nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Outcome analysis of pediatric pyeloplasty in units with less than 20% differential renal function.

This study was conducted to assess ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJO) units with differential renal function (DRF) ≤20%, 3 months post-pyeloplasty as well as complications and stability of function in long term follow up.



In this prospective study, children below 12 years age with unilateral UPJO and DRF ≤20% undergoing open Anderson-Hynes dismembered pyeloplasty from 2002-2014 excluding associated vesicoureteric reflux were included. Drainage and function were assessed with isotope [ethylene di-cysteine (EC)] scan at 3 months and later during yearly follow-up as well as by intravenous urography (IVU).



Of a total 744 patients with UPJO in the study period, 112 had DRF ≤20%. Thirty four (30%) underwent percutaneous nephrostomy. Ten with no function underwent nephrectomy. 102 (mean age 4.7 years) with DRF 0-9% (n = 40) and 10-20% (n = 62) formed the study group. Hypertension (3), small kidney (13) and crossing vessels (9) were associated. Follow up ranged from 1-8 years (4.6 ± 1.34 years). Six patients were lost to follow up. There was significant improvement in drainage in the remaining 96 patients. Mean DRF and IVU function showed highly significant improvement (p < .001) in those with clinical signs and symptoms (n = 85), compared to asymptomatic patients in preoperative 0-9% and 10-20% group. The mean rise in DRF was significantly more in the preoperative 0-9% group, palpable mass presentation and by age at 5-12 years in the 0-9% group and 1-5 years in the 10-20% group. In the symptomatic group, except for intermittent UTIs (n = 8) and pain (n = 3) which subsided 1-2 years after surgery, all patients had resolution of initial complaints. Hypertension resolved in two patients with crossing vessels. No patient required re-do pyeloplasty or developed hypertension during followup. There was no significant difference (p = 1.000) in mean DRF between 3 month and 1-8 years post-operative scans (n = 53).



This study which appears to be the largest in the literature of pediatric UPJO with DRF ≤20%, conclusively shows that there is statistically significant improvement in function after pyeloplasty which remains stable during the period of growth with no long term complications. Nephrectomy should be considered only in patients with nil or <5% uptake on isotope imaging with associated (a) no parenchyma on imaging or on exploration, (b) pyonephrosis, (c) hypertension or (d) minimal urine output on percutaneous nephrostomy.

Field of study: Medicine
Optical Spectra Tuning of All-Glass Photonic Bandgap Fiber Infiltrated with Silver Fast-Ion-Conducting Glasses

Silver iodide metaphosphate glasses of the xAgI + (1−x)AgPO3 family are embedded inside the air capillaries of a commercial silica photonic crystal fiber (PCF) by means of vacuum-assisted infiltration technique. In this paper, we report on tuning the photonic bandgap (PBG) guidance characteristics of the fabricated all-glass photonic bandgap fibers, by varying the composition of the fast-ion-conducting phosphate glass infiltration medium. Doping AgPO3 metaphosphate glass with AgI significantly alters the PBG guidance patterns in the examined range between 350 and 1750 nm, as it leads to the introduction of numerous additional transmission stop-bands, while affecting scattering dependant losses. The effect of phosphate glass cooling method during sample fabrication on the transmission behavior of the xAgI + (1−x)AgPO3/PCFs is also considered.

Field of study: Materials science
A branched N-linked glycan at atomic resolution in the 1.12 A structure of rhamnogalacturonan acetylesterase.

The crystal structure of the glycoprotein rhamnogalacturonan acetylesterase from Aspergillus aculeatus has been refined to a resolution of 1.12 A using synchrotron data collected at 263 K. Both of the two putative N-glycosylation sites at Asn104 and Asn182 are glycosylated and, owing to crystal contacts, the glycan structure at Asn182 is exceptionally well defined in the electron-density maps, showing the six-carbohydrate structure Manalpha1-6(Manalpha1-3)Manalpha1-6Manbeta1-4GlcNAcbeta1-4GlcNAcbeta-Asn182. Equivalent carbohydrate residues were restrained to have similar geometries, but were refined without target values. The refined bond lengths and angles were compared with the values obtained from small-molecule studies that form the basis for the dictionaries used for glycoprotein refinement.

Field of study: Chemistry
The Earning Persistence of High Tech Enterprise and Market Efficiency of China Capital Market

The paper investigates the extent to which current earnings performance persists into future is depended on the components of earnings and try to find out whether stock price reflects the information of earnings. Comparing to accrued components of earnings, cash flow components of earnings substantially has more explanatory ability for abnormal returns and with higher persistence, especially for high tech industry. Eventually we find that investors’ inability to distinguish correctly between the components of earnings. Constructing a portfolio based on the magnitudes of accrued components of earnings, we can earn 4% and 13% of excess returns for high tech industry and general industry.

Field of study: Business
On-axis light distribution in converging spherical fields: general case.

A general expression for the problem of on-axis light distribution in converging spherical waves, diffracted at a circular aperture, is obtained. The solution is valid for small as well as for high Fresnel numbers (N) and also includes a tilt in the aperture. The influence of the tilt on the focal shift related to small values of N, and the symmetry of the field with respect to the geometrical focal plane, are analyzed.

Field of study: Physics
Interspecies Limbic Love: Jane Smiley’s Horse Heaven

Jane Smiley’s novel Horse Heaven (2000) has a complex relationship to contemporary popular brain science. Specifically, it engages with neurobiological theories of affect dysregulation and the possibility of non-conscious, brain-to-brain repair of such dysregulation, extending that possibility even to human-animal relationships. Yet it also, via characterization and figurative language, points to the need for skeptical, specifically feminist, critique of such theories.

Field of study: Art
Rat liver microsomal and mitochondrial metabolism of primaquine in vitro.

The profiles of major metabolites of primaquine (PQ) produced from liver microsomal (MC) and mitochondrial (MT) metabolism were investigated in vitro by silica gel thin layer and reverse phase high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results indicated that 5-hydroxy primaquine (5-OH PQ) and carboxyprimaquine (CPQ) were simultaneously produced by either microsomes or pure mitochondria preparations. However, the quantitative study showed that microsomes produced approximately 19 times more 5-OH PQ but only 1/34 of the CPQ by mitochondria.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Mercury‐induced genes in Arabidopsis thaliana: identification of induced genes upon long‐term mercuric ion exposure

Mercuric-ion-induced gene expression was studied in Arabidopsis thaliana Columbia wild type. Rosettes of plants grown for 21 d on agar medium supplemented with 20, 30 and 40 μM HgCl 2 were pooled and used to isolate cDNAs of induced genes by suppression subtractive hybridization. Of the 576 clones isolated initially, 31 turned out to be mercury-induced by Northern hybridization. However, kinetic studies using cDNA arrays clearly showed that seven genes were exclusively mercuric-ion-induced, 14 were induced by mercury but also affected by a diurnal rhythm, and 10 clones were only modulated by the day-night cycle. The expression levels of the metal-induced genes increased from 1.5-fold to 10-fold. Functional classification resulted in genes encoding proteins for the photosynthetic apparatus and for the antioxidative system. In addition, unexpected genes, whose connection to mercury ion stress is not evident, were identified.

Field of study: Environmental science
Terry Maguire and David Haslam. The Obesity Epidemic and its Management. Pharmaceutical Press: London. 2010. 264 pp, $49.99. ISBN-978-0-85369-786-2

The authors of The Obesity Epidemic and its Management have been trained within European countries and many of their practical experiences have been pan-European. Dr. Terry Maquire is recognized as a pioneer of pharmacy services within the United Kingdom. Dr. David Haslam is a physician with special interests in cardiometabolic disease states, and obesity. Dr. Haslam has been an instrumental colleague in the development of primary care adult obesity guidelines and the first ever childhood obesity guidelines with Royal College of Pediatrics and Child Health. 
 
Obesity has become a visible public health concern. Many health care and community partners have identified the need to address this condition to reduce the risk of co-morbid consequences that may arise due to obesity. This book provides an overview about obesity in its social and science arena with the pharmacist identified as the target audience. It is divided into 3 parts and has 14 chapters. Part 1 highlights causes of obesity, its consequences, and the associated cost. The remaining portion of the book focuses on management interventions. Discussion of public health campaigns that have been accepted and practiced (mainly in the United Kingdom); ways to provide behavioral management through cognitive behavior therapy and motivational intervention; and pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic strategies are included. Some of the more interesting sections identify programs that were conducted within community pharmacies throughout the United Kingdom. Baseline program methods and results are presented, which may allow pharmacists to use this reference as a resource if interested in program development. Chapter 8 discusses the behavioral interventions and a “nutshell” approach on how to use motivational interviewing techniques when working with patients to allow empowerment and ownership of this chronic debilitating condition. Pharmacological and surgical interventions are discussed in Chapters 11 and 12; however, these chapters do not provide great depth into the content material. 
 
Due to the geographical training and areas of expertise of the authors, this book would be conducive to use as a reference providing introductory information about the topic of obesity. Although much of the information throughout this book was specific to European countries, it did provide insight about how America could model community pharmacists and pharmacies as key players in preventive health.

Field of study: Education, Medicine
The economics of daily consumption controlling food- and water-reinforced responding.

In the first experiment, two rhesus monkeys earned their entire ration of food and water during daily sessions with no provisions to ensure constant daily intakes. Two variable-interval schedules of food presentations were concurrent with one variable-interval schedule of water presentations; the maximum rate of food presentations arranged by one food schedule was varied. As the rate of food presentations was increased, the absolute level of responding on the two food schedules combined decreased, while responding on the water schedule increased. The preference for the variable food schedule compared to the other food schedule approximately matched the proportion of reinforcers obtained from it. The preference for the variable food schedule compared to the water schedule did not match, but greatly decreased, as the proportion of reinforcers from the food schedule increased. When Experiment I was replicated, with provisions to ensure constant daily intakes of food and water (Experiment II), the absolute response rates under the two food schedules combined and under the water schedule no longer changed with increases in the rate of food during the sessions. On the other hand, choice between the two food schedules remained proportional to the distribution of obtained food pellets. These results were interpreted as indicating that behavior to obtain nonsubstitutable commodities, such as food and water, is strongly controlled by the economic conditions of daily consumption, while choice between substitutable commodities is independent of these factors.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
The mainly contradictions of Chinese sports economy and the countermeasures

The mainly five contradictions of Chinese sports economy are analyzed with the theory of developing economics,which are sports economy growth and restraining of sports market,enlarging of sports inner needs and inefficient supply of it,starting of sports consume and inefficent consume,enlarging sports investment and no sports investment sports,developing third industrial and restraining of its cost,and some suggestions are posed here.

Field of study: Education
Magnetic Field Trapping in MgB $_{2}$ Bulks and Inserts

In order to realize superconductive permanent magnets to be used in power applications like the magnetic levitation or electrical motors, we have studied the magnetic field trapping capability of MgB2 discs of different shapes, at temperatures >;10 K. In particular we have compared MgB2 bulk discs with MgB2 Superconductive Inserts in Metallic Substrates (SIMS) of diameters of 70 mm. Both superconductive devices have been produced by the Reactive Mg Liquid Infiltration (Mg-RLI) process. The magnetization was performed by the application and removal of an external magnetic field up to 2 T, produced by a superconducting magnet, or by Field Cooling of the superconductive devices nearby NdFeB permanent magnets. The SIMS devices showed a higher stability of the trapped fields with respect to the bulk discs. Typical trapped fields, measured at 1 mm from the surface of the device, are of the order of 1 T. The density distribution of the supercurrents has been estimated by measuring the trapped field at various temperatures up to Tc and performing magnetic levitation forces measurements.

Field of study: Physics
Establishment of a Novel Bladder Cancer Xenograft Model in Humanized Immunodeficient Mice

The aim of this study was to develop a novel model by transplanting human bladder cancer xenografts into humanized immunodeficient mice (SCID).  The animals first underwent sublethal irradiation and then were subjected to simultaneous transplantation of human lymphocytes (5 × 107 cells/mouse i.p.) and human bladder cancer cells (3 × 106 cells/mouse s.c.).  The xenografts developed in all 12 mice that had received bladder cancer BIU-87 cells, and the tumor specimens were evaluated histologically. All 6 model mice expressed human CD3 mRNA and/or protein in the peripheral blood, spleens and xenografts. The mean proportion of human CD3+ cells was 19% with a level of human IgG 532.4µ/ml in the peripheral blood at Week 6 after transplant inoculation. The re-constructed human immune system in these mice was confirmed to be functional by individual in vitro testing of their proliferative, secretory and cytotoxic responses.  The successful engraftment of the human bladder cancer xenografts and the establishment of the human immune system in our in vivo model described here may provide a useful tool for the development of novel therapeutic strategies targeting at bladder cancer.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Properties of Concrete Incorporating Low Quantity of Cement and High Volumes of Ground Granulated Slag

This paper presents the results of a study carried out on superplasticized, air-entrained concretes incorporating low quantities of ASTM Type I cement and high volumes of ground granulated blast furnace slag. The properties of fresh concretes including the time of setting were determined and a large number of concrete specimens were subjected to the determination of autogeneous temperature rise, compressive and flexural strengths, Young's modulus of elasticity, drying shrinkage, resistance to chloride ion penetration and sulfate resistance. The details of the study and the results are presented and discussed, particularly with regard to workability, compressive strengths, and flexural strengths.

Field of study: Materials science
A case study: Participation motives of strength and conditioning training for college students

The aim of this study was to investigate the participation motives of college students taking part in strength and conditioning training. The subjects were four university students. Observations, interviews and documents were utilized as the primary sources of data collection. The data were analyzed using number checking and triangulation techniques. The findings were organized into the following sections: need recognition, and belonging and affection motives. The participants’ needs to work out included losing weight, keeping fit, staying in shape, securing physical appearance, releasing stress, and establishing healthy lifestyles. The most important motive for them to work out was spending time and interacting with friends.

Field of study: Education
the long-term strength of continental lithosphere: "jelly sandwich" or "crème brûlée"?

There has been much debate recently concern ing the long-term (i.e., >1 m.y.) strength of continen tal lithosphere. In one model, dubbed jelly sandwich, the strength resides in the crust and mantle, while in another, dubbed creme brulee, the mantle is weak and the strength is limited to the crust. The different models have arisen because of conflicting results from elastic thickness and earthquake data. We address the problem here by first reviewing elastic thickness estimates and their relationship to the seismogenic layer thickness. We then explore, by numerical thermomechanical model ing, the implications of a weak and strong mantle for structural styles. We argue that, irrespective of the actual crustal strength, the creme-brulee model is unable to explain either the persistence of mountain ranges or the integrity of the downgoing slab in collisional systems. We conclude that while the creme-brulee model may apply in some tectonic settings, a more widely applica ble model is the jelly sandwich.

Field of study: Geology
From Hypernuclei to Hypermatter: a Quantum Monte Carlo Study of Strangeness in Nuclear Structure and Nuclear Astrophysics

The work presents the recent developments in Quantum Monte Carlo calculations for nuclear systems including strange degrees of freedom. The Auxiliary Field Diffusion Monte Carlo algorithm has been extended to the strange sector by the inclusion of the lightest among the hyperons, the Λ particle. This allows to perform detailed calculations for Λ hypernuclei, providing a microscopic framework for the study of the hyperon-nucleon interaction in connection with the available experimental information. The extension of the method for strange neutron matter, put the basis for the first Diffusion Monte Carlo analysis of the hypernuclear medium, with the derivation of neutron star observables of great astrophysical interest.

Field of study: Physics
Random intertemporal choice

We provide a theory of random intertemporal choice. Agents exhibit stochastic choice over consumption due to preference shocks to discounting attitudes. We first demonstrate how the distribution of these preference shocks can be uniquely identified from random choice data. We then provide axiomatic characterizations of some common random discounting models, including exponential and quasi-hyperbolic discounting. In particular, we show how testing for exponential discounting under stochastic choice involves checking for both a stochastic version of stationarity and a novel axiom characterizing decreasing impatience.

Field of study: Economics
Corrosion of the Welded Aluminium Alloy in 0.5 M NaCl Solution. Part 2: Coating Protection

The high electrochemical activity of the aircraft 1579 aluminium alloy with a welded joint and the necessity of the coating formation to protect this material against corrosion as well as to increase the stability of the weld interface in the corrosive medium has been previously established. In this work, two suggested methods of protective coating formation based on plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) in tartrate-fluoride electrolyte significantly increased the protective properties of the welded joint area of the 1579 Al alloy. The electrochemical properties of the formed surface layers have been investigated using SVET (scanning vibrating electrode technique) and SIET (scanning ion-selective electrode technique), EIS (electrochemical impedance spectroscopy), OCP (open circuit potential), and PDP (potentiodynamic polarization) in 0.5 M NaCl. The less expressed character of the local electrochemical processes on the welded 1579 Al alloy with the composite coating in comparison with the base PEO-layer has been established. Polymer-containing coatings obtained using superdispersed polytetrafluoroethylene (SPTFE) treatment are characterized by the best possible protective properties and prevent the material from corrosion destruction. Single SPTFE treatment enables one to increase PEO-layer protection by 5.5 times. The results of this study indicate that SVET and SIET are promising to characterize and to compare corrosion behaviour of coated and uncoated samples with a welded joint in chloride-containing media.

Field of study: Materials science