nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Reinforcement from pharmacological effects of ethanol in newborn rats.

The preweanling period in the rat is characterized by acceptance of substantial amounts of ethanol and susceptibility to its reinforcing effects. It has been unclear, however, whether the neurobiological basis of ethanol reinforcement properties at this age is in ethanol's olfactory, gustatory, or pharmacological effects.



The effectiveness of intraperitoneal (ip) ethanol as a reinforcer for newborn (3-hr-old) rats was tested toward separation of the orosensory and pharmacological sources of ethanol reinforcement. Responsiveness to a test nipple by pups given such pairings was compared with that of pups given unpaired presentations of the nipple and ethanol.



Reinforcement was assessed in terms of response to a surrogate nipple 1 hr after a single pairing of a similar nipple providing water (conditioned stimulus) and ip injection of ethanol (0.125, 0.25, 0.50, or 0.75 g/kg; unconditioned stimulus). Significant effects of ethanol reinforcement occurred with the lower doses (0.125 and 0.25 g/kg); higher doses of ethanol (0.50 and 0.75 g/kg) had no significant reinforcement effect. A second experiment determined that for conditioning with ip ethanol as the unconditioned stimulus, a conditioned stimulus consisting of only ingesting water or only suckling on an empty nipple also yielded significant reinforcing effects of ethanol, although with less strength than their combination. Both reinforcing doses of ethanol, 0.125 and 0.25 g/kg, yielded detectable concentrations of ethanol in the blood 5 min after injection, which were sustained at a significantly lower level 60 min after administration.



These data indicate that aside from possible, and likely weak, hematogenic sources of gustatory and olfactory attributes of ethanol, the basis of ethanol's reinforcement effect in neonatal rats is primarily pharmacological. For the pharmacological effects of ethanol to be reinforcing for the neonatal rat, concurrent appetitive activity on a nipple providing a fluid may be necessary for a substantial effect with this paradigm.

Field of study: Medicine
Spatial Inhomogeneities in Disordered d-Wave Superconductors: Effect on Density of States and Superfluid Stiffness

We study a short coherence length d-wave superconductor with finite density of unitary scatterers using the Bogoliubov-deGennes technique. We find that the low-energy density of states is reduced, the superfluid stiffness is significantly larger and off-diagonal long range order is more robust than the self-consistent T-matrix prediction. These results are a consequence of the inhomogeneous pairing amplitude in the ground state and of the low-lying excitations formed by hybridized impurity resonances. These features, with their nontrivial spatial structure, cannot be adequately described within the conventional T-matrix approach.

Field of study: Physics
Thawing permafrost: an overlooked source of seeds for Arctic cloud formation

As the Arctic warms at twice the global rate, radiative feedbacks from clouds will lead to compounding impacts on the surface energy budget that affect both regional and global weather, and climate. In a future warmer world, the Arctic is projected to become cloudier. However, the formation and evolution of Arctic clouds remain highly uncertain in part due to a limited understanding of current and future sources of ice nucleating particles (INPs). In particular, the sources and abundance of biologically-derived INPs are poorly characterized, yet they may be pivotal for cloud ice formation, especially at temperatures in which Arctic mixed-phase clouds (AMPCs) persist (i.e. >−15 °C). Here, we show for the first time that permafrost is a remarkably rich source of biologically-derived INPs, both heat labile (probably proteinaceous) and other organic INPs of biomolecular origin (41%–100% and 99%–100% of the total INPs, respectively). INP concentrations in 1000 to 30 000 year old permafrost were comparable to the most active of other Arctic and midlatitude soil sources (up to 1010 INPs per gram of soil). Thawing of permafrost—which promotes metabolic activity in microbes—and subsequent mobilization of those soils directly into the atmosphere or into lakes, rivers, and the ocean, suggests the intriguing possibility that increasing emissions of INPs from this hitherto overlooked reservoir could be widespread, and, in time, greatly impact Arctic cloud cloud glaciation and radiative properties. This discovery is timely given the rapidly-thawing permafrost in Alaska and across Earth's high latitudes. Since permafrost covers 15% of Northern Hemisphere land, this novel and prevalent INP source may become central to predictions of aerosol-cloud-precipitation interactions in AMPCs.

Field of study: Environmental science
The Effects of Drought Stress on the Antioxidant Resistance and Osmotic Adjusting Substances Content of Two Varieties Seedling of Camellia nitidissima

To explore the response of antioxidant resistance and osmotic adjusting substance content of Camellia nitidissima under drought stress,seedlings of two Camellia nitidissima types Longzhou and Xianmai were used as the material,and drought stress was applied through limiting water.The results indicated that:(1)With the drought stress lasting,the relative water content,chlorophyll content were decreased gradually,but the relatively electric conductivity,H2O2,MDA,total soluble sugar content,proline content were increased gradually;while the activities of SOD and CAT in the leaves showed a trend of increase in the first time and then decrease.(2)Under the same drought stress,the relative electric conductivity,H2O2,MDA content in the leaves of Xianmai were significantly higher than that of Longzhou,and the chlorophyll content and antioxidant enzyme activity of Longzhou were higher than that of Xianmai.The results showed that Longzhou had a higher antioxidant resistance,higher total soluble sugar content and proline content to increase water conservation,decrease the harm caused by drought stress on Camellia nitidissima,and the variety of Xianmai was relatively weak.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
THz wave radiation in periodically poled nonlinear crystal

THz wave radiation induced by femtosecond pulse in periodically poled nonlinear crystal is theoretically studied based on optical rectification.Using the principle of the antenna radiation and the theory of the grating diffraction,the study focuses on the distribution of the field of the frequency domain and the field of the time domain.The center frequency,the width of the spectrum and the electronic field of the THz wave are discussed and analyzed varying with the radiation angle.The result of the study shows that the bandwidth of the THz wave is inversly proportional to the length of the crystal and the number of the grating,and that the electronic field varying with the radiation angle is quasi-harmonic.

Field of study: Physics
Translocation of 32P between wood resources recently colonised by mycelial cord systems of Phanerochaete velutina

The basidiomycete fungus Phanerochaete velutina was inoculated centrally into trays of compressed, non-sterile woodland soil on precolonised 1 cm3 beech wood blocks. Mycelial systems developed from this and colonised two ‘baits’ (wood blocks or inert plastic controls), one on either side of the inoculum block. 32P-orthophosphate was supplied to a bait and its appearance in the other bait was monitored non-destructively with time, and destructively by liquid scintillation counting 60 or 70 days after addition of the radioisotope. Phosphorus was taken up by the first bait, translocated back to the inoculum block and onwards to the second bait. When the second bait was added 10 days after the first, translocation to the former was much more rapid indicating a large demand for phosphorus during early stages of colonisation. The size of the bait to which the 32P was added appeared to determine the amount taken up by the whole system, and the size of the second bait determined how much 32P was translocated to it. Decayed and/or small baits had less demand for phosphorous. The ecological relevance of these findings is discussed.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Die Massenabnahme der Sterne infolge Strahlung

ZusammenfassungEine Untersuchung der Massenverhältnisse von Doppelsternen spricht dafür, daß das Russell-Diagramm die Entwicklung der Sterne darstellt und die einzelnen Sterne im Verlauf der Entwicklung stark an Masse abnehmen.

Field of study: Physics
A nitric oxide synthesis inhibitor in the medial preoptic area inhibits copulation and stimulus sensitization in male rats.

Dopamine in the medial preoptic area (MPOA) facilitates copulation in male rats, and nitric oxide (NO) regulates basal and female-stimulated MPOA dopamine release. Microinjection of L-nitro-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, an NO synthesis inhibitor) into the MPOA blocked copulation in naive rats and impaired copulation in sexually experienced males. In other naive rats, L-NAME or saline was microinjected into the MPOA before each of 7 daily exposures to a receptive female placed over their cage. In a drug-free test on Day 8, copulation by L-NAME-treated rats was similar to that of unexposed controls and was impaired relative to saline-treated males. Therefore, NO in the MPOA is important for copulation and stimulus sensitization in male rats.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
The Vanishing of “Cinderella's Dream”

In Sister Carrie,Theodore Dreiser tells us a young woman's life in Chicago in the late 19th century.In the novel,temptation of city life made Carrie lost,who had drifted into two illegal relationships with two men.Life and love,which is important? Carrie gives us her own answer.This essay analyses the reflection of naturalism on Theodore Dreiser's attitude towards love and marriage in Sister Carrie.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
High purity substances – prototypes of elements of Periodic Table

The Mendeleev Periodic Table of Chemical Elements delivered a strong impetus to the development of fundamental and applied chemistry, chemical technology, analytical chemistry, and material sciences. Each element under the Periodic Table is an idealized substance with a certain structure and properties as defined by existing theoretical frameworks. In the real world, we deal with substances that are close in composition to the element of Periodic Table under study but differ in the presence of different elements in them – impurities that distort (sometimes radically) the structure and properties of the target research object. For many centuries, humanity has sought to obtain pure substances in order to achieve desired properties. In the second half of the 20th century, a unique collection of high purity substances was created, which includes samples representing material artifacts, prototypes of elements of Periodic Table that contain record low contents of impurity elements. With ongoing scientific and technological progress, the achieved purity of substances continuously increases and, therefore, their approximation to idealized elements of Periodic Table. This is facilitated by: new technological processes for the production and storage of high purity substances with a constant decrease in the level of impurities; the creation of isotope-friendly substances; complexes of more highly sensitive multi-element analysis methods; identification of the unique properties of high purity substances, bringing them closer to the capabilities of analog elements of Periodic Table and much more. This article is devoted to progress in these areas. Special attention is also paid to the problems in modern analytical chemistry of high purity substances and the use of the latter in the metrology of chemical analysis as the standards of comparison.

Field of study: Chemistry
Enhanced Energy Storage Properties of (1 − x)PLZST-xBiYO3 Ceramics

In this research, (1 − x)PLZST-xBiYO3 (x = 0–0.05) was prepared by a traditional solid-state process. The space structures of (1 − x)PLZST-xBiYO3 samples changed from hexagonal symmetry for x < 0.01, to monoclinic symmetry for x ≥ 0.01. Dielectric permittivity increased first and then decreased with the increase in BiYO3 content. The relaxor behavior of PLZST was disrupted slightly by BiYO3 doping. Then the local defects were created by BiYO3 doping, which formed weak couplings. The permittivity and maximum polarization were improved with the increase of BiYO3 content. When x = 0.01, Pm achieved the maximum of 9.02 μC/cm2 with an energy efficiency of 86.1%, which also exhibited the highest energy density, 0.679 J/cm3, in (1 − x)PLZST-xBiYO3 ceramics.

Field of study: Materials science
Bayesian Phylogenetic Inference Using a Combinatorial Sequential Monte Carlo Method

The application of Bayesian methods to large-scale phylogenetics problems is increasingly limited by computational issues, motivating the development of methods that can complement existing Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) schemes. Sequential Monte Carlo (SMC) methods are approximate inference algorithms that have become very popular for time series models. Such methods have been recently developed to address phylogenetic inference problems but currently available techniques are only applicable to a restricted class of phylogenetic tree models compared to MCMC. In this article, we propose an original combinatorial SMC (CSMC) method to approximate posterior phylogenetic tree distributions, which is applicable to a general class of models and can be easily combined with MCMC to infer evolutionary parameters. Our method only relies on the existence of a flexible partially ordered set structure and is more generally applicable to sampling problems on combinatorial spaces. We demonstrate that the proposed CSMC algorithm provides consistent estimates under weak assumptions, is computationally fast, and is additionally easily parallelizable.

Field of study: Mathematics
Хронические цереброваскулярные заболевания и метаболический синдром: подходы к патогенетической терапии когнитивных нарушений

Cognitive decline comprises one of the most important symptoms of chronic cerebral hypoperfusion. It leads not only to social disability of the patients with a subsequent decline in life quality but also to a decrease in adequate control of the course of both vascular pathology and comorbid states. Pathogenetic therapy and prevention of cerebrovascular disease progression, along with general medical measures, should include the drugs normalizing different symptoms of metabolic syndrome (arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus etc) as well as complex drugs with multiple actions (hemangioma correction, antithrombotic, antioxidant and vasoactive) actions.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Similarities between the thick-skinned Blue Ridge anticlinorium and the thin-skinned Powell Valley anticline

The Blue Ridge anticlinorium in northern Virginia is a part of an integrated deformational system spanning the area from the Piedmont to the Appalachian Plateaus. Deformation intensity within the system decreases from east to west. Differences of opinion have emerged concerning the central Appalachians as to whether the basement rocks exposed in the core of the Blue Ridge anticlinorium are rooted or are allochthonous. Available surface and subsurface stratigraphic and structural data suggest that the anticlinorium may be a rootless thick-skinned analogue to the rootless thin-skinned Powell Valley anticline in the Valley and Ridge. Both structures were produced during the Alleghenian orogeny by similar deformational processes. The form of the Powell Valley anticline is attributed to duplication of about 4,575 m (15,000 ft) of sedimentary rock during approximately 16 km (10 mi) of northwest movement above a subhorizontal decollement. Similarly, the form of the Blue Ridge anticlinorium is attributed to duplication of about 9,150 m (30,000 ft) of igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rock during a minimum of 59 km (37 mi) of northwest movement above an eastward continuation of a subhorizontal decollement within Cambrian sedimentary rocks beneath the Valley and Ridge. Thus, in northern Virginia there is a mixing of structural styles: the thick-skinned rootless Blue Ridge anticlinorium sits above a thin-skinned detachment. This relationship implies that thin- and thick-skinned styles are simply end members of a complex deformational process that includes a transition zone, where characteristics of both styles commingle.

Field of study: Geology
Epizoan ecology and interactions in the Devonian of Spain

Shells of the brachiopod Anathyris phalaena (Phillips) from the Raneces Group (Emsian) of NW Spain are frequently encrusted by epizoans including Aulopora, Hederella, Spirorbis and trepostome bryozoans. Aulopora is preferentially distributed on dorsal valves, and all of the epizoans occur in greater densities on the median parts of the brachiopod shells. The unusual growth pattern of Aulopora colonies implies synchronous growth of the coral and the host brachiopod. The epizoans are interpreted as symbionts of living brachiopods which were able to survive for a short time after death of their hosts. Competition for living space on the brachiopod shells is indicated by epizoan overgrowths and fouling. Anathyris was one of several spire-bearing brachiopods which supported a symbiotic fauna of epizoans during Devonian times. The frequency worldwide of brachiopod encrustation evidently declines markedly into the later part of the Palaeozoic.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Spectral peculiarities of isomeric trans-styrylpyrazoles

The regularities in the electronic absorption spectra of trans-styrylpyrazoles were interpreted on the basis of quantum-chemical calculations by the Pariser-Parr-Pople configuration-interaction (PPP CI) method and data from the photoelectron spectra taking into account the peculiarities of the formation of the boundary molecular orbitals of pyrazole. The difference in the electronic effects of the isomeric pyrazolyl radicals determines the degree of polarization of the ethylene fragment and the C-C bonds of the pyrazole ring in the styrylpyrazole molecules; this is reflected in their IR spectra.

Field of study: Chemistry
Airborne DOAS limb measurements of tropospheric trace gas profiles: case studies on the profile retrieval of O 4 and BrO

A novel limb scanning mini-DOAS spectrometer for the detection of UV/vis absorbing radicals (e.g., O3, BrO, IO, HONO) was deployed on the DLR-Falcon (Deutsches Zentrum fur Luft- und Raumfahrt) aircraft and tested during the ASTAR 2007 campaign (Arctic Study of Tropospheric Aerosol, Clouds and Radiation) that took place at Svalbard (78° N) in spring 2007. Our main objectives during this campaign were to test the instrument, and to perform spectral and profile retrievals of tropospheric trace gases, with particular interest on investigating the distribution of halogen compounds (e.g., BrO) during the so-called ozone depletion events (ODEs). In the present work, a new method for the retrieval of vertical profiles of tropospheric trace gases from tropospheric DOAS limb observations is presented. Major challenges arise from modeling the radiative transfer in an aerosol and cloud particle loaded atmosphere, and from overcoming the lack of a priori knowledge of the targeted trace gas vertical distribution (e.g., unknown tropospheric BrO vertical distribution). Here, those challenges are tackled by a mathematical inversion of tropospheric trace gas profiles using a regularization approach constrained by a retrieved vertical profile of the aerosols extinction coefficient EM. The validity and limitations of the algorithm are tested with in situ measured EM, and with an absorber of known vertical profile (O4). The method is then used for retrieving vertical profiles of tropospheric BrO. Results indicate that, for aircraft ascent/descent observations, the limit for the BrO detection is roughly 1.5 pptv (pmol mol−1), and the BrO profiles inferred from the boundary layer up to the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere have around 10 degrees of freedom. For the ASTAR 2007 deployments during ODEs, the retrieved BrO vertical profiles consistently indicate high BrO mixing ratios (∼15 pptv) within the boundary layer, low BrO mixing ratios (l1.5 pptv) in the free troposphere, occasionally enhanced BrO mixing ratios (∼1.5 pptv) in the upper troposphere, and increasing BrO mixing ratios with altitude in the lowermost stratosphere. These findings agree reasonably well with satellite and balloon-borne soundings of total and partial BrO atmospheric column densities.

Field of study: Environmental science
Efficient performance in two agent bargaining

This paper concerns ex ante incentive efficient performance in the bargaining of one buyer and one seller over a single item. For any element in a specified class of distributions of the buyer's and the seller's valuations of the item, all of the (interim) individually rational and efficient allocation rules are characterized. It is also shown that the “buyer's bid” and the “seller's price” double auctions are efficient for all distributions in the specified class. These results are obtained by studying efficiency as a linear programming problem.

Field of study: Economics
Antecedents of Job Satisfaction in Saudi Arabia: Impact of Industrial Sector

The exhaustive effort of Government of Saudi Arabia to standardize HRM practices across different industrial sectors in the Kingdom is expected to enhance the participation of its nationals in private sectors including SME’s. This study is an effort to understand the perceived level of job satisfaction, job stress, work place violence and role clarity after the enforcement of “Nitagat” program and various amendments in the present law to promote employee well being and employee participation in order to enhance job satisfaction.The study reports a moderately better level of job satisfaction across all respondents but constrained by industry type. In spite of the best efforts of competent authorities to ensure better work environment by amending and designing regulations a significant higher job stress and work place violence is reported in private sector as compared to public sector which has fared better scores on Role clarity and lower scores on work place violence and job stress. As demonstrated through Structural equation model, the relations between job stress, role clarity and work place violence across industry sector (public vs private) further implying that key practices pertaining to HRM still remain a concern to be addressed.

Field of study: Business
Restriction of some unitary representations of O(1,N) to symmetric subgroups

We find the complete branching law for the restriction of certain unitary representations of $O(1,n+1)$ to the subgroups $O(1,m+1)\times O(n-m)$, $0\leq m\leq n$. The unitary representations we consider belong either to the unitary spherical principal series, the spherical complementary series or are unitarizable subquotients of the spherical principal series. 
In the crucial case $0<m<n$ the decomposition consists of a continuous part and a discrete part. The continuous part is given by a direct integral of unitary principal series representations whereas the discrete part consists of finitely many representations which either belong to the complementary series or are unitarizable subquotients of the principal series. The explicit Plancherel formula is computed on the Fourier transformed side of the non-compact realization of the representations by using the spectral decomposition of a certain hypergeometric type ordinary differential operator. The main tool connecting this differential operator with the representations are second order Bessel operators which describe the Lie algebra action in this realization. 
To derive the spectral decomposition of the ordinary differential operator we use Kodaira's formula for the spectral decomposition of Schr\"odinger type operators.

Field of study: Mathematics