nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The Role of Colleges and Schools of Pharmacy in the Advent of Healthy People 2020

As the need for more experiential sites increases, colleges and schools of pharmacy should consider innovative and strategic approaches to expansion including adding programs that would address the target areas emphasized by Healthy People 2020. Healthy People 2020 encompasses the following areas: adolescent health, early and middle childhood, genomics, global health, health information technology, healthcare-associated infections, hearing and other sensory or communicating disorders (ear, nose, throat-voice, speech and language), weight status, older adults, quality of life and well-being, and social determinants of health. Academic leaders should consider what role exists for pharmacy practice in these areas and focus future program and curriculum development on Healthy People 2020 topic areas.

Field of study: Education, Medicine
On Social Achievement Goals: Their Relations With Peer Acceptance, Classroom Belongingness, and Perceptions of Loneliness

The authors investigated the relation between social achievement goals (A. M. Ryan & S. S. Shim, 2006) and aspects of students' socio-emotional adjustment in a sample of elementary school students. Structural equation modeling analyses revealed that after controlling for levels of prosocial skills, a social development goal was positively related to perceived belongingness and negatively related to perceptions of loneliness at school. In contrast, a social demonstration-avoid goal was positively associated with perceptions of loneliness, whereas a social demonstration-approach goal was negatively associated with peer acceptance. Last, prosocial skills were positively related to students' peer acceptance, which was negatively associated with feelings of loneliness. The results and their implications on students' school adjustment are discussed within the social achievement goal framework.

Field of study: Education
Massive Lepton-Pair Production in Hadron-Hadron Collisions at High Energies

On the basis of a parton model studied earlier we consider the production process of large-mass lepton pairs from hadron-hadron inelastic collisions in the limiting region, s→∞, Q2s finite, Q2 and s being the squared invariant masses of the lepton pair and the two initial hadrons, respectively. General scaling properties and connections with deep inelastic electron scattering are discussed. In particular, a rapidly decreasing cross section as Q2s→1 is predicted as a consequence of the observed rapid falloff of the inelastic scattering structure function νW2 near threshold.

Field of study: Physics
Eigenoscillations of mechanical systems with boundary conditions containing the frequency

The problem of eigenoscillations of beam-mass systems is investigated and four examples are developed. For such systems the corresponding Sturm-Liouville problems contain the eigenvalue parameter in the boundary conditions. It is shown that the eigenfunctions for the systems considered form a basis of the appropriate Hilbert space. Rayleigh-Ritz formulas are also developed. Some lower bound estimations for eigenfrequencies are also found.

Field of study: Mathematics
SU-E-T-206: IMRT/VMAT Quality Assurance Using Portal Dosimetry.

The purpose of this work is to investigate the application of an amorphous silicon electronic portal imaging device (EPID) in IMRT/VMAT QA as a replacement for conventional IMRT/RapidArc QA tools.



20 IMRT/RapidArc treatment plans for treatment site of head and neck, breast, lung, abdomen, and pelvis were selected randomly for the study. Verification plans on ArcCheck phantom (Sun Nuclear Inc.) (ArcCheck Verification Plan, AC_Veri_Plan) and for portal dose prediction (PD_Veri_Plan) were generated in Eclipse treatment planning system, and delivered in ArcCheck phantom measurement and portal dosimetry for each treatment plan, respectively. For AC_Veri_Plan, absolute dose was measured by ion chamber inserted in ArcCheck phantom and relative dose is evaluated by the gamma method (criterion %3/3mm) using SNC dosimetry software. For PD_Veri_Plan, absolute intensity was measured in an area of 1cmx1cm and relative dose by the gamma method in portal dosimetry. The results of absolute and relative dose difference using both of phantom measurements and portal dosimetry were compared.



For 20 AC_Veri_Plans, variation between the measured and calculated absolute dose is within 3% {range - 2.29% to 2.34%, average 0.46%}. The percentage of gamma<1 is above 90% {range 93.9% to 100%, average 98.85%}. For 20 PD_Veri_Plans, variation between measured and calculated intensity is within 4% {range -2.47% to 3.34%, average 1.26%}. The percentage of gamma<1 is also above 90% {range 95.9% to 100%, average 99.61%}. All of AC_Veri_Plans and PD_Veri_Plans pass the QA, although the variation of absolute intensity on average in PD_Veri_Plans has about 0.8% higher than that of AC_Veri_Plans. The tolerance is 5% for the absolute dose variation and 90% of gamma<1 for the relative dose.



Phantom measurement for IMRT/VMAT QA is a time-consuming task. Portal dosimetry can be used as a rapid and convenient plan verification tool for IMRT/VMAT.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Social Security Adjudication, Judicial Review and the Technology of Poverty

'To err is human; to really mess things up takes a computer' is an aphorism which can currently attract widespread agreement. The problems confronting the Department of Social Security (DSS) and its clients during the drawn-out process of computerising benefit services add a rather Kafkaesque variation to that maxim, and provide an important context in which to discuss the Court of Appeal's decision in R v Secretary of State for Social Services ex parte Child Poverty Action Group and others.' The case arose out of an attempt by the Child Poverty Action Group (CPAG) and others to challenge, by way of judicial review, the substantial delays in adjudication faced by many claimants under the Supplementary Benefits scheme. The problem of delay is one that has become embedded in the social security system during the 1980s, as a feature both of the level of claims being made, and the policy of staff reductions within the DSS and its predecessor. Judy McKnight, for example, has shown how staffing cuts within the then Department of Health and Social Security had increased the staff/claims ratio in supplementary benefit cases from 1:100 in 1979 to 1:132 in 1983.2 Although there is some slight evidence that delays have been reduced since the introduction of Income Support,3 this is likely, in part, to be explicable by the disappearance of time-consuming claims for single payments, while average figures still disguise wide variations in efficiency between, in particular, some inner city and other local  It was the extreme delays faced by claimants in inner London that prompted CPAG to bring this test case. CPAG built its arguments around sections 98 and 99 of the Social Security Act 1975. (These provisions survived the superseding of Supplementary Benefit

Field of study: Law
On the population policy and the development of regular higher education

Controlling population growth is always the key content of the present population policy in China.As the birth rate and the newborn population are declining,the school-age population of regular higher education is also dropping.On the other hand,the regular institutions of higher education have been implementing the enrollment expansion policy since 1999.According to these tendencies,the number of program enrollments will go beyond that of registering for the examination in more than ten years.Thus the enrollment rate will reach one hundred percent.What is worse,the regular institutions will be faced with formidable crises of enrollment and existence.To guarantee the sustainable development of regular higher education,we ought to work out the plans and systems systemically and prospectively as follows: putting into effect the system of twelve-year compulsory education as quickly as possible;carrying forward the system reform of the enrollment;constructing world-class colleges and universities with Chinese characteristics;deepening the macro-management system reform of regular higher education;speeding up the internal-management reform of regular institutions and so forth.

Field of study: Education
Loudness scaling and masking in rats.

Two groups of rats were trained on operant discriminations in which the discriminanda were two different sound pressure levels of a 4-kHz tone. The discriminanda were chosen so that the loudness difference between stimuli was equivalent for each group when calculated from a power function with an exponent of .35. Half of each group learned the discrimination in quiet, and the other half learned it in a background of white noise. Within the quiet and the noise conditions, the asymptotic discriminability of stimuli separated by equal loudness differences was equivalent, and discriminability was lower in noise. This is consistent with both the human literature on masked loudness and a model of psychophysical scaling (Pierrel-Sorrentino & Raslear, 1980) in which animals judge perceived differences between stimuli.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Region and Nation: Politics, Economy, and Society in Twentieth-Century Argentina (review)

nism.” He points out that after the early negative or pathological assessments of the movement by Guillermo de Torre and others who likened it to European fascism, Abelardo Ramos spearheaded a new view which saw Peronism as a “liberating movement.” This perception gained acceptance in the 1960s and 1970s. Influential scholars like Gino Germani and Torcuato di Tella also discerned positive features and held that Peronism was an outgrowth of Argentina’s modernization process (p. 53). Plotkin notes the important analysis provided by Murmis and Portantiero who define Peronism as a polyclass alliance of workers, sectors of the army, and industrialists. Plotkin also calls attention to two topics about which much has been written: the figures of Juan and Eva Perón. Two novels by Tomás Eloy Martínez provide compelling interpretations of these personalities.

Field of study: History
Research on High-Temperature Superconducting Machine With a Rotating-Pole Shoe

As a kind of high-power density machine, superconducting machines have important application prospects in the fields of aerospace, ship propulsion, and wind power generation. The existing semisuperconducting-type machines have great difficulties in design and application because of the need to use complicated structures such as brushes and rotating dewars. A rotating-pole-shoe-type high-temperature superconducting machine is proposed in this article. The machine separates the pole shoe from the magnetic pole and generates a magnetic field synchronized with the armature side by rotating the pole shoe. The excitation system of the machine consists of a rotating rotor and a stationary inner stator. The superconducting coil is placed on the inner stator, avoiding the use of complex structures such as brushes and rotary seals. Aiming at the special structure of the rotating-pole-shoe-type superconducting machine, a three-dimensional magnetic field analysis of the superconducting machine is performed to improve the machine structure. The output performance of the machine is calculated and compared with that of the semisuperconducting-type machine.

Field of study: Physics
Information Entropy Based Leakage Certification

Side-channel attacks and evaluations typically utilize leakage models to extract sensitive information from measurements of cryptographic implementations. Efforts to establish a true leakage model is still an active area of research since Kocher proposed Differential Power Analysis (DPA) in 1999. Leakage certification plays an important role in this aspect to address the following question: "how good is my leakage model?". However, existing leakage certification methods still need to tolerate assumption error and estimation error of unknown leakage models. There are many probability density distributions satisfying given moment constraints. As such, finding the most unbiased and most reasonable model still remains an unresolved problem. In this paper, we address a more fundamental question: "what’s the true leakage model of a chip?". In particular, we propose Maximum Entropy Distribution (MED) to estimate the leakage model as MED is the most unbiased, objective and theoretically the most reasonable probability density distribution conditioned upon the available information. MED can theoretically use information on arbitrary higher-order moments to infinitely approximate the true leakage model. It well compensates the theory vacancy of model profiling and evaluation. Experimental results demonstrate the superiority of our proposed method for approximating the leakage model using MED estimation.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Disclosure of Problems and Informal Helping in Work Settings

71 managers from a wide range of organizations provided demographic information and indicated how likely they were to discuss 14 specific problems with supervisors, peers, or subordinates, and how likely these particular individuals might seek their help with the same problems. Work and personal problems were examined separately. Younger, more educated, managers and those in higher status jobs disclosed more. Work problems were disclosed more than personal problems. Disclosure of work problems was greater to higher level sources of help, but disclosure of personal problems was greater to peers than to subordinates or supervisors.

Field of study: Psychology
On the Changes in Subjects and Themes of Liang Xiao-sheng's Novels

In the thirty years of Liang Xiao-sheng's creative process,his novels have shown distinctive features in different stages.From the "educated youth" novels in the 1980s to the social issue novels in transition period and the sentimental novels in the new century,all of his works record the social reality at that time.Behind these exists his ever-changing creation pursuit-realizing furthermost the social value and function of literature.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Spread of the green snail Turbo marmoratus in French Polynesia 45 years after its introduction and implications for fishery management

In 1967, 42 specimens of the green gastropod snail Turbo marmoratus (Linnaeus 1758) from Vanuatu were introduced in one single Tahiti reef, in French Polynesia. The population has been since protected to maximize its chance of spreading, to eventually provide an additional resource for local fishermen. After 45 years of natural dispersal and controlled transfers throughout Society, Tuamotu and Gambier Archipelago, we investigated the population status on 23 different islands and atolls. T. marmoratus failed to colonize Tuamotu and Gambier archipelagos, and Society western atolls. Conversely, it successfully established on the forereefs of all other Society islands and atolls. Densities were the highest on the windward side of Raiatea-Tahaa Islands, with up to 180 individuals per hectare. The observed densities and preliminary extrapolated stock for these two islands justify the rotational opening of the fishery, although additional local investigations on the biology of the species would be useful. The influence of this alien species on the ecology of local reefs remains unknown.

Field of study: Environmental science
Update on augmentation of antidepressant response in resistant depression

Most patients in acute depression trials fail to achieve remission with antidepressant monotherapy. Many patients seem to require more than one medication to achieve remission or adequate response. Augmentation strategies are commonly used in clinical practice, but most have been poorly studied. In addition, better-studied strategies, such as the use of lithium and thyroid augmentation, have not been well investigated in combination with newer antidepressants. Various novel strategies are being investigated as augmenting agents, including selective dopamine agonists, sex steroids, norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, glucocorticoid-specific agents, and newer anticonvulsants. We review the status of augmentation strategies in the treatment of depression.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Zero-valent iron and iron oxide-coated sand as a combination for removal of co-present chromate and arsenate from groundwater with humic acid.

The combination of zero-valent iron (Fe(0)) and iron oxide-coated sand (IOCS) was used to remove Cr(VI) and As(V) from groundwater in this study. The efficiency and the removal mechanism of Cr(VI) and As(V) by using this combination, with the influence of humic acid (HA), were investigated using batch experiments. Results showed that, compared to using Fe(0) or IOCS alone, the Fe(0)-IOCS can perform better on the removal of both Cr(VI) and As(V). Metal extraction studies showed that As(V) was mainly removed by IOCS and iron corrosion products while Cr(VI) was mainly removed by Fe(0) and its corrosion products. Competition was found between Cr(VI) and As(V) for the adsorption sites on the iron corrosion products. HA had shown insignificant effects on Cr(VI) removal but some effects on As(V) removal kinetics. As(V) was adsorbed on IOCS at the earlier stage, but adsorbed/coprecipitated with the iron corrosion products at the later stage.

Field of study: Environmental science
Molecular Dynamics Study of the Structural and Mechanical Properties of Skutterudite CoSb3: Surface Effect

Molecular dynamics simulations of the structural and mechanical properties of single-crystalline CoSb3 have been carried out at room temperature. Special emphasis was given to the surface effect. Four different boundary conditions were applied to represent a wide range of surface-atom fractions. The LAMMPS program in conjunction with a multibody potential was employed. First, free relaxation was performed to obtain the corresponding stable configurations. The atomic rearrangements and energy distributions were observed. Then, uniaxial tensile deformation was simulated at a constant strain rate. The stress–strain responses and structural evolutions were examined during the process. Comparison of simulation results between different boundary conditions was carefully made. It was found that, when the scale of the single-crystalline CoSb3 model becomes nanometric and the fraction of the surface atoms increases, the mechanical performance becomes substantially worse. Nonetheless, the deformation mechanism and intrinsic mechanical nature are very similar.

Field of study: Materials science
Bioefficacy of Newer Insecticides Against Safflower Aphid Uroleucon compositae

Field trial was conducted to evaluate comparative efficacy of newer insecticidal molecules against safflower aphid, Uroleucon compositae (Theobald). The cultivar ‘Manjeera’ was sown in randomized block design with seven treatments (including control). Among the treatments, thiamethoxam @ 0.005% proved best by recording maximum (97.2) per cent decline in aphid population followed by acetamiprid @ 0.005% (96.4%). The highest seed yield was obtained in thiamethoxam treated plot (1393.3kg ha−1).

Field of study: Biology
Effect of the daily consumption of ostrich and bovine meat on the lipid metabolism in rats

The objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of the daily consumption of ostrich meat (lliofemuralis internus) and bovine meat (Psoas major) on the lipid metabolism in adult mice. The analyses of the centesimal composition of the meats and preparation of the diets were accomplished following the recommendations of the American Institute of Nutrition-AIN-93. Three groups of 150 day-old animals: group I (diet I, with casein), group II (diet II, with ostrich meat), and group III (diet III with bovine meat) were fed for 13 weeks with the respective diets and weight gain, food efficiency coefficient, total cholesterol, lipoprotein fractions, hepatic, transaminases and body fat percentage and hepatic fat content were evaluated. No difference (p < 0.05) it was found for weight gain and coefficients for feed efficiency among the groups. Total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, relationship of total cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol, VLDL, triglycerides and hepatic transaminases were also not different among the groups (p < 0.05). This research suggests that the consumption of ostrich meat or thin bovine meat on a daily basis does not raise concerns about weight gain, and an increase in the plasma concentrations of lipoprotein and levels of hepatic transaminase.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
NEVANLINNA PARAMETRIZATION OF THE SOLUTIONS TO SOME RATIONAL MOMENT PROBLEMS

We prove that, if the sequences μη0, η = 0 , 1 , . . . , and μητη, η, τη = 0 , 1 , . . . give rise respectively to infinitely many solutions of the associated moment problems, then these solutions may be partially described by the formula f M J t z d ß ( t ) Β ( ζ ) φ ( ζ ) — D(z) The four functions A(z),B(z),C(z) and D(z) are certain limits of quasi-orthogonal functions and φ is in the extended Nevanlinna class.

Field of study: Philosophy
Condensation heat transfer coefficients of R22, R407C, and R410A on a horizontal plain, low fin, and turbo-C tubes

In this study, condensation heat transfer coefficients (HTCs) were measured on a horizontal plain tube, low fin tube, and Turbo-C tube at the saturated vapor temperature of 39 °C for R22, R407C, and R410A with the wall subcooling of 3–8 °C. R407C, a non-azeotropic refrigerant mixture, exhibited a quite different condensation phenomenon from those of R22 and R410A and its condensation HTCs were up to 50% lower than those of R22. For R407C, as the wall subcooling increased, condensation HTCs decreased on a plain tube while they increased on both low fin and turbo-C tubes. This was due to the lessening effect of the vapor diffusion film with a rapid increase in condensation rate on enhanced tubes. On the other hand, condensation HTCs of R410A, almost an azeotrope, were similar to those of R22. For all refrigerants tested, condensation HTCs of turbo-C tube were the highest among the tubes tested showing a 3–8 times increase as compared to those of a plain tube.

Field of study: Engineering
Image processing in online inspection of damage in optics

A kind of image processing method is introduced,which is based on the classical method about edge detection.Gray restrain is brought in,and the relations between the grid and its eight neighbours are considered in calculating the gradient.There are several optics which are laid with Browster angle and the image collected by CCD includes many noises,so the components of the image are quite complex and the quality is bad.The advanced method has been proved that it is possible to get over the problem and get information about the size of damage accurately.In addition,systemic analysis and calculation of optic damages are presented.The result shows that the damage size calculated in advance accords with the real size,and the error is in the scope of permission.The image processing method can provide a useful approach for online inspection and automatization inspection of damage in optics.

Field of study: Physics
Illuminating the Consequences of Policy Change

The ripple effects of major policy changes are difficult to predict in advance. That is why the ability to track consequences of decisions - intended and unintended - is an important role of health services and policy research. In this issue of the journal, Janine Brown, Lilian Thorpe and Donna Goodridge discuss our ability to track medically assisted death (MAiD), one of the most significant health policy changes in Canada in recent history. Whatever one's views on MAiD, there is consensus on the need to understand how often, and in what circumstances, such deaths take place. Being able to track deaths in a consistent way also matters. Comparisons between different population groups, across regions of the country, and with other nations can be helpful in illuminating the effects of this policy and its application.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science