nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Exploring Routes to Persuasive Online Advertising

Studies show that the Internet is gaining status as a mainstream medium for delivering advertisements and that online advertising may surpass advertising in traditional media. This study proposes a model for evaluating the effects of various elements of Internet advertisements on purchase intention and outlines a potential route by which persuasive messages might travel. A structural equation model is developed to test the causal effect between those constructs. The multiple-group analysis is applied to investigate the moderating effect of Internet usage. The empirical results show that (1) purchase intention is influenced indirectly by peripheral cues via the mediation of hedonic value, (2) purchase intention is influenced indirectly by central cues via the mediation of utilitarian value and search intention, (3) Internet usage plays a partial moderating role in persuasive communication, and (4) utilitarian value plays a critical meditating role by converting rational ad stimuli into purchase acts after the persuasive communication effected by online advertisements. This study clarified the process of consumer perception and interpretation towards online advertisement information, proposing two pathways for persuasion. Furthermore, we confirmed that in the event that more central cures are released in online advertisements, the consumers will enhance a greater utilitarian value to the message. This further induces greater search intention and purchase intention, the finding of which is the contribution of this study.

Field of study: Business
Short-term effects of maternal alcohol consumption on lactational performance.

Previous research demonstrated that breast-feeding infants consumed significantly less milk during the immediate hours after their mothers consumed an acute dose of alcohol when compared with a nonalcoholic beverage. The present study tested the hypothesis that maternal alcohol consumption decreases the amount of milk available to the infant and alters milk composition in the short term. To this aim, 22 lactating women were tested on 2 days separated by 1 week; the women reported that they drank very little during pregnancy, but significantly increased alcohol intake during lactation. Each woman drank a 0.3 g/kg dose of alcohol in orange juice on one testing day and orange juice alone on the other; the order was counterbalanced. Immediately before drinking the beverage (baseline) and 2 hr after (postconsumption), women expressed their milk by using an electric breast pump until no milk had been secreted from either breast for 5 min. Although there was no difference in the energy content of the milk, maternal alcohol consumption slightly, but significantly, reduced the amount of milk produced by the lactating mother. These findings underscore the importance of determining whether and when infants compensate for the reductions in intake experienced at the breast following maternal alcohol consumption and how such changes impact on mother-infant interaction.

Field of study: Medicine
Combined strain-inertia gradient elasticity in free vibration shell analysis of single walled carbon nanotubes using shell theory

In this paper, a gradient elasticity shell formulation is presented for free vibration analysis of single-walled carbon nanotube placed on Winkler/Pasternak foundation. The proposed formulation is based on the combined strain-inertia gradient elasticity. The combined strain-inertia gradient elasticity provides an extension to the classical equations of elasticity with additional higher-order spatial derivatives of strains and two material length scale parameters related to the inertia and strain gradients, which enable formulation to investigate the size effect on the dynamic behavior of nanotubes. The effects of the length scale parameters, aspect ratio of single-walled carbon nanotube and foundation parameters on the fundamental frequencies for different values half-axial wave number and circumferential wave number are investigated. The natural frequencies obtained from the proposed shell formulation show the effects of size-dependent properties. It can be concluded that a continuum model enriched with higher-order inertia terms has been proposed as alternative to the continuum description obtained with classical elasticity theory.

Field of study: Mathematics
SHORT COMMUNICATIONS: Waveguide CO2 amplifier with a discharge tube of improved strength

A discharge tube was developed for a waveguide CO2 amplifier using a structure composed of a metal and a highly reflecting coating. The parameters of a continuously burning gas discharge were determined and the time dependence was found of the rate of pumping of an active medium in a rectangular (1×1 mm) waveguide of 50 mm length.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Determination of Trace Gibberellin A3 by Magnetic Self-assembly Molecularly Imprinted Electrochemical Sensor

Magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles were synthesized by co-precipitation method, and then magnetic Fe3O4@Au nanoparticle were synthesized to improve the affinity of particle surface. L-Cys-GA3 was grafted on the particle surface by self-assembly method, and then dropped it on glass carbon electrode. The MIP/Fe3O4@Au was further fabricated by electropolymerization of L-Cys. The surface morphology and particle size distribution of the Fe3O4@Au particle were studied by TEM. The structure and composition of GA3, MIP and nMIP were studied by IR. Under the optimum conditions including 30 cycles of electropolymerization period, 5 min of elution time, 7 min of rebinding time and with acetic acid-methanol (1:8, V/V) mixed solution as eluent, high stability and good recognition ability for GA3 were obtained through the sensor. The results showed that the concentration of GA3 in the range of 1.0 × 10−11−1.0 × 10−8 M had a linear relationship with the intensity of the oxidation peak current, with the detection limit of 2.6 × 10−12 M. The sensor was successfully used for the determination of GA3 in beer sample.

Field of study: Chemistry
Physical activity advocacy in the UK: a multiple streams analysis of a hybrid policy issue

Physical activity is increasingly being defined as a major, complex, multi-sector issue. In order to understand more about how this expanded conception of physical activity is being factored into public policy, this article applies the multiple streams theory of policy change to examine the United Kingdom (UK) physical activity domain. Participant observation, policy analysis and media analysis are combined to examine the ways in which the political context, problem framing and policy solutions were brought together by a range of policy entrepreneurs. The study pays particular attention to how one lobby effort in the UK, the All Party Committee on Physical Activity (APCPA) attempted to elevate physical activity to a higher level of importance. The findings show how a hybrid form of organisation made up of traditional interest groups, corporations and government insiders, has successfully decreased ambiguity about physical activity and increased both official and public attention about the issue. The article suggests that while the multifarious benefits of physical activity and the diverse range of organisations involved have contributed to momentum towards policy change, these factors may also inhibit physical activity from remaining high on the policy agenda. Suggestions are offered for policy practices at a national level.

Field of study: Sociology
The last glacial maximum in central and southern North Island, New Zealand: a paleoenvironmental reconstruction using the Kawakawa Tephra Formation as a chronostratigraphic marker

Kawakawa Tephra Formation, comprising Oruanui Ignimbrite flow member and Aokautere Ash airfall member, represents the products of an exceptionally large and widespread volcanic eruption from Taupo Volcanic Centre in the North Island of New Zealand. The eruption occurred during the Last Glacial Maximum, and is radiocarbon dated at c. 22.6 ka B.P. Thermoluminescence ages are in broad agreement with the radiocarbon age. The presence of Aokautere Ash in loess deposits, in alluvial gully-fills, on river terraces, and its absence from unstable sites, permits a detailed assessment of geomorphic activity during the Last Glacial Maximum. Widespread erosion of regolith, aggradation of river valleys, and deposition of loess, particularly in the period following eruption of the Kawakawa, point to a cold, dry, variable climate. A collation of pollen data for sediments containing Aokautere Ash, and those 14C dated in the range 17–23 ka, shows that tall forest was highly restricted in the central and southern parts of the North Island. An apparently subalpine grassland/shrubland was present at sites from present sea level to over 800 m elevation, suggesting that factors other than lower temperatures, such as exposure to wind and frost, fire and reduced rainfall, were important in controlling vegetation patterns. We conclude that the interval 23-13 ka B.P., broadly equivalent to oxygen isotope stage 2, represents the period of greatest environmental change in the North Island.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Die Entwicklungsgeschichte des elektrischen Funkens und seiner Vorentladungen

ZusammenfassungGemeinsame Bildungsgesetze umfassen die ganze Gruppe der Entladungserscheinungen von der Spitzenentladung bis zum elektrischen Durchschlag in festen Isolatoren (§ 1 und 2). Sonderbedingungen formen innerhalb dieses Rahmens den einzelnen Entladungstyp. Sie führen die Entwicklung von der Spitzenentladung (§ 3) über die Büschelentladung (§4) zur Funkenbildung (§ 5). Sie lassen die Wirkungsweise der Geigerschen Spitzenzähler und Zählrohre weitgehend verstehen (§ 3) und die Bedeutung der Lichtenbergschen Figuren erkennen (§ 4 und 5). Es zeigt sich, in welcher Weise der elektrische Durchschlag in Gasen von seinen Vorentladungen abhängt (§ 6) und wie sich diese Vorgeschichte in den Funkentypen charakteristisch äußert (§ 7). Es wird der Übergang hergestellt zum elektrischen Durchschlag in flüssigen und festen Isolatoren und damit der Anschluß an die vom Verfasser früher ermittelten Gesetzmäßigkeiten gewonnen (§ 8). Die Arbeit ist nur ein erster Versuch, in der geschilderten Weise ein größeres Gebiet zu überblicken; sie wird durch Einzeluntersuchungen weiter ergänzt werden.

Field of study: Physics
Finding needles in a hay stream: On persistent item lookup in data streams

In a data stream composed of an ordered sequence of data items, persistent items refer to those persisting to occur over a long timespan. Compared with ordinary items, persistent ones, though not necessarily occurring more frequently, typically convey more valuable information. Persistent item lookup, the functionality to identify all persistent items, emerges as a pivotal building block in many computing and network systems. In this paper, we devise a generic persistent item lookup algorithm supporting high-speed, high-accuracy lookup with limited memory cost. The key technicalities we propose in our design are two-fold. First, our algorithm attempts to record only persistent items seen so far based on the currently available information about the stream, thus significantly reducing memory overhead, especially for real-life highly skewed data streams. Second, our algorithm balances the recording load in both time and space domains: in the time domain, we partition persistent items into approximately equal-size subsets and record only one subset in each epoch; in the space domain, we apply the state-of-the-art load balancing technique to evenly distribute recorded items across the on-die memory. By holistically integrating these components, we iron out a persistent item lookup algorithm outperforming existing solutions in a wide range of practical settings.

Field of study: Computer science
Experimental constraints on the spin and parity of the Lambdac(2880)+.

We report the results of several studies of the Lambda(c)(+)pi(+)pi(-)X final state in continuum e(+)e(-) annihilation data collected by the Belle detector. An analysis of angular distributions in Lambda(c)(2880)(+)-->Sigma(c)(2455)(0,++)pi(+,-) decays strongly favors a Lambda(c)(2880)(+) spin assignment of 5/2 over 3/2 or 1/2. We find evidence for Lambda(c)(2880)(+)-->Sigma(c)(2520)(0,++)pi(+,-) decay and measure the ratio of Lambda(c)(2880)(+) partial widths Gamma(Sigma(c)(2520)pi)/Gamma(Sigma(c)(2455)pi)=0.225+/-0.062+/-0.025. This value favors the Lambda(c)(2880)(+) spin-parity assignment of 5/2(+) over 5/2(-). We also report the first observation of Lambda(c)(2940)(+)-->Sigma(c)(2455)(0,++)pi(+,-) decay and measure Lambda(c)(2880)(+) and Lambda(c)(2940)(+) mass and width parameters. These studies are based on a 553 fb(-1) data sample collected at or near the Upsilon(4S) resonance at the KEKB collider.

Field of study: Physics
Two types of aggression are differentially related to serotonergic activity and the A779C TPH polymorphism.

The authors investigated whether different types of aggression relate to the A779C tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) polymorphism and to serotonergic activity in volunteers. A factor analysis of the Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory yielded 2 factors representing Neurotic Hostility (NH) and Aggressive Hostility (AH). The authors used a neuroendocrine challenge with Citalopram in 48 volunteers and increased cortisol concentrations only in those with high levels of AH. Finally, an association study with 58 volunteers revealed that the A779C TPH polymorphism significantly relates to AH, with the highest aggression levels for the genotype AA and the lowest aggression levels for the genotype CC, but not to NH. Results are discussed with respect to inconsistent findings in the literature, which may be explained by this distinction of types of aggression.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Effect of SiO_2 barrier layer on laser induced damage threshold of second harmonic antireflection coatings on LiB_3O_5 crystal

Two different kinds of second harmonic antireflection(AR) coatings,with and without SiO2 barrier layer were prepared with ion assisted deposition on LiB3O5 crystal.Laser induced damage threshold(LIDT) by multiple-shot irradiation at 1 064 nm was studied and two typical damage morphologies were observed by SEM.The AR coatings with SiO2 barrier layer have an excellent LIDT,which is about 40% higher than that of coatings without barrier layer.The mechanism of LIDT enhancement by adding SiO2 barrier layer is also discussed.

Field of study: Physics
The Role of José M. Balmaceda in Preserving Argentine Neutrality in the War of the Pacific

FTER SEPARATING from Spain, the Latin American republics established boundaries similar to those within the Spanish Empire. These boundaries were vaguely defined and usually ran through deserted territories, so that when explorations opened up these areas, and economic interests appeared, disputes ensued between many of the republics. In fact, the history of nineteenth-century diplomatic relations within South America can be told largely in terms of vexing border disputes. Chile 's history is no exception. One major border controversy brought Chile into the War of the Pacific (1879-1883) against Bolivia and Peru, while another with Argentina threatened to bring the latter to the aid of Chile's opponents. The controversy which led to the War of the Pacific centered in the Atacama Desert, located on the west coast of South America in the desolate Peruvian and Bolivian provinces of Tacna, Arica, Tarapaca, and Antofagasta. Rich guano beds located there had great value as sources of nitrates, mineral salts, and fertilizers, and both Chilean and European industry showed interest in the area.' In 1866 Chile and Bolivia, under duress of a common danger, signed a treaty agreeing to the twenty-fourth parallel as Bolivia's southern boundary. At the same time they consented to share the proceeds from the mineral wealth lying between the twenty-third and twenty-fifth parallels, and Bolivia agreed to impose no export duties on Chilean guano.2 This vague adjustment did not reduce the jealousy and distrust between the two countries, and they made a further attempt at a definite settlement in 1874 without success.3 Late

Field of study: History
Green groupoids of 2-Calabi--Yau categories, derived Picard actions, and hyperplane arrangements

We present a construction of (faithful) group actions via derived equivalences in the general categorical setting of algebraic 2-Calabi--Yau triangulated categories. 
To each algebraic 2-Calabi--Yau category $\mathscr{C}$ satisfying standard mild assumptions, we associate a groupoid $\mathscr{G}_{ \mathscr{C} }$, named the green groupoid of $\mathscr{C}$, defined in an intrinsic homological way. Its objects are given by a set of representatives $\operatorname{mrig} \mathscr{C}$ of the equivalence classes of basic maximal rigid objects of $\mathscr{C}$, arrows are given by mutation, and relations are given by equating monotone (green) paths in the silting order. In this generality we construct a homomorphsim from the green groupoid $\mathscr{G}_{ \mathscr{C} }$ to the derived Picard groupoid of the collection of endomorphism rings of representatives of $\operatorname{mrig} \mathscr{C}$ in a Frobenius model of $\mathscr{C}$; the latter canonically acts by triangle equivalences between the derived categories of the rings. 
We prove that the constructed representation of the green groupoid $\mathscr{G}_{ \mathscr{C} }$ is faithful if the index chamber decompositions of the split Grothendieck groups of basic maximal rigid objects of $\mathscr{C}$ come from hyperplane arrangements. If $\Sigma^2 \cong \operatorname{id}$ and $\mathscr{C}$ has finitely many equivalence classes of basic maximal rigid objects, we prove that $\mathscr{G}_{ \mathscr{C} }$ is isomorphic to a Deligne groupoid of a hyperplane arrangement and that the representation of this groupoid is faithful.

Field of study: Mathematics
A New Research on Du Fu’s Poems with Chinese Character "Xi"

There are 33 pieces of poems written by Du Fu which have been tilted with "xi" in all his 1458 pieces of existing poems. This article will take all the 33 pieces of poems apart into four periods according to Du Fu’s experience about journey, and then we will discuss them separately. We try to find out howthat experience and encounter had affected his poems, thereby figuring a fuller image of the poet.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Study of the Change of the Shaft Shape on the Influence to Aerodynamics Effect of the High-Speed Metro Tunnel

When a metro train passes through the shaft, it will lead to severe pressure fluctuations on surfaces of tunnel and train due to the sudden change of tunnel cross section. Based on the three-dimensional, compressible and unsteady N-S equation method, this paper simulates aerodynamic problems caused by trains when they pass through the airshafts at the speed of 140 km/h by the means of constructing four middle shaft models, one is the real shaft, the other three are the simplifications. Time delays generated on trains’ surfaces after trains pass through shafts in the three simplifications’ model, but on tunnels’ surfaces from entering portals for the different corridor sizes. The tendency of max pressure, min pressure and pressure amplitude at trains’ and tunnels’ surfaces is consistent in four kinds of models. But the different area of shafts’ corridor sizes cause the most used model gets the maximum pressure amplitude, the real model gets the minimum pressure amplitude, and the two simplifications’ are the middle.

Field of study: Engineering
Equation of state of nuclear matter at high baryon density

A central issue in the theory of astrophysical compact objects and heavy-ion reactions at intermediate and relativistic energies is the nuclear equation of state (EoS). On the one hand, the large and expanding set of experimental and observational data is expected to constrain the behaviour of the nuclear EoS, especially at density above saturation, where it is directly linked to fundamental processes which can occur in dense matter. On the other hand, theoretical predictions for the EoS at high density can be challenged by the phenomenological findings. In this topical review paper, we present the many-body theory of nuclear matter as developed along different years and with different methods. Only nucleonic degrees of freedom are considered. We compare the different methods at a formal level, as well as the final EoS calculated within each one of the considered many-body schemes. The outcome of this analysis should help in restricting the uncertainty of the theoretical predictions for the nuclear EoS.

Field of study: Physics
Porous Chiral Metal Organic Carboxylate Frameworks with a Double-interwoven SrSi2 Topology: M3(TTCA)2·6DMF·7H2O (TTCA = triphenylenetricarboxylate; M = Zn2+, Cd2+)

We have succeeded in assembling a new trigonal aryne ligand, triphenylene-2,6,10-tricarboxylic acid (H 3 TTCA) with metal ions to give M 3 (TTCA) 2 ·6DMF·7H 2 O (M = Zn 2+ and Cd 2+ ) (DMF = N,N-dimethylformamide), which networks show non-interpenetrated porous metal carboxylate frameworks and belong to a novel doubly-interwoven SrSi 2 topology.

Field of study: Chemistry
A distributed resource management model for Virtual Private Networks: Tit-for-Tat strategies

In this paper, we address the autonomic resource management problem for Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) in the presence of stochastic and selfish VPN operators. Resource management is one of the most important problems that faces Internet Service Providers. In the literature, the Autonomic Service Architecture is proposed to provide a resource management model that allows systems to manage themselves and aiming to utilize optimally the unused resources. Unfortunately, this model suffers from two major limitations. First, unused resources from underloaded VPNs (lenders) are utilized over the overloaded ones (borrowers) without considering the unexpected changes of the VPNs' state, which may often happen in the case of multimedia transmissions. This may affect negatively the Quality-of-Service (QoS) of the lenders while improving the QoS of the borrowers. Second, underloaded VPNs' operators might behave selfishly and refuse to lend their unused (spare) resources to other overloaded VPNs. To overcome these limitations, we propose a distributed autonomic resource management, which is modeled as a repeated non-cooperative game with stochastic and selfish players. The classical Tit-for-Tat strategy is modified to cope with VPN operators who are not always able to lend some resources to others. Four different strategies are derived from Tit-for-Tat to motivate VPN operators to lend their resources to others. As far as we know, our work is among the first efforts that uses repeated non-cooperative game theory to motivate selfish participants to cooperate and to distinguish between stochastic and purely selfish VPNs' operators. In our setting, this results in cooperative sharing of unused resources among VPNs. Simulation results show that Tit-for-Tat strategy leads to deadlocks, while our strategies assure good gains to cooperative VPN operators and punish the selfish ones.

Field of study: Computer science