nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
BRIEF COMMUNICATIONS: Use of a T-shaped resonator and a stimulated Brillouin scattering mirror to improve the directionality of laser radiation

An experimental investigation was made of a YAG:Nd laser with a four-mirror resonator and an external stimulated Brillouin scattering (STBS) mirror. Under conditions of passive Q switching we studied the radiation characteristics as a function of the parameters of a three-mirror interferometer?reflector and the rate of pumping of the active element. It was found that the highest radiation brightness was achieved for an unstable interferometer?reflector. The laser pulse energy increased when the radiation reflected from the STBS mirror was in resonance with the longitudinal modes of the interferometer?reflector.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Partitioning of Organic Ions to Muscle Protein: Experimental Data, Modeling, and Implications for in Vivo Distribution of Organic Ions.

The in vivo partitioning behavior of ionogenic organic chemicals (IOCs) is of paramount importance for their toxicokinetics and bioaccumulation. Among other proteins, structural proteins including muscle proteins could be an important sorption phase for IOCs, because of their high quantity in the human and other animals' body and their polar nature. Binding data for IOCs to structural proteins are, however, severely limited. Therefore, in this study muscle protein-water partition coefficients (KMP/w) of 51 systematically selected organic anions and cations were determined experimentally. A comparison of the measured KMP/w with bovine serum albumin (BSA)-water partition coefficients showed that anionic chemicals sorb more strongly to BSA than to muscle protein (by up to 3.5 orders of magnitude), while cations sorb similarly to both proteins. Sorption isotherms of selected IOCs to muscle protein are linear (i.e., KMP/w is concentration independent), and KMP/w is only marginally influenced by pH value and salt concentration. Using the obtained data set of KMP/w a polyparameter linear free energy relationship (PP-LFER) model was established. The derived equation fits the data well (R(2) = 0.89, RMSE = 0.29). Finally, it was demonstrated that the in vitro measured KMP/w values of this study have the potential to be used to evaluate tissue-plasma partitioning of IOCs in vivo.

Field of study: Environmental science
Rapid exhumation and cooling of the Liaonan metamorphic core complex: Inferences from 40Ar/39Ar thermochronology and implications for Late Mesozoic extension in the eastern North China Craton

The Liaonan metamorphic core complex formed during crustal extension in the Liaodong Peninsula, eastern North China craton, and consists of the Jinzhou detachment fault, Proterozoic–Paleozoic sedimentary rocks in its upper plate, and exhumed high-grade Archean metamorphic rocks and Early Cretaceous granitic plutons in the lower plate. Exhumation of its footwall from mid-crustal levels is evidenced in the detachment fault zone by the temporal transition from amphibolite facies mylonitization at depth, through retrograde chloritic shearing and brecciation, to brittle faulting during final uplift. The footwall mylonite zone is 2.5–3.5 km thick and includes Early Cretaceous (128–118 Ma) granitic rocks, together with older metamorphic rocks. The 40Ar/39Ar ages of muscovite, hornblende, biotite, and K-feldspar from the mylonitic rocks record that the core complex cooled between ca. 120 and 107 Ma, from the time of initial crystallization of zircons (122–118 Ma) at 700–800 °C in syntectonic leucocratic dikes and granitic rocks, to closure of argon diffusion in hornblende, micas, and K-feldspar at ∼500 to ∼200 °C. Throughout the eastern North China craton, the synchroneity of cooling and exhumation of metamorphic core complexes, the formation of pull-apart basins, and regional alkaline igneous activity, reflects regional extensional tectonics in the Early Cretaceous. This accompanied lithospheric thinning, possibly resulting from the rollback of the subducted Pacific plate along the eastern Asian margin during the Early Cretaceous.

Field of study: Geology
Edge detection for optical synthetic apertures based on conditional generative adversarial networks.

Detecting the interference fringes of the optical synthetic aperture is the core in preventing misalignments of the sub-mirrors in piston, tip, and tilt. These fringes are characterized as follows: (1) the edge information of sub-mirrors is accompanied by complex shapes and large gaps; and (2) the traditional edge detection algorithms have different optimal thresholds under different interference fringes, and they may lose boundary information. To address these problems, a novel method for detecting the edge of synthetic aperture fringe images is proposed. Because conditional generative adversarial networks avoid the difficulty of designing the loss function for specific tasks, they are suitable for our project. We trained over 8000 images based on real images and simulated images. Experiments prove that the proposed method can reduce the false detection rate to 0.2, compared with 0.56 by Canny algorithm. This method can also directly detect the fringe edge of the optical synthetic aperture systems, which are accompanied by varied shapes and a growing number of sub-mirrors. When the input images lose boundary information, the traditional algorithm does not restore the boundary, but the proposed method makes a decision globally, and thus it guesses and then fills the boundary. The maximum error of the generated boundary and the actual boundary is two pixels.

Field of study: Physics
Application of Subdivision Remote Sensing Image Template to Quickly Extract Crop Acreage

The global subdivision theory provides a new solution idea for organization and management of global massive remote sensing, and so for crop planting area extraction in multi-scale remote sensing image. Introduces the Extended Model Based on Mapping Division and the geometry characteristics of subdivision cell, and elaborates the concept model and data model of subdivision remote sensing image template. Proposes the method and processing flow of crop planting area extraction using subdivision template, and gives the appropriate subdivision level and resolution that should be chosen in extracting crop planting area of different scales. The initial experiment of extracting crop planting area in Xuchang area by high-resolution remote sensing image shows: compared to common ERDAS and ENVI software,this method can improve the extraction accuracy and processing speed to some extent.

Field of study: Computer science
Comparisons of Two Groups of Sex-Change Applicants Based on the MMPI

Out of 29 men asking for a sex-change, 16 reported clinical anamnesis criteria for transsexualism according to the DSM-III–R, a more restrictive diagnosis than the DSM-IV gender dysphoria diagnosis. In addition, all the subjects had taken an MMPI which, of course, did not contribute to the transsexualism diagnosis but which served to describe their personalities. The 16 subjects diagnosed as transsexual and the 13 who did not qualify for this diagnosis were compared on the basis of personality variables measured by the MMPI.  The transsexuals systematically complied to cultural stereotypes of femininity without any uneasiness, whereas the nontranssexuals could be subdivided into two groups, those with a vague sense of ill-being linked to a pronounced feminine identity or those with only a slight feminine identity and who showed no particular difficulties.

Field of study: Psychology
Democracy, Constitutionalism and the Question of Authority

In his insightful and thought-provoking article, Walker argues that the relation between democracy and constitutionalism is dialectic: there is an irresolvable tension between democracy and constitutionalism, yet the two also depend on each other. By contrast to theories that hold constitutionalism to be fully compatible with democracy,1 Walker argues that constitutionalism and democracy cannot be completely reconciled. Constitutionalism necessarily draws on non-democratic sources to make it tick. In contrast to approaches that aim to sever constitutionalism from democracy, Walker argues that democracy and constitutionalism supplement each other: constitutionalism is ‘contingently necessary’ for democracy, whereas democracy ‘nourishes and preserves’ constitutionalist discourse.

Field of study: Philosophy
Synthesis of tri- and tetramethylene[b]pyrrole derivatives from 2-(1-ethoxy-2-bromoethyl)cycloalkanones

Tri- and tetramethylene[b]pyrrole derivatives were synthesized by treatment of the corresponding 2-(1-ethoxy-2-bromoethyl)cycloalkanones with an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide and a methanol solution of a primary amine. The transformation proceeds through a step involving 1,3-dehydrobromination and opening of the three-membered ring in the intermediately formed spirocyclic ketones.

Field of study: Chemistry
Influence of riboflavin on nanoscale zero-valent iron reactivity during the degradation of carbon tetrachloride.

Experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of riboflavin on the reactivity of nanoscale zerovalent iron (NZVI) during three reaction cycles of carbon tetrachloride (CT) degradation. The degradation kinetics of CT by NZVI without riboflavin (0.556 ± 0.044 h(-1)) was 1.5 times higher than that with riboflavin (0.370 ± 0.012 h(-1)) in the first cycle. Riboflavin was rapidly reduced (65.0 ± 7.0 h(-1)) by NZVI during CT degradation, resulting in the slow degradation kinetics of CT in the first cycle due to competition for electrons from NZVI between riboflavin and CT. These results indicate that riboflavin is not effective as an electron shuttle for reduction of CT by NZVI. On the other hand, the degradation kinetics of CT by NZVI without riboflavin decreased to 0.122 ± 0.033 h(-1) in the third cycle, while that with riboflavin was significantly enhanced (0.663 ± 0.005 h(-1)). The results from X-ray analyses and transmission electron microscopy suggest that the decline in reactivity of NZVI without riboflavin in the third cycle resulted from continuous Fe(0) oxidation to iron oxides on the NZVI surface. In contrast, riboflavin enhanced the reactivity of NZVI by reductive dissolution of passive iron oxides on NZVI surface by reduced riboflavin. The experimental results suggest that riboflavin can play a pivotal role in the prolongation of NZVI reactivity in long-term in situ and ex situ applications of NZVI.

Field of study: Environmental science
A Simple and Facile Iodination Method for Improving Sinterability and Electrical Conductivity of Silver Thick Films

Micro-sized silver powders were decorated with nano-scaled Ag/AgI clusters on the surface via a simple reaction with iodine and subsequent exposure to sunshine. Surface morphologies, crystal structures, and thermal properties of the powders were characterized. The powders with different mole ratios of I:Ag (0:100, 2:100, 10:100) were employed in silver pastes to evaluate sinterability and electrical conductivity of thick films. Microstructures and sheet resistance of the films were investigated by scanning electron microscopy and the four-point probe method. The particles coated with and without nano-sized Ag/AgI clusters showed different sintering behaviors. Moreover, clear necks were formed between the Ag particles with the ratio of 2:100 even at 570°C, whereas those untreated remained discrete. However, over-decoration lowered sinterability and electrical conductivity.

Field of study: Materials science
Fracture Toughness Model of Fiber Reinforced Ceramics

This paper addresses the fracture resistance mechanism in fiber reinforced ceramics, and focuses attention on the specific effects associated with the nonlinear nature of the fiber pullout mechanism. The model is based on a consideration of the representative boundary value problem typical for the bridging process. The theoretical solution includes an accurate account of the nonlinear fiber matrix friction. An explicit incorporation into the analysis of a discrite fiber distribution and formulation of an exact solution to the corresponding problem are distinck features of this model. The developed approach allows consideration of several types of nonlinear fiber pullout - force dependence. The distinct features of the nonlinear process demonstrate that, contrary to the linear case, the universal fracture resistance curves cannot be developed in cases with significant nonlinear contribution in the fiber friction law. The resulting resistance curves strongly depend on the absolute values of the matrix fracture toughness. On the other hand, these distinct patterns may be used for identification of the particular friction law and determination of the friction parameters.

Field of study: Engineering
The Congenital ‘Magnesium-Losing Kidney’

A 39-year-old man with a lifelong history of tetany and hypocalcaemia was found to have hypomagnesaemia (0·29 mmol/l) due to renal magnesium loss. His asymptomatic 29-year-old brother had a similar disorder. Both were infertile and had severe oilgospermia but normal endocrine function. They had medullary nephrocalcinosis and glomerular filtration rate was reduced. Renal biopsy showed patchy interstitial fibrosis and some glomerular sclerosis. Electron microscopy showed thickened basement membranes in damaged glomeruli and in tubules in areas of fibrosis. Tests of renal tubule function were normal. Hypocalcaemia and tetany were corrected by oral magnesium supplements which raised the serum magnesium level to around 0.54 mmol/l.

Field of study: Medicine
Fracture-related hydrothermal alteration of metagranitic rock and associated changes in mineralogy, geochemistry and degree of oxidation: a case study at Forsmark, central Sweden

Red-staining of rocks due to fluid–rock interaction during hydrothermal circulation in fractures is a common feature in crystalline sequences. In this study, red-stained metagranitic rock adjacent to fractures in Forsmark, central Sweden, has been studied with emphasis on the mineral reactions and associated element mobility occurring during the alteration. The main mineral reactions associated with the hydrothermal alteration are an almost complete saussuritization of plagioclase accompanied by total chloritization of biotite. Magnetite has been partly replaced by hematite whereas quartz and K-feldspar were relatively unaffected by the hydrothermal alteration. We show that redistribution of elements on the whole rock scale was very limited and is mainly manifested by enrichment of Na2O and volatiles and depletion of CaO, FeO and SiO2 in the red-stained rock. However, on the microscale, element redistribution was more extensive, with both intragranular and intergranular migration of e.g. Ca, K, Na, Al, Si, Fe, Ba, Cs, Rb, Sr, Ti and REEs. The altered rock shows a shift towards higher total oxidation factors, but the change is smaller than 1σ and the red-staining of the rock is due to hematite dissemination rather than a significant oxidation of the rock. An increase in the connected porosity is also observed in the altered rock.

Field of study: Environmental science
Toward A More Efficient Gröbner-based Algebraic Cryptanalysis

In this paper, we propose a new method to launch a more efficient algebraic cryptanalysis. Algebraic cryptanalysis aims at finding the secret key of a cipher by solving a collection of polynomial equations that describe the internal structure of the cipher, while chosen correlated plaintexts, as what appear in higher order differential cryptanalysis and its derivatives such as cube attack or integral cryptanalysis, forces many linear relation between intermediate state bits in the cipher. In this paper, we take these polynomial relations into account, so it become possible to simplify the equation system arising from algebraic cryptanalysis, and consequently solve the polynomial system more efficiently. We take advantage of Universal Proning technique to provide an efficient method to recover such linear polynomials. Another important parameter in algebraic cryptanalysis of ciphers is to effectively describe the cipher. We employ FWBW representation of S-boxes together with Universal Proning to help provide a more powerful algebraic cryptanalysis based on Gröbner-basis computation. We show our method is more efficient than doing algebraic cryptanalysis with MQ representation, and also than employing MQ together with Universal Proning. To show the effectiveness of our approach, we applied it for the cryptanalysis of several light weight block ciphers. A by-product of employing this approach is that we have achieved such an efficiency to algebraic cryptanalyse 12-round LBlock, 6-round MIBS, 7-round PRESENT and 9-round SKINNY light-weight block ciphers, so far.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
The Use of Painkillers at the End of Life

In Evangelium Vitae, number 65 , Pope John Paul II deals with the morality of using painkillers in the final stages of illness, which could involve the risk of shortening life. His solution is one that is found in previous teaching of the Magisterium and in the writings of Catholic moralists generally. The shortening of life for the dying person, if it were to happen, would not be intended but would be the side-effect of the intended action, which is pain relief. There would be a proportionate reason for the shortening of life, again, the relief of pain . If serious pain can be relieved only through permanent loss of lucidity, then the person should have taken care of his or her religious, moral , family and social obligations prior to the administration of the medicine. This seems to us so clear and evidently correct that it needs no further commentary. I Within this same section, however, the Pope makes a statement which gives rise to two questions.

Field of study: Medicine, Philosophy
Comparing cultural ecosystem service delivery in dykelands and marshes using Instagram: A case of the Cornwallis (Jijuktu'kwejk) River, Nova Scotia, Canada

Climate change and sea level rise threaten coastal areas around the world. In the Bay of Fundy area of the Canadian Maritime Provinces, there are 364 km of dykes protecting 32,350 ha of drained agricultural land. The Nova Scotia Department of Agriculture is in charge of dyke maintenance on its coast, and making decisions about which dykes to reinforce for new climate conditions, which to realign (shorten), and which to simply abandon. Decision-makers need to better understand how people value and use dykeland compared with the marsh ecosystems they replaced, and to which areas will return if dykes are abandoned or realigned. Cultural ecosystem services (CESs) refer to nonmaterial contributions from nature to human beings' subjective and psychological aspects that affect their quality of life. We analyzed the CESs delivered by the dykelands and marshes of the Cornwallis (Jijuktu'kwejk) River by using 4 months of Instagram data. The results show two different portraits: 1) dykes and dykelands were more associated with aesthetics, recreational use, social relations, and female users; and 2) marshes (particularly a restored freshwater wetland in the study area) were more used by males and locals for artistic and educational value. Foreshore salt marshes were largely unmentioned in the dataset which may indicate that people did not consciously use or benefit from this ecosystem. Social media data are valuable in providing large-scale quantitative understanding of coastal land cover/land use alternatives to supplement other in-depth analysis, while having limitations regarding data noise and user bias, as well as concerns around ethical issues and ongoing data accessibility.

Field of study: Environmental science
Complete Monte Carlo model description of lumped-element RSFQ logic circuits

Over the last decade, Monte Carlo simulations have emerged as the most useful way of predicting the yield of RSFQ circuits, as they consider all manufacturing tolerance effects on a circuit, and are not restricted to bias current variations. Here we finally present a comprehensive definition of layout-extracted Monte Carlo model creation for lumped-element Spice simulations-from the local and global values for inductance, resistance and junction area from statistical models, to the inclusion of parasitics, layer-to-layer variations, variations in the penetration depth, and capacitance and mutual coupling. Finally, the addition of bias current trimming to the simulations to compensate for most global variations is described, and comparative yield results listed.

Field of study: Physics
Simulation in paediatric urology and surgery, part 2: An overview of simulation modalities and their applications.

Surgical training has changed radically in the last few decades. The traditional Halstedian model of time-bound apprenticeship has been replaced with competency-based training. In our previous article, we presented an overview of learning theory relevant to clinical teaching; a summary for the busy paediatric surgeon and urologist. We introduced the concepts underpinning current changes in surgical education and training. In this next article, we give an overview of the various modalities of surgical simulation, the educational principles that underlie them, and potential applications in clinical practice. These modalities include; open surgical models and trainers, laparoscopic bench trainers, virtual reality trainers, simulated patients and role-play, hybrid simulation, scenario-based simulation, distributed simulation, virtual reality, and online simulation. Specific examples of technology that may be used for these modalities are included but this is not a comprehensive review of all available products.

Field of study: Medicine
Exploring Online Engagement in Public Policy Consultation: The Crowd or the Few?

Governments are increasingly adopting online platforms to engage the public and allow a broad and diverse group of citizens to participate in the planning of government policies. To understand the role of crowds in the online public policy process, we analyse participant contributions over time in two crowd-based policy processes, the Future Melbourne wiki and the Open Government Dialogue. Although past evaluations have shown the significance of public consultations by expanding the engaged population within a short period of time, our empirical case studies suggest that a small number of participants contribute a disproportionate share of ideas and opinions. We discuss the implications of our initial examination for the future design of engagement platforms.

Field of study: Political science
Literary Thoughts Reflected in Fan Ye’s History of the Eastern Han Dynasty

Fan Ye’s History of the Eastern Han Dynasty has been honored as one of the four earlier historical books, and it is not only a splendid great work but also has high literary value. Fan Ye had made biographies for many literature scholars in Eastern Han Dynasty and recorded the numbers of their works and literary style. This paper analyzes the cataloging styles, the works and the writer's tasting of History of the Eastern Han Dynasty, elucidating not only the importance of Fan Ye’s attention to the social function of work, but also the idea of literature mining characteristics of the situation.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Remarkable suppression of Josephson current on d-wave superconductor junction

Josephson current in superconductor/insulator/superconductor junction is studied theoretically. It is well known that when the zero-energy resonance state exists both side of superconducting interface, the behaver of the temperature dependence of the critical Josephson current is striking enhancement at low temperature. On the other hand it is reported that if $d+is$-wave exists at the interface, Josephson current is suppressed at low temperature. In this paper, we discuss the existence of the imaginary part of the pair potential at the interface and remarkable suppresses of dc Josephson current on d-wave superconductor 110-junction.

Field of study: Physics