nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Fe(III) nucleation in the presence of bivalent cations and oxyanions leads to subnanoscale 7 Å polymers.

Highly disordered Fe(III) phases formed in the presence of bivalent cations and oxyanions represent important components of the global Fe cycle due to their potential for rapid turnover and their critical roles in controlling the speciation of major and trace elements. However, a poor understanding of the formation pathway and structure of these Fe phases has prevented assessments of their thermodynamic properties and biogeochemical reactivity. In this work, we derive structural models for the Fe(III)-As(V)-Ca and Fe(III)-P-Ca polymers formed from Fe(II) oxidation and Fe(III) polymerization in the presence of As(V)/P and Ca. The polymer phase consists of a less than 7 Å coherent network of As(V)/P coordinated to Fe(III) polyhedra, with varying amounts of Ca bound directly and indirectly to the oxyanion. This phase forms at the onset of Fe(II) oxidation and, because of its large oxyanion:Fe solids ratio, depletes the oxyanion concentration with only small amounts of Fe. Our results demonstrate that when a steady supply of Fe(III) is provided from an Fe(II) source, these Fe(III) polymers, which dominate oxyanion uptake, form with little dependence on the initial oxyanion concentration. The formation mechanisms and structures of the oxyanion-rich Fe(III) polymers determined in this study enable future thermodynamic investigations of these phases, which are required to model the interrelated biogeochemical cycles of Fe, As(V)/P, and Ca.

Field of study: Environmental science
Age Determinations in the Precambrian of Arizona and Nevada

Sr 87 -Rb 87 and Ar 40 -K 40 ages were determined from samples of Precambrian rocks from western Arizona, southern Nevada, and southwestern Utah. These and similar ages measured by other workers from rocks of a geographically contiguous region of California, Nevada, and Arizona and from widely distributed localities in Utah, Arizona, and Sonora, Mexico, indicate that the older Precambrian basement throughout the far southwestern United States was involved in an episode of metamorphism and plutonism 1600–1800 m.y. ago. Well-documented ages of 1350–1450 m.y. are not as extensive as previously thought. An isolated pluton that has an age of 1060 m.y. intruded the older metamorphic terrane in southern Nevada, which indicates that some of the plutonism in the far southwestern United States is later Precambrian.

Field of study: Geology
Evaluation of efficacy of Amitriptyline vs. Gabapentin in diabetic peripheral neuropathy

The management of patients with Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is challenging and often difficult to treat with current drug regime.  To compare efficacy of Amitriptyline and Gabapentin in DPN.  Patient screening and recruitment were carried out with diagnosis of DPN based on clinical history, complete physical examination and Michigan Neuropathy Scoring Instrument (MNSI) in this unicentric, prospective, open labeled, study with two parallel treatment arms. Following selection and recruitment, 100 adults aged 18 years and more, having MNSI score above 4 and Physical assessment part score above 2, were randomly assigned into two groups viz. Group A received oral Amitriptyline and Group B received oral Gabapentin for a duration of 12 weeks. The patients were examined four times during the study period. After the baseline visit, patients were asked to report at subsequent visits at 4 weeks interval up to 12 weeks. Efficacy was measured by using 11-point numeric pain rating scale and MNSI score.  On comparing both the treatment groups, the mean pain score reduction as per 11-point numeric pain rating scale was statistically significant at 4 weeks (p= 0.0025), 8 weeks (p=0.0109) and 12 weeks (p=0.0412) in between the two groups. This study shows statistically significant difference in reduction in mean pain score between the two groups. It was seen that Gabapentin reduces pain more significantly than amitriptyline at 4, 8 and 12 weeks (p<0.05) as per NPRS scale assessed on NPRS scale and PPR (4-point scale) across the time while Amitriptyline was associated with more adverse effects.  Our study shows that Gabapentin relieves pain faster than amitriptyline with lesser adverse drug reaction.

Field of study: Medicine
Adaptive filtering using quantized output measurements

A normalized stochastic gradient adaptive filtering algorithm based on a finite impulse response (FIR) model is discussed. The algorithm identifies the system exactly, given only coarsely quantized output measurements. A description of the quantizer is included in the overall input-output model, and the scheme exploits an approximation of the derivative of the quantizer. Using an associated differential equation, global convergence is established to a zero output error (except for possible colored measurement disturbances) parameter setting or to the boundary of the model set.

Field of study: Engineering
The Effect of Sector Economic Growth on the Performance of Employment and Welfare of People

The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of Sectoral economic growth on labor absorption, analyze the effect of economic growth on the welfare of society, analysis the influence of labor absorption on community welfare. The analysis technique used in this research is path analysis. This analysis was developed as a method to study the effect directly or indirectly from independent variable to dependent variable. The results showed that the growth of the primary sector, and the secondary directly affect the absorption of labor, while the service sector has no effect on the absorption of labor. Then the growth of the secondary sector and the service sector directly affects the welfare of the community and indirectly affect the welfare of the people through the absorption of labor.

Field of study: Business
Researches on Grid Security Authentication Algorithm in Cloud Computing

Focusing on multi-machine distributed computing security problems in cloud computing, the paper has proposed a grid distributed parallel authentication model based on trusted computing, which can realize simultaneous verification of grid authentication and grid behavior on upper layer of SSL and TLS protocols. Adaptive grid authentication method is established applying adaptive stream cipher framework; an adaptive stream cipher heuristic code generator and k-means heuristic behavior trust query function is proposed and acted as authentication kernel. Through comparison of the test results of TLS and SSL authentication protocol and the new grid authentication method, the effectiveness of the new grid authentication method has been explained.

Field of study: Computer science
Nogo-B Promotes Angiogenesis in Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy via VEGF/PI3K/Akt Pathway in an Autocrine Manner

Nogo-B, a conservative protein of endoplasmic reticulum, is a member of the reticulon family of proteins. Proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) is the major concerning problem of diabetic retinopathy. This study explored the role of Nogo-B in the regulation of angiogenesis in PDR patients and primary human retinal endothelial cells (HRMECs).  Nogo-B was down-regulated through the use of Lentivirus-NogoB-RNAi, the effects of Nogo-B on angiogenesis under high glucose stimulation were evaluated via CCK-8 assay, wound closure assay, transwell assay, and tube formation assay. Expression of Nogo-B, VEGF, PI3K and Akt were determined by western blotting, immunofluorescence, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Co-culture systerm was used to explore cell communication.  Nogo-B was highly enriched in ocular tissues of PDR patients and in HRMECs exposed to high glucose. Down-regulation of Nogo-B attenuated high glucose induced cell migration and tube formation in HRMECs. Mechanistically, in comparison with the negative control group, Lentivirus-NogoB-RNAi group had exhibited reduced VEGF secretion, weakened PI3K and Akt activation. Besides, high glucose treatment promoted the secretion of Nogo-B and presented as a “long-term memory”.  These data collectively indicated that Nogo-B promoted angiogenesis in HRMECs via VEGF/PI3K/Akt pathway in an autocrine manner.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Soft sensor modeling method based on secondary variables KNN analysis

A soft sensor modeling method based on the K-nearest neighbors method (KNN) was proposed.This method applied KNN to secondary variables classification and used the classified result, principal component analysis (KPCA) and support vector machine (SVR) to establish a model for soft measurement.KNN analysis was independent of the correlated regression model, but directly affected the model structure.Via KPCA as a middle layer, under the instruction of assorted result of the kernel function, the method was able to capture the high-ordered principal components among the secondary variables, and use SVR to establish a correlated regression model between the featured principal components and the primary variable.The proposed KKS method was used in soft sensor modeling for the end point of crude gasoline.Compared with the models of linear PLS, RBF-SVR and KPCA-SVM, the result obtained by the KNN-KPCA-SVR (KKS) approach showed better estimation accuracy and was more extendable.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Particle simulation of P-band hybrid MILO

With the 2.5D fully electromagnetic particle-in-cell code,a P-band hybrid magnetically insulated transmission line oscillator(MILO) was proposed and investigated by using the advantages of both tapered MILO and load-limited MILO.For the hybrid MILO,one extractor vane is taken place by three ones with tapered depth to form a taper section in the load-limited MILO.This provides a better match between the electric field of the main slow wave structure and the electric field of the output coaxial transmission line in order to increase the output microwave power.The simulation results show that a 640 MHz,4.27 GW high power microwave in TEM mode can be obtained when the beam energy is 550 keV and current is about 57 kA.The efficiency is about 13.6%.The MILO starts to oscillate at 4 ns,and the nonlinear saturation of the device occurs at about 6 ns.The total length of the P-band hybrid MILO device is about 47 cm and its diameter is about 44 cm.

Field of study: Physics
The Effectiveness of Mindfulness-based Cognitive Therapy on Sleep Quality of Students with Social Anxiety Disorder

Anxiety disorders are usually accompanied with sleep disorders. Since limited studies have focused on the effectiveness of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) on anxiety-related problems such as sleep disorders, the current research was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of this intervention on sleep problems. 
 This study was a clinical trial with control and treatment groups. The sample consisted of 24 university students diagnosed with social anxiety disorder (SAD). Social Interaction Anxiety Scale (SIAS) and Pitts-burgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) were used to assess the dependent variables. There were measurements during pre-test, post-test, and follow-up stages. 
Results: The treatment could significantly improve the anxiety and sleeping problems in patients with social anxiety. Assessing the aspects of sleep quality showed that the intervention could improve the subjective aspects, latency, dis-turbance, and daily dysfunctions of sleep effectively; however, there was no significant effect on the duration of sleep, taking sleep medications, or sleep efficiency. 
 Mindfulness treatment could be used for improving sleep quality in patients with social anxiety. This treatment could also improve the aspects of sleep quality which are related to sleep threshold.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Metallierte Stickstoffderivate der Kohlensäure, in der organischen Synthese, XV. 2‐Azaallylanionen aus N‐(Benzyl)imidodithiokohlensäure‐, N‐(Benzyl)imidomonothiokohlensäure‐ und N‐(Benzyl)imidokohlensäure‐dialkylestern als Benzylaminanion‐Äquivalente

N-(Benzyl)imidodithiokohlensaure-S,S′-dimethylester (4a) wurde mit Kalium-tert-butoxid (in THF) oder mit Butyllithium (in THF/HMPTA/Hexan) zum 2-Azaallylanion 7a deprotoniert. Die Alkylierung von 7a ergibt Mischungen der α- und γ-Substitutionsprodukte 11a und 14a. Das Anion 7b (erhalten aus dem S,S′-Diethylester 4b) hingegen wird durch Elektrophile mit hoher Regioselektivitat in α-Stellung zu lib substituiert und ist daher als Syntheseaquivalent fur ein α-Benzylaminanion 1 nutzbar. Die schwacher aciden O,O′- und O,S-Dialkylderivate 5 und 6 liesen sich ebenfalls zu 2-Azaallylanionen 8 und 9 deprotonieren. Sie werden ausschlieslich zu 12 und 13 alkyliert und silyliert. - Lithiumdiisopropylamid abstrahiert in 4a unter kinetischer Kontrolle bevorzugt ein Proton aus den S-Methylgruppen; das intermediare Lithiumchelat 21 wurde als Silan 23 (im Gemisch mit 14aa) abgefangen. - Einige weitere Metallierungsexperimente wurden mit den Iminen 11aa, 11ab, 32a und 32b ausgefuhrt, um die Anwendungsbreite der Reaktion abzugrenzen. 
 
 
 
Metalated Nitrogen Derivatives of Carbonic Acid in Organic Synthesis, XV. - 2-Azaallyl Anions from Dialkyl N-(Benzyl)imidodithiocarbonates, -monothiocarbonates, and -carbonates as α-Benzylamine Anion Equivalents2,3) 
 
 
 
S,S′-Dimethyl N-(benzyl)imidodithiocarbonate (4a) was deprotonated by means of potassium tert-butoxide in THF or butyllithium in THF/HMPTA/hexane to give the 2-azaallyl anion 7a Its alkylation yields mixtures of the α- and γ-substitution products 11a and 14a. In contrast, anion 7b, obtained from the S.S′-diethyl derivative 4b, is trapped by electrophiles predominantly in α-position, yielding 11b with high regioselectivity. Thus 4b constitutes a synthetic equivalent for α-metalated benzylamine 1. The less acidic O,O′- and O,S-dialkyl derivatives 5 or 6 were also deprotonated and alkylated to give only α-adducts 12 or 13 via anions 8 or 9. - Lithium diisopropylamide under kinetic control predominantly abstracts a proton from an S-methyl group of 4a. The intermediate lithium compound 21 was trapped as silane 23 (besides 14aa). - Some further deprotonation experiments were also performed with the imino compounds 11aa, 11ab, 32a, and 32b in order to explore the scope of the metalation reaction.

Field of study: Chemistry
Evidence for a chemically differentiated outflow in Mrk 231

Our goal is to study the chemical composition of the outflows of active galactic nuclei and starburst galaxies.  We obtained high-resolution interferometric observations of HCN and HCO+ J = 1 -> 0 and J = 2 -> 1 of the ultraluminous infrared galaxy Mrk 231 with the IRAM Plateau de Bure Interferometer. We also use previously published observations of HCN and HCO+ J = 1 -> 0 and J = 3 -> 2, and HNC J = 1 -> 0 in the same source.  In the line wings of the HCN, HCO+, and HNC emission, we find that these three molecular species exhibit features at distinct velocities which differ between the species. The features are not consistent with emission lines of other molecular species. Through radiative transfer modelling of the HCN and HCO+ outflow emission we find an average abundance ratio X(HCN) = X(HCO+) greater than or similar to 1000. Assuming a clumpy outflow, modelling of the HCN and HCO+ emission produces strongly inconsistent outflow masses.  Both the anti-correlated outflow features of HCN and HCO+ and the different outflow masses calculated from the radiative transfer models of the HCN and HCO+ emission suggest that the outflow is chemically differentiated. The separation between HCN and HCO+ could be an indicator of shock fronts present in the outflow, since the HCN/HCO+ ratio is expected to be elevated in shocked regions. Our result shows that studies of the chemistry in large-scale galactic outflows can be used to better understand the physical properties of these outflows and their effects on the interstellar medium in the galaxy.

Field of study: Physics
Tomato roots have a functional silicon influx transporter, but not a functional silicon efflux transporter.

Silicon (Si) accumulation in shoots differs greatly with plant species, but the molecular mechanisms for this interspecific difference are unknown. Here, we isolated homologous genes of rice Si influx (SlLsi1) and efflux (SlLsi2) transporter genes in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) and functionally characterized these genes. SlLsi1 showed transport activity for Si when expressed in both rice lsi1 mutant and Xenopus laevis oocytes. SlLsi1 was constitutively expressed in the roots. Immunostaining showed that SlLsi1 was localized at the plasma membrane of both root tip and basal region without polarity. Furthermore, overexpression of SlLsi1 in tomato increased Si concentration in the roots and root cell sap, but did not alter the Si concentration in the shoots. By contrast, two Lsi2-like proteins did not show efflux transport activity for Si in Xenopus oocytes. However, when functional CsLsi2 from cucumber was expressed in tomato, the Si uptake was significantly increased, resulting in higher Si accumulation in leaves and enhanced tolerance of leaves to water deficit and high temperature. Our results suggest that the low Si accumulation in tomato is attributed to the lack of functional Si efflux transporter Lsi2 required for active Si uptake although SlLsi1 is functional.

Field of study: Environmental science
Getting the Most Out of Image: An Example from the Fast-Food Industry

Using a fast-food industry example, this study was designed to illustrate how a marketing practitioner might use a model of the brand choice process to identify a brand's optimal image, that is, an image which would be expected to maximize that brand's share. 219 upper-divisional college students expressed their beliefs about three fast-food restaurants, plus their preferred restaurant, and what constituted their ideal restaurant on 15 attributes. Also, they indicated the relative importance of each attribute. Using their image data, we then chose a brand-choice model to identify those changes in image that would be expected to maximize (and minimize) each restaurant's share of market.

Field of study: Psychology
Association-Motor Investigation in Clinical Psychiatry

1. By modifying Luria's association-motor technique, an apparatus and method has been devised suitable for use in the everyday clinical practice of psychiatry.

2. This method of objectively studying emotion has been applied to 100 controls and 297 psychiatric cases.

3. Several illustrative association-motor records and tables summarizing the results of this investigation have been presented and discussed.

4. Association-motor studies have a definite place in the examination and treatment of psychiatric cases. They are of psycho-therapeutic value, since patients often accept psychogenic factors more readily when presented in an objective, graphic form.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
RF optimization design of a 750 keV radio frequency quadrupole injector

The RF design of a 201.25 MHz,750 keV RFQ injector is described.A four-rod structure is chosen for the RF design.The essential parameters are obtained from the beam dynamics design.The structure parameters,including the height,width,thickness,distance,shape of supporting arms,radius of outer cavity,are optimized by numerical simulation.When the inter-electrode voltage is 80 kV,the peak power loss is 115.95 kW,the dipole factor is 1.004 and the field flatness is within 3.5%.The result of the RF structure design satisfies the physics requirement well.

Field of study: Physics
Blonde and Blue-Eyed? Globalizing Beauty, c.1945-c.1980

This article examines the globalization of the beauty industry between 1945 and 1980. This industry grew quickly. Firms employed marketing and marketing strategies to diffuse products and brands internationally, despite business, economic, and cultural obstacles to globalization. The process was difficult and complex. The globalization of toiletries proceeded faster than cosmetics, skin care, and hair care. By 1980, strong differences remained among consumer markets. Although American influence was strong, it was already evident that globalization had not resulted in the creation of a stereotyped American blonde and blue-eyed female beauty ideal as the world standard, although it had significantly narrowed the range of variation in beauty and hygiene ideals.

Field of study: Economics, History
The Internet of Things: A survey

This paper addresses the Internet of Things. Main enabling factor of this promising paradigm is the integration of several technologies and communications solutions. Identification and tracking technologies, wired and wireless sensor and actuator networks, enhanced communication protocols (shared with the Next Generation Internet), and distributed intelligence for smart objects are just the most relevant. As one can easily imagine, any serious contribution to the advance of the Internet of Things must necessarily be the result of synergetic activities conducted in different fields of knowledge, such as telecommunications, informatics, electronics and social science. In such a complex scenario, this survey is directed to those who want to approach this complex discipline and contribute to its development. Different visions of this Internet of Things paradigm are reported and enabling technologies reviewed. What emerges is that still major issues shall be faced by the research community. The most relevant among them are addressed in details.

Field of study: Computer science
Testing and Analysis on Static and Dynamic Mechanical Properties of Magnesium Alloy Loading Wheel

The static and dynamic mechanical properties of AZ80 loading wheel(along with the direction of the radial direction of plate into 0°, 45°, and 90°) samples were tested on split Hopkinson pressure bar and Gleeble testing machine. The results show that the stress-strain curves exhibit elasto-plastic characteristics and strain hardening behavior in the experimental range. AZ80 alloy has a positive effect on strain rate. For three directions from 10-3s-1to 3×10-3s-1,the maximum stress increases an average of 51.4% and the maximum strain increases an average of 124.6%. The mechanical behavior has obvious anisotropy at high and low strain rate. The strain rate sensitivity coefficient at 0°, 45° and 90° direction is 0.00669, 0.03189 and 0.03004, respectively.

Field of study: Materials science