nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
‘I can’t be very sad’: constraint and adaptation in the leisure of a ‘learning in retirement’ group

The purpose of this paper is to consider adaptive processes in relation to the constraints that limit leisure in late life. Interview data gathered from a purposive sample of 20 male and female retirees involved in a ‘Learning in Retirement’ programme were used to identify constraints, responses to constraints and the personal meanings of both. Results indicated a variety of emotional and behavioural responses to constraints suggesting five prominent behavioural themes and three emotional themes. Behavioural responses were grouped into: (1) reducing and eliminating; (2) persistence with commitment; (3) constraint as ‘project’; (4) substitution; and (5) exploration and self‐discovery. Emotional reactions ranged from the initial frustration to acceptance and even gratitude for the possibilities that remain. Findings are discussed in terms of the models of constraint negotiation and selective optimisation reported in the literature; but they also indicate that constraints may lead to responses that are not only personally beneficial but are also novel and transformative to some extent.

Field of study: Sociology
Calmodulin and calmodulin‐mediated processes in plants

. The Ca2+ -binding protein calmodulin is found in all plants investigated so far. The comparison of the biochemical and functional properties reveals that it is structurally conserved and functionally preserved throughout the plant and animal kingdom. Among the plant enzymes so far known to be dependent on the Ca2+ -calmodulin complex are NAD kinase(s), Ca2+ -transport ATPase, quinate: NAD+ oxidoreductase, soluble and membrane bound protein kinases, and H+ -transport ATPase. Calmodulin may play also an important role in the regulation of other cellular reactions, such as hormone-mediated processes, secretion of enzymes, and contractile mechanisms. On the basis of the NAD kinase and its regulation by light and Ca2+ -calmodulin, it is suggested that changes in the cellular, free Ca2+ concentration following stimulation may alter the metabolism of a plant cell. According to this suggestion free Ca2+ may act as a second messenger in plants much as it does in animal cells.

Field of study: Environmental science
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) contributes to the development of allergic rhinitis.

Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a proinflammatory cytokine whose expression has been found to be critical to the generation of antigen-specific immune responses. Recent studies suggested that MIF played a role in the initiation and maintenance of allergic diseases. To elucidate MIF's role in the pathogenesis of allergic rhinitis (AR), we sensitized MIF-deficient gene knockout (KO) mice and wild-type (WT) mice intraperitoneally with ovalbumin (OVA) and compared their clinical symptoms and allergic responses after intranasal challenge. Antigen-induced nasal symptoms were significantly reduced in MIF KO mice compared to WT mice. Histological examination of nasal mucosa showed that the number of infiltrating eosinophils in MIF KO mice was significantly lower than that in WT mice (P < 0.05). The concentration of TNF-alpha in nasal mucosa was also significantly lower in MIF KO mice than in WT mice (P < 0.05). We have demonstrated that the absence of MIF affects several aspects of experimental AR. One mechanism by which these effects might be mediated is by down regulating TNF-alpha. The block of allergic inflammation in MIF KO mice suggests that MIF may play a role in the allergic response.

Field of study: Medicine
Corporate Insurance and Managerial Incentives

We present an agency model to examine the use of corporate insurance by publicly held firms. We assume that insurance companies serve two functions: providing risk-management consulting services and verifying whether accidents were insured or not. The verification results can be used to produce a pair of managerial performance measures when the manager performs multiple tasks to reduce the expected number of accidents. We show that the optimal pair of performance measures can be obtained when the corporate insurance policy covers all uncontrollable accidents andsome controllable accidents that are "costlier" for the manager to control. This result explains the recent popularity of self-insurance in many large corporations, such as for business risks and workers' compensation. Further, we endogenously derive indemnity contracts, e.g. insurance contracts, as a form of financial contract necessary for insurance companies to serve the above two functions properly.

Field of study: Economics
Green Synthesis of Nickel–Copper Mixed Ferrite Nanoparticles: Structural, Optical, Magnetic, Electrochemical and Antibacterial Studies

The nickel–copper mixed ferrite nanoparticles [Cu1−xNixFe2O4 (x = 0, 0.5, 1)] NPs were prepared a by combustion method using Aloe barbadensis extract as a green reducing agent. The structural, functional, morphological, optical, magnetic, electrochemical properties of the sample were investigated using x-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy, ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) spectrophotometry, photoluminescence, vibrating sample and cyclic voltammetry. The XRD patterns showed that all compositions with a cubic spinel structure and a crystallite size of 52 nm were reduced to 29 nm after nickel addition in copper ferrite and 35.85 nm for nickel ferrite. The UV–Vis absorption spectrum shows that the nickel-substituted copper ferrite band energy (Eg) increases as the crystallite size decreases. Measurements of magnetization obtained at room temperature revealed a soft ferromagnetic behaviour and saturation magnetization, coercivity value increased with the substitution of nickel. The maximum specific capacitance of 114 F g−1 was obtained at the scan rate of 5 mV s−1 for copper–nickel mixed ferrite NPs. A study of antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Klebsilla pneumonia, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus subtilis using a well-diffusion method was performed. Nickel substitution on the copper spinel ferrite NPs revealed a major influence on structural, optical, magnetic, electrochemical and magnetic properties of the product obtained.

Field of study: Materials science
Quench protection studies of LHC interaction region quadrupoles at Fermilab

High gradient quadrupoles are being developed by the US-LHC Accelerator Project for the LHC interaction region inner triplets. Protection strip heaters are the primary means of protecting these magnets against excessively high coil temperatures and coil voltage to ground as a result of a spontaneous quench. The main objective of the quench protection R&D program is to optimize the heater performance within the constraints of the LHC heater power supply and quench detection system. The results of these studies on several two meter long model magnets are presented.

Field of study: Physics
Effects of Novelty in News Photographs on Attention and Memory

Critics of news photography have argued that most news photographs are highly conventional. Two experiments were conducted to examine how people respond to photographs that break with conventionality. Specifically, these studies tested the effects of photographic novelty in terms of preferences for viewing, viewing time, recall memory, and interest ratings for the photographs when seen alone and when seen in a newspaper. The experiments show that readers respond better to photographs that are novel, but only when the images are viewed on their own. These effects dissappear when photos are seen as part of newspaper pages. In this context, the only driving sources of interest seem to be the story topic.

Field of study: Psychology
A brief overview on Brazilian women in chemistry

Women have achieved great advances standing up for themselves in the last 100 years. Many important women were essential for the development of science but only a few (5% from total awarded individuals) have won Nobel prizes for their work. In this brief contribution, we would like to show that gender equality is in process and highlight the gaps that still have to be addressed. We also give an overview of the Brazilian scenario on this matter. In many countries, such as Brazil, women are already half of the researchers in Chemistry, but their representation become scarcer as their career advances, in coordination and direction positions.

Field of study: Chemistry
Self-ascription, Self-knowledge, and the Memory Argument

is tendentious. (Throughout this paper I shall refer to this claim as ‘the central assumption.’) Since I will be hanging much on a somewhat nonstandard take on the self-knowledge debate, I will review the debate with an eye towards motivating the central assumption; in the section that follows I reconstruct an argument whose point (I claim) is to challenge that assumption. Many people worry about the compatibility of the following two claims:

Field of study: Philosophy
The Impact of Content Type and Availability on eBook Reader Adoption

eBooks and eBook readers represent a major technology discontinuity for those involved in the creation, publication, distribution, and consumption of written material ranging from books to magazines. Emerging from this disruption is an important new market, ultimately driven by the individual adoption of mobile eBook readers. This paper views mobile eBook readers as content delivery platforms and argues that both content type and availability, concepts underrepresented in the adoption literature, are important in the cognitive processes that regulate adoption behavior. To that end, a conceptual model based on the technology acceptance model (TAM), motivation theory, and constructs representing utilitarian and hedonic content availability is developed. The model is empirically tested using a survey of university students and analyzed using Partial Least Squares. The study finds that content is an important factor in eBook reader adoption and that traditional books are still preferred over eBooks by a three to one margin.

Field of study: Computer science
Dictablanda: Politics, Work and Culture in Mexico, 1938–1968 ed. by Paul Gillingham and Benjamin T. Smith (review)

Dictablanda’s publication marks a watershed in the study of postrevolutionary Mexico. Its subtitle, “Politics, Work, and Culture,” acknowledges the New Cultural History of Mexico’s significance, but highlights two other “arenas of power”(p. viii). A fourth, violence, receives overdue attention, as well. As Gillingham provocatively posits: “circuses were important, so too was bread; and so too were guns”(p. 6). The collection’s theoretical pluralism and thematic diversity defies easy characterization.

Field of study: History
Analysis of the offense and defense capability of basketball teams competing in the CBA tournament 2005-2006

The authors collected and sorted the technical statistics of 15 basketball teams competing in the regular CBA tournament 2005-2006,carried out quantified evaluation on the offense and defense capability of the teams by applying the rank sum ratio comprehensive evaluation method and correlation analysis method,and drew the fol-lowing conclusions:1) the teams’ offense capability is distributed in three levels,their defense capability is distrib-uted in four levels,and their comprehensive offense and defense capability is distributed in five levels;2) for the teams with the same level of offense capability,their position in the regular tournament is positively correlative to their defense capability,while for the teams with the same level of defense capability,their position in the regular tournament is not correlative to their offense capability;3) the offense capability of a team therein decides the over-all strength of that team and its position in the tournament;4) the comprehensive offense and defense capability of teams in the south China region is stronger than that of teams in the north China region;5) the teams with balanced offense and defense have the best performance,the teams with better defense than offense have the second best per-formance,and the teams with better offense than defense have the poorest performance.

Field of study: Education
The role of botanic gardens as resource and introduction centres in the face of global change

One of the consequences of global change, especially demographic and climatic, will be a demand for novel plant germplasm of all kinds suited to the new ecoclimatic conditions predicted and plant introduction will assume a new importance. As a consequence, botanic gardens will face an unprecedented opportunity to regain their role as introduction centres and become major actors in the assessment of new germplasm, both of ornamentals as well as other economically important plants. Plant introduction has remained largely unchanged over the past 400 years and is as often ad hoc, poorly organized and insufficiently collaborative, but if it is to meet the needs of today’s situation it needs to be overhauled. In particular: (1) the basis of plant introduction needs to be broadened; (2) closer cooperation with agricultural genebanks should be established; (3) agreement should be reached between botanic gardens and the agricultural sector on their respective responsibilities (4) the quality and sampling of the accessions should be more strictly controlled; (5) proper evaluation of the introductions before they are disseminated; (6) information on the accessions of introduced plants and their fate needs to be more effectively maintained and disseminated; and (7) full cognizance should be taken of policies to protect against invasive species and care should be taken to evaluate the risks that new introductions might represent. Finally, consideration should be given to preparing a set of guidelines or even a code of conduct for plant introductions by botanic gardens in association with other agencies.

Field of study: Environmental science
Insect Pest Population Fluctuation on Early Season Cauliflower Crop under Haryana Agroclimatic Conditions

In order to evolve and design integrated pest management practices information on pest complex and their population fluctuation is pre-requisite and must. Hence, an attempt was made during 1992 at Hansi (District Hisar, Haryana) to know the actual picture of insect pest complex and their population fluctuation on early season cauliflower crop. A total of 7 insect pest species were found at different stages of crop growth. Of these Plulella xylostella (L.) and Spodoptera litura (Fab.) were found as the major insect pests. Rest insect pests viz. Plusia orichalcea (Fab.), Bagrada cruciferarum (Kirk.), Chromatomyia horticola (Gour.), Crocidolomia binotalis Zeller and Hellula undalis (Fab.) were found in low number. Diamond back moth was found throughout the crop season, however, its incidence was highest on 3rd Sept. (104 caterpillars/10 plants). The maximum population of S. litura was found on 24th Sept. (757 caterpillars/1 Oplants). It was found that the intensive cultivation of cole crops and cauliflower in particular made diamond back moth more serious during the early season crop under Haryana agroclimatic conditions.

Field of study: Biology
One-phonon octupole vibrational states in 211At, 212Rn, 213Fr and 214Ra with N = 126

Excited high spin states in 211At, 212Rn, 213Fr and 214Ra with N = 126 are reorganized and interpreted in terms of the stretched weak coupling of an octupole 3− phonon. Nearly identical sequences of levels with ΔI = 3 and the parity change are found, for the first time, up to 25− for 20 states of 214Ra, up to 35− for 36 states of 212Rn and up to 53/2+ for 16 states of 213Fr. The stretched weak coupling of an octupole phonon is extended up to the highest excitation energy of 11355 keV for 212Rn which has the largest experimental B(E3) value of 44.1(88) W.u. for the 11− → 82+ transition. The stretched weak coupling of an octupole 3− phonon needs to be considered when single particle configurations are assigned to high spin states. Average octupole excitation energies of 657(51) keV for 211At, 1101(28) keV for 212Rn, 667(25) keV for 213Fr, and 709(25) keV for 214Ra are obtained. The calculated level enegies are in a good agreement with the experimental level energies within the error limit of 4.3%.

Field of study: Physics
Exil ou émigration ? Genèse et organisation de l'émigration des Pieds-noirs d'Algérie

Ces deux textes sont extraits d'un memoire de maitrise soutenu en juin 1989, intitule « Les Francais d'Afrique du Nord en Argentine. Bilan provisoire d'une migration (1964-1988) ». Ce travail s'appuie sur une centaine d'entretiens realises aupres des acteurs. Il retrace l'organisation de cette emigration, qui resulte d'initiatives privees et d'accords entre les gouvernements, ce qui en constitue l'originalite. Apres avoir evoque l'integration de ces groupes en Argentine, il s'efforce en outre d'eclairer les composantes identitaires de ces individus, partages entre une France idealisee mais tenue a distance et une Argentine qui les a integres, mais dont ils continuent a se demarquer.

Field of study: Materials science
Renal countercurrent system: Role of collecting duct convergence and pelvic urea predicted from a mathematical model

A differential equation model of the renal countercurrent system has been developed and physiological data from nephron segments were incorporated together with recently suggested urea recycling from renal pelvis to inner medulla and, particularly, an exponential reduction in the number of collecting tubules towards the renal papilla. The role of these features for the countercurrent concentrating mechanism has been studied by simulation runs. The computations, using the multiple shooting method, provide predictions about concentration profiles for salt and urea in tubes (nephron segments) and in the central core along the entire medullary countercurrent system. The results indicate that this model, without active salt or urea transport in the inner medulla, yields concentration gradients along the medullary axis compatible with those measured in the tissue.

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics
Information Sufficiency and Risk Communication

In an effort to better understand individuals' use of information in risky situations, in this article we propose a new variable, information sufficiency, as an important component of people's information-seeking behaviors. We surveyed residents of 2 Great Lakes cities to test the ability of a group of factors often employed in risk communication studies to predict information sufficiency, defined as a person's sense of how much information he or she needs to cope with a risk. We found that 2 predictors of this perceived gap in information were an individual's worry about the risk and the perception that others would expect one to keep abreast of information about the risk.

Field of study: Psychology
Microstructure and hardness of a low-chromiumcobalt-based alloy reinforced by tantalumcarbides destined to chromiumpack-cementation

Lowchromiumcontents allow obtaining improved refractoriness in alloys, the chromia-forming behaviour of which being kept thanks to later Cr packcementation treatment on surface. The purpose of this work is to explore the microstructure of a {tantalumcarbides}-reinforced cobalt-based alloys the bulk chromium content of which is particularly low to maximize its refractoriness and then its potential of creep-resistance. Thermodynamic calculations were first performed to study the theoretic microstructures at high temperature and to assess the gain in solidus temperature which can be expected by lowering the chromiumcontent.Areal alloywith 0.3 wt.%C, 5 wt.%Ta only 5 wt.%Cr was then elaborated by induction foundry in inert atmosphere, for examining its microstructure and to evaluating its machinability by measuring its macro- and micro-hardness. The as-cast microstructure shows a double-phased state: matrix and eutectic tantalum carbides, the later ones having kept a script-like morphology known to be favourable to high strength at high temperature. A rather high level of hardness is also kept, but a little decreased by comparison with same earlier studied cobalt alloys with 30 wt.%Cr.No chromiumcarbides able to perturb the pack-cementation were seen in the microstructure.

Field of study: Materials science
Improved e-beam electron range measurements: experiments and analysis

A thermoluminescent dosimeter electron range measurement technique has been used to measure the energy distribution of relativistic electrons in a diffuse e-beam. The doses produced by the e-beam at 12 aluminum absorber thicknesses have been measured. The experimental technique is described. Angular distributions of the electrons have also been obtained. The technique has been used to investigate a relativistic electron beam that has emerged from the steel exit port of a drift tube filled with He gas at a pressure below 1 torr. The sensitivity of the measuring technique to the beam energy and angular distribution has been investigated. The experimental results are compared to Monte Carlo calculations. The results are sensitive to maximum e-beam energy and can be used to explore e-beam physics.

Field of study: Physics
Independent Innovation Ability and Industrial Chain Expanding ——Policies to Firms in Liaoning Province

After defining industrial chain and its expanding, we analyze the influencing mechanism of industrial chain expanding to firms’ independent innovation ability in this paper, and then we discuss how to enhance firms’ independent innovation ability through industrial chain expanding. With regard to the actual and specific conditions of industrial chain and innovation system of firms in Liaoning province, we put forward the patterns and ways for expanding of industrial chain of firms in Liaoning Province and the cultivation of their independent innovation ability.

Field of study: Business
Remanding Women in Custody: Concerns for Human Rights

Concern about the increasing population of women in prison has tended to focus on the sentencing of female offenders. It is often overlooked that about one in five women held in custody is there on remand, awaiting trial or sentence, and that most of them will not receive a prison sentence at the end of the process. This article examines the legal grounds for a custodial remand and explores the extent to which individual rights guaranteed under the European Convention are adequately protected. It is argued that women are particularly disadvantaged by the laws governing bail and by their practical application in the criminal justice system; and that the pre-trial detention of so many women routinely violates the spirit of the Convention by allowing questionable claims to social utility to prevail over the right to liberty and to a fair trial.

Field of study: Law