nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Notes on the soil ciliate biota (Protozoa, Ciliophora) from the Shimba Hills in Kenya (Africa): diversity and description of three new genera and ten new species

A very diverse ciliate community was found in nine soil samples from the Shimba Hills Nature Reserve in Kenya, equatorial Africa. The ciliates, respectively, their resting cysts, were re-activated from air-dried samples using the non-flooded Petri dish method. Species were determined from life and by silver impregnation. 34 (27%) of the 125 taxa identified had not yet been described in 1985, when the samples were collected and investigated. The richest samples, each containing 59 species, were those from a deciduous primary forest and a young secondary pine forest. The most remarkable species discovered in the Shimba Hills were Krassniggia auxiliaris, Bresslauides terricola, Gigantothrix herzogi, and Afrothrix darbyshirei. They are “flagships” with a very distinct morphology and easy to recognise due to their extraordinarily large body size. Krassniggia auxiliaris occurs also in Australia and probably has a restricted Gondwanan distribution, like some other ciliates. Bresslauides terricola was later found in soils from all main biogeographical regions, except for Antarctica. Gigantothrix herzogi and Afrothrix darbyshirei are still unique to the Shimba Hills. The following taxa are described in detail: Sikorops woronowiczae nov. gen., nov. spec., Arcuospathidium multinucleatum nov. spec., Dileptus similis Foissner, 1995, Plagiocampa bitricha nov. spec., Drepanomonas exigua exigua Penard, 1922, D. exigua bidentata nov. sspec., Parafurgasonia protectissima (Penard, 1922) nov. comb., P. terricola nov. spec., Brachyosoma brachypoda mucosa nov. sspec., Gigantothrix herzogi nov. gen., nov. spec., Afrothrix darbyshirei nov. gen., nov. spec., Oxytricha africana nov. spec., and O. elegans nov. spec.

Field of study: Environmental science
Strength and durability of rapid set PVA fiber reinforced LMC for pavement repair

This study evaluated the strength properties, chloride ion permeability and abrasion resistance of styrene–butadiene latex-modified polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) fibre-reinforced rapid-set cement concrete (LMFRRSC) for application to emergency repair of concrete pavements. Experiments were conducted to measure the compressive strength, flexural strength, splitting tensile strength, bond strength, chloride ion penetration and abrasion resistance of LMFRRSC for variable PVA fibre content (0, 0.05 and 0.10%); test results showed that these test parameters increased with the volume fraction of PVA fibre, satisfying all traffic-opening criteria for emergency concrete pavement repair. The PVA fibre additive effectively minimized crack formation generated as a result of high hydration heat in the early material stages and inhibited fibre ball development. Thus, the addition of PVA fibre enhanced the performance of LMFRRSC for emergency repair of concrete pavements.

Field of study: Materials science
Differences, or lack thereof, in wheat and maize yields under three low-warming scenarios

The availability of climate model experiments under three alternative scenarios stabilizing at warming targets inspired by the COP21 agreements (a 1.5 °C not exceed, a 1.5 °C with overshoot and a 2.0 °C) makes it possible to assess future expected changes in global yields for two staple crops, wheat and maize. In this study an empirical model of the relation between crop yield anomalies and temperature and precipitation changes, with or without the inclusion of CO2 fertilization effects, is used to produce ensembles of time series of yield outcomes on a yearly basis over the course of the 21st century, for each scenario. The 21st century is divided into 10 year windows starting from 2020, within which the statistical significance and the magnitude of the differences in yield changes between pairs of scenarios are assessed, thus evaluating if and when benefits of mitigations appear, and how substantial they are. Additionally, a metric of extreme heat tailored to the individual crops (number of days during the growing season above a crop-specific threshold) is used to measure exposure to harmful temperatures under the different scenarios. If CO2 effects are not included, statistically significant differences in yields of both crops appear as early as the 2030s but the magnitude of the differences remains below 3% of the historical baseline in all cases until the second part of the century. In the later decades of the 21st century, differences remain small and eventually stop being statistically significant between the two scenarios stabilizing at 1.5 °C, while differences between these two lower scenarios and the 2.0 °C scenario grow to about 4%. The inclusion of CO2 effects erases all significant benefits of mitigation for wheat, while the significance of differences is maintained for maize yields between the higher and the two lower scenarios, albeit with smaller benefits in magnitude. Changes in extremes are significant within each of the scenarios but the differences between any pair of them, even by the end of the century are only on the order of a few days per growing season, and these small changes appear limited to a few localized areas of the growing regions. These results seem to suggest that for globally averaged yields of these two grains the lower targets put forward by the Paris agreement does not change substantially the expected impacts on yields that are caused by warming temperatures under the pre-existing 2.0 °C target.

Field of study: Environmental science
Water Management Model Evaluation for North Central Ohio

DATA from a field drainage experiment in North Central Ohio were used to evaluate the reliability of the water management simulation model, DRAINMOD. Predicted and measured outflow volumes were compared for field plots with surface drainage alone, subsurface drainage alone and for combination plots with both sur-face and subsurface drainage. Comparisons were made for four replications of each treatment over a total of eight years. Inputs to the model were climatological, crop, soil property and drainage system parameter data for each treatment. Predicted and measured surface runoff and drainage volumes were in good agreement for all treatments. Devi-ations in predicted and measured volumes for individual drainage events were usually small and, in most cases, about the same magnitude as measured differences be-tween replications.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Effects Of Meson-nucleon Dynamics In A Relativistic Approach To Medium-mass Nuclei

Recent developments in the relativistic nuclear field theory (RNFT) are reviewed. Based on the covariant meson-nucleon Lagrangian of quantum hadrodynamics, RNFT connects consistently the high-energy scale of heavy mesons, medium-energy range of pion and the low-energy domain of emergent collective vibrations (phonons) in a parameter-free way. Mesons and phonons build up the effective interaction in various channels, in particular, the phonon-exchange part takes care of the retardation effects, which are of great importance for the fragmentation of single-particle states, spreading of collective giant resonances and soft modes, quenching and beta-decay rates with significant consequences for astrophysics and for the theory of weak processes in nuclei. As examples, the recently discovered impact of isospin dynamics on the nuclear shell structure and the isospin-flip pairing vibrations are discussed.

Field of study: Physics
Characterization of nucleotide sequence of hepatitis B surface gene and enhancer element of HBV.

The HBV DNA sequence containing a primary part of pre-S2, the coding sequence of the major S protein and the enhancer sequence in pTWS1 was completely sequenced. A comparison with other previously published HBV sequences indicates that the nucleotide sequence homology in the pre-S2 region is 97%, 98% and 98% for adw, adr and ayw subtypes, respectively, and 76% among different subtypes. The nucleotide sequence homology in the major S protein region is 99% for each adw, adr and ayw subtype, and 90% among different subtypes. The important regulatory enhancer sequence (nucleotides 1036-1204) is identical in all subtypes.

Field of study: Biology
An Orthotropic Elastic-Plastic Constitutive Model for Masonry Walls

The use of a continuum structural model for the analysis of masonry structures in the plane stress state is discussed in this paper. Attention is paid to orthotropic masonry at the material level and validation of the model after its implementation in a proprietary finite element method (FEM) system via user-supplied subroutine. The constitutive relations are established in the framework of the mathematical elastoplasticity theory of small displacements and deformations. Based on the orthotropic failure criterion that was originally proposed by Hoffman in the spatial stress state, the model includes a generalization of the criterion in the plane stress. As it is the case for isotropic quasi-brittle materials, different yield surfaces are considered for tension and compression, which are both of Hoffman type.

Field of study: Materials science
Kaon HBT radii from perfect fluid dynamics using the Buda-Lund model

In this paper we summarize the ellipsoidally symmetric Buda-Lund model's results on HBT radii. We calculate the Bose-Einstein correlation function from the model and derive formulas for the transverse momentum dependence of the correlation radii in the Bertsch-Pratt system of out, side and longitudinal directions. We show a comparison to $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}=200 GeV$ RHIC PHENIX two-pion correlation data and make prediction on the same observable for different particles.

Field of study: Physics
PETROLOGY OF HAKONE VOLCANO AND THE ADJACENT AREAS, JAPAN

Rocks of Hakone volcano and adjacent areas cover a wide range from basalt to dacite approximate to soda-rhyolite. They were erupted from various different centers during the period from older Miocene to Recent. Two different rock series are recognized, one characterized by the occurrence of monoclinic-pyroxene (a solid solution series from augite to iron-rich pigeonite) as the only pyroxenic phase of the groundmass; the other by the presence of hypersthene (sometimes together with augite) in the groundmass. They are designated as “pigeonitic rock series” and “hypersthenic rock series” respectively. The pigeonitic rock series was derived from a parental olivine-basalt magma through simple fractional crystallization; the hypersthenic rock series was formed from the same magma through contamination of acid igneous rocks (probably granitic). In the pigeonitic rock series, the crystallization of the groundmass pyroxenes took place over the clino- and orthopyroxene inversion temperatures, resulting in pigeonite. In the hypersthenic rock series, the crystallization temperatures were lowered by concentration of volatile substances due to the contamination; its crystallization took place always below the inversion temperature, resulting in hypersthene. Porphyritic hornblende appeared in the later stage of the crystallization of the latter series. The chemical compositions of the groundmasses of these rocks resemble those of basalts and dolerites of the tholeiitic magma-type of the world.

Field of study: Geology
Bioevents and palaeoenvironmental changes in carbonate platforms: The record of Barremian “Urgonian” limestones of SE France

Biostratigraphic studies of Barremian platform carbonates from SE France, and nearby regions indicate the Last Occurrence (LO) horizons of some common shallow water taxa. Firstly two dasycladale algae: Piriferella paucicalcarea and Salpingoporella genevensis , which have their first occurrence in the upper Hauterivian disappear in the lower Barremian, at the Nicklesia pulchella – Kotetishvilia compressissima transition. Secondly a rudist bivalve: the genus Agriopleura , which has its first occurrence in the upper Hauterivian has its LO in the lower upper Barremian, within the Gerardhtia sartousiana zone. The specific stratigraphic levels of the above bioevents recorded in platform carbonates may be used for dating corresponding ammonite free-successions. Stratigraphic implications are constrained by the biogeographical extent of the key species which is essentially the Western and Central European margin of the Mediterranean Tethys. The joint LO of P. paucicalcarea and S. genevensis are inferred to have been linked with oceanographic and climatic changes, i.e. a cooling event. Platform carbonates were interrupted by a drowning event represented by a Maximum Flooding Surface or Transgressive surface. Shallow water Orbitolinidae record significant extinctions and deep water ammonites show a significant turnover. Similarly, modifications in ammonite faunas, bottom currents, temperature changes, i.e. cooling, and a major extinction among the family Orbitolinidae coincided with the LO of Agriopleura . Platform perturbations, including exposure, possibly a sequence boundary, and basin margin instability, both with a tectonic background, were associated with this event. The foregoing events and the linkage of palaeobiogeographic changes, that is the migration of the key taxa towards southern latitudes, in correspondence with the LO bioevents indicate that thermal changes, including seasonality, appear to have been the prominent controlling factor.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
CEBAF's SRF cavity manufacturing and some performance limitations

Construction of the CEBAF (Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility) recirculating linac represents the largest scale application of superconducting RF (SRF) technology to date. The accelerating structures in CEBAF are 169 pairs of 1.5 GHz SRF five-cell cavities-9 pairs in an injector and 80 pairs each in two linacs. Commissioning is now underway, with full energy beam expected in early 1995. All of the cavities have been assembled and have completed RF testing at 2.0 K in vertical dewars and in the accelerator. There was a significant reduction in performance in the accelerator. The difference in Q is ascribed to hydride precipitation enhanced by the slower cooldown in the accelerator.<<ETX>>

Field of study: Physics
Carbon isotope compositions of the Late Permian carbonate rocks in southern China: their variations between the Wujiaping and Changxing formations

The carbon isotope compositions of the Upper Permian marine carbonate rocks in southern and eastern Guizhou and central Guangxi of southern China have been investigated. The results reveal a δ13C anomaly at the boundary between the Wujiaping and Changxing Formations of the Upper Permian. The δ13C values in limestones of the Wujiaping formation are mostly within the range of 3.5 and 5.0‰, whereas the δ13C values in limestones of the Changxing Formation are mostly less than 3.0‰, ranging from 0.2 to 3.1‰. The carbon isotope negative excursion at the boundary between these two formations is helpful to differentiate the two stages (Wuchiapian and Changxingian) of the Late Permian in southern China if substantiated by sufficient fossil materials. This also means that the δ13C values of the carbonates were decreasing throughout the Late Permian, and this change was accompanied by some rapid falls, such as those in the Permian–Triassic boundary and possibly in the Wujiapingian and Changxingian boundary. During the Late Permian, the consumption of organic carbon by the oxidation of the previously formed coals, as a result of dry climates and tectonic uplifting, must have exceeded the burial of organic carbon (as in coal). In addition, lack of coal deposits during the late Tatarian on the Gondwana fragments suggests a global reduced coal accumulation. Consequently, more 12C-rich CO2 was released into the atmosphere, which might contribute to the δ13C depletion seen in Upper Permian marine carbonates.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Short-Term Memory: Curricular Implications for the Mentally Retarded

JAMES F. WINSCHEL, Ed.D. Syracuse University ELIZABETH A. LAWRENCE, Ph.D. Western Michigan University It has often been contended that programs for the mentally retarded are neither different nor distinctive. While it is true that the development of intelligence has been a sometimes unique objective of such programs, in practice instruction has variously emphasized academic, vocational, and social content drawn largely from the regular school curricula. In commenting on the development of educational programs for the retarded, Simches and Bohn (1963) stated, &dquo;the most important goal-more adequate intellectual functioning-was almost ignored&dquo; (p. 1 16). Recently Kelly (1971) went so far as to suggest that intelligence is but a minimal goal in the education of the retarded. It is as if, having failed to pursue the goal, we should now abandon it completely.

Field of study: Education
Current Mechanistic Concepts in Ischemia and Reperfusion Injury

Ischemia-reperfusion injury is associated with serious clinical manifestations, including myocardial hibernation, acute heart failure, cerebral dysfunction, gastrointestinal dysfunction, systemic inflammatory response syndrome, and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. Ischemia-reperfusion injury is a critical medical condition that poses an important therapeutic challenge for physicians. In this review article, we present recent advances focusing on the basic pathophysiology of ischemia-reperfusion injury, especially the involvement of reactive oxygen species and cell death pathways. The involvement of the NADPH oxidase system, nitric oxide synthase system, and xanthine oxidase system are also described. When the blood supply is re-established after prolonged ischemia, local inflammation and ROS production increase, leading to secondary injury. Cell damage induced by prolonged ischemia-reperfusion injury may lead to apoptosis, autophagy, necrosis, and necroptosis. We highlight the latest mechanistic insights into reperfusion-injury-induced cell death via these different processes. The interlinked signaling pathways of cell death could offer new targets for therapeutic approaches. Treatment approaches for ischemia-reperfusion injury are also reviewed. We believe that understanding the pathophysiology ischemia-reperfusion injury will enable the development of novel treatment interventions.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Residual toxicity of some insecticides to the adults of Trichogramma chilonis under both laboratory and field conditions

Investigations were carried out to assess the residual toxicity of some insecticides viz., endosulfan, imidacloprid, spinosad, triazophos, thiodicarb, novaluron and azadirachtin on adult survival of Trichogramma chilonis Ishii under laboratory and field conditions. Per cent adult mortality was observed after exposing the adults to 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, 10 and 15 days of preparation of insecticide film in glass vials and field sprayed tomato leaves. In laboratory conditions only novaluron (22 % mortality) was found to be safe while all the other insecticides remained toxic even upto 15 days of preparation of film causing 100 per cent mortality. Residual toxicity studies under field conditions showed that all the insecticides except novaluron caused 100 per cent mortality even on one day old residues whereas novaluron remained safe even on fresh insecticide residue and remained so up to 15 days after treatment. By third day, endosulfan, imidacloprid and azadirachtin showed decreased adult mortality resulting in 57.3, 68.7 and 61.3 per cent, respectively, but still remained higher than control (5.3%) while spinosad, thiodicarb and triazophos still remained highly toxic resulting in 100 per cent mortality. From the fifth day onwards all the insecticides showed a consistent decrease in toxicity as observed from the decreasing adult mortality as the age of the insecticide residues tested increased.

Field of study: Biology
A recognition tool for transient ischaemic attack.

Scoring systems exist to assist rapid identification of acute stroke but not for the more challenging diagnosis of transient ischaemic attack (TIA).



To develop a clinical scoring system to assist with diagnosis of TIA.



We developed and validated a clinical scoring system for identification of TIA patients. Logistic regression analysis was employed.



Our development cohort comprised 3216 patients. The scoring system included nine clinically useful predictive variables. After adjustment to reflect the greater seriousness of missing true TIA patients (a 2:1 cost ratio), 97% of TIA and 24% of non-TIA patients were accurately identified. Our results were confirmed during prospective validation.



This simple scoring system performs well and could be used to facilitate accurate detection of TIA.

Field of study: Medicine
Model and Algorithm Design for Cargo Shipping Safety Based on Fuzzy- Precise Bayesian Network

The shippers have the requests for the accessibility and economics of logistics on the premise of cargo safety, and the cargo shipping safety is an important part of logistics safety. Thus, it is quite essential to monitor the cargo shipping safety. The data is difficult to obtain in the research for cargo shipping safety, thus it cannot cover all states of influencing factors during modeling process of Bayesian network. In order to solve this problem, the computation process of Bayesian network was improved in this paper, and the Fuzzy-precise Bayesian network was obtained. The Fuzzy-precise Bayesian network was applied to monitor cargo shipping safety. According to the multi-field coupling theory, the index system influencing the cargo shipping safety was established, the GeNIe software was used to conduct the inference of Bayesian network. The inference model was utilized for conducting the safety monitoring of specific cargo on a bulk cargo ship of a company in Hainan province, and the effectiveness and availability of this model was examined. This paper provides guidance for safety production of enterprises' cargo shipping

Field of study: Computer science