nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Interaction of short optical pulses with an inverted thin film consisting of two-level atoms

Numerical and analytic investigations are made of the reflection and propagation of short optical pulses through an inverted thin film consisting of two-level atoms. An analysis is made of cases where pulses having rectangular, hyperbolic-secant, and Gaussian profiles are incident normally on a thin film. It is shown that, as a result of the initial inversion of the atoms, induced superradiance occurs. The dependences of the parameters of the reflected and transmitted pulses on the characteristics of the incident pulse are determined.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
The Synergistic Effects of Carbon Black and Carbon Fibre on the Thermal Conductivity of Silicone Rubber

Silicone rubber (SR) composites filled with carbon black (CB) and carbon fibre (CF) were prepared. The effects of a single filler as well as hybrid fillers on the thermal conductivity (λ) and mechanical properties of SR composites were investigated. It was found that hybrid filler was more effective in increasing λ of the composite, and this effect was more pronounced when the weight ratio of CF:CB was 80:20. The scanning electron microscopy showed the hybrid filler formed a better filler network than single filler in the matrix. SR composites filled with hybrid fillers also possessed better mechanical properties compared with composites filled with only CF.

Field of study: Materials science
Effect of hCG on experimental luteal hypoplasia in cows.

An early ovulation was induced in 4 adult cows of the luteal stage by ad-ministration of gonadotrophin releasing hormone analogue 16 hr (group I of two cows) or 32 hr (group II of two cows) after the treatment with a prostaglandin F2α analogue. Five hundreds were administered to them daily for 10 consecutive days from the day of induced ovulation. One cow of group I luteinization was functionally insufficient and estrus appeared 5 days after induced ovulation. A small corpus luteum was formed in the other cows of this group. Luteinization was inadequate in the two cows of group II. The blood plasma progesterone level exhibited a transitional increase in the cow with a small corpus luteum formed of group I six days after induced ovulation. It remained low in the other cows of both groups even after induced ovulation. In con-clusion, treatment with hCG had no luteotrophic effect. It was presumed that luteal hypoplasia have been caused by the poor response of a follicle to luteinizing hormone after ovulation.

Field of study: Biology
The cubic Hecke algebra on at most 5 strands

We prove that the quotient of the group algebra of the braid group on 5 strands by a generic cubic relation has finite rank. This was conjectured by Broue, Malle and Rouquier and has for consequence that this algebra is a flat deformation of the group algebra of the complex reflection group G32, of order 155,520.

Field of study: Mathematics
Evaluating Mg/Ca in belemnite calcite as a palaeo-proxy

The Mg/Ca, Sr/Ca, δ18O and δ13C compositions are given for well-preserved specimens of ten belemnite species/genera from three stratigraphic intervals. The data help assess the use of these proxies for palaeo-oceanography. Samples are from Dorset, UK (Pliensbachian; 5 species); Cambridgeshire, UK (Callovian; 1 species); and the Vocontian Basin, SE France (Valanginian; 4 genera). In none of these belemnite populations (at species or genera level) does Mg/Ca correlate with δ18O. Neither do values of δ18O correlate with Mg/Ca along a microsampled radial profile across a single specimen of Cylindroteuthis puzosiana (Callovian). The use of Mg/Ca is therefore considered to be unreliable as a palaeo-temperature indicator for these belemnite species and genera.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Design and Implemention of Cluster System Based on Linux

Parallel computing is widely used in various fields,and the MPI parallel environment which based on Linux Cluster is a cheap and efficient parallel computing system.Gives a simple introduction on NFS,Secure Shell(SSH),MPI and Cluster System,and details of record of the implementation process for the configuration NFS,SSH,MPI and other software.In order to show that parallel computing environment has good performances,makesa testing for it,and the result shows that it has good performance.

Field of study: Computer science
Forging a Gender Path in Modern Mexican History

In 1975, Richard Graham asked me to give a paper on Mexican women at the Southwestern Social Science Association meeting. Surely, he asked me only because he thought that as a woman I would know something about women—I am sure that was my only qualification in his mind. Thankfully, he also asked Dawn Keremitsis, who had done work on Mexican women workers. Fortunately, I had included in my 1973 dissertation a chapter on women's vocational education. I wrote my entire dissertation on José Vasconcelos's educational crusade in a state of shock at the race and class biases I encountered in the documents. In the case of women, my outrage soared, propelled by my second-wave-feminist conviction that women had to be liberated from the slavery of the home. So I had written a dogmatic chapter and paper on how revolutionary educators wanted to remove women from the workforce, restore them to domesticity, train them to work in small, badly paid, home-based industries, and subordinate them to men and motherhood. Middle-class women prescribed class practices of motherhood and domesticity as if, I argued, women of the subaltern classes knew nothing of homemaking and mothering.

Field of study: History
ENERGY SAVINGS ACHIEVED FROM HEAT RECOVERY SYSTEMS

The electrical usage for heating water and milk cooling were metered before and after the installation of a heat recovery system on 74 dairy farms in Wisconsin. Forty-eight percent of the energy used for heating water was saved and 7% of the energy used for cooling milk was saved. The total energy savings for heating water and cooling milk combined was 33%. Total energy use for hot water heating and milk cooling on the farms as related to herd size varied considerably, and was not correlated. Metering of hot water use and/or energy used for heating water on a dairy farm is required to accurately determine the total energy savings potential from the installation of a heat recovery system.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Inter-rater Reliability of Sustained Aberrant Movement Patterns as a Clinical Assessment of Muscular Fatigue

The assessment of clinical manifestation of muscle fatigue is an effective procedure in establishing therapeutic exercise dose. Few studies have evaluated physical therapist reliability in establishing muscle fatigue through detection of changes in quality of movement patterns in a live setting.  The purpose of this study is to evaluate the inter-rater reliability of physical therapists’ ability to detect altered movement patterns due to muscle fatigue.  A reliability study in a live setting with multiple raters.  Forty-four healthy individuals (ages 19-35) were evaluated by six physical therapists in a live setting.  Participants were evaluated by physical therapists for altered movement patterns during resisted shoulder rotation. Each participant completed a total of four tests: right shoulder internal rotation, right shoulder external rotation, left shoulder internal rotation and left shoulder external rotation.  For all tests combined, the inter-rater reliability for a single rater scoring ICC (2,1) was .65 (95%, .60, .71) This corresponds to moderate inter-rater reliability between physical therapists.  The results of this study apply only to healthy participants and therefore cannot be generalized to a symptomatic population.  Moderate inter-rater reliability was found between physical therapists in establishing muscle fatigue through the observation of sustained altered movement patterns during dynamic resistive shoulder internal and external rotation.

Field of study: Medicine
Sampling-Free Variational Inference of Bayesian Neural Nets

We propose a new Bayesian Neural Net (BNN) formulation that affords variational inference for which the evidence lower bound (ELBO) is analytically tractable subject to a tight approximation. We achieve this tractability by decomposing ReLU nonlinearities into an identity function and a Kronecker delta function. We demonstrate formally that assigning the outputs of these functions to separate latent variables allows representing the neural network likelihood as the composition of a chain of linear operations. Performing variational inference on this construction enables closed-form computation of the evidence lower bound. It can thus be maximized without requiring Monte Carlo sampling to approximate the problematic expected log-likelihood term. The resultant formulation boils down to stochastic gradient descent, where the gradients are not distorted by any factor besides minibatch selection. This amends a long-standing disadvantage of BNNs relative to deterministic nets. Experiments on four benchmark data sets show that the cleaner gradients provided by our construction yield a steeper learning curve, achieving higher prediction accuracies for a fixed epoch budget.

Field of study: Computer science
Cholinesterase activities of workers exposed to organophosphorus insecticides in Pakistan and Haiti and an evaluation of the tintometric method.

Five reference laboratories were established in Pakistan for monitoring cholinesterase (ChE) activities of workers exposed to organophosphorus compounds. ChE activities were determined by the Michel and tintometric method. Observations of ChE activities were made during two malaria seasons. The first season showed that although a significant depression of cholinesterase occurred among some of the workers, the ChE activities of workers were within the normal range during the following season. The reason for the difference is discussed. Similar studies were undertaken in Haiti. Mean and standard deviations (SD) were calculated for comparison of the tintometric versus the Michel method. The data show a correlation between the methods. For further evaluation of the tintometric method, organophosphorus and oxon analog inhibition of cholinesterase were determined in vitro. The tabulated data show that the tintometric method is adequate for determining whether a worker is exposed to dangerous amounts of insecticides.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Bi-Phenotypic Trait May Be Conferred by Multiple Alleles in a Germplasm Population

The Chinese soybean germplasm pool (CSGP) comprises annual wild (WA), farmers’ landrace (LR) and released cultivar (RC) populations, and ecoregion subpopulations in WA/LR/RC (ecoregion IV/III/II/I). A representative sample consisted of 1,024 accessions was studied for pubescence color (PC) and flower color (FC). In the evolution from WA (brown PC and mainly purple FC) to LR then to RC, with above wild characteristic changed, while gray PC, and white FC emerged and their frequency increased. Using 36,952 genomic SNPLDB markers with 100,092 haplotypes, the association between markers and bi-phenotypic traits was detected using χ2 association analysis under single locus model and RTM-GWAS procedure under multi-locus model, respectively. Multiple markers co-associated with individual bi-phenotypic trait with the most significant markers containing multiple rather than two haplotypes even for a bi-phenotypic trait. On a marker/locus, each haplotype corresponds to two colors, except one (FC-1-5) out of 11 haplotypes for single color. The major candidate gene was annotated with its alleles identified from the population sequencing data. Similarly, multiple alleles identified and each corresponds to two colors except three (a8/a9/b3) out of 12 alleles for single color. The major haplotypes/alleles in LR and RC were traced to WA ecoregion subpopulations, the WAIV and WAIII genotypes showed genetically more close to the cultivated subpopulations, therefore, WA from Ecoregion IV and III were inferred as the common ancestor for cultivated soybeans. The marker-haplotypes/gene-alleles not exactly coincided with the bi-phenotypic trait has challenged to the traditional Mendelian genetics, which was discussed and to be further studied.

Field of study: Biology
Early diagenesis of elephant tusk in marine environment

Three elephant tusks recovered from a 18th century Dutch shipwreck in Brittany seawaters were analyzed to study early diagenetic changes of ivory in a marine environment. Micro-small angle X-ray scattering (μSAXS) analysis revealed sub-microscopic structural modifications of ivory (hydroxyapatite particle thickness, mineralized collagen fibers organization and orientation). Chemical compositional changes of the organic fraction (nitrogen and carbon 
loss) and of the mineral part (magnesium loss, carbonate, calcium, chlorine and strontium uptake) were investigated by non-invasive micro-Particle Induced X-ray Emission/ Gamma-ray Emission/ Rutherford and Elastic Backscattering Spectrometry analysis (μPIXE/PIGE/RBS/EBS). These chemical and structural markers can serve as proxies for the early diagenesis of elephant tusk in marine settings. The results show that the macroscopic preservation state of the tusk surface does not reflect its microscopic preservation state. A diagenetic sequence is proposed, depending on the local environment of each tusk. First, collagen hydrolysis and ion adsorptions from the marine environment are proposed to occur. Second, a tusk buried in the sand was protected from Ca enrichment of the surface and the formation of a flaky white concretion whereas tusks out of the sand were subjected to these latter phenomena as well as sea-urchin attacks. Third, ion leaching and uptake, increased crystallinity of the hydroxyapatite crystals, and the modifications of the mineralized collagen fiber network are assumed to happen for all three tusks with different level of completion.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Nonparametric Estimation of Multivariate Mixtures

A multivariate mixture model is determined by three elements: the number of components, the mixing proportions, and the component distributions. Assuming that the number of components is given and that each mixture component has independent marginal distributions, we propose a nonparametric method to estimate the component distributions. The basic idea is to convert the estimation of component density functions to a problem of estimating the coordinates of the component density functions with respect to a good set of basis functions. Specifically, we construct a set of basis functions by using conditional density functions and try to recover the coordinates of component density functions with respect to this set of basis functions. Furthermore, we show that our estimator for the component density functions is consistent. Numerical studies are used to compare our algorithm with other existing nonparametric methods of estimating component distributions under the assumption of conditionally independent marginals.

Field of study: Mathematics
Shame and Embarrassment Revisited

The authors report three studies guided by Sabini and Silver’s view of the shame-embarrassment distinction. In each study, participants reported the emotions they would feel in scenarios. In Studies 1 and 2, they found that people reported experiencing shame if a real flaw was exposed but reported embarrassment if an audience member would (reasonably) think such a flaw was exposed. In Study 3, the authors found that the unreasonable perceptions of a flaw by an audience led to reported anger. The data are consistent with the view that people refer to themselves as experiencing shame when they believe that a real flaw of their self has been revealed, they refer to themselves as experiencing embarrassment when they believe that others have reason to think a flaw has been revealed, and they refer to themselves as angry when they believe others unreasonably see them as flawed. The data are inconsistent with the view that embarrassment is tied to violations of conventions, whereas shame is tied to moral failings.

Field of study: Psychology
The onset of islandscapes in the Balearic Islands: A study-case of Addaia (northern Minorca, Spain)

Paleoenvironmental and archaeological data show that Mediterranean landscapes result from long-term socio-environmental interactions. Mediterranean islands constitute a place of passage where the creation of cultural landscapes can be traced through colonization and anthropization histories. Palynological studies carried out in the Balearic Islands highlight a deep vegetation change from the mid- to late-Holocene, but the climate-environmental-human interactions are not fully understood yet. In this study, we aim to disentangle the causalities of landscape changes during the last six millennia using a multi-proxy approach on an off-site core for the first time in Minorca island. We find that, during the mid-Holocene, the climate was wetter than today with less rainfall seasonality than in the current Mediterranean. This climate, favoured the expansion of box formations and the predominance of forested formations with minimal anthropized conditions. First agropastoral activities appeared in the sequence between ca. 3500–2650 cal BCE in north-eastern Minorca, coinciding with other sporadic archaeological evidence (Cova dels Morts rock-shelter) which support the possibility of a pre-Chalcolithic discovery and frequentation of the island. We record deep environmental change during the third millennium cal BCE, reflected in the substitution of the former mesophytic vegetation by Mediterranean maquis formations dominated by wild olive trees, heathers, mastic and Cistaceae. We propose that maquis, garrigues and open-land vegetation were favoured by human action in a context of increasing climatic dryness and seasonality, promoting vegetation flammability and substitution of former mesic communities to more adapted termophilous vegetation. The comparison of our new record from Addaia with other pollen studies from the Balearic Islands highlights the resilience of mesic vegetation to climate change. This is shown by the survival of box formations to the increased aridification initiated at ca. sixth–fifth millennium cal BCE (ca. 7–6 cal kyr BP) in the Western Mediterranean which culminated at ca. fourth–third millennium cal BCE (ca. 5–4 cal kyr BP). Additionally, whilst sporadic human presence versus stable occupation are difficult to detect in archaeological records, the coupling with paleoenvironmental studies may offer new scenarios and information for human arrival in the Balearic Islands.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
The Kupferschiefer Cu–Ag ore deposits in Poland: a re-appraisal of the evidence of their origin and presentation of a new genetic model

The Kupferschiefer stratiform copper deposits in central Europe have long been considered a classic example of syngenetic mineralization. However, metal zoning and host-rock relationships determined during exploration around the recently discovered Lubin district orebodies in southwest Poland suggest that the ore may instead be late diagenetic. The mineralization occurs as thin, extensive blankets of sulphides in the pyritic, organic-rich basal units of the Late Permian Zechstein restricted marine sequence and in the eolian Weissliegendes sandstone at the top of the Early Permian Rotliegendes continental rift sequence of bimodal volcanic rocks and redbeds. It is directly underlain and controlled by irregular, oval zones of Rote Faule (RF), a barren oxidized and reddened portion of the normally dark grey, pyritic basal Zechstein rocks. In plan view, the metals occur as successive belts enriched in copper (+ silver), lead, and zinc, which developed laterally from and encircle the RF zones. The ore transgres...

Field of study: Environmental science
Width of the Darwin Table for Forbidden Reflections.

It is shown that reflections with structure factor equal to zero are not absent, but have very small Darwin table width, which is determined by a shift of the Bragg point and by structure factors of another type. It is pointed out that this effect cannot be obtained within the Ewald theory of dynamical diffraction on single crystals. {copyright} {ital 1996 The American Physical Society.

Field of study: Physics
The Social Network Mining of BBS

Because of the rich and varied resources in internet and social entertainment communities, more and more people or groups are spending their time on discovering the social relationship between others, or finding the core figures for business, political or security reason. In this paper, we build up an SNM solution by analyzing users’ static attribute and interaction of BBS to mine what kinds of attitudes they show to others and what kind of relationship between them using data mining technology, to establish users’ social network, and to find out the key figures in networks.

Field of study: Computer science
Multisection copper vapor laser

An investigation was made into the time spread of the electric discharge parameters in different sections of a multisection transverse-discharge copper vapor laser, and its influence on the laser output power was studied. Methods were devised for improving the synchronization of discharge development in the sections. The times for the volume deexcitation of the copper metastable levels were estimated (~50 and 15 μ sec for the green and yellow lines at a neon pressure of ~1atm). An average laser output power of ~100W was achieved at a pulse repetition frequency of 3 kHz. A master-oscillator-amplifier system was investigated and it was found that superradiance losses in the lasing regime did not exceed 20–30%. The average saturating signal power was 20 mW/cm2.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Epitope determination of anti rat thy-1 monoclonal antibody that regulates neurite outgrowth.

Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored protein Thy-1 is abundantly expressed on the cell surface of neurons and T lymphocytes in rodents. Although Thy-1 is known to bind integrins as a ligand and to mediate neurite outgrowth and immune responses, its precise function is not fully understood. Previously we produced several anti rat Thy-1 monoclonal antibodies and identified one, 2E11, which induces PC12 cell neurite outgrowth. Here we screened antibodies that inhibit 2E11-induced neurite outgrowth and stimulate or inhibit rat thymocyte aggregation. Since Thy-1 lacks an intracellular region, it requires other membrane-bound molecules for the signal transduction. Hence these antibodies are hypothesized to play key roles in the interaction between Thy-1 and signaling molecules. To elucidate the mechanisms of antibody-induced Thy-1 functions, antibody characterization and epitope determination were carried out. Thy-1 cleavage and mutation revealed that the antibodies recognize not only amino acid sequences, but also the three-dimensional structures consisting of immunoglobulin-like domains. Two antibodies were suggested to bind spatially close to the integrin binding site and crosslink Thy-1 molecules, while a third antibody is believed to inhibit Thy-1 crosslinking and subsequent Thy-1 signaling. The antibodies reported here may therefore function as crosslinkers, agonists, or antagonists that modify Thy-1 signaling.

Field of study: Biology