nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Fast, but error-prone, responses during acute alcohol intoxication: effects of stimulus-response mapping complexity.

Although moderate doses of alcohol can impair performance on tasks that require information processing, little is known about the locus of the alcohol effects within the processing stream. This study used a psychological refractory period paradigm to investigate the effect of alcohol on the central, cognitive stage of information processing when task complexity is manipulated by altering stimulus-response compatibility.



Thirty-four healthy male social drinkers were assigned to one of two groups (n = 17) that performed two tasks. Each trial consisted of a task 1 stimulus (tone) followed by a task 2 stimulus (letter) that was presented after one of four stimulus onset asynchronies (50, 200, 500, or 1100 msec). A baseline test of performance was obtained before the groups received a beverage containing either 0.0 g/kg (placebo) or 0.65 g/kg alcohol. Both groups were retested when blood alcohol concentration (BAC) was increasing and was decreasing.



The alcohol group made significantly more errors in task 1 compared with their drug-free baseline measure during the ascending phase of the BAC curve, and error rates increased to a greater extent for the more complex arbitrary stimulus-response mapping condition. Moreover, this increase in errors continued unabated during the descending phase of the BAC curve. Increasing BACs also slowed performance (longer reaction time), but unlike errors, reaction time returned to drug-free baseline levels when BAC was decreasing.



The results provide evidence that an acute dose of alcohol can impair one aspect of the central, cognitive stages of information processing. The possibility that errors in information processing remain during decreasing BACs even after processing speed has returned to drug-free levels has important practical implications relating to the detrimental consequences of acute alcohol intoxication.

Field of study: Medicine
Silver nanoparticles impact the functional role of Gammarus roeseli (Crustacea Amphipoda).

Silver nanoparticles (nAg) are widely used in consumer products and the risk associated with their potential release into freshwater ecosystems needs to be addressed using environmentally realistic exposure concentrations. Here, the effects of low concentrations (0.5-5 μg L(-1)) of two different sized nAg (10 and 60 nm) and a silver nitrate positive control were evaluated in Gammarus roeseli following exposure for 72 h. Cellular, individual and functional endpoints were independently studied and the most striking results were reported for functional endpoints. Indeed, without a change in their feeding activity, the gammarids produced significantly fewer fine particles of organic matter when exposed to nAg, even at 0.5 μg L(-1) of 10 nm nAg. These functional endpoints seem to be efficient markers for detecting the early effects of nAg on G. roeseli.

Field of study: Environmental science
Alexander and Govern's approximation : Providing an alternative to ANOVA under variance heterogeneity

A Monte Carlo simulation was conducted to compare the Type I error rate and power of the 1994 approximation developed by Alexander and Govern as an alternative to the ANOVA F test. It was compared with the ANOVA F, Kruskal-Wallis, Welch, Brown-Forsythe, and James second-order tests. The authors concentrated on the impact of various factors on Type I error rate and power. The factors included variance inequality, sample-size pairings with group variances, degree of skewness/kurtosis, and number of treatment groups. Under variance heterogeneity, Alexander-Govern's test was not only comparable to the performance of the Welch test and the James second-order test but was superior in certain instances.

Field of study: Education
Finite irreducible conformal modules over a class of infinite Lie conformal superalgebras

In the present paper, we introduce a class of infinite Lie conformal superalgebras $\mathcal{S}(p)$, which are closely related to Lie conformal algebras of extended Block type defined in \cite{CHS}. Then all finite non-trivial irreducible conformal modules over $\mathcal{S}(p)$ for $p\in\C^*$ are completely classified. As an application, we also present the classifications of finite non-trivial irreducible conformal modules over finite quotient algebras $\mathfrak{s}(n)$ for $n\geq1$ and $\mathfrak{sh}$ which is isomorphic to a subalgebra of Lie conformal algebra of $N=2$ superconformal algebra. Moreover, as a generalized version of $\mathcal{S}(p)$, the infinite Lie conformal superalgebras $\mathcal{GS}(p)$ are constructed, which have a subalgebra isomorphic to the finite Lie conformal algebra of $N=2$ superconformal algebra.

Field of study: Mathematics
Division and Cohesion in the Working Class: Artisans and Wage Labourers in Ecuador

It is through the organisation of labour that class interests and class antagonisms become manifest. A major problem with recent debates about the informal sector, petty commodity producers or the marginalised labour force is that their structural positions in the economy have not been translated into class analysis, whereby the social position of the sector of the labour force under discussion is clearly identified in relation to other groups in society. As a result, conflicting interests are not fully discussed and the capacity of the urban poor for organising and working towards the amelioration of their condition is ignored.

Field of study: Political science
Environmental controls on paleo-pH at mid-latitudes: A case study from Central and Eastern Europe

Here we present the first reconstruction of the Black Sea catchment soil pH evolution during the last glacial period and insights into its environmental controls. The pH reconstruction is derived from the CBT index (cyclization ratio of branched tetraethers—brGDGTs; Weijers et al., 2007a), a proxy based on the relative abundance of branched tetraethers, applied in this study to a northwestern Black Sea sediment core. Since branched tetraethers are produced primarily in soils but also in aquatic environments, we first evaluate the potential of the CBT proxy to reconstruct soil pH regarding the possible origins of brGDGTs. Based on a previous study, we propose a correction of the reconstruction to account for the increase in brGDGTs derived from in situ production in the Black Sea paleo-lake. We also use the CBT-pH record to track the soil signal of the Black Sea catchment as well as to investigate the internal (i.e., soil parent material) and external (i.e., climatic) controls on long-term soil pH change at mid-latitudes. Given that CBT-pH was first proposed as a qualitative proxy of paleoprecipitation at lower latitudes, we investigate, in particular, the influence of precipitation on our setting. We show that, in Central and Eastern Europe, soil pH evolution during the last glacial–interglacial transition cannot be explained by precipitation amounts only but can be explained by (i) variations in the spatial source of brGDGTs associated with that of soil parent material, (ii) soil water balance and (iii) soil vegetation litter. Notably, the CBT-pH is significantly influenced by a spatial change of brGDGT sources during Heinrich Stadial 1. Moreover, the CBT-pH record suggests a strong decrease in the soil moisture budget from the LGM towards the early Holocene, interrupted by an abrupt increase during the Younger Dryas. Our study stresses the importance of considering evapotranspiration in addition to precipitation shifts in order to better understand chemical changes of mid-latitude soil under major climate change. Furthermore, we suggest that mid-latitude soil chemistry during the last glacial-interglacial climate transition was more prone to and/or more sensitive to vegetation cover changes through (i) the role of vegetation cover in evapotranspiration and thus in soil leaching and (ii) the different quality of vegetation litters. Whatever the latitude, the CBT proxy appears useful as one of the only soil chemistry proxies, to provide insights into the past hydrology of soil.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Function and Regulation of Human Terminal Uridylyltransferases

RNA uridylylation plays a pivotal role in the biogenesis and metabolism of functional RNAs, and regulates cellular gene expression. RNA uridylylation is catalyzed by a subset of proteins from the non-canonical terminal nucleotidyltransferase family. In human, three proteins (TUT1, TUT4, and TUT7) have been shown to exhibit template-independent uridylylation activity at 3′-end of specific RNAs. TUT1 catalyzes oligo-uridylylation of U6 small nuclear (sn) RNA, which catalyzes mRNA splicing. Oligo-uridylylation of U6 snRNA is required for U6 snRNA maturation, U4/U6-di-snRNP formation, and U6 snRNA recycling during mRNA splicing. TUT4 and TUT7 catalyze mono- or oligo-uridylylation of precursor let-7 (pre–let-7). Let-7 RNA is broadly expressed in somatic cells and regulates cellular proliferation and differentiation. Mono-uridylylation of pre–let-7 by TUT4/7 promotes subsequent Dicer processing to up-regulate let-7 biogenesis. Oligo-uridylylation of pre–let-7 by TUT4/7 is dependent on an RNA-binding protein, Lin28. Oligo-uridylylated pre–let-7 is less responsive to processing by Dicer and degraded by an exonuclease DIS3L2. As a result, let-7 expression is repressed. Uridylylation of pre–let-7 depends on the context of the 3′-region of pre–let-7 and cell type. In this review, we focus on the 3′ uridylylation of U6 snRNA and pre-let-7, and describe the current understanding of mechanism of activity and regulation of human TUT1 and TUT4/7, based on their crystal structures that have been recently solved.

Field of study: Biology
A Critical Study of Agglomerated Multigrid Methods for Diffusion

Agglomerated multigrid techniques used in unstructured-grid methods are studied critically for a model problem representative of laminar diffusion in the incompressible limit. The studied target-grid discretizations and discretizations used on agglomerated grids are typical of current node-centered formulations. Agglomerated multigrid convergence rates are presented using a range of two- and three-dimensional randomly perturbed unstructured grids for simple geometries with isotropic and stretched grids. Two agglomeration techniques are used within an overall topology-preserving agglomeration framework. The results show that multigrid with an inconsistent coarse-grid scheme using only the edge terms (also referred to in the literature as a thin-layer formulation) provides considerable speedup over single-grid methods but its convergence deteriorates on finer grids. Multigrid with a Galerkin coarse-grid discretization using piecewise-constant prolongation and a heuristic correction factor is slower and also grid-dependent. In contrast, grid-independent convergence rates are demonstrated for multigrid with consistent coarse-grid discretizations. Convergence rates of multigrid cycles are verified with quantitative analysis methods in which parts of the two-grid cycle are replaced by their idealized counterparts.

Field of study: Physics
Expression of active recombinant human alpha 1-antitrypsin in transgenic rabbits.

A DNA construct containing the human alpha 1-antitrypsin gene including 1.5 and 4 kb of 5' and 3' flanking sequences, was microinjected into the pronucleus of rabbit embryos. The recombinant human protein was (a) expressed in the blood circulation of F0 and F1 transgenic rabbits at an average concentration of 1 mg ml-1, (b) shown to be fully active and (c) shown to be separable from its rabbit counterpart. Transgenic rabbits might represent a novel source of human proteins of therapeutic interest.

Field of study: Biology, Engineering
Influence of the Josephson junction geometry on the spectral properties of the flux-flow oscillator

Numerical investigation of the effects of junction geometry on the performance of the flux-flow type Josephson oscillator has been done. Using direct simulation of the sine-Gordon equation with account of RC load the spectral and power properties for different current density distributions have been calculated. With discussion of the fundamental differences in the dynamics of the inline and overlap junctions the various behavior depending on the junction length and noise intensity has been shown.

Field of study: Physics
[Antipsychotic drugs and their influence on the carbohydrate metabolism in patients with schizophrenia-spectrum disorders].

: The effect of antipsychotic drugs, typical and atypical neuroleptics, is described in the following sections of this paper: antipsychotic drugs and carbohydrate metabolism, prevention and risk factors, pharmacoepidemiology, treatment. It is concluded that neuroleptic treatment increases the risk of metabolic impairment. Mechanisms of this effect are not clear so far. Ethnicity, sex, age and features of the therapy may play a role. Clozapine, olanzapine, ziprasidone, sertindole and some typical neuroleptics are risk factors as well. Common glucose-reducing drugs as well as prevention of metabolic impairment and special behavioral training,including the control over the level of glycemia, are used in treatment of diabetes mellitus induced by neuroleptics.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Ru-N-C Hybrid Nanocomposite for Ammonia Dehydrogenation: Influence of N-doping on Catalytic Activity

For application to ammonia dehydrogenation, novel Ru-based heterogeneous catalysts, Ru-N-C and Ru-C, were synthesized via simple pyrolysis of a mixture of RuCl3·6H2O and carbon black with or without dicyandiamide as a nitrogen-containing precursor at 550 °C. Characterization of the prepared Ru-N-C and Ru-C catalysts via scanning transmission electron microscopy, in conjunction with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, indicated the formation of hollow nanocomposites in which the average sizes of the Ru nanoparticles were 1.3 nm and 5.1 nm, respectively. Compared to Ru-C, the Ru-N-C nanocomposites not only proved to be highly active for ammonia dehydrogenation, giving rise to a NH3 conversion of >99% at 550 °C, but also exhibited high durability. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy revealed that the Ru active sites in Ru-N-C were electronically perturbed by the incorporated nitrogen atoms, which increased the Ru electron density and ultimately enhanced the catalyst activity.

Field of study: Materials science
BRIEF COMMUNICATIONS: Absorption of CF4 laser radiation by UF6 molecules

A study was made of the absorption by UF6 molecules of CF4 laser radiation falling within the P branch of the ν3 band. Measurements were made of the absorption selectivity for the isotopic variants 238UF6 and 235UF6. The results were compared with the published data. A discrepancy is attributed to accumulation of selectivity on successive transitions in multiphoton absorption.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Subarachnoid neurocysticercosis and an intracranial infectious aneurysm: case report.

Infectious intracranial aneurysms (IIAs) represent 2%-6% of all intracranial aneurysms and, classically, have been associated with bacterial or fungal agents. The authors report the case of a 42-year-old woman who presented with a typical history of subarachnoid hemorrhage. Digital subtraction angiography (DSA) showed an aneurysmal dilatation on the frontal M2 segment of the left middle cerebral artery (MCA). The patient was treated surgically, and multiple cysts were found in the left carotid and sylvian cisterns, associated with a dense inflammatory exudate that involved the MCA. The cysts were removed, and a fusiform aneurysmal dilatation was identified. The lesion was not amenable to direct clipping, so the authors wrapped it. Histopathological analysis of the removed cysts revealed the typical pattern of subarachnoid neurocysticercosis. The patient received cysticidal therapy with albendazole and corticosteroids, and she recovered uneventfully. Follow-up DSA performed 6 months after surgery showed complete resolution of the aneurysm. The authors performed a review of the literature and believe that there is sufficient evidence to affirm that the subarachnoid form of neurocysticercosis may lead to the development of an IIA and that Taenia solium should be listed among the possible etiological agents of IIAs, along with bacterial and fungal agents.

Field of study: Medicine
The Great War of Words: British, American, and Canadian Propaganda and Fiction, 1914-1933 (review)

It was prophetic that before the Great War, the English phUosopher Graham Wallas proposed that reason was not the sole basis for men's actions; men acted through "affectations" and "instincts" that could be aroused and charted through [artful] manipulation. Although at the turn of the century public opinion was most directly influenced by famous writers, one reads with incredulity the details and consequences of a 2 September 1914 meeting of twenty-five British authors at Wellington House in London, headquarters of Britain's War Propaganda Bureau.

Field of study: Art
Ocurrence of mycotoxins and the physicochemical characteristics of commercialized flours

The flours which are often utilized in industrial and domestic preparation of provisions, might become a good vehicle for many types of contaminants, including the mycotoxins which by chance doesn't have been eliminated during the grinding. The quality assessment of wheat flours (special, common, integral) and rye flours commercialized in South zone of Rio Grande do Sul, during 1995 and 1996, was carried out, in which the chemical composition and ocurrence of mycotoxins: aflatoxin B1, B2, G1, G2; ochratoxin A and zearalenone were determined.The physicochemical characterisation showed that 70% of specials traded flours were found above the levels recommended by the Brazilian legislation. By using the SANEST statistical treatment, it was demonstrated (found) a correlation between the ash content and the presence of mycotoxins in flours. The detected mycotoxins were ochratoxin A and zearalenone, in 12 and 53mg.kg-1 respectively.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Off-diagonal magnetoimpedance in amorphous wires and its application in miniature sensors of weak magnetic fields

Off-diagonal magnetoimpedance in amorphous cobalt-based microwire with helical magnetic anisotropy is investigated using a DC bias current. It is demonstrated that the circular magnetic field generated by the bias current improves the sensitivity to an axial external magnetic field, raises the output voltage peak, and expands the sensed field in which the peak is observed. However, a further increase in the bias current reduces the sensitivity. The experimental results agree qualitatively with the theory for large bias fields when the hysteresis in static magnetization is eliminated.

Field of study: Physics
Quality Education And The Attainment of The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) In Nigeria: A Case For Quality Teachers

This paper adopts a theoretical approach in determining the way forward for the attainment of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) by the Nigerian nation in 2015 as agreed by all 147 Heads of State during the September 2000 United Nations Millennium summit. Hence the paper adopts a pragmatic and holistic perspective in the achievement of MDGs following a deliberate and structural change in corporate governance of the country’s educational system. To this end, the paper holds that quality education provided by government through the use of quality teachers will constitute a channel or panacea to the attainment of the MDS by the Nigerian nation. A conceptual framework of what is quality and who is a teacher was clearly presented. The paper further highlighted some of the challenges faced in achieving the Millennium Development Goals, as well as, the factors affecting quality teaching and teachers in Nigerian school system at all levels. It was thus suggested that both government and private sector, including NGOs, must continue in the crusade and creating awareness  on the attainment of the MDGs, bilateral aid and support should be made available to developing nations for rapid achievement of MDGs, global political support and strong partnership for sustainable development and attainment of MDGs in 2015 should be sustained, as well as ensuring that only teachers (or lecturers) that are adequately qualified academically and practically are recruited to teach courses in schools at all levels.  Millennium Development Goals; Quality Teachers; Quality Education; UPE; Gender Quality.

Field of study: Education
A DIRECT METHOD FOR THE COMPUTATION OF BIFURCATION BUCKLING IN GEOMETRIC NONLINEAR ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES

Based on the solution of the bifurcation point and corresponding buckling modes by using the guided and guarded Newton method,this paper develops a reliable algorithm to compute the bifurcated branches.The solutions of the structural equilibrium equations are regarded as continuous functions of the arc-length of the solution path.The governing equations for the bifurcated directions are established from the first derivative of the equilibrium equations to the arc-length.Thus the first derivative of structural nodal displacement vector to the arc length along the bifurcated directions is expressed as the linear combination of the buckling modes and a special solution of these equations,which converses the bifurcated branch problem to the solution of the linear combination coefficients.A set of equations for these coefficients are set up from the dot products of the second derivative of the equilibrium equations to the arc-length with all buckling modes.These equations are solved by Newton-Raphson iteration from which the bifurcated directions are obtained.Extended along the bifurcated directions,the solution path is switched to the bifurcated branches.By tracing the bifurcated branches,the structure's post-buckling behaviors can be obtained completely.Numerical examples show that this method is accurate,reliable and efficient,and that it can be used to the bifurcation buckling problems of large skeletal structures.

Field of study: Engineering
A rank-based ant system algorithm for solving 0/1 knapsack problem

The 0/1 Knapsack Problem (KP), which is a classical NP-complete problem, has been widely applied to solving many real world problems. Ant system (AS), as one of the earliest ant colony optimization (ACO) algorithms, provides approximate solutions to 0/1 KPs. However, there are some shortcomings such as low efficiency and premature convergence in most AS algorithms. In order to overcome the shortcomings of AS, this paper proposes a rank-based AS algorithm, denoted as RAS to solve 0/1 KP. Taking advantages of the ranked ants with a higher profit, the pheromone of items will be updated with better solutions in RAS. Experimental results in different datasets show that this new kind of AS algorithm can obtain a higher efficiency and robustness when solving 0/1 KP.

Field of study: Computer science
Fluorescence Determination of Artemisinin Using Cytochrome c as Catalyst and Pyronine B as Indicator

The cytochrome c-catalyzed fluorescence determination of artemisinin (qinghaosu, QHS) was developed using pyronine B (PB) as substrate. The interaction between cytochrome c and QHS was an enzyme-substrate model. The kinetic studies demonstrated that the steady-state catalytic rate depended upon enzyme and substrate concentrations, and the Michaelis-Menten parameters, Km, Vmax, and Kcat were 3.3×10−5 M, 5.4×10−6 M s−1 and 13.5 s−1, respectively. Catalytic activity of cytochrome c was inhibited in the presence of deactivated agents CN− and ethanol. Under optimal conditions (pH 5.3, 25°C and 7.6×10−8 to 1.1×10−6 M, the detection limit (3σ) was as low as 7.2×10−9 M and the percent recovery range was 96.3%–106.8%. The proposed method was applied to detect the concentration of QHS in the media of plasma and urine.

Field of study: Chemistry