nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Inhibition of STAT3 acetylation is associated with angiotesin renal fibrosis in the obstructed kidney

To explore the relationship between the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling and renal fibrosis.Rat renal tubular epithelial NRK-52E cells were treated with angiotesin II (Ang II), nicotinamide (an inhibitor of NAD+-dependent class III protein deacetylases, SIRT1-7), or resveratrol (an activator of SIRT1). Mice underwent unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) were used for in vivo studies. Renal interstitial fibrosis was observed with HE and Masson's trichrome staining. STAT3 acetylation and phosphorylation, fibronectin, collagen I, collagen IV, and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) levels were examined using Western blotting.Nicotinamide (0.625–10 mmol/L) dose-dependently increased STAT3 acetylation on Lys685 and phosphorylation on Tyr705 in NRK-52E cells, accompanied by accumulation of fibronectin and collagen IV. Ang II increased STAT3 phosphorylation on Tyr705 and the expression of fibronectin, collagen IV and α-SMA in the cells. Pretreatment with resveratrol (12.5 μmol/L) blocked Ang II-induced effects in the cells. UUO induced marked STAT3 phosphorylation, fibronectin, collagen IV and α-SMA accumulation, and renal interstitial fibrosis in the obstructed kidneys, which were significantly attenuated by daily administration of resveratrol (100 mg/kg).Conclusion:STAT3 acetylation plays an important role in activation of STAT3 signaling pathway and consequent renal fibrosis.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
A note on a solution of Possio’s integral equation for an oscillating airfoil in subsonic flow

Following a procedure analogous to that used by Schwarz for solving the integral equation for an oscillating airfoil in incompressible flow, a method of attack on the same problem for subsonic, compressible flow is outlined. The circulation and kernel to the circulation integral equations are expanded in series with the coefficients M'n and M2n In M, and a corresponding expansion for the Green's function is thereby implicitly determined. The solution up to (but not including) terms of 0(Mi, M* In M) is stated. A method of iteration for improving a given solution is also indicated.

Field of study: Mathematics
Pultruded GFRP Reinforcing Bars Using Nanomodified Vinyl Ester

Glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) reinforcing bars have relatively low shear strength, which limits their possible use in civil infrastructure applications with high shear demand, such as concrete reinforcing dowels. We suggest that the horizontal shear strength of GFRP bars can be significantly improved by nanomodification of the vinyl ester resin prior to pultrusion. The optimal content of functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) well dispersed into the vinyl ester resin was determined using viscosity measurements and scanning electron micrographs. Longitudinal tension and short beam shear tests were conducted to determine the horizontal shear strength of the nanomodified GFRP reinforcing bars. While the tensile strength of the GFRP reinforcing bars was improved by 20%, the horizontal shear strength of the bars was improved by 111% compared with the shear strength of neat GFRP bars pultruded using the same settings. Of special interest is the absence of the typical broom failure observed in GFRP when MWCNTs were used. Differential scanning calorimetry measurements and fiber volume fraction confirmed the quality of the new pultruded GFRP bars. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) measurements demonstrated the formation of carboxyl stretching in nanomodified GFRP bars, indicating the formation of a new chemical bond. The new pultrusion process using nanomodified vinyl ester enables expanding the use of GFRP reinforcing bars in civil infrastructure applications.

Field of study: Materials science
How not to measure the efficiency of public services (and how one might)

The single-input case of the 'technical efficiency' theory of M. J. Farrell is reformulated geometrically and algebraically. Its linear programming developments as 'data envelopment analysis' are critically reviewed, as are the related techniques of 'stochastic frontier analysis'. The sense and realism of using data envelopment analysis or stochastic frontier analysis techniques, rather than some value-based method, for the assessment of police force efficiency are questioned with reference to the Spottiswoode report and related studies.

Field of study: Mathematics
Biased Information Search in Homogeneous Groups: Confidence as a Moderator for the Effect of Anticipated Task Requirements

When searching for information, groups that are homogeneous regarding their members' prediscussion decision preferences show a strong bias for information that supports rather than conflicts with the prevailing opinion (confirmation bias). The present research examined whether homogeneous groups blindly search for information confirming their beliefs irrespective of the anticipated task or whether they are sensitive to the usefulness of new information for this forthcoming task. Results of three experiments show that task sensitivity depends on the groups' confidence in the correctness of their decision: Moderately confident groups displayed a strong confirmation bias when they anticipated having to give reasons for their decision but showed a balanced information search or even a dis confirmation bias (i.e., predominately seeking conflicting information) when they anticipated having to refute counterarguments. In contrast, highly confident groups demonstrated a strong confirmation bias independent of the anticipated task requirements.

Field of study: Psychology
X-ray photoemission study of polycrystalline Mg(1-x)Al(x)B(2)

Polycrystalline Mg(1-x)Al(x)B(2) (x = 0, 0.1, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 1) samples have been prepared by a conventional solid state reaction. The Mg 2p, Al 2p and B 1s core level binding energies have been studied using X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS). It is found that Mg 2p, Al 2p and B 1s core level binding energies increase with the Al content in Mg(1-x)Al(x)B(2) when x = 0.5, and the maxima in the binding energies of Mg 2p and Al 2p are observed in sample Mg(0.5)Al(0.5)B(2). In contrast to the Mg 2p and Al 2p core levels, the B 1s binding energy shows a minimum when x = 0.5.

Field of study: Physics
Research on the Algorithm of LAN Performance Evaluation Based on Deep Learning

A network performance evaluation algorithm is presented based on deep learning framework RNN on this paper. The algorithm collects 8 index parameters in the private LAN and realizes the automatic evaluation of the three levels of the private LAN: excellent, good, and unqualified. The results of the example verification and analysis show that the algorithm proposed in this paper evaluates the performance of the private area network using K-fold cross-validation. The correctness of the algorithm is over 90%. The robustness and high efficiency of the algorithm, the computing time of milliseconds, can be effectively applied to the real-time performance evaluation of the local area network.

Field of study: Engineering
Distribution of nimodipine in brain following intranasal administration in rats.

To determine whether nasally applied nimodipine (NM) could improve its systemic bioavailability and be transported directly from the nasal cavity to the brain.



NM was administered nasally, intravenously (iv), and orally to male Sprague-Dawley rats. At different times post dose, blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and brain tissue samples were collected, and the concentrations of NM in the samples were analyzed by HPLC.



Oral systemic bioavailability of NM in rats was 1.17 %, nasal dosing improved bioavailibility to 67.4 %. Following intranasal administration, NM concentrations in olfactory bulb (OB) within 30 min post dose were found significant higher than in the other brain tissues. However, similar NM levels in different brain regions were observed after iv injection. AUC in CSF and OB from the nasal route was 1.26 and 1.39 fold compared with the iv route, respectively. The brain-to-plasma AUC ratios were significantly higher after nasal administration than after iv administration (P<0.01).



Nasally administered NM could markedly improve the bioavailability and a fraction of the NM dose could be transported into brain via the olfactory pathway in rats.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Misdirected Funds: Problems of Uncertainty and Inconsistency

The recent cases of Lipkin Gorman v Karpnale LtdI and Agip (Africa) Ltd v Jackson2 and the ensuing academic comment have done much to clarify the principles behind the law of restitution and the various forms of equitable liability for involvement in a breach of trust. It must not, however, be forgotten that in practice a claim based on unjust enrichment or wrongful involvement in a breach of trust is likely to be brought in conjunction with a claim for conversion or for a breach of a contractual or tortious duty to take reasonable care to safeguard the plaintiff from fraud. An examination of the principles behind tortious and contractual liability shows that they are not necessarily consistent with these recent developments, and that as a result the outcome of a case may depend more on the mechanism used by the fraudster to misdirect the plaintiff's money than on either the injustice of the defendant's enrichment or the wrongful nature of his behaviour.3 This leads to inconsistency and the blurring of the key issues. As one commentator has already pointed out in this context,4 the court should never lose sight of the fact that the fundamental question is who, as between two innocent parties, should in good conscience bear the loss caused by a third party. The difficulty is aggravated by the different intellectual approaches of the 'property lawyer,' the 'restitution lawyer' and the 'common lawyer.'5 This article examines the ways in which restitution, contract, tort and equity address the problems of misdirected funds. It highlights the inconsistencies between the approaches adopted by each branch of the law, and suggests that the outcome of any dispute will depend more on the technical nature of the fraud than on the key issue of principle, namely which of two innocent parties should bear the loss. Finally, it is argued that the law could be clarified and simplified if the

Field of study: Law
An Economic Analysis of Promoting the Citizenization of Fujian's Transferred Agricultural Population

To orderly promote the citizenization of agricultural population is the inevitable requirement of economic and social development.Under the influence of accelerating transformation of the pattern of development,pushing forward urbanization actively and steadily and balancing urban and rural development,Fujian Province keeps on promoting the transferred agricultural population's urbanization.From the perspective of the individuals,the decision on their urbanization can be regarded as a kind of investment behavior,the economic motivation of which is a kind of cost-benefit factor analysis,including direct cost,opportunity cost,psychological cost,income,education return,medical benefits,and cultural gains.The public administration should work on measures to reduce the total cost,promote the agricultural transfer population's urbanization actively,innovate the mandatory system,and establish a system to promote the citizenization.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Stellar Migration by Short Lived Density Peaks Arising from Interference of Spiral Density Waves in an N-body Simulation

We identify migrating stars in an N-body hybrid simulation of a Milky-Way-like disk. Outward migration can occur when a star in a low eccentricity orbit lags a shortlived local spiral arm density peak. We interpret short lived local density peaks, that appear and fade on approximately an orbital period, as arising from positive interference between spiral density wave patterns that are longer lived. We nd that stars near such a peak can migrate over a signicant distance in galactocentric radius during the peak lifetime, providing that the peak is suciently dense. We propose that short lived density peaks, caused by interference between spiral density waves, can induce radial migration even when there are no spiral density waves that are strong near their corotation resonance. Using a Gaussian bar model for the potential perturbation associated with a narrow transient spiral feature, estimates of the migration rate, angular oset between particle and spiral feature, and maximum eccentricity for migrators roughly agrees with the values measured in our simulation. When multiple spiral density waves are present, local density peaks can appear and disappear on timescales faster than the timescale estimated for growth and decay of individual waves and the peak surface density can be larger than for any individual wave. Consequently, migration induced by transient density peaks may be more pervasive than that mediated by the growth and decay of individual patterns and occurring at their corotation resonance. We discuss interpretation of transient-like behavior in terms of interfering patterns, including estimating a coherence time for features that appear due to constructive interference, their eective angular rotation rates and the speed and direction that a density maximum would move across a galaxy inducing a localized and traveling burst of star formation.

Field of study: Physics
Raman Lidar for Meteorological Observations, RALMO - Part 1: Instrument description

A new Raman lidar for unattended, round-the-clock measurement of vertical water vapor profiles for operational use by the MeteoSwiss has been developed during the past years by the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Lausanne. The lidar uses narrow field-of-view, narrowband configuration, a UV laser, and four 30 cm in diameter mirrors, fiber-coupled to a grating polychromator. The optical design allows water vapor retrieval from the incomplete overlap region without instrument-specific range-dependent corrections. The daytime vertical range covers the mid-troposphere, whereas the nighttime range extends to the tropopause. The near range coverage is extended down to 100 m AGL by the use of an additional fiber in one of the telescopes. This paper describes the system layout and technical realization. Day- and nighttime lidar profiles compared to Vaisala RS92 and Snow White® profiles and a six-day continuous observation are presented as an illustration of the lidar measurement capability.

Field of study: Environmental science
Effects of Exercise Intervention on Pain, Shoulder Movement, and Functional Status in Women after Breast Cancer Surgery: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Breast cancer is one of the most important types of cancer among women worldwide and is a significant stressor in women’s life that may affect functional health status. The present study was aimed to determine the effect of selected exercises program on pain, shoulder disability, and functional outcomes in women after breast cancer surgery  Quasi experimental research design was conducted in the Oncology Department and Oncology Center at Mansoura University Hospital. The data were collected from 60 adult patients with breast cancer surgery. Data were collected utilizing the following tools: 1) Inventory Functional Status-Cancer (IFS-CA) to measured Functional Status of breast cancer women. 2) Numerical rating scale: to measure pain intensity; 3) Universal goniometer: to measure shoulder ROM; 4) A structured questionnaire to collect data related to socio-demographic data .  The mean age of the studied women 43.10 and 45.06. The majority of the women in both groups were married and housewives. There was a highly significant difference in patients' level pain intensity, shoulder movement and functional status of the study group as compared to the control group (p < 0.05). This means that the educational program had positive effect in reducing patients' pain, improve shoulder movement, post program and after three month of implementation of the exercise program.  The results of this study suggest that there are improvement in shoulder movement and decrease pain level as well as  improve  functional status and overall quality of life.  Breast cancer, Pain, shoulder disability, functional status.

Field of study: Education
Efficacy of stereotactic aspiration in deep-seated and eloquent-region intracranial pyogenic abscesses.

OBJECT
Intracranial abscesses located deep in the cerebral parenchyma and in eloquent regions are often difficult to manage surgically. The authors have attempted to analyze the efficacy of stereotactic aspiration in the management of these abscesses.



Cases involving 22 patients (including 9 children) with deep-seated and/or eloquent-region intracranial abscesses who underwent CT- or MR imaging-guided stereotactic aspiration between January 1995 and July 2001 were analyzed.



A definite source of infection could be identified only in 9 of the cases. In 18 patients, the abscess was deep seated, whereas in the rest it was located in the eloquent cortex. Five patients had abscesses located in multiple sites. In 17 patients only 1 aspiration was required; in 5 others subsequent procedures were required. In the initial postaspiration CT, minor hemorrhage was noted in 3 patients not requiring further intervention. Antibiotics were administered for a period varying from 4 to 8 weeks following aspiration. An early recurrence (within 2 weeks of initial aspiration) was evident in 5 patients. All recurrent abscesses were reaspirated. In 2 patients new abscesses developed while the patients were still receiving antibiotic therapy. There were no late recurrences. In 1 patient ventriculitis developed, with subsequent hydrocephalus requiring a shunt insertion. Follow-up CT scans showed complete resolution of the abscess in all patients. There were no deaths.



Stereotactic aspiration is a useful management option for abscesses located in eloquent or inaccessible regions. Repeated aspiration should be considered in patients in whom the initial aspiration proves ineffective or partially effective. Complete resolution may require repeated stereotactic aspirations and continued antibiotic therapy.

Field of study: Medicine
n Goeie belegging werp vrugte af

JK Basson van Darling is aangewys as Suid Afrika se nasionale meestersuiwelboer vir 2007. Hy het die toekenning tydens 'n funksie in Irene, Pretoria, verower met sterk kompetisie van die vier ander provinsiale finaliste.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
A Faraday Rotation Study of the Stellar Bubble and H II Region Associated with the W4 Complex

We utilized the Very Large Array to make multifrequency polarization measurements of 20 radio sources viewed through the IC 1805 HII region and "Superbubble", as well as in the immediate vicinity. The measurements at frequencies between 4.33 and 7.76 GHz yield Faraday rotation measures along 27 lines of sight to these sources (some sources have more than one component). The Faraday rotation measures (RM) are used to probe the plasma structure of the IC 1805 HII region and to test the degree to which the Galactic magnetic field is heavily modified (amplified) by the dynamics of the HII region. We find that similar to the Rosette Nebula (Savage et al. 2013, Costa et al. 2016) and the Cygnus OB1 association (Whiting et al. 2009), IC 1805 constitutes a "Faraday rotation anomaly", or a region of increased RM relative to the general Galactic background value. Although the RM observed on lines of sight through the region vary substantially, the |RM| due to the nebula is commonly 600 -- 800 rad m^-2. In spite of this, the observed RMs are not as large as simple, analytic models of magnetic field amplification in HII regions might indicate. This suggests that the Galactic field is not increased by a substantial factor within the ionized gas in an HII region. We also find that with one exception, the sign of the RM for all sources is that expected for the polarity of the Galactic field in this direction. The same behavior was found for the Rosette Nebula, and qualitatively indicates that turbulent fluctuations in the Galactic field on spatial scales of $\sim 10$ pc are smaller than the mean Galactic field. Finally, our results show intriguing indications that some of the largest values of |RM| occur for lines of sight that pass outside the fully ionized shell of the IC 1805 HII region, but pass through the Photodissociation Region (PDR) associated with IC 1805.

Field of study: Physics
Does Your Financial Plan Address All 13 Wealth Issues

If you were to ask most people, "What issues should you consider when preparing a personal financial plan? many would reply: banking products, investments, 401ks or other retirement planning vehicles; perhaps college funding strategies or long-term insurance. Actually there are 13 basic wealth issues that individuals should keep in mind when developing or reviewing their financial plan. In this article, several of those issues are highlighted--including the impact they can have on an individual's ability to achieve his or her financial goals. It would not come as a surprise to many people that life today is more complicated than ever before, especially family finances. At a time when emerging issues--like the long-term viability of Social Security--have made it necessary for many families to take a more active role in managing their finances, their financial options have also grown more complex. Want to save for your children's college education? Great. But be prepared to wade through dozens of available options designed to help you pay for college expenses, everything from 529s to grants and loans. Preparing for retirement? Fantastic. This is a critical leg of any financial plan. But what's the best way to do it? There are a wealth of tax-advantaged retirement savings options, each with its own eligibility rules, investment limits and payout rules. Added to these important issues are questions about whether family assets are adequately protected against disability, liability, long-term care costs or premature death. And there are decisions to make about inheritance, charitable giving, trust funds and tax implications. In fact, there are 13 wealth issues that people are likely to face over the course of their lives. These issues are: * Investments * Insurance * Liability * Qualified Retirement Plan/IRAs * Stock Options * Business Succession Plans * Durable Power of Attorney * Gifting to Children/Descendents * Charitable Gifting During Life * Titling of Assets * Executor/Trustee Issues * Distribution of Wealth Plan to Spouse/Descendents * Charitable Inclinations at Death And all of these issues are interconnected--decisions about one can affect others in unexpected ways. Here are some examples of the issues and important points to consider about them: Investing. A common mistake that people make is not to prepare a written, long-term investment strategy, one that sets specific goals for them. Benchmarking investments against generic indices is fine, but isn't a substitute for a detailed individual plan that can be used to gauge progress against your goals and objectives. …

Field of study: Business
Transfinite mutations in the completed infinity-gon

We introduce mutation along infinite admissible sequences for infinitely marked surfaces, that is surfaces with infinitely many marked points on the boundary. We show that mutation along such admissible sequences produces a preorder on the set of triangulations of a fixed infinitely marked surface. We provide a complete classification of the strong mutation equivalence classes of triangulations of the infinity-gon and the completed infinity-gon respectively, where strong mutation equivalence is the equivalence relation induced by this preorder. Finally, we introduce the notion of transfinite mutations in the completed infinity-gon and show that all its triangulations are transfinitely mutation equivalent, that is we can reach any triangulation of the completed infinity-gon from any other triangulation via a transfinite mutation.

Field of study: Mathematics