nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Hamlet on the Holodeck: The Future of Narrative in Cyberspace

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Field of study: Art
Reinstatement of conditioned fear in humans is context dependent and impaired in amnesia.

A contextual reinstatement procedure was developed to assess the contributions of environmental cues and hippocampal function in the recovery of conditioned fear following extinction in humans. Experiment 1 showed context specificity in the recovery of extinguished skin conductance responses after presentations of an auditory unconditioned stimulus. Experiment 2 demonstrated that fear recovery did not generalize to an explicitly unpaired conditioned stimulus. Experiment 3 replicated the context dependency of fear recovery with a shock as an unconditioned stimulus. Two amnesic patients failed to recover fear responses following reinstatement in the same context, despite showing initial fear acquisition. These results extend the known functions of the human hippocampus and highlight the importance of environmental contexts in regulating the expression of latent fear associations.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Preparation and Activity of Layer Silicate-Supported Metal Catalyst

A nickel(II) hydroxide-layer silicate intercalate was formed by mixing an expandable-layer silicate with a nickel(II) nitrate solution followed by urea hydrolysis at an elevated temperature. The hydrogen reduction of the intercalate generated nickel particles dispersed on the layer silicate crystal surface. The supported-nickel catalyst showed high activity for the hydrogenation of toluene to methylcyclohexane.

Field of study: Chemistry
The significance of non-significance.

We discuss the implications of empirical results that are statistically non-significant. Figures illustrate the interrelations among effect size, sample sizes and their dispersion, and the power of the experiment. All calculations (detailed in Appendix) are based on actual noncentral t-distributions, with no simplifying mathematical or statistical assumptions, and the contribution of each tail is determined separately. We emphasize the importance of reporting, wherever possible, the a priori power of a study so that the reader can see what the chances were of rejecting a null hypothesis that was false. As a practical alternative, we propose that non-significant inference be qualified by an estimate of the sample size that would be required in a subsequent experiment in order to attain an acceptable level of power under the assumption that the observed effect size in the sample is the same as the true effect size in the population; appropriate plots are provided for a power of 0.8. We also point out that successive outcomes of independent experiments each of which may not be statistically significant on its own, can be easily combined to give an overall p value that often turns out to be significant. And finally, in the event that the p value is high and the power sufficient, a non-significant result may stand and be published as such.

Field of study: Medicine
Aftonian sands and gravels in western Iowa

The term Aftonian was first applied by Chamberlin 2 to interglacial beds of gravel and peat near Afton Junction, Iowa, under the impression that they were later than the Kansan. The first correct reference of the Aftonian to its place below the Kansan was subsequently made by Chamberlin 3 after a reexamination of the type locality. Previously known Distribution of Aftonian Beds in Iowa PEAT Subsequent investigations by members of the staff of the Iowa Geological Survey have shown that the Aftonian is widely distributed in the state. Peat beds belonging to this stage have been reported from Oelwein, in Fayette county; 4 from Scott county (doubtfully); 5 from Cedar county (doubtfully); 6 from Tama county; 7 from Chickasaw county; 8 from Union county, 9 and several additional probable localities in southern Iowa are given by Bain. 10 Four species of mosses (Hypnurn) 11 and the wood of a conifer ( Larix ) 12 have been reported from these peat . . .

Field of study: Geology
Preventive diplomacy, mediation and the responsibility to protect in Libya: a missed opportunity for Canada?

Despite Canada’s proud history of peacemaking, peacekeeping and diplomacy, Canadian voices advocating a mediated resolution to the Libya crisis were strikingly absent (Government of Canada 2011). Instead, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)’s application of the Canadian-initiated Responsibility to Protect (R2P) doctrine noticeably bypassed preventive and mediation efforts throughout its seven-month military campaign. While NATO’s use of force in Libya ostensibly functioned to uphold human rights and strengthen the R2P norm, its actions have inadvertently reaffirmed the importance of mediation and preventive diplomacy in resolving future R2P crises. This article begins by determining if windows of opportunity for preventive diplomacy and mediation presented themselves during the crisis in Libya, and how such windows could have been capitalized upon by Canada and the international community. These windows reflect the conditions that must be present for mediation to take place; they do not, however, guarantee a successful outcome. The early stages of the Libyan revolution are analyzed, exposing several windows of opportunity that lent themselves to preventive and mediation efforts. As the article is counterfactually based, justification is provided on how and why preventive diplomacy and mediation could have been attempted in Libya and could be more readily used in the future. Acknowledging the position of the current Canadian Government, the article concludes that Canada could take on a more assertive preventive and mediation role. It closes by outlining key recommendations on capacity building actions the Government of Canada could undertake.

Field of study: Political science
Research on improving thermal and humidity conditions in a ventilated ice rink arena using a validated CFD model

Numerical simulations of physical phenomena associated with the flow of air, heat and moisture occurring in an actual ventilated ice rink were prepared by means of Ansys CFX 14.5 based on a previously validated numerical model. The validated model was supplemented with an air humidity ratio comparison. Additionally, people (skaters and spectators) were modelled. Different methods of dehumidifying and distributing the air were considered for this building. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of different factors on improvement of indoor thermal and humidity conditions due to the presence of people and maintenance of good technical condition of the facility. The simulation results were compared with direct calculation results, the surface division method, statistical analysis and the TOPSIS method.

Field of study: Engineering
Sealing of fluid pathways in overpressure cells: a case study from the Buntsandstein in the Lower Saxony Basin (NW Germany)

We studied veins in the Triassic Buntsandstein of the Lower Saxony Basin (NW Germany) with the aim of quantifying the evolution of in-situ stress, fluids and material transport. Different generations of veins are observed. The first generation formed in weakly consolidated rocks without a significant increase in fracture permeability and was filled syntectonically with fibrous calcite and blocky to elongate-blocky quartz. The stable isotopic signature (δ18O and δ13C) indicates that the calcite veins precipitated from connate water at temperatures of 55–122°C. The second vein generation was syntectonically filled with blocky anhydrite, which grew in open fractures. Fluid inclusions indicate that the anhydrite veins precipitated at a minimum temperature of 150°C from hypersaline brines. Based on δ34S measurements, the source of the sulphate was found in the underlying Zechstein evaporites. The macro- and microstructures indicate that all veins were formed during subsidence and that the anhydrite veins were formed under conditions of overpressure, generated by inflation rather than non-equilibrium compaction. The large amount of fluids which are formed by the dehydrating gypsum in the underlying Zechstein and are released into the Buntsandstein during progressive burial form a likely source of overpressures and the anhydrite forming fluids.

Field of study: Environmental science
[A neuroprotective approach to optimizing treatment and correction activities in children with autism spectrum disorders].

To study neuroprotective properties of heat shock proteins and neurotrophins in children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD).



Sixty-eight children with ASD (ICD-10 F84), aged from 5 to 12 years, were examined. General clinical examination and evaluation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), nerve growth factor (NGF), heat shock proteins (Hsp27, Hsp70) in the blood serum were performed.



There was a decrease in NGF, BDNF, Hsp27, Hsp70 in the total group and in boys with severe ASD. These changes reflect the deterioration of neuroprotective processes in the brain in children with ASD that demands further research and development of treatment procedures.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Comparison of in vitro antioxidant activity of infusion, extract and fractions of Indonesian cinnamon (Cinnamomum burmannii) bark.

The purpose of this research was to compare antioxidant activity of Indonesian cinnamon bark infusion, extract, its fractions and to analyse of their phytochemical constituents for antioxidant activity. The cinnamon infusion was obtained by water extraction, while the extract was by ethanol percolation. The ethanolic extract was then fractionated into n-hexane, ethyl acetate and water fractions.Their in vitro antioxidant activity was assayed semiquantitatively by using DPPH method, while the phytochemical constituents were analyzed by using TLC-autography with several spray reagents.The results showed that antioxidant activity of infusion, extract and its fractions were significantly different. Among the material tested, the cinnamon bark infusion had the highest antioxidant activity, followed by ethanolic extract, its waterand ethyl acetatefractions with IC50 value of 3.03; 8.36; 8.89; and 13.51μg/mL, respectively. Their antioxidant activities were higher than rutin, with IC50 of 15.27 μg/mL.The phytochemical analysis results indicated that polyphenol (tannin, flavonoids) and phenolic volatile oil are the major antioxidant compounds.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Baicalein attenuates cardiac hypertrophy in mice via suppressing oxidative stress and activating autophagy in cardiomyocytes

Baicalein is a natural flavonoid extracted from the root of Scutellaria baicalensis that exhibits a variety of pharmacological activities. In this study, we investigated the molecular mechanisms underlying the protective effect of baicalein against cardiac hypertrophy in vivo and in vitro. Cardiac hypertrophy was induced in mice by injection of isoproterenol (ISO, 30 mg·kg−1·d−1) for 15 days. The mice received caudal vein injection of baicalein (25 mg/kg) on 3rd, 6th, 9th, 12th, and 15th days. We showed that baicalein administration significantly attenuated ISO-induced cardiac hypertrophy and restored cardiac function. The protective effect of baicalein against cardiac hypertrophy was also observed in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes treated with ISO (10 μM). In cardiomyocytes, ISO treatment markedly increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inhibited autophagy, which were greatly alleviated by pretreatment with baicalein (30 μM). We found that baicalein pretreatment increased the expression of catalase and the mitophagy receptor FUN14 domain containing 1 (FUNDC1) to clear ROS and promote autophagy, thus attenuated ISO-induced cardiac hypertrophy. Furthermore, we revealed that baicalein bound to the transcription factor FOXO3a directly, promoting its transcription activity, and transactivated catalase and FUNDC1. In summary, our data provide new evidence for baicalein and FOXO3a in the regulation of ISO-induced cardiac hypertrophy. Baicalein has great potential for the treatment of cardiac hypertrophy.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Dimensions of Kenyan University Academic Staff’s Job Satisfaction in View of Various Managerial Leadership Practices

Attaining high levels of academic staff job satisfaction has proved to be challenging for university management. This paper is an excerpt of a study that investigated the magnitude of Kenyan University academic staff’s job satisfaction based on various managerial leadership practices.  The study focused on the Rift Valley Region (RVR) of Kenya. The study targeted 2,773 members of university management and lecturers in the chartered public and private universities with their main campuses in Rift Valley Region (RVR) with a sample of 605 participants. Convergent parallel mixed methods design was employed with census, random and systematic sampling used to select the respondents. Purposive sampling was also used to select information-rich cases. Questionnaires, interview and document analysis guides were the main data collection instruments. Data analysis was done by coding and categorizing qualitative data into themes while quantitative data was analysed using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation coefficient, independent-samples t-test, One-way ANOVA and regression coefficients, with the use of the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 20. The study established some managerial leadership practices that had strong association with lecturers’ job satisfaction in Kenyan universities.  Dimension, Managerial leadership practices, Job satisfaction, Academic staff, University.

Field of study: Education
Crystallization and preliminary crystallographic studies of ribosome recycling factor from Escherichia coli.

Ribosome recycling factor (RRF) catalyzes the disassembly of a termination complex during the final stage of protein synthesis. RRF from Escherichia coli has been crystallized with PEG 400 as precipitant at 287 K. The crystal belongs to the trigonal space group P3(1)21 (or P3(2)21), with unit-cell parameters a = b = 48.08, c = 141.67 A. Native data were collected from a frozen crystal to a resolution of 3.0 A on a Cu Kalpha rotating-anode X-ray source.

Field of study: Chemistry
Improved efficiency in green polymer light-emitting diodes with air-stable electrodes

By dispersing an electron transporting molecular dopant into the active semiconducting luminescent polymer, we have achieved improved efficiencies for green light-emitting diodes (LEDs). These green emitting LEDs were fabricated by adding an electron transporting molecular dopant, 2-(4-biphenylyl)-5-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-l,3,4-oxadiazole (PBD), into the semiconducting luminescent polymer as the emitting layer in the polymer LEDs. The devices used poly(2-cholestanoxy-5-thexyldimethylsilyl-l,4-phenylene vinylene) (CS-PPV), a new soluble green light emitter, as the semiconducting luminescent polymer and either aluminum or indium as the electron injection electrodes. Quantum efficiencies of LEDs with the electron transporting molecular additive in the luminescent polymer and an Al electrode are about 0.3% photons per electron, better by a factor of 18 than similar devices made without the addition of the electron transport molecular dopant; quantum efficiencies of similar LEDs fabricated with an In electrode are 0.23% photons per electron, better by a factor of 16 than devices without the electron transport molecular additive.

Field of study: Materials science
Constructing transient birth-death processes by means of suitable transformations

For a birth-death process N(t) with a reflecting state at 0 we propose a method able to construct a new birth-death process M(t) defined on the same state-space. The birth and death rates of M(t) depend on the rates of N(t) and on the probability law of the process N(t) evaluated at an exponentially distributed random time. Under a suitable assumption we obtain the conditional probabilities, the mean of the process, and the Laplace transforms of the downward first-passage-time densities of M(t). We also discuss the connection between the proposed method and the notion of ?-similarity, as well as a relation between the distribution of M(t) and the steady-state probabilities of N(t) subject to catastrophes governed by a Poisson process. We investigate new processes constructed from (i) a birth-death process with constant rates, and (ii) a linear immigration-death process. Various numerical computations are performed to illustrate the obtained results.

Field of study: Mathematics
Invertebrate fauna of the late Permian Whitehorse sandstone

The Whitehorse fauna occurs high in the red beds section of the Mid-continent region near the Paleozoic-Mesozoic boundary. Underlain and overlain by a great thickness of nearly unfossiliferous rocks this fauna occupies a key position for the correlation of a part of the red beds. Although composed dominantly of pelecypods and gastropods the fauna also contains bryozoans, serpulids, and brachiopods. The fossils occur as molds in very long, narrow sandstone and dolomite lenses interpreted here as marine offshore bars. There are 32 species recognized, of which 7 are described as new. They are distributed among 29 genera, of which 6 are presented as new. Pertinent stratigraphic and faunal evidence bearing on the age of the Whitehorse fauna is marshaled, resulting in the conclusion that it is late Permian in age, probably correlative with the Capitan fauna of the standard Permian section in western Texas. The possibility is recognized that the Whitehorse fauna may be slightly younger or older than the Capitan.

Field of study: Geology
Propagation of laser radiation in a medium with a slow-response chemical nonlinearity

An investigation is made of the dynamics of the propagation of laser radiation in a medium where chemical reactions are taking place. Absorption of radiation energy heats the medium and speeds up the reactions. It is found that if products having optical properties other than those of the initial material are formed in the chemical reaction, a new mechanism of radiation self-interaction, i.e., a slow-response chemical nonlinearity, is observed in the medium. Cases of strongly (when the medium is weakly nonlinear) and moderately (when the medium is strongly nonlinear) exothermic reactions are considered. An investigation is made of the role of diffraction effects. It is shown that in a medium with a chemical nonlinearity a "chemical" focusing lens overcomes the diffraction effects if the product of the radiation energy and the reaction product concentration exceeds a critical value.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Nitridation of silicon in a multiwafer plasma system

Silicon wafers were nitrided in a multiwafer plasma system at low temperatures (< 850°C). An argon plasma (400 kHz rf plasma) was used to which small quantities (approximately 2–8 %) of NH3, N2 or mixtures of N2 and H2 were added. As the rf power was increased, the film thickness as well as the etch rate (in buffered HF) increased. The rate of film growth was found to be slower than that for oxidation in a similar type of plasma system. The effects of variation of power and gas composition on film composition and etch rate are discussed.

Field of study: Materials science
Microarray analysis of salicylic acid- and jasmonic acid-signalling in responses of Nicotiana attenuata to attack by insects from multiple feeding guilds

Resistance to herbivore attack is elicited by damage- and herbivore-specific signals. To understand the role of salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) signalling in the herbivore-induced transcriptional responses of the native tobacco Nicotiana attenuata, a comparison was made of the responses in undamaged systemic leaves after attack by five herbivore species (Manduca sexta, Spodoptera littoralis, Trichoplusia ni, Tupiocoris notatus and Myzus nicotianae) from three feeding guilds and to elicitation by SA, BTH and methyl-JA with a 789-gene oligo-microarray and measured endogenous SA and JA levels. Systemic responses to M. sexta attack were similar to the responses in locally attacked tissues; however, the up-regulation of genes (such as proteinase inhibitor, PI) was more attenuated and resembled the responses to attack from the other Lepidopteran, S. littoralis, and to methyl-JA elicitation. Responses to attack from the puncture-feeding T. notatus repressed some JA-elicited genes (PI) elicited by the leaf-chewing Lepidopterans and most closely resembled SA elicitation. Attack from the phloem-feeding M. nicotianae aphids elicited few responses. Treatment with the SA-mimic BTH induced both SA- and JA-elicited genes and most closely resembled the aphid response. SA concentrations were uniformly increased by herbivore attack and correlated with the down-regulation of photosynthetic genes in all treatments.

Field of study: Environmental science
Ultrasonic extraction and anti-oxidation of polysaccharide from mycelium of Cordyceps militaris

With the yield of polysaccharide as the evaluaton index,optimizing ultrasonic extraction conditions by a single factor experiment and an orthogonal test.Through in vitro oxidation reaction system evaluation reducing power,hydroxy radical scavenging capacity,DPPH scavenging capacity of polysaccharide from Cordyceps militaris.Experimental results indicated that the optimal conditions of ultrasonic extraction was ultrasonic power 93%,ultrasonic processing time of 40 min,ultrasonic temperature 50 ℃ and solid-liquid ratio 1:40,The yield was 15.48% under optimized conditions.The results of antioxidation experiment showed that Cordyceps militaris polysaccharide had very good potential for scavenging hydroxyl radical and DPPH,but poorly to reducing power.The result showed that the polysaccharide showed strong antioxidant activity,and providing important theoretical basis for in depth researching and exploiting of Cordyceps militaris polysaccharide.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences