nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Assimilation efficiency of Vibrio bacterial protein biomass by the flagellate Pteridomonas : assessment using flow cytometric sorting.

A flow cytometric sorting technique for direct determination of bacterial biomass assimilation by phagotrophic flagellates was developed and tested in laboratory culture experiments. Living Vibrio bacteria were quantitatively pulse-chase labelled with [(35)S]methionine tracer and fed to Pteridomonas flagellates. Flow sorting revealed that the isotopically labelled material is in either bacterial prey or flagellate predators and the egested bacterial debris contained negligible amounts of tracer. These experimental results confirm an earlier hypothesis that flagellates release metabolised bacterial proteins primarily in a dissolved form. The assimilation efficiency of the Vibrio protein biomass by Pteridomonas was low, only about 20%, independently of the amount of consumed bacterial biomass, confirming our earlier indirect estimates. Additionally, against expectations that cells decrease their metabolic activity whilst preparing for and engaged in division, we found that the precursor uptake rates by flow sorted bacterial cells at the S+G(2) cell cycle stages were constantly 1.5 times higher than those of cells at the G(1) stage.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Theory, design, tests and applications of 10MW compulsator for high power beams

Powering solid state lasers and accelerators with compulsator is a novel technology, which could reach high average beam power for wide industry applications. As shown in the paper, the novel route is emerging due to successfully lasering experiments driven by the compulsators. It has merits of high specific power and energy storage,reliability,high rates of pulse repetition and long life. The specific power and energy storage of all possible pulsed powers are listed and compared. The theory of flux compression and the two stage amplification of the cascade compulsator are explained. The principles of self exciting and two devices in one shell in the system of cascade compulsators are explained. The basic design equations, the design and experimental results of a 10MW cascade compulsators for solid state laser are given. The novel power supply drives the solid state laser successfully in the primary experiments. A hole about 0.5mm in diameter is glassified in a brick target by the output laser beam.

Field of study: Physics
Continuous methacholine inhalation provocation with resistance monitoring in asthmatic patients.

Continuous methacholine inhalation with simultaneous bronchial resistance monitoring was performed in 15 controls and 26 asthmatic patients. The subjects were in quiet tidal breathing, and the airway resistance measured by forced oscillation method were continuously recorded with X-Y recorder. The mean airway resistance of the asthmatic patients was higher than that of the control group, so was the conductance of the asthmatics lower than that of the control. All the asthmatics were responsive to the methacholine test, while only two controls had the response. No correlation could be obtained between bronchial reactivity and sensitivity, but the bronchial sensitivity was correlated with serum total IgE (r = 0.448; p less than 0.05), and suggest that the higher the IgE is, the more sensitive the asthmatic patients respond to methacholine. Continuous methacholine provocation is useful in the diagnosis of bronchial asthma and is more safe and time-saving compared with conventional intermittent method.

Field of study: Biology
Fatty acids, tocopherols, selenium and total carotene of pistachios (P. vera L.) from Diyarbakır (Southestern Turkey) and walnuts (J. regia L.) from Erzincan (Eastern Turkey)

In this study, 14 well-adapted genotypes of pistachio (Pistachio vera L.) grown in Diyarbakır (Southeastern Turkey) and 15 walnut (Juglans regia L.) genotypes grown in Erzincan (Eastern Turkey) have been studied. Pistachio genotypes contained 8.16–9.33% palmitic acid, 0.54–0.68% palmitoleic acid, 2.35–4.21% stearic acid, 67.81–76.82% oleic acid, 9.42–18:32% linoleic acid, 0.27–0.38% linolenic acid and 0.19–0.33 % arachidic acid. The range of selenium, α-tocopherol, γ-tocopherol, δ-tocopherol, α-tocotrienoid, γ-tocotrienoid and total carotenoid of these promising genotypes were found to be between 11.44 and 190.71 ng/g, 1.36 and 26.93, 36.17 and 170, 0.45 and 2.61, 0.96 and 3.76, 2.33 and 37.72 and 1.01 and 4.93 mg/kg, respectively. Linoleic acid ranging from 43.19% to 53.16% was the most abundant fatty acid in 15 pomologically selected walnut genotypes, followed by oleic and linolenic acids (31.91% and 11.46%, respectively). Their selenium contents ranged between 7.25 and 57.67 ng/g. γ-Tocopherol was the predominant tocopherol in walnut genotypes. Pistachio and walnut genotypes with higher unsaturated fatty acids, tocopherols and selenium contents may be valuable for nutritional breeding efforts.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Using cenograms to investigate gaps in mammalian body mass distributions in Australian mammals

Body size distribution and cenogram analyses both use body weight distributions of mammalian species to describe structural patterns within communities. Using these methods it has been possible to correlate modern mammalian community structure and habitat. In turn these correlations have been used to infer palaeohabitat from analysis of the structure of extinct mammal communities. We used the cenogram method to construct the body size distribution of both contemporary and pre-European invasion lists of mammal taxa from 52 Australian national parks spanning all major environments. All modern Australian open environments showed a gap in body mass distribution. Historical open environments showed no distinct gap in body mass distribution but had significantly less medium-sized species than closed environments. Large, introduced mammalian predators have been shown to prefer medium-sized prey over large or small prey and to contribute signi!cantly to the extinction of medium-sized species in open environments. Our results are consistent with previous studies which have found that mid-sized mammals are more extinction prone, and this has been suggested to be due to introduced cats and foxes, following the European colonization of Australia. Two methods complementary to cenograms are introduced in this study, which are useful to infer vegetation covertures of fossil localities.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Collective modes and emergent SO(6) symmetry in the iron pnictides

We show the existence of an emergent SO(6) symmetry in the low energy description of the iron pnictides. This approximate symmetry provides a unifying framework for the occurrence of spin density wave (SDW) and superconductivity (SC) in these materials. We use this symmetry to make several predictions for future experiments, including the topology of the phase diagram and the presence of various resonant modes in neutron scattering experiments in both the SC and SDW phases. We also predict the existence of a new "Orbital Density Wave" state, which competes with both SDW and SC orders.

Field of study: Physics
The Dhage Iteration Principle for Coupled PBVPs of Nonlinear Second Order Differential Equations

The present paper proposes a new monotone iteration principle for the existence as well as approximations of the coupled solutions for a coupled periodic boundary value problem of second order ordinary nonlinear differential equations. An algorithm for the coupled solutions is developed and it is shown that the sequences of successive approximations defined in a certain way converge monotonically to the coupled solutions of the related differential equations under some suitable hybrid conditions. A numerical example is also indicated to illustrate the abstract theory developed in the paper. We claim that the method as well as the results of this paper are new to literature on nonlinear analysis and applications.

Field of study: Mathematics
Photosynthetic activity and RAPD profile of polyethylene glycol treated B. juncea L. under nitric oxide and abscisic acid application.

The involvement of two extremely important signalling molecules, nitric oxide (NO) and abscisic acid (ABA) has been employed by plants to facilitate the adaptive/tolerate response during stressful conditions. However, the interactive role of exogenously applied NO and ABA is very less studied at physiological, biochemical and molecular levels. The present study therefore, evaluated the effects of individual and simultaneous addition of exogenous NO donor SNP (100µM) and ABA (10µM) on photosynthesis, Calvin-Benson cycle enzymes, S-assimilation enzymes, oxidative stress components, and genotoxicity in Brassica juncea cv. Varuna, exposed to polyethylene glycol (PEG)-induced drought stress. Results showed that a loss induced by PEG was significantly surpassed by the application of NO or/and ABA with PEG for chlorophyll content, net photosynthestic rate (Pn), internal CO2 concentration (Ci), stomatal conductance (gs), transpiration rate (Tr), maximum photosystem II (PSII) efficiency (Fv/Fm), actual PSII efficiency (ΦPSII), intrinsic PSII efficiency (Fv´/ Fm´), photochemical quenching (qP), non-photochemical quenching (NPQ), electron transport chain (ETC), ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCo), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GapDH), phosphoribulokinase (PRK), ATP-sulfurylase (ATP-S), and serine acetyltransferase (SAT) activities. The genomic template stability (GTS) (measured as changes in RAPD profiles) was significantly affected and showed varying degrees of DNA polymorphism, highest in PEG and lowest in PEG + NO and PEG + NO + ABA. Furthermore, the changes in RAPD profiles showed consistent results when compared with various photosynthetic and oxidative parameters. Altogether, this study concluded that supplementation of individual NO and together with ABA was more effective than individual ABA in alleviating PEG-induced drought stress in B. juncea L. seedlings.

Field of study: Biology, Engineering
Extrinsic Uncertainty and the Informational Role of Prices

We study a financial economy with finitely many states of private information. There are two agents, informed and uninformed. We define agents' expectations on future equilibrium prices as a probability distribution over K distinct values, i.e., we introduce K extrinsic events. We show that there are open sets of economies with nonrevealing (and also with partially revealing) equilibria: For an appropriate choice of self-fulfilling price expectations, observable equilibrium prices are signal-invariant. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers: D52, D82, D84.

Field of study: Economics
Joseph Warren: a discussion of his life and analysis of his death.

As his fellow soldiers ran past him, Joseph Warren stood bravely on Bunker Hill. It was June 17, 1775, and British troops were fighting the colonists in one of the early battles of the American Revolution. The British had already attempted two major assaults that day, and the third would end with Warren's death. He was a medical doctor, public figure, and general who spent his life and last living moments fighting for freedom for the American colonists. After the battle, there was much confusion about what had happened to Joseph Warren. Some thought he had survived the battle; other accounts differed on how exactly he had died. The details of the events on Bunker Hill remained a mystery until the following year, when Paul Revere helped identify Warren's body by the false teeth that had been implanted years earlier. Warren's remains showed that his head had been struck by a bullet. Analysis of the skull helped to sift through the differing tales of Warren's death and thus unveil the truth about what occurred that day. The smaller bullet wound in the left maxilla suggests that he was not shot while retreating with the rest of the soldiers. The larger exit wound in the right occiput illustrates that the bullet's trajectory crossed the midline of the brain and most likely injured the brainstem. Therefore, contrary to rumors that circulated at the time, Joseph Warren most likely was killed instantly at the Battle of Bunker Hill while heroically facing his enemy.

Field of study: Medicine
Development and Application of Online Stability Control System in Central China Power System

Based on the theory of large-scale power system and the real-time information of EMS, the mode of hierarchical decision and hierarchical control were adopted in online stability control system of Central China power system. Thus, all of the control equipment in the power system were managed and corresponded to realize optimal control. The structure and key technologies on the control system were introduced in the paper.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Explosive silicic volcanism of the Yellowstone hotspot: The ash fall tuff record

Unaltered silicic ash fall tuffs are abundant in Neogene sedimentary basins of the western U.S. and constitute an important record of explosive silicic volcanism in this region. In particular, ash fall tuffs from silicic volcanic centers along the Yellowstone hotspot track are common in these basins and provide a detailed record of explosive volcanism along the hotspot track. The available hotspot ash fall tuff record commences at ca. 16 Ma, shortly after the initiation of hotspot silicic volcanism at ca. 16.5 Ma, and continues through the most recent explosive eruptions in the late Pleistocene. Post–16 Ma hotspot silicic volcanism has been dominated by eruption of metaluminous ash flow tuffs and rhyolites, and ash fall tuffs produced by these eruptions dominate the Yellowstone hotspot ash fall tuff record. Evaluation of a well-dated composite sequence of 142 of these tuffs reveals systematic variation in magma composition, magma temperature, eruption frequency, and, possibly, volumetric discharge as the hotspot migrated eastward from the western edge of the North America craton to its current location in the Yellowstone Plateau.

On the basis of these variations, three primary stages of metaluminous rhyolite magmatism (M stages) are recognized: M1 (16.0–15.2 Ma), M2 (15.2–7.5 Ma), and M3 (7.5–0 Ma). Each of these stages is marked by distinctive magma compositions, eruption frequencies, and magma temperature ranges and trends, with an overall decline in average eruption frequency and magma temperature from stage to stage. The partitioning of explosive hotspot volcanism into stages likely reflects variation in the style and intensity of the interaction between the mantle anomaly powering the hotspot magmatic systems and a spatially and temporally heterogeneous lithosphere along the hotspot track. Although the ash fall tuff record does not provide definitive constraints on the nature of these variable interactions, correlations between changes in eruption frequency, ash fall tuff discharge, and magma temperature point to variable input of mantle basalt into hotspot crustal magmatic systems as a first order control on intensity of explosive volcanism. As future studies reveal more about the processes controlling the variations in hotspot silicic volcanism, a fuller understanding of both the nature of silicic magmatism and the nature of the Yellowstone hotspot should emerge.

Field of study: Geology
Challenges of Human Capacity Development in Federal Universities in Akwa Ibom and Cross River States, Nigeria

The study investigated the challenges of human capacity development in Universities and the possible strategies for improvement. Three research questions were posed to guide the study. A survey design was adopted and simple random sampling technique was used to select a sample of 500 lecturers from a population of 1,819 academic staff from two Federal Universities in Nigeria. The instrument for data collection was a questionnaire developed by the researchers and was titled “Challenges of Human Capacity Development Questionnaire (CHCDQ)”. The instrument was a 5-point Likert scale. Cronbach alpha reliability method was used to ascertain the reliability of the instrument and a reliability coefficient of 0.88 was obtained.  Data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics – means, standard deviations, frequencies and percentages. Results of the study revealed that inadequate funding, corruption/examination malpractice, lack of effective monitoring/supervision of teaching and learning, lack of committed teachers, students’ poor attitude towards learning, inadequate facilities and certificate racketeering were identified as constraints to  human capacity development in Universities. Male and female lecturers did not differ in their mean rating of the challenges of human capacity building. In the light of these findings, it was recommended among other things that the government should adequately fund federal Universities in Nigeria to enhance quality human capacity building and lecturers should be given adequate incentives to motivate them to be committed to the training of students for quality outputs.  Challenges, Human Capacity, Development, University , Education.

Field of study: Education
Purification total flavonoids of Sophora alopecuroide residue using macroporous resins

Five kinds of macroporous resins were used to adsorb and separate total flavonoids of Sophora alopecuroides residue.According to the amount of adsorption and desorption of flavonoid,static and dynamic adsorption separation methods were adopted to determine a suitable macroporous resin and purification procedure.The AB-8 macroporous adsorption resin showed good adsorption and separation performance.The purity of the purified flavonoids could be increased by 1 times when the best loading quantity was 0.864 mg/mL(resin),sample flow rate was 2 BV/h,stripping liquid was 95% ethanol,the amount of stripping liquid was 4 BV and flow rate of stripping liquid was 2 BV/h.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Comparative chemistry of some aminoglycoside antibiotics

In the field of antibiotics, the term 'aminoglycoside' is restricted in its use to those compounds in which the aglycone is a cyclitol or an aminocyclitol; the sugar moieties usually contain at least one amino-group. The three clinically important groups are exemplified by streptomycin (I), neomycin (II) and kanamycm A (III). This paper will be concerned largely with the kanamycin group and particularly with the gentamicin C components (IV). Some discus. sion of structure determination will be included as well as some approaches to the synthesis of new aminoglycosides. In its most general sense, the term 'aminoglycoside' refers to any carbohydrate containing an amino-function and linked via the C-i oxygen to a second moiety—the aglycone. In the field of antibiotics, however, the term is restricted in its use to those compounds in which the aglycone is a cyclitol or an aminocyclitol. The clinically important aminoglycosides fall into three 'families' exemplified by streptomycin (I), neomycin (II) and kanamycin A (III). In streptomycin the aglycone is streptamine; in the other two cases OH HO'\3 HOH2C1,, HO I o OH HO>< HN NHCNH2 CNH NH OHC I

Field of study: Chemistry
High spin structure in127Xe and125Xe

Excited states of the nuclei127Xe and125Xe have been investigated in the inverse kinematic reactions48Ca(82Se,(3.5)n) at 275 MeV beam energy with the OSIRIS multidetector system at the VICKSI-accelerator of the HMI Berlin. The level scheme of127Xe was extended up to a level of tentative spin (51/2−). Two excited bands of 3QP-character were observed. For125Xe these structures were extended towards higher spins. Experimental Routhians of selected bands are presented.

Field of study: Physics
A .LAMBDA./4 Wave Absorber for Both 60 and 76 GHz Bands

While the demand of millimeter-wave intelligent transport system(ITS) including the automotive radar increases, utilization of electromagnetic(EM) waves on the street is increasing now. However, malfunction may be caused to communication and detection by the diffused EM wave reflected from incidental facilities such as a road sign and others. If the road sign having an absorbing function of the unwanted EM waves is realized, it is very effective to prevent the diffused EM wave reflected from the road sign. In this study, we focus on a transparent λ/4 wave absorber with resistive films attached on the road sign in adding absorbing function of EM waves of automotive rader frequency. In this structure, spacer is fabrecated of light reflecting sheet consisting of a part of the road sign and polycarbonate(PC) plate made of the transparent dielectric material. In this case, we try to examine the absorption characteristics of the proposed absorber both 60 and 76GHz bands theoretically and experimentally. The results show that the high-performance λ/4 wave absorbers for 60 and 76 GHz bands are realized.

Field of study: Computer science
Graphs for Bivariate Normal Probabilities

1.  Recently there has been much activity dealing with the tabulation of the bivariate normal probability integral. D. B. Owen [3],  has summarized many of the properties of the bivariate normal distribution function and tabulated an auxiliary function which enables one to calculate the bivariate normal probability integral. In addition, the National Bureau of Standards  has compiled extensive tables of the bivariate normal integral drawn from the works of K. Pearson, Evelyn Fix and J. Neymaln, and H. H. Germond. In this same volume, D. B. Owen has contributed an extensive section on applications. It is the purpose of this paper to present three charts, which will enable one to easily compute the bivariate normal integral to a maximum error of 10-2. This should be sufficient for most practical applications. Owen and Wiesen  have also presented charts with a similar objective; however, as pointed out below, we believe the charts presented here lend themselves more easily to visual interpolation. Actually the motivation for these charts came from the Owen and Wiesen work. 2. Notation and formulas. We present here notation and useful formulas relating to the bivariate normal integral. Let X and Y be random variables following a bivariate normal distribution with zero means, unit variances, and correlation coefficient p. Then

Field of study: Mathematics
Atmospheric pollution revealed by trace elements in recent snow from the central to the northern Tibetan Plateau.

In order to determine the current levels, spatial distribution patterns, and potential pollution of trace elements (TEs) in the atmosphere of the Tibetan Plateau (TP), snow pit samples were collected in May 2016 from five TP glaciers: Qiyi (QY), Hariqin (HRQ), Meikuang (MK), Yuzhufeng (YZF), and Xiaodongkemadi (XDKMD). Concentrations of 13 TEs (Al, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Li, Pb, Sb, Sr, U, and Zn) in the snow were measured. The spatial distribution patterns and depth profiles of TEs from the studies sites revealed that the influence of dust on TEs was more significant on the MK and YZF glaciers than on the QY, HRQ, and XDKMD glaciers. The spatial distributions of TE EFFe values differed from their concentrations, however. The enrichment factor (EF) values and concentrations of some TEs in the YZF, QY, and XDKMD glaciers revealed that the pollution levels of these elements were significantly lower than those found in previous research. Examination based on EFs, principal component analysis, as well as the calculated non-dust contributions of TEs, revealed that dust was the principal source for most TEs in all five glaciers, while biomass burning was another potential natural source for TEs in some glaciers, such as QY. In contrast, Cd, Ba, Sr, Cu, Pb, Zn, and Sb were occasionally affected by anthropogenic sources such as road traffic emissions, fossil fuel combustion, and mining and smelting of nonferrous metals in and beyond the TP. Air mass backward trajectories revealed that potential pollutants were transported not only from local sources but also from Xinjiang Province in northwestern China, as well as South Asia, Central Asia, the Middle East, and Europe.

Field of study: Environmental science