nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Ex Parte Blogging: The Legal Ethics of Supreme Court Advocacy in the Internet Era

Lawyers have been arguing their cases before the Supreme Court for over two centuries, while the phenomenon of legal blogs is perhaps a decade old. Yet legal blogs cannot be dismissed as merely a sideshow noveltythey are already capable of having a substantial impact on Supreme Court litigation. Events surrounding the recent decision in Kennedy v. Louisiana demonstrate that blogs can both highlight errors in Court decisions and generate new arguments relevant to ongoing litigation. In addition, legal blogs create the opportunity for Supreme Court advocates to engage in ex parte bloggingposting persuasive material about a pending case in the hopes of directly influencing the Court's decisions. Attorneys for parties and amid in cases before the Court already sometimes post arguments online about their cases shortly after oral argumentpotentially a crucial time in the Court's decision-making processand evidence suggests that the Justices and their clerks may well encounter some of these posts online. Yet no one has analyzed the ethical implications of this practice, or what its effects might be on different groups appearing before the Court. This Note examines the relationship between ex parte blogging and the traditional concepts of prejudicial publicity and ex parte communications. The Note concludes that ex parte blogging threatens the impartial administration of justice and will systematically disadvantage some litigants. Thus, the legal profession should consider regulating ex parte blogging, despite the contributions that counsel for parties and amid might make to public discourse about constitutional and legal issues.

Field of study: Law
Impact and clinical significance of a preventive intervention for disruptive boys

Many intervention programmes have attempted to reduce disruptive behaviour problems during early childhood to prevent maladjustment during adolescence and adulthood.  To assess the long-term impact and clinical significance of a 2-year multicomponent preventive intervention on criminal behaviour and academic achievement, using intention-to-treat analyses.  Targeted disruptive–aggressive boys considered to be at risk of later criminality and low school achievement (n=250), identified from a community sample (n=895), were randomly allocated to an intervention or a control group. The rest of the sample (n=645) served as the low-risk group. The intervention was multimodal and aimed at boys, parents and teachers. Official data measured both outcomes.  Significantly more boys in the intervention group (13%; P<0.05) completed high-school graduation and generally fewer (11%; P=0.06) had a criminal record compared with those allocated to the control group.  The results suggest that early preventive intervention for those at high risk of antisocial behaviour is likely to benefit both the individuals concerned and society.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Biologically Inspired Collagen/Apatite Composite Biomaterials for Potential Use in Bone Tissue Regeneration—A Review

Type I collagen and nanocrystalline-substituted hydroxyapatite are the major components of a natural composite—bone tissue. Both of these materials also play a significant role in orthopedic surgery and implantology; however, their separate uses are limited; apatite is quite fragile, while collagen’s mechanical strength is very poor. Therefore, in biomaterial engineering, a combination of collagen and hydroxyapatite is used, which provides good mechanical properties with high biocompatibility and osteoinduction. In addition, the porous structure of the composites enables their use not only as bone defect fillers, but also as a drug release system providing controlled release of drugs directly to the bone. This feature makes biomimetic collagen–apatite composites a subject of research in many scientific centers. The review focuses on summarizing studies on biological activity, tested in vitro and in vivo.

Field of study: Materials science
Simple Synthesis of 1,2-Dihydro-5,6-tri(tetra)methylenespiro(cyclopentane(cyclohexane)-2-thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine-4(3H)-thiones)

A novel spiro-substituted heterocyclic system, 1,2-dihydro-5,6-tetramethylenespiro(cyclohexane-2thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine-4(3H)-thione) (1) was obtained for the first time by condensation of cyclohexanone with cyanothioacetamide and sulfur . We recently observed formation of this compound upon dimerization of cyclohexylidene cyanothioacetamide . In this work, we show a third convenient route to potentially biologically active spiro-substituted nitrogen-containing heterocycles 1 , consisting of a one-pot synthesis for these compounds from N-(1-cycloalkenyl)morpholines 2 and cyanothioacetamide 3 in ethanol at 20°C. Upon alkylation of compound 1b by ethyl iodide in DMF, we obtained thioether 4. The structure of thione 1b, the mechanism for the formation of which is under study, was proven by X-ray diffraction (the detailed data will be published later).

Field of study: Chemistry
Ex vivo Reactivity of the Ovarian Vascular Bed to Noradrenaline and Carbachol during Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome

To study reactivity of the ovarian vascular bed to noradrenaline and carbachol during an experimentally induced ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) in rabbits.  Rabbits were treated with human menopausal gonadotropin (75 IU) daily for 6 days, followed by human chorionic gonadotropin (2,500 IU) to induce OHSS. The ovarian vascular bed was isolated and perfused with physiological solution and its reactivity to injected noradrenaline and acetylcholine was examined.  The mean weight of the hyperstimulated ovary was 2.85 ± 0.5 g compared to 0.25 ± 0.1 g for the control rabbits. There was no significant difference in (a) the basal perfusion pressure of the ovarian vascular bed ex vivo; (b) the potency of, or maximum response to, noradrenaline, and (c) agonist dissociation constant or receptor density. Carbachol induced significantly greater vasodilation in ovarian vascular beds from hormone-treated rabbits, indicating a greater role for nitric oxide in this syndrome, as further supported by the observation that NW-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride (L-NAME) was more effective against carbachol-induced response in hormone-treated rabbits.  In the rabbit model of OHSS, carbachol produced an increased ex vivo vascular response but noradrenaline did not.

Field of study: Medicine
Conduction mechanisms on annealed semi-insulating GaAs samples

We have measured electrical resistivity in the range of 100–500 K on six semi-insulating low-temperature grown molecular-beam epitaxy GaAs samples that were exposed to annealing treatment. Samples 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 were annealed with temperatures of 350 °C, 400 °C, 450 °C, 500 °C and 550 °C, while sample 1 was not exposed to the annealing process. We used the differential activation energy method to precisely identify the temperature region where the different conduction regimes dominate, i.e. band conduction, nearest neighbor hopping and variable range hopping. We will also show that the change on the density of states in the impurity band caused by annealing significantly alters the conduction mechanisms present in those samples.

Field of study: Materials science
NUMERICAL SIMULATION AND COMPARISON ON DRAG REDUCTION OF NON-STREAMLINE SUBMERGED BODY

Taking a non-streamline submerged body as a model, its drags under the natural condition and artificial ventilated condition are numerically simulated using mixed homogeneous flow theory and realizable κ - e turbulence model. Numerical simulation of a streamline body’s drag with the above method is compared with approximate formula calculation and the applicability of numerical method is verified. The regulations of the drags of non-streamline submerged body under the natural condition and artificial ventilated condition are found. The result shows that the drag of non-streamline submerged body under natural condition is greatly increased compared with that of streamline body, and the pressure drag is the main component. However, after artificial ventilation and the supercavity is formed, the drag is greatly decreased. The viscous drag can be ignored when the cavity number is small enough.

Field of study: Engineering
Minimal ideals of group algebras

We first study the behavior of weights on a simply connected nilpotent Lie group G. Then for a subalgebra A of L1(G) containing the Schwartz algebra S(G) as a dense subspace, we characterize all closed two-sided ideals of A whose hull reduces to one point which is a character.  Let G be a simply connected nilpotent Lie group, g its Lie algebra, and A a subalgebra of L1(G). To every character χl of A we will associate a finite-dimensional translation invariant subspace Pl of the vector space P(G) of complex polynomials on G and we will show that the set of closed two-sided ideals of A with hull {Kerχl} is in bijection with the set of nonzero translation-invariant subspaces of Pl. As an example of A we can take the weighted algebra Lw(G) where w is a weight with polynomial growth. Such weights appear in a natural way in the following manner: let π be a unitary continuous irreducible representation of G in a Hilbert space Hπ. We denote by U(g) the enveloping algebra of g. Fix a nonzero integer k and denote by U(g)k the vector space generated by the elements of U(g) with degree less than k. Let H π be the space of k times differentiable vectors in Hπ, i.e. H π = {ξ ∈ Hπ | ∀z ∈ U(g)k : dπ(z)ξ ∈ Hπ}. Fix a basis (z)|i|≤k of U(g)k. We equip H π with the norm

Field of study: Mathematics
Potassic Feldspar Enrichment in Magma: Origin of Syenite in Deboullie District, Northern Maine

A small composite pluton, the Deboullie stock, comprises a post-orogenic, alkali-calc rock series intrusive into lower Devonian slate. The stock is a partly concordant, partly discordant pluton, and the wall rock structure shows that the magma was forcibly injected. The main intrusives are, from oldest to youngest, pyroxene-biotite syenodiorite and monzonite, pyroxene-hornblende-biotite calc-alkali syenite, and hornblende-biotite granodiorite. Dikes are the fine-grained equivalents of the salic plutonic rocks. Differentiation by fractional crystallization and by upward transfer of H 2 O and components of potassic feldspar in the melt is proposed as the only satisfactory hypothesis to account for the contrasts in mineralogic evolution. Accordingly, syenitic rocks were derived from the parent magma enriched in potassic feldspar at the top of the magma column; the syenitic magma graded into granodioritic differentiate at deeper levels. The granodioritic magma, richer in plagioclase and quartz, completed the emplacement of the stock by intruding the earlier emplaced calc-alkali syenite. Compositional differences across oscillatory zones in orthoclase and plagioclase feldspars of the main intrusive rocks apparently reflect changes in the partial pressure of volatiles in the melt. Intermittent fracturing of the roof of the magma chamber is appealed to as a cause for the pressure changes and as a mechanism for maintaining a steady-state gradient for H 2 O and K-bearing components. Neither assimilation, hydrothermal enrichment, nor liquid-crystal reactions involving the mafic minerals adequately explains the abundance of potassic feldspar in the syenite.

Field of study: Geology
Phänomenologische Behandlung der elastischen Streuung von Spin-1-Teilchen an Spin-0-Teilchen

The elastic scattering of spin 1 particles by spin 0 particles is treated in terms of the WolfensteinM-matrix. The purpose of these calculations is to find a method which allows to measure vector and tensor polarization of a spin 1 particle beam scattered by a spin 0 target and to find out experiments which determine all parameters of theM-matrix. The scattering cross section for double and triple scattering has been calculated. The discussion shows, that the use of a polarized ion source is much more favorable than the conventional double and triple scattering technique.

Field of study: Physics
[The evaluation of VNTR-polymorphism in the gene of dopamine transporter in men of different nationalities with acute alcoholic psychosis].

VNTR-polymorphism of the gene of dopamine transporter (DAT) in men of the Russian and Tatar nationalities with acute alcoholic psychoses was analyzed by method of the polymerase chain reaction. There were no differences in the distribution of frequencies of genotypes and alleles of DAT gene between the populations examined. There was association between an allele variant with 9 units of DAT gene repetition (in homozygous state first of all), and early development of alcoholic dependence and acute alcoholic psychosis.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Structures of the catalytic EAL domain of the Escherichia coli direct oxygen sensor.

The direct oxygen sensor DosP is a multidomain protein that contains a gas-sensing haem domain and an EAL effector domain. EAL domains are omnipresent signal transduction domains in bacteria. Many EAL domains are active phosphodiesterases and are involved in breakdown of the ubiquitous bacterial second messenger cyclic di-GMP. Despite a great deal of information on the functional and structural aspects of active and inactive EAL domains, little is known about the structural basis of their regulation by their associated sensory domains. Here, two crystal structures of the Escherichia coli DosP EAL domain derived from cubic and monoclinic crystal forms that were obtained under tartrate and PEG conditions, respectively, are described. Both of the structures display the typical TIM (triosephosphate isomerase) barrel fold with one antiparallel β-strand. However, unlike other EAL structures, access to the active site in DosP EAL is sterically restricted by the presence of a short helical stretch (Ser637-Ala-Leu-His640) in loop L3 between strand β3 and helix α3. This element, together with an unordered fragment, replaces the short α-helix (named α5 in Tbd1265 EAL) that is found in other EAL-domain structures. Since DosP EAL is an active c-di-GMP phosphodiesterase, the observed inactive conformation is suggested to be of functional relevance for the regulation mechanism of DosP.

Field of study: Chemistry
Impact of cultivation on characterisation of species composition of soil bacterial communities.

The species composition of culturable bacteria in Scottish grassland soils was investigated using a combination of Biolog and 16S rDNA analysis for characterisation of isolates. The inclusion of a molecular approach allowed direct comparison of sequences from culturable bacteria with sequences obtained during analysis of DNA extracted directly from the same soil samples. Bacterial strains were isolated on Pseudomonas isolation agar (PIA), a selective medium, and on tryptone soya agar (TSA), a general laboratory medium. In total, 12 and 21 morphologically different bacterial cultures were isolated on PIA and TSA, respectively. Biolog and sequencing placed PIA isolates in the same taxonomic groups, the majority of cultures belonging to the Pseudomonas (sensu stricto) group. However, analysis of 16S rDNA sequences proved more efficient than Biolog for characterising TSA isolates due to limitations of the Microlog database for identifying environmental bacteria. In general, 16S rDNA sequences from TSA isolates showed high similarities to cultured species represented in sequence databases, although TSA-8 showed only 92.5% similarity to the nearest relative, Bacillus insolitus. In general, there was very little overlap between the culturable and uncultured bacterial communities, although two sequences, PIA-2 and TSA-13, showed >99% similarity to soil clones. A cloning step was included prior to sequence analysis of two isolates, TSA-5 and TSA-14, and analysis of several clones confirmed that these cultures comprised at least four and three sequence types, respectively. All isolate clones were most closely related to uncultured bacteria, with clone TSA-5.1 showing 99.8% similarity to a sequence amplified directly from the same soil sample. Interestingly, one clone, TSA-5.4, clustered within a novel group comprising only uncultured sequences. This group, which is associated with the novel, deep-branching Acidobacterium capsulatum lineage, also included clones isolated during direct analysis of the same soil and from a wide range of other sample types studied elsewhere. The study demonstrates the value of fine-scale molecular analysis for identification of laboratory isolates and indicates the culturability of approximately 1% of the total population but under a restricted range of media and cultivation conditions.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
A Comfort Evaluation Method for Indoor Environment

Surveys reveal that modern people spend more than 90% of their life in an indoor environment. Therefore, the environments indoors have great influence on both the efficiency and body health on the occupants. Nevertheless, the impact of indoor environment on occupants can’t be measurement directly nowadays. An indoor comfort evaluation method is proposed in this paper based on the fuzzy AHP. Metrics such as thermal comfort and lighting comfort are considered. Our method is able to derive numeric values for indoor environment so that the occupants are capable of understanding the comfort index for their surrounding environment. Experiment results show that the system can effectively detect the parameters of the indoor environment thermal comfort, and make a quantitative display of the comfort via the fuzzy AHP algorithm. The system has some practicality in the construction of intelligent, air conditioning and other fields.

Field of study: Engineering
An Improved Compression Technique for Signatures Based on Learning with Errors

We present a new approach to the compression technique of Lyubashevsky et al. [17,13] for lattice-based signatures based on learning with errors (LWE). Our ideas seem to be particularly suitable for signature schemes whose security, in the random oracle model, is based on standard worst-case computational assumptions. Our signatures are shorter than any previous proposal for provably-secure signatures based on standard lattice problems: at the 128-bit level we improve signature size from (more than) 16500 bits to around 9000 to 12000 bits.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
The physiology of seed hydration and dehydration, and the relation between water stress and the control of germination: a review

Current interest in seed hydration treatments for the improvement of level, rate and uniformity of germination or field emergence has revealed how little is known of the physiology of germination control under water stress. This review surveys briefly the responses of seeds held at different hydration levels, from normal germination in a free water supply to seed activation without germination under slight moisture stress, seed deterioration at greater moisture stress and the damage that can be caused to seeds in very dry conditions, as well as the responses to subsequent dehydration. Inhibition of germination, though not of seed activation, at certain levels of water stress is likened to various forms of dormancy, and the mechanism governing the initiation of cell elongation is suggested as the possible key to control over germination. Several lines of evidence on cell membrane integrity and action, and their responses to external factors, point to the role that the membrane may play in cell elongation (and hence germination) control, and membrane integrity may also be associated with the transition between seed deterioration at one hydration level and seed activation and repair at slightly higher hydration levels. Seed activation without germination is also considered in an ecological context.

Field of study: Environmental science
Comorbid monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis and snoring exhibit an additive effect on impairments in health-related quality of life.

Health-related quality of life (HRQOL) is a relatively new concept in pediatrics, but it has shown to be extremely important in terms of clinical care, treatment planning, and compliance with medical and behavioral recommendations. Two groups of children who are at risk for impairments in HRQOL are those who have bed-wetting and those who snore or have sleep apnea.



The present study sought to determine whether the combination of monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis (MNE) and sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) results in diminished HRQOL in a pediatric sample.



A retrospective chart review was conducted in an outpatient pediatric urology clinic and in an outpatient pulmonology clinic. Parents of the patients completed the Pediatric Sleep Questionnaire (PSQ) to assess the presence of SDB and snoring, and HRQOL was assessed using the Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome-18-item (OSAS-18) scale, both validated measures, as part of the child's clinical workup.



One hundred fifty-two (85 males and 67 females ) patients were included and were categorized into any of the following four groups: (1) MNE only, (2) SDB only, (3) MNE + SDB, or (4) healthy control. Patients in the SDB-only group had significantly more severe SDB than those in the other groups. As such, severity of SDB was controlled for in analyses. Results revealed that the four groups significantly differed on all subscales of the OSAS-18, which are Sleep Disturbance, Physical Symptoms, Emotional Symptoms, Daytime Functioning, and Caregiver Concerns. Post hoc analyses revealed the MNE + SDB group had more impairments on each subscale. Analysis of the total impairments revealed that children with only one condition (MNE or SDB) reported similar levels of impairments in HRQOL and patients with MNE + SBD reported significantly higher levels of impairments, as it appears that these comorbid conditions have an additive effect on HRQOL.



Children with comorbid MNE and SDB are at significantly higher risk for reporting impairments in their HRQOL than children who have only one of these conditions. While it is already known that children with MNE are at risk for emotional, behavioral, and social difficulties and children with SDB are at risk for neurobehavioral difficulties, it is possible that children with both conditions are at risk for a multitude of negative consequences.



These data emphasize the importance of urologist screening for SDB and pulmonologist screening for MNE as part of their routine clinical practice.

Field of study: Medicine