nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The Effect of the Depression on Multiplant Manufacturing Organizations

Size of manufacturing organizations has at least two aspects, one, the magnitude of the individual manufacturing units or plants, and the other, the extent of operating combinations composed of two or more such establishments. Since the middle of the last century the Bureau of the Census has been publishing figures from which fairly definite knowledge of the changes in size of establishments may be obtained. The second classification, that one which has to do with the nature and extent of multiplant groups, is made by the Bureau primarily to facilitate its canvass of manufacturing establishments. The assemblage of records covering these industrial combinations grew out of the necessity of obtaining census returns from the principal offices of those multiplant organizations in which the subsidiary manufacturing units were not authorized to furnish data called for by the census. No separate compilation of data for those manufacturing plants which were members of multiplant groups found its way into the regularly published reports of the Bureau prior to the census for 1929. These data, however, were used by Mr. Willard Thorp in the preparation of the census monograph entitled Integration of Industrial Operation, published in 1924, which dealt with the nature and scope of multiplant manufacturing combinations. Volume I of the reports of the census of manufactures for 1929 will present for the first time in the section on character of ownership general statistics, by industries, classified by multiplant and single-plant concerns. The Thorp monograph disclosed the existence in 1919 of 5,838 multiplant combinations which controlled at least 8 per cent of all manufacturing establishments, in which more than one-third of all wage earners engaged in manufacturing industry were employed. These establishments produced, it was estimated, about one-third of the total manufactured output. Approximately five-eighths of the multiplant groups were simple combinations, each in control of factories all of which were found in a single industry, while the remainder operated vertically integrated plants and other more complex types. The multiplant records at that time were somewhat incomplete because of the fact that a good many manufacturing establishments which were members of these groups reported direct to the Census Bureau, so that no central-office records were needed for these companies. By 1929

Field of study: Mathematics
Effects of Ethnic Background, Response Option, Task Complexity and Sex on Information Processing in Concept Attainment.

The effects of (1) Navaho, Spanish, and Anglo-American ethnic backgrounds, ( 2 ) response options of inclusion, exclusion, and indeterminate categorization, ( 3 ) two degrees of stimulus complexity, and ( 4 ) sex were examined during information processing in concept attainment. Subjects were a stratified sample of eighty four ninth grade students selected from all the ninth grade students attending a Bloomfield, New Mexico, municipal school. The dependent variable consisted of responses to the Tagatz Information Processing Test (TIPT). A 3x3x2x2 repeated measures analysis of variance yielded four significant sources of variance. The hierarchial mean performances were each significantly different from the other. The ethnic group by response option interaction indicated that the hierarchy of Navaho, Spanish, and Anglo-American was not evident for items of indeterminate categorization. For items of this type, the means of the three groups were not statistically different from each other. The response of sti...

Field of study: Education
The determination of ground state energy of impurity in a spherical dot by using evolutionary genetic algorithm

In the present work, evolutionary genetic algorithm is applied to the problem of impurity at the center of a spherical quantum dot for infinite confining potential case. For this purpose, trial variational wave functions are considered for the ground state and energy values are computed. Also, a standard variational procedure is performed to determine the energy eigenvalues. The results obtained by both methods are found in very good agreement with each other and also with the exact values in literature

Field of study: Physics
Barrier Inhomogeneities in n-ZnO/p-Si Heterojunctions Fabricated with ZnO Nanorods

The p-Si/n-ZnO nanoheterostructures were prepared by the sol–gel and hydrothermal method. The structural characterization carried out by the x-ray diffraction and field emission scanning electron microscope confirms the growth of ZnO nanorods on p-type silicon substrate. The current–voltage (I–V) characteristics of the junction show a rectifying diode-like behavior. The analysis indicates the presence of a high value of series resistance (3.2 KΩ) at the interface. The barrier height extracted from the temperature variation study using the thermionic emission model was of the order of 167.7 meV and the Richardson constant value was of the order of 1.1096E−6 A cm−2 K−2 which is much lower than the standard value, i.e., 32 A cm−2 K−2 for ZnO. Such a discrepancy has been resolved and explained using the Gaussian distribution of barrier heights. The refined value of the barrier height and Richardson constant as calculated from the modified Richardson plot was 1.24 eV and 35.16 A cm−2 K−2, respectively. These are in agreement with the standard reported values.

Field of study: Materials science
Development on milk-derived angiotensin I-converting enzyme(ACE)inhibitory peptides fermented by microorganisms

Recently,the research on milk-derived angiotensin I-converting enzyme(ACE)inhibitory peptides have become a hotspot.The peptides have been extensively applied to the function food market because of the character of lowing blood pressure,security and health.This article studied the background of milk-derived ACE inhibitory peptides inside and outside the state,systematically discussed the problems of milk-derived ACE inhibitory peptides that must be paid attention to and prospected the application foreground.The purpose was to accelerate the development of ACE inhibitory peptides in our country.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Learning Cellular Automata for Function Optimization Problems

We present a model of learning cellular automata (LCA) as an emergent system having some collective behaviors. SILCA) and develop its optimization capability. Each self-improving learning cellular automaton, i.e. a member of SILCA, consists of two parts: main body and a universal constructor. Through the use of a constructing arm, a learning cellular automaton is capable of constructing any configuration whose description can be stored on its input tape. As an example of combinatorial optimization problems, we consider function optimization problems and show the SILCA’s emergent capability for optimization.

Field of study: Computer science
Foundations of conjugated circuit models

A Simpson-Herndon model Hamiltonian defined on a space of ortho- gonal Kekul; structures is derived for 1-factorable polyhex species (e.g. benzenoid hydrocarbons) from either of two antecedent models. One antecedent model is the semiempirical valence-bond model treated in the simple reso- nance-theoretic approach of Pauling and Wheland; the other is the Pariser- -Parr-Pople model treated within the bond-orbital resonance-theoretic ap- proach of ZivkoviE. Finally the conjugated-circuit scheme of Randit is ob- tained, though in a modified form.

Field of study: Chemistry
Relationship between Workers' Remittances and Money Supply from 2000 to 2018: Using the Vector Autoregression Model

This study aims to analyze the quality and nature of the relationship between workers' remittances and money supply (M2) in Jordan from 2000 to 2018. The descriptive approach and standard statistical analysis method are employed to construct and analyze the model using Eviews. The results of the unit root test reveal the stability of the current study’s variables at the second difference. Granger causality test indicates that a causal relationship exists between workers' remittances and M2 of workers' remittances. The analysis of variance regarding the importance of workers' remittances in the interpretation of M2 confirms the positive impact of workers' remittances on M2. The results of the two variables are also integrated, thereby yielding at least one integration between the two variables at the level of statistical significance.

Field of study: Business
A Non-Equilibrium Ionization Model of the Local and Loop I Bubbles - Tracing the Ovi Distribution

We present the first to date three-dimensional high-resolution hydrodynamical simulation tracing the non-equilibrium ionization evolution (using the Eborae Atomic and Molecular Plasma Emission Code - E(A+M)PEC) of the Local Bubble and Loop I superbubbles embedded in a turbulent supernova-driven interstellar medium.

Field of study: Physics
Pediatric Vaginal Trauma: Variability In Evaluation And Management Across Free-Standing Pediatric Hospitals In The United States

There is currently no accepted standard of care or algorithm to guide the management of pediatric vaginal trauma. Prior studies are limited to single institution case series. We evaluated a large national database to identify frequency, associated injuries, and diagnostic procedures used in the evaluation and management of children with vaginal lacerations.  We queried the Pediatric Hospital Information System (PHIS) database, an administrative database of 45 free standing pediatric hospitals in the United States. Inclusion criteria were female gender, age less than 17 years, and ICD-9 diagnosis codes for vaginal laceration (non-obstetrical) over 5 years. Variables evaluated were mechanism of injury, associated injuries and surgical management. RESULTS 5,664 children with vaginal lacerations were identified. . There was no difference in management based on age, race or payer. Most common mechanisms of injury: person versus object (16%), home accidents (14%), and sexual assault (12%). 6% of patients had underlying urogynecologic anomalies. Associated injuries were rare, but when identified, included: injuries to head and face (2%), upper/lower extremity (4%), cardiothoracic (7%), abdominal (2%). When performed, diagnostic procedures included: vaginoscopy (2%), cystourethroscopy (0.5%), anoscopy or colonoscopy (0.8%).  This is the first large multi-institutional study of vaginal injuries in children. Compared to published case series, this study suggests across the nation in children's hospitals many associated injuries may be missed due to a lack of a standardized diagnostic approach to vaginal trauma.

Field of study: Medicine
Integration of Wet-Lab Measures, Milk Infrared Spectra, and Genomics to Improve Difficult-to-Measure Traits in Dairy Cattle Populations

The objective of this study was to evaluate the contribution of Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) data for dairy cattle breeding through two different approaches: (i) estimating the genetic parameters for 30 measured milk traits and their FTIR predictions and investigating the additive genetic correlation between them and (ii) evaluating the effectiveness of FTIR-derived phenotyping to replicate a candidate bull’s progeny testing or breeding value prediction at birth. Records were available from 1,123 cows phenotyped using gold standard laboratory methodologies (LAB data). This included phenotypes related to fine milk composition and milk technological characteristics, milk acidity, and milk protein fractions. The dataset used to generate FTIR predictions comprised 729,202 test-day records from 51,059 Brown Swiss cows (FIELD data). A first approach consisted of estimating genetic parameters for phenotypes available from LAB and FIELD datasets. To do so, a set of bivariate animal models were run, and genetic correlations between LAB and FIELD phenotypes were estimated using FIELD information obtained at the population level. Heritability estimates were generally higher for FIELD predictions than for the corresponding LAB measures. The additive genetic correlations (ra) between LAB and FIELD phenotypes had different magnitudes across traits but were generally strong. Overall, these results demonstrated the potential of using FIELD information as indicator traits for the indirect genetic improvement of LAB measures. In the second approach, we included genotype information for 1,011 cows from the LAB dataset, 1,493 cows from the FIELD dataset, 181 sires with daughters in both LAB and FIELD datasets, and 540 sires with daughters in the FIELD dataset only. Predictions were obtained using the single-step GBLUP method. A four fold cross-validation was used to assess the predictive ability of the different models, assessed as the ability to predict masked LAB records from daughters of progeny testing bulls. The correlation between observed and predicted LAB measures in validation was averaged over the four training-validation sets. Different sets of phenotypic information were used sequentially in cross-validation schemes: (i) LAB cows from the training set; (ii) FIELD cows from the training set; and (iii) FIELD cows from the validation set. Models that included FIELD records showed an improvement for the majority of traits. This study suggests that breeding programs for difficult-to-measure traits could be implemented using FTIR information. While these programs should use progeny testing, acceptable values of accuracy can be achieved also for bulls without phenotyped progeny. Robust calibration equations are, deemed as essential.

Field of study: Biology
The significance of immunofluorescent immunoglobulin inclusions in polymorphonuclear leucocytes for the detection of circulating immune complexes.

Cytoplasmic inclusions of immunoglobulins and complement, detected by fluorescent antibodies in polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMNs) that have been incubated with sera of certain patients, are considered to represent immune complexes (IC). The usefulness of this test--the indirect PMN phagocytosis test (IPPT)--for the detection of circulating IC was investigated using preparations of free and heat-aggregated immunoglobulins. Free IgG and IgM were phagocytozed by PMNs at high concentrations only, while free IgA was not phagocytozed at all. Normal human serum slightly enhanced the uptake of free IgG and IgM, but not of free IgA. Aggregates of IgG and IgA underwent phagocytosis at low concentrations, but IgM aggregates were not taken up more readily than free IgM. The uptake of IgG aggregates decreased in the presence of serum, while there was no influence upon the phagocytosis of IgA aggregates. Phagocytosis of C3 occurred only with IgG aggregates. In the presence of aggregates of IgG or IgA the phagocytosis of free immunoglobulins of other classes, in particular IgM, increased. The results of the IPPT for patients' sera showed that inclusions of C3 were found more frequently in combination with IgA or IgM than with IgG. Comparison with the 125I-Clq binding assay and the anti-IgA inhibition binding assay disclosed significant correlation between the phagocytosis of IgG and the precipitation of 125I-Clq and between the phagocytosis of IgA and the results of the anti-IgA inhibition binding assay. The PMN phagocytosis test may be useful for the detection of IgG and IgA containing IC but inclusion of IgM and C3 should be interpreted with some reserve.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Archeomagnetism of a 19th century pottery kiln near Jordan, Ontario

The Jordan pottery kiln near St. Catharines, Ontario, was last fired about 1840–1841. Bricks from the kiln floor have intense NRM's (natural remanent magnetizations) in the range 0.2 × 10−2 to 3.7 × 10−2 emu cm−3 which are directionally stable against alternating field (AF) demagnetization to 1000 Oe (7.96 × 104 A/m). Of 31 specimens tested by the modified Thellier double-heating method, 27 yielded reliable paleofield intensities averaging 1.166 ± 0.092 times the present field intensity. Natural remanent magnetization directions are "streaked" in inclination and shallower than expected. Their average, D = 359.4°, I = 71.3 °(α95 = 2.2°, k = 310, N = 15 samples), differs significantly from both 1845 and 1979 fields in the area. Upon thermal demagnetization to 520 or 540 °C, streaking disappears and remanence vectors systematically steepen. The thermally cleaned mean direction, D = 357.8°, I = 73.7 °(α95 = 1.5°, k = 635, N = 15 samples), is indistinguishable at the 95% confidence level from the 1845 field, b...

Field of study: Environmental science
Robust H∞ sliding mode observer design for a class of Takagi-Sugeno fuzzy descriptor systems with time-varying delay

This paper focuses on the problem of robust H∞ sliding mode observer (SMO) design for a class of Takagi–Sugeno (T–S) fuzzy descriptor systems with time-varying delay. A SMO is designed by taking the control input and the measured output into account. Then a novel integral-type sliding surface, which involves the SMO gain matrix, is constructed for the error system. By using an appropriate Lyapunov–Krasovskii functional, a delay-dependent sufficient condition is established in terms of linear matrix inequality (LMI), which guarantees the sliding mode dynamic to be robustly admissible with H∞ performance and determines the SMO gain matrix. Moreover, a sliding mode control (SMC) law is synthesized such that the reachability can be ensured. Finally, simulations are presented to show the effectiveness of our results.

Field of study: Mathematics
Reliability study of new SnZnAl lead-free solders used in CSP packages

We have implemented a company-wide effort to progressively reduce the use of Pb(lead) and eventually eliminate this environmental pollutant from its products. As part of this effort, it has developed a new lead-free solder that consisting of Sn(tin), Zn(zinc), and Al(aluminum) and yet offers superior productivity and joint reliability. The new lead-free solder has a melting point equivalent to that of a SnPb eutectic solder, and enables devices to be packaged at a lower temperature than with the increasingly popular Sn(tin), Ag(silver), Cu(copper) solder. Thus, the new lead-free solder accelerates the elimination of Pb from products. we have already used printed circuit boards containing the new lead-free solder in some products, and plans to extend its use to other products. We further mounted SnZnAl solder balls onto Cu/Ni(nickel)/Au(gold) plated polyimide substrate at a joining temperature of 215 °C for CSP applications. It was confirmed that the joint interface between soldered ball and substrate at the initial stage was made of 2-layered compounds, i.e., AuZnSn on soldered side and ZnSnNi on substrate side. After 1000 h aging at 150 °C, the two layers compounds become one layer of ZnSnNiAu compound. No strength deterioration of Cu/Ni/Au/SnZnAl after the 1300 h shelf test was detected in the ball shear strength compared with the initial value. This paper describes the characteristics of the new lead-free solder and the results of a study on its solder ball CSP package.

Field of study: Engineering
n-Propanol as a substrate for assaying the ligninperoxidase activity of Phanerochaete chrysoporium.

The steady state kinetics of ligninperoxidase catalysed reaction using n-propanol as the organic substrate and monitoring the formation of propanaldehyde at lambda = 300 nm spectrophotometerically as functions of different reaction parameters has been studied. It has been concluded that n-propanol can be used as a substrate for analysing the activity of ligninperoxidase. The turnover number of ligninperoxidase of Phanerochaete chrysosporium using n-propanol as substrate has been found to be higher approximately by a factor of 10(3) as compared to that using veratryl alcohol as the substrate. The method works in assaying the activity of ligninperoxidase produced by Aspergillus fumigatus indicating that it can be used for assaying the ligninperoxidase activities produced by other microorganisms also and is not limited to assaying the ligninase activity produced by Phanerochaete chrysosporium alone. Under identical experimental conditions, horseradish peroxidase does not show peroxidase activity using n-propanol as substrate indicating that the method does not interfere with the activities of other peroxidases.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Physics
Optimal designing of cracking tower for waste tires based on heat and mass transfer model (I) Model development

A new vertical cracking tower with multiple hollow disks was developed, which could pyrolyze waste tires into carbon black, liquid oil and fuel gas.Based on the assumptions of annular granular heap, constant angle of repose and uniform physical properties, a mass transfer model in the cracking tower for waste tires was presented.The equations for calculating several important parameters, such as height and volume of each granular heap, retention time, effective covering ratio, critical capacity were provided along with the new mass transfer model.According to the penetration model of particle heat transfer and kinetic model of tire pyrolysis, the exit temperature and rubber remnant content in granular heaps were effectively predicted by a straightforward stepwise calculation procedure, and the maximum pyrolysis capacity was predicted as well.The theoretical results predicted with the heat and mass transfer model were in satisfactory agreement with experimental data from a 3000 t·a -1 pilot-plant.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Microbiological Aspects of Humid Husk Composting

The feasibility of composting as disposal practice of husk mixed with olive mill wastewaters (OMW) was studied in the present research. The process was investigated with regards to some reliable and easy to be determined microbial activity parameters such as the ATP content, the activity of a pool of enzymes and the viable counts, keeping in mind the well known bias of this last technique. Two different composting technologies were compared: static pile and reactor by studying the cured composts obtained. Among the bioindicators tested, the composting process trend was described better by the ATP content and the activity of some enzymes. In fact, the ATP content showed an increase during the thermophilic phase in both the pile and the reactor, and decreased at the end of the process, it was also higher in the bioreactor‐pile technology than in the pile. With regard to the enzymatic activity, with the reactor technology experiment, two peaks were evidenced in the thermophilic phase and during the curing phase in pile, and a drop during the transfer of material from the reactor to the pile. The quality of the cured product obtained using the reactor technology has been evaluated considering phytoxicity and hygienic features: the stabilised compost resulted to have neither phytoxical effect, nor faecal indicator contaminants.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Portable Atomic Absorption Spectrometer for Determination of Copper,Chromium,Lead and Cadmium in Environmental Water

By using a W-coil atomizer and a handheld CCD detector,a portable W-coil ETAAS instrument was constructed,and major instrumental parameters were optimized,such as the carrier gas flow rate,the position of hollow cathode lamp,the height of the atomizer,and ashing and atomization currents.After optimization,the carrier gas flow rate of Ar/H2(mL/min) was 600/300 for Cd,and 800/200 for Cu,Cr and Pb,respectively;the ashing current was 2.9-3.2 A,and the atomization current was 8.5 A;and the integral time for the CCD detector was 50 ms.It was used for the determination of Cu,Cr,Pb and Cd in environmental water under the optimized instrumental conditions.With a sampling volume of 10 μL,the limits of detection for Cu,Cr,Pb and Cd is 2,5,9 and 0.5 μg/L,respectively.The portable instrument has a promising future in the analysis of environmental water for trace elements.

Field of study: Chemistry