nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Embedded function approach for turbulent flow prediction

In conventional prediction methods for turbulent flow influence on surface properties, very small mesh sizes and considerable computational effort is required to adequately resolve the intense velocity and temperature profile variations that occur in the wall-layer region. In this study, an approach is described wherein an outer region numerical solution is smoothly matched to a set of embedded analytic profile functions in the near-wall region; these wall-layer profile functions having been derived through consideration of the coherent structure of the time-dependent near-wall flow provide analytic expressions for the mean velocity and enthalpy profiles in the wall layer. The concept is demonstrated through example applications to turbulent boundary-layer flows in two dimensions. The technique is shown to be very efficient and it is demonstrated that a reduction of approximately half the mesh points across the 2-D layer may be realized (as compared to conventional methods) with no degradation in accuracy.

Field of study: Physics
SEZ-6: promoter selectivity, genomic structure and localized expression in the brain.

AP-1-binding elements from promoter proximal DNA (the small HpaII-digested fraction of mouse genomic DNA) were affinity-selected with recombinant AP-1 complexes. One of the selected AP-1-binding elements originated from 1 kb 3' of the transcription start site of SEZ-6. We show that the mouse SEZ-6 gene extends over 49 kbp and contains 17 exons. SEZ-6 has been reported as a mouse brain-specific transcript encoding an integral membrane protein with a short cytoplasmic tail which we note may have a signalling function. We show that SEZ-6 mRNA expression in rat brain is specific to neurons but shows sharp regional differences, unconnected with the localization of major neurotransmitters. Full-length and a 3' truncated transcript are also abundant in testis. We define the origins of all reported sequence variants. The hypothetical domain structure of the protein is in excellent agreement with the exonic structure of the gene. The SEZ-6 promoter is a CpG island. In transient transfections, even the smallest promoter fragment tested (157 bp) was extremely selective towards a mouse neuronal cell line, Neuro 2a, compared with NIH-3T3, a non-expressing line.

Field of study: Biology
Lineability and algebrability of the set of holomorphic functions with a given domain of existence

Let E be a complex Banach space and U be an open subset of E. The space of all holomorphic functions on U will be represented by H(U). We prove the following results: Theorem 1. Let U be a domain of existence in a separable Banach space E. Then the set E(U) of all f ∈ H(U) whose domain of existence is U is lineable. This means that E(U), together with 0, contains an infinite dimensional vector subspace. Theorem 2. Let U be a domain of existence in a separable Banach space E. Then the set E(U) of all f ∈ H(U) whose domain of existence is U is c-lineable. This means that E(U), together with 0, contains a vector subspace of dimension c, the cardinality of the continuum. (Of course Theorem 1 follows from Theorem 2, but the proof of Theorem 1 is presented in a much simpler way.) Theorem 3. Let U be a domain of existence in a separable Banach space E. Then the set E(U) of all f ∈ H(U) whose domain of existence is U is algebrable. This means that E(U), together with 0, contains a subalgebra which is generated by an infinite algebraically independent set.

Field of study: Mathematics
Informed source separation: A Bayesian tutorial

Source separation problems are ubiquitous in the physical sciences; any situation where signals are superimposed calls for source separation to estimate the original signals. In this tutorial I will discuss the Bayesian approach to the source separation problem. This approach has a specific advantage in that it requires the designer to explicitly describe the signal model in addition to any other information or assumptions that go into the problem description. This leads naturally to the idea of informed source separation, where the algorithm design incorporates relevant information about the specific problem. This approach promises to enable researchers to design their own high-quality algorithms that are specifically tailored to the problem at hand.

Field of study: Computer science
Assimilation of DAWN Doppler wind lidar data during the 2017 Convective Processes Experiment (CPEX): impact on precipitation and flow structure

An improved representation of 3-D air motion and
precipitation structure through forecast models and assimilation of
observations is vital for improvements in weather forecasting capabilities.
However, there are few independent data to properly validate a model
forecast of precipitation structure when the underlying dynamics are
evolving on short convective timescales. Using data from the JPL
Ku/Ka-band Airborne Precipitation Radar (APR-2) and the 2  µ m Doppler Aerosol
Wind (DAWN) lidar collected during the 2017 Convective Processes Experiment
(CPEX), the NASA Unified Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Ensemble
Data Assimilation System (EDAS) modeling system was used to quantify the
impact of high-resolution sparsely sampled DAWN measurements on the
analyzed variables and on the forecast when the DAWN winds were assimilated.
Overall, the assimilation of the DAWN wind profiles had a discernible impact
on the wind field as well as the evolution and timing of the 3-D precipitation
structure. Analysis of individual variables revealed that the assimilation
of the DAWN winds resulted in important and coherent modifications of the
environment. It led to an increase in the near-surface convergence, temperature,
and water vapor, creating more favorable conditions for the development of
convection exactly where it was observed (but not present in the control
run). Comparison to APR-2 and observations by the Global Precipitation
Measurement (GPM) satellite shows a much-improved forecast after the
assimilation of the DAWN winds – development of precipitation where there
was none, more organized precipitation where there was some, and a much more
intense and organized cold pool, similar to the analysis of the dropsonde
data. The onset of the vertical evolution of the precipitation showed similar
radar-derived cloud-top heights, but delayed in time. While this
investigation was limited to a single CPEX flight date, the investigation
design is appropriate for further investigation of the impact of airborne
Doppler wind lidar observations upon short-term convective precipitation
forecasts.

Field of study: Environmental science
A 10,000 YEAR OLD EXPLOSION IN DR21

Sensitive high angular resolution (~2'') CO(2-1) line observations made with the Submillimeter Array of the flow emanating from the high-mass star-forming region DR21 located in the Cygnus X molecular cloud are presented. These new interferometric observations indicate that this well known enigmatic outflow appears to have been produced by an explosive event that took place about 10,000 years ago, and that might be related to the disintegration of a massive stellar system such as the one that occurred in Orion Becklin-Neugebauer/Kleinman-Low 500 years ago, but about 20 times more energetic. This result therefore argues in favor of the idea that the disintegration of young stellar systems perhaps is a frequent phenomenon present during the formation of massive stars. However, many more theoretical and observational studies are still needed to confirm our hypothesis.

Field of study: Physics
Effects of delay, truncations and density dependence in reproduction schedules on stability of nonlinear Leslie matrix models

Understanding effects of hypotheses about reproductive influences, reproductive schedules and the model mechanisms that lead to a loss of stability in a structured model population might provide information about the dynamics of natural population. To demonstrate characteristics of a discrete time, nonlinear, age structured population model, the transition from stability to instability is investigated. Questions about the stability, oscillations and delay processes within the model framework are posed. The relevant processes include delay of reproduction and truncation of lifetime, reproductive classes, and density dependent effects. We find that the effects of delaying reproduction is not stabilizing, but that the reproductive delay is a mechanism that acts to simplify the system dynamics. Density dependence in the reproduction schedule tends to lead to oscillations of large “period” and towards more unstable dynamics. The methods allow us to establish a conjecture of Levin and Goodyear about the form of the stability in discrete Leslie matrix models.

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics
The Impact of Energy Asset Privatisation on State Government Debt Management and Service Provision in Victoria and New South Wales

The purpose of this article is to look at the impact of the privatisation of the electricity and gas industries in the state of Victoria on the level of state government debt and subsequent ability of the state to deliver public services in the areas of health, education and law and order. In order to undertake this, a comparison is made with the state of New South Wales (NSW), where the privatisation of the electricity industry was often debated during the 1990s and 2000s, but never undertaken.

Field of study: Political science
Constrained preferences in nitrogen uptake across plant species and environments.

Knowledge of determining factors for nitrogen uptake preferences and how they are modified in changing environments are critical to understand ecosystem nitrogen cycling and to predict plant responses to future environmental changes. Two ¹⁵N tracer experiments utilizing a unique differential labelled nitrogen source were employed in both African savannas and greenhouse settings. The results demonstrated that nitrogen uptake preferences were constrained by the climatic conditions. As mainly indicated by root δ¹⁵N signatures at 1:1 ammonium/nitrate ratio, in the drier environments, plants preferred nitrate and in the wetter environments they preferred ammonium. Nitrogen uptake preferences were different across different ecosystems (e.g. from drier to wetter environments) even for the same species. More significantly, our experiments showed that the plant progeny continued to exhibit the same nitrogen preference as the parent plants in the field, even when removed from their native environment and the nitrogen source was changed dramatically. The climatic constraint of nitrogen uptake preference is likely influenced by ammonium/nitrate ratios in the native habitats of the plants. The constancy in nitrogen preference has important implications in predicting the success of plant communities in their response to climate change, to seed bank use and to reforestation efforts.

Field of study: Environmental science
A Green High-Energy Liquid Fuel: DMAZ

Dimethylaminoethylazide (DMAZ) is a new green liquid fuel. The fuel has attracted much attention as a replacement for monomethylhydrazine (MMH) and unsymmetricaldimethylhydrazine (UDMH) for its non-toxic and high performance. This paper reviews recent performance and applications of DMAZ. Furthermore, more attention should be paid to the prospects of the amino-azides.

Field of study: Engineering
Native Evangelism in Central America by Hugo G. Nutini and Jean F. Nutini (review)

“The fundamental assumption of this book is that evangelism of all persuasions has a definite function in the face of the monolithism of Catholicism in Mexico. . . . More precisely, it provides something that is lacking in Roman Catholicism today or was practiced in the past but is no longer part of Church praxis . . .  has become ritually and ceremonially ossified, and has forgotten that its religious success often derived from the social, economic, and psychological support it afforded the faithful” (p. 162).

Field of study: History
Manganese concentrations in drinking water from villages near banana plantations with aerial mancozeb spraying in Costa Rica: Results from the Infants' Environmental Health Study (ISA).

Elevated manganese (Mn) in drinking water has been reported worldwide. While, naturally occurring Mn in groundwater is generally the major source, anthropogenic contamination by Mn-containing fungicides such as mancozeb may also occur. The main objective of this study was to examine factors associated with Mn and ethylenethiourea (ETU), a degradation product of mancozeb, in drinking water samples from villages situated near banana plantations with aerial spraying of mancozeb. Drinking water samples (n = 126) were obtained from 124 homes of women participating in the Infants' Environmental Health Study (ISA, for its acronym in Spanish), living nearby large-scale banana plantations. Concentrations of Mn, iron (Fe), arsenic (As), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd) and ethylenethiourea (ETU), a degradation product of mancozeb, were measured in water samples. Only six percent of samples had detectable ETU concentrations (limit of detection (LOD) = 0.15 μg/L), whereas 94% of the samples had detectable Mn (LOD = 0.05 μg/L). Mn concentrations were higher than 100 and 500 μg/L in 22% and 7% of the samples, respectively. Mn was highest in samples from private and banana farm wells. Distance from a banana plantation was inversely associated with Mn concentrations, with a 61.5% decrease (95% CI: -97.0, -26.0) in Mn concentrations for each km increase in distance. Mn concentrations in water transported with trucks from one village to another were almost 1000 times higher than Mn in water obtained from taps in houses supplied by the same well but not transported, indicating environmental Mn contamination. Elevated Mn in drinking water may be partly explained by aerial spraying of mancozeb; however, naturally occurring Mn in groundwater, and intensive agriculture may also contribute. Drinking water risk assessment for mancozeb should consider Mn as a health hazard. The findings of this study evidence the need for health-based World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines on Mn in drinking water.

Field of study: Environmental science
Responses of shielding cable to pulsed X-rays

For purpose of getting the radial electric current density in the medium of the cable due to X-rays illumination,Monte Carlo method and Finite-Difference Time-Domain(FDTD) method are used.Using the radial electric current density as the source of Maxwell functions,center conductor response current is calculated under the condition of matching load of cable ends.Distributed charges in center conductor,medium and shielding are considered in this method.The results show that the center conductor response current is proportional to the length of the illumination,and it is in the opposite direction of the source.In source zone,there is static field.The distributed charge of the center conductor is calculated using electric field,and it is about 20% less than the solution of Monte Carlo method,which is aroused by approximation.

Field of study: Physics
Historical Study (1986-2014): Improvements in Nutritional Status of Dialysis Patients.

Malnutrition is common in dialysis patients and is associated with adverse clinical outcomes. Despite an increased focus on improved nutrition in dialysis patients, it is claimed that the prevalence of malnutrition in this group of patients has not changed during the last decades. Direct historical comparisons of the nutritional status of dialysis patients have never been published. To directly compare the nutritional status of past and current dialysis patients, we implemented the methodology of a study from 1986 on a population of dialysis patients in 2014.



Historical study comparing results of two cross-sectional studies performed in 1986 and 2014.



We compared the nutritional status of hemodialysis (HD) and peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients attending the dialysis center at Roskilde Hospital, Denmark, in February to June 2014, with that of HD and PD patients treated at the dialysis center at Fredericia Hospital, Denmark, in April 1986.



Maintenance PD and HD patients (n = 64 in 2014 and n = 48 in 1986).



We performed anthropometry (body weight, triceps skinfold, and midarm muscle circumferences [MAMCs]) and determined plasma transferrin.



Relative body weight, triceps skinfold, MAMC, body mass index, and prevalence of protein-caloric malnutrition as defined in the original study from 1986.



Average relative body weight, triceps skinfold, MAMC, and body mass index were significantly higher in 2014 compared with 1986. The prevalence of protein-caloric malnutrition was significantly lower in 2014 (18%) compared with 1986 (52%).



The nutritional status of maintenance dialysis patients has improved during the last 3 decades. The reason for this improvement could not be identified in the present study, but the most likely contributors are the higher prevalence of obesity in the general population, less predialytic malnutrition, and an improved focus on nutrition in maintenance dialysis patients.

Field of study: Medicine
Fucoidan Inhibits the Proliferation of Leiomyoma Cells and Decreases Extracellular Matrix-Associated Protein Expression

Uterine leiomyomas (ULs) are benign uterine tumors, and the most notable pathophysiologic feature of ULs is excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM). Fucoidan is a polysaccharide extracted from brown seaweeds that has a wide range of pharmacological properties, including anti-fibrotic effects. We aimed to study the effect of fucoidan on the growth of ULs activated by transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ).  We used ELT-3 (Eker rat leiomyoma tumor-derived cells) and HUtSMC (human uterine smooth muscle cells) as in vitro models. Cell viability was determined by the MTT assay. Cell colony formation was stained using crystal violet. The side population, cell cycle and apoptosis were analyzed using flow cytometry. Protein expression was assayed by western blot analysis. We also conducted in vivo experiments to confirm the inhibitory effects of fucoidan in nude mouse xenograft models. Tumor tissues were assayed by immunohistochemistry analysis.  In our study, fucoidan caused a 50% growth inhibition using a dose of 0.5 mg/ml and decreased the stem cell activity after 48 h. In addition, fucoidan induced sub-G1 cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Fucoidan down-regulated fibronectin, vimentin, α-SMA and the COL1A1 protein levels in TGFβ3-induced ELT-3 cells. In the cellular mechanism, fucoidan abrogated TGFβ3-induced levels of p-Smad2 and p-ERK1/2, as well as β-catenin translocation into the nucleus. Furthermore, fucoidan suppressed xenograft tumor growth in vivo.  Fucoidan displays anti-proliferation and anti-fibrotic effects and exerts protective effects against ULs development.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Comparison between the optical properties of cotton and wool fabrics dyed with a natural dye using different mordents

Cotton and wool fabrics were dyed by CalligonumComosumextracted from the barks of the plant. The dyed cotton and wool fabrics were mordanted by differentmordants that are:Alum(potassiumaluminumsulfate), ferrous chloride and ferrous sulfate which were applied separately. The effect of different mordants on the reflectance spectra was investigated using spectrophotometer tool and CIE tristimulus values. The color parameters including L, a, b, h, c and AE were determined.Acomparison between the effect of mordanting on both the cotton and wool fabrics by the same three mordants was done. The data obtained indicated that the optical properties are totally different as a result of the nature ofwool which is a protein fabric and cottonwhich is a cellulosic fabric. The differentmordants gave different colors and shades which encourage the use of natural dyes instead of synthesis dyes; also, the absorption coefficient (a) was calculated in the visible range. The decrease in transmission and increase in absorption coefficient with the change in the mordant type may be due to the change in the molecular configuration as a result of the change in the chemical bonds in the fabric, dye and themordant. The optical studies can differentiate between different kinds of fabrics with different kinds of mordants present in small proportions.

Field of study: Materials science
CO-ligand Photodissociation in Two Ru(II) Complexes Affected by Different Polypyridyl Supporting Ligands

Two dicarbonylruthenium(II) complexes were prepared with the same framework but different π-conjugation lengths in their supporting ligands. Despite the shared framework, as determined from X-ray structural analysis, they showed significantly different reactivities due to the chemical structures of the supporting ligands. Isolation and characterization of the photoreaction products revealed that the complex with shorter π-conjugation system underwent complete decarbonylation followed by photoisomerization, whereas the other complex with a longer system retained one carbonyl ligand and the original geometry.

Field of study: Chemistry
The Soft Skills Hidden in Educational Escape Experiences for Middle School Students: A Case Study in South Texas, USA

Gamification of the classroom motivates students and improves both academic and soft skills. The use of educational escape games as a form of gamification shows potential in developing students’ soft skills such as teamwork, problem solving, and communication skills. This study sought to determine if middle school students engage in similar soft skills experiences while participating in educational escape rooms. An eighth grade English Language Arts teacher and the primary investigator participated in an action research project to design educational escape experiences over the course of eight months for a middle school in South Texas. The goal of the project was to design classroom experiences to engage students in the content curriculum while also encouraging the growth of soft skills (skills such as teamwork and leadership that are desirable and apply across a variety of situations). The research questions guiding this project were: 1) What soft skills do middle school students engage in while participating in an educational escape experience?, 2) How do students engage in the use of these soft skills?, and 3) How can teachers manipulate the escape experience design to include soft skills? Results of the study showed that during educational escape experiences students demonstrated a growth mindset through their motivation to engage in the problem, use of problem-solving skills involving using background knowledge and looking for patterns, and resiliency in completing the challenges. Students believed they could complete the challenges and persisted until the challenge was completed, regardless of beating opponents or winning prizes.  escape experiences, soft skills, hidden curriculum, innovative teaching, middle school DOI: 10.7176/JEP/11-14-04 Publication date: May 31 st 2020

Field of study: Education
Dimensionality Reduction Ensembles

Ensemble learning has had many successes in supervised learning, but it has been rare in unsupervised learning and dimensionality reduction. This study explores dimensionality reduction ensembles, using principal component analysis and manifold learning techniques to capture linear, nonlinear, local, and global features in the original dataset. Dimensionality reduction ensembles are tested first on simulation data and then on two real medical datasets using random forest classifiers; results suggest the efficacy of this approach, with accuracies approaching that of the full dataset. Limitations include computational cost of some algorithms with strong performance, which may be ameliorated through distributed computing and the development of more efficient versions of these algorithms.

Field of study: Computer science