nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Stability and range of the type II Bi1 − xWxO1.5 + 1.5x solid solution

We have established the stability and range of the cubic type II phase of Bi1 − xWxO1.5 + 1.5x using a combination of X-ray diffraction, neutron diffraction and X-ray absorption spectroscopy. Type II is a high temperature modification that can be obtained by quenching/rapid cooling of samples with compositions between x = 0.148 to x = 0.185. Slower cooling rates yield the stable low temperature polymorph, the tetragonal type Ib phase (Bi rich samples), and mixtures of type Ib and Aurivillius phase (W-rich samples). Throughout the entire solid solution range, type II exhibits a (3 + 3) dimensional incommensurate modulation with modulation vectors slightly smaller than 1/3 based on a cubic fluorite type subcell (δ-Bi2O3). The main structural motifs are well-defined tetrahedra of WO6 octahedra in a δ-Bi2O3-matrix, with additional W being incorporated on corners and face centers of the approximate commensurate 3 × 3 × 3 supercell in octahedral coordination, confirmed by XANES analysis of the W L3-edge. Impedance measurements reveal oxide ionic conductivities comparable to those of yttria-stabilised zirconia even after a decrease in ionic conductivity of about half an order of magnitude on thermal cycling due to transition to the tetragonal type Ib phase.

Field of study: Materials science
Conception of the Reform in P.E.Teaching Content ofGeneral Colleges and Universities

This paper deals with the teaching content of general colleges and universities centering on“Health first”and “Lifelong Fitness”,in which the items of competitive sports are reformed,our national and folk sports are absorbed,enough time for theory teaching of Physical Education and health is arranged.To all college students,it can arouse their learning interest,improve and cultivate them to develop consciousness of keeping healthy mentally and physically and lifelong fitness.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Elastic and inelastic scattering of 14C + 11B versus 12,13C + 11B

Complete angular distributions of the 14C + 11B elastic and inelastic scattering at the energy $ E_{lab}({}^{11}B)$ = 45 MeV were measured for the ground and excited states of 11B. The data were analyzed within the optical model and the coupled-reaction-channels method. The parameters of the 14C + 11B optical potential and 11B deformation were deduced. The contributions of one- and two-step transfers of nucleons and clusters into the 14C + 11B elastic and inelastic scattering were calculated. The isotopic differences between the 14C + 11B and 12,13C + 11B scatterings are presented and clearly show the importance of the large angle scattering data for understanding the interaction between light heavy ions.

Field of study: Physics
Comments on the identification of high-order spectral lines of donors in semiconductors in intermediate magnetic fields

The magneto-optical spectrum of the shallow donors in n-GaAs is studied using a far-infrared laser at photon energies greater than the binding energy of the donors. The transitions from the (1s) ground state into the Landau levels are not observed but, instead, series of transitions from the ground state into donor states associated with the individual Landau levels. The strongest series corresponds to the (000)-(0N0) transitions and the second strongest series to (000-0N2) transitions where N is the index of the Landau level involved (and where the high-field notation is employed). The corresponding low-field notation is 1s-2p+,  Central cell structure due to the presence of several different donors can be observed on many of the lines associated with the N=1 and N=2 Landau levels. The 1s-3p+ transition can be used to determine chemical shifts accurately for the donor species present, as this line avoids the overabsorption effects which can distort the stronger 1s-2p+ line. A few weak lines remain unidentified.

Field of study: Materials science
Footprinting studies on the effect of echinomycin on the structure of a bent DNA fragment.

The interaction of echinomycin with a kinetoplast DNA fragment which contains phased runs of adenine residues has been examined by various footprinting techniques. DNAase I footprinting confirms that all drug-binding sites contain the dinucleotide CpG. However, not all such sequences are protected. Three sites, each of which is located between two adenine tracks in the sequence GCGA, are not protected from DNAase I attack. Enhanced cleavage by DNAase I, DNAase II and micrococcal nuclease is observed in regions surrounding drug-binding sites. The results suggest that echinomycin alters the conformation of the AT tracks, making them more like an average DNA structure. Echinomycin renders adenine residues in the sequence CGA hyper-reactive to diethyl pyrocarbonate.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Early Cambrian eocrinoids from Guizhou Province, South China

Numerous specimens of Guizhoueocrinus yui n gen. et sp. occur in the middle-upper parts of the Lower Cambrian Balang Formation, eastern Guizhou, and are the earliest well preserved gogiids. Mature specimens are larger than most comparable gogiids, thecal plates are very numerous and sutural pores are smaller. Stalk is polyplated, conical and long; brachioles (up to 10) are spirally coiled. The species comprises a significant component of the Balang Fauna. It is distinctly different than Sinoeocrinus lui and Sinoeocrinus globus from the Middle Cambrian Kaili Biota in the adjacent region in Guizhou. This new gogiid expands the geographic range of Lower Cambrian eocrinoids and provides significant new data on gogiid evolution.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Stimulation of Suicidal Erythrocyte Death by Methylglyoxal

Diabetes increases the percentage of circulating erythrocytes exposing phosphatidylserine (PS) at the cell surface. PS-exposing erythrocytes are recognized, bound, engulfed and degraded by macrophages. Thus, PS exposure, a feature of suicidal erythrocyte death or eryptosis, accelerates clearance of affected erythrocytes from circulating blood. Moreover, PS-exposing erythrocytes bind to the vascular wall thus interfering with microcirculation. The present study explored mechanisms involved in the triggering of PS exposure by methylgloxal, an extra- and intracellular metabolite which is enhanced in diabetes. PS exposure, cell size and cytosolic Ca2+-activity after methylglyoxal treatment were measured by FACS analysis of annexin V binding, forward scatter and Fluo-3-fluorescence, respectively, and it was shown that the treatment significantly enhanced the percentage of PS-exposing erythrocytes at concentrations (0.3 µM) encountered in diabetic patients. Surprisingly, methylglyoxal did not significantly increase cytosolic Ca2+ concentration, and at concentrations up to 3 µM, did not decrease the forward scatter. Instead, exposure to methylglyoxal inhibited glycolysis thus decreasing ATP and GSH concentrations. In conclusion, methylglyoxal impairs energy production and anti-oxidative defense, effects contributing to the enhanced PS exposure of circulating erythrocytes and eventually resulting in anemia and deranged microcirculation.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
The Philadelphia Female Anti-Slavery Society and the Civil War

Civil War historians, particularly those interested in women’s experiences, stand to learn a great deal by taking a new look at old sources. Among these are the minutes of the Philadelphia Female Anti-Slavery Society (PFASS), housed at the Historical Society of Pennsylvania. PFASS’s minutes document the society’s monthly meetings and provide a rather comprehensive list of the work the women did. The minute books record what the group accomplished between meetings, organizational correspondence, and the activities of individual members. Because the group did not disband until 1870, the minutes hold potential for scholars seeking to understand the still unexplored experiences of women of color during the Civil War and Reconstruction and how this novel group of women sought to shape the political events of the day.

Field of study: History
A User Authentication and Key Agreement Scheme for Wireless Sensor Networks

With the development of wireless sensor networks( WSNs),external users are allowed to access real-time data directly from the desired nodes inside WSNs without involving the base station or gateway node( GW). How to authenticate user identity that allows only authorized users to access the data,and maintain the confidentiality and integrity of the data transmission is a hot problem studied in the field of WSNs. In this paper,we propose a user authentication and key agreement scheme for WSNs base on password and smart card. It only has hash and XOR operation in the protocol to realize user authentication and key agreement. In order to analyze the security of proposed protocols,a formal method is given based on the extended strand spaces. And the analysis proves the correctness of the protocol. Additional,we analyze the performance of the proposed protocol,and compare its performance with some related works.

Field of study: Computer science
De la Academia Nacional deMedicina de Costa Rica, a laciudadanía costarricense y a losasegurados

La Academia Nacional de Medicina de Costa Rica es una institucion de bien publico, entre cuyas funciones esta el asesorar y orientar a los organismos del Estado y a los privados, sobre los aspectos que atanen a la salud nacional. Funciona ad honorem y esta constituida por 29 destacados profesionales de la medicina costarricense.

Field of study: Mathematics
An fMRI study of episodic memory: retrieval of object, spatial, and temporal information.

Sixteen participants viewed a videotaped tour of 4 houses that highlighted a series of objects and their spatial locations. Participants were tested for memory of object, spatial, and temporal-order information while undergoing functional magnetic resonance imaging. Preferential activation was observed in the right parahippocampal gyrus during the retrieval of spatial-location information. Retrieval of contextual information (spatial location and temporal order) was associated with activation in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. In bilateral posterior parietal regions, greater activation was associated with processing of visual scenes regardless of the memory judgment. These findings support current theories positing roles for frontal and medial temporal regions during episodic retrieval and suggest a specific role for the hippocampal complex in the retrieval of spatial-location information.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Stimulus control of delayed matching in pigeons: Directed forgetting.

Pigeons were trained in delayed matching-to-sample with two postsample stimuli. A postsample R-cue signaled that a matching choice phase would follow. A postsample F-cue signaled that a matching choice phase would not follow. Previous research found reduced matching accuracy on F-cued probe trials when comparison stimuli were presented in the choice phase. The present four experiments systematically varied the events following an F-cue to determine the conditions under which the F-cue reduces delayed-matching accuracy. When F-cues and R-cues controlled different behavior, matching on probe trials was poor. When both cues controlled the same behavior, matching on probe trials was good. This result is best explained by the theory that comparison stimuli retrieve the sample representation, but only in the behavioral context established by the R-cue. The present research supports the view that response-produced stimuli serve a contextual role in animal short-term memory.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Continuous Measurement of Breaks in Presence: Psychophysiology and Orienting Responses

Assessing presence using questionnaires can yield interesting insights into the user experience in virtual environments, but is also limited both in terms of reliability and validity. Breaks in presence (BIPs) are an interesting alternative, given that the researcher can assess them correctly. Prior studies on the psychophysiology of BIPs followed an exploratory approach by not providing a cognitive mechanism for BIPs and lacking in external validity. We argue that BIPs can be considered a special form of orienting responses involving both the real and the virtual world. In the first of the presented studies, we investigated which types of BIPs can be differentiated and to what degree they affect the user experience. In the second study, we modified a commercial video game by introducing the previously identified BIPs and recorded psychophysiological measurements. The results are in line with findings on orienting responses and should provide fertile ground for future research.

Field of study: Psychology
Practicing Corona – Towards a research agenda of health policies

As Corona virus is putting a huge stress on healthcare systems around the world, analysts of health policy will have to respond with starting up research on the consequences of current policies. In this paper, we propose an agenda for research of health policy from a governance perspective, focussing on the consequences of decision-making structures and practices, the mediatisation of the pandemic, the organisation of healthcare systems and the role of expertise.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
International Use and Marketing of Cigarettes and Proposed Interventions

This paper focuses on the trends of cigarette smoking and the role of transnational corporations in the marketing of tobacco in developing countries that have experienced an increase in cigarette sales and smoking population. In most of these countries, over 50% of adult males smoke cigarettes, while less than 20% of adult females are regular smokers. Cigarettes yielding higher tar and nicotine are being marketed in developing countries. The increase in tobacco use in developing countries is attributed to a variety of activities by transnational tobacco companies in the production of tobacco, exports to developing countries, advertising and the offering of financial incentives to tobacco farmers. To decrease the prevalence of cigarette smoking, especially in developing countries, legal and financial actions are suggested. School-based prevention programmes are also reviewed to prevent children and adolescents from becoming regular smokers.

Field of study: Medicine
Research on Problems and Countermeasures of Intellectual Property Management in Anhui Colleges and Universities

Intellectual property right is crucial to the scientific and technological progress and economic development of a country or region. As research and teaching institutions, universities are a major force in the creation of intellectual property. Anhui province is a major intellectual property province in China. It has a number of science and engineering universities such as University of Science and Technology of China, and HeFei University of Technology. There are many patent applications and authorizations in colleges and universities in Anhui province each year, but there are still many shortcomings in the management of intellectual property, which are mainly manifested in the lack of intellectual property strategic management awareness, imperfect management system, unsound management institutions and the serious loss of intellectual property right and the low conversion implementation rate. To address these missing points, it is necessary to draw lessons from the experience of universities that have done relatively successfully in the management of intellectual property at home and abroad, and actively explore the establishment of intellectual property management models suitable for their own situation. Through establishing a sound intellectual property management system and system, speeding up the training and introduction of intellectual property management professionals, paying attention to the transformation and implementation of scientific research results, and rationally distributing the benefits of scientific and technological achievements and other measures to improve the status quo, and give better play to the benefits of intellectual property in universities.  Anhui Colleges and Universities,Intellectual Property Management,Problems,Countermeasures DOI : 10.7176/JEP/10-12-23 Publication date : April 30 th 2019

Field of study: Education
Mixed-Stationary Gaussian Process for Flexible Non-Stationary Modeling of Spatial Outcomes

Gaussian processes (GPs) are commonplace in spatial statistics. Although many non-stationary models have been developed, there is arguably a lack of flexibility compared to equipping each location with its own parameters. However, the latter suffers from intractable computation and can lead to overfitting. Taking the instantaneous stationarity idea, we construct a non-stationary GP with the stationarity parameter individually set at each location. Then we utilize the non-parametric mixture model to reduce the effective number of unique parameters. Different from a simple mixture of independent GPs, the mixture in stationarity allows the components to be spatial correlated, leading to improved prediction efficiency. Theoretical properties are examined and a linearly scalable algorithm is provided. The application is shown through several simulated scenarios as well as the massive spatiotemporally correlated temperature data.

Field of study: Computer science
The WHO UNESCO FIP Pharmacy Education Taskforce: enabling concerted and collective global action.

Pharmacy Education is a priority area for the International Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP), the global federation representing pharmacists and pharmaceutical scientists worldwide that is spearheading the Global Pharmacy Education Taskforce. This paper describes the work of the Taskforce that was established in March 2008, explores key issues in pharmacy education development, and describes the Global Pharmacy Action Plan 2008-2010. 
 
Given the significance of pharmacy education to the diverse practice of contemporary pharmacists and pharmacy support personnel, there is a need for pharmacy education to attain greater visibility on the global human resources for health agenda. From this perspective, FIP is steering the development of holistic and comprehensive pharmacy education and pharmacy workforce action to support and strengthen regional, national, and local efforts. 
 
The role of a global organization such as FIP is to facilitate, catalyze, and share efforts to maximize pharmacy education development and stimulate international research to develop guidance, tools, and better understanding of key issues. To achieve this goal, FIP has (1) established a formal collaborative partnership with the 2 United Nations agencies representing the education and health sectors, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and the World Health Organization (WHO); and (2) established the Global Pharmacy Education Taskforce to serve as the coordinating body of these efforts. The initial effort will serve to leverage strategic leadership and maximize the impact of collective actions at global, regional, and national levels. Three project teams have been convened to conduct research, consultations and develop guidance in the domains of vision for pharmacy education, competency, quality assurance, academic workforce, and institutional capacity.

Field of study: Education, Medicine
Die Ladungsverteilung in Ionen und die Gitterkonstante des Rubidiumbromids nach der statistischen Methode

ZusammenfassungDie Fermische statistische Methode, atomare Elektronenwolken als Pauli Fermi-Gas zu behandeln, wird, ebenso wie in der vorangehenden Note von W. Lenz 1), auf ein Variationsproblem zurückgeführt; mit Hilfe des Ritzschen Näherungsverfahrens wird hiernach die La dungsVerteilung in positiven und negativen Ionen ermittelt (Kap. I), die Natur der Bindung polarer Moleküle untersucht (Kap. II), und die Gitterenergie von Ionenkristallen in Abhängigkeit vom Gitterebenenabstand berechnet (Kap. III). Speziell ergibt sich für das RbBr in erster Näherung, bei Vernachlässigung der Polarisation, die Gitter-konstante δ=3,8 Å gegenüber dem experimentellen Wert δ=3,42 Å. Bei Berücksichtigung der Polarisation wird sich voraussichtlich der theoretische Wert verringern. Es werden keine willkürlichen halbempirischen Konstanten benutzt.

Field of study: Physics
A new configuration of the desiccant dehumidifier with cut-segmental silica-gel baffles and water cooling for air conditioning coupled with HDH desalination system

In this study, the performances of a new configuration of the desiccant dehumidifier with cut-segmental silica-gel baffles and water cooling (DDSBWC) for air conditioning connected to HDH desalination unit was experimentally investigated. The proposed configuration consists of two subsystems: (i) new configuration of DDSBWC for air conditioning, which use to achieve the conditions of thermal comfort. The DDSBWC aims to improve the quality of supply cooling air by using dehumidification with the cooling process; (ii) HDH desalination unit utilized to produce freshwater. Experimental results showed that use the DDSBWC improve the dehumidification process, the average dehumidification capacity in DDSBWC reached to 10.2 gwater kgdry-air−1 (0.3264 gwater gsilica-gel−1). This will improve the performance of the air conditioner. Within the period 9:00 am till 6:00 pm the supply air temperature, supply air relative humidity, cooling capacity, cooling COP, hourly distillate water production, and overall COP vary between 17.4–18.3 °C, 65–68%, 696–937 W, 0.40–0.622, 3.2–3.6 L h−1, and 0.40–1.584, respectively. The percentage improvement in the overall COP as compared to the cooling COP varied between 0–162.6%. The results showed that a suggested configuration is a perfect choice in hot and humid areas to achieve thermal comfort and freshwater production.

Field of study: Engineering
A Drug Recommendation System (Dr.S) for cancer cell lines

Personalizing drug prescriptions in cancer care based on genomic information requires associating genomic markers with treatment effects. This is an unsolved challenge requiring genomic patient data in yet unavailable volumes as well as appropriate quantitative methods. We attempt to solve this challenge for an experimental proxy for which sufficient data is available: 42 drugs tested on 1018 cancer cell lines. Our goal is to develop a method to identify the drug that is most promising based on a cell line's genomic information. For this, we need to identify for each drug the machine learning method, choice of hyperparameters and genomic features for optimal predictive performance. We extensively compare combinations of gene sets (both curated and random), genetic features, and machine learning algorithms for all 42 drugs. For each drug, the best performing combination (considering only the curated gene sets) is selected. We use these top model parameters for each drug to build and demonstrate a Drug Recommendation System (Dr.S). Insights resulting from this analysis are formulated as best practices for developing drug recommendation systems. The complete software system, called the Cell Line Analyzer, is written in Python and available on github.

Field of study: Computer science