nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Computer aided detection of surgical retained foreign object for prevention.

Surgical retained foreign objects (RFOs) have significant morbidity and mortality. They are associated with approximately $1.5 × 10(9) annually in preventable medical costs. The detection accuracy of radiographs for RFOs is a mediocre 59%. The authors address the RFO problem with two complementary technologies: a three-dimensional (3D) gossypiboma micro tag, the μTag that improves the visibility of RFOs on radiographs, and a computer aided detection (CAD) system that detects the μTag. It is desirable for the CAD system to operate in a high specificity mode in the operating room (OR) and function as a first reader for the surgeon. This allows for fast point of care results and seamless workflow integration. The CAD system can also operate in a high sensitivity mode as a second reader for the radiologist to ensure the highest possible detection accuracy.



The 3D geometry of the μTag produces a similar two dimensional (2D) depiction on radiographs regardless of its orientation in the human body and ensures accurate detection by a radiologist and the CAD. The authors created a data set of 1800 cadaver images with the 3D μTag and other common man-made surgical objects positioned randomly. A total of 1061 cadaver images contained a single μTag and the remaining 739 were without μTag. A radiologist marked the location of the μTag using an in-house developed graphical user interface. The data set was partitioned into three independent subsets: a training set, a validation set, and a test set, consisting of 540, 560, and 700 images, respectively. A CAD system with modules that included preprocessing μTag enhancement, labeling, segmentation, feature analysis, classification, and detection was developed. The CAD system was developed using the training and the validation sets.



On the training set, the CAD achieved 81.5% sensitivity with 0.014 false positives (FPs) per image in a high specificity mode for the surgeons in the OR and 96.1% sensitivity with 0.81 FPs per image in a high sensitivity mode for the radiologists. On the independent test set, the CAD achieved 79.5% sensitivity with 0.003 FPs per image in a high specificity mode for the surgeons and 90.2% sensitivity with 0.23 FPs per image in a high sensitivity mode for the radiologists.



To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first time a 3D μTag is used to produce a recognizable, substantially similar 2D projection on radiographs regardless of orientation in space. It is the first time a CAD system is used to search for man-made objects over anatomic background. The CAD system for the μTags achieved reasonable performance in both the high specificity and the high sensitivity modes.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Method for Virtual Scene Automatic Exploration

This paper presents a new method for automatic exploration in a virtual scene.First,we give a viewpoint measuring metric,which is based on fuzzy theory.Then,we use fuzzy comprehensive evaluation to calculate a fuzzy set which corresponds to a virtual viewpoint.The quality of the virtual viewpoint can be taken as an objective function and the optimal viewpoint set can be obtained by ant colony optimization algorithm.Finally,we sort the viewpoints in the optimal viewpoint set and connect them using cardinal spline curve.Consequently,the automatic exploration path is constructed.Experimental results show that our method can obtain a good exploration path which can help observer understand the scene roundly and quickly.

Field of study: Computer science
Structured populations: The stabilizing effect of the inflow of newborns from an external source and the net growth rate

We investigate the effect of a positive population inflow of individuals from an external source on the dynamical behaviour of certain physiologically structured population models. We treat a size-structured model with constant inflow and nonlinear birth rate and an age-structured model with nonlinear (density dependent) inflow and linear birth rate. Analogously to the inherent net reproduction rate we introduce a net growth rate and discuss how this net growth rate can be related to our stability/instability conditions.

Field of study: Mathematics
Eikelboom's morphotype 0803 in activated sludge belongs to the genus Caldilinea in the phylum Chloroflexi.

Micromanipulated filamentous bacteria from bulking and foaming activated sludge morphologically identified as Eikelboom type 0803 were shown to be affiliated to the genus Caldilinea within the phylum Chloroflexi. Specific FISH probes were designed for their in situ detection and quantification in seven Danish wastewater treatment plants with biological nutrient removal. The survey applied all species-specific probes for Chloroflexi of relevance in activated sludge treatment plants as well as the phylum-specific probes. Type 0803 filaments constituted around 20% of the total Chloroflexi population. In four of the treatment plants, type 0803 and type 0092 co-occurred and were the dominating fraction of the Chloroflexi population. In the other plants, most Chloroflexi could not be identified beyond the phylum level, suggesting a yet far larger diversity. On average, for all plants, the total Chloroflexi population constituted 12% of the entire microbial population and seems to play an important structural role in the sludge floc formation. Ecophysiological characterization of type 0803 showed their potential role in macromolecule conversion as evident by high levels of exoenzyme expression. Acetate was not consumed. Glucose was consumed with oxygen, nitrite and nitrite as electron acceptors, suggesting that type 0803 may be a denitrifier. Their surfaces were hydrophobic, explaining their occasional occurrence in foaming incidents.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Isomerizational recyclizat10n of pyridylethylated cyclanones. A new method for the synthesis of substituted polyhydroacridines and their analogs

Mixtures of cis and trans isomers of 1,2,3,4,9,10,9a,10a-octahydroacridines are formed in the recyclization of quaternary salts of pyridylethylated alicyclic ketones. The 1,2,3,4,9,10-hexahydro-1-acridone skeleton was obtained in the recyclization of the quaternary salt of pyridylethylated dimedone, whereas a noncyclic amino ketone was isolated from the products of recyclization of the quaternary salt of pyridylethylated camphor. The structures of the compounds obtained were confirmed by means of data from the IR, UV, and PMR spectra.

Field of study: Chemistry
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor use during pregnancy and possible neonatal complications

This paper reviews the risks and benefits of using selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) in pregnant women. The effects of SSRI use on pregnant women and fetuses are discussed, and the need for SSRI treatment is explained. Persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn, teratogenic risks of SSRI treatment during pregnancy, neonatal adaptations, and long-term outcomes for children whose mothers used SSRIs during pregnancy are specifically considered. Due to conflicting results from current studies, there are no clear guidelines for SSRI treatment in pregnancy. Patients and doctors must discuss together the risks and benefits of SSRI use during pregnancy and decide on a course of treatment. Potential risks must be balanced against the effects of untreated maternal depression.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Veil of Secrecy is Lifted from Parts of Livermore's Laser Fusion Program

Researchers from Japan, Germany and elsewhere are finally getting a more detailed look at the results of experiments on inertial confinement fusion done at the Nova facility at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, site of the most powerful laser devoted to fusion research. Although Livermore scientists have reported on their progress in general terms over the years, significant aspects of their experiments and models remained classified because the information had potential relevance to nuclear weapons as well as to the development of a commercial energy source. But a Department of Energy spokesperson told us that the department decided last December to declassify portions of the program as part of Secretary Hazel O'Leary's “openness initiative.” The announcement of the declassification noted that researchers in other countries were publishing their own work, which in many cases duplicated results developed earlier in the US but never made public because of classification restrictions.

Field of study: Physics
A method to recover critical bits under a double error in SEC-DED protected memories

codes are widely used to protect memories from soft errors due to their simple implementation. However, the limitation is that the double bit errors can just be detected but cannot be recovered by SEC-DED codes. In this paper, a method to recover some of the bits when a double error occurs is presented. This can be of interest for applications on which some bits store important information, for example control flags or the more significant bits of a value. For those, the proposed technique can in some cases determine whether those bits have been affected by the double error and when not, safely recover the correct values. However, the percentage of times that the bits can be recovered is small. The proposed scheme is also extended to increase this percentage by duplicating or triplicating the critical bits inside the word when there are spare bits. No modification to the decoding circuitry is needed, as the scheme can be implemented in the exception handler that is executed when a double error occurs. This facilitates the use of the proposed scheme in existing designs. Another option is to implement part of the scheme in hardware something that can be done with low cost.

Field of study: Engineering
Palladium‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Alkynylated 1,4:5,8:11,14:15,18‐Tetrasulfido[20]annulenes

The syntheses of tetraalkynylated tetrasulfido[20]annulenes 2a−d are described. Treatment of the corresponding brominated tetrasulfido[20]annulene 5a (easily available by McMurry coupling of the brominated 2,2′-bithiophene-5,5′-dicarbaldehydes, 3a) with various acetylenes in the presence of Pd(II) and Cu(I) in NH(iPr)2 yields acetylenic tetrasulfido[20]annulenes 2a−d.

Field of study: Chemistry
Differential involvement and heterogeneous phosphorylation of tau isoforms in progressive supranuclear palsy.

We found previously that aggregated insoluble tau protein in progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) brains exhibits a heterogeneous pattern that is not segregated by the type of clinical presentation. Here we have investigated tau isoform composition from 20 PSP cases and found marked variation between different brains. Cases were classified into three groups, each comprising essentially of (1) 1N4R; (2) 1N4R and 1N3R; or (3) 1N4R, 1N3R and 0N4R tau isoforms. There was also an absence of a simple relationship between isoform composition and the pattern of insoluble tau before dephosphorylation. We conclude that there is distinct molecular heterogeneity in the involvement of tau isoforms in the tau pathology in PSP.

Field of study: Biology
Advances in multi-functional biocatalyst,halohydrin dehalogenases

Optically pure epoxides and a broad range of β-substituted alcohols are valuable synthons and pharmaceutical intermediates.In recent years,the biocatalytic method provides a better way to produce these compounds because of its high chemo-,regio-and stereo-selectivity and mild,environmentally-friendly operation conditions.Halohydrin dehalogenases,occurring in the biodegradation pathways of halogenated compounds,enantioselectively catalyze the nucleophilic displacement of a halogen by a vicinal hydroxyl group in halohydrins to yield epoxides and its reverse reaction.The enzymes display a remarkable catalytic promiscuity by accepting a broad range of non-natural nucleophiles,including azide,nitrite,cyanide and even cyanate and isocyanate.Thus,it provides a useful tool for the production of enantiopure epoxides and β-substituted alcohols.This review focuses on recent developments of halohydrin dehalogenases with respect to their catalytic mechanisms and their applications in biocatalysis.At the same time,some perspectives on future research are also presented.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Response time structure of electrons and muons recorded by scintillation detectors in showers with energies higher than 5 × 1018 eV at the Yakutsk EAS array: The search for neutrinos

The procedure for and results from a search for showers generated by such neutral particles as high energy gamma rays and astroneutrinos are presented. A comprehensive analysis of data on electrons, muons, and EAS Cherenkov light, and their response time in scintillation and Cherenkov detectors, is performed.

Field of study: Physics
Power and interdependence : world politics in transition

In this chapter, Keohene & Nye begin by applying the economic process model of regime change to oceans (the international regime of the sea) and money (international economic relations). This model predicts that “regimes will be established by technological and economic change, and that regimes will be established or reestablished to ensure the welfare benefits of interdependence” (131). While such a model does not provide a “sufficient explanation of any change” and may both over and under predict change, it must at the very least be considered.

Field of study: Political science
Abhängigkeit der Fortpflanzungsgeschwindigkeit der Biegungsschwingungen von der Frequenz

ZusammenfassungEs werden Biegungsschwingungen rechteckiger, senkrecht zur optischen Achse geschliffener Quarzplatten studiert und insbesondere ihre Fortpflanzungsgesohwindigkeit in Abhängigkeit von der Frequenz untersucht.

Field of study: Physics
Glacial and syntectonic sedimentation: The upper Proterozoic Kingston Peak Formation, southern Panamint Range, eastern California

A sedimentological-stratigraphic study of the upper Proterozoic Kingston Peak Formation in the southern Panamint Range shows that it was deposited under glacial conditions with contemporaneous volcanism and tectonic activity. Evidence for glaciation rests primarily upon (1) the homogeneity, thickness, and lateral extent of two diamictite units; (2) the facies association of the diamictite; and (3) presence of striated stones and dropstones within the formation elsewhere in the Death Valley area. In the Panamint Range, pillowed basalt interbedded with diamictite demonstrates synchronous subaqueous volcanism. Lower Kingston Peak units rest on a variable substrate and locally overlap faults, indicating tectonism prior to deposition. Tectonism during Kingston Peak deposition is inferred from abrupt thickness changes and buried faults. Sedimentation was chiefly on a submerged continental platform and locally terrestrial, during a period of incipient rifting. Two ice advances are recorded with associated sea-level fluctuations. The formation thickens northward from 40 to about 1,200 m over ∼40 km. Initial sediments were fine grained and in basins a few kilometres across; nearby islands provided coarse debris. Overlying sandstone and conglomerate indicate regression. Predominantly massive diamictite, as much as 450 m thick and interpreted as lodgment till or glacioma-rine sediment, records the first ice advance. A northward increase in diamictite thickness, decrease in clast size, and facies change from diamictite to argillite and graywacke suggest a southern source. Overlying laminated limestone marks a transgression. Succeeding interbedded sandy limestone, thick-bedded graywacke, and parallel-laminated siltstone and sandstone double in thickness over a few kilometres, demonstrating local subsidence and renewed terrigenous input. Trough, cross-laminated, arkosic sandstone and conglomerate overlain by predominantly massive diamictite, as much as 190 m thick with a locally erosive base, represent glaciofluvial deposits and lodgment till and record the second ice advance.

Field of study: Geology
Study on ice cream technology with enzymatic modification of soy protein isolate

Soy protein isolate(SPI) was slightly modified by Alcalase enzyme.Different percentages of SPI after modifying were used in ice cream to replace milk powder.Texture trait,overrun,melting rate and organoleptic investigation were compared between normal ice cream and ice cream with SPI.The optimization modified SPI replace percentage was determined of 30%.Each index of the product was satisfactory.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Bureaucracy and Democracy in the American Century: A.F. Davies on Administration and the ‘KnowledgeableSociety’

American observation has shaped Australian social analysis for most of the 20th century. The high point in American influence on Australia was arguably between the 1940s and the 1980s. Its influence in Australian political science can be traced through the work of an insightful interpreter of the Australian polity and its bureaucratic practices, A.F. Davies (1924-87). The tensions between ‘knowledge criteria’ and ‘political criteria’, between bureaucracy as a ‘stain’ and the best means of delivering equalising outcomes, between the necessary skills of ‘program professionals’ and the demands of broad participation were at the core of his work. Testing his propositions 10 years after his final work shows Davies accurately foreshadowed the essentials of what he designated ‘the steady evaporation of politics’. Davies’s reflection on Australia was productively shaped by dialogue with America as the metropolitan culture. His insistence that the comparative framework, the bureaucratic imperative of complex organisation, and an interpretative sense of political cultures should inform political analysis remains an important message as we address the problems of the 1990s.

Field of study: Political science
An improved approach and experimental results of a low-frequency noise measurement technique used for reliability estimation of diode lasers

In this paper, we give the experimental results of low-frequency noise measurement and reliability forecasting after we have studied the low-frequency noise and electric ageing of 23 GaAs/GaAlAs proton-bombarded heterostructure LDs and 21 V-groove InP/InGaAsP lasers. We discuss the measuring circuits, measuring parameters, and suggest an improvement.

Field of study: Engineering
Indication of a deeply bound and compact K- pp state formed in the pp- -> pLambdaK+ reaction at 2.85 GeV.

We have analyzed data of the DISTO experiment on the exclusive pp --> pLambdaK+ reaction at 2.85 GeV to search for a strongly bound compact K- pp(approximately = X) state to be formed in the pp --> K+ + X reaction. The observed spectra of the K+ missing mass and the pLambda invariant-mass with high transverse momenta of p and K+ revealed a broad distinct peak of 26-sigma confidence with a mass M(X)=2267+/-3(stat)+/-5(syst) MeV/c2 and a width Gamma(X)=118+/-8(stat)+/-10(syst) MeV. The enormously large cross section indicates formation of a compact K- pp with a large binding energy of B(K)=103 MeV, which can be a possible gateway toward cold and dense kaonic nuclear matter.

Field of study: Physics
“Get on or Get Out”: Failure and Negative Femininity in Jean Rhys’s Voyage in the Dark

This essay locates failure as a productive form of critique, linked to a feminist and anticolonialist project. Focusing on Jean Rhys’s Voyage in the Dark and After Leaving Mr. Mackenzie, I argue that Rhys’s protagonists’ failure to successfully enact prescribed gender roles is a feminist response, one articulated through a negative feminism rather than a conventional liberal feminism. Using Jack Halberstam’s notion of shadow feminism and Sianne Ngai’s noncathartic emotions, I show how Rhys exposes the need for an alternate model of white female respectability through her narratives of failure.

Field of study: Art
The archaeology of Australia's tropical rainforests

Archaeological research in the Australia's northeast Queensland rainforest and margins has revealed a human antiquity of at least 8000 cal year BP within the rainforest and at least 30,000 years on the western edge. Rainforest occupation before 2000 cal year BP was at generally very low levels, after which time settlement of this environment became intensive and probably permanent. Exploitation of toxic varieties of nuts began about 2500 cal year BP, peaking after 1500 cal year BP. This economic development appears crucial to successful human adaptation to rainforests in the area and was pivotal in facilitating the long-term permanent human settlement of the wet tropics. The role of fire, El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) activity and shifting vegetation regimes were important catalysts in providing opportunities for permanent Australian rainforest Aboriginal occupation. The results have implications for global understandings of rainforest occupation by modern people. It demonstrates the wide temporal and spatial variability of human rainforest colonization processes worldwide.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Self-Tuning Algorithms for Multisensor-Multitarget Tracking Using Belief Propagation

Situation-aware technologies enabled by multitarget tracking algorithms will create new services and applications in emerging fields such as autonomous navigation and maritime surveillance. The system models underlying multitarget tracking algorithms often involve unknown parameters that are potentially time-varying. A manual tuning of unknown model parameters by the user is prone to errors and can, thus, dramatically reduce target detection and tracking performance. We address this challenge by proposing a framework of “self-tuning” multisensor-multitarget tracking algorithms. These algorithms adapt in an online manner to time-varying system models by continuously inferring unknown model parameters along with the target states. We describe the evolution of the parameters by a Markov chain and incorporate them in a factor graph that represents the statistical structure of the tracking problem. We then use a belief propagation scheme to efficiently calculate the marginal posterior distributions of the targets and model parameters. As a concrete example, we develop a self-tuning tracking algorithm for maneuvering targets with multiple dynamic models and sensors with time-varying detection probabilities. The performance of the algorithm is validated for simulated scenarios and for a real scenario using measurements from two high-frequency surfacewave radars.

Field of study: Engineering
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors and Cosmetic Psychopharmacology: Ethical and Deontological Dilemmas

It is nothing new to resort to psychoactive substances in the absence of any pathology or subclinical condition in order to enhance or improve one's performance. After all , various substances have been used in sport, study, and work activities and even hallucinogenic effects have been noted. This matter has come up again after increasing dispersion of antidepression products among those who are neither depressed nor dysthymic b· • su ~ects . Studies in neurochemistry and neurophysiology have highlighted that the brain tone depends on the production of a specific substance, serotonin , which is, after some time, removed from blood circulation (reuptake) by specific nervous receptors, so as to extinguish its effects. A rapid drop of this substance is responsible for certain kinds of depression, anxiety, suicidal tendencies, chronic pain, compulsive eating, sleeplessness, irritability!, and aggressive behavior. For this reason, medications that inhibit serotonin reuptake from blood circulation have been produced. These medications maintain the high level of serotonin which means a good mood (euthymia) , sound sleep, appetite satiation, and pain relief. Some individuals who were committed to spiritual meditation were initially reluctant to take a drug because it might "contaminate their mind"; they also did not agree with the idea that the "dark of the soul" depression should be treated pharmacologically.

Field of study: Medicine, Philosophy