nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The Impact of Employing Journal Writing on Enhancing the Jordanian Student Teachers' Attitudes Towards Journal Writing

This study aimed to investigate the impact of employing journal writing on improving the attitudes of the students of the Faculty of Educational Sciences and Arts\ UNRWA (FESA) towards using that method. Moreover, and how it is affected by student’ gender and study level.This study was carried out during the second semester of the academic year 2015/2016. The population of the study consisted of all the students of the faculty of Educational Sciences and Arts/UNRWA (FESA). On the other hand, the sample of the study was purposively selected and included all the students studying the Natural Sciences and the Methods of Teaching Social Science courses. Moreover, the total number of the sample was 98 male and female students. For the purpose of achieving the goals of the study, the scale of the attitudes towards journal writing was used. It is worth mentioning that the scale was adopted from Ambusaidi (2014) and consisted of 29 items. To ensure the validity of that scale, a group of experts in the field of education were requested to determine its content validity. In addition, Cronbach's Alpha measurement was utilized to assess its reliability. Furthermore, a focus group discussion that included 7 student teachers (intern teachers) was employed in order to collect data about the student teachers' point of views towards journal writing. Moreover, the quasi-experimental method and the one group pretest -posttest design were used in this study. Finally, SPSS software was adopted to analyze the data adequately.Comparing the performance of the students involved in this study  at the pre and post scales of the attitudes towards journal writing showed that there are differences of statistical significance at (0.05) level. This indicates that utilizing journal writing is effective in improving the students' attitudes towards it. Moreover, the results proved that there was no link between journal writing and the two variables, gender and the study level of the students. As a result, using journal writing is effective in improving the attitudes towards it in terms of both sexes and at all study levels. Furthermore, the students highlighted various advantages of journal writing and pointed out to some of the difficulties that faced them as they began to write journals. In this regard, the students denoted that they encountered a difficulty in writing the part concerned with reflection because they are unfamiliar with that method. Finally, the students stated some suggestions that may develop utilizing journal writing in the future.  journal writing, FESA, attitudes towards journal writing.

Field of study: Education
Entanglement between static and flying qubits in quantum wires

A weakly bound electron in a semiconductor quantum wire is shown to become entangled with an itinerant electron via the Coulomb interaction. The degree of entanglement and its variation with energy of the injected electron, may be tuned by choice of spin and initial momentum. Full entanglement is achieved close to energies where there are spin-dependent resonances. Possible realisations of related device structures are discussed.

Field of study: Physics
Properties of LiMnBO3 glasses and nanostructured glass-ceramics

Polycrystalline LiMnBO3 is a promising cathode material for Li-ion batteries. In this work, we investigated the thermal, structural and electrical properties of glassy and nanocrystallized materials having the same chemical composition. The original glass was obtained via a standard melt-quenching method. SEM and 7Li solid-state NMR indicate that it contains a mixture of two distinct glassy phases. The results suggest that the electrical conductivity of the glass is dominated by the ionic one. The dc conductivity of initial glass was estimated to be in the order of 10−18 S·cm−1 at room temperature. The thermal nanocrystallization of the glass produces a nanostructured glass-ceramics containing MnBO3 and LiMnBO3 phases. The electric conductivity of this glass-ceramics is increased by 6 orders of magnitude, compared to the starting material at room temperature. Compared to other manganese and borate containing glasses reported in the literature, the conductivity of the nanostructured glass ceramics is higher than that of the previously reported glassy materials. Such improved conductivity stems from the facilitated electronic transport along the grain boundaries.

Field of study: Materials science
Tax "Tips": Finally, No Employer FICA Liability on Unreported Gratuities

Does the IRS have the authority to assess restaurateurs for employer FICA taxes related to workers' unreported tip income? In a recent ruling the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals called this authority into question, parting ways with earlier decisions in the Seventh, Eleventh and Federal circuit courts. In the 2001 case Fior D'Italia Inc. v. United States, the IRS computed a 14.49% tip rate on the restaurant's 1991 credit card sales and a 14.29% rate for 1992. It applied these rates to the restaurant's noncredit-card sales and estimated $156,545 of unreported tip income in 1991 and $147,529 in 1992. The IRS then assessed the restaurant for employer FICA at 7.65% on the estimated unreported tip income. It made no effort to allocate these assessments to the individual workers' Social Security wage histories.  3102, 3111, 3121(a) and 3121(q) put restaurants and other employers with tipped employees in an awkward position. For purposes of the FICA tax, tips employees receive are deemed paid by the employer. While large sums may be involved, for obvious reasons the employer cannot determine the exact amounts. Still, section 3102 requires employers to withhold and pay matching FICA taxes on these tips as they would on regular hourly wages. Section 3121, however, provides two exceptions to this withhold-and-match requirement: * Amounts in excess of the annual Social Security wage base.  Tips of $20 or less received by individual employees in any one month. These two exceptions are often referred to as the "wages band." COURT REJECTS AGGREGATE APPROACH In Fior D'Italia, the Ninth Circuit sharply criticized the IRS's aggregate approach of using the tip rate on credit sales to estimate tips on cash sales. Saying the tip rate on cash sales is generally lower, the court reasoned * It's much easier for patrons to spend credit than cash.  People with business expense accounts frequently use credit cards and tipping with company credit is even easier than paying with one's own card.  People tipping with cash feel limited to the currency in their pockets. The Ninth Circuit also said the IRS was unrealistic to effectively assume none of its estimated amounts of unreported tip income would have been collected by tipped employees individually making less than $20 per month in tips or tipped employees over the annual Social Security wage base. (Fior D'Italia was an upscale restaurant.) The IRS made no effort to estimate tip amounts outside the wages band, which, the court said, could have accounted for a large portion of the estimated unreported tips. The court was equally emphatic that the only accurate way to determine the restaurant's FICA liability would be to audit all of the individual employees. Applicable FICA taxes assessed could then be attributed to these employees and their Social Security wage histories appropriately updated. Since the entire statutory scheme surrounding Social Security centers on the individual, it seems logical that all amounts paid into the program (by employee and employer) should accrue to the employee. …

Field of study: Business
Synthesis and Characterization of New Ceramic Thermoelectrics Implemented in a Thermoelectric Oxide Module

Novel thermoelectric oxides were developed, produced, and characterized to demonstrate their promising thermoelectric conversion potential in a thermoelectric converter. Four-leg thermoelectric oxide modules were fabricated by combining p- and n-type oxide thermoelements made of pressed polycrystalline GdCo0.95Ni0.05O3 and CaMn0.98Nb0.02O3, respectively. In these modules, the p- and n-type thermoelements were connected electrically in series and thermally in parallel. The materials were joined by electrical contacts consisting of a Ag/CuO composite material. Fairly good thermal contacts were ensured by pressing the thermoelements between alumina substrates. Cross-sections of the alumina/Ag–CuO mixture/thermoelement interface were investigated by scanning electron microscopy. The temperature distribution across the module was monitored using K-type thermocouples and a micro-infrared (IR) camera. The open-circuit voltage and the load voltages of the module were measured up to a temperature difference of ΔT = 500 K while keeping the temperature of the cold side at 300 K. The output power and internal resistance were calculated. The characteristics of the module evaluated from electrical measurements were compared with respective values of the p- and n-type leg materials. An output power of 0.04 W at ΔT = 500 K led to a power density of ~0.125 W/cm3, where the volume of thermoelectric material was determined by a cross-section of 4 mm × 4 mm and a leg length of 5 mm.

Field of study: Materials science
Effect of 1-MCP on post-harvest physiology and quality of summer squash

In order to discuss the effect of 1-methylcyclopropene treatment on index of physiology and biochemistry of summer squash on postharvest,the experiments were made by three treatments:control,5 μL/L 1-MCP treatment,10 μL/L 1-MCP treatment.All the treatments were treated for 20 h at room temperature(20 ℃) followed by storage at 20 ℃.The results showed that 1-MCP treatment could restrain the respiration rate,postpone the appearing time of respiration peak,delay the decline of Vitamin C and protein content of summer squash.In addition,the raise of cell membrane permeability was inhabited,the SOD and CAT activities are preserved at a high level.At the same time,it was found that the effect of 10 μL/L content was the best.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Fast Dual Variational Inference for Non-Conjugate LGMs

Latent Gaussian models (LGMs) are widely used in statistics and machine learning. Bayesian inference in non-conjugate LGMs is difficult due to intractable integrals involving the Gaussian prior and non-conjugate likelihoods. Algorithms based on variational Gaussian (VG) approximations are widely employed since they strike a favorable balance between accuracy, generality, speed, and ease of use. However, the structure of the optimization problems associated with these approximations remains poorly understood, and standard solvers take too long to converge. We derive a novel dual variational inference approach that exploits the convexity property of the VG approximations. We obtain an algorithm that solves a convex optimization problem, reduces the number of variational parameters, and converges much faster than previous methods. Using real-world data, we demonstrate these advantages on a variety of LGMs, including Gaussian process classification, and latent Gaussian Markov random fields.

Field of study: Computer science
IgG4-related disease of the aortic valve: a report of two cases and review of the literature.

IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD) is a relatively recently described disorder that can affect multiple organ systems, including the cardiovascular system. While most reported cases of cardiovascular involvement are of the aorta, usually the abdominal aorta, rare isolated reports of involvement of the heart proper have been described. Herein, we describe two cases of IgG4-RD involving the aortic valve. Each case was found to be associated with increased levels of IgG4 in the tissue and one case resulted in the subsequent discovery of IgG4-related pancreatitis.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Zur Theorie der Stöße angeregter Alkaliatome mit Edelgasatomen

Calculations of the cross sections for collision-induced transitions between Zeeman sublevels of excited alcali atoms are proposed, which are independent from dynamical models. 1. Supposing that the spin of the valence electron does not flip, the transition matrix, describing collision-induced deorientation of the orbital angular momentum, is analysed considering invariance principles only. Consequently the cross sections for depolarizing collisions are given by two dynamical parameters. 2. The full transition matrix, describing deorientation of the orbital angular momentum as well as of the spin of the valence electron, is analysed in the same way. In this general case the depolarizing cross sections are given by six dynamical parameters.

Field of study: Physics
Fishery policy in the European Union: A multiple criteria approach for assessing sustainable management of Coastal Development Plans in Southern Italy

Fishery planning and management require environmental, social, and economic assessment that should take into account multiple sustainability criteria as well as the preferences and priorities of decision-makers involved in these complex issues. Therefore, this research aims to identify in a straightforward way the most sustainable coastal development plan (CDP) among a set of several CDPs and to investigate in depth the effective sustainable use of the public fishery's fund among the considered CDPs. This is accomplished by implementing a multiple criteria decision aiding (MCDA) framework that has been tested by six fisheries' local action groups (FLAGs) CDPs in a territorial system strongly affected by fishery activities in the Apulia region of Southern Italy. In particular, the framework was classified into 12 criteria grouped into three sustainability dimensions according to the actions identified by the CDPs; the data collection was carried out by consulting the CDPs. After collecting the data, the MCDA framework was applied by involving the regional consultant on fishery affairs. An analysis of the results clearly showed that the best performances in the distribution of the available funding were related to the coherence of the CDPs with specific environmental, social, and economic features. The proposed MCDA framework can represent support for decision-makers and stakeholders to consider and evaluate in a systematic and robust way different possibilities for funding distribution to detect optimal alternatives within European fishery policies.

Field of study: Environmental science
Controlling the conductance of molecular junctions using proton transfer reactions: A theoretical model study

The influence of an intramolecular proton transfer reaction on the conductance of a molecular junction is investigated employing a generic model, which includes the effects of the electric field of the gate and leads electrodes and the coupling to a dissipative environment. Using a quantum master equation approach it is shown that, depending on the localization of the proton, the junction exhibits a high or low current state, which can be controlled by external electric fields. Considering different regimes, which range from weak to strong hydrogen bonds in the proton transfer complex and comprise situations with high and low barriers, necessary preconditions to achieve control are analyzed. The results show that systems with a weak hydrogen bond and a significant energy barrier for the proton transfer can be used as molecular transistors or diodes.

Field of study: Physics
Acquisition of delayed matching in the pigeon.

Pigeons were exposed to three successive matching-to-sample procedures. On a given trial, the sample (red, green or blue light) appeared on a center key; observing responses to this key produced the comparison stimuli on two side keys. Seven different experimental conditions could govern the temporal relations between the sample and comparison stimuli. In the "simultaneous" condition, the center key response was followed immediately by illumination of the side key comparison stimuli, with the center key remaining on. In "zero delay" the center key response simultaneously turned the side keys on and the center key off, while in the "variable delay" conditions, intervals of 1, 2, 4, 10, and 24 sec were interposed between the offset of the sample and the appearance of the comparison stimuli on the side keys. In all conditions, a response to the side key of matching hue produced reinforcement, while a response to the non-matching side key was followed by a blackout. In procedure I all seven experimental conditions were presented in randomly permutated order. After nine sessions of exposure (at 191 trials per session, for a total of 1719 trials) the birds gave no evidence of acquisition in any of the conditions. They were therefore transferred to Procedure II, which required them to match only in the "simultaneous" condition, with both the sample and comparison stimuli present at the same time. With the exception of one bird, all subjects acquired this performance to near 100% levels. Next, in Procedure III, they were once more exposed to presentation of all seven experimental conditions in random order. In contrast to Procedure I, they now acquired the delay performance, and were able to match effectively at delays of about 4 sec.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Evolution of the Late Cretaceous forearc basin, northern and central California

The Upper Cretaceous part of the Great Valley Sequence of California provides a unique opportunity to study deep-marine sedimentation, petrologic evolution, and tectonic evolution of a forearc basin. Actualistic models of submarine fan sedimentation and arc-trench evolution provide the basis for unraveling the complex depositional history of the bathyal to abyssal sediment deposited between the Sierra Nevada volcano-plutonic arc to the east and the Franciscan subduction complex to the west. Submarine fan components are lenticular stratigraphic units which can be correlated along strike on the basis of both paleontologic and petrologic data. The following depositional components are present: basin plain, outer fan, midfan, inner fan, slope, and shelf. Vertical successions of fan facies associations constitute retrograding and pro-grading suites that correspond, respectively, to onlapping and offlapping relations in the basin. Sedimentation rates are similar to those of other tectonically active flysch basins. Paleocurrents are predominantly southerly and westerly in the Sacramento Valley, and predominantly westerly in the San Joaquin Valley. Microfossil evidence and the lack of carbonate material suggest deposition below the Late Cretaceous calcite compensation depth. Dimensions and geometries of tectono-stratigraphic components of the Late Cretaceous arc-trench system are similar to those of modern arc-trench systems. The Late Cretaceous arc-trench gap widened by the prograde accretion of the Franciscan Assemblage (subduction complex) and the retrograde migration of the Sierra Nevada volcanic front (arc). Sediment dispersal systems expanded as the basin widened. The Java arc-trench system provides a modern analogue for the Late Cretaceous forearc basin, with sediment fed laterally from the arc and dispersed longitudinally along the basin axis.

Field of study: Geology
Power spectrum entropy based detection and mitigation of low-rate DoS attacks

attacks send periodical packet bursts to the bottleneck routers which can throttle the bandwidth of TCP flows. They are difficult to detect while severely degrading the Quality of Service (QoS) of TCP applications. By combining Power Spectrum Analysis with Information Entropy, we introduce two novel information metrics to detect the LDoS attacks: Fourier Power Spectrum Entropy (FPSE) and Wavelet Power Spectrum Entropy (WPSE). As the energy of LDoS attack signal is mostly concentrated in the low-frequency range, FPSE and WPSE of LDoS attacks both exhibit lower values compared to those of normal flows. Therefore, these two metrics can be applied here to detect LDoS attacks efficiently. By evaluating on NS-3 simulations and real network traces, the results validate the effectiveness of these two metrics to differentiate LDoS attacks from normal flows. They can detect the LDoS attacks efficiently with fewer false alarms compared to the other detection mechanisms. Based on these two metrics, we also propose a Power Spectrum Entropy-based Robust-RED (PRRED) queuing algorithm to mitigate LDoS attacks. The evaluation results in NS-3 demonstrate that the proposed algorithm is able to effectively preserve the TCP bandwidth while countering the different LDoS attacks.

Field of study: Computer science
Submarine Bench at 5 M, Oahu, Hawaii

Koko bench, the proposed name for a submarine bench 5 m below mean lower low water, is well exposed on the east side of Hanauma Bay off Oahu, Hawaii. The bench is as much as 12m wide and is bordered by a nearly vertical cliff on the shoreward side and by a marginal rampart as much as 1 m high on the seaward side. The fringing reef in Hanauma Bay has overgrown Koko bench. Carbon-14 dating of cores from the reef at the horizon of Koko bench indicates that the bench formed no more recently than 4,100 to 4,400 yrs B.P. The reef has been growing at the rate of about 30 cm per 50 yrs during the time that the dated portion was accumulating.

Field of study: Geology
The role of κ-opioid receptor activation in mediating antinociception and addiction

AbstractThe κ-opioid receptor (KOR), a member of the opioid receptor family, is widely expressed in the central nervous system and peripheral tissues. Substantial evidence has shown that activation of KOR by agonists and endogenous opioid peptides in vivo may produce a strong analgesic effect that is free from the abuse potential and the adverse side effects of μ-opioid receptor (MOR) agonists, such as morphine. In addition, activation of the KOR has also been shown to exert an inverse effect on morphine-induced adverse actions, such as tolerance, reward, and impairment of learning and memory. Therefore, the KOR has received much attention in the effort to develop alternative analgesics to MOR agonists and agents for the treatment of drug addiction. However, KOR agonists also produce several severe undesirable side effects such as dysphoria, water diuresis, salivation, emesis, and sedation in nonhuman primates, which may limit the clinical utility of KOR agonists for pain and drug abuse treatment. This article will review the role of KOR activation in mediating antinociception and addiction. The possible therapeutic application of κ-agonists in the treatment of pain and drug addiction is also discussed.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Characterization of a high oleic oil extracted from papaya (Carica papaya L.) seeds

The physicochemical characteristics, fatty acid, tocopherol, and carotenoid composition of a crude oil extracted from papaya (Carica papaya  L.) seeds, formosa variety, were investigated. The oil yield from the seeds was 29.16%. The data obtained for the analytical indexes were in agreement with those of other edible oils. The oil obtained had high oxidation resistance (77.97 hours). The major fatty acids in total lipid were oleic (71.30%), palmitic (16.16%), linoleic (6.06%), and stearic (4.73%) acid. The α and δ-tocopherol were the predominant tocopherols with 51.85 and 18.89 mg.kg-1, respectivelly. The β-cryptoxanthin (4.29 mg.kg-1) and β-carotene (2.76 mg.kg-1) were the carotenoids quantified, and the content of total phenolic compounds was 957.60 mg.kg-1. Therefore, the potential utilization of the papaya seeds for oil production seems favorable. However, toxicological studies need to be carried out before the oil is appropriate for food applications.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Synthesis of New 2-Substituted 4-(2-Furyl)-4H-pyrans

Substituted 2-amino-3-cyano-4 H -pyrans represent important precursors in syntheses of condensed heterocycles containing a 4 H -pyran nucleus. In the context of studies of reactivity of 2-amino-5-acetyl-4-(5-X-2-furyl)-3-cyano-6-methyl-4 H -pyrans we were interested in the possibility of preparing 2- H -pyrans III .

Field of study: Chemistry