nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Improving Accessibility and Security for Mobile Phone Shopping

Mobile shopping has not been widely deployed because of many factors like expensive connection fees, trouble in treating accounts, exposure of personal information and lack of products information. In this paper, we propose two schemes for promoting mobile phone shopping considering the attributes of security, instant connectivity and personalization. The one scheme is used for reducing connection fees and offering instant connectivity, and the other is used for enhancing password security against shoulder surfing attack during inputting of password on the clients mobile phone. To support the proposed schemes, we develop two kinds of mobile applications that considered interoperability and then apply them to a shoes mobile shopping mall. A client side personalization application shows its efficiency by reducing the data transmission time compared with a non-personalization scheme. A novel password system application also shows its security against shoulder surfing attack.

Field of study: Computer science
Host/Guest Encounters in the Commercial Home

Commercial homes, which provide hospitality where the private home dimension is significant, blur traditional boundaries between home and work and social constructions of hospitableness versus hospitality. Drawing on interviews with owner‐managers of these micro businesses and a guest‐researcher’s experiences and observations, this paper explores the home space as a dual‐purpose site of both commercial work and domestic retreat. First, use and meanings of domestic symbols in performances on the home as stage are examined. Second, there is an exploration of social control and spatial management strategies employed by hosts and guests. The findings reveal that domestic symbols add to the construction and interpretation of negotiated normative practices within these home‐based enterprises. They may adopt the role of identity markers and communication tools. Hosts employ an array of mechanisms to achieve physical or emotional distance between the domains of home and work. Social constructs may be subtle as well as explicit, including spatial as well as temporal mechanisms of social control and boundary setting, framed by unspoken protocols.

Field of study: Sociology
The domains of human fibronectin mediating the binding of alpha antigen, the most immunopotent antigen of mycobacteria that induces protective immunity against mycobacterial infection.

We have recently shown that alpha antigen (alpha-Ag), the immunodominant antigen of mycobacteria, has a novel fibronectin (FN)-binding motif that is unique among mycobacteria [Naito, Ohara, Matsumoto and Yamada (1998) -2909]. In this study, we examined the domains of human FN that interacted with alpha-Ag. Fragments of FN generated by either proteolysis or recombinant DNA techniques were compared for their ability to bind to alpha-Ag. Fragments containing either the C-terminal heparin-binding domain or the central cell-binding domain consistently bound to alpha-Ag. The fragment of the C-terminal heparin-binding domain, upon mutation that resulted in the loss of its heparin-binding activity, could not bind with alpha-Ag. These findings suggested that the mutated site, i.e. the main heparin-binding site of FN, was also the principal site for binding to alpha-Ag. The alpha-Ag-binding domains of FN could bind whole mycobacterial bacilli, suggesting that these two domains are important contributors to mycobacterial infection.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Die-Off of E. coli and Enterococci in Dairy Cowpats

E. coli and enterococci re-growth and decay patterns in cowpats applied to pasturelands were monitored during the spring, summer, fall, and winter. First-order approximations were used to determine die-off rate coefficients and decimal reduction times (D-values). Higher-order approximations and weather parameters were evaluated by multiple regression analysis to identify environmental parameters impacting in-field E. coli and enterococci decay. First-order kinetics approximated E. coli and enterococci decay rates with regression coefficients ranging from 0.70 to 0.90. Die-off rate constants were greatest in cowpats applied to pasture during late winter and monitored into summer months for E. coli (k = 0.0995 d-1) and applied to the field during the summer and monitored until December for enterococci (k = 0.0978 d-1). Decay rates were lowest in cowpats applied to the pasture during the fall and monitored over the winter (k = 0.0581 d-1 for E. coli, and k = 0.0557 d-1 for enterococci). Higher-order approximations and the addition of weather variables improved regression coefficients to values ranging from 0.82 to 0.96. Statistically significant variables used in the models for predicting bacterial decay included temperature, solar radiation, rainfall, and relative humidity. Die-off rate coefficients previously reported in the literature are usually the result of laboratory-based studies and are generally higher than the field-based seasonal die-off rate coefficients presented here. To improve predictions of in-field E. coli and enterococci concentrations, this study recommends that higher-order approximations and additional parameters such as weather variables are necessary to better capture re-growth and die-off trends over extended periods of time.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Multi-Client Symmetric Searchable Encryption with Forward Privacy

Symmetric Searchable encryption (SSE) is an encryption technique that allows users to search directly on their outsourced encrypted data, in a way that the privacy of both the files and the search queries is preserved. Naturally, with every search query, some information is leaked. The leakage becomes even bigger when the scheme is dynamic (i.e. supports file insertions and deletions). To deal with this problem we design a forward private dynamic SSE scheme where file insertions do not leak any information about previous queries. Moreover, our construction supports the multi-client model, in the sense that every user that holds the secret key can perform search queries. Finally, our scheme also focuses on the problem of synchronization by utilizing the functionality offered by Intel SGX.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Analysis on the New Development of Populist Ideas in the View of the Property Law of China

The Populist Ideas of the new period not only adopts the essence of Chinese traditional ideas,but also rectifies the limitation of Moralization.Based on the concept of the Rule of Law and Right,it attaches importance to the protection of the property right.This article reviews the evolution of the traditional Populist Ideas and summarizes its limitation,as well as compares and analyzes the difference between the former Populist Ideas and the new one,which comes to the conclusion.In a word,the Property Law of China is the concentrated expression of the new development of Populist Ideas in the new age.

Field of study: Economics
Isotopic reconstructions of habitat change surrounding the extinction of Sivapithecus, a Miocene hominoid, in the Siwalik Group of Pakistan

This research presents an isotopic study of a wide range of mammalian taxa from the Miocene Siwalik Group of Pakistan, with a focus on two time intervals—9.3–9.2 Ma, when the hominoid Sivapithecus was present, and 8.1–8.0 Ma, shortly after Sivapithecus became extinct. The purpose of this investigation is to reconstruct the vegetation mosaic at both time levels in order to determine what Sivapithecus habitat was like and what changes in habitat and climate may have taken place by the time Sivapithecus went extinct. Both carbon and oxygen stable isotopes were sampled from inorganic carbonate in tooth enamel. Results indicate a vegetation mosaic of both closed and open habitat at both time intervals, but a decrease in forest accompanied by an increase in open habitat (including C 4 grasses) during the younger interval. Individuals from many species cluster with each other with respect to both carbon and oxygen isotope values, indicating a spectrum of feeding adaptations exploiting different parts of the habitat. Isotopic values for Sivapithecus suggest that it fed in the forest upper canopy. Taxa feeding in the most closed, wet habitat become extinct by 8.1 Ma. Furthermore, higher δ 18 O values over time suggest a change in climate with a reduction in annual rainfall, perhaps accompanied by changes in precipitation sources or rainfall regime as well. These results suggest that forests became fragmented over time. While still present in the younger level, much of the forest was replaced by open habitat, including patches of C 4 grass. Forest loss and fragmentation is a likely cause of the extinction of Sivapithecus .

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Instruction in Modern Foreign Languages

T HIS is a report of a quick survey to determine the status of instruction in modern foreign languages, literatures, and cultures in American colleges and universities. It was made in the belief that the war has created new demands for instruction in some areas and probably decreased demands in other areas of this broad field. Inquiry blanks were sent to the 752 institutions which are members of the Association of American Universities, the Association of Land Grant Colleges and Universities, the Association of American Colleges, or the American Association of Teachers Colleges. Each institution was asked to indicate for each language whether or not it offered elementary courses, courses for upper-class credit, courses for graduate credit, a major for the baccalaureate degree, intensive short courses to develop a practical knowledge of the language, and courses in English on the literature and institutions of the language group. Each was asked also to indicate which types of work now given had been inaugurated since 1940. It was assumed that changes in this field since 1940 have been brought about largely by the exigencies of the war effort. Replies were received from 449 institutions. These replies represent conditions during the second semester or the winter quarter of the current academic year. Changes in undergraduate instruction since the outbreak of the war have been comparatively slight in amount, although by no means insignificant. During the two decades following the first World War, French, Spanish, German, and Italian were offered more widely than any other foreign languages. The present survey indicates that this is still true. Among the 449 institutions replying, French ranks first in the field of undergraduate instruction, elementary courses being offered in 443 institutions as against 4i6 for Spanish, .398 for German, and 134 for Italian. The situation with respect to undergraduate majors is similar; French majors are offered in 337 institutions, Spanish in 259, German in 220, and Italian in 4. Since 1940, Spanish has advanced from third to second place. The only other languages in which regular elementary courses are given by ten or more institutions are Portuguese (75), Russian (5I), Japanese

Field of study: Education
An inhibitor of the toxicity of tumour necrosis factor in the serum of patients with sarcoidosis, tuberculosis and Crohn's disease

The activated macrophages present in the T cell‐dependent granulomata of sarcoidosis and tuberculosis are primed for enhanced release of cytokines including tumour necrosis factor (TNF or cachectin). Release of this cytokine can induce an acute‐phase response, fever, and necrosis in suitably prepared sites of inflammation; if chronic, its presence may contribute to weight loss. These clinical features are characteristic of tuberculosis, but not of sarcoidosis, though alveolar macrophages from both diseases release large quantities of TNF in vitro. We therefore postulated the presence in sarcoidosis patients of an inhibitor of TNF. We have studied levels of TNF inhibitory activity by determining the quantity of TNF required to give 50% kill of 1929 cells in the presence of 20% heat‐inactivated serum derived from various disease states (37 sarcoidosis, 13 tuberculosis, 13 Crohn's disease. 17 healthy donors). Normal sera used in this way do not inhibit significantly, but inhibition of TNF loxicity is caused by most sera from both sarcoidosis and tuberculosis. Used at 20%, five out of 37 sarcoidosis sera and one out of 13 tuberculosis sera caused complete inhibition of TNF, even when the latter was added at 100 times the concentration required to give 50% kill in control wells. This inhibitor may have an important physiological role.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Improvements on Efficient Dynamic Provable Data Possession scheme with Public Verifiability and Data Privacy

An efficient Dynamic Provable Data Possession scheme with Public Verifiability and Data Privacy was recently published in ACISP’15. It appears that three attacks menace this scheme. The first one enables the server to store only one block of a file m and still pass the data integrity verification on any number of file blocks. The second attack permits the server to keep the old version of a file block mi and the corresponding verification metadata Tmi after the client asked to modify them by sending the new version of these elements, and still pass the data integrity verification. The last attack allows the Third Party Auditor (TPA) to distinguish files when processing the data integrity checking. In this paper, we propose several solution to overcome all the aforementioned issues. For the two first attacks, we give two new constructions of the scheme, one using index-hash tables and the other based on the Merkle hash trees. We compare the efficiency of these two new systems with the previous one. For the third attack, we suggest a weaker security model for data privacy without modifying the current scheme and a new construction to enhance the security and to achieve the strongest data privacy notion.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Quantitative Structure Activity Relatinship for Toxicity of Alkylphenols Compounds to Tetrahymena Pyriformis

15 Quantum chemical parameters were calculated at B3LYP/6-311G level by density functional theory method of Gaussian 03.These structure parameters involved in parameters of alkyl group′s substitutive positions and their correlations(NPCS) are taken as descriptors.Using VSMP(variable selection and modeling based on prediction) to selecte the best subset,a two variables model was developed for toxicity of 41 alkylphenols to Tetrahymena pyriformis as follows: pIGC50=(-1.6069±0.2019)+(-0.3839±0.0798)μ+(0.0264±0.0015)α,n=41,m=2,r=0.9434,RMSE=0.2548,Q=0.9170,RMSV=0.3066,F=153.8747.In order to validate the stability and the power of the model,41 alkyphenols were divided into two parts as odd set and even set,and built model respectively.A method called y-randomization was used to validate the models of whole sample,odd set and even set,and the models of odd set and even set passed all the tests for the power of prediction of QSAR model according to Tropsha.

Field of study: Chemistry
BRIEF COMMUNICATIONS: Picosecond lasing in KY(WO4)2:Nd3+ crystals at pulse repetition frequencies up to 10 Hz

Picosecond light pulses were generated at frequencies up to 10 Hz using a KY(WO4)2:Nd3+ crystal as the active medium. The duration of a single pulse was measured to be τ = 10 psec and the width of the emission spectrum was Δν = 1.8 cm−1 . Emission of fundamental-frequency radiation was accompanied by stimulated Raman scattering in the active medium.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Determination of optimal vaccination strategies using an orbital stability threshold from periodically driven systems

We analyse a periodically driven SIR epidemic model for childhood related diseases, where the contact rate and vaccination rate parameters are considered periodic. The aim is to define optimal vaccination strategies for control of childhood related infections. Stability analysis of the uninfected solution is the tool for setting up the control function. The optimal solutions are sought within a set of susceptible population profiles. Our analysis reveals that periodic vaccination strategy hardly contributes to the stability of the uninfected solution if the human residence time (life span) is much larger than the contact rate period. However, if the human residence time and the contact rate periods match, we observe some positive effect of periodic vaccination. Such a vaccination strategy would be useful in the developing world, where human life spans are shorter, or basically in the case of vaccination of livestock or small animals whose life-spans are relatively shorter.

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics
A fixed point-based BDF method for solving differential Riccati equations

This paper describes an approach for solving differential Riccati equations (DRE), by means of the backward differentiation formula (BDF) and resolution of the corresponding implicit equation using Newton’s method with a fixed point approach. The role and use of DRE is especially important in several applications such as optimal control, filtering, and estimation. The goodness of this new method is compared with respect to the so called Dieci method [L. Dieci, Numerical integration of the differential Riccati equation and some related issues,  (1992) 781–815].

Field of study: Mathematics
Dendritic localization of the transcriptional co-repressor Groucho/TLE1 in cortical and cerebellar neurons.

In the present study we show that the transcription factor Groucho/TLE1 (TLE1) is expressed in virtually all major cortical subdivisions, hippocampus, amygdala, and thalamus, as well as in the cerebellum of the adult rat brain. In both neocortex and subcortical structures, TLE1 expression was mostly localized to neurons. In addition to the expected nuclear localization, TLE1 immunoreactivity was also detected in apical dendritic shafts of neocortical layer III and V pyramidal cells and in Purkinje cell dendrites. These results demonstrate that TLE1 expression occurs in the mature nervous system and suggest that this protein may perform new functions outside of the nucleus in selected cortical and cerebellar neurons.

Field of study: Biology
M31 Globular Cluster Structures and the Presence of X-Ray Binaries

The Andromeda galaxy, M31, has several times the number of globular clusters found in the Milky Way. It contains a correspondingly larger number of low-mass X-ray binaries (LMXBs) associated with globular clusters, and as such can be used to investigate the cluster properties that lead to X-ray binary formation. The best tracer of the spatial structure of M31 globulars is the high-resolution imaging available from the Hubble Space Telescope (HST), and we have used HST data to derive structural parameters for 29 LMXB-hosting M31 globular clusters. These measurements are combined with structural parameters from the literature for a total of 41 (of 50 known) LMXB clusters and a comparison sample of 65 non-LMXB clusters. Structural parameters measured in blue bandpasses are found to be slightly different (smaller core radii and higher concentrations) than those measured in red bandpasses; this difference is enhanced in LMXB clusters and could be related to stellar population differences. Clusters with LMXBs show higher collision rates for their mass compared to clusters without LMXBs, and collision rates estimated at the core radius show larger offsets than rates estimated at the half-light radius. These results are consistent with the dynamical formation scenario for LMXBs. A logistic regression analysis finds that, as expected, the probability of a cluster hosting an LMXB increases with increasing collision rate and proximity to the galaxy center. The same analysis finds that probability of a cluster hosting an LMXB decreases with increasing cluster mass at a fixed collision rate, although we caution that this could be due to sample selection effects. Metallicity is found to be a less important predictor of LMXB probability than collision rate, mass, or distance, even though LMXB clusters have a higher metallicity on average. This may be due to the interaction of location and metallicity: a sample of M31 LMXBs with a greater range in galactocentric distance would likely contain more metal-poor clusters and make it possible to disentangle the two effects.

Field of study: Physics
Rigid occipitocervical fusion.

Despite 50 years of neurosurgical experience, occipitocervical fusion continues to present a technical challenge to the surgeon. Traditional nonrigid techniques applied in the occiput and cervical spine often fail secondary to postsurgical cranial settling or rotational deformity. Unlike widely used nonrigid and semirigid techniques, rigid fixation of the craniocervical junction should allow correction of deformity in any plane, provide immediate stability without need for external orthosis, and prevent cranial settling.



Since 1992, the senior author (D.W.C.) has used a rigid plate and screw fixation system for occipitocervical fusions. The technique proved to be more difficult than expected, and the procedure has evolved as experience was gained. The authors present a series of 24 patients and a technique that now involves the use of a custom-designed T-plate that is attached to the midline occipital "keel" at one end and to the spine at the other end by means of screw-fixed plates.



Although it is still evolving, the current technique for obtaining rigid occipitocervical fixation allows for immediate rigidity and stability of the spine without the use of an external orthosis (that is, in the absence of osteoporosis), may be extended to any level of the spine, may be used in the absence of posterior elements, prevents postsurgical cranial settling and restenosis, facilitates reduction of the spinal deformity in any plane, and sometimes eliminates the need for an anterior (transoral) decompressive procedure.

Field of study: Medicine
Test Performance as a Function of Expected Form and Difficulty

The present experiment manipulated expected difficulty and expected form of a forthcoming test. Four groups of students studied a text expecting an easy or difficult, essay or multiple-choice exam and, after 15 minutes of study, took a combined, 10-item multiple-choice, one-essay exam. Those expecting a difficult essay exam performed significantly better on multiple-choice items than the other three groups, suggesting that any cues implying an easy exam (for example, the terms easy and/or multiple-choice) produce poorer performance. These results support the hypothesis that individuals work harder, rather than reduce effort, when difficult work is expected.

Field of study: Education
The problem of task allocation in the Internet of Things and the consensus-based approach

The realization of the Internet of Things (IoT) paradigm relies on the implementation of systems of cooperative intelligent objects with key interoperability capabilities. One of these interoperability features concerns the cooperation among nodes towards a collaborative deployment of applications taking into account the available resources, such as electrical energy, memory, processing, and object capability to perform a given task, which are often limited.In this paper, firstly, we define the issue related to resource allocation for the deployment of distributed applications in the IoT, and we describe the architecture and functionalities of a relevant middleware that represents a possible solution to this issue. Secondly, we propose a consensus protocol for the cooperation among network objects in performing the target application, which aims to distribute the burden of the application execution, so that resources are adequately shared. We demonstrate that, using the proposed protocol, the network converges to a solution where resources are homogeneously allocated among nodes. Performance evaluation of experiments in simulation mode and in real scenarios show that the algorithm converges with a percentage error of about 5% with respect to the optimal allocation obtainable with a centralized approach.

Field of study: Computer science