nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The effect of category choice on the odds ratio and several measures of association in case-control studies

In many case-control studies the risk factors are categorized in order to clarify the analysis and presentation of the data. However, inconsistent categorization of continuous risk factors may make interpretation difficult. This paper attempts to evaluate the effect of the categorization procedure on the odds ratio and several measures of association. Often the risk factor is dichotomized and the data linking the risk factor and the disease is presented in a 2 x 2 table. We show that the odds ratio obtained from the 2x2 table is usually considerably larger than the comparable statistic that would have been obtained had a large number of outpoints been used. Also, if 2 x 2, 2 x 3, or 2 x 4 tables are obtained by using a few outpoints on the risk factor, the measures of association for these tables are usually greater than the measure that would have been obtained had a large number of cntpoints been used. We propose an odds ratio measure that more closely approximates the odds ratio between the continuous ...

Field of study: Mathematics
β-carotene biotransformation to obtain aroma compounds

Carotenoides sao importantes constituintes de alimentos por sua coloracao e por seus produtos de degradacao gerarem compostos volateis em alimentos. Compostos de aromas derivados de carotenoides estao distribuidos na natureza, constituem precursores de aromas importantes em alimentos como frutas e em flores. Apresentam alto potencial aromatico e, por isso, sao de grande interesse para as industrias de aromas e fragrâncias. Neste trabalho, mais de 300 microrganismos foram selecionados pelo metodo da placa, de acordo com sua capacidade de degradar carotenoides presentes no meio de cultura. Cerca de 80 linhagens apresentaram capacidade de producao de aromas e 7 cepas apresentaram descritores e intensidades de aromas de interesse, segundo um painel nao treinado de provadores, sendo selecionadas e submetidas a fermentacao submersa para producao de compostos aromas derivados de β-caroteno. β-Ionona foi o principal produto obtido da degradacao de β-caroteno, encontrado em maiores concentracoes nas linhagens CS1 (34,0 mg.L-1) e CF9 (42,4 mg.L-1) em 72 e 24 horas de fermentacao nos meios de cultura sem e com pre-inoculo, respectivamente. Os compostos β-damascona e pseudoionona foram encontrados em baixas concentracoes, 1,1,6-trimetil-1,2,3,4-tetraidronaftaleno (TTN) foi tentativamente identificado e apocarotenoides, provavelmente obtidos da clivagem da parte central do carotenoide, foram detectados.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Science Process Skills in Science Curricula Applied in Turkey

One of the most important objectives of the science curricula is to bring in science process skills.  The science process skills are skills that lie under scientific thinking and decision-making. Thus it is important for a science curricula to be rationalized in such a way that it brings in science process skills. New science curricula were introduced in Turkey in 2013. The purpose of this study is to analyze these science curricula that came into effect from science process skills perspective. The research is conducted by situational study method through document analysis. It is thought that the research findings will provide data for comparison-based studies.  Science process skills, Science curricula, Science education

Field of study: Education
Reevaluation of the use of photoelectron angular distributions as a probe of dynamical processes: strong dependence of such distributions from s1 paradifluorobenzene on photoelectron kinetic energy.

Photoelectron angular distributions (PADs) have been measured following the excitation of the S1 origin band in paradifluorobenzene using a range of ionizing wavelengths and for resolved ion vibrational states. The PADs show a dramatic sensitivity to the photoelectron kinetic energy over an energy range of at least 1 eV from threshold, and almost no sensitivity to any prepared intermediate state alignment. This has important consequences for those studies of intramolecular dynamics that use PADs. We suggest that the observed behavior is caused by a shape resonance in the continuum.

Field of study: Physics
Research on 220 kV Bus Differential Protection during Commissioning of New Devices

Through the trial run of 220kV electrical devices,analyzed the use of 220kV bus differential protection in three aspects: transmission test,power charge switch,and with load check.Then elaborated the characteristics of bus differential protection,proposed suggestions to using bus differential protection in different stages,also gave the use-guide,the principles and precautions in using bus differential protection,to improve the level of safety during the commissioning of the electrical devices.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Effects of Nitrogen-reduction on the Soil profile Nutrient Distribution in Paddy Fields

A field experiment was used to investigate the effects of nitrogen-reduction on the accumulation and distribution of nutrients in paddy field profile.The results indicated that the content of organic matter,total nitrogen,total phosphorus,available nitrogen and phosphorus were decreased with the increase of the soil depth in T1(no nitrogen fertilizer added),T2(conventional fertilization level of local farmers)and T3(80 percentage conventional fertilization level of local farmers)treatments,respectively,while total potassium and available potassium were increased with the increase of the soil depth.Except for available nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium of the top layer soil(0～20 cm),the organic matter,total nitrogen,total phosphorus,total potassium,available nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium of 0～20 cm,20～40 cm,40～60 cm,60～80 cm,80～100 cm soil layer in the profile of 0～100 cm were increased in T3 treatment compared with T2 treatment.The marked increasing quantity of organic matter was mainly on the 3 soil layers at the depth of 0～60 cm,and nitrogen was mainly on the 2 soil layers at the depth of 0～40 cm,and potassium was mainly on the top layer soil(0～20 cm),while T3 and T2 treatment had no significant effect on phosphorus.These results demonstrated that T3 treatment increased the nutrient content that was concentrated primarily in the absorption region of crop.This is important to improve soil fertility and enhance the crop production.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Controlling Wall Thickness of Silica Nanotubes within 4-nm Precision

A tubular template self-assembled from secondary ammonium hydrochloride of a peptidic lipid was used for sol-gel transcription of tetraethoxysilane (TEOS). Very mild catalytic function of the terminal group enabled us to control the wall thickness of the resultant silica nanotubes within 4-nm precision, depending on the amount of TEOS added.

Field of study: Chemistry
[Psychotropic drugs used in a psychiatric hospital (pharmaco-epidemiologic aspects)].

: The aim of the study was to optimize psychopharmacotherapy in a big psychiatric hospital. It was conducted in Moscow Alekseev psychiatric hospital No 1, using a method of comparison of standard psychotropic treatment and medication strategy suggested by the expert group. An analysis of the treatment of 966 patients with different mental disorders revealed that 78.3% were in need of neuroleptic assignment that was in line with routine practice. The expert's conclusions were postulated as follows: a need in phenothyazines is significantly lower than that observed in practice. Xantens and tyoxantens (chlorprothixene, flupentixol, zuclopenthixol, zuclopenthixol decanoate, zuclopenthixol acetate), benzamides (sulpiride) and such atypical antipsychotics as risperidone, olanzapine and quentiapine are underused in the treatment. Comparing to usual practice, more patients (35.8%) need antidepressants treatment. Thymoleptics should be assigned in greater daily doses. Selective inhibitors of serotonin reuptake (paroxetine, fluoxetine, citalopram, sertraline), reversible MAO A inhibitors (pyrazidolum), "double-action" drugs (mirtazapine, milnacipran) are recommended for wider usage. Less patients (33.4%) are in need of tranquilizers, though a number of medications used is consistent with a recommended one. Normothymics may be assigned to essentially less part of the patients and 18% of them need nootropics that is consistent with routine practice.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Imputing consumption from income and wealth information

We investigate the feasibility of deriving a measure of total expenditure at the household level from administrative micro-data on income and wealth. We use Danish administrative data that provides measures of disposable income and the holding of different assets at the end of the year. The ability to link the households in the 1994-6 Danish Expenditure Survey to their administrative data for the years around the survey year offers a unique possibility for constructing a measure of total expenditure and of checking directly on the reliability of the imputation. The results are promising.

Field of study: Economics
Physical-organic molecular biology: pathway and stability of protein folding

Protein engineering, the design and synthesis of novel proteins by genetic engineering, allows complex problems in molecular biology to be studied by structure-activity relationships in an analogous manner to the application of physical-organic chemistry to simple organic molecules. This approach has been applied to study the folding pathway and stability of barnase, the RNAse from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. The strategy is two fold: i, Mutations are made which remove defined interactions that stabilise barnase. The changes in stability on mutation are measured from the changes in free energy of unfolding of the protein. In this way a library of interaction energies is achieved. ii, Kinetic measurements are made on the folding and unfolding of wild-type and mutant proteins. Combination of kinetic and thermodynamic data enables the roles of side chains in the stabilization of the final, transition and intermediate states of the protein to be measured. This gives the order of events during protein folding. The protein engineering experiments are corroborated by NMR studies of hydrogen exchange during the folding process. The combined procedures show that the folding is a multiphasic process in which secondary structure is formed very early on. Formation of the hydrophobic core by docking helix and sheet is (partly) rate determining.

Field of study: Chemistry
De droom van Beccaria

In their book Governing Security Les Johnston and Clifford Shearing argue that the state has lost its monopoly on the governance of security. Private security arrangements have formed a networked governance of security in which the criminal law of the state is just one of the many knots or ‘nodes’ of the security network. Johnston and Shearing consider On Crimes and Punishment, written by Cesare Beccaria in the 18th century, as the most important statement of the classical security program which has withered away in the networked governance of the risk society. This article critizes the way Johnston and Shearing analyze Beccaria’s social contract theory and it formulates a Beccarian theory of the criminal law and nodal governance which explains the causes of crime and the rise of nodal governance and defends the central role of the state in anchoring security arrangements based on private contracts and property rights.

Field of study: Philosophy
Crambe tataria: actions for ex situ conservation

In vitro micropropagation by direct organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis via callus was developed for Crambe tataria (Brassicaceae). C. tataria is an endemic species of the Pontic-Pannonic region, but it is also present in Italy, where it is localized in Friuli on a characteristic grassland formation, called “magredi”. C. tataria is regarded as an endangered species. Leaf and root explants were subjected to plant regulator treatments, which invoked different morphogenic responses. Leaf explants produced more callus than root explants and a higher amount of callus was obtained with 1 mg l−1 2,4-D in combination with 2 mg l−1 Kin. Somatic embryogenesis was obtained in calli maintained in a delayed subculture regime on media containing BAP in combination with NAA. Root explants cultured with BAP combined with NAA developed adventitious rosette shoots. Shoots rooted on half-strength MS media, and the number of roots per plantlet and their length were heavily dependent on sucrose content. The in vitro regenerated plantlets were acclimatized ex vitro and a mean of 50% of the plantlets survived and showed a true-to-type growth habit. This study describes the development of two in vitro micropropagation protocols, via direct organogenesis and via embryogenesis from callus, that are the basis for the application of in vitro tools for the establishment of basal collections with representative genetic diversity and for the long-term storage of plant genetic material.

Field of study: Environmental science
Correlation between kidney and peripheral nerve functions in type 2 Diabetes.

Although greater impairments in nerve functions parameters are most likely to occur with a lower kidney function, there is a paucity of information on the relationship between the kidney and peripheral nerve functions parameters in type 2 diabetes.



To address the impact of peripheral nerve functions in type 2 diabetes patients in different stages of chronic kidney diseases (CKD).



This prospective study enrolled 238 patients with type 2 diabetes at a tertiary medical center.



We designed composite amplitude scores of nerve conductions (CAS) as a measure of severity of peripheral neuropathy (PN), and used estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and urine albumin-creatinine ratio (UACR) parameters to stage CKD in type 2 diabetes patients. The intrapersonal mean, standard deviation, and coefficient of variation of eGFR for 238 patients were obtained in the 3 years prior to the study.



The patients who had lower eGFR and higher UACR were older, with longer diabetes duration, a greater percentage of retinopathy and PN, and higher CAS. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that diabetes duration and eGFR were independently associated with CAS, and a cut-off value of eGFR in the presence of PN was 65.3 mL/min/1.73 m2.



We observed a close relationship between the severity of kidney and peripheral nerve function in patients with diabetes. If a patient's eGFR value is below 65.3 mL/min/1.73 m2 or the UACR value is above 98.6 mg/dL, caution is needed with the presence of PN even in diabetic patients who are asymptomatic.

Field of study: Medicine
Towards Entrepreneurship Modern University——Examination of "The National Science and Technology Progress Award" in Agricultural Field from 1998 to 2008

"I-I-G" triple helix and "U-I-G" triple helix were fond in agricultural filed.The former remains relatively stable.The two triple helixes are being evolved.In the triple helix of evolution,the company’s ability to innovate quickly upgrade,the university began to change in Entrepreneurial University.Entrepreneurial university needs to be stable and grow in "Butterfly Triple Helix".

Field of study: Education
Assessment of Nutritional Status in Children With Chronic Kidney Disease Using Hand Grip Strength Tool.

Muscle status assessment is crucial for diagnosis of protein energy wasting PEW/cachexia in chronic kidney disease (CKD) population. Hand grip strength (HGS) has been used in muscle power assessment in adult CKD. However, no data is available about its usefulness in children with CKD. Hence, we aimed to study the reliability of HGS in reflecting the muscle power and thus, nutritional status in children with CKD.



In this Observational cross sectional study we enrolled 73 CKD children; 45 had end stage kidney disease (ESKD) on hemodialysis (HD) and 28 had CKD but not on dialysis yet. Assessment of children's nutritional status was done through biochemical variables (serum albumin and serum cholesterol) and anthropometric measures (height and BMI). Body composition monitor (BCM) device was used for lean tissue mass (LTM) assessment whilst muscle power was tested by HGS tool.



The study showed that 69.8% of CKD patients had HGS values below 10th percentile for age and sex. Moreover, HGS was observed to be more affected in CRI patients and those with non - glomerular causes. HGS was also found to be positively correlated to height but not to lean tissue mass or serum albumin.



HGS tool can be used as a reliable bedside tool for nutritional assessment in children with CKD.

Field of study: Medicine
Black-box use of One-way Functions is Useless for Optimal Fair Coin-Tossing

A two-party fair coin-tossing protocol guarantees output delivery to the honest party even when the other party aborts during the protocol execution. Cleve (STOC–1986) demonstrated that a computationally bounded fail-stop adversary could alter the output distribution of the honest party by (roughly) 1/r (in the statistical distance) in an r-message coin-tossing protocol. An optimal fair coin-tossing protocol ensures that no adversary can alter the output distribution beyond 1/r.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Thermally actuated heat pump

A thermal machine utilizing a positive displacement element which oscillates at a damped resonant frequency is disclosed. The positive displacement element controls the volume of expander and compressor subchambers. A heat exchanger is provided which includes a high temperature heat source, a low temperature heat source, and at least one heat sink. Valves control the flow of fluid into and out of the expander subchamber so that the subchamber acts to expand the fluid. A first working fluid is conducted through the expander subchamber, one of the heat sinks, a compressing device and the high temperature heat source in series. A second working fluid is conducted through the compressor subchamber, one of the heat sinks, an expanding device and the low temperature heat source in series.

Field of study: Engineering
Suppression of long-term facilitation by Rab3-effector protein interaction.

Long-term facilitation (LTF) in Aplysia is achieved by the modulation of presynaptic release. However, the underlying mechanism that might be related with the regulation of synaptic vesicle release remains unknown. Since Rab3, a neuronal GTP-binding protein, is known to be a key regulator of synaptic vesicle fusion, we investigated the involvement of Rab3 in LTF. To address this issue, we examined the effect of overexpression of wild type Aplysia Rab3 (apRab3) and its mutant forms on LTF. Overexpression of either apRab3 Q80L, a constitutively active apRab3 mutant, or wild type apRab3 completely inhibited LTF. This inhibitory role of apRab3 appears to be mediated by an interaction with an effector molecule(s), possibly Rim. Expression of apRab3 Q80L, V54E double mutant, which do not bind effector molecules such as Rim or Rabphilin, had no effect on LTF. Furthermore, expression of apRab3 Q80L, F18L, D19E triple mutant, which has reduced binding activity with Rim but normally binds with Rabphilin, enhanced evoked basal synaptic release, and the increase in synaptic strength occluded LTF. In conclusion, our data suggest that apRab3 may act as a negative clamp of LTF through the interaction with effector protein(s), possibly Rim.

Field of study: Biology
Reliability aspects of the low-frequency noise behaviour of submicron CMOS technologies

This overview concentrates on reliability aspects of low-frequency (LF) noise in present-day CMOS technologies and transistors. It focuses on how different degradation mechanisms affect the LF noise behaviour and discusses the impact of technological modifications intended to enhance the lifetime of components and circuits. Whenever possible, the physical background will be highlighted, although for a detailed treatment dedicated reviews have to be consulted. The paper consists of two main parts. One covers the degradation mechanisms on a transistor level, including the impact of homogeneous and hot-carrier degradation and the effect of back-end processing steps and, more specifically, plasma damage on the LF noise. In the second part, the noise aspects of the metal interconnect lines related to the occurrence of electromigration are summarized. Because of the downscaling of technologies this aspect gains more and more weight and is, at the same time, a vital part of modern CMOS technology. Throughout the presentation, the possibilities of using noise as a lifetime-predictive tool are discussed and illustrated.

Field of study: Materials science
An Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay for Detection of Imidacloprid

To measure imidacloprid(IMI) in water,the hapten(imidacloprid) was conjugated to bovine serum albumin(BSA) with the carbodiimide method to form immunogen IMI-BSA;the hapten imidacloprid was conjugated to ovalbumin(OVA) with mixed carbonic anhydride method to form the coating antigens.Balb/c mice were immunized intraperitoneally with as prepare immunogen.Hybridoma cell lines secreting monoclonal antibodies(McAbs) against imidacloprid,which was obtained through routine hybridoma technology and ELISA screening.The subtype of secreting McAbs was IgG1.The titer of antibody was 1 × 107.After optimization of the ELISA conditions,an indirect ELISA procedure for the determination of imidacloprid was established.The limit of detection was(1.76 ± 0.02) μg/L and IC50 was(15.12 ± 1.28) μg/L.The McAbs had no cross-reaction with some analogues of imidacloprid.Intra-assay RSD reached 4.5%,and inter-assay RSD reached 5.1%.The recoveries obtained by standard imidacloprid addition to the different samples as drinking water,underwater and surface water were 102%,97% and 85%,respectively.The produced monoclonal antibodies and the developed ELISA procedure may become a convenient and satisfied analytical tool for monitoring imidacloprid residues in environmental samples.

Field of study: Chemistry
Atmospheric Sciences at the Illinois State Water Survey: Five Decades of Diverse Activities and Achievements

During a 50-yr history of diverse scientific endeavors, the Illinois State Water Survey's weather group has constantly shifted to meet new challenges as the nation's only sizable atmospheric research and services group housed in a state agency. The hundreds of projects encompass basic and applied research; data collection, evaluation, and storage; field projects; instrument design, development, and testing; and a services program in response to the needs of the public and specialized users of weather and climate information. Areas of major achievements include development of numerous meteorological instruments and data systems including the CHILL radar; participation in several national field projects, including the Metropolitan Meteorological Experiment (METROMEX); and pioneering research in radar meteorology, weather impacts, planned weather modification, inadvertent urban weather and climate change, applied climatology, and hydrometeorology.

Field of study: Environmental science
Die elektrische Leitfähigkeit verformter NaCl-Kristalle und ihre kristalline Struktur

ZusammenfassungDurch fortschreitendes Tempern von NaCl-Pastillen nähert sich die Ablösungsarbeit der Ionen unter 500° C Temperatur dem für Einkristalle gültigen Wert. Die Polarisationsspannungen treten erst nach intensivem Tempern auf. Durch Heranziehung der Kosselschen molekularen Betrachtungen des Kristallwachstums erfahren die zwei Ionenablösungsarbeiten theoretische Begründung.

Field of study: Physics