nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
IL-6 secretion by human peritoneal mesothelial and ovarian cancer cells.

Malignant ascites of epithelial ovarian cancer patients contains high levels of interleukin 6 (IL-6). The present study was conducted to compare the secretion of IL-6 by seven different human ovarian cancer cell lines (OVCA) and cultured human peritoneal mesothelial cells (HPMC) and to examine the regulation of its production by other cytokines. IL-6 was detected in supernatant medium of all mesothelial cell cultures (8/8) and 6/7 ovarian cancer cell lines. Levels of IL-6 secreted by HPMC (median 27,100 pg/1 x 10(5) cells; range 3870-168,200) were 590-fold higher (P < 0.01) than those secreted by OVCA (median 46 pg/1 x 10(5) cells; range 0-16,450). Treatment with TNF-alpha or IL-1 beta (both 10 ng/ml) for both types of cells and both cytokines resulted in a significant (P < 0.05) elevation of IL-6 production. In OVCA IL-6 secretion was increased 7- and 39-fold and in HPMC 6- and 8-fold, respectively. Under TNF-alpha treatment IL-6-levels secreted by HPMC were 149-fold higher (P < 0.01) than those generated by OVCA. Similarly, IL-1 beta-induced IL-6 levels were 102-fold higher in HPMC (median 288,800 pg/1 x 10(5) cells; range 93,125-552,800) than in OVCA. IFN-gamma (10 ng/ml) increased IL-6 generation in OVCA (6-fold) but not HPMC. The proliferation of both cell types however, was significantly (P < 0.05) inhibited by IFN-gamma. Our results suggest that peritoneal mesothelial cells may be a prominent source of IL-6 in ovarian cancer-related ascites.

Field of study: Medicine
Effects of toquipidine on ionic channels of cultured embryonic Xenopus laevis myoblasts and neurons.

To study the effects of toquipidine (1-p-methyl-phenyl-2-(alpha-piperidinoacetyl)-1, 2, 3, 4-tetrahydroisoquinoline hydrochloride, Toq), a new anti-arrhythmic agent first synthesized in China, on ionic channels.



Ionic channel currents were recorded by whole-cell patch clamp technique in cultured embryonic Xenopus laevis myoblasts and neurons.



Toq (0.1, 1, 10, and 100 mumol L-1) caused a concentration-dependent inhibition of the Na+ currents with IC50 7.2 mumol L-1 (5.3-9.8 mumol L-1). Toq (10 mumol L-1) also suppressed the high-voltage-activated Ca2+ currents in neurons. But the steady-state outward K+ currents in myoblasts were activated by Toq (10 mumol L-1).



Toq blocked the Na+ and Ca2+ channels and opened the steady-state outward K+ channels.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Age and alcoholism: independent memory decrements.

Similarities and differences in performances on 18 verbal and nonverbal memory tasks were studied in young and old alcoholics and in young and old controls as test of hypotheses postulating that cognitive decrements from alcoholism either mimic "premature aging," are "age sensitive," or are "independent" from those of normal aging. Young and old alcoholics were matched in length and rate of heavy drinking and were also equated with their controls in age, education, and vocabulary. The multivariate memory and decision data, when converted to independent factor scores, separated alcoholic from control groups on a factor reflecting memory for auditorily presented information. This was independent from factor scores affected mainly by age, such as memory for visuospatial items or decision bias. Age and alcoholism produced overlapping but distinctly different profiles of memory impairments. Decrements in young alcoholics did not resemble those of aging nor did old alcoholics surpass old controls in any but one factor, so that neither the premature aging nor the age sensitivity hypothesis were invariably supported.

Field of study: Medicine
A disease transmission model in a nonconstant population

A general SIRS disease transmission model is formulated under assumptions that the size of the population varies, the incidence rate is nonlinear, and the recovered (removed) class may also be directly reinfected. For a class of incidence functions it is shown that the model has no periodic solutions. By contrast, for a particular incidence function, a combination of analytical and numerical techniques are used to show that (for some parameters) periodic solutions can arise through homoclinic loops or saddle connections and disappear through Hopf bifurcations.

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics
Problems in Learning of Electronic Filing at Vocational School in Yogyakarta Special Region, Indonesia

This study aims to investigate the learning implementation of electronic filing and problems faced by teachers in learning implementing of electronic filing. This study is a descriptive research with qualitative approach. Collecting data used interview and documentation techniques. The research subjects consisted of 29 teachers who teach Filing subject at Office Administration Vocational  Schools in Yogyakarta Special Region. The results showed that all of teachers there has been no to teach the electronic filing material. There are four problems faced by teachers so that they do not teach the electronic filing material, namely: 1) the scope of electronic filing material in the curriculum is not yet clear, 2) there are no teaching materials for learning of  electronic filing in vocational schools, 3) teachers do not have the knowledge and skills that enough to teach the electronic filing materials, 4) limited learning facilities.  problems in learning, electronic filing, vocational school

Field of study: Education
Youth Exposed to Terrorism: the Moderating Role of Ideology

The present review examines the moderating role of ideology on the effects of war, armed conflict, and terrorism on youth. Ideology is an important factor given the central role played by religio-political ideology and nationalism in present-day conflicts. Ideologies or worldviews represent cognitive frameworks that imbue the traumatic situation with meaning and order. Analysis of the pool of studies identified three categories of ideologically based moderating factors, each representing an aspect of social construction of traumatic events, namely, religion, political ideology, and self-concept. The two closely related categories of religion and politico-religious beliefs showed both positive and negative effects on psychological and psychiatric outcomes among youth. The third category of different aspects of self-concept yielded consistently positive moderating effects. The mechanisms by which each category of ideology moderates effects of exposure to war, armed conflict, and terrorism are discussed, and research and clinical implications are presented.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Empire by Invitation: William Walker and Manifest Destiny in Central America by Michel Gobat (review)

Michel Gobat’s extensively researched and well-argued interrogation of William Walker’s failed imperial venture in Nicaragua, seeks to place this often overlooked historical episode into the broader narrative of US imperial expansion. Gobat examines a myriad of primary sources, most importantly the pro-Walker newspaper El Nicaragüense, which allows him to reconsider slavery’s role in defining Walker’s imperial ambitions. Walker decreed slavery legal on September 22, 1856, countering the actions of Nicaragua’s Constituent Assembly, which had abolished slavery in 1824.

Field of study: History
The use of cereton in the rehabilitation of patients with hemorrhagic stroke

: Forty patients were included in the study: 20 patients of main group received cereton in dosage 1000 mg intramuscular during 15 days and 20 patients of control group received placebo. Patient's state was assessed with MMSE, Hodkinson test, "learning of 10 words", Spielberg's trait-state anxiety inventory (a modification of Khanin), Beck depression scale. Brain blood supply was analyzed with rheoencephalography, balance in the vertical position--with stabilometry. The rehabilitation of disturbed cognitive functions measured with MMSE and "learning of 10 words" test was significantly better in the main group of patients (p < 0.05). Reoencephalographic data showed the significant increase of blood supply, mainly in the left brain hemisphere, compared with baseline values (p = 0.05) as well as with the control group (p = 0.03). There was a trend towards the higher rate of blood supply that reflected the decrease of baseline tonus of resistance arteries in both hemispheres, predominantly in the left side, with the positive dynamics as compared to the same values in the controls (p < 0.041). The results of stabilometric study revealed a trend toward the decrease of initially increased deviations of center of pressure on both axes, mostly in the frontal plane, in the main group (p < 0.001). Almost all patients reported a good tolerability of the drug. In conclusion, the course treatment with cereton in the late rehabilitation and residual periods of hemorrhagic stroke leads to the significant improvement of cognitive functions and brain blood supply, in particular brain hemispheric regions, due to the decrease of baseline tonus of resistance arteries and promotes the improvement of balance function.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Molecular Characterization of New FBXL4 Mutations in Patients With mtDNA Depletion Syndrome

Encephalomyopathic mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) depletion syndrome 13 (MTDPS13) is a rare genetic disorder caused by defects in F-box leucine-rich repeat protein 4 (FBXL4). Although FBXL4 is essential for the bioenergetic homeostasis of the cell, the precise role of the protein remains unknown. In this study, we report two cases of unrelated patients presenting in the neonatal period with hyperlactacidemia and generalized hypotonia. Severe mtDNA depletion was detected in muscle biopsy in both patients. Genetic analysis showed one patient as having in compound heterozygosis a splice site variant c.858+5G>C and a missense variant c.1510T>C (p.Cys504Arg) in FBXL4. The second patient harbored a frameshift novel variant c.851delC (p.Pro284LeufsTer7) in homozygosis. To validate the pathogenicity of these variants, molecular and biochemical analyses were performed using skin-derived fibroblasts. We observed that the mtDNA depletion was less severe in fibroblasts than in muscle. Interestingly, the cells harboring a nonsense variant in homozygosis showed normal mtDNA copy number. Both patient fibroblasts, however, demonstrated reduced mitochondrial transcript quantity leading to diminished steady state levels of respiratory complex subunits, decreased respiratory complex IV (CIV) activity, and finally, low mitochondrial ATP levels. Both patients also revealed citrate synthase deficiency. Genetic complementation assays established that the deficient phenotype was rescued by the canonical version of FBXL4, confirming the pathological nature of the variants. Further analysis of fibroblasts allowed to establish that increased mitochondrial mass, mitochondrial fragmentation, and augmented autophagy are associated with FBXL4 deficiency in cells, but are probably secondary to a primary metabolic defect affecting oxidative phosphorylation.

Field of study: Biology
The circle of Willis predicts the antihypertensive effects of carotid artery stenting.

Carotid artery stenting (CAS) has antihypertensive effects, but the durability and degree of this response remain variable. The authors propose that this clinical variability is a function of the presence or absence of a complete circle of Willis (COW). Incomplete COWs perfuse through a higher-resistance pial collateral pathway, and therefore patients may require a higher mean arterial pressure (MAP). Carotid artery revascularization in these patients would reduce the end-organ collateral demand that has been hypothesized to drive the MAP response.  Using a retrospective, nonrandomized within-subject case-control design, the authors compared the postoperative effects of CAS in patients with and without a complete COW by using changes in MAP and antihypertensive medication as end points. They recorded MAP and antihypertensive medications 3 months prior to surgery, preoperatively, immediately postoperatively, and at the 3-month follow-up.  Data were collected from 64 consecutive patients undergoing CAS. Patients without a complete COW (25%) were more likely to demonstrate a decrease in BP response to stenting (i.e., a drop in MAP of 10 mm Hg and/or a reduction or cessation of BP medications at 3 months postoperatively). Of the patients in the incomplete COW cohort, 75% had this outcome, whereas of those in the complete COW cohort, only 41% had it (p < 0.041). These findings remained statistically significant in a logistic regression analysis for possible confounders (p < 0.024). A receiver operating curve analysis of preoperative data indicated that a MAP > 96.3 mm Hg was 55.5% sensitive and 57.4% specific for predicting a complete COW and that patients with a MAP > 96.3 mm Hg were more likely to demonstrate a good MAP decrease following CAS (p < 0.0092).  CAS is associated with a significant decrease in MAP and/or a reduction/cessation in BP medications in patients in whom a complete COW is absent.

Field of study: Medicine
Endoglin involvement in integrin-mediated cell adhesion as a putative pathogenic mechanism in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia type 1 (HHT1)

Mutations in the endoglin gene (ENG) are responsible for ∼50% of all cases with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT). Because of the absence of effective treatments for HHT symptoms, studies aimed at identifying novel biological functions of endoglin which could serve as therapeutic targets of the disease are needed. Endoglin is an endothelial membrane protein, whose most studied function has been its role as an auxiliary receptor in the TGF-β receptor complex. However, several lines of evidence suggest the involvement of endoglin in TGF-β-independent functions. Endoglin displays, within its zona pellucida domain, an RGD motif, which is a prototypic sequence involved in integrin-based interactions with other proteins. Indeed, we have recently described a novel role for endothelial endoglin in leukocyte trafficking and extravasation via its interaction with leukocyte integrins. In addition, functional, as well as protein and gene expression analysis have shown that ectopic endoglin represses the synthesis of several members of the integrin family and modulates integrin-mediated cell adhesions. This review focuses on the tight link between endoglin and integrins and how the role of endothelial endoglin in integrin-dependent cell adhesion processes can provide a better understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms leading to vascular lesions in endoglin haploinsufficient HHT1 patients.

Field of study: Biology
The anatomic rationale for transforaminal endoscopic interbody fusion: a cadaveric analysis.

The authors describe a cadaveric analysis to determine the ideal dimensions and trajectory for considering endoscopic transforaminal interbody implantation.  The soft tissues of 8 human cadavers were removed from L-1 to the sacrum, exposing the posterior bony elements. Facetectomies were performed bilaterally at each lumbar level with resection of the pars interarticularis, revealing the pedicles, nerve roots, and interbody disc space. Each level was digitally photographed with a marker for scale and evaluated with digital analysis software. The traversing and exiting nerve roots and pedicle margins were identified, and the distances between these structures and their relationships to the surrounding structures were documented.  The dimensions of 2 areas were measured: the working triangle and safe zone. The working triangle is the triangle between the exiting and traversing nerve roots above the superior margin of the inferior pedicle. The safe zone is the trapezoid bounded by the widths of the superior and inferior pedicles between the exiting and traversing nerve roots. The mean surface area for the working triangle was 1.83 cm(2), with L5-S1 having the largest area at 2.19 cm(2). The mean surface area of the safe zone was 1.19 cm(2), with L5-S1 having the largest area at 1.26 cm(2). At the medial border of the pedicle extending superiorly, there were no nerve structures within 1.19 cm at any level. On the lateral border of the pedicle, the exiting nerve root was closer superiorly, with the closest being 0.3 cm.  The working triangle is a relatively large area. The safe zone, just superior to the pedicle, is free of nerve structures. By utilizing the superior border of the pedicle, the disc space can be accessed within this safe zone without risk of injury to the nerves. A thorough understanding of foraminal anatomy is fundamental for considering how to safely access the disc space, thereby utilizing less invasive endoscopic techniques, and is an important first step in considering what shapes and sizes of interbody implants and retractors are feasible for use in the foramen.

Field of study: Medicine
No. 44346. Cyprus and Norway

Exchange of notes constituting an agreement between the Government of the Republic of Cyprus and the Government of the Kingdom of Norway on the right of presence of military and civilian Norwegian personnel and other employees of Norway in the sovereign territory of the Republic of Cyprus, the sailing of vessels in territorial waters, and the use of airspace and roads by aircraft and ground vehicles, in the framework of supporting the United Nations in the conduct of the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL). Oslo, 28 November 2006 and Nicosia, 1 December 2006

Field of study: Political science
15-Deoxy-Δ12,14-prostaglandin J2 alleviates hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury in mice via inducing antioxidant response and inhibiting apoptosis and autophagy

Hepatic ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury is a common clinical impairment that occurs in many circumstances and leads to poor prognosis. Both apoptosis and autophagy have been shown to contribute to cell death in hepatic I/R injury. 15-Deoxy-Δ12,14-prostaglandin J2 (15d-PGJ2) is one of the best-studied anti-inflammatory prostaglandins, which has been verified to exert anti-inflammatory and cell-protective functions in various types of cells and animal models. In this study we explored the effects of 15d-PGJ2 on both apoptosis and autophagy in mouse hepatic I/R injury and its possible mechanisms. A model of segmental (70%) hepatic warm ischemia was established in Balb/c mice, and the pathological changes in serum and liver tissues were detected at 6, 12, and 24 h post-surgery, while 15d-PGJ2 (2.5, 7.5, 15 μg, iv) was administered 30 min prior the surgery. Pretreatment with 15d-PGJ2 (7.5, 15 μg) significantly ameliorated I/R-induced hepatic injury evidenced by dose-dependent reduction of serum ALT and AST levels as well as alleviated tissue damages. 15d-PGJ2 pretreatment significantly decreased the serum TNF-α and IL-1β levels and the hepatic expression of F4/80, a major biomarker of macrophages. 15d-PGJ2 pretreatment upregulated the Bcl-2/Bax ratio, thus reducing the number of apoptotic cells in the livers. 15d-PGJ2 pretreatment considerably suppressed the expression of Beclin-1 and LC3, thus decreasing the number of autophagosomes in the livers. Furthermore, 15d-PGJ2 pretreatment activated Nrf2 and inhibited a ROS/HIF1α/BNIP3 pathway in the livers. Pretreatment with the PPARγ receptor blocker GW9662 (2 μg, ip) partly reversed the protective effects of 15d-PGJ2 on hepatic I/R injury. In conclusion, our results confirm the protective effect of 15d-PGJ2 on hepatic I/R injury, an effect that may rely on a reduction in the activation of Kupffer cells and on activation of the Nrf2 pathway, which lead to inhibition of ROS generation, apoptosis, and autophagy.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Construction of education ethics norm:setting oughtness and showing basis

At present,diversity of social values challenges the ethical characteristics of education,and emphasis on "good legal education" is an important basis for good public education.Only education ethics system itself is reasonable,and its settings can be understand by educators,educational good pursued by education ethics is possible and feasible.Reasonableness of education ethics norm contains the form reasonableness and rationality reasonableness.Its internal basis is that oughtness of education ethics is a value expression of the reality society,the essential requirements of relations harmonious between education main,and the educational practice rationalite generated rich education experience.

Field of study: Education
Study on Clinical Application for user-defined Intestines Adhesive Flowing Soup Treatment of Adhesive Ileums

Summarize the clinical application effects for user-defined intestines adhesive flowing soup treatment of adhesive ileums. This study had 40 cases in all, between those there had 10 cases in the control group and the therapeutic group of 30 cases.In the control group, treatment like fasting, continuous gastrointestinal decompression, supplementing electrolytic solution, maintaining acid base balance was given to the patients.In the therapeutic group, oral administration of user-defined intestines adhesive flowing soup in gastric canal infusion were given to the patients in addition to the routine treatment in the control group. In the therapeutic group, 26 cases in effect, the average time of the first defecation occurred 15.12±13.81hours, 4 cases transfer operation,transfer rate of 13.3%.In the control group, 6 cases in effect, the average time of the first defecation was 33.00±13.26  cases transfer operation,transfer rate of 40%.There existed marked difference between the two groups of the average time of the first defecation(P0.05), there existed marked difference between the two groups. User-defined intestines adhesive flowing soup is an majority of effective and safety method in the treatment of adhesive ileums.

Field of study: Medicine
Use of serotonin selective pharmacotherapy in the treatment of alcohol dependence.

This study presents a review of existing human studies that examine the role of serotonin [5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)] selective agents in the treatment of alcohol dependence. Findings of abnormally low 5-HT levels in many alcohol-dependent patients led investigators to explore the use of 5-HT selective pharmacotherapy in the treatment of alcoholism. Several studies reported that the administration of 5-HT selective pharmacological agents to alcohol-dependent patients effectively reduced alcohol intake, although results have been relatively modest. The most recent study by Kranzler et al. ( 1995) found no added benefit over cognitive-behavioral treatment. However, the original relationship between the presence of alcohol dependence and low 5-HT levels in the brains of patients with alcoholism was predicated on subtypes of alcohol dependence. Research has suggested that 5-HT plays an important role in some forms of alcoholism that may be genetically or developmentally mediated. Thus, additional studies are needed to determine if treatment with 5-HT selective agents is viable therapeutic option for alcoholism, specifically in types of alcohol-dependent patients who are most likely to benefit from treatment with 5-HT selective pharmacotherapy.

Field of study: Medicine