nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Paleotemperatures and chlorinities from stable carbon and oxygen isotopes in shell carbonate

A procedure is proposed by which meaningful water temperatures can be derived from the carbon and oxygen isotopic composition of shell carbonate, even if the habitat of the shell animals is not purely marine as in the case of estuaries or brackish coastal waters. 
 
Since these temperatures reflect the average temperature during the growth period of the organisms in question, it should also be possible to deduce reliable paleotemperatures from fossil samples of these species and others under certain conditions. 
 
Two main aspects are considered: (1) the relation between the isotopic composition of shell carbonate and that of the surrounding water; and (2) the significance of the temperatures deduced from the 13C and 18O content of shells. 
 
In a Dutch estuary the respective variations in 13C and 18O contents of the shell carbonate on the one hand and the dissolved bicarbonate and water on the other are found to correspond. If the δ13δ18 relation is extrapolated to the isotopic composition of carbonate precipitated in isotopic equilibrium with pure sea water, water temperature can be deduced. The temperature derived from such an extrapolation, is a reasonable average for the growth period of the molluscs. The δ13δ18 relations of shells from other nearby estuaries reflect, when similarly extrapolated, the same temperature. 
 
From this it is concluded that some molluscs deposit their carbonate in isotopic equilibrium with their environment, and that the difference in carbon and oxygen isotopic composition between carbonate on the one hand and dissolved bicarbonate and water on the other is determined solely by temperature. Reasonable temperatures are also derived from some coastal samples of molluscs. 
 
The procedure developed for determining the growth temperature of series of living molluscs can also be applied to fossil shells. Besides, the extrapolation procedure provides a method for estimating the brackishness of the water in which the molluscs lived.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Upland Communities: Environment, Population and Social Structure in the Alps since the Sixteenth Century

anthropology, historical demography and the study of mountain societies 1. Environment, population and social structure: the Alpine village as an ecosystem 2. Open systems, open questions 3. Anthropologists in the Alps 4. The changing demography of Alpine communities 5. The traditional economy and its demise 6. The causes and consequences of Alpine emigration 7. The wealth from the earth: mining and immigration 8. Population, resources and homeostatic regulation 9. The domestic domain 10. Upland communities A summary of conclusions Bibliography Index.

Field of study: Economics, History
Higher frieze patterns

Frieze patterns have an interesting combinatorial structure, which has proven very useful in the study of cluster algebras. We introduce $(k,n)$-frieze patterns, a natural generalisation of the classical notion. A generalisation of the bijective correspondence between frieze patterns of width $n$ and clusters of Pl\"ucker coordinates in the cluster structure of the Grassmannian $\mathrm{Gr}(2,n+3)$ is obtained.

Field of study: Mathematics
Strontium- and Cobalt-Doped Multicomponent Mesoporous Bioactive Glasses (MBGs) for Potential Use in Bone Tissue Engineering Applications

Mesoporous bioactive glasses (MBGs) offer suitable platforms for drug/ion delivery in tissue engineering strategies. The main goal of this study was to prepare strontium (Sr)- and cobalt (Co)-doped MBGs; strontium is currently used in the treatment of osteoporosis, and cobalt is known to exhibit pro-angiogenic effects. Sr- and Co-doped mesoporous glasses were synthesized for the first time in a multicomponent silicate system via the sol–gel method by using P123 as a structure-directing agent. The glassy state of the Sr- and Co-doped materials was confirmed by XRD before immersion in SBF, while an apatite-like layer was detected onto the surface of samples post-immersion. The textural characteristics of MBGs were confirmed by nitrogen adsorption/desorption measurements. In vitro experiments including MTT assay, Alizarin red staining, and cell attachment and migration showed the cytocompatibility of all the samples as well as their positive effects on osteoblast-like cell line MG-63. Early experiments with human umbilical vein endothelial cells also suggested the potential of these MBGs in the context of angiogenesis. In conclusion, the prepared materials were bioactive, showed the ability to improve osteoblast cell function in vitro and could be considered as valuable delivery vehicles for therapeutics, like Co2+ and Sr2+ ions.

Field of study: Materials science
Extension of soil thermal conductivity models to frozen meats with low and high fat content

Thermal conductivity models offrozen soils were analyzed and compared with similar models developed for frozen foods. In total, eight thermal conductivity models and 54 model versions were tested against experimental data of 13 meat products in the temperature range from 0 to K40 8C. The model by deVries, with waterCice (wi) as the continuous phase, showed overall the best predictions. The use of wi leads generally to improved predictions in comparison to ice; water as the continuous phase is beneficial only to deVries model, mostly from K 1t oK20 8C; fat is advantageous only to meats with high fat content. The results of this work suggest that the more sophisticated way of estimating the thermal conductivity for a disperse phase in the deVries model might be more appropriate than the use of basic multi-phase models (geometric mean, parallel, and series). Overall, relatively small differences in predictions were observed between the best model versions by deVries, Levy, Mascheroni, Maxwell or Gori as applied to frozen meats with low content of fat. These differences could also be generated by uncertainty in meat composition, temperature dependence of thermal conductivity of ice, measurement errors, and limitation of predictive models. q 2005 Elsevier Ltd and IIR. All rights reserved.

Field of study: Engineering
über die Selbstenergie und Ladung eines durch Gravitationswirkungen stabilisierten Teilchens in einem gekrümmten Raum

The problem of the self-energy and the charge of particles is discussed by solvingEinstein's field-equations of general Relativity.The mass and the charge of a particle are fixed by its radius. If the background is flat the specific chargege/m is an universal constant, if the particle is embedded in a De-Sitter universege/m depends on the particle-radius.

Field of study: Physics
SYNTHESIS OF SOME 2'-C-ALKYL DERIVATIVES OF 9-(2-PHOSPHONOMETHOXYETHYL)ADENINE AND RELATED COMPOUNDS

To study the effect of β-substitution in 2'-alkyl derivatives of 9-(2-phosphonomethoxyethyl)adenine ( Ia ) on the antiviral activity or group specificity, these derivatives were synthesized. 9-(2-Hydroxyalkyl)adenines VIII were prepared by alkylation of adenine with suitably substituted oxiranes XIII or 2-hydroxyalkyl p -toluenesulfonates IV and VI . After protection of the adenine amino group by benzoylation (compounds IX ) or amidine formation (compounds X ), the intermediates were alkylated with diisopropyl p -toluenesulfonyloxymethanephosphonate ( XI ) in the presence of sodium hydride. After deprotection, the obtained phosphonate diesters XII were converted into phosphonic acids I by transsilylation and hydrolysis. This synthetic scheme was used for the preparation of ethyl ( Ie ), propyl ( If ), 2-propyl ( Ig ), 2-methylpropyl ( Ih ), cyclopropyl ( Ii ), cyclohexyl ( Ij ), benzyl ( Ik ) and phenyl ( Il ) derivatives. The 2'-trifluoromethyl derivative XXIIa was prepared analogously from 9-(2-hydroxy-3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)adenine ( XXa ), obtained by alkylation of adenine sodium salt with 2-hydroxy-3,3,3-trifluoropropyl bromide. 2'-Trimethylsilyl derivative XIXa was obtained by alkylation of adenine with 2-diisopropylphosphonomethoxy-3-(4-toluenesulfonyloxy)propyltrimethylsilane ( XVII ) followed by transsilylation and hydrolysis of diester XVIIIa . 2,6-Diaminopurine derivatives XVIIId and XXIIb were obtained analogously. 9-(3-Phosphonomethoxybutyl)adenine ( XXVIII ) and 9-(2-methyl-2-phosphonomethoxypropyl)adenine ( XXXV ) were prepared from the corresponding hydroxy derivatives XXVIb and XXXII , respectively, by the same reaction pathway as derivatives I .

Field of study: Chemistry
Preliminary Studies of Prokaryotic Expression of Hepatitis G Virus Gene

The prokaryotic expression vector pRSET of (and) pGEX was used to express overlapping clones emcompassing hepatitis G virus Core-NS3 and NS5 in E. coli. CE1、E2、NS3、NS5 and chimeric NS3-NS5 gene could produce recombinant proteins efficiently. The ratio of every recombinant protein to total bacteria proteins varied from 10% to 35%. All recombinant proteins were immuoscreened, the results showed that seven of them were immuoreactive. To some extent,we identified the epitopic distribution of recombinant HGV antigens and made a solid foundation for the research of HGV serology and immunological diagnostic reagents.

Field of study: Biology
Post-transcriptional Gene Regulation in Colitis Associated Cancer

Colitis-associated cancer (CAC) has been linked to microRNA (miRNA) aberrant expression elicited by inflammation. In this study, we used the AOM/DSS-induced CAC mice model to explore the ectopic expression of miRNAs in the precancerous stage of CAC. As a result, we found that miR-31-5p, miR-223-3p, and let-7f-5p were dysregulated during the development of intestinal dysplasia. Subsequently, we first identified the role of these three miRNAs in CAC. Adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) was revealed as a new target of miR-223-3p, and solute carrier family 9- subfamily A-member 9 (SLC9A9) and APC membrane recruitment protein 3 (AMER3) were suggested as two new targets for let-7f-5p. For miR-31-5p, we proved that it can target LATS2 mRNA so as to modulate Hippo pathway in Caco2 cells. Second, to examine if targeting these three miRNAs would lead to CAC prevention, pedunculoside, a natural triterpene glycoside capable of rescuing the down-regulation of LATS2 and APC caused by either miR-31-5p or miR-223-3p overexpression, respectively, was used in the in vivo AOM/DSS-induced CAC model. The results showed that pedunculoside (25 mg/kg) substantially mitigated the damage to mice intestine caused by DSS/AOM. These results suggested that miRNAs-elicited post-transcriptional regulation is involved in the pathogenesis of CAC, and CAC can be prevented through targeting key miRNAs that are ectopically expressed in CAC.

Field of study: Biology
Boere is sakemense - daar is geen twyfel daaroor nie

Met die eerste keer wat 'n boer 'n sakeplan moet voorle om 'n lening te kry, besef 'n mens boere boer lankal nie meer soos Oupa Jan nie. Vandag se boere weet presies wat hulle van elke dier of plant op die plaas verwag en moet kry om wins te genereer.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Evaluations of Joint Resistance and Bending Performance of Various Ultrasonically Welded CC Joints

In superconducting magnet and coil applications, joints are used to connect lengths of superconducting tapes and to complete the windings. Certain coated conductor (CC) joint properties, such as joint resistance (<italic>R</italic><sub>j</sub>), must be considered during the design phase. Ultimately, the joints must meet all electrical and mechanical requirements. In this study, the parameters for ultrasonic welding (UW) of differently stabilized rare-earth barium copper oxide CC tapes were optimized using the Taguchi method. Along with critical current (<italic>I</italic><sub>c</sub>), <italic>R</italic><sub>j</sub> was measured at 77 K in joints formed using various types of CC tapes. Bending performance of the joints was measured as a practical evaluation for coil winding. Retained <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$I_{c}$</tex-math></inline-formula> showed no degradation after the UW process. Resistance at the joint was in the range of 100 to 200 nΩ (joint resistivity, about 120–240 nΩ·cm<sup>2</sup>). Bending tests showed that a bending diameter of 50 mm was tolerated without <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$I_{c}$</tex-math></inline-formula> degradation. Surface morphologies of the cross-sections and joint interfaces were observed and revealed an explanation for the behavior of <italic>R</italic><sub>j</sub> with bending.

Field of study: Physics
Grain boundary's conductivity in heavily yttrium doped ceria

Four high purity heavily yttrium doped ceria (YDC, YxCe1-xO2-delta, x=0.1, 0.15, 0.2 0.25) electrolytes were prepared and their grain boundaries (CBs) were investigated by impedance spectroscopy (IS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). IS data indicated that single GB's resistance and GB's thickness firstly decreased and then increased with increasing doping level. TEM investigation on CBs suggested the formation of nanodomains at CBs was responsible for the increase of GB's electrical thickness. Our work suggests in heavy doping level ceria, in addition to the space charge effect, nanodomain's blocking effect is another contribution to the high GB resistivity. According to the microstructure evolution of YDC with increasing doping level, we suggest three factors that influence nanodomain's segregation to CBs.

Field of study: Materials science
Sequential Algorithms for Sample Myriad and Weighted Myriad Filter

The sample myriad and the weighted myriad filter are normally computed using the batch processing fixed-point algorithm. Since a block of input samples has to be gathered first before the algorithm can perform estimation, significant delay may arise if the block size is large. In this correspondence, we derive the sequential sample myriad and sequential weighted myriad that compute the estimate in real-time by updating the current estimate whenever a new input sample becomes available. Simulation results show that the proposed sequential techniques which have a lower computational complexity, achieve almost the same convergence speed and accuracy as the fixed-point algorithm.

Field of study: Engineering
Efficiency analysis of cross-region bank branches using fuzzy data envelopment analysis

In today’s economy and society, performance analyses in the services industries attract more and more attention. The traditional data envelopment analysis (DEA) approach requires a consistent operating environment. However, in reality, there is a need to evaluate the units belonging to different environment. This reality challenges the traditional methods of applying DEA theory to real-world cases where benchmarking across region can be a very important undertaking. This paper introduces the fuzzy logic into DEA formulation to deal with the environmental variables so that the performance of bank branches from different regions can be assessed. The inner-province and inter-province comparison are given based on the fuzzy DEA results. These results are also compared with the results from traditional DEA analysis.

Field of study: Mathematics
Organization of the Geological Society of America; Proceedings of the Semi-Annual Meeting held at Toronto, August 28–29, 1889; Papers read at the Toronto Meeting

ORGANIZATION OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA. HISTORICAL SKETCH OF THE ORGANIZATION. Geological science early assumed, in America, the form of organized activity. Various societies of local scope were initiated in the early part of the present century; but the first which was destined for permanence was the Association of American Geologists, which first convened at Philadelphia, on the second of April, 1840. Meetings were held in 1840, 1841, and 1842, the proceedings of which were published, in 1843, in a volume entitled “Transactions of the Association of American Geologists and Naturalists.” The inclusion of “Naturalists” had been determined in 1843. The number of members was seventy-seven. Meetings were also held annually until 1847. The “Transactions” were published in the American Journal of Science for the corresponding years. In 1847 it was voted to resolve the organization into “The American Association for the Advancement of Science.” In such capacity it . . .

Field of study: Geology
Multiple Vantage Points on the Mental Health Effects of Mass Shootings

The phenomenon of mass shootings has emerged over the past 50 years. A high proportion of rampage shootings have occurred in the United States, and secondarily, in European nations with otherwise low firearm homicide rates; yet, paradoxically, shooting massacres are not prominent in the Latin American nations with the highest firearm homicide rates in the world. A review of the scientific literature from 2010 to early 2014 reveals that, at the individual level, mental health effects include psychological distress and clinically significant elevations in posttraumatic stress, depression, and anxiety symptoms in relation to the degree of physical exposure and social proximity to the shooting incident. Psychological repercussions extend to the surrounding affected community. In the aftermath of the deadliest mass shooting on record, Norway has been in the vanguard of intervention research focusing on rapid delivery of psychological support and services to survivors of the “Oslo Terror. on a detailed review of the clinical literature on the mental health effects of mass shootings, this paper also incorporates wide-ranging co-author expertise to delineate: 1) the patterning of mass shootings within the international context of firearm homicides, 2) the effects of shooting rampages on children and adolescents, 3) the psychological effects for wounded victims and the emergency healthcare personnel who care for them, 4) the disaster behavioral health considerations for preparedness and response, and 5) the media “framing” of mass shooting incidents in relation to the portrayal of mental health themes.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Temperature Control of Wave Soldering Based on PID Technology

The PID controller,which was used to precisely control temperature of wave soldering,was designed based on increasing PID control algorithm and mono-chip computers.The control effect was also studied by field test.The results show that the deviation between the controlled temperature curve and the setting curve is-3-+3℃.The absolute values of temperature deviation is 1.1℃,and the climactic temperature of wave soldering is 1.9℃ higher than the setting temperature.The controller has better temperature controling stability and higher precision.

Field of study: Materials science
Critical Current Longitudinal and Transverse Strain Sensitivities of High $J_{C}$ ${\rm Nb}_{3}{\rm Sn}$ Conductors

Characterizing critical current of strands as function of a strain is very important for large high field superconducting magnet applications such as the superconducting outsert coil of the series-connected hybrid at the NHMFL and the ITER magnets. Apparatuses for measuring versus longitudinal strain and transverse stress have been developed and used at the NHMFL. We have characterized the strain sensitivities of a few candidate strands for the series-connected-hybrid. In addition, irreversibility strains are measured for the recently developed ITER high strands. The different strain sensitivities for different strands are discussed.

Field of study: Physics
The etiology and management of leukopenia.

Leukopenia is an abnormal reduction of circulating white blood cells, especially the granulocytes. The term leukopenia is often used interchangeably with neutropenia. It may result from reduced production of white blood cells or increased utilization and destruction, or both. Infection, drugs, malignancy, megaloblastosis, hypersplenism and immunoneutropenia are responsible for most cases of neutropenia. Primary neutropenia is very rare. Sometimes, particularly in children, primary neutropenia is hereditary and may be associated with other developmental defects. The major danger of neutropenia is the risk of infection. Management requires identification of the cause and effective antimicrobial therapy, especially when serious systemic infection is present.

Field of study: Medicine
Retrograde eclogite from Mont Albert, Gaspé, Quebec: Discussion

Trzcienski describes a garnetand clinopyroxene-rich rock from the metamomhic sole of the Mont Albert ultrabasicbasic complex and interprets the rock as a retrogressed eclogite. Using the mineralogical data of Trzcienski's Table 1, this discussion presents evidence showing that the rock is not an eclogite, even though it is a gamet clinopyroxenite. Noneclogite gamet clinopyroxenites are common in metamorphic sequences developed at the base of transported alpine-type peridotites and within certain alpine-type peridotites, numerous examples of which have been documented in the literature (e.g., Spray 1982). The clinopyroxenes of these rocks may have relatively high Ca-Tschermak contents but are low in the additional jadeite and acmite components necessary to define the clinopyroxenes as omphacitic. The distinction of garnet clinopyre Green and Ringwood 1966; Clark and Papike 1968). These compositions are best represented by the system jadeiteacmite diopside hedenbergite Ca-Tsch (Clark and Papike 1968). This classifies the vast majority of the clinopyroxenes of eclogites as omphacites (Deer et al. 1978). Essene and Fyfe

Field of study: Environmental science
Cytokines in normal and abnormal parturition: elevated amniotic fluid interleukin-6 levels in women with premature rupture of membranes associated with intrauterine infection.

The participation of interleukin-6 (IL-6) in the pathophysiology of normal and abnormal human parturition was evaluated by determining IL-6 concentrations in amniotic fluid (AF). Biologically active IL-6 was determined (in U/ml) using the B9 hybridoma growth factor assay, while the concentrations of immunoreactive IL-6 species (in pg/ml) were assessed using a monoclonal antibody (moAb)-based ELISA. Two hundred and twenty-seven AF samples from women in normal labor and from those presenting with a clinical diagnosis of premature rupture of membranes (PROM) were assayed. In selected instances, IL-6 levels were evaluated simultaneously in AF and in maternal and fetal plasma. Women with a normal pregnancy had low titers of biologically active IL-6 in AF both at midtrimester (group 1, n = 27; median IL-6 concentration = 16 U/ml) and at term (group 2, n = 33; median = 15 U/ml). There was an increase in the IL-6 bioactivity in AF from women in normal labor at term (group 3, n = 40; median = 74 U/ml; p less than 0.001). In order to distinguish between the relative contributions of parturition per se and of intrauterine infection to the elevation of biologically active IL-6 levels in AF, IL-6 titers were compared in four different groups of women with PROM.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Field of study: Medicine
Childhood Cancer and Brain Tumor Late Effects: Relationships with Family Burden and Survivor Psychological Outcomes

This study examines illness-specific family burden as a mediator of the association between late effects of childhood cancer and survivors’ emotional and behavioral outcomes. Childhood cancer survivors (n = 65; ages 10–17) two or more years off-treatment completed measures assessing internalizing and PTSD symptoms. Parents reported on illness-specific family burden, late effects severity, and survivor internalizing/externalizing problems. Providers documented the number of late effects. Illness-specific family burden was correlated with provider-reported late effects (r = .29, p < .05) and parent report of severe late effects (r = .56, p < .01). Results supported an indirect effect of illness-specific family burden on number of late effects and parent-reported survivor internalizing problems, p < .05. Indirect effects were not found in models predicting PTSD and externalizing problems. Illness-specific family burden is an important intervention target for reducing internalizing problems in childhood cancer survivors with late effects.

Field of study: Psychology