nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Evolution of conditional dispersal: a reaction–diffusion–advection model

To study evolution of conditional dispersal, a Lotka–Volterra reaction–diffusion–advection model for two competing species in a heterogeneous environment is proposed and investigated. The two species are assumed to be identical except their dispersal strategies: both species disperse by random diffusion and advection along environmental gradients, but one species has stronger biased movement (i.e., advection along the environmental gradients) than the other one. It is shown that at least two scenarios can occur: if only one species has a strong tendency to move upward the environmental gradients, the two species can coexist since one species mainly pursues resources at places of locally most favorable environments while the other relies on resources from other parts of the habitat; if both species have such strong biased movements, it can lead to overcrowding of the whole population at places of locally most favorable environments, which causes the extinction of the species with stronger biased movement. These results provide a new mechanism for the coexistence of competing species, and they also imply that selection is against excessive advection along environmental gradients, and an intermediate biased movement rate may evolve.

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics
Using air curtains to reduce short-range infection risk in consulting ward: A numerical investigation

Air curtains is promising in reducing the short-range infection risk in hospitals. To quantitatively evaluate its performance, this paper explores air curtains equipped on normal consulting desk to avoid doctor’s direct exposure to the patient exhaled pollutants. A numerical investigation is conducted to evaluate the effects of supply air velocity and angle on cutting off performance. Simulation results show that the average mass fraction of exhaled pollutants decreases significantly (70%–90%) in the consulting ward, indicating satisfying performance of air curtains. Increasing supply air velocity is demonstrated to be conducive in forming full air curtains, whereas an excessively high supply air velocity may be of adverse effects by entraining exhaled flow. Besides, the supply air angle is also critical due to its coupling with supply air velocity. It is found that larger angle (0°–40°) is better where velocity is less than 3 m/s, otherwise a small angle (20°) is preferable where velocity is larger than 3 m/s. Exhaled flow could be well suppressed at the supply air angle 20° but moves over air curtains at 40°. This study can provide effective and intuitive guidance in applying air curtains in consulting wards.

Field of study: Engineering
New antidepressants in pregnancy.

I have read that fluoxetine is the drug of choice for treating depression during pregnancy. One of my patients, who did not respond to the "old" selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, is doing well on venlafaxine and is now 6 weeks pregnant. What advice should I give her?



Fluoxetine is recommended because to date it has the most evidence of its safety. It is important that women be treated appropriately for depression during pregnancy, and some research on the newer antidepressants, such as venlafaxine, will be useful to you and your patient in making an informed decision regarding treatment.

Field of study: Medicine
FORÇA DOS PROCESSOS DE EXCITAÇÃO DO SISTEMA NERVOSO E TRAÇO DE PERSONALIDADE DOS ACADÊMICOS DE EDUCAÇÃO FÍSICA DA UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE SANTA MARIA (UFSM)

O presente estudo teve como objetivo verificar a relacao entre a forca dos processos de excitacao (FPE) do sistema nervoso e o traco de personalidade extroversao/introversao (EXIN). A amostra foi constituida por 240 academicos de Educacao Fisica da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), sendo 121 sujeitos do sexo masculino e 119 sujeitos do sexo feminino. Os instrumentos metodologicos utilizados foram o “Questionario de Strelau”, com a finalidade de diagnosticar os indices da forca dos processos de excitacao, e o “Questionario de Eysenck”, com a finalidade de diagnosticar os indices de extroversao/introversao. Os resultados indicaram que nesse experimento a forca dos processos de excitacao relacionou-se significativamente com o traco de personalidade extroversao/introversao para os sujeitos do sexo masculino ( r=0.36, p < 0.001) e para sujeitos do sexo feminino (r= 0.46, p < 0.001). Assim pode-se inferir que ha uma tendencia dos academicos de Educacao Fisica da UFSM, de ambos os sexos que apresentam indices da forca dos processos de excitacao mais elevados, apresentarem tambem indices de extroversao/introversao mais elevados. E que a forca dos processos de excitacao, e uma peculiaridade do sistema nervoso influente no desenvolvimento do traco de personalidade extroversao/introversao.

Field of study: Education
An Electrochemiluminescence Biosensor for Determination of Pb2+ Based on G-Quadruplex of Aptamer Probe

A “turn on” model of electrochemiluminescence Pb2+ biosensor based on G-quadruplex of aptamer probe was developed by using quantum dots as labels. The biosensor was prepared by immobilizing a hairpin aptamer probe with a thiol group at 5′-end and an amino group at 3′-end on gold electrode via an Au-S bond. In the presence of Pb2+, the G-rich hairpin aptamer probe opens the stem-loop and forms G-quadruplex, which exposes the amino group at 3′-end that could covalently link to CdS quantum dots with carboxyl group on the surface. The fabrication and reaction process of the Pb2+ biosensor were characterized. The responsive electrochemiluminescence intensity was linearly related to the Pb2+ concentrations in the range of 2.0 × 10−10−5.0 × 10−8 M, with a detection limit of 3.74 × 10−11 M. The ECL biosensor has high sensitivity, good selectivity, satisfying stability and repeatability.

Field of study: Chemistry
The Impact of Subtitles on Comprehension of Narrative Film

Theoretically, viewers of a movie strive to construct coherent mental models to understand the local events as they occur, and to link these situation mental models coherently to understand the movie as a whole. This article reports the results of two experiments on the impact of subtitles on the local and global coherence of mental models of a movie. In both experiments, the extent to which attention and memory resources available for generating local and global mental models was manipulated by having half of the participants watch the movie in English (standard condition) while the other half watched in French with English subtitles (subtitled condition). Experiment 1 examined patterns of inferences generated during movie watching. Results showed that participants in the standard condition made more elaborative inferences than those in the subtitled condition, indicating a higher level of global coherence. In contrast, results also showed that participants in the subtitled condition made more bridging inferences than those in the standard condition, indicating a higher level of local coherence. In Experiment 2, participants sorted movie events according to perceived similarity of events, and the data were submitted to a Pathfinder analysis. The resulting collective network of events for the standard and subtitled conditions corroborated the results of Experiment 1. We argue that the tradeoff between local and global coherence should be addressed in current theories of narrative comprehension.

Field of study: Psychology
Genotyping of dominant outer membrane porinIgene of Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates and analysis of me site mutation of PIB gene

To analyze the dominant genotypes of outer membrane porinⅠ( PⅠ) gene in the isolates of Neisseria gonorrhoeae from Zhejiang area and the correlation among the genetic site mutation and drug resistance, and to determine the distribution of PⅠA and PⅠB genes in the isolates and their dominant genotypes.  The entire PⅠgene of 34 N. gonorrhoeae isolates were amplified using high fidelity PCR. The target amplification fragments were sequenced after T-A cloning. The mutadon sites G120 and A121 were analyzed.  All the 11 PⅠA+ isolates were belonging to serovarsⅠA6. Of the 22 PⅠB+ isolates, 6 (26.1%), 5(21.7%), 2(8.7%), 9(39.1%) and 1(4.3%) strains were identified as serovarsⅠB3,ⅠB3/ 6,ⅠB3/6-ⅠB2 andⅠB2-ⅠB4 chimera, respectively. The sensitivity of the PCR was as high as 10 ng DNA template. 23.0%(26/113) and 77.0% (87/113) of the 113 N. gonorrhoeae isolates carry PⅠA and PⅠB genes. In the 23 sequenced PⅠB+ isolates, one strain(4.3%) had no mutation at the G120 and A121 sites, while 3 strains(13.0%) showed G120 or A121 mutation, 2 strains(8.7%) displayed G120 mutation but lack of A121, and 17 strains(73.9%) exhibited the double site mutation. All the 22 PⅠB+ isolates with mutation at G120 and/or A121 sites were resistant to penicillin and tetracycline.  The N. gonorrhoeae strains prevalent in the local area are mainly taking PⅠB gene.ⅠA6 is the dominant serovars of the PⅠA + N.gonorrhoeae isolates.ⅠB3/6-ⅠB2 chimeric,ⅠB3 andⅠB3/6 serovars are common in the PⅠB+ N. gonorrhoeae isolates and most of the isolates are the drug resistant G120 and/or A121 mutants.

Field of study: Biology
Metastases to the pituitary gland.

Only 1% of all pituitary surgeries are performed to treat tumors that have metastasized to the pituitary gland; however, in certain cases of malignant neoplasms pituitary metastases do occur. Breast and lung cancers are the most common diseases that metastasize to the pituitary. Breast cancer metastasizes to the pituitary especially frequently, with reported rates ranging between 6 and 8% of cases. Most pituitary metastases are asymptomatic, with only 7% reported to be symptomatic. Diabetes insipidus, anterior pituitary dysfunction, visual field defects, headache/pain, and ophthalmoplegia are the most commonly reported symptoms. Diabetes insipidus is especially common in this population, occurring in between 29 and 71% of patients who experience symptoms. Differentiation of pituitary metastasis from other pituitary tumors based on neuroimaging alone can be difficult, although certain features, such as thickening of the pituitary stalk, invasion of the cavernous sinus, and sclerosis of the surrounding sella turcica, can indicate metastasis to the pituitary gland. Overall, neurohypophysial involvement seems to be most prevalent, but breast metastases appear to have an affinity for the adenohypophysis. Differentiating metastasis to the pituitary gland from bone metastasis to the skull base, which invades the sella turcica, can also be difficult. In metastasis to the pituitary gland, surrounding sclerosis in the sella turcica is usually minimal compared with metastasis to the skull base. Treatment for these tumors is often multimodal and includes surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. Tumor invasiveness can make resection difficult. Although surgical series have not shown any significant survival benefits given by tumor resection, the patient's quality of life may be improved. Survival among these patients is poor with mean survival rates reported to range between 6 and 22 months.

Field of study: Medicine
A new constraint preconditioner based on the PGSS iteration method for non-Hermitian generalized saddle point problems

The new constraint preconditioner is constructed based on the preconditioned generalized shift-splitting (PGSS) iteration method. We also analyze the invertibility condition of the new preconditioner in detail. Moreover, the convergence properties of the new constraint preconditioning iteration method are derived. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed preconditioner is illustrated by numerical experiments.

Field of study: Mathematics
Resource-Efficient Neural Networks for Embedded Systems

While machine learning is traditionally a resource intensive task, embedded systems, autonomous navigation, and the vision of the Internet of Things fuel the interest in resource-efficient approaches. These approaches aim for a carefully chosen trade-off between performance and resource consumption in terms of computation and energy. The development of such approaches is among the major challenges in current machine learning research and key to ensure a smooth transition of machine learning technology from a scientific environment with virtually unlimited computing resources into every day's applications. In this article, we provide an overview of the current state of the art of machine learning techniques facilitating these real-world requirements. In particular, we focus on deep neural networks (DNNs), the predominant machine learning models of the past decade. We give a comprehensive overview of the vast literature that can be mainly split into three non-mutually exclusive categories: (i) quantized neural networks, (ii) network pruning, and (iii) structural efficiency. These techniques can be applied during training or as post-processing, and they are widely used to reduce the computational demands in terms of memory footprint, inference speed, and energy efficiency. We substantiate our discussion with experiments on well-known benchmark data sets to showcase the difficulty of finding good trade-offs between resource-efficiency and predictive performance.

Field of study: Computer science
Symplectic scheme in computing the one-dimensional model of strong laser field

The symplectic algorithm of Hamiltonian system is extended to the complex symplectic space. The numerical solutions of the 1-dimensional model of strong field are calculated by means of both symplectic and Runge-Kutta algorithms. The results show that the symplectic algorithm preserves the Wronskian, which is in good agreement with theoretical analyses, but the Wronskian calculated by using the Runge-Kutta algorithm increases rapidly after a long distance of computation. Therefore the symplectic algorithm is a better algorithm for the calculations of the 1-dimensional model of strong field.

Field of study: Physics
Presisieboerdery : 'n kwessie van bestuur

Hy het egter gewaarsku dat indien Suid-Afrika te min mielies produseer, plaaslike melkboere minder mededingend sal wees. Of hierdie waarskuwing water dra, is moeilik om te se, aangesien die mielie-oes van 2009/2010 alle rekords gaan oortref, maar daar moet altyd voorsiening gemaak word vir die "sewe maer jare". Dit is waar weiding, en spesifiek presisieboerdery, op 'n melkplaas die boer se voerlas 'n bietjie ligter kan maak.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Discounting model selection with area-based measures: A case for numerical integration.

A novel method for analyzing delay discounting data is proposed. This newer metric, a model-based Area Under Curve (AUC) combining approximate Bayesian model selection and numerical integration, was compared to the point-based AUC methods developed by Myerson, Green, and Warusawitharana (2001) and extended by Borges, Kuang, Milhorn, and Yi (2016). Using data from computer simulation and a published study, comparisons of these methods indicated that a model-based form of AUC offered a more consistent and statistically robust measurement of area than provided by using point-based methods alone. Beyond providing a form of AUC directly from a discounting model, numerical integration methods permitted a general calculation in cases when the Effective Delay 50 (ED50) measure could not be calculated. This allowed discounting model selection to proceed in conditions where data are traditionally more challenging to model and measure, a situation where point-based AUC methods are often enlisted. Results from simulation and existing data indicated that numerical integration methods extended both the area-based interpretation of delay discounting as well as the discounting model selection approach. Limitations of point-based AUC as a first-line analysis of discounting and additional extensions of discounting model selection were also discussed.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Review of V_2O_5-supported carbon based catalyst for SO_2 and NO removal from flue gas

Flue gas clean-up is an important task for sustainable development of China.Dominant technologies used today in the world are effective only for single pollutant removal under conditions significantly different from that of flue gas emission,and the overall cost for multi-pollutants removal is high.Carbon materials have superior properties for removal of many flue gas pollutants,individually or collectively,at temperatures of flue gas emission.V2O5/activated coke shows even higher activities mainly due to the oxidative properties of V2O5,which makes it better than activated coke itself and other metal oxides-modified activated coke.V2O5/activated coke may be the core for development of new generation technologies for flue gas clean-up.This article summarizes main research and development of V2O5/activated coke in the past decade,and reveals significant contributions made by Chinese researchers.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
The fluid dynamics of ice slurry

A review of research work of fluid dynamics of fine-crystalline ice slurry is presented. Different rheological models which are applied are presented. Numerous models for the friction factor, obtained by empirical and semi-empirical approximation, are discussed. An overview of existing pressure drop experiments is given and problematic issues of respective measurements and experimental results are outlined. Because ice slurry is a two-phase fluid that is considered to be homogeneous, only in some cases work on stratified suspension flows is cited. Finally a variety of experimental results and some theoretical calculations of ice slurry flow patterns are shown.

Field of study: Engineering
Principle and Application of Ambient Mass Spectrometry for Direct Analysis of Complex Samples

Ambient mass spectrometry allows the in situ, real-time, online, high throughput, and low sample-consumption analysis to be performed with no/minimal sample pretreatment. Consequently, ambient mass spectrometry featured by direct ionization techniques is of increasing interest for the detection of trace analytes in complex matrix. The application of ambient mass spectrometry has greatly improved the efficiency of mass spectrometry method, and renders fast mass spectrometry analysis of practical samples possible. In this tutorial paper, the fundamental principles, operating modes, the instrumentation, and application of typical ambient ionization techniques have been reviewed, giving emphasis on the theoretical modes to illustrate the working mechanism of various ionization techniques. The important progresses in food analysis, pharmaceutical analysis, environmental analysis, in vivo analysis, metabolomics studies, proteomics studies, and ambient mass spectrometry imaging have been systematically discussed, showing a clear trend that the development of ambient mass spectrometry has been accelerated by the urgently practical need of detecting trace compounds in complex matrices with high analysis speed. The perspectives on the development and application of ambient mass spectrometry have been discussed in the present article.

Field of study: Chemistry
Breast-feeding among Mothers of Low Birth Weight Infants.

The physical and emotional condition of the mother delivering a premature or low birth weight infant may be quite different than that of the mother of a healthy term infant when initiating breast-feeding. Despite this difference, incidence and duration of lactation among mothers of pre-term or low birth weight infants was found to be quite good compared with that of mothers of term infants. Considerable problems, however, are encountered by premature or low birth weight infants when breast-feeding, including delayed first suckling, poor or no suction, need for daily supplemental bottle feeding, and culminating sometimes in weaning off breast milk before discharge. Optimal milk production has been associated with five or more milk expressions daily and with pumping durations of 100 minutes or more daily and initiation of pumping early in the first post-partum days.

Field of study: Medicine
Implementation of Information Communication Technology in the Teaching/Learning Process for Sustainable Development of Adults in West Africa Sub Sahara Region

This study examines the implementation of information technology in the teaching/learning process for sustainable development of adults in West Africa Sub Sahara Region (WASSR). Three research questions and two hypotheses guided the study. The population for the study was 3071 participants and instructors drawn from 10 education centres that were selected for the study. The sample for the study was made up of 823 participants and 30 instructors that were selected. Simple random sampling technique was used in drawing the sample for the study. Questionnaires were administered to the 853 sample population in countries that make up the region. The result indicates that it is necessary to implement information communication technology in the teaching/learning process for the benefits of sustainable development for adults. The following major findings emerged: The participants believe that information technology will make them independent in their studies. The educators are of the opinion that information technology can expand the community of learners to include virtually anyone who wishes to obtain information and who is not excluded by policy or cost. The major recommendations: that government through the schools should initiate effective programmes to create mass awareness by educating the participants about the benefits of computer literacy in this 21 st century. The schools should offer face-to-face workshops; self-placed learning modules and online courses that assist with the development of the essential skills. Formulating approaches to the use of information and communication technology and incorporating it into the curriculum of formal and non-formal education of adults and other learners with exceptionalities for sustainable development.  Information Communication Technology, Teaching/Learning Process, Sustainable Development.

Field of study: Education
Studies on Dynamic Changes of Latosol Acidity After Leguminous Green Manure Application

Based on the analysis of several green manure plant nutrients,the nylon bag method was used to study the dynamic effect of tropical leguminous green manures application on the latosol acidity.The results showed that pH would increase and the exchangeable acidity would decrease after green manures application.The best effect of decreasing the soil acidity appeared in the initial two months after the application of green manure.Then the soil pH decreased and exchangeable aluminum increased rapidly.The soil acidity after the application of Acacia mangium Linn.was higher than the CK soil after 8 months,and the exchangeable aluminum of Cajanus scarabaeoides(Linn.) Thours in Dict was higher than the CK soil one year later.The best green manures of decreasing the soil acidity were Pueraria lobata(Willd.) Ohwi in Bull and Crotalaria mucronata Desv.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences