nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Effect of herbicide and soil amendment on growth and photosynthetic responses in olive crops

Diuron [3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)- = 1,1-dimethylurea] and simazine (6-chloro-N 2, N 4-diethyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine) are soil-applied herbicides used in olive crops. The objective of this study is to investigate the combined effect of these herbicides and the amendment of soil with an organic waste (OW) from the olive oil production industry on the growth and photosynthetic apparatus of adult olive trees and to compare the results with those obtained by Redondo-Gómez et al. for two-year-old trees. For this purpose, growth rate, gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters were measured in 38-year-old olive trees, after one and two months of soil herbicide treatment and/or OW amendment. Soil co-application of OW and herbicide increases the quantum efficiency of Photosystem II (PSII) and the assimilation of CO2 in olive trees, which led to a higher relative growth rate of the branches and leaves in length. Herbicide treatment reduced the photosynthetic efficiency in olive trees after two months of soil application, while this reduction is evident from week one in younger trees.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
The Devonian Horn River Group and the basal Imperial Formation of the central Mackenzie Plain, N.W.T., Canada: Multiproxy stratigraphic framework of a black shale basin

This study proposes six new lithostratigraphic units and redefines two others within the Horn River Group (HRG), a shale-dominated succession recently prospected for shale hydrocarbons. Its lower Hare Indian Formation rests on a drowning unconformity. In the SOB area (the area between Norman Wells and the Keele tectonic zone), this formation consists of the Bluefish black shale, Francis Creek grey shale, and Prohibition Creek black shale members. The latter two are lateral equivalents of the grey shale Bell Creek Member (updated definition) in the northern part of the study area. The overlying Canol Formation in the SOB area is divided into the Vermillion Creek and Dodo Canyon members. The Prohibition – Dodo Canyon package is ≥100 m thick and composed of brittle siliceous mudrocks with median SiO2 68%–79%, Al2O3 6%–9%, varying amount of calcite and dolomite, and type I–II kerogen with median TOC 4.5%. The thin Canol Formation blanketing Kee Scarp carbonate banks is identified as its Dodo Canyon Member. Th...

Field of study: Environmental science
Designing Study Abroad Programs to Develop Global Competencies for the Twenty-First Century Organization

The 2011 QS Global Employer Survey of over 10,000 recruiters worldwide indicates that employers actively seek and give preference to college graduates who had studied abroad. Six out of ten employers said they give "extra credit" for a student's international experience and more than 80 percent said they actively seek graduates who had studied abroad. The value employers place on a student's study abroad experience grows significantly as program length increases. Though this study suggests there is a connection in employers' minds between overseas study and the development of certain interpersonal skills, students who participate in short-term programs need to make an extra effort to describe their experience in such a manner that convinces prospective employers their time abroad developed the intercultural competence employers expect. Today's students must be prepared to interact with people and cultural situations that may differ significantly from their life experiences to date. The multi-cultural work environment within the United States reflects a microcosm of the global community, so intercultural competence not only prepares an individual for the global economy of the twenty-first century, it also provides skills for managing a more diverse workforce at home. In the same study in which employers said they value personal intercultural and global competencies, recruiters indicated they are not strongly convinced that many study abroad programs enhance these skills. Students must learn to express how the study abroad experience enhanced their knowledge and ability to work effectively in a global society. Intercultural sensitivity has long been recognized as a necessary skill for effective intercultural competence. To develop the intercultural sensitivity needed for global interactions, one must learn to understand, respect, and appreciate both surface and deep-level cultural differences and then also be able to adapt one's behavior as appropriate. Short-term programs, even those with advance academic work to learn about the culture(s) being visited, seldom go beyond the first step of developing intercultural sensitivity, that of increasing knowledge of other cultures. Because of the "island" or "bubble" syndrome of many short-term study abroad programs, students are often not faced with challenging interpersonal situations or the need to adapt their behavior. It is especially important, therefore, that faculty members leading short-term study abroad programs design them to be more than travel and tour experiences and include exercises that encourage students to articulate how their study abroad experience has affected the areas of personal growth that leads intercultural competence.

Field of study: Business
Development of Synchrotron Radiation as a High-Intensity Source for X-ray Diffraction.

Interest in the molecular mechanism of muscle contraction led to the search for an intense source of X-rays of 1-2 A wavelength so as to be able to examine the rich X-ray diffraction patterns given by muscles during contraction. This led to the first X-ray diffraction experiments using synchrotron radiation, carried out by Holmes, Rosenbaum and Witz at DESY, Hamburg, in September 1970. In the following years, the EMBL Outstation, to utilize synchrotron radiation for biological structure determination, was established at DESY and preliminary experiments on muscle were also carried out at NINA (Daresbury). The development of time-resolved techniques for muscle diffraction was first started in the MRC Molecular Biology Laboratory in Cambridge, using rotating-anode X-ray tubes, and was then greatly extended at the EMBL Outstation, Hamburg, using the storage ring DORIS. This was a very successful venture, and helped to drive the whole technology development and to interest other potential users in the technique.

Field of study: Physics
Hydroformylation of 1,5‐Hexadiene Catalyzed by Rhodium Complexes in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide and in Toluene: Effects of Fluorinated Phosphane Ligands and Reaction Conditions

Rhodium-catalyzed hydroformylation of 1,5-hexadiene to dialdehydes was investigated in compressed CO2 and in toluene using different fluorinated phosphane compounds as ligands at a temperature of 60 °C. Product yields depend greatly on the ligand used and, of the ligands examined, tris[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]phosphane is the most effective for the production of dialdehydes both in supercritical CO2 (scCO2) and in toluene. The total yield of the dialdehydes passes through a minimum at about 9 MPa as the CO2 pressure is increased and increases appreciably as the H2 pressure in scCO2 increases. The effect of the syngas (H2/CO) and H2 pressures on the reaction in scCO2 is different from that in toluene. It has been suggested that scCO2 promotes the hydroformylation reaction.

Field of study: Chemistry
Impedance spectrum of a single grain boundary in yttrium stabilized zirconia

Impedance measurements are reported for a bicrystal and single crystals of yttrium-stabilized ZrO 2 (YSZ) over the range from 100 to 10 7 Hz, and for temperatures from 200 to 500°C in air. In addition to the impedances introduced by the conduction process within the grains and by charge transfer process at the electrodes, the grain-boundary introduced an additional impedance which was observed as an additional arc when the impedance was plotted in the complex plane. These data and an examination by both optical and scanning electron microscopy reveal the grain boundary to be a gap between the adjacent crystals, with occasional bridges of YSZ. These results illustrate the potential of impedance spectroscopy for studying intercrystalline interfaces in solid conductors.

Field of study: Materials science
Content distribution infrastructures for community networks

Multimedia content delivery has undergone dramatic changes in recent years. The roles of content providers and producers are no longer restricted to a few professional organisations since more and more users share audiovisual content or use community sites to support their common interest. Nowadays both portable multimedia devices (e.g. PDAs, mobile phones, MP3 recorders, and digital cameras) and home entertainment systems (e.g., set-top boxes, game consoles, and media-centres) have become integral parts of the content production and distribution chain. Further, the underlying delivery infrastructure is undergoing major changes. There is a shift away from the traditional client/server model to systems based on the peer-to-peer paradigm, which let users share computational, storage and bandwidth resources. Moreover, the physical infrastructure is evolving towards some form of spontaneous cooperation of technologies to support the creation of wireless ad hoc networks or wireless community networks. Thus, the well known engineering problem of delivering multimedia content through the Internet is evolving into the problem of how to dynamically create content distribution infrastructures and services. The above considerations motivated us to promote this Special Issue of ‘‘Computer Networks”. The specific purpose of it is to present recent advances in the study of content distribution infrastructures from a networking perspective. The many submissions we received were evenly spread over different areas and showed how relevant and timely the topic of this special issue is. Out of sixty-five submitted papers, nine were selected considering their quality and relevance for the topic of the special issue. The articles selected for this special issue can be grouped into three different research themes – (i) articles dealing with different issues related to application domains such as peer-to-peer streaming, (ii) articles presenting analysis and measurements of content distribution networks, and (iii) articles presenting research into overlay network design and new concepts for content network overlays. More specifically these are:

Field of study: Computer science
Incorporation of public hospitals: a "silver bullet" against overcapacity, managerial bottlenecks and resource constraints? Case studies from Austria and Estonia.

This paper presents a new approach for incorporating public hospitals by contrasting the experience from an "old" EU country (Austria) with a new EU member state (Estonia). In the EU (including the new member states) hospital overcapacity is a serious problem, from a technical, fiscal and political perspective. Few countries have succeeded in establishing an appropriate framework for resource management and for guaranteeing long-term financial viability of their hospital network. Many countries are in search of effective policies for improved hospital management and more cost-effective resource use in the health sector. Over the past decade, experiences in Austria and Estonia have emerged as innovative examples which may provide lessons for other EU countries and beyond. This paper describes the evolution of public hospitals from public budgetary units and public management to incorporated autonomous organizations under private corporate law, resulting in a contractual relationship between (public) owners and private hospital management. Outdated and inefficient public sector structures were replaced by more agile corporate management. The arrangement allows for investments, operating costs and budgeting according to strategic business goals as opposed to political "fiat". Shielding hospitals from local political influence is an important aspect of this concept. Horizontal integration through networking of public hospitals and introducing private management helps create a new corporate culture, allowing for more flexibility to achieve efficiencies through downsizing and economies of scale. Based on contracts the new balance between ownership and managerial functions create strong incentives for a more business-like, results-oriented and consumer-friendly management. This was achieved both in Austria and Estonia in a politically sensitive way, adopting a long-term vision and by protecting the interests of hospital owners and staff.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
The protection of aluminium alloys in harsh, corrosive environments by oxidized polyphenylene sulphide coatings

A moderate rate of oxidation of the sulphide groups in polyphenylenesulphide (PPS) played a key role in ensuring that PPS coatings adequately protect aluminium (Al) alloys from corrosion in wet, harsh environments. There are three major reasons for a good protective performance: l) the superior hydrothermal stability of PPS itself, 2) the limited amount of sulphonic acid formed by the oxidation of sulphide, and 3) the formation of a discontinuous, intermediate layer of Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 as the interfacial reaction product between Al 2 O 3 at the topsurface of Al, and oxidized PPS. Widespread oxidation of PPS led to an increase in the rate of the interfacial interaction, forming sulphonic acid-enriched Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 intermediate layers, thereby improving the bond strength at Al-to-PPS adhesive joints. However, an overabundance of these reaction products resulted in an inadequate coating that failed to protect the Al during a long-term exposure in a harsh, corrosive environment because of the susceptibility of these salt products to dissolution in water.

Field of study: Materials science
Determining Gain of Selected Learnings in Science Using a Specific Biological Unit

THE TEACHING of science by a teacher not par ticularly adept in science nor adequately trained be comes a chore. It is a job that is often put off or given cursory treatment with the rationalization of lack of training or inadequate background in science, that science is hard to teach, or that the children really know more about it than the teacher. Often such rationalization is the basis for not adequately teaching science or realistically attempting to teach science. The burden of teaching science then falls upon the teacher in the next higher grade level. The individual teacher, however, regardless of grade level, should approach the te aching of science as he would any other subject, utilizing the portions of science that pertain to effective living in our so ciety. One need not be a scientist to approach the well-known and the enigmatic with optimism anda desire to know. It is also important for the teacher to n ake classroom material practical, functional, applicable, and workable in the everyday typical sit uation. It is well to have theoreticians propose sound ideas and concepts of science teaching, but before the typical teacher is going to accept them for use in the classroom, these ideas must be trans lated into effective and workable classroom activi ties.

Field of study: Education
Fullerit C60 single crystals grown on earth and in space

Fullerit C60 single crystals were grown by sublimation on Earth and under microgravity during the FOTON-M3 mission using the same growth parameters and the same multizoned electrovacuum POLIZON-M furnace. IR spectroscopy and X-ray measurements revealed the considerably better crystal structure of the crystals grown under microgravity.

Field of study: Physics
Partial FFT Demodulation: A Detection Method for Highly Doppler Distorted OFDM Systems

Employing Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) signaling over time-varying channels results in inter-carrier interference (ICI) and degraded detection error probability due to the loss of orthogonality among the subcarriers. This problem is particularly exacerbated for systems operating in highly mobile scenarios such as underwater acoustic (UWA) communications, digital video broadcasting (DVB) for mobile devices and vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) networks. To address the problem of data detection in such scenarios, we propose a novel demodulation strategy using several partial interval Fast Fourier Transforms (FFTs) instead of a conventional, single full interval FFT. Algorithms for computing the weights used to combine the outputs of the partial FFT are presented for three scenarios: full, partial and no knowledge of the time varying channel. Numerical simulations and an approximate theoretical analysis show that significant performance gains can be obtained over traditional equalizers at a very moderate complexity.

Field of study: Engineering
On the randomized complexity of Banach space valued integration

We study the complexity of Banach space valued integration in the randomized setting. We are concerned with $r$-times continuously differentiable functions on the $d$-dimensional unit cube $Q$, with values in a Banach space $X$, and investigate the relation of the optimal convergence rate to the geometry of $X$. It turns out that the $n$-th minimal errors are bounded by $cn^{-r/d-1+1/p}$ if and only if $X$ is of equal norm type $p$.

Field of study: Mathematics
Ozone exposure and cardiovascular-related mortality in the Canadian Census Health and Environment Cohort (CANCHEC) by spatial synoptic classification zone.

Our objective is to analyse the association between long term ozone exposure and cardiovascular related mortality while accounting for climate, location, and socioeconomic factors. We assigned subjects with 16 years of follow-up in the Canadian Census Health and Environment Cohort (CanCHEC) to one of seven regions based on spatial synoptic classification (SSC) weather types and examined the interaction of exposure to both fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and ground level ozone and cause of death using survival analysis, while adjusting for socioeconomic characteristics and individual confounders. Correlations between ozone and PM2.5 varied across SSC zones from -0.02 to 0.7. Comparing zones using the most populated SSC zone as a reference, a 10 ppb increase in ozone exposure was associated with increases in hazard ratios (HRs) that ranged from 1.007 (95% CI 0.99, 1.015) to 1.03 (95% CI 1.02, 1.041) for cardiovascular disease, 1.013 (95% CI 0.996, 1.03) to 1.058 (95% CI 1.034, 1.082) for cerebrovascular disease, and 1.02 (95% CI 1.006, 1.034) for ischemic heart disease. HRs remained significant after adjustment for PM2.5. Long term exposure to ozone is related to an increased risk of mortality from cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases; the risk varies by location across Canada and is not attenuated by adjustment for PM2.5. This research shows that the SSC can be used to define geographic regions and it demonstrates the importance of accounting for that spatial variability when studying the long term health effects of air pollution.

Field of study: Environmental science
The immune response to thetaX 174 in man. I. Primary and secondary antibody production in normal adults.

The bacteriophage [unk]X 174 has been administered intravenously in doses within the range 108–1010 PFU to twenty-six normal human adult volunteers. Antibody was measured as a 50% bacteriophage neutralization titre (SD50). Pre-immunization antibody was found in only one subject. All subjects showed a primary (IgM) response. Peak titres of antibody of 18–8000 occurred between days 6 and 9 in a group of early responders, and between days 14 and 24 in a late group. The secondary response was tested in twenty subjects and peak titres of 1400–50,000 were found in a single group, between days 6 and 13. Thirteen out of fourteen subjects receiving a secondary dose after 6 weeks showed a peak antibody titre between 11,000 and 50,000. 
 
The uniformity of the secondary response indicates that it will be a valuable clinical test of antibody-producing capacity.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Forecasting of the Demand of Alumina Based on the Coupling Phase-space Reconstruction and Neural Network

With the increasingly drastic competition in the market, consumers’ minds are more and more complex, and thedemand fluctuation of product is more and more frequent, and the demand forecasting is more and moreimportant for the management decision-making for enterprises. Based on the phase-space reconstruction of theoriginal demand data by the chaos theory, the reconstructed data are trained in the neural network (NN), and theforecasting times are selected to forecast the development tendency of the demand, and the research result isfinally tested by the alumina demand data from 2001 to 2009 of an alumina factory. The result shows that thismodel is simple and easy to operate, and the forecasting data are reliable, and it could offer theoretical referencesfor management decision-makers to make scientific and reasonable decisions.

Field of study: Business
High-resolution reconstruction for terahertz imaging.

We present a high-resolution (HR) reconstruction model and algorithms for terahertz imaging, taking advantage of super-resolution methodology and algorithms. The algorithms used include projection onto a convex sets approach, iterative backprojection approach, Lucy-Richardson iteration, and 2D wavelet decomposition reconstruction. Using the first two HR reconstruction methods, we successfully obtain HR terahertz images with improved definition and lower noise from four low-resolution (LR) 22×24 terahertz images taken from our homemade THz-TDS system at the same experimental conditions with 1.0 mm pixel. Using the last two HR reconstruction methods, we transform one relatively LR terahertz image to a HR terahertz image with decreased noise. This indicates potential application of HR reconstruction methods in terahertz imaging with pulsed and continuous wave terahertz sources.

Field of study: Physics
Detection of regional weekly weather cycles across Europe

Daily rainfall and temperature data of 158 weather stations in eight European countries and Iceland are investigated to set up a weekly cycle. The time series are divided into five time slices that are analyzed separately. As they depend strongly on the data availability, the significance of weekly cycles is generally higher for the past three time slices of 1931–1960, 1961–1990, and 1991–2005 compared to the two earlier analyzed time slices of 1871–1900 and 1901–1930. Precipitation does not follow any distinct significant weekly cycle. For temperature, however, significant weekly cycles exist in all analyzed countries. The weekly periodicities cannot be explained by random effects. A clear weekly signal is detected by means of a stationary block bootstrap approach. The cycles of temperature vary with the region and the time slice. However, they are found to be more stable for the last two time slices. For the dominant pattern of the weekly cycle in Germany, a coinciding significant weekly cycle of the large-scale circulation is detected for the time slice 1991–2005. In Germany, persistence can be observed for the weekday holding the minimum value of the temperature variables. The minimum is observed to occur on Saturday for the past two time slices. When judging from significant results exclusively, most other countries also show persistence for the past two time slices, except for the weekday with the maximum value of the temperature variables. This weekday either is Tuesday for Iceland and the UK or Wednesday for Sweden and Norway.

Field of study: Environmental science