nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Progesterone and pregn-4-ene-20α-ol-3-one in rat ovarian venous blood at different stages inreproductive cycle

The authors, in order to perform the analysis of luteal functions, measured progesterone (called P. hereafter) and pregn-4-ene-20α-ol-3-one(called 20-OH-P. hereafter) in the ovarian venous blood of rats, in the various stages of reproductive cycle. The ovarian venous blood 3-7 ml was collected for 2-4 hours by a cannula fitted to a branch of the ovarian veins and was extracted by a modified method of SHORT'S, and was developed on paper-chromatography (Heptane-Formamide), then the absorptions of UV (240 mμ) of each portion of the paper were sought and plotted for densitogram, and by pranimetry of the areas occupied by each of the peaks, P. and 20-OH-P. were calculated and quantitatively analyzed.(1) P. during normal estrus temporarily increases in the afternoon of proestrus when the ovulating hormone is released from hypophysis, its concentration reaches approx. 110 μg/100 ml blood which is equivalent to about 1/3 of that of the second half period of gestation, then somewhat increases in early, diestrus when the corpus luteum develops most. 20-OH-P. is found throughout the estrous cycle, and its maximum value is approx. 240 μg/100 ml blood. That is to say, the ovary of rats secretes P. even during the normal estrous cycle, but the secretion does not last long.(2) P. during gestation is already high on its 4th day and raises to the maximum value of the 15th day, but it is markedly low immediately before and after the parturition. On the other hand, 20-OH-P. showes rather lower value in the first half period of gestation than in normal estrous cycle, but it reaches appox. 260 μg/100 ml blood on the 15th day. This high concentration is found once more immediately after the parturition. The picture of 20-OH-P. showes a characteristic difference from that of P., although it has been reported there was a parallel relationship between P. and 20-OH-P.(3) P. on the 8th day of lactation is secreted in quite a high concentration, and by the fact that P. of the rat having 6 sucklings is higher than that of the rat haviug 2 sucklings in concentration, it is demonstrated that the secretion is evidently affected by the strength of suckling stimulation. With regard to 20-OH-P., the concentration is low and no difference is observed as in the case of P.(4) The ovary of rats hypophysectomized and bearing pituitary graft undeneath renal cupsule, secretes a large amount of P., but a little of 20-OH-P.

Field of study: Biology
SU-E-J-149: Is Rotational IMRT More Susceptible to Tumor Motion than Dynamic IMRT?

To investigate whether rotational IMRT is more susceptible to organ motion than IMRT that uses fixed fields.



RapidArc and sliding window IMRT treatment plans were each created for five lung and five pancreas cases. Dosimetric effects due to tumor motion were simulatedby incorporating sinusoidal couch motion into plans using in-house Monte Carlo dose verification software. Motion was emulated longitudinally (10 mm) for all cases with additional lateral and vertical motion (5 mm) for pancreatic tumors. Dose distributions of original and modified plans were compared using Gamma analysis and dose profiles.



Preliminary results show that for one lung case, a 95% Gamma pass rate can be achieved using 6%-6-mm criterion for RapidArc versus 8%-8-mm for sliding window. Findings are supported by expanding on a well-known model that demonstrates the effects of intra-fraction motion on the delivery of dynamic intensity modulation.



Rotational IMRT deliveries are believed to be no more susceptible to organ motion than sliding window IMRT, and results thus far support this conclusion.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Environmental impacts of remediation of a trichloroethene-contaminated site: life cycle assessment of remediation alternatives.

The environmental impacts of remediation of a chloroethene-contaminated site were evaluated using life cycle assessment (LCA). The compared remediation options are (i) in situ bioremediation by enhanced reductive dechlorination (ERD), (ii) in situ thermal desorption (ISTD), and (iii) excavation of the contaminated soil followed by off-site treatment and disposal. The results showed that choosing the ERD option will reduce the life-cycle impacts of remediation remarkably compared to choosing either ISTD or excavation, which are more energy-demanding. In addition to the secondary impacts of remediation, this study includes assessment of local toxic impacts (the primary impact) related to the on-site contaminant leaching to groundwater and subsequent human exposure via drinking water. The primary human toxic impacts were high for ERD due to the formation and leaching of chlorinated degradation products, especially vinyl chloride during remediation. However, the secondary human toxic impacts of ISTD and excavation are likely to be even higher, particularly due to upstream impacts from steel production. The newly launched model, USEtox, was applied for characterization of primary and secondary toxic impacts and combined with a site-dependent fate model of the leaching of chlorinated ethenes from the fractured clay till site.

Field of study: Environmental science
Individual differences in problem drinking among tribal members from one first nation community.

Health disparities related to drinking in native communities are of concern. Although individuals living in native communities have high rates of problem drinking, there is also variability in their drinking levels. The authors conducted a test of a model of First Nation drinking risk that incorporates personality and psychosocial learning to examine its cross-cultural applicability. That model identifies a risk process thought to explain aspects of individual differences in both native problem drinking and non-native problem drinking. One implication of the theory is that positive alcohol expectancies mediate the influence of negative urgency (the tendency to act rashly when distressed) on problem drinking similarly for both cultures.


We administered questionnaires to a total of 211 First Nation people and 236 Caucasians.


A structural modeling analysis of 211 First Nation people and 236 Caucasian people found that (i) personality, alcohol expectancy, and problem drinking measures were invariant across the 2 cultures and (ii) results consistent with the hypothesis that positive alcohol expectancies mediated the influence of negative urgency on problem drinking were also invariant across culture.


The findings support the theory that personality traits and psychosocial learning are important determinants of problem drinking in First Nation people and Caucasians.

Field of study: Medicine
Conduction-band universality in GaAs-based systems

The non-parabolicity of the conduction band is predicted by a Kane four-band calculation to be approximately universal in direct-gap GaAs under varying pressure, and in direct-gap AlxGa1-xAs for various compositions x, when the band dispersion is plotted in natural units of effective Rydbergs and effective lattice constants. The predicted universality is expected to be a better approximation than the Kane approximation itself.

Field of study: Materials science
Significance of heat-moisture treatment conditions on the pasting and gelling behaviour of various starch-rich cereal and pseudocereal flours

The impact of heat-moisture treatment processing conditions (15%, 25%, and 35% moisture content; 1, 3, and 5 h heating time at 120 ℃) on the viscosity pasting and gelling profiles of different grain flours matrices (barley, buckwheat, sorghum, high β-glucan barley, and wheat) was investigated by applying successive cooking and cooling cycles to rapid visco analyser canisters with highly hydrated samples (3.5:25, w:w). At a milder heat-moisture treatment conditions (15% moisture content, 1 h heating time), except for sorghum, heat-moisture treatment flours reached much higher viscosity values during earlier pasting and subsequent gelling than the corresponding native counterparts. Besides heat-moisture treatment wheat flour, the described behaviour found also for non-wheat-treated flours has not been previously reported in the literature. An increased hydrophobicity of prolamins and glutelins in low moisture-short heating time heat-moisture treatment of non-wheat flours with high protein content (12.92%–19.95%) could explain the enhanced viscosity profile observed.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Historical records from dated sediment cores reveal the multidecadal dynamic of the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium minutum in the Bay of Brest (France).

The multiannual dynamic of the cyst-forming and toxic marine dinoflagellate Alexandrium minutum was studied over a time scale of about 150 years by a paleoecological approach based on ancient DNA (aDNA) quantification and cyst revivification data obtained from two dated sediment cores of the Bay of Brest (Brittany, France). The first genetic traces of the species presence in the study area dated back to 1873 ± 6. Specific aDNA could be quantified by a newly developed real-time PCR assay in the upper core layers, in which the germination of the species (in up to 17-19-year-old sediments) was also obtained. In both cores studied, our quantitative paleogenetic data showed a statistically significant increasing trend in the abundance of A. minutum ITS1 rDNA copies over time, corroborating three decades of local plankton data that have documented an increasing trend in the species cell abundance. By comparison, paleogenetic data of the dinoflagellate Scrippsiella donghaienis did not show a coherent trend between the cores studied, supporting the hypothesis of the existence of a species-specific dynamic of A. minutum in the study area. This work contributes to the development of paleoecological research, further showing its potential for biogeographical, ecological and evolutionary studies on marine microbes.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Structural insights into the similar modes of Nrf2 transcription factor recognition by the cytoplasmic repressor Keap1

The structure of mouse Keap1-DC complexed with the DLG motif peptide of Nrf2 transcription factor was determined at 1.9 Å resolution. The structure showed that the peptide binds to Keap1-DC at the bottom region of the β-propeller domain.

Field of study: Physics
On the role of surrogates in the efficient estimation of treatment effects with limited outcome data

We study the problem of estimating treatment effects when the outcome of primary interest (e.g., long-term health status) is only seldom observed but abundant surrogate observations (e.g., short-term health outcomes) are available. To investigate the role of surrogates in this setting, we derive the semiparametric efficiency lower bounds of average treatment effect (ATE) both with and without presence of surrogates, as well as several intermediary settings. These bounds characterize the best-possible precision of ATE estimation in each case, and their difference quantifies the efficiency gains from optimally leveraging the surrogates in terms of key problem characteristics when only limited outcome data are available. We show these results apply in two important regimes: when the number of surrogate observations is comparable to primary-outcome observations and when the former dominates the latter. Importantly, we take a missing-data approach that circumvents strong surrogate conditions which are commonly assumed in previous literature but almost always fail in practice. To show how to leverage the efficiency gains of surrogate observations, we propose ATE estimators and inferential methods based on flexible machine learning methods to estimate nuisance parameters that appear in the influence functions. We show our estimators enjoy efficiency and robustness guarantees under weak conditions.

Field of study: Computer science
Psychedelic Agents in Creative Problem-Solving: A Pilot Study

Based on the frequently reported similarities between creative and psychedelic (drug-induced, consciousness-expansion) experiences, a preliminary study was conducted to explore the effects of psychedelic agents (LSD-25, mescaline) on creative problem-solving ability. Twenty-seven professionally employed males were given a single psychedelic experience in 1 of 7 small groups (ns = 3 or 4) following extensive selection and preparatory procedures. This drug-induced problem-solving session was carefully structured with particular focus on establishing Ss' expectancies and a psychosocial milieu conducive to creative activity. Tentative findings based on tests of creativity, on subjective reports and self ratings, and on the utility of problem solutions suggested that, if given according to this carefully structured regimen, psychedelic agents seem to facilitate creative problem-solving, particularly in the “illumination phase.” The results also suggest that various degrees of increased creative ability may continue for at least some weeks subsequent to a psychedelic problem-solving session.

Field of study: Psychology
Basophil Recruitment to Skin Lesions of Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Mediated by CCR1 and CCR2

Basophils have been reported to infiltrate skin lesions in various skin diseases, but not in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). This study investigated basophil infiltration in SLE and its mechanism.  Twenty newly diagnosed SLE patients and twenty healthy controls were enrolled. Nine SLE patients underwent skin biopsies. Flow cytometric analysis the phenotype of peripheral basophils and their migration rate toward RANTES and MCP-1 were analyzed with the transwell culture system, also the expression of these two chemokines in skin tissue were analyzed with immunohistochemistry.  Increased activation and decreased numbers of peripheral basophils were observed in SLE patients compared with controls. Basophil migration into skin lesions of SLE patients were observed, but not in normal skin tissue. This migration was related to the upregulation of chemokine receptors CCR1 and CCR2 on basophils. In vitro studies showed that migration rate toward RANTES and MCP-1 increased significantly in basophils from SLE patients compared with those from controls. Consistently, high levels of RANTES and MCP-1 expression were observed in skin lesions from SLE patients but not in normal skin tissue.  Basophil recruitment to skin lesions of SLE patients mediated by CCR1 and CCR2, which may contribute to tissue damage in SLE.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Nanomechanical properties of modern and fossil bone

Relatively little is known about how diagenetic processes affect the mechanical properties of mineralized tissues such as vertebrate bones. Diagenesis can involve the alteration of bone's organic phase, mineral phase, and structural organization, all of which contribute to bone's nanomechanical properties. Nanoindentation allows submicrometer investigation of alterations in bone properties that occur during diagenesis. In this preliminary study, the nanomechanical properties (modulus and hardness) of recent and fossil bone were compared through the use of depth-sensing nanoindentation. Additionally, X-ray diffraction and density measurements were used to investigate changes in the mineral phase. Nanoindentation revealed that the basic mechanical anisotropy of modern bone can be preserved in fossil bones going back at least to the early Eocene (∼ 50 Ma), as the elastic modulus ( i.e. , stiffness) values measured perpendicular to the long axis of each bone sample were consistently lower than longitudinal values (as is the case for modern bones). While a general increase in mechanical properties was observed with the geological age of the samples, a relatively small increase was seen in fossil bone samples older than the Miocene, suggesting that mineral infilling is limited by spatial saturation, as the modulus approached that of fully dense minerals such as quartz or apatite. Further, evidence for modification of the mineral phase was demonstrated by an increase in crystallinity and density with the geological age of the bone. Both increased crystallinity and density correlated with increased modulus values, suggesting that the size and perfection of the bioapatite crystals contribute to the mechanical properties of the bones. Rather unexpectedly, the early Oligocene-aged bones demonstrated reduced modulus and hardness values compared to the Miocene and Eocene samples, which we hypothesize to be related to the diagenetic environment. Specifically, the fossil-bearing strata at the Oligocene-aged locality contain volcanic ash which is known to dissolve bone mineral — a plausible cause for the decreased mechanical properties of the Oligocene bones. Our study demonstrates that nanoindentation, a relatively nondestructive tool, is useful in investigating tissue-level diagenesis in bone that cannot be seen with the naked eye, and can provide insight into the functional significance of mineralized tissues even after diagenesis has occurred.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
The Black Box

Since the future is unknowable, it is more fruitful to speculate about the way economists will perceive the nature of their subject matter in 2090 than to predict the particular issues that will attract their concern. The dominant neoclassical paradigm will have been replaced by one which recognizes the central importance of unknowability and the need for an embracing logic of choice that treats all opportunity-cost decisions, whatever their context, in parity of significance with choice-through-markets. The "black box" is a thumbnail description of decision-making in the new environment, characterized by purposive behavior in the context of "unknowledge."

Field of study: Economics
Effective protection and economic recovery in the United Kingdom during the 1930s

T he concept of effective protection has been used by Capie to analyse the effects of the tariff structure on the British economic recovery of the I930s.2 Although many of Capie's assumptions in calculating effective protection rates have been questioned on economic grounds3 the usefulness of the concept and Capie's empirical results are now well established and have been diffused to textbooks on the period.4 In this paper we show that Capie has imposed a highly restrictive arithmetic assumption on the calculations which invalidates the usefulness of his estimates. An effective protection rate Ej is usually defined as

Field of study: Economics, History
Indirect Competitive Chemiluminescence Enzyme Immunoassay for Furaltadone Metabolite in Metapenaeus Ensis

An indirect competitive chemiluminescence enzyme immonoassay (icCLEIA) for the quantitative analysis of furaltadone metabolite 5-morpholinomethyl-3-amino-2-oxazolidone(AMOZ) in Metapenaeus ensis sample was established with the highly sensitive luminol-H 2 O 2 -HRP-4-iodophenol chemiluminescence reaction detection system. The icCLEIA method was based on a single-chain variable fragment (scFv) antibody against AMOZ derivative. The optimized assay conditions were as follows: 62.5 μg L −1 of coating antigen (5-morpholinomethyl-3-(glyoxalamino)-2-oxazolidone-ovalbumin, AMOZA-OVA) was used in the experiment, the dilute multiple of scFv antibody was 1:10, the immunoreaction time was 45 min, and the dilute multiple and incubation time of HRP-goat anti mouse IgG were 1:10000 and 50 min, respectively. The icCLEIA results showed that IC 50 value and limit of detection (LOD) were 1.38 μg L −1 and 0.09 μg L −1 , and linear range was in the range of 0.26–9.1 μg L −1 . Inter-assay and intra-assay RSD were both below 15%. The scFv antibody showed high specificity. The average recoveries of four spiked level of AMOZ were 72.2%, 73.4%, 72.6% and 78.6%, respectively. In comparison with HPLC-MS/MS, there was a good correlation between the two methods ( R 2 = 0.9997). The established icCLEIA method could be further used for detecting AMOZ in aquatic products samples rapidly and efficiently.

Field of study: Chemistry
Beugung von Molekularstrahlen

ZusammenfassungTrifft ein Molekularstrahl (H2; He) auf eine Kristallspaltfläche (Li F) auf, so zeigen die von ihr gestreuten Strahlen in allen Einzelheiten eine Intensitätsverteilung, wie sie den von einem Kreuzgitter entworfenen Spektren entspricht. Die aus der Gitterkonstante des Kristalls berechnete Wellenlänge hat für verschiedene m und υ den von de Broglie geforderten Wert λ=h/m · v.

Field of study: Physics
ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE OF HIGH-MOISTURE CHOPPED ALFALFA

The goal of this study was to characterize the relationship between electrical resistance (RF) of fresh or partially 
dried chopped alfalfa and its moisture content. Crop temperature, pressure applied against the forage, and time-dependency 
were also assessed. Freshly chopped alfalfa was dried in ambient air to obtain moisture content (M) at ten levels in the range 
of 49% to 82%. After freezing, a six-month storage period, and thawing, alfalfa was conditioned at three levels of temperature 
(T), approximately 5°C, 20°C, and 35°C. Three samples at each M and T were placed in a test cell where five pressure levels 
between 3 and 28 kPa were gradually applied. The electrical resistance between two electrodes spaced 55 mm apart was 
measured by generating a 10 VDC potential during 60 s after a previous 60 s stabilization period at each pressure level. In 
the experimental range, log(RF) decreased by 1.5% on average for each 1% unit increase of moisture content. Meanwhile, 
log(RF) decreased by 0.35% on average for each 1°C increase in temperature. The best prediction model had an R2 = 95.7% 
and was based on measurements taken 0.5 s after the application of voltage and for a pressure level of 21.6 kPa against the 
forage. Resistance increased between 0.5 and 5 s after application of voltage, especially for low water concentrations 
(<300 kg water m-.). Resistance was stable over the entire time (0.5 to 60 s) for high water concentrations.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Rate of production, dissolution and accumulation of biogenic solids in the ocean.

The equatorial current system, by its response to global circulation changes, provides a unique recording mechanism for long range climatic oscillations. A permanent record of the changes in rate of upwelling and organic production is generated in the equatorial deep sea sediments, particularly by such biogenic components which are unaffected by secondary dissolution. In order to determine the rates of accumulation of various sedimentary components, a reliable differential measurement of age of the strata must be obtained. Various approaches to this problem are reviewed, and sources of error discussed. Secondary dissolution of calcium carbonate introduces a substantial and variable difference between the dissolution-modified, and hence a priori unknown, rate of deposition on one hand and the rate of accumulation, derivable from the observed concentration, on the other. The cause and magnitude of these variations are of importance, particularly since some current dating schemes are based on assumed constancy in the rate of accumulation of this and, in some cases, also all other sedimentary components. The concepts used in rate evaluation are discussed with emphasis on the difference between the state of dissolution, an observable property of the sediment, and the rate of dissolution, a parameter that requires deduction of the carbonate fraction dissolved, and of the time differential. As a most likely cause of the enhanced state of dissolution of the interglacial carbonate sediments is proposed the lowered rates of biogenic production and deposition, which cause longer exposure of the carbonate microfossils to corrosion in the bioturbated surface layer of the sediment. Historical perspective is included in the discussion in view of the dedication of the Symposium to Hans Pettersson, the leader of the Swedish Deep Sea Expedition 1947-1948, an undertaking that opened a new era in deep sea research and planetary dynamics.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography