nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Clinical characteristics of syringomyelia in the Bashkir disease cluster

: Цель исследования - анализ клинических проявлений сирингомиелии на материале Башкирского эпидемиологического кластера. Материал и методы. Приведены результаты обследования 712 пациентов с сирингомиелией, проживающих в Республике Башкортостан. Длительность заболевания колебалась в широких пределах. У большинства больных первые его симптомы проявлялись в возрасте от 10 до 30 лет. Результаты и заключение. Клиническая картина характеризовалась чувствительными и двигательными расстройствами, трофическими изменениями кожи, нарушениями опорно-двигательного аппарата. Чаще всего встречалась смешанная форма с локализацией очага поражения в шейно-грудном отделе спинного мозга с медленно прогрессирующим течением.  Authors present the results of examination of 712 patients from the population of Bashkortostan. Disease duration varied in the wide range. In most of the patients, first symptoms usually occurred between 10 and 30 years old.  Clinical symptoms included sensory and motor disorders, trophic changes of the skin, joint and bone deformations. A mixed form with lesion localization in the cervical-thoracic region of the spine and slowly progressive course was most frequent.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Culturally Responsive Teaching in an Oglala Lakota Classroom

In response to the widening academic achievement gap between Native American students and other students in the United States, a culturally responsive approach was used in a Native American social studies class with positive results. Eighth-grade Oglala Lakota students in an American History classroom experienced a unit infused with lessons that highlighted Native American culture, history, and values. Students' knowledge, skills, and culture were used as frames of reference for the teacher, enabling students to personally engage with the content and making learning more meaningful. By incorporating culturally responsive teaching practices into the social studies curriculum, teachers not only give students the opportunity to come face to face with multiple perspectives but students are able to come face to face with their own ancestors, bringing history home, and bringing it to life.

Field of study: Sociology
Transmission Electron Microscopy Characterization 
of Ni(V) Metallization Stressed Under High Current Density 
in Flip Chip Solder Joints

The Ni(V) under bump metallization (UBM) in flip chip solder joints is known to be consumed in a two-stage process during current stressing. The Ni(V) UBM transforms first to the “consumed Ni(V)” state. Then, this consumed Ni(V) transforms to a so-called porous structure. In this study, the details of the consumed Ni(V) and the porous structure were analyzed by transmission electron microscopy. Bright-field images showed that the consumed Ni(V) was a continuous layer without columnar structures and that the porous structure had many voids in the matrix. The compositional analyses showed that V atoms were immobile and trapped in the original Ni(V) layer. Cu and Sn atoms diffused into the original Ni(V) layer, and Ni atoms diffused outward. Selected-area diffraction patterns and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy of the porous structure showed that it was composed of an amorphous matrix with fine crystalline Cu6Sn5 and VSn2 phases.

Field of study: Materials science
Adjusted Clinical Groups (ACGs) explain the utilization of primary care in Spain based on information registered in the medical records: a cross-sectional study.

Previous studies have shown the validity of Adjusted Clinical Groups (ACGs) in the primary care setting, but the absence of administrative databases is a problem for the implementation of this system.



To assess the validity of physicians' notes in computerized clinical records for the implementation of ACGs, and to determine the ability of the ACGs system to explain the use of primary care resources in real conditions of the daily practice.



Cross-sectional study.



All patients who were continuously assigned to 56 physicians from public primary health care centers in the Bizkaia Basque Country (Spain) over at least a 6-month period were included.



Patients were classified by means of the ACGs system using the ICD-9-CM diagnostic codes according to three scenarios: (1) those annotated by the physicians in the computerized medical record, (2) codification of computerized medical records diagnoses by the research team, and (3) computerized medical records diagnoses complemented by hospital discharge codes.



The ACGs system explained more than 50% of the variance in visits made to primary care physicians, 25-40% of prescriptions, 25-30% of referrals and requests of laboratory tests, and 14-16% of radiographs. The coefficients of determination remained almost invariable after the addition of hospital diagnoses or correction of coding errors. Fifty-two physicians (93%) registered their patients' diagnosis quite acceptably, whereas only 29 (52%) included this datum in the prescriptions.



The ACGs system is a useful tool to explain the use of primary care services in a national health care system within the European Union. The implementation of ACGs from the physician's annotations in the computerized medical records is feasible.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Mouse monoclonal antibodies detect an allotypic determinant common to several ruminant species.

A monoclonal antibody against goat immunoglobulins recognizes an allotypic determinant (A1) which is common to goat, sheep, cattle and water buffalo. The frequency of the corresponding gene (A') is about the same in all four species, indicating the existence of a polymorphism that remained stable over a period of about 18-20 million years.

Field of study: Biology
Absorptions- und Emissionsspektren von Samariumgranaten

From the absorption and emission spectra of samariumgalliumgarnet and of samarium-aluminiumgarnet (both diluted with yttrium) the crystal field levels of the6F and the6H multipletts of the Sm3+-ion have been deduced. The crystal field calculations showed by far better results, when using different parameters for the levels of the6H and the6F multipletts, instead of fitting them jointly.

Field of study: Physics
Pt-Co Alloys-Loaded Cubic SiC Electrode with Improved Photoelectrocatalysis Property

A novel composite photocatalyst was synthesized by loading 5 wt % of platinum cobalt alloy on 3C-SiC nanowires and powder (Pt-Co-SiC) respectively via a simple polyol reduction method. Pt-Co-SiC were comprehensively characterized by SEM, HRTEM, XRD, PL, and XPS. The results indicated that Pt-Co nanoparticles in the size of 2–5 nm were dispersed homogeneously in the SiC nanowires and powders. The photocurrent response of the Pt-Co-SiC increased remarkably with increasing Pt content and the best performance was observed with the sample of Pt3Co-SiC. Especially, the Pt3Co-SiC nanowires photoelectrode exhibited improved cathodic current density (0.14 mA·cm−2) under the simulated sunlight, which was about 10 times higher than the Pt3Co-SiC powders. The H2 production rate for the Pt3Co-SiC nanowires is 30 times more than that of the pure SiC nanowires. The enhancement of the Pt-Co-SiC properties could be ascribed to the fact that more visible light was harvested and the photogenerated electron and the interfacial electron transfered more easily.

Field of study: Materials science
^{7}Be(n,α)^{4}He Reaction and the Cosmological Lithium Problem: Measurement of the Cross Section in a Wide Energy Range at n_TOF at CERN.

The energy-dependent cross section of the ^{7}Be(n,α)^{4}He reaction, of interest for the so-called cosmological lithium problem in big bang nucleosynthesis, has been measured for the first time from 10 meV to 10 keV neutron energy. The challenges posed by the short half-life of ^{7}Be and by the low reaction cross section have been overcome at n_TOF thanks to an unprecedented combination of the extremely high luminosity and good resolution of the neutron beam in the new experimental area (EAR2) of the n_TOF facility at CERN, the availability of a sufficient amount of chemically pure ^{7}Be, and a specifically designed experimental setup. Coincidences between the two alpha particles have been recorded in two Si-^{7}Be-Si arrays placed directly in the neutron beam. The present results are consistent, at thermal neutron energy, with the only previous measurement performed in the 1960s at a nuclear reactor. The energy dependence reported here clearly indicates the inadequacy of the cross section estimates currently used in BBN calculations. Although new measurements at higher neutron energy may still be needed, the n_TOF results hint at a minor role of this reaction in BBN, leaving the long-standing cosmological lithium problem unsolved.

Field of study: Physics
Lactoferrin is synthesized by activated microglia in the human substantia nigra and its synthesis by the human microglial CHME cell line is upregulated by tumor necrosis factor alpha or 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium treatment.

The presence of the iron-binding protein lactoferrin (Lf) in some specific areas of the central nervous system and particularly in the normal human substantia nigra, where it is found in dopaminergic (DA) neurons and some glial cells, led us to investigate Lf synthesis in this area. Lf mRNA were identified using in situ hybridization and found in small ameboid cells. These cells were identified using immunocytochemistry as activated microglia since they exhibited macrophage markers such as the CD68 and the CR1 antigens. Double immunofluorescent labeling confirmed that the two Lf immunostained cell populations were activated microglia and DA neurons. Since activated microglia contained both Lf and its messenger, these cells are the Lf producing cells. The presence of Lf in DA neurons in which no Lf messengers were visible, might be due to an endocytosis mechanism, DA neurons probably internalizing Lf produced in microglial cells located in their neighborhood. In neuropathological disorders, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, inflammatory process and oxidative stress are events that contribute to neuronal death. Since Lf concentration increases during these pathologies, we studied the level of Lf expression under these different stresses and showed, using RT-PCR, that the immortalized human embryonic microglial CHME cell line produced Lf transcripts under tumor necrosis factor alpha or 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium treatment whereas untreated cells did not. These data confirm that Lf is produced only when microglia are activated.

Field of study: Biology
The oxygen supply to thermogenic flowers.

Thermogenic flowers produce heat by intense respiration, and the rates of O2 consumption (Ṁo2) in some species can exceed those of all other tissues of plants and most animals. By exposing intact flowers to a range of O2 pressures (Po2) and measuring Ṁo2, we demonstrate that the highest respiration rates exceed the capacity of the O2 diffusive pathway and become diffusion limited in atmospheric air. The male florets on the inflorescence of Arum concinnatum have the highest known mass-specific Ṁo2 and can be severely diffusion limited. Intact spadices of Japanese skunk cabbage Symplocarpus renifolius are diffusion limited in air only when Ṁo2 is maximal, but not at lower levels. True flowers of the sacred lotus Nelumbo nucifera and the appendix of Arum concinnatum are never diffusion limited in air. Ṁo2 - Po2 curves are evaluated quantitatively with the 'Regulation Index', a new tool to measure dependence of Ṁo2 on ambient Po2 , as well as the conventional 'Critical Po2 '. The study also includes measurements of Po2 within thermogenic tissues with O2-sensitive fibre optics, and reveals that the diffusion pathway is complicated and that O2 can be provided not only from the surface of the tissues but also from the pith of the flower's peduncle.

Field of study: Environmental science
Power bipolar devices

This paper deals with the specific aspects of bipolar device physics and with the problems posed by the design of their structure. Emphasis will be placed on the fundamental mechanisms which determine the on-state, the off-state and the switching performance. A number of relationships between operating characteristics and structure parameters are established. These relationships are useful for improving structure designs. The current-handling capability of high-voltage transistors is discussed thoroughly as a relevant example. Finally, the state of the art and trends of power bipolar devices are briefly reviewed.

Field of study: Engineering
The role of primary cilia in the pathophysiology of neural tube defects.

Neural tube defects (NTDs) are a set of disorders that occur from perturbation of normal neural development. They occur in open or closed forms anywhere along the craniospinal axis and often result from a complex interaction between environmental and genetic factors. One burgeoning area of genetics research is the effect of cilia signaling on the developing neural tube and how the disruption of primary cilia leads to the development of NTDs. Recent progress has implicated the hedgehog (Hh), wingless-type integration site family (Wnt), and planar cell polarity (PCP) pathways in primary cilia as involved in normal neural tube patterning. A set of disorders involving cilia function, known as ciliopathies, offers insight into abnormal neural development. In this article, the authors discuss the common ciliopathies, such as Meckel-Gruber and Joubert syndromes, that are associated with NTDs, and review cilia-related signaling cascades responsible for mammalian neural tube development. Understanding the contribution of cilia in the formation of NTDs may provide greater insight into this common set of pediatric neurological disorders.

Field of study: Medicine
Ecologie des pseudobiohermes des Terres Noires jurassiques liés à paléo-sources sous-marines. Le site oxfordien de Beauvoisin (Drôme, Bassin du Sud-Est, France)

Pseudobioherms are fossiliferous calcareous bodies well exposed within Jurassic calcareous shales of SE France. Their genesis is unknown. Oxfordian psedobioherms of the outcrop of Beauvoisin are studied here. Several kinds of results show that they are probably built at vent of submarine springs in a bathyal environment. Among their related fauna, bivalves are thriving. They show some remarkable analogies (morphology, growth, distribution) with some typical bivalves of recent springs (hydrothermal vents or cold seeps) like Calyptogena. Isotopic composition of their shell exhibits a highly positive δ13C and emphasizes this resemblance. This suggests a chemosynthetic food supply through a bacterial symbiosis. The whole fauna (microfauna and macrofauna) was inventoried within pseudobioherms and their close and far environment. A comparative paleoecological study has been carried out to evaluate the faunal anomaly shown by a selected pseudobioherm: two contemporaneous sections, one close to this pseudobioherm and one other in a distant area without pseudobioherms, have been studied in detail. All taphonomic disturbances, which are able to alter data, have been carefully studied. The paleobiocoenose suggests a slightly higher environmental stability, because of an additional food supply within an environment usually less favorable. It also suggests some permanency of spring activity. The impact of the supposed springs on the benthic fauna is localized and slightly preserved through fossil fauna. It mainly expresses itself in bivalves and organisms able to eat them (crustacean, cephalopods…). Considering these various observations, and after a critical comparison with characteristics and geological setting of recent submarine springs, a model is suggested to understand the highly original paleo-ecosystem of pseudobioherms.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Morphology control and electrochemical properties of LiFePO4/C composite cathode for lithium ion batteries

We developed a novel cathode electrode system composed of ultra highly porous structured LiFePO4/carbon composite for lithium ion batteries by a gelation–freezing (GF) method. This unique technique can be used to provide various shaped components by use of specific molds, and varying the freezing temperature could control the micrometer-sized cylindrical pore size and wall thickness in the porous composite. Film shapes of carbons that originate in the gelatin were found in the porous LiFePO4/carbon composite cathodes. The porous composite cathode shows a good electrochemical performance at a low current density, despite the low carbon content. Charge/discharge capacities for the LiFePO4/carbon composites decreased with decreasing gel-freezing temperature. The template-free GF method for fabricating the porous LiFePO4/carbon composite opens up a new route to develop electrodes with controlled morphologies for applications in high power lithium batteries.

Field of study: Materials science
Alteration of nuclear glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase structure in Huntington's disease fibroblasts.

The expression of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) may be involved in neuronal disease and in programmed cell death. Recent investigations indicate an in vitro physical association between GAPDH and huntingtin, the mutated protein in Huntington's disease (HD). Previous studies reveal the functional diversity of GAPDH as a membrane, cytoplasmic and nuclear protein. These activities are independent of its classical glycolytic function. Thus, huntingtin-GAPDH interactions could affect not only energy production but also result in pleiotropic effects involving various biochemical pathways in HD cells. We now report the identification of a nuclear high molecular weight (HMW) GAPDH species in Huntington's disease cells. In contrast, nuclei from age-matched control normal human cells did not contain the HMW GAPDH species. Further, this GAPDH structure was not observed in HD whole cell sonicates which are characterized by normal GAPDH activity. The disruption of intracellular structure is implicit in the preparation of whole cell sonicates. Therefore, these results suggest that the dissociation of the GAPDH protein from its high molecular weight structure results in the recovery of its function. These findings reveal a singular, new subcellular phenotype in HD cells. As such, they indicate an interrelationship between nuclear GAPDH function and huntingtin localization in this CAG expansion neuronal disease.

Field of study: Biology
Determinants of Reach and Loyalty — A Study of Website Performance and Implications for Website Design

For many organizations the corporate website has emerged as the primary vehicle for inter-organizational and intra-organizational information exchange, as well as for sales and promotion activities. The performance of websites in terms of the extent to which they can attract and retain traffic, strongly influences the volume of business transacted on them. Identification of factors that influence website performance is therefore necessary, for appropriately focusing website development efforts toward specific design parameters and including relevant performance-influencing features within the website. Although studies have described different characteristics related to websites, a systematic and comprehensive identification of antecedents to website performance is missing. This paper is based on an empirical study of the performance of 190 websites. It identifies seven factors that influence two different measures of website performance, the Reach and Loyalty. Information content, usability, ease-of-navigation and security are significant predictors of Reach. Ease-of-navigation, customization, security and availability are determinants of Loyalty. The paper explains these results and uses them to suggest guidelines for website design.

Field of study: Computer science
Optimation 1,2 formulation of meat analog from cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L Walp) protein curds and cocoyams (Xanthosoma sagittifolium) modification starch as filler

Meat is a protein resource is consumed by society generally. With a high protein content, meat also has a high saturated acid content. A large amount of meat consumed causes diseases, so we need to replace this product with alternatives that can supply the protein needed, but that has a good effect. One alternative is the meat analog. Meat analog is a product made from protein and carbohydrate sources. Soy protein and gluten flour are raw materials that have been used for a long time (Li et al., 2007).

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
PEMANFAATAN LIMBAH PERTANIAN SEBAGAI PEMENUHAN KEBUTUHAN PAKAN TERNAK RUMINANSIA DI DESA RUKTI ENDAH KECAMATAN SEPUTIH RAMAN KABUPATEN LAMPUNG TENGAH

Permasalahan warga yang memiliki ternak ruminansia adalah pada musim kemarau mengalami kesulitan dalam bidang pengadaan pakan hijauan berupa rumput untuk ternak mereka. Hal itu disebabkan stok pakan sangat terbatas pada musim kemarau, namun berbeda kondisi jika pada musim penghujan, saat musim panen padi, dan panen jagung. Jerami padi dan pelepah jagung merupakan limbah pertanian warga kecamatan Seputih Raman yang oleh masyarakat sekitar hanya dibakar dalam mempersiapkan lahan untuk penanaman berikutnya. Beberapa solusi yang ditawarkan adalah teknologi pakan silase berbahan baku jerami padi dan pelepah jagung berfungsi menjembatani stok pakan pada musim hujan dan musim kemarau. Dalam pembuatan silase, bahan pakan terlebih dahulu dicacah sekitar 1-5 cm. Solusi penawaran berikutnya adalah tim pengabdi membantu membuatkan mesin pencacah untuk memudahkan mitra dalam mencacah pakan ternak sebelum dibuat silase. Dalam hal ini tim pengabdi juga memberikan penyuluhan pengoperasian dan perawatan mesin pencacah pakan ternak serta pelatihan cara pembuatan silase pakan ternak. Hasil dari kegiatan ini adalah warga mitra dapat mengoperasikan dan merawat mesin pencacah pakan ternak untuk memanfaatkan potensi lokal sebagai solusi permasalahan pakan ternak sehingga kebutuhan pakan ternak di musim kemarau menjadi terbantu. 
  
Kata kunci: limbah pertanian, pakan ternak, silase

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
The Kirkbride-Langenheim collaboration: early use of photography in psychiatric treatment in Philadelphia.

Early Use of Photography in Psychiatric Treatment in Philadelphia R ECENT research into the Kirkbride Archives at the Pennsylvania Hospital has shed new light on the connection of the "moral treatment" of insanity with the new art of photography, both developing at the same time in mid-nineteenth century Philadelphia. The Kirkbride Achives, now part of the Clifford B. Farr Historical Library, contains numerous letters, hospital records, memorabilia from the early days of the hospital, and in addition thousands of photographic images, some as old as 1851. The bulk of the photographic collection consists of over 3500 magic lantern slides used as a means of education and amusement for the patients of the hospital from 1844 through the end of the nineteenth century. This material was not ignored by previous scholars, but they did not recognize the critical role it played in the development of photography. This is not surprising, since the study of the history of photography has only in the last decade expanded in interest to the point where professorships in the subject have been funded at major universities. When the attention is focused on the photographic point of view, an entirely new and fascinating story emerges from the Kirkbride Achives. The use of

Field of study: History