nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
[Radiation of parotid glands for salivary flow reduction in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis].

Radiation of the parotid and submandibular glands was performed in 18 patients with pronounced hypersalivation at a late stage of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Single bilateral radiation of the parotid and posterior submandibular glands was made in the dosage of 7.0-7.5 Gy. Salivation volume was measured before and after the radiation therapy. Sixteen patients exhibited satisfactory and marked salivary flow reduction during 4-6 months. Xerostomia developed in 1 patient who needed assignment of artificial salivary substitute and 1 patient did not respond to the therapy. The patient's caregivers reported a positive effect in all the cases. Tolerance of the therapy was good except rare side effects. Radiation of the parotid glands significantly reduced salivary flow in ALS, especially in patients receiving an adequate amount of water.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Determination of Trace Atrazine and Its Environmental Degradation Products by Solid Phase Extraction and Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry

This paper describes a sensitive and specific method for trace determination of atrazine and its main degradation products (DPS); deethylatrazine (DEA), deisopropylatrazine (DIA hydroxyatrazine (HA), deethyldeisopropylatrazine (DEDIA) in environmental water. A chemically modified'polymeric resin (sulfonated divinylbenzene -N-vinylpyrrolidone copolymer) for solid phase extraction (SPE) was applied to extract the trace analytes in environmental water followed by liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI)/massspectrometry (MS). This sulfonated modified copolymer has high selectivity for atrazine and its Us, and the breakthrough experiments show that the atrazine. and three, Us, ( DEA, DIA, HA) have high sorption capacity except DEDIA. On extracting from 500 mL water with concentration of 50 ng/L, recoveries of the analytes were better than 80% with relative standard deviations lower than 7%., The analyte was detected in selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode using APCI-MS. Time-scheduled SIM of the molecular ion (cone 14 V) could be performed down to 10 similar to 20 ng/L levels. Some environmental surface water, has been analyzed in practice.

Field of study: Chemistry
Cryptograph Index Technology Based on Wrong Hit Expectation

How to improve the query efficiency in cryptograph database is a primary problem of database encryption technology. Cryptograph index technology is one of the methods to improve cryptograph query efficiency in database,but there are many problems in cryptograph index methods such as low query hit rate and information disclosure measure. At first,basing on the actual distribute condition of query probability,the conception of whole-wrong-hit expectation is proposed,and a complex-bucket-partition cryptograph index technology that adapts for unequal-probability query and cryptograph query strategy are proposed. Then,a measure and an elimination method are presented focus on the detecting problem of cryptograph index. Finally,the algorithm is analyzed and validated by experiments.

Field of study: Computer science
Technology Development as Innovative Crisis: Georg Simmel's Reflections on Modern Science and Technology

This paper introduces some of Georg Simmel's neglected reflections on modern science and technology and their implications for the understanding of the development of technology in modern societies in general. Using Simmel's perspective on the production of side effects via accumulating non-knowledge as a touchstone, this paper suggests how unexpected occurrences can be incorporated into a model of scientific and technological development that includes the re-cursive handling of "surprises." Simmel, therefore, outlines his understanding of progress as an innovative crisis, where unexpected occurrences—both positive and negative—are positioned at the core of modern science and technology and are not understood as mere side efiects.

Field of study: Political science
Melioidosis en Costa Rica: reporte del primer caso

Melioidosis in an infectious disease caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei. This disease is endemic in areas of tropical Asia and Australia; there have been isolated reports of the disease in Central and South America. Here we report the first documented case of Melioidosis in Costa Rica in a patient without a history of traveling to endemic arcas. The patient was seen at the hospital because of sepsis and a community acquired bronchopneumonia. Due to the rareness of this bacterial isolation in our country the corroboration of the diagnosis was delayed and subsequently the specific antibiotics were started 5 days later after the admission. this could have influenced the torpid evolution the patient hado This case should alert us and points to the need of inc1uding this rare disease in the differential diagnosis of cornmunity acquired sepsis in our country.

Field of study: Mathematics
Effect of Thyroid State on Characteristics Determining the Susceptibility to Oxidative Stress of Mitochondrial Fractions from Rat Liver

We have studied biochemical and functional characteristics of three mitochondrial fractions resolved by differential centrifugation from the liver of rats in different thyroid states. In particular, the relation between cytochrome and antioxidant content of the mitochondria and their oxygen consumption and response to oxidative stress has been investigated. The cytochrome content is greater in the fractions at higher density, whereas the opposite pattern is shown for antioxidant level. These biochemical characteristics seem to determine functional ones. In fact, the fraction at higher density exhibit greater oxygen consumption and smaller capacity for opposing a oxidative stress. A similar dependence of functional characteristics on biochemical ones was found in altered thyroid states. Hypothyroidism is associated with decreased cytochrome content and oxygen consumption and increased antioxidant level and effectiveness in responding to oxidative stress. The treatment of thyroidectomized rats with triiodothyronine leads to reversion of such a pattern. We are inclined to explain the differences in susceptibility to oxidative stress of the mitochondria by a modulation exerted by thyroid hormone, during the normal maturation process, on their cytochrome content. In effect, such a content is able to determine both respiratory characteristics and sensitivity to pro-oxidants of mitochondria. This sensitivity and the decrease of antioxidants, possibly due to free radical production associated with the increased oxygen flux, make the mitochondria less able to respond to an oxidative challenge.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Degenerate Dark Matter at Galactic Scales: A BCS Theory

We show that if dark matter in a typical galaxy is a degenerate Fermi gas, particles should have a mass of $\sim$ 1eV for the galaxy to be stable. While this is the mass range of the active neutrinos, they are not a dark matter candidate in SM-GR-$\Lambda$-CDM. To show that the bounds on active neutrino dark matter are model dependent, we explore the predictions of SM-LGT cosmological model. First, primordial neutrinos are predicted to freeze-out non-relativistically at early universe without affecting the expansion rate. Second, they make a degenerate gas in galaxies at the present time. Third, SM-LGT Hamiltonian at low temperatures is identical with that of the BCS theory of superconductivity. Consequently, there exists a narrow band of compressible condensed bosonic bound states on top of the Fermi surface which forms some denser structures.

Field of study: Physics
Skill Signalling with Product Market Externality

We propose that signalling in professional labour markets creates product market externalities that affect wages, thus establishing a link between the externality and signalling incentives. Due to signalling activity, a free substitute (negative externality) or complement (positive externality) good appears. For negative or mildly positive externalities, the standard result of signalling at the minimum level obtains. When the positive externality is sufficiently strong, separation occurs, in contrast to the literature, at the maximum rather than at the minimum level of signalling. Very strong positive externalities imply the unique maximum pooling equilibrium. The private market solution may involve too little signalling when compared to the social optimum.

Field of study: Economics
125I-Labelling of Erythropoietin without Loss of Biological Activity

Erythropoietin, the hormone that regulates erythropoiesis in mammals, was 125I-labelled by using the catalytic properties of lactoperoxidase and the H2O2-generating properties of glucose oxidase. This methodology, both rapid and simple, not only produced hormone preparations with high specific radioactivity but also did not substantially alter the biological integrity of erythropoietin when it was assayed in vivo.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Characterization of steady-state fluorescence properties of polystyrene latex spheres using off- and online spectroscopic methods

Fluorescent dyed polystyrene latex spheres (PSLs) are commonly used for
characterization and calibration of instruments detecting fluorescence
signals from particles suspended in the air and other fluids. Instruments
like the Ultraviolet Aerodynamic Particle Sizer (UV-APS) and the Waveband
Integrated Bioaerosol Sensor (WIBS) are widely used for bioaerosol research,
but these instruments present significant technical and physical challenges
requiring careful characterization with standard particles. Many other
research communities use flow cytometry and other instruments that
interrogate fluorescence from individual particles, and these also frequently
rely on fluorescent PSLs as standards. Nevertheless, information about
physical properties of commercially available PSLs provided by each
manufacturer is generally proprietary and rarely available, making their use
in fluorescence validation and calibration very difficult. This technical note presents an overview of steady-state fluorescence
properties of fluorescent and non-fluorescent PSLs, as well as of
polystyrene-divinylbenzene (PS-DVB) particles, by using on- and offline
spectroscopic techniques. We show that the “fluorescence landscape” of
PSLs is more complex than the information typically provided by
manufacturers may imply, especially revealing multimodal emission patterns.
Furthermore, non-fluorescent PSLs also exhibit defined patterns of
fluorescent emission originating from a mixture of polystyrene and
detergents, which becomes a crucial point for fluorescence threshold
calibrations and qualitative comparison between instruments. By comparing
PSLs of different sizes, but doped with the same dye, changes in emission
spectra from bulk solutions are not immediately obvious. On a
single-particle scale, however, fluorescence intensity values increase with
increasing particle size. No significant effect in the fluorescence
signatures was detectable by comparing PSLs in dry vs. wet states,
indicating that solvent water may only play a minor role as a fluorescence
quencher. Because information provided by manufacturers of commercially available PSLs
is generally very limited, we provide the steady-state excitation–emission
matrices (EEMs) of PSLs as open-access data within the Supplement. Detergent
and solvent effects are also discussed in order to provide information not
available elsewhere to researchers in the bioaerosol and other research
communities. These data are not meant to serve as a fundamental library of
PSL properties because of the variability of fluorescent properties between
batches and as a function of particle aging and agglomeration. The data
presented, however, provide a summary of spectral features which are
consistent across these widely used fluorescent standards. Using these
concepts, further checks will likely be required by individual researchers
using specific lots of standards.

Field of study: Environmental science
Die Türkenkriege im Spiegel der polnisch-litauischen Adelskultur: Kommemoration und Repräsentation bei den Zółkiewski, Sobieski und Radziwiłł. Sabine Jagodzinski. Studia Jagellonica Lipsiensia 13. Ostfildern: Jan Thorbecke Verlag, 2013. 258 pp. €49.


Field of study: History
Genetics of sweet taste preferences

Inbred mouse strains display marked differences in avidity for sweet solutions due in part to genetic differences among strains. Using several techniques, we have located a number of regions throughout the genome that influence sweetener acceptance. One prominent locus regulating differences in sweetener preferences among mouse strains is the saccharin preference (Sac) locus on distal chromosome 4. Afferent responses of gustatory nerves to sweeteners also vary as a function of allelic differences in the Sac locus, suggesting that this gene may encode a sweet taste receptor. Using a positional cloning approach, we identified a gene (Tas1r3) encoding the third member of the T1R family of putative taste receptors, T1R3. Introgression by serial back-crossing of a chromosomal fragment containing the Tas1r3 allele from the high sweetener-preferring strain onto the genetic background of the low sweetener-preferring strain rescued its low sweetener-preference phenotype. Tas1r3 has two common haplotypes, one found in mouse strains with elevated sweetener preference and the other in strains relatively indifferent to sweeteners. This study, in conjunction with complimentary recent studies from other laboratories, provides compelling evidence that Tas1r3 is equivalent to the Sac locus and that the T1R3 receptor (when co-expressed with taste receptor T1R2) responds to sweeteners. However, other sweetness receptors may remain to be identified.

Field of study: Chemistry
Elemental composition and chemical characteristics of five edible nuts (almond, Brazil, pecan, macadamia and walnut) consumed in Southern Africa

The total elemental concentrations and proximate chemical composition of five different tree nuts, almond (Prunus dulcus), Brazil (Bertholletia excelsa), pecan (Carya pecan), macadamia (Macadamia integrifolia) and walnut (Juglans nigra) that are consumed in South African households were investigated. In addition, six physicochemical properties of the extracted nut oils, namely acid value, iodine value, saponification value, refractive index, density and specific gravity were evaluated. A high concentration of Se (36.1 ± 0.4 μ g g− 1) was found in the Brazil nuts only. With maximum and minimum limits being set by the almond and pecan nut samples, Cr ranging from 0.94 ± 0.14–2.02 ± 0.07 μ g g− 1 was detected in the nut samples. Generally, the order of the concentrations of the elements in all the nut samples is found to be Mg > Ca > Fe > Cu > Cr > As > Se. The concentrations of Mn and Zn showed greater variation amongst the different types of nuts. The extracted oils showed low acid values and high saponification values with the macadamia nut sample having the highest oil content (76.0 ± 0.5 g per 100 g of sample), the lowest acid value (0.42 ± 0.01 mg KOH per g of oil) and highest saponification value (193.7 ± 2.4 mg KOH per g of oil). The present findings are useful in calculating the Dietary Reference Intakes of these nutrients.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Statistical inference of agreement coefficient between two raters with binary outcomes

Scott’s pi and Cohen’s kappa are widely used for assessing the degree of agreement between two raters with binary outcomes. However, many authors have pointed out its paradoxical behavior, that comes from the dependence on the prevalence of a trait under study. To overcome the limitation, Gwet [Computing inter-rater reliability and its variance in the presence of high agreement. British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology 61(1):29–48] proposed an alternative and more stable agreement coefficient referred to as the AC1. In this article, we discuss a likelihood-based inference of the AC1 in the case of two raters with binary outcomes. Construction of confidence intervals is mainly discussed. In addition, hypothesis testing, and sample size estimation are also presented.

Field of study: Mathematics
A preliminary report on a new measure: Internalization of the Model Minority Myth Measure (IM-4) and its psychological correlates among Asian American college students.

This investigation is a preliminary report on a new measure of internalization of the model minority myth. In 3 studies, there was evidence for the validation of the 15-item Internalization of the Model Minority Myth Measure (IM-4), with 2 subscales. The Model Minority Myth of Achievement Orientation referred to the myth of Asian Americans' greater success than other racial minority groups associated with their stronger work ethics, perseverance, and drives to succeed. The Model Minority Myth of Unrestricted Mobility referred to the myth of Asian Americans' greater success than other racial minority groups associated with their stronger belief in fairness of treatment and lack of perceived racism or barriers at school or work. The 2-subscale structure of the IM-4 was supported by a combination of exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, with support of discriminant, convergent, and incremental validity, as well as internal reliability and stability over 2 weeks. The IM-4 is a new measure that taps into a uniquely racialized experience of Asian Americans with research and clinical implications.

Field of study: Psychology
The distribution of anti-thyroglobulin antibodies in the immunoglobulin G subclasses.

Using the coprecipitation technique with rabbit antisera specific for the human IgG subclasses, the antigen–binding capacity for thyroglobulin has been investigated in patients with Hashimoto's disease. Anti-thyroglobulin activity was found in all four subclasses. The proportion of the total activity in each subclass closely paralleled the relative amounts of each subclass in normal serum.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Petrogenesis of amphibole – biotite – calcite – plagioclase alteration and laminated gold – silver quartz veins in four Archean shear zones of the Norseman district, Western Australia

The Norseman mining district in the Archean Yilgarn Block, Western Australia, has produced 140 t of gold and about 90 t of silver from 11.24 × 106 t of ore. The district is located within a metamorphic terrane of mafic and minor ultramafic greenstones, intruded by granite cupolas and swarms of porphyry dykes. The orebodies consist of laminated quartz veins, controlled by narrow (0.5–5 m) reverse shear zones that, in general, follow the contacts of metapyroxenite or porphyry dykes. Petrological studies of four shear zones, exposed on the Regent shaft 14 level, Ajax shaft 10 level, and in the stope above the North Royal shaft 5 level, show that the host rocks were metamorphosed to hornblende–plagioclase amphibolites and actinolite–chlorite rocks at temperatures of 500–550 °C prior to mineralization.At the localities studied, intense wall-rock replacement and low-grade (0.5 g/t) gold mineralization are confined to ductile or brittle–ductile shear structures. Alteration is similar in both ultramafic and mafic...

Field of study: Environmental science
Thermally conditioned placement optimization of elements in hybrid microcircuits

The paper presents some of the problems in using thermal simulation for the placement optimization of elements, which are heat sources in hybrid microcircuits. The analysis of heat exchange mechanisms in thick film circuits has been carried out and the mathematical model for circuits with single-layer and non-homogenous substrates has been elaborated. Analytical solution for determination of the temperature distribution in the form of single Fourier series has been utilized in optimization process. In the proposed procedure based upon the temperature criterion of optimization and the gradient method, technological and constructional constraints have been taken into consideration. The examples of computation results have been included and the conclusions useful in the process of computer-aided hybrid microcircuit design have been presented.

Field of study: Engineering
Evidence of a first order like jump in equilibrium magnetization across the peak effect region in superconducting 2H-NbSe$_2$

We report magnetization hysteresis measurements in the peak effect region of a very clean single crystal of superconducting 2H-NbSe$_2$ at temperatures very close to T$_c$(0). Through measurement of minor magnetization curves, we infer the equilibrium magnetization curve across the PE region. We observe a small first order like change in equilibrium magnetization across the peak effect. We relate this observation to the entropy change associated with the order-disorder transformation. We further note that the first order like change in the equilibrium magnetization observed in 2H-NbSe$_2$ is comparable to the change(s)observed in the equilibrium magnetization at the FLL melting transition in various high temperature superconductors.

Field of study: Physics
On some properties of generalized Marcinkiewicz spaces

We give a full solution of the following problems concerning the spaces Mφ(~ X): (i) to what extent two functions φ and ψ should be different in order to ensure that Mφ(~ X) 6= Mψ(~ X) for any nontrivial Banach couple ~ X; (ii) when an embedding Mφ(~ X) Mψ(~ X) can (or cannot) be dense; (iii) which Banach space can be regarded as an Mφ(~ X)-space for some (unknown beforehand) Banach couple ~ X.  The generalized Marcinkiewicz spaces Mφ( ~ X) (sometimes denoted also by ~ Xφ,∞) apparently are the simplest intermediate (and interpolation) spaces for every Banach couple ~ X = (X0,X1). The only condition for x ∈ Σ( ~ X) = X0 +X1 to belong to the unit ball of Mφ is the inequality K(t, x, ~ X) = ‖x‖X0+tX1 ≤ φ(t) for all t > 0. Such simplicity makes these spaces a good “touchstone” for various hypotheses on global properties of intermediate (or interpolation) spaces for abstract Banach couples. Very often they turn out to be extreme spaces having a required property and can be used for description of other spaces. The spaces Mφ( ~ X) appeared for the first time in [D] just in such a role. Together with their dual spaces Λφ( ~ X) they were used for description of spaces which are interpolation with respect to one-dimensional operators. Further they were systematically studied in [P1], where their extreme position was stated for many other problems. It was also proved there that any real interpolation space can be represented as the sum of some collection of Mφ( ~ X)-spaces. At the same time the paper [DKO] associated these spaces with certain extreme interpolation functors. Notice that, for some special couples, these spaces were known and intensively studied previously,

Field of study: Mathematics