nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Superannuating the Second Sex: Law, Privatisation and Retirement Income

The privatisation of retirement income through state encouragement of occupational and retail funds affects men and women differently. This is largely because the legal forms adopted in the course of privatisation suppose a 40-year continuous working life, which is mostly a male experience. Although women with different backgrounds of class and race have a variety of employment patterns, on average women spend approximately half the years in the workforce that men do and are paid considerably less. Time-use statistics indicate this is because women are engaged in household production from which retirement income under privatised schemes does not accrue. The result is that low wages are replicated in inadequate retirement incomes, and many women live in poverty in retirement. Arguments from desert, social justice and a vision of citizenship in retirement are made to justify changes to current retirement income policy and its privatising legal forms.

Field of study: Law
Conceptual Design of a Large Aperture Dipole for Testing of Cables and Insert Coils at High Field

Advances in the performance of low- and high-temperature superconductors enable the development of advanced magnets for a range of applications, including tokamaks for fusion energy, dipoles, and quadrupoles for hadron colliders, and solenoids for nuclear magnetic resonance studies. The capability of testing prototype cables and insert coils at high field is critical to these developments. We present here the conceptual design of a test facility dipole with features suitable to support the advanced magnet development efforts of both Fusion and HEP communities. In particular, a background field of 15 T is provided over a minimum homogeneous length of 1000 mm, and the magnet clear bore of approximately 144 × 94 mm can accommodate large fusion conductors as well as prototype coils for high field dipoles, along with flexible cryogenic and mechanical provisions for sample characterization. Two technical solutions are considered. The first uses a forced flow cable-in-conduit conductor and follows the design developed by EFDA for the EDIPO magnet. The second uses a bath cooled Rutherford cable and follows a block-coil design similar to the CERN FRESCA2 dipole, and the LBNL HD and LD1 dipoles. Following a comparison between the two approaches, we present two designs for the Rutherford cable approach including performance objectives, key parameters, and preliminary magnetic, mechanical and quench protection analysis.

Field of study: Physics
COMPETITION BETWEEN LONGITUDINAL MODES IN A RING LASER WITH AN ANISOTROPIC RESONATOR

A theoretical investigation is made of a ring laser subjected to a longitudinal magnetic field in the case when the anisotropy of the resonator is purely circular in nature. Four-wave emission is considered. Two separate cases are discussed: 1) two pairs of identically polarized circular waves traveling in opposite directions; 2) two orthogonal pairs of circular waves. A nonlinear interaction between the traveling waves and the stability of both cases are considered.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Note. Xylose Production from Durum Wheat Bran: Enzymic versus Chemical Methods

Both acidic and enzymic hydrolytic processes of durum wheat bran to obtain high xylose syrups are discussed in terms of yields and operative conditions. Mild sulphuric hydrolysis gave the best results (400mg of aldopentoses per gram of pre-extracted wheat bran within 4–6 h) whereas hydrochloric and especially phosphoric acids led to low yields. Preliminary work with a highly active recombinant xylanase (endoxylanase) led to deep solubilisation of arabinoxylans, mainly leading to oligosaccharides and their acyl (essentially feruloyl) derivatives. Mild sulphuric hydrolysis still seems to be the treatment of choice for xylose recovery from durum wheat bran.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Lung Malignancy vs Pulmonary Tuberculosis: How Does Low Dose Plain Ct Thorax Help?

Lung cancer is by far the most lethal cancer, causing approximately 1.4 million deaths in 2008. Meanwhile, tuberculosis (TB) presents a global threat. Various research and studies had been reported in correlation of pulmonary tuberculosis and lung carcinoma. These cause diagnostic challenges from the multi-faceted presentations and lesions in radiograph mimicking each other.

Field of study: Medicine
Two-stage Optimization Approach for the Problem of Grain Dispatching and Transportation

The problem of grain dispatching and transportation is a vehicle routing problem.This paper presents a two-stage optimization algorithm for solving the problem.In the first stage,all the feasible routes are generated by means of a graph-search algorithm.The search tree is pruned according to the constraints.In the second stage,an integer programming model is designed to select the optimum routes from the set of feasible routes.The total cost of all the optimum routes is the least.Based on the two-stage approach,a decision support system for grain dispatching and transportation was also developed.The system was tested with a set of real instances.And in a worst-case scenario, the routes obtained ranged from a 9% to 15% reduction in the distance and from a 10% to 18% reduction in operational costs.

Field of study: Computer science
Towards a social psychology of recreational travel.

This paper examines recreational travel from a social psychological stand-point. According to this approach, an individual's behaviours, cognitions, and feelings about travelling are analyzed against the social background, that is, how the individual influences and is influenced by others. The main question is addressed to the motivation for recreational travel: why do people travel for recreation? Why do they choose this activity over others? While variations in motives can be found between and within individuals and between various types of travel (vacation versus weekend travel), the basic psychological mechanism is likely to be the same for most of recreational travel. It is shown that like leisure behaviour in general, recreational travel is a dialectical optimizing process, in which two forces simultaneously influence a person: the desire to leave the personal and/or interpersonal environment behind oneself and the desire to pursue or gain certain personal and/or interpersonal rewards. This process ...

Field of study: Sociology
Cellular adaptation to chronic ethanol results in altered compartmentalization and function of the scaffolding protein RACK1.

Previously, we found that acute ethanol induces the translocation of the scaffolding protein RACK1 to the nucleus. Recently, we found that nuclear RACK1 mediates acute ethanol induction of immediate early gene c-fos expression. Alterations in gene expression are thought to lead to long-term changes that ultimately contribute to the development of alcohol addiction and toxicity. Therefore, we sought to determine the effects of chronic exposure of cells to ethanol on the cellular compartmentalization of RACK1 and on c-fos messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein expression.



Rat C6 glioma cells were used as the cell culture model. Immunohistochemistry was implemented to visualize the localization of RACK1 and to monitor the protein level of c-fos. Reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction was used to measure c-fos mRNA levels. The Tat-protein transduction method was used to transduce recombinant Tat-RACK1 into cells as previously described.



Chronic exposure of cells to 200 mM ethanol for 24 and 48 hr resulted in the gradual re-distribution of RACK1 out of the nucleus. It is interesting to note that acute ethanol re-challenge immediately after chronic treatment did not result in RACK1 translocation to the nucleus, and nuclear compartmentalization of RACK1 in response to acute ethanol was detected only after 24 hr of withdrawal. Similar patterns were obtained for c-fos expression. Chronic exposure to ethanol did not result in an increase in mRNA or protein levels of c-fos. Furthermore, acute ethanol exposure did not increase c-fos protein levels in cells that were first treated chronically with ethanol. However, transduction of exogenous RACK1 expressed as a Tat-fusion protein was able to rescue c-fos mRNA expression after chronic ethanol exposure.



Our data suggest that RACK1 nuclear compartmentalization and ethanol-induced c-fos expression are transient and are desensitized to ethanol during prolonged exposure to high concentrations. The desensitization is temporary, and RACK1 can respond to acute ethanol treatment after a 24-hr withdrawal period. Our data further suggest that the altered compartmentalization of RACK1 leads to differences in c-fos expression upon acute or chronic exposure to ethanol. In summary, RACK1 is an important molecular mediator of the acute and chronic actions of ethanol on the expression of c-fos. These findings could have implications for the molecular signaling pathways leading to pathologic states associated with alcoholism, including toxicity.

Field of study: Medicine
Oligosaccharide binding to family 11 xylanases: both covalent intermediate and mutant product complexes display (2,5)B conformations at the active centre.

The glycoside hydrolase sequence-based classification reveals two families of enzymes which hydrolyse the beta-1,4-linked backbone of xylan, xylanases, termed families GH-10 and GH-11. Family GH-11 xylanases are intriguing in that catalysis is performed via a covalent intermediate adopting an unusual (2,5)B (boat) conformation, a conformation which also fulfils the stereochemical constraints of the oxocarbenium ion-like transition state. Here, the 1.9 A structure of a nucleophile, E94A, mutant of the Xyn11 from Bacillus agaradhaerens in complex with xylotriose is presented. Intriguingly, this complex also adopts the (2,5)B conformation in the -1 subsite, with the vacant space provided by the Glu-->Ala mutation allowing the sugar to adopt the alpha-configuration at C1. The structure of the covalent 2-deoxy-2-fluoroxylobiosyl-enzyme intermediate has been extended to atomic (1.1 A) resolution.

Field of study: Chemistry
Cloning of glucocorticoid receptor and mineralocorticoid receptor cDNA and gene expression in the central nervous system of the tree shrew (Tupaia belangeri).

The glucocorticoid (GR) and the mineralocorticoid (MR) receptor mediate corticosteroid actions in the mammalian brain. Here, we report the sequence and distribution of both receptor subtype mRNAs in the central nervous system of the tree shrew Tupaia belangeri, a non-rodent mammal, phylogenetically located between insectivores and primates. The specific glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptor cDNAs were cloned, employing polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based methods. The GR cDNA and MR cDNA encode the 776-amino acid (aa) and 977-aa receptor, respectively. Comparisons of both GR and MR with corresponding cDNA-sequences of other species revealed the highest homology to the human equivalents (GR: 90%, MR: 89% nucleotide sequence identity of the coding regions). The localization of GR and MR mRNA in tree shrew brain was investigated by in situ hybridization using 35S-labeled riboprobes. The GR mRNA is widely distributed throughout all observed brain areas, with high signal intensities in the dentate gyrus, piriform cortex, cerebellum, anterior pituitary, subfornical organ and pineal gland. Whereas, moderate expression of GR mRNA was noted in region CA1 of the hippocampus, region CA3 displayed only low signal intensity. MR mRNA hybridization is mainly restricted to the strongly labeled hippocampal formation, but in contrast to the localization pattern found in rat, higher signal intensities are detected in field CA1 than in CA3. These data indicate that both GR and MR mRNAs are highly expressed in tree shrew brain with a species-specific expression pattern.

Field of study: Biology
Improvement in birefringent filters. 4: The alternate partial polarizer filter.

A design for a birefringent filter is proposed in which alternate polarizers are partial polarizers. Calculated performance characteristics of alternate partial polarizer filters (APP) are compared with those of Lyot and contrast element Lyot filters. These calculations show that the APP design has significant advantages in both transmission and profile shape. Using pulse techniques, partial polarizer systems are shown to be a natural evolution from the standard Lyot and contrast element Lyot systems. The APP filter using achromatic waveplates discussed in earlier papers of this series has been used to construct a universal alternate partial polarizer filter. This filter has a measured full width at half-maximum (FWHM) of 0.09 A at 5500 A and a transmission in polarized light of 38%. It is tunable from 4500 A to 8500 A. The measured characteristics of the filter agree well with theoretical predictions.

Field of study: Physics
Notes on Southern Ocean hydrography, sea-ice and bottom water formation

The Southern Ocean circulation and sea-ice distribution is briefly described. The formation of extremely cold bottom water in the Weddell Sea and its relation to the floating Ronne-Filchner Ice Shelves is discussed. It is shown that a concentrated swift eroding bottom current with anomalous low δ 18 O ratio transports the cold and dense ice Shelf Water from the shelf towards large depths. Comments are made on possible implications of this process for the large-scale deep-water circulation and for the interpretation of sediment cores.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Endometrial sampling for postmenopausal bleeding. Should we put the sampling tools away?

critical appraisal ❖ évaluation critique Endovaginal ultrasound to exclude endometrial cancer and other endometrial abnormalities. Should we still be screening patients with post-menopausal bleeding using endometrial sampling now that endovaginal ultrasound (EVUS) is available? Type of article and design Meta-analysis by two reviewers. Family physicians often see patients with post-menopausal bleeding. Researchers estimate that 3500 women in Canada 1 and 36 100 women in the United States 2 will be newly diagnosed with endometrial cancer this year. Until endometrial biopsy became available and was tested in the 1980s, diagnosis was made by uterine dila-tion and curettage (D & C). Endometrial biopsy was found to be less accurate than D & C in 20% of cases if the lesion was focal 3 and was associated with pain. 4 The false-negative rate for endometrial biopsy was 2% to 6%. Many patients star ted on hormone replacement therapy (HRT) will have abnormal bleeding patterns and must be screened for endometrial cancer. 5 Endovaginal ultrasound, a newer method of screening these patients, causes less pain than biopsy and will often allow you to reassure patients without obtaining tissue by sampling or D & C. 6 This article reviews the sensitivity of EVUS for screening these patients. The study reviewed the literature from 1966 to 1996. Only prospective studies that evaluated EVUS before endometrial tissue was obtained were selected independently and reviewed by two reviewers. The reviewers excluded studies that were retrospective, that pooled premenopausal and postmenopausal patients, and that measured endometrial tissue thickness after biopsy. Thirty-five studies met the inclusion criteria; 14 were non-English language. Three outcomes were considered in the pooled data: cancer, benign endometrial abnormalities (atypical and complex hyperplasia and polyps), and normal. The HRT status of subjects was recorded. Cases with cervi-cal disease were excluded from data review. The authors abstracted and recorded the number of true-positive, false-positive, true-negative, and false-negative cases using reported thickness measurements of 3 to 10 mm. For each study reviewed, sensitivity, specificity, and exact 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated for all EVUS measurements. The authors calculated mean weighted pooled estimates of sensitivity and specificity for each threshold, for any endometrial disease, and for cancer alone.  Endovaginal ultrasound was better at detecting cancer than it was at detecting polyps or hyperplasia. Mean endometrial thickness was 4 mm for women with normal histology, 10 mm for women with endometrial polyps, 14 mm for women with hyperplasia, …

Field of study: Medicine
Geometric and Stochastic Representations for Elliptically Contoured Distributions

A non Euclidean geometric measure representation for elliptically contoured distributions and a stochastic representation for corresponding random vectors are derived in a similar way as analogous representations were derived in Richter (2007)Richter (2009) for l n, p -symmetric distributions. The ball number function and the indivisiblen method of Cavalieri and Torricelli are extended to ellipsoids.

Field of study: Mathematics
Light-Harvesting in n-ZnO/p-Silicon Heterojunctions

Zinc oxide (ZnO) films were deposited onto Si to form n-ZnO/p-Si heterojunctions. Under the illumination of by both ultraviolet (UV) light and sunlight, obvious photovoltaic behavior was observed. It was found that the conversion efficiency of the heterojunctions increased significantly with increasing thickness of the ZnO film, and the mechanism for light-harvesting in the heterojunctions is discussed. The results suggest that ZnO films may be helpful to increasing the harvesting of UV photons, thus decreasing the thermalization loss of UV energy in Si-based solar cells.

Field of study: Materials science
Paracrine Interaction between Bone Marrow-derived Stem Cells and Renal Epithelial Cells

Renal tubular cells are the main target of ischemic insult associated with acute renal injury. Low oxygen and nutrient supplies result in ATP depletion, leading to cell death and loss of renal function. A possible mechanism by which bone marrow-derived cells support renal tissue regeneration relies on the capacity of mononuclear cells (BMMC), particularly mesenchymal stem cells (MSC), to secrete paracrine factors that mediate support for kidney regeneration.  BMMC/MSC and renal cells (LLC-PK1 from pig and IRPTC from rat) were co-cultured under stressful conditions (ATP depletion and/or serum free starvation), physically separated by a microporous membrane (0.4 µm), was used to determine whether bone marrow-derived cells can interact with renal cells in a paracrine manner.  This interaction resulted in stimulation of renal cell proliferation and the arrest of cell death. MSC elicit effective responses in renal cells in terms of stimulating proliferation and protection. Such effects are observed in renal cells co-cultured with rat BMMC/MSC, an indication that paracrine mechanisms are not entirely species-specific.  The paracrine action of BMMC/MSC was influenced by a renal cell stimulus released during stress, indicating that cross-talk with injured cells is required for renal regeneration supported by bone marrow-derived cells.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Measurement and prediction of evaporator shell-side pressure drop

The pressure drop across a heat exchanger is an important parameter, along with the heat transfer capacity. In fact, the operating cost throughout the life of the exchanger depends on the pressure losses. Therefore, it is important to be able to predict pressure drop accurately as it is to predict heat transfer. A new data set of shell-side pressure drop measurements taken during isothermal flow of brines in shell and tube evaporators was collected in the Alfa Laval laboratory. It covers several different configurations of industrial shell and tube evaporators and a wide range of operating conditions, with cross flow Reynolds number ranging from 170 to 33,000. The database is compared against two predictive procedures available in the literature for computing shell-side pressure drop, showing that no method is accurate enough for design purpose. As a further step, a new suggested procedure is presented, which extends the Wills and Johnston [Wills MJN, Johnston D. A new and accurate hand calculation method for shellside pressure drop and flow distribution.  method to the low Reynolds number range and improve its capability to predict experimental data.

Field of study: Engineering
Differential regulation and expression of hyaluronan synthases in human articular chondrocytes, synovial cells and osteosarcoma cells.

Recently three isoforms of hyaluronan synthase (HAS), the enzyme responsible for hyaluronate/hyaluronan (HA) biosynthesis, have been cloned, allowing us to study their expression pattern. Our objective was to determine which of the HAS isoenzymes were expressed in human articular chondrocytes, synovial fibroblasts and osteosarcoma cells, whether their expression could be modulated by growth factors (insulin-like growth factor-1, basic fibroblast growth factor and transforming growth factor (TGF-beta1) and cytokines [interleukin 1beta1 (IL-1beta)], and whether changes in the rate of HA synthesis by the cells correlated with changes in mRNA levels for one or more of the HAS isoforms. All three HAS isoforms were found to be expressed in the cultured cells analysed in this study, although the relative proportions varied for each cell type. HAS2 mRNA was usually predominant in chondrocytes, whereas synovial cells contained increased amounts of HAS1. HAS3 was always the least abundant message. The rapidly growing osteosarcoma cells contained almost exclusively HAS2 message. HAS usage in uncultured cartilage and synovial tissues was similar to that in the cultured cells, with HAS2 message being the predominant species in cartilage and HAS1 usually being the predominant species in synovium. HA synthesis was stimulated by the growth factors, but the extent of the response was cell-type specific. Synovial cells responded particularly well to IL-1beta, and showed a unique synergistic response when IL-1beta was used in combination with TGF-beta1. This response was much reduced in articular chondrocytes and absent in the osteosarcoma cells. Analysis of changes in HAS message levels indicated that there was often no correlation with the changes in HA secretion following exposure to growth factors. Although HAS-1 mRNA was increased in synovial cells after exposure to TGF-beta1/IL-1beta, the magnitude of the change was far less than the effect on HA synthesis. Our data thus suggest that HAS gene usage is tissue specific, and the regulation by growth factors is unique for each HAS gene and is further modulated by cell-specific factors. In addition, regulation of HA biosynthesis appears to be multi-faceted, with control of HAS gene expression and mRNA levels being only one aspect of this process.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Influence of complex coefficients on the stability of difference scheme for parabolic equations with non-local conditions

The stability of a finite difference scheme for Schrodinger, Kuramoto–Tsuzuki and parabolic equations, subject to non-local conditions with complex coefficients, is dealt with. The stability conditions, which have to be met by complex coefficients in non-local conditions, have been determined. The main result of this study is that complex coefficients together with non-local conditions cause new effects on the stability of difference scheme. Numerical experiment has revealed additional regularities in the stability conditions.

Field of study: Mathematics