nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Predicting the scope of practice of family physicians.

To identify factors that are associated with the scope of practice of FPs and GPs who have office-based practices.



Secondary univariable and multivariable analyses of cross-sectional data from the 2001 National Family Physician Workforce Survey conducted by the College of Family Physicians of Canada.



Canada.



General community of FPs and GPs who spent most of their clinical time in office settings.



Demographic characteristics and scope of practice score (SPS), which was the number of 12 selected medical services provided by office-based FPs and GPs.



The multivariable model explained 35.1% of the variation in the SPS among participants. Geographic factors of provincial division and whether or not the population served was rural explained 30.5% of the variation in the SPS. Male physician sex, younger physician age, being in group practice, greater access to hospital beds, less access to specialists, main practice setting of an academic teaching unit, mixed method physician payment, additional structured postresidency training, and greater number of different types of allied health professionals in the main practice setting were also associated with higher SPSs.



Geographic factors were the strongest determinants of scope of practice; physician-related factors, availability of health care resources to the main practice setting, and practice organization factors were weaker determinants. It is important to understand how and why geographic factors influence scope of practice, and whether a broad scope of practice independent of population needs benefits the population. This study supports primary care renewal efforts that use mixed payment systems, incorporate allied health care professionals into family and general practices, and foster group practices.

Field of study: Medicine
Design and construction of a compact end-station at NSRRC for circular-dichroism spectra in the vacuum-ultraviolet region.

A synchrotron-radiation-based circular-dichroism end-station has been implemented at beamline BL04B at the National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center (NSRRC) in Taiwan for biological research. The design and performance of this compact end-station for measuring circular-dichroism spectra in the vacuum-ultraviolet region are described. The linearly polarized light from the beamline is converted to modulated circularly polarized light with a LiF photoelastic modulator to provide a usable wavelength region of 130-330 nm. The light spot at the sample position is 5 mm × 5 mm at a slit width of 300 µm and provides a flux greater than 1 × 10(11) photons s(-1) (0.1% bandwidth)(-1). A vacuum-compatible cell made of two CaF(2) windows has a variable path length from 1.3 µm to 1 mm and a temperature range of 253-363 K. Measured CD spectra of (1S)-(+)-10-camphorsulfonic acid and proteins demonstrated the ability of this system to extend the wavelength down to 172 nm in aqueous solution and 153 nm in hexafluoro-2-propanol.

Field of study: Physics
NOVEL METHOD EXTRACTING EXTRACELLUAR POLYMERIC SUBSTANCES FROM INTACT BIOFILMS

It is very important to find a effective method to extract the extracelluar polymeric substances (EPS) including polysaccharides, proteins and DNA, which have a significant role in the metabolism of the cells and the mass transfer of substrate within the biofilms, from biofilms without destroying its structure. In this study, a novel method to extract the EPS from intact biofilm was set up, based on the enhancement of external alternating electric field. The results showed that the current had insignificant effect on the cells structure, but it could enhance the extraction rate when charged extractant is used. In the range from 10 Hz to 500 Hz, the extraction rate increased with current frequency.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Engineering Education and the Social Sciences: A Criticism

D URING the last war the people of this country asked the engineer to bring about a miracle. Production of the vast quantity of war materials to specification was this miracle. The engineer was adequate for this specific task. But can society rely upon him for intelligent and similar useful service in the future? The training that the engineering student receives in our technical colleges provides a partial answer to this question. From the point of view of a friendly critic it is doubtful if his studies in engineering curriculums give him the basic training essential for the performance of necessary social services. In certain respects his present training would seem to a social scientist to be at fault. In the average engineering college the amount of money that has to be spent and the amount of time consumed on the teaching of applied sciences make it almost impossible for the student to study the most fundamental ideas and problems of the humanities or the social sciences. The emphasis put upon professional attainments in the engineering curriculum is both necessary and exclusive in character. The engineer is taught to use the forces of nature in the service of society. His present academic training teaches him a great deal about the services and very little about the society. Preparation of the young engineer is professionally excellent. Very few engineering graduates install or manage bad light plants or leaky sewers. Thousands of them carry on research in such fields as industrial development, quality control, and the design of new and useful machinery. The engineer differs in his collegiate training from the student of physical sciences in the amount of time he is asked to give to applied mechanical studies and design. His curriculum includes such basic sciences as chemistry, physics, and mathematics. Here his course parallels that of the scientist. It differs most in the study of the applied sciences such as stress, design of materials, and applied mechanics. Recently he has added to these, studies of cost accounting and management processes. Throughout his college career he is held to high standards of professional attainment. The professional engineering societies and the engineering faculties in co-operation are able to produce engineers who compare favorably in the quality of their professional training with graduates of medical or law schools. The ethical standards of

Field of study: Education
Conditions and timing of low-pressure – high-temperature metamorphism in the Montresor Belt, Rae Province, Nunavut

P-T-t estimates for the Montresor Belt, obtained using phase equilibria and geospeedometry modelling integrated with in-situ U-Th-Pb monazite geochronology, shed new light on the tectono-metamorphic effects of the Snowbird phase of the Trans-Hudson orogeny. Typical metapelitic assemblages of the lower Montresor group consist of white mica, biotite, plagioclase, quartz, and andalusite, which in some rocks is partly or completely pseudomorphed by white mica. The observed assemblages reflect peak P-T conditions centering at ca. 575 °C and 3 kbar. Rocks with high bulk Fe/Mg contents contain compositionally zoned garnet, permitting the addition of further constraints on the conditions of metamorphism in the Montresor Belt: Core compositions of earliest-grown garnets indicate initial garnet crystallization at ca. 535 °C and 2.3 kbar suggesting a nearly isobaric P-T path of prograde metamorphism with a gradient of ca. 50 °C/kbar. Chemical age-dating of monazite inclusions in garnet yields ages of ca. 1870 ± 9 to...

Field of study: Environmental science
Impact of the Birkman Method Assessment on Pharmacy Student Self-Confidence, Self-Perceptions, and Self-Awareness

To identify changes in pharmacy student self-confidence, self-perceptions, and self-awareness after completing the Birkman Method assessment and training program.  Survey tools were developed to evaluate students at baseline and following the co-curricular Birkman Method program. Following IRB approval, students participating in the Birkman Method program were recruited for enrollment in this survey-based study.  Student self-confidence was high at baseline (mean=4 out of 5) and did not significantly change after Birkman Method testing and training. Self-perceptions regarding usual and stressed communication style and behaviors and behavioral needs under stress changed significantly after Birkman Method testing and training for these endpoints. The Birkman Method intervention resulted in a significant improvement in self-awareness, as indicated by a mean self-perception accuracy score increase of 1.6 points (95% CI: 1.3-1.9).  A Birkman Method assessment and training program is an effective self-assessment tool for students, and may be useful for accomplishing Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education (ACPE) 2016 Standard 4 affective domain elements, particularly self-awareness.

Field of study: Education, Medicine
Advanced Diagnostics for the Study of Linearly Polarized Emission. I: Derivation

Linearly polarized emission is described, in general, in terms of the Stokes parameters $Q$ and $U$, from which the polarization intensity and polarization angle can be determined. Although the polarization intensity and polarization angle provide an intuitive description of the polarization, they are affected by the limitations of interferometric data, such as missing single-dish data in the u-v plane, from which radio frequency interferometric data is visualized. To negate the effects of these artefacts, it is desirable for polarization diagnostics to be rotationally and translationally invariant in the $Q$-$U$ plane. One rotationally and translationally invariant quantity, the polarization gradient, has been shown to provide a unique view of spatial variations in the turbulent interstellar medium when applied to diffuse radio frequency synchrotron emission. In this paper we develop a formalism to derive additional rotationally and translationally invariant quantities. We present new diagnostics that can be applied to diffuse or point-like polarized emission in any waveband, including a generalization of the polarization gradient, the polarization directional curvature, polarization wavelength derivative, and polarization wavelength curvature. In Paper II we will apply these diagnostics to observed and simulated images of diffuse radio frequency synchrotron emission.

Field of study: Physics
Optical pumping of xenon gas lasers

The absolute quantum efficiency of the luminescence emitted by gaseous xenon in the vacuum ultraviolet range was determined as a function of the concentration of the gas and the luminescence wavelength. The main channel for decay of Xe2* excimers after excitation right up to the ionization limit was radiative. The possibility of using xenon-based mixtures as active media was analyzed.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Analysis of flavones in Rubus parvifolius Linn by high performance liquid chromatography combined with electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry and thin-layer chromatography combined with Fourier transform surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy

Qualitative and quantitative analyses of total flavones in wild Rubus parvifolius Linn (RPL) were carried out using ultraviolet spectroscopy, and the isolation and structure determination of the main active ingredients were carried out by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with Electrospray ionization-mass Spectroscopy (ESI-MS), thin layer chromatography (TLC), and the Fourier transform surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (FT-SERS). Two flavones were isolated from RPL and they were identified as herahydroxy dihydroflavanonol and quercetin. Two chromatographic spots were obtained when polyamide TLC plate was used to separate the flavones, and two strengthen bases were prepared by the reduction of silver nitrate with trisodium citrate and also by the photo-induced reduction of a mixture of silver nitrate and potassium bromide. Strong increase of characteristic Raman scatting intensity could be observed on these bases for microgram quantity of the flavones compound.

Field of study: Chemistry
Prevalência de obesidade abdominal e fatores associados em crianças e adolescentes de Cascavel-PR, Brasil doi: 10.4025/reveducfis.v24i2.17402

O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a prevalencia de obesidade abdominal e a sua associacao com indicadores sociodemograficos, estado nutricional e maturacao sexual em escolares de oito a 17 anos, do sexo feminino. Trata-se de um estudo transversal realizado com 2.595 escolares do sexo feminino de escolas publicas e privadas da cidade de Cascavel, PR, Brasil. Foram coletadas informacoes sociodemograficas, antropometricas e de maturacao sexual. Para a analise dos dados aplicou-se o teste qui-quadrado e a regressao logistica binaria. A prevalencia de obesidade abdominal foi de 8,2%. As escolares do ensino medio apresentaram menores chances de ter obesidade abdominal quando comparadas as meninas do ensino fundamental (OR=0,36; IC95%=0,15–0,85) e aquelas com excesso de peso apresentaram maiores chances de ter o desfecho (OR=181,36; IC95%=84,43–389,58). Sao necessarias intervencoes educacionais visando a prevencao e reducao da obesidade abdominal, principalmente entre as escolares do ensino fundamental e com excesso de peso.

Field of study: Education
Athermal character of structural phase transitions.

The significance of thermal fluctuations in nucleation in structural first-order phase transitions has been examined. The prototypical case of martensitic transitions has been experimentally investigated by means of acoustic emission techniques. We propose a model based on the mean first-passage time to account for the experimental observations. Our study provides a unified framework to establish the conditions for isothermal and athermal transitions to be observed.

Field of study: Physics
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR AND FAILURE MODE OF CARBON FIBER REINFORCED CONCRETE

To study the mechanical behavior of carbon fiber reinforced concrete(CFRC) further,this paper,based on the experiment and related documents,studies the effects of the dosage of short carbon fiber on the compressive strength of concrete cube test,and obtain the optimum dosage of carbon fiber.At the same time,the whole process of compression failure of the CFRC test tube is analyzed,and the difference between the crack appearance and development of a CFRC test tube under different dosages is compared.Based on the failure modes of plain concrete test blocks,the failure modes of the CFRC test tube are described,and according to the curve of deformation-load under different dosages,it is shown that carbon fiber can effectively improve the failure deformation and compressive strength of concrete.

Field of study: Engineering
Preparation and Characterization of Ultralow-Dielectric-Constant Porous SiCOH Thin Films Using 1,2-Bis(triethoxysilyl)ethane, Triethoxymethylsilane, and a Copolymer Template

Ultralow-dielectric-constant (k) porous SiCOH films have been prepared using 1,2-bis(triethoxysilyl)ethane, triethoxymethylsilane, and a poly(ethylene oxide)–poly(propylene oxide)–poly(ethylene oxide) triblock copolymer template by means of spin-coating. The resulting films were characterized by cross-section scanning electron microscopy, small-angle x-ray diffraction, atomic force microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, nanomechanical testing, and electrical measurements. Thermal treatment at 350°C for 2 h resulted in the formation of ultralow-k films with k of ∼2.0, leakage current density of 3 × 10−8 A/cm2 at 1 MV/cm, reduced modulus (Er) of ∼4.05 GPa, and hardness (H) of ∼0.32 GPa. After annealing between 400°C and 500°C for 30 min, the resulting films showed fluctuant k values of 1.85 to 2.22 and leakage current densities of 3.7 × 10−7 A/cm2 to 3 × 10−8 A/cm2 at 0.8 MV/cm, likely due to the change of the film microstructure. Compared with 350°C annealing, higher-temperature annealing can improve the mechanical strength of the ultralow-k film, i.e., Er ≈ 5 GPa and H ≈ 0.56 GPa after 500°C annealing.

Field of study: Materials science
Comparação do desempenho no teste de uma repetição máxima utilizando dois diferentes protocolos - doi: 10.4025/reveducfis.v23i1.11312

The purpose of this study was to compare the performance in one repetition maximum (1RM) testing using two different test protocols in a bench press exercise. A total of 17 weight-trained men performed two protocols to determine the 1RM bench press exercise. In protocol A, the weight should be lifted for one repetition per attempt until fail on the next attempt. In protocol B, subjects should lift the weight for two repetitions in each attempt and the heaviest weight that could be lifted until a concentric muscle action fail at the second repetition was considered as representative of 1RM. Each subject performed the two protocols and the testing order was randomly assigned and balanced between the subjects. Significant difference between protocols A and B was found. The results suggest that protocols A and B using by 1RM testing in bench press exercise were not interchangeable.

Field of study: Education
Species Variability and Rodent Aversions for Three Sugars

The lactose and xylose preferences of deermice (Peromyscus) were examined. In addition, the xylose and ribose preferences of male Holtzman rats were examined. The mice were given 24-hr. choices of water, 8 and 16% lactose and later water, 16 and 32% xylose. The rats were given similar 24-hr. tests for xylose and ribose. In 2 mice species, originating in similar natural habitats, water or 8% lactose was preferred. Only in the desert-dwelling species was a 16% lactose preference found. Xylose was avoided more than lactose. Laboratory rats uniformly avoided xylose and ribose. These aversions are compared to preferences and aversions for other substances reportedly judged as “sweet” by humans.

Field of study: Psychology
Geochemical constraints on Eocene–Miocene geodynamic and magmatic evolution of the Varan-Naragh area, Urumieh-Dokhtar Magmatic Arc, Iran

There are two different types of igneous rock formed during separate Cenozoic magmatic phases in Varan-Naragh area in the central part of Urumieh-Dokhtar Magmatic Arc of Iran as a part of Alpine-Hi...

Field of study: Environmental science
Physico-chemical characteristics of red pitaya (Hylocereus polyrhizus) peel

Pitaya peel (Hylocereus polyrhizus), which consists approximately 22% of the whole fruit weight, 
is discarded during processing. Physico-chemical properties of the discarded pitaya peel were determined in 
order to evaluate its potential for recovery of any value-added materials. The moisture content of the peel was 
approximately 92.7% and it was low in total soluble solids, protein, ash and fat content. Betacyanin pigment 
(150.46 ± 2.19 mg/100 g) and pectin (10.8%) were high in the peel. Glucose, maltose and fructose were detected 
in the peel but not sucrose and galactose. The peel also had very high insoluble and soluble dietary fbre which 
had exhibited a good ratio of insoluble dietary fbre to soluble dietary fbre (3.8: 1.0).

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
TWO SIX-MEMBERED RINGS ANNELATION TO CYCLIC KETONES THROUGH TWO SEQUENTIAL DIELS–ALDER REACTIONS

A method for the two six-membered rings annelation to cyclic ketones through two sequential Diels–Alder reactions is presented. Naphtho-annelated cycloalkanes with a variety of unsaturation are accessible by choosing the kind of dienophiles, the order of their use, and dehydrogenation.

Field of study: Chemistry
Opto-thermal properties of fibres. Part 2: Investigation of optical parameter changes in annealed and quenched nylon 6-6

The changes in refractive indices and birefringence of nylon 6-6 fibres with different annealing conditions were studied by interferometry. The polarizing interference microscope was used to determine the mean refractive indices and mean birefringence of these fibres. Also, an acoustic method has been used to measure densities. The results are used to calculate some structural parameters such as the form birefringence, virtual refractive index, harmonic mean polarisability of the dielectric, and the specific refractivity of the isotropic dielectric. Also, the number of monomer units per unit volume and the refractive indices of fully oriented fibre, when using monochromatic light vibrating parallel and perpendicular to the fibre axis, were calculated and found to be 1.5543 and 1.4723. The generalized Lorentz-Lorenz equation given by de Vries was used to determine nylon 6-6 fibre structural parameters. Comparisons between Herman's optical orientation function formula and the corrected formula by de Vries are given.

Field of study: Materials science
A minimalist approach to null subjects and objects in second language acquisition

Studies of the second language acquisition of pronominal arguments have observed that: (1) L1 speakers of null subject languages of the Spanish type drop more subjects in their second language (L2) English than first language (L1) speakers of null subject languages of the Korean type and (2) speakers of Korean-type languages drop more objects than subjects in their L2 English. An analysis of these two asymmetries is conducted within the Minimalist Program framework (MP), which hypothesizes that language acquisition involves the learning of formal features of a target language.I propose, based on Alexiadou and Anagnostopoulou (1998), that the licensing of null subjects is conditioned by the interpretability of agreement features. When a language has [+interpretable] agreement features, raising of the verb to T (X-movement) satisfies the EPP requirement: hence, a null subject is allowed. On the other hand, in a language with [-interpretable] agreement features, the subject is obligatory since merger of the subject in the specifier of TP (XP-merge) is required to check the EPP feature. Learning of the obligatory status of English subjects is easier for Korean learners than for Spanish speakers since syntactically both English and Korean have the same feature value [-interpretable] (although null subjects are allowed in Korean for pragmatic reasons). Spanish has the opposite syntactic feature value [+interpretable] and resetting of this is more difficult. Licensing of null objects is hypothesized to be related to the strength of theta-features. Languages with strong theta-features, such as English and Spanish, do not allow null objects, whereas languages with weak theta-features like Korean allow null objects. It takes time for Korean speakers to learn the different value of English theta-features, resulting in the extended null object period in L2 English of Korean L1 speakers.

Field of study: Linguistics
Glycine transport into plasma-membrane vesicles derived from rat brain synaptosomes.

1. Transport of glycine has been demonstrated in membrane vesicles isolated from rat brain, using artificially imposed ion gradients as the sole energy source. 2. The uptake of glycine is strictly dependent on the presence of Na+ and Cl- in the medium, and the process can be driven either by an Na+ gradient (out greater than in) or by a C1- gradient (out greater than in) when the other essential ion is present. 3. The uptake of glycine is stimulated by a membrane potential (interior negative), as demonstrated by the effects of the ionophores valinomycin and carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone and anions of different permeabilities. 4. The kinetic analysis shows that glycine is accumulated by two systems with different affinities. 5. The presence of ouabain, an inhibitor (Na+ + K+)-activated ATPase, does not affect glycine transport. 6. The existence of a high-affinity, Na+-dependent glycine-uptake system in membrane vesicles derived from rat brain suggests that this amino acid may have a transmitter role in some areas of the rat brain.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science