nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Introducing WikiPathways as a Data-Source to Support Adverse Outcome Pathways for Regulatory Risk Assessment of Chemicals and Nanomaterials

A paradigm shift is taking place in risk assessment to replace animal models, reduce the number of economic resources, and refine the methodologies to test the growing number of chemicals and nanomaterials. Therefore, approaches such as transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics have become valuable tools in toxicological research, and are finding their way into regulatory toxicity. One promising framework to bridge the gap between the molecular-level measurements and risk assessment is the concept of adverse outcome pathways (AOPs). These pathways comprise mechanistic knowledge and connect biological events from a molecular level toward an adverse effect outcome after exposure to a chemical. However, the implementation of omics-based approaches in the AOPs and their acceptance by the risk assessment community is still a challenge. Because the existing modules in the main repository for AOPs, the AOP Knowledge Base (AOP-KB), do not currently allow the integration of omics technologies, additional tools are required for omics-based data analysis and visualization. Here we show how WikiPathways can serve as a supportive tool to make omics data interoperable with the AOP-Wiki, part of the AOP-KB. Manual matching of key events (KEs) indicated that 67% could be linked with molecular pathways. Automatic connection through linkage of identifiers between the databases showed that only 30% of AOP-Wiki chemicals were found on WikiPathways. More loose linkage through gene names in KE and Key Event Relationships descriptions gave an overlap of 70 and 71%, respectively. This shows many opportunities to create more direct connections, for example with extended ontology annotations, improving its interoperability. This interoperability allows the needed integration of omics data linked to the molecular pathways with AOPs. A new AOP Portal on WikiPathways is presented to allow the community of AOP developers to collaborate and populate the molecular pathways that underlie the KEs of AOP-Wiki. We conclude that the integration of WikiPathways and AOP-Wiki will improve risk assessment because omics data will be linked directly to KEs and therefore allow the comprehensive understanding and description of AOPs. To make this assessment reproducible and valid, major changes are needed in both WikiPathways and AOP-Wiki.

Field of study: Biology
Exact and numerical traveling wave solutions for nonlinear coupled equations using symbolic computation

We find the explicit and numerical traveling wave solutions for a coupled KdV equation and a coupled MKdV equation by using the decomposition method with help of symbolic computation. By using this method, the solutions were calculated in the form of a convergent power series with easily computable components. The convergence of the method as applied to the coupled KdV and MKdV equations is illustrated numerically.

Field of study: Mathematics
Comparing galling insect richness among Neotropical savannas: effects of plant richness, vegetation structure and super-host presence

Plant species diversity maintains the stability of ecosystems and the diversity of consumer species such as insect herbivores. Considering that gall-inducing insects are highly specialized on their host plants and dependent on the occurrence, abundance and distribution of plants, we evaluated the diversity patterns of gall-inducing insect along Brazilian Neotropical savannas and the potential role of plant species richness, vegetation structure and super-host presence on determining these patterns. We found 1,882 individual plants that belonged to 64 different host plant species grouped in 31 families, associated to 112 galling insect species. The galling richness was positively influenced by plant species richness and the presence of the super-host genus Qualea (Vochysiaceae). Plant species richness explained 48 % of the galling richness and areas with presence of super-hosts had more than twice of galling species than areas where they were absent. On the other hand, we found no evidence that larger plants hosted more species of galling insects. We observed that for the diversity of galling insects in the Brazilian Cerrado, vegetation structure explained almost the same portion as plant richness, because structural variables did not have an effect on residuals of galling richness and plant richness regression. Our findings suggests that plant richness has a more important role on the mitigation of natural enemies and adaptive radiation of galling species, while structural aspects of the vegetation does not seem to have that effect. Furthermore, we show that the super-host taxa provide an increment in local galling richness because they present a great diversity of local number of gall morphospecies (i.e. alpha diversity) and the high turnover of morphospecies among different localities (i.e. beta diversity). Therefore we argue that the quality of resources (richness and super host presence) appears to be a most important factor for the diversity of galling insects in Neotropical systems, than the amount of resources.

Field of study: Environmental science
An Application Usage Pattern Analysis Method for Mobile Internet Applications

The number of mobile internet applications,application users and usage growrapidly. In order to find using rules that users use mobile internet application,an application usage pattern analysis method for mobile internet is proposed. Comparing with PC applications,the characteristics of mobile internet application usage is analyzed,and three main factors: usage scenario,user' s interest,and social network impact are abstracted. The usage pattern is defined based on these three factors. Usage scenario analysis method based on context awareness is proposed to explore the relationships between application usage and context. Viscosity and attenuation coefficient is used to measure user interest. The measurement of social relevance is also discussed. An experiment is designed to verify the proposed method. The result shows that the method can improve the accuracy of mobile internet applications usage prediction.

Field of study: Computer science
THE TRACE OF THE CNO CYCLE IN THE RING NEBULA NGC 6888

We present new results on the chemical composition of the Galactic ring nebula NGC 6888 surrounding the WN6(h) star WR136. The data are based on deep spectroscopical observations taken with the High Dispersion Spectrograph at the 8.2 m Subaru Telescope. The spectra cover the optical range from 3700 to 7400 A. The effect of the CNO cycle is well-identified in the abundances of He, N, and O, while elements not involved in the synthesis such as Ar, S, and Fe present values consistent with the solar vicinity and the ambient gas. The major achievement of this work is the first detection of the faint C II λ4267 recombination line in a Wolf-Rayet nebula. This allows us to estimate the C abundance in NGC 6888 and therefore investigate for the first time the trace of the CNO cycle in a ring nebula around a Wolf-Rayet star. Although the detection of the C II line has a low signal-to-noise ratio, the C abundance seems to be higher than the predictions of recent stellar evolution models of massive stars. The Ne abundance also shows a puzzling pattern with an abundance of about 0.5 dex lower than the solar vicinity, which may be relatedmore » to the action of the NeNa cycle. Attending to the constraints imposed by the dynamical timescale and the He/H and N/O ratios of the nebula, the comparison with stellar evolution models indicates that the initial mass of the stellar progenitor of NGC 6888 is between 25 M {sub ☉} and 40 M {sub ☉}.« less

Field of study: Physics
Characterization and Preliminary Biological Evaluation of 3D-Printed Porous Scaffolds for Engineering Bone Tissues

Some basic requirements of bone tissue engineering include cells derived from bone tissues, three-dimensional (3D) scaffold materials, and osteogenic factors. In this framework, the critical architecture of the scaffolds plays a crucial role to support and assist the adhesion of the cells, and the subsequent tissue repairs. However, numerous traditional methods suffer from certain drawbacks, such as multi-step preparation, poor reproducibility, high complexity, difficulty in controlling the porous architectures, the shape of the scaffolds, and the existence of solvent residue, which limits their applicability. In this work, we fabricated innovative poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) porous scaffolds, using 3D-printing technology, to overcome the shortcomings of traditional approaches. In addition, the printing parameters were critically optimized for obtaining scaffolds with normal morphology, appropriate porous architectures, and sufficient mechanical properties, for the accommodation of the bone cells. Various evaluation studies, including the exploration of mechanical properties (compressive strength and yield stress) for different thicknesses, and change of structure (printing angle) and porosity, were performed. Particularly, the degradation rate of the 3D scaffolds, printed in the optimized conditions, in the presence of hydrolytic, as well as enzymatic conditions were investigated. Their assessments were evaluated using the thermal gravimetric analyzer (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). These porous scaffolds, with their biocompatibility, biodegradation ability, and mechanical properties, have enabled the embryonic osteoblast precursor cells (MC3T3-E1), to adhere and proliferate in the porous architectures, with increasing time. The generation of highly porous 3D scaffolds, based on 3D printing technology, and their critical evaluation, through various investigations, may undoubtedly provide a reference for further investigations and guide critical optimization of scaffold fabrication, for tissue regeneration.

Field of study: Materials science
Dysphagia in the elderly.

To review the problem of dysphagia in the elderly so that primary care physicians are better able to recognize and manage it.  Dysphagia, a prevalent problem in the elderly, causes significant morbidity and even mortality. Age-related deterioration of the oropharyngeal phase of swallowing is well documented. Diagnosis and treatment of dysphagia in the elderly is based mainly on clinical experience with large groups of patients. Few controlled clinical trials have been conducted.  Oropharyngeal dysphagia in the elderly is often due to irreversible neuromuscular disease. These patients benefit from swallowing therapy performed by speech pathologists. Esophageal causes of dysphagia are similar in the elderly and young patients, and the approach to treatment is also similar, although noninvasive forms of therapy play a larger role for elderly patients.  Dysphagia is a common problem that lowers quality of life for the elderly. Primary care physicians must be aware of causes of dysphagia for which specific treatments are available, as well as of the role of nonspecific treatments offered by ancillary health professionals.

Field of study: Medicine
Revisión : Irradiación de alimentos.-aspectos generales

Irradiation has been proposed for disinfestation, inhibition of sprouting, destruction of parasites in meat and fish, to delay maturation of fruit and pasteurization and sterilization. In some applications it could replace or supplement chemical preservatives; in other cases it may have unique advantages (dry or frozen foods). Generalizations about effects of irradiation may be misleading if the dose and commodities are not specified. Radioactivity cannot be induced in foods by treatment with approved sources. Toxicological and nutritional evaluation has confirmed the safety of irradiated foods at doses below 10 KGy. Food irradiation is limited by organoleptical changes; irradiation in the absence of oxygen and at the frozen state could reduce undesirable changes. Food irradiation is not a panacea for all food preservation; it cannot replace proper food sanitation, packaging, storage and preparation. The public and political debate of whether or not irradiation of foods should be permitted in the European Community has become a confused dialogue about the real consequences of food irradiation. Owing to the timeliness of the question, it is important to present and discuss the results of this research.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
What if You Can't Get What You Want? Willingness to Compromise Ideal Mate Selection Standards as a Function of Sex, Mate Value, and Relationship Context

The majority of mate selection research focuses on what people want, rather than what they will settle for, in a partner. The present study explored the extent to which sex, self perceived mate value, and relationship context moderate ideal partner preferences and the willingness to compromise ideal standards. When considering a casual sex partner, men and women emphasized and were unwilling to compromise on physical attractiveness; when considering a romantic partner, both emphasized and refused to compromise on interpersonal responsiveness. Sex differences primarily occurred in the context of short-term mating, with women ideally seeking an older more interpersonally responsive sex partner and demonstrating less willingness than men to compromise their standards on a number of dimensions. Men's mate value largely was disassociated with their selection criteria; women's mate value correlated positively with their ideal preferences across many characteristics and in both mating contexts.

Field of study: Psychology
Optimization of a Low-Tc DC SQUID Amplifier With Tightly Coupled Input Coils

We optimized the design and operation of a low-Tc direct current superconducting quantum interference device (dc SQUID) with an integrated coupling coil of 1.5 muH inductance taking into account typical effects observed for similar devices. Numerical simulations were performed on a model including the capacitance of the Josephson junctions, thermal noise of the integrated shunt- and damping- resistors as well as a complex frequency dependent impedance of the SQUID loop originating from the integrated coils. The experimentally and numerically determined characteristics and sensitivity are in good agreement. A minimum additional coupled energy resolution of 700 (h/2p) and 250 (h/2p) was measured at a temperature of 4.2 K and 1.5 K, respectively.

Field of study: Physics
Completion of Medical Certificates of Death after an Assisted Death: An Environmental Scan of Practices

Policies and practices have been developed to operationalize assisted dying processes in Canada. This project utilized an environmental scan to determine the spectrum of assisted death reporting practices and medical certificate of death (MCD) completion procedures both nationally and internationally. Findings suggest medically assisted dying (MAiD) is represented on the MCD inconsistently nationally and internationally. Related factors include the specifics of local assisted death legislation and variations in death-reporting legislation, variation in terminology surrounding assisted death and designated oversight agency for assisted dying reporting.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Blends and composites based on polypropylene and a thermotropic liquid crystalline polymer

Blends of polypropylene (PP) and liquid crystalline polymer (LCP) (Vectra A 950) processed without melting the LCP were compared with conventional melt processed blends. In a first stage, PP was blended with 20 wt.% of LCP in a twin-screw extruder with the take-up speed varied to achieve blends with different LCP fibre dimensions. In the second stage these blends were processed both below and above the T m of the LCP by extrusion and injection moulding. At lower temperatures (180-200°C), where the material was processed without melting the LCP, a real composite structure was formed with solid LCP fibres in the PP matrix. When processed above the T m of the LCP (280°C) all the material was molten during processing and a composite-like blend morphology was created in-situ during cooling of the oriented melt phase

Field of study: Materials science
Industrial relations and public sector reform: the Victorian case

Few anticipated the radical program of public sector reform introduced by the Kennett government. A commitment to downsizing, markets and privatisation has transformed employment relations in the Victorian public sector. Familiar institutions have disappeared, major employment areas have been restructured, and jurisdiction for much public sector industrial relations has been transferred to the Commonwealth. Despite some industrial unrest, and occasional successes, public sector unions have been unable to fend off this ideological assault on traditional patterns of public sector employment.

Field of study: Political science
Synthesis of hexahydro[1,4]diazocino[7,8,1-jk]carbazoles and 1-methoxy-9-(β-vinylethylamino)ethylcarbazoles

3-Ethylhexahydropyrazino[3,2,1-jk]carbazole is converted into hexahydro[1,4]diazocino[7,8,1-jk]carbazoles by the action of methyl propiolate and acetylacetylene in acetonitrile and into 1-methoxy9-(β-vinylethylamino)ethylcarbazoles by the action of acetylenedicarboxylic ester and methyl propiolate in methanol. 3-Benzyl-substituted pyrazinocarbazole does not react with alkynes.

Field of study: Chemistry
Research on Overall Equipment Effectiveness for Cigarette Equipments Based on Data Mart and Data Mining

In the basis of building data mart, this paper uses data mining clusters and association rule algorithms from people, machines, materials, regulations, environments and measurement systems to excavate the key influencing factors which influence the overall equipment effectiveness for cigarette equipments. It has a great significance for equipment management decision support, optimizing the equipment management assessment mechanism and enhancing the level of equipment management.

Field of study: Engineering
Technique of ethanol production fermented with raw litch residue by uniform design

In this paper, the technologies of ethanol production fermented from litch residue were discussed using uniform design and the optimization parameters of alcoholic fermentation as the index of alcoholic productive rate were studied. The results showed that the initial concentration of saccharification liquid is 16 °Bx, the alcoholic additive is 0.5%, the fermentation temperature is 36 ℃, and the best fermentation time is 168 h, and the alcoholic productive rate could reach 10.8% under the best optimization parameters by uniform design.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
An assessment of deforestation and forest degradation drivers in developing countries

Countries are encouraged to identify drivers of deforestation and forest degradation in the development of national strategies and action plans for REDDC. In this letter we provide an assessment of proximate drivers of deforestation and forest degradation by synthesizing empirical data reported by countries as part of their REDDC readiness activities, CIFOR country profiles, UNFCCC national communications and scientific literature. Based on deforestation rate and remaining forest cover 100 (sub)tropical non-Annex I countries were grouped into four forest transition phases. Driver data of 46 countries were summarized for each phase and by continent, and were used as a proxy to estimate drivers for the countries with missing data. The deforestation drivers are similar in Africa and Asia, while degradation drivers are more similar in Latin America and Asia. Commercial agriculture is the most important driver of deforestation, followed by subsistence agriculture. Timber extraction and logging drives most of the degradation, followed by fuelwood collection and charcoal production, uncontrolled fire and livestock grazing. The results reflect the most up to date and comprehensive overview of current national-level data availability on drivers, which is expected to improve over time within the frame of the UNFCCC REDDC process.

Field of study: Environmental science
Nanosecond laser photolysis of provitamin D

The energy and spectral dependences of laser photoisomerization of provitamin D were investigated. When photolysis was initiated by XeCl laser radiation, there was a major change in the reaction causing suppression of the formation of the main photoproducts and irreversible photodegradation of the original substance. Theoretical and experimental studies demonstrated that two-photon photoprocesses were not involved in the observed "anomalous" behavior of the reaction. An investigation of the kinetics of the photoreaction caused by excitation in the 280–305 nm range, provided by tunable lasers, revealed a significant increase in the role of irreversible phototransitions in provitamin D as a result of irradiation corresponding to the long-wavelength edge of the absorption band.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Half-life and the nuclear matrix element of the 2 nu beta beta decay in Ge-76

We apply the shell-model wave functions of Ge-76 to calculate the nuclear matrix elements and the half-life of the 2 nu beta beta decay of Ge-76. Our result is comparable to the recent observed 2 nu beta beta decay half-life of Ge-76. Furthermore it provides the upper limit of the effective neutrino mass is about 0.4eV with the recent experimental data of the 0 nu beta beta decay half-life.

Field of study: Physics
EDTA-Decorated Nanostructured ZnO/CdS Thin Films 
for Oxygen Gas Sensing Applications

ZnO/CdS and ZnO/CdS-EDTA nanostructured thin films were prepared on a glass substrate using spin-coating and used for oxygen gas sensor applications. The structural properties of both ZnO/CdS and ZnO/CdS-EDTA nanostructured composites were comparatively characterized. The nanostructure thin film was found in a hexagonal structure with an average crystallite size reduced from 77 nm to 29 nm due to the influence of the EDTA. The optical absorption, photo luminescence, functional groups and surface morphology of the nanostructured thin films were comprehensively investigated. Oxygen was suitably tailored to verify the sensor response over a concentration range of 10–50 ppm at room temperature. Thus, the sensor studies reveal that the performance, response, and recovery time were enhanced in ZnO/CdS-EDTA nanostructured thin film compared with ZnO/CdS.

Field of study: Materials science
Inhibition of ova fertilizability by pseudolaric acid B in hamster

Pseudolaric acid B (PA), a diterpenoid compound isolated from the root of Pseudolarix kaempferi Gorden, was injected into hamster ovarian bursa with various concentration before ovulation. The successful rate of fertilization of ova was significantly decreased, but no effect was observed on spermatozoa activity and fertilizing ability. Hamster ova with or without cumulus were treated with PA at a concentration higher than 50 micrograms/ml in the medium, the fertilizing rate of ova was reduced markedly. At the concentration of 5 micrograms/ml, only the capacity of fertilization of the cumulus-free ova was inhibited. When PA was injected ig 20 mg/kg daily to hamsters (female) for 4 d before mating, partial antifertility effect was observed.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine