nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Numerical Simulation of Vortical Flows Over a Strake-Delta Wing

Computations of vortical flows over a strake-delta wing are carried out using the three-dimensional, thin-layer Navier-Stokes equations at a low Mach number. A fine-mesh distribution with 850,000 grid points is used to capture the physical phenomenon, and computations are carried out for angles of attack from 6-40 deg. Over this range of angle of attack, the computed lift coefficients are in good agreement with the experimental data. A computed result at a = 12 deg shows the interaction process of the vortex emanating from the leading edge of the strake with that from the leading edge of the wing. The computation at a = 30 deg indicates that bubble-type vortex breakdown occurs near the trailing edge of the wing, whereas at a = 35 deg, the spiral type of vortex breakdown occurs. An intensive study using sophisticated graphics programs reveals some features of the breakdown phenomenon. Comparison of the computed results with those of the experiment shows that qualitative features of the flow are well simulated when using a fine mesh. The result also indicates the importance of the grid resolution in simulating vortical flows. Still better resolution is necessary to obtain better quantitative results for this complicated flowfield.

Field of study: Physics
Influence of pointlike disorder on the guiding of vortices and the Hall effect in a washboard planar pinning potential

Explicit current-dependent expressions for anisotropic longitudinal and transverse nonlinear magnetoresistivities are represented and analyzed on the basis of a Fokker-Planck approach for two-dimensional single-vortex dynamics in a washboard pinning potential in the presence of pointlike disorder. Graphical analysis of the resistive responses is presented both in the current-angle coordinates and in the rotating current scheme. The model describes nonlinear anisotropy effects caused by the competition of pointlike (isotropic) and anisotropic pinning. Nonlinear guiding effects are discussed, and the critical current anisotropy is analyzed. Gradually increasing the magnitude of isotropic pinning force this theory predicts a gradual decrease of the anisotropy of the magnetoresistivities. The physics of the transition from the new scaling relations for anisotropic Hall resistance in the absence of pointlike pins to the well-known scaling relations for the pointlike disorder is elucidated. This is discussed in terms of a gradual isotropization of the guided vortex motion, which is responsible for the existence in a washboard pinning potential of new (with respect to magnetic field reversal) Hall voltages. It is shown that whereas the Hall conductivity is not changed by pinning, the Hall resistivity can change its sign in some current-angle range due to presence of the competition between $i$ and $a$ pins.

Field of study: Physics
Administration of a Ca-super(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) inhibitor prevents the learning deficit observed in spinal rats after noncontingent shock administration.

Research has shown that spinal rats given shock to the hind leg when it is in an extended position (contingent shock) will learn to maintain a flexion response. However, subjects that experience shock irrespective of leg position (noncontingent shock) do not exhibit this learning. The current studies examined the role of Ca-super(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) in this learning deficit. Subjects were given intrathecal injections of CaMKII inhibitor solution or artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF) 15 min prior to and immediately or 4 hr following noncontingent shock training. Results demonstrate that the CaMKII inhibitor successfully reversed the learning deficit when injected prior to and immediately following training. These results indicate the importance of CaMKII in the learning deficit present in spinal animals trained with noncontingent shock.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Processing Properties of Standard Chinese Rubber Stored for 30 Years

The structure and processing properties of standard Chinese rubber naturally stored for more than 30 years were analyzed using FTIR,Mooney viscosity determination,and rubber processing analyzer and the mechanical properties of vulcanizate before and after aging were also determined.The molecular crosslinkage and degradation of standard Chinese rubber after long-term storage lead to the increase in Mooney viscosity and gel content and decrease in processing properties and mechanical properties before and after aging.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
CHEMICAL BEHAVIOR OF BRONZE LOCALIZED CORROSION IN SOIL

This paper describes a study on the corrosion behavior of archaeological bronze in simulated soil solution (0.028 mol· L -1 NaCl+0.01 mol·L -1 Na 2SO 4+0.016 mol·L -1 NaHCO 3) by means of simulated occluded cell (O.C.).The present study illustrates the migration, enrichment and deposition patterns of ions in the environment and the cations produced by anodic dissolution during localized corrosion of bronze.The relationship between copper solution factor f Cu and time is given.The dissolution rate of Sn is higher than that of Cu during the initial period of dissolution. It gradually reverses the trend of dissolution rate i.e. the dissolution rate for Cu is higher than that for Sn. The migration of cations to the bulk solution is obviously observed.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Determination of Musk Xylene in Cosmetics by Solid Phase Extraction-Isotope Dilution-Gas Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry

A comprehensive analytical method based on solid phase extraction-isotope dilution-gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry has been developed for the determination of musk xylene in cosmetics.Various cosmetic samples,including cream,lotion,powder,shampoo and lipstick,were extracted under ultrasonication.The extract was centrifuged,and the upper solution was concentrated by rotary evaporator.The reconstructed solution was then cleaned up by Sep-Pak Silica solid phase extraction cartridge.Qualitative and quantitative analysis was carried out under the MRM mode after the chromatographic separation on DB-5 MS(30 m×0.25 mm,0.25 μm) capillary column.The limit of quantitation(LOQ) for musk xylene was 5 μg/kg.The mean recoveries at the three spiked levels of 5-50 μg/kg were 81.1%-86.9%,with the intra-day precision less than 10% and the inter-day precision less than 12%.The method is accurate,rapid,sensitive and adapt to the inspection of musk xylene in cosmetics.

Field of study: Chemistry
Designing and Implementation of an Access Control Scheme on .NET-based Platform

The Role Based Access Control (RBAC) is a common scheme which manages the users' privileges in course of access control. It overcomes the shortcomings of the traditional access control which is unflexible and uneasy to maintain. Designs and implements a general RBAC scheme, resolves effectively the question of access control in software systems based on B/S architecture and realized under .NET-based platform.

Field of study: Computer science
Binding of nuclear proteins to the negative regulatory element of the IL-2 gene in lymphocytes from rheumatic patients.

T lymphocytes from several autoimmune diseases including rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) exhibit deficient mitogenic response in terms of proliferation and IL-2 production. The expression of the IL-2 gene is regulated by various transcription factors. One of these factors suppresses IL-2 expression and binds to the negative responsive element in the IL-2 gene 5' flanking region (NRE-A). The authors hypothesized that the decreased production of IL-2 by T cells from RA and SLE patients is at least partially caused by high expression of the NRE-A binding protein. To test this hypothesis T cells from healthy donors and patients with RA and SLE were stimulated. Using the electrophoretic mobility shift assay we detected NRE-A DNA-binding proteins in the nuclei of the stimulated cells. No difference was found between NRE-A DNA binding in nuclear extracts of T cells taken from healthy donors and those taken from patients. The specificity of the DNA-protein interactions was ascertained through the use of unlabeled DNA competitors. No correlation was found between DNA-binding and the patients' disease duration or medication. In conclusion, decreased IL-2 biosynthesis by T lymphocytes from RA and SLE patients can not be explained by abnormal expression of the NRE-A DNA-binding protein.

Field of study: Medicine
The Colonial Mentality Scale (CMS) for Filipino Americans: Scale Construction and Psychological Implications

Colonial mentality, or internalized colonialism, has been discussed by scholars and by Filipino American community members as a significant factor in the experiences of contemporary Filipino Americans, yet this construct has not received empirical attention in psychology. The authors of the current study addressed this gap in the Asian American psychological literature by developing the Colonial Mentality Scale for Filipino Americans, a theoretically derived and psychometrically tested multidimensional measure of colonial mentality. Exploratory (n = 292) and confirmatory (n = 311) factor analyses on Internet-obtained data suggest that colonial mentality among Filipino Americans is best conceptualized and measured as composed of 5 related factors, each of which represents unique manifestations of the construct. Results also suggest that colonial mentality is associated with the psychological well-being and mental health of modern day Filipino Americans. Research and clinical implications are discussed.

Field of study: Psychology
Finite Element Analysis of AZ91 Magnesium Alloy During Equal Channel Angular Pressing Process

The equal channel angular pressing 3D model of AZ91 magnesium alloy was set up.Effects of the temperature and friction factors on the effective strain and load-stroke were simulated using DEFORM-3D finite element analysis software.The results show that the deformation zone is mainly located around the cross area of the two channels.With temperature increasing,the maximum value of load-stroke during ECAP process decreases.The higher the friction factor,the larger the gradient of the effective strain,the lower the homogeneity of plastic deformation.

Field of study: Materials science
SPINE bioinformatics and data‐management aspects of high‐throughput structural biology

SPINE (Structural Proteomics In Europe) was established in 2002 as an integrated research project to develop new methods and technologies for high‐throughput structural biology. Development areas were broken down into workpackages and this article gives an overview of ongoing activity in the bioinformatics workpackage. Developments cover target selection, target registration, wet and dry laboratory data management and structure annotation as they pertain to high‐throughput studies. Some individual projects and developments are discussed in detail, while those that are covered elsewhere in this issue are treated more briefly. In particular, this overview focuses on the infrastructure of the software that allows the experimentalist to move projects through different areas that are crucial to high‐throughput studies, leading to the collation of large data sets which are managed and eventually archived and/or deposited.

Field of study: Chemistry
AVALIAÇÃO DE ANÁLISE TÉCNICO-TÁTICA EM COMBATES DE JUDÔ POR PROGRAMA COMPUTACIONAL POR USUÁRIOS COM DIFERENTES NÍVEIS DE EXPERTISE EVALUATION OF TECHNICAL-TACTICAL JUDO COMBATS ANALYSIS WITH A COMPUTER PROGRAM FOR USERS WITH DIFFERENT LEVELS OF EXPERTISE

The objective was to compare the objectivity and to verify the applicability of computational time-motion analysis (TMA) and technical-tactical analysis of judo for different levels of expertise. The sample was composed by 22 subjects (12 practitioners, separated into six experts and six non-experts, and 10 non-practitioners). The sample qualified the software via questionnaire and they conducted 150 analysis (90 = inter-group comparisons; 60 = intra-group comparisons). Data were compared by Wilcoxon and Friedman, and by Kappa Cohen coefficient, p <0.05. No differences were observed between groups when compared the quality indicators, which showed better percentage in response "all the time", when compared with the responses "most of the time", "part time" and "never or not" (p <0.001 ). The correlations showed "strong" concordance (index = 0.76) in TMA for the three groups, but a "weak" agreement (index = 0.08) of technical-tactical analysis between practitioners and non-practitioners. In conclusion, TMA presented replicability in the three groups; for technicaltactical analysis it is required a specific knowledge of judo.

Field of study: Education
Profiling in Bargaining Over College Tuition

Profiling in college admissions arises when applicant attributes are given weight because they are correlated with unobservable student characteristics that the college values. The article models the admission process of a single college as a bargaining game between the college and a potential student with sequential moves and asymmetric information. We test the empirical implications of this model using a unique data set from a private college in the US. We find that the empirical evidence is consistent with the notion that signalling and profiling are important aspects of the college admission process.

Field of study: Economics
Comprehensive three-dimensional ray tracing model for three-mirror cavity-enhanced spectroscopy.

A 3D ray tracing model is used to simulate optical reinjection in a nonresonant optical cavity, for off-axis integrated cavity output spectroscopy. The optical cavities are optimized for maximum intensity enhancement factors via a grid search and a genetic algorithm. Intensity enhancement factors up to 1400 are found for short cavities (3 cm) and up to 101 for long cavities (50 cm). The model predicts that short absorption cells can be used, having a long effective path length and a high throughput power. This opens new opportunities in the field of ultrasensitive absorption spectroscopy and allows the design of compact optical gas sensors.

Field of study: Physics
Overcompensatory recruitment and generation delay in discrete age-structured population models

The effect of overcompensatory recruitment and the combined effect of overcompensatory recruitment and generation delay in discrete nonlinear age-structured population models is studied. Considering overcompensatory recruitment alone, we present formal proofs of the supercritical nature of bifurcations (both flip and Hopf) as well as an extensive analysis of dynamics in unstable parameter regions. One important finding here is that in case of small and moderate year to year survival probabilities there are large regions in parameter space where the qualitative behaviour found in a general n+1 dimensional model is retained already in a one-dimensional model. Another result is that the dynamics at or near the boundary of parameter space may be very complicated. Generally, generation delay is found to act as a destabilizing effect but its effect on dynamics is by no means unique. The most profound effect occurs in the n-generation delay cases. In these cases there is no stable equilibrium X* at all, but whenever X* small, a stable cycle of period n+1 where the periodic points in the cycle are on a very special form. In other cases generation delay does not alter the dynamics in any substantial way.

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics
Magma flow within the Tavares pluton, northeastern Brazil: Compositional and thermal convection

Crystallization coupled with gravity removal of depleted interstitial melt has long been recognized as a mechanism of magma differentiation. Similarly, heat released by synplutonic basaltic magma intrusions has long been recognized as capable of driving convection in granite chambers. Direct evidence of these processes has seldom been described in granites. In the Tavares pluton, we mapped a number of melt extraction structures from pores of a crystal-liquid mush (an effectively solid magma where crystals form an interconnected skeleton) and a variety of flow structures such as (1) meter-scale tear- or mushroom-shaped blobs representing within-chamber diapirs; (2) meter-scale ellipsoids representing frozen thermal plumes of granite, driven by heat released from disrupted diorite intrusions; and (3) ladder dikes and snail structures representing cross sections of several superposed cylindrical magma channels (possibly feeders of diapirs and plume heads). A fundamental feature of the structures in the Tavares pluton is that they are well delineated by mafic schlieren developed at active channel margins. We postulate a new model for the origin of marginal schlieren, which combines shear flow sorting and melt escape from the flowing magma into an effectively solid surrounding mush. Extraction structures (representing melt extraction from mush pores into melt pockets) and schlieren (representing regions where melt escaped into surrounding mush pores) are both favored by magmas that form an interconnected solid framework at low crystal fractions (∼50%), because these mushes are ductile and permeable. Favorable magmas are those with a high wetting angle between melt and solid (∼60°) and a propitious crystal size and shape distribution. We propose a model of compositional and thermal convection that accounts for all described structures.

Field of study: Geology
Study on technics's condition of leaching solanesol from tobacco waste

In this paper, utilization state of tobacco waste has been reviewed briefly, and a utilization scheme of such tobacco waste based on existing technologies has been presented.After the sifting about solanesol's leaching solvent and experimental studies of craft and optimization by orthonormal experiment,it is easy to define a proper craft condition: leaching solvent is petroleum etherⅡ, leaching temperature is 60 ℃, time is 5 h, liquid-solid ratio is 6∶1.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Medical Fruits of Labor

My grandfather's death made a profound impact on my life personally and professionally. Our family was able to share in his last joyous days thanks to a caring physician who first suggested palliative care. During these final days in which friends and family said their goodbyes, I realized as a medical student the immense impact we as healthcare workers truly make in our patients' lives. Reflections on palliative care, faith, medicine, and death following this experience influenced my formation as a Catholic, grandson, and as a physician in training.  This article describes the personal experience of a medical student who witnesses the final days of his grandfather's life. Life, death, faith, palliative care, and the impact of physicians on families during these times is the subject of his reflection following his grandfather's death.

Field of study: Medicine, Philosophy
The added value of a visible channel to a geostationary thermal infrared instrument to monitor ozone for air quality

Ozone is a tropospheric pollutant and plays a key role in determining the air quality that affects human wellbeing. In this study, we compare the capability of two hypothetical grating spectrometers onboard a geostationary (GEO) satellite to sense ozone in the lowermost troposphere (surface and the 0–1 km column). We consider 1 week during the Northern Hemisphere summer simulated by a chemical transport model, and use the two GEO instrument configurations to measure ozone concentration (1) in the thermal infrared (GEO TIR) and (2) in the thermal infrared and the visible (GEO TIR+VIS). These configurations are compared against each other, and also against an ozone reference state and a priori ozone information. In a first approximation, we assume clear sky conditions neglecting the influence of aerosols and clouds. A number of statistical tests are used to assess the performance of the two GEO configurations. We consider land and sea pixels and whether differences between the two in the performance are significant. Results show that the GEO TIR+VIS configuration provides a better representation of the ozone field both for surface ozone and the 0–1 km ozone column during the daytime especially over land.

Field of study: Environmental science
Learning-dependent timing of Pavlovian eyelid responses: differential conditioning using multiple interstimulus intervals.

This study demonstrates that individual animals can concurrently acquire differently timed conditioned eyelid responses using a differential conditioning procedure in which distinctive conditioned stimuli (CSs) are individually paired with an unconditioned stimulus, with each using a different interstimulus interval (ISI). This promotes robust conditioning, and the timing of the conditioned responses is appropriate for the respective ISIs, differs for each CS to the extent that the ISIs are dissimilar, and is apparent in individual trials. This procedure was used to demonstrate that response timing is not a function of associative strength. These data suggest response timing is mediated by an ability to make temporal discriminations during the CS. The within-animals comparisons made possible by this differential conditioning should facilitate lesion and unit recording analyses of the neural basis of response timing.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Estimation of regional air-quality damages from Marcellus Shale natural gas extraction in Pennsylvania

This letter provides a first-order estimate of conventional air pollutant emissions, and the monetary value of the associated environmental and health damages, from the extraction of unconventional shale gas in Pennsylvania. Region-wide estimated damages ranged from $7.2 to $32 million dollars for 2011. The emissions from Pennsylvania shale gas extraction represented only a few per cent of total statewide emissions, and the resulting statewide damages were less than those estimated for each of the state's largest coal-based power plants. On the other hand, in counties where activities are concentrated, NOx emissions from all shale gas activities were 20–40 times higher than allowable for a single minor source, despite the fact that individual new gas industry facilities generally fall below the major source threshold for NOx. Most emissions are related to ongoing activities, i.e., gas production and compression, which can be expected to persist beyond initial development and which are largely unrelated to the unconventional nature of the resource. Regulatory agencies and the shale gas industry, in developing regulations and best practices, should consider air emissions from these long-term activities, especially if development occurs in more populated areas of the state where per-ton emissions damages are significantly higher.

Field of study: Environmental science
Women’s mountaineering tourism: an empirical investigation of its theoretical constraint dimensions

The purpose of this study is to investigate the perceived constraints on participating in mountaineering tourism faced by women, and to empirically verify the dimensionality of those constraints. Survey responses from 314 female mountaineers were collected and four constraint dimensions were identified using confirmatory factor analysis. Three of these dimensions: ‘intra-personal’, ‘inter-personal’ and ‘structural’ constraints support earlier findings in the extant literature, both in general and in the adventure literature more specifically. The identification of a fourth dimension relating to ‘family’ constraints represents a theoretical contribution to the literature and an additional barrier to women’s participation in mountaineering tourism. In previous studies, ‘family’ constraints have typically been subsumed within ‘inter-personal’ or ‘intra-personal’ constraints, but have emerged as a distinctly separate constraint category for women in relation to this particular tourist activity. The findings also have important implications for adventure tourism management practice.

Field of study: Sociology