nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
How optimal foragers should respond to habitat changes: a reanalysis of the Marginal Value Theorem

The Marginal Value Theorem (MVT) is a cornerstone of biological theory. It connects the quality and distribution of patches in a fragmented habitat to the optimal time an individual should spend exploiting them, and thus its optimal rate of movement. However, predictions regarding how habitat alterations should impact optimal strategies have remained elusive, with heavy reliance on graphical arguments. Here we derive the sensitivity of realized fitness and optimal residence times to general habitat attributes, for homogeneous and heterogeneous habitats, retaining the level of generality of the MVT. We provide new predictions on how altering travel times, patch qualities and/or relative abundances should affect optimal strategies, and study the consequences of habitat heterogeneity. We show that knowledge of average characteristics is in general not sufficient to predict the change in the average rate of movement. We apply our results to examine the conditions under which the optimal strategies are invariant to scaling. We prove a previously conjectured form of invariance in homogeneous habitats, but show that invariances to scaling are not generic in heterogeneous habitats. We also consider the relative exploitation of patches that differ in quality, clarifying the conditions under which it is adaptive to stay longer on poorer patches.

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics
A new bisphosphonate derivative, CP, induces gastric cancer cell apoptosis via activation of the ERK1/2 signaling pathway

To investigate the effects of a new derivative of bisphosphonates, [2-(6-aminopurine-9-yl)-1-hydroxy-phosphine acyl ethyl] phosphonic acid (CP), on human gastric cancer.Human gastric cancer cell lines (SGC-7901, BGC-823, MKN-45, and MKN-28) and human colon carcinoma cell lines (LoVo and HT-29) were tested. Cell growth was determined using the MTT assay. Flow cytometry, Western blot, caspase activity assay and siRNA transfection were used to examine the mechanisms of anticancer action. Female BALB/c nude mice were implanted with SGC-7901 cells. From d6 after inoculation, the animals were injected with CP (200 μg/kg, ip) or vehicle daily for 24 d.CP suppressed the growth of the 6 human cancer cell lines with similar IC50 values (3239 μmol/L). In SGC-7901 cells, CP arrested cell cycle progression at the G2/M phase. The compound activated caspase-9, increased the expression of pro-apoptotic proteins Bax and Bad, decreased the expression of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2. Furthermore, the compound selectively activated ERK1/2 without affecting JNK and p38 in SGC-7901 cells. Treatment of SGC-7901 cells with the specific ERK1/2 inhibitor PD98059 or ERK1/2 siRNA hampered CP-mediated apoptosis. In the human gastric cancer xenograft nude mouse model, chronic administration of CP significantly retarded the tumor growth.CP is a broad-spectrum inhibitor of human carcinoma cells in vitro, and it also exerts significant inhibition on gastric cancer cell growth in vivo. CP induces human gastric cancer apoptosis via activation of the ERK1/2 signaling pathway.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Gettier and Plantinga's Revised Account of Warrant

In a recent article in Analysis (Plantinga 1997), Alvin Plantinga suggests an amendment to his account of warrant aimed at remedying its inability to handle certain types of Gettier cases. I will argue in this paper that there are two difficulties with his adjusted account. First, Plantinga suggests that warrant requires a favourable ‘mini-environment’. I shall argue though that no state of affairs satisfies his definition of a mini-environment. And second, I shall argue that his adjusted account is still vulnerable to Gettier difficulties. Finally, I’ll propose an alternative amendment to Plantinga’s account, one which I believe has better prospects for fending off Gettier.

Field of study: Philosophy
Conduction electrons in acceptor-doped GaAs/GaAlAs heterostructures: a review

We review magneto-optical and magneto-transport effects in GaAs/GaAlAs heterostructures doped in GaAlAs barriers with donors, providing two-dimensional electron gas in GaAs quantum wells, and additionally doped with smaller amounts of acceptors (mostly Be atoms) in the vicinity of 2DEG. One may also deal with residual acceptors (mostly C atoms). The behavior of such systems in the presence of a magnetic field differs appreciably from those doped in the vicinity of 2DEG with donors.

Field of study: Materials science
Concurrent plant uptake of heavy metals and persistent organic pollutants from soil.

The extent of anthropogenic environmental pollution—in the United States (Black, 1999; Glass, 1999), in the European Union (Chaudhry et al., 2002), and in the third world is well documented. For example, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations has estimated that at a minimum 10 t of unwanted pesticides are in ‘‘storage’’ in undeveloped countries, with at least 2 10 t in African countries (Chaudhry et al., 2002). The potential for negative impacts of these stocks on humans and the environment is of major concern. In situ remediation techniques, such as phytoremediation— the attenuation of pollution through the use of plants—which impose minimal environmental disturbance, offer economic, agronomic, and societal benefits to all countries. Up to the present time phytoremediation of soilborne heavy metals and of organic contaminants has been pursued as two distinct disciplines. This compartmentalized approach applies to fundamental studies of the mechanisms of action, as well as to the development of remediation technologies. Based on data from the authors’ laboratories over the preceding several years we propose that far more convergence as opposed to divergence in the underlying plant physiology and soil science impacts the soil/vegetation microcosm to attenuate both soil-borne heavy metals and organic pollutants. For example, our published research has established that zucchini (Cucurbita pepo L.) and spinach (Spinacia oleracea) bioaccumulate soil-bound persistent organic pollutants (POPs) (Mattina et al., 2002). Other published reports have shown that spinach bioaccumulates heavy metals from soil (Romer and Keller, 2001). The data which are presented here demonstrate that these two plants simultaneously bioconcentrate and translocate both categories of weathered, soil-bound pollutant. Such simultaneous uptake and translocation of heavy metal and organic pollutants, if confirmed and optimized, could have enormous implications for plant/soil interaction mechanisms, and impact on practical remediation approaches, and ultimately on risk to human health.

Field of study: Environmental science
From Subjects to Citizens: Honor, Gender, and Politics in Arequipa, Peru, 1780-1854 (review)

These two studies manifest two different poles in viceregal research. While Salazar Andreu has provided us with a solid chronology of events and a narration of the important feature of the two governments of Velasco in Mexico, Latasa Vassallo has gone far beyond that, looking deeply into the society and economy of colonial Peru, probing the very basic assumptions upon which the colonial state was formed to place Montesclaros within it. These works stand well as points of departure for future research.

Field of study: History
Behaviour of trace elements during thermal metamorphism and or granitization of the metasediments and basic igneous rocks

ZusammenfassungDas Verhalten von Spurenelementen wurde in verschiedenen Metasedimenten und benachbarten mafitischen Magmagesteinen um einen Granitpluton herum untersucht. Es wird gezeigt, daß die chemischen Änderungen ihrem Gehalt und ihrer Anordnung nach in den unterschiedlichen Gesteinsgruppen verschieden sind. Der Granitisationsprozeß ist hauptsächlich von der ursprünglichen Zusammensetzung der Gesteine abhängig, welche das chemische Gefälle erzeugen. Die Mobilisation der Kationen geht vom Kontakt aus.AbstractThe behaviour of trace elements in various metasediments and associated basic igneous rocks around a granite pluton has been studied. From these studies it has been found that the nature of chemical changes is different, both in magnitude and order, in the different groups of rocks. It is suggested that the nature of granitization has chiefly been controlled by the original composition of the rocks which has been responsible for setting up a chemical gradient across the contact under the influence of which the movement of cations has taken place.RésuméNous avons étudié le comportement des éléments différents dans les métasédiments différents et dans les roches pyrogènes et basiques associeés autor d'un pluton granite. Nos études montrent que la nature des changements chimiques diffère en magnitude et en ordre dans les groupes différents des roches. On a suggéré que la nature de granitisation est principalement controlée par la composition originale des roches qui a produit un gradient chimique le long du contact. Le mouvement des cations a été influencé par ce contact.Краткое содержаниев осадочных породах, и в залегающих рядом ма фических минералах магматических распо ложенных вокруг гран итного плутонического тела. Было установлено, что разпределение микро элементов зависит от первичног о химического состава этих пород.

Field of study: Environmental science
Situs inversus totalis and single coronary ostium: A coincidence or a pattern?

Situs inversus totalis and single coronary ostium are rare congenital anomalies, and no ontogenic connection has been described between them. Only three cases of association of single coronary ostium and situs inversus have been reported in the literature, all found on angiography. Here we present the first case of this association discovered at autopsy. Based on the apparently higher than expected frequency of this finding, an underlying pathologic connection between these conditions is proposed.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
NS1 of H7N9 Influenza A Virus Induces NO-Mediated Cellular Senescence in Neuro2a Cells

The novel avian H7N9 influenza A virus has been detected in brain tissues and associated with central nervous system (CNS) symptoms in infected human and mice. Roles of its virulence factor, NS1 protein in influenza virus infected neuron has yet to be explored.  Nitric oxide (NO) release and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression in H7N9/NS1-expressed Neuro2a cells were detected by Griess test and western blotting. Cell proliferation rate of H7N9/NS1-expressing cells was recorded by Cell Counting Kit-8. Effects of H7N9/NS1 on cellular senescence were investigated by senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-gal) staining, immunofluorescent staining of phosphorylated heterochromatin protein 1γ (pHP1γ) and qPCR analysis of IL-6 and IL-8.  H7N9/NS1 in Neuro2a cells and primary cultured mouse cortical neurons increased the expression of iNOS and boosted NO release. Neuro2a cells constitutively expressing NS1 displayed a reduced proliferative ability, enhanced SA-β-gal staining, increased level of IL-6 and IL-8 and a typical punctuate structure of pHP1γ in nuclei. In addition, p38 MAPK was elevated in NS1-expressing Neuro2a cells. Reduced iNOS expression and subdued cellular senescence effect was found in p38 MAPK inhibitor-treated NS1-expressing Neuro2a cells.  Our results suggest that H7N9/NS1 protein increases the iNOS expression and NO release in Neuro2a cells, which can induce cell growth arrest and cellular senescence.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Effect of neoagaro-oligosaccharide on activity of salivary amylase

To study the effect of neoagaro-oligosaccharide (NAOS) on activity of salivary amylase, NAOS was produced from agar by agarase, and the effect of NAOS on enzymatic efficiency, temperature tolerance, pH stability, and the synergistic action with the chloride ion which can be used as activator of salivary amylase were investigated. The results showed that the enzyme activity could be increased to 1.21 times with the NAOS concentration of 100 μg/mL. It has better temperature tolerance at 55 ℃ in 2 hour. It also has better pH stability. The enzyme activity can keep around 28 U/mL in the pH range from 6 to 8, but the enzyme activity of the control group dropped 38%. The enzyme activity could be increased to 1.98 times under the effect of synergistic enhancement between NAOS and chloride. NAOS can be used as activator and stabilizer for salivary amylase. It may have certain significance on gastrointestinal health and dyspeptic disease treatment.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Detection of Privacy Sensitive Information Retrieval Using API Call Logging Mechanism within Android Framework

In recent years, Android based smartphones have become popular. As a feature of a smart phone, much information for identifying a user and information linked to user’s privacy is saved in a terminal. For this feature, many malwares targeting privacy information are developed. Many security mechanisms are provided in Android for such malwares. However, it is difficult for users to judge the availability of application by understanding the potential threats in the application. In this paper, we focus on acquisition of information by using a remote procedure call when we invoke the API to acquire phone ID. We design a methodology to record invocation of the API by inserting Log.v methods. Proposal method is implemented within Android framework layer. For this reason, malicious application developers cannot circumvent log output by their malwares. We examined our method, and confirmed empirically the record of the invocation behavior of the API to acquire phone ID.

Field of study: Computer science
Caracterização física, físico-química, enzimática e de parede celular em diferentes estádios de desenvolvimento da fruta de figueira

With the objective of evaluating the physical, physical-chemical, enzymic and cell wall characterization during the different developmental stages of the fig tree fruits under irrigation in Northern Minas Gerais, the present work was developed during the 2001/2002 cropping cycle in the Unidade de Producao Fruticola da Escola Agrotecnica Federal de Salinas (Fruit Growing Unit of the Federal Agrotechnical School of Salinas (Eafsal), town of Salinas. Plants of two years and a half after transplanting and with twelve well developed primary branches (pernadas = the first strong branches of a tree) and 2.5x1.5 m spacing were utilized in this experiment. The design applied was completely randomized with two replicates and a total of 40 marked plants. The data collected were concerning 2001/2002 cropping cycle for the June-pruned plants. Evaluated during the different developmental stages of fig tree fruits activity of the enzimes, chemical composition, physical evaluate, neutral sugars and cell wall components. As polyphenoloxidase and peroxidase activity was decreasing, polygalacturonase activity increased throughout the development of the fruits. The fruits reached harvest point for industry and in natura consumption at 30 and 75 days from the differentiation of the buds in syconium, respectively. A significant increase took place in the contents of total soluble solids, total soluble and reducing sugars during the development of the fruit. Both pH and TTA ranged very little during fruit development. The average diameter of the fruits was always inferior to the average length, reaching 51.99 mm and 59.18 mm, respectively at 75 days. The average weight of 53.23 g was reached at 75 days. Predominating neutral sugars were galactose, arabinose and xylose whereas fucose, mannose and glucose and rhamnose were those present in smaller amount in the cell wall during the different developmental stages of the fruits. With the maturation of the fruits, there was a reduction of the chief components of pectic polysaccharides (galactose, arabinose and rhamnose), whilst the components of the hemicellulose fraction (xylose, glucose and mannose) tended to increase. Cellulose solubilization and fall in the contents of hemicellulose took place from 60 days when the fruit already in the physiological maturity, starts softening process, as related with pectin solubilization by the higher activity of the pectinnemethylesterase and polygalacturonase enzymes.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
SU‐FF‐T‐83: An Image‐Guided Adaptive Treatment Planning Optimization for IMRT

We present an adaptive IMRTtreatment planning approach that is guided by 3D/4D images and that allows exploration of a wide range of beam angles for optimal treatment design. Computational advances to improve solution times are highlight, and robustness of the method and quality of the resulting plans are compared. We focus on column generation of adaptable and clinically acceptable plans. Binary (0/1)variables are used to capture “on”/“off” for each beam. Guided by the tumorimage, these candidate beams are generated dynamically throughout the solution process. The treatment model includes explicit clinical constraints, including constraints based on upper/lower/mean dose, approximate organs‐at‐risks dose‐volume relationships, and PTV homogeneity and coverage. During the solution process, at most k active beams are allowed in the branch‐and‐price framework(where k is input by clinicians and is patient/tumor‐specific). Compared to clinical plans, for prostate cases, PTV homogeneity improves by 8–11%, whereas mean‐dose to rectum and bladder reduce uniformly by over 50%. For head‐and‐neck cases, left‐parotid mean dose reduces uniformly by over 50%. In particular, all critical structures receive significantly less dose, as the adaptive approach focuses the radiation onto the tumor volume. The adaptive plans provide over 95% PTV coverage, as requested by the clinicians. The adaptive branch‐and‐price approach proves efficient to simultaneously optimize the beam orientations over the entire space of gantry angles and the fluence map. Two significant advances were made: 1) We efficiently and rapidly solved previously intractable large‐scale treatment instances with important clinical constraints to optimality. 2)We designed a rapid column‐generation approach where candidate beams are chosen adaptively and dynamically, and where the set of active beams are set to clinically acceptable values. These properties allow for generation of plans that are practical for actual delivery and guided in real‐time by tumorimages. Clinical experiments showed that our approach produces superior plans.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Deficient release of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 from astrocytes triggers apoptosis in neuronal cells.

Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) plays an important role in the processes of peripheral tissue remodeling and fibrinolysis through the regulation of plasminogen activation. We found that cultured human astrocytes efficiently released PAI-1, and that both mRNA expression and protein release of PAI-1 were suppressed by pretreatment of the cells with daunorubicin. To examine the role of PAI-1 in the nervous system, neuronally differentiated PC-12 cells (PC-12 neurons) were maintained in a PAI-1-deficient culture medium derived from daunorubicin-pretreated astrocytes. The deficiency of PAI-1 in the medium caused a significant reduction in Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL mRNAs and an increase in Bcl-XS and Bax mRNAs in PC-12 neurons at 3 h. The changes in balance between mRNA expressions of the anti- and pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins caused caspase-3 activation following the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria. Apoptotic morphological change and DNA fragmentation were also observed in the neuronal cells at 24 h. Addition of exogenous PAI-1 protein to the inhibitor-deficient medium blocked the apoptotic changes in PC-12 neurons. However, addition of PAI-1 antibodies to control medium caused similar apoptotic changes in PC-12 neurons. During the apoptotic processes, plasminogen activator (PA) activity in the PAI-1-deficient medium was as low as the control level. The present data suggest that PAI-1 has physiological functions other than its role as PA inhibitor for the survival of neurons.

Field of study: Biology
The Effect of using Learning Strategy Mastery in the Collection of the Ninth-Grade Students in the Study of Islamic Education in Ma'an.

The educational curriculum considered as one of The main  Education Tools  in achieving its objectives, it’s a tool for interaction between the teacher and the learner; therefore  the civilized nations takes   great importance to the design  process on a sound basis, and to oversee their implementation in adequacy and effectiveness, and  evaluation and development processes in scientific methodology, it is considered a matter of national priorities that acquires the most of their attention (the hill et al., 1993). And the success of the process of implementing the curriculum and learning processes, education, depends largely on the presence of qualified teachers that they able to accommodate the educational philosophy of the educational system and the goals of the community, and the processes of development and modernization of the curriculum; to keep pace with developments and global changes in various fields; and the  curriculum needs of strategies for teaching and evaluation; to contribute in the Giving learners' knowledge, attitudes, and skills needed to live in the developed and variable world, and away from the traditional methods of teaching and evaluation. It is no longer the role of the teacher in this era to indoctrination information, and facts, but its role  became  prepared for the learning and educational environment , is where the acquisition of knowledge, skills,, values and attitudes being  and  the educated started to have different thinking skills and the  objective educational of Mastery  that the modern education seeks to achieve; which required from teachers to realize it; and therefore the development of tactics, and methods of teaching; to keep pace with those objective and variables alrhmh (1987). Shows Sparks (Sparks, 2000) that the teacher should be able to diagnose students' needs, and understands how to learn every student, and that he should be familiar with the subject under consideration by, and roads that must be used to teach students, and owns stock a wide range of teaching strategies; that can choose what suits them learning educational situation. And the educationalists indicate to the close relationship between the teacher and teaching effectiveness, and that teaching provides a platform rich with opportunities, which provides the challenge for each student; to discover and invent applications of knowledge; to be used in solving problems, revealing the relationship between generalizations and concepts of realism and uses it, and the effectiveness of teaching keep teacher familiar strengths and weaknesses of the students, and make it able to adjust its strategies in education to suit requested (Selden, 1999). Sawa See (Sawa1995)that the teacher and teaching should be evaluate based on the appropriateness of the teachers strategies  and their impact on learning, and the ability to make optimum use of  teaching strategies, and building  meaningful class events  to teache students' .

Field of study: Education
An EM Algorithm for Ion-Channel Current Estimation

Parameter estimation of a continuous-time Markov chain observed through a discrete-time memoryless channel is studied. An expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm for maximum likelihood estimation of the parameter of this hidden Markov process is developed and applied to a simple example of modeling ion-channel currents in living cell membranes. The approach follows that of Asmussen, Nerman and Olsson, and Ryden, for EM estimation of an underlying continuous-time Markov chain.

Field of study: Engineering