nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Nitrogen nutrition and the level of Crassulacean acid metabolism in Kalanchoë lateritia Engl.

The influence of different nitrogen levels was studied in the CAM facultative Kalanchoe lateritia by watering some plants with Hoagland's solution (which contains, besides other ions, NO3−= 14.47mol m−3and NH4+= 1.04mol m−3; N group), and others with the same solution but with combined nitrogen concentration reduced to either one fifth (NO3−= 2.894mol m−3 and NH4+= 0.208mol m−3; N/5 group) or one tenth (NO3−= 1.447mol m−3and NH4+=  m-3;N/10 group). The influence of the three nitrogen levels on CAM expression was assessed through activities of PEP-Case, PPD and RuBisCo, diurnal fluctuation of titratable acidity, mesophyll succulence, soluble protein, chlorophyll, nitrate, starch contents, pattern of nocturnal CO2 exchange and electron microscopy. CAM photosynthesis was more intense in N/5 plants which also had the highest Sm value. The activity of RuBisCo showed no significant differences in the three situations (expressed on chlorophyll basis) whereas both PEP-Case and PPD had higher values in N/5” plants. Chlorophyll and soluble protein were more abundant in the N plants followed by N/5 and N/10 plants. Nitrate was higher in N plants and starch content in N/5 plants. IRGA determination of CO2 nocturnal uptake showed that N/5 plants began CO2 capture earlier and at a more intense rate and for a longer period than plants from other groups also having a daily variation of titratable acidity (97.71 ± 10.8 μeq. G−1 f.w.) indicative of performing strong CAM. Electron microscope morphometric analysis revealed larger chloroplasts in N plants and smaller in N/10 plants, with starch fractional volume higher in N/5 plants, correlating with more intense CAM activity of these plants.

Field of study: Environmental science
Normal state Nernst effect, semiconducting-like resistivity and diamagnetism of underdoped cuprates

Semiconducting-like low-temperature in-plane resistivity indicates that there are no remnants of superconductivity above the resistive phase transition at T > Tc in underdoped cuprates. The model with the chemical potential pinned near the mobility edge inside the charge-transfer optical gap describes quantitatively the Nernst effect, thermopower, diamagnetism and the unusual low-temperature resistivity of underdoped cuprates as normal state phenomena above Tc.

Field of study: Physics
Symmetrical R-duals of type III and a representation of its frame operators

In 2015, Stoeva and Christensen introduced different types of R-duals. A very important distinction of these types of R-duals is that type III is not symmetrical. However by choosing an appropriate sequence and applying mild technical change, we characterize symmetrical type III of R-duals. Given the associated frame of this symmetrical R-duals, we achieved a representation for square root of its inverse.

Field of study: Mathematics
Structural evolution of the Neogene Gar Basin, western Tibet: Implications for releasing bend development and drainage patterns

We investigated the interaction among basin-bounding faults, basin fi ll, and geomorphic features of the southern Gar Basin, one of only two known releasing double-bend basins along the Karakoram fault, to better understand their structural evolution and role in basin development. The southern Gar Basin is bounded by an ~44-km-long, N20°Wstriking central fault segment fl anked by two N40°W-striking segments that parallel the regional strike of the Karakoram fault system. The central fault segment is composed of a system of strike-slip and normal faults that young basinward and incorporate basin fi ll in their uplifted footwalls. The oldest faults along the extensional portion of the bend are dominantly strike-slip, and they strike ~15°W from the main strike of the Karakoram fault. Basin fi ll is broadly folded about a NNWtrending axis and can be explained by E-SE‐ directed slip along a listric normal fault. Cross sections across the basin and associated faults suggest the geometry is best described as an extensional fl ower structure. Forward structural modeling of the intrabasinal faults shows that the system has accommodated ~8 km of east-west extension. We interpret the bend to have formed from linking of R and P shears into a through-going principal displacement zone. At shallow levels in the crust (low confi ning pressures), R shears are exploited; at deeper levels, these faults merge with the principal displacement zone, forming the extensional fl ower structure geometry. We estimate that the shear zone is 50‐35 km wide based on the aerial distribution of P and R shears. Restoration of R shears on the west and east sides of the Gar Valley indicates ~55 km of right-lateral separation along the Karakoram fault, which is a minimum slip estimate for the Karakoram fault system.

Field of study: Geology
A concise study of neutron irradiation effects on power MOSFETs and IGBTs

Over the past years there have been growing concerns on the adverse effects of atmospheric neutrons on power semiconductors even at sea level. In this paper we report recent results of neutron irradiation (1.9 MeV) experiments conducted on 650 V Super-Junction MOSFETs and Field-Stop Trench Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors (IGBTs). The typical experiments found in literature which study the irradiation of power electronics chose a white line spectrum of neutron energies, ranging from 1 to 180 MeV; however, we have deliberately chosen to study the effect of monochromatic radiation of fast neutrons, as a first in a series of experiments, to better understand the full range of interactions from fast to ultra fast neutrons (100 MeV). We show that a multitude of failure modes already appear at neutron energies of 1.9 MeV ranging from gate oxide degradation to single event effects (SEE). Moreover an outstanding ruggedness of devices is demonstrated, which shows no failures at 80% rated break down and below under extreme aging conditions.

Field of study: Engineering
Film Morphology and Electroluminescence of Poly[9,9-di-(2'-ethylhexyl) fuorenyl-2,7-diyl] Blended with a Hole Transporting Polymer

This paper reports on the phase-separated film morphology and electroluminescence (EL) of a polyfluorene, poly[9,9-di-(2'-ethylhexyl)fluorenyl-2,7-diyl], blended with the hole transport material, poly[(9,9-dioctylfluorenyl-2,7-diyl)-co-(N,N'-bis(4-butylphenyl-1,1'-biphenylene-4,4'-diamine))]. The film morphology changes remarkably with the blend ratio. Other factors like polymer solution concentration, substrate and film thickness could also influence the film morphology. The addition of the hole-transporting polymer to the host polymer improved device properties of light-emitting diodes (LEDs). The maximum luminance achieved was 884 cd/m2. The maximum external quantum efficiency of the blended polyfluorene devices was 0.1%, which is more than three times higher than that of the pristine polyfluorene LEDs. The introduction of the hole-transporting polymer also modifies the EL spectrum. For the blend-based devices, the EL peaked at 504 nm, having a blue shift of 33 nm compared to that of the single polymer based devices. Phase-separated domains, or interactions at their interfaces, may play a role in the improved device performance.

Field of study: Materials science
Using LOTOS in the specification of industrial bus communication protocols

The aim of this paper is to expose the utility of formal description techniques (FDTs) applied to the design of industrial communication protocols (fieldbuses). For this purpose the authors explain their experience in the formal specification of the data link layer of the WorldFIP French standard. 
 
Nowadays there is in the market a great number of protocols in the framework of industrial communications. They are devised for specific applications and distributed control processes. Every manufacturer has tied its customers to its own proprietary fieldbuses, which has led this technology to a great lack of standardization. Thus, the interconnection of equipment from different manufacturers has become very problematic. In this paper an introduction to fieldbuses is given, with an explanation of their main features, standardization attempts and applications. 
 
WorldFIP is a fieldbus network protocol designed to provide links between sensors/actuators and process units (PLCs, controllers, etc.) in automation systems. This protocol has been proposed by French manufacturers and has become a standard. This paper analyses the data link layer of WorldFIP, specifying it with the formal language LOTOS. This is a formal description technique (FDT) standardized by ISO (International Organization, for Standardization) for designing services and protocols used in the communication of open systems (OSI: Open systems Interconnection). Also, the methodology followed for validating the formal description is explained. Finally an executable that constitutes a simulation system for WorldFIP networks is implemented following this specification.

Field of study: Computer science
Study of Using Machine Learning for Level 1 Trigger Decision in JUNO Experiment

A study on the use of a machine learning algorithm for the level 1 trigger decision in the Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO) experiment is presented. JUNO is a medium baseline neutrino experiment under construction in China, with the main goal of determining the neutrino mass hierarchy. A large liquid scintillator (LS) volume will detect the electron antineutrinos issued from nuclear reactors. The LS detector is instrumented by around 20 000 large photomultiplier tubes (PMTs). The hit information from each PMT will be collected into a central trigger unit for the level 1 trigger decision. The current trigger algorithm used to select a neutrino signal event is based on a fast vertex reconstruction. We propose to study an alternative level 1 (L1) trigger in order to achieve a similar performance as the vertex fitting trigger but with fewer logic resources by using a firmware implemented machine learning model at the L1 trigger level. We treat the trigger decision as a classification problem and train a multilayer perceptron (MLP) model to distinguish the signal events with energy higher than a certain threshold from noise events. We use JUNO software to generate datasets that include 100k physics events with noise and 100k pure noise events coming from PMT dark noise. For events with energy higher than 100 keV, the L1 trigger based on the converged MLP model can achieve an efficiency of higher than 99%. After the training performed on simulations, we successfully implemented the trained model into a Kintex 7 field-programmable gate array (FPGA). We present the technical details of the neural network development and training, as well as its implementation in the hardware with the FPGA programming. Finally, the performance of the L1 trigger MLP implementation is discussed.

Field of study: Physics
Studies of energy-linked reactions. Localization of the site of action of trialkyltin in yeast mitochondria.

Ligand-binding studies with labelled triethyltin on yeast mitochondrial membranes showed the presence of high-affinity sites (KD = 0.6 micronM; 1.2 +/- 0.3 nmol/mg of protein) and low-affinity sites (KD less than 45 micronM; 70 +/- 20 nmol/mg of protein). The dissociation constant of the high-affinity site is in good agreement with the concentration of triethyltin required for inhibition of mitochondrial ATPase (adenosine triphosphatase) and oxidative phosphorylation. The high-affinity site is not competed for by oligomycin or venturicidin, indicating that triethyltin reacts at a different site from these inhibitors of oxidative phosphorylation. Fractionation of the mitochondrial membrane shows a specific association of the high-affinity sites with the ATP synthase complex. During purification of ATP synthase (oligomycin-sensitive ATPase) there is a 5-6-fold purification of oligomycin- and triethyltin-sensitive ATPase activity concomitant with a 7-9-fold increase in high-affinity triethyltin-binding sites. The purified yeast oligomycin-sensitive ATPase complex contains approximately six binding sites for triethyltin/mol of enzyme complex. It is concluded that specific triethyltin-binding sites are components of the ATP synthase complex, which accounts for the specific inhibition of ATPase and oxidative phosphorylation by triethyltin.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Effect of Cooperative Learning on Students’ Attitude and Performance towards Probability Distributions in Statistics

The study was designed to determine the effect of cooperative learning on students’ attitude and performance towards probability distributions in statistics. The design for the study was quasi-experimental control group pre-test and post-test design. Sample for the study consisted of 60 second year students at Mukuba University who were not repeating statistics. Data for the study was collected through two researcher developed instruments: Probability Distributions Performance Test (PDPT) and Probability Distribution Attitude Questionnaire (PDAQ). The 60 students were divided into two classes of 30 students each and were assigned to experimental group and control group respectively. The experimental group was taught using cooperative learning approach while the control group was taught using conventional learning approach. Data for the study was analysed using mean, standard deviation and independent t-test statistics. The null hypothesis was tested at 5% significance level. The findings of the study revealed that cooperative learning improved students’ academic performance in Probability Distributions in Statistics. Furthermore, the findings of the study revealed that cooperative learning approach increased student’s positive attitude towards statistics in the experimental group as compared to the control group. Therefore, incorporating cooperative learning approach in teaching statistics was found to have a positive effect on enhancing students’ performance and attitude towards statistics.  Cooperative Learning Approach, Conventional Learning Approach, Attitude, Performance

Field of study: Education
Analysis on the Questions of Casting Product's Quality Cost

The actuality and characteristics of Chinese casting product quality and cost questions are analyzed from 3 aspects in this paperm.It thinks that thd BEST QUALITY can be trained and process manufacturing rate can be improved based on the 3 kinds of equilibriums such as sustomer needs,product renovating period and product parts corresponding;and the traditional conformance quality cost model and modern conformance quality cost model are introduced and analyzed.Finally,in order to enhance the whole competitiveness of China casting enterprises,some suggestions about how to deal with the relation of quality and cost correctly are given from 5 aspects.

Field of study: Materials science
Readers' corner: The role of experiments in computer science

It is sometimes suggested that computing research should be conducted as an empirical science, with all its algorithms, designs and models being subjected to quantitative experimental testing. I question the appropriateness of this view of research and argue that much of computing research does not, and should not, embody quantitative empirical claims. Experiments are, however, sometimes appropriate; I point out some ways in which computing experiments can fall short of normal scientific standards of rigour.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Wicked Problems in Pharmacy Education

Wicked problems are unstructured, cross-cutting, and relentless. While problem-solving is an expected outcome of pharmacy education programs, are we, as pharmacy educators, acknowledging the wicked problems we have in the Academy? This commentary will provide examples of wicked problems in pharmacy practice and education and provide suggestions for engaging with wicked problems in an effort to solve them. Pharmacy educators must hold a Summit on Wicked Problems in Pharmacy Education in order to address the complex problems we are currently facing in order to shape the profession for the future.

Field of study: Education, Medicine
Design of Feeding Mechanism of Armature Guide Ring Automatic Assembly Equipment Based on TRIZ Theory

Solved the problem of high efficient and stable feeding in the structure design of the armature guide ring automatic assembly equipment of the automobile windscreen wiper motor, and the design of feeding mechanism of armature guide ring automatic assembly equipment is designed by using the principle of conflict resolution in TRIZ innovative design theory. By analyzing the relationship between the function design requirements of the feeding mechanism and the 39 engineering parameters in the TRIZ, the contradiction matrix of the feeding mechanism is established, and the principle of the conflict resolution is analyzed and the corresponding principle solutions are found. The design scheme is evaluated according to the traditional design experience. The design scheme of the feeding mechanism of the armature guide ring automatic assembly equipment is determined.

Field of study: Engineering
Miocene sedimentary environment and climate change in the northwestern Qaidam basin, northeastern Tibetan Plateau: Facies, biomarker and stable isotopic evidences

Facies, biomarker and stable isotopic records from the Miocene lacustrine sediments in the northwestern Qaidam basin were investigated to reconstruct the Miocene sedimentary environment and climatic history. Three distinct facies can be recognized. These include the following: (1) gray–black laminated mudstone and marlstone, which represent a semi-deep fresh to semi-brackish lake environment; (2) gray, yellowish massive mudstone, marlstone and siltstone; and (3) yellowish massive sandstone, which imply a shallow brackish lake environment. The decreasing C 27 /C 31 and (C 27  + C 29 )/(C 31  + C 33 ) values, the increasing ACL (mean chain length) values of n-alkanes and the vertical evolution of sedimentary environments indicate the overall intensified aridity, which is considered to be an integrated result of high elevation of the Himalaya–Tibetan system, retreat of the Paratethys and global cooling. High fluctuations of the δ 18 O values and primary dolomite contents reveal the hydrologically closed paleolake with intermittently open conditions in the study area during middle–late Miocene. The Qaidam basin is suggested to be hydrologically segmented, based on the stable isotopic data comparison between the study area and the northeastern area. The most negative end of the oscillations of the δ 18 O values (indicating the minimal evaporation), which likely represents the isotopic ratio of the meteoric water, surprisingly conveys stability in the Shang Youshashan and Shizigou Formations and displays a positive ~ 2.5‰ shift. This significant shift was probably due to the climatic aridification and air mass changes around 10–8 Ma rather than the global cooling.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
[The search for optimal decision in the treatment of multiple sclerosis: to improve adherence not reducing the efficacy].

Long-term disease modifying therapy (DMD) therapy is the basis of modern MS treatment, effiecacy of which is modulated by the patient's adherence to therapy. One of the possible solutions of low adherence improvement is the use of innovative drugs and the development of more convenient regimens of injectable medications. This article gives a brief review of peg-interferon β-1a clinical trials.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
The road less travelled: assessing variation in mammal detection probabilities with camera traps in a semi-arid biodiversity hotspot

Camera traps are an increasingly popular tool for monitoring medium to large mammals, but the influence of camera trap placement on the detection probabilities of different species has seldom been investigated. In this study we explore the influence of roads on the detection probability of medium to large mammals in three vegetation types in the Little Karoo, an arid biodiversity hotspot. We placed cameras in nine 100 m-long transects, running perpendicular from roads within a conservation area. The camera traps were spaced at ~25 m intervals, and were active for an average of 88 days each. Detection probabilities relative to distance from roads showed extensive variation between species and habitat types. There was no clear relationship between distance from the road and the detection probability of most species and guilds, although carnivore detection probability declined significantly as distance from roads increased in all vegetation types. Our results suggest that there is considerable inter-specific variation in detection probability that is significantly influenced by camera trap location relative to roads. Therefore studies that seek to maximise the detection rates of particular species or guilds (e.g. carnivores) by placing cameras on prominent roads and trails are unlikely to provide reliable estimates of the relative abundance of the broader range of sympatric species; a trend observed elsewhere but hitherto untested in arid environments. We recommend that future studies employ a mixed design of cameras located on- and off-roads to provide better estimates of biodiversity in general and predators specifically.

Field of study: Environmental science
Experimental Investigation of the Erosion Resistance of Crucible Material to Melted Aluminum

The structure of stainless steel, nodular graphite cast iron, grey iron and hypereutectic steel was studied, the effect of structure on the erosion resistance to the melted aluminum was analyzed, and a set of data of resistance to melted aluminum erosion for various materials was obtained through test. Based on these results, a ceramic-metallic composite was designed, and the preparation technology was discussed. The AI2O3 in ceramic can resist the erosion of melted aluminum to the matrix. The result shows that the method can enhance the erosion resistance to the melted aluminum significantly.

Field of study: Materials science
Sorption‐desorption of methyl parathion, fenitrothion and carbofuran in soils

Sorption‐desorption of methyl parathion [o, o‐dimethyl o‐p‐nitrophenyl) phosphorothioate ] , fenitrothion [o,o‐diethyl o‐3‐methyl‐4‐nitrophenyl) phosphorothioate] and carbofuran (2,3‐dihydro‐2, 2‐dimethyl‐7‐benzofuranyl N‐methylcarbamate) in four soils was studied. Organic matter was the most important single factor affecting the sorption‐desorption of all the three insecticides. Freundlich K and specific organic sorption (Kom) of the three insecticides in a given soil distinctly varied, apparently due to the differences in their octanol‐water partition coefficient (Kow). Carbofuran with lowest Kow among the three insecticides was sorbed least. All the three insecticides desorbed less with increasing organic matter content of the soil.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences