nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Malignant Transformation of Synovial Chondromatosis: A Systematic Review

Synovial chondromatosis (SCh) can undergo malignant transformation. Pathologic diagnosis of secondary synovial chondrosarcoma (SChS) is challenging and misdiagnosis may result in over- or undertreatment.  A systematic review revealed 48 cases of SChS published in 27 reports since 1957. Data was collected to identify findings indicative of SChS and outcomes of treatment.  At median follow-up of 18 months, patients were reported as alive (10%), alive without disease (22%), alive with disease (15%), dead of disease (19%), dead of pulmonary embolism (4%), and unknown (29%). Initial diagnosis of SChS (grade: low/unknown 48%, intermediate/high 52%) was after biopsy in 58%, local resection in 29%, and amputation in 13%. Seventy-four percent of patients underwent 1.8 (mean) resections. Patients treated prior to 1992 were managed with amputation in 79% of cases compared to 48% after 1992. Symptoms were present for 72 mos prior to diagnosis of SChS. Synovial chondrosarcoma demonstrated symptom progression over several months (82%), rapid recurrence after complete resection (30%), and medullary canal invasion (43%). The SChS tumor dimensions were seldom quantified.  Malignant degeneration of synovial chondromatosis is rare but can necessitate morbid surgery or result in death. Pathognomonic signs for SChS including intramedullary infiltration are present in the minority of cases. Progression of symptoms, quick local recurrence, and muscle infiltration are more suggestive of SChS. Periarticular cortical erosion, extra-capsular extension, and metaplastic chondroid features are non-specific. Although poorly documented for SChS, tumor size is a strong indicator of malignancy. Biopsy and partial resection are prone to diagnostic error. Surgical decisions are frequently based on size and clinical appearance and may be in conflict with pathologic diagnosis.

Field of study: Medicine
Branching Random Walks with Heavy Tails

We consider a continuous-time branching random walk on Z d , where the particles are born and die at a single lattice point (the source of branching). The underlying random walk is assumed to be symmetric. Moreover, corresponding transition rates of the random walk have heavy tails. As a result, the variance of the jumps is infinite, and a random walk may be transient even on low-dimensional lattices (d = 1, 2). Conditions of transience for a random walk on Z d and limit theorems for the numbers of particles both at an arbitrary point of the lattice and on the entire lattice are obtained.

Field of study: Mathematics
Seasonality in European Red Dust/“Blood” Rain Events

. Burt (1991) found that Great Britain red-rain observations increased from 1968 to 1990, which might be attributed to observational bias due to increasing awareness of the phenomenon. We have assembled a new, more comprehensive red-dust-rain event archive consisting of a listing of 549 colored-rain cases across all of Europe, including specific month/day/year occurrence. A total of 510 of these events occurred after 1900. These colored-rain cases were collected from three primary sources: (a) documented published papers; (b) images of known dust-transport events using satellite data by NASA’s Earth Observatory and other imagery; and (c) limited media accounts of such phenomena. Because we are particularly concerned with seasonality, we selected events linked to terminology such as “blood,” “red,” “dust,” “mud,” or “colored” rain for which existed specific dates and times of year (or, in some cases, simply the month and year of the occurrence). All data, together with the relevant references to each event, can be accessed at http://azclimate.asu.edu/bloodrain.php. Analysis of our spatially and temporally extensive dataset of 549 events suggests that colored-rain events can occur throughout the year across Europe (Fig. 1), but do demonstrate seasonality. Spain tends to receive the most red-dust-rain events due to its close proximity to the source dust from the Sahara. The maximum occurrence of colored-rain events for the Iberian Peninsula region is spring (MAM), but they can occur throughout the year, with winter (DJF) being the least active season for such phenomena. However, for most of Western Europe, red rains occur most frequently in the spring and most infrequently during the summer. An example of the meteorological conditions for summer red rains in Western Europe (particularly Spain, France, and Great Britain) can be seen  using the NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis dataset for analysis of an event that occurred on 22 June 1988. For this June 1988 red-dust rainfall, the migratory 700-hPa height field  over southern Spain and northern Morocco on the day of this Seasonality in European Red Dust/“Blood” Rain Events

Field of study: Environmental science
HARBAC Model for the Administration of Role-based Access Control

The ARBAC97,ARBAC02 and Crampton-Loizou models make an important contribution to the understanding and modeling of administration of role-based access control.However,there are several features of the three models which we believe could be improved.In this paper,the concept of administrative domain is introduced and is used to manage RBAC model.A hierarchical administration model is proposed for role-based access control(HARBAC) and is compared with the above three models.Based on the comparison,the proposed model has some significant advantages over those three models.

Field of study: Computer science
2005 award recipients

Once a year it is my privilege to present the names of recipients of the College of Family Physicians of Canada’s (CFPC’s) Honours and Awards. Supported by contributions to the CFPC’s Research and Education Foundation (REF)—the only charitable organization in Canada dedicated solely to supporting the work of family physicians—these awards recognize and support family doctors across Canada for their outstanding work and their ongoing commitment to education and research. 
 
As donations to the REF grow, so too do the number and value of the grants and scholarships awarded. We are, therefore, very grateful to the hundreds of family physicians whose contributions have helped build this important awards program. 
 
We congratulate each of the recipients listed below. The College and your colleagues are proud of you.

Field of study: Medicine
Anatomy and orogenic history of a Paleoproterozoic accretionary belt: the Makkovik Province, Labrador, Canada

The Makkovik Province is a segment of a Paleoproterozoic accretionary belt (the MakkovikKetilidian orogen) that developed on the southern margin of Laurentia at 1.91.7 Ga. In contrast to coeval Laurentian orogenic belts that mainly resulted from collision of Archean plates, MakkovikianKetilidian orogenesis was dominated by active-margin processes including continental margin arc plutonism and juvenile terrane accretion, both of which were accompanied by regional transpression. In the Makkovik Province, earliest deformation and amphibolite-facies metamorphism of Paleoproterozoic riftdrift assemblages (Post Hill and Moran Lake groups) and the Archean foreland (Nain Province) occurred at 1.9 Ga in response to accretion of a Paleoproterozoic island arc. Following this collision, cratonward-dipping subduction was established, resulting in the formation of the 18951870 Ma Island Harbour Bay Plutonic Suite, a calc-alkaline magmatic arc built on reworked Archean crust. Crust formation continued between ca. 1...

Field of study: Environmental science
Effect of zincum gluconicum nasal gel on the duration and symptom severity of the common cold in otherwise healthy adults.

Previous studies suggest that zinc salts may be effective in treating the common cold. Since rhinovirus infections occur primarily in the nasal cavity, an attempt to arrest the infection at the portal of entry seems logical.



To assess the ability of zinc nasal gel to shorten the duration and reduce the severity of the common cold in healthy adults.



Randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled study.



Of 1087 patients screened by telephone, 80 patients were enrolled, all presenting within 24-48 h of the onset of illness. They received one dose per nostril of a nasal gel spray containing either 33 mmol/l zincum gluconicum, or an identical placebo four times daily until their symptoms resolved, for a maximum of 10 days.



Median duration of cold symptoms in the zinc group was significantly shorter than in the placebo group (median [IQR] 4.3 days [2.5-5.5] vs. 6 days [5-8.5], p=0.002). Nasal drainage, nasal congestion, hoarseness, and sore throat were the symptoms most affected. Significant reduction of total symptom scores started from the second day of the study. Adverse effects (mainly nasal stinging) were similar in both groups.



Zincum gluconicum nasal gel shortens duration and reduces symptom severity of the common cold in healthy adults, when started within 24-48 h of the onset of illness.

Field of study: Medicine
Review on nanosecond-pulse discharge mechanism in gases

Both Townsend theory and the traditional streamer model are the basis for study on gas discharge,however,they both have drawbacks dealing with nanosecond pulse gas breakdown.Based on the traditional mechanisms,the paper summarizes nanosecond pulse breakdown mechanisms in gases,presents some analyses on the validity of streamer criterion in the range of nanosecond pulse,describes the phenomenon of electron runaway and the theory of fast ionization wave breakdown,and gives some simulation calculations about runaway process of high-energy fast electrons.The results show that the runaway breakdown model induced by high-energy fast electrons is promising as accounting for the nanosecond pulse discharge in gases.

Field of study: Physics
Pricing and signaling with frictions

We study a large market with directed search and signaling. Each seller chooses an investment that determines the quality of the good which is the seller's private information. A seller also chooses the price of the good and the number of selling sites. After observing sellers' choices of prices and sites, but not quality, buyers choose which price to search. The sites posting the same price and the buyers searching for that price match with each other randomly. In this environment, a seller's choices of prices and sites can direct buyers' search decisions and signal quality ex-ante. After matching, a buyer also receives an imperfectly informative signal about the quality of the good and decides whether to trade at the posted price. When the latter signal received is sufficiently accurate, we prove that there is a unique equilibrium. Moreover, when the quality differential is large, the equilibrium (under private information) implements the socially efficient allocation under public information. When the quality differential is small, the equilibrium is inefficient in the quality of goods produced or/and the number of sites created. This inefficiency is caused by a conflict between the search-directing role and the signaling role of a posted price. We also compare the price-posting equilibrium with the equilibrium under bargaining. The bargaining equilibrium features efficient quality, but inefficient entry. It is superior to the price-posting equilibrium when a seller's bargaining power is intermediate and the quality differential is small.

Field of study: Economics
Phytochemical screening of Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Fuss and in vitro evaluation of its antimicrobial activity against some uropathogens

Petroleum ether, methanol and aqueous extracts from the leaves and stems of Petroselinum crispum (Apiaceae) were  screened phytochemically and evaluated for their antimicrobial activity. The extracts were tested against five standard bacteria ,one Gram positive bacteria ( Staphylococcus aureus ) , four Gram-negative bacteria ( Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae ,Proteus Mirabilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ) and one standard fungi ( Candida albicans )  using disc diffusion method . The petroleum ether extract of the leaves and stems of P.crispum showed  antimicrobial activity against standard tested microorganisms  varied between very active and active whereas the aqueous extract showed lowest activity against all tested microorganisms . The most  active extracts (petroleum ether and methanol)  were tested against 30 clinical isolates  (Bacteria and C.albicans ) collected randomly from the Military and AlRibat Hospitals. The petroleum ether extract and methanol extracts  of the leaves and stems of P.crispum showed active against all tested microorganisms . For the different P. crispum extracts, the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) against standard and clinical isolates were determined using disc diffusion method and compared to antibacterial activity of two reference drugs and one antifungal drug. The phytochemical screening of P.crispum leaves and stems  petroleum- ether extract, revealed the presence of coumarins and flavonoids in low concentration ,sterols in high concentration and absence of saponins ,alkaloids ,anthraquinones ,tannins ,triterpenes and cyanogenic glycosides. The methanol extract showed the presence of moderate concentration of saponin, coumarin ,flavonoids,triterpenes sterols, high concentration of tannins , alkaloids , absence of anthraquinones and cyanogenic glycosides

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
On the Normal Scores Two-Sample Rank Test

A simplification using symmetry is applied to the null distribution of the Fisher-Yates test or c 1 test of Hoeffding and Terry. A computer is used to extend existing tables to combined sample size N ≤ 20. The t approximation of Hoeffding and Terry and the normal approximation are investigated with the former found to be satisfactory at the limit of the tables when the ratio of sample sizes is not too extreme. Selected power calculations for N ≤ 10 are given for normal shift alternatives.

Field of study: Mathematics
THE CORRELATION OF SLOT OPENING OF A BUBBLE CAP WITH AIR FLOW RATE

In the present paper, as a second part of the previous paper published in this journal (No.1, 16-23, 1958), the authors made further experimental studies on single slots of different shapes and dimensions to correlate slot opening with air flow rate. Considering the vapor velocity in the annular space between the riser and the bubble cap in operation, which had been neglected in the single slot studies, the authors presented a new approach to evaluate the slot opening, which was tested experimentally. 
(1) For single slot studies, experimental conditions were extended as follows. 
Slot dimensions, rectangular slots, 6=2.27-25.28mm; triangular slots, B/H=0.255-1.40; trapezoidal slots, (B2-B1)/H=0.072 -0.796. 
Air flow rates. Vs≤357×102litres/hr. 
Immersed depth. 30mm. 
The results shows that the value of the discharge coefficient u in the Rogers-Thiele formula is not a constant but a function of Reynolds number as well as slot dimensions. For definite slot dimensions, the value of u will be a constant only when the air flow Reynolds number is high. 
( 2 ) With the effects of the annular space vapor velocity considered, the authors proposed the following formulas as a modification of those of Rogers and Thiele. 
Rectangular slots. Triangular slots. Trapezoidal slots. 
It is apparent that the Rogers-Thiele formulas are only special forms of the above with a= 0.( 3 ) Formula (6) was tested experimentally in a single bubble cap, with the following experimental conditions. 
Bubble cap shape and dimensions. Circular cap with 40 rectangular slots; 
Cap I.D., 100mm; Riser O.D., 68mm; Slot width, 4mm; Slot height, 25mm. 
System. Air-water. 
Operating conditions. Static immersed depth, 15mm; 
Air flow rates,V = 22.1-111.0 cubic metres/hr. 
The results point out that the formulas proposed in the previous paper can be applied to bubble caps at Re≥2600 without appreciable error. 
The experimental data were compared with the calculated values of slot opening from the Rogers-Thiele formula, the Cross-Ryder formula, the formulas in the previous paper,and formula (6 ) in this paper. It has been found that when Re≥2000, the maximum deviation for formula (6 ) was 3%, while that for the other formulas were 17.5%, 9.2% and 8.5% respectively. 
After making a theoretical analysis, the authors are of the opinion that the formulas proposed can represent to a certain extent the operating conditions of a bubble cap. Similar results could be anticipated from a bubble cap with triangular or trapezoidal slots, but further experimental studies will be needed.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Biochemical markers: Clinical aspects

Protein-calorie malnutrition is an important determinant of morbidity and mortality in patients with end-stage renal disease. Several biochemical indices are proposed as markers of nutritional status in this patient population. These include relatively simple biochemical measures such as serum albumin, creatinine, and blood urea nitrogen, as well as more complex and not readily available parameters, such as transferrin, prealbumin, and insulin-like growth factor 1. However, none of these parameters alone has been shown to be the optimal indicator of nutritional status of patients with end-stage renal disease. Specifically, the biochemical markers utilized for nutritional purposes are influenced by many non-nutritional factors. Therefore, an appropriate assessment of nutritional status should include simultaneous measurements of several markers, continuous evaluation of these markers, and a good clinical judgement.

Field of study: Medicine
Screening of immunodominant proteins for sensitive detection of Chlamydia trachomatis infection by serological test

To detect the antibodies against recombinant chlamydial plasmid-encoded protein 3（rPgp3）,chlamydial protease-like activity factor（rCPAF）,Ct143 encoded protein（rCT143）, Ct101 encoded protein（rCT101）,Ct694 encoded protein（rCT694）,Ct813 encoded protein（rCT813）, Chlamydia membrane protein A（rIncA）,Ct875 encoded protein（rCT875）,major outer membrane protein （rMOMP）and heat shock protein 60（ rHsp60）in serum samples collected form patients with urogenital Chlamydia trachomatis（Ct）infection and to evaluate the antigenicity of those proteins.  The recombinant plasmids expressing the 10 proteins and a blank plasmid were transformed into E. coli BL21 strains,respectively. The transformed E. coli BL21 strains were induced by isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyr-anoside（IPTG）to express recombinant proteins. The glutathione pre-coated 96-well ELISA plates were coa-ted with lysates. Serum samples were collected from 50 patients with Ct infection and 10 patients without Ct infection. ELISA was performed to detect the antibodies against 10 recombinant proteins.  The anti-bodies against rPgp3,rCPAF,rCT143,rCT101,rCT694,rCT875,rCT813,rMOMP,rIncA and rHsp60 proteins were respectively detected in 44 cases（88% ）,38 cases（76% ）,37 cases（74% ）,36 cases （72% ）,33 cases（66% ）,31 cases（62% ）,30 cases（60% ）,26 cases（52% ）,24 cases（48% ）and 17 cases（34% ）out of 50 serum samples. No antibodies against 10 recombinant proteins were detected in the serum samples collected from patients without Ct infection.  The rPgp3 protein showed the strongest antigenicity among all of the studied proteins,followed by rCPAF and rCT143 proteins. The rHsp60 protein showed the lowest antigenicity. 
 
 
Chlamydia trachomatis; Immunodominant protein; Serological test

Field of study: Biology
How Much Information? East Asian and North American Cultural Products and Information Search Performance

Literature in cultural psychology suggests that compared with North Americans, East Asians prefer context-rich cultural products (e.g., paintings and photographs). The present article further examines the preferred amount of information in cultural products produced by East Asians and North Americans ( Society for Personality and Social Psychology conference posters; Study 2: government and university portal pages). The authors found that East Asians produced more information-rich products than did North Americans. Study 3 further examined people’s information search speed when identifying target objects on mock webpages containing large amounts of information. The results indicated that East Asians were faster than North Americans in dealing with information on mock webpages with large amounts of information. Finally, the authors found that there were cultural differences as well as similarities in functional and aesthetic preferences regarding styles of information presentation. The interplay between cultural products and skills for accommodating to the cultural products is discussed.

Field of study: Psychology
Effect of Manganese Levels and Sources on Performance of Laying Hens

An experiment was conducted to study the effects of different manganese levels and sources on performance of laying hens.The results showed that there were no significant differences in feed intake,total egg weight, egg production or average egg size among different manganese levels when the basal diet was supplemented with Mn from either MnSO 4·H 2O or Mn Met (P0 05). There were no marked differences between MnSO 4·H 2O and Mn Met as well (P0 05). When manganese source was MnSO 4·H 2O,different manganese levels had no significant effect on feed egg ratio (P0 05).But manganese source was Mn Met and dietary supplemental manganese increased from 0 to 120 mg/kg, feed egg ratio was reduced markedly (P0 05),and there was also obvious difference compared with MnSO 4·H 2O.The dietary manganese deficiency (31 91 mg/kg Mn) resulted in the increase of the percentages of malformal, soft and broken eggs significantly (P0 05 or P0 01). The percentages of malformal,soft and broken eggs were decreased significantly as dietary supplemental manganese increased from 0 to 60 mg/kg (P0 05 or P0 01), and the effect of Mn Met improving egg shell quality was better than that of MnSO 4·H

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
the Investigate frequency of animal bites in the human population all urban and rural areas of Sanandaj city in the period of 2008-2014

Rabies disease is caused by a neurotropic virus belongs to the Rhabdo viridae family and lyssa virus genus, which transmitted through biting, mucosal tissue, breathing, pair, contaminated instruments and organ transplantation. In this study, according to the geographical area and diverse climatic conditions of Sanandaj, rabies and animal bites diseases were investigated in human populations during the period of 7 years (2008 to 2014).  Vaccination statistics data were collected from the Sanandaj Disease Control Center and were analyzed by SPSS 21 statistical software in terms of descriptive and inferential.  The results of current study showed that no human rabies has been reported in the city of Sanandaj from 1994 until now. The results of statistical tests showed that there are a significant differences between location, sex, age, occupation, education, damaged organ and the number of animal bite cases (P<0.05). Also, there is no significant difference between treatment and animal bites frequency (P>0.05).  According to the current study, although the dog, cat and other wild animals play an important role in the transmission of rabies to domestic animals and people at risk in Sanandaj, but Increasing stray dogs and cats show that Cooperation between the related departments for the elimination of stray dogs and cats at the provincial level is essential.

Field of study: Medicine