nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
ADP-ribosylation of core histones and their acetylated subspecies.

ADP-ribosylation of core histones was investigated in isolated nuclei of Physarum polycephalum. Core histone species differed in the mode of modification. Whereas ADP-ribosylation of H2A and H2B is sensitive to inhibition by 3-methoxybenzamide, as with most other nuclear acceptor proteins, the modification of H3 and H4 is not inhibited. Cleavage experiments with hydroxylamine indicate a carboxylate ester type ADP-ribose-protein bond for H2A and H2B and arginine-linked ADP-ribose residues for H3 and H4. ADP-ribosylation preferentially occurs on acetylated histone subspecies, as shown for H4. These data are substantiated by the use of n-butyrate, which induces hyperacetylation of core histones; the butyrate-induced shift towards more acetylated H4 subspecies is accompanied by an increase of ADP-ribose incorporation into highly acetylated H4 subspecies.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Attitudinal Ambivalence: A Test of Three Key Hypotheses

This article reports two studies designed to test the hypotheses that lower levels of attitudinal ambivalence are associated with attitudes that are more predictive of behavior, more stable over time, and less pliable. Study 1 (n = 346) employed a prospective design to test the effects of ambivalence on attitude-intention-behavior relationships. Findings indicated that less ambivalent attitudes were more predictive of subsequent behavioral intentions and behavior but were unrelated to attitude stability. Study 2 (n = 344) used a simple pre-post experimental design and showed that ambivalent attitudes were more pliable in the face of a persuasive communication. The findings are discussed in relation to future research into the bidimensional conceptualization of attitudes.

Field of study: Psychology
Air drying of chopped chestnuts at several conditions: effect on colour and chemical characteristics of chestnut flour

Fresh chopped chestnuts were dried using a hot air convective tray dryer at different temperatures (45, 65 and 85oC) and loading densities (2.5 and 6.3 kg/m 2 ). Drying kinetics were experimentally determined and modelled by means of Page model. Model parameters correlations with temperature and loading density were found. Dried samples were milled and chemical composition (starch, amylose, fat, fibre, proteins, sugars) and colour characteristics of the flour were determined. Total and damaged starch varied significantly with drying temperature and loading density, but not amylose content. Protein and sugars content were also influenced by drying conditions whereas no meaningful differences were observed for fibre and fat content. Lightness of flour chestnut decreased and redness increased with drying temperature. At high loading density, the thermal effects on the flour colour were less promoted.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Stroma: the forgotten cells of innate immune memory

All organisms are exposed constantly to a variety of infectious and injurious stimuli. These induce inflammatory responses tailored to the threat posed. While the innate immune system is the front line of response to each stimulant, it has been considered traditionally to lack memory, acting in a generic fashion until the adaptive immune arm can take over. This outmoded simplification of the roles of innate and acquired arms of the immune system has been challenged by evidence of myeloid cells altering their response to subsequent encounters based on earlier exposure. This concept of ‘innate immune memory’ has been known for nearly a century, and is accepted among myeloid biologists. In recent years other innate immune cells, such as natural killer cells, have been shown to display memory, suggesting that innate immune memory is a trait common to several cell types. During the last 30 years, evidence has slowly accumulated in favour of not only haematopoietic cells, but also stromal cells, being imbued with memory following inflammatory episodes. A recent publication showing this also to be true in epithelial cells suggests innate immune memory to be widespread, if under‐appreciated, in non‐haematopoietic cells. In this review, we will examine the evidence supporting the existence of innate immune memory in stromal cells. We will also discuss the ramifications of memory in long‐lived tissue‐resident cells. Finally, we will pose questions we feel to be important in the understanding of these forgotten cells in the field of innate memory.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Javaoptics simulations: Open-source physics (OSP) library for teaching (or Learning) thin-film optics

To illustrate and broaden knowledge on some aspects of physics at teaching level, that is, university level and higher level, Javaoptics applets was adopted as free software under a GNU General Public License, an open-source license. This applet was used to shows multiple beaminterferences froma parallel dielectric thin filmand to study the evolution of reflection (or transmission)at normal and oblique incidence of light. Further, the reflection and refraction factors when the index of refraction (may be constant or have a wavelength dependency)and the absorption of the film and the substrate are modified. It was shown that resources can be used as an ordinary course to support material and as the main working tool in an on-line Internet course.

Field of study: Materials science
Improving the Mapping and Prediction of Offshore Wind Resources (IMPOWR): Experimental Overview and First Results

AbstractThe wind resource offshore of the East Coast of the United States is well known for its potential to provide abundant, clean, renewable, and domestic electricity. However, limited observations from this region are recorded at heights above the water that penetrate significantly into the planetary boundary layer (PBL). As a result, mesoscale models have been used to characterize the offshore wind resource in this region but have not been evaluated fully within the PBL due to the scarcity of observations. This paper describes the setup and some early results from the Improving the Mapping and Prediction of Offshore Wind Resources (IMPOWR) field study conducted in the Nantucket Sound area in 2013/14. The IMPOWR campaign provides a rich dataset of observations within the PBL from a variety of sources: high-frequency Long-EZ aircraft, a multilevel atmospheric and oceanic tower in Nantucket Sound, and lidars on the south shore of eastern Long Island and Block Island. In addition to new data for model va...

Field of study: Environmental science
Early Proterozoic ice-proximal glaciomarine deposition: The lower Gowganda Formation at Cobalt, Ontario, Canada

Mapping at 1:2,000 scale in the Cobalt area has allowed detailed interpretation of the glaciogenic deposystem for the basal 180 m of the Coleman Member, lowermost unit of the Gowganda Formation, Huronian Supergroup. Deposition at Cobalt occurred on the subsiding shelf of a south-facing passive margin. The unconformity that separates subhorizontal Coleman Member lithofacies from underlying Archean rocks exhibits a subdued topography and less than 100 m of relief. Evidence of plucking and lee-side quarrying of this surface support southerly movement of a grounded ice sheet. Massive basal diamictites were deposited subglacially as extensive primary basal till and as restricted lee-side till that infilled paleotopographic lows and covered preglacial regolith. Coarsening-upward rhythmite/sandstone/clast-supported diamictite associations were deposited as prograding subaqueous outwash fans in front of a slowly retreating wet-based tidewater ice sheet grounded in 50 to 300 m of water. Rhythmite characteristics indicate a distal change from underflow to interflow/overflow sediment-transport, supporting an ice-contact, marine-basin interpretation. Differences in dropstone abundance in the rhythmites suggest variable rates of ice-front calving and iceberg transport. Interfan areas received sediment from melt water and from abundant sediment gravity flows off over-steepened fan slopes and collapsing ice-marginal banks. An upper diamictite association contains dropstone diamictite, poorly laminated mudstones, diamictite with random clast orientations, and thick diamictite sequences characteristic of deposition from sediment gravity flows. These features suggest transition from a grounded to a partially floating ice sheet before deposition of the uppermost Coleman Member strata preserved at Cobalt.

Field of study: Geology
New ion exchangers, preparation, properties and application

Organic ion exchangers are used for many years in laboratory and industry. They consist of a network or matrix carrying functional groups or anchor groups which are responsible for the ion exchange properties. The network may be an artificial one obtained from monomers by polytnerisation or copolyrnerisation or by polycondensation. Products of this kind are called resins. On the other hand natural macromolecules like cellulose may be used as matrices.

Field of study: Chemistry
Equations Governing Surface Streamlines

Kemp, N. H. and Homicz, G., "Approximate Unsteady ThinAirfoil Theory for Subsonic Flow," AIAA • . -Amiet, R. K., "High Frequency Thin Airfoil Theory for Subsonic WxwS'AIAA Journal> Vol. 14, Aug. 1976,  Adamczyk, The Passage of an Infinite Swept Airfoil Through an Oblique Gust," NASA CR-2395, May 1974. Amiet, R. K. and Sears, W. R., "The Aerodynamic Noise of Small-Perturbation Subsonic Flows," Journal of Fluid Mechanics ^ Vol. 44, Nov. 1970, pp. 227-235. Horlock, R. H. and Hawkings, D. L., "The Response of Nonlifting Airfoils to Stream wise Gusts," Journal of Fluids Engineering, Vol. 99, March 1977, pp. 213-216. Landahl, M. T., Unsteady Transonic Flow, Pergammon Press, London, 1961, p. 2. Bleistein, N. and Handelsman, R. A., Asymptotic Expansions of Integrals, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York, 1975, Chap. 6.

Field of study: Physics
[Construction, expression and immunogenicity analysis of a Tat N-terminus-deleted mutant fusion protein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1].

In the study, a gene encoding Tat protein N terminal 1- 21 amino acid residues-deleted mutant (Tat22-101) was amplified by PCR from a full length Tat gene of human immunodeficiency virus type 1, and the prokaryotic expression plasmid pET32a-Tat22-101 was constructed. After identification by digestion with endonucleases and sequencing, the recombinant plasmid pET32a-Tat22-101 was transformed into E. coli BL21(DE3) and expressed with IPTG induction. The mutant fusion protein with deleted Tat N terminal was purified by an affinity chromatography column Ni(2+)-NTA and subsequently identified by SDS-PAGE and Western blotting. The results showed that the molecular weight of the mutant protein was approximately 26.9kD. Furthermore, BALB/c mice were immunized with the mutant protein and the anti-sera were collected. ELISA results showed that the mutant protein preserved its immunogenicity, particularly it could improve the production of antibodies to other epitopes in addition to the N terminal epitope of Tat protein, which might provide some valuable information for the study of Tat functions as well as for development of potential novel HIV Tat vaccine.

Field of study: Biology
All Loads Are Not Equal: Distinct Influences of Perceptual Load and Cognitive Load on Peripheral Ad Processing

Task load is an important variable in understanding mediated message processing under different levels of demand on audience attention. However, past research has neglected to differentiate between distinct types of task load that may lead to different patterns of media processing. We discuss how conceptualization of the types of load encountered in media processing may change study outcomes and be a hidden factor in previously published work. We illustrate the potential differences in load with a study that applies the perceptual load theory to devaluation of advertisements that are placed peripherally around a web browser game that utilizes levels of either cognitive or perceptual load. Results showed that high (vs. low) perceptual load leads to worse ad recognition, lower perceived ad familiarity, and decreased ad preference; however, high (vs. low) cognitive load leads to increased brand familiarity. Implications for advertising and media research are discussed.

Field of study: Psychology
Inflammatory Microenvironment Changes the Secretory Profile of Mesenchymal Stem Cells to Recruit Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Human bone-marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs) are widely transplanted into inflammatory microenvironment to accelerate tissue regeneration. Transplanted hBMSCs recruit host hBMSCs through a poorly understood mechanism. This study was aimed to determine whether and how inflammatory microenvironment influenced the host-hBMSCs-recruiting capability of transplanted hBMSCs.  Pro-inflammatory factors, including IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α, were utilized to mimic inflammatory microenvironment. hBMSCs were cultured and conditioned media (CM) were collected. The effects of inflammatory microenvironment on the host-hBMSCs-recruiting capability of cultured hBMSCs were revealed by transwell migration assays. Employing semi-quantitative and quantitative cytokine antibody assays, we examined the secretory profile of cultured hBMSCs.  CM from cultured hBMSCs exerted excellent host-hBMSCs-recruiting capability, which was significantly promoted by exposure to inflammatory microenvironment. Within inflammatory microenvironment, hBMSCs secreted more chemokines related to cell migration. Finally, 21 cytokines were verified as potential factors accounting for the enhanced host-hBMSCs-recruiting capability of cultured hBMSCs exposed to inflammatory microenvironment.  These results strongly suggested that in clinic, inflammatory microenvironment might promote the host-hBMSCs-recruiting capacity of transplanted hBMSCs by increasing chemokines secretion. Modulation of such characteristics of hBMSCs might provide novel therapeutic ideas in the context of hBMSCs.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Thiol-reactive lanthanide chelates for phasing protein X-ray diffraction data.

Lanthanides can contribute a large anomalous component to X-ray scattering when present and ordered in a target crystal. This large anomalous signal is a useful source of phase information in X-ray crystallographic studies of biological macromolecules. Thiol-reactive lanthanide chelates were tested as a means of incorporation of lanthanides into protein crystals. Two compounds, each capable of being loaded with a lanthanide of choice, were synthesized: diethylenetriaminepentaacetic 3-(2-pyridyldithio)propionyl hydrazide (DTPA-PDPH) and 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-N,N',N",N"'-tetraacetic 3-(2-pyridyldithio)propionyl hydrazide (DOTA-PDPH). A cysteine mutant of the 34 kDa phosphate-binding protein (PBP-A197C) from Escherichia coli was used as a test case. PBP-A197C was labeled with DTPA-PDPH loaded with dysprosium. Characteristics of DTPA-PDPH enabled spectroscopic monitoring of the labeling reaction. Complete labeling of PBP-A197C was confirmed by mass spectrometry and SDS-PAGE analysis.  crystallized identically to unlabeled protein. X-ray diffraction data were collected from PBP-A197C-DTPA-Dy crystals in-house with a Cu Kalpha rotating-anode source and with a tuneable synchrotron source (ALS 5.0.2). Synchrotron data were collected at energies corresponding to the Dy L(III) edge f" peak and a high-energy remote. Each data set was treated as an independent SAD experiment. A large anomalous signal was present in the data collected in-house and at the synchrotron. The Dy site was easily located in anomalous difference Patterson maps calculated from each of the data sets. In each case, SAD phasing resulted in high-quality electron-density maps, as evidenced by the success of automated model building. The generality of the method was analyzed with several other test proteins. Labeling of some of these proteins with thiol-reactive lanthanide chelates was deleterious to protein solubility or crystallization. In two of the cases the lanthanide chelate was disordered in the crystals. These results suggest that this method may not be well suited for high-throughput crystallography. However, for difficult cases requiring a large anomalous signal, thiol-reactive lanthanide chelates may prove to be a valuable tool.

Field of study: Chemistry
Endomorphism Algebras of Some Modules for Schur Algebras and Representation Dimension

We consider the representation dimension, for fixed n ≥ 2, of ordinary and quantised Schur algebras S(n, r) over a field k. For k of positive characteristic p we give a lower bound valid for all p. We also give an upper bound in the quantum case, when k has characteristic 0.

Field of study: Mathematics
LASER APPLICATIONS AND OTHER TOPICS IN QUANTUM ELECTRONICS: Pulsed formation and readout of dynamic holograms in a photorefractive GaAs:Cr crystal

An experimental investigation was made of the energy (diffraction efficiency) and time (formation, storage, readout) parameters of four-wave mixing in GaAs:Cr. An investigation of the dynamics of the leading edge of a nonlinear response pulse could become an effective method for pulsed spectroscopy of photorefractive materials.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Child Delinquency and Pupils' Academic Performance in Fumesua Municipal Assembly Primary School in the Ejisu- Juaben Municipality, Ashanti Region, Ghana

This research was conducted purposely to examine child delinquency on pupils’ academic performance. Fumesua Municipal Assembly (M/A) primary school was used as the case study for the research. The specific objectives of the study are to find out the factors that contribute to child delinquent behavior, identify, if delinquent behavior influence the child academic performance and to find out the remedies that will help solve the problem. There was review of related literature in order to put the study into perspective. The study selected a sample size of 49 respondents comprising 40 students and 9 teachers who were interviewed, in order to obtain primary data. Secondary data was also gathered from books, journals and the internet. Purposive sampling was the sampling technique used for selecting the pupils. The collected data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Service Solution (SPSS). From the findings of the study, it was realized that, the causes of child delinquency are as a result of financial problem, bad friends, and poor academic performance and for fun. Also from the findings, it was realized that the remedies to child delinquency are punishment, guidance and counseling, proper monitoring of pupils by parents and reporting of children to their teachers when they misbehave. It was recommended that, parents should monitor their children movement and be mindful of the kind of people they walked with. Also it was recommended that children should not be given enough idle time and again classrooms should not be overcrowded.

Field of study: Education
Efficacy of Various Chemicals as Grain Mold Inhibitors

OF various organic acids and related compounds, propionic acid was the most effective and consistent as a mold inhibitor for corn and grain sorghum at moisture contents of 18-24 percent. Isobutyric, acetic, and formic acids followed in order. Salts of acids were less effective. Sorbic acid was effective when in solution.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Doping Influence on Sm$_{1-x}$Th$_x$OFeAs Superconducting Properties: Observation of Intrinsic Multiple Andreev Reflections Effect and Superconducting Parameters Determination

We studied SNS- and S-N-S-N-...-S contacts (where S - superconductor, N - normal metal) formed by "break-junction" technique in polycrystalline Sm$_{1-x}$Th$_x$OFeAs superconductor samples with critical temperatures $T_C = (34 \div 45)$ K. In such contacts (intrinsic) multiple Andreev reflections effects were observed. Using spectroscopies based on these effects, we detected two independent bulk order parameters and determined their magnitudes. Theoretical analysis of the large and the small gap temperature dependences revealed superconducting properties of Sm$_{1-x}$Th$_x$OFeAs to be driven by intraband coupling, and $\sqrt{V_{11}V_{22}}/V_{12} \approx 14$ (where $V_{ij}$ - electron-boson interaction matrix elements), whereas the ratio between density of states for the bands with the small and the large gap, $N_2/N_1$, correspondingly, was roughly of an order. We estimated "solo" BCS-ratio values in a hypothetic case of zero interband coupling ($V_{i \ne j} = 0$) for each condensate as $2\Delta_{L,S}/k_BT_C^{L,S} \le 4.5$. The values are constant within the range of critical temperatures studied, and correspond to a case of strong intraband electron-phonon coupling.

Field of study: Physics
E rosette dissociation: evidence for a role of the cytoskeleton.

When put into 37 degrees C incubation, the E rosettes dissociate spontaneously and the sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) form caps at one pole of the lymphocytes. This process is associated with changes in cell morphology such as uropod formation or membrane budding. The disintegration of E rosettes and the capping of SRBC can be retarded by addition of cytochalasin B plus colchicine, chlorpromazine or sodium azide. These findings suggest a pivotal role of the cytoskeleton in the dissociation process of E rosettes. However, other mechanisms of disintegration are to be considered since none of the drugs can prevent the dissociation of E rosette entirely.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
CONFIRMATION OF A RECENT BIPOLAR EJECTION IN THE VERY YOUNG HIERARCHICAL MULTIPLE SYSTEM IRAS 16293-2422

We present and analyze two new high-resolution (~03), high-sensitivity (~50 μJy beam–1) Very Large Array 3.6 cm observations of IRAS 16293-2422 obtained in 2007 August and 2008 December. The components A2α and A2β recently detected in this system are still present, and have moved roughly symmetrically away from source A2 at a projected velocity of 30-80 km s–1. This confirms that A2α and A2β were formed as a consequence of a very recent bipolar ejection from A2. Powerful bipolar ejections have long been known to occur in low-mass young stars, but this is—to our knowledge—the first time that such a dramatic one is observed from its very beginning. Under the reasonable assumption that the flux detected at radio wavelengths is optically thin free-free emission, one can estimate the mass of each ejecta to be of the order of 10–8 M ☉. If the ejecta were created as a consequence of an episode of enhanced mass loss accompanied by an increase in accretion onto the protostar, then the total luminosity of IRAS 16293-2422 ought to have increased by 10%-60% over the course of at least several months. Between A2α and A2β, component A2 has reappeared, and the relative position angle between A2 and A1 is found to have increased significantly since 2003-2005. This strongly suggests that A1 is a protostar rather than a shock feature, and that the A1/A2 pair is a tight binary system. Including component B, IRAS 16293-2422 therefore appears to be a very young hierarchical multiple system.

Field of study: Physics
Influence of alpha-naphthylthiourea on blood glucose & some enzymes in albino rats.

Oral feeding of alpha-naphthylthiourea to rats at 10 mg/kg body Wt increased tbe blood glucose levels by 100% after 
21 hr. Insulin (1 JU ofPZI) lowered these levels to normal range. A gradual decrease (up to 32 %) in activity or 
glucose·6-phosphatase or liver microsomes was noticed with time. Adrenolectomy had no effect on the hyperglycemic 
erect in treated rats. The plasma activities of aspartate and alanine aminotransferases were elevated in alpha-naphthylthiourea- 
treated rats. Increased activities of aspartate aminotransferase were also observed in the mitochondrial and 
supernatant fractions of liver. Dough the total activity of lactate dehydrogenase from serum was unaltered, the activity 
of LD2 Isoenzyme Increased, suggesting that the liver Is one of the targets in the poisoning.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Physics