nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Home service costs: the Swedish experience.

This article will show that the annual cost of service and care for a receiver of home service in Sweden ranges from SEK 5,000 to SEK 435,000 according to individual disability. In our sample, the average annual cost amounts to slightly less than SEK 100,000. Furthermore, the cost of service and care for pensioners of good mental health is about SEK 50,000 higher than for the group of mentally disabled (everything else being the same). Not quite unexpectedly, the annual cost of service and care decreases when assistance from relatives increases. Without help from relatives, the annual cost increases by approximately SEK 16,000 per individual. The average annual cost is higher for home service receivers who live at home and have an alarm telephone than for those who have not got an alarm telephone (everything else being the same). Alarm telephone systems which require staff for supervision and home visits account for half of the recorded difference in cost. Both living in one's own home with handicap adjustment and living in a service flat mean a lower cost of service and care than living in one's own home without handicap adjustment (everything else being the same). For persons who are in great need of daily help, living at home implies a cost that is slightly more than 20 per cent higher than the cost for living in a service flat.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
ZnO nanoparticles as a highly efficient heterogeneous catalyst for the synthesis of various chromene and pyrano[4,3-b]pyran derivatives under solvent-free conditions

Three- component reaction of 4-hydroxy-2H-pyran-2-one, aldehydes, and malononitrile or ethyl cyanoacetate in the presence of ZnO nanoparticles as the catalyst is described as an efficient and green synthetic method for obtaining of pyrano[4,3-b]pyran derivatives in excellent yield. These reactions were also tested with 2'-hydroxyacetophenone under similar conditions and produced chromene derivatives.

Field of study: Chemistry
The non-invasive biopsy--will urinary proteomics make the renal tissue biopsy redundant?

Proteomics is a rapidly advancing technique which gives functional insight into gene expression in living organisms. Urine is an ideal medium for study as it is readily available, easily obtained and less complex than other bodily fluids. Considerable progress has been made over the last 5 years in the study of urinary proteomics as a diagnostic tool for renal disease. Advantages over the traditional renal biopsy include accessibility, safety, the possibility of serial sampling and the potential for non-invasive prognostic and diagnostic monitoring of disease and an individual's response to treatment. Urinary proteomics is now moving from a discovery phase in small studies to a validation phase in much larger numbers of patients with renal disease. Whilst there are still some limitations in methodology, which are assessed in this review, the possibility of urinary proteomics replacing the invasive tissue biopsy for diagnosis of renal disease is becoming an increasingly realistic option.

Field of study: Medicine
Advance in Researches on the Transport and Transformation of Hexabromocyclododecanes in Environment

Hexabromocyclododecanes(HBCDs) are additive brominated flame retardants(BFRs) and are ubiquitous organic contaminants and share the major characteristics of persistent organic pollutants(POPs): persistency,bioaccumulation,long-range transport,and toxicity.This paper summarizes the current status regarding the distribution,transport and transformation of HBCDs in different environmental compartments.At last further study and prospects of HBCDs are discussed.

Field of study: Environmental science
CFD SIMULATION AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF ELECTROOS MOTIC FLOW IN POROUS MEDIA(II) CHARACTERISTICS OF ELECTROOSMOTIC FLOW AND MASS TRANSPORT IN POROUS MEDIA

A CFD simulation of liquid flow in porous media was developed The effects of electric field strength and the porosity of media on electroosmotic flow and mass transport were presented The CFD simulation results were compared to the experimental data obtained in electrochromatography on hydroxyapatite, ion exchange electrochromatography on DEAE Sepharose Fast Flow, and affinity electrochromatography on Blue Sepharose Fast Flow The good agreement between the numerical simulation with the experimental results including the overall electroosmotic flux and the mass transport described by mass transport coefficient and breakthrough curve confirms the validity of the CFD simulation and indicates the high potential of electroosmosis in the development of new solid liquid separation processes

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
TIMP3 Overexpression Improves the Sensitivity of Osteosarcoma to Cisplatin by Reducing IL-6 Production

Osteosarcoma is the most common bone cancer in children and adolescents. Tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs)-3 inhibit matrix metalloproteinases to limit extracellular matrix degradation. Cisplatin is a widely used chemotherapeutic drug used to cure osteosarcoma. Interleukin (IL)-6 and TIMP3 play important roles in the drug resistance of osteosarcoma; however, their relationship in this process remains unclear. This study aimed to explore the role of TIMP3 in the cisplatin sensitivity of osteosarcoma and its underlying molecular mechanisms in vitro and in vivo. We compared TIMP3 expression levels between patients with cisplatin-sensitive and -insensitive osteosarcoma. TIMP3 was overexpressed or knocked down in the Saos2-lung cell line, which is a Saos2 subtype isolated from pulmonary metastases that has higher cisplatin chemoresistance than Saos2 cells. IL-6 expression, cell proliferation, sensitivity to cisplatin, migration, and invasion after TIMP3 overexpression or knockdown were determined. The same experiments were performed using MG63 and U2OS cells. Subsequently, luciferase-labeled Saos2-lung cells overexpressing TIMP3 were injected into the tibiae of nude mice treated with cisplatin. The results showed that IL-6 inhibited TIMP3 expression in Saos2 and Saos2-lung cells via signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) activation. STAT3 knockdown reversed the effect of IL-6. The expression of TIMP3 was higher in patients with cisplatin-sensitive osteosarcoma than in those with insensitive osteosarcoma. IL-6 expression was downregulated upon TIMP3 overexpression, and upregulated by TIMP3 knockdown. TIMP3 overexpression suppressed cell proliferation and enhanced cisplatin sensitivity by activating apoptosis-related signal pathways and inhibiting IL-6 expression in vitro and in vivo. In conclusion, cisplatin sensitivity correlated positively with TIMP3 expression, which is regulated by the IL-6/TIMP3/caspase pathway. The TIMP3 pathway could represent a target for new therapies to treat osteosarcoma.

Field of study: Biology
RIGHT HEPATIC DUCT STENOSIS DUE TO MULTIPLE METALLIC CLIPS AFTER CHOLECYSTECTOMY. IS THERE A WAY OUT? RE-LAPAROSCOPY AND ERCP STENTING

Bile duct lesions with leakage and stenosis can occur after open or laparoscopic cholecystectomy.  Multiple factors are involved either related to the patient or external due to technical equipment or surgeon. Bismuth classification is generally accepted. The aim is to restore the bile duct and to prevent short-term and long-term complications such as biliary fistula, intra-abdominal abscess, biliary stricture, recurrent cholangitis, and secondary biliary cirrhosis. Endoscopic therapy with biliary sphincterotomy alone or with the additional placement of a biliary/nasobiliary stent drainage is recommended. Stenting should be avoided if complete strictures exist or a circumferential resection of the duct. Endotherapy can be considered a sensible option and should be the main-stay treatment in these patients but one must keep in mind it is costly and is usually practiced by experienced teams in tertiary centers. The purpose of our paper is to exemplify this complication which is inherently rare, to highlight the diagnostic and treatment tools with minimal long-term sequelae.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Nanodiamond Lateral VFEM Technology for Harsh Environments

This paper reports the first total dose tests on a nanocrystalline diamond lateral vacuum field emission microelectronics (VFEM) technology. This technology operates efficiently at both low and high temperatures (200degC) and is inherently ldquohardrdquo to radiation. No measurable change in device response is observed after 15 Mrad(SiO2) total dose exposure, signifying an emerging electronics for extreme environment.

Field of study: Physics
A dissipative finite difference Fourier pseudo-spectral method for the Klein-Gordon-Schrödinger equations with damping mechanism

We develop a semi-linearized, decoupled time-stepping method for solving the Klein-Gordon-Schrodinger equations with damping mechanism. The finite difference approximation in time and Fourier pseudo-spectral discretization in space provide an elegant platform to deal with the physical properties of the original model. We prove that the proposed numerical algorithm preserves the discrete invariant or dissipative properties of system exactly depending on the choices of the damping parameter values. We establish the maximum norm error estimates by virtue of the norm-equivalence between finite difference method and Fourier pseudo-spectral method, the discrete versions of projection and interpolation estimations, and mathematical induction argument. Ample numerical results are presented to show the effectiveness of our numerical method and to confirm our theoretical analysis.

Field of study: Mathematics
Critical Resistance of the Quantum Hall Ferromagnet in AlAs 2D Electrons

Magnetic transitions in AlAs two-dimensional electrons give rise to sharp resistance spikes within the quantum Hall effect. Such spikes are likely caused by carrier scattering at magnetic domain walls below the Curie temperature. We report a critical behavior in the temperature dependence of the spike width and amplitude, from which we deduce the Curie temperature of the quantum Hall ferromagnet. Our data also reveal that the Curie temperature increases monotonically with carrier density.

Field of study: Physics
Vascular disease/risk and late-life depression in a Korean community population

Associations between vascular risk factors and late-life depression are controversial.  To investigate the association between measures of vascular disease/ risk and depression and confounding and effect modification by APOE genotype and cognitive function.  In a Korean community population aged 65+ (n=732), diagnosis of depression (Geriatric Mental State Schedule) and information on vascular status, disability, APOE genotype and cognitive function were obtained.  Previous stroke and lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level (but neither hypertension nor diabetes) were significantly associated with depression (independently of disability and cognitive function). These associations were stronger in participants with borderline cognitive impairment, although not to a significant extent.  Except for previous stroke and an atherogenic lipid profile, associations between depression and other common risk factors for cerebrovascular disease were not evident.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Non-trivial GR and 1/f noise generated in the p-Si layer of SOI and SOS MOSFETs near the inverted front or buried p-Si/SiO2 interface

The nature of the non-trivial low-frequency (LF) current noise of both generation-recombination (GR) and 1/f type observed in accumulation and depletion mode (AM/DM) p-MOSFETs and enhancement mode (EM) n-MOSFETs fabricated in silicon-on-insulator (SOI) or silicon-on-sapphire (SOS) substrates is investigated, for gate biasing conditions where either the front or the back p-Si/SiO2 interface is in weak or strong inversion. The noise considered increases sharply with increasing positive gate voltage near the inversion threshold and is very high under strong inversion conditions. For the GR noise, it has been shown that both the noise relaxation time and the spectral density SI(0) at the low frequency plateau of the corresponding Lorentzians are only determined by the inverting front (back) voltage UGf,b in AM/DM p-MOSFETs, while the drain current is the main factor determining and SI(0) in EM n-MOSFETs. As to the 1/f noise, a high scatter in the data obtained in different samples has been observed in SOS DM p-MOSFETs and a correlation between the level of this noise and the behaviour of the current has been revealed. Arguments are presented that the GR and 1/f noise at stake are of a similar physical nature and are typical for devices with an inverted p-Si/SiO2 interface. It is shown that the responsible noise centres are located in a narrow layer of the p-type silicon film in the close vicinity of the p-Si/SiO2 interface. A model to explain all non-trivial features of both the noise and the current is proposed and validated.

Field of study: Materials science
KINETICS OF CTAB-ASSISTED LYSOZYME REFOLDING in vitro

The investigation of lysozyme refolding in vitro in the presence of CTAB was carried out with emphasis on the interaction of denatured lysozyme and CTAB characterized by the formation of various protein products.The changes in surface tension as well as the lysozyme activity were determined as a function of the initial concentration of denatured lysozyme and the molecular ratio of CTAB to denatured lysozyme.It was concluded from the experimental results presented that the denatured lysozyme firstly formed a complex with CTAB upon dilution into the refolding buffer, and then refolded at the input of the oxidative-reductive pair, leading to the dissociation of denatured lysozyme-CTAB complex.The non-reductive SDS-PAGE showed three kinds of protein products obtained in the above refolding process, i.e., native lysozyme, denatured lysozyme aggregate, and CTAB-denatured lysozyme.Similar result was obtained for native lysozyme incubated with CTAB for 24 hours at 37 ℃.The kinetics of CTAB-assisted refolding of lysozyme were investigated at 0.1～0.4 mg·ml -1 lysozyme with a molecular ratio of CTAB to protein equating to 5～20.The apparent kinetics of refolding could be described by a two-state refolding model, i.e., a reversible reaction between unfolded and refolded lysozyme.The apparent rate constants were shown to be a function of the molar ratio of CTAB to protein but where slightly dependent on protein concentration.The recovery of lysozyme activity, an index of the refolding performance, reached its optimum at a molecular ratio of CTAB to denatured lysozyme of 10 and decreased against an increase of the initial concentration of denatured lysozyme.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
IDENTIFICATION OF THE NOVEL HEPATITIS C VIRUS NS5A INTERACTING PROTEINS IN YEAST TWO-HYBRID SYSTEM

The yeast two-hybrid system is a novel and sensitive technique to detect protein-protein interactions in vivo. Using hepatitis C virus NS5A as a bait, we screened a human hepatocyte derived cDNA library and isolated 7 novel proteins that can interact with NS5A in yeast. Human nucleosome assembly protein-related protein and human apolipopreins A-I are two of the cellular NS5A-binding proteins. The possible functions of the binding between NS5A and these two proteins are discussed.

Field of study: Biology
High spin structures in119Te

The high spin states of119Te, populated in110Pd(13C,4n) and110Pd(12C,3n) reactions, have been studied through γ-ray spectroscopy. The level scheme has been established upto a spin of 55/2. Three-quasiparticle states, based on πg27/2⊗νh11/2 and πg7/2d5/2⊗νh11/2 configurations, have been identified. The 35/2 and 39/2 states are suggested to be the fully aligned states constituted by five valence νh11/23, μg7/2, πd5/2 quasiparticles.

Field of study: Physics
Propagation of normal modes in multilayer optical waveguides I. Component fields and dispersion characteristics

An analysis is made of the waveguide characteristics of six types of layered dielectric waveguide of circular transverse cross section intended for the optical range. Rigorous and approximate expressions are obtained for the field components. A detailed investigation is made of the characteristic equation, conditions for critical regimes are determined, and dispersion characteristics of normal modes in such waveguides are found. It is shown that it is possible to fabricate single-mode waveguides with large apertures, good dispersion characteristics, and relatively large transverse dimensions, as well as multimode waveguides characterized by low distortion of the transmitted signals.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Land from the sea: The mangrove afforestation program of Bangladesh

The coastal areas of Bangladesh have a high cyclone frequency. The protection from cyclone damage afforded by the natural mangrove forests of the Sundarbans, led the Forest Department in 1966 to initiate a mangrove afforestation programme. These initial plantings proved highly successful in protecting and stabilizing coastal areas, and led to a large-scale mangrove afforestation initiative. To date, approximately 120 000 ha of mangroves have been planted. Nursery and planting techniques have been developed for the major species, while additional species are still being investigated. As a result of the extensive monospecific plantations, however, outbreaks of two major insect pest species have been observed. In addition, a number of other problems were also encountered but in terms of coastal protection and stabilization, wood production and land reclamation, large-scale mangrove afforestation appears to be both technically possible and socio-economically beneficial.

Field of study: Environmental science
Joachim Du Bellay.Œuvres complètes: Tome III, 1551–1553. Ed. Marie-Dominique Legrand, Michel Magnien, Daniel Ménager, and Olivier Millet. Textes de la Renaissance 187. Paris: Classiques Garnier, 2013. 536 pp. €45. ISBN: 978-2-8124-1142-7.


Field of study: History
Reaction of substituted pyrimidines with photochemically generated t-BuO* radicals.

Humans are exposed to various organic peroxides through chemical, pharmaceutical and cosmetic products. On photolysis, these peroxides produce alkoxyl radicals and hydroxyl radicals. The reaction of *OH radicals with DNA and its constituents have been extensively studied, but very little is known about the reactions of alkoxyl radicals with DNA and its constituents. In view of this, the oxidation of pyrimidine bases viz., thymine, uracil, cytosine, 5-bromouracil, 6-methyluracil and 1,3-dimethyluracil by t-BuO* radicals in aqueous solution at pH 7.5 has been carried out. The reaction between pyrimidine and t-BuO* is followed by measuring the absorbance of pyrimidine at the respective lambdamax. The rates of oxidation of pyrimidines are calculated from the plot of absorbance vs time. The rates of oxidation of pyrimidines have been found to increase with increase in [t-BuOOH], [pyrimidine] and light intensity. The quantum yields are calculated from the initial rates of oxidation of pyrimidine and the measured light intensity at 254 nm the wavelength at which t-BuOOH is activated to give radicals. The quantum yields are found to depend on [pyrimidine] as well as on [t-BuOOH] while they are independent of light intensity. The product analysis was carried out on HPLC with UV-visible detector. The corresponding 5,6-dihydroxypyrimidine and isobarbituric acid have been identified by comparing the retention times of the authentic samples. On the basis of experimental results and product analysis, it is suggested that t-BuOOH on photolysis gives t-BuO* radical, which initiates the reaction by adding to C (5) or C (6) position of pyrimidine base, leading to the formation of pyrimidine base radical via hydrolysis. The pyrimidine radical further reacts with t-BuO* radical to give the final product. This study predicts the probable transient pyrimidine radicals.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Physics
Deficiency of scavenger receptor class B type 1 leads to increased atherogenesis with features of advanced fibroatheroma and expansive arterial remodeling.

Scavenger receptor class B type 1 (SR-BI) is the main high-density lipoprotein (HDL) receptor in mammalians. Loss of SR-BI has been proven to disturb HDL metabolism and accelerate atherosclerosis. However, little is known about the plaque features and arterial remodeling in the increased atherogenesis caused by SR-BI deficiency. Here, we explored this issue in atherosclerosis-prone low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDL-R) knockout (KO) mice deficient of SR-BI.



SR-BI/LDL-R double KO (dKO) and control LDL-R KO mice were fed an atherogenic diet for 12 weeks. Compared with the plaques in the LDL-R KO controls, which were lipid-dominant and collagen-poor, the plaques in the dKO mice were significantly enlarged, with a massive accumulation of collagen but no significantly increased infiltration of lipids, macrophages, or smooth muscle cells. In addition, the plaques in the brachiocephalic sinus of the dKO mice typically contained a necrotic core topped with a thin fibrotic cap. The increased atherogenesis in the dKO mice led to a following expansion of the vessel walls; therefore, the lumen area in the dKO mice was even slightly enlarged.



We showed here that SR-BI deficiency led to increased atherogenesis with features of advanced fibroatheroma and expansive arterial remodeling in LDL-R KO mice fed an atherogenic diet.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Innovation and development of folk sports in Taiwan examined from the perspective of the movie titled Din Tao: Leader of the Parada.

Din Tao has an important position in the daily life of people in Taiwan;as a traditional sport,folk Din Tao is subject to the impact of western sports;during the development of folk sports,Taiwan can stick to the principal status of people,focus on digging the cultural connotations of folk sports,effectively utilize modern media,pay attention to its own reform and innovation.The successful transformation of folk sports in Taiwan suggests the followings;innovation is the impetus for the development and advancement of traditional national sports;the development of traditional national sports needs the coordinated cooperation and joint efforts of the government,society,schools and folk inheritors;traditional national sports should pay more attention to the construction of its own theoretical system in order to meet the needs of the era.

Field of study: Education
The Neruokpuk Formation of the Barn Mountains and Driftwood Hills, Northern Yukon; its Age and Graptolite Fauna

The pre-Carboniferous racks of the Bam Mountains consist of a very thick, highly deformed and dislocated sequence of mildly metamorphosed elastics and carbonates assignable to the Neruokpuk Formation. The Driftwood Hills, for the most part, are composed of dark shales possibly assignable to the Neruokpuk Formation. Graptolites collected from a number of thin shale beds in the two areas are correlative with the Arenigian, Llanvirnian, Ashgillian, ?Llandoverian, Ludlovian, and Siegenian or Emsian Stages. It is suggested that complete, or nearly complete Ordovician and Silurian sedimentary sequences are present, and that these sediments represent geosynclinal equivalents of cratonic sediments to the south and southwest.

Field of study: Environmental science