nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The early Paleozoic evolution of the Argentine Precordillera as a Laurentian rifted, drifted, and collided terrane: A geodynamic model

Paleontologic and stratigraphic evidence points to the early Paleozoic Precordilleran terrane of western Argentina as being the conjugate rift pair of the Appalachians. Stratigraphic similarities of the Cambrian and early Arenig carbonate series and very strong affinities among trilobite, conodont, and brachiopod faunas show their close relationship. The most probable provenance areas are the Appalachian-Ouachita rifted margin and the Newfoundland Appalachians, although the former fits better with geometric and drifting paths suggested by faunal affinities. Increasing Celtic and Baltic brachiopod genera and divergent stratigraphy since the Arenig indicate the drifting of the Precordilleran terrane. Collisional foredeeps developed on collapsed former platform carbonates as flexural subsidence progressed. The collision of the Precordillera with western Gondwana occurred during the mid-Llanvirn to Llandeilo. A magmatic arc related to eastward subduction (present coordinates) was active in the Famatina Range east of the Precordillera. This region of Celtic affinity shows faunal exchange with the Precordilleran terrane since the late Arenig and may represent accreted intra-Iapetus volcanic island-arc complexes. The rifting and drifting stages are consistent with paleoclimatic and paleomagnetic data that show the migration of the Precordilleran terrane from periequatorial to peripolar latitudes between the Cambrian and latest Ordovician. The deep ocean to the west of the Precordillera started to close by the Late Ordovician with the eastward drift of the Chilenian terrane. Absence of volcanic or pyroclastic arc-derived rocks in the Precordillera indicate west-dipping subduction. As Chilenia approached the continental margin, a new forebulge was established on the former collided Precordilleran terrane, developing an erosional unconformity in central Precordillera (Talacasto-Tambolar arch). A Gondwanic signature was fully developed by the Middle Silurian when the Malvinokaffric Clarkeia Fauna flourished. Before then, the Late Ordovician glacial record and associated Hirnantia Fauna were the first clear tie to Gondwana. During the Silurian the marginal basin behaved as a foreland, with lithosphere rheology and eustasy governing the sequence stratigraphy. Wrench faulting along its eastern boundary displaced the Precordillera toward the south. Continued shortening during closure with the Chilenian terrane in the mid-Devonian produced thrust loading of the basin and generated a thick graywacke succession. Final accretion of Chilenia (Late Devonian) generated a regional angular unconformity between the lower and upper Paleozoic. New eastward subduction was initiated west of the accreted Chilenian terrane during the Late Permian–Triassic as indicated by the Choiyoi volcanic complex, which presently outcrops in the Frontal Cordillera.

Field of study: Geology
The Double Pareto-Lognormal Distribution—A New Parametric Model for Size Distributions

A family of probability densities, which has proved useful in modelling the size distributions of various phenomens, including incomes and earnings, human settlement sizes, oil-field volumes and particle sizes, is introduced. The distribution, named herein as the double Pareto-lognormal or dPlN distribution, arises as that of the state of a geometric Brownian motion (GBM), with lognormally distributed initial state, after an exponentially distributed length of time (or equivalently as the distribution of the killed state of such a GBM with constant killing rate). A number of phenomena can be viewed as resulting from such a process (e.g., incomes, settlement sizes), which explains the good fit. Properties of the distribution are derived and estimation methods discussed. The distribution exhibits Paretian power-law) behaviour in both tails, and when plotted on logarithmic axes, its density exhibits hyperbolic-type behaviour.

Field of study: Mathematics
THE FINANCES OF AN ELIZABETHAN NOBLEMAN: HENRY PERCY, NINTH EARL OF NORTHUMBERLAND (1564–1632)

N recent years economic historians have become increasingly interested in the fortunes of the Elizabethan aristocracy, an interest which has been reflected in a series of contributions to the Economic History Review and which has been intensified since the publication of Mr Stone's article in 1948. The length, complexity and heat of the controversy, as Mr Stone acknowledged in 1952, point a clear moral; to get the picture right, meticulous research is needed. There has been no lack of reference to particular examples; Mr Stone published in appendices to his first article notes on the finances of every member of the Elizabethan peerage. But, working as he was obliged to do largely from State documents and printed sources, it was inevitable that some of his statements should be open to challenge by anyone familiar with the private papers of individual noblemen. No class is more easily defined than the peerage, nothing could be more helpful to research historians than the small numbers involved in the period-there were only sixty peers in England in I 6oo-and no section of the population leaves fuller evidence behind it of its activities through documents and possessions. What is needed to resolve the problems over which the controversy has ranged, and raged, is a series of studies of individual peers based on extensive research among family archives. In this paper, I present the results of one such study as a contribution to this second stage of the

Field of study: Economics, History
Reaction of Pyridine with Phenylcyanoacetylene: A New Route to Functionalized Polyconjugated 1,4‐Dihydropyridine Systems

Pyridine reacts with phenylcyanoacetylene under mild conditions (20–25 °C, no catalyst) to unexpectedly give the 2:3 adduct — a C,N-functionalized polyconjugated 1,4-dihydropyridine system — containing two 1,4-dihydropyridine cycles and four vinylene units formed by three molecules of phenylcyanoacetylene (the yield is up to 46 %). Other products are higher oligomers of phenylcyanoacetylene terminated by 1,4-dihydropyridine cycles (approx. 30 % yield). Assembly of the 2:3 adduct proceeds regio- and stereoselectively — only one of the possible isomers is formed. The oligomers show paramagnetic and electroconductive properties.

Field of study: Chemistry
Recurrence of extreme floods in southern Sakhalin Island as evidence of paleo-typhoon variability in the northwestern Pacific since 6.6 ka

History of variability of tropical cyclones (TC) in the North-Western Pacific is critical for understanding impacts of future climatic changes. Natural archives of paleo-typhoon variability can be used to assess how changes in the planetary climatic system during the Holocene could influence TC frequency and intensity in this part of Pacific. Extreme typhoon-related rains are the main cause of catastrophic floods on Sakhalin Island and deposits of these floods are evidence of paleo-typhoon. The paleo-typhoons that triggered extreme floods on Southern Sakhalin during the last 6.6 kyr are recorded in the sequence on the interfluvial surface in the northern Susunay Lowland (Naiba River basin). The sequence includes peat bog with numerous loam interlayers deposited during extreme floods inundating the bog. We reconstructed paleo-environmental conditions, including humidity and flood activity, based on analysis of diatoms. We found biological indicators that point to the past floods. The mineral content in the peat being one criteria indicative of the high frequency of floods. The peat bog developed in place of a lagoon that existed at the maximum phase of the Holocene transgression. Peat accumulation began in the freshened lagoon coast ~6010 cal yr B.P. When sea level dropped, the lagoon turned into a coastal lake (~5710–5040 cal yr B.P.). A swamp formed in place of the lake under varying moisture conditions. We identified and dated 25 extreme floods and assessed the paleoclimatic background of the events. A recent catastrophic flood from typhoon Phyllis (1981 CE) is considered as an analogue of the paleo-events. The frequency of extreme typhoons increased both during warm (wet and dry) phases and in cold dry phases of the climate fluctuations. We identified three periods of a high typhoon activity (4640–4360; 4030–3580; 1860–1380 cal yr B.P.), when super-typhoons came onto the island once every 30–90 years. A comparison between the extreme typhoons in the south of Sakhalin and in the Sea of Japan region show both synchronism and metachronism of the periods of typhoon activity. Instrumental measurements during 20th–21st centuries revealed considerable changes in super-typhoon tracks; a similar variability may be safely supposed in typhoon tracks in the past. To predict future tropical cyclone activity and the risk of floods under modern climatic instability it is necessary to understand factors influencing variability in the occurrence of strong typhoons and associated extreme floods events on a paleo-scale. This is especially important for areas with rapidly developing coastal economies and intensive use of gas and oil resources, such as Sakhalin Island.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Differences in constitution between male college students in Single-child and Non-single-child with the same BMI

By means of literature data research and physical component analysis,the author performed a comprehensive analysis on multiple indexes such as constitution with respect to 3,406 male college students with a BMI at the same level,and revealed the following findings: the distribution of BMI of male college students is generally in a good condition,the percentage of the students with a normal figure is 75% or so;there are certain differences in constitution between singleton and non singleton male college students with a BMI at the same level,which mainly show in the followings: in quick power explosion required short distance,short time and high intensity events,singleton male students performed slightly better than non singleton male students,yet in stamina required long distance runs,singleton male students performed significantly poorer than non singleton male students;the overall score for 5 constitutional indexes for singleton male students is significantly lower than the same for non singleton male students;in the physical components of male college students,the differences in the degreased body weight and the body fat ratio are the major intrinsic factors that cause the differences in constitution,i.e.the body fat ratio is proportional to the fat content,and inversely proportional to the degreased body mass and the sports capacity of the human body;the sports factor is one of the objective factors that cause the differences in constitution between singleton and non singleton male college students.

Field of study: Education
Cosmological Simulations of Quasar Fueling to Subparsec Scales Using Lagrangian Hyper-refinement

We present cosmological hydrodynamic simulations of a quasar-mass halo (M halo ≈ 1012.5 M ⊙ at z = 2) that for the first time resolve gas transport down to the inner 0.1 pc surrounding the central massive black hole. We model a multiphase interstellar medium including stellar feedback by supernovae, stellar winds, and radiation, and a hyper-Lagrangian refinement technique increasing the resolution dynamically approaching the black hole. We do not include black hole feedback. We show that the subpc inflow rate (1) can reach ∼6 M ⊙ yr−1 roughly in steady state during the epoch of peak nuclear gas density (z ∼ 2), sufficient to power a luminous quasar, (2) is highly time variable in the pre-quasar phase, spanning 0.001–10 M ⊙ yr−1 on Myr timescales, and (3) is limited to short (∼2 Myr) active phases (0.01–0.1 M ⊙ yr−1) followed by longer periods of inactivity at lower nuclear gas density and late times (z ∼ 1), owing to the formation of a hot central cavity. Inflowing gas is primarily cool, rotational support dominates over turbulence and thermal pressure, and star formation can consume as much gas as provided by inflows across 1 pc–10 kpc. Gravitational torques from multiscale stellar non-axisymmetries dominate angular momentum transport over gas self-torquing and pressure gradients, with accretion weakly dependent on black hole mass. Subpc inflow rates correlate with nuclear (but decouple from global) star formation and can exceed the Eddington rate by ×10. The black hole can move ∼10 pc from the galaxy center on ∼0.1 Myr. Accreting gas forms pc-scale, rotationally supported, obscuring structures often misaligned with the galaxy-scale disk. These simulations open a new avenue to investigate black hole–galaxy coevolution.

Field of study: Physics
Distributed Local Linear Parameter Estimation Using Gaussian SPAWN

We consider the problem of estimating local sensor parameters, where the local parameters and sensor observations are related through linear stochastic models. We study the Gaussian Sum-Product Algorithm over a Wireless Network (gSPAWN) procedure. Compared with the popular diffusion strategies for performing network parameter estimation, whose communication cost at each sensor increases with increasing network density, gSPAWN allows sensors to broadcast a message whose size does not depend on the network size or density, making it more suitable for applications in wireless sensor networks. We show that gSPAWN converges in mean and has mean-square stability under some technical sufficient conditions, and we describe an application of gSPAWN to a network localization problem in non-line-of-sight environments. Numerical results suggest that gSPAWN converges much faster in general than the diffusion method, and has lower communication costs per sensor, with comparable root-mean-square errors.

Field of study: Engineering
Why Experiment in economics

Scientific economists are not wasting their time in the laboratory.Scientific experimental economists can settle down to the twofold role of consolidating economic theory in those contexts where it works fairly well,and providing a source of inspiration for revising the theory where it does not work so well.In situations where the theory does not work at all,we need to accept our limitations and look to disciplines like psychology for the answers.The comparative advantage of economists is that they not only understand the formal statements and institutions within which the assumptions from which statements are deduced are likely to be valid.

Field of study: Economics
On-blaze scanning monochromator for the vacuum ultraviolet.

The Rowland circle mounting for scanning VUV monochromators with concave blazed diffraction gratings can be adapted so that the operation is always on-blaze; that is, the monochromator always operates at maximum efficiency. In principle, this adaptation works at any angle of incidence, but in practice only grazing incidence monochromators are practical. The scanning range of such a monochromator is less than for a conventional monochromator but can be extended by storing gratings with different groove densities on a carousel and rotating them into position as necessary.

Field of study: Physics
Factors Affecting Prepharmacy Students' Perceptions of the Professional Role of Pharmacists

To assess prepharmacy students' perceptions of the professional role of pharmacists prior to enrollment in pharmacy school, and the association between perceptions and student demographics.  A 58-question survey instrument regarding pharmacists' roles, work experiences, and demographics was developed and administered to students (N = 127) enrolled in an organic chemistry laboratory experience at Purdue University.  Theory of planned behavior subscales (attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control) were influenced by students' grade point average, gender, and application to pharmacy school, while unpaid work experience affected professional commitment. Students evaluated work experience related to their pharmacy studies more positively than non-pharmacy-related areas in the theory of planned behavior subscales.  Evaluating students' perceptions may be beneficial in helping pharmacy educators design their curricula, as well as allowing admissions committees to select the most qualified students to promote the development of positive perceptions toward the professional role of pharmacists. Grade point average (GPA) and application to pharmacy school were associated with significant differences for the theory of planned behavior and professional commitment subscales.

Field of study: Education, Medicine
An Analysis of the Effect of Embedded Option on Duration-match Strategy of Commercial Banks

With China's market economy undergoing a further development,the fluctuation of interest rate becomes more frequent and wider in range.An increasing number of embedded options are inevitably contained in the assets and liabilities of banks,which has become a new problem in the management of interest rate risk.Based on the identification,decomposition and theoretical analysis of the effects of embedded option on duration model,this paper used the jump model and analyzed the effect of embedded option on the duration-match strategy of commercial banks comprehensively based on the Monte Carlo simulation method.The main results are as follows:if there are no embedded options in deposits and loans,duration-match strategy will be enough for a bank to avert interest rate risk;if there are embedded options in deposits and loans,matching the effective duration can only hedge the duration mismatch risk,and the embedded options bring additional optional risks to the bank through convexity gap.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
microeco: An R package for data mining in microbial community ecology.

A large amount of sequencing data is produced in microbial community ecology studies using the high-throughput sequencing technique, especially amplicon-sequencing-based community data. After conducting the initial bioinformatic analysis of amplicon sequencing data, performing the subsequent statistics and data mining based on the operational taxonomic unit and taxonomic assignment tables is still complicated and time-consuming. To address this problem, we present an integrated R package-'microeco' as an analysis pipeline for treating microbial community and environmental data. This package was developed based on the R6 class system and combines a series of commonly used and advanced approaches in microbial community ecology research. The package includes classes for data preprocessing, taxa abundance plotting, venn diagram, alpha diversity analysis, beta diversity analysis, differential abundance test and indicator taxon analysis, environmental data analysis, null model analysis, network analysis and functional analysis. Each class is designed to provide a set of approaches that can be easily accessible to users. Compared with other R packages in the microbial ecology field, the microeco package is fast, flexible and modularized to use, and provides powerful and convenient tools for researchers. The microeco package can be installed from CRAN (The Comprehensive R Archive Network) or github .

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
On K_0 of locally finte categories

We calculate the Grothendieck group $K_0(\cal A)$, where $\cal A$ is an additive category, locally finite over a Dedekind ring and satisfying some additional conditions. The main examples are categories of modules over finite algebras and the stable homotopy category $\mathsf{SW}$ of finite CW-complexes. We show that this group is a direct sum of a free group arising from localizations of the category $\cal A$ and a group analogous to the groups of ideal classes of maximal orders. As a corollary, we obtain a new simple proof of the Freyd's theorem describing the group $K_0(\mathsf{SW})$.

Field of study: Mathematics
Mesenchymal Stem Cell Treatment Prevents Post-Stroke Dysregulation of Matrix Metalloproteinases and Tissue Inhibitors of Metalloproteinases

Stem cell treatment is one of the potential treatment options for ischemic stroke. We recently demonstrated a protective effect of human umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells (HUCB-MSCs) in a rat model of ischemic stroke. The treatment attenuated apoptosis and prevented DNA damage. A collection of published studies, including several from our laboratory, indicated the induction and detrimental role for several matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in post-stroke brain injury. We hypothesized that the HUCB-MSCs treatment after focal cerebral ischemia prevents the dysregulation of MMPs and induces the expression of endogenous tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) to neutralize the elevated activity of MMPs.  To test our hypothesis, we administered HUCB-MSCs (0.25 million cells/animal and 1 million cells/animal) intravenously via tail vein to male Sprague-Dawley rats that were subjected to a transient (two-hour) right middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and one-day reperfusion. Ischemic brain tissues obtained from various groups of rats seven days after reperfusion were subjected to real-time PCR, immunoblot, and immunofluorescence analysis.  HUCB-MSCs treatment prevented the induction of MMPs, which were upregulated in ischemia-induced rats that received no treatment. HUCB-MSCs treatment also prevented the induction of TIMPs expression. The extent of prevention of MMPs and TIMPs induction by HUCB-MSCs treatment is similar at both the doses tested.  Prevention of stroke-induced MMPs upregulation after HUCB-MSCs treatment is not mediated through TIMPs upregulation.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
[A current view on dopamine receptor agonists in the treatment of Parkinson's disease].

Dopamine receptor agonists (DRA) is a widely used group of antiparkinsonian drugs. The article presents short results: related to the mechanism of the stimulation of different types of dopamine receptors. The advantages of this group of drugs compared to levodopa medications as well as the studies of DRA in vitro and in vivo are described. Multiple studies demonstrate an important role of DRA in the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD): a good control of motor symptoms, the possibility of monotherapy in the early stages of disease, the reduced risk of motor complications compared to start therapy with levodopa and decrease in the duration of "OFF-period" and UPDRS scores as well as the possibility to reduce the dose of levodopa in case of combined treatment with levodopa containing preparations. Pramipexole has demonstrated the efficacy in the treatment of persistent tremor and depression in double-blind placebo-controlled trials. A significant improvement of quality of life index has been shown in PD patients treated with these drugs. Side-effects often limited the use of DRA in clinical practice. The data on the dose equivalence of different DRA are recommended to use if it is necessary to switch from one DRA to another.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology