nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Striving towards efficiency in the Greek hospitals by reviewing case mix classifications.

In order to verify the efficiency level of Greek public hospitals, this paper evaluates the most recent indicators. Relevant data were collected from the two following databases: (a) hospitals' utilisation data generally and per clinical speciality [Ministry of Health, Athens, (Data based) 1995]; (b) Patients' and hospitals' characteristics per diagnosis [National Statistical Office, Athens, (Data based) 1993]. As explanatory variables, the study examines supply and demand factors following case mix classifications. Firstly, average length of stay (ALOS) and secondly, cost per case were regressed as dependent variables. The study highlights the extent of variability across hospitals for different groups of patients with the same condition. The results specify the most important factors that affect ALOS and cost pertaining to efficiency. Per speciality analysis shows occupancy, size-type of the hospital, beds and doctors per speciality, access and use of outpatient services, and surgical operations, etc. as the most significant factors. Per disease-diagnosis analysis shows age of over 65 years, gender, residence, marital status, surgical operation and insurance as the most important factors. General cost analysis in all National Health Systems (NHS) hospitals shows that economies of scale appear in: (a) district and/or specialised hospitals of 250-400 beds; (b) regional and/or teaching hospitals of over but near to 400 beds. Consequently, the author determines the 'Greek' Diagnostic Related Groups (DRGs), based on the cost per clinical speciality in the nine basic specialities and on the cost per diagnosis of the top 15 diagnoses. Further to the scientific results, such studies will enhance much necessary discussions on the organisation of service delivery and financing, by following case mix classification.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
An Oligocene palynoflora from the middle Shoalhaven catchment N.S.W. and the Tertiary evolution of flora and climate in the southeast Australian highlands

Well preserved spores and pollen from a number of middle Oligocene sedimentary formations in the middle Shoalhaven catchment N.S.W. are correlated with the Upper Nothofagidites asperus -Lower Proteacidites tuberculatus Zones of the Gippsland Basin, Victoria. Further confirmation of this correlation comes from three sources: (a) the relative abundances of pollen component groups reveal the Nothofagidites, Proteacidites and Myrtaceidites groups within the Shoalhaven assemblage to be typical of Late Eocene to middle Oligocene sequences; (b) comparisons with the ratios of Phyllocladidites mawsonii to gymnosperms, Araucariacites to gymnosperms, N. flemingii to other Nothofagidites and Myrtaceae to Nothofagidites in the Murray Basin indicate at least an Upper N. asperus age; and (c) strong geomorphic and stratigraphic evidence reported elsewhere shows that the spore and pollen bearing sediments were deposited in a basalt dammed lake between 29–32 Ma. The mid-Oligocene Shoalhaven assemblage fills a significant gap in the spore-pollen record of the southeast Australian highlands and, as a consequence, there is now a continuous record of development of flora and climate for this region for nearly the entire Tertiary. Average annual temperature and thermal seasonality appear to have been the two most significant climatic parameters to have varied throughout the southeastern highlands from the Palaeocene to the Miocene after which progressively drier conditions ensued.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Transcallosal white matter degradation detected with quantitative fiber tracking in alcoholic men and women: selective relations to dissociable functions.

Excessive alcohol consumption can adversely affect white matter fibers and disrupt transmission of neuronal signals. Here, we examined six anatomically defined transcallosal white matter fiber bundles and asked whether any bundle was specifically vulnerable to alcohol, what aspect of white matter integrity was most affected, whether women were more vulnerable than men, and whether evidence of compromise in specific bundles was associated with deficits in balance, sustained attention, associative learning, and psychomotor function, commonly affected in alcoholics.



Diffusion tensor imaging quantitative fiber tracking assessed integrity of six transcallosal white matter bundles in 87 alcoholics (59 men, 28 women) and 88 healthy controls (42 men, 46 women). Measures included orientational diffusion coherence (fractional anisotropy, FA) and magnitude of diffusion, quantified separately for axial (longitudinal; lambdaL) and radial (transverse; lambdaT) diffusivity. The Digit Symbol Test and a test of ataxia were also administered.



Alcoholism negatively affected callosal FA and lambdaT of all but the sensory-motor bundle. Women showed no evidence for greater vulnerability to alcohol than men. Multiple regression analyses confirmed a double dissociation: higher diffusivity in sensory-motor and parietal bundles was associated with poorer balance but not psychomotor speed, whereas higher diffusivity in prefrontal and temporal bundles was associated with slower psychomotor speed but not balance.



This study revealed stronger alcohol effects for FA and radial diffusivity than axial diffusivity, suggesting myelin degradation, but no evidence for greater vulnerability to alcohol in women than men. The presence of brain-behavior relationships provides support for the role of alcoholism-related commissural white matter degradation as a substrate of cognitive and motor impairment. Identification of a double dissociation provides further support for the role of selective white matter integrity in specific domains of performance.

Field of study: Medicine
Gender, Status, Writing, and the Resolution of Kindergarten Girls' Social Tensions.

Based on data from a year-long study, this article examines conversations among a group of kindergarten girls who used the school-defined task of writing to maintain social cohesion in their peer social interactions. Because of the genres and form of their writing, they were also able to use the writing to further individual status aspirations, which created tensions within the group. However, the girls developed strategies and rules that allowed them to resolve these tensions and to satisfy both group and individual needs, supporting research that claims girls practice “cooperative competition” in their group interactions.

Field of study: Education, Linguistics
Cytological studies on the anterior pituitaries of the domestic animals.1. On the cell types of the anterior pituitary in the dog

犬の下垂体前葉に於いて酸好性細胞はorange Gに染まるα-細胞とacid fuchsinに染まるe-細胞とに区別される。α-細胞は腺体の中央部から後部に多く見られるが未成熟の個体では殊に多数存在する。之に反してe-細胞は主に腺体前部に認められ妊娠中の個体では甚だしく肥大し泌乳中には数に於いて最も多くなる。acid violetに染まるζ一細胞は腺体の上部及び底部に見出される。塩基好性細胞は主として腺体底部に存在するが発情期や去勢,甲状腺除去の個体では甚だしく増数肥大するため腺体上部の酸好性細胞が多い部分と明らかに区別される一つの部位即ち Zona tuberalisを形成する。甲状腺除去細胞は術後10日目に於いてすでに多数出現するが其の存在部位は大体腺体底部に限られる。副腎を除去した場合は酸好性細胞の減少と塩基好性細胞の退行とが見受けられる。

Field of study: Biology
Bosch and Bruegel: From Enemy Painting to Everyday Life. Joseph Leo Koerner. The A. W. Mellon Lectures in the Fine Arts; Bollingen Series 35:57. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2016. xiv + 412 pp. $65.

trates on two original masterpieces incorporating Roman Charity into complex religious scenes: Caravaggio’s The Seven Works of Mercy (1606–07) and Nicolas Poussin’s The Gathering of the Manna (ca. 1639), as well as their afterlives. Chapter 4 focuses on Valerius Maximus as a primary source and how the theme was taken up divergently by writers and visual artists. Also considered is the oral tradition promoting the father-daughter story as a riddle about kinship. Chapters 5, 6, and 7 are more innovative, relating the reception of Roman Charity to broader contexts like the practice of adult breastfeeding in medical writings, the intertwining iconographies of Charity and the Madonna Lactans and their rhetorical allegorical meaning, and, finally, the legal discourse of father-daughter relationships. This brief review does not do justice to the analytic depth and breadth (at times somewhat unwieldy) of Sperling’s monograph. The scope of the book is so wide that the particular significance of some images of Roman Charity are glossed over in order to adapt to the general political and social interpretations of the author. In The Seven Works of Mercy, for example, Sperling notes that Cimon resembles Peter in another painting by Caravaggio, The Crucifixion of Saint Peter (1600–01). Through merging the identities of these two figures, Sperling infers that Caravaggio “expresses his contempt for the Roman papacy, which, guilty and condemned to die, is shown to parasitically consume the vital body fluids of his dutiful daughter, the people of Rome” (129). This oversimplified and reductive explanation of Caravaggio’s Roman Charity cannot be challenged here (the artist’s frequently unpredictable repetition of models is a topic long debated by specialists). In the end, sporadic instances of forced interpretation do not detract from the overall importance of Sperling’s book, which crosses over diverse disciplines, providing much provocative food for thoughtful social, art, and gender historians.

Field of study: History
Structural, electrical, mechanical and thermal properties of melt spun bismuth based fusible alloys

The aim of this research was to improve physical properties of bismuth based fusible alloys for different industrial applications. For this reason, two groups of fusible alloys, binary and ternary bismuth based fusible alloys, were prepared usingmelt spinning technique. Structure, electrical,mechanical and thermal properties of binary and ternary bismuth based fusible alloys were investigated to understand physical properties changing and thermal behavior of binary and ternary bismuth based fusible alloys for improving their required properties for industrial applications. Thermal behavior and physical properties of bismuth based fusible alloys changed correlated to the formation of hexagonal Pb7Bi3 intermetallic compound and solid solution after rapid solidification. The Bi62.5Pb25Cd12.5 alloy has the lowest melting point, 94 iÂ°C.

Field of study: Materials science
Low-dimensional nanostructures and fullerene films on semiconductor surface

The morphology and atomic structures of C60 fullerene films on a Bi(0001)/Si(111)-7 × 7 surface and adsorption of fluorofullerene C60Fx molecules on a Si(111)-7 × 7 surface have been studied by scanning tunneling microscopy/spectroscopy and low-energy electron microscopy under ultra high-vacuum conditions. It has been shown that initial nucleation of C60 islands on the surface of an epitaxial Bi film occurs on double steps and domain boundaries, while tunnel spectra do not exhibit any significant charge transfer to the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital states. Fluorofullerene molecules allow local (at the nanoscale level) modification of Si surface through local etching.

Field of study: Physics
[Comparisons of effects of Hoe-498 and enalapril in isolated guinea pig hearts and rat myocardium].

In isolated guinea pig hearts Hoe-498 (1 mg/kg ig) attenuated the cardiac effects of angiotensin I (ANG I) but not angiotensin II(ANG II), and potentiated those of brady-kinin(BK). Enalapril (MK-421) was without effect at this dose, but 30 mg/kg produced similar effects. In rat myocardium, the converting enzyme (CE) activities after Hoe-498 (1 mg/kg ig) pretreatment (15 min,1&6 h) were inhibited by 62.70 and 19%, repectively. Enalapril (30 mg/kg ig) pretreatment yielded similar inhibitions(74,76 and 50%,respectively). The results indicate that Hoe-498 is 30 times more potent as a CE inhibitor(CEI) than enalapril.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Continuity and Analysis of Sequences of Principal Components

Double arrays of n rows and p columns can be regarded as n drawings from some p-dimensional population. A sequence of such arrays is considered. Principal component analysis for each array forms sequences of sample principal components and eigenvalues. The continuity of these sequences, in the sense of convergence with probability one and convergence in probability, is investigated, that appears to be informative for pattern study and prediction of principal components. Various features of paths of sequences of population principal components are highlighted through an example.

Field of study: Mathematics
Antiviral Treatment of Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infection

also requires experience and a special interest, not exceptional qualities. All these requirements are readily available, with a little effort and positive motivation. Medicine is a dynamic subject; the patients in our care surely deserve the time it takes to address critically the alternative approaches to patient management and review traditional procedures. The time has come for clinicians and cytologists alike to debate the advantages and disadvantages of a more flexible and sympathetic approach to the management of gynaecological problems, with an honest appraisal of the true worth and application of current alternative methods of diagnosis. Anne Morse Chief Medical Laboratory Scientific Officer Departments of Cytology, St Mary's Hospital and Samaritan Hospitalfor Women, London R W Beard Professor of Obstetrics and Gynaecology St Mary's Hospital, London References Cary W H (1943) American Journal ofObstetics and Gynecology 46,422-423 Ferenezy A & Gelfand M (1984) Obstetrics and Gynecology 63, 295-302 Grimes D A (1982) American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 142, 1-6 Hutton J D, Morse A R, Anderson M C & Beard R W B (1978) British Medical Journal i, 947-949 Morse A R (1981)  (1982) Obstetrics and Gynecology 59, 513-518 Nadji M, Greening S E, Sevin B U, Ng A B P, Averette H E & Nordqvist S R B (1979) Acta Cytologica 23, 277-281 Nordqvist S R B, Sevin B U, Nadji M, Greening S & Ng A B P (1979) Obstectrics and Gynecology 54, 719-724 Poison D W, Morse A & Beard R W B (1984) British Medical Journal 288, 981-983 Segadal E & Iversen 0 E (1980) British Medical Journal 281, 364-365 Studd J W W, Thom M, Dische F, Driver M, Wade Evans T & Williams D (1979) British Medical Journal i, 846-848 Vuopala S, Kauppila A, Mikkonen M & Stenback F (1982) Archives of Gynecology 231, 119-127

Field of study: Medicine
Interdecadal trends in composition, density, size, and mean trophic level of fish species and guilds before and after coastal development in the Mexican Caribbean

This study explores the possible influence of human coastal development (before and after) and protected area status (within and outside a marine protected area, MPA) on composition, density, and maximum size of fish species and guilds, including mean trophic level of the fish community, in four localities of the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexican Caribbean. Reef fish density, maximum length, species composition, and trophic guilds were recorded by SCUBA belt transects and stationary points in fore reef and lagoon reef areas at decadal intervals (1995–1998, 2006–2010, 2014–2015). Mean density of most species and guilds decreased significantly through the years, as also did mean trophic level of the fish community. Some fish species increased in length. Fish density for many species was larger outside than inside the MPA in 1995–1998; however, the difference tended to disappear in the more recent decades, which reflects either a positive effect of the MPA, or a detrimental effect of coastal development in the non-protected area. Nevertheless, the overall negative trends suggest a regional or global rather than a local cause.

Field of study: Environmental science
Structure vs. Hardness Through the Obfuscation Lens

Much of modern cryptography, starting from public-key encryption and going beyond, is based on the hardness of structured (mostly algebraic) problems like factoring, discrete log or finding short lattice vectors. While structure is perhaps what enables advanced applications, it also puts the hardness of these problems in question. In particular, this structure often puts them in low complexity classes such as \({\textsf {NP}} \cap {\textsf {coNP}}\) or statistical zero-knowledge (SZK).

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Transient radiation effects in CMOS structures related to geometrical dimensions and nuclear radiation pulse forms

Theoretical and experimental investigations and SPICE simulations of transient radiation effects in CMOS structures are described. The effects of thin wells and substrates on photocurrents are treated theoretically and verified experimentally. The irradiation experiments were carried out using a pulsed 4-MeV electron accelerator. In addition circuit parameters are measured using electrical methods. The results indicate that the dimensions of the structure have a significant influence on the shape of generated photocurrent pulses. An application to compound nuclear radiation pulses, simulating a realistic nuclear event, shows that latchup turn-on is correlated with the leading edge of the radiation pulse, while the appearance of a long tail on the photocurrent pulse may influence the upset behavior of a circuit.

Field of study: Physics
Genetics of Fat Storage in Flies and Worms: What Went Wrong?

Body weight and fat storage are strongly influenced by an individual’s genetic makeup. In humans, genetic polymorphisms have been identified that have effects on body mass index (BMI) and fat content (Meyre et al., 2009; Speliotes et al., 2010; Choquet and Meyre, 2011a), and studies of monogenic rodent models of obesity have defined a variety of genes and signaling pathways that control fat storage and metabolism (Barsh and Schwartz, 2002). However, many other genes that regulate these processes undoubtedly remain to be discovered. Although forward genetic screens in the mouse have the potential to identify new obesity genes, such screens are expensive and lengthy endeavors.

Field of study: Biology
Die melkrevolusie : op die winkelrak

Tim Noakes se boek, Die Kos Revolusie, gepubliseer in 2014, was ook die begin van 'n melkrevolusie. Hoe meer verbruikers belangstel in 'n dieet wat minder koolhidrate en meer proteiene bevat, hoe beter is dit vir die verkope van suiwelprodukte. Die dieet het die gesondheidsvoordele van suiwel in die kollig geplaas en navorsing wat reeds in 2013 gepubliseer is, is nou opnuut relevant.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Preliminary design of a tensile-strained p-type Si/SiGe quantum well infrared photodetector

Considering tensile-strained p-type Si/Si1-yGey quantum wells grown on a relaxed Si1-xGex ( 0 0 1) virtual substrate ( y < x), the hole subband structure and the effective masses of the first bound hole state in the quantum wells are calculated by using the 6 x 6 k center dot p method. Designs for tensile-strained p-type quantum well infrared photodetectors ( QWIPs) based on the bound-to-quasi-bound transitions are discussed, which are expected to retain the ability of coupling normally incident infrared radiation without any grating couplers, have lower dark current than n-type QWIPs and also have a larger absorption coefficient and better transport characteristics than normal unstrained or compressive-strained p-type QWIPs.

Field of study: Materials science
Effects of Prior Freezing Conditions on the Quality of Blueberries in a Freeze-Drying Process

Freeze-drying has played an increasingly important role in the production of dehydrated foods. This article discusses the operating conditions of the prior freezing process of blueberry fruit to maintain the fruit aroma during the sublimation process. The properties of frozen fruit, such as ice crystal size, seem to depend on the freezing speed, leading to some aroma loss during the sublimation process. The temperature of the deep freezer was set at -20°C, -40°C, -60°C, or -80°C to determine the effects of changing the freezing speed of blueberries during prior freezing. Northern highbush blueberry cultivars Dixi and Elliott harvested in a university orchard (Tokyo, Japan) were used as the test material. The sublimation process of freeze-drying was done using a transparent vacuum desiccator connected to a vacuum pump through a vapor cooling trap under heating conditions provided by a far-infrared heater. Trapped vapors were analyzed with GC-MS to identify and quantify the aroma compounds of the blueberries, such as benzaldehyde. The change in the appearance of the freeze-dried blueberries following prior freezing at various speeds is also described. The amounts of typical volatile compounds, such as acetic acid, 2-hexanol, and 3-hexanol, decreased as the freezing speed increased. Most volatile aroma compounds could be preserved when blueberries were frozen rapidly in a deep freezer.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
[The use of baclosan in the complex therapy of muscle-tonic and myofascial pain syndromes in patients with dorsopathy].

Baclosan (baclofen), a GABA analogue, has been used in the treatment of 20 patients, aged 20-56 years, with a pain syndrome in dorsopathy of lumbar spine. Baclosan has been administered in the increasing dosages (from 10 mg to 30 mg per day) for 4 weeks in conjunction with traditional therapy (symptomatic pharmacotherapy, physiotherapy, reflexotherapy etc).The control group consisted of 10 patients who received only basic therapy (without baclosan). Patient's status has been measured clinically and with several scales. The results obtained allow to conclude that baclosan exerts a positive effect in the pain syndrome caused by dorsopathy. Its inclusion to the complex therapy reduces both the pain intensity and the degree of muscle-tonic tension as well as improves the motor function and emotional state of patients.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Derivatives of diazirine-3,3-dicarboxylic acid

The amidation and alkaline hydrolysis of diazirine-3,3-dicarboxylic acid esters, which proceed with retention of the diazirine ring, were studied. The higher stability of diazirine-3,3-dicarboxylic acid esters as compared with their spirocyclic analogs is explained by the conformational lability of the C=O groups. The UV and mass spectra of the diazirines are discussed.

Field of study: Chemistry
Superconducting YBa2Cu3O7-x thin films grown by organometallic chemical vapor deposition

Y-Ba-Cu-O thin films are grown on SrTiO 3 (100) substrates by organometallic chemical vapor deposition using tetramethylheptadione complexes. The effects of substrate temperatures and source gas conditions on crystallographic and superconducting properties are investigated. Crystallinity and superconducting properties deteriorate with decreasing of substrate temperature; however, they can be improved by decreasing the O 2 flow rate, even at temperatures as low as 600°C. Superconducting thin films with zero-resistivity temperatures of 71 K and 10 K are grown at substrate temperatures of 650°C and 600°C, respectively. Superconducting transition is observed to occur when full width at half maximum of the X-ray diffraction peaks narrowed.

Field of study: Materials science