nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Surface and Bulk Effects of K in Cu$_{1-x}$K$_x$In$_{1-y}$Ga$_y$Se$_2$ Solar Cells

Two strategies for enhancing photovoltaic (PV) performance in chalcopyrite solar cells were investigated: Cu1-xKxIn1-yGaySe2 absorbers with low K content (K/(K+Cu), or x ~ 0.07) distributed throughout the bulk, and CuIn1-yGaySe2 absorbers with KIn1-yGaySe2 grown on their surfaces. For the Ga-free case, increased temperature improved PV performance in the KInSe2 surface absorbers, but not in the bulk x ~ 0.07 absorbers. Growth temperature also increased KInSe2 phase fraction, relative to Cu1-xKxInSe2 alloys-evidence that surface KInSe2 improved performance more than bulk KInSe2. Surface KIn1-yGaySe2 and bulk x ~ 0.07 Cu1-xKxIn1-yGaySe2 films with Ga/(Ga+In), or y of 0.3 and 0.5 also had improved efficiency, open-circuit voltage (VOC), and fill factor (FF), relative to CuIn1-yGaySe2 baselines. On the other hand, y ~ 1 absorbers did not benefit from K introduction. Similar to Cu1-xKxInSe2, the formation of Cu1-xKxGaSe2 alloys was favored at low temperatures and high substrate Na content, relative to the formation of mixed-phase CuGaSe2 + KGaSe2. KIn1-yGaySe2 alloys were grown for the first time, as evidenced by X-ray diffraction and ultraviolet/visible spectroscopy. For all Ga/(Ga+In) compositions, the surface KIn1-yGaySe2 absorbers had superior PV performance in buffered and buffer-free devices. However, the bulk x ~ 0.07 absorbers only outperformed the baselines in buffered devices. The data demonstrate that KIn1-yGaySe2 passivates the surface of CuIn1-yGaySe2 to increase efficiency, VOC, and FF, while bulk Cu1-xKxIn1-yGaySe2 absorbers with x ~ 0.07 enhance efficiency, VOC, and FF by some other mechanism.

Field of study: Physics
Numerical simulation of methane conversion to acetylene in plasma jet reactor

Methane conversion to acetylene in a plasma jet reactor was studied.The k-e two equations model was employed to simulate transport phenomena in the reactor, and macro kinetics of the series of pyrolysis reactions was introduced into the model.The coupled model of transport model and kinetics was calculated by using the CFD method, and distributions of velocity, mass fraction, temperature and reaction rates in the reactor were obtained.It was shown that the structure of funnel was beneficial to heat and mass transport to complete the pyrolysis of methane.Methane and ethylene were pyrolyzed mainly on the temperature mixing surface, and the mass fraction of carbon increased along the reactor axis.In this funnel reactor, when the power of plasma generator was 100 kW and the volume flow rate of methane was 10 m~3·h ~ -1 ,the conversion rate of methane reached 100% and the yield of acetylene reached the maximum also.The experimental results obtained were considerably consistent with the simulation results.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
The Physics of J. Willard Gibbs in his Time

Who was the “Mr. Josiah Willard Gibbs of New Haven” who was appointed professor of mathematical physics by the Yale Corporation on 13 July 1871? He was born on 11 February 1839, the only son and the fourth of the five children of Mary Anna Van Cleve Gibbs and Josiah Willard Gibbs the elder, a distinguished philologist and professor of sacred literature at Yale. Although the elder Gibbs worked in a field of learning very different from his son's, there were common features in their approaches. What was said of the father could well have been said of the son: “Mr. Gibbs loved system, and was never satisfied until he had cast his material into the proper form. His essays on special topics are marked by the nicest logical arrangement.”

Field of study: Physics
Microservices Architecture for Tenant-oriented Cloud-based Control Software Services: POC and Proposals

Microservices architecture, where application is composed of a set of independently deployable services is a popular modern approach for building enterprise-level applications, meanwhile most of the cloud solutions for control software (including IoT) are designed in so called monolithic way. LXC-based (docker) microservices allow developers to seamlessly migrate current software solutions from VMs to containers. Nowadays, such container-based applications are used primarily for simple semi-automated deployments, when containers are deployed only at the launch time of the whole system and modified when needed. In this paper we analyze application of docker-microservices as functional blocks for control software, propose on-demand tenant-oriented microservices approach (where entire independent topologies of microservices are being deployed on per-tenant basis) for building clouds of control software, review requirements for management system of such cloud and investigate contemporary container-management systems. Constructed test cluster highlighted some disadvantages of Kubernetes regarding multi-tenant container administration. Advanced Container Management System (AMS) is designed as one more level of orchestration on top of Kubernetes. Conducted demo showed practical value and flexibility of the introduced tenant-oriented microservices method. Described design will be helpful for cloud providers of control software who want to organize elastic on-demand service provisioning.

Field of study: Engineering
Synthesis and some reactions of 4-nitro derivatives of imidazo[4,5-c]pyridin-2-ones

Imidazo[4,5-c]pyridine and its N-methyl derivatives do not undergo nitration, but the 2-oxo derivatives of these compounds are easily nitrated when heated. Some properties of the resulting 4-nitroimidazo[4,5-c]pyridin-2-ones have been studied.

Field of study: Chemistry
Bismuth-lead oxide, a new highly conductive oxygen materials

The transport properties of an oxygen-deficient solid solution containing lead and bismuth oxides have been investigated. The conductivity is larger than 1 (ω× cm)−1 at 600 °C. Thermogalvanic measurements confirm that no significant electronic contribution occurs in the range 1–10−3atm p O2. The heat of transport of O2− ions is calculated and is in agreement with the activation energy of conduction.

Field of study: Materials science
Pathogenesis of fetal growth retardation and behavioral disorders in the progeny caused by smoking during pregnancy

Literature data on the harmful effects of smoking during pregnancy are reviewed with special emphasis on the fetal growth retardation and delayed changes in child behavior. Intrauterine growth retardation is one of the major causes of low birth weight. It was shown that the birth weight of neonates in smoking mothers can be decreased by 30-396 g. Mass screening data indicate that smoking during pregnancy also increases perinatal mortality (up to 28%). Intrauterine growth retardation was also observed following passive smoking. Inhalation of tobacco smoke by pregnant women was found to increase the fetal heart rate and inhibit fetal movements. Children born from smoking mothers had the higher incidence of asphyxia cyanosis and hyperactivity. Mass longitudinal studies of children of smoking mothers indicated learning disability slight mental retardation and insufficient social adaptation by the age of 7 years. Special neurological follow-up study of 326 children revealed frequent minimal brain dysfunction. Pathogenesis of fetal disorders was shown to be associated with impaired adaptation to pregnancy in smoking women. Majority of the constituents of tobacco smoke are capable to pass through the placental-fetal barrier. The most harmful components for fetal development were found to be nicotine and carbon monoxide which reduce the placental perfusion and blood flow. Exposure to carbon monoxide was shown to increase the level of carboxyhemoglobin and decrease the level of oxyhemoglobin resulting in reduced oxygen supply to fetal tissues and fetal anoxia.

Field of study: Medicine
Hydrodynamic Performance Analysis of Electric POD Propulsor Based on CFD Method

This paper analyzed the hydrodynamic performance of POD electric propulsor under the circumstance of different advance ratios. ANSYS-CFX solver was adopted to solve Narvier-Stokes equations with the standard SST turbulence model. The gridded 3-D model of Wageningen B4-70 propeller was implemented in this study as a thrust unit on the based both of push-POD and pull-POD propulsor. The accuracy of the numerical results of B4-70 hydrodynamic performance, including propeller thrust coefficient, torque coefficient and propeller efficiency, were verified by comparing with experimental results of open water test. Numerical analyses of hydrodynamic performance of pull-push POD propulsor were implemented respectively in one propeller revolution. The simulation results were rewarding references for designing electric propulsion system.

Field of study: Engineering
Potential impact of climate change on solar resource in Africa for photovoltaic energy: analyses from CORDEX-AFRICA climate experiments

The development of renewable electricity in Africa could be massive in coming decades, as a response to the rapid rising electricity demand while complying with the Paris Agreements. This study shows that in the high-resolution climate experiments of CORDEX-AFRICA, the annual mean solar potential is expected to decrease on average by 4% over most of the continent by the end of the century, reaching up to 6% over the Horn of Africa, as a direct result of decrease in solar radiation and increase in air surface temperature. These projections are associated with large uncertainties, in particular over the Sahel and the elevated terrains of eastern Africa. While the expected decrease may affect the sizing of the numerous solar projects planned in Africa for the next decades, this study suggests that it does not endanger their viability. At last, this study indicates that the design of such projects also needs to account for the non-negligible uncertainties associated with the resource.

Field of study: Environmental science
Breast regression protein-39 (BRP-39) promotes dendritic cell maturation in vitro and enhances Th2 inflammation in murine model of asthma

To determine the roles of breast regression protein-39 (BRP-39) in regulating dendritic cell maturation and in pathology of acute asthma.Mouse bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) were prepared, and infected with adenovirus over-expressing BRP-39. Ovalbumin (OVA)-induced murine model of acute asthma was made in female BALB/c mice by sensitizing and challenging with chicken OVA and Imject Alum. The transfected BMDCs were adoptively transferred into OVA-treated mice via intravenous injection. Airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), inflammation and pulmonary histopathology were characterized.The expression of BRP-39 mRNA and protein was significantly increased in lung tissues of OVA-treated mice. The BMDCs infected with adenovirus BRP-39 exhibited greater maturation and higher activity in vitro. Adoptive transfer of the cells into OVA-treated mice significantly augmented OVA-induced AHR and eosinophilic inflammation. Meanwhile, BRP-39 further enhanced the production of OVA-induced Th2 cytokines IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13, but significantly attenuated OVA-induced IFN-γ production in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid.In OVA-induced murine model of acute asthma, BRP-39 is over-expressed in lung tissue and augments Th2 inflammatory response and AHR. BRP-39 promotes dendritic cell maturation in vitro. Therefore, BRP-39 may be a potential therapeutic target of asthma.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
A Preliminary Exploration of the Inclusion of a Child With Autism in a Preschool With Complex Dynamic Systems

Based on the complex dynamic system approach, this research aimed to study the variability of the typical configurations of interactions between the adults’ participation and the engagement of a child with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in two activities proposed in a French preschool. The classroom sessions were filmed once a month for 8 months and focused on two activities (free play and adult-led activities). The results of this preliminary exploration revealed that the typical interactions developed differently over time. Indeed, during activities that are adult led, observation behaviors with a passive participation of the adult intensified. Moreover, active engagement behaviors, without and with adult participation, increased meaningfully during free play.

Field of study: Education
Improvements of Current Decay Behavior of HTS Coils in Persistent Current Operations

In order to improve the current decay behavior of high-temperature superconducting (HTS) coils using silver-sheathed Bi-2223 tapes in persistent current operations, the effect of the shielding current on the current decay behavior has been studied for magnetically levitated superconducting coils in internal ring devices. Generally, the current decay behavior of HTS coils is evaluated by the inductance of the HTS coils, the joint resistance and electric field versus current density relationship of the HTS tapes. In this paper, the effect of shielding currents in HTS tapes is discussed. It is shown that improvements of their properties of HTS tapes, which are the n-value and the critical current, are not so effective to decrease the shielding current in HTS tapes. Numerical electromagnetic analysis using finite element method and experiments have been carried out. Furthermore, improvements of the current decay behavior using excitation techniques are discussed.

Field of study: Physics
Reactions of 2-Mono- and 2,6-Disubstituted 4-Pyrones with Phenylhydrazine as General Method for the Synthesis of 3-(N-Phenylpyrazolyl)Indoles

Phenylhydrazine reacted regioselectively with 6-substituted 4-pyrone-2-carboxylic acids (or esters) in protic and aprotic solvents, leading to phenylhydrazones of 3-(3-R-1-phenylpyrazol-5-yl)- or 3-(5-R-1-phenylpyrazol-3-yl)pyruvic acids (or esters), respectively. 6-Di(tri)fluoromethylcomanic acids (or esters) reacted analogously, forming the corresponding phenylhydrazones with RF group in the side chain. The obtained phenylhydrazones underwent Fischer reaction under acidic conditions, forming the respective 3-(N-phenylpyrazolyl)indoles. In contrast to comanic acid and its ester, the reactions of 2-substituted 4-pyrones occurred non-selectively and gave mixtures of regioisomeric pyrazoles with phenylhydrazone group in the side chain or 3-(N-phenylpyrazolyl)indoles. A mechanism was proposed to explain the effect of solvent on the course of reaction.

Field of study: Chemistry
Fast Kicker Magnets for the 200-GeV Accelerator

Several fast-transfer systems using kicker magnets are needed for the proposed 200-GeV Accelerator. A possible system for transfer from the injector synchrotron to the main ring using stationary, full-aperture kicker magnets presents the most stringent requirements. The extraction kicker for the injector synchrotron will be about 4 m in length, have a 4-by-14-cm aperture, and require a field or 300 G. For 100% efficient transfer the rise time of the magnetic field must be shorter than 17 ns, which is the time between beam bunches, and which is nearly an order of magnitude less than the rise times achieved in existing kicker magnets. Because of the required rise time and the limited length, each magnet is divided into 48 modules operated as 24 push-pull pairs. Each module is analyzed as a short-circuited ferrite-and dielectric-loaded transmission line. The short-circuited mode of operation ensures that voltage on the magnet is applied for only about 12 ns, thus reducing HV problems, and at the same time produces a kick twice as great as can be obtained from terminated magnets. Each module is energized by a tapered coaxial pulse line and switched on with a triggered spark gap.

Field of study: Physics
Diversity and habitat relationships of hypogeous fungi. I. Study design, sampling techniques and general survey results

Hypogeous fungi are a large yet unknown component of biodiversity in forests of south-eastern mainland Australia. To better define their diversity and habitat relationships, we identified and counted fruit-bodies at 136 study sites sampling the climatic, geological and topographic features of the region. In one year 7451 fruit-bodies representing 209 species were collected in an autumn and spring sampling period. Only 57 of these species were previously described. Within genera, the number of species ranged from 1 to 21. Sites sampled in autumn averaged higher diversity of species and greater number of fruit-bodies than the same sites sampled in spring. Most major taxa occurred at more sites in autumn than in spring, whereas a few occurred more frequently in spring than in autumn. These patterns are consistent with those identified in previous smaller studies and likely reflect seasonal changes in soil moisture and temperature levels. Subsequent papers will explore factors influencing the occurrence, relative abundance and numbers of species of hypogeous fungi at the study sites and their community structure and possible host–plant relationships.

Field of study: Environmental science
Convergence Theorems for a Class of Gene Expression Programming and the Generalization

The two entities called genotype/phenotype in gene expression programming algorithms(GEP) provide many advantages different from that of traditional evolutionary algorithms.However,they make trouble for establishing the Markov model.In order to simplify analyses on probability structure of genetic operators,with genotype searching space this study focuses on the convergence of a class of GEP under gentle conditions.At first,for multimodal fitness functions caused by the genotype and phenotype mapping,we reconstruct the transition matrix of the Markov model corresponding to GEP with elitist recording strategy is reconstructed.And then,we prove its convergence in mean,almost sure convergence and even complete convergence,through addressing and bounding an exact expression for the rate of probability convergence.Compared to old conclusions with rigorous assumptions,our model is more applicable to characteristics of the algorithms.Moreover,the convergence results are stronger and the optimal state set is less.In addition,the exact expression for convergence in probability can be generalized to adaptive evolutionary algorithms.

Field of study: Computer science
Paleozoic tectonostratigraphic units of the northwest and central Dinarides and the adjoining South Tisia

In the Central Dinarides and South Tisia different Paleozoic complexes occur in four geotectonic zones: (1) comparatively autochthonous units located in the cores of disrupted anticlines of the External Dinarides; (2) allochthonous disrupted units accompanied by more predominant Triassic formations in the Sava Nappe, which is thrust onto the northeastern margin of the External Dinarides; (3) allochthonous disrupted units, also together with Triassic formations, in the Pannonian and Durmitor nappes of the Internal Dinarides; and (4) polymetamorphic sequences in basement of the Pannonian Basin and South Tisia, respectively. This paper presents basic geological features for the main Paleozoic areas included in these four zones. The tectonostratigraphic units of the first two zones were related to the Gondwana passive continental margin, those of the third zone to the Paleotethyan oceanic realm, and those of Tisia to the active Laurussia margin. Geodynamic evolution of all these Paleozoic complexes was related to opening and closure of the Rheic and Paleotethys Oceans. Rifting processes along North Gondwana started in the Silurian, locally in the Cambrian–Ordovician, and were followed by the Late Silurian/Devonian opening of the Paleotethys. Subduction processes were active by the end of the Devonian and at the beginning of the Carboniferous along the Laurussia margin. They were followed during the Westphalian by main Variscan deformation during collision of Gondwana and Laurussia. Associated metamorphism was very low-grade in the Paleozoic units of the Sava Nappe, low-grade to epidote–amphibolite grade within the Paleozoic complexes of the Pannonian and Durmitor nappes in the Internal Dinarides, and poly-metamorphic with migmatites and granitoids in South Tisia. These processes gave rise to a Pangea stage with the Variscan basement disconformably overlain by Late Carboniferous and Permian sediments.

Field of study: Environmental science
Turning Over a New Leaf: A Subnational Analysis of ‘Coca Yes, Cocaine No’ in Bolivia

International pressure to suppress cocaine trafficking sustained decades of harsh drug laws in Bolivia against cocaleros (coca producers), thus affecting coca production for traditional consumption and for manufacturing illicit cocaine. These harsh drug laws caused social unrest in cocalero communities outside traditional coca zones. President Evo Morales, leader of the Movimiento al Socialismo (Movement toward Socialism, MAS) party, implemented ‘Coca Yes, Cocaine No’ (CYCN), a harm-reduction strategy that authorised ‘non-traditional’ farmers to cultivate legal coca and self-police production. This article compares CYCN outcomes in Bolivia's traditional and non-traditional coca regions and finds that strong cocalero organisations were vital to CYCN success in non-traditional areas. In contrast, organised resistance in traditional zones restricted CYCN success and added to regime instability in the lead-up to Morales’ forced resignation in 2019. Hence, while Morales harnessed state power to change drug policy, he was constrained by the rural grassroots organisations that brought him to power.

Field of study: Political science
Sub‐barrier Fusion Cross Sections with Energy Density Formalism

We discuss the applicability of the energy density formalism (EDF) for heavy‐ion fusion reactions at sub‐barrier energies. For this purpose, we calculate the fusion excitation function and the fusion barrier distribution for the reactions of 16O with 154,144Sm, 186W and 208Pb with the coupled‐channels method. We also discuss the effect of saturation property on the fusion cross section for the reaction between two 64Ni nuclei, in connection to the so called steep fall‐off phenomenon of fusion cross sections at deep sub‐barrier energies.

Field of study: Physics