nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Structural Significance of “Button” or “Fish Scale” Texture in Phyllonitic Schist of the Brevard Zone, Northwestern South Carolina

A prominent textural feature of phyllonitic schist in the Brevard zone is the presence of many small lenticular discs.

Petrographic analysis of the “button” or “fish-scale” texture in the fine-grained micaceous rocks in the Brevard zone in Oconee County, South Carolina, indicates that this texture has a polymorphic structure, formed by intense cataclasis, shearing, and partial recrystallization, that accompanied at least two periods of sheared-out folding. The texture can be categorically divided into two structural types. The first type is characterized by “buttons” that are made of platy minerals such as muscovite, sericite, chlorite, and graphite. The second type is an augen-shaped button characterized by inclusions surrounded by a lenticular envelope of platy minerals.

Many homogenous micaceous rock units often lack mesoscopic fabric structures. However, recognition of this type of texture and its relation to other microstructures, which are often abundant in micaceous rocks, may allow a more comprehensive analysis of how such rocks have been deformed.

Field of study: Geology
Factors Related to the Sensitivity to Unwanted Transparency

The goal was to investigate variables related to the sensitivity to unwanted transparency, defined as the feeling that a person experiences during an interaction when the interacting partner seemingly notices something that the person would rather conceal. Undergraduates (n = 309) were asked to complete self-report scales about their self-consciousness, shyness, nonverbal skills, secretiveness, and sensitivity to unwanted transparency. The combination of variables (private self-consciousness, shyness, and secretiveness and lack of nonverbal expressions) explained 23% of the variance in sensitivity to unwanted transparency.

Field of study: Psychology
Seaward jump of the subduction zone associated with ridge collision — an example from the Suruga Trough

The Suruga Trough has evolved from a trench to the slope basin environment of sedimentation since the collision between the Izu Peninsula and Honshu Island in the middle Pleistocene. In the future, about 0.5 Ma after present, this slope basin will be filled up by sediments, and it is expected that the Suruga Trough will eventually become a fore-arc basin. The same systematic change of sedimentary basins cyclically occurred at several times since the late Miocene. Five cycles including an anticipated one are recognized in the Suruga Trough region. Sedimentary basins adjacent to the collisional plate boundary show a change from trench to slope basin in one cycle, and develop to forearc basin in the next cycle. These cycles have gradationally advanced from the landward to the seaward side in that region with the westward motion of the Philippine Sea Plate up to the late stage of Izu cycle. During this plate motion, the dimensions of accreted mass in each cycle have been diminished in size associated with the shortening of time required in each cycle. The Philippine Sea Plate motion has changed to the northwest since 0.5 Ma B.P. and the following Zenisu cycle, the boundary of which strikes at a NE-SW trend, has been developed. In the same plate motion, the Shichito cycle has already begun at present. The Nankai Trough might have been a dextral slip transform fault between the subduction zone in the Suruga Trough region and in the Hyuga region before 2 Ma B.P. and has changed to an active plate subduction boundary with the northwestward motion of the Philippine Sea Plate during the Izu cycle.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Is hadronic flow produced in p–Pb collisions at the Large Hadron Collider?

Using the Ultra-relativistic Quantum Molecular Dynamics (UrQMD) model, we investigate the azimuthal correlations in p–Pb collisions at √s NN = 5.02 TeV. It is shown that the simulated hadronic p–Pb system can not generate the collective flow signatures, but mainly behaves as a non-flow dominant system. However, the characteristic υ 2 (p T ) mass-ordering of pions, kaons and protons is observed in UrQMD simulations, which is the consequence of hadronic interactions and not necessarily associated with strong fluid-like expansions.

Field of study: Physics
[Protective effects of nicorandil on lipid peroxidation in ischemic and reperfused myocardium of rabbits].

The experiments of recirculating blood perfusion device showed that nicorandil (Nic) 0.15 mmol/L significantly decreased the content of malondialdehyde (MDA), inhibited the release of creatine kinase (CK), counteracted the increase of coronary vascular resistance (CR), and abolished the reperfusion-induced arrhythmias in isolated rabbit hearts during ischemia and reperfusion. The results indicate that Nic has protective effects on myocardial ischemic and reperfused damage, which may relate to the prevention of lipid peroxidation.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Recent status on high temperature superconducting Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+x wire development at NYSIS: 1-90 meter length Jcs and 3 meter diameter ring furnace design

The status of long length, Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+x (Bi-2212) wire development at the New York State Institute on Superconductivity (NYSIS) is reviewed and updated. Transport Jcs (4.2K, 0 T) of Bi-2212/Ag oxide powder-in-tube singlefilamentary tapes have reached 70,000-80,000, 50,000-60,000, and 30,000–40,000 A/cm2 for 1, 4–15, and 40–90 meter length tapes, respectively. The decrease in Jc as the tape length was increased from 15 to 90 meters was attributed to the (measured) sensitivity of Jc to temperature nonuniformities (±3‡C) in the box-type furnace used for annealing. To reduce this problem, a ringtype high-temperature furnace (∼3 meter diameter) was designed and constructed which provides a large-volume (∼13w × 10h × 10001 cm) processing zone with expected excellent temperature uniformity (±0.5‡C). The advantages of the ring-type furnace for processing of kilometer-length conductors are described.

Field of study: Materials science
Cytoprotective Effect of Eriodictyol in UV-irradiated Keratinocytes via Phosphatase-dependent Modulation of both the p38 MAPK and Akt Signaling Pathways

Although flavonoids exhibit a variety of beneficial biological activities, the exact molecular mechanism of the cellular effects is still not fully explained. In this study, we investigated the molecular mechanism of cytoprotective effect of eriodictyol in UV-irradiated keratinocytes. We found that treatment with eriodictyol effectively suppressed the UV-induced cell death of the keratinocytes, concomitant with the inhibition of pro-caspase-3 or pro-caspase-9 cleavage and the suppression of cytochrome C release. The phosphorylation of p38 MAPK was suppressed during UV-induced apoptosis of the keratinocytes and eriodictyol could reverse the down-regulation of p38 MAPK upon UV irradiation. Inhibition of p38 MAPK activity by SB202190, or over-expression of dominant-negative mutant form of p38 MAPK resulted in suppression of cytoprotective effect of the flavonoid. PP2A appeared to participate in the regulation of both p38 MAPK and Akt activities by directly associating with the kinases. UV treatment stimulated not only the phosphatase activity, but also its association with p38 MAPK or Akt. Interestingly, eriodictyol reversed the increase in PP2A activity and the association between the proteins. Taken together, these findings suggest that eriodictyol may lead to protection of keratinocytes from UV-induced cytotoxicity by modulating both the p38 MAPK and Akt signaling pathways in a phosphatase-dependent manner.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
A Time Series Analysis of Foreign Direct Investment and Economic Growth: A Case Study of Nepal

This study has been carried out to find out the linkage between FDI and economic growth for Nepal over the period 1980-2006; using the Granger Causality test, Unit root test and Co-integration test. The results show that there exit a long term relationship between the variable and direction of causality runs from Foreign Direct Investment to the Gross Domestic Product.

Field of study: Business
Jersey-ontleding : 'n rekordoes vir Taurus

Die Maart 2008 Jersey-ontledings het die volgende beste nuwe bulle opgelewer: 
2527  Begin met 27 dogters en is no 1 vir melk (+ 888 kg) en vir proteien (+ 26 kg). Hy is 'n BW Parade x Pitino uit Future se volsuster - dus ietwat van 'n uitkruis.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Assessing evolutionary processes over time in a conservation breeding program: a combined approach using molecular data, simulations and pedigree analysis

Captive breeding for conservation is widely used to prevent extinction, however these programs face many challenges due to small population size, founder effects, lack of migration and potential adaptation to captivity. Together these influence how selection, genetic drift and gene flow shape the genetic makeup of small populations, so examining these in a captive setting is valuable for appropriate biodiversity management. We have quantified the effects of selection, drift and gene flow in 503 individuals across five generations from the Tasmanian devil insurance population. To determine whether different processes were acting in different settings, we separately analysed animals housed under individual-based management, versus those that were released to an island site. We found that a greater proportion of alleles were lost over time in the smaller island population than in captivity and propose that genetic drift is the most likely process influencing this result. We found that the captive population became more heterozygous over time, while the island population stayed constant. Our molecular measure of inbreeding found a decrease over generations in captivity that is not captured by pedigree-based analysis. As management of breeding interactions only takes place in the captive population, our results are consistent with gene flow through managed breeding in captivity minimising inbreeding over time. Gene flow was also evident through changes to population structure in the captive population. Our findings serve as an example of how conservation managers can assess the impact of evolutionary processes on managed populations and adapt management practices if required.

Field of study: Environmental science
Monoclonal antibodies against recombinant histidine-rich protein 2 of Plasmodium falciparum and their use in malaria diagnosis.

Histidine-rich protein-2 (HRPII) secreted by Plasmodium falciparum finds its use as a compelling marker in malaria diagnosis and follow-up. Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against P. falciparum HRPII are widely used in antibody-based diagnostic systems to detect HRPII protein in blood of malaria-suspected individuals. In this study, a set of five monoclonal antibodies against recombinant HRPII (rHRPII) were generated and assessed for their potential in diagnostics. Three among the five generated MAbs were of IgG1 isotype and the remaining were of IgM isotype. Probing the MAbs against proved P. falciparum infected serum and pooled control sera by immunoblotting revealed that the MAbs were successful in exposing malarial infection. Collectively, the generated MAbs have the potential to be used in immuno-based diagnostic systems uncovering P. falciparum infections.

Field of study: Biology
An Investigation into and Reflection on the Practice of Christianity by Migrant Workers:A Case Study of Hefei City

The practicing of Christianity by migrant workers is by no means a rare social phenomenon,which has some positive effects in terms of their adaption to city life,but has some serious negative effects as well.Thorough investigations and reflections have been made by colleges and universities to lead the young teachers and students to think more about the phenomenon and to resist it consciously. Also they can assist the relevant government departments actively to reduce and eliminate the ill effects of Christian faith of migrant workers,contributing to building Anhui a strong cultural province.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Determination of Acetaldehyde, Salsolinol and 6-Hydroxy-1-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-β-carboline in Brains after Acute Ethanol Administration to Neonatal Rats

Acetaldehyde, salsolinol (Sal), and 6-hydroxy-1-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-β-carboline (6-OH-MTHβC) in neonatal rat brain after acute ethanol treatment were determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Free acetaldehyde in rat brain homogenate was derivatized with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine at 60°C for 15 min. The derivatized product was separated on an octadecylsilane-C18 column (150 mm×4.6 mm, 5 μm) and detected with HPLC at 360 nm. The method was proved to be simple, sensitive, and reliable. Compared with control, analysis of neonatal rat brain samples revealed a significant difference in the level of acetaldehyde within 24 h of 5.0 g/kg ethanol treatment (P < 0.05). Also the level of Sal and 6-OH-MTHβC was determined by HPLC performed on a HS F5 column (250 mm×4.6 mm, 5 μm), using Coularray Detector-4 as the electrochemical detector. The results indicated that the levels of Sal and 6-OH-MTHβC in rat brain increased significantly with the elevated level of acetaldehyde after acute alcohol administration. The condensation of acetaldehyde with monoamine neurotransmitters after alcoholism may play an important role in central nervous system dysfunction.

Field of study: Chemistry
Research on Full Welding Purpose IGBT Inverter Based on Digital Control System

In this paper,a kind of unit separating inverter system controlled by MCU based on 80C196KC is discussed,which can achieve MMA,spot,carbon gauge,TIG,and CO2/MIG/MAG welding purpose.Through flexible digital PID arithmetic,the MCU system can generate the different feature curves to satisfy the different welding purpose.The methods of eliminating the interference to the least are put forward and they are proved to be effective in the practice.

Field of study: Computer science
STEM Education Practices: Examination of the Argumentation Skills of Pre-service Science Teachers

The aim of this research is to examine the pre-service science teachers’ progress in structuring their argumentation components during the STEM education practices. In the research were worked with 9 pre-service science teachers who are 3rd grade students and took the course of 'Science Laboratory Practices' in a state university. The research is a case study. In the research, structured and unstructured activities were applied for 9 weeks. In structured practices, instructions were followed to show how simple machines are constructed. Unstructured practices were based on the design of pre-service science teachers. The data of the research is obtained through voice recordings, unstructured observation. Argumentation components were examined according to the descriptive analysis approach. As a result of analysis of obtained data; pre-service science teachers have made great progress in constructing argumentation components (claim, evidence, reasoning and rebuttal), and the average score of the rebuttal was found to be lower than the other components. The results obtained from this study demonstrate that STEM education is an effective approach to improving the argumentation skill. Argumentation takes part in engineering design processes which have great importance in STEM practices; given its major role in identifying problems, development of possible solutions and determination, evaluation and discussion of most plausible ones. Therefore argumentation approach can be included as part of STEM education.  STEM education, argumentation, science education, pre-service science teachers

Field of study: Education
THE U-TRANSFORMATION-FINITE ELEMENT METHOD FOR RECTANGULAR THIN-PLATE BENDING PROBLEMS

The U-Transformation-Finite Element method for a rectangular thin plate is extended in this paper. The stiffness matrix is converted to a cyclic matrix by establishing an equivalent system for the rectangular thin plate with simply-supported boundary conditions or clamped boundary conditions, and their combination. Then the finite element matrix equation is uncoupled by adopting U-transformation, resulting in the calculation which can be performed in one element. The series of solution to deflections of the central point for the square plate, subjected to a concentrated force acted at the center of the plate and to a uniform bending moment acted on the two opposite edges, is given out. It could give an explicit expression of the error estimation and control the computational accuracy. Calculation examples for several different boundary conditions show that the present result has high efficiency and precision compared with existing results.

Field of study: Engineering
Acquisition of Functional Sight Words in Community-Based Recreation Settings

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of a direct instruction procedure involving modeling and guided practice on the acquisition of functional sight words. Participants were 3 youths with the dual diagnosis of mental retardation and behavior disorders. These youths were taught functional sight words that support participation in a variety of recreation activities in natural community settings. A parallel treatment design was used to evaluate the impact of a direct instruction and control method for promoting word acquisition Half of the sight words were taught using direct instruction with in vivo word find activities and then assessed in the recreation settings. Acquisition of the second half of the words was also assessed in recreation settings. The control instruction involved reading key words to the participants as needed in the recreational setting. Direct instruction with in vivo word find was demonstrated to be effective in promoting acquisition of functional sight words. Results were maintained after a 4-week follow-up period.

Field of study: Education
The impact of paleogeography, pCO2, poleward ocean heat transport and sea level change on global cooling during the Late Ordovician

We performed sensitivity experiments with the global climate model GENESIS on two stages of the Upper Ordovician (Caradocian, ∼454 Ma; Ashgillian, ∼446 Ma) under a range of atmospheric p CO 2 values (8–18× PAL; Pre-industrial Atmospheric Level), high and low sea level, and two values of poleward ocean heat transport in order to determine the importance of these variables on global cooling. We then coupled a three-dimensional ice sheet model to the global climate model in order to investigate the necessary boundary conditions for ice sheet formation. All simulations with a high sea level and normal heat transport remain free of ice sheets, even with p CO 2 levels as low as 8× PAL. In the Caradocian simulations, ice sheets form in three scenarios: (1) with p CO 2 of 8× PAL and a low sea level and normal poleward ocean heat transport, (2) with p CO 2 of 8× PAL and a high sea level and reduced (50% of normal) poleward ocean heat transport, and (3) with p CO 2 of 15× PAL and a low sea level and reduced poleward ocean heat transport. In the Ashgillian simulations, ice sheets form in only two scenarios: (1) with p CO 2 of 8× PAL and a low sea level and normal poleward ocean heat transport, or (2) with p CO 2 of 8× PAL and a high sea level and reduced poleward ocean heat transport. The ice sheets in the Ashgillian experiments are larger and thicker than the ice sheets in the Caradocian simulations because the southward movement of Gondwana increased land area in the higher southern latitudes where ice sheets could grow. The threshold for glaciation under Ashgillian paleogeography is 8× PAL and either a low sea level (exposed shelves) or a reduced poleward ocean heat transport. While the paleogeographic evolution and a drop in p CO 2 during the Late Ordovician cooled the global climate, changes in additional factors were required to initiate ice sheet formation, such as a drop in sea level, a reduction in poleward ocean heat transport, or a combination of both.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Effects of alcohol on HCV replication and its mechanism

To investigate the effects of alcohol on hepatitis C virus（ HCV） replication and type I interferon signaling pathway in human hepatocytes .Methods Primary hepatocytes were treated with different concentrations of alcohol , and then infected with HCV .The infected cells were collected to measure the level of HCV RNA .The alcohol-treated hepatocytes were also collected to detect the expression of HCV Core, IFN-α, IFN-β, IRF-7, suppressor of cytokine signaling SOCS-2 and SOCS-3 at mRNA and protein levels by real-time quantitative PCR and ELISA or Western blot , respectively .Results Alcohol treatment enhanced HCV infection and replication in primary hepatocytes at concentrations higher than 10 mmol/L in a dose-dependent manner （P<0.05）.Treatment with 40 mmol/L of alcohol significantly reduced the expression of IFN-α, IFN-βand IRF-7 at mRNA and protein levels , and increased the expression of SOCS-2 and SOCS-3 at mRNA and protein levels .Conclusion Alcohol treatment could damage the host in-nate immunity in human hepatocytes and promote HCV replication by reducing the expression of type Ⅰinter-feron （ IFN-αand IFN-β） and IRF-7 and increasing the expression of negative regulators including SOCS-2 and SOCS-3.These results demonstrated that the impairment of innate immunity in liver of alcohol abusers might contribute to the enhancement of HCV infection and result in poor therapeutic effect of IFN -α. 
 
 
Hepatitis C virus; Alcohol; Type I interferon; Innate immunity

Field of study: Biology
Social-Class Differences in Consumer Choices

The present research shows that, when making choices, working-class Americans are more affected by others’ opinions than middle-class Americans due to differences in independent versus interdependent self-construal. Experiment 1 revealed that when working-class Americans made decisions to buy products, they were more influenced by the choices of others than middle-class Americans. In contrast, middle-class Americans were more likely to misremember others’ choices to be consistent with their own choices. In other words, working-class Americans adjusted their choices to the preference of others, whereas middle-class Americans distorted others’ preferences to fit their choices. Supporting our prediction that this social-class effect is closely linked to the independent versus interdependent self-construal, we showed that the differences in self-construal across cultures qualified the social-class effects on choices (Experiment 2). Moreover, when we experimentally manipulated self-construal in Experiment 3, we found that it mediated the corresponding changes in choices regardless of social class.

Field of study: Psychology
No. 8940. European agreement concerning the international carriage of dangerous goods by road (ADR). Done at Geneva, on 30 September 1957

ENTRY INTO FORCE of amendments to annexes A and B,2 as amended, of the above-mentioned Agreement Two sets of amendments respectively proposed by the Government of France and the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland were circulated by the Secretary-General on 21 October 1975. They came into force on 21 April 1976, in accordance with article 14 (3) of the Agreement.

Field of study: Political science
Variable temperature 127I MAS NMR of βAgI. Sensitivity of the 127I MAS linewidth to Ag+ diffusion

Variable temperature 127 I MAS NMR of βAgI powder, measured from 123 to 413 K is sensitive to Ag + diffusion through the iodine lattice. In low temperature spectra, the iodine ions appear to be in nearly static environments in agreement with the low temperature crystal structure. However, at higher temperatures, substantial broadening of the central transition occurs along with the disappearance of spinning sidebands. The temperature dependence of the central transition linewidth is consistent with the presence of two types of Ag + diffusion with activation energies of 0.17 and 0.0080 eV.

Field of study: Materials science