nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Computerized Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Detector

The purpose of the experiment is to measure the oxygen and carbon dioxide content of the earth's atmosphere to determine if there is a decrease or increase with the passing of time (years). This newly developed data acquisition and manipulation system operates as follows: Measurement is accomplished by placing two samples of air in the path of an argon laser. The light particles emitted from the samples are transmitted to two photomultiplier tubes (PMTs A and B) through a set of mirrors and a focusing arrangement. There is a mechanical shutter-wheel placed in front of the PMTs to alternate the unknown and standard light particles proceeding to the PMTs. The outputs of the PMTs are shaped to a fast NIM standard signal and applied to a CAMAC 12 channel, 100 MHz scaler (A to channel 0, B to channel 1). An eight millisecond gate is used to enable the A and B detectors. The position of the shutter-wheel is determined by synrhronization pulses scribed on the wheel. The "1" sync pulse represents the unknown data while the "2" sync pulse is the standard data. The two Sync pulses are applied to a Quad Counting Register (channel 0). A Gate pulse is applied to channel 1 of the Quad Register to represent the number of actual A and B (unknown/standard) pairs of data presented to the Data Acquisition System. An Inhibit signal is used to sync the LSI-11/2 computer to obtain the Sync, A and B Data, and Gate signals.

Field of study: Physics
[The emergence of novel GII.4 norovirus variant, Sydney_2012, in Shanghai, China].

To describe the epidemiological characteristics of norovirus (NOV) associated acute gastroenteritis in Shanghai and characterize the evolution pattern of circulating strains. From March 2012 to February 2013, 502 stool specimens were collected from adult (> or = 16 years) outpatients who visited either of the two sentinel hospitals in Shanghai for acute gastroenteritis. Molecular detection and genotyping of NoV were performed and the phylogenetic relationship of the circulating strains has also been comprehensively analyzed. The epidemics level of GI NoV was low throughout the surveillance period, with the positive rate of 3.78% (19 cases), and no seasonality of GI NoV infection could be distinguished. For GII genogroup, higher epidemics in adults in Shanghai, with the detection rate of 17.13% (86 cases), were observed. And relatively high epidemics of GII NoV infection were spotted between October and December in 2012. The frequency of NoV associated acute gastroenteritis in older people is significantly higher than that in young individuals (P < 0.05). Sequencing and genotyping analysis revealed that the high epidemics of GII NoV infection between October and December in 2012 is associated with the emergence of a novel GII.4 norovirus strain, termed Sydney_2012. Sequence analysis also demonstrated that this was a recombinant virus between a GII.e polymerase and GII.4 capsid, which has also been the dominant circulating strain in Shanghai. In 2012, a new GII.4 variant, termed Sydney_2012, emerged in Shanghai and caused high epidemics of acute gastroenteritis during late autumn and winter.

Field of study: Biology
A New Dynamical Parameter for the Study of Sticky Orbits in a 3D Galactic Model

A 3D dynamical model is used to study the motion in the central parts of an elliptical galaxy, hosting a massive and dense nucleus. Our aim is to investigate the regular or chaotic character of the motion, with emphasis in the different chaotic components, as well as the sticky regions of the dynamical system. In order to define the character of the motion in the 2D system, we use the classical method of the Poincaré x − px phase plane, the Lyapunov Characteristic Exponent (LCE) and the dynamical parameter - the S(c) spectrum. Then the results obtained from the 2D system are used to investigate the properties of the 3D system. For this, we introduce and use a new dynamical parameter, the S(k) spectrum, which proves to be a very reliable and fast method to detect the islandic motion and the evolution of the sticky orbits in the 3D system. Numerical experiments conducted by the new S(k) spectrum suggest that the different chaotic components in the 3D system do not interact for time intervals much larger than the age of the galaxy. The results indicate that the different sticky regions do not lead to a unified chaotic sea. Thus, the behavior of the 3D sticky orbits differs from that observed in the 2D system. Furthermore, the 3D motion near the center of a triaxial elliptical galaxy seems to be very complicated, displaying several families of resonant orbits, different chaotic components and sticky regions, while only a small fraction of orbits is regular. The comparison with earlier results reveals the importance of the conception of the new dynamical spectrum.

Field of study: Physics
Impacts of cold weather on all-cause and cause-specific mortality in Texas, 1990-2011.

Cold weather was estimated to account for more than half of weather-related deaths in the U.S. during 2006-2010. Studies have shown that cold-related excessive mortality is especially relevant with decreasing latitude or in regions with mild winter. However, only limited studies have been conducted in the southern U.S. The purpose of our study is to examine impacts of cold weather on mortality in 12 major Texas Metropolitan Areas (MSAs) for the 22-year period, 1990-2011. Our study used a two-stage approach to examine the cold-mortality association. We first applied distributed lag non-linear models (DLNM) to 12 major MSAs to estimate cold effects for each area. A random effects meta-analysis was then used to estimate pooled effects. Age-stratified and cause-specific mortalities were modeled separately for each MSA. Most of the MSAs were associated with an increased risk in mortality ranging from 0.1% to 5.0% with a 1 °C decrease in temperature below the cold thresholds. Higher increased mortality risks were generally observed in MSAs with higher average daily mean temperatures and lower latitudes. Pooled effect estimate was 1.58% (95% Confidence Interval (CI) [0.81, 2.37]) increase in all-cause mortality risk with a 1 °C decrease in temperature. Cold wave effects in Texas were also examined, and several MSAs along the Texas Gulf Coast showed statistically significant cold wave-mortality associations. Effects of cold on all-cause mortality were highest among people over 75 years old (1.86%, 95% CI [1.09, 2.63]). Pooled estimates for cause-specific mortality were strongest in myocardial infarction (4.30%, 95% CI [1.18, 7.51]), followed by respiratory diseases (3.17%, 95% CI [0.26, 6.17]) and ischemic heart diseases (2.54%, 95% CI [1.08, 4.02]). In conclusion, cold weather generally increases mortality risk significantly in Texas, and the cold effects vary with MSAs, age groups, and cause-specific deaths.

Field of study: Environmental science
Durability of Gadolinium Zirconate/YSZ Double-Layered Thermal Barrier Coatings under Different Thermal Cyclic Test Conditions

Higher durability in thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) is constantly sought to enhance the service life of gas turbine engine components such as blades and vanes. In this study, three double layered gadolinium zirconate (GZ)-on-yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) TBC variants with varying individual layer thickness but identical total thickness produced by suspension plasma spray (SPS) process were evaluated. The objective was to investigate the role of YSZ layer thickness on the durability of GZ/YSZ double-layered TBCs under different thermal cyclic test conditions i.e., thermal cyclic fatigue (TCF) at 1100 °C and a burner rig test (BRT) at a surface temperature of 1400 °C, respectively. Microstructural characterization was performed using SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy) and porosity content was measured using image analysis technique. Results reveal that the durability of double-layered TBCs decreased with YSZ thickness under both TCF and BRT test conditions. The TBCs were analyzed by SEM to investigate microstructural evolution as well as failure modes during TCF and BRT test conditions. It was observed that the failure modes varied with test conditions, with all the three double-layered TBC variants showing failure in the TGO (thermally grown oxide) during the TCF test and in the ceramic GZ top coat close to the GZ/YSZ interface during BRT. Furthermore, porosity analysis of the as-sprayed and TCF failed TBCs revealed differences in sintering behavior for GZ and YSZ. The findings from this work provide new insights into the mechanisms responsible for failure of SPS processed double-layered TBCs under different thermal cyclic test conditions.

Field of study: Materials science
Failure modes and effects analysis for high-power GaN-based light-emitting diodes package technology

In this study, nondestructive test is developed to analyze the structure failure of LED package. The relationship between thermal resistance analysis and LED package failure structure is build with T3Ster thermal transient tester and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The failure LED device with defect in the attaching layer and gap between LED chip and copper are designed advisedly. The failure factors of LED package have been measured with thermal resistance analysis and SEM cross-section images. The thermal dissipation performance of LED with defect in the attaching layer is indicated by thermal resistance analysis combined with SEM cross-section images. The blister in attaching layer results in 4.4 K/W additional thermal resistance. The gap between LED chip and copper also makes high additional thermal resistance with 8.6 K/W. Different failures of LED packages are indicated obviously using thermal transfer analysis. The LED package failure structure such as interface defect between solder and cup-shaped copper is able to forecast without destructive measurement.

Field of study: Engineering
Enabling robust and reliable transmission in Internet of Things with multiple gateways

This paper investigates the robust and reliable transmission problem in Internet of Things (IoT) applications, where multiple gateways are deployed. We discover that the reliable routing path with the best link qualities may not always gain the reliable transmission. The main reason is that the majority of existing routing metrics generally do not consider the working state of gateways. And the gateways may significantly reduce the reliability of data transmission at the last hop when they operate at the variable duty cycles (e.g., due to insufficient energy harvesting from ambiance). Last-hop data loss will lead to the inefficient transmission in all previous hops. To address this issue, we propose a novel routing metric ETD (Expected Transmission Direction, ETD), which efficiently selects a proper set of gateways with improved reliability in variable duty-cycled IoT through estimating the working state of gateways. Based on ETD, we design an efficient opportunistic routing protocol PoR to ensure reliable data transmission. Our simulations demonstrate the superior performance of PoR. It is shown that PoR achieves over 98% packet delivery ratio even in the worst network setting, with effective load balancing among selected gateways.

Field of study: Computer science
Influence of Micelles and Magnetic Isotopes on Magnetic Field Dependence of Lifetimes of Benzophenone Ketyl-Alkyl Radical Pairs

Influence of micelles and magnetic isotopes on magnetic field dependence of lifetimes of benzophenone ketyl-alkyl radical pairs in micellar solutions was studied below 14 T. The lifetimes were dependent on micelles and independent of isotopes. The lifetimes of radical pairs are controlled by the electron dipole interaction of the radical pairs in 4 T.

Field of study: Chemistry
Why People Watch Reality TV

We assessed the appeal of reality TV by asking 239 adults to rate themselves on each of 16 basic motives using the Reiss Profile standardized instrument and to rate how much they watched and enjoyed various reality television shows. The results suggested that the people who watched reality television had above-average trait motivation to feel self-important and, to a lesser extent, vindicated, friendly, free of morality, secure, and romantic, as compared with large normative samples. The results, which were dose-dependent, showed a new method for studying media. This method is based on evidence that people have the potential to experience 16 different joys. People prefer television shows that stimulate the feelings they intrinsically value the most, which depends on individuality.

Field of study: Psychology
Exploring the Existential Function of Religion and Supernatural Agent Beliefs Among Christians, Muslims, Atheists, and Agnostics

Building on research suggesting one primary function of religion is the management of death awareness, the present research explored how supernatural beliefs are influenced by the awareness of death, for whom, and how individuals’ extant beliefs determine which god(s), if any, are eligible to fulfill that function. In Study 1, death reminders had no effect among Atheists, but enhanced Christians’ religiosity, belief in a higher power, and belief in God/Jesus and enhanced denial of Allah and Buddha. Similarly, death reminders increased Muslims’ religiosity and belief in a higher power, and led to greater belief in Allah and denial of God/Jesus and Buddha (Study 2). Finally, in Study 3, death reminders motivated Agnostics to increase their religiosity, belief in a higher power, and their faith in God/Jesus, Buddha, and Allah. The studies tested three potential theoretical explanations and were consistent with terror management theory’s worldview defense hypothesis. Theoretical implications are discussed.

Field of study: Psychology
Estimation of Muon-Induced SEU Rates for 65-nm Bulk and UTBB-SOI SRAMs

Negative and positive muon-induced single-event upset (SEU) rates were estimated for 65-nm bulk and ultrathin body and thin buried oxide silicon-on-insulator (UTBB-SOI) static random access memories (SRAMs). The SEU cross sections for muon incidence on the two SRAMs were experimentally characterized and compared. The experimental results showed that the negative muon SEU cross sections for the bulk SRAM are significantly larger than those for the UTBB-SOI. Estimation of muon SEU rates at ground level was performed using the experimental results and the Monte Carlo simulation with the Particle and Heavy Ion Transport code System (PHITS). The estimated muon SEU rates were compared with the measured neutron SEU rates. The contribution of muons was found to be considerably smaller than that of neutrons. Attenuation effect of muons and neutrons in a five-story building was also investigated by particle transport simulation with PHITS. The muon SEU rate on the first floor was estimated to be at most 10% of the neutron SEU rate on the same floor.

Field of study: Physics
Artificial Immune Danger Theory Based Model for Network Security Evaluation

Inspired by the principles of immune danger theory, a danger theory based model for network security risk assessment is presented in this paper. Firstly, the principle of the danger theory is introduced. And then, with the improved concepts and formal definitions of antigen, antibody, danger signal, and detection lymphocyte for network security risk assessment presented , the distributed architecture of the proposed model is described . Following that, the principle of network intrusion detection is expounded. Finally, the method of network security risk assessment is given . Theoretical analysis and simulation results show that the proposed model can evaluate the network attack threats in real time. Thus, it provides an effective risk evaluation solution to network security.

Field of study: Computer science
Application summary of C306 type catalyst in 100kt/a methanol plant in Lunan fertilizer plant

C306 type catalyst for synthesis of methanol at lower pressure should be sieved by griddle before filled into column in order to remove the powder. Middle sized fireproof aluminum ball is used to ensure the applying strength. The pipes are loaded with 20.15 m~(3) C306 type catalyst, of which 2.13 m~(3) catalyst is loaded in adiabatic layer. After the system is replaced and qualified to the request, temperature reduction of the catalyst can be carried out by means of low hydrogen method and the reduction rate can be controlled by reductive dewatering rate. The application results show that the catalyst has advantages of high mechanic strength, excellent flexibility, convenient reduction and simple operation, good activity at low temperature, wide temperature range, stable performance, and better selectivity. The content of impurities in coarse methanol low, and the reductive shrinkage of the catalyst is small, therefore the effective space of the methanol synthesis column is exerted sufficiently.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Characteristics of N2 fixation in Mo-limited batch and continuous cultures of Azotobacter vinelandii.

Steady-state chemostat cultures of Azotobacter vinelandii were established in a simple defined medium that had been chemically purified to minimize Mo and that contained no utilizable combined N source. Growth was dependent on N2 fixation, the limiting nutrient being the Mo contaminating the system. The Mo content of the organisms was at least 100-fold lower than that of Mo-sufficient cultures, and they lacked the characteristic g = 3.7 e.p.r. feature of the MoFe-protein of nitrogenase. A characteristic of nitrogenase activity in vivo in Mo-limited populations was a disproportionately low activity for acetylene reduction, which was 0.3 to 0.1 of that expected from the rate of N2 reduction. Acetylene was also a poor substrate in comparison with protons as a substrate for nitrogenase, and did not markedly inhibit H2 evolution, in contrast with Mo-sufficient populations. In batch cultures in similar medium or 'spent' chemostat medium inoculated with Mo-limited organisms, the addition of Mo elicited a biphasic increased growth response at concentrations as low as 2.5 nM, provided that sufficient Fe was supplied. In this system V did not substitute for Mo, and Mo-deficient cultures ceased growth at a 25-fold lower population density compared with cultures supplemented with Mo. Nitrogenase component proteins could not be unequivocally detected by visual inspection of fractionated crude extracts of Mo-limited organisms. 35SO42-pulse-labelling studies also showed that the rate of synthesis of the MoFe-protein component of nitrogenase was too low to be quantified. However, the Fe-protein of nitrogenase was apparently synthesized at high rates. The discussion includes an evaluation of the possibility that A. vinelandii possesses an Mo-independent N2-fixation system.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Integral Structures in Real Semisimple Lie Algebras and Iwasawa N-Groups

We construct a convenient basis for all real semisimple Lie algebras by means of an adapted Chevalley basis of the complexification. It determines (half-)integer structure constants which we express only in terms of the root system and its automorphism defining the real structure. Provided the real algebra admits one, the basis exhibits an explicit complex structure. Part of the basis spans the nilpotent algebra of an Iwasawa decomposition. This shows that Iwasawa N-groups have lattices. We give explicit realizations of all Iwasawa N-groups in the real rank one case and we construct coordinate charts for all symmetric spaces of noncompact type in a uniform way.

Field of study: Mathematics
Tumour necrosis factor-induced necrosis versus anti-Fas-induced apoptosis in L929 cells.

Murine fibrosarcoma L929 cells were transfected with human Fas cDNA. The mode of cell death was analysed following treatment either with tumour necrosis factor (TNF) or with agonistic antibodies to Fas. While triggering of the TNF receptors led to necrosis, clustering of the Fas antigen resulted in apoptotic cell death. N-tosyl-l-phenylalanine chloromethyl ketone and Nalpha-p-tosyl-l-lysine chloromethyl ketone, two serine protease inhibitors, has a protective effect on TNF-induced killing, while Fas-mediated cell death was rather enhanced. Lithium chloride, which had a synergistic effect on TNF cytotoxicity, did not affect Fas-mediated death, whereas staurosporine had an enhancing effect on both types of cell death. Aphidicolin and hydroxyurea, inhibitors of DNA synthesis, were able to sensitize cells to Fas-induced killing, but had no effect on TNF cytotoxicity. Finally, we demonstrate that the effect of increasing concentrations of actinomycin D or cycloheximide is very different for the two types of cell killing. We conclude that either necrosis or apoptosis can occur in the same cell type, depending on the trigger, and that, although both pathways perhaps may share some cellular components, signal transduction is different for the two types of cell death.

Field of study: Medicine
Pioglitazone and mechanisms of CV protection.

Pioglitazone has diverse multiple effects on metabolic and inflammatory processes that have the potential to influence cardiovascular disease pathophysiology at various points in the disease process, including atherogenesis, plaque inflammation, plaque rupture, haemostatic disturbances and microangiopathy.



Linking the many direct and indirect effects on the vasculature to the reduction in key macrovascular outcomes reported with pioglitazone in patients with type 2 diabetes presents a considerable challenge. However, recent large-scale clinical cardiovascular imaging studies are beginning to provide some mechanistic insights, including a potentially important role for improvements in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol with pioglitazone. In addition to a role in prevention, animal studies also suggest that pioglitazone may minimize damage and improve recovery during and after ischaemic cardio- and cerebrovascular events.



In this review, we consider potential cardiovascular protective mechanisms of pioglitazone by linking preclinical data and clinical cardiovascular outcomes guided by insights from recent imaging studies.



Pioglitazone may influence CVD pathophysiology at multiple points in the disease process, including atherogenesis, plaque inflammation, plaque rupture and haemostatic disturbances (i.e. thrombus/embolism formation), as well as microangiopathy.

Field of study: Medicine
Improvement in magnetic shielding by the superposition of a magnetic cylinder over a copper-oxide superconducting cylinder

Magnetic shielding was shown to be improved by superimposing a magnet cylinder over a superconducting cylinder. Examples of such configurations are soft iron and electromagnetic steel cylinders over a copper-oxide superconducting cylinder. The value of the magnetic shielded field for the superimposed cylinder was found to be several times more than that of single superconducting cylinders such as YBCO or a BPSCCO cylinder. Experimental results reveal good characteristics which include the effects of the excitation magnetic field on the inner magnetic field within both the single superconducting and superimposed cylinders, the temporal change of the trapped magnetic field within the superconducting cylinder, the distribution of the magnetic shielded field along the axial direction of the superimposed cylinders, and the relationship between the length of the magnetic cylinder and the shielding effect.<<ETX>>

Field of study: Physics