nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
DMSP Dosimetry Data: A Space Measurement and Mapping of Upset Causing Phenomena

Data from the DMSP/F7 satellite dosimeter star event counters are presented. The DMSP dosimeter star event counters measure the number of pulses that exceed set energy deposition levels (40 MeV for three detectors and 75 MeV for the fourth detector) behind four different thicknesses of aluminum shielding. The term "star event" is used because linear energy transfer depositions above 40 MeV can be produced by high energy proton or heavy ion interactions with nuclei in the detector creating a star type release of energetic secondaries. The energy deposition that creates the high energy pulses in the detectors can come either directly from incident cosmic rays, directly from high energy protons that traverse long path lengths in the detector volume, indirectly from nuclear reactions in the detector created by incident high energy protons, or indirectly from nuclear reactions in the vicinity of the detector which create recoiling nuclei that deposit energy in the detector. These nuclear stars and direct energy pulses create single event upsets (SEUs) in microelectronic components in the near-Earth space environment. Here we will first describe the properties of the star channel of the dosimeter on DMSP/F7; then present the star count maps of the 840 km region of space; and finally discuss their relation to upset phenomena.

Field of study: Physics
A MOLECULAR EINSTEIN RING TOWARD THE z = 3.93 SUBMILLIMETER GALAXY MM18423+5938

We present high-resolution imaging of the low-order (J = 1 and 2) CO line emission from the z = 3.93 submillimeter galaxy (SMG) MM18423+5938 using the Expanded Very Large Array, and optical and near-IR imaging using the Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope. This SMG with a spectroscopic redshift was thought to be gravitationally lensed given its enormous apparent brightness. We find that the CO emission is consistent with a complete Einstein ring with a major axis diameter of ~1".4, indicative of lensing. We have also identified the lensing galaxy as a very red elliptical coincident with the geometric center of the ring and estimated its photometric redshift z ~ 1.1. A first estimate of the lens magnification factor is m ~ 12. The luminosity L'_(CO(1–0)) of the CO(1-0) emission is 2.71 ± 0.38 × 10^(11) m^(–1) K km s^(–1) pc^2, and, adopting the commonly used conversion factor for ultraluminous infrared galaxies (ULIRGs), the molecular gas mass is M(H_2) = 2.2 × 10^(11) m^(–1) M_☉, comparable to unlensed SMGs if corrected by m ~ 12. Our revised estimate of the far-IR luminosity of MM18423+5938 is 2 × 10^(13) m^(–1) < L_(FIR) < 3 × 10^(14) m^(–1) L_☉, comparable to that of ULIRGs. Further observations are required to quantify the star formation rate in MM18423+5938 and to constrain the mass model of the lens in more detail.

Field of study: Physics
Response of in vitro pollen germination and pollen tube growth of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) genotypes to temperature

Air temperatures of greater than 35 °C are frequently encountered in groundnut-growing regions, especially in the semi-arid tropics. Such extreme temperatures are likely to increase in frequency under future predicted climates. High air temperatures result in failure of peg and pod set due to lower pollen viability. The response of pollen germination and pollen tube growth to temperature was quantified in order to identify differences in pollen tolerance to temperature among 21 groundnut genotypes. Plants were grown from sowing to harvest in a poly-tunnel under an optimum temperature of 28/22 °C (day/night). Pollen was collected at anther dehiscence and was exposed to temperatures from 10° to 47·5 °C at 2·5 °C intervals. The results showed that a modified bilinear model most accurately described the response to temperature of percentage pollen germination and maximum pollen tube length. Genotypes were found to range from most tolerant to most susceptible based on both pollen characters and membrane thermostability. Mean cardinal temperatures (Tmin, Topt and Tmax) averaged over 21 genotypes were 14·1, 30·1 and 43·0 °C for percentage pollen germination and 14·6, 34·4 and 43·4 °C for maximum pollen tube length. The genotypes 55-437, ICG 1236, TMV 2 and ICGS 11 can be grouped as tolerant to high temperature and genotypes Kadiri 3, ICGV 92116 and ICGV 92118 as susceptible genotypes, based on the cardinal temperatures. The principal component analysis identified maximum percentage pollen germination and pollen tube length of the genotypes, and Tmax for the two processes as the most important pollen parameters in describing a genotypic tolerance to high temperature. The Tmin and Topt for pollen germination and tube growth, rate of pollen tube growth were less predictive in discriminating genotypes for high temperature tolerance. Genotypic differences in heat tolerance-based on pollen response were poorly related (R2 = 0·334, P = 0·006) to relative injury as determined by membrane thermostability.

Field of study: Environmental science
Exhaustive swimming differentially inhibits P2X1 receptor- and α1-adrenoceptor-mediated vasoconstriction in isolated rat arteries

To investigate the effects of exhaustive swimming exercise on P2X1 receptor- and α1-adrenoceptor-mediated vasoconstriction of different types of arteries in rats.Male Wistar rats were divided into 2 groups: the sedentary control group (SCG) and the exhaustive swimming exercise group (ESEG). The rats in the ESEG were subjected to a swim to exhaustion once a day for 2 weeks. Internal carotid, caudal, pulmonary, mesenteric arteries and aorta were dissected out. Isometric vasoconstrictive responses of the arteries to α,β-methylene ATP (α,β-MeATP) or noradrenaline (NA) were recorded using a polygraph.The exhaustive swimming exercise did not produce significant change in the EC50 values of α,β-MeATP or NA in vasoconstrictive response of most of the arteries studied. The exhaustive swimming exercise inhibited the vasoconstrictive responses to P2X1 receptor activation in the internal carotid artery, whereas it reduced the maximal vasoconstrictive responses to α1-adrenoceptor stimulation in the caudal, pulmonary, mesenteric arteries and aorta. The rank order of the reduction of the maximal vasoconstriction was as follows: mesenteric, pulmonary, caudal, aorta.Exhaustive swimming exercise differentially affects the P2X1 receptor- and α1-adrenoceptor-regulated vasoconstriction in internal carotid artery and peripheral arteries. The ability to preserve purinergic vasoconstriction in the peripheral arteries would be useful to help in maintenance of the basal vascular tone during exhaustive swimming exercise.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
WATER AND METHANOL MASER ACTIVITIES IN THE NGC 2024 FIR 6 REGION

The NGC 2024 FIR 6 region was observed in the water maser line at 22 GHz and the methanol class I maser lines at 44, 95, and 133 GHz. The water maser spectra displayed several velocity components and month-scale time variabilities. Most of the velocity components may be associated with FIR 6n, while one component was associated with FIR 4. A typical lifetime of the water maser velocity components is about eight months. The components showed velocity fluctuations with a typical drift rate of about 0.01 km s{sup -1} day{sup -1}. The methanol class I masers were detected toward FIR 6. The methanol emission is confined within a narrow range around the systemic velocity of the FIR 6 cloud core. The methanol masers suggest the existence of shocks driven by either the expanding H II region of FIR 6c or the outflow of FIR 6n.

Field of study: Physics
Review: Methods Used to Evaluate the Free Radical Scavenging Activity in Foods and Biological Systems

Free radical generation is directly related with oxidation in foods and biological systems. Therefore, the search for methods to determine free radical scavenging is important. In this work are described the methods used for this purpose in both substrates as well as in specific cases of their application. The main methods comprise superoxide radicals scavenging (O2 ·-); hydrogen peroxide scavenging (H2O2); hypochlorous acid scavenging (HOCl); hydroxyl radical scavenging (HO.); peroxyl radical scavenging (ROO.), among them are the methods that use azo-compounds to generate peroxyl radicals, such as the ``TRAP'' method (Total Radical-Trapping Antioxidant Parameter) and the ``ORAC'' method (Oxygen-Radical Absorbance Capacity); the scavenging of radical cation 2,2-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonate) or the ABTS or the ``TEAC'' method (Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity); the scavenging of stable radical 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl or DPPH . method and the scavenging of radical cation N,N-dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine or DMPD method. At present, in spite of the diversity of methods, there is a great need to standardize measurements of antioxidant activity. The search for more specific assays, giving us chemical information that could be related directly to oxidative deterioration of foods and biological systems could be the objective of future research. La generación de radicales está'directamente relacionada con la oxidación de lípidos y sustratos biológicos, por tanto, es importante la búsqueda de métodos para la determinación del secuestro de especies radicales. En este trabajo se describen los principales métodos utilizados con este fin en ambos sustratos, así como sus aplicaciones específicas: secuestro de radicales superóxido (O2 .-), secuestro de peróxido de hidrógeno (H2O2); secuestro de ácido hipocloroso (HOCl); secuestro de radicales hidroxilo (HO.); secuestro de radicales peroxilo (ROO.), entre los que destacan los métodos que utilizan azo-compuestos para de radicales peroxilo (ROO .), entre los que destacan los métodos que utilizan azo-compuestos para la generación de radicales peroxilo, tales como el método del ``TRAP'' (Total Radical-Trapping Antioxidant Parameter) y el método del ``ORAC'' (Oxygen-Radical Absorbance Capacity); secuestro del catión radical 2,2-azinobis-(3-etilbenzotiazolin-6-sulfonato) o método del ABTS o del ``TEAC'' (Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity); secuestro del radical estable 2,2-difenil-1-picrilhidrazil o método del DPPH . y secuestro del radical catión N,N-dimetil-p-fenilendiamina o método del DMPD. Actualmente, a pesar de la diversidad de métodos existentes, hay una gran necesidad de estandarizar estos métodos para la determinación de la actividad antioxidante. La búsqueda de métodos más específicos, que proporcionen una información química que se directamente relacionada con el deterioro oxidativo de alimentos y muestras biológicas, podría ser el objetivo de futuras investigaciones.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Tree Data Mining Algorithm for Dynamic Cloud Model

With rapid development of newly emergent applications in the real world,various kinds of data are sharply on the rise.Therefore,the traditional data mining mode is far from meeting the requirements of large number of dada. Faced w ith this,the paper aims at handling the algorithm of tree data mining on the basis of dynamic cloud model. First,the paper has simply illustrated some concepts concerning cloud computing,the cloud computing model,and operating process and so on. Then,a CDA-HT,Mainly dealing w ith random operation strategy of the task allocation in Hadoop,is put forw ard in order to minimize the consumption cost,In addition,under this condition,the author also quotes the concepts of LeastClosedTreeMine framew ork under the dynamic cloud model put forw ard by GenF1,F1List,GenPartFn,GenWholeFn. Lastly,after large number of experiments,the paper concludes that large quantities of data can be efficiently mined and analyzed in that the paralleled algorithm is feasible,highly efficient,expandable as w ell as soundly flexible.

Field of study: Computer science
Induced thermo-mechanical reliability of copper-filled TSV interposer by transient selective annealing technology

Managing the stability of related processes in the integrated manufacturing of three-dimensional integrated circuits (3D-ICs) remains unresolved, especially with regard to the thermo-mechanical behavior of copper filled through silicon via (TSV) interposer during annealing. In this work, transient annealing is successfully applied on the filled copper using only one form of selective heating technology. To address the integration problem, transient thermo-structural coupling analysis using a nonlinear finite element simulation is proposed. Compared with the experimental data, the proposed simulation is found to be highly reliable. Analytical results show that temperature decreases from the top surface of the TSV to other regions within a silicon-based TSV interposer. Stress-induced fracture is common among bonded films, thereby worsening the subsequent mechanical reliability of 3D-IC devices. Moreover, the extent of keep-out zone induced by residual stress of Cu-filled TSV is also defined through the simulation-based mobility gain of nano-scaled devices. In accordance with the results of this investigation, an improvement can be obtained by optimizing the fabrication parameters during annealing. The proposed technology provides a high throughput and reliable processes in TSV manufacturing.

Field of study: Engineering
The role of modelling in the software engineering curriculum

This paper argues that the concept of modelling, and particularly the modelling of software system structures, is not being given sufficient attention within current sources that describe aspects of the software engineering curriculum. The paper describes the scope of modelling as a general concept, and explains the role that the modelling of software system structures plays within it. It discusses the treatment of this role within the various sources, and compares this both with the experience of the role that such modelling plays in the undergraduate curriculum at Sheffield University, and with the practice in other branches of engineering. The idea is examined that modelling should be treated as a recurring concept within the curriculum, and it is shown that this gives rise to a matrix structure for the software engineering curriculum. The paper discusses how such a structure can be mapped into a conventional hierarchical curriculum model, and the relationships that need to be made explicit in doing so. It describes the practical implications of these results for the structures of degree programmes in software engineering.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
The source and significance of raised serum enzymes in rheumatoid arthritis.

Hepatobiliary dysfunction in rheumatoid arthritis has been suggested on the basis of raised serum activity of alkaline phosphatase, 5-nucleotidase, lactic dehydrogenase and gamma-glutamyl transferase, but a specific pathological lesion has not been demonstrated and serum transaminases and bilirubin are almost invariably normal. This paper reports a series of studies designed to determine the tissues of origin of the enzymes and offers an alternative interpretation of the enzymological findings. The results suggest that only alkaline phosphatase originates from the liver, while lactic dehydrogenase and 5-nucleotidase originate from synovial fluid polymorphs and synovial lining cells, respectively. Serum alkaline phosphatase may be induced by inflammatory mediators such as interleukin-1 because it correlates with the acute phase response. Serum lactic dehydrogenase is an integrated measure of polymorph lysis in all joints and offers a marker of joint inflammation more specific than measures such as the ESR. Levels of serum 5-nucleotidase provide information about the activity of the synovium. Finally, because hepatic necrosis does not normally occur, the transaminases may be used to monitor drug toxicity.

Field of study: Medicine
Ceilometer evaluation of the eastern Mediterranean summer boundarylayer height – first study of two Israeli sites

Active remote-sensing instruments, such as ceilometers, have been shown to be potentially useful for the investigation of the behavior of the atmospheric mixing layer height (MLH). For the first time ever, high-resolution measurements of backscatter intensity, taken from two CL31 ceilometers situated inland and onshore of Israel, have enabled evaluation of the mean diurnal cycle of the MLH in the eastern Mediterranean region. Although the Israeli summer synoptic conditions are considered to be quite stable, results for the summer season (July–August 2014) showed the inland MLH to be about 200 m higher than the MLH at the onshore site, situated only 7.5 km away. The prevailing influence of the sea breeze front (SBF), as it progresses inland, is presented by the ceilometer plots. Complementing results were found between the radiosonde profiles and the adjacent ceilometer at the inland site of Beit Dagan. In contrast to the expected regularity of clear skies during the Israeli summer, the ceilometers revealed significant cloud cover throughout the day, with higher presence onshore. Assessment of cloud thickness in further research would serve to improve the evaluation of the MLH evolution.

Field of study: Environmental science
Density functional approaches to nuclear dynamics

We present background concepts of the nuclear density functional theory (DFT) and applications of the time-dependent DFT with the Skyrme energy functional for nuclear response functions. Practical methods for numerical applications of the time-dependent Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov theory (TDHFB) are proposed; finite amplitude method and canonical-basis TDHFB. These approaches are briefly reviewed and some numerical applications are shown to demonstrate their feasibility.

Field of study: Physics
Elite education in the period of mass education

Institutions of elite education should not take the responsibility of mass education. In order to lessen the pressure of elite education institutes brought about by the tendency of mass education, we should transform from "controlling development" or "speeding up development" to "appropriately developing in advance" in terms of scaling speed of higher education growth. As to the mode of higher education growth, we should adopt "the parallel development of connotative and external mode while stressing on the latter one" or "external development" rather than "connotative development". Higher institutes should develop respectively, achieve its own characteristics and strive for leading position in each type and level.

Field of study: Education
Physicalism and mental causes: contra Papineau

In Philosophical Naturalism (1993), David Papineau defends physicalism, the thesis that all natural phenomena are physical. More precisely, Papineau's physicalism consists of two theses regarding supervenience and token congruence. His supervenience thesis states that two systems differ chemically, biologically, or psychologically with regard to their intrinsic, nonrelational properties only if they differ physically. His token-congruence thesis, denying epiphenomenalism, states that 'each dated mental occurrence is the same as some dated physical occurrence, even if we can't identify the mental type in question with any one physical type' (1993: 12). Papineau offers supervenience and token congruence as individually necessary and jointly sufficient for physicalism, adding that the world of physicalism is fundamentally constituted by physical phenomena. Papineau's physicalism allows for the correct use of nonphysical vocabulary, and denies that such vocabulary is always shorthand for physical properties. In Papineau's words: '... physicalism, as I have characterized it, allows that we often use nonphysical terminology, like 'sulphuric acid', 'thunderstorm', 'elephant', and 'thinking of the future', to group and categorize large-scale arrangements of physical facts. Moreover, physicalism allows that such special terminology isn't just a shorthand for complex physical properties: for in those cases where type identity fails, special categories cannot even in principle be specified in physical terms' (1993: 13). Still, according to Papineau, the special vocabulary is just a way of describing complexes of physical phenomena; it does not require the existence of any nonphysical substance. All substances are, then, physical, but not all correct ascription of properties is ascription of physical properties. In this respect, Papineau's physicalism is nonreductive and noneliminative: It does not require that all nonphysical vocabulary be reduced or eliminated. In particular, it does not require that psychological vocabulary be reduced or eliminated. As Papineau says, '... I don't in fact think that psychological categories are reducible to physical ones,' adding later that '... there is plenty of uncontentious empirical evidence that everyday psychology is true at just those points where it takes us beyond Dennett's [nonrealist] intentional stance' (1993: 44, 67). Why accept Papineau's physicalism? I shall argue that Papineau's answer yields a troublesome dilemma: either a dubious kind of causal

Field of study: Philosophy
Which physicians have access to electronic prescribing and which ones end up using it?

This study examines the availability of electronic prescription and the utilization of e-prescribing by physicians in the US.



Nationally representative data from the 2004-2005 Community Tracking Study Physician Survey were used to identify which subgroups of physicians have access to e-prescribing technology and which subgroups are using this technology more or less intensively. Exhaustive Chi-squared Automatic Interaction Detection (CHAID) was employed for statistical data segmentation.



Results indicate that the rapidly increasing adoption of electronic prescription is diminished by relatively low physician utilization. E-prescription utilization was segmented among practice size and type. There were also differences in e-prescription use by age, gender, and ethnicity/race in some subgroups. Actual use of e-prescription was very low for female physicians in surgical specialties, psychiatry, and obstetrics/gynecology, and for Hispanic physicians in pediatrics, internal medicine, and family/general practice in solo/two physician practices, medical schools, and hospitals.



Insights from segmentation analyses could be used to identify adoption barriers and to develop targeted interventions to accelerate the implementation of e-prescription systems in physician practices.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Structure of the proton drip line nucleus $^{17}$F

The odd $A$ proton drip line nucleus $^{17}$F has been studied in a semi-microscopic model which couples proton quasiparticle motion to the vibrational motion of the neighbouring even-even $^{18}$Ne core. The experimentally observed low lying excitation spectrum, electric quadrupole moment, magnetic dipole moment, $B(E1)$ and $B(E2)$ values have been fairly well reproducd. The calculated rms radius of the first excited state is well reproduced and is found to be larger than that of the ground state which agrees with the experimental observation.

Field of study: Physics