nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
An ALMA Survey of the SCUBA-2 Cosmology Legacy Survey UKIDSS/UDS Field: Number Counts of Submillimeter Galaxies

We report the first results of AS2UDS, an 870 μm continuum survey with the Atacama Large Millimeter/Submillimeter Array (ALMA) of a total area of ~50 arcmin2 comprising a complete sample of 716 submillimeter sources drawn from the SCUBA-2 Cosmology Legacy Survey (S2CLS) map of the UKIDSS/UDS field. The S2CLS parent sample covers a 0.96 degree2 field at σ 850 = 0.90 ± 0.05 mJy beam−1. Our deep, high-resolution ALMA observations with σ 870 ~ 0.25 mJy and a 0farcs15–0farcs30 FWHM synthesized beam, provide precise locations for 695 submillimeter galaxies (SMGs) responsible for the submillimeter emission corresponding to 606 sources in the low-resolution, single-dish map. We measure the number counts of SMGs brighter than S 870 ≥ 4 mJy, free from the effects of blending and show that the normalization of the counts falls by 28% ± 2% in comparison with the SCUBA-2 published counts, but that the shape remains unchanged. We determine that ${44}_{-14}^{+16}$% of the brighter single-dish sources with S 850 ≥ 9 mJy consist of a blend of two or more ALMA-detectable SMGs brighter than S 870 ~ 1 mJy (corresponding to a galaxy with a total-infrared luminosity of L IR gsim 1012 L ⊙), in comparison with 28% ± 2% for the single-dish sources at S 850 ≥ 5 mJy. Using the 46 single-dish submillimeter sources that contain two or more ALMA-detected SMGs with photometric redshifts, we show that there is a significant statistical excess of pairs of SMGs with similar redshifts (<1% probability of occurring by chance), suggesting that at least 30% of these blends arise from physically associated pairs of SMGs.

Field of study: Physics
Fear and Anxiety Disorders Related to Childbirth: Epidemiological and Therapeutic Issues

to identify the risk factors of fear of childbirth (FOC) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) related to birth and reviews the efficacy of their respective screening tools and therapeutic interventions.Recent FindingsBiofeedback, hypnosis, internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy, and antenatal education are promising treatments for FOC. Training midwives to address traumatic birth experiences could help in preventing PTSD. A shorter more pragmatic screening tool for FOC than the Wijma Delivery Expectancy/Experience Questionnaire (WDEQ) is needed. Women with PTSD attributed a mismatch between the expected mode of delivery (MOD) and the actual MOD as the cause of their trauma.SummaryA history of mental health disorders, lack of social support, previous negative birth experiences, and MOD are correlated to FOC and postpartum PTSD. Psycho-education and CBT-based treatments have been found to reduce levels of FOC and PTSD.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
The Effects of Gamma Radiation on Bioplastics

Bioplastics have been gaining traction in these few years and but still need to achieve the level of physical properties found in petrochemical plastics for wider use in applications involving radiation techniques. This study aimed to investigate the synthesis of starch bioplastic from plant sources such as starch and understand how radiation affects such a material relative to petrochemical plastic. The starch bioplastic samples were synthesised from corn flour and irradiated with a low dose along with PET and PE for comparison. Analysis was done on surface morphology, Vickers hardness test and FTIR for comparison between samples without irradiation and with irradiation. This study found almost no changes in PET, PE and starch bioplastic when exposed to 13.05 mGy of absorbed dose. Comparison between samples of the same material without and with irradiation found no observable changes in the surface morphology. After undergoing irradiation, the Vickers hardness value was found to have changed, for PET a decrease of 1.2 HV from 21.9 HV to 20.7 HV; for PE an increase of 1.57 HV from 5.49 HV to 7.06 HV; for starch bioplastic a slight increase of 0.28 HV from 1.74 HV to 2.02 HV. As for FTIR spectroscopy, the irradiated PET sample displayed slight decreased absorption for overall absorption spectra and significant decreased absorption of peaks at 1700 cm-1, 1250 cm -1, 1000 cm-1 and 720 cm-1 compared to non-irradiated sample. For PE, decreased absorption was found in the overall absorption spectra for sample with irradiation. For starch bioplastic however, no difference was found in the absorption spectra for both samples without and with irradiation. With these findings along with identified issues involved in the synthesis process of the starch bioplastic, this study would help to increase the favourability of bioplastics over conventional petrochemical plastics used in disposable consumer products.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Experimental study and performance predication of carbon based composite desiccants for desiccant coated heat exchangers

A DCHE (desiccant coated heat exchanger) is a novel solid desiccant cooling component with desiccant coated onto the surface of a fin-tube heat exchanger. In the paper, carbon based composite desiccants were developed and studied for DCHE systems. Composite desiccants were fabricated by impregnating LiCl into pores of activated carbon and activated carbon fiber. Due to impregnated salt, composite desiccants were found to have smaller surface area and pore volume. Sorption isotherms were measured and simulated based on Polanyi potential theory. Water sorption isotherms showed that composite desiccants possessed enhanced sorption quantity. Sorption kinetics was also investigated and fitted with the linear driving model. Composite desiccants showed higher dynamic water uptakes and reasonable rate coefficients. Finally, to predict dehumidification performance of composite desiccants in DCHE systems, a mathematical model was built. Simulation results showed that composite desiccant coated DCHEs can remove more moisture from the process air.

Field of study: Engineering
A Reparameterisation Of A Bivariate Gamma Extension

Becker and Roux (1981) invebiiyated a bivariate gamma extension based on a piausible physica! model. This paper introduces a useful reparameterisation of this bivariate gamma extension. Based on he suggested reparameterisation, a procedure that may be utilised to test for bivariate independence is discussed for a special case of the gamma extension

Field of study: Mathematics
On the zero-level offset in the GOSAT TANSO-FTS O 2 A band and the quality of solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF): comparison of SIF between GOSAT and OCO-2

Satellite remote sensing of solar-induced chlorophyll
fluorescence (SIF) has attracted attention as a method for improving the
estimation accuracy of the photosynthetic production of terrestrial
vegetation in recent years. The Greenhouse gases Observing Satellite (GOSAT)
has the ability to observe both SIF and the concentrations of CO2 and
 CH4 and thus is expected to contribute to the understanding of the global
carbon budget. Evaluating artefact signals (e.g. zero-level offset caused
by non-linearity in the analogue circuit in the case of GOSAT) is effective
for inferring the instrument status and important for retrieving SIF from
satellite measurements. Here we investigate the characteristics of the
zero-level offset and the consistency of satellite-derived SIFs by comparing
the derived SIF with the Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 (OCO-2) SIF at
multiple spatial scales (footprint to global). The zero-level offset was
evaluated using filling-in signals over bare soil while investigating the
criteria for identifying barren areas. An analysis of the temporal variation
of the zero-level offset over a period of 9 years suggests that the
radiometric sensitivity of the GOSAT spectrometer changed after switching
the optics path selector in January 2015. The GOSAT SIF was highly
consistent with the OCO-2 SIF, with a bias within 0.1 mW m −2  nm −1  sr −1 for most months and an inter-region bias of about 0.2 mW m −2  nm −1  sr −1 . Our results agree with the previous comparisons and
support the consistency among the present satellite SIF data, which is
important for the utilization of those data.

Field of study: Environmental science
Characterization of vertical GaN p–n diodes and junction field-effect transistors on bulk GaN down to cryogenic temperatures

There is great interest in wide-bandgap semiconductor devices and most recently in vertical GaN structures for power electronic applications such as power supplies, solar inverters and motor drives. In this paper the temperature-dependent electrical behavior of vertical GaN p–n diodes and vertical junction field-effect transistors fabricated on bulk GaN substrates of low defect density (104 to 106 cm−2) is described. Homoepitaxial MOCVD growth of GaN on its native substrate and the ability to control the doping in the drift layers in GaN have allowed the realization of vertical device architectures with drift layer thicknesses of 6 to 40 μm and net carrier electron concentrations as low as 1 × 1015 cm−3. This parameter range is suitable for applications requiring breakdown voltages of 1.2 kV to 5 kV. Mg, which is used as a p-type dopant in GaN, is a relatively deep acceptor (E A ≈ 0.18 eV) and susceptible to freeze-out at temperatures below 200 K. The loss of holes in p-GaN has a deleterious effect on p–n junction behavior, p-GaN contacts and channel control in junction field-effect transistors at temperatures below 200 K. Impact ionization-based avalanche breakdown (BV > 1200 V) in GaN p–n junctions is characterized between 77 K and 423 K for the first time. At higher temperatures the p–n junction breakdown voltage improves due to increased phonon scattering. A positive temperature coefficient in the breakdown voltage is demonstrated down to 77 K; however, the device breakdown characteristics are not as abrupt at temperatures below 200 K. On the other hand, contact resistance to p-GaN is reduced dramatically above room temperature, improving the overall device performance in GaN p–n diodes in all cases except where the n-type drift region resistance dominates the total forward resistance. In this case, the electron mobility can be deconvolved and is found to decrease with T −3/2, consistent with a phonon scattering model. Also, normally-on vertical junction field-effect transistors with BV = 1000 V and drain currents of 4 A are fabricated and characterized over the same temperature range. It is demonstrated that vertical GaN devices (diodes and transistors) utilizing p–n junctions are suitable for most practical applications including automotive ones (210 K < T < 423 K). While devices are functional at cryogenic temperatures (77 K) there may be some limitations to their performance due the freeze-out of Mg acceptors.

Field of study: Materials science
Die Synthese einheitlicher Polymerer in Laboratorium und in der Natur

I. EINLEITUNG Während die Synthese einheitlicher Stoffe in der niedermolekularen Chemie die Regel ist und diesem Ziel keine grundsätzlichen Schwierigkeiten im Wege stehen, ist es bisher noch nicht gelungen, mit Laboratoriumsmethoden einen molekular einheitlichen hochpolymeren Stoff zu synthetisieren. Stets enthält die Struktur der im Laboratorium synthetisierten Hochpolymeren einen erheblichen statistischen Anteil. Die Ursache hierfür liegt nicht darin, dass synthetische Prozesse, die zu Hochpolymeren führen, ungenauer oder schlechter reproduzierbar sind als Synthesen im niedermolekularen Bereich, sondern darin, dass die Statistik der elementaren Reaktionsschritte einen in beiden Bereichen verschiedenen Einfluss auf das Reaktionsprodukt hat. Sind zum Beispiel bei einer niedermolekularen Synthese 1 Prozent der Reaktionsschritte "falsch", so vermindert das nur die Ausbeute um diesen unbedeutenden Betrag. Treten jedoch bei radikalischer Polymerisation eines Produktes mit dem Polymerisationsgrad 1000 nur 1% Prozent Uebertragungsschritte am Polymeren auf, so entsteht ein Stoff mit stark verzweigten Molekülen, der in seinen Eigenschaften völlig verschieden von dem entsprechenden Stoff mit linearen Molekülen ist, der dann entsteht, wenn diese Nebenreaktion unterbleibt. Die Synthese molekular einheitlicher Polymerer besteht daher zum grössten Teil in einem Kampf gegen die Statistik der chemischen Elementarprozesse. Dabei ist noch zusätzlich zu beachten, dass auch die physikalischen Bedingungen während der Reaktion genau beherrscht werden müssen, da diese, wie nachher gezeigt werden wird, einen erheblichen Beitrag zum statistischen Aufbau des Polymeren liefern. Thermodynamisch gesehen bedeutet das, dass am Ort der Reaktion eine Verminderung der Entropie eintreten muss. Das ist wegen des allgemeinen Prinzips, dass bei realen Prozessen die Entropie zunimmt, nur möglich, wenn in der Umgebung des Reaktionsortes die Entropie um einen grösseren Betrag erhöht wird. In der vollkommensten Weise findet die Synthese einheitlicher makromolekularer Stoffe in den Organismen statt. Jeder Organismus produziert einen Satz von 103 bis 104 Proteinen, deren Aminosäuresequenz, Grösse und Konformation so genau festgelegt ist, dass sie mit den gleichen, wenn auch verfeinerten, Methoden wie in der niedermolekularen Chemie als chemische Individuen isoliert werden können. Auch Biopolymere, die wie die Cellulose nur aus einer Art von Monomereinheiten bestehen, besitzen, soweit man zur Zeit feststellen kann, ein fehlerfrei durchgeführtes, einheitliches

Field of study: Chemistry
SU‐GG‐I‐125: Treatment Responses Monitored by Estimated Returning‐To‐Origin Probability for Clinical High Diffusion Image

The usefulness of diffusionmagnetic resonance imaging(MRI) to monitor treatment response has been recognized. For more specific information like extra‐/intracellular space, and water exchange, an extensive diffusionencoding with high diffusion weighting is required. However the intrinsic low signal‐to‐noise with eddy‐current contamination prohibits the high diffusion weighting imaging from becoming a useful clinical tool in spite of its great clinical potentials. We proposed a novel expression to represent high diffusion encoded image based on q‐space analysis for clinical purpose. Our q‐space analysis is to approximate the probability theory of ensemble averaged water molecules “returning” to their original spot at the beginning diffusion observation for a given diffusion time.  The 14‐minute MRI sequence employed a high‐diffusion encoding with 9 b‐values ranging as: 1∼ 4×103 sec/mm2, and a re‐focused diffusion gradient waveform is to balance eddy‐current effect, and the diffusion gradient is set in 6 directions for uniformly sampling in 3 dimensions to provide the information for returning‐to‐origin (RTO) probability as well as diffusiontensorimaging (DTI). In q‐space, the 9‐point diffusionencoding values from each voxel are interpolated before spatial domain conversion. The fractional anisotropy (FA) map is derived from the Eigenvalue of a given DTI. The giloblastoma patient's image is presented in this study.  A better signal‐to‐noise RTO map demonstrates its superior image quality than any diffusionimages derived from the conventional apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) analysis because the q‐space analysis uses the integration over q‐space instead of differentiating used in ADC analysis. The RTO also highlights the slower water diffusion along white matter as FA map, and it also shows the slow diffusion in fiber‐deteriorated part in GBM tumor location that FA map cannot. The slow diffusion helps to identify the high‐grade glioma due to its higher cellularity.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Genetic and Clinical Characteristics of Patients With Hereditary Spherocytosis in Hubei Province of China

Hereditary spherocytosis (HS) is an inherited disorder characterized by anemia, splenomegaly, and spherical-shaped erythrocytes, caused by mutations in erythrocyte membrane Protein Genes (ANK1, SPTB, SLC4A1, SPTA1, and EPB42). We investigated molecular spectrum and genotype-phenotype correlation in HS patients in Hubei province, central China. Twenty-three patients with HS were included. A next-generation sequencing (NGS) panel targeting ANK1, SPTB, SLC4A1, SPTA1, and EPB42 genes was used to screen potential variants. Sanger sequencing was applied to validate variants. Of the twenty-three patients, thirteen patients carried ANK1 variants, and ten patients harbored SPTB variants, including ten non-sense, six indel, four splice site, one start-loss, and one missense variant. Four out of twenty-two variants in our study were known, and eighteen variants were novel. Most ANK1 and SPTB variants were indel (5/12) or non-sense (7/10), respectively. Family member analysis in thirteen families showed that six variants were de novo. Variable expressivities were observed in a pair of twins with ANK1 c.341C > T variant, and two unrelated patients both carried ANK1 c.2T > A variant. Genotype-phenotype analysis found no significant difference between ANK1 and SPTB regarding the levels of Hb, RBC, MCV, MCH, and MCHC. However, variants in the ANK1 death domain were associated with lower levels of MCV and MCH compared to other ANK1 domains. In conclusion, NGS is a fast way to provide a molecular HS diagnosis. We also identified unique genetic and clinical characteristics of patients with HS in Hubei Province, China. However, a large sample size is needed to further investigate the genotype-phenotype correlation.

Field of study: Biology
Electro-optical graphene plasmonic logic gates.

The versatile control of graphene's plasmonic modes via an external gate-voltage inspires us to design efficient electro-optical graphene plasmonic logic gates at the midinfrared wavelengths. We show that these devices are superior to the conventional optical logic gates because the former possess cut-off states and interferometric effects. Moreover, the designed six basic logic gates (i.e., NOR/AND, NAND/OR, XNOR/XOR) achieved not only ultracompact size lengths of less than λ/28 with respect to the operating wavelength of 10 μm, but also a minimum extinction ratio as high as 15 dB. These graphene plasmonic logic gates are potential building blocks for future nanoscale midinfrared photonic integrated circuits.

Field of study: Physics
Characterisation of aerosol size properties from measurements of
spectral optical depth: a global validation of the GRASP-AOD code
using long-term AERONET data

A validation study is conducted regarding aerosol optical size property retrievals from only measurements of the direct Sun beam (without the aid of diffuse radiation). The study focuses on testing with real data the new GRASP-AOD application which uses only spectral optical depth measurements to retrieve the total column aerosol size distributions, assumed as bimodal log-normal. In addition, a set of secondary integral parameters of aerosol size distribution and optical properties are provided: effective radius, total volume concentration and fine mode fraction of aerosol optical depth. The GRASP-AOD code is applied to almost three million observations acquired during twenty years (1997–2016) at thirty AERONET (Aerosol Robotic Network) sites. These validation sites have been selected based on known availability of an extensive data record, significant aerosol load variability along the year, wide worldwide coverage and divers aerosol types and source regions. The output parameters are compared to those coming from the operational AERONET retrievals. The retrieved fine mode fractions at 500 nm (τf(500)) obtained by GRASP-AOD application are compared to those retrieved by the Spectral Deconvolution Algorithm and by AERONET aerosol retrieval algorithm. The size distribution properties obtained by GRASP-AOD are compared to their equivalent values from the AERONET aerosol retrieval algorithm. The analysis showed the convincing capacity of GRASP-AOD approach to successfully discriminate between fine and coarse mode extinction to robustly retrieve τf(500). The comparisons of 2 million results of τf(500) retrieval by GRASP-AOD and SDA showed high correlation with a root-mean-square-error of 0.015. Also, the analysis showed that the τf(500) values computed by AERONET aerosol retrieval algorithm agree slightly better with GRASP-AOD (RMSE = 0.018, from 148526 comparisons) than with SDA (RMSE = 0.022, from 127203 comparisons). The comparisons of the size distribution retrieval showed the agreement for fine mode median radius between GRASP-AOD and AERONET aerosol retrieval algorithm results with RMSE of 0.032 μm (or 18.7 % in relative terms) for the situations when τ(440) > 0.2 that occurs for more than eighty thousand pairs of the study. For the cases where fine mode is dominant (i.e. α   0.2. The values of effective radius and total volume concentration computed from GRASP-AOD retrieval have been compared to those estimated by AERONET aerosol retrieval algorithm. The RMSE values of the correlations were of 30 % for the effective radius and 25 % for the total volume concentration when τ(440) > 0.2. Finally, the study discusses the importance of employing the assumption of bimodal log-normal size distribution. It also evaluates the potential of using ancillary data, in particular aureole measurements, for improving the characterization of the aerosol coarse mode properties.

Field of study: Environmental science
Extrinsic Reward Valences and Productivity of Business Faculty: A within-and between-Subjects Decision Modeling Experiment

The valences of six extrinsic rewards that can accrue to business faculty members were investigated. A decision modeling experiment was designed with 16 different hypothetical reward situations to elicit effort decisions from 52 respondents. Using instrumentality theory, valences were represented by within-subject regression coefficients, obtained by regressing effort decisions on a set of orthogonal cues. Exploratory analyses yielded significant effects of reward type for the valences within all rank and tenure categories and for the valences of tenure and recognition across rank and tenure categories. Significant correlations were found between research productivity and the valences of mobility and promotion. Interactions with rank were found for the correlations of research productivity with the valences of money and mobility. The findings were consistent with need theories and support conceptual connections between valences and needs.

Field of study: Psychology
Atrazine sorption by hydroxy-interlayered clays and their organic complexes

This study examined the sorption of atrazine by hydroxy-Fe interlayered montmorillonite (FeMt) and its hydroquinone (FeMtHQ), citrate (FeMtCt) and catechol (FeMtCC) complexes as well as by hydroxy-Al interlayered montmorillonite (AlMt) and its hydroquinone (AlMtHQ) and citrate (AlMtCt) complexes. Found among the clays were sorption distribution coefficients (Kd) ranging from 24 to 123 mL g−1 and maximum sorption (M) ranging from 2.2 to 16.8 μ g g−1. Both Kd and M decreased in the order of FeMtCC > FeMtHQ > AlMtHQ > (AlMt = FeMt) > (AlMtCt = FeMtCt). The pH was negatively correlated with both Kd (r = −0.90, p < 0.001) and M (r = −0.81, p < 0.001). When interlayered clays were associated with humified material (FeMtCC, FeMtHQ, AlMtHQ), both Kd (r > 0.96, p < 0.01) and M (r > 0.94, p < 0.01) were highly positively correlated with total organic C and alkali-soluble C. However, clays with non-humified organic compounds (FeMtCt and AlMtCt) sorbed less atrazine than clays without any organic C (FeMt and AlMt). This suggests that functional groups of Fe-OH and Al-OH in FeMt and AlMt reduced the available sorption sites for atrazine by making complexes with citrate ions while forming FeMtCt and AlMtCt. The atrazine was sorbed through the hydrophobic interactions with organic compound surfaces as well as through H-bonding and ionic bonding with clay-mineral surfaces.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences