nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Effects of application of nitrogen and potassium at different leaf age periods on yield and population quality of one-season-medium rice.

Wandao68 was used as material to study the effects of application of nitrogen and potassium in different leaf-age-periods on grain yield and population quality.The results are as follows:(1)The output of applying nitrogen at the third leaf age from top and potassium at forth leaf age from top was tiptop and the differences were significant.(2)Applying nitrogen at third leaf age from top could increase grains per panicle significantly while there was little effect on effective panicles per unit area,setting rate and 1000-grain weight;Applying potassium at forth leaf age from top could enhance grains per panicle and setting rate while there was little effect on effective panicle per unit area and 1000-grain weight.(3)Application of ear-fertilizer could control the inefficient tiller growing,increase the number of total spikelets,improve the effective leaf area percentage and high effective leaf area percentage,increase grain-leaf ratio,coordinate the relationship of ear and grain.It also could establish the plant type of resistance to lodging and improve the elevation of photosynthetic efficiency from heading to maturing to achieve high yield.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Socio-economic features of sea cucumber fisheries in southern coast of Kenya

A socio-economic assessment was conducted at Vanga, Shimoni, Majoreni and Gazi villages in the Kenyan south coast with focus on the sea cucumber fishing patterns, the social and economic characteristics of the fisher communities, the contribution of sea cucumbers to the local livelihoods, and analysis of the management systems. The results indicate that sea cucumber fishers are mainly men. Fishing is done in sub-tidal areas (3–10 m deep) and inter-tidal areas depending on the species being targeted. Those who fish in the sub-tidal areas do skin diving without using SCUBA diving gear. Sea cucumber fishing is heavily done during the northeast monsoon season when the sea is calm and water is clear. About 32% of the sea cucumber fishers also collect other marine products such as octopus. The sea cucumbers are sold fresh from the sea to local first level middlemen who process and sell them to the second level middlemen and exporters in Mombasa. The fishers occasionally borrow money from first level middlemen especially when they fail to catch sea cucumbers but this in turn creates conditions of dependence and possible exploitation. Almost all sea cucumber fishers have stated that they are not willing to make sea cucumbers part of their daily diet. The economic value of the product was substantial; the average monthly revenue for dry sea cucumbers in the area was estimated to US$ 8000. The relative highest profits are derived from juvenile species, thus there is an economic incentive hindering local stocks to reach sexual maturity, which in turn may create a situation in which recruitment success is highly dependent on faraway populations. The present management system falls into general fisheries regulations and was found weak. No specific management plan for sea cucumbers was found.

Field of study: Environmental science
The infrastructure efficiency of cellular wireless networks

Providing downlink wireless coverage is expensive and represents a dominant variable cost for mobile communication operators. It is vital that operators select base station locations so that efficiency is achieved, with high coverage relative to total cost of the selected operational base stations. However, efficiency in this context has not previously received explicit analysis. In this paper, we explicitly study cell plan infrastructure efficiency. We determine the density of macro cells which gives maximal coverage at minimal cost, modelling an irregular dispersion of candidate base station locations with varying procurement costs. An empirical investigation is undertaken consisting of 585 experiments using 45 synthesised test problems. The results provide evidence indicating the optimal relative size for inter-cell overlap. This is a new and important observation. We introduce and assess the marginal cost of service coverage. This represents the lowest rate at which infrastructure cost must increase to facilitate higher levels of service coverage. Two important conclusions are drawn. Firstly, the results quantify a significant advantage from increasing candidate site density. Secondly, marginal cost emerges as a powerful concept for analysing the impact of investment. We observe common trends in the behaviour of this function, which quantify a rapid diminishing return (in terms of service coverage) for additional infrastructure expenditure. Finally we consider the spectral implications of increased cell density. As cell overlap increases, we determine the additional span of channels needed to satisfy signal-to-interference requirements for service area coverage. We explain how these results are of practical use in cellular network planning. these results are of practical use in cellular network planning.

Field of study: Computer science
Reforming Canadian primary care - don't stop half-way.

Strong primary care is a fundamental underpinning of high-performing health systems. Sadly, primary care infrastructure and performance in canada lag behind many of our international peers. Although substantial reforms have been implemented over the past decade, progress has been uneven, and no province has all the essential system elements in place. Continued investment is both needed and affordable. However, whether those investments - and others necessary to strengthen medicare - are made will be determined largely by the ongoing clash between communitarian and libertarian values.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
A mathematical model of the stress induced during avascular tumour growth

In this paper a mathematical model is developed to describe the effect of nonuniform growth on the mechanical stress experienced by cells within an avascular tumour. The constitutive law combines the stress-strain relation of linear elasticity with a growth term that is derived by analogy with thermal expansion. To accommodate the continuous nature of the growth process, the law relates the rate of change of the stress tensor to the rate of change of the strain (rather than relating the stress to the strain directly). By studying three model problems which differ in detail, certain characteristic features are identified. First, cells near the tumour boundary, where nutrient levels and cell proliferation rates are high, are under compression. By contrast, cells towards the centre of the tumour, where nutrient levels are low and cell death dominant, are under tension. The implications of these results and possible model developments are also discussed.

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics
Compound adsorbent for adsorption ice maker on fishing boats

Adsorption performances of three types of adsorbents, CaCl 2 with different expansion space, simple compound adsorbent and solidified compound adsorbent made by CaCl 2 and activated carbon, are tested, in which ammonia is used as refrigerant. The solidified compound adsorbent shows the best performance for adsorption ice makers on fishing boats for the larger filling quantity of adsorbent in adsorber. The mass transfer performance is improved by the additive of activated carbon in solidified compound adsorbent at the condition of low evaporating temperature. The volume cooling density of solidified compound adsorbent is about 35% improved at least in comparison with the optimal results of CaCl 2 at the evaporating temperature of −15 °C.

Field of study: Engineering
Disordering effects in superconductors with anisotropic pairing: From Cooper pairs to compact bosons

In the weak-coupling BCS-theory approximation, normal impurities do not influence the superconducting transition temperature Tc in the case of isotropic s pairing. In the case of d pairing they result in a rapid destruction of the superconducting state. This is at variance with many experiments on the disordering of high-Tc superconductors, assuming that d pairing is realized in them. As the interelectronic attraction in a Cooper pair increases, the system transforms continuously from a BCS-type superconductor with “loose” pairs to a picture of superconductivity of “compact,” strongly coupled bosons. Near such a transition substantial deviations can be expected from the universal disorder dependence of Tc, as determined by the Abrikosov-Gor’kov equation, and Tc becomes more stable against disordering. Since high-Tc super-conducting systems fall into the transitional region from BCS-type pairs to compact bosons, these results can explain their relative stability against disordering.

Field of study: Physics
Adsorption and desorption characteristics of several herbicides on sediment

The objective of this study was to clarify the adsorption and desorption characteristics of several herbicides in sediment. Five herbicides, esprocarb, thiobencarb, dimethametryn, pretilachlor, and simetryn were examined in this study. The adsorption ratio on the sediment increased in the following order: pretilachlor < dimethametryn < simetryn < thiobencarb < esprocarb. On the other hand, the adsorption ratio on the sediment without organic matter increased in the following order: thiobencarb < esprocarb < pretilachlor < dimethametryn < simetryn. Furthermore, the amounts of simetryn, dimethametryn, and pretilachlor adsorbed on the sediment without organic matter increased, while those of esprocarb and thiobencarb decreased in comparison to the original sediment. These results strongly suggested that the mineral surface in the sediment was very important as the adsorption site for the herbicide, especially in the case of simetryn, dimethametryn, and pretilachlor. All the adsorption and desorption data fitted well with the Freundlich equation. The hysteresis in the adsorption-desorption phenomena in the sediment was observed for all the herbicides, and it was affected by the organic matter in sediment, especially in the case of dimethametryn and pretilachlor.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
[The early diagnosis of congenital neuroinfections during ophthalmologic examination in children of the first months of life].

To characterize the possibilities of early diagnosis of congenital neuroinfections during an ophthalmological examination in children in the first months of life.



Five children with congenital neuroinfection, including 2 children with congenital toxoplasmosis and 3 children with congenital cytomegalovirus infection (CMVI), were studied. All babies were born prematurely (25 to 31 weeks of gestation (27.2±0.94)), with birth weight from 680 to 1610 g (1120±110.1). During the examination, binocular ophthalmoscopy and examination on a wide-field retinal pediatric camera were used. A blood testing for immunoglobulins and a polymerase chain reaction of blood were performed. To assess the state of the brain, neurosonography and magnetic resonance imaging were used.



Ophthalmic signs of intrauterine infection appeared at the age of 4-5 months (at 47-51 weeks of postmenstrual age). In all children (in 4 in one eye, in 1 in both eyes), apparent exudative-proliferative changes in the retina and vitreous body appeared on the periphery with the formation of epiretinal membranes that exert a traction effect on the retina. In two children with CMVI, multiple preretinal hemorrhages in different parts of the retina in both eyes were revealed. Central chorioretinal foci in the fundus were detected in children with toxoplasmosis. A positive dynamics, such as a decrease of exudative phenomena, a partial fit of the retina, complete resorption of hemorrhages, was noted in children during treatment. It has been concluded that signs of intrauterine neuroinfection can appear delayed, only by the development of chorioretinitis, 4-5 months after birth and manifest with severe exudative-proliferative changes in the retina and vitreous body.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Relationships between protein phosphorylation and electron transport in the reconstituted chloroplast system.

Phosphorylation of the light-harvesting chlorophyll protein (LHCP) by the thylakoid protein kinase has been examined in the reconstituted chloroplast system. The level of phosphorylation by [32P]Pi was maximal at high light intensity and in the absence of 3-phosphoglycerate; dephosphorylation resulted from a subsequent decrease in light intensity or from the addition of 3-phosphoglycerate. Addition of ribose 5-phosphate, which acts as an ATP 'sink', also caused dephosphorylation. It is concluded that the degree of phosphorylation is dependent on the redox state and energy state of the system, thereby providing a mechanism for adapting light harvesting to the demands of carbon assimilation.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Effects of Mixture Aging on the Performance of Gap Graded Asphalt Mix Experimented on the Malaysian North-South Expressway

Gap Graded Asphalt (GGA) is a new type of asphalt mix developed by OPUS International. It has been successfully experimented on several trial sites along the Malaysian North South Expressway. GGA differs from ordinary dense asphalt by incorporating a high proportion of coarse aggregate, filler and bitumen. The high coarse aggregate structure helps to build a stable matrix enabling it to better resist permanent deformation. The main objective of this study is to investigate the effects of mixture aging on GGA mix properties and compare the mixture performance with porous asphalt (PA), and asphaltic concrete (AC). The performance tests conducted in this study includes indirect tensile strength (ITS), resilient modulus, abrasion loss, permeability, skid resistance and rutting. A One-Way ANOVA statistical analysis was used to analyze the results. From the results, aging duration has a statistically significant effect on the resilient modulus and skin temperature difference. GGA mixtures exhibit lower ITS and resilient modulus compared to PA and AC. However, GGA mix exhibits better resistance to rutting and being impermeable enables it to completely waterproof the pavement.

Field of study: Engineering
A ROTATING MOLECULAR DISK TOWARD IRAS 18162-2048, THE EXCITING SOURCE OF HH 80-81

We present several molecular line emission arcsecond and subarcsecond observations obtained with the Submillimeter Array in the direction of the massive protostar IRAS 18162-2048, the exciting source of HH 80-81. The data clearly indicate the presence of a compact (radius ≈425-850 AU) SO2 structure, enveloping the more compact (radius 150 AU) 1.4 mm dust emission (reported in a previous paper). The emission spatially coincides with the position of the prominent thermal radio jet which terminates at the HH 80-81 and HH 80N Herbig-Haro objects. Furthermore, the molecular emission is elongated in the direction perpendicular to the axis of the thermal radio jet, suggesting a disk-like structure. We derive a total dynamic mass (disk-like structure and protostar) of 11-15 M ☉. The SO2 spectral line data also allow us to constrain the structure temperature between 120 and 160 K and the volume density 2 × 109 cm–3. We also find that such a rotating flattened system could be unstable due to gravitational disturbances. The data from C17O line emission show a dense core within this star-forming region. Additionally, the H2CO and SO emissions appear clumpy and trace the disk-like structure, a possible interaction between a molecular core and the outflows, and in part, the cavity walls excavated by the thermal radio jet.

Field of study: Physics
Climate signals in δ 13 C of wood lignin methoxyl groups from high-elevation larch trees

In this study, a barely used method to measure δ13C values from lignin methoxyl groups (δ13Cmethoxyl) of tree‐rings is applied to high alpine larch trees to test their potential as a climate proxy. Thirty-seven larch trees (Larix decidua Mill.) were sampled at a tree line site near Simplon Village in the Valais/Switzerland. Samples were used to measure tree-ring width, and from five individuals, δ13Cmethoxyl was determined at annual resolution from 1971 to 2009, and at pentadal resolution from 1747 to 2009. The physiological tree responses to increasing atmospheric CO2 concentration since 1850 and the corresponding decrease in δ13C (Suess effect) were corrected using a range of published discrimination factors and approaches. One of these approaches considers a flexible correction factor, which minimizes the residuals with target climate data. Testing the response of the new δ13Cmethoxyl proxy to climate revealed significant correlations with June to August temperatures, ranging from r = 0.56 to 0.75 for annually and from r = 0.41 to 0.87 for pentadally resolved data depending on the correction methods. Tree-ring width also shows significant correlations with June to August temperature. These results demonstrate the potential of δ13Cmethoxyl to serve as a summer temperature proxy in high-elevation alpine environments.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Optical and electrical characterization of low temperature grown GaInAs

GaInAs grown at low temperature by molecular beam epitaxy has been studied using Hall effect and photoluminescence spectroscopy. The variations of the electrical and photoluminescence properties are described versus growth temperature and subsequent heat treatments. In contrast to GaAs, these materials exhibit a strong luminescence near band gap and are not semi-insulating. Recombination mechanisms are proposed from the dependence on the temperature and excitation density of the observed emissions, and reasons for their electrical behaviour are discussed.

Field of study: Materials science
Structure of129Ba from the decay of129La

The structure of129Ba is investigated through the beta decay of129La, whose half-life is measured to be 11.6±0.2 m. The decay properties are studied by means of beta, gamma and conversion electron spectroscopy techniques. Many transitions are observed and a level scheme of129Ba with deduced129Ba values is proposed. The total decay energy of129Ba is measured to be 3.72±0.05 MeV, which is compared with predictions of mass formulae. Low-lying structure of129Ba is discussed in terms of collective models.

Field of study: Physics
Stereotype Associations and Emotion Recognition

We investigated whether stereotype associations between specific emotional expressions and social categories underlie stereotypic emotion recognition biases. Across two studies, we replicated previously documented stereotype biases in emotion recognition using both dynamic (Study 1) and static (Study 2) expression displays. Stereotype consistent expressions were more quickly decoded than stereotype inconsistent expression on Moroccan and White male faces. Importantly, we found consistent and novel evidence that participants’ associations between ethnicities and emotions, as measured with a newly developed emotion Implicit Association Test (eIAT), predicted the strength of their ethnicity-based stereotype biases in expression recognition. In both studies, as perceivers’ level of Moroccan-anger and Dutch-sadness associations (compared with the opposite) increased, so did perceivers’ tendency to decode anger more readily on Moroccan faces and sadness on White faces. The observed stereotype effect seemed to be independent of implicit prejudice (Study 2), suggesting dissociable effects of prejudices and stereotypes in expression perception.

Field of study: Psychology
Cultural thoughts inspired by the failure of Wushu to become an Olympic event

The failure of Wushu to become an Olympic event has inspired a lot of thoughts. The author viewed the difference between oriental and western cultures from the perspective of science,and considered that it is the dif-ference between oriental and western cultures that essentially causes the failure of Wushu to become an Olympic event. For the development of Wushu,we should regain our cultural confidence,establish our pride of our nation,and select a course suitable for our own development.

Field of study: Education
Nonlinear Coupling in Nb/NbN Superconducting Microwave Resonators

In this experimental study we show that the coupling between Nb/NbN superconducting microwave resonators and their feedline can be made amplitude dependent. We employ this mechanism to tune the resonators into critical coupling condition, a preferable mode of operation for a wide range of applications. Moreover we examine the dependence of critical coupling state on other parameters such as temperature and magnetic field. Possible novel applications based on such nonlinear coupling are briefly discussed.

Field of study: Physics
PRIMITIVE RETROPERITONEAL TUMORS - GIANT LIPOSARCOMA

Primitive retroperitoneal tumors are formations with varying degrees of severity. They may occur locally, being impressive due to their generous diameters, but they can also invade the entire body. The latest genetic studies have somewhat changed the vision about the etiology of soft tissue tumors, while the immunohistochemical studies offer customized results on recurrence, metastasis and survival rate. At the same time, the importance of the imaging findings is crucial, especially when the localization poses problems regarding the surgical technique and a means of adjuvant therapy must be chosen accordingly. The peculiarity of this case is that we managed to resect the impressively large retroperitoneal malignant tumor with oncological safety margins. We present the case of a patient admitted in 2012 in the Department of General Surgery II of the "Carol Davila" Central Military Emergency Hospital, because of the development of a bulky formation in the right hemiabdomen and subocclusive symptoms. A thorough investigation was performed. The initial suspicion was of a primitive retroperitoneal tumor, the CT aspect indicating a liposarcoma. The total tumoral excision was decided and performed, with the previous checking of the specific areas of metastases. The diagnosis certitude was obtained after sending the 5.5 kg piece to the anatomical pathology examination. Post-operatively, the patient was referred to the oncological service for appropriate adjuvant treatment. So far, the surgical treatment combined with the oncological one has had favorable results.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Electroluminescence and nature of lightly spark-processed silicon

We report the emission of significant infra-red as well as visible electroluminescence (EL) from lightly spark-processed Si (LSP-Si). Studies by scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM) reveal the presence of small globules down to around 2 nm in diameter, the sizes necessary for significant quantum confinement and blue-shifted interband radiation to occur. However, studies with oxidized samples and samples processed in non-oxygen gases suggest that silicon oxides play a major role. Measurements by elastic recoil detection analysis and Rutherford back scattering analysis show that LSP-Si has a 150-250 nm thick oxidized surface layer. This layer is some four times thicker in medium sparked samples. There is negligible foreign material other than oxygen and slight C and N. Samples without encapsulation show changes in resistance but no change in efficiency after 500 hours of pulse operation.

Field of study: Materials science