nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
On the intersecting behaviour of current–voltage characteristics of inhomogeneous Schottky diodes at low temperatures

This paper explains the phenomenon of intersection of current–voltage (I–V) curves observed recently in inhomogeneous Schottky diodes at low temperatures, generated using an analytical equation. The crossing of the ln(I)–V curves appears as an abnormality when seen with respect to the conventional behaviour of ideal Schottky diodes. Here it is shown that this crossing of ln(I)–V curves is an inherent property of any Schottky diode. For a homogeneous Schottky diode, it can be observed by plotting ln(I)–V curves with zero series resistance at various temperatures. It is the presence of series resistance that keeps this intersection hidden and unobservable in homogeneous Schottky diodes. In inhomogeneous Schottky diodes with Gaussian distribution of barrier heights, this crossing is observable in the usual range of ln(I)–V curves at low temperatures even with finite (non-zero) series resistance. The analytical model of the Gaussian distribution of barrier heights thus favours crossing. However, the calculations based on the numerical integration method do not show such intersection. The detailed aspects of this intersecting behaviour of ln(I)–V curves in inhomogeneous Schottky diodes are discussed in this paper.

Field of study: Materials science
No. 43552. International Bank for Reconstruction and Development and Brazil

Guarantee Agreement (Sao Paulo Metro Line 4 Project) between the Federative Republic of Brazil and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (with General Conditions Applicable to Loan and Guarantee Agreements for Single Currency Loans dated 30 May 1995, as amended through 6 October 1999). Brasilia, 7 August 2002

Field of study: Political science
Complete genome sequence analysis of one genotype 1 HEV strain from a sporadic acute hepatitis E patient

To sequence and analyze the full-length genome of one HEV strain,W2-1 isolated from a sporadic hepatitis E patient hospitalized in 1999 in Xinjiang,China. Nested RT-PCR assays with 4 sets primers were used to amplify the entire genome.The PCR products were purified and sequenced.The full-length genome was acquired by assembling the fragmental sequences using the DNAstar 5.01 software.The genome of W2-1 was analyzed by comparing with the reference HEVs from GenBank. The complete genome of W2-1 is 7212 nt in length,including three open reading frames (ORF1-3) with 5079,1980 and 345 nt respectively,27 nt 5'UTR and 83 nt 3'UTR,and a 3' poly A tail.Phylogenetic analysis based on full-length genome showed that W2-1 belonged to genotype 1,subtype 1b.W2-1 had high homology with the HEV strains isolated in the large hepatitis E epidemic in Xinjiang in 1987-1989,sharing 97.2％-98.5％ nucleotide identity in the full length genome.W2-1 also showed high homology with 1b strains isolated in China after 2000,with 97.6％-99.2％ nucleotide identity.The specific amino acid sites in ORF1-3 proteins that distinct between genotype 1 HEV and the potential zoonotic strains did not change in W2-1.Conclusion W2-1 belongs to subtype 1b.The study indicates subtype 1b HEV has been circulating in China in a long period after hepatitis E outbreak in Xinjiang in 1986-1989.The amino acids of ORF1-3 of subtype 1b are conserved. 
 
 
Hepatitis E virus;  Complete genome;  Sequence analysis;  Genotype

Field of study: Biology
Comparative analysis of the end-Permian and end-Ordovician brachiopod mass extinctions and survivals in South China

A comparative study of the pattern of brachiopod extinction, survival and recovery in the end-Ordovician and end-Permian mass extinctions reveals a variety of patterns, magnitudes and intensities in South China. The presence of many survivors and the absence of any ordinal extinction of brachiopods across the Ordovician–Silurian transition indicates a close taxonomic and ecological relationship of pre- and post-extinction brachiopod associations. Brachiopods recovered rapidly in Late Rhuddanian (Early Silurian) after a short survival period. The taxonomic composition, biodiversity and ecological levels in the radiation period largely mirror those prior to the end-Ordovician extinction. In contrast, elimination of four major brachiopod orders, 20 superfamilies and almost all Permian-type genera after a short survival interval in the early Griesbachian and the absence of survival, Lazarus and progenitor genera suggest a great revolutionary turnover between Late Permian and Triassic brachiopod associations. Brachiopods underwent a long bleak interval from late Griesbachian to the beginning of the Middle Triassic. The brachiopod groups in the Anisian (Middle Triassic) recovery–radiation period are taxonomically linked to those in the Permian only at family or higher levels. Therefore, the taxonomic and paleoecological effects of the end-Ordovician extinction were of a lesser magnitude than for the end-Permian extinction of Brachiopoda in South China.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Using the Compa-Ratio to Detect Gender Bias in Faculty Salaries.

Over the past twenty years, sex equity has been one of the most troublesome issues in academic salary administration. In analyzing salaries for gender bias, higher education has relied primarily on one tool, multiple linear regression. Despite progressive refinement, problems with its use remain: multicollinearity, inappropriate model specification, and improper use of step-wise procedures [13, 24]. For academic administrators, other difficulties impinge on the technique's utility. It is difficult to explain to faculty lacking background in statistics and it may mask organizational factors fostering discrimination [19] because it focuses on internal analysis of a single salary structure. Recent findings that there is still "a statistically significant effect of gender on earnings" [19, p. 56] and that women continue to earn less than men at all academic ranks [11], argue for additional tools to address salary problems in higher education. Howard W. Risher's suggestion [21] that tested corporate practices could be used to improve academic personnel administration led to a review of wage and salary tools available in that sector. To identify a technique that would be adaptable to the academic environment and the problem of gender bias, the following criteria were established. The compensation tool should:

Field of study: Education
Comparative analysis of the relations between extracurricular sports activities and the mental health of left alone and non left alone middle school students.

By means of questionnaire survey,and by using the self-established Extracurricular Sports Activity Questionnaire and the Middle School Student Mental Health Checklist established by professor WANG Ji-sheng as the measuring tools,the authors investigated and measured the extracurricular sports activity status and mental health conditions of 1,200 left alone and 1,200 non left alone junior high school students at middle schools in villages and towns in rural areas in order to probe into the relations between extracurricular sports activities and the mental middle school students at middle schools in villages and towns in rural areas,performed a comparative analysis on the mental health conditions of these two groups of students,and revealed the following findings: in general the students did not have sufficient extracurricular sports activities,and the left alone students were even worse;the rate of measured mental health harmful trend of the left alone students is 44.5%,which is significantly higher the same of the non left alone students(36%);there is a significant difference in mental health condition between the left alone students of different genders and grades,the male students had a better mental health condition than the female students;grades 1 and 2 students had a better mental health condition than grade 3 students;as for the left alone students,there is a significant correlation between the main circumstances of extracurricular sports activities and various aspects in mental health.

Field of study: Education
A Systems Approach for Agricultural Land Management and Water Quality Control

A distributed parameter hydrologic model was used to estimate the average annual sediment yield from subareas of an agricultural watershed under spatially distinct land management strategies. The sediment yield output from the hydrologic simulation was used to estimate activity coefficients for a linear programming model to identify the management strategy with the least sediment yield at acceptable farm income levels. The analysis showed that substitution of conservation management practices could be highly cost-effective if they produce profit levels near those of conventional, more erosive practices.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
On procedures for evaluating the effectiveness of reinterview survey methods : Application to labor force data

Several types of reinterview surveys have been designed to measure the different kinds of response errors that occur in survey data. This article is based on the reinterview procedures conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau in its monthly Current Population Survey. We present estimates of the misclassification error rates associated with the original survey data collection procedures and the reinterview methods. A new procedure enables us to estimate the dependence between the error rates of the original survey and the initial nonreconciled reinterview when the reconciled reinterview method is used. Our approach extends to the survey setting methods previously developed for estimating error rates of diagnostic tests. This new approach indicates that the response-variance reinterview methods are effective in replicating the original survey's error rates; however, the reconciled reinterview method creates a substantial dependence between the original and the initial nonreconciled reinterview error rates.

Field of study: Mathematics
Acute injection of drugs with low addictive potential (delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, lysergic acid diamide) causes a much higher c-fos expression in limbic brain areas than highly addicting drugs (cocaine and morphine).

It is regarded as a common pharmacological property responsible for the addictive potential of drugs of abuse that they are able to activate brain areas involved in the sensation of pleasure, especially the nucleus accumbens. To investigate the connection between addictive potential and stimulation of critical brain areas in more detail, we studied c-fos accumulation in response to various addicting drugs in direct comparison. The substances were injected into drug-naive rats, and c-fos mRNA levels were measured throughout the brain by in situ hybridization. Cocaine in a high dose of 50 mg/kg yielded only a discrete c-fos expression in the medial and central striatum. Morphine (50 mg/kg) caused a weak c-fos synthesis in the lateral septum. THC (delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol), 25 mg/kg, induced c-fos mRNA again in the lateral septum and furthermore in large parts of the striatum including the nucleus accumbens. LSD (lysergic acid diamide), 1 mg/kg, elicited a similar c-fos expression pattern as THC, but there was additionally a very strong hybridization signal in the cerebral cortex, especially in the upper layers, and in the ventral part of the periaqueductal gray. The widest range of brain areas was activated by MDMA (3, 4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, 'ecstasy'), 6 mg/kg. In addition to the regions that responded to LSD, there was a very pronounced c-fos signal in the nucleus accumbens core and shell and in the mammillary nuclei. Taken together, our study revealed that the drugs with the highest addictive potential, cocaine and morphine, yielded a very low c-fos synthesis throughout the brain whereas the brain regions closely linked to pleasure (especially the nucleus accumbens) responded strongly to drugs with an apparently lower addictive potential (THC, LSD, MDMA).

Field of study: Biology
An Improved Trust-aware Recommender System for Personalized User Recommendation in Tmall

Annual Double Eleven shopping festival has attracted people's attention greatly. With the increase of online shopping channel, trust has become the most important content of user interaction in this environment. In this paper, We proposed improved trust-aware recommender system (iTARS) produces valuable recommendations by dynamic trust between users and selecting a best neighborhood based on biological metaphor of ant colonies in Tmall. The performance of iTARS is evaluated using tmall datasets of differernt sparsity levels and compared with traditional trust-aware recommender system for generating recommendations to the tmall members.

Field of study: Engineering
Which anthropometric parameter is best related with urinary albumin excretion and creatinine clearance in type 2 diabetes: body mass index, waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, or conicity index?

We analyzed the relationships between body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist-to-hip ratio, and conicity index and 24-hour urinary albumin excretion rate (UAER) and creatinine clearance.



Cross-sectional study.



Patients presenting to a state hospital.



Study involved patients with type 2 diabetes.



Study participants underwent medical history examination, measurement of office blood pressure (BP), measurement of anthropometric factors and calculations (including BMI, WC, waist-to-hip ratio, and conicity index), physical examination, biochemical analysis, and 24-hour urine specimen collection to determine creatinine clearance and UAER.



In all, 202 patients with type 2 diabetes (male/female: 91/111, aged: 58.4 ± 10.1 years) were included. It was found that 24-hour UAER correlated with WC (rho: +0.176, P = .012), serum albumin (rho: -0.324, P < .0001), and systolic BP (rho: +0.153, P = .029), whereas creatinine clearance correlated with age (rho: -0.152, P = .031), BMI (rho: +0.191, P = .007), albumin level (rho: +0.365, P < .0001), and uric acid level (rho: -0.369, P < .0001). The stepwise linear regression analysis revealed that WC (P = .012), glycosylated hemoglobin (P = .018), and systolic BP (P = .043) were found to be independently related to logarithmically converted 24-hour UAER, whereas creatinine clearance was found to be related to duration of diabetes (P = .001), BMI (P = .008), presence of peripheral arterial disease (P = .021), fasting serum glucose level (P = .003), and uric acid level (P < .0001). However, after correction for body surface area, BMI was no longer associated with creatinine clearance.



Among the anthropometric parameters, only an increase in WC was found to be independently related to 24-hour UAER. Although BMI was associated with creatinine clearance, this association was lost after creatinine clearance was corrected for body surface area.

Field of study: Medicine
Flux-cutting and flux-transport effects in type-II superconductor slabs in a parallel rotating magnetic field

The magnetic response of irreversible type-II superconductor slabs subjected to in-plane rotating magnetic field is investigated by applying the circular, elliptic, extended-elliptic, and rectangular flux-line-cutting critical-state models. Specifically, the models have been applied to explain experiments on a PbBi rotating disk in a fixed magnetic field Ha, parallel to the flat surfaces. Here, we have exploited the equivalency of the experimental situation with that of a fixed disk under the action of a parallel magnetic field, rotating in the opposite sense. The effect of both the magnitude Ha of the applied magnetic field and its angle of rotation αs upon the magnetization of the superconductor sample is analyzed. When Ha is smaller than the penetration field HP, the magnetization components, parallel and perpendicular to Ha, oscillate with increasing the rotation angle. On the other hand, if the magnitude of the applied field, Ha, is larger than HP, both magnetization components become constant functi...

Field of study: Physics
Nuclear Transparency and Effective NN Cross Section in Heavy Ion Collisions at 14.6 GeV/nucleon

The probability of a projectile nucleon to traverse a target nucleus without interaction is calculated for central Si-Cu and Si-Pb collisions. Special attention is given to the impact parameter range which contributes to events with large transverse energy. A fit to the data from E814 requires an effective NN cross section of sigma_eff=54.2+-5.0mb (compared to the free space value sigma_in=30mb) and is interpreted as one related to wounded target nucleons.

Field of study: Physics
Reverse Foldovers for Blocked 2 m−k Fractional Factorial Designs

Two-level regular fractional factorial designs are often used in industry as screening designs to help identify early on in an experimental process those experimental or system variables which have significant effects on the process being studied. When the experimental material to be used in the experiment is heterogenous or the experiment must be performed over several well-defined time periods, blocking is often used as a means to improve experimental efficiency by removing the possible effects of heterogenous experimental material or possible time period effects. In a recent article, Li and Jacroux (2007) suggested a strategy for constructing optimal follow-up designs for blocked fractional factorial designs using the well-known foldover technique in conjunction with several optimality criteria. In this article, we consider the reverse foldover problem for blocked fractional factorial designs. In particular, given a 2(m+p)−(p+k) blocked fractional factorial design D, we derive simple sufficient conditions which can be used to determine if there exists a 2(m+p−1)−(p−1+k+1) initial fractional factorial design d which yields D as a foldover combined design as well how to generate all such d. Such information is useful in developing an overall experimental strategy in situations where an experimenter wants an overall blocked fractional factorial design with “desirable” properties but also wants the option of analyzing the observed data at the halfway mark to determine if the significant experimental variables are obvious (and the experiment can be terminated) or if a different path of experimentation should be taken from that initially planned.

Field of study: Mathematics
Educational intervention for metabolic bone disease in patients with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Metabolic bone disease (MBD) is a common complication of chronic kidney disease (CKD). The currently accepted international guidelines for treatment of CKD-MBD has been published, unfortunately adequate control of serum markers of disorder, especially hyperphosphatemia, is poorly achieved. Whether educational intervention is an effective way for improving CKD-MBD remains controversial. A systematic review of educational intervention versus routine care to improve patients with CKD-MBD was conducted. All randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi-RCTs examining the efficacy of educational intervention to improve patients with CKD-MBD were included. We performed a comprehensive search of several databases and sources to identify eligible trials. In addition, we searched unpublished studies by tracking the SIGLE (System for Information on Grey Literature) database. Finally, 8 RCTs and 2 quasi-RCTs containing 775 participants were included in our systematic review. The result of our study revealed that the educational intervention to patients with CKD-MBD led to an improvement of the serum phosphorus and calcium by phosphate product. Educational intervention is a beneficial supplement method in improving CKD-MBD and putting off deterioration of the disease.

Field of study: Medicine
Meschac Gaba's Museum on the Moon

"Money, money, money / Must be funny / In a rich man's world". I'd be willing to bet that everyone reading these words simultaneously hears the tune of the world-famous ABBA hit. It doesn't matter whether you come from Sweden or from Burkina Faso. Japan or Venezuela; most likely you can immediately sing the refrain of this cheerful classic. It's the sort of universal music that is equally easy on the ear and equally meaningless to everyone in the world. That is not true of another universal concept: money. Money is not at all meaningless or neutral. Everyone wants it. but for someone in Burkina Faso it means something different (and presumably has a different urgency) than for someone in Sweden.

Field of study: Art
A Trust Model for Mobile Service Auctions

With the development of Mobile Commerce and Location Based Services,service auctions between mobile network users have become possible.Trust evaluation is important to select the service for counter parties.The trust model for mobile services auction is reputation-based which will weight the feedbacks by measuring average offset.And comparing to online commodity auctions,trust evaluation rely on Transaction Environment for mobile service auctions,so transaction time,location,money are combined as context factors into trust model,and achieve a dynamic trust mapping mechanism.Simulation results show that,the model can reduce the trust estimation error of malicious node,integrity node,and global node comparing with traditional reputation-based methods,and effectively resist the trust fraud by low-risk transactions.

Field of study: Computer science
Characterization of monoclonal antibodies specific for 14-kDa human group V secretory phospholipase A2 (hVPLA2).

Secretory phospholipase A2 (PLA2) consists of several 14-kDa isoforms with extensive homology, which makes it difficult to identify a specific isoform. In this study, we have developed and characterized monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) directed specifically against human group V sPLA2 (hVPLA2) derived from cultured hybridomas. These hybridomas were produced from the fusion of BALB/c-derived myeloma s/p20-Ag14 and splenocytes from mice immunized with purified recombinant hVPLA2. Three hybridomas secreting MAbs, MCL-3G1, MCL-2A5, and MCL-1B7, were selected and subcloned on the basis of their specificity to recognize hVPLA2 using solid-phase enzyme-linked immunoadsorbent assay (ELISA). The purified MAbs demonstrated a common pattern of immunoreactivity to hVPLA2, but not to human group IIa isoform (hIIaPLA2). Isotype analysis indicates that these hybridomas are of the IgG1 type. Under reducing conditions, MCL-3G1 sensitively detected hVPLA2 and demonstrated no cross-reactivity to either hIIaPLA2 or group IV cytosolic PLA2. Although specific for hVPLA2, a relatively modest signal was recognized with MCL-1B7 and MCL-2A5. These newly developed MAbs allow for determination of tissue distribution and cell-specific functions of hVPLA2.

Field of study: Biology