nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
SU‐FF‐T‐419: Time‐Delay Measurement of Phase Gated Treatment with a Varian Real‐Time Position Management System Using Computed Radiography

Respiratory gating systems have been developed to reduce treatmentuncertainty caused by organ motions related to respiration. The time‐delay between when the gating signal is triggered and when the beam is turned on may affect the actual radiationdose delivered. In this study, we investigated the time delay for a Varian real‐time position management(RPM) respiratory gating treatment system.  A motion phantom with infrared markers was used to simulate a respiration signal. An infrared camera was used to observe the motion of the phantom and to plot out a true position‐versus‐time curve. Computed Radiography(CR)images were taken with a Varian Clinac 21EX at 10% intervals of the simulated breathing cycle with a 2% window. On the CRimages, the center of a metal disk attached to the phantom was used to determine the measured position of the phantom relative to a stationary disk. The RPM curve and measured curve were both normalized. The RPM curve was then shifted relative to the measured curve in steps of 0.1milliseconds, and correlation between the two curves was measured at each step using MATLAB. The time shift corresponding to the greatest correlation was defined as the time delay in the gating system.  Three measurements were taken and averaged (arithmetic mean) to determine the time delay. The time‐delay between the actual beam‐on time and the RPM beam‐on triggering signal was found to be 0.513 ± 0.077 seconds.  This work shows that there is a significant time delay between the gating signal and the time when the radiation beam is turned on for the Varian RPM system. The effect of time‐delay on patient dosimetry needs to be further investigated. Partially supported by Varian research grant.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Human anxiety-specific "theta" occurs with selective stopping and localizes to right inferior frontal gyrus.

Anxiety disorders have high prevalence and generate major disability. But they have poor treatment targeting because psychiatry lacks diagnostic biomarkers. Right frontal goal-conflict-specific-rhythmicity (GCSR) in the simple stop signal task appears homologous to hippocampal "theta" as an anxiety-process biomarker but is weak and transient. An anticipatory response inhibition task (ARIT) elicits strong subjective conflict and so might generate stronger GCSR. Healthy participants provided EEG during an ARIT, which allowed direct comparison of selective (left, SG; right, GS), and nonselective (both, SS) handed stopping. We assessed GCSR as intermediate versus the average of short and long delay stop-specific power. SG produced right frontal 5-12 Hz GCSR that, as in the SST: significantly correlated with trait anxiety and neuroticism; and was sensitive to pregabalin (75 mg), buspirone (10 mg), and perhaps triazolam (0.25 mg). GS and SS produced faster stopping and only 9-10Hz GCSR, which did not correlate significantly with trait anxiety or neuroticism and was sensitive to pregabalin and buspirone but not triazolam. Source localization suggested that GCSR, like stopping, involves multiple right frontal circuits that depend on response speed. Anxiolytic-sensitive GCSR generalizes from the speeded stop signal task to fixed-time anticipatory response inhibition tasks. GCSR, and the circuits engaged, vary with stop signal RTs conditions. Tasks with longer stop times may be optimal to generate GCSR homologous with rodent hippocampal theta as (a) the first direct anchor of a specific neural form of trait anxiety; (b) a single-dose screen in normal humans for novel anxiolytics; and (c) a potential clinical anxiety biomarker.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Common Task and Uncommon Knowledge: Dissenting Voices in the Discursive Construction of Physics Across Small Laboratory Groups

In this article, we investigate the multiple roles of dissenting voices in conversations for four Grade 12 physics laboratory student groups. The theoretical orientation draws from sociolinguistics and ethnography to construct a framework for examining the discursive practices of students using microcomputer-based laboratory (MBL) data acquisition technologies. The empirical analysis considers the ways each of the four groups negotiated an understanding of a common task involving computer representations of oscillatory motion. The analyses show how the construction of physics tasks by the different student groups involved more than doing, talking, and knowing physics; it also involved establishing and maintaining positions and relationships within the group, negotiating what counts as an appropriate contribution to the developing text, and defining the limits and direction of the task. Results show how a common task led to differential contexts for learning physics, to the construction of different public texts, and to the development of different opportunities for learning physics. In particular, student take up of dissenting positions to group decisions is presented as a way of understanding the differential influence of individual contributions to group interpretations.

Field of study: Education, Linguistics
PARLIAMENT AND THE BUDGET, 1960-61

“The battle between free trade and protection, ending in a revolution of our commercial system, had awakened men to the enormous truth,—that budgets are not merely affairs of arithmetic, but in a thousand ways go to the root of the prosperity of individuals, the relation of classes, and the strength of kingdoms.” John Morle The Life of W. E. Gladstone. Macmillan, London (1905), Vol. 1, 451.

Field of study: Political science
Newer aspects of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays

education. vol. 6. Basis for cancer therapy, part 2. Pergamon Press. New York. 8. Hollinshead, A. C., and T.H. M. Stewart. 1979. Lung tumor antigens: specific-active immunotherapy trials. pp. 1435-1463. In H. E. Nieburgs (ed.), Cancer detection and prevention. part 11. Marcel Dekker. Inc.• New York. 9. Hollinshead, A. C., T. H. M. Stewart, and H. Takita. 1979.Tumorassociated antigens: their usefulness as biological drugs. pp. 501-520. In Muggia and Rozcencweig(eds.), Lung cancer progress in therapeutic research.  Press, New York. 10. Krowlikowskl, F. J., K. Reuter, T. P. Waalkes, S. M. Siever, and R. H. Adamson. 1976.Serum sialic acid levels in lung cancer patients. Pharmacology 14:47-51. II. Mohr, J. A., R. E. Nordquist, E. R. Rhoades, R. E. Coalson, and J.  Alveolar cell carcinoma-like antigen and antibodies in patients with alveolar cell carcinoma and other cancers.  Sega, E., P. G. Natali, C. Ricci, C. T. Mineo, and G. Citro. 1974. Lung cancer tumor-associated antigens. Isolation by gel filtration. and characterization by immunodiffusion.  2:1278. 13. Stewart, T. H. M., A C. Hollinshead, J. E. Harris, S. Raman, R. Belanger, A. Crepeau, A. F. Crook, W. E. Hirte, D. Hooper, D. J. Klaassen, E. F. Rapp, and H. J. Sachs. 1979. Specific-active immunochemotherapy in lung cancer: A survival study. pp. 278-285. In Bonnadona, Mathe and Salmon (eds.), Recent results in cancer research, vol. 68. Springer Verlag, Berlin. 14. Stewart, T. H. M., A. C. Hollinshead, andJ. E. Harris. 1976. Immunochemotherapy of lung cancer.  Viza, D., M. Louvier, J. Phillips, C. Boucheix, and R. A. Guerin. 1975. Solubilization of an antigen associated with certain bronchial tumors.  Yesner, R. 1978.Spectrum oflung cancer and ectopic hormones. Pathol. Annu.13:217-24O.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Regulation of calbindin-D28K gene expression in response to acute and chronic morphine administration.

The effect of acute and chronic morphine administration on calbindin-D28K (calbindin) gene expression has been studied. One group of adult male rats received a single injection of morphine (10 mg/kg, s.c.) or saline and were sacrificed 1 or 4 h later. Another group was injected with escalating doses of morphine sulfate twice daily for 15 days to induce tolerance and physical dependence. Rats were sacrificed 1 h after the last injection. In a third group, the effect of naloxone-precipitated withdrawal on gene expression in morphine-addicted rats was also analyzed 1 h after naloxone (1 mg/kg, i.p.). The cerebellum and remaining brain (minus the cerebellum) were removed, and total RNA was extracted and used for analysis. Calbindin mRNA levels in cerebellum were decreased to 30%-40% control at 1 and 4 h after a single morphine injection. Co-administration of the opiate antagonist, naloxone, reversed the effect of morphine. Tolerance developed to the acute effects in that levels were not altered significantly 1 h after morphine injection in chronically-treated rats. Unlike the cerebellum, calbindin mRNA in the remainder of the brain (minus the cerebellum) was unchanged 1 and 4 h following morphine administration to drug-naive rats, but was increased more than 2-fold compared to controls 1 h after morphine injection in chronically treated animals. Naloxone-precipitated withdrawal caused a small (20%) but significant decrease in calbindin mRNA in the cerebellum, with no change in the brain (minus the cerebellum).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Field of study: Biology
Appendectomy in children with hypercalciuria/hyperuricosuria.

Recurrent abdominal pains (RAPs) represent a common problem in children sometimes leading to unnecessary and invasive procedures. The rates of appendectomy were evaluated consecutively in 180 children with idiopathic hypercalciuria (HC) and/or hyperuricosuria (HU) and RAPs, and in 270 control subjects. Of the HC/HU patients 10% and of controls 1.5% underwent appendectomy (p<0.0001). In 15 out of 18 HC/HU patients appendectomized, RAPs persisted with the same frequency and severity after the operation; 10 out of 18 had dysuria and/or gross hematuria 2 days-12 months after appendectomy. At our first visit, urinalysis was negative for hematuria in 13 out of 18 patients and in eight out of the 10 with a previous history of dysuria or gross hematuria. Pain recurrences resolved or improved in nine out of the 11 patients followed at least 1 year after general or specific therapy for HC/HU. The inconstant association of dysuria and hematuria with RAPs in children with HC/HU may lead to the urological origin of pain being overlooked, and may explain the high rate of appendectomy among these children. The possibility of HC/HU therefore should be taken into account in children with RAPs even when dysuria and hematuria are not present.

Field of study: Medicine
Initial Results Of A New Vesicoscopic Technique For The Treatment Of Low-Pressure Incontinence In Children

Surgery for sphincter incontinence remains challenging. Regardless of the methods the final success rates not usually exceed 70-80%. Short term results of a new vesicoscopic technique for bladder neck reconstruction are presented.  Between Nov 2007 and Sept 2008 eight children (mean age 11,7 years), four with non-neurogenic, four with neurogenic sphincter dysfunction were operated. All had failed earlier surgery. All had leak-point pressure below 30 cm H2O. Mean follow up period is 5.8 months.  In supine position, 3 ports are inserted into the bladder under direct visual control. U-shaped incision is done of the mucosa around the bladder neck leaving a strip mucosa on the anterior bladder wall that is tubularised. One lateral mucosal flap is used to cover the tube. A transurethral catheter is left for 3 weeks.  Mean operation time was 161 min (110 – 198 min). There was one conversion to open procedure. Mean postoperative hospital stay was 2.7 days (2 – 4 days). Transurethral CIC has been resumed in 4 children without any complication. Four patients are dry, two are sporadically wet but satisfied with the result and two patients are wet.  Short time results of vescicoscopic U-Bladder neck plasty are encouraging but long follow-up of a large group is necessary to evaluate the efficacy of this technique. Major advantage is the fact that it is a relatively minor surgery with excellent cosmetic results and quick recovery.

Field of study: Medicine
Enhanced maternal aggression and associated changes in neuropeptide gene expression in multiparous rats.

Although it has often been speculated that prior reproductive experience improves subsequent maternal care, few studies have examined specific changes in behavior during a 1st versus 2nd lactation. During lactation, mothers display heightened aggression toward male intruders, purportedly to protect vulnerable young. In the current study, maternal aggression was examined in primiparous and age-matched multiparous females on postpartum days 5 (PPD5) and PPD15. Expression of oxytocin, oxytocin receptor, arginine vasopressin, arginine vasopressin V1a receptors, and corticotrophin-releasing hormone mRNA was measured following aggression testing at both time points using real-time quantitative PCR in brain regions previously implicated in the regulation of maternal aggression. Multiparity significantly enhanced maternal aggression on PPD5 but not on PPD15. In addition, this increased aggression was associated with region- and gene-specific changes in mRNA expression. These findings indicate that reproductive experience enhances maternal aggression, an effect that may be mediated by region-specific alterations in neuropeptidergic activity. The adaptations observed in multiparous females provide an innate model for the study of neuroplasticity in the regulation of aggression.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Wu-5, a novel USP10 inhibitor, enhances crenolanib-induced FLT3-ITD-positive AML cell death via inhibiting FLT3 and AMPK pathways

The kinase FLT3 internal tandem duplication (FLT3-ITD) is related to poor clinical outcomes of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). FLT3 inhibitors have provided novel strategies for the treatment of FLT3-ITD-positive AML. But they are limited by rapid development of acquired resistance and refractory in monotherapy. Recent evidence shows that inducing the degradation of FLT3-mutated protein is an attractive strategy for the treatment of FLT3-ITD-positive AML, especially those with FLT3 inhibitor resistance. In this study we identified Wu-5 as a novel USP10 inhibitor inducing the degradation of FLT3-mutated protein. We showed that Wu-5 selectively inhibited the viability of FLT3 inhibitor-sensitive (MV4-11, Molm13) and -resistant (MV4-11R) FLT3-ITD-positive AML cells with IC50 of 3.794, 5.056, and 8.386 μM, respectively. Wu-5 (1−10 μM) dose-dependently induced apoptosis of MV4-11, Molm13, and MV4-11R cells through the proteasome-mediated degradation of FLT3-ITD. We further demonstrated that Wu-5 directly interacted with and inactivated USP10, the deubiquitinase for FLT3-ITD in vitro (IC50 value = 8.3 µM) and in FLT3-ITD-positive AML cells. Overexpression of USP10 abrogated Wu-5-induced FLT3-ITD degradation and cell death. Also, the combined treatment of Wu-5 and crenolanib produced synergistic cell death in FLT3-ITD-positive cells via the reduction of both FLT3 and AMPKα proteins. In support of this, AMPKα inhibitor compound C synergistically enhanced the anti-leukemia effect of crenolanib, while AMPKα activator metformin inhibited the anti-leukemia effect of crenolanib. In summary, we demonstrate that Wu-5, a novel USP10 inhibitor, can overcome FLT3 inhibitor resistance and synergistically enhance the anti-AML effect of crenolanib through targeting FLT3 and AMPKα pathway.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Comparative study on pharmacological effects of DM-phencynonate hydrochloride and its optical isomers

The 3-azabicyclo(3,3,1)nonanyl-9-α-yl-α -cyclopentyl-α -phenyl-α -glycolate (DM-phencynonate hydrochloride, DMCPG) is a demethylated metabolite of 3- methyl-3-azabicyclo(3,3,1)nonanyl-9-α-yl-α-cyclopentyl-α-phenyl-α-glycolate (phencynonate hydrochloride, CPG). (±)DMCPG had one chiral center and two enantiomers [R(-) and S(+)DMCPG]. Here we carried out a comparative study of the pharmacological profiles of these optical isomers.Affinity and relative efficacy were tested using a radioligand-binding assay with muscarinic acetylcholine receptors from the rat cerebral cortex. Pharmacological activity was assessed in three individual experiments: (1) potentiating the effect of a subthreshold hypnotic dose of sodium pentobarbital; (2) inhibiting oxotremorine- induced salivation; and (3) inhibiting the contractile response to carbachol.In the competitive binding assay, R(−)DMCPG (Ki=763.75 nmol/L) was 4- and 2-fold more potent than (±)DMCPG (Ki=3186 nmol/L) and S(+)DMCPG (Ki=1699 nmol/L) in inhibiting the binding of [3H]QNB. The R(−) and S (+) configurations showed positive cooperation (nH>1) with the muscarinic receptor, whereas (±)DMCPG had a negative cooperation (nH<1) relationship with the muscarinic receptor in a radio-binding assay. Both the R(−) and S(+) configurations could potentiate the effect of sub-threshold hypnotic dose of sodium pentobarbital in a dose-dependent manner (the ED50 values were 2.53 and 18.65 mg/kg, respectively), but (±)DMCPG did not display significant central depressant effects at doses from 10 to 29.15 mg/kg (P>0.05). (±)DMCPG and its optical isomers suppressed the guinea pig ileum contractile response to carbachol. The IC50 values were 7.78×10−9, 1.88×10−7, and 1.03×10−7 nmol/L, respectively. In the anti-salivation study, (±)DMCPG and its enantiomers depressed oxotremorine- induced salivation in a dose-dependent manner, and the order of potency was R(-)DMCPG (ED50=0.44 mg/kg)>(±)DMCPG (ED50=2.88 mg/kg)>S(+)DMCPG (ED50=5.05 mg/kg).Conclusion:(±)DMCPG and its optical isomers have differences in their pharmacological potencies as anticholinergic agents, and the R(−) configuration is more active than the S(+) configuration.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Dissociation of attention in learning and action: effects of lesions of the amygdala central nucleus, medial prefrontal cortex, and posterior parietal cortex.

Many associative learning theories assert that the predictive accuracy of events affects the allocation of attention to them. More reliable predictors of future events are usually more likely to control action based on past learning, but less reliable predictors are often more likely to capture attention when new information is acquired. Previous studies showed that a circuit including the amygdala central nucleus (CEA) and the cholinergic substantia innominata/nucleus basalis magnocellularis (SI/nBM) is important for both sustained attention guiding action in a five-choice serial reaction time (5CSRT) task and for enhanced new learning about less predictive cues in a serial conditioning task. In this study, the authors found that lesions of the cholinergic afferents of the medial prefrontal cortex interfered with 5CSRT performance but not with surprise-induced enhancement of learning, whereas lesions of cholinergic afferents of posterior parietal cortex impaired the latter effects but did not affect 5CSRT performance. CEA lesions impaired performance in both tasks. These results are consistent with the view that CEA affects these distinct aspects of attention by influencing the activity of separate, specialized cortical regions via modulation of SI/nBM.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
State and Society in Conflict: Comparative Perspectives on Andean Crises (review)

Dille's skilful translation enhances the narrative interest of the text. Instead of adhering rigidly to Oviedo's often convoluted syntax, Dille divides many of the longer sentences into more manageable ones, and occasionally changes the order of phrases or sentences in the interest of clarity. Oviedo's prose thus comes across as cleaner and more modern than it would in a strictly literal translation, but the meaning is not in any way affected and the most important elements of Oviedo's style— such as his frequent use of irony—come through intact. Moreover, the text is readable enough that even non-specialists should be able to follow the narrative.

Field of study: History
Cloning and identification of differential genomic genes of antibiotic resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae by suppression subtractive hybridization

To clone the differential genes in antibiotic resistence Neisseria gonorrhoeae .  Using suppression subtractive hybridization construct, to construct the library which contains the differential genes between antibiotic resistance strain and standard reference strain of Neisseria gonorrhoeae . Then the antibiotic resistance relational genes were cloned and analyzed.  Antibiotic resistance Neisseria gonorrhoeae subtractive library which has high subtractive efficiency was successfully set up. The amplified library contained 2500 positive clones. Sequence analysis was performed for 5 clones. All the five sequences were unknown previously.  The highly efficient DNA subtractive library may establish a solid foundation for screening and cloning specific antibiotic resistance genes of Neisseria gonorrhoeae . The novel differential genes may provide an important clue for studying the mechanism of occurrence and development of antibiotic resistance Neisseria gonorrhoeae .

Field of study: Biology
Effects of NGF on inducing the rat embryonic neural stem cells derived from cortex and septal region to differentiate into neurons and AChE positive neurons in vitro

To study the effects of NGF on inducing the rat embryonic neural stem cells (NSCs) derived from cortex and septal region differentiating into neurons and AChE positive neurons in vitro.  The NSCs were obtained from the rat fetal cortex and the septal region by the technique of serum-free culture respectively. The NSCs were differentiated in the medium with or without NGF for 14 days. The MAP-2 and the AChE positive neurons were detected by using immunofluorescence and histochemistry respectively. The image processing about the differentiation rates of MAP-2 positive neurons, the number of AChE positive neurons, the dimensions and perimeters of the neurons were employed. Then, the analysis of variance was made and Newman-Keuls test was used by STATA 7.0 statistical software.  The differentiation rates of the MAP-2 positive neurons in septal region NGF group and the cortex NGF group were superior to those in septal control and the cortex region groups. As far as dimensions of the MAP-2 positive neurons were concerned, there were significant differences among other groups except for between the septal region NGF group and the cortex NGF group. For the perimeters of MAP-2 positive neurons, there were significant differences among all groups. For the results about the number, dimension and perimeter of AChE positive neurons, septal region NGF group was the best, cortex NGF group the second, septal region control group the third and cortex control group was the worst. There were significant differences among all groups for above 3 indexes.  NGF has the effects on inducing neural stem cells derived from rat fetal cortex and septal region to differentiate into neurons. The neural stem cells derived from septal region is more liable differentiate to AChE positive neurons than those which come from cortex; This regional specificity about NSCs differentiating into AChE positive neurons can be exchanged by the inducing of NGF.

Field of study: Medicine