nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Role of anorexia and behavioral activation in amphetamine-induced suppression of feeding: implications for understanding tolerance.

In order to gain further insight into the mechanism of contingent tolerance to amphetamine anorexia (Carlton & Wolgin, 1971), an attempt was made to determine the role of anorexia and behavioral activation (increased locomotion and/or stereotypy) in the initial suppression of feeding produced by the drug. Rats administered chronic injections of either saline or amphetamine (2 or 4 mg/kg) were given milk either directly into the mouth through an intraoral cannula or in a standard drinking tube. It was reasoned that although drug-induced anorexia would affect intake with both methods of feeding to the same degree, the disruptive effect of behavioral activation would be greater in bottle-fed rats. The results revealed that bottle-fed rats given amphetamine showed substantially greater suppression of intake than cannula-fed rats. Saline-treated rats showed almost identical milk intake with the two methods. Recovery of intake occurred in all drugged rats except those given 4 mg/kg and fed by bottle. In the tolerant groups, rats fed by bottle and given 2 mg/kg recovered at a faster rate than cannula-fed rats at either dose. These results demonstrate that in the normal drinking condition, the initial suppression of intake is caused by a combination of anorexia and behavioral interference and that tolerance occurs to both of these effects.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
CHARM as Activity Model to Share Knowledge and Transmit Procedural Knowledge and its Application to Nursing Guidelines Integration

Japan is no exception among developed countries facing healthcare system problems due to aging and low birthrate as the number of possible patients increases and health care worker numbers shrink. The introduction of high tech medicine has increased the amount of knowledge to be learned by novice nurses. Although vast amounts of implicit knowledge have accumulated among nursing practitioners, this knowledge needs to be communicated when hospitals train younger generations of nurses and integrate nursing guidelines among multiple hospitals. In this paper, the authors have proposed an activity model called CHARM – the Convincing Human Action Rationalized Model. CHARM was developed to resolve the diverse needs of hospitals. CHARM explicates multidimensional purpose-oriented procedure relations often existing as implicit knowledge. For this reason, CHARM supports the training and education of novice nurses. CHARM also is used as a tool to integrate different knowledge and work procedures tacitly existing among different organizations. We developed CHARM models according to nursing guidelines of hospitals and applied them to the integration of nursing procedures at two hospitals. Based on these CHARM models, 12 differences were found among the two guidelines covering the same procedure for different hospitals. CHARM is being evaluated at these hospitals and positive responses are coming from nurses.

Field of study: Computer science
Analysis of the rhythm and characteristics of lower limbs moving speed in the backward step gliding shot put putting technique of Asian Champion LI Ling

By basing her study subject on LI Ling,women shot put champion in Doha Asian Games,the author studied the rhythm and characteristics of lower limbs moving speed at different stages in the backward step gliding shot put putting technique of LI Ling,and revealed the following findings:at the step gliding stage,LI Ling’s moving speed of body center of gravity and the shot put was increased significantly,but compared with other excel-lent athletes,the difference between the speed of the center of gravity and the speed of the shot put of LI Ling is too small;at the transition stage,LI Ling maintained a good speed of body center of gravity and the shot put;at the final power exploding stage,LI Ling’s speed of body center of gravity dropped too fast,which produces an adverse effect on final acceleration of the shot put.

Field of study: Education
Upper limit of docking time for Stikinia and Terrane I: paleomagnetic evidence from the Eocene Ootsa Lake Group, British Columbia

The Middle Eocene Ootsa Lake Group is exposed in the central portion of the Stikine Terrane, where it was sampled along the shoreline of Tahtsa Reach and Whitesail Reach. The group consists of dominantly subaerial flows, which range in composition from basalt to rhyolite, that unconformably overly the Jurassic Hazelton Group. Detailed alternating-field and thermal stepwise demagnetizations were done on all specimens from the 21 sites collected. The presence of a normal- and reversed-polarity remanence, a positive fold test, and high coercivities and unblocking temperatures indicate that a prefolding primary remanence has been isolated. The mean tilt-corrected direction of D = 002.2°, I = 69.2 °(α95 = 7.4°) from 13 sites for which paleohorizontal is well known yields a pole position at 354.6°E, 88.0°N (A95 = 11.5°), which is statistically indistinguishable from published 50 Ma reference poles for cratonic North America. This evidence demonstrates that the proposed large-scale northward displacement of Stik...

Field of study: Environmental science
Does Race Matter Among Cuban Immigrants? An Analysis of the Racial Characteristics of Recent Cuban Immigrants

Information on Cuban immigrants from the recent ‘Measuring Cuban Opinion Project’ survey is used to determine the extent to which race matters. We use multivariate binomial logistic regression models to determine if race can be predicted by key demographic and economic characteristics of the respondents, their use of mass media outlets in Cuba, their evaluation of and integration to the Cuban state and their participation in the dissidence in the island. The conclusion is reached that race cannot be predicted because these immigrants are, in general terms, very similar. However, some racial differences in mode of immigration and likelihood of immigration were found.

Field of study: Political science
Involutions on the second duals of group algebras versus subamenable groups

Let L1(G)∗∗ be the second dual of the group algebra L(G) of a locally compact group G. We study the question of involutions on L1(G)∗∗. A new class of subamenable groups is introduced which is universal for all groups. There is no involution on L1(G)∗∗ for a subamenable group G.

Field of study: Mathematics
The maintenance and evolution of resource-constrained embedded systems created using design patterns

Most previous work on pattern-based software development has focused on the process of system creation rather than on the post-creation project phases (such as maintenance and evolution). In the study reported in this paper, we present the results from a short series of empirical studies in which we examined techniques for exchanging patterns used in an embedded design after the project had been completed. When exchanging patterns at this time, our aim was to identify the implementation of the pattern of interest in the system code and then substitute a suitable version of the replacement pattern. Findings are presented both from two small test projects, and from a more realistic case study. The results obtained suggest that this approach has considerable potential.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
[Characteristics of complete genome of pandemic A/H1N1/2009 influenza virus isolated in Fujian Province, China].

This study aims to investigate the characteristics of genomic variation of pandemic A/H1N1/2009 influenza virus isolated in Fujian Province, China. Complete genome sequence analysis was performed on 14 strains of pandemic A/H1N1/2009 influenza virus isolated from Fujian during 2009-2012. All virus strains were typical low-pathogenic influenza viruses, with resistance to amantadine and sensitivity to neuraminidase inhibitors. Eight genome fragments of all strains were closely related to those of A/California/07/2009 (H1N1) vaccine strain, with > or = 98.2% homology. Compared with the vaccine strain, the influenza strains from Fujian had relatively large variation, and variation was identified at 11 amino acid sites of the HA gene of A/Fujiangulou/SWL1155/2012 strain, including 4 sites (H138R, L161I, S185T, and S203T) involved inthree antigen determinants (Ca, Sa, and Sb). In conclusion, the influenza vaccine has a satisfactory protective effect on Fujian population, but the influenza strains from Fujian in 2012 has antigenic drift compared with the vaccine strain, more attention should therefore be paid to the surveillance of mutations of pandemic A/H1N1/2009 influenza virus.

Field of study: Biology
Laser scanning confocal endomicroscopy in the neurosurgical operating room: a review and discussion of future applications.

Laser scanning confocal endomicroscopy (LSCE) is an emerging technology for examining brain neoplasms in vivo. While great advances have been made in macroscopic fluorescence in recent years, the ability to perform confocal microscopy in vivo expands the potential of fluorescent tumor labeling, can improve intraoperative tissue diagnosis, and provides real-time guidance for tumor resection intraoperatively. In this review, the authors highlight the technical aspects of confocal endomicroscopy and fluorophores relevant to the neurosurgeon, provide a comprehensive summary of LSCE in animal and human neurosurgical studies to date, and discuss the future directions and potential for LSCE in neurosurgery.

Field of study: Medicine
‘Mrs Fairly is a Dirty, Lazy Type’: Unsatisfactory Households and the Problem of Problem Families in Norwich 1942-19631

Either as the ‘underclass’, or ‘residuum’, poor families with anti-social habits have excited comment and criticism, but rarely historical analysis. Using a rich archive of material on ‘unsatisfactory households’ in Norwich from 1942 to 1963, this article argues that it is essential to understand the material conditions in which such families lived: a period of apparent prosperity throughout Britain before the ‘rediscovery of poverty’ in 1965. This article uses the work of Norwich city council to unpick contemporary debates on ‘problem families’ and to explore the kind of family designated as ‘unsatisfactory’, in terms of economic position, family composition and patterns of behaviour. It concludes by examining the relationship between council workers and the listed families, and the agency of these families and their neighbours in mediating the attentions of officials.

Field of study: History
Foreground extraction for freely moving RGBD cameras

In this study, the authors propose a novel method to perform foreground extraction for freely moving RGBD cameras. Although the field of foreground extraction or background subtraction has been explored by the computer vision researcher community since a long time, the depth-based subtraction is relatively new and has not been extensively addressed as of yet. Most of the current methods make heavy use of geometric reconstruction, making the solutions quite restrictive. In this study, the authors make a novel use of RGB and depth data: from the RGB frame, they first extract corner features and then represent these features with the histogram of oriented gradients (HoG) descriptor. They then train a non-linear SVM on these HoG descriptors. During the test phase, they make use of the fact that the foreground object has a distinct depth ordering with respect to the rest of the scene. Hence, they use the positively classified features from accelerated segment test (FAST) features on the test frame to initiate a region growing algorithm to obtain an accurate foreground segmentation from the depth data alone. The authors demonstrate the proposed method on six datasets, and demonstrate encouraging quantitative and qualitative results.

Field of study: Computer science
Is it safer at the beach? Spatial and temporal analyses of beachgoer behaviors during the COVID-19 pandemic

Tourism localities worldwide continue to grapple with how best to sustain coastal visitation during the COVID-19 pandemic. Emerging epidemiological science illustrates the risk of disease transmission is lower outdoors than indoors, and exposure is likely lower in outdoor, coastal environments due to dispersion and dilution of respiratory droplets through regular air flow. That said, it remains unclear how beachgoer behavior affects the likelihood of disease transmission. During summer 2020, we analyzed publicly-available beachcam video data and collected unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) imagery at the recreational beach oceanfront in Virginia Beach, U.S.A. Data were collected over 24 days, documenting tourists' and recreationists’ behaviors related to the public health guidance from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control, Commonwealth of Virginia Department of Public Health and City of Virginia Beach. Specifically, using a sample test area of beach and adjoining boardwalk, we investigated diurnal patterns of beach and boardwalk use, the location and density of use, as well as the presence of face coverings (i.e., masks) on boardwalk users. Results from beachcam analyses indicate a curvilinear trend in beach use, peaking in the mid-afternoon, while boardwalk use remained consistent throughout the day. Beachcam observations were corroborated by UAV photography and spatial analysis, indicating concentrated use of the beach adjoining shoreline above high tide, with onethird of the landward adjacent upper beach vacant. Among boardwalk pedestrians, few (8.7%) were observed wearing facial coverings. These findings point to both indirect and direct strategies coastal managers can implement to communicate when, where, and how to reduce the potential for transmission while accessing beach amenities during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Field of study: Environmental science
Leukocyte count and C reactive protein as diagnostic factors in febrile convulsion

Febrile convulsion (FC) is the most common seizure disorder in childhood. White blood cell (WBC) and C reactive protein (CRP) are commonly measured in FC. Add a paragraph on Aims and Objectives of the study.  To compare WBC and CRP in febrile children, aged 6 months to five years, with and without FC, in order to determine whether leukocytosis and elevated CRP can be used as diagnostic tool for febrile seizure.  In this cross sectional study 214 children (112 with FC), aged 6 months to 5 years, admitted to in the first 48 hours of their febrile disease, either with or without seizure, were evaluated over a 12 months period. Age, sex, temperature; WBC, CRP and hemoglobin were recorded in all children. There was a significant increase of WBC (P<0.001) in children with FC so we can deduct that leukocytosis encountered in children with FC can be due to convulsion in itself.  When comparing FC and non-FC children, we encountered a significant increase of WBC (P =0.0005) in children with FC, measured at the time of admission to pediatric medicine ward. There was no significant difference regarding CRP between the two groups. In fact, elevated CRP is a result of underlying pathology.  In stable patients, if there’s no reason to suspect a bacterial infection or who don’t have any indication of lumbar puncture, there’s no need to assess WBC as an indicator of underlying infection. Any child with febrile seizure with a high CRP value should be evaluated for infection.

Field of study: Medicine
Justice for Whom, Exactly? Beliefs in Justice for the Self and Various Others

The present studies examine why people think the world is more just to themselves than to others generally. Beliefs in justice for the self were uniquely associated with psychological adjustment, consistent with the theoretical motive to believe in justice for the self (Studies 1 and 2). However, this “justice motive” did not appear to affect the relative strength of justice beliefs. Instead, self–other differences in justice beliefs appeared to reflect objective assessments of the justice received by various demographics. Undergraduates believed the world to be more just to themselves than to others but not their undergraduate peers specifically (Study 1). Participants of both genders believed the world to be more just to men, and to themselves, than to women (Study 2). Women did not exempt themselves individually from injustice but believed, similar to men, that undergraduate women receive as much justice as men (Study 3).

Field of study: Psychology
X-ray diffraction study of strain relaxation, spontaneous compositional gradient, and dislocation density in GeSn/Ge/Si(100) heterostructures

The strain relaxation, depth profiles of composition and density of dislocations in GeSn epilayers were studied by using the x-ray diffraction. Regions with uniform and graded composition, different levels of strain relaxation, and dislocation density were found in the GeSn layers grown at fixed growth conditions. At the initial stage of growth, the GeSn layer is under ~8 × 10–3 compressive strain, and the Sn composition is close to the target value of 6.6%. With increasing layer thickness, the Sn content is enhanced by 0.85 ± 0.12% due to the relief of compressive strain down to ~5.0 × 10–4. The plastic strain relaxation is dominated by 60° misfit dislocations at the GeSn/Ge interface, where their density is 3 × 105 cm−1. The relaxed GeSn layer serves as a buffer for the high-quality GeSn overlayer with uniform and enhanced Sn composition. The laboratory-based x-ray diffraction is shown as a non-destructive reliable technique for strain, composition, and defects characterization, as an alternative to secondary ion mass spectrometry and transmission electron microscope techniques.

Field of study: Materials science
Investigation of Stress Evolution Induced by Electromigration in Sn-Ag-Cu Solder Joints Based on an X-Ray Diffraction Technique

The critical current density and temperature endured by solder joints are identified as the two most important parameters that determine the occurrence of electromigration (EM). It is well known that movement of metal atoms/ions during current stressing can induce obvious stress concentrations at the anode and cathode interfaces of the solder joint. Therefore, the global average effects of EM on stress evolution at both the anode and cathode interfaces were investigated with different current densities by employing a nondestructive x-ray diffraction technique. The ultimate results indicated that the compressive stress increased gradually at the anode side under low current density. However, stress fluctuation could be observed under high current density due to an obvious Joule heating effect. For further understanding of the mechanism of stress evolution in the solder joint during current stressing, a four-stage model is considered. First, Cu expansion led to increase of the compressive stress at both electrodes. Second, stress relaxation compensated the compressive stress and caused it to decrease. Third, the EM effect promoted compressive stress and tensile stress at the anode and cathode, respectively. Finally, a steady state of stress was achieved at the anode, while the state of tensile stress at the cathode remained transient.

Field of study: Materials science
Investigation of Current Flow Between Turns of NI REBCO Pancake Coil by 2-D Finite-Element Method

The no-insulation (NI) winding technique for an NI ReBCO pancake coil is expected to improve dynamic and thermal stability and enhance current density. The investigations on electromagnetic and thermal behaviors are important for the development of NI ReBCO coils. Many stability investigations of the NI ReBCO coil itself have been carried out by experiments and simulations. However, the detailed behavior of the bypass current between turns has not been shown. Although contact resistivity was obtained through prior experiment, it included the resistivity of not only contact surface but also the components, i.e., the copper stabilizer and the Hastelloy substrate, of a ReBCO tape. To investigate the detailed bypass current behavior in this paper, the true contact surface resistivity is taken into account in the simulation. The bypass current on the cross section of the NI ReBCO tape is simulated using the two-dimensional finite-element method. From the simulation results, the influence of the coil-radial resistivity between turns on the turn-to-turn contact surface resistivity is clarified. In addition, the heat loss is also reported, and a simple equivalent circuit of the turn-to-turn contact is proposed.

Field of study: Physics
A New L-Cysteine-Functionalized Mesoporous Composite and Its High Selectivity Separation and Enrichment Properties for Hg(II)

A L-cysteine-functionalized mesoporous composite was prepared and modified by post-grafting method.The adsorption conditions were optimized and the adsorption property of the composite for Hg2+ was investigated.Effects of medium pH,adsorption time,and adsorbent dosage on Hg2+ adsorption were studied.The L-cysteine-functionalized mesoporous SBA-15 can selectively adsorb Hg2+ at pH 2.5 in case of the coexisted Cu(Ⅱ),Cr(Ⅵ),Cr(Ⅲ),Cd(Ⅱ).Hg2+ can be quickly eluated from the composite with a solution of 5% thiourea in 1 mol/L HCl.The detection limit for Hg2+ was 0.07μg/L,and the relative standard deviation(RSD) was 2.2%(CHg2+=1.0 mg/L,n=11).The presented procedure has been applied to the Hg2+ determination in waste water with the recovery in the range of 92%-101%.

Field of study: Chemistry
Discussion on Reformation Strategy of Operating System Experiment Teaching

Operating System is one of major courses of computer correlative specialty.Because of stronger theory and abstract concept from this course,it is hard to understand and there also are many layers on the content of its experiment.Aims at the current status from the experiment teaching,analyzes how to select right experiment environment and content,and designs layered tasks of experiment to improve enthusiasm on studying the course through method of task-driven teaching.

Field of study: Computer science
DC9, LF dispersion and HF characterisation of short-time stressed inp based LM-HEMTS

InP based LM-HEMTs are stressed at room temperature in a minute time-frame. Depending on the applied DC bias, various failure mechanisms are favorised. Their influence on the device characteristics is measured and analysed. A significant change in the DC and HF parameters has been noticed when stressed in the impact ionization region, which is not recoverable. However, after stress in the avalanche region only the gate leakage current increased and this is recoverable after a few minutes. During stress in both regions, the gate current I/sub gs/ and the drain current I/sub ds/ vary on a logaritmic time scale. This enlightens the importance of possible influence of standard on-wafer DC and HF characterizations on the device perfon-nance.

Field of study: Engineering
Pucinellio-chenopodietum glauci assoc. nova

Chenopodietum glauci assoc. nova represents a new plant community of the Polygonion avicularis Br.-Bl. 1931 association. It was first observed in Kosice in eastern Slovakia and analysed to determine the plant zones. It develops here with trampling from the association Plantagino-Lolietum in an area suffering from air pollution. It characterises trampled soils with high concentrations of magnesium salts, which come from the aerial effluent of the magnesite works in Tahanovce.

Field of study: Environmental science
Foreign Entry Mode, Cultural Distance and Subsidiary Performance of Malaysian Mnes

This paper explores the extent to which foreign entry mode and cultural distance influence the performance of Malaysian Multinational Enterprise (MNE) subsidiaries established in foreign countries. Data for this study were obtained from 13 Malaysian MNEs, which provided information on a total of 26 subsidiaries located in 16 countries. Implications of the study findings are discussed and suggestions for future research are provided.

Field of study: Business