nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Nonparametric Rotations for Sphere-Sphere Regression

Regression of data represented as points on a hypersphere has traditionally been treated using parametric families of transformations that include the simple rigid rotation as an important, special case. On the other hand, nonparametric methods have generally focused on modeling a scalar response through a spherical predictor by representing the regression function as a polynomial, leading to component-wise estimation of a spherical response. We propose a very flexible, simple regression model where for each location of the manifold a specific rotation matrix is to be estimated. To make this approach tractable, we assume continuity of the regression function that, in turn, allows for approximations of rotation matrices based on a series expansion. It is seen that the nonrigidity of our technique motivates an iterative estimation within a Newton–Raphson learning scheme, which exhibits bias reduction properties. Extensions to general shape matching are also outlined. Both simulations and real data are used to illustrate the results.

Field of study: Mathematics
Uses of Macro Social Theory: A Social Housing Case Study

This article reflects on the use of macro social theoretical perspectives to explain micro social issues. It uses social housing allocations as a case study of the issues that arise in such explanations. There has been a number of important social theoretical examinations of social housing allocation schemes in recent years, spanning socio-legal studies. In contrast to those other studies, we argue that “cookie-cutter” theory is insufficient because they can overlook other positions and counter-factual scenarios. We draw on a sample of local authority allocation schemes to reflect on the increasing category of excluded households which we term “unhouseables” (an expression which is commonly used by housing officers) – those households which are excluded from appearing on such schemes because of their former housing deviance or some other disqualification. We offer a set of reflections grounded in our data, which focus on sustainability. Thus, rather than point to particular rationalities or the like, we point to particular housing issues as explanatory factors – including the declining stock and financial “competitiveness” of social housing management – as well as a rise in punitiveness.

Field of study: Law
Preparation of yam starch acetates by using ultrasonic-assisted method and characterization of its products

The feature of ultrasound on esterification of yam starch were investigated by comparing the effects of ultrasound with preparation without ultrasound on the degree of substitution of yam starch acetates. In addition, the influences of ultrasonic wave on the particle shape, particle size, crystallinity and thermostability of yam starch acetates were analyzed by means of SEM, XRD, TG and DTA. The results of research showed that: the enhancement effects of ultrasound on esterification of yam starch can shorten the reaction time, and decrease the amount of catalyst. The results of XRD, SEM, TG and DTA showed that: the ultrasound can degrade the yam starch, and damage the crystallinity of yam starch acetates. The reactive area between yam starch and acetylating agent can increased with enhancement effects of ultrasound. The influences of ultrasound on the crystallinity of yam starch acetates are feeble, so the ultrasound has little influence on the thermostability of yam starch acetates.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Activation signal transduction by proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 (PYK2) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.

To explore the role of proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 (PYK2) in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), we studied the expression, activation, and function of PYK2 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from 36 SLE patients. As controls, samples from 19 patients with rheumatoid arthritis and 15 healthy individuals were studied simultaneously. We found a significant increase of both the total PYK2 protein and its activated/phosphorylated form in PBMCs from patients with SLE, particularly those with the complication of nephritis (WHO class IV). There is a clear correlation between the activation of PYK2 and the level of serum complements. In active SLE patients, activation of PYK2 in PBMCs accompanies the increased cell proliferation and the induced expression of co-stimulatory molecules CD40L and CTLA4. These results indicate that phosphorylated PYK2 may induce the expression of CD40L and CTLA4, and subsequently the cell proliferation. PYK2 signaling enhances the autoreactive lymphocyte activation and plays an important role in the pathogenesis of SLE.

Field of study: Biology
Evolutionary implications of C3 -C4 intermediates in the grass Alloteropsis semialata.

C4 photosynthesis is a complex trait resulting from a series of anatomical and biochemical modifications to the ancestral C3 pathway. It is thought to evolve in a stepwise manner, creating intermediates with different combinations of C4 -like components. Determining the adaptive value of these components is key to understanding how C4 photosynthesis can gradually assemble through natural selection. Here, we decompose the photosynthetic phenotypes of numerous individuals of the grass Alloteropsis semialata, the only species known to include both C3 and C4 genotypes. Analyses of δ(13) C, physiology and leaf anatomy demonstrate for the first time the existence of physiological C3 -C4 intermediate individuals in the species. Based on previous phylogenetic analyses, the C3 -C4 individuals are not hybrids between the C3 and C4 genotypes analysed, but instead belong to a distinct genetic lineage, and might have given rise to C4 descendants. C3 A. semialata, present in colder climates, likely represents a reversal from a C3 -C4 intermediate state, indicating that, unlike C4 photosynthesis, evolution of the C3 -C4 phenotype is not irreversible.

Field of study: Environmental science
Psychiatry and Pain Management: at the Intersection of Chronic Pain and Mental Health

ReviewChronic pain impacts millions of people in the USA. At the heart of the problem of chronic pain remains the complex psychosocial aspects associated with living with chronic pain. Given the overlap between chronic pain and mental health, a promising treatment approach is to improve how we integrate psychiatry into pain management.Recent FindingsTreatment of chronic pain and comorbid mental health issues requires a multidisciplinary approach. Advancements in how pain is understood, especially centralized pain, have helped inform both pharmacological and behavioral interventions for pain. Given the growing concerns about the opioid epidemic and the lack of data supporting the use of opioids for long-term pain management, new treatment approaches are needed. Psychiatrist may be uniquely suited to help address comorbid mental health disorders and addiction in the context of chronic pain management.SummaryAddressing the psychiatric needs of chronic pain patients remains challenging and there is much room to improve how we address the complex issues associated with living with chronic pain. We believe psychiatrists are an important piece of the pain management puzzle.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Analysis for Driving Sound of Pumps Using High Resolution Short-Time Fourier Transform

This paper presents a time-frequency distribution which is suitable for a signal analysis. It is difficult to obtain a high resolution in both time and frequency domains in the time-frequency analysis of the signal. However, the multiple short-time Fourier transform (MSTFT) is proposed as a means which obtains high resolution in both time and frequency domains. Further, it is extended to achieve higher resolution signal analysis using multiple expression of the MSTFT. The diagnosis of rotating condition of the pumps is attempted with driving sound using several expressions of time-frequency distributions based on the MSTFT.

Field of study: Computer science
Geology of the southwestern end of Walker Mountain, Virginia

Walker Mountain, in Washington County and adjacent parts of Smyth County, Virginia, is on the northwest limb of a major syncline which is bounded on the northwest and southeast by the Saltville and Walker Mountain overthrusts, respectively. The formations, Middle Cambrian to Upper Devonian, composing the fault block have a maximum aggregate thickness of about 9500 feet. The most significant geologic feature near the southwestern end of the ridge is a great unconformity marked by the absence of all the Silurian and a part of the Lower Devonian strata.

Southwest along the Walker Mountain fault, the overthrust Cambrian dolomite is in contact with successively older formations in the upper part of the Walker Mountain block. Near Lyons Gap, the overthrust Cambrian dolomite lies upon Upper Devonian shales and near the southwestern end of Walker Mountain upon the Lower Ordovician limestones.

The regional structure is complicated by small folds with axes parallel to the strike of the beds in the fault block; by cross folds which trend northwest-southeast; and by cross faults, some of which cut both overridden and overthrust rocks and locally offset the trace of the Walker Mountain fault. It is thought that the cross faults represent shears produced during the formation of the cross folds by local rotational stresses in the horizontal plane. Perhaps the cross stresses were developed in the Walker Mountain block during the waning advance of the overthrust mass along an irregular surface of the Walker Mountain fault.

Field of study: Geology
Estimating the sensitivity of stomatal conductance to photosynthesis: a review.

A common approach for estimating fluxes of CO2 and water in canopy models is to couple a model of photosynthesis (An ) to a semi-empirical model of stomatal conductance (gs ) such as the widely validated and utilized Ball-Berry (BB) model. This coupling provides an effective way of predicting transpiration at multiple scales. However, the designated value of the slope parameter (m) in the BB model impacts transpiration estimates. There is a lack of consensus regarding how m varies among species or plant functional types (PFTs) or in response to growth conditions. Literature values are highly variable, with inter-species and intra-species variations of >100%, and comparisons are made more difficult because of differences in collection techniques. This paper reviews the various methods used to estimate m and highlights how variations in measurement techniques or the data utilized can influence the resultant m. Additionally, this review summarizes the reported responses of m to [CO2 ] and water stress, collates literature values by PFT and compiles nearly three decades of values into a useful compendium.

Field of study: Environmental science
A 1D model to predict ejector performance at critical and sub-critical operational regimesModèle unidimensionnel utilisé pour prévoir la performance d'un éjecteur sous des conditions de fonctionnement critiques et sous-critiques

This paper proposes a new 1D model to predict ejector performance at critical and sub-critical operational modes, while most previous 1D models have only predicted ejector performance at critical mode operation. Constant pressure mixing is assumed to occur inside the constant area section of the ejector at critical and sub-critical mode operation, and the effectiveness of the model is verified against four sets of experimental data that include different working fluids and geometries. The results show that the proposed model accurately predicts ejector performance over all ranges of operation, and is a useful tool for predicting ejector performance within larger refrigeration cycle models.

Field of study: Engineering
Stability of differential susceptibility and infectivity epidemic models

We introduce classes of differential susceptibility and infectivity epidemic models. These models address the problem of flows between the different susceptible, infectious and infected compartments and differential death rates as well. We prove the global stability of the disease free equilibrium when the basic reproduction ratio $${\mathcal{R}_0 \leq 1}$$ and the existence and uniqueness of an endemic equilibrium when $${\mathcal{R}_0 >1 }$$ . We also prove the global asymptotic stability of the endemic equilibrium for a differential susceptibility and staged progression infectivity model, when $${\mathcal{R}_0 >1 }$$ . Our results encompass and generalize those of Hyman and Li ( 2005;  2006).

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics
Synthesis of N-methylcarbazoles from N-(2-iodoaryl)-N-methylanilines in the presence of potassium tert-butoxide and iron(II) bromide

An effective and accessible method was developed for the preparation of N-methylcarbazoles from N-(2-iodoaryl)-N-methylanilines. Cyclization occurred in the presence of potassium tert-butoxide and iron(II) bromide by a mechanism of radical homolytic substitution. Two regioisomers were formed in cases when the aryl groups had meta- substituents relative to the amino group.

Field of study: Chemistry
Particle simulation of a plasma erosion opening switch

A 2 1/2D cylindrical full electromagnetic particle in cell code ABLE 2D is used to simulate conducting and opening procession of a low density plasma erosion opening switch. The building of computing model and complex boundaries has been introduced in detail. In simulation results, current channel forms at the g enerator side of the plasma at first and migrates to the load side of the plasma with current increase. The electrons in the current chan nel move across plasma from cathode to anode by [WT5”HX]E×B[WT5” BZ] drift, the magnetic field is advected with the electron flow as a frozen in fie ld tied to the electrons. The ion density is almost unchanged in the conduction procession of PEOS, but become lower quickly in the opening procession. When PEOS is entirely opening, ion density near cathode is close to zero. Cathode emitting electrons h ave been insulted by magnetic field and can not move to the anode.

Field of study: Physics
Graphene on mica probed by scanning tunneling microscopy: networks of ABA and ABC stacked graphene and corrugation of the monolayer

Graphene flakes are prepared on freshly cleaved mica by exfoliation in different environments and studied by scanning tunneling microscopy in ultra high vacuum down to the atomic length scale. On the monolayer, we observed an overall roughness of about 60 pm, after heating the sample to 180{\deg}C which is larger than on similarly prepared multilayers (24 pm) and larger than on monolayers which have been mapped recently by atomic force microscopy without heating (24 pm). A slight preference for a distinct wave length ({\lambda}\simeq8 nm) of corrugations could be determined using an autocorrelation analysis. On few-layer graphene, a triangular network of partial dislocations separating ABC stacked and ABA stacked graphene was found similar to the networks occasionally visible on freshly cleaved HOPG. We found differences in the electronic structure of ABC and ABA stacked areas by scanning tunneling spectroscopy, i.e., a pronounced peak at 0.25 eV above the Fermi level exclusively in the ABA areas, which is largely responsible for the different apparent heights.

Field of study: Physics
Relationship between Personality Factors and Adaptation to Stress in a Military Institution

Personality factors mediating the adaptation to stress in military institutions were investigated. A comparison of Cattell 16 Factor PF scores was performed for Naval Academy plebes who dropped-out before the end of the first semester for non-academic reasons and those who remained. One personality factor significantly differentiated these two groups. Dropouts scored lower than remainders on the factor reflecting group-dependence. The results are discussed in light of the role of extraversion and affiliation in coping with stressful situations having interpersonal dimensions.

Field of study: Psychology
Negative δ13Ccarb shifts in Upper Ordovician (Hirnantian) Guanyinqiao Bed of South China linked to diagenetic carbon fluxes

The Late Ordovician Hirnantian glaciation coincided with a major perturbation of the global carbon cycle, characterized by large positive excursions of δ13Ccarb and δ13Corg known as the Hirnantian carbon isotopic excursion (HICE). Previous studies from South China have reported a positive shift in δ13Corg but ambiguous trends in carbonate carbon isotopes. To better define δ13Ccarb variation through the Ordovician-Silurian (O-S) transition in South China, we investigated multiple components (brachiopods, micritic matrix, and microspar cement) in five study sections representing shallow-shelf to deep-basin facies across the Yangtze Block. All sections exhibit negative δ13Ccarb shifts near the base of the Hirnantian stage, with small shifts in two sections (to between − 2 and − 1‰) and large shifts in three sections (mostly

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
[The role of ATP-dependent potassium channels and nitric oxide system in the neuroprotective effect of preconditioning].

To study a role of ATP-dependent potassium channels (K+ATP) in the neuroprotective effect of ischemic (IP) and pharmacological (PP) preconditioning and evaluate the dynamics of blood nitric oxide (NO) metabolites in cerebral ischemia.



A model of ischemic stroke induced by the electrocoagulation of a middle cerebral artery (MCA) branch was used in male rats (n=86). Glibenclamide, a selective inhibitor of ATP-sensitive K+ channels, and diazoxide, a potassium channel activator, were used. IP and PP were performed 24 h before MCA occlusion. Blood concentrations of NO, NO3- and NO2-were measured 5, 24 and 72 h after occlusion.



IP decreased a lesion area by 37% (p<0/05) and the preliminary introduction ofglibenclamide levelled the effect of IP. A protective effect of PP was similar to that of IP. A decrease in oxygenated R-conformers of Hb-NO and a reverse increase in non-oxygenated T-conformers as well as NO3- и NO2-were noted 5h after MCA occlusion. In the first 24 h after MCA occlusion, contents of NO3- and NO2- returned to normal values. There were changes in the concentrations of Hb-NO complexes as well, with the predominance of R-conformers and minimal contents of T-conformers. Moreover, the correlations between K+ATP channel blockade and the decrease in serum NO3- and NO2 were found (p<0/03).



The neuroprotective effect of preconditioning is caused by the activation of K+ATP channels. An analysis of NO metabolite concentrations in the blood of rats with IP suggests that Hb-NO complexes belonging to R-conformers deposit and carry NO in tissues releasing NO accumulated via R→T transfer in conditions of ischemia.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Synchronization and secure communication of uncertain chaotic systems based on full-order and reduced-order output-affine observers

This paper deals with the problems of chaos synchronization and secure communication for a class of uncertain chaotic systems. The uncertain chaotic systems under consideration are subject to modeling uncertainties and depend affinely on a set of measurable system outputs. Two types of observer are proposed to achieve chaos synchronization and secure communication. First, a full-order output-affine observer is proposed to simultaneously estimate the system states and the message signals. Second, a reduced-order output-affine observer is proposed to simultaneously estimate the unmeasured system states and the message signals. A numerical example is given for a chaotic system to show the design procedure and the effectiveness of the proposed observers. The simulation results indicate that the proposed observers work well.

Field of study: Mathematics
Copper Sheathing and the British Slave Trade

type="main"> British slave traders were early and rapid adopters of the new technique of sheathing ships' hulls with copper. From the 1780s this innovation increased sailing speeds of British slave ships by about a sixth, prolonged the ships' lives by at least a half, and reduced the death rates of slaves on the middle passage by about half. It was, above all, the fall in death rates, and possibly the improved condition of surviving slaves, that made the investment so compelling. Copper sheathing may have paid for itself in a single voyage, even though it was usually good for several. By the 1790s few slave ships, even if making only a single voyage, were uncoppered. These results confirm that copper sheathing was one of the major improvements in shipping productivity before the use of iron and steam in the mid-nineteenth century.

Field of study: Economics, History
Modulation of the membrane-binding domain of tau protein: splicing regulation of exon 2.

Tau is a microtubule-associated protein whose transcript undergoes complex regulated splicing in the mammalian nervous system. The N-terminal domain of the protein interacts with the axonal membrane, and is modulated by regulated inclusion of exons 2 and 3. These two tau exons are alternatively spliced cassettes, in which exon 3 never appears independently of exon 2. Previous work with tau minigene constructs indicated that exon 2 resembles a constitutive exon. In this study, we show that exon 2 is regulated by a combination of exonic and intronic enhancers and silencers. Furthermore, we demonstrate that known splicing regulators affect the ratio of exon 2 isoforms. Lastly, we tentatively pinpoint the site of action of several splicing factors which regulate tau exon 2.

Field of study: Biology
Incorporation of 2′-O-Methyl-2-thiouridine into Oligoribonucleotides Induced Stable A-form Structure

The conformational pre-organization of oligonucleotides containing two 2′-O-methyl-2-thiouridines (s2Um) was studied. Melting temperature (Tm) and CD spectrum analysis of single strands and duplexe...

Field of study: Chemistry
EQUIVALENT TRUSS ELEMENTS FOR PLANE AND SPACE PROBLEMS

A new equivalent truss element method, is proposed on the basis of stress/strain equivalence between a truss element and a micro unit. Theoretical analysis and numerical examples show that it is feasible to analyze plane or space stress problems. The proposed method is simpler than the usual finite element method, and easy to be computerized. It is found that the results using the method satisfy engineering precision requirements.

Field of study: Engineering
A Discussion on Crushing and Grinding Technologies of a Copper Concentrator

In order to meet the requirement of ore capacity of 1200t/d, a technical innovation (from actual capacity of 600t/d to 1200t/d capacity in Cu-S concentrator) has been put into practice by a copper mine, previous cone crushing and screening are replaced by semi-autogenous grinding. The results indicate that after the technical innovation, not only the capacity is increased, but also the process is simplified, a good economic effect has been gained.

Field of study: Materials science