nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
A Clock Distribution and Synchronization Scheme Over Optical Links for Large-Scale Physics Experiments

In large-scale physics experiments, there is a trend to implement clock distribution and synchronization over multi-Gigabit serial links on optical networks. The accuracy of clock synchronization in such a fashion is mainly determined by two aspects: one is the stability of the clock distribution over the links, and the other is the employed mechanism of clock synchronization. To achieve a high synchronization accuracy in a range of tens of picoseconds, this article proposes a new optical fiber link and synchronization scheme based on optical circulators and serial transceivers embedded in field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). Benefiting from the single wavelength fiber connection, high-precision time-to-digital converters (TDCs) and phase interpolator (PI) sub-block in state-of-the-art Serializer–Deserializer (SerDes) transceivers on FPGAs, the offset of distributed clocks can be measured on-line and precisely compensated. The time synchronization performance is evaluated on a prototype system with three levels of structure. Through multiple power or reset cycles and long-term operation tests, the clock synchronization accuracy over a 5-km fiber connection is measured to be lower than 15 ps, and the recovered clocks at nodes at different levels have independent jitter, all lower than 4.2 ps. In addition, the achieved high performance is also proved to be insensitive to operating temperature and the connection distance.

Field of study: Physics
Effect of riceberry oil (deep purple oil; Oryza sativa Indica) supplementation on hyperglycemia and change in lipid profile in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats fed a high fat diet.

Riceberry oil (RBBO) has been described as having a high level of antioxidants and functional properties. The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of RBBO on changes in blood glucose, insulin levels, and GLUT4 transporter as well as lipid profiles in Streptozotocin (STZ) induced hyperglycemic rats fed a high-fat diet. Seventy male Sprague-Dawley rats, aged six weeks and weighing 196.09 ± 10.46 g, were randomly divided into two groups: the first group of 20 rats was fed with a basal diet and another group of 50 rats were fed with a high fat (HF) diet. After two weeks, rats fed the HF-diet were induced to hyperglycemia by two doses of STZ injections (20 and 30 mg/kg; i.p.). Normal rats were divided into two groups: one group fed with basal diet (NC) and another group fed with basal diet with the oil source replaced with 5% RBBO (NR). Diabetic rats were randomized into five groups of 10 rats each as follows: untreated diabetic rats (DMC) fed a high fat (HF) diet alone; and 4 treated groups fed with high fat + 5% RBBO (DMRL); HF + 7.5% RBBO (DMRM); HF + 15% RBBO (DMRH); and HF + metformin 300mg/kg BW (DM-MET), respectively. All rats were given free access to their diet and water for 12 weeks. After 12 weeks of supplementation, significant improvement of blood glucose, insulin, HbA1C, intraperitoneal glucose tolerance and GLUT 4 transporter level were observed in the RBBO supplemented groups compared to the DMC group. Significant reductions in TC, LDL-cholesterol, TG and TG/HDL ratio were also shown in rats fed with RBBO when compared to those of diabetic rats. Findings in the present study demonstrate that RBBO, a nutraceutical food, may be useful as an alternative food supplement for the alleviation of hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia conditions.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
A posteriori calculation of δ 18 O and δD in atmospheric water vapour from ground-based near-infrared FTIR retrievals of H 2 16 O, H 2 18 O, and HD 16 O

This paper investigates the scientific value of retrieving H218O and HDO columns in addition to H216O columns from high-resolution ground-based near-infrared spectra. We present a set of refined H216O, H218O, and HDO spectral windows. The retrieved H216O, H218O, and HDO columns are used for an a posteriori calculation of columnar δD and δ18O. We estimate the uncertainties for the so-calculated columnar δD and δ18O values. These estimations include uncertainties due to the measurement noise, errors in the a priori data, and uncertainties in spectroscopic parameters. Time series of δ18O obtained from ground-based FTIR (Fourier transform infrared) spectra are presented for the first time. For our study we use a full physics isotopic general circulation model (ECHAM5-wiso). We show that the full physics simulation of HDO and H218O can already be reasonably predicted from the H216O columns by a simple linear regression model (scatter values between full physics and linear regression simulations are 35 and 4‰ for HDO and H218O, respectively). We document that the columnar δD and δ18O values as calculated a posteriori from the retrievals of H216O, H218O, and HDO show a better agreement with the ECHAM5-wiso simulation than the δD and δ18O values as calculated from the H216O retrievals and the simple linear regression model. This suggests that the H218O and HDO column retrievals add complementary information to the H216O retrievals. However, these data have to be used carefully, because of the different vertical sensitivity of the H216O, H218O, and HDO columnar retrievals. Furthermore, we have to note that the retrievals use reanalysis humidity profiles as a priori input and the results are thus not independent of the reanalysis data.

Field of study: Environmental science
The Case for Multidisciplinary Research Efforts in Mental Retardation

mal-general intellectual functioning depends ultimately on two basic factors: physiological functioning of the central nervous system and environmental interaction. The old “naturenurture” controversy is no longer relevant (Hirsch, 1963; McClearn, 1964). Innate physiological functioning is determined by inheritance, and our present understanding of it has come mainly from scientists working in the fields of neuroanatomy, neuropathology, neurophysiology, biochemistry, genetics and molecular biology. Interactions with the environment can both The Cast? for Multidisciplinary Research Efforts in Mental Retardation increase and decrease general inherited intelligence. Those environmental interactions which Droduce

Field of study: Education
Ultrasonic De-Icing Bondline Design and Rotor Ice Testing

The use of ultrasonic excitation has shown the ability to promote ice shedding of impact ice (less than 2 mm thick) during prior wind-tunnel testing efforts. The ultrasonic de-icing technology is implemented to structures representative of rotorcraft blade leading edges and tested under impact icing and centrifugal environments (390  g). Finite element models are experimentally validated and used to predict the ultrasonic ice shedding transverse shear stresses responsible for ice shedding. The finite element models tools are then used to guide the design of a robust bondline between the lead zirconate titanate actuators and the host structure. The novel bondline approach is implemented to a rotor blade leading-edge erosion cap representative structure (0.813-mm-thick stainless-steel leading edge). The system is tested under centrifugal loads and icing conditions generic to helicopter operational envelopes. Details on the de-icing system fabrication and integration are provided. The bondline configuration ...

Field of study: Physics
Compromise-free Bayesian neural networks

We conduct a thorough analysis of the relationship between the out-of-sample performance and the Bayesian evidence (marginal likelihood) of Bayesian neural networks (BNNs), as well as looking at the performance of ensembles of BNNs, both using the Boston housing dataset. Using the state-of-the-art in nested sampling, we numerically sample the full (non-Gaussian and multimodal) network posterior and obtain numerical estimates of the Bayesian evidence, considering network models with up to 156 trainable parameters. The networks have between zero and four hidden layers, either $\tanh$ or $ReLU$ activation functions, and with and without hierarchical priors. The ensembles of BNNs are obtained by determining the posterior distribution over networks, from the posterior samples of individual BNNs re-weighted by the associated Bayesian evidence values. There is good correlation between out-of-sample performance and evidence, as well as a remarkable symmetry between the evidence versus model size and out-of-sample performance versus model size planes. Networks with $ReLU$ activation functions have consistently higher evidences than those with $\tanh$ functions, and this is reflected in their out-of-sample performance. Ensembling over architectures acts to further improve performance relative to the individual BNNs.

Field of study: Computer science
Eating Disorders in Ethnic Minorities: an Update

Purpose of ReviewEating disorders are recognized to occur across ethnic and racial groups. The aim of the present review was to examine recent advances in the understanding of the development, presentation, and intervention approaches specific to eating disorders among ethnic and racial minority groups.Recent FindingsAn increasing number of measures have been found to be useful tools for assessing eating disorder risk and symptoms among ethnic and racial minority populations. In addition, further evidence has emerged supporting the relationship between higher levels of eating disorder symptoms and acculturation stress, as well as investment in appearance ideals. In contrast, the relationship between ethnic identity and eating disorder symptoms is less consistent, although several studies suggest that positive ethnic identity may be protective. Finally, increasing efforts have been made to develop and implement culturally sensitive interventions by tailoring evidence-supported treatments.SummaryOur understanding of and capacity to treat eating disorders among ethnic and racial minority groups continues to improve. However, further research is needed, particularly among neglected groups, such a smaller ethnic and racial groups, males, and intersecting minority statuses.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
A New Ratio Statistic to Test Mean Change Point in Long Memory Time Series

In this paper, we propose a new ratio statistic to test mean change point in long memory time series. We derive the test statistic converges to a non-degenerate distribution under the null hypothesis and that it diverges to infinity under the alternative of a change-point with constant height. Furthermore, we estimate the long memory parameters and approximate the critical values of the statistic by the Sieve Bootstrap method. We show the size and power properties of our test through numerical simulations and the performance is inspiring. Finally, we illustrate the effectiveness of this method through a set of actual data.

Field of study: Engineering
Construction and identification of a yeast two-hybrid bait vector for screening of Homo sapiens CD4-binding proteins

To construct and identify a yeast two-hybrid system bait vector for screening of Homo sapiens CD4-binding proteins. Methods CD4 cDNA has been amplified by reverse transcription-PCR(RT-PCR), cloned into pAS2-1 vector and then transformed into Saccharamyces oerevisiae strain Y190. To find β-galactosidase, the self-activating effect was tested by filter assay. The known ligand of CD4 encoded by HIV, gp120 was cloned into the prey vector pACT2 and then transformed into Y190/pAS2-l-CD4. Its β-galactosidase activity of the recombinant cells were assayed. Results CD4 cDNA has been cloned and used to construct recombinant bait vector hpAS2-1-CD4. The pAS2-1-CD4 transformed into Y190 didn't show its self-activation effect. The Y190 transfonned with pAS2-1-CD4 and pACT2-gp120 showed β-galactosidase activity. Expressed proteins of these two vectors can interact each other. Con-clusiom The yeast two-hybrid bait vector offers an applicable platform for screening the proteins, especially the viral ligands that combined with CD4.

Field of study: Biology
When Saints Fall Out: Women and the Savonarolan Reform in Early Sixteenth-Century Florence

REFORMERS AND REFORM MOVEMENTS can be hard on their adherents. For a variety of reasons-dissent over doctrine, differences over organization, tactics and objectives, even incompatibility between personalities-disagreements arise and with disagreement recrimination, bitterness, and fragmentation. All these elements were present in the quarrel that erupted in I5o6 among followers of Savonarola and tore apart the movement of reform he had initiated. On this occasion, however, the additional disruptive and embittering component of gender played a prominent part in the quarrel. There are no villains in the story, only victims, both active and passive, of a traditional system of religious values. Any attempt to alter this system was construed as harmful to the cause by the male leaders of the Savonarolan movement and resisted accordingly. It had not always been so. For a fleeting moment, while Savonarola was alive and on his recommendation, it seemed that women were to be assigned an unprecedented role in religious affairs and the rigid ecclesiastical system which had obtained for centuries and relegated them to inferior, dependent positions in the Church would be undermined and even overthrown. Savonarola's proposal aroused great expectations but also commensurate alarm, not least among women. In these reactions as well as in Savonarola's response to them, one can detect the origins of the quarrel of 1506 and the intransigence that its main participants displayed. Savonarola's proposal for the reform of women was made in the sermon of I8 March I496. Though the text of the sermon as we now have it makes no reference to the proposal, its purport can be gleaned from a letter written that same day by one of Savonarola's followers, Iacopo Bongianni, to another devout follower, Fra Santi

Field of study: History
Thrilling News: Factors Generating Suspense During News Exposure

Hypotheses on emotional reactions to news were derived from Zillmann's (1996) model of affective responses to fictional drama. Participants in a Web-based field experiment in Germany read 2 news stories that were manipulated in a 2 × 2 design to vary affective disposition toward main characters, as well as the perceived likelihood of a negative outcome. Measures of suspense, reading appreciation, and lingering interest for continued coverage were collected. As hypothesized, a positive disposition toward protagonists and a perceived high likelihood of a negative outcome increased suspense while attending to news. A positive disposition also led to higher reading appreciation and more lingering interest.

Field of study: Psychology
Continuity and Change in British Food Law

At last the Government has served up the nouvelle cuisine of U K food law. The Food Safety Act 1990 is leaner and less generous in its proportions than its post war predecessors. It is rather more easily digestible. But, while promising much, it delivers very little and the gourmet, having digested the changes in the new Act, is left wondering whether she has had a meal at all. Modern food law has had as its two principal stated concerns the protection of public health and the prevention of unfair trade practices harmful to the economic interests of both consumers and fair traders. I The tendency towards complexity in food technology has shaped the response to these concerns. Such complexity makes it more difficult for the consumer to identify what it is she is eating and when it is unsafe. The limited expertise of consumers has therefore been bolstered by protective legislation permitting consumers to rely to a greater extent on the traders to produce safe, nutritious food, which is informatively labelled. The framework for modern food law was developed between 1860 and 1955 and, until recently, has remained substantially unchanged since. The Food Act 1984 consolidated the Food and Drugs Act 1955 with the amending measures passed in the interim period. The 1984 Act, however, was regarded as distinctly creaky when it was passed and has largely been overtaken by provisions in regulations made under the Act which have addressed issues raised by new food technologies, new methods of analysis and control, and compliance with the extensive obligations of membership of the European Community. So while the ostensible focus of the 1984 Act is on a number of criminal offences connected with food quality and safety, in fact the heart of the modem law is now contained in the more hidden subordinate legislation. The most conspicuous added ingredient to food law in the Food Safety Act 1990 is the addition of ‘safety’ to the title. Much of the surface appearance of the new Act is directed towards greater safety. Nevertheless, this change is not reflected in the underlying texture. Like its predecessor, the Food Act 1984, the 1990 Act is concerned with many aspects

Field of study: Law
A generalized sidelobe canceller with soft constraints

An efficient beamforming structure similar to a generalized sidelobe canceller is derived from the soft constrained minimum variance (SCMV) method of B. Van Veen (see ibid., vol.39, no.9, p.1964-72, 1991). The structure greatly reduces the computational load of the SCMV method and provides insight into the nature of SCMV beamforming.

Field of study: Engineering
Zeeman effect in the perturbed 6s n d1,3D2 sequences of Ba-I: test of MQDT wavefunctions

The Zeeman effect in the 6s n d1'3D2 sequences and their 5d7d3F2,1D2 perturbers was investigated. In total 26 states were studied using Zeeman quantum-beat-and rfspectroscopy techniques. TheoreticalgJ-values obtained from an extended multi-channel quantum-defect theory are in fair agreement with the experimental results.

Field of study: Physics
Strict reserves, IUCN classification, and the use of reserves for scientific research: a comment on Schultze et al. (2014)

Schultze et al. (Biodiv Conserv 23:3519–3542, 2014) analysed criteria for the selection of strictly protected forest reserves in central Europe, but did not clarify the value of strict reserves (IUCN type 1a) for scientific research. We suggest that research in protected areas (PAs) should be included in the criteria that are used for their selection; in particular, scientific research is essential for monitoring the reasons (species and habitats) for establishing the reserve, and can contribute to testing the available alternatives for habitat management in PAs. This is particularly true for forest reserves, since most which are designated for strict protection are mid-aged, and typically secondary successions from historically more open habitats. The research may include habitat manipulation and non-manipulated reference areas (minimal intervention) which need long-term studies, since forests develop slowly. Strict reserves are ideal for such scientific research, since the strong protection means strong control of the land, whereas other land may be subject to change. There are many IUCN type 1a strict reserves, and a network of such reserves for scientific research would need to use only a small proportion of them. We encourage conservation organisations and researchers to establish such research networks in cooperation with PA managers.

Field of study: Environmental science
The selection of candidates for teacher education at the University of Wisconsin.

MANY NEW screening procedures have come to be used by teacher training institu tions during the last decade in an effort to se lect more students capable of becoming super ior teachers. This seems important if our schools are to have competent leadership. To day the majority of teacher-education schools employ some form of screening of persons ad mitted or educated as teachers. This strong interest in teacher s e lection arises out of a three-fold need:

Field of study: Education
Electrical transport properties of calcium and barium aluminates

Electrical conductivity and ionic transport numbers have been measured of barium and calcium aluminates with composition CaO ·n Al 2 O 3 (n= 7 12 , 1, 2, 6) and 0.82 BaO·6Al 2 O 3 . At room temperatures these compounds are insulators, but at high temperatures mixed conductivity is observed. Ionic transport numbers depend on partial oxygen pressure and doping. The electrical properties are dominated by impurities. A discussion is given of the underlying defect mechanism in the different compounds.

Field of study: Materials science
Gating control and K+ uptake by the KAT1 K+ channel leaveraged through membrane anchoring of the trafficking protein SYP121

Vesicle traffic is tightly coordinated with ion transport for plant cell expansion through physical interactions between subsets of vesicle‐trafficking (so‐called SNARE) proteins and plasma membrane Kv channels, including the archetypal inward‐rectifying K+ channel, KAT1 of Arabidopsis. Ion channels open and close rapidly over milliseconds, whereas vesicle fusion events require many seconds. Binding has been mapped to conserved motifs of both the Kv channels and the SNAREs, but knowledge of the temporal kinetics of their interactions, especially as it might relate to channel gating and its coordination with vesicle fusion remains unclear. Here, we report that the SNARE SYP121 promotes KAT1 gating through a persistent interaction that alters the stability of the channel, both in its open and closed states. We show, too, that SYP121 action on the channel open state requires SNARE anchoring in the plasma membrane. Our findings indicate that SNARE binding confers a conformational bias that encompasses the microscopic kinetics of channel gating, with leverage applied through the SNARE anchor in favour of the open channel.

Field of study: Environmental science
Beiträge zur Chemie von Tetraketonen, III Synthese und einige Reaktionen des 1,6-Bis(p-hydroxyphenyl)-1,3,4,6-hexantetrons

Contributions to the Chemistry of Tetraketones, III. - Synthesis and Some Reactions of 1,6-Bis(p-hydroxyphenyl)-1,3,4,6-hexanetetrone 
 
 
 
Condensation of p-hydroxyacetophenone and diethyl oxalate in the presence of sodium ethoxide gave the tetraketone 3 which can be cyclized with o-phenylenediamine, hydrazine, or phenyl-hydrazine to yield the quinoxaline 1 or the 3,3′-bipyrazolyl derivatives 5 and 6, respectively. Transformation of the p-hydroxyphenyl group in compounds 1 and 3 with methyl isocyanate/triethylamine gave the corresponding carbamates 2 and 4. By condensation of 4 with hydrazine or phenylhydrazine the pyrazoles 7 and 8 were prepared. Compounds 4, 7, and 8 showed no progressive inhibitory properties against acetylcholinesterase.

Field of study: Chemistry
Experimental study of berberine anti macrophages apoptosis induced by Tg and Fuc

To investigate the effect of berberine anti macrophages apoptosis, initially to determine the concentration of anti-apoptosis and to explore its mechanisms of treatment in atherosclerosis (AS).  Apoptosis of RAW264.7 macrophages is induced by 0.5 μmol/L Tg and 50 μg/ml Fuc. The cell survival rate and apoptosis rate was detected by MIT and flow cytometry, respectively.  There was statistical significance between the berberine group of 800 μg/ml and normal group in the cell sur-vival rate(P<0.01). With the decline in concentration of berberine, the cell apoptosis rate showed a down-ward trend, berberine (0.02-0.63 μg/ml) effectively inhibited the cell apoptosis induced by Tg and Fuc.  Berberine group has little impact on the cell proliferation. Berberine can effectively inhibit the cell apoptosis induced by Tg and Fuc. 
 
 
Bererine;  Macrophages apoptosis;  Atherosclerosis

Field of study: Biology
Advantages of pulsed operation of a chemical oxygen-iodine laser

Calculations are made of the conditions for pulsed operation of a chemical oxygen-iodine laser with a high content of water vapor in the resonator. It is shown that a laser can operate in this regime without a cold trap and that cooling of the source of singlet oxygen by water evaporation is sufficient. The calculations give a specific output energy (measured relative to the mass of oxygen) amounting to 1645 J/g.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics