nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
A GLOBAL PRODUCTION PLANNING MODEL WITH CONSIDERATION OF MARINE TRANSPORTATION FACTORS

In previous studies regarding production-distribution problems, sales planning was not considered and transportation processes were simplified. Such non-consideration and simplification can lead to decreased profits, since both sales planning and distribution directly influence production planning. Therefore, the present study develops a global production planning model that integrates production and sales planning, while considering marine transportation factors (hub selection) as decision variables in order to optimize global production planning. Since the proposed model is a nonlinear problem with a nonconvex objective function and nonlinear constraints, the model was remodified into a mixed-integer linear problem so that it could be solved with an optimization solver (IBM CPLEX 12.6). Moreover, computational experiments were conducted and manufacturing and sales planning were integrated to determine the potential profits of improving vessel load efficiency. The findings show that, under different manufacturing or transportation environments, the hub selection approach showed a variance in total profits, compared with the hub predefined approach. More specifically, when the proportion of transportation costs increased, the importance of using the hub selection approach was greater, since it helped determine the potential profits by utilizing various marine transportation factors.

Field of study: Engineering
Realizing comparable oxidative and cytotoxic potential of single- and multiwalled carbon nanotubes through annealing.

The potential applications as well as the environmental and human health implications of carbon nanomaterials are well represented in the literature. There has been a recent focus on how specific physicochemical properties influence carbon nanotube (CNT) function as well as cytotoxicity. The ultimate goal is a better understanding of the causal relationship between fundamental physiochemical properties and cytotoxic mechanism in order to both advance functional design and to minimize unintended consequences of CNTs. This study provides characterization data on a series of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) that underwent acid treatment followed by annealing at increasing temperatures, ranging from 400 to 900 °C. These results show that MWNTs can be imparted with the same toxicity as single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) by acid treatment and annealing. Further, we were able to correlate this toxicity to the chemical reactivity of the MWNT suggesting that it is a chemical rather than physical hazard. This informs the design of MWNT to be less hazardous or enables their implementation in antimicrobial applications. Given the reduced cost and ready dispersivity of MWNTs as compared to SWNTs, there is a significant opportunity to pursue the use of MWNTs in novel applications previously thought reserved for SWNTs.

Field of study: Environmental science
Fixing the Economy: The “Company Store” Problem

problems low growth and low productivity growth, massive debt burdens, extreme inequality, financial speculation, and trade deficits. They underly our current social malaise. Even though the broad outlines of our problems are clear, economists do not understand the causes of our problems. No remedies they have proposed can be taken seriously. The new conservative Congress seems determined now to do exactly the wrong things. The level of popular confidence in our political and financial institutions is justifiably at an all-time low (see Arrogant Capital: Washington, Wall Street, and the Frustration of American Politics). What is wrong?

Field of study: Economics
Dramatic increase of the onset critical temperature and critical field of elemental Sn in the form of thin nanowires

Sn is a well-known classical superconductor on the border between type I and type II with critical temperature of 3.722K and critical field of 0.031T. We show by means of specific heat and electric magneto-transport data that its critical parameters can be dramatically increased if it is brought in the form of loosely bound bundles of thin nanowires. The specific heat displays a pronounced double phase transition at 3.7K and 5.5K, which we attribute to the inner 'bulk' contribution of the nanowires and to the surface contribution, respectively. The latter is visible only because of the large volume fraction of the surface layer in relation to their bulk inner volume. The upper transition coincides with the onset of the resistive transition, while zero resistance is gradually approached below the lower transition. The large coherence length of 230nm at 0K likely actuates a Josephson coupling between adjacent neighboring nanowires and thus suppresses the effect of 1D phase fluctuations along the nanowires, and stabilizes 3D phase coherence throughout the entire network with zero resistance. A magnetic field of more than 3T is required to restore the normal state, which means that the critical field is enhanced by about two orders of magnitude with respect to Sn in its bulk form.

Field of study: Physics
Investigation of the effective interaction by means of a modified shell model

The effective InteractionU for a shell model with hamiltonianHm is investigated by means of a “mixed” model with hamiltonianHm. For this model the Bornv. Neumann expansion of the effective interactionŨ reduces to its first two terms. Within the finite dimensional function space ℜn used in the shell model calculation the operatorsU andŨ are exactly equivalent. This is used to show that an energy independent approximation forU- if it is possible at all-is necessarily equal to the residual interaction, i.e. to the difference between nucleon-nucleon interaction and shell model interaction.

Field of study: Physics
Chlamydia muridarum respiratory tract infection induces the proliferation of γδT cells and the secretion of IFN-γ and IL-17

To investigate the proliferation, activation and cytokine production of γδT cells during different periods of Chlamydia muridarum (Cm) respiratory tract infection. 
 
 
 
C57BL/6 mice were inoculated intranasally with 3×103 inclusion-forming units(IFU)of Cm strains to induce the murine model of chlamydial pneumonitis. Mononuclear cells were isolated from lung tissue samples collected from mice at different time points after infection. Flow cytometry analysis was used to detect the percentages of CD3+ TCRγδ+ T cells in lung tissues and the expression of CD69 molecule. Intracellular cytokine staining was performed to analyze the secretion of IL-17 and IFN-γ by γδT cells. 
 
 
 
The mouse model of chlamydial pneumonitis was successfully established by intranasal inoculation of C57BL/6 mice with 3×103 IFU of Cm strains. Compared with the mice without Cm infection, the percentage and the absolute number of CD3+ TCRγδ+ T cells in mice lung tissues were significantly increased after Cm infection, the peak of which was reached on the 7th day, followed by a decline. The expression of CD69 molecule on γδT cells isolated from mice lung tissues reached to the highest level on the third day after Cm infection and declined slightly afterwards. Moreover, enhanced secretion of IL-17 and IFN-γ by γδT cells were observed in mice with Cm infection and the highest levels of the two cytokines were detected on the third day after infection. Most of the cytokines (IL-17 and IFN-γ) were secreted by γδT cells rather than by αβT cells in the early stage of Cm infection. However, the CD3+ CD4+ T cells were more capable of producing IFN-γ and IL-17 than γδT cells after three days of Cm infection. 
 
 
 
Cm respiratory tract infection could induce the aggregation and activation of γδT cells at the infection site. The γδT cells were the predominant cells producing IL-17 and IFN-γ in the early stage of host anti-chlamydia response. 
 
 
 
Chlamydial pneumonitis; γδT cells; IFN-γ; IL-17

Field of study: Biology
Asymmetric Synthesis of the Both Enantiomers of Tertiary Aryl Homoallyl Alcohols and Diols by Diastereoselective Addition of Allyltrimethylsilane to Chiral α-Keto Imides

Both enantiomers of homoallyl-alcohols and -diols are obtained in high enantiomeric excesses (91–>98% e.e.) by titanium tetrachloride promoted diastereoselective addition of allyltrimethylsilane to chiral α-keto imides.

Field of study: Chemistry
A sensitive, spatially uniform photodetector for broadband infrared spectrophotometry.

We describe the design and performance of a liquid helium-cooled As:Si blocked-impurity-band photodetector system intended for spectrophotometry in the thermal infrared (2 to 30 mum) spectral region. The system has been characterized for spectral sensitivity, noise, thermal stability, and spatial uniformity, and optimized for use with a Fourier-transform infrared spectrophotometer source for absolute goniometric reflectance measurements. Its performance is evaluated and compared to more common detector systems used in this spectral region, including room-temperature pyroelectric and liquid-N(2)-cooled photoconductive devices.

Field of study: Physics
Fossils from the Dunnage Mélange, north-central Newfoundland

Arenig conodonts and Tremadocian graptolites recovered from the Dunnage Melange supplement previous fossil discoveries from the melange and support the recent correlation of melange lithologies with Exploits Group strata. The new fossil finds indicate that a block within the melange is younger than portions of the matrix of this unit. This seemingly problematic relationship is resolvable in light of previous interpretations of a slump origin for the melange as Tremadocian shales and Arenig carbonates were probably part of a pre-slump sedimentary–volcanic pile. The wide range in ages of fossils within the melange is compatible with the interpretation that the melange formed on a lower Paleozoic trench slope.

Field of study: Environmental science
Sample reconstruction with deep autoencoder for one sample per person face recognition

One sample per person (OSPP) face recognition is a challenging problem in face recognition community. Lack of samples is the main reason for the failure of most algorithms in OSPP. In this study, the authors propose a new algorithm to generalise intra-class variations of multi-sample subjects to single-sample subjects by deep autoencoder and reconstruct new samples. In the proposed algorithm, a generalised deep autoencoder is first trained with all images in the gallery, then a class-specific deep autoencoder (CDA) is fine-tuned for each single-sample subject with its single sample. Samples of the multi-sample subject, which is most like the single-sample subject, are input to the corresponding CDA to reconstruct new samples. For classification, minimum L2 distance, principle component analysis, sparse represented-based classifier and softmax regression are used. Experiments on the Extended Yale Face Database B, AR database and CMU PIE database are provided to show the validity of the proposed algorithm.

Field of study: Computer science
Study on association between polymorphism of HLA class I and class II genes and Behcet's disease

目的 探讨HLA工、Ⅱ类基因在白塞病(BD)易感性中的作用.方法应用LABTypeTMSSO技术(又称序列微珠综合分析实验系统)对40例BD患者及100例正常对照的HLAⅠ、Ⅱ类基因进行检测.结果与正常对照组相比,BD患者HLA-B*51(30%vs 12%,χ2=5.312,OR=3.143,P＜0.05)、HLA-DRB1*14(22.5% vs 8%,χ2=4.354,OR=3.339,P＜0.05)的频率显著增高,HLA-DRB1*15(10%vs30%,χ2=5.175,OR=0.259,P＜0.05)的频率显著降低.结论本研究结果提示HLA-B*51、HLA-DRB1*14可能是BD的易感基因,HLA-DRB1*15可能是BD的保护性基因。

Field of study: Biology
Architectural design and evaluation of an efficient Web-crawling system

This paper presents an architectural design and evaluation result of an efficient Web-crawling system. The design involves a fully distributed architecture, a URL allocating algorithm, and a method to assure system scalability and dynamic reconfigurability. Simulation experiment shows that load balance, scalability and efficiency can be achieved in the system. Currently this distributed Web-crawling subsystem has been successfully integrated with WebGather, a well-known Chinese and English Web search engine, aimed at collecting all the Web pages in China and keeping pace with the rapid growth of Chinese Web information. In addition, we believe that the design can also be useful in other context such as digital library, etc.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Lymphocyte subpopulations in the blood of newborn infants.

Assays of lymphocyte subpopulations and function have been applied to cells from the cord blood of twenty-four infants. The results are compared with those obtained in healthy adults. T cells, assayed by spontaneous rosette formation with sheep red blood cells (E rosettes) were present in lower proportion in cord (53%) than in adult blood (65%). There was a higher proportion of lymphocytes bearing stainable immunoglobulin in cord (32%) than in adult blood (22%). From the blood lymphocyte counts it was calculated that both T and B lymphocytes are present in greater numbers in the newborn infants' blood than in adults. Comparison of DNA synthesis showed that cord blood leucocytes had a higher spontaneous rate, but there were only minor differences in the lymphocyte mitotic response to phytohaemagglutinin (PHA). The response of cord blood lymphocytes was slightly lower to a submaximal stimulus and higher to a maximal stimulus. There was a correlation between the submaximal response and the proportion of E rosetting cells. 
 
The most striking differences between infant and adult blood lymphocytes were in their cytotoxic activity against homologous target cells (Chang cells). Antibody-dependent cytotoxicity (K-cell activity) was readily detected using cord blood leucocytes, though it was lower than that of adult cells. PHA-induced cytotoxicity was very low in all cord blood samples, and in many cases was almost unmeasurable. This dissociation between the two types of cytotoxic activity is consistent with other evidence that they may be mediated by different cell types. 
 
The assays were also applied to blood samples taken from five mothers of tested infants immediately after delivery. While some differences from normal adults were found with the mothers' lymphocytes they did not mirror those of the cord blood samples. This suggests that the pattern found for cord blood lymphocytes is not due to maternal factors crossing the placenta.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Temperature dependent effects upon statistical particle and gamma ray emission from a compound nucleus

The temperature dependence of the nuclear level density parameter, a (T), is analyzed and the effects of this dependence upon the probabilities for statistical gamma-ray and neutron emission from a compound nucleus are studied. The competition between these decay channels, as a function of nuclear temperatures, is investigated. The results show a significant departure from the temperature independent, Fermi Gas Model approximation.

Field of study: Physics
VERBAL AND NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION OF FACILITATIVE CONDITIONS

It is becoming increasingly apparent that nonverbal communication in the counseling process is of critical importance in furthering our understanding of the conditions under which counseling is effective. Within the past decade nonverbal communication has gained increasing prominence as an object of study; within the past 5 years the counseling literature has begun to reflect the importance of the total communication process to the texture and outcome of the counseling relationship. Defined in a rather broad fashion, nonverbal behaviors which have been demonstrated to have measurable impact on the counseling process include eye contact, trunk lean, distance, body orientation, movement, facial expression, vocal intonation, gestures, and selected features of the spatial environment (Broekman & Moller, 1973; Chaikin, Derlega, & Miller, 1976; Dinges & Oetting, 1972; Ekman & Friesen, 1968; Fretz, 1966; Graves & Robinson, 1976; Haase, 1970; Haase & DiMattia, 1970, 1976; Haase & Tepper, 1972; Hackney, 1974; Lacrosse, 1975; Lee, Zingle, Patterson, Ivey, & Haase, 1976; Smith, 1975; Stone & Morden, 1976;  1976; Sweeney & Cottle, 1976. A comprehensive review of much of the evidence relating nonverbal behavior to counseling can be found in Gladstein (1974). The evidence which relates directly to counseling, as well as the more general literature in nonverbal communication, suggests that there exists a delicate balance between the verbal and nonverbal channels of communication of affect and attitude. Haase and Tepper (1972) found that the ratio of nonverbal to verbal message variance was 2:l in the judged communication of empathy. Mehrabian (1968) indicates that as much as 55% of the communicational significance of the message is nonverbal; similar ratios have been reported by Birdwhistell (1970) and Argyle, Alkema, and Gilmour (197 1). It seems fairly clear that the balance between verbal and nonverbal cues in the communication process is critical for the perceived impact of the overall message. As early as 1965 Argyle and Dean demonstrated that shifting the balance between verbal and nonverbal channels alters the perception and the communicational significance of the message. Inasmuch as the counseling process is so heavily rooted in a complex communicational context, an understanding of the balance and interplay between verbal and nonverbal cues in the relationship becomes important. Of the many variables which have received attention in the counseling literature, the facilitative conditions proposed by Rogers (1951, 1957) have achieved wide acceptance in counseling practice. These conditions have been noted to be essential to the quality of the relationship; research evidence suggests that helping relationships depend heavily on these conditions in myriad forms (Bergin & Garfield, 1971; Carkhuff, 1971). Haase and Tepper (1972) have shown that the communication of empathy is heavily dependent on the verbal message but not to the exclusion of the

Field of study: Psychology
Representing independence models with elementary triplets

In an independence model, the triplets that represent conditional independences between singletons are called elementary. It is known that the elementary triplets represent the independence model unambiguously under some conditions. In this paper, we show how this representation helps performing some operations with independence models, such as finding the dominant triplets or a minimal independence map of an independence model, or computing the union or intersection of a pair of independence models, or performing causal reasoning. For the latter, we rephrase in terms of conditional independences some of Pearl's results for computing causal effects.

Field of study: Computer science
Effects of acoustic waves generated on a positively polarized lead strontium zirconium titanate substrate upon catalytic activity of a deposited Ag thin film

A positively polarized lead strontium zirconium titanate (PSZT) substrate was employed for the generation of thickness-extensional mode resonance oscillation (TERO), and the effects of TERO on the catalytic activity and the surface properties of a 100-nm Ag film catalyst deposited on the substrate were investigated. The catalytic activity for ethanol oxidation increased 18-fold with TERO at 3 W. In low energy photoelectron spectroscopy, a threshold energy for photoelectric emission from the Ag surface shifted linearly to the lower energy side with increasing power of TERO, thus indicating a decrease in the work function of the Ag surface. On the basis of the behavior of lattice displacement measured by a laser Doppler method, a model for changes in catalytic activity and work function is proposed.

Field of study: Materials science
The Demand Curve Analyzer: Behavioral economic software for applied research.

Free and open-source software for applying models of operant demand called the Demand Curve Analyzer (DCA) was developed and systematically evaluated for use in research. The software was constructed to streamline the use of recommended screening measures, prepare suitable scaling parameters, fit one of several models of operant demand, and provide publication-quality figures. The DCA allows users to easily import price and consumption data into spreadsheet-based controls and to perform statistical modeling with the aid of a graphical user interface. The results from computer simulations and reanalyses of published study data indicated that the DCA provides results consistent with commercially available software that has been traditionally used to apply these analyses (i.e., GraphPadTM Prism). Further, the DCA provides additional functionality that other statistical packages do not include. Practical issues and future directions related to the determination of scaling parameter k, screening for nonsystematic data, and the incorporation of more advanced behavioral economic methods are also discussed.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Thickening Government: Federal Hierarchy and the Diffusion of Accountability

Light presents a revealing look at how thick government bureaucracy really is, how and why thickening occurs, what difference it might make, and what can be done to both reverse the process and keep the thickening from growing back. He shows how the management layers between the top and bottom of government-between air traffic controllers and the Secretary of Transportation, food inspectors and the Secretary of Agriculture, and so on-have steadily increased. He explains how a government of managers means the president has very little direct access or control over what happens far below, a basic problem of accountability. The author concludes that practically nothing by way of quality management, service government, or employee involvement can work with these towering government agencies. But practically nothing will fail if a radical "down-layering" is undertaken now.

Field of study: Political science
Enhanced Perpendicular Exchange Bias in Co/Pd Antidot Arrays

Magnetic nanostructures revealing the exchange bias (EB) effect have attracted much interest in recent years due to their promising applications in spintronics, magnetic sensing and recording devices with various functionalities. In this paper, we report on the perpendicular exchange bias effect in a multilayered thin film composed of [Co/Pd] ferromagnetic multilayers exchange-coupled to an antiferromagnetic IrMn. The film was deposited on a porous anodized titania template. Influences of the films’ surface morphology as well as the order of layers deposited on the EB effect were studied. The enhancements of the EB field HEB (up to 30%) and the coercive field HC (two times) were achieved in the nanoporous films relative to their continuous film counterparts, which could be attributed to the specific morphology of the porous surfaces.

Field of study: Materials science
RADIOMETRIC AGES OF PLEISTOCENE FOSSILS FROM CAYUCOS, CALIFORNIA

Age estimates based on uranium and thorium isotopes in invertebrate skeletal material from marine terrace deposits at Cayucos, California, range from 130,000 to 140,000 years B.P. This age range suggests that the Cayucan (central California) invertebrate shelf province was contemporaneous with the Verdean (southern California) shelf province. Both provinces were probably chiefly Sangamonian but may have persisted into early Wisconsin time.

Field of study: Geology