nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Volatile compounds in meat and meat products

Meaty flavor is composed of a few hundreds of volatile compounds, only minor part of which are responsible for the characteristic odor. It is developed as a result of multi-directional reactions proceeding between non-volatile precursors contained in raw meat under the influence of temperature. The volatile compounds are generated upon: Maillard reactions, lipid oxidation, interactions between Maillard reaction products and lipid oxidation products as well as upon thiamine degradation. The developed flavor is determined by many factors associated with: raw material (breed, sex, diet and age of animal, conditions and process of slaughter, duration and conditions of meat storage, type of muscle), additives applied and the course of the technological process. The objective of this review article is to draw attention to the issue of volatile compounds characteristic for meat products and factors that affect their synthesis.  volatile compounds; meat flavor; precursors; meat products.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
A review of Leidyosuchus canadensis Lambe, 1907 (Archosauria: Crocodylia) and an assessment of cranial variation based upon new material

Cranial morphology of Leidyosuchus canadensis Lambe 1907 is reviewed based on previously undescribed materialseven skulls and eight mandibles. This species can be distinctively diagnosed by more than 10 derived features. New information supports the contention that L. canadensis is the sole representative of Leidyosuchus, and indicates that it is very different from the other species previously assigned to this taxon. The membership of L. canadensis within Alligatoroidea is also demonstrated by new information revealed in this study. Ontogenetic and individual variation in the cranial anatomy of L. canadensis are documented. The contact of the premaxillarymaxillary suture with the incisive foramen is not diagnostic of the taxon; rather, it exhibits individual variation. Leidyosuchus is endemic to North America. There was no faunal interchange of crocodyliforms between North America and central Asia during the last two stages of the Late Cretaceous.

Field of study: Environmental science
Book Review: The Human Embryo Research Debate: Bioethics in the Vortex of Controversy

AbstractIn my judgment, Ronald M. Green's book, The Human Embryo Research Debate: Bioethics in the Vortex of Controversy, is advocacy literature. It gives the appearance of being rational, civil, and objective, but in reality the author operates on the assumed premise that "the claims of the embryo or fetus at any stage of development" cannot take precedence over a woman's freedom to terminate her pregnancy. With such a perspective, it is no wonder that Green regards pro-lifers as the "villains."

Field of study: Medicine, Philosophy
Chronostratigraphy of the Miocene–Pliocene Sagantole Formation, Middle Awash Valley, Afar rift, Ethiopia

The Sagantole Formation comprises more than 200 m of lacustrine, alluvial, and volcaniclastic sediments, plus compositionally bimodal tephras and basaltic lavas, exposed in a domelike horst named the Central Awash Complex in the southwestern Afar rift of Ethiopia. The Sagantole Formation is widely known for abundant vertebrate faunas, including the 4.4 Ma primitive hominid Ardipithecus ramidus . New lithostratigraphic data are used to subdivide the Sagantole Formation into the Kuseralee, Gawto, Haradaso, Aramis, Beidareem, Adgantole, and Belohdelie Members, in ascending order. The members are defined on the basis of lithologic differences and laterally continuous bounding tephras. 40 Ar/ 39 Ar dating of 12 intercalated volcanic units firmly establishes the age of the Sagantole Formation to be 5.6 to 3.9 Ma, significantly older than previous proposals based on erroneous correlations. Magnetostratigraphic data reveal eight paleomagnetic polarity zones, which can be correlated unambiguously with the Thvera, Sidufjall, Nunivak, and Cochiti Subchrons of the Gilbert Chron. Thus, by reference to the geomagnetic polarity time scale, seven additional chronological datums can be placed in the Sagantole Formation. With a total of 19 such datums, the age resolution anywhere in the Sagantole Formation is better than ±100 k.y., making this the best-dated Miocene–Pliocene succession in Africa.

Field of study: Geology
A dietitian-driven protocol for the management of renal bone disease in hemodialysis patients

A dietitian-driven protocol was developed and evaluated for the effectiveness of suppressing elevated parathyroid hormone (PTH)-I levels in a hemodialysis (HD) population. PTH-I levels were evaluated in 85 HD patients receiving calcitriol therapy over a 1-year period. The results indicate a decreased incidence of elevated PTH-I levels. This protocol expands the role of the dietitian in the management of renal bone disease.

Field of study: Medicine
Fourier transforms of semisimple orbital integrals on the Lie algebra of SL2

The Harish-Chandra--Howe local character expansion expresses the characters of reductive, $p$-adic groups in terms of Fourier transforms of nilpotent orbital integrals on their Lie algebras, and Murnaghan--Kirillov theory expresses many characters of reductive, $p$-adic groups in terms of Fourier transforms of semisimple orbital integrals (also on their Lie algebras). In many cases, the evaluation of these Fourier transforms seems intractable; but, for $\operatorname{SL}_2$, the nilpotent orbital integrals have already been computed. In this paper, we use a variant of Huntsinger's integral formula, and the theory of $p$-adic special functions, to compute semisimple orbital integrals.

Field of study: Mathematics
RUSCOSMICS Software Package as a Tool for Estimating the Earth’s Atmosphere Ionization Rate by Cosmic Ray Protons

An overview is presented of the possibilities of using the module of the RUSCOSMICS software package designed for calculating the passage of cosmic ray (CR) particles through the Earth’s atmosphere. General information on current ways of studying secondary CR fluxes is considered. References are made to works by other groups. Key points of the calculation algorithm are described. Parameterization of initial conditions is analyzed. Typical results obtained in modeling are given. A summary of this work and the outlook for the project are given.

Field of study: Physics
Development of atmospheric acid deposition in China from the 1990s to the 2010s.

Atmospheric acid deposition is a global environmental issue. China has been experiencing serious acid deposition, which is anticipated to become more severe with the country's economic development and increasing consumption of fossil fuels in recent decades. We explored the spatiotemporal variations of acid deposition (wet acid deposition) and its influencing factors by collecting nationwide data on pH and concentrations of sulfate (SO42-) and nitrate (NO3-) in precipitation between 1980 and 2014 in China. Our results showed that average precipitation pH values were 4.59 and 4.70 in the 1990s and 2010s, respectively, suggesting that precipitation acid deposition in China has not seriously worsened. Average SO42- deposition declined from 40.54 to 34.87 kg S ha-1 yr-1 but average NO3- deposition increased from 4.44 to 7.73 kg N ha-1 yr-1. Specifically, the area of severe precipitation acid deposition in southern China has shrunk to some extent as a result of controlling the pollutant emissions; but the area of moderate precipitation acid deposition has expanded in northern China, associated with rapid industrial and transportation development. Furthermore, we found significant positive correlations between precipitation acid deposition, energy consumption, and rainfall. Our findings provide a relatively comprehensive evaluation of the spatiotemporal dynamics of precipitation acid deposition in China over past three decades, and confirm the idea that strategies implemented to save energy and control pollutant emissions in China have been effective in alleviating precipitation acid deposition. These findings might be used to demonstrate how developing countries could achieve economic development and environmental protection through the implementation of advanced technologies to reduce pollutant emissions.

Field of study: Environmental science
Logarithmic corrections and soft photon phenomenology in the multipole model of the nucleon form factors

We analyzed the presently available experimental data on nucleon electromagnetic form factors within a multipole model based on dispersion relations. A good fit of the data is achieved by considering the coefficients of the multipole expansions as logarithmic functions of the momentum transfer squared. The superconvergence relations, applied to this coefficients, makes the model agree with unitary constraints and pQCD asymptotics for the Dirac and Pauli form factors. The soft photon emission is proposed as a mechanism responsible for the difference between the Rosenbluth, polarization and beam-target asymmetry data. It is shown that the experimentally measured cross-sections depend not only on the Dirac and Pauli form factors, but also on the average number of the photons emitted. For the proton this number is shown to be different for different types of experimental measurements and then estimated phenomenologically. For the neutron the same mechanism predicts that the data form different types of experiments must coincide with high accuracy. A joint fit of all the experimental data reproduce the Q2-dependence with the accuracy χ2/dof = 0.86 . Predictions of the model, that 1) the ratios of the proton form factors GE/GM are different for Rosenbluth, polarization and beam-target asymmetry experiments and 2) similar ratios are nearly the same for neutron, can be used for experimental verification of the model.

Field of study: Physics
Characterization of a new natural dye applied on wool fabrics

The present work involves the dyeing of pure wool fabrics with a natural dye extracted fromthe violet flowers of Calotropis procerea plant Erichrome black T as a pre-mordant. The effect of dyeing time, temperature and pH value of the dye bath, using, on the reflectance spectra of the fabrics was followed using spectrophotometer tool and CIE tristimulus values. The color yields of the dye on thewool fabricswere found to be highly dependent on these different dyeing conditions. The beneficial effects of varying conditions of dyeing on the color parameters L, a, b, h, c and the change in color difference (iÂÂE) were also investigated. Light and washing fastness were carried according to ISO standard recommendations to evaluate the amount of fading in terms of color difference to deduce the influence of dye-fiber bonding. The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra of dyed wool fabrics were followed at each dyeing conditions. The results indicated that, the behavior of the change in the peak intensity values of different functional groups present in the wool fabrics are completely different by changing dyeing conditions. The obtained results indicate that the improvement in dyeing process may be due to the change in the molecular configuration as a result of the variation in the chemical bonds in wool fabrics, the dye and/or the mordant. This means that the increase in the amorphous region of the dyed samples, the oxidation of the cystine linkage on the surface of the wool fabrics, and the formation of free-radicals species encouraged dye penetration and aggregation inside the fiber pores as well as bond formation. The standardization of dyeing and mordanting mechanisms are discussed, as well as the evaluation of the dyeing parameters and fastness properties and reported CIELab data.

Field of study: Materials science
Determination of Clofencet in Wheat Using Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction by High Performance Liquid Chromatography

A method for the determination of the clofencet of chemical hybridizing agent SQ-1 in wheat has been established by high performance liquid chromatography.SQ-1 was extracted with 75% of ethanol and cleaned up by extraction and stripping technique.Diamonsil C18 column with the mobile phase consisted of methanol-water(60 ∶ 40,V/V,including 0.5% ammonium hydrogen phosphate,pH 2.5) at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min was used for the detection at wavelength of 283 nm.A good linear relationship was obtained in the range of 0.75-25.0 mg/L with the correlation coefficient 0.9999.The average recoveries of SQ-1 were 84.2%-95.0%,the RSD were 1.0%-3.3%,and the detection limit was 0.075 mg/L.

Field of study: Chemistry
Upregulation of the immediate early gene arc in the brains of rats exposed to environmental enrichment: implications for molecular plasticity.

Exposure to an enriched environment, a procedure that induces plasticity in the cerebral cortex, is associated with pronounced morphological changes, including higher density of dendritic spines, enlargement of synaptic boutons, and other putative correlates of altered neurotransmission. Recently, it has been demonstrated that animals reared in an enriched environment setting for 3 weeks have less neuronal damage as a result of seizures and have decreased rates of spontaneous apoptosis. Even though clear morphological modifications are observed in the cerebral cortex of animals exposed to heightened environmental complexity, the molecular mechanisms that underlie such modifications are yet to be described. In the present work, we investigated the expression of the immediate early gene arc in the cortex of animals exposed to an enriched environment. Animals were exposed daily, for 1 h, to an enriched environment, for a total period of 3 weeks. Brains were processed for in-situ hybridization against arc mRNA. We found a marked upregulation of arc mRNA in the cerebral cortex of animals exposed to the enriched environment, when compared to undisturbed controls, an effect that was most pronounced in cortical layers III and V. Animals in an additional control group that were handled for 5 min daily, displayed intermediate levels of arc mRNA. Furthermore, arc expression was upregulated in the CA1, CA2 and CA3 hippocampal subfields and in the striatum, but to a lesser extent in the dentate gyrus of animals exposed to an enriched environment, as compared to the two control groups. Our results support the association between the upregulation of the immediate early gene arc and plasticity-associated anatomical changes in the cerebral cortex of the adult mammal.

Field of study: Biology
Laser-diode interferometric heterodyne vibrometer: application to linear motor control.

We describe an interferometric heterodyne vibrometer that uses a laser diode with a triangular modulation frequency. This optical sensor is used to probe a vibrating polished surface. As an illustration of the sensor performance, the control of nonuniform velocity of a linear motor is achieved. The technique can be used over a large bandwidth between a few hertz and several tens of kilohertz. Generalization of the technique to the sensing of frequency vibrations is also demonstrated theoretically.

Field of study: Physics
Analysis on the Length of Rock Bolt with Underground Works under Explosion Load

In this paper based on the explosive stress wave theory, the mechanism for the broken rock zone’s formation and the character of the surrounding rock’s disfeature under blast loads are analyzed. On the basis of these works, the surround rock’s dynamic broken rock zone calculation formula is derived and for the anti-explosion reinforcement to the surrounding rock of tunnel segment bearing dynamic load is locked. In addition, the author also calculated and analyzed separately the necessary length of rock bolt for the reinforcement, consider of the first type to the forth type surrounding rock, different vertical critical explosion distance, different span. The curves are obtained between the length of rock bolt for the anti-explosion reinforcement of the surrounding rock and three factors are included: the span of underground opening, type of the surrounding rock, the distance between the center of charge and the vault.

Field of study: Engineering
MATHEMATICAL MODELS FOR TORSIONAL FLUCTUATING WIND LOADS ON RECTANGULAR TALL BUILDINGS

Detailed wind tunnel tests for a series of rectangular tall buildings were carried out. The basic characteristics of torsional fluctuating wind loads including the RMS torque coefficients and power spectral densities(PSDs) of base torque were discussed. The results show that the local RMS torque coefficients clearly demonstrate parabolic variations with the building height. The base RMS torque coefficients increase with the increase of side ratios. One obvious narrow-band peak is observed in the PSDs of base torque when the side ratio is less than 1, while two obvious peaks are found in the PSDs of base torque when the side ratio is larger than 1. The reduced frequencies corresponding to the two peaks approach to each other with the increase of side ratios. Furthermore, the formulas of the RMS torque coefficients and PSDs of base torque were also obtained by selecting the side ratio as a fitting parameter.

Field of study: Engineering
Upper and Lower Limb Orthopaedics: Prevention of CRPS & Other Traumatology.

A flying invitation was send to me for a guest editorship to this journal. This is probably the result of earlier publications of our Dutch study group: two randomized clinical trials (RCT’s) on distal radial fractures and vitamin C in the prevention of complex regional pain syndrome type I (CRPS). CRPS is an affliction that can occur after a trauma to an arm or leg. The prevalence in adults is highest in the upper limb. For children this is the lower extremity. As the pathogenesis of CRPS is still not clear yet, and there is no definitive treatment for this syndrome, the emphasis should lie in prevention of CRPS. The morbidity and costs in health care justify the search for a means to prevent CRPS in traumatology and after elective (orthopaedic) surgery. 
 
Ascorbic acid is a water-soluble vitamin that protects against scurvy and it acts as a strong anti-oxidant. By scavenging radicals, vitamin C halts free-radical reactions and prevents the propagation of chain reactions. From a meta-analysis of the mentioned RCT’s it was concluded that vitamin C reduces the chance of the occurrence of CRPS after wrist fractures. Other indications and applications are under survey and two studies are being described and discussed in this issue, which contains furthermore a miscellaneous contribution from orthopaedic and trauma surgeons from the Netherlands. 
 
Other articles we contribute on the upper limb are prosthetic replacements in hand, wrist and shoulder, and fracture and dislocation treatment. 
 
Lower limb issues are compartment syndrome and cartilage repair in the knee. 
 
The trauma mechanisms and injuries after go-karting are diverse and could also lead to vertebral and pelvic fractures. 
 
So we hope that the reader finds divertissement in this issue from Dutch soil, named after The Flying Dutchman: hot topic issue from the Netherlands on upper & lower limb orthopaedics, prevention of CRPS & other traumatology.

Field of study: Medicine
Bidirectional optical coupler for plastic optical fibers.

We have developed a low-loss bidirectional optical coupler for high-speed optical communication with plastic optical fibers (POFs). The coupler, which is fabricated by an injection molding method that uses poly (methyl methacrylate), has an antisymmetric tapered shape. We show that the coupler has low insertion and branching losses. The tapered shape of the receiving branch reduces beam diameter and increases detection efficiency coupling to a photodetector, whose area is smaller than that of the plastic optical fiber. The possibility of more than 15-m bidirectional transmission with a signaling bit rate up to 500 Mbits/s for simplex step-index POFs is demonstrated.

Field of study: Physics
CHEMIOXYEXCITATION (Δp O2/ROS)-DEPENDENT RELEASE OF IL-1β, IL-6 AND TNF-α: EVIDENCE OF CYTOKINES AS OXYGEN-SENSITIVE MEDIATORS IN THE ALVEOLAR EPITHELIUM

The signalling mechanisms in oxidative stress mediated by cytokines in the perinatal alveolar epithelium are not well known. In an in vitro model of fetal alveolar type II epithelial cells, we investigated the profile of cytokines in response to ascending Δp O2regimen (oxyexcitation). The peak of TNF-α (4 h) preceded IL-1β and IL-6 (6–9 h), indicating a positive feedback autocrine loop confirmed by exogenous rmTNF-α. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced a dose-dependent release of cytokines, an effect specifically obliterated by selective antioxidants of the hydroxyl radical (.OH) and superoxide anion (O2−). Actinomycin and cycloheximide blocked the induced production of cytokines, implicating transcriptional and translational control. Whilst the dismutating enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase were ineffective in reducing ROS-induced cytokines, MnP, a cell-permeating SOD mimetic, abrogated xanthine/xanthine oxidase-dependent cytokine release. Desferrioxamine mesylate, which inhibits the iron-catalysed generation of.OH via the Fenton reaction, exhibited a mild effect on the release of cytokines. Dynamic variation in alveolar p O2constitutes a potential signalling mechanism within the perinatal lung allowing upregulation of cytokines in an ROS-dependent manner.

Field of study: Medicine
Cultured astrocytes express messenger RNA for multiple serotonin receptor subtypes, without functional coupling of 5-HT1 receptor subtypes to adenylyl cyclase.

The literature describing the expression of 5-HT receptor subtypes by astrocytes is controversial and incomplete. It is clear that primary cultures of astrocytes express receptors of the 5-HT2 family coupled to phospholipase C and of the 5-HT7 receptor family positively coupled to adenylyl cyclase. Cultured astrocytes have also been reported to express receptors of the 5-HT1 family, although the exact subtypes present are unknown. In the present study we have investigated which of the known rat G-protein coupled 5-HT receptor mRNAs are expressed by cultured astrocytes. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) revealed expression of 5-HT1A, 5-HT1B, 5-HT1D, 5-HT1F, 5-HT2A, 5-HT2B, 5-HT2C, 5-HT5B, 5-HT6 and 5-HT7 receptor mRNAs in astrocytes derived from 2-day old rats and cultured for 10-12 days. Messenger RNAs for 5-HT4 and 5-HT5A receptors were not detected. The functional expression of 5-HT1 receptor subtypes was investigated by measuring the ability of 5-HT1 receptor agonists: 8-OH-DPAT (5-HT1A receptors), RU24969 (5-HT1A, 5-HT1B, 5-HT1D, and 5-HT1F receptors) or sumatriptan (5-HT1B, 5-HT1D, and 5-HT1F receptors) to modulate forskolin or isoproterenol stimulated cAMP production. These compounds, at concentrations up to 10 microM, did not significantly attenuate cAMP production. These results indicate that although astrocytes express mRNA for each of the five 5-HT1 receptor subtypes which have been isolated from the rat, these receptors are not coupled to the inhibition of adenylyl cyclase.

Field of study: Biology
A Joint Experimental and Computational Investigation on Homoconjugated Push-Pull Chromophores Derived from 7,7-Diphenylnorbornane

We report hereon the synthesis, spectroscopic properties and computational studies of novel aromatic homoconjugated compounds derived from 7,7-diphenylnorbornane (DPN). The UV/Vis spectra of these compounds show bands corresponding to the respective chromophores as well as new homoconjugation bands and charge transfer absorptions in D–DPN–A push-pull derivatives. Homoconjugation between the aromatic rings strongly depends on the nature of the substitution at the aryl moieties. Therefore, electronic communication by homoconjugation can be easily tuned by controlling the electronic nature and positions of the substituents. The strong homoconjugative interaction is also reflected in the reactivity, NMR spectra and NLO properties of the compounds studied. DFT calculations nicely agree with the experimental data and shed light on the electronic delocalization via homoconjugation.

Field of study: Chemistry