nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Selecting equilibria in common agency games

We characterize equilibrium payoffs of a delegated common agency game in a public good context where principals use smooth contribution schedules. We prove that under complete information, payoff vectors of equilibria with truthful schedules coincide with the set of smooth equilibrium payoffs, including non-truthful schedules. We next consider whether the presence of arbitrarily small amounts of asymmetric information is enough to refine this payoff set. Providing that the extensions of the equilibrium schedules beyond the equilibrium point are flatter than truthful schedules, the set of equilibrium payoffs is strictly smaller than the set of smooth (equivalently, truthful) equilibrium payoffs. Interestingly, some forms of asymmetric information do not sufficiently constrain the slopes of the extensions and fail to refine the payoff set. In the case of a uniform distribution of types and arbitrary out-of-equilibrium contributions, the refinement has no bite. If, however, one restricts out-of-equilibrium behavior in a natural way, the refinement is effective. Alternatively, we may consider an exponential distribution with unbounded support (and hence no out-of-equilibrium choices) and we find that the refinement selects a unique equilibrium payoff vector equal to Lindahl prices. As a separate contribution, equilibria with forcing contracts are also considered both under complete and asymmetric information.

Field of study: Economics
The spiral structure of our Milky Way

The spiral structure of our Milky Way has not yet been well outlined. HII regions, giant molecular clouds (GMCs) and 6.7-GHz methanol masers are primary tracers for spiral arms. We collect and update the database of these tracers which has been used in Hou et al. (2009) for the spiral arms. The new database consists of ∼ 2000 HII regions, ∼ 1300 GMCs and ∼ 800 methanol masers (6.7 GHz). If the photometric or trigonometric distance for any tracer is available from the literature, we will adopt it. Otherwise, we have to use the kinematic distance. We modify the VLSR according to the newly determined solar motions (U0 = 10.27 km s−1, V0 = 15.32 km s−1 and W0 = 7.74 km s−1, Schönrich et al. 2010), then calculate the kinematic distances with a flat rotation curve (R0 = 8.3 kpc, θ0 = 239 km s−1, Brunthaler et al. 2011). Very important step is that we weight tracers according to the excitation parameters of HII regions or the masses of GMCs, and a constant weight for masers. All three kinds of tracers are used together to outline the spiral structure . A contour and gray map is constructed after we made a Gaussian extension for the tracers with the amplitude of weighting parameter.

Field of study: Physics
Accumulation of calcitonin-gene related peptide-like immunoreactivity after hypoxic-ischaemic brain injury in the infant rat.

Unilateral carotid ligation in immature rats, followed by either 15 min (moderate group) or 90 min (severe group) of hypoxia were used to assess the effects of hypoxia-ischaemia (HI) on the accumulation of the neuropeptide calcitonin-gene related peptide (CGRP). Severe, but not moderate, HI produced a massive time-dependent increase in CGRP-like immunoreactivity throughout the damaged regions of the brain (neocortex, caudate-putamen, hippocampus) beginning at 24 h and maximal at 3-5 days after HI. By 11 days after HI levels appeared to have returned to baseline. The increased immunoreactivity was largely localized to presumed axon terminals contacting neurons, blood vessels and non-nerve cells. Scattered neurons in the cingulate cortex, piriform cortex and striatum also showed increased immunoreactivity in their soma. These results raise the possibility that CGRP may be involved in neuronal repair after HI in the infant brain.

Field of study: Biology
Cross-Cultural Adaptation and Validation of the Commitment-to-School Scale Using a Sample of Junior High School Youth in Ghana

Empirical evidence from developed countries suggests that students' commitment to school is fundamental to their academic success. However, in developing countries, validated measures of student commitment to school do not exist. The current study helps fill this research gap by examining the validity and reliability of a commitment-to-school scale (CSS) adapted for the Ghanaian context. With a sample of 6,252 middle school–age students, the study employs exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses with weighted least squares means and variance adjusted (WLSMV) to establish and validate the construct as bidimensional. Measurement invariance tests confirm that the two-factor commitment model is generalizable across grade levels but not genders. Given its parsimony and good fit, the adapted CSS might be useful for future research in Ghana. Similarity of the model across grade levels suggests that the scale has potential uses in education research among diverse groups. We suggest that the CSS be developed further for better understanding of students' commitment to school.

Field of study: Education
Effects on fresh preservation of Nan-wan sand gurnard fish ball for astaxanthin and polyphenols

The study was to explore the feasibility of using astaxanthin mixed with tea polyphenols for fresh-keeping of Nanwan sand gurnard fish ball.  Astaxanthin mixed with Tea Polyphenols were added to the Nan wan sand gurnard fish ball, and the changes of texture, smell, texture, TBA value, total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N) and total bacteria counts of the fish ball were measured.  Astaxanthin blended with tea polyphenols could significantly inhibit the increase in TBA value, total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N) and total bacteria counts, delay the decline of sensory quality of Nan- wan sand gurnard fish-ball during the storage.  0.2% tea polyphenol and 0.02% Astaxanthin achieves the best preservation effect on the fish ball, prolonging the shelf life of the fish ball 10 d compared with the control and 6 d compared with the single-factor preservative.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Heat transfer of oil-contaminated HFC134a in a horizontal evaporator

The introduction of chlorine-free refrigerants to the market requires experimental investigations of their behaviour in heat pumps and refrigerators. One particular area of interest is the effect of the new oils on the heat transfer in evaporators and condensers. Oil can either increase or decrease the heat transfer coefficient. This paper presents the results from an experimental investigation of the effect of three different ester-based oils on the heat transfer of HFC134a in a horizontal evaporator. The tests were carried out at heat fluxes between 2 and 8 kW m−2 (corresponding to mass fluxes between approximately 40 and 170 kg s−1 m−2). The evaporation temperature was varied from−10 to +10°C. The global oil concentration ranged from 0 to 4.5 mass percentage based on the total liquid flow. The heat transfer coefficient decreased in most of the cases. The results indicate that the decrease seems to depend on the viscosity of the oil. The decrease can fairly well be estimated with the correlation for pure refrigerants by Shah if the viscosity of the mixture is used in the calculations. The data for the oil-contaminated refrigerant also agree well with data for pure refrigerants in a plot of α tp /α lo ∗ versus the inverse Martinelli-Lockhart parameter when α lo ∗ is calculated with a modified Dittus-Boelter correlation and the mixture viscosity is used in the calculations. The heat transfer is found to increase when introducing oil in the special cases where the flow rate is low and the viscosity is low (oil A, 2 and 4 kW m−2 oil B, 6kW m−2 at +10°C). This is most likely due to surface tension effects. It has been suggested that the increased surface tension leads to a better tube wetting and thus an increased heat transfer.

Field of study: Engineering
Spin-Orbit Coupling Parameters of sp2 Nanocarbons

The paper presents a new approach to the determination of standard spin-orbit coupling parameters, such as the SOC constant a_SO and the Lande parameter g, by using peculiarities of UHF results for open-shell systems. The approach is convincingly approved for stretched ethylene and fullerene C60 as examples, thus justifying at once a high efficacy of the UHF formalism to disclose SOC features.

Field of study: Physics
Differences in deoxycytidine metabolism in mouse and rat.

Bone-marrow macrophages from both rat and mouse release deoxycytidine derived from phagocytosed nuclei. Mouse plasma contains no detectable deoxycytidine (less than 0.1 microM), whereas the concentration in rat plasma is 18 microM. Enzyme assays of tissue extracts show that both mouse and rat spleen contain high deoxycytidine kinase activity. Mouse organs, including kidney, liver and lung, also have deoxycytidine deaminase activity. In contrast, rat tissues have virtually no deoxycytidine deaminase activity. Lack of deaminase provides an explanation for the presence of deoxycytidine in rat plasma. Cytotoxicity assays show that cultured mouse lymphoid cells grown in undialysed rat serum are more resistant to cytotoxic effects of deoxyadenosine than are those cells grown in dialysed rat serum. The results suggest that a major difference in deoxycytidine metabolism between mouse and rat may account for discrepancies in the pharmacological response of the two animals to certain nucleoside compounds.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Research on Optimal Molding Designs of Large Nodular Iron Castings Planet Frame

The two different typical molding craftworks and their merits and faults during production process of a large nodular iron castings planet frame are summarized;the features and key technique points of the optimized molding craftworks are introduced,which can simplify the molding craftworks,heighten the molding efficiency and reduce molding working procedure cost.

Field of study: Materials science
New experimental information from two-photon spectroscopy and comparison with theory

From a specially designed expt., allowing the measurement of 2-photon absorption spectra and 2-photon polarization parameters over a wide spectral range, new exptl. information is obtained on the location of electronically excited states usually not seen in the UV spectrum. By comparison with theory it is shown that in most of the examples investigated up to now the ordering of the low lying excited states is different from what is usually expected. Correlation strongly influences the ordering esp. in those systems which consist of loosely coupled p-systems.

Field of study: Chemistry
Apigenin produced by maize flavone synthase I and II protects plants against UV-B-induced damage.

Flavones, one of the largest groups of flavonoids, have beneficial effects on human health and are considered of high nutritional value. Previously, we demonstrated that maize type I flavone synthase (ZmFNSI) is one of the enzymes responsible for the synthesis of O-glycosyl flavones in floral tissues. However, in related species such as rice and sorghum, type II FNS enzymes also contribute to flavone biosynthesis. In this work, we provide evidence that maize has both one FNSI and one FNSII flavone synthases. Arabidopsis transgenic plants expressing each FNS enzyme were generated to validate the role of flavones in protecting plants against UV-B radiation. Here, we demostrate that ZmCYP93G7 (FNSII) has flavone synthase activity and is able to complement the Arabidopsis dmr6 mutant, restoring the susceptibility to Pseudomonas syringae. ZmFNSII expression is controlled by the C1/PL1 + R/B anthocyanin transcriptional complexes, and both ZmFNSI and ZmFNSII are regulated by UV-B. Arabidopsis transgenic plants expressing ZmFNSI or ZmFNSII that accumulate apigenin exhibit less UV-B-induced damage than wild-type plants. Together, we show that maize has two FNS-type enzymes that participate in the synthesis of apigenin, conferring protection against UV-B radiation.

Field of study: Environmental science
O1FS: Flash file system with O(1) crash recovery time

The crash recovery time of NAND flash file systems increases with flash memory capacity. Crash recovery usually takes several minutes for a gigabyte of flash memory and becomes a serious problem for mobile devices. To address this problem, we propose a new flash file system, O1FS. A key concept of our system is that a small number of blocks are modified exclusively until we change the blocks explicitly. To recover from crashes, O1FS only accesses the most recently modified blocks rather than the entire flash memory. Therefore, the crash recovery time is bounded by the size of the blocks. We develop mathematical models of crash recovery techniques and prove that the time complexity of O1FS is O (1), whereas that of other methods is proportional to the number of blocks in the flash memory. Our evaluation shows that the crash recovery of O1FS is about 18.5 times faster than that of a state-of-the-art method.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Noise and reliability in simulated thin metal films

Many macroscopic aspects of electromigration damage in thin metal films have been investigated by means of Monte Carlo simulations based on simplified physical model. The employed model, can be described as a middle-scale model, in which the physical system is modeled with a high level of abstraction, without a detailed atomic physical model of the system. Among the many effects of the electromigration phenomenon, the simulator has been used to investigate several statistical properties of electromigration failure and the noise behaviour. Notwithstanding this simplicity, it is able to generate results in good agreement with many experimental observations: the lognormal distribution of failures, dependence of the mean time to failure from stress current and film geometry, Black exponent, noise statistics. Furthermore, this simulations confirmed a significant correlation between electromigration noise in the initial phase of stress and time to failure which has been suggested by a few experimentalists. This correlation can be usefully exploited as an early indication of the onset of electromigration damage on a per-sample basis.

Field of study: Engineering
Spatiotemporal distribution of threatened high-latitude snowbed and snow patch habitats in warming climate

We studied the interannual variation of late summer snow covered area (SCA), i.e. snowbeds and permanent snow patches, in northern Finland and analyzed the role of topographical factors and climatic conditions on the recent and future occurrence of summer snow. SCA for the years 2000, 2004, 2006 and 2009 was derived from Landsat images using a normalized difference snow index (NDSI). Late summer SCA varied notably between the years (1.5‐23:0 km 2 ). A major part of the late summer snow was located above 900‐1000 m and on northern and eastern slopes. A generalized additive model (GAM) showed that the number of years with snow present in 1 km grid squares was strongly positively related to altitude and terrain ruggedness. Parallel examination of interannual variation of SCA and climatic conditions showed that snow cover declines were linked to relatively low snowfall-to-rainfall ratios. Annual mean air temperatures, particularly spring and early winter temperatures, showed increasing trends during the study period. Projected increases in air temperatures and rainfall suggest earlier and more efficient snow melt in the future. This may threaten the occurrence of species and communities related to snowbeds and decrease the -diversity of the landscape, and could also affect ecosystem services of the region.

Field of study: Environmental science
Geology of the Cananea Mountains, Sonora, Mexico

The Cananea Mountains are situated in the north central part of Sonora, Mexico. At the eastern base of the range is the town of Cananea (approximately 31° N. Lat.; 110° W. Long.), about 25 miles south of the international boundary and 38 miles southwest of Naco, the port of entry from the United States.

Sporadic mining has been carried on in this region since before the eighteenth century, but never on a large scale until after the formation of the Cananea Consolidated Copper Company at the beginning of the present century. Since that time there has been more or less continuous production, which increased considerably during the period from 1928 to 1931 because of the high price of copper and the discovery of a new high-grade ore body.

Coincident with the development of the mines, several geologists[1][1] made studies of the rocks and ore bodies. In 1907, a systematic . . .

Field of study: Geology
Research on Soft Grounding Material with High Conductivity in Transmission Line Tower Grounding Network

For the question that the current metal grounding device has poor corrosion resistance, construction difficulties, short life-cycle and other issues, this paper chose graphite as matrix, developed a new type of soft grounding material with high conductivity material based on modification technology of carbon nanotubes. And then the preparation method was given. Compared with traditional metal grounding device, this new soft grounding device with high conductivity have lower resistance, more stable performance, stronger corrosion resistance and electrical conductivity, non-toxic and environmentally friendly, and many other advantages. This material has high practical value.

Field of study: Engineering
The Construction of Rating Instruments for Faculty Evaluation: A Review of Methodological Issues.

For over fifty years, hundreds of colleges and universities throughout the country have evaluated the effectiveness of their courses and instructors by means of student ratings [2, 11, 16, 31, 59]. Despite the predominance of this approach to instructional evaluation, there is considerable confusion over the construction of rating instruments. Many of the instruments currently being used by college administrators and instructors lack reliability and validity. This stems in part from the fact that, in many cases, the persons who assume or are charged with the task of evaluation do not possess training in psychometrics. Regardless of one's expertise in that area, however, the research on the topic offers little assistance. The studies dealing with rating instruments are legion and methodologically diverse in the educational and psychological literature. What emerges from a survey of the literature are issues and problems rather than a clear set of guidelines for instrument construciton. These issues include the following: How should the domain of instructional characteristics be defined? What method of scaling is most appropriate? Is a graphic scale more effective than a numerical scale? Are seven-point scales more reliable than five-point scales? Should a neutral position be used? How should the items be generated? Are both item analysis and factor analysis necessary? The intent of this paper is to synthesize the fragmented research on student ratings in order to provide: (1) a clarification of the issues and (2) definitive guidelines for constructing the instruments. The issues that will be examined are those that must be confronted by anyone who attempts to

Field of study: Education
On the local form of the second law of thermodynamics in continuum mechanics

The Clausius-Duhem inequality a(r, t) > 0, a widely adopted axiom in continuum mechanics, leads to the conclusion that for many materials the entropy s cannot depend on gradients like the temperature gradient g and the velocity gradient e. But this is at variance with the received view (since Gibbs) that entropy is a function of thermodynamic state, however detailed that state description may be. Gradients, and even higher derivatives of macroscopic variables, may be included as state variables (although only on macroscopic time scales shorter than or comparable with their natural relaxation times), and the fundamental property of entropy is its convexity—the more detailed the specification of state, the smaller is the corresponding value of entropy. The entropy of a perfect monatomic gas is evaluated via the maximum principle, on the assumption that g and e are state coordinates, and it is found that s does depend on g • g and e : e, contrary to statements appearing in many textbooks on continuum mechanics. The source of the error in these works is shown to lie in applying <r > 0 to relations involving second derivatives. The correct form of the Clausius-Duhem inequality contains only first-order derivatives; that is, it must be confined to linear constitutive relations. In this form the inequality is a consequence of the convexity of s, which is a somewhat more general manifestation of the second law.

Field of study: Mathematics
Effect of Fibre Material and Fibre Roughness on the Pullout Behaviour of Metallic Micro Fibres Embedded in UHPC

The use of micro fibres in Ultra-High-Performance Concrete (UHPC) as reinforcement increases tensile strength and especially improves the post-cracking behaviour. Without using fibres, the dense structure of the concrete matrix results in a brittle failure upon loading. To counteract this behaviour by fibre reinforcement, an optimal bond between fibre and cementitious matrix is essential. For the composite properties not only the initial surfaces of the materials are important, but also the bonding characteristics at the interfacial transition zone (ITZ), which changes upon the joining of both materials. These changes are mainly induced by the bond of cementitious phases on the fibre. In the present work, three fibre types were used: steel fibres with brass coating, stainless-steel fibres as well as nickel-titanium shape memory alloys (SMA). SMA fibres have the ability of “remembering” an imprinted shape (referred to as shape memory effect), triggered by thermal activation or stress, principally providing for superior performance of the fibre-reinforced UHPC. However, previous studies have shown that NiTi-fibres have a much lower bond strength to the concrete matrix than steel fibres, eventually leading to a deterioration of the mechanical properties of the composite. Accordingly, the bond between both materials has to be improved. A possible strategy is to roughen the fibre surfaces to varying degrees by laser treatment. As a result, it can be shown that laser treated fibres are characterised by improved bonding behaviour. In order to determine the bond strength of straight, smooth fibres of different metal alloy compositions, the present study characterized multiple fibres in series with a Compact-Tension-Shear (CTS) device. For critical evaluation, results obtained by these tests are compared with the results of conventional testing procedures, i.e., bending tests employing concrete prisms with fibre reinforcements. The bond behaviour is compared with the results of the flexural strength of prisms (4 × 4 × 16 cm3) with fibre reinforcements.

Field of study: Materials science