nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Lateral vibrations of twisted rods

propeller blade, in the unloaded state. The bending vibrations of such a rod have been dealt with by H. Reissner,1 who derived the differential equations under most general assumptions, without, however, to the best of our knowledge, proceeding to their solution. Subsequently, a number of authors have treated particular cases by approximate or experimental methods.2 In view of the possibilities offered by modern computers, the problem actually is ripe for rigorous treatment. It is solved in this paper for an isotropic,

Field of study: Mathematics
Is Crisis Management Always Possible

After the Cuban missile crisis had been resolved, President John F. Kennedy confessed that the odds of the Soviets going to war seemed to him at the time "somewhere between one out of three and even."' Kennedy's judgment has remained a matter of controversy among scholars and members of the "Ex Com," the informal working group the President assembled to help him manage the crisis. Robert McNamara and McGeorge Bundy contend that it may have been a reasonably accurate estimate of the risks at the time.2 Dean Acheson and Paul Nitze, by contrast, argued that the President greatly exaggerated the prospect of war.3 Even if he did, Kennedy's judgment nevertheless reflects an undisputed political reality: the Cuban missile crisis was, relatively speaking, the closest the superpowers had ever come to nuclear war. It was not an experience that any of the participants looked forward to repeating. Whether by skill or by circumstance, or both, the superpowers have managed to avoid war-threatening confrontations since. There have been crises, to be sure, but none of them of the magnitude of Cuba. Even the 1973 Middle East crisis, the most serious superpower clash after 1962, was by all accounts a faint echo

Field of study: Political science
Thromboangiitis obliterans with multiple large vessel involvement: case report and analysis of immunophenotypes.

Thromboangiitis obliterans (TAO, Buerger's disease) is an idiopathic, recurrent, segmental, nonatherosclerotic, inflammatory, occlusive vascular disease with a poorly understood pathogenesis. Intestinal or multi-organ involvement is rare. Recent immunohistochemical analyses of ordinary TAO have indicated an inflammatory and immunologic pathogenesis. We report a case of TAO involving multiple large vessels. By immunohistochemistry, CD3+ T cells were revealed around the recanalization sites within the abdominal aorta. CD4+ T cells were almost equal in number to CD8+ T cells. These findings indicate the participation of inflammatory and immunologic processes in TAO with multi-organ involvement (as in ordinary TAO).

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Evaluation of paleoclimatic proxies by the rescaled range method: results from Labrador Sea, ODP Site 646

Rescaled range analysis is tested as a method for comparison and evaluation of terrestrial and marine paleoclimatic data from the northwest Atlantic Ocean. We calculated the Hurst exponents (H) of oxygen isotope, foraminifera, dinoflagellate, and pollen–spore records from Ocean Drilling Project Site 646, and compared the Hurst values of these climatic proxies with the corresponding power spectra. Our study reveals differences in Hurst values among several proxy-climatic records from one location. However, higher Hurst values do not contain more information on climatic changes, in contrast to the conclusion of a previous study that compared records from continental and oceanic sites. Therefore, caution is needed when using the Hurst exponent for evaluating the information content of climatic proxies.

Field of study: Environmental science
The change of yacon tuber antioxidant compounds and antioxidant activity affected by storage temperature

Yacon tuber is one kind of tropical high mountain fruits with rich nutrition and health care function. However, it's not resistant to storage. The change of contents of antioxidant compounds and antioxidant activity of yacon tubers affected by storage temperature were studied in the paper. The results showed that, the contents of total phenolic acids, flavonoids and reduced Vc content decreased significantly in the storage. Especially in the first 14 days, decline rate is lager, then gently. The similar phenomenon appeared again for scavenging hydroxyl free radical capacity of yacon tuber extracts. Moreover, according to results, 4 ℃ was the optimal storage temperature, followed by 0 ℃ and 10 ℃, just for yacon tuber antioxidant compounds and antioxidant activity.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Numerical investigation of indoor air quality in a floor heated room with different air change rates

Nowadays, indoor air quality is no longer considered as providing thermal comfort. The pollutant concentration in the ambient air (CO2, O3, particulate matter, etc.) is an essential factor affecting both indoor air quality and human health negatively. Particle motion in a room is affected by air movements caused by heating systems and infiltration and needs to be examined. Therefore, this study aims to explain how infiltration rates in a room with floor heating affect both thermal conditions and particularly the particle concentration and distribution. In this study, the discrete phase model (DPM) was used for particle tracking using commercial software ANSYS FLUENT. It was assumed that drag, lift, thermophoretic and Brownian forces were affecting particle motions. It was seen that air change rates influence both thermal comfort and energy consumption as well as particle distribution significantly. It was found that increasing air change rates causes a rise in particle concentration in all sizes of particles, specifically for the lower parts of the room (below 0.75 m from the floor). It is recommended to place air purifying devices where the outdoor sourced air infiltrates the room. Additionally, an index that contains thermal comfort and particle concentration together was defined and its distribution in the room was examined. It is found that the air change rate is a critical factor in obtaining desired indoor air quality, but outdoor air conditions may worsen the indoor quality due to air pollution. As the air change rate significantly alters the airflow in the room, both thermal comfort perception and particle concentrations vary considerably.

Field of study: Engineering
Study on Ti-Ce Complex Inclusions in Ductile Cast Iron

The inclusions in spheroidal graphite iron spheroidized by RE-Mg were observed by SEM.The forming process of Ti-Ce-S compound inclusions was analyzed combining thermodynamic calculation and kinetic conditions.The results show that the block Ti-Ce-S compound inclusions distributes in the phase boundaries of pearlite and ferrite,whose size is 3 μm.CeS provides heterogeneous nucleus for the formation of TiS during spheroidization.The reducing reaction of Ce and TiS is the main factor to promote the formation of Ti-Ce-S compound inclusions.The Ti-Ce may also compound with La,Ba,Mg etc and form inclusions,such as Ti-Ce-La-S,Ti-Ce-Ba-S,Ti-Ce-Ba-Si-S,Ti-Ce-V-C and Ti-Ce-La-Mg-C-N-S.The sufficient reaction among the elements like Ti,Se etc and the effective removal of this kind of inclusions are main factors to ensure spheroidization effect.

Field of study: Materials science
Association between general practice referral rates and patients' socioeconomic status and access to specialised health care a population-based nationwide study.

To explore the association between patients' socioeconomic status and their referral from general practice to specialised health care.



Multiple regression analysis was used on cross-sectional data on general practice referral rates for all Danish general practices in year 2006.



Our models explained between 26% and 45% of the variation in general practice referral to specialised care. Adjusting for access to specialised care (local supply of hospitals and practicing specialists) reduced the association between socioeconomic factors and referral rates. The results suggest that persons with high socioeconomic status are referred more to practicing specialist than persons with low socioeconomic status and that the latter are referred more to hospital care than the former.



Our results indicate that the influence of socioeconomic factors may be overstated failing to control for access to specialised care. Still, a socioeconomic gradient was observed in GPs' referral pattern to different sorts of health care after adjusting for access. The association between socioeconomic status and referral pattern can both be rooted in morbidity variation and to the ability of persons with high socioeconomic status to influence general practitioners' (GPs') decision making.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Role of Th1‐stimulating cytokines in bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG)‐induced macrophage cytotoxicity against mouse bladder cancer MBT‐2 cells

Previously, we have demonstrated that macrophages exhibited cytotoxicity toward mouse bladder cancer MBT‐2 cells upon bacille Calmette–Guérin (BCG) stimulation. In this study, we have investigated the role of Th1‐stimulating cytokines in BCG‐induced macrophage cytotoxicity. Thioglycollate‐elicited peritoneal exudate cells (PECs) were used as a conventional source for macrophages and the induction of PEC effector functions (cytolytic activity and cytokine production) by BCG was evaluated in vitro. The BCG‐activated PECs showed potent cytotoxicity and killed MBT‐2 cells in a dose‐dependent manner. Depletion of T cells, natural killer (NK) cells, or both, in PEC preparations exhibited a marginal or small reduction of MBT‐2 cell killing, suggesting that macrophages played a primary role in PEC cytotoxicity. Transwell assays indicated that the maximal PEC cytotoxicity required both direct cell–cell contact and soluble factors such as interferon (IFN)‐γ and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)‐α. Neutralizing endogenous cytokines interleukin (IL)‐12, IL‐18, IFN‐γ or TNF‐α reduced PEC cytotoxicity by 38%, 22%, 15% and 94%, respectively. Supplementation of BCG with recombinant (r)IL‐2, rIL‐12 or rIL‐18 increased PEC cytotoxicity by approximately twofold. Compared with control BCG for PEC stimulation, rBCGs expressing IL‐2 or IL‐18 showed enhanced MBT‐2 cell killing by PECs. Increased cytokine production (IFN‐γ, TNF‐α and IL‐6) was also observed in rBCG‐stimulated PEC cultures. Taken together, these results suggest that Th1‐stimulating cytokines play an important role in BCG‐induced macrophage cytotoxicity and that combination of BCG with selected Th1‐stimulating cytokines, either supplemented or expressed by BCG, may enhance the effect of BCG in the treatment of bladder cancer patients.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Probing planetary pollution from space

This paper will review the data sets obtained from instruments that have measured carbon monoxide and tropospheric ozone from space. In addition, an example of the capability of Differential Absorption Lidar (DIAL) systems will be shown and the current plans for monitoring pollution from spaceborne platforms will be discussed. As a result of these studies, scientists now know that pollution is a widespread phenomenon that has impacted the composition of the atmosphere on continental and hemispheric scales. Such perturbations will have far-reaching consequences for global atmospheric chemistry and climate. New measurement techniques using active remote sensors have already produced exciting data sets from aircraft platforms, and should provide an entirely new capability when used from space sometime in the 21st century.

Field of study: Environmental science
Age, genesis, and paleoclimatic interpretation of the Sangamon/Loveland complex in the Lower Mississippi Valley, U.S.A.

For more than a century, the Sangamon paleosol (the Sangamon) has been an integral part of geologic and pedologic investigations in the central United States, including the Upper Mississippi and Lower Missouri River Valleys. Compositional, pedologic, micromorphologic, stratigraphic, and age data indicate that the prominent reddish paleosol developed in silt-rich deposits of the Lower Mississippi Valley, from southernmost Illinois to northwestern Mississippi, represents multiple periods of soil formation, and is wholly or in part time equivalent to the Sangamon of the central United States. Thermoluminescence data, for localities where the Sangamon developed in loess, indicate that the primary period of loess deposition was from 190 to 130 ka (oxygen isotope stage, OIS6), that loess deposition continued intermittently from 130 to 74 ka (OIS5), and that deposition was wholly or in part coeval with Loveland loess deposition in the central United States. Beryllium-10, chemical, and pedologic data indicate that in the Lower Mississippi Valley: (1) the Sangamon represents a minimum time period of 60–80 k.y.; (2) there were at least two periods of soil formation, ca. 130–90 ka and 74–58 ka (OIS4); and (3) rates of weathering and pedogenesis equaled or exceeded the net loess-accumulation rate until at least 46 ka (OIS3) and resulted in development of a paleosol in the overlying basal Roxana Silt. Along a N-S transect from southern Illinois to western Mississippi, Sangamon macroscopic characteristics as well as the micromorphology, chemistry, and mineralogy, suggest a regional paleoclimate during periods of soil formation that: (1) was warm to hot, with a wider range in temperature, precipitation, and evapotranspiration than present; (2) had seasonal to decadal or longer periods of drought; and (3) had down-valley (southward) trends of increasing temperature and precipitation and decreasing seasonality and variation in annual to decadal precipitation.

Field of study: Geology
Triiodothyronine Potentiates Vasorelaxation via PKG/VASP Signaling in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells

Vascular relaxation caused by Triiodothyronine (T3) involves direct activation of endothelial cells (EC) and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC). Activation of protein kinase G (PKG) has risen as a novel contributor to the vasorelaxation mechanism triggered by numerous stimuli. We hypothesize that T3-induced vasorelaxation involves PKG/vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP) signaling pathway in VSMC.  Human aortic endothelial cells (HAEC) and VSMC were treated with T3 for short (2 to 60 minutes) and long term (24 hours). Nitric oxide (NO) production was measured using DAF-FM. Expression of protein targets was determined using western blot. For functional studies, rat aortas were isolated and treated with T3 for 20 minutes and mounted in a wire myograph. Relaxation was measured by a concentration-dependent response to acetylcholine (ACh) and sodium nitroprusside (SNP).  Aortas stimulated with T3 exhibited augmented sensitivity to ACh and SNP-induced relaxation, endothelium-dependent and endothelium-independent responses, respectively. T3 directly increased vasorelaxation, which was abolished in the presence of a PKG inhibitor. T3 markedly induced phosphorylation of Akt, eNOS and consequently increased NO production in EC. Likewise, T3 induced phosphorylation of VASP at serine 239 via the PKG pathway in VSMC.  Our findings have uncovered a PKG/VASP signaling pathway in VSMC as a key molecular mechanism underlying T3-induced vascular relaxation.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
The Gaia-ESO Survey: metallicity and kinematic trends in the Milky Way bulge

Observational studies of the Milky Way bulge are providing increasing evidence of its complex chemo-dynamical patterns and morphology. Our intent is to use the iDR1 Gaia-ESO Survey (GES) data set to provide new constraints on the metallicity and kinematic trends of the Galactic bulge, exploring the viability of the currently proposed formation scenarios.  We analyzed the stellar parameters and radial velocities of similar to 1200 stars in five bulge fields wich are located in the region -10 degrees < / < 7 degrees and -10 degrees < b < -4 degrees. We use VISTA Variables in the Via Lactea (VVV) photometry to verify the internal consistency of the atmospheric parameters recommended by the consortium. As a by-product, we obtained reddening values using a semi-empirical Tdf -color calibration. We constructed the metallicity distribution functions and combined them with photometric and radial velocity data to analyze the properties of the stellar populations in the observed fields.  From a Gaussian decomposition of the metallicity distribution functions, we unveil a clear bimodality in all fields, with the relative size of components depending of the specific position on the sky. In agreement with some previous studies, we find a mild gradient along the minor axis (-0.05 dex/deg between b = -6 degrees and b = -10 degrees) that arises from the varying proportion of metal-rich and metal-poor components. The number of metal-rich stars fades in favor of the metal-poor stars with increasing b. The K-magnitude distribution of the metal-rich population splits into two peaks for two of the analyzed fields that intersects the near and far branches of the X-shaped bulge structure. In addition, two lateral fields at (l,b) = (7, -9) and (l, b) = (-10, 8) present contrasting characteristics. In the former, the metallicity distribution is dominated by metal-rich stars, while in the latter it presents a mix of a metal-poor population and and a metal-intermediate one, of nearly equal sizes. Finally, we find systematic differences in the velocity dispersion between the metal-rich and the metal-poor components of each field.  The iDR I bulge data show chemo-dynamical distributions that are consistent with varying proportions of stars belonging to (i) a metal-rich boxy/peanut X-shaped component, with bar-like kinematics; and (ii) a metal-poor more extended rotating structure with a higher velocity dispersion that dominates far from the Galactic plane. These first GES data already allow studying the detailed spatial dependence of the Galactic bulge populations, thanks to the analysis of individual fields with relatively high statistics.

Field of study: Physics
Primary results of measuring plasma electron temperature with YAG laser Thomson scattering system on the HL-2A Tokamak

This article describes the laser Thomson scattering principle and the developed system on HL-2A device.The high power Q-switch Nd:YAG laser,with a wavelength of 1 064 nm,can sufficiently satisfy the measurement requirement.The polycromator consisting of avalanche photo-diodes(APD) and narrow band interference filters,can effectively improve the measurement of scattering light.The electron temperature is deduced by error-weighted lookup table method,which improves the data-processing speed or efficiency.Finally,the experiment results of the one-point electron temperature during different discharges of plasma are presented.

Field of study: Physics
The Impact of Natural Disasters on Youth: A Focus on Emerging Research beyond Internalizing Disorders

paper reviews youth outcomes following exposure to natural disaster, with a focus on three relatively understudied outcomes: externalizing behavior problems, physical health, and posttraumatic growth. Recent, high-impact studies focusing on each outcome are summarized.Recent FindingsStudies highlighted in this review utilize innovative and comprehensive approaches to improve our current understanding of youth broad-based physical and mental health outcomes beyond PTSD. The review concludes with recommendations to advance the field of youth disaster research by exploring how disasters may impact children across multiple domains, as well as using cutting edge ecobiological approaches and advanced modeling strategies to better understand how youth adjust and thrive following natural disaster.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Calmodulin-free skeletal-muscle troponin C prepared in the absence of urea.

A method is described for the rapid preparation of electrophoretically pure troponin C from rabbit skeletal-muscle myofibrils that avoids the use of urea. The three-step procedure includes extraction od the myofibrils with EDTA-containing buffers, one-step elution from DEAE-Sephadex and Sephadex G-100 chromatography in the presence of EDTA. The procedure gives yields comparable with those of currently used methods that involve dissociation of the troponin complex with urea. Except for the thiol-group reactivity, troponin C produced by our method is physicochemically and functionally indistinguishable from that obtained by the classical procedure. Purified troponin C always contains traces of calmodulin. However, this contamination can be decreased to less than 0.02% by means of a second Sephadex G-100 chromatography step in the presence of EDTA.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Mechanical behavior simulation: NCF/epoxy composite processed by RTM

Considering aeronautics requirements, academies and industries are developing matrixes and reinforcements with higher mechanical performance. The same occurs with the process where new studies focus on obtaining composites with suitable matrix/reinforcement interface. The use of epoxy resin and carbon fiber with high mechanical performance does not guarantee a composite with high mechanical properties, considering imperfections and void formation along the laminate in case of inappropriate processing parameters. The aim of this article was to analyze and quantify the mechanical behavior of polymer composite reinforced with continuous fibers using finite element methodology and postprocessing software simulation. In addition, the classical laminate theory and finite elements were used to simulate flexural and tensile tests of composite specimens. Simulation results were compared with experimental test results using a carbon fiber noncrimp fabric quadriaxial/epoxy resin composite processed by resin transfer molding. Although void volume fraction for structural materials presenting results under aeronautics requirements regarding of 2%, imperfections like lack of resin and impregnation discontinuity showed an influence in tensile and flexural experimental results. Experimental mechanical behavior decreased 10% of strength, in comparison with simulation results due to imperfection on impregnation measured by C-Scan map. Improvement in processing procedures could able to provide greater impregnation continuity, reducing defect formation and ensuring better matrix/reinforcement interface. As a final conclusion, the process plays a role as important as the characteristics of reinforcement and matrix and, consequently, the mechanical properties.

Field of study: Materials science