nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Imaging of super-fast dynamics and flow instabilities of superconducting vortices

Quantized magnetic vortices driven by electric current determine key electromagnetic properties of superconductors. While the dynamic behavior of slow vortices has been thoroughly investigated, the physics of ultrafast vortices under strong currents remains largely unexplored. Here, we use a nanoscale scanning superconducting quantum interference device to image vortices penetrating into a superconducting Pb film at rates of tens of GHz and moving with velocities of up to tens of km/s, which are not only much larger than the speed of sound but also exceed the pair-breaking speed limit of superconducting condensate. These experiments reveal formation of mesoscopic vortex channels which undergo cascades of bifurcations as the current and magnetic field increase. Our numerical simulations predict metamorphosis of fast Abrikosov vortices into mixed Abrikosov-Josephson vortices at even higher velocities. This work offers an insight into the fundamental physics of dynamic vortex states of superconductors at high current densities, crucial for many applications.Ultrafast vortex dynamics driven by strong currents define eletromagnetic properties of superconductors, but it remains unexplored. Here, Embon et al. use a unique scanning microscopy technique to image steady-state penetration of super-fast vortices into a superconducting Pb film at rates of tens of GHz and velocities up to tens of km/s.

Field of study: Physics
Social representation of therapeutic relationship among cognitive-behavioral psychotherapists.

The present study investigates the content and structure of the social representation (SR) that cognitive-behavioral (CBT) psychotherapists have of the therapeutic relationship (TR), through a discovery-oriented, mixed-methods approach. For this purpose, our reference point was social representation theory, in particular, the theory of the central nucleus (Abric, 2003; Moscovici, 1961). Data came from a sample of 63 CBT therapists. The results enabled us to identify a series of contents marking CBTs SR of the TR that overlap with the current pan-theoretical conceptualization of this construct. The results also allowed us to identify the complex, clear, and stratified organization of these contents, which are characteristics of a majority and of a minority of the sample studied. These results are discussed with regard of their theoretical, methodological, and practical implications.

Field of study: Psychology
Work-related COVID-19 infection prevention among health-care workers in Sub-Saharan Africa: Challenges and prospects

At present, no African country is spared of COVID-19 infection, with existing weak health systems, significant limitations are unsurprisingly encountered in response capacity to the pandemic. Health systems are stretched, leaving health-care workforce vulnerable to infections, yet not protected and motivated, but left to pay the highest price for the decades of neglect of public and occupational health services in many African countries. Healthy frontline health-care workers are pivotal to the success and sustenance of the prevention and control of the COVID-19 pandemic, hence the need to urgently protect them. African governments need to take responsibility to prevent work-related COVID-19 infections among health-care workers. Beyond the current pandemic, African governments should elevate the right to health topmost in their policies and programs to improve people's lives, including health-care workforce.

Field of study: Medicine
A mixture theory model of fluid and solute transport in the microvasculature of normal and malignant tissues. II: Factor sensitivity analysis, calibration, and validation

The treatment of cancerous tumors is dependent upon the delivery of therapeutics through the blood by means of the microcirculation. Differences in the vasculature of normal and malignant tissues have been recognized, but it is not fully understood how these differences affect transport and the applicability of existing mathematical models has been questioned at the microscale due to the complex rheology of blood and fluid exchange with the tissue. In addition to determining an appropriate set of governing equations it is necessary to specify appropriate model parameters based on physiological data. To this end, a two stage sensitivity analysis is described which makes it possible to determine the set of parameters most important to the model’s calibration. In the first stage, the fluid flow equations are examined and a sensitivity analysis is used to evaluate the importance of 11 different model parameters. Of these, only four substantially influence the intravascular axial flow providing a tractable set that could be calibrated using red blood cell velocity data from the literature. The second stage also utilizes a sensitivity analysis to evaluate the importance of 14 model parameters on extravascular flux. Of these, six exhibit high sensitivity and are integrated into the model calibration using a response surface methodology and experimental intra- and extravascular accumulation data from the literature (Dreher et al.  2006). The model exhibits good agreement with the experimental results for both the mean extravascular concentration and the penetration depth as a function of time for inert dextran over a wide range of molecular weights.

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics
Photodegradation of Organics with Titanium Oxide/Hydrogen Peroxide Catalyst System in Microreactor and Its Application in Environmental Analysis

A microreaction system based on microfluidic chip for photodegradation of organic pollutants and environmental analysis with TiO2/H2O2 catalyst system has been developed. In this system, a porous TiO2 layer was immobilized on the inner wall of the microchip, a UV-LED was employed as the light source, H2O2 acts as both electron acceptor and oxidant in the photodegradation of methylene blue(MB) process. Under the condition of incident light intensity of 80 mW/cm2, flow rate of 1000 μL/h, CH2O2 8% and effective residence time of 19 s, the degradation rate of 0.2 mmol/L MB reached to 99.6%. The method was applied for the environmental analysis with quelate Cd(Ⅱ)-Fulvic acid and Zn(Ⅱ)-Fulvic acid as a model system. The voltammetric wave of Cd(Ⅱ) and Zn(Ⅱ) was effectively suppressed in the presence of Fulvic acid in excess. Significant acceleration of the recovery of the Cd(Ⅱ) and Zn(Ⅱ) signal after UV irradiation was observed, and complete recovery of the Cd(Ⅱ) and Zn(Ⅱ) signal was achieved after a photoreaction time of 96 s in the photoca-talytic microreactor.

Field of study: Chemistry
Privacy-preserving Inference of Regression Relationship

Inference of regression relationship is a fundamental content in statistical analysis.Its operational form is somehow too complicated to be computed efficiently.In order to solve multiple linear regression under secure two-party model,the secure protocols for maximum likelihood,sum of squared residuals and regression sum of square are proposed.According to their specialties of calculation,the simplification discipline of matrix continued product is summarized and the number of interactive time is reduced.At last,the applications for privacy-preserving predication detection are also discussed.

Field of study: Computer science
Reference gene selection for real-time PCR normalization in tea callus

In order to obtain suitable reference genes for analysis of the related gene expression in calli of the control and treatment groups, 7 housekeeping genes from the Gen Bank and ESTs of c DNA library of Camellia sinensis young roots(with complete open reading frame)were chosen for primer design. After analysis the amplification efficiency and primers specificity, the expression levels of the 7 housekeeping genes in tea calli of the control and treatment groups at different growth stages were determined, and their stabilities of expressions were analyzed using ge Norm and Norm Finder softwares. As a result, β-actin and GAPDH are suitable reference genes under this condition.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
The real part of the πN diffraction amplitude

The real part of the invariant isospin evenπ N amplitudeC+≡A′+ at ¦t¦≲0.4 (GeV/c)2 is determined from the condition thatC+ fulfills the fixed-t dispersion relation, is compatible with this amplitude as reconstructed from phase shifts up to 1.5 GeV/c and leads to differential cross sections above 3 GeV/c in agreement with the experimental data.-The result for ReC+/ImC+ is remarkably large (−0.5 att=−0.3 (GeV/c)2 and 6 GeV/c) and up to 20 GeV/c its uncertainty is comparable with that in the upper part of the phase shift region.-Even at 40 GeV/c ReC+ is far from being asymptotic because of large energy independent low energy contributions. The deviations from our simple high energy ansatz (k>4GeV/c): ImC+(k, t)∼(k + m)exp(9t/2) are almost comparable with the experimental errors.

Field of study: Physics
Variational Inference in Sparse Gaussian Process Regression and Latent Variable Models - a Gentle Tutorial

In this tutorial we explain the inference procedures developed for the sparse Gaussian process (GP) regression and Gaussian process latent variable model (GPLVM). Due to page limit the derivation given in Titsias (2009) and Titsias & Lawrence (2010) is brief, hence getting a full picture of it requires collecting results from several different sources and a substantial amount of algebra to fill-in the gaps. Our main goal is thus to collect all the results and full derivations into one place to help speed up understanding this work. In doing so we present a re-parametrisation of the inference that allows it to be carried out in parallel. A secondary goal for this document is, therefore, to accompany our paper and open-source implementation of the parallel inference scheme for the models. We hope that this document will bridge the gap between the equations as implemented in code and those published in the original papers, in order to make it easier to extend existing work. We assume prior knowledge of Gaussian processes and variational inference, but we also include references for further reading where appropriate.

Field of study: Computer science
High-performance p-channel LTPS-TFT using HfO2 gate dielectric and nitrogen ion implantation

In this communication, a high-performance p-channel low-temperature poly-Si thin-film transistor with HfO2 gate dielectric and nitrogen ion implantation is demonstrated for the first time. A low threshold voltage VTH = −0.8 V, excellent subthreshold swing S.S. = 0.123 V/decade, high field effect mobility μFE = 64.14 cm2 V−1 s−1 and high driving current IDsat = 9.14 µA µm−1 @ 3 V operation voltage of the p-channel LTPS-TFT can be achieved. The high performance characteristics are attributed to the very low effective oxide thickness EOT = 8.4 nm provided by the HfO2 gate dielectric and the passivation of effective interface states and grain boundary traps by the nitrogen ion implantation treatment. It would be very suitable for the application of a high-speed and low-power pixel-driving device in flat-panel displays.

Field of study: Materials science
The Effects of Sentence-Combining Instruction on the Writing of Fourth-Grade Students With Writing Difficulties

One area of writing that may be particularly problematic for less skilled writers and writers with learning disabilities is constructing well-formed sentences. In this single-subject design study, sentence-combining practice with a peer-assistance component was used to improve the writing ability of 6 fourth-grade students with and without learning disabilities. The results support the use of sentence-combining practice to increase sentence construction ability. Furthermore, sentence-combining instruction led to gains in story quality and writing complexity.

Field of study: Education
Using the trans-lamina terminalis route via a pterional approach to resect a retrochiasmatic craniopharyngioma involving the third ventricle.

Retrochiasmatic craniopharyngiomas involving the anterior third ventricle are challenging to access. Although the pterional approach is a common route for suprasellar lesions, when the craniopharyngioma extends behind the chiasma into the third ventricle, access is even more difficult, and the lamina terminalis may offer a good working window. The translamina terminalis approach provides direct access to the retrochiasmatic portion of the tumor with minimal brain retraction and no manipulation of the visual nerves. In this video, we emphasize the utility of using the lamina terminalis corridor to resect the retrochiasmatic intraventricular portion of a craniopharyngioma. The video can be found here: https://youtu.be/hrLNC0hDKe4 .

Field of study: Medicine
Dephosphorylation of oestradiol nuclear receptor in vitro. A hypothesis on the mechanism of action of non-steroidal anti-oestrogens.

We show that a mouse uterus nuclear phosphatase exists that is capable of inactivating nuclear oestrogen receptor complexed to oestradiol-17 beta in vitro but is ineffective when the receptor is complexed with the two non-steroidal anti-oestrogens, nafoxidine and tamoxifen. We suggest that the long half-life of the tamoxifen-receptor complex versus the short half-life of the oestradiol-receptor complex in uterine nuclei in vivo is the result of the ineffectiveness of the phosphatase in dephosphorylating the anti-oestrogen-receptor complex.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Performance of plate falling film regenerator with film-inverting configuration

Plate falling film regenerator with a film-inverting configuration is a new type of regenerator that combines the plate falling film absorption technique with the film-inverting technique.Understanding its performance is very important for industry applications.This paper used a new type regenerator and a plate falling film regenerator for comparison.The design conditions of these two regenerators were the same.By solving the mathematical model,the heat and mass transfer characteristics were calculated and compared between the two regenerators at different flow rates of solution,inlet concentrations,inlet temperatures,generation pressures,and heating conditions.The comparison revealed that these two regenerators had different changes of performance under varying operation conditions.In the case replacing the plate falling film regenerator with the new plate falling film regenerator with film-inverting configuration,the differences in the performance of the regenerators under varying conditions must be taken into consideration.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Raad vir 'n kan wurms : produksie - die veeartsrubriek

Die beste, doeltreffendste optrede is altyd die regte een op die regte tyd. Die regte optrede op die verkeerde tyd of die verkeerde optrede op die regte tyd, of erger nog, die verkeerde optrede op die verkeerde tyd, is net nie meer aanvaarbaar in moderne beeskuddegesondheidsplanne nie. Die benadering tot wurmbeheer is geen uitsondering nie. Tydsberekening is hier van die uiterste belang om verliese te beperk.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Some Biochemical Changes during Summer Islamic Fasting in Diseased Patients in Comparison with Normal

Some biochemical parameters in serum of diabetic, hypertensive and hypothyroid patients are estimated pre and post summer Islamic fasting in comparison with healthy control. Sixteen diseased patients (3 male and 13 female) with twelve healthy control persons (3 male and 9 female) at a mean age of (43 ± 8.22 years) and (37.5 ± 10.81 years) respectively. Proper history and blood sample were collected from all subscribers in the first and last day of Ramadan. Patients group demonstrate significant decrease in fasting blood glucose (FBG) level, blood urea, serum creatinine, and uric acid (as an improvement of kidney function), total and direct serum bilirubine and aspartate transaminase (AST) (indicate improvement of liver detoxification and excretion capacity) in addition to significant elevation of high density lipoprotein (HDL) levels during Ramadan. Healthy subjects show decrease in the body weight; with significant decrease in FBG, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), AST and significant increase in the HDL. All previous results clinically insignificant as they are not deviated from the normal reference ranges, meanwhile they are considered as good factors for controlling lipids, diabetes, hypertension and other diseases related to kidneys or liver during Ramadan, moreover health benefit in non-diseased subjects.

Field of study: Medicine
Monoclonal autoantibody directed toward histone and capable of inducing LE cell formation.

LE cell formation is one feature of systemic lupus erythematosus exhibited by virtually all mice of the NZB/NZW strain and is the result of accumulation of antibodies directed against components of cell nuclei. A hybrid cell line which produces antibodies capable of inducing LE cell formation in vitro has been isolated in a hybridoma fusion using the splenocytes of unimmunized NZB/NZW mice. These monoclonal autoantibodies provide an intense staining of the chromatin in cells of a number of divergent species and tissues. They bind strongly to the histone rich (2 M NaCl) fraction of extracted, isolated nuclei. Further analyses using the antibodies in immune precipitations and in antibody labeling of capillary blots on nitrocellulose sheets of calf thymus histone demonstrate that the antibodies are directed against histones and are capable of reacting with H1, H2a, H2b, H3, and H4 histones individually. In contrast to human autoantibodies with histone specificity, no cross-reactivity of this monoclonal autoantibody with the lymphocyte surface could be detected by either immunofluorescence or immunoelectron microscopy.

Field of study: Biology
The Rise of Coffee in the Brazilian South‐East: Tariffs and Foreign Market Potential, 1827–40

During the period spanning independence in 1822 to mid-century, Brazil’s southeast shifted from specialising in the export of cane sugar to coffee. This paper explores the mechanism underlying this shift by exploiting a wealth of new monthly data on the Brazilian and international coffee and cane sugar markets during the period 1827-40. I argue that the timing of the coffee boom was driven by a rapid increase in foreign market potential associated with the abolition of the tariff on coffee in the United States. I estimate that American tariff reform served to increase coffee exports and African slave imports by around one-fifth. American firms, with indirect links to the slave trade, rapidly became major players in the export market in Rio de Janeiro, while non-American firms, traditionally specialised in Continental European destinations, turned their sights on the American market.

Field of study: Economics, History
Diamond nanofocusing refractive X-ray lenses made by planar etching technology.

The manufacturing steps and first tests of a refractive lens made of polycrystalline diamond are described. A fabrication process based on electron-beam lithography and deep reactive ion etching is introduced. Experimental tests on beamline ID13 at the ESRF have been performed. A spot size of 360 nm (FWHM) at an energy E = 24.3 keV is observed.

Field of study: Physics
TH-AB-BRA-08: Impact of Approximating the Differential Photon Fluence On the Accuracy of the Spectroscopic Dose-Rate Constant

To investigate why dose-rate constants computed using the spectroscopic technique do not agree with those computed using standard Monte Carlo (MC) techniques. Published work shows that the disagreement between the two techniques is not attributable to any currently characterized source of uncertainty. This work examined if approximations to the differential photon fluence made by the spectroscopic technique are the cause of the disagreement. Specifically, approximations of the spatial, angular and energy distributions of photons leaving the source were studied.  Phase spaces of the fluence leaving the encapsulation of 14 125-I and 6 103-Pd models were modified to reflect one of the approximated distributions while the other distributions were left unaltered. The dose-rate constant was computed from the modified phase space using MC and compared to that computed using standard MC techniques. This process was repeated for each assumption with each source model.  Approximations to the differential photon fluence used in the spectroscopic technique cause offsets in the dose-rate constant of up to 5.3% relative to standard MC techniques. The largest offsets were introduced by the approximated angular fluence distribution. Approximations of the spatial distribution leaving the encapsulation caused smaller discrepancies with an average discrepancy of −0.4% relative to standard MC techniques. Approximations to the energy distribution introduced an average discrepancy of 0.1% relative to standard MC techniques, which is within the uncertainty of the computations.  Current approximations of the differential photon fluence used in the spectroscopic technique reduce the accuracy of the technique and are a source of uncertainty not currently considered with the technique. Either more accurate fluence distributions need to be used when computing the dose-rate constant with the spectroscopic technique, or the additional uncertainties arising from the approximated distributions need to be included when using the current calculation technique.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Combined variable-phase-off-shell scattering theory

We develop a first order linear differential equation for the fully off-shell scattering amplitude in terms of the cut-off radius of the local two-body interaction. The on- and half-off-shell equation of Calogero and of Sobel are derived as special cases. The input of our equation involves interpolating half off-shellT matrices parametrized by well known phase and quasiphase functions.

Field of study: Physics
Stratigraphy of mid-Paleozoic island-arc rocks in part of the northern Sierra Nevada, Sierra and Nevada Counties, California

New stratigraphic data for the mid-Paleozoic island-arc succession in the northern Sierra Nevada are presented from a well-exposed area in Sierra and Nevada Counties. The Grizzly Formation of Diller is shown to be a laterally discontinuous but regionally extensive epiclastic unit at the base of the arc succession. Newly discovered macrofossils and conodonts date the formation as Late Devonian (Frasnian–mid-Famennian), and it records a widespread erosional episode that affected the underlying Shoo Fly Complex prior to the onset of arc volcanism. The Grizzly Formation is conformably overlain by the Sierra Buttes Formation, a sequence of silicic to andesitic submarine ash-fall tuffs; tuffaceous turbidites; and thick, nonwelded, subaqueous volcaniclastic mass-flow deposits intercalated with radiolarian cherts. Coeval hypabyssal intrusions show evidence of rapid chilling against wet, unlithified sediment, and some consist of complex masses of intrusive hyaloelastite breccia and pillows. Newly discovered conodonts, together with previously described fossils, show that the Sierra Buttes Formation was deposited largely or entirely in the mid-Famennian. Andesitic tuffs and tuff-breccias of the Upper Devonian-Lower Mississippian(?) Taylor Formation abruptly overlie the Sierra Buttes Formation, with no evidence for an intervening Elwell Formation. Like the Sierra Buttes Formation, the Taylor Formation contains abundant coarse-grained subaqueous volcaniclastic mass-flow deposits interbedded with finer-grained rocks. The two formations together constitute a thick sequence of volcaniclastic debris that accumulated rapidly below storm-wave base in an active island-arc setting.

Field of study: Geology