nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
A Survey on Pattern Taxonomy Model Technique for Retrieving Pattern to Classify Text Document

when a large number of research document are received, it is common to group them according to their similarities in research disciplines. The grouped document is then assigned to the appropriate experts for peer review. Current methods for grouping document are based on manual matching of similar research discipline areas and/or keywords. However, the exact research discipline areas of the document cannot often be accurately designated by the applicants due to their subjective views and possible misinterpretations. Therefore, rich information in the document full text can be used effectively. Text-mining methods have been proposed to solve the problem by automatically classifying text documents, mainly in English. Since most existing text mining methods adopted termbased approaches, they all suffer from the problems of polysemy and synonymy. Over the years, people have often held the hypothesis that pattern based approaches should perform better than the term-based ones, but many experiments do not support this hypothesis. This work presents an innovative and effective pattern retrieving technique which includes the processes of pattern deploying and pattern evolving, to improve the effectiveness of using and updating retrieved patterns for finding relevant and interesting text document. KeywordsComputer Networks, Network Security, Anomaly Detection, Intrusion Detection

Field of study: Engineering
A Construction of Occupational Morality and Reformation of Hygienical System

According to the common requirement of occupational morality of"General Outline for Implementation of Civil Moral-ity Construction",the author dwelled his own opinion o n the particular criterions for each department of hygienical enterprise,and gave some advice on r eformation of hygienical system in o rder to strengthen the construction of occu-pational morality of hygienical ent erprise.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
In vitro photoprotection and antioxidant capacity of Sphagnum meridense extracts, a novel source of natural sunscreen from the mountains of Colombia

Excessive ultraviolet radiation can cause skin cancer and related health problems in humans. Traditionally, organic and inorganic sunscreens have been used to minimize these effects. Besides, some phenolic compounds present in plants play an important role as photoprotectors. Sphagnum meridense (L), found in Colombia, is continuously exposed to sunlight on high mountain ecosystems. In this work, we evaluated the potential of S. meridense extracts to be applied as UVA-UVB filter in cosmetic formulations and its antioxidant capacity. The mixture acetone-37% hydrochloric acid (1%, v/v) showed the best polyphenol content and UVA-UVB absorption coefficient. These extracts also exhibited promissory UVAPF values, UVA/UVB ratio, critical wavelength (λc) and antioxidant capacity in vitro, comparable to that of conventional sunscreens.

Field of study: Chemistry
Applying Visual Research Methods in Pharmacy Education

To explore the use of a qualitative visual research method, analysis of Lifenets, to understand students’ conceptions of their social and material worlds.  The Lifenet View model and drawing exercise invites students to create a cognitive map of the self in social and material contexts. Ninety-five undergraduate students enrolled in an online undergraduate human development course created Lifenet drawings depicting their connections to people, places, and things at two points in time: the present and the distant future. They also wrote essays describing their drawings. Researchers used an inductive analytical process to identify patterns in the set of drawings, developing a coding taxonomy used to systematically analyze the data.  Results offered insights into participants’ current self-perceptions and their expectations for the future. Analysis of Lifenets allowed researchers to document and gain insight into participants’ perspectives on their current relationships, career aspirations, and assumptions about aging. While students often depicted strong ties to family, friends, and religious entities, few students expressed ties to the secular institutions that define civic and professional life.  The Lifenet View exercise may provide instructors with a way to better understand students’ social circumstances and to identify and address specific gaps in the professional education curriculum. Use of the Lifenet View exercise in the pharmacy curriculum could provide valuable opportunities for career exploration and expanded cultural awareness of self and others.

Field of study: Education, Medicine
Overlooking the generation gap and educational problems in city families via their making choices before entering universities

Because of various social and individual factors, examinees/their parents often make mistakes when they chose the universities and the subjects. In order to understand and alter this problem, Institution of Higher Education of Nankai University carried out an investigation. The survey shows that the examinee and their parents are really lace of the information about universities especially about the subjects, and they could not get the correct instruction of making their choices. Comparing the answers between these two generations, we can see the generation gap is not so deep as people think, democracy and equality have became the mainstream in the relationship between parents and children. Moreover, children have more power of independence and decision than we have estimated before. Moral education, serving as the first responsibility of family education, has been ignored by lots of parents, which has direct influences on the shaping of children's concept of value.

Field of study: Education
An Isolated Spoken Word Recognition System with Capability of Registration of New Words

In this paper, we describe a new word registration method on a speech recognition system which can treat user's specific words for a speech input based application. Since the speech application can be used on various equipments or environments, it is necessary for a speech recognition system on some applications or portable equipments to have a capability that a user can add a new word only by speaking its word, that is, without teaching its spelling or pronunciation to the system. We use a subword HMM-based speaker-independent continuous speech recognizer for estimating pronuncia tions for new words. The estimated pronunciations are also used for an unsupervised speaker adaptation process in order to improve the recognition accuracy. The effectiveness of this approach is first investigated by performing the experiment of isolated word speech recognition both on existing lexicon and on estimated lexicon, along with the speaker adaptation processing and conventional DP-based approach. The effect of adding partial vocabulary words by speaking is also investigated. We confirmed that the method works well and this approach is suitable for keyboard-less speech recognizers.

Field of study: Computer science
Novel and specific source identification of PAH in urban soils: Alk-PAH-BPCA index and "V"-shape distribution pattern.

Soils in urban and industrial areas, especially in larger metropolitan areas such as the Ruhr area, Germany, are commonly characterized by severe anthropogenic overprinting due to urbanization processes including land development measures. Such urban soils often contain various anthropogenic substrate admixtures, like ash, coal, tailings, building rubble, industrial waste materials, as well as urban dust, soot, fly ash, and others. These admixtures often carry higher contents of pollutants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). Whereas elevated PAH concentrations are commonly attributed to non-point pyrogenic carbon sources like soot and particulate matter, petrogenic PAH sources are still largely neglected in this context. In this study, an extended sample set of 62 samples of PAH source materials and urban soils containing anthropogenic substrate components was investigated by combining extended PAH analysis of 59 PAH, alkylated PAH distributions and benzene polycarboxylic acid (BPCA) analysis with regard to petrogenic and pyrogenic PAH source identification. For more reliability of source apportionment by a more integrative signal, the alkylated PAH distributions of different PAH groups were combined according to their degrees of alkylation. Based on this combination, a new PAH alkylation index (ΣC0/(ΣC0+ΣC2)) was derived, which considers, in contrast to commonly used single PAH ratios, a series of non-alkylated and alkylated PAH. By comparison of this PAH alkylation index with the degree of aromatic condensation a new robust and economic method for identifying petrogenic, pyrogenic and mixed PAH sources within soil samples and sediments was developed. It is shown that coal and coal ash particles are a not negligible PAH source in urban soils of mining-dominated regions and can make up a large proportion of the anthropogenic substrate components encountered. Further analyses of samples with defined levels of petrogenic and pyrogenic PAH are necessary to finally evaluate the usefulness of this proposed new PAH-BPCA approach.

Field of study: Environmental science
Foreign Exchange Equivalence and Project Appraisal Procedures

This paper investigates the implications of different adjustment mechanisms for shadow pricing traded and nontraded goods in a flexible price model. A foreign exchange equivalent rule that can be readily adapted whatever the adjustment mechanism is derived. It is shown that traded commodities are always valued at border prices and nontraded commodities can always be shadow priced in terms of changes in production and consumption of traded goods valued at border prices. The role of the shadow exchange rate and the implications for measuring the balance of payments effect when no tax adjustment policy is assumed are also discussed.

Field of study: Economics
Along-strike variation in crustal shortening and kinematic evolution of the base of a retroarc fold-and-thrust belt: Magallanes, Chile 53°S-54°S

The Late Cretaceous closure of the Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous Rocas Verdes basin resulted in the development of the Patagonian fold-and-thrust belt and Magallanes foreland basin between 50°S and 54.5°S. New geologic maps, structural data, and two retrodeformed, line-balanced cross sections from the Magallanes region of Chile (53°S–54°S) constrain the kinematic evolution and along-strike correlations of deformation that occurred at the base of the fold-and-thrust belt near the brittle-ductile transition. The stratigraphic architecture of the predecessor basin controlled the position of regional decollement levels. During the initial stage of closure (Albian–Campanian), the floor of the Rocas Verdes basin was imbricated and thrust onto the continental margin to form a regional decollement within Jurassic–Lower Cretaceous shale. Continued shortening resulted in the deepening of the decollement to a ductile shear zone that formed

Field of study: Geology
Visual discrimination and reversal learning in the aged monkey (Macaca mulatta).

Visual discrimination and reversal learning were assessed in young adult (10-12 years old, n = 4) and aged (23-27 years old, n = 5) female rhesus monkeys. Performance was comparable across age groups in many tasks, suggesting that the acquisition of stimulus-reward associations remains largely intact in the aged monkey. Most older subjects, however, required more training than any young animal to learn an initial pattern discrimination. In combination with previous findings from the same groups of monkeys, these data suggest that deficits in attending to the relevant stimulus features in novel testing procedures may contribute to poor performance in aged subjects across a variety of learning and memory tasks. In addition, preliminary findings from a discrimination probe procedure raise the possibility that aged subjects may adopt alternate testing strategies that compensate for some aspects of age-dependent cognitive dysfunction.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
At the Intersection of Deep Sequential Model Framework and State-space Model Framework: Study on Option Pricing

Inference and forecast problems of the nonlinear dynamical system have arisen in a variety of contexts. Reservoir computing and deep sequential models, on the one hand, have demonstrated efficient, robust, and superior performance in modeling simple and chaotic dynamical systems. However, their innate deterministic feature has partially detracted their robustness to noisy system, and their inability to offer uncertainty measurement has also been an insufficiency of the framework. On the other hand, the traditional state-space model framework is robust to noise. It also carries measured uncertainty, forming a just-right complement to the reservoir computing and deep sequential model framework. We propose the unscented reservoir smoother, a model that unifies both deep sequential and state-space models to achieve both frameworks' superiorities. Evaluated in the option pricing setting on top of noisy datasets, URS strikes highly competitive forecasting accuracy, especially those of longer-term, and uncertainty measurement. Further extensions and implications on URS are also discussed to generalize a full integration of both frameworks.

Field of study: Computer science
Studies on some of the inherent optical properties of natural waters [invited].

The author's experimental activities in ocean optics that are related to the inherent optical properties of natural waters are discussed. The specific subjects discussed are (1) measurements of Mueller matrices for several ocean water regions; (2) measurements of the spectral absorption of pure water throughout the visible spectrum; (3) the development of an in situ absorption meter that provides higher accuracy than is available for any other inherent optical property; (4) a relatively simple expression for the refractive index of water as a function of temperature, salinity, and wavelength; and (5) development of the first instrument to directly determine the backscattering coefficient b(b).

Field of study: Physics
Facilitating Advancement of Clinical-Track Pharmacy Faculty Members

Clinical faculty members in most pharmacy practice departments are expected to engage in practice, teaching, research and scholarship, and service. Although new clinical faculty members are typically well equipped to engage in the clinical practice aspect of their position, they generally lack experience in the other academic pillars and, depending on the institution, may not have dedicated time to engage in each area of effort, particularly research and scholarship. Consequently, achieving balance and realizing success in the tripartite mission of academia can be challenging. A multimodal approach can be used to facilitate advancement among clinical faculty members through faculty development and mentoring, attention to workload, clear expectations, and provision of feedback on performance and progression toward goals. This approach, which has been well received, has been associated with higher rates of promotion among clinical faculty members at one institution. Schools and colleges of pharmacy that value research and scholarship and are struggling to facilitate advancement among clinical faculty members may consider adopting some or all aspects of this program.

Field of study: Education, Medicine
A Pilot Study Assessing the Relationship Between Child Harming Thoughts and Postpartum Depression

This pilot study explored relationships between postpartum mood and child harming thoughts. Fifty mothers from an outpatient pediatric office completed the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), Postpartum Depression Predictors Inventory-Revised (PDPI-R), and Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI). Participants also completed the Child Thoughts Inventory (CTI), a modified version of the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory (Y-BOCS) and Florida Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory (FOCI). Results indicated significant positive correlations between postpartum depression and anxiety and frequency and intensity of child harming thoughts. In addition, having a poor self-view was significantly correlated with intensity of child harming thoughts and previous anxiety was correlated with both frequency and intensity of child harming thoughts. Despite the fact that mothers experiencing postpartum mood disturbances rarely harm their infants the findings of this pilot study suggest that these women may have frequent and intense ego-dystonic thoughts about harming their children. Results also suggest that postpartum depression and anxiety may share similar cognitive processes.

Field of study: Psychology
A probabilistic approach to assess antibiotic resistance development risks in environmental compartments and its application to an intensive aquaculture production scenario.

Estimating antibiotic pollution and antibiotic resistance development risks in environmental compartments is important to design management strategies that advance our stewardship of antibiotics. In this study we propose a modelling approach to estimate the risk of antibiotic resistance development in environmental compartments and demonstrate its application in aquaculture production systems. We modelled exposure concentrations for 12 antibiotics used in Vietnamese Pangasius catfish production using the ERA-AQUA model. Minimum selective concentration (MSC) distributions that characterize the selective pressure of antibiotics on bacterial communities were derived from the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) Minimum Inhibitory Concentration dataset. The antibiotic resistance development risk (RDR) for each antibiotic was calculated as the probability that the antibiotic exposure distribution exceeds the MSC distribution representing the bacterial community. RDRs in pond sediments were nearly 100% for all antibiotics. Median RDR values in pond water were high for the majority of the antibiotics, with rifampicin, levofloxacin and ampicillin having highest values. In the effluent mixing area, RDRs were low for most antibiotics, with the exception of amoxicillin, ampicillin and trimethoprim, which presented moderate risks, and rifampicin and levofloxacin, which presented high risks. The RDR provides an efficient means to benchmark multiple antibiotics and treatment regimes in the initial phase of a risk assessment with regards to their potential to develop resistance in different environmental compartments, and can be used to derive resistance threshold concentrations.

Field of study: Environmental science
Screening of Protein Interacting with Hepatitis E Virus Nucleoprotein in HepG2 Cell

For further understanding the infection mechanism and pathogenesis of hepatitis E virus(HEV),we screened the protein interacting with HEV virus-like particle(p239) extracted from HepG2 cells by affinity chromatography,two-dimensional electrophoresis and mass spectrometry.Four candidate proteins,GRP78/Bip, HSP90,alpha-tubulin and P43 were identified.The interaction between GRP78/Bip and p239 was further confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation.Our results suggest that GRP78/Bip may contribute to the cell attachment or particle assembly of HEV.

Field of study: Biology
Modeling the collapse of Hebes Chasma, Valles Marineris, Mars

Physical modeling and detailed mapping of Hebes Chasma provide new insights into the crustal composition and origin of the Valles Marineris region of equatorial Mars. Hebes Chasma is a 315-km-long and 8-km-deep closed depression containing distinctive landforms that include diapirs and extensive allochthonous flows that end in pits. A central puzzle of Hebes Chasma is how and where 10 5 km 3 of missing material disappeared. Our physical models tested the hypothesis that the chasma formed by collapse and removal of material from below. Gravity-driven collapse in the models reproduced all the chasma9s main landforms as subsidence evolved from early sagging of the upper surface, to inward collapse and removal of material, to emergence of diapirs and low-gradient flows. The models and geologic evidence suggest that Hebes Mensa arched upward diapirically and raised deep stratigraphy almost level with the chasma rim. If the chasma indeed collapsed by subsurface drainage as occurred in the models, the upper 8–10 km of deposits at Hebes must have been solid to depths of ∼5 km but viscous at greater depths. The materials removed could not have consisted mainly of basalt flows; instead, they probably were a mixture of hydrated and nonhydrated salts, water ice, liquid water, and insoluble (likely basaltic) particles. The proportions of these constituents are unknown but constrained because the material drained from the subsiding chasma and apparently contributed to the outburst floods released down neighboring Echus Chasma and Kasei Valles.

Field of study: Geology
Unemployment and Psychological Health among Hong Kong Chinese Women

The impact of unemployment on psychological health, indexed by the General Health Questionnaire, was studied in 86 unemployed and 79 employed Chinese women in Hong Kong. As with findings reported in the West, the present results showed that the unemployed participants were more disturbed than their steadily employed peers. In addition, the prevalence rate of disturbance (54%) observed in the present sample of unemployed women is comparatively higher than those of Western samples reported previously. Implications of these preliminary findings for research on psychological aspects of unemployment among Hong Kong Chinese were discussed.

Field of study: Psychology
International dentist program: Due changes in admission criteria!

A few U.S. dental schools offer International Dentist Programs (IDP) that is separate from their other dental education programs. According to International Dental Program, only National Board of Dental Examination (NBDE) score is considered for admission to dental program.  The licensing rules remain the same for specialists, as mentioned for the BDS graduates. This discourages qualified specialists from taking the exams and teaching and practicing dentistry in US. To improve the above situation dental schools need to have a more holistic approach to the admissions process.  Admission criteria, international dentist program, specialist, foreign trained dentist

Field of study: Education
Performance comparison of a vertical direct expansion geothermal evaporator: PART II, multiple U-pipes

Part I showed that Carbon Dioxide (CO2) is a promising candidate for use in vertical direct expansion ground evaporators, as it requires smaller pipe diameters within the geothermal heat exchanger and lower power for refrigerant circulation compared to conventional refrigerants. Furthermore, pressure change along the geothermal evaporator influences marginally the evaporation temperature leading to quasi-isothermal evaporation of CO2. However, in single U-pipe configurations, small pipe diameter means lower pipe surface area and therefore higher thermal resistance. In Part II, all these advantages are taken into consideration toward proposing new geothermal evaporator configurations with multiple U-pipes (2 to 4 U-pipes in one borehole). R410A is also compared against CO2 for the new configurations. Operating parameters of all configurations were chosen so that CO2 and R410A are both subjected to a complete evaporation for equal total pipe surface area and equal heat extraction rate. Although all configurations have same total pipe surface area, it is shown that adding U-pipes and reducing pipe diameters diminishes borehole thermal resistance significantly. A novel configuration is also proposed to lower pressure drop of CO2 in the 4-U borehole configuration by insulating a portion of the downward U-pipe legs. Decreasing pipe dimensions by adding U-pipes while keeping total pipe surface area constant offers an opportunity to bundle pipes closer to each other and make the evaporator more compact as seen in the proposed Polymer Block configuration.

Field of study: Engineering