nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Dynamics of the Australian–Indonesian monsoon across Termination II: Implications of molecular-biomarker reconstructions from the Timor Sea

Molecular biomarker-derived proxies in a marine sediment core from the eastern Timor Sea have been employed to track changes in the Australian–Indonesian monsoon system over the time period from the penultimate glacial to the last interglacial. The average chain length of n-alkanes originating from terrestrial higher plants reveals an expansion of woody plants during both Termination II and the last interglacial with respect to the penultimate glacial. This is consistent with previous reconstructions for the last glacial–interglacial cycle, indicating that water-stress conditions during dry seasons of southern Indonesia should have been relieved during interglacials and deglacials relative to glacials. However, in contrast to an only muted response during Heinrich Stadial 1, the vegetation composition showed a dramatic and prominent change during Heinrich Stadial 11. This was probably caused by a much more significant and longer duration iceberg discharge event to the northern North Atlantic during Heinrich Stadial 11 relative to Heinrich Stadial 1, which exerted a significant influence on the tropical hydrological cycle and monsoon rainfall seasonality. In addition, marine algae-derived biomarkers are used to reconstruct primary productivity variations, which are in agreement with previous studies from the same area. The precessional cyclicity of paleo-productivity variations is possibly induced by changes in the Australian–Indonesian winter monsoon intensity, showing a correlation with boreal winter insolation. However, this phase relationship is in contrast to the inference based on other lines of evidence, which suggests strong winter monsoon strength during boreal summer insolation maxima. New winter monsoon proxies are therefore required to clarify this discrepancy.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Isoprenaline enhances local Ca2+ release in cardiac myocytes

Contraction of cardiac myocytes is controlled by the generation and amplification of intracellular Ca2+ signals. The key step of this process is the coupling between sarcolemma L-type Ca2+ channels (LCCs) and ryanodine receptors (RyRs) in the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). β-Adrenergic stimulation is an important regulatory mechanism for this coupling process. But the details underlied the global level, which require local Ca2+ release study are still unclear. The present study is to explore the effects of β-adrenergic stimulation on local Ca2+ release.Using confocal microscopy combined with loose-seal patch-clamp approaches, effects of isoprenaline (1 μmol-L−1), a β-adrenergic agonist, on local SR Ca2+ release triggered by Ca2+ influx through LCCs in intact rat cardiac myocytes were investigated.Isoprenaline increased the intensity of ensemble averaged local Ca2+ transients, the peak of which displayed a typical bell-shaped voltage-dependence over the membrane voltages ranging from ∼-40mV to ∼+35mV. Further analysis showed that this enhancement could be explained by the increased coupling fidelity (which refers the increased probability of RyRs activation upon depolarization), and the increased amplitude of evoked Ca2+ sparks (due to more Ca2+ releases through local RyRs). In addition, isoprenaline decreased the first latency, which displayed a typical “U”-shaped voltage-dependence, showing the available acceleration and synchronization of β-adrenergic stimulation on intracellular calcium release.Isoprenaline enhances local Ca2+ release in cardiac myocytes. These results underscore the importance of regulation of β-adrenergic stimulation on local intermolecular signals between LCCs and RyRs in heart cells.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Marker-based quadri-ocular tracking system for surgery

This study presents a quadri-ocular tracking system, which is based on PC and infrared reflective markers, for a spine surgical robot. The authors mainly focus on four tasks of the system. First of all, a two-step strategy for point correspondence of the multi-ocular system is introduced. The strategy enhances the traditional epipolar constrain for a bi-ocular system, and it decomposes the point correspondence of the multi-ocular system into several bi-ocular systems and corresponding steps to improve the speed of the system. Second, this paper proposes a fast algorithm of three-dimensional point reconstruction based on the perpendicular feet of back-projection lines. A marker constraint is also dug up to solve the combination problem of target recognition. Finally, this study uses a generalised inverse and singular value decomposition-based method to locate the pose of the target. The experiments show that the speed and accuracy of the system are satisfactory.

Field of study: Computer science
Rice Pests Situation in Punjab During 1975

Survey of rice insect pests was conducted in the Punjab State during kharif 1975. The crop was surveyed at tillering stage, panicle emergence and preharvest stage. It was recorded that incidence of Sogatella farcifera, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis, Oxya sp and blue beetle Haltica cyanea was wide spread throughout the State at all the growing stages of the crop. Dicladispa (Hispa) armigera and Ecihnoc-nemas oryzae at the initial tillering stage, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis during panicle emergence and pre-harvest stage and Nilaparvata lugens and Leptocorisa varicornis during the pre-harvest stage of the crop were observed to be in abundance.

Field of study: Biology
Physico-chemical properties and sensory acceptance of mixed drinks of red cabbage (Brassica oleracea L.) and roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) extracts.

The present work aimed to determine the best formulation of mixed drink made from red cabbage and roselle extracts. Six mixed drink formulations were prepared based on different ratios of red cabbage to roselle extracts: F1 (30:20); F2 (35:15), F3 (40:10); F4 (20:30); F5 (15:35) and F6 (25:25). Samples were prepared by pasteurising the mixed drinks with the pre-determined amount of ingredients at 90°C for 5 sec. The pH of roselle extract (2.06 ± 0.02) was found to be more acidic as compared to red cabbage extract (6.38 ± 0.03). This contributed to the low pH in mixed drink formulations (2.68-3.48). Total titratable acidity (TTA) (0.44-0.89% malic acid w/v) and total anthocyanin content (247.99-339.77 mg cyanidin-3-glucoside/L) were shown to increase significantly with increasing roselle extract concentration. Similarly, total soluble solids (TSS) (12.23-12.83°brix) was found to increase significantly with higher ratio of red cabbage extract due to high TSS content (7.67 ± 0.08°brix) in the extract as compared to roselle extract (4.63 ± 0.09°brix). There were significant differences among all the samples in L*, a* and b* values. Mixed drink formulations that contained higher concentration of red cabbage extract were lighter and redder in colour. Significant differences were observed in sweetness, sourness, taste and overall acceptability of drinks, with F3 yielding the highest mean scores for all attributes. Mean score of sensory attributes of the mixed drinks were related to physicochemical properties. Mean scores of all sensory attributes had negative correlation with TTA. Sweetness mean score was positively correlated to the L* value, sourness mean score was positively correlated with pH, L* and a* values but negatively correlated with b* value, and colour mean score had positive correlation with a* value. Therefore, it can be concluded that panellists preferred less sour drinks, which were lighter and redder in colour.β-carotene onto the PKSAC in a model system but yielded the highest desorption efficiency. .

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Caveolae and caveolin-1 mediate endocytosis and transcytosis of oxidized low density lipoprotein in endothelial cells

To explore the mechanisms involved in ox-LDL transcytosis across endothelial cells and the role of caveolae in this process.An in vitro model was established to investigate the passage of oxidized low density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) through a tight monolayer of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) cultured on a collagen-coated filter. Passage of DiI-labeled ox-LDL through the monolayer was measured using a fluorescence spectrophotometer. The uptake and efflux of ox-LDL by HUVEC were determined using fluorescence microscopy and HPLC.Results:Caveolae inhibitors – carrageenan (250 μg/mL), filipin (5 μg/mL), and nocodazole (33 μmol/L)–decreased the transport of ox-LDL across the monolayer by 48.9%, 72.4%, and 79.8% as compared to the control group. In addition, they effectively decreased ox-LDL uptake and inhibited the efflux of ox-LDL. Caveolin-1 and LOX-1 were up-regulated by ox-LDL in a time-dependent manner and decreased gradually after depletion of ox-LDL (P<0.05). After treatment HUVEC with ox-LDL and silencing caveolin-1, NF-κB translocation to the nucleus was blocked and LOX-1 expression decreased (P<0.05).Conclusion:Caveolae can be a carrier for ox-LDL and may be involved in the uptake and transcytosis of ox-LDL by HUVEC.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Structure et role dans la coagulation du sang des glucides liés aux protéines

The first step in blood clotting is the transformation of fibrinogen into soluble fibrin aggregates through the action of thrombin. The second step consists of the formation of insoluble fibrin polymers through the action of a transamidase, which is the thrombin-activated form of fibrinase or fibrin stabilising factor (FSF). Thrombin is derived from prothrombin in a very complex physiological process. All enzymes and substrates involved in these reactions contain a sugar fragment. Their structures, so far elucidated, are compared. The essential role of the sugar fragments of fibrinogen is demonstrated by inherited and acquired dysfibrinogenemia. The possible common role of carbohydrates in the complex process of blood clotting is discussed.

Field of study: Chemistry
Novel approaches in Food Microbiology.

The development of genomics technologies for guiding the predictive modeling of microorganism behavior to make food preservation treatments effective, are discussed. A fully genomewide description of cellular response to environmental conditions lies in the combination of a transcriptome and proteome/metabolome analysis. The predictive models based on mechanistics insight will have to make use of various levels of information and include physical parameters pertaining to the heat capacity and heat transfer during processing, and biochemical and nutritional parameters pertaining of the food. The developments also facilitate the construction of tools which allow tracking and tracing of microorganisms through whole food chain.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Политико-экономические итоги сентября 2015г

Основными событиями сентября 2015 г. стал единый день голосования – последний перед федеральными выборами через год, и начало участия России в военной операции в Сирии, разрешение на которую Совет Федерации официально дал по обращению Президента России В. Путина. Итоги выборов примерно подтвердили статистические данные прошлого выборного цикла с небольшим улучшением показателей «Единой России».

Field of study: Economics
Index Models for Sparsely Sampled Functional Data

The regression problem involving functional predictors has many important applications and a number of functional regression methods have been developed. However, a common complication in functional data analysis is one of sparsely observed curves, that is predictors that are observed, with error, on a small subset of the possible time points. Such sparsely observed data induce an errors-in-variables model, where one must account for measurement error in the functional predictors. Faced with sparsely observed data, most current functional regression methods simply estimate the unobserved predictors and treat them as fully observed; thus failing to account for the extra uncertainty from the measurement error. We propose a new functional errors-in-variables approach, sparse index model functional estimation (SIMFE), which uses a functional index model formulation to deal with sparsely observed predictors. SIMFE has several advantages over more traditional methods. First, the index model implements a nonlinear regression and uses an accurate supervised method to estimate the lower dimensional space into which the predictors should be projected. Second, SIMFE can be applied to both scalar and functional responses and multiple predictors. Finally, SIMFE uses a mixed effects model to effectively deal with very sparsely observed functional predictors and to correctly model the measurement error.

Field of study: Mathematics
Partially occluded pedestrian classification using histogram of oriented gradients and local weighted linear kernel support vector machine

One of the main challenges in pedestrian classification is partial occlusion. This study presents a new method for pedestrian classification with partial occlusion handling. The proposed method involves a set of part-based classifiers trained on histogram of oriented gradients features derived from non-occluded pedestrian data set. The score of each part classifier is then employed to weight features used to train a second stage full-body classifier. The full-body classifier based on local weighted linear kernel support vector machine is trained using both non-occluded and artificially generated partial occlusion pedestrian dataset. The new kernel allows to significantly focus on the non-occluded parts and reduce the impact of the occluded ones. Experimental results on real-world dataset, with both partially occluded and non-occluded data, show high performance of the proposed method compared with other state-of-the-art methods.

Field of study: Computer science
Managing diving impacts on reef ecosystems: Analysis of putative influences of motivations, marine life preferences and experience on divers' environmental perceptions

Scuba diving is a growing form of tourism reflecting positively on the economy of coastal communities. However, any negative impacts associated with scuba diving need to be prevented to safeguard the critical ecosystem services provided by reefs. Studies have explored the behaviour of scuba divers by psychological and skill-related factors to formulate plans for the management of reefs and diving tourism. This study represents a contribution to the growing evidence concerning scuba divers' perceptions according to these factors. Scuba divers at Sodwana Bay, South Africa were interviewed on their diving motivations, excitement for marine life, experience, and perceptions of impacts, reef condition, and norms. It was hypothesised that motivations and marine life preferences had a significant relationship with scuba divers' perceptions and norms, and that experience mediated this relationship. Hypotheses were tested via structural equation modelling. Although motivations varied significantly according to diving experience, the hypotheses were not confirmed by the structural model. These findings highlight the importance of a stronger educational component across all diving specialisation levels, and emphasise the need to further research the potential links between psychological variables and behaviour in scuba divers.

Field of study: Environmental science
Ice slurry generation involving moving parts

Efficient ice slurry generation systems continuously produce ice crystals of desired size offering high cooling rates without any wall freeze-up. Although several ice slurry generation technologies have been and are being developed, currently only the scraped surface and supercooling type have been widely used in commercial applications. Typical ice slurry generators require the use of mechanical devices such as scraper blades, orbital rods or impacting solid particles to maintain a freeze-free ice-generating surface and achieve a continuous ice slurry production. The basic principles, operating ranges and heat transfer characteristics of the scraped surface and fluidized bed type ice slurry generators are reviewed. From this review it became clear that the basic crystallization principles and heat transfer mechanisms in current ice generators are not yet fully understood. To elucidate the heat transfer mechanisms, heat transfer measurements are presented in a prototype compact ice generator.

Field of study: Engineering
The Marketing Of Railway Shares In The First Half Of The Nineteenth Century

manufacturing industry has seldom made use of the capital market machinery for the raising of its capital. In the early period of industrialization small manufacturers were able to make use of their own resources, or loans from friends or from banks; later they ploughed back their profits.2 The figures provided by Lavington, relating to the immediate pre-i9I4 period, showed that 'the London capital market was not the main channel for the finance of industry '.3 Other inquiries, of later date, showed that this continued to be  The small scale of manufacturing industry, and the large profits made, which allowed entrepreneurs to use their profits for extensions, were two of the major reasons for their avoidance of the capital market.5 But public utility companies were obviously different. Apart from their different legal background-they usually required an Act of Parliament to become incorporated-their capital requirements were greater, and could not have been met by the methods used by industry. Ploughing back profits was out of the question since their turnover was small in relation to their capital. Yet although railway companies (the companies to be considered in this article) made large capital issues, they did not, as is well known, make use of underwriters, investment bankers and the like. Part of the reason for this, doubtless, was the abundance of capital in Britain available

Field of study: Economics, History
Next-Generation Sequencing Analysis Reveals Novel Pathogenic Variants in Four Chinese Siblings With Late-Infantile Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis

Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinoses (NCLs) are progressive degenerative diseases mainly affect brain and retina. They are characterized by accumulation of autofluorescent storage material, mitochondrial ATPase subunit C, or sphingolipid activator proteins A and D in lysosomes of most cells. Heterogenous storage material in NCLs is not completely disease-specific. Most of CLN proteins and their natural substrates are not well-characterized. Studies have suggested variants of Late-Infantile NCLs (LINCLs) include the major type CLN2 and minor types CLN5, CLN6, CLN7, and CLN8. Therefore, combination of clinical and molecular analysis has become a more effective diagnosis method. We studied 4 late-infantile NCL siblings characterized by seizures, ataxia as early symptoms, followed by progressive regression in intelligence and behavior, but mutations are located in different genes. Symptoms and progression of 4 types of LINCLs are compared. Pathology of LINCLs is also discussed. We performed Nest-Generation Sequencing on these phenotypically similar families. Three novel variants c.1551+1insTGAT in TPP1, c.244G>T in CLN6, c.554-5A>G in MFSD8 were identified. Potential outcome of the mutations in structure and function of proteins are studied. In addition, we observed some common and unique clinical features of Chinese LINCL patient as compared with those of Western patients, which greatly improved our understanding of the LINCLs.

Field of study: Biology
Observations on the symptomatology and pathogenesis of hepatic coma.

1. The literature describing the neurological manifestations of hepatic coma is reviewed.

2. The neurological signs observed in 18 cases of hepatic coma are described. The full picture consisted of personality changes, mania, and coma, with dilated pupils, choreifonn movements of the arms, tome grasping, and sometimes lead-pipe or cogwheel rigidity; absent abdominal reflexes, increased knee-jerks, ankle clonus, and extensor plantar responses. In some cases there was either spasticity or lead-pipe rigidity of the legs. During the early phase of coma the patients sometimes adopted a characteristic posture, with the legs tightly drawn up to the abdominal wall. Cranial nerve palsies were a rare accompaniment, and convulsions were not observed. All these changes were more prominent in children than in adults.

3. A number of theories to account for such changes have been advanced at various times. It is here suggested that hypoglycaemia may precipitate convulsions, but is not otherwise directly associated with the production of symptoms. The possibility of an intestinal toxin passing through a damaged liver to enter the general circulation is discarded; so also is the theory that acetylcholine accumulates in the blood as a result of a fall in the plasma-cholinesterase. Reference is made to experimental work which suggests that the products of autolysis of the liver parenchyma, which have a high aminoacid content, are toxic. It is possible that these products, entering the circulation, account for the phase of excitement observed in acute liver failure.

4. The theory is put forward that the disturbed pattern of blood aminoacids, which occurs as the result of both acute and chronic liver failure, may be toxic' to the brain. Experimental work in animals which supports this theory is briefly referred to. It is suggested that the variable clinical picture of hepatic coma is almost certainly of biochemical origin, and may be directly related to the variable pattern of the blood aminoacids.

5. The part played by glutamic acid metabolism in the central nervous system is described. It is suggested that in some cases interference may have occurred in the utilization of t.hia substance, with a consequent breakdown in the ammonia-binding mechanism of the brain. There may also have been a

Field of study: Medicine
New Organic/Inorganic Pigments Based on Azo Dye and Aluminum-Magnesium Hydroxycarbonates with Various Mg/Al Ratios

This study set out to investigate the impact of aluminum-magnesium hydroxycarbonates (LHs) with various Mg/Al ratios on the formation of hybrid pigments. The colorants were also evaluated for their flame-retardant properties. In the first part of the study, the hybrid pigments were submitted to comprehensive characterization using time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS), 27Al solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and N2 adsorption as well as scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM/STEM). The relationship between the Mg/Al ratios of the LH carriers and the formation of lake pigments was explored. The TOF-SIMS spectrum of LH modified with azo chromophore (AC) showed an intense peak for the C19H15O5N2Mg+ ion, confirming metal-dye interactions. Incorporation of the organic colorant into the LH host enhanced its resistance to dissolution in organic solvent (butyl acetate), as well as improving its color stability under elevated temperatures. The second part of the study evaluated the flammability of ethylene-norbornene (EN) composites, in which the pigments had been applied as colorants. Cone calorimetry revealed that addition of the organic-inorganic pigments resulted in a substantial improvement of the flame retardancy, reflected by the decreased values of the heat release rate (HRRMAX) and total heat release parameter (THR) of the EN composites in comparison to a neat sample (unfilled EN).

Field of study: Materials science