nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The Politics of Rate-making: the British-owned Railways and the Unión Cívica Radical, 1921–1928

The accession of Hipolito Yrigoyen to the office of President of Argentina on 12 October, 1916, was the long-awaited climax to a quest for political power that had begun 25 years earlier with the founding of the Union Civica Radical. Since 1891 the UCR or Radical Party, as it is usually called, had been condemned to the status of an opposition party, its leaders waiting impatiently for their chance to uproot completely what they deemed to be the corruption and mismanagement of the regimen , their pejorative term for the conservative establishment that had dominated Argentine political life for decades.

Field of study: Political science
Building the Counterstain Technique for FISH to Enumerate Soil Bacteria

Fluorescence in situ hybridization(FISH) is widely used to describe bacterial community in marine,lake and river sediments.However,the application of FISH to soil or compopst still need to improve.In this study,the contrast stain for FISH was selected,and the dyeing conditions were analyzed.The results show that 1/200 dilution of SYBR Green I(SGI) is useful as the counterstain for FISH.The dyeing time is 1 min,and non fluorescent immersion oil was recommended to mount.

Field of study: Environmental science
Preventive actions to minimizing the coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) transmissions among health workers: a systematic review

On mid February 2020, the World Health Organization declared an outbreak of a new type of respiratory disease originated from Wuhan, China, which was identified as coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19). After a long-standing status of COVID-19-free, on March 2nd, 2020, Indonesia finally broke its first cases. This study aimed to systematically review preventive actions to minimizing the COVID-19 transmissions among health workers. The articles were selected from Google Scholar, World Cat, PROQUEST, PUBMED journal databases published from January to April 2020. The keywords for this review included “COVID-19” or “Corona” and “health behavior” or “health promotion” or “wash hands” or “health workers”. A total of 2,809 articles generated from the databases, the authors identified seven articles of preventing the COVID-19 virus outbreak among the health care workers in the world around 2019-2020. The studies reported that health care workers tried to prevent the COVID-19 transmission by doing social distancing, using the right personal protective equipment (PPE), handwashing, screening for in-person visit, and telemedicine. Health care workers have additional responsibility of protecting the patients and their self. Some issues may be unique to different health care workers departments, the majority of challenges faced by health care workers globally are similar.

Field of study: Medicine
Genotoxic effect of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the metropolitan area of Porto Alegre, Brazil, evaluated by Helix aspersa (Müller, 1774).

The purpose of this study was to biomonitor metropolitan areas of Porto Alegre (Brazil) for PAHs associated with atmospheric particles and check their effects on the DNA of the land mollusk Helix aspersa. The sampling sites are located in an urban area with heavy traffic: (i) Canoas, (ii) Sapucaia do Sul, and (iii) FIERGS/Porto Alegre. The samples were collected during a continuous period of 24 hours during 15 days using Stacked Filter Units (SFU) on polycarbonate filters (two separated size fractions: PM(10-2.5) and PM(< 2.5)). The concentrations of 16 major PAHs were determined according to EPA. Comet assay on H. aspersa hemolymph cells was chosen for genotoxicity evaluation. This evaluation shows that, in general, the smaller PM-size fractions (PM(< 2.5)) have the highest genotoxicity and contain higher concentrations of extractable organic matter. In addition, associations between chemical characteristics and PM carcinogenicity tend to be stronger for the smaller PM-size fractions.

Field of study: Environmental science
On interaction between art education and science education

There are indivisible historical origins between art education and science education. Art education can't lose the support of science education's development, and the latter is promoting the development of science education conversely. Art education needs the refinement and distillation of science education, and meanwhile affects the mental production of human greatly. Science education and art education are mutually beneficial, make the human civilization enter the new era, and open up the limitless prospective for its development.

Field of study: Education
Rapid Acquisition of Bias in Signal Detection: Dynamics of Effective Reinforcement Allocation

We investigated changes in bias (preference for one response alternative) in signal detection when relative reinforcer frequency for correct responses varied across sessions. In Experiment 1, 4 rats responded in a two-stimulus, two-response identification procedure employing temporal stimuli (short vs. long houselight presentations). Relative reinforcer frequency varied according to a 31-step pseudorandom binary sequence and stimulus duration difference varied over two values across conditions. In Experiment 2, 3 rats responded in a five-stimulus, two-response classification procedure employing temporal stimuli. Relative reinforcer frequency was varied according to a 36-step pseudorandom ternary sequence. Results of both experiments were analyzed according to a behavioral model of detection. The model was extended to incorporate the effects of current and previous session reinforcer frequency ratios on current-session performance. Similar to findings with concurrent schedules, effects on bias of relative reinforcer frequency were highest for the current session. However, carryover from reinforcer ratios of previous sessions was evident. Generally, the results indicate that bias can come under control of frequent changes in relative reinforcer frequency in both identification and classification procedures.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Residue and bio-efficacy evaluation of controlled release formulations of imidacloprid against pests in soybean (Glycine max)

Controlled release (CR) formulations of imidacloprid (1-(6 chloro-3-pyridinyl methyl)-N- nitro imidazolidin-2- ylideneamine) were prepared using novel amphiphilic polymers synthesized from polyethylene glycol and aliphatic diacids employing encapsulation technique. The bioefficacy of the prepared CR formulations was evaluated against major pests of soybean, namely stem fly, Melanagromyza sojae Zehntmer and white fly, Bemisia tabaci Gennadius along with a commercial formulation at the experimental farm of Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi during kharif 2009 and 2010. Most of the CR formulations of imidacloprid gave significantly better control of the pests compare to its commercial formulations, however the CR formulations, Poly [poly (oxyethylene-1000)-oxy suberoyl] amphiphilic polymer based formulation performed better over others for controlling of both stem fly incidence and Yellow Mosaic Virus (YMV) infestation transmitted by white fly. Some of the developed CR formulations recorded higher yield over commercial formulation and control. Nodulation pattern of soybean was not affected due to treatment of CR and commercial formulations of imidacloprid. Also the residues of imidacloprid in seed and soil at harvest were not detectable for both CR and commercial formulations.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Reviewing the prognostic factors in myelomeningocele.

The goal of this study was to analyze the factors that have an impact on morbidity and mortality in patients with myelomeningocele (MMC).



A retrospective cohort study was conducted to analyze factors associated with MMC that influence the morbidity and mortality of the disease. Data were collected from medical records of children who underwent the primary repair of MMC at the Fernandes Figueira Institute-Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (IFF-Fiocruz) between January 1995 and January 2015, with a minimum follow-up of 1 year. The following variables were analyzed: demographic characteristics (gestational age, sex, and birth weight); clinical features (head circumference at birth, anatomical and functional levels of MMC, hydrocephalus, symptomatic Chiari malformation type II, neurogenic bladder, and urinary tract infection [UTI]); and surgical details such as timing of repair of MMC, age at first shunt placement, shunt surgery modality (elective or emergency), concurrent surgery (correction of MMC and shunt insertion in the same surgical procedure), incidence and cause of shunt dysfunction, use of external ventricular drain, transfontanelle puncture, surgical wound complications prior to shunting, and endoscopic treatment of hydrocephalus.



A total of 231 patients with MMC were included in the analysis. Patients were followed for periods ranging from 1 to 20 years, with a mean of 6.9 years. The frequency of shunt placement was observed mainly among patients with MMC at the highest spinal levels (p < 0.01). The main causes of morbidity and mortality in patients with MMC were shunt failures, diagnosed in 91 of 193 cases (47.2%) of hydrocephalus, and repeated UTIs, in 129 of 231 cases (55.8%) of MMC; these were the main causes of hospitalization and death. Head circumference ≥ 38 cm at birth was found to be a significant risk factor for shunt revision (p < 0.001; 95% CI 1.092-1.354). Also, the lumbar functional level of MMC was associated with less revision than upper levels (p < 0.014; 95% CI 0.143-0.805). There was a significant association between recurrent UTI and thoracic functional level.



Macrocephaly at birth and higher levels of the defect have an impact on worse outcome and, therefore, are a challenge to the daily practice of pediatric neurosurgery.

Field of study: Medicine
Circulating power, RF magnetic field, and RF current density of shielded dielectric resonators for power handling analysis of high-temperature superconducting thin films of arbitrary thickness

In the current quest for HTS films with negligible power effects at high RF power levels for wireless communications, accurate calculations of a maximum RF magnetic field H/sub max/ and of a maximum RF current density J/sub max/ flowing on the surface of superconducting films is necessary to allow for any sensible conclusions and comparisons. As the dielectric resonator method is used most frequently for investigation of HTS losses, the authors discuss in this paper a dependence of the circulating power and of a maximum RF magnetic field H/sub max/ on dielectric resonators' geometry as well as of the maximum RF current density J/sub max/ flowing on the surface of superconducting films on the films' thickness, for a general case of a resonator shielded in a metallic cavity. The authors' results demonstrate that under the same input power levels the same HTS films may be exposed to differing RF power level conditions, depending on the cavity to dielectric radius ratio and thickness of superconducting films. This means that there may be a significant discrepancy between calculated and real power handling capabilities of HTS films tested in different dielectric resonators unless correct formulas are used.

Field of study: Physics
Experimental study on adsorption–desorption characteristics of granular activated carbon/R134a pair

Experimental runs were done to estimate the adsorption characteristics of granular activated carbon (GAC)/R134a pair. A laboratory scale test rig was designed and built to run the experiments. The adsorption capacity of the GAC was studied at different temperatures 25 °C, 35 °C, 45 °C and 65 °C. Pressure and time were recorded during the experiments. The maximum adsorption capacity was found to be 1.68 kgR134a kgcarbon−1 at 25 °C after 1000 s. The activation energy and the exponential constant were estimated to be 9575 J mol−1 and 1.83 respectively.

Field of study: Engineering
The shape of complex impedance arcs for alkali ion conducting glasses

A method of using complex impedance plots to determine dc resistances is investigated in which the shape of the arc is assumed to be the same at all temperatures. Using a reduced impedance plot on which measurements made at several different temperatures are all plotted together, least squares calculations are used to determine the best-fitting depressed circular arc (DCA) and elliptic arc (EA). The technique is applied to a number of single alkali glasses in the system Li2O-B2O3-SiO2. It is shown that there are systematic departures from both DCA and EA but that the EA is the most accurate at very low frequency end. The EA gives extrapolated dc resistivities about 1 1 2 % lower tahn those the DCA. However the scatter of dc resistivities from straight line Arrhenius plots was higher than this. The impedance plot for a mixed alkali glass is not well fitted by either a DCA or an EA and its anomalous shape is noted.

Field of study: Materials science
Improved peak load management control technique for nonlinear and dynamic residential energy consumption pattern

Advancements in computational technologies for residential energy management have become widespread due to increased energy usage and peak demand in households. Controlled switching of appliances during peak periods for energy reduction is one of such solutions. However, this technique may constrict the consumer’s flexibility to utilize desired appliances to fulfil their needs. This study proposes a peak load control technique based on an end-use appliance prioritization and event detection algorithm. A noteworthy feature of the technique is the users’ preferred appliance (UPA), which provides the occupants with the flexibility to use any electric load to fulfill their needs at any time whether peak demand control has been initiated or not. Furthermore, to address the challenging issue around the uncertain and varying nature of the users’ energy usage pattern, an empirical bottom-up approach is adopted to characterize the consumers’ diverse end-use behavior. The results obtained show good performance in terms of peak demand and energy consumption reduction, with 3% to 20% and at least 14.05% in demand reduction for time of use (ToU) periods and energy savings, respectively. These offer a further perspective on demand side management, affording load users a new cost-saving energy usage pattern.

Field of study: Engineering
Eclogites and Eclogites: Their Differences and Similarities

Eclogites are divisible into three groups based on mode of occurrence: Group A, inclusions in kimberlites, basalts, or layers in ultramafic rocks; Group B, bands or lenses within migmatite gneissic terrains; Group C, bands or lenses within alpine-type metamorphic rocks. The compositions range from olivine basalt for Group A to tholeiitic basalts for Group C. New analytical data on six eclogites from glaucophane schist terrains in California and New Caledonia now permit comparisons among the three eclogite types. The pyrope content of the garnets is distinctive for each group as follows: Group A, greater than 55 per cent py; Group B, 30–55 per cent py; Group C, less than 30 percent py. Pyroxenes coexisting with these garnets also reflect a compositional change related to their occurrence. The jadeite content progressively increases from Group A through Group B, whereas the diopside content decreases. A comparison of eclogites from different geologic occurrences but with similar bulk compositions demonstrates variation in Ca-Mg partition between coexisting garnet and pyroxene. The Ca/Mg ratio increases in garnet and decreases in pyroxene from Group A through Group B eclogites. This obvious difference in the Ca-Mg partition between coexisting garnet-pyroxene in eclogites of the same bulk composition indicates a broad range of pressure-temperature conditions obtained during crystallization. Experimental synthesis of eclogite-like material at high pressures and temperatures demonstrates that some eclogites may form in the earth's mantle, but naturally occurring Group C eclogites have coexisting garnet-pyroxene with distinct Ca/Mg ratios when compared to Group A or B eclogites of similar bulk composition. This difference in the Ca/Mg ratio must reflect the pressure-temperature conditions characterizing the glaucophane schist facies.

The formation of eclogites within different metamorphic facies is strong evidence of the divergent pressure-temperature conditions that allow basalts to recrystalhze into garnet-pryoxene rocks. In view of the rather compelling field evidence, it would seem advisable to discontinue the concept of an eclogite metamorphic facies.

Field of study: Geology
Discrimination of Time Series by Parametric Filtering

A new approach to time series discrimination is discussed. The approach, called parametric filtering, combines a parametric filter bank with an analysis of first-order autocorrelation from the filtered time series. As a function of the filter parameter, the first-order autocorrelation is shown to uniquely characterize the correlation structure of the original stationary time series. It is also shown to produce a diagnostic that not only characterizes correlation structures, but also transforms these structures into smooth and monotone functions. Natural sample estimators of these characterization functions are shown to be uniformly consistent even for mixed-spectrum time series. Examples are provided to demonstrate the potential applications of the method in discrimination of time series with a special emphasis on time series of mixed spectra.

Field of study: Mathematics
Export market influence on the development of the Pacific shrimp fishery of Sonora, Mexico

The Pacific shrimp fishery is the most economically important and ecologically impactful fishery in Mexico. Strong export markets have had a tremendous influence on the technological development and structure of this fishery. This article describes the historical development, current status, ecological impacts and management of the open ocean trawling component of the shrimp fishery in the Sonoran waters of the Gulf of California. We trace the economic factors influencing the development of the Mexican Pacific trawler-based shrimp fishery, with a focus on the port of Guaymas, Sonora, and summarize the events leading to the current overcapitalized and inefficient state of that fishery. The Sonoran shrimp fishery is characterized by high rates of by-catch and a decline in catch per boat trends. A review of economic factors indicates that the decision-making process in this fishery is driven by export markets and does not adequately consider the local ecosystems and fishing communities impacted by shrimp trawling. Management priorities for the fishery include fleet size reduction, habitat protection and alternative technology development. Successful management depends on the participation of powerful export–import companies, along side producers, government resource management agencies, NGOs and scientists. This paper describes recent efforts in collaborative management and calls for the expansion of these efforts.

Field of study: Environmental science
Nonperturbative effect of attractive forces in viscous liquids.

We study the role of the attractive intermolecular forces in the viscous regime of a simple glass-forming liquid by using computer simulations. To this end, we compare the structure and the dynamics of a standard Lennard-Jones glass-forming liquid model with and without the attractive tail of the interaction potentials. The viscous slowing down of the two systems is found to be quantitatively and qualitatively different over a broad density range, whereas the static pair correlations remain close. The common assumption that the behavior of dense nonassociated liquids is determined by the short-ranged repulsive part of the intermolecular potentials dramatically breaks down for the relaxation in the viscous liquid regime.

Field of study: Physics
The productive psychopathological symptoms and cerebral blood flow in organic brain lesions

: The study was made of correlations arising between psychopathological symptoms (PPS) observed in organic brain lesions in acute posttraumatic, postoperative and posthemorrhagic periods in 111 patients with objective data on cerebral circulation and cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR). PPS included mental conditions of delirium type: of classical form (106 cases), of atypical forms (5 cases). In PPS there appeared a tendency to an increase in the values of cerebral circulation and CVR. PPS patterns and regions of elevated CVR were found related. Long-term persistence of PPS in the acute disease eventuated into a reduction of psychic functions and total and regional hemodynamics. In atypical delirium against preexisting encephalopathy the trend to hyperreactivity of the brain vessels disappeared during a short period.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Airborne lidar observations of wind, water vapor, and aerosol profiles during the NASA Aeolus calibration and validation (Cal/Val) test flight campaign

Lidars are uniquely capable of collecting high-precision and high spatiotemporal resolution observations that have been used for atmospheric process studies from the ground, aircraft, and space for many years. The Aeolus mission, the first space-borne Doppler wind lidar, was developed by the European Space Agency (ESA) and launched in August 2018. Its novel Atmospheric LAser Doppler INstrument (ALADIN) observes profiles of the component of the wind vector and aerosol/cloud optical properties along the instrument's line-of-sight (LOS) direction on a global scale. A total of two airborne lidar systems have been developed at NASA Langley Research Center in recent years that collect measurements in support of several NASA Earth Science Division focus areas. The coherent Doppler Aerosol WiNd (DAWN) lidar measures vertical profiles of LOS velocity along selected azimuth angles that are combined to derive profiles of horizontal wind speed and direction. The High Altitude Lidar Observatory (HALO) measures high resolution profiles of atmospheric water vapor (WV) and aerosol and cloud optical properties. Because there are limitations in terms of spatial and vertical detail and measurement precision that can be accomplished from space, airborne remote sensing observations like those from DAWN and HALO are required to fill these observational gaps and to calibrate and validate space-borne measurements. Over a 2-week period in April 2019, during their Aeolus Cal/Val Test Flight campaign, NASA conducted five research flights over the eastern Pacific Ocean with the DC-8 aircraft. The purpose was to demonstrate the following: (1) DAWN and HALO measurement capabilities across a range of atmospheric conditions, (2) Aeolus Cal/Val flight strategies and comparisons of DAWN and HALO measurements with Aeolus, to gain an initial perspective of Aeolus performance, and (3) ways in which atmospheric dynamic processes can be resolved and better understood through simultaneous observations of wind, WV, and aerosol profile observations, coupled with numerical model and other remote sensing observations. This paper provides a brief description of the DAWN and HALO instruments, discusses the synergistic observations collected across a wide range of atmospheric conditions sampled during the DC-8 flights, and gives a brief summary of the validation of DAWN, HALO, and Aeolus observations and comparisons.

Field of study: Environmental science