nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of 5-(1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)-1H-pyrazolo-[3,4-b]pyridines by the p-(dimethylamino)benzaldehyde modification of Hantzsch reaction

The reactions of p-(dimethylamino)benzaldehyde with 5-amino-3-methyl-1-phenylpyrazole and 2-RCOCH2-1H-benzimidazoles have produced 5-(1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridines. The transformation includes the formation of compounds in accordance with a Hantzsch reaction containing a 1,4-dihydropyridine ring, and is completed by the aromatization either by the splitting off of N,N-dimethylanyline or oxidation. The splitting is produced by acetic acid and the oxidation by a nitrocompound.

Field of study: Chemistry
Study on hydrolysis of sweet potato protein with Alcalase protease

Effect of Alcalase protease on the hydrolysis of sweet potato protein was studied by determination of its degree of hydrolysis(DH). Parameters influencing of the Alcalase protease hydrolysis effect, including pH, temperature, substrate concentration, ratio of enzyme and substrate concentration and hydrolysis time were also investigated. The optimum combination of parameters conditions through orthogonal experiment and the range analysis were determined. The results were as follows: temperature was 45 ℃, initial pH was 8.0, substrate concentration was 3%(w/v), ratio of enzyme and substrate concentration was 4%(w/v) and the reaction time was 240 min. In addition, the hydrolysate of sweet potato protein consisted of three different molecular weight fractions.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Research for Reputation Models in VANET

As a typical open distributed system,the Vehicular Ad hoc NETworks(VANET) are composed ephemerally due to their high mobility.Vehicle nodes in the VANET are facing with various malicious nodes and hard to choose trustworthy collaborative nodes in applications.To solve these problems,we design VANET application specified reputation models(VASRep) to qualifiedly evaluate the reputation of the nodes.Through merging various types of information sources in VANET,VASRep can express the node′s trustworthiness more accurately.According to the authority units′ recommendation,VASRep is more suitable to VANET environments.Finally,the analysis and evaluation show that our model outperforms the existing solutions in terms of performance and resisting the attack of malicious nodes.

Field of study: Computer science
Potential responses and resilience of Late Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age societies to mid-to Late Holocene climate change on the southern Iberian Peninsula

In this investigation, we use a socio-environmental multi-proxy approach to empirically test hypotheses of recurrent resilience cycles and the role of climate forcing in shaping such cycles on the Iberian Peninsula during mid-Holocene times. Our approach combines time series reconstructions of societal and environmental variables from the southern Iberian Peninsula across a 3000 yr time interval (6000–3000 cal yr BP), covering major societal and climate reorganisation. Our approach is based on regional compilations of climate variables from diverse terrestrial archives and integrates new marine climate records from the Western Mediterranean. Archaeological variables include changes in material culture, settlement reconstructions and estimates of human activities. In particular, both detailed chronologies of human activities evolving from the Late Neolithic to the Bronze Age and mid- to Late Holocene climate change across the mid-Holocene are compared, aiming to assess potential human responses and coping processes associated with abrupt mid-Holocene climate changes.

Field of study: Environmental science
Heme oxygenase-1 mediates the anti-inflammatory effect of isoflurane preconditioning in LPS-stimulated macrophages

The aim of this study was to investigate the anti-inflammatory action of isoflurane preconditioning in a model of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation in RAW 264.7 macrophages and examine the role of heme oxygenase (HO)-1 in this process.Murine 264.7 macrophages were pretreated with or without 1%–3% isoflurane for 1 h. Thirty minutes later, the cells were incubated with or without LPS for 24 h. Cell viability was assessed using a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay and cell injury was assessed by measuring the release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). HO-1 and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) protein expression was analyzed by Western blotting. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α levels, nitrite production and HO activity were also determined.Pretreatment with the nontoxic and clinically approved anesthetic isoflurane potently attenuated the cell injury and the decrease in cell viability that was induced by LPS. Treatment or pretreatment with 2% isoflurane induced HO-1 protein expression and caused an induction of HO activity. This result correlated with a decrease in iNOS expression, a decrease in the production of nitric oxide (NO) and impaired release of TNF-α in LPS-stimulated macrophages. Blockade of HO activity with tin protoporphyrin (SnPP) reversed these effects.Isoflurane preconditioning exerts its anti-inflammatory activity through the HO-1 pathway in an in vitro inflammation model.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Effects of seashore reclamation activities on the health of wetland ecosystems: A case study in the Yellow River Delta, China

Seashore reclamation is an important way that humans utilize the oceans. In recent years, expansion of seashore reclamation activities has seriously disturbed natural coastal systems, and especially wetland ecosystems. In this paper, using China's Yellow River Delta as a case study, we evaluated the effects of seashore reclamation activities on the health of coastal wetland ecosystems. We defined a comprehensive assessment index system based on the pressure-state-response model and used the model to explore how wetland health responded to reclamation activities, including the construction of tidal embankments and ports, land reclamation, road construction, and upstream dam construction. We found that the pressure intensity index for seashore reclamation activities ranged from 0.39 to 0.77, and increased until the late 1990s. From 1950 to 2010, increasing pressure on the wetlands caused the comprehensive state and health indices to decrease from 0.87 to 0.51 and from 0.64 to 0.52, respectively; both indicate severe risks to ecosystem health. The comprehensive health index decreased continuously until about 2000, then improved. There were strong negative correlations between the comprehensive health and pressure indices and the reclamation activity pressure index (both R2 > 0.80, p

Field of study: Environmental science
Effectiveness of Formal Logic Course on the Reasoning Skills of Students in Nizwa College of Technology, Oman.

The study of formal logic helps to improve the process of thinking and tries to refine and improve the thinking ability. The objectives of this study are to know the effectiveness of formal logic course and to determine the critical thinking variables that are effective and that are ineffective. A sample of 214 students is selected from all the three departments Engineering, Information Technology and Business department from Nizwa College of Technology, Sultanate of Oman. The analysis revealed that there is no significant relationship between critical thinking variables and formal logic course. It is found that deductive and interpretation skills of the students have increased after the posttest. At the same time, inference skills, assumptions and arguments decreased after the posttest. Assumption skill is found to be the most favourable critical thinking variable.  Inference, Assumptions, Deductions, Interpretations, Arguments

Field of study: Education
A New Approach to the Limit Theorem on the Core of an Economy in Vector Lattices

We consider economies with general consumption sets in a vector lattice commodity space. We show, by adapting the techniques of Mas-Colell and Richard (8) and Richard (10), the Edgeworth equilibria can be supported as pseudo-equilibria by continuous prices. A corollary of this result is that continuous equilibrium prices support those allocations supported by discontinuous equilibrium prices. Hence, we improve and provide an alternative proof to Mas-Colell and Richard's hypothesis on the relationship between continuous and discontinuous equilibrium prices in models with a vector lattice commodity space and a vector lattice price space.

Field of study: Economics
Progress in Hypersonic Studies Using Electron-Beam-Excited X-Ray Detection

Experimental and numerical studies of the laminar shock-wave/boundary-layer interaction occurring past a hollow cylinder flare model in a Mach 10 air flow at zero incidence were conducted. Flowfield density measurements were performed by detecting x-ray emissions from the gas produced by electron-beam impact. A solution was found to make these measurements possible near the model surface. Wall pressure and heat flux measurements have been performed. All of the experimental results are compared with numerical results obtained by using Navier-Stokes and direct simulation Monte Carlo solvers

Field of study: Physics
High-Yield Synthesis, Controllable Evolution, 
and Thermoelectric Properties of Te/Bi2Te3 
Heterostructure Nanostrings

Te/Bi2Te3 heterostructure nanostrings composed of multiple hexagon Bi2Te3 nanosheets, which were strung together by Te nanowires, were rationally designed and synthesized via an in situ growth process. High-yield heterostructure products were obtained via the two-step solution phase method. The rhombohedral Bi2Te3 nanosheets and hexagonal phase Te nanowires were characterized using x-ray diffractometer patterns and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy images. Detailed scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy images revealed that the lengths of the nanostrings were approximately 3.6 μm, and the diameters of the Bi2Te3 nanosheets were approximately 290 nm. The results indicated that the dimensions and morphologies of the Te/Bi2Te3 heterostructure nanostrings can be controlled by regulating the dosage of Bi(NO3)3·5H2O from 0 mmol to 3 mmol, and the number of the Bi2Te3 nanosheets can be adjusted by controlling the concentration of N2H4·H2O. Exceedingly low thermal conductivities from 0.45 W m−1 K−1 to 0.49 W m−1 K−1 were demonstrated by the measurements of the thermoelectric properties at near-room temperature from 350 K to 500 K. The phonon scattering mechanisms were systematically analyzed using three-dimensional schematic structure models.

Field of study: Materials science
Neuroendoscopic third ventriculostomy.

Neuroendoscopic third ventriculostomy is becoming increasingly popular as the primary mode of therapy for patients with noncommunicating hydrocephalus. In this article the author reviews the procedure and its indications, and highlights its complications. It can, without doubt, be recommended as the first line treatment for hydrocephalus and also in cases in which shunt malfunction or infection occurs.

Field of study: Medicine
Deterministic Blind Identification of IIR Systems With Output-Switching Operations

In this paper, a deterministic blind identification approach is proposed for linear output-switching systems, which are modeled by multiple infinite impulse-response (IIR) dynamic functions. By adopting a new over-sampling strategy, the concerned single-input-single-output (SISO) output-switching system is equivalently transformed into a time-invariant multi- input-multi-output (MIMO) system. Further, by exploring the mutual relations among the multiple inputs, the time-invariant MIMO system model and subsequently the output-switching system model are identified uniquely up to a scalar constant using the proposed identification approach. Sufficient identifiability conditions are provided for output-switching systems and numerical simulations are carried out to validate the proposed approach.

Field of study: Engineering
Ready for Battle? A Phenomenological Study of Military Simulation Systems

The purpose of this research is to determine if there is task-technology fit for the use of simulation in training. In the context of military training, the research investigated whether military officers experience a fit between the simulations with which they were trained and their tasks (e.g., strategy or operational procedures), as reflected by their perception of whether their performance improved, and whether the simulation supported their individual activities. The research method followed the qualitative research tradition of transcendental phenomenology to query the experience of those who were trained with simulation. This research utilized interview questions that elicit respondents' experience in the broad areas of task-technology fit, and through phenomenological analysis, identified the salient variables within each of these constructs. The analysis resulted in the identification of themes of meaning which were compared with the existing task-technology fit variables. The research identified the emergence of new task-technology fit variables.

Field of study: Computer science
Studying the properties of Fe and Fe–Co nanotubes in polymer ion-track membranes

Iron and iron–cobalt nanostructures are probed by means of Mössbauer spectroscopy combined with scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersion analysis, and X-ray diffraction. The obtained nanostructures are single-phase Fe1 − xCox (0 ≤ x ≤ 1) nanotubes that have high degrees of polycrystallinity and a bcc lattice 12 μm long and 110 ± 3 nm in diameter, with walls 21 ± 2 nm thick. A random distribution of the orientations of the magnetic momenta of Fe atoms are observed for Fe nanotubes, while Fe–Co nanotubes are characterized by a magnetic texture along their axes.

Field of study: Physics
Phenothiazine and BN-doped AIE Probes Integrated Fluorescence Sensor Array for Detection and Discrimination of Nitro Explosives

Highly effective sensing of nitro explosives plays an extremely important role in homeland security and counter-terrorism. In this work, a BN-doped aggregation induced emission (AIE) probe SN-1 was synthesized and subsequently characterized. The probe was then exposed to DNT and TNT, which resulted in formation of intermolecular hydrogen bonds between the probe and the two nitro explosives, and thus fluorescence quenching response was achieved. In addition, an electron rich phenothiazine probe SN-2 was also prepared to probe the response to the nitro explosives via photo-induced electron transfer. The two probes were combined to construct a fluorescence sensor array for the successful distinction of five nitro explosives. This reliable and sensitive fluorescence sensor array held a good potential for homeland security and environmental management.

Field of study: Chemistry
The Hypoglycemic Pharmacodynamic and Clinical Study by Berberine

To do some research for the hypoglycemic action of the traditional Chinese medicine berberine. To set up the diabetic mice model with alloxan,then to treat the mice with various dosages of berberine and phenformin as control.The blood glucose Level and glucose tolerance were tested with the glucoseoxidase method and the serous insulin level was measured with radioimmunoassay method.To randomly divide 73 cases of patients who had NIDDM into the Berberine group and the control,Diamicron group,then make the clinical comparison and observation. Berberine showed hypoglycemic action for diabetic mice.It could improve the glucose tolerance and increase the serous level of insulin,which showed centain dose-effect relationship.The effective rate of 43 cases of NIDDM treated with Berberine were 81.39%,For 30 cases of the control group,the effective rate were 80.00%.Both groups showed obvious treatment effects without conspicuous difference(both P0.05).Conclusion Berberine has hypoglycemic function for diabetic mice and NIDDM.

Field of study: Medicine
A position-sensitive ionization chamber for XAFS studies at synchrotron sources.

A position-sensitive ionization chamber has been developed with backgammon-type-segmented electrodes. This novel detector possesses a linear range of 8 mm for determining the incident position of the X-ray beam incoming. The position resolution was found to be less than 10 microm, probably close the sub-micrometer region. Owing to its high spatial resolution, the position-sensitive ionization chamber was able to commit that the gradual decrease observed in the X-ray beam intensity at a SPring-8 beamline was mainly due to the spatial variation of the X-ray beam in time. The present work also confirmed the applicability of the novel detector to the accurate monochromator adjustment for experiments using diamond anvil cells.

Field of study: Physics
WEIGHT EFFECT ON COUPLED TOSIONALAND FLEXURAL VIBRATION OFA CONTINUOUS SHAFT

The coupled torsional and flexural vibration of a continuous shaft is studied, considering the misalignment of locus of the mass centers and that of the shear centers. The equations of coupled torsional-flexural vibration are established. The exciting torque, the damping properties and the eccentricity are taken into consideration in the equations. The coupled torsional-flexural vibration of a continuous simply supported shaft model with damping is studied, in which only the weight of the shaft itself is considered. The measurement in a practical simply supported copper shaft with constant section is made. The calculation results are compared with those of the measurement. It is found that the 1st, 3rd, 5th, ··· modes of the flexural vibration are coupled with the 2nd, 4th, 6th, ··· modes of the torsional vibration; the 2nd, 4th, 6th, ···modes of the flexural vibration are coupled with the1st, 3rd, 5th, ···modes of the torsional vibration.

Field of study: Engineering
Soliton wall superlattice in the quasi-one-dimensional conductor (Per)(2)Pt(mnt)(2).

We suggest a model to explain the appearance of a high resistance high magnetic field charge-density-wave (CDW) phase, discovered by Graf et al.  in (Per)(2)Pt(mnt)(2), where Per is perylene and mnt is maleonitriledithiolate molecules. In particular, we show that the Pauli spin-splitting effects improve the nesting properties of a realistic quasi-one-dimensional electron spectrum and, therefore, a high resistance Peierls CDW phase is stabilized in high magnetic fields. In low and very high magnetic fields, a periodic soliton wall superlattice (SWS) phase is found to be a ground state. We suggest experimental studies of the predicted phase transitions between the Peierls and SWS CDW phases in (Per)(2)Pt(mnt)(2) to discover a unique SWS phase.

Field of study: Physics
Kinetic decomposition of La0.3Sr0.7CoO3−δ perovskite membranes during oxygen permeation

In this paper, a study is presented towards the stability of oxygen permeable membranes of perovskite La0.3Sr0.7CoO3−δ in an oxygen pressure gradient. It is shown that phase separation occurs at the oxygen-lean side of the membrane, at 900°C, when the membrane is exposed to streams of air and inert gas at opposite sides of the membrane. It is absent when the (homogenous) oxide is annealed in either flowing air or nitrogen for several days, indicating that the phase separation is induced by the dynamic forces acting during oxygen permeation.

Field of study: Materials science
Universal Properties of Cuprate Superconductors: Tc Phase Diagram, Room-Temperature Thermopower, Neutron Spin Resonance, and STM Incommensurability Explained in Terms of Chiral Plaquette Pairing

We report that four properties of cuprates and their evolution with doping are consequences of simply counting four-site plaquettes arising from doping, (1) the universal Tc phase diagram (superconductivity between ∼0.05 and ∼0.27 doping per CuO2 plane and optimal Tc at ∼0.16), (2) the universal doping dependence of the room-temperature thermopower, (3) the superconducting neutron spin resonance peak (the “41 meV peak”), and (4) the dispersionless scanning tunneling conductance incommensurability. Properties (1), (3), and (4) are explained with no adjustable parameters, and (2) is explained with exactly one. The successful quantitative interpretation of four very distinct aspects of cuprate phenomenology by a simple counting rule provides strong evidence for four-site plaquette percolation in these materials. This suggests that inhomogeneity, percolation, and plaquettes play an essential role in cuprates. This geometric analysis may provide a useful guide to search for new compositions and structures with...

Field of study: Physics
Impact of intimal pathogen burden in acute coronary syndromes--correlation with inflammation, thrombosis, and autoimmunity.

Increasing evidence supports a link between serological evidence of pathogen burden (PB) and the risk for future cardiovascular events. Our study evaluates the intimal presence of 4 pathogens in atheroma, clinically associated with acute coronary syndromes (ACS) and stable angina (SA), and the effect on the expression of intimal C-reactive protein (CRP), tissue factor (TF) and human heat-shock protein 60 (hHSP60).



Coronary atherectomy specimens retrieved from 60 primary lesions of patients with ACS (n=35) or SA (n=25) were assessed immunohistochemically for the presence of Chlamydia pneumoniae (Cpn), Helicobacter pylori (HP), Cytomegalovirus (CMV) and Epstein–Barr Virus (EBV) and for the expression of CRP, TF, and hHSP60.



Analysis revealed eight lesions without, 22 lesions with one, 19 lesions with two, seven lesions with three, and four lesions with four pathogens. Cpn was present in 73%, HP in 31%, CMV in 16%, and EBV in 40%. Mean value of PB in ACS-lesions was significantly increased. Expressions of CRP, TF, and hHSP60 were significantly higher in ACS lesions. The number of infectious pathogens correlated significant with the expressions of CRP, TF, and hHSP60.



Our data demonstrate the impact of PB in plaque instability and suggest local proinflammatory, prothrombotic, and proimmunogenic effects.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
A Comparison of Several Methods for Assessing Student Mastery in Objectives-Based Instructional Programs.

In objectives-based instructional programs where relatively short criterion-referenced tests are administered to estimate student mastery for the purpose of monitoring a student through the program, estimates which maximally utilize the information that can be obtained from the student during the alloted testing time are required. Bayesian estimates, which utilize prior information about the student, direct information provided by the student, and collateral information in the test data of other students, appear to be ideally suited for this purpose. In this paper, the relative merits of several methods, Bayesian and classical, for the estimation of student student mastery are investigated. The effects of such factors as group homogeneity, test length, sample size, and prior information on the accuracy of the estimates as well as on decision-making accuracy are studied through computer simulations. It is shown that certain Bayesian estimates are superior to others, and the implications of the findings for...

Field of study: Education