nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Autonomic Therapy in the Psychoneuroses

The purpose of this paper is to indicate that many psychoneuroses are essentially upsets of the autonomic nervous system, that in many cases we are not dealing with an emotional upset, but with the secondary autonomic disorder caused by that upset, and that this autonomic disorder is to the patient the essential part of his or her illness and the suffering from which he or she desires relief. Accordingly in such cases therapy should be pharmacological by drugs specific for the type of upset present. Such therapy gives excellent results, especially in early cases. Toxic or psychological factors which are still operating must, of course, be dealt with by appropriate measures, but even in such cases pharmacological therapy proves a useful auxiliary. If, after elimination of those causal factors the resultant autonomic upset persists. pharmacological therapy is essential to bring about a complete cure. This has been proved to us by observation of the failure of persistence in psychotherapy in such cases with subsequent relief by pharmacological therapy.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Tailoring the Gaussian Law for Excess Kurtosis and Skewness by Hermite Polynomials

This article aims at reshaping the normal law to account for tail-thickness and asymmetry, of which there is plenty of evidence in financial data. The inspiration to address the issue was provided by the orthogonality of Hermite polynomials with the Gaussian density as a weight function, with the Gram–Charlier expansion as background. A solution is then devised accordingly, by embodying skewness and excess-kurtosis in a normal kernel, via third- and forth-degree polynomial tune-up. Features of the densities so obtained are established in the main theorem of this article. In addition, a glance is cast at the issue of embodying between-squares correlation, and a solution is outlined.

Field of study: Mathematics
GR and BP neural network-based performance prediction of dual-antenna mobile communication networks

The performance of a dual-antenna mobile communication network in 2-Rayleigh fading is investigated in this paper. Exact average symbol error probability (SEP) expressions with selection combining (SC) are derived for q-ary phase-shift keying (PSK) and pulse-amplitude modulation (PAM). Exact expressions are also given for the channel capacity. It is important to predict the performance of mobile communication networks in complex wireless environments. Thus, we propose generalized regression (GR) and back-propagation (BP) neural network-based SEP prediction methods. The theoretical results are used to generate training data. The proposed prediction methods are compared to the extreme learning machine (ELM), locally weighted linear regression (LWLR), support vector machine (SVM), and radial basis function (RBF) neural network methods. The results obtained verify that the proposed methods provide better SEP predictions.

Field of study: Computer science
Effects of Cu contents in flux on microstructure and joint strength of Sn-3.5Ag soldering with electroless Ni-P/Au surface finish

The effects of additive amounts of Cu(II) stearate in flux on the interfacial microstructure and joint strength between Sn–3.5Ag solder and an electroless nickel immersion gold (ENIG) pad were investigated. The content of the copper compound used in the flux was 0 wt.% (C-0), 20 wt.% (C-20) and 40 wt.% (C-40). The amount of the deposited Cu on an ENIG surface finish at 210 °C depended on the content of Cu(II) stearate in the flux. Microstructural observations of the joint interfaces showed that the thickness of the P-rich layer became thinner with increasing amounts of the Cu compound in the flux used. The remarkable reduction in the growth of P-rich layer observed at the C-40 joint interface was attributed to the high concentration of Cu precipitates at the joint interface. In addition, a difference in the morphologies of the interfacial intermetallic compounds (IMCs) was observed among the fluxes used. Qualitative analyses of the joint interface revealed that a thick IMC layer of C-0 joint consisted of Ni 3 Sn 4 . On the other hand, Cu-bearing fluxes C-20 and C-40 produced ternary Ni–Cu–Sn IMCs at the joint interface. In the case of C-20, the joint interface was composed of a thin (Ni, Cu) 3 Sn 4 layer with peninsular particles of (Cu, Ni) 6 Sn 5 . When using C-40, the faceted-like (Cu, Ni) 6 Sn 5 IMCs were predominantly observed at the joint interface. The formation of the Ni–Cu–Sn IMCs indicated the intervention of Cu from a flux in the interfacial reaction during soldering. Besides, the high concentration of Cu deposited on an ENIG tended to preferentially form the Cu-rich interfacial IMCs, (Cu, Ni) 6 Sn 5 . According to the results of shock strength tests, the joint strength improved with increasing amounts of the Cu compound in the flux. The minimum shock strengths for the Sn–3.5Ag/ENIG joints formed by the use of C-0, C-20 and C-40 were 11.4 N, 17.2 N and 19.8 N, respectively. According to the observation of the fracture surfaces, the high reliability obtained by the use of C-40 flux was attributed to the formation of a quite thin P-rich layer at the joint interface. Consequently, it can be concluded that additive amounts of Cu compound in the flux have a significant impact not only on the growth of the interfacial reaction layer but also on the joint reliability between Sn–3.5Ag and an ENIG surface finish.

Field of study: Engineering
Workplace Conflict and the Origins of the 1984–85 Miners’ Strike in Scotland

Literature on the 1984-85 miners' strike in Britain tends to be dominated by examination of peak level relations between the Conservative government, the National Coal Board and the National Union of Mineworkers (NUM). The strike is usually depicted as being illegitimately imposed, without a national ballot, on the industry and the miners by the NUM leadership. This article develops a more rounded perspective on the strike, by locating its origins in workplace conflict which had been steadily escalating in the early 1980s in the Scottish coalfields. A significant portion of Scottish miners, anxious about employment prospects and angry about managerial incursions on established joint industrial regulation of daily mining operations, pushed their union towards a more militant position. This subverts the conventional picture of the strike as a top-down phenomenon. In this respect events in Scotland, which rarely feature in established literature, were in fact extremely important, shaping the national strike that emerged from the workforce's opposition to managerial authoritarianism as well as the closure of uneconomic pits. The peak level context of deteriorating relations and pit level details of incrementally intensifying workplace conflict are established through industry and trade union records and press accounts.

Field of study: History
Stability and Transport Processes in Tokamak Plasmas

Tokamak experiments have made dramatic progress over the past two decades, and today plasma parameters are nearing the values needed for a fusion reactor.  In November 1991 the first deuterium‐tritium experiments in the Joint European Torus in Abingdon, England, generated a peak fusion power of almost 2 megawatts and a total energy release of 2 megajoules in a 2‐second pulse. Concomitant progress has been made in understanding the basic physics of tokamak plasmas; this was made possible by major developments in plasma science, nonlinear theory, plasma diagnostic capabilities and supercomputer calculations.

Field of study: Physics
Detailed Analysis of Criteria and Particle Emissions from a Very Large Crude Carrier Using a Novel ECA Fuel.

Ocean going vessels (OGVs) operating within emission control areas (ECA) are required to use fuels with ≤0.1 wt % sulfur. Up to now only distillate fuels could meet the sulfur limits. Recently refiners created a novel low-sulfur heavy-fuel oil (LSHFO) meeting the sulfur limits so questions were posed whether nitric oxide (NOx) and particulate matter (PM) emissions were the same for the two fuels. This project characterized criteria pollutants and undertook a detailed analysis of PM emissions from a very large crude oil carrier (VLCC) using a distillate ECA fuel (MGO) and novel LSHFO. Results showed emission factors of NOx were ∼5% higher with MGO than LSHFO. PM2.5 emission factors were ∼3 times higher with LSHFO than MGO, while both were below values reported by Lloyds, U.S. EPA and CARB. A detailed analysis of PM revealed it was >90% organic carbon (OC) for both fuels. Elemental carbon (EC) and soot measured with an AVL microsoot sensor (MSS) reflected black carbon. PM size distributions showed unimodal peaks for both MGO (20-30 nm) and LSHFO (30-50 nm). Particle number (PN) emissions were 28% and 17% higher with the PPS-M compared to the SMPS for LSHFO and MGO, respectively.

Field of study: Environmental science
Die Abbildung durchstrahlter Folien im Elektronenmikroskop

ZusammenfassungMit magnetischen Linsen geringer Feldgeometrie-Fehler können im Elektronenmikroskop durch Metallfolien hindurch genügend scharfe Bilder unmittelbar darüberliegender Netze und Strukturbilder der Folien selbst entworfen werden. Bei Ausblendung der nicht genügend achsennahen Strahlen liefern auch „unkorrigierte“ Spulen gute Bilder. Die sich zeigenden Erscheinungen entsprechen den bekannten Vorstellungen über Absorption, Geschwindigkeitsverlust und Diffusion der Kathodenstrahlen beim Durchgang durch Materie.

Field of study: Physics
Problems and Solutions to Higher Vocational College Students Records Management

This paper mainly analyzes the vocational college student records management and presents such problems as the contradiction between the traditional files management and multi-channel files use, the network technology of electronic records management which needs to be improved, as well as the file managers' insufficient quality. It proposes that the vocational college campus digitalization and networks should be completed as soon as possible to implement the coexistence and interaction between traditional files management mode and modern electronic records management. In addition, it is necessary to strengthen the continued education of files managers.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Gender and Eloquence in Ercole de' Roberti's Portia and Brutus

A commonplace of modern feminist scholarship holds that fifteenth-century Italian humanists regarded the figure of the articulate women with hostility and suspicion. This position is insufficiently nuanced: while it may have been true to some extent in republican contexts, it was emphatically not the case in the secular princely courts, where women's capacity for eloquence was frequently a subject of praise. Humanistic attitudes toward female eloquence are examined here with special reference to Ercole de’ Roberti's representation of the classical heroine Portia in oratorical guise in his Portia and Brutus, painted at the court of Ferrara in the late 1480s or early ’90s. The article contextualizes Roberti's painting with regard to its classical literary sources, to contemporary practices of female oratory, and to the cultural and social self-positioning of the work's probable patron, Duchess Eleonora d'Aragona.

Field of study: History
Student Self-Assessment and Faculty Assessment of Performance in an Interprofessional Error Disclosure Simulation Training Program

To conduct a prospective evaluation for effectiveness of an error disclosure assessment tool and video recordings to enhance student learning and metacognitive skills while assessing the IPEC competencies.  The instruments for assessing performance (planning, communication, process, and team dynamics) in interprofessional error disclosure were developed. Student self-assessment of performance before and after viewing the recordings of their encounters were obtained. Faculty used a similar instrument to conduct real-time assessments. An instrument to assess achievement of the Interprofessional Education Collaborative (IPEC) core competencies was developed. Qualitative data was reviewed to determine student and faculty perceptions of the simulation. Assessment. The interprofessional simulation training involved a total of 233 students (50 dental, 109 nursing and 74 pharmacy). Use of video recordings made a significant difference in student self-assessment for communication and process categories of error disclosure. No differences in student self-assessments were noted among the different professions. There were differences among the family member affects for planning and communication for both pre-video and post-video data. There were significant differences between student self-assessment and faculty assessment for all paired comparisons, except communication in student post-video self-assessment. Students’ perceptions of achievement of the IPEC core competencies were positive.  The use of assessment instruments and video recordings may have enhanced students’ metacognitive skills for assessing performance in interprofessional error disclosure. The simulation training was effective in enhancing perceptions on achievement of IPEC core competencies. This enhanced assessment process appeared to enhance learning about the skills needed for interprofessional error disclosure.

Field of study: Education, Medicine
Synthesis of Organically-Modified Silica Particles for Use as Nanofillers in Polymer Systems

The well-established sol-gel process permits the preparation of a wide range of organic-inorganic hybrid materials directly from molecular precursors under mild conditions. Over the past few years, the sol-gel route has become of tremendous interest because of the remarkable opportunities it offers to produce hybrid nanocomposite particles with a number of potential uses, such as protection and modification of plastics and glasses. In this work, two approaches are described for the preparation of hybrid particles. A modified Stöber method is used to prepare a range of organically-modified silica nanoparticles with diameters in the range of 50-200 nm. The synthesis of organically-modified silica particles has also been carried out using a non-hydrolytic sol-gel route, which has been overlooked for the preparation of hybrid nanoparticles until very recently. The hydrolytic and non-hydrolytic routes have produced hybrids with different structures and morphologies. The organically-modified silica particles synthesised using these sol-gel methods have potential uses as nanofillers in polymer systems.

Field of study: Materials science
A methodology for the classification of estuary restoration areas: A management tool

Planning the recovery of estuarine areas represents a major challenge for environmental managers, who must find a balance between the desired environmental restoration, understood as the return to natural conditions, and the different socioeconomic uses currently borne by the estuaries. This work presents a methodology to optimize decision-making in accordance with the objectives which might arise in projects for the hydrodynamic restoration of estuaries. Socioeconomic issues are not considered in this study. The new approach is based on a classification of the zones to be restored according to characteristics representing their hydrodynamic performance and the possible morphodynamic effects of the restoration on the rest of the estuary. To achieve this, the four following parameters were chosen: (1) changes in tidal prism induced by restoration of that zone (ΔΩ), (2) the distance between the concession and the estuary inlet (L), (3) the tidal wave phase lag (φ) and (4) the flood potential of the restoration area (I). The classification combines self-organizing maps (SOM) and the K-means algorithm. The methodology was applied in a total of 139 areas (concessions) on ten estuaries along the entire coast of Cantabria (Northern Spain) where a Spanish Ministry of the Environment Recuperation Plan is under way. The results classify the 139 areas of restoration into five clusters. Empirical relationships were used to estimate the effects the restoration of each cluster may have on the estuary's various morphodynamic elements (cross-sectional area of the estuary mouth, area of tidal flats, volume of tidal channels and volume of the ebb tidal delta), giving managers an overall view of the potential effects of the restoration in each zone and providing a basis on which to plan these actions.

Field of study: Environmental science
Decreased phospholipase A2 activity in butyrate differentiated HT29 cells.

Our earlier work has shown that in butyrate differentiated colonic HT29 cells, there is an alteration in phospholipid composition as compared to control. To know more about these changes, butyrate treated and control cell homogenates were incubated in presence of calcium and phospholipids were analyzed. It was observed that incubation with calcium was associated with increase in lysophosphatidylcholine (lysoPC) and free fatty acids and the increase was much higher in control as compared to butyrate treated cells. There was no alteration in lysoPC content. These products are formed by the action of phospholipase A2 (PLA2) which is activated by calcium and suggests that butyrate-induced differentiation is associated with decrease in PLA2 activity.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Physics
Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography Using Multi-Slice Fan Beam Collimators

Scintillation camera systems using parallel collimation have been used for single-photon emission computed tomography (SP/ECT). A major problem is the limited resolution of present parallel-hole collimators. We have built and evaluated collimators for a SP/ECT system, consisting of two opposing LFOV scintillation cameras and a gantry, which have parallel collimation along the cranial-caudal axis of the patient and converging collimation in a direction perpendicular to this axis. The collimator converges to a line of focus located 58 cm from the collimator face and parallel to the cranial-caudal axis of the patient. Two converging collimators combined with opposing LFOV cameras are capable of simultaneously imaging 11 contiguous, 2.6 (or 1.3) cm thick, transverse sections from data collected during a single revolution of the cameras about the patient. A fan beam convolution algorithm reconstructs the transverse slices and provides partial compensation for ?-ray attenuation. It is concluded that the fan-beam collimator system, when compared with conventional parallel-hole collimator systems, produces simultaneous improvements in SP/ECT system sensitivity and resolution. This results in improved visualization of small centrally located organs.

Field of study: Physics
Granulite-facies regional and contact metamorphism of the Tasiuyak paragneiss, northern Labrador: textural evolution and interpretation

The Tasiuyak paragneiss at the western margin of the Nain Plutonic Suite has been subjected to two granulite-facies metamorphic events: (i) regional metamorphism during the Paleoproterozoic Torngat orogeny, and (ii) contact metamorphism due to emplacement of the Mesoproterozoic Nain Plutonic Suite. Regional metamorphism led to partial melting of pelitic rocks and the development of a locally well-preserved sequence of prograde and retrograde textures. These textures are partly controlled by bulk composition and formed in the pressure–temperature (P–T) field of the continuous reaction: biotite + sillimanite + plagioclase + quartz  = garnet + K-feldspar + melt, along a hairpin P–T path with peak conditions of ~8–10 kbar (0.8–1.0 GPa) and up to 870 °C in the NaKFMASH (Na2O–K2O–FeO–MgO–Al2O3–SiO2–H2O) system. These textures controlled the development of the contact metamorphic assemblages. Contact metamorphism of the pelitic rocks between the Tessiarsuyungoakh intrusion and the Makhavinekh Lake pluton led to ...

Field of study: Environmental science
The use of unrelated bone marrow donors

As the field of marrow transplantation has advanced, it has become clear that a patient often lacks a potential family donor. Therefore many centers are exploring the use of unrelated marrow donors. Currently, several hundred such transplants have been carried out worldwide. Although there appears to be an increased risk of acute GVHD, preliminary survival results are encouraging, and the use of such donors is certain to expand. Therefore, the need to expand the size of donor files is clear. The major limitation to transplantation then would no longer be lack of acceptable donors.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Pyrrole und verwandte Verbindungen, XXI. Schutz der Porphyrinvinylgruppen. Eine Synthese von Koproporphyrin‐III aus Protoporphyrin‐IX2)

Der Schutz empfindlicher Vinylgruppen bestimmter Porphyrine erfolgt durch anti-Markownikoff-Hydratation. Das Vinylporphyrin 3 liefert mit Thallium(III)-nitrat oder -trifluoracetat in Methanol das (2,2-Dimethoxyathyl)porphyrin 7, das zum Aldehyd 8 hydrolysiert und mit Natriumborhydrid zum (2-Hydroxyathyl)-Derivat 5 reduziert wird. Verbindung 5 kann nach fruher beschriebenen Methoden in das vinylhaltige Ausgangsporphyrin zuruckverwandelt werden. Unter Verwendung dieser Hydratationsmethode wird Protoporphyrin-IX-dimethylester (1) in Koproporphyrin-III-tetramethylester (18) ubergefuhrt. Hierbei wird Bis(2-hydroxyathyl)porphyrin 14 mit Thionylbromid zu Bis(2-bromathyl)porphyrin 15 und dieses mit Natriumcyanid zum entsprechenden Bis(2-cyanathyl)-Derivat 17 umgesetzt, aus dem schlieslich nach Methanolyse 18 in einer Gesamtausbeute von 37% entsteht. 
 
 
 
Pyrroles and Related Compounds, XXI1). — Protection of Porphyrin Vinyl Groups. A Synthesis of Coproporphyrin-III from Protoporphyrin-IX2) 
 
 
 
Protection of the sensitive vinyl groups of certain porphyrins is achieved through anti-Markownikoff hydration; the vinylporphyrin (e. g.3) is treated with thallium(III) nitrate or trifluoroacetate in methanol, affording the (2,2-dimethoxyethyl)porphyrin 7 which is hydrolysed to the aldehyde 8 and then reduced with borohydride, to give the 2-hydroxyethyl derivative 5. The compound 5 can be converted into the vinyl-substituted starting material 3 by methods reported earlier. Making use of the hydration procedure, protoporphyrin-IX dimethyl ester (1) is transformed into coproporphyrin-III tetramethyl ester (18) by treatment of the bis(2-hydroxyethyl)porphyrin 14 with thionyl bromide and reaction of the resulting bis(2-bromoethyl)porphyrin 15 with sodium cyanide to give the bis(2-cyanoethyl) derivative 17. Finally, methanolysis affords 18 in an overall yield of 37% from 1.

Field of study: Chemistry