nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Analysis of the effect of okra extract on the diversity of intestinal flora in diabetic rats based on 16S rRNA sequence

In 2019, the statistics of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) show that the global okra production is about 9.95 million tons, and the trade volume is over 5 billion dollars (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2019). At present, it is widely grown in Africa and Asia, and its production share by region about 32.2% and 66.9%. Especially okra is grown on a large scale in the Fujian and Hainan provinces of China. Through the comprehensive utilization of okra, the problems that the fresh okra fruits are different to preserve and are easily aging and affect the fruit quality are solved (Tang et al., 2017; Weng et al., 2017). Previous studies have confirmed that okra pods are rich in mucus (biological polysaccharides, sugar polymers), flavonoids, and dietary fiber, which have the effect of regulating glucose and lipid metabolism, promoting bowel movement, and preventing constipation (Georgiadis et al., 2011; Wu et al., 2020; Yuan et al., 2019). Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the most common diseases caused by metabolic disorders in humans. According to the prediction of the World Health Organization (WHO) by 2030, the number of diabetes may be about 439 million (Shaw et al., 2010). Among them, approximately 10% of clinical diabetes patients are insulin-dependent diabetes (IDDM), that is, type 1 diabetes (T1DM) (Gero, 2010; Lee et al., 2010; O’Callaghan, 2017). Abnormal blood glucose metabolism and abnormal lipid metabolism usually occur together (Guo et al., 2019; Lv et al., 2019; Li et al., 2019). In recent years, the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolic disorders has become a focus of research (Hu et al., 2018). The young, old and second fruits (including pod and pedicle) of okra have low commercial value, but they are rich in water-soluble components such as biological polysaccharides. Therefore, using them as the raw material for hot water extraction, the okra aqueous extract was prepared. Based on the scientific analysis of the active ingredients of okra aqueous extract and the molecular weight distribution of polysaccharides, the quantitative evaluation of the efficacy of regulating the intestinal flora of diabetes was carried out, thereby expanding the application of okra in the field of functional food. To investigated the effect of okra aqueous extract on the diversity of intestinal flora in diabetic rats, the metagenomic DNA of cecum content of twelve rats was extracted, then the 16SrRNA V3-V4 region of the flora was sequenced by the latest IonS5TMXL SE400/ SE600 sequencing technology. Analysis of the effect of okra extract on the diversity of intestinal flora in diabetic rats based on 16S rRNA sequence

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Relative Susceptibility of Barley Cultures Against Rhopalosiphum Maidis Fitch and Athlrigona Naqvf Steyskbl

Out of 32 varieties of baeley tested. none of them was found to be immune to the aphid Rhopolesiphum maidis and shootfly Atherigonanaqvii BM 6 was found to be least susceptible to aphid during 1978.79 and 1979–80. KN.80 ROBt and HP 104 were observed to be least susceptible to shootfly in both years

Field of study: Biology
Advanced Screencasting With Embedded Assessments in Pathophysiology and Therapeutics Course Modules

To implement and assess the effectiveness of a hybrid learning model using advanced screencasting with embedded assessments in pathophysiology and therapeutics modules.  Two pathophysiology and therapeutics course modules on viral hepatitis and the clinical pharmacokinetics of aminoglycosides were chosen for study. The preclass portion of the hybrid model involved student completion of interactive e-lectures that were created with the use of advanced screencasting and included embedded assessments. Students viewed the e-lectures and completed the assessment questions prior to in-class lecture. Assessment. Preimplementation and postimplementation test scores were compared and student survey data were analyzed. Test scores improved significantly and students’ perceptions of the learning method were favorable. Test scores improved most significantly on higher-level Bloom’s taxonomy questions.  A hybrid model that used advanced screencasting with embedded assessments offered a novel method to afford students active-learning opportunities to progress to higher cognitive domains of learning.

Field of study: Education, Medicine
Calling and life satisfaction: it's not about having it, it's about living it.

The present study examined the relation of career calling to life satisfaction among a diverse sample of 553 working adults, with a specific focus on the distinction between perceiving a calling (sensing a calling to a career) and living a calling (actualizing one's calling in one's current career). As hypothesized, the relation of perceiving a calling to life satisfaction was fully mediated by living a calling. On the basis of this finding, a structural equation model was tested to examine possible mediators between living a calling and life satisfaction. As hypothesized, the relation of living a calling to life satisfaction was partially mediated by job satisfaction and life meaning, and the link between living a calling and job satisfaction was mediated by work meaning and career commitment. Modifications of the model also revealed that the link of living a calling to life meaning was mediated by work meaning. Implications for research and practice are discussed.

Field of study: Psychology
Observing the Inverse melting of the vortex lattice in Bi$_2$Sr$_2$CaCu$_2$O$_8$ with point defects using Langevin simulations with vortex shaking

Langevin dynamics simulations of the vortex matter in the highly-anisotropic high-temperature superconductor Bi$_2$Sr$_2$CaCu$_2$O$_8$ were performed. We introduced point defects as a smoothened distribution of a random potential. Both the electromagnetic and Josephson interactions among pancake vortices were included. A special shaking and annealing process was introduced to let the system approach the equilibrium configuration. We are able to see the inverse melting transition from the Bragg-glass to the amorphous vortex glass state, in agreement with recent experiments.

Field of study: Physics
High-speed systolic ladder structures for multidimensional recursive digital filters

High-speed multidimensional (MD) digital filtering is very useful for real-time video signal processing such as video image coding, bandwidth compression, sampling rate conversion and the enhancement of television signals. We propose a multilevel approach for designing high-speed systolic ladder structures for MD recursive digital filters. Based on appropriately selected 1-D filter structures for each filter dimension (or level), a large variety of MD systolic filter structures may be derived. In particular, we introduce a new 1-D filter structure that proves the most suitable structure in terms of a systolic ladder implementation, because it leads to MD ladder filter structures possessing such important properties as the shortest critical path (for filters without order augmentation), the canonic number of high-level storage registers (e.g., line and frame registers of images), and local interconnectivity.

Field of study: Engineering
BRIEF COMMUNICATIONS: Dynamics of the development of breakdown near the surface of infrared optics elements in gaseous media

An experimental investigation was made of the influence of the pressure of the ambient gas on the shape of CO2 laser pulses transmitted by an NaCl sample after breakdown on its surface. A study was made of the dynamics of formation of a breakdown plasma initiated by surface breakdown in various gases: it was carried out in a wide range of gas pressures and incident radiation intensities. Measurements were made of the dependences of the velocity and maintenance threshold of optical detonation waves on the pressure of air when CO2 laser radiation was used. The absence (in some cases) of the visible traces of damage as a result of this breakdown and the opacity of the surfaces of infrared optics materials in gaseous media was attributed to the screening of the surface by an optical detonation wave.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Single-Particle Excitations Generated by Voltage Pulses

We analyze properties of excitations due to voltage pulses applied to a 1D noninteracting electron gas, assuming that the integral of the voltage over time is equal to the unit of flux. We show that the average charge transfer due to such pulses does not depend on the pulse shape. For pulses with a Lorentzian profile, we prove the single‐particle nature of the electron and the hole excitations.

Field of study: Physics
A comparative study of Odonata (Insecta) assemblages along an altitudinal gradient in the sierra de Coalcomán Mountains, Michoacán, Mexico

Odonate diversity in the Coalcomán Mountain Range (CMR), Michoacán State, Mexico, was surveyed, and samplings were made during 2 years in eight streams along an altitudinal gradient. Presence–absence data were analyzed using non-parametric and parametric methods. Beta and gamma diversities were estimated using Whittaker’s and Lande’s formulae, respectively. A total of 2,526 adults and 489 larvae were captured, yielding 116 species (γ diversity), 44 genera and 9 families. Five new species were discovered. The genus Argia was the most important contributor to Zygoptera diversity and total richness (γ diversity), yielding 40.4 and 14.7%, respectively. The non-parametric estimator Chao2 provided the closest theoretical estimate of species richness, and Clench’s model fit the data well (R2 ranged from 99.44 to 99.99) to explain a high proportion of the variance (98.8). We conclude that beta diversity is important at the landscape scale, supporting the hypothesis that Mexico is a beta diverse country. Our results triple the number of known species of Odonata for Michoacán. Given the considerable richness of odonates at local and landscape scales, our results support the proposal of the Coalcomán Mountain Range as a priority area for conservation and related research.

Field of study: Environmental science
Asymptotic Minimax Character of the Sample Distribution Function for Vector Chance Variables

The purpose of this paper is to prove Theorem 1 stated in Section 1 below and Theorem 2 of Section 6 and the results of Section 7. These theorems are the generalizations to vector chance variables of Theorems 4 and 5 and Section 6 of , and state that the sample distribution function (d.f.) is asymptotically minimax for the large class of weight functions of the type described below. The main difficulties are embodied in the proof of Theorem 1 (Sections 2 to 5), where the loss function is a function of the maximum difference between estimated and true d.f. The proof utilizes the results Qf  and is not a straightforward extension of the result of , because the sample d.f. is no longer "distribution free" (even in the limit), and hence it is necessary to prove the uniformity of approach, to its limit, of the d.f. of the normalized maximum deviation between sample and population d.f.'s (for a certain class of d.f.'s). The latter fact enables us essentially to infer the existence of a uniformly (with the sample number) approximately least favorable (to the statistician) d.f., by means of which the proof of the theorem is achieved. Theorem 2 .(Section 6) considers loss functions of integral type, and more general loss functions are treated in Section 7.

Field of study: Mathematics
SURVEY ON HEART DISEASE PREDICTION APPROACHES

The world is cornered by issues that affect the daily life of mankind. Amongst these issues the health of a person promotes itself to be of paramount concern. Many diseases have existed and continue to evolve in the world today. The only means to diagnose a disease before it becomes fatal to a human being is by analyzing its respective symptoms. Even a newly formed disease leaves behind a trail of symptoms by which its future occurrence can be depicted. This paper aims at study of various approaches used for heart disease prediction. These approaches are based on classification, clustering, association rule, neural networks, and algorithm and decision tree. In this paper will explain some existing approaches and scope for future study. KeywordsHeart disease prediction, classification , association rules

Field of study: Engineering
Electrical properties of nanocrystalline Sm-doped ceria ceramics

Electrical properties of nanocrystalline materials are usually different than that of microcrystalline. This phenomenon is not fully understood and therefore it is of continuous interest in the scientific community. In this paper, the results of investigation of nanocrystalline Sm-doped ceria prepared by a net shape technology are presented. The net shape technology is a relatively new ceramic preparation method, which combine powder and polymer precursor methods. The ceramics prepared in this way can be dense and nanocrystalline. Net-shaped prepared Sm-doped ceria was fabricated in the form of bulk ceramics and film on platinum foil. Their electrical properties were investigated and compared with the results obtained from microcrystalline sample.

Field of study: Materials science
THE EFFECT OF ACCELERATION ON FOOD-REINFORCED DRL AND FR.

Performance on DRL 10 sec and FR 5 was studied after exposure to acceleration. After four rats, two on each of the above schedules, had stabilized they were exposed to 5 hr of acceleration at 5 G immediately before daily experimental sessions. Food intake was also studied in rats given access to food daily in their home cages and exposed to acceleration immediately before the free-feeding session. Weight gain of free-feeding animals and reinforcement intake of experimental animals dropped after acceleration. Over-all response rate on the FR was depressed markedly by acceleration but local response rates did not appear to be affected. IRT distributions of DRL sessions after acceleration were markedly shifted toward the long intervals. A sequential plot of IRTs on acceleration days showed an altered, but relatively stable, temporal patterning of responses followed by an abrupt return to the normal baseline toward the end of the session.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Urban spatial expansion and its impacts on island ecosystem services and landscape pattern: A case study of the island city of Xiamen, Southeast China

National Natural Science Foundation of China; China Postdoctoral Science Foundation; Fujian Provincial department of Science and Technology; Xiamen Municipal Bureau of Science and Technology; Chinese Academy of Sciences [41201598, 20110490614, 2010I0014, 2011R0093, 3502Z20111049, KZCX2-YW-450, KLUEH201109]

Field of study: Environmental science
Exploring the Use of Smartphones as Clickers

Clickers or Quick Response Systems (QRS) have been used widely in classrooms for different purposes. However, no research has explored the use of smartphones when they are used as clickers instead of dedicated hardware devices. With their wide spreading among students and educators nowadays, it is possible that smartphones can be used in the classroom easily as clickers using applications or via the web. The main purpose of this study is to provide a preliminary assessment on the use of smartphones as clickers. Students’ views on their satisfaction, performance, participation, feedback, and ease of use of smartphones as clickers were surveyed with the help of a 9-statement survey with 5-point Likert scale. Teachers were also interviewed to know their opinions about the use of smartphones as clickers in their classrooms. Their functionality, features and user experiences are investigated. The collected data was analyzed with the help of descriptive statistics (means and standard deviations). The use of smartphones as clickers found to be beneficial for teachers and students. The familiarity with the technology made it easy for participants to take more active part in the classroom work which was reflected in their learning outcomes. Further, the positive attitudes regarding the use of smart phone as QRS devices were also noticed. The overall experience of teachers regarding the tool was reported in the study and found to be promising.  Smartphones, Clickers, Active Classroom, Active learning, QRS

Field of study: Education
Tumour necrosis factor induction of ELAM-1 and ICAM-1 on human umbilical vein endothelial cells--analysis of tumour necrosis factor-receptor interactions.

Induction of the adhesion molecules ELAM-1 and ICAM-1 on endothelial cells is a key pro-inflammatory effect of tumour necrosis factor (TNF). Earlier work in non-human systems has suggested that unlike other cell types, endothelial cells interact with the N-terminus of the TNF molecule, thereby implying novel TNF receptors on endothelial cells. This is also supported by 125I-TNF cross-linking studies on bovine endothelial cells. The present study aimed to see whether TNF induction of ELAM-1 and ICAM-1 on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) involved novel TNF-receptor interactions. Three approaches were employed. First, antibodies directed at different sites on the TNF molecule were tested for inhibition of TNF-induction of ELAM-1 and ICAM-1 on HUVECs. Inhibition was seen only with antibodies reacting with epitopes outside the N-terminal region. Second, an N-terminal TNF peptide (residues 1-26) failed to induce ELAM-1 and ICAM-1 on HUVECs or antagonise TNF induction of these molecules. Third, HUVEC/125I-TNF cross-linking revealed a major complex characteristic of the known 55 kDa TNF receptor: this was confirmed with receptor-specific monoclonal antibodies. It is concluded that (a) the same part of the TNF molecule interacts with TNF-receptors on HUVECs and other cell types and (b) TNF induction of ELAM-1 and ICAM-1 on HUVECs is mediated via the well-characterized 55 kDa TNF receptor.

Field of study: Medicine
Water level changes affect carbon turnover and microbial community composition in lake sediments

Due to climate change, many lakes in Europe will be subject to higher variability of hydrological characteristics in their littoral zones. These different hydrological regimes might affect the use of allochthonous and autochthonous carbon sources. We used sandy sediment microcosms to examine the effects of different hydrological regimes (wet, desiccating, and wet-desiccation cycles) on carbon turnover. 13C-labelled particulate organic carbon was used to trace and estimate carbon uptake into bacterial biomass (via phospholipid fatty acids) and respiration. Microbial community changes were monitored by combining DNA- and RNA-based real-time PCR quantification and terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) analysis of 16S rRNA. The shifting hydrological regimes in the sediment primarily caused two linked microbial effects: changes in the use of available organic carbon and community composition changes. Drying sediments yielded the highest CO2 emission rates, whereas hydrological shifts increased the uptake of allochthonous organic carbon for respiration. T-RFLP patterns demonstrated that only the most extreme hydrological changes induced a significant shift in the active and total bacterial communities. As current scenarios of climate change predict an increase of drought events, frequent variations of the hydrological regimes of many lake littoral zones in central Europe are anticipated. Based on the results of our study, this phenomenon may increase the intensity and amplitude in rates of allochthonous organic carbon uptake and CO2 emissions.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Nonreversible component of the frequency characteristic of a ring laser

Consistent application of the averaging method in the solution of equations describing generation of opposite waves in a ring laser in the presence of backscattering shows that the frequency characteristic of such a laser has a component which is not reversed when the sign of the frequency nonreciprocity of the resonator is altered. If the coupling between the waves is weak, this nonreversible component is governed by a combination of fourth-order coupling coefficients and it disappears when the coupling is symmetric. The nonreversible component depends strongly on the parameter of a nonlinear interaction of the waves in the active medium and it can vanish for a certain value of this parameter. Phenomena associated with synchronous reversal of the amplitude and frequency nonreciprocities of the resonator are also considered.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
[Neuroprotective effects of glycine in the acute period of ischemic stroke].

Both the efficiency of glycine in the acute period of hemispheric ischemic stroke and mechanisms of its action were studied in a double blind placebo-controlled trial including 200 patients. Orgogozo's and Scandinavian scales for objective assessment of the condition severity and of a degree of neurologic deficiency, and Bartel's scale--for evaluation of functional recovery were used and measurements were made of the levels of autoantibodies to the structural component of glutamate NMDA-receptors in blood serum and concentrations of neurotransmitter amino acids and of the products of lipid peroxidation in cerebrospinal fluid. Sublingual glycine application in daily dose of 1-2 g was found effective beginning with the first 6 hours of the stroke development during 5 days. Multicomponent neuroprotective action of glycine was established directed at correction of the unbalance between stimulating and inhibiting aminoacidergic neurotransmitters, as well as at a decrease of excitotoxicity and oxidant stress.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Über die Messung der Viskosität sehr kleiner Flüssigkeitsmengen mit Hilfe der Brownschen Bewegung

ZusammenfassungEs wird vorgeschlagen, die vom Verfasser angegebene sehr einfache Methode der „doppelseitigen mittleren Erstpassagezeiten“ zur Messung der Brownschen Bewegung von Einzelteilchen dazu zu benutzen, um die Viskosität äußerst kleiner Flüssigkeitsmengen zu bestimmen, und die Theorie der Präzision dieser Methode entwickelt.

Field of study: Physics
Maximum Likelihood Estimation for Single Linkage Hierarchical Clustering

We derive a statistical model for estimation of a dendrogram from single linkage hierarchical clustering (SLHC) that takes account of uncertainty through noise or corruption in the measurements of separation of data. Our focus is on just the estimation of the hierarchy of partitions afforded by the dendrogram, rather than the heights in the latter. The concept of estimating this "dendrogram structure'' is introduced, and an approximate maximum likelihood estimator (MLE) for the dendrogram structure is described. These ideas are illustrated by a simple Monte Carlo simulation that, at least for small data sets, suggests the method outperforms SLHC in the presence of noise.

Field of study: Computer science