nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Transcriptomic Changes in Young Japanese Males After Exposure to Acute Hypobaric Hypoxia

After the genomic era, the development of high-throughput sequencing technologies has allowed us to advance our understanding of genetic variants responsible for adaptation to high altitude in humans. However, transcriptomic characteristics associated with phenotypic plasticity conferring tolerance to acute hypobaric hypoxic stress remain unclear. To elucidate the effects of hypobaric hypoxic stress on transcriptional variability, we aimed to describe transcriptomic profiles in response to acute hypobaric hypoxia in humans. In a hypobaric hypoxic chamber, young Japanese males were exposed to a barometric pressure of 493 mmHg (hypobaric hypoxia) for 75 min after resting for 30 min at the pressure of 760 mmHg (normobaric normoxia) at 28°C. Saliva samples of the subjects were collected before and after hypobaric hypoxia exposure, to be used for RNA sequencing. Differential gene expression analysis identified 30 significantly upregulated genes and some of these genes may be involved in biological processes influencing hematological or immunological responses to hypobaric hypoxic stress. We also confirmed the absence of any significant transcriptional fluctuations in the analysis of basal transcriptomic profiles under no-stimulus conditions, suggesting that the 30 genes were actually upregulated by hypobaric hypoxia exposure. In conclusion, our findings showed that the transcriptional profiles of Japanese individuals can be rapidly changed as a result of acute hypobaric hypoxia, and this change may influence the phenotypic plasticity of lowland individuals for acclimatization to a hypobaric hypoxic environment. Therefore, the results obtained in this study shed light on the transcriptional mechanisms underlying high-altitude acclimatization in humans.

Field of study: Biology
Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: The Medicalization of Misbehavior

During the past decade, there has been an increase in the diagnosis and treatment of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). This syndrome, typically diagnosed in childhood, is characterized by inattention, hyperactive motor behavior, and distractibility. Current prevalence rates obtained in various countries generally exceed the 3–5% reported by DSM-IV. Reasons for increased ADHD prevalence include changes in diagnostic standards, overlap between ADHD and other externalizing disorders, nonspecific behavioral criteria, and the rapid effects of stimulant medication on cognitive functioning. However, social, cultural, and economic factors may also contribute to increased diagnosis. ADHD has become a common topic in the lay media. Popular discussions of ADHD may serve as a metaphoric expression of social anxieties, particularly with respect to children. At the same time, ADHD has rapidly become incorporated into a medical model, with emphasis on pharmacological treatment. Reductions in mental health and educational services, as well as economic pressures of managed care, may also contribute to medicalization of behavioral problems. Collaboration between psychologists and primary care physicians can lead to more accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment of ADHD and related disorders.

Field of study: Psychology
Part II, History of the cyclotron

As Dr. Livingston has told you, our activities overlapped by a few months, so that between, us we can give a continuous story of cyclotron development as carried out at Berkeley under the guidance of Professor Lawrence. My start in his laboratory was in April of 1934, but I was around Berkeley before that working in Le Conte Hall on a molecular beam problem. Therefore, I have two kinds of early memories of the Radiation Laboratory at that time. One is as a place that I visited occasionally before I was working there; the other is as a place where I came to work, which I remember better, although it still seems like a very long time ago. The whole way of working was rather different from what it is in most laboratories today. We did practically everything ourselves. We had no professional engineers, so we had to design our own apparatus; we made sketches for the shop, and did much of our own machine work; we took all of our own data, did all our own calculations, and wrote all our own papers. Things are no...

Field of study: Physics
Oxidation Behavior of Filled Skutterudite CeFe4Sb12 in Air

The oxidation behavior of CeFe4Sb12 compound in air was studied in this work. x-Ray diffractometry, scanning electron microscopy observation, and activation energy calculation suggest that CeFe4Sb12 is very easily oxidized at elevated temperature. The reason for the weak resistance to oxidation is mainly due to the unstable “FeSb3” structure and the high Ce filling fraction in the skutterudite voids. At elevated temperature, Ce fillers which have high oxygen affinity firstly react with oxygen. This process proceeds accompanied by decomposition of “Fe4Sb12” into FeSb2 and Sb, which in turn accelerates the oxidation rate. The Ce fillers in CeFe4Sb12 provide a short path for rapid interdiffusion of oxygen, which leads to fast growth of the oxide layer, with thickness of about 200 μm at 900 K after only 1 h exposure in air. This result suggests that appropriate protection from oxidation is necessary for real applications of CeFe4Sb12.

Field of study: Materials science
The composition effect of triphenylamine/polyimide composite nanolayers on the performance of hybrid organic light-emitting devices

Here we report the composition effect of hole-transporting material (HTM)/polyimide (PI) composite nanolayers on the performance of hybrid organic light-emitting devices (OLEDs). A well-established triphenylamine derivative, N,N'-diphenyl-N,N'-bis(3-methylphenyl)-[1,1'-diphenyl]-4,4'-diamine (TPD), was employed as a HTM, while poly(oxydianiline pyromellitimide) (PMDA-ODA PI) was used as a PI component. The composition of TPD in the TPD/PI composite nanolayers was varied between 0 and 70 wt% to fabricate hybrid OLEDs. The results showed that the light-emitting voltage (luminous efficiency) gradually lowered (increased) as the TPD content increased, which was assigned to the improved charge transport with increasing TPD content. However, the trend in device performance was a bit different in the case of 70 wt% TPD content owing to the inversion between the host and the guest. The space-charge-limited current model fitting suggested that the charge transport characteristics of the devices had already begun to change at the TPD content of 30 wt%.

Field of study: Materials science
Equilibrium structure and stability in a frequency-dependent, two-population diploid model

We investigate the equilibrium structure for an evolutionary genetic model in discrete time involving two monoecious populations subject to intraspecific and interspecific random pairwise interactions. A characterization for local stability of an equilibrium is found, related to the proximity of this equilibrium with evolutionarily stable strategies (ESS). This extends to a multi-population framework a principle initially proposed for single populations, which states that the mean population strategy at a locally stable equilibrium is as close as possible to an ESS.

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics
Airfoil shape optimization using a nonuniform rational B-splines parameterization under thickness constraint

Results for 2-D airfoil shape optimization in transonic regime are presented. Airfoil shapes are represented by nonuniform rational B-splines with appropriate regularity properties. A Navier-Stokes flow solver is used to compute the flow field and to obtain aerodynamic coefficients. A design of experiment is conducted to select the most sensitive design variables among the nonuniform rational B-splines parameters to reduce their number in the final optimization process. Single-point and multipoint formulations of the optimization problem are proposed and compared. The nonuniform rational B-splines parameterization guarantees smooth optimized airfoils. The multipoint optimization formulation combined with the nonuniform rational B-splines parameterization leads to airfoils with good performance over a specified Mach range.

Field of study: Physics
Characteristics of the Micromax Rotary Atomizer

THE characteristics of the Micromax rotary atomizer were studied to determine the operating parameters for precise application of pesticides. Spray distribution patterns, droplet sizes, and field drift deposits were evaluated over a range of cup speeds, flow rates, heights, and mounting angles. Spray distribution patterns from the Micromax were acceptable within a range of atomizer heights, spacings and tilt angles. The droplet spectrum was also much narrower than that produced by hydraulic fan spray nozzles. Spray from the Micromax tended to drift off the swath and deposit in the first few meters downwind more than spray from flat fan nozzles, but at distances of 15 meters or more there was no major difference in drift deposits from either system

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Making a Brazilian New Deal: Oliveira Vianna and the Transnational Sources of Brazil's Corporatist Experiment

This article explores the legal writings of Brazilian sociologist and jurist Francisco José de Oliveira Vianna to reveal the global context that shaped Brazil's corporatist experiment in the 1930s. From the Labour Ministry, Oliveira Vianna was at the forefront of legal and political debates over how to create corporatist laws and institutions. He was often cast as an authoritarian and retrograde thinker, yet this article looks beyond those categories to examine how his engagement with the US New Deal inserted corporatism into global debates over the role of the state in economic recovery and social welfare.  Este artículo explora los escritos jurídicos del sociólogo y jurista brasileño Francisco José de Oliveira Vianna para mostrar el contexto global en el que se forjó el experimento corporativista de Brasil en los 1930s. Desde el Ministerio del Trabajo, Oliveira Vianna estuvo a la cabeza de los debates legales y políticos alrededor de cómo crear leyes e instituciones corporativas. Oliveira Vianna está catalogado con frecuencia como un pensador autoritario y retrógrado, pero este artículo mira más allá de estas categorías para examinar más bien cómo su conexión con el New Deal estadounidense incorporó el corporativismo a los debates globales sobre el papel del estado en la recuperación económica y el bienestar social. Portuguese abstract Este artigo explora os textos jurídicos do sociólogo e jurista brasileiro Francisco José de Oliveira Vianna para expor o contexto global que moldou o experimento corporativista dos anos 30 no Brasil. Oliveira Vianna, do Ministério do Trabalho, esteve à frente dos debates políticos e legais sobre como criar leis e instituições corporativistas. Oliveira Vianna é geralmente classificado como pensador autoritário e retrógrado, mas esse artigo vai além dessas categorias para examinar como o seu envolvimento com o New Deal dos EUA inseriu o corporativismo em debates globais sobre o papel do Estado na recuperação da economia e no bem-estar social.

Field of study: Political science
COPERM: transform-domain energy compaction by optimal permutation

Compaction by optimal permutation (COPERM) is a tool for transform domain energy compaction of broadband signals, whose foundation is a simple but powerful idea: any signal can be transformed to resemble a more desirable (e.g., from a transform-domain compaction viewpoint) signal from a class of "target" signals (e.g., DCT basis functions) by means of a suitable permutation of its samples. One application of transform-domain energy compaction is in lossy compression. We pursue one possible thread in detail and demonstrate some interesting broadband image compression results.

Field of study: Engineering
Greasing the Wheels of Rural Transformation? Margarine and the Competition for the British Butter Market

We consider an example of the impact of a new good on producers of close substitutes: the invention of margarine and its rapid introduction into the British market from the mid-1870s. This presented a challenge to the traditional suppliers of that market, butter producers from different European countries. We argue that the capacity to react quickly to the appearance of this cheap substitute by improving quality and establishing product differentiation was critical for the fortunes of butter producers. We illustrate this by discussing the different reactions to margarine and quality upgrading in Ireland, Denmark and the Netherlands. A statistical analysis using monthly data for Britain from 1881-87 confirms that margarine had a greater impact on the price of poor quality butter than that of high quality butter, presumably because it was a stronger substitute.

Field of study: Economics, History
The effect of organic coating on the heterogeneous ice nucleation efficiency of mineral dust aerosols

The effect of organic coating on the heterogeneous ice nucleation (IN) efficiency of dust particles was investigated at simulated cirrus cloud conditions in the AIDA cloud chamber of Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe. Arizona test dust (ATD) and the clay mineral illite were used as surrogates for atmospheric dust aerosols. The dry dust samples were dispersed into a 3.7?m3 aerosol vessel and either directly transferred into the 84?m3 cloud simulation chamber or coated before with the semi-volatile products from the reaction of ?-pinene with ozone in order to mimic the coating of atmospheric dust particles with secondary organic aerosol (SOA) substances. The ice-active fraction was measured in AIDA expansion cooling experiments as a function of the relative humidity with respect to ice, RHi, in the temperature range from 205 to 210?K. Almost all uncoated dust particles with diameters between 0.1 and 1.0??m acted as efficient deposition mode ice nuclei at RHi between 105 and 120%. This high ice nucleation efficiency was markedly suppressed by coating with SOA. About 20% of the ATD particles coated with a SOA mass fraction of 17?wt% were ice-active at RHi between 115 and 130%, and only 10% of the illite particles coated with an SOA mass fraction of 41?wt% were ice-active at RHi between 160 and 170%. Only a minor fraction of pure SOA particles were ice-active at RHi between 150 and 190%. Strong IN activation of SOA particles was observed only at RHi above 200%, which is clearly above water saturation at the given temperature. The IN suppression and the shift of the heterogeneous IN onset to higher RHi seem to depend on the coating thickness or the fractional surface coverage of the mineral particles. The results indicate that the heterogeneous ice nucleation potential of atmospheric mineral particles may also be suppressed if they are coated with secondary organics.

Field of study: Environmental science
Psychological Heuristics and Faculty of Color: Racial Battle Fatigue and Tenure/Promotion

Faculty who have been historically excluded from participating in academia present a unique quandary for those who have traditionally held power at the university. This article explores the promotion and tenure (P&T) process of Black faculty using a psychological construct to examine how racial micro-aggressions manifest and articulate themselves through individual and organizational phenomena such as Racial Battle Fatigue (RBF). We applied a psychological approach to narrative inquiry to examine how two faculty of color experienced the P&T process. Participant narratives highlighted how much of the P&T process, and even engagement in academia in general, is articulated by likability or congeniality—two constructs absent from P&T policies.

Field of study: Education
Transfection of Human Papillomavirus Type 16-E6E7 Gene and Establishment of an Infected Cell Line Model

To investigate the functions of HPV-16 E6E7 protein in the development of cervical cancer,a recombinant plasmid pEGFP-HPV16E6E7,containing green fluorescent protein and HPV-16 E6E7 proteins was constructed and was transfected into HPV-negative cell line C33A mediated by liposome.The efficiency of tranfection was determined by inverted fluorescent microscope and the expression of E6E7 was detected by Western blot.It showed that transfection of C33A cell and Caski cell by HPV-16 E6E7 gene established a pair of transfected cell types to study the carcinogenesis of E6 and E7 proteins.

Field of study: Biology
Trees and Streets as Drivers of Urban Stormwater Nutrient Pollution.

Expansion of tree cover is a major management goal in cities because of the substantial benefits provided to people, and potentially to water quality through reduction of stormwater volume by interception. However, few studies have addressed the full range of potential impacts of trees on urban runoff, which includes deposition of nutrient-rich leaf litter onto streets connected to storm drains. We analyzed the influence of trees on stormwater nitrogen and phosphorus export across 19 urban watersheds in Minneapolis-St. Paul, MN, U.S.A., and at the scale of individual streets within one residential watershed. Stormwater nutrient concentrations were highly variable across watersheds and strongly related to tree canopy over streets, especially for phosphorus. Stormwater nutrient loads were primarily related to road density, the dominant control over runoff volume. Street canopy exerted opposing effects on loading, where elevated nutrient concentrations from trees near roads outweighed the weak influence of trees on runoff reduction. These results demonstrate that vegetation near streets contributes substantially to stormwater nutrient pollution, and therefore to eutrophication of urban surface waters. Urban landscape design and management that account for trees as nutrient pollution sources could improve water quality outcomes, while allowing cities to enjoy the myriad benefits of urban forests.

Field of study: Environmental science
An analysis of the features of the Mössbauer spectra of soybean leghemoglobin a in oxyand deoxy-forms in relation to protein structure

An analysis of the Mössbauer spectra of soybean leghemoglobin a in both oxyand deoxy-forms measured with a high velocity resolution at 90 K was carried out in comparison with the room temperature Mössbauer spectrum of the standard absorber sodium nitroprusside. On the basis of the observed features of the spectral line shapes the soybean leghemoglobin a Mössbauer spectra were fitted using two quadrupole doublets for protein oxy-form and three quadrupole doublets for protein deoxy-form. These spectral components were related to two conformational states of His E7 imidazole ring in the distal heme side and three conformational states of His F8 imidazole ring in the proximal heme side for soybean leghemoglobin a oxyand deoxy-forms, respectively.

Field of study: Physics
Promoting health-enhancing physical activity in Europe: Current state of surveillance, policy development and implementation

Highlights • Most EU Member States developed HEPA policies on “Sport”, “Health”, and “Education” sectors (27, 23 and 27, respectively).• Seventeen countries developed policies on “Environment, Urban Planning, and Public Safety” and 16 on “Working Environment”.• Less than 50% of the countries (N = 13) developed policies on the “Senior Citizens” sector.• Few countries have implemented policies covering all areas of the monitoring framework.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Simulations of the ENSO Hydroclimate Signals in the Pacific Northwest Columbia River Basin

Natural fluctuations in the atmosphereocean system related to the El NinoSouthern Oscillation (ENSO) induce climate variability over many parts of the world that is potentially predictable with lead times from seasons to decades. This study examines the potential of using a model nesting approach to provide seasonal climate and streamflow forecasts suitable for water resources management. Two ensembles of perpetual January simulations were performed with a regional climate model driven by a general circulation model (GCM), using observed climatological sea surface temperature (SST) and the mean SST of the warm ENSO years between 1950 and 1994. The climate simulations were then used to drive a macroscale hydrology model to simulate streamflow. The differences between the two ensembles of simulations are defined as the warm ENSO signals. The simulated hydroclimate signals were compared with observations. The analyses focus on the Columbia River basin in the Pacific Northwest. Results show that the ...

Field of study: Environmental science
Activity of lysosomal cysteine proteinase during differentiation of rat skeletal muscle.

Cysteine-proteinase activities were measured in extracts of pre- and post-fusion populations of rat myogenic line L6 cells and in extracts of whole rat muscle. Activities of cathepsins B, L and H were compared. The substrates used included Z-Phe-Arg-NMec (cathepsins B and L), Z-Arg-Arg-NMec (cathepsin B), and Arg-NMec (cathepsin H) (where Z = benzyloxycarbonyl, and NMec = 4-methyl-7-coumarylamide); the enzyme activities were more specifically differentiated by appropriate concentrations of the inhibitors Z-Phe-Phe-CHN2 (CHN2 = diazomethane), bestatin and E-64 [L-trans-epoxysuccinyl-leucylamido(4-guanidino)butane]. These experiments have demonstrated the feasibility of determining the cysteine-proteinase activities of myoblasts from a single (60 mm-diameter) Petri dish, with enzyme concentrations in the range of 5-20 ng/ml. Specific activities of the enzymes in L6 cells increased 2-20-fold after fusion. Concentrations of cysteine proteinases in extracts from cultured myoblasts were two orders of magnitude greater than those in muscle-tissue extracts. Cultured-cell extracts contained endogenous inhibitor(s) to purified rat cathepsins B, L and H.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Enzymatic synthesis of butyl hydroxycinnamates and their inhibitory effects on LDL-oxidation.

The potential of the Aspergillus niger type A feruloyl esterase (AnFaeA) for the synthesis of various phenolic acid esters was examined using a ternary-organic reaction system consisting of a mixture of n-hexane, 1- or 2-butanol and water. Reaction parameters including the type of methyl hydroxycinnamate, the composition of the reaction media, the temperature, and the substrate concentration were investigated to evaluate their effect on initial rate and conversion to butyl esters of sinapic acids. Optimisation of the reaction parameters lead to 78% and 9% yield for the synthesis of 1-butyl and 2-butyl sinapate, respectively. For the first time, a feruloyl esterase was introduced in the reaction system as cross-linked enzyme aggregates (CLEAs), after optimisation of the immobilisation procedure, allowing the recycling and reuse of the biocatalyst. The inhibition of copper-induced LDL oxidation by hydroxycinnamic acids and their corresponding butyl esters was investigated in vitro. Kinetic analysis of the antioxidation process demonstrates that sinapate derivatives are effective antioxidants indicating that esterification increases the free acid's antioxidant activity especially on dimethoxylated compounds such as sinapic acid compared to methoxy-hydroxy-compounds such as ferulic acid.

Field of study: Biology, Engineering