nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Assessment of body composition in long-term hemodialysis patients: rationale and methodology.

Protein-energy malnutrition is seen in patients with advanced stages of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and is even more pronounced in patients receiving long-term hemodialysis treatment. Both entities have great impact on patient morbidity and mortality. Analysis of body composition is an integral part of nutritional assessment and includes the estimation of muscle, fat, and fat-free mass, as well as the extracellular water compartment. Clinical assessment of these compartments is difficult, and gold-standard methods such as tracer dilution, magnetic resonance imaging, and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry are expensive, cumbersome, and rarely available. We report an ongoing study of body composition in hemodialysis patients involving deuterium and sodium bromide dilution, total body potassium counting, magnetic resonance imaging, whole-body and segmental bioimpedance spectroscopy, and anthropometry. The goals of the study are (1) to validate bioimpedance technology against gold-standard methods for assessment of the various body compartments, (2) to directly quantify visceral adipose tissue mass, a potential source of cytokine production (adipokines) promoting chronic inflammation, and to study its relation to inflammatory markers, and (3) to directly quantify visceral organ mass and to study its relation to uremia toxin generation as assessed by protein catabolic rate and resting energy expenditure. Preliminary results based on up to 40 hemodialysis patients are reported.

Field of study: Medicine
The Causes and Consequences of Rent-Seeking in Northern Ireland, 1945-72

Northern Irelands economic performance during the 'golden age' was weak. Crafts suggested that rent-seeking was an important determinant of this poor record. This article offers support for such a conclusion. It is suggested that the growth record was shaped by British regulations preventing conflicts of ministerial interest not being made operational until 1963. This institutional divergence tended to promote rent-seeking behaviour, which impeded the pursuit of an industrial policy that could promote economic efficiency. In 1963 the institutional structure and the industrial policy framework changed. These changes stimulated the pursuit of efficiency and contributed to an improved regional economic performance.

Field of study: Economics, History
Application of Proportional Solidification to High-Cr White Cast Iron Liner

The effect of kiss riser design by using proportional solidification technique is more than that by using sequential solidification for high-Cr white cast iron balling liner. Its advantages are no shrinkage cavity and shrinkage porosity in castings, simple operating, high production rate, low cost and good economic benefit. Over 5000 tons liner castings have been made in recent decade. This develops a new technology for white cast iron. It also shows that proportional solidification as a theory and method can be used extensively for castings.

Field of study: Materials science
Contour maps: Monitoring and diagnosis in sensor networks

Large-scale sensor networks impose energy and communication constraints, thus it is difficult to collect data from each individual sensor node and process it at the sink. In this paper, we propose an efficient data-collection scheme that can be used for event monitoring or network-wide diagnosis. Our scheme relies on the well-known representation of data--contour maps, which trade off accuracy with the amount of samples. The scheme consists of three novel algorithms to build contour maps: distributed spatial and temporal data suppression, contour reconstruction at the sink via interpolation and smoothing, and an efficient mechanism to convey routing information over multiple hops. By reducing the number of transmissions required to convey relevant information to the sink, the proposed contour mapping scheme saves energy and improves network lifetime. In a sharp contrast to related work in this area, the scheme does not require all nodes to explicitly share information.The contour mapping scheme can be applied for tasks such as: (1) presenting a global picture of the network in both temporal and spatial domains, (2) being used as a diagnosis tool, e.g., to detect faulty sensors and to scan for residual energy, (3) working in concert with in-network aggregation schemes to further reduce the communication overhead of aggregation schemes. The proposed scheme imposes little processing and storage overhead, allowing for the sensor networking paradigm of 'dumb sensor, smart sink' which enables economical deployment of large-scale sensor networks.Simulation results show that our scheme is resilient to both high packet loss rate and measurement noise. The design is also energy efficient, resulting in up to an-order-of-magnitude power savings when compared with the base line scheme where every sensor sends its report to the sink.

Field of study: Computer science
A magnetic wine cooler prototype

This work presents the design and performance evaluation of a novel magnetic refrigeration unit capable of controlling the temperature of a 31-bottle wine cooler cabinet. The main components of the system are: an active magnetic regenerator composed of eight porous beds of Gd/Gd-Y spheres, a two-pole magnetic circuit responsible for the magnetic field changes, a set of solenoid valves for flow control, and fan-supplied finned tube heat exchangers on the cold and hot sides of the wine cooler apparatus. Synchronization of the magnetic field variation and fluid flow processes was performed using real-time magnetic field measurements. The system was capable of reaching a mean temperature of 10.8 o C inside the retrofitted wine cooler cabinet by generating 27.9 W of cooling capacity for an ambient temperature of 25 o C. The coefficient of performance and second-law efficiency for this operating point were estimated as 0.21 and 1.0 %, respectively. When operating at a cabinet temperature of 12.5 o C, the coefficient of performance and second-law efficiency achieved by the magnetic system were 0.38 and 1.6 %.

Field of study: Engineering
Experiment on Vertically Inserting Cultivation of Cassava in Yunnan

Taken the mature stems of cassava " SC205" and " Xin Xuan 048" as the material, four treatments with different stem cutting length including 20 cm, 30 cm, 40 cm, 50 cm were arranged with vertically inserting cultivation in order to study the agronomic traits influenced.By the indices tested including the seedling emergence rate, plant height, stem diameter, fresh weight above ground, number of tuber, fresh tuber yield, it was concluded that comparative advantage could be obtained from cutting 30 cm long.The results would supply a theoretical foundation and technical reference for the extending of the two cassava varieties in Yunnan.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Moral hazard or realised access to care? Empirical observations in Hong Kong.

We examined for the presence of moral hazard among those covered by medical benefits or insurance schemes, whether provided for by employers or privately purchased and stratified by health care provider sector in Hong Kong. Data for this study were derived from the 2002 Thematic Household Survey, covering 24,610 non-institutional residents aged 15 and over, representing 5,353,666 persons after applying population weights. Zero-inflated Poisson or negative binomial models were constructed to examine the association between predisposing, need and enabling factors with inpatient and outpatient utilisation patterns as per Andersen's health behavioural framework. Individuals with insurance or medical benefits were more likely to have been ever admitted in the previous year but did not incur more bed-days. Similarly, those who were covered by insurance or medical benefits had a higher probability of ever visiting a doctor in the previous month but not consuming more episodes. These findings were consistent across the public and private sectors. We propose that our observations mostly reflected realised access that met genuine health need rather than inappropriate overuse of services. A supply-driven public sector and high out-of-pocket co-payments for private services likely explained these findings.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Luminescence and stimulated emission from BaGd2–xNdx(MoO4)4 single crystals

The Stark structure of the 4F3/2, 4I11/2, and 4I9/2 levels of Nd3+ was determined for BaGd2–xNdx(MoO4)4 crystals. An investigation was made of concentration quenching of Nd3+ luminescence, which was found to be due to a cross relaxation mechanism. Ofelt parameters were estimated and molar absorption in the possible pumping range of Nd3+ was measured. The effective stimulated emission cross section was measured for the highest-intensity component of the 4F3/2→4I11/2 transition (λ = 1061 nm). For x = 0.15, stimulated emission was obtained from a flashlamp-pumped single crystal sample 1.2 mm thick.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Transition: from vocational guidance to counseling psychology.

In 1951, rather suddenly but not unexpectedly, a new psychological job title came into use in the United States, and a hitherto somewhat amorphous and debatable field of psychology emerged as clearly a field in its own right. The job was that of counseling psychologist, the field was that of counseling psychology. These terms were adopted at a meeting which took place at Northwestern University immediately prior to the annual meeting of the American Psychological Association in September, 1951, at a special conference called by C. Gilbert Wrenn of the University of Minnesota, president of what was then called the Division of Counseling and Guidance of the American Psychological Association. The conference was attended by some sixty leading psychologists interested in vocational guidance and in counseling. The way had been paved for this conference by a Committee on Counselor Training headed by Francis P. Robinson of the Ohio State University, and two co-ordinate subcommittees, one on Doctoral Training Programs headed by Edward S. Bordin of the University of Michigan and one on the Practicum Training of Counseling Psychologists chaired by the present writer. The work of these committees and of the Northwestern Conference, published in the June, 1952, issue of the American Psychologist (3, 4), crystallized current thinking and standardized terminology, giving birth to the term counseling psychology and creating an awareness among psychologists of some of the important differences between this and the related fields of applied psychology. It may be of general interest to outline the origins of this new development.

Field of study: Psychology
Ruby ring laser subjected to an external signal

A superregenerative amplification scheme was used to obtain unidirectional stimulated emission from a ruby ring laser under free-oscillation and Q-switched conditions. The duration of external control pulses was either tc > L/c or tc < L/c. The carrier frequency of giant pulses could be tuned within a range of 0.25 nm when the spectrum was 6×10–5 nm wide. Reproducible generation of short high-coherence light pulses was achieved.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Influence of band structure and intrinsic carrier concentration on the THz surface emission from InN and InAs

We investigate the band structure effects on the terahertz (THz) electric field emission from unbiased InN and InAs surfaces using the ensemble Monte Carlo (MC) simulation method. It is shown that the nonparabolicity of the central conduction band valley and the energy separations between the central and satellite valleys are crucial parameters to provide a high efficiency of THz surface emitters. The THz emission from InN and InAs surfaces exposed to femtosecond laser pulses are compared over a wide range of photon energies from 0.85 eV (λ = 1550 nm) up to 1.55 eV (λ = 800 nm). We also demonstrate that the relatively high intrinsic carrier concentration of InAs (~8 × 1014 cm−3) has a negligibly small effect on the THz surface emission.

Field of study: Materials science
Predominant N-Haloacetamide and Haloacetonitrile Formation in Drinking Water via the Aldehyde Reaction Pathway.

In drinking water disinfection, switching from free chlorine to alternative chemical disinfectants such as monochloramine may result in the formation of different classes of toxic disinfection byproducts (DBPs). Haloacetonitriles (HANs) and haloacetamides (HAMs) are two currently unregulated nitrogen-containing DBP (N-DBP) groups commonly found in water disinfected with monochloramine that have been shown to be more cyto- and genotoxic than regulated DBPs. For the first time, this study confirms the formation of HAN and HAM dominant species found in disinfected water, dichloroacetonitrile and dichloroacetamide, from the reaction between monochloramine and dichloroacetaldehyde via the aldehyde reaction pathway. Results from experiments with natural water treated with labeled 15 N-monochloramine confirmed the relevance of the aldehyde pathway. Monochloramine reacted quickly with dichloroacetaldehyde reaching equilibrium with the carbinolamine 2,2-dichloro-1-(chloroamino)ethanol ( K1 = 1.87 × 104 M-1 s-1). Then, 2,2-dichloro-1-(chloroamino)ethanol underwent two parallel reactions where, (1) it slowly dehydrated to 1,1-dichloro-2-(chloroimino)ethane ( k2 = 1.09 × 10-5 s-1) and further decomposed to dichloroacetonitrile, and (2) it was oxidized by monochloramine ( k3 = 4.87 × 10-2 M-1 s-1) to form a recently reported N-DBP, the N-haloacetamide N,2,2-trichloroacetamide. At high pH, dichloroacetonitrile hydrolyzed to dichloroacetamide ( k40 = 3.12 × 10-7 s-1, k4OH = 3.54 M-1 s-1). Additionally, trichloroacetaldehyde was also produced from the reaction of dichloracetaldehyde and monochloramine ( k5 = 2.12 × 10-2 M-1 s-1) under the presence of monochlorammonium ion, a product of monochloramine protonation. Within the N-haloacetamide family, N,2,2-trichloroacetamide (LC50 = 3.90 × 10-4 M) was found to be more cytotoxic than N-chloroacetamide but slightly less potent than N,2-dichloroacetamide.

Field of study: Environmental science
Interplay between inflammatory and estrogen signaling in breast cancer.

Inflammation is known to have a paradoxical effect in cancers, in some cases promoting pathogenesis while in others inhibiting pathogenesis, depending on the cellular context. In an effort to answer a number of fundamental questions about two of the major signaling cascades that affect breast tumorigenesis and impact clinical outcome, we examined the genome-wide consequences of treating ERα-positive breast cancer cells with both estrogen and TNFα. Below, we highlight our observations, their biological significance, and how they provide a framework for understanding the molecular basis for integration of proinflammatory and estrogen signaling in breast cancer.

Field of study: Medicine
Okwui Enwezor: In Memoriam (1963–2019)

DOI 10.1215/10757163-7682518  2019, as this issue went to press. Our loss is inestimable, but at this time our thoughts and prayers are with his family in Nigeria, the United States, and the United Kingdom. In the coming months we shall decide how best to commemorate Okwui, celebrate his work, and help sustain and perpetuate his tremendous legacy as a curator, art historian, critic, public intellectual, and scholar. We appreciate all the condolences sent to our OKWUI ENWEZOR

Field of study: Art
Probabilistic Graphs for Sensor Data-Driven Modelling of Power Systems at Scale

The growing complexity of the power grid, driven by increasing share of distributed energy resources and by massive deployment of intelligent internet-connected devices, requires new modelling tools for planning and operation. Physics-based state estimation models currently used for data filtering, prediction and anomaly detection are hard to maintain and adapt to the ever-changing complex dynamics of the power system. A data-driven approach based on probabilistic graphs is proposed, where custom non-linear, localised models of the joint density of subset of system variables can be combined to model arbitrarily large and complex systems. The graphical model allows to naturally embed domain knowledge in the form of variables dependency structure or local quantitative relationships. A specific instance where neural-network models are used to represent the local joint densities is proposed, although the methodology generalises to other model classes. Accuracy and scalability are evaluated on a large-scale data set representative of the European transmission grid.

Field of study: Computer science
Legal Thinking of Improving Tax Preferences for Medium-sized and Small Enterprises under the International Financial Crisis

Tax preference is considered as a group of all kinds of preferential treatments that the taxpayers and objects of imposition could enjoy in the field of impositin in a country, In China, medium-sized and small enterprises take 99% of the total. For a long time, there have been many stipulations about tax preferences for such enterprises, so they have been rapidly promoted. However, domestic medium-sized and small enterprises are faced with serious challenges from the impact of international financial crisis. Protecting medium-sized and small enterprises urgently needs the surpport of the related policy. Improving tax preferences for medium-sized and small enterprises is of great meaning not only in helping them to get through difficulty, but also in promoting national economy and in protecting stability of society.This paper analyses domestic current legislations and then puts forward some suggestions for improving the system by borrowing regulating experiences from tax preferencial system of other countries under the present financial crisis.

Field of study: Economics
Cross-Cultural Study of Altruism

Kohlberg's story “Heinz and the drug” was used. 78 Chinese and 213 English subjects were asked to what extent would they steal the drug for a person bearing the following relationship with them: husband and wife, father/mother and son, best friend, and stranger. Responses from both samples showed that a person is more altruistic towards people who are more closely related.

Field of study: Psychology
Teachers Should Value the“ Re-digestion”in Teaching

The author believes that“ re- digestion” ,as a concept,is a basic principle in tuition subject which has the widespread meaning.Understanding the connotation and the status of“ re- digestion” ,mastering the meaning of this principle,and adopting corresponding countermeasure according to this principle in teaching pratice,are very important for a teacher's teaching practice,especially for young teachers.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Coral reef geomorphology as a function of seasonal prevailing currents and larval dispersal

Recent ecological and oceanographic evidence has demonstrated that coral recruitment can be highly localised and very successful in areas of high water residence time (eddy areas) on coral reefs. These areas occur in the lee of time-averaged and depth-averaged far-field currents. In this study, several reefs in the central region of the Great Barrier Reef, Australia, were examined to determine the relationship between asymmetry in reef geomorphology, wind direction, time- and depth-averaged currents, particularly during the coral spawning season. Detailed fine-scale bathymetric data were plotted in three dimensions for four reefs: Helix Reef, Wheeler Reef, Myrmidon Reef, and Rib Reef. The perspective from which each reef was viewed was rotated until maximum asymmetry (steep vs. gentle slope) from the floor of the continental shelf to the ocean's surface was achieved. The compass orientation of the reef's asymmetry was then compared with known directions of tradewinds and time- and depth-averaged currents. Asymmetry in overall reef geomorphology was found generally not to be related to tradewinds or resultant surface-driven currents. It was, however, found to be more closely associated with time- and depth-averaged seasonal currents, often prevailing at the time of coral spawning. We propose that far-field currents, near-field currents, and coral recruitment processes prevailing during the time of coral spawning have differentially enhanced lateral extension of the reef in a direction “down-current” far-field currents through geological time. We also propose that this relationship may be of assistance in hind-casting seasonal low-velocity, depth- and time-averaged palaeo-currents surrounding fossil reefs, in addition to tools already available for hind-casting wind-forced surface currents and waves.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Structural analysis of the endogenous glycoallergen Hev b 2 (endo-β-1,3-glucanase) from Hevea brasiliensis and its recognition by human basophils.

Endogenous glycosylated Hev b 2 (endo-β-1,3-glucanase) from Hevea brasiliensis is an important latex allergen that is recognized by IgE antibodies from patients who suffer from latex allergy. The carbohydrate moieties of Hev b 2 constitute a potentially important IgE-binding epitope that could be responsible for its cross-reactivity. Here, the structure of the endogenous isoform II of Hev b 2 that exhibits three post-translational modifications, including an N-terminal pyroglutamate and two glycosylation sites at Asn27 and at Asn314, is reported from two crystal polymorphs. These modifications form a patch on the surface of the molecule that is proposed to be one of the binding sites for IgE. A structure is also proposed for the most important N-glycan present in this protein as determined by digestion with specific enzymes. To analyze the role of the carbohydrate moieties in IgE antibody binding and in human basophil activation, the glycoallergen was enzymatically deglycosylated and evaluated. Time-lapse automated video microscopy of basophils stimulated with glycosylated Hev b 2 revealed basophil activation and degranulation. Immunological studies suggested that carbohydrates on Hev b 2 represent an allergenic IgE epitope. In addition, a dimer was found in each asymmetric unit that may reflect a regulatory mechanism of this plant defence protein.

Field of study: Chemistry
Quantitative studies of reinforcement relativity.

Three experiments examined an application of the matching law to the area of reinforcement relativity. In Experiment I, rats ran in a wheel and drank a sucrose solution. Equations derived from the matching law made fairly accurate predictions of the amounts of time spent running and drinking when licks and wheel revolutions had to occur in fixed proportions. In Experiment II, rats were required to spend four times as much time drinking as running, but the absolute durations of the cycles of drinking and running were varied. Except for the shortest cycle size tested, durations were close to those predicted. Experiments III investigated a tendency for obtained durations of running and drinking to be slightly longer than predicted. Simply shortening the periods when these behaviors were available increased their values. It was concluded that the matching law equations provided reasonably accurate predictions in some experiments, but changes in motivation set the limits of such accuracy.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology