nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Selective Purcell enhancement of two closely linked zero-phonon transitions of a silicon carbide color center

Semiconductor point defects have shown great promise in their application to quantum information and sensing in the solid state. However, it is an ongoing challenge to efficiently access the light emitted by these spin-active defects and, furthermore, to enhance the emission at wavelengths that can be used to create indistinguishable photons. Such emission enhancement can be achieved by placing the defects within optical microcavities. Here, using 1D photonic crystal cavities, we report the significant enhancement of point-defect emission in silicon carbide, which hosts a suite of intriguing spin-active defects. In addition to measuring large enhancements, we also demonstrate how the cavity coupling can potentially allow access to a variety of information about the defects and their environment. Point defects in silicon carbide are rapidly becoming a platform of great interest for single-photon generation, quantum sensing, and quantum information science. Photonic crystal cavities (PCCs) can serve as an efficient light–matter interface both to augment the defect emission and to aid in studying the defects’ properties. In this work, we fabricate 1D nanobeam PCCs in 4H-silicon carbide with embedded silicon vacancy centers. These cavities are used to achieve Purcell enhancement of two closely spaced defect zero-phonon lines (ZPL). Enhancements of >80-fold are measured using multiple techniques. Additionally, the nature of the cavity coupling to the different ZPLs is examined.

Field of study: Physics
Eating Landscape: Aztec and European Occupation of Tlalocan (review)

In the economic section, Manuel Pastor and Carol Wise offer a number of interpretations in a well-argued essay on the long-term economic trends underlying Mexico's political transformation. The most significant trend, because of its immense social and political reverberations, is clearly that of economic inequality. The statistical data they cite through 2000 demonstrates unequivocally that inequality has increased since 1984, and the poor are worse, not better off, today. An even more surprising finding is that real per capita gross income grew a paltry four percent from 1980-1999, averaging 0.02 percent yearly.

Field of study: History
Drain type after burr-hole drainage of chronic subdural hematoma in geriatric patients: a subanalysis of the cSDH-Drain randomized controlled trial.

Chronic subdural hematoma (cSDH) occurs more frequently in elderly patients, while older patient age is associated with worse postoperative outcome following burr-hole drainage (BHD) of cSDH. The cSDH-Drain trial showed comparable recurrence rates after BHD and placement of either a subperiosteal drain (SPD) or subdural drain (SDD). Additionally, an SPD showed a significantly lower rate of infections as well as iatrogenic parenchymal injuries through drain misplacement. This post hoc analysis aims to compare recurrence rates and clinical outcomes following BHD of cSDH and the placement of SPDs or SDDs in elderly patients.



The study included 104 patients (47.3%) 80 years of age and older from the 220 patients recruited in the preceding cSDH-Drain trial. SPDs and SDDs were compared with regard to recurrence rate, morbidity, mortality, and clinical outcome. A post hoc analysis using logistic regression, comparing the outcome measurements for patients < 80 and ≥ 80 years old in a univariate analysis and stratified for drain type, was further completed.



Patients ≥ 80 years of age treated with an SDD showed higher recurrence rates (12.8%) compared with those treated with an SPD (8.2%), without a significant difference (p = 0.46). Significantly higher drain misplacement rates were observed for patients older than 80 years and treated with an SDD compared with an SPD (0% vs 20%, p = 0.01). Comparing patients older than 80 years to younger patients, significantly higher overall mortality (15.4% vs 5.2%, p = 0.012), 30-day mortality (3.8% vs 0%, p = 0.033), and surgical mortality (2.9% vs 1.7%, p = 0.034) rates were observed. Clinical outcome at the 12-month follow-up was significantly worse for patients ≥ 80 years old, and logistic regression showed a significant association of age with outcome, while drain type had no association with outcome.



The initial findings of the cSDH-Drain trial and the findings of this subanalysis suggest that SPD may be warranted in elderly patients. As opposed to drain type, patient age (> 80 years) was significantly associated with worse outcome, as well as higher morbidity and mortality rates.

Field of study: Medicine
Role of three-nucleon forces and many-body processes in nuclear pairing

We present microscopic valence-shell calculations of pairing gaps in the calcium isotopes, focusing on the role of three-nucleon (3N) forces and many-body processes. In most cases, we find a reduction in pairing strength when the leading chiral 3N forces are included, compared to results with low-momentum two-nucleon (NN) interactions only. This is in agreement with a recent energy density functional study. At the NN level, calculations that include particle-particle and hole-hole ladder contributions lead to smaller pairing gaps compared with experiment. When particle-hole contributions as well as the normal-ordered one- and two-body parts of 3N forces are consistently included to third order, we find reasonable agreement with experimental three-point mass differences. This highlights the important role of 3N forces and many-body processes for pairing in nuclei. Finally, we relate pairing gaps to the evolution of nuclear structure in neutron-rich calcium isotopes and study the predictions for the 2+ excitation energies, in particular for 54Ca.

Field of study: Physics
Phytohormone-Mediated Molecular Mechanisms Involving Multiple Genes and QTL Govern Grain Number in Rice

Increasing the grain number is the most direct route toward enhancing the grain yield in cereals. In rice, grain number can be amplified through increasing the shoot branching (tillering), panicle branching, panicle length, and seed set percentage. Phytohormones have been conclusively shown to control the above characteristics by regulating molecular factors and their cross-interactions. The dynamic equilibrium of cytokinin levels in both shoot and inflorescence meristems, maintained by the regulation of its biosynthesis, activation, and degradation, determines the tillering and panicle branching, respectively. Auxins and gibberellins are known broadly to repress the axillary meristems, while jasmonic acid is implicated in the determination of reproductive meristem formation. The balance of auxin, gibberellin, and cytokinin determines meristematic activities in the inflorescence. Strigolactones have been shown to repress the shoot branching but seem to regulate panicle branching positively. Ethylene, brassinosteroids, and gibberellins regulate spikelet abortion and grain filling. Further studies on the optimization of endogenous hormonal levels can help in the expansion of the grain yield potential of rice. This review focuses on the molecular machinery, involving several genes and quantitative trait loci (QTL), operational in the plant that governs hormonal control and, in turn, gets governed by the hormones to regulate grain number and yield in rice.

Field of study: Biology
Detection of three chloropropanols in chicken essence by microemulsion capillary electrokinetic chromatography

A microemulsion electrokinetic chromatographic(MEEKC) method was developed to analyze and detect three chloropropanols [3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol(3-MCPD), 1,3-dichloropropan-2-ol(1,3- DCP) and 2,3-dichloropropan-1-ol(2,3-DCP)] in chicken essence. The effects of sodium dodecyl sulfate(SDS) surfactant, pH and concentration of buffer solution, organic modifier, co-surfactant, temperature and operating voltage were examined in order to optimize the separation. A highly efficient MEEKC separation method was achieved by using a microemulsion solution of pH 9.0 containing 3.31%(w/v) SDS,6.61%(w/v)1-butanol, 0.81%(w/v) octane, 10%(v/v) acetonitrile and 79.3%(v/v) 5 mmol/L phosphateborax buffer solution. The amount of organic modifier(acetonitrile) was determined as apparent influence on the separation resolution. The three chloropropanols were baseline separated within 16 min at 20 kV and 20 ℃. The detection wavelength was 192 nm. Good linear relations(r0.998) between peak areas and concentration of analytes were established in the range of 2.5～500 μg/mL for 3-MCPD, 1.0～500 μg/mL for 1,3-DCP and 2,3-DCP. The detection limits(S/N=3) were 0.5, 0.4, 0.5 μg/mL, respectively. The MEEKC method has been successfully applied for the analysis of three chloropropanols in chicken essence with satisfactory results.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Fast Consensus by the Alternating Direction Multipliers Method

The alternating direction multipliers method (ADMM) has been recently proposed as a practical and efficient algorithm for distributed computing. We discuss its applicability to the average consensus problem in this paper. By carefully relaxing ADMM augmentation coefficients we are able to analytically investigate its properties, and to propose simple and strict analytical bounds. These provide a clear indication on how to choose system parameters for optimized performance. We prove both analytically and via simulations that the proposed approach exhibits convergence speed between the best in the literature (classical and optimized solutions), while providing the most powerful resilience to noise.

Field of study: Engineering
Asymptotic properties of best ₂[0,1] approximation by splines with variable knots

Let SN" be the set of &th-order splines on [0,1] having at most N 1 interior knots, counting multiplicities. We prove the following sharp asymptotic behavior of the error for the best L2[0, 1] approximation of a sufficiently smooth function / by the lim N* dist(/, SNk) = (|fl2*|/(2£)!)1/2( f \ fKr)]" dr AT—»oo \ J o \/(T where a = (k + 1/2)"1 and B2k is the 2/cth Bernoulli number. Similar results have previously been obtained for piecewise polynomial (i.e., with no continuity constraints) approximation, but with different constant before the integral term. The approach we use is first to study the asymptotic behavior of dist(/, SNk(t)), where SN"(t) is the linear space of /cth-order splines having simple knots determined from the fixed function / by the rule tt = t(i/N), i « 0, • • • , N.

Field of study: Mathematics
Dietary NaC1 during pregnancy and lactation: effect on brain angiotensin II receptors and behavior.

Female rats were fed diets containing either a basal (0.12%), mid- (1%) or high (3%) level of NaCl during pregnancy and lactation. Plasma aldosterone was elevated approximately 5- and 15-fold in dams fed basal compared with either the mid- or high-NaCl diets at the end of both pregnancy and lactation (Postnatal Day 21), respectively. Dams fed basal diet and killed at the end of lactation had a higher density of angiotensin II receptors in the organum vasculosum laminae terminalis, paraventricular hypothalamus, and median preoptic nucleus than did rats fed either mid- or high-NaCl diets. Other dams, treated identically, were returned to rodent chow (approximately 0.2% NaCl) at the end of lactation for intake tests during the next week. Dams that had received basal diet did not differ from mid-NaCl and high-NaCl groups in sodium appetite induced by either acute sodium depletion or mineralocorticoid administration but showed the lowest spontaneous intake of NaCl solution.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Wavelength Sensitivity in Polypropylene/Clay Composite Photo-Oxidation

The photo-oxidation behaviour of polypropylene/maleic anhydride-grafted polypropylene/organic modified montmorillonite (PP/PPgMA/OMMT) composites with short wavelength (UVC) and long wavelength (UVA) ultraviolet radiation was examined. The samples were prepared in a co-rotating twin-screw extruder and compatibilizers with different degrees of maleation were used. The photo-oxidative stability was studied using FTIR spectroscopy and microscopy. During UVA exposure, the rate of photo-oxidation of PP/PPgMA/OMMT increased with the amount of maleic anhydride from 0.1 to 0.5 wt.% in PPgMA. However, even after 2500 h of exposure to the radiation, the FTIR spectrum of pristine PP did not show significant changes. For UVC radiation, the rate of photo-oxidation of PP/PPgMA/OMMT composites was the same as that of pristine PP. On the other hand, there was a difference between PP and PP/PPgMA/OMMT composites in the formation of a crack on the back surfaces of the sheets facing the UVC sources. The difference was due to the presence of Fe3+ in clay layers that had the effect of UV-protection and blocking in the UVC region.

Field of study: Materials science
Chronic Q fever: patient and treatment-related factors influencing long-term quality of life

Chronic Q fever is accompanied by high mortality and morbidity, and requires prolonged antibiotic treatment. Little is known on long-term quality of life (LQOL) in chronic Q fever patients treated with antibiotics.



To identify patient and treatment-related factors associated with impaired LQOL in chronic Q fever patients treated with antibiotics, and to assess patients' perception on treatment.



Cross-sectional study.



LQOL was assessed with a validated questionnaire from the Nijmegen Clinical Screening Instrument. Patients' perception on treatment was measured with three newly developed questions.



We included 64 patients: LQOL was impaired in 55% (n = 35) after a median follow-up of 5 years. Median treatment duration was 27 months. In multivariable analysis, treatment duration was significantly associated with impaired LQOL (OR 1.07; 95%CI 1.02-1.12, P < 0.01 per month increase). Age, gender, number of antibiotic regimens, surgical intervention, complications, diagnostic classification, focus of infection or registration of side effects during treatment were not associated with impaired LQOL. After start of treatment, 17 patients (27%) perceived improvement of their condition. Disadvantages of treatment were experienced on a daily basis by 24 patients (69%) with impaired LQOL and 13 patients (46%) without impaired LQOL (P = 0.04).



LQOL in chronic Q fever patients treated with antibiotics is impaired in more than half of patients 5 years after diagnosis. Antibiotic treatment duration was the only variable associated with impaired LQOL. The majority of patients experienced disadvantages on a daily basis, highlighting the high burden of disease and treatment.

Field of study: Medicine
The Concentration Effect of Complexing Agent on the Morphology and Optoelectronic Properties of Electrochemically Deposited n-type Cu2O Thin Films

In this work, copper oxide (Cu2O) n-type semiconductors were synthesized on fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO)-coated conducting glass substrates using copper acetate electrolyte through potentiostatic electrodeposition. The effect of the concentration of acetic acid (CH3COOH) as a complexing agent on the growth mechanism, structural, morphological, and optical properties of Cu2O thin films were studied. The obtained results showed that the concentration of acetic acid affects the structure, grain size, surface topography and optoelectronic properties of Cu2O films significantly. X-ray diffraction (XRD) revealed that all the Cu2O films are pure and crystallize in cubic structure with high crystanillity and preferred (111) orientation. Both Mott-Schottky (MS) and photocurrent (PC) measurements confirm the n-type conduction of the deposited films and the enhancement of their electrical properties with increasing acetic acid concentration. Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) showed the variation in surface topography and roughness of the Cu2O films. The band gap (Eg) of the Cu2O films decreased slightly with increasing the acetic acid concentration. The Cu2O films deposited with 0.04 of acetic acid exhibited better overall properties and are suitable for Cu2O based homo-junction.

Field of study: Materials science
Review of crystallographic and molecular structures of complexes formed between N,N'-dialkyloxamides, N,N'-dialkyldithio-oxamides, N,N'-dialkylmalonamides, N,N'-dialkyldithiomalonamides, N,N'-dialkylsuccinamides, and toluene, 3,4-dithiol with Group VB and Group IV metal halides

Our interest in the synthesis of possible chemotherapeutic agents against schistosomiasis led us to investigate compounds formed between antimony (III) chloride and thiourea as well as the title compounds [1,2]. The crystal structures of the metal halides with the ligands N,N-dialkyloxamides, N,N-dialkyldithio-oxamides, N,N-dialkyldithiomalonamides, N,N'dialkylsuccinamides and toluene3,4-dithiol were determined [3±9].

Field of study: Chemistry
VLBA polarimetric monitoring of 3C 111

While studies of large samples of jets of active galactic nuclei (AGN) are important in order to establish a global picture, dedicated single-source studies are an invaluable tool for probing crucial processes within jets on parsec scales. These processes involve in particular the formation and geometry of the jet magnetic field as well as the flow itself.  We aim to better understand the dynamics within relativistic magneto-hydrodynamical flows in the extreme environment and close vicinity of supermassive black holes.  We analyze the peculiar radio galaxy 3C 111, for which long-term polarimetric observations are available. We make use of the high spatial resolution of the VLBA network and the MOJAVE monitoring program, which provides high data quality also for single sources and allows us to study jet dynamics on parsec scales in full polarization with an evenly sampled time-domain. While electric vectors can probe the underlying magnetic field, other properties of the jet such as the variable (polarized) flux density, feature size, and brightness temperature, can give valuable insights into the flow itself. We complement the VLBA data with data from the IRAM 30-m Telescope as well as the SMA.  We observe a complex evolution of the polarized jet. The electric vector position angles (EVPAs) of features traveling down the jet perform a large rotation of ≳180∘ across a distance of about 20 pc. As opposed to this smooth swing, the EVPAs are strongly variable within the first parsecs of the jet. We find an overall tendency towards transverse EVPAs across the jet with a local anomaly of aligned vectors in between. The polarized flux density increases rapidly at that distance and eventually saturates towards the outermost observable regions. The transverse extent of the flow suddenly decreases simultaneously to a jump in brightness temperature around where we observe the EVPAs to turn into alignment with the jet flow. Also the gradient of the feature size and particle density with distance steepens significantly at that region.  We interpret the propagating polarized features as shocks and the observed local anomalies as the interaction of these shocks with a localized recollimation shock of the underlying flow. Together with a sheared magnetic field, this shock-shock interaction can explain the large rotation of the EVPA. The superimposed variability of the EVPAs close to the core is likely related to a clumpy Faraday screen, which also contributes significantly to the observed EVPA rotation in that region.

Field of study: Physics
Redressing the Imbalance of Minority Groups in the Professions.

One of the most difficult and urgent problems confronting the nation is that of increasing the representation of the major minority groups in the various major vocations and professions to levels equal to their percentage of the population. It is a difficult problem because it is complex, deeply rooted, and freighted with prejudice and racism; it is urgent because these groups have become bitter and impatient with the slowness of the progress being made. Their impatience is evidenced by their increasing willingness to employ confrontation and disruption as means to redress the situation. The slogan "by any means necessary" is gaining increasing acceptance in minority communities.

Field of study: Education
Hybrid PET/MRI Insert: ${B_0}$ Field Optimization by Applying Active and Passive Shimming on PET Detector Level

The design of an MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) compatible PET (Positron Emission Tomography) detector is regarded to be a challenging task since both imaging devices are likely interacting with each other potentially leading to performance degradation. A typically expected consequence of this interaction is the distortion of the MRI system’s ${B_0}$ field homogeneity. The ${B_0}$ field gets distorted by any material with non-zero susceptibility brought into the MRI system. Typically, MRI machines have a so-called active shimming system available which allows the field optimization by using additional dedicated shim coils. However, this active shimming mechanism is limited and might not be capable to compensate localized higher order field patterns caused by e.g. a PET system. Since the high ${B_0}$ field quality is needed for an undisturbed MRI acquisition in general and especially for more advanced MR sequences (spectroscopic studies, sequences which utilizes spectral selective pre-pulses), the PET system’s hardware needs to be designed carefully. Consequently, the typical design paradigm regarding this ${B_0}$ field distortion is the careful selection of all components according to their susceptibility (as low as possible). This design paradigm certainly limits the flexibility of the system design since worse performing components might be chosen over better alternatives because of their higher susceptibility. To overcome this limitation and to retain the MRI capabilities, we propose the application of localized shimming on PET detector level, meaning that the distortion profile caused by PET modules is compensated using either additional components such as magnetic materials (passive shimming) or DC coils (active shimming) on the PET modules or by intelligently arranging the hardware components of the PET detector. We have implemented a software framework which covers three parts: firstly, it calculates the ${B_0}$ distortion of various objects (susceptibility objects, conductor configuration). Secondly, it allows the characterization of magnetic objects by fitting the implemented models to data and thirdly, it performs a ${B_0}$ field homogenization of measured distortion maps by superimposing field disturbances of additional simulated objects. We tested this software framework in a first attempt with a single PET module of the Hyperion-II $^ {\rm D}$ scanner. The measured distortion map of the single PET module shows a strong localized ${B_0}$ distortion with a volume RMS value of about $0.6~\hbox{ppm}$ . After optimization, the homogeneity of the simulated field distribution is strongly improved by a factor of 8 (volume RMS $ \approx 0.075~\hbox{ppm}$ ).

Field of study: Physics