nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Effect of chimney design on flow induced by a heat source in a room

Fire induced airflow in a compartment is numerically investigated. The fire is modeled by a volumetric heat source centrally located in the fire room. Natural ventilation is provided by a door that plays the role of fresh air entrance and hot gas exhaust. Numerical simulations are carried out using the standard k–e turbulence model coupled with a near wall boundary approach namely the “enhanced wall treatment”. The first part of this study discusses the validity of the Boussinesq approximations to deal with high density variations effects. Results obtained by this assumption together with those found with the ideal gas theory were compared with available experimental data. A better agreement in the temperature prediction was perceived with the second approach (ideal gas) especially in the regions presenting high temperature gradient as the heat source areas. This assumption is therefore adopted in the second part of this work which includes an analysis of the ventilation parameters effects on the airflow pattern inside the fire room. Different geometric parameters as the height, the cross section, the shape and the location of a chimney were investigated. Results of this parametric study have enabled to determine the optimum chimney characteristics ensuring the best ventilation of the fire room studied.

Field of study: Engineering
Deformation of Yule Marble: Part III—OBSERVED Fabric Changes due to Deformation at 10,000 Atmospheres Confining Pressure, Room Temperature, Dry

Preferred orientation patterns are recorded for c axis, a 1, a 2, a 3 axes, ![Graphic][1] lamellae, edges [ e:e ] between prominent ![Graphic][2] lamellae, and ![Graphic][3] lamellae in Yule marble deformed to various degrees in the laboratory at 10,000 atmospheres confining pressure, room temperature, dry. The changes of fabric observed correspond strikingly with those predicted by Handin and Griggs (Part II) on their hypothesis of homogeneous deformation.

Visible ![Graphic][4] lamellae can be correlated with gliding (probably twinning) in the direction and sense appropriate for twinning. Translation on ![Graphic][5] in the opposite sense, though effective in many cases, leaves no microscopically visible trace. Gliding in the twinning sense on ![Graphic][6] could account for development of relatively insignificant lamellae.

Comments are added regarding interpretation of petrofabric data in general, in the light of the results here recorded.

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Field of study: Geology
An application for a modified KdV equation by the decomposition method and finite element method

A numerical solution to a Modified Korteweg-de Vries (MKdV) equation is obtained using a ''lumped'' Galerkin method with quadratic B-spline finite element method (FEM) and using the Adomian's Decomposition Method (ADM). Test problems concerning the motion and interaction of soliton solutions are used to compare the FEM with the ADM. Classical problems concerning the development, motion and interaction of solitons are used to validate the methods. The present methods extremely well in terms of accuracy, efficiency, simplicity, stability and reliability.

Field of study: Mathematics
It's a small, interconnected world after all... : processing

World dairy markets (and product prices) in 2015 have been a topic of often tense discussion for dairy producers from around the globe. By mid-2015, world dairy prices were hovering around the lowest they had been in six years. Furthermore, market sentiments were weak and much of the international press focused on markets rebalancing and producers in various markets around the globe bracing against low prices.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
SnO2 Nanorod Arrays Grown on Carbon Cloth as a Flexible Binder-Free Electrode for High-Performance Lithium Batteries

In this study, SnO2 nanorod arrays have been successfully fabricated on carbon cloth (SnO2 NRAs/CC) through a facile hydrothermal method. According to scanning electron microscope (SEM) images, we can see that SnO2 NRAs are uniformly coated on the CC. Compared to pure SnO2, the SnO2 NRAs/CC exhibited improved electrochemical performance. The SnO2 NRAs/CC electrode can deliver the discharge capacities of 1.78 mAh/cm2 after 100 cycles, retaining 60.9% of the initial capacity. However, for pure SnO2 electrode, only 4.3% (0.11 mAh/cm2) of the initial capacity is maintained after 50 cycles. The excellent electrochemical performance of the SnO2 NRAs/CC should be attributed to the synergistic effect of SnO2 NRAs and the flexible substrate. The arrangement of SnO2 NRAs anchored on the CC could accelerate the transfer of electrons and lithium ions. Moreover, due to the good mechanical properties of CC, the pulverization of SnO2 induced by the intense volume change during charging and discharging cycles can be effectively relieved.

Field of study: Materials science
Hartree--Fock--Bogoliubov Approximation for Finite Systems

Some general features of the spectrum of the Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov equations are examined. Special attention is paid to the asymptotic behavior of the single quasiparticle wave functions (s.qp.w.fs.), matter density distribution and density of the pair condensate. It is shown that due to the coupling between hole and particle states,the deeply bound hole states acquire a width and have to be treated as continuum states. The proper normalization of the s.qp.w.fs. is discussed.

Field of study: Physics
Cambios temporales en la abundancia y composición del ensamble de aves acuáticas en tranques artificiales en Chile central

La zona central de Chile se caracteriza por ser un ambiente de tipo mediterraneo con marcada estacionalidad climatica. En esta zona de gran actividad agricola existen tranques artificiales destinados al regadio, los cuales pueden generar ambientes que constituyen habitats alternativos para el desarrollo y nidificacion de aves acuaticas. A pesar de la existencia de datos censales en este tipo de tranques, no se han realizado trabajos que aborden la estacionalidad climatica como un factor implicado en la variacion temporal de la abundancia y del ensamble ornitologico. En este trabajo, se estudiaron los cambios temporales de las comunidades de aves en dos tipos de tranques en la Region Metropolitana (33° 29' S - 70° 54' W): un tranque de tipo estacional con regimen pluvial, que se seca durante la epoca estival y otro que se alimenta en forma controlada de aguas servidas. Solo en el ambiente de regimen pluvial se observo variacion estacional de la abundancia, la que se correlaciono positivamente con el indice de aridez mensual de Martonne. Por otra parte, en el ambiente de regimen controlado se registro solo una tendencia en el aumento de la abundancia en el periodo estival, sin un incremento significativo. Ademas, se observaron en los dos tipos de tranques cambios estacionales en la composicion de los ensambles, variacion numerica de ciertas poblaciones y dispersion de aves entre tranques cercanos por efectos de desecacion estival. Finalmente, se discute la importancia de los tranques de regimen controlado (e.g. plantas de tratamiento o tranques de aguas servidas) como habitats estivales opcionales durante el proceso de desecacion de sitios estacionales.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Why I Love/Hate Wikipedia: Reflections upon (Not Quite) Subjugated Knowledges

Wikipedia is a well-known online encyclopedia, whose content is contributed and edited by volunteers. Its use by students for their research is, to be polite, controversial. Is Wikipedia really evil, or is it a teaching opportunity in disguise, a representation of some deeper cultural change? We present first-hand accounts from two different disciplines, computer science and anthropology, to illustrate how experiences with Wikipedia may be crossdisciplinary. We use these to reflect upon the nature of Wikipedia and its role in teaching.

Field of study: Education
Biosensor-based diagnostics of contaminated groundwater: assessment and remediation strategy.

Shallow groundwater beneath a former airfield site in southern England has been heavily contaminated with a wide range of chlorinated solvents. The feasibility of using bacterial biosensors to complement chemical analysis and enable cost-effective, and focussed sampling has been assessed as part of a site evaluation programme. Five different biosensors, three metabolic (Vibrio fischeri, Pseudomonas fluorescens 10568 and Escherichia coli HB101) and two catabolic (Pseudomonas putida TVA8 and E. coli DH5alpha), were employed to identify areas where the availability and toxicity of pollutants is of most immediate environmental concern. The biosensors used showed different sensitivities to each other and to the groundwater samples tested. There was generally a good agreement with chemical analyses. The potential efficacy of remediation strategies was explored by coupling sample manipulation to biosensor tests. Manipulation involved sparging and charcoal treatment procedures to simulate remediative engineering solutions. Sparging was sufficient at most locations.

Field of study: Environmental science
PROBING THE ULTRAVIOLET LUMINOSITY FUNCTION OF THE EARLIEST GALAXIES WITH THE RENAISSANCE SIMULATIONS

In this paper, we present the first results from the Renaissance Simulations, a suite of extremely high-resolution and physics-rich AMR calculations of high-redshift galaxy formation performed on the Blue Waters supercomputer. These simulations contain hundreds of well-resolved galaxies at , and make several novel, testable predictions. Most critically, we show that the ultraviolet luminosity function of our simulated galaxies is consistent with observations of high-z galaxy populations at the bright end of the luminosity function , but at lower luminosities is essentially flat rather than rising steeply, as has been inferred by Schechter function fits to high-z observations, and has a clearly defined lower limit in UV luminosity. This behavior of the luminosity function is due to two factors: (i) the strong dependence of the star formation rate (SFR) on halo virial mass in our simulated galaxy population, with lower-mass halos having systematically lower SFRs and thus lower UV luminosities; and (ii) the fact that halos with virial masses below do not universally contain stars, with the fraction of halos containing stars dropping to zero at . Finally, we show that the brightest of our simulated galaxies may be visible to current and future ultra-deep space-based surveys, particularly if lensed regions are chosen for observation.

Field of study: Physics
CONTACT-METAMORPHIC EFFECTS OF TRIASSIC DIABASE AT SAFE HARBOR, PENNSYLVANIA

At Safe Harbor, Pennsylvania, a vertical, north-easterly trending dike of Triassic diabase transects highly folded Antietam schist and Vintage dolomite. A deep quarry in the diabase affords a splendid opportunity to study the contact-metamorphic effects of this intrusion on the country rock, especially along the eastern boundary.

The unaltered Antietam schist is a fine-grained silvery-gray, well-foliated rock containing quartz, feldspar, biotite, and muscovite, but near the intrusion it has been greatly changed. The contact-metamorphic aureole may be divided roughly into two zones: (1) An inner zone, from 5 to 8 feet wide, of dark hornfels containing orthoclase, plagioclase, cordierite, quartz, and chlorite; and (2) an outer zone, of greater and more variable width, of coarser

and lighter-colored rock containing mainly plagioclase, quartz, muscovite, biotite, chlorite, and clinozoisite. Heat was the paramount factor in the metamorphism of the inner zone although hydrothermal solutions later played a role. In the outer zone, hydrothermal solutions were chiefly responsible for the alteration.

The unaltered Vintage dolomite is a foliated fine-grained, saccharoid rock composed of dolomite, feldspar, quartz, and phlogopite. The contact aureole, formed by intrusion of the diabase, consists of two parts: (1) an inner zone, some 20 feet wide, where the rock is a dense, black, nonfoliated limestone made up of carbonate (mostly calcite), phlogopite, antigorite (from forsterite), tremolite, diopside, talc, magnetite, and sphalerite; and (2) an outer zone, of variable width, in which the rock is nonfoliated and sugary-textured and contains carbonate (mostly dolomite), antigorite (from forsterite), phlogopite, and talc (?). The inner zone is the result of strong thermal metamorphism followed by strong hydrothermal alteration. The outer zone was produced by the same two processes operating less intensely.

From a consideration of the miner alassemblage of the hornfels close to the diabase, it is apparent that the Antietam schist was thermally metamorphosed under high temperature and moderate pressure of the pyroxene hornfels facies. Although the Vintage dolomite must have suffered similar thermal alteration, its mineral assemblage does not afford conclusive evidence. In the hydrothermal stage, water, iron, and magnesia, and possibly alumina and silica, were added to the schist, and water, magnesia, silica, iron, zinc, and sulphur were brought into the dolomite. However, the magnesia and silica were probably not magmatic in origin.

Judging from published accounts, the Palisades diabase of New Jersey and New York, like the Safe Harbor diabase, metamorphosed its wall rock under conditions of high temperature and moderate pressure characteristic of the pyroxene hornfels facies. The great Whin sill of northern England, however, was cooler and formed contact rocks belonging to the amphibolite facies.

Field of study: Geology
[Prokaryotic expression and immunogenicity analysis of glycoprotein from infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus].

In order to detect Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus with immunological methods, the surface glycoprotein of a recent IHNV-Sn isolated from farmed rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ) in China was amplified and cloned into pET27b(+) vector (designated as pET27b-G ). The expression of recombinant plasmid pET27b-G in E. coli BL21(DE3) was induced and determined by SDS-PAGE analysis. The predicted molecular weight of glycoprotein protein was approximately 55 kD and was confirmed in this study. The inclusion body of glycoprotein was treated with urea at different urea concentrations, and dialyzed into PBS buffer. Purified glycoprotein with high concentration was obtained after dialyzed in the PBS buffer. Antisera against glycoprotein were produced from immunized rabbits. The prepared antisera could react specifically with both the recombinant glycoprotein and natural glycoprotein of the IHNV-Sn isolated in the test of indirect ELISA, and the titer against the recombinant glycoprotein was 1:20,000. IFA showed that the antisera can recognize the glycoprotein located on the surface of IHNV-Sn and IHNV reference strain. These results indicated that the expressed glycoprotein was immunogenical and antigenical and could be functional as the natural IHNV glycoprotein. These results established a foundation for further study on vaccine and rapid diagnosis of IHNV.

Field of study: Biology
Improved Dual System ABE in Prime-Order Groups via Predicate Encodings

We present a modular framework for the design of efficient adaptively secure attribute-based encryption (ABE) schemes for a large class of predicates under the standard \(k\)-Lin assumption in prime-order groups; this is the first uniform treatment of dual system ABE across different predicates and across both composite and prime-order groups. Via this framework, we obtain concrete efficiency improvements for several ABE schemes. Our framework has three novel components over prior works: (i) new techniques for simulating composite-order groups in prime-order ones, (ii) a refinement of prior encodings framework for dual system ABE in composite-order groups, (iii) an extension to weakly attribute-hiding predicate encryption (which includes anonymous identity-based encryption as a special case).

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Refining process for removing arene-including impurities from solvent oil

The solvent oil which is composed of C3～C10 fraction and come from light oil of natural gas process and light oil by-products of refinery is treated by refining processes of rectify and hydrofining (under temperate conditions). The high quality solvent oil of different grades in concordance with the hygiene standards is produced by removing the impurities such as arene, unsaturated hydrocarbons, organic sulfide, chlorine and nitrogen, etc, and decreasing the content of impurities to 1×10~(-6), therefore the accessional value of products of refinery and gas plant is increased.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Numerical Study of Mixing Enhancement by Shock Waves in Model Scramjet Engine

Anumerical study hasbeenconductedto investigatetheeffectofshockwaveson thesupersonichydrogen ‐airjet e ame stabilized in a Mach 2.5 circularcross-section combustor. Thenumerical model utilizes multispecies Navier ‐ Stokes equationswith detailed chemical reaction modelsand employsa k‐! shear stresstransport model. A wedge is mounted on the side wall of the combustor in order to e nd the interaction of the oblique shock waves with the hydrogen‐air jetlike e ame. The interaction between the shock waves and the mixing layer is classie ed according to the increasing tendency of the growth rate of the mixing layer downstream of the shock waves. It is found that the shock wavescreatea radially inward/outward aire owto thee ame and elongatea e ame-holding recirculation zone, and thus fuel ‐air mixing is enhanced signie cantly, resulting in improved combustion efe ciency. Also, the overall performance is investigated by changing the shock position and considering the mixing/combustion efe ciency and total pressure loss in a model scramjet combustor. Because there exists a tradeoff between the enhanced mixing/combustion efe ciency and the decreased total pressure recovery, it is suggested that the optimized shock position needs to be determined in order to obtain the maximum overall combustor performance using the overall performance index.

Field of study: Physics
Screen-Printed Electrochemical Biosensor for Detection of DNA Hybridization

A method for detection of DNA hybridization process on the screen-printed electrochemical biosensor was investigated. The screen-printed electrochemical DNA biosensor was immobilized with single-stranded DNA (ssDNA), then adsorbed with electroactive indicator Co(phen)33+. Inductively coupled plasma-Atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) were employed to characterize the electrochemical indicator complex which was prepared by the method of complexation reaction. Then cyclic voltammetry (CV) was used to investigate its electrochemical characteristics on the surface of electrodes. On this basis, the process of ssDNA fixed and DNA hybridization event on the electrodes were also studied. Three immobilization methods, direct absorption, covalent binding and electrostatic adsorption, were also discussed. The results indicated that ssDNA was immobilized well by the methods of covalent binding and static adsorption. Meanwhile, the peak current of CV was rising as target DNA hybridized with the probe, which indicated a higher affinity of dsDNA to Co(phen)33+ when the probe was immobilized with electrostatic adsorption. Besides, it displayed peak current is strongly related with target DNA concentration in range of 6.65 × 10-8-4.26 × 10-6 M, R2 = 0.9819. On the basis of the above-mentioned mechanism, the calibration experiment was constructed, and was expected to be used in the detection of disease and pathogenic microorganisms.

Field of study: Chemistry
Characterization of the damage induced in boron-implanted and RTA annealed silicon by the capacitance-voltage transient technique

The electrically active profiles and the induced defects in boron-implanted silicon under different implantation conditions were measured. The implantation profiles were derived from conventional capacitance-voltage measurements. Deep-level defects induced by the technological process have been characterized. Deep-level transient spectroscopy (DLTS) seems not to be sufficient to study the variations of the deep-level properties along the space-charge region of the junctions. In order to achieve a more complete deep-level characterization we have set up a new technique, named the capacitance-voltage transient technique (CVTT), which allows us to determine the spatial variation of the concentration and of the emission rates of the deep levels. The results obtained from the application of these techniques to the study of the influences of the different implantation parameters are presented.

Field of study: Materials science
Popularization of Higher Education in the Context of Quality of Undergraduate Education-Based on the Case Studies Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology

With the popularization of higher education,quality becoming increasingly prominent.In view of undergraduate education as the basis for status,people pay attention to the number of undergraduate education and expand collaboration between the quality assurance issues,exploring ways to establish and improving mechanisms for monitoring the quality of undergraduate education issues.In brief introduction on the basis of popularization of higher education,the undergraduate education,we not only adhere to uniform quality standards,but also recognize that the level of quality standards and different levels with different standard.In this paper,we take Nanjing university of Information science and technology as an example,introducing quality of its undergraduate education guaranteed by the measures taken,providing the quality of undergraduate education proposals with a view to sustainable and healthy development of reference and draw.

Field of study: Economics
Isolation and characterization of starches from two cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) cultivars.

This study was conducted to evaluate and compare the gross chemical compositions and functional properties of starches derived from two cultivars of cowpea. White cowpea starch (WCS) and brown cowpea starch (BCS) were isolated from their respective seeds. The starch yield (40.00%) with its residual protein content (0.09%) from white cowpea seeds was higher than that obtained from brown cowpea seeds. The apparent amylose (AAM) content of WCS was lower than in BCS. Moisture, fats and ash contents for the WCS and BCS were 11.54 and 10.18%, 0.05 and 0.07%, 0.03 and 0.05%, respectively, and their pH was 6.98 and 6.93, respectively. Bulk density of WCS was lower than in BCS; in contrast the percentage dispersibility of WCS was higher than in BCS. The shapes of the starch granules obtained from SEM were round to elliptical with many granules occurring in clusters. WCS granules were clustered while BCS granules were singled. Fissures were also observed on the surfaces of BCS granules. When heated from 55 to 95oC at 10oC intervals, the swelling power (SP) and water solubility index (WSI) of both starches were evaluated. SP of WCS and BCS increased with increased temperature, but were more pronounced in BCS. The WSI of WCS increased progressively with increased temperature until a decrease occurred after 85oC, for BCS the WSI values were inconsistent with increase in temperature. Pasting parameters (PP) were evaluated using RVA. Significant differences were observed in the PP of the two cowpea starches, especially in PV, TV, FV and SV. The results revealed that cultivar difference has an effect on pasting properties of cowpea starch.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences