nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Judgments of Circle Sizes on Statistical Maps

Symbols whose sizes code a variable are often superimposed on a map to show how the value of the variable changes geographically. In many cases the areas of the symbols are proportional to the values of the variable. But previous psychological experiments indicate that people's judgments of area typically are not proportional to area, but rather to area raised to a power less than one. In many of these studies, however, the symbols are presented one at a time. Here we describe an experiment that tests whether this experimental laboratory result extends to statistical maps. We had 24 viewers judge sets of circles presented simultaneously, either with or without maplike grid ticks, labels, scale, and border. With these multiple-circle displays, judgments were related to actual area by power functions with an average exponent close to one, implying that it is appropriate to code symbols by area on statistical maps.

Field of study: Mathematics
Equilibrium line altitude variations with latitude, today and during the Late Wisconsin

Present-day and late Wisconsin glacier equilibrium line altitudes (ELA) were compared on a transect from Patagonia along the coastal Cordillera to Alaska, and a transect from Mexico along the Sierra Madre-Rocky Mountains to Alaska. Late Wisconsin ELA's were determined from cirques occupied during the late Wisconsin, and present day ELA from observations of active cirque glaciers. The mean change in ELA from the late Wisconsin to the present was 735 m, with a standard deviation of 120 m. This indicates that the change in snowline altitude from the present to the late Wisconsin was approximately uniform and not latitudinally dependent.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Phytoplankton-bacterioplankton interactions and carbon fluxes through microbial communities in a microtidal lagoon.

The strength of the bacteria-phytoplankton coupling and the importance of the microbially mediated carbon fluxes have been investigated in a microtidal lagoon (Lagoon of Venice), with emphasis on the trophic variations, in a within-system perspective. The large trophic heterogeneity of the three stations considered corresponded to an elevated variability of phytoplankton biomass and production (from 0.1 up to 300 microg C L(-1) h(-1)), while bacteria standing stock and production (from 2 to 8 microg C L(-1) h(-1)) appeared, in comparison, to be much more constant. The relationships between bacteria and the phytoplankton community could not be related to the trophic state in a straightforward way; rather, some patterns common to the three stations could be evidenced. In particular, the two communities appeared to be clearly uncoupled, bacterial carbon demand (BCD) always exceeding dissolved primary production (DPP) and, mostly, also total primary production, independent of the station and the season considered. The occurrence of situations in which bacterial production was larger than primary production and the continuous prevalence of BCD over DPP implied that, quite independent of the trophic variability, sources of organic carbon other than phytoplankton production were necessary and available to sustain the bacterial metabolism in the Lagoon of Venice.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Performance Evaluation and Optimization of Dyes Removal using Rice Bran-Based Magnetic Composite Adsorbent

Although several studies have explored green adsorbent synthesized from many types of agriculture waste, this study represents the first attempt to prepare an environmentally friendly rice bran/SnO2/Fe3O4-based absorbent with economic viability and material reusability, for the promotion of sustainable development. Here, rice bran/SnO2/Fe3O4 composites were successfully synthesized and applied for adsorption of reactive blue 4 (RB4) and crystal violet (CV) dyes in aqueous solutions. The adsorption data were well-fitted by the Langmuir isotherm model and the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The maximum adsorption capacities of the RB4 and CV dyes as indicated by the Langmuir isotherm model were 218.82 and 159.24 mg/g, respectively. As results of response surface methodology (RSM) showed, the quadratic model was appropriate to predict the performance of RB4 dye removal. The findings exhibited that an optimum removal rate of 98% was achieved at 60 °C for pH 2.93 and adsorption time of 360 min. Comparative evaluation of different agricultural wastes indicated that the rice bran/SnO2/Fe3O4 composite appeared to be a highly promising material in terms of regeneration and reusability, and showed that the composite is a potential adsorbent for dye removal from aqueous solutions. Overall, the study results clearly suggest that an adsorbent synthesized from rice bran/SnO2/Fe3O4 magnetic particle composites provides encouraging adsorption capacity for practical applications for environmental prevention.

Field of study: Materials science
Can Neuropsychology Really Change the Face of Special Education?

physicians and educators understand the relationships between biological handicaps and educational outcome&dquo; is certainly reasonable. Implicit in this thesis is the concept that one must use both biological and educational data bases for the optimal treatment of the child. While his reasons are unclear, he suggests that &dquo;to increase the educational sophistication of physicians would be worthy, but inappropriate for this forum. Happily, it is totally appropriate to exhort educators to become better versed in the biological nature of the handicapping conditions that identify many of the children for whom they are responsible.&dquo; While it is unclear why the onus should be on educators to expand their knowledge into biological circles and not the reverse, certain practical problems involved in this expansion might well have been considered in the paper. I shall return to these difficulties.

Field of study: Education
Hydrolysis of lactose in milk by β-D-galactosidase from permeabilized K.fragilis cells

The lactose in milk was hydrolyzed by β-D-galactosidase from permeabilized k.fragilis cells.The factors affecting the degree of lactose hydrolysis, lactose hydrolysis kinetics and the stability of this enzyme were investigated. The results showed that the percentage of lactose hydrolysis was up to 62.66% after reaction 75 min at 4 ℃. The Km value and Vmax value for k.fragilis β-D-galactosidase was 3.18 mmol/L and 3.32 μmol/min, respectively. Glucose as a hydrolysis product exhibited feedback inhibition of k.fragilis β-D-galactosidase, 36.88% of the enzymatic activity was inhibited at 50 mg glucose/mL. After 4 batches of lactose hydrolysis in milk, enzyme activity retained more than 65% of the initial enzyme activity. β-D-galactosidase from permeabilized k.fragilis cells had good storage stability at low temperature, it preserved 95.64% of initial activity after 14 days storage at 4 ℃.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Conditioned reinforcement of human observing behavior by descriptive and arbitrary verbal stimuli.

College students earned monetary reinforcers by pressing a key according to a compound schedule with variable-interval and extinction components. Pressing additional keys occasionally produced displays of either of two verbal stimuli; one was uncorrelated with the schedule components, and the other was correlated with the extinction component. In Experiments 1 and 2, the display area of the apparatus was blank unless an observing key was pressed, whereupon a descriptive message appeared. Most students preferred an uncorrelated stimulus stating that "Some of this time scores are TWICE AS LIKELY as normal, and some of this time NO SCORES can be earned" over a stimulus stating that "At this time NO SCORES can be earned." In Experiment 3, the display area indicated that "The Current Status of the Program is: NOT SHOWN." Presses on the observing keys replaced this message with stimuli that provided arbitrary labels for the schedule conditions. All of the students preferred a stimulus stating that "The Current Status of the Program is: B" over an uncorrelated stimulus stating that "The Current Status of the Program is: either A or B." Thus, under some circumstances, observing was maintained by a stimulus correlated with extinction-a finding that poses a challenge for Pavolvian accounts of conditioned reinforcement. Differences in the maintenance of observing by the descriptive and arbitrary stimuli may be attributed to differences in either the strength or nature of the instructional control exerted by the verbal stimuli.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Stereoselective Total Synthesis of Umuravumbolide

A simple and efficient stereoselective total synthesis of desacetylumuravumbolide (1a) and umuravumbolide (1b), starting from commercially available valeraldehyde has been described. The synthetic strategy involves a highly enantioselective zinc-mediated addition of protected 2 alkyn-1-ol to aldehyde, a Crimmins aldol reaction, and Horner–Wadsworth–Emmons olefination as key steps.

Field of study: Chemistry
Late Marriage as a Contributor to the Industrial Revolution in England

Was the European marriage pattern an important contributor to England's precocious economic development? This article examines this question by embedding the possibility in a historically substantiated demographic‐economic model, supported by both cross‐section and long time series evidence. Persistent high mortality and powerful mortality shocks in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries lowered life expectations. Subsequently increased life expectancy reduced the number of births necessary to achieve a given family size. Fewer births were achieved by a higher age at first marriage of females. Later marriage not only constrained population growth but also provided greater opportunities for female informal learning, especially through ‘service’. In a period when the family was the principal institution for socializing future workers, such learning was a significant contributor to the intergenerational transmission and accumulation of human capital. This article shows how, over the centuries, the gradual induced rise of human capital raised productivity and eventually brought about the industrial revolution. Without the contribution of late marriage to human capital accumulation broadly interpreted, real wages in England would not have increased strongly in the early nineteenth century and would have been much lower than actually achieved for several centuries.

Field of study: Economics, History
High spectral resolution ozone absorption cross-sections – Part 1: Measurements, data analysis and comparison with previous measurements around 293 K

In this paper we discuss the methodology of taking broadband relative and absolute measurements of ozone cross-sections including uncertainty budget, experimental set-ups, and methods for data analysis. We report on new ozone absorption cross-section measurements in the solar spectral region using a combination of Fourier transform and echelle spectrometers. The new cross-sections cover the spectral range 213–1100 nm at a spectral resolution of 0.02–0.06 nm in the UV–visible and 0.12–0.24 nm in the IR at eleven temperatures from 193 to 293 K in steps of 10 K. The absolute accuracy is better than three percent for most parts of the spectral region and wavelength calibration accuracy is better than 0.005 nm. The new room temperature cross-section data are compared in detail with previously available literature data. The temperature dependence of our cross-sections is described in a companion paper (Serdyuchenko et al., 2014).

Field of study: Environmental science
Plasmacytoma--a rare sternal tumor.

A 78-year-old male presented with a progressively growing, painless chest mass. It was firm, lobulated and fixed to the underlying xiphoid process. Chest computed tomography (CT) revealed an 8.6 × 8.4 × 6.3 cm subcutaneous soft tissue mass involving the lower sternum and xiphoid process . The patient underwent hemisternectomy and resection of the tumor and during surgery, the tumor was found to invade the anterior wall of the right ventricle.

Field of study: Medicine
Plastic packaging and burn-in effects on ionizing dose response in CMOS microcircuits

Results are reported from an investigation of the effects of packaging and burn-in on the post-irradiation performance of National Semiconductor 54AC02 Quad 2-input NOR gates. The test population was drawn from a single wafer fabricated in the National process qualified under Mil-Prf-38535 to an ionizing radiation hardness of 100 krads(Si). The test sample was divided between plastic and ceramic packages. Additionally, half of the plastic samples and half of the ceramic samples received a 168 hour/125/spl deg/C burn-in, Two irradiation schemes were used. The first followed Mil-Std-883 Method 1019.4 (dose rate=50 rads(Si)/s). The second used a low dose rate (0.1 rads(Si)/s). AC, DC, transfer function and functional behavior were monitored throughout the tests. Significant differences among the package types and burn-in variations were noted with the plastic, burned-in components demonstrating enhanced degradation. They show the worst post-irradiation parameter values as well as very broad post-irradiation parameter distributions. Degradation is highly dependent upon dose rate and anneal conditions. Two different radiation induced leakage paths have been identified, and their characteristics have been correlated to variations in high dose rate and low dose rate circuit performance. Caution is recommended for system developers to ensure that radiation hardness characterization is performed for the same package/burn-in configuration to be used in the system.

Field of study: Physics
Numbers of gonadotropin receptors and concentrtions of steroid hormones in bovine follicles.

ウシの発育卵胞および嚢腫卵胞における頼粒層細胞のFSH,LHレセプターおよび卵胞膜内膜のLHレセプター濃度,ならびに卵胞液中ステロイドホルモン濃度について検討し,以下の結果を得た。1.顆粒層細胞のFSHレセプター濃度は小卵胞(3.0-7.0mm)から中卵胞(8.0-11.0mm)にかけて増加し,大卵胞(12.0-19.0mm)になると減少する傾向を示した。嚢腫卵胞( ?? 23.0mm)の同レセプター濃度は大卵胞のそれと比較して有意な差は認められなかった。2.顆粒層細胞のLHレセプター濃度は小および中卵胞から大卵胞へ有意に増加した(P<0.05)。嚢腫卵胞の同レセプター濃度は大卵胞のそれと比較して有意に低値を示した(P<0.05)。卵胞膜内膜のLHレセプター濃度も小および中卵胞から大卵胞へかけて,有意ではないものの増加した。嚢腫卵胞の同レセプター濃度は大卵胞のみならず,中および小卵胞に比較しても有意に低値を示した(P<0.05)。3.卵胞液中テストステロン濃度は小および中卵胞から大卵胞へ有意に減少するが(P<0.05),エストラジオールー17β濃度は有意に増加した(P<0.05)。嚢腫卵胞の卵胞液申テストステロン濃度は大卵胞に比較して低い傾向を示し,エストラジオールー17β濃度は大卵胞に比較して有意な低値を示した(P<0.05)。一方,嚢腫卵胞のプロジェステロン濃度は大卵胞に比較して有意な高値を示した(P<0.05)。以上の結果から,ウシの胞状卵胞の発育過程において,初期にはFSHレセプターが増加するが,後期にはLHレセプターが急速に増加し,それとともに芳香化酵素活性の上昇が起こることが示唆された。さらに,嚢腫卵胞ではLHレセプターの減少とテストステロンおよびエストラジオールー17β合成の抑制が生じていることが示唆された。

Field of study: Biology
Clustering Categorical Data via Ensembling Dissimilarity Matrices

We present a technique for clustering categorical data by generating many dissimilarity matrices and combining them. We begin by demonstrating our technique on low-dimensional categorical data and comparing it to several other techniques that have been proposed. We show through simulations and examples that our method is both more accurate and more stable. Then we give conditions under which our method should yield good results in general. Our method extends to high-dimensional categorical data of equal lengths by ensembling over many choices of explanatory variables. In this context, we compare our method with two other methods. Finally, we extend our method to high-dimensional categorical data vectors of unequal length by using alignment techniques to equalize the lengths. We give an example to show that our method continues to provide useful results, in particular, providing a comparison with phylogenetic trees.

Field of study: Computer science
Self-Determination, Territorial Integrity, and the Falkland Islands

Territorial conflicts often flare up where they are least expected. Who would have deemed it probable in early 1982 that Great Britain would send the better part of its navy to recover a faraway colony? There are almost as many conflicting territorial claims as there are borders. ' Most of them are known only to a small circle of experts and specialists in international law until one side "runs out of patience" (the motivation being purely domestic more often than not) and the dispute is continued with weapons. Islands play a particularly important role in this respect. In the era of classical imperialism the big powers had to possess as many islands as possible, so as to control the great shipping lanes and the supply routes of their fleets.2 It is not at all a coincidence that a very important naval battle of World War I was fought in the vicinity of the Falkland

Field of study: Political science
Bond length determination in Cu-Mg-O by EXAFS spectroscopy.

Magnetic semiconductors such as Cu(x)Mg(1-x)O, which are perspective materials for high-temperature superconductivity have been studied by EXAFS. The new technique of obtaining information from EXAFS-data has been described. It is based on the special iterative algorithm of solving an inverse ill-posed problem on the determination the partial pair correlation functions (pPCFs). Bond lengths of the nearest neighbours have been determined. It was clearly shown that the short range order in compound Cu0.2Mg0.8O differs from a hypothetical alloy with MgO structure and from the copper oxide.

Field of study: Physics
Vehicular cloud computing: Architectures, applications, and mobility

Intelligent transportation systems are designed to provide innovative applications and services relating to traffic management, as well as to facilitate the access to information for other systems and users. The compelling motivation for employing underutilized onboard resources for transportation systems and the advancements in management technology for Cloud computing resources has promoted the concept of Vehicular Clouds. This work gathers and describes the most recent approaches and solutions for Vehicular Clouds, featuring applications, services, and traffic models that can enable Vehicular Cloud in a more dynamic environment. We have considered a large number of applications and services that showed relevance in the scope of the transportation system, benefiting its management, drivers, passengers, and pedestrians. Nevertheless, the high traffic mobility imposes as a significant challenge in implementing a Vehicular Cloud on continually changing physical resources. The dynamics of the environment bring fundamental issues and increase the complexity of building this new type of Cloud. By analyzing the existing traffic models, we found that Vehicular Cloud computing is technologically feasible not just in the static environment, like a parking lot or garage where vehicles are stationary, but also the dynamic scenarios, such as highways or streets where vehicles move.

Field of study: Computer science
Some Observations on Higher Education in Sweden: A University System Adjusts to the Demands of an Advanced Industrial Society

SINCE the end of the Second World War the number of students in Swedish higher education has quadrupled. Sweden and Finland L are probably the only countries in western Europe where almost iS per cent of an age-group now enter a higher educational institution. Yet in spite of this enormous growth in college attendance, a more specific, more elite orientation continues to be characteristic of Swedish as compared with American higher education. Following the pattern in Europe, Swedish universities have made virtually no attempt to provide general education and vocational training for those who will be engaged in middle-status occupations-salesman, farmer, merchant, and so on. Since the middle of the eighteenth century, the universities have been the major vehicle of mobility into the upper levels of society because they have functioned to train the dominant official elites. These were the public administrators of this highly centralized nation, the clergy of the State Church, the professors and the Gymnasium teachers. They were trained by the law, theology, and liberal-arts faculties respectively. As recently as 1959, 70 per cent of those with academic degrees were employed by national or local government. The medical faculties, the fourth of the faculties inherited from the Middle Ages, trained the doctors, the most important non-official elite group. The traditionally great prestige of higher education in Sweden derives essentially from its function of training only for occupations of the highest status. Not until the I950's did the universities add any faculties to the traditional four. All of the specialists demanded by increasing industrialization and higher standards of living were trained outside the universities at specialized institutions. In this respect, Swedish universities have been more conservative than those of other European countries, many of which have established colleges of dentistry, engineering, commerce, agriculture, and veterinary medicine. The Swedish universities remained faithful to the ideals of research and scholarship characteristic of the nineteenth-century German model in the traditional fields of

Field of study: Education
Global tropospheric ozone column retrievals from OMI data by means of neural networks

In this paper, a new neural network (NN) algorithm to retrieve the tropospheric ozone column from Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) Level 1b data is presented. Such an algorithm further develops previous studies in order to improve the following: (i) the geographical coverage of the NN, by extending its training set to ozonesonde data from midlatitudes, tropics and poles; (ii) the definition of the output product, by using tropopause pressure information from reanalysis data; and (iii) the retrieval accuracy, by using ancillary data (NCEP tropopause pressure and temperature profile, monthly mean tropospheric ozone column from a satellite climatology) to better constrain the tropospheric ozone retrievals from OMI radiances. The results indicate that the algorithm is able to retrieve the tropospheric ozone column with a root mean square error (RMSE) of about 5–6 DU in all the latitude bands. The design of the new NN algorithm is extensively discussed, validation results against independent ozone soundings and chemistry/transport model (CTM) simulations are shown, and other characteristics of the algorithm – i.e., its capability to detect non-climatological tropospheric ozone situations and its sensitivity to the tropopause pressure – are discussed.

Field of study: Environmental science
The use of pregabalin without prescription

Interest to pregabalin can be explained by the fact that the drug is purchased without prescription and used in nonmedical purposes. Authors performed the identification of pregabalin in the biological material (urine) of 16 364 patients.  Psychoactive substances were identified in a chemical-toxicological laboratory of a narcological dispensary in the Krasnodar region.  Pregabalin was identified only in 0.1% of the patients. In all cases it was not used for the first time. Most often pregabalin was used to relieve abstinent syndrome in different types of addictions. The mechanisms of its action in these cases and potential danger of using without prescription are considered.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Chastity on the Western Front: Sexual Politics in Wharton's A Son at the Front and Rinehart's Dangerous Days

Edith Wharton and popular romance novelist Mary Roberts Rinehart, though not often studied together, are connected by striking plot similarities in their post-World War I novels, each of which draws on its author's journalistic expeditions to the front lines and highlights her fierce support for the Allies. Wharton's and Rinehart's shared pro-war politics fit uneasily into the canon of postwar literature, but these works merit further study because their complex treatment of soldier characters' sexuality challenges presumed narratives about female ignorance and male sexual libertinism during war and anticipates a modernist focus on the body as a locus of political meaning.

Field of study: Art