nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Beam splitter and reflection reducing coatings on ZnSe for 3-14 microm.

Achromatic coatings to provide wideband amplitude division and reflection reduction at 45 degrees incidence have been developed for the 3-14-microm region on CVD ZnSe. The application is directed toward interferometer spectrometers operating in environments that include spaceflight as well as laboratory. Results in good agreement with theoretical designs have been obtained.

Field of study: Physics
Sulfate reduction and thiosulfate transformations in a cyanobacterial mat during a diel oxygen cycle

Bacterial sulfate reduction and transformations of thiosulfate were studied with radiotracers in a Microcoleus chthonoplastes-dominated microbial mat growing in a hypersaline pond at the Red Sea. The study showed how a diel cycle of oxygen evolution affected respiration by sulfate-reducing bacteria and the metabolism of thiosulfate through oxidative and reductive pathways. Sulfate reduction occurred in both oxic and anoxic layers of the mat and varied diurnally, apparently according to temperature rather than to oxygen. Time course experiments showed that the radiotracer method underestimated sulfate reduction in the oxic zone due to rapid reoxidation of the produced sulfide. Extremely high reduction rates of up to 10 μmol cm−3 d−1 were measured just below the euphotic zone. Although thiosulfate was simultaneously oxidized, reduced and disproportionated by bacteria in all layers of the mat, there was a shift from predominant oxidation in the oxic zone to predominant reduction below. Concurrent disproportionation of thiosulfate to sulfate and sulfide occurred in all zones and was an important pathway of the sulfur cycle in the mat.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Controlling of electrical and interface state density properties of ZnO: Co/p-silicon diode structures by compositional fraction of cobalt dopant

The heterojunction diodes based on cobalt doped zinc oxide (ZnO) were prepared by sol–gel deposition method. The compositional fraction of cobalt dopant was varied to control the electrical parameters of the diode. Atomic force microscopy was used to determine the structural properties of ZnO:Co films. The ZnO:Co films have a microfiber structure and the structure of microfibers was changed with the cobalt dopant. The ideality factor values of 5% and 15% Co doped ZnO:Co/p-Si diodes were determined to be 3.49 and 7.51, respectively. The barrier height of the ZnO:Co/p-Si diodes were found to vary from 0.75 eV to 0.78 eV. It is concluded that the electrical and interface state density properties of ZnO:Co/p-Si diodes can be controlled by compositional fraction of cobalt dopant.

Field of study: Engineering
Bulk and Plate Annulus Stacks for Compact NMR Magnets: Trapped Field Characteristics and Active Shimming Performance

We have constructed two “annulus” magnets, YP2800 and YB10; each consists of 2800 YBCO thin square “plate annuli” (YP2800) and 10 YBCO thick “bulk annuli” (YB10). Their trapped field characteristics, spatial and temporal, were investigated and compared, experimentally and analytically. Two sets of field-cooling tests were performed at 77 K: (1) maximum trapped field tests, where a 2-T background field was applied to investigate the maximum trapped field capability of the two magnets; and (2) reduced trapped field tests, where spatial homogeneity improvement of the two magnets was investigated after field cooling with a reduced background field. Also, a Z1 copper shim coil was designed, constructed, and operated, alone and with YP2800 and YB10. When it was operated with the annulus magnets at 77 K, a significant attenuation of the shim coil strength was observed due to the screening currents induced within the annulus magnets.

Field of study: Physics
Strengthening the public health workforce: An estimation of the long-term requirements for public health specialists in Serbia.

At the beginning of the 21st century, planning the public health workforce requirements came into the focus of policy makers. The need for improved provision of essential public health services, driven by a challenging non-communicable disease and causes of death and disability within Serbia, calls for a much needed estimation of the requirements of the public health professionals. Mid and long-term public health specialists' supply and demand estimations out to 2025were developed based on national staffing standards and regional distribution of the workforce in public health institutes of Serbia. By 2025, the supply of specialists, taking into account attrition rate of -1% reaches the staffing standard. However, a slight increase in attrition rates has the impact of revealing supply shortage risks. Demand side projections show that public health institutes require an annual input of 10 specialists or 2.1% annual growth rate in order for the four public health fields to achieve a headcount of 487 by 2025 as well as counteract workforce attrition rates. Shortage and poor distribution of public health specialists underline the urgent need for workforce recruitment and retention in public health institutes in order to ensure the coordination, management, surveillance and provision of essential public health services over the next decade.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Effects of Bonding Wires and Epoxy Molding Compound 
on Gold and Copper Ball Bonds Intermetallic Growth Kinetics in Electronic Packaging

This paper discusses the influence of bonding wires and epoxy mold compounds (EMC) on intermetallic compound (IMC) diffusion kinetics and apparent activation energies (Eaa) of CuAl and AuAl IMCs in a fineline ball grid array package. The objective of this study is to study the CuAl and AuAl IMC growth rates with different epoxy mold compounds and to determine the apparent activation energies of different combination of package bills of materials. IMC thickness measurement has been carried out to estimate the coefficient of diffusion (Do) and Eaa various aging conditions of different EMCs and bonding wires. Apparent activation energies (Eaa) of both wire types were investigated after high temperature storage life tests (HTSL) for both molding compounds. Au bonds were identified to have faster IMC formation, compared to slower IMC growth of Cu. The Eaa obtained for CuAl IMC diffusion kinetics are 1.08 and 1.04 eV with EMC A and EMC B, respectively. For AuAl IMC diffusion kinetics, the Eaa obtained are 1.04 and 0.98 eV, respectively, on EMC A and EMC B. These values are close to previous HTSL studies conducted on Au and Cu ball bonds and are in agreement to the theory of HTSL performance of Au and Cu bonding wires.Overall, EMC B shows slightly lower apparent activation energy (Eaa) valueas in CuAl and AuAl IMCs. This proves that the different types of epoxy mold compounds have some influence on IMC growth rates.

Field of study: Materials science
Establishment and validation of a guinea pig model of latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection

To establish a guinea pig model of latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infec-tion for evaluating the effects of therapeutic vaccines .Methods Guinea pigs were subcutaneously inocula-ted with 5.0×103 CFU Mtb.The skin test was performed with 0.5μg recombinant ESAT6-CFP10 protein to detect positive conversion rates at different time points .Two weeks after Mtb inoculation , guinea pigs in model group received 5 mg isoniazid treatment （ three times a week for four weeks ） by oral gavage , while those in control group received normal saline .At the sixth week after Mtb infection , guinea pigs with and without isoniazid treatment were dissected for pathology examination .The pathological scores of liver , spleen and lung, as well as bacteria loads in spleen were compared between two groups .The established guinea pig model of latent infection was then validated by testing two reference vaccines （ AEC/BC02 and AEC/BC03 ） .  Two weeks after Mtb inoculation , all guinea pigs showed positive EC skin test with induration area of （19.9±3.0） mm.Upon four weeks of isoniazid treatment , the guinea pigs in model group showed no pathological changes with zero scores in the examined organs .No bacterium was detected in spleen of ani-mals from model group.However, the total pathological score was 38.8±16.5 and bacteria load in spleen was （5.1±0.3） Log10 CFU with the guinea pigs from control group .Natural recurrence of tuberculosis in model group was observed after drug withdrawal .The total pathological scores were 48.5±23.9 and 51.3± 23.41.The bacterial loads in spleen were （4.5±1.3） and （4.2±1.1） Log10 CFU and bacterial loads in lung were （4.1±1.2） and （3.4±1.3） Log10 CFU respectively as verified with reference vaccines of AEC /BC02 and AEC/BC03.Conclusion Isoniazid treatment inhibited the proliferation of inoculated Mtb in guinea pigs.A guinea pig model of latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection is successfully established with an advantage of good repeatability .Therefore, it can be used to evaluate the effects of therapeutic vaccines on latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. 
 
 
Mycobacterium tuberculosis ;  Latent infection ;  Animal model;  Guinea pig;  TB vaccine

Field of study: Biology
Ein Verfahren zur Trennung von Isotopengemischen durch Diffusion in strömendem Quecksilberdampf

ZusammenfassungDas früher angegebene Verfahren zur Trennung von Isotopengemischen wird dadurch verbessert, daß an Stelle der Diffusion durch eine poröse Wand die Diffusion in strömendem Quecksilberdampf zur Trennung verwandt wird. Hierzu wird eine Diffusionspumpe besonderer Bauart benutzt, welche die Eigenschaft hat, aus einem Gasgemisch bevorzugt die schneller diffundierenden Bestandteile zu pumpen. Aus zwölf solchen Pumpen wird eine Apparatur zusammengesetzt, welche für die Neonisotopen eine Änderung des Isotopenverhältnisses um etwa den Faktor 10 ergibt.

Field of study: Physics
Effect of substituting of cocoa powder for carob flour in cakes made with soy and banana flours.

This study evaluated the effect of replacing cocoa powder by carob flour in gluten-free cakes. Five cake formulations were prepared: standard (100% cocoa powder); T1 (25% carob flour), T2 (50% carob flour), T3 (75% carob flour) and T4 (100% carob flour). The following were analyzed: moisture, carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, dietary fiber, ash and energy. The physical analysis of height and weight, pre-and post-cooking, and the heat factor were performed. The sensory analysis of color, odor, taste and texture was performed by affective test, and color was assessed using a Minolta colorimeter. The replacement of cocoa powder by carob flour gave the cakes a higher level of dietary fiber (16.42 the 2.89 g%), a lower lipid (6.89 the 5.27 g%) and carbohydrate content (20.65 the 8.42 g%), and lower calorie content (208.89 the 148.07 kcal%). The cake made with 100% carob flour was darker in color than the others. The increasing substitution of cocoa powder by carob flour resulted in decreased cohesiveness (0.51 the 0.46), elasticity (0.95 the 0.79) and resilience in the cakes (0.26 the 0.24). The cakes with greater substitution of cocoa powder were heavier in weight. With respect to sensory attributes, the cakes with replacement of up to 75% of cocoa powder by carob flour showed no significant difference. The results indicate that it is possible to prepare gluten-free cakes from soy and banana flours, using carob flour to replace cocoa powder, which are rich in protein, fiber, low in calories and with pleasant sensory characteristics for people with celiac disease.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Herbivores regulate the sensitivity of soil organic carbon decomposition to warming

There is considerable interest in how the sensitivity of soil organic carbon (SOC) decomposition to warming is determined by the degree of recalcitrance (i.e., quality) of SOC. Although herbivores have widespread effects on the quality of plant litter, from which SOC is derived, herbivores are seldom considered in studies that examine the response of SOC degradation and greenhouse gas emissions to warming. In this study, we addressed the question: do herds of wild ungulates affect the temperature sensitivity of SOC decomposition in grasslands of Yellowstone National Park (YNP)? We examined the effects of ungulates on temperature sensitivity by comparing microbial respiration at different temperatures in incubated soils collected inside and outside long-term ungulate exclosures. Exclosure sites included grasslands on hilltops, slopes, and at the base of slopes that varied considerably in soil properties. Herbivores reduced the temperature sensitivity of SOC decomposition uniformly among sites by 20% (P?=?0.002). The herbivore?induced decline in temperature sensitivity was probably governed by YNP grazers increasing the quality of grassland SOC. Results from this study suggest that herbivores regulate how global warming modifies grassland SOC decomposition, stability, and CO2 emissions.

Field of study: Environmental science
Structure Understanding of Handwriting Based on Intelligent Interaction

Proposes a new approach of intelligently editing handwriting based on multilayer structure understanding. The approach distills separate word, line, paragraph primarily from bottom to up, then makes use of holistic information to partition accurately the compositive information from top to bottom. The distilled information is expressed a multilayer structure for the editing and recognizing of handwriting. The users can edit the handwriting using gestures based on the structure of handwriting.The results of our informal user test show that the approach is effective and robust for intelligent editing of handwriting.

Field of study: Computer science
Serum IgG subclass antibodies to gliadin and other dietary antigens in children with coeliac disease.

IgG subclasses of antibodies to the dietary antigens gliadin, glycgli (a gluten component), ovalbumin (OA) and beta-lactoglobulin (BLG) were quantified in children with coeliac disease (CD), nine on a gluten-containing diet, 15 on a gluten-free diet, and in appropriate controls. In addition, total serum IgG subclasses were measured. IgG1 and IgG3 antibodies to gluten and glycgli were detected in 9/9 and 8/9 CD-patient on a gluten-containing diet, respectively, and in 4/15 and 6/15 patients on a gluten-free diet. None of the controls had appreciable levels of IgG1 antibodies and only 1/22 of the controls had IgG3 antibodies to gliadin and glycgli. IgG2 and IgG4 antibodies to the same antigens were found in a few coeliacs and controls. Consecutive samples from coeliac children (8 patients) showed a clear relation between the exposure to gluten and a rise in IgG1 (8/8) and IgG3 antibody levels (7/8). In contrast, IgG antibodies to OA and BLG were almost exclusively of the IgG1 and IgG4 subclasses. The highest levels were found in children with CD, but the differences between the groups were not significant. Total serum IgG subclasses did not differ between the groups, but the IgG2 and IgG4 levels in most coeliac children were low. The production of IgG1 and IgG3 antibodies to gluten components may be an important precondition for the development of coeliac disease in susceptible individuals.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
An epidemic of coronary heart disease.

The major public health concern during the past 50 years has been coronary heart disease (CHD), which has been the leading cause of death in the UK and other nations in the temperate parts of the world, in particular northern Europe and North America. It has run in families and it has brought to a premature end the lives of people in their prime. It has robbed wives of their husbands and husbands of their wives. It has robbed children of their parents and sometimes parents of their children.

However, it is now clear that in these countries CHD was an epidemic of the latter half of the 20th century. The onset of the epidemic appears to have been shortly after the First World War, but now, in the early 21st century, the epidemic is almost at an end.

The earliest clinico-pathological report of CHD was in 1859, an anecdotal case report of myocardial infarction (MI) presented to the Swedish Medical  It defined the clinical features of MI and also the pathological features found at autopsy, linking the two aspects. The report was not known outside Sweden and at the time it did not appear to be important. The fact that this was a single case report was emphasized by the Swedish physician B.W. Johansson and pathologist P. Nichol. They drew attention to the 1859 report, contrasting it with 770 new cases of MI occurring in Malmo in 1978 

At the beginning of the 20th century, CHD was effectively unknown in the UK. It received no mention in the earlier writings of Sir James MacKenzie, who was initially a general medical practitioner in Burnley, Lancashire and later the father of cardiology in the UK.2 MacKenzie first mentioned angina in the third edition of his book …

Field of study: Medicine
In vitro suppression of fungi caused by combinations of apparently non-antagonistic soil bacteria.

We hypothesized that apparently non-antagonistic soil bacteria may contribute to suppression of fungi during competitive interactions with other bacteria. Four soil bacteria (Brevundimonas sp., Luteibacter sp., Pedobacter sp. and Pseudomonas sp.) that exhibited little or no visible antifungal activity on different agar media were prescribed. Single and mixed strains of these species were tested for antagonism on a nutrient-poor agar medium against the plant pathogenic fungi Fusarium culmorum and Rhizoctonia solani and the saprotrophic fungus Trichoderma harzianum. Single bacterial strains caused little to moderate growth reduction of fungi (quantified as ergosterol), most probably due to nutrient withdrawal from the media. Growth reduction of fungi by the bacterial mixture was much stronger than that by the single strains. This appeared to be mostly due to competitive interactions between the Pseudomonas and Pedobacter strains. We argue that cohabitation of these strains triggered antibiotic production via interspecific interactions and that the growth reduction of fungi was a side-effect caused by the sensitivity of the fungi to bacterial secondary metabolites. Induction of gliding behavior in the Pedobacter strain by other strains was also observed. Our results indicate that apparently non-antagonistic soil bacteria may be important contributors to soil suppressiveness and fungistasis when in a community context.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Nonlinear numerical simulation of rainwater infiltration through road embankments by FEM

This paper presents the results of nonlinear numerical simulations carried out to analyze rainwater infiltration through a road embankment structure using the finite element method (FEM) technique. The analysis of this paper includes a simplification of a cross-sectional road embankment located in Santander (Northern Spain) and considers different realistic hydraulic material parameters, according to the relevant literature, in order to study their effect on water movement throughout the section over time. The model solved the nonlinear Richards’ equation using the constitutive relationships of van Genuchten–Mualem. Finally, the analysis of the numerical results reveals four main conclusions: (1) models based on FEM are suitable for analyzing rainwater infiltration in road structures, (2) the hard-shoulder area of the highway represents an important infiltration point for rainwater in road structures, (3) the embankment material can greatly affect the soil’s water content in this part of the road, and (4) the analysis of the soil water retention curve of the embankment material provides relevant information about its hydraulic behavior under unsaturated conditions.

Field of study: Mathematics
Geology of Mount Diablo and Vicinity

Mount Diablo is located at the north end of the Mount Diablo Range, which is the central group of the Coast Ranges. It stands between the great central valley of California and the Pacific Coast adjacent to San Francisco. Rising thus from near sea level to an elevation of 3,849 feet, it is in view from the eastern slopes of the Sierra Nevada Mountains to the Golden Gate and is a reference land mark for central and northern California. Mount Diablo proper is an ovate mass of metamorphic and igneous rocks, fifteen square miles in area, protruding through the center of a great anticlinal fold fifty miles long. Cretaceous and Tertiary sedimentary rocks in the flanks of the anticline make parallel ridges of erosion 1,500 to 2,000 feet high on the northeast and southwest sides of the mountain. Surveys of Jurassic, Cretaceous, and Tertiary sedimentary rocks of . . .

Field of study: Geology
Assessing TMDL effectiveness using flow-adjusted concentrations: a case study of the Neuse River, North Carolina.

Integrated control of both point and nonpoint source water pollution using Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) assignments will be a major regulatory focus over the next decade. We propose the use of "flow-adjusted" pollutant concentrations to evaluate the effectiveness of management actions taken to meet approved TMDLs. Pollutant concentrations are usually highly correlated with streamflow, and flow is strongly weather-dependent. Thus, pollutant loads, which are calculated as pollutant concentration multiplied by streamflow, have a large weather-dependent variance component. This natural variation can be removed by calculating flow-adjusted concentrations. While such values are not a direct measure of pollutant load, they make it easier to discern changes in streamwater quality. Additionally, they are likely to be a better predictor of pollutant concentrations in the receiving waterbody. We demonstrate the use of this technique using long-term nutrient data from the Neuse River in North Carolina. The Neuse River Estuary has suffered many eutrophication symptoms, and a program to reduce nutrient loading has been in place for several years. We show that, in addition to revealing recent reductions in nutrient inputs, annual flow-adjusted riverine nutrient concentrations show a more pronounced relationship with estuarine nutrient concentrations than do annual nutrient loads. Thus, we suggest that the calculation of flow-adjusted concentrations is a useful technique to aid in assessment of TMDL implementation.

Field of study: Environmental science
Climate change impacts on the power generation potential of a European mid-century wind farms scenario

Wind energy resource is subject to changes in climate. To investigate the impacts of climate change on future European wind power generation potential, we analyze a multi-model ensemble of the most recent EURO-CORDEX regional climate simulations at the 12 km grid resolution. We developed a mid-century wind power plant scenario to focus the impact assessment on relevant locations for future wind power industry. We found that, under two greenhouse gas concentration scenarios, changes in the annual energy yield of the future European wind farms fleet as a whole will remain within ±5% across the 21st century. At country to local scales, wind farm yields will undergo changes up to 15% in magnitude, according to the large majority of models, but smaller than 5% in magnitude for most regions and models. The southern fleets such as the Iberian and Italian fleets are likely to be the most affected. With regard to variability, changes are essentially small or poorly significant from subdaily to interannual time scales.

Field of study: Environmental science