nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
A review: the history of conservation programs and development of the national parks concept in Turkey

This paper summarizes the historical development of nature conservation programs, and discusses the past and current case of national parks in Turkey. The study evaluates biodiversity inventory data, international and national importance of biodiversity, environmental problems threatening natural resources, historical developments in nature conservation, institutional development for conservation programs, participation of Turkey in international agreements, and national conferences and meetings to advocate nature conservation. Finally, the developments and current conditions of conservation programs and national parks are also discussed.

Field of study: Environmental science
Automatic Environmental Data Buoys

The United States has been developing various methods to obtain synoptic measurements of the marine environment. The various platforms include ships, aircraft, satellites, balloons, manned and unmanned fixed stations and buoys. The North Pacific and the Barbados Oceanographic and Meteorological Experiments have demonstrated the feasibility of these systems to measure various parameters of the marine environment and to telemeter the data automatically to a central collection station. The principal data buoys developed in the United States are described and the plans and progress of the National Data Buoy Development Project are presented.

Field of study: Environmental science
Regulation of IL-17 in autoimmune diseases by transcriptional factors and microRNAs

In recent years, IL-17A (IL-17), a pro-inflammatory cytokine, has received intense attention of researchers and clinicians alike with documented effects in inflammation and autoimmune diseases. IL-17 mobilizes, recruits and activates different cells to increase inflammation. Although protective in infections, overproduction of IL-17 promotes inflammation in autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, among others. Regulating IL-17 levels or action by using IL-17-blocking antibodies or IL-17R antagonist has shown to attenuate experimental autoimmune diseases. It is now known that in addition to IL-17-specific transcription factor, RORγt, several other transcription factors and select microRNAs (miRNA) regulate IL-17. Given that miRNAs are dysregulated in autoimmune diseases, a better understanding of transcriptional factors and miRNA regulation of IL-17 expression and function will be essential for devising potential new therapies. In this review, we will overview IL-17 induction and function in relation to autoimmune diseases. In addition, current findings on transcriptional regulation of IL-17 induction and plausible interplay between IL-17 and miRNA in autoimmune diseases are highlighted.

Field of study: Biology
A conflict between the methods for implementation of Student Physical Health Standard and the Law of Higher Education

Aiming at the fact that there is a conflict between the stipulation on the methods for implementation of Student Physical Health Standard and the Law of Higher Education jointly issued by the Ministry of Education and National Sports Bureau General,the author expatiated on the determination of legal criteria,causes for the conflict and legal consequences possibly produced by the conflict,as well as methods for resolving the conflict,and pointed out that Student Physical Health Standard is not a course that must be fulfilled by students as stipulated in the Law of Higher Education,but the methods and means for checking up student's physical health,and that failure to meet the Standard shall not be considered as a condition for students to graduate since the law has clear stipulations on the conditions for students to graduate.Therefore,the methods for implementation of the Standard jointly issued by the Ministry of Education and National Sports Bureau General are not in conformity with the provisions as stipulated in the Law.

Field of study: Education
Anti-Cancer Effects of Radix Angelica Sinensis (Danggui) and N-Butylidenephthalide on Gastric Cancer: Implications for REDD1 Activation and mTOR Inhibition

Radix Angelica Sinensis (danggui in Chinese) is widely used in traditional chinese medicine (TCM). N-butylidenephthalide (BP), a bioactive compound in danggui, is a potential antitumor agent for various cancer types. However, its clinical effect and mechanism in the treatment of gastric cancer remain undetermined.  The in vivo protective effect of danggui in patients with gastric cancer were validated using data from Taiwan’s National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD). The genes induced by BP-treatment were analyzed by whole transcriptome RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and validated by real-time PCR, western blot and siRNA transfection. The effect of BP on AGS cell migration and invasion was evaluated in transwell assays. The antitumor effects of BP were evaluated in vivo in an AGS xenograft animal model.  Danggui users were found to have an increased survival rate when compared with danggui nonusers (log-rank test p = 0.002) . The use of danggui highly associated with decreased mortality (the adjusted hazard ratio (HR) of danggui user was 0.72 [95 % CI, 0.57-0.92] (p = 0.009). The in vitro results showed that BP inhibited gastric cancer cell proliferation, and triggered cellular apoptosis depending on the activation of mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. Using RNA-seq analysis we found that REDD1 was the highest transcript induced by BP in gastric cancer cells. BP induce an increase of REDD1 expression that inhibits mTOR signaling, thus inhibiting gastric cancer growth. We used RNA interference to demonstrate that the knock-down of REDD1 attenuated the BP-induced mTORC1 activation and growth inhibition. BP suppressed the growth of AGS xenografts tumor in vivo.  Danggui can prolong the survival rate of gastric cancer patients in Taiwan. BP caused gastric cancer cell death through the activation of mitochondria-intrinsic pathway and induced the REDD1 expression leading to mTOR signal pathway inhibition in gastric cancer cells. BP inhibited the in vivo growth of AGS xenograft tumors. These results may provide the basis for a new therapeutic approach toward the treatment of gastric cancer progression.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
SYNCHRONOUS MULTI-SCALE OBSERVATIONS AND ANALYSES OF STRUCTURAL FATIGUE DAMAGE EVOLUTION

This paper aims to synchronously explore the fatigue damage evolution process in meso-and maro-scales by experimental studying on a welded truss structural specimen as the scaled model of the longitudinal stiffening truss in long-span bridges.Several testing techniques are used to measure and analyze the damage evolution process so that mechanical properties and characteristic response are respectively compared in different scales.While hot-spot dynamic strains and extension of a plastic zone on the toe of the weld of the tested specimen are recorded by strain measurement technique,the fatigue cracking process is measured by optical technique and the variation of structural dynamic parameters due to the fatigue cracking is finally measured and identified according to dynamic testing technique.The results show that the fatigue damage evolution in meso-scale has few influences on the variation of mechanical properties in maro-scale,but the long-time evolution of damage accumulations in a local structure will certainly lead to the deterioration and failure of a global structure.

Field of study: Engineering
Risk adjustment and risk sharing: the Israeli experience.

Israel, like several other countries, introduced a national risk adjusted capitation system during the 1990s. However, the Israeli move was drastic, implementing from the beginning a fully prospective risk adjustment scheme based on age, supplemented by a 100% five condition-specific risk sharing. That scheme, together with open enrollment (periodic switching options), was intended to transform an unregulated competitive health insurance market, characterized by adverse selection and preferred risk selection, into managed competition assuring quality of care, efficiency and fairness. This paper presents the Israeli experience during the first 6 years of the reformed system, focusing on issues related to the risk adjustment and risk sharing arrangements.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
The growth of K-β″-Al2O3 single-crystal films on single-crystal α-Al2O3 substrates

The overgrowth of K-β″-Al 2 O 3 on single-crystal sapphire substrates has been investigated using carbonate, chloride and β″ ( β ) -Al 2 O 3 vapour sources at temperatures between 950°C and 1250°C. Single-crystal film is obtained on the sapphire substrate using a (K, Li)-β″-Al 2 O 3 powder vapour source at 1120-1250°C. The mechanism of growth and the chemical and crystallographic factors involved are discussed.

Field of study: Materials science
Ecological and paleoenvironmental information using stable isotope profiles from living and fossil molluscs

Stable oxygen and carbon isotopic profiles from Recent specimens of Spisula solidissima and Placopecten magellanicus collected off the Virginia coast are used to calibrate annual temperature-controlled cycles in the δ18O profile and shell growth characteristics. The amplitude of the annual δ18O cycles decreases with increasing water depth, and may be used as a relative depth indicator. The isotopic of profiles of two fossil specimens of Pleistocene Spisula are very similar in amplitude and character to modern analogues, and verify the formation of annual growth increments in these fossil specimens. Offsets between the δ18O profiles of the fossil and modern specimens are related to known temperature and ice-volume effects during the late Pleistocene and support the utility of mollusc-isotope records as a stratigraphic tool.

Carbon isotopic profiles from all specimens show light values in the spring and/or fall, associated with seasonal phytoplankton productivity. Offsets in the carbon isotopic composition between infaunal and epifaunal species may be related to sediment porewater geochemistry and oxidation of organic matter. Trends toward lighter δ13C values through ontogeny suggest the effects of metabolic changes from a fast-growing juvenile into a slower-growing, sexually-mature adult. Anomalies in both the oxygen and carbon isotopic profiles identify the formation of minor shell growth increments as corresponding to hydrographic perturbations and to winter cold temperatures.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
De Haas--van Alphen effect and Fermi surface of YBa sub 2 Cu sub 3 O sub 6. 97

The component of the magnetic susceptibility periodic in 1/{ital B}, the de Haas--van Alphen effect, has been investigated using a 100-T flux compression system. It is concluded from these measurements that YBa{sub 2}Cu{sub 3}O{sub 6.97} exhibits a Fermi surface with at least three separate extremal frequencies for the {ital c} axis parallel to the applied field. Orbital masses, renormalization {lambda}'s, and scattering rates are estimated from an amplitude analysis.

Field of study: Physics
Delamination Fracture Behavior of Unidirectional Carbon Reinforced Composites Applied to Wind Turbine Blades

One of the materials that is used widely for wind turbine blade manufacturing are fiber-reinforced composites. Although glass fiber reinforcement is the most used in wind turbine blades, the use of carbon fiber allows larger blades to be manufactured due to their better mechanical characteristics. Some turbine manufacturers are using carbon fiber in the most critical parts of the blade design. The larger rotors are exposed to complex loading conditions in service. One of the most relevant structures on a wind turbine blade is the spar cap. It is usually manufactured by means of unidirectional laminates, and one of its major failures is the delamination. The determination of material features that influence delamination initiation and advance by appropriate testing is a fundamental topic for the study of composite delamination. The fracture behavior is studied across coupons of carbon fiber reinforcement epoxy laminates. Fifteen different test conditions have been analyzed. Fracture surfaces for different mode ratios have been explored using optical microscope and scanning electron microscope. Experimental results shown in the paper for critical fracture parameters agree with the theoretically expected values. Therefore, this experimental procedure is suitable for wind turbine blade material characterizing at the initial coupon-scale research level.

Field of study: Materials science
Alternating direction method for structure-persevering finite element model updating problem

The problem of finding the optimal approximation to the discrete stiffness matrix modeled by the finite element method is considered in this paper. Desired properties of the updated matrix, including symmetry, positive semidefiniteness and structure connectivity, are imposed as side constraints. Besides these, the optimal approximate matrix should be the least-squares solution to the dynamics equation. To the best of the author's knowledge, the optimal matrix approximation problem containing all these constraints simultaneously has not been proposed in the literature earlier. Alternating direction method is first applied to this constrained minimization problem. Numerical examples are performed to illustrate the efficiency of the proposed method.

Field of study: Mathematics
A Matter of Perspective: An Exploratory Study of a Theory of Mind Autism Intervention for Adolescents

Theory of Mind (ToM) is the capacity to make attributions of mental states such as thoughts, feelings, and beliefs of others. Individuals with autism spectrum disorder are often characterized by delayed or impaired Theory of Mind development and poor social skills. A positive correlation between Theory of Mind skills and social skills exists, but effective interventions that generalize these skills have proven to be a challenge in the field. Furthermore, few effective interventions exist to increase Theory of Mind skills in adolescents with autism spectrum disorder. The Teaching Theory of Mind curriculum is a 12-week intervention aimed at increasing social understanding in children and adolescents with deficits in Theory of Mind. To date, there have not been any empirical studies to test the efficacy of the curriculum. The purpose of this study is to investigate the efficacy of the Teaching Theory of Mind curriculum on adolescents with autism spectrum disorder and explore the impact of the intervention when addressing various domains of social understanding. Results, though tentative, indicated that parents saw improved social understanding following intervention, though direct measures of Theory of Mind with adolescent participants did not change significantly.

Field of study: Psychology
ClC-3 promotes angiotensin II-induced reactive oxygen species production in endothelial cells by facilitating Nox2 NADPH oxidase complex formation

Recent evidence suggests that ClC-3, a member of the ClC family of Cl− channels or Cl−/H+ antiporters, plays a critical role in NADPH oxidase-derived reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. However, the underling mechanisms remain unclear. In this study we investigated the effects and mechanisms of ClC-3 on NADPH oxidase activation and ROS generation in endothelial cells. Treatment with angiotensin II (Ang II, 1 μmol/L) significantly elevated ClC-3 expression in cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Furthermore, Ang II treatment increased ROS production and NADPH oxidase activity, an effect that could be significantly inhibited by knockdown of ClC-3, and further enhanced by overexpression of ClC-3. SA-β-galactosidase staining showed that ClC-3 silencing abolished Ang II-induced HUVEC senescence, whereas ClC-3 overexpression caused the opposite effects. We further showed that Ang II treatment increased the translocation of p47phox and p67phox from the cytosol to membrane, accompanied by elevated Nox2 and p22phox expression, which was significantly attenuated by knockdown of ClC-3 and potentiated by overexpression of ClC-3. Moreover, overexpression of ClC-3 increased Ang II-induced phosphorylation of p47phox and p38 MAPK in HUVECs. Pretreatment with a p38 inhibitor SB203580 abolished ClC-3 overexpression-induced increase in p47phox phosphorylation, as well as NADPH oxidase activity and ROS generation. Our results demonstrate that ClC-3 acts as a positive regulator of Ang II-induced NADPH oxidase activation and ROS production in endothelial cells, possibly via promoting both Nox2/p22phox expression and p38 MAPK-dependent p47phox/p67phox membrane translocation, then increasing Nox2 NADPH oxidase complex formation.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Prüfung zweier Verfahren zur Bestimmung von Kontaktspannungen an Halbleitern

ZusammenfassungEs wird gezeigt, daß die nach dem Thomsonverfahren bestimmten Kontaktspannungen zwischen Metall und Halbleitern (CuO, Cu2O, Ag J, Ag2S, Se) dem Betrag nach gleich den Werten sind, die aus der Parallelverschiebung von Emissionskennlinien erhalten werden. — Die an Halbleiteroberflächen häufig auftretenden Ladungsstauungen machen das Glühemissionsverfahren unter den hier eingehaltenen Versuchsbedingungen (Ströme unter 10−8 Amp.) nicht unverwendbar. — Die an der Oberfläche der Halbleiter gemessenen Kontaktspannungen sind unabhängig von dem Metall, das als Unterlage dient, d. h. auch die untersuchten Halbleiter einschließlich des als Ionenleiter betrachteten Ag J lassen sich in eine Spannungsreihe eingliedern. — Auf die erhaltenen Absolutwerte der Kontaktspannung wird kein Gewicht gelegt, ebensowenig wird zu der Frage Stellung genommen, ob in der Kontaktspannung eine Materialkonstante vorliegt.

Field of study: Physics
Management of Secondary Education for Sustainable Living in a Period of Security Challenges in Nigeria

In the present era of driven economy, every nation is striving to provide knowledge, skills and security for useful living and learning to take place. This paper tries to define sustainable living and how secondary education could be managed for sustainable living in an era of insecurity. It also portrays challenges of insecurity to secondary education of the Nigerian child. This insecurity emanated from joblessness on the part of youths who had graduated from various institutions of learning and also from Boko haram and kidnapping that are ravaging the nation. The Nigerian government has pumped in a lot of money tackling these insecurity but their insurgencies develop on a daily basis. The paper suggested that quality education is highly needed to put things right; teachers need to be trained and retrained to deliver the goods; adequate incentives (extra pay) should be given to hard working teachers to make them stay in the teaching profession; promotion of innovation and excellence and accountability should be embarked on. It is crucial to gear Nigerian education towards providing practical learning so as to make equitable decisions and to conduct activities that will enhance human health and well-being. The environment and the economy can also be improved and maintained for future generations. Recommendations were made which include: that Nigerian education systems need to be overhauled as to encourage innovations, excellence and accountability. In conclusion, insecurity hinders progress in all fields including education; effort should be made to nip it by the bud.  Security Challenges, Sustainable Living, Quality Education, Accountability,Innovation, Excellence.

Field of study: Education
Über den Zusammenhang der Pictetschen Regel mit der Bornschen Theorie

ZusammenfassungIn der vorliegenden Arbeit wird auf Grund der Bornschen Gleichung für die gegenseitige Beeinflussung der Ionen im Kristallgitter vom Typus NaCl eine theoretische Begründung der bekannten Pictetschen Regelα TS=const gegeben, woα der mittlere lineare Ausdehnungskoeffizient eines gegebenen Stoffes, TS dessen Schmelztemperatur in der absoluten Skale gemessen bedeuten. Diese Theorie führt zu einem Ausdruck von der Form: 
$$\frac{{R_S - R_0 }}
{{R_0 }} = \left[ {\frac{k}
{\beta } \cdot \frac{{n + 1}}
} \right]^{\frac{1}
{{n - 1}}} ,$$
 wo RS der Abstand zwischen den Ionenzentren im Gitter bei der Schmelztemperatur, R0 deren Abstand beim absoluten Nullpunkt ist. Prüfen wir dies Resultat auf Grund dessen, daß 
$$\alpha T_S = \frac{{R_S - R_0 }}
{{R_0 }}$$
 ist, so erhalten wir eine gute Übereinstimmung der theoretischen Werte mit den experimentellen Daten. Die Schmelztemperatur des Kristallgitters wird aus der Bedingung des Verschwindens der quasielastischen Kraft eines gegebenen Ions in bezug auf die benach-barten bestimmt.

Field of study: Physics
Men of Steel Meet the Market: Interpreting Firm Behavior in Russia's Metallurgy Industry

The transformation of industrial enterprises from formerly state-owned entities, operating within a centrally managed economic system, to relatively autonomous, market-oriented firms, making independent production and investment decisions, represents a cornerstone of Russia's transition plan. Indeed, such a transformation underlay the Chubais privatization program, as proponents of the plan argued that private ownership of industrial enterprises would ensure needed organizational and technological restructuring. The results of the first stage of the privatization program suggested, however, that the transformation of industrial enterprises-far from being assured by a change in ownership-would be a more difficult, lengthy, and uncertain process than had initially been anticipated. This re-evaluation is linked to three broad trends. First, the inconsistent and unstable macroeconomic policies in the early transitional period helped to create an environment in which short-term survival (without a significant adjustment in how industry operates) became the sole objective of firms. Second,

Field of study: Economics
University,government and market: research on the triangle relationship mode of higher education——A historical and comparative aspect

A core topic of higher education is to explore the dynamic and complex relationship among higher education,government and market. In the western context,Burton R.Clark proposed and constructed the triangle coordinated mode of higher educational development,which Gareth L.Williams broadened in turn.What both of them advocated is not only a mode of mutually competent benefit groups.The most important is that there lie different value systems and diverse higher educational ideas behind the mode.There are multi-faceted implications for Chinese higher educational reform and development in terms of these values and ideas.

Field of study: Education
Refrigerant side heat transfer and pressure drop estimates for direct expansion coils. A review of works in North American use

A review is made of data and methods currently used in North America for the estimation of heat transfer coefficients and pressure drops for refrigerant evaporation (two phase flow) in the tubes and tube-bends of direct expansion coils (DX-coils). Contemporary estimation techniques are summarized for the case of smooth tubes in the absence and presence of oil. Their range of application and limitations are presented together with the effects of oil-refrigerant mixtures on the heat transfer characteristics of evaporators. Generalized correlations for the estimation of the refrigerant side heat transfer and pressure drop factors for complete DX-coils, developed from experimental studies, are also presented.

Field of study: Engineering