nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Depinning of the charged Bose glass: origin of the critical voltage in nanostructured Josephson-junction chains

The low-temperature states of bosonic condensates exhibit fundamental quantum effects at the macroscopic scale. The combined effects of interaction and disorder in these can have drastic consequences, leading to the Mott insulator and Bose-Anderson glass. The latter is thought to describe helium-4 in porous media, cold atoms in disordered optical potentials, disordered magnetic insulators, and thin superconducting films. The prototypical Bose-Hubbard model without disorder predicts a Beresinskii-Kosterlitz-Thouless quantum phase transition between superfluid and Mott insulator. Experimental implementation using arrays of Josephson junctions has been explored, however, the possibility of the insulating glass has not been considered. The ubiquity of such a phase in Josephson-junction arrays would have important implications for their proposed use as a fundamental current standard. Unlike the Mott insulator, the insulating glass is compressible, therefore AC synchronisation of charge may not be possible. We have measured critical voltages for a large number of simple chains of sub-micron Josephson junctions with significantly varying energy scales. We observe universal scaling of critical voltage with single-junction Bloch bandwidth. Our measurements reveal a localisation length exponent that steepens with Luttinger parameter, arising from precursor fluctuations as one approaches the Bose glass-superfluid quantum phase transition. This contrasts with the fixed exponent found for classical pinning of charge density waves, vortex lattices, and disordered spin systems, and is in excellent agreement with the quantum theory of one-dimensional disordered bosonic insulators. We thereby demonstrate a unique signature of the charged Bose glass in insulating Josephson-junction chains.

Field of study: Physics
The Local Recoverability of Risk Aversion and Intertemporal Substitution

Call an economy revealing if underlying preferences are recoverable from asset prices, specifically from the prices of aggregate equity or a one-period discount bond. In a Lucas [  (1978), 1429-4444] model, with Kreps–Porteus [  1978), 185-200] nonexpected utility and Markov output growth rate process, local recoverability is shown to be a generic property. In this sense it is generically true that asset pricing models based on the more general Kreps–Porteus utility have more explanatory power than the usual expected utility, and both the risk aversion and intertemporal aspects of the Kreps–Porteus utility can be recovered from a single dynamic equilibrium. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers: D11, G12, C60, D50, D80.

Field of study: Economics
Dependence of the Mixed-Valence States on Crystal Form in 1′,1″′-Ditetradecylbiferrocenium Triiodide

Remarkable dependence of the mixed-valence states on crystal form was observed in 1′,1″′-ditetradecylbiferrocenium triiodide. One crystal form showed a temperature-independent trapped-valence state, while the other was found to be a temperature-dependent valence state in which a trapped-valence state at lower temperatures and an averaged-valence state at higher temperatures are observed.

Field of study: Chemistry
A differential pumping system to deliver windowless VUV photons at atmospheric pressure.

In order to deliver VUV (vacuum ultraviolet) photons under atmospheric pressure conditions, a differential pumping system has been built on the DISCO beamline at the SOLEIL synchrotron radiation facility. The system is made of four stages and is 840 mm long. The conductance-limiting body has been designed to allow practicable optical alignment. VUV transmission of the system was tested under air, nitrogen, argon and neon, and photons could be delivered down to 60 nm (20 eV).

Field of study: Physics
Biological quality of running waters in protected areas: the influence of size and land use

There are still substantial questions about whether protected areas affect the quality and biodiversity of surface waters within their borders. In this study, the size and land use of 19 protected areas of Latium Region (central Italy) were related to the biological quality of 32 streams running inside them. Additionally, the biological quality of 18 out of the 32 streams was compared with the quality recorded on the same streams outside the boundaries of the protected areas. The biological quality was assessed using the Extended Biotic Index, which indicates the macroinvertebrate community health. The quality of 32 study streams running through the protected areas was not related to the size of these areas, but it did reflect land use. On average, the 18 study sites inside protected areas had biological quality similar to external control sites. In the protected areas, the biological quality of streams was higher than for the same streams in the surrounding territory provided that anthropogenic changes were fewer. These data indicate that the creation of protected areas per se does not increase freshwater biodiversity and that land use has a major impact on the biological quality of the stream in a protected area. As a consequence, a higher number of reserves or landscape designations specifically created for aquatic conservation is necessary and recovery programs aimed at restoring physical habitats and reducing sources of impact to aquatic life have to be pursued. Also, where the anthropogenic impact is high (e.g., as in the case of strongly urbanised areas), the creation of effective protected areas might improve the biological quality of water courses.

Field of study: Environmental science
Democracy Education in Elementary Schools

Elementary schools have a significant role in creating democratic attitudes and attainments in children. During elementary education, children are prepared for life, becoming familiar with rules in social life in addition to gaining academic knowledge and abilities. In this article, the importance of educating children about democracy in elementary schools and some activities that can be done in schools to teach children the efficiency of democracy are pointed out. During the research, the opinions of experienced social sciences teachers who work in elementary schools were consulted. The suggested activities are presented with samples of in-class implementation prepared by expert teachers.

Field of study: Sociology
IDENTIFICATION OF THE MAIN CONTRIBUTION MODES OF WIND LOAD OF SUPER-TALL BUILDINGS BASED ON POUBLE MIDAL TRANSFORMATION

The rigid model synchronization pressure test of one super-tall building is carried out in TJ-2 Wind Tunnel and the time-history of wind pressure is gained. Then the Double Modal Transformation Method (DMT), including Classical Modal Analysis and the Proper Orthogonal Decomposition, is used for calculating wind-induced responses. The results show that: the results of wind-induced responses are related to the load-mode influence coefficient. With high orthogonality between one load mode and an inherent mode, the contribution of one load mode is small, and the contrary case is the same. At the same time, the results of wind-induced responses are related to the energy of main coordinates of load modes (proper value), spectrum properties, structural frequency and damping, and the contribution of proper value on wind-induced responses will be greater as its value is greater. When the damping is a fixed value, the contribution on the resonance component of wind-induced responses will be greater with spectrum of one frequency greater.

Field of study: Engineering
Synthesis and Spectroscopic Properties of Acridinium-9-sulfonamides

By introducing an electro-withdrawing antipyrine group, N -( p -toluenesulfonyl)- N -(4-antipyrine)-10-methylacridinium-9-carboxamide triflate is prepared. The UV, fluorescent (FL), and chemiluminescent (CL) properties of the target compound and of its precursor are investigated by comparing with those of the model compounds N -( p -toluenesulfonyl)- N -phenyl-10-methylacridinium-9-carboxamide triflate and the corresponding precursor, respectively. The results show that, compared with the corresponding model compound, acridine sulfonamide with a heterocyclic antipyrine group exhibits blue shift of both UV absorption and of maximum excitation wavelength ( λ ex ) and the emission wavelength ( λ em ) in FL spectra. The λ ex of the final target and its precursor are 268 and 274 nm, respectively, and the λ em are 321 and 327 nm, respectively, whereas the λ ex of the model compound and its unmethylated precursor are 365 and 359 nm, respectively, and the λ em are 504 and 440 nm, respectively. Moreover, the chemiluminescence of the final target compound triggered by H 2 O 2 could finish within 1.1 s, and the quantum yield is similar to that of the model compound, being 5.6 times high as that of luminol.

Field of study: Chemistry
Eine neue Grundlegung der Wahrscheinlichkeitsrechnung

ZusammenfassungUnter Ausschaltung jedes mathematischen Ballastes soll hier eine neue Grundlegung der Wahrscheinlichkeitsrechnung gegeben werden, die ich im wesentlichen in einer rein mathematischen Arbeit entwickelt habe. Dort jedoch erschwert der mathematische Apparat den überblick so au\erordentlich, da\ es zweckmÄ\ig erscheint, den Gedankengang an sich einmal geschlossen darzustellen. — Es handelt sich um eine logische Theorie, die mir jedoch alle Vorteile der HÄufigkeitstheorie zu haben scheint, ohne in deren logische Schwierigkeiten zu geraten. Au\erdem ist die hier gegebene Theorie wesentlich allgemeiner und übersichtlicher als die übliche HÄufigkeitslehre. — Die Betrachtungen bestehen ihrer Natur nach aus einem theoretischen Teil und aus dem Fragenkomplex der praktischen Anwendbarkeit. Wesentlich neu ist wohl nur der theoretische Teil.

Field of study: Physics
A Comparative Study of Open (Milligan-Morgan) Versus Closed (Ferguson) Hemorrhoidectomy

Hemorrhoidectomy is an operation for third and fourth degree haemorrhoids. There are two methods by which hemorrhoidectomy can be done -open (Milligan-Morgan) in which the wound is left open and allowed to heal by secondary intension and closed (Ferguson) methods in which the wound is closed with absorbale sutures.  To compare post operative pain and recovery in open (Milligan-Morgan) and closed (Ferguson) methods and evaluate optimum choice of the procedure for third or fourth degree hemorrhoids.  Prospective randomized study.  Department of Surgery, Dr. Vasantrao Pawar Medical College, Hospital and Research Center.  Two year (August 2010 to August 2012). Sample Size: 70 cases (35 cases in each group).  Patients with third/four degree hemorrhoids.  Patients with associated anal and perianal conditions like fissure in ano, inflammatory bowel diseases and rectal malignancy, portal hypertension were excluded from the study.  Mean hospital stay for open group was 5 days and closed group was 3 days. Post operative pain was seen in 77% in open group and 48 % in closed group. Pain was relieved earlier in closed group. 71% patients had completely healed wounds at 3 weeks in closed group in comparision to only 42% in open group. Anal stenosis was seen in 2 patients of open hemorrhoidectomy.  Closed hemorrhoidectomy is the procedure of choice for three/four degree hemorrhoids.

Field of study: Medicine
Deep-time geometricians and hints on motor control evolution of marine invertebrates

Motor control is an important component of animal movement that relies on the nervous system to conduct coordinated locomotion. Marine trace fossils, recording a myriad of movement patterns of principally invertebrate bilaterians, provide unique geological evidences for the evolution of animal locomotor behaviour. Here we report highly geometrical circular trace fossils from the Upper Ordovician deep-water slope deposits of North China. They consist of a small-sized ring-like main burrow with around 8 or 12 regularly-spaced tangential branches, contributing to semi-octagonal or semi-dodecagonal patterns with an average turning angle between successive branches of about 45° and 30°, respectively. The individual specimens also display regular and locally highly symmetric combination patterns like a Venn diagram. The ordered geometric expression of tiny circular trace fossils here suggests a relatively high level of motor control from minute invertebrate animals. Bilaterian motor control evolution in the early Palaeozoic as evidenced by the marine trace fossil record could be a key ingredient of biological evolutions during the Cambrian and Ordovician radiations. The Ordovician Radiation as an ecological expansion in the marine realm was accompanied by distinct offshore migration of the shallow-shelf ichnofauna and compositional change in the deep-sea ichnofauna. The greatly ameliorated deep-sea food content and relatively homogenous deep-sea food distribution may have promoted more geometrical and patterned trace fossils with a high level of motor control in the deep-sea regime during the Late Ordovician. It is speculated that after the latest Ediacaran–early Cambrian that set up the bilaterian behavioural toolkit, the Ordovician and Cretaceous represent two periods with distinct behavioural and motor control evolution of the deep-sea ichnofauna, which were in pace with revolutions in pelagic organic matter circulation during the corresponding periods.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Gergely Baics, Feeding Gotham: the political economy and geography of food in New York, 1790–1860 (Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2016. Pp. xviii+347. 19 figs. 16 maps. 7 plates. 10 tabs. ISBN 9780691168791 Hbk. £29.95/$39.95)


Field of study: Economics, History
A composite binomial model derived from correlated ramdom variables

Motivated by a corrlelatin problem in a power calculation of proficienc y testing, a composite binomial model is developed to describe the distribution for the number of outliers from measurement results of multiple nalytes contained in a sdingle sampler. This model is different from other binomial models in that its component Bernoulli variables are derived from correlateed random variables. By modeling the correlated random variables to Bernoulli variables, various composite binomial distributions can be derived. Formulas for calculating the Probabilities of the composite binomial distribution are provided. Although the composite binomial model is dev eloped for a powercalculation,it can be applied to other problems related to a sum of correlated Bernoulli variables.

Field of study: Mathematics
Ecological science and the management of protected areas

This paper aims to survey a few among many ecological principles that are particularly relevant to the management of protected areas. Various aspects of the relation between area of protected habitat and numbers of constituent species preserved are discussed, with emphasis of edge effects and other factors. Particular attention is given to those species which persist via local extinctions and recolonizations within a shifting mosaic of patches, and to the counter-intuitive things that can happen to such species or communities when a fraction of the patches is destroyed. The paper concludes with comments about making choices as to which areas to preserve — the calculus of biodiversity — and about more general social and economic considerations.

Field of study: Environmental science
STRUCTURE AND PETROLOGY OF THE PEACH BOTTOM SLATE, PENNSYLVANIA AND MARYLAND, AND ITS ENVIRONMENT

The Peach Bottom slate lies in the center of the Peach Bottom syncline of southeastern Pennsylvania and Maryland. The slate is underlain by the Cardiff conglomerate and the Peters Creek schist. Chlorite is almost as abundant as muscovite in the slate. Chloritoid is common in the Cardiff conglomerate and in many parts of the slate belt, especially in local zones where shearing was more intense. Bedding is almost entirely destroyed, and bedding-cleavage relations cannot be used to work out the structure of the slate. The rocks show well developed flow cleavage (schistosity), fracture cleavage, joints, and lineations. Flow cleavage strikes northeast and parallels the long axis of the Peach Bottom syncline. Fracture cleavage is parallel to axial planes of drag folds and crenulations in the slate. Lineations are parallel to fold axes. They plunge generally northeast to southeast at a moderate to steep angle. Steep cross joints, trending northwest to northeast, are the most abundant type. They exercise a marked control over surface drainage. Arching of fold axes, resulting in cross folds, occurred in several transverse zones at the same time that the syncline was compressed and overturned to the northwest. B-tectonites and B ∧ B′-tectonites are represented. B ∧ B′ is about 72°. B9 is approximately the a direction. Where two sets of lineations occur, there has been no uniform overprinting. Lineations are largely contemporaneous. One period of deformation, consisting of several stages, is indicated. Conclusions based on field data are borne out by petrofabric analysis.

Field of study: Geology
Phospholipase D and phosphatidic acid signalling in plant response to drought and salinity.

The activity of phospholipase D (PLD) in plants increases under different hyperosmotic stresses, such as dehydration, drought, and salinity. Recent results begin to shed light onto the involvement of PLD in response to water deficits and salinity. Different PLDs have unique and overlapping functions in these responses. PLDalpha1 promotes stomatal closure and reduces water loss. PLDalpha1 and PLDdelta are involved in seedling tolerance to salt stress. PLDalpha3 and PLDepsilon enhance plant growth and hyperosmotic tolerance. The different PLDs regulate the production of phosphatidic acid (PA) that is a key class of lipid mediators in plant response to environmental stresses. Further studies on the upstream regulators that activate different PLDs and the downstream effectors of PLDs and PA have the potential to unveil the linkage between the stimulus perception at the cell membrane to intracellular responses to drought and salinity stresses.

Field of study: Environmental science
Porcine glutathione transferase Alpha 2-2 is a human GST A3-3 analogue that catalyses steroid double-bond isomerization.

A primary role of GSTs (glutathione transferases) is detoxication of electrophilic compounds. In addition to this protective function, hGST (human GST) A3-3, a member of the Alpha class of soluble GSTs, has prominent steroid double-bond isomerase activity. The isomerase reaction is an obligatory step in the biosynthesis of steroid hormones, indicating a special role of hGST A3-3 in steroidogenic tissues. An analogous GST with high steroid isomerase activity has so far not been found in any other biological species. In the present study, we characterized a Sus scrofa (pig) enzyme, pGST A2-2, displaying high steroid isomerase activity. High levels of pGST A2-2 expression were found in ovary, testis and liver. In its functional properties, other than steroid isomerization, pGST A2-2 was most similar to hGST A3-3. The properties of the novel porcine enzyme lend support to the notion that particular GSTs play an important role in steroidogenesis.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Preparation of aloe—perilla leaf compound health beverage

The processing technology of aloe and perilla leaf compound beverage was studied. Orthogonal test was carried out to find out optimal formula of the beverage, also optimal combined stabilizer and sterilizedtechnics were selected out. Through the study, a kind of nutritional hygienical and crude new- style compoundbeverage with unique flavor was developed.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
The maximization of overall reinforcement rate on concurrent chains.

We model behavioral allocation on concurrent chains in which the initial links are independent variable-interval schedules. We also quantify the relationship between behavior during the initial links and the probability of entering a terminal link. The behavior that maximizes overall reinforcement rate is then considered and compared with published experimental data. Although all the trends in the data are predicted by rate maximization, there are considerable deviations from the predictions of rate maximization when reward magnitudes are unequal. We argue from our results that optimal allocation on concurrent chains, and prey choice as used in the theory of optimal diets, are distinct concepts. We show that the maximization of overall rate can lead to apparent violations of stochastic transitivity.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Arctigenin enhances swimming endurance of sedentary rats partially by regulation of antioxidant pathways

Arctigenin, a phenylpropanoid dibenzylbutyrolactone lignan found in traditional Chinese herbs, has been determined to exhibit a variety of pharmacological activities, including anti-tumor, anti-inflammation, neuroprotection, and endurance enhancement. In the present study, we investigated the antioxidation and anti-fatigue effects of arctigenin in rats.Rat L6 skeletal muscle cell line was exposed to H2O2 (700 μmol/L), and ROS level was assayed using DCFH-DA as a probe. Male SD rats were injected with arctigenin (15 mg·kg−1·d−1, ip) for 6 weeks, and then the weight-loaded forced swimming test (WFST) was performed to evaluate their endurance. The levels of antioxidant-related genes in L6 cells and the skeletal muscles of rats were analyzed using real-time RT-PCR and Western blotting.Incubation of L6 cells with arctigenin (1, 5, 20 μmol/L) dose-dependently decreased the H2O2-induced ROS production. WFST results demonstrated that chronic administration of arctigenin significantly enhanced the endurance of rats. Furthermore, molecular biology studies on L6 cells and skeletal muscles of the rats showed that arctigenin effectively increased the expression of the antioxidant-related genes, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione reductase (Gsr), glutathione peroxidase (GPX1), thioredoxin (Txn) and uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2), through regulation of two potential antioxidant pathways: AMPK/PGC-1α/PPARα in mitochondria and AMPK/p53/Nrf2 in the cell nucleus.Arctigenin efficiently enhances rat swimming endurance by elevation of the antioxidant capacity of the skeletal muscles, which has thereby highlighted the potential of this natural product as an antioxidant in the treatment of fatigue and related diseases.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Dynamical coupling between gradients and transport in fusion plasmas.

The dynamical coupling between density gradients and particle transport has been investigated using similar experimental tools in the plasma boundary of different tokamak (JET, ISTTOK) and stellarator (TJ-II) devices, showing that the size of turbulent events is minimum in the proximity of the most probable density gradient. Experimental results were found to be consistent with results from two very different models of plasma turbulence and transport. The present findings, common to several plasma devices, suggest the importance of self-regulation mechanisms between plasma transport and gradients in fusion devices.

Field of study: Physics