nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Experimental study of continuous wave hydrogen-fluoride chemical laser overtone performance

The overtone lasing performance of the supersonic continuous wave hydrogen-fluoride chemical laser at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign was optimized by the same set of flow rates that optimized the fundamental performance. When the absorption/scattering losses of the mirrors were taken into account, an overtone efficiency (the ratio of overtone power to maximum fundamental power for the same flow conditions) of 70-90% was achieved. The overtone efficiency was a strong function of medium saturation. There was no significant change in overtone power and efficiency as the mode volume increased. However, there was an increase in the number of lasing lines and a shift to higher rotational (J) lines. Overtone performance was as sensitive to cavitypressure as fundamental performance was

Field of study: Physics
Mesenchymal stem cells suppress CD8+ T cell‐mediated activation by suppressing natural killer group 2, member D protein receptor expression and secretion of prostaglandin E2, indoleamine 2, 3‐dioxygenase and transforming growth factor‐β

Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) inhibit immune cell responsiveness, and especially of T lymphocytes. We showed that BMSCs markedly inhibited the proliferation and cytokine production by CD8+ T cells by a cell‐to‐cell contact phenomenon and secretion of soluble factors. BMSCs down‐regulate the expression of natural killer group 2, member D protein (NKG2D) receptors on CD8+ T cells when co‐cultured with them. Moreover, CD8+ T cells that express low levels of NKG2D had impaired proliferation after triggering by a mitogen. The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I chain‐related (MIC) A/B molecule, which is a typical ligand for NKG2D, was expressed on BMSCs, and caused dampening of cell proliferation. Monoclonal antibody blocking experiments targeted to MIC A/B impaired CD8+ T cell function, as evaluated by proliferation and cytokine production. In addition, the production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), indoleamine 2, 3‐dioxygenase (IDO) and transforming growth factor (TGF)‐β1 were increased when BMSCs were co‐cultured with CD8+ T cells. The addition of specific inhibitors against PGE2, IDO and TGF‐β partially restored the proliferation of CD8+ T cells. Our results suggest that BMSCs suppress CD8+ T cell‐mediated activation by suppressing NKG2D expression and secretion of PGE2, IDO and TGF‐β. Our observations further confirm the feasibility of BMSCs as a potential adoptive cellular therapy in immune‐mediated diseases such as graft‐versus‐host disease (GVHD).

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Construction of Large Nave Phage Display Antibody Library Using Recombinant System

Phage display antibody library especially large nave antibody library is a reliable technology for the selection of antibody from human.Diverse antibody genes were amplified from lymphocytes collected from normal adult peripheral blood,the antibody genes were inserted into the vector which contains Cre-Loxp recombinant sites to obtain a primary phage display library.A large nave Fab phage display library containing 9×10~(10) clones was constructed after the recombination of primary library completed in the recombinant system.The quality of the library was tested by sequence analysis and selection against several recombinant proteins.Sequence analysis of the randomly picked 96 Ig clones showed the library contains various antibody gene types.Panning of four recombinant proteins was successful and specific clones against one antigen were obtained.

Field of study: Biology
Teaching Pharmacy Practice Courses in a First-Professional Year PharmD Curriculum

Since 1996, PHPR 312 (Introduction to Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Care) and PHRM 301 (Integrated Laboratory I) have been included in the curriculum at Purdue University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences. Unique features of these first-professional year, core curriculum courses are described. Additionally, how these courses evolved based on constructive feedback from the enrolled students (ie, what the students liked most about these courses) is discussed. Regarding PHPR 312, students appreciate an instructor who is caring and shows respect for the students. In terms of assignments, examinations, and the administration of the course, students appreciate an organized and detail-oriented course. Students appreciate the application of the PHPR 312 lecture material to the PHRM 301 laboratories and the organization of the laboratories. Based on the feedback from the students, it is the “little things' that mean a lot to these first-professional year students.

Field of study: Education, Medicine
Study and practice on spare-time training of track and field in college students

Based on the basic condition of extracurricular training of track and field of undergraduates (learning task, training time, spare-time training) and principle of track and field training, this paper analyzes the present situation of spare-time training of track and field of collage students in an attempt to explore the thoughtway and rules of spare-time training of track and field of collage and promote training effect.

Field of study: Education
High frequency monitoring reveals aftershocks in subcritical crack growth.

By combining direct imaging and acoustic emission measurements, the subcritical propagation of a crack in a heterogeneous material is analyzed. Both methods show that the fracture proceeds through a succession of discrete events. However, the macroscopic opening of the fracture captured by the images results from the accumulation of more-elementary events detected by the acoustics. When the acoustic energy is cumulated over large time scales corresponding to the image acquisition rate, a similar statistics is recovered. High frequency acoustic monitoring reveals aftershocks responsible for a time scale dependent exponent of the power law energy distributions. On the contrary, direct imaging, which is unable to resolve these aftershocks, delivers a misleading exponent value.

Field of study: Physics
Emission of herbivore elicitor-induced sesquiterpenes is regulated by stomatal aperture in maize (Zea mays) seedlings.

Maize seedlings emit sesquiterpenes during the day in response to insect herbivory. Parasitoids and predators use induced volatile blends to find their hosts or prey. To investigate the diurnal regulation of biosynthesis and emission of induced sesquiterpenes, we applied linolenoyl-L-glutamine (LG) to maize seedlings in the morning or evening using a cut-stem assay and tracked farnesene emission, in planta accumulation, as well as transcript levels of farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase 3 (ZmFPPS3) and terpene synthase10 (ZmTPS10) throughout the following day. Independent of time of day of LG treatment, maximum transcript levels of ZmFPPS3 and ZmTPS10 occurred within 3-4 h after elicitor application. The similarity between the patterns of farnesene emission and in planta accumulation in light-exposed seedlings in both time courses suggested unobstructed emission in the light. After evening induction, farnesene biosynthesis increased dramatically during early morning hours. Contrary to light-exposed seedlings dark-kept seedlings retained the majority of the synthesized farnesene. Two treatments to reduce stomatal aperture, dark exposure at midday, and abscisic acid treatment before daybreak, resulted in significantly reduced amounts of emitted and significantly increased amounts of in planta accumulating farnesene. Our results suggest that stomata not only play an important role in gas exchange for primary metabolism but also for indirect plant defences.

Field of study: Environmental science
Late Pleistocene history of the lower Mohawk and middle Hudson region

Some additional data gathered in recent field-work seem to afford a clear explanation of the drainage history of this region, about certain features of which divergent views have previously been held, and also have a bearing on the more general problems of the Pleistocene history of the Hudson-Champlain Valley. The key to the drainage problems involved is found in the repeated shifting of the course of the Iroquois-Mohawk River as its flooded and sediment-bearing waters flowed across an area from which the static waters of the Mohawk-Hudson region (here referred to as Glacial Lake Albany) were receding. The origin and distribution of the sand-plains of the region, the origin of Saratoga Lake and of Round Lake, of the “old channel of the Hudson west of Schuylerville,” and of the Coveville Inlet of the Hudson River are explained. The features discussed are within the areas covered by the Schenectady, Saratoga, . . .

Field of study: Geology
Nano-optical imaging of exciton polaritons inside WSe2 waveguides

Exciton polaritons, which are hybrid modes between photons and excitons in semiconductors, attract broad research interests in both fundamental science and technological applications. Previous studies are focused on far-field spectroscopy of exciton polaritons with cavity or prism coupling. Here we report on real-space nano-optical imaging study of exciton polaritons using the near-field scanning optical microscopy. The observed polaritons are formed by coupling between photons and excitons in thin flakes of group VI transition-metal dichalcogenides and they show sensitive dependence with the flake thickness. The wavelength of these exciton polaritons can reach as low as 300 nm. By tuning the excitation laser energy, we are able to map the entire polariton dispersion both above and below the A exciton energy. Further analysis indicates that polaritons can propagate over many microns below the exciton energy but are subject to strong Landau damping above.

Field of study: Physics
Anaerobic biodegradability of alkylbenzenes and phenol by landfill derived microorganisms

The objectives of this research were to evaluate the anaerobic biodegradability of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes, phenol and p-cresol by microorganisms present in decomposing refuse and to study the effects of environmental conditions, pertinent to landfills, on the anaerobic degradation of phenol and p-cresol by refuse derived microbial consortia. Microbial inocula were derived from refuse from both landfills and laboratory reactors. While toluene biodegradation was only measured with one inoculum, broad degradation for phenol and p-cresol was measured. Cultures enriched on refuse were then derived from two samples to evaluate conservation of degradative activity against phenol. In one enrichment, phenol degrading activity was maintained after 6 months, while this activity decreased in a second culture. Phenol and p-cresol enrichment cultures also exhibited activity against other hydroxyl-substituted aromatics but not mono-chlorinated phenols. Cellulosic carbon and soluble trace constituents extracted from fresh refuse stimulated phenol degradation with one enrichment. However, the cellulosic carbon was inhibitory to the other phenol and p-cresol enrichment cultures. The pH optima for all cultures were between 6.5 and 7.0. Finally, a high concentration of acetate prevented the efficient removal of benzoate and consequently inhibited phenol degradation. Landfills were shown to be a habitat harboring anaerobic microbial populations capable of degrading toluene and hydroxyl-substituted aromatics, suggesting that contaminant degradation may be maximized with proper landfill management.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Infrared Scanning Monitoring System of Rotary Kiln Body Temperature Measuring

Combined with engineering design practice,the paper introduces functions and working principle of CS200 rotary kiln body temperature non-contact infrared scanning computer industrial monitoring system from American Raytek Company.Real-time monitoring on rotary kiln body surface temperature and kiln body rotating speed are achieved by this system,which is reliable monitoring equipment to prevent damaging rotary kiln body and kiln lining.

Field of study: Materials science
Strongly Dipolar Polythiourea and Polyurea Dielectrics with High Electrical Breakdown, Low Loss, and High Electrical Energy Density

Dielectric materials with high electric energy density and low loss are of great importance for applications in modern electronics and electrical systems. Strongly dipolar materials have the potential to reach relatively higher dielectric constants than the widely used non-polar or weakly dipolar polymers, as well as a much lower loss than that of nonlinear high K polymer dielectrics or polymer–ceramic composites. To realize the high energy density while maintaining the low dielectric loss, aromatic polythioureas and polyureas with high dipole moments, high dipole densities, tunable molecular structures and dielectric properties were investigated. High energy density (>24 J/cm3), high breakdown strength (>800 MV/m), and high charge–discharge efficiency (>90%) can be achieved in the new polymers. The molecular structure and film surface morphology were also studied; it is of great importance to optimize the fabrication process to make high-quality thin films.

Field of study: Materials science
Effect of ultrasonic on desizing and bleaching of cotton

The ultrasonic was used to pre-treat cotton fabrics. An L9(33) orthogonal experiment was designed after a single factor experimental analysis on factors affecting cotton fabric weight loss rate. The optimal technological conditions were determined based on the impacts of ultrasonic treatment on the properties of cotton fabrics. Under the optimal process, factors affecting bleaching were analyzed to select the best bleaching process. The results were as follows. The optimum process of the ultrasonic desizing: temperature 50℃, 30 min, frequency 50 k Hz; the optimum process of cotton fabric bleaching with H2O2: H2O2 concentration of 20 g·L-1, 30 min, 60℃. Under the optimum process, the weightlessness rate, whiteness, wicking height, breaking strength, and elongation rate of cotton fabric was 14.28%, 76.5, 7.4 cm, 305 N, and 42.8%, respectively. The data suggested that ultrasonic pretreatment can reduce the amount of pretreated reagent, shorten the time and decrease production costs.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Use of a Modified Delphi Process to Determine Course Objectives for a Model Global Health Course in a Pharmacy Curriculum

To define course objectives for a model global health course in a pharmacy curriculum.  A modified Delphi process was used to determine a consensus among proposed course objectives. A three-round email panel was sent to members of three special interest groups (SIGs) within the American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy (Public Health, Global Pharmacy Education, and Health Disparities and Cultural Competence) to recruit educators broadly interested or engaged in this area of education. An initial list of 80 potential course objectives across 11 domains was proposed for inclusion. Objectives that were cumulatively rated as either “extremely important” or “very important” by at least 75%, 80%, and 85% of respondents in each of the three rounds, respectively, were moved forward (first and second rounds) or accepted (third round).  Responses were received from 87, 73, and 70 faculty panel members in the three consecutive rounds. The initial list of proposed objectives was narrowed to 65 objectives (19% reduction), and 38 objectives (53%) after the first and second rounds, respectively. The final list was composed of 20 objectives from seven domains. Global burden of disease and social/environmental determinants of health contained the most objectives selected by consensus.  The process identified a consensus for course objectives for a model global health education course. These objectives can be used by pharmacy faculty to align global health education in the profession.

Field of study: Education, Medicine
Experimental investigation of the effects of airflow nonuniformity on performance of a fin-and-tube heat exchanger

The effects of airflow nonuniformity on the thermal–hydraulic performance of a fin-and-tube heat exchanger were investigated experimentally. The test subject was a four-depth-row fin-and-tube heat exchanger with face split tube circuitry. Nonuniform inlet air distribution was generated by partially blocking the heat exchanger entrance cross-section. It was found that airflow nonuniformity causes thermal effectiveness deterioration and pressure drop increase. The size of effectiveness deterioration and pressure drop increase depend on the degree of airflow nonuniformity as well as on the orientation between airflow nonuniformity and tube-side fluid circuitry. For most of the observed nonuniform airflow profiles, which had low or moderate degrees of airflow nonuniformity, the effectiveness deterioration was between 5% and 10%, while the pressure drop increase was between 10% and 20%. For severely nonuniform airflow profiles the effectiveness deterioration was up to 30% and the pressure drop increase was up to 90%.

Field of study: Engineering
Inhibition of plasminogen activation by monoclonal antibodies to the kringle 5-B chain segment of human plasminogen.

Three murine monoclonal antibodies (designated alpha Pg-28, alpha Pg-96, and alpha Pg-247) against human plasminogen were prepared. All three antibodies bound plasminogen and the elastase-digestion product of plasminogen consisting of residues Val442-Asn790 (miniplasminogen). The epitopes recognized by each antibody were distinct. Antibodies alpha Pg-96 and alpha Pg-247 blocked tissue plasminogen activator-dependent lysis in a fibrin plate assay while antibody alpha Pg-28 had no effect. Antibody alpha Pg-96 blocked urokinase- and tissue plasminogen activator-catalyzed, and streptokinase-mediated, plasminogen activation. Antibodies alpha Pg-28 and alpha Pg-247 partially inhibited tissue plasminogen activator-catalyzed plasminogen activation. Antibodies alpha Pg-28 and alpha Pg-247 also inhibited streptokinase-mediated plasminogen activation, but not urokinase-catalyzed activation. Antibody alpha Pg-247 inhibited plasmin catalysis of substrate S-2251 by decreasing the VMAX and increasing the KM of plasmin for the synthetic substrate S-2251 four-fold. The other antibodies had no significant effect on plasmin activity. This differential inhibition of plasminogen activation suggests that activation by urokinase, tissue plasminogen activator, and streptokinase possibly involve distinct regions of miniplasminogen structure.

Field of study: Biology
POT Model of Operation Vehicle Load under Toll-by-weight Mode

The phenomenon of overload operation of Expressway vehicles is particularly serious in China recently. Research on the extreme value of the vehicle load and its development trend is an urgent problem in the design of toll-by-weight mode. On the basis of statistical analysis of a highway WIM data under toll-by-weight mode in Guangdong Province, the vehicle load according to the models of the gross vehicle weight of the statistical analysis by the extreme value analysis theory to establish the pot model, gross vehicle weight distribution in the tail of the distribution function is obtained, and scientifically predict future arbitrary reproduce that may arise during the period of vehicle load value. Results show that the high speed sections of large tonnage vehicles is not accidental, in the future may also appear more large tonnage vehicle load and to pose a serious threat to the safe operation of the bridges and roads. Finally, based on the research results, the toll-by-weight standards proposed improvement suggestions and comments. It provided a useful reference for effectively control ling overloading vehicle loads.

Field of study: Engineering
Dynamic aspects of DGT as demonstrated by experiments with lanthanide complexes of a multidentate ligand.

Sampling of metals with the technique of diffusive gradients in thin-films (DGT) depends on the rates of diffusion and on the kinetics of interconversion of the species present. In this study the discrimination between metal complexes with different dissociation kinetics is investigated. Samplers with differentthicknesses of diffusive and resin gels were deployed in solutions containing 10 microg/L of each metal in the lanthanide (Ln) series (except Pm) and 2.0 x 10(-6) M of the ligand quin2 at an ionic strength of 0.1 M (KNO3) and pH 7.0. Diffusion coefficients of Ln3+ ions and Ln-quin2 complexes were determined in a diffusion cell experiment. The equilibrium speciation of the metals was calculated from available stability constants. The sampling rate (mass/time) was highly dependent on the dissociation-rate constant of the complexes. For complexes with dissociation kinetics that appreciably limited the uptake, the sampling rate decreased significantly with increasing deployment times (12, 24, and 76 h) and was virtually independent of the thickness of the diffusive gel. Placing a layer of diffusive gel behind the resin did not influence the accumulation of Lns in the resin gel, but doubling the thickness of the layer containing resin increased the uptake, and more so for the Lns forming less labile complexes. The Lns forming more labile complexes were enriched in the outer layer of the resin, and there was a trend toward even distribution between the outer and deeper parts of the resin layer for the Lns forming less labile complexes. The measured DGT sampling rates (mass/ time) were reasonably well predicted by a dynamic model that used independently determined kinetic constants. This new knowledge of how metal complexes behave in the sampling process paves the way for using DGT to obtain in situ kinetic information in natural waters.

Field of study: Environmental science
The mechanism of boron tolerance for maintenance of root growth in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.).

Cultivar differences in root elongation under B toxic conditions were observed in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). A significant increase in the length and width of the root meristematic zone (RMZ) was observed in Sahara 3771 (B tolerant) when it was grown under excessive B concentration, compared to when grown at adequate B supply. This coincided with an increase in cell width and cell numbers in the meristematic zone (MZ), whereas a significant decrease in the length and no significant effect on the width of the MZ was observed in Clipper (B intolerant) when it was grown under excessive B supply. This was accompanied by a decrease in cell numbers, but an increase in the length and width of individual cells present along the MZ. Excessive B concentrations led to a significantly lower osmotic potential within the cell sap of the root tip in SloopVic (B tolerant) and Sahara 3771, while the opposite was observed in Clipper. Enhanced sugar levels in the root tips of SloopVic were observed between 48 and 96 h after excess B was applied. This coincided with an increase in the root elongation rate and with a 2.7-fold increase in sucrose level within mature leaf tissue. A significant decrease in reducing sugar levels was observed in the root tips of Clipper under excessive B concentrations. This coincided with significantly lower root elongation rates and lower sucrose levels in leaf tissues. Results indicate a B tolerance mechanism associated with a complex control of sucrose levels between leaf and root tip that assist in maintaining root growth under B toxicity.

Field of study: Environmental science
Contribution of the Circulation Industry,Problems in It and Countermeasures Against Them

China's economics has achieved a great success since its reform and opening to the outside world.As a leading industry,circulation industry not only itself changes largely,but also effects and improves other industries.But under new situations,especially contrast with the WTO's rules,China's circulation industry still has a lot of problems.This paper analyzes those by model and data,then we will give the policy of circulation's innovation.

Field of study: Economics