nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Spatially-resolved organomineral interactions across a permafrost chronosequence.

Permafrost contains a large (1,700 Pg C) terrestrial pool of organic matter (OM) that is susceptible to degradation as global temperatures increase. Of particular importance is syngenetic Yedoma permafrost containing high organic matter content. Reactive iron phases promote stabilizing interactions between OM and soil minerals and this stabilization may be of increasing importance in permafrost as the thawed surface region ("active layer") deepens. However, there is limited understanding of Fe and other soil mineral phase associations with OM carbon (C) moieties in permafrost soils. To elucidate the elemental associations involved in organomineral complexation within permafrost systems, soil cores spanning a Pleistocene permafrost chronosequence (19,000, 27,000, and 36,000 years old) were collected from an underground tunnel near Fairbanks, Alaska. Subsamples were analyzed via STXM-NEXAFS spectroscopy at the nano to micro scale. Amino acid-rich moieties decreased in abundance across the chronosequence. Strong correlations between C and Fe with discrete Fe(III) or Fe(II) regions selectively associated with specific OM moieties were observed. Additionally, Ca co-associated with C through potential cation bridging mechanisms. Results indicate Fe(III), Fe(II), and mixed valence phases associated with OM throughout diverse permafrost environments, suggesting organomineral complexation is crucial to predict C stability as permafrost systems warm.

Field of study: Environmental science
Tumour necrosis factor-alpha induces morphological and functional alterations of intestinal HT29 cl.19A cell monolayers.

TNF-alpha is a widely distributed proinflammatory cytokine, involved in many disease states. Although it has widely distributed effects, a precise mechanism of action has never been described, in particular at the epithelial level. Morpho-functional changes of the intestinal epithelial monolayer HT29 cl.19A exposed to TNF-alpha were therefore assessed, using electron microscopy (including freeze-fracture replica analysis), as well as measurement of mannitol, Na+ and horseradish peroxidase fluxes across intestinal HT29 cl.19A cell monolayers using Ussing chambers. TNF-alpha receptors were induced on HT29 cl.19A cells by a small non-toxic dose of IFN-gamma (5 U/ml). After 4 h of the combined presence of TNF-alpha (10 ng/ml) and IFN-gamma (5 U/ml), the tight junction structure was altered as shown by a significant decrease in the average strand number measured in the apico-basal direction (5.50 +/- 2.70 vs 3.73 +/- 1.39 in control and treated cells respectively, P < 0.0001) and by a significant decrease in junctional depth (0.27 +/- 0.14 and 0.17 +/- 0.10 microns in control and treated cells respectively, P < 0.0001). These results are in agreement with a decrease in number of 'kiss' sites between contiguous membranes of TNF-alpha treated cells observed in ultrathin sections.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Field of study: Medicine
Antioxidant, antimicrobial activity and in-vitro cytotoxicity screening study of pili nut oil.

Some vegetable oils contain natural antioxidants such as beta carotene and vitamin E namely alpha tocopherol. The objective of this study was to screening the value of α-tocopherol, β-carotene, antioxidant capacity, antimicrobial activity and toxicological properties of roasted pili nut oil (RPNO) and unroasted pili nut oil (UPNO). The result showed that RPNO contained higher amount of vitamin E and less amount of beta carotene compared to UPNO. RPNO and UPNO scavenged DPPH radicals by 24.66% and 9.52% at concentration of 140 μg/ml. The total phenolic compound (TPC) in UPNO and RPNO were about 19.96 ± 0.52 mg/kg and 12.43 ± 0.69 mg/kg respectively. It was observed that bacteria species exhibited different sensitivities towards RPNO, UPNO, Gentamycin, Ampicillin and Chloramphenicol. Bacillus cereus 14570 was the most sensitive bacterium and all strains of Staphylococcus aureus tested were resistant against both samples RPNO and UPNO. An in vitro toxicological study based on the MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) cytotoxicity assay was also performed. In vitro cytotoxicity indicated that both RPNO and UPNO had no effect against HeLa (cervical cancer cell), MCF-7 (breast cancer cell) and HT-29 (human colon adenocarcinoma cell) cell lines tested.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
The O(N) model at nonzero temperature: renormalization of the gap equations in Hartree and large-N approximations

The temperature dependence of the sigma meson and pion masses is studied in the framework of the O(N ) model. The Cornwall-Jackiw-Tomboulis formalism is applied to derive gap equations for the masses in the Hartree and large-N approximations. Renormalization of the gap equations is carried out within the cut-off and counter-term renormalization schemes. A consistent renormalization of the gap equations within the cut-off scheme is found to be possible only in the large-N approximation and for a finite value of the cut-off. On the other hand, the counter-term scheme allows for a consistent renormalization of both the large-N and Hartree approximations. In these approximations, the meson masses at a given nonzero temperature depend in general on the choice of the cut-off or renormalization scale. As an application, we also discuss the in-medium on-shell decay widths for sigma mesons and pions at rest.

Field of study: Physics
The capacity of twin cable. II

Equations (14), (15) and (16) are Michell's conditions which are thus seen to be the natural boundary conditions of the variational problem for the stress function. The manner in which these equations are used in determining <f> is obvious. Let 0o, 0i. 02, 03 be the biharmonic functions defined by the following boundary conditions: 1) 0o and d<j>o/dn have the prescribed boundary values on the loaded boundary curve Ci and vanish on the other boundary curve C2; 2) cf>i=d<j>i/dn = 0 on Ci, 4>i=xi and d<t>\/dn = n\ on C2; 3) 02=d02/dw=O on Ci, (£2 ="£2 and dfa/dn =tii on C2; 4) 03=d03/d» = O on Ci, 4>s = 1 and d<j>,/dn = 0 on C2. Substituting 4> = <j> 0 + 0101 + 0202 + b<t>3

Field of study: Mathematics
Crystallographic studies of the interaction between the ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase and ferredoxin from the cyanobacterium Anabaena: looking for the elusive ferredoxin molecule.

Ferredoxin-NADP(+) reductase (FNR) and its physiological electron donor ferredoxin (Fd) from the cyanobacterium Anabaena PCC7119 have been co-crystallized. The unit-cell parameters are a = b = 63.72, c = 158.02 A and the space group is P2(1)2(1)2(1). The crystal structure has been solved with 2.4 A resolution synchrotron data by molecular replacement, anomalous dispersion and R(min) search methods. For the computations, the crystal was treated as a merohedral twin. The asymmetric unit contains two FNR molecules and one ferredoxin molecule. The packing of the FNR molecules displays a nearly tetragonal symmetry (space group P4(3)2(1)2), whereas the ferredoxin arrangement is orthorhombic. This study provides the first crystallographic model of a dissociable complex between FNR and Fd.

Field of study: Chemistry
Silane Modified Fillers for Reinforcing Polymers

Some white natural fillers (kaolin and talc) and synthetic mineral ones (precipitated silica, sodium-aluminium silicate, zinc silicate, calcium silicate) together with waste materials (cement dusts and post-fluor silicas) were subjected to surface modification and characterised. Various types of silane coupling agents (amino-, mercapto-, methacryloxy- and ureidosilanes) were used for surface modification. The modified fillers were mixed with butadiene-styrene rubber, polyurethane and PVC. Good physico-mechanical properties were obtained for PVC containing talcs and kaolins modified with methacryloxy– and ureidosilanes. The strength of polyurethanes was increased most by modification of the fillers with mercapto- and aminosilanes.

Field of study: Materials science
High level expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae of an artificial gene encoding a repeated tripeptide aspartyl-phenylyalanyl-lysine.

A chemically synthesized gene, which encodes a 64 or 128 times-repeated tripeptide, aspartyl-phenylalanyl-lysine, has been cloned onto the yeast expression vector pAM82 containing the PHO5 promoter. The artificial gene (LAP gene) contains the untranslated leader sequence of the E. coli lipoprotein gene (lpp) with its transcription terminator sequence. When yeast AH22 cells transformed by recombinant plasmid containing repeated tripeptide gene were derepressed in low phosphate medium, the artificial polypeptides were synthesized to the amounts of about 30% of the total cell protein. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and immunoblot analysis indicated that the artificial polypeptides synthesized in yeast have molecular weights ranging from about 30,000 and 60,000 and have immunoreactivity with the artificial polypeptides expressed in E. coli. The artificial popypeptides in whole cell extract were insoluble and seem to be synthesized as insoluble aggregates. Electron microscopy showed the presence of inclusion bodies in the cell. These polypeptides can be hydrolyzed to tripeptides with trypsin or chymotrypsin. These properties along with the high expression and easy separation may make the artificial polypeptides a potential raw material for the production of an artificial sweetener, Aspartame.

Field of study: Biology, Engineering
RNA Interference of PARG Could Inhibit the Metastatic Potency of Colon Carcinoma Cells via PI3-Kinase/Akt Pathway

To investigate the role and mechanism of PARG inhibition of metastatic behavior in colonic carcinoma cells.  We examined the effects of PARG protein knockdown by RNA interference on invasion, migration and matrix adhesion of colon carcinoma cell lines in vitro and using a murine in vivo model of liver metastasis. Metastasis related genes were detected using mRNA and protein levels. Moreover, LY294002, an Akt phosphorylation inhibitor, was used to determine whether the suppression of metastatic behavior of colon carcinoma cells was mediated by Akt phosphorylation that was confirmed by EMSA. Pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC) was used as a selective NFĸ-B inhibitor to clarify the relationship between PARG, PARP and NF-ĸB.  PARG protein was undetectable following specific shRNA transfection; mRNA and protein levels of PARP were significantly decreased. PARG-shRNA cells showed high levels of phosphorylated Akt with decreased expression of NF-ĸB (both total & nuclear), MMP2 and MMP9. However, no additional changes were noted following inhibition of PI3K/Akt pathway by LY294002 in the PARG-shRNA cells; these cells displayed reduced number of liver metastases when characterized in the murine in vivo model.  PARG knockdown, concomitant with inhibition of PARP, suppressed the metastatic potency of colon carcinoma cells by activation of PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
The unity of physics

What is the “unity of physics” and how far can it be accomplished? Before considering these questions let us look at a wider problem—the unification of all the sciences. This is itself a special case of an even wider question, the unification of all human knowledge, which I cannot dwell on here. The term “unification of the sciences” usually refers to a unification of the results obtained in the sciences; the problem of coordinating the scattered and immense body of specialized findings into a systematic whole is a real one and cannot be neglected. It includes a comparison of the methods and results of cosmology, geology, physics, biology, behavioral science, history and the social sciences in different ages. But first of all it implies a unification of scientific language. Some difficulties in science, even within a specialized discipline, arise because one cannot be sure whether two scientists speak about the same or different problems or whether they state the same or different opinions in their differ...

Field of study: Physics
The performance of a cryogenically cooled monochromator for an in-vacuum undulator beamline.

The channel-cut silicon monochromator on beamline ID09 at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility is indirectly cooled from the sides by liquid nitrogen. The thermal slope error of the diffracting surface is calculated by finite-element analysis and the results are compared with experiments. The slope error is studied as a function of cooling coefficients, beam size, position of the footprint and power distribution. It is found that the slope error versus power curve can be divided into three regions: (i). The linear region: the thermal slope error is linearly proportional to the power. (ii). The transition region: the temperature of the Si crystal is close to 125 K; the thermal slope error is below the straight line extrapolated from the linear curve described above. (iii). The non-linear region: the temperature of the Si crystal is higher than 125 K and the thermal slope error increases much faster than the power. Heat-load tests were also performed and the measured rocking-curve widths are compared with those calculated by finite-element modeling. When the broadening from the intrinsic rocking-curve width and mounting strain are included, the calculated rocking-curve width versus heat load is in excellent agreement with experiment.

Field of study: Physics
Border Problems: Mapping the Third Border

The Internet has become the site of economically relevant objects, events and actions, as well as the source of potential risks to the financial systems. This article builds on a metaphor of ‘border problems’ in financial regulation, exploring a ‘third border’ between the ‘real world’ and ‘cyberspace’—a virtual domain of human interaction facilitated and conditioned by digital communications systems. Reviewing the ‘cyber-sovereignty’ debate and surveying the divergent approaches now emerging along geo-political faultlines, we argue that sovereign states still have a unique and irreplaceable role in guarding financial stability which must be reflected in the law of Internet jurisdiction: an emerging lex cryptographica financiera. We conclude with a few observations on how this could affect the design of financial regulation in the coming decade.

Field of study: Law
Nitroxide pharmaceutical development for age-related degeneration and disease

Nitroxide small molecule agents are in development as preventative or therapeutic pharmaceutical drugs for age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and cardiovascular disease, which are two major diseases of aging. These aging diseases are associated with patient genetics, smoking, diet, oxidative stress, and chronic inflammation. Nitroxide drugs preventing aging-, smoking-, high sugar or high fat diet-, or radiation- and other environmental-induced pathophysiological conditions in aging disease are reviewed. Tempol (TP), Tempol Hydroxylamine (TP-H), and TP-H prodrug (OT-551) are evaluated in (1) non-smokers versus smokers with cutaneous microvascular dysfunction, rapidly reversed by cutaneous TP; (2) elderly cancer patients at risk for radiation-induced skin burns or hair loss, prevented by topical TP; and (3) elderly smoker or non-smoker AMD patients at risk for vision loss, prevented by daily eye drops of OT-551. The human data indicates safety and efficacy for these nitroxide drugs. Both TP and TP-H topically penetrate and function in skin or mucosa, protecting and treating radiation burns and hair loss or smoking-induced cutaneous vascular dysfunction. TP and TP-H do not penetrate the cornea, while OT-551 does effectively penetrate and travels to the back of the eye, preserving visual acuity and preserving normal and low light luminance in dry AMD smokers and non-smoker patients. Topical, oral, or injectable drug formulations are discussed.

Field of study: Biology
Exponential control of equilibrium positions of a rigid body using quaternions

This paper is devoted to study the problem of the exponential asymptotic stabilization of the equilibrium positions of a rigid body using a newly developed technique. In this technique, the servo-control moments which are applied to the internal rotors are obtained from the conditions that ensure the exponential asymptotic stability of these positions. Furthermore, many special cases of the investigated problem are studied. Finally, analysis and numerical examples are presented.

Field of study: Mathematics
A’lelia Walker: The Joy Goddess of Harlem

This essay examines the role A’Lelia Walker played as a fashion and social trendsetter in Harlem during the 1920s. The only daughter of early-twentieth-century hair-care-industry pioneer Madam C. J. Walker, she carved her own niche as a patron of the arts and philanthropist.An heiress with exquisitely decorated homes and chauffeured cars and hostess of music-filled soirees, she personified the spirit and flamboyance of the era. Always stylish, her blend of regal, statuesque African beauty and haute couture served as an inspiration to poets, painters, and novelists. Among those for whom she posed were photographers Berenice Abbott and Addison Scurlock and sculptors Richmond Barthé and Augusta Savage.Her parties were legendary. Whether at Villa Lewaro (her mother’s Irvington, New York, mansion), at The Dark Tower (a converted floor of her 136th Street townhouse), or at her 80 Edgecombe Avenue pied-a-terre, she welcomed uptown and downtown artists, musicians, actors, writers, political activists, and socialites.Langston Hughes called her “the joy goddess of Harlem’s 1920s” because her memorable gatherings lent such a glamorous, glitzy aura to the social scene above 110th Street.

Field of study: Art
Assessment of long-range transboundary aerosols in Seoul, South Korea from Geostationary Ocean Color Imager (GOCI) and ground-based observations.

To better understand air quality issues in South Korea, it is essential to identify the main contributors of air pollution and to quantify the effects of transboundary transport. In this study, geostationary satellite measurements were used to assess the effects of aerosol transport on air quality in South Korea. This study proposes a method to define the long-range transport (LRT) of aerosols into the Korean Peninsula using remote sensing obervations and back-trajectories and estimates the LRT effects on air quality in Seoul using in-situ particulate matter (PM) measurements. Aerosol optical depths (AODs) are obtained from the Geostationary Ocean Color Imager (GOCI), and the back-trajectories are from the National Ocean and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) HYbrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) model. For LRT events, satellite observations showed high AOD plumes over the Yellow Sea, a pathway between Eastern China and South Korea, and the movements of aerosol plumes transported to South Korea were also detected. PM2.5 concentrations, PM10 concentrations, and AOD during LRT increased by 52%, 49%, and 81%, respectively, relative to their average values for 2015-2018. To quantitatively characterize the LRT of aerosols, the effects of LRT on PM2.5 concentrations were estimated for each PM concentration category. The contribution of LRT to PM2.5 concentrations was estimated to be 33% during 2015-2018. When high concentrations of PM2.5 were observed in Seoul, they were likely to be associated with LRT events.

Field of study: Environmental science
Evaluating health care interventions in the European Union.

This paper examines the current state of evaluations of health care interventions in the European Union, from the identification and commissioning of research through to its impact on policy and practice. Material is drawn from a survey conducted for the ASTEC project as well as a review of literature. Although the use of evaluative research has increased substantially in the last decade, both the pace of change and preferred research methodologies employed differ markedly. Much research still concentrates on issues of safety, efficacy and effectiveness, although there is evidence of an increasing emphasis on cost-effectiveness. Many countries are beginning to introduce systems linking economic evaluation to the decision-making process, while networks for the exchange of information continue to evolve. Research capacity in the public sector, although improving, is uneven, in part due to the uncertainty over long term career prospects and competition from industry. Capacity building measures should in particular ensure that dissemination expertise is strengthened, and that more emphasis is placed on developing receptor capacity within different stakeholder groups. Linking knowledge production to changes in practice remains a key challenge. Further research on implementation and impact assessment is required, to help demonstrate the value of evaluations on both policy and practice.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Sny om te wei : : produksie

Aangeplante weidings moet intensief benut word vir optimale diereproduksie. Om ekonomies sin te maak, moet dit deur produserende diere benut word. 'n Goeie voorbeeld is melkproduksie met koeie in laat laktasie, uitgroei van vervangingsverse en vetmes van diere vir slagdoeleindes. Kenmerkend van sulke diereproduksiestelsels is dat goeiegehalteruvoer heeljaar vereis word.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Glutamine synthetase activity and expression are not affected by the development of motor neuronopathy in the G93A SOD-1/ALS mouse.

The expression and activity of the enzyme glutamine synthetase (GS) were examined in the G93A/SOD-1 transgenic mouse model of progressive motor neuronopathy to investigate the mechanisms underlying degeneration of the motor neurones. Clinical signs appeared in G93A/SOD-1 mice at around 90 days, with severe spasticity and loss of self-righting reflex from 120 to 150 days of age. GS expression was examined using western blotting in primary astrocyte cultures derived from newborn (P1-2) G93A/SOD-1 mice and their non-transgenic littermates and in lower spinal cord from animals at 30, 60 and 90 days of age and disease end-stage (120-150 days). There were no differences in the levels of GS expression in the transgenic mice compared to the unaffected littermates at any of the disease stages examined. GS activity was measured spectrophotometrically in spinal cord extracts at these disease stages. There was a decrease in V(max) at 60 days compared to 30 days in both groups of mice (3.48+/-0.58 cf. 6.43+/-1.83 mmol/h/mg protein; non-transgenic littermates), with GS activity highest at end-stage (9.38+/-0.71 mmol/h/mg protein cf. 7.64+/-0.42 mmol/h/mg protein in littermates). Conversely, K(m) was transiently increased at 60 days (2.53+/-0.26 mM cf. 1.32+/-0.20 in littermates), remaining within the range of 30 day measurements from 90 days onwards. There were no differences in V(max) or K(m) values between the G93A/SOD-1 mice and their unaffected non-transgenic littermates at any of the disease stages examined. We conclude that there is no evidence that a change in glutamine synthetase activity or expression contributes to the progressive neurodegeneration observed in the G93A/SOD-1 mice.

Field of study: Biology
Optimizing Design of B Series Hardfacing Electrode with Wear-resistance and Crack-resistance

The B series hardfacing electrode with the properties of wear-resistance and crack-resistance were designed by orthogonal test. The microstructure of hardfacing was analyzed by the experiments of hardness, metallurgical microstructure, crack-resistance and wear-resistance. The results show that the hardfacing metal has high resistance to crack and crack do not occur even under conditions of non-preheating and non-postheating. The hardfacing metal has high wear-resistance, and its relative wearability is better than that of D667.

Field of study: Materials science