nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Widespread mangrove damage resulting from the 2017 Atlantic Mega Hurricane Season

Comprised of 17 named tropical storms, 6 of which were major hurricanes, the 2017 Atlantic hurricane season ranked as one of the most damaging and costly hurricane seasons on record. In addition to socio-economic impacts, many previous studies have shown that important coastal ecosystems like mangroves are shaped by severe storms. However, little is known about how the cumulative effects of storms from the entire hurricane seasons affect mangroves across large regions. We used satellite imagery from the entire Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico region to show that 2017 resulted in disproportionate mangrove damage compared to baseline responses over the previous 8 years, and estimated vegetation responses over the past 38 years. Specifically, we observed 30 times more mangrove damage, via a reduction in the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), during 2017 compared to any of the 8 previous hurricane seasons, and most (72%) of this damage persisted throughout the 7-month post-hurricane season period as indicated by no NDVI recovery. Furthermore, spatially explicit wind speed, rainfall, and canopy height data showed that mangrove damage primarily resulted from high maximum wind speeds, but flooding (cumulative rainfall) and mangrove structure (canopy height) were also important predictors of damage. While mangroves are known to be resilient to hurricane impacts, our results suggest that increasingly frequent mega-hurricane seasons in the Caribbean region will dramatically alter mangrove disturbance dynamics.

Field of study: Environmental science
Microstructural evolution of ultrasonically bonded high purity Al wire during extended range thermal cycling

This paper concerns the reliability of ultrasonically bonded high purity thick aluminium wires at elevated temperature. To date, the evolution of the microstructure of wire bonds during thermomechanical exposure and its influence on reliability have not been fully characterised and understood, particularly as they pertain to thermal cycling regimes which exceed 125 °C. Shear testing, indentation hardness and fine-scale microstructural data are reported here which show that the rate of wear-out can be influenced not only by the thermal cycling range (ΔT), but more importantly by the maximum temperature and duration to which bonds are exposed. There is evidence that significant annealing occurs during thermal cycling regimes with high Tmax values, which results in the removal of some of the damage accumulated and a reduction in the rate of crack propagation. The rate of bond degradation is also found to be faster for 99.99% (4 N) than 99.999% (5 N) pure Al wires. Analysis of the two wire compositions after thermal cycling suggests that this difference could be attributable to a difference in their creep resistance. In conclusion, our findings suggest that high purity Al wire bonds may be suitable for operation at temperatures which exceed 125 °C.

Field of study: Engineering
The qualitative analysis of a difference equation of population growth

SummaryThe difference equation fb:[0,1]−[0,1] defined by fb(x)=b x(1−x) is studied. In particular complete qualitative information is obtained for the parameter value b=3.83. For example the number of fixed points of (fb)i is given by 
$$N_i = 1 + \left( {\frac{{1 + \sqrt 5 }}} \right)^i + \left( {\frac{{1 - \sqrt 5 }}} \right)^i$$

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics
The psychologist's role in assessing and facilitating patients' knowledge of advance directives in medical settings: A preliminary investigation

In a time of budgetary shortfalls in the medical industry, an aging population, and an increased emphasis on health care choices, psychologists are being called upon to administer advance medical directive programs to patients. This study reports preliminary findings from a program to assess and facilitate patients' knowledge of advance directives (ADs) by the Psychology Service at the Ann Arbor VA Medical Center. The participant pool included 243 male veteran patients admitted to medical and surgical wards at the hospital. The intervention included the use of a computer-generated prompt for consultation, which was sent to the psychology staff in response to a patient inquiry regarding ADs. It also involved an increased emphasis on the delivery of written material on ADs by the admissions clerks. The intervention appeared to result in a modest increase in patients' knowledge of advance directives. Suggestions are offered for areas that should be emphasized in future attempts to increase patients' knowledge and utilization of advance directives.

Field of study: Psychology
Strategic real options

I study hidden investment in quality in a dynamic persuasion game. A seller, such as a project manager or startup company, controls an asset and wants to convince a potential buyer, such as an acquiring company or a regulator, that it has high quality. The buyer observes exogenous news with quality-dependent drift and holds a call option on the asset; the seller is privately informed about quality and can wait (at a flow cost), upgrade (at a fixed cost) or exit the market. For low upgrade costs, multiple equilibria exist and exhibit novel reputational dynamics — resetting barriers and skew Brownian motion, a generalization of a reflected stochastic process. In one type of equilibrium, a seller with low quality waits until his reputation hits “rock bottom” and then upgrades with some probability, inducing upward reputational jumps in equilibrium; the seller may exit at an intermediate reputation. In a second type, the low quality seller mixes over exiting at low reputations and upgrading in an intermediate “sweet spot” region. The results suggest a social benefit to setting high expectations for effort when agents start with low reputations and help explain why agents respond to adversity in drastically different ways across environments.

Field of study: Economics
Plasmid DNA switches on Th1 response in mice immunized with antigen-antibody complex

Our previous study showed that plasmid DNA could substitute alum as an adjuvant to enhance anti-HBs response to hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)-anti-HBs immunogenic complex (IC) in mice (Viral Immunology, 1998, 11:65). In the present study, we further investigated the mechanisms of plasmid DNA on the immunogenicity of IC. Methods BALB/c mice were immunized separately with (a) HBsAg, (b) IC, (c) pI/AmpHBs DNA, a plasmid encoding HBsAg, (d) IC combined with pI/AmpHBs, and (e) IC combined with the vector pI/Amp by i.m injection. Anti-HBs IgG subclasses in mouse serum were analyzed. The expression of IFN-γ mRNA and IL-4 mRNA in spleen cells from mice immunized with HBsAg in vitro were assayed by semi-quantification RT-PCR.  It was showed that serum anti-HBs titer from group d was the highest among immunized groups, and its ratio of IgG2a/IgG1 reaching 0.91 was higher than that from group a (0.73) and group b (0.82), but was lower than that from group c (1.12). Higher level of IFN-γ mRNA was found in spleen cells of group d and its ratio T/C (target/competitor) was 6.25 and 9.09, at 24 and 48 hours after HBsAg-stimulation. IFN-γ mRNA level detected in group d was tenfold higher than that in group b (T/C ratio 0.83/0.13). T/C ratio of IFN-γ in group a was 0.57/0.02, group c 1.05/0.24 and group e 3.68/0.06. IL-4 mRNA level detected in group d was also higher than that in other groups. T/C ratio of IL-4 in group d was 0.96 and 1.68 at 24 and 48 hours after HBsAg-stimulation meaning twofold higher than that in group b (T/C ratio 0.43 and 0.79).  Results indicated that plasmid DNA combined with IC switches on Th1 response with no adverse effects on inducing high titer of anti-HBs.

Field of study: Biology
The inverse Abel transform forSU(p, q)

Hence, a function fEKCc(G) g" is equal to the inverse spherical transform of ~ In the case of SU(p, q) there is an explicit formula for the spherical functions, due to Berezin and Karpelevich, and so one can write out an explicit formula for the inverse spherical transform. This involves a product of inverse Jacobi transforms, one for each of the dim (A) variables describing coordinates in a*, applied to the Fourier transform of a /-//<j (O~-O~)Ff. Here Oi means partial differentiation with respect to the ith coordinate on a. The final step uses a result of Koornwinder,

Field of study: Mathematics
Thermal Description of Particle Production in Au-Au Collisions at STAR Energies

The hadron ratios measured in central Au-Au collisions are analysed by means of Hadron Resonance Gas (HRG) model over a wide range of nucleon-nucleon center-of-mass energies, √ sNN = 7.7 − 200 GeV as offered by the STAR Beam Energy Scan I (BES-I). We restrict the discussion on STAR BES-I, because of large statistics and over all homogeneity of STAR measurements (one detector) against previous experiments. Over the last three decades, various heavy-ion experiments utilizing different detectors (different accuracies) have been carried out. Regularities in produced particles at different energies haven been studied. The temperature and baryon chemical potential are deduced from fits of experimental ratios to thermal model calculations assuming chemical equilibrium. We find that the resulting freeze- out parameters using single hard-core value and point-like constituents of HRG are identical. This implies that the excluded-volume comes up with no effect on the extracted parameters. We compare the results with other studies and with the lattice QCD calculations. Various freeze-out conditions are confronted with the resulting data set. The effect of feed-down contribution from week decay and of including new resonances are also analysed. At vanishing chemical potential, a limiting temperature was estimated, Tlim = 158.5 ± 3 MeV.

Field of study: Physics
Electrical and magneto-optical of MBE InAs on GaAs

The electrical quality of InAs films grown on GaAs substrates by MBE is found to be optimum for growth temperatures close to 490 degrees C. The Hall mobility for such samples is 80000 cm2 V-1 s-1 at 77 K for film thicknesses of 5 mu m but falls to about 10000 cm2V-1s-1 at a thickness of 0.05 mu m. The carrier concentration in the bulk of the films is believed to be less than 1015 cm-3. The carrier concentration rises and the mobility falls as the growth temperature is varied on either side of this optimum value, reaching 2.5 *1016 cm-3 and 15000 cm2 V-1 s-1 at 77 K respectively for a growth temperature of 350 degrees C. Extremely sharp free-carrier cyclotron resonance and shallow donor lines are observed from the bulk of the film in far-infrared magneto-optical measurements, together with a very broad but strong cyclotron resonance line from an electron accumulation layer believed to be at the surface. The width of the cyclotron resonance line is consistent with a bulk mobility of the order of 200000 cm2 V-1 s-1 and the decrease in Hall mobility, together with the apparent increase in carrier concentration with decreasing film thickness, can be explained by the parallel conductance from the two-dimensional electron gas at the surface. There is no evidence for a significant reduction in mobility from the high density of threading dislocations caused by the mismatch with the GaAs substrate. The sharpness of the cyclotron resonance allows an accurate value for the band edge effective mass to be determined of 0.0236+or-0.0003 me with a pressure coefficient of +2.0% kbar-1. The donor lines are sufficiently sharp that central cell structure due to two different donor contaminants can be detected, and these donors are thought to be sulphur and selenium originating from the As source material. Certain of the transitions detected are too energetic to be from the shallow donors and these are thought to arise from singly ionized double donors which may be arsenic antisites. Silicon is found to act as a donor dopant up to high concentrations (6*1019 cm-3 where the mobility is 2000 cm2 V-1 s-1).

Field of study: Materials science
Study on the Relationship between Seedling Density and Quality of Hybrid Middle Rice

Experimental results showed that the positive effect of seedling density on seedling quality was enhaneed with the increasing of seedling age.No apparent effect was observed on height,dry weight,and leaf area of dry and/or wet raised seedlings.However,significantly negative correlation was obtained between height and dry weight (y 1) of medium and big seedling,tillers of single seedling (y 2) and seedling density (x) with regression eguations was:y 1=a-bx,and y 2=ae -bx ,a and b in the equations rose with the increasing of seedling age;b value in dry raised seedlings was lower than that in the case of wet.The seedling quality began to decrease at the density (plant/m 2) of about 4000 and 2000 for medium and big seedlings (dry raised),respectively;3000 and 1000 for those wed raised ones.The suitable density (plant/m 2) for super efficiency and higher yield was suggested to be about 6400 for smaller seedlings,3000 and 1000 for dry raised medium and big seedlings,respectively;2000 and 4000 for wet raised ones.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Interfacial Reaction Between 95Pb-5Sn Solder Bump 
and 37Pb-63Sn Presolder in Flip-Chip Solder Joints

Interdiffusion and interfacial reaction of 95Pb-5Sn solder bumps and 37Pb-63Sn presolder in flip-chip solder joints during high-temperature storage were studied. Reaction temperatures included 100°C, 130°C, 150°C, and 175°C. It was found that Cu6Sn5 and Cu3Sn formed on the board side and (Ni,Cu)3Sn4 formed on the chip side after 100 h of aging. After 2000 h of aging at 175°C, the Ni under-bump metallization (UBM) was exhausted. This caused the (Ni,Cu)3Sn4 layer at the chip-side interface to be gradually converted into (Cu0.6Ni0.4)6Sn5. It was also found that the consumption of the Ni UBM was faster than the case where eutectic Sn-Pb solder was used for the entire joint. Nevertheless, the consumption of the Cu on the substrate side was slower than the case where pure eutectic Sn-Pb solder was used for the entire joint.

Field of study: Materials science
Chemomechanics with molecular force probes

Chemomechanics is an emerging area at the interface of chemistry, materials science, physics, and biology that aims at quantitative understanding of reaction dynamics in multiscale phenomena. These are characterized by correlated directional motion at multiple length scales—from molecular to macroscopic. Examples include reactions in stressed materials, in shear flows, and at propagating interfaces, the operation of motor proteins, ion pumps, and actuating polymers, and mechanosensing. To explain the up to 1015-fold variations in reaction rates in multiscale phenomena—which are incompatible within the standard models of chemical kinetics—chemomechanics relies on the concept of molecular restoring force. Molecular force probes are inert molecules that allow incremental variations in restoring forces of diverse reactive moieties over hundreds of piconewtons (pN). Extending beyond the classical studies of reactions of strained molecules, molecular force probes enable experimental explorations of how reaction rates and restoring forces are related. In this review, we will describe the utility of one such probe—stiff stilbene. Various reactive moieties were incorporated in inert linkers that constrained stiff stilbene to highly strained macrocycles. Such series provided the first direct experimental validation of the most popular chemomechanical model, demonstrated its predictive capabilities, and illustrated the diversity of relationships between reaction rates and forces.

Field of study: Chemistry
Numerical solutions of coupled KleinGordonZakharov equations by quintic B-spline differential quadrature method

Numerical solutions of the coupled KleinGordonZakharov equations are obtained by using quintic B-spline based differential quadrature method. A RungeKutta fourth method is used for time integration. Stability of the scheme is studied using matrix stability analysis. The accuracy and efficiency of the presented method is shown by conducting some numerical experiments on test problems which includes the motion of single soliton and interactions of two solitons. The numerical results are found in good agreement with the exact solutions.

Field of study: Mathematics
Studying STEM Faculty Communities of Practice through Social Network Analysis

Stakeholders are increasingly calling for improving instruction in STEM by building environments that enable faculty to sustainably change their teaching practices. This study reports one institutional change effort that effectively facilitated faculty’s adoption of evidence-based instructional practices (EBIP), which is to organize faculty into teaching-focused communities of practice (CoPs). We examined the social interactions of faculty within CoPs and investigated whether faculty in CoPs that were actively adopting EBIP (adopting CoPs) had more frequent conversations and collaborations around teaching with their colleagues than faculty in CoPs that did not adopt EBIP (non-adopting CoPs). A sociometric survey was administered to document 89 faculty members’ social interactions within 22 CoPs. The social networks of the CoPs were compared using the social network measures of density, connectedness, centrality, breadth, and reciprocity. We found that adopting CoPs had higher density and connectedness than non-adopting CoPs while being less centralized. This result suggests that adopting CoPs used distributed leadership and included all members in communications regarding teaching, while non-adopting CoPs heavily relied on a lone hero to implement change, frequently excluding other members. These findings suggest that organizing faculty into CoPs that support regular interaction on teaching-related activities may be an effective strategy for improving STEM instruction.

Field of study: Education
The changing nature of world power

Power in international politics is like the weather. Everyone talks about it, but few understand it. Just as farmers and meteorologists try to forecast storms, so do leaders and analysts try to understand the dynamics of major changes in the distribution of power among nations. Power transitions affect the fortunes of individual nations and are often associated with the cataclysmic storms of world war. But before we can examine theories of hegemonic transition -that is, some of the leading efforts to predict big changes in the international political weather we first need to recognize some basic distinctions among the terms power, balance of power, and hegemony.

Field of study: Political science
SLC Positron Damping Ring Optics Design

The basic SLAC Linear Collider operation scheme assumes the use of two damping rings, one for the e/sup -/, one for the e/sup +/, in order to reduce the colliding beam normalized emittances to 30 ..pi.. ..mu..radm hence raising the corresponding luminosity by a factor 170. The e/sup -/ damping ring optics, designed by H. Wiedemann, has been extensively studied and modelled since it's completion at the end of 1982. The e/sup +/ damping ring being built will be based on the same design except for some modifications resulting from the studies on the e/sup -/ damping ring which clearly pointed out two major weak points as far as the optics is concerned. The present paper describes the basic modifications of the ring lattice and main equipment positions in order to improve the situation in the Positron Damping Ring. 16 refs., 2 figs., 1 tab.

Field of study: Physics
Invasive amoebiasis is associated with the development of anti‐neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody

Features of tissue damage in invasive amoebiasis, in particular polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) degranulation and vasculitis, bear resemblance to that seen in Wegener's granulomatosis, the latter being associated with the presence of anti‐neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA). We therefore tested sera from patients with confirmed amoebic liver abscess (ALA) for the presence of ANCA by means of an indirect fluorescent antibody test using pure neutrophils as substrate. ANCA was detected in 97·4% of amoebic sera: the pattern of staining was cytoplasmic, homogeneous, without central accentuation (C‐ANCA). A proteinase 3 (PR3) ELISA demonstrated PR3 specificity in 75% of C‐ANCA‐positive ALA sera. Possible explanations are (i) a cross‐reacting antibody to a component of Entamoeba histolytica, or (ii) an antibody to PMN components released, and possibly modified, by the action of E. histolytica on PMN. It is possible that this antibody contributes to the pathogenesis of invasive amoebiasis.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Les séries volcaniques de Fayal (Açores) : étude pétrologique et géochimique

L'ile de Fayal est composee de quatre unites volcano-structurales, le Galego, le volcan central, le graben et les zones fissurales. Les trois premieres d'entre elles se caracterisent chacune par une sequence petrographique allant de basaltes alcalins porphyriques a plagioclase, a des trachytes. Les variations mineralogiques et geochimiques (majeurs et traces) sont coherentes avec un modele de differenciation par cristallisation fractionnee de plagioclase–salite–olivine–titanomagnetite–kaersutite–apatite, operant a partir de liquides primaires de compositions voisines. Cependant, les benmoreites du volcan central, essentiellement post-caldeiriques, correspondent a des melanges entre un magma basaltique d'origine profonde remonte a la faveur de l'ouverture du graben, et un magma deja differencie situe dans la chambre magmatique. Les zones fissurales emettent exclusivement des basaltes alcalins et des hawaites porphyriques a olivine et clinopyroxene. Les variations des teneurs en Cr, Co, Ni, Sc, MgO et Al2O3...

Field of study: Environmental science
Relação entre estados de humor, variabilidade da frequência cardíaca e creatina quinase de para-atletas brasileiros

The main purpose of this study was to check any relationship between mood states heart rate, variability (HRV) and creatine kinase (CK) of Brazilian para-athletes. Were evaluated 12 athletes, members of the Brazilian Team of Para-Athletics. In order to evaluate the autonomic response the HRV of athletes was determined at rest, by collecting the R-R intervals within 10 min. It was also collected blood samples to analyze the total CK, and the Brums scale was applied to know the mood states of the athletes, being calculated the six mood states (tension, depression, anger, fatigue, confusion and vigor). Analysis of the data was performed by Spearman correlation. The main results indicated a relationship between the parasympathetic modulation and the Vigor of the athletes (r = 0.50 to 0.53; p<0.05). The CK was not related with any marker.  There was a relationship between the parasympathetic modulation of HRV and the Vigor, which is good for the performance.

Field of study: Education
Nonparametric Multivariate Density Estimation: A Low-Rank Characteristic Function Approach

Effective non-parametric density estimation is a key challenge in high-dimensional multivariate data analysis. In this paper,we propose a novel approach that builds upon tensor factorization tools. Any multivariate density can be represented by its characteristic function, via the Fourier transform. If the sought density is compactly supported, then its characteristic function can be approximated, within controllable error, by a finite tensor of leading Fourier coefficients, whose size de-pends on the smoothness of the underlying density. This tensor can be naturally estimated from observed realizations of the random vector of interest, via sample averaging. In order to circumvent the curse of dimensionality, we introduce a low-rank model of this characteristic tensor, which significantly improves the density estimate especially for high-dimensional data and/or in the sample-starved regime. By virtue of uniqueness of low-rank tensor decomposition, under certain conditions, our method enables learning the true data-generating distribution. We demonstrate the very promising performance of the proposed method using several measured datasets.

Field of study: Computer science