nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Nuclear equation of state and finite nucleon volumes

It is shown how the equation of state (EoS) depends on nucleon properties inside nuclear matter (NM). We propose to benefit from the concept of enthalpy in order to include volume corrections to the nucleon rest energy, which are proportional to pressure and absent in a standard relativistic mean field (RMF) with point-like nucleons. As a result, the nucleon mass can decrease inside NM, making the model nonlinear and the EoS softer. The course of the EoS in our RMF model agrees with a semi-empirical estimate and is close to the results obtained from extensive DBHF calculations with a Bonn A potential, which produce an EoS stiff enough to describe neutron star properties (mass–radius constraint), especially the masses of ‘PSR J16142230’ and ‘PSR J0348 + 0432’, known as the most massive () neutron stars. The presented model has proper saturation properties, including a good value of compressibility.

Field of study: Physics
The Effect of Dietary Glucose Polymer Supplementation on the Nutrition and Plasma Amino Acids of Hemodialysis Patients

Patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis frequently have plasma amino acid profile abnormalities. The concentrations of essential amino acids may be below the normal range. Because this pattern has similarities with that found in protein-energy malnutrition, it has been postulated that poor nutrition is contributing to the abnormalities. Since the most limiting nutrient in the diet of hemodialysis patients is likely to be energy, 10 patients (supplemented = 5, nonsupplemented = 5) were entered in a trial of energy supplementation using 100 to 150 g/d glucose polymer for 6 months. The impact of supplementation on dietary intake, weight, body fat, calculated lean body mass, plasma proteins, and plasma amino acids was determined. After supplementation, energy intake, weight, and body fat increased; however, the only change in plasma amino acids was an increase in plasma tryptophan. Factors other than energy deficit are implicated in the etiology of plasma amino acid deficits, but further studies to determine the use of tryptophan to monitor changes in nutritional status are indicated.

Field of study: Medicine
Positivism, Modernization, and the Middle Class in Brazil

FTER 1850, as the national economy began to expand, the growth of Brazil's small and heretofore static urban bourgeoisie created major social stresses that traditionalist groups in control of the nation's affairs tended to ignore. Their refusal to promote the interests of the growing middle class spurred a rising wave of unrest which reformist leaders vied to harness.' Among the reformers, the positivists-followers of the teachings of the French philosopher Auguste Comte-soon became prominent. They gained prestige by criticizing the Roman Catholic Church, slavery, and the monarchy as constituting major restraints on national progress. Simultaneously these very institutions began to confront severe problems. First, the Paraguayan War (1864-1870) awakened the conscience of many who had supported the regime. Then, in 1868 a political crisis erupted which symbolized and mobilized the growing disaffection and culminated by unleashing the abolitionist and republican movements. Finally, in the early 1870s, Church and Crowil clashed. In this tumultuous atmosphere positivism attracted many with its promise "to end the anarchy" threatening their world and introduced the ideal of progress through order. By the early 1880s, when the Positivist Church of Brazil was founded, Comtian ideas were sweeping through the army and the law

Field of study: History
Effect of complex heterovalent doping on temperature and phase transformations in Pb1 − pLap[Zn0.9Mg(0.1 + p)/3Nb(0.2 − p)/3]O3 Solid Solutions

It is demonstrated by means of X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and data on permittivity, strain, and the polarization of ceramic samples that the character and degree of dipole order in Pb1 − pLap[Zr0.9Mg(0.1 + p)/3Nb(0.2 − p)/3]O3 (0 ⪕ p ⪕ 0.03) solid solutions depend on the composition, temperature, and microstructure of the ceramic.

Field of study: Physics
Correlation of Two Measures of the Strength of An Approach-Avoidance Conflict

The number of trials ( T ) required for recovery of the approach component of a previously acquired approach-avoidance conflicr, and the mean distance (MD) Ss travel down a runway on successive trials during the recovery series are generally considered as indices of the relative strength of an approachavoidance conflict. If, as Miller's (1959) model provides, the distance a rat travels down a given runway is determined by the point a t which two gradients representing the strength of opposing response tendencies intersect, and if the point of intersection is determined by the relative strength of the opposing tendencies, then it follows that Ss running farthest down the alley during a post-conflict series should require fewer trials to reach the recovery criterion. Thus, it was predicted MD and T should correlate negatively. Method.-The apparatus was a wooden alley 4 ft. long, 5 in. wide, and G in. deep. A metal cup was attached to one end and the floor was covered with %-in. hardware cloth. Ss were 38 naive, male albino rats 9 0 to 95 days old. They were habituated to a 23%-hr. food deprivation schedule for 7 days prior to training. All Ss were given 10 successively reinforced approach trials for three consecutive days. On the fourth day each S received one shock trial followed by consecutive recovery trials to a criterion of cwo successive goal responses. A goal response occurred whenever S rraversed the entire length of the runway, thrust its head into the food cup and obtained a pellet. Results.-A mean of 6.81 trials with a range of 2 to 45 was required for recovery of the original approach response. The obtained product-moment T = .50 was significant a t .O1 and supports the initial prediction.

Field of study: Psychology
[Comparison of different molecular assays for the rapid detection of enterovirus 71 (EV71)].

Molecular detection of enterovirus (EV)71 RNA based on PCR methods is a quick and sensitive approach. At present, different PCR-based methods for EV71 RNA detection are available, but comparisons of results obtained using different approaches are limited. This study is to compare the analytical sensitivity and specificity of different real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) and conventional reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (cRT-PCR) assays for enterovirus and EV71 detection, Altogether, three rRT-PCR assays and one cRT-PCR assay targeting the 5'UTR gene for universal detection of enterovirus; two rRT-PCR assays andone cRT-PCR assay targeting the VP1 gene for specific detection of EV 71 were examined. All assays showed good specificity. The detection sensitivity ranged from 8.19 x 10 to 8.19 x 10(5) copy equivalents. In general, rRT-PCR assays were more sensitive than cRT-PCR assays. All rRT-PCR assays showed 100% sensitivity for clinical specimens.

Field of study: Biology
The potentials of conditional optimization in phasing and model building of protein crystal structures.

Model building is a pivotal step in protein-structure determination, because with an atomic model available the vast amount of geometrical prior knowledge may be applied to the structure-determination process. Here, conditional optimization, a method that does not require interpretation of the electron-density map, is described. Instead, this method refines loose atoms for which all chemical interpretations are considered simultaneously using an N-particle formalism. This method bears the potential of introducing the geometrical data much earlier in the structure-determination process, i.e. well before an interpretable electron-density map has been obtained. Here, results from two tests are presented: automated model building of three proteins with diffraction data extending to 2.4-3.0 A resolution and ab initio phasing of a small four-helical bundle with diffraction data to 2.0 A resolution. Models built automatically by the widely used programs ARP/wARP and RESOLVE and those from conditional optimization per se, without discrete modelling steps, had comparable phase quality and completeness, except in loop regions, which are poorly modelled by the current force field in conditional optimization. Optimization of multiple random starting models by conditional optimization yielded models revealing the four helices of the four-helical bundle.

Field of study: Chemistry
Risks of nutritional supplements consumption by pregnant women

During pregnancy the demand for nutrients, energy, vitamins and minerals increases. The diet used during pregnancy and before conception should provide the best conditions for the development of young, but often it is insufficient to cover the demands for both a pregnant woman and the fetus. Therefore pregnant woman, in the case of nutritional deficiencies and inability to cover them as the part of the daily diet, is often obliged to supplement the nutrition that she and the baby need. Moreover, the deficit of the nutritional elements during this period may increase the risk of various types of disorders complicating the pregnancy and affecting the development and the health of the baby. The working scheme of medicines may be changed due to nutritional supplements through the increase of their excretion, decrease in their absorption and/or disruption of metabolism. Many adverse events can occur due to the simultaneous application of both nutrition supplements and medicinal products. Therefore, the decision of including a supplementary diet should be made very carefully and individually for every patient. The use of nutrition supplements for expectant mothers should always be consulted with a physician or a pharmacist.

Field of study: Medicine
The petrology of the Tilting Harbour igneous complex, Fogo Island, Newfoundland

The Tilting Harbour complex, Fogo Island, Newfoundland, displays a mineralogical range from olivine-bearing pyroxenites to diorites. The engulfing granite is not genetically related to the complex. On field, petrographic and chemical evidence the complex can be divided into two distinct series. The older magma is of quartz tholeiite composition with an Mg/(Mg + Fe) ratio consistent with derivation directly from the mantle by melting under fairly low pressure (10 kbar (10 × 105 kPa)) under hydrous conditions. The second magma is of olivine tholeiite composition and produced magnetite-rich gabbros. It is not a primary melt from the mantle. Subsequent differentiation produced a range of liquids from olivine-normative to silica-rich, which is best explained by hornblende fractionation. Both magma series gave rise to websterite cumulates. However, the removal of pyroxene did not produce a significant change in residual liquid composition. The Ni content of the quartz-tholeiite magma is 75 ppm and suggests a pa...

Field of study: Environmental science
Oxygen probe at Osaka refinery

A low-cost oxygen probe with high performance is now employed for continuous casting of copper rods and shapes at Osaka Refinery, Mitsubishi Metal Corporation, after many years of development effort. This improved probe has a service life extending over many hours, thus greatly contributing to the quality control of the continuous casting process. The oxygen probe consists basically of a CaO-stabilized ZrO 2 tube encased in a 310S stainless tube, with fine Fe powder as reference electrode. Due to its simplicity of structure, the probe is characterized by low material and assembling costs and by easy handling. The application of this probe to a more complicated process is now being considered and it is expected to prove extremely effective for operation controls in other fields.

Field of study: Materials science
A new look at countryside recreation in the urban fringe

Locating recreation provision in the urban fringe has been strongly advocated, but the assumptions on which this policy has been based have received little empirical study. Previous studies are surveyed, including major studies of Greater London and Strathclyde. A review of that research suggests two hypotheses that could be evaluated against locational analysis using the 1977 National Survey of Countryside Recreation (NSCR) data. The idea of recreationists passing through an unsightly fringe to reach attractive deeper countryside is not generally supported. Some 40% of trips are made to destinations within or closely adjacent to urban areas. Virtually all types of people use one or other of the urban fringe resources for different purposes on different occasions. It is the more distant (over 10 km) areas that attract a more distinctive clientele: holiday-makers and the more affluent, better-educated minority. There is no evidence to suggest that the urban fringe makes a particular contribution to meeting...

Field of study: Sociology
Joint performance of DSA++ MAC protocol and SR/D-ARQ protocol for wireless ATM under realistic traffic and channel models

This paper describes the protocol stack for an ATM air interface that is able to efficiently support all ATM service categories. The multiplexing of ATM cells on the radio link is controlled by a service strategy that optimizes the resource allocation based on the negotiated quality of service. A medium access control (MAC) protocol realizes the transmission order of ATM cells given by the service strategy. The paper focuses on a strategy for transmission of acknowledgments of an automatic repeat request (ARQ) protocol and on a collision resolution algorithm for transmission of capacity requests over the uplink. The performance of the overall protocol stack is evaluated under realistic traffic and channel models by means of an integrated stochastic simulation model.

Field of study: Computer science
Split heat pipe type compound adsorption ice making test unit for fishing boats

In order to settle the problem of the corrosion between sea water and the steel adsorber for ammonia system, a split heat pipe type adsorption ice making test unit, which use compound adsorbent of CaCl2 and activated carbon to improve the adsorption performance, is designed and constructed. For this test unit there is mass recovery function between two beds and the CaCl2 in compound adsorbent per bed is 1.88 kg, and there is only one pump for the whole heating and cooling phase for adsorbers. Performances of this system are tested; the lowest evaporating temperature is as low as −42 °C. At the evaporating temperature of −35 and −25 °C, the cooling powers are 0.89 and 1.18 kW, respectively. At the evaporating temperature of −15 °C, its average cooling power is 1.37 kW, which corresponds coefficient of performance of refrigeration COP=0.41 and specific cooling power per kilogram CaCl2 of each adsorber SCP=731 W kg−1. The mass recovery process has improved SCP and COP for the system by 15.5 and 24.1%, respectively. Heat transfer performance is also improved by the split heat pipe construction; the average heat transfer coefficient for a whole cycle is 155.8 W m−2 °C−1.

Field of study: Engineering
Profit analysis of a two-unit redundant system with provision for rest and correlated failures and repairs

This paper analyses a two-unit cold standby system with the provision of rest for the operating unit. Also, the failure and repair times of each unit are assumed to be correlated by taking their joint density as bivariate exponential. The system is observed at suitable regenerative epochs to obtain various reliability characteristics of interest, such as the distribution of time to system failure (TSF) and its mean (MTSF), and steady-state probabilities of the system being in up or down states or under repair. Earlier results are verified as particular cases.

Field of study: Engineering
The third part inspection and improving food safety regulatory system in China

The Sanlu milk powder scandal indicates that the food safety regulation in China should be reformed. The food quality inspection in produce sector is the key link when we try to prevent the problem foods entering market form the whole food chain. Thus, an effective and authoritative quality inspection system is helpful to improving the situation of food safety. According to international experiences, independent third part regulation is a feasible institutional arrangement for the reform of food quality regulatory system in China, since it not only mitigates the shortage of government inspection, but also promotes efficiency of quality inspection.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Prevention of interfacial inactivation of enzymes by coating the enzyme surface with dextran-aldehyde.

Interactions between soluble enzymes and interfaces of organic solvent drops or gas bubbles have a very negative effect on the operational stability of the soluble enzymes. In this study, the formation of a hydrophilic shell around the enzyme has been attempted using dextran-aldehyde which would prevent the interaction between enzyme and hydrophobic interfaces with minimal modification of the enzyme surface. After optimizing the size of the dextran (that was found to play a critical role), three different enzymes (glucose oxidase, d-amino acid oxidase, and trypsin) have been conjugated with dextran-aldehyde and their stability towards organic-aqueous and air-liquid interfaces has been evaluated. The treatment itself proved to be very low-cost in terms of activity and was highly stabilizing for the three enzymes assayed. The conjugated preparation of the three assayed enzymes remained fully active in the presence of air-liquid interfaces for at least 10h. However, the unmodified enzymes lost more than 50% of activity within the first hour of the experiments except for trypsin which kept 38% activity after 12h while the trypsin dextran-aldehyde conjugate maintained 100% enzyme activity. Similar results were achieved in the presence of stirred organic solvent-aqueous buffer biphasic system, although in this case some activity was lost by the action of the soluble portion of the organic solvent. In fact, this treatment seems to be also effective to improve the resistance to the action of organic solvent.

Field of study: Biology, Engineering
The Brazilian Exchange Rate Crisis of January 1999

From the monetary reform of July 1994 until January 1999 Brazil followed the policy of pegging the new currency (the real ) to the US dollar. The central rate was initially fixed at 1[ratio ]1 to the US dollar, but no fluctuation band was set and the market rate was allowed to fluctuate substantially. After a sharp appreciation of up to 15 per cent the real remained at a premium to the dollar for two years (until June 1996). In March 1995, following the Mexican crisis, the Banco Central do Brasil adopted a crawling band without preannounced depreciations. This change in policy was meant to increase somewhat the flexibility of the exchange rate regime while still maintaining an anchor for inflationary expectations. The market rate depreciated by 13.9 per cent in the course of 1995 (December 1995 on December 1994), 7.1 per cent in 1996, 7.3 per cent in 1997 and 8.3 per cent in 1998. By December 1998 it had reached 1.2054 to the US dollar, a depreciation of only 20 per cent with respect to the central rate fixed at the end of the hyperinflation but about 40 per cent with respect to the rate prevailing in July 1994.

Field of study: Political science
Occurence of cyanazine compounds in groundwater: degradates more prevalent than the parent compound.

A recently developed analytical method using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry was used to investigate the occurrence of cyanazine and its degradates cyanazine acid (CAC), cyanazine amide (CAM), deethylcyanazine (DEC), and deethylcyanazine acid (DCAC) in groundwater. This research represents some of the earliest data on the occurrence of cyanazine degradates in groundwater. Although cyanazine was infrequently detected in the 64 wells across Iowa sampled in 1999, cyanazine degradates were commonly found during this study. The most frequently detected cyanazine compound was DCAC (32.8%) followed by CAC (29.7%), CAM (17.2%), DEC (3.1%), and cyanazine (3.1%). The frequency of detection for cyanazine or one or more of its degradates (CYTOT) was more than 12-fold over that of cyanazine alone (39.1% for CYTOT versus 3.1% for cyanazine). Of the total measured concentration of cyanazine, only 0.2% was derived from its parent compound-with DCAC (74.1%) and CAC (18.4%) comprising 92.5% of this total. Thus, although DCAC and CAC had similar frequencies of detection, DCAC was generally present in higher concentrations. No concentrations of cyanazine compounds for this study exceeded water-quality criteria for the protection of human health. Only cyanazine, however, has such a criteria established. Nevertheless, because these cyanazine degradates are still chlorinated, they may have similar toxicity as their parent compound-similarto what has been found with the chlorinated degradates of atrazine. Thus, the results of this study documented that data on the degradates for cyanazine are critical for understanding its fate and transport in the hydrologic system. Furthermore, the prevalence of the chlorinated degradates of cyanazine found in groundwater suggests that to accurately determine the overall effect on human health and the environment from cyanazine its degradates should also be considered. In addition, because CYTOT was found in 57.6% of the samples collected from alluvial aquifers, about 2-5 times more frequently than the other major aquifertypes (glacial drift, bedrock/karst, bedrock/nonkarst) under investigation, this finding has long-term implications for the occurrence of CYTOT in streams. It is anticipated that low-level concentrations of CYTOT will continue to be detected in streams for years after the use of cyanazine has terminated (scheduled for the year 2000 in the United States), primarily through its movement from groundwater into streams during base-flow conditions.

Field of study: Environmental science
Continuity and Change: Patterns of Immigration Litigation in the Courts, 1979-1990

The authors explored contemporary immigration litigation in the courts. They sought to establish a profile of the immigration caseload; discern some of the effects of certain immigration policy reforms on that caseload; emphasize the growing importance of affirmative challenge litigation especially impact cases in the immigration area; and determine what occurs when federal courts remand immigration cases to the US Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) and the administrative immigration court. Their study was meant to be descriptive not normative. Their exploration nonetheless led them to believe that aliens often prevail over the INS in asylum litigation and impact litigation. These results suggest that the government currently contests many meritorious claims by aliens which in the interest of all parties would best be resolved at an early pre-litigation stage. In particular aliens were successful in overturning administrative denials of asylum requests.

Field of study: Law