nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Semi-empirical AGN detection threshold in spectral synthesis studies of Lyman-continuum-leaking early-type galaxies

Various lines of evidence suggest that the cores of a large portion of early-type galaxies (ETGs) are virtually evacuated of warm ionised gas. This implies that the Lyman-continuum (LyC) radiation produced by an assumed active galactic nucleus (AGN) can escape from the nuclei of these systems without being locally reprocessed into nebular emission, which would prevent their reliable spectroscopic classification as Seyfert galaxies with standard diagnostic emission-line ratios. The spectral energy distribution (SED) of these ETGs would then lack nebular emission and be essentially composed of an old stellar component and the featureless power-law (PL) continuum from the AGN. A question that arises in this context is whether the AGN component can be detected with current spectral population synthesis in the optical, specifically, whether these techniques effectively place an AGN detection threshold in LyC-leaking galaxies. To quantitatively address this question, we took a combined approach that involves spectral fitting with Starlight of synthetic SEDs composed of stellar emission that characterises a 10 Gyr old ETG and an AGN power-law component that contributes a fraction 0 ≤ x AGN λ 0 = 4020 A. In addition to a set of fits for PL distributions F ν ∝ ν − α with the canonical α = 1.5, we used a base of multiple PLs with 0.5 ≤ α ≤ 2 for a grid of synthetic SEDs with a signal-to-noise ratio of 5–10 3 . Our analysis indicates an effective AGN detection threshold at x AGN ≃ 0.26, which suggests that a considerable fraction of ETGs hosting significant accretion-powered nuclear activity may be missing in the AGN demographics.

Field of study: Physics
Distribution of pre-pre-S and pre-X sequences in hepatitis B virus genome of different genotypes

To investigate the distribution of p re -pre-S and pre-X sequences in hepatitis B virus genome of different genotypes .  The distribution of pre-pre-S and pre-X sequ ences was analyzed in 38 hepatitis B virus (HBV) complete sequences of different genotypes(35 from GenBank and 3 from our laboratory) using MegAlign program fro m DNAstar software. The Blast software was used to find the sequences of nucleot ide acids and deduced amino acids similar to pre-pre-S and pre-X region in 59 8 HBV strains from GenBank. ResultsSequences of pre-pre -S region were present in all genotypes of HBV except genotype D. Pre-pre-S s equences, identified as an open reading frame (ORF), were only found in HBV geno me of genotype C, E and H. Sequences of pre-X as well as its ORF were only foun d in HBV genome of genotype C. Of 598 HBV strains of different genotypes from Ge nBank, 36 amino acid sequences shared high similarity with pre-pre-S sequence, and 47 amino acid sequences had high similarity with pre-X analyzed by Blast s oftware.  The pre-pre-S sequences are present in all HBV genotypes except genotype D, while pre-X sequences are found only i n HBV genotype C.

Field of study: Biology
A Cautionary Note on the Effects of Population Stratification Under an Extreme Phenotype Sampling Design

Extreme phenotype sampling (EPS) is a popular study design used to reduce genotyping or sequencing costs. Assuming continuous phenotype data are available on a large cohort, EPS involves genotyping or sequencing only those individuals with extreme phenotypic values. Although this design has been shown to have high power to detect genetic effects even at smaller sample sizes, little attention has been paid to the effects of confounding variables, and in particular population stratification. Using extensive simulations, we demonstrate that the false positive rate under the EPS design is greatly inflated relative to a random sample of equal size or a “case-control”-like design where the cases are from one phenotypic extreme and the controls randomly sampled. The inflated false positive rate is observed even with allele frequency and phenotype mean differences taken from European population data. We show that the effects of confounding are not reduced by increasing the sample size. We also show that including the top principal components in a logistic regression model is sufficient for controlling the type 1 error rate using data simulated with a population genetics model and using 1,000 Genomes genotype data. Our results suggest that when an EPS study is conducted, it is crucial to adjust for all confounding variables. For genetic association studies this requires genotyping a sufficient number of markers to allow for ancestry estimation. Unfortunately, this could increase the costs of a study if sequencing or genotyping was only planned for candidate genes or pathways; the available genetic data would not be suitable for ancestry correction as many of the variants could have a true association with the trait.

Field of study: Biology
Lectures on geometric constructions of the irreducible representations of GL_n

We give an exposition of three geometric constructions of the irreducible representations of GL_n. In particular, we discuss Borel-Weil theory, the Ginzburg construction, and the geometric Satake construction. We also explain how to deduce the Ginzburg construction from the geometric Satake equivalence. These are lecture notes for a lecture series at the Summer School on geometric representation theory and extended affine Lie algebras held at University of Ottawa in June 2009.

Field of study: Mathematics
SKP2 Promotes Hepatocellular Carcinoma Progression Through Nuclear AMPK-SKP2-CARM1 Signaling Transcriptionally Regulating Nutrient-Deprived Autophagy Induction

SKP2 overexpression has been associated with poor prognosis in numerous cancers. The mechanisms of autophagy in the tumor pathogenesis have been a research focus recently. How the SKP2 involved in autophagy expresses oncogenic characteristics, especially in HCC, are largely unclear.  The expression of SKP2 was detected by qPCR, Western blot, Immunohistochemical (IHC) and Immunofluorescence (IF) techniques. SKP2 was knocked down or overexpressed by lentivirus transfection in HCC cells. Functional assays such as CCK8 assays, transwell migration and invasion assays, and colony formation assays were performed to determine the role of SKP2 in HCC. Furthermore, autophagy was induced by glucose deprivation in HCC cells followed by monitoring of the levels and distributions of SKP2, CARM1 and AMPK.  Our data showed that SKP2 levels were significantly increased in HCC cell lines and HCC tissues rather than corresponding normal liver tissues, and augmented SKP2 levels were statistically correlated with tumor grade, size and metastases. By up-regulation or down-regulation of SKP2 in HCC cells, we confirmed that SKP2 encourages proliferation, migration, invasion, and colony formation. We then found that SKP2 was inhibited, CARM1 increased and AMPKα2 became activated in the nucleus under glucose deprivation induced autophagy. Moreover, we discovered that SKP2 was repressing CARM1 in the nucleus under nutrient-sufficient conditions in HCC.  We show that SKP2 promotes HCC progression and its nuclear functions of autophagy induction with CARM1 and AMPK, which may provide a potential target for HCC therapy.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Topology management techniques for tolerating node failures in wireless sensor networks: A survey

In wireless sensor networks (WSNs) nodes often operate unattended in a collaborative manner to perform some tasks. In many applications, the network is deployed in harsh environments such as battlefield where the nodes are susceptible to damage. In addition, nodes may fail due to energy depletion and breakdown in the onboard electronics. The failure of nodes may leave some areas uncovered and degrade the fidelity of the collected data. However, the most serious consequence is when the network gets partitioned into disjoint segments. Losing network connectivity has a very negative effect on the applications since it prevents data exchange and hinders coordination among some nodes. Therefore, restoring the overall network connectivity is very crucial. Given the resource-constrained setup, the recovery should impose the least overhead and performance impact. This paper focuses on network topology management techniques for tolerating/handling node failures in WSNs. Two broad categories based on reactive and proactive methods have been identified for classifying the existing techniques. Considering these categories, a thorough analysis and comparison of all the recent works have been provided. Finally, the paper is concluded by outlining open issues that warrant additional research.

Field of study: Computer science
THEORETICAL ANALYSIS OF THE COMPOSITE AXIAL COMPRESSION STIFFNESS FOR CFST MEMBERS

Using the method of continuum mechanics,small-deformation elastic analysis of concrete-filled steel tube(CFST)is conducted.The elastic constitutive equations,the composite elastic modulus and the composite axial compression stiffness of CFST are derived.It is showed that the composite axial compression stiffness is 6.9%～26.4% larger than the simple summation of the stiffnesses of concrete and steel.The calculated results by the proposed formulas are close to those by unified theory.The theory formulas can accurately and reliably describe the elastic behaviors of CFST at infinitesimal deformation.

Field of study: Engineering
Migration and Society in Early Modern England

Internal migration in Great Britain during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries is reviewed. "This collection of essays...focuses historical attention on migration as an essential element in the growth of early modern society....This volume is concerned not only with the nature of migration but with its interaction with society as a whole. Collected here are a number of key articles from the published literature and a number of new essays covering major aspects of the subject. Two chapters are included on migration connections with colonial North America seen as an extension of internal migration patterns. The introduction outlines the methodological problems of studying migration...as well as sketching the broad scenario of migration in the period to set in context the detailed chapters which follow." (EXCERPT)

Field of study: Economics, History
Stress–Strain Distribution Analysis in Bi2212 Subcable Based on Numerical Modeling and Experiment

There has been sustained interest in the development of the Bi2212/Ag round wire (RW) because of its unique potential for applications in high-field magnets (25 T or higher). The Bi2212 conductor is a round strand, which is a very favorable shape to produce multistage twisted cable-in-conduit conductors (CICCs) for the next fusion machine (DEMO). One drawback of Bi2212 is its fragile mechanical properties. The stress and strain accumulated during cabling, the thermal contraction during cooldown, and the electromagnetic load can have a severe impact on the transport properties of the Bi2212 RW. In order to investigate the strain distribution of Bi2212 in CICC, some research and development work was made at the Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (ASIPP). A simple cable wound with three Bi2212 RWs was manufactured and subjected to mechanical tests. A numerical model was proposed to analyze the stress-strain distribution of a wire inside a cable at cryogenic temperature. Comparisons were made between the model and experimental results. Based on the results and improved understanding of the mechanical behavior, an optimization could be implemented to reduce the Bi2212 cable degradation, in terms of conductor design, manufacture, and operation.

Field of study: Physics
Sediment particle sorting on hillslope profiles in the WEPP model.

The USDA-ARS Water Erosion Prediction Project is a major effort to improve estimates of soil detachment, 
transport, and deposition on agricultural hillslopes, as well as to estimate the amount and size distribution of the 
sediment leaving the field. The WEPP hillslope model computes both detachment and deposition on a total sediment load 
basis, though the model also estimates information on sediment particle sizes. This article describes the mathematical 
equations that predict the sediment particle sorting in WEPP for both interrill and rill areas on a hillslope, and presents a 
discussion on the advantages and disadvantages of the techniques. It also examines the amount of predicted particle 
sorting as affected by various model input parameters. Soil type, random roughness, rainfall intensity, slope length, slope 
gradient, and slope shape were all found to affect the predicted size distribution of sediment leaving a hillslope. 
Comparison of model results to measured data show that the technique described in this article represents the trends in 
sediment particle sorting observed in field experiments, with r 2 values between observed and predicted size fractions 
ranging from 0.44 to 0.97.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Studies on surfactant-biopolymer interaction. II. Interaction of cetyl trimethyl ammonium-, cetyl ethanolyl dimethyl ammonium-, cetyl diethanolyl methyl ammonium- and cetyl triphenyl phosphonium bromides and cetyl pyridinium chloride with calf thymus DNA.

The interaction of the surfactants cetyl trimethyl ammonium-, cetyl ethanolyl dimethyl ammonium-, cetyl diethanolyl methyl ammonium-, and cetyl triphenyl phosphonium bromides and cetyl pyridinium chloride with calf thymus DNA was studied at 303 K in phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) at 10 mM NaCl using spectrophotometric, viscometric, tensiometric, dynamic light scattering, circular dichroism, fluorescence microscopic and microcalorimetric techniques. All the surfactants interacted fairly with DNA, making the biopolymer condensed, even to the aggregated globular configuration at higher [surfactant]/[DNA] mole ratio (R), with direct evidence from fluorescence microscopy. Melting temperature and light scattering intensity of the DNA increased, whereas viscosity decreased in the presence of the surfactants. Tensiometry evidenced effective interaction at [surfactant] as low as 7.6 microM. Isothermal titration calorimetric measurements supported low enthalpy of binding, induced aggregation of the surfactants, increased critical micellar concentration and association of aggregates with the biopolymer at higher R, evidencing distinctions in thermal behaviour.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Physics
Synthesis of Gd-doped BaPrO3 nanopowders

The acrylamide combustion synthesis method was used to prepare nanosized BaPr 0.7 Gd 0.3 O 3− δ (GBP), a material that could be potentially used as electrolyte in intermediate-temperature solid oxide fuel cells (IT-SOFCs). The solid combustion product was characterized using X-ray powder diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and thermogravimetric, differential thermal and surface area analysis. The SEM studies on these powders confirmed their nanosized nature (mean particle size about 150 nm), an almost-spherical morphology and a porous structure. BET specific surface area of the combustion product was 1.955 m 2 /g, which means a particle size of 470 nm. This result might indicate that particles are bunched together.

Field of study: Materials science
Recovered and released - A novel approach to oviparous shark conservation

The small spotted catshark Scyliorhinus canicula and the greater spotted catshark Scyliorhinus stellaris are benthic elasmobranchs frequently caught as bycatch in commercial fishing gears and landed at local fish markets for consumption. In recent years landings have begun to decline raising concerns for their population numbers and conservation status. In this study we present a novel, direct approach to shark conservation: removal of eggcases from dead Scyliorhinus specimens. Any viable embryos were observed during development and hatching. Post-hatching, pups were reared for 6 months and then released back into the wild. Eggcases were collected throughout the year, indicating the absence of a discreet breeding season in these species. Since January 2012, 689 eggcases were collected from females landed at the wholesale fish market in Malta, 548 S. canicula and 141 S. stellaris. From these a total of 186 shark pups were released back into the Maltese waters between January 2014 and March 2016. S. canicula carrying eggcases were found within a range of 36–52 cm total body length (TL), with most eggcases found in females of 41–47 cm TL. In S. stellaris eggcases were present in females ranging from 64 to 94 cm TL, with the majority of eggcases recovered from females of 77–88 cm TL. The recovery and release program is on-going with eggcase collection continuing for both species. This is to the best of our knowledge, the first report of the successful hatching and release of viable eggcases recovered from dead elasmobranchs. The program provides a practical methodology which can be optimised for other oviparous elasmobranch species landed by commercial fisheries globally; especially for unprotected species facing extensive local fishing pressure.

Field of study: Environmental science
The absorption of gases in liquids

For over 100 years chemical engineers have been interested in the factors which govern the rate of absorption of gases by liquids. In about 1830, for instance, \Villiam Gossage filled a derelict windmill with brushwood and ran water over it in order to absorb hydrochloric acid vapour from the manufacture of alkali. This perhaps marks the invention of the first practical absorption tower. The principle, incidentally, was protected by a British patent of 1836. In the chemical and process industries there are many occasions on which a gas must be absorbed by a liquid. A few examples will illustrate their diversity: Absorption of nitrous gases in water or nitric acid, during nitric acid manufacture. Absorption of chlorine by alkaline solutions to give hypochlorites. Absorption of oxygen by fermentation broths. Removal of carbon dioxide from water-gas by absorption in water or in solutions of alkalis or amines. Removal of carbon monoxide from water-gas by absorption in solutions of copper complexes. Absorption of hydrogen by petroleum fractions in processes to remove sulphur as hydrogen sulphide. Absorption of chlorine and propylene in water to give the chlorhydrin. In order to carry out the absorption process efficiently and compactly, it is generally necessary to provide a !arge surface of contact between gas and liquid, and to keep both phases in vigorous motion to promote stirring. Some types of equipment used in various circumstances are: Packed columns, in which the liquid runs as a firm over the extensive surface of the packing, while the gas is blown through the open space. Spray columns, in which the liquid rains down through the gas in the form of drops. Stirred vessels, in which the gas is entrained and dispersed in the liquid in the form of bubbles. · Gas absorption is an example of a topic which does not fall entirely within the province of either the ehernist or the conventional engineer, because it requires the simultaneous consideration of molecular diffusion, fluid mechanics and chemical reaction kinetics. Gas absorption has thus become a typical, indeed a classical, chemical engineering topic and it is surprising that in spite of all the work clone and papers published in the field since the work ofWhitman in 19231, we arestill far from a thorough understanding of the process.

Field of study: Chemistry
A novel thermodynamic design model of a new HFO refrigerant single phase vapor jet cooling system

Vapor jet refrigeration system has been a promising research topic by far. This system bears such importance due to using low grade energy instead of the less economical high grade energy necessary for driving the conventional vapor compression refrigeration cycles despite the low COP values. The main purpose of the present work is to introduce a mathematical model to optimally size the single phase supersonic vapor ejector and to give a detailed picture on how the system operating conditions affect the main dimensions of the optimally operated ejectors. On the other hand, this paper is a predesign study of the operating conditions effect on the system performance parameters like the COP, entrainment and area ratios. The model is validated with experimental data mentioned in the literature and it gives high trusted results. Moreover, the model is general as it can be used with any refrigerant. However, the present results belong to the environment friendly hydro-fluoroolefin refrigerant (R1234yf) which will be increasingly adopted and a potential alternative for the currently used hydroflourocarbon (HFC) R134a.

Field of study: Engineering
A Study on the Supervision System with Voluntary Information Disclosure in Chinese Listed Companies

The voluntary information of listed companies is based on corporate image, the investor relates, which is to avoid lawsuit risk besides the compulsory information disclosure. The information, which the companies disclosed on their own initiative, is the important part of disclosure information. It is an effective way that demonstrates their core competitive ability. The author analyzed the problems on voluntary information disclosed, which existed in Chinese mainland listed company, proposed the suggestion of constructing supervision system which listed companies voluntary information to disclose.

Field of study: Business
[Body retention of 169Yb-citrate and its excretion by 4 chelating agents].

After iv 169Yb-citrate 20 μCi/kg in rats, there was a selective deposition and a high accumulation of 169Yb in skeleton disclosed by a well-type scintillation counting technique. Excretion of 169Yb-citrate was slow. About 20% was excreted from urine and feces in 72h. Both amino carboxylic type chelating agents diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) and quinamic acid therapy removed large amount of 169Yb-citrate from the body.Polyphosphoric acid type (propyl aminoethylene diphosphoric acid) and sulfhydryl type chelating agents (penicillamine) showed no significant effect.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
First observation of yrast band in odd-odd 162Lu

High spin states of the odd-odd 162Lu nucleus have been studied via 147Sm(19F,4nγ)162Lu reaction at 95 MeV beam energy. Level scheme for yrast band based on π[h11/2]υ[i13/2] quasiparticle configuration was established up to Iπ=(23−) for the first time. This band shows the signature inversion in energy before backbending generally appeared in this mass region. It is stressed that the signature splitting in 162Lu is larger than that in the 160Tm nucleus.

Field of study: Physics