nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Interspecific fungal interactions in spatially heterogeneous systems

The community dynamics of two- and three-fungal species interactions derived for a tessellated agar model system are described. The microcosm allows for the varied prescription of: (1) the number of fungal species interacting; (2) the spatial configuration (patchiness) of the distribution of individuals; (3) the magnitude of scale of spatial occupation by different fungal individuals; and (4) the operation of antagonistic mechanisms based on contact or longer range diffusible components. Stepwise logistic regressions for two-species interactions are used to inform the design of the multi-species interaction tessellations. The model prescribes and investigates complex parameters, such as spatiotemporal heterogeneity and microcosm scale (e.g. population patchiness and crossing times). Data are quantified as proportion, interface class and state transition class of viable fungal species. Spatiotemporal heterogeneity is represented using a novel application of principal component analysis which shows good intuitive agreement with visual assessment of the interaction outcome patterns, and allows effective comparison of the data as a whole. The model demonstrates the influence of the complex and coordinated behaviour of fungal mycelia on community development: interaction outcome of three-species interactions cannot be directly extrapolated from the relevant binary component interactions; interaction outcomes of the multi-species tessellations appears to be neither random nor fully deterministic; a degree of stochasticity is apparent in all tessellation arrangements; the smaller scale tessellations produce more consistent interaction outcome results, probably because experimental scale affects the duration of transient behaviour; and different initial spatial configurations of inoculum (irrespective of inoculum quantity or proportion) influence community development and reproducibility.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
The derivation of blup, ML, REML estimation methods for generalised linear mixed models

This paper presents a unified derivation of BLUP, ML and REML estimation procedures for normally distributed response variables with possibly correlated random components occurring in the mixed model for the mean. The theory is extended to generalised linear mixed models, where the response variable is not necessarily normally distributed but the model may be fitted using a penalised quasi-likelihood approach which mirrors the development in normal theory models. The method is applied to binomially distributed response variables with logit link to a mixed model containing a random component distributed as an AR(1) process.

Field of study: Mathematics
Light-induced c-fos mRNA expression in the suprachiasmatic nucleus and the retina of C3H/HeN mice.

Light-induced expression of c-fos mRNA was studied over a circadian period (approximately 24 h) in C3H/HeN mice maintained in constant dark. This mouse strain expresses an rd mutation (retinal degeneration) which does not affect light-induced phase shifts of circadian rhythms. c-fos mRNA expression in the retina and the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) after a light pulse (300 lux) was determined by in-situ hybridization autoradiography using a 35S-labeled c-fos riboprobe. Light induced the expression of c-fos mRNA in retino-recipient areas of the SCN. This response was dependent on the circadian time (CT) and was observed only during the subjective night (CT14-CT22) and early subjective day (CT2). However, the period of photosensitivity for c-fos induction extended 1 h over the period of photosensitivity for phase shifts in circadian behavior. In the retina of C3H/HeN mice, light-induced c-fos mRNA expression was observed in a small number of cells in the ganglion cell layer (approximately 0.2%) which may represent ganglion cells projecting to the SCN. A dependence of c-fos expression with the circadian time was observed in retinal ganglion cells, suggesting that retinal photosensitivity may also be controlled by a circadian oscillator. In conclusion, we demonstrated light-induced expression of the immediate early gene c-fos mRNA in both the retina and SCN of C3H/HeN mice expressing the rd mutation.

Field of study: Biology
Cognitive hierarchy thinking based behavioral game model for IoT power control algorithm

The Internet of Things (IoT) describes a future world of interconnected physical objects, with several applications in the areas of smart environments. To implement the IoT concept, the research in the areas of power controlled circuits, embedded systems design, network protocols and control theory should be required. With the much advancement in these areas, the realization of IoT is becoming increasingly probable. In this paper, we propose a novel adaptive power control scheme for IoT systems. Based on the cognitive hierarchy thinking mechanism, our proposed scheme is designed as a new behavioral game model to adaptively control the power level. To effectively solve the power control problem in IoT systems, game theory is well-suited and an effective tool. The experimental result illustrates that our game-based approach can get an effective transmission power, which can make the communication rate maximal. Under dynamic IoT system environments, it is highly desirable property.

Field of study: Computer science
The Art and Archaeology of Lusignan and Venetian Cyprus (1192–1571): Recent Research and New Discoveries. Michalis Olympios and Maria Parani, eds. Studies in the Visual Cultures of the Middle Ages 12. Turnhout: Brepols, 2019. 442 pp. €125.

Boursette, wife of the textile trader Huart Wallois, sold three black textile chambers to the duchess of Burgundy after the death of John the Fearless in 1419, as Wilson notes. In chapter 1, Wilson establishes the main suppliers of textiles, identifying a small group of preferred dealers, their locations, and the period of their activity, from Jacquet Dourdin of Paris to Pasquier Grenier of Tournai. Wilson argues that these individuals depended on social networks to obtain materials, produce the textiles, and provide additional services such as hanging and repair. In turn, the textile dealers sometimes took on significant service roles at the Burgundian court, for example, as varlet de chambre. Benefiting perhaps from court positions and extensive social networks, they also often held leadership roles in their communities. Wilson explores the use of textiles in the Burgundian dominions in chapter 2, seeing these woven works as flexible architecture. Usually installed as sets of coordinated hangings, bed covers, and pillow covers, known as chambres, these textiles could set the tone of a room, be keyed to the room’s purpose, and even create discreet spaces within a larger room. In both domestic and ecclesiastical settings, Wilson argues, textiles acted as surrogates for their owners, whether duke or merchant, embodying in their imagery and materiality the status of their owner. In chapter 3,Wilson looks at the practice of gift giving and the role of textiles as a means to bind social relationships. The presentation of tapestries with carefully calculated imagery could affirm a political partnership or signify a more precarious relationship. Textiles could deliver an indirect, diplomatic message, serving as tools to forge or unbind social or political ties. Wilson ends with an epilogue on the practice of repairing and reusing tapestries and textiles. As textiles moved from owner to owner, they carried the memory of their former lives. Meticulous care of tapestries, Wilson argues, reflected the significant social currency of these textiles, one that rivaled the value of their visual beauty and materiality. With a wealth of documentary references,Wilson’s book not only adds to the current discussion of tapestries and Burgundian social history but spotlights the late medieval entrepreneurs who supplied those tapestries and the intricate networks they forged.

Field of study: History
Space applications and implications of high temperature superconductivity

The High Temperature Superconductivity Space Experiment (HTSSE) opened new opportunities and applications for high temperature superconductivity. Space missions inherently benefit from reduced weight, size and power and HTS offers an order of magnitude improvement in these as well as simultaneously improving performance. The paper provides a short history of HTSSE and the current status of the next phase. The author outlines lessons learned from building the first space experiment and some challenges still remaining. He addresses the unique problems faced when HTS is "qualified" for use in the space environment and concludes with projections and predictions of what is next. The paper is intended to be of general interest and addresses material and electronics aspects of space applications. Summary results of tests conducted at the Naval Research Lab and elsewhere are presented as they relate to space qualification of HTS.<<ETX>>

Field of study: Physics
THe Effect of Method of Presentation on Spelling Scores

While scoring the spelling sub-test of the Cooperative English Test, Series II (1935 form), which had been administered to the majority of our freshmen,1 it occurred to the writers that the method of presentation em ployed in this particular test might not be very effective in securing a measure of a stu dent's real spelling ability. For the benefit of those unfamiliar with the Cooperative Eng lish Test, Series II, it should be pointed out that a student's ability to spell is measured by his ability to identify misspelled words in eight themes which make up the test of Eng lish Usage. Along with the misspelled words are errors in grammar, punctuation, and capi talization?all of which are to be corrected by the student in space provided at the right of the page. It seemed to the writers that the spelling test was really a measure of proof reading ability, and for that reason they de termined to measure spelling ability by an other procedure.

Field of study: Education
Influence of humic acid on arsenic bioaccumulation and biotransformation to zebrafish: A comparative study between As(III) and As(V) exposure.

Previous studies have indicated that natural organic matter in the aquatic environment could affect arsenic bioaccumulation and biotransformation to aquatic organisms. However, the differences between the effects of arsenite and arsenate exposure have not been studied and compared in fish exposure models. In this study, adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) were exposed to 5 mg/L inorganic As solutions, in the presence of a range of humic acid (HA) concentrations (1, 2.5, 5, 10, 20 mg/L) in 96 h waterborne exposure. Results showed that in the presence of HA, total As bioaccumulation was significantly reduced in zebrafish following arsenite exposure, while this reduction was not observed during arsenate exposure. The reduction in total arsenic bioaccumulation for arsenite exposure can be explained by the fact that HA forming a surface coating on the cell surface, hindering transport and internalization. However, this reduction in total As was not observed due to differences in uptake pathways for arsenate exposure. Results also showed that Arsenobetaine (AsB) was the main biotransformation product in zebrafish following inorganic As exposure, accounting for 44.8%-64.7% of extracted arsenic species in all exposure groups. The addition of HA caused levels of MMA and As(III) to decrease, while the distribution of AsB significantly increased in arsenite exposure groups. The increase in AsB could be because the As(III)-HA complex was formed, affecting the methylation of As(III). In contrast, the addition of HA to arsenate exposure groups, did not affect the reduction of As(V) to As(III) and therefore, an increase in the distribution of AsB was not observed in arsenate exposure groups. This study provides useful information on the mechanisms of toxicity, for improved risk assessment of As in natural aquatic environments.

Field of study: Environmental science
Comparative study of influence of reducing sugar content and polyphenol oxidase activity of raw sweet potato on the color of sweet potato granules

In order to compare and analyze the influence degree of reducing sugar content, PPO activity in raw sweet potato the color of sweet potato granules, the sugar content and PPO activity in 56 cultivars raw sweet potatoes and the L*, a*, b* value of granules made from 56 cultivars raw sweet potatoes were determined respectively. Based on the above data, the dispersion degree of reducing sugar content, PPO activity in raw sweet potato and L*, a*, b* value of sweet potato granules were analysed by quartile deviation, the correlation between reducing sugar content, PPO activity in raw sweet potato and the L*, a*, b* value of granules was analyzed by canonical correlation analysis. The results showed that dispersion degree of reducing sugar content and PPO activity in raw sweet potatoes were both high, and the PPOactivity had a greater impact on color of granules than reducing sugar content. In addition, It was found that the positive correlation between PPO activity in raw sweet potato and a* value of sweet potato granules, but the negative correlation between PPO activity in raw sweet potato and b* value of sweet potato granules.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
ACCESS OF PUBLIC SERVANTS TO AUSTRALIAN INDUSTRIAL TRIBUNALS: ATTITUDES OF GOVERNMENTS AND GOVERNMENT EMPLOYERS*

: Some recent cases in the arbitration tribunals involving strikes and work bans suggest that some governments and government employers are apprehensive about and resentful of the intrusion of the tribunals into their affairs. The Commonwealth government, for instance, recently amended the Public Service Act to remove what were seen as threats to the efficiency of the public service resulting from constraints imposed by the Arbitrator on the Public Service Board in relation to recruitment, selection and promotion. At the State level, the issues which arise in many public service strikes are not industrial in character, yet as the strike in almost all gaols in N.S.W. earlier this year illustrated, an industrial tribunal can help the conflicting parties reach an agreement. If, however, the tribunal fails in such efforts, it can do no more, where the issues are not industrial, than state its views about what is just and reasonable in the circumstances and perhaps recommend how the dispute should be resolved. Since 1974 the attitude of the N.S.W. Public Service Board toward this category of recommendations has hardened, as illustrated by the 1975 Teachers Case re Preference; the 1978 Prison Officers Case re Disciplinary Proceedings; and the 1978 Teachers Case re Disciplinary Proceedings. But while some governments and government employers fear that the discharge of their responsibilities is being impaired by industrial tribunals, they are nevertheless prompt in enlisting the aid of these bodies when in trouble and often find such aid indispensable. Governments and government employers will have to learn to live with the industrial tribunals, which, at the Commission level, are part of the judiciary and have an obligation to discharge their statutory responsibilities independent of the executive branch of government.

Field of study: Political science
Study on Mathematical Model for Pickling of Automotive High Strength Steel

The effects of acid concentration, temperature and the thickness of strip oxide scale on the pickling time of high strength steel were studied and a pickling time mode was established. The end time of acid pickling was determined by introducing the electropotetial derivative near zero method. The effects of different pickling temperatures and acid concentrations on the pickling time of different thickness scales were studied by further experiments. When increase acid concentration to 10%, pickling time is greatly reduced, and continue to increase the acid concentration will have little help to shorten the pickling time. When the acid temperature reaches 80 ℃, the pickling efficiency reaches the highest value. If the temperature continuous to increase, it will not only waste energy but also increases the volatilization of hydrochloric acid. The comprehensive pickling model was established and the actual high strength steel pickling data was brought into the test. The proposed comprehensive pickling model in this paper has better accuracy and validity than the old ones.

Field of study: Engineering
Orbit Structures of Weight Polytopes

Let $\Lambda$ be a dominant weight and let $ P(\Lambda)$ be the saturated weight set with highest weight $\Lambda$. The weight polytope associated with $\Lambda$ is defined as the convex hull of $ P(\Lambda)$. This paper provides an elementary proof that there is a natural bijection between the set of orbits of a weight polytope under action of the Weyl group and the set of parabolic subgroups of the Weyl group. The bijection is called the Putcha-Renner recipe of linear algebraic monoid theory.

Field of study: Mathematics
Stabilization of the perovskite structure in Co-based mixed conductors by tri-valent cation substitution

Co-based perovskite mixed conductors, the substitution of Co by cations with a higher valence than Co has been known to be effective in stabilizing the cubic perovskite structure. Nevertheless, such a substitution may reduce the number of the oxygen vacancies and be unfavorable for increasing oxygen permeability. In order to prepare cubic perovskite mixed conductors with greater oxygen permeability, the effect of substituting the tri-valent cation, In3 +, in the Co-based system (Ba,Sr)(Co,In)O3-δ, was investigated and compared to the effect of substituting Y, Al, and Fe. For (BaxSr1-x)(Co0.9In0.1)O3 − δ and (BaxSr1 − x)(Co0.9Y0.1)O3 − δ, cubic perovskite single phase was found to be attained at high Ba concentrations of x = 0.9 and 1.0 ≥ x ≥ 0.5. This differed from the cases of (BaxSr1 − x)(Co0.9Al0.1)O3 − δ and (BaxSr1 − x)(Co0.9Fe0.1)O3 − δ in which pure perovskite appeared in the low Ba concentration ranges of 0.2 ≥ x ≥ 0 and 0.5 ≥ x ≥ 0, respectively. A disk sample of (Ba0.9Sr0.1)(Co0.9In0.1)O3 − δ with 1 mm thickness showed high oxygen permeability of 5.69 cm3/min/cm2 at 900 °C, which was 24% higher than the permeability of (Ba0.5Sr0.5)(Co0.8Fe0.2)O3 − δ.

Field of study: Materials science
Balancing Prosocial Effort Across Social Categories: Mental Accounting Heuristics in Helping Decisions

Three studies examine whether individuals might use mental accounting heuristics in helping decisions, budgeting their prosocial effort in similar ways to how money is budgeted. In a hypothetical scenario study (N = 283), participants who imagined that they previously helped someone of a specific social category (e.g., “family,” “colleagues”) were less willing to help someone of that category again. Similarly, when reporting actual instances of day-to-day help in a diary study (N = 443), having helped more than usual in a social category yesterday was associated with less effort and less time spent on helping in the same category today. In contrast, helping more than usual in other social categories did not reduce helping today. Finally, a scenario study (N = 489) suggested that the mental accounting effect in helping decisions may, in part, be explained by perceived utility of help (helping others in the same social category is seen as less rewarding).

Field of study: Psychology
Response acquisition by Siamese fighting fish (Betta splendens) with delayed visual reinforcement.

Male Siamese fighting fish, Betta splendens, swam through a ring in an aquarium, breaking a photocell beam and initiating an unsignaled, resetting delay interval. Following delays of 0 s, 10 s, or 25 s, a 15-s mirror presentation released an aggressive display by the fish. Swimming through the ring increased in the absence of either a period of acclimatization to the reinforcer (analogous to magazine training when appetitive reinforcers are used) or explicit training of the response by the experimenters. Response rates were a decreasing function of delay duration. Other fish exposed to a schedule of response-independent mirror presentations failed to acquire and maintain the response. The results demonstrate the robustness and generality of the phenomenon of response acquisition with delayed reinforcement. They further qualify earlier observations about behavioral mechanisms involved in the phenomenon.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Scalable Peaceman-Rachford Splitting Method with Proximal Terms.

Along with developing of Peaceman-Rachford Splittling Method (PRSM), many batch algorithms based on it have been studied very deeply. But almost no algorithm focused on the performance of stochastic version of PRSM. In this paper, we propose a new stochastic algorithm based on PRSM, prove its convergence rate in ergodic sense, and test its performance on both artificial and real data. We show that our proposed algorithm, Stochastic Scalable PRSM (SS-PRSM), enjoys the $O(1/K)$ convergence rate, which is the same as those newest stochastic algorithms that based on ADMM but faster than general Stochastic ADMM (which is $O(1/\sqrt{K})$). Our algorithm also owns wide flexibility, outperforms many state-of-the-art stochastic algorithms coming from ADMM, and has low memory cost in large-scale splitting optimization problems.

Field of study: Computer science
Domain wall displacement by remote spin-current injection

We demonstrate numerically the ability to displace a magnetic domain wall by a remote spin current injection. We consider a long and narrow magnetic nanostripe with a single domain wall (DW). The spin-polarized current is injected perpendicularly to the plane of the film (CPP) through a small nanocontact which is located at certain distance from the domain wall initial position. We show theoretically that the DW motion can be initiated not only by conventional spin-transfer torque but also by indirect spin-torque, created by a remote spin-current injection and then transferred to the DW by the exchange-spring mechanism. An analytical description of this effect is proposed. This finding may lead to a solution of bottleneck problems of DW motion-based spintronic and neuromorphic devices with perpendicular spin-current injection.

Field of study: Physics