nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Kinetics of silver structures growth by electrodiffusion in quartz crystals

Silver layers were grown in quartz crystals by electrodiffusion from an anodic layer of AgNO 3 . Different experimental arrangements were employed in order to obtain such layers in a reproducible way. We performed DC ionic conductivity measurements on Z-cut and X-cut samples as a function of temperature in the heating up phase and as a function of time at the electromigration temperature. The metal structures and the quartz samples were analyzed by electron microscopy and electron diffraction. Based on the experimental results and on the observations a model for the metal structure formation is proposed.

Field of study: Materials science
Prediction of nonlinear distortion in HTS filters for CDMA communication systems

HTS materials are known to produce intermodulation and other nonlinear effects, and this may restrict their use in wireless communication systems. While significant efforts are being done to measure and characterize nonlinear properties of HTS materials, there are very few works that relate these properties to system parameters. In this work we attempt to bridge this gap by using harmonic balance algorithms to analyze the nonlinear performance of superconducting filters subject to the WCDMA signals specified by 3GPP for the UMTS wireless system. This is a first step to predict compliance with system parameters like adjacent channel leakage power ratio (ACLR) or error vector magnitude (EVM).

Field of study: Physics
Ichnology and depositional environments of the Upper Ordovician Stony Mountain Formation in the Williston Basin, Canada: Refining ichnofacies and ichnofabric models for Epeiric Sea carbonates

Ordovician epeiric sea carbonates in intracratonic basins of Laurentia are enigmatic due to their unique depositional settings and the absence of modern analogs. Integrated ichnologic and sedimentologic analysis of the Upper Ordovician Stony Mountain Formation in the Williston Basin of Canada allows recognition of neritic-marine, nearshore-marine, open-lagoon, restricted-lagoon, peritidal sand-shoal and peritidal-flat subenvironments. The Cruziana ichnofacies occurs in neritic (between fair-weather and storm wave bases) and nearshore (around fair-weather wave base) marine environments. The depauperate Cruziana ichnofacies is present in open- and restricted-lagoon environments, indicating a shift from fully marine to stressed conditions. In the open lagoon, composite ichnofabrics related to omission surfaces illustrate the low rates of background sedimentation interrupted by event deposition and early cementation, illustrating the Glossifungites and Trypanites ichnofacies. The decreased size of discrete burrows in the restricted lagoon is attributed to reduced oxygenation under stagnation rather than hypersalinity. The peritidal complex includes high-energy sand shoals and low-energy tidal flats. Only monospecific colonization took place sporadically in associated subtidal environments within the peritidal complex deposits.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
BRIEF COMMUNICATIONS: Detection of low concentrations of I2 vapor by laser excitation of its fluorescence

The temperature dependence of the concentration of the I2 vapor was determined by the laser excitation of its fluorescence. The sources of excitation of the I2 molecules were an argon laser and a cw dye laser. The minimum amount of the I2 vapor which could be recorded by this methid was 2×106 molecules, corresponding to a concentration of 5×108 molecules/cm3. The minimum detectable number of molecules occupying one vibrational-rotational level was 2.4×104.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
RNA-Seq of Plant-Parasitic Nematode Meloidogyne incognita at Various Stages of Its Development

Meloidogyne incognita is a plant-parasitic nematode which attacks a diverse variety of plants (Mitkowski and Abawi, 2003). The life cycle of this nematode is comprised of five stages namely eggs, J2, J3, and J4 juveniles and adults. Female adults are important in the life cycle as they produce eggs which hatch into infective J2 that travels and attaches to plant roots for continuation of its infective cycle. Among the stages of its life cycle, the J3, J4, and female are sedentary and occur after the motile J2 infects a plant root. It is an obligate plant-parasite and possesses a wide host range of over 100 plants including cotton, tobacco, legumes, vegetable crops, spices, and coffee. It also is one of the most widely spread plant pest and has been reported from Asia, Africa, North, Central and South America, the Caribbean, Europe and Oceania (CABI Data Report; CABI, 2017). Hitherto employed methods have made use of nematicides that can lead to environmental pollution and their use has been banned in developed countries (Collange et al., 2011). Molecular studies on the nematode can help us understand the development and physiology of nematode which can be used to develop control strategies in the future. There have been earlier reports on the transcriptome from egg and J2 juveniles ofM. incognita and from infected plant tissues (McCarter et al., 2003; Neveu et al., 2003; Dubreuil et al., 2007; Schaff et al., 2007). The present report was aimed at expanding the currently available information on transcriptome of M. incognita. We aimed to study RNA-Seq data independently for the endophytic J3, J4, and female stages, as well as exophytic egg and J2 stages of the nematode.

Field of study: Biology
Fuzzy Entropy of Vague Soft Sets and Some of its Properties

The theory of Vague soft sets can be seen as a new mathematical tool for dealing with uncertainty,and fuzzy entropy is a very important technology for measuring uncertain information.This paper based on the relations between the thought of Vague sets and the thought of soft sets,and the present theory of Vague sets and soft sets are considered,the axiomatic definition of fuzzy entropy of vague soft sets is introduced preliminary based on the axiomatic definition of fuzzy entropy of vague sets.At the same time,a formula have also been put forward to calculate the fuzzy entropy of vague soft sets,furthermore,some good mathematical properties of the formula we presented are studied.These results further extend the scope of the research on Vague soft sets,and propose further study aspect in this field.

Field of study: Computer science
Dissipation and Leaching of 14C-Monocrotophos in Soil Columns under Subtropical Climate

Dissipation and leaching behavior of 14C-monocrotophos was studied for 365 days under field conditions using PVC cylinders. The first set (24 cylinders) was spiked with 1.0 μCi 14C-labeled monocrotophos along with 1.06 mg unlabeled monocrotophos to give a concentration of 2 mg kg −1 in the soil up to 15 cm depth. The second set (24 cylinders) received 14C-labeled monocrotophos along with other non-labeled insecticides viz., dimethoate @ 300 g a.i ha−1, deltamethrin @ 12.5 g a.i ha−1, endosulfan @ 750 g a.i ha−1, cypermethrin @ 60 g a.i ha−1, and triazophos @ 600 g a.i ha−1 at an interval of 15 days each as recommended for the cotton crop. 14C-monocrotophos dissipated faster, up to 45% in first 90 days in columns treated with only monocrotophos compared to 25% in columns that received monocrotophos along with other insecticides. However, both the columns showed similar residues 180 days onward. After 180 days of treatment, 46% radiolabeled residues were observed, which reduced up to 39.6% after 365 days. Leaching of 14C-monocrotophos to 15–30 cm soil layer was observed in both the experimental setups. In the 15–30 cm soil layer of both soil columns, up to 0.19 mg 14C-monocrotophos kg−1d. wt. soil was detected after 270 days.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Syntheses and characterization of copper(II) and cobalt(II) complexes with tris[2-(benzylamino)ethyl]amine

Two mononuclear complexes [Cu(NCS)(trenb))ClO 4 (1) and [Co(NCS)(trenb)[Cl.H 2 O (2), where trenb is tris[2-(benzylamino)ethyl]amine, were prepared and characterized by elemental analysis, IR, electronic and EPR spectra. Their crystal structures were determined by X-ray diffraction. Complexes 1 and 2 are both five-coordinated with their metal centers in the distorted trigonal-bipyramidal environment. Each metal(II) ion coordinates with the tetradentate trenb, and one isothiocyanate anion. The two complexes are not isostructural as there are also a chloride and a water molecule in the asymmetric unit of 2. Besides balancing the charge, the chlorides are also involved in intramolecular and intermolecular hydrogen bonds with the secondary amine groups, resulting in a one-dimensional chain structure. UV-VIS spectrum and EPR measurement for 1 have unambiguously confirmed that the five-coordinated structure is retained in solution, even in the donating solvent such as DMF.

Field of study: Chemistry
Comprehensive Evaluation of Distributed Energy System Considering Interest Relationships Among Participants

On the ground of evaluating distribute energy systems (DES) effectively and roundly, a comprehensive evaluation model is studied and developed in this paper. Based on the analysis of roles, demands, and interest relationships of four participants of DES—government, DES investment operator, State Grid Company, and users, an evaluation index system is proposed. It covers the factors including energy consuming, environmental protecting, social benefits, economy, system reliability, and users’ satisfaction. Furthermore, an adaptive decision model based on AHP-entropy combined weighting method and Material Element Extension technology is established. Through case study, the feasibility of the evaluation model is testified.

Field of study: Engineering
The determinants of infant mortality in Malaysia: a graphical chain modelling approach.

"A graphical chain modelling approach is used to study the determinants of neonatal and post-neonatal mortality in Malaysia. This approach provides an easily interpretable empirical description and illustrates explicitly the conditional independence structure between each pair of variables. The interpretation can be read directly from a mathematical graph. Besides examining the direct association of each determinant on mortality, we also examine the effects of socio-economic determinants on intermediate determinants to understand the pathways through which the socioeconomic determinants affect the chance of mortality. The data anlaysed come from the second Malaysian Family Life Survey, fielded between August 1988 and January 1989. "

Field of study: Mathematics
Ostracoda and palaeo-oxygen levels, with particular reference to the Upper Cretaceous of East Anglia

It has been shown that the percentage of Platycopina (the sole remaining group of filter-feeding Ostracoda since the global extinction of the Metacopina in the Lower Toarcian) making up a fossil ostracod fauna can be used as a measure of dissolved oxygen in past oceans. High levels of platycopids indicate low oxygen and vice versa. A new scale is introduced here, based mainly on the environmental oxygen levels of modern oceans and their equivalent percentages of living platycopids, in order to evaluate the palaeo-oxygen levels of the Upper Chalk in East Anglia. The effects of varying oxygen concentrations on the overall simple species diversity of the Ostracoda is also shown to have important palaeoenvironmental implications. The study is based on 79 samples from the Santonian to Lower Maastrichtian of the Trunch Borehole and 126 samples from outcrops in Suffolk and Norfolk, ranging from the Coniacian to Lower Maastrichtian. The Coniacian is shown to have been a time of low to very low oxygen, except for its upper part that was much better ventilated. The Santonian and Lower Campanian were low to very low in their dissolved oxygen, while the Upper Campanian and particularly the Lower Maastrichtian had much higher oxygen levels. Notwithstanding these general trends, oxygen levels appear to have fluctuated rapidly throughout the interval, during times of both generally low and high oxygenation. These variations in oxygenation are thought to have been associated with the Oxygen Minimum Zone and its migrations onto the continental shelf and subsequent retreat to the continental slope. This in turn is related to sea-level fluctuations and this, together with the potential for the application of this technique to sequence stratigraphy are discussed.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Effect of Social-Desirability Set in Responding to Questionnaires on Ethnic Stereotypes

Adjectives with negative favorability values, selected to describe Jews when the presented words are of equal favorability value, were paired with words of varying favorability that are not part of the Jewish stereotype. Paired comparisons were presented to 162 graduate students, with instructions to select the word in each pair more descriptive of Jews. There was a positive correlation (tau = .89) between favorability value of non-relevant words and frequency selected. However, these words were not selected by a majority at any favorability level. Since these negative words, with one exception, have not been part of the Jewish stereotype in prior studies using a checklist with words of varying favorability value, this procedure may mask negative stereotypes.

Field of study: Psychology
An Early Tudor Poor Law

W 5 tHILE the secularization of poor relief was one of the outstanding achievements of the sixteenth century in most of Western Europe, England stood out because she developed machinery for administration and enforcement to which there was no parallel elsewhere. The basic problems were much the same everywhere: economic causes were producing unemployment and in consequence vagrancy, and traditional methods of relieving the needy were proving insufficient. Since the problem was a general one, the solutions put forward and adopted also had many points in common. The need to relieve the real poor, the desirability of putting the unemployed to work, insistence on organized collection of alms (whether voluntary or compulsory), in short, the responsibility of the lay power for the less fortunate of its subjects-all these appear in the legislation of continental towns like Augsburg or Rouen or Ypres, in the thought of reformers like Luther or Zwingli, in the schemes of theorists like John Major or Juan Luis Vives.1 This general and natural agreement makes it very difficult to trace the influence of one scheme on another, or even to speak with much confidence of influence being exercised. Like problems tended to produce like answers, and English thought often arrived independently at much the same ideas as those evolved on the Continent. In the end England produced the only really effective national system of poor relief-the great Elizabethan code of I597 and i6oi. It is generally agreed that nothing much was done until the reign of that queen, though acts were passed under the early Tudors. Some municipal authorities produced workable schemes in the first half of the sixteenth century, but the government took no serious action beyond repressing vagrancy by savage punishments.2 Severe censures have been passed on the statesmen of the reigns of Henry VIII and Edward VI for their apparent failure to realize that a man might be poor and workless through no fault of his own; as Professor Tawney has put it: 'After three generations in which the attempt was made to stamp out vagrancy by police measures of hideous brutality, the momentous admission was made that its cause was economic distress, not merely personal idleness.'3 The indignation behind this view deserves respect, even though it probably ignores the existence of the genuinely workshy whom temporary experience of the easier life of the roads taught the permanent advantages-such as they were-of vagrancy; that famous Elizabethan underworld of cozeners and coney-catchers was not entirely populated by the innocent victims of economic  Nor should it be forgotten that theorists and statesmen were aware from an early date of the part played in the creation of wandering bands of beggars by such phenomena as enclosure, depopulation, and industrial slumps. Legislation against these evils, however, proved ineffective, and relief measures were slow in coming.

Field of study: Economics, History
Dissipation of Flubendiamide, Thiacloprid and Flubendiamide+Thiacloprid on Gherkins

Field experiment was carried out to study the dissipation pattern of flubendiamide 480 SC at 60 g a.i. ha−1, thiacloprid 240 SC at 120 g a. i. ha-1 and flubendiamide 480 SC + thiacloprid 240 SC at 48 + 48 g a. i. ha-1. The half-life (RL50) values of flubendiamide (60 g a.i. ha−1) and thiacloprid at 120 g a.i. ha−1 were 1.65 and 1.4 days, respectively. For the combination product flubendiamide + thiacloprid at 48 + 48 g a.i. ha−1, the respective values for flubendiamide at 48 g a.i. ha−1 and thiacloprid at 48 g a.i. ha−1 were 1.78 and 1.96 days respectively.

Field of study: Biology
Aurora: Transparent Succinct Arguments for R1CS

We design, implement, and evaluate a zero knowledge succinct non-interactive argument (SNARG) for Rank-1 Constraint Satisfaction (R1CS), a widely-deployed NP language undergoing standardization. Our SNARG has a transparent setup, is plausibly post-quantum secure, and uses lightweight cryptography. A proof attesting to the satisfiability of n constraints has size \(O(\log ^2 n)\); it can be produced with \(O(n \log n)\) field operations and verified with O(n). At 128 bits of security, proofs are less than \({250}\,\mathrm{kB}\) even for several million constraints, more than \(10{\times }\) shorter than prior SNARGs with similar features.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Restriction for general linear groups: the local non-tempered Gan-Gross-Prasad conjecture (non-Archimedean case)

We prove a local Gan-Gross-Prasad conjecture on predicting the branching law for the non-tempered representations of general linear groups in the case of non-Archimedean field. We also generalize to Bessel and Fourier-Jacobi models and study a possible generalization to Ext-branching laws.

Field of study: Mathematics
Nonuniform Distribution of Elements in RRP® Nb3Sn Wires Doped Using Nb–Ti Rods

In the restacked rod process (RRP®) Nb3Sn wires studied, Ti doping is achieved by replacing some Nb filaments with the standard Nb-47 wt% Ti alloy. We observed that, after full heat treatment, the amount of Ti in Nb3Sn does not increase linearly with the nominal doping, suggesting segregation of Ti. We found that, locally, at the doping sites, the Ti content can be as much as an order of magnitude higher than nominal, but this is not always the case: the composition at the doping sites varies dramatically. Furthermore, in the highest nominal doping wire studied, Ti-containing compounds were also observed surrounding the Cu-Sn core. The relative composition trend of Cu and Ti appears to go in opposite directions. Using Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), significant spatial variations of Ti concentration were found, and Ti LMV peak broadening was observed at the original doping sites.

Field of study: Physics
Homolytic addition of tetrahydrofuran and 1,4-dioxane to trialkyl- and triethoxy(vinyl)silanes

A convenient method for the initiation by oxygen of homolytic reactions of tetrahydrofuran with trimethyl-, triethyl-, and triethoxy(vinyl)silane is proposed. Previously undescribed organosilicon derivatives of 1,4-dioxane and dibutyl ether were synthesized.

Field of study: Chemistry
Antigen detection systems in the laboratory diagnosis of bacterial meningitis

The rapid and precise diagnosis of bacterial meningitis is important because of its potential severity and relative frequency. Leading causes in the United States include Haemophilus hlfluetzzae type b, Streptococcus pneutnoniae, Neisseria tnenhlgitidis, Escherichia coli and Streptococcus agalactiae (group B Streptococcus). Bacterial meningitis, unlike many infectious processes, is rarely self-limited. Prompt chemotherapeutic intervention, therefore, is important when clinical signs of meningitis become apparent. A tentative etiologic diagnosis may be made on the basis of the patient's condition and age-specific incidence or epidemiologic factors, but the exact diagnosis depends on immunodiagnostic or microbiologic test results. Moreover, these results must be made available in a timely fashion to positively influence clinical decisions. While methods in clinical chemistry and hematology laboratories have achieved a status permitting the needed speed, the same has not been accomplished in clinical immunology and microbiology. There have been few tests available, with the exception of the Gram stain or another direct microscopic approach, to make an immediate etiologic diagnosis of bacterial meningitis. It is important to recognize that the value of a Gramstained smear of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) for diagnosis of meningitis should not be forgotten. The sensitivity of the direct microscopic examination of CSF is at least 75%. Tests that rely on detection of bacterial antigens, rather than on growth of an organism, potentially offer not only speed equivalent to that of the Gram stain but greater specificity and sensitivity.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Complete genome sequence of Pseudomonas antarctica PAMC 27494, a bacteriocin-producing psychrophile isolated from Antarctica.

Antimicrobial-producing, cold-adapted microorganisms have great potential for biotechnological applications in food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries. Pseudomonas antarctica PAMC 27494, a psychrophile exhibiting antimicrobial activity, was isolated from an Antarctic freshwater sample. Here we report the complete genome of P. antarctica PAMC 27494. The strain contains a gene cluster encoding microcin B which inhibits DNA regulations by targeting the DNA gyrase. PAMC 27494 may produce R-type pyocins and also contains a complete set of proteins for the biosynthesis of adenosylcobalamin and possibly induces plant growth by supplying pyrroloquinoline quionone molecules.

Field of study: Biology, Engineering
Enantioselective Epoxidation of Unfunctionalized Olefins with Molecular Oxygen and Aldehyde Catalyzed by Optically Active Manganese(III) Complexes

Enantioselective epoxidation of unfunctionalized olefins with combined use of molecular oxygen, an oxidant, and pivalaldehyde, a reductant, was demonstrated in the presence of a catalytic amount of...

Field of study: Chemistry
An Autopsy of Collective Security

A logical analysis of the inherent contradictions that lie at the root of the concept of collective security leads to pessimism about the establishment or maintenance of this form of international system. Particularly, the essential condition of collective security-concert-and the essential function of collective security-enforcement-are not only improbable in themselves, empirically, but are arrayed in a logical contradiction, one with the other.' "Collective security" is the salient feature of a distinct type of international system, one which might become an object of the foreign policy of nations. International systems can be identified, defined, and differentiated in terms of three kinds of operational elements: the distribution of power; the mechanisms for regulating or controlling power; and the behavioral "rules" that are internalized by each member of the system and reflected in its foreign policy. Defining international systems in

Field of study: Political science