nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Paramagnetic Meissner effect depending on superconducting thickness in Co/Nb multilayers

Paramagnetic Meissner Effect (PME) was observed in Co/Nb/Co trilayers and multilayers. Measurements of the response to perpendicular external field near the superconducting transition temperature were carried out for various Nb thicknesses. PME was found only when layer thickness is no smaller than penetration depth of Nb. A classical flux compression model [Koshelev and Larkin,  (1995)] was used to explain our data. We inferred that the penetration depth was a critical length, below which superconducting current density became too small and the PME could not be achieved.

Field of study: Physics
Improving GPU register file reliability with a comprehensive ISA extension

This work proposes a comprehensive ISA extension to improve GPU reliability to transient effects. Three additional instructions are proposed, implemented, and combined with software-based datapath duplication. Modified program codes are compared to state-of-the-art software-based fault tolerance techniques in terms of execution time. The circuit area is evaluated against the original GPU architecture, and a fault injection campaign is performed to assess reliability. Results show that this comprehensive ISA extension improves performance and fault detection capabilities of software-based approaches at negligible costs in terms of circuit area. This work can help engineers in designing more efficient and resilient GPU architectures.

Field of study: Engineering
Practical Reversibility of HCN Synthesis by Electric Discharge in CH4/N2 Mixture

Electric discharge in CH4/N2 mixture yielded HCN and H2 as main products, accompanied by transient formation of C2- and C3- hydrocarbons. The practical reversibility of this HCN synthesis has been demonstrated by obtaining CH4 and N2 by electric discharge in HCN/H2 mixture.

Field of study: Chemistry
Determination of Reformation on Computer Specialty with Local Characteristic

In creating brand-feature professional works,it is based on the historical development of the subject,makes use of the degree and the research direction advantages,combines the talent demand about Xinjiang minority nationality to ensures the brand construction scheme to cultivate talents for the information processing technique.Explores the training plain and measures to create brand-feature professional,to cultivate the need talents for economic construction and social development.It establishes the characteristic construction scheme for training minority language information processing technology,makes the brand with local characteristics.

Field of study: Computer science
Monte Carlo-aided dosimetry of the theragenics TheraSeed model 200 103Pd interstitial brachytherapy seed.

A dosimetric study of a 103Pd seed for permanent interstitial brachytherapy, the Theragenics Corporation Model 200 (TheraSeed), has been undertaken utilizing Monte Carlo photon-transport (MCPT) simulations. All dosimetric quantities recommended by the American Association of Physicists in Medicine (AAPM) Task Group 43 (TG-43) [Med. Phys. 22, 209-234 (1995)] report have been calculated. This source contains graphite pellets coated with palladium metal, within which the radioactive 103Pd is distributed. Due to the significant influence of this metal coating thickness on the dose distribution, two coating thicknesses, 2.2 microm (light seed, representing currently available seeds) and 10.5 microm (heavy seed, representing reactor-produced seeds available before 1994), were analyzed. Quantities determined are the following: dose rate constant, radial dose function, anisotropy function, anisotropy factor, anisotropy constant, and "along and away" dose tables. The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Wide Angle Free Air Chamber (WAFAC) standard for air-kerma strength (SK,N99) was simulated, allowing a comparison to measured dosimetry data normalized to SKN99. The calculated dose-rate constants are 0.691 (light seed) and 0.694 cGy h(-1) U(-1) (heavy seed), where 1 U= 1 microGy x m2 x h(-1), in contrast to the recommended TG-43 value of 0.74 cGy h(-1) U(-1) and the value, 0.665 cGy h(-1) U(-1), recommended by AAPM report 69 . Anisotropy constants (1/r2 weighted average, r > or = 1 cm) are 0.862 and 0.884 for the light seed and heavy seed, respectively. A generalization of the AAPM formalism [Med. Phys. 27, 634-642] for evaluating the time-dependent ratio of an administered-to-prescribed dose is presented. The findings of this study, in combination with 5% corrections applied to WAFAC measurements performed in 1999, imply that changes in the AAPM's recommended ratios as large as 6%, are indicated.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Anesthesic Management of Cardiac Surgery Through a Minimal Right Vertical Infra Axillary Thoraeotomy

To discuss the anesthesic management of cardiac surgery through a minimal right vertical infra axillary thoracotomy. 214 patients,Anesthesia was maintained with intravenous vecuronium continuously by pump,intermitted intravenous fentanyl and supplemented with isoflurane inhalation. There was no postoperative deaths.Three cases need secondary thoracotomy and hemostasis,Eight the lung not open enough,mediam sternotomy at the same period The ventilation,the volume of drainage,the amount of blood transfusion and hospital day were significantly less(P0.01).Conclusion Add protecting of lung and assure the data of hemodynamics satisfied and postoperative analgesia are the key factors to improve cardiac surgery outcome.

Field of study: Medicine
Reciprocal effects of hormonal fluctuations on human motor and perceptual-spatial skills.

Normal adult women showed systematic performance fluctuations across the menstrual cycle on several motor and perceptual tests that typically yield sex differences in performance. The midluteal phase, characterized by high levels of estradiol and progesterone, was associated with improved performance on tests of speeded motor coordination and impaired performance on a perceptual-spatial test, relative to performance during menses. Variations in gonadal steroid levels may contribute substantially to the sex differences reported in human cognitive and motor skills.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Maximum likelihood estimator and confidence intervals for a simple errors in variables model

Recently Learner obtained the maximum likelihood estimator for β, the slope coefficient in an affine relation between normal unobservables when an instrumental normal variable is available and the errors of observation are normal and independent. The present paper establishes the conditions under which this result holds and finds estimators under other conditions. When the instrumental variable is error-free equals the socalled instrumental variable estimator, even when the errors of observation in the other variables are correlated. It is also shown that the 1 - α confidence set for β proposed by Durbin is an interval and finite if and only if the correlation between the observed values of the explanatory variable and those of the instrumental variable is significantly different from 0 at level α. This leads to some new proposed confidence intervals for β.

Field of study: Mathematics
Synthesis of alkyl-substituted 2-halo-4-aminomethyl-2-buten-4-olides

The reaction of esters of alkyl-substituted (E)-5-amino-4-hydroxy-2,3,epoxyvaleric acids with some hydrohalic acids gave the corresponding 2-halo-4-amino-methyl-2-buten-4-olides, the hydrochlorides of which have diuretic activity.

Field of study: Chemistry
Economic and biological influences on key pecking and treadle pressing in pigeons.

Pigeons were studied on a two-component multiple schedule in which the required operant was, in different conditions, biologically relevant (i.e., key pecking) or nonbiologically relevant (i.e., treadle pressing). Responding was reinforced on a variable-interval (VI) 2-min schedule in both components. In separate phases, additional food was delivered on a variable-time (VT) 15-s schedule (response independent) or a VI 15-s schedule (response dependent) in one of the components. The addition of response-independent food had different effects on responding depending on the operant response and on the frequency with which the components alternated. When components alternated frequently (every 10 s), all pigeons keypecked at a much higher rate during the component with the additional food deliveries, whether response dependent or independent. In comparison, treadle pressing was elevated only when the additional food was response dependent; rate of treadling was lower when the additional food was response independent. When components alternated infrequently (every 20 min), pigeons key pecked at high rates at points of transition into the component with the additional food deliveries. Rate of key pecking decreased with time spent in the 20-min component when the additional food was response independent, whereas rate of pecking remained elevated in that component when the additional food was response dependent. Under otherwise identical test conditions, rate of treadle pressing varied only as a function of its relative rate of response-dependent reinforcement. Delivery of response-independent food thus had different, but predictable, effects on responding depending on which operant was being studied, suggesting that animal-learning procedures can be integrated with biological considerations without the need to propose constraints that limit general laws of learning.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Numbers that Are Not New: African Americans in the Country's First Prison, 1790-1835

IN 1989 AFRICAN AMERICANS BETWEEN THE ages of 20 and 29 outnumbered all other racial groups in the state penal institutions of this country. Black men surpassed white men of the same age group in state prisons, numbering 138,706 to 138,111 white men. AfricanAmerican women were not far behind their white counterparts in this country's state prisons, totalling 6,072 and 6,320 respectively. The significance of these numbers becomes even more apparent when one considers that while African-American men constituted 50.1 percent of the state prison population, they only represented 13.4 percent of the U.S. male population between 20 and 29 years of age. A similar discrepancy holds true for black women, who composed 49 percent of the female prison population and 14.7 percent of the U.S. female population. In 1993 the rate of incarceration in the U.S. assumed even more dramatic proportions: "African Americans [were] incarcerated at a rate that is more than six times that of whites—1,947 per 100,000, compared to 306 per 100,000" [Marc Mauer, Americans Behind Bars: The International Use of Incarceration, 1992-1993 (Washington, D.C., 1994), p. 1]. The black imprisonment statistics for 1989 and 1993, however, are neither new nor unique in American history.

Field of study: History
Charter College: one type of American public HEI reform

Charter College is one type of American public higher education reform as well as self-adjustment of public higher institutes in response to the changes outside.Its emergence is closely relative to such policies as deregulation,decentralization,accountability,and performance assessment which have been quite popular since 1980-1990s.As a quasi-private public higher institute,it has its own independent board of trustees,and it is entitled to more procedural autonomy,in return for this,it has to implement more accountability.

Field of study: Education
Modeling of Coupled Temperature-Displacement-Diffusion Problem for Silica-Phenolic Composite under High Temperature

Volume ablation process of resin-matrix thermoprotective composite is, generally, associated with complex physico-chemical changes, heat and mass transfer processes and irreversible changes of thermomechanical and thermophysical properties. The thermomechanical behavior of resin-matrix thermoprotective material during volume ablation can be analyzed as the coupled temperature-displacement- diffusion problem of porous elastomers under high temperature. Based on the ablative and thermoprotective mechanisms of silica-phenolic composite, the governing equations of the porous elastomers, such as equation of motion of solid phase, gas diffusion equation and energy conservation equation, were established. These governing equations were further modified using finite element method to obtain the element stiffness equation for each element. Additionally, the global stiffness equations were assembled and solved by Gaussian elimination method. The temperature distribution, pore pressure, strain and stress field in plane strain state were calculated when silica-phenolic composite was exposed to a constant radiant heat flux.

Field of study: Materials science
Confidence Distributions and a Unifying Framework for Meta-Analysis

This article develops a unifying framework, as well as robust meta-analysis approaches, for combining studies from independent sources. The device used in this combination is a confidence distribution (CD), which uses a distribution function, instead of a point (point estimator) or an interval (confidence interval), to estimate a parameter of interest. A CD function contains a wealth of information for inferences, and it is a useful device for combining studies from different sources. The proposed combining framework not only unifies most existing meta-analysis approaches, but also leads to development of new approaches. We illustrate in this article that this combining framework can include both the classical methods of combining p-values and modern model-based meta-analysis approaches. We also develop, under the unifying framework, two new robust meta-analysis approaches, with supporting asymptotic theory. In one approach each study size goes to infinity, and in the other approach the number of studies goes to infinity. Our theoretical development suggests that both these robust meta-analysis approaches have high breakdown points and are highly efficient for normal models. The new methodologies are applied to study-level data from publications on prophylactic use of lidocaine in heart attacks and a treatment of stomach ulcers. The robust methods performed well when data are contaminated and have realistic sample sizes and number of studies.

Field of study: Mathematics
inversion of radiometric measurements1

Inversion of satellite radiometer measurements to yield values of atmospheric parameters is expected to be an important source of data within the next few years. A review of inversion methods, based in part on a recent workshop, is presented to outline their present status. General considerations indicate that fine structure will not be resolved, and that the number of parameters determined may be less than the number of measurements. Using infrared data, temperature profiles appear to be inferable with an accuracy of about ±3K, and water vapor distributions may be obtained, over clear skies or broken cloud. Microwave measurements appear to allow temperature determinations with similar accuracy which are less affected by underlying cloud. Water vapor and cloud liquid water content can also be determined, although there are engineering problems. Inversion of visible and ultraviolet data is not as far advanced, but may yield ozone distributions, cloud top heights and information on aerosols. A few of the pr...

Field of study: Environmental science
Voronoi tessellation-based regionalised segmentation for colour texture image

This study presents a region-based algorithm for segmenting colour texture image, which uses Voronoi tessellation for partitioning the domain of the image and Markov random field (MRF) for modelling colour texture. In detail, (i) an image domain is divided into polygons (or sub-regions) by Voronoi tessellation; (ii) two MRF models, improved Potts model and multivariate Gaussian MRF model, are used to characterise colour texture structures inter- and intra-polygons, respectively; (iii) by Bayesian paradigm, a posterior distribution which characterises the segmentation and model parameters conditional on a given colour image can be obtained up to a normalising constant; (iv) a Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm is developed to simulate from the posterior distribution; finally, (v) a maximum a posteriori scheme is employed to find an optimal segmentation and model parameters. In order to evaluate the proposed colour texture segmentation algorithm, two kinds of colour texture images are tested, including synthetic and real colour texture images. The accuracy assessments are performed qualitatively on all kinds of images and quantitatively on synthetic images. All results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm is efficiently.

Field of study: Computer science
InGaAs submonolayer quantum-dot photonic-crystal LEDs for fiber-optic communications

An InGaAs submonolayer (SML) quantum-dot photonic-crystal light-emitting diode (QD PhC-LED) with for fiber-optic applications is reported. The active region of the device contains three InGaAs SML QD layers. Each of the InGaAs SML QD layers is formed by alternate depositions of InAs (<1 ML) and GaAs. A maximum CW output power of 0.34 mW at 20 mA has been obtained in the 980 nm range. The internally reflected spontaneous emission can be extracted and collimated out of the photonic-crystal etched holes. High-resolution imaging studies indicate that the device emits narrower light beams mainly through the photonic-crystal etched holes making it suitable for fiber-optic applications.

Field of study: Engineering
New Insights on the Chemical Composition of the Siberian Air Shed From The Yak-Aerosib Aircraft Campaigns

There are very few large-scale observations of the chemical composition of the Siberian airshed. The Airborne Extensive Regional Observations in Siberia (YAKAEROSIB) French–Russian research program aims to fill this gap by collecting repeated aircraft high-precision measurements of the vertical distribution of CO2, CO, O3, and aerosol size distribution in the Siberian troposphere on a transect of 4,000 km during campaigns lasting approximately one week. This manuscript gives an overview of the results from five campaigns executed in April 2006, September 2006, August 2007, and early and late July 2008. The dense set of CO2 vertical profiles, consisting of some 50 profiles in each campaign, is shown to constrain large-scale models of CO2 synoptic transport, in particular frontal transport processes. The observed seasonal cycle of CO2 in altitude reduces uncertainty on the seasonal covariance between vegetation fluxes and vertical mixing, known as the “seasonal rectifier effect.” Regarding carbon dioxide, w...

Field of study: Environmental science
Rapid acquisition in concurrent chains: evidence for a decision model.

Pigeons' choice in concurrent chains can adapt to rapidly changing contingencies. Grace, Bragason, and McLean (2003) found that relative initial-link response rate was sensitive to the immediacy ratio in the current session when one of the terminal-link fixed-interval schedules was changed daily according to a pseudorandom binary sequence (e.g., Schofield & Davison, 1997). The present experiment tested whether the degree of variation in delays across sessions had any effect on acquisition rate in Grace et al.'s (2003) rapid-acquisition procedure. In one condition ("minimal variation"), the left terminal link was always fixed-interval 8 s and the right terminal link was either fixed-interval 4 s or fixed-interval 16 s. In the other condition ("maximal variation"), a unique pair of fixed-interval values was used in each session. Responding was sensitive to the current-session immediacy ratio in both conditions, but across subjects there was no systematic difference in sensitivity. These results challenge the view that initial-link responding in the rapid-acquisition procedure is determined by changes in the learned value of the terminal-link stimuli, and suggests instead that a process resembling categorical discrimination may control performance. A decision model based on the assumption that delays are categorized as short or long relative to the history of delays provided a good account of the data and shows promise in being able to explain other choice phenomena.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
The Multiple Sample Up-and-Down Method in Bioassay

The up-and-down method in bioassay using multiple samples in each trial is investigated. The bias and precision of the estimators for ED 50 applying the dose-averaging formula and probit analysis are computed and relatively efficient sampling schemes are discussed. The use of the method to estimate extreme percentage doses is developed. It is shown that the estimators from this method are generally more efficient than the non-sequential estimators and are as good as other comparable sequential estimators. Several numerical examples of the asymptotic distribution of the dose-levels from this sampling procedure are tabulated.

Field of study: Mathematics
Fundamental uncertainty limit for speckle displacement measurements.

The basic metrological task in speckle photography is to quantify displacements of speckle patterns, allowing for instance the investigation of the mechanical load and modification of objects with rough surfaces. However, the fundamental limit of the measurement uncertainty due to photon shot noise is unknown. For this reason, the Cramér-Rao bound (CRB) is derived for speckle displacement measurements, representing the squared minimal achievable measurement uncertainty. As result, the CRB for speckle patterns is only two times the CRB for an ideal point light source. Hence, speckle photography is an optimal measurement approach for contactless displacement measurements on rough surfaces. In agreement with a derivation from Heisenberg's uncertainty principle, the CRB depends on the number of detected photons and the diffraction limit of the imaging system described by the speckle size. The theoretical results are verified and validated, demonstrating the capability for displacement measurements with nanometer resolution.

Field of study: Physics
Investigation and management countermeasure of sharp injury in children’s hospital medical staffNI

To understand sharp instrument injury cases in medical staff of children’s hospital, analyze causes of sharp injuries and puts forward the countermeasures of management. By using the method of questionnaire, investigation of the children’s Hospital of 225 medical staff and analysis of survey results. 225 cases surveyed in the 210 cases with sharp instrument injury experience, the least was stabbed 1 time, reached a maximum of 6 times, the incidence of sharp injury was 93.3%, the number of sharp instrument injury caused most of the syringe needle, 73 cases, accounting for 35%, followed by the number of sharp instrument injury glass head resulted in 70 cases, accounted for 33.3%, 161 junior titles, 161 people were affected by injuries, the incidence rate was 100%, 37 cases of intermediate title, 35 people were affected by injuries, the incidence rate was 95.6%, 27 senior titles in 14 cases by sharp instrument injury, the occurrence rate was 51.9%.Conclusion There is a high incidence of children’s hospital of sharp instrument injury, the title of the primary medical staff are more likely to suffer a sharp injuries. Countermeasures should be taken actively to reduce the occurrence of sharp instrument injury, protect the personal safety of medical persons.

Field of study: Medicine