nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Comparison of the contents of school physical education teaching method related textbooks used in China and the United States

The authors compared the contents of school physical education teaching method related textbooks used in China and the United States,and revealed the following findings: school physical education teaching method related textbooks used in China involve extensive aspects,not only including teaching methods,teaching plans and teaching evaluation,but also including such contents as the functions of school physical education,training and competition.School physical education teaching method related textbooks used in the United States focus mainly on the processes of physical education teaching,specially emphasizing the understanding of learning processes and teaching objects as well as the management of classrooms.Via their study the authors concluded that the differences in the contents of school physical education teaching method related textbooks used in the two countries should come from the discrepancies in the general physical education guidelines established in China and the United States and the differences in the setup of school physical education teaching method related courses in the two countries.

Field of study: Education
The influence of the spectroscopic deformation of Li-isotopes on their interaction with51V

The energy dependence of the total reaction cross sectionσr and its tensor analyzing powerT20r was measured for the7Li−51V interaction in the energy rangeELi=10–20 MeV using two different experimental methods. Reaction residues were observed directly by their characteristicγ-emission, and the elastic scattering of7Li from51V was investigated. Additionally, the elastic scattering of6Li from51V was measured at 9.8, 12 and 14 MeV. The tensor analyzing power data can be interpreted as being caused by the spectroscopic mass deformation of the Li-ions. The energy dependence of σr andT20r above the Coulomb barrier can be described in terms of the classical sharp-cutoff model.

Field of study: Physics
Lower and upper bounds to the ultimate loads of buckled redundant trusses

Synopsis. In the buckled state, statically indeterminate, rigid-jointed trusses support loads which are generally in excess of those corresponding to initial instability. As buckling proceeds, the loads usually approach limiting values, called "ultimate loads". Two theorems are derived establishing lower and upper bounds to the ultimate loads. Elastic behavior is assumed throughout.  If the rigid joints of a truss are subjected to a set of external loads, whose values are fixed except for a common multiplier X0 , the equations of equilibrium of the z-th joint are of the type1

Field of study: Mathematics
On UDP continuity over vertical handovers

Today's mobile devices such as smart phones are equipped with multiple wireless access technologies, so multi-radio operation is becoming the norm. These devices frequently face vertical handover scenarios such as exiting Wi-Fi hotspot towards cellular network coverage. Unfortunately, the vertical handover execution is still done in a very primitive way even with middleware support, and the reality is that any active service at the time of handover is aborted or at least severely disrupted when it happens. In this paper, we explore how the transport layer can independently overcome the disruption caused by the vertical handover and obtain service continuity with or without underlying vertical mobility support infrastructures such as Media Independent Handover (MIH) or Access Network Discovery and Selection Function (ANDSF). In particular, we focus on the case of User Datagram Protocol (UDP), and explore how to evolve it for vertical handover. In particular, we show that UDP can be enriched with options while keeping application transparency and enabling incremental deployment as is the case for Transmission Control Protocol (TCP). We implement the proof-of-concept prototype and demonstrate that it performs well under dynamic Cellular-WiFi vertical handover settings with off-the-shelf smart phones operating across commercial 3G cellular carriers and Internet Service Provider (ISP) networks. We also consider the ways to utilize the evolved UDP for other applications, as the addition of carrying options or in-band signaling capability opens a whole new horizon for the usability of UDP.

Field of study: Computer science
Placement of percutaneous pedicle screws without imaging guidance.

Pedicle screw (PS) instrumentation provides an exceptionally rigid construct to promote fusion in cases of spinal trauma and degenerative disease. Although the safety of traditional open techniques for PS placement has been well documented, there are no large series in the literature in which the safety of percutaneously placed PSs has been examined. Because the advantages of minimally invasive spine surgery are becoming more widely recognized, especially in regard to the lessening of morbidity caused by pain and blood loss, there will be a greater demand for spine surgeons to place PSs percutaneously. During a 2-year period, the authors placed 287 PSs percutaneously with the aid of intraoperative fluoroscopy. Only one of these screws was later found to have breached the spinal canal, yielding a breach rate of 0.35% for percutaneously placed PSs (one of 287).

Field of study: Medicine
Labeling of cough data from pigs for on-line disease monitoring by sound analysis

More objective and automated detection of respiratory diseases in pig houses should be possible by on-line sound 
analysis of cough monitoring. To develop automatic algorithms for pig cough recognition, experiments and well-labeled 
cough data are needed. The objectives of this article are: (1) to give a short overview of the attained results in cough recognition, 
and (2) to define a methodology to label the cough data in a pig house. Human observers labeled coughs by audiovisual 
observation in a laboratory test installation with ten pigs during periods ranging from two days to two weeks.  
sound registration was done with audio equipment. The sound registrations were listened to by another observer to compare 
the number of coughs in the registration with the number labeled during the experiment. It was found that there were underestimations 
of up to 94% in the number of coughs. The underestimation in the number of coughs could be reduced to 10% when 
the observer used an additional labeling sound signal on the scene each time coughing was observed. In addition, differences 
were found between two independent observers scoring pig’s coughs in an audiovisual manner on the scene. For future research, 
we suggest an investigation of how an observer using software labeling could improve the labeling results.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Colombian Reactions to the Independence of Panama, 1903-1904

Although several Colombians of varying prominence had suggested the possibility of an imminent Isthmian revolt, it seems that the events of and immediately after November 3, 1903, took most of their countrymen by surprise. Certainly there is no evidence of significant prior planning for such a contingency. The achievement of Panamanian independence was followed, in turn, by a Colombian failure to establish a consistent and coherent policy designed either to regain the lost province or to implement terms by which the loss could be made more acceptable. This is not to say that Colombians, officially and unofficially, did nothing in response to the Panamanian separatist movement. Yet what is impressive is not what happened, but what did not happen: There was no sustained military movement against the Isthmus, no break in diplomatic relations with the United States, no serious reprisals against Americans and Isthmians, or their property, in Colombia, and no vigorous protest against the incumbent Colombian political leadership. Panama was apparently not a major issue even during the Presidential campaign and election of 1904. The lack of preparation alluded to above was surely a factor in determining this limited response, but it was a small factor and offers, at best, an incomplete explanation. In fact, the mildness of the Colombian reaction was the product of the unique interaction of domestic and international, contemporary and historical conditions which this article seeks to illuminate.

Field of study: History
Design and Performance Analysis of a 2.5 MW-Class HTS Synchronous Motor for Ship Propulsion

The development of cryogenic technology and high temperature superconducting (HTS) materials has seen continued interest worldwide in the development of HTS machines since the late 1980s. In this paper, the authors present a conceptual design of a 2.5 MW class synchronous motor. The structure of the motor is specified and the motor performance is analyzed via a three-dimensional model using the finite element method (FEM). Rotor optimization is carried out to decrease the harmonic components in the air gap field generated by HTS tapes. Based on the results of this 3D simulation, the determination of the operating conditions and load angle is discussed with consideration to the HTS material properties. The economic viability of air-core and iron-core designs is compared. The results show that this type of HTS machine has the potential to achieve an economic, efficient and effective machine design, which operates at a low load angle, and this design process provides a practical way to simulate and analyze the performance of such machines.

Field of study: Physics
Biodiversity trends are as bad as expected

In a recent work published in Science, Dornelas et al. (2014) analyzed a large sample of local biodiversity time series, involving more than 35,000 terrestrial and aquatic species from biomes across Earth. Their analysis revealed a systematic change in local community composition and a net biodiversity loss at the global scale. However, the authors were surprised by the absence of negative trend of biodiversity at local scale. We think that Dornelas et al.’s work is very important to the field of biodiversity conservation, not because their last result is contrary to expectations (as stated by the authors), but because their combined results confirm that the scientific community has an accurate understanding of the effects of ongoing anthropogenic pressures on biodiversity processes and patterns. According to the ecological niche theory (Hutchinson 1957; Futuyma and Moreno 1988), massive habitat changes driven by human activities should favor the expansion of (regional and exotic) generalist species, and specialists of Human-altered habitats, while reducing the fitness and range of many species specialized to the ‘‘old’’ disappearing habitats (along with their specific hosts, symbionts and parasites). From the local to the global scale, these two opposed trends should result in a functional and taxonomic homogenization of communities (as defined in Olden et al. 2004). This theoretical expectation was confirmed by tracking temporal changes in average habitat specialization of species at the community level (Clavel et al. 2011). At the local and regional scales, theory and modeling indicate that habitat disturbance (Devictor and Robert 2009), permanent changes of habitats into habitats of lower carrying capacity (Teyssèdre and Robert 2014), and high dispersal rates between biogeographical provinces (Rosenzweig 2001; Teyssèdre and Robert 2014) are expected to increase species richness—until a certain level of habitat modification—as observed in the field (e.g.,

Field of study: Environmental science
WE-E-134-01: Preliminary Application of a Multitaper Generalized Spectrum Approach to Quantify Scatterer Nonrandomness in Breast Lesions.

The generalized spectrum (GS) has been used to quantify nonrandomness of scattering sources and to characterize breast and liver tissues. In this work, we implement a multitaper GS approach creating parametric images of GS features that describe the degree of nonrandom structure in breast lesions.



This IRB-approved, HIPAA compliant study recruited subjects who were scheduled for core biopsy of a suspicious breast mass. Subjects were scanned with a Siemens Acuson S2000 using a linear array transducer at 15MHz. Radiofrequency (RF) echo data were obtained in radial (parallel to breast lactiferous ducts) and antiradial planes. Cases (n=34) were selected based on the availability of biopsy results and a lesion size of at least 3mm in both planes. The multitaper GS was obtained by computing the correlation matrix of the Fourier transform of RF signal segments tapered by Prolate Spheroidal Sequences. Nonrandomness was quantified by parameterizing the collapsed average of the GS. A region of interest (ROI) within each lesion and each plane was defined,and the mean and standard deviation of the nonrandomness within it were computed.



Cases were grouped into: fibroadenoma (n=12, median diameter (MD)=7.6mm),other benign(n=11, MD=8.2mm), invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) (n=5, MD=6.3mm), and other malignant(n=6, MD=6.9mm). The IDC nonrandomness inter-case median of the mean and standard deviation was 64% and 59% of the values from other lesions, and the fractional difference in the standard deviation of the nonrandomness between the radial and antiradial views for the IDC cases was 59% smaller than the values for other lesions.



Preliminary results indicate that the spatial distribution of scatterers within IDCs is more homogeneously random compared to other lesions. However, inter-case variability was comparable to the median values. Future work will expand the population and use beam steered acquisitions to test for anisotropy in these features. This work was supported, in part, by NIH (grants R01CA111289, R21HD061896,  and the Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia of Mexico (Reg. 206414).

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
The Disproportionate Representation of Minority Students in Special Education

This article identifies specific content that teacher trainers in special and general education should consider incorporating into preservice training programs in an effort to address the over- and underrepresentation of culturally and linguistically diverse students in special education programs. The development of multicultural education as a body of knowledge and the continuing work in bilingual education on issues related to effective teaching strategies for working with language-minority and second-language learners suggest a variety of approaches for all students. Contributions from these fields can be of benefit in developing effective practices and programs for diverse special needs learners. Examination of this work and its application in special education settings is suggested.

Field of study: Education
Canadian foreign policy viewed from south of the line – An American perspective

As noted above, Canada does not figure prominently in the everyday musings of most American undergraduates. When they do think about the world beyond their national borders it is more likely to be in relation to the Middle East, Asia or Europe. Only infrequently do they focus on their northern neighbour when considering their own country’s dealings with the outside world. It is rare for an American undergraduate to be conscious of the fact that the United States and Canada are intricately entwined in various economic, political and security arenas. They generally are not aware of Canada’s participation in the NATO mission in Afghanistan. They often forget the fact that Canada is – along with Mexico – a member of the NAFTA. Less than one in ten could give you the name of the Canadian Prime Minister. Fewer than one in a hundred would know the name of the Canadian Minister of Foreign Affairs. This does not mean, however, that an image of Canada – and Canadian foreign policy, in particular – is totally lacking from their consciousness. If pressed, American undergraduates can summon forth certain distinctive visions of the country to their north and the character of its international relations. Usually this vision springs from a solid foundation of positive sentiment towards Canada and its people that continues despite lack of comprehensive data. To most American undergraduates, Canadians are good friends who share most of the same values and 69

Field of study: Political science
Majorana Edge Modes of Superfluid 3He A-Phase in a Slab

Motivated by a recent experiment on the superfluid 3 He A-phase with a chiral p -wave pairing confined in a thin slab, we propose designing a concrete experimental setup for observing the Majorana edge modes that appear around the circumference edge region. We solve the quasi-classical Eilenberger equation, which is quantitatively reliable, to evaluate several observables. To derive the property inherent to the Majorana edge state, the full quantum mechanical Bogoliubov–de Gennes equation is solved in this setting. On the basis of the results obtained, we perform decisive experiments to check the Majorana nature.

Field of study: Physics
Effect of the fabrication method on the electrical properties of poly(acrylonitrile-co-butadiene-co-styrene)/carbon black composites

Poly(acrylonitrile-co-butadiene-co-styrene) (ABS), an engineering plastic, was combined with carbon black (CB) to increase its conductivity. The ABS/CB composites were prepared using two different methods: dissolution of ABS in Butan-2-one and manual mixing of the constituent materials. These fabrication methods led to different microstructures, which led to vastly different electrical properties. The microstructures were acquired using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and optical microscopy, while the electrical conductivity was obtained using impedance spectroscopy. The percolation threshold of the composites fabricated using the manual mixing method was found to be much lower (0.0054 vol.% CB) than that of the composites fabricated using the dissolution method (2.7 vol.% CB).

Field of study: Materials science
The impact of smoke from forest fires on the spectral dispersion of cloud droplet size distributions in the Amazonian region

In this paper, the main microphysical characteristics of clouds developing in polluted and clean conditions in the biomass-burning season of the Amazon region are examined, with special attention to the spectral dispersion of the cloud droplet size distribution and its potential impact on climate modeling applications. The dispersion effect has been shown to alter the climate cooling predicted by the so-called Twomey effect. In biomass-burning polluted conditions, high concentrations of low dispersed cloud droplets are found. Clean conditions revealed an opposite situation. The liquid water content (0.43 ± 0.19 g m−3) is shown to be uncorrelated with the cloud drop number concentration, while the effective radius is found to be very much correlated with the relative dispersion of the size distribution (R2 = 0.81). The results suggest that an increase in cloud condensation nuclei concentration from biomass-burning aerosols may lead to an additional effect caused by a decrease in relative dispersion. Since the dry season in the Amazonian region is vapor limiting, the dispersion effect of cloud droplet size distributions could be substantially larger than in other polluted regions.

Field of study: Environmental science
Cauda equina syndrome after induction of spinal anesthesia.

In this report the authors present a case of cauda equina syndrome that developed following induction of spinal anesthesia in a patient who had no apparent preexisting bleeding abnormality. An acute subdural hematoma caused the syndrome and was believed to have resulted from direct vascular trauma during administration of spinal anesthesia or from vascular trauma combined with thrombocytopenia in the postoperative period.

Field of study: Medicine
Genes and quantitative genetic variation involved with senescence in cells, organs, and the whole plant

Senescence, the deterioration of morphological, physiological, and reproductive functions with age that ends with the death of the organism, was widely studied in plants. Genes were identified that are linked to the deterioration of cells, organs and the whole plant. It is, however, unclear whether those genes are the source of age dependent deterioration or get activated to regulate such deterioration. Furthermore, it is also unclear whether such genes are active as a direct consequence of age or because they are specifically involved in some developmental stages. At the individual level, it is the relationship between quantitative genetic variation, and age that can be used to detect the genetic signature of senescence. Surprisingly, the latter approach was only scarcely applied to plants. This may be the consequence of the demanding requirements for such approaches and/or the fact that most research interest was directed toward plants that avoid senescence. Here, I review those aspects in turn and call for an integrative genetic theory of senescence in plants. Such conceptual development would have implications for the management of plant genetic resources and generate progress on fundamental questions raised by aging research.

Field of study: Biology
Modulation of eotaxin-3 (CCL26) in alveolar type II epithelial cells.

Airway epithelial inflammation associated with emphysema, chronic bronchitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma is regulated in part by alveolar type II cell chemokine signaling. Data suggest that resident lung cells use CCR3, CCR5 and CCR2 chemokine receptor/ligand systems to regulate the profile of leukocytes recruited in disease-associated inflammatory conditions. Thus studies were designed to test whether alveolar type II cells possess a Th1-activated CCR5-ligand system that modulates the Th2-activated CCR3/eotaxin-2 (CCL24), eotaxin-3 (CCL26) chemokine systems. The A549 alveolar type II epithelial-like cell culture model was used to demonstrate that alveolar type II cells constitutively express CCR5 which may be upregulated by MIP-1alpha (CCL3) whose expression was induced by the Th1 cytokines IL-1beta and IFN-gamma. Selective down-regulation of CCL26, but not CCL24, was observed in CCL3 and IL-4/CCL3 stimulated cells. Down-regulation was reversed by anti-CCR5 neutralizing antibody treatment. Thus, one mechanism through which Th1-activated CCCR5/ligand pathways modulate Th2-activated CCR3/ligand pathways is the differential down-regulation of CCL26 expression. Results suggest that the CCR3 and CCR5 receptor/ligand signaling pathways may be important targets for development of novel mechanism-based adjunctive therapies designed to abrogate the chronic inflammation associated with airway diseases.

Field of study: Medicine
Aggregates and the Deformation Properties of Concrete

This paper presents results from two comprehensive series of tests spanning a 5-year period that investigated the influence of 23 different aggregate types on the properties of hardened concrete. The information given is concerned with concrete stiffness and deformation. Tables of design values for estimating the elastic modulus of concrete are given. The influence of aggregate type on concrete shrinkage and creep is discussed with reference to the experimental work. Guidance is provided on the adjustment of code values for the effects of aggregates. The results provide evidence that aggregates exert a profound and important influence on the deformation properties of concrete.

Field of study: Materials science