nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Copolymerization of dimethyl diallyl ammonium chloride and acrylamide by using AIBA·2HCl-NaHSO_3 initiator and characterization

By using AIBA·2HCl-NaHSO_3 initiation system,a serie s of high intrinsic viscosity copolymers of dimethyl diallyl ammonium chloride(D MDAAC) and acrylamide(AM) were prepared in aqueous medium under different condit ions.The effects of various factors such as initiator concentration, pH of solut ion, composite initiator and the way of feeding AM etc.on the copolymerizati on of dimethyl diallyl ammonium chloride and acrylamide were studied. The result s indicated that copolymerization could be initiated at a low temperature.A t 30℃,n_AM∶n_DMDAAC=4∶1,ω(monomer)=30%,c (AIBA·2HCl)=1.0×10-4 mol·L-1,when the monomer solution was po lymerized at pH=7.0,the intrinsic viscosity of PDMDAAC-AM was 11.56 dl·g -1;when the monomer solution was polymerized at pH=10.0,the intrinsi c viscosity of copolymer was up to 13.60 dl·g-1.If continuous feeding of AM was used , the cationicity and intrinsic viscosity of copolymer could attain 38.8% and 11.61 dl·g-1.Furthermore, the monomer reactivity ratios and apparent activation energy of the polymerization system were determin ed. At 30 ℃, initiated by AIBA·2HCl-NaHSO_3 initiator, the reactivity ratios of DMDAAC and AM were 0.174 and 6.800,respectively, and the apparent activation energy was 33.25 kJ·mol-1.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Qualities of an Ideal Effective Teaching for Primary and Secondary School Teachers in Tanzania

Over the years in Tanzania, qualities for effective teaching in both primary and secondary schools have been propounded in different ways depending on the knowledge that teachers acquired during their training. These qualities have been largely dominated by attributes of teachers such as personality traits, sex, age, knowledge, classroom management skills, teaching methods and in-service training which might have had a bearing on the teaching effectiveness.  This paper attempts  to deplore and analyze various theoretical thought on how effective teaching can be attained among primary and secondary school and thus proposing the best theory that can fit the Tanzanian context.  Qualities, effective teaching, pedagogy, classroom management, teacher education, Professional development, teaching professional DOI: 10.7176/JEP/11-9-26 Publication date: March 31 st 2020

Field of study: Education
Feasibility study of small-scale gas engine integrated with innovative net-zero water desiccant cooling system and single-effect thermal desalination unit

In hot and humid regions, vapor-compression cooling systems impose high power demand to grid and increase peak of the load. While thermally activated cooling systems can be a sustainable solution, they are even more beneficial when driven by waste heat. In this paper, a multi-generation system including gas engine, desiccant cooling system and thermal desalination system is studied under three different weather conditions. In the desiccant system, two innovative cycles are applied in which the humidity of regeneration air is higher than conventional systems. Therefore, dew point temperature will be high enough for water condensation. The results show it can compensate for 121% of consumed water in humid areas. Moreover, thermal COP is within range of 0.61-1 in studied cities. While the cooling system uses the jacket water heat, desalination system is powered by the flue gases. It can annually desalinate 1,122 and 1,817 m3 water by heats of the engines with powers of 33 and 55 kVA. Economic investigation shows levelized cost of cooling is within range of 1.5 to 20 US cents depending on the system size and weather conditions. Besides the water price, the difference between electricity and gas prices plays a key role in system economic feasibility.

Field of study: Engineering
Hydrogen interaction with Al2O3-coated tungsten under plasma irradiation

The effect of amorphous films of Al2O3 on deuterium trapping in polycrystalline tungsten under plasma irradiation (150 eV/D) and high fluence (up to 4 × 1024 D/m2) was studied by the methods of nuclear reaction product spectroscopy and thermal desorption spectroscopy. It was determined that the hydrogen permeation blocking properties of aluminium oxide lead to a great increase in deuterium trapped in tungsten. With the complete erosion of the film, this effect continues but with a lower amplitude. Extrapolation of this property to beryllium oxide implies that the presence of beryllium oxide on the surface of the tungsten tiles of the ITER leads to a considerable increase in the tritium inventories accumulated in them.

Field of study: Physics
C-reactive protein stimulates RAGE expression in human coronary artery endothelial cells in vitro via ROS generation and ERK/NF-κB activation

The receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) plays an important role in development of atherosclerosis, and C-reactive protein (CRP) has been found to stimulate its expression in endothelial cells. In this study we investigated how CRP regulated the expression of RAGE in human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAECs).Methods:HCAECs were treated in vitro with CRP (50 μg/mL) in combination with a variety of inhibitors. ROS generation was determined by immunocytochemistry and flow cytometry. The RAGE expression and phosphorylation of relevant signaling proteins were measured using Western blot analyses.CRP stimulated the expression of RAGE in the cells, accompanied by markedly increased ROS generation, phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and NF-κB p65, as well as translocation of NF-κB p65 to the nuclei. CRP also stimulated phosphorylation of JNK and p38 MAPK. Pretreatment of the cells with the ROS scavenger N-acetyl-L-cysteine, ERK inhibitor PD98059 or NF-κB inhibitor PDTC blocked CRP-stimulated RAGE expression, but pretreatment with the NADPH oxidase inhibitor DPI, JNK inhibitor SP600125 or p38 MAPK inhibitor SB203580 did not significantly alter CRP-stimulated RAGE expression.CRP stimulates RAGE expression in HCAECs in vitro via ROS generation and activation of the ERK/NF-κB signaling pathway.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Geology and Structure of the Central Ruby Range, Madison County, Montana

The study area, encompassing about 260 km 2 within Madison county, is situated 19 km due east of Dillon, Montana. It lies athwart the middle third and narrowest part of the Ruby Range, and detailed mapping provides data for a geologic history and complete cross sections, basin to basin, through the uplifted block. Included are all of the Mine Gulch and parts of the Metzel Ranch, Beaverhead Rock Southeast, Belmont Park Ranch, and Red Canyon 7 1/2-minute quadrangles. The Ruby Range is one of several non-parallel mountain systems in southwestern Montana whose exposed cores are composed of multiply folded, high-grade Precambrian (pre-Beltian) metamorphic rocks . Similar exposures of complexly deformed basement rocks immediately encircling the range crop out beneath a spotty cover of sedimentary and volcanic rocks in the Black-tail, Snowerest, Greenhorn, Gravelly, Madison Tobacco Root, and Highland Ranges (Klepper, 1950; Keenmon, 1950; Berg, 1976; Hadley, 1969a, 1969b; Millholland, 1976; McThenia, 1960; Burger, 1969; Cordua, 1974; Duncan, 1976; and numerous others).

Field of study: Geology
Day-Trader Deja Vu

In January the JofA ran a second article by Marc I. Lebow, P. Michael McLain and Wayne Schell regarding the taxation of day traders (see "Day Trading and Self-Employment Taxes," page 80). This was in response to a number of queries about two articles in the October 2000 issue (" Some Tax Rules for Day Traders" page 115, and "Being a Trader in Securities," page 118) on the same subject. The following is further commentary on the January article; The first is by Lebow and McLain, and the second is from the IRS.  Rules for Day Traders Revisited In the October 2000 JofA, we explained how day traders could report their gains and losses on schedule C (" Some Tax Rules for Day Traders," page 115). The gains and losses would be ordinary income and not subject to the $3,000 capital loss limitation. Our position was based on various court rulings that equated gambling on the security markets with other forms of gambling. A taxpayer following our recommendation would have to pay self-employment taxes on his or her gains. The "From the Tax Adviser" column in the same issue ("Being a Trader in Securities," page 118), said day traders could report their gains and losses on form 4797 and their expenses on Schedule C if they elected "mark-to-market" accounting. The gains and losses would be ordinary income and not subject to the $3,000 capital loss limitation. The taxpayer also could avoid paying self-employment taxes on his or her net gains. In an attempt to clarify the differing positions, we explained the various court rulings supporting our position in a January 2001 JofA article ("Day Trading and Self-Employment Taxes," page 80). Since that position was based on court rulings, it is not free from potential challenge by the IRS. We also cited several rulings that did not support our position. Unfortunately, in that article, we failed to adequately address all the relevant IRC sections and, therefore, made a misleading statement. We stated that the "mark-to-market" election only covered the yearend adjustment from cost to market for the investment portfolio and failed to address several related code sections. IRC section 475(d)(3)(A)(ii)(II) explains that all dispositions of securities for taxpayers taking the mark-to-market election are treated as ordinary gains and losses, and section 475(f)(D) says all income from security transactions for taxpayers electing the mark-to-market position is not subject to self-employment tax. The difference between the various articles, therefore, is whether the taxpayer uses the "mark-to-market" election. …

Field of study: Business
Increased body temperature, cortisol secretion, and hypothalamic expression of c-fos, corticotrophin releasing hormone and interleukin-1 beta mRNAs, following central administration of interleukin-1 beta in the sheep.

There is evidence to indicate that cytokines of the interleukin series act within the brain to influence physiological responses to pathological states or stressful events. This investigation examined the effects of intracerebroventricular (lateral ventricle) injection of human recombinant interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) on body temperature, hormone (catecholamine, cortisol, prolactin, growth hormone) release and hypothalamic expression of c-fos, corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH), vasopressin (AVP) and IL-1 beta mRNAs in the sheep. A preliminary study showed that central administration of 10 micrograms IL-1 beta significantly (P < 0.05) increased body temperature (by 1.2 degrees C) over a 140 min period but did not affect catecholamine secretion. A second experiment using graded doses (100 ng, 1 microgram, 10 micrograms) of IL-1 beta indicated that only the highest dose significantly (P < 0.01) increased cortisol concentrations and that none of the treatments altered the secretion of prolactin or growth hormone. In a third study, changes in gene expression in the hypothalamus were examined using in situ hybridization histochemistry following treatment with 10 micrograms IL-1 beta. The results showed that IL-1 beta increased c-fos mRNA in the paraventricular (PVN, P < 0.05) and supraoptic (SON, P < 0.05) nuclei, CRH mRNA in the PVN (P < 0.01) and IL-1 beta mRNA in the PVN (P < 0.05). There was, however, no change in AVP mRNA in either the PVN or the SON.

Field of study: Biology
Volatile organic compounds from Italian vegetation and their interaction with ozone.

Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) emitted from vegetation (particularly isoprenoids) represent an important source of atmospheric hydrocarbons almost double the anthropogenic source. When biogenic VOC mix with NO(x) in the presence of UV radiation, ozone (O(3)) is formed. In Italy, optimal conditions for O(3) formation in terms of VOC/NO(x) ratios and abundance of UV radiation occur for long periods of the year. Moreover, Italian vegetation includes several species that are strong and evergreen isoprenoid emitters, and high temperatures for part of the year further stimulate these temperature-dependent emissions. We review emission of isoprenoids from Italian vegetation, current knowledge on the impact of rising O(3) levels on isoprenoid emission, and evidence showing that isoprenoids can increase both the O(3) flux to the plant and protection against oxidative stress because of their antioxidant functions. This trait not only influences plant tolerance to O(3) but also may substantially alter the flux of O(3) between atmosphere and biosphere.

Field of study: Environmental science
Western Civilization, II.

1. Students will distinguish between primary and secondary sources and identify and evaluate evidence. 2. Students will demonstrate in discussion and written work their understanding of different peoples and cultures in past environments and of how those cultures changed over the course of the centuries. 3. Students will demonstrate in written work and class discussions the ability to recognize and articulate the diversity of human experience, including ethnicity, race, language, gender, as well as political, economic, social, and cultural structures over time and space. 4. Students will produce their own historical analysis of documents and develop the ability to think critically and historically when discussing the past. 5. Students will demonstrate ethical use of sources and provide accurate and properly formatted citations in formal papers.

Field of study: Political science
The Importance of Intimate Partner Violence in Within‐Relationship and Between‐Person Risk for Alcohol‐Exposed Pregnancy

Preconceptual prevention programs geared toward reducing alcohol-exposed pregnancy (AEP) typically emphasize behavioral change of alcohol use and birth control exclusively, but rarely consider other important AEP predictors that may affect behavioral change. Intimate partner violence (IPV) substantially relates to AEP and to AEP predictors; however, few studies have tested if IPV is a unique indicator of prospective AEP risk, as both a main effect and a contextual influence on alcohol use or birth control.



Using Waves II and III of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health, multilevel logistic regression models were estimated, in which IPV and birth control (both within-person and between-person) and adolescent alcohol use (between-person only) were examined as unique predictors of AEP compared to both nonpregnancy and non-AEP (nAEP) outcomes over up to 5 sexual relationships. Interactions between within-person and between-person IPV, and birth control or alcohol use were also tested.



Within-person and between-person IPV significantly related to higher odds of AEP compared to nonpregnancy and nAEP. Adolescent alcohol use had similarly increased odds for AEP when compared to nonpregnancy or nAEP outcomes. Only between-person birth control use related to higher odds for AEP compared to nonpregnancy and nAEP. Between-person IPV also moderated adolescent alcohol use on odds of AEP, such that infrequent adolescent drinkers had higher odds of AEP compared to nonpregnancy or nAEP if they experienced IPV over their relationships.



IPV is a substantial predictor for AEP as both a direct influence within relationships (within-person) and between individuals (between-person). Intervention and prevention programs focused on reducing AEP may benefit from including IPV-specific curricula.

Field of study: Medicine
Babes in Bondage: Indentured Irish Children in Philadelphia in the Nineteenth Century

THE experiences of childhood, emotional, enhanced by the innocence of youth, and profoundly affecting, are a challenge to the imagination of the social historian. Children, even more than adults submerged in the mass of illiterate and inarticulate people in the past, are largely without historical chroniclers. Study of the influence of social customs, of home life, education and work life requires insight into the conditions of childhood. Not only were attitudes toward childhood different in the past from those of our own time, but there were types of juvenile experience quite different from contemporary forms of childhood participation. This is readily illustrated by the institution of child indentures in the nineteenth century. In Philadelphia the practice of legally binding children extended back to colonial times, from whence it was derived from England. Part of William Penn's original scheme for populating his vast holdings was a plan by which emigrants would be first indentured to captains of ships in England, and upon landing in Pennsylvania the indenture would then be sold to an American buyer. The institution of indenture was ancient, rooted in law and custom, and accepted as part of the economic and social life in the colonies.

Field of study: History
Stratigraphy and micropalaeontology of the upper cretaceous of Western Australia

The distribution, relationships, and stratigraphical significance of the microfaunas (mainly foraminifera) in the Upper Cretaceous deposits of Western Australia are discussed, and palaeogeography and palaeoecology considered.Formations deposited during the Cenomanian-Turonian are the Gearle Siltstone and Alinga Greensand and perhaps the Molecap Greensand. Among the foraminifera recorded are the stratigraphically restricted planktonic formsGlobotruncana (Praeglobotruncana)stephani subspp. andG. helvetica.The Gingin Chalk and the lower part of the Toolonga Calcilutite were deposited during the Santonian. These formations contain the crinoid generaMarsupites andUintacrinus, several species ofGlobotruncana andNeoflabellina, andBolivinoides strigillata. Santonian beds are known in sub-surface sections as far north as the area of the Warroora Anticline.The Toolonga Calcilutite extends up into the lower Campanian, andGlobotruncana arca appears in the fauna. The occurrence of Campanian beds in the Perth Basin cannot be proved; most of the Poison Hill Greensand may be of this age. On foraminiferal evidence, deposition of the Korojon Calcarenite began during the Campanian. Important species identified areGlobotruncana arca,Cibicides voltziana andBolivina incrassata.The upper beds of the Korojon Calcarenite and the Miria Marl are of Maestrichtian age. The Miria Marl contains the speciesGlobotruncana stuarti,G. citae andG. contusa. The upper beds of the Poison Hill Greensand may range into the Maestrichtian.

Field of study: Environmental science
INFLUENCE OF ASCORBIC ACID ON EGG QUALITY

The egg quality may be influenced by some nutrients added to laying hens diets and among these nutrients, the ascorbic acid is included. According to some researches, this acid, besides of improving the quality, it can increase the egg production and weight. In addition, it reduces the quantity of cracked eggs and food intake. In order to contribute with more information, this experiment was developed. Concentrations of 100; 150 and 200mg/kg of ascorbic acid were added to rations of laying hens during 60 days, with the objective of determining the influence of ascorbic acid on the quality of eggs kept under room temperature conditions (26.7 ± 2.2°C and 60 ± 5% moisture) for a period of 28 days. A total of 1440 eggs were used, being 720 of white shell and 720 of brown shell. Egg quality was determined by Haugh unit and yolk index, every 7 days. The obtained results allowed to conclude that ascorbic acid, independent on the level of supplementation, was not enough to decrease.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Numerical solution of the exact cavity equations of motion for an unstable optical resonator.

We solve numerically, we believe for the first time, the exact cavity equations of motion for a realistic unstable resonator with a simple gain saturation model. The cavity equations of motion, first formulated by Siegman ["Exact Cavity Equations for Lasers with Large Output Coupling,"  (1980)], and which we term the dynamic coupled modes (DCM) method of solution, solve for the full 3-D time dependent electric field inside the optical cavity by expanding the field in terms of the actual diffractive transverse eigenmodes of the bare (gain free) cavity with time varying coefficients. The spatially varying gain serves to couple the bare cavity transverse modes and to scatter power from mode to mode. We show that the DCM method numerically converges with respect to the number of eigenmodes in the basis set. The intracavity intensity in the numerical example shown reaches a steady state, and this steady state distribution is compared with that computed from the traditional Fox and Li approach using a fast Fourier transform propagation algorithm. The output wavefronts from both methods are quite similar, and the computed output powers agree to within 10%. The usefulness and advantages of using this method for predicting the output of a laser, especially pulsed lasers used for coherent detection, are discussed.

Field of study: Physics
Own Value System, Value Images,and Cigarette Smoking

It has been suggested that smoking among young people results from a need to confirm self-images and thus is more likely to be adopted by those whose self-images are similar to images of smokers. Conversely, nonsmoking is expected to occur among those whose self-images are similar to images of nonsmokers. This study investigates the similarity between value images of smokers and nonsmokers and the terminal and instrumental value systems of junior high school students and recent high school graduates. Overall, the respondents' value systems were considerably more similar to images of nonsmokers than to images of smokers. However, for both age groups, those identified as smokers or potential smokers were more similar to images of smokers than were nonsmokers. Moreover, potential smokers were less similar to images of nonsmokers than were nonsmokers or smokers. Unexpectedly, these latter groups did not differ significantly in their similarity to images of nonsmokers. These results partially replicate previous findings and generally support the hypotheses.

Field of study: Psychology
Voices from the Quarters: The Fiction of Ernest J. Gaines (review)

masculinity is surprising and disconcerting. I also found the organization of the book, which also extends the text-based approach, to be repetitive at times. Since each chapter unpacks a similar set of ideas in relation to different works, the subtle shifts in argumentative focus are somewhat obscured. Nonetheless, the ramifications of this study are exciting. From the moment that Strychacz announces his intention to present us with masculinity as both deeply rhetorical and theatrical, I knew I was on new terrain that is just beginning to be mapped. The book is full of fascinating but unrealized asides about the way modernism has been informed by very restrictive notions of masculinity, an issue that he promises to explore in his next study. In the meantime, Strychacz has given readers, as promised, a "defamiliarized Hemingway," and in the process a new approach to reading familiar stories.

Field of study: Art