nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Getting In: Mexican Americans' Perceptions of University Attendance and the Implications for Freshman Year Persistence.

In view of its importance for social advancement [1 1] and its contribution to the improvement of personal well-being [2, 5 1], it is not surprising that higher education in the United States has become a cynosure for efforts to improve the condition of economically and socially disadvantaged subpopulations. Ironically, the present condition of these subpopulations exists because, in the past, higher education's service as an instrument for social mobility was seldom indiscriminate. America's racial and ethnic minorities have been and continue to be "grossly underrepresented in higher education and in almost all occupational fields that require a college education" , and do not, as a consequence, enjoy equitable participation in the larger society's social, economic, and political life. One racial minority that has been particularly underserved by American higher education, in general, and by the four-year institution, in particular, is the Mexican American. In 1979, according to an estimate by the Bureau of the Census [47], the rate of baccalaureate degree attainment in the general population was more than four times the rate in the Mexican American subpopulation alone. Data presented by Brown [10] tend to confirm the link between social and economic

Field of study: Education
The Incidence of Fungi and Mycotoxins in South Africa Wheat and Wheat-Based Products

This investigation was undertaken to survey the fungal and mycotoxin contamination of South African wheat ranging from that growing in the field to processed wheat products. Samples of wheat were taken from various growing areas in South Africa and screened for fungi and mycotoxins, using a range of methodologies, including chromatography, immunoaffinity/fluorimetry, and cytotoxicity testing. Similar samples were taken from supermarkets and retail outlets in South Africa and analyzed in a similar manner. The result showed that a range of fungi and mycotoxins could be detected in wheat in all these sample types. The major fungal contaminants were Fusarium spp. and their attendant mycotoxins, in particular deoxynivalenol, which is in keeping with the observations made in the rest of the world. An interesting observation was that samples of wheat taken from the field with heavy Fusarium contamination were contaminated with fumonisin B1, which is not normally associated with this crop. Of more concern were the low but persistent levels of mycotoxins and fungi in wheat-based products sold directly to the public.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Late Miocene vegetation dynamics under monsoonal climate in southwestern China

To better understand vegetation dynamics and the Asian monsoonal climate in the Neogene, we reconstructed the vegetational succession and climate of Wenshan basin in southwestern China during the late Miocene (11.62-5.33 Ma). We used newly available palynological data and the results of a quantitative bioclimatic analysis. The late Miocene palynoflora in Wenshan basin resembles that of modern evergreen broadleaf vegetation in subtropical East Asia. Based on pollen elements and reconstructed palaeoclimates in 72 samples, we found the composition of the vegetation in the Wenshan basin fluctuated during the late Miocene and was likely driven by natural climate variability. Quantitative estimates suggest that the mean annual temperature (MAT) ranged from 16.6 to 17.5 degrees C; the mean annual precipitation (MAP) was similar to 1500 mm; and the monsoon intensity index (MSI) ranged from 11.3 to 17.1. Our results indicate that the Wenshan basin experienced a warm, wet, and temperate to subtropical climate. By comparison with other late Miocene sites in Yunnan, we show that temperatures differed slightly from region to region and, overall, annual and seasonal precipitation levels were higher in the late Miocene than at present, but with a weaker monsoon intensity than in the Wenshan basin today.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
INTERACTION OF LASER RADIATION WITH MATTER. LASER PLASMA: On anomalous vacuum-UV emission by a cryogenic plasma in a krypton-xenon mixture

The anomalous emission (λ~146 nm) from a Kr–Xe mixture observed in a previous study is interpreted as emission in the course of optical collisions. A kinematic model is constructed which explains the dependence of the emission intensity on the composition and temperature of the gas mixture.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Let Me Choose: Primary Caregiver Cultural Humility, Racial Identity, and Mental Health for Multiracial People

The current study introduces cultural humility as a racial socialization strategy for Multiracial children. Specifically, the relationship between perceived primary caregiver cultural humility and mental health was examined for Multiracial people. The indirect and the moderating role of children’s racial identity (i.e., Multiracial pride, challenges with racial identity) was also examined. Multiracial people (N = 399) were recruited to fill out measures of caregiver cultural humility, mental health, and racial identity via Qualtrics. Findings indicated that caregiver cultural humility was correlated with less depressive symptoms for Multiracial children. Age moderated relationships between humility and depressive symptoms, such that primary caregiver humility negatively correlated with depressive symptoms for Multiracial individuals in their mid to late thirties and younger. Multiracial pride and challenges with racial identity partially explained relationships between cultural humility and depressive symptoms. Also, challenges with racial identity moderated relationships between humility and depressive symptoms, such that humility was more beneficial for individuals experiencing more challenges with racial identity. Results of the study highlight cultural humility as a promotive strategy that primary caregivers might employ to foster the mental health and racial identity of Multiracial children.

Field of study: Psychology
ZmMKK4, a novel group C mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase in maize (Zea mays), confers salt and cold tolerance in transgenic Arabidopsis.

Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades are signalling modules that transduce extracellular signalling to a range of cellular responses. Plant MAPK cascades have been implicated in development and stress response. In this study, we isolated a novel group C MAPKK gene, ZmMKK4, from maize. Northern blotting analysis revealed that the ZmMKK4 transcript expression was up-regulated by cold, high salt and exogenous H(2)O(2,) but down-regulated by exogenous abscisic acid (ABA). Over-expression of ZmMKK4 in Arabidopsis conferred tolerance to cold and salt stresses by increased germination rate, lateral root numbers, plant survival rate, chlorophyll, proline and soluble sugar contents, and antioxidant enzyme [peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT)] activities compared with control plants. Furthermore, ZmMKK4 enhanced a 37 kDa kinase activity after cold and salt stresses. RT-PCR analysis revealed that the transcript levels of stress-responsive transcription factors and functional genes were higher in ZmMKK4-over-expressing plants than in control plants. In addition, ZmMKK4 protein is localized in the nucleus. Taken together, these results indicate that ZmMKK4 is a positive regulator of salt and cold tolerance in plants.

Field of study: Environmental science
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON ECCENTRIC COMPRESSION SHORT COLUMNS STRENGTHENED BY TEXTILE-REINFORCED CONCRETE ON SIDE

Textile-reinforced concrete has gained increasing popularity due to its favourable properties, namely corrosion resistance, anti-high temperature, better ability in anti-crack, ease and speed application and minimal change in geometry. The eccentric compression experiments of short columns strengthened by TRC on side were conducted under mainly different parameters, specifically in eccentricity, the load history and numbers of fibre sheet layers. The experimental results show that: the method strengthened by TRC on side is suitable for the big eccentricity column and the strengthen effect shows increasingly powerful with eccentricity; load history is harmful to strengthen effect, and the strengthen effect decreases while the load history increases; It is useful to increase strengthen effect by adding fibre sheet layers in some extend, but it shows decreasing trend. Finally, based on the related existing study and test data, the formula of calculating ultimate bearing capacity is proposed, and it shows a satisfactory agreement between the calculated and the experimental results.

Field of study: Engineering
Rapid Detection of Toluene-2,4-diisocyanate in Various Sports Fields Using Extractive Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry

Plastic materials that release free toluene-2,4-diisocyanate (TDI) can be commonly found in sports venues. As the presence of TDI in the atmosphere will result in severe air pollution, the WHO has enforced strict regulations to ensure that the proportion of the free TDI monomer in the isocyanate-polymer is lower than 0.5%. In this study, ambient air samples containing trace amounts of TDI-water aerosols were collected with glass syringes on the spot and then directly injected into a home-made extractive electrospray ionization (EESI) source. The EESI source was installed on a LTQ-MS instrument for the direct analysis of samples with complex matrices. The raw samples were directly analyzed by tandem EESI-MS without any sample pretreatment under the following working conditions: spray voltage, 3 kV; capillary voltage, 21 V; and capillary temperature, 175 °C. A single sample analysis, along with tandem MS experiments for enhanced specificity, was completed within 1 s. The limit of detection was found to be less than 0.04% ( n = 5, S/N = 100), considerably lower than that allowed in the air. The relative standard deviation of the analysis results was no higher than 1.4%.

Field of study: Chemistry
Formation of Dithioacetals by Treatment of Sulfoxides Carrying α-Hydrogens with Magnesium Amides

Sulfoxides carrying α-hydrogens were allowed to react with magnesium amides generated in situ by the treatment of ethylmagnesium bromide with secondary amines such as 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine or diisopropylamine in diethyl ether to give the corresponding dithioacetals in moderate to good yields.

Field of study: Chemistry
Commissioning of the New High Intensity 72 MeV Injector II for the SIN Ring Cyclotron

Commissioning of the SIN Injector II cyclotron started in spring 1984 and by spring 1985 a prpton beam current of 0.55 mA was extracted. The performance of the principal components of the overall injector can be summarized as follows: (1) The nominal ion source extraction voltage is 60 kV and the maximum current from the 860 keV Cockcroft-Walton pre-injector is presently about 10 mA DC; (2) a phase acceptance up to 40 deg can be achieved without a buncher, but making use of a third harmonic flattopping RF-system; (3) the 100 turns in the cyclotron are completely separated leading to an extraction efficiency of more than 99.9% Initial tests in combination with our 600 MeV ring cyclotron have resulted in a 0.18 mA beam on target. The majority of future operation of the 600 MeV cyclotron is scheduled to be with Injector II.- The next steps toward higher intensity are improvements of the ion source proton efficiency and the addition of a buncher in the injection line. The ultimate intensity limit is thought to be in the mA region due to an instability from longitudinal space charge forces.

Field of study: Physics
An improved X-ray reactor chamber for the simultaneous structural and catalytic characterization of catalysts

The construction and the way of working of an improved X-ray reactor chamber (XRK) are described, designed for studies of solid state-gas reactions; a particular area of application is heterogeneous catalysis. By means of the XRK the structural and catalytic properties of Cu-SiO 2 , Ni-SiO 2 , Cu-ZnO-Al 2 O 3 and Si-Cu catalysts were investigated in situ during the stages of reduction, reaction and ageing. The structure of the detected amorphous phase (Cu,Zn)-hydrotalcite was studied by the calculation of the radial atomic distribution function (RDF).

Field of study: Materials science
Status of Plant Protection in India in the Wake of International Agreements

The discipline of plant protection is assuming enhanced importance owing to the implications of phytosanitary issues in trade under the World Trade Organization (WTO) 1995 and also for complying with the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) 1992 for conserving the environment. There are several national regulations, which have to play a critical role in this direction. The new Plant Quarantine (Regulation for Import into India) Order (2003) and its subsequent amendments are one of India's initiatives to comply with the Agreement on Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures of WTO, as far as quarantine is directly concerned. Under this, India has already undertaken pest risk analyses for 392 plant species and 15 national phytosanitary standards have been developed. The National Seed Policy (2002) emphasizes on excluding exotic diseases and pests in the national seed production programmes. The Insecticides Act (1968) takes care of the efficacy of new molecules and safety to human beings and animals and >270 pesticides including bio-pesticidal formulations have been registered. There are provisions under the Protection of Plant Variety and Fanners’ Rights Act (2001) for protection of plants/environment from biotic factors. The Biodiversity Act (2002). however, needs to develop a mechanism to restrict the movement of infected material within the country as per norms of domestic quarantine. The Environment Protection Act (1986) covers both Invasive Alien Species and Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) for their impact/potential impact on environment. The biosafety guidelines of Department of Biotechnology highlight the methodology for biosafety testing of GMOs before release. Technical back up is needed to ensure that our national legislations are in harmony with each other before we harmonize them with the international norms. Framing a national policy to address the emerging researchable issues in plant protection is the need of the hour.

Field of study: Biology
Nuclear Clustering in Fermionic Molecular Dynamics

Clustering plays an important role in the structure of nuclei, especially for light nuclei in the $p$-shell. In nuclear cluster models these degrees of freedom are introduced explicitly. In the Resonating Group Method or in the Generator Coordinate Method the clusters are built from individual nucleons interacting via an effective nucleon-nucleon interaction; the total wave function is antisymmetrized. Fermionic Molecular Dynamics (FMD) goes beyond pure cluster models. It is a microscopic many-body approach using a Gaussian wave packet basis that includes the harmonic oscillator shell model and Brink-type cluster model wave functions as special cases. Clustering is not imposed but appears dynamically in the calculations. The importance of clustering for the understanding of bound states, resonances and scattering states is illustrated with examples discussing the charge radii of the Neon isotopes, the $^3$He($\alpha$,$\gamma$)$^7$Be capture reaction and the cluster states in the $^{12}$C continuum.

Field of study: Physics
Evaluation of adjustments for partial non‐response bias in the US National Immunization Survey

Many health surveys conduct an initial household interview to obtain demographic information and then request permission to obtain detailed information on health outcomes from the respondent's health care providers. A 'complete response' results when both the demographic information and the detailed health outcome data are obtained. A 'partial response' results when the initial interview is complete but, for one reason or another, the detailed health outcome information is not obtained. If 'complete responders' differ from 'partial responders' and the proportion of partial responders in the sample is at least moderately large, statistics that use only data from complete responders may be severely biased. We refer to bias that is attributable to these differences as 'partial non-response' bias. In health surveys it is customary to adjust survey estimates to account for potential differences by employing adjustment cells and weighting to reduce bias from partial response. Before making these adjustments, it is important to ask whether an adjustment is expected to increase or decrease bias from partial non-response. After making these adjustments, an equally important question is 'How well does the method of adjustment work to reduce partial non-response bias?'. The paper describes methods for answering these questions. Data from the US National Immunization Survey are used to illustrate the methods.

Field of study: Mathematics
CdSxSe1–x/CdS heterostructures in longitudinally electron-beam-pumped lasers

An investigation was made of the characteristics of semiconductor lasers utilizing CdSxSe1–x/CdS heterostructures (x = 0, 0.9) pumped longitudinally by an electron beam. By using heterostructures with a passive region transparent to the radiation, it was possible to increase the total length of the resonator and to reduce the divergence of the radiation without substantially lowering the power and thereby increasing (more than threefold) the brightness of a laser operated under cryogenic cooling conditions. A CdSe/CdS heterostructure was used in a scanning laser with a power of 0.5 W at room temperature where no degradation due to thermoelastic stresses was observed, in contrast to lasers utilizing single crystals at this power level.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Research on Comprehensive Evaluation of Small and Micro Businesses on Improved Support Vector Machine of Imbalanced Multi-Classification

Comprehensive evaluation of small and micro businesses was significant problem for the researchers and the managers in corporations for these years in China. Small and micro businesses played an important role in taxes payment and social employment, providing convenience of people's life in every country. The article collected the data of small and micro businesses in east of China in 2010, amended traditional algorithms of support vector machine, analyzed from four aspects, including financial condition, internal business operating and business growth, and used imbalanced multi-classification algorithm. The results of accuracy rate were acceptable and could be proved.

Field of study: Business
Robert Waldegrave: The Printer as Agent and Link Between Sixteenth-Century England and Scotland

O NE of the great religio-literary controversies has, for nearly four centuries, involved the question of authorship of the Martin Marprelate Tracts. The tracts themselves deliberately seek to. obscure answers, and diverse asseverations on the matter extend from I588 (the year of the first tracts) to the present.' The printing and publishing of such inflammatory writings as the Marprelate Tracts was, from the beginning, likewise a matter of controversy, although less extensive and less disputed than the authorship.

Field of study: History
Structure and Predictive Validity of the Frostig Developmental Test of Visual Perception in Grades One and Three

of the Frostig Developmental Test of Visual Perception in Grades One and Three ARTHUR V. OLSON, Ed.D. CLIFFORD 1. JOHNSON, Ed.D. Georgia State University In 1958, Marianne Frostig produced a developmental test of visual perception that has since been revised and standardized. This test, based on her clinical observations and the works of Thurstone (1944), Wedell (1960), and Cruickshank (1957), designated five abilities, which were presumed to be developmentally mutually exclusive. She did not assume that the five abilities were the only ones involved in visual perception, but only that there was a specific relationship between these abilities and the student's ability to learn and adjust. The five abilities identified were: (1) eye-motor co' ordination, (2) figure-ground, (3) form constancy, (4) position in space, and (5) spatial relations. The purposes of the present study were to determine if the Frostig Developmental Test of Visual Perception (FDTVP) measures several different perceptual abilities, and to determine how well the instrument predicts reading achievement from first to third grade.  Subjects The subjects (N=148) were drawn from three elementary schools in a city of approximately 50,000 people in the southeastern part of the United States. The three schools were selected to give an economic cross-section of the community. When the study was begun, the population consisted of 218 first grade children. The mean chronological age for this population was six years and three months, with a standard deviation of seven months. As measured by the WISC, the mean Verbal IQ was 92.44, s.d. 17.18, and the Performance I Q was 97.44, s.d. 16.92. The subjects for the third grade part of the study (N=148) are a lesser nurn-

Field of study: Education
Syntheses and biological activities of chiral piperidines-tachykinin NK3 antagonists.

To develop nonpeptide tachykinin NK3 antagonists.



Five tachykinin NK3 antagonists were synthesized. Receptor binding assay and oral absorption study were made.



The 4,4-disubstituted piperidine compounds (1b, 1c, and 1d) showed stronger activities (IC50 = 5.9, 6.2, and 11 nmol.L-1, respectively) than the monosubstituted ring compound 1e (IC50 = 17 nmol.L-1). 4-Phenyl (1b) and 4-phenylsulfonylmethyl (1c) compounds were more active than the 4-fluorobenzyl compound (1d). All antagonists were found to be orally absorbable, the T1/2 of 1b (6.4 h) was more than three-fold longer than that of 1a (1.9 h).



Compound 1b had the best binding activity (IC50 = 5.9 nmol.L-1) and the best AUC (2081 micrograms.h.L-1).

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
A Full-Text Search Engine Based on Lucene

Presents a full-text search engine that works on Java Web, which is a platform framework based on B/S mode, using MySQL as system database. Meanwhile, uses Heritrix and Lucene, which are excellent open source framework to search information about mobile phone on certain Webpage. To realize the decoupling algorithm of the system, some popular Java development framework and interface-oriented programming are applied, such as Struts, Hibermate and Spring. Having stronger UI expressing function, Extjs is used at front end as an auxiliary to realize the application of AJAX.

Field of study: Computer science
A Design of Voltage Controlled Oscillator in ADC or DAC

A low power and high performance voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) is designed by 0.18µm CMOS process. The output is stable, output frequency of the VCO has high linearity, and can be changed by regulation the voltage of input control pin VT. The output frequency is from 200 to 500MHz, and the operation voltage is from 1.2V to 3.3V. The operation current is only 2.5mA and Anti-interference ability has improved by using current hunger type ring oscillator. Between 40 to 125C, the Linear Rate of central frequency is only 0.2%. The final chip size is only 200µm X100µm.

Field of study: Engineering