nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Learning by doing: The objectification of knowledge across semiotic modalities in middle school chemistry lab activities

This analysis follows students’ action and interaction with a single scientific phenomenon (bubbling/gas) over the course of a curriculum unit in a middle school science classroom to examine how and what they learn when doing laboratory activities. Taking a situated approach to interaction, I place the process of objectification in its multimodal context, focusing specifically on perceptual and linguistic objectification to highlight the importance of action, bodily movement, and the use of materials in students’ developing understanding of the law of conservation of matter. These two processes of objectification show how students orient themselves to the scientific materials at critical points in time, and how they transform first-hand activity into meaningful linguistic representations to demonstrate they have learned from their activities, and to create forms of knowledge that can be decontextualized and recontextualized in future learning situations.

Field of study: Education, Linguistics
When it is Embedded, it is Potent: Effects of General Attitude Embeddedness on Formation of Specific Attitudes and Behavioral Intentions

Attitude embeddedness, defined as the degree of connectedness of an attitude to other cognitive elements, was operationalized as the number of free associations subjects produced in relation to the attitude issue. Two experiments demonstrated that embeddedness moderated the effects of general attitudes on specific attitudes in situations that were ambiguously related to general attitudes. Highly embedded general attitudes but not low-embedded general attitudes toward capital punishment or the right to die served as a basis for the formation of specific evaluations of situations that were only moderately relevant for the broader issue. A third experiment demonstrated that highly embedded attitudes toward preservation of the environment were more strongly related to behavioral intentions than low-embedded attitudes were.

Field of study: Psychology
Constraining paleohydrologic change during the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum in the continental interior of North America

Quantifying the relationship between carbon cycle perturbations and the hydrologic cycle in the geologic past is crucial to accurately modeling how future anthropogenic carbon emissions and resulting radiative forcing might affect the hydrologic cycle. Interpreting changes in proxy records for insight into paleohydrologic change is complex, and documented records of paleohydrologic response to past global warming are rare. We use the relationship between two independent proxy records, the stable isotope ratios of hydrogen in n-alkanes and oxygen in tooth enamel of Coryphodon, to examine paleohydrologic change in the continental interior of North America during the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM) hyperthermal ~ 56 Ma. The Coryphodon δ18O record allows us to infer shifts in surface water isotope values through time by applying an empirical relationship between tooth enamel and precipitation δ18O values. Precipitation δ18O values increase by ~ 4‰ during the PETM, but n-alkane hydrogen isotope ratios show no directional change during the PETM. We explore multiple hypotheses that could explain the differences between the isotope records, including a change in apparent fractionation as a result of plant community change, a shift in the slope of the local meteoric water line, a change in the season of rainfall, or a shift in the season of lipid production. We model the changes that would be required to reconcile the isotope records for each hypothesis and evaluate the likelihood of each of the scenarios. We posit that the most likely hypothesis for the observed differences between the isotope records is a change in either the season of rainfall or the season of lipid production during the PETM.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
On an Ar(1) Time Series Model with Marginal Two Parameter Wright Inverse–Gamma Distribution

In the article, we consider the AR(1) time series model when X t has two parameter inverse–gamma distribution IG2(a, b), a ∈ (0, 1/2], b > 0. It will be shown that Laplace transform of two parameter inverse gamma distribution is Krätzel function. Using suitable approximation procedure Laplace transform of IG2(a, b) will be approximated when transformation argument is large. It will be shown that innovation process has continuous distribution. Finally, model's parameters have been estimated.

Field of study: Mathematics
TU-A-206-02: Is Professional Liability Insurance Really Necessary.

Professional liability insurance is an important tool to manage risks to a medical physicist's assets that can result from errors or omissions in the course of professional practice. AAPM has partnered with Mercer Consumer to offer coverage tailored to the professional activities and specific risks encountered in medical physics practice. This program has specific eligibility criteria, benefit options, exclusions, and enrollment options for both self-employed medical physicists and those who practice in an employment setting. There are important nuances to the form of coverage chosen and the determination of the coverage period for individual policies. The need for and role of professional liability insurance varies for each individual physicist, and one of the most important factors is the physicist's employment or self-employment status and involvement in consulting activities. This session will provide an overview of the AAPM-sponsored program (administered by Mercer) and the various options available to consulting and employed physicists. The fundamental concepts of professional liability insurance in general will be reviewed, and the roles of occurrence and claims-made coverage forms within the AAPM program will be explained. Information drawn from claims data from the AAPM program will be used to illustrate the role of professional liability insurance benefits in realistic cases involving losses and liabilities due to errors and omissions in medical physics practice.



1. Explain how professional liability insurance protects a medical physicist in the event of a lawsuit. 2. Understand the basic concepts of the professional liability insurance coverage forms: occurrence and claims-made. 3. Explain AAPM's professional liability insurance program for the consulting and non-consulting medical physicist. 4. Understand the recent claim/expense data from AAPM's professional liability insurance program. Graham Fuller is an employee of Mercer Consumer.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Cyclopentenon‐Derivate, IX. Enantioselektive Wege zum Brefeldin‐A

Die Kombination von stereoselektiver Michael-Addition an ein substituiertes Cyclopentenon mit stereospezifischer, durch die C15-Konfiguration gesteuerter Reduktion der C4-Ketogruppe, eroffnet, ausgehend vom gut zuganglichen chiralen Alkohol 11, einen enantioselektiven Weg zum ( — )-Brefeldin-A. Eine zweite Methode bedient sich des Chiralitatstransfers bei der Michael-Addition an chirales 4-Acetoxy-2-cyclopenten-1-on. 
 
 
 
Cyclopentenone Derivatives, IX. — Enantioselective Routes to Brefeldin-A 
 
 
 
By combining stereoselective Michael additions to substituted cyclopentenones with a stereospecific reduction of the C4 ketone, which is controlled by the C15 configuration, an enantioselective route to ( — )–brefeldin-A is developed, starting with the easily available chiral carbinol 11. A second technique makes use of chirality transfer in Michael additions to chiral 4-acetoxy-2-cyclopenten-1-one.

Field of study: Chemistry
Perceived Consensus, Uniqueness, and Terror Management: Compensatory Responses to Threats to Inclusion and Distinctiveness Following Mortality Salience

An experiment assessed the proposition that competing motives for inclusion and individuation both function to control concerns about mortality. Combining ideas from terror management theory and optimal distinctiveness theory, the authors hypothesized that mortality salience would increase the tendency of participants given feedback that they had strong conformist tendencies to underestimate social consensus for their attitudes and the tendency of participants given feedback that they were deviant to exaggerate social consensus for their attitudes. Participants were given either one or the other type of feedback, responded to open-ended questions about either their own death or their next important exam, completed a measure of social projection in which they indicated their own attitudes, and then estimated the percentage of the general population that shared their opinions. Results on a social projection measure consisting of the partial correlation between own and others' attitudes, controlling for social desirability, provided strong support for the hypotheses.

Field of study: Psychology
The Students Management of The Higher Vocational & Technical College Facing Challenge-Chance Strategy after China's Entry into WTO

The higher education will face with challenges after China's entry into WTO.At the same time,the students magagement must meet needs of international competition for bringing up qualified people.the students management must be "students first",respect students' personallity,interesting hobby.Raising their qualified and ability by the basic moral law education such as patriotism,polite,faith,diligent and devotion.

Field of study: Education
[Effects of resibufogenin on the action potential of myocardial fibers of the dog and guinea pig].

The electrophysiological actions of resibufogenin(RBG) on Purkinje fiber(PF) specimens of 46 dogs showed that there were 1)progressive decreases in action potential amplitude, resting potential, Vmax,action potential duration and effective refractory period; 2) increases in the slope of depolarization of phase 4 and the automatic rhythmicity of PF. The spontaneous action potential was sometimes induced by RBG. The effects of RBG on PF were concentration-dependent. The minimum effective concentration was 0.6 microM. The effects of RBG on the ventricular fibers(VF) of dogs ang guinea pigs were similar to those on dog PFs.There were similar effects in the different tissues(PF and VF) of dogs and the same tissue of different species of animals (dog and guinea pig) by RBG.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Metabolic interactions between algal symbionts and invertebrate hosts.

Some invertebrates have enlisted autotrophic unicellular algae to provide a competitive metabolic advantage in nutritionally demanding habitats. These symbioses exist primarily but not exclusively in shallow tropical oceanic waters where clear water and low nutrient levels provide maximal advantage to the association. Mostly, the endosymbiotic algae are localized in host cells surrounded by a host-derived membrane (symbiosome). This anatomy has required adaptation of the host biochemistry to allow transport of the normally excreted inorganic nutrients (CO2, NH3 and PO43-) to the alga. In return, the symbiont supplies photosynthetic products to the host to meet its energy demands. Most attention has focused on the metabolism of CO2 and nitrogen sources. Carbon-concentrating mechanisms are a feature of all algae, but the products exported to the host following photosynthetic CO2 fixation vary. Identification of the stimulus for release of algal photosynthate in hospite remains elusive. Nitrogen assimilation within the symbiosis is an essential element in the host's control over the alga. Recent studies have concentrated on cnidarians because of the impact of global climate change resulting in coral bleaching. The loss of the algal symbiont and its metabolic contribution to the host has the potential to result in the transition from a coral-dominated to an algal-dominated ecosystem.

Field of study: Environmental science
Interval and ratio reinforcement of a complex sequential operant in pigeons.

Pigeons were required to produce exactly four pecks on each of two keys in any order for reinforcement. Correct response sequences were reinforced on either fixed-interval two-minute or fixed-ratio four schedules, with each correct sequence treated as a single response. Each pigeon developed a particular dominant sequence that accounted for more than 80% of all sequences. Sequence stereotypy was relatively unaffected by the temporal properties of the fixed-interval and fixed-ratio schedules. Response time (time from the first response in each sequence to the last) was also relatively unaffected by the temporal properties of the schedules. In contrast, response latency (time from end of one sequence to the beginning of the next) was markedly affected by the schedules. Latencies were long early in the interreinforcement interval and got shorter as the interreinforcement interval progressed. These data suggest that stereotyped response sequences become functional behavioral units, resistant to disruption or alteration by reinforcement variables that ordinarily influence the temporal spacing of individual responses.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Haze is an important medium for the spread of rotavirus.

This study investigated whether the rotavirus infection rate in children is associated with temperature and air pollutants in Hangzhou, China. This study applied a distributed lag non-linear model (DLNM) to assess the effects of daily meteorological data and air pollutants on the rotavirus positive rate among outpatient children. There was a negative correlation between temperature and the rotavirus infection rate. The impact of temperature on the detection rate of rotavirus presented an evident lag effect, the temperature change shows the greatest impact on the detection rate of rotavirus approximate at lag one day, and the maximum relative risk (RR) was approximately 1.3. In 2015, the maximum cumulative RR due to the cumulative effect caused by the temperature drop was 2.5. Particulate matter (PM) 2.5 and PM10 were the primary air pollutants in Hangzhou. The highest RR of rotavirus infection occurred at lag 1-1.5 days after the increase in the concentration of these pollutants, and the RR increased gradually with the increase in concentration. Based on the average concentrations of PM2.5 of 53.9 μg/m(3) and PM10 of 80.6 μg/m(3) in Hangzhou in 2015, the cumulative RR caused by the cumulative effect was 2.5 and 2.2, respectively. The current study suggests that temperature is an important factor impacting the rotavirus infection rate of children in Hangzhou. Air pollutants significantly increased the risk of rotavirus infection, and dosage, lag and cumulative effects were observed.

Field of study: Environmental science
BRIEF COMMUNICATIONS: Influence of collisions on four-photon parametric processes in gases

The influence of isotropic depolarizing collisions on four-photon parametric processes is considered under resonance conditions. It is shown that, in particular, there is no parametric oscillation for J = 0→1 and 1→1 transitions between levels with total angular momenta J and waves with perpendicular linear polarizations if the line-up and orientation constants are equal. A study is made of the possibility of using resonance four-photon parametric processes in the determination of the relaxation constants of multipole moments of electron shells.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
MicroRNA-132 suppresses cell proliferation in human breast cancer by directly targeting FOXA1

Dysregulation of microRNAs (miRNAs) has been implicated in cancer. Recently, miR-132 has been reported to be downregulated in the tissues of patients with breast cancer. In this study, we investigated the functional role of miR-132 and its direct target FOXA1 in breast cancer cells. In 30 human breast cancer tissues, FOXA1 was significantly overexpressed and negatively correlated with miR-132 expression. A bioinformatics analysis suggested that FOXA1 was a potential target of miR-132. Furthermore, dual luciferase reporter assays revealed that miR-132 dose-dependently inhibited the luciferase activity of the wt 3′UTR of FOXA1 rather than the mut 3′UTR of FOXA1 in human MDA-MB-468 and SK-BR3 breast cancer cells. Moreover, ectopic miR-132 expression significantly inhibited FOXA1 protein expression, whereas miR-132 knockdown promoted FOXA1 expression in the breast cancer cells. Ectopic miR-132 expression also suppressed proliferation of the breast cancer cells, whereas miR-132 knockdown promoted proliferation of the breast cancer cells, which was reversed by knockdown of FOXA1 expression. We conclude that MiR-132 suppresses proliferation of breast cancer cells at least partially though inhibition of FOXA1. These results suggest that miR-132 and FOXA1 may be potential biomarkers or therapeutic targets in breast cancer.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Impact of the decrease in CFC emissions on refrigeration: target of the IIR initiative

According to the Montreal Protocol, agreed upon in 1987, a 50% decrease in CFC emissions will become effective in 1999. Optimistic scenarios do not foresee any problems for refrigeration, supposing alternative, environmentally more acceptable, refrigerants become available in a period of five to seven years from now. The newest analysis of ozone measurements, yielding an unexpected seasonal depletion everywhere, might have the consequence that additional reductions will be agreed upon. The refrigeration industry will then have to search more actively for alternatives and various types of other measures. In the following text, developments regarding the CFC—ozone hypothesis are once more considered. What has been the trend so far in searching for alternative substances and alternative measures is presented thereafter. The attitudes and actions of various (inter)national institutes are considered. Substitutes are then listed and scenario investigations are presented. The main part of this contribution deals with the IIR initiative, set up to investigate the effects of measures and the research necessary to decrease CFC emissions. The IIR initiative and its specific set-up, as well as some preliminary results, can be found in the later sections of the paper.

Field of study: Engineering
Nucleon resonances and processes involving strange particles

AbstractAn existing single resonance model with S11, P11 and P13 Breit-Wiegner resonances in the s-channel has been re-applied to the oldπN →KΛ data. It has been shown that the standard set of reso-nant parameters fails to reproduce the shape of the diﬀerential crosssection. The resonance parameter determination has been repeatedretaining the most recent knowledge about the nucleon resonances.The extracted set of parameters has conﬁrmed the need for the strongcontribution of a P11(1710) resonance. The need for any signiﬁcantcontribution of the P13 resonance has been eliminated. Assumingthat the Baker. et al data set[1] is a most reliable one, the P11 reso-nance can not but be quite narrow. It emerges as a good candidate forthe non-strange counter partner of the established pentaquark anti-decuplet. In spite of the fact that the experimental data for the process πN →KΛ,which show a distinct peeking around the energy range of 1700 MeV, areavailable for quite some time[1, 2] the existence of a P

Field of study: Physics
Integrating health law and health policy: a European perspective.

Health law is intended to create an environment in which the promotion of health goes hand in hand with the protection of individual rights and the general principles of equality and justice. Over the years, the importance of health law has grown, both at national and international level. As health and human rights are closely interlinked, it is important to integrate health law and health policy. It is to be expected that, especially in Europe, the impact of health law on health policy-making will increase as a result of several developments, e.g. the internationalization of health care and health policy, the issue of consumer protection and the legalization of society. This requires a strategy to stimulate the fruitful relationship between health policy and health law. The most important components of this strategy are discussed.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Discovering Relational Covariance Structures for Explaining Multiple Time Series

Analyzing time series data is important to predict future events and changes in finance, manufacturing, and administrative decisions. In time series analysis, Gaussian Process (GP) regression methods recently demonstrate competitive performance by decomposing temporal covariance structures. The covariance structure decomposition allows exploiting shared parameters over a set of multiple, selected time series. In this paper, we present two novel GP models which naturally handle multiple time series by placing an Indian Buffet Process (IBP) prior on the presence of shared kernels. We also investigate the well-definedness of the models when infinite latent components are introduced. We present a pragmatic search algorithm which explores a larger structure space efficiently than the existing search algorithm. Experiments are conducted on both synthetic data sets and real-world data sets, showing improved results in term of structure discoveries and predictive performances. We further provide a promising application generating comparison reports from our model results.

Field of study: Computer science
Class, Subjectivity and Parochialism: A Reflection and an Introduction

The article introduces a special issue on comprehending class. It does so by situating five articles – one on each of Brazil, India, China and two on South Africa – within the context of a reflection on key sociological texts published over the past ten years, specifically in the USA and the UK. The debate between the ‘occupation-aggregate’ approach and ‘culturalist class analysis’ is reviewed. An argument is made for distinguishing between class and subjectivity, using this as the basis for drawing together research from competing paradigms and for developing a new research agenda. Within this it is possible to situate new research on identity, which begins to analyse ambivalent identities and the way in which working-class and middle-class identities may be constituted differently, the former related more to economic concerns, the latter more to culture. Critically, the literature is taken to task for its parochialism, and a case is made for an internationalist approach to the sociology of class. This argument is underlined by a summary of the articles that follow.

Field of study: Sociology
Neorealism, Neoliberalism, Constructivism and the Role of Third Parties in the Disarmament of Civil Warring Factions

This article reviews the explanations of the three major schools of international relations theory for the variation in success witnessed by third parties in the disarmament of civil warring factions. It concludes that, although rational theories like Neorealism and Neoliberalism have highlighted important aspects of the dynamics between the roles of third parties and disarmament, they provide only a partial analysis and must therefore be assimilated into a Constructivist framework.

Field of study: History, Sociology