nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Tumour necrosis factor receptor deficiency alters anxiety-like behavioural and neuroendocrine stress responses of mice.

Tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha is known to be involved in anxiety and the regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. To examine the role of its receptors in neuroendocrine immunomodulation, we studied behaviour, corticosterone production and T-cell activation in mice with a C57BL/6J background and deficient for one or both TNF receptors (TNFR1-/-, TNFR2-/-, and TNFR1+2-/-) compared to wildtype C57BL/6J mice with and without psychological stress. Stress was induced by social disruption (SDR), and anxiety-like behaviour was examined using the elevated plus maze (EPM). Anxiety of unstressed TNFR1+2-/- mice was increased compared to C57BL/6J mice as shown by reduced ratios of entries into open arms relatively to total entries. SDR-stressed TNFR1+2-/- mice showed reduced ratios of entries into open arms relatively to total entries, reduced ratios of distances walked in open relatively to distances walked in both arms and reduced time in open arms compared to C57BL/6J mice. Locomotor activity of unstressed and SDR-stressed TNFR1-/- and TNFR2-/- mice was reduced. Serum corticosterone concentrations of control mice do not differ between mouse strains. However, TNFR1+2-/- mice had significantly higher corticosterone concentrations than C57BL/6J mice after SDR. EPM testing significantly increased corticosterone concentrations in all strains. Mitogen-induced activation-marker expression was reduced in TNFR1-/- T-helper cells under control and stress conditions, while activation marker expression of TNFR2-/- and TNFR1+2-/- cells was only slightly affected by stress compared to C57BL/6J T cells. Our study suggests that both TNF receptors contribute to anxiety-like behaviour and corticosterone responses, whereas TNFR1 has a larger impact on T-cell activation.

Field of study: Medicine
The Jacksonian Integration of Parties into the Constitutional System

The United States has bequeathed two enduring political creations to the world: written constitutions and mass political parties. Students of American politics agree that mass political parties originated and gained acceptance and respectability in antebellum America and that the Jacksonian Democrats were primarily responsible for that innovation. ' In creating their political organization, Jacksonian Democrats and especially Martin Van Buren and his New York State party known as the Albany Regency eschewed the old revolutionary model of a temporary political movement organized to respond to a particular crisis. Instead, under their aegis, political parties and regularized partisan competition were transformed into permanent constitutional establishments. A daunting challenge confronted these political innovators. Not only were they engaged in the novel experiment of creating new political institutions, but also the Constitution's and the political culture's general antipartyism threatened to abort any attempt to legitimate political parties. Relying on the large territory and population of the United States and auxiliary institutional arrangements to prevent any one faction or party from controlling all branches of the government, the founders had created a Constitution against political parties.2 A mass

Field of study: Political science
SU-FF-T-83: Partial Breast Treatment Using Energy- and Intensity- Modulated Photon and Electron Beams

A new treatment technique has been developed for partial breast treatment using energy‐ and intensity‐modulated photon and electron beams.Treatment plans for partial breast irradiation using this technique are investigated in this work.  Two tangential photonbeams with several electron beams of different energies and field shapes were used for partial breast irradiation. The patient setup and the orientations of the two opposed tangential photonbeams were the same as conventional treatment for the whole breast. The electron beams were perpendicular to the patient skin surface. The dose‐distributions for the photon beamlets and electron apertures were calculated by a Monte Carlo code, EGS4/MCSIM. The optimization was performed based on the Monte Carlodose distributions employing a gradient search method. The photonbeams were delivered using a multi‐leaf collimator with a step‐and‐shot technique and the electron beams were delivered using cutouts. The effects of bremsstrahlung leakage and electron scattering by the cutout were taken into account in the Monte Carlo simulations.Treatment plans using this new technique for five breast patients were generated for partial breast treatment. Compared with multi‐field photon IMRT, this new technique required no change for patient setup from the conventional technique and resulted in less dose to the ipsilateral lung and other normal tissues and less dose to the contralateral breast. Our results showed that the dose to the contralateral breast was reduced by about 50%. The volumes of normal tissues exposed to high and moderate radiation dose were reduced up to 50%. The doses to critical structures, such as the lung and the heart, were also reduced significantly.  The new treatment technique integrates intensity‐ and energy‐modulated photon and electron beams and combines the advantages from both treatment modalities for partial breast treatment.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Sensitive Chaotic Fragile Watermarking Technique for Binary Images Verification

A new fragile watermarking scheme is presented. Which is capable of authentication, tamper-proofing and integrity verification of binary text images. By defining concept of LSPB(Least Significant Pixel Block), let the values of non-watermarked pixels be mapped to the initial values of the chaotic mapping. The watermark, which obtained by iterating several times of the chaotic mapping, is embedded into the central pixel of LSPB. Experimental results demonstrate that, those watermarked binary images have good visual quality, the algorithm can detect and localize precisely the tampers on the watermarked image. It is a sensitive and complete blind watermark scheme.

Field of study: Computer science
An Examination of Race Differences in Patients' Psychological Adjustment to Cancer

Although African Americans are at increased risk of cancer morbidity and mortality, very little is known about their psychological adjustment. African American males may be at especially high psychological risk, considering their disproportionately higher cancer mortality. Subjects were 42 African American and 56 White adults similar in age, cancer stage, marital status, and socioeconomic status. Analyses revealed no significant race or gender effects on global indices of psychological adjustment, depression, or anxiety. However, African Americans were more likely than Whites (a) to use avoidant coping strategies in dealing with the exigencies of their illness, (b) to report more cancer-related disruption in family relations, and (c) to identify fewer individuals in their social support network. No significant race differences were found on a measure of health care satisfaction. These findings highlight the need to provide a more comprehensive examination of individual, family, and socioecological variables and their relationship to psychological adaptation among minorities with cancer.

Field of study: Psychology
Habitat preferences and distribution characteristics are indicative of species long-term persistence in the Estonian flora

Large-scale changes in regional floras provide direct information about changes in biodiversity through time and enable the evaluation of conservation targets. We compared the distribution ranges in 2004 of Estonian native terrestrial flora with the distribution ranges before 1970, using the Atlas of Estonian Flora. Relative persistence was related to species endemism, commonness, occurrence at its border of the global distribution range, main habitat type, sensitivity to human impact, life-form, conservation category, and Red List category. A literature-based database of the flora of Estonian habitat types was used to evaluate relative persistence of the flora of different habitats. Changes in the flora are largely dependent on human activities. The decrease in mire and grassland habitats and the increase in forests are reflected in the persistences of related species. Flora of mire habitats decreased the most. The fact that an almost ten-fold decrease of grasslands has not resulted in as large a decrease in the ranges of grassland species could serve as evidence of the extinction debt of these habitats. We also found a greater decrease among habitat specialists than habitat generalists and lower average persistence of the species of species-rich habitats. Our data show that current prioritization of species for conservation is in concordance with needs, as reflected in the changes in the range of species. However, conservation has not been entirely successful: the decrease of protected species continues. Our simple method for summarizing large databases was effective for the evaluation of large scale effects of conservation actions.

Field of study: Environmental science
Absorption of caffeine in rats after orally administered with Pu-erh tea

Comparative study of caffeine absorption in mice after oral administration of Pu'er tea, green tea and caffeine with three caffeine dose(5, 25 and 50 mg·kg-1·d-1) was conducted. The results showed that the plasma concentration of caffeine after feeding Pu'er tea was significantly less than that after oral administration green tea and caffeine at the doses of 25 mg·kg-1·d-1and 50 mg·kg-1·d-1. At the same time, the total absorption of caffeine was calculated by AUC(30-150 min)trapezoid formula. The total absorption of caffeine in plasma after administration of caffeine at the doses of 25 mg·kg-1·d-1and 50 mg·kg-1·d-1in the way of Pu'er tea was also significantly reduced after administration of caffeine at the doses of 25 mg·kg-1·d-1and 50 mg·kg-1·d-1in the way of green tea or caffeine(P0.05). Research results suggested that the absorption of caffeine in Pu'er tea was significantly decreased.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Ability of adaptive filters to track carrier offsets and channel nonstationarities

This paper studies the tracking performance of adaptive filters operating in the presence of two sources of nonstationarities: carrier frequency offsets and random channel variations. Both impairments are common in digital communications due to mismatches between transmitter and receiver carrier generators and channel fading. The paper derives expressions for the mean-square error and shows how filter performance is degraded under such nonstationary conditions. Selections of step sizes for optimal tracking performance are derived, different adaptive algorithms are compared, and supporting simulation results are provided.

Field of study: Engineering
Protective effect of membrane cofactor protein against complement-dependent injury

To evaluate the protective role of membrane cofactor protein (MCP, CD46) on complement-dependent injury.MCP was separated by ion exchange chromatography on a DEAE sephadex A-50 column from pig erythrocyte ghosts. Its protective effect was tested in models such as cobra venom factor (CVF)-induced platelet metamorphosis and aggregation, human serum-induced injury in isolated working guinea pig heart and reverse passive Arthus reaction.MCP inhibited CVF-induced platelet metamorphosis with an IC50 of 56.7 mg/L±2.6 mg/L, and prevented injury induced by activated complement in isolated working guinea pig hearts. In the rat model of reverse Arthus reaction, MCP relieved the skin lesions induced by immune complexes.MCP has a protective effect against complement-dependent injury.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Research on Texture Evolution Law During Continuous Annealing for ULC-BH Steel

The laws of texture evolution during three continuous annealing stages of 340 MPa grade ULC-BH steel were studied by X-ray diffraction(XRD).The results show that,at the beginning of recrystallization,{111} texture increases under the actions of both oriented nucleation and selective growth,in which oriented nucleation play a major role with the {111}110 texture increasing substantially,while selective growth is the main way of developing {111} texture in the later recrystallization and {111}112 texture increases at this stage.It is helpful for {111} texture to raise temperature after the recrystallization,but it will also lead the opposite effect when it is overheated.

Field of study: Materials science
Nuclear magnetic polarizability and the slope of the Thomas-Reiche-Kuhn-Levinger-Bethe sum rule

Thomas-Reiche-Kuhn-Levinger-Bethe sum rule that relates the strength of the photoexcitation of the giant dipole resonance in a nucleus to the number of elementary scatterers-protons within that nucleus by means of a subtracted forward dispersion relation. I extend this dispersion relation consideration to the case of virtual photons and show that the size of the magnetic polarizability of a nucleus, under the assumption of a separation between the nuclear and hadronic scales, may be related to the slope of the transverse virtual photoabsorption cross section integrated over the energy. I check this approximate sum rule for the deuteron where necessary data is available, discuss possible applications and connection with other sum rules postulated in the literature.

Field of study: Physics
Extraction of egg-white lysozyme and application in baking food

To get lysozyme from albumen by ion exchange resin adsorptive process,process and condition as follows:rate of albumen and resin is 5:1,pH7.0,slowly stir and adsorb 4 hours at room temperature,elute with 1.0 mol/L NaCl,collect the eluant,ultrafiltrate,concentrate,cryodesiccate then get antalzyme product.Last yield of lysozyme is 89.78%,enzyme activity is 14817 U/mg.0.05% solution of lysozyme was spray painting to the surface of cake which cooling 10 minutes after bake,the keeping time of cake was prolong.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Expression, purification, crystallization and preliminary crystallographic studies of the Enterococcus faecalis cytolysin repressor CylR2.

The expression of an exotoxin called cytolysin contributes to the virulence of Enterococcus faecalis, one of the organisms responsible for antibiotic resistant infections acquired in hospitals. The DNA-binding protein CylR2 is a transcriptional repressor of cytolysin. At a specific cell density, cytolysin triggers signaling events, which result in the dissociation of CylR2 from its DNA-binding site. CylR2 was overexpressed in Escherichia coli and purified and crystals diffracting to 1.9 A were obtained in two different crystal forms. One crystal form belongs to space group P4(1), with unit-cell parameters a = 63.7, b = 63.7, c = 41.2 A, alpha = beta = gamma = 90 degrees, and the other belongs to space group P1, with unit-cell parameters a = 36.9, b = 45.0, c = 47.7 A, alpha = 67, beta = 90, gamma = 66 degrees.

Field of study: Chemistry
QoS-aware distributed spectrum sharing for heterogeneous wireless cognitive networks

Ubiquitous wireless networking calls for efficient dynamic spectrum allocation (DSA) among heterogeneous users with diverse transmission types and bandwidth demands. To meet user-specific quality-of-service (QoS) requirements, the power and spectrum allocated to each user should lie inside a bounded region in order to be meaningful for the intended application. Most existing DSA methods aim at enhancing the total system utility. As such, spectrum wastage may arise when the system-wise optimal allocation falls outside individual users' desired regions for QoS provisioning. The goal of this paper is to develop QoS-aware distributed DSA schemes using game-theoretic approach. We derive DSA solutions that respect QoS and avoid naively boosting or sacrificing some users' utilities to maximize the network spectrum utilization. Specifically, we propose two game-based DSA algorithms: one resorts to proper scaling of the transmission power according to each user's useful utility range, and the other embeds the QoS factor into the utility function used during gaming. To evaluate DSA schemes from a practical QoS perspective, we introduce two new metrics, namely ''system useful utility'' and ''fraction of QoS-satisfied users''. Simulations confirm that the proposed DSA techniques outperform existing QoS-blind game models in terms of the spectrum sharing efficiency in heterogeneous networks. Convergence analysis of the proposed QoS-aware DSA algorithms is also provided.

Field of study: Computer science
An Information-Processing Analysis of Graph Perception

Recent work on graph perception has focused on the nature of the processes that operate when people decode the information represented in graphs. We began our investigations by gathering evidence that people have generic expectations about what types of information will be the major messages in various types of graphs. These graph schemata suggested how graph type and judgment type would interact to determine the speed and accuracy of quantitative information extraction. These predictions were confirmed by the finding that a comparison judgment was most accurate when the judgment required assessing position along a common scale (simple bar chart), had intermediate accuracy on length judgments (divided bar chart), and was least accurate when assessing angles (pie chart). In contrast, when the judgment was an estimate of the proportion of the whole, angle assessments (pie chart) were as accurate as position (simple bar chart) and more accurate than length (divided bar chart). Proposals for elementa...

Field of study: Mathematics
Asymptotic Efficiency in Dynamic Principal-Agent Problems

In a seminal paper, B. R. Holmstrom and P. R. Milgrom (1987, Econometrica55, 303–328) examine a principal-agent model in which the agent continuously controls the drift rate of a Brownian motion. Given a stationary environment, they show that the optimal sharing rule is a linear function of aggregated output. This paper considers a variant of the Brownian model in which control revisions take place in discrete time. It is shown that no matter how “close” discrete time is to continuous time, the first-best solution can be approximated arbitrarily closely with a random spot check and a suitably chosen sequence of step functions. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers: D82, J33.

Field of study: Economics
Nearfield erosion at the steart marshes (UK) managed realignment scheme following opening

The ingress and egress of water from managed realignment sites in macrotidal estuaries commonly causes erosion at the breaches and the formation of channels across the fronting intertidal areas. However, the rate of development of these features and their final dimensions have not been well documented. This case study paper details the development of the breach area and the erosional processes in the main and exit channels associated with the Steart Marshes managed realignment site in south west England. The paper shows type of data, along with its accuracy, which is currently available for this type of study. It uses a combination of UAV and LiDAR data that was collected as part of a monitoring campaign to record the development of scheme over a period of 3 years and 7 months following site opening. This data would normally reside within consultancy reports and thus be unavailable to the wider scientific community. The paper demonstrates that further work is needed to improve the prediction of erosion rates associated with managed realignment schemes. The monitoring data at Steart Marshes show the development of a large exit channel along the line of the former channel that led across the existing intertidal mudflats. The highest rates of erosion occurred in the first 3 months following opening. After this time rates declined markedly and, approximately 7 months after opening, the breach and exit channel region began to show periods of accretion as well as erosion. The non-linearity in erosion rates is similar to previously reported sites, but the rates of development were more rapid due to higher flow speeds generated by large tidal prism and the single breach design. Although the volume of the exit channel region appears to have stabilised, a secondary channel is starting to form, which suggests that further changes are likely. Within the site, further recession of the step feature is expected before a stable condition is reached. The paper documents these changes in more detail and draws out those behaviours that are likely to apply to other schemes.

Field of study: Environmental science
DASYPOGALACTONE, A NEW C3-SYMMETRIC MACROLACTONE FROM THE INDONESIAN LICHEN USNEA DASYPOGA ROHL

A structurally novel 24-membered C3-symmetrical macrolactone 2a, composed of three units of 3,7-dihydroxy-2,4-dimethyloctanoic acid, was isolated from the Indonesian lichen Usnea dasypoga Rohl.

Field of study: Chemistry
Sedimentation and seasonal variation of hexachlorocyclohexanes in sediments in a eutrophic lake, China

Hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) concentrations in sediments and sediment trap fluxes of particulate organic carbon and HCHs were measured bi-weekly from March 31 to October 18, 2006 in an urban eutrophic lake in Tianjin, China, in order to investigate sedimentation and seasonal variation of HCHs in sediments. HCH concentrations (dry weight basis) ranged from 2.2 to 20.2 ng/g (mean 7.7 ng/g) in surface sediments and from 26.6 to 972.7 ng/g (mean 187.0 ng/g) in settling particles, respectively. A clear seasonal variation in HCH sedimentation and HCH concentrations in sediments was observed. The maximal HCH deposition occurred following a spring phytoplankton bloom. The average flux of HCHs to sediment was approximately 21-fold higher in April to mid-June as compared to late June to October. This was attributed to the high vertical fluxes at the end of the spring phytoplankton bloom. The maximum values of HCH concentrations in sediments were observed in mid-June to late July. Concentrations of HCHs in sediments from the eutrophic lake were well-correlated with organic carbon contents in sediments. The annual sediment trap flux of HCHs in the eutrophic lake, which was estimated using data obtained in the eutrophic lake, was 117 μ g/m2 yr, about 72% of which was attributed to the sedimentation corresponding to spring bloom phytoplankton deposition in late May to mid-June. The high sediment trap flux of HCHs in the eutrophic lake was related to serious local contamination.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Molecular dynamics study of bamboo-like carbon nanotube nucleation

Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations based on an empirical potential energy surface were used to study the nucleation of bamboo-like carbon nanotubes (BCNTs). The simulations reveal that inner walls of the bamboo structure start to nucleate at the junction between the outer nanotube wall and the catalyst particle. In agreement with experimental results, the simulations show that BCNTs nucleate at higher dissolved carbon concentrations (i.e., feedstock pressures) than those where nonbamboo-like carbon nanotubes are nucleated.

Field of study: Materials science