nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Enrichment of Female Germline Stem Cells from Mouse Ovaries Using the Differential Adhesion Method

The isolation and establishment of female germline stem cells (FGSCs) is controversial because of questions regarding the reliability and stability of the isolation method using antibody targeting mouse vasa homologue (MVH), and the molecular mechanism of FGSCs self-renewal remains unclear. Thus, there needs to be a simple and reliable method for sorting FGSCs to study them.  We applied the differential adhesion method to enrich FGSCs (DA-FGSCs) from mouse ovaries. Through four rounds of purification and 7-9 subsequent passages, DA-FGSC lines were established. In addition, we assessed the role of the phosphoinositide-3 kinase (PI3K)-AKT pathway in regulating FGSC self-renewal.  The obtained DA-FGSCs spontaneously differentiated into oocyte-like cells in vitro and formed functional eggs in vivo that were fertilized and produced healthy offspring. AKT was rapidly phosphorylated when the proliferation rate of FGSCs increased after 10 passages, and the addition of a chemical PI3K inhibitor prevented FGSCs self-renewal. Furthermore, over-expression of AKT-induced proliferation and differentiation of FGSCs, c-Myc, Oct-4 and Gdf-9 levels were increased.  The differential adhesion method provides a more feasible approach and is an easier procedure to establish FGSC lines than traditional methods. The AKT pathway plays an important role in regulation of the proliferation and maintenance of FGSCs. These findings could help promote stem cell studies and provide a better understanding of causes of ovarian infertility, thereby providing potential treatments for infertility.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Anionic Fluoro Complex of Element 105, Db

We report on the characteristic anion-exchange behavior of the superheavy element dubnium (Db) with atomic number Z = 105 in HF/HN0 3 solution at the fluoride ion concentration [F - ] = 0.003 M. The result clearly demonstrates that the fluoro complex formation of Db is significantly different from that of the group-5 homologue Ta in the 6th period of the periodic table while the behavior of Db is similar to that of the lighter homologue Nb in the 5th period.

Field of study: Chemistry
Mental Retardation and Phenotypic Abnormalities Associated with Apparently Balanced Translocation Involving Chromosomes 2, 3 and 7

A 6-year-old boy with mental retardation (IQ:60) and minor anomalies including narrow forehead, small nose, short philtrum, highly arched palate, micrognathia, prominent ears, abnormal teeth and hyper

Field of study: Medicine
Correspondance de springer modulaire et matrices de décomposition

Springer a construit en 1976 une correspondance faisant un lien entre les representations irreductibles ordinaires (en caracteristique zero) d'un groupe de Weyl et la geometrie de la variete nilpotente associee. Dans cette these, nous definissons une correspondance de Springer modulaire (en caracteristique positive), et nous montrons que les nombres de decomposition d'un groupe de Weyl (par exemple le groupe symetrique) sont des cas particuliers de nombres de decomposition de faisceaux pervers equivariants sur la variete nilpotente. Nous determinons cette correspondance dans le cas du groupe symetrique, et montrons que la regle de suppression de lignes et de colonnes de James est une consequence d'une equivalence de singularites nilpotentes obtenue par Kraft et Procesi. Nous calculons aussi explicitement les nombres de decomposition associes aux classes reguliere et sous-reguliere d'une part, et aux classes minimale et triviale d'autre part.

Field of study: Mathematics
Regulation of root respiration in two species of Plantago that differ in relative growth rate: the effect of short‐ and long‐term changes in temperature

This study investigates the effect of short- and long-term changes in temperature on the regulation of root respiratory O 2 uptake by substrate supply, adenylate restriction and/or the capacity of the respiratory system. The species investigated were the lowland Plantago lanceolata L. and alpine Plantago euryphylla Briggs, Carolin & Pulley, which are inherently fast- and slow-growing, respectively. The plants were grown hydroponically in a controlled environment (constant 23 °C). The effect of long-term exposure to low temperature on regulation of respiration was also assessed in P. lanceolata using plants transferred to 15/ 10 °C (day/night) for 7 d. Exogenous glucose and uncoupler (CCCP) were used to assess the extent to which respiration rates were limited by substrate supply and adenylates. The results suggest that adenylates and/or substrate supply exert the greatest control over respiration at moderate temperatures (e.g. 15-30 °C) in both species. At low temperatures (5-15 °C), CCCP and glucose had little effect on respiration, suggesting that respiration was limited by enzyme capacity alone. The Q 10 (proportional increase of respiration per 10 °C) of respiration was increased following the addition of CCCP and/or exogenous glucose. The degree of stimulation by CCCP was considerably lower in P. euryphylla than P. lanceolata. This suggests that respiration rates operate much closer to the maximum capacity in P. euryphylla than P. lanceolata. When P. lanceolata was transferred to 15 °C for 7 d, respiration acclimated to the lower growth temperature (as demonstrated by an increase in respiration rates measured at 25 °C). In addition, the Q 10 was higher, and the stimulatory effect of exogenous glucose and CCCP lower, in the cold-acclimated roots in comparison with their warm-grown counterparts. Acclimation of P. lanceolata to different day/night-time temperature regimes was also investigated. The low night-time temperature was found to be the most important factor influencing acclimation. The Q 10 values were also higher in plants exposed to the lowest night-time temperature. The results demonstrate that short- and long-term changes in temperature alter the importance of substrate supply, adenylates and capacity of respiratory enzymes in regulating respiratory flux.

Field of study: Environmental science
DATING OF THE 1746 ERUPTION OF TRES VIRGENES VOLCANO, BAJA CALIFORNIA DEL SUR, MEXICO

The most recent eruption of Tres Virgenes volcano, Baja California del Sur, Mexico, is dated as late May or early June, 1746, by the contemporary map and itineraries of Ferdinando Consag, S. J. Probable existence and locations of other confirmatory documents are indicated.

Field of study: Geology
Determination of endocrine-disrupting potencies of agricultural soils in China via a battery of steroid receptor bioassays.

Pollution of agricultural soils by pesticides, such as organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), can be a significant issue since high detection rates of these compounds were reported in our previous studies. However, more uncertain kinds, quantities and density of pollutants remained in soil samples were unidentified. In this study, the total hormonal activities of complex mixtures of both known and unknown contaminants in agricultural soils in mainland China were measured by applying highly sensitive reporter gene assays for detecting agonists/antagonists for estrogen receptor (ER), androgen receptor (AR), progesterone receptor (PR), glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and mineralocorticoid receptor (MR). High detection rates of estrogenic activities and anti-progestogenic activities were observed among the 123 soil samples, reaching 79% and 73%, respectively. More than half of the soil samples showed obvious antagonistic effects against AR and GR. Approximately a third of tested samples exhibited androgenic, progestogenic and glucocorticoidic effects. A total of 72% and 78% soil extracts had mineralocorticoid-like and anti-mineralocorticoid activities, respectively. Significant positive correlations were observed between estrogenic activity and the concentrations of Σdichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs), Σendosulfans, Σchlordanes, heptachlor and Σdrins, respectively, but not other receptors. As a rapid and convenient pre-caution method, determination of endocrine-disrupting potencies of contaminated soils via bioassay could help to identify and define sites that required further attention for ecological risk assessments.

Field of study: Environmental science
The relationship between ermB gene and transposon Tn1545 and Tn917 in erythromycin-resistant enterococcal isolates

To characterize ermB gene transposition by Tn1545 and Tn917 in macrolide-re- sistant 158 enterococcal isolates in Beijing Children's Hospital. Agar dilution was used to study the drug resistance to erythromycin and polymerase chain reaction was used to test ennB gene,mefA gene,Tn1545 and Tn917 of enterococcal isolates. Among all the 158 enterocoeeal isolates in pediatrics,MIC_(50) and MIC_(90) of erythromycin were same as 256μg/ml.The total ermB gene carriage rate is 70.7%,the ermB gene in E.faecalis,E.faecium,E.durans,E.avium and E.hirae accounted for 78.3%,58.1%,100%, 100%,100%,respectively.The ennB gene carriage rate in E.faecalis was higher than that in E.faecium. There was no mefA gene in E.faecalis,only one E.faecium was positive for mefA gene.The ermB gene existed only in Ta1545 was 40.6%,the ermB gene existed only in Tn917 was 0.9%.The ermB gene existed in Ta1545 and Tn917 was 46.2%.Conclusion Resistance to erythromyein in enterococcal isolates in Beijiag Children's Hospital was generally mediated via ermB gene,which was mainly transported by Tn1545 in resistance to macroli- de in enterococcal isolates.

Field of study: Biology
Ground state properties of $^{4}He$ and $^{12}C$ nuclei at equilibrium and at large static compression at zero temperature using Nijmegen and Reid Soft Core nucleon-nucleon interactions

In this paper, we investigate the ground state properties ($i.e$ binding energy, nuclear radius, radial density distribution and single particle energies) for $^{4}He$ and $^{12}C$ nuclei at equilibrium and at large static compression at zero temperature by using two realistic different potentials namely, Nijmegen and Reid Soft Core (RSC)potentials. We carry out the calculations in No-Core Shell Model space consisting of six major oscillator shells within the framework of the Constrained Spherical Hartree- Fock (CSHF) approximations. We find out that, the computed equilibrium root mean square radii and the Hartree Fock energies for 4He and 12C with those two different potentials are very close to the experimental values of the nuclear radii and nuclear binding energies for the same nuclei.

Field of study: Physics
On the characteristics of the vulnerable group of college students

The survey of 1467 students from 13 colleges and universities through a self-organized questionnaire found that the obvious difference exist comprehensively in many aspects,including living condition,adapting condition,teacher-student relation,family relation,companion relation,study burden,study level,mental diathesis and college influence.Economy level,study level and college influence are the main reasons for college students to regard themselves as the vulnerable group.There are different in both of different grades and student from different places.The vulnerable group of college students can be divided into the following four types: family-living weak condition,communication-psychological weakness,college vulnerable condition and living condition-study weakness.Obvious difference between the vulnerable and non-vulnerable group of college students exist on living condition,adapting condition,teacher-student relation,family relation.

Field of study: Education
Study on extraction of bamboo leaves flavonoids by homogenate extraction technique and its antioxidant activity

Based on the results of single-factor research,the optimum homogenate extraction conditions of total flavonoids from bamboo leaves were confirmed as follows:80%(v/v) ethanol aqueous solution,ratio of solid to liquid of 1:40 and homogenate time of 40 s.Total flavonoids were obtained by isolation of the crude extracts through AB-8 resin column chromatography.Compared with the ethanol reflux method,the homogenate extraction method resulted in the reduction of extraction time from 3 h to 40 s,an increase of 20.2% in the yield of total flavonoids and 63.3% in the yield of isoorientin.DPPH method was used to identify and compare antioxidant activity of total flavonoids obtained by those two methods,and the effect on the elimination of DPPH of total flavonoids obtained by the homogenate extraction method was better than those using ethanol reflux method.The composition analysis showed that total flavonoids in bamboo leaves of Phyllostachys nigra var.henonis mainly contained orientin,vitexin and isovitexin.The homogenate extraction was a simple and high efficient method for extracting bamboo leaves flavonoids.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
β‐oxidation enzymes and the carnitine‐dependent oxidation of palmitate and palmitoyl CoA in mitochondria from avocado

Two sites for the β-oxidation of fatty acids in avocado (Persea americana L.) mesocarp exist. One site is the microbody, the other the mitochondrion. It is apparent that the mitochondrial membrane barrier, which remains intact after sucrose density gradient centrifugation, prevents rapid access of acyl CoA substrates to matrix β-oxidation sites. Thus, intact mitochondria showed little β-oxidation enzyme activity. Rupturing of the mitochondrial membrane allowed rapid access of the acyl CoA substrates to matrix sites. Consequently, in ruptured mitochondria, high O2-oxidation enzyme activities were measured. O2 uptake studies further distinguished the two organellar sites of β-oxidation. During palmitoyl CoA oxidation, O2 uptake was reduced by catalase and increased by KCN in the microbodies, whilst mitochondrial O2 uptake was unaffected by catalase and reduced by KCN. This reflected the differing fates of FADH2, produced during the first β-oxidation step, in the two organelles. In addition, only the mitochondrial β-oxidation of fatty acids was carnitine-dependent.

Field of study: Environmental science
Effects of varenicline on ethanol- and food-maintained responding in a concurrent access procedure.

Varenicline has been reported to reduce drinking in smokers and to selectively decrease responding for ethanol (EtOH) versus alternatives in preclinical studies. Such selectivity may reflect potential therapeutic effects and the involvement of nicotinic receptors in EtOH reinforcement. However, these studies have been conducted with EtOH and an alternative available in isolation or in separate groups, and selectivity can depend on the context in which reinforcement occurs. Whether varenicline selectivity is maintained when EtOH and an alternative are concurrently available has not been reported. To examine the effects of varenicline on EtOH self-administration when an alternative is concurrently available, male Lewis rats (n = 5) were trained to respond for EtOH and food under a concurrent FR5 FRX schedule where the fixed ratio (FR) for food was adjusted (FR = 25 or 35 for each subject) to provide similar numbers of EtOH and food deliveries during a 30-minute session.



Doses of varenicline (0.56 to 5.6 mg/kg, i.p.) or vehicle were administered 30 minutes before sessions. Effects of varenicline on responding across the session and during each tenth of the session were compared to responding following vehicle treatment.



Lower doses (0.56 to 1.0 mg/kg) of varenicline increased responding for EtOH without affecting responding for food. Higher doses disrupted responding for EtOH and food similarly.



Previous reports of varenicline selectivity on EtOH-maintained responding do not generalize to other experimental conditions such as a concurrent schedule. The increase in responding for EtOH following lower doses might be due to enhanced EtOH reinforcement, decreased food reinforcement, rate dependency, or greater perseverance on the initial, EtOH response.

Field of study: Medicine
Aethylenester zweibasischer Säuren und Phenole

Theoretischer Theil. Die neutralen Aethylen und Methylenester der zweibasischen Sauren sind bisher kaum Gegenstand einer naheren Untersuchung gewesen. N e m i r o w s k i l ) erwahnt in einer vorlaufigen Mittheilung einen aus Glycol und Phosgen entstehenden Kohlensaureathylenester, der bei 39O schmilzt und bei 236O unzersetzt siedet. Den Aethylenester der Trithiokohlensaure beschreibt Hus e m a n n z, als gut krystallisirbare Verbindung, wahrend der Methylenester ein amorphes Pulver darstellt. Aus oxalsaurem Silber nnd Methylenjodid, Aethyleiijodid oder -bromid versuchten B u t 1 e r ow, Golo w k i n s k i 3), und K a r e t nilr ow 4, vergebens, zu entsprechendcn Estern zu gelangen. Schon vor etwa 30 Jahren hat L o u r e n $ 0 5, durch Erhitzen von Bernsteinsaure mit Glycol auf 300° einen neutralen Bernsteinsaureathylenester erhalten, der sich nach einer kurzen Bemerkung von 0. D a v i d off6) auch aus bernsteinsaurem Silber und Aethylenbromid bildet. Der Ester ist krystallinisch fahr goo

Field of study: Chemistry
Comparing urban coastal flood risk in 136 cities under two alternative sea-level projections: RCP 8.5 and an expert opinion-based high-end scenario

The high degree of uncertainty associated with the extent of future sea-level rise stems primarily from the potential mass loss of the Greenland and Antarctica ice-sheets. We explore the impact of this uncertainty on economic damage due to sea-level rise for 136 major coastal cities. We compare the probability distribution for damage under the assumption of no adaptation for two relative sea-level projections: the RCP 8.5 scenario from the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report and a High-end scenario that incorporates expert opinion on additional ice-sheet melting. We use the 50th and 95th percentiles to estimate expected damage and one risk measure, the Expected Shortfall ES (95%), which represents the impact of low-probability, high-damage coastal flood risk (above the 95th percentile). Aggregate expected damage by 2050 under RCP 8.5 is US$1,600 billion, while the aggregate risk measure ES(95%) is almost twice as much as the average damage at US$3,082 billion. Under the High-end scenario, ES(95%) figures in Guangzhou and New Orleans by 2050 are twice as high as the expected damage. The city of Guangzhou leads the ranking under both scenarios, followed by Mumbai and New Orleans. Our results suggest that it is critical to incorporate the possibility of High-end scenarios into coastal adaptation planning for future sea-level rise, especially for risk-averse decision-making.

Field of study: Environmental science
Relations of Children's Proactive and Reactive Assertiveness to Peer Acceptance: Moderating Effects of Social Interest

Previous studies on the social outcome of assertiveness reported mixed findings, failing to support the assumption that assertiveness promotes peer acceptance. In an attempt to provide explanations for the inconsistencies in prior findings, this study proposed making a distinction between proactive and reactive assertiveness and examined the moderating effects of social interest. A total of 441 fifth and sixth graders (232 boys, 209 girls; M age=10.6 yr., SD=0.6) participated in the study. Results indicated that proactive assertiveness was positively related to peer acceptance regardless of social interest. By contrast, reactive assertiveness was positively related to peer acceptance but only when social interest is high. When social interest is low, it was negatively associated with peer acceptance.

Field of study: Psychology
Slow Current Discharges and Quenching of the MSU Superconducting Cyclotron Gas-Stopper Magnet

The Michigan State University cyclotron gas-stopper magnet generates a strong focusing cyclotron magnetic field that permits an ion beam of up to 100 MeV/u to enter the magnet and have most of its energy reduced by low-pressure helium gas. The magnet has two superconducting coil cryostats mounted within warm iron poles and a warm split iron return yoke. The coils are connected in series using room temperature cables. The peak magnet stored energy is 3.5 MJ. The magnet has been tested to its full operating current of 180 A. During tests, the magnet discharged inadvertently three times. Two low-current discharges caused the magnet current to decay through the power supply system. A discharge at 180 A quenched the magnet, because the quench protection system caused the magnet to discharge across a 1.25-Ω resistor. This fired the cold quench protection diodes within the cryostat, quenching both coils. The magnetic field in the gap was measured as the magnet discharged. For the two low-current discharges, the magnetic field followed the current in the external magnet circuit. During a quench, the magnetic field decay rate was much slower than the external circuit current decay rate.

Field of study: Physics
Best stable and invertible approximations for ARMA systems

A method is proposed for finding the best stable and invertible approximations for an autoregressive moving average (ARMA) system, relative to a general quadratic metric in the coefficient space. Mathematically, the problem is equivalent to projecting the regression and moving average vectors of the system onto the set S of coefficients of monic Schur polynomials. The geometry of S is too complex to allow the problem to be approached directly in the ARMA coefficient space. A solution is obtained by constrained steepest descent in the hypercube of reflection coefficients, which is homomorphic to S. >

Field of study: Engineering
Current views on thermal conductivity and diffusivity measurements of oxide melts at high temperature

There have been various attempts to measure thermal conductivity of relatively low conductive materials such as oxides and nitrides, at high temperature. However, their accuracy was not sufficient to allow quantitative discussion mainly because of experimental difficulties, particularly at sample temperature above 1000 K, for several reasons. For example, the radiative heat flow is known to play a significant role at higher temperature, but the separation of such a component from the measured heat flows has only been established recently. An attempt will be made in this paper to review current information on thermal conductivity measurement of oxide melts at high temperature above 1000 K. Thus, this review is primarily concerned with the several methods for determining thermal conductivity of high temperature melts including their respective merits and demerits. A new laser-flash method proposed in the early 1960's has received much attention for determining thermal conductivity of high temperature melts and is an even better technique than the conventional techniques such as the hot-wire method. Although some advantages of the laser-flash method are readily apparent, major progress has been obtained only in the last few years and new information is now available. Therefore, it will be the authors' intention to provide the principle and the new data processing for the laser-flash method, including some selected examples of its application to determining thermal conductivity of oxide melts at high temperature. The relevant significant quantities such as the radiative heat transfer coefficient are also discussed, in order to facilitate the understanding of the present status of fundamentals and the powerful link between physical constants such as the reflective index of sample material and the required formulae for determining thermal conductivity of high temperature melts by the laser-flash method.

Field of study: Materials science