nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Application of Binary Mining Algorithm in Spatial Data Mining

The way of generating frequent candidate a nd pruning technology are difficult technical problem when prenest traditional association rules mining algorithm is used to spatial data mining. Aiming to property feature of database in spatial data mining, mining algorithm based on binary is used to spatial data mining. The algorithm uses binary logic operation to generate frequent candidate and compute its support, these ways efficiently soloves these difficult problems when presented mining algorithms are used to extracting association rules in spatial database.

Field of study: Computer science
Lipopolysaccharide/endotoxin induces IL-18 via CD14 in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells in vitro.

IL-18 shares activities with IL-12 in generating T-helper 1 cells and cytokine response. It mediates LPS/endotoxin lethality by IL-12 independent interferon-gamma synthesis and it induces bacteria-related organ failure. As peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) are potent producers of IL-18, we studied the regulation of IL-18 upon exposure to LPS and Staphylococcus aureus (SAC) in vitro. Freshly isolated PBMC constitutively expressed IL-18 mRNA. After unstimulated preincubation for 48 h, however, IL-18 transcripts were nearly not detectable by RT-PCR, but inducible by LPS or SAC (P<0.01). Both LPS and SAC were potent stimuli of IL-18 protein secretion (P<0.01). LPS-mediated IL-18 gene expression and secretion was CD14-dependent and significantly inhibited by co-incubation of PBMC with neutralizing CD14 antibody (P<0.01). We conclude that LPS-driven IL-18 is dependent on the expression of costimulatory factors and that IL-18 inhibition might attenuate IL-18-related toxic effects.

Field of study: Medicine
Why has no new record-minimum Arctic sea-ice extent occurred since September 2012?

One of the clearest indicators of human-caused climate change is the rapid decline in Arctic sea ice. The summer minimum coverage is now approximately half of its extent only 40 years ago. Four records in the minimum extent were broken since 2000, the most recent occurring in September 2012. No new records have been set since then, however, owing to an abrupt atmospheric shift during each August/early-September that brought low sea-level pressure, cloudiness, and unfavorable wind conditions for ice reduction. While random variability could be the cause, we identify a recently increased prevalence of a characteristic large-scale atmospheric pattern over the northern hemisphere. This pattern is associated not only with anomalously low pressure over the Arctic during summer, but also with frequent heatwaves over East Asia, Scandinavia, and northern North America, as well as the tendency for a split jet stream over the continents. This jet-stream configuration has been identified as favoring extreme summer weather events in northern mid-latitudes. We propose a mechanism linking these features with diminishing spring snow cover on northern-hemisphere continents that acts as a negative feedback on the loss of Arctic sea ice during summer.

Field of study: Environmental science
Prismatic Slip in PVT-Grown 4H-SiC Crystals

Basal plane slip is the most frequently observed deformation mechanism in 4H-type silicon carbon (4H-SiC) single crystals grown by the physical vapor transport (PVT) method. However, it was recently reported that dislocations in such crystals can also glide in prismatic slip systems. In this study, we observed nonuniform distributions of three sets of prismatic dislocations in a commercial 4H-SiC substrate wafer. The nonuniformity is a result of the distribution of resolved shear stress on each prismatic slip system caused by radial thermal gradients in the growing crystal boule. A radial thermal model has been developed to estimate the thermal stress across the entire area of the crystal boule during PVT growth. The model results show excellent agreement with the observations, confirming that radial thermal gradients play a key role in activating prismatic slip in 4H-SiC during bulk growth.

Field of study: Materials science
Inhibitory effect of retinoic acid on the respiratory burst of adult and cord blood neutrophils and macrophages: potential implication to bronchopulmonary dysplasia.

Infants suffering from bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) are known to have low levels of vitamin A, a factor which may be implicated in the pathogenesis of the condition. The ability of retinoic acid (RA) (one of the active forms of vitamin A) to influence the production of superoxide anion (02-) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) by stimulated human adult or cord blood neutrophils and macrophages has been studied. RA was found to inhibit the O2- and H2O2 production in a dose-dependent manner. The time required for maximal inhibition was 30 min for neutrophils and 24 h for macrophages. Although cord blood neutrophils produced larger quantities of O2- and H2O2 both with and without RA, the degree of inhibition was similar in both adult and neonatal cells (40-60%). The results suggest that retinoic acid may prevent neutrophil and macrophage mediated lung damage by inhibiting the production of toxic oxygen compounds, especially in BPD conditions.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Discovering Frequently Changing Structures from Historical Structural Deltas of XML

In this paper,we propose an approach to discover the frequently changing structures from the sequence of historical structural deltas of XML.A data model,Historical Changing Number-Document Object Model(HCN-DOM),is proposed.In this model,we store the number of change and the number of change significantly of every node in the historical versions.Using this model,two basic algorithms are presented: The FCS algorithm,which extract FCS after constructing HCN-DOM model,and the FCS+ algorithm,which uses extraction while construction strategy to make the process efficient.Experimental results show that our algorithms are efficient.

Field of study: Computer science
Use of Compliance Measures in an Analysis of the Effect of Diltiazem on Mortality and Reinfarction After Myocardial Infarction

A clinical trial efficacy analysis based on actual drug usage is described. The influence of diltiazem therapy on mortality and reinfarction in the multicenter diltiazem post-infarction trial (MDPIT) is analyzed using records for drug discontinuation and reinitiation; the results are then compared with the previously published “intention to treat” analysis. As expected, previously reported beneficial effects of diltiazem therapy in patients without pulmonary congestion and previously reported harmful effects in patients with pulmonary congestion are strengthened for patients while on study medication; both effects are weakened for those not on study medication. It is also shown that for patients assigned to placebo, being on or off study medication is a powerful prognostic indicator of subsequent outcome events, especially among patients with pulmonary congestion. Analysis of discontinuation rates suggested that patients assigned to diltiazem therapy were likely to discontinue trial medication earlier tha...

Field of study: Mathematics
An SEU resilient, SET filterable and cost effective latch in presence of PVT variations

This paper presents a single event upset (SEU) resilient, single event transient (SET) filterable and cost effective latch (referred to as RFEL) using 45 nm CMOS commercial technology. By means of triple mutual feedback CMOS structures, one of which is an input-split Schmitt trigger, and two of which are Muller C-elements, the internal nodes and output node of the latch are self-recoverable from single event upset regardless of the energy of a striking particle. The latch filters a much wider spectrum of single event transient on account of hysteresis property of the embedded input-split Schmitt trigger, and temporal redundancy in the grouped inputs of the Muller C-element at output stage. The latch performs with lower overheads regarding area, power, and delay than most of the single event upset and single event transient simultaneously tolerated latches as well. Simulation results show that the area-power-delay-pulse product of the latch is 65.58% saving on average, and Monte Carlo simulation results demonstrate the equivalent or even less sensitivity of the latch to process, and temperature variations, compared with the previous radiation hardened latches.

Field of study: Engineering
Cost-efficient design for higher capacity hybrid wireless-optical broadband access network (WOBAN)

Noting that the optical part of a hybrid wireless-optical broadband access network (WOBAN) has high capacity, we need to enhance the capacity for wireless access using a low-cost solution. Deploying multiple radios, say two, at each node will improve the performance of wireless access, but this will also increase the cost and power consumption of the solution. However, deploying multiple radios at only a few nodes, especially those that are overloaded with traffic, can lead to a less-costly and less-power-hungry solution, possibly without sacrificing performance. Hence, we propose a mixed-capacity wireless access (MCWA) architecture for WOBAN and study how to optimally place a limited number of additional radios at the wireless nodes to save the overall network cost. We formulate this problem as a Mixed Integer Linear Program (MILP) and solve it using a standard solver such as CPLEX. An efficient channel and radio assignment scheme is essential to utilize MCWA by reducing interference and contention in the wireless front-end of WOBAN. We propose an intelligent channel and radio assignment (ICRA) for MCWA in WOBAN that performs load balancing over different channels to reduce interference and contention. We formulate this problem as another MILP and solve it using CPLEX. Our findings show that, by using a mixed-capacity wireless access design with intelligent channel and radio assignment, we can obtain almost the same performance as a WOBAN with multi-radios at all nodes.

Field of study: Computer science
Types of College Student-to-Student Learning: Correlated Interactions

209 college men and 327 college women took a 20-item Likert survey to assess the types of education-related information students may learn from other students during their informal interactions. Students were very likely to ask other students low level questions such as which professors were good and which classes to take. They were less likely to ask other students about concepts discussed in class and how to solve problems generated in class. If students asked about test taking, these students were also likely to ask about study skills and writing skills for the class. Other research suggests these higher level help-seeking behaviors seem to be related to classroom mastery and achievement.

Field of study: Psychology
Photocatalytic Degradation of an Organophosphorus Pesticide Phosalone in Aqueous Suspensions of Titanium Dioxide

The present work deals with photocatalytic degradation of an organophosphorus pesticide, phosalone, in water in the presence of TiO2 particles under UV light illumination (1000 W). The influence of the basic photocatalytic parameters such as pH of the solution, amount of TiO2, irradiation time, stirring rate, and distance from UV source, on the photodegradation efficiency of phosalone was investigated. The degradation rate of phosalone was not high when the photolysis was carried out in the absence of TiO2 and it was negligible in the absence of UV light. The half-life (DT50) of a 20 ppm aqueous solution of phosalone was 15 min in optimized conditions. The plot of lnC (phosalone) vs. time was linear, suggesting first order reaction (K = 0.0532 min−1). The half-life time of photomineralization in the concentration range of 7.5–20 ppm was 13.02 min. The efficiency of the method was also determined by measuring the reduction of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD). During the mineralization under optimized conditions, COD decreased by more than 45% at irradiation time of 15 min. The photodegradation of phosalone was enhanced by addition of proper amount of hydrogen peroxide (150 ppm).

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Unsymmetrical three-carbon condensations with dimedone

Condensing together equimolecular amounts of dimedone, an aldehyde, and ß-aminocrotonic ester gives derivatives of 3-ethoxycarbonyl-2, 7, 7-trimethyl-5-keto-1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8-hexahydroquinoline (IVa-c); of these, compounds IVb and IVc can be oxidized by chromic anhydride to 3-ethoxycarbonyl-2, 7, trimethyl-5-keto-5, 6, 7, 8-tetrahydroquinolines (Vb, c). The UV and IR spectra of compounds IVc and Vc are determined. Oxidation splits IVa to bisdimedonylmethane (VI).

Field of study: Chemistry
Enhanced surface warming and accelerated snow melt in the Himalayas and Tibetan Plateau induced by absorbing aerosols

Numerical experiments with the NASA finite-volume general circulation model show that heating of the atmosphere by dust and black carbon can lead to widespread enhanced warming over the Tibetan Plateau?(TP) and accelerated snow melt in the western TP and Himalayas. During the boreal spring, a thick aerosol layer, composed mainly of dust transported from adjacent deserts and black carbon from local emissions, builds up over the Indo-Gangetic Plain, against the foothills of the Himalaya and the TP. The aerosol layer, which extends from the surface to high elevation (~5?km), heats the mid-troposphere by absorbing solar radiation. The heating produces an atmospheric dynamical feedback?the so-called elevated-heat-pump?(EHP) effect, which increases moisture, cloudiness, and deep convection over northern India, as well as enhancing the rate of snow melt in the Himalayas and TP. The accelerated melting of snow is mostly confined to the western TP, first slowly in early April and then rapidly from early to mid-May. The snow cover remains reduced from mid-May through early June. The accelerated snow melt is accompanied by similar phases of enhanced warming of the atmosphere?land system of the TP, with the atmospheric warming leading the surface warming by several days. Surface energy balance analysis shows that the short-wave and long-wave surface radiative fluxes strongly offset each other, and are largely regulated by the changes in cloudiness and moisture over the TP. The slow melting phase in April is initiated by an effective transfer of sensible heat from a warmer atmosphere to land. The rapid melting phase in May is due to an evaporation?snow?land feedback coupled to an increase in atmospheric moisture over the TP induced by the EHP effect.

Field of study: Environmental science
Relationships between Knowledge of Exceptional Children, Kind and Amount of Experience with Them, and Teacher Attitudes toward Their Classroom Integration

Relationships between Knowledge of Exceptional Children, Kind and Amount of Experience with Them, and Teacher Attitudes toward Their Classroom Integration 1 JOHN E. JORDAN, Ph.D. Michigan State University DORIS 1. PROCTOR, Ph.D. Speech Therapist Haring, Stern & Cruickshank (1958, p. 1) have reported that although successful educational programs for exceptional children appear to be largely dependent upon the attitudes

Field of study: Education
Classification of Finite-Growth General Kac–Moody Superalgebras

A contragredient Lie superalgebra is a superalgebra defined by a Cartan matrix. A contragredient Lie superalgebra has finite-growth if the dimensions of the graded components (in the natural grading) depend polynomially on the degree. In this article we classify finite-growth contragredient Lie superalgebras. Previously, such a classification was known only for the symmetrizable case.

Field of study: Mathematics
Genome-Wide Characterization of Alternative Splicing Events and Their Responses to Cold Stress in Tilapia

Alternative splicing (AS) is an important post-transcriptional regulatory mechanism for cells to generate transcript variability and proteome diversity. No systematic investigation of AS events among different tissues in response to stressors is available for tilapia currently. In this study, AS among different tissues was identified and the cold stress-related AS events were explored in a Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) line based on 42 RNA-seq datasets using a bioinformatics pipeline. 14,796 (82.76%; SD = 2,840) of the expression genes showed AS events. The two most abundant AS types were alternative transcription start site (TSS) and terminal site (TTS) in tilapia. Testis, brain and kidney possess the most abundant AS gene number, while the blood, muscle and liver possess the least number in each tissue. Furthermore, 208 differentially alternative splicing (DAS) genes in heart and 483 DAS in brain in response to cold stress. The number of AS types for alternative exon end, exon skipping and retention of single intron increased significantly under cold stress. GO enrichment and pathway overrepresentation analysis indicated that many DAS genes, e.g., genes in circadian clock pathway, may influence expression of downstream genes under cold stress. Our study revealed that AS exists extensively in tilapia and plays an important role in cold adaption.

Field of study: Biology
Collaborative Spectrum Sensing in the Presence of Byzantine Attacks in Cognitive Radio Networks

Cognitive radio (CR) has emerged as a solution to the problem of spectrum scarcity as it exploits transmission opportunities in the under-utilized spectrum bands of primary users. Collaborative (or distributed) spectrum sensing has been shown to have various advantages in terms of spectrum utilization and robustness. The data fusion scheme is a key component of collaborative spectrum sensing. In this paper, we analyze the performance limits of collaborative spectrum sensing under Byzantine Attacks where malicious users send false sensing data to the fusion center leading to increased probability of incorrect sensing results. We show that above a certain fraction of Byzantine attackers in the CR network, data fusion scheme becomes completely incapable and no reputation based fusion scheme can achieve any performance gain. We present optimal attacking strategies for given attacking resources and also analyze the possible counter measures at the fusion center (FC). Based on these analyses, we also propose a novel and easy to implement technique to counter Byzantine attacks in CRNs. In this approach, the FC identifies the attackers and removes them from the data fusion process. Our analysis indicates that the proposed scheme is robust against Byzantine attacks and can successfully remove the Byzantines in a short time span.

Field of study: Engineering
Simulation of TM_(610) higher-order mode cylindrical cavity

An S-band cylindrical cavity works on TM_(610) higher-order mode was designed on the basis of electromagnetic the-ory.Electromagnetic field distribution,frequency and mode spacing of TM_(610) mode and its adjacent modes were calculated by using HFSS,ISFELD3D,MAFIA and CST-MS.Simulation results indicate that the electromagnetic field of TM_(610) mode distributes in the section around drift tube,and there is no electromagnetic field in the center of the cavity.A ferrite RF absorber was set in the center of the cavity to suppress the non-work modes based on the characteristic of TM_(610) mode.Simulation results of HFSS show that most non-work modes are eliminated by RF absorber except the TM_(510) mode.An absorption cavity coupled to the main cavity was used to suppress the TM_(510) mode.Simulation results show that the absorption-cavity attenuated most energy of TM_(510) mode,and the Q value decreased from 15 604 to 571.

Field of study: Physics
COLPEX: Field and Numerical Studies over a Region of Small Hills

During stable nighttime periods, large variations in temperature and visibility often occur over short distances in regions of only moderate topography. These are of great practical significance and yet pose major forecasting challenges because of a lack of detailed understanding of the processes involved and because crucial topographic variations are often not resolved in current forecast models. This paper describes a field and numerical modeling campaign, Cold-Air Pooling Experiment (COLPEX), which addresses many of the issues. The observational campaign was run for 15 months in Shropshire, United Kingdom, in a region of small hills and valleys with typical ridge–valley heights of 75–150 m and valley widths of 1–3 km. The instrumentation consisted of three sites with instrumented flux towers, a Doppler lidar, and a network of 30 simpler meteorological stations. Further instrumentation was deployed during intensive observation periods including radiosonde launches from two sites, a cloud droplet probe, ...

Field of study: Environmental science
Exploring Group-Wise Conceptual Deficiencies of Fractions for Fifth and Sixth Graders in Taiwan

Understanding students' conceptual deficiencies of fractions is an essential step toward effective teaching. The authors proposed a novel 2-component multidimensional item response theory (MIRT) model to analyze students' conceptual deficiencies of fractions in a group-wise fashion. They identified 5 latent classes for the 5th and 6th graders in Taiwan on the basis of latent class analysis with 2,612 students involved. With the 2-component MIRT model, the authors estimated students' latent abilities in 3 primary concepts of fractions: equal sharing, units, and equivalent fractions. Students' latent abilities in the fraction concepts characterized each latent class. The authors found the units concept to be a common conceptual deficiency of all students, revealing an important flaw in current teachings of fraction concepts in Taiwan.

Field of study: Education
Synthesis, Structural Characterization, and Emission Properties of NaYF4:Er3+/Yb3+ Upconversion Nanoluminophores

We propose a new method to prepare Er3+/Yb3+-codoped β-NaYF4 upconversion nanoluminophores, allowing creation of single-crystalline-phase β-NaYF4: Er3+/Yb3+ with concentrations up to 20 mol.% through a hydrothermal process. Using hexagonal-phase Y(OH)3 precursors with different nanostructures (nanosheets, nanorods, nanotubes, etc.), one can obtain many types of one-dimensional nano- and significantly improve the multiphase phenomenon, which is a common challenge facing many research groups that use a hydrothermal process for synthesis of NaYF4 compounds. Upon near-infrared laser excitation at 976 nm, the obtained β-NaYF4:Er3+/Yb3+ nanorods emit in green (2H11/2, 4S3/2 → 4I15/2) and red (4F9/2 → 4I15/2) spectral regions with high intensity. Moreover, it is shown that one can change the luminescence integrated intensity ratio between the red and green emissions by varying the concentration and components of Er3+ and Yb3+ in the NaYF4 host material. Comparative studies on the luminescence kinetics of the NaYF4:Er3+/Yb3+ nanoluminophores were also conducted to explain the influence of Yb3+ ion on the upconversion processes.

Field of study: Materials science