nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Adapting a Community of Practice Model to Design an Innovative Ethics Curriculum in Healthcare

The focus of healthcare ethics within the framework of ethical principles and philosophical foundations has always, in recent times, been the community, namely, the healthcare provider, the patient or, in research, the study participant. An initiative is thus described whereby a community of practice (CoP) model was developed around health ethics in health research, education and clinical care. The ethics curriculum was redesigned to include several components that are integrated and all embracing, namely, health research ethics, healthcare ethics, health personnel education in ethics and global and public health ethics. A CoP is a group who share a common interest and a desire to learn from and contribute to the community with their variety of experiences. The CoP is dynamic and organic, generating knowledge that can be translated into effective healthcare delivery and ethical research. It requires the collaboration and social presence of active participants such as community members, healthcare professionals and educators, ethicists and policy makers to benefit the community by developing approaches that adapt to and resonate with the community and its healthcare needs. Philosophical principles constitute the foundation or underpinning of this innovative curriculum. Recommendations are presented that will continue to guide the consolidation and sustainability of the CoP.

Field of study: Medicine
Minor Role of Cl– Secretion in Non-Cystic Fibrosis and Cystic Fibrosis Human Nasal Epithelium

Na<sup>+</sup> and Cl<sup>–</sup> currents were studied in primary cultures of human nasal epithelium derived from non-cystic fibrosis (non-CF) and cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. We found that Na<sup>+</sup> absorption dominates transepithelial transport and the Na<sup>+</sup> current contains an amiloride-sensitive and amiloride-insensitive component. In non-CF tissue both components contribute about equally to the entire short-circuit current (I<sub>SC</sub>), whereas in CF tissues the major part of the current is amiloride-sensitive. Na<sup>+</sup> removal reduced I<sub>SC</sub> to values close to zero. Several Cl<sup>–</sup> channel blockers were used to identify the remaining tiny Na<sup>+</sup>-independent current. Under unstimulated, physiological conditions in the presence of Cl<sup>–</sup> on both sides and amiloride on the apical side of the epithelium diphenylamine-2-carboxic acid (DPC), 4,4′-diisothiocyanatostilbene-2,2′- disulfonic acid (DIDS) and 5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino)-benzoic acid (NPPB) failed to induce clearcut inhibition of I<sub>SC</sub>. cAMP as well as ATP did not affect I<sub>SC</sub> either in CF or in non-CF epithelia. Reduction of apical Cl<sup>–</sup> increased I<sub>SC</sub> and depolarized transepithelial potential; however, the observed increase was insensitive to DIDS, DPC and NPPB. From these data we conclude that Cl<sup>–</sup> conductances in primary cultures of human nasal epithelium derived from CF patients as well as from non-CF patients are present only in low numbers or do not contribute significantly to transepithelial ion transport.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
A Success Story of Verifying a Real Complex Protocol

The advance in protocol specification using Formal Description Techniques (FDTs) in recent years has opened up a new horizon for protocol development. Techniques for verifying communication protocols have progressed significantly in the past decade. These developments have long promised to make contributions to the development of protocols. However, they are seldom adopted by the industry and applied by academia to real applications of considerable size. Reports on the successes of verifying real complex protocols have been rare; and it is by the suitability of their industrial applications and the extent of their usage that FDTs will ultimately be judged. This article presents the success story of using an automated stool, PROTEAN, for verifying a real complex protocol, the ISO FTAM protocol. The formal specifications are first discussed, followed by the description of how the specifications are verified by PROTEAN, and finally, the verification results are reported. The merit of this article is the demonstration of how formal specification and protocol verification can be used to improve a real protocol. It aims to encourage more research devoted to real applications and also to make a case for increased industrial attention and support for formal method approach to protocol development.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Relationship between toe-heel length and body weight of newborn babies

Relationships between toe-heel length and body weight among newborn babies have been investigated. Five hundred and eighty eight infants were divided into two groups. The first group (training set) consisting of 293 cases was used to obtain the correlation between toe-heel length and body weight quantitatively defining mathematical functions (linear regression). Correlation coefficient was obtained by least squares method. The second group (test set) consisting of 295 cases was used to test whether the mathematical function could be generalized. Mathematical function describing the relationship between toe-heel length and body weight was Y= 77.854X - 2695.6 with correlation coefficient.r = 0.7887. Results of the test with the second group for estimating the body weight showed statistically no significant difference with the actual body weight (P > 0.05).  toe-heel length - body weight - newborn babies - breech presentation - perinatal mortality

Field of study: Medicine
Reconstruction and expectation of higher education system——Study on the reform of the administration system of higher education in China

The series of reforms of the macro administration system of Chinese higher education can be definitely addressed as "reconstruction". Reconstruction is not to abandon the original system, but to innovate the original system by using new pattern and mechanism with new theory and principle as the guideline so as to develop it into a new system. Its basic developmental trend can be concluded as "decentralization", "stratification" and "competition and cooperation". The formation of the new system lays the systematic foundation for Chinese higher education to be coherent with the development of economy, politics, science and technology, and culture in the 21st century.

Field of study: Education
Nonlinear Modeling of Time Series Using Multivariate Adaptive Regression Splines (MARS)

Splines (MARS) is a new methodology, due to Friedman, for nonlinear regression modeling. MARS can be conceptualized as a generalization of recursive partitioning that uses spline fitting in lieu of other simple fitting functions. Given a set of predictor variables, MARS fits a model in the form of an expansion in product spline basis functions of predictors chosen during a forward and backward recursive partitioning strategy. MARS produces continuous models for high-dimensional data that can have multiple partitions and predictor variable interactions. Predictor variable contributions and interactions in a MARS model may be analyzed using an ANOVA style decomposition. By letting the predictor variables in MARS be lagged values of a time series, one obtains a new method for nonlinear autoregressive threshold modeling of time series. A significant feature of this extension of MARS is its ability to produce models with limit cycles when modeling time series data that...

Field of study: Mathematics
The biotic and abiotic drivers of ‘living’ diversity in the deadly traps of Nepenthes pitcher plants

Nepenthes pitcher plants are carnivorous plants that paradoxically harbor a living infauna (the inquilines) in their pitchers, which withstands the hostile conditions of the digestive fluid and plays a role in prey digestion. Because most Nepenthes species are threatened by human activity, we aimed to assess how their inquiline communities are likewise endangered. This involved testing whether arthropod infaunal composition is Nepenthes-specific or even species-specific, as well as determining the ecological drivers of its diversity. In a field experiment in Brunei (Borneo), prey items were introduced into the fluid of newly open pitchers in four sympatric Nepenthes species, and into water control reservoirs. Abundance, species richness and Shannon diversity of metazoans in all reservoirs were analyzed 1 month later. Reservoir dimensions and fluid pH were measured, and the natural prey and vegetal detritus were identified and quantified. The inquiline diversities of the Nepenthes pitchers were much greater than those of the water controls. Dissimilarity indices showed that the inquiline composition was specific to each Nepenthes species. The fate of the inquiline community is thus intrinsically linked to that of its host plant, underlining its threatened status. Inquiline abundance was determined by pitcher aperture diameter, pitcher volume, fluid pH and the prey number. Inquiline species richness increased solely with abiotic factors, such as fluid pH and pitcher aperture diameter, and thereby with habitat area, reflecting the well-known species–area relationship, but it did not vary with species richness of prey. Nepenthes pitcher plants thus control, to some extent, the establishment of their inquilines via fluid physico-chemistry and pitcher design. From a conservation perspective, priority protection should be given to Nepenthes species with pitchers of large aperture, keystone for a broader biodiversity.

Field of study: Environmental science
Performance of a low-cost methane sensor for ambient concentration measurements in preliminary studies

Methane is the second most important greenhouse gas after CO2 and contributes to global warming. Its sources are not uniformly distributed across terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, and most of the methane flux is expected to stem from hotspots which often occupy a very small fraction of the total landscape area. Continuous time-series measurements of CH4 concentrations can help identify and locate these methane hotspots. Newer, low-cost trace gas sensors such as the Figaro TGS 2600 can detect CH4 even at ambient concentrations. Hence, in this paper we tested this sensor under real-world conditions over Toolik Lake, Alaska, to determine its suitability for preliminary studies before placing more expensive and service-intensive equipment at a given locality. A reasonably good agreement with parallel measurements made using a Los Gatos Research FMA 100 methane analyzer was found after removal of the strong sensitivities for temperature and relative humidity. Correcting for this sensitivity increased the absolute accuracy required for in-depth studies, and the reproducibility between two TGS 2600 sensors run in parallel is very good. We conclude that the relative CH4 concentrations derived from such sensors are sufficient for preliminary investigations in the search of potential methane hotspots.

Field of study: Environmental science
Comparison of laser-induced breakdown spectra of organic compounds with irradiation at 1.5 and 1.064 microm.

A comprehensive investigation of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) at 1.500 microm of residues of six organic compounds (anthracene, caffeine, glucose, 1,3-dinitrobenzene, 2,4-dinitrophenol, and 2,4-dinitrotoluene) on aluminum substrates is presented and compared with LIBS at the Nd:YAG fundamental wavelength of 1.064 microm. The overall emission intensities were found to be smaller at 1.500 microm than at 1.064 microm, and the ratios of C(2) and CN molecular emissions to the H atomic emissions were observed to be less. Possible reasons for the observed differences in LIBS at 1.064 microm versus 1.500 microm are discussed.

Field of study: Physics
THEORETIC ANALYSIS ON SPRINGBACK IN BENDING CONSIDERING THE INITIAL RESIDUAL STRESS

In the process of actual bending,if it has initial residual stress inside the sheet metal,the initial residual stress will superimpose the bending stress and then impact the sheet metal's springback.The traditional theory of bending springback does not consider the influence of initial residual stress,hence based on the plane strain assumption,this paper proposes an approximate calculation formula of springback angle using the material model complying with Mises yield criterion and linear hardening,and conducts comparative simulation analyses of bending springback using the finite element software ABAQUS.The theoretical calculations and the simulation results have a good agreement which verifies the correctness of the theoretical model.The results show that both residual stress and thickness have significant influence on sheet metal's springback: along the width direction,springback at different position of sheet metal with different initial residual stress are not uniform;both increasing the initial residual stress peak value and reducing the thickness will increase the springback difference at different position of the sheet metal with different initial residual stress.

Field of study: Engineering
Identification and Management of Domestic and Sexual Violence in Primary Care in the #MeToo Era: an Update

of ReviewWe discuss recent evidence around the identification and response to domestic and sexual violence in primary care for perpetrators and victims, in the context of feminist social media movements such as #MeToo.Recent FindingsThere is no recent research on identification and response to perpetrators in health settings. There is some limited recent evidence for how health settings can address domestic and sexual violence for female victims and their children. Recent studies of mixed quality focus on advocacy and empowerment, integrated interventions (with alcohol and drug misuse) and couples counselling for domestic violence and cognitive behavioural or processing therapy for sexual violence.SummaryFurther research on perpetrator interventions in primary care is urgent. Larger sample sizes and a focus on sexual violence are needed to develop the evidence base for female survivors. Clinicians need to ask about violence and provide a first-line response depending on the patient’s needs.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
The Reflection of the "Rural Cities" Landless Peasants Being Residents

"Rural cities" mode is one of available modes in the process of urbanization. The status of landless peasants in "rural cities" is far from of the target of being residents; the main influential factors to affect "rural cities" landless peasants' being residents are as follows: population quality, thinking, behaviour, social rights and life quality. Accordingly, the paper proposes the countermeasure of advancing the process of "rural cities" landless peasants' being residents---to strengthen the community culture construction.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Study on Preparation and Properties of SiC_P/Cu Functionally Graded Materials

SiCP /Cu functionally graded materials were fabricated by powder metallurgy.The microstructure,microhardness,conductivity and wear resistance were researched.The results show that,the matrix of the gradient compound material is continuous,microhardness and microstructure of the composites take on gradient distribution.The conductivity and wear resistance become less and better,respectively,with the increase of SiC content.The wear resistance of SiCP /Cu functionally graded materials are more superior to that of Cu based material,and its wearing mechanism is the combined action between micro-cutting wearing and grain wearing.

Field of study: Materials science
Multiple and atypical opportunistic infections in a HIV patient with Toxoplasma myocarditis.

Opportunistic infections cause significant morbidity and mortality in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Multiple opportunistic infections can occur in a patient in the setting of severe immunodeficiency and can have atypical clinicoradiological presentation. Cardiac involvement has also been observed on autopsy in HIV-infected patients in the form of myocarditis, dilated cardiomyopathy, endocarditis, neoplasms, and drug-related cardiotoxicity. Mostly, the cardiac opportunistic infections are clinically asymptomatic, and sudden death due to these is extremely rare. We report a case of 44-year-old gentleman who presented with cough, pleuritic chest pain, and breathlessness and died of refractory shock due to myocarditis. At autopsy, he was found to have Toxoplasma myocarditis, Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia, and cytomegalovirus adrenalitis.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Glacial–interglacial surface water variations in the Caribbean Sea during the last 300 ky based on calcareous nannofossil analysis

Quantitative and qualitative analyses of nannofossil assemblages from ODP Site 999 in the Caribbean Sea were performed to reveal changes in upper seawater structures and implications for climatic changes during the last 300,000 years. Overall, there is an inverse relationship in stratigraphic fluctuations between the absolute abundance (AA) of a lower photic taxon, Florisphaera profunda , and δ 18 O; this fluctuation pattern is considered to represent climatic changes in the Subtropical Under Water (SUW) in the Caribbean. Cross-spectral analysis demonstrates that the SUW was characterized by nutrient-rich water during interglacials; changes in orbitally driven gyre circulation system strongly affected fluctuations in the SUW in the Caribbean. Conversely, the surface water was enriched in nutrients during glacials as the result of increased terrigenous materials and shallowing of the thermocline based on changes of the N ratio (abundance of reticulofenestrids relative to F. profunda ) and results of cross-spectral analysis between them and δ 18 O. The relationship between the thermocline variation and the ice volume fluctuation suggests that changes in the subtropical gyre circulation system in the North Atlantic have had stronger influences on the Caribbean thermocline variations and there may be a little contribution of climatic fluctuations that originated in the Southern Ocean to the Caribbean Sea. A large floral turnover in nannofossil assemblages between oxygen isotope stages 6 and 5 was observed in Hole 999A, which corresponds to Termination II. On the basis of floral compositions, photosynthetic primary productions had been more active than today before Termination II.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Numerical simulation of an improved type C-band MILO

Using a 2.5 dimensional fully electromagnetic particle-in-cell(PIC) code,a new type of MILO was designed.A circle is placed at the launch point to improve the interaction between the electron beam and the fields supported by the slow wave structure,thus to control the beam current density at the launch point,and to minimize the loss of the electron beam energy.The inner radii of the extractor vanes are slightly larger than those of other SWS vanes,which increases the axial group velocity and enhances the microwave output power and efficiency.Implementation of two RF choke vanes stops the leakage of microwave pulse power toward the diode,and makes the device more compact than the conventional MILO.High power microwave is generated from the device with an average output power of 2 GW,a frequency of 3.51 GHz and an efficiency of 10%.

Field of study: Physics
Asymptotic behaviour of a model of hierarchically structured population dynamics

A hierarchically structured population model with a dependence of the vital rates on a function of the population density (environment) is considered. The existence, uniqueness and the asymptotic behaviour of the solutions is obtained transforming the original non-local PDE of the model into a local one. Under natural conditions, the global asymptotical stability of a nontrivial equilibrium is proved. Finally, if the environment is a function of the biomass distribution, the existence of a positive total biomass equilibrium without a nontrivial population equilibrium is shown.

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics
Practically useful form of Kim model from hysteresis loop of a superconductor

Considering a theoretical hysteresis loop within the Kim model for the Kim constant $H_0$ = 0 it has been found that the expression of $H_0$ obtained in Lal [R. Lal,  (2010) 281] provides a nonzero value 0.3424$H_p$ for this constant.  This different value of the Kim constant for the same hysteresis loop has been made a base for a different version of the Kim model, the hysteretic Kim model, such that the value zero of $H_0$ corresponds to the original Kim model and the value 0.3424$H_p$, denoted by a different notation $H_{0,hys}$, corresponds to the hysteretic Kim model. The two versions of the Kim model are interrelated so that $H_{0,hys}$ is a function of $H_0$. An empirical relation, $H_{0,hys}$=0.3424$H_p$exp(1.4$^{0.5}$($H_0$/$H_p$)), has been worked out on the basis of the theoretical $H_0$>0 hysteresis loops. The hysteretic Kim model has been cast in a practically useful form by obtaining an expression of $H_p$ in terms of the hysteretic magnetization. The importance of the hysteretic Kim model has been illustrated by applying it to the YBa$-2$Cu$_3$O$_7$, Bi$_2$Sr$_2$CaCu$_2$O$_{8+\delta}$ and Ba$_0.72$K$_0.28$Fe$_2$As$_2$ superconductors by taking hysteresis loops of these systems from literature. It has been found that in these superconductors the dependence of $H_p$ on the sample width is mainly like $^{0.5}$(2$a$), and not like 2$a$ (Bean model). (2$a$ is the sample width.) The empirical relation of $H_{0,hys}$ and $H_0$ has been found to provide a reasonably good understanding of the intergranular matrix of the YBa$_2$Cu$_3$O$_{7-\delta}$ superconductor, where Kim model has not been found successful earlier.

Field of study: Physics
Experimental study on the performance of an inverter heat pump with a bypass orifice

An economical, fixed geometry, bypass orifice was invented to control more precisely the refrigerant flow in an inverter heat pump system. Flow characteristics of the bypass orifice were investigated as a function of orifice geometry and operating conditions. Experimental results of bypass orifices were compared with those of capillary tubes. The bypass orifice showed the best flow trend as a function of frequency: the flow slope of the bypass orifice with respect to frequency was the highest among the orifice, capillary, and bypass orifice. The performance of an inverter heat pump with a bypass orifice and then a capillary tube was measured with a variation of frequency in the psychrometric calorimeter. It was observed that the performance of the inverter heat pump was enhanced with the application of the bypass orifice in the system instead of a capillary tube. The improvement of COP in an inverter heat pump with a bypass orifice versus the capillary tube was prevalent at the low frequency region.

Field of study: Engineering