nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Microplastics in mussels sampled from coastal waters and supermarkets in the United Kingdom.

Global contamination of the marine environment by plastic has led to the discovery of microplastics in a range of marine species, including those for human consumption. In this study, the presence of microplastics and other anthropogenic debris in seawater and mussels (Mytilus edulis) from coastal waters of the U.K., as well as supermarket sources, was investigated. These were detected in all samples from all sites with spatial differences observed. Seawater samples taken from 6 locations (in triplicates) displayed 3.5 ± 2.0 debris items/L on average (range: 1.5-6.7 items/L). In wild mussels sampled from 8 locations around the U.K. coastal environment, the number of total debris items varied from 0.7 to 2.9 items/g of tissue and from 1.1 to 6.4 items/individual. For the supermarket bought mussels, the abundance of microplastics was significantly higher in pre-cooked mussels (1.4 items/g) compared with mussels supplied live (0.9 items/g). Micro-FT-IR spectroscopy was conducted on 136 randomly selected samples, with 94 items characterized. The spectra found that 50% of these debris items characterized were microplastic, with an additional 37% made up of rayon and cotton fibers. The microplastic levels detected in the supermarket bought mussels present a route for human exposure and suggests that their quantification be included as food safety management measures as well as for environmental monitoring health measures.

Field of study: Environmental science
Impacts of aerosol pollutant mitigation on lowland rice yields in China

Aerosol pollution in China is significantly altering radiative transfer processes and is thereby potentially affecting rice photosynthesis and yields. However, the response of rice photosynthesis to aerosol-induced radiative perturbations is still not well understood. Here, we employ a process-based modelling approach to simulate changes in incoming radiation (RAD) and the diffuse radiation fraction (DF) with aerosol mitigation in China and their associated impacts on rice yields. Aerosol reduction has the positive effect of increasing RAD and the negative effect of decreasing DF on rice photosynthesis and yields. In rice production areas where the average RAD during the growing season is lower than 250 W m−2, aerosol reduction is beneficial for higher rice yields, whereas in areas with RAD>250 W m−2, aerosol mitigation causes yield declines due to the associated reduction in the DF, which decreases the light use efficiency. As a net effect, rice yields were estimated to significantly increase by 0.8%–2.6% with aerosol concentrations reductions from 20 to 100%, which is lower than the estimates obtained in earlier studies that only considered the effects of RAD. This finding suggests that both RAD and DF are important processes influencing rice yields and should be incorporated into future assessments of agricultural responses to variations in aerosol-induced radiation under climate change.

Field of study: Environmental science
Ignition and surface temperatures of double base propellants at low pressure. I - Thermocouple measurements

5 Faeth, G. M., "Flame Zone Development of Monopropellant Droplets," Combustion and Flame, Vol. 12, No. 5, Oct. 1968,  Williams, F. A.,  Theory, Addison-Wesley, Reading, Mass., 1965, Chap. 1. 7 Tarifa, C. S. and Larrazabel, J. M. S., "Combustion of Monopropellant Droplets," TN 57-671, July 1957, Air Force Office of Scientific Research. 8 Freidman, R. and Macek, A., "Ignition and Combustion of Aluminum Particles in Hot Gases," Combustion and Flame, Vol. 6, No. 1, March 1962, pp. 9-19. 9 Jones, W. H. (Chairman), "JANAF Thermo chemical Tables," Dow Chemical Co., Midland, Mich. 10 Phillips, L., "Thermal Decomposition of Organic Nitrates,"  1947, pp. 753-754. 11 Levy, J. B., "The Thermal Decomposition of Nitrate Esters, I. Ethyl Nitrate," The Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 76, June 1954, . 12 Adams, G. K. and Bawn, C. E. H., "Homogeneous Decomposition of Ethyl Nitrate," Transactions of the Faraday Society, Vol. 45, 1949, pp. 484-499. 13 Benson, S. W., The Foundations of Chemical Kinetics, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1960, Chap. 12. 14 Faeth, G. M., "The Kinetics of Droplet Ignition in a Quiescent Air Environment," Ph.D. thesis, 1964, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pa. 15 Beltran, M. R. et. al., "Analysis of Liquid Rocket Engine Combustion Instability," TR-65-254, Jan. 1966,  Williams, G. C., and Simpson, H. C., "Combustion of Droplets of Heavy Liquid Fuels," Fifth Symposium (International) on Combustion, Reinhold, New York, 1955, pp. 101-129. 17 Williams, F. A., "On the Assumptions Underlying Droplet Vaporization and Combustion Theories," Journal of Chemical Physics, Vol. 33, No. 1, July 1960, pp. 133-144.

Field of study: Physics
Synthesis and coordination properties of superstructured iron-porphyrins

Superstructured iron (II)porphyrins have been designed to closely approach the properties of oxygen carrier hemoproteins and yield useful information concerning their biological structure and function. "Basket-handle" porphyrins and "hybrid" porphyrins allow one to modify the constraint exerted on a chelated "proximal" base as well as to alter the chemical and steric environment of the distal side of the heme which controls selectivity of 2 and CO binding. The presence of amide groups in the vicinity of the heme ring gives the possibility of forming a cavity to stabilize dioxygen or hydroxyl ion on iron (H) and carbon monoxide on iron (I).

Field of study: Chemistry
The Influence of Workplace Facilities on Lactating Working Mothers’Job Satisfaction and Organisational Commitment: A Case Study of Lactating Working Mothers in Accra, Ghana

The purpose of the study was to find out the influence of workplace facilities on lactating working mothers’ job satisfaction and their commitment level at work. The subjects for the study were two hundred and sixty lactating working mothers who were working full time from five different organizations in the Accra Metropolis in Ghana with age range of 24-41 years, mean age of 32.2 and a standard deviation of 8.8. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics of mean, standard deviation and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used at 0.05 levels of significance. The findings of the study revealed that, lactating working mothers who get Workplace Facilities are more committed to their work and also more satisfied with their work than those who do not get workplace facilities. This paper, therefore, suggests that employers should provide workplace facilities for lactating working mothers who want to continue the practice of exclusive breastfeeding when they return to work, Since the provision of workplace facilities benefit both the employers, the child and the working mothers. The result of this study is to help policy makers in Ghana to have a second look at the Ghana labour Act (2003) about employment of women especially lactating mothers who want to continue the practice of exclusive breastfeeding with full time work. The findings will also educate employers in Ghana about the benefit of workplace facilities for lactating working mothers and the organization as a whole.

Field of study: Business
Fused Estimators of the Central Subspace in Sufficient Dimension Reduction

When studying the regression of a univariate variable Y on a vector x of predictors, most existing sufficient dimension-reduction (SDR) methods require the construction of slices of Y to estimate moments of the conditional distribution of X given Y. But there is no widely accepted method for choosing the number of slices, while a poorly chosen slicing scheme may produce miserable results. We propose a novel and easily implemented fusing method that can mitigate the problem of choosing a slicing scheme and improve estimation efficiency at the same time. We develop two fused estimators—called FIRE and DIRE—based on an optimal inverse regression estimator. The asymptotic variance of FIRE is no larger than that of the original methods regardless of the choice of slicing scheme, while DIRE is less computational intense and more robust. Simulation studies show that the fused estimators perform effectively the same as or substantially better than the parent methods. Fused estimators based on other methods can be developed in parallel: fused sliced inverse regression (SIR), fused central solution space (CSS)-SIR, and fused likelihood-based method (LAD) are introduced briefly. Simulation studies of the fused CSS-SIR and fused LAD estimators show substantial gain over their parent methods. A real data example is also presented for illustration and comparison.

Field of study: Mathematics
Limiting symmetry energy elements from empirical evidence

In the framework of an equation of state (EoS) constructed from a momentum and density-dependent finite-range two-body effective interaction, the quantitative magnitudes of the different symmetry elements of infinite nuclear matter are explored. The parameters of this interaction are determined from well-accepted characteristic constants associated with homogeneous nuclear matter. The symmetry energy coefficient a2, its density slope L0, the symmetry incompressibility Kδ as well as the density-dependent incompressibility K(ρ) evaluated with this EoS are seen to be in good harmony with those obtained from other diverse perspectives. The higher order symmetry energy coefficients a4,a6, etc., are seen to be not very significant in the domain of densities relevant to finite nuclei, but gradually build up at supra-normal densities. The analysis carried out with a Skyrme-inspired energy density functional (EDF) obtained with the same input values for the empirical bulk data associated with nuclear matter yields nearly the same results.

Field of study: Physics
Numerical Optimization Simulation of Synchronous Four-Wing Rotor

The mixer is the most widely used batch mixing equipment in the rubber industry. The rotor is a core component and has a great impact on the mixing effect of the equipment. The current rotor structure design is done empirically, being tightly dependent on practical experience. This paper proposes a method for optimizing the rotor structure by using optimization algorithms combined with numerical simulation technology. Using MATLAB software, a parametric design program for synchronous rotors and a set of optimization programs for the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm were written. The global distribution index was used as the fitness function to optimize the synchronous rotor configuration. A comparative analysis of the rotors before and after optimization shows that the optimization process is feasible, and the results are reliable. This provides new ideas for the design and development of mixer rotors.

Field of study: Materials science
Cardiac Orienting Responses Differentiate the Impact of Prenatal Alcohol Exposure in Ukrainian Toddlers.

Prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) has been found to impact neurophysiological encoding of environmental events negatively in the first year of life but has not been evaluated in older infants or toddlers. Cardiac orienting responses (ORs) collected during a habituation/dishabituation learning paradigm were obtained from 12- to 18-month-olds to assess the impact of PAE beyond the first year of life.



Participants included women and their toddlers who differed in PAE histories and enrolled in a randomized clinical trial of multivitamin/mineral usage during pregnancy. Those who were randomly assigned to the no intervention group were used for this analysis. The habituation/dishabituation paradigm consisted of 10 habituation and 5 dishabituation trials. Baseline heart rate (HR) was collected for 30 seconds prior to stimulus onset, and responses to the stimuli were assessed by sampling HR for 12 seconds poststimulus onset.



The speed of the OR in response to auditory stimuli in the dishabituation condition was found to be altered as a function of maternal alcohol use around conception. For visual stimuli, positive histories of PAE were predictive of the magnitude but not the speed of the response on habituation and dishabituation trials. A history of binge drinking was associated with reduced magnitude of the OR response on visual encoding trials, and level of alcohol exposure at the time of conception was predictive of the magnitude of the response on visual dishabituation trials.



Cardiac ORs collected in the toddler period were sensitive to the effects of PAE. The magnitude of the OR was more sensitive to the impact of PAE than in previous research with younger infants, and this may be a function of brain maturation. Additional research assessing the predictive utility of using ORs in making decisions about individual risk was recommended.

Field of study: Medicine
The Asylum and Immigration Act 1996: Erosion of the Right to Seek Asylum

Since the former Home Secretary's announced intention, in October 1995, to introduce new legislation in the asylum and immigration fields, asylum and refugeerelated issues have seldom been absent from the public arena. While much of the discussion during 1996 bore upon the legislative proposals contained in the Asylum and Immigration Bill extension of the accelerated appeals procedure, withdrawal of social security benefits from asylum seekers, prevention of illegal working, removal of certain in-country appeal rights recent developments, such as hungerstrikes by detained asylum seekers, and the election of a Labour government have brought a sharper edge to the debate.' Despite widespread criticism of the Conservative government's proposed measures during their passage through Parliament, New Labour's election manifesto lacked any real commitment to reforming asylum  During campaigning the then shadow Home Secretary, Jack Straw, suggested that the Labour Party, if elected, would not implement certain provisions of the 1996 Act: the 'white list' of safe countries, the withdrawal of benefits from asylum seekers and the sanctioning of employers where they recruited illegal immigrants.3 On its accession to power however, the Labour government proceeded to enforce the restrictive asylum laws introduced by the Conservatives, though an internal review of the asylum process was  This note examines the Asylum and Immigration Act 1996 in the context of previous legislation and critically assesses the changes made to asylum law in the light of the current debate.

Field of study: Law
In situ silicification of an Icelandic hot spring microbial mat: implications for microfossil formation

Transmission electron microscopy and energy-dispersive x-ray analysis revealed that filamentous phototrophic bacteria resembling Chlorojlexus aurantiacus underwent rapid silicification in an Icelandic hot spring microbial mat. The mineralization associated with the cells occurred both extracellularly, within and on the external sheaths of the bacteria, and intracellularly, within the cytoplasm. The exceptional preservation of the bacterial sheaths is due to the presence of distinct mineral nucleation sites. This results in the production of silica casts of the bacteria, which bear a striking resemblance to microbial remains in ancient microfossil assemblages.  Les analyses par microscopie Clectronique i transmission et par 1'6nergie dispersive des rayons-x ont rCvCl6 que les bactkries filamenteuses phototrophes, ressemblant B Chlorojlexus aurantiacus, ont subi une silicification rapide au sein d'un tapis microbien de source therrnale, en Islande. La mineralisation associee aux cellules se presente sous forme extracellulaire, B l'interieur de et sur la membrane externe des bacteries, et sous forrne intracellulaire, i l'interieur du cytoplasme. La preservation exceptionnelle de la membrane des bacteries est due B la presence de sites de nucleation minerale disperses. Le resultat est la production des moulages siliceux des bactkries, affichant une resemblance remarquable avec les vestiges microbiens d'anciens assemblages microfossiles. (Traduit par la raaction) Fossil evidence of the Earth's earliest biosphere shows that complex communities of microorganisms were abundant and well distributed throughout the Precambrian Era. Among the richest beds of microbial fossils are those found in the Gunflint Iron Formation north of Lake Superior in Canada (Barghoorn and Tyler 1965), the early Archaean Apex chert of Australia (Schopf and Packer 1987; Schopf 1993), and the Riphean section of the Anabar uplift in Russia (Sergeev 1993); all ranging in age from 0.8 to 3.5 Ga. The distribution and types of microorganisms preserved as cellularly intact microfossils are remarkably similar to those in modern microbial mats, in which organic-rich layers formed by cyanobacteria and (or) other types of filamentous bacteria alternate with layers that are comprised of detrital inorganic sediment and authigenic mineral precipitates (Morse and Mackenzie 1990). These benthic microbial communities are considered to be analogous, and possibly homologous, with those that were preserved billions of years ago as stromato-

Field of study: Environmental science
Self-consistent theory of transport in superconducting wires

We study superconducting transport in homogeneous wires in the cases of both equilibrium and nonequilibrium quasiparticle populations, using the quasiclassical Green's function technique. We consider superconductors with arbitrary current densities and impurity concentrations ranging from the clean to the dirty limit. Local current conservation is guaranteed by ensuring that the order parameter satisfies the self-consistency equation at each point. For equilibrium transport, we compute the current, the order parameter amplitude, and the quasiparticle density of states as a function of the superfluid velocity, temperature, and disorder strength. Nonequilibrium is characterized by incoming quasiparticles with different chemical potentials at each end of the superconductor. We calculate the profiles of the electrostratic potential, order parameter, and effective quasiparticle gap. We find that a transport regime of current-induced gapless superconductivity can be achieved in clean superconductors, the stability of this state being enhanced by nonequilibrium.

Field of study: Physics
Temperatures of Late Cretaceous (Campanian) methane-derived authigenic carbonates from the Western Interior Seaway, South Dakota, USA, using clumped isotopes

Methane seep deposits, comprising large, carbonate-rich mounds formed from hydrocarbon seepage, were widely distributed in the Late Cretaceous Western Interior Seaway (WIS) of North America. Well-preserved, methane-derived authigenic carbonates (MDACs) from these deposits have been shown to retain petrological, paleontological, and geochemical imprints of their ancient depositional setting, all of which are important for understanding the dynamics and evolution of the shallow, epeiric WIS. To better characterize the environmental conditions of WIS seeps, we applied clumped isotope paleothermometry to magnesium calcite MDAC samples from five seep localities in the upper Campanian Pierre Shale, South Dakota, USA. We measured 21 subsamples, including 18 micritic carbonates and demonstrated apparent clumped isotope equilibrium between MDACs and WIS bottom waters. Extreme 13C depletion in most samples (δ13C ranging to −45.44‰) indicates they were precipitated with oxidized methane as a major source of dissolved inorganic carbon, which itself implies a close association with ancient methanotrophic metabolism. The average clumped isotope paleotemperature from the micritic carbonates is 23 ± 7 °C (1σ standard deviation), which agrees with bottom water paleotemperatures inferred from δ18O measurements of MDACs and well-preserved mollusk shells at similar localities in the WIS. The calculated average δ18Ow value for these samples is −0.5 ± 1.7‰ (1σ SD), which is indistinguishable from previously reported calculation on Campanian seawater δ18Ow from fossil mollusk shells, but elevated above younger fossils collected from other locations in the WIS. Our conclusions are inconsistent with previously hypothesized disequilibrium for WIS MDAC clumped isotope and therefore we propose that fossil MDAC deposits may be used as paleotemperature archives.

Field of study: Geology
Pairs of same-sexed siblings discordant for antisocial behaviour.

Seventy-one pairs of same-sexed biological adolescent siblings, discordant for antisocial behaviour and service contact, were compared using matched-pairs analyses along several dimensions which included developmental, family, psychiatric, educational, cognitive, pro- and antisocial behaviour. The antisocial youth had significantly more negative perception and experiences than their siblings, who experienced more protective influences. Earlier onset in the antisocial youth of activities such as smoking also significantly differentiated the pairs. The early temperament index alone correctly classified as proband and sibling 95% of the youth, using discriminant analysis procedures. The findings are relevant to the aetiology of antisocial behaviour and to possible treatment interventions.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Cluster structures from 2-Calabi–Yau categories with loops

We generalise the notion of cluster structures from the work of Buan–Iyama–Reiten–Scott to include situations where the endomorphism rings of the clusters may have loops. We show that in a Hom-finite 2-Calabi–Yau category, the set of maximal rigid objects satisfies these axioms whenever there are no 2-cycles in the quivers of their endomorphism rings. We apply this result to the cluster category of a tube, and show that this category forms a good model for the combinatorics of a type B cluster algebra.

Field of study: Mathematics
Reversal learning in pigeons: effects of selective lesions of the Wulst.

The effects of bilateral lesions of individual laminae of the Wulst on reversal-learning performance in pigeons were evaluated. After surgery, the birds were trained to perform a simultaneous color discrimination. Once successful discrimination was achieved, the positive and negative stimuli were reversed, and the birds were again trained to criterion. Twenty such reversals were carried out. A multiple regression analysis indicated that those components of the Wulst that were critical for increasing the numbers of errors on each reversal were the laminae that receive the thalamofugal visual projections, that is, the nucleus intercalatus of the hyperstriatum accessorium and the hyperstriatum dorsale. Lesions in the other laminae of the Wulst (the hyperstriatum accessorium and the hyperstriatum intercalatus superior) had no effect on errors. There was no evidence of an increase in either perseverative errors or position habits in the birds with lesions, which suggested that the reversal deficits were not likely to be due to perseveration, attentional impairment, or inappropriate processing of spatial information. The deficit may have been produced by excessive interference between learning in a given session and learning in previous sessions.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
A powerful tool for analyzing concave/convex utility and weighting functions

This paper shows that convexity of preference has stronger implications for weighted utility models than had been known hitherto, both for utility and for weighting functions. Our main theorem derives concave utility from convexity of preference on the two-dimensional comonotonic cone, without presupposing continuity. We then show that this, seemingly marginal, result provides the strongest tool presently available for obtaining concave/convex utility or weighting functions. We revisit many classical results in the literature and show that we can generalize and improve them.

Field of study: Economics