nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The Electron-Positron Storage Ring Petra, Plans and Status

Construction of the Electron-Positron Storage Ring PETRA was authorized October 20, 1975. At present most of the civil engineering work is completed and ring installation work is under way. All major components are on order and series production of bending magnets, quadrupoles, vacuum chambers and rf-resonators has started. Start-up of the machine is planned with a fourfold symmetry configuration with four active beam-beam interaction points. Five experimental facilities have been recommended for the first round of experiments scheduled to begin mid 79.

Field of study: Physics
An Integrated Nucleic Acid Extraction Microchip for Real-time PCR Micro Total Analysis

A real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) micro total analysis system (μ-TAS) was constructed by integrating nucleic acid extraction and PCR amplification with real-time fluorescent detection on a same microfluidic chip, allowing fully automated and on-chip analysis. This approach has the advantages such as low sample consumption, fast analysis and simple operation. Micromachining technology was used to fabricate the anodic molds of integrated nucleic acid extraction microfluidic chip. A polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrate with 3D channels was manufactured by a combination of molds and an injection molding method. The glass substrate and the chip were bonded together using a plasma treatment. The μ-TAS included a microfluidic control device by which micro fluidic velocity (0–10 mL min −1 ) could be adjusted, a TEC platform with a precision of temperature control of 0.1 °C, and a CCD detection module. The DNA of human blood was extracted using a silica gel membrane method on the microfluidic chip. The DNA extraction and detection were preset in the μ-TAS. Human blood lysate (20 μL) was loaded into the extraction chamber and then washed at a speed of 2 mL min −1 . DNA and PCR reagents were mixed and then driven into the PCR chamber at a speed of 1 mL min −1 . The reference gene GAPDH in extracted genome DNA was amplified by PCR and verified by melting curve analysis. The results of nucleic acid extraction method on the chip were compared with those obtained using a standard manual centrifuge extraction method. The on-chip PCR amplifications gave obvious amplification curves, with C T values of 25.3 and 26.9 respectively. The melting temperature of all the amplification products was 89.9 °C. The results validated that the chip-based method and corresponding device could realize the extraction, amplification and detection of nucleic acid automatically.

Field of study: Chemistry
Characterization of Porous Cementitious Materials Using Microscopic Image Processing and X-ray CT Analysis

The use of lightweight concrete has continuously increased because it has a primary benefit of reducing dead load in a concrete infrastructure. Various properties of lightweight concrete, such as compressive strength, elastic modulus, sound absorption performance, and thermal insulation, are highly related to its pore characteristics. Consequently, the identification of the characteristics of its pores is an important task. This study performs a comparative analysis for characterizing the pores in cementitious materials using three different testing methods: a water absorption test, microscopic image processing, and X-ray computed tomography (X-ray CT) analysis. For all 12 porous cementitious materials, conventional water absorption test was conducted to obtain their water permeable porosities. Using the microscopic image processing method, various characteristics of pores were identified in terms of the 2D pore ratio (i.e., ratio of pore area to total surface area), the pore size, and the number of pores in the cross-sectional area. The 3D tomographic image-based X-ray CT analysis was conducted for the selected samples to show the 3D pore ratio (i.e., ratio of pore volume to total volume), the pore size, the spatial distribution of pores along the height direction of specimen, and open and closed pores. Based on the experimental results, the relationships of oven-dried density with these porosities were identified. Research findings revealed that the complementary use of these testing methods is beneficial for analyzing the characteristics of pores in cementitious materials.

Field of study: Materials science
STUDIES OF HEPATITIS B VIRUS STATUS IN SERUM AND LIVER TISSUES IN HEPATITIS B PATIENTS

Serum and liver biopsies or autopsies of 30 hepatitis B patients were studied for HBV DNA status. By spot hybridization, it was found that 9/17 ( 52.94% ) of HBsAg ( + )/HBeAg( + ) patients were serum HBV DNA positive, whereas in 2/6(33.33% ) of HBsAg ( + )/Anti-HBe ( + )pati-ents, serum HBV DNA was also detected. Therefore it seems,to assay for serum infectivity, detection of HBV DNA is more direct and reliable than merely assay for HBeAg. DNA extracted from liver tissues were analysed by agarose gel electrophoresis, Southern-blotted and then hybridized with HBV DNA probe, 27 were HBV DNA positive, All 27 samples showed free HBV DNA,starting around 3.2kb a smear was found which consists of various low molecular weight HBV DNA. In some samples two stronger hybridization bands were found at 2.3 kb and 0.8 kb. The specificity of the bands was checked by hybridization with pBR 322 probe, and 5/27 definitely showed high molecular weight hybridization bands with HBV DNA probe, which suggests HBV DNA integration. There was no uniquei ntegration site. It was emphasized that patients with HBV DNA integration should be followed carefully.

Field of study: Biology
Two Cents for Strong Anonymity: The Anonymous Post-office Protocol

We introduce the Anonymous Post-Office Protocol (AnonPoP), a practical strongly-anonymous messaging system. Its design effectively combines known techniques such as (synchronous) mix-cascade and constant sending rate, with several new techniques including request-pool, bad-server isolation and per-epoch mailboxes. AnonPoP offers strong anonymity against strong, globally-eavesdropping adversaries, that may also control multiple servers, including all-but-one servers in a mix-cascade. Significantly, AnonPoP’s anonymity holds even when clients may occasionally disconnect, which is essential for supporting mobile clients.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Neue geologische und morphologische Untersuchungen im Tyrrhenischen Gebiet

ZusammenfassungDie 1953 im Tyrrhenischen Meer begonnenen Studien erlauben jetzt 1) ein Strukturschema des Beckens festzulegen und dieses mit den umgebenden Ländern zu verbinden.Das Gebiet teilt sich wie folgt: A: Im nördlichen Teil ein sehr unebenes paläoapenninisches Gebiet penninischen Unterbaues.  Eine mitteltyrrhenische Tiefe (3820 m) mit einzelnen großen meist Basalt-Körpern und ein vorkalabrischer simischer Rücken mit finalorogenem Vulkankranz, in welchem hohe positive Schwereanomalien auftreten.  Ein Gebiet von einsteigenden Hügelzügen zwischen Sizilien und Sardinien, Vorläufer des Nordafrikanischen Atlasgebietes.Es wurden lange unterseeische, auf einer tiefen tektonischen Struktur entstandene Täler und submarine Canyons entlang dem Kontinentalabfall entdeckt; besonders wo mesozoischer Kalkstein und Granite anstehen und wahrscheinlich mit Sialrandzonen zusammentreffen.Der Kontinentalschelf zeigt Spuren der würmeiszeitlichen marinen Regression, häufig auf einer viel älteren Morphologie, die aber verschieden ist von der des Kontinentalabfalles.Die pliocän und pleistocän gehobenen Brandungsspuren scheinen mit zunehmender Deutlichkeit nach Süden mit dem Gürtel mariner Vortiefen und positiver Schwereanomalien in Verbindung zu stehen.Diese Spuren verschwinden in den peripherischen Senkungszonen (Transversal-Tektonik), die dem Mittelteil der apenninischen Bögen entsprechen.

Field of study: Environmental science
Characterization of solubilized GlcAT-1 (UDP-GlcA: nLcOse4Cer beta 1-3 glucuronyltransferase) activity from embryonic chicken brain and its inhibition by D-erythro-sphingosine.

Glycolipid glucuronyltransferase activity (GlcAT-1) has been solubilized and characterized from 19-day-old embryonic chicken brain Golgi-rich membranes. The enzyme catalyzes the biosynthesis in vitro of GlcA beta 1-3nLcOse4Cer glycolipid using neolactetraosylceramide (nLcOse4Cer, Gal beta 1-4GlcNAc beta 1-3Gal beta-1-4Glc-Cer) as the substrate. The membrane-bound enzyme shows optimum activity in the presence of neutral detergents such as Triton CF-54, Triton DF-12, and Nonidet P-40. Approximately 60% of the enzyme activity can be solubilized from the Golgi membrane by Nonidet P-40. The solubilized GlcAT-1 activity is inhibited by different salts such as NaCl, NaBr, NaI, and NaOAc, but not by sodium fluoride (up to 0.4 M concentration). Desialyzed alpha 1 acid glycoprotein (SA alpha 1AGP) can be used as a substrate for glucuronyltransferase. Competition studies between glycolipid (nLcOse4Cer) and glycoprotein SA alpha 1AGP) substrates show a mixed type of inhibition. Phospholipids, in particular phosphatidylglycerol, stimulate solubilized GlcAT-1 activity, while D-erythro-sphingosine, a metabolite of glycosphingolipids, is inhibitory (50% inhibition at 0.8 mM D-erythro-sph). These results demonstrate that both phospholipid as well as sphingosine might be involved in modulating glucuronyltransferase activity.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Physics
More on justification and Moore's paradox

Suppose that I am justified in believing (Om). Then I am justified in believing its first conjunct. By (EP) I am justified in believing that I believe that p. Since I am also justified in believing the second conjunct, I am justified in believing that I do not believe that p. Williams claimed that 'this is impossible, because anything that justifies me in believing that something is the case renders me unjustified in believing that it is not the case' (Williams 2009 )} In a response to Williams, I argued that (EP) is false. Williams concedes this objection, and in Williams (2009) he seeks to offer a variant on his justificationist solution to Moore's paradox that does not rest upon (EP). Consider this instance of (Om).

Field of study: Philosophy
Volcanic Substructure Inferred from Dredge Samples and Ocean-Bottom Photographs, Hawaii

Ocean-bottom photographs from 18 stations and dredge hauls from 35 stations adjacent to the Island of Hawaii indicate that basaltic pillow lava and pillow fragments are the dominant rock type on the crest and flanks of the submarine rift zone ridges, whereas glassy basalt sand and scoria are the dominant type on the submarine flanks of the volcanoes directly downslope from land. These relations indicate that three major rock units comprise different levels of the volcanoes depending on the site of eruption: (1) pillow lavas and pillow fragments are dominant below sea level and are erupted from deep-water vents; (2) hyaloclastite rocks (vitric explosion debris, littoral cone ash, and flow-foot breccias) mantle the pillowed base of the volcano, and are erupted from shallow-water vents, subaerial vents in water-soaked ground, or are produced where subaerial lava flows cross the shoreline; and (3) thin subaerial lava flows make up the visible, subaerial shield volcano, are built atop the clastic layer, and are erupted from subaerial vents. This three-fold structure is similar to the table mountains of Iceland that are built by eruption beneath glacial ice. Large-scale slumping in the clastic layer may modify the submarine slopes of the volcanoes as well as produce faulting and downslope movement of parts of the overlying shield volcano. The slope change produced where the gentler shield meets the steeper pillowed pile can be recognized beneath sea level in the older volcanoes, where it has been submerged by regional subsidence.

Field of study: Geology
CAN VIRTUE BE REGULATED? AN EXAMINATION OF THE EARC PROPOSALS FOR A CODE OF CONDUCT FOR PUBLIC OFFICIALS IN QUEENSLAND

: This paper reviews the proposed Code of Conduct and accompanying ethics regime under consideration for the public sector in Queensland. While noting the limitations of codes of conduct, it examines the proposition that ethics regulation has the potential to enhance good government, concluding that it has under certain conditions. It canvasses the need to give priority to an educative process within an ethics regime, considers some implications for ethical theory about codes, and includes a prognosis for the Queensland initiative with its converging objectives of regulating and nurturing virtue in public office.

Field of study: Political science
Mean field based calculations with the Gogny force: Some theoretical tools to explore the nuclear structure

We present a review of several works using the finite-range Gogny interaction in mean field approaches and beyond to explore the most striking nuclear structure features. Shell evolution along the N = 16 , 20, 28, 40 isotopic chains is investigated. The static deformation obtained in the mean field description are shown to be often in disagreement with the one experimentally determined. Dynamics is addressed in a GCM-like method, including rotational degrees of freedom, namely the five-dimension collective Hamiltonian (5DCH). This framework allows the description of the low-energy collective excitations. Nevertheless, some data cannot be reproduced with the collective Hamiltonian approach. Thus the QRPA formalism is introduced and used to simultaneously describe high- and low-energy spectroscopy as well as collective and individual excitations. After the description of giant resonances in doubly magic exotic nuclei, the role of the intrinsic deformation in giant resonances is presented. The appearance of low-energy dipole resonances in light nuclei is also discussed. In particular the isoscalar or isovector nature of Pygmy states is debated. Then, the first microscopic fully coherent description of the multipole spectrum of heavy deformed nucleus 238U is presented. Finally, a comparison of the low-energy spectrum obtained within the two extensions of the static mean field, namely QRPA and 5DCH, is performed for 2+ states in N = 16 isotones, nickel and tin isotopes. For the first time the different static and dynamic factors involved in the generation of the 2+ states in the nickel isotopic chain, from drip line to drip line, can be analysed in only one set of coherent approaches, free of adjustable parameters, using the same two-body interaction D1S and the resulting HFB mean field.

Field of study: Physics
THEORY AND APPLICATION OF PRESTACK MIGRATION IN FLAW DETECTION OF CONCRETE STRUCTURE

An ultrasonic method based on prestack migration imaging is proposed for detecting arbitrary angle damages from one side of the structure. In this method, after the specimen is excited on the surface, the reflection waves are collected and processed with prestack migration algorithm, which yields the image with the interior damages. In the study, the factors influencing the resolution and precision of the migration sections are analyzed theoretical and experimentally. In addition, the resulted images using the present method are compared with that using the other method, showing that: compared with the horizontal stack method, the prestack migration achieves higher precision and possesses more adaptability to the inclining interface of the damages; when the migration speed is relatively larger, the detection result is deeper, and vice versa; the resolution of the migration section would be high under the following three conditions: 1) the main frequency of the filter agrees with that of the effective echo, 2) the space between transducers is no larger than one quarter of the dominating wave-length of the reflecting waves, 3) the migration speed is no lower than the physical wave speed.

Field of study: Engineering
The Proposed Foundation for the Humanities: Recapturing the Spirit of Humanism

IN THE present session of Congress our representatives will debate the question of establishing a national humanities foundation. The arguments against the bill are likely to center on the dangers of federal thought control or the impropriety of spending government funds for the support of such lowly esteemed pursuits as the performing arts, literary studies, and historical writing. Those supporting the measure will stress the imbalance that results when government monies are made available in large amounts to the sciences while the humanities are deprived of all support. It is also likely that the proponents of the measure will cite the reduction in working hours due to automation, and the increased need, therefore, of developing the cultural side of American life so that the leisure hours may be devoted to pursuits that improve the quality of life. These considerations, although relevant, are not, perhaps, of as vital importance as those that may never find their way into the debate. The central issue is whether humanists are prepared to employ new financial resources in a manner that will achieve the aim of richer lives. For the first time, the humanists will be asked to justify their activities in terms of the national interest. Even if national interest is made coterminous with the general spiritual well-being of society, the humanists confront a problem. They have long assumed that humanistic pursuits were ends

Field of study: Education
Those Who Protest Too Much are Seen as Guilty

160 students listened to a tape recording in which a target person was or was not accused of damaging a typewriter. The target person either denied damaging the typewriter or admitted damaging it, or the tape was stopped before his response was heard. Observers rated a target person who denied having damaged the typewriter as more likely to be guilty when his denial occurred in the absence of an accusation than when his denial followed an accusation.

Field of study: Psychology
Industrial Architectural Assessment Using TARA

Scenario based architectural assessment is a well established approach for assessing architectural designs. However scenario-based methods are not always usable in an industrial context, where they can be perceived as complicated and expensive to use. In this paper we explore why this may be the case and define a simpler technique called TARA which has been designed for use in situations where scenario based methods are unlikely to be successful. The method is illustrated through a case study that explains how it was applied to the assessment of two quantitative analysis systems.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
On combining active and transfer learning for medical data classification

This study presents a novel algorithm which combines active learning (AL) and transfer learning for medical data classification. The main idea of the proposed algorithm is iteratively querying a small number of informative unlabelled target samples, and, at the same time, removing the source samples which do not fit with the posterior probability distributions in the target domain, so as to combine the basic idea of AL with transfer learning. The experimental results obtained in the classification of the datasets from the University of California Irvine (UCI) Machine Learning Repository and The Cancer Imaging Archive (TCIA) confirm the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.

Field of study: Computer science
Congenital anterior urethral valve with or without diverticulum: a single-centre experience.

Congenital anterior urethral valves (AUV) are rare and can occur as an isolated entity or in association with proximal diverticula. Diagnosis may be overlooked and ideal treatment is not standardized when both the valve and diverticulum are simultaneously present. We present our experience of congenital AUV.



From January 2007 to June 2012 a retrospective review of the medical records of 7 cases of AUV was performed.



Three patients were diagnosed as isolated AUV while four presented with associated diverticula. The age of presentation ranged from 10 months to 6 years. Weak voiding stream and dribbling were the most common symptoms. Renal function was found to be deranged in two patients (28%). Hydro-ureteronephrosis was present in three boys (42%) and reflux was present in one patient. Post-void residual volume was >20 ml (mean 55 ml) in all children. Transurethral holmium laser fulguration was carried out on isolated AUV or AUV with small diverticula. Open resection and reconstruction or plication was performed in patients with AUV and proximal large (>3 cm) diverticula. Surgical outcome was successful in all patients except for occurrence of urethrocutaneous fistula in one patient.



In isolated AUV or valve with associated small diverticulum, transurethral holmium:YAG laser ablation is the treatment of choice. Primary excision and repair or plication are preferred if a large diverticula has formed. Eventual outcomes of AUV are good if irreversible changes have not been established.

Field of study: Medicine
Autonomy and Relatedness as Fundamental to Motivation and Education

AbstractThe institutionalization of education in the modern era removed the processes of learning and cultural transmission from contexts in which children were often guided by adults to whom they were closely attached and from activities of significance in everyday life. Despite the arbitrary nature of modern classroom structures, it is argued that some of the fundamental needs that energized learning prior to compulsory schooling still have relevance within the classroom. The fundamental needs for autonomy and relatedness are highlighted and suggested to be strongly influenced by the quality of interpersonal conditions at home and in school. Several recent studies are reviewed that examine the effects of autonomy support and quality of relatedness with respect to motivational orientations and learning outcomes. It is concluded that the success of cognitive agendas in educational settings is dependent upon affective processes within the classroom and that the creation of an optimal classroom climate serv...

Field of study: Education
Negotiation Support Agent Based on Fuzzy Decision Making with Tuning by Genetic Programming

This paper discusses the agent system for negotiation support based on the fuzzy decision making.The mem bership function is a very important factor to raise the accuracy of fuzzy control. So it proposese the method to create the membership function and make it more proper for the control. It can be created and tuned up in a systematic and autonomous way by appllying evolution system of genetic programming(GP).And, the effectiveness was examined by applying to a practical negotiation case which needs coooperative decision making. As a result, the following findings were obtained. (1)It was possible to obtain the appropriate membership function suitable for the control object from among a vast search area comparatively easily. (2)The system was improved in respect of obtaining the negotiation result which offers mutual satisfactory compared to the system with a simple triangular membership function.

Field of study: Computer science
Equilibration and dynamic phase transitions of a driven vortex lattice.

We report on the observation of two types of current driven transitions in metastable vortex lattices. The metastable states, which are missed in usual slow transport measurements, are detected with a fast transport technique in the vortex lattice of undoped 2H-NbSe2. The transitions are seen by following the evolution of these states when driven by a current. At low currents we observe an equilibration transition from a metastable to a stable state, followed by a dynamic crystallization transition at high currents.

Field of study: Physics