nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Flying small target detection in IR images based on adaptive toggle operator

Automatic detection and tracking of a small target in infrared (IR) images are of great importance. Toggle operator (TO) is the newest class of non-linear operator morphology that has been widely used in detection and tracking the target in IR images. The most important problem in improving the efficiency of the TO is to use structural elements (SEs) in accordance with signal-to-clutter ratio (SCR) of each image. Generally, the clutters and targets are different in case of each image; therefore, for images with different SCRs, using SEs with fixed pixels and dimensions cannot lead to successful target detection. In this study, a new method is presented based on genetic algorithm to achieve adaptive SE for target detection in IR images. In this method, by designing the SE in accordance with the characteristics of each image, a large amount of background clutter and noise is suppressed and the contrast between target and background is increased. The results of a large set of real IR images including moving targets show that the proposed algorithm is effective in target detection. In the proposed method, the contrast between the target and background clutter is greatly increased while maintaining a low false alarm rate.

Field of study: Computer science
The role of ant nest-mounds in maintaining small-scale patchiness in dry grasslands in Central Germany

Nest-mounds of Lasius flavus, Lasius alienus and Formica rufibarbis are mainly on north-facing slopes with a markedly patchy distribution at Gimritz, northwest of Halle (Saale). Nest-mound soils had higher sodium and potassium levels but lower phosphorus and nitrogen levels than soils away from mounds. Moisture content was lower but soil pH was significantly higher in nest-mound soils. However, there was no difference in the relative abundance of plants of alkaline or acid soils growing on mounds compared to plants off mounds and no significant difference between the numbers of nitrophilous plants on and off mounds.Fewer plant species (35 spp.) in total occurred on mounds than off mounds (42 spp.). Plant species richness and total plant cover was significantly less on the nest-mounds than off the mounds. Similarly, the mean number of grass (1.39 spp dm−2) and forb species (1.13 spp dm−2) on mounds was lower than the mean number of grass (1.99 spp dm−2) and forb species (1.91 spp dm−2) off mounds. Some shrubs and forbs had higher occurrence and cover on the mounds, although only in Calluna vulgaris, Thymus serpyllum and Cerastium arvense was this difference particularly marked. Ant nest-mounds may favour plant species that cannot compete with tall grasses on unmanaged, set-aside meadows.

Field of study: Environmental science
Acute binge alcohol administration reverses sleep-wake cycle in Sprague Dawley rats.

Binge alcohol drinking is among the most common pattern of alcohol consumption in our society. Binge alcohol consumption has serious negative consequence on mental and physical health. Although alcohol consumption is known to have profound impact on sleep, it is yet unknown as to how binge alcohol affects/alters sleep-wakefulness. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of acute binge alcohol administration on sleep-wakefulness.



Male Sprague Dawley rats were used in the study. Under standard aseptic surgical conditions, rats (N = 7) were implanted with sleep-recording electrodes. After postoperative recovery and habituation, baseline sleep-wakefulness was recorded. Subsequently, rats were exposed to binge alcohol treatment as follows: One hour before light onset, a priming dose of 5 g/kg of alcohol was administered followed by 2 subsequent doses (adjusted based on the intoxication level of the rat) approximately 8 hours apart. Sleep-wakefulness was continuously recorded for 3 days post-binge.



Acute binge alcohol administration had no significant effect on sleep-wakefulness on post-binge Day 1. However, on post-binge Day 2, after blood alcohol concentration (BAC) was 0, sleep disruptions were observed manifested by a reversal of sleep-wakefulness as evident from insomnia-like symptoms (significant increase in wakefulness; significant reduction in nonrapid eye movement [NREM] sleep) during the normal sleep (light) period and excessive sleep (significant increase in NREM sleep) during the normal active (dark) period similar to excessive daytime sleepiness in humans. All sleep-wakefulness changes were normalized on Day 3 post-binge.



Alcohol hangover is defined as the presence of unpleasant symptoms that peak when BAC is 0. Our results suggest that the reversal of sleep-wakefulness accompanies alcohol hangover after binge alcohol administration.

Field of study: Medicine
Monoclonal antibodies raised against the idiotype of the murine B cell lymphoma, BCL1 act primarily with heavy chain determinants.

Anti-idiotypic antibodies can be used as probes to distinguish neoplastic cells from their normal counterparts. In addition they have been used in the passive therapy of B cell tumors. In this report we describe a panel of 7 rat monoclonal antibodies raised against idiotypic determinants carried by the IgM molecule of the BCL1 lymphoma. The majority (6/7) of these antibodies recognize private idiotypic determinants that are carried on the isolated mu heavy chain of the molecule, and do not require the lambda chain for reactivity. This is unusual for antibodies raised against the idiotype of the whole immunoglobulin molecule, which normally require both chains for reactivity. The antibodies do not, however, bind peptides corresponding to the complementarity determining regions of the mu heavy chain of BCL1. The antibodies perform well in complement mediated cytotoxicity, and, in at least one case, are effective in the passive immunotherapy of BCL1 lymphoma.

Field of study: Biology
Unemployment Dynamics and Duration Dependence in France, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom

This paper analyzes unemployment dynamics in the French, Dutch, and U.K. labor market. It presents a method to distinguish between the effects of duration dependence and unobserved heterogeneity on the exit rate out of unemployment. It turns out that for British male unemployed there is strong genuine negative duration dependence. For French unemployed, there is no strong duration dependence during the first year of unemployment, while for Dutch unemployed there is nonmonotonic duration dependence. For all groups of French and Dutch individuals, significant unobserved heterogeneity is found. For U.K. male unemployed, heterogeneity seems to be empirically unimportant.

Field of study: Economics
COMPONENTS OF LASER DEVICES: Unstable resonator with a semitransparent exit mirror for a fast-flow CO2 laser

A theoretical and experimental investigation was made of an unstable resonator having a semitransparent exit mirror and a magnification close to unity with Fresnel numbers of 5–15 and active medium gains of 0.5–2.4. Numerical modeling was employed in order to find a condition for minimum diffraction losses. Under the conditions of an electric-discharge fast-flow kilowatt CO2 laser, the radiation divergence was improved by roughly a factor of two relative to that for a telescopic resonator without an appreciable reduction in the mode volume and output power.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Earliest local emergence of forced dynamic and steric sea-level trends in climate models

We investigate the impact of internal variability on the emergence of a forced local trend in steric and dynamic sea surface height in historical and future climate simulations. By analyzing the unforced control simulations, the magnitude of internally generated, local trends in sea surface height is quantified and compared to trends found in historical simulations and projections. We find that the timing of the emergence of a forced local signal depends strongly on the location and the year in which the trend computations are started. Starting in 1950, it takes at least 60 yr to detect a forced trend in regions of weak internal variability such as the tropical Atlantic Ocean while this period is reduced to 30 yr when starting in 1990. The detection of a forced trend is further delayed by several decades in regions of elevated internal variability.

Field of study: Environmental science
The Schools of Defense in Elizabethan London

ccssible to a twentieth-century audience. Shakespeare's patrons at thc Globe, however, would surely have distinguished in minute detail the differences between foreign and domestic codes of swordsmanship, might well have traced the actors' skills to the pedagogical efforts of one or another master of defense then plying his talents in London, and, yeomen and aristocrats alike, would undoubtedly have felt themselves expert critics of an athletic ritual rich in historical association and accumulated lore. Today, however, the cultural context within which they reacted is difficult indeed to recover, for the history of the arts of defense remains a neglected area in Renaissance studies. 1 We know that Castiglione and English pedagogists deemed training in the martial arts essential to the education of a gentleman, but little is known of the practitioners of those arts, of the formal structure under which they operated, of the "fencing" schools which they conducted, or of the relationships between English practitioners and their continental contemporaries, whose weapons and methods differed considerably.' By considering the formal manuscript records of the society of the "Maisters of the Noble Science of Defense" (British Library Sloan MS 2530) and by a study of its members, this essay attempts to treat these neglected areas and to augment the late-

Field of study: History
Derivative manipulation in the structure solution of the integral membrane LH2 complex.

The structure of the peripheral light-harvesting complex from Rhodopseudomonas acidophila strain 10050 was determined by multiple isomorphous replacement methods. The derivatization of the crystals was augmented by the addition of a backsoaking stage. The soak/backsoaked data comparison had greater isomorphism and showed simpler Patterson maps than the standard native/soak comparison. Amplitudes from the derivatized then backsoaked crystals and from the derivatized crystals were compared in order to extract a subset of heavy-atom sites. Using this information, the full array of sites were found from a derivative/native comparison, eventually leading to excellent electron-density maps.

Field of study: Chemistry
Lacuna in the Practice of In-Loco-Parentis in Nigerian Schools: The Pot Calling the Kettle Black

The principle of in-loco-parentis allows the teachers assume the responsibilities of a parent in discharging their duties in school. Based on this same principle, parents also have the right to sue teachers, school management, or the government for negligence, recklessness and other practices which do not depict the proper practice of in-loco-parentis. However, parents seem to also be engaged in certain practices that may not promote the proper practice of in-loco-parentis. This actually depicts a scenario of the pot calling the kettle black as parents accuse teachers for being guilty of unsafe practices they are also guilty of. The aim of this paper was to bring to light unsafe practices parents are engaged in, which do not promote the proper practice of in-loco-parentis in schools. .  Lacuna; practice of in-loco-parentis ; pot calling kettle black.

Field of study: Education
Analysis of chemical abundances in planetary nebulae with [WC] central stars - II. Chemical abundances and the abundance discrepancy factor

We present the abundance analysis of 12 planetary nebulae ionized by [WC]-type stars and weak-emission-line stars (wels) obtained from high-resolution spectrophotometric data. Our main aims are to determine the chemical composition of the nebulae and to study the behaviour of the abundance discrepancy problem (ADF) in this type of planetary nebulae.  The detection of a large number of optical recombination lines (ORLs) and collisionally excited lines (CELs) from different ions (O + ,O ++ ,C ++ ,C +3 and Ne ++ ) were presented previously. Most of the ORLs were reported for the first time in these PNe, which increased the sample of PNe with detected faint ORLs. Ionic abundances were determined from the available CELs and ORLs, using previously determined physical conditions. Based on these two sets of ionic abundances, we derived the total chemical abundances in the nebulae using suitable ionization correction factors (when available).  In spite of the [WC] nature of the central stars, moderate ADF(O ++ ) in the range from 1.2 to 4 were found for all the objects. We found that when the quality of the spectra is high enough, the ORLs O ++ /H + abundance ratios obtained from different multiplets excited mainly by recombination are very similar. Possible dependence of ADFs on some nebular characteristics such as surface brightness and nebular diameter were analysed, but we found no correlation. Abundances derived from CELs were corrected by determining the t 2 temperature fluctuation parameter. O abundances for PNe, derived from ORLs, are in general higher than the solar abundance. We derived the C/O ratio from ORLs and N/ Oa ndα-element/O ratios from CELs and found that these PNe are, on average, richer in N and C than the average of the large PN samples. About half of our sample is C-rich (C/O > 1). The growth of α-elements is correlated with the O abundance. Comparing the N/ Oa nd C/O ratios with those derived from stellar evolution models, we estimate that about half of our PNe have progenitors with initial masses similar to or larger than 4 M� . No correlation was found between the stellar [WC] type and the nebular chemical abundances. A rough O abundance gradient computed for our limited PN sample, compared with the gradient obtained for H ii regions, shows that there is a large dispersion in estimates of the PNe O abundance for a given Galactocentric distance. The PN gradient is flatter than that for H ii regions and at the solar distance and farther out, the PNe have a higher O abundance than H ii regions, similarly to what is found in other spiral galaxies. This fact has no convincing explanation so far.

Field of study: Physics
Neurobiology of Delusions in Alzheimer’s Disease

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is associated with cognitive and functional impairment as well as neuropsychiatric sequelae, including psychotic symptoms such as delusions and hallucinations. Strong evidence supports the need to study delusions separate from hallucinations. Integrating the epidemiology, clinical correlates, and neuropathological and genetic literature for delusions in AD allows us to speculate on etiology and mechanisms. Plaque and tangle deposition in individuals with susceptible alleles of serotonergic, muscarinic, nicotinic, or Apoε4 genes appears to result in disruption of cortical circuitry, culminating in delusions. While delusions in AD correspond to a phenotype distinct from AD without delusions, subtypes of delusions may also define further distinct clinical entities. Persecutory delusions may occur earlier in the illness and have a more significant genetic component than misidentification delusions, which are associated with increased cognitive impairment and advanced dementia. Clearly distinguishing between these two syndromes is essential to making progress in the area of delusions in AD.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Heavy-ion radiative capture observed in9Be(12C,γ)21Ne

We have studied the heavy-ion capture reaction9Be(12C,γ)21 Ne at ECM=3.5–6.6 MeV and Θ = 90. High-energyγ-rav decay to the low-lying states of21Ne was observed, even well below the Coulomb barrier.

Field of study: Physics
Electrical transport in the Ge1-xSe2Sbx system

DC conductivity measurements have been made in the Ge1-xSe2Sbx system for different values of x(=0, 0.011, 0.014, 0.02) as a function of temperature and electric field. It is observed that the DC conductivity in the limited range of temperature can be treated as an activated process. DC conductivity activation energy is found to increase with the increase of temperature. DC conductivity is found to increase with the increase in the content of antimony in the basic system. Conductivity activation energy is found to decrease with increasing electric field. The results have been explained on the basis of a two-channel model.

Field of study: Materials science
Critical survey of stability constants of NTA complexes

All - published values for the stability constants of the metal complexes with (ethylenedinitrito)tetra-acetic acid (EDTA) up to spring 1976 are discussed critically in relation with the used experimental procedures and with the involved calculations as far as these informations are found in the literature. For each metal ion some recommended values are given, which seem to be the more reliable.

Field of study: Chemistry
Monoclonal antibodies against a Mycobacterium tuberculosis Ag85B-Hsp16.3 fusion protein.

The secreted Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) proteins, Ag85B and Hsp16.3, have been the focus of intensive research in recent years. These proteins have high sensitivity in bacterium-negative tuberculosis (TB) patients, and are valuable for the rapid diagnosis of bacterium-negative TB. Fusion proteins including multiple antigens such as Ag85B and Hsp16.3 provide improved sensitivity and specificity for serological diagnosis of active TB compared with a single antigen. Many studies have shown that the production of MAbs recognizing a specific repertoire of M. tuberculosis antigens and the tests based on monoclonal antibodies have been found to be valuable in positive detection of TB, particularly for smear-positive pulmonary TB. A number of MAbs are currently used for serodiagnosis of TB. Therefore, an Ag85B-Hsp16.3 fusion protein was expressed and purified using an E. coli system in this study. Three Ag85B-Hsp16.3 fusion protein-specific MAbs were generated by routine murine hybridoma techniques. The titer, specificity, and relative affinity of all three MAbs were determined by ELISA and the serological responses were analyzed. The levels of antigens in a proportion of TB patients were shown to be significantly higher than those in healthy controls. The sensitivity and specificity of the currently available detection systems is likely to be improved by the employment of a combination of these MAbs with others that are already in use.

Field of study: Biology
Comparative assessment of HFC134a and some refrigerants as alternatives to CFC12

A composite plot relating evaporating temperature T EV , condensing temperature T CO , pressure ratio (PR) and theoretical Rankine coefficient of performance (COP) RR is presented for HFC134a. The theoretical performance of HFC134a has been comparatively assessed along with HCFC22, HFC134, HFC152a, HCFC124 and HCFC142b as alternatives to CFC12 by using the standard refrigeration parameters including pressure ratio, specific compressor displacement, theoretical Rankine coefficient of performance, shaft power per ton of refrigeration. A discussion of the practical implications of the choice of the alternatives to CFC12 is also presented.

Field of study: Engineering
General Stieltjes moment problems for rapidly decreasing smooth functions

We give (necessary and sufficient) conditions over a sequence $\left\{ f_{n}\right\} _{n=0}^{\infty}$ of functions under which every generalized Stieltjes moment problem \[ \int_{0}^{\infty} f_{n}(x)\phi(x)\mathrm{d} x=a_{n}, \ \ \ n\in\mathbb{N}, \] has solutions $\phi\in\mathcal{S}(\mathbb{R})$ with $\operatorname*{supp} \phi\subseteq[0,\infty)$. Furthermore, we consider more general problems of this kind for measure or distribution sequences $\left\{ f_{n}\right\} _{n=0}^{\infty}$. We also study vector moment problems with values in Frechet spaces and multidimensional moment problems.

Field of study: Mathematics
Accelerating High-Throughput Screening for Structural Materials with Production Management Methods

High-throughput screenings are widely accepted for pharmaceutical developments for new substances and the development of new drugs with required characteristics by evolutionary studies. Current research projects transfer this principle of high-throughput testing to the development of metallic materials. In addition to new generating and testing methods, these types of high-throughput systems need a logistical control and handling method to reduce throughput time to get test results faster. Instead of the direct material flow found in classical high-throughput screenings, these systems have a very complex structure of material flow. The result is a highly dynamic system that includes short-term changes such as rerun stations, partial tests, and temporarily paced sequences between working systems. This paper presents a framework that divides the actions for system acceleration into three main sections. First, methods for special applications in high-throughput systems are designed or adapted to speed up the generation, treatment, and testing processes. Second, methods are needed to process trial plans and to control test orders, which can efficiently reduce waiting times. The third part of the framework describes procedures for handling samples. This reduces non-productive times and reduces order processing in individual lots.

Field of study: Materials science
Biophysical effects on temperature and precipitation due to land cover change

Anthropogenic land cover changes (LCC) affect regional and global climate through biophysical variations of the surface energy budget mediated by albedo, evapotranspiration, and roughness. This change in surface energy budget may exacerbate or counteract biogeochemical greenhouse gas effects of LCC, with a large body of emerging assessments being produced, sometimes apparently contradictory. We reviewed the existing scientific literature with the objective to provide an overview of the state-of-the-knowledge of the biophysical LCC climate effects, in support of the assessment of mitigation/adaptation land policies. Out of the published studies that were analyzed, 28 papers fulfilled the eligibility criteria, providing surface air temperature and/or precipitation change with respect to LCC regionally and/or globally. We provide a synthesis of the signal, magnitude and uncertainty of temperature and precipitation changes in response to LCC biophysical effects by climate region (boreal/temperate/tropical) and by key land cover transitions. Model results indicate that a modification of biophysical processes at the land surface has a strong regional climate effect, and non-negligible global impact on temperature. Simulations experiments of large-scale (i.e. complete) regional deforestation lead to a mean reduction in precipitation in all regions, while air surface temperature increases in the tropics and decreases in boreal regions. The net global climate effects of regional deforestation are less certain. There is an overall consensus in the model experiments that the average global biophysical climate response to complete global deforestation is atmospheric cooling and drying. Observed estimates of temperature change following deforestation indicate a smaller effect than model-based regional estimates in boreal regions, comparable results in the tropics, and contrasting results in temperate regions. Regional/local biophysical effects following LCC are important for local climate, water cycle, ecosystems, their productivity and biodiversity, and thus important to consider in the formulation of adaptation policy. However before considering the inclusion of biophysical climate effects of LCC under the UNFCCC, science has to provide robust tools and methods for estimation of both country and global level effects.

Field of study: Environmental science