nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
VLA OH Zeeman Observations of the star forming region S88B

We present observations of the Zeeman effect in OH thermal absorption main lines at 1665 and 1667 MHz taken with the Very Large Array (VLA) toward the star forming region S88B. The OH absorption profiles toward this source are complicated, and contain several blended components toward a number of positions. Almost all of the OH absorbing gas is located in the eastern parts of S88B, toward the compact continuum source S88B-2 and the eastern parts of the extended continuum source S88B-1. The ratio of 1665/1667 MHz OH line intensities indicates the gas is likely highly clumped, in agreement with other molecular emission line observations in the literature. S88-B appears to present a similar geometry to the well-known star forming region M17, in that there is an edge-on eastward progression from ionized to molecular gas. The detected magnetic fields appear to mirror this eastward transition; we detected line-of-sight magnetic fields ranging from 90-400 \mu G, with the lowest values of the field to the southwest of the S88B-1 continuum peak, and the highest values to its northeast. We used the detected fields to assess the importance of the magnetic field in S88B by a number of methods; we calculated the ratio of thermal to magnetic pressures, we calculated the critical field necessary to completely support the cloud against self-gravity and compared it to the observed field, and we calculated the ratio of mass to magnetic flux in terms of the critical value of this parameter. All these methods indicated that the magnetic field in S88B is dynamically significant, and should provide an important source of support against gravity. Moreover, the magnetic energy density is in approximate equipartition with the turbulent energy density, again pointing to the importance of the magnetic field in this region.

Field of study: Physics
Determination of Proteins in Biology Samples by Synchronous Fluorescence Technique with JDC-108 as Fluorescence Probe

JDC-108(chemical stucture see Fig.1) can react with serum albumin to form a complex.Based on this,a new method for the determination of proteins by synchronous fluorescence spectrometry under simulated physiological conditions was established using JDC-108 as a fluorescence probe.The spectral characterization and intensity of synchronous fluorescence were related to the value of Δλ,reaction medium and reaction temperature,and so on.The synchronous fluorescence intensity of the system was in proportion to the concentration of protein in the range of 2.0-497 mg/L for HSA when T=20 ℃,Δλ=20 nm,Tris-HCl buffer(pH 7.40) and ionic strength was 0.1 mol/L of NaCl solution.The detection limit was 0.76 mg/L(n=11) for HSA.Based on these it had been applied to the determination of proteins in serum,urine and saliva samples with satisfactory results,the recovery was in the range of 97.7%-103.4%.The results suggested that the method possessed easy of implementation,rapidity,high sensitivity,broad linear range,better precision and recovery.The method was employed to determine the total proteins in biology samples with satisfactory result.

Field of study: Chemistry
Direct n-body simulations of tidal disruption rate evolution in unequal-mass galaxy mergers

The hierarchical galaxy formation model predicts supermassive black hole binaries (SMBHBs) in galactic nuclei. Due to the gas poor environment and the limited spatial resolution in observations they may hide in the center of many a galaxy. However, a close encounter of a star with one of the supermassive black holes (SMBHs) may tidally disrupt it to produce a tidal disruption event (TDE) and temporarily light up the SMBH. In a previous work, we investigated with direct N-BODY simulations the evolution of TDE rates of SMBHB systems in galaxy mergers of equal mass. In this work we extend to unequal mass mergers. Our results show that, when two SMBHs are far away from each other, the TDE rate of each host galaxy is similar as in an isolated galaxy. As the two galaxies and their SMBHs separation shrinks, the TDE rate is increasing gradually until it reaches a maximum shortly after the two SMBHs become bound. In this stage, the averaged TDE rate can be enhanced by several times to an order of magnitude relative to isolated single galaxies. Our simulations show that the dependence of the TDE accretion rate on the mass ratio in this stage can be well fitted by power law relations for both SMBHs. After the bound SMBHB forms, the TDE rate decreases with its further evolution. We also find that in minor mergers TDEs of the secondary SMBH during and after the bound binary formation are mainly contributed by stars from the other galaxy.

Field of study: Physics
Antioxidant activity in vitro of polysaccharides from Artemisia rupestris L.

The antioxidant activity in vitro of Artemisia rupestris L.polysaccharides was studied.The reduction,the efficiency of scavenging the hydroxyl radical,superoxide anion radical,DPPH free radical of Artemisia rupestris L.polysaccharides was examined by spectrophotometry.The results showed that when the concentration of polysacchande is 0.75 mg/mL,the reductive capability of Artemisia rupestris L polysaccharides and Vc have equivalent effects,the reductive capability of Artemisia rupestris L.polysaccharide in β-carotene/linoleic acid system is stronger than Vc,EC50 of polysaccarides to ·OH,O2-· and DPPH· were 7.73 mg/mL,1.57 mg/mL and 0.09 mg/mL respectively.Therefore,Artemisia rupestris L.polysaccharides had a good role in anti-oxidation and anti-aging and had a great potential for development of anti-oxidation and anti-aging food.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Anti-influenza human T killer cells present an intertypic activity anti-A and -B type viruses in a secondary reaction in vitro.

In man influenza viruses induce a cytolytic T lymphocyte (CTL) activity directed against autologous or HLA-A or -B compatible target cells infected with the immunizing virus. While only type specific CTL are characterized in man, we report here experiments showing intertypic activities of human CTL from donors vaccinated with both A and B type influenza viruses. Their peripheral blood leucocytes (PBL) restimulated in vitro with live influenza virus of one type gave rise to both anti-A and -B activities, when non-infected or Sendaï infected target cells were not lysed. These intertypic activities were restricted by HLA-A or -B antigens and were inhibited by OKT3 antibody. When u.v.-inactivated viruses were used as restimulating antigen, no intertypic CTL were obtained. The results of competition experiments with cold targets show that no common antigens were recognized by anti-A and anti-B CTL. Moreover the restricting HLA-A or -B molecules seen in association with A or B types viruses appeared different in the same experiment, confirming that different antigens were probably involved for the agents of A and B subgroups. This influenza specific intertypic activity was therefore probably due to an intertypic stimulation of type specific CTL activities, possibly arising at the level of T helper cells.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
A Comparative Study of Body Builders and Weight Lifters on Somatotypes

The purpose of the present study was to compare the somatotypes of Body Builders and Weight Lifters. The total fifty (25 body builders and 25 weight lifters) male All-India intervarsity players were selected for this study. The age of the subjects were ranged between 18 to 25 years. The data on somatotypes of the subjects were obtained by using the Carter and Heath method, developed by Carter and Heath (1990). The t test was used to determine the difference between the mean score of the body builders and weight lifters. Results revealed that there was a significant difference between body builders and weight lifters at 0.05 level of significance with 48 degree of freedom. The result of the study showed that there was a significant difference between body builders and weight lifters of their endomorph. Weightlifters are tend to have more fat percentage as compared to bodybuilders. There was not much difference found in the mesomorphy status of the bodybuilders and weightlifters but the bodybuilders showed slightly more musculature than the weightlifters and in the ectomorphy status bodybuilders tend to be more ectomorph than weightlifters.

Field of study: Education
Neural cell adhesion molecules, learning, and memory in the domestic chick

The intermediate and medial hyperstriatum ventrale (IMHV) of the chick forebrain is a site of recognition memory for the learning process of imprinting. The results reported here demonstrate that neural cell adhesion molecules (NCAMs) play a time-dependent role in this recognition memory. Dark-reared chicks were trained, tested, and assigned a preference score as a measure of learning. Chicks with high preference scores were designated good learners and those with lower preference scores, poor learners. Controls were untrained. Tissue was removed, 9.5 hr or 24 hr after training, from the left and right IMHV, hyperstriatum accessorium, and posterior neostriatum. Three major NCAM isoforms (180, 140, and 120 kDa) were assayed. At 24 hr only, there was in left IMHV significantly more NCAM (for each isoform) in good learners than in the other 2 groups, and also a significant correlation between the amounts of NCAM and preference scores for all isoforms; the amount predicted by each regression line at preference score 50 (no learning) did not differ significantly from the mean value for untrained controls. There were no learning-related effects in either the hyperstriatum accessorium or the posterior neostriatum.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Cyclic Cushing syndrome: definitions and treatment implications.

Endogenous Cushing syndrome (CS) results from hypercortisolemia caused by excess adrenocorticotropic hormone production in a pituitary adenoma or ectopic tumor, or by an adrenal tumor that directly produces excess cortisol. The diagnosis can usually be ascertained with a reasonable degree of certainty based on clinical and laboratory findings of hypercortisolism. There are patients, however, in whom the production of excess cortisol exhibits a cyclic or intermittent pattern, and, as a result, the clinical symptoms may be quite complex and varied. In these patients the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis may be normal between cycles, and dexamethasone suppression testing may produce a paradoxical response. In the present article, the authors provide a definition of cyclic Cushing syndrome, review the causes and its potential pathophysiological mechanisms, and discuss the treatment options based on a review of the available literature.

Field of study: Medicine
Fatigue-Induced Evolution of AISI 310S Steel Microstructure after Electron Beam Treatment

Research was carried out to explore the effect of pulsed electron beam irradiation on the behavior of structure and phase state in AISI 310S steel exposed to high-cycle fatigue. A 2.2 times increase in the fatigue life of samples irradiated by electron beams was revealed. The outcomes of scanning and transmission electron microscopic studies suggest the most probable reason for the fracture of steel samples irradiated by a high-intensity electron beam to be microcraters originating on a treated surface and acting as stress risers initiating the propagation of microcracks. The irradiation with a pulsed electron beam causes extremely fast melting of the surface. As a result of the subsequent rapid crystallization, a polycrystalline structure nearly twice as small as an average grain in the untreated steel is formed. Since a surface layer crystallizes rapidly, crystallization cells ranging from 120 to 170 nm develop in the volume of grains. The fatigue testing is shown to be associated with a martensite transformation γ ⇒ ε in the surface layer. One option to intensify a fatigue life increase of the steel in focus is supposed to be the neutralization of crater-forming on a surface treated by electron beams.

Field of study: Materials science
Increased importance of methane reduction for a 1.5 degree target

To understand the importance of methane on the levels of carbon emission reductions required to achieve temperature goals, a processed-based approach is necessary rather than reliance on the transient climate response to emissions. We show that plausible levels of methane (CH4) mitigation can make a substantial difference to the feasibility of achieving the Paris climate targets through increasing the allowable carbon emissions. This benefit is enhanced by the indirect effects of CH4 on ozone (O3). Here the differing effects of CH4 and CO2 on land carbon storage, including the effects of surface O3, lead to an additional increase in the allowable carbon emissions with CH4 mitigation. We find a simple robust relationship between the change in the 2100 CH4 concentration and the extra allowable cumulative carbon emissions between now and 2100 (0.27 ± 0.05 GtC per ppb CH4). This relationship is independent of modelled climate sensitivity and precise temperature target, although later mitigation of CH4 reduces its value and thus methane reduction effectiveness. Up to 12% of this increase in allowable emissions is due to the effect of surface ozone. We conclude early mitigation of CH4 emissions would significantly increase the feasibility of stabilising global warming below 1.5 °C, alongside having co-benefits for human and ecosystem health.

Field of study: Environmental science
Petrography of the Samoan Islands

Tutuila Islands consists of five overlapping shield volcanoes. The lavas of all are predominantly olivine basalts, but picritic basalts, olivine-poor basalts, and olivine-free basalts also are present. Two flows of oligoclase andesite are found in the easternmost (Olomoana) volcano; both andesine and oligoclase andesites are present in the westernmost (Taputapu) volcano. The pre-caldera lavas of Pago Volcano are predominantly olivine basalts, with less abundant olivine-poor basalts, and picritic basalts rich in olivine phenocrysts. The same types are present in the caldera-filling lavas, but the olivine-poor basalts are more abundant; andesites and olivine-free basalts also are present. The post-caldera lavas include olivine basalts, olivine-poor basalts, picritic basalts, andesine andesites, and oligoclase andesites. The picritic basalts differ from those in the earlier groups in containing numerous augite phenocrysts in addition to those of olivine. During the period of eruption of the caldera-filling and post-caldera lavas, there were extruded several masses of quartz trachyte. The last eruptions on Tutuila were of limburgite-basalt. Specimens from Ofu include olivine basalt, basaltic andesite, and picritic basalt with many phenocrysts of augite. Similar olivine basalts and a picritic basalt were collected on Tau. The oldest (Pliocene?) lavas of Upolu are preponderantly olivine basalt, with smaller amounts of olivine-poor basalt, picritic basalt, and basaltic andesite. At least one mass of trachyte is present. The picritic basalts contain phenocrysts of both olivine and augite. With one possible exception, all the Pleistocene lavas of Upolu are olivine basalts. The exception is a specimen of basaltic andesite which may belong with the older lavas. The Recent lava flows also are olivine basalts. The lavas of Savaii are predominantly olivine basalts, but picritic basalts containing augite and olivine phenocrysts also are known. All available chemical analyses of Samoan rocks are listed. The suite is alkalic, near the boundary of the alkali-calcic group, with an alkali-lime index of 50.5. Differentiation was probably largely by crystal settling.

Field of study: Geology
Application of general formulas for the correction of a lattice-translocation defect in crystals of a lentiviral integrase in complex with LEDGF.

The symmetry inherent to many biological macromolecular assemblies has been implicated in a range of crystal pathologies, including lattice-translocation defects (LTDs). Crystals suffering from classic LTDs contain two lattices that are shifted with respect to each other but nonetheless remain within the length of coherent interference. LTD introduces an undesirable intensity modulation into diffraction data, resulting in scrambled or partially scrambled electron densities. In this report, LTD theory is extended and a new general method for determining defect fractions is developed based on the heights of the non-origin peaks observed in native Patterson maps. The application of this method to crystals of lentiviral integrase in complex with its cofactor, where the observed translocation vector does not equal a small integral fraction of a unit-cell edge, is reported and its general application to all classic LTD cases is predicted.

Field of study: Chemistry
X-ray magnetic circular dichroism in FeZrB amorphous alloys: the influence of the tensile stress.

We present X-ray Magnetic Circular Dichroism experiments (XMCD) on the Fe K edge of FeZrB metallic glasses performed under tensile stress. In these compounds the application of tensile stresses produces a large increase of the Curie Temperature. The XMCD signal presents the features expected for a weak ferromagnet but a gradual enhancement of the ferromagnetism is observed as boron and zirconium concentrations increase. The main effect of the tensile stress is to increase the density of states at the Fermi level as deduced from the increment of the amplitude of the XMCD signal with the stress.

Field of study: Physics
Perceived barriers to utilization of maternal health services in rural Cambodia.

The aim of this study was to identify the underlying causes of Cambodian women's non-use of maternal health services provided by skilled birth attendants.



A qualitative study of 66 reproductive-age women was conducted in Kampong Cham Province, Cambodia. Data were collected through 30 semi-structured interviews and 6 focus groups.



We identified 5 barriers to the utilization of maternal health services: (i) financial barriers; (ii) physical barriers; (iii) cognitive barriers; (iv) organizational barriers; and (v) psychological and socio-cultural barriers.



The Cambodian Ministry of Health and its development partners should take these barriers into account when promoting the use of maternal health services. These barriers should be addressed proactively. A successful approach to increasing use of maternal health services should involve changes to both service programs and public education.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
The use of immense memories for database systems: A pragmatic approach

We examine the cost and performance advantages of immense main memories and of the use of extended storage units for a wide range of database applications. Most database systems are required to guarantee a close to absolute degree of data integrity. This requirement is a serious limitation on the usage of main memories as the primary repository of data because of the vulnerability of the content to errors, particularly, software related errors. Current research often neglects this point and focuses instead on the technological issues of the silicon memories content volatility. Transaction processing performance is mostly evaluated on the basis of throughput (i.e., transaction per second) provided that the average response time does not exceed 1 s. Most update intensive applications can be classified as transaction processing and therefore driven by throughput considerations. We will show that large memories have little effect on throughput. Given this point of view, there is very little (if any) performance advantage in using main memories for transaction processing. Consequently, the potential of the immense memory system is for improving the performance of those (non-updating) applications that execute complex queries. The coexistence of query applications with the updating transactions is a realistic view of most business systems as well as many engineering and scientific applications. By taking these facts into consideration, a new vision of in-memory databases is created. In this approach, hardware architecture changes are shown to be less important than the use of proper algorithms and software systems.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
A Programing Approach to Optimal Structural Design Using Structural Indices

2 A substitution of Eq. (18) into Eq. (2), using the appropriate Hamiltonian Functional of shallow shells, gives P_ Pb " ' Pb " "J where S is the area of the shell. The Euler equations are + pa "I -—>4i s >> J __ w Bl+_.

Field of study: Physics
The VIMOS Ultra-Deep Survey: the Ly$\alpha$ emission line morphology at $2 < z < 6$

The Lyman-$\alpha$ (Ly$\alpha$) emission line has been ubiquitously used to confirm and study high redshift galaxies. We report on the line morphology as seen in the 2D spectra from the VIMOS Ultra Deep Survey in a sample of 914 Ly$\alpha$ emitters from a parent sample of 4192 star-forming galaxies at $2<z_\mathrm{spec}\lesssim6$. The study of the spatial extent of Ly$\alpha$ emission provides insight into the escape of Ly$\alpha$ photons from galaxies. We classify the line emission as either non-existent, coincident, projected spatial offset, or extended with respect to the observed 2D UV continuum emission. The line emitters in our sample are classified as ~45% coincident, ~24% extended and ~11% offset emitters. For galaxies with detected UV continuum, we show that extended Ly$\alpha$ emitters (LAEs) correspond to the highest equivalent width galaxies (with an average $W_\mathrm{Ly\alpha}\sim-22$A). This means that this class of objects is the most common in narrow-band selected samples, which usually select high equivalent width LAEs, $<-20$A. Extended Ly$\alpha$ emitters are found to be less massive, less star-forming, with lower dust content, and smaller UV continuum sizes ($r_{50}\sim0.9$kpc) of all the classes considered here. We also find that galaxies with larger UV-sizes have lower fractions of Ly$\alpha$ emitters. By stacking the spectra per emitter class we find that the weaker Ly$\alpha$ emitters have stronger low ionization inter-stellar medium (ISM) absorption lines. Interestingly, we find that galaxies with Ly$\alpha$ offset emission (median separation of $1.1_{-0.8}^{+1.3}$kpc from UV continuum) show similar velocity offsets in the ISM as those with no visible emission (and different from other Ly$\alpha$ emitting classes). This class of objects may hint at episodes of gas accretion, bright offset clumps, or on-going merging activity into the larger galaxies.

Field of study: Physics
Should economists be dependent on official fertility projections

The author critically examines fertility projections made during the twentieth century. The focus is on how inaccuracies in these predictions have affected policy and development strategies in developed countries. He examines fertility trends in 11 such countries and finds that contrary to current projections of declining fertility "both labor demand and labor supply conditions are likely to be more favorable for young adults in the coming decade and the resulting improvement in relative affluence of young adults should have a positive impact on childbearing." Particular attention is given to the United States.

Field of study: Economics