nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Cultural incongruity predicts adjustment to college for student veterans.

Little is known about what predicts student service members' and veterans' (SSM/V) adjustment to college. In qualitative research, SSM/V report feeling they do not belong and are misunderstood by college communities, a phenomenon that counseling psychologists call cultural incongruity. The goal of the current study was to quantitatively examine the relationship between cultural incongruity and adjustment to college. We surveyed 814 SSM/V about their adjustment to college using the Student Adaptation to College Questionnaire. Cultural incongruity was operationalized in two ways: feelings of not belonging were measured via direct report and the association with adjustment to college assessed with regression. Feelings of being misunderstood about academic barriers were assessed by comparing SSM/V's perceptions of academic barriers and SSM/V's perceptions of how others view the SSM/V's academic barriers and the association with adjustment was assessed using polynomial regression and response surface analysis. Cultural incongruity predicted adjustment to college. After controlling for other known predictors, feelings of not belonging accounted for 18% of the variance in adjustment to college. Polynomial regression showed that feeling understood about academic barriers protected against the negative impact of the barrier on adjustment to college. Cultural incongruity predicts adjustment to college for SSM/V. Helping SSM/V feel their unique barriers to college adjustment are understood may blunt the impact of these barriers.

Field of study: Psychology
Compound formation and conductivity in the system Na2O-ZrO2-P2O5: Sodium zirconium orthophosphates

Two new orthophosphate phases have been synthesised. One is the stoichiometric phase Na5ZrP3O12 which melts incongruently at 1160°C. It has a hexagonal unit cell, a=9.17, c=21.80 A with a rhombohedral lattice type. The other is a solid solution series, S, of formula Na5−4xZr1+xP3O12:0.04<x<0.11 at 1000°C but 0.05<x<0.15 at 1100°C. Below ∼930°C, S undergoes a slow transformation to a low temperature polymorph. The previously reported phase Na2ZrP2O8 was prepared as an equilibrium phase below ∼930°C. A partial subsolidus phase diagram for the orthophosphate join is presented. The a.c. conductivities of Na5ZrP3O12 and one S composition have been measured; for Na5ZrP3O12, σ300°C∼2×10−5Ω−1cm−1 and for S, x=0.075, σ300°; these are net conductivities.

Field of study: Materials science
Solution of the Burgers equation on semiinfinite and finite intervals via a stream function

The initial-boundary-value problem on the semiinfinite interval and on a finite interval for the Burgers equation u"t = u"x"x + 2u"xu is solved using a stream [email protected] a linearizing transformation w = e^@f. The transformation reduces the equation to a heat equation with appropriate initial and homogeneous time-dependent linear boundary conditions. One advantage of this method is that we never need to find an explicit expression for @f in our computations.

Field of study: Mathematics
Efficient Implementation of FFT on Loongson 3A CPU

To promote the application of Loongson processers,it is of enormous significance to optimize the performance of FFT(Fast Fourier transform),which is a basic tool in many engineering fields.In this paper,the hardware characteristics of loongson 3A processer are fully exploited based on some programming techniques,such as improving the computation and the bit reverse process and utilizing the Loongson 3A′s 128 bit memory access instructions to reduce the ratio of the memory instructions,and finally efficient FFT algorithms are implemented.The experiments show that the proposed 1d-fft and 2d-ff algorithms on 825MHz loongson 3A processor are about 2.5 and 3 times as fast as FFTW respectively.

Field of study: Computer science
Nickel and zinc hyperaccumulation by Alyssum murale and Thlaspi caerulescens (Brassicaceae) do not enhance survival and whole-plant growth under drought stress

Nickel and Zn hyperaccumulation by Alyssum murale and Thlaspi caerulescens bear substantial energetic costs and should confer benefits to the plant. This research determined whether metal hyperaccumulation can increase osmotic adjustment and resistance to water stress (drought). Alyssum murale and Thlaspi caerulescens treated with low or high concentrations of Ni or Zn were exposed to moderate (−0·4 MPa) and severe (−1·0 MPa) water stresses using aqueous polyethylene glycol. In the absence of metals both water deficits inhibited shoot growth. Nickel and Zn hyperaccumulation did not ameliorate growth inhibition by either level of water stress. The water stress did not induce major changes in shoot metal concentrations of these constitutive hyperaccumulators. Moreover, metal hyperaccumulation had minimal effects on the osmolality of leaf-sap extracts, relative water content of the shoots, or rate of evapotranspiration. It is concluded that Ni or Zn hyperaccumulation does not augment whole-plant capacity for drought resistance in A. murale and T. caerulescens.

Field of study: Environmental science
Lifetime measurements and particle-core coupling calculations in144Sm

Applying the generalized centroid shift method in the142Nd(α, 2n)144Sm reaction the following half-lives have been measured:T1/2(3,376 keV)=(1.6±0.2) ns,T1/2(3,460 keV) =(0.5±0.2) ns andT1/2(5,150 keV)≦0.3 ns. Level energies and electromagnetic transition rates have been calculated within a particle-core coupling approach that is based on the shell model with configuration mixing. The persistence ofl-forbiddenness of M1 transitions between rather complex configurations could be confirmed.

Field of study: Physics
New Interference Approach for Ballistic Impact into Stacked Flexible Composite Body Armor

In this study a new interference model is developed to investigate the ballistic response of a hybrid, two-layered, flexible body armor. Because the stacking order of layers, which have distinctly different mechanical properties, has a large effect on the V 50 limit velocity for penetration, we apply the analysis to a two-layer system consisting of fabrics of aramid (Kevlar29®) fiber and of ultrahigh molecular weight and drawn polyethylene (Dyneema@) fibers. Using right-circular cylindrical projectiles, previous experimental results of Cunniff ("An Analysis of the System Effects in Woven Fabrics Under Ballistic Impact," Textile Research Journal, Vol. 62,1992, pp. 495―509) [using a similar fiber, Spectra@ instead of Dyneema®] showed nearly a factor of 2 difference in the V 50 velocity in the two possible stacking orders, that is, Spectra@ versus Kevlar29® as the strike face. This new model extends our previous fundamental work ("A New Membrane Model for the Ballistic Impact Response and V50 Performance of Multiply Fibrous System," International Journal of Solids and Structures, Vol. 40, 2003, pp. 6723―6765) by addressing interference factors in terms of instantaneous material inflow to the impact cone using a convolution over current local strain around the projectile edge during its deceleration. Our previous multilayer model ("Modeling of System Effects in Ballistic Impact into Multi-Layered Fibrous Structures for Soft Body Armors," International Jourual of Fracture, Vol. 135, 2005, pp. 219―251) ignored the interference aspect though a subsequent work ("Effects of Layer Stacking Order on the V50 Velocity of Two-Layered Hybrid Armor System," Journal of Mechanics of Materials and Structures,  2008,  approximated its effects but without instantaneous response of material inflow to local tensile strain. The current model is much more complete and produces velocity, strain, and deformation histories either to perforation or to halting the projectile. In the new model, V 50 velocity differences with stacking order and with layer bonding versus no bonding are even larger. However, backface deflections turn out to be minimally affected. Calculations are very fast and postprocessing figures can be obtained in less than a minute using MATLAB with a laptop (2 MHz Core 2 Duo CPU 2 Gb RAM).

Field of study: Physics
Stimulated emission mechanisms of a λ = 585.3 nm gas-discharge neon–hydrogen laser

An investigation was made of the mechanisms of pulsed lasing due to the 585.3 nm Ne I transition in an Ne–H2 mixture in hollow-cathode and longitudinal discharges. It was established that lasing in the afterglow of both types of discharge was due to pumping of the upper active level mainly by three-body recombination of neon ions, whereas lasing during a current pulse in a hollow-cathode discharge was due to electron impact pumping. It was found that, in a longitudinal discharge at high currents, a recombination nonequilibrium state could form even during passage of the current and then lasing during a current pulse was due to recombination pumping. It was established that the depopulation of the lower active level as a result of the Penning reaction with hydrogen was selective. It was found that elastic collisions with electrons had a strong influence on the temporal characteristics of the lasing in a recombining plasma.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Prospective study of IL-18 and risk of MI and stroke in men and women aged 60–79 years: A nested case-control study

Highlights ► IL-18 is hypothesized to destabilise atherosclerotic plaques, leading to thrombotic events. ► We prospectively studied serum IL-18 and CHD or stroke onset in older men and women. ► IL-18 was positively associated with adverse lipid and inflammatory profile. ► Results did not suggest independent associations between IL-18 and CHD or stroke risk.

Field of study: Medicine
Two-tier anomaly detection based on traffic profiling of the home automation system

Smart building equipment and automation systems often become a target of attacks and are used for attacking other targets located out of the Home Area Network. Attacks are often related to changes in traffic volume, disturbed packet flow or excessive energy consumption. Their symptoms can be recognized and interpreted locally, using software agent at Home Gateway. Although anomalies are detected locally at the Home Gateway, they can be exploited globally. Thus, it is significantly important to detect global attack attempts through anomalies correlation. Our proposal in this paper is the involvement of the Network Operator in Home Area Network security. Our paper describes a novel strategy for anomaly detection that consists of shared responsibilities between user and network provider. The proposed two-tier Intrusion Detection System uses a machine learning method for classifying the monitoring records and searching suspicious anomalies across the network at the service provider's data center. Result show that local anomaly detection combined with anomaly correlation at the service providers level can provide reliable information on the most frequent IoT devices misbehavior which may be caused by infection.

Field of study: Computer science
The Stability of Ag/Polyamidoamine Nanocomposites in Aqueous Solutions

Dendritic polyamidoamine (PAMAM) has been used as a template to synthesize metal nanocomposites, but the retention time of the nanocomposites in aqueous solutions has rarely been reported. In this paper, using the 5.5 generation of polyamidoamine (PAMAM) with ester-terminated groups as a template, the retention time for which the Ag ions were kept in the PAMAM aqueous solution was investigated by UV-Visible spectroscopy. It was found that the Ag/polyamidoamine nanocomposites showed high stability in the G5.5 solution even over 28 weeks. The results of TEM, TGA and DSC analyses also proved that smaller and more stable nanocomposites were formed in the solution. Thus, it can be concluded that the PAMAM may act as a good stabilizing agent for synthesizing Ag nanocomposites in aqueous solution.

Field of study: Materials science
A novel mechanism of sulfur transfer catalyzed by O-acetylhomoserine sulfhydrylase in the methionine-biosynthetic pathway of Wolinella succinogenes.

O-Acetylhomoserine sulfhydrylase (OAHS) is a pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP) dependent sulfide-utilizing enzyme in the L-cysteine and L-methionine biosynthetic pathways of various enteric bacteria and fungi. OAHS catalyzes the conversion of O-acetylhomoserine to homocysteine using sulfide in a process known as direct sulfhydrylation. However, the source of the sulfur has not been identified and no structures of OAHS have been reported in the literature. Here, the crystal structure of Wolinella succinogenes OAHS (MetY) determined at 2.2 Å resolution is reported. MetY crystallized in space group C2 with two monomers in the asymmetric unit. Size-exclusion chromatography, dynamic light scattering and crystal packing indicate that the biological unit is a tetramer in solution. This is further supported by the crystal structure, in which a tetramer is formed using a combination of noncrystallographic and crystallographic twofold axes. A search for structurally homologous proteins revealed that MetY has the same fold as cystathionine γ-lyase and methionine γ-lyase. The active sites of these enzymes, which are also PLP-dependent, share a high degree of structural similarity, suggesting that MetY belongs to the γ-elimination subclass of the Cys/Met metabolism PLP-dependent family of enzymes. The structure of MetY, together with biochemical data, provides insight into the mechanism of sulfur transfer to a small molecule via a protein thiocarboxylate intermediate.

Field of study: Chemistry
Tectonic and climate control of oil shale deposition in the Upper Cretaceous Qingshankou Formation (Songliao Basin, NE China)

Oil shales were deposited in the Songliao Basin (NE China) during the Upper Cretaceous period, representing excellent hydrocarbon source rocks. High organic matter (OM) contents, a predominance of type-I kerogen, and a low maturity of OM in the oil shales are indicated by bulk geochemical parameters and biomarker data. A major contribution of aquatic organisms and minor inputs from terrigenous land plants to OM input are indicated by n-alkane distribution patterns, composition of steroids, and organic macerals. Strongly reducing bottom water conditions during the deposition of the oil shale sequences are indicated by low pristane/phytane ratios, high C14-aryl-isoprenoid contents, homohopane distribution patterns, and high V/Ni ratios. Enhanced salinity stratification with mesosaline and alkaline bottom waters during deposition of the oil shales are indicated by high gammacerane index values, low MTTC ratios, high β-carotene contents, low TOC/S ratios, and high Sr/Ba ratios. The stratified water column with anoxic conditions in the bottom water enhanced preservation of OM. Moderate input of detrital minerals during the deposition of the oil shale sequences is reflected by titanium concentrations. In this study, environmental conditions in the paleo-lake leading to OM accumulation in the sediments are related to sequence stratigraphy governed by climate and tectonics. The first Member of the Qingshankou Formation (K2qn1) in the Songliao Basin, containing the oil shale sequence, encompasses a third-order sequence that can be divided into three system tracts (transgressive system tract—TST, highstand system tract—HST, and regressive system tract—RST). Enrichment of OM changed from low values during TST-I to high-moderate values during TST-II/III and HST-I/II. Low OM enrichment occurs during RST-I and RST-II. Therefore, the highest enrichment of OM in the sediments is related to stages of mid-late TST and early HST.

Field of study: Environmental science
Replacing human peripheral blood leukocytes with LRS-separated leukocytes for scientific research

To investigate the feasibility of using leukocytes that were filtered out by LeukoReduction System (LRS) to replace conventional human peripheral blood leukocytes in experimental researches and to comparatively analyze the differences between them in vitro biological functions and phenotypes of T cells. 
 
 
 
Mononuclear cells were isolated from LRS-separated leukocytes and whole blood sample that collected from the same person by using Ficoll. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) was performed to analyze the phenotypes of T cells. CD3+ T cells were sorted out by using magnetic beads. The T cells that were collected by using two different ways were incubated with anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 antibodies and IL-2 in vitro for 10 days. Several assays including cell counting, FACS and cytometric beads array (CBA) were performed to comparatively analyze the differences in biological functions and phenotypes of T cells that were isolated by different methods. 
 
 
 
The phenotypes of T cells isolated from LRS filter and whole blood sample were highly similar at the initial stage. The sorting rate of CD3+ T cells form LRS filter reached a high level and met the requirements for experimental researches. No statistically significant differences in cell count, phenotype, expression of costimulatory molecules and cytokine secretion were observed between T cells isolated from LRS filter and whole blood sample. 
 
 
 
This study suggested that the T cells isolated from LRS filter could be used as an alternative to whole blood T cells for fundamental researches since they were similar in cell vitality, phenotype and biological functions. It provided a new way to solve the problem of blood shortage in clinic and scientific research. 
 
 
 
LRS; Peripheral blood; CD3+ T cell

Field of study: Biology
Why the Banking System Should Be Regulated

It has long been taken for granted that the financial system should be regulated. That this should now be open to question is to be welcomed. It is important in general to question assumptions, but it is particularly important to do so in the case of a sector which has undergone such major change over the last few decades. It is necessary therefore to go back to first principles and examine the implications of these principles in the current environment. The outcome outlined here is a renewed case for regulation, but one which takes account of the changing nature and role of banks. Historical evidence aids our understanding of these changes, but historical evidence must be used with care; the advocates of free banking misinterpret and misuse this evidence to support their position. The case for regulation rests on the very special economic role of money and the uncertainty associated with it. This uncertainty in turn renders free banking unworkable since the proposal requires the non-bank public to assess the expected value of the portfolios of the issuers of money. Adequate knowledge could only be generated if money-issuing were concentrated in a dominant institution, or set of institutions, which operated like a central bank. This outcome would only occur, and be socially acceptable, given a high degree of social cohesion. Rather than eradicating regulation on the grounds that it is flawed, and risking financial chaos, the more appropriate response is to consider how to improve regulation.

Field of study: Economics
What Explains the Missing Girls in Nineteenth‐Century Spain?

Infant and childhood sex ratios in nineteenth&#8208;century Spain were abnormally high, thus pointing to some sort of unexplained excess female mortality. This article analyses internal regional variation and shows that certain economic and social factors mitigated gender discrimination against newborn and/or young girls. In particular, the presence of wage labour opportunities for women and the prevalence of extended families in which different generations of women cohabited had beneficial effects on girls&#8217; survival. Likewise, infant and child sex ratios were lower in dense, more urbanized areas.

Field of study: Economics, History
The relative aversiveness of signalled vs unsignalled avoidance.

Subjects avoided shock by pressing on one lever under an unsignalled condition, but by pressing a separate lever they changed the condition to signalled avoidance for 1-min periods. Signalled avoidance periods were identified by a correlated stimulus. All eight subjects responded to change the unsignalled schedule to a signalled one. Once contact with signalled avoidance was made, subjects continued responding to remain in that condition. Other tests showed that changeover responding was greater when the correlated stimulus was presented without the signal than when the signal was presented without the correlated stimulus. An analysis based upon shock and shock-free periods is presented.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Effects of user charges on the use of prescription medicines in different socio-economic groups.

This study examined the sensitivity towards increases in user charges for different types of drugs and among different socio-economic groups. It was based on responses by 2008 consumers of prescription drugs to a self-administered postal questionnaire sent to a random sample of 8000 inhabitants in Uppsala County in Sweden. The questionnaire included a question about whether the respondents would use fewer prescription drugs if the user charges increased by a specific amount. The increase in user charges was varied between 9 and 150% in five different subsamples. Logistic regression analysis was used to estimate the probability that a respondent would reduce consumption of prescription drugs as a function of the size of the user charges increase, socio-economic characteristics and the type of drug used. Results showed that the price sensitivity decreased with increasing age, income, education and self-rated health status. Price sensitivity was highest for antitussives and lowest for climacteric drugs. If the user charges doubled, 40% of antitussives users would reduce their consumption whereas only 11% of climacteric drugs users would reduce their consumption. It is concluded that sensitivity to increases in user charges varied greatly between different types of drugs and between socio-economic groups. The young, those with poor health status, low education and low income are most likely to decrease consumption of prescription drugs when user charges increase.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Suicidal Preoccupation and Dysthymia in College Students

Irfani (1978) found that Iranian students who had thought about suicide obtained higher psychoticism, neuroticism, and introversion scores than those who had not thought of suicide. Mehryat, et a/. (1977) replicated the differences in psychoticism and neuroticism. The present study sought to replicate these results in a sampIe of 76 male and 98 female college students enrolled in college courses (M,, = 23.2 yr., SD = 7.0) who were asked about prior suicidal involvement and given the Eysenck Personality Test (Eysendc & Eysenck, 1968). For the group the mean scores were on psychoticism 2.4 (SD = 2.1), on neuroticism 8.6 (SD = 4.2), and on extraversion 13.1 (SD = 3.9). Overall, those students who had previously thought about suicide (a = 85) obtained higher psychoticism scores (Pearson r = 0.36, P < .001), neuroticism scores (r = 0.52, P < .001), and introversion scores (T = 0.13, $ < .05). Students who had threatened suicide in the past (n = 25) also obtained higher psychoticism and neuroticism scores (rs = 0.28 and 0.29, P < .001), but not introversion scores (r = 0.08). Students who had previously attempted suicide (n = 9) obtained higher introversion scores (r = -0.15, p < .05) but nor higher psychoticism or neuroticism scores (7s = 0.09 and O.11), but the sample size was quite small for the attempters. The present analysis then replicates the earlier ones in finding that suicidal involvement in college students is associated with psychoticism, neuroticism, and introversion.

Field of study: Psychology