nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
[The significance of the dynamics of anxiety-depressive indicators and quality of life in patients with dental anomalies in assessing the effectiveness of orthodontic treatment].

To study the dynamics of clinical and psychological characteristics and indicators of quality of life in patients with dental-maxillary anomalies.



Seventy people with different dental anomalies were studied. At the first stage, all patients were assessed according to the developed 'Smile Aesthetics Index' (SAI) with their further division into three subgroups depending on the severity of dentofacial anomalies. Further, a comparative assessment of clinical and psychological indicators and results of quality of life before and after treatment was made. At the final stage, follow-up examination was conducted after 2 years.



There are a significant decrease in state anxiety and depression in patients of all subgroups and a significant improvement in the quality of life after treatment. A follow-up examination shows, in general, the stability of the psycho-emotional state of patients in all subgroups 2 years after the treatment.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Indice et formes linaires stables dans les algbres de Lie

Resume On caracterise, de maniere purement algebrique, certaines formes lineaires, dites stables, introduites dans [Y. Kosmann, S. Sternberg, Conjugaison des sous-algebres d'isotropie, C. R.  (1974) 777–779], sur une algebre de Lie. Comme application, on determine l'indice d'une sous-algebre de Borel d'une algebre de Lie semi-simple. On donne enfin un exemple d'une sous-algebre parabolique d'une algebre de Lie semi-simple n'admettant aucune forme lineaire stable.

Field of study: Mathematics
A Case for Using Multiple Regression instead of ANOVA in Educational Research.

Researchers in the behavioral sciences have utilized “ANOVA theory” to test research hypotheses ever since R. A. Fisher first derived the solution. There are, however, limitations to classical ANOVA, particularly with respect to the handling of unbalanced design, continuous independent variables, and multiple covariates. Further, classical ANOVA fails to provide a strength of relationship index. The authors provide evidence which demonstrates that ANOVA is a special case of a multivariate procedure termed “multiple regression.” Because multiple regression is the more general method, it is capable of handling data which have traditionally been a nemesis for ANOVA researchers. Since multiple regression is a more powerful method of statistical analysis, and since it also provides a strength of relationship index, the authors argue that it be used in place of ANOVA in educational research. Also discussed is the coding of categorical variables as well as available computer programs for multiple regression.

Field of study: Education
Targeted gene transfer to nigrostriatal neurons in the rat brain by helper virus-free HSV-1 vector particles that contain either a chimeric HSV-1 glycoprotein C-GDNF or a gC-BDNF protein.

Direct gene transfer into neurons has potential for both studying neuronal physiology and for developing gene therapy treatments for specific neurological conditions. Due to the heterogeneous cellular composition of the brain, cell-type-specific recombinant gene expression is required for many potential applications of neuronal gene transfer. The two prevalent approaches for achieving cell-type-specific expression are to use a cell-type-specific promoter to control recombinant gene expression or to modify a virus vector particle to target gene transfer to a specific cell type. Targeted gene transfer to multiple peripheral cell types has been described, but targeted gene transfer to a specific type of neuron in the brain has yet to be reported. Targeted gene transfer approaches with Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV-1) vectors have focused on modifying glycoprotein C (gC) to remove the heparin binding domain and add a binding activity for a specific protein on the cell surface. This study was designed to develop HSV-1 vectors that target gene transfer to cells that contain receptors for either glial-cell-line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) or brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), such as nigrostriatal neurons. We isolated chimeric gC-GDNF or chimeric gC-BDNF constructs, and the resulting proteins were incorporated into HSV-1 virus particles. We performed helper virus-free HSV-1 vector packaging in the presence of each chimeric protein. The resulting vector stocks supported 2.2- to 5.0-fold targeted gene transfer to nigrostriatal neurons in the rat brain, compared to vector particles that contained wild-type (wt) gC. Gene transfer to nigrostriatal neurons by vector particles that contained chimeric gC-BDNF was reduced by preincubation with an anti-BDNF antibody. Targeted gene transfer to neurons that contain specific neurotrophic factor receptors may benefit specific physiological and gene therapy studies.

Field of study: Biology
Current density and reversible magnetization of HgBa(2)Ca(2)Cu(3)O(x) superconductors containing randomly oriented columnar defects

Bulk polycrystalline HgBa(2)Ca(2)Cu(3)O(x) materials were irradiated with 0.8 GeV protons to form randomly oriented columnar defects, by induced fission of Hg-nuclei. Proton fluences from 0 to 35 times 10^{16} cm^{-2} were used to install defects with area densities up to a "matching field" of 3.4 Tesla. Studies were conducted on the dependence of the equilibrium magnetization and the intragrain persistent current density on temperature and applied magnetic field, at various defect densities. The magnetization was modeled using London theory with the addition of vortex-defect interactions.

Field of study: Physics
Fast ionic conducting film ceramic membranes with advanced applications

Fast ionic conducting film ceramic membrane materials have been successfully prepared via the soft-chemical synthesising procedure, e.g. sol–gel and suspension processes. These film membranes are ionic and proton conducting Li 2 SO 4 –Al 2 O 3 , Li 2 SO 4 –SiO 2 composites, oxide ionic dominating conductors based on ceria-based oxides, and mixed conducting ceria–zirconia solid solutions. These thin film ceramic membranes are nanostructured with a thickness from 0.1 to several μm. Co-development of these conducting thin films as functional ceramic membranes is promising. One film can be thus used for a number of applications in advanced electrochemical or opto-ionic devices, e.g. fuel cells, electrochromic devices, and micro-batteries. A good example is CeO 2 –ZrO 2 films which were used as the electrode material for the fuel cell, transparent counter electrode for the electrochromic or opto-ionic devices and Li + -intercalated electrode for secondary micro-batteries. This paper gives a brief overview of these new fast ionic conducting film ceramic membranes mainly in terms of their electrical properties and applications in the advanced ionic/electrochemical devices.

Field of study: Materials science
激光激励的Ca( 1 P 1 )与氯代甲烷系列化合物的反应研究

在束-气条件下,利用激光激励化学发光技术,研究了p-轨道电子云空间取向的Ca( 1 P 1 )与氯代甲烷系列化合物的反应.实验结果表明,Ca( 1 P 1 )+CH 3 Cl的反应具有比较明显的取向效应:当激发态钙原子的p-轨道电子云垂直于钙束运动方向时,CaCl(A 2 Ⅱ)及CaCl(B 2 ∑ + )两通道的反应几率较平行于钙束取向时都有所增加,其中以CaCl(A 2 Ⅱ)通道的增加最为显著.随着取代氯原子数目的增多,这一取向效应迅速降低.我们用轨道跟随模型及电子跳跃模型对实验结果进行了解释.另外,本文还获得了Ca( 1 P 1 )与氯代甲烷反应的绝对化学发光截面及产物分支比.

Field of study: Chemistry
Generalized asymptotically optimal codebooks

Recently, Luo et al. proposed two new codebooks based on the operations of some given sets, which are asymptotically optimal. In the paper, we present new construction of codebooks. We determine maximal cross-correlation amplitude of the constructed codebooks. The constructed codebooks are near optimal to the Welch bound. This new codebooks in the paper generalize Luo et al.′s constructions. The parameters of constructed codebooks are nimble and new under some circumstances.

Field of study: Mathematics
[An overview of swine influenza virus infection in humans].

Since the first report of a swine influenza virus (SIV) infection in humans in 1958, cases have occurred continuously and increased significantly after the 2009 H1N1 pandemic. Although exposure to swine is thought to be a risk factor for human SIVs infections, approximately half of the reported cases had no known exposure to pigs. Besides, epidemiological investigation showed that several cases had limited human-to-human transmission. Based on the analyses of data on swine influenza virus infection in humans in this review, both the improved SIVs surveillance in humans and swine population and wider vaccination coverage among occupational workers are critical strategies in pandemic preparedness and response.

Field of study: Biology
Magnetic Detection of Quenches in High-Field Accelerator Magnets

Development of high-field magnets for future accelerators brings new challenges and in particular the problem of reliable quench detection and localization. Traditionally, quench locations are determined by timing the propagation of the normal zone across the cable segment bounded by the neighboring voltage taps. However, applicability of this method is limited in high-field magnets due to a short time window allowed for quench propagation prior to firing the protection heaters. It becomes even more problematic for longer magnets, because a proportional increase in the number of voltage taps is required to see tap-to-tap propagation. Therefore, development of alternative quench localization techniques and improvement of the existing ones are needed. Here, we analyze three-dimensional magnetic field profiles due to a developing quench using the current redistribution model for Rutherford cable. We simulate transient field variations caused by the moving boundary of the normal zone and, as an example, attempt the model verification with the inductive quench antenna signals measured on the Nb3Sn quadrupole magnet, HQ01. Further steps on optimizing inductive quench antenna design will be discussed.

Field of study: Physics
SZASZ T .The Medicalization of Everyday Life. Selected Essays. Syracuse NY: Syracuse University Press; 2007. 202 pages, $19.95, ISBN-10: 0-8156-0867-5. Christopher A. Langley , Dawn Belcher .FASTtrack: Pharmaceutical Compounding and Dispensing. London: United Kingdom Pharmaceutical Press; 2008. 214 


Field of study: Education, Medicine
Economic threshold and economic injury level of Mythimna separata (Walker) on rice.

The most injurious fifth-instar larvae of Mythimna separata (Walker) were released in five fixed densities of 1 to 10 larvae/bill under the cages at the most vulnerable panicle stage of Kranti’ variety of rice in the field (zero larva as the control) in the rainy season of 1980–81. The leaf area consumed, number of spikelets and grains fallen, weight of total grains fallen, and yield loss were more due to higher larval densities of 7 and 10 than in the lower ones of 1 and 3/hill. The avoidable yield loss ranged from 12.82 to 35.89 percent, i. e. 125 to 35.0 q/ha, by 1 to 10 larvae/hill.

Field of study: Biology
Studies on immobilization of polyphenoloxidase from tea leaves & mango peel.

Polyphenoloxidases (EC 1.14.18-1) were isolated from mango peel and green tea leaves and immobilised by using various supports such as polyacrylamide gel, DEAE-Sephadex, DEAE-cellulose, collagen, arylamine glass and alkylamine glass. Various properties of the immobilised enzymes like optimum temp. and pH, Km values, substrate specificity, thermal stability, storage stability and reusability were studied and compared with those of the native enzyme. Results showed that polyphenoloxidase preparations from mango peel and tea leaves exhibit different properties even in the native stage and that their behaviour and response after immobilisation are also different. The higher specific activities, lower Km values, high reusability, good storage stability, wider pH and temp. optima of the immobilised enzyme might have advantages over the soluble during processing operations such as fermentation and manufacture of instant tea. It was concluded that tea leaf polyphenoloxidase entrapped in polyacrylamide gel and complexed with collagen, and mango peel polyphenoloxidase immobilised in DEAE-Sephadex are quite satisfactory.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Physics
Effects of firing conditions and addition of Co on bulk and grain boundary properties of CGO

Commercial ceria–gadolinia powders were used to obtain bulk CGO samples, by sintering at 900 to 1500 °C with Co nitrate additions, or at temperatures in the range 1500–1600 °C, without Co. These samples were characterized by impedance spectroscopy in air, at temperatures in the range 150–600 °C, to distinguish the bulk and grain boundary behaviour. Addition of Co nitrate allows densification at lower temperatures and plays significant effects on both microstructural contributions of impedance spectra, enhancing the bulk and grain boundary conductivities and lowering their activation energy. Typical values of activation energy of bulk conductivity vary from 0.77 to 0.94 eV, and the activation energy of grain boundary conductivity were in the range 0.96–1.05 eV. The effects of sintering additive are spoilt on raising the sintering temperature, due to depletion of Co content in grain boundaries of samples fired at high temperatures. These observations indicate that grain boundary behaviour may be determined by segregation of Co and/or Gd and the corresponding space charge layers, at least for materials prepared from high purity precursor powders. The p-type electronic conductivity is also enhanced for samples fired at relatively low temperatures with addition of Co, thus indicating that significant changes in defect chemistry occur.

Field of study: Materials science
SOLVE and RESOLVE: automated structure solution, density modification and model building.

The software SOLVE and RESOLVE can carry out all the steps in macromolecular structure solution, from scaling and heavy-atom location through phasing, density modification and model-building in the MAD, SAD and MIR cases. SOLVE uses scoring scheme to convert the decision-making in macromolecular structure solution to an optimization problem. RESOLVE carries out the identification of NCS, density modification and automated model-building. The procedure is fully automated and can function at resolutions as low as 3 A.

Field of study: Physics
Stability analysis of split-step θ-Milstein method for a class of n-dimensional stochastic differential equations

In this paper, we introduce a split-step theta Milstein (SSTM) method for n-dimensional stochastic delay differential equations (SDDEs). The exponential mean-square stability of the numerical solutions is analyzed, and in accordance with previous findings, we prove that the method is exponentially mean-square stable if the employed time-step is smaller than a given and easily computable upper bound. In particular, according to our investigation, larger time-steps can be used in the case θ ∈ ( 1 2 , 1 ] than in the case θ ∈ [ 0 , 1 2 ] . Numerical results are presented which reveal that the SSTM method is conditionally mean-square stable and that in the case θ ∈ ( 1 2 , 1 ] the interval of time-steps for which the SSTM method is theoretically shown to be mean-square stable is significantly larger than in the case θ ∈ [ 0 , 1 2 ] . It is worth mentioning that the SSTM method has never been employed or analyzed for the numerical approximation of SDDEs, at least to the very best of our knowledge.

Field of study: Mathematics
Facebook Use through Mobile Devices by Teenagers in Albania

The purpose of this study is to assess the perception and use of social network ( Facebook ) by teenagers in Albania through mobile devices and to highlight its positive and negative impacts. Research method is descriptive. A questionnaire was designed and the sample taken was of age between 13-18 years old. The results showed an intense use of the social network, Facebook. The respondents access more often in their profiles but do not make posts. Positive impacts that have been are: strong relationship with family, relatives, friends and much more involvement in social, political and cultural activities whereas the negative impact were result of lack of studying and the long time they spent in this network. The respondents are mainly taken from several major cities in Albania, so we cannot make a generalization for the whole country. This research aims to show the importance that the social network, Facebook has on teenagers.  10.5901/jesr.2014.v4n4p88

Field of study: Education, Sociology
Reinforcer pathology II: Reward magnitude, reward delay, and demand for alcohol collectively relate to college students' alcohol related problems.

The reinforcer pathologies model of addiction posits that two characteristic patterns of operant behavior characterize addiction. Specifically, individuals suffering from addiction have elevated levels of behavioral economic demand for their substances of abuse and have an elevated tendency to devalue delayed rewards (reflected in high delay discounting rates). Prior research has demonstrated that these behavioral economic markers are significant predictors of many of college students' alcohol-related problems. Delay discounting, however, is a complex behavioral performance likely undergirded by multiple behavioral processes. Emerging analytical approaches have isolated the role of participants' sensitivity to changes in reinforcer magnitude and changes in reinforcer delay. The current study uses these analytic approaches to compare participants' discounting of money versus alcohol, and to build regression models that leverage these new insights to predict a wider range of college students' alcohol related problems. Using these techniques, we were able to 1) demonstrate that individuals differed in their sensitivity to magnitudes of alcohol versus money, but not sensitivity to delays to those commodities and 2) that we could use our behavioral economic measures to predict a range of students' alcohol related problems.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Bogoliubov Fermi Surfaces in Superconductors with Broken Time-Reversal Symmetry.

It is commonly believed that, in the absence of disorder or an external magnetic field, there are three possible types of superconducting excitation gaps: The gap is nodeless, it has point nodes, or it has line nodes. Here, we show that, for an even-parity nodal superconducting state which spontaneously breaks time-reversal symmetry, the low-energy excitation spectrum generally does not belong to any of these categories; instead, it has extended Bogoliubov Fermi surfaces. These Fermi surfaces can be visualized as two-dimensional surfaces generated by "inflating" point or line nodes into spheroids or tori, respectively. These inflated nodes are topologically protected from being gapped by a Z_{2} invariant, which we give in terms of a Pfaffian. We also show that superconducting states possessing these Fermi surfaces can be energetically stable. A crucial ingredient in our theory is that more than one band is involved in the pairing; since all candidate materials for even-parity superconductivity with broken time-reversal symmetry are multiband systems, we expect these Z_{2}-protected Fermi surfaces to be ubiquitous.

Field of study: Physics
Current developments in tablet coatings

Surface coating on drug tablets is a widely practiced and commercially significant technology and is a workhorse of the pharmaceutical industry as far as post production protection of drug tablets and capsules is concerned. This technological area involves a highly sophisticated and complex end-use of surface coatings technology into pharmaceutics which is of high value to the industry especially to the pharmaceutical and coatings technologist .While existing literature on this subject has focused upon the entirety of the area with respect to every minute factor such as types of the said coatings, the equipment involved, the biopharmaceutical aspects, the coloring and flavoring of the dosage forms and even the testing and stability evaluation of the dosage forms, this review focuses essentially on the latest developments in two main research areas namely the polymer chemistry of film coatings and the phenomenon of Controlled Release of an active pharmaceutical ingredient from the dosage form.

Field of study: Materials science
A clinical and biochemical study of monoamine oxidase inhibition in depressed patients. II. 5-Hydroxytryptamine tolerance before and after Nialamide.

Extracerebral monoamine oxidase activity was assessed by a 5-hydroxy tryptamine tolerance test in 18 depressed patients and 2 normal controls before and after treatment with an amine oxidase inhibitor (Nialamide). Some patients showed a considerable reduction of 5-HIAA excretion after receiving the drug but none of these showed any clinical improvement in their depression. Conversely one patient improved on the drug but showed no evidence of monoamine oxidase inhibition. The validity of the 5-hydroxytryptamine tolerance test as an indicator of cerebral monoamine oxidase activity is discussed.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
On the centers of cyclotomic quiver Hecke algebras

Let $n\in\mathbb{N}$ and $K$ be any field. For any symmetric generalized Cartan matrix $A$, any $\beta$ in the positive root lattice with height $n$ and any integral dominant weight $\Lambda$, one can associate a quiver Hecke algebras $R_{\beta}(K)$ and its cyclotomic quotient $R_{\beta}^{\Lambda}(K)$ over $K$. It has been conjectured that the natural map from $R_{\beta}(K)$ to $R_{\beta}^{\Lambda}(K)$ maps the center of $R_{\beta}(K)$ surjectively onto the center of $R_{\beta}^{\Lambda}(K)$. A similar conjecture claims that the center of the affine Hecke algebra of type $A$ maps surjectively onto the center of its cyclotomic quotient---the cyclotomic Hecke algebra $H_n^{\Lambda}$ of type $G(\ell,1,n)$ over $K$. In this paper, we prove these two conjectures affirmatively. As a consequence, we show that the center of $H_n^{\Lambda}$ is stable under base change and it has dimension equal to the number of $\ell$-partitions of $n$. Finally, as a byproduct, we also verify a conjecture of Shan, Varagnolo and Vasserot on the grading structure of the center of $R_{\beta}^{\Lambda}(K)$.

Field of study: Mathematics
A Simple and Practical Synthetic Protocol for Acetalisation, Thioacetalisation and Transthioacetalisation of Carbonyl Compounds under Solvent-Free Conditions

A wide variety of carbonyl compounds can be converted smoothly to the corresponding acetals on treatment with alcohols or diols and triethyl orthoformate in the presence of a catalytic amount of (bromodimethyl)sulfonium bromide at room temperature. Similarly, various carbonyl compounds can be transformed into the corresponding dithioacetals on reaction with thiol or dithiols at room temperature by employing the same catalyst without any solvent. Moreover, O,O-acetals can also be converted into the corresponding dithioacetals under identical conditions. Some of the major advantages are mild reaction conditions, a high degree of efficiency, compatibilty with other protecting groups and the lack of solvents, particularly for thioacetalisation. In addition, no brominations occur at the double bond or α to the keto position or even in the aromatic ring under these experimental conditions.

Field of study: Chemistry
Numerical Simulation of Near Wakes Utilizing a Relaxation Turbulence Model

Numerical solutions of the Navier-Stokes equations are presented for the turbulent supersonic near wake of a two-dimensional wedge/flat-plate model. The turbulent closure is provided by a relaxation eddy viscosity model having its origin in mixing length theory, the velocity defect law, and the classic description of the wake. In the present analysis, further study was made of a composite eddy viscosity model which includes the boundary-layer and wake regions. Although the near-wake region is characterized by strong turbulent inviscid-viscous interaction, results indicate that this complex wake flow can be numerically simulated using a simple relaxation eddy viscosity model.

Field of study: Physics