nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Development of an in-home, real-time air pollutant sensor platform and implications for community use.

Air pollution exposure characterization has been shaped by many constraints. These include technologies that lead to insufficient coverage across space and/or time in order to characterize individual or community-level exposures with sufficient accuracy and precision. However, there is now capacity for continuous monitoring of many air pollutants using comparatively inexpensive, real-time sensors. Crucial questions remain regarding whether or not these sensors perform adequately for various potential end uses and whether performance varies over time or across ambient conditions. Performance scrutiny of sensors via lab- and field-testing and calibration across their lifetime is necessary for interpretation of data, and has important implications for end users including cost effectiveness and ease of use. We developed a comparatively lower-cost, portable, in-home air sampling platform and a guiding development and maintenance workflow that achieved our goal of characterizing some key indoor pollutants with high sensitivity and reasonable accuracy. Here we describe the process of selecting, validating, calibrating, and maintaining our platform - the Environmental Multi-pollutant Monitoring Assembly (EMMA) - over the course of our study to-date. We highlight necessary resources and consider implications for communities or researchers interested in developing such platforms, focusing on PM2.5, NO, and NO2 sensors. Our findings emphasize that lower-cost sensors should be deployed with caution, given financial and resource costs that greatly exceed sensor costs, but that selected community objectives could be supported at lesser cost and community-based participatory research strategies could be used for more wide-ranging goals.

Field of study: Environmental science
Ipilimumab and craniotomy in patients with melanoma and brain metastases: a case series.

OBJECT In patients with large or symptomatic brain lesions from metastatic melanoma, the value of resection of metastases to facilitate administration of systemic ipilimumab therapy has not yet been described. The authors undertook this study to investigate whether craniotomy creates the opportunity for patients to receive and benefit from ipilimumab who would otherwise succumb to brain metastasis prior to the onset of regression.  All patients with metastatic melanoma who received ipilimumab and underwent craniotomy for metastasis resection between 2008 and 2014 at the Massachusetts General Hospital were identified through retrospective chart review. The final analysis included cases involving patients who underwent craniotomy within 3 months prior to initiation of therapy or up to 6 months after cessation of ipilimumab administration.  Twelve patients met the inclusion criteria based on timing of therapy (median age 59.2). The median number of metastases at the time of craniotomy was 2. The median number of ipilimumab doses received was 4. Eleven of 12 courses of ipilimumab were stopped for disease progression, and 1 was stopped for treatment-induced colitis. Eight of 12 patients had improvement in their performance status following craniotomy. Of the 6 patients requiring corticosteroids prior to craniotomy, 3 tolerated corticosteroid dose reduction after surgery. Ten of 12 patients had died by the time of data collection, with 1 patient lost to follow-up. The median survival after the start of ipilimumab treatment was 7 months.  In this series, patients who underwent resection of brain metastases in temporal proximity to receiving ipilimumab had qualitatively improved performance status following surgery in most cases. Surgery facilitated corticosteroid reduction in select patients. Larger analyses are required to better understand possible synergies between craniotomy for melanoma metastases and ipilimumab treatment.

Field of study: Medicine
Corporate Mobility and Company Law

Globalisation has given commercial parties more freedom to choose the company law system that best suits their private needs. The growing range of techniques to facilitate choice between systems of company law reshapes the mandatory/enabling debate in countries where corporate mobility is a relatively new business phenomenon and where the past focus has mostly been on degrees of flexibility within domestic law. This article examines relocations, both out of and into the UK, as a source of learning on market preferences with respect to company law and on vulnerabilities. It considers the wider policy implications for the development of company law of more freedom of choice between company law systems. It concludes with a call to explore the potential for more optionality within company law to counter the rise of choice between systems of company law.

Field of study: Law
Ices in the Quiescent IC?5146 Dense Cloud

This paper presents spectra in the 2 to 20 μm range of quiescent cloud material located in the IC 5146 cloud complex. The spectra were obtained with NASA's Infrared Telescope Facility SpeX instrument and the Spitzer Space Telescope's Infrared Spectrometer. We use these spectra to investigate dust and ice absorption features in pristine regions of the cloud that are unaltered by embedded stars. We find that the H_2O-ice threshold extinction is 4.03 ± 0.05 mag. Once foreground extinction is taken into account, however, the threshold drops to 3.2 mag, equivalent to that found for the Taurus dark cloud, generally assumed to be the touchstone quiescent cloud against which all other dense cloud and embedded young stellar object observations are compared. Substructure in the trough of the silicate band for two sources is attributed to CH_3OH and NH_3 in the ices, present at the ~2% and ~5% levels, respectively, relative to H_2O-ice. The correlation of the silicate feature with the E(J – K) color excess is found to follow a much shallower slope relative to lines of sight that probe diffuse clouds, supporting the previous results by Chiar et al.

Field of study: Physics
Role of the Binder in Light Discharge Characteristics of ZnO Layers.

In order to establish a correlation between the photoresponse of a zinc oxide coating and the nature of its binder, we measured the light induced discharge current. Since, in order to reduce the number of variables of the system, the solvent used for coating the layer should remain unchanged, the choice of polymer binders is considerably narrowed. This problem was solved by selecting a family of copolymers in which vinyl acetate, as the constant component, was copolymerized with one of the components: vinyl pyrrolidone, ethylene, vinyl laurate, vinyl chloride, vinyl chloride-maleic acid, and crotonic acid. With the exception of the latter, all polymers could be coated from a dichloroethane solution. The non-dye-sensitized layers were exposed to uv light. It was found that light discharge current is composed of two separate functions. Attempts to describe the complex curve by mathematical functions are discussed. Depending on nature and amount of the binder used, one discharge function predominates, thus creating either a rapid or a slow photoresponse. It is believed that the intrinsic photoresponse of zinc oxide is rapid, but is slowed down by using (a) increasing amounts of binder, (b) by the presence of electron acceptor functions on the polymer chain. The photoresponse of zinc oxide-polyvinyl acetate coatings is reduced to shorter times by replacing vinyl acetate segments by vinyl chloride or vinyl laurate portions. The response time is increased by the presence of crotonic and maleic acid. The photoresponse of slow layers may be accelerated by increasing the intensity of corona charging; rapid coatings are less affected by charging conditions. The consequences of these findings on electrophotographic image properties are discussed.

Field of study: Physics
Unusual electrochemical immittance spectra with negative resistance and their validation by Kramers–Kronig transformation

Unusual electrochemical immittance spectra (eis) recorded at Cu rotating disc electrode in CuSO4 + H2SO4 solution are analogous to spectra at states close to instability and oscillations reported recently by other authors. In the literature they are often referred to as spectra with negative resistance (nr). They can be also looked at as typical for non-minimum phase (nmp) systems representing states stable under voltage control (potentiostatic conditions—pc) and unstable under current control (galvanostatic conditions—gc). Kramers–Kronig (KK) transformation tests for such eis data are valid when done on admittance representation but fail when done on impedance data representation.

Field of study: Materials science
Deadwood biomass: an underestimated carbon stock in degraded tropical forests?

Despite a large increase in the area of selectively logged tropical forest worldwide, the carbon stored in deadwood across a tropical forest degradation gradient at the landscape scale remains poorly documented. Many carbon stock studies have either focused exclusively on live standing biomass or have been carried out in primary forests that are unaffected by logging, despite the fact that coarse woody debris (deadwood with ≥10 cm diameter) can contain significant portions of a forest’s carbon stock. We used a field-based assessment to quantify how the relative contribution of deadwood to total above-ground carbon stock changes across a disturbance gradient, from unlogged old-growth forest to severely degraded twice-logged forest, to oil palm plantation. We measured in 193 vegetation plots (25 × 25 m), equating to a survey area of >12 ha of tropical humid forest located within the Stability of Altered Forest Ecosystems Project area, in Sabah, Malaysia. Our results indicate that significant amounts of carbon are stored in deadwood across forest stands. Live tree carbon storage decreased exponentially with increasing forest degradation 7–10 years after logging while deadwood accounted for >50% of above-ground carbon stocks in salvage-logged forest stands, more than twice the proportion commonly assumed in the literature. This carbon will be released as decomposition proceeds. Given the high rates of deforestation and degradation presently occurring in Southeast Asia, our findings have important implications for the calculation of current carbon stocks and sources as a result of human-modification of tropical forests. Assuming similar patterns are prevalent throughout the tropics, our data may indicate a significant global challenge to calculating global carbon fluxes, as selectively-logged forests now represent more than one third of all standing tropical humid forests worldwide.

Field of study: Environmental science
Peace and the medical profession

This article described how nuclear weapons could pose a threat to the health and life of people. An all out nuclear war would destroy world civilization, and human existence itself would be imperiled. There could be no adequate medical response to a nuclear war; the only cure is prevention. Furthermore, this article pinpointed that all physicians should be aware of their responsibilities to give aid not just to the sick but to the billions of well living human beings who comprise the human species. The easiest way to shoulder this responsibility is by working to prevent nuclear war, because of their ethical commitment to protect the life and health of humankind. Finally, the teaching about nuclear weapons and nuclear war in medical schools is proposed.  peace - nuclear war - protection of humankind - medical profession - peaceâ€”oriented education

Field of study: Medicine
Electro-Acupuncture Promotes Endogenous Multipotential Mesenchymal Stem Cell Mobilization into the Peripheral Blood

Mobilization of endogenous stem cells is an appealing strategy for cell therapy However, there is little evidence for reproducible, effective methods of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) mobilization. In the present study, we investigated the mobilizing effect of electro-acupuncture (EA) on endogenous MSCs.  Normal adult rats were randomly divided into six groups, namely, EA for 14 days (EA14d), sham EA14d, EA21d, sham EA21d and matched control groups. MSC mobilization efficiency was determined by colony-forming unit fibroblast (CFU-F) assays. Mobilized peripheral blood (PB)-derived MSCs were identified by immunophenotype and multi-lineage differentiation potential.  CFU-F frequency was significantly increased in the PB of EA14d rats compared with the sham EA and control groups. Moreover, the number of CFU-Fs was increased further in the EA21d group. MSCs derived from EA-mobilized PB were positive for CD90 and CD44, but negative for CD45. Additionally, these cells could differentiate into adipocytes, osteoblasts, chondrocytes and neural-like cells in vitro. Finally, stromal cell-derived factor-1α (SDF-1α) was increased in the PB of rats subjected to EA, and the migration of MSCs was improved in response to SDF-1α.  MSCs with multi-lineage differentiation potential can be mobilized by EA. Our data provide a promising strategy for MSC mobilization.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Thermal performance modeling of loop heat pipes with flat evaporator for electronics cooling

This work deals with modeling of the thermal performance of a copper-water loop heat pipe (LHP) with a flat evaporator operating in steady state operation. The model is based on steady-state energy and momentum balance equations for each LHP component. Modeling the heat transfer in the evaporator was particularly considered, and the evaporation heat transfer coefficient is determined from a dimensionless correlation which is developed on the basis of experimental data from literature. The validation of this model consists in comparing the experimental results and those obtained by the model for different cooling temperatures. Finally, a parametric study is presented to show the effects of different key parameters such as the radii and the lengths of the liquid and vapor lines, the length of the condenser, the heat sink temperature and heat transfer coefficient as well as the ambient temperature and the heat losses to the ambient.

Field of study: Engineering
Transfer of pigeons' matching to sample to novel sample locations.

This study examined the conditions under which conditional stimulus control by the sample stimuli in three-key matching-to-sample paradigms would generalize across the different possible sample locations. In Experiments 1 and 2, the samples appeared on the left and right side keys during initial training and then on the center key during testing. Transfer of pigeons' matching performances to the center-key samples was evident after both identity and symbolic matching training. In Experiment 3, pigeons trained on symbolic matching with two side-key samples or with a side-key and a center-key sample generally transferred their learned matching performances to those samples when they subsequently appeared in the remaining (novel) location. These results indicate that, when two-choice conditional discriminations are learned with more than one sample location, the visual characteristics of the sample per se predominantly come to control the pigeons' comparison choices. This finding encourages the use of the multiple-location training procedure as a way of reducing control by location, thus providing a more discriminating test of symmetry in animals.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Groups generated by two twists along spherical sequences

We describe all groups that can be generated by two twists along spherical sequences in an enhanced triangulated category. It will be shown that with one exception such a group is isomorphic to an abelian group generated by not more than two elements, the free group on two generators or the braid group of one of the types $A_2$, $B_2$ and $G_2$ factorized by a central subgroup. The last mentioned subgroup can be nontrivial only if some specific linear relation between length and sphericity holds. The mentioned exception can occur when one has two spherical sequences of length $3$ and sphericity $2$. In this case the group generated by the corresponding two spherical twists can be isomorphic to the nontrivial central extension of the symmetric group on three elements by the infinite cyclic group. Also we will apply this result to give a presentation of the derived Picard group of selfinjective algebras of the type $D_4$ with torsion $3$ by generators and relations.

Field of study: Mathematics
Investigations on the physical limitation and electrostatic improvement of a gate-all-around silicon nanowire transistor with Schottky barrier source/drain

The electrostatics of Schottky barrier (SB) source/drain (S/D) silicon nanowire transistors (SB-NWTs) are investigated in comparison with the conventional silicon nanowire transistors (SNWTs). The SB-NWTs are found to have degraded transfer/output properties, unacceptably large linear-region resistance (Rlin) and non-uniform gate controllability in the sub-threshold region. With low S/D Schottky barrier height and effective tunneling mass, the electrostatic properties of SB-NWTs can be enhanced. However, quantitative assessment shows that the enhancement is limited by the fact that the sub-threshold swing of SB-NWTs cannot prevail over that of SNWTs, and unexpected degradation in drain-induced barrier lowering (DIBL) as well as device scalability can be induced. It is also shown that, even under the most optimized condition, the Rlin of SB-NWTs is still larger than that of SNWTs, if the S/D extension (SDE) length of the standard SNWTs is designed to be short enough. It is shown that, from the point of electrostatic improvement, the replacement of SNWTs by SB-NWTs cannot be promising. The physics and effectiveness of Schottky barrier modulation approaches, such as dopant segregation and Fermi-level depinning, are also discussed.

Field of study: Materials science
SU-FF-T-336: Characterization of the Proton Beam of the Centre De Protontherapie D'Orsay with An On Line 2D Parallel Plate Ionization Chamber

To monitor and to evaluate on line the parameters of the proton beam at the Centre de Protontherapie d' Orsay (CPO) in France.  A parallel plate ionization chamber has been developed in the University and INFN of Torino in collaboration with the CPO; the detector has a sensitive area of 160 × 160 mm2, with the anode segmented in 1024 square pixels arranged in a matrix of 32 × 32; each pixel has an area of 5 × 5 mm2 and a pitch of 5.1 mm. The detector has a maximum rate transfer of 5 MHz and the reading of the entire chamber can be done at a frequency of some kHz without dead time. At the Centre de Protontherapie d' Orsay (CPO) a synchrocyclotron is used for the treatment of eye melanoma since September 1991 and for braintumors since 1993. The dose delivery system is passive scattering and the proton energy delivered by the synchro‐cyclotron is 200 MeV which allows the treatment of lesions up to 22 cm deep in water. The pixel chamber has been placed along the CPO beam line to monitor the beam shape and to measure the stability and reproducibility of the delivery system.  Background measurements have been made to evaluate the pixel chamber noise; a procedure for the calibration of the detector has been beam applied that makes use of film measurements. Profiles and 2D dose distributions have been studied to see the uniformity of the delivery system and the reproducibility of the measures has been tested.  A pixel chamber developed in Torino has been placed on the proton CPO beam line. This detector allows a fast, accurate and non‐intrusive 2D diagnosis of the beam both on‐ and off ‐line.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
The Formation of Massive Molecular Filaments and Massive Stars Triggered by a MHD Shock Wave

Recent observations suggest that intensive molecular cloud collision can trigger massive star/cluster formation. The most important physical process caused by the collision is a shock compression. In this paper, the influence of a shock wave on the evolution of a molecular cloud is studied numerically by using isothermal magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) simulations with the effect of self-gravity. Adaptive-mesh-refinement and sink particle techniques are used to follow long-time evolution of the shocked cloud. We find that the shock compression of turbulent inhomogeneous molecular cloud creates massive filaments, which lie perpendicularly to the background magnetic field as we have pointed out in a previous paper. The massive filament shows global collapse along the filament, which feeds a sink particle located at the collapse center. We observe high accretion rate Ṁacc > 10 −4 Msun yr−1 that is high enough to allow the formation of even O-type stars. The most massive sink particle achieves M > 50 Msun in a few times 10 yr after the onset of the filament collapse.

Field of study: Physics
Culture and Context: East Asian American and European American Differences in P3 Event-Related Potentials and Self-Construal

Research has demonstrated differences in social and cognitive processes between East Asians and European Americans. Whereas East Asians have been characterized as being more sensitive to situational context and attending more to the perceptual field, European Americans have been characterized as being more focused on the object and being more field independent. The goal of the present experiment was to investigate differences in neural responses to target objects and stimulus context between East Asian Americans and European Americans using a three-stimulus novelty P3 event-related potential design. As hypothesized, European Americans displayed relatively greater target P3 amplitudes, indexing attention to target events, whereas East Asian Americans displayed relatively greater novelty P3 amplitudes, indexing attention to contextually deviant events. Furthermore, the authors found that interdependent self-construal mediated the relationship between culture and the novelty P3. These findings identify a specific pattern of neural activity associated with established cultural differences in contextual sensitivity.

Field of study: Psychology