nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Street-level emissions of methane and nitrous oxide from the wastewater collection system in Cincinnati, Ohio.

Recent studies have indicated that urban streets can be hotspots for emissions of methane (CH4) from leaky natural gas lines, particularly in cities with older natural gas distribution systems. The objective of the current study was to determine whether leaking sewer pipes could also be a source of street-level CH4 as well as nitrous oxide (N2O) in Cincinnati, Ohio, a city with a relatively new gas pipeline network. To do this, we measured the carbon (δ13C) and hydrogen (δ2H) stable isotopic composition of CH4 to distinguish between biogenic CH4 from sewer gas and thermogenic CH4 from leaking natural gas pipelines and measured CH4 and N2O flux rates and concentrations at sites from a previous study of street-level CH4 enhancements (77 out of 104 sites) as well as additional sites found through surveying sewer grates and utility manholes (27 out of 104 sites). The average isotopic signatures for δ13C-CH4 and δ2H-CH4 were -48.5‰ ± 6.0‰ and -302‰ ± 142‰. The measured flux rates ranged from 0.0 to 282.5 mg CH4 day-1 and 0.0-14.1 mg N2O day-1 (n = 43). The average CH4 and N2O concentrations measured in our study were 4.0 ± 7.6 ppm and 392 ± 158 ppb, respectively (n = 104). 72% of sites where fluxes were measured were a source of biogenic CH4. Overall, 47% of the sampled sites had biogenic CH4, while only 13% of our sites had solely thermogenic CH4. The other sites were either a source of both biogenic and thermogenic CH4 (13%), and a relatively large portion of sites had an unresolved source (29%). Overall, this survey of emissions across a large urban area indicates that production and emission of biogenic CH4 and N2O is considerable, although CH4 fluxes are lower than those reported for cities with leaky natural gas distribution systems.

Field of study: Environmental science
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF ENERGY DISSIPATION OF POROUS ROCK UNDER IMPACT LOADING

Impact experiments of man-made rock with different porosities were carried out with Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB). The characteristic of energy dissipation and the influence of rock porosity on energy dissipation were investigated during the impact process. Meanwhile, the relation between the energy dissipation of critical failure and rock porosity was also analyzed. The experimental results indicate that the porosity of rock plays an important role in the energy dissipation process. The energy dissipation increases as the porosity of man-made rock increases at the same impact velocity, and it decreases as the rock porosity increases under the critical damage of man-made rock. The energy dissipation is related to the internal damage of rock to some extent.

Field of study: Engineering
Theoretical Consideration of High-Sensitive Biosensor Using Shear Horizontal Acoustic Waves in Layered Structures

Realization of high sensitive biosensors is required. As an acoustic wave based biosensor can detect immunoreactions, it is expected for applying the biosensor. In this paper, a shear horizontal (SH) acoustic wave in layered structures, namely Love wave, is discussed on the basis of numerical calculations. For generating the Love wave, a 36YX-LiTaO3 is chosen as a piezoelectric substrate. Also, SiO2, polymer, and gold are chosen as guiding layer materials. First, phase velocity and propagation loss are calculated as a function of layer thickness. Then, an additional mass layer is loaded on the guiding layer for simulating bio-layer deposition. The simulated results indicate that high sensitive biosensor is realized by using gold guiding layer.

Field of study: Computer science
Addressing an Ambivalent Relationship: Policing and the Urban Poor in Mexico City

This article analyses citizen–police relations in the marginalised Mexico City borough of Iztapalapa. It demonstrates that despite predominantly negative perceptions about and experiences with the police, local residents do not abandon state institutions as security providers. The article claims that as formal and informal access to the legal and coercive powers of the police provides an important resource for local residents needing to resolve individual or collective security problems and conflicts in their favour, local police forces continue to be addressed and imagined by residents as relevant security actors.  Este artículo analiza las relaciones entre los ciudadanos y la policía en la delegación marginada de Iztapalapa en la Ciudad de México. El material demuestra que pese a las predominantemente negativas percepciones sobre experiencias con la policía, residentes locales no abandonan a las instituciones estatales como proveedoras de seguridad. El artículo asegura que en la medida que el acceso formal e informal a los poderes legales y coercitivos de la policía provee recursos importantes a residentes locales que necesitan resolver problemas de seguridad individual o colectiva, las fuerzas policíacas locales continúan siendo referidas e imaginadas como actores de seguridad relevantes. Portuguese abstract O artigo analisa as relações cidadão/polícia no bairro marginalizado de Iztapalapa, Cidade do México. Demonstra que apesar das percepções e experiências predominantemente negativas com relação à polícia, os residentes locais não abandonam as instituições estatais como provedoras de segurança. O artigo afirma que como o acesso formal e informal aos poderes legais e coercivos da polícia fornecem um recurso importante para moradores que necessitam resolver problemas de segurança individuais ou coletivos em seu favor, as polícias locais continuam a ser vistas e imaginadas como relevantes atores de segurança.

Field of study: Political science
Pinning force scaling analysis of Fe-based high-Tc superconductors

Pinning force data, Fp, of a variety of Fe-based high-Tc superconductors (11-, 111-, 122- and 1111-type) were analyzed by means of a scaling approach based on own experimental data and an extensive collection of literature data. The literature data were mostly replotted, but also converted from critical current measurements together with data for the irreversibility line when available from the same authors. Using the scaling approaches of Dew-Hughes [ (1973)] and Kramer [Philos. Mag. 30, 293 (1974)], we determined the scaling behavior and the best fits to the theory. The data of most experiments analyzed show a good scaling behavior at high temperatures when plotting the normalized pinning force Fp/Fp,max versus the irreversibility field, Hirr. The resulting peak positions, h0, were found at ≈ 0.3 for the 11-type materials, at ≈ 0.48 for the 111-type materials, between 0.32 and 0.5 for the 1111-type materials and between 0.25 and 0.71 for the 122-type materials. Compared to the typ...

Field of study: Physics
The Role of Supervision in the Training of a Psychoanalyst

This paper discusses the role of clinical supervision in psychoanalytic training. It also discusses the impact of training modes on the psychoanalytic organisations that use these different models of training. The paper argues that psychoanalytic training consists of a unique combination of personal analysis, study of psychoanalytic theory and research and clinical supervision. Given the variation of these three components and their possible interactions, an overly prescriptive view of training can be detrimental and counterproductive. The effectiveness of psychoanalytic supervision is to a significant degree dependent upon a trainee being engaged in personal analysis. Clinical competency requires extensive clinical experience obtained in a variety of settings and with a broad exposure to patient groups. The detrimental implications of restrictive and reductive views on psychoanalytic training that seek to specify quantitative criteria rather than clearly articulate clinical competencies are discussed.

Field of study: Philosophy
Occupational Choice with Endogenous Spillovers

We study a model that integrates productive and socializing ef- forts with occupational choice in the presence of endogenous spillovers. Among other results, we show that more talented individuals work harder and contribute more to the emergence of externalities, but also have incentives to segregate. Average socializing increases in the average productivity of the occupation. Also, the size of an occupation grows in its network synergies. Turning to efficiency, we show that individuals underinvest in productive and socializing effort, and sort themselves inefficiently into occupations. We derive the optimal subsidy to achieve efficient effort within occupations and show that efficient sorting into occupations can always be achieved by a linear tax. We illustrate the importance for the government to intervene on both margins, as solving only the within occupation investment problem can exacerbate misallocations due to network choice and may even reduce welfare in presence of congestion costs.

Field of study: Economics
Educational Attitude Changes during Year-Long Student Teaching

A year-long, clustered student teaching program is examined over a two-year period for influence upon pre-service teacher attitudes toward education. The Educational Preference Scale is used in a pre- and post-design, and results are interpreted with reference to the theory of cognitive dissonance. Relationships between student teacher satisfaction with the field-based program and student teacher and supervising teacher attitudes toward education are documented. The relationship between educational attitudes of supervising teachers and the degree to which those teachers are perceived by student teachers as effective supervisors is discussed.The data, collected from 123 student teachers, 42 supervising teachers, and 3 schools, suggest that previous studies of attitudinal change during field placements have neglected the influence of long-term placements, multiple supervisors, and steady versus conflicting ideological pull. Total attitude change on the part of student teachers emerges as a function of the i...

Field of study: Education
Adsorption of glyphosate on Brazilian subtropical soils rich in iron and aluminum oxides

We investigated the adsorption of glyphosate onto five subtropical soils of Paraná and São Paulo states, Brazil, a region of intense agricultural activities, aiming at the determination of kinetic and isotherm adsorption parameters which enable the evaluation of the potential leaching of the herbicide. The adsorption was fast, being described by the pseudo-second order and intraparticle diffusion models, thus suggesting that mixed mechanisms are involved. The Oxisol containing the highest concentrations of metal oxides (209.5 g kg−1 Fe2O3 and 160.2 g kg−1 Al2O3) was the sample with the highest rate constant, indicating the adsorption sites are readily available. All the soils are rich in aluminum and iron oxides, explaining the Freundlich coefficients (KF) between 642 and 1360 mg1-1/n kg−1 L1/n, which are higher than most of the coefficients described for other soils around the world. The maximum desorption (15% of the adsorbed amount) was observed for the Oxisol. For the other soils, desorption ranged from 2 to 7%. These results suggest that the leaching of free glyphosate to nearby surface and groundwaters is unlikely unless excessive doses are used. The adsorption parameters are useful for managing the right doses applied to the crops, thus avoiding contamination of adjacent areas.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Cloning and sequencing of banana bunchy top virus genome component I.

A fragment of Banana bunchy top virus (BBTV) component Ⅰ (about 500bp) was amplified by PCR using total DNA from infected banana tissues as template and oligonuleotides designed from the published component Ⅰ sequence as primers. Sequence analysis showed that it was about half region of BBTV component Ⅰ. With an adjacent pair of primers designed based on the sequenced half of component Ⅰ and the same template as the above, a 1,104kb fragment was produced by PCR. The sequence analysis indicated that this fragment is full-length component Ⅰ of BBTV. Sequence comparison revealed that the component Ⅰ of Zhangzhou isolate shared homologies of 89.0% and 96% with those of the Australian and Chinese Taiwan isolates, respectively.

Field of study: Biology
Current issues for DNA microarrays: platform comparison, double linear amplification, and universal RNA reference.

DNA microarray technology has been widely used to simultaneously determine the expression levels of thousands of genes. A variety of approaches have been used, both in the implementation of this technology and in the analysis of the large amount of expression data. However, several practical issues still have not been resolved in a satisfactory manner, and among the most critical is the lack of agreement in the results obtained in different array platforms. In this study, we present a comparison of several microarray platforms [Affymetrix oligonucleotide arrays, custom complementary DNA (cDNA) arrays, and custom oligo arrays printed with oligonucleotides from three different sources] as well as analysis of various methods used for microarray target preparation and the reference design. The results indicate that the pairwise correlations of expression levels between platforms are relative low overall but that the log ratios of the highly expressed genes are strongly correlated, especially between Affymetrix and cDNA arrays. The microarray measurements were compared with quantitative real-time-polymerase chain reaction (QRT-PCR) results for 23 genes, and the varying degrees of agreement for each platform were characterized. We have also developed and tested a double amplification method which allows the use of smaller amounts of starting material. The added round of amplification produced reproducible results as compared to the arrays hybridized with single round amplified targets. Finally, the reliability of using a universal RNA reference for two-channel microarrays was tested and the results suggest that comparisons of multiple experimental conditions using the same control can be accurate.

Field of study: Biology, Engineering
Research on Wear Resistance and Organizational Structures of Coating Alloyed by Laser with Chromium,Molybdenum and Boron

To improve the 45 steel's wear resistance,chromium,molybdenum and boron were alloyed on 45 steel by CO2 laser to obtain excellent wear resistance composite coating.The organizational structure and wear resistance of the alloying layer were characterized by SEM,XRD,EDS,HVS-1000 micro-hardness tester and MMS-2A screen displayed friction tester.The experimental results indicated that the organizational structure of the alloying layer is principally cell crystal.The high hardness carbides formed by in-situ are distributed in cell crystal.The highest micro-hardness value of the alloying layer is 860 HV,which is nearly three times of substrate and the average wear resistance of the alloying layer also is approximately three times of substrate.

Field of study: Materials science
Multi-view pose estimation with mixtures-of-parts and adaptive viewpoint selection

We propose a new method for human pose estimation which leverages information from multiple views to impose a strong prior on articulated pose. The novelty of the method concerns the types of coherence modelled. Consistency is maximised over the different views through different terms modelling classical geometric information (coherence of the resulting poses) as well as appearance information which is modelled as latent variables in the global energy function. Moreover, adequacy of each view is assessed and their contributions are adjusted accordingly. Experiments on the HumanEva and UMPM datasets show that the proposed method significantly decreases the estimation error compared to single-view results.

Field of study: Computer science
Impacts of volatilisation on light scattering and filter-based absorption measurements: a case study

Aerosol light absorption measurements most commonly rely on filter-based techniques. These methods are influenced by light scattering constituents in the aerosol phase deposited on the filters. The coating of soot by non-absorbing constituents changes the mixing state of soot as the aerosol ages and increase light absorption by the aerosol. Most light scattering constituents in a sub-micron aerosol are volatile by their nature due to their chemical composition and can be volatilized by heating the sample air. The initial mixing state is lost but the remaining light absorption by the aerosol should be by non-coated soot alone. This was studied during a short field campaign with two groups of equipment measuring in parallel for six days in April 2009 at the SMEAR III station in Helsinki. When heated, the light scattering constituents were evaporated thus reducing the single-scattering albedo (ω0) of the aerosol by as much as 0.4. An oven was set to scan different temperatures which revealed the volatility of the urban aerosol at different temperatures as well as the single-scattering albedo's dependence on the non-volatile volume fraction remaining (NVFR). The NVFR was 0.72 ± 0.13, 0.42 ± 0.06 and 0.22 ± 0.05 at 50, 150 and 280 °C respectively. ω0 behaved analogically, it was 0.71 ± 0.05, 0.62 ± 0.06 and 0.42 ± 0.07 at the respective temperatures. We found that absorption coefficients measured at different temperatures showed a temperature dependency possibly indicating initially different mixing states of the non-volatile constituents. By heating the aerosol the mode of the size distribution gets shifted to smaller sizes which in turn changes the filter-based instrument's response due increased penetration depth into the filter by the smaller residual particles. This was compensated for by using size distribution data.

Field of study: Environmental science
High-resolution photoemission spectroscopy for the layered antiferromagnetic (La1−zNdz)0.46Sr0.54MnO3

High-resolution HeI photoemission spectroscopy (UPS), Mn 2p–3d resonant photoemission spectroscopy (RPES) and Mn 2p X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) have been performed to investigate the electronic structure and its effect on the electrical resistivity in (La1−zNdz)0.46Sr0.54MnO3 (z = 0, 0,2, 0.6 and 1.0). It was found that in the UPS and RPES spectra the Fermi edge persisted over the temperature range 15 ≤ T ≤ 340 K regardless of the magnetic structure or the composition of the samples. The density of states at the Fermi level [N(EF)] in the samples where 0 ≤ z ≤ 0.6 was increased drastically at the Curie temperature (TC) with decreasing temperature, but essentially kept unchanged across the Neel temperature (TN). A fairly large reduction at TC and a small increase at TN in the electrical resistivity with decreasing temperature are found to be well accounted for in terms of the temperature dependence of N(EF). The presence of a finite N(EF) in the insulating Nd0.46Sr0.54MnO3 was also found. Thus the origin of the insulating behavior in this sample can be regarded as the Anderson localization associated with the small density of states and the chemical disorder between Nd and Sr.

Field of study: Physics
Effects of Basta on Tissue Culture Plantlet of Different Cassava Cultivars (Lines)

The research focused on the rooting,elongation of stem and survival rate of single bud stem from 11 cassava cultivars(lines) which grew in culture medium containing basta with different concentration,to determine the growth selection pressure of basta to cassava and select more basta-tolerant cultivars(lines).The results showed that the number of root,the length of stem and the survival rate were decreased with the increased concentration of basta.When the concentration of basta was 0.9 mg/L,root number(1.06 per plant),stem length(1.3 cm per plant) and survival rate(74%) of cultivar SC124 was significantly higher than other cultivars(lines),expressed better resistance to basta.The screening concentration of basta to cassava tube culture plantlets was between 0.6 mg/L and 0.9 mg/L.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Program to design, fabricate, test, and deliver a thermal control-mixing control device, phase 1

The development of a sensor capable of detecting temperature changes as a function of viscosity changes, was completed. This type of sensor, consisting of an orifice bridge circuit, resulted in a device with a threshold above internally generated noise of 0.8C (1.5F). Data were obtained using a noise free Freon source provided by an air pressurized bladder. Tests conducted to operate the sensor from a typical Freon centrifugal pump system employing an air bubble accumulator for noise attentuation disclosed the sensor could be used only to sense temperature changes greater than 3.3C (6F) because of the excessively noisy output. This is attributed to the high frequency-pressure fluctuations in the Freon supply to the sensor.

Field of study: Mathematics
Trace fossils in fluvial deposits of the Duchesne river formation (Eocene), Uinta basin, Utah

A diverse suite of nonmarine trace fossils is present in a late Eocene sandstone-siltstone-mustone sequence in the Duchesne River Formation of northeastern Utah. On the basis of primary sedimentary structures and stratification sequences, the beds are interpreted as deposits in meandering and braided stream environments. The trace fossils include Ancorichnus, “Muensteria”m, ?Palaeophycus, Scoyenia, Skolithos, two unidentified ichnotaxa, and rhizoliths. Insects and oligochaetes apparently made most of the animal traces in moistor wet, cohesive stream sediment during subaerial exposure or under thin water cover.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Divided We Fall: Gambling with History in the Nineties

Over the course of two years, the Washington-based Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist crisscrossed the United States, talking to bankers, gang leaders, schoolteachers, businessmen, farmers-even President Bill Clinton-about the current state of America. The result, a powerful portrait of Americans at a pivotal point in their history, raises tough questions that continue to resonate. Nationwide, Americans faced the legacy of the Reagan Eighties (disappearing jobs, soaring crime, racial polarization) with immense apprehension and a pervasive skepticism that colored their attitudes about politicians and the political system itself. At the same time, people in all walks of life were eager to take on the challenges of the Nineties. "I do not feel that I have been writing the obituary of the American Dream," writes Johnson in the final chapter of Divided We Fall; "I believe I have been writing about an interlude in the reclaiming of that Dream." Indeed, with this brilliant document, Johnson urges and inspires us to join together, face the challenge of change, and take the brave gamble to reclaim the American Dream.

Field of study: Political science
Design-theoretical study of cascade CO2 sub-critical mechanical compression/butane ejector cooling cycle

In this paper an innovative micro-trigeneration system composed of a cogeneration system and a cascade refrigeration cycle is proposed. The cogeneration system is a combined heat and power system for electricity generation and heat production. The cascade refrigeration cycle is the combination of a CO 2 mechanical compression refrigerating machine (MCRM), powered by generated electricity, and an ejector cooling machine (ECM), driven by waste heat and using refrigerant R600. Effect of the cycle operating conditions on ejector and ejector cycle performances is studied. Optimal geometry of the ejector and performance characteristics of ECM are determined at wide range of the operating conditions. The paper also describes a theoretical analysis of the CO 2 sub-critical cycle and shows the effect of the MCRM evaporating temperature on the cascade system performance. The obtained data provide necessary information to design a small-scale cascade system with cooling capacity of 10 kW for application in micro-trigeneration systems.

Field of study: Engineering