nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Alternate Form Reliability of the Revised Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test for Head Start Children

A review of the reliability data of the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (3) indicates that the median coefficient for preschool children, including head start programs, was .64 and .72 for all-aged subjects (2) which suggests that the Peabody Test was less reliable for preschool children. The present study investigated the alternate form reliability of the Peabody Picrure Vocabulary ~est-~evised' (4) with head start children. Forms L and M were administered in counterbalanced order to 39 males ranging in age from 45 to 68 mo. (M = 57.23 mo., SD = 7.42) and 40 females ranging in age from 46 to 75 mo. (M = 57.08 mo., SD = 7.80). A time period of three to seven days elapsed between administrations. All subjects were given both forms by the same trained examiner. The range of standard scores for Form L was 45 to 128, M = 89.51, SD = 14.13; for Form M range was 59 to 127, M = 93.73, SD = 13.04. A significant difference between means was indicated by a t test for correlated data (t = -4.22, fi < .001) which suggests that the standard score equivalent for head start children is significantly higher on Form M than Form L. However, in a practical sense the mean difference between forms is not important as an examiner should report the true score for form used which is estimated by using the obtained score and standard error of measurement. Sex differences were nonsignificant; on Form L females' M = 89.08, SD = 15.42 ' and males' M = 89.95, SD = 12.87 (t = .27); on Form M females' M = 91.43, SD = 12.64 and males' M = 96.10, SD = 13.18 (t = 1.61). Pearson product-moment correlation of .79 between forms was substantial and significant (p < ,001). This finding is consistent with the immediate rerest reliability coefficient for alternate forms using standard score equjvalencs for ages 3-0 to 5-11 which have a median coefficient of .76 and .79 for subjects of all ages as cited by Dunn (4, p. 56). Further, results support use of the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-Revised as a consistent measure for head start children since these values compare favorably with the reliability coefficients of the standardization sample. The obtained correlation is lower than is desirable for reliability coefficients which usually fall in the 30's or .Yo's (1, p. 109).

Field of study: Psychology
Curriculum and Career

After God had carried us safe to New England, and we had builded our houses, provided necessaries for our livelihood, rear'd convenient places for God's worship, and settled the Civil Government, One of the next things we longed for, and looked after was to advance Learning, and to perpetuate it to Posterity; dreading to leave an illiterate Ministry to the Churches when our present Ministers shall lie in the Dust.

Field of study: Education
Bioefficacy of Chemical and Biorational Insecticides Against Incidence of Legume Pod Borer, Maruca vitrata (Geyer) in Short Duration Pigeonpea*

Studies were conducted at Agricultural Research Farm, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi during Kharif 1999 and 2000 to know the efficacy of seven chemical insecticides (alanycarb 30EC, lambda cyhalothrin 5EC, beta cyfluthrin 25SC, profenofos 50EC, thiodicarb 75WP, monocrotophos 36SL and endosulfan 35EC) and four biorationals (methoxyfenocide 2F, lufeneron 5EC, Bt and NSKE 5%) against legume pod borer, Maruca vitrata (Geyer) in short duration pigeonpea cv. ICPL 87. AT 50 per cent flowering first spraying was given and other two sprays were given at 10 days intervals. Spraying of beta cyfluthrin 25SC @ 18.75 g a.i.ha−1, lambda cyhalothrin 5EC @ 25 g a.i.ha−1, thiodicarb 75WP @ 750 g a.i.ha−1 attributed to higher yield and less larval incidence when compared to other treatments. Among biorationals, methoxyfenocide 2F @ 300 g a.i.ha−1, lufeneron 5EC @ 60 g a.i.ha−1 and Bt @ 1 kg a.i.ha−1 provided good protection and registered significantly lesser incidence of Maruca larvae and higher yield over control.

Field of study: Biology
Rational Choice, Behavioral Economics, and the Law

Jolls, Sunstein, and Thaler wish to use the insights of behavioral economics to improve economic analysis of law, which they believe to be handicapped by its commitment to the assumption that people are rational.1 The editors of the Review have asked me to comment on JST's paper, no doubt because of my identification with rational-choice economics. Since JST complain with some justice that economists and economically minded lawyers do not always make clear what they mean by "rationality," let me make clear at the outset what I mean by the word: choosing the best means to the chooser's ends. For example, a rational person who wants to keep warm will compare the alternative means known to him of keeping warm in terms of cost, comfort, and other dimensions of utility and disutility, and will choose from this array the means that achieves warmth with the greatest margin of benefit over cost, broadly defined. Rational choice need not be conscious choice. Rats are at least as rational as human beings when rationality is defined as achieving one's ends (survival and reproduction, in the case of rats) at least cost. No doubt my definition lacks precision and rigor. But it is good enough to indicate the difference in approach between rational-choice economics and behavioral economics.

Field of study: Law
Controls on strontium and barium incorporation into freshwater bivalve shells (Corbicula fluminea)

Trace elements of bivalve shells can potentially serve as proxies of environmental change. However, to reconstruct past environments using the geochemical properties of the shells and determine the degree to which the element levels are biologically influenced, it is essential to experimentally determine the relationship between environmental variables and the element composition of the shells. To disentangle possible controls on the incorporation of strontium and barium into freshwater bivalve shells, we conducted controlled laboratory experiments using the extremely salinity and temperature tolerant Asian clam, Corbicula fluminea as a model species. Bivalves were reared for five weeks in two sets of experiments: (1) combinations of different water temperature (10, 16 and 22 °C) and food levels (0.2, 2, 4 and 8 × 104 cells/ml) with constant Sr/Cawater (2.45 mmol/mol) and Ba/Cawater (367 μmol/mol) levels; and (2) combinations of different water temperature (10, 16 and 22 °C) and different Sr/Cawater (ca. 4, 8 and 12 mmol/mol) and Ba/Cawater levels (ca. 600, 1150 and 1500 μmol/mol) with constant food level (4 × 104 cells/ml). The Sr/Cashell ratio of C. fluminea exhibited a statistically significant negative correlation with temperature and a positive correlation to Sr/Cawater, but was not affected by changing food level or shell growth rate. On the contrary, Ba/Cashell was influenced by a complexly intertwined set of variables including temperature, food level, Ba/Cawater and shell growth rate. Partition coefficients of KDSr/Ca (0.19 to 0.29) and KDBa/Ca (0.03 to 0.19) confirmed the control of vital effects over strontium and barium incorporation into the shells. As indicated by the findings, Sr/Cashell of C. fluminea from freshwater environments can serve as a reliable proxy for past water temperature if the spatiotemporal variability of strontium-to-calcium in the water is small, well-known or can be estimated from other proxies. Interpreting Ba/Cashell values, however, is much more challenging because they are controlled by a large number of environmental and physiological variables. Sr/Cashell and Ba/Cashell of C. fluminea specimens from estuarine settings in which element-to-calcium ratios are more conservative and stable can potentially function as paleoenvironmental proxies. Findings of this study can be useful to better understand the element incorporation into shells of other bivalves including marine species.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
No. 43698. International Bank for Reconstruction and Development and China

Loan Agreement (Fuzhou Nantai Island Peri-Urban Development Project) between the People’s Republic of China and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (with schedules and General Conditions Applicable to Loan and Guarantee Agreements for Single Currency Loans dated 30 May 1995, as amended through 1 May 2004). Beijing, 21 November 2006

Field of study: Political science
Genome interrogation for novel salinity tolerant Arabidopsis mutants.

Soil salinity is becoming an increasingly large problem in agriculture. In this study, we have investigated whether a capacity to withstand salinity can be induced in the salinity sensitive plant species Arabidopsis thaliana, and whether it can be maintained in subsequent generations. To this end, we have used zinc finger artificial transcription factor (ZF-ATFs) mediated genome interrogation. Already within a relatively small collection Arabidopsis lines expressing ZF-ATFs, we found 41 lines that were tolerant to 100 mM NaCl. Furthermore, ZF-ATF encoding gene constructs rescued from the most strongly salinity tolerant lines were indeed found to act as dominant and heritable agents for salinity tolerance. Altogether, our data provide evidence that a silent capacity to withstand normally lethal levels of salinity exists in Arabidopsis and can be evoked relatively easily by in trans acting transcription factors like ZF-ATFs.

Field of study: Environmental science
Communication and Language Intervention: Why a Constructivist Approach is Insufficient

The purpose of this article is to present the basis for a broad-based cross-paradigmatic approach to language intervention. Factors that have shaped the field over the past 40 years are briefly discussed to provide a context for considering the present state of practice and research. Three widely used language intervention approaches are described and critiqued to demonstrate the limitations of any single approach. The main challenges facing the language intervention field and a rationale for taking a broad-based cross-paradigmatic perspective are then discussed.

Field of study: Education
The Monoceros radio loop: Temperature, brightness, spectral index, and distance

In this paper we estimated the temperatures and brightnesses of the Monoceros radio loop at 1420, 820 and 408 MHz. The linear spectrum is estimated for mean temperatures versus frequency between 1420, 820 and 408 MHz. The spectral index of Monoceros loop is also obtained. The brightness temperatures and surface brightnesses of the loop are computed using data taken from radio-continuum surveys at the three frequencies. The spectral index of the loop is also obtained from T-T plots between 1420–820, 1420–408, and 820–408 MHz. The obtained results confirm non-thermal origin of the Monoceros radio loop (

Field of study: Physics
Conditional expression of full-length humanized anti-prion protein antibodies in Chinese hamster ovary cells.

Because of their high antigen specificity and metabolic stability, genetically engineered human monoclonal antibodies are on the way to becoming one of the most promising medical diagnostics and therapeutics. In order to establish an in vitro system capable of producing such biosimilar antibodies, we used human constant chain sequences to design the novel human antibody expressing vector cassette pMAB-ABX. A bidirectional tetracycline (tet)-controllable promotor was used for harmonized expression of immunoglobulin type G (IgG) heavy and light chains. As an example we used anti-prion protein (anti-PrP) IgGs. Therefore, the variable heavy (V(H)) and light chain (V(L)) sequences of anti-PrP antibodies, previously generated in our laboratory by DNA immunization of prion protein knock-out mice, were isolated from murine hybridoma cell lines and inserted into pMAB-ABX vector. After transfection of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, a number of stable antibody producing cell clones were selected. One cell line (pMAB-ABX-13F10/3B5) stably expressing the recombinant humanized antibody (rechuAb) 13F10/3B5 was selected for detailed characterization by Western blot, immunofluorescence, and flow cytometric analyses. The full-length recombinant humanized IgG antibody showed a high level of expression in the cytoplasm. In conclusion, the new cell system described here is a suitable tool to produce functional intact full-length humanized IgG antibodies.

Field of study: Biology
Cuspidal types on $\textrm{GL}_{p}(\mathcal{O}_{F})$

Let $F$ be a non-Archimedean local field and let $\mathcal{O}_{F}$ be its ring of integers. We give a description of orbits of cuspidal types on $\mathrm{GL}_{p}( \mathcal{O}_{F})$, with $p$ prime. We determine which of them are regular representations and we provide an example which shows that an orbit of a representation does not always determine whether it is a cuspidal type or not.

Field of study: Mathematics
Contemporary Medical Students’ Perceptions of the Hippocratic Oath

The Hippocratic Oath is a standard of medical ethics. Oath adaptations are common.  Evaluate students’ perceptions regarding the oath.  Survey of University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical School graduating students regarding the oath’s relevance, content, and application, and whether a choice of version should be provided.  Forty-two of the fifty-three students (79 percent) considered the original oath relevant. Most (53 percent) disagreed that the oath in its original form be used, and most preferred a modified oath. More agreed (40 percent) than disagreed (28 percent) on providing a choice of version of the oath. The mean of correct answers as to the original oath’s contents was 68 percent. Euthanasia and abortion prohibitions were recognized by 68 percent and 62 percent, respectively. Increased knowledge of the original’s contents correlated with decreased desire that it be used (p = .02). Recognition of euthanasia/abortion prohibitions was significantly better for those in disagreement than in agreement that the original be used. Those who disagreed that a choice of oath versions be provided had significantly better knowledge of the original’s euthanasia/abortion prohibitions than those who agreed. However, those who felt strongly that a choice should or should not be given each had a 100 percent accuracy of identifying euthanasia/abortion prohibitions.  Most students preferred an adapted oath to the original. Increased student knowledge of the original oath’s contents, including reference to euthanasia/abortion, significantly correlated with decreased desire to use it. Given the original’s importance in medical ethics, this is concerning. A subset of students, however, affirmed the original’s value and desired its use. Improved education in the Hippocratic oath is important, given modern medicine’s complex moral issues.  The Hippocratic oath is a standard of medical ethics. Oath adaptations eliminating the original’s prohibitions of abortion/euthanasia are common. Most medical students who were questioned preferred the adapted oath to the original. Only two-thirds recognized the original’s prohibitions of abortion/euthanasia. Those who knew of the original oath’s prohibitions also had a decreased desire that it be used. Students disagreeing that a choice of versions of the oath be provided had better knowledge of these prohibitions. This is concerning, given the original oath’s importance in medical ethics including at the 1945–1949 Nuremberg trials. Nonetheless, a subset of students affirmed the original Hippocratic oath’s importance, desiring its use.

Field of study: Medicine, Philosophy
Moore's paradox and Evans's principle: a reply to Williams

us call one such person Gill Bates. Since Gill Bates has done all that is humanly possible to accumulate wealth (she is a multimillionaire many times over) yet is far poorer than Bill Gates merely as a result of brute luck beyond the control of her choice, she too must be helped up. The resources for topping up Buffett, Gill Bates, and the NEs to Bill Gates's level would then come from taxing everyone, including ordinary hardworking people. To conclude. I had argued that, according to choice-egalitarianism, since Non-Effectives lack the pertinent choices, they cannot receive less than the wealthiest person, Bill Gates. Tal Manor's response argues that almost all of us cannot receive less than Bill Gates. I claim to have shown here that his response is not convincing, even today, and that his attempted refutation would be even less applicable in an ideal CE society. To some extent, we can apply the CE rule of 'Index to Bill Gates' beyond persons who are NEs, but the targets for such equalization would largely lie among the atypical cases Warren Buffett and the Gill Bates's of this world not the common man or woman. And that, surely, does not make choiceegalitarianism morally (or, indeed, pragmatically) more

Field of study: Philosophy
Hepatic growth hormone - JAK2 - STAT5 signalling: Metabolic function, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma progression.

The rising prevalence of obesity came along with an increase in associated metabolic disorders in Western countries. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) represents the hepatic manifestation of the metabolic syndrome and is linked to primary stages of liver cancer development. Growth hormone (GH) regulates various vital processes such as energy supply and cellular regeneration. In addition, GH regulates various aspects of liver physiology through activating the Janus kinase (JAK) 2- signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 5 pathway. Consequently, disrupted GH - JAK2 - STAT5 signaling in the liver alters hepatic lipid metabolism and is associated with NAFLD development in humans and mouse models. Interestingly, while STAT5 as well as JAK2 deficiency correlates with hepatic lipid accumulation, recent studies suggest that these proteins have unique ambivalent functions in chronic liver disease progression and tumorigenesis. In this review, we focus on the consequences of altered GH - JAK2 - STAT5 signaling for hepatic lipid metabolism and liver cancer development with an emphasis on lessons learned from genetic knockout models.

Field of study: Medicine
Research on New Relation between the Chinese Government and Trade Associations

The development level of trade associations is the important indicator which is used to judge the maturity of development in a country’s or region’s market economy. China now is in the exploratory stage of “disconnect” between the government and trade associations, and the relation between them shall be reconstructed. This paper used the methods of literature research, norms and empirical analysis, etc. to analyze the evolution and existing problems of the relation between the government and trade associations, exploring the new type of relation after trade association disconnect from the government, in order to promote the formation of the modern trade association chamber of commerce system.

Field of study: Business
Editor's corner: A report from the best and brightest

Those were some of the opening shots of the powerfully worded report of the “Defense Science Board Task Force on Military Software” that was released a couple of years ago. The task force, chaired by noted computer scientist Frederick P. Brooks, Jr., attacked some of the ongoing problems of software head on. Should the average software person care about a report produced to deal with the problems of military software? Given that the report now has had more than two years of aging, is it still up to date in its viewpoint? Considering the breadth, depth, and timeliness of this report, my answer is a resounding “yes.” A lot of software dragons are met and slain here; a lot of others are put in proper perspective. And the people who prepared the report are probably the best and brightest in the business.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Elucidation of the rhizosphere microbiome linked to Spartina alterniflora phenotype in a salt marsh on Skidaway Island, Georgia, USA.

Smooth cordgrass, Spartina alterniflora, dominates salt marshes on the east coast of the United States. While the physicochemical cues affecting S. alterniflora productivity have been studied intensively, the role of plant-microbe interactions in ecosystem functioning remains poorly understood. Thus, in this study, the effects of S. alterniflora phenotype on the composition of archaeal, bacterial, diazotrophic, and fungal communities were investigated. Overall, prokaryotic communities were more diverse and bacteria were more abundant in the areas colonized by the tall plant phenotype in comparison to that of short plant phenotype. Diazotrophic methanogens (Methanomicrobia) preferentially colonized the area of the short plant phenotype. Putative iron-oxidizing Zetaproteobacteria and sulfur-oxidizing Campylobacteria were identified as indicator species in the rhizosphere of tall and short plant phenotypes, respectively. Finally, while diazotrophic populations shaped microbial interactions in the areas colonized by the tall plant phenotype, fungal populations filled this role in the areas occupied by the short plant phenotype. The results here demonstrate that S. alterniflora phenotype and proximity to the root zone are selective forces dictating microbial community assembly. Results further reveal that reduction-oxidation chemistry is a major factor driving the selection of belowground microbial populations in salt marsh habitats.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Tidal Tails of Interacting Galaxies

This paper has been withdrawn by the author. A computer simulation of two galaxies, passing in parabolic orbits, was made to show their interaction and the tidal patterns formed. The galaxies were modelled as a point masses surrounded by 5 densely packed, concentric rings of test masses in circular motion, which represented the outer disk of the galaxy. Several features were noticeable in the simulations, including: a bridge forming between the two galaxies during the interaction, mass being lost to the perturbing galaxy and universe, and an arching counterarm emanating away from the bridge. The results suggest the process was primarily kinematic. Quantitative analysis was made on the counterarm length dependence on galaxy separation and mass ratio. In both cases linear relationships were found with arm length increasing for smaller separations and for larger perturbing masses. The effects were greatly reduced in a retrograde interaction. The images were compared to astrophysical observations and qualitative features matched.

Field of study: Physics