nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Microbiological composition in sufu phetze fermented under low temperature

Varieties and population of microbe in sufu pehtze from a manufacturer in the north part of Heilongjiang Province were investigated. Mycelial configuration of strain on PDA and Hyphal configuration of strain were observed by microscope. A mucor was isolated and identified as Mucor flavus, which was belonging to Mucor genus, Mucoraceae.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Composition and Distribution of Acidic Compounds in Duba Extracts:Revealed by Negative Electrospray Ionization-Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance-Mass Spectrometry

A modified version of base extraction was adopted to separate the acidic compounds,primarily naphthenic acids,in Duba crude oil.Extracts and residua were collected and subsequently characterized by negative electrospray Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry(Neg ESI FT ICR MS).The results indicated that Neg ESI FT ICR MS was a powerful tool for the identification of acidic compounds in crude oil.The broadband mass spectra showed that acidic compounds distributed in all the fractions of extraction,and obviously differed in composition and relative abundance.The washing process could only extract the acidic portion with a molecular lower than 500 Da.Increasing in solvent volume and in polarity of reverse-extracting solvent tended to exclude more neutral nitrogen compounds.Meanwhile,this procedure had little influence on the composition and distribution of acidic compounds with a relatively low molecular weight.

Field of study: Chemistry
Do Ethnic Identity and Other-Group Orientation Protect against Discrimination for Asian Americans?.

Ethnic identity and other-group orientation were examined as possible moderators and mediators on the effects of personal ethnic discrimination and minority group discrimination in 2 studies of Asian Americans. Results demonstrated that discrimination, particularly when directed personally at an individual, correlated negatively with psychological well-being and correlated positively with distress. Ethnic identity and other-group orientation, however, correlated positively with psychological well-being. Contrary to the main hypothesis, ethnic identity did not moderate or mediate the effects of discrimination, although other-group orientation demonstrated a moderator effect on community well-being. More research on ethnic identity and other-group orientation as protective factors that enable Asian Americans to be resilient against discrimination is necessary to clarify the findings from these studies.

Field of study: Psychology
[Primary central nervous system vasculitis].

Primary vasculitis (angiitis) of the central nervous system (PACNS) is a rare disease targeting the vessels of the brain, spinal cord and leptomeninges without systemic involvement. The etiology is not clear enough. The authors review clinical, laboratory and radiological features of PACNS. Clinical manifestations are variable and depend on the caliber of affected vessels. The main clinical manifestations of small sized vessel vasculitis include encephalopathy (cognitive disorders, epileptic seizures), headache and transient cerebral ischemia. The main clinical presentation of vasculitis of medium/large cerebral arteries is ischemic strokes, which usually develop in different vascular territories. CSF findings in the majority of patients show modest lymphocytic pleocytosis, elevated protein level and occasionally the presence of oligoclonal bands. MRI data are not specific and include infarcts, hyperintensity (FLAIR) and sometimes tumor-like lesions. The gold standard for the verification of PACNS affected small-sized arteries is brain and leptomeningeal biopsy. Cerebral angiography allows the verification of vasculitis of medium and large cerebral arteries revealing segmental narrowings (beading). High resolution black blood MRI before and after contrast injection may visualize intracranial vessel wall contrast enhancement - the sign of inflammation in intracranial arteries. Treatment of PACNS includes corticosteroids and cyclophosphamide. In the case of patient intolerance, rituximab and blockers of tumor necrosis factor may be used.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Thermal and photoinduced reduction of ionic Au(III) to elemental Au nanoparticles by dissolved organic matter in water: possible source of naturally occurring Au nanoparticles.

Naturally occurring Au nanoparticles (AuNPs) have been widely observed in ore deposits, coal, soil, and environmental water. Identifying the source of these naturally occurring AuNPs could be helpful for not only the discovery of Au deposits through advanced exploration methods, but also the elucidation of the biogeochemical cycle and environmental toxicity of ionic Au and engineered AuNPs. Here, we investigated the effect of natural/simulated sunlight and heating on the reduction of ionic Au by ubiquitous dissolved organic matter (DOM) in river water. The reductive process probed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy revealed that phenolic, alcoholic, and aldehyde groups in DOM act as reductive sites. Long-time exposure with thermal and photoirradiation induced the further fusion and growth of AuNPs to branched Au nanostructure as precipitation. The formation processes and kinetics of AuNPs were further investigated using humic acid (HA) as the DOM model, with comprehensive characterizing methods. We have observed that HA can reduce ionic Au(III) complex (as chloride or hydroxyl complex) to elemental Au nanoparticles under sunlight or heating. In this process, nearly all of the Au(III) could be reduced to AuNPs, in which HA serves as not only the reductive agent, but also the coating agent to stabilize and disperse AuNPs. The size and stability of AuNPs were highly dependent on the concentration ratio of Au(III) to HA. These results imply that, besides biological processes, this thermal or photochemical reduction process is another possible source of naturally occurring AuNPs in natural environments, which possibly has critical impacts on the transport and transformation of Au and engineered AuNPs.

Field of study: Environmental science
Essential Strangeness in Nucleon Magnetic Moments

Effective quark magnetic moments are extracted from experimental measurements as a function of the strangeness magnetic moment of the nucleon. Assumptions made in even the most general quark model analyses are ruled out by this investigation. Ab initio QCD calculations demand a non-trivial role for strange quarks in the nucleon. The effective moments from QCD calculations are reproduced for a strangeness magnetic moment contribution to the proton of 0.11 $\mu_N$, which corresponds to $F_2^s(0) = -0.33\

Field of study: Physics
Upper critical field of a Sm1.85Ce0.15CuO4-y single crystal: Interaction between superconductivity and antiferromagnetic order in copper oxides.

The temperature dependence of the anisotropic upper critical magnetic field, {ital H}{sub {ital c}2}(T), has been determined resistively in antiferromagnetic Sm{sub 1.85}Ce{sub 0.15}CuO{sub 4{minus}{ital y}} single crystals. We observe the first evidence in high-{ital T}{sub {ital c}} copper oxides for the interaction between superconductivity and antiferromagnetic ordering of rare-earth ions; estimates of the exchange coupling {ital J}{approx}0.1 eV and the Ginzburg-Landau coherence lengths {xi}{sub {ital ab}}=79 A and {xi}{sub {ital c}}=14.7 A are obtained. In both Nd{sub 1.84}Ce{sub 0.16}CuO{sub 4{minus}{ital y}} and Sm{sub 1.85}Ce{sub 0.15}CuO{sub 4{minus}{ital y}}, the {ital H}{sub {ital c}2} data above {ital T}{sub {ital N}} can be described by {ital H}{sub {ital c}2}({ital T})/{ital H}{sub {ital c}2}{sup +}(0)=(1{minus}{ital T}/{ital T}{sub {ital c}}){sup 1.6}.

Field of study: Physics
Pathological reactions of the erotic possession type

The paper presents an analysis of the disorders with manifestations of non-delirious pathologic love as a response to the action of psychogenic factor on the basis of constitutional predisposition. By the results of the examination of 31 patients with prolonged psychogenic depressions, characterized by the phenomenon of erotic possession, 2 types of the pathologic reactions were distinguished: with a predominance of the possessed images and with a predominance of the delirious-like fantasies. Psycho-traumatic situations that reflected loss of significant relations (either real or imaginary) as a result of the divorce, broken relations, "love triangle", etc. were investigated. Estimation of the premorbid state in the patients allowed both to reveal accentuation in a sphere of love relationship and to single out a main mechanism of the development of pathologic reactions (by type of "key" experience) as well as to define typological differentiation of psychogenic by type of erotic possession taking into consideration the constitutional anomalies.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Preliminary Generalized Cambrian Time Scale

In order that stratigraphic correlations of a geologic system may approach completeness and perfection, it is necessary to make repeated trials, each based on an advance in knowledge; but before a trial is possible, there must be a generalized time scale with which comparisons may be made. This general scale is itself necessarily a matter of growth, since no natural section is ever complete. Usually, the first, or discovery, sections of a stratigraphic division are accidentally encountered, and subsequent field investigations cannot follow a logical course until a fairly comprehensive survey has furnished some clues to the major features and the delineation of the system as a whole. After such a survey, field studies can be directed toward definite goals, and a tentative general time scale can be attempted and subjected to the test of use. State of Knowledge of the Cambrian One hundred years ago Sedgwick and Murchison . . .

Field of study: Geology
Two-stage cultivation of Digitalis lanata cells: semicontinuous production of deacetyllanatoside C in 20-litre airlift bioreactors.

A two-stage cultivation method was employed to develop a semicontinuous biotransformation process for the production of deacetyllanatoside C, a cardenolide of the important digoxin series. Digitoxin was used as the substrate for biotransformation. The process was optimized in 1-l shake flasks and then established on the 20-l scale using two airlift bioreactors, one for cell growth (working volume 12 litres) and another for deacetyllanatoside C production (working volume 18 litres). Growth and production phases were synchronized and the process finally ran semicontinuously in 7-d cycles. Six consecutive production runs were performed yielding a total of 43.8 g deacetyllanatoside C.

Field of study: Biology, Engineering
Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Distinct Responses to Physiologic versus Toxic Manganese Exposure in Human Neuroblastoma Cells

Manganese (Mn) is an essential trace element, which also causes neurotoxicity in exposed occupational workers. Mn causes mitochondrial toxicity; however, little is known about transcriptional responses discriminated by physiological and toxicological levels of Mn. Identification of such mechanisms could provide means to evaluate risk of Mn toxicity and also potential avenues to protect against adverse effects. To study the Mn dose-response effects on transcription, analyzed by RNA-Seq, we used human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells exposed for 5 h to Mn (0 to 100 μM), a time point where no immediate cell death occurred at any of the doses. Results showed widespread effects on abundance of protein-coding genes for metabolism of reactive oxygen species, energy sensing, glycolysis, and protein homeostasis including the unfolded protein response and transcriptional regulation. Exposure to a concentration (10 μM Mn for 5 h) that did not result in cell death after 24-h increased abundance of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the protein secretion pathway that function in protein trafficking and cellular homeostasis. These include BET1 (Golgi vesicular membrane-trafficking protein), ADAM10 (ADAM metallopeptidase domain 10), and ARFGAP3 (ADP-ribosylation factor GTPase-activating protein 3). In contrast, 5-h exposure to 100 μM Mn, a concentration that caused cell death after 24 h, increased abundance of DEGs for components of the mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation pathway. Integrated pathway analysis results showed that protein secretion gene set was associated with amino acid metabolites in response to 10 μM Mn, while oxidative phosphorylation gene set was associated with energy, lipid, and neurotransmitter metabolites at 100 μM Mn. These results show that differential effects of Mn occur at a concentration which does not cause subsequent cell death compared to a concentration that causes subsequent cell death. If these responses translate to effects on the secretory pathway and mitochondrial functions in vivo, differential activities of these systems could provide a sensitive basis to discriminate sub-toxic and toxic environmental and occupational Mn exposures.

Field of study: Biology
Ethanol effects on embryonic craniofacial growth and development: implications for study of the fetal alcohol syndrome.

Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), which is brought about by maternal consumption of ethanol during pregnancy, is a major public health problem. To gain understanding of the etiology of this condition, a number of teratological studies have been performed in different animal systems to develop an animal model for FAS. The C57BL/6J mouse strain has been described as susceptible to the teratogenic effects of ethanol, whereas the ICR (CD-1) strain is considered relatively insensitive. We have compared the effects of ethanol on DNA and protein synthesis in cultured embryonic palate mesenchymal cells from both strains to determine if the reported differential sensitivity to ethanol is reflected in differences in ethanol's effects on cell behavior. Chronic exposure to 200 mM ethanol for 48 hr had a strong inhibitory effect on DNA synthesis in palate cells derived from both the C57BL/6J and ICR strains and a significant effect on protein synthesis in C57BL/6J palate cells. When we attempted to verify strain differences in susceptibility to ethanol teratogenesis, we were not able to observe an increased incidence of birth defects due to ethanol in either strain. High doses of ethanol (5.8 g/kg, administered by intraperitoneal injection on gestational day 8) resulted in death in both C57BL/6J and ICR mice. A lower dose (4.8 g/kg) caused decreased fetal weight and increased resorption in both strains, but did not bring about FAS-like craniofacial dysmorphology in either strain. It appears, therefore, that whereas ethanol can significantly affect the behavior of cells derived from craniofacial tissue, these effects cannot be correlated with sensitivity to ethanol teratogenesis in the mouse system.

Field of study: Medicine
Plant-associated fungal biofilms - knowns and unknowns.

Nearly all microbes including fungi grow firmly attached to surfaces as a biofilm. Yet, attention towards fungal interactions with plants and the environment is dedicated to free-floating (planktonic) cells. Fungal biofilms are generally thought to configure interactions across and among plant populations. Despite this, plant fungal biofilm research lags far behind the research on biofilms of medically important fungi. The deficit in noticing and exploring this research avenue could limit disease management and plant improvement programs. Here we provide the current state of knowledge of fungal biofilms and the different pivotal ecological roles they impart in the context of disease, through leveraging evidence across medically important fungi, secondary metabolite production, plant beneficial functions and climate change. We also provide views on several important information gaps potentially hampering plant fungal biofilm research, and propose a way forward to address these gaps.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
The Roles of Distributor in the Supply Chain–Push-pull boundary

The purpose of this paper is to study the roles of the distributor in the supply chain and to explore its positive contributions. We find that the distributor should act as a push and pull boundary (also called decoupling point) of the supply chain. The definition of decoupling point is needed to be enhanced when the concept of the decoupling point is applied to an industry, like the electronics industry, due to the fact that several decoupling points along a supply chain are possible. The distributor, as a decoupling point, needs to resolve the overstock risk pooled from the upstream parties due to the economies of scale in the production process. On the other hand, the distributor needs to provide fast delivery service with small order quantities and to satisfy the high availability requirement from its downstream parties by providing postponement services to her partners in the supply chain.

Field of study: Business
Coming to Terms with Leisure and Globalization

This article is concerned with the engagement of leisure studies as an academic field and as organized, professional intervention with the phenomenon of globalization, using the exemplificatory case of the World Leisure and Recreation Association’s (now World Leisure’s) Sao Paulo Declaration on Leisure and Globalization as a point of reference. Deploying a combination of globalization theory and ‘autoethnographic’ research in relation to instances of mediated leisure culture, it reflects on conceptual imprecision and potential contradictions in the Declaration as indicative of wider problems in the disciplinary field. Leisure studies researchers are enjoined to avoid complicity in promoting both dystopian and utopian versions of globalization theory, and sceptically to assess the complex interaction of globalizing and other macro/micro processes. The article concludes by arguing for a wide‐ranging, critically reflexive leisure studies research agenda supported by principled strategic interventions in leisure power relations.

Field of study: Sociology
Superconducting phase diagrams of LuB$_{12}$ and Lu$_{1-x}$Zr$_x$B$_{12}$ ($x \le 0.45$) down to 50 mK

Lutetium dodecaboride LuB12 is a simple weak-coupling BCS superconductor with critical temperature Tc = 0.42 K, whilst ZrB12 is a strong-coupling BCS superconductor with the highest critical temperature Tc = 6.0 K among this group of materials. In case of lutetium substitution by zirconium ions in LuB12 the crossover from weak- to strong-coupling superconductor can be studied. We have investigated the evolution of critical temperature Tc and critical field Hc in high-quality single crystalline superconducting samples of Lu(1-x)Zr(x)B12 (0 =< x =< 0.45) by measuring magnetic ac susceptibility between 1 K and 50 mK. To obtain this kind of experimental data, a new susceptometer was designed, constructed and tested, which can work in a wide temperature range of 0.05 K - 3 K in 3He-4He dilution refrigerator. The measurements with this new susceptometer revealed how Tc(x) and Hc(x) increases with increasing concentration of zirconium in Lu(1-x)Zr(x)B12 solid solutions as well as how their superconducting phase diagram develops.

Field of study: Physics
Optimisation of the design parameters of a domestic refrigerator using CFD and artificial neural networks

This paper reports the use of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and artificial neural networks (ANN) for optimising and improving the performance of a static type domestic refrigerator. The effects of the hydrodynamic and thermal fields on the air flow inside of the refrigerator compartment were considered by exact modelling of the fan. The interior volume of air of the refrigerator was modelled using a CFD method, and analyses were performed. The numerical results were validated by comparing experimental results with the calculated interior design parameters. An optimisation study of the obtained design parameters was performed using a parametric method. The optimum design case was predicted by the ANN. The performance of the refrigerator improved by approximately 7.7% based on the amount of heat taken from the evaporator surface assuming thermal uniformity of the interior volume of air and the ISO 15502 standards. As a result, the annual energy consumption will decrease by 17.52 kWh.

Field of study: Engineering
Effect of Line-width and Planting Density to Sugarcane Varieties

The agronomic traits and canopy characteristics of sugarcane variety FN15,FN28 and FN39 under two line-width and three planting density were investigated.The results showed that both FN15 and FN39 were adapted to wider line and sparse planting.FN15 grew steadily in the earlier stage of elongation,quickly in the mid-term and slowly in the later stage.FN39 grew steadily in the earlier stage and the mid-term of elongation and sustained the longest later stage.From above,some technological points for those varieties in mechanized cultivation were proposed.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Two related G protein-coupled receptors: the distribution of GPR7 in rat brain and the absence of GPR8 in rodents.

GPR7 and GPR8, orphan G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) genes, expressed in the brain and periphery share highest sequence identity to each other and significant similarity with opioid and somatostatin receptors. To further our knowledge of GPR7's physiological function, we performed in situ hybridization analyses of rat brain to reveal specific patterns of expression in the brain. GPR7 mRNA was found to be discretely localized in areas of the amygdala, hippocampus, hypothalamus and cortex. We previously reported that GPR7 was highly conserved in both human and rodent orthologs while GPR8 was not found in the rodent [9]. We speculated that GPR8 originated after the divergence of the human and rodent. Using primers designed from human GPR8, we isolated lemur GPR8 and subsequently aligned human, monkey, and lemur GPR8 orthologs to design primers recognizing highly conserved regions of GPR8. Using these primers, orthologs of GPR7 and GPR8 were isolated by the PCR from rabbit, tree shrew, and flying lemur, as well as GPR7 in the rat. Subsequent analysis of the clones obtained demonstrated that both GPR7 and GPR8 sequences were highly conserved amongst the species studied, but a rodent GPR8 was not isolated. The absence of a GPR8 gene in the rodent suggests that GPR8 originated from gene duplication of GPR7 after the rodent line diverged from the rabbit, tree shrew, flying lemur, lemur, monkey and human lines. In addition, the taxonomic distribution of GPR8 is consistent with molecular studies grouping rabbits with primates, tree shrews and flying lemurs rather than with rodents.

Field of study: Biology
Architectural relationships involving symbolic substitution.

A functional correspondence is shown among neural networks, symbolic substitution, digital computers, the permutation group S(N), and optical correlator devices. Group and element networks are postulated. The dimensionality of the group number N is interpreted as a measure of the parallel capacity of a network. The principle of symbolic substitution is used to design S(2) rules for a full binary adder, and neura! model techniques are applied to produce a neural net implementing the adder. Optical neuromorphs are described for the processing nodes of the network.

Field of study: Physics