nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
A Phonetic Account of the Current Inventory and Ongoing Changes of Korean Diphthongs

This research attempts to explain the current inventory and ongoing monophthongizing changes of Korean diphthongs on the basis of Ohala's (1992; 1993) phonetic explanation models of sound change and restrictions on sound sequences. This paper claims that in the history of Korean, perceptual factors have played an important role in the selection and shaping of diphthongs. To support this argument, perceptual distances between the component segments of all the combinationally possible diphthongal sequences of Korean are calculated. It is shown that the seven least acoustically-modulated and perceptually-salient diphthongal sequences are either nonexistent in the diphthongal inventory or presently undergoing monophthongization in Korean. This paper also shows that the phonetic, perceptual account of diphthongal cooccurrence restrictions in Korean is more effective and principled than the OCP-based phonological account.

Field of study: Linguistics
Photon-echo novelty filter for measuring a sudden change in index of refraction.

An optical novelty filter with phase-conjugate photon echoes is constructed to measure a sudden change in the index of refraction of a transparent medium. This novelty filter is set up as a Michelson interferometer and employs a europium-doped crystal as a phase-conjugate mirror. The filter is sensitive to the sudden change in index of refraction when the phase-conjugate echo experiences a different path length from the first laser excitation pulse in a photon-echo experiment. Using a Pockels cell as a pure phase modulator, we demonstrate that the filter can resolve a sudden phase change occurring on a nanosecond time scale with an accuracy and resolution close to 5°.

Field of study: Physics
Tunable Mechanical Properties of Ti-Zr-Ni-Cr-V Amorphous Ribbons via Different Melt Spinning Speeds during Rapid Solidification Process

In this paper, the effects of different melt spinning speeds on the mechanical properties of (TiZr)0.5(Ni0.6Cr0.1V0.1)2.1 amorphous ribbons were studied. Tensile tests of the specimens were used to investigate mechanical behavior and mechanical properties of amorphous ribbons. The effects of cooling rate on the glass transition temperature of amorphous ribbons was discussed. The correlation between the microstructure of serrated flow behavior in stress-strain curves and melt spinning speeds of ribbons was also evaluated. In addition, when the spinning speed was 45 m/s, a large number of dense and uniform dimples appeared on the fractured surface of the specimens. Furthermore, characteristics of serrated flow behavior were obvious, which meant that Ti-Zr-Ni-Cr-V amorphous ribbons showed minor plastic behavior. It is assumed that the influence of free volume led to a serrated flow behavior of the amorphous materials, and made the amorphous material exhibit partially plastic properties. Increasing the strain rate sensitivity meant the free volume increased with the increasing spinning speed. Tensile strength (σb) and elongation (δ) of samples exhibited a dramatic increasing trend with an increase in the spinning speed. In particular, Ti-Zr-Ni-Cr-V amorphous ribbons showed better mechanical properties, namely the tensile strength of the amorphous ribbon samples significantly increased from 321 MPa at a spinning speed of 30 m/s to 675 MPa at a speed of 45 m/s. The elongation increased from 0.53% at a speed of 30 m/s to 1.29% at a speed of 45 m/s.

Field of study: Materials science
Weighted least-squares implementation of Cohen-Posch time-frequency distributions with specified conditional and joint moment constraints

A positivity constrained iterative weighted least-squares (WLS) method for constructing non-negative joint time-frequency distributions (i.e., Cohen-Posch (1985) TFDs) satisfying marginal, joint moment, conditional moment, and generalized marginal constraints, is developed. The new algorithm solves the "leakage" problem of the least-squares approach and is computationally faster. It is also more computationally efficient than the MCE implementation of these constraints developed by Loughlin, Pitton, and Atlas (1994).

Field of study: Engineering
An investigation of theL2-L3 Coster-Kronig transition probability for 63≦Z≦96

total transition probabilityf23 for theL2-L3 Coster-Kronig transition probability atZ=80, 81, 82, and 92 was measured withLα x-ray coincidences between high resolution Si(Li) and Ge(HP) x-ray detectors and a dual-parameter multichannel coincidence system. TheLα gating technique for observing theK x-ray coincidence spectrum was carefully checked and found to be equivalent to the method of observing theL x-ray spectrum with
$$K_{\alpha _ } $$
 gates, when proper corrections are applied. The values off23 found are 0.123±0.012, 0.109±0.011, 0.105±0.011, and 0.146±0.018 atZ=80, 81, 82, and 92, respectively. These values, together with all previously published values in the region 57≦Z≦96, are critically evaluated and a group of “best values” selected for comparison with theory. The agreement is quite good in the region 63≦Z≦83. The independentparticle model employing a Green-Sellin-Zachor potential used by Chen and Crasemann predicts values off23 which are too large compared with experiment in the high-Z region, whereas the theoretical predictions of McGuire using an approximate Herman-Skilman potential are too low. However, the screened nonrelativistic hydrogenic results of Chen, Crasemann, and Kostroun are in satisfactory agreement with the experiments. The experimental result atZ=92 indicates that theL2-L3M4 transition is at or below threshold and contributes little or no intensity to the value of f23.

Field of study: Physics
The role of public policies in reducing smoking prevalence in California: results from the California tobacco policy simulation model.

Tobacco control policies are examined utilizing a simulation model for California, the state with the longest running comprehensive program. We assess the impact of the California Tobacco Control Program (CTCP) and surrounding price changes on smoking prevalence and smoking-attributable deaths. Modeling begins in 1988 and progresses chronologically to 2004, and considers four types of policies (taxes, mass media, clean air laws, and youth access policies) independently and as a package. The model is validated against existing smoking prevalence estimates. The difference in trends between predicted smoking rates from the model and other commonly used estimates of smoking prevalence for the overall period were generally small. The model also predicted some important changes in trend, which occurred with changes in policy. The California SimSmoke model estimates that tobacco control policies reduced smoking rates in California by an additional 25% relative to the level that they would have been if policies were kept at their 1988 level. By 2004, the model attributes 59% of the reduction to price increases, 28% of the overall effect to media policies, 11% to clean air laws, and only a small percent to youth access policies. The model estimates that over 5000 lives will be saved in the year 2010 alone as a result of the CTCP and industry-initiated price increases, and that over 50,000 lives were saved over the period 1988-2010. Tobacco control policies implemented as comprehensive tobacco control strategies have significantly impacted smoking rates. Further tax increases should lead to additional lives saved, and additional policies may result in further impacts on smoking rates, and consequently on smoking-attributable health outcomes in the population.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Interactions of Streptomyces griseus aminopeptidase with a methionine product analogue: a structural study at 1.53 A resolution.

SGAP is an aminopeptidase present in the extracellular fluid of Streptomyces griseus cultures. It is a double-zinc enzyme with a strong preference for large hydrophobic amino-terminus residues. It is a monomeric (30 kDa) heat-stable enzyme, with a high and efficient catalytic activity modulated by calcium ions. The small size, high activity and heat stability make SGAP a very attractive enzyme for various biotechnological applications. Only one other related aminopeptidase (Aeromonas proteolytica AP; AAP) has been structurally analyzed to date and its structure was shown to be considerably similar to SGAP, despite the low sequence homology between the two enzymes. The motivation for the detailed structural analysis of SGAP originated from a strong mechanistic interest in the family of double-zinc aminopeptidases, combined with the high potential applicability of these enzymes. The 1.75 A crystallographic structure of native SGAP has been previously reported, but did not allow critical mechanistic interpretations owing to inconclusive structural regions around the active site. A more accurate structure of SGAP at 1.58 A resolution is reported in this paper, along with the 1.53 A resolution structure of the SGAP complex with inhibitory methionine, which is also a product of the SGAP catalytic process. These two high-resolution structures enable a better understanding of the SGAP binding mode of both substrates and products. These studies allowed the tracing of the previously disordered region of the enzyme (Glu196-Arg202) and the identification of some of the functional groups of the enzyme that are involved in enzyme-substrate interactions (Asp160, Met161, Gly201, Arg202 and Phe219). These studies also suggest that Glu131 is directly involved in the catalytic mechanism of SGAP, probably as the hydrolytic nucleophile. The structural results are compared with a recent structure of AAP with an hydroxamate inhibitor in order to draw general functional conclusions which are relevant for this family of low molecular-weight aminopeptidases.

Field of study: Chemistry
Fast and rigorous use of thermal time constant to characterize back end of the line test structure in advanced technology

Thermal time constant analysis (TTC) opens a wide range of applications: structure identification, 3D localization for very deep micron technologies. In this paper, we describe a new analysis methodology for TTC signatures induced by modulated thermal laser stimulation (TLS). Previous approaches did not allow a fast and rigorous method to acquire and treat transient TLS signals. To overcome these limitations we have done a theoretical study, based on the Fourier transform of an analytical model describing temporal dependency of the TLS signal, which is powerful for signature interpretation. This analysis flow is applied to 65 nm reliability test structure.

Field of study: Engineering
A BIOSEQUENCE OF SOILS OF THE ROUGH FESCUE PRAIRIE – POPLAR TRANSITION IN SOUTHWESTERN ALBERTA

A biosequence of soil profiles, ranging from Black through various stages of Dark Gray to Eluviated Dark Gray Chernozems and a Degraded Brown Wooded soil, is found under a sequence of vegetation ranging from rough fescue prairie (Festuca scabrella association) to encroaching poplar (Populus spp.) and fir trees (Pseudotsuga taxifolia (Poir.) Britt.) in the Porcupine Hills of southwestern Alberta. Samples were gathered to establish the differential physical and chemical changes that have occurred in the soils over an 80-year period.Increased eluviation accompanied a reduction in the percentage of exchangeable calcium but it remained the dominant exchangeable cation in all horizons. Most of the exchange capacity arises from the organic matter. The exchange sites are mainly pH-dependent. The changes in the organic matter, because of the encroachment of trees, are more strikingly evident than are the changes in the mineral matter.Infrared absorption spectra of electrodialyzed humic acids display a conspicuous ...

Field of study: Environmental science
The Method of Qura’nic Interpretation – Historical Perspective

There are numerous forms of explanation for qur’anic verses existing by the Muslim Intellectuals since reveled of holy Quran since 7th century. This manuscript attempts to present greatest proper approaches of explanation employed by the Mufassiroon. Using content analysis procedures and expressive attitude, the expansion of tafsir since prophet Mohamed period  to 20 th century are explored and described systematically Outcome indicates that there are seven methods of interpretation used mostly to explain meaning of the verses of holy quran. Entire methods are divided into three basic groups: Tafsir bi-l-riwaya, tafsir bi-l-diraya and Tafsir bi-l-ishara. The works of the mufessireen Quranic exegesis should also be appreciated in order to remain aware of the meaning of the holy Quran upon which all expiation rests.  Tafsir-riwaya, Tafsir- diraya

Field of study: Education
Neurosurgery value and quality in the context of the Affordable Care Act: a policy perspective.

Neurosurgeons provide direct individualized care to patients. However, the majority of regulations affecting the relative value of patient-related care are drafted by policy experts whose focus is typically system- and population-based. A central, prospectively gathered, national outcomes-related database serves as neurosurgery's best opportunity to bring patient-centered outcomes to the policy arena. In this study the authors analyze the impact of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) on the determination of quality and value in neurosurgery care through the scope, language, and terminology of policy experts. The methods by which the ACA came into law and the subsequent quality implications this legislation has for neurosurgery will be discussed. The necessity of neurosurgical patient-oriented clinical registries will be discussed in the context of imminent and dramatic reforms related to medical cost containment. In the policy debate moving forward, the strength of neurosurgery's argument will rest on data, unity, and proactiveness. The National Neurosurgery Quality and Outcomes Database (N(2)QOD) allows neurosurgeons to generate objective data on specialty-specific value and quality determinations; it allows neurosurgeons to bring the patient-physician interaction to the policy debate.

Field of study: Medicine
Self-tuning of disk input-output in operating systems

One of the most difficult and hard to learn tasks in computer system management is tuning the kernel parameters in order to get the maximum performance. Traditionally, this tuning has been set using either fixed configurations or the subjective administrator's criteria. The main bottleneck among the subsystems managed by the operating systems is disk input/output (I/O). An evolutionary module has been developed to perform the tuning of this subsystem automatically, using an adaptive and dynamic approach. Any computer change, both at the hardware level, and due to the nature of the workload itself, will make our module adapt automatically and in a transparent way. Thus, system administrators are released from this kind of task and able to achieve some optimal performances adapted to the framework of each of their systems. The experiment made shows a productivity increase in 88.2% of cases and an average improvement of 29.63% with regard to the default configuration of the Linux operating system. A decrease of the average latency was achieved in 77.5% of cases and the mean decrease in the request processing time of I/O was 12.79%.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Two open source designs for a low-cost operant chamber using Raspberry Pi™.

After almost a century of use and development, operant chambers remain a significant financial investment for scientists. Small powerful single-board computers such as the Raspberry Pi™ offer researchers a low-cost alternative to expensive operant chambers. In this paper, we describe two new operant chambers, one using nose-poke ports as operanda and another using a touchscreen. To validate the chamber designs, rats learned to perform both visual discrimination and delayed alternation tasks in each chamber. Designs and codes are open source and serve as a starting point for researchers to develop behavioral experiments or educational demonstrations.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
The Pilot Phase of the Global Soil Wetness Project

The Global Soil Wetness Project (GSWP) is an ongoing land surface modeling activity of the International Satellite Land-Surface Climatology Project (ISLSCP), a part of the Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment. The pilot phase of GSWP deals with the production of a two-year global dataset of soil moisture, temperature, runoff, and surface fluxes by integrating uncoupled land surface schemes (LSSs) using externally specified surface forcings from observations and standardized soil and vegetation distributions. Approximately one dozen participating LSS groups in five nations have taken the common ISLSCP forcing data to drive their state-of-the-art models over the 1987–88 period to generate global datasets. Many of the LSS groups have performed specific sensitivity studies, which are intended to evaluate the impact of uncertainties in model parameters and forcing fields on simulation of the surface water and energy balances. A validation effort exists to compare the global products to other forms...

Field of study: Environmental science
European Impact on the California Indians, 1530-1830

When the first European visitors arrived on the shores of California, they found the Indians to be poor and the country sparsely settled. The natives lived in semi-permanent villages of brush shelters and huts. Though hunters and gatherers, they sometimes practiced a form of protoagriculture. Social groups were fragmented by complex language differences. Often extremely hostile and suspicious of strangers, they were nonetheless attracted to the culture brought in by the newcomers. In most cases the Europeans discovered that the Indians fit their own preconceptions. Missionaries found them eager for conversion. Sophisticates saw them as ignorant and brutish. Kindly people considered them to be warm and friendly. To soldiers they seemed fierce and hostile. Catholic visitors to the missions were frequently impressed with their piety. Protestants often thought their faith was but a thin veneer overlying an undiminished paganism. It is nearly impossible to generalize about the observations of Europeans. Indians in the same place were often described in totally contradictory ways by successive parties of visitors. And this same diversity of opinion exists among historians today.

Field of study: History
Análise centesimal dos cortes da carcaça de cordeiros Santa Inês e Bergamácia

The work was conducted at the Sheep Production Sector of the Animal Science Department of the UFLA in Lavras with a view to determining the chemical composition of Santa Ines and Bergamacia lambs carcass cuts (leg, loin, ribs and breast), relative to the empty body weight. Thirty-six non-castrated, male lambs were used, 24 of them being Santa Ines and 12 Bergamacia, slaughtered when they reached 15, 25, 35 and 45 kg of live weight. The lambs were confined in individual cages, where they were fed ad libitum until the moment of slaughter. Removal of the skin and evisceration were performed, weighing the digestive tract, bladder and gall bladder, full and empty, to determine empty body weight. The carcass was cooled (2 °C) for a 24-hour period and, after the neck was removed, it was sectioned into symmetric halves. In half of the carcass, division in cuts was preceded, from which leg, loin, ribs and breast were utilized for the analysis of the chemical composition. The best moment to slaughter the Santa Ines and Bergamacia lambs would be in the range of 25 and 35 kg of live weight, where cuts would present the best ratios of water, protein, fat and minerals, reflecting better quality.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Shape evolution in odd-A 137 Pm

AbstractThe odd mass nucleus 137Pm has been studied to high spins through the 109Ag(32S, 2p2n)137Pm reaction at an incident beam energy of 150 MeV. The de-exciting γ-rays were detected using an array of 18 Compton suppressed clover detectors. The level scheme of 137Pm has been extended up to $$J^\pi = \tfrac{{43}}
{2}^ -$$ and excitation energy of Ex ≅ 6 MeV with the observation of 42 new gamma transitions. The linear polarization (IPDCO) measurements for the γ-ray transitions have been done for the first time. The spin and parity assignments for most of the reported levels have been made using these results and the coincidence angular anisotropy (RDCO) measurements. The nuclear shape evolution is discussed in the light of Total Routhian Surface (TRS) and Cranked Shell Model (CSM) calculations.

Field of study: Physics
Parapsychology, Problem Solving, and Interpersonal Attraction

"Unusually successful" executives may possess greater precognitive powers than the general population (3 , 4 ) . As few attempts have been made to tesr extrasensory abilities of moderately successful and promising managers and emergent leaders, preferred friends, and perceived high performers, this study had a rwofold purpose. First, the precognitive powers of a group of moderately successful managers ( n = 1 0 ) were contrasted with those of a group of clerks ( n = 1 0 ) . Groups were shown a closed deck of ESP cards where 25 cards composed of five each of five basic figures such as stars, wavy lines, etc., were displayed. Subjects were exposed to four iterations or 100 cards ( 5 ) . The mean correct predictions of -24 by the managers was not significantly different from the mean o8f 21 for the clerks ( p = .05) . The second objective was to examine whether differences in precognitive powers could be associated with various criteria of interpersonal attraction such as emergent leadership and friendship, and performance criterion for a group of bookkeepers (n = 2 4 ) . The criteria were selected according to itemized guidelines ( 1 ) and measured by Jennings' method ( 2 ) . The supervisor of the bookkeepers was asked to select the four most promotable members of the group. In these analyses an open deck of ESP cards was used. In this deck were 25 cards but the number of cards displaying any particular figure could vary from 0 to 25. Once again four iterations or 100 cards were used. Results show the most promotable subgroup with a mean of 1 7 correct predictions was slightly less but not significantly different from the remainder of the group with a mean score of 19. Neither score was significantly different from chance expectation. The sociometric tesr was designed to differentiate those group members who were overchosen as informal leaders, friends, and as the perceived best workers from the remainder of the group members. None of the results were statistically significant when the overchosen subsets under the various criteria were compared with the remainder of the group ( p = .05). The data generated in these two analyses provides no evidence for the idea that managers in general have higher precognitive powers than other members of the public. There was also no evidence to suggest that the selected criteria of interpersonal attraction were associated with higher extrasensory perceptual powers. This limited information confirms the argument that, if precognitive powers are markedly present in very successful executives, they are not evident among moderately successful managers, clerks, o r persons nominated on the basis of selected criteria of interpersonal attraction.

Field of study: Psychology