nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Discriminant and predictive validity of academic self-concept, academic self-efficacy, and mathematics-specific self-efficacy

This study examined whether global academic self-concept and academic self-efficacy beliefs that vary in domain specificity-globality represent distinct or common underlying dimensions. Participants were 205 university students who completed measures of academic self-concept, global academic self-efficacy, and domain-specific mathematics self-efficacy. Confirmatory factor analyses revealed that each of the variables represented separate, though related, latent dimensions of self-perception. Self-efficacy and self-concept were also differentially useful in predicting relatively domain-specific versus global academic and vocational criteria. The implications of these findings for theory and practice related to academic achievement and career development are considered.

Field of study: Psychology
The African Diaspora in the Eastern Andes: Adaptation, Agency, and Fugitive Action, 1573-1677

In 1545, miners struck silver in what would become one of the richest veins in the entire New World, the near legendary Cerro Rico of Potosí, in the Andean highlands of Peru. This strike prompted swift action on the part of royal authorities. They sought to rearrange existing land and labor systems and to establish new ones to meet the spiraling economic demands. Simultaneously they had to cope with a dramatic, unprecedented drop in the indigenous population which hitherto had supplied needed labor. The crown turned elsewhere, and authorized the exploitation of another, far more distant group of people. Slaves from Africa became an additional, ongoing source of much needed labor in the Andes.

Field of study: History
Institutional research: the signpost of changes of higher education in US--On the articles published on RHE(1991-2001)

Analysis of the titles of articles published on RHE(1991-2001), the official publication of AIR, shows that the research focuses in this period are "college students", "retention (persistence)", "satisfaction". The background is that the emphasis on undergraduate education and students-oriented changes followed by the decreasing of official funds. This research shows that the papers published on AIR and RHE are the effective indicators for probing the reform and development of higher education in US.

Field of study: Education
Effects of Dimethyl Methylphosphonate (DMMP) Flame Retardant on Rigid Polyurethane Foam

In this work, dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP) was used as a flame retardant to prepare flame-retardant rigid polyurethane foam (RPUF). The LOI value of RPUF is increased from 18.2 (for RPUF without DMMP) to 26.5. TGA results indicate that the first and the third maximum weight loss temperature (Tmax1 and Tmax3) increase. Cone calorimeter (CC) results show that the peak of heat release rate (HRR) and smoke production rate (SPR) are respectively decreased by 43.1% and 22.4%, indicating that DMMP endows RPUF with excellent flame retardant properties. Particularly, the addition of DMMP hardly affects the physical-mechanical properties and morphology of RPUF.

Field of study: Engineering
Plotting Women: Gender & Representation in Mexico, and: Women Writers of Latin America: Intimate Histories (review)

Jean Franco's Plotting Women and Magdalena GarcÃ-a Pinto's Women Writers of Latin America are insightful books whose value is evidenced by their respective publishing histories. Franco's study of Mexican women authors appeared originally in 1989 in hardback, and Garcia Pinto's introduction to and interviews with ten Latin American women authors was first published as Historias Ã-ntimas in 1988 by Ediciones del Norte and is now available in translation. Both books should be

Field of study: Art
Assessment of boiling heat transfer correlations in the modelling of fin and tube heat exchangers

A new way to assess the performance of refrigeration system models is presented in this paper, based on the estimation of cycle parameters, such as the evaporation temperature which will determine the validity of the method. This paper is the first of a series which will also study the influence of the heat transfer coefficient models on the estimation of the refrigeration cycle parameters. It focuses on fin and tube evaporators and includes the dehumidification process of humid air. The flow through the heat exchanger is considered to be steady and the refrigerant flow inside the tubes is considered one-dimensional. The evaporator model is discretised in cells where 1D mass, momentum and energy conservation equations are solved by using an iterative procedure called SEWTLE. This procedure is based on decoupling the calculation of the fluid flows from each other assuming that the tube temperature field is known at each fluid iteration. Special attention is paid to the correlations utilised for the evaluation of heat transfer coefficients as well as the friction factor on the air and on the refrigerant side. A comparison between calculated values and measured results is made on the basis of the evaporation temperature. The experimental results used in this work correspond to an air-to-water heat pump and have been obtained by using R-22 and R-290 as refrigerants.

Field of study: Engineering
Chemical characterization of the lipopolysaccharides from enteropathogenic Escherichia coli O142 and O158.

Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) from two enteropathogenic strains of E. coli O142 and O158 were isolated by hot phenol-water extraction procedure. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic pattern of the LPS showed the typical ladder like pattern of smooth type of LPS. The LPS of E. coli O158 was found to contain L-rhamnose, D-glucose and N-acetyl-D-galactosamine as major constituents together with D-galactose, N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, L-glycero-D-manno-heptose and 2-keto-3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid (KDO) whereas LPS from E. coli O142 contained L-rhamnose, N-acetyl-D-glucosamine and N-acetyl-D-galactosamine as major constituents together with D-glucose, D-galactose, N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, L-glycero-D-mannoheptose and 2-keto-3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid (KDO). LPS was degraded by mild acid hydrolysis to yield a degraded polysaccharide fraction and an insoluble lipid-A fraction. The main fatty acids of the lipid-A fraction of the LPS were C12:O, C14:O, and 3-OH C14:O for O158 strain whereas E. coli O142 lipid-A consisted of C12:O, C14:O, 3-OH C14:O, and C16:O. The degraded polysaccharide fraction on gel permeation chromatography gave a high moleculer weight O-chain fraction and a core oligosaccharide and a fraction containing degraded sugars. The chemical composition of LPS and its fragmented products are reported in this communication.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Physics
Experimental and Theoretical Studies of Phase Equilibria in the System NaAlSi3O8-NaAlSiO4-H2O with Special Emphasis on the Stability of Analcite

Phase equilibria were determined in the P–T range of 0.5–10 Kb and 150–900 °C in the system NaAlSi3O8 – NaAlSiO4 – H2O. Two isobaric (2 Kb and 5.15 Kb) T–X phase diagrams (projected to a dry base) were completely determined and show that the stability field of analcite solid solutions has a large distorted pentagonal shape. The phase relations for the transition: nepheline hydrate I nepheline + H2O on the composition join NaAlSiO4 – H2O are not binary. It was found that there exists a narrow zone for the transition. The true P–T curve was found and determined in terms of a ternary univariant reaction: nepheline hydrate I + analcite nepheline + H2O. In the system NaAlSi3O8 – SiO2 – H2O, albite contains about 5 wt % silica in solid solution at 5.15 Kb and 670 °C.The equilibrium compositions of various univariant phases were determined essentially on the basis of the T–X phase diagrams. Another univariant reaction (zeolite species P = analcite + nepheline – hydrate I + H2O) was found at 2 Kb/215 °C and 5.15 ...

Field of study: Environmental science
Exceptional poles of local spinor $L$-functions of $\mathrm{GSp}(4)$ with anisotropic Bessel models

For non-cuspidal irreducible admissible representations of $\mathrm{GSp}(4,k)$ over a local non-archimedean field $k$, we determine the exceptional poles of the spinor $L$-factor attached to anisotropic Bessel models by Piatetski-Shapiro.

Field of study: Mathematics
Using Fourier optics to study features of combined beams in far field

By using Fourier optics analyzing method, the expression to the far field of combined beams is deduced and the expressions for the coherently combined beams emitted from sources positioned on the circle have been given.For the cases where the sources are uniformly distributed,the dark lines in the far field are studied for beam numbers of 2,3 and 4,respectively.It is found that when the sources number is 2,there are only dark lines(instead of rings) on the far field pattern and when the sources numbers are 3 and 4,the dark rings are far from being the circles.Since Fourier optics method is easy to implement and can be applied to non-Gaussian beams(such as those from the fiber lasers,semiconductor lasers,etc.),so it possessed unique advantages and is of practical significance.

Field of study: Physics
Efficacy of Emulsifiable Concentrates and Dust Formulations of Fenvalerate in Comparison to Other Insecticides Against Hellothis Armigera Hubner and Melanagromyza Obtusa Malloch Infesting Pigeonpea

Relative efficacy of emulsifiable concentrates and dust formulations of fenva-lerate in comparison to other synthetic pyrethroids and conventional insecticides was evaluated against Heliothis armigera Hb. and Melanagromyza obtusa Mall. during 1986–87 and 1987–88 at Anand, Gujarat. Insecticides were applied twice at a 15 day interval initiating at 50% pod formation stage. Fenvalerate (E.C.) 0.02% and 0.01% as well as fenvalerate 0.4% dust at 25 kgjha were effective in checking H. armigera in-festation in pods. The dust formulations of fenvalerate (0.4%) and quinalphos (1.5%) were equally effective in checking He'iothis infestation. Maximum protection against the podfly infestation to pods and grain was by fenvalerate 0.02% which was at par with 0.01% fenvalerate spray and monocrotophos (0.04%). Maximum grain yield was obtained from plots treated with fenvalerate 0.02% followed by monocrotophos 0.04%. None of the insecticides evaluated caused any visual phytotoxic effect on pigeonpea crop.

Field of study: Biology
Public sector ‘Modernisation’: examining the impact of a change agenda on local government employees in England

Can public sector reform change service performance for the better? This is a hotly contested debate that carries significant theoretical and practical importance. In England, as in many countries, modernisation was at the heart of local government reform and represented an interpretation of New Public Management into a policy framework. This paper examines the role of the modernisation change agenda in England and what this has subsequently meant for ‘service improvement’. Drawing on both document analyses and qualitative interviews with local government employees, we find that while modernisation sought to establish continuous improvement, unintended consequences of modernisation have led to Staff Reductions, Skill Deficiencies, and Loss of a Competent Middle Core in local government, as well as performance outcomes creating an environment for Commissioning, Service Reduction, and Self‐Policing. Implications for the lasting roles and behaviours of public managers affected by this national change agenda are discussed, and conclusions for theory and practice are drawn.

Field of study: Political science
Geomagnetic relative paleointensity chronostratigraphy of sediment cores from the Okhotsk Sea

We conducted a paleomagnetic study of three piston cores from the central Okhotsk Sea to enable inter-core correlation and age estimation using relative paleointensity of the geomagnetic field, which can provide the basis for paleoceanographic studies in this area. The cores are composed of diatom-bearing dark olive gray silty clay. Magnetic overprints were generally removed by alternating-field demagnetization of up to 10 mT. Magnetic properties reveal no evidence of reductive diagenesis or magnetite dissolution. The anhysteretic remanent magnetization (ARM) was used as a normalizer for relative paleointensity estimations, because there is a smaller coherence between normalized intensity and the ARM than with saturation isothermal remanent magnetization (SIRM). Depths of the three cores were converted to ages by correlating relative paleointensity variations with those from Ocean Drilling Program Site 983, which was selected as a target curve because of its higher resolution than the widely-used Sint-800 paleointensity stack. The age at the bottom of the cores is estimated to be between 360 and 540 ka. Inter-core correlation using relative paleointensity variations reveals that changes in magnetic properties such as magnetic susceptibility and magnetic mineral grain size are not synchronous between the northernmost site and the southern two sites despite their close proximity, which indicates regional differences in paleoenvironmental variations associated with glacial–interglacial changes. Nevertheless, relative paleointensity variations among the three cores are mutually consistent, and agree with other published paleointensity curves, which indicates that our paleointensity records are not influenced significantly by lithological changes.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Clinical Characteristics of Adult Uncorrected Secundum Atrial Septal Defect, A Pilot Study

Atrial septal defect (ASD) is the most frequent congenital heart disease in adulthood. Pulmonary hypertension (PH) complicating ASD compels patients seeking medical assistance because of its disabling symptom. Most adult ASD develop PH which render significant morbidity and mortality. The aim of the study is to characterize the clinical profiles of adult patients with ASD. The study design was cross sectional. The subjects were enrolled consecutively from outpatient clinics and inpatient wards. The demography, medical and imaging data were collected and recorded in case report form. Descriptive statistics was applied to characterize the subjects. Seventy-six subjects were enrolled. The majority were women (77.6 %) in the productive and child-bearing ages (63.2%). The most common symptoms were dyspneu on effort, fatigue, and palpitation. Most subjects had functional capacity of WHO class functional II (70.2 %). The mean oxygen saturation was 96.4 %. Based on the echocardiography examination, 77.6% of subjects had suffered from PH. The mean longest diameter of defects were 2.7 cm. The direction of blood flow was mostly left to right (77.6 %). Left and right ventricle function were within normal limit. Right heart catheterization showed mean left atrial pressure 11.5 mmHg, which confirmed the precapillary or arterial PH. Mean pulmonary artery pressure was 42.0 mmHg. The pulmonary artery resistance index mostly less than 4 Wood Unit/ m2 (63.7 %), indicating the feasibility to close the defect. Whereas 24.6 % of subjects were contraindicated for closing. Pulmonary artery hypertension (PAH) was diagnosed in 77.6 % subjects, meanwhile 13.2 % had borderline PAH. In conclusion, most adult ASD patients had developed PAH, mostly young women in productive ages, mainly visited hospital due to symptom of PH, the direction of flow predominantly left to right side and mostly had reduced functional capacity.

Field of study: Medicine
Retail Markets in Northern and Midland England, 1870–1914: Civic Icon, Municipal White Elephant, or Consumer Paradise?

Retail markets were a notable feature of urban England in the late nineteenth century and early twentieth, particularly in the midlands and north. Market halls were the most visible manifestation of this, and were important public buildings. This article looks beyond the imposing architecture to take a more critical view of their function and justification. It argues that while most were well‐managed and earned income in excess of current expenditure, very substantial investment in large and elaborate buildings was hard to justify in purely financial terms. The return on capital was often negligible. Food and drink traders were the largest group in almost all markets, but there were significant numbers of traders selling clothing, textiles, and household goods. There was some justification to complaints that local authorities were providing publicly financed miscellaneous shops in competition with rent‐ and rate‐paying shopkeepers. Most retailers supplying basic necessities operated from shops rather than markets. Saturday night markets were important in working‐class culture and as a source of cheap food, but most day‐to‐day necessities were purchased from local shops or street traders.

Field of study: Economics, History
A Darien Epilogue: Robert Allen in Spanish America, 1698-1707

Amanuscript account by a Scots merchant, Robert Allen, of his life in New Spain from 1698 until 1707 has recently come to light. In 1708 Allen sent the three-page memorial to the British secretary of state for the south, Charles Spencer, Earl of Sunderland, outlining his experiences over the preceding decade with the view towards securing employment under the crown in the Americas. Allen began with the year 1698 when he left the Scottish colony at Darien to work for Jamaican merchants on trading voyages in the Spanish West Indies. In 1701 he returned to the coast of Darien in search of Nicaragua wood and, by chance, began six years of residence on the continent. Surviving one Indian massacre, he lived among friendly natives, joined the Jamaican expedition of 1702 which raided the Isthmus of Panama, escaped a second Indian and Spanish massacre, and was taken as a prisoner to Quito where in 1704 he secured appointment as secretary to the fiscal of the audiencia and surveyor general of the province of Quito. When this official was promoted to the Council of the Indies in 1707, Allen accompanied him on the journey to Spain. However, their ship was one of those attacked and sunk by Admiral Wager, who in turn persuaded Allen to return to England and approach the government.

Field of study: History
Offshore insourcing in software development: Structuring the decision-making process

A variety of new forms of business are enabled through globalization and practiced by software organizations today. While companies go global to reduce their development costs, access a larger pool of resources and explore new markets, it is often assumed that the level of delivered services shall remain the same after implementing the sourcing decisions. In contrast, critical studies identified that global software development is associated with unique challenges, and a lot of global projects fail to mitigate the implications of a particular global setting. In this paper we explore offshore insourcing decisions on the basis of empirical research literature and an empirical field study conducted at Ericsson. By analyzing decisions in two different cases we found that each offshore insourcing decision consisted of deciding what, where, when, how and why to insource. Related empirical research and field observations suggest that not all combinations are successful and alignment between different decision points has thus a prominent role. To address these concerns we built an empirically based insourcing decision structure, which outlines a logical path through the decision options and helps selecting an offshore insourcing strategy that targets creation of the necessary alignment. The key element of the proposed approach is a structured and well-defined decision-making process, which is intended to support managers in their decision-making. The usefulness of the proposed approach is evaluated in an additional empirical case of a new offshore insourcing decision.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Legal 'highs' available through the Internet-implications and solutions?

Prescription drugs are purchased via the Internet, but the consistent finding across many different populations is that the Internet appears to be a relatively minor source for illicit purchases of prescription medications by individual end users,1 the obvious exception being phosphodiesterase inhibitors for erectile dysfunction.2 In contrast, the world of escalating availability of illicit drugs via the Internet3–5 is paralleled by escalating availability of ‘legal highs’ via the Internet.6 These sites represent an important public health challenge, not least because of the ease of purchase but also because of the ‘relative anonymity’ for the purchaser.4

Dennehy et al. 6 evaluated 28 Internet sites selling 119 ‘legal highs’. Most sites were hosted in the USA (54%), and 47% of the products were deliberately likened to illicit drugs, such as cannabis (48%) or MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymetamphetamine, Ecstasy; 23%). The ‘most common ingredients …

Field of study: Medicine
Parameter setting in second language phonology and syntax

This paper reports on studies of second language acquisition in two domains, phonology and syntax. The phenomena investigated were the acquisition by native speakers of Hindi, Japanese, and Korean of two areas of English: in phonology, the mastery of particular syllable onset clusters, and in syntax, the acquisition of the binding patterns of reflexive anaphors. Both these areas are ones for which multi-valued parameters have been posited to account for the range of variation across natural languages. The paper presents evidence that acquisition in these two areas is quite similar: at a certain stage of acquisition learners seem to arrive at a parameter setting that is midway between the native and the target language settings. This effect occurs both when the target language employs a less marked setting than the native language and when the target language setting is more marked than that of the native language.

Field of study: Linguistics
Numerical Analysis of AC Loss Reduction in HTS Superconducting Coils Using Magnetic Materials to Divert Flux

In this paper, the use of magnetic materials to divert flux in high-temperature superconductor superconducting coils and reduce transport ac loss is investigated. This particular technique is preferred over other techniques, such as striation, Roebel transposition, and twisted wires because it does not require modification to the conductor itself, which can be detrimental to the properties of the superconductor. The technique can also be implemented for existing coils. The analysis is carried out using a coil model based on the H formulation and implemented in comsol multiphysics. Both weakly and strongly magnetic materials are investigated, and it is shown that the use of such materials can divert flux and achieve a reduction in transport ac loss, which, in some cases, is quite significant. This analysis acts to provide a foundation for further optimization and experimental work in the future.

Field of study: Physics
Lived Experiences of New Faculty: Nine Stages of Development Toward Learner-Centered Practice

Community college faculty development programs need to be designed to help faculty move beyond content expertise to become learner-centered instructors. The purpose of this qualitative study with a hermeneutic phenomenological approach was to explore the experiences of new faculty participating in a systematic dialogue about learner-centered instruction in a community college setting. Specifically, this research project was designed to answer the following question: How do new faculty experience participation in a semester-long faculty development program focused on learner-centered instruction? Interviews with faculty experiencing a learner-centered training program revealed common themes as well as nine stages of faculty development related to moving toward a learnercentered approach to teaching.

Field of study: Education