nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
On the role of infrastructure sharing for mobile network operators in emerging markets

The traditional model of single ownership of all the physical network elements and network layers by mobile network operators is beginning to be challenged. This has been attributed to the rapid and complex technology migration compounded with rigorous regulatory requirements and ever increasing capital expenditures. These trends, combined together with the increasing competition, rapid commoditization of telecommunication equipments and rising separation of network and service provisioning are pushing the operators to adopt multiple strategies, with network infrastructure sharing in the core and radio access networks emerging as a more radical mechanism to substantially and sustainably improve network costs. Through infrastructure sharing, developing countries and other emerging economies can harness the technological, market and regulatory developments that have fostered affordable access to mobile and broadband services. Similarly, the network operators entering or consolidating in the emerging markets can aim for substantial savings on capital and operating expenses. The present paper aims to investigate the current technological solutions and regulatory and the technical-economical dimensions in connection with the sharing of mobile telecommunication networks in emerging countries. We analyze the estimated savings on capital and operating expenses, while assessing the technical constraints, applicability and benefits of the network sharing solutions in an emerging market context.

Field of study: Computer science
Numerical optimisation of a two-stage ejector refrigeration plant

Jet-refrigeration cycles seem to provide an interesting solution to the increasing interest in environment protection and the need for energy saving due to their low plant costs, reliability and possibility to use water as operating fluid. A steam/steam ejector cycle refrigerator is investigated introducing a two-stage ejector with annular primary at the second stage. The steady_state refrigerator, exchanging heat with the water streams at inlet fixed temperatures at the three shell and tube heat exchangers, evaporator, condenser and generator, is considered as an open system. Heat transfer irreversibilities in the heat exchangers and external friction losses in the water streams are considered, ignoring the internal pressure drop of the vapor. A simulation program numerically searches the maximum COP at given external inlet fluid temperatures as a function of mass flows, dimensions and temperature differences in the heat exchangers. The code gives the ejector and heat exchangers design parameters.

Field of study: Engineering
Numerical Simulation of Axial Oscillation of Extrusion Container in Different Amplitudes During Precision Forging

Unsuccessful corner filling and excessive deformation at the final stage of process are the main limitation in cold closed-die forging of straight spur gear.The friction force is one major factor which affects metal deformation rules,the material flow may be controlled positively by utilizing the frictional force over the interface of billet and container so that the billet material may easily flow into the corners of the die cavity.A method with an axially driven container was proposed,the finite element method was used to simulate the oscillation of the container in different amplitudes.The curves of loading force along with the change of time are obtaimed.A optimal scheme is found by analyzing the curves.

Field of study: Materials science
Upper semi-continuity of the Kobayashi-Royden pseudo-norm, a counterexample for Hölderian almost complex structures

If $X$ is an almost complex manifold, with an almost complex structure $J$ of class $\CC^\alpha$, for some $\alpha >0$, for every point $p\in X$ and every tangent vector $V$ at $p$, there exists a germ of $J$-holomorphic disc through $p$ with this prescribed tangent vector. This existence result goes back to Nijenhuis-Woolf. All the $J$ holomorphic curves are of class $\CC^{1,\alpha}$ in this case. 
Then, exactly as for complex manifolds one can define the Royden-Kobayashi pseudo-norm of tangent vectors. The question arises whether this pseudo-norm is an upper semi-continuous function on the tangent bundle. For complex manifolds it is the crucial point in Royden's proof of the equivalence of the two standard definitions of the Kobayashi pseudo-metric. The upper semi-continuity of the Royden-Kobayashi pseudo-norm has been established by Kruglikov for structures that are smooth enough. In [I-R], it is shown that $\CC^{1,\alpha}$ regularity of $J$ is enough. 
Here we show the following: 
Theorem. There exists an almost complex structure $J$ of class $\CC^{1\over 2}$ on the unit bidisc $\D^2\subset \C^2$, such that the Royden-Kobayashi seudo-norm is not an upper semi-continuous function on the tangent bundle.

Field of study: Mathematics
It can be Tough at the Top: Some Empirical Evidence from Public Library Leaders

This paper explores the topic of leadership as perceived and practised by public library leaders.  Library leaders have a wide-ranging impact on society but have been largely overlooked as the subject of serious study.  Prior to this study, only one small interview-based study and five survey-based studies have been undertaken on public library leaders/leadership — all in North America.  The current study is the most in-depth study to date.  Thirty top-level public librarians from Ireland, Britain, and the east coast of the United States were selected for inclusion in this study.  This study of the perceptions of senior public library leaders, across national boundaries, makes a theoretical contribution both to the limited extant literature on leadership in librarianship, and the broad corpus of organizational leadership literature.  The particular focus of this paper is on the difficulties encountered by the interviewed librarians on public library leadership.

Field of study: Business
Synthesis of 3-methylpyrido[3,2,1-j,k]carbazolium salts and derived cyanine dyes

When carbazole is heated with formaldehyde and acetone (or with methyl vinyl ketone) in the presence of mineral acid, 3-methylpyrido[3,2-j,k]carbazolium salts form. These react with p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde, triethyl orthoformate, Michler's ketone, 1-ethylquinolinium iodide, or 1,3,3-trimethyl-2-formylmethyleneindolinium iodide to give the respective cyanine dyes. Deviations of the unsymmetrical dyes and Hückel molecular orbital calculations show that the Brooker basicity of the pyrido[3,2,1-j,k]carbazolium series is lower than that of the 1-phenylquinolinium series.

Field of study: Chemistry
Review on Pollution and Transfer-transformation Behaviors of Pharmaceuticals in Aquatic Environment

Pharmaceuticals have been playing an important role in human's health and stockbreeding for decades. However, incompletely absorbed pharmaceuticals will find their way into wastewater in original structure or metabolites, and ineffective operations of wastewater treatment plant make their widespread appearance in water environment possible. Pharmaceuticals become the kind of persistent pollutants in aquatic environment since they have been widely and continually used in daily life although their half-lives are short. In recent years, pharmaceuticals were identified in different environmental media including surface water, ground water, drinking water, sludge, soil and aquatic organisms. It has been increasingly concerned of their effect on ecological environment and human's health in the world. Current study trends in terms of source, occurrence and transfer-transformation behaviors of pharmaceuticals in aquatic environment were reviewed, which will provide an important basis for developing relative research in China as well as establishing ecological risk assessment of pharmaceutical in aquatic environment.

Field of study: Environmental science
-238 G>A polymorphism of tumor necrosis factor alpha gene (TNFA) is associated with alcoholic liver cirrhosis in alcoholic Spanish men.

The tumor necrosis factor alpha gene (TNFA) has been recently associated to alcoholic steatohepatitis. We have analyzed the distribution of genotypes and alleles of two polymorphisms at positions -238 and -308 in the promoter region of the TNFA gene in a Spanish male population of alcoholics with and without alcoholic liver cirrhosis.



149 male alcoholics (84 without alcoholic liver disease, and 65 with alcoholic liver cirrhosis) and 90 control subjects were included. Genotyping was done by polymerase chain reaction and digestion with restriction enzymes.



No significant differences in the distribution of genotypes and alleles of the -308 TNFA gene polymorphism were observed between alcoholics and non-alcoholics, or between alcoholics with liver cirrhosis and those without liver disease. However, we found an association between the -238 TNFA polymorphism and alcoholic liver cirrhosis; the frequency of the heterozygous genotype being significantly higher in alcoholics with cirrhosis than in those without liver damage.



The -238 TNFA-A allele is associated with a higher risk to develop alcoholic liver cirrhosis. This polymorphism could be considered as a genetic factors that confer predisposition to suffer liver cirrhosis in the alcoholic population of Castile and León.

Field of study: Medicine
Mineralogical changes accompanying mylonitization in the Bitterroot dome of the Idaho batholith: Implications for timing of deformation

Microstructures and mineral chemistry of feldspars and micas within protomylonitic to mylonitic granite and pegmatite of the Bitterroot dome of the Idaho batholith in western Montana have been studied to determine the metamorphic conditions of deformation. More fully developed mylonitic microstructures in the pegmatites suggest that they experienced stronger ductile deformation than the granite, in contrast to evidence for more competent behavior of pegmatite observed in most mylonitic terrane. This, coupled with occurrence of the pegmatite as streaks and layers parallel to the mylonitic fabric in the granite, suggests that the fabric existed in the granite prior to crystallization of the pegmatite. It also indicates that the pegmatite was deformed not during a later metamorphic event but during the final stages of its crystallization, and thus; during the final stages of crystallization of the batholith itself at this locality. In the granite, myrmekite appears to have formed continuously during deformation at near-magmatic conditions, as a product of a reaction that also produced muscovite from K-feldspar. Two-feldspar geo-thermometry yields a minimum deformation temperature of ∼500 °C; however, the microstructures and field relations stated above suggest that some mylonitization occurred at higher temperatures. If the intrusive age of the batholith at this locality is Cretaceous, these results are consistent with the tectonic model that mylonitization occurred its the 15- to 17-km-thick Sapphire block slid eastward off an early dome, causing Cretaceous thrusting in the eastern Sapphire block and facilitating rise of the present Bitterroot dome. If the intrusive age is younger, these findings support post-Cretaceous mylonitization that is presumably unrelated to thrusting in the Sapphire block.

Field of study: Geology
A Dynamic Integrity Detection Scheme with Privacy Preserving in Internet of Things

Traditional solutions,such as Chinese Remainder Theorem、time slots and binary tree,are used by many researchers to deal with the issue of integrity detection in Internet of Things( IoT).However,such a kind of methods are suitable to only the occasions,where the number of detecting objects is static other than dynamic.Based on our previous work,a dynamic detection scheme with privacy preserving( DDPP) is proposed in this paper,which is based on BLS signature,Merkle Hash Tree and Bilinear map.The proposed scheme not only can detect the integrity of an object' s number dynamically,but also can preserve the clients' privacy by encrypting messages and integrity verification in the process of detection.The results of extensive simulation experiments show that the proposed scheme incurs less communication cost than DPDP.

Field of study: Computer science
Weather Modification in Up Or Down

Weather modification activities in 1972 are reviewed to identify the major new projects, the major new findings, the major problems, and what these all mean for this exciting, often controversial science. The major new projects revealed a decided increase in interest and funding at the state and local levels, as well as new thrusts in federal programs. Non-governmental support of weather modification research and operations performed by American commercial firms exceeded $8 million, representing about 25% of the total expenditure on weather modification in the United States in 1972. Major new findings related to a variety of laboratory, instrumental, and field activities concerning planned modification of precipitation, hail, and warm fog, and also to inadvertent modification of clouds and rainfall. Several controversies regarding weather modification arose in 1972, but they all revolved more around the questions of its desirability or methodology, rather than whether it could be done. In general, 1972 wa...

Field of study: Environmental science
Analytical Physics-Based Modeling of Electron Channel Density in Nanosheet and Nanowire FETs

We propose in this work a general physics-based approach for an accurate analytical calculation of the channel charge density in field effect transistors as functions of the external gate biases. This approach is based on a general ansatz of the gate voltage as an electrochemical potential difference between the electrodes and on an exact solution of the resulting basic electrostatic equation that allows us to obtain in a unified way the explicit analytic expressions continuously describing the subthreshold and above threshold regions in FETs of existing and emerging configurations.

Field of study: Physics
The continuing story of dhat syndrome

I read with interest the article by Sumathipala et al (2004) – an excellent review on dhat syndrome, a clinical entity highly prevalent in the Asian continent and not considered an entity in the Western world. This article is not free from publication bias. I wish to make the following observations based on our work in different parts of India over a period of 15 years. Dhat syndrome, a concept developed from Sanskrit literature, is based on a cultural belief in people who live in the Indian subcontinent. The syndrome is highly prevalent not only in India but also in its neighbouring countries such as Pakistan, Nepal, Burma (Myanmar), Sri Lanka and others. It is more prevalent among men in early adulthood, starting in late adolescence. Patients present with multiple somatic and psychological symptoms in the background of loss of semen. Surprisingly, patients have their first contact with departments other than psychiatry, for example urology, dermatology and general medicine, and are then referred to psychiatry. We presented our first observations from northern India on dhat syndrome from patients presenting with weakness, anxiety symptoms with sexual difficulties such as premature ejaculation and impotence (Behere & Nataraj, 1984). In further work by myself and others in the southern part of India, we were able to observe that the belief underlying dhat syndrome had a dimensional impact in clinical practice. While it was common to find anxiety and phobic symptoms, it was also extended to encompass hypochondriacal, obsessive and body dysmorphic symptoms. Affective symptoms were also common. Uncommonly, some patients presented with delusional beliefs. Thus, from a clinical perspective, the symptoms in dhat syndrome may cluster to give a spectrum of diagnostic possibilities ranging from anxiety to somatoform disorders, affective disorders and, rarely, psychosexual delusional disorder (further details available from the author on request). This multiplicity of clinical presentation makes it difficult to classify dhat syndrome purely as neurotic. We question the validity of dhat syndrome being incorporated as a single neurotic disorder in ICD–10, where it is included under ‘other specific neurotic disorders’ (F48.8; World Health Organization, 1992). No single diagnosis encompasses the clinical presentation of dhat syndrome; the presentation of symptoms needs to be seen from a clinical perspective rather than viewing it as a neurotic disorder alone. This might help to formulate the management comprehensively on a biopsychosocial model depending upon its clinical presentation.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Multiple pathways of commodity crop expansion in tropical forest landscapes

Commodity crop expansion, for both global and domestic urban markets, follows multiple land change pathways entailing direct and indirect deforestation, and results in various social and environmental impacts. Here we compare six published case studies of rapid commodity crop expansion within forested tropical regions. Across cases, between 1.7% and 89.5% of new commodity cropland was sourced from forestlands. Four main factors controlled pathways of commodity crop expansion: (i) the availability of suitable forestland, which is determined by forest area, agroecological or accessibility constraints, and land use policies, (ii) economic and technical characteristics of agricultural systems, (iii) differences in constraints and strategies between small-scale and large-scale actors, and (iv) variable costs and benefits of forest clearing. When remaining forests were unsuitable for agriculture and/or policies restricted forest encroachment, a larger share of commodity crop expansion occurred by conversion of existing agricultural lands, and land use displacement was smaller. Expansion strategies of large-scale actors emerge from context-specific balances between the search for suitable lands; transaction costs or conflicts associated with expanding into forests or other state-owned lands versus smallholder lands; net benefits of forest clearing; and greater access to infrastructure in already-cleared lands. We propose five hypotheses to be tested in further studies: (i) land availability mediates expansion pathways and the likelihood that land use is displaced to distant, rather than to local places; (ii) use of already-cleared lands is favored when commodity crops require access to infrastructure; (iii) in proportion to total agricultural expansion, large-scale actors generate more clearing of mature forests than smallholders; (iv) property rights and land tenure security influence the actors participating in commodity crop expansion, the form of land use displacement, and livelihood outcomes; (v) intensive commodity crops may fail to spare land when inducing displacement. We conclude that understanding pathways of commodity crop expansion is essential to improve land use governance.

Field of study: Environmental science
Magnitudes of score differences produced within sessions in a cooperative exchange procedure.

Interest centered on maximal score differences produced within sessions during two-party exchange. Subjects chose between earning money independently or through potentially higher-paying exchange. In the exchange option, only one person could produce points for the other on a trial. Because each exchange response ("give") required the giver to forego earning points independently, the larger the score difference produced (i.e., the further ahead in earnings the other person was put), the greater the reduction in the giver's earnings if the other person did not reciprocate. Results showed that scores were usually equal at the end of each session, and that subjects maintained close equality of scores throughout each session. When a response-cost contingency that punished the alternation of giving was introduced, however, large within-session score differences developed. These large differences continued to be produced after the response-cost contingency was removed. Finally, when subjects were told that the session could end at any moment, score differences were sharply reduced, indicating that production of score differences remained under the control of discriminative stimuli associated with the likelihood of reciprocation. The study suggests that with appropriate procedures, an experimental analysis of behavioral phenomena associated with the concept of "trust" may be possible.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Biocompatibility and biofunctionality of a gelatin impregnated polyester arterial prosthesis

The gelatin-impregnated vascular graft Gelseal® and its parent Triaxial® graft were evaluated in terms of biocompatibility in rats and in vivo biofunctionality as a thoraco-abdominal bypass in dogs. The biocompatibility study was performed by implantation of small segments of graft in the peritoneal cavity of rats for schedule periods of up to 4 weeks. Peripheral total T cells (CD3), T helper cells (CD4) and T suppressor cells (CD8) and activated T cells expressing IL-2 receptors were quantified by cytofluorometry. Enzymatic on histopathological analyses of the tissue at the implant site were also performed

Field of study: Materials science
The nutritional status of patients starting specialized predialysis care.

To examine the prevalence of and risk factors for malnutrition at the start of specialized predialysis care.



The present analysis was performed on cross-sectional data collected at inclusion in the study. The study included 25 outpatient clinics delivering specialized predialysis care in the Netherlands.



Three hundred seventy-six incident patients with advanced chronic kidney disease attending one of the participating outpatient clinics.



Subjective global assessment (SGA) of nutritional status.



At the start of specialized predialysis care, 11% of patients suffer from moderate protein-energy wasting as measured by SGA. Independent risk factors are age >75 years (Odds ratio [OR], 3.88 [1.74-8.66]), female gender (OR, 2.95 [1.37-6.32]), and having a body mass index <25 kg/m(2) (OR, 2.56 [1.19-5.49]). Estimated glomerular filtration rate was not significantly associated with SGA (OR, 1.63 [0.76-3.48]).



Eleven percent of patients started on specialized predialysis care suffer from moderate protein-energy wasting; risk factors are age >75 years, female gender, and BMI <25 kg/m(2).

Field of study: Medicine
Single-layer Linear-to-Circular Polarization Transformer Based on Periodic Strips Array

In this paper, single-layer linear-to-circular polarization transformer is proposed, which is composed of 3×3 metallic strips array. Firstly, the novel approach of “fission transmission of EM waves” based on the sequence of incident and transmission waves product cause additional transmission of orthogonal components. The axial ratio is less than 1.0 dB and accumulative axial ratio bandwidth of 17.05% is achieved at four frequency bands ranging from 12-18GHz for circular polarization. Theoretical analysis and microwave experiments are presented to validate the performance of the structure. While the measured results are in good agreement with simulation.

Field of study: Engineering