nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Effect of boiling and stretching on the optical and mechanical properties of polyester fibres

PET fibres, having an irregular cross-sectional shape, were boiled for different intervals of time and stretched using a stress-strain device, then examined by a two-beam interferometric method. Refractive indices and birefringence were measured. The results were used to calculate virtual and isotropic refractive indices, strain and stress optical coefficients and other structural parameters for various strain values. Also, the number of network chains per unit volume, N c , the work per unit volume, W, the average work per chain, W', the storable elastic energy of the network, W, the reduction in entropy, AS, and the number of crystals per unit volume, Y, were determined. These parameters changed on boiling and stretching, and reorientation occurred. An empirical formula is suggested to correlate the change in certain parameters with the draw ratio, and its constants are determined.

Field of study: Materials science
The Purchase Decision Process Within Algerian Families: Shadows and Qualitative Enlightening.

This article aims to contribute to understanding the buying behavior of the Algerian family. Its main objective is to determine the roles and influences of the two parents in making a purchase decision, along with the most influencing variables. To do that, a field study was conducted on a sample of 200 households. The results of this study would enable managers of points of sales to better understand the distribution of roles, in order to establish an adequate marketing strategy (targeting and positioning) and thus adapt the design of products to the needs of those who have the greatest influence on the purchase decision.

Field of study: Business
Description and Recognition of 3D Objects Using MEGI Model and Extended Spherical Correlation

Description and Recognition of 3D Objects Using MEGI Model and Extended Spherical Correlation Hiroshi MATSUO, Member, Akira IWATA, Non Member (Nagoya Institute of Technology) Description and recognition of object is one of the central consideration of research of the computer vision. It is the key issue that how to represent 3D objects on machine for recognition of them. Researchers of computer vision are used to employ EGI model, but it's not able to express concave objects. In this paper, MEGI model and coefficient of extended spherical correlation have been proposed. MEGI model is an extended EGI model to represent concave objects. Extended spherical correlation is the measure to recognize object using MEGI model. It has been demonstrated that this model is able to recognize 3D objects which is included concave one and to distinguish objects using a part of MEGI which makes from range data.

Field of study: Computer science
High Breakdown-Point Estimates of Regression by Means of the Minimization of an Efficient Scale

A new class of robust estimates, τ estimates, is introduced. The estimates have simultaneously the following properties: (a) they are qualitatively robust, (b) their breakdown point is .5, and (c) they are highly efficient for regression models with normal errors. They are defined by minimizing a new scale estimate, τ, applied to the residuals. Asymptotically, a τ estimate is equivalent to an M estimate with a ψ function given by a weighted average of two ψ functions, one corresponding to a very robust estimate and the other to a highly efficient estimate. The weights are adaptive and depend on the underlying error distribution. We prove consistency and asymptotic normality and give a convergent iterative computing algorithm. Finally, we compare the biases produced by gross error contamination in the τ estimates and optimal bounded-influence estimates.

Field of study: Mathematics
Development and validation of revisions in the counselor rating form.

2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a round black mark it is an indication that the film inspector noticed either blurred copy because of movement during exposure, or duplicate copy. Unless we meant to delete copyrighted materials that should not have been filmed, you will find a good image of the page in the adjacent frame. If copyrighted materials were deleted you will find a target note listing the pages in the adjacent frame.

Field of study: Psychology
Geochemical constraints on the differentiation processes that were active in the Sept Iles complex

Major- and trace-element abundances in the major units (gabbro, anorthosite, monzonite, syenite, and granite) of the unmetamorphosed Sept Iles complex have been evaluated to determine if these rocks can be related by simple magmatic processes or if it is necessary to invoke separately derived magmas. Major-element mass-balance and trace-element distribution calculations indicate that the diorite and quartz syenite were produced by fractional crystallization of plagioclase and augite, together with minor hypersthene and ilmenite, from a parental gabbroic magma. The Sr depletion of the granite, as compared with the quartz syenite, cannot be developed readily by partial melting and is better explained by fractional crystallization models. Major-element mass-balance solutions indicate that the granite was formed by removal of alkali feldspar, plagioclase, amphibole, and ilmenite from a quartz syenitic magma. Depletion of REE in the granite was probably the result of amphibole or REE-rich accessory mineral fra...

Field of study: Environmental science
[Tthe efficacy and safety of drug therapy divaza in patients with chronic cerebral ischemia].

To evaluate the efficacy and safety of divazа in the treatment of cognitive and emotional disorders in patients with chronic cerebral ischemia (CCI) based on clinical findings and laboratory markers of endothelial dysfunction.



Thirty patients with CCI, aged 40 to 70 years, were examined. All patients were treated with divazа (2 tablets 3 times a day) for 12 weeks. Cognitive functions and markers of endothelial dysfunction (the activity of endothelial NO-synthase (eNOS), the number of circulating desquamated endothelial cells in blood plasma) were measured at baseline and after treatment.



Divazа significantly reduced the severity of clinical symptoms and had a positive effect on endothelial dysfunction normalizing the tone of cerebral vessels and preventing deendotheliazation.



The use of divazа resulted in clinical improvement and normalization of markers of endothelial dysfunction as well.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Commercial-off-the-shelf algan/gan hemt device reliability study after exposure to heavy ion radiation

The reliability of commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) GaN HEMTs was studied after irradiation using heavy ions of Neon (Ne), Silicon (Si), and Argon (Ar). Devices were exposed to heavy ions at a flux of ~ 1.8e4 ions/cm2-sec to a fluence of 1.5e5 ions/cm2 and DC characterization measurements taken immediately after exposure exhibited no change. Additionally, no change in device performance was observed in DC or RF characterization taken prior to RF stress testing. Infrared (IR) and electroluminescence (EL) characterization was conducted before irradiation, post irradiation, and following stress testing to assess changes in emissions. After heavy ion exposure, irradiated devices and non-irradiated devices were subjected to an RF stress test at an elevated baseplate temperature. Results imply the irradiated devices degraded at a different rate than the non-irradiated device which suggests potential for confounding effects on long term reliability from heavy ion exposure. Future studies should be conducted using larger sample sizes and different radiation sources to determine if additional stress testing is required for GaN HEMT space qualification.

Field of study: Engineering
Federalism Debate In South Sudan: Laying the Foundation for Acceptable, Responsive, and Inclusive Governance

The South Sudanese parties to the conflict signed the Agreement on the Resolution of Conflict in South Sudan (ARCISS) in August 2015 and essentially agreed to establish a federal system of government. This raises three critical questions. First, do the people of South Sudan support the establishment of federalism as envisioned by the warring parties? Second, does the public actually understand what it means to establish and run a federal system of government? Finally, how could self-governing objectives and national unity objectives be reconciled? This study, therefore, is an attempt to answer these questions. This is necessary because there is an apparent lack of broader understanding of the current system of government, much less the proposed federal system in South Sudan. The results of the study are summarized as follows:

Field of study: Political science
Distribution of radioactivity in ancient sediments

By the use of beta-ray counters a method has been developed for the determination of the three radioactive constituents in ancient sediments—potassium, thorium, and uranium. Owing to the high efficiency of the counters to beta radiation only 3 grams of sample are required. The apparatus is calibrated with radioactive standards. Over 300 samples representing several distinct types of sedimentary rocks have been measured. The highest concentration of all three radioactive constituents was found in the Antrim formation, an organic black shale of Mississippian-Devonian age in Michigan. Similar characteristics were observed in the Chattanooga formation from wells in Oklahoma. These black shales show maxima of organic matter, uranium, thorium, potassium, colloidal size grades, and thorium/uranium ratio. The radioactivity measurements are complicated by the high emanating power of these shales. Logs of beta-ray activity, alpha-ray activity, and estimated per cent black shale have been made on cuttings from Pure No. 3 Gingrich, Osceola County, Michigan, between depths of 1600 and 3200 feet. These logs include the Marshall and Ellsworth formations, the Antrim shale, and the Traverse limestone. The results indicate significant variations in the distribution of radioactive elements and organic materials in these sedimentary rocks. It is concluded that the principal loci of radioactivity are (1) in heavy minerals in sands and sandstones, (2) in potassium-bearing sediments, and (3) in sediments of colloidal deposition. These relationships are of possible importance in defining the source beds of petroleum.

Field of study: Geology
Ethics of research on survivors of trauma

Essential elements of all research include balance of risks and benefits, unbiased selection of research samples, and assurance of the rights of individual participants. This paper highlights some key ethical issues and summarizes recent evidence relating to participation in, and conduct of, trauma-focused studies with special reference to vulnerable populations (eg, women and children, refugees, survivors of human rights violations, and survivors of trauma in the developing world). A concise ethical framework, rather than rigid guidelines (that may not be applicable to all trauma studies), may be a more useful point of reference for investigators and ethics committees or institutional review boards. Despite the increased empiric data available to inform ethical dilemmas regarding trauma research, more cost-burden analysis research in varying trauma populations and careful investigation of factors that contribute to risk and benefit is required.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
An interaction algorithm for three-dimensional turbulent subsonic aerodynamic juncture region flow

An order-of-magnitude analysis of the subsonic three-dimensional, steady time-averaged Navier-Stokes equations for semibounded aerodynamic juncture geometries yields the parabolic Navier-Stokes simplification. The numerical solution of the resultant pressure Poisson equation is cast into complementary and particular parts, yielding an iterative interaction algorithm with an exterior three-dimensional potential flow solution. A parabolic transverse momentum equation set is constructed, wherein robust enforcement of first-order continuity effects is accomplished using a penalty differential constraint concept within a finite-element solution algorithm. A Reynolds stress constitutive equation, with low-turbulence Reynolds number wall functions, is employed for closure, using parabolic forms of the two-equation turbulent kinetic energy-dissipation equation system. The algorithm is employed to predict the three-dimensional turbulent flowfield in the juncture region formed by two intersecting parabolic arcs at MM =0.08 and #e/C=0.6xl0/m. Additional results document the turbulence closure model.

Field of study: Physics
Resveratrol Modulates Apoptosis and Autophagy Induced by High Glucose and Palmitate in Cardiac Cells

Diabetic cardiomyopathy is associated with increased apoptosis and suppressed autophagy in cardiac cells. The polyphenol resveratrol has shown beneficial effects in various cardiovascular diseases. This study investigated if resveratrol protected cardiac cells by modulating apoptosis and autophagy in the context of diabetes.  H9c2 cardiac myoblast cells were exposed to high glucose combined with palmitate. Autophagy was evaluated by estimating LC3-II/I ratio, P62 protein levels, and LC3 fluorescent puncta. Apoptosis was assessed by using terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labelling (TUNEL), flow cytometry, and analysis of the protein expression of apoptotic markers (cleavage of caspase-3 and PARP).  High glucose and palmitate suppressed autophagic activity and exacerbated apoptotic cell death in cardiac myoblast cells. Resveratrol restored autophagy and attenuated apoptosis in cells upon diabetic stimuli. Moreover, resveratrol activated AMPK and JNK1, thereby suppressing mTOR and its downstream effectors p70S6K1 and 4EBP1, as well as disrupting the Beclin1–Bcl-2 complex.  Resveratrol protects cardiac cells by regulating the switch between autophagy and apoptotic machinery under diabetic conditions, which is attributed by AMPK-mediated phosphorylation of mTORC1/p70S6K1/4EBP1 and JNK-mediated dissociation of Beclin1-Bcl-2. Our study suggests that autophagy may be an important target for resveratrol in the treatment of diabetic cardiomyopathy.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Real-time detection of α1A-AR movement stimulated by phenylephrine in single living cells

To investigate the movement of α1A-adrenergic receptors(α1A-AR) stimulated by agonist, phenylephrine (PE), and the dynamics of receptor movement in real time in single living cells with millisecond resolution.We labeled α1A-AR using the monoclonal, anti-FLAG (a kind of tag) antibody and Cy3-conjugated goat anti-mouse IgG and recorded the trajectory of their transport process in living HEK293A cells stimulated by agonist, PE, and then analyzed their dynamic properties.The specific detection of α1A-AR on the surface of living HEK293A-α1A cells was achieved. α1A-AR internalize under the stimulation of PE. After the cells were stimulated with PE for 20 min, apparent colocalization was found between α1A-AR and F-actins. After 40 min stimulation of PE, trajectories of approximate linear motion in HEK293A-α1A cells were recorded, and their velocity was calculated.The specific labeling method on the living cell surface provides a convenient means of real-time detection of the behavior of surface receptors. By this method we were able to specifically detect α1A-AR and record the behavior of individual particles of receptors with 50 ms exposure time in real time in single living cells.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Monoclonal antibodies against heavy and light chains of domestic mink IgG.

A panel of 26 monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) specific to mink IgG was produced and analyzed by ELISA, immunodiffusion assay (IDA) and immunoblotting assay. All the raised MAbs were directed against the isotypic IgG epitopes. Immunoblotting assay demonstrated that 11 MAbs reacted only with the Fc-fragments of IgG and 7 only with the light chains. Four antibodies bound to the Fab-containing fragments and failed to react with the Fc-fragments or isolated L-chains. Three MAbs did not react with IgG in IDA. Based on the results of IDA and cross-blocking assays, the MAbs were divided into 10 groups, with the MAbs of each group recognizing the same epitope. In IDA some MAbs were able to react with the epitopes which are common to the IgGs of some other representatives of Mustelidae family and also to some mammalian species remote from mink (dog, horse, pig, fox and rabbit).

Field of study: Biology
City, Temple, Stage: Eschatological Architecture and Liturgical Theatrics in New Spain (review)

which he argues should be called the Baile or Dance of the Volcano. It is a version of the Baile de la Conquista featuring Sinacán resisting capture until he is taken prisoner by Tlaxcalan warriors, allied with the Spaniards. This annual event likely performed from the late sixteenth century until the seventeenth century, was staged in Santiago’s central plaza and featured a mock volcano. Contreras believes that this version might have survived if it had been performed in pueblos instead of in the capital; with insufficient official or native impetus to keep it going, it was soon forgotten. By contrast, Tecún Umán is the hero of a version of the Baile de la Conquista, which is still performed in Guatemala. Contreras concludes that Tecún did not die in personal combat with Alvarado and that the two men never even met. Though Alvarado mentions the death of the Lord in the first major battle of the conquest surely he would have informed his superior, Cortés, if he had personally killed him. Contreras implies that Tecún Umán’s hero status is a result of legend and folklore and that Sinacán, the true hero, has been unjustly forgotten.

Field of study: History
Involvement of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Uremic Cardiomyopathy: Protective Effects of Tauroursodeoxycholic Acid

Uremic cardiomyopathy (UCM) is a complication in chronic kidney disease. We investigated if endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) is involved in UCM, and determined the efficacy of tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) in UCM prevention.  Mice were divided randomly into three groups: sham (saline, i.p), 5/6 nephrectomized (Nx) (saline, i.p) and Nx+TUDCA (250 mg/kg/day, i.p.). Renal function was assessed by measuring serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen and by periodic acid-Schiff reagent staining. Histologic examination of cardiac fibrosis and apoptosis was determined by Masson's trichrome and TUNEL assay. Cardiac function was evaluated by echocardiography. Fibrotic factors (transforming growth factor-β, fibronectin, collagen I/IV) were evaluated by real-time PCR. ERS-related proteins were measured by western blotting.  Impaired renal function and cardiac dysfunction were shown in 5/6 nephrectomy mice but were improved significantly by TUDCA. 5/6 nephrectomy mice exhibited marked cardiomyocyte apoptosis, cardiac fibrosis and elevated pro-fibrotic factors. ERS markers (GRP78, GRP94, P-PERK, P-eIF2a) and ERS-induced apoptosis pathways (activation of CHOP and caspase-12) were increased significantly in 5/6 nephrectomy mice, and TUDCA treatment blunted these changes.  ERS has a key role in UCM, and the cardioprotective role of TUDCA is related to inhibition of ERS-induced apoptosis by inhibition of CHOP and caspase-12 pathways.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Über das Auftreten von isomeren Atomkernen

ZusammenfassungEs wird gezeigt, daß das vorliegende Material den empirischen Schluß zu ziehen erlaubt, daß die energetisch besonders günstig liegenden Kerne vomg-g Typ keine isomeren Zustände besitzen. Dadurch kann die Auswahl der Massenzahlen von zwei isomeren Kernen beim Xenon und Cadmium, über deren Zuordnung bisher noch nichts bekannt war, auf je zwei Werte eingeschränkt werden. Ferner zeigt es sich, daß unter anderem gerade von solchen Kernen ein isomerer Zustand bekannt ist, die im Grundzustand den Spin ≧9/2 ħ besitzen. Daraus wird geschlossen, daß das daraufhin noch nicht untersuchte stabile Wismutisotop209Bi isomer sein dürfte. Schwer verständlich ist es, daß nach dem heutigen Stande der Theorie in vier (von sechs bekannten) Fällen ein Spinunterschied von 5 ħ zwischen Grundzustand und isomerem Zustand verlangt wird, was für den letzteren zu einer Bevorzugung des unwahrscheinlich hohen Wertes von 19/2 für den Spin führt.

Field of study: Physics
Photodeflection spectroscopy of ion-implanted silicon

The method of photodeflection spectroscopy is used in a study of silicon single crystals implanted with bismuth, iron, and indium ions of 25 keV energy. This method was found to be suitable for monitoring the recovery of the crystal structure of the implanted samples as a result of electron annealing. The dependence of the amplitude of the photodeflection signal on the implanted indium ion dose was determined in the range 5×1011–5×1015 cm−2. The sensitivity limit of the method in respect of the minimum detectable implanted dose was 2×1012 cm−2. A comparison was made of the results of investigations carried out by the methods of photodeflection spectroscopy and Rutherford backscattering of light ions.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
[Effects of changrolin on electrophysiological properties of canine Purkinje fibers].

Histological identification of Purkinje fibers was carried out in 15 dogs. Action potential durations (APD) were found to be unlike on different portions of Purkinje fibers, longest on distal part (gate). Under the action of changrolin, the APD and effective refractory period (ERP) of Purkinjc fibers showed a marked but reversible lengthenint, their spontaneous thythm was slowed down, while an electrically evoked bigeminy was suppressed. Our study provides a theoretical ground for the clinical use of changrolin as a new type I anti-arrhythmic drug.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Radiation damage of mylar foils by a nuclear microprobe

Mylar foils have been irradiated under typicalPIXE conditions using the Bochum nuclear microprobe. The induced radiation damage was investigated with theHEIS technique for studies of the chemical composition and theSTIM technique for studies of the extent of axial and lateral damage. The data show that the current density of the microbeam influences the extent of axial and lateral damage in the foils, while the fluence of the microbeam causes changes in chemical composition: more than one-half of the originalH andO abundances are lost, while theC abundance — after a 15% drop within the first few seconds — increases slowly with fluence. Furthermore, the thickness of the foil affects the final chemical composition of the sample only at large fluences. The results indicate that some caution is necessary in the interpretation of PIXE analyses of trace elements in biological or medical samples using nuclear microprobes.

Field of study: Physics
Analysis Against the Layer-Wise Steganographic Method Based on Wavelet Contrast and LSB

In the Layer-Wise steganographic method based on wavelet contrast and Least-Significant-Bit(LSB),the number of bit-plane embedded is decided by wavelet contrast,and secret information is embedded by the layer-wise model.The steganographic method can provide large embedding capacity and good imperceptibility.Aimed at this steganographic method,this paper visually analyzes steganographic actions by the methods in graph theory.Two feature statistics are defined based upon the histogram of the image under investigation.It is proved that there are linear relationships and different ratio relationships between the two feature statistics and the embedding rate.Then,a new steganalytic method is proposed.Theory analysis and experimental results show that our steganalytic method can not only announce the presence of hidden information,but also provide a approximative estimation of the embedding capacity.The steganalytic technique proposed in this paper is also useful to against other Layer-Wise steganographic methods.

Field of study: Computer science