nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
In vivo antiviral effect of interleukin 18 in a mouse model of vaccinia virus infection.

Interleukin-18 (IL-18), originally called interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma)-inducing factor is a novel cytokine which exhibits pleiotropic immunomodulatory activities such as the activation of natural killer (NK) cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL). In this study, the efficacy of IL-18 on viral infection in mice was investigated. IL-18 treatment significantly suppressed pock formation on the tails of BALB/c mice inoculated intravenously with vaccinia virus when the cytokine was administered intraperitoneally on days 0, 2 and 4 after infection. Sequentially, NK and CTL activity of the infected mice were significantly augmented by IL-18 injection. The in vivo anti-vaccinia virus activity of IL-18 was only partially inhibited by treating the infected mice with anti-asialo GM1 antibody. When infected mice were injected with anti-IFN-gamma antibody only, severe deterioration of health and significant body weight loss were observed, suggesting that IFN-gamma is very important in protecting mice against vaccinia virus infection. Interestingly, IL-18 injection visibly improved the severe vaccinia virus-induced symptoms in mice treated with anti-IFN-gamma antibody, even though a pivotal involvement of IFN-gamma in IL-18-mediated anti-vaccinia virus effect is not yet determined. Taken together, these results indicate that the IL-18-elicited anti-vaccinia virus effect in the acute phase of infection would be raised by the sum of various host defence mechanisms including NK cells and CTL, and not from a specific immunocompetent cell population or effector molecule.

Field of study: Medicine
Throughput Variables for Rotary Extrusion Macerators

IN the production of green plant juice protein concen-trate, the rapid separation of juice and fiber is con-tingent upon extensive plant cell rupture. High capacity cell maceration of green plants is most efficiently ac-complished by an internal roller causing radial extrusion of plant material through orifices in a rotating die ring. The capacity of a rotary extrusion macerator is a func-tion of the die ring width, diameter, orifice size, surface speed, roller clearance, and the ratio of the die ring diameter to the roller diameter. The inter-relation of these factors to throughput capacity is presented in nomographs.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Note on Boundary Layer in a Dusty Gas

/=! / The last boundary condition representing the vanishing of the circumferential strain was proposed by Reissner and Gradowczyk. It is interesting to note that if we put a = b, and Kx = Ky = K the solution coincides exactly with that obtained by Gradowczyk for a clamped spherical dome with curvature K. Further in the limiting case as Kx and Ky tend to zero we obtain limit W=q1(l-f)/4 = ql(l-x/a-y/b)/4 (30) Kx,Ky-+0 which is the exact expression for the bending of a clamped, uniformly loaded elliptic plate.

Field of study: Physics
Membrane alterations in winter rye and Brassica napus cells during lethal freezing and plasmolysis

Cells fixed during freezing or plasmolysis were used to study membrane alterations in hardened and non-hardened Brassica napus suspension-cultured cells and rye leaf mesophyll cells. The plasmalemma in non-hardened rye mesophyll cells formed multilamellar vesicles during lethal freezing at high subzero temperatures (–5°C). These vesicles became highly condensed at lower subzero temperatures (–10°C). Conversely, cold-hardened rye mesophyll cells did not undergo membrane alterations at these temperatures. The results from plasmolysis of B. napus and rye mesophyll cells hardened by ABA at 25 °C and low temperature (2°C), respectively, verify the cell response to lethal freezing. Again there was a continuum of responses with 1 kmol m−3 balanced salt causing multilamellar protrusions. Appression of the plasmalemma against the tonoplast to form multilamellar vesicles and the invagination of these vesicles into the tonoplast were also observed in rye cells undergoing lethal plasmolysis. Increasing the plasmolysing solution to 3 kmol m−3 occasionally caused the formation of multilamellar vesicles on the cell surface of hardened rye mesophyll cells.

Field of study: Environmental science
The Effect of Poverty, Household Structure and Child Work on School Enrolment

This study examines the effect of poverty, household structure and child work on child schooling in Ghana across gender and age dimensions using data from the GLSS 4 and 5. We find that there exist variations in the effect of the various explanatory variables on child schooling across gender and age dimensions. Parental education, especially that of the father is important in influencing child schooling. The effect of father’s education on child schooling is higher for boys than for girls and for children in the 15~19 age group than those at lower age groups. However, mother’s education had the greatest influence on girls’ schooling than boys and on children at lower age groups than those in the 15~19 age group. The effect of poverty on child schooling was higher for boys than for girls and for younger children than for older children. Child work significantly reduces enrolment probabilities with the effect being higher for girls than for boys and higher for older children than younger children. The study concludes that, household human and physical capital endowments are important considerations in child schooling decisions. Thus, policies to ensure meaningful access to all must be inherently pro-poor.  Poverty, Education, Gender, Age, Ghana

Field of study: Education
[A search for new markers of oxidative stress in brain ischemia for the optimization of treatment approaches].

Data of literature on the role of inflammation factors in the pathogenesis of stroke are presented. The study of myeloperoxidase level in the early acute phase of ischemic stroke and dynamics of this parameter after the antioxidant treatment with the α-lipoic acid preparation berlition was carried out. It has been shown that the activation of systemic inflammation and related oxidative stress recorded in the early acute phase of brain infarction needs pharmacological treatment. Neuroprotective action of α-lipoic acid related to the prevention of damaging effect of free radicals on cell membranes and reduction of oxidative stress intensity is a pathogenetic explanation for using its preparations in ischemic brain lesions. The decrease in plasma myeloperoxidase content after the treatment with berlition may consider as a criterion of its efficacy.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Coherence scanning interferometry with a focus-tunable lens.

Coherence scanning interferometry is an established optical method that is able to measure the shape of objects with high precision. The surface of the object to be measured can be both optically smooth and optically rough. However, a major limitation of coherence scanning interferometry is that the object to be measured must mechanically move relative to the measuring device during the measurement procedure. We introduce an optical measurement method based on coherence scanning interferometry that is able to measure without the mechanical movement between the measured object and the measuring device. The suggested solution is that the reference plane moves. The imaging system includes an electrically focus-tunable lens. This lens ensures that the measured part of the object is sharply imaged during the measurement procedure.

Field of study: Physics
Energy relaxation studies in In0.52Al0.48As/In0.53Ga0.47As/In0.52Al0.48As two-dimensional electron gases and quantum wires

We present Joule heating measurements carried out over a wide temperature range on two-dimensional electron gases (2DEGs) and quantum wires of varying widths fabricated in an In0.52Al0.48As/In0.53Ga0.47As/In0.52Al0.48As heterostructure system that has a 25 nm wide In0.53Ga0.47As quantum well region. The power dissipated per electron is extracted and the electron–phonon coupling processes in these systems are studied. The temperature decay of the power loss at the 2DEG points towards unscreened piezoelectric coupling to the acoustic modes over temperatures of 1–30 K, with boundary scattering in the ohmic contacts gaining importance at very low temperatures. In the wires, we observe different behaviour and the effect of wire width and carrier density on the observed energy-loss rates. Possible phonon confinement and exponential suppression in these structures are also looked at.

Field of study: Materials science
BIOLOGICAL HOMOGENIZATION IN FOSSIL UNDERCLAYS AND SEAT ROCKS

Unbeddedness, or homogeneity, is the main characteristic of seat rocks and underclays, interpreted as fossil soils. Study of modern soils indicates that this homogeneity is a result of biological processes. Leaching and other chemical activities are for the most part related to roots, but the actual physical homogenization is due to the fauna of the soil.

Field of study: Geology
A Physical Interpretation of Milky Way Galaxy Dynamics from Precision Astrometrics

The dynamical and virial mass of the Milky Way galaxy is estimated using latest high precision stellar halo and dwarf galaxy satellite kinematics. The new data suggest the Galaxy is a highly compact, classically thermalized object. Kinematics exhibit significant velocity-spatial substructure, distinctive dynamic partitions, and strong Keplerian signatures that run counter to popular notions of featureless and massively extended dark matter halos. The effective local escape velocity profile of the Galaxy is quantified in terms of distribution and kinematics to reveal the physics responsible for the Mass Discrepancy-Acceleration (MDAR) and Radial Acceleration (RAR) relations.

Field of study: Physics
Improvement of factor VII clotting activity following long-term NCPAP treatment in obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome.

Obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome (OSAS) is a very common disorder. Patients with OSAS are at an increased risk for cardiovascular events. It has also been reported that a 25% rise in factor VII clotting activity (FVIIc) is associated with a 55% increase in ischaemic heart disease death during the first 5 years. We examined the effects of nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP) treatment on FVIIc in patients with OSAS. FVIIc was investigated prospectively in 15 patients with OSAS before (mean +/- SEM apnoea and hypopnoea index (AHI) 61.5 +/- 4.2 and after (AHI 3.0 +/- 0.9) NCPAP treatment for immediate relief, at 1 month after treatment and at over 6 months. FVIIc levels gradually decreased after NCPAP treatment. After 6 months of NCPAP treatment, FVIIc levels had decreased significantly (before 141.1 +/- 11.7% vs. after 6 months 110.7 +/- 6.2%; p < 0.01). Six of the seven patients whose FVIIc levels were over 140% before the NCPAP treatment had FVIIc levels below 130% after 6 months or 1 year of NCPAP treatment. This decrease in FVIIc after long-term NCPAP treatment could improve mortality in OSAS patients. If patients, especially obese ones, present with high FVIIc of unknown origin, it would be prudent to check for OSAS.

Field of study: Medicine
Strategies to Change Beliefs that Cause Low Self-Esteem, Depression and Anxiety among Women of Pakistan

This paper is designed to investigate the real mind-set behind in-human and unjustifiable beliefs that common people blindly own, accept, belong, respect and name them as traditions. Such beliefs basically are the product of poor economical and weak geographical structure of a society. People who cannot solve their practical problems through scientific research, analytical approaches, and implementation of research based laws; usually dig upon irrational and fatal traditions, beliefs and customs. Their beliefs are not subject to approval; however they consider them as a source of a relief, excuse, justification and means to their identity. In this paper, belief structure, along with historical and philosophical perspective will be addressed to draw a line between the evil and ethical customs of a society. In the end, measures to improve such hypocritical and susceptive belief systems (including traditions, customs, and values) have been discovered, introduced and proposed for future trends. DOI: 10.5901/jesr.2015.v5n2p153

Field of study: Education, Sociology
内毒素抑制胶原诱导的鼠关节炎

胶原诱导的关节炎( collagen-induced arthritis，CIA)是模拟类风湿关节炎(rheumatoid arthritis,RA)的经典动物模型。大多数的方法是采用鸡或牛的Ⅱ型胶原( collagen typeⅡ，CⅡ)混合完全弗氏佐剂于DBA/1鼠尾根部皮下/皮内注射，间隔21 d后加强免疫1次，约1周后小鼠逐渐发生关节炎，关节炎持续约8周左右。也有少数情况下为加速和同步化关节炎的发生，在加强免疫的同时或其后，腹腔注射大肠杆菌脂多糖(LPS)。在制作常规的CIA模型时，对部分DBA/1小鼠进行了一次腹腔注射LPS。

Field of study: Biology
Oxygen stable isotopic disparities among sympatric small land snail species from northwest Minnesota, USA

The oxygen isotopic composition (δ18O) of land snail shells can be a valuable paleoenvironmental archive if the climatic parameters that influence the isotopic system are fully understood. Previous calibration studies have examined a limited number of species or individuals, and most have focused on larger (> 10 mm) taxa, which do not represent the dominant shell material in the Quaternary fossil record. In this study, we evaluate the δ18O values of small land snails (

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Consensus on Clock in Universally Composable Timing Model

In blockchain space, there are elaborate proof-of-stake based protocols with some assumptions related to clock synchronization, i.e. that all of them know the current time of the protocol. However, this assumption is satisfied by relying on the security of centralized systems such as Network Time Protocol (NTP) or Global Positioning System (GPS). Clearly, any attack on these systems (which happened in the past) can cause corruption of blockchains that rely on the clock that they provide. To solve this problem in the nature of the decentralized network, we first define a general universally composable (GUC) model that captures the notion of consensus on a clock. Simply, a consensus clock is a clock that is agreed upon by honest parties by considering the clocks of all parties. In the end, we give a simple but useful protocol relying on a blockchain network. Our protocol is secure according to our new model. It can be used by full nodes of a blockchain who need to have a common time notion to preserve the correctness and the security of the blockchain protocol. One advantage of our protocol is that it does not cause any extra communication overhead on the underlying blockchain protocol.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Current transport mechanism of polysilicon-emitter transistor

The minority carrier transport mechanism in the arsenic-doped polysilicon-emitter transistor without an interfacial polysilicon-silicon oxide layer has been analysed. It has been shown that for arsenic peak impurity segregation at the polysilicon-monosilicon interface in the range of 10 19 −5 × 10 19 cm −3 , the carrier transport in the emitter is dominated by the thermionic emission mechanism. Some earlier work on temperature dependence of the current gain has been analysed for the polysilicon-emitter transistor and the conventional transistor, and inconsistencies in the results are explained using the thermionic emission-diffusion carrier transport model.

Field of study: Engineering
Names and symbols of the elements with atomic numbers 113, 115, 117 and 118 (IUPAC Recommendations 2016)

A joint IUPAC/IUPAP Working Party (JWP) has confirmed the discovery of the elements with atomic numbers (Z) 113, 115, 117 and 118. In accordance with the 2016 IUPAC guideline for naming new elements, the discoverers were invited to propose names and symbols for the elements. Claims have been assigned to them and the following are proposed: (a) nihonium and symbol Nh, for the element with Z=113, (b) moscovium with the symbol Mc, for the element with Z=115, (c) tennessine with the symbol Ts, for the element with Z=117, and oganesson with the symbol Og, for the element with Z=118. After careful deliberation on these names and symbols, considering the 2016 rules and a public review period, the Inorganic Chemistry Division recommended these proposals for acceptance by the IUPAC Council.

Field of study: Chemistry
Relationships between Authoritarian Attitudes in Delinquent Girls and the Authoritarian Attitudes and Authoritarian Rearing Practices of Their Mothers

Authoritarian attitudes of 70 lower-class, adolescent, delinquent girls were assessed and related to the authoritarian attitudes and authoritarian rearing practices of their mothers. The mothers' rearing practices and attitudes were measured by their direct report and indirectly by their daughters' perceived mothers' report. Although the measures of authoritarian attitudes and authoritarian rearing practices were moderately correlated, only the authoritarian attitudes of the mothers were consistently and significantly related to the authoritarian attitudes of their daughters. The discussion of results contained some hypotheses relating the identification process to ethnocentric and authoritarian attitude development which are suggestive of future research.

Field of study: Psychology
Space-resolved X-ray spectrum emitted from laser-produced gold plasma and its applications

On the XingguangII laser facility, one dimensional spaceresoved Mband spectra on Au plasmas produced laser irradiation of a plane target were measured by using a PET crystal spectrometer coupled with a slit of 20μm in width. In the experimental spectra, electric quadrupole transition line 3p63d10(1S0)3p53d104d(3/2,5/2)J=1 of Nilike Au was observed, and according to the sensitive characteristic of this line to electron density, diagnostics of the electron density of Au plasmas were discussed. In conclusion, the use of electric quadrupole line as a diagnostic tool of electron density is available in the range of about 1019～ 4.5×1021cm-3.

Field of study: Physics
Probabilistic flooding for efficient information dissemination in random graph topologies

Probabilistic flooding has been frequently considered as a suitable dissemination information approach for limiting the large message overhead associated with traditional (full) flooding approaches that are used to disseminate globally information in unstructured peer-to-peer and other networks. A key challenge in using probabilistic flooding is the determination of the forwarding probability so that global network outreach is achieved while keeping the message overhead as low as possible. In this paper, by showing that a probabilistic flooding network, generated by applying probabilistic flooding to a connected random graph network, can be (asymptotically) ''bounded'' by properly parameterized random graph networks and by invoking random graph theory results, asymptotic values of the forwarding probability are derived guaranteeing (probabilistically) successful coverage, while significantly reducing the message overhead with respect to traditional flooding. Asymptotic expressions with respect to the average number of messages and the average time required to complete network coverage are also derived, illustrating the benefits of the properly parameterized probabilistic flooding scheme. Simulation results support the claims and expectations of the analytical results and reveal certain aspects of probabilistic flooding not covered by the analysis.

Field of study: Computer science
Comparison of four EMC/ERH equations

Four EMC/ERH equations (Modified-Henderson, Chung-Pfost, Modified-Halsey and Modified-Oswin) are evaluated for their abiUty to fit data for grains and seeds. Thirty-six data sets comprising 18 crops are included. Comparisons are based on mean relative percentage deviation, standard error of the estimated value and residual plots. The Modified-Henderson and Chung-Pfost equations are good models for starchy grains and fibrous materials. The Modified-Halsey equation is a good model for high oil and protein products. The Modified-Oswin equation is a good model for popcorn, corncobs, whole pods of peanut and some varieties of corn.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Enhancement of R123 Pool Boiling by the Addition of Hydrocarbons | NIST

This paper presents pool boiling heat transfer data for 10 different R123/hydrocarbon mixtures. The data consisted of pool boiling performance of a GEWA-T ™ surface for pure R123 and for 10 dilute solutions of five different hydrocarbons: (1) pentane, (2) isopentane, (3) hexane, (4) cyclohexane, and (5) heptane with R123. The heat flux and the wall superheat were measured for each fluid at 277.6 K. A maximum (19±3.5)% increase over the pure R123 heat flux was achieved with the addition of 0.5% mass isopentane to R123. Other mixtures of isopentane, pentane, hexane, and cyclohexane with R123 exhibited smaller maximums than that of the R123/isopentane (99.5/0.5) mixture. Presumably, a layer enriched in hydrocarbon at the heat transfer surface caused the heat transfer enhancement. Conversely, an R123/heptane (99.5/0.5) mixture and an R123/cylcohexane (99.5/0.5) mixture exhibited only degradations with respect to the pure component performance for all test conditions. Several characteristics of the hydrocarbons were examined to determine their influence on the boiling heat transfer performance: molecular weight, molecular structure, composition, surface tension, and vapor pressure.

Field of study: Engineering
Multisourced Flood Inventories over the Contiguous United States for Actual and Natural Conditions

A reliable flood event inventory that reflects the occurrence and evolution of past floods is important for studies of flood hazards and risks, hydroclimatic extremes, and future flood projections. However, currently available flood inventories are based on single-sourced data and often neglect underreported or less impactful flood events. Furthermore, traditional archives store flood events only at sparse geographic points, which significantly limits their further applicability. Also, few publicly available archives contain all-inclusive records of potential natural flooded area over time. To tackle these challenges, we construct two types of multisourced flood event inventories (MFI) for all river basins across the contiguous United States covering the period 1998–2013 on daily and subcatchment scales, which is publicly available at http://flood.umd.edu/download/CONUS/. These archives integrate flood information from in situ observations, remote sensing observations, hydrological model simulations, and five high-quality precipitation products. The first inventory (MFI-Actual) includes all actual floods that occurred in the presence of flood protection infrastructures, while the second, “natural (undefended)” inventory (MFI-Natural) reconstructs the possible “historical” floods without flood protection, which could be more directly influenced by climate variation. In the proposed two inventories, 2,755 and 4,661 flood events were estimated, respectively. MFI-Natural reconstructed 1,597 floods in ungauged basins, and recovered 608 extreme streamflow events in gauged subcatchments where floods would have happened if there were no flood protection. There is an average of four upstream dams located in these flood-recovered subcatchments, which indicates that modern flood defenses efficiently prevent significant flooding from extreme precipitation in many catchments over the country.

Field of study: Environmental science