nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
A history of the synchrotron

Speaking not as a historian but from a personal point of view, I would like to tell the story of the origin of the synchrotron as I saw it. The beginning, for me, was in the spring of 1945, when I was on the staff at Los Alamos, the wartime atomic‐bomb laboratory. The Trinity test was in preparation, and I was already thinking about what to do on my return to Berkeley—from which I was on leave—after the war ended. I had spent a great deal of time and effort before the war on the design and operation of cyclotrons, I had a reasonably good understanding of the limits on the particle energies attainable by cyclotrons, and it seemed like a worthy goal to find ways to exceed these limits. The cyclotron, as you know, is a resonance accelerator; it pushes particles to high energies by the repeated application of a moderate voltage, which must be applied at the proper instant each time the particle comes around in its circular orbit.

Field of study: Physics
A Valid Blockchain-based Data Trading Ecosystem

Data, an important asset in digital economy, has fueled the emergence of a new data trading market. Big data market can efficiently promote data trading and further increases the utility of data. However, to realize effective data trading, several challenges needs to be resolved. First, it needs to resolve disputes over data availability in the data trading. Second, atomic exchange and payment fairness between the seller and the buyer are hard to guarantee. Third, data trading platform is the single-point-failure. In this paper, we resolve these challenges by presenting a valid blockchain-based data trading ecosystem. The ecosystem constructs a decentralized arbitration mechanism to address the dispute over data availability in data trading. The ecosystem also designs a sale contract and a deterministic public-key encryption algorithm to guarantee fairness of data trading between the seller and buyer. The features of blockchain is preventing single-point-failure of data trading platform. We prove the desirable security properties that a secure data trading ecosystem should have. Discussion of the presented ecosystem is given. To demonstrate availability, we implement our proposed data trading ecosystem using smart contract in Solidity and program in Java, and evaluate its performance.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Finite Element Simulation of 2014 Al Alloy Plate in Hot Rolling Process

The finite element simulation of the hot rolling process for the 2014 aluminum alloy plate under different processes was carried out by using ABAQUS software. The effects of the reduction amount and the friction coefficient on the stress, the strain, the rolling force and the spread were analyzed. The results show that increasing the reduction amount can make the deformation penetrate into the center of the rolled piece and reduce its residual stress; during the stable rolling stage, the rolling force increases with the increase of the reduction amount,and the friction coefficient has a smaller effect on the rolling force; when the reduction amount is 12, 25, 36 mm(10%, 21%, 30%), the rolling force of the rolled piece respectively are 3400, 4600, 5500 kN; when the other conditions remain unchanged, the spread increases with the increase of the reduction amount, and decreases with the increase of friction coefficient.

Field of study: Materials science
The Inductive Coupling of the Magnets in MICE and its Effect on Quench Protection

The inductive coupling between various MICE magnet circuits is described. The consequences of this coupling on magnet charging and quenching are discussed. Magnet quench protection is achieved through the use of quench-back. Calculations of the quenching of a magnet due to quench-back resulting from circulating currents induced in the magnet mandrel due to quenching of an adjacent magnet are discussed. This report describes how the MICE magnet channel will react when magnets in that channel are quenched

Field of study: Physics
Assessment of Genetic Diversity of 12 Signal Grass Germplasms by ISSR Markers

Genetic diversity of 12 accessions of signal grass(Brachiara Griseb) was evaluated by using 17 ISSR primers with inter-simple sequence repeat(ISSR) markers. The results showed that high genetic diversity in the signal grass germplasms was detected. A total of 286 bands were amplified from 17 primers, of which 280 bands (97.90 %) were polymorphic, and 6 to 23 polymorphic bands could be amplified from each primer, with an average of 16.8. The mean genetic similarity value based on ISSR markers among 12 accessions of signal grass was 0.681, ranging from 0.486 to 0.968. Cluster analysis showed 12 accessions of signal grass could be classified into 2 groups. One group included B. mutica(Forssk.) Stapf and B. humidicola(Rendle) Schweick, and the rest of the accessions were clustered into the other group.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Study on RE-chrome-boronizing of Steel 45 at Low Temperature

In order to improve the speed of boronizing,several experiments were attempted.Taking boron-iron as agent,KBF4 as the main activator,thus,the best boronizing agent formulations at low-temperature were obtained.The results show that the RE-chrome-boronizing treated at 650 ℃ for 6 h on steel 45 is carried out by applying this boronizing agent,the depth of boriding layer reaches 22 μm.Besides the borides are sawtooth morphology,with high hardness and abrasive wear resistance.

Field of study: Materials science
A Fair Relay Selection Based on Mapping Functions in the Dual Hop DF Cooperative Networks

We address the load balance, referred as “fairness” in our work, in the relay selection procedure of the dual hop decode-and-forward (DF) cooperative networks. Firstly, the unfairness caused by the known best-path relay selection (BRS) scheme is analyzed by the metric of blocking probability at the relays with equal relay channels. Secondly, aiming to improve the fairness while keeping a satisfied and comparable outage performance, we propose a fair relay selection algorithm based on mapping functions, including the signal to noise ratio (SNR) mapping functions and load mapping functions. It is worth mentioning that BRS scheme can be viewed as a special case of the proposed algorithm. Afterwards, the outage probability of the proposed algorithm is derived. During the derivation, the mixture Gamma distribution is used to model SNRs of wireless fading channels, so this kind of derivation is valid for different fading channels, e.g. Rayleigh, Nakagami-m etc.. Finally, taking the average load and outage probability as performance metrics, we simulated the proposed algorithm and compared it with the proportional fair cooperation (PFC) algorithm in the literature. As observed in the simulation results, the proposed algorithm guarantees fairness well among the relays, especially when the network is heavily burdened

Field of study: Computer science
Performance of Functionally Graded Thermoelectric Materials and Devices: A Review

Direct energy conversion using thermoelectric generators (TEGs) is a research area of growing interest because of its potential for increasing energy efficiency. Bulk thermoelectric modules are used widely in industry as Peltier cooling devices. Currently, only bismuth telluride modules are commercially available for power generation. Significant efforts have been put into exploring promising materials and techniques to improve the figure of merit (zT) at laboratory scale (5–20 g). A variety of techniques have been investigated to improve the output and useful temperature range for common industrial TEGs made from bulk polycrystalline materials including segmentation, geometric pinning, and property gradients. However, the improvement in zT at device level (500–1000 g and up) is exceptionally limited. In addition, the thermal degradation of TEGs occurs when cracks form due to thermal stresses that arise from transient heat sources, which consequently lead to a decreased lifetime. Functionally graded material (FGM) thermoelectrics in bulk and polycrystalline form have been developed to mitigate some of these issues by improving the temperature bandwidth, current output range, and lifetime. The present work provides a review of functionally graded TEGs, including their manufacturing, usage and current techniques for improving their performance. This article also provides a pathway to additional research and approaches for improving the efficiency and temperature range, as well as reducing the property degradation of bulk polycrystalline TEGs.

Field of study: Materials science
Development trend of popular sports in China in social transition period

China is currently in a historical revolution period for economic transformation and social transition. In this special transition period, people's views of value and ideals for life have changed greatly, and people have showered much more attention to health than ever before. As a special social culture activity, sports has functions that are much more superior to physical exercising, namely, the functions of "body building and mind constructing" as well as energy accumulating. The humanistic value of sports is being recognized and developed gradually, and will thus become an important part of people's pursuit in terms of spirit and value.

Field of study: Education
The Manifestation of CT Scan on Infants with Cerebral Palsy (subjoin the Analysis of 205 Cases)

To research into the pathogeny of infant cerebral palsy by the analysis on manifestation of CT scan. 205 children with cerebral palsy had been performed cerebral CT scan.  Brain CT scan showed 156 cases were abnormal out of the total 205 cases, among which,45 cases were decrease or dysplasia of medulla,11 cases were found cerebral softening focus(4 cases with encephaloclastic porecephly),18 cases had encephalic calcific focus(6 cases with infection in uterus),11 cases were exotic cortex,8 cases were pachygria,5 cases were lissencephaly?malformation,12 cases were schizencephaly,5 cases were Danly-walker syndrome, 7cases were vitrifacation septa cyst,3 cases were choroid fissure cyst,5 cases were Cisterna magna cyst,7 cases were brain atrophy,13 cases were hypogenesis of corpus callosum and congenital absence,3 cases were lipoma of corpus callosum,3 cases were encephalomeningocele. Cerebral CT scan has significant diagnostic value on cerebral palsy infant. The dysplasia of the infantile head in the period of pregnancy may be the first cause for cerebral palsy.

Field of study: Medicine
Defining the safe operating area for HBTs with an InGaP emitter across temperature and current density

One responsibility of the reliability engineer is to define the operating region of a component, providing designers and customers with a map of where the reliability is acceptable. This is often called the safe operating area (SOA). In this paper, SOA has been determined in terms of the FIT rate for an HBT across temperature and current density. Careful consideration was given to the temperature dependence of self-heating temperature (Tsh) in order to improve predictions. Two techniques were used to determine the confidence level on the FIT rate. These two different methods produced similar answers, giving the customer or the designer a good estimate of the margin available in the design. The procedure outlined here equips the reliability engineer with a sensible way to define the safe operating area of a device across temperature and current density. This reliability "map" furnishes the information required when choosing the operating conditions of the HBT and making compromises between current density, junction temperature and duty cycle

Field of study: Engineering
Strong reduction of field-dependent microwave surface resistance in YBa2Cu3O7−δ with submicrometric BaZrO3 inclusions

We observe a strong reduction of the field induced thin film surface resistance measured at high microwave frequency (ν=47.7GHz) in YBa2Cu3O7−δ thin films grown on SrTiO3 substrates, as a consequence of the introduction of submicrometric BaZrO3 particles. The field increase of the surface resistance is smaller by a factor of ∼3 in the film with BaZrO3 inclusions, while the zero-field properties are not much affected. Combining surface resistance and surface reactance data, we conclude (a) that BaZrO3 inclusions determine very deep and steep pinning wells and (b) that the pinning changes nature with respect to the pure film.

Field of study: Physics
Comparison of determination methods for nitrate content in vegetables

The nitrate content in vegetables was used to be determined by hydrochloric acid naphthyl ethylenediamine method,phenol method and double wavelength method.The precision and accuracy of the three methods through detecting their variation coefficients and the recoveries of standard addition.The results showed that the variation coefficient and recovery of standard addition of the hydrochloric acid naphthyl ethylenediamine method was the highest,and the values was 0.16% and 106%～109%.The parameters of double wavelength method was little lower than the former,and they were 0.26% and 95%～109% ;the parameters of the phenol method was the lowest,and they were 2.98% and 90%～95%.But when the operation steps and reagents' safety were considered,the double wavelength method was concluded as the safest and fastest method for nitrate determination in vegetables.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Assessment of ethanol blended fuels for gasoline vehicles in China: Fuel economy, regulated gaseous pollutants and particulate matter.

The government of China has announced an ambitious plan to expand the mandatory use of ethanol blended gasoline fuels by 2020. Given the dissimilarity in fuel properties between China and other countries with ethanol blending practices, it is necessary to assess the energy and environmental impacts of ethanol blending. In this study, we prepared two types of ethanol blended fuels (E10, with ethanol contents of approximately 10%) with lower contents of aromatics (ELA) and olefins (ELO), respectively, compared with the market China 5 gasoline. Nine in-use gasoline vehicles varying by manufacturer, engine technology, model year, and emission standard level were analyzed using a chassis dynamometer, which followed the Worldwide Harmonized Light Vehicles Test Cycle (WLTC). Two major positive effects from using E10 fuels could be observed in this study. First, tested turbocharged gasoline direct injection (GDI) vehicles could gain reductions in CO2 emission, fuel consumption and energy consumption by switching to the higher-octane-number ELO. This finding, along with the engine development trends in the automotive industry (e.g., downsizing and higher compression ratio), may have a synergistic effect to deliver greater energy efficiency in the future. Second, the two ethanol blended fuels could be more effective in reducing the particle mass (PM) and particle number (PN) emissions than the levels of using China 5 gasoline. Notably, the benefit of using ELO was more significant, with average emission reductions of 35% for the PM and of 44% for the PN. However, ELA and ELO possibly increased emissions of gaseous pollutants for certain vehicles in the study, but the intra-vehicle differences between the various fuel groups were not statistically significant (not significant, p > 0.05, t-test). We suggest that more measurements under various environmental conditions and comprehensive air quality simulations should be conducted to better understand the environmental impacts of ethanol blending in China.

Field of study: Environmental science
SYNTHESIS OF NEW HETEROAROMATIC SYSTEMS: NAPHTH[2,1- e ]IMIDAZO[5,1- c ]-1,2,4-TRIAZINES AND BENZ[ e ]IMIDAZO-[5,1- c ]-1,2,4-TRIAZINES

Dzintra 10.6626 200 1920x1200 Cyclization of azo compounds, synthesized from 5-diazoimidazoles and 2-naphthol or p -substituted phenols, into naphth[2,1- e ]imidazo[5,1- c ]-1,2,4-triazines and benz[ e ]imidazo[5,1- c ]-1,2,4-triazines occurs only in the presence of p -toluenesulfonic acid. Imidazo[4,5- d ]-1,2,3-triazines are also formed in this reaction when an amide substituent is present in the imidazole ring. Auhors: M. A. Bezmaternykh, V. S. Mokrushin, and E. V. Sadchikova. English Translation in Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds , 2000, 36 (4), pp 465-471 http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02269547 Normal 0 Normal 0

Field of study: Chemistry
Periodic orbit bifurcations and local symmetry restorations in exotic-shape nuclear mean fields

The semiclassical origins of the enhancement of shell effects in exotic-shape mean-field potentials are investigated by focusing attention on the roles of the local symmetries associated with the periodic-orbit bifurcations. The deformed shell structures for four types of pure octupole shapes in the nuclear mean-field model having a realistic radial dependence are analyzed. Remarkable shell effects are shown for a large Y 32 deformation having tetrahedral symmetry. Much stronger shell effects found in the shape parametrization smoothly connecting the sphere and the tetrahedron are investigated from the view-point of the classical–quantum correspondence. The local dynamical symmetries associated with the bridge orbit bifurcations are shown to have significant roles in the emergence of exotic deformed shell structures for certain combinations of the surface diffuseness and the tetrahedral deformation parameters.

Field of study: Physics
Oxidative Stress and Serum Selenium in HIV Patients on Different Antiretroviral Regimen

Two major Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy naming as HAART-1(zidovudine, lamivudine and nevirapine) and HAART-2 (zidovudine, lamivudine and efavirenz) are considered for HIV positive patients. HIV as well as antiretroviral drugs can cause free radical formation with or without compensatory increase in serum selenium. This study was aimed at knowing serum levels of malonaldehyde (evidence of free radical production) and selenium.  A total of 240 persons were surveyed, comprising subjects and controls. The respondents were in four groups each comprising 60 persons. The four groups are: HIV positive patients not yet on HAART termed Prehaart patients, HIV positive patients on HAART-1, HIV positive patients on HAART-2 and HIV negative patients (control). Serum levels of malonaldehyde (MDA) and selenium were assayed in each of study groups.  CD4/mm 3 was significantly lower in subject groups when compared with control (p<0.05). MDA (µmol/l) was found to be higher in all subject groups but significant elevation was only found in HAART-2 group (p<0.05). Serum Se (µg/dl) levels were found to be significantly lower in all the groups when compared with control (p<0.05).  Production of free radicals was worse in patients on HAART-2. Decreased serum selenium levels in all groups may suggest reason for oxidative stress found in HIV positive patients on antiretroviral therapy.  HAART-1(zidovudine, lamivudine and nevirapine), HAART-2(zidovudine, lamivudine and efavirenz), MDA (Malonaldehyde),Se (Selenium)

Field of study: Medicine
Dynamics and asymptotic profiles of endemic equilibrium for SIS epidemic patch models.

In this paper, we perform qualitative analysis to two SIS epidemic models in a patchy environment, without and with linear recruitment. The model without linear recruitment was proposed and studied by Allen et al.  This model possesses a conserved total population number, whereas the model with linear recruitment has a varying total population. However, both models have the same basic reproduction number. For both models, we establish the global stability of endemic equilibrium in a special case, which partially solves an open problem. Then we investigate the asymptotic behavior of endemic equilibrium as the mobility of infected and/or susceptible population tends to zero. Though the basic reproduction number is a well-known critical index, our theoretical results strongly suggest that other factors such as the variation of total population number and individual movement may also play vital roles in disease prediction and control. In particular, our results imply that the variation of total population number can cause infectious disease to become more threatening and difficult to control.

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics
Enhanced version of AdaBoostM1 with J48 Tree learning method

Machine Learning focuses on the construction and study of systems that can learn from data. This is connected with the classification problem, which usually is what Machine Learning algorithms are designed to solve. When a machine learning method is used by people with no special expertise in machine learning, it is important that the method be robust in classification, in the sense that reasonable performance is obtained with minimal tuning of the problem at hand. Algorithms are evaluated based on how robust they can classify the given data. In this paper, we propose a quantifiable measure of robustness, and describe a particular learning method that is robust according to this measure in the context of classification problem. We proposed Adaptive Boosting (AdaBoostM1) with J48(C4.5 tree) as a base learner with tuning weight threshold (P) and number of iterations (I) for boosting algorithm. To benchmark the performance, we used the baseline classifier, AdaBoostM1 with Decision Stump as base learner without tuning parameters. By tuning parameters and using J48 as base learner, we are able to reduce the overall average error rate ratio (errorC/errorNB) from 2.4 to 0.9 for development sets of data and 2.1 to 1.2 for evaluation sets of data.

Field of study: Computer science
The Utility of Including the Strengths of Underage Drinking Laws in Determining Their Effect on Outcomes.

To control underage drinking in the United States, which has been associated with an estimated 5,000 deaths and 2.6 million injuries or other harm annually, each state has developed a unique set of laws. Previous research examining these laws' effectiveness has frequently focused on the laws' existence without considering variance in sanctions, enforcement, or exemptions.



We scored 20 minimum legal drinking age 21 (MLDA-21) laws for their strengths and weaknesses based on (i) sanctions for violating the law, (ii) exceptions or exemptions affecting application, and (iii) provisions affecting the law or enforcement. We then replicated a 2009 study of the effects of 6 MLDA-21 laws in 3 different ways (using identical structural equation modeling): Study 1-8 additional years of data, no law strengths; Study 2-years from the original study, added law strengths; Study 3-additional years, law strengths, serving as an update of the 6 laws' effects.



In all 3 studies-and the original study-keg registration laws were associated with both an unexpected significant increase (+11%, p < 0.001) in underage drinking-driver ratios and a notable 25% reduction in per capita beer consumption-opposing results that are difficult to explain. In Study 3, possession and purchase laws were associated with a significant decrease in underage drinking-driver fatal crash ratios (-4.9%, p < 0.001; -3.6%, p < 0.001, respectively). Similarly, zero tolerance and use and lose laws were associated with reductions in underage drinking-driver ratios (-2.8%, p < 0.001; -5.3%, p < 0.001, respectively).



Including strengths and weaknesses of underage drinking laws is important when examining their effects on various outcomes as the model fit statistics indicated. We suggest that this will result in more accurate and more reliable estimates of the impact of the laws on various outcome measures.

Field of study: Medicine