nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
A simple formulation for thermodynamic properties of steam from 273 to 523 K, explicit in temperature and pressure

The present formulation completes the description of the thermodynamic properties of LiBr–H2O system, the solution properties of which are provided by the previous study of the authors. The intent of the paper is to provide potential users with a simple and easily implementable tool for calculating thermodynamic properties of steam. A Gibss energy equation is presented which was developed as an approximation of the values of the pure water vapor properties computed from the internationally accepted IAPWS formulation 1995. Explicit equations for molar volume, isobaric heat capacity, enthalpy, and entropy are given. The maximum deviations from IAPWS-95 are ±0.03% for molar volume, ±0.8% for isobaric heat capacity, ±0.7 kJ kg−1 (i.e. ±0.026%) for the enthalpy and less than ±0.015 kJ kg−1 K−1 (i.e. ±0.022%) for the entropy. The deviations lie within the declared maximum deviation bands at temperatures from 273 to 523 K and up to the pressure of saturation at each given temperature.

Field of study: Engineering
Mörner Magnus: Historia social latinoaméricana (nuevos enfoques) (Caracas, Universidad Católica Andrés Bello, 1979, n.p.s.). Pp. 376. Mörner Magnus: Perfil de la sociedad rural del Cuzco a fines de la colonia (Lima, Universidad del Pacífico, 1978, n.p.s.). Pp. xi + 187.


Field of study: Political science
Mutational Analysis of Conserved Amino Acids on the Active Domain of Newcastle Disease Virus Fusion Protein

To make sure the effects of conserved amino acids on the active domain that interacts with homologous hemagglutinin-neuraminidase(HN) on fusion protein(F) of Newcastle disease virus and to know the molecular mechanism of cell fusion,the site-directed mutagenesis was used to obtain mutants by creating a new enzymatic site,the mutants were sequenced and expressed in eukaryocytes.Some of the mutants were assayed by Giemsa staining and reporter gene assay for fusion activities and the cell surface expression efficiency by fluorescence-activated cell sorter(FACS) analysis.The results showed that NDV F mutant F117L had the same fusion activity as wild-type NDV F.Mutant of R112G-K115G had 44% of activities as wild type,but cell surface expression efficiency revealed no change.Mutant of N147K had only 15% activity as wild type,but expression efficiency had no change.Mutant of L154K had no fusion activity at all and expression efficiency was 94% of the wild type.D462 was highly conserved and when replaced by N,neither fusion activity nor expression efficiency on cell surface was observed.While mutated to R or E,there was no change in fusion activity,but expression efficiency decreased to 63% and 44%,respectively.These data proved that some conserved amino acids on the specific domain of NDV F for fusion play an important role in the cell fusion process.If they are mutated,the fusion activity of F will decrease for most of them.They play different roles in folding,processing and transportation of NDV F,and thus affect fusion activity and/or expression quantity on cell surface.

Field of study: Biology
Superconducting Properties of SiC Doped ${\rm MgB}_{2}$ Formed Below and Above Mg's Melting Point

The fundamental reaction of Mg + B to MgB2 formation was investigated in order to improve the connectivity of the reacted strands, dopant diffusion, and ultimately the transport properties. Initially, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), studies were performed to determine the thermodynamics of the solid-state reaction. It was consistently evident from the DSC scans that the formation of the MgB2 phase was completed below the Mg melting point (~ 655degC). Efforts were made to characterize and understand the differences between the microstructures resulting from the high temperature (above 655degC) and the low temperature (below 655degC) heat-treatments. Transport properties (4.2 K, mostly) of the MgB2 strands, synthesized by the in-situ reaction between mixed Mg and B powders with 5% or 10% of SiC, both above and below the Mg melting point were measured. The results were correlated with the reaction temperatures. Transport Jcs of the order of 4.8 times 104 A/cm2 at 8 T and a Bc2 of 22 T (both at 4.2 K) were obtained for the lower temperature HTed samples, these Jcs are higher than those measured on samples reacted above the Mg melting temperature.

Field of study: Physics
Neurosurgery in times of a pandemic: a survey of neurosurgical services during the COVID-19 outbreak in the Veneto region in Italy.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak and of the subsequent lockdown on the neurosurgical services of the Veneto region in Italy compared to the previous 4 years.



A survey was conducted in all 6 neurosurgical departments in the Veneto region to collect data about surgical, inpatient care and endovascular procedures during the month of March for each year from 2016 to 2020. Safety measures to avoid infection from SARS-CoV-2 and any COVID-19 cases reported among neurosurgical patients or staff members were considered.



The mean number of neurosurgical admissions for the month of March over the 2016-2019 period was 663, whereas in March 2020 admissions decreased by 42%. Emergency admissions decreased by 23%. The average number of neurosurgical procedures was 697, and declined by 30% (range -10% to -51% in individual centers). Emergency procedures decreased in the same period by 23%. Subarachnoid hemorrhage and spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage both decreased in Veneto-by 25% and 22%, respectively. Coiling for unruptured aneurysm, coiling for ruptured aneurysm, and surgery for ruptured aneurysm or arteriovenous malformation diminished by 49%, 27%, and 78%, respectively. Endovascular procedures for acute ischemic stroke (AIS) increased by 33% in 2020 (28 procedures in total). There was a slight decrease (8%) in brain tumor surgeries. Neurosurgical admissions decreased by 25% and 35% for head trauma and spinal trauma, respectively, while surgical procedures for head trauma diminished by 19% and procedures for spinal trauma declined by 26%. Admissions and surgical treatments for degenerative spine were halved. Eleven healthcare workers and 8 patients were infected in the acute phase of the pandemic.



This multicenter study describes the effects of a COVID-19 outbreak on neurosurgical activities in a vast region in Italy. Remodulation of neurosurgical activities has resulted in a significant reduction of elective and emergency surgeries compared to previous years. Most likely this is a combined result of cancellation of elective and postponable surgeries, increase of conservative management, increase in social restrictions, and in patients' fear of accessing hospitals. Curiously, only endovascular procedures for AIS have increased, possibly due to reduced physical activity or increased thrombosis in SARS-CoV-2. The confounding effect of thrombectomy increase over time cannot be excluded. No conclusion can be drawn on AIS incidence. Active monitoring with nasopharyngeal swabs, wearing face masks, and using separate pathways for infected patients reduce the risk of infection.

Field of study: Medicine
Impact of Sn4+ Substitution at Cr3+ Sites on Thermoelectric and Electronic Properties of p-Type Delafossite CuCrO2

The effects of Sn4+ substitution at Cr3+ sites on the thermoelectric and electronic properties of p-type delafossite CuCrO2 have been studied. CuCr1−xSnxO2 (x = 0.01, 0.03) samples were prepared via conventional solid-state reaction. The Seebeck coefficient results confirmed that all the samples exhibited p-type conduction. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy verified the presence of Sn4+ ions and the appearance of mixed-state Cr3+/Cr2+ ions. The experimental results revealed that addition of Sn impacted the electrical conductivity due to the mixed Cu1+/Cu2+ states while the Seebeck coefficient was affected by the mixed Cr3+/Sn4+ states. The electrical conductivity was governed by the polaron hopping mechanism, and the large Seebeck coefficient was controlled by the spin and orbital degeneracy of the mixed Cr3+/Sn4+ ions. The electrical conductivity activation energy values were 0.410 eV and 0.407 eV while the thermal activation energy values were 0.208 eV and 0.160 eV, for x = 0.01 and 0.03, respectively. The results confirm that Sn4+ substitution at Cr3+ sites impacted the Seebeck coefficient and electronic behavior of delafossite CuCrO2 oxide even for low dopant levels of x = 0.01 and 0.03, resulting in p-type conduction and optically conducting materials.

Field of study: Materials science
Organization and financing of the Danish health care system.

The present paper aims at giving a short overview of the organization and financing of the Danish health care system as of 1997-1998 when the SWOT panel evaluated the system. The overview follows the triangular model of a health care system. The Danish system is characterized by being decentralized and single-funded. The hospital sector is public, and hospitals are financed and run by the counties (with only a very small private hospital sector alongside). General practitioners are private entrepreneurs but work under contract for the counties. Hospitals are financed by global budgets, while general practitioners are paid by a mixed remuneration system of capitation fees and fee-for-service. During the past 20 years, the government has repeatedly imposed budget ceilings on the counties which has limited growth in the health care sector.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Study on the process for extracting carotenoids from tagetes

In this paper, the best extraction conditions for carotenoids in tagetes by supercritical fluid extraction were investigated systemically. The optimization of extraction method of carotenoids from tagetes was obtained by using orthogonal test design that optimized the affecting factors such as the extraction temperature, the extraction pressure and the extraction time on the base of single factor experiments. The results showed that the optimal extraction condition was: 62℃, 48MPa and 178min. Under this condition, the yield of carotenoids can reach to 6.9775mg/g. And the character of the production was identified.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Improved quantum circuits for elliptic curve discrete logarithms

We present improved quantum circuits for elliptic curve scalar multiplication, the most costly component in Shor's algorithm to compute discrete logarithms in elliptic curve groups. We optimize low-level components such as reversible integer and modular arithmetic through windowing techniques and more adaptive placement of uncomputing steps, and improve over previous quantum circuits for modular inversion by reformulating the binary Euclidean algorithm. Overall, we obtain an affine Weierstrass point addition circuit that has lower depth and uses fewer $T$ gates than previous circuits. While previous work mostly focuses on minimizing the total number of qubits, we present various trade-offs between different cost metrics including the number of qubits, circuit depth and $T$-gate count. Finally, we provide a full implementation of point addition in the Q# quantum programming language that allows unit tests and automatic quantum resource estimation for all components.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Some derivatives of 3-aryl-2H-1,4-benzoxazine

Arylacyl esters of o-acetamidophenol, which are cyclized to 3-aryl-2H-1,4-benzoxazines by a saponification of the acetamido group, are obtained by the reaction of ω-bromomethyl aryl ketones with potassium o-acetamidophenoxide.

Field of study: Chemistry
Vibration modes of large structures by an automatic matrix-reductionmethod

1 Cherry, G. W., "A Class of Unified Explicit Methods for Steering Throttleable and Fixed-Thrust Rockets,"  Trajectories in a Vacuum," TN D-2684, 1965, NASA. 3 Jezewski, D. J., Three-Dimensional Guidance Equations for Quasi-Optimum Space Maneuvers, XV IAF Congress, Vol. I, Gauthier-Villars, Paris PWN-Polish Scientific Publishers, Warsaw, 1965. 4 Lawden, D. F., Optimal Trajectories for Space Navigation, Butterworths, London, 1963, p. 56. 5 Fletcher, R. and Powell, M. J. D., "A Rapidly Convergent Descent Method for Minimization," The Computer Journal, Vol. 6, No. 2, July 1963, pp. 163-168. 6 Breakwell, J. V., "The Optimization of Trajectories," Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics,  Blaisdell, Waltham, Mass., 1956.

Field of study: Physics
Cultural Reception, Translation and Transformation from Medieval to Modern Italy: Essays in Honour of Martin McLaughlin. Guido Bonsaver, Brian Richardson, and Giuseppe Stellardi, eds. Cambridge: Legenda, 2017. xxxii + 444 pp. $99.

superior philosophical methods, the second a defense for the philosopher’s textual corpus as a whole. The study of philosophical biography continues in the sixth and seventh essays of the volume that investigate how biographers of philosophers in the seventeenth century embraced or rejected Laertius’s style in his Lives of the Eminent Philosophers. The first essay, by Michael Weichenhan, details how Pierre Gassendi’s biography of Epicurus, written to renew interest in the philosopher, also embraced Laertius’s premodern style of philosophical biography. Leo Catana’s essay, in contrast, posits that Christoph August Heumann’s critique of Porphyrys’s Life of Plotinus discredited the entire tradition of biographical history of philosophy and, subsequently, the creator of this method, Diogenes Laertius. In so doing, Heumann would change the face of philosophical history for two millennia, a history that would be entirely disinterested in philosophers’ life stories.

Field of study: History
Information Theoretically Secure Multi Party Set Intersection Re-Visited

We re-visit the problem of secure multiparty set intersection (MPSI) in information theoretic settings. In , Li et.al have proposed a protocol for MPSI with n = 3t + 1 parties, that provides information theoretic security, when t out of those n parties are corrupted by an active adversary having unbounded computing power. In , the authors have claimed that their protocol takes six rounds of communication and communicates ${\cal O}(n^4m^2)$ field elements, where each party has a set containing m field elements. However, we show that the round and communication complexity of the protocol in  is much more than what is claimed in . We then propose a novel information theoretically secure protocol for MPSI with n ? 3t + 1, which significantly improves the "actual" round and communication complexity of the protocol of [15]. Our protocols employ several tools which are of independent interest.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Origin and nature of ore deposits an historical study

The geologist of the present day, immersed in, and at times almost submerged by, the immense mass of new, and often valuable, material which continuously claims his attention, usually finds little time to glance back through the past centuries and follow the gradual evolution of his science from the point where it takes its origin among the ancient Greeks, through the later classical times and the Middle Ages to the Renaissance, when a new method for the study of nature was introduced, and thence on to the present day. This new method was that of close observation and experiment, instead of reliance on speculation and subservience to authority. With its introduction, science, as a whole, entered upon an era of vigorous growth and rapid expansion, ever increasing as the years went on, which has made it one of the dominating influences in the modern world. A study of the . . .

Field of study: Geology
ERAP1/ERAP2 and RUNX3 polymorphisms are not associated with ankylosing spondylitis susceptibility in Chinese Han

Previous studies show that endoplasmic reticulum‐associated aminopeptidase (ERAP1/ERAP2) and runt‐related transcription factor 3 (RUNX3) gene polymorphisms are associated with AS (ankylosing spondylitis) in European Caucasians. However, contradictory results were reported in different Asian populations. The purpose of this study was to determine whether eleven candidate single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in ERAP1/ERAP2 and six in RUNX3 genes confer susceptibility to AS with or without acute anterior uveitis (AAU) [AS+AAU+ or AS+AAU–] in Chinese Han. Therefore, a case–control association study was performed in 882 AS+AAU–, 884 AS+AAU+ and 1727 healthy controls. Genotyping was performed using the iPLEXGold genotyping assay. A meta‐analysis was performed to assess the association of polymorphisms of ERAP1 with AS susceptibility in Asian populations. No association was found between SNPs of ERAP1/ERAP2/RUNX3 and susceptibility of AS with or without AAU. A case–control study between patients with human leucocyte antigen HLA‐B27‐positive and healthy controls also failed to demonstrate an association of the tested SNP with AS with or without AAU. Moreover, a meta‐analysis showed that there was no association of rs30187, rs27037, rs27980, rs27434 and rs27582 in ERAP1 with AS in Chinese Han. Taken together, 17 SNPs in ERAP1/ERAP2 and RUNX3 genes did not confer disease susceptibility to AS in Chinese Han.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Significantly higher polybrominated diphenyl ether levels in young U.S. children than in their mothers.

While young children are rarely included in biomonitoring studies, they are presumed to be at greater risk of ingesting environmental contaminants-particularly those that accumulate in foods or shed from consumer products. The widely used fire retardants polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are ubiquitous contaminants in the indoor environment and are widely detected at higher levels in Americans than in individuals from other countries. However, there are only three studies of PBDEs in U.S. children. We hypothesized that PBDEs are present in higher concentrations in young children than their mothers. PBDEs were assessed in blood samples collected concurrently from 20 mothers and their children, ages 1.5 to 4 years. The chemical analyses were performed by GC/MS applying selected ion monitoring. The samples were analyzed for 20 PBDE congeners; 11 were detected. SigmaPBDEs for children were typically 2.8 times higher than for mothers, with median child:mother ratios varying from 2 to 4 for individual congeners. In 19 of 20 families studied, children had higher SigmaPBDE concentrations than their mothers with significant (p < 0.01) concentration differences for five of the PBDE congeners. Decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) was quantitated in 13 children and 9 mothers. Other studies indicate PBDEs are not elevated at birth, suggesting that early life is an intense period of PBDE intake. Children's increased hand-to-mouth activity, dietary preferences, and exposures from breast milk may result in greater ingestion of PBDEs than adults. These findings suggest that measurements from adults likely do not reflect exposures to young children despite sharing homes and similar diets.

Field of study: Environmental science
Two Light Sources for Use in the Extreme Ultraviolet

Two light sources, one a capillary discharge tube and the other a hollow cathode discharge tube, for use in the extreme ultraviolet are described. Both tubes are rugged, easily demountable, and electrically quiet so that counting techniques can be used. Results are given for resonance lines of H, A, Ne, and He; the He2 molecular continuum; and lines of singly ionized A, Ne, and He. The wavelength region examined lies between 1216 and 256 A.

Field of study: Physics
Measurement of absorption rates in horizontal-tube falling-film ammonia-water absorbers

Heat and mass transfer in a horizontal-tube falling-film ammonia-water absorber was investigated. A tube bank consisting of four columns of six 9.5 mm nominal OD, 0.292 m long tubes was installed in a shell that allowed heat and mass transfer measurements and optical access for flow visualization. This absorber was installed in a test facility consisting of all the components of a chiller, fabricated to obtain realistic operating conditions at the absorber to account for the influence of the other components in the system. Tests were conducted over desorber solution outlet concentrations of 5–40% for three nominal absorber pressures of 150, 345 and 500 kPa, for solution flow rates of 0.019–0.034 kg s−1. Measurement and analysis techniques, heat transfer rates, and solution- and vapor-side heat and mass transfer coefficients are described. Trends in heat and mass transfer coefficients are discussed, highlighting the effects of solution flow rate and concentration, and absorber pressure.

Field of study: Engineering
Über einen neuen empfindlichen Lichtzähler

ZusammenfassungEs wird ein Lichtzähler entwickelt mit der Eigenschaft, jedes ausgelöste Photoelektron zu registrieren. Dazu werden die Primärelektronen in einem homogenen Felde beschleunigt und durch Sto\ionisation verstärkt. Die Elektronen der hierbei entstehenden Elektronenlawine treten zum Teil durch ein Netz in den Zählbereich eines Spitzenzählers und bringen diesen zum Ansprechen. Die Zähleigenschaften dieser Apparatur werden in bezug auf Dunkeleffekt, Auflösungsvermögen und Eigenerregung untersucht und diskutiert. Die relative Ausbeute d. h. das Verhältnis der gezählten Impulse zu den primär erzeugten Elektronen ist eine Funktion der Feldstärke. Es ergibt sich hierbei ein Sättigungswert von 0,25, d. h. jedes vierte Photoelektron wird gezählt.

Field of study: Physics
Classified Management of Water Environment in Jilin Section of Songhua River

Based on nine years’monitoring data,water quality of Jilin section of Songhua River was analyzed with factor analysis (FA)method and classified management model of water environment. Contribution rate of water pollution factors were calculated quantitatively,with division of all kinds of water environmental management areas based on FA and classified management model. The corresponding measures of water environment management were proposed. Results showed that main pollution which was permanganate index,petroleum oil and suspended substance is characterized as industrial point pollution and non -point source pollution resulted from soil and water erosion. Development of the study has certain reference to implement gross control of regional water environment,and can implement the scientific classified management on Songhua River in Jilin Province.

Field of study: Environmental science
Isolation and characterization of the human secretogranin II gene promoter.

The goal of this study was to isolate and functionally characterize the human secretogranin II (SgII) gene promoter. SgII is a member of the granin family of proteins which are selectively expressed in neurosecretory cells. The human SgII promoter contains a consensus TATA box and cyclic AMP response element (CRE) 35 and 74 bp upstream of the transcription start site, respectively, elements also found in the mouse and rat SgII gene promoters. Transfection studies showed that 869 bp of the human SgII promoter were sufficient to confer cell type-specific expression of an SgII promoter-luciferase reporter gene in neurosecretory PC-12, GH and BE(2)-M17 cells. The activity of the human SgII promoter was also compared in three N-type, human neuroblastoma cell lines [BE(2)-M17, SMS-KAN and SH-SY5Y], which differ markedly in the level of SgII expression. SgII promoter activities in the neuroblastoma cell lines correlated not only with the levels of SgII but also the levels of the cyclic AMP response element-binding protein CREB which were highest in BE(2)-M17 cells and lowest in SH-SY5Y cells. To establish that the activity of the human SgII promoter in these neuroblastoma cell lines is dependent on the level of CREB, rat CREB was overexpressed in SH-SY5Y cells. SgII promoter activity was up to 8-fold higher in SH-SY5Y cells overexpressing CREB. These results suggest that SgII expression is a marker for neuronal differentiation in human neuroblastoma cell lines and is dependent on the level of CREB expression.

Field of study: Biology