nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The MIPAS2D database of MIPAS/ENVISAT measurements retrieved with a multi-target 2-dimensional tomographic approach

We present a multi-year database of atmospheric fields of the upper troposphere, stratosphere and lower mesosphere retrieved from satellite measurements adopting a 2-dimensional tomographic approach. The full mission of the Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS) instrument, on board the European Space Agency ENVISAT satellite, is analyzed with the Geofit Multi-Target Retrieval (GMTR) system to obtain the MIPAS2D database with atmospheric fields of pressure, temperature and volume mixing ratio of MIPAS main targets H2O, O3, HNO3, CH4, N2O, and NO2. The database covers both the MIPAS nominal observation mode measured at Full Resolution (FR) from July 2002 to March 2004 and the nominal observation mode of the new configuration, measured at Optimized Resolution (OR) and introduced in 2005. Further to the main targets, minor species N2O5, ClONO2, COF2, CFC-11, and CFC-12 for the FR mission only have been included in MIPAS2D to enhance its applicability in studies of stratospheric chemistry. The database is continuously updated with the analysis of the ongoing measurements that are planned to last until the end of 2013 and extended to other targets. The GMTR algorithm is operated on a fixed vertical grid coincident with the tangent altitudes of the FR nominal mode, spanning the altitude range from 6 to 68 km. In the horizontal domain, FR measurements are retrieved on both the observational grid and an equispaced 5 latitudinal-degrees grid which is made possible by the 2-dimensional retrieval algorithm. The analysis of MIPAS OR observations is operated on the same altitude-latitude fixed retrieval grid used for the FR measurements. This choice provides a database with a homogeneous altitude and latitude grid, over the whole globe, covering to date about seven years of measurements. The equispaced latitude grid provides a new and convenient layout for the much needed synergetic studies of data from various instrumental and modeling sources. MIPAS2D is available to the scientific community through the two web sites http://www.mbf.fci.unibo.it/mipas2d.html , and http://www.isac.cnr.it/~rss/mipas2d.htm

Field of study: Environmental science
Promoting Creative Problem-Solving in Schools of Pharmacy With the Use of Design Thinking

Creativity and innovation are commonly discussed topics in the health professions and health professions education. However, initiating creative problem-solving without having a well-defined process in place can be a significant struggle. The design thinking process is gaining popularity in the health professions as a helpful strategy for individuals to address complex problems. In this commentary, we outline the design thinking process and advocate for the use of design thinking by faculty members to promote creative problem-solving in schools and colleges of pharmacy. The design thinking process includes three basic phases (inspiration, ideation, and implementation), each of which is accompanied by various strategies that enable participants to create and organize innovative solutions. Design thinking encourages collaboration, iteration, and optimism using techniques that make addressing ambiguity and failure during the creative process more comfortable. In addition, it pushes participants forward with ideas and can encourage confidence in individual creativity. Engaging faculty members, students, and practitioners in the design thinking process can equip individuals with the techniques and mindset needed to address complex problems in pharmacy education and beyond.

Field of study: Education, Medicine
On the Life Philosophy of "Forgetting the World" of Zhuangzi

The core of Zhuangzi's philosophy is forgetting the world,which is laid on the basis of his profound understanding of the individual life and emphasizes on the realization of spiritual freedom and surpassing oneself.Therefore,instead of expressing the ideas of isolating from the world,avoiding the world and living for play,his philosophy of forgetting the world embodies strong poetic implication.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Population dynamics and harvesting of semelparous species with phenotypic and genotypic variability in reproductive age

We study the evolution of polymorphic life histories in anadromous semelparous salmon and the effects of harvesting. We derive dynamic phenotypic and genetic ESS models for describing the evolutionary dynamics. We show in our deterministic analysis that polymorphisms are not possible in a panmictic random mating population. Instead, genetic or behavioral polymorphisms may be observed in populations with assortative mating systems. Positive assortative mating may be supported and generated by behavioral and phenotypic traits like male mate choice, spawning ground selection by phenotype, or within-river homing-migration-distance by size. In the case of an evolutionarily stable dimorphism, the ESS is characterized by a reproductive ideal free distribution such that at an equilibrium the individuals are indifferent from the fitness point of view between the two life histories of early and late reproduction. Different strategy models - that is, phenotypic and genetic ESS models - yield identical behavioral predictions and, consequently, genetics does not seem to play an important role in the present model. An evolutionary response to increased fishing mortality is obvious and may have resource management implications. High sea fishing mortalities drive the populations toward early spawning. Thus it is possible that unselective harvesting at sea may eliminate, depending on the biological system, behavioral polymorphisms or genetic heterozygozity and drive the population to a monomorphic one. If within-river homing migration distances depend on the size of fish, unselective harvesting at sea, or selective harvesting of spawning runs in rivers, may reduce local population sizes on spawning grounds high up rivers. Finally, harvesting in a population may cause a switch in a dominant life-history strategy in a population so that anticipated sustainable yields cannot be realized in practice.

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics
Review and Development Thought of Geographic Spatial Information Infrastructure of Anhui Province

Geographic spatial information infrastructure of Anhui Province is the core of digital Anhui. Spatial information infrastructure is the important component of national economy informationization. The paper reviews the previous work for spatial information infrastructure of Anhui Province in respects of management mechanism,network construction and data resources,and analyzes the existing problems. Furthermore, the paper puts forward development thought of constructing geographic spatial information infrastructure of Anhui Province.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Long-term outcome of primary endocrine non-Hodgkin lymphomas: does the site make the difference?

Primary lymphomas of endocrine glands are extremely rare. Our study adds more data to the few published series regarding the incidence, clinical characteristics, management and overall survival (OS) by comparing the various diffuse large B-cell endocrine lymphomas. Moreover, it contributes to a better understanding of these neoplasms and provides concepts for future research.



We retrospectively evaluated the clinical profile and the patterns of outcome among patients who were treated in our center with the diagnosis of aggressive, B-cell, primary endocrine lymphoma.



Between May 1980 and December 2011, 450 patients were diagnosed as primary extranodal non-Hodgkin lymphomas. Among them, 18 cases (4%) were primary testicular lymphoma (PTL), 8 cases (2%) were primary thyroid lymphoma (PTHL) and 4 cases (1%) were primary adrenal lymphoma (PAL). The therapeutic approaches employed were variable, including mainly chemotherapy in combination with radiotherapy and surgery. The median OS for the patients with PTL and PAL was 27 and 6 months, respectively. Better outcome was observed in patients with PTHL for whom the median OS has not been reached yet, whereas the PAL group had the worst prognosis.



The discrepancies in the outcome among endocrine lymphomas could be partly attributed to their biologic variability, which might be determined by the initial site involved. We conclude that treatment decisions should be made according to a multi-disciplinary approach to avoid unnecessary surgery. Existing treatment strategies for PTL and PAL fail to provide long-term survival, rendering the application of novel therapeutic approaches essential.

Field of study: Medicine
Anaerobic ammonium oxidation discovered in a denitrifying fluidized bed reactor

Until now, oxidation of ammonium has only been known to proceed under aerobic conditions. Recently, we observed that NH4+ was disappearing from a denitrifying fluidized bed reactor treating effluent from a methanogenic reactor. Both nitrate and ammonium consumption increased with concomitant gas production. A maximum ammonium removal rate of 0.4 kg N · m−3 · d−1 (1.2 mM/h) was observed. The evidence for this anaerobic ammonium oxidation was based on nitrogen and redox balances in continuous-flow experiments. It was shown that for the oxidation of 5 mol ammonium, 3 mol nitrate were required, resulting in the formation of 4 mol dinitrogen gas. Subsequent batch experiments confirmed that the NH4+ conversion was nitrate dependent. It was concluded that anaerobic ammonium oxidation is a new process in which ammonium is oxidized with nitrate serving as the electron acceptor under anaerobic conditions, producing dinitrogen gas. This biological process has been given the name ‘Anammox” (anaerobic ammonium oxidation), and has been patented.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Reduced dielectric screening and enhanced energy transfer in single- and few-layer MoS2.

We report highly efficient nonradiative energy transfer from cadmium selenide (CdSe) quantum dots to monolayer and few-layer molybdenum disulfide (MoS2). The quenching of the donor quantum dot photoluminescence increases as the MoS2 flake thickness decreases with the highest efficiency (>95%) observed for monolayer MoS2. This counterintuitive result arises from reduced dielectric screening in thin layer semiconductors having unusually large permittivity and a strong in-plane transition dipole moment, as found in MoS2. Excitonic energy transfer between a zero-dimensional emitter and a two-dimensional absorber is fundamentally interesting and enables a wide range of applications including broadband optical down-conversion, optical detection, photovoltaic sensitization, and color shifting in light-emitting devices.

Field of study: Physics
Prenatal Risk Factors and the Etiology of ADHD—Review of Existing Evidence

While it is well accepted that attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a highly heritable disorder, not all of the risk is genetic. It is estimated that between 10 and 40% of the variance associated with ADHD is likely to be accounted for by environmental factors. There is considerable interest in the role that the prenatal environment might play in the development of ADHD with previous reviews concluding that despite demonstration of associations between prenatal risk factors (e.g. prematurity, maternal smoking during pregnancy) and ADHD, there remains insufficient evidence to support a definite causal relationship. This article provides an update of research investigating the relationship between prenatal risk factors and ADHD published over the past 3 years. Recently, several epidemiological and data linkage studies have made substantial contributions to our understanding of this relationship. In particular, these studies have started to account for some of the genetic and familial confounds that, when taken into account, throw several established findings into doubt. None of the proposed prenatal risk factors can be confirmed as causal for ADHD, and the stronger the study design, the less likely it is to support an association. We need a new benchmark for studies investigating the etiology of ADHD whereby there is an expectation not only that data will be collected prospectively but also that the design allows the broad range of genetic and familial factors to be accounted for.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Influencing Factors of Social Anxiety Disorder and Body Dysmorphic Disorder in a Nonclinical Brazilian Population

The aims of this study were twofold: (i) to investigate the prevalence of social anxiety disorder and body dysmorphic disorder in a nonclinical, Brazilian population and (ii) to examine the effects of selected factors such as sociodemographic characteristics (sex, age, marital status, workload, education, and income), body mass index, current diet, physical activity, and use of aesthetic treatment. A total of 428 adults (279 women and 149 men) aged 18 to 60 years (M = 31.51, SD = 10.73) participated in the study. Social anxiety disorder was measured using a Brazilian version of the Social Phobia Inventory (Osório, Crippa, & Loureiro, 2009). Body dysmorphic disorder by using a body dysmorphic symptoms scale validated for the Brazilian population (Ramos & Yoshida, 2012). The main results showed that 28.7% of the sample reported symptoms of social anxiety disorder. Body dysmorphic disorder was more prevalent among women, individuals who had sought aesthetic treatment and individuals who were physically inactive. Moreover, lower levels of social anxiety disorder were observed in physically active individuals who had sought aesthetic treatment compared with physically inactive individuals who had sought aesthetic treatment. Social anxiety disorder was negatively correlated with age, daily workload, and income, while body dysmorphic disorder was positively associated with body mass index and negatively with income. These results show that social anxiety disorder and body dysmorphic disorder are differentially influenced by the selected factors investigated in this study.

Field of study: Psychology
Über den Ersatz des Wasserdampfes in. der Wilsonschen Nebelkammer bei Atomzertrümmerungsversuchen

ZusammenfassungEs wird vorgeschlagen, bei Atomzertrümmerungsversuchen in der Wilsonschen Nebelkammer den Wasserdampf durch einen nicht wasserstoffhaltigen Dampf zu ersetzen. Die angestellten Versuche lassen Tetrachlorkohlenstoff als durchaus geeignet erscheinen.

Field of study: Physics
The spread of Caulerpa cylindracea in Calabria (Italy) and the effects of shipping activities

A survey to state the spread of Caulerpa cylindracea in the Calabrian Tyrrhenian coasts has been undertaken. The research aims to value the role of shipping activities in the ten-year's study from 1999 to 2009, as a vector in the spreading of the species. The outcome of this study has shown that, during the last ten years, the species has colonized most of the regional coastline, on all kinds of substrata, in areas closed to harbours and subjected to high rate of sedimentation. The main effects of Caulerpa cylindracea colonization have resulted in a gradual decrease of crustose species while the turf ones have increased their abundance, altering the native structure of the macroalgal assemblages. These results confirm the extremely invasive behaviour of this strain in the Calabrian Tyrrhenian coasts and, more generally, in the Mediterranean Sea.

Field of study: Environmental science
Holomorphic Realization of Unitary Representations of Banach-Lie Groups

In this paper we explore the method of holomorphic induction for unitary representations of Banach–Lie groups. First we show that the classification of complex bundle structures on homogeneous Banach bundles over complex homogeneous spaces of real Banach–Lie groups formally looks as in the finite-dimensional case. We then turn to a suitable concept of holomorphic unitary induction and show that this process preserves commutants. In particular, holomorphic induction from irreducible representations leads to irreducible ones. Finally we develop criteria to identify representations as holomorphically induced and apply these to the class of so-called positive energy representations. All this is based on extensions of Arveson’s concept of spectral subspaces to representations on Frechet spaces, in particular on spaces of smooth vectors.

Field of study: Mathematics
Non-Uniform Bounds in the Random-Permutation, Ideal-Cipher, and Generic-Group Models

The random-permutation model (RPM) and the ideal-cipher model (ICM) are idealized models that offer a simple and intuitive way to assess the conjectured standard-model security of many important symmetric-key and hash-function constructions. Similarly, the generic-group model (GGM) captures generic algorithms against assumptions in cyclic groups by modeling encodings of group elements as random injections and allows to derive simple bounds on the advantage of such algorithms.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
A hybrid method for refrigerant flow balancing in multi-circuit evaporators: Upstream versus downstream flow control

A hybrid method for optimizing refrigerant distribution in evaporators is presented that involves the use of small balancing valves in each circuit along with a primary expansion device to control the overall superheat from the evaporator. The flow balancing valves could be located upstream or downstream of the evaporator. This paper presents the results of a study to investigate the benefits of this hybrid scheme for both upstream and downstream flow balancing for the case of air flow mal-distribution. In order to perform this investigation, a simulation model was developed to consider evaporator flow mal-distributions for a 10.55 kW residential R410A heat pump and then validated through comparisons of predicted results with measurements. Simulation results show that there are significant benefits in controlling the superheat of each circuit of evaporators through the hybrid–individual superheat control method. Furthermore, the upstream refrigerant flow control consistently outperforms the downstream refrigerant flow control, and recovers most of the loss in cooling capacity and COP due to non-uniform air flow distribution.

Field of study: Engineering
A self-reliant projected information criterion for the number of factors

In this article, we propose a new projected PCA to determine the number of factors. We project variables of interest into the space spanned by cross sectional averages of variables. And then we construct the eigenvalue tests and the information criteria to estimate the number of factors. We derive the large sample consistency and conduct finite sample simulations to demonstrate the better performances of our estimators. In order to show the edge of our estimators in real data analysis, we revisit a large house price data set for which the number of factors is hard to select.

Field of study: Mathematics
Phenotypic Diversity of Melastoma L.in China

In order to reveal the phenotypic diversity of Melastoma L.and provide classification evidence,twenty-two phenotypic traits of six species and sixteen populations of Melastoma L.in China were investigated.Phenotypic variations between and within species as well as phylogenetic relationship between species were discussed by using variance analysis,cluster analysis and factor analysis.The results showed that there were rich phenotypic variations between and within species of Melastoma L.in quantitative traits.The variation coefficients of 15 quantitative traits ranged from 6.77% to 34.50%.Among these traits,flower number of inflorescence,bractlet width,petiole length and stalk length varied more while fruit diameter,flower diameter,calyx length,petal length and length-width ratio of leaf varied less.The diversity of qualitative traits mainly existed between species,and colors of petiole and flower also varied in populations.According to cluster analysis by twenty-two phenotypic traits,16 populations of Melstoma L.could be roughly divided into three groups when the average distance was about 34.Besides M.normale,M.affine,M.intermedium and M.candidum gathering in one group,M.sanguineum and M.dodecandrum was divided into two groups respectively.Populations within species did not clustered strictly by geographical distances.Factor analysis indicated that floral morphological variations might be the main causes of phenotypic differentiation in Melastoma L.,on which the variations of basal vein,stalk length and pubescence on stem effected lightly.Therefore,some secondary phenotypic traits of Melastoma L.could be paid little attention in morphological classification.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Paläogeographie und Tektogenese der kolumbianischen Anden

ZusammenfassungAm Westrand des algonkisch konsolidierten Guayana-Schildes legte sich im Kambrium eine Geosynklinale an, die um die Wende Ordovicium/Silur alpinotyp gefaltet wurde. Epi- bis mesozonal überprägte Gesteine dieser Epoche sind in der Zentral-, Ost-Kordillere und im W Venezuelas erhalten.Das Gebirge durchlief in der Folgezeit eine postorogenetische Schollentektonik. Ihr Beginn ist bereits im jüngeren Paläozoikum spürbar und hält bis in das Känozoikum an. Die Sedimentation bleibt im Paläozoikum (Devon-Perm) auf eine intramontane Senke beschränkt.SummaryOn the western margin of the Guayana-shield, which was consolidated in the Algonkian Era, a geosyncline was formed in the Cambrian. This was folded up in an alpinotype orogenesis at the turn from the Ordovician to the Silurian. Epi- and mesozonal metamorphites of this epoch are preserved in the Central and the East Cordillera and in western Venezuela.After that time the Cordillera passed a period of postorogenetic germanotype deformation, which started in the late Paleozoic and continued up to the Cenozoic. The paleozoic (Devonian to Permian) sedimentation was restricted to an intracontinental trough.ResumenEn la costa del escudo Guayanés consolidado en el algonquiano se formó un geosinclinal en el Cámbrico, el cual fué plegado con estilo alpínico en el transcurso Ordoviciano-Siluriano. Rocas desde epi hasta mesozonal de esta época se han conservado en las Cordilleras Central y Oriental y en el occidente de Venezuela.En el tiempo siguiente tiene lugar en las Cordilleras una tectónica de bloques. Su comienzo es ya reconocible desde el paleozoico superior y se continúa hasta el Cenozoica. En el paleozoico (Devoniano-Permiano) la sedimentación fué restringida a una cuenca intramontañosa.Краткое содержаниеАвтор изучал палеоге ографию и тектоничес кие процессы Анд Колумбии. Горообразовательны й процесс происходил на границе Ордовик/Силур. Метаморфные породы э той эпохи (эпи-мезозон ы) обнаруживаются в прибрежных районах, в восточных Кордильер ах, а также в западной части Венецуэлы. От по зднего палеозоя до на чала неозоя в данной области преобладала тектони ка глыб.

Field of study: Environmental science
Color symmetrical superconductivity in a schematic nuclear quark model

In this letter, a novel BCS-type formalism is constructed in the framework of a schematic QCD inspired quark model, having in mind the description of color symmetrical superconducting states. In the usual approach to color superconductivity, the pairing correlations affect only the quasi-particle states of two colors, the single-particle states of the third color remaining unaffected by the pairing correlations. In the theory of color symmetrical superconductivity here proposed, the pairing correlations affect symmetrically the quasi-particle states of the three colors and vanishing net color charge is automatically insured. We stress that the present note is concerned with the description of quark matter in terms of effective models, such as the NJL model, which are solely expressed in terms of fermion operators, so that in them the gluonic gauge fields are not present.

Field of study: Physics