nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Nitrosomonas europaea biofilm formation is enhanced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Biofilms are useful in biotechnology applications such as wastewater treatment, where aggregation of cells on surfaces can increase retention of slow‐growing organisms such as ammonia‐oxidizing bacteria (AOB). The formation and morphological development of polymicrobial biofilms including AOB are not thoroughly understood. Here, we investigated the formation of Nitrosomonas europaea AOB biofilms in flow cell systems. Nitrosomonas europaea developed substantially greater biovolume in co‐culture with heterotrophic Pseudomonas aeruginosa than when cultured alone. In single‐species biofilms, N. europaea formed thin, dispersed layers of cells. Contrastingly, when N. europaea was added to flow cells containing pre‐established P. aeruginosa biofilms, N. europaea associated closely with P. aeruginosa, resulting in dual‐species clusters with greater quantities of N. europaea. These results indicate that P. aeruginosa enhances the formation of N. europaea in biofilms. This favorable association of N. europaea with heterotrophic biofilms is expected to facilitate development of improved strategies for retention of N. europaea and other slow‐growing AOB in engineered bioreactors.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
α decay properties of 297 Og within the two-potential approach

The present work is a continuation of our previous paper [J.-G. Deng, et al.,  (2017)]. In the present work, the α decay half-life of the unknown nucleus 296Og is predicted within the two-potential approach and the hindrance factors of all 20 even-even nuclei in the same region as 296Og, i.e. proton number 82<Z<126 and neutron number 152<N<184, from 250Cm to 294Og, are extracted. The prediction is 1.09 ms within a factor of 5.12. In addition, based on the latest experimental data, a new set of parameters of α decay hindrance factors for the even-even nuclei in this region, considering the shell effect and proton-neutron interaction, are obtained.

Field of study: Physics
Investigation Of The Relation Between Trust In The Manager And Organizational Justice

The aim of this study is to show the perception of trust in the manager of teachers working at public primary schools, secondary schools and high schools, and their perception of organizational justice, and reveal whether there is a correlation between the perception of trust in the manager and the perception of organizational justice. The study was carried out with 386 teachers working at public primary schools, secondary schools and high schools in Bakirkoy, Bagcilar and Kucukcekmece districts of Istanbul province in the second semester of the 2015-2016 academic year. “The Trust in Manager Scale” consisting of 40 expressions developed by Islamoglu, Birsel and Boru (2007) was used in the study in order to determine the level of trust in the manager as a data collection tool, and the “Organizational Justice Scale” consisting of 19 expressions developed by Moorman and Niehoff (1993) and translated into Turkish by Polat (2007), and the personal information form were used in order to determine the perception of organizational justice. According to the results of the data analysis, it was observed that the teachers’ levels of trust in managers and organizational justice are at the “intermediate” level both in the sub-dimensions and in the total score. An “intermediate” level significant relationship was found between the teachers’ perception of trust in the manager and their organizational justice perception. The organizational justice perception increases as the teachers’perception of trust in their managers increases.  Primary school, secondary school, high school, trust in the manager, organizational justice

Field of study: Education
Reset dynamics and latching in niobium superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors

We study the reset dynamics of niobium(Nb)superconductingnanowire single-photon detectors (SNSPDs) using experimental measurements and numerical simulations. The numerical simulations of the detection dynamics agree well with experimental measurements, using independently determined parameters in the simulations. We find that if the photon-induced hotspot cools too slowly, the device will latch into a dc resistive state. To avoid latching, the time for the hotspot to cool must be short compared to the inductive time constant that governs the resetting of the current in the device after hotspot formation. From simulations of the energy relaxation process, we find that the hotspot cooling time is determined primarily by the temperature-dependent electron-phonon inelastic time. Latching prevents reset and precludes subsequent photon detection. Fast resetting to the superconducting state is, therefore, essential, and we demonstrate experimentally how this is achieved. We compare our results to studies of reset and latching in niobium nitride SNSPDs.

Field of study: Physics
In vitro and in vivo reversal of thyroid epithelial polarity: its relevance for autoimmune thyroid disease.

A method is described for culturing intact human thyroid follicles, based on the study of 40 thyroidectomy specimens from normal (n = 18) and diseased glands (n = 22). Reversal of the normal polarity of thyrocytes, whereby the microvilli move from the colloid edge to the vascular pole of the cells, occurs gradually when the amount of fetal calf serum (FCS) is changed from 0.5% to 10%. The translocation of thyroid 'microvillar' antigens, (surface expression of 'microsomal' and a separate surface antigen) from the follicular to the vascular pole of thyrocytes was assessed by indirect immunofluorescence with human sera containing microsomal antibodies, as well as by electron microscopy. In normal and diseased thyroid glands up to 80% of follicles became reversed after 5-10 days in high FCS and the microsomal/microvillar antigen persisted for about twice as long as in monolayer cultures. Spontaneous reversal of polarity was observed in six of eight glands from patients with Graves' thyrotoxicosis or toxic nodular goitre in freshly dispersed tissues or after 2 days in 0.5% FCS, unlike normal tissues where only a trace of reversal appeared after 7 days of culture under these conditions. It is postulated that polarity reversal may play a role in human thyroid autoimmunity as the normally secluded 'microvillar' antigens becomes transposed to the vascular pole of thyroid follicles where they are in direct contact with cytotoxic antibodies or sensitized immunocytes. This could initiate lesions in intact follicles. Inappropriate HLA-DR expression on thyrocytes, either stimulated by phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) or appearing spontaneously as an early marker of thyroiditis, did not correlate with reversal of polarity.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Infrared and millimetre-wave scintillometry in the suburban environment – Part 2: Large-area sensible and latent heat fluxes

A millimetre-wave scintillometer was paired with an infrared scintillometer, enabling estimation of large-area evapotranspiration across northern Swindon, a suburban area in the UK. Both sensible and latent heat fluxes can be obtained using this "two-wavelength" technique, as it is able to provide both temperature and humidity structure parameters, offering a major advantage over conventional single-wavelength scintillometry. The first paper of this two-part series presented the measurement theory and structure parameters. In this second paper, heat fluxes are obtained and analysed. These fluxes, estimated using two-wavelength scintillometry over an urban area, are the first of their kind. Source area modelling suggests the scintillometric fluxes are representative of 5–10 km2. For comparison, local-scale (0.05–0.5 km2) fluxes were measured by an eddy covariance station. Similar responses to seasonal changes are evident at the different scales but the energy partitioning varies between source areas. The response to moisture availability is explored using data from 2 consecutive years with contrasting rainfall patterns (2011–2012). This extensive data set offers insight into urban surface-atmosphere interactions and demonstrates the potential for two-wavelength scintillometry to deliver fluxes over mixed land cover, typically representative of an area 1–2 orders of magnitude greater than for eddy covariance measurements. Fluxes at this scale are extremely valuable for hydro-meteorological model evaluation and assessment of satellite data products.

Field of study: Environmental science
International summits and CML society

This article is a progress report on DFAIT's attempts to open up the foreign policymaking process through public consultations. Based on interviews with leaders in the NGO community, scholars and members of the Department, the report draws chiefly on experiences surrounding the Vancouver and Santiago summits but reflects as well the lessons of earlier events. The purpose is to identify the best practices of the recent past — and to illuminate persisting discontents.

Field of study: Political science
OPRM1 Asn40Asp predicts response to naltrexone treatment: a haplotype-based approach.

Individualized pharmacotherapy requires identification of genetic variants predictive of treatment response. In OPRM1, Asn40Asp has been reported to be predictive of response to naltrexone treatment. Nevertheless, the in vitro function of the polymorphism remains elusive and over 300 OPRM1 sequence variants have been identified to date. Therefore we used a haplotype-based approach to capture information of other genetic variants that might predict treatment response to naltrexone in the COMBINE Study.



5' nuclease genotyping assays (TaqMan) were applied for 10 SNPs. Five-locus haplotypes in 2 OPRM1 haplotype blocks were assigned to Caucasian participants. The relationship of the haplotypes to medication reflected by "good clinical outcome" was analyzed in 306 Caucasians treated without Combined Behavioral Intervention and with either naltrexone or placebo.



A significant haplotype by medication interaction (p = 0.03) was found in OPRM1 block 1. Naltrexone-treated alcoholics with haplotype AGCCC, the single haplotype carrying the Asp40 allele had the highest percent of good clinical outcome. When interaction of genotypes at each of the 5 loci comprising block 1 with medication was examined, only the Asn40/Asp40 and Asp40/Asp40 genotypes were found to significantly interact with naltrexone treatment. No haplotype by medication interaction was documented in OPRM1 block 2.



Our haplotype-based approach confirms that the single OPRM1 locus predictive of response to naltrexone treatment is Asn40Asp in exon 1. A substantial contribution of any other OPRM1 genetic variant to interindividual variations in response to naltrexone treatment (at least in terms of good clinical outcome) is not supported by our findings.

Field of study: Medicine
CO₂ assimilation in the chemocline of Lake Cadagno is dominated by a few types of phototrophic purple sulfur bacteria.

Lake Cadagno is characterized by a compact chemocline that harbors high concentrations of various phototrophic sulfur bacteria. Four strains representing the numerically most abundant populations in the chemocline were tested in dialysis bags in situ for their ability to fix CO₂. The purple sulfur bacterium Candidatus 'Thiodictyon syntrophicum' strain Cad16(T) had the highest CO₂ assimilation rate in the light of the four strains tested and had a high CO₂ assimilation rate even in the dark. The CO₂ assimilation of the population represented by strain Cad16(T) was estimated to be up to 25% of the total primary production in the chemocline. Pure cultures of strain Cad16(T) exposed to cycles of 12 h of light and 12 h of darkness exhibited the highest CO₂ assimilation during the first 4 h of light. The draft genome sequence of Cad16(T) showed the presence of cbbL and cbbM genes, which encode form I and form II of RuBisCO, respectively. Transcription analyses confirmed that, whereas cbbM remained poorly expressed throughout light and dark exposure, cbbL expression varied during the light-dark cycle and was affected by the available carbon sources. Interestingly, the peaks in cbbL expression did not correlate with the peaks in CO₂ assimilation.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Binocular cataract extraction with local anaesthetic

The results of binocular cataract extraction with local anaesthetic are presented, which are good enough and not different compared with monocular cataract operations in The Eye Hospital of Gadjah Mada University. By binocular cataract extraction the hospital stay of the patient is very short and is less expensive compared with one by one operation.  binocular cataract extraction - cataracts senilis - corpus vitreum zonulysis - glaucoma

Field of study: Medicine
The Complete Genomic Sequence of XJ-160 Virus Fisrtly Isolated in China

Our study showed that the complete genomic sequence of XJ 160 virus contains 11?626nt, exclusive of 5′cap and 3′ poly A, coding for 3?731 amino acids. The non structural region is comprised of 7?461 nt (60 7?523), coding for four non-structural proteins (nsp1 4; 2?486 amino acids ). The structural region contains 3?738 nt (7?568-1,1306), coding for 1?245 amino acids (capsid, E1-3, 6K). There are three of 59nt, 45nt, 323nt noncoding regions in 5′ end, a junction between non structural and structural regions and a 3′end. XJ 160 virus conserves all consensus sequence elements commonly found in alphaviruses. Compared with Sindbis viurs AR339 (strain HRSP), significant divergence was found in the XJ 160 sequence. Only 82% nucleotides and 91.4% amino acids were shared by the two strains. We have submitted this sequence to GenBank (AF1037280).

Field of study: Biology
Plausible involvement of extralysosomal proteinase in derangement of leucocytic Ca2+/Mg2+ ATPase in diabetes.

Translocation of calcium activated neutral proteinase from cytosol to plasma membrane, concurrently with decrease in the activity of membrane bound Ca2+/Mg2+ ATPase has been detected in diabetic polymorphonuclear leucocytes. Plausible involvement of the extralysosomal proteinase in the derangement of the Ca2+/Mg2+ ATPase is indicated by non restoration of the enzyme activity on treatment with activators such as trypsin or calmodulin and enhanced membrane translocation of the proteinase observed with concomitant decrease in the activity of Ca2+/Mg2+ ATPase in normal neutrophils on insult with diabetic serum factor.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Physics
Concentrations, distribution, and persistence of perfluoroalkylates in sludge-applied soils near Decatur, Alabama, USA.

Sludges generated at a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in Decatur, Alabama have been applied to agricultural fields for more than a decade. Waste-stream sources to this WWTP during this period included industries that work with fluorotelomer compounds, and sludges from this facility have been found to be elevated in perfluoroalkylates (PFAs). With this knowledge, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency collected soil samples from sludge-applied fields as well as nearby "background" fields for PFA analysis. Samples from the sludge-applied fields had PFAs at much higher concentrations than in the background fields; generally the highest concentrations were perfluorodecanoic acid (≤ 990 ng/g), perfluorododecanoic acid (≤ 530 ng/g), perfluorooctanoic acid (≤ 320 ng/g), and perfluorooctane sulfonate (≤ 410 ng/g). Contrasts in PFA concentration between surface and deeper soil samples tended to be more pronounced in long-chain congeners than shorter chains, perhaps reflecting relatively lower environmental mobilities for longer chains. Several PFAs were correlated with secondary fluorotelomer alcohols (sec-FTOHs) suggesting that PFAs are being formed by degradation of sec-FTOHs. Calculated PFA disappearance half-lives for C6 through C11 alkylates ranged from about 1 to 3 years and increase with increasing chain-length, again perhaps reflecting lower mobility of the longer-chained compounds.

Field of study: Environmental science
Structural significance of sea-floor features around New Zealand

SummaryThe oceanic highs and deeps around New Zealand exhibit a marked linearity and fall into three groups whose features trend NW-SE, E-W and NNESSW. These groups are recognized as structural provinces — the Northwestern, Chatham and Kermadec Provinces respectively, with both age and geographic differences.The New Zealand land mass occupies a position at the meeting of the three structural trends and the relief is taken to be a function of this conjunction of trends.No signs of late structural activity along trends referable to the Northwestern and Chatham provinces have been observed in New Zealand, and the submarine relief could be of pre-Tertiary age.Active movement on the Kermadec province trend has taken place up to Recent time and the submarine features of this region are considerably younger.

Field of study: Environmental science
Efficacy and safety of antiepileptic therapy in children (a comparative analysis of valproates and barbiturates)

: The study aimed at a comparative analysis of safety and efficacy of valproic acid (valproate) and barbiturates in the treatment of epilepsy in children. Two hundred and forty children were treated with valproate, 94% being assigned to depakine and depakine chrono, and 210 children received barbiturates. Therapeutic effect (a decrease of seizures frequency by 2 and more times or remission) was detected in 82 of 127 (65 +/- 8.53%) patients for valproate monotherapy and only in 26 of 89 (30 +/- 9.45%) for barbiturates monotherapy. An efficacy of antiepileptic therapy in children was significantly higher (p<0.05) for valproates as compared to barbiturates. A drug withdrawal due to poor tolerability was recorded in 6 of 127 (5 +/- 3.7%) patients treated with valproate in monotherapy and in 14 of 210 (7 +/- 3.45%)--in polytherapy; in 53 of 89 (59 +/- 10.2%) patients treated with barbiturates in monotherapy and in 78 of 121 (65 +/- 8.53%) patients treated with barbiturates in polytherapy. Therefore, adverse effects occurred more often in barbiturates than in valproate treatment both for mono- and polytherapy (p<0.05). The results of the study confirmed the high efficacy and safety of valproates, specifically depakine chrono, in the treatment of epilepsy in children. depakine chrono in-take is associated with lower frequency of adverse effects; side-effects are mostly of dose-dependent character and do not result in the drug withdrawal. The authors do not recommend using barbiturates in the first-line treatment in children, because of the lower efficacy, high frequency of medical complications that might result in the drug withdrawal and reducing of the efficacy of other antiepileptic medications.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Water-level fluctuations in Lake Ontario over the last 4000 years as recorded in the Cataraqui River lagoon, Kingston, Ontario

The modern sediments in the Cataraqui River lagoon and marsh (Kingston, Ontario) consist of mixtures of organic material and clayey silts, the organic content of which increases as water depth decreases; gyttjas are accumulating in the deeper water parts of the lagoon, whereas peat is the dominant sediment in the very shallow water portion of the lagoon (< 0.7 m) and in the adjacent marsh. Cores show that one partial (modern) and two complete depositional cycles (gyttja passing upwards into peat) have formed within the last 4000 years. The contact between cycles (gyttja over peat) is abrupt. These cycles are interpreted as resulting from fluctuations in the level of Lake Ontario about the long-term rising trend. Radiocarbon dates show that relatively low levels prevailed from 4100 to 3300 BP and from 2300 to 1900 BP; rapid rises in water level, which are indicated by the abrupt contact between cycles, occurred at 3300–3100 BP and some time between 2000 and 1500 BP. These water-level changes are synchronou...

Field of study: Environmental science
Kadcast: A Structured Approach to Broadcast in Blockchain Networks

In order to propagate transactions and blocks, today's blockchain systems rely on unstructured peer-to-peer overlay networks. In such networks, broadcast is known to be an inefficient operation in terms of message complexity and overhead. In addition to the impact on the system performance, inefficient or delayed block propagation may have severe consequences regarding security and fairness of the consensus layer. Therefore, we introduce Kadcast, a novel peer-to-peer protocol for block propagation in blockchain networks. Kadcast utilizes the well-known structured overlay topology of Kademlia to realize an efficient broadcast operation with tunable overhead. As our protocol is based on UDP, we incorporate forward error correction (FEC) to increase reliability while still maintaining its lightweight protocol architecture. To this end, we build a probabilistic model to analyze Kadcast's resilience to packet losses and node failures. Moreover, we evaluate Kadcast's block delivery performance, broadcast reliability, efficiency, and security based on advanced network simulations, which confirm the merits of the Kadcast protocol.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Teachers of Economic Principles: Effect on Student Achievement and Attitudes.

A number of experimental studies support the conclusion that different methods may be used with equal effectiveness for teaching the beginning college course in economics, generally called Principles of Economics. Although their main concern was with methods of teaching, some of these same studies also suggest that the individual instructor does not seem to influence the amount learned by his students. The experiment described here is intended primarily to compare the effects of six individual instructors, meeting with their students in sections of from twenty-seven to thirty-seven students each for three hours a week, on the test performance and attitude of their students. We conclude that the individual instructors do not significantly influence the achievement of their students but do influence dramatically the attitudes of their students not only toward the instructor but also toward the subject matter of economics. This conclusion suggests that teachers might better concentrate on creating a favorabl...

Field of study: Education
A Bijection Between the Adjoint and Coadjoint Orbits of a Semidirect Product

We prove that there exists a geometric bijection between the sets of adjoint and coadjoint orbits of a semidirect product, provided a similar bijection holds for particular subgroups. We also show that under certain conditions the homotopy types of any two orbits in bijection with each other are the same. We apply our theory to the examples of the affine group and the Poincare group, and discuss the limitations and extent of this result to other groups.

Field of study: Mathematics