nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Interaction of the delta-opioid receptor with GM1 ganglioside: conversion from inhibitory to excitatory mode.

Previous studies have shown GM1 ganglioside to play a crucial role in regulating excitatory opioid receptor function, which may underlie some aspects of opioid dependence, tolerance, and supersensitivity. To study the mechanism of this receptor modulation we have employed CHO cells containing a single, transfected opioid receptor of the delta-type. When forskolin was employed to elevate cAMP the reduction affected by 10 microM DADLE was counteracted by preincubation of the cells with GM1. No effect was observed with GD1a, GD1b, GT1b GM3, or the GM1 derivative, GM1-OH. In pertussis toxin-treated cells 10 nM DADLE increased basal levels of cAMP after preincubation with as little as 10 nM GM1. The results suggest conformational alteration of the opioid receptor from a form coupled primarily to G(i)/G(o) to one also capable of interacting with G(s).

Field of study: Biology
Constraints on proton-proton fusion from helioseismology

The proton-proton ($pp$) fusion cross-section found at the heart of solar models is unconstrained experimentally and relies solely on theoretical calculations. Effective field theory provides an opportunity to constrain the $pp$ cross-section experimentally, however, this method is complicated by the appearance of two-nucleon effects in the form of an unknown parameter $L_{1,A}$. We present a method to constrain $L_{1,A}$ using the Standard Solar Model and helioseismology. Using this method, we determine a value of $L_{1,A}$ = 7.0 fm$^{3}$ with a range of 1.6 to 12.4 fm$^{3}$. These results are consistent with theoretical estimates of $L_{1,A} \approx$ 6 fm$^{3}$.

Field of study: Physics
Functional polymorphisms in the IL6 gene promoter and the risk of urinary bladder cancer in India.

Interleukin-6 is a multifunctional cytokine, which plays a key role in tumor proliferation and differentiation. Variations in its gene (IL6) sequence may affect the risk of developing various cancers, including urinary bladder cancer. The present study was done to find the association of functional polymorphisms in the IL6 promoter with urinary bladder cancer.



Single nucleotide polymorphisms were genotyped in histologically confirmed 232 cases of urinary bladder cancer and 250 healthy controls. The controls subjects were matched to the cases by age, sex, and ethnicity. Genotyping of the polymorphisms (-174G>C; -572G>C, -596A>G) was undertaken by direct DNA sequencing. The level of association between the genotypes and urinary bladder cancer risk was estimated by odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals generated by applying the chi-square test. Linkage disequilibrium (LD) between SNPs and haplotype analysis were performed using Haploview software.



Significantly higher number of smokers (p=0.047), tobacco chewers (p=<0.001) and those with non-vegetarian food habits (p=0.016) were seen in the case group. The distribution of genotypes at -174G>C locus differed significantly between cases and controls and the variant genotypes GC+CC were significantly rarer in the cases (p=0.00073; OR=0.52 95% CI 0.35-0.75). Variant genotypes (GC+CC) were more common in grade I than grade III tumors (p=0.032), further suggesting a protective effect. No LD was found between the SNPs; however, the frequency of haplotype AGC was significantly lesser in the cases than controls (p=0.0103), suggesting a protective effect. Genotype distribution at the other two loci (-572G>C and -596A>G) did not show association with bladder cancer.



IL6 (-174G>C) substitution confers significant protection against the risk of urinary bladder cancer in the study population, while other substitutions in this gene (-572G>C and -596A>G) do not affect the risk. In general, there is a lack of studies on the cytokine gene polymorphisms in urinary bladder cancer.

Field of study: Medicine
Compensating wage differences

The paper develops a model of the allocation of workers to jobs based on individual's preferences for job satisfaction vs earnings. Given the distribution of levels of job satisfaction and productivities, it is possible to solve explicitly for wages as a function of job satisfaction. More productive individuals will take more (less) satisfying jobs whenever the elasticity of substitution between job satisfaction and earnings is less (greater) than one. The paper also discusses the effects of inequality on earnings of high and low productivity workers and the effects of compensating wage differences on the distribution of earnings.

Field of study: Economics
La palabra en el bosque (The Word in The Woods) by Jeffrey L. Gould, Carlos Henríquez Consalvi (review)

The term "liberation theology" refers to a diverse and at times contradictory set of beliefs and practices originating in Catholic social teaching as developed in Latin America following the Second Vatican Council (1962-65). Though the most profound influence of this movement has arguably been among the university educated and thus relatively affluent, liberation theology has been most notable for its "preferential option for the poor." Other important elements include its ecumenical spirit, rapprochement with secular social reformism including some currents of Marxist thought, and influence beyond Catholicism, Christianity, and Latin America. Though considered to be in decline during the reigns of Popes John Paul II and Benedict I, the apparently favorable disposition of current Pope Frances towards liberation theology reveals a more complex realm of history, culture, and politics than frequendy assumed by those unfamiliar with the internal dynamics of the Catholic Church. As is usually the case with complicated ideologies and related practices, determining what liberation theology actually meant and continues to mean is a task most constructively undertaken in reference to specific contexts.

Field of study: History
Boiling characteristics of carbon nanotube suspension in gravity-assisted thermosyphon

Experiments were carried out for a two-phase closed thermosyphon with a carbon nanotube suspension as working media to study the boiling characteristics.In contrast to typical thermosyphon,thermosyphon filled with a nano-particle suspension had adversely high boiling incipience temperature,temperature excursion,and thermal resistance.The carbon nanotube suspension deteriorated the performance of the gravity-assisted thermosyphon.Measurements showed that suspending carbon nano-tubes in bulk water rendered the suspension increased surface tension.Changes of the interfacial properties led to reduced active nucleation sites,density and departure frequency,as well as enlarged bubble volume and coalescence readiness.Marangoni flow was induced by temperature and concentration gradients.Mass transfer took place from preferential evaporation of volatile component at local interface.All factors functioned together and resulted in high temperature excursion,evaporator wall temperature,and thermal resistance.Heat transfer for the gravity-assisted thermosyphon filled with carbon nanotube suspension deteriorated.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Effects of intravenous injection of FSH on ovarianfollicular cysts in dairy cows

高純度FSH剤の静注による乳牛の卵胞嚢腫の治療試験を行い,とくに本剤の有効量について検討した。1.FSH剤10A.U.投与群4頭では治療効果は認められなかった。20A.U.投与群42頭中34頭(81.0%)では処置後平均27.6日に,40A.U.投与群12頭中10頭(83.3%)では処置後平均22.6日に正常発情の発現がみられた。受胎したものは20A.U.投与群では32頭(76.2%),40A.U.投与群では9頭(75.0%)で,受胎までの平均日数はそれぞれ31.2日,29.1日であった。これらの成績から,卵胞嚢腫牛にFSH剤を静注した場合の有効量は300~600R.Ov.U.(S.C.)の排卵力をもつ20~40A.U.であることが認められた。2.FSH剤の静注で嚢腫が治癒した例では,嚢腫は大多数において閉鎖黄体化したが,一部は破裂黄体化あるいは退行消失する治癒経過をたどった。3.FSH10~40A.U.の静注によって,ショックなどの副作用は認められなかった。

Field of study: Biology
Screening for Mental Health and Substance Use Disorders in Obstetric Settings

The objective of this review is to describe the extent to which (1) obstetric settings are currently screening for mental health and substance use disorders and social determinants of health (SDoH), and (2) screening is followed by systematic approaches for ensuring an adequate response to positive screens. Additionally, clinical and policy implications of current screening practices and recommendations are discussed.  Screening for perinatal depression in obstetric settings has increased. Despite their prevalence and negative impact, screening for other mental health and substance use disorders and SDoH is much less common and professional society recommendations are either nonexistent, less consistent, or less prescriptive.  To truly address maternal mental health, we need to move beyond focusing solely on depression and address other mental health and substance use disorders and the contextual social determinants in which they occur.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Strongly Enhanced Inelastic Collisions in a Bose-Einstein Condensate near Feshbach Resonances

The properties of Bose-Einstein condensed gases can be strongly altered by tuning the external magnetic field near a Feshbach resonance. Feshbach resonances affect elastic collisions and lead to the observed modification of the scattering length. However, as we report here, the observed rate of inelastic collisions was strongly enhanced in a sodium Bose-Einstein condensate when the scattering length was tuned to both larger or smaller values than the off-resonant value. These strong losses impose severe limitations for using Feshbach resonances to tune the properties of Bose-Einstein condensates.  Most of the properties of Bose-Einstein condensates in dilute alkali gases are dominated by two-body collisions, which can be characterized by the s-wave scattering length a. The sign and the absolute value of the scattering length determine, e.g., stability, internal energy, formation rate, size, and collective excitations of a condensate. Near a Feshbach resonance the scattering length varies dispersively  covering the whole range of positive and negative values. Thus it should be possible to study strongly interacting, weakly or noninteracting, or collapsing condensates , all with the same alkali species and experimental setup. A Feshbach resonance occurs when the energy of a molecular (quasi-) bound state is tuned to the energy of two colliding atoms by applying an external magnetic field. Such resonances have been observed in a BoseEinstein condensate of Na sF › 1, mF › 11) atoms at 853 and 907 G , and in two experiments with cold clouds of 85 Rb (F › 2, mF › 22) atoms at 164 G [6]. In the sodium experiment, the scattering length a was observed to vary dispersively as a function of the magnetic field B, in agreement with the theoretical prediction

Field of study: Physics
Under storage constraints of epidemic backup node selection using HyMIS architecture for data replication in mobile peer-to-peer networks

The attainment of high reliability and availability is very difficult to be achieved in very complex wireless infrastructureless networks. Reliability concept describes essentially the transmission characteristics of infrastructureless networks, such as packet loss probability, packet duplication, data misinsertion, and corruption of packets. Some other metrics nowadays, aggregate and contribute to the aggravation of end to end reliability. In this work a new scheme for end to end reliable file/resource sharing is studied, among mobile peer-to-peer users. The proposed scheme uses the Hybrid Mobile Infostation System (HyMIS) to maintain and enhance the reliability of file/resource sharing process among wireless devices. Under various storage constraints the epidemic backup node selection is adopted, merging the advantages of epidemic file dissemination through purely mobile Infostations, using the HyMIS architecture. Examination through simulation is performed, taking into account many newly introduced storage metrics, for the performance evaluation of the proposed scheme. These storage metrics are tuned into certain bounded values to enable high packet delivery ratio. Results show that this scheme under certain storage requirements offer a reliable and robust solution for sharing resources of any capacity in dynamic mobile peer-to-peer wireless environments.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Bayesian CART Model Search

In this article we put forward a Bayesian approach for finding classification and regression tree (CART) models. The two basic components of this approach consist of prior specification and stochastic search. The basic idea is to have the prior induce a posterior distribution that will guide the stochastic search toward more promising CART models. As the search proceeds, such models can then be selected with a variety of criteria, such as posterior probability, marginal likelihood, residual sum of squares or misclassification rates. Examples are used to illustrate the potential superiority of this approach over alternative methods.

Field of study: Mathematics
Die geodynamische Entwicklung der Thiersee- und der Karwendelmulde (Nördliche Kalkalpen)

ZusammenfassungDie Thiersee- und die Karwendelmulde in den Nördlichen Kalkalpen sind als zwei getrennte, E-W-verlaufende Synklinen entwickelt. Ihre Länge zwischen Kufstein und Mittenwald beträgt über 70 km.Systematische geologische Aufnahmen — Kartierung, Stratigraphie, Sedimentologie und Gefügekunde — ergaben, daß die Thierseemuide im Raum von Achenkirch nicht — wie früher vermutet wurde — in die Karwendelmulde umbiegt. Die Auswertung von mehr als 45 000 Gefügemessungen mit Hilfe eines EDV-Programms bewies vielmehr, daß Thierseemuide und Karwendelmulde zwei parallele, unabhängige Strukturen sind, die durch die komplizierte tektonische Zone von Achenkirch getrennt werden.Die paläogeographische Entwicklung und der Ablauf der Bewegungen werden im Überblick skizziert.AbstractSystematic geological survey showed that the Thiersee and Karwendel synclines in the Northern Calcareous Alps are two parallel structures, separated by a slightly folded intersection. The synclines do not turn into each other, as was presumed by earlier workers.The tectonic situation in the area of Achenkirch was cleared by evaluation of more than 45,000 field texture data by a computer program. Mapping as well as stratigraphical and sedimentological analysis supports the tectonic model. The paleogeographic development and tectonic history are briefly described.RésuméLes dépressions du «Thiersee» et du «Karwendel», dans les Alpes calcaires du Nord, sont deux synclinaux indépendants de direction Est-Ouest. Elles font 70 km de long entre Kufstein et Mittenwald.Des relevés géologiques systématiques — levés géologiques, stratigraphie, sédimentologie et structurologie — démontrèrent que, dans la région d'Achenkirch, la dépression du «Thiersee» ne contourne pas la dépression du «Karwendel» (comme on l'a longtemps supposé!). L'exploitation par ordinateur de plus de 45.000 mesures structurales révéla au contraire, que ces dépressions sont deux structures parallèles et indépendantes, séparées par la zone tectonique complexe d'Achenkirch.Le développement paléogéographique et le déroulement des mouvements font l'objet d'une vue d'ensemble. Тирзее и Карве нделя в северных изве стковых Альпах развились независимо друг от др уга в виде двух раздел енных, простирающихся с вос тока на запад синклиналей. Длина их между Куфште йном и Миттельвальдом составляет 70 км.Систематическими ге ологическими съемка ми, как-то картирование, изучен ие стратиграфии, седиме нтологии и структуры — установили, что Мульда Тирзее в районе Ахенк ирха не огибает мульд у Карвенделя, как это ду мали ранее. С помощью прогр аммы EDV рассмотрели бол ее чем 45 000 измерений структур и доказали, ч то мульда Тирзее и мул ьда Карвенделя являются двумя самостоятельн ыми параллельными ст руктурными единицами, разобщенн ыми у Ахенкирха сложными тектоническими зона ми.Дается краткий обзор палеогоеграфическо го развития и образования сдвигов.

Field of study: Environmental science
Unilateral nerve injury down-regulates mRNA for Na+ channel SCN10A bilaterally in rat dorsal root ganglia.

Injury makes sensory neurons abnormally excitable and triggers coincident alterations in relative levels of different types of voltage-gated sodium channels that they express. We report that nerve injury depress levels of SCN10A-specific mRNA in contralateral as well as ipsilateral dorsal root ganglia of rats, suggesting a possible peripheral mechanism for the contralateral 'mirror-image' hyperalgesia described in nerve-injured humans and experimental animals.

Field of study: Biology
High plant diversity of lowland rainforest vestiges in eastern Madagascar

Based on cartography, floristic inventory and vegetation analysis in the north and south of the Eastern Domain of Madagascar we identified three original tropical rainforest types which are among the world's most biodiverse known sites for plants: the littoral forest on sand, the lowland forest on gneiss and the lowland forest on basalt. Floristic and structural comparisons were conducted on 37 plots of 50×10m. Multivariate analysis indicates that floristic composition is correlated with abiotic factors of rainfall, latitude, soil composition, and marine influence; the structure of the undergrowth is generally homogeneous and the canopy is more or less open. Many reserves must be created on gneiss, sand and basalt all along the eastern coast to preserve biodiversity from the deforestation process. On basalt, this is especially urgent because about only 10 000 ha of a very ancient forest that shelters numerous botanical novelties remain today.

Field of study: Environmental science
Exploiting generalization in the subspaces for faster model-based learning

Due to the lack of enough generalization in the state-space, common methods in Reinforcement Learning (RL) suffer from slow learning speed especially in the early learning trials. This paper introduces a model-based method in discrete state-spaces for increasing learning speed in terms of required experience (but not required computational time) by exploiting generalization in the experiences of the subspaces. A subspace is formed by choosing a subset of features in the original state representation (full-space). Generalization and faster learning in a subspace are due to many-to-one mapping of experiences from the full-space to each state in the subspace. Nevertheless, due to inherent perceptual aliasing in the subspaces, the policy suggested by each subspace does not generally converge to the optimal policy. Our approach, called Model Based Learning with Subspaces (MoBLeS), calculates confidence intervals of the estimated Q-values in the full-space and in the subspaces. These confidence intervals are used in the decision making, such that the agent benefits the most from the possible generalization while avoiding from detriment of the perceptual aliasing in the subspaces. Convergence of MoBLeS to the optimal policy is theoretically investigated. Additionally, we show through several experiments that MoBLeS improves the learning speed in the early trials.

Field of study: Computer science
Stability analysis of 2-D digital filters with saturation arithmetic: an LMI approach

An improved LMI-based criterion for the nonexistence of overflow oscillations in two-dimensional (2-D) digital filters described by the Roesser model employing saturation arithmetic is presented. The criterion makes use of the structural properties (as prevailing in the system under consideration) of the saturation nonlinearities in a greater detail than the usual sector restriction [0,1].

Field of study: Engineering
Correlations between Cognitive Style and Performance on the Water-Level Task by Female Graduate Students

The present study examined the correlation between cognitive style measured by the Group Embedded Figures Test and performance on two water-level tasks by 16 female graduate students. The mean of the absolute deviation from the horizontal was used as the water-level task performance. As predicted, rho was –.49. Greater deviation on the water-level task was associated with low scores on the Group Embedded Figures Test, indicating field dependence.

Field of study: Psychology
Seneca Valley physiographic and glacial history

The Finger Lakes, so-called, of central New York are justly famous. The greater scientific interest, however, pertains not to the water bodies but to the physical features which are the cause of the lakes, the valleys, and the drift barriers which imprison the waters. The lakes are incidental effects of glaciation. The ten valleys which now retain lakes are a minority of the remarkable series of north-sloping valleys that extends from Lake Erie on the west to the Chenango Valley on the east. Eight of the series, without lakes, lie west of the Genesee Valley, the Erian group. East of the Genesee are twenty-one valleys, with or without lakes; the Ontarian group. The valleys and the lakes of the eastern group have been the subject of much popular and scientific description. Those of the western group have been recently described in No. 23 of the appended list of writings.

Field of study: Geology
Hydrothermal synthesis of fine zinc oxide particles under supercritical conditions

Fine ZnO particles with high crystallinity were obtained by hydrothermal synthesis under supercritical conditions. Zinc nitrate aqueous solution was pressurized to 30 MPa at room temperature and rapidly heated to 390 °C by mixing with supercritical water and then fed into a tubular reactor. The ZnO whiskers were prepared when the concentration of solution was below 0.02 mol/l. Room temperature photoluminescence spectrum of this whiskers showed a strong ultraviolet light emission with broad red light emission.

Field of study: Materials science
Quantitative analysis of the Hopf bifurcation in the Goodwin n-dimensional metabolic control system

We study, from a quantitative point of view, the Hopf bifurcation in an ODE model of feedback control type introduced by Goodwin (1963) to describe the dynamics of end-product inhibition of gene activity. We formally prove that the exchange of linear stability of the positive equilibrium in the n-dimensional Goodwin system with equal reaction constants coexists with a Hopf bifurcation of nontrivial periodic solutions emanating from this equilibrium, without any further restriction on the dimension n ⩾ 3 or on the Hill coefficient ϱ. The direction of the bifurcation, and the stability and the period of the bifurcating orbits are estimated by means of the algorithm proposed by Hassard et al. (1981).

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics
Numerical analysis of heat pumps: Selection of the best fluids for maximizing the coefficient of performance

In this paper, numerical optimization analyses are performed for four distinct heat pump systems, namely, the CVI-1S, CVI-SR, CVI-2S and CVI-3S systems. These analyses are performed for various combinations of hot side and cold side temperature values (i.e., for hot side temperatures ranging from 25 °C to 60 °C, and for cold side temperatures ranging from -40 °C to 10 °C). A total of 167 fluids are compared in order to obtain the highest COP value, for each temperature combination investigated. A robustness analysis is also achieved so as to identify the fluids that provide a COP value larger than 95% of the maximal COP value. Results are presented as charts that allow identifying the best fluids and the most robust fluids for each heat pump system. The results show that heat pump systems involving more equipment or including separators are more efficient than the others. Moreover, the results show that the refrigerants dme, r161, r40, cf3i, r435a and r510a are among the most robust fluids for all heat pump systems investigated.

Field of study: Engineering