nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
High serum level of soluble CD30 in acute primary HIV‐1 infection

CD30 has been suggested to play a role in HIV infection. In this study the serum concentration of soluble CD30 (sCD30) was determined by an ELISA essay on samples collected from patients with acute primary HIV‐1 infection during the acute phase (n = 17) and after seroconversion (n = 13). sCD30 during acute infection was consistently elevated (137.58 ± 120.33 versus 6.4 ± 5.4 U/ml (mean ± s.d.) in normal controls; P < 0.0001) and decreased after seroconversion (49.1 ± 66.17 U/ml; P = 0.0018 compared with acute infection). This trend mirrored the disappearance of detectable levels of HIV antigen in the blood, resulting in a direct correlation between sCD30 and HIVAg values (P = 0.002). These data suggest that the high levels of sCD30 observed during the peak concentration of HIVAg in acute primary HIV infection might reflect the high rate of viral replication.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
The West Water Formation (Hualapai Plateau, Arizona, USA) as a calcrete-paleosol sequence, and its implications for the Paleogene-Neogene evolution of the southwestern Colorado Plateau

Analyses of stratigraphic sequences within the paleocanyons of the Hualapai Plateau, Arizona, are important because these deposits offer the only evidence for the Paleogene-Neogene geological history of the Grand Canyon area. In this paper, we focus on the origins and paleoenvironmental significance of the West Water Formation, located within the Milkweed and West Water paleocanyons on the Hualapai Plateau. We propose that the supposed “limestone unit” of the West Water Formation at and near its type section is not a limestone; rather, it is a 21 m-thick valley calcrete, overprinted by a ~ 1–2 m-thick pedogenic calcrete, and subsequently dolomitized in its upper-to-middle sections, with a superimposed 4 m-thick red paleosol. We also propose that this unit is not coeval in age or origin with the Long Point limestone on the Coconino Plateau, and that the presence of a complex calcrete-dolocrete-paleosol alters previous interpretations associated with this unit. Evidence for a calcrete-paleosol origin, beyond the West Water Formation's lack of fossils, includes: its predominantly micritic calcite-palygorskite composition; its textures characteristic of valley and pedogenic calcrete deposits (as exhibited by thin section, SEM, and TEM analyses); and its association with a relatively thick overlying red paleosol that also contains abundant palygorskite. Stable carbon and oxygen isotope values from carbonate cements are also within the range expected of a near-surface calcrete. Carbonate minerals within the calcrete-dolocrete were precipitated at or near the water table in a valley setting due to evaporation and/or CO 2 degassing in a semi-arid to arid environment of deposition. High 87 Sr/ 86 Sr values within the calcrete were inherited from groundwater infiltrating through Music Mountain Formation arkosic sediments, which were derived from a Precambrian source terrane to the south and southwest. No absolute ages exist for the Music Mountain Formation and West Water Formation in the Milkweed and West Water paleocanyons; these sediments could range in age from the Late Cretaceous to the latest Eocene-earliest Oligocene, and may record the Eocene-Oligocene Transition in the Grand Canyon area.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
The multivariate Markov and multiple Chebyshev inequalities

A sharp probability inequality named the multivariate Markov inequality is derived for the intersection of the survival functions for non-negative random variables as an extension of the Markov inequality for a single variable. The corresponding result in Chebyshev’s inequality is also obtained as a special case of the multivariate Markov inequality, which is called the multiple Chebyshev inequality to distinguish from the multivariate Chebyshev inequality for a quadratic form of standardized uncorrelated variables. Further, the results are extended to the inequalities for the union of the survival functions and those with lower bounds.

Field of study: Mathematics
Universal behavior of the bosonic metallic ground state in a two-dimensional superconductor

Anomalous metallic behavior, marked by a saturating finite resistivity much lower than the Drude estimate, has been observed in a wide range of two-dimensional superconductors. Utilizing the electrostatically gated LaAlO 3 /SrTiO 3 interface as a versatile platform for superconductor-metal quantum phase transitions, we probe variations in the gate, magnetic field, and temperature to construct a phase diagram crossing from superconductor, anomalous metal, vortex liquid, to the Drude metal state, combining longitudinal and Hall resistivity measurements. We find that the anomalous metal phases induced by gating and magnetic field, although differing in symmetry, are connected in the phase diagram and exhibit similar magnetic field response approaching zero temperature. Namely, within a finite regime of the anomalous metal state, the longitudinal resistivity linearly depends on the field while the Hall resistivity diminishes, indicating an emergent particle-hole symmetry. The universal behavior highlights the uniqueness of the quantum bosonic metallic state, distinct from bosonic insulators and vortex liquids.

Field of study: Physics
Hemodialysis and nutritional status in children: malnutrition and cachexia.

Malnutrition is a common state in chronic hemodialyzed children. More than malnutrition, which infers that dietary supplementation would be curative, cachexia, which implies loss of protein stores, are combined factors of impaired linear growth and reduced muscle mass in uremic patients. Adequate diet to prevent malnutrition is of major importance. But to avoid cachexia in children on chronic hemodialysis, the management of acidosis, inflammation, abnormal metabolic rate, and endocrine disturbances should not, be forgotten. Daily hemodialysis regimen using convective flow therapy and ultrapure dialysate, i.e., on line hemodiafiltration together with growth hormone therapy, appears as a hopeful strategy for the chronic dialyzed child to achieve catch-up growth, a parameter of optimal nutrition.

Field of study: Medicine
Effect of metal particles on promoting the nucleation of tetra-n-butylammonium semiclathrate hydrate

The formation of tetra-n-butylammonium bromide (TBAB) hydrate from a TBAB aqueous solution tends to show a supercooling phenomenon, which is non-ideal for the practical use of TBAB hydrate. However, as reported in the literature, the products obtained from the use of metal electrodes for the application of an electric field can accelerate the nucleation of the hydrate. Herein, we investigated the role of metal particles (Ag, AgBr, Zn, and ZnO) and their mixed forms (Ag–AgBr and Zn–ZnO) on promoting the nucleation of TBAB semiclathrate hydrate. The nucleation-promoting effect was most significant for the mixed metal particles when prepared by simultaneous grinding of the metal particle components. The changes in the physicochemical properties of the mixed metal particles as a result of grinding were believed to accelerate the nucleation of TBAB hydrate.

Field of study: Engineering
Anomalous thermal expansion properties in perovskite Sm0.85Zn0.15MnO3

The multiple sintering compounds of perovskite Sm0.85Zn0.15MnO3, which are denoted as S1, S2, S3, S4, and S5, have been synthesized by a solid-state method. The analysis of their crystal structure and microstructure were conducted by X-ray diffractometer and scanning electron microscopy, respectively. The average particle size and porosity were counted by microscopic image analysis. The thermal-expansion behavior of the compounds was studied by a dilatometer and high-temperature XRD. Experimental results indicated that the once sintering sample (S1) of Sm0.85Zn0.15MnO3 possesses the negative thermal expansion (NTE) properties with a coefficient of thermal expansion of −8.40 × 10−6 K−1 in the range of 519–1023 K. By contrast, the thermal expansion behavior for the multiple sintering samples (S2–S5) is not same as that of S1. The porosity of the samples dramatically affects their thermal expansion behavior. The samples S1 and S2 exhibit the NTE characteristics as their porosity was larger than 9.5%, but the samples S3, S4, and S5 exhibit positive thermal expansion characteristics, as their porosity is less than 9.5%. In addition, anisotropy of thermal expansion plays a crucial role in the NTE mechanism. The mechanism underlying the NTE of Sm0.85Zn0.15MnO3 (S1) involves the coupling effect of the high porosity and the microstructural NTE effect caused by crystal grains with anisotropic thermal expansion and intercrystalline pores.

Field of study: Materials science
Fock-Darwin-like quantum dot states formed by charged Mn interstitial ions.

We report a method of creating electrostatically induced quantum dots by thermal diffusion of interstitial Mn ions out of a p-type (GaMn)As layer into the vicinity of a GaAs quantum well. This approach creates deep, approximately circular, and strongly confined dotlike potential minima in a large (200 microm) mesa diode structure without need for advanced lithography or electrostatic gating. Magnetotunneling spectroscopy of an individual dot reveals the symmetry of its electronic eigenfunctions and a rich energy level spectrum of Fock-Darwin-like states with an orbital angular momentum component |lz| from 0 to 11.

Field of study: Physics
Pesticide residues in freshwater and marine zooplankton: a review.

A review of the scientific literature on pesticide residues in freshwater and marine zooplankton indicates that despite the great number of pesticides in current use, only residues of the persistent organochlorine insecticides, many of which have been restricted or removed from general use in North America, have been determined. Much of this information is outdated. In addition, with the exception of the Great Lakes on which limited information is available, reports on residues in freshwater zooplankton are rare. Information on residues of the newer, less persistent but heavily used pesticides is lacking. As an alternative to field sampling and chemical analysis of endemic populations of zooplankton, scientists have modeled the bioaccumulation of pesticides in zooplankton using either laboratory microcosms or mathematical equations. However, the extent and importance of trophic transfer to higher food levels through this intermediary group of organisms is still controversial. In addition, the relationship between accumulation of pesticides and toxicity to zooplankton remains unresolved.

Field of study: Environmental science
On cascading latin hypercube designs and additive models for experiments

This paper is concerned with aspects of the design and analysis of computer experiments. It has been motivated by issues in the experimental design of intergrated-circuits. Suppose we wish to model the behavior of a complex process as a function of several factors. An appealing approach is to model the response of the system as a stochastic process(Sacks, Welch, Mitchell and Wynn (1989)). Often much of the variation in the response can be accounted for by an additive function in each of the factors. In this paper we consider a promising additive stochastic model proposed by Stein (1989). we introduce Cascading Latin hypercube designs as an efficient basis for statistical inference on the stochastic structure when the number of initial inputs is large. Comparisons are made to simple random designs,  (1982) designs and ordinary under such models.

Field of study: Mathematics
Oceanic chemistry recorded by cherts during the early Cambrian Explosion, South China

The early Cambrian ocean was marked by significant redox changes, but the detailed redox evolution of seawater and its relationship to biological expansion are not fully understood. Widespread chert successions are present in lower Cambrian deposits on the Yangtze Block, South China, which have great potential to record oceanic chemistry. Here, we analyze rare earth elements (REE) and Si and Fe isotopes along three regional chert sections to constrain the origin of lower Cambrian cherts and the redox conditions of the early Cambrian ocean. The REE patterns and Si isotopes illustrate that lower Cambrian cherts at the Muyang (MY; Yanjiahe Formation) and Zunyi (ZY; Niutitang Formation) locales originated from the replacement of precursor carbonates and black shales, respectively, whereas cherts at Chuanyanping (CYP; Liuchapo Formation) locale originated from direct chemical precipitation from seawater and/or hydrothermal fluids. All cherts, except for several lower CYP cherts with hydrothermal contributions, primarily preserved seawater chemical signals. The Ce/Ce* and Y/Ho ratios indicate that these cherts were deposited near a suboxic/anoxic interface, where seawater may have been ferruginous overall, while more subtle redox changes, namely, ferruginous (less reducing) and ferruginous (more reducing), were identified by Fe isotopes. Based on new data and previous results, we propose that the early Cambrian ocean on the Yangtze Block was characterized by a stratified redox framework. Before ~535 Ma in the Cambrian, oxic seawater occurred only along the inner shelf (MSC section), below which seawater was primarily ferruginous (less reducing). During ~535–526 Ma, oxic seawater gradually expanded to the outer shelf (MY section) and a metastable ferruginous (more reducing) zone dynamically existed at shelf–slope locations. Temporal and spatial comparisons revealed that the water column on the Yangtze Block may have experienced a progressive deepening of the redoxcline during the early Cambrian (~535–526 Ma). The metastable redox zone may have been an analogue of the modern oxygen minimal zone (OMZ), which is associated with biological activity and high productivity. The occurrence and spatial fluctuation of the metastable ferruginous (more reducing) zone may have been associated with the evolution of small shelly fossils from assemblage 1 (SSF1) to assemblage 3 (SSF3) and their spatial expansion from shelf to slope. Therefore, accompanied by oceanic oxygenation, the occurrence and spatial fluctuation of an OMZ-like metastable zone may have regulated the biological diversification and distribution during the early Cambrian (~535–526 Ma).

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Online Second Order Methods for Non-Convex Stochastic Optimizations

This paper proposes a family of online second order methods for possibly non-convex stochastic optimizations based on the theory of preconditioned stochastic gradient descent (PSGD), which can be regarded as an enhance stochastic Newton method with the ability to handle gradient noise and non-convexity simultaneously. We have improved the implementations of the original PSGD in several ways, e.g., new forms of preconditioners, more accurate Hessian vector product calculations, and better numerical stability with vanishing or ill-conditioned Hessian, etc.. We also have unrevealed the relationship between feature normalization and PSGD with Kronecker product preconditioners, which explains the excellent performance of Kronecker product preconditioners in deep neural network learning. A software package (this https URL) implemented in Tensorflow is provided to compare variations of stochastic gradient descent (SGD) and PSGD with five different preconditioners on a wide range of benchmark problems with commonly used neural network architectures, e.g., convolutional and recurrent neural networks. Experimental results clearly demonstrate the advantages of PSGD in terms of generalization performance and convergence speed.

Field of study: Computer science
Immunoglobulin classes and complement in biopsies of Nigerian children with the nephrotic syndrome.

Pretreatment diagnostic renal biopsies from fifty Nigerian children with the nephrotic syndrome were investigated by immunofluorescence for immunoglobulin classes, complement and specific antigens. Nineteen of these were re-examined after an interval of 10–15 months. Forty-eight first biopsies were positive for bound γ-globulins, usually IgM and IgG but sometimes for one of these alone; IgA was not detected. Thirty-three were positive for bound complement (C3 component). IgM was associated with granular deposits and complement, IgG with both granular and continuous deposits, the latter usually lacking complement. Plasmodium malariae antigen was found in nine of thirty-six cases examined; no P. falciparum or streptolysin-O antigens were observed. Immunoglobulins G and M were found in tubules in seventeen of the fifty patients, in five together with complement. P. malariae antigen was observed in tubules in eleven of thirty-six cases. 
 
Repeat biopsies from four patients who had recovered were negative with all reagents. Patients on anti-malarial therapy only, and those responding poorly to steroids or cyclophosphamide, showed no significant change in glomerular fluorescence, but a higher incidence of tubular fluorescence was noted in second biopsies. In patients with a poor response to Imuran treatment the pattern of glomerular fluorescence changed from granular to diffuse and tubular staining was not observed. In some patients increased levels of antiglobulins (rheumatoid factor type) were detected in later sera. The nature of the bound immunoglobulins was confirmed by elution of complexes and immunodiffusion. 
 
It is suggested that an antigen–antibody complex with P. malariae antigen can produce renal damage with liberation of autoantigens which have the capacity to initiate self-perpetuating autoimmune disease.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
A novel monoclonal antibody specific to DIXDC1 protein.

DIXDC1, a novel type of DIX domain-containing protein in zebrafish, is the human homolog of Ccd1. It upregulates the Wnt signaling pathway functioning downstream of Wnt and upstream of axin. Here we aimed to efficiently generate a monoclonal antibody against DIXDC1 protein, using it as a tool to study the role of DIXDC1 in colonic tumorigenesis. We transformed the plasmids of PGEX-DIXDC1-C and PGEX-DIXDC1-N separately into Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) for expression, and then injected the purified GST-DIXDC1 fusion protein into Balb/c mice. Hybridomas were screened by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with purified fusion protein. Eight hybridoma clones effective in detecting the DIXDC1 protein were characterized by immunohistochemistry and Western immunoblotting. By using the MAbs, we found that the DIXDC1 protein was overexpressed in human colorectal cancer tissues. Taken together, the MAbs would be helpful for understanding the distribution and functions of DIXDC1.

Field of study: Biology
The Million Quasars (Milliquas) Catalogue, v6.4.

Announcing the release v6.4 of the Milliquas (Million Quasars) quasar catalogue which presents all published quasars to 11 December 2019, including SDSS-DR16. Its totals are 757,991 type-I QSOs/AGN and approx 1.1M high-confidence (80%+ likelihood) quasar candidates from SDSS-based & AllWISE photometric quasar catalogs, plus all-sky radio/X-ray associated candidates available only here. Type-II and Bl Lac objects are also included, plus candidates/galaxies with double radio lobes (so calculated), bringing the total count to 1,968,377. Gaia-DR2 astrometry is given for most objects. The catalogue is available on its home page and on NASA HEASARC.

Field of study: Physics
Stability in games with continua of equilibria

The stability of Nash equilibria has often been studied by examining the asymptotic behavior of the best-response dynamics. This is generally done in games where interactions are global and equilibria are isolated. In this paper, we analyze stability in contexts where interactions are local and where there are continua of equilibria. We focus on the public good game played on a network, where the set of equilibria is known to depend on the network structure ( Bramoulle and Kranton, 2007 ), and where, as we show, continua of equilibria often appear. We provide necessary and sufficient conditions for a component of Nash equilibria to be asymptotically stable vis-a-vis the best-response dynamics. Interestingly, we demonstrate that these conditions relate to the structure of the network in a simple way. We also provide corresponding results for several dynamical systems related to the best response.

Field of study: Economics
Exact eigenfunctions of a two-band semiconductor in a uniform electric field

In this paper we give exact wavefunctions in the envelope-function approximation for a model system consisting of a symmetric two-band semiconductor in a uniform electric field. The method of solution proceeds by analogy with the relativistic electron (Dirac equation). The exact solutions, which are Weber functions, are characterized with respect to their limiting forms for narrow bandgaps, wide bandgaps and low fields. Results of this analysis include re-derivation of the interband tunnelling probability and a corrected plane-wave approximation for the wavefunctions. A simple expression for the current density is derived from the effective Hamiltonian and its eigenfunctions. The heterostructure transport problem is formulated, leading to an analytical expression for the transmission through an arbitrary piecewise-linear potential. As an application of the results, the quantum-confined Stark effect is computed and compared with that obtained in the one-band model. The interband coupling further lowers the conduction subbands as the field is increased.

Field of study: Materials science
ERP SYSTEM SELECTION BY AHP METHOD: CASE STUDY FROM TURKEY

─Abstract ─ An Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) system is a critical investment that can significantly affect competitiveness of a corporate in the future. There are many national and international ERP vendors in Turkey. This study presents a comprehensive framework for selecting a suitable ERP system by using Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). AHP method, directs how to determine the priority of a set of alternatives and the relative importance of attributes in a multiple criteria decision-making problem. The framework can systematically construct the objectives of an ERP selection to support the business goals and strategies of an enterprise. A real-world case from Turkey demonstrates the feasibility of the proposed framework.

Field of study: Business