nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Gender Differences in Response to Motor Skill Training on the Performance of Dressing as an Activity of Daily Living by Pupils with Cerebral Palsy in Kisumu, Kenya

The study explored gender differences in response to motor skill training on curbing activity restriction of dressing by pupils with cerebral palsy in a special school in Kisumu, Kenya. Mixed method approach was adopted within which a Sequential Explanatory design was used. The sample size was 6 pupils with cerebral palsy, 6 parents of pupils with cerebral palsy, 3 teachers in charge of pupils with cerebral palsy, and 2 physiotherapists. Interviews and observational checklists were used for data collection. Quantitative data was analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics with the use of Mann Whitney U Test. The qualitative data was analyzed through thematic analysis. The findings of the study indicated that male participants had slightly higher rank than their female counterparts in the performance of dressing ability after training. However, the ability of their performance depended much on the severity of their disability rather than gender. The study recommends that the Kenyan government should post physiotherapists in special schools for the physically challenged so that they could enhance motor skill training on learners with cerebral palsy. DOI: 10.5901/jesr.2016.v6n1p178

Field of study: Education, Sociology
Dual home agent (DHA)-based location management scheme in integrated cellular-WLAN networks

For seamless integration of cellular and wireless local area network (WLAN) systems, we introduce a dual home agent (DHA)-based location management. The DHA maintains the location information both in the cellular and WLAN systems, and therefore unnecessary registration cost can be significantly reduced. In addition, a heuristic, which first looks for the called mobile node (MN) in the cellular system, is proposed to reduce the session setup latency. We analyze the registration cost, session setup delay, and registration delay. Numerical results demonstrate that Mobile IP with the DHA can reduce the registration cost significantly and allows a session setup delay that is comparable to that of the basic Mobile IP.

Field of study: Computer science
On the distribution of the estimated mean from nonstandard mixtures of distributions

The distribution of the estimated mean of the nonstandard mixture of distributions that has a discrete probability mass at zero and a gamma distribution for positive values is derived. Furthermore, for the studied nonstandard mixture of distributions, the distribution of the standardized statistic (estimator - true mean)/standard deviation of estimator is derived. The results are used to study the accuracy of the confidence interval for the mean based on a large sample approximation. Quantiles for the standardized statistic are also calculated.

Field of study: Mathematics
Ecological ranking of Phanerozoic biodiversity crises: ecological and taxonomic severities are decoupled

The past two decades have seen extensive analyses of the taxonomic severity of major biodiversity crises in geologic time. In contrast, we propose here an alternative analysis of the ecological severity of biodiversity crises. It is clear that the ecological impacts of the five Phanerozoic biodiversity crises were not all the same. Ranking the five Phanerozoic biodiversity crises by ecological severity reveals that the taxonomic and ecological severities of the events are decoupled. The most striking example of the decoupling is the end-Cretaceous biodiversity crisis, which is the least severe in terms of taxonomic diversity loss yet is ecologically the second most severe event in the entire Phanerozoic. A second striking example is the end-Ordovician biodiversity crisis: the environmental degradation produced by the end-Ordovician glaciations precipitated a major loss of marine diversity, yet the extinction failed to eliminate any key taxa or evolutionary traits, and was of minimal ecological impact. We suggest that the decoupled severities indicates that the ecological importance of component species in an ecosystem is at least as important as species diversity in maintaining the integrity of the ecosystem and that this ecological phenomenon operates on geological timescales. The selective elimination of dominant and/or keystone taxa that occurs in the ecologically most devastating biodiversity crises indicates that a strategy emphasizing the preservation of taxa with high ecological value is necessary to mitigate the ecological effects of the current ongoing loss of global biodiversity.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Record fast thermal processing of 17.5% efficient silicon solar cells

This paper presents the development and analysis of 17.5% efficient silicon solar cells on 0.9 Ω cm PV-grade Czochralski silicon (Cz–Si), featuring a record small thermal process time of 1 min for diffusion and oxidation. The cells have been processed by rapid thermal processing (RTP) using incoherent light as an energy source. The involved processes consist of a 5 s RTP step at 930 °C for the simultaneous formation of the phosphorus-doped emitter and of the aluminium back surface field (Al–BSF) and a 30 s rapid thermal oxidation (RTO) at 950 °C for the emitter surface passivation. Both processes feature high heating and cooling rates of 100 K s−1. The results show that no lengthy gettering or post diffusion annealing steps are required for the fabrication of high efficiency Cz–Si solar cells and that high heating and cooling rates are applicable. Detailed analysis reveals that the emitter saturation current J0e is reduced by a factor of 3–4 after the RTO passivation in spite of the high carrier surface concentrations of 3 to 4 × 1020 cm−3. Furthermore, one-dimensional device simulations are presented which show that the achieved efficiencies are limited by the effective back surface recombination velocity Sback resulting from the thin Al–BSF applied.

Field of study: Materials science
A Method for Evaluation of Non-similarity Degrees between Splitting Fractions of Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma

Five fractions were split for the chemical components of Atractylodis macrocephalae rhizome by the combination application of various separation methods and the over 90% similarity of HPLC fringerprints within each fractions indicated the good repeatability for the splitting procedure. Further, a term of nonsimilarity degree(NSD) was introduced to measure the unoverlapping property of the chemical fractions and different statistic analyses, including principal component analysis, cluster analysis, angle cosin analysis, squared euclidean distance and the NSD of peak areas of crude drug were used to qualitatively and quantitatively analyze their unoverlapping property, revealing the NSD among different fractions was calculated above 85%. Among them, the NSD of peak area of crude drug established on the basis of HPLC fingerprints of crude drug is more suitable for the NSD evaluation of chemical splitting fractions of crude drug comparing with other statistical methods and practical for reflecting the real content-activity relationship in the subsequent exploration of effective substances of crude drugs. This research provides a new effective method to evaluate the chemical difference of splitting fractions of Chinese medicine and lay the foundation for exploring the effective and property-flavor substances or of Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz.

Field of study: Chemistry
Carotenoid-Protein Complexes

A survey of carotenoid-protein complexes is presented. Distinction is made between astaxanthin-proteins in which the absorption band of the carotenoid is unaltered in shape, and carotenoid-lipoglycoprotein complexes. The proposal by Buchwald and Jencks 79 that the carotenoid is twisted about the double bonds of the polyene chain, is discussed and sustained for astaxanthin-proteins. A mode of binding for the carotenoid in these complexes is proposed, involving hydrogen-bonding of keto groups of the polyene to imide groups of peptide bonds of the apoprotein.

Field of study: Chemistry
Personal Assertiveness and the Effects of Social Support among College Students.

Although research has established that socially supportive relationships are important factors in psychological adjustment under stress, social support research has not examined the interaction between interpersonal variables and social support. Personal assertiveness in particular is one interpersonal variable that theoretically could enhance the beneficial aspects of social support. Data collected from two independent samples of college students in an urban setting provide evidence that personal assertiveness significantly augments specific types of social relationships to predict psychological symptoms under stressful conditions. It has been repeatedly demonstrated that social support moderates the deleterious effects of stressful encounters for many people. Although this research has been plagued with measurement problems and an inadequate theory-base (Cobb & Jones, 1984; Heitzmann & Kaplan, 1988; Thoits, 1982), a large literature attests that persons who report lower levels or lower quality of existing socially supportive systems have more difficulties with depression and anxiety under stress (Cohen, 1988; Cohen & Wills, 1985). However, several studies have found unexpected negative results of social support among people under duress. These results have been difficult to interpret and integrate, primarily because of the general disregard of personal and interpersonal factors that potentially moderate social support processes. The lack of understanding regarding the role of interpersonal and personal factors in the social support process poses unique problems for counseling interventions. It is generally acknowledged that many group and individual therapies either directly or indirectly have an impact on clients' interpersonal behaviors (Strupp & Binder, 1984; Yalom, 1985), and several researchers have recognized the potential of these treatment modalities to help clients acquire interpersonal skills to access and use naturally existing social support resources (Mallinckrodt, 1989; Rook, 1984a). Recent preliminary work suggests that individual interventions can be enhanced considerably by examining and addressing client perceptions of social support resources (Brown, Brady, Lent, Wolfert, & Hall, 1987), and client progress in group therapy may be marked by improvements in certain types of socially supportive relationships (Mallinckrodt, 1989). Research that clarifies the relationship between interpersonal behavior, social support, and psychological adjustment would have implications for counseling interventions. Traditionally, the social support construct has been used in research methodologies as an independent variable either moderating the effects of stress or related to well-being of subjects under more general conditions. Theoretical debate

Field of study: Psychology
The effects of orifice nozzle number and nozzle made of polyamide plastic and aluminum with different inlet pressures on heating and cooling performance of counter flow Ranque–Hılsch vortex tubes: An experimental investigation

In this paper, the effects of the orifice nozzle number and the inlet pressure on heating and cooling performance of a counter flow Ranque–Hilsch type vortex tube (RHVT) (L/D ration is 10) are investigated by using air and oxygen as a fluid via an experimental method. Five orifices with two, three, four, five and six nozzles are made from the polyamide plastic and aluminum. The object of this research is to observe thermal behavior of air and oxygen, which are passing through an RHVT. Using two different fluids for each one of the orifices (nozzle numbers), inlet pressure is varied between 150 kPa and 700 kPa by increasing 50 kPa for each step and comparison is made between these two fluids by holding the cold mass fraction constant at 0.36. We show that the temperature gradient between the cold and hot fluid decreases whenever the orifice nozzle number increases.

Field of study: Engineering
A novel hybrid MCDM approach for offshore wind farm site selection: A case study of Iran

The multi criteria decision making (MCDM) has been applied in Integrated Energy Planning (IEP) and Integrated Coastal Management (ICM) frameworks. In this paper, a novel hybrid MCDM approach based on the fuzzy analytic network process (ANP), fuzzy decision making trail and evaluation laboratory (DEMATEL) and fuzzy elimination and choice expressing the reality (ELECTRE) methodologies is applied to assist in the site selection of offshore wind farm (OWF) as the renewable energy in the IEP and the ICM frameworks. The aim of this study is to find the best site selection of offshore wind farm for four sites (alternatives) in Bandar Deylam on the Persian Gulf in southwest of Iran. Six criteria (depths and heights, environmental issues, proximity to facilities, economic aspects, resource technical levels and culture) and the related sub-criteria are considered to select proper sites for power station of OWF. The fuzzy ANP method is employed for standpoints of the site selection (goal) subject to the criteria and is performed the criteria subject to the sub-criteria. In addition, due to considering the influences of the criterion to another criterion, the fuzzy DEMATEL is employed in criteria and sub-criteria sections. Moreover, the fuzzy ELECTRE is applied to calculate the decision making matrices of sub-criteria to alternatives. The results show that the alternative A3 is the best site of OWF for Bandar Deylam. Then A2, A4 are the best alternatives and finally alternative A1 is the worst site. Also, a sensitivity analysis is performed to investigate the robustness of the outcomes of decision making by changing the priorities of the criteria. The results indicate the robustness of this method when the experts’ opinions subject to the criteria change. The evaluation criteria and this methodology could be applied to other coastal cities for promoting the progress of ICM towards the goal of sustainability.

Field of study: Environmental science
Isospin effects on the system size dependence of balance energy in heavy-ion collisions

We study the effect of isospin degree of freedom on balance energy throughout the mass range between 50 and 350 for two sets of isobaric systems with N/A = 0.5 and 0.58. Our fndings indicate that different values of balance energy for two isobaric systems may be mainly due to the Coulomb repulsion. We also demonstrate clearly the dominance of Coulomb repulsion over symmetry energy.

Field of study: Physics
Determinantal representation of weighted generalized inverses

In this article, we introduce new determinantal representations of the weighted generalized inverse by using a lemma of Robinson [D.W. Robinson, The classical adjoint,  (2005) 254–276]. And, using generalized Cramer’s rule, we get the method for computing minors of the weighted Moore–Penrose inverse and the W -weighted Drazin inverse.

Field of study: Mathematics
Fabrication of protonic ceramic fuel cells via infiltration with Ni nanoparticles: A new strategy to suppress NiO diffusion & increase open circuit voltage

Presently, most of the cells using BaZr0.8Y0.2O3-δ (BZY20) electrolyte were prepared by a co-sintering process performed between 1400 and 1600 °C. However, during the co-sintering process, Ni diffuses from the anode substrate into the BZY20 electrolyte layer, resulting in the decrease in both the proton conductivity and transport number of proton conduction. Furthermore, second phases like BaY2NiO5 form in the electrolyte, and the Y content decreases dramatically to about 5-6 at.%. All these issues indicate that the co-sintering process will restrict the further development of the BZY20 electrolyte-based cells, and some new method is necessary. In this work, we report a new cell fabrication method by infiltrating ink containing Ni nanoparticles into preliminarily sintered BZY20 cell with a porous layer, to suppress the unfavorable Ni diffusion and Y loss in the BZY20 electrolyte, which are problems in the conventional co-sintering process. This process is easy in manipulation and low in cost, and most importantly, makes the cell using the pristine BZY20 electrolyte possible. However, this approach needs to be improved or optimized by thinning the electrolyte, improving the adhesion between the electrolyte and electrode, and optimizing the anode structure.

Field of study: Materials science
Precise 1PPS signal by GPS

GPS is widely used to obtain not only the position information but also the time information. Specially, it is used to synchronize the time between separate stations in the measurement system or the communications system. However, in these systems, the output circuit of the 1PPS signal in the GPS receiver has not been optimized. In this paper, we examine the error sources of the time measurement by GPS and show the time measurement accuracy is about 10 ns, and the improvement of the precision of 1PPS signal is most important to realize high accurate 1PPS signal. We propose the precise 1PPS generating method by the analog circuit whose output precision is sufficiently higher than the time measurement accuracy by GPS. We evaluated the time measurement accuracy and the accuracy of 1PPS signal in the relative time synchronization by 24 hours test, and succeeded to realize a few ns precision and several ns accuracy of 1PPS signal in the relative time synchronization using our precise 1PPS generating method.

Field of study: Computer science
DESIGN OF CONE-SHAPED FLUIDIZED BED STRUVITE CRYSTALLIZERS FOR PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL FROM WASTEWATER

Precipitation of struvite in a cone-shaped fluidized bed crystallizer can efficiently remove excess phosphorus from 
wastewater. To enable design of such crystallizers, the mathematical relationships between the crystallizer performance and 
the design parameters are required. Such relationships, expressed in several design equations, were derived using material 
balances and a rate equation. The rate equation contains a constant whose value must be known in order to use the equation. 
A rate equation, including constant, has previously been reported for struvite precipitation. However, it is not suitable for 
deriving useful design equations because it treats neither the struvite constituent ion concentrations nor the reaction surface 
area separately, variables with which designers must deal explicitly. In the present work, the previously reported rate equation 
is revised into one that is more useful because it treats these variables specifically. The new rate equation is then used in 
deriving design equations for three alternative models, each based on different sets of assumptions about how the liquid and 
solid move in the crystallizer. The concentration profiles in a laboratory crystallizer were compared against profiles predicted 
by the design equations for each of the models at various values for the reaction constant. Predictions by one of the models, 
the PLMB (plug flow of liquid, mixed bed), fit the observed profiles with a rate constant of 10 to 15 dm h-1. It is recommended 
that design of similar crystallizers use the PLMB model and a rate constant in this range.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Complement activation pathways in murine immune complex‐induced arthritis and in C3a and C5a generation in vitro

The alternative pathway (AP) of complement alone is capable of mediating immune complex‐induced arthritis in the collagen antibody‐induced arthritis (CAIA) model in mice. Whether the classical pathway (CP) or lectin pathway (LP) alone can mediate CAIA is not known. Using mice genetically deficient in different complement components, our results reported herein establish that the CP and LP alone are each incapable of mediating CAIA. A lower level or absence of C3 and/or C5 activation by the CP may be possible explanations for the importance of the AP in CAIA and in many murine models of disease. In addition, other investigators have reported that CP C5 convertase activity is absent in mouse sera. To address these questions, we employed an in vitro system of adherent immunoglobulin (Ig)G‐induced complement activation using plates coated with murine anti‐collagen monoclonal antibody (mAb). These experiments used complement‐deficient mouse sera and wild‐type mouse or normal human sera under conditions inactivating either the CP (Ca++ deficiency) or the AP (mAb inhibitory to factor B). Robust generation of both C3a and C5a by either the AP or CP alone were observed with both mouse and human sera, although there were some small differences between the species of sera. We conclude that neither the CP nor LP alone is capable of mediating CAIA in vivo and that mouse sera exhibits a high level of IgG‐induced C5a generation in vitro through either the CP or AP.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Microstructures and properties of Bi10Ag high temperature solder doped with Cu element

High temperature Bi 10Ag solders with different amounts of Cu were used to investigate the impacts of Cu on the microstructures, melting characteristics, wettability and shear strength of the Bi-10Ag-xCu (x = 0, 0.5, 1, and 2 wt%) solders. A metastable Cu-rich phase was formed due to the addition of Cu. The Cu has negligible effect on the solidus but it can decrease about 6 °C on the liquidus. Doped with 0.5 wt% of Cu, the solders showed the largest melting range in the DSC curves and improved wettability on Cu substrates. When the Cu addition excesses to 0.5 wt%, it will induce negative effects on wettability of the solders on the substrate. Moreover, the addition of Cu has no significant influence on the strength of the Bi 10Ag lap solder joints. The Bi-10Ag-0.5Cu solder joint has higher shear strength than that of Pb 5Sn.

Field of study: Engineering
Submarine Regional Geomorphology of the Gulf of Mexico

Recent surveys and investigations in the Gulf of Mexico have provided sufficient new data to warrant an updated regional geomorphic classification. The Gulf region is divided, according to the methods used by geomorphologists for continental areas, into three major geomorphic divisions and sixteen provinces. Some of the provinces are further subdivided into sections and subsections. Most sections of the continental shelf contain Pleistocene wave-cut terraces. The lowest terraces generally lie near a depth of 65 fm. The continental slope is considered here to be a major geomorphic division, rather than a province, because of its variety of land-forms and areal differences in geomorphic history. The steepness of the continental slope ranges from 2° on the DeSoto Slope to greater than 45° over limited areas of the reef-formed West Florida and Campeche Escarpments. Diapirs underlie all non-carbonate slopes and have largely altered the pre-existing topography. Great thicknesses of evenly bedded sediments underlie the Gulf floor. The deeper sediments were derived from the northwest and pre-date the salt tectonism that produced the Sigsbee Escarpment and the numerous diapirs.

Field of study: Geology