nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Microsecond pulse-mode operation of a micro-integrated high-power external-cavity tapered diode laser at 808  nm.

We investigate microsecond pulse-mode operation of a micro-integrated high-power diode laser based on volume Bragg grating external-cavity feedback around 808 nm. The laser system contains a tapered amplifier consisting of a ridge-waveguide section and a tapered section with separated electrical contacts. Thus, the diode laser system can be pulsed by modulating the injected current either to the ridge waveguide section (IRW) or to the tapered amplifier section (ITA). With a trigger signal of a 50 µs pulse width and a 10 kHz repetition rate, comparing the modulation depth, peak output power, beam propagation factor, and spectral bandwidth, we conclude that the pulse-mode operation achieved by modulating the ITA gives better results than by modulating the IRW due to the decreased thermal effect. At a constant IRW of 0.2 A and a modulated ITA of 6.0 A, 4.3 W of peak output power is obtained with an emission spectral bandwidth with an upper bound of 0.2 nm, and a beam propagation factor in the slow axis, Mslow2, of 2.6 (1/e2). The modulation depth is almost 100%. The results show that the tapered diode laser system may be a good candidate for microsecond pulse-mode solid-state lasers.

Field of study: Physics
Novel final focus design for future linear colliders.

The length, complexity, and cost of the present final focus designs for linear colliders grow very quickly with the beam energy. In this Letter, a novel final focus system is presented and compared with the one proposed for the Next Linear Collider (NLC Zeroth- No. 474, 1996). This new design has fewer optical elements and is much shorter, nonetheless achieving better chromatic properties. Moreover, the new system is more suitable for operation over a larger energy range.

Field of study: Physics
Comparative analysis of surface components of adult, micro-filariae and infective larvae of Brugia malayi.

A comparative analysis of surface proteins of adult, microfilariae and infective larvae of Brugia malayi, the human filarial parasite, has been carried out using IODOGEN (1,3,4,6-tetrachloro-3,alpha 6 alpha-diphenyl-glycoluril) and lactoperoxidase methods. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic and autoradiographic analyses revealed the presence of 9 proteins (15-200 kDa) in adults, while microfilariae and infective larvae showed 8 and 6 proteins (15-120 kDa), respectively. The pattern of proteins radiolabelled by IODOGEN method was very similar to that of proteins labelled by the lactoperoxidase method. Since these proteins are released by the protease treatment of whole parasites, they are likely to be present on the surface of the parasite.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Physics
Time-resolved photoluminescence spectroscopy of tunnelling processes in a bipolar AlAs/GaAs resonant-tunnelling structure

Tunnelling and recombination of electrons and holes in a double-barrier resonant-tunnelling light-emitting diode biased below the flat band are investigated using time-resolved photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. The quantum well (QW) photoluminescence is dominated by carriers created directly inside the well when the excitation energy is chosen higher than the absorption edge of the QW states. Only tunnelling minority carriers created in the contact regions of the diode contribute to the QW PL when exciting with photon energy below the absorption edge. A bias region of slow non-resonant tunnelling is observed when the photocreated electrons and holes are trapped in triangular potential wells outside the QW. The resulting QW PL is unexpectedly long and lasts more than 12 ns. A mixed heavy- to light-hole valence-band resonance leads to maximum QW PL intensity around 0.7 V, accompanied by the appearance of a light-hole exciton and much shorter PL decay times. Finally, the mechanisms determining the PL intensity and line-shape variation with applied bias are analysed and discussed.

Field of study: Materials science
UPDATED RECOMMENDATIONS FOR LIGHTNING SAFETY-1998

Permission to use figures, tables, and brief excerpts from this work in scientific and educational works is hereby granted provided that the source is acknowledged. Any use of material in this work that is determined to be "fair use" under Section 107 or that satisfies the conditions specified in Section 108 of the U.S. Copyright Law (17 USC, as revised by P.L. 94-553) does not require permission from AMS. Republication, systematic reproduction, posting in electronic form on servers, or other uses of this material, except as exempted by the above statements, requires written permission or license from AMS. Additional details are provided in the AMS Copyright Policies, available from AMS at 617-227-2426 Ext.: 250 or amspubs@ametsoc.org.

Field of study: Environmental science
High-Mg, low-Al bulk composition of the Talkeetna island arc, Alaska: Implications for primary magmas and the nature of arc crust

Major- and trace-element mass-balance calculations were used to determine the bulk composition of the Jurassic Talkeetna island arc (Talkeetna Formation and Border Ranges mafic and ultramafic complex) of south-central Alaska. A representative section of the arc was chosen near Tonsina, Alaska, where a cross section of the arc exposes 18% ultramafic cumulate rocks (dunites, wehrlites, and pyroxenites), 16% lower gabbroic (garnet- and spinel-bearing) rocks, 34% upper gabbroic to tonalitic rocks, and 32% volcanic rocks (tuffs and flows). Mass-balance calculations for the Talkeetna arc yield a high-Mg basaltic bulk composition with REE abundances approximately 8x chondrites and La/Yb ∼1.8. The bulk composition is high in mafic components (MgO = 11.3 wt. %, Ni = 247 ppm, Cr = 723 ppm) and is compatible with derivation by partial melting of a mantle-wedge source. It is too mafic and too poor in Al 2 O 3 (15 wt. %) to have been derived by partial melting of subducted oceanic crust. High-alumina basaltic compositions are present within the arc as fractionates after crystallization of dunite and pyroxenite; however, they do not represent primary magmas parental to the arc. This finding supports the idea that the mass flux of magma from mantle to crust in island arc regions is high Mg, not high Al, in composition. The arc is stratified with respect to composition and density, with a dense ultramafic to mafic cumulate lower crust, a mafic to intermediate plutonic middle crust, and a mafic to silicic plutonic and extrusive upper crust. The presence of a highly dense, deformed, ultramafic, and garnet-bearing lower crust in this arc suggests that lower crustal delamination may be a viable mechanism for removing a highly mafic component from island arc crust.

Field of study: Geology
Exploring Determinants that Influence and Predict Students’ Attitudes towards Social Issues: A Survey of Senior High Schools in Brong Ahafo Region, Ghana

The study explored the attitudes of senior high school students in the Brong Ahafo region towards social issues. It hypothesised that gender, subjects studied, type of school, environment, age, ethnicity and religious affiliation of students have an effect and predict their attitudes. The study adopted the descriptive cross-sectional survey as a design. Participants for the study were 900 students from 20 senior high schools in the region. They were selected using the cluster and simple random sampling techniques. A questionnaire ( Mensah’s attitude scale for measuring social, moral and religious issues ) with a Cronbach Alpha reliability coefficient of 0.893 was used for data collection. Data collected were analysed with SPSS version 20. Descriptive and inferential statistical tools like frequency counts, percentages, means and standard deviation, Factorial analysis of variance (ANOVA) and multiple regression were used for data analysis. The results showed that students in senior high schools in the Brong Ahafo region had positive attitudes towards social issues and that, their demographic characteristics have significant influence and predict their attitudes. It was recommended that Brong Ahafo branch of the Ghana Education Service should endeavour to intensify education on social, moral and religious issues through subjects like citizenship education and religious and moral education Keywords : Students, Attitudes, Social issues

Field of study: Education
The general matching law describes choice on concurrent variable-interval schedules of wheel-running reinforcement.

Six male Wistar rats were exposed to concurrent variable-interval schedules of wheel-running reinforcement. The reinforcer associated with each alternative was the opportunity to run for 15 s, and the duration of the changeover delay was 1 s. Results suggested that time allocation was more sensitive to relative reinforcement rate than was response allocation. For time allocation, the mean slopes and intercepts were 0.82 and 0.008, respectively. In contrast, for response allocation, mean slopes and intercepts were 0.60 and 0.03, respectively. Correction for low response rates and high rates of changing over, however, increased slopes for response allocation to about equal those for time allocation. The results of the present study suggest that the two-operant form of the matching law can be extended to wheel-running reinforcement. 'I'he effects of a low overall response rate, a short Changeover delay, and long postreinforcement pausing on the assessment of matching in the present study are discussed.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Stigma, social context, and mental health: lesbian and gay couples across the transition to adoptive parenthood.

This is the first study to examine change in depression and anxiety across the first year of adoptive parenthood in same-sex couples (90 couples: 52 lesbian, 38 gay male). Given that sexual minorities uniquely contend with sexual orientation-related stigma, this study examined how both internalized and enacted forms of stigma affect the mental health of lesbians and gay men during the transition to parenthood. In addition, the role of contextual support was examined. Higher perceived workplace support, family support, and relationship quality were related to lower depressive and anxious symptoms at the time of the adoption, and higher perceived friend support was related to lower anxiety symptoms. Lower internalized homophobia and higher perceived neighborhood gay-friendliness were related to lower depressive symptoms. Finally, individuals with high internalized homophobia who lived in states with unfavorable legal climates regarding gay adoption experienced the steepest increases in depressive and anxious symptoms. Findings have important implications for counselors working with sexual minorities, especially those experiencing the transition to parenthood.

Field of study: Psychology
The effects of triphenyltin chloride on respiration and photosynthesis in the green algae Enteromorpha intestinalis and Ulothrix pseudoflacca

Respiration and photosynthesis in zoospores of Enteromorpha intestinalis (L.) Link and Ulothrix pseudoflacca Wille showed greater sensitivity to inhibition by triphenyltin chloride than in vegetative tissue. Photosynthesis in zoospores and vegetative tissue of U. pseudoflacca was more resistant to triphenyltin chloride inhibition than in zoospores and vegetative tissue of E. intestinalis. Respiration in zoospores and vegetative tissue of both species was equally sensitive to triphenyltin chloride.

Field of study: Environmental science
On supersonic flow behind a curved shock

1. When a sharp-edged cylindrical body is immersed in a uniform supersonic stream, a curved shock is attached to the nose, provided the body is not too thick. A solution is presented which accounts to a first approximation for the entropy gradients and vorticity downstream of the shock. On the approximation of shock-expansion theory the flow downstream of the shock is a simple wave in which the entropy and a characteristic parameter (a, say) of homentropic theory have the values occurring just on the nose in the real flow. The prediction thus obtained for the pressure on the body was shown by Mahony [1, 2] to be remarkably accurate at all Mach numbers and for virtually all shock strengths insufficient to cause any regions of subsonic flow. Now, as long as viscosity is neglected, any streamline in the field represents a potential body contour and hence, the parameter a is approximately constant along streamlines, downstream of the shock. This has been noted also by Mahony  and conjectured for hypersonic flow by Stocker . The solution on this approximation, which is given below, predicts the same pressure on the body as shock-expansion theory, but a flow with entropy gradients and vorticity; it is slightly less accurate, but also considerably simpler, than Mahony's solution, from whose numerical results [1, 2] the error can be estimated. 2. Assume the gas to be inviscid and perfect, so that the pressure p, density p, and specific entropy S are related by (dp/dS)„ = p/c, and (dp/dp)s = a2 = yp/p, where 7 = cj.c„ . Since the flow is homenergetic,

Field of study: Mathematics
New Methodology to Derive the Mechanical Behavior of Epoxy-Impregnated Nb3Sn Cables

The Nb3Sn technology plays a crucial role in developing high-field superconducting magnets. The new-generation Nb3Sn cable greatly contributes to bring the magnetic field produced by the superconducting dipole magnets to the 16 T level; nevertheless, its mechanical properties are largely variable, making it difficult to predict the mechanical behavior of the magnet structure. For this reason, an extended experimental campaign on specimens made from a stack of ten Nb3Sn cables was launched at CERN. The ten-stack can be considered a representative sample of the magnet coil because it is produced following the same construction process: curing, reaction, and impregnation. The experimental campaign consists of compression tests along the three sample directions at room temperature and multiple loading and unloading cycles were performed as it occurs for real magnet coils. A dedicated test bench was designed to measure the vertical and lateral deformations of the sample. This work presents the stress–strain relationships, focusing on the cable-stack stiffness, which strongly depends on the stress level in each loading direction. Moreover, the transverse–longitudinal strain relationships give further information about the complex behavior of the Nb3Sn cable-stack, because the rearrangement of the conductors occurs during the test. A new analytical methodology is proposed to predict the nonlinear behavior of the Nb3Sn composite cable.

Field of study: Physics
The Curriculum Committee: A National Profile of U.S. Colleges of Pharmacy.

The key to an effective curriculum committee is its ability to make adaptive changes in the curriculum as changes in the profession occur. The effectiveness of this committee depends on elements such as its activities, membership, and focus. This study was designed to elucidate the status of curriculum committees in the 75 U.S. colleges of pharmacy. Sixty-six committee chairs responded to the survey, providing information about structure, function, agendas, and impact. Although a majority of the committees had moderate to high impacts on the curriculum, barriers such as faculty conservatism and departmental autonomy also existed. Revising or implementing a degree program was the biggest success of most committees. Future curriculum discussions need to focus on goals that transcend individual and departmental concerns. Student competencies or curriculum outcomes should become focal points.

Field of study: Education, Medicine
Survey on resources and appraisal of dominant species of natural enemies in tea plantations in Guizhou Province

Guizhou Province is located in the east of Yungui Plateau,with a long history of growing tea plants,in which there exist plenty of the resources of natural enemies.During the past years,the natural enemies were collected in tea plantations throughout the whole province,and the specimens of many natural enemies have been identificated.356 species are identificated,in which 305 species of natural enemy insects belong to 50 families,7 species of entomogenous fungi,1 species of pathogenic bacteria of insects,14 species of pathogenic virus of insects,and 29 species of araneids belong to 12 families of Araneida are contained.The dominant species are ichneumon flies,braconid wasps,ladybirds,carabid beetles,and araneids.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
SDN-based handover scheme for multi-tier LTE/Femto and D2D networks

and Device-to-Device (D2D) communications have recently been considered as potential candidates for 5G network densification and cell-edge performance. Mobility and handover management is a major issue in heterogeneous networks (HetNet) offering different access technologies. Recently, many Fuzzy and Multi-Attribute Decision Making (MADM) handover decision algorithms have been proposed to ensure Quality of Service (QoS), reduce the number of handovers and handover blocking probability of mobile users. However, network discovery is still an issue as it increases the total handover delay and drains the battery of the user equipment (UE). In addition, the UE may undergo high interference with other co-channel users after the handover is executed, thus limiting the overall network performance. Currently, the emerging Software Defined Networking (SDN) has been proposed in which one centralized controller can assist in the handover discovery, handover decision, and co-channel interference coordination. SDN-based handover algorithms ensure QoS, Quality of Experience (QoE), reduce delay and interference. In this paper, we will integrate the Fuzzy logic into the SDN to assist in FAPs and D2D discovery, and the decision of candidate networks based on the networks’ QoS parameters. Then, the UE will make the final handover decision by selecting the best network based on the predicted QoE using TOPSIS and AHP algorithms. Frequency reuse and appropriate power control are also applied in order to increase network capacity and reduce interference. Performance results show that the proposed SDN-based Fuzzy MADM handover scheme reduces unnecessary handovers, blocking probability and total handover delay. In addition, throughput is increased as the number of users increases.

Field of study: Computer science
MICRO-MECHANISM ON THE ENHANCEMENT OF DYNAMIC STRENGTH FOR CONCRETE

In civil engineering, concrete structures often suffer dynamic loadings. Earthquake is an important load for dynamic analysis of concrete structures especially for high arch dams. Thus, it is very important to analyze the dynamic properties of concrete and present reasonable and practical models for dynamic analysis of concrete structures. Most concrete dynamic models in the literature are macroscopic and empirical, which cannot describe the micro-mechanism of concrete material precisely. A micromechanical model is presented in this paper. A comparison between the theoretical result and the experimental data in the literature indicates that good agreement is achieved, which implies that the model can be used to explain the rate-dependent properties of concrete.

Field of study: Engineering
Solar cycles and equatorial climates

SummarySolar cycles since 100 B. C. of 11.1, 22.2, 78 and 205 years are considered in the light of sunspot, auroral and radiocarbon evidence.Equatorial climatic data is distinguished by a) persistence and b) cyclic tendencies. Certain wave-lengths are favoured, some by solar influences, others by atmospheric pulsations. The 11-year cycle is effective in the Tropics when the maximum sunspot number lies between 85 and 150.Varve-cycles, from the Pre-cambrian to the Quaternary, are considered in the light of power and amplitude spectra. Certain climatological principles help us to locate the positions of past equators, and varves from such regions should prove most significant. The 22-year cycle in the Devonian may be of solar origin.Longer wave-trains of lengths 1265 (Post-glacial), 40/80,000 (Würm, and perhaps Carboniferous) and even 20 million years (Mesozoic) are noted; these cycles may be accidental. There is a cycle of orogeny about 400 million years, but no characteristic climatic pattern of change has been demonstrated.ZusammenfassungSolare Zyklen (seit 100 v. Chr.) von 11.1, 22.2, 78 und 205 Jahren werden in bezug auf Sonnenflecken-, Nordlicht- und C14-Beobachtungen betrachtet.Die äquatorialen Klima-Daten zeigen a) Persistenz, b) zyklische Tendenz. Gewisse Wellenlängen sind begünstigt, einige durch solare Einflüsse, andere durch atmosphärische Pulsationen. Der 11-Jahres-Zyklus wird in den Tropen deutlich, wenn die maximale Sonnenfleckenzahl zwischen 85 und 150 liegt.Gewisse klimatologische Prinzipien helfen uns, die Lage des äquators in früheren Epochen festzulegen, und besonders Warwen aus solchen Gebieten sollten wichtig sein. Der 23-Jahr-Zyklus im Devon könnte solaren Ursprungs sein.Längere Zyklen von 1265 (Post-Glazial), 40 000 bis 80 000 (Würm, vielleicht auch Karbon) und sogar 20 Millionen Jahren (Mesozoikum) werden angegeben; diese Zyklen mögen zufällig sein. Ein orogener Zyklus von etwa 400 Millionen Jahren lä\t sich nicht mit einer entsprechenden Klimaschwankung verbinden.

Field of study: Environmental science
Effects of the organophosphorus insecticide fenthion on phyto- and zooplankton communities in experimental ponds.

The organophosphorus insecticide fenthion was applied to experimental ponds and its effects on phyto- and zooplankton communities were analysed. The sensitivity to fenthion differed among cladoceran and rotiferan species according to the following order: Daphnia galeata > Monia micrura > Bosmina fatalis >/= Polyarthra trigla > Keratella valga. The results suggest that large zooplankton species tend to be more sensitive to fenthion than small ones, large cladocerans more sensitive than small cladocerans, and cladocerans more sensitive than rotifers. The application of fenthion induced an increase in the density of rotifers and phytoplankton. This was a secondary effect of the chemical, which directly depressed cladoceran populations and consequently released rotifers and phytoplankton from competition with, and grazing by cladocerans.

Field of study: Environmental science
MOLECULAR MODIFICATION OF ANPIRTOLINE, A NON-OPIOID CENTRALLY ACTING ANALGESIC

Molecular modification of anpirtoline ( 2a ) is described. Several methods of preparation of 4-[(3-chlorophenyl)sulfanyl]-1-methylpiperidine ( 3a ) and its demethylation led to the deazaanpirtoline ( 3c ). Nucleophilic substitution of piperidine-4-thiole with 2-chloro-4-nitropyridine, 2,4-dichloro-6-methylpyridine, and 3,6-dichloropyridazine led to 2-chloro-4-(piperidin-4-ylsulfanyl)pyridine ( 6 ), 4-chloro-6-methyl-2-(piperidin-4-ylsulfanyl)pyridine ( 7 ), and 3-chloro-6-(piperidin-4-ylsulfanyl)pyridazine ( 8 ), respectively. 2-Chloro-6-(pyridin-4-ylsulfanyl)pyridine ( 10 ) and 4-[(2-chloropyridin-6-yl)sulfanyl]quinoline ( 11 ) were obtained from sodium 2-chloropyridine-6-thiolate. Homoanpirtoline analogs with methylene group inserted between the pyridine moiety and the sulfur atom (compound 12b ) as well as between the sulfur atom and the piperidine ring (compound 13b ) were also prepared.

Field of study: Chemistry