nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Optimal steady-state in stationary consumption-loan type models

We consider a stationary overlapping generations economy, and prove that an optimal steady state exists. We show that if a government intervention is needed in order to implement the optimal steady state as a competitive equilibrium, it is necessary only in a finite number of periods. If the interest rate associated with the optimal steady state equals the population rate of growth, some outside money may be required in order to make the competitive equilibrium follow the optimal steady state. We show that our existence result enables us to construct Pareto optimal competitive equilibria in some important cases.

Field of study: Economics
Monoclonal antibodies to tissue-restricted autoantigens in the mouse epidermis.

The humoral response to allogeneic epidermal cells (EC) in the mouse is dominated by the response to autoantigens. To investigate this phenomenon, several hybridoma clones that secrete monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) that reacted specifically with EC were isolated. Three of these MoAbs--A3.1-6, A4.1-2 and A4.2-5--were further characterized. Competitive blocking assays were utilized to show that A4.1-2 and A4.2-5 recognize the same or closely associated determinants and that A3.1-6 recognizes a unique determinant. MoAb A3.1-6 reacts equally well with mouse and human EC; A4.2-5 shows little, if any, reactivity with human EC. In immunofluorescence assays of mouse skin, A3.1-6 stained the perinuclear cytoplasm of keratinocytes in most, if not all, layers of the epidermis whereas A4.2-5 strongly stained an extracellular antigen expressed in the middle cell layers. Immunoblot analysis showed that the target antigen of A3.1-6 is a keratin polypeptide of approximately 55 kd.

Field of study: Biology
BRIEF COMMUNICATIONS: Contrast and various configurations of lithium niobate switches used in YAG:Nd3+ lasers

An investigation was made of the contrast of electrooptic lithium niobate switches allowing for the quality of the electrooptic elements and various ways of using these switches. The half-wave configuration ensured a contrast approximately two orders of magnitude greater than the quarter-wave scheme, and it made it possible to achieve higher output energies from YAG:Nd3+ lasers.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Fast radix-3/9 discrete Hartley transform

An efficient algorithm for computing radix-3/9 discrete Hartley transforms (DHTs) is presented. It is shown that the radix-3/9 fast Hartley transform (FHT) algorithm reduces the number of multiplications required by a radix-3 FHT algorithm for nearly 50%. For the computation of real-valued discrete Fourier transforms (DFTs) with sequence lengths that are powers of 3, it is shown that the radix-3/9 FHT algorithm reduces the number of multiplications by 16.2% over the fastest real-valued radix-3/9 fast Fourier transform (FFT) algorithm.

Field of study: Engineering
Evidence for rapid gut clearance of microplastic polyester fibers fed to Chinook salmon: A tank study.

Marine and freshwater plastic pollution is a challenging issue receiving large amounts of research and media attention. Yet, few studies have documented the impact of microplastic ingestion to aquatic organisms. In the Pacific Northwest, Chinook salmon are a culturally and commercially significant fish species. The presence of marine and freshwater microplastic pollution is well documented in Chinook salmon habitat, yet no research has investigated the impacts to salmon from microplastic ingestion. The majority of the marine microplastics found in the Salish Sea are microfibers, synthetic extruded polymers that come from commonly worn clothing. To understand the potential impacts of microfiber ingestion to fish, we ran a feeding experiment with juvenile Chinook salmon to determine if ingested fibers are retained or digestion rates altered over a 10 day digestion period. The experiment was completed in two trials, each consisted of 20 control and 20 treatment fish. Treatment fish were each fed an amended ration of 12 food pellets spiked with 20 polyester microfibers and control fish were fed the same ration without added microfibers. Fish were sampled at day 0, 3, 5, 7, and 10 to assess if fibers were retained in their gastrointestinal tract and to determine the rate of digestion. Fibers for the experiment came from washing a red polyester fleece jacket in a microfiber retention bag. Fibers had a mean length of 4.98 mm. Results showed fish were able to clear up to 94% of fed fibers over 10 days. Differences in mean gastrointestinal mass were not statistically significant at any sampled time between treatment and controls, suggesting that the ingestion of microfibers did not alter digestion rates. Further work is needed to understand if repeated exposures, expected in the environment, alter digestion or food assimilation for growth.

Field of study: Environmental science
Kidney lesions in baboons infected with Schistosoma mansoni.

Glomerular lesions in baboons (Papio anubis) infected with different dosage regimes of Schistosoma mansoni were studied by immunofluorescence and light microscopy on kidney sections and by countercurrent immunoelectrophoresis on kidney homogenates and tissue eluates. Mild lesions, characterized by focal and segmental deposits of immune complexes, developed in sixty-two out of 103 baboons, irrespective of the intensity and duration of the infection. Severe, diffuse lesions developed in six baboons after prolonged and heavy infections. Adult worm and soluble egg antigens, together with IgM, IgG and C3, were detected in most of the severe lesions and in some of the mild lesions. In some animals, antigens were detected in most of the severe lesions and in some of the mild lesions. In some animals, antigens were detected in acid homogenates and eluates of kidneys which showed no deposits of immunoglobulins or complement. These observations indicate that renal lesions in S. mansoni infections may be attributable to the deposition of immune complexes pre-formed in the circulation. However, the demonstration of antigens alone in some animals may suggest an alternative possibility, namely that antigens are deposited first with a subsequent binding of antibody and complement.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Study of regional differences in the population morbidity and mortality from the standpoint of geographical latitude syndrome

: Based on a large material of international and Soviet investigations as well as on the data of official statistics, the authors analyze the main characteristics of the population morbidity and mortality depending on the geographic latitude. It has been demonstrated that with the moving away from the equator, the intensive growth of the general mortality is observable both in the USSR and in the countries of Europe and America as is of the lethality due to malignant neoplasms, circulatory diseases together with an increase of the lethality because of suicides. At the same time there is a dramatic lowering of the infantile death rate and of the mortality from infectious and parasitic diseases. It has been revealed that the incidence of arterial hypertension, alcoholism and drug addiction associated with the geographic latitude. Different factors that may underlie the regularities established are under analysis. An idea is advanced of the geographic latitude syndrome which is of paramount methodological importance for preventive medicine.

Field of study: Medicine
Study on the killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor gene polymorphisms in leukemia patients and their siblings who have same HLA-A/B/DR typing

To investigate the relationship between killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors(KIR)and HLA by distribution of KIR gene in leukemia patients and their siblings who have same HLA-A/B/DR typing. KIR genotypes were detected by PCR-SSP on 78 patients and their siblings who have same HLA-A/B/DR typing. There were 48.72%in 78 patients who had same KIR genotypes with their siblings while the 44.87%patients had different KIR genotypes with their siblings.There was no difference in frequency between patients and their siblings(P＞0.05).There were no differences in frequency among chronic myelocytic leukemia(CML),non acute lymphoblagtic leukemia(NALL)and acute lymphoblagtie leukemia(ALL)but the frequency of KIR2DS4 in CML was higher than others. The KIR gene and HLAⅠ antigen are heredity independently and relatively stable.The factor of disease has little effect on KIR gene. 
 
 
Leukemia; Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor; Sibling

Field of study: Biology
Stable-isotope, fluid-inclusion, and mineralogical studies relating to the genesis of amethyst, Thunder Bay Amethyst Mine, Ontario

The Thunder Bay Amethyst Mine exploits a vein system in which the main zoned sequence consists of chalcedony, colorless quartz, and three to four stages of amethyst. The main sequence surrounds fragments of a brecciated earlier sequence containing chalcedony, colorless quartz, and prasiolite, which appears to be thermally bleached amethyst. The vein system occupies a fault in Archean granodiorite and is associated with a narrow zone of chloritic and hematite alteration overprinted by weak argillic alteration. Fragments of Proterozoic (1339 Ma) Sibley Group rocks occur in the vein system, indicating the former presence of a shallow cover during deposition of quartz and limiting the maximum age of the deposit. These downfallen fragments and the abundance of vugs indicate near-surface formation of the deposit.Main-stage fluid-inclusion homogenization temperatures are in the range from 91.2 to 40.9 °C (mean 68.4 °C) in amethyst, whereas in colorless quartz homogenization temperatures range from 146.5 to 114.7...

Field of study: Environmental science
Formulating a Developmentally Appropriate and Culturally Sensitive Program of Moral Education-A Korean Example

sive program of civic and moral education for use in public schools across all grade levels, balancing developmental psychology and cultural differences that exist among nations? If, to formulate a clear and reliable answer to that pressing international and multicultural question, we assume a universal morality, that may lead to a kind of arrogance in the form of cultural imperialism, as several critics of Lawrence Kohlberg’s theory have charged (Shweder 1982; Simpson 1974). In contrast, advocates for cultural diversity in moral development may miss many of the essential ways of being human and underestimate our common humanity. For these reasons, an appropriate moral education program for schools is one that involves the universal aspects of morality and moral functioning as well as their particular manifestations—thus, culture is a context for moral development. With the present study, I offer a case example to illustrate the development of a comprehensive program of moral education that is developmentally appropriate and culturally sensitive. This Korean case study illustrates an alternative moral education program that encompasses the universal and particularistic aspects of morality. The Korean example not only retains a compulsory moral education subject in the school system but also illustrates inherent tensions and dilemmas arising from national, traditional, or particularistic values and global, democratic, and universal values in schools. Let us assume that the South Korean Ministry of Education has requested the development of a comprehensive program of moral and civic education for use in its public schools across all grade levels. The first step in the development of the program is the submission of a written proposal outlining the program in enough detail to permit certified school personnel to implement the plan without undue difficulty and with minimal additional training. Specifically, the plan should (1) establish a theoretical rationale for the program, including intended outcomes that are both developmentally appropriate and culturally sensitive; (2) briefly outline representative lessons for different grade levels that would be included in the program and describe developmentally appropriate instructional strategies; (3) identify resources (e.g., personnel, instructional materials, facilities, consultants, and so forth in the school and community, including families and religious or social organizations) that will be necessary to implement the program; (4) describe how to evaluate the program’s effectiveness in meeting stated objectives and identify specific evaluation techniques to be used; and (5) cite the necessary abilities that certified school personnel must possess to ensure full implementation of the proposal.

Field of study: Sociology
Male/Female, Italy/Flanders, Michelangelo/Vittoria Colonna

This essay proposes a new reading of the famous passage comparing the devotional value of Flemish and Italian painting in Francisco de Holanda’s (1517-84) Portuguese treatise Da pintura antigua. My purpose is to demonstrate that the polarizing and divisive claims made about Flemish painting are unmade in the text itself. The major grounds upon which Flemish art is attacked in the first of the four Roman dialogues are upheld for admiration in the second. The strongly misogynistic character of the passage on Flemish painting has obscured the more complex and shifting treatment of gender identity in the text.

Field of study: History
Increased cardiac endothelin-1 and nitric oxide in adriamycin-induced acute cardiotoxicity: protective effect of Ginkgo biloba extract.

Cardiotoxicity and congestive heart failure are the major factors that limit the use of anti-neoplastic drug adriamycin (ADR). There is increasing experimental evidence that endothelin-1 (ET-1) and nitric oxide (NO) are vasoactive mediators that regulate cardiac performance. The present study was undertaken to investigate the role of ET-1 and NO in ADR-induced acute cardiotoxicity and to evaluate the protective effect of Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb761) in rats. A single dose of ADR (20 mg/kg i.p.) caused a significant increase in the cardiac enzyme activities of aspartate transaminases (AST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatine phosphokinase isoenzyme (CK-MB) in the serum of animals. This was accompanied by significant increase in cardiac malondialdehyde (MDA), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), ET-1 and nitrite/nitrate (NOx) levels. On the other hand, reduced glutathione (GSH) was significantly depressed. Histopathological examination of heart tissues showed hyalinization of the myocardium, with interstitial edema and inflammatory exudates. Pre-treatment of the animals with EGb761 (100 mg/kg, orally) 10 days before and 5 days after ADR treatment reversed the cardiac enzyme levels to normal value, decreased cardiac MDA, TAC, TNF-alpha. ET-1 and NO(x), increased GSH and reversed the histopathological damage induced by ADR. In conclusion, the cardioprotective effects of EGb761 on markers of ADR-induced acute cardiotoxicity appeared to have been mediated by the regulation of inflammatory and vasoactive mediators, as well as the inhibition of membrane lipid peroxidation. Thus, EGb761 may find use as promising adjuvant therapy to ameliorate cardiotoxicity of ADR.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Physics
Role of Nrf2 in the regulation of the Mrp2 (ABCC2) gene.

The Nrf2 (nuclear factor-erythroid 2 p45-related factor 2) transcription factor regulates gene expression of the GCLC (glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit), which is a key enzyme in glutathione synthesis, and GSTs (glutathione S-transferases) via the ARE (antioxidant-response element). The Mrp2 (multidrug-resistance protein 2) pump mediates the excretion of GSH and GSSG excretion as well as endo- and xeno-biotics that are conjugated with GSH, glucuronate or sulphate. Considering that Mrp2 acts synergistically with these enzymes, we hypothesized that the regulation of Mrp2 gene expression is also dependent on Nrf2. Using BHA (butylated hydroxyanisole), which is a classical activator of the ARE-Nrf2 pathway, we observed an increase in the transcriptional activity of Mrp2, GCLC and Gsta1/Gsta2 genes in the mouse liver. A similar pattern of co-induction of Mrp2 and GCLC genes was also observed in mouse (Hepa 1-6) and human (HepG2) hepatoma cells treated with BHA, beta-NF (beta-naphthoflavone), 2,4,5-T (trichlorophenoxyacetic acid) or 2AAF (2-acetylaminofluorene), suggesting that these genes share common mechanism(s) of transcriptional activation in response to exposure to xenobiotics. To define the mechanism of Mrp2 gene induction, the 5'-flanking region of the mouse Mrp2 gene (2.0 kb) was isolated, and two ARE-like sequences were found: ARE-2 (-1391 to -1381) and ARE-1 (-95 to -85). Deletion analyses demonstrated that the proximal region (-185 to +99) contains the elements for the basal expression and xenobiotic-mediated induction of the Mrp2 gene. Gel-shift and supershift assays indicated that Nrf2-protein complexes bind ARE sequences of the Mrp2 promoter, preferentially to the ARE-1 sequence. Overexpression of Nrf2 increased ARE-1-mediated CAT (chloramphenicol acetyltransferase) gene activity, while overexpression of mutant Nrf2 protein repressed the activity. Thus Nrf2 appears to regulate Mrp2 gene expression via an ARE element located at the proximal region of its promoter in response to exposure to xenobiotics.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Parametric Prediction Model of Micro-Pressure Wave Outside the Tunnel

Based on the existing micro-pressure wave calculation model, the micro-pressure wave parametric prediction model is put forward. The micro-pressure wave is obtained by using the high order spectrum difference and perfectly matched layer boundary condition technologies. Then the function relationship between micro-pressure wave and spatial distance is discussed. The relevant parameters of the model are got at last .The results are compared with the experimental results. Conclusions are drawn as follows: The peak sound pressure of the micro-pressure wave is proportional to the tunnel axial distance r-0.87, r-0.86, r-0.85, r-0.83 at 200km/h, 250km/h, 300km/h and 350km/h speed, respectively. Comparing the computing results with the experimental results shows the model is of high precision.

Field of study: Engineering
Attendance-enhancing procedures in group counseling for domestic abusers

A quasi-experimental design was used to examine the effectiveness of motivational enhancement techniques in increasing session attendance and reducing dropout among 189 men undergoing group domestic abuse counseling. The treatment retention procedures were associated with significantly greater session attendance and lower dropout rates even after controlling for demographic factors. Increased session attendance was associated with lower posttreatment relationship violence and criminal recidivism among those who received the treatment retention intervention. The intervention appeared to be particularly effective with ethnic minority clients. Findings indicate that supportive treatment retention procedures during the course of therapy can reduce the high dropout rates commonly reported in counseling programs for male domestic abuse perpetrators.

Field of study: Psychology
Representations of rational Cherednik algebras of rank one in positive characteristic

In this paper, we classify the irreducible representations of the rational Cherednik algebras of rank 1 in characteristic p >0. There are two cases. One is the “quantum” case, where “Planck's constant” is nonzero and generic irreducible representations have dimension pr , where r is the order of the cyclic group contained in the algebra. The other is the “classical” case, where “Planck's constant” is zero and generic irreducible representations have dimension r .

Field of study: Mathematics
Enhancement of near-UV GaN LED light extraction efficiency by GaN/sapphire template patterning

We present near-UV GaN light-emitting diodes (LEDs) grown on patterned GaN/sapphire templates with improved material quality and light extraction efficiency. Enhancement of light extraction efficiency is attributed to voids generated at the GaN/sapphire interface. The sidewall inclination angle of the voids can be controlled from nearly vertical (∼ 85°) to fully inclined (∼ 60°) by changing the initial patterning dimensions. Light extraction efficiency and material quality improve with a decreasing void sidewall angle. A 20% increase in the light output is observed at 20 mA of input current for LED structures with ∼60° inclined sidewall voids.

Field of study: Materials science
Zur Sondentheorie bei mittleren und kleinen Drucken

ZusammenfassungBei mittleren und kleinen Drucken ist der Ladungstransport in einer Raumladungszone, die sich um eine kleine ebene oder zylindrische Sonde in einem quasineutralen Plasma ausbildet und die das Feld der Sonde vollkommen abschirmt, nicht nur durch die elektrische Feldstärke, sondern wesentlich auch durch den Dichtegradienten der Ladungsträger bestimmt. Es wird gezeigt, daß bei der Verknüpfung von Raumladungs- und Transportgleichung auch die Diffusion der entgegengesetzt geladenen Partikel berücksichtigt werden muß und demzufolge im stationären Zustand kein (relatives) Potentialminimum in der Raumladungsschicht bestehen kann. Unter diesen Voraussetzungen erhält man im ebenen wie im zylindrischen Fall einen einfachen analytischen Ausdruck für die Sondencharakteristik, der am Beispiel einer Sondenmessung im Zwischengasvolumen einer Methan-Wasserstoff-Luftflamme diskutiert wird.

Field of study: Physics
Salvaging Indifferentiability in a Multi-stage Setting

The indifferentiability framework by Maurer, Renner and Holenstein (MRH; TCC 2004) formalizes a sufficient condition to safely replace a random oracle by a construction based on a (hopefully) weaker assumption such as an ideal cipher. Indeed, many indifferentiable hash functions have been constructed and could since be used in place of random oracles. Unfortunately, Ristenpart, Shacham, and Shrimpton (RSS; Eurocrypt 2011) discovered that for a large class of security notions, the MRH composition theorem actually does not apply. To bridge the gap they suggested a stronger notion called reset indifferentiability and established a generalized version of the MRH composition theorem. However, as recent works by Demay et al. (Eurocrypt 2013) and Baecher et al. (Asiacrypt 2013) brought to light, reset indifferentiability is not achievable thereby re-opening the quest for a notion that is sufficient for multi-stage games and achievable at the same time.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Flow visualisation studies of aerodynamic characteristics of an open-top chamber.

Studies to determine potential locations of ingress of ambient air into an open-top chamber, using flow visualisation, are described. Rates of chamber ventilation necessary to avoid ambient air entrainment have been estimated from wind tunnel experiments. The dependence of the exit velocity of air from the chamber on the ambient air velocity was non-linear, so that for low wind speeds other mechanisms are more important than for high ambient air flows. Wind speeds ranged from 0.5m s(-1)<Uo<12m s(-1) outgoing atmospheric boundary layer had little effect on the probability of entrainment.

Field of study: Environmental science