nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Ocean circulation in the Norwegian sea during the last deglaciation: Isotopic evidence

Three cores from different depths in the southeastern Norwegian Sea have been investigated for benthic and planktonic foraminiferal stable isotope records. The cores confirm that the last deglaciation occurred in two distinct steps. The first step, Termination Ia, may have occurred at about 13,000 yr B.P., while the second step took place shortly after 10,000 yr B.P. The benthic oxygen isotopes reveal strong influence of deglacial intermediate waters possibly flowing in from the North Atlantic, with a maximum influence at about 12,000 yr B.P. Both carbon and oxygen isotopic records show that bottom water formation in the Norwegian Sea was reinitiated after 12,000 yr B.P. During the first part of the deglaciation, the deep-water circulation pattern may have been opposite to that of the present. The oxygen content in the Norwegian Sea deep water was low during the last glacial maximum, and remained low during the first part of the deglaciation due to low vertical circulation rates. The large variations in deep water circulation in the Norwegian Sea during the last deglaciation may have had important consequences for the interchange of CO 2 between ocean and atmosphere.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Norfloxacin and sparfloxacin as corosion inhibitors: comparative study

Effect of norfloxacin and sparfloxacin on the corrosion of zinc in 0.001- 0.005M H2SO4 have been studied. Both compounds inhibit the corrosion of zinc in H2SO4 medium. Their inhibition efficiency is most affected by concentration of H2SO4 and temperature.Agraduation in thermodynamic parameters of adsorption(iÂÂHads, iÂÂGads, and Ea)of norfloxacin and sparfloxacin was observed between H2SO4 concentration range of 0.01- 0.03M and 0.03-0.05M respectively. Although activation energies of norfloxacin and sparfloxacin inhibited corrosion reaction of zincwere positive and greater than activation energy of uninhibited corrosion reaction of zinc, a significant statistical differences (PiÂ£0.05) was observed between the values of Ea obtained for norfloxacin and sparfloxacin. Corrletaion between the two set of data was also weak. Values of iÂÂHads and iÂÂGads were negative for both inhibitor sand were also found to be significantly difference fromeach other.

Field of study: Materials science
A Continuous Quality Improvement Model for Developing Innovative Instructional Strategies 1

We used the continuous quality improvement (CQI) process to implement changes in a course in pharmacy research methods. The goals were to: (i) increase integration between topics within the course and between it and other courses; (ii) enable students to become self-learners; and (iii) decrease class time devoted to lecture in anticipation of putting the class notes on the Internet. To increase integration between courses, the CQI process was applied to homework assignments by identifying the disease states covered in the pharmacology and medicinal chemistry case discussions. Relevant studies were identified and used as content for problems. For the research design section, topics were organized within a single conceptual framework. To enable students to become self-learners in pharmaceutical care practice, strong skills in reading a research report are needed. We developed a new session at the beginning of the semester on how to read a research report then provided multiple practice opportunities during classes, on assignments, and on exams. To decrease lecture time, short, in-class, small group activities were developed. Evaluation data were primarily student comments and scores on selected exam items. The CQI process provided an explicit approach to introducing innovative methods into the classroom and changed our focus from covering material to assuring that students have learned basic skills and concepts. Our experience indicates that the CQI process should be applicable to a wide range of course material.

Field of study: Education, Medicine
Unusual Events in GitHub Repositories

In large and active software projects, it becomes impractical for a developer to stay aware of all project activity. While it might not be necessary to know about each commit or issue, it is arguably important to know about the ones that are unusual. To investigate this hypothesis, we identified unusual events in 200 GitHub projects using a comprehensive list of ways in which an artifact can be unusual and asked 140 developers responsible for or affected by these events to comment on the usefulness of the corresponding information. Based on 2,096 answers, we identify the subset of unusual events that developers consider particularly useful, including large code modifications and unusual amounts of reviewing activity, along with qualitative evidence on the reasons behind these answers. Our findings provide a means for reducing the amount of information that developers need to parse in order to stay up to date with development activity in their projects.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
First U–Pb LA-ICP-MS zircon ages assessed from a volcano-sedimentary complex of the mid-European Variscides (Pennsylvanian, Flöha Basin, SE Germany)

Nine radiometric ages constrained by U–Pb isotopes from magmatic zircon grains are provided for different volcanic rocks from the Flöha Basin and its surroundings. For most of them, this is the first reliable data to correlate with the International Chronostratigraphic Chart. Measurements were obtained with LA-ICP-MS and revealed middle Pennsylvanian ages (311–308 Ma) allowing first consistent correlation to other Variscan volcano-sedimentary basins of the Saxo-Thuringian and Teplá Barrandian zones. The Obermühlbach Volcano, formerly considered to be early Permian in age, is shown to be of middle Pennsylvanian age. In contrast, the dykes from Metzdorf village and Oederan have shown to be not Pennsylvanian, but rather of early Permian age. Biostratigraphic data obtained from the Flöha Formation macroflora coincide with the new isotopic evidence which encompasses a likely time span from the middle to late Bolsovian (Westphalian C) up to the Bolsovian–Asturian boundary. The results not only yield a modified picture of the Flöha Formation and their intercalated pyroclastics. As new insights challenge previous geological mapping they contribute to the understanding of the complex volcano-tectonic processes in the type area of the Saxo-Thuringian zone of the European Variscides.

Field of study: Environmental science
Sharp diffraction maxima from an icosahedral glass.

We consider densely packed assemblies of icosahedra, such that icosahedral bond-orientational order is enforced throughout the sample. The peaks in the calculated diffraction patterns may be put in a one-to-one correspondence with the electron and x-ray diffraction patterns from icosahedral Al-Mn alloys, allowing the determination of the packing-unit size. We show that these maxima are not Bragg diffraction peaks, but have an intrinsic width, and may be understood as resulting from the interference between two or more characteristic lengths, as originally discussed by Hendricks and Teller.

Field of study: Physics
Effect of Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict on Magnitude of Startle: Reduced Fear during Conflict

The present study used 13 male, hooded rats in a within-subjects design to test the hypothesis that a modified avoidance-avoidance conflict situation in a discrimination learning task would evoke a more intense auditory startle reaction than would the absence of such conflict. The presumed mechanism was an increase in drive or arousal, as a consequence of the conflict, resulting in greater startle. The findings were inconsistent with the hypothesis; the startle reactions of animals in a conflict situation were not different from those of animals in a non-conflict situation.

Field of study: Psychology
Relative and Joint Contribution of Emotional Intelligence, Peer Pressure, Academic Stress and Parental Socio-Economic Status to the Variance in Academic Adjustment Among School Children

This study was carried out to investigate the influence of emotional intelligence, peer pressure and academic stress on the academic adjustment among school children. Five research questions and five hypotheses guided the study. The correlational research method of the ex-post facto research design. A sample size of 3,000 secondary school students were randomly selected from schools across the six states of South-South zone of Nigeria. Questionnaire was the instrument used in data collection. The data was analysed using Pearson coefficient of determination and regression statistics for the research questions and hypotheses respectively. The result showed that emotional intelligence, peer pressure and academic stress have significant influence on academic adjustment among secondary school students while parental socio-economic status has no significant influence. The result also showed that all the independent variables joint contributes significantly to the dependent variable. Recommendations were made based on the findings.  Emotional Intelligence; Peer Pressure; Academic Stress; Parental Socio-Economic Status; Academic Adjustment; School Students

Field of study: Education
Modern Family: A Revocable Hybrid Encryption Scheme Based on Attribute-Based Encryption, Symmetric Searchable Encryption and SGX

Secure cloud storage is considered as one of the most important issues that both businesses and end-users take into account before moving their private data to the cloud. Lately, we have seen some interesting approaches that are based either on the promising concept of Symmetric Searchable Encryption (SSE) or on the well-studied field of Attribute-Based Encryption (ABE). In this paper, we propose a hybrid encryption scheme that combines both SSE and ABE by utilizing the advantages of both these techniques. In contrast to many approaches, we design a revocation mechanism that is completely separated from the ABE scheme and solely based on the functionality offered by SGX.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Drug Discovery and Delivery in the 21st Century

Drug discovery in the late 20th century has increasingly focused on the definition and characterization of the macromolecular substrates that serve as targets for drug design. The advent of genomics and the molecular biology revolution has permitted both the definition of new targets and the characterization of the genetic basis of disease states. The introduction of powerful new technologies should greatly accelerate the pace of new drug discovery. Although genomics, both human and nonhuman, should in principle increase the number of potential drug targets and provide a greater understanding of cellular events contributing to the pathology of disease this has yet to occur in practice, primarily because of the underlying complexity of cellular signaling processes. The emerging discipline of systems biology is attempting to bring both order and understanding to these signaling processes. Genomics has, however, impacted on drug discovery in ways that are important beyond a mere increase in potential drug target numbers. Genomics has provided the tools of contemporary drug discovery, the pharmacogenomic pathways to personalized medicine, and has greatly influenced the nature of synthetic organic chemistry, a discipline that is still the cornerstone of contemporary drug discovery. In the future, genomics and the tools of molecular biology will have a corresponding impact on drug delivery processes and mechanisms through introduction of drug delivery machines capable of both synthesis and activation by disease-specific signals. Such machines will be based on a synthetic genome, using an expanded genetic code, and designed for specific drug synthesis and delivery and activation by a pathological signal. This essay is based upon a lecture of the same title presented at the Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University during a visit in the spring of 2005. It is intended, as was the lecture, to be a broad, descriptive and speculative overview rather than a comprehensive and detailed review.

Field of study: Medicine
Punishing Hubris: The Perils of Overestimating One's Status in a Group

Individuals engage in status self-enhancement when they form an overly positive perception of their status in a group. We argue that status self-enhancement incurs social costs and, therefore, most individuals perceive their status accurately. In contrast, theories of positive illusions suggest status self-enhancement is beneficial for the individual and that most individuals overestimate their status. We found supportive evidence for our hypotheses in a social relations analysis of laboratory groups, an experiment that manipulated status self-enhancement, and a study of real-world groups. Individuals who engaged in status self-enhancement were liked less by others and paid less for their work. Moreover, individuals tended to perceive their status highly accurately. Mediation analyses showed that status self-enhancers were socially punished because they were seen as disruptive to group processes.

Field of study: Psychology
Surface effect on the wrinkling of an elastic sheet under tension

Wrinkling of stretched elastic sheets is widely observed, and the scaling relations between the amplitude and wavelength of the wrinkles have been proposed by Cerda and Mahadevan. However, the surface effects should be taken into account when the sheet is even thinner. The surface energy was considered in this work, and the discrepancies with the classical theory has been discussed. A dimensionless parameter has been proposed to represent the size-dependence. A method of characterizing mechanical properties of thin film using wrinkles considering surface effects has also been proposed.

Field of study: Physics
End-Permian to mid-Triassic termination of the accretionary processes of the southern Altaids: implications for the geodynamic evolution, Phanerozoic continental growth, and metallogeny of Central Asia

The Altaids is one of the largest accretionary orogenic collages in the world with the highest rate of Phanerozoic continental growth and significant metallogenic importance. It is widely accepted that subduction-related orogenesis of the Altaids started in the late Precambrian and gradually migrated southward (present coordinates). However, it is uncertain when and how the building of the Altaids was finally completed. Based on structural geology, geochemical, geochronological, and paleomagnetic data, this paper presents late Paleozoic to early Mesozoic accretionary tectonics of two key areas, North Xinjiang in the west and Inner Mongolia in the east, together with neighboring Mongolia. The late Paleozoic tectonics of North Xinjiang and adjacent areas were characterized by continuous southward accretion along the wide southern active margin of Siberia and its final amalgamation with the passive margin of Tarim, which may have lasted to the end-Permian to early/mid-Triassic. In contrast, in Inner Mongolia and adjacent areas two wide accretionary wedges developed along the southern active margin of Siberia and the northern active margin of the North China craton, which may have lasted to the mid-Triassic. The final products of the long-lived accretionary processes in the southern Altaids include late Paleozoic to Permian arcs, late Paleozoic to mid-Triassic accretionary wedges composed of radiolarian cherts, pillow lavas, and ophiolitic fragments, and high-pressure/ultrahigh-pressure metamorphic rocks. Permian Alaskan-type zoned mafic-ultramafic complexes intruded along some major faults of the Tien Shan. We define a new Tarim suture zone immediately north of the Tarim craton that is probably now buried below the Tien Shan as a result of northward subduction of the Tarim block in the Cenozoic. The docking of the Tarim and North China cratons against the southern active margin of Siberia in the end-Permian to mid-Triassic resulted in the final closure of the Paleoasian Ocean and terminated the accretionary orogenesis of the southern Altaids in this part of Central Asia. This complex geodynamic evolution led to formation of giant metal deposits in Central Asia and to substantial continental growth.

Field of study: Environmental science
Structure determination of a novel protein by sulfur SAD using chromium radiation in combination with a new crystal-mounting method.

A novel and easy crystal-mounting technique was developed for the sulfur SAD method using Cr Kalpha radiation (2.29 A). Using this technique, the cryo-buffer and cryoloop around the protein crystal can be removed before data collection in order to eliminate their X-ray absorption. The superiority and reproducibility of the data sets with this mounting technique were demonstrated using tetragonal hen egg-white lysozyme crystals. The structure of a novel protein, PH1109, from Pyrococcus horikoshii OT3 was solved using this technique. At the wavelength of Cr Kalpha radiation, the anomalous signal |DeltaF|/|F| of PH1109 is expected to be 1.72% as this protein of 144 residues includes four methionines and two cysteines. Sulfur SAD phasing was performed using SHELXD and SHELXE. In the case of the data set obtained using this novel crystal-mounting technique, 54.9% of all residues were built with side chains automatically by RESOLVE. On the other hand, only 16.0% were built with side chains for the data set collected using the standard cryoloop. These results indicated that this crystal-mounting technique was superior to the standard loop-mounting method for the measurement of small anomalous differences at longer wavelength and yielded better results in sulfur-substructure solution and initial phasing. The present study demonstrates that the sulfur SAD method with a chromium source becomes enhanced and more practical for macromolecular structure determination using the new crystal-mounting technique.

Field of study: Chemistry
Effects of prostaglandin F2.ALPHA. administration on the time of parturition and post-partum ovulation in rats.

The time relationship between delivery and post-partum ovulation in rats treated with PGF2α was investigated.PGF2α, 1.0 mg/rat, was s.c. injected at 21:00 on Day 19 (PG 19 group) or 09:00 on Day 20 (PG 20 group) of pregnancy.In the PGF2α-treated groups, first delivery occurred about 30 h after the treatment. About 90% of the rats delivered within 48 h after the treatment. Some rats which delivered from 11:00 to 19:00 on Day 21 of pregnancy in the PG 19 group had ovulated within 12 h after the delivery. In rats which delivered from 20:00 on Day 21 to 10:00 on Day 22 of pregnancy in the PG 20 group, ovulation was not detected until 23:00 on Day 22 of pregnancy.Serum gonadotrophin levels (LH and FSH) increased within 2 h after the delivery in the PG 19 group. In the PG 20 group, however, gonadotrophin levels did not change until 12:00 on Day 22 of pregnancy.These results suggest that the timing of the "critical period" for the release of gonadotrophins for post-partum ovulation in the PGF2α-treated rats is between 11:00 and 20:00. The "critical period" is similar to normally delivering rats and broader than that in cyclic rats.

Field of study: Biology
Sharing the benefits of marine genetic resources in the High Seas for conservation

The United Nations has resolved to start the process of negotiating an international treaty on marine genetic resources in the High Seas, because the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea does not cover these resources and they are under threat of extinction. However, when an international legal rule establishing international rights for “all people” over natural resources is in force, the problem of “who is entitled to what?” changes to “how to ensure conservation of resources?”, which in this case means how the conservation of these resources should be financed. In this paper, the benefits and problems, and possible legal solutions obtained from adopting a legal methodology, will be depicted, based on the work of legal scholars and formal legal methodology, particularly the structures of legal reasoning, and the absence of legal rules and possible solutions to this will be discussed. Problems related to the benefits of marine genetic resources in the High Seas include how they are obtained and for whom, and these problems should be addressed for the sake of clarity in future legal rules in a way that supports the conservation of these resources. This research paper concentrates on recent developments in the High Seas vis-a-vis marine genetic resources, and the problems of financing the conservation of these natural resources. It discusses possible solutions to these problems through the equitable sharing of the benefits, following other international treaties, legal reasoning and legal arguments in relation to the manifestation of public policy.

Field of study: Environmental science
Characterization of normal human CD3+ CD5‐ and γδ T cell receptor positive T lymphocytes

The functional and phenotypic properties of normal human CD3+ CD5‐ T cells which have a higher frequency of cytotoxic cells than CD3+CD5+ T lymphocytes have been described. Using three‐ and four‐colour immunofluorescence flow cytometric cell sorting, the CD3+CD5‐ and CD3+CD5+ populations were subdivided into αβ or γδ T cell receptor positive cells. The four subsets were examined for the in vitro cytotoxic activity and were also stimulated with mitogens in limiting‐dilution assays to measure the frequencies of proliferating and interleukin‐2 (IL‐2) producing cells. CD3+CD5‐αβ, CD3+CD5‐γδ+ and CD3+CD5+γδ+ cells had lower frequencies of proliferating and IL‐2‐producing cells than did CD3+CD5+αβ+ cells. However, the cytotoxic activity of the different phenotypes was higher in the CD3+CD5‐ subsets, especially when these cells were γδ+ Expression of γδ or lack of expression of CD5 appeared to be associated with the acquisition of cytolytic potentials. CD8 was expressed on 20% of fresh CD3+γδ+ cells. Cultured γδ cells retained the expression of γδ, but quickly lost that of CD8 and with time modulated the expression orCD5, The expression of CD5 was found to be higher on sorted CD3+CD5+γδ‐ than on CD3+CD5+γδ+ cells. These observations indicate that γδ is preferentially expressed on CD5‐negative or weakly positive T lymphocytes and that CD3+CD5‐γδ cells appear to constitute a discrete small subset of mature T lymphocytes which are cytotoxic in nature. However, the exact immunological function of these cells and their place in T cell ontogeny are yet to be elucidated.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
The influence of detergents on the solubility of membrane proteins.

The relationship between the effect of detergents and amphiphiles on protein solubility and their use in crystallization solutions was examined for the reaction center from Rhodobacter sphaeroides. Measurement by a centrifugation assay of the solubility of the reaction center as a function of ionic strength revealed dramatic differences in the intrinsic solubility at zero ionic strength in the presence of various detergents and amphiphiles. High protein-solubility values were found for beta-octyl glucoside and for lauryldimethylamine-N-oxide with heptanetriol. The solubility differences are interpreted in terms of fundamental properties such as the polarity of the detergent molecules. Conditions that resulted in high protein solubility correspond to conditions that have been shown to be successful for crystallization of the reaction center. These results suggest that crystallization is favored for detergents and amphiphiles that optimize the solubility of integral membrane proteins.

Field of study: Chemistry