nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Planning-and-Operations Control: A Neglected Administrative Function

T HE administrator in higher education is a victim of romantic myths told to the public in novels, motion pictures, and radio and television programs. There is the kindly old dean who has unlimited time for everyone, the cultured president who moves in the best social circles, and the faculty member with the lovely wife and the book-stocked office. The picture is one of comfortable contentmentfine buildings, eager students, well-kept grounds, and so on-and it is held up by an invisible administrative structure which is almost superfluous because, so the myths go, colleges and universities really run themselves. All that is necessary is a periodic injection of money. Although the myths have their greatest impact on the public at large, they have a continuing effect on the institutions themselves. Many of them are believed by trustees, faculty, and staff. Careful examination will reveal evidence that the popular image has affected organization and operation. For example, take note of the general feeling of suspicion the teaching faculty has for anything labeled administration. Of more significance is the distorted view many trustees have, not only of organization, but also of function-a distortion which in many cases grows out of a romanticized version of their own college experiences and encourages the tendency to administer present colleges and universities with the structure and procedures that were believed to be adequate in the I930's and the I940's. Some of the current literature on college administration, the office of the president, and the curriculum can be identified as dealing with the twentieth century, but one cannot be sure which decade. Modern higher education can no longer organize its administrative functions on the basis of an obsolete conception of campus life. Institutions of higher education today are large, complex, multi-purpose entities, which make increasing demands on financial, personnel, and material resources. If they are to meet the challenge of the immediate present and the foreseeable future, they must maximize the effectiveness of their operations. This can be done only by giving increased attention to control of planning and operations, activities that current administrative structure does not handle adequately. It is, therefore, imperative that every chief administrative officer seriously consider adding to his staff a planning-and-operations officer.

Field of study: Education
DSM-5 Criteria and Its Implications for Diagnosing PTSD in Military Service Members and Veterans

This review addresses how changes in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)-5 posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) criteria has the potential to affect the care and careers of those who have served in the military, where the diagnosis often determines fitness for duty and veterans’ benefits. PTSD criteria changes were intended to integrate new knowledge acquired since previous DSM editions. Many believe the changes will improve diagnosis and treatment, but some worry these could have negative clinical, occupational, and legal consequences. We analyze the changes in classification, trauma definition, symptoms, symptom clusters, and subtypes and possible impacts on the military (e.g., over- and under-diagnosis, “drone” video exposure, subthreshold PTSD, and secondary PTSD). We also discuss critiques and proposals for future changes. Our objectives are to improve the screening, diagnosis, and treatment of those service members who have survived trauma and to improve policies related to the military mental healthcare and disability systems.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
The Shakespearean Forest. Anne Barton. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017. xviii + 186 pp. $99.99.

mythopoetic supplement to the study’s largely medical context, and she suggests that the historical figures for the story may indeed have been twins. Tragicomedies often shifted poor behavior from the twins to their wives and mothers. In Webster’s The Devil’s Law Case, two siblings, Romelio and Jolenta, pretend that Jolenta is pregnant with twins in order to disguise the gravidas of Romelio’s girlfriend, the nun Angiolella. William Ryder’s The Twins explores the passion that Charmia feels for her husband’s twin brother. The scenario is resolved by a bed trick in which the husband poses as his own twin, a clever rendition of an old conceit. In comedy, twins trigger misrecognitions that produce funny situations, and they are perceived as blessings rather than curses to their parents, as in William Haughton’s Patient Grissil. Shakespeare’s twin plays go even further in defusing the fear of twins. Both Comedy of Errors and Twelfth Night draw on the Plautine conceit of mistaken identity, but the earlier comedy doubles the trouble, while the later work features fraternal twins who become more like identical twins through cross-dressing. Viola and Sebastian, born from a violent cesarean section on the shores of Illyria, embody the twin mysteries of birth as division, separation, and trauma, and of gender as both riven and merged. Although she notes literary sources, Murray’s reliance on medical literature and broadsides occurs at the expense of detailed inquiry into myth, folklore, and anthropology. Where are Castor and Pollux, Romulus and Remus, and Jacob and Esau? Nonetheless, Murray has assembled a remarkable collection of texts unified around a single theme, and she has produced a thoughtful and coherent account of them as responses to the medical knowledge of the day. Meanwhile, my sister and I resemble Hermia and Helena’s “double cherry—seeming parted / But yet an union in partition” (Midsummer Night’s Dream 3.2.211–13), and I am blessed to share something with Cymbeline: “O what am I? / A mother to the birth of three? Ne’er mother / Rejoiced deliverance more” (5.6.369–71).

Field of study: History
X-ray K-absorption studies in glassy Se80Te10 and Se80Te18M10 (M=Ag, Cd, In and Sb)

X-ray K-absorption studies have been made in glassy Se80Te10 and Se80Te18M10 (M=Ag, Cd, In and Sb) to understand the bonding of metallic atoms in ternary alloys. The authors find that the Se-K-edge shifts towards the negative energy side in all the ternary alloys compared with binary Se80Te10 alloy. Moreover, the edge shift is found to increase as the difference in electronegativity between metallic atoms and Se increases. These results are in agreement with Pauling's concept of electronegativity and indicate that the nature of bonds is iono-covalent in character in these glasses, as found in many crystalline solids.

Field of study: Materials science
Lipase-catalyzed production of a bioactive terpene ester in supercritical carbon dioxide.

Direct esterification of alpha-terpineol and acetic anhydride catalyzed by Candida rugosa lipase was performed in supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO(2)) with organic solvent serving as co-solvents. The highest yield of terpinyl acetate after 1.5h of reaction performance (95.1%) was obtained in SC-CO(2) with n-heptane serving as a co-solvent and immobilized Candida rugosa lipase as an enzyme at 50 degrees C. The optimal pressure for terpinyl acetate synthesis in SC-CO(2) medium was 10 MPa. Acetic anhydride was the best substrate among all acyl donors. Anhydrous enzyme was found to be the best for the esterification reaction. Lipase immobilization increased the catalytic efficiency up to 1.8-fold. The analysis of the initial rate data showed that reaction followed a Ping-Pong Bi-Bi mechanism with inhibition by acetic anhydride. The kinetic constants were obtained by multiple regression analysis of experimental findings. The reaction went smoothly without the use of hazardous reactants, and the developed method is useful for industrial application.

Field of study: Biology, Engineering
An Analysis of Push and Pull Travel Motivations of Foreign Tourists to Jordan

The importance of outbound market to a destination country has drawn scholars’ interests in understandingtourists’ motivation to travel overseas. The success of marketing destinations should be guided by a thoroughanalysis of tourist motivation, and for this reason, this study adopts a model based on push and pull factors as theconceptual framework. As little information has been documented about travel motivations to Jordan, this studyattempts to identify motivation factors of foreign tourists to the country as different tourist markets demonstratedifferent domains of behavior. This may have important marketing implications to the country especially interms of examination of motives in segmenting markets, designing promotional programs and decision makingabout destination development.

Field of study: Business
Using the History of African American Civil Rights Leaders to Teach Leadership to High School Students (Our Future Leaders)

social studies teacher can use to create lesson plans for concepts that are difficult for students to master. This article is about such literature and how using it has resulted in students understanding and incorporating one of the most difficult lessons to absorb—leadership. By engaging this literature, students also accrued tangential benefits as they learned how to defend a position in both written and oral form. Teaching leadership to students today is a monumental task. Traditionally, educators have used historical figures as role models. However, this approach often fails to identify the individual talents and characteristics that make a good leader. While teachers extol virtues, herald admirable qualities, and assess accomplishments, they rarely describe the specific techniques and strategies that each exemplary leader employed. By using two current texts, teachers can help students master a very difficult and often controversial topic. Social studies education in our nation’s high schools should be more than an examination of the past and an evaluation of the present. Social studies should prepare students to both recognize and employ leadership skills. The National Council for the Social Studies (1994) defends this position in its list of teaching goals: subject mastery, contributions to the common good, critical thinking, problem solving, and full participation in democratic society.

Field of study: Sociology
Lack of task specificity and absence of posttraining effects of atropine on learning.

Three experiments are reported whose purpose was to examine the effect of the cholinergic antagonist atropine on the acquisition of different learning tasks known to be sensitive or insensitive to impairment by hippocampal lesions; on the retention of performance acquired in the absence of the drug; and on memory consolidation immediately after daily training trials. In Experiment 1, atropine sulfate (10 or 50 mg/kg, ip), injected 30 min prior to training, severely impaired learning of both spatial and nonspatial discrimination tasks when compared with saline or atropine methylnitrate (50 mg/kg). In Experiment 2, atropine sulfate (50 mg/kg) also impaired spatial discrimination accuracy in rats previously trained to asymptote under drug-free conditions. These deficits were not due to either peripheral drug effects or gross sensorimotor impairments. In Experiment 3, daily posttraining injections of atropine sulfate (50 mg/kg) failed to influence either learning or subsequent retention of place navigation in rats that were trained to find a single hidden escape platform. The data confirm that profound learning deficits occur when training is conducted under atropine but offer no support to the hypothesis that cholinergic neurons play an important role in memory consolidation or other posttraining processes. Furthermore, these results point to dissimilarities between the behavioral impairments induced by cholinergic blockade and hippocampal lesions under appropriate test regimes.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Excretion of Bismuth in the Urine and Transfer to the Cerebro-spinal Fluid. (Acta Psychiat. [Kopenhagen], vol. x, pp. 151–62, 1935; Ber. Ges. Physiol. Exptl. Pharmakol., vol. lxxxviii, pp. 135–6.) Saemundsson, J.


Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Generalization Bounds for Convolutional Neural Networks

Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have achieved breakthrough performances in a wide range of applications including image classification, semantic segmentation, and object detection. Previous research on characterizing the generalization ability of neural networks mostly focuses on fully connected neural networks (FNNs), regarding CNNs as a special case of FNNs without taking into account the special structure of convolutional layers. In this work, we propose a tighter generalization bound for CNNs by exploiting the sparse and permutation structure of its weight matrices. As the generalization bound relies on the spectral norm of weight matrices, we further study spectral norms of three commonly used convolution operations including standard convolution, depthwise convolution, and pointwise convolution. Theoretical and experimental results both demonstrate that our bounds for CNNs are tighter than existing bounds.

Field of study: Computer science
Communication in Cournot oligopoly

This paper studies communication in a static Cournot duopoly model under the assumption that the firms have unverifiable private information about their costs. We investigate the conditions under which the firms cannot transmit any information through cheap talk, and show that when these conditions are violated, it may be possible to construct informative cheap-talk equilibria. If the firms can communicate through a third party, communication can be informative even when informative cheap talk is impossible. We exhibit a simple mediated mechanism that ensures informative communication and interim Pareto dominates the uninformative equilibrium for the firms.

Field of study: Economics
Development of a Dual Polarization SIS Mixer With a Planar Orthomode Transducer at 350 GHz

A multipixel array equipped with dual-polarization superconductor-insulator-superconductor junction mixers at approximately 350 GHz is considered to improve the efficiency and survey speed of a telescope. This study develops a compact mixer with a planar orthomode transducer as a key component. Signals coming from a circular waveguide are separated into two polarizations via orthogonal waveguide probes, and then transmitted to the junctions through the tuning circuit. To suppress resonance, metallic blocks confine the RF signals within the circular waveguide, and a 2-μm-thick silicon nitride membrane, on which all devices were implemented, was suspended across the circular waveguide. The orthomode transducer, simulated with a three-dimensional electromagnetic simulator, has a cross-polarization of less than -20 dB between 306 and 367 GHz. The IF circuit consists of a low pass filter, coplanar waveguides, and a transition to coaxial. The return loss of the IF circuit is less than -20 dB up to 16 GHz from both simulations and measurements. The superconductor-insulator-superconductor junction mixers have been fabricated with quality factor (Rsg/Rn) of 8 and the double-side-band receiver noise temperature Trx is approximately 120 K between 320 and 360 GHz.

Field of study: Physics
The Limits of the Melting Pot in Urban Argentina: Marriage and Integration in Córdoba, 1869-1909

A FTER their arrival in Argentine cities, both immigrants and in-migrants applied themselves to seeking their livelihoods; once they contemplated remaining in the same area, they would make additional efforts to cement their social ties to their new environment through appropriate marriages. Here we will examine a random sample of the marriages that noncordobes males contracted in the city of Cordoba between 1869 and 1909, during the period of massive immigration. We will focus on the types of brides they selected and on the degrees of social integration and mobility they achieved through marriage.' The city of Cvrdoba was selected because it has always played a crucial role in Argentine political life, it has been a focus of the nation's intellectual activity, and it constituted a central juncture between the northern and western regions and the metropolis of Buenos Aires. Furthermnore, in geographical area and population it has continually vied with the city of Rosario for second place among Argentine cities. Cordoba's size facilitates research. Documentation consulted for this study is not yet available in much larger centers,

Field of study: History
1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition of Ethyl Diazoacetate to Alkynes in the Pores of Zeolite NaY

Zeolite NaY promotes 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of ethyl diazoacetate to alkynes having an electron-withdrawing group to afford the corresponding functionalized pyrazoles in high yields. The activation of the dipolarophile inside the pores of NaY is proposed based on the 13 C MAS NMR analysis.

Field of study: Chemistry
Palaeoenvironmental and ecological interpretation of the trace fossil Rhizocorallium based on contained iron framoboids (Upper Devonian, South China)

The trace fossil Rhizocorallium commune is abundant in shallow-marine deposits of the Upper Devonian (Frasnian) Tuqiaozi Formation in Ganxi, Sichuan Province, South China. It consists of U-shaped spreite burrows developed more or less parallel or slightly inclined to the bedding of marly limestone. Four types of iron framboids (mostly oxygenated from pyrite framboids) were found within the Rhizocorallium burrow, including (1) smooth, sheathed spherical, (2) prismatic, (3) octahedral, and (4) pyritohedral submicron crystals. Chemically, the submicron crystals mainly consist of iron, sulphur, oxygen and carbon. The iron framboids represent the stage of evolution of their original pyrite framboids from irregular morphologies and spherical framboids to octahedral and pyritohedral habits due to the activity of sulphate-reducing bacteria. No similar framboids were observed outside Rhizocorallium. Therefore, it is likely that sulphate-reducing bacteria colonised the Rhizocorallium spreite and marginal tube within a dysoxic environment. With increasing degree of oxygenation of pore water, the pyrite framboids were partly oxygenated into iron framboids and by exceptional circumstances preserved the original morphology of the crystals. Furthermore, it is proposed that the investigated Rhizocorallium was constructed by its trace maker for gardening with multifunctional purpose, where different microbial colonies were planted and cultured in the marginal tube and spreite on the mutual basis of food supply and redox conditions. These features indicate that a combined deposit-feeding and gardening model may apply for the construction of Rhizocorallium commune from the Devonian of Ganxi. The responsible trace maker probably was a worm-like organism, such as a polychaete.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Role and psychological dependenci arrangement of opioid by type of reseptor opioid

Opioid receptor can be classified as p., 8, and K-opioid receptor that widely expressed in the CNS. The development of selective receptor agonist and cloning of each receptor have contributed greatly to our increasing knowledge of the neuropharmacological profile of each opioid receptor type. This review focuses on the functional interaction among these opioid receptor types that contribute to opioid dependence especially in psychological dependence. Several lines of evidence provide arguments to support substantial roles for p-opioid receptors and the possible involvement of 8-opioid receptors in the development of physical and psychological dependence on morphine. Many studies have pointed to the mesolimbic dopaminergic system projecting from the ventral tegmental area to the nucleus accumbens as a critical site for the initiation of psychological dependence on opioids. It is important to note as the broad existence of opposing interaction between p/8-, and K-receptors in the central nervous system. The activation of Kopioid receptors leads to the suppression of unpleasant p.- or 8-mediated side effects such as withdrawal and rewarding effect. Considering the functional interaction among opioid receptor types, the co-administration of morphine-like compounds with K-receptor agonists lead suppressing the side effects of p-opioid receptor agonist that benefit for the pain management.  Opioid receptor - receptor types - psychological dependence - morphine

Field of study: Medicine
Design and experimental study of superconducting left-handed transmission lines with tunable dispersion and improved impedance match

We continue detailed study of microwave properties of a superconducting left-handed tunable CPW transmission line (LHTL). The line consists of a central conductor, loaded with series of Josephson junctions as fixed inductors; the line is shunted with SQUIDs as tunable inductors. The inductance of the SQUIDs is varied in the range of 0.08-0.5 nH by applying an external dc magnetic field. The circuit is designed to have left- and right-handed transmission bands separated by a variable rejection band. At zero magnetic field, we observed only one pass-band between 8 and 10 GHz within the frequency range of 8-12 GHz. The rejection band is anticipated to appear between 10 GHz and 11 GHz by design, and it has been detected in our previous work. To solve the problem of standing waves and RF leak in measurements of our experimental 20-cell LHTL, we have designed a high-ratio (5-50 Ohm) wideband (8-11 GHz) impedance transformer integrated at the chip, along with improved sample holder. The experimental data are compared with numerical simulations.

Field of study: Physics
Proposal of Generating and Customizing Method to Construct 3D GUI for SCADA

Recently, high-quality 3D graphics has become available at a low cost. A number of attempts have been made to visualize information of a very large system by using 3D graphics. Development of a 3D graphical user interface system needs, however, more cost than that of a 2D graphical user interface system. To solve this problem, we propose an effective method to easily construct 3D graphical user interface for SCADA. Then we demonstrate the advantage of 3D graphical user interfaces constructed by our method through user experiment.

Field of study: Computer science
Interaction of limestone grains and acidic solutions from the oxidation of pyrite tailings.

To characterise the coatings formed and to analyse element partitioning between the aqueous and solid phase, suspensions were prepared with four grain sizes of limestone and three different amounts of acidic solution from oxidized pyrite tailings. In all cases, red coatings with three different layers covered the grain surface, sealing off the acidic solution. The inner layer was composed mainly of basaluminite, the middle layer of schwertmannite, and the outer layer of gypsum and jarosite. Zn, Cd and Tl were co-precipitated by Fe and Al; As and Pb were co-precipitated almost completely by Fe; and Cu formed mainly Cu sulphates. All trace elements reached almost total precipitation at pH 6.3, but the precipitation of As and Pb tended to decrease as the pH rose. Consequently, liming should be calculated so that the soil pH does not exceed 6.3. This calculation should take into account that the armouring of the limestone grains can cause underestimations in the amount of liming material needed.

Field of study: Environmental science