nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Blocking lymphotoxin‐β receptor activation diminishes inflammation via reduced mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule‐1 (MAdCAM‐1) expression and leucocyte margination in chronic DSS‐induced colitis

The lymphotoxin‐β receptor (LTβR) pathway is critical for maintenance of organized lymphoid structures and is involved in the development of colitis. To investigate the mechanisms by which LTβR activation contributes to the pathology of chronic inflammation we used a soluble LTβR‐Ig fusion protein as a competitive inhibitor of LTβR activation in the mouse model of chronic colitis induced by oral administration of dextran sulphate sodium. Strong expression of LTβ which constitutes part of the LTα1β2 ligand complex was detected in colonic tissue of mice with chronic colitis. Treatment with LTβR‐Ig significantly attenuated the development and histological manifestations of the chronic inflammation and reduced the production of inflammatory cytokines such as TNF, IL‐1β, and IL‐6. Moreover, LTβR‐Ig treatment significantly down‐regulated mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule‐1 (MAdCAM‐1) expression, leading to reduced leucocyte rolling and sticking in postcapillary and collecting venules and reduced extravasation into the intestinal mucosa as quantified by in vivo fluorescence microscopy. Thus, LTβR pathway inhibition ameliorates DSS‐induced experimental chronic colitis in mice by MAdCAM‐1 down‐regulation entailing reduced lymphocyte margination and extravasation into the inflamed mucosa. Therefore, a combined treatment with reagents blocking T cell‐mediated perpetuation of chronic inflammation such as LTβR‐Ig together with direct anti‐inflammatory reagents such as TNF inhibitors could constitute a promising treatment strategy for chronic colitis.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Derived category of permutation modules and cohomological singularity

We consider the bounded derived category of finitely generated representations of a finite group, with coefficients in a noetherian commutative ring. We construct an invariant that detects which part of this derived category is controlled by permutation modules. This invariant uses group cohomology and takes values in the singularity category of the coefficient ring. We then discuss variants for big triangulated categories and propose a definition of the big derived category of permutation modules.

Field of study: Mathematics
Neonatal amygdala lesions: co-occurring impact on social/fear-related behavior and cocaine sensitization in adult rats.

Neurodevelopmental abnormalities of temporal-limbic structures may underlie both adult psychiatric syndromes and increased addiction vulnerability, leading to high frequencies of "dual diagnosis" disorders. Although the amygdala is implicated in various mental disorders and drug addiction, no studies have explored the impact of early developmental damage to the amygdala on phenotypes relating to mental illness and addictions as co-occurring processes. We tested rats with neonatal amygdala lesions (NAML) vs. SHAM-operated controls in a battery of tests--novel field activity, elevated plus maze (EPM), and social interaction (SI) at baseline and after odor and restraint stress--followed by measures of cocaine sensitization (15 mg/kg vs. saline x 5 days + challenge session 2 weeks later) and remeasurement of SI. NAMLs showed increased novelty-related locomotion, less fear responding in the EPM, and resistance to predator-odor- but not to restraint-induced suppression of SI. NAMLs also had elevated cocaine sensitization profiles, and cocaine history differentially affected subsequent SI in NAMLs compared with SHAMs. NAMLs may provide models for understanding a shared neurobiological basis for and complex interactions among psychiatric symptoms, drug exposure history, and addiction vulnerability.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Detection of Hg(II) in adsorption experiment by a lateral flow biosensor based on streptavidin-biotinylated DNA probes modified gold nanoparticles and smartphone reader.

The increased occurrence of Mercury (Hg II) contaminant has caused environmental and health concerns worldwide. Removal of Hg(II) from water is of significant interest, in particular if these can be coupled in a manner of detection. Here, a novel activated carbon (AC) adsorbent and a fast detection device to form a closed-cycle strategy was developed. The synthesis of conjugates of streptavidin-biotinylated DNA probes modified gold nanoparticle was used with lateral flow biosensors for Hg(II) detection. A quantification was completed via a self-developed smartphone app and its limit of detection was 2.53 nM. Moreover, AC was activated with a new activating agent of diammonium hydrogen phosphate. The adsorbent was characterized and determined to have an amorphous microporous structure with a high surface area (1076.5 m2 g-1) and demonstrated excellent removal efficiency (99.99%) and adsorption capacity (∼100 mg g-1) for Hg(II). The kinetics of the pseudo-second-order model and the mechanisms of electrostatic adsorption, ion exchange, and complex reactions are provided. The proposed closed-cycle strategy can be useful for early, fast, and mobile detection of Hg (II) pollution, followed by its effective removal during water treatment.

Field of study: Environmental science
Holographic microinterferometer with noise suppression.

Holographic microinterferometer with the noise suppression is presented. The noise suppression method proposed consists of synchronous deflection of both beams. The method is applied on every step of the holographic process as well as during holographic interferometric investigations. A significant increase in image quality was achieved in conjunction with a parallel increase in resolution. It has been experimentally demonstrated, that the applied method can suppress the coherent noise by at least one order of magnitude, depending on the initial noise level. For the case of a high initial noise level the improvement is greater than 2 orders of magnitude.

Field of study: Physics
A Capacity for Central Coordination: The Case of the Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet

For the Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet (PM&C) the year 1987 can now be seen as pivotal in marking a clear end to a period of transition in coordinating structures in the Australian Public Service (APS) that had lasted roughly 20 years. The abolition in 1987 of the Public Service Board, formerly a powerful coordinating agency, is the most obvious marker of the change. The PSB's departure left the Secretary of PM&C with a role that is now often described as ‘head of the public service’. More broadly, the 1987 changes to the machinery of government both formalised and enabled a sea-change in PM&C's role. Before 1987 a large policy initiation and development project would usually have been considered as beyond PM&C's scope. Since then, extensive and direct policy development work by PM&C has become common. The continuing debates have been over whether PM&C actually delivers in these roles (an empirical question) and how far it should play them (a normative issue). In this article we itemise the capacity, both continuing and developing, which PM&C has to support policy development. Traditional coordination mechanisms are an important part of this armoury and PM&C has long experience of most of them. However policy initiation and development calls for other tools which PM&C has had to develop over the past few decades. There is scope for conflict between the coordination and initiation/development roles. Understanding how a central agency like PM&C carries out each of them and balances the two can potentially contribute to debates on organisational design. 
 
 
 
We also address the normative issue: whether the growth of prime ministerial impact is a result of an increase in public service support or a cause of its increase (Walter and Strangio 2007) and whether it should be restrained. We accept that the new developments give prime ministers the capacity to oversee policy arenas where once they could not, but regard this as a consequence as much of demand from above as of ambition within the department.

Field of study: Political science
Dynamic Iterative Pursuit

For compressive sensing of dynamic sparse signals, we develop an iterative pursuit algorithm. A dynamic sparse signal process is characterized by varying sparsity patterns over time/space. For such signals, the developed algorithm is able to incorporate sequential predictions, thereby providing better compressive sensing recovery performance, but not at the cost of high complexity. Through experimental evaluations, we observe that the new algorithm exhibits a graceful degradation at deteriorating signal conditions while capable of yielding substantial performance gains as conditions improve.

Field of study: Engineering
Relation of Radiometric Age of Granitic Rocks near Calais, Maine, to the Time of Acadian Orogeny

Mineral and whole-rock ages by both K-Ar and Rb-Sr methods confirm an age of about 400 m.y. for the Red Beach and associated granites near Calais, Maine. Initial Sr 87 /Sr 86 is 0.712. Field relations in the area show that the Red Beach is post-early Lower Devonian and pre-Upper Devonian. Paleontologic-radiometric correlations elsewhere in the northern region suggest a period of intrusive activity in early-middle Lower Devonian. Evidence is accumulating that this igneous episode is fairly widespread in the northern Appalachians and is identifiable well beyond experimental error from the later and more pervasive episode at 360 m.y. associated with the main phase of Acadian orogeny.

Field of study: Geology
Control of Laser Welding Distortion of Thin Stainless Steel Plate

In order to predict welding distortion of thin stainless steel plate,some measures were taken to reduce the welding distortion according to predictive values.Firstly,the residual plastic strain under the conditions of the rigid constraints,the combining action of rigid constraints and reverse deformation in the process of welding was analyzed.Using the theory of residual plastic strain to calculate the welding distortion,then the calculated value was taken as the predeformation to design special fixture.The equal reverse deformation on the workpiece was proposed before welding,and the welded workpiece was measured using CMM after laser welding test.The results show that the workpiece welded under the conditions of rigid constraints and reverse deformation can significantly reduce the welding distortion,and the measured value is basically consistent with the calculated value,and meets the requirement of the welding.The theory of residual plastic strain can be used to predict the distortion of simple components,and the reverse deformation is an effective method for controlling the welding distortion.

Field of study: Materials science
Median Matrix Completion: from Embarrassment to Optimality

In this paper, we consider matrix completion with absolute deviation loss and obtain an estimator of the median matrix. Despite several appealing properties of median, the non-smooth absolute deviation loss leads to computational challenge for large-scale data sets which are increasingly common among matrix completion problems. A simple solution to large-scale problems is parallel computing. However, embarrassingly parallel fashion often leads to inefficient estimators. Based on the idea of pseudo data, we propose a novel refinement step, which turns such inefficient estimators into a rate (near-)optimal matrix completion procedure. The refined estimator is an approximation of a regularized least median estimator, and therefore not an ordinary regularized empirical risk estimator. This leads to a non-standard analysis of asymptotic behaviors. Empirical results are also provided to confirm the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Field of study: Computer science
The Role of Parental Involvement on the Fourth Grade Students' Achievement in English Language in Public Schools in Jordan

The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of parental involvement in the classroom on the fourth grade students' achievement in English Language in public schools in Jordan. To achieve the purpose of the study, a pre/post-test was constructed to measure students' achievement in English language. The test consisted of fifteen items on English language The sample of the study consisted of (56) fourth grade students in Al Baraa School for boys and Marj Al Hamam School for girls in Amman enrolled in the second semester in the academic year 2015/2016. The sample was distributed into two sections, which were selected purposefully (experimental group and control group). The experimental group's parents were involved while the control groups' parents were not involved in their children's educational process. The sample of the study was (30) students in the experimental group and (26) students in the control group. Descriptive statistical analyses were used (Means and Standard Deviation) for the pre and post- tests of students' English language test to experimental and control groups. Means, standard deviations and t-test were used to measure the students' achievement in English language. The findings of the study indicated that there were statistically significant differences in the post- test between the control and the experimental groups in favor of the experimental group. The researcher proposed some recommendations to enhance the importance of parental involvement on students' achievement in English language such as conducting further studies on other populations and for a longer time.  Parental involvement, Achievement in English language

Field of study: Education
Inverse Spin Hall Effect in SNS Josephson Junctions

We consider DC supercurrents in SNS junctions. Spin-orbit coupling in combination with Zeeman fields can induce an effective vector potential in the normal conductor. As a consequence, an out-of-plane spin-density varying along the transverse direction causes a longitudinal phase difference between the superconducting terminals. The resulting equilibrium phase coherent supercurrent is analogue to the non-equilibrium inverse spin Hall effect in normal conductors. We explicitly compute the effect for the Rashba spin orbit coupling in a disordered two-dimensional electron gas with an inhomogeneous perpendicular Zeeman field.

Field of study: Physics
MO‐D‐BRA‐02: Image‐Guided Drug Delivery Developments in Cancer

Rapid advancement in cancerimaging is giving the phrase “seek and destroy” new meaning in the discovery and treatment of cancer. Hybridization of imaging technologies provides high‐resolution visualization of cancer needed to direct tissue‐ablating ultrasound or to guide localized catheter deposition of chemotherapeutic release matrices. The use of Nanomedicine probes, envisioned for almost two decades, have now begun to reach the clinic, promising sensitive image‐based detection, characterization and quantification of cancer in combination with delivering classic chemotherapeutics or newer DNA and RNA‐based treatments. Collectively, these novel image‐guideddrug delivery approaches present a unique opportunity to personalize and focus cancer management strategies toward improved clinical outcomes with reduced morbidity. While the path from bench to patient is challenging, the vision of what can be achieved is evolving in animalmodels and patients alike. In a world economy in which human and economic resources are increasingly precious and pharmaceutical development risk remains high, image‐guideddrug delivery presents an unprecedented opportunity for academic, government, and private sectors to collaborate and to accelerate the clinical translation pace of these high impact technologies.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Government targets for protected area management: will threatened butterflies benefit?

The UK Government has set targets for biodiversity conservation in England based on several indicators, including the status of protected areas [e.g. Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSIs)]. Specifically, the Government aims to achieve favourable condition [defined by Common Standards Monitoring (CSM)] on 95% by area of SSSIs by 2010. SSSIs are important for threatened butterflies and management to achieve favourable condition will play a key role in determining future population levels of these high-profile insects. Because only notified features of SSSIs are considered within CSM, we investigated the level of notification for three threatened butterflies. We found that these species were notified at only 15–33% of SSSIs where they occurred; though most site managers did manage for them under broader site conservation objectives. We investigated the relationship between SSSI condition status and population trend for eight butterfly species of conservation concern to assess the benefit to butterflies of sites attaining favourable condition status. The majority (80%) of population trends on SSSIs in favourable condition were positive, suggesting an overall beneficial impact of SSSI management. However, four of the eight species maintained lower populations at favourable condition SSSIs than at sites in one of the unfavourable condition categories. We suggest that current condition assessment based chiefly on notified vegetation communities lacks the sensitivity to identify the complex habitat conditions for these (mosaic) species. As butterflies are good indictors for a wide range of invertebrates, many species requiring fine-scale habitat heterogeneity may be at risk from the Government’s target.

Field of study: Environmental science
A growth property in concave-convex hamiltonian systems

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses a growth property in concave-convex Hamiltonian systems. The analysis of the stability of Hamiltonian dynamical systems in various economic models depends on the curvature of the Hamiltonian function at a rest point of the system or, equivalently, on growth properties involving gradients or subgradients. The chapter presents a general property pointing in particular to a simplification of conditions assumed by Cass and Shell. In the paper of Cass and Shell, a certain global growth property of H (a Hamiltonian) is implicit in the conditions they impose on the underlying technology.

Field of study: Economics
The stability and aggregation of ovine prion protein associated with classical and atypical scrapie correlates with the ease of unwinding of helix-2.

Susceptibility to scrapie disease in sheep, the archetypal prion disease, correlates with polymorphisms within the ovine PrP (prion-related protein) gene. The VRQ (Val136Arg154Gln171) and AL141RQ (Ala136Leu141Arg154Gln171) allelic variants are associated with classical scrapie, whereas the ARR (Ala136Arg154Arg171), AF141RQ (Ala136Phe141Arg154Gln171) and AHQ (Ala136His154Gln171) allelic variants are associated with atypical scrapie. Recent studies have suggested that there are differences in the stability of PrPSc (abnormal disease-specific conformation of PrP) associated with these different forms of scrapie. To address which structural features of ovine PrP may contribute to this difference, in the present study we have investigated the conformational stability and susceptibility to aggregation of allelic variants of ovine PrP associated with classical or atypical scrapie. We find that the melting temperature of ovine recombinant VRQ and AL141RQ PrP is higher than that of AF141RQ, AHQ and ARR. In addition, monoclonal-antibody studies show that the region around helix-1 of VRQ and AL141RQ is less accessible compared with other ovine PrP allelic variants. Furthermore, the extent of both the structural change to copper-ion-treatment and denaturant-induced aggregation was reduced in PrP associated with atypical scrapie compared with PrP associated with classical scrapie. Through the use of molecular dynamics simulations we have found that these biochemical and biophysical properties of ovine PrP correlate with the ease of unwinding of helix-2 and a concurrent conformational change of the helix-2-helix-3 loop. These results reveal significant differences in the overall stability and potential for aggregation of different allelic variants of ovine PrP and consequently have implications for the differences in stability of PrPSc associated with classical and atypical scrapie.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Overlapped woodpile photonic crystals.

Woodpile photonic crystals are derived from a diamond lattice by modification of the unit cell according to layer-by-layer fabrication convenience. The fabrication may be simplified even more if the overlap between adjacent layers is allowed. Here we describe the fabrication of such an overlapped-woodpile crystal. Its optical characteristics are studied numerically, and the existence of a photonic bandgap for specific parameters is demonstrated.

Field of study: Physics
Integrated energy-water-land nexus planning to guide national policy: an example from Uruguay

Despite broad consensus on the benefits of a nexus approach to multi-sector planning, actual implementation in government and other decision-making institutions is still rare. This study presents an approach to conducting integrated energy-water-land (EWL) planning, using Uruguay as an example. This stakeholder-driven study focuses on assessing the EWL nexus implications of actual planned policies aimed at strengthening three of Uruguay's key exports (beef, soy, and rice), which account for more than 40% of total national export revenue. Five scenarios are analyzed in the study: a reference scenario, a climate impacts scenario, and three policy scenarios. The three policy scenarios include measures such as increasing the intensity of beef production while simultaneously decreasing emissions, increasing irrigated soybean production, and improving rice yields. This study supplements previous sector-specific planning efforts in Uruguay by conducting the first stakeholder-driven integrated multi-sector assessment of planned policies in Uruguay using a suite of integrated modeling tools. Key insights from the study are: as compared to a reference scenario, improving beef productivity could lead to cropland expansion (+30%) and significant indirect increases in water requirements (+20%); improving rice yields could lead to increases in total emissions (+3%), which may partially offset emissions reductions from other policies; expanding irrigated soy could have the least EWL impacts amongst the policies studied; and climate-driven changes could have significantly less impact on EWL systems as compared to human actions. The generalizable insights derived from this analysis are readily applicable to other countries facing similar multi-sector planning challenges. In particular, the study's results reinforce the fact that policies often have multi-sector consequences, and thus policies can impact one another's efficacy. Thus, policy design and implementation can benefit from coordination across sectors and decision-making institutions.

Field of study: Environmental science
Distributed optical fiber Raman temperature sensor with amplifier

This paper expatiates on the theory of a distributed infrared optical fiber Raman temperature sensor on the infrared double wavelength with a Er doped waveguide amplifier.For restraining the amplifier ASE increase and the temperature excursion accumulation and the anti-Stokes back-scattering intermingling with the Rayleigh back scattering,it thinks over what to demodulate on the basis of the newly acquired temperature curves and two pending standard temperature curves.It advances the temperature precision to ±0.1 ℃ and system stability,it reduces the cost and has the consistency of theory and test.

Field of study: Physics