nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Diastereoselective reactions of enolates

Triphenylglycol-derived esters 2 and 8a have been applied in asymmetric aldol reactions. The homochiral propionates 7 and 8a,b react with imines in a stereodivergent manner: Doubly deprotonated 7 delivers anti-fklactams 14 whereas the lithium enolates of %ah afford ciS-f)-lactams 15 in 87-9796 e.e. Diastereoselective carbon silylation occurs when deprotonated 8a is treated with chlorotrimethylsilane. Approaches towards the construction of quaternary carbon centers are based on diastereoselective carboxalkylations of enolates with menthylchloroformate 17 and on a novel tandem reaction (16 - 20). The generation of preformed endates discovered three decades ago turned out to be extremely fruitful with respect to the formation of carbon-carbon bonds in a diastereoselective andor enanticselective manner (1). Thus, the versatility of the aldd reaction has been enhanced substantially due to preformed enolates (2). A couple of years ago, we reported on (R)- and (S)-2-hydroxy-l,2,2-triphenylethyl acetate 2 ("HYTRA"), a chid reagent which offers a solution for the long-standing problem of the stereoselective aldol addition of a-unsubstituted enolates (3).  As shown in the illustrative procedure given below the crude mixture of adducts (3: predominant diastereomer) delivers khydroxycarboxylic acid 4 upon alkaline hydrolysis. Thereby, the chiral auxiliary reagent 1 is recovered and can be reused (4). The HYTRA-aldd method has been widely applied in syntheses of natural products and drugs (5).

Field of study: Chemistry
Design and Performance Measurement of Control System for Elliptically Polarized Undulators in Taiwan Photon Source

In phase I of the Taiwan Photon Source (TPS) project, three elliptically polarized undulators (two EPU48 and one EPU46) are installed in the TPS storage ring. The control system for these EPU48 and EPU46 is based on the EPICS architecture; all control functionality is coordinated by the CompactPCI  The main control components include motors with an encoder for gap adjustment and phase moving, a trimming power supply for corrector magnets, temperature sensors for environmental monitoring of the insertion devices, and an interlock system (limit switches, tilt sensor, emergency button) for safety. The closed-loop control is essential for the gap and phase motion to avoid the effects of magnetic forces. All motors of the gaps must be synchronized to move without tilt. An interface for ID beamline users is included to assist with experiments, such as to control the ID gap or phase and experiments on the fly. The features and benefits of the EPU48 and EPU46 control systems are summarized in this paper.

Field of study: Physics
260 : Association of polymorphic variation of MCP-1 (-2518 A/G) SNP with clinical symptoms in systemic lupus erythematosus patients from western India

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is a clinically heterogeneous chronic, inflammatory autoimmune disorder that affects multiple organs. The exact etiology of the disease is not clearly understood. Various polymorphisms in genes of inflammatory mediators influence development of the disease. In this study, we have tried to see the association of Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 ( MCP-1) − 2518 A/G Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) with clinical symptoms in Indian SLE cohort. The case control study conducted on 173 clinically diagnosed Indian SLE patients and 163 ethnically matched healthy controls. The disease severity was categorised into mild, moderate and severe based on SLEDAI score. The SLEDAI score varied from 3 to 41. Genotyping of MCP-1 ( − 2518 A/G) polymorphism was performed using a (PCR-RFLP) method. Arthritis and Malar rash were the clinical manifestations predominantly seen among our SLE patients. We did not report a statistically significant difference ( p  > 0.05) in the distribution of MCP-1 −2518 A/G polymorphic variants among SLE patients (29.77%) as compared to healthy individuals (36.8%). When we tried to evaluate its effect on clinical manifestations, we found statistically significant association of MCP-1 (−2518A/G) polymorphisms with the renal disorder ( p p MCP-1 −2518 (G/G and A/G with A/A) genotypes ( p  = 0.0126) and G/G with A/A ( p  = 0.0091) genotypes was noted in patients with Serositis. These results suggest that G allele of MCP-1 (−2518 A/G) polymorphism might be contributing in the diseases severity among Indian SLE patients.

Field of study: Medicine
Thioproline‐induced accumulation of proline in barley leaf sections

Treatment of barley leaf sections with 0.1 mol m−3 thioproline (L-thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid) was found to induce a marked increase in proline together with some decrease in glutamate, whereas the levels of other andno acids were not influenced. This result is discussed in relation to the significance of the increase in proline in tissues treated with abscisic acid or subjected to water stress.

Field of study: Environmental science
LETTER TO THE EDITOR: Surface segregation and growth interface roughening in AlxGa1-xAs

By using complementary X-ray photo-electron spectroscopy and reflection high-energy electron diffraction in situ investigations, it is demonstrated that a surface segregation effect arises in the molecular-beam epitaxy of AlxGa1-xAs. This phenomenon is shown to be correlated with growth interface roughening observed for this material.

Field of study: Materials science
Response to comments on: Maleszewski JJ et al. IgG4-related disease of the aortic valve: a report of two cases and review of the literature. Cardiovasc Pathol 2015;24(1)56-9.

We thank Drs. Steiner and Laco for their interest in our report of IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD) of the aortic valve . Indeed, involvement of the aortic valve by this rare disease is likely to be an unusual circumstance. This is evidenced by the fact that none of their 178 aortic valve cases had features of IgG4-RD despite a staining protocol that would have been certain to uncover it . At the Mayo Clinic, resected stenotic aortic valves are not routinely evaluated histologically, unless there are vegetations or unusual gross features. At The Johns Hopkins Hospital, all valves are examined by histology, but these cases are typically evaluated by general surgical pathologists who may have been unlikely to further evaluate cases with dense inflammation. Thus, the true incidence of valvular IgG4-RD and the role that it plays in valve dysfunction are in need of further study.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Bivalves from the tectonic units of eastern Serbia in the context of the Pliensbachian (Early Jurassic) palaeobiogeography of Europe

An increase in interest to the Pliensbachian palaeobiogeography of Europe makes urgent consideration of palaeontological data from the regions not taken into account earlier. The representative bivalve records of eastern Serbia and some other European territories (a total of 88 species belonging to 42 genera) permits quantitative assessment of similarity of the Pliensbachian faunas with the Jaccard Index, the Czekanowski's Quantified Coefficient, and the Gower Index. It is established that the Pliensbachian bivalves of eastern Serbia are most similar to those of Bulgaria and France; the similarity to several other European territories is moderate and surprisingly almost the same. The similarity of the Pliensbachian bivalves between the Danubian and Infra-Getic tectonic units constituting the territory of eastern Serbia is significant. The interpretation of the results of this study in the light of the palaeobiogeographical reconstructions implies that the Northwestern European biochore is heterogeneous because of different similarity of the regions within this unit. The bivalve fauna of Portugal is relatively more distinct from the other territories considered in this study (Germany, England, France, etc.). Eastern Serbia was located at or near the transition between Northwestern European (Boreal) and Mediterranean (Tethyan) biochores, and its bivalve fauna is the most similar to those of Bulgaria and France. The results of the present study also show that ammonites and especially brachiopods are more suitable tools for the Pliensbachian palaeobiogeographical reconstructions than bivalves.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Complex estimation on the execution of quality education in college P. E.

By referring to documents integrated with investigation, the paper estimates complexly the current condi- tions of the execution about capacity Education in P. E. by setting oratorio on the base of comprehensive amylases. The result shows that the condition of P. E. teaching is at intermediate level and the level of college students' com- plex capacity is also near to moderate. Generally there's a long way to go to reach the target of capacity Education. Should be taken according to these.

Field of study: Education
Analytical-Based Partial Volume Recovery in Mouse Heart Imaging

Positron emission tomography (PET) is a powerful imaging modality that has the ability to yield quantitative images of tracer activity. Physical phenomena such as photon scatter, photon attenuation, random coincidences and spatial resolution limit quantification potential and must be corrected to preserve the accuracy of reconstructed images. This study focuses on correcting the partial volume effects that arise in mouse heart imaging when resolution is insufficient to resolve the true tracer distribution in the myocardium. The correction algorithm is based on fitting 1D profiles through the myocardium in gated PET images to derive myocardial contours along with blood, background and myocardial activity. This information is interpolated onto a 2D grid and convolved with the tomograph's point spread function to derive regional recovery coefficients enabling partial volume correction. The point spread function was measured by placing a line source inside a small animal PET scanner. PET simulations were created based on noise properties measured from a reconstructed PET image and on the digital MOBY phantom. The algorithm can estimate the myocardial activity to within 5% of the truth when different wall thicknesses, backgrounds and noise properties are encountered that are typical of healthy FDG mouse scans. The method also significantly improves partial volume recovery in simulated infarcted tissue. The algorithm offers a practical solution to the partial volume problem without the need for co-registered anatomic images and offers a basis for improved quantitative 3D heart imaging.

Field of study: Physics
Effects of CO2 concentration and irradiance on the stomatal behaviour of maize, barley and sunflower plants in the field

Maize, barley and sunflower plants were grown in the field, well supplied with water and nutrients. During growth, net CO2 exchange and transpiration of the crops at varying ambient CO2 concentrations and irradiance were determined by infra-red gas analysis. In maize the net photosynthetic rate (Pn) was linearly related to the irradiance (I) and independent of the ambient CO2 concentration (Ca). The transpiration rate (ET) was also linearly related to I but decreased strongly with increasing Ca. In sunflower and barley Pn increased and ET decreased with increasing Ca. A mean stomatal conductance and intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci) were calculated. In all three species the internal CO2 concentration was independent of the irradiance. In maize it was also independent of Ca, but in sunflower and barley Ci was proportional to Ca with a ratio of 0.6. 
 
It is concluded that differences in stomatal behaviour are only partly species-specific and depend mainly on growing conditions. The importance of stomatal regulation for crop growth under conditions of water shortage and CO2 depletion is discussed.

Field of study: Environmental science
Relationship of Sex Role to Male- and Female-Dominated Professions

Sex role, its assessment and relationship to other aspects of personality, is of current topical interest. An instrument (1) categorizes people into one of four sex roles, androgynous, masculine, feminine, or undifferentiated. Researchers have attempted to relate these sex roles to a number of personaliry variables such as self-esteem, flexibiliry, and independence ( 2 ) . The present study focused upon sex role as related to a major life interest, career choice. Within the university, e.g., nursing and education attran a disproportionate number of women who seek a terminal degree and mathematics, chemistry, and physics have been primarily chosen by men. It was hypothesized that persons who enter a discipline in which the opposite sex dominates and achieve success, as evidenced by an advanced degree and full-time employment, would be more likely to possess traits associated with the opposite sex and be categorized as androgynous more often than persons who enter fields in which their own sex predominates. The Bem Sex-role Inventory was sent to all faculty members at a state university in disciplines meeting the following two criteria, ( a ) 60% or more of the people employed in that field were one sex and ( b ) 60% or more of the degrees in that field were conferred to members of one sex. By these criteria, biology, chemistry, physics, mathematics, and business administration were designated male-dominated fields; nursing, education, and fine arts were female-dominated fields. Forty-two persons completed and rerurned the questionnaires including 29 males, 13 in female-dominated disciplines and 16 in disciplines traditionally chosen by men with an age range of 30 to 64 yr., and 3 8 females, 21 in female-dominated disciplines and 17 in male-dominated fields with an age range of 25 to 58 yr. All participants were of a Caucasian American ethnic background. Masculine and feminine scores were computed for each participant. Median values of 5.30 and 5.10 on the masculine scale and 4.55 and 4.82 on the feminine scale a-ere obtained for males and females, respectively. Using the median split ( 1 ) each participant was placed into one of the four sex-role categories. Chi-squared tests on these four categories were computed for each sex in maleand female-dominated disciplines. A value of 6.41 ($ < .05, df = 3 ) indicated a significant difference for males in female-dominated disciplines with a majority categorized as androgynous as hypothesized. As expected, no significant differences were found for males in male-dominated fields and females in female-dominated fields. However, females in male-dominated professions were not more likely to be androgynous as had been hypothesized. While only 18% of these women were androgynous, 41% were categorized as masculine. It appears that males who succeed in female-dominated professions are in fact more likely to integrate feminine personality attributes with their masculinity. However, women who have risen to the top of a male-dominated field do not show a similar trend.

Field of study: Psychology
Effect on micro-filtration of aloe acemannan content

In the process of aloe,aloe polysaccharides content constantly reduced,micro-filtration was a great influence of processes.Introduced the test method of o-acetyl,and studies in the course of micro-filtration.The results showed that o-acetyl can be used as efficacy component index,and the micro-filtration velum of different aperture obviously affected the content of acemannan.Used 0.45 μ micro-filtration velum got a good result of experiment.Let the aloe juice clarify and less reduce in the content of acemannan.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Mobile Radiosonde Deployments during the Mesoscale Predictability Experiment (MPEX): Rapid and Adaptive Sampling of Upscale Convective Feedbacks

AbstractThe Mesoscale Predictability Experiment (MPEX) was a field campaign conducted 15 May through 15 June 2013 within the Great Plains region of the United States. One of the research foci of MPEX regarded the upscaling effects of deep convective storms on their environment, and how these feed back to the convective-scale dynamics and predictability. Balloon-borne GPS radiosondes, or “upsondes,” were used to sample such environmental feedbacks. Two of the upsonde teams employed dual-frequency sounding systems that allowed for upsonde observations at intervals as fast as 15 min. Because these dual-frequency systems also had the capacity for full mobility during sonde reception, highly adaptive and rapid storm-relative sampling of the convectively modified environment was possible. This article documents the mobile sounding capabilities and unique sampling strategies employed during MPEX.

Field of study: Environmental science
Numerical Study on Vane Seal Lubrication Model Considering Surface Morphology

Vane seal - hydraulic cylinder inner wall (rotor outer circle) friction pair is studied as object of this paper. The contact pressure mathematical model of vane seal was established by using the generalized Hooke's law, and the distribution of pressure on the contact surface was obtained. Based on the transient average Reynolds equation and the G-W micro-bulge contact model, the hydrodynamic lubrication model of the surface of the hydraulic rotary vane actuators with the surface topography was established. Under the condition of the contact pressure of the vane, the lubrication model was carried out by inverse solution method and the distribution of oil film thickness were obtained. The influence of the surface morphology on the lubrication seal of the vane was analyzed by the known curve of the surface performance parameters of the vane seal surface, which provides a theoretical basis for the sealing of the hydraulic rotary vane actuators.

Field of study: Engineering
Selecting a common direction

The problem of alignment of cells (or other objects) that interact in an angle-dependent way was described in Mogilner and Edelstein-Keshet (1995). In this sequel we consider in detail a special limiting case of nearly complete alignment. This occurs when the rotational diffusion of individual objects becomes very slow. In this case, the motion of the objects is essentially deterministic, and the individuals or objects tend to gather in clusters at various orientations. (Numerical solutions show that the angular distribution develops sharp peaks at various discrete orientations.) To understand the behaviour of the deterministic models with analytic tools, we represent the distribution as a number of δ-like peaks. This approximation of a true solution by a set of (infinitely sharp) peaks will be referred to as thepeak ansatz. For weak but nonzero angular diffusion, the peaks are smoothed out. The analysis of this case leads to a singular perturbation problem which we investigate. We briefly discuss other applications of similar techniques.

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics
Long-term variations of C1-C5 alkyl nitrates and their sources in Hong Kong.

Investigating the long-term trends of alkyl nitrates (RONO2) is of great importance for evaluating the variations of photochemical pollution. Mixing ratios of C1-C5 RONO2 were measured in autumn Hong Kong from 2002 to 2016, and the average level of 2-butyl nitrate (2-BuONO2) always ranked first. The C1-C4 RONO2 all showed increasing trends (p < 0.05), and 2-BuONO2 had the largest increase rate. The enhancement in C3 RONO2 was partially related to elevated propane, and dramatic decreases (p < 0.05) in both nitrogen monoxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) also led to the increased RONO2 formation. In addition, an increase of hydroxyl (OH) and hydroperoxyl (HO2) radicals (p < 0.05) suggested enhanced atmospheric oxidative capacity, further resulting in the increases of RONO2. Source apportionment of C1-C4 RONO2 specified three typical sources of RONO2, including biomass burning emission, oceanic emission, and secondary formation, of which secondary formation was the largest contributor to ambient RONO2 levels. Mixing ratios of total RONO2 from each source were quantified and their temporal variations were investigated. Elevated RONO2 from secondary formation and biomass burning emission were two likely causes of increased ambient RONO2. By looking into the spatial distributions of C1-C5 RONO2, regional transport from the Pearl River Delta (PRD) was inferred to build up RONO2 levels in Hong Kong, especially in the northwestern part. In addition, more serious RONO2 pollution was found in western PRD region. This study helps build a comprehensive understanding of RONO2 pollution in Hong Kong and even the entire PRD.

Field of study: Environmental science
Novel load ripple voltage-controlled parallel DC active power filters for high performance magnet power supplies

The cooling storage ring of the heavy ion research facility in Lanzhou (HIRFL-CSR) is one of the five mega-science projects undertaken by Chinese Academy of Science within its ninth and tenth five-year plan period. The HIRFL-CSR facility can providing heavy ion beams in wide energy range, manifold and with high quality. This paper presents a hybrid filter structure consisting of a passive filter and a parallel dc active power filter (DCAPF) for a sample magnet power supply in HIRFL-CSR. The configuration of the power system with the DCAPF is introduced. Then a novel feedback control scheme for the DCAPF is proposed with detecting the output ripple voltage across the magnet load. For detailed discussion, a simple model of the whole system has been derived and the stability characteristic is analyzed. Through simulation and experiment investigation, the DCAPF is successfully applied in a 120-kW magnet power supply in HIRFL-CSR finally. The ripple factor and tracking accuracy of the output current through the load achieve 8.87 ppm and 100 ppm, respectively. Therefore, the rigor requirements of low output current ripple and fast ramp rate are both satisfied with the DCAPF proposed.

Field of study: Physics
The Influence of Advertising on Child Raising within the Family

The author has been a priest in his native Poland since 1991. That same year, he received his M.A. degree. His thesis was entitled Basic Anthropological Terminology. 1n 1997, he received his Ph.D., with the thesis, The Old Testament View on the Educational Role of the Family, The Pastoral Study of the Book of Sirach. He is presently assistant in the social studies faculty of the Catholic University of Lublin,

Field of study: Medicine, Philosophy
Cross-Validation of the Wright-Tedeschi Factors of the Interpersonal Trust Scale

Separate factor analyses of high school student (106 males and 108 females) and adult (295 males and 334 females) samples of respondents to Rotter's Interpersonal Trust Scale demonstrated cross-validation of the three Wright-Tedeschi factors derived from samples of college students. Clearest support was found for the factor, Trust of Strangers. Similarities and differences among various factor structures of the Interpersonal Trust Scale are discussed.

Field of study: Psychology
Tenth muse.: An essay in commemotion of the three hundredth anniversary of the birth of Sor Juana Ines.

The room was rude and probably a little damp, because of the altitude and the prodigious rains sustained on the sierra, but it was also substantial, thick-walled in adobe and floored with the great rough bricks universally used in the period. Heavy, hand-hewn beams supported the weight of the sloping roof, made snug by countless overlapping tiles. The gloom of the rude chamber was candle-spotted, revealing, if dimly, its meagre but heavy furnishings; and a hearth fire must have contributed additional brightening, since it was nearing the very coldest season in the highlands, November. It was November 12 and approaching midnight in the Year of Grace, 1651.

Field of study: History