nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Alkaloide aus Rhamnaceen, XIX1) Mucronin‐E, ‐F, ‐G und ‐H sowie Abyssenin‐A, ‐B und ‐C, weitere 15 gliedrige Cyclopeptidalkaloide

Aus dem Rohbasengemisch von Zizyphus mucronata Willd. wurden neben den bereits beschriebenen Mucroninen-A, -B, -C2) und -D3) vier neue Peptidalkaloide Mucronin-E, -F, -G und -H isoliert und deren Strukturen 1–4 ermittelt4). – Die Rinde von Zizyphus abyssinica Hochst. ex A. Rich. enthalt neben Mucronin-A, -B und -C noch die Alkaloide Abyssenin-A, -B und -C5) (5–7), die im Strukturtyp den Mucroninen-E bis -H entsprechen und daher mit diesen zusammen beschrieben werden. 
 
 
 
Alkaloids from Rhamnaceae, XIX1). – Mucronine-E, -F, -G, and -H as well as Abyssenine-A, -B, and -C, New 15-Membered Cyclopeptide Alkaloids**) 
 
 
 
In addition to the known alkaloids mucronine-A, -B, -C2), and -D3), four new peptide alkaloids, mucronine-E, -F, -G, and -H have been isolated from the crude base of Zizyphus mucronata Willd. and their structures 1–4 elucidated4). – The bark of Zizyphus abyssinica Hochst. ex A. Rich. contains not only the mucronines-A, -B, and -C but also the alkaloids abyssenine-A, -B and -C5) (5–7), which belong to the same structural type as 1–4 and are therefore also described here.

Field of study: Chemistry
Physical and chemical characterization of residential oil boiler emissions.

The toxicity of emissions from the combustion of home heating oil coupled with the regional proximity and seasonal use of residential oil boilers (ROB) is an important public health concern. Yet scant physical and chemical information about the emissions from this source is available for climate and air quality modeling and for improving our understanding of aerosol-related human health effects. The gas- and particle-phase emissions from an active ROB firing distillate fuel oil (commonly known as diesel fuel) were evaluated to address this deficiency. Ion chromatography of impactor samples showed that the ultrafine ROB aerosol emissions were approximately 45% (w/w) sulfate. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry detected various n-alkanes at trace levels, sometimes in accumulation mode particles, and out of phase with the size distributions of aerosol mass and sulfate. The carbonaceous matter in the ROB aerosol was primarily light-adsorbing elemental carbon. Gas chromatography-atomic emission spectroscopy measured a previously unrecognized organosulfur compound group in the ROB aerosol emissions. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy of ROB soot indicated the presence of a highly ordered primary particle nanostructure embedded in larger aggregates. Organic gas emissions were measured using EPA Methods TO-15 and TO-11A. The ROB emitted volatile oxygenates (8 mg/(kg of oil burned)) and olefins (5 mg/(kg of oil burned)) mostly unrelated to the base fuel composition. In the final analysis, the ROB tested was a source of numerous hazardous air pollutants as defined in the Clean Air Act Amendments. Approximations conducted using emissions data from the ROB tests show relatively low contributions to a regional-level anthropogenic emissions inventory for volitile organic compounds, PM2.5, and SO2 mass.

Field of study: Environmental science
A fluorometric method to determine rainfastness, volatilization and photostability of glyphosate from glass slides, after application of vision® with two adjuvants

A fluorometric method was developed to quantify glyphosate loss from glass surfaces after exposure to the natural forest environment. The method was based on the principle of converting glyphosate into glycine, followed by the fluorogenic labeling with o‐phthalaldehyde. A fluorometer (with λ Ex = 360 nm / λEm =430 nm) was used to quantify the derivatized fluorogenic compound. Response was linear over the concentration range of 143, 286, 572, 858 and 1144 μg of glyphosate (acid equivalent, AE) per mL of the diluted Vision® formulation. Three end‐use mixtures of Vision® were prepared, each at a concentration of 28.6 g AE/L, without and with two adjuvants, Ethomeen® T/25 at 4.5 mL/L and Silwet® L‐77 at 1.5 mL/L. Several dilutions of the end‐use mixtures were applied on glass slides without and with the coating of cuticular wax extracted from trembling aspen foliage. The slides were left for 5 days in a forest opening to determine rainfastness, volatilization and photostability of glyphosate. The res...

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Fractional Charge Determination via Quantum Shot Noise Measurements

Charge excitations in a two dimensional electron gas, under a quantizing magnetic field and in the fractional quantum Hall effect regime, flow in one dimensional-like strips along the edges of the sample. These excitations (quasiparticles) may be independent or condense into an interacting chiral Luttinger liquid. Adding a backscattering potential, which reflects a forward propagating quasiparticle to a backward propagating one, partitions the stream of quasiparticles and induces quantum shot noise. The noise is proportional to quasiparticles charge and may be affected by their mutual interactions. The dependence of the determined charge on the temperature, excitation energy, and partitioning will be describes for a few fractional states, revealing in some cases a universal behavior.

Field of study: Physics
Fabrication and Application of Carboxymethyl Cellulose-Carbon Nanotube Aerogels

In this study, composite aerogels with excellent mechanical properties were prepared by using carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) as raw materials, with carboxylic carbon nanotubes (CNTs) as reinforcement. By controlling the mass fraction of CNTs, composite aerogels with different CNTs were prepared, and the surface morphology, specific surface area, compressive modulus, density and adsorption capacities towards different oils were studied. Compared to the pure CMC aerogel, the specific surface areas of CMC/CNTs were decreased because of the agglomeration of CNTs. However, the densities of composite aerogels were lower than pure CMC aerogel. This is because the CNTs were first dispersed in water and then added to CMC solution. The results indicated that it was easy for the low CMC initial concentration to be converted to low density aerogel. The compressive modulus was increased from 0.3 MPa of pure CMC aerogel to 0.5 MPa of 5 wt % CMC/CNTs aerogel. Meanwhile, the prepared aerogels showed promising properties as the adsorption materials. Because of the high viscosity, liquid possesses strong adhesion to the pore wall, the adsorption capacity of the CMC aerogel to the liquid increases as the viscosity of the liquid increases.

Field of study: Materials science
The Benefits of Faculty Development Span Far Beyond Teaching Skills

I am writing to commend Sicat and colleagues for their innovative interprofessional Faculty Learning Community (FLC) model.1 This article highlights a unique approach to faculty development that integrates various health care professionals with diverse levels of teaching experience and training backgrounds. 
 
As a pharmacy resident involved in an interprofessional faculty development fellowship, I feel there should push to have more residents involved in this type of training. After all, residents are positioned in a prime transitional phase between learner and teacher. Many of us are interested in careers in academia, and the fellowship allows us to learn basic faculty development principles in an interprofessional environment. Our fellowship consists of pharmacy residents, geriatric, family medicine faculty development, and internal medicine medical education fellows. The time we spend together allows us to break down communication barriers, present learning objectives that appeal to a multidisciplinary group, and collaborate in scholarly activity. 
 
The potential returns of interdisciplinary and interprofessional collaboration to both teacher and learner are endless, and the root benefits lie in the relationships established as a result of such models. Learners who partake in interdisciplinary training not only learn about other health care disciplines, but also embrace this environment in the  The early integration facilitated by models like the FLC allows student and resident pharmacists to develop communication skills that can be used for the rest of their careers. More importantly, a collaborative and comprehensive team approach to health care will ultimately improve patient outcomes. The other aspect of the FLC that strongly resonated with me was the coordination of campus-wide events to include faculty members of various training backgrounds. This can be particularly beneficial to pharmacy faculty members who have significantly more training in clinical pharmacy than in teaching.

Field of study: Education, Medicine
Near-field fluctuations and far-field noise of a three-element airfoil system by a discrete vortex method

A circulation-based discrete vortex method is used on a three-element airfoil system. Kutta conditions and Kelvin's circulation theorem are additional conditions required for this method to determine the circulation distributions on each element and to determine vortex shedding. Discrete shed vortices are introduced near the four sharp edges to represent the sharp-edge vortex shedding caused by unsteady flow separation. The computational procedure warrants neutrally stable solutions of the self-sustained fluctuating flowfield that can provide broad-band spectral information for far-field noise predictions. The near-field vortex method directly calculates the parameters used in an asymptotic formula for far-field sound computation that attributes the noise sources to vortex interactions among the shed vortices and the surface circulations of the three-element airfoil system. The far-field noise characters are then analyzed and compared to the experimental data in the literature.

Field of study: Mathematics
Viscous Drag Reduction Using Riblets on a Swept Wing

Results of viscous drag reduction using 3M riblets on a swept wing with a general aviation wing (GAV)(2) airfoil section at low speeds are presented. The tests, made at a chord Reynolds number of 0.75 x 10 exp 6, covered an incidence range of 0-6 deg. Measurements consisted of surface-pressure distributions and total drag using wake survey over the range of incidence covered; in addition, mean velocity, streamwise turbulence intensity, and Reynolds shear-stress profiles in the boundary layer were measured just ahead of the trailing edge at zero incidence. Surface flow patterns on the wing were obtained using an oil-flow technique employing titanium dioxide as pigment. The results showed viscous drag reduction of about 8 percent at zero incidence, which decreased progressively to about 1 percent at an incidence of 6 deg. The fall in riblet effectiveness appears to be a result of significant riblet yaw angle effects observed at higher incidence. Some reduction in the turbulence intensity and Reynolds shear stress in the boundary layer on the wing's upper surface have been observed in the presence of riblets, as in two-dimensional flows.

Field of study: Physics
Stable carbon isotopes of wood: a clue to palaeoclimate?

Detailed stable carbon isotope and molecular investigations were undertaken on a number of archaeological and fossil wood specimens to provide insights into their use as rigorous independent palaeoclimatic and palaeoenvironmental parameters. The isotope data revealed large differences amongst the material with the oldest specimens being least depleted in 13 C. Although natural variation could account for some of the observed differences, the isotope values of the archaeological and Tertiary specimens are most probably related to the absolute abundance of polysaccharides present and the degree of lignin alteration. The molecular data, based on pyrolysis, of the Antarctic Cretaceous conifer specimens revealed only transformed lignin, with virtually no intact lignin building blocks (2-methoxyphenols) preserved, and no evidence of polysaccharides. This degree of chemical alteration is suggested here to be one of the main causes for the 13 C enriched values of these conifer specimens. These results show the importance of combining detailed molecular information on individual wood components with stable carbon isotope data for palaeoclimatic and palaeoenvironmental studies.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Sparse Ising Models with Covariates

There has been a lot of work fitting Ising models to multivariate binary data in order to understand the conditional dependency relationships between the variables. However, additional covariates are frequently recorded together with the binary data, and may influence the dependence relationships. Motivated by such a dataset on genomic instability collected from tumor samples of several types, we propose a sparse covariate dependent Ising model to study both the conditional dependency within the binary data and its relationship with the additional covariates. This results in subject-specific Ising models, where the subject's covariates influence the strength of association between the genes. As in all exploratory data analysis, interpretability of results is important, and we use L1 penalties to induce sparsity in the fitted graphs and in the number of selected covariates. Two algorithms to fit the model are proposed and compared on a set of simulated data, and asymptotic results are established. The results on the tumor dataset and their biological significance are discussed in detail.

Field of study: Computer science
Synthesis and Application of Block Copolymer Mesoporous Material SBA-15(SH)

Block copolymer mesoporous material SBA-15(SH) was synthesized through the cosolvent and grafted method.Nitrogen adsorption technique showed that highly ordered circle channels and large mesoporous size was 7.8 nm,surface area was 629 m2/g and pore volume was 1.32 cm3/g.Solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectra suggested that the thiol coverage of the monolayers was 65%.The optimal conditions and the adsorbing principle for the determination were studied.Under conditions of pH=7.5 and normal temperature,mercury,cadmium,lead,silver,chromium,copper,manganese and zinc etc could be adsorbed on the block copolymer mesoporous material SBA-15(SH),then eluted with 6 mol/L HCl+2 g/L thiourea and determined by atomic fluorescence and atomic absorption spectrometry.The adsorption capacities were Hg2+ 17.1 mg/g,Cd2+ 18.7 mg/g,Pb2+ 22.6 mg/g,Ag+ 12.7 mg/g,Cr3+ 9.7 mg/g,Cr6+ 10.8 mg/g,Cu2+ 10.8 mg/g,Mn2+ 19.2 mg/g,and Zn2+ 15.5 mg/g.The recoveries of those heavy metal ions were 96.4%-104.0%.The proposed method has been applied for the determination and treatment of heavy metal ions in environmental water with satisfactory results.

Field of study: Chemistry
NONLINEAR OPTICAL EFFECTS: Coherent excitation of exciton-polariton oscillations by short optical pulses

Analytic methods and numerical modeling are used in an analysis of the main relationships governing coherent excitation of exciton–polariton excitations by optical pulses of duration much less than the transverse relaxation time. It is shown that solitons can form as a result of a resonant parametric interaction if a group mismatch of the waves is allowed for. Calculations are reported of the profile and width of steady-state pulses, and of the group velocity of solitons. The conditions under which bound parametric solitons appear are also discussed.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Synthesis and Characterization of Carbon Spheres/Poly(Methyl Methacrylate) Composites with Enhanced Electrical Conductivity and Vickers Microhardness

Carbon spheres used as filler materials are ideal and promising nanostructures to obtain composites with enhanced electrical and mechanical properties. Solid carbon spheres synthesized previously in this research by chemical vapor deposition were incorporated in poly(methyl methacrylate) through solution mixing at different loads (5 wt.%, 7 wt.% and 9 wt.%). Scanning electron microscopy showed a uniform carbon sphere dispersion into the polymer matrices. The characteristic peaks of carbon spheres, D-band at 1321 cm−1 and G-band at 1593 cm−1, were observed in Raman spectroscopy. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy determined the main functional groups of composites corresponding to C–H, C–O, C=O, CH2 and CH3 stretching. The composites were evaluated by the Vickers Microhardness (HV), the Van der Pauw and the two-point methods. The hardness and electrical conductivity were enhanced according to the carbon sphere loading increase. The maximum carbon sphere load (9 wt.%) in composites showed an important microhardness improvement (147%). Electrical conductivity values significantly increased until 1.66 × 10−3 S/cm (10 orders of magnitude of improvement) at 9 wt.% of carbon sphere composites.

Field of study: Materials science
Contingent Fee Awards - a Different Approach

For many years there have been disputes between taxpayers and the IRS concerning the taxable amount of court awards or settlements taxpayers receive from wrongful termination claims under a contingent fee arrangement. Some courts have held the gross amount of the award represents income to the taxpayer and the amount paid to the attorneys represents a deduction. Unfortunately for taxpayers the law treats the deduction as a miscellaneous itemized deduction subject to the 2% of AGI floor. In addition, due to the large dollar amounts involved, a transaction sometimes triggers the alternative minimum tax (AMT) since miscellaneous itemized deductions are not allowed when calculating AMT. Other courts have permitted a more favorable outcome, allowing tax-payers to include in gross income only the net amount they received after deducting attorney's fees. In either situation the nature of the attorney's legal interest under applicable state law usually has been the determining factor. For example, based on state law the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals has required the gross approach for California and Alaska taxpayers but allowed the net approach for an Oregon taxpayer (see Coady v. Commissioner, 2000-1 USTC [paragraph] 50,528; Benci-Woodward v. Commissioner, 2000-2 USTC [paragraph] 50,595; and Banaitis v. Commissioner, 2003-2 USTC [paragraph] 50,638). Frank Biehl was an employee, officer, shareholder and director of North Coast Medical Inc. (NCM) in California. NCM terminated Biehl's employment. Subsequently, he filed a wrongful termination suit against the company. After a jury gave Biehl a favorable verdict, the two parties reached a settlement. The agreement required NCM to pay him $799,000 in settlement of his employment-related claims and to make a direct payment of $401,000 to Biehl's attorneys for their fees under a contingent fee agreement. The taxpayer included only the $799,000 as gross income on his federal income tax return. The IRS disagreed. Biehl petitioned the Tax Court for relief. Since the Ninth Circuit had previously ruled California law required the gross approach, the taxpayer argued the $401,000 NCM paid to the attorneys represented a reimbursed employee business expense under an accountable plan. Biehl's argument was based on (1) the presence of a shareholder agreement which required the losing party to pay the attorney's fees of the prevailing party in any suit due to a breach of the agreement and (2) the fact the lawsuit arose out of the taxpayer's former employment. …

Field of study: Business
Structural System Reliability Quantification Using Multipoint Function Approximations

In structural problems, when dealing with uncertainties, the failure probability of the structure is estimated subject to a particular performance criterion. However, when the failure of a structural system is governed by multiple failure criteria, all of the measures have to be considered in the failure probability estimation. These failure criteria are usually correlated, and the accuracy of the estimated structural failure probability highly depends on the ability to model the joint failure surface. For example, in an aircraft structure, the stresses in each of the members of a wing can be posed as limit-state functions, along with the displacements and the natural frequencies of the wing. There are no criteria to disregard one limit state over the other, or to convert the system reliability problem into component reliability (dealing with displacement, stress, and frequency individually). Each failure criterion is modeled as a limit-state function for the reliability analysis, which is an implicit function of the random variables. The evaluation of this limit state often requires an expensive finite element simulation or a computational fluid dynamics simulation. Therefore, to predict the failure probability of a structural system efficiently, function approximations for the limit states are considered. An accurate way of defining highly nonlinear functions is presented using a new class of approximations. These approximations are used in conjunction with the Monte Carlo simulation to estimate the structural failure probability. Numerical examples are presented to show the applicability of the proposed method.

Field of study: Physics
Reflections on the civil war in Bosnia and foreign intervention 1992–98

Drawing on personal experiences as well as insights gleaned from the conduct of other civil wars, Dr Bellamy traces the main factors that led to the signing of the Dayton Peace Accord in November 1995 thereby ending four years of bitter conflagration in the former Yugoslavia. In so doing, he speculates on the character and shape that future interventions in civil conflicts may assume and argues for a clearer distinction to be made between peace‐enforcement and limited war.

Field of study: History, Sociology
TORTOR FUNCTION IN GONDANG NAPOSO BATAK TOBA COMMUNITY

Tortor at the gondang naposo activity is one of the local charge dances of North Sumatra, which comes from the Toba Batak. Tortor is the term dance in the language of the Toba Batak region. In the Toba Batak community, tortor has a binding rule, sourced from the Dalihan Na Tolu kinship system, which describes roles in it such as Hula-hula, Boru, and Dongan Sabutuha. This article discusses the function of tortor . The theory used to explore its function is the theory put forward by Shay. The research method is qualitative descriptive. The results of the study concluded that tortor in Gondang Naposo activities fulfilled the six functions according to Shay, namely: dance as a reflection and legitimacy of social order, dance as a vehicle for secular and religious rites, dance as social or recreational entertainment, dance as a channel and release psychology, dance as a reflection of aesthetic value or an aesthetic activity in itself, and dance as a reflection of the pattern of economic activity as a support for life or economic activity in itself.  tortor . gondang Naposo, function.

Field of study: Education