nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Functional Outcome of Closed Intramedullary Interlocking Nailing in Gustillo-Anderson Type I and II Compound Fractures of Femoral Shaft

Fractures of the shaft of the femur are among the most common fractures resulting mostly from high energy trauma.  To study the functional outcome of closed intramedullary interlocking nailing in Gustillo-Anderson type I and II compound fractures of femoral shaft.  In this prospective study, 20 adult patients with Gustillo Anderson Class I and II fractures were included. After undergoing closed intramedullary interlocking nailing , the functional outcome was assessed using the Harris Hip score.  Excellent or good functional outcome as per Harris Hip score was observed in 80% cases while fair results were observed in 15% cases. One case with deep wound infection and non union showed poor outcome. Interlocked intramedullary nailing system showed excellent result in both close and open fractures.

Field of study: Medicine
Spontaneous electrical activity regulates vasoactive intestinal peptide expression in dissociated spinal cord cell cultures.

Activity-dependent expression of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) was investigated in spinal cord/dorsal root ganglia cultures derived from embryonic mice. Since all spinal cord neurons appear to exhibit spontaneous action potentials after one week in vitro, activity-dependent regulation of VIP-transcripts (mRNAVIP) could be studied with or without electrical blockade induced by tetrodotoxin (TTX). In 10-day-old cultures, a 50% decrease in mRNAVIP was observed after 3 days of treatment with TTX. The decrease in mRNAVIP was reversed upon removal of the TTX and was dependent on the age of the cultures: no decreases from control were observed in 5-day-old cultures and much smaller decrements were produced in one month old cultures treated with TTX. A variety of neuroactive substances were tested for effects on mRNAVIP in electrically active and electrically blocked cultures. Application of 8-bromo-cAMP (cAMP), N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), substance P, muscimol, A23187 and VIP to electrically active cultures resulted in a 2- to 3-fold increase in mRNAVIP, while phorbol myristate 13-acetate (PMA) and 8-bromo-cGMP (cGMP) had no effect. In contrast, electrically inactive cultures exhibited a 3 to 4-fold increase in mRNAVIP after treatment with PMA, cAMP and VIP, while NMDA, substance P, muscimol, A23187 and cGMP produced no increases. In summary, the regulation of VIP gene expression in embryonic spinal cord neurons shows a temporal sensitivity to TTX-induced electrical blockade and may be mediated by multiple neurotransmitter inputs which converge on cAMP- and calcium-related processes in an activity-dependent manner.

Field of study: Biology
On the method of inversion in the two-dimensional theory of elasticity

1. Chaplygin, Gas jets, Moscow 1902, see also NACA TM 1063. 2. Goldstein, Lighthill and Craggs, On the hodrograph transformation for highspeed flow, Q.  (1948). 3. Garrick and Kaplan, On the flow of a compressible fluid by the hodograph method, NACA Report No. 790 (1944). 4. J. Horn, Veber eine lineare Differentialgleichung zweiter Ordnung mit einem willkuerlichen Parameter,  (1899).

Field of study: Mathematics
On the size consistency of multireference CEPA methods

The size consistency of various multireference coupled electron pair approaches (MRCEPA) is analysed. These methods include the MRCEPA0, MR averaged coupled pair functional (MR-ACPF), MR averaged quadratic coupled cluster (MR-AQCC), MR (singles and doubles) CEPA (MRDCEPA) and the recently proposed MR averaged CEPA (MR-ACEPA) methods. Test calculations on the O 2 dimer show that a correct treatment of the variationally included (VI) terms such as in the MRDCEPA and MR-ACEPA methods is necessary for obtaining nearly size-consistent results. On the other hand, the results strongly suggest that it is impossible to obtain exact size consistency with any method employing the diagonal shift formalism. The analysis also shows that the size consistency error is not significantly affected by the exclusion principle violating (EPV) terms.

Field of study: Chemistry
Engineering applications of ambient pressure gas turbine cycle

To construct the new cycle system is one of the basic studies for increasing the power output and electric efficiency in energy utilization and transformation fields.Therefore,a new ambient pressure gas turbine cycle(APGC)is presented in this paper.The engineering applications of APGC in the fields of the hybrid system with solid oxide fuel cell(SOFC),biogas power generation system and power recovery system of iron and steel works,etc.were simulated based on the APGC and/or SOFC analytical models established with software Aspen Plus.The results showed that APGC would get wide application in prospect for its advantages.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
The Normativity of the Private Ownership Form

One of the most acute charges against private property observes that ownership generates a trespassory duty of exclusion that far exceeds the requirements of a commitment to values such as freedom and well‐being, and accordingly there exists an analytical mismatch between the form of protecting ownership and the functions that this protection may serve. This article develops a novel account of ownership's normativity, maintaining that, apart from the functions it may render to external values, the form of ownership is in itself a source of value, in virtue of the society it may engender between free and equal persons. Any gap between the form and the function of ownership need not plague private ownership, because the functions of ownership do not exhaust the explanation of its good. The formal core of private property is a distinctively social one, even in the most isolated case of trespass to property.

Field of study: Law
Lower cardiac mortality in smokers following thrombolysis for acute myocardial infarction may be related to more effective fibrinolysis.

Smokers have unexplained lower cardiac mortality than non-smokers in the short term following acute myocardial infarction (AMI). We hypothesized that smokers may have enhanced systemic fibrinolysis following thrombolysis. We studied 185 consecutive patients receiving thrombolysis for first AMI. Cardiac mortality at 36 days after thrombolysis was 11.9% (22 deaths). Factors associated with cardiac mortality were: smoking (current 3.4% mortality, previous 11.4%, never 24.2%) (p < 0.001); post-thrombolysis plasma fibrinogen at 60 min (p < 0.05); diabetes (p < 0.005); age (p < 0.01); time to thrombolysis (p < 0.05); and ECG evidence of reperfusion (p < 0.05). In logistic regression analysis, smokers were at significantly lower risk of cardiac death compared with non-smokers: unadjusted odds ratio (OR) 0.3 (95% CI 0.2-0.7) (p < 0.01). This was independent of age, diabetes, ECG evidence of reperfusion and pain to treatment time: OR 0.4 (95% CI 0.3-0.9) (p < 0.05). Smoking was not an independent prognostic factor after adjustment for post-thrombolysis plasma fibrinogen OR 0.5 (95% CI 0.4-1.1) (p = 0.1), although its insignificance may be due to lack of numbers. In non-smokers, there was a subgroup with persistent ST elevation, high post-thrombolysis fibrinogen and 40% short-term mortality. No similar high-risk sub-group was observed in smokers. Smoking was associated with lower mortality in patients receiving thrombolysis for first AMI, and post-thrombolysis fibrinogen concentrations were associated with this beneficial effect. Although patient numbers are small, and the hypothesis should be tested further in a larger group, the higher likelihood of incomplete reperfusion and of incomplete fibrinolysis in non-smokers supports the hypothesis that smokers may have enhanced systemic fibrinolysis following thrombolysis in AMI.

Field of study: Medicine
THERMAL CRACKING AND CATALYTIC CRACKING IN FLUID CATALYTIC CRACKING PROCESS

Thermal cracking reactions lead to excessive light gas yield and lower overall product values during the present typical high temperature commercial FCC operation.Catalyst properties and operating parameters (reaction temperature,catalyst to oil ratio,contact time) have great influence on thermal and catalytic cracking reactions.There exist some points of reaction temperature inflexion for catalytic cracking reaction and thermal cracking reaction.Catalytic cracking reaction plays the main role below around 538?℃,and the ratio of (C 1+C 2)/ i -C 4 is less than 0.6.When the reaction temperature is over around 610?℃,thermal cracking reaction is the key process and the ratio of (C 1+C 2)/ i -C 4 is large than 1.2.Below the temperature of 550～610?℃,catalytic cracking reaction and thermal cracking reaction can occur simultaneously,and the latter becomes dominant one when the reaction temperature increases.The rate of catalytic cracking reaction can increase with increase of the ratio of catalyst to oil resulting in much more amounts of active sites involved.The deposition of product coke on the catalyst leads to more severe thermal cracking reaction by making the active sites inaccessible for future participation in the catalytic cracking cycle.The short contact time of oil and catalyst may suppress the detrimental thermal cracking reaction dramatically.A satisfactory result could be obtained through selection of proper catalyst and operating conditions (especially the very short contact time of gas and oil).

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Paleofluid-flow circulation within a Triassic rift basin: Evidence from oil inclusions and thermal histories

The migration of subsurface fluid flow within continental rift basins has been increasingly recognized to significantly affect the thermal history of sediments and petroleum information. To gain insight into these paleofluid flow effects, the thermal history of the Taylorsville basin in Virginia was reconstructed from fluid-inclusion studies, apatite fission-track data, and vitrinite reflectance data. Models of thermal history indicate that the basin was buried to the thermal maximum at 200 Ma; a cooling event followed during which the eastern side of the basin cooled earlier and faster than the western side, suggesting that there was a differential uplift and topographically driven fluid flow. This hypothesis is supported by analyses of secondary oil and aqueous inclusions trapped in calcite and quartz veins during the uplift stage. Gas chromatograms of inclusion oils exhibit variable but extensive depletion of light molecular-weight hydrocarbons. The relative abundance of n-alkanes, petrographic observations, and the geological data indicate that the alteration process on these inclusion oils was probably neither phase separation nor biodegradation, but water washing. Water:oil ratios necessary to produce the observed alteration are much greater than 10,000:1. These exceedingly high ratios are consistent with the migration of inclusion oils along with fluid flow during themore » early stages of basin evolution. The results provide significant evidence about the role of a subsurface flow system in modifying the temperature structure of the basin and the composition of petroleum generated within the basin.« less

Field of study: Geology
‘Race’ and Resistance to Policing Before the ‘Windrush Years’: The Colonial Defence Committee and the Liverpool ‘Race Riots’ of 1948

Between 31 July and 2 August 1948, Liverpool experienced three nights of racial violence on a scale not witnessed since the end of the First World War. Despite being initiated by white rioters, the so-called ‘race riots’ of 1948 were more significant in terms of the relationship between the police and Liverpool’s black population. Previous studies have sought to understand why and what happened during the riots; however, there has been little analysis of the aftermath. This article looks specifically at how black people responded to the ‘race riots’ in 1948 and argues that this episode led to a period of heightened political activity at a local and national level centred around the issue of policing. It focusses on the Colonial Defence Committee (CDC) that was formed immediately after the riots to organize the legal defence of individuals believed to have been wrongfully arrested. In its structure and organizational methods, the CDC represented a prototype of the defence committees that became a hallmark of black political opposition to policing during the 1970s and 1980s. Examining the aftermath of the Liverpool ‘race riots’ in 1948, thus, offers new perspectives on the historical development of black political resistance to policing in twentieth-century Britain. On the one hand, it reveals a longer history of struggle against racially discriminatory policing, which predates the ‘Windrush years’ migration of the 1950s and early 1960s. It also highlights the historical continuities in the way that black resistance to policing manifested itself over the twentieth century.

Field of study: History
Counselor Intentions in Individual and Group Treatment.

Despite equivalent outcomes, group and individual treatments appear to differ in the therapeutic processes, specifically therapist activity and client impacts. Building on this literature, the authors examined differences in therapist-identified intentions in group and individual treatments. On the basis of I. D. Yalom's (1995) writings, individual therapists were hypothesized to use intention dimensions that involved direct work with their clients (Therapeutic Work and Structure intention dimensions), whereas group therapists were hypothesized to use intentions that reflected a more indirect focus of work (Interpersonal and Safe Atmosphere intentions). Twenty therapists audiotaped sessions of individual and group therapy and then reported their intentions for each of their speaking turns in these 2 treatments. In partial support of the hypotheses, in individual treatment, therapists were more likely to endorse Therapeutic Work intentions, whereas in group therapy these same therapists were more likely to endorse Interpersonal and Safe Atmosphere intentions.

Field of study: Psychology
Laser-like emission from a periodic all-silicon nanostructure

We report on experimental observation of laser-like emission from a periodic all-silicon nanostructure formed on an electronic grade silicon-on-insulator wafer, using a highly-uniform hexagonal self-organized array of nanopores as an etch mask. Classical lasing characteristics such as threshold behavior and stimulated emission, optical gain, emission linewidth narrowing and far-field modal pattern were observed at temperatures below 70 K under optical pumping.

Field of study: Physics
Ionizing Radiation Effects on Power MOSFETS during High Speed Switching

Data on the effects of gamma radiation on the electrical characteristics of power VDMOS transistors are presented. The devices were exposed to radiation while the gate voltage was switching at 100 kHz or while held at a dc voltage. Several drain voltage configurations were also explored. The threshold voltage shifts observed begin to saturate at relatively low doses (~0.1 Mrad(Si)) for all but the worst case bias (VG = +10 V). The threshold voltage shifts do not show significant dependence on drain voltage. The devices studied appear to be approximately an order of magnitude more efficient in trapping radiation generated holes than would be expected in a state-of-the-art radiation hardened planar MOSFET.

Field of study: Physics
Role of interleukin‐2 and interleukin‐6 in the mitogen responsiveness of T cells from patients with ‘common‐variable’ hypogammaglobulinaemia

We have assessed the ability of interleukin‐2 (IL‐2) and interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) to augment the proliferative response of T lymphocytes from ‘common‐variable’ hypogammaglobulinaemia (CVH) patients and from normal controls, to the mitogens phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) and OKT3. We show that with cells from the control group and from those patients whose T cells respond to PHA within the control range, both IL‐2 and IL‐6 will significantly augment the response to OKT3. However, in those patients with a T cell defect in which the PHA response is below the control range, neither IL‐2 nor IL‐6 could restore the PHA or OKT3 response to normal. Responses to IL‐2 or IL‐6 alone were always in or above the control range.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Biochar as both electron donor and electron shuttle for the reduction transformation of Cr(VI) during its sorption.

Biochar has been demonstrated to be a promising sorbent and its redox activity can be involved in environmentally relevant redox reactions. In this study, the electron transfer for the reduction transformation of Cr(VI) during its sorption by biochar were evaluated. Biochar derived from peanut shell at 350 °C could effectively remove Cr(VI) from solutions, accompanied by the reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) which was more obvious at the strong acidity (pH = 2), compared to that at the weak acidity (pH = 4). The O-containing functional groups, e.g. CO and CO, were the electron donor moieties of biochar for the Cr(VI) reduction. Biochar could also act as electron shuttle, enhancing Cr(VI) reduction by lactate, especially at the weak acidity (pH = 4) where the reduction rates of Cr(VI) by lactate together with biochar were about 2 and 9 times higher than those by either biochar or lactate alone, respectively. The mediated electrochemical oxidation analysis showed that biochar could increase the electron donating capacity of lactate by up to 23 times at pH = 4. The O-centered radicals, e.g. semiquinone-type radicals, were related with biochar as electron shuttle, which was confirmed by the electron paramagnetic resonance analysis. As a result of electron acceptance from lactate and/or biochar, Cr(VI) was reduced into CrOOH evidenced by X-ray diffraction analysis. Our results indicated that biochar could act as both electron donor and electron shuttle for the reduction of Cr(VI) during the sorption process, making it an alternative for removal of toxic Cr(VI) from wastewaters.

Field of study: Environmental science
A bio-optical algorithm for the remote estimation of the chlorophyll-a concentration in case 2 waters

The objective of this work was to test the performance of a recently developed three-band model and its special case, a two-band model, for the remote estimation of the chlorophyll-a (chl-a) concentration in turbid productive case 2 waters. We specifically focused on (a) determining the ability of the models to estimate chl-a < 20 mg m −3 , typical for coastal and estuarine waters, and (b) assessing the potential of MODIS and MERIS to estimate chl-a concentrations in turbid productive waters, using red and near-infrared (NIR) bands. Reflectance spectra and water samples were collected in 89 stations over lakes in the United States with a wide variability in optical parameters (i.e. 2.1 < chl-a < 184 mg m −3 ;0 .5 < Secchi disk depth < 4. 2m ; 1.2 < total suspended matter < 15 mg l −1 ). The three-band model, using wavebands around 670, 710 and 750 nm, explains more than 89% of the chl-a variation for chl-a ranging from 2 to 20 mg m −3 and can be used to estimate chlorophyll-a concentrations with a root mean square error (RMSE) of<1.65 mg m −3 . MODIS (bands 13 and 15) and MERIS (bands 7, 9, and 10) red and NIR reflectances were simulated from the collected reflectance spectra and potential estimation errors were assessed. The MODIS two-band model is able to estimate chl-a concentrations with a RMSE of <7. 5m g m −3 for chl-a ranging from 2 to 50 mg m −3 ;h owever, the model loses its sensitivity for chl-a < 20 mg m −3 . Benefiting from the higher spectral resolution of the MERIS data, the MERIS three-band model accounts for 93% of chl-a variation and is able to estimate chl-a concentrations with a RMSE of <5. 1m g m −3 for chl-a ranging from 2 to 50 mg m −3 ,a nd aR MSE of<1. 7m g m −3 for chl-a ranging from 2 to 20 mg m −3 . These findings imply that, provided that an atmospheric correction scheme specific to the red and NIR spectral region is available, the extensive database of MODIS and MERIS images could be used to quantitatively monitor chl-a in case 2 waters.

Field of study: Environmental science
Encapsulated phase change material under cyclic pulsed heat load

The objective of this work is to investigate numerically a storage system formed by a cylindrical tank which is randomly packed with spheres having uniform sizes and encapsulating paraffin as phase change material (PCM). The packed bed is tested for various complex input temperature signals of the working fluid as well as for different internal layouts. A stochastic differential Langevin equation is used to add some randomness in the sinusoidal inlet working fluid temperature signal. The results obtained put into evidence the noticeable sensitivity of the bed response to the adjunction of such a low amplitude stochastic signal. The results obtained for a multi-slab configuration indicate also that it is possible to maximise the energy stored under a latent form by properly selecting and ordering the different PCM's in the bed.

Field of study: Engineering
Characterization of Polyamide 6/Superfine Silk Powder Blend Films

Superfine silk powder (SSP) was blended and extruded with polyamide 6 (PA6) to produce blend pellets, and the extruded pellets were hot-pressed into blend films. The average particle size of the SSP was 3.5 μm. SEM photographs of blend films showed that SSP was uniformly distributed in the PA6 matrix and was compatible with it. ATR-FTIR and WXRD results showed that the addition of SSP favoured the formation of γ-monoclinic crystals of PA6 in the blend films. DSC patterns indicated the nucleating ability of SSP, which accelerated the crystallization process of the PA6 matrix. The mechanical properties of the blend films decreased somewhat, compared with that of pure PA6 film. K/S curves indicated that the dying properties were dependent on SSP content. It was worth noting that the K/S value of blend films containing 50 wt.% SSP at the wavelength of 510 nm achieved an increase of 461% compared with that of pure PA6 film.

Field of study: Materials science
Primary Schooling in the City of Puebla, 1821-60

HE mystique of the Mexican Revolution's educational crusade in the 1920S long overshadowed our understanding of its prerevolutionary antecedents. In fact, Jose Vasconcelos's literacy campaign of 1921 expanded on a school systemi built in the Reforma and Porfiriato under the ideological guidance of the central government and the bureaucratic administration of state governments. New research has taken us back into the Bourbon reform period of the late eighteenth century when political officials and intellectuals began to promote mass primary schooling in consonance with Enlightenment notions of utility and productivity. After independence, their concern was carried forward by liberal and conservative leaders who saw the urgency of creating a national school system as a means of forging an independent and prosperous nation. However, the weakness of the central government in the postindependence period meant that many of these blueprints were ineffective outside the capital. In the country as a whole, initiatives more often rested with traditional institutions such as the church, the town councils, and remnants of the officially defunct teachers' guilds; with new private organizations like the Lancaster Company; and with the many individuals who entered the teaching profession after the demise of guild restrictions. Provincial-level or state governments both fostered and constrained these initiatives, which in the end suffered from the prolonged crisis of political instability, economic depression, foreign invasion, and civil war.

Field of study: History
Benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b′]bis[b]benzothiophene as High Voltage Cathode Material for Lithium-Ion Battery

From an elemental strategic point of view, benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b′]bis[b]benzothiophene is an attractive cathode for lithium-ion battery owing to its high theoretical capacity (184 mAh g−1) with two-ele...

Field of study: Chemistry