nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Anti-leisure in dystopian fiction: the literature of leisure in the worst of all possible worlds

Literary utopias, i.e. designs for the theoretically perfect society, have been common in Western literature since Plato's The Republic . A variation on this genre which emerged in the nineteenth century is the anti-utopia, or dystopia, in which an author depicts the worst of all possible societies. Dystopias usually exaggerate contemporary social trends and in doing so, offer serious social criticism. This essay examines the treatment of leisure in four widely-read dystopian novels. The leisure described in these novels we call anti-leisure. It is not leisure's opposite, work, but leisure perverted to achieve the perpetuation of tyranny. Such leisure regulates identity, prevents individual thought, impedes self-sufficiency, encourages immoderation, and distracts citizens from social injustice through various compulsory activities. Such novels encourage the re-examination of theories of leisure from a humanistic standpoint.

Field of study: Sociology
Comparison of high-intensity and low-level laser therapy effecton combined sensory index, sensory conduction velocity and distal motoric latency: a study in moderate carpal tunnel syndrome patients

Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is the most common neuropathy compression syndrome. The effectiveness of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) as one of the conservative therapy for CTS is still debatable. High-intensity laser therapy (HILT) is developed with higher energy and deeper tissue penetration than LLLT. This study aimed to compare the effect of HILT and LLLT on sensory and motoric electrophysiologic parameters in moderate CTS patients. This was an experimental randomized pre and post-test group study. Sixteen patients (fifteen females and one male) with moderate CTS were randomly assigned into two groups. The HILT group was given HILT with analgesic dosage 10 J/cm2 and biostimulation dosage 120 J/cm2. The LLLT group was given LLLT with dosage 6 J/cm2. All treatments were given for ten sessions in 2 weeks. Combined sensory index (CSI), sensory nerve conduction velocity (SNCV), and distal motoric latency (DML) were recorded before and three days after the last treatment. The mean decrease of CSI was more significant in HILT group (-0.37±0.37 ms; p=0.03). There were no significant differences in the mean increase of SNCV (HILT = 3.16±3.15 m/s, LLLT= 2.74±1.42 m/s; p=0.73) and mean decrease in DML between two groups (HILT = - 0.20 ± 0.18 ms , LLLT = - 0.14 ± 0.21 ms; p=0.52). In conclusion, the HILT is more effective than LLLT in improving the CSI values in moderate CTS patients.

Field of study: Medicine
Optical excitation of single- and multi-mode magnetization precession in Fe-Ga nanolayers

We demonstrate a variety of precessional responses of the magnetization to ultrafast optical excitation in nanolayers of Galfenol (Fe,Ga), which is a ferromagnetic material with large saturation magnetization and enhanced magnetostriction. The particular properties of Galfenol, including cubic magnetic anisotropy and weak damping, allow us to detect up to 6 magnon modes in a 120nm layer, and a single mode with effective damping _eff = 0.005 and frequency up to 100 GHz in a 4- nm layer. This is the highest frequency observed to date in time-resolved experiments with metallic ferromagnets. We predict that detection of magnetisation precession approaching THz frequencies should be possible with Galfenol nanolayers.

Field of study: Physics
Neosexism among Women: The Role of Personally Experienced Social Mobility Attempts

An extension of the neosexism model based on the assumption that neosexism derives from experiences of upward mobility within the broader social structure of male-female relations was proposed and evaluated in a sample of 335 secretaries employed in a Canadian federal agency. It posited that the more women attempted to access nontraditional fields of work, the more they experienced discrimination. Personally experienced discriminatory barriers were related to feelings of collective relative deprivation. Moreover, the more women felt deprived on behalf of their group, the less they endorsed neosexist beliefs. Finally, a reverse effect was predicted between neosexism, collective relative deprivation, and responses to affirmative action and a pro-male bias in the evaluation of the competence of male and female managers. Support for this model was obtained by a structural equation modeling technique (EQS).

Field of study: Psychology
Equality of Economic Opportunity and the Gifted Student: a Basic Conflict in the American Tradition

A CADEMICIANS seem to agree that students with extraordinary capacities to learn should be afforded every opportunity to do so. Expressions of concern over the fate of the gifted student appear regularly in articles in a broad range of professional academic journals. Generally, the writers agree that the superior student should be identified early and that special provision should be made for his education. In this writer's view, the special plans being made for the superior student run counter to the longstanding American cultural tradition of equality. Provisions for gifted students must, at the very least, involve a large investment of instructional time, library facilities, and physical resources. In a period of limited enrollments in public education, such concerns would be matters of simple planning; but in a time of public pressure to admit all qualified students, particularly in public higher education, any special provisions for superior students will force specific choices between using instructional resources for the gifted and for the average student. If the demand for the expansion of public education continues, it is not difficult to foresee a time when many academicians will be faced with a sharp conflict. An examination of the cultural theme of equality and its corollaries as they affect public education provides an understanding of this conflict. A modern Tocqueville visiting the United States would be struck by the apparent lack of a formal nation-wide system of public education with a central authority to enforce standardized curriculums, teaching methods, and activities. He would note the numerous types of public schools: one-room rural, large urban vocational, urban academic, county consolidated, and so on. He would also observe the plethora of public organizations which control and direct these schools. A systematic examination of this diversity would reveal, however, that the apparent autonomy of American public schools is in fact superficial, and that there is actually a unified system in operation as centralized and rigidly structured as those in other areas of the world. This system is determined by the general cultural theme of equality and its several corollaries, which define for most Americans what the standards of public education should be and, more importantly, what they should not be.

Field of study: Education
THE 3-D FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS METHOD OF BOX GIRDERS WITH COARSE MESH

To resolve the universal contradiction between the computation accuracy and the computation efficiency in present analysis methods of box girders,the 3-D finite element analysis method of box girders with coarse mesh is proposed.Considering the deformation characters of box girders,two 8-node hexahedral hybrid stress elements with the name of 8N21β and 8N21βc are developed.The construction of the two elements is based on the modified Hellinger-Reissner variation principle with unconforming displacement functions.The 8N21β element is constructed in Cartesian coordinates and can be used for the 3-D finite element analysis of straight box girders,and the 8N21βc element is constructed in cylindrical coordinates and can be used for the 3-D finite element analysis of curved box girders.The numerical examples indicate that the two elements can yield good results under coarse mesh in the 3-D finite element analysis of box girders,and the computation efficiency can be much improved.

Field of study: Engineering
Stable Solidification of Silica-based Ammonium Molybdophosphate in Ceramic Matrices and Its Cesium-leaching Properties

A pressing/sintering method was used for the stable solidification of spent cesium adsorbent by adding natural allophane and mordenite. The stable Cs4Al4Si20O48 crystalline phase was recrystallized by the reaction of Cs2O, Al2O3, and SiO2 above 1000 °C, and the Cs immobilization ratio of approximately 100% was maintained. The solidified products exhibited excellent leaching resistance in distilled water and 0.1 M NaCl. The leaching rate of Cs at 90 °C was in the order of H2O ≈ 0.1 M NaCl ≪ 0.1 M HNO3 < 0.1 M NaOH.

Field of study: Chemistry
EXISTENCE THEOREM FOR A GRAD-MERCIER EQUATION OF PLASMA PHYSICS

In this article we prove that there is a variational solution of a Grad-Mercier equation, which is also a classical solution. ) subject classifications (1980). Primary 35 J.20, 35J25 0.  The plasma at equilibrium is governed by the magneto-hydrodynamic equation. Grad , assuming that the fluid is adiabatic, has proposed a function Ρ in term of u: Ρ = μ (u) (g) Y where μ(u) is a scalar function of u, and s is the area of the level set This research was partially supported by the National Science Council, Republic of China

Field of study: Philosophy
Über einen neuen Versuch zur Anwendung statistischer Methoden in der Tektonik

Die gewShnliche Art der tektonisehen Erforsehung eines Gebietes setzt eine genaue stratigraphische Kenntnis voraus und beruht auf der Verfolgung einzelner Schichtglieder, yon deren riiumlicher Gestalt man sich eine Vorstellung zu bilden sueht. Es lassen sich fiber d e n tektonischen Charakter eines Gebietes aber auch gewisse Feststellungen machen, die yon der Verfolgung bestimmter Horizonte unabh~ngig sind. Begreiflicherweise spielen solche Beobachtungen bisher bei der Aufnahme kristalliner Gebirge, in denen es oft schwer ist, stratigraphische bTiveaus festzuhalten, eine grSl~ere Rolle. Hier f indet man gelegentlich Bemerkungen darfiber, dal~ die Schichten durchwegs steilgestellt, oder fKcherfSrmig augeordnet sind oder dergl. Will man diese Betraehtungsweise welter ausgestalten, so gelangt man notwendig dazu, statistische Methoden zu verwenden, um aus den zahlreichen fiber ein Gebiet Verstreuten Einzelbeobachtungen, die voneinander natfirlich mehr oder weniger abweichen, Ausdrficke zu gewinnen, die ffir d e n tektonischen Zustand des ganzen Gebietes charakteristisch sind. Der Gedanke einer statistischen Behandlung tektonischer Fragen ist nicht mehr neu. So viel ieh sehe, wurde er aber bisher nut auf die Untersuchung der Gesteinsklfifte angewendet. Die Literatur darfiber findet man in F. MULLERIED: ,,Klfifte, Harnische und Tektonik der Dinkelberge und des Basler Tafeljuras" 1) zusam~nengestellt. Ich selbst habe gelegentlich einmal die Harnische in .der groSen EishShle des Tennengebirges (Land Salzburg, DeutschSsterreich ) nach einem ~hnlichen Verfahren untersucht und konnte zeigen, dal~ die Streifen auf den KluftflKchen stets nur eine geringe Neigung gegen die Horizontale haben, da/3 also die einzelnen GesteinsblSeke vorwiegend horizontal gegeneinander bewegt sind ein gutes Bespiel ffir e ine tektonisehe Feststellung, die v o n d e r Veffolgung bestimmter Schichtglieder unabh~ngig i s t2) . Bei meiner Aufnahme des Gebirges zwisehen den Fliissen Etsch und Brenta in den sfidlichen Katkalpen wurde ich nun aber dazu

Field of study: Environmental science
Property Study on Shearer Picks Brazed by Water Soluble Copper Brazing Agent

By using HL105 brazing piece as filler metal and the water soluble copper brazing agent made by self, the coal cutter was welded by induction brazing. 42CrMo steel can be used as body and YG15 hard alloy can be used as head. By studying the microstructure and mechanical property of brazing seam, the bending strength of the welded joint was welded by using home-made fluxes,which has achieve a superior level. The quality of the brazing seam on the condition of the fluxes and water in a four-to-six ratio is superior, when the fluxe is dewatering borax or the fluxes and water in a half-to-half ratio. The longevity of shearer picks welded by water soluble copper brazing agent made by self improves largely. The pieks produced by new process is larger market.

Field of study: Materials science
DIELECTRIC BEHAVIOR OF 2-METHYL-2-PROPANOL IN BENZENE AND PYRIDINE SOLUTIONS. II

Dielectric measurements have been made for 2-methyl-2-propanol in benzene and pyridine solutions at four temperatures. The activation enthalpy and entropy of the principal relaxation of the alcohol decrease upon the addition of these solvents. The mechanism of the principal relaxations of alcohols is discussed from the viewpoint of cluster formation by hydrogen bonds.

Field of study: Chemistry
Wisdom of Domestic Customers: An Empirical Analysis of the Turkish Private Airline Sector

Customer Satisfaction is one of the most important processes in airline industry and is recognized as key to the success of business competition which is the individual’s perception of the performance of the service in relation to expectations. Customers have drastically different expectations and, the objective of airline marketing efforts in today’s fast moving world is to maximize customer satisfaction. For this reason, airline marketers offer more products and services than ever before. In the airline industry understanding what passengers need and expect is essential to providing desired service quality (Gilbert & Wong, 2003) and consequently to understand the airline’s performance levels (Chen & Chang, 2005). An in-depth review of related literature has revealed that a majority of travel researchers tend to define quality as meeting passengers’ needs and expectations. Since customer expectations of service quality may vary at different stages in the service process, it has been strongly argued that in practice, most airlines measure passenger perceptions of their service offerings in order to evaluate and understand the airline's performance level without clear knowledge of passengers' expectations for service in each stage. Consequently, lack of understanding or misunderstanding such expectations could pose serious problems in resource allocation decisions. However, most airlines do not recognize the importance of this approach. Passengers’ expectations are among the factors influencing the service decisions of airlines. The primary objectives of this study are to determine customer expectations and satisfaction of private airline company service in Turkey. There is very limited literature on importance and satisfaction analysis private airline services. Based on a survey of 207 domestic passengers of four Turkish private airlines, this paper reveals passengers demographic profiles, behavioral characteristics, understanding of airline expectations and satisfaction levels with measured involve on twelve factors; convenience of schedules, on time performance, safety, types of airlines, price, comfort, food and drinks, personnel behavior, airline images, baggage services, flight network, cabin services.

Field of study: Business
Can Online Rating Reflect Authentic Customer Purchase Feelings? Understanding How Customer Dissatisfaction Relates to Negative Reviews

The fast growth in online word of mouth (online WOM) reviews has witnessed their wide applications in assisting customers in their purchases. While many positive factors about these reviews have been identified, biases may result from reviewers’ self-selection behavior. To examine whether online WOM ratings reflect authentic customer purchase feelings, this study focuses on the relation between customer dissatisfaction and negative reviews. First, the reviews are fine grained into feature-opinion pairs, after which three explanatory variables are designed to represent the individual, collective, and comprehensive (individual and collective) complaints, with the online rating being considered as the explained variable. Finally, a simple linear regression model is built to determine the relation between customer dissatisfaction (represented by discounting marks of ratings) and negative reviews. Our analysis finds that personal complaints have a positive effect on rating and the most frequent customer complaints have no significant effect on customer ratings.

Field of study: Computer science
Nitrogen and Phosphorus Losses in Runoff from No-Till Soybeans

TILL soybeans and corn were grown on highly erodible loessial soils in north Mississippi with reduced soil and plant nutrient losses. The average an-nual soil loss for the two-year period 1972-1973 from no-till soybeans, planted directly through previous crop residues, was only 0.3 metric tons per hectare (t/ha) as compared with 29 t/ha from conventional till. Total (solution plus sediment) nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) losses in 1973 from no-till soybeans were only 4.7 and 2.8 kg/ha, respectively, as compared with 46.4 and 17.6 kg/ha from conventional till. No-till effectively reduced soil and associated plant nutrient losses, but increased solution P concentrations and losses in runoff.  P concentrations and losses, which were related to crop management practices, increased in the following order: conventional till soy-beans (continuous) < no-till corn-soybeans (rotation) < no-till soybeans (continuous) < no-till soybeans-wheat (double-cropped). The increase in solution P concentra-tions and losses from no-till is attributed to (a) insuffi-cient sediment to sorb P from solution; (b) the additional P fertilizer applied to the double-cropping system; (c) the limited sorption of fertilizer P by the soil caused by decreased fertilizer incorporation; (d) the release of P from crop residues; and (e) possibly a greater phosphate supplying capacity of sediments in runoff from no-till. The mean solution P concentration in runoff from no-till soybeans was 0.40 mg/L, as compared with 0.02 mg/L from conventional till soybeans receiving the same amount of phosphate fertilizer but with more incorpora-tion into the soil at planting. The low erosion rates from no-till practices are signifi-cant because of the potential reduction in soil loss from the increasing acreages of soybeans being planted on marginal land. Farmers can continue to plant soybeans on sloping land and minimize time and labor input without serious erosion and total plant nutrient losses. Thus, where applicable, no-till is a best management practice for reducing potential nonpoint pollution by sediment and total plant nutrients in surface runoff from agriculture.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Practical exploration of the development of network publication of Journal of Physical Education

Network publication has brought intense impact and hard to come by opportunities to the development of periodicals.By analyzing such information as the construction process,functional system,service contents and re-lated data of three major publication platforms of Journal of Physical Education,namely,gateway website,"Sports Online"-a network academic forum,and Journal of Physical Education Online-a network electronic publication,the authors probed into the mode of development of Journal of Physical Education in such aspects as development conception,multimedia interaction,talent cultivation,financial assurance and internationalized development,so as to improve its shortages,exert its advantages,keep providing readers with better network service,and have the up-per hand in the development of sports periodicals in the era of information.

Field of study: Education
Computational modelling of the receptor-tyrosine-kinase-activated MAPK pathway.

The MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) pathway is one of the most important and intensively studied signalling pathways. It is at the heart of a molecular-signalling network that governs the growth, proliferation, differentiation and survival of many, if not all, cell types. It is de-regulated in various diseases, ranging from cancer to immunological, inflammatory and degenerative syndromes, and thus represents an important drug target. Over recent years, the computational or mathematical modelling of biological systems has become increasingly valuable, and there is now a wide variety of mathematical models of the MAPK pathway which have led to some novel insights and predictions as to how this system functions. In the present review we give an overview of the processes involved in modelling a biological system using the popular approach of ordinary differential equations. Focusing on the MAPK pathway, we introduce the features and functions of the pathway itself before comparing the available models and describing what new biological insights they have led to.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Strategies for linking college physical education major to basic education under the background of the Teacher Education Curriculum Standard

Under the background of constantly enhancing teacher qualification,boosting teacher capabilities,and the teacher education curriculum standard,the reform of pre-job training in teacher education in China is very important realistically.At present,the signs of the teaching contents and forms of college physical education major deviating from basic education are quite obvious,shown in that learning skills are undiversified,failing to meet graduates’ need for engaging in teaching,and that a lot of college teachers are lacking in understanding basic education.Therefore,reforming the existing curriculum contents and systems of college physical education major is the fundamental assurance for enhancing the teacher occupational capabilities of students majoring in physical education;establishing a mutual talent cultivation mechanism is the basic way to improve the teacher education capabilities of students majoring in physical education.

Field of study: Education
Comparative analysis of microfin vs smooth tubes in R32 and R410A condensation

This study performs the comparative analysis of R32 and R410A condensation inside a 4.2 mm ID microfin tube: the effects saturation temperature, vapour quality and mass velocities are evaluated. The heat transfer coefficients show a great sensitivity to vapour quality, a non-negligible sensitivity to saturation temperature/pressure, and a non-monotonic trend versus mass velocity. The microfin tube exhibits a maximum heat transfer enhancement with respect to the smooth tube around 3.5−3.6 at a mass velocity of 200 kg m−2s−1 and a vapour quality of 0.8. The optimum mass velocity for R32 and R410A condensation inside the microfin tube is in the range 150−300 kg m−2s−1. R32 exhibits condensation heat transfer coefficients 20 − 30% higher and frictional pressure drops 10 − 20% higher than those of R410A and it seems a valuable low GWP substitute for R410A.

Field of study: Engineering
A cross-scale worldwide analysis of coastal adaptation planning

The Paris Agreement requires measurement of the progress made on adaptation. Tracking the progress made by governments through analysis of policies provides insight into the goals and means to achieve adaptation targets. Here we show the current state of the art in public adaptation planning affecting 136 of the largest coastal port urban agglomerations, covering 68 countries. We identify 226 adaptation policies: 88 at national level, 57 at regional/state level and 81 at city/metropolitan level. This set of adaptation policies can be considered the latest, most up-to-date database of governmental and public-led adaptations. Our analyses show that (1) in one half of cases, there is no evidence of policy implementation, (2) in almost 85% of cases, planned adaptation actions are not driven by present or future climatic impacts or risks, and (3) formal adaptation planning is relatively recent and is concentrated in more developed areas and countries.

Field of study: Environmental science