nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Now Peru is Mine: The Life and Times of a Campesino Activist by Manuel Llamojha, Jaymie Patricia Heilman (review)

Such an understanding is not solely an intellectual exercise. It is of practical concern for all actors involved: without strategic connections to local actors, Cuba and Mexico cannot benefit fully from China’s presence, and local governments risk the inability to control regulation of trade, business and patterns of migration. From China’s perspective, expanding international markets means not simply considering Chinese national interests, but extending a hand to the Chinese diaspora and local Latin American populations to ensure fuller cooperation. In all cases, guanxi (the connection or relationship built on reciprocity and fostering mutual confidence), social capital, and trust, and even the black market or, as Hearn calls it, “the dark side of trust” (20), are keys to navigating the shifting economic currents in Sino-Latin American engagement.

Field of study: History
Influence of Tundish Reform on Casting Slab Quality

In order to reduce the directly erosion of molten steel to tundish refractory, increase the life of the tundish used for the converter → continuous casting factory. The tundish used in some factory was reformed, a steady flow control devices was set up in the impact position of the long nozzle. And the inclusions in steel were systematically analyzed before and after reforming tundish. The results show that, after reforming tundish, the content of [O] in the casting billet is 138×10-4%, which decrases 44.14×10-4% compared with the former. The content of large inclusions in the casting billet is 28.77 mg/10 kg, which decrases 21.9% compared with the former. The content of micro-inclusion is 27.10 个 /mm2, which decrases 52.66% compared with the former. The obvious reduce of inclusion content in steel indicates that the effect after reforming tundish is good.

Field of study: Materials science
The radial abundance gradients of O, Ne, S and Cl of the Milky Way

We present preliminary results of the O, Ne, S and Cl abundance gradients of the Milky Way. We analyze in a homogenous way the physical conditions and chemical abundances of a sample of 35 H II regions with deep spectra observed mainly with the GTC and VLT telescopes. The sample covers a range in Galactocentric distances from 5 to 17 kpc. We reanalyze the O abundance gradient, obtaining a similar complex shape than previously reported in the literature. We calculate the Cl abundance gradient including a significantly larger number of objects than in previous works. Our results show a gradient for Cl/H of -0.034 dex kpc^-1 and a dispersion around the gradient of 0.14 dex. We obtain values for the Ne/H and S/H abundance gradients with slopes of -0.038 dex kpc^-1 and -0.046 dex kpc^-1, respectively, with dispersions around the gradient higher than 0.25 dex. We also report the values for the slopes of the Cl/O, Ne/O and S/O abundance ratio gradients, which show dispersions around the gradient up to 0.4 dex. Such high dispersion although may be interpreted as indications of chemical inhomogeneities in the Galactic ISM, it might be also an artifact produced by the selected ionization correction factor.

Field of study: Physics
Late Miocene environmental change in Nepal and the northern Indian subcontinent: stable isotopic evidence from paleosols

Neogene sediments belonging to the Siwalik Group crop out in the Himalayan foothills along the length of southern Nepal. Carbon and oxygen isotopic analyses of Siwalik paleosols from four long Siwalik sections record major ecological changes over the past ∼11 m.y. The carbon isotopic composition of both soil carbonate and organic matter shifts dramatically starting ca. 7.0 Ma, marking the displacement of largely C3 vegetation, probably semi-deciduous forest, by C4 grasslands. By the beginning of the Pliocene, all the flood plains of major rivers in this region were dominated by monsoonal grasslands. The floral shift away from woody plants is also reflected by the decline and final disappearance of fossil leaves and the decrease in coal logs in the latest Miocene. A similar carbon isotopic shift has been documented in the paleosol and fossil tooth record of Pakistan, and in terrigenous organic matter from the Bengal Fan, showing that the floral shift was probably continentwide. The latest Miocene also witnessed an average change of ∼4‰ in the oxygen isotopic composition of soil carbonate, as observed previously in Pakistan. The reasons for this are unclear; if not diagenetic, a major environmental change is indicated, perhaps related to that driving the carbon isotopic shift. Recently described pollen and leaf fossils from the Surai Khola section show that evergreen forest was gradually displaced by semi-deciduous and dry deciduous forest between 11 and 6 Ma. The gradual nature of this floral shift, which culminated in the rapid expansion of C4 grasses starting ∼7.0 m.y. ago, is difficult to explain by a decrease in atmospheric pCO2 alone (Cerling et al., 1993) but fits well with a gradual onset of monsoonal conditions in the late Miocene in the northern Indian subcontinent. Himalayan uplift, driving both monsoonal intensification and consumption of CO2 through weathering, may be the common cause behind major late Miocene environmental change globally. However, the decline of effective moisture associated with monsoon development has probably slowed, not increased, the rate of consumption of CO2 by chemical weathering of Himalayan sediments.

Field of study: Geology
Neo-modified Koyanagi technique for the single-stage repair of proximal hypospadias.

To retrospectively analyze the results of a modification of the Koyanagi hypospadias repair developed to reduce complications.



Twelve boys underwent a modified Koyanagi repair over the past 3 years. The technique included the preservation of a wide vascular pedicle for each parameatal flap. The distal urethral plate was left intact and attached on each lateral side to the medial side of each distal Koyanagi pedicle flap.



One boy (8%) developed a urethral fistula. There was no instance of meatal stenosis, sacculation or urethral stricture.



Modifying the Koyanagi repair by preserving a wide vascular pedicle for the distal skin flaps and utilizing the distal urethral plate as the base for the distal neourethra has lowered the incidence of complications. This technique is a suitable alternative to a two-stage approach for the correction of proximal hypospadias.

Field of study: Medicine
The Evolutionary Policy Maker

Government plays an important role in market economies. Traditional mainstream economics claims a role in the case of market failures. Traditionally, Original Institutional Economics (OIE),1 goes a step further suggesting not only a macro economic role, but also a more interventionist government as a developer of industrial and technology policies. In this paper we highlight the role of government2 in a world as depicted in evolutionary economics. We argue that in situations of bounded rationality and radical uncertainty, government should first be a learning  Based on a case study of Dutch technology policy, we will distinguish types of learning and identify the conditions under which a learning government can be effective.

Field of study: Economics
Enhanced Flux Pinning in YBCO+YSZ Composite Films Grown by TFA-MOD Method

More attention was paid to the fact that columnar defects generated by introducing nano-particles into YBCO films can improve the in-field superconducting properties of YBCO as pinning centers. Epitaxial YBCO films with self-assembled Yttrium-stabilized Zirconia (YSZ) nano-particles have been successfully prepared by TFA-MOD based on different solutions and the effect of nano-particle dopants on the field properties of YBCO films was investigated by analyzing the results obtained by PPMS according to the Bean Model. The critical current densities (Jc) of YBCO films with YSZ nano-particle were found to be improved with respect to pure YBCO films in range of 0-5 T. The Jc value of YBCO film with YSZ dopant was 0.2 MA/cm2 at 50 K and 4 T field, which is 4 times higher than that of pure YBCO film. Furthermore, an optimized property was observed for YBCO films doped by 6 mol.% YSZ nano-particle shown by the dependence relationship between Jc value and field for YBCO films with different amount of YSZ dopants.

Field of study: Physics
Golden opportunities in catalysis

The gold-catalyzed endo-cycloisomerization of allenes bearing nucleophilic substituents in the α- or β-position opens up a versatile access to various five- and six-membered heterocycles. Key features of these transformations are the high reactivity of the allene in the presence of Lewis-acidic, carbophilic gold(I) or gold(III) catalysts, and the chirality transfer from the allenic axis of chirality to the new stereogenic center in the cyclization product. Recent contributions of our group include the optimization of chirality transfer by using σ-donor ligands to gold, and applications in the total synthesis of natural products, e.g., of the β-carboline alkaloids (-)-isocyclocapitelline and (-)-isochrysotricine.

Field of study: Chemistry
Factors important in the selection and description of liquid-liquid extraction procedures used in inorganic analytical chemistry (Technical Report)

The report deals with liquid-liquid distribution systems, in which one phase is aqueous, and the distribution of the component can be influenced in many cases with chemical reactions. The formulas and equations are given, by which the actual distribution ratio of the analyte at given conditions and concentrations can be predicted. The conditional extraction constants, which are essential for the prediction, can be calculated from the real extraction constants and side reaction functions involving the competing chemical reactions, and their equilibrium constants. The kinetic aspects of the distribution process, the current analytical techniques, the analytical methods involving liquid-liquid distribution, the fields of applications of liquid-liquid extraction are briefly introduced. A classification scheme of the extraction systems used in analytical chemistry is proposed in which the basic reaction equations are given, from which the extraction constant, the distribution ratio of the analyte can be formulated, and using the formulas, and the necessary equilibrium constant values, the attainable extent of extraction (fraction extracted) can be estimated.  Liquid-liquid extraction procedures used in analytical chemistry are controlled by distribution processes of the components between two liquid phases. This report deals with systems of analytical interest in which The concentration of the component of interest distributed between the liquid phases is low; One liquid phase is aqueous. This phase favours ionization processes, and shows preference for ionic compounds in contrast to the other, less polar, organic phase; The distribution of the component in most cases can be influenced by chemical reactions (by protonation, complex or adduct formation, etc.); No distinction is made, whether a solvent with solvating properties (with donor or acceptor group content) or an inert solvent is used, the solvent always being in large excess compared to the distributed species. (Thus, the effect of coordination by solvent molecules is included in the extraction constant.)  According to fundamental phy sico-chemical considerations the distribution of a component between two immiscible solvents in equilibrium is completely defined by the partition constant at given temperature and pressure. The partition constant is a ratio of the activities of the component in the two liquid phases. If the concentration of the component is low (< 10” mol 1-l) in both phases and the composition of the liquids is not changed (i.e. in the aqueous solution the ionic strength is constant), the partition ratio (distribution constant) in terms of concentrations maybe used in place of the partition constant, and accepted as practically constant.

Field of study: Chemistry
Fabrication and Tribological Performance of Zr-Coated Carbide against 40Cr Hardened Steel

In order to enhance the tribological performance of YT14 carbide, pure Zr coating was deposited on the substrate surface using a multi-arc ion plating method. The surface topography, adhesion strength, thickness, and micro-hardness of the Zr coating were tested. Dry sliding friction experiments against a 40Cr hardened steel ring were conducted with Zr-coated carbides and traditional ones. The average coefficients of friction were measured and compared. The wear characteristics of the samples were examined by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX). The test results indicated that the Zr coating deposited on the carbide surface exhibited excellent adhesive strength and lower hardness. The average friction coefficient of Zr coated carbide decreased by 20%–30% in comparison with that of the uncoated one. The Zr coated carbide could reduce the adhesive wear compared with the uncoated one, and the main tribological degradation mechanisms of the coating were abrasive wear, coating flaking and delamination.

Field of study: Materials science
Finite-dimensional representation theory of loop algebras: a survey

We survey some important results concerning the finite--dimensional representations of the loop algebra of a simple complex Lie algebra, and their twisted loop subalgebras. In particular, we review the parametrization and description of the Weyl modules and of the irreducible finite--dimensional representations of such algebras, describe a block decomposition of the (non--semisimple) category of their finite--dimensional representations, and conclude with recent developments in the representation theory of multiloop algebras.

Field of study: Mathematics
Binding of quinomycin antibiotic UK-65,662 to DNA: 1H-n.m.r. studies of drug-induced changes in DNA conformation in complexes with d(ACGT)2 and d(GACGTC)2.

Quinomycin antibiotic UK-65,662 binds selectively to the 5'-CpG-binding sites of the DNA duplexes d(ACGT)2 and d(GACGTC)2; the complexes have been studied in detail by 1H-n.m.r. spectroscopy and molecular-modelling techniques employing nuclear Overhauser effect-restrained energy minimization and molecular dynamics. Whereas the terminal A.T base pairs of the tetamer duplex d(ACGT)2 adopt a stable Hoogsteen alignment (characterized by a syn glycosidic conformation of the purine base), when internalized within the hexamer duplex d(GACGTC)2, the A.T base pairs revert to anti glycosidic torsion angles characteristic of the Watson-Crick hydrogen-bonding scheme. The energetics of base-pair stacking at the terminal 5'-GpA steps of the hexamer complex, with base pairs in the Watson-Crick alignment, are concluded to be important determinants of the adopted conformation, whereas an energetic preference for stacking interactions between terminal Hoogsteen A.T base pairs and the drug quinoline chromophores is evident in the tetramer complex. The internal G.C base pairs in both complexes are highly stabilized, as indicated by the very slow exchange rates of the guanine imino protons; in contrast, the flanking A.T base pairs are no more stable than in the ligand-free DNA duplexes. A large number of intermolecular nuclear Overhauser effects are indicative of many van der Waals contacts and hydrogen-bonding between the antibiotic and the minor groove of the central G.C base pairs in both complexes, indicating that interactions with the G.C base pairs in each duplex are very similar providing the essential features for recognition and tight binding. Despite the difference in the conformation of the A.T base pairs, stacking with the quinoline rings occurs primarily with the adenine bases in both complexes. Relative intensities of intranucleotide versus internucleotide nuclear Overhauser effects indicate that both duplexes are substantially unwound by drug binding (particularly at the CpG step) and this is confirmed by the structure calculations. Both duplexes have ladder-like structures that must lead to significant local distortions of the DNA conformation in vivo.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Conformity of spin fluctuations in alkali-metal iron selenide superconductors inferred from the observation of a magnetic resonant mode in K(x)Fe(2-y)Se(2)

Spin excitations stemming from the metallic phase of the ferrochalcogenide superconductor K(0.77)Fe(1.85)Se(2) (T_c=32 K) were mapped out in the ab plane by means of the time-of-flight neutron spectroscopy. We observed a magnetic resonant mode at Q_res=(1/2 1/4), whose energy and in-plane shape are almost identical to those in the related compound Rb(0.8)Fe(1.6)Se(2). This lets us infer that there is a unique underlying electronic structure of the bulk superconducting phase K(x)Fe(2)Se(2), which is universal for all alkali-metal iron selenide superconductors and stands in contrast to the doping-tunable phase diagrams of the related iron pnictides. Furthermore, the spectral weight of the resonance on the absolute scale, normalized to the volume fraction of the superconducting phase, is several times larger than in optimally doped BaFe(2-x)Co(x)As(2). We also found no evidence for any additional low-energy branches of spin excitations away from Q_res. Our results provide new input for theoretical models of the spin dynamics in iron based superconductors.

Field of study: Physics
On the Characters and Trends of Cross-strait Trade-economic Cooperation

From the opening up and reformation,the trade and economic cooperation of Cross-Strait has the follow characters: the trade scale extended continuously,the growth rate of trade waved violently,the structure of the trade goods optimized,the enterprises invested in Mainland of China are cluster in region,collective in industry,and the Cross-Strait industrial division changed from inter-industry vertical division to intra-industry horizontal division.The Cross-Strait trade and economic cooperation will have the follow trends: the cooperation will develop from commodity trade to product unification,and the industrial division will develop from the type based on goods to factors.

Field of study: Economics
Reported personal stress sources and adjustment of entering freshmen.

SOURCES OF PERSONAL STRESS AS PERCEIVED BY 500 ENTERING FRESHMEN WERE INVESTIGATED TO DETERMINE HOW THEY MIGHT BE RELATED TO ADJUSTMENT. THE TOTAL DEVIATION SCORE ON THE MMPI WAS USED AS A MEASURE OF ADJUSTMENT WITH THE 100 HIGHEST DEVIATIONS DESIGNATED AS THE MALADJUSTED AND THE LOWEST 100 AS THE ADJUSTED. 15 OF THE 26 STRESS SOURCES MEASURED WERE FOUND TO BE SIGNIFICANTLY RELATED TO HIGH TOTAL DEVIATION SCORES ON THE MMPI, SUGGESTING FURTHER EXPLORATORY USE OF THE PERSONAL STRESS SCALE AS A SCREENING DEVICE FOR QUICK DETERMINATION OF POSSIBLY DISTURBED STUDENTS. ALSO SUGGESTED ARE ORIENTATION PROGRAM AREAS THAT MIGHT BE ADJUSTED TO BETTER MEET THE NEEDS OF FRESHMEN ATTEMPTING TO COPE WITH THE TRANSITIONAL STRESS OF ENTERING A RESIDENTIAL UNIVERSITY.

Field of study: Psychology
The Arabidopsis defensin gene AtPDF2.5 mediates cadmium tolerance and accumulation.

Although excess cadmium (Cd) accumulation is harmful to plants, the molecular mechanisms underlying Cd detoxification and accumulation in Arabidopsis thaliana remain largely undetermined. In this study, we demonstrated that the A. thaliana PLANT DEFENSIN 2 gene AtPDF2.5 is involved in Cd tolerance and accumulation. In vitro Cd-binding assays revealed that AtPDF2.5 has Cd-chelating activity. Site-directed mutagenesis of AtPDF2.5 identified eight cysteine residues that were essential for mediating Cd tolerance and chelation. Histochemical analysis demonstrated that AtPDF2.5 was mainly expressed in root xylem vascular bundles, and that AtPDF2.5 was significantly induced by Cd. Subcellular localization analysis revealed that AtPDF2.5 was localized to the cell wall. The overexpression of AtPDF2.5 significantly enhanced Cd tolerance and accumulation in A. thaliana and its heterologous overexpression in rice increased Cd accumulation; however, the functional disruption of AtPDF2.5 decreased Cd tolerance and accumulation. Physiological analysis suggested that AtPDF2.5 promoted Cd efflux from the protoplast and its subsequent accumulation in the cell wall. These data suggest that AtPDF2.5 promotes cytoplasmic Cd efflux via chelation, thereby enhancing Cd detoxification and apoplastic accumulation.

Field of study: Environmental science
Microbial distribution and turnover in Antarctic microbial mats highlight the relevance of heterotrophic bacteria in low-nutrient environments.

Maritime Antarctica has shown the highest increase in temperature in the Southern Hemisphere. Under this scenario, biogeochemical cycles may be altered, resulting in rapid environmental change for Antarctic biota. Microbes, that drive biogeochemical cycles often form biofilms or microbial mats in continental meltwater environments. Limnetic microbial mats from the Fildes Peninsula were studied using high-throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Mat samples were collected from fifteen meltwater stream sites, comprising a natural gradient from ultraoligotrophic glacier flows to meltwater streams exposed to anthropogenic activities. Our analyses show microbial structure differences between mats are explained by environmental NH4+, NO3-, DIN, soluble reactive silicon and conductivity. Microbial mats living under ultraoligotrophic meltwater conditions did not exhibit a dominance of cyanobacterial photoautotrophs, as it has been documented for other Antarctic limnetic microbial mats. Instead, ultraoligotrophic mat communities were characterized by the presence of microbes recognized as heterotrophs and photoheterotrophs. This suggests that microbial capabilities for recycling may be a key factor to dwell in ultra-low nutrient conditions. Our analyses show that phylotype level assemblages exhibit coupled distribution patterns in environmental oligotrophic inland waters. The evaluation of these microbes suggests the relevance of reproductive and structural strategies to pioneer these psychrophilic ultraoligotrophic environments.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
On Society Demand as the Orientation of Higher Education Reform

The Ministry of Education,in the end of 2009,proposed a policy intention of taking society demand as the orientation of pushing higher education reform.The proposal attracts hot debates in and out of academia.This group of articles discusses the following issues.Firstly,how to deal with the diversified society demands for those higher education institutions varied in types and tiers,what is the start point and what are the steps in the reform led by society demands? Secondly,facing serious survival condition,how those mass institutions accounted a major proportion in higher education institution system change their strategies to gain a new progress? Thirdly,in order to meet society demands,what kind of problems exist and need to be changed in setting disciplines and majors? Fourthly,what is the position of personal need in these society demands,and how to consider the function of individual demand in the reform? The last but not the least,what are the issues we should be paid special attention to in this higher education reform which is oriented by society demands because of the particularity of higher education market.

Field of study: Education