nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Population Pressures and Academic Integrity: Should Education Be Used as a Substitute for Employment?

INCREASINGLY over the past seven years, college trustees, administrators, and faculty have been speculating on the effects the population explosion will have on their campuses. Some college presidents have been so bold as to predict that a complete and painless improvement in the quality of the student body will create a new image of their institutions. Optimistic trustees of several marginal colleges are convinced that they can build completely new campuses within two or three years. More conservative administrators of relatively obscure small colleges have limited their projections to paying off all outstanding obligations and raising teachers' salaries. The threat of the closing college door has struck dismay in the hearts of parents, but on many a campus it has led to rubbing of hands and dreams of plenty. It is time to stop dreaming. The closing college door is not going to be a cure-all for any college or university in the country. If anything, it may aggravate weaknesses on the very campuses that are looking forward to it with enthusiasm and enhance the image of the already strong institutions. Let us stop deceiving ourselves. Population explosion or not, our problems are still with us. In I930, there were more Americans of college age than in 1957. Yet in I957 there were more students in college. In I930, less than I2 per cent of students who were of college age attended college. In I957, approximately 32 per cent were obtaining some form of post-secondary school education. In I930, there were II,552,II5 young Americans in the high-school-age bracket of fifteen through nineteen. From this age group were drawn the freshman classes of the next four years. It was not until I958 that the fifteento nineteen-year-old population again reached the I930 level. In fact, there had been a half-million fewer teen-agers in this age bracket in I953 than in I930. In contrast to the birth rate during the depression, postwar births increased the ranks to more than I5,536,oco by I963.

Field of study: Education
Assessing the cumulative adverse effects of offshore wind energy development on seabird foraging guilds along the East Coast of the United States

Offshore wind farms are rapidly being permitted along the East Coast of the U.S., and with subsequent development could cumulatively affect seabird populations. Yet, the seabird guilds most likely at risk of cumulative effects have not been identified. Assessments of cumulative effects must first calculate the cumulative exposure of seabirds to areas suitable for offshore wind farms and then estimate how exposure will affect populations. This paper addresses this first need, and quantifies how three different wind farm siting scenarios could cumulatively expose seven seabird foraging guilds. The coastal bottom gleaner guild (sea ducks) would be exposed at similar rates regardless of siting decision, while other coastal guilds would be exposed at a higher rate when projects are built in shallow areas and close to shore rather than in high-wind areas. The pelagic seabird guild would be exposed at high rates when projects are built in high-wind areas. There was no single offshore wind siting scenario that reduced the cumulative exposure for all guilds. Based upon these findings, we identify the foraging guilds most likely to be cumulatively exposed and propose an approach for siting and mitigation that may reduce cumulative exposure for all guilds.

Field of study: Environmental science
‘I want to do everything!’: leisure innovation among retirement-age women

Innovation theory asserts that the adoption of new leisure activities in later life (leisure innovation) may facilitate healthy ageing through personal growth, interest renewal, identity reconstruction and increased sense of meaning in life. The purpose of this study was to explore innovation theory among retirement-age women. Thirteen women aged 60–70 completed in-depth interviews and focus groups. Data were analysed through open, axial and selective coding. Themes emerged regarding the nature of newly adopted leisure activities, triggers of innovation and outcomes of innovation. Participants attributed meaning to innovation within established interest areas and to innovation related to taking advantage of previously unavailable opportunities. Participants also identified innovation catalysts including additional resources, increased perceived freedom, purposive life changes and health concerns. Outcomes of innovation included feelings of joy, self-confidence, independence and improved social connections. Findings support and extend innovation theory and suggest that acknowledging and exploring the adoption of new leisure activities can extend existing theory and improve future research related to leisure and ageing.

Field of study: Sociology
Pharmacy Interns’ Perception of Their Professional Role

To determine pharmacy interns' perceptions of the roles of the pharmacist and pharmacy prior to and during the pharmacy internship and to compare their perceptions with those of their supervisors and the pharmacy customers.  Questionnaires were completed and submitted by 395 interns prior to and during their internships. Interns interviewed their supervisors and two to four local customers.  Ninety-six supervisors and 285 customers were interviewed. Interns' perceptions were aligned with those of their supervisors in that both groups indicated that a pharmacist's most important role is that of a clinical leader. Furthermore, interns' perception of customers' expectations regarding the pharmacy were well aligned with customers' actual expectations with regard to service.  The study illustrates that interns became more aligned in their perceptions due to the pharmacy internship. The study findings imply that the pharmacy internship influences interns' perception of the pharmacy and pharmacist's roles in society through complex individual and social learning processes.

Field of study: Education, Medicine
The Myth of Hyperfactualism in the Study of American Politics

To introduce his work on functionalism, Robert Merton' employs that intriguing phrase of Whitehead's: "A science which hesitates to forget its founders is lost." If Whitehead meant to caution against allowing past generations to "impose their stencils upon an unknown future,"2 who, in a scientific domain, can possibly quarrel with this injunction? But Whitehead also remarked (as Merton noted) that everything of importance has been said before by someone who did not discover it. Whether so or not, it is germane to my purpose to change some wording and suggest that everything of importance has been said before by someone who did not name it. In substituting the act of naming for that of discovery, I mean to emphasize the crucial importance of close inquiry into the logic and procedure of analysis. For a science which forgets its founders too soon may lose in considerable measure. What it loses it must again find, often at great waste of time and energy. The title of this paper was selected with this in mind. It has to do also with the altogether too hasty use of such terms as hyperfactualism and traditionalism. These have become synonyms in contemporary political science and they are used to refer to a mode of inquiry which employs real types, whose research is in-

Field of study: Political science
Studies of 2.45 GHz microwave induced plasma abatement of CF4.

Microwave plasmas at 2.45 GHz frequency operated at atmospheric pressure in synthetic gas mixtures containing N2 and CF4 are investigated experimentally for various operating conditions, with respect to their ability to destroy perfluorocompounds. It was found that the destruction and removal efficiency of the process is highly dependent on the total gas flow and concentration of CF4. Destruction and removal efficiencies of CF4 up to 98% have been achieved using 1.9 kW of microwave power at 16 L/min total flow rate.

Field of study: Environmental science
Über die statistische Reihe vom Charlierschen A-Typ und die Boltzmannsche Gleichung

ZusammenfassungEs wird ein Kriterium dafür abgeleitet, daß eine in x und y symmetrische Funktionf (x, y, t1, t2, ... tn) nach Hermiteschen Orthogonalfunktionen im Sinne der Methode der kleinsten Quadrate am besten approximierbar ist. Dieses Kritirium kann zugleich zur Charakterisierung der Funktionf (x, y, t1 ... tn) dienen. Ist dannf (u, v, x, y, z) eine Verteilungsfunktion der Geschwindigkeitu, v und der Raumkoordinatenx, y, z (inu undv symmetrisch), die der Boltzmannschen Differentialgleichung genügt und inu undv vom Charlierschen A-Typ ist, so wird bewiesen, daß das nur die Funktion
$$f = C.e^{2\Phi - u^2 - v^2 }$$
 sein kann, wobei Φ das Potential bedeutet.

Field of study: Physics
Anti-Acne-Inducing Bacterial Activity of Mangosteen Fruit Rind Extracts

The aims of this study were to determine the most effective solvent extract of mangosteen, anti-acne- inducing bacterial activity and the amount of α-mangostin, a major active component in each mangosteen fruit rind extract, using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).  The fruit rinds of mangosteen were extracted with hexane, dichloromethane, ethanol and water. The extracts were tested for antibacterial activity against bacteria that induce acne, including Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Thin-layer chromatographic autobiography against these bacteria was also performed for each extract, while the α-mangostin content was analyzed using a validated HPLC method.  The dichloromethane extract exhibited the strongest antibacterial effect with minimum inhibitory concentration values for both bacterial species at 3.91 µg/ml, while the minimum bactericidal concentration values against P. acnes and S. epidermidis were 3.91 and 15.63 µg/ml, respectively. Thin-layer chromatographic autobiography indicated that α-mangostin was present in all extracts, except the water extract, and is a major active component against both P. acnes and S. epidermidis. Using HPLC, the dichloromethane extract yielded the highest content (46.21% w/w) of α-mangostin followed by the ethanol extract (18.03% w/w), the hexane extract (17.21% w/w) and the water extract (0.54% w/w).  Dichloromethane extract exhibited the strongest anti-acne-inducing bacterial effect and this extract yielded the highest amount of α-mangostin.

Field of study: Medicine
COMPUTATIONAL ACCURACY OF THE PLATE ON TWO-PARAMETER SUBGRADE

For computational reliability and strictness of the theory of the plate and the subgrade reaction,first, the attenuate factor of the displacement is corrected for the subgrade out the plate on two-parameter subgrade. Then,Based on the analytical solution of an elastic rectangle plate with four free edges rested on the semi-infinite elastic subgrade,it is proved that the reaction force of the subgrade and the deflection did not possess the relationship of Vlazov’s two-parameter subgrade model by numerical method.Finally,based on numerical computation for a sample problem and comparative analysis of its result,from the bent deformation of the plate,a conclusion is drawn that the attenuate factor given in this paper is suitable,and the computational accuracy is analyzed and given for all sorts of proximate boundary conditions of the plate on two-parameter subgrade.

Field of study: Engineering
Hippocampal neuropeptide Y mRNA is reduced in a strain of learned helpless resistant rats.

The learned helpless rat is considered to be one of the better animal models of depression. A genetically inbred strain with a high vulnerability to develop helplessness (LH), as well as a highly resistant strain (NLH) have both been developed. Since the brain peptide neuropeptide Y (NPY) is involved in the regulation of a number of behaviors known to be altered in clinical depression as well as in learned helplessness, we measured the relative level of NPY mRNA in the hippocampus and cortex of control Sprague Dawley (SD), LH and NLH rats. We find that NLH rats have approximately a 30-35% decrease in basal hippocampal NPY mRNA compared with SD and LH rats. By contrast, cortical NPY mRNA and hippocampal pre-proenkephalin and somatostatin mRNA levels were not significantly different in the 3 strains. The data suggest that the regulation of NPY gene expression may be involved in the reduced vulnerability of NLH rats to develop learned helplessness.

Field of study: Biology
In vitro immunization of human tonsilar lymphocytes: effects of PWM and rIL-6.

We previously described a system for the in vitro immunization of human tonsilar lymphocytes under serum-free conditions in the presence of muramyl dipeptide and rIL-2 (1). Further studies with this system reveal possible roles for PWM and rIL-6 in the immunization process. The addition of these factors led to an increase in the levels of antibody produced in lymphocyte cultures. The time of addition of these factors was found to be important in determining the extent of their effects on the overall yields of antigen-reactive cells.

Field of study: Biology
Structures of d(GCGAAGC) and d(GCGAAAGC) (tetragonal form): a switching of partners of the sheared G.A pairs to form a functional G.AxA.G crossing.

The DNA fragments d(GCGAAGC) and d(GCGAAAGC) are known to exhibit several extraordinary properties. Their crystal structures have been determined at 1.6 and 1.65 A resolution, respectively. Two heptamers aligned in an antiparallel fashion associate to form a duplex having molecular twofold symmetry. In the crystallographic asymmetric unit, there are three structurally identical duplexes. At both ends of each duplex, two Watson-Crick G.C pairs constitute the stem regions. In the central part, two sheared G.A pairs are crossed and stacked on each other, so that the stacked two guanine bases of the G.AxA.G crossing expose their Watson-Crick and major-groove sites into solvent, suggesting a functional role. The adenine moieties of the A(5) residues are inside the duplex, wedged between the A(4) and G(6) residues, but there are no partners for interactions. To close the open space on the counter strand, the duplex is strongly bent. In the asymmetric unit of the d(GCGAAAGC) crystal (tetragonal form), there is only one octamer chain. However, the two chains related by the crystallographic twofold symmetry associate to form an antiparallel duplex, similar to the base-intercalated duplex found in the hexagonal crystal form of the octamer. It is interesting to note that the significant difference between the present bulge-in structure of d(GCGAAGC) and the base-intercalated duplex of d(GCGAAAGC) can be ascribed to a switching of partners of the sheared G.A pairs.

Field of study: Chemistry
Cadmium-induced subcellular accumulation of O2·− and H2O2 in pea leaves

Cadmium is a toxic metal that produces disturbances in plant antioxidant defences giving rise to oxidative stress. The effect of this metal on H2O2 and O2·− production was studied in leaves from pea plants growth for 2 weeks with 50 µm Cd, by histochemistry with diaminobenzidine (DAB) and nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT), respectively. The subcellular localization of these reactive oxygen species (ROS) was studied by cytochemistry with CeCl3 and Mn/DAB staining for H2O2 and O2·−, respectively, followed by electron microscopy observation. In leaves from pea plants grown with 50 µm CdCl2 a rise of six times in the H2O2 content took place in comparison with control plants, and the accumulation of H2O2 was observed mainly in the plasma membrane of transfer, mesophyll and epidermal cells, as well as in the tonoplast of bundle sheath cells. In mesophyll cells a small accumulation of H2O2 was observed in mitochondria and peroxisomes. Experiments with inhibitors suggested that the main source of H2O2 could be a NADPH oxidase. The subcellular localization of O2·− production was demonstrated in the tonoplast of bundle sheath cells, and plasma membrane from mesophyll cells. The Cd-induced production of the ROS, H2O2 and O2·−, could be attributed to the phytotoxic effect of Cd, but lower levels of ROS could function as signal molecules in the induction of defence genes against Cd toxicity. Treatment of leaves from Cd-grown plants with different effectors and inhibitors showed that ROS production was regulated by different processes involving protein phosphatases, Ca2+ channels, and cGMP.

Field of study: Environmental science
A Feedback Enlargement of Stability Radius Using Non-differentiable Optimization

In controller design of dynamical systems, it is desirable that the controllers can guarantee the stability for not only nominal plants but also perturbed ones, because the plant models may have some uncertainties in their parameters. By this motivation, several researches for the robust controller design have been conducted. In this paper, a feedback controller design method is considered, which achieves enlarging the degree of robust stability for the linear SISO closed-loop systems. Choosing stability radius for the plant parameters as the degree of robust stability, and regarding this as an object function, we formulated this maximization as an optimization problem with constraints coming from prescribed pole placement. The difficulty of this formulation is that while pole placements give linear constraints, the object function is not a smooth one, which calls for an optimization technique for non-differentiable functions. To cope with this, we successfully used the bundle method. We show some numerical examples to illustrate our proposed design method.

Field of study: Computer science
Size dependence of flame retardant composite coatings reinforced with huntite and hydromagnesite

It has been highlighted the importance of huntite/hydromagnesite mineral as an innocent flame retardantmaterial in the plastics in our previous works. In this study, flame retardant behaviors of huntite and hydromagnesite in the polymeric dye coatings were obtained and thesize dependence of this circumstance has been investigated. After getting different size of mineral powders, phase,microstructural and thermal analysiswere undertaken using XRD, SEM-EDS and DTA-TG prior to the fabrication of the composite materials. The minerals with different particle size and content were subsequently added to the polymermatrix (epoxy dye) to produce composite materials.After the fabrication of composites, FTIR analysis has been done and the flame retardant behaviors were evaluated to determine flame retardancy of the coatings. It was concluded that by adding huntite/ hydromagnesite mineral to the polymer matrix, flame retardant epoxy coatings were produced. And it was evident that decreasing the additive size is useful to achieve better flame retardancy.

Field of study: Materials science
Nuclear fusion induced by ultra-short intense laser interaction with large deuterium clusters

Large deuterium clusters were produced in a supersonic expansion of high pressure gases into vacuum through a 0.5 mm nozzle.The average size clusters(with 3×103 atoms) was verified by measuring the Rayleigh scattered signal using a He-Ne laser beam.Neutrons(2.45 MeV) from deuterium clusters fusion induced by the intense femtosecond(30 fs) laser pulse is experimentally demonstrated.The average neutron yield of 1×103 per shot was obtained.The yield grew slightly with the increasing of the laser spot size.No neutron was observed when the laser spot was larger than 470 micron.The fusion events mainly happened in the hot plasma region radiated by the intense laser.

Field of study: Physics
Post-traumatic urethral strictures in children: what have we learned over the years?

Urethral stricture presents an uncommon but difficult urological problem in the pediatric population. Treatment protocols are different from in adults due to anatomical considerations.



A thorough manual and Medline search was conducted to review the existing literature on post-traumatic pediatric urethral strictures, with key words: stricture, children, post-traumatic, urethroplasty, pediatric.



Opinion early on was that, due to the confined perineum, high incidence of supramembranous injury resulting in less predictable distraction defects of the posterior urethra and a high incidence of prostatic displacement, transperineal urethroplasty is technically more difficult than in adults and thus the transpubic approach is more feasible. Recent reports revealed that both approaches resulted in almost the same clinical outcomes for children with post-traumatic posterior urethral strictures.



The ideal reconstruction for the treatment of post-traumatic posterior urethral strictures in children is bulboprostatic anastomosis. This procedure should be initially attempted through the perineum in every case. A transpubic procedure should be done only when tension-free anastomosis cannot be accomplished through the perineum.

Field of study: Medicine
A discussion about website construction in physical education universities and colleges in China

The author expatiated on the orientation and functions of websites of physical education universities and colleges in Chine,objectively reported the current situation of overall construction of websites of physical education universities and colleges in Chine through online tracking and investigation, and carried out a quantified and qualitative analysis and evaluation on 14 websites of physical education universities and colleges thereof. The author pointed out problems commonly existed therein and offered correlative countermeasures,and also predicted the development trend of websites of physical education universities and colleges in Chine.

Field of study: Education
APRED:RED Improved Algorithm Based on Avg and P

RED algorithm is the only candidate algorithm which is recommended by IETF,but RED has some problems,such as the avg changes slowly when congestion starts and drop probability is not accurate.In order to more precisely calculate the avg and p,proposes an improved RED algorithm,called APRED,which dynamically adjusts the avg and non-linear modifies P.Simulation results show that the improved algorithm can get a better average throughput in the bottleneck link and has lower packet loss rate in router.Whether in the case of persistent stream and sudden stream the APRED algorithm will be able to reduce the fluctuations of the average queue.The algorithm has a better network adaptability.

Field of study: Computer science
[Vestibular migraine: diagnostic difficulties and treatment optimization].

The study aimed at showing actual information about vestibular migraine and presenting different features of vestibular migraine for prevention of diagnostic mistakes and choosing an effective treatment.



Fifty patients with vestibular migraine were diagnosed according to the International Classification of Headache Disorders 3rd edition and examined in a neurological department.



Problems with outpatient diagnosis and treatment were found. Many patients were not diagnosed correctly and, therefore, did not receive effective management of vestibular migraine. All clinical features, information of disease history and different objective signs were important for differential diagnosis with other types of dizziness. Management according to guidelines for migraine treatment and recent research of vestibular migraine showed its efficiency for patients.



Spreading of actual information about vestibular migraine is important due to its underdiagnosis. Knowledge of clinical features is helpful for diagnosis and differential diagnosis. Treatment approaches according to guidelines and last research should be used.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology