nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Analysis of nanoparticle agglomeration in aqueous suspensions via constant-number Monte Carlo simulation.

A constant-number direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) model was developed for the analysis of nanoparticle (NP) agglomeration in aqueous suspensions. The modeling approach, based on the "particles in a box" simulation method, considered both particle agglomeration and gravitational settling. Particle-particle agglomeration probability was determined based on the classical Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (DLVO) theory and considerations of the collision frequency as impacted by Brownian motion. Model predictions were in reasonable agreement with respect to the particle size distribution and average agglomerate size when compared with dynamic light scattering (DLS) measurements for aqueous TiO(2), CeO(2), and C(60) nanoparticle suspensions over a wide range of pH (3-10) and ionic strength (0.01-156 mM). Simulations also demonstrated, in quantitative agreement with DLS measurements, that nanoparticle agglomerate size increased both with ionic strength and as the solution pH approached the isoelectric point (IEP). The present work suggests that the DSMC modeling approach, along with future use of an extended DLVO theory, has the potential for becoming a practical environmental analysis tool for predicting the agglomeration behavior of aqueous nanoparticle suspensions.

Field of study: Environmental science
The Role of Genetic Testing in the Clinical Practice and Research of Early-Onset Parkinsonian Disorders in a Hungarian Cohort: Increasing Challenge in Genetic Counselling, Improving Chances in Stratification for Clinical Trials

The genetic analysis of early-onset Parkinsonian disorder (EOPD) is part of the clinical diagnostics. Several genes have been implicated in the genetic background of Parkinsonism, which is clinically indistinguishable from idiopathic Parkinson’s disease. The identification of patient’s genotype could support clinical decision-making process and also track and analyse outcomes in a comprehensive fashion. The aim of our study was to analyse the genetic background of EOPD in a Hungarian cohort and to evaluate the clinical usefulness of different genetic investigations. The age of onset was between 25 and 50 years. To identify genetic alterations, multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (n = 142), Sanger sequencing of the most common PD-associated genes (n = 142), and next-generation sequencing (n = 54) of 127 genes which were previously associated to neurodegenerative disorders were carried out. The genetic analysis identified several heterozygous damaging substitutions in PD-associated genes (C19orf12, DNAJC6, DNAJC13, EIF4G1, LRRK2, PRKN, PINK1, PLA2G6, SYNJ1). CNVs in PRKN and SNCA genes were found in five patients. In our cohort, nine previously published genetic risk factors were detected in three genes (GBA, LRRK2, and PINK1). In nine cases, two or three coexisting pathogenic mutations and risk variants were identified. Advances of sequencing technologies make it possible to aid diagnostics of PD by widening the scope of analysis to genes which were previously linked to other neurodegenerative disorders. Our data suggested that rare damaging variants are enriched versus neutral variants, among PD patients in the Hungarian population, which raise the possibility of an oligogenic effect. Heterozygous mutations of multiple recessive genes involved in the same pathway may perturb the molecular process linked to PD pathogenesis. Comprehensive genetic assessment of individual patients can rarely reveal monogenic cause in EOPD, although it may identify the involvement of multiple PD-associated genes in the background of the disease and may facilitate the better understanding of clinically distinct phenocopies. Due to the genetic complexity of the disease, genetic counselling and management is getting more challenging. Clinical geneticist should be prepared for counselling of patients with coexisting disease-causing mutations and susceptibility factors. At the same time, genomic-based stratification has increasing importance in future clinical trials.

Field of study: Biology
Evaluating the indistinguishability of the XTS mode in the proposed security model

In this paper, we consider the indistinguishability of XTS in some security models for both full final block and partial final block cases. Firstly, some evaluations of the indistinguishability up-to-block are presented. Then, we present a new security model in which the adversary can not control sector number, based on an -collision resistant function. In this model, we give a bound of the distinguishing advantage that the adversary can get when attacks on XTS. The received results is an extension of .

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Effect of Fast Motion on Range Images Acquired by Lidar Scanners for Automotive Applications

The scanning process of lidar scanners is extended over time. Hence, relative motion between sensor and object during the scanning leads to a motion-dependent blur, here called motion-scan effect. Due to this effect the lidar's distance map is deteriorated, which has a negative impact on the subsequent signal processing. This paper quantifies this effect and compares it to statistical errors. In order to compensate for the negative impact, motion models for a simple car model are formulated, and the model parameters are checked for identifiability. Identification of the parameters allows to compensate for the effect. Thus the accuracy and the control mode can be improved, which is particularly important for safety-critical applications, e.g., autonomous vehicles

Field of study: Engineering
Reform of the Chinese health care financing system.

The radical changes which have been taken place in the Chinese economy since the late 1970s have influenced the health sector and the health care financing system. A rapid increase in medical care costs in the last decade has placed a heavy financial burden on the government and enterprises and a vast majority of the rural population. The public service medical scheme for government employees and labor insurance for enterprise workers are facing a great challenge of cost containment through a series of reforms in the mechanisms of fund collection and management. In the meanwhile, the collapse of the cooperative medical care scheme in most rural areas has raised the issue of gaining access to basic health care for the rural population and in particular the poor. This paper provides a description, with some explanation, of how and why the health care financing system had been changed and experienced such a sharp increase in expenditure. In conclusion, how to develop and improve a financing system appropriate to the level of socio-economic development in China is addressed.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Healy's sample size of two-stage procedure in heteroscedastic simultaneous inference

Aoshima (1992) has shown that Healy's two-stage procedure is more economical of the total sample size than Chatterjee's in the heteroscedastic simultaneous inference with a given accuracy on mean vectors of several normal populations. In this paper we provide the mean and the variance of Healy's total sample size. We propose to choose the initial sample size in the two-stage procedure which minimizes the expected total sample size for given length and confidence level of confidence intervals. For example, for the normal population with covariance matrix 1.2I 3, it is shown that Healy's procedure needs the minimal expected size of total sample 29 (26 for initial sample), while Chatterjee’s procedure needs 71 (53 for initial sample) to obtain a set of simultaneous confidence intervals of length 2 with 95% confidence level.

Field of study: Mathematics
Bacterial diversity of water and sediment in the Changjiang estuary and coastal area of the East China Sea.

The Changjiang estuary and the coastal area of the East China Sea (ECS) represent important interfaces of terrestrial and marine environments. This study included analyses of water and sediments collected during different seasons in these regions to determine the composition of microbial assemblages by means of 16S rRNA gene clone libraries. We retrieved 1946 sequences and 779 distinct operational taxonomic units from 36 clone libraries. Shannon-Weaver diversity index values and rarefaction analysis indicated that bacterial diversity in the sediment samples was much higher than in the water samples. Proteobacteria (72.9%) was the most abundant phylum, followed by Firmicutes (6.4%), Bacteroidetes (4.6%) and Actinobacteria (4.1%). In the water, clone sequences related to Alphaproteobacteria were the most abundant, whereas in the sediment samples, sequences affiliated with Gammaproteobacteria were predominant. Principal coordinate analysis showed that water samples collected from the Changjiang estuary and the ECS clustered separately. However, this spatial pattern could not be observed in sediment samples, which were mainly distinguished from one another by the season. Bacterial diversity in the Changjiang estuary was higher than that in the ECS, which may be the result of the mixing of bacterial communities from the Changjiang River, the estuary and the coastal ocean.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
The Research on Wide Band Salary System in National Enterprise

With the coming of knowledge economy time,the enterprise traditional management is under the unceasing impact,the organization flattening,the team manages and the Trans-Culture management etc.become focal point.In the aspect of personnel incentive,the traditional salary system is not fit with the modern enterprise strategy and the organization.After 1990s,start reform in tradition salary in the international business community,the salary system has been experiencing changing,which is from the traditional salary based on position to the one based on person.The wide band salary is an effective salary management system personally.

Field of study: Economics
Bats of the Gulf of Guinea islands: faunal composition and origins

The present study compares the bat faunas of the islands of the Gulf of Guinea. Species composition. endemism and hypothetical origins are discussed. All families present in the mainland region are found in Bioko, a typical landbridge island. Foliage gleaning guild species (Nycteridae) show limited colonization abilities. This is also true of the family Rhinolophidae, but not for the closely related family Hipposideridae. The majority of the oceanic island species are African bats which show a widespread distribution and, therefore, have a high ecological plasticity. The continental relatives of the two endemic species Myonycteris brachycephala and Chaerephon tomensis are restricted to relatively small forested areas. Bioko's bat fauna is the result of the recent isolation from a formerly land-connected community. The oceanic bat faunas originated from the establishment of incomers from other areas. Nevertheless, extinction appears in both vicariant and dispersal processes, as an important factor in modelling the current bat communities of the Gulf of Guinea islands.

Field of study: Environmental science
SU-FF-T-364: Photo-Electric Effect with a Vengeance: Dosimetric and Microdosimetric Characterization of Contrast-Enhanced Radiation Therapy Using Kilovolt X-Rays

To quantify the dose enhancement (DE) in tumors labeled with contrast medium and irradiated by kilovolt x-rays in Contrast-Enhanced Radiation Therapy (kV-CERT). To study the microdosimetric changes in radiation quality in the same.  DE in the presence of contrast media (CM, I or Gd-based) in slab geometries was studied with a Monte Carlo model (validated against measurements) as a function of photon energy and concentration. Two simulated clinical test cases were studied for a spherical tumor labeled with CM embedded in the brain or lung region. In both cases a CT-like arc was used as source geometry. To investigate microdosimetric radiation quality changes in the CM regions dose mean lineal energy, yD, was calculated.  In slab geometries irradiated with mono-directional x-ray beams maximum DE of about 6–8 for a I-based solution (50 mg/ml) or a Gd-based solution (79 mg/ml) were found to occur for 60 keV photons. Dose uniformity in the slab was found to depend strongly on the contrast medium concentration, the depth in the slab and the photon energy. For the brain and lung test cases dose enhancements of 4–6 were found when realistic x-ray spectra were used in an arc irradiation. A variable dose rate at different angles improved the dose uniformity in the target. For the lung test case kV-CERT was compared to a conventional 6 MV AP-PA plan. In addition to the large dose enhancement in the tumor, a dose decrease in the surrounding tissue by about 50% was noted. The changes in dose mean lineal energy in labeled tumors were limited to about 10%.  kV-CERT is a technique that has the potential to enhance the dose to tumors significantly while reducing the dose to the surrounding healthy tissues. Conflict of Interest: Work sponsored by Siemens Medical Solutions.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Woman—A Sense of Identity: A Counseling Intervention to Facilitate Personal Growth in Women

An intervention was designed, implemented, and evaluated by the authors with the goal of facilitating the psychological growth of women. Focus was on increased self-esteem and competence through self-awareness, skills development, cognitive changes, and changes in overt behavior. Three eveluation studies are described indicating the model's effectiveness with two populations of college women. Study 1—pretest, posttest, and follow-up results on the Adjective Check List and the Self-Assessment Scale indicated statistically significant increases in self-esteem, confidence, and autonomy and decreases in deference and dependency. Gains were sustained over follow-up. Study 2—pretests and posttests were completed on the Adjective Check List, the Attitudes Toward Women Scale, the Rotter Internal-External Locus of Control Scale, and the Adult Self-Expression Scale for one control and two intervention groups. Significant changes occurred in the intervention groups on all measures and in the control group only on the Attitudes Toward Women Scale. Study 3—change was measured over a 10-week waiting period prior to the intervention using the instruments of Study 2. There was essentially no change over the waiting period, but significant change over the intervention. Use of the model as a training program is discussed as well as limitations of the evaluations completed.

Field of study: Psychology
Numerical thermal evaluation of laminated binary microencapsulated phase change material drywall systems

Microencapsulated phase change materials (MEPCMs) have the potential for energy storage applications in buildings. However, current MEPCMs are limited by their singular phase change transitional temperatures and are therefore unable to satisfy all year seasonal energy storage applications. This study was focused on numerically assessing the energy saving potential of a binary MEPCM drywall system which is capable of operating within two different phase change transitional temperature ranges. In this study, Ansys Fluent and the ESP-r simulation tools were employed because Fluent could offer a detailed quantification of the temperature changes within the composite drywall system and ESP-r has the capability of thermal modelling of phase change materials at whole building scale by using annual weather data as boundary conditions. The Fluent simulation results demonstrated that the thermal energy charge time and thermal energy charge/discharge amount of the binary MEPCM drywall were significantly increased when the MEPCM thickness increased from 1 mm to 5 mm, and the 5 mm thick layer had adequate capacity to balance the thermal energy during day and night. The ESP-r results showed that for the hot period in Hangzhou (China), the 5 mm thick binary MEPCM drywall was able to achieve a maximum peak air temperature reduction of about 6.7 °C and to increase the number of hours the indoor air temperatures were within the 21–28 °C range by about 12% in comparison with other drywalls. Experimental evaluation is therefore being recommended to verify the full practical potential of MEPCMs with two phase change temperature ranges.

Field of study: Engineering
Large-scale Kernel-based Feature Extraction via Budgeted Nonlinear Subspace Tracking

Kernel-based methods enjoy powerful generalization capabilities in handling a variety of learning tasks. When such methods are provided with sufficient training data, broadly-applic able classes of nonlinear functions can be approximated with desired accuracy. Nevertheless, inherent to the nonparametric nature of kernel-based estimators are computational and memory requirements that become prohibitive with large-scale datasets. In response to this formidable challenge, the present work puts forward a low-rank, kernel- based, feature extraction approach that is particularly tailored for online operation, where data streams need not be stored in memory. A novel generative model is introduced to approximate high-dimensional (possibly infinite) features via a low-rank nonl inear subspace, the learning of which leads to a direct kernel function approximation. Offline and online solvers are developed for the subspace learning task, along with affordable versions, in which the number of stored data vectors is confined to a predefined budget. Analytical r esults provide performance bounds on how well the kernel matrix as well as kernel-based classification and regression tasks can be approximated by leveraging budgeted online subspace learning and feature extraction schemes. Tests on synthetic and real datasets demonstrate and benchmark the efficiency of the proposed method when linear classification and regression is applied to the extracted features. Index Terms—Online feature extraction, kernel methods, classification, regression, budgeted learning, subspace tracking.

Field of study: Computer science
Sequential assessment via daphnia and zebrafish for systematic toxicity screening of heterogeneous substances.

Environment and organisms are persistently exposed by a mixture of various substances. However, the current evaluation method is mostly based on an individual substance's toxicity. A systematic toxicity evaluation of heterogeneous substances needs to be established. To demonstrate toxicity assessment of mixture, we chose a group of three typical ingredients in cosmetic sunscreen products that frequently enters ecosystems: benzophenone-3 (BP-3), ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate (EHMC), and titanium dioxide nanoparticle (TiO2 NP). We first determined a range of nominal toxic concentration of each ingredient or substance using Daphnia magna, and then for the subsequent organismal level phenotypic assessment, chose the wild-type zebrafish embryos. Any phenotype change, such as body deformation, led to further examinations on the specific organs of transgenic zebrafish embryos. Based on the systematic toxicity assessments of the heterogeneous substances, we offer a sequential environmental toxicity assessment protocol that starts off by utilizing Daphnia magna to determine a nominal concentration range of each substance and finishes by utilizing the zebrafish embryos to detect defects on the embryos caused by the heterogeneous substances. The protocol showed additive toxic effects of the mixtures. We propose a sequential environmental toxicity assessment protocol for the systematic toxicity screening of heterogeneous substances from Daphnia magna to zebrafish embryo in-vivo models.

Field of study: Environmental science
Foundations of a mathematical theory of darwinism

This paper pursues the ‘formal darwinism’ project of Grafen, whose aim is to construct formal links between dynamics of gene frequencies and optimization programmes, in very abstract settings with general implications for biologically relevant situations. A major outcome is the definition, within wide assumptions, of the ubiquitous but problematic concept of ‘fitness’. This paper is the first to present the project for mathematicians. Within the framework of overlapping generations in discrete time and no social interactions, the current model shows links between fitness maximization and gene frequency change in a class-structured population, with individual-level uncertainty but no uncertainty in the class projection operator, where individuals are permitted to observe and condition their behaviour on arbitrary parts of the uncertainty. The results hold with arbitrary numbers of loci and alleles, arbitrary dominance and epistasis, and make no assumptions about linkage, linkage disequilibrium or mating system. An explicit derivation is given of Fisher’s Fundamental Theorem of Natural Selection in its full generality.

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics
4.75 keV能点四通道Kirkpatrick-Baez显微镜

基于CH柱形靶压缩实验的时间分幅诊断需求, 研制了4.75 keV能点四通道Kirkpatrick-Baez(KB)显微镜。进行了四通道KB系统的光学设计、像质模拟和分析。采用支撑锥芯的方式解决了四通道KB物镜的集成装配问题, 并通过“4.75 keV+8 keV”双能点多层膜完成了实验室内的KB系统装调。该套系统在神光Ⅱ装置成功进行了像质考核实验, 获得了高分辨的四象限网格图像, 成像间距符合设计要求, 具备了开展时间分幅惯性约束聚变物理实验的条件。

Field of study: Physics
Promoter activity of the gene encoding the beta-amyloid precursor protein is up-regulated by growth factors, phorbol ester, retinoic acid and interleukin-1.

Abnormalities in gene regulation of the beta-amyloid precursor protein (beta APP) might be an important factor in the neuropathology of Alzheimer's disease. We analyzed the effects of nerve growth factor (NGF), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), interleukin-1 (IL-1) and retinoic acid (RA) on promoter activity of the beta APP gene. To investigate the effect of these factors on promoter activity, we used two fusion plasmids which contain sequences of -489 and -415 base pairs (bp), respectively, from the transcription start site of the beta APP gene. The truncated regions of the promoter wer linked upstream to a reporter gene, chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT). Promoter activity was tested by transient transfection of fusion plasmids in PC12 cells using the electroporation method (960 microF at 350 V). We report that the treatment of PC12 cells with either NGF, bFGF, PMA, IL-1 or RA stimulated the activity of the beta APP promoter. The treatment of cells with either NGF or bFGF resulted in a higher degree of stimulation in the basal level of promoter activity than when cells were treated with either PMA, IL-1 or RA. The deletion of sequences between -489 to -416 bp had no significant effect on promoter activity. The treatment of cells with these factors for a duration of 4 days prior to transfection with the plasmids is necessary for the stimulatory effect. The cells that were only treated with any of these factors after transfection showed no significant change in the basal level of promoter activity. We conclude that certain growth factors and a cytokine could enhance the basal level of promoter activity of the beta APP gene, suggesting a possible participation of a growth-factor(s)-mediated transcription element in the control of gene expression of beta APP.

Field of study: Biology