nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Deep brain stimulation for the treatment of drug addiction.

Drug addiction represents a significant public health concern that has high rates of relapse despite optimal medical therapy and rehabilitation support. New therapies are needed, and deep brain stimulation (DBS) may be an effective treatment. The past 15 years have seen numerous animal DBS studies for addiction to various drugs of abuse, with most reporting decreases in drug-seeking behavior with stimulation. The most common target for stimulation has been the nucleus accumbens, a key structure in the mesolimbic reward pathway. In addiction, the mesolimbic reward pathway undergoes a series of neuroplastic changes. Chief among them is a relative hypofunctioning of the prefrontal cortex, which is thought to lead to the diminished impulse control that is characteristic of drug addiction. The prefrontal cortex, as well as other targets involved in drug addiction such as the lateral habenula, hypothalamus, insula, and subthalamic nucleus have also been stimulated in animals, with encouraging results. Although animal studies have largely shown promising results, current DBS studies for drug addiction primarily use stimulation during active drug use. More data are needed on the effect of DBS during withdrawal in preventing future relapse. The published human experience for DBS for drug addiction is currently limited to several promising case series or case reports that are not controlled. Further animal and human work is needed to determine what role DBS can play in the treatment of drug addiction.

Field of study: Medicine
Stratigraphy and sedimentology of the Pennsylvanian Grande Anse Formation, Cumberland Basin, eastern Canada: its relationship to salt tectonics and coeval strata of the Joggins World Heritage Site

The Cumberland Basin is one of several sedimentary basins composing the late Paleozoic Maritimes Basin complex of eastern Canada. Pennsylvanian salt tectonics in the Cumberland Basin caused two sal...

Field of study: Environmental science
The effectiveness of dynamic proprioceptive correction in patients with cerebral palsy with cognitive impairment

: One hundred and sixty-seven patients with cerebral palsy (CP), aged 11-16 years, with spastic diplegia (n=87) and hemiparetic forms (n=80), with subgroups of mental retardation (MR) or intellectual delay (ID) have been studied. Standard treatment and application of a method of dynamic proprioceptive correction (MDPC) in the complex rehabilitation with the use of a medical and loading Adeli suit were used. Cognitive deficit in patients was characterized by the relative integrity of short-term nonverbal memory and marked impairment of verbal memory, verbal and nonverbal intellect. CP patients with intellectual delay demonstrated the predominant impairment of verbal functions. CP patients with mental retardation have the deficiency of both verbal and non-verbal cognitive functions. An individual profile of brain functional asymmetry in patients with CP was more lateralized than in healthy peers that can represent a mechanism for irregular development of cognitive functions in CP. Implementing the MDPC into comprehensive rehabilitation promotes the improvement of postural regulation and cognitive functions in children with CP compared to traditional methods of treatment. This is accompanied by the changes in functioning of the associative brain areas and hemispheric interaction.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Le cyborg ordinaire. À propos de l’article de L. Poenaru « Inconscient digital, excitation des limites, écran bêta »

Pour pouvoir soutenir un commentaire au texte qui précède, posons quelques repères qui paraissent essentiels à l’appréhension théorique et clinique de l’homme connecté. Commençons par un quotidien. Lorsque nous prenons notre voiture pour aller au travail, ou pour tout autre lieu, nous ne nous disons pas que nous sommes « addicts » tandis que nous « abusons » des kilomètres parcourus. Nous nous sentons libres de prendre notre véhicule, de l’habiter, de nous y immerger et même, parfois, de nous y reposer. Pourquoi ainsi sommes-nous plus inquiets, ou manifestement plus résistants, lorsqu’il s’agit de « petites boı̂tes », comme avec le smartphone ou avec la tablette ? Probablement parce qu’elles proposent un contenu qui nous retient, voire qui nous « machine » comme me le disait très justement un jour un chauffeur Uber – se sentant dans une forme de dépossession passive, et infantilisante, vis-à-vis des contenus proposés par son smartphone, davantage que dans une maı̂trise « réflexive » de ceux-ci. En effet, ces machines que nous incriminons, sont celles-là mêmes qui déversent une massivité de contenus qui dévorent notre temps, notre énergie, voire notre « disponibilité psychique ». Pour autant, en ne faisant que condamner ces espaces, nous croyons que nous passons à côté, en plein, de l’imaginaire de ces technologies, c’està-dire, aussi de ce qui manifeste le ressort essentiel de notre inévitable et authentique relation aux technologies. Soit que les technologies participent, aussi et surtout, des processus psychiques en tant que contenants. Comprenons ceci : dans notre Inconscient, les technologies ont une certaine place, voire même une place centrale, qu’il nous faut également approcher. Lorsque nous parlons d’extension, ou de projection dans les technologies, nous ne parlons justement pas seulement de la projection de notre vie psychique dans des « contenus », mais bien en tant que ces mêmes technologies prolongent ce qui permet l’enveloppement de ces mêmes contenus psychiques. Pour pouvoir l’envisager, revenons sur ce que peuvent représenter les technologies, et spontanément, pour le Moi inconscient. C’est que ces objets semblent posséder des attributs imaginaires, aussi bien que réels, en relation avec notre propre

Field of study: Philosophy
Physical-mechanical and Morphological Properties of Cellulose Reinforced Composites from Recycled Jute Woven Cloth

In this study, the jute cloth from recycled coffee bags was used to fabricate ecologically friendly composites by hand lay up molding technique. As the primal investigation, the effect of moisture contents of the jute cloth on the mechanical properties of the composites was discussed based on the results of 3 point bending and Izod impact tests. Additionally, The Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), and the thermogravimetric (TGA) were also performed to investigate the thermal properties of the composites. The results suggested that the moisture content of jute cloth did not affect significantly on the thermal behaviors. However bending and Izod impact tests’ results showed that the mechanical properties of composites deceased with the decrease of the moisture content. On the other hand, the composite with low moisture content had relative higher initial fracture stress which was considered affected by better interfacial between natural fiber and polymer.

Field of study: Materials science
A Novel Capillary Electrophoresis-Chemiluminescence System for Separation and Detection of Amino Acids

A peroxyoxalate-based chemiluminescence(CL) detection following capillary electrophoresis(CE) separations for assaying amino acids is described.To achieve high signal stability and sensivity,a new interface was designed including a new mixing mode and a new grounding electrode mode.A platinum wire-connected cathode of a high voltage source was put onto a stainless steel needle tube,which was used as grounding electrode.The CE capillary was inserted into the stainless steel needle tube and the capillary outlet was put on the outlet of the needle tube.The CE capillary and two reagent capillaries used for delivering chemiluminescence reagent were fixed oppositely to a reaction cell.Amino acids fluorescently tagged with dansyl chloride and naphthalene-2,3-dicarboxaldehyde(NDA) were used for the study.Results show this CE-CL system has good stability,resolution,sensitivity and reproducibility.The detection limits were 1.1 nmol/L for dansyl-leucine(Leu) and 2.0 nmol/L for dansyl-aspartic acid(Asp).The relative standard deviations of peak height and migration time were 2.3%-3.8% and 1.2%-1.5%,respectively.

Field of study: Chemistry
CertDB: A Practical Data Analysis System on Big Data

With the rapid development of big data technologies, more and more companies focus on the integration and analysis of the large scale data which are produced when the companies run, in order to discovering and solving their inner problems. Therefore, a data analysis system is in urgent need to process the big data generated by heterogeneous data sources (e.g. online and offline structured data, semi-structured data and non-structured data). Unfortunately, there is no integrated tool which can universally collect heterogeneous data sources, accomplish data ETL, storage, analysis, and knowledge output. In this paper, an integrated tool: CertDB is proposed, which can provide one-stop services of data collection, analysis, and knowledge output. The CertDB provides services to both expert and inexperienced data analysts, by proving both graphical BI interface and programming interface.

Field of study: Engineering
Energy-Dependent Polarization Variability as a Black Hole Signature.

A fully relativistic approach is used to calculate the observed polarization properties of sources orbiting a black hole. Unlike the Newtonian case, an irregular matter distribution around a black hole exhibits energy-dependent polarization variability; both the observed degree of polarization and the angle of the polarization plane have larger variability amplitudes at higher frequencies. These effects are dominated by the strong bending of light rays by the central mass. Observational confirmation of this predicted effect may serve as a rigorous test of the presence of a black hole.

Field of study: Physics
The impacts of REDD+ on the social-ecological resilience of community forests

Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD+) has emerged as an important and cost-effective climate change mitigation strategy internationally. In many localities around the world, REDD+ and related interventions have been superimposed on, and overlap with, existing decentralized institutional arrangements such as community forests. These interventions often modify local institutions through new rules and practices that comply with mostly carbon-related objectives, prompting questions about the compatibility of a top-down mechanism such as REDD+ with the decentralized approaches of community forestry. Thus, we asked: are REDD+ interventions in community forests enhancing or detracting from communities’ abilities to practice adaptive management and governance—key desired components of local social-ecological resilience and the ability of communities to respond to disturbance and global change? We conducted a systematic review of studies examining REDD+ interventions in community forests. We extracted data on 59 case studies reported on in 43 articles, stemming from 14 countries, with two thirds of the cases located in two countries alone. Our meta-analysis found that REDD+ has had mixed impacts on communities’ social-ecological resilience. Increases in network ties, connectivity across scales, and increased participation in decision making are indicators of enhanced potential for local adaptability. However, we also see that, through restrictions on local forest practices, rigidity in rules, and communities’ natural capital being locked into carbon contracts, REDD+ has limited communities’ ability to manage for uncertainty. While not representative of all existing REDD+ projects, our results suggest important implications for REDD+ policymakers and forest-reliant communities engaging in REDD+. Reconciling REDD+ goals with the need for forest communities to retain adaptive capacity will be a challenge moving forward, particularly if REDD+ compromises the ability of forest-reliant communities to respond to unexpected shocks or their ability to adapt to changing environmental or economic conditions.

Field of study: Environmental science
Immunoglobulin G subclass antibody responses in influenza A and parainfluenza type 1 virus infections.

Antibody responses in immunoglobulin G1, G2, G3, G4, A (IgA1) and M isotypes were studied in 10 patients with an acute influenza A and in another 10 patients with a parainfluenza type 1 virus infection using radioimmunoassay with standardized monoclonal anti-immunoglobulins. A four-fold or greater increase of antibody in patients have an acute influenza A virus infection, were found in IgG1 (all 10 cases), IgG3 (seven cases), IgG4 (eight cases) and in IgA1 (six cases) whereas IgG2 and IgM responses were observed only in one and three cases, respectively. The antibody titre values were converted to immunoglobulin units by multiplying the titre by a pre-determined correction coefficient compensating for the varying affinity of the individual monoclonal anti-immunoglobulins. These units were then used to calculate the actual proportions of each isotype. In the convalescent phase, 78% of total anti-influenza A antibodies were estimated to be of IgG1 isotype and other immunoglobulin isotypes varied from 3 to 7% of total. Similar results in parainfluenza virus antibodies were obtained with serum pairs from patients with an acute parainfluenza virus infection.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Causal Attributions in an Australian Aboriginal Family With Marfan Syndrome: A Qualitative Study

Causal attributions are important determinants of how health threats are processed and affect health-related behaviors. To date, there has been no research on causal attributions in genetic conditions in Aboriginal Australians. Forty members of a large Aboriginal Australian family with Marfan syndrome (MFS) were invited to participate in an ethically approved study exploring causal attributions, including perceived causes of phenotypic variability within the family. Eighteen individuals consented to conduct semi-structured qualitative interviews, which were recorded, transcribed verbatim and analyzed thematically. Most participants knew that MFS was genetic, but there were diverse theories about inheritance, including beliefs that it skipped generations, was affected by birth order and/or gender, and that it co-occurred with inheritance of blue eyes within this family. The mutation was thought to have been inherited from British settlers and initially triggered by disease or diet. Factors believed to modify disease severity included other genes and lifestyle factors, particularly alcohol and substance abuse and stress. Generally, this family did not endorse “blaming” chance or a higher power for phenotypic variability, though some felt that the spirits or a deity may have played a role. In conclusion, although participants knew MFS was a genetic condition, many speculated about the role of non-genetic causes in initiating the original mutation; and the gene-environment interaction was thought to affect severity. This study demonstrates a successful approach for exploring causal attributions in other genetic conditions in First Australians.

Field of study: Biology
Interleukin-1 beta increases basic fibroblast growth factor mRNA expression in adult rat brain and organotypic hippocampal cultures.

In situ hybridization was used to study the effect of IL-1 beta on acidic fibroblast growth factor (aFGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) mRNA expression in rat brain. Intraventricular injection of recombinant human IL-1 beta did not affect hybridization to aFGF mRNA but did induce significant and widespread increases in hybridization to bFGF mRNA. IL-1 beta induced increases in bFGF mRNA were bilaterally distributed and appeared to correspond with the distribution of non-neuronal cells. Thus, hybridization was increased in regions of both gray and white matter (e.g., corpus callosum), the ependymal lining of the third ventricle, and the pia matter. In hippocampus of IL-1 beta injected rats, hybridization was markedly increased in the molecular layers but not significantly increased in the neuronal cell layers. Elevations in bFGF mRNA were transient, peaking at 8 h postinjection in most areas. To determine if IL-1 beta effects were independent of activation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis, and to compare the cellular localization of increases in bFGF mRNA expression induced by IL-1 beta and bFGF, the regulation of bFGF expression was also studied in organotypic hippocampal slice cultures. Treatment of cultures with either IL-1 beta or bFGF stimulated the same general distribution of increases in bFGF mRNA as seen after IL-1 beta treatment in vivo with an additional effect on immature neurons within the hilar side of stratum granulosum; hybridization of bFGF mRNA was not increased in association with the more mature neurons of stratum pyramidale or stratum granulosum. Colocalization of bFGF cRNA hybridization with immunostaining for glial fibrillary acidic protein demonstrated that increases in bFGF mRNA induced both by IL-1 beta in vivo and in vitro and by bFGF in vitro were largely associated with astroglial cells. These findings suggest that IL-1 beta induction of bFGF contributes to the coactivation of these substances following various forms of insult to the CNS and initiates a cascade of trophic interactions that regulates processes of glial proliferation, neurotrophic factor expression, and neuroprotection.

Field of study: Biology
Nonequilibrium spin density around surfaces of current-carrying topological insulator thin film: A first-principles quantum transport study

We study microscopic details, over $\lesssim 1$ \AA{} length scale, of the nonequilibrium spin density $\mathbf{S}(\mathbf{r})$ driven by unpolarized charge current injection into a ballistic thin film of Bi$_2$Se$_3$ as a prototypical topological insulator (TI) material. We find a complex nonequilibrium spin texture on the surfaces of TI, as well as within $\simeq 2$ nm thick layer near the surfaces driven by penetration of evanescent wavefunctions from the metallic surfaces into the bulk. Averaging the spin texture over few \AA{} yields large nonzero component of $\mathbf{S}(\mathbf{r})$ in the direction transverse to the current flow. In addition, we find an order of magnitude smaller out-of-plane component when the direction of injected current with respect to Bi and Se atoms probes the largest hexagonal warping of the Dirac-cone dispersion on its surface. Our analysis is based on an extension of the nonequilibrium Green functions combined with density functional theory to situations involving noncollinear spins and spin-orbit coupling. We also demonstrate how DFT calculations with properly optimized local orbital basis set can precisely match putatively more accurate calculations with plane-wave basis set for the supercell of Bi$_2$Se$_3$.

Field of study: Physics
Presentation of functional foreign peptides on the surface of SV40 virus-like particles.

Viral capsids of simian virus 40 (SV40) are highly efficient gene delivery vehicles that infect a broad range of cells and tissues. To develop a controlled, cell type-specific delivery system, we sought to display foreign peptides on the capsid surface by genetically manipulating the major capsid protein Vp1. Here we report the identification of two sites within the surface loops of Vp1 that can accommodate foreign peptides in such a way that the foreign peptides are displayed on the surface of the virus-like particles (VLPs) without interfering with VLP assembly or the packaging of viral DNA. Insertion of Flag-tags but not RGD integrin-binding motifs at these sites strongly inhibited cell attachment of VLPs, which normally associate with host cells through cell surface molecules such as major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and ganglioside GM1. Instead, VLPs carrying the RGD motifs bound to integrin in vitro and to the cell surface in an RGD-dependent manner. Thus, insertion of foreign sequences into the surface loops of Vp1 can reduce natural virus-cell interactions and even confer an ability to bind to a new target receptor. This study demonstrates the potential usefulness of this strategy for the development of novel delivery vehicles with different cell tropisms.

Field of study: Biology, Engineering
The Formation of Perovskite during the Combustion of an Energy-Rich Glycine–Nitrate Precursor

The effect of different regimes of combustion of glycine–nitrate precursors on the formation of perovskite phases (LaMnO3 and LaCrO3) without additional heat treatment was studied. The following three combustion regimes were compared: the traditional solution combustion synthesis (SCS), volume combustion synthesis (VCS) using a powdered precursor, and self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS) using a precursor pellet. The products of combustion were studied using a series of physicochemical methods (attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy (ATR FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), and thermal analysis). SHS was found to be the most productive regime for the formation of perovskite because of its ability to develop high temperatures in the reaction zone, which led to a reduced content of the thermally stable lanthanum carbonate impurities and to an increased yield and crystallite size of the perovskite phase. The reasons for the better crystallinity and purity of LaCrO3 as compared with LaMnO3 is also discussed, namely the low temperatures of the onset of the thermolysis, the fast rate of combustion, and the favorable thermodynamics for the achievement of high temperatures in the reaction zone.

Field of study: Materials science
Scattering of He atoms from crystal surfaces: A tentative analysis on the surface crystallography of LiF(001)

This Letter describes a theoretical treatment of the excellent experimental results of Boato, Cantini, and Mattera for the He-LiF(001) system, in terms of a hard corrugated model for the surface. From the agreement achieved between theory and experiments, I conclude that one can represent the corrugated surface by z/sub 1/(x,y) =1/2xi/sub 1/ (cos(2..pi..x/a)+cos(2..pi..y/a))+1/2xi/sub 2/ )cos(2..pi.. (x+y)/a)+cos(2..pi.. (x-y)/a)), with xi/sub 1/=0.307 +- 0.003 A and xi/sub 2/=0.017 +- 0.003 A. This implies that the Li/sup +/ appear to be displaced upwards from the crystal surface by 0.036 +- 0.006 A. (AIP)

Field of study: Physics
Experimental research on heat and mass transfer characteristics of membrane energy accumulator used in solar refrigeration

An experimental platform was set up to test the heat and mass transfer performance inside the membrane energy accumulator (MEA). Hollow fiber MEAs (HFMEAs) and flat MEAs (FMEAs) were designed and tested. Compared with HFMEAs, FMEAs have higher mass transfer efficiency. The average mass transfer speed of the water vapor increased by 108.34 % when the evaporation temperature increased from 4.5°C to 12.3°C for HFMEA. When the evaporation temperature increased from 7.88°C to 19.51°C, the change in mass fraction of lithium bromide (LiBr) in FMEA increased by 62.36 %. Compared with a 60 % solution, the average mass transfer rate of water vapor molecules in a 70 % LiBr solution increased by 49.83 % for FMEA. In addition, the water vapor absorbed by the 70 % LiBr solution in 30 min increased by 18.63 % compared to that of the 60 % solution for FMEA. The effect of the initial solution temperature on the mass transfer rate is closely related to the mass fraction of LiBr. Both the mass transfer rate and crystallization melting process of the LiBr solution will accelerate by increasing the initial mass fraction and evaporation temperature.

Field of study: Engineering