nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Defective generation of alloreactive cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) in human monoclonal gammopathies.

The generation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) towards allogeneic cells was investigated in 19 patients with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) and 31 patients with multiple myeloma (MM). This function was significantly decreased in all patients. The cytotoxic deficiency was more pronounced in MM with poor prognosis than MM with good prognosis and MGUS patients. A phenotypic analysis of PBT lymphocytes showed that poor prognosis MM also had the highest proportions of activated cells (HLA-DR+) in CD8+ subpopulations. CTL were generated after depletion of CD11+ lymphocytes (including suppressor cells) or after inhibition of suppressor function with deoxyguanosine. No increase of cytotoxicity was detected under these conditions. Exogenous supplementation of recombinant interleukin 2 (rIL-2) was also ineffective. These data indicate that MG PBT lymphocytes are unable to fully differentiate into CTL following allogeneic stimulation. This deficiency is most evident in MM patients already showing the poorest prognosis and the most altered T cell phenotype.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Synthesis and some transformations of thioesters of thienylacrylic acid

A number of thioesters of thienylacrylic acid were obtained by the condensation of 2-formylthiophene and 5-bromo-2-formylthiophene with acetylenic thioethers in the presence of boron trifluoride etherate. The reaction of the condensation products with hydrazine hydrate is accompanied by intramolecular cyclization to form the corresponding pyrazolines. The IR spectra of the synthesized compounds are discussed.

Field of study: Chemistry
Undergraduate Women: Who Chooses a Science Major?.

Despite the gains of recent years, women continue to be underrepresented in scientific fields at every educational level. In 1981, only 27 percent of the nation's bachelor's degrees in science and mathematics were awarded to women. The gap widens at higher educational levels; in the same year only 17 percent of all science and mathematics doctorates went to women. At the same time, labor force statistics show that in 1980 women represented 13 percent of the nation's physical scientists, 19 percent of its mathematicians, 22 percent of all computer specialists, 22 percent of the life scientists, and only 2 percent of the country's engineers . By identifying factors that appear to facilitate the choice of a science major for a particular group of women college students, this article addresses the larger question of why women undergraduates who enter college intending to major in science abandon their plans before a major is actually declared. It is based on data from a recent longitudinal study of concentration choice among undergraduates in a large university setting. Among the explanations offered to account for existing discrepancies in the numbers of men and women who choose to pursue science and mathematics are the following: sex-linked differences in inherent ability

Field of study: Education
Optical vortex coronagraphy with an elliptical aperture.

An optical vortex coronagraph that makes efficient use of a larger fraction of the clear aperture of a Cassegrain-type telescope is described. This design incorporates an elliptical subaperture rather than the conventional circular subaperture. We derive a new vortex phase mask that maintains the same theoretical contrast of a circularly symmetric vortex coronagraph.

Field of study: Physics
Highly Effective Disinfection of E. coli Using the Nanohybrids Ti1−xNixO2/CNTs

The nanohybrids Ti1−xNixO2/CNTs (x = 0; 0.01; 0.03; 0.06; 0.09) were synthesized by hydrolysis. The samples were characterized by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), x-ray diffraction (XRD), and optical absorption spectra (UV–Vis). The XRD analysis shows that the Ni-doped TiO2 exists mainly in the form of the anatase phase. The average size of TiO2 nanoparticles attached on the surface of the carbon nanotubes (CNTs) was found to be around 8 nm (based on the results from the XRD and HR-TEM images). The UV–Vis spectra of the Ti1−xNixO2/CNTs reveal not only a redshift due to the Ni-doping, but also an increase in the absorbance in the visible range due to nanohybridization of CNTs. The photocatalytic activity of the samples was tested by antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli. The results show that almost 100% of E. coli was destroyed, indicating a significantly much higher activity than that of pure TiO2.

Field of study: Materials science
WRF-Solar: Description and Clear-Sky Assessment of an Augmented NWP Model for Solar Power Prediction

AbstractWRF-Solar is a specific configuration and augmentation of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model designed for solar energy applications. Recent upgrades to the WRF Model contribute to making the model appropriate for solar power forecasting and comprise 1) developments to diagnose internally relevant atmospheric parameters required by the solar industry, 2) improved representation of aerosol–radiation feedback, 3) incorporation of cloud–aerosol interactions, and 4) improved cloud–radiation feedback. The WRF-Solar developments are presented together with a comprehensive characterization of the model performance for forecasting during clear skies. Performance is evaluated with numerical experiments using a range of different external and internal treatment of the atmospheric aerosols, including both a model-derived climatology of aerosol optical depth and temporally evolving aerosol optical properties from reanalysis products. The necessity of incorporating the influence of atmospheric aer...

Field of study: Environmental science
About Some Psychological Variables Correlated with Dogmatism

The relationships between dogmatism and some perceptual-cognitive, personality, and attitudinal indices were investigated for 40 men and 40 women. Dogmatism scores correlated negatively with the scores in Witkin's Group Embedded Figures Test and on the Flexibility scale from Gough's California Psychological Inventory. Correlations were positive for a favorable attitude towards concepts like Discipline, Obedience, Social order, measured by the semantic differential. Some incongruities between obtained data and Rokeach's (1960) findings are pointed out.

Field of study: Psychology
A lattice Boltzmann model for the generalized Boussinesq equation

A lattice Boltzmann model is developed for the simulation of the generalized nonlinear Boussinesq equation. Through adding a differential operator of the diffusion term as a source term to the evolution equation the macroscopic equation is recovered with higher-order truncation error. Detailed numerical simulations for the motion of the soliton solutions of the Boussinesq equation are performed and the numerical results agree well with the exact solutions. The results show that the lattice Boltzmann method is an efficient algorithm with excellent long-time numerical behaviors for the motion of the soliton solutions.

Field of study: Mathematics
Simulation of Hydrogen Sulfide Emission from Deep-Pit Manure Storage During Agitation

Human and animal exposure to hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in animal barns has long been a serious issue due to the acute and chronic toxicity of H2S. The H2S concentration in the room air of deep-pit swine barns is usually within hundreds of parts per billion by volume; however, it can sharply increase to hundreds and even thousands of parts per million (ppm) during manure agitation and pump-out. To explore the sudden release and concentration distribution of H2S, this study collected and analyzed samples from varying depths of a normal non-foaming barn and a foaming barn and then mathematically simulated the H2S concentrations and emissions in the pit headspace and room air for both barns during pit agitation. Simulations were conducted for six ventilation scenarios, or six different combinations of pit fan and wall fan ventilation rates. The simulation results suggested that pit ventilation was more effective than wall ventilation in decreasing H2S concentration in room air where pigs may be housed during agitation. A minimal pit ventilation rate of 40 cfm per pig was necessary to lower the peak concentration in room air to less than the permissible exposure limit of 20 ppm. The simulation results also indicated that gas bubble release during agitation accounted for the main part (81%) of H2S emission in the foaming barn, and expedited molecular diffusion contributed the main part (70.2%) of H2S emission in the non-foaming barn. The disturbed air-manure interface during agitation induced a pH decrease and therefore increased the apparent overall mass transfer coefficient of H2S, resulting in a substantially increased mass transfer rate and concentration. The immediately dangerous to life or health (IDLH) concentration of 100 ppm may be reached during pit agitation if pit fan ventilation is not fully provided, and the duration of the exceedance could be more than 30 min. The results provide empirical data for future simulation of spatial and temporal H2S distribution and are beneficial for developing methods to control H2S below hazardous levels so that the health and safety of workers can be better secured.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Offshore Financial Centres: Parasites or Symbionts?

This article analyses the causes and consequences of offshore financial centres (OFCs). While OFCs are likely to encourage bad behaviour in source countries, they may also have unintended positive consequences, such as providing competition for the domestic banking sector. We derive and simulate a model of a home country monopoly bank facing a representative competitive OFC which offers tax advantages attained by moving assets offshore at a cost that is increasing in distance to the OFC. Our model predicts that proximity to an OFC is likely to be pro-competitive. We test and confirm the predictions empirically. OFC proximity is associated with a more competitive domestic banking system and greater overall financial depth.

Field of study: Economics
Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation: Southern Europe

If you ally dependence such a referred Problems Of Democratic Transition And Consolidation Southern Europe South America And Post Communist Europe books that will find the money for you worth, acquire the unconditionally best seller from us currently from several preferred authors. If you desire to hilarious books, lots of novels, tale, jokes, and more fictions collections are plus launched, from best seller to one of the most current released.

Field of study: Political science
Effect of the oxide substrate on the nickel particle properties

Effects of the oxide substrate on the nickel (Ni) particle properties are examined by using a Ni agglomeration behavior analysis and Kelvin Force Microscope (KFM) technique. Agglomerated Ni particles are formed after annealing a Ni thin film on oxide substrates of yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) and gadolinia doped ceria (GDC). Nickel agglomeration is suppressed for the Ni particles on the GDC substrate compared to those particles on the YSZ substrate. Although evaluated at room temperature, the surface potential of GDC is more positive than that of YSZ, while Ni particle surface potential is about the same for both the Ni/YSZ and the Ni/GDC systems.

Field of study: Materials science
Neuroimaging Studies in Insomnia

Chronic insomnia is one of the most prevalent psychiatric disorders and has a significant impact on individual’s health. However, the pathophysiology of the disorder is poorly understood. The current review focuses on neuroimaging findings in insomnia. In summary, the current data suggest the following: (1) insomnia is characterized by corticolimbic overactivity during sleep and wakefulness that interferes with sleep initiation and/or maintenance; (2) insomnia patients’ daytime performance is associated with a hypoactivation of task-related areas; (3) neurochemically, insomnia patients are probably characterized by reduced cortical GABA levels; (4) insomnia may be associated with abnormal brain morphometry in the frontal cortex, hippocampus and/or anterior cingulate cortex. Future investigations should include larger sample sizes or longitudinal within-subject comparisons. Other possible methodological improvements are discussed.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Two-mode correlation of microwave quantum noise generated by parametric down-conversion.

In this Letter, we report the observation of the correlation between two modes of microwave radiation resulting from the amplification of quantum noise by the Josephson parametric converter. This process, seen from the pump, can be viewed as parametric down-conversion. The correlation is measured by an interference experiment displaying a contrast better than 99% with a number of photons per mode greater than 250,000. Dispersive measurements of mesoscopic systems and quantum encryption can benefit from this development.

Field of study: Physics
Effectiveness factor in biological external convection: study in high viscosity systems.

A study regarding the influence of mixing on the efficiency of alginate and xanthan synthesis was carried out. The effectiveness of these two systems in terms of a dimensionless reaction convection number (N(RC)), which is a function of the power input per unit volume, was analysed and compared with low viscosity systems. The results revealed that a decrease in the power input caused a reduction in the growth rate as well as in production rate. It was observed that the effectiveness factor (eta) both for alginate production and xanthan synthesis resulted weakly dependent on the biomass content. A good correlation between effectiveness and N(RC) was obtained for the two tested models. N(RC) number could be appropriately employed in correlating the effectiveness factor for processes with viscosities from 0.001 to more than 1 kg m(-1) s(-1). Due to the parallelism with the conventional internal diffusion approach (Thiele modulus), the advantages for applying N(RC), in particular to correlate the efficiency in systems limited both for external convection and internal diffusional resistance, are shown.

Field of study: Biology, Engineering
Power Balance in Aerodynamic Flows

A control volume analysis of the compressible viscous flow about an aircraft is performed, including integrated propulsors and flow-control systems. In contrast to most past analyses that have focused on forces and momentum flow, in particular thrust and drag, the present analysis focuses on mechanical power and kinetic energy flow. The result is a clear identification and quantification of all the power sources, power sinks, and their interactions, which are present in any aerodynamic flow. The formulation does not require any separate definitions of thrust and drag, and hence it is especially useful for analysis and optimization of aerodynamic configurations that have tightly integrated propulsion and boundary-layer control systems. Nomenclature b, c = wingspan and chord CD = dissipation coefficient Cf = skin friction coefficient Di = induced drag Dp = profile drag Dw = wave drag dS = surface element of control volume dV = volume element of control volume _ Ea = axial kinetic energy deposition rate _ Ep = pressure-work deposition rate _ Ev = transverse (vortex) kinetic energy deposition rate _ Ew = lateral wave-outflow energy deposition rate Fn = streamwise force from lateral outflow velocity Vn Fu = streamwise force from axial velocity u Fv = streamwise force from transverse velocities v, w Fx, Fz = total streamwise, normal aerodynamic forces

Field of study: Physics
Economic evaluation of end stage renal disease treatment.

This paper examines the cost-effectiveness of end stage renal disease (ESRD) treatments. Empirical data on costs of treatment modalities and quality of life of patients were gathered alongside a clinical trial and combined with data on patient and technique survival from the Dutch Renal Replacement Registry. A Markov-chain model, based on the actual Dutch ESRD program as of January 1st 1997, predicted the cost-effectiveness and cost-utility of dialysis and transplantation over the 5-year period 1997-2001. Total annual costs amounted to DFL 650 million (1.1% of the health care budget). Centre Haemodialysis was found to be the least cost-effective treatment, while transplantation and Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis (CAPD) were the most cost-effective treatments. The Markov-chain model was used to study the influence of substitutive policies on the overall cost-effectiveness of the ESRD treatment program. The influence of such policies was found to be modest in the Dutch context, where a high percentage of patients is already being treated with more cost-effective treatment modalities. In countries where Centre Haemodialysis is still the only or the major treatment option for ESRD patients, substitutive policies might have a more substantial impact on cost-effectiveness of ESRD treatment.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Regenerable Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR)-based Immunosensor for Highly Sensitive Measurement of Sub-ppb Levels of Benzo(a)pyrene

A regenerable surface plasmon resonance (SPR)-based immunosensor functioning with the indirect competitive immunoreaction of monoclonal antibody between the analyte (antigen) in testing solution and antigen-bovine serum albumin conjugate immobilized on immunoprobe provided a rapid in situ estimation (response time: about 15 min) of benzo(a)pyrene in the concentration range of 0.1–300 ppb.

Field of study: Chemistry
Biomarker composition of higher plant macrofossils from Late Palaeozoic sediments

The main objective of the present study was to clarify if the fernane derivatives 5-methyl-10(4-methylpentyl)-des-A-25-norferna-5,7,9-triene (MATH), 25-norferna-5,7,9-triene (MAPH), 24,25-dinorferna-1,3,5,7,9-pentaene (DAPH 1) and iso-25-norferna-1,3,5,7,9-pentaene (DAPH 2) can securely be assigned to one of the three previously proposed source plant groups from some Euramerican Upper Carboniferous coals (uppermost Westphalian and Stephanian). For this purpose remains of conifers, cordaites and pteridosperms were isolated from core and outcrop material from different Euramerican coal basins (e.g. Saar–Nahe Basin, Blanzy–Montceau Basin). Results show that MATH, MAPH, DAPH 1 and DAPH 2 were present in all extracts of cordaite remains. In the sediments surrounding the cordaite macrofossils, the compounds were either not detectable or have been found only in comparatively small amounts obviously due to impregnation originating from imbedded cordaites. Contrarily, the compounds were not detected in the extractable organic matter of conifer macrofossils derived from the Saar–Nahe Basin, from Bletterbach (South Tyrole, Italy), and from Frankenberg (Hessen, Germany). The same is true for remains of horsetails (Calamites), giant club mosses (Lepidodendron and Sigillaria), and ferns (Pecopteris) from the Saar–Nahe Basin which have been studied for comparison. The compounds were also lacking in the extractable organic matter of pteridosperms like Alethopteris, Dicroidium, Lescuropteris, Macroneuropteris and Neuropteris, but were detected in minor amounts in some Odontopteris remains from the Blanzy–Montceau Basin (France). However, the sediments surrounding the Odontopteris macrofossils yielded even higher concentrations of the compounds. For this reason, the Odontopteris macrofossils were most likely impregnated by migrating fernane derivatives from the sediment which were possibly originally originating from cordaite remains. Therefore, cordaites can most probably be considered as one and, possibly, the only biological source of the precursor molecules of the fernane derivatives MATH, MAPH, DAPH 1 and DAPH 2 in the Upper Carboniferous coal basins.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
INVARIANT SUBALGEBRAS OF THE SMALL 𝒩 = 4 SUPERCONFORMAL ALGEBRA

Various aspects of orbifolds and cosets of the small $\mathcal{N}=4$ superconformal algebra are studied. First, we determine minimal strong generators for generic and specific levels. As a corollary, we obtain the vertex algebra of global sections of the chiral de Rham complex on any complex Enriques surface. We also identify orbifolds of cosets of the small $\mathcal{N}=4$ superconformal algebra with $\text{Com}(V^{\ell}(\mathfrak{sl}_2), V^{\ell+1}(\mathfrak{sl}_2) \otimes \mathcal{W}_{-5/2}(\mathfrak{sl}_4, f_{\text{rect}}))$ and in addition at special levels with Grassmanian cosets and principal $\mathcal{W}$-algebras of type $A$ at degenerate admissible levels. These coincidences lead us to a novel level-rank duality involving Grassmannian supercosets.

Field of study: Mathematics
Regulatory Features for Odorant Receptor Genes in the Mouse Genome

The odorant receptor genes, seven transmembrane receptor genes constituting the vastest mammalian gene multifamily, are expressed monogenically and monoallelicaly in each sensory neuron in the olfactory epithelium. This characteristic, often referred to as the one neuron–one receptor rule, is driven by mostly uncharacterized molecular dynamics, generally named odorant receptor gene choice. Much attention has been paid by the scientific community to the identification of sequences regulating the expression of odorant receptor genes within their loci, where related genes are usually arranged in genomic clusters. A number of studies identified transcription factor binding sites on odorant receptor promoter sequences. Similar binding sites were also found on a number of enhancers that regulate in cis their transcription, but have been proposed to form interchromosomal networks. Odorant receptor gene choice seems to occur via the local removal of strongly repressive epigenetic markings, put in place during the maturation of the sensory neuron on each odorant receptor locus. Here we review the fast-changing state of art for the study of regulatory features for odorant receptor genes.

Field of study: Biology