nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Early Devonian (Lochkovian – early Emsian) bioevents and conodont response in the Prague Synform (Czech Republic)

The Devonian succession of the Prague Synform is characterized by two major lithofacies: shallow-water biodetrital, mostly crinoidal limestones that also include a reefal skeletal accumulation of Pragian age, and a more pelagic facies that is represented mostly by calcisiltites. Among the several Devonian prominent sea-level fluctuations, some can be traced globally, e.g., the Basal Pragian and Kacak events. In recent years, conodont biostratigraphy of the Early Devonian (Lochkovian, Pragian and early Emsian) of the Prague Synform has been refined. The regional subdivision of the Lower Devonian in its type area has been greatly improved by the integration of new biostratigraphic, chemostratigraphic, sedimentological, and petrophysical data that has, in turn, strengthened global correlations for this interval in Earth's history. The complete conodont biozonation of the Early Devonian interval (basal Lochkovian – earliest Emsian) in the Prague Synform includes 17 biozones, which can be applied to sections representing various depositional environments and have more global applicability than previously proposed ‘global’ conodont biozonations. The zonal scale enables a precise biostratigraphic delimitation of the major Early Devonian biotic events (Silurian-Devonian Boundary Event, Lochkovian-Pragian Event and Basal Zlichovian Event). There were major changes in the conodont fauna in response to the Silurian-Devonian Boundary and Lochkovian-Pragian events, however the Basal Zlichovian Event was only characterized by a very gradual transition in the conodont fauna. In parallel to the traditional events defined for the Prague Synform, seven other significant conodont events have been documented. These events represent major turnovers in the conodont fauna that have a direct impact on conodont biostratigraphy, specifically at a global scale. The Icriodus and Irregularis events are congruent with the lower boundaries of the Lochkovian and Pragian stages, respectively. The conodont events established in the Prague Synform largely reflect variations in the seawater depth but are generally independent of lithological changes within sections of the Prague Synform.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Khalid Kodi Asrar: A Visual Dialogue with Alice Walker (review)

Khalid Kodi is a sweet, gentle, person. But don't be fooled. Beneath his good-natured smile, there is a powerful ferocity; the ferocity of someone outraged by injustice, bigotry and senseless panels wove images and symbols from his homeland of the Sudan into stunning, abstract patterns. And even before the creation of these relatively recent works, Kodi allowed the sunnier colors of ocher, blue and green to dominate his canvases. Now, however, in his large multi-media exhibit,  A Visual Dialogue with Alice Walker, at the Museum of the National Center of Afro-American Artists, Kodi's colors are greatly reduced and subsumed by his preference for red, a red that both sug-

Field of study: Art
Determination of the Elastic Properties of Au5Sn and AuSn 
from Ab Initio Calculations

Elastic constants of single-crystal Au5Sn and AuSn were determined through ab␣initio calculations to characterize their polycrystalline elastic behavior and elastic anisotropy. The ideal bulk (K = 127 GPa), shear (G = 28 GPa), and Young’s modulus (E = 78 GPa), as well as Poisson’s ratio (v = 0.398), of Au5Sn were determined using the Voigt–Reuss–Hill method and were very close to the range of experimental results; the values of AuSn were 88 GPa, 15 GPa, 42 GPa, and 0.420, but its ideal Young’s modulus was much smaller than the experimentally obtained values. This unusual discrepancy in the Young’s modulus of AuSn is probably attributed to its extraordinarily high anisotropy in Young’s modulus, with a 95 GPa difference between its maximum and minimum values. Au5Sn exhibits relatively low anisotropy in Young’s modulus with a maximum-minimum difference of 38 GPa.

Field of study: Materials science
Pharmacokinetic and metabolomic analyses of the neuroprotective effects of salvianolic acid A in a rat ischemic stroke model

Salvianolic acid A (SAA), a water-soluble phenolic acid isolated from the root of Dan Shen, displays distinct antioxidant activity and effectiveness in protection against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) damage. However, whether SAA can enter the central nervous system and exert its protective effects by directly targeting brain tissue remains unclear. In this study, we evaluated the cerebral protection of SAA in rats subjected to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) followed by reperfusion. The rats were treated with SAA (5, 10 mg/kg, iv) when the reperfusion was performed. SAA administration significantly decreased cerebral infarct area and the brain water content, attenuated the neurological deficit and pathology, and enhanced the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant capacity in tMCAO rats. The concentration of SAA in the plasma and brain was detected using LC-MS/MS. A pharmacokinetic study revealed that the circulatory system exposure to SAA was equivalent in the sham controls and I/R rats, but the brain exposure to SAA was significantly higher in the I/R rats than in the sham controls (fold change of 9.17), suggesting that the enhanced exposure to SAA contributed to its cerebral protective effect. Using a GC/MS-based metabolomic platform, metabolites in the serum and brain tissue were extracted and profiled. According to the metabolomic pattern of the tissue data, SAA administration significantly modulated the I/R-caused perturbation of metabolism in the brain to a greater extent than that in the serum, demonstrating that SAA worked at the brain tissue level rather than the whole circulation system. In conclusion, a larger amount of SAA enters the central nervous system in ischemia/reperfusion rats to facilitate its protective and regulatory effects on the perturbed metabolism.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
A gradient flow formulation for the stochastic Amari neural field model.

We study stochastic Amari-type neural field equations, which are mean-field models for neural activity in the cortex. We prove that under certain assumptions on the coupling kernel, the neural field model can be viewed as a gradient flow in a nonlocal Hilbert space. This makes all gradient flow methods available for the analysis, which could previously not be used, as it was not known, whether a rigorous gradient flow formulation exists. We show that the equation is well-posed in the nonlocal Hilbert space in the sense that solutions starting in this space also remain in it for all times and space-time regularity results hold for the case of spatially correlated noise. Uniqueness of invariant measures, ergodic properties for the associated Feller semigroups, and several examples of kernels are also discussed.

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics
Autoimmunity to a 28–30 kD cell membrane DNA binding protein: occurrence in selected sera from patients with SLE and mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD)

Previous experiments have established the presence of a 30‐kD DNA binding protein on the surface of human leukocytes. Herein we report that selected sera from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and MCTD are reactive with a 28–30 kD protein on immunoblots of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) cell membrane preparations; the reactivity is abolished by prior incubation of the blot with DNA. Antibodies ctuted from the 28–30 kD strip inhibited the binding of 3H.DNA to human PBMC. An immunomatrix of 28–30 kD reactive immunogtobulins was able to extract a 29‐kD DNA binding protein from a PBMC cell membrane preparation. Flow cytometry experiments confirmed the cell surface IgG reactivity of sera with T lymphocytes. Additional experiments indicated that cell surface IgG binding was not due to antibodies binding to cell surface DNA, DNA anti‐DNA immune complexes reacting with a DNA binding protein, anti‐histone antibodies or anti‐Sm antibodies. It is hypothesized that this autoimmune response could be one component of an idiotypic network involving anti‐DNA antibodies.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Lignin as a Binder Material for Eco-Friendly Li-Ion Batteries

The industrial lignin used here is a byproduct from Kraft pulp mills, extracted from black liquor. Since lignin is inexpensive, abundant and renewable, its utilization has attracted more and more attention. In this work, lignin was used for the first time as binder material for LiFePO4 positive and graphite negative electrodes in Li-ion batteries. A procedure for pretreatment of lignin, where low-molecular fractions were removed by leaching, was necessary to obtain good battery performance. The lignin was analyzed for molecular mass distribution and thermal behavior prior to and after the pretreatment. Electrodes containing active material, conductive particles and lignin were cast on metal foils, acting as current collectors and characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and galvanostatic charge-discharge cycles. Good reversible capacities were obtained, 148 mAh·g−1 for the positive electrode and 305 mAh·g−1 for the negative electrode. Fairly good rate capabilities were found for both the positive electrode with 117 mAh·g−1 and the negative electrode with 160 mAh·g−1 at 1C. Low ohmic resistance also indicated good binder functionality. The results show that lignin is a promising candidate as binder material for electrodes in eco-friendly Li-ion batteries.

Field of study: Materials science
Single-photon laser-induced fluorescence detection of nitric oxide at sub-parts-per-trillion mixing ratios

We describe a newly developed single-photon laser-induced fluorescence sensor for measurements of nitric oxide (NO) in the atmosphere. Rapid tuning of a narrow-band laser on and off of a rotationally resolved NO spectral feature near 215 nm and detection of the red-shifted fluorescence provides for interference-free direct measurements of NO with a detection limit of 1 part per trillion by volume (pptv) for 1 s of integration, or 0.3 pptv for 10 s of integration. Uncertainty in the sensitivity of the instrument is typically ±6 –9 %, with no known interferences. Uncertainty in the zero of the detector is shown to be  pptv. The instrument was deployed on the NASA DC-8 aircraft during the NASA/NOAA FIREX-AQ experiment (Fire Influence on Regional to Global Environments Experiment – Air Quality) during July–September 2019 and provided more than 140 h of NO measurements over 22 flights, demonstrating the ability of this instrument to operate routinely and autonomously. Comparisons with a seasoned chemiluminescence sensor during FIREX-AQ in a variety of chemical environments provides validation and confidence in the accuracy of this technique.

Field of study: Environmental science
Semi-inclusive charged-current neutrino-nucleus cross sections in the relativistic plane-wave impulse approximation

Neutrino-nucleus quasielastic scattering is studied in the plane wave impulse approximation for three nuclear models: the relativistic Fermi gas (RFG), the independent-particle shell model (IPSM) and the natural orbitals (NO) model with Lorentzian dependence of the excitation energy. A complete study of the kinematics of the semi-inclusive process and the associated cross sections are presented and discussed for 40 Ar and 12 C. Inclusive cross sections are also obtained by integrating the semi-inclusive expressions over the outgoing hadron. Results are consistent with previous studies restricted to the inclusive channel. In particular, a comparison with the analytical results for the RFG model is performed. Explicit expressions for the hadronic tensor and the 10 semi-inclusive nuclear responses are given. Theoretical predictions are compared with semi-inclusive experimental data from T2K experiment.

Field of study: Physics
Molecular cloning of rat cDNAs for β and γ subtypes of 14-3-3 protein and developmental changes in expression of their mRNAs in the nervous system

We isolated cDNAs to beta and gamma subtypes of 14-3-3 protein, a putative regulatory protein for protein kinase C, from the brain and clarified a high homology in sequences of nucleotides and deduced amino acids between the two rat subtypes and the bovine counterparts and even reciprocally between the two rat subtypes. In Northern blot analysis, the gene expression of the two subtypes was detected weakly at E13, increased progressively after birth and reached a maximum at P7-P14. Thereafter it decreased slightly. In situ hybridization analysis allowed detection of the beta but not the gamma subtype in the matrix cells of the ventricular germinal zone of the neural wall. In post-mitotic neurons in the mantle zone and maturing brain loci, genes of the two subtypes were expressed in patterns similar to each other, and three neuron types were identified: type I neurons with high levels of expression throughout development; type II neurons showing high expression during the early developmental stages with a subsequent decrease in the expression at maturing and adult stages; and type III neurons showing consistently low levels of expression throughout development. The wider and more highly-patterned expression of the 14-3-3 protein family than expected suggests that this protein may be involved in the elaborate regulation of some fundamental cellular activities and differentiation of neurons.

Field of study: Biology
The Impact of Importation of Grant and Research Money on a State Economy.

This study examines the economic impact on the state of Washington, when a major state university imports nonstate grant and research funds. In large part, these funds have federal agency origins. The central issue is that to the extent these funds are from sources external to the state, they represent a pure economic stimulus to both the university and the state and a direct savings for the state's higher education commitment. This paper reports the estimated magnitude of this economic stimulus by using multipliers derivedfrom the state inputoutput study.

Field of study: Education
How Did Women Count? A Note on Gender‐Specific Age Heaping Differences in the Sixteenth to Nineteenth Centuries

The role of human capital in economic growth is now largely uncontested. One indicator of human capital frequently used for the pre-1900 period is age heaping, which has been increasingly used to measure gender-specific differences. In this note, we find that in some historical samples, married women heap significantly less than unmarried women. This is still true after correcting for possible selection effects. A possible explanation is that a percentage of women adapted their ages to that of their husbands, hence biasing the Whipple index. We find the same effect to a lesser extent for men. Since this bias differs over time and across countries, a consistent comparison of female age heaping should be made by focusing on unmarried women.

Field of study: Economics, History
Parallel and Dynamic Searchable Symmetric Encryption

Searchable symmetric encryption (SSE) enables a client to outsource a collection of encrypted documents in the cloud and retain the ability to perform keyword searches without revealing information about the contents of the documents and queries. Although efficient SSE constructions are known, previous solutions are highly sequential. This is mainly due to the fact that, currently, the only method for achieving sub-linear time search is the inverted index approach (Curtmola, Garay, Kamara and Ostrovsky, CCS ’06) which requires the search algorithm to access a sequence of memory locations, each of which is unpredictable and stored at the previous location in the sequence. Motivated by advances in multi-core architectures, we present a new method for constructing sub-linear SSE schemes. Our approach is highly parallelizable and dynamic. With roughly a logarithmic number of cores in place, searches for a keyword w in our scheme execute in o(r) parallel time, where r is the number of documents containing keyword w (with more cores, this bound can go down to O(logn), i.e., independent of the result size r). Such time complexity outperforms the optimal Θ(r) sequential search time—a similar bound holds for the updates. Our scheme also achieves the following important properties: (a) it enjoys a strong notion of security, namely security against adaptive chosen-keyword attacks; (b) compared to existing sub-linear dynamic SSE schemes (e.g., Kamara, Papamanthou, Roeder, CCS ’12), updates in our scheme do not leak any information, apart from information that can be inferred from previous search tokens; (c) it can be implemented efficiently in external memory (with logarithmic I/O overhead). Our technique is simple and uses a red-black tree data structure; its security is proven in the random oracle model.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Data-driven based estimation of HVAC energy consumption using an improved Fourier series decomposition in buildings

Many data-driven algorithms are being explored in the field of building energy performance estimation. Choosing an appropriate method for a specific case is critical to guarantee a successful energy operation management such as measurement and verification. Currently, little research work on assessment of different data-driven algorithms using real time measurement data sets is available. In this paper, five commonly used data-driven algorithms, ARX, SS, N4S, discretized variable BN and continuous variable BN, are used to estimate HVAC related electricity energy consumption in a university dormitory. In practice, total energy consumption data is easily accessible, while separated HVAC energy consumption data is not commonly available due to expensive sub-metering and/or the complexity of mechanical and electrical layouts. A virtual sub-meter based on a decomposition method is proposed to separate HVAC energy consumption from the total building energy consumption, which is derived from an improved Fourier series based decomposition method.

Field of study: Engineering
Über zweistufige Redoxsysteme, XXVI. Einfluß von N‐Substituenten in 4,4′‐Bipyridylen auf das Redoxverhalten, die Radikalstabilität und die Elektronenspektren

Die Voltammetrie der N-substituierten 4,4′-Bipyridyle 1a - 1g und 2r - 2y ergibt fur die meisten Derivate reversiblen, zweistufigen Elektronentransfer. Die Differenz zwischen den Redoxpotentialen E1 und E2 nimmt mit positiver Potentialverschiebung ab, die mit den σ*-Konstanten nach Taft korreliert. Einige neue σ*-Werte werden bestimmt. E1 korreliert auch mit den Absorptions-maxima der Radikalkationen. Die Sonderstellung einiger Substituenten, insbesondere von CO2C2H5 und -CN wird ausfuhrlich diskutiert. 
 
 
 
Two Step Redox Systems, XXVI. — Influence of N-Substituents in 4,4′-Bipyridyls on Redox Properties, Stability of Radical Ions and UV-Spectra 
 
 
 
Voltammetry of the N-substituted 4,4′-bipyridyls 1a - 1g and 2r - 2y yields reversible two step electron transfers in most cases. The difference between the redox potentials E1 and E2, which can be correlated with the σ* constants of Taft, decreases if potentials become more positive. Some new σ* constants are determined. E1 also correlated with the absorption maxima of the radical cations. The exceptional behaviour of some substituents, especially CO2C2H5 and -CN, is discussed at length.

Field of study: Chemistry
SSH library construction and EST sequence analysis on the development of the calyx of ‘Dangshansu’ pear

The aim of this experiment is to investigate the differentially expressed genes on the development of calyx in the fruitlet period of pear and to provide evidence for the research of molecular mechanisms of its calyx shedding.A subtracted cDNA library about the different expressions between the calyx-setting and the calyx-shedding fruitlet was constructed by using suppression subtractive hybridization(SSH),and the fruitlets of ‘Dangshansu’ pear at the time of calyx shedding were used as materials.A total 200 positive clones were randomly screened out,and 185 expressed sequence tags(ESTs) were identified after PCR and sequencing,in which the EST fragments of more than 100 bp,less than 300 bp and 100-300 bp account for 3%,96% and 1%,respectively.Regulator,protein and related enzyme,which are related to the metabolic process,were found out after BLAST on the NCBI website,accounting for 21%,63% and 16%,respectively.3-isopropylmalate dehydrogenase and N-acyl-L-amino acid amidohydrolase were obtained on the Gene Ontology website and it was presumed that they were important related enzymes in the metabolic process of calyx development in the fruitlet period of ‘Dangshansu’ pear.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Research progress of catalyst for direct synthesis of dimethyl carbonate from carbon dioxide

Dimethyl carbonate(DMC) is an important green chemical material,and it has been applied widely in industry,agriculture and pharmaceutical industry.DMC has a variety of synthetic methods,of which the phosgene methanol method,transesterification method and oxidation carbonylation have been industrialized,but their own shortcomings limit their scale.In recent years,the method of synthesizing DMC using carbon dioxide and methanol is researched and regarded as the greenest synthetic method.The application of catalysts for this method and the research progress of the catalytic mechanism are presented,and recommendations on the problems of catalysts are put forward.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Crossover behaviors in liquid region of vortex states above a critical point caused by point defects

Vortex states in  c}$ superconductors with point defects are studied by large-scale Monte Carlo simulations of the three-dimensional frustrated XY model. A critical point is observed on the first-order phase boundary between the vortex slush and vortex liquid phases. A step-like anomaly of the specific heat is detected in simulations of finite systems, similar to an experimental observation [F.~Bouquet {\it et al.},  {\bf 411}, 448 (2001)]. However, it diminishes with increasing system size, and the number and size distribution of thermally-excited vortex loops show continuous behaviors around this anomaly. Therefore, the present study suggests a crossover rather than a thermodynamic phase transition above the critical point.

Field of study: Physics
First experiences with the Polish Optical Internet

The paper describes the new development programme of the Polish information infrastructure. The programme, called in Polish PIONIER: (English—PIONEER) Polish Optical Internet, Advanced Applications, Services and Technologies for the Information Society, has been proposed to the Polish State Committee for Scientific Research and has been accepted. The aim of the programme is to create an advanced infrastructure together with tools, services and applications available to the entire scientific community and eventually to government and local administrations as well as society in general. Services and applications are expected to appear as selected pilot realizations in order to verify deployed technologies. Some of the pilot realizations and testbeds are also presented in the paper.

Field of study: Computer science