nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Inherent limitations in data-aided time synchronization of continuous phase-modulation signals over time-selective fading channels

Time synchronization of continuous phase modulation (CPM) signals over time selective, Rayleigh fading channels is considered. The Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRLB) for this problem is studied for data-aided (DA) synchronization (i.e., known symbol sequence transmission) over a time-selective Rayleigh fading (i.e., Gaussian multiplicative noise) channel. Exact expressions for the bound are derived as well as simplified, approximate forms that enable derivation of a number of properties that describe the bound's dependence on key parameters such as signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), channel correlation, sampling rate, sequence length, and sequence choice. Comparison with the well-known slow fading (i.e., constant) channel bound is emphasized. Further simplifications are obtained for the special case of minimum phase keying (MSK), wherein it is shown how the bound may be used as a sequence design tool to optimize synchronization performance.

Field of study: Engineering
Index-matched Boundary Techniques for the Elimination of Acoustical Resonances

We extend the principle of optical index of refraction to apply the concept of acoustical index for transverse acoustical wave propagation in strings. The relationship between acoustical index and mass density of the acoustic material is developed. With this theoretical link established, classic index-matching techniques are explored at acoustical boundaries. Proper selection of boundary interface segments leads to the elimination of resonant vibrational modes that occur in rigidly supported strings, while maintaining the nonresonant vibration response.

Field of study: Physics
The Great Plains Irrigation Experiment (GRAINEX)

Extensive expansion in irrigated agriculture has taken place over the last half century. Due to increased irrigation and resultant land use land cover change, the central United States has seen a decrease in temperature and changes in precipitation during the second half of 20th century. To investigate the impacts of widespread commencement of irrigation at the beginning of the growing season and continued irrigation throughout the summer on local and regional weather, the Great Plains Irrigation Experiment (GRAINEX) was conducted in the spring and summer of 2018 in southeastern Nebraska. GRAINEX consisted of two, 15-day intensive observation periods. Observational platforms from multiple agencies and universities were deployed to investigate the role of irrigation in surface moisture content, heat fluxes, diurnal boundary layer evolution, and local precipitation.This article provides an overview of the data collected and an analysis of the role of irrigation in land-atmosphere interactions on time scales from the seasonal to the diurnal. The analysis shows that a clear irrigation signal was apparent during the peak growing season in mid-July. This paper shows the strong impact of irrigation on surface fluxes, near-surface temperature and humidity, as well as boundary layer growth and decay.

Field of study: Environmental science
The Properties of Composites of Natural Rubber/Nano Magnesium Hydroxide in-situ Prepared Through Microwave Radiation

Skim rubber was efficiently coagulated by microwave radiation and magnesium hydroxide(Mg(OH)2) in-situ prepared through magnesium chloride(MgCl2) and ammonia,the distribution of Mg(OH)2 in the skim rubber was observed through the scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and the effect of different Mg(OH)2 contents on the vulcanization properties,mechanical properties and thermal stability of skim rubber was investigated.The results showed that Mg(OH)2 has a great influence on the vulcanization properties of skim rubber,and the mechanical properties of skim rubber were decreased with the increase of Mg(OH)2 contents,meanwhile,the thermal stability of skim rubber was slightly increased.The diameter of Mg(OH)2 was about 20 nm,and Mg(OH)2 was uniformly dispersed in skim rubber when Mg(OH)2 contents are no more than 5%;but the diameter of Mg(OH)2 became larger,and Mg(OH)2 was easier to agglomerate and nonuniformly dispersed in skim rubber when Mg(OH)2 contents were more than 10%.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Infusion of Valproic Acid Into the Renal Medulla Activates Stem Cell Population and Attenuates Salt-Sensitive Hypertension in Dahl S Rats

Our previous study has detected a stem cell deficiency in the renal medulla in Dahl salt-sensitive (S) rats. This study determined whether infusion of valproic acid (VA), an agent known to stimulate the stem cell function, attenuated salt-sensitive hypertension in Dahl S rats.  Uninephrectomized Dahl S rats were infused with vehicle or VA (50mg/kg/d) into the renal medulla and fed with a low (LS) or high salt diet (HS). Stem cell marker and number were analyzed by immunohistochemistry, Real-time RT-PCR and Western blot. Sodium excretion and blood pressure were measured.  VA significantly increased the mRNA and protein levels of FGF2, a stem cell niche factor, and CD133, a stem cell marker. The number of CD133+ cells was significantly increased in the renal medulla in VA-treated rats. Meanwhile, high salt-induced increases in the mRNA level of proinflammatory factors interleukin-1β and interleukin-6 were blocked in VA-treated rats. Functionally, sodium excretion in response to the blood pressure increase and acute sodium loading was significantly enhanced, sodium retention attenuated, high salt-induced increase of blood pressure reduced in VA-treated rats.  Activation of stem cell function by VA inhibits the activation of proinflammatory factors and attenuates salt-sensitive hypertension in Dahl S rats.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Asymmetric Gradient Coil Design by Numerical Approach for MRI Brain Imaging

A design example of an asymmetric transverse gradient coil by a numerical approach is presented in this paper. The gradient coil is designed for brain imaging by ultra-high field MRI. The coil can achieve high gradient strength and high slew rate due to its small diameter. The wire pattern of the coil is asymmetric with the diameter spherical volume (DSV) located close to the edge of the coil, which enables the head of the subject to reach the DSV. A corresponding shield coil is also designed to suppress the induced eddy currents in surrounding structures.

Field of study: Physics
Effectiveness of Mobile Learning as Disruptive and Innovative Strategy for Enhancing Quality Education at the University Level in Nigeria

The study discussed numerous problems facing university education in Nigeria. It also described how M-learning can be used to resolve some of these challenges and how mobile platform can be used to distribute educational materials and remote tutoring to large students that enrolled for the Pre-Degree Programme of the Center for Distance Learning, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife. The study used pretest post-test control group design. Sixty volunteered Mathematics students having mobile device with ready access to internet were used for the experiment. They were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. Two research instruments used for the study were (i) the M-learning package designed using Moodle software consisting of nine steps and (ii) another termed Pre-Degree students perception inventory (PDSPI). The results showed that M-learning was an effective innovative tool for teaching and learning. Similarly, students who were taught Mathematics using M-learning found it very ease, useful and very engaging DOI: 10.5901/jesr.2015.v5n1p55

Field of study: Education, Sociology
Condensation heat transfer coefficients of enhanced tubes with alternative refrigerants for CFC11 and CFC12

In this study, condensation heat transfer coefficients (HTCs) of a plain tube, low fin tube, and Turbo-C tube were measured for the low pressure refrigerants CFC11 and HCFC123 and for the medium pressure refrigerants CFC12 and HFC134a. All data were taken at the vapor temperature of 39°C with a wall subcooling of 3–8°C. Test results showed that the HTCs of HFC123, an alternative for CFC11, were 8.2–19.2% lower than those of CFC11 for all the tubes tested. On the other hand, the HTCs of HFC134a, an alternative for CFC12, were 0.0–31.8% higher than those of CFC12 for all the tubes tested. For all refrigerants tested, the Turbo-C tube showed the highest HTCs among the tubes tested showing almost an 8 times increase in HTCs as compared to the plain tube. Nusselt's prediction equation yielded a 12% deviation for the plain tube data while Beatty and Katz's prediction equation yielded a 20.0% deviation for the low fin tube data.

Field of study: Engineering
PERFORMANCE OF A GRID-CONNECTED PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM USING ACTUAL AND KRIGED HOURLY SOLAR RADIATION

In this article the performance of a grid-connected PV system supplying a farmstead was evaluated using a commercially available energy balance simulation model, Hybrid2. By performing annual hourly simulations, the 
influence of system size, actual radiation data, and estimated radiation data on economic and energy production were assessed. The estimated radiation data were developed from kriging actual radiation data from 16 weather stations in western Nebraska. The results indicated that the capital costs associated with a PV system dictate the economic 
performance of the overall system. The energy costs associated with the grid-connected PV system were six times the retail price of electricity. The use of actual or estimated data had little effect on the simulated performance of the system.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Expression Profiling Identifies Circular RNA Signature in Hepatoblastoma

Hepatoblastoma is the most common malignant pediatric liver cancer. circular RNAs (circRNAs) play important roles in fine-tuning gene expression and are often deregulated in cancers. However, the expression profile and clinical significance of circRNAs in hepatoblastoma is still unknown.  Circular RNA microarray was conducted to identify hepatoblastoma-related circRNAs. GO analysis, pathway analysis, and miRNA response elements analysis was conducted to predict the potential roles of differentially expressed circRNAs in hepatoblastoma. MTT assays, Ki67 staining, and Transwell assays were conducted to clarify the role of circRNA in hepatoblastoma in vitro. Bioinformatics analysis and in vitro experiments were conducted to clarify the mechanism of circRNA-mediated gene regulation in hepatoblastoma cell.  869 differentially expressed circRNAs were identified between hepatoblastoma and adjacent normal liver samples, including 421 up-regulated circRNAs and 448 down-regulated circRNAs. The significant enriched GO term of hepatoblastoma-related circRNAs in biological process, cellular component, and molecular function were “chromosome organization”, “cytoplasm”, and “organic cyclic compound binding”. Tight junction signaling pathway was ranked the Top 1 potentially affected by circRNA-mediated regulatory network. circ_0015756 was significantly up-regulated in human hepatoblastoma specimens and metastatic hepatoblastoma cell lines. circ_0015756 silencing decreased hepatoblastoma cell viability, proliferation, and invasion in vitro. circ_0015756 acted as miR-1250-3p sponge to regulate hepatoblastoma cell function.  circRNAs are involved in the pathogenesis of hepatoblastoma. circ_0015756 is a promising target for the prognosis, diagnosis, and treatment of hepatoblastoma.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Facilitating Conditions, Wireless Trust and Adoption Intention

For wireless Internet services via mobile technology (WIMT), are there any unique determinants for user acceptance of this technology innovation? Based on literature review, this paper proposes a model of three latent constructs: Facilitating Conditions, Wireless Trust, and intention to adopt WIMT, where Facilitating Conditions influences perceived trust in the wireless mobile environment which, in turn, influences user intention to adopt wireless mobile technology. A sample of 357 MBA students from a regional university was used for model testing. Structural equation modeling procedures were employed for data analysis. The hypothesized model revealed an acceptable fit. Path analysis of the postulated relationships demonstrated a large direct causal effect from Facilitating Conditions to Wireless Trust and a medium direct effect from Wireless Trust to Intention to Adopt WIMT. Some findings for the first time provided empirical support to the literature and important implications for further research and large-scope implementation of wireless mobile technology.

Field of study: Computer science
Focus and split-intransitivity: the acquisition of word order alternations in non-native Spanish

Recent unrelated studies reveal what appears to be a common acquisitional pattern in second language acquisition (SLA). While some findings show that advanced learners can indeed achieve convergent, native-like competence with formal syntactic properties (even when these are underdetermined by the input), other findings suggest that they can display divergent and even optional competence at the syntax-discourse interface with discursive properties like focus and topic. These apparently contradictory observations are not coincidental, as they can also be traced in other acquisitional studies on L1 acquisition, L1 attrition in bilinguals, child SLA and SLI (specific language impairment). If this pattern is correct, it should be observed in the L2 acquisition of any given property that is simultaneously governed by both a formal grammatical constraint and a discursive constraint. I tested whether this is the case in advanced non-native Spanish acquisition of the syntactic distribution of subject-verb (SV) and verb-subject (VS) word order, which is constrained by both a formal syntactic property (the Unaccusative Hypothesis or Split-intransitivity Hypothesis) and a property at the syntax-discourse interface (presentational focus). Results show that the interlanguage grammars (ILGs) of both English (n = 17) and Greek (n = 18) learners of Spanish converge with the grammars of native Spanish speakers (n = 14) when formal properties are involved, yet they diverge (in particular by showing optionality) with discursive focus. These results confirm the emerging view that acquisition of formal syntactic properties is more readily acquired than discourse properties, which are persistently problematic.

Field of study: Linguistics
Evaluation of the effect of selected social and demographic criteria on the frequency of the consumption of lunch and products purchased at school by pupils

The research shows that eating disorders currently occur in 22% of girls and 28% of boys. Such high overweight and obesity rates are often caused by unbalanced diet, low nutritional awareness of students and parents and, in consequence, bad nutritional habits developed at home. Nutritional awareness of mothers can affect the  dietary behaviour and choices of children and, in consequence, their proper nutritional status.  The aim of the research was to evaluate the frequency of the consumption of breakfast and lunch prepared at home and the frequency of purchases in school shops and vending machines in relation to the child’s sex and the mother’s educational level.  The research material consisted of a survey questionnaire from 76 children aged 9 years, containing questions related to the frequency of consuming breakfast and lunch prepared at home, the frequency of purchasing food products in school shops/vending machines in the past three months and the types of those products.  On the basis of conducted research, it was found that the sex of a child did not have any effect on the number of meals consumed (p = 0.14), the frequency of consuming breakfast at home (p = 0.44), the frequency of consuming lunch (brought from home) at school (p = 0.46), or the frequency of purchasing products in school shops/vending machines (p = 0.50). It was found that mothers’ educational level had an effect on dietary habits of children (p < 0.001). Children of mothers with vocational education significantly more often did not consume breakfast at home. Mother’s education also showed a statistically significant effect on the frequency of consuming lunch at school (p = 0.02) and the frequency of purchasing food products in school shops (p < 0.001).  The frequency of consuming breakfast and lunch and the frequency of buying food products in school shops/vending machines was significantly statistically dependent on the mother’s level of education.

Field of study: Medicine
Individual and Situational Factors That Influence Managers' Ethical Judgments

This study is an investigation of potential relationships between ethical judgments and both personal demographic and situational variables among a national sample of 602 managers. A significant positive relationship was found between education and ethical judgments of a scenario about an unethical situation. As formal education increased, managers tended to view unethical situations more favorably. Also, a significant negative relationship between size of a firm and ethical judgments of employees was confirmed in a regression analysis. Conclusions and suggestions for research are presented.

Field of study: Psychology
Legacy atmospheric sounding dataset project

| 14 F or over a half-century, field campaigns have played a central role in advancing the atmospheric sciences. Although recent decades have witnessed organized efforts at cataloging and archiving field campaign data for both United States and international experiments, largely through the auspices of the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), data from campaigns from the 1950s into the 1980s have not been systematically collected and archived at a central location. Here we report on an effort to take steps to correct this situation, with an initial focus on atmospheric sounding data. Furthermore, we make an appeal to the international community to assist in this effort by identifying and locating observations from past field campaigns and reporting this information to our project website. Invariably, field campaigns involve substantial resources to conduct special or intensive observations over selected locations around the globe. The resulting data have been invaluable as the main observational bases for advancing tropical, midlatitude, and polar research, much of it involving processes associated with clouds and archives

Field of study: Environmental science
Dose-escalating study of the pharmacokinetics and tolerability of fesoterodine in children with overactive bladder.

To determine the pharmacokinetics, safety and tolerability of fesoterodine, and assess the utility of 3-day bladder diaries (exploratory objective) in pediatric subjects with neurogenic detrusor overactivity or idiopathic overactive bladder (OAB).



In this 8-week open-label study, subjects (8-17 years, >25 kg) received fesoterodine 4 mg for 4 weeks, then 8 mg for 4 weeks. Blood samples were obtained at weeks 4 and 8.



Of 21 subjects enrolled, 11 had neurogenic detrusor overactivity and 10 had idiopathic OAB; 1 discontinued (personal reasons). Mean age and weight were 13.2 years and 54.0 kg for boys (n = 12) and 13.1 years and 49.2 kg for girls (n = 9). 5-Hydroxy-methyltolterodine plasma concentrations did not differ by diagnosis and were consistent with predictions based on adult data. Treatment-related adverse events (all mild or moderate) included 1 event each of dry mouth, constipation, dry eyes and blurred vision, and 2 events each of nausea and increased post-void residual volume. Three-day bladder diaries proved feasible.



Oral administration of fesoterodine in pediatric subjects (>25 kg) with idiopathic OAB or neurogenic detrusor overactivity produced steady-state plasma 5-hydroxy-methyltolterodine exposures similar to those in adults. The doses given were well tolerated.

Field of study: Medicine
Incremental Validity of the Quick Test

The purpose of the present study was to determine whether the Quick Test (QT) of intelligence (Ammons & Ammons, 1962) has incremental validicy in a private psychiatric setting. The construct and concurrent validity of the QT have already been demonstrated (e.g., Davis & Dizzone, 1970). However, as has already been pointed out (Cronbach & Gleser, 1965; Meehl & Rosen, 1955; Sechrest, 1963), in order for a test to be useful it must also possess greater validity than the a priori state of knowledge allows. Sechrest termed this practical requirement "incremental validity." With regard to the clinical use of a brief intelligence test, it means that the device ought to have greater accuracy than the clinical impression of the person making the referral. Ss were 31 heterogeneous psychiatric patients at the Carrier Clinic, a private psychiatric hospital. They ranged from 17 to 64 yr., with a mean age of 32.51 yr. Thirteen were male and 18 female. The patients were referred for an intellectual assessment by 10 different psychiatrists who gave their estimate of Full Scale Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) IQ. Form 1 of the QT was administered. The mean and SD of the WAIS, QT, and psychiatrist-estimated IQs are presented in Table 1. The mean psychiatrists' estimate was 9.03 points higher than the Full Scale WAIS, and this contrasts with the mean QTI IQ being 1.74 points higher ( t = 2.90, p < .01). When the sign of the deviations from WAIS 1Q is not considered, the mean deviations are 8.00 for QT and 11.94 for psychiatric estimates ( t = 2.63, p < .05).

Field of study: Psychology
Interdisciplinary Cluster Hiring Initiatives in U.S. Research Universities: More Straw than Bricks?

Over the last three decades, interdisciplinary cluster hiring programs have become popular on research university campuses as an approach to fostering interdisciplinary collaboration. These programs have not yet been rigorously evaluated across multiple institutions and multiple thematic fields. The paper reports the results of a survey of 199 cluster hires across 20 research universities, supplemented by interviews with 18 administrators and cluster leads at nine universities. Against the expectation of advocates, the survey responses indicate that cluster hire groups are often loosely organized and members do not typically spend much time collaborating with others in their group. Both the existence of common research agendas and the participation of individuals capable of translating across disciplinary languages are associated with higher levels of satisfaction with the collaborative environment of clusters, net of covariates, as are adequate lab spaces. Even if they do not typically lead to high levels of collaboration, clusters can, in the best case scenarios, help universities to align with emerging research areas in ways that departments may have difficulty doing.

Field of study: Education
A tunable hot-electron light emitter

We demonstrate the operation of a novel tunable wavelength surface emitting device. The device is based on a p-GaAs and heterojunction containing an inversion layer on the p-side, and GaAs quantum wells on the n-side, and is referred to as HELLISH-II (hot-electron light emitting and lasing in semiconductor heterojunction). The device utilizes hot-electron longitudinal transport and, therefore, light emission is independent of the polarity of the applied voltage. Because of this symmetric property, the device can perform light logic functions. The wavelength of the emitted light can be tuned with the applied bias from GaAs band-to-band transition in the inversion layer to e1 - hh1 transition in the quantum wells. The operation of the device requires only two diffused in point contacts. Therefore, a two-dimensional array of surface emitters can be fabricated very cheaply and easily. Theoretical modelling of the device operation is carried out and compared with the experimental results. An optimized structure for high-efficiency device operation, as based on our model calculations, is also proposed.

Field of study: Materials science