nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Metal levels in body tissues, forage and fecal pellets of elk (Cervus elaphus) living near the ore smelters at Sudbury, Ontario.

Ontario's only free-ranging elk herd located at Burwash-French River has been subjected to the influence of historic copper-nickel-iron (Cu-Ni-Fe) ore smelting operations within the Sudbury area. Metal levels in selected body tissues, preferred forage items and fecal pellets were determined, and their potential effects on health and reproductive viability assessed. Significant age effects were apparent in 13 out of 31 tissue metal values obtained, with most age-related differences attributable to elevated concentrations in fetal tissues. Cu and zinc (Zn) levels were four to six times higher in livers and one and a half to two times higher in the bones of fetuses as compared to post-natal animals. Enhanced pre-natal tissue burdens were also noted for cobalt (Co), Ni and lead (Pb) in muscles. However, mean cadmium (Cd) levels in kidney, liver and muscle tissues, as well as hepatic Fe concentrations, showed significant increases with age. Although Cd levels in the kidneys of older elk were still well below the reported threshold for irreversible organ damage, and not considered to be health-threatening, detailed histological study of the cortical tissues for subtle pathotoxicological effects may be warranted. Unlike renal and hepatic tissues, Cd concentrations in skeletal muscle were minimal and within levels considered acceptable for human consumption. Forage species collected in the elk range generally showed higher (two to eight times) Ni and Fe levels than the corresponding plants from a non-contaminated reference site. The highest Ni and Fe burdens were carried by eastern white cedar, a preferred winter food item for elk. No consistent site-related trends were demonstrated by Cu, Zn, Co, Pb, chromium (Cr) and Cd forage levels. Mean metal concentrations in fecal pellets generally exceeded the mean composite forage levels by a factor of 3, except for Ni, which was five times more concentrated in feces. Significantly elevated Ni and Fe levels in preferred browse species and fecal pellets of the Sudbury-area elk could be of concern and warrant further investigation.

Field of study: Environmental science
Coerced Relative Clauses in Korean

In this paper, I use the following abbreviations: acc(usative case), (imperfective) adni(ominal), (modal) adnm (ominal ending), (perfective) adnp(ominal ending), c(o)mp(lementizer), dec(larative mood), imp(er)f(ective as- pect), n(or)m(ina)l(izer), nom(inativecase), p(a)st, pl(ural), top(ic). 
The morpheme nun occurs with an eventive verb and expresses imperfectiveness of the event it denotes. If (u)n is used with an eventive verb, it expresses the perfectiveness of the event that the verb denotes. But it can occur with a stative verb with no meaning of perfectiveness. In addition to the two, the adnominal ending -(u)l often expresses a modal meaning, but there are cases it does not have any meaning of modality: e.g. … (u)l ttay ‘when …’.

Field of study: Linguistics
Computer professionals: Moral autonomy and a code of ethics

Computer professionals, like all people, sometimes face difficult choices. All of us must at times decide whether to follow our instincts or our reason; whether to do what we want to do or what we believe we should do; whether to do what would benefit only ourselves or to take others into account; whether to do the convenient thing or take a more difficult course of action; whether to follow externally prescribed rules or act on our own beliefs. When we consider these issues we engage in moral reflection about our actions and demonstrate our awareness of the moral dimension of our existence. Most of us have made a commitment to “do the right thing,” and we are aided in that quest by our past experiences, upbringing, education, and the awareness that our actions may harm or benefit others. Therefore, we believe that we generally make reasonable moral decisions. For professionals as a whole and computer professionals in particular, the evaluative process can be more complicated. Because of the special role of professionals in society, their actions encompass factual and normative issues not present in the lives of most other people. It has been claimed that professionals have a special responsibility to consider the long-term effects of their actions on public health and safety, and their responsibility in this respect is greater than that of the ordinary citizen [ 11. If this point is to be sustained for those who work with computers, it must be shown that they are professionals, why they have special responsibilities, what these are, how they relate to their responsibilities as private individuals, and how they are to be implemented. One of the major ways in which the professions have sought to address these issues, both

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
The Performance of Foreign Venture Capital Firms in Emerging Economies: A Study of U.S. Firms in China

Extant research on the international venture capital (VC) firms largely focuses on cross-country comparison; only a limited number of studies have examined the internationalization of VC firms and their strategies in host countries. This study approaches the research topic mainly from an institutional perspective, and intends to understand the performance of foreign VC firms in emerging economies, a topic that has rarely been examined in previous research. Using a sample of U.S. VC firms investing in China, this study finds that U.S. VC firms with more investment experience at home have weaker investment performance in China. The empirical results also show that U.S. VC firms investing in ventures with larger top management team, staging their investments, and syndicating with other U.S. VC firms are likely to achieve better performance in China. Contrary to what was hypothesized, syndicating with Chinese VC firms decreases U.S. VC firms’ investment performance in China.

Field of study: Business
Chronic ethanol drinking by alcohol-preferring rats increases the sensitivity of the posterior ventral tegmental area to the reinforcing effects of ethanol.

The ventral tegmental area (VTA) is involved in regulating ethanol drinking, and the posterior VTA seems to be a neuroanatomical substrate that mediates the reinforcing effects of ethanol in ethanol-naive Wistar and ethanol-naive alcohol-preferring (P) rats. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that chronic ethanol drinking increases the sensitivity of the posterior VTA to the reinforcing effects of ethanol.



Two groups of female P rats (one given water as its sole source of fluid and the other given 24-hr free-choice access to 15% ethanol and water for at least 8 weeks) were stereotaxically implanted with guide cannulae aimed at the posterior VTA. One week after surgery, rats were placed in standard two-lever (active and inactive) operant chambers and connected to the microinfusion system. Depression of the active lever produced the infusion of 100 nl of artificial cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) or ethanol. The ethanol-naive and chronic ethanol-drinking groups were assigned to subgroups to receive artificial CSF or 25, 50, 75, or 125 mg/dl of ethanol (n = 6-9/dose/group) to self-infuse (FR1 schedule) during the 4-hr sessions given every other day.



Compared with the infusions of artificial CSF, the control group reliably (p < 0.05) self-infused 75 and 125 mg/dl of ethanol but not the lower concentrations. The ethanol-drinking group had significantly (p < 0.05) higher self-infusions of 50, 75, and 125 mg/dl of ethanol than artificial CSF during the four acquisition sessions; the number of infusions of all three doses was higher in the ethanol-drinking group than in the ethanol-naive group. Both groups decreased responding on the active lever when artificial CSF was substituted for ethanol, and both groups demonstrated robust reinstatement of responding on the active lever when ethanol was restored.



Chronic ethanol drinking by P rats increased the sensitivity of the posterior VTA to the reinforcing effects of ethanol.

Field of study: Medicine
Combination of Solid Phase Extraction-Dispersive Liquid Liquid Microextraction and Pre-column Derivatization Method for Determination of Trace Level Estrogens in Water Sample

A method,carbon nanotubes assisted solid phase extraction combined with dispersive liquid-liquid microextration and pre-column derivatization(SPE-DLLME-PFD),was developed for the determination of estriol(E3),bisphenol A(BPA),17α-ethinyl estradiol(EE2) and 17β-estradiol(E2) in water samples.SPE,DLLME and PFD process was studied and optimized using central composite design and response surface plot.The optimized conditions were as follows: target estrogens were adsorbed from 210 mL aqueous samples into 30 mg carbon nanotubes at 2.0 mL/min;methanol used as elution solution was concentrated to a volume of 0.6 mL,which was mixed with 100 μL of C6MIM and the blend was added to 2.0 mL of deionized water(25.0% NaCl,g/L).After centrifugation,20 μL of the settled organic phase was mixed with 4.0 mg derivating agent,and the reaction was occurred for 25 min at 40 ℃.Finally,0.1 mL of methanol was used to dissolve the particles of derivating agent,and 20 μL of that sample was analyzed.Under the chosen conditions,linearity range of the established method was 0.05-5.00 μg/L with R2 of 0.9966-0.9999 for the target estrogens,and the LODs were in the range of 0.13-6.33 ng/L.The recoveries of estrogens under different spiked levels for four estrogens were 83.13%-122.39%(RSD was 1.7%-9.6%).E3 and BPA could be detected in the most of the real water samples.Compared with some other methods,the present method needed long extraction time,large volume sample and multi-steps,while it also had many advantages such as low LOD,simplicity of operation,and environmental friendly.

Field of study: Chemistry
Economic Policies and Growth Strategies after the Crisis: Different Approaches in the United States, Japan, and the EU

This article thoroughly investigates how the United States and Japan managed relatively better than Europe to emerge from the crisis that caused a deep recession in 2009. The author also proposes a new political agenda for the European area, as he calls it, which would favor economic recovery and sustainable development in the next decade, similar to that witnessed by the other two countries.

Field of study: Economics
Study on determination glutamic acid with flow-injection chemiluminescence method

A fast and sensitive method for the determination of glutamic acid with flow-injection chemiluminescence method of oxidation by NBS was reported in this paper. It was based on the chemiluminescence emitted during the direct oxidation of glutamic acid by NBS in sodium hydroxide condition enhanced by CTAB in the system. Various factors influenced the CL system were investigated carefully. The detection limit is 1×10-6g/mL(3σ), the linear range of determination was 3×10-6～1×10-3g/mL and the relative standard deviation of 3.1% (1×10-5g/mL, n=11). The recommended method has been successfully used for analysis of glutamic acid in products.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Erosional processes, topographic length-scales and geomorphic evolution in arid climatic environments: the ‘Lluta collapse’, northern Chile

The ‘Lluta collapse’ of northern Chile is one of the oldest recognizable landslides (>2.5 Ma) in a hyperarid continental setting. This paper develops a conceptual landscape evolution model of the ‘Lluta collapse’ and analyzes the controls of mass wasting and erosion/sediment transport in channels on the topographic development. The data presented here imply that high relief along a topographic scarp, surface fracturing, elevated groundwater table during a more humid climate and an aquitard underlying permeable ignimbrites are preparatory causal factors for landsliding >2.5 Ma ago. A strong seismic event then possibly resulted in the displacement of ca. 26 km3 of mass. Subsequent modification of the landslide scar occurred by backward erosion, resulting in the establishment of a dendritic drainage network and the removal of an additional ca. 24 km3 of material. It appears that this mass was produced by mass wasting in the headwaters, and exported by high-concentrated debris flows in channels. In addition, morphometric information suggest that whereas the geometrical development of the ‘Lluta collapse’ has been controlled by gravitational mass wasting, the rates of the development of this geomorphic unit have been limited by the export rates of mass and hence by the transport capacity of the flows.

Field of study: Environmental science
Einfluß des Gittertypus und der Temperatur auf die Feinstruktur der Röntgenabsorptionskanten. II

Zusammenfassung§ 1. Es werden die Ni- und die Fe-Feinstrukturen mit Hilfe einer kubischflächenzentrierten Ni—Fe-Legierung als absorbierender Schicht untersucht. Die Feinstruktur des Eisens ist im Mischkristall ganz anders wie im reinen körperzentrierten Eisen. Sie ist vollkommen identisch mit derjenigen der Ni-Kante, welche im reinen Nickel und im Mischkristall analog ist. § 2. Die Feinstruktur des metallischen Calciums ist analog derjenigen der ebenfalls flächenzentrierten Elemente Ni und Cu. Nur klingt sie weiter entfernt von der Kante schneller ab. Die Lage der Kante relativ zu den typischen Maximis und Minimis der Feinstruktur ist bei Ca (20), Cu (29) und Au (79) verschieden. Beide Eigentümlichkeiten sind aus der Theorie zu verstehen. § 3. Die Ni-Feinstruktur zeigt keine diskontinuierliche Änderung beim Überschreiten des Curiepunktes. Beim Nickeloxyd wird bei Erhitzung bis zu 720° C ein Zusammenrücken der Feinstruktur in qualitativer Übereinstimmung mit der Theorie wahrgenommen. § 4. Auf Grund der identischen Feinstrukturen der Ni- bzw. Co-Kante bei Nickel- und Kobaltfluorid wird geschlossen, daß man die bei den Metallen gezogenen Folgerungen auch auf die nicht-metallischen Verbindungen übertragen kann.

Field of study: Physics
WDM/SCM multiple access protocol with high throughput and low packet delay for passive double star networks

This paper investigates a hybrid wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) multiple access protocol combining the advantages of preallocation and reservation-based schemes using a subcarrier multiplexing (SCM) technique for passive double star optical networks. We include a node-grouping scheme in the proposed protocol to increase channel utilization and to reduce sensitivity to queueing delay time and propagation delay time. All nodes in a network are connected through passive star sub-hub forming multiple groups, and the groups are then connected through a central passive star hub resulting in a passive double star network. Each group is pre-assigned a WDM channel as its home channel, and a specific SCM channel identifies each node. In the proposed protocol, the frame is divided into slots corresponding to the number of groups, not the number of nodes. The reduced number of slots results in reduction of queueing delay time. Furthermore, additional reduction in the propagation delay time of the control packets is achieved by limiting the propagation paths of the control packets to the roundtrip between source nodes and sub-hub in a double star network.

Field of study: Computer science
Depression in Cognitive Impairment

Depression and cognitive disorders, including dementia and mild cognitive impairment, are common in the elderly. Depression is also a common feature of cognitive impairment although the symptoms of depression in cognitive impairment differ from depression without cognitive impairment. Pre-morbid depression approximately doubles the risk of subsequent dementia. There are two predominant, though not mutually exclusive, constructs linking pre-morbid depression to subsequent cognitive impairment: Alzheimer’s pathology and the vascular depression hypothesis. When evaluating a patient with depression and cognitive impairment, it is important to obtain caregiver input and to evaluate for alternative etiologies for depressive symptoms such as delirium. We recommend a sequential approach to the treatment of depression in dementia patients: (1) a period of watchful waiting for milder symptoms, (2) psychosocial treatment program, (3) a medication trial for more severe symptoms or failure of psychosocial interventions, and (4) possible ECT for refractory symptoms.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Numerical Study of Concrete Mesostructure Effect on Lamb Wave Propagation

The article presents the results of the numerical investigation of Lamb wave propagation in concrete plates while taking into account the complex concrete mesostructure. Several concrete models with randomly distributed aggregates were generated with the use of the Monte Carlo method. The influence of aggregate ratio and particle size on dispersion curves representing Lamb wave modes was analyzed. The results obtained for heterogeneous concrete models were compared with theoretical results for homogeneous concrete characterized by the averaged macroscopic material parameters. The analysis indicated that not only do the averaged material parameters influence the dispersion solution, but also the amount and size of aggregate particles. The study shows that Lamb waves propagate with different velocities in homogeneous and heterogeneous models and the difference increases with aggregate ratio and particle size, which is a particularly important observation for wave-based diagnostic methods devoted to concrete structures.

Field of study: Materials science
Geochemical evolution of copper-bearing granitic rocks of Guichon Creek Batholith, British Columbia, Canada

The Guichon Creek batholith, located in south-central British Columbia, is host to numerous porphyry copper deposits that are considered as being closely related to the pluton. Variations in major and trace element distribution are consistent with a model of crystallization-fractionation of a K-poor calc-alkaline magma of intermediate composition. Relatively low Rb and Rb/Sr values, and high K/Rb ratios are consistent with Sr isotopic ratios that suggest a subcrustal source region for the generation of the magma, probably by partial melting of subducted oceanic crust at relatively shallow depths.Cu, like other femic elements, (Zn, Mn, V, Ni, Co, Ti) generally decreases with increasing fractionation, which reflects normal differentiation trends. The apparent lack of positive correlation between Cu contents of rocks and ore potential of intrusive units may be explicable if mineralization is regarded as an independent by-product of magma generation, rather than the result of differentiation processes. Close ...

Field of study: Environmental science
Minimizing hydrogen content in silicon oxynitride by thermal oxidation of silicon-rich silicon nitride

This work reports a detailed study of the re-oxidation effects on the hydrogen content and optical properties of silicon oxynitride films grown by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) with N 2 O, NH 3 and SiH 4 as the precursors. Results showed that the silicon oxynitride deposited with gas flow rates of NH 3 /N 2 O/SiH 4  = 20/500/20 (sccm) has favorable properties for integrated waveguide applications. The refractive index of this layer is about 1.57 at 632.8 nm wavelength and the layer has a comparative low density of N H bonds. With a high temperature re-oxidation of the as-deposited film, the hydrogen content of the oxynitride film was reduced from 2.255 × 10 22 to 6.98 × 10 20  cm −3 which is attributed to the removal of excess silicon oxidation and hydrogen bonds.

Field of study: Engineering
Generating equilibrium molecules with deep neural networks

Discovery of atomistic systems with desirable properties is a major challenge in chemistry and material science. Here we introduce a novel, autoregressive, convolutional deep neural network architecture that generates molecular equilibrium structures by sequentially placing atoms in three-dimensional space. The model estimates the joint probability over molecular configurations with tractable conditional probabilities which only depend on distances between atoms and their nuclear charges. It combines concepts from state-of-the-art atomistic neural networks with auto-regressive generative models for images and speech. We demonstrate that the architecture is capable of generating molecules close to equilibrium for constitutional isomers of C$_7$O$_2$H$_{10}$.

Field of study: Computer science
Equilibria in open common value auctions

A sufficient condition for uniqueness of Nash equilibrium in second-price, common value auctions is identified. We establish that there exists a continuum of equilibria in irrevocable exit, common value auctions. For the case of two bidders, we provide plausible sufficient conditions under which the expected seller revenue is maximized at the symmetric equilibrium. An example in which the auctioneer's revenue at the symmetric equilibrium in a second-price auction is strictly greater than the revenue at many asymmetric equilibria in the corresponding irrevocable exit auction is provided.

Field of study: Economics
Concept of a single temperature for highly nonequilibrium laser-induced hydrogen desorption from a ruthenium surface.

Laser-induced condensed phase reactions are often interpreted as nonequilibrium phenomena that go beyond conventional thermodynamics. Here, we show by Langevin dynamics and for the example of femtosecond-laser desorption of hydrogen from a ruthenium surface that light adsorbates thermalize rapidly due to ultrafast energy redistribution after laser excitation. Despite the complex reaction mechanism involving hot electrons in the surface region, all desorption product properties are characterized by equilibrium distributions associated with a single, unique temperature. This represents an example of ultrahot chemistry on the subpicosecond time scale.

Field of study: Physics
Molecular Weight Distributions of Organic Halogens In Bleached Kraft Pulp Mill Effluents

The molecular weight distribution of chlorinated compounds of bleached kraft mill effluent (BKME) was studied by aqueous and nonaqueous size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and by ultrafiltration. Ninety percent of the BKME halogenated organics dissolved into tetrahydrofuran used as a nonaqueous SEC eluent. The tetrahydrofuran-soluble component of the BKME had the the molecular weight distribution as the original BKME when both were analyzed by aqueous SEC. Over 85% of the chlorinated material of BKMEs studied by nonaqueous SEC was of low molecular mass (<1000 g/mol).

Field of study: Environmental science
Drinking Behavior and Mental Illness Among Evacuees in Fukushima Following the Great East Japan Earthquake: The Fukushima Health Management Survey

Recent evidence from alcohol and trauma studies suggests that disasters are associated with increases in the consumption of alcohol. The Great East Japan Earthquake and the associated nuclear disaster have continued to affect the mental health of evacuees from Fukushima. This study aimed to extend these findings by examining the relationship between drinking behaviors and the risk of mental illness after the compound disaster.  We conducted the Mental Health and Lifestyle Survey with 56,543 evacuees. Kessler's K6 was used to assess the risk of mental illness, and logistic regression models were applied to analyze how drinking behavior patterns influence the risk of serious mental illness after adjustment for confounding variables.  Logistic regression analysis evidenced that beginning heavy and light drinkers had the highest and a higher risk of serious mental illness, respectively. Individuals who were nondrinkers pre‐ and postdisaster had the lowest proportional risk of mental illness. Abstainers also had some risk to their mental health after the compound disaster.  The results of this study highlight that beginning drinkers have a high risk of serious mental illness. Thus, mental health professionals should pay attention to the drinking behaviors of evacuees, which might predict increased risk of serious mental illness and consequently indicate a need for psychological intervention.

Field of study: Medicine