nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Taking the Universe's Temperature with Spectral Distortions of the Cosmic Microwave Background.

The cosmic microwave background (CMB) energy spectrum is a near-perfect blackbody. The standard model of cosmology predicts small spectral distortions to this form, but no such distortion of the sky-averaged CMB spectrum has yet been measured. We calculate the largest expected distortion, which arises from the inverse Compton scattering of CMB photons off hot, free electrons, known as the thermal Sunyaev-Zel'dovich (TSZ) effect. We show that the predicted signal is roughly one order of magnitude below the current bound from the COBE-FIRAS experiment, but it can be detected at enormous significance (≳1000σ) by the proposed Primordial Inflation Explorer (PIXIE). Although cosmic variance reduces the effective signal-to-noise ratio to 230σ, this measurement will still yield a subpercent constraint on the total thermal energy of electrons in the observable Universe. Furthermore, we show that PIXIE can detect subtle relativistic effects in the sky-averaged TSZ signal at 30σ, which directly probe moments of the optical depth-weighted intracluster medium electron temperature distribution. These effects break the degeneracy between the electron density and the temperature in the mean TSZ signal, allowing a direct inference of the mean baryon density at low redshift. Future spectral distortion probes will thus determine the global thermodynamic properties of ionized gas in the Universe with unprecedented precision. These measurements will impose a fundamental "integral constraint" on models of galaxy formation and the injection of feedback energy over cosmic time.

Field of study: Physics
American Talmud: The Cultural Work of Jewish American Fiction (review)

of rupture in mass culture" that "fascinated and alarmed" James reappear in the techniques of self-rupturing and ambiguity characteristic of his late style—that, in other words, "his sentences seem to explode the formal conventions of his genre" (305) in response to mass culture forms—it is not unreasonable to expect that more will be said on the formal effects of mass culture on James's influential fiction techniques (4). At all events, it is understandable that in a study this wide ranging and richly detailed, the questions raised cannot all be answered to everyone's complete satisfaction. It is, in fact, a testament to the caliber of Bentley's work that such questions will no doubt generate valuable new studies of late-century and modernist American literature and culture that may very well collectively redefine the field.

Field of study: Art
Superconductivity in the Model with non Cooper Pairs

On a basis of earlier substantiated expression for effective potential of electron-electron attraction in metals the assumption of an opportunity of formation of classically bound pairs is put forward. It was shown that in distinction from the Cooper pair, the energy of the electron pair in this approach is negative in the centrum of mass of the pair. This fact changes the pattern of the superconductivity phenomenon in the proposed model. First, the gap in the one-particle spectrum appears due to the effect of a "mean field" on the energy of electron state from the side of occupied states, the nearest neighbors over the momenta grid. Second, the condensate is formed by electron states with energies below that of the gap edge. No Bose condensation does occur in the system proceeding from the proposed model. In quasi-classical approximation Londons' hypothesis is substantiated.

Field of study: Physics
MOCVD layer growth of ZnO using DMZn and tertiary butanol

Highly conductive polycrystalline ZnO films have been grown by metal organic chemical vapour deposition (MOCVD) using dimethylzinc (DMZn), dimethylzinc-triethylamine (DMZn-TEN) and tertiary butanol (tBuOH) as precursors. When (DMZn-TEN) is used the efficiency of the zinc precursors is reduced by the formation of gas-phase adducts. Films grown by DMZn-TEN are oriented with the c axis in the growth direction. The films are transparent. Specific resistivities as low as and Hall mobilities up to have been achieved in n-doped films where n-butylchloride and triethylgallium have been used as dopant sources.

Field of study: Materials science
Interval estimation in discriminant analysis for large dimension

This paper is concerned with the interval estimation for the log odds of the posterior probability that the observation vector belongs to one of two homoscedastic multivariate normal distributions (Π1 and Π2). We give the limiting distribution of the unbiased estimator for the log odds as the sample sizes and the dimension jointly tend to infinity, and approximate the confidence interval based on the asymptotic distribution. Small-scale simulations are performed to check the precision of the approximation.

Field of study: Mathematics
Targeting DNA sites with chiral metal complexes

Complexes derived from tris(phenanthro1ine) metal cations possess several features in common which are critical to their application as site-specific DNA binding molecules. Transition metal complexes have been designed which recognize and react at specific conformations along the DNA strand. The complexes, derivatives of tris(phenanthro1ine) metal cations, possess several features in common which are critical to their application as site-specific DNA binding molecules. The complexes all are rigid, chiral, and contain a coordinatively saturated metal ion at their core. The complexes bind to DNA in a non-covalent fashion. Spectroscopic studies have been useful in characterizing both intercalative and groove-bound interactions of the complexes with the DNA helix (ref 1). Because the complexes are rigid, once aspects of the binding interaction with DNA are determined, the orientation of the molecule as a whole with respect to the DNA helix can be considered. The chirality of the complexes is furthermore useful in specifying conformation-selective recognition along the strand (ref 2). The two binding modes to DNA show differing enantiomeric selectivity. In addition, simply, the diastereomeric interaction of the transition metal complexes with the dissymmetric DNA helical structure in itself provides a level of specificity that is usefully exploited. Lastly, the importance of the central metal ion at the core of the structure of the DNA binding molecule is noteworthy. Besides serving as a spectroscopic and photoreactive handle to monitor sensitively the binding of the complex to DNA, the central metal ion provides the core to hold together the ligand scaffolding around it. The metal, though not directly coordinating to the DNA helix, instead defines the shape of the rigid asymmetric structure which may be matched to that of the DNA. Some of the complexes which recognize and react at sites along the DNA are shown below:

Field of study: Chemistry
Hydroclimatic variations over the last millennium in eastern Finland disentangled by fossil Cladocera

Future climate warming is expected to alter atmospheric moisture balance and therefore paleoclimatic archives of past moisture and hydrological patterns may provide understanding of the magnitude, speed, and ecosystem responses to the regionally altered climatic regimes. The present study aimed at disentangling millennial variation in hydroclimatic parameters, including summer effective moisture (lake levels) and ice-free season by using sedimentary cladoceran fossils. We used a site-specific cladoceran-based inference model to reconstruct lake level fluctuations in a 1500-yr sediment record from Lake Pieni-Kauro, eastern Finland in the context of previously established paleoclimatic data of summer temperature and precipitation. In addition, we applied cladoceran planktonic/littoral ratio, mean body size, and abundance of fossil ephippia as supplementary proxies for paleoclimatic interpretations. The results showed that lake level was lower during the pre- and early Medieval Climate Anomaly (MCA, around 500-1000 AD) than at present and started to rise toward the culmination during the Little Ice Age (LIA, around 1600–1700 AD) when the lake level was higher than at present. Pelagic cladoceran body size was larger and abundance of ephippia increased during the LIA suggesting significant reduction in the length of the ice-free season and lower water temperatures. Comparison of the lake level reconstruction with the previous paleoclimatic data suggested that effective moisture has had a long-term negative relationship with temperature and positive relationship with summer precipitation in eastern Finland. The results indicated that the pre- and early MCA was warm and dry (long ice-free season, low summer effective moisture) and the culmination of the LIA was cool and moist (reduced ice-free season, increased summer effective moisture). Unraveling the seasonality of the multicentury hydroclimatic patterns in eastern Finland may offer important insights in linking the large-scale atmospheric circulation patterns to seasonal climate events.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Bladder substitute reconstructed in a physiological pressure environment.

Bladder reconstruction performed by enterocystoplasty or with bioengineered substitutes is still associated with complications, which led us to develop an autologous vesical equivalent (VE). This model has already proven its structural conformity. The challenge is to reconstruct our model in a more physiological environment, with the use of a bioreactor that mimics the dynamic of bladder filling and emptying, to acquire physiological properties.



Fibroblasts and urothelial cells evolved in a three-dimensional culture to obtain a reconstructed VE. This was then cultured in our bioreactor which delivers a cyclic pressure increase up to 15 cm H(2)O, followed by a rapid decrease, to achieve a dynamically cultured VE (dcVE). To compare with the statically cultured VE, the dcVE was characterized using histology and immunofluorescence. The mechanical resistance was evaluated by uniaxial tensile tests, and the permeability level was measured with 14C-urea.



Compared to our static model, the dynamic culture led to a urothelium profile like that of native bladder. Permeability analysis displayed a profile comparable to native bladder, coinciding with basal cell organization in the dcVE, while an appropriate resistance for suturing and handling was shown.



This new alternative method offers a promising avenue for regenerative medicine. It is distinguished by its autologous character and its efficiency as a barrier to urea. These properties could significantly reduce inflammation, necrosis, and therefore, possible rejection.

Field of study: Medicine
On quantifying expert opinion about multinomial models that contain covariates

This paper addresses the task of forming a prior distribution to represent expert opinion about a multinomial model that contains covariates. The task has not previously been addressed. We suppose the sampling model is a multinomial logistic regression and represent expert opinion about the regression coefficients by a multivariate normal distribution. This logistic-normal model gives a flexible prior distribution that can capture a broad variety of expert opinion. The challenge is to (i) find meaningful assessment tasks that an expert can perform and which should yield appropriate information to determine the values of parameters in the prior distribution, and (ii) develop theory for determining the parameter values from the assessments. A method is proposed that meets this challenge.

The method is implemented in interactive user-friendly software that is freely available. It provides a graphical interface that the expert uses to assess quartiles of sets of proportions and the method determines a mean vector and a positive-definite covariance matrix to represent the expert's opinions. The chosen assessment tasks yield parameter values that satisfy the usual laws of probability without the expert being aware of the constraints this imposes. Special attention is given to feedback that encourages the expert to consider his/her opinions from a different perspective. The method is illustrated in an example that shows its viability and usefulness.

Field of study: Mathematics
Evaluation of a hierarchical agglomerative clustering method applied to WIBS laboratory data for improved discrimination of biological particles by comparing data preparation techniques

Hierarchical agglomerative clustering (HAC) analysis has been successfully
applied to several sets of ambient data (e.g., Crawford et al., 2015;
Robinson et al., 2013) and with respect to standardized particles in the
laboratory environment (Ruske et al., 2017, 2018). Here
we show for the first time a systematic application of HAC to a comprehensive
set of laboratory data collected for many individual particle types using the
wideband integrated bioaerosol sensor (WIBS-4A)
(Savage et al., 2017). The impact of the ratio of
particle concentrations on HAC results was investigated, showing that
clustering quality can vary dramatically as a function of ratio. Six
strategies for particle preprocessing were also compared, concluding that
using raw fluorescence intensity (without normalizing to particle size) and
logarithmically transforming data values (scenario B) consistently produced
the highest-quality results for the particle types analyzed. A total of 23
one-to-one matchups of individual particles types was investigated. 
showed a cluster misclassification of < 15 % for 12 of 17 numerical
experiments using one biological and one nonbiological particle type each.
Inputting fluorescence data using a baseline +3σ threshold
produced a lower degree of misclassification than when inputting either all particles
(without a fluorescence threshold) or a baseline +9σ threshold.
Lastly, six numerical simulations of mixtures of four to seven components
were analyzed using HAC. These results show that a range of 12 %–24 % of
fungal clusters was consistently misclassified by inclusion of a mixture of
nonbiological materials, whereas bacteria and diesel soot were each able to
be separated with nearly 100 % efficiency. The study gives significant
support to clustering analysis commonly being applied to data from commercial
ultraviolet laser/light-induced fluorescence (UV-LIF) instruments used for bioaerosol research across the
globe and provides practical tools that will improve clustering results
within scientific studies as a part of diverse research disciplines.

Field of study: Environmental science
Survival of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Minas frescal cheese

Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) O157:H7 strains (isolated by cattle’s faeces and a reference strain, EDL933), were inoculated into pasteurized milk (102 and 103 cells.mL–1) to prepare the Minas frescal cheese. As control was used uninfected milk. Physicochemical and microbiological analyses were performed to milk and elaborated cheese. The O157:H7 strains were quantified in the stages of cheese processing and during 0, 2, 4, 5, 7, 10 and 15 storage days at 8 °C onto Sorbitol MacConkey Agar supplemented with potassium tellurite and cefixime (CT-SMAC). O157:H7 was not present in the pasteurised milk prior to the artificial inoculation. At the end of the processing the cheese had 10 to 100 times more STEC O157:H7 than the initial inoculum. During the storage, the Minas frescal cheese exhibited the largest population increase on the 4th and 5th day when inoculated with 102 and 103 cells.mL–1, respectively. Additionally, viable cells were found up to the 10th and 15th day, according to the amount of initial inoculum. This number of cells is able to cause infection in humans, and therefore, Minas frescal cheese, even when stored under refrigeration, is a potential vehicle of disease caused by STEC O157:H7.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Using word clouds to develop proactive learners

This article examines student responses to a technique for summarizing electronically available information based on word frequency. Students used this technique to create word clouds, using those word clouds to enhance personal and small group study. This is a qualitative study. Small focus groups were used to obtain student feedback. Feedback indicated that students adapted their use of word clouds in ways consistent with their learning style preferences. Kolb's learning styles inventory was used. Student response also indicated that word clouds have potential in the workplace.

Field of study: Education
High Power Klystrons for High Energy Physics Research Applications

Klystrons have, due to the adaptability of their basic design concept to a large spread of requirements regarding operating frequency, output power level and modes of operation, become the predominant source of microwave power in accelerator and fusion reactor applications. In close cooperation between tube industry and users a spectrum of klystron types covering the frequency range of 200 to 3000 MHz for CW- and pulsed operation has been created to meet these requirements. A selective describtion of the Philips/Valvo activity in this field is given emphasising development issues of CW-types with high unit power and high efficiency.

Field of study: Physics
Revolution in Mexico's Heartland: Politics, War, and State Building in Puebla, 1913-1920 (review)

Historians once conceived of Mexican nation building as a strictly top-down affair: a century of caudillos was followed by an era of autocratic presidents. Over the past twenty years, the profession has increasingly favored examining that process from below—so much so, one might say, that the bottom (the peasantry, urban workers, rancheros and rockeros) has become the new top. David LaFrance, in his account of the bloodiest years of the Mexican Revolution, offers a third approach: a “view from the middle.” His viewpoint is not simply a matter of “decentering the regime,” though this meticulous history of the strategically crucial yet under-researched state of Puebla is in itself a great contribution to scholarship of the revolution. It also involves attention to the role of generals, caciques, businessmen and others from the middle sectors who exerted remarkable influence on the course of events, resisting the centralizing impositions of the government of Venustiano Carranza and hence facilitating the swift process of Álvaro Obregón’s 1920 coup. LaFrance emphasizes that the view from the middle is geographically and politically fragmented. For much of the period, four insurgent groups harassed the weak state government and offered pragmatic, localized visions of reform: Zapatistas spilling across Puebla’s western border with Morelos, Marquistas in the sierras of the northeast, Arenistas in the northwest, and former federal officers in the south. Simultaneously, distrust intensified between quasi-liberal Carrancista politicians and their more conservative military counterparts. Throughout the state, junior generals allied themselves with caciques (some were one and the same) and plotted their ascent to political office.

Field of study: History
Immunological studies on bull semen. (Preliminary report)

1.牛精液および精漿でうさぎを免疫して,抗血清を得,その抗体産生および抗原系の検討を行なった。2.抗精液血清および抗精漿血清は,それぞれ矩形の「反応の場の形」を示した。なお,抗精漿血清では,抗原の過剰において,抑制現象が認められた。3.Ouchterlony法の実施の結果,抗精液血清は,精液および精漿に対して2以上の,また抗精漿血清は,精液および精漿に対して,4~6以上の抗原系をそれぞれ有することが考えられた。また,異なるホルスタイン2個体より得た精液に対しては,沈降線の出現に関し,差が認められなかった。さらに,抗精漿血清と豚精漿との間には,沈降線の出現が認められなかった。

Field of study: Biology
Exact block-wise optimization in group lasso and sparse group lasso for linear regression

The group lasso is a penalized regression method, used in regression problems where the covariates are partitioned into groups to promote sparsity at the group level. Existing methods for finding the group lasso estimator either use gradient projection methods to update the entire coefficient vector simultaneously at each step, or update one group of coefficients at a time using an inexact line search to approximate the optimal value for the group of coefficients when all other groups' coefficients are fixed. We present a new method of computation for the group lasso in the linear regression case, the Single Line Search (SLS) algorithm, which operates by computing the exact optimal value for each group (when all other coefficients are fixed) with one univariate line search. We perform simulations demonstrating that the SLS algorithm is often more efficient than existing computational methods. We also extend the SLS algorithm to the sparse group lasso problem via the Signed Single Line Search (SSLS) algorithm, and give theoretical results to support both algorithms.

Field of study: Computer science
Masking the Lightweight Authenticated Ciphers ACORN and Ascon in Software

The ongoing CAESAR competition aims at finding authenticated encryption schemes that offer advantages over AES-GCM for several use-cases, including lightweight applications. ACORN and Ascon are the two finalists for this profile. Our paper compares these two candidates according to their resilience against differential power analysis and their ability to integrate countermeasures against such attacks. Especially, we focus on software implementations and provide benchmarks for several security levels on an ARM Cortex-M3 embedded microprocessor.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Transport coefficients in second-order non-conformal viscous hydrodynamics

Based on the exact solution of Boltzmann kinetic equation in the relaxation-time approximation, the precision of the two most recent formulations of relativistic second-order non-conformal viscous hydrodynamics (14-moment approximation and causal Chapman-Enskog method), standard Israel-Stewart theory, and anisotropic hydrodynamics framework, in the simple case of one-dimensional Bjorken expansion, is tested. It is demonstrated that the failure of Israel-Stewart theory in reproducing exact solutions of the Boltzmann kinetic equation occurs due to neglecting and/or choosing wrong forms of some of the second-order transport coefficients. In particular, the importance of shear--bulk couplings in the evolution equations for dissipative quantities is shown. One finds that, in the case of the bulk viscous pressure correction, such coupling terms are as important as the corresponding first-order Navier-Stokes term and must be included in order to obtain, at least qualitative, overall agreement with the kinetic theory.

Field of study: Physics
Spin currents injected electrically and thermally from highly spin polarized Co2MnSi

We demonstrate the injection and detection of electrically and thermally generated spin currents probed in Co2MnSi/Cu lateral spin valves. Devices with different electrode separations are patterned to measure the non-local signal as a function of the electrode spacing and we determine a relatively high effective spin polarization α of Co2MnSi to be 0.63 and the spin diffusion length of Cu to be 500 nm at room temperature. The electrically generated non-local signal is measured as a function of temperature and a maximum signal is observed for a temperature of 80 K. The thermally generated non-local signal is measured as a function of current density and temperature in a second harmonic measurement detection scheme. We find different temperature dependences for the electrically and thermally generated non-local signals, which allows us to conclude that the temperature dependence of the signals is not just dominated by the transport in the Cu wire, but there is a crucial contribution from the different gener...

Field of study: Physics