nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Constrained polynomial approximation of quadric surfaces

Quadric surfaces are one of the geometric elements most commonly used for shape expression and mechanical accessory cartography in three dimensions. Since quadric surfaces cannot be represented exactly using polynomials, it is not suitable to deal with most problems encountered in engineering application. For this reason, we present a new method for polynomial approximation of quadric surfaces. The approximation tensor product surface obtained by the proposed method has no limit on its degree, i.e., arbitrary degree. It has C(k,h) (k,h=0,1,2) continuity at four corners with the original quadric surface. Meanwhile, the method has an optimal approximation result in the L2-norm, and it can also be applied to piecewise continuous quadric surface patches or a quadric surface patch combined with surface subdivision scheme. And the resulting piecewise approximation patches are globally C0 continuous. Finally, error estimation for the approximation method is given and numerical examples are presented to validate the feasibility and effectiveness of our method.

Field of study: Mathematics
Kernspaltung im Kollektivmodell (II)

ZusammenfassungDie Kernspaltung wird im Kollektivmodell (= kombiniertes Einteilchen- und Tropfenmodell) des Atomkerns behandelt. Wegen des Umfangs der erforderlichen numerischen Rechnungen sind die Untersuchungen nur zum Teil quantitativ. Es zeigt sich, daß der Einteilchenbeitrag zum Kollektivmodell von beherrschendem Einfluß ist. Die induzierte Spaltung von Kernen in der Umgebung von Uran erweist sich für kleine Anregungsenergien (E ≈Eschwelle) als Resonanzeffekt: Der Kern spaltet im Anschluß an eine Anregung derP2-Schwingung mit einem QuantE=hΩ2 durch Tunneleffekt. Die Konstanz der Schwellenenergien, die experimentell aus Photo- undn- Spaltung folgt, findet eine Erklärung. DieP2- Resonanzen treten in den experimentellen Wirkungsquerschnitten für Spaltung deutlich in Erscheinung. — Ferner wird ein qualitatives Argument für die von den Berechnungen im Tropfenmodell stark abweichenden Lebensdauern gegenüber spontaner Spaltung gegeben.

Field of study: Physics
Scavenging capability of spices to sodium nitrite

The scavenging capability of Chinese prickly ash,anise or white pepper to sodium nitrite was studied,with the effecting factors such as the dose of extract of the spice,extract solvent and the reaction time.Results showed that 60% ethanol was suitable for extracting Chinese prickly ash or anise,while anhydrous ethanol was appropriate for white pepper.With the increasing dose of the extract of the spice,the scavenging rate of sodium nitrite increased and then decreased.The reaction time of 10 min was enough.Besides,the mixture of Chinese prickly ash and anise at the ratio of 1:2(w/w) showed synergistic action.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Precambrian geochronology and geology of the Boxelder Canyon area, northern Laramie Range, Wyoming

The Laramie granite underlies most of the northern half of the Laramie Range and forms a sharply discordant, nearly horizontal contact with older metamorphic rocks west of Boxelder Creek. Seven whole-rock samples of Laramie granite yield a Rb-Sr age of 2,567 ± 25 m.y., with an initial Sr87/Sr86 ratio of 0.7026.

The metamorphic rocks consist mainly of gray granite gneiss (2,759 ±52 m.y. old) and leucogranite (2,776 ± 35 m.y. old), with sillimanite-bearing migmatitic gneiss (3,020 ± 221 m.y. old), amphibolite, and ultramafic rocks occurring interlayered with or as pods and stringers in the granite gneiss and leucogranite. The metamorphic rocks form a large fold with a nearly vertical axis.

The granite gneiss and leucogranite are inferred to have been intruded magmatically into sillimanite-bearing gneiss, amphibolite, and ultramafic rocks between 2,700 and 2,800 m.y. ago. A low initial Sr87/Sr86 ratio for the granite gneiss suggests an origin in the lower crust or upper mantle. An unusually high initial Sr87/Sr86 ratio for the leucogranite suggests derivation largely from an older crustal source with a high Rb/Sr ratio.

Field of study: Geology
Irreducible Harish-Chandra modules over extended Witt algebras

Let d be a positive integer, $A={\mathbb{C}} [t_{1}^{\pm1},\ldots ,t_{d}^{\pm1}]$ be the Laurent polynomial algebra, and $W=\operatorname{Der} (A)$ be the derivation Lie algebra of A. Then we have the semidirect product Lie algebra W⋉A which we call the extended Witt algebra of rank d. In this paper, we classify all irreducible Harish-Chandra modules over W⋉A with nontrivial action of A.

Field of study: Mathematics
Field Evaluation of Fungicides Against Fruit Rot and Dieback of Chillies

Field experiments were conducted to study the efficacy of nine commonly used fungicides in managing the fruit rot and dieback diseases in chilli caused by Colletotrichum capsici at Agrl. College and Research Institute, Vallanad, Tamil Nadu. Maximum control was achieved with mancozeb (0.2%) to an extent of 19.70 (PDI) and 24.80 (PDI) of fruit rot and 8.20 and 12.10 per cent of dieback in the years 1992 and 1993 respectively. Mancozeb is closely followed by carbendazim (0.2%) and copper oxychloride (0.2%).

Field of study: Biology
Does riparian habitat condition influence mammalian carnivore abundance in Mediterranean ecosystems?

The severe loss or degradation of riparian habitats has led to their impoverishment and impaired function, which may have severe consequences on both the riparian habitats themselves and their associated biota, including mammalian carnivores. We selected 70 riparian habitat reaches to evaluate the condition of the riparian habitats in southern Portugal and their use by carnivores. These sites were assessed for riparian condition using the stream visual assessment protocol (SVAP) and surveyed for carnivore presence along the riparian zones and across the surrounding matrix landscape, both in the wet (winter) and the dry (summer) season. Results show that carnivore surveys adjacent to riparian habitats consistently had significantly higher species richness than the matrix habitats, in both sampling seasons. Carnivore relative abundance and relative abundance of stone marten, common genet and Egyptian mongoose also showed higher values in riparian habitats, with significant differences in at least one season. The Eurasian badger, on the other hand, showed higher relative abundance values in the landscape matrix, though differences were not significant. The SVAP index ranked about 83% riparian reaches as poor or fair condition, and species richness was significantly higher in fair condition reaches during the wet season. These results reflect the importance of riparian habitats in Mediterranean ecosystems for mammalian carnivores. However, the generalized poor condition of these habitats suggests that direct measures for riparian restoration could be appropriate. The preservation or improvement of riparian habitats would certainly benefit the mammalian carnivore populations and consequently their conservation.

Field of study: Environmental science
Perturbations of bi-continuous semigroups

initial value problems (Cauchy problems) are usually studied via operator semigroups. In many cases, the well-developed theory of C0-semigroups, i.e., one-parameter operator semigroups which are strongly continuous for the norm on a Banach space X , suffices and provides a powerful machinery to study such problems. The applications range from partial differential equations, Volterra integro-differential equations and dynamic boundary problems to delay equations. It seems that a linear (autonomous) evolution equation like { u′(t) = Au(t) u(0) = x, (EE) that is an equation that describes a system evolving from an initial state ”in time”, can be handled via the theory of C0-semigroups. However, as the most trivial example shows this is not the case. Consider the left shift semigroup S on the space of bounded, continuous functions Cb(R) S(t)f(s) := f(t+ s). It is clear that the orbit t 7→ S(t)f is continuous for the supremum norm, if and only if f is uniformly continuous. This shows that the shift semigroup does not fit into the framework of C0-semigroups, nevertheless S clearly describes an evolution system on R. The situation is not so bad either. If we replace the norm topology by the topology τc of uniform convergence on compact sets, then the orbits become τc-continuous. This leads us to weakening the notion of C0-semigroups, thus allowing to consider such ”pathological” cases, these therefore turn out to be less unpleasant than thought previously. There are numerous generalisations of the theory of C0-semigroups. Among these we find the approach of introducing new continuity notions, this method is we want to follow. Investigations on semigroups on locally convex spaces were started fairly long ago, see e.g., , [51], [52] and [64]. A nice exposition on the historical aspects can be found in [56]. To exploit the Banach space structure and the same time to introduce coarser topologies, the notion of bi-continuous semigroups was introduced recently by Kuhnemund in [56]. The theory developed therein covers a large part of previously known results, and puts these concrete examples in an abstract framework. The general theory is then applicable in concrete cases.

Field of study: Mathematics
The Intellectual World of the Italian Renaissance: Language, Philosophy, and the Search for Meaning. Christopher S. Celenza. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017. xvi + 438 pp. $120.

Pythagoras and the Pythagoreans (chapter 4), and Plato himself (chapter 5). Plato’s Persona offers a global vision of Ficino’s hermeneutical work, which has the advantage of presenting a rigorous historical-philological method. In particular, I find three highlights that advance Ficino scholarship and open up new research directions. The first one is Robichaud’s study of the rhetorical features that Ficino implements in his philosophical work. Although the topic of the relations between rhetoric and philosophy in the Renaissance has been explored from various points of view (suffice to mention Pico’s famous letter De Genere Dicendi Philosophorum), Robichaud’s perspective is unique because it shows how Ficino’s rhetorical tools, mainly prosopopoiea and enargeia (i.e., “the fabrication and presentation of vivid personae” ), serve specific philosophical or performative purposes. The second great contribution is the research of the “Iamblichean undercurrents” (212) in Ficino’s opera. The presence of these undercurrents has been ignored by the literature probably because Ficino’s translations of Iamblichus were never published. While the book is not limited to exploration of this influence, the discoveries presented by Robichaud on the relations between Iamblichean elements and the Renaissance-Pythagorean conception of the dialogues certainly constitute its most innovative part. Without a doubt, this book will invite the publication of more studies on this topic. Finally, the textual work done by Robichaud on the different historical elements contained in manuscripts owned or annotated by Ficino is outstanding. His expertise allows him to clarify several new elements in Ficino’s exegetical practices—for example, the importance of scholia in his interpretations and their incorporation in his published commentaries. In sum, Robichaud has written a work that explores with great detail and originality Ficino’s relations with various traditions of Platonism. It definitely constitutes a very important contribution to Renaissance studies.

Field of study: History
Good-by "Charle": The Lee-Adams Interest and The Political Demise of Charles Thomson, Secretary of Congress, 1774-1789

Interest and The Political 'Demise of Charles Thomson, Secretary of Congress; 1774-1789 WHEN death finally rescued Charles Thomson from senility, almost fifty years to the day after the meeting of the First Continental Congress, we lost forever the intimate knowledge of the scholar who had been "the graphic faculty of the old Congress, the hand and pen of that body" during its fifteen-year life. Even before the definitive treaty of peace between the United States of America and Great Britain had been signed, John Jay urged Thomson to devote at least one hour of each four and twenty to a political history of the Revolution. It "will be most liable to misrepresentation, and future relations of it will probably be replete with both intentional and accidental errors. Such a work would be highly advantageous to your reputation, as well as highly important to the Cause of Truth with posterity." By 1785, Thomson had prepared more than a 1,000 pages based on everything omitted from the Journals; as John Adams and other students of the Revolution have complained, that included much of the business as well as the politics of Congress. But sometime after 1789 Thomson destroyed his history and the appeals of historians who promised to stress his role in exchange for what he knew elicited only brief, unrevealing replies. Why the reticence? "I 1 Part of the research for this article was conducted with a grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities. Charles A. Beard, ed., The Journal of William Maclay (New York, 1927), entry for July 13, 1789; Jay to Thomson, July 19, 1783, New-York Historical Society Collections for the Year 1878 (New York, 1879), hereinafter cited as NYHSC, 175; Marbois to Vergennes, Feb. 25, 1785, George Bancroft, History of the Formation of the Constitution of the United States of America (New York, 1882), I, 414; David Ramsay to Thomson, Sept. 20, 1809, James P. Wilson to Thomson, Mar. 1, 1813, Thomson Papers, Library of Congress, hereinafter DLC.

Field of study: History
Raman spectra of In1-xGaxP under high pressure

The phonon modes in In1-xGaxP (InGaP) were investigated under high pressure by Raman scattering spectroscopy. In InGaP a pressure-induced structure was observed between LO and TO modes. The origin of this structure is discussed by means of dielectric analysis, pressure dependence and composition dependence. The authors conclude that a part of the high energy side of this additional structure is caused by a disorder-activated zone boundary optical phonon.

Field of study: Materials science
Cs2.5H0.5PW12O40 Bonded to an Amine Functionalized SiO2 as an Excellent Water-tolerant Solid Acid

Unlike Cs2.5H0.5PW12O40, Cs2.5H0.5PW12O40–SiO2 composites combined using (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane are entirely insoluble and well sedimentable in reaction mixtures that contain a large excess...

Field of study: Chemistry
Study on Quench Protection Method With Regards to Normal Transition Behavior for HTS Coil

This paper presents the quench detection method with using normal transition behavior for HTS coil. If the HTS coil starts to propagate a normal zone by an initial quench, it will be recovered the superconducting state or runaway thermally. These behaviors were mainly determined by variety parameters like the magnitude of a disturbance, HTS coil size, the structure of winding wire and cooling condition. However, the first step of detection or protection for coils should be started from detecting the presence of a non-recovering normal zone. This paper classifies the initial quench behaviors of HTS wires or coils as a model of 3-type tendencies, and suggests suitable detection techniques for each tendency with using the end-to-end voltage of coil. In additional, this method is able to detect a quench without a decisive criterion used at other quench detection methods. In order to confirm the validity of the method, we used the HTS sample coil wound with YBCO tapes. This paper presents these results and the quench protection properties with fabricated detection method.

Field of study: Physics
Simulation of a low-reynolds number flow around a cylinder following a figure-8-path

This numerical study investigates a circular cylinder placed in a uniform stream and moving along a slender figure-8-path, using a 2D computational method based on the finite difference method. The effects of in-line amplitude of oscillation and of frequency ratio are investigated. Computations for varying amplitude values were carried out at Re = 150, 200 and 250 for a clockwise orbit (in the upper loop). Time-mean and rms values of force coefficients yielded smooth curves and tended to increase with amplitude. The effect of frequency ratio was investigated at Re = 200, 250 and 300 in the lock-in domain for both clockwise (CW) and anticlockwise (ACW) orientation. Results differ substantially depending on the direction of orientation. Mechanical energy transfer was always positive in ACW direction, which may lead to vortex-induced vibration, and always negative for CW orientation. The time-mean of drag was much lower for CW over the whole frequency ratio domain investigated. For the CW orbit vort...

Field of study: Engineering
Behaviorism Makes Its Debut: A Review of Lattal and Chase's Behavior Theory and Philosophy

Behavior Theory and Philosophy, masterfully edited by Lattal and Chase, is a collection of 21 papers by major behaviorists, presented and discussed at a conference on the intersection of philosophy and behavior analysis held at West Virginia University in 2000. The chapters in Part I are devoted to philosophy of science (causality, constructs, theory, explanation, reductionism) and the relations among behavior analysis and several contemporary philosophical movements (humanism, empiricism, pragmatism, selectionism, analytic philosophy). Part II examines behavior-analytic interpretations of mentalistic concepts (intention, imagination, ethics, cognition). Part III presents extensions and applications of basic research in behavior analysis (verbal behavior, creativity, development, education, disability, and corporate culture). The publication of this book signals that behaviorism has developed mature philosophical foundations.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
The representation theory of noncommutative $\mathcal{O}(\text{GL}_2)$

In our companion paper "The Manin Hopf algebra of a Koszul Artin-Schelter regular algebra is quasi-hereditary" we used the Tannaka-Krein formalism to study the universal coacting Hopf algebra aut(A) for a Koszul Artin-Schelter regular algebra A. In this paper we study in detail the case A=k[x,y]. In particular we give a more precise description of the standard and costandard representations of aut(A) as a coalgebra and we show that the latter can be obtained by induction from a Borel quotient algebra. Finally we give a combinatorial characterization of the simple aut(A)-representations as tensor products of end(A)-representations and their duals.

Field of study: Mathematics
Fast Image-based Geological Logging Method of Small Size Tunnel

In the field of engineering geological logging, image-based geological logging achieves the tunnel, slope, excavation and other surfaces’ digital informatization, but the exiting methods of image-based geological logging cannot apply to the small size tunnel because of its special characteristics. In order to actualize image-based geological logging in the small size tunnel, this paper introduces novel methods of image-based geological logging based on parallel image sequence of the small tunnel, including image acquisition, image orientation control, image geometric correction, unfolded image map generation and geological attitude measurement, finally generating the display map of geological logging. The tunnel simulating experiment shows that the use of the image-based geological logging methods in the small tunnel proposed in this paper could acquire image data of the small tunnel rapidly and improve the geological logging work’s efficiency in the small tunnel.

Field of study: Engineering
New results from the HAPPEX Experiments at Q2 = 0.1GeV/c2

The nucleon's strange electric and magnetic form factors GEs and GMs can be probed via parity-violating electron scattering. The HAPPEX Collaboration has made new measurements of the parity-violating asymmetry APV in elastic scattering of 3GeV electrons off hydrogen and 4He targets with 〈θlab〉 ≈ 6.0° . For 4He the preliminary result is APV = (+ 6.43±0.23(stat)±0.22(syst))×10-6 . For hydrogen the preliminary result is APV = (- 1.60±0.12(stat)±0.05(syst))×10-6 . From these values we extract GsE = 0.004±0.014±0.013 at 〈Q2〉 = 0.077 GeV/c^2 , and GsE +0.09GsM = 0.004±0.011±0.005 at 〈Q2〉 = 0.109 GeV/c^2 , both consistent with zero, providing stringent new limits on the role of strange quarks in the vector structure of the nucleon.

Field of study: Physics
Effect of Coal Mine Soil Contamination on the Elemental Uptake and Distribution in Two Edible Amaranthus Species, A. dubius and A. hybridus

The impact of coal mine dump contaminated soil on the elemental uptake by two edible plants, namely, Amaranthus dubius (red herbs) and Amaranthus hybridus (green herbs), was studied by investigating their response and ability to tolerate and accumulate varying levels of elements in their roots and shoots. The vegetation was grown on varying amounts of contaminated soil, viz. 0%, 5%, 15%, 25% w/w using coal mine dump soil. The soil was analyzed for soil pH, cation exchange capacity (CEC), soil organic matter (SOM), moisture content, and selected heavy metals. The distribution of six metals, namely, Pb, Cd, Hg, Ni, Mn, and Fe, in roots, stem, and leaves of the plants was determined in two stages of growth after 5 weeks and 10 weeks. All soil and plant samples were microwave digested and subjected to heavy metal analysis using the ICP-OES, GFAAS, and CVAAS. The pH of the coal mine dump contaminated soil decreased with an increase in contamination. Both the SOM and CEC values decreased, which increases the availability of elements, by providing more binding sites in the soil. Relatively, the red herbs had higher elemental concentrations than the green herbs. Both plants recorded high manganese accumulation. No mercury was detected in the soils or plants.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Z-shaped graphene nanoribbon quantum dot device

Stimulated by recent advances in isolating graphene, the authors discovered that a quantum dot can be trapped in a Z-shaped graphene nanoribbon junction. The topological structure of the junction can completely confine electronic states. By varying the junction length, the authors can alter the spatial confinement and the number of discrete levels within the junction. In addition, a quantum dot can be realized regardless of substrate induced static disorder or irregularities on the edges of the junction. The method can be used to easily design quantum dot devices. The authors also provide a platform to design zero-dimensional functional nanoscale electronic devices using graphene ribbons.

Field of study: Physics
Curriculum-Based Measurement: An Alternative To Traditional Screening, Referral, and Identification

Curriculum-based measurement of academic performance is an alternative to traditional referral and assessment models in psychoeducational evaluation. This study contrasted a screening and referral procedure that used weekly measurement of performance in reading, spelling, and written expression with a traditional teacher-referral procedure. Students referred by the 2 methods were compared with respect to referral rate, cognitive functioning, achievement level, social behavior, sex differences, and identification as learning disabled. The number of students referred through curriculum-based measurement was similar to the number referred by teachers. In addition, the results indicated that academic achievement was almost the sole criterion used in teacher referral, although teacher-referred students were more likely to be rated as behavior problems. Finally, students referred through weekly achievement measurement were as likely to have an aptitude-achievement discrepancy as were students referred by teachers.

Field of study: Education