nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Protogrammoceras paltum (Buckman), a late Pliensbachian (Jurassic) ammonite from Axel Heiberg Island, Canadian Arctic Archipelago

Ammonites collected from red-weathering sandstones lying between the Heiberg and Savik formations north of Wolf Fiord on southeastern Axel Heiberg Island are identified as Protogrammoceras paltum (...

Field of study: Environmental science
A Unifying Hypothesis Linking Hepatic Adaptations for Ethanol Metabolism to the Proinflammatory and Profibrotic Events of Alcoholic Liver Disease

The pathogenesis of alcoholic liver disease (ALD) remains poorly understood but is likely a multihit pathophysiological process. Here, we propose a hypothesis of how early mitochondrial adaptations for alcohol metabolism lead to ALD pathogenesis. Acutely, ethanol (EtOH) feeding causes a near doubling of hepatic EtOH metabolism and oxygen consumption within 2 to 3 hours. This swift increase in alcohol metabolism (SIAM) is an adaptive response to hasten metabolic elimination of both EtOH and its more toxic metabolite, acetaldehyde (AcAld). In association with SIAM, EtOH causes widespread hepatic mitochondrial depolarization (mtDepo), which stimulates oxygen consumption. In parallel, voltage-dependent anion channels (VDAC) in the mitochondrial outer membrane close. Together, VDAC closure and respiratory stimulation promote selective and more rapid oxidation of EtOH first to AcAld in the cytosol and then to nontoxic acetate in mitochondria, since membrane-permeant AcAld does not require VDAC to enter mitochondria. VDAC closure also inhibits mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation and ATP release, promoting steatosis and a decrease in cytosolic ATP. After acute EtOH, these changes revert as EtOH is eliminated with little hepatocellular cytolethality. mtDepo also stimulates mitochondrial autophagy (mitophagy). After chronic high EtOH exposure, the capacity to process depolarized mitochondria by mitophagy becomes compromised, leading to intra- and extracellular release of damaged mitochondria, mitophagosomes, and/or autolysosomes containing mitochondrial damage-associated molecular pattern (mtDAMP) molecules. mtDAMPs cause inflammasome activation and promote inflammatory and profibrogenic responses, causing hepatitis and fibrosis. We propose that persistence of mitochondrial responses to EtOH metabolism becomes a tipping point, which links initial adaptive EtOH metabolism to maladaptive changes initiating onset and progression of ALD.

Field of study: Medicine
The Effect of Group Investigation Learning Model, Accelerated Learning Team and Role Playing on Elementary School Students’ Writing Skills Viewed from Cognitive Style

This study aims at    finding out the differences on the writing skills of students who follow the group learning model Investigation Group, Accelerated Learning Team, and Role Playing, (2) finding out group differences on the writing skills of students who have the dependence field cognitive style   and   independence filed cognitive style, and (3 ) finding out the use of three types of interaction models of cooperative learning and cognitive styles in influencing writing skills. This study is an experimental study with a 3x2 factorial design. Manipulations were performed on variables of learning models. The experimental group was given special treatment on each cooperative learning model namely Investigative Group, Accelerated Learning Team, and Role Playing. The experimental group consists of students who have dependence and   independene cognitive style   . The population is the fifth grade students of primary school in Kediri of  2012/2013 batch, while the samples are fifth grade students at 12 elementary schools in the three districts in the Kediri regency, four elementary schools in District Kandat, four elementary schools in the District Ngadiluwih, four elementary schools in District Badas , with the total of 368 students. The  data were   taken with the two-stage technique of random sampling area. The data were collected by  testing the students’ writing skills, while the students’ cognitive style is determined by the type of cognitive style test. The collected data were presented in the form of tables, graphs, and analyzed by two-way analysis of variance. The conclusions of this study reveals that the writing skills of students who follow the group cooperative learning model in the type of investigation group is better than the group of students who are learning in Accelerated Learning Team and Role Playing, while the writing skills of students who follow the group cooperative learning model type and Accelerated Learning Team and role playing are just the same. The writing skills of students who have   independence field cognitive style are better than the group of students who have   dependence field cognitive style . There was an interaction between the type of cooperative learning and cognitive styles in influencing the writing skills. The interaction was shown to a group of students who have an independence field cognitive style  , the use of cooperative learning model type of investigation group is better than the kind of Accelerated Learning Team or any type of Role Playing, whereas Accelerated Learning Team gives the same result  as  type of Role Playing. In the group of students who have the dependence cognitive style , the three types of cooperative learning was just all good.  learning model, writing skill, cognitive style

Field of study: Education
Trading Mechanism for Demand-side Response Participating in Electricity Market in China

Demand-side response resources refer to resources that can generate flexible responses based on various market trading mechanisms and price signals. At present, China's demand-side response resources are mainly called in planned methods. The market mechanism is not perfect, and the enthusiasm of demand-side response has not been fully mobilized. Based on the experience of foreign demand-side response participating in electricity market, this paper analyzes current situation of demand-side response resources in China and the problems faced by participating in market, then proposes trading mechanism for demand-side response participating in electricity market in three phases. Demand-side response can conduct short-term energy transactions with output curve in near-term, participate in spot market and auxiliary service market in medium-term, and participate in capacity market in long-term.

Field of study: Engineering
Performance analysis of heat pipe aided NEPCM heat sink for transient electronic cooling

An experimental investigation on the thermal performance of Nano Embedded Phase Change Material (NEPCM) heat sink with heat pipe has been conducted for electronic cooling in Personal computers. The NEPCM and heat pipe configuration in the heat sink effectively eliminates the use of electronic fan. A flat plate heater was used to simulate the computer's microprocessor. The heat sink configurations were placed above the flat plate heater and tested for multiple head load conditions. The addition of NEPCM increases the heat storage capacity, causes a delay effect on the sensible temperature rise and maintained the core temperature of the heat sink at room temperature for prolonged time. Heat pipe charged with R134a refrigerant placed inside the heat sink cavity for regeneration of NEPCM in heat sink. The results showed that use of heat pipe aided NEPCM heat sink caused a 3 °C decrease in the heater's surface plate temperature during six hours of the operating period without the help of electronic fan or any other forced convection.

Field of study: Engineering
A Task Force on Recruitment, Admissions, and Retention to Improve Pharmacy College Admissions Outcomes

To create a task force on recruitment, admission, and retention, and assess pharmacy students’ opinions and perceived value of the initiatives implemented.  A task force on recruitment, admission, and retention was created at the University of Florida College of Pharmacy to build relationships between the college and incoming students and improve the admissions process. Admission and retention initiatives were implemented over a three-year period. All applicants who received an offer of admission, whether they accepted or declined, were invited to complete an online survey designed to solicit feedback on the admissions and retention initiatives.  The response rate to the survey was 80.3% in 2016 and 85.7% in 2017. The majority of students who responded reported that the admission and retention initiatives were helpful with regard to building connections with the college of pharmacy. In the three years after the task force implemented the admissions and retention initiatives, the admission yield (total number of students who accepted admission divided by the number offered admission) increased from 72.5% in 2015 to 79.5% in 2016 and 81.9% in 2017.  Development of a task force specifically aimed to build relationships with students accepted to the college through strategic initiatives was instrumental in increasing admission yield and reducing the number of applicants who initially accepted an offer of admission and then chose not to attend the college.

Field of study: Education, Medicine
Steady Turbulent Flow Computations Using a Low Mach Fully Compressible Scheme

A recently proposed modification to fully compressible schemes significantly improves the resolution of low-Mach-number features, tackling the problem of excessive numerical dissipation as the Mach number reduces. This paper explores the application of this modification to Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes simulations using second- and fifth-order in-space schemes. Following verification of the modeling approach, four test cases are employed to highlight the scheme performance, including a backward-facing step, a two-dimensional lid-driven cavity, the NACA 4412 airfoil (incorporating a trailing-edge separation), and finally a Mach 2.25 oblique shock-wave–boundary-layer interaction. It demonstrates first that the converged solution is grid- and scheme-independent, as expected, and that the low-Mach-number correction provides a significant improvement in low-Mach-number regions. Because this correction is easy to implement, computationally inexpensive, and stable, the conclusion is that it should be recommend...

Field of study: Physics
Sperm DNA Hypomethylation Proximal to Reproduction Pathway Genes in Maturing Elite Norwegian Red Bulls

Genomic selection in modern farming demands sufficient semen production in young bulls. Factors affecting semen quality and production capacity in young bulls are not well understood; DNA methylation, a complicated phenomenon in sperm cells, is one such factors. In this study, fresh and frozen-thawed semen samples from the same Norwegian Red (NR) bulls at both 14 and 17 months of age were examined for sperm chromatin integrity parameters, ATP content, viability, and motility. Furthermore, reduced representation bisulfite libraries constructed according to two protocols, the Ovation® RRBS Methyl-Seq System (Ovation method) and a previously optimized gel-free method and were sequenced to study the sperm DNA methylome in frozen-thawed semen samples. Sperm quality analyses indicated that sperm concentration, total motility and progressivity in fresh semen from 17 months old NR bulls were significantly higher compared to individuals at 14 months of age. The percentage of DNA fragmented sperm cells significantly decreased in both fresh and frozen-thawed semen samples in bulls with increasing age. Libraries from the Ovation method exhibited a greater percentage of read loss and shorter read size following trimming. Downstream analyses for reads obtained from the gel-free method revealed similar global sperm DNA methylation but differentially methylated regions (DMRs) between 14- and 17 months old NR bulls. The majority of identified DMRs were hypomethylated in 14 months old bulls. Most of the identified DMRs (69%) exhibited a less than 10% methylation difference while only 1.5% of DMRs exceeded a 25% methylation difference. Pathway analysis showed that genes annotated with DMRs having low methylation differences (less than 10%) and DMRs having between 10 and 25% methylation differences, could be associated with important hormonal signaling and sperm function relevant pathways, respectively. The current research shows that RRBS in parallel with routine sperm quality analyses could be informative in reproductive capacity of young NR bulls. Although global sperm DNA methylation levels in 14 and 17 months old NR bulls were similar, regions with low and varying levels of DNA methylation differences can be identified and linked with important sperm function and hormonal pathways.

Field of study: Biology
Association Between Dietary Patterns and Kidney Function in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of the German Chronic Kidney Disease Study.

In the general population, "healthy" dietary patterns are associated with improved health outcomes, but data on associations between observance of specific dietary patterns and kidney function in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are sparse.



Dietary intake was evaluated using food frequency questionnaires in patients with moderately severe CKD under nephrology care enrolled into the observational multicenter German CKD study. The Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet score, Mediterranean diet score, and German Food Pyramid Index (GFPI) were calculated and their association with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and albuminuria was assessed by multivariable linear regression analysis, adjusted for gender, age, body mass index, energy intake, smoking status, alcohol intake, education, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL- cholesterol), low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-cholesterol), hypertension, and diabetes mellitus.



A total of 2,813 patients (41% women; age 60.1 ± 11.6 years) were included in the analysis. High DASH diet score and GFPI were associated with lower systolic blood pressure and lower intake of antihypertensive medication, higher HDL, and lower uric acid levels. Mediterranean-style diet was associated with lower prevalence of diabetes mellitus. Higher DASH and Mediterranean diet scores were associated with higher eGFR (β-coefficient = 1.226, P < .001; β-coefficient = 0.932, P = .007, respectively). In contrast, GFPI was not associated with eGFR. For the individual components of the dietary patterns, higher intake of nuts and legumes, cereals, fish, and polyunsaturated fats was associated with higher eGFR and higher intake of dairy, composed of low- and whole-fat dairy, was associated with lower eGFR. No association was found between dietary patterns and albuminuria.



Higher observance of the DASH or Mediterranean diet, but not German food pyramid recommendations, was associated with higher eGFR among patients with CKD. Improving dietary habits may offer an opportunity to better control comorbidities and kidney function decline in patients with CKD.

Field of study: Medicine
Acetals of lactams and amides. 44. Synthesis of derivatives of aminocyanopyridines from enamino amides and enamino nitriles

It has been established that in the reaction of a tertiary enamino amide with a primary amine a substantial influence is exerted by the basicity of the amine and the steric hindrance of its amino group. The secondary enamino amides obtained interact with the diethyl acetal of dimethylformamide to form enamino amides substituted at the amide nitrogen or 1-substituted pyramidin-4-ones, depending on the degree of steric hindrance of the NH group. Compounds of both these types, on being heated in an alkaline medium, are converted into derivatives of 4-amino-3-cyano-2-pyridone. An enamino dinitrile — α-cyano-β-dimethylaminocrotonitrile — condenses with acetals of amides and lactams to form dienic diamines which can be converted into derivatives of 3-cyano-4-dimethylaminopyridine.

Field of study: Chemistry
Recruitment Strategies for a Home-Based Physical Activity Intervention for Breast Cancer Patients

Recruiting cancer patients for randomized trials investigating psychosocial interventions presents several unique challenges. This paper describes the challenges and yields for different recruitment methods used in Moving Forward, a randomized trial of a home-based moderate-intensity physical activity program for early-stage breast cancer survivors. Recruitment methods included letters sent to patients by their oncologists, direct referrals from oncologists, in-person recruitment in oncology clinics, referrals from nurses and medical assistants, passive recruitment, other mailings, and community outreach strategies. Of the 424 screenings completed, 86 (20.3%) participants were randomized. Physician letters yielded the greatest number of initial screenings (147; 34.7%) and participants randomized (28; 32.5%). In-person recruitment also proved to be a productive recruitment strategy; 14 (16.3%) of the participants were recruited via this strategy. Community outreach efforts did not provide as great a yield and were labor intensive. We discuss suggestions for recruitment of cancer patients in future trials.

Field of study: Psychology
Congenital diverticulum of the bladder mimicking tumour.

The incidence of bladder diverticula is low and identification is usually straightforward with contrast studies. We present a case of a child who had a clearly identified bladder diverticulum as well as a soft-tissue lesion in the posterior wall of the bladder that was suspected to be a rhabdomyosarcoma. Despite ultrasound scanning, micturating cystourethrogram, computed tomography and cystoscopy, open surgery was required to rule out tumour.

Field of study: Medicine
Image Technologies in the Development of Female Management Style Features

The purpose of this article is to reveal attractive invariants in female management style. The authors explored the trends and strategies of female management based on two primary methods: а) the method of lenient interview, used for specifics of female management detection and evaluation of a woman-in-chief themselves; b) questionnaires of team management and the staff office of the companies about the layer of gratification with the management and features of female mind. The relevance of the problems researched by the authors in the work lies in the aspects of psychological, social, philosophical, pedagogical sciences and imageology. Each of these sciences refers to the process of derivation, development and functioning the influence of image of a female-manager. The representatives of these scientific try to explain a human behavior, a person formation and his structures, research the mechanisms of human perception by a human being. The problem of derivation, evaluation and essence of image in kazakhstanian psychology has appeared only in the last decades. First of all it caused by the changes in the political and social situations in the society. As a result the research object has to be the image itself, and the image of state and political personalities, businessmen, art and culture employees.  10.5901/jesr.2015.v5n3p145

Field of study: Education, Sociology
The role of capacitance in the water balance of Andean giant rosette species

Pith water storage capacity and its role in plant-water relations were studied in seven giant rosette species of the genus Espeletia from the Venezuelan Andes. Readily available water from the pith was calculated to be capable of sustaining mean transpiration for up to 2.5 h. The relative importance of water stored in the pith, however, differed among species. The species that grow in the higher and colder environments tended to have a greater capacitance than the species that grow in the lower and less extreme environments. The pith volume per unit leaf area (PV/LA) was found to be a good indicator of the relative water storage capacity of the adult individuals of each species. Diurnal fluctuations in leaf water potential were not as pronounced in the species with higher PV/LA values. The species-specific PV/LA was highly correlated with the leaf turgor loss point and with the total resistance to water flow from soil to leaves. These results suggested that species-specific capacitance in the genus Espeletia is a response to temperature-limited soil water availability and that cold tropical environments with frequent subfreezing temperatures tend to select for high water storage capacity in giant rosette plants.

Field of study: Environmental science
Thermal and electrical transport properties of single crystals

Electrical conductivity, Hall effect and thermoelectric power measurements are made for the compound . This compound, which is a semiconductor grown in a single-crystal form, is studied over a wide range of temperature from 150 to 375 K. The crystal is grown by a modification of the Bridgman method. The combination of the electrical and thermal measurements in the present investigation makes it possible to find various physical parameters and to reveal the general behaviour of this semiconductor.

Field of study: Materials science
An effective and economical architecture for semantic-based heterogeneous multimedia big data retrieval

The precision rate outperforms some other approaches in the case of user feedback.When the database increases, the time cost is significantly lower than other approaches.Store the semantic information in the database, not directly process multimedia data with large size. The storage and I/O cost are reduced.Low-end computers together with open-source frameworks are adopted. The investment possesses good economic efficiency. Data variety has been one of the most critical features for multimedia big data. Some multimedia documents, although in different data formats and storage structures, often express similar semantic information. Therefore, the way to manage and retrieve multimedia documents reflecting users' intent in heterogeneous big data environments has become an important issue. In this paper, we present an effective and economical architecture named SHMR (Semantic-based Heterogeneous Multimedia Retrieval), which uses low cost to store and retrieve semantic information from heterogeneous multimedia data. Firstly, the particularity of heterogeneous multimedia retrieval in big data environments is addressed. Secondly, an approach to extract and represent semantic information for heterogeneous multimedia documents is proposed. Thirdly, a NoSQL-based approach to semantic storage, in which multimedia can be parallel processed in distributed nodes is provided. Finally, a MapReduce-based retrieval algorithm is presented and a user feedback supported scheme to achieve high retrieval precision and good user experience is designed. The experimental results indicate that the retrieval performance and economic efficiency of SHMR are suitable for multimedia information retrieval in heterogeneous big data environments.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering