nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Conservation and restoration of mangroves: Global status, perspectives, and prognosis

Mangrove forests provide critical services around the globe to both human populations and the ecosystems they occupy. However, losses of mangrove habitat of more than 50% have been recorded in some parts of the world, and these losses are largely attributable to human activities. The importance of mangroves and the threats to their persistence have long been recognized, leading to actions taken locally, by national governments, and through international agreements for their protection. In this review, we explore the status of mangrove forests as well as efforts to protect them. We examine threats to the persistence of mangroves, consequences, and potential solutions for effective conservation. We present case studies from disparate regions of the world, showing that the integration of human livelihood needs in a manner that balances conservation goals can present solutions that could lead to long-term sustainability of mangrove forests throughout the world.

Field of study: Environmental science
Gamma knife surgery for glioblastoma multiforme.

Despite the implementation of increasingly aggressive surgery, chemotherapy, and fractionated radiotherapy for the treatment of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), most therapeutic regimens have resulted in only modest improvements in patient survival. Gamma knife surgery (GKS) has become an indispensable tool in the primary and adjuvant management of many intracranial pathologies, including meningiomas, pituitary tumors, and arteriovenous malformations. Although it would seem that radiosurgical techniques, which produce steep radiation dose fall-off around the target, would not be well suited to treat these infiltrative lesions, a limited number of institutional series suggest that GKS might provide a survival benefit when used as part of the comprehensive management of GBM. This may largely be attributed to the observation that tumors typically recur within a 2-cm margin of the tumor resection cavity. Despite these encouraging results, enthusiasm for radiosurgery as a primary treatment for GBM is significantly tempered by the failure of the only randomized trial that has been conducted to yield any benefit for patients with GBM who were treated with radiosurgery. In this paper, the authors review the pathophysiological mechanisms of GKS and its applications for GBM management.

Field of study: Medicine
Molecular beam deposition of low-resistance polycrystalline GaAs

Heavy doping of polycrystalline GaAs (poly-GaAs) with Be is investigated using low-temperature molecular beam deposition. A polycrystal grain size of 50-180 nm, which is appropriate for microfabrication, is obtained at a deposition temperature of 370-530°C. The resistivity of poly-GaAs decreases rapidly with increasing doping level NFA, and it becomes in reverse ratio to NA when NA >2 x 1020 cm-3. Low deposition temperature and high As4 pressure are also found to be effective in reducing resistivity. The minimum resistivity reported to date of 3.3 x 10-3 Q-cm is achieved for Be-doped poly-GaAs with a grain size of 120 nm. These results show that the present poly-GaAs is very promising for applications to compound semiconductor devices.

Field of study: Materials science
Superconducting Solenoid Magnet Test Results

Superconducting solenoid magnets suitable for the room temperature front end of the Fermilab high intensity neutrino source (formerly known as proton driver), an 8 GeV superconducting H- linac, have been designed and fabricated at Fermilab, and tested in the Fermilab magnet test facility. We report here results of studies on the first model magnets in this program, including the mechanical properties during fabrication and testing in liquid helium at 4.2 K, quench performance, and magnetic field measurements. We also describe new test facility systems and instrumentation that have been developed to accomplish these tests.

Field of study: Physics
The future of psychiatric genetics

The articles in this section of Current Psychiatry Reports show the great strides that have been made in understanding the genetics of mental disorders. After more than a century of family, twin, and adoption studies, we can now state with certainty that genes influence the etiology of most mental disorders. Genetic epidemiologic research also shows that the inheritance of most psychiatric disorders is complex. Although rare single gene variants of psychiatric disorders may exist, most cases of psychiatric illness can be attributed to the joint actions of many genes along with environmental risk factors . Despite the strong evidence implicating genes as causes of psychiatric illness, complex inheritance has stymied efforts to find susceptibility genes for specific disorders. Although current molecular genetic technologies have made gene finding routine for many medical conditions, the papers in this section show that findings for psychiatric illness have been only suggestive and sometimes contradictory. These difficulties have led to a new phase of molecular genetic research in psychiatry. This new work promises to find genes and thereby open up new vistas for research and treatment.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Beneficial Effects of Bushen Formula Combined with Enticavir on Chronic Hepatitis B Patients with Suboptimal Response to Enticavir by Regulating B-Cell Differentiation

To investigate the clinical effects of the combination therapy with Bushen Formula (BSF) plus enticavir (ETV) on chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients with suboptimal response to ETV and explore the regulatory mechanisms of BSF on B cells-mediated humoral immunity.  Sixty-four HBeAg-positive CHB patients with suboptimal response to ETV were enrolled, and were randomly assigned into control group (C-Group, placebo combined with ETV for 12 months) or treatment group (T-Group, BSF combined with ETV for 12 months). Serum samples from 57 treatment-naïve CHB patients and 15 healthy controls were collected. Serum HBV DNA levels were evaluated by real-time PCR. Characteristics of peripheral blood B-cell subtypes were analyzed by flow cytometry. Serum HBV markers and B cell-activating factor (BAFF) levels were detected by ELISA. Chinese medicine symptom complex score was evaluated and recorded.  After treatment, the rates of patients with a reduction of HBsAg > 0.5 log10 IU/ml or 1.0 log10 IU/ml and the rates of HBeAg clearance in T-Group were all higher than those in C-group, with no significant intergroup difference. Only in T-Group, Chinese medicine symptom complex score and the frequency of total B cells were significantly decreased, and the frequencies of Bm1, CD24+CD27-switched B cells and plasma cells were markedly increased after treatment compared with those before treatment. Compared with healthy controls, serum BAFF levels in treatment-naïve CHB patients were increased, and there was a significant positive correlation between serum BAFF and HBsAg levels. However, serum BAFF levels did not differ after treatment in T-Group and C-Group.  The combination therapy with BSF plus ETV promotes the reduction of HBsAg level and the clearance of HBeAg in CHB patients with partial response to ETV through regulating the differentiation of B-cell subsets.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Metamaterial Magnetic Sheet at 3.7-T MRI for Animal Imaging

Animal models have been utilized for many decades to examine human diseases and symptoms via magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques. To avoid the fatal effects of the strong static magnetic field (B0) when imaging the mouse brain at higher Tesla values in MRI, i.e., 7-T, we propose a compact metamaterial magnetic sheet which can improve the image resolution for simulation of the mouse brain even at lower Tesla values in MRI systems. The magnetic sheet operates at 3.7-T MRI working frequency and provides a passband within its interfaces to restore the formation of scattering of an evanescent radio-frequency (RF) field radiating from the MRI gradient coils towards the sheet. We show in the optimized simulated test bed setup that the magnetic sheet localizes and adjusts the response of the evanescent RF field and improves the transient transverse magnetic field B1 and signal-to-noise ratio at the designated region of interest, i.e., mouse brain (Mb), where B1 at the mouse brain is the response of the static magnetic field B0 generated by the magnetic resonance gradient coils. The unique concept proposed here is that negative permeability (−μ) controls the metamaterial magnetic sheet to improve image resolution inside the human brain without increasing B0 intensity at the brain, in order to avoid thermal heating of the brain tissues.

Field of study: Materials science
Adoption and use of a semi-gasifier cooking and water heating stove and fuel intervention in the Tibetan Plateau, China

Improved cookstoves and fuels, such as advanced gasifier stoves, carry the promise of improving health outcomes, preserving local environments, and reducing climate-forcing air pollutants. However, low adoption and use of these stoves in many settings has limited their benefits. We aimed to improve the understanding of improved stove use by describing the patterns and predictors of adoption of a semi-gasifier stove and processed biomass fuel intervention in southwestern China. Of 113 intervention homes interviewed, 79% of homes tried the stove, and the majority of these (92%) continued using it 5–10 months later. One to five months after intervention, the average proportion of days that the semi-gasifier stove was in use was modest (40.4% [95% CI 34.3–46.6]), and further declined over 13 months. Homes that received the stove in the first batch used it more frequently (67.2% [95% CI 42.1 92.3] days in use) than homes that received it in the second batch (29.3% [95% CI 13.8 44.5] days in use), likely because of stove quality and user training. Household stove use was positively associated with reported cooking needs and negatively associated with age of the main cook, household socioeconomic status, and the availability of substitute cleaner-burning stoves. Our results show that even a carefully engineered, multi-purpose semi-gasifier stove and fuel intervention contributed modestly to overall household energy use in rural China.

Field of study: Environmental science
Participatory Governance into the Future: Roles of the Government and Community Sectors

A paradigm shift is occurring in the way in which the government, business and community sectors relate to each other, challenging each to redefine their respective roles and responsibilities. This paper explores those changing relationships, focussing on how the community sector in particular may move beyond delivering services to be given a greater voice in the government's policy development process. Overseas, especially Canadian experience is drawn upon to suggest a possible participatory framework for progressing collaborative arrangements. Challenges the sectors need to confront are discussed before possible future roles and responsibilities are suggested.

Field of study: Political science
Interactions between low-angle normal faults and plutonism in the upper crust: Insights from the island of Elba, Italy: Comment

The interplay between magmatism and tectonics is pivotal for deciphering the tectonic and geodynamic evolution of mountain belts. In the Northern Apennines–northern Tyrrhenian Sea orogenic system, large amounts of magma were emplaced at shallow crustal levels from the middle–late Miocene to

Field of study: Geology
Data Prediction and Real-time State Estimation of Distribution Network

With the improvement of real-time measurement technology in distribution network, the data collected by power dispatching department is explosively growing. As a result, the real-time detection and analysis of the operation status of distribution network is facing new challenges. In this paper, a prediction model based on the combination of fuzzy c-means (FCM) algorithm and BP neural network is proposed to describe the range of future distribution network operation data. The purpose of this work is to provide a reference range for real-time operation state analysis. Then, considering the problem of massive measurement data in distribution network, a robust state estimation method based on exponential function weighted least squares (EFWLS) is proposed, which has better accuracy and efficiency than traditional weighted least squares (WLS) method. Finally, the accuracy of the prediction model is verified by comparing the predicted data with the real data, and the advantages of the proposed state estimation method are verified by comparing the results of different methods.

Field of study: Engineering
High time-bandwidth product and high repetition rate period signal generation based on spectral hole burning crystal.

This paper proposes an approach for the generation of high time-bandwidth product (TBP) and high repetition rate pulse compression period signal. The complex spectral grating is created through a reference pulse and multiple programming pulses with different start frequencies. As the multiple probe chirped pulses with different start frequencies interact with the complex spectral gratings, a high TBP and repetition rate period signal is thus generated. This technique has the potential to generate a time-bandwidth product of 10⁵ when the repetition rate reaches up to tens of GHz. At the end of this paper, two simulation results of pulse compression period signal with 4×10⁵ TBP and 20 GHz repetition rate are presented.

Field of study: Physics
Accumulation of indoxyl sulfate in OAT1/3-positive tubular cells in kidneys of patients with chronic renal failure.

Indoxyl sulfate shows nephrotoxicity and is a stimulating factor for progression of chronic renal failure (CRF). Indoxyl sulfate is taken up by renal proximal tubular cells through organic anion transporters 1 and 3 (OAT1/3), and is accumulated in the renal proximal tubular cells of uremic rats. To determine whether indoxyl sulfate is accumulated in human OAT1/3 (hOAT1/3)-positive renal proximal tubular cells, localization of indoxyl sulfate and hOAT1/3 in the kidneys of CRF patients was determined by immunohistochemistry. Kidney samples were obtained by autopsy from 9 CRF patients (mean serum creatinine 4.7 mg/dL, ranging from 2.0 to 14.5 mg/dL) and 9 patients with non-kidney disease (mean serum creatinine 0.6 mg/dL, ranging from 0.4 to 0.9 mg/dL). Immunohistochemistry was performed using antibodies against indoxyl sulfate, hOAT1, and hOAT3. Indoxyl sulfate was localized in the hOAT1- and hOAT3-positive renal tubular cells in the kidneys of CRF patients. The indoxyl sulfate-positive area in the kidneys was markedly increased in the kidneys of CRF patients compared with patients with non-kidney disease. The indoxyl sulfate-positive area was positively correlated with serum creatinine. In conclusion, in CRF patients, indoxyl sulfate is accumulated in the tubular cells with hOAT1 and/or hOAT3 localized at the basolateral membrane. The extent of indoxyl sulfate accumulation in the kidneys is more prominent in those patients with more severe CRF.

Field of study: Medicine
Positive Discipline Practices in Schools: A Case of Mzilikazi District Secondary Schools in Zimbabwe

The study assessed factors constraining use of positive discipline practices in Mzilikazi District Secondary Schools. Qualitative approach and case study design were employed. Purposively selected participants from four secondary schools comprised four school heads; twenty members of the disciplinary committee, four school counsellors, forty prefects and four School Development Committee chairpersons. Data analysed thematically were collected using face to face semi-structured interviews and focus group interviews. Results revealed that lack of role models, ineffective communication, not rewarding positive behaviour, ineffective monitoring and inadequate financial resources constrained use of positive discipline practices in selected schools. The study concluded that factors that constrained use of positive discipline practices in schools mainly emanated from teachers, learners, parents and the members of the community. It is recommended that schools should initiate training programmes for teachers and parents to positively influence their discipline practices in enhancing use of positive discipline practices.

Field of study: Education, Sociology
Experimental electro-mechanical static characterization of IGBT bare die under controlled temperature

Silicon dice soldered in power assemblies have to withstand simultaneously electrical, thermal and mechanical stress. Mechanical stress is an important issue because it will directly impact on both the device behavior and power modules reliability. This paper focuses on the electro-mechanical static characterization of a planar gate IGBT by the help of experiments at controlled temperatures. A specific test bench is proposed to make the experiments on silicone bare dice. It can be highlighted that mechanical stresses have a strong influence on the electrical characteristics of IGBT and this effect is independent from the die temperature. These properties might be a key point to point out an early failure indicator to improve design of the power module.

Field of study: Engineering
Cytological Profile of Lymphadenopathies at Tertiary Health Care Institute

Lymph node aspiration is of great value for diagnosis of lymphadenitis, lymphomas and metastatic carcinoma. FNAC is a simple, minimally invasive investigative procedure, producing speedy result and is inexpensive with low complication rate  To study and classify various lymphadenitis using FNAC.  Majority of study participants [186(97.89%)] had localized lymphadenopathy and 4(2.11%) had generalized lymphadenopathy. Most commmonsite involved was cervical lymph nodes. 147 (77.64%) lesions were non-neoplastic while 43 (22.36%) were neoplastic; most of them being metastatic. Tubercular lymphadenitis was diagnosed on cytology in 45 cases.

Field of study: Medicine
Effect of Heat Treatment on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of High Chromium Cast Iron

Aiming to improve the size, shape and distribution of base microstructure and carbides, the heat treatment of high chromium cast iron was carried out. The results show that: after heat treatment, the stability of primary austenite in high chromium cast iron declines and subsequently transforms into martensite, the carbide morphology improves in some sort, resulting in the preferable matching of high hardness and favorable toughness.

Field of study: Materials science
Effects of opening a Korfball course in physical education curriculum on the physical capacities and sports attitude of college students.

The author studied the effects of opening a Korfball course in physical education curriculum on the physical capacities and sports attitude of college students,and drew the following conclusions by comparing the experiment group with the control group: Korfball has a significant effect on developing student’s physical capacities such as speed,stamina and strength;it can also inspire student’s interest in physical education learning;opening an elective Korfball course in physical education curriculum in common institutes of higher learning meets the need of common institutes of higher learning for physical education teaching;such a course is an optional course in physical curriculum in common institutes of higher learning.

Field of study: Education
Monotone Batch NP-Delegation with Applications to Access Control

Consider an access policy for some resource which only allows access to users of the system who own a certain set of attributes. Specifically, we consider the case where such an access structure is defined by a monotone formula (or logarithmic depth circuit) F : {0, 1} → {0, 1}, where N is the number of possible attributes. In this work we present two results, which we believe to be of individual interest even regardless of the above application, and show how to combine them to achieve a succinct singleround private access control protocol. That is, a verifier can be convinced that an approved user (i.e. one which holds an approved set of attributes) is accessing the system, without learning any additional information about the user or the set of attributes. First, assuming a computational PIR scheme (which can be based, for example, on the polynomial hardness of the LWE assumption), we construct for any NP language L, a succinct single-round (2-message) protocol for delegating monotone batch L computations. Explicitly, for every N ∈ N, every x1, . . . , xN ∈ {0, 1}, and every monotone formula F : {0, 1} → {0, 1}, a prover can succinctly prove that F(1x1∈L, . . . ,1xN∈L) = 1, where 1xi∈L = 1 if and only if xi ∈ L, and where the communication complexity is m · polylog(N) where m is the length of a single witness. Second, assuming a quasi-polynomially secure two-message oblivious transfer scheme with statistical sender privacy (which can be based on quasi-polynomial hardness of the DDH, QR or DCR assumptions), we show how to convert any single-round protocol into a witness indistinguishable one, with similar communication complexity.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
DYNAMIC ANALYSIS FOR SINGLE-DOF OSCILLATION OF VEHICLE MODEL IN A 6-DOF WIRE-DRIVEN PARALLEL MANIPULATOR

A dynamical model based on Newton-Euler equations has been proposed in the paper to analyze the oscillatory motion of vehicle models in a 6-DOF (six-degrees-of-freedom) wire-driven parallel manipulator with 8 wires, which is used as a supporter of wind tunnel. The model is a highly coupled nonlinear system because of the adopted redundant constraints, as a result, the wire tension always has multi-solution and the dynamic analysis becomes very complicated. An optimization algorithm has been introduced. The simulation of the vehicle model oscillating in single degree of freedom has been carried out by MATLAB. The evolution of each wire tension has been presented when the vehicle model is in pitching oscillatory motion. The simulation results prove that the algorithm is applicable for searching the feasible solution of the wire tension and designing the prototype of wire-driven parallel manipulator.

Field of study: Engineering
Periodic Lotka-Volterra competition equations

The Lotka-Volterra competition equations with periodic coefficients derived from the MacArthur-Levins theory of a one-dimensional resource niche are studied when the parameters are allowed to oscillate periodically in time. Specifically, niche positions and widths, resource availability and resource consumption rates are allowed small amplitude periodicities around a specified mean value. Two opposite cases are studied both analytically and numerically. First only resource consumption rates are allowed to oscillate while niche dimensions and resource availability are held constant. The resulting oscillations in population densities and the strength of the system stability as they depend upon crucial relative phase and amplitude differences between the species' consumption rates are studied. This leads to a clear notion of “temporal niche” and of the effects that such oscillations can have on competitive coexistence. Secondly, all system parameters are allowed to oscillate, although the oscillatory consumption rates are assumed identical for both species. The effects on the population density oscillations and their averages are studied and the “best” choice of the common, periodic resource consumption rate for these two “identical” species competing for similar (even identical) niches is considered.

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics