nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Explicit connection patterns (ECP) profile and semantics for modelling and generating explicit connections in complex UML composite structures

Solution for modelling and generation of explicit links in UML composite structures.Five connection patterns for condensed modelling of complex topologies.UML profile with stereotypes and validity constraints for connection patterns.Semantic rules for generating explicit links based on connection patterns.Generation algorithm and proof-of-concept implementing the generation algorithm. Model-driven engineering can help in mitigating ever-growing complexity of modern software systems. In this sense, the Unified Modelling Language (UML) has gained a thick share in the market of modelling languages adopted in industry. Nevertheless, the generality of UML can make it hard to build complete code generators, simulators, model-based analysis or testing tools without setting variability in the semantics of the language. To tailor semantics variability the notion of semantic variation point has been introduced in UML 2.0.Our research focuses on the semantic variation point that leaves the rules for matching multiplicities of connected instances of components and ports undecided in UML composite structures. In order to allow model analysability, simulation and code generation, this semantics needs to be set. At the same time, leaving the burden of this task to the developers is often overwhelming for complex systems.In this paper we provide a solution for supporting modelling and automatic calculation and generation of explicit interconnections in complex UML composite structures. This is achieved by (i) defining a set of connection patterns, in terms of a UML profile, and related semantic rules for driving the calculation, (ii) providing a generation algorithm to calculate the explicit interconnections.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
A new three-band algorithm for estimating chlorophyll concentrations in turbid inland lakes

A new three-band model was developed to estimate chlorophyll-a concentrations in turbid inland waters. This model makes a number of important improvements with respect to the three-band model commonly used, including lower restrictions on wavelength optimization and the use of coefficients which represent specific inherent optical properties. Results showed that the new model provides a significantly higher determination coefficient and lower root mean squared error (RMSE) with respect to the original model for upwelling data from Taihu Lake, China. The new model was tested using simulated data for the MERIS and GOCI satellite systems, showing high correlations with the former and poorer correlations with the latter, principally due to the lack of a 709 nm centered waveband. The new model provides numerous advantages, making it a suitable alternative for chlorophyll-a estimations in turbid and eutrophic waters.

Field of study: Environmental science
Investigation of dry ice blockage in an ultra-low temperature cascade refrigeration system using CO2 as a working fluid

Dry ice blockage in a CO 2 -solid–gas-flow-based ultra-low temperature cascade refrigeration system is investigated experimentally by a visualization test and a system study of the liquid CO 2 blew into an expansion tube through a Throttle needle valve. The visualization test shows that dry ice sedimentation occurs in low flow velocity and the dry ice formation makes the heat transfer behavior of CO 2 complicated. The sedimentation also occurs at low condensation temperature and low heating power input. Based on the present investigation, it is found that the present ultra-low temperature cascade refrigeration system is better to work at heating power input above 900 W and condensation temperature above −20 °C. At suitable operating condition, the present ultra-low temperature cascade refrigeration system has been shown the capability of achieving ultra-low temperature −62 °C continuously and stably.

Field of study: Engineering
No Limits to Their Sway: Cartagena’s Privateers and the Masterless Caribbean in the Age of Revolution by Edgardo Peŕez Morales (review)

Durante la eṕoca colonial, Cartagena de Indias era el puerto principal en la Carrera de Indias y servía de entrada para esclavos y mercancías en su camino hacia el interior del Nuevo Reino de Granada y hacia el Perú vía Panama.́ Por consiguiente la ciudad se convirtio ́ en una plataforma para comerciantes, pero tambień para contrabandistas y corsarios. Todavía a principios del siglo XIX estos diferentes actores mostraron un nivel extraordinario de agencia.  Peŕez Morales analiza el grupo de los corsarios en Cartagena en la eṕoca de las revoluciones de los Estados Unidos, Francia, Haití,

Field of study: History
Alcohol inhibits spontaneous activity of basolateral amygdala projection neurons in the rat: involvement of the endocannabinoid system.

A large body of evidence indicates that the limbic system is involved in the neural processing underlying drug addiction. Among limbic regions, the basolateral nucleus of amygdala (BLA) is implicated in some aspects of the neurobiological mechanisms of drugs of abuse, including alcohol and cannabinoids. It is recently emerging that the endocannabinoid system is involved in many pharmacological and behavioral effects of alcohol. The BLA possesses a very high density of CB1 cannabinoid receptors, and endocannabinoids modulate forms of synaptic plasticity in this region. The aims of our study were first to investigate in vivo the sensitivity of BLA pyramidal neurons to alcohol and second to determine the role of the endocannabinoid system in the acute effects of alcohol.



We utilized extracellular single cell recordings in urethane anesthetized rats from BLA principal neurons, antidromically identified from their projection site in the nucleus accumbens.



Alcohol (0.25 to 2.0 g/kg i.v.) induced a marked decrease in the spontaneous firing rate of BLA projecting neurons (51.1 +/- 16% of baseline at 0.5 g/kg alcohol, p < 0.0001). The involvement of the endogenous cannabinoid system was investigated by administering the CB1 receptor antagonist SR141716A (rimonabant, SR) (1.0 mg/kg i.v.) before alcohol. SR per se did not significantly affect firing rate of BLA neurons, but it prevented the inhibition produced by alcohol (98 +/- 18% of baseline firing at 0.5 g/kg alcohol, p < 0.01). Then, we studied the actions of alcohol following a chronic treatment with the CB1 agonist WIN55212-2 (WIN). Animals were administered WIN for 6.5 days (2.0 mg/kg, i.p. twice daily) and alcohol dose-response curves were carried out on firing rate of BLA neurons 24 hours following the last injection of the cannabinoid agonist. In WIN-treated animals the inhibitory effect of alcohol was significantly reduced as compared with controls (95 +/- 16% of baseline firing at 0.5 g/kg, p < 0.05).



Our results provide evidence of the involvement of the endocannabinoid system in the effects of alcohol on BLA projection neurons. They also further point to the endocannabinoid system as a possible molecular target in the treatment of alcoholism.

Field of study: Medicine
Combat capability and the Canadian forces

The aim of the 2002 CDAI Annual Seminar was to discuss the combat capability of the Canadian Forces: army, navy and air force, in their current state and how capable they are likely to be in the foreseeable future. The Chief of the Defence Staff, General Raymond Heneault, opened the seminar with his perspective on this difficult and contentious topic, his speech is reproduced here. General Heneault, with the complex task of speaking of the resource management of the CF in its entirety, speaks of “balancing our investments in people, equipment and training” particularly in the key areas of people and the modernization of equipment and force structure.

Field of study: Political science
Reading Habits and Library Use among Students of Information Resources Management, Babcock University, Nigeria

This study investigated the reading habits and library use patterns of students in the department of Information Resources Management, Babcock University, Nigeria.  The descriptive survey design was used for the study. The population was made up of 210 students in the 2 nd and 3 rd year of study. Sampling was enumerative. A questionnaire was used for data collection. Data collected were analysed using frequency and percentage counts. Findings indicate that majority of the respondents spend more than an hour reading every day. The purpose of reading was found to be mainly for entertainment. Respondents were also found to read mostly newspapers and other general interest magazine. In the area of library use, majority of the respondents browse the shelves in search of reading materials; consult library staff and make use of online databases. The least used library resource was found to be e books. Despite using most library resources, respondents affirmed that visit to the library was not a popular activity. Based on the findings, the study concludes that students of IRM engage in reading activates both for entertainment and education purposes although most reading activities took place outside the university library. Considering the role of the respondents as future information professionals the study recommends that students make regular use of the university library in order to acquire valuable practical experience. It was also recommended that students explore the use of e books especially through the internet as this would afford them the opportunity of reading books which may not be available in the university bookstore or library.  Information literacy, Information Resources Management, Library use, Reading culture, Reading habits.

Field of study: Education
Identification of a novel HLA allele DRB1 * 1609 by sequencing-based typing

目的 鉴定HLA新等位基因DRB1*1609.方法应用分子克隆和DNA测序的技术测定HLA新等位基因的核苷酸序列,进行HLA等位基因序列比对分析和新等位基因的血清学分型及家系分析.结果新等位基因DRB1第二外显子(exon 2,Ex2)序列与所有已知的HLA等位基因序列均不相同,与同源性最高的HLA-DRB1*160101相比,第127位碱基由A→T,引起相应编码第47位氨基酸由酪氨酸Tyr(Y)→苯丙氨酸Phe(F).血清学分型表明抗原特异性为DR16.家系分析提示该志愿者DRB1*1609等位基因遗传自母亲.结论 DNA测序表明被测标本含有HLA-DRB1新等位基因,被WHO HLA因子命名委员会正式命名为HIA-DRB1*1609。

Field of study: Biology
Change in Self-Concept in Work-Oriented versus Communication-Oriented Juvenile Correction Programs

This study investigated the effects of two institutional correction programs on change in self-concept of 60 male juvenile delinquents. The programs included a work-oriented program stressing individual, vocational and personal skills and a parent-child interaction program fostering family communication, cohesion, and solidarity. Each subject was given the Tennessee Self-concept Scale on admission to the program and then after 120 days of intervention therapy. 30 male delinquents in the program stressing interpersonal competence and family interaction underwent significantly greater change in self-concept than 30 peers in a work-oriented program; successful rehabilitation appeared to involve active integration of the delinquent and his family in the therapeutic process.

Field of study: Psychology
Educational Strategies to Improve Preventive Care: Improving the performance of periodic health examinations.

Performance of the periodic health examination and related preventive maneuvers has been shown to be suboptimal by both residents and faculty. Research into methods of improving performance of the periodic health examination shows that a number of methods are available to remedy the lack of effective delivery of prevention by health professionals. An educational prescription based on a literature review is outlined. Specific educational objectives are discussed.

Field of study: Medicine
Interferometric measurement of surface shape by wavelength tuning suppressing random intensity error.

In this research, the susceptibility of the phase-shifting algorithms to the random intensity error is formulated and estimated. The susceptibility of the random intensity error of conventional windowed phase-shifting algorithms is discussed, and the 7N-6 phase-shifting algorithm is developed to minimize the random intensity error using the characteristic polynomial theory. Finally, the surface shape of the transparent wedge plate is measured using a wavelength-tuning Fizeau interferometer and the 7N-6 algorithm. The experimental results indicate that the surface shape measurement accuracy for the transparent plate is 2.5 nm.

Field of study: Physics
Geophysical validation and long-term consistency between GOME-2/MetOp-A total ozone column and measurements from the sensors GOME/ERS-2, SCIAMACHY/ENVISAT and OMI/Aura

The main aim of the paper is to assess the consistency of five years of Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment-2/Metop-A [GOME-2] total ozone columns and the long-term total ozone satellite monitoring database already in existence through an extensive inter-comparison and validation exercise using as reference Brewer and Dobson ground-based measurements. The behaviour of the GOME-2 measurements is being weighed against that of GOME (1995–2011), Ozone Monitoring Experiment [OMI] (since 2004) and the Scanning Imaging Absorption spectroMeter for Atmospheric CartograpHY [SCIAMACHY] (since 2002) total ozone column products. Over the background truth of the ground-based measurements, the total ozone columns are inter-evaluated using a suite of established validation techniques; the GOME-2 time series follow the same patterns as those observed by the other satellite sensors. In particular, on average, GOME-2 data underestimate GOME data by about 0.80%, and underestimate SCIAMACHY data by 0.37% with no seasonal dependence of the differences between GOME-2, GOME and SCIAMACHY. The latter is expected since the three datasets are based on similar DOAS algorithms. This underestimation of GOME-2 is within the uncertainty of the reference data used in the comparisons. Compared to the OMI sensor, on average GOME-2 data underestimate OMI_DOAS (collection 3) data by 1.28%, without any significant seasonal dependence of the differences between them. The lack of seasonality might be expected since both the GOME data processor [GDP] 4.4 and OMI_DOAS are DOAS-type algorithms and both consider the variability of the stratospheric temperatures in their retrievals. Compared to the OMI_TOMS (collection 3) data, no bias was found. We hence conclude that the GOME-2 total ozone columns are well suitable to continue the long-term global total ozone record with the accuracy needed for climate monitoring studies.

Field of study: Environmental science
Structure of the highly deformed nucleus101Sr63 and evidence for identical K=3/2 bands

The low-energy level scheme of theN=63 nucleus101Sr has been obtained from a β-decay study of101Rb. The ν[532]5/2 and ν[411]3/2 orbitals are well established as the ground state and a band head at 271.2keV, respectively. The general properties of the level scheme indicate a quadrupole deformation ofβ ≃ 0.4, confirming the unique feature of saturation of deformation inN ≥ 60 Sr isotopes. The energies of theK=3/2 intraband transitions in the odd-neutron neighbours99Sr61 and101Sr63 are very similar. More generally, the identical bands at low spin in98–101Sr nuclei are correlated with the mass-independent moments of inertia in this region.

Field of study: Physics
An Intelligent E-commerce Recommender System Based on Web Mining

The prosperity of e-commerce has changed the whole outlook of traditional trading behavior. More and more people are willing to conduct Internet shopping. However, the massive product information provided by the Internet Merchants causes the problem of information overload and this will reduces the customer’s satisfaction and interests. To overcome this problem, a recommender system based on web mining is proposed in this paper. The system utilizes web mining techniques to trace the customer’s shopping behavior and learn his/her up-to-date preferences adaptively. The experiments have been conducted to evaluate its recommender quality and the results show that the system can give sensible recommendations, and is able to help customers save enormous time for Internet shopping.

Field of study: Business
Infrared, spectral, directional-hemispherical reflectance of fused silica, Teflon polytetrafluoroethylene polymer, chrome oxide ceramic particle surface, Pyromark 2500 paint, Krylon 1602 paint, and Duraflect coating.

Infrared, spectral, directional-hemispherical reflectivity measurements of polished fused silica, Teflon polytetrafluoroethylene polymer, chrome oxide ceramic particle surface, Pyromark 2500 paint, Krylon 1602 paint, and Duraflect coating are provided. The reflectance was measured with an estimated accuracy of 0.01 to 0.02 units and a precision of 0.005 units. All the surfaces were measured at ambient temperatures. Additionally, the chrome oxide ceramic particle surface was measured at 486 K and the Pyromark 2500 at four temperatures to 877 K. Polarization measurements are also provided for fused silica, Duraflect, chrome oxide ceramic particle surface, and Pyromark 2500 paint. Separate diffuse and specular reflectance components for the Duraflect and chrome oxide ceramic surfaces are included. Fresnel-based predictions for fused silica parallel and perpendicular polarized reflections are compared to measurements. It is notable that the Pyromark 2500 and chrome oxide ceramic particle surfaces exhibit a significant lack of manufacturing repeatability.

Field of study: Physics
Alterations in insulin-like growth factor-I signaling in cardiomyocytes from chronic alcohol-exposed rats.

Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) is a required cytokine for the development and maintenance of the cardiovascular system, and it may play a role in certain pathophysiological conditions.



Adult male rats were fed a liquid diet that contained 36% alcohol for 4 to 8 months, and their littermates served as isocaloric pair-fed controls, so we could examine IGF-I signaling in rat cardiomyocyte preparations.



Recently, our laboratory reported that IGF-I activates protein kinase-C (PKC)-alpha and that PKC-alpha activity is required for IGF-I-dependent activation of Erk1/Erk2 and IGF-I-dependent protein synthesis. But in chronic alcohol-exposed rats, there is loss of PKC-alpha activation by IGF-I, represented as a reduction in PKC-alpha translocation to the membrane. In reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction experiments, both the alcoholic and control animals expressed the IGF-I receptor (IGF-1R, alpha subunit) and IGF-I mRNAs in approximately equal amounts. However, in the alcoholic cardiomyocyte protein preparations, there was a higher basal level of IGF-1R autophosphorylation of its internal tyrosine kinase domain, and IGF-I-activated autophosphorylation was reduced in the alcoholic protein preparations. Previously, we have demonstrated that acute IGF-I exposure enhances the rate of Mn2+ influx through activated nitrendipine-sensitive cardiac Ca2+ channels, and that this enhancement of channel activity is PKC-dependent. Here, we report that in alcohol-exposed myocytes, IGF-I-induced augmentation of the cardiac Ca2+ channel activity was absent. IGF-I increased the rate of protein synthesis in the control animals by 56% as determined in protein synthesis experiments that measured the rate of 14C-L-phenylalanine incorporation over time, and this effect was blocked by preincubation with Gö6976, a specific inhibitor of PKC-alpha. However, in the alcohol-exposed cardiomyocytes, IGF-I did not increase the rate of protein synthesis.



These results suggest that IGF-I-dependent PKC-alpha activation and IGF-I-dependent protein synthesis are altered in the hearts of chronic alcohol-exposed rats. This may be the result of the IGF-1R being in a chronically activated state, and it may alter the normal function of PKC-alpha.

Field of study: Medicine
The singular limit of a hyperbolic system and the incompressible limit of solutions with shocks and singularities in nonlinear elasticity

Discontinuous solutions with shocks for a family of almost incompressible hyperelastic materials are studied. An almost incompressible material is one whose deformations are not a priori constrained but whose stress response reacts strongly (of order e-1) to deformations that change volume. The material class considered is isotropic and admits motions that are self-similar, exhibit cavitation, and are energy minimizing. For the initial-value problem when considering the entire material, the solutions converge (as e tends to zero) to an isochoric solution of the limit (incompressible) system with the corresponding arbitrary hydrostatic pressure being the singular limit of the pressures in the almost incompressible materials. The shocks, if they exist, disappear: their speed tends to infinity and their strength tends to zero.

Field of study: Mathematics
A transdisciplinary approach to understanding the health effects of wildfire and prescribed fire smoke regimes

Prescribed burning is used to reduce the occurrence, extent and severity of uncontrolled fires in many flammable landscapes. However, epidemiologic evidence of the human health impacts of landscape fire smoke emissions is shaping fire management practice through increasingly stringent environmental regulation and public health policy. An unresolved question, critical for sustainable fire management, concerns the comparative human health effects of smoke from wild and prescribed fires. Here we review current knowledge of the health effects of landscape fire emissions and consider the similarities and differences in smoke from wild and prescribed fires with respect to the typical combustion conditions and fuel properties, the quality and magnitude of air pollution emissions, and the potential for dispersion to large populations. We further examine the interactions between these considerations, and how they may shape the longer term smoke regimes to which populations are exposed. We identify numerous knowledge gaps and propose a conceptual framework that describes pathways to better understanding of the health trade-offs of prescribed and wildfire smoke regimes.

Field of study: Environmental science
On the View of Regular and Varied Form of Poetry Style in Gao Bing’s Collection of Tang Poetry

Gao Bing’s Collection of Tang Poetry is an important book of selected works of Tang poetry, of which the view of regular and varied form of poetry style is an important part. The view could be divided into three parts: Firstly, with the view that poetry style changes in accordance with the change of dynasties, it clarifies the origin and development of various poetry styles before Tang Dynasty; Secondly, it regards the poetry style in prosperous Tang as being standard, while that in late Tang as varied; Thirdly, it holds that Pre-Tang poetry is standard, of which the five-character and seven-character poetry of Tang Dynasty is the varied form. Its influence has been far-reaching into later ages including Ming and Qing Dynasties.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences