nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The effect of toxic components on metabolomic response of male SD rats exposed to fine particulate matter.

PM2.5 pollution was associated with numerous adverse health effects. However, PM2.5 induced toxic effects and the relationships with toxic components remain largely unknown. To evaluate the metabolic toxicity of PM2.5 at environmentally relevant doses, investigate the seasonal variation of PM2.5 induced toxicity and the relationship with toxic components, a combination of general pathophysiological tests and metabolomics analysis was conducted in this study to explore the response of SD rats to PM2.5 exposure. The result of general toxicology analysis revealed unconspicuous toxicity of PM2.5 under environmental dose, but winter PM2.5 at high dose caused severe histopathological damage to lung. Metabolomic analysis highlighted significant metabolic disorder induced by PM2.5 even at environmentally relevant doses. Lipid metabolism and GSH metabolism were primarily influenced by PM2.5 exposure due to the high levels of heavy metals. In addition, high levels of organic compounds such as PAHs, PCBs and PCDD/Fs in winter PM2.5 bring multiple overlaps on the toxic pathways, resulting in larger pulmonary toxicity and metabolic toxicity in rats than summer.

Field of study: Environmental science
Gravity Interpretation in the Trans-Antarctic Mountains near McMurdo Sound, Antarctica

The broad structure of the Trans-Antarctic Mountains has been interpreted to be a horst, a monocline, or an anticline. Gravity measurements show that a negative Bouguer gravity anomaly of 130mgal follows the mountains and a maximum gravity gradient of 7 mgal/km is found along the west side of McMurdo Sound. Surface faults cannot explain the high gravity gradient, and a deep fault or step in the Moho causes a gradient that is too small. The gravity anomaly is satisfied by a shallowing of the Moho from 40 km under the Trans-Antarctic Mountains to 28 km under McMurdo Sound, and by a shallow, dense 8-km-thick slab under McMurdo Sound. This suggests that the crust in West Antarctica is thinner and more dense than in East Antarctica. The Antarctic continent may have formed by fusing together of two continental plates along an early Paleozoic subduction zone.

Field of study: Geology
Real space imaging of metastable Bragg glass states in a weakly pinned Type II superconductor

The breakdown of crystalline order in a disordered background connects to some of the most challenging problems in condensed matter physics. For a superconducting vortex lattice, the equilibrium state in the presence of impurities is predicted to be a "Bragg glass" (BG), where the local crystalline order is maintained everywhere and yet the global positional order decays algebraically. Here, using scanning tunnelling spectroscopy (STS) we image the vortex lattice in a weakly pinned NbSe2 single crystal. We present direct evidence that the ordered state of the VL is a BG, consisting of a large number of degenerate metastable states, which is a hallmark of a glassy state. These results are a significant step towards understanding the disordering of a lattice under the influence of quenched random disorder with a direct impact on various fields, including charge density waves, colloidal crystals and self-organised periodic structures on a substrate.

Field of study: Physics
The Orders-Shipments Mechanism in Canadian Producer Goods Industries

This article tests the hypothesis of a variable lag of shipments of capital goods behind new orders, applied to three major Canadian industries producing mainly to order. This hypothesis, confirmed by earlier studies on American data, is corroborated on the Canadian data. Several supplementary conclusions are also drawn, including a suggestion that constraining the weights in the Almon lag distribution to zero at the beginning and end of the distribution may introduce distortion into the resulting estimates.

Field of study: Mathematics
Detection of p75 mRNA in developing marsupial CNS by cross-hybridization with rat oligonucleotide probes.

We analyzed the distribution of mRNAs encoding the low-affinity neurotrophin receptor (p75) in the CNS of adult and neonatal opossum (Monodelphis demestica) by in situ hybridization with oligodeoxynucleotide probes complementary to cloned rat sequences. During the first 2 postnatal weeks high levels of p75 message were present in the mantle zone throughout the neural tube, in basal forebrain neurons, in motoneurons, and in cerebellar cell layers. Transcript expression decreased with age. In adult CNS only a few cells in the basal forebrain expressed high levels of p75 mRNA. Nerve growth factor upregulated p75 mRNA signals in dorsal root ganglia of cultured 7 day old whole-CNS preparations. Our results indicate the usefulness of rat p75 oligodexynucleotide probes to identify homologous species of transcripts in the CNS of a non-eutherian mammal.

Field of study: Biology
Updated emission inventories for speciated atmospheric mercury from anthropogenic sources in China.

China is the largest contributor to global atmospheric mercury (Hg), and accurate emission inventories in China are needed to reduce large gaps existing in global Hg mass balance estimates and assess Hg effects on various ecosystems. The China Atmospheric Mercury Emission (CAME) model was developed in this study using probabilistic emission factors generated from abundant on-site measurements and literature data. Using this model, total anthropogenic Hg emissions were estimated to be continuously increasing from 356 t in 2000 to 538 t in 2010 with an average annual increase rate of 4.2%. Industrial coal combustion, coal-fired power plants, nonferrous metal smelting, and cement production were identified to be the dominant Hg emission sources in China. The ten largest contributing provinces accounted for nearly 60% of the total Hg emissions in 2010. Speciated Hg emission inventory was developed over China with a grid-resolution of 36 × 36 km, providing needed emission fields for Hg transport models. In this new inventory, the sectoral Hg speciation profiles were significantly improved based on the latest data from field measurements and more detailed technology categorization. The overall uncertainties of the newly developed inventory were estimated to be in the range of -20% to +23%.

Field of study: Environmental science
Attitudes, Values, and Adolescent Politicization

upon the work of Getzels (1972) and others. For each of four values, or conceptions of the desirable, there were four possible scale positions: early or ol-der traditional, traditional, transitional, and emergent. A fifth scale had only two positions, either emergent or traditional. The five values, followed by the specific scale positions, were (1) purpose of work: for either security, success, interpersonal relations, or social responsibility; (2) time for satisfaction: possibly never, later, now, or

Field of study: Psychology
Preparation of CdSSe-ZnS superlattice, SrS, and CdSSe-SrS superlattice by hot-wall epitaxy, and applications to electroluminescent devices

CdSSe (manganese-doped, Eg = 1.9–2.5 eV, lattice constant a = 6.05–5.8A)-ZnS (Eg = 3.56 eV, a = 5.41A) superlattices, SrS (cerium-doped, E = 4.4 eV, a = 6.02A) layers, and CdSSe-SrS (cerium-doped) superlattice layers nave been prepared by hot-wall epitaxy, and the properties and the electroluminescent device characteristics of the active layers are reported. For the superlattices with ZnS, the maximum luminance was 800 cd/m2 at an applied sinusoidal voltage (Vo-p = 200 V) with frequency 1kHz, and the wavelength of the spectral peak was 610 nm due to the large strain caused by the lattice mismatch (8–15%) between the CdSSe and ZnS layers. The maximum luminance and Comisson Internationale de Enluminure (CIE) chromaticity of CdS(Mn)-ZnS superlattices and CdSe(Mn)-ZnS superlattice devices were 557cd/m2 and (x,y) = (0.58,0.41) and 982 cd/m2 and (0.61, 0.38), respectively. For superlattices with SrS, the maximum luminance of the device with the SrS (cerium-doped) active layer was nearly 700 cd/m2 at a voltage of 340V. Blue electroluminescent emission was observed in the photon wavelength region less than 450 nm, due to carriers dropping into the quantum wells of the device with the CdSSe-SrS superlattice active layer.

Field of study: Materials science
Paleomagnetism of the Triassic Nikolai Greenstone, McCarthy Quadrangle, Alaska

Paleomagnetic evidence indicates that the extensive early Mesozoic basalt field near McCarthy, south-central Alaska, originated far south of its present position relative to North America. Results obtained from the Middle and (or) Upper Triassic Nikolai Greenstone suggest that those basalts originated within 15° of the paleoequator. This position is at least 27° (3000 km) south of the Upper Triassic latitude predicted for McCarthy on the basis of paleomagnetic data from continental North America. The Nikolai pole, as determined from 50 flows sampled at 5 sites, is at 2.2° N, 146.1° E (α95 = 4.8°). The polarity of the pole is ambiguous, because the corresponding magnetic direction has a low inclination and a westerly declination. Therefore, the Nikolai may have originated near 15° N latitude or, alternatively, as far south as 15° S latitude. In addition to being displaced northward, the Nikolai block has been rotated roughly 90° about the vertical axis. A measure of the reliability of this pole is provided...

Field of study: Environmental science
The role of cellular immunity in systemic vasculitis

Our knowledge of the cellular component of autoimmunity (autoreactive T cells) lags far behind our knowledge of the humoral component (autoantibodies). With some rare exceptions (e.g. autonomous expansion of an autoantibody-producing B cell clone) it is probable that T cells are involved at least indirectly in providing help for the production of the better characterized autoantibodies. Although autoreactive T cells have been identified in some diseases [1-3], evidence for a direct role in pathogenesis is difficult to obtain in man. The development of knowledge concerning autoreactivity in systemic vasculitis (SV) is proceeding along familiar lines. These diseases were long suspected to have an autoimmune basis, and this suspicion was strengthened by the description of anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA) . ANCA are highly sensitive and specific for active primary systemic vasculitides involving small blood vessels (Wegener's granulomatosis (WG), microscopic polyangiitis) . As well as their undoubted clinical utility it is possible that ANCA also play a role in pathogenesis [6]. Following this description of humoral autoreactivity in SV, it was natural to ask whether autoreactive T cells were also present.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Storage Ring Filling via Direct Production of Electron and Positrons by High Energy Protons

In the context of the proposals to build an electron proton colliding facility at Fermilab, the authors present a new scheme for the electron ring injector, based on the production of high energy electrons or positrons by a suitably prepared 100 GeV high intensity proton beam. With this scheme one can achieve electron ring filling times of a few minutes, while avoiding the instabilities associated with low energy injection.

Field of study: Physics
Studies on derivatives of imidazo[1,2-a]benzimidazole

It has been found that 9-methyl-2-phenyl- and 2,9-dimethylimidazo[1,2-a]benzimidazoles undergo direct formylation at position 3. The formyl derivatives obtained take part in a series of condensations characteristic for aldehydes, but they do not undergo the Cannizzaro disproportionation.

Field of study: Chemistry
Image coding with far-field holograms.

Two image-coding capabilities associated with far-field holograms are analytically and experimentally evaluated. It is demonstrated that preprocessed information concerning the shape of a small object can be efficiently coded into the fringe structure associated with a far-field hologram. In addition, the resultant record has a smaller bandwidth than the original object, and this reduces the resolution requirements when the hologram is used as the input to an information processing system.

Field of study: Physics
Robust learning for optimal treatment decision with NP-dimensionality.

In order to identify important variables that are involved in making optimal treatment decision, Lu, Zhang and Zeng (2013) proposed a penalized least squared regression framework for a fixed number of predictors, which is robust against the misspecification of the conditional mean model. Two problems arise: (i) in a world of explosively big data, effective methods are needed to handle ultra-high dimensional data set, for example, with the dimension of predictors is of the non-polynomial (NP) order of the sample size; (ii) both the propensity score and conditional mean models need to be estimated from data under NP dimensionality. In this paper, we propose a robust procedure for estimating the optimal treatment regime under NP dimensionality. In both steps, penalized regressions are employed with the non-concave penalty function, where the conditional mean model of the response given predictors may be misspecified. The asymptotic properties, such as weak oracle properties, selection consistency and oracle distributions, of the proposed estimators are investigated. In addition, we study the limiting distribution of the estimated value function for the obtained optimal treatment regime. The empirical performance of the proposed estimation method is evaluated by simulations and an application to a depression dataset from the STAR*D study.

Field of study: Computer science
An Empirical Study of the International-Tourism Management by a Model of Consumer Behaviour

The objective of this study is to analyse, empirica lly, the lengthier stay by foreigners and starting businesses by foreigners, using a model of consumer behaviour for a successful case of the management of international tourism. An important i ssue for tourism management common to many tourist sites is how the number of foreign tou rists is increased. In particular, a multi-lateralization or stabilization of revenue ca n be attained by increasing not only the number of short-stay tourists, which does tend to be changed, but also the number of tourists who stay on a long-term basis. Furthermore, taking in not only to urist income but also business investment from overseas contributes to the local development of a tourist site. If many foreigners reside in the locality and begin businesses, in addition to just going shopping as tourists, it is thought to lead t o an improvement in the local economy because of the direct investment from overseas. Moreover, when sources of knowledge or wisdom from overseas flow into a locality, it can even be expected that some transition or innovation in the society o r economy, that was not previously considered, may happen. On the other hand, although it may be e asy for a tourist site to increase the number of short-stay visitors temporarily by, for example, a particular event, cases which succeed in increasing the number of the lengthier stay or in starting bus inesses from overseas are scarce. In this study, we considered one of the ski resorts in Japan which has succeeded in rapidly increasing the number of the foreigners’ lengthier stay and the promotion of foreigner’s starting businesses in recent years. The success factors wer e investigated by presenting a questionnaire to foreign tourists there. As for the design methodolo gy of the research, environmental transitions, such as the recent Internet developments of social networks, were added to the consumer-behaviour process models of previous studies. The results show that the creation of a community c ontrolled by the foreigners where there was reliance and empathy, and a network of tourism resources, are clear success factors. On the other hand, neither the expansion of a one-way adve rtising campaign nor improvements in transportation had a significant correlation. In co nclusion, in order to expand the number of travellers and direct investment from overseas, the improvement of tourism resources by inter-regional associations and deregulation by the government, etc. are useful.

Field of study: Business
Low GWP R134a replacements for small refrigeration (plug-in) applications

This paper presents a performance evaluation of two low global warming potential (GWP) refrigerants, R1234yf and R1234ze(E), as replacements for R134a. A theoretical comparison is first presented based on the thermodynamic properties of the refrigerants. Tests are carried out in a representative vending machine system (cassette) at two representative outdoor ambient temperatures of 32.2°C (efficiency test), and 40.5°C (capacity test) and return air temperatures of 2°C, 20°C and 38°C. Under drop-in conditions, R1234yf shows performance similar to R134a. For R1234ze(E), a refrigerant with lower volumetric cooling capacity, testing was done using a larger compressor to obtain capacity recovery. A simulation model is used to analyze the system design changes, which can lead to further improvement in the performance of low GWP refrigerants. Overall, the results indicate that with minor design changes, such as use of a suction-line/liquid-line heat exchanger and modifications to the refrigerant circuitry, these refrigerants can match the performance of R134a.

Field of study: Engineering
Surface deformation and shear flow in ligand mediated cell adhesion

We present a unified, multiscale model to study the attachment/detachment dynamics of two deforming, charged, near spherical cells, coated with binding ligands and subject to a slow, homogeneous shear flow in a viscous, ionic fluid medium. The binding ligands on the surface of the cells experience both attractive and repulsive forces in an ionic medium and exhibit finite resistance to rotation via bond tilting. The microscale drag forces and couples describing the fluid flow inside the small separation gap between the cells, are calculated using a combination of methods in lubrication theory and previously published numerical results. For a selected range of material and fluid parameters, a hysteretic transition of the sticking probability curves (i.e., the function $$g^*$$g∗) between the adhesion phase (when $$g^*>0.5$$g∗>0.5) and the fragmentation phase (when $$g^*<0.5$$g∗<0.5) is attributed to a nonlinear relation between the total nanoscale binding forces and the separation gap between the cells. We show that adhesion is favoured in highly ionic fluids, increased deformability of the cells, elastic binders and a higher fluid shear rate (until a critical threshold value of shear rate is reached). Within a selected range of critical shear rates, the continuation of the limit points (i.e., the turning points where the slope of $$g^*$$g∗ changes sign) predict a bistable region, indicating an abrupt switching between the adhesion and the fragmentation regimes. Although, bistability in the adhesion-fragmentation phase diagram of two deformable, charged cells immersed in an ionic aqueous environment has been identified by some in vitro experiments, but until now, has not been quantified theoretically.

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics
Three year field test of a plant growth promoting rhizobacteria enhanced phytoremediation system at a land farm for treatment of hydrocarbon waste.

Phytoremediation of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) has the potential to be a sustainable waste management technology if it can be proven to be effective in the field. Over the past decade, our laboratory has developed a system which utilizes plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) enhanced phytoremediation (PEP) that, following extensive greenhouse testing, was shown to be effective at remediating TPH from soils. This system consists of physical soil manipulation and plant growth following seed inoculation with PGPR. PGPR elicit biomass increases, particularly in roots, by minimizing plant stress in highly contaminated soils. Extensive development of the root system enhances degradation of contaminants by the plants and supports an active rhizosphere that effectively promotes TPH degradation by a broad microbial consortium. Following promising greenhouse trials, field tests of PEP were performed over a period of three years at a Southern Ontario site (approximately 130 g kg(-1) TPH) used for land farming of refinery hydrocarbon waste for many years. The low molecular weight fractions (the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment (CCME) fractions 1 and 2) were removed through land farming and bioremediation; the high molecular weight, recalcitrant fractions (CCME fractions 3 and 4) remained at high levels in the soil. Using PEP, we substantially remediated fractions 3 and 4, and lowered TPH from 130 g kg(-1) to approximately 50 g kg(-1) over a three year period. The amount of plant growth and extent of oil remediation were consistently enhanced by PGPR.

Field of study: Environmental science
Severe mental illness in 33,588 prisoners worldwide: systematic review and meta-regression analysis.

High levels of psychiatric morbidity in prisoners have been documented in many countries, but it is not known whether rates of mental illness have been increasing over time or whether the prevalence differs between low-middle-income countries compared with high-income ones.



To systematically review prevalence studies for psychotic illness and major depression in prisoners, provide summary estimates and investigate sources of heterogeneity between studies using meta-regression.



Studies from 1966 to 2010 were identified using ten bibliographic indexes and reference lists. Inclusion criteria were unselected prison samples and that clinical examination or semi-structured instruments were used to make DSM or ICD diagnoses of the relevant disorders.



We identified 109 samples including 33 588 prisoners in 24 countries. Data were meta-analysed using random-effects models, and we found a pooled prevalence of psychosis of 3.6% (95% CI 3.1-4.2) in male prisoners and 3.9% (95% CI 2.7-5.0) in female prisoners. There were high levels of heterogeneity, some of which was explained by studies in low-middle-income countries reporting higher prevalences of psychosis (5.5%, 95% CI 4.2-6.8; P = 0.035 on meta-regression). The pooled prevalence of major depression was 10.2% (95% CI 8.8-11.7) in male prisoners and 14.1% (95% CI 10.2-18.1) in female prisoners. The prevalence of these disorders did not appear to be increasing over time, apart from depression in the USA (P = 0.008).



High levels of psychiatric morbidity are consistently reported in prisoners from many countries over four decades. Further research is needed to confirm whether higher rates of mental illness are found in low- and middle-income nations, and examine trends over time within nations with large prison populations.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Study on Anti-bacterial Properties of Ni-Ce-P / nano-TiO_2 Chemical Composite Plating on Mg Alloy

Adding nano-TiO2 to the surface of AZ91D alloy which was plated by Ni-Ce-P,the Ni-Ce-P /nano TiO2 composite plating was obtained.The surface morphology,section morphology and antibacterial properties of the composite plating were analyzed at the same time.The results show that the thickness of the composite plating is about 20 μm and there is a MgO bonding layer between deposited coating and matrix.The potochemical catalysis effect of the composite plating is evident and antibacterial rate reaches more than 90%,which has obvious antibacterial effect.

Field of study: Materials science