nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Preparation of nanocrystalline Pd modified p-Si electrode and its hydrogen evolution property under illumination

Nanocrystalline Pd modified p-Si electrode (Pd/p-Si) was prepared by electroless deposition on p-Si. The structure and morphology were determined by XRD and SEM respectively. The results showed that the structure of Pd coatings was nanocrystalline and Pd particles with different sizes were obtained by controlling time.The average diameter of Pd particles was about 80 nm at deposition time of 20 min. The catalytic properties of the Pd/p-Si electrode for hydrogen evolution under illumination and in darkness were studied with the constant current polarization method. The results showed that the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) potential of the Pd/p-Si electrode under illumination was 250 mV lower than that in darkness, and was 450 mV lower than that of p-Si electrode in darkness at current density of 2.5 mA·cm -2. The results of electrochemistry A.C. impedance spectra (EIS) indicated that the electrochemistry HER resistance of the Pd/p-Si electrode decreased from 593.12 Ω·cm2 to 442.20 Ω·cm2 under illumination,and its HER rate increased evidently.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Discrepancies between πN charge exchange forward scattering data and the dispersion relation prediction

The πN charge-exchange forward scattering amplitude has been recalculated, using the most recent total cross section data, charge independence and the forward dispersion relation. In general the prediction agrees rather well with the data, but there are several discrepancies which are considerably larger than the errors. Some of these discrepancies follow from the fact that a structure at small ¦t¦ has been ignored in the extrapolation. — The new fit gives an accurate value for the subtraction constant of the integral. It agrees with the evaluation of the unsubtracted integral at threshold, if, at high energies, the Regge behaviour for σ(π−p)—σ(π+p) is inserted. This result favours the validity of Pomeranchuk's theorem. — An improved value forf2 cannot be obtained at present because of the uncertainty following from charge-dependent effects at low energies.

Field of study: Physics
The rat interleukin 4 receptor: coevolution of ligand and receptor.

A rat interleukin 4 receptor (IL-4R) cDNA was cloned by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using RNA of Con A activated T cells and primers deduced from mouse and human IL-4R sequences. Sequence analysis revealed an open reading frame for a putative membrane protein of 800 amino acids in length. It comprises an overall identity of 52 and 78% to its human and mouse homologues, respectively. The extracellular part of the rat IL-4R contains a number of residues including cysteines and a WSXWS motif typical for the cytokine receptor superfamily. Analysis of amino acid exchanges between rat and mouse IL-4 receptors deciphered for replacement (R) or silent (S) mutations suggested different types of selective pressure acting on the extracellular and intracellular domains. A high R/S value that indicates selective pressure for amino acid exchanges was found for the extracellular domain and a low R/S value for the intracellular part of the IL-4R. Since we previously found a similar high R/S value in the rat IL-4 gene encoding the ligand for the IL-4R, the high amino acid exchange rate can best be explained by coevolution between IL-4 and the ligand binding domain of the IL-4R to improve or retain affinity.

Field of study: Medicine
ORIGIN AND MECHANICS OF THE THRUST FAULTS ADJACENT TO THE BEARPAW MOUNTAINS, MONTANA

The hypothesis is presented that the thrust faults in the plains adjacent to the Bearpaw Mountains in north-central Montana were produced by a plainsward sliding of the volcanic rocks and underlying strata down the flanks of the low sedimentary arch on which the volcanics rest. It is predicated that this slipping took place on a bed of bentonite in the Colorado shale and was aided by earth tremors that accompanied the last stages of the volcanic outbursts. The flat-lying Upper Cretaceous and lower Tertiary strata in the adjacent plains which, if more rigid, would have obstructed the plainsward sliding of the tilted mountain mass or been overridden by it were shoved plainsward and thrust-faulted for a distance of 20 to 30 miles. The faults show no progressive plainsward decrease in amount of thrust across the broad area in which they occur and are separated by wide belts of undeformed flat-lying strata. These anomalous features are attributable to slight frictional resistance t o movement offered by a slippery bentonite bed and the probability that the sedimentary rocks over part of the faulted belt were overlain and strengthened by a cover of volcanic rocks that thinned toward the outer margin of the faulted belt. The deformed strata consist chiefly of shales that were too weak to support the load involved in lifting the strata in anticlinal folds. Therefore, thrust faulting, instead of anticlinal folding, took place.

Field of study: Geology
Nanospace-controlled SnO2/Nanoporous Carbon Composite as a High-performance Anode for Sodium Ion Batteries

The electrochemical performance of SnO2 as an anode material for sodium ion batteries was greatly enhanced by embedding SnO2 nanocrystallites preferentially in the porous carbon. The appropriate loading of SnO2 (e.g., 62 wt %) so as to provide enough reaction space resulted in a high capacity retention of 84% in the 30th cycle and a high capacity of 387 mA h g−1. It was demonstrated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy that the enhancement was due to lowering of the charge-transfer resistance in the nanospace-controlled composite.

Field of study: Chemistry
The Admissibility of Certain Invariant Statistical Tests Involving a Translation Parameter

The notion of invariance (or symmetry) has such strong intuitive appeal that many current statistical procedures have the invariance property and are in fact the best invariant procedures although they were proposed long before a general discussion of invariance was available. Hotelling ,  and Pitman ,  emphasized the invariant nature of certain tests and esti-mates. A general definition of the notion for the problem of testing hypotheses was given by Hunt and Stein who showed that in this case under severe restric-tions on the group of transformations an optimum invariant test is most stringent or more generally minimax with respect to an invariant loss function (see ). This result has been extended to more general decision problems and more general groups by Peisakoff . However, these results do not prove admissibility of the procedures in question unless the group of transformations is compact.

Field of study: Mathematics
Application of Seeded Region Growing to Color Image Segmentation

A color image segmentation method is presented based on the SRG method. Seeds can be automatically selected in the L*a*b* color space by making use of both color differences and relative Euclidean distances in the new algorithm; the new methods of SRG is used to form the initial segmented regions; and the initial regions are hierarchically merged based on the region distance defined by the color spatial and adjacent information. The proposed algorithm can overcome the disadvantages of not selecting seeds automatically and leading to the result of over-segmented by the traditional SRG method. And it can be applied to color image segmentation successfully. The meaningful experiment results of color image segmentation hold favorable consistency in terms of human perception and have shown feasibility and effectiveness to various natural color images.

Field of study: Computer science
Flume study of knickpoint development in stratified sediment

In a flume study of knickpoint development in stratified sediment, two thin sand beds were intercalated between beds of cohesive material. The sand beds acted as knickpoint-forming horizons on which stepped knickpoints were developed and maintained as they moved upstream, creating an apparently stable form consisting of a channel-in-channel system. The system had four basic elements: (1) an aggraded reach upstream of the knickpoint, terminating on the downstream end at a fill-incision transition zone; (2) an oversteepened reach just above the knickpoint face; (3) the knickpoint face; and (4) an incising reach, often covered by moving sediment between successive knickpoints.

Apparently the presence of a knickpoint-forming horizon reduces knickpoint retreat rates, which were much lower in this study than those observed in an experiment with cohesive material but no intercalated sand beds and a similar discharge. Also, the channel-in-channel system that results from stratification is apparently fairly insensitive to the effects of changing discharge.

Field of study: Geology
The geometry of Brauer graph algebras and cluster mutations

In this paper we establish a connection between ribbon graphs and Brauer graphs. As a result, we show that a compact oriented surface with marked points gives rise to a unique Brauer graph algebra up to derived equivalence. In the case of a disc with marked points we show that a dual construction in terms of dual graphs exists. The rotation of a diagonal in an m-angulation gives rise to a Whitehead move in the dual graph, and we explicitly construct a tilting complex on the related Brauer graph algebras reflecting this geometrical move.

Field of study: Mathematics
Studies on Insecticide Resistance in Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) in Gujarat State

Bio-assay studies were conducted at Gujarat Agricultural University campus, Anand during 1998–99 to determine the extent of resistance developed by Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) against different insecticides in Gujarat state. Populations of H. armigera form Modasa (District Sabarkantha) and Mahudha (District Kheda) of North and Middle Gujarat were tested against nine different insecticides and higher level of resistance (13.81 to 48.57 fold) was found in populations of both the locations against cypermethrin, chlorpyriphos, carbaryl and fenvalerate.

Field of study: Biology
Relativistic dissipative hydrodynamics with extended matching conditions for ultra-relativistic heavy-ion collisions

Recently we proposed a novel approach to the formulation of relativistic dissipative hydrodynamics by extending the so-called matching conditions in the Eckart frame ( (2012)). We extend this formalism further to the arbitrary local rest frame. We discuss the stability and causality of solutions of fluid equations which are obtained by applying this formulation to the Landau-Lifshitz frame, which is more relevant to treat the fluid produced in ultra-relativistic heavy-ion collisions. We derive equations of motion for a relativistic dissipative fluid with zero baryon chemical potential and show that linearized equations obtained from them are stable against small perturbations. It is found that conditions for a fluid to be stable against infinitesimal perturbations are equivalent to imposing restrictions that the sound wave, $c_{s}$ , propagating in the fluid, must not exceed the speed of light c, i.e., $c_{s} < c$ . This conclusion is equivalent to that obtained in the previous paper using the Eckart frame ( (2012)).

Field of study: Physics
The Humanities in America: A Review Essay

This statement is authorized by the Commission. That is to say, the Commission, desirous of a unified report, instructed its Chairman to speak for the whole body, though not necessarily to reflect everv difference of opinion among the members of the Commission. This he has tried to do. Not all members of the Commission necessarily agree with everything that is said here, but the general drift of the argument is, he believes, what the Commission intends to put before the public. The style, form, and substance of the report are the Chairman's individual responsibility (page ix).

Field of study: Education
Spinal injury patterns among skiers and snowboarders.

OBJECT
Skiing and snowboarding injuries have increased with the popularity of these sports. Spinal cord injuries (SCIs) are a rare but serious event, and a major cause of morbidity and mortality for skiers and snowboarders. The purpose of this study is to characterize the patterns of SCI in skiers and snowboarders.



The authors queried the Nationwide Inpatient Sample for the years 2000-2008 for all patients admitted with skiing or snowboarding as the mechanism of injury, yielding a total of 8634 patients. The injury patterns were characterized by the ICD-9 diagnostic and procedure codes. The codes were searched for those pertaining to vertebral and skull fracture; spinal cord, chest, abdominal, pelvic, and vessel injuries; and fractures and dislocations of the upper and lower extremity. Statistical analysis was performed with ANOVA and Student t-test.



Patients were predominantly male (71%) skiers (61%), with the average age of the skiers being older than that of snowboarders (39.5 vs 23.5 years). The average length of stay for patients suffering from spine trauma was 3.8 days and was increased to 8.9 days in those with SCI. Among hospitalized patients, SCI was seen in 0.98% of individuals and was equally likely to occur in snowboarders and skiers (1.07% vs 0.93%, p < 0.509). Cervical spine trauma was associated with the highest likelihood of SCI (19.6% vs. 10.9% of thoracic and 6% of lumbar injuries, p < 0.0001). Patients who were injured skiing were more likely to sustain a cervical spine injury, whereas those injured snowboarding had higher frequencies of injury to the lumbar spine. The most common injury seen in tandem with spine injury was closed head injury, and it was seen in 13.4% of patients. Conversely, a spine injury was seen in 12.9% of patients with a head injury. Isolated spine fractures were seen in 4.6% of patients.



Skiers and snowboarders evaluated at the hospital are equally likely to sustain spine injuries. Additionally, participants in both sports have an increased incidence of SCI with cervical spine trauma.

Field of study: Medicine
Polyamide Reinforced EPDM Compatibilized with Maleic Anhydride Grafted Ethylene-Propylene-Diene Rubber

Vulcanizates of blends of ethylene-propylene-diene rubber (EPDM) and polyamide (PA) copolymer were prepared by reactive compatibilization. A reactive route was employed to compatibilize these blends by the addition of maleic anhydride EPDM (MAH-g-EPDM). In this paper, the influence of compatibilizers, crosslinking agents, and blend composition on the mechanical properties of the blends were investigated. The morphologies of the blends were determined by scanning electron microscopy. It was found that the addition of MAH-g-EPDM reduced the particle size of the dispersed phase remarkably. The stability of the blend was measured by thermal ageing at high temperature in the presence of compatibilizer. Both dynamic mechanical thermal analysis and differential scanning calorimetry experiments were carried out to investigate the effect of MAH-g-EPDM addition on the Tgs of the blend components. The addition of PA copolymer caused significant improvement in the tensile properties of these blends.

Field of study: Materials science
An Image-Based Diagnostic Expert System for Crop Pests and Diseases

Quite a few diseases have similar symptoms making it difficult for non-experts to distinguish disease correctly.Another method of diagnosis depends on comparison of the concerned case with similar ones through one image or more of the symptoms and help non-experts enormously in overcoming difficulties.Visual color image displays with the phrases of questions and answers from the expert system,enables users to identify any disease,make the right decision,and choose the right treatment.This may increase their level of understanding of crop disease diagnosis.

Field of study: Computer science
Alcohol prices, taxes, and alcohol-related harms: A critical review of natural experiments in alcohol policy for nine countries.

Evidence for alcohol-price policy relies heavily on aggregate econometric studies for the United States. Prior reviews of prices and alcohol-related harms include only a few studies based on natural experiments. This study provides a comprehensive review of natural experiments for a wide variety of harms from studies published during 2003 to 2015. We examine policy changes that importantly affected alcohol taxes and prices, and related changes in availability.



Forty-five studies met inclusion criteria, covering nine countries: Australia, Denmark, Finland, Hong Kong, Iceland, Russia, Sweden, Switzerland, and United States. Some studies cover more than one harm or country, and there are 69 outcomes for review. Summaries are provided for five outcome groups: alcohol-related mortality and hospitalizations; assaults and other crime; drink-driving; intoxication; and survey-indexes for dependency. The review notes both positive/mixed results and negative/null results.



Findings indicate that changes in taxes and prices have selective effects on harms. Mortality outcomes are positive for liver disease and older persons, especially in Finland and Russia. Mostly null results for assaults and drink-driving are found for five countries. Intoxication results for Nordic countries are mixed for selective subpopulations. Results for survey indexes are mixed, with no strong pattern of outcomes within or across countries.



Prior reviews stress taxes as a comprehensive and cost-effective intervention for addressing alcohol-related harms. A review of natural experiments indicates the confidence placed on this measure is too high, and natural experiments in alcohol policy had selective effects on various subpopulations.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Formation,development and enlightment of British financial support system for graduate students

The British financial support system for graduate students originated during World War I,and ultimately formatted in 1960s.Embedded in research funding council in orgnisation and instituion,this system ensures the close integration between student training and scientific research.Since the 21st century,the United Kingdom gradually increases the graduate student subsidy standards,and formed some main support modes: open competition,overall funding,research accounts and project funding.All of them could make some advice to the graduate education reform in China.

Field of study: Education
Frequency Response of Disordered Periodic Structures

A computational procedure is given for calculating the frequency response of disordered periodic structures based on wave propagation theory. An ideal periodic structure is composed of identical cell-units which are connected end-to-end to form a spatially periodic array. However, due to material, geometric and manufacturing variabilities, a structure is designed to be periodic can never be exactly periodic. The departure from ideal periodicity is known as disorder, and it can cause wave attenuation even without damping. In this paper, another effect of disorder is investigated, namely, the variability of frequency response.

Field of study: Engineering
Urban vegetation and income segregation in drylands: a synthesis of seven metropolitan regions in the southwestern United States

To better understand how urbanization affects the amount and timing of urban vegetation in drylands we investigated remotely sensed vegetation patterns across seven large metropolitan regions in the southwestern United States. We asked (1) how low density urban land cover differed from adjacent wildland grass, herb, and shrub land covers in both the amount of vegetation and the length of the growing season, (2) how neighborhood income affected patterns of vegetation within low density urban cover, and (3) how cities differed from one another in their vegetation patterns. We found that urbanization generally has a strong influence on vegetation compared to adjacent wildlands. In four of the metropolitan regions the cumulative enhanced vegetation index (EVI) and growing season length in low density developments were higher than grass, herb, and shrub land covers. Within all metropolitan regions, there was a significant socioeconomic effect where higher income areas had a higher cumulative EVI than lower income areas. The large differences in urban vegetation among cities were related to precipitation and total domestic water use. These findings help to identify how urbanization influences vegetation, with implications for the availability of ecosystem services and requirements for irrigation in hot dryland cities.

Field of study: Environmental science
Applications of Transportation Theory to Statistical Problems

The two-dimensional controlled selection problem and the problem of maximizing the overlap of old and new primary sampling units after restratification and change of selection probabilities have been studied for several decades but have never been completely solved until now. Using transportation theory, complete solutions are obtained here for these and other problems. The solution to the controlled selection problem is based on a specific transportation model that was originally developed, in a previous paper by Cox and Ernst (1982), to solve completely the controlled rounding problem, namely the problem of optimally rounding real-valued entries in a two-way tabular array to adjacent integer values in a manner that preserves the tabular (additive) structure of the array. This model is also applied to other statistical problems, such as raking and statistical disclosure for frequency count tabulations and microdata.

Field of study: Mathematics
Development of a new state-of-the-art beamline optimized for monochromatic single-crystal and powder X-ray diffraction under extreme conditions at the ESRF.

A new state-of-the art synchrotron beamline fully optimized for monochromatic X-ray diffraction at high pressure and high (or low) temperature is presented. In comparison with the old high-pressure beamline ID30, this new beamline exhibits outstanding performance in terms of photon flux and focusing capabilities. The main components of this new instrument will be described in detail and compared with the performance of beamline ID30. In particular, the choices in terms of X-ray source, X-ray optics, sample environment and detectors are discussed. The first results of the beamline commissioning are presented.

Field of study: Physics
Cauda equina syndrome.

Cauda equina syndrome is rare, but when it does occur it can lead to poor outcomes with significant legal implications. Controversy exists as to whether the timing of surgical intervention may affect these outcomes. Recent studies have reinforced that early surgical decompression may be beneficial to early return of function. Expeditious surgery is, however, only one factor that can affect outcome in this syndrome. The cauda equina consists of peripheral nerves, both motor and sensory, below the level of the conus medullaris and within the spinal canal. The conus medullaris contains the myelomeres of the five sacral nerve roots. Damage to any part of this structure may result in the cauda equina syndrome (CES). The clinical symptoms of CES are manifest by low back pain, sciatica, saddle and perineal hypoesthesia or anesthesia, a decrease in anal tone, absent ankle, knee, or bulbocavernous reflexes, and bowel and bladder dysfunction. The literature continues to be conflicting and controversial with regard to timing of surgical decompression. Judicious physical examination and prompt diagnosis remain the cornerstones of effective management of this syndrome.

Field of study: Medicine