian Radicals.

Field of study: Political science
Religion as an Agent of Change: Crusades, Reformation, Pietism. Per Ingesman, ed. Brill’s Series in Church History and Religious Culture 72. Leiden: Brill, 2016. xii + 280 pp. $142.

ond half of the fifteenth century. Tinctor and the Anonymous (Du Bois) made their own contributions to that circulation around 1460, and the author of theMalleuswould be able to draw on them in the 1480s. . . . Precisely how those ideas were communicated we do not know, but they were the same ideas” (18). One could add that some of the witches’ crimes hitherto assumed to have made their first appearance in the Malleus— such as feeding toads with consecrated Hosts—already featured both in the Recollectio and in the original Latin version of the Invectives. This lends further support to the hypothesis that Heinrich Institoris, theMalleus’s author, was familiar with the Arras treatises. If this was indeed the case, it can certainly shed light on Institoris’s preoccupation with the sexual history of the accused witches that he prosecuted at Innsbruck and on his assault on female sexuality in the Malleus, because most of the first convicted witches to be executed at Arras had been prostitutes, and the descriptions of their orgiastic assemblies in the Recollectio included graphic details of their sexual transgressions. Reading this work could have convinced Institoris that lust was the key factor in leading women to join the devil’s sect. As this example makes clear, the potential of the new edition of the Arras treatises promises to transcend its already valuable contribution for classroom use. It will surely contribute to fine-tuning existing assumptions about fifteenth-century demonology, and students and scholars alike will benefit from its publication.

Field of study: History
Retrieving Autobiographical Memories Influences Judgments About Others

This research investigates whether metacognitive experiences accompanying the retrieval of autobiographical memories influence judgments about others. Based on social projection research, we tested the hypothesis that ease-of-retrieval, affecting how the self is perceived, affects first impressions. In line with this prediction, Experiment 1 showed that participants asked to recall a few personal instances of assertive behavior (easy retrieval) judged an unknown person to be more assertive than participants recalling many instances (difficult retrieval). Experiment 2, targeting creativity, provided evidence for the retrieval-ease mechanism: The effect disappeared when ease-of-retrieval was discredited as informational source in a misattribution paradigm. Finally, Experiments 3 and 4 replicated this pattern for the same personality traits and demonstrated two boundary conditions: Participants’ ease of autobiographical recalls affected judgments of in- but not outgroup members (Experiment 3), and judgments of unknown others were affected after autobiographical recall but not after recalling behaviors of someone else (Experiment 4).

Field of study: Psychology
THE SCATTEROMETER AS A PRESSURE SENSOR

The UW Planetary Boundary Layer (PBL) model is used to derive surface pressure fields from scatterometer surface measurements. After a decade of comparison with NMC wind products, it is clear that the combination of the scatterometer and the PBL model yield superior information about the global pressure fields. The pressure fields are used to correct the scatterometer winds where they are contaminated by rain or poorly retrieved due to antenna geometry. The new winds are compared to buoy wind measurements. The scatterometer-derived surface pressure fields are assessed with buoy measurements and NWS analyses (NCEP, ECMWF and MM5 in the Gulf of Alaska). The gradients are systematically compared to buoy-measured pressure gradients. The model has been used to initialize a GCM with Geostrophic (pressure gradient) winds, yielding superior prognoses to initialization with surface winds. Original and corrected scatterometer winds are being assimilated in a NWF model.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Tensor Decomposition via Variational Auto-Encoder

Tensor decomposition is an important technique for capturing the high-order interactions among multiway data. Multi-linear tensor composition methods, such as the Tucker decomposition and the CANDECOMP/PARAFAC (CP), assume that the complex interactions among objects are multi-linear, and are thus insufficient to represent nonlinear relationships in data. Another assumption of these methods is that a predefined rank should be known. However, the rank of tensors is hard to estimate, especially for cases with missing values. To address these issues, we design a Bayesian generative model for tensor decomposition. Different from the traditional Bayesian methods, the high-order interactions of tensor entries are modeled with variational auto-encoder. The proposed model takes advantages of Neural Networks and nonparametric Bayesian models, by replacing the multi-linear product in traditional Bayesian tensor decomposition with a complex nonlinear function (via Neural Networks) whose parameters can be learned from data. Experimental results on synthetic data and real-world chemometrics tensor data have demonstrated that our new model can achieve significantly higher prediction performance than the state-of-the-art tensor decomposition approaches.

Field of study: Computer science
Zingiberene and Curcumene in Wild Tomato

Composition of ginger oil prepared from fresh ginger rhizomes, Zingiber officinale Roscoe (Zingiberaceae) was determined by gas chromatography (GC) and GC‐mass spectrometric techniques. The main sesquiterpene hydrocarbons identified were α‐zingiberene (27–30%), α‐curcumene (8–9%), β‐sesquiphellandrene (4.8%), and bisabolene (3.2%). The function of zingiberene and curcumene as insecticides, repellents, and insect feeding deterrents has been previously reported. Other plant species having similar constituents might be found. Leaves of six wild tomato accessions of Lycopersicon hirsutum f. glabratum (Mull); three accessions of L. hirsutum f. typicum (Humb & Bonpl.); two accessions of L. pennellii Corr. (D'Arcy); one accession of L. pimpinellifolium; and one commercial tomato L. esculentum cv. Fabulous were analyzed. Analysis of L. hirsutum f. typicum (Solanaceae) accessions indicated the presence of zingiberene, curcumene, and other lipophilic secondary metabolites in the leaves of two accessions (PI‐127826 and PI‐127827). An average three month old wild tomato plant of accessions PI‐127826 and PI‐127827 provided 1.93 and 1.30 kg fresh leaves (averaging about 38,307 and 28,130 cm2 exposed leaf surface area, respectively) and produced 19.3 and 10.1 g of zingiberene and curcumene (PI‐127826) and 17.2 and 1.8 g of zingiberene and curcumene (PI‐127827), respectively. Leaf extracts of the wild tomato L. hirsutum f. typicum (accessions PI‐127826 and PI‐127827) can be used as a biorational source of zingiberene and curcumene.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
The Rsearch In the Pharmic Effect of Chinese Traditional Medicine Sanlongdan

Objective to discuss the mechanism of controlling tumour about Chinese traditional Sanlongdan,so that we can provide academic foundation in using medicine in clinic. The experiment in body: the knubbly cell W256 was inoculated in left and front oxter of rats,the dose was 0.3ml per rat and take medicine next day. Saline,Cyclophosphamide and different dose Sanlongdan were used respectively in negative comparison group, electropositive comparison group and Chinese medicine group.2 Experiment out of body: we diluted Sanlongdan by rato 1:10,1:20,1:40,1:80,1:160,1:320,1:640,1:1280.then it was inoculated on HEL and NKM in lacunaris culture board.Observe the pathological changes of cell,and count the exponent of restraining  The infection on MDA and SOD of Sanlongdan:40 mouse were divided into 4 groups,using the same way of taking medicine as the experiment in body.30 days later,every mouse was taken blood by extirpating eyeball.We measure the drgee of SOD and MDA.Results Chinese traditional medicine Sanlongdan can effectly restrain W256 tumour.When it's degree is 1:80,it has the most effective action and at the same time it can also improve obviousely the activement of SOD,reduce the metabolize outcome of MDA.Conclusion Chinese traditional medicine Sanlongdan can affect obviously tumour W256 in body, target cell NKM out of body and the degree of SOD,MDA in blood.

Field of study: Medicine
Field Reliability Estimation of Agricultural Tractors Based on Warranty Data

Highlights A LightGBM regression model for predicting tractor usage rates was established based on warranty data and considering agricultural tractors‘ usage context (region and season) and was then interpreted using SHAP. The field reliability of tractors was estimated based on the usage of failed and unfailed tractors, after unfailed tractors‘ usage was imputed using the LightGBM regression model. The proposed methodology was validated by predicting warranty claims using estimated reliability parameters. The proposed methodology was demonstrated using warranty data from a tractor manufacturing company in China.  Warranty data provide a valuable source of information for assessing the reliability of products in operation (called the field reliability). However, warranty data consist of failure information only. The unavailability of usage data for unfailed products makes it difficult to estimate the reliability of durable products such as agricultural tractors, for which usage is a greater concern than age for reliability analysis. Several studies have proposed methods to address this problem, but they did not include information on the usage context. This study proposes a methodology to estimate the field reliability of agricultural tractors from warranty data considering the tractors‘ usage context. First, by taking features representing tractors‘ usage context as the input, a usage rate regression model was established using a light gradient boosting machine (LightGBM). The usage of unfailed tractors was then generated. Finally, parametric estimates of the tractors‘ reliability were determined based on the usage of failed and unfailed tractors. By interpreting the LightGBM model using SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP), it was found that tractors that were used more days in October and April had higher predicted usage rates. To validate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology, the estimated reliability parameters were used to predict the warranty claims of six types of tractors. The results showed that the proposed methodology performed the best in four cases and close to the best in two other cases when compared with two other baseline methods. The proposed methodology was demonstrated using warranty data from an agricultural tractor manufacturing company in China and can be applied to improve understanding of tractor reliability.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
A modular branching rule for the generalized symmetric groups

We give a modular branching rule for certain wreath products as a generalization of Kleshchev's modular branching rule for the symmetric groups. Our result contains a modular branching rule for the complex reflection groups G ( m , 1 , n ) , which are often called the generalized symmetric groups, in splitting fields for Z / m Z . Especially for m = 2 , which is the case of the Weyl groups of type B, we can give a modular branching rule in any field.

Field of study: Mathematics
Investigation of Spatial Control Strategies for AHWR: A Comparative Study

Large nuclear reactors such as the Advanced Heavy Water Reactor (AHWR), are susceptible to xenon-induced spatial oscillations in which, though the core average power remains constant, the power distribution may be nonuniform as well as it might experience unstable oscillations. Such oscillations influence the operation and control philosophy and could also drive safety issues. Therefore, large nuclear reactors are equipped with spatial controllers which maintain the core power distribution close to desired distribution during all the facets of operation and following disturbances. In this paper, the case of AHWR has been considered, for which a number of different types of spatial controllers have been designed during the last decade. Some of these designs are based on output feedback while the others are based on state feedback. Also, both the conventional and modern control concepts, such as linear quadratic regulator theory, sliding mode control, multirate output feedback control and fuzzy control have been investigated. The designs of these different controllers for the AHWR have been carried out using a 90th order model, which is highly stiff. Hence, direct application of design methods suffers with numerical ill-conditioning. Singular perturbation and time-scale methods have been applied whereby the design problem for the original higher order system is decoupled into two or three subproblems, each of which is solved separately. Nonlinear simulations have been carried out to obtain the transient responses of the system with different types of controllers and their performances have been compared.

Field of study: Physics
Temporary Versus Permanent Group Membership: How the Future Prospects of Newcomers Affect Newcomer Acceptance and Newcomer Influence

Three studies examine how the future prospects of new group members affect newcomer acceptance and newcomer influence. In Study 1, participants anticipate accepting temporary newcomers less easily than permanent newcomers because they expect temporary newcomers to differ from the group. In Study 2, the effects of newcomer entry in three-person groups are examined. Results show that groups perceived temporary newcomers as more involved in a judgmental decision-making process than permanent newcomers. In Study 3, a hidden profile task confirms that temporary newcomers indeed shared more unique knowledge during discussions than permanent newcomers and that this enhanced the groups' decision quality. However, compared to permanent newcomers, temporary newcomers caused teams to experience more conflict and less group identification, illustrating the tension between innovative group performance and group cohesion. The results are discussed in light of the social identity perspective and research on minority influence.

Field of study: Psychology
Research of SiO2/InP structure prepared by photo-CVD

The SiO2 film as an insulator in InP MOS structure was grown by mercury-sensitized photo induced chemical-vapor deposition (photo-CVD) utilizing gaseous mixture of monosilane (SiH4) and nitrous oxide (N4O) under 253.7 nm ultraviolet light irradiation. The PHOTOX SiO2 film (i.e., SiO2 film prepared by photo-CVD system) deposited at 250° C has a refractive index of 1.46 and breakdown field strength of 7.0 MV/cm. The 1 MHz capacitance-voltage characteristics of the InP MOS diode was measured to study the interface state densities. The minimum value is 1.2 × 1011 cm−2eV−1 for the sample prepared at a substrate temperature of 250° C.

Field of study: Materials science
A physical genome map or Salmonella gallinarum

To construct a physical map of the genome of Salmonella gallinarum 287/91 and compare it with that of Salmonella gallinarum SARB21 and that of Salmanella typhimurium LT2 for identifying genomic differences among strains of the same Salmonella species and genomic differences among bacteria of differ- ent Salmonella species. Pulsed field gel electrophoresis separation of genomic DNA following cleavage with XbaⅠ,AvrⅡor I-CeuⅠ.Tn10 insertion inactivation and double digestion with end labeling techniques were also employed for locating genes and refining the map. The genome map of S.gallinarum 287/91 was constructed.This genome shares most insertions and deletions with strain SARB21 relative to S.typhimurium LT2.Condusion S.gallinarum 287/91 and SARB21 have the same genetic contents,the main differences sit in the arrangements of genomic DNA resulting from different rrn operons involved in the homologous recombination, leading to different genome structures.

Field of study: Biology
Path similarity evaluation using Bloom filters

The performance of several Internet applications often relies on the measurability of path similarity between different participants. In particular, the performance of content distribution networks mainly relies on the awareness of content sources topology information. It is commonly admitted nowadays that, in order to ensure either path redundancy or efficient content replication, topological similarities between sources is evaluated by exchanging raw traceroute data, and by a hop by hop comparison of the IP topology observed from the sources to the several hundred or thousands of destinations. In this paper, based on real data we collected, we advocate that path similarity comparisons between different Internet entities can be much simplified using lossy coding techniques, such as Bloom filters, to exchange compressed topology information. The technique we introduce to evaluate path similarity enforces both scalability and data confidentiality while maintaining a high level of accuracy. In addition, we demonstrate that our technique is scalable as it requires a small amount of active probing and is not targets dependent.

Field of study: Computer science
Use of Intradialytic Parenteral Nutrition: An End-Stage Renal Disease Network Perspective

To assess the frequency of use of intradialytic parenteral nutrition (IDPN) in hemodialysis (HD) facilities in Network No. 14 (TX) and to ascertain systems of IDPN practice in current use. ■  143 outpatient HD facilities in Texas, ESRD Network No. 14. ■  Professionally validated questionnaires were sent to all HD facilities in Texas in August 1992 to assess use of IDPN, patient selection criteria, infusion regimens, and monitoring and termination criteria.  The frequency of use of IDPN varies widely, with a small percentage of facilities reporting 20% to 25% of the patient populations receiving this therapy. Twenty-seven percent of facilities are using essential amino acids in infusions.  Monitoring and termination criteria are often inconsistent and poorly defined. Long-term studies are needed to investigate optimal selection criteria, effect of various infusion regimens, and indices that best predict patient outcomes.

Field of study: Medicine