nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The Jersey Limited Liability Partnership: A New Legal Vehicle for Professional Practice

The Limited Liability Partnerships (Jersey) Law 1997' is, at least in terms of the jurisdictions of the British Isles, a unique legislative experiment which, despite being legislation enacted by a small offshore jurisdiction, could well have a profound impact on the future legal framework of major United Kingdom professional practices, particularly those operating in the accountancy and legal services sectors. In a nutshell, the legislation creates an innovative legal vehicle the Jersey Limited Liability Partnership (LLP) which combines the traditional partnership structure with the twin fundamental principles of separate legal personality and limited liability characteristically found in company law codes. Perhaps more importantly from a professional practices perspective, the Jersey structure contains no restrictions on the participation of partners in a firm's management and thus does not reproduce the fundamental flaw of existing United Kingdom limited partnership legislation, the Limited Partnerships Act 1907, which confers limited personal liability (to the extent of their capital contributions) on limited partners but prohibits them from participating in partnership management. This prohibition has always made the United Kingdom limited partnership an unattractive choice of legal vehicle for professional practices. While the LLP concept has, until Jersey's bold and highly controversial initiative, been an unknown concept in British commercial law, it is well entrenched in America where some 40 State legislatures have enacted LLP legislation in recent years.2 Moreover, it seems probable that Jersey's move will act as a catalyst for a similar rapid proliferation of LLP legislation in both small and large jurisdictions of the British Isles: evidently, Jersey's 'micro' offshore jurisdiction counterparts (and competitors), Guernsey3 and the Isle of Man,4 are seriously contemplating the

Field of study: Law
Cloning and Sequence Analysis of cDNA of Chalcone Isomerase Gene from Peanut(Aras hypogaea L.)

The cDNA sequence of the chalcone isomerase gene(Ah)numbered JN412735 in GeneBank was amplified by RT-PCR and RACE from Aras hypogaea L..The anlyasis indicated that the cDNA sequence was 106 1 bp,encoded 209 amino acids with high homology to from other higher plants,contained the highly conserved catalytic active sites.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
TSPO ligands prevent the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells and attenuate neointima formation through AMPK activation

Abnormal growth of the intimal layer of blood vessels (neointima formation) contributes to the progression of atherosclerosis and in-stent restenosis. Recent evidence shows that the 18-kDa translocator protein (TSPO), a mitochondrial membrane protein, is involved in diverse cardiovascular diseases. In this study we investigated the role of endogenous TSPO in neointima formation after angioplasty in vitro and in vivo. We established a vascular injury model in vitro by using platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB) to stimulate rat thoracic aortic smooth muscle cells (A10 cells). We found that treatment with PDGF-BB (1–20 ng/mL) dose-dependently increased TSPO expression in A10 cells, which was blocked in the presence of PKC inhibitor or MAPK inhibitor. Overexpression of TSPO significantly promoted the proliferation and migration in A10 cells, whereas downregulation of TSPO expression by siRNA or treatment with TSPO ligands PK11195 or Ro5-4864 (10 4  nM) produced the opposite effects. Furthermore, we found that PK11195 (10−10 4  nM) dose-dependently activated AMPK in A10 cells. PK11195-induced inhibition on the proliferation and migration of PDGF-BB-treated A10 cells were abolished by compound C (an AMPK-specific inhibitor, 10 3  nM). In rats with balloon-injured carotid arteries, TSPO expression was markedly upregulated in the carotid arteries. Administration of PK11195 (3 mg/kg every 3 days, ip), starting from the initial balloon injury and lasting for 2 weeks, greatly attenuated carotid neointima formation by suppressing balloon injury-induced phenotype switching of VSMCs (increased α-SMA expression). These results suggest that TSPO is a vascular injury-response molecule that promotes VSMC proliferation and migration and is responsible for the neointima formation after vascular injury, which provides a novel therapeutic target for various cardiovascular diseases including atherosclerosis and restenosis.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
On Setting up "Hengqin Special Administrative Region of Higher Education"

The scheme of building Hengqin Campus of Macau University has been approved by the NPC Standing Committee,which stipulates that the area will be administrated in accordance with the law of Macau.To seize the opportunity of building Hengqin Campus of Macau University,the suggestion of setting up "Hengqin Special Administrative Region of Higher Education" is put forward under the framework of "One nation,two systems".It can settle the dispute between Macau and Zhuhai,optimize the resources of higher education,speed up the construction of the new campus of Macau University,and promote the overall development of Hengqin and the moderately diversified development of Macau economic.

Field of study: Education
Non-Linear Field Generated by a Distribution of Conductors in a Spiral FFAG

FAGs accelerators re-appeared fifteen years ago to be of interest for new accelerator projects. These synchrotrons allow fast acceleration because of the fixed field magnets. To compensate the beam trajectory radius increase, the radial magnetic gradient follows a non-linear law B0 (r/R0)k. In the frame of the RACCAM (Recherche en Accelerateur et Application Medicales) project in France, a scaling spiral FFAG ring is developed for medical applications. Magnets have spiral edges to make beam focusing. Here is described the dipole design study with flat horizontal poles which allow a low variation of the vertical tune. This study presents how to produce B0 (r/R0)k with distributed polar conductors.

Field of study: Physics
Optimal Linear Precoding with the Extreme Bounds of Eigenmode SNR Variation

A linear precoding for block transmission system with multi transmit/receive antennas is considered. In the environment that exact channel state information can be available at the transmitter, optimal transmission can be achieved by updating the linear precoder at each transmission block. However, since a power loading algorithm based on water-filling requires the eigenvalues of channel matrix, the computational cost to obtain the linear precoder increases. In this paper, we propose a method of optimal linear precoding with the extreme bounds of the eigenmode signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) variation to reduce a computational cost. The applicability of this method is demonstrated in computational simulation.

Field of study: Computer science
Hydathodal leaf teeth of Chloranthus japonicus (Chloranthaceae) prevent guttation‐induced flooding of the mesophyll

Why the leaves of cold temperate deciduous and moisture-loving angiosperms are so often toothed has long puzzled biologists because the functional consequences of teeth remain poorly understood. Here we provide functional and structural evidence that marginal leaf teeth of Chloranthus japonicus, an understory herb, enable the release of guttation sap during root pressure. When guttation from teeth hydathodes was experimentally blocked, we found that the leaf intercellular airspaces became flooded. Measurements of chlorophyll a fluorescence revealed that internal flooding resulted in an inhibition of photosynthesis, most likely through the formation of a film of water within the leaf that reduced CO2 diffusion. Comparing a developmental series of leaves with and without teeth experimentally covered with wax, we found that teeth did not affect overall leaf stomatal conductance and CO2 uptake. However, maximal and effective light-saturation PSII quantum yields of teeth were found to be lower or equal to the surrounding lamina throughout leaf ontogeny. Collectively, our results suggest hydathodes and their development on teeth apices enable the avoidance of mesophyll flooding by root pressure. We discuss how these new findings bear on the potential physiological interpretations of models that apply leaf marginal traits to infer ancient climates.

Field of study: Environmental science
International application of sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) taxation in obesity reduction: factors that may influence policy effectiveness in country-specific contexts.

Sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) taxation is becoming of increasing interest as a policy aimed at addressing the rising prevalence of obesity in many countries. Preliminary evidence indicates its potential to not only reduce obesity prevalence, but also generate public revenue. However, differences in country-specific contexts create uncertainties in its possible outcomes. This paper urges careful consideration of country-specific characteristics by suggesting three points in particular that may influence the effectiveness of a volume-based soft drink excise tax: population obesity prevalence, soft drink consumption levels, and existing baseline tax rates. Data from 19 countries are compared with regard to each point. The authors suggest that SSB or soft drink taxation policy may be more effective in reducing obesity prevalence where existing obesity prevalence and soft drink consumption levels are high. Conversely, in countries where the baseline tax rate is already considered high, SSB taxation may not have a noticeable impact on consumption patterns or obesity prevalence, and may incur negative feedback from the beverage industry or the general public. Thorough evaluation of these points is recommended prior to adopting SSB or soft drink taxation as an obesity reduction measure in any given country.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Isolation and purification of anaphylactic antibody from guinea pig and preliminary research on its role in passive cutaneous anaphylaxis test (PCA)

To establish guinea pig model of type Ⅰ anaphylaxis, isolate the anaphy-lactic antibody(IgE and IgG) preliminarily from sera of sensitized guinea pigs, and investigate its functional characteristics.  Animal model was established by sensitizing guinea pigs with OVA and Al(OH)_3, level of antibody was determined by ELISA, IgE and IgG in sera were preliminarily isolated through saturated ammonium sulphate precipitate and affinity chromatograph of Protein A. A continuous passive cutaneous ana-phylaxis test (PCA) was performed by sensitizing guinea pigs individually with IgE and IgG and then challenging at different time , and the variation of blue spots in skin were observed after challenge .  Concentration of IgE in model group and control group were 719.3750 ng/ml and 2.5250 ng/ml, the optical density of IgG in model group and control group were 0.9921 and 0.0174, the level of two antibodies in model group were significantly higher than that of control group (P<0.05). In 9 d continuous PCA test, the blue spot induced by IgE in skin lasted for 9 days and appeared the largest when challenged at day 5. The diameter of blue spot induced by IgG was the largest when challenged at day 2 and then decreased fast. Con-clusion Anaphylactic antibodies were successfully preliminarily isolated from sera of sensitizing guinea pig, both IgE and IgG play roles in type Ⅰ anaphylaxis of guinea pig, the hypersensitive reaction induced by IgG is fast and short than that induced by IgE, and IgG may become an important surrogate marker in immunotoxic-ity evaluation(type Ⅰ anaphylaxis)of vaccine. 
 
 
Guinea pig; Type Ⅰ anaphylaxis; Passive cutaneous anaphylaxis; IgE; IgG

Field of study: Biology
Writing Persuasive Documents: The Role of Students’ Verbal Aptitude and Evaluation Anxiety

AbstractTwo experiments examined the role that college students’ verbal aptitude, a cognitive variable, and evaluation anxiety, an affective variable, play in the production of persuasive letters. In both experiments, the students with higher verbal aptitude tended to obtain higher holistic ratings of letter quality, with fewer punctuation and spelling errors, than the students with lower aptitude. In addition, the students’ verbal aptitude and anxiety were inversely related. In Experiment 1, where time limits were imposed to pressure students, there was a weak relationship between anxiety and letter quality. There was also some support for the notion that poor verbal aptitude leads to anxiety. In Experiment 2, where time was unlimited, the relationship between anxiety and letter quality was no longer significant. Taken together, these findings suggest that students’ evaluation anxiety has little, if any, influence on the overall quality of their writing. In general, the findings were interpreted as provi...

Field of study: Education
A Semiparametric Single-Index Risk Score Across Populations

We consider a problem motivated by issues in nutritional epidemiology, across diseases and populations. In this area, it is becoming increasingly common for diseases to be modeled by a single diet score, such as the Healthy Eating Index, the Mediterranean Diet Score, etc. For each disease and for each population, a partially linear single-index model is fit. The partially linear aspect of the problem is allowed to differ in each population and disease. However, and crucially, the single-index itself, having to do with the diet score, is common to all diseases and populations, and the nonparametrically estimated functions of the single-index are the same up to a scale parameter. Using B-splines with an increasing number of knots, we develop a method to solve the problem, and display its asymptotic theory. An application to the NIH-AARP Study of Diet and Health is described, where we show the advantages of using multiple diseases and populations simultaneously rather than one at a time in understanding the effect of increased Milk consumption. Simulations illustrate the properties of the methods.

Field of study: Mathematics
Input preprocessor for creating MCNP models for use in developing large calculational databases

With the rapid increase in workstation performance in the last decade, computational power is no longer the limiting factor for using Monte Carlo modeling to design and characterize nuclear well-logging tools. Instead, the development of tool models, modification of tool models, and the interpretation of computational results limit the throughput of MCNP modelers. A new software program called MCPREP has been developed that greatly increases the productivity of nuclear modelers in the development of large calculational databases. In addition, the use of the preprocessor can improve quality control of the modeling effort, can allow novice modelers to run complex and realistic problems, and can decrease the post-processing of the MCNP output files.

Field of study: Physics
On fractionally spaced blind adaptive equalization under symbol timing offsets using Godard and related equalizers

The problem of fractionally spaced (FS) blind adaptive equalization under symbol-timing-phase offsets is considered. In the case of trained (nonblind) equalizers, the performance of FS equalizers is known to be independent of the timing-phase unlike that of baud-rate equalizers. Moreover, trained FS equalizers synthesize optimal filters in the minimum mean-square error sense, and hence are superior to baud-rate trained equalizers. It is an open question whether such properties hold true for FS Godard blind equalizers. We present a simulation example where such advantages do not materialize. We also present a solution based upon a parallel multimodel Godard baud-rate filter bank approach which yields a performance almost invariant w.r.t. symbol-timing-phase and superior to that of baud-rate equalizers.

Field of study: Engineering
Global dynamics of a selection model for the growth of a population with genotypic fertility differences

A population growth model is considered for a one locus two allele problem with selection based entirely on fertility differences. A local stability analysis is carried out for the critical points — which include possible polymorphic states — of the resulting nonlinear differential equations. The methods of dynamical systems theory are applied to obtain limiting genotypic proportions for every initial state. Thus the results are global and there are no periodic solutions.

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics
Solvent effect in polymerization of poly(acrylate) foam

With PETA as the monomer, benzoin ethyl ether as the initiator and the energy of UV light, poly(acrylate) gelation is produced in different solvents and foams are prepared via vacuum drying technique. The polymer solvent parameter is 19.0 decided with the methods of the theoretical calculation and experiments. Solvent with phenyl and alicyclic group in molecule makes the initiator impassive, whereas solvent with ketone, alky halide, lipoid, ether and acylamide group in molecule makes the initiator active.

Field of study: Physics
Amygdalar lateralization in fear conditioning: evidence for greater involvement of the right amygdala.

The relative contribution of left and right amygdalae in the acquisition and retention of fear conditioning was investigated in rats. Pretraining bilateral electrolytic lesions blocked the acquisition of conditioned fear to tone and context, whereas unilateral lesions induced partial impairments with no left-right amygdala differences. In contrast, posttraining bilateral and unilateral lesions produced significant deficits in the retention of conditioned fear to tone and context. Although no left-right difference was observed to tone, the right amygdala lesions generated greater deficits in contextual fear than the left amygdala lesions. These results indicate that fear conditioning is partially disrupted with unilateral amygdalar lesions, but that the right amygdala has greater involvement than the left amygdala when conditioning occurs under a normal brain state.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Enhancing psychological capital and personal growth initiative: working on strengths or deficiencies.

Personal growth initiative (PGI), defined as being proactive about one's personal development, is critical to graduate students' academic success. Prior research has shown that students' PGI can be enhanced through interventions that focus on stimulating developmental activities. Within this study, we aimed to investigate whether an intervention that stimulates development in the area of one's personal strengths (strengths intervention) has more beneficial effects on students' PGI than an intervention that stimulates development in the area of individual deficiencies (deficiency intervention). We conducted 2 longitudinal field experiments to investigate the effects of the 2 interventions on students' PGI (Experiment 1) and the potential mediating role of psychological capital (PsyCap) in this regard (Experiment 2). In Experiment 1, 105 (N = 105) university students participated in either a strengths intervention or a deficiency intervention. Results indicated that the strengths intervention increased the students' PGI in the short but not in the long term, whereas the deficiency intervention did not affect PGI. Ninety students (N = 90) participated in Experiment 2, in which we slightly refined both interventions by putting a stronger emphasis on the ongoing development of strengths (strengths intervention) or correction of deficiencies (deficiency intervention) by adding posttraining assignments. Results suggested that participating in both interventions led to increases in PGI over a 3-month period, but that these increases were bigger for the strengths intervention group. Furthermore, the relationship between the strengths intervention and PGI was mediated by hope as one component of PsyCap.

Field of study: Psychology
The Protective Effect of Sika Deer Antler Protein on Gentamicin-Induced Nephrotoxicity in Vitro and in Vivo

Sika deer (Cervus nippon Temminck) antler is traditional animal medicine of renal protection in East Asia. This study measured the effect of sika deer antler protein (SDAPR) on gentamicin (GM)-induced cytotoxicity in HEK293 cells, and investigated the effect of SDAPR against GM-induced nephrotoxicity in mice.  HEK293 cells viability and oxidative stress were measured in HEK293 cells while flow cytometry was used for apoptosis analysis. The acute kidney injury biomarkers, kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) and cystatin c (Cys-C), were repeatedly measured by ELISA assay. ICR male mice were randomly assigned six groups: Control, GM with vehicle, single SDAPR, GM with SDAPR at three concentrations 50, 100, 200 mg/kg/d, p.o., 10 d. GM was injected for 8 consecutive days (100 mg/kg/d, i.p.). Renal function, oxidative stress and levels of inflammatory factors were measured in vivo. Renal tissues were stained with H&E to observe pathological changes.  Pretreatment with SDAPR (0.5-4.0 mg/mL) significantly improved cell viability. Treatment with SDAPR could reduce KIM-1, NGAL and Cys-C activity. SDAPR could improve antioxidant defense and attenuated apoptosis on HEK293 cells. SDAPR also ameliorated GM-induced histopathologic changes, and decreased blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine (Cr). Additionally, SDAPR significantly regulated oxidative stress marker and interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) inflammatory cytokines.  These results show that SDAPR could be an effective dietary supplement to relieve GM-induced nephrotoxicity by improved antioxidase activity, suppressed inflammation, and inhibited apoptosis in vitro and vivo.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Effects of Spraying Powder on Microstructure of MoSi_2 Coating

MoSi2 coatings were prepared on K403 nickel-base alloy surface by plasma spraying using MoSi2 powder synthesized by self-propagating high-temperature synthesis(SHS) and MoSi2 agglomerated powder as feedstock.The influences of different powders on phase composition and microstructure of MoSi2 coatings were studied.The results show that the MoSi2 coating prepared by the SHS powder contains too many Mo5Si3 and Mo phases,which is not beneficial to its oxidation resistance,however,when MoSi2 aggregate powder as raw material powder,the coating has high compactness and little Mo5Si3 and Mo phases.

Field of study: Materials science
Distributed WFQ scheduling converging to weighted max-min fairness

This paper studies the fairness properties of distributed WFQ scheduling in buffered crossbars. Using a fluid model, we prove that these networks converge to ideal weighted max-min fair allocation. We simulate the cell-based system, and observe how close real rates come to the theoretical WMM fair: with buffer sizes of 2-5 cells per crosspoint, the average rate discrepancy is below 1%; the worst-case discrepancy falls below 4% with 4- to 8-cell buffers. We also study the transient phenomena when some flows come and go. We find that, after a change in a flow's state, rate changes visit flows along non-circular paths, stabilizing them to their new fair rates; interestingly, some flows can affect all other active flows in the crossbar. Regarding the factors that influence the stabilization delay, although larger buffers yield more accurate convergence, they increase stabilization delay. Larger networks may also take more time to stabilize. Finally, convergence speeds up as the difference between the present rates and the WMM fair rates increases. Transient behavior simulations verify these results. Although we deal with data crossbar networks only, our analysis reveals complicated, "multi-hop" interactions among the flows in the crossbar, similar to those that can appear in arbitrary, point-to-point networks with distributed WFQ schedulers and backpressure mechanisms, such as the scheduling sub-system of a multi-stage switching fabric.

Field of study: Computer science