nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Comprehensive Magnetic Properties Analysis of the Silicon Steel Considering the Laminated Direction

Comprehensive magnetic properties of the laminated silicon steels are key factors in magnetic core design, which should be measured and modeled by using a new testing method. Comparing with traditional Epstein frame and single sheet tester, a new method of three-dimensional magnetic properties measurement is used for complex magnetic properties of the laminated silicon steels. The comparison of magnetizations between the rolling or transverse direction and the laminated direction are illustrated. Both magnetic hysteresis and core loss features of the silicon steels specimen are measured and analyzed considering the laminated direction. The hysteresis loss, classical eddy current loss, and excess loss are analyzed and compared in different directions. This study can provide dynamic and comprehensive data to design and evaluate performance of electrical machines and power transformers.

Field of study: Physics
Sequential analysis of soil factors related to common scab of potatoes

The severity of common scab (CS) of potatoes has been correlated with multiple environmental factors. This study aimed at separating the effect of factors related to local conditions from those correlated to the disease development at all studied sites using a mathematical adjustment of the variables' means for site and field. The experiment was conducted at two sites differing in soil conditions, where a field with low disease severity occurs next to one with high severity. Three cultivars susceptible to CS were grown in four replicates on each field. Bacteria, actinobacteria and the txtB gene, involved in the biosynthesis of the main CS pathogenicity factor, thaxtomin, were quantified by real‐time PCR. Bulk soil, tuberosphere soil and potato periderm were characterized by carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, calcium, magnesium and iron contents. The adjustment of the data for field effects eliminated the confounding local conditions and showed that at all fields the CS severity was negatively correlated with soil S content while the number of txtB gene copies was positively correlated with soil C and N contents. Thus, those factors might have a more general relationship to the pathogen occurrence and disease severity, which needs to be verified in other environmental conditions. &NA;  The effect of soil factors on severity of potato common scab differs by site, field and cultivar.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Determination of indoor humidity profile using a whole-building hygrothermal model

During the design of a new building or retrofitting of an existing one, it is important to reliably assess the indoor humidity levels of the building as it can potentially affect the building envelope durability, occupants’ comfort and health risks associated with mould growth. Simplistic assumptions of indoor humidity profiles, which ignore the dynamic coupling of the indoor environment and building enclosure, may lead to inaccurate conclusions about the indoor environment and moisture performance of the building enclosure. In this paper, a whole-building hygrothermal model called HAMFitPlus, which takes into account the dynamic interactions between building envelope components, mechanical systems and indoor heat and moisture generation mechanisms, is used to assess the indoor humidity condition of an existing occupied house. HAMFitPlus is developed on SimuLink development platform and integrates COMSOL multiphysics with MatLab. The basic input parameters of the model are discussed in detail, and its simulation results are presented. In general, the HAMFitPlus simulation results are in good agreement with the measured data.

Field of study: Engineering
NH4PO3/SiO2 composite as electrolyte for intermediate temperature fuel cells

2 composite based electrolyte with SiO 2 as supporting matrix was prepared. A thermogravimetric analysis was performed. Its electrochemical properties were investigated by an impedance spectroscopy within the temperature range of 100–300 °C under dry and humid atmospheres. The maximum conductivity is 6 mS cm − 1 at 300 °C under dry N 2 and 0.1 S cm − 1 at 200 °C under humid N 2 .

Field of study: Materials science
A New Honeycomb Assemblage of a Trisdithiolene Vanadium(IV) Complex, (PPh4)2[V(dbddto)3](C6H4Cl2)(hexane)0.5

A new trisdithiolene vanadium(IV) complex has been synthesized and characterized. The enantiomeric anion units, [V(dbddto)3]2−, are packed so closely that the sulfur-rich planar ligands stack to fo...

Field of study: Chemistry
Increase of Sodium Channels (Nav 1.8 and Nav 1.9) in Rat Dorsal Root Ganglion Neurons Exposed to Autologous Nucleus Pulposus

It has been assumed that nucleus pulposus-induced activation of the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) may be related to an activation of sodium channels in the DRG neurons. In this study we assessed the expression of Nav 1.8 and Nav 1.9 following disc puncture.  Thirty female Sprague-Dawley rats were used. The L4/L5 disc was punctured by a needle (n=12) and compared to a sham group without disc puncture (n=12) and a naive group (n=6). At day 1 and 7, sections of the left L4 DRG were immunostained with anti-Nav 1.8 and Nav 1.9 antibodies.  At day 1 after surgery, both Nav 1.8-IR neurons and Nav 1.9-IR neurons were significantly increased in the disc puncture group compared to the sham and naive groups (p<0.05), but not at day 7.  The findings in the present study demonstrate a neuronal mechanism that may be of importance in the pathophysiology of sciatic pain in disc herniation.

Field of study: Medicine
Depauperate skeletonized reef-dwelling fauna of the early Cambrian: Insights from archaeocyathan reef ecosystems of western Mongolia

Reef-dwelling organisms in the early Cambrian include typical members of the Cambrian Fauna such as trilobites, chancelloriids, and hyoliths. However, in comparison to later Ordovician reefs, Cambrian reefs often do not appear as diverse. Here, we investigate early Cambrian microbial-archaeocyathan reefs of the Salaagol Formation in the Zavkhan Basin of Mongolia as well as perform a literature survey of 40 early Paleozoic reefs to understand the timing of reef biodiversity. By using point count analysis, we can quantify the carbonate contribution of framework builders and reef-dwelling organisms in these ecosystems. We find that Mongolian reefs contained several genera of framework building archaeocyaths (5.0% by volume) and associated microbial forms (5.4%), but are unevenly distributed through the formation. Archaeocyathan contribution increases are potentially concurrent with negative shifts in carbon isotopic composition, similar to other localities in Gondwana. However, reef-dwelling biota was minimal (0.3%) throughout the Salaagol Formation and did not correlate to changes in framework builders or geochemical proxies such as U, V, and carbon isotopes. A literature survey of Ediacaran through Ordovician reefs suggests that there is a trend of increasing reef-dweller abundance, functional richness, and skeletonization through time. The changes in abundance (17.9% to 28.8% considered “frequent”) and functional richness (3.7 to 6.0 functional groups) could be due to an increase in productivity in the oceans during the Cambrian, thereby expanding the base of the food web during the lead up to the Ordovician Radiation. The trend of increasing skeletonization could be due to the evolution of more robust skeletons among reef dwellers in order to protect themselves from increased predation in reef environments. These trends suggest that, at least during the early Paleozoic, increases in biological diversity are not necessarily concurrent with the establishment of a framework reef.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Research on the Reasoning for Cardinal Direction Relations of Linetype Objects

The reasoning for cardinal direction relations of linetype objects is one important part of the spatial direction relation reasoning.Based on the analysis of the cardinal direction relation model for linetype objects,the rectangle algebra of projective intervals for linetype objects' cardinal direction relations is put forward in this paper.Accordingly,the representation,basic reasoning operations and the identification of convex relations out of linetype objects' cardinal direction relations are realized.The method and algorithm of consistency checking for linetype objects' cardinal direction relation networks are proposed by combining the convex relation network theorem and path consistency checking algorithm and the corresponding correctness proof is given as well.

Field of study: Computer science
Monoclonal antibodies to human leucocyte antigens in polymyositis and muscular dystrophy.

Biopsy specimens from patients with treated or untreated polymyositis and muscular dystrophy controls were examined by indirect immunoperoxidase staining with a panel of monoclonal antibodies to human leucocyte antigens. In untreated polymyositis, helper/inducer T cells were the predominant T cell subset. In treated cases few T cells were seen. Overall, few T cells were seen in dystrophic cases, most infiltrating cells being dendritic and lacking T cell antigens. Staining of sarcolemma with anti-HLA class 1 antibody is weak or negative except in areas adjacent to infiltrating leucocytes or where muscle fibre damage is apparent.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Multifaceted Stoichiometry Control of Bacterial Operons Revealed by Deep Proteome Quantification

More than half of the protein-coding genes in bacteria are organized in polycistronic operons composed of two or more genes. It remains under debate whether the operon organization maintains the stoichiometric expression of the genes within an operon. In this study, we performed a label-free data-independent acquisition hyper reaction monitoring mass-spectrometry (HRM-MS) experiment to quantify the Escherichia coli proteome in exponential phase and quantified 93.6% of the cytosolic proteins, covering 67.9% and 56.0% of the translating polycistronic operons in BW25113 and MG1655 strains, respectively. We found that the translational regulation contributes largely to the proteome complexity: the shorter operons tend to be more tightly controlled for stoichiometry than longer operons; the operons which mainly code for complexes is more tightly controlled for stoichiometry than the operons which mainly code for metabolic pathways. The gene interval (distance between adjacent genes in one operon) may serve as a regulatory factor for stoichiometry. The catalytic efficiency might be a driving force for differential expression of enzymes encoded in one operon. These results illustrated the multifaceted nature of the operon regulation: the operon unified transcriptional level and gene-specific translational level. This multi-level regulation benefits the host by optimizing the efficiency of the productivity of metabolic pathways and maintenance of different types of protein complexes.

Field of study: Biology
Theoretical investigation of an in situ k-restore process for damaged ultra-low-k materials based on plasma enhanced fragmentation

The authors present theoretical investigations of a k-restore process for damaged porous ultra-low-k (ULK) materials. The process is based on plasma enhanced fragmented silylation precursors to replace k-value damaging, polar Si-OH and Si-H bonds by k-value lowering Si-CH3 bonds. The authors employ density functional theory to determine the favored fragments of silylation precursors and show the successful repair of damaged bonds on our model system. This model system consists of a small set of ULK-fragments, which represent various damaged states of ULK materials. Our approach provides a fast scanning method for a wide variety of possible repair reactions. Further, the authors show that oxygen containing fragments are required to repair Si-H bonds and fragments with dangling Si-bonds are most effective to repair polar Si-OH bonds.

Field of study: Physics
Nelson's wound: treatment of spinal cord injury in 19th and early 20th century military conflicts.

During the first half of the 19th century, warfare did not provide a background for a systematic analysis of spinal cord injury (SCI). Medical officers participating in the Peninsular and Crimean Wars emphasized the dismal prognosis of this injury, although authors of sketchy civil reports persuaded a few surgeons to operate on closed fractures. The American Medical and Surgical History of the War of the Rebellion was the first text to provide summary of results in 642 cases of gunshot wounds of the spine. The low incidence of this injury (0.26%) and the high mortality rate (55%) discouraged the use of surgery in these cases. Improvements in diagnoses and the introduction of x-ray studies in the latter half of the century enabled Sir G. H. Makins, during the Boer War, to recommend delayed intervention to remove bone or bullet fragments in incomplete injuries. The civil experiences of Elsberg and Frazier in the early 20th century promoted a meticulous approach to treatments, whereas efficient transport of injured soldiers during World War I increased the numbers of survivors. Open large wounds or cerebrospinal fluid leakage, signs of cord compression in recovering patients, delayed clinical deterioration, or intractable pain required surgical exploration. Wartime recommendations for urological and skin care prevented sepsis, and burgeoning pension systems provided specialized longterm rehabilitation. By the Armistice, the effective surgical treatment and postoperative care that had developed through decades of interaction between civil and military medicine helped reduce incidences of morbidity and dispel the hopelessness surrounding the combatant with an SCI.

Field of study: Medicine
Endocrine disrupting effects of herbicides and pentachlorophenol: in vitro and in vivo evidence.

The potential for agricultural chemicals to cause endocrine disruption (ED) in humans and wildlife is an increasing concern; however, the effects of commonly used pesticides at environmentally relevant concentrations are largely unknown. Therefore, 12 environmentally relevant pesticides (11 herbicides and pentachlorophenol (PCP)) were tested for their endocrine disrupting potential in two in vitro assays. A recombinant yeast screen was used to detect receptor mediated (anti-) estrogenic and (anti-) androgenic activity (concentration range: 0.01-1000 microM), and cultured Xenopus oocytes were used to measure effects on the ovulatory response and ovarian steroidogenesis (concentration range: 0.00625-62.5 microM). Eleven pesticides were active in at least one assay (isoproturon, diuron, linuron, 4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy acetic acid (MCPA), mecoprop, atrazine, simazine, PCP, trifluralin, chlorpropham, bentazone), and one had no effect (2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4,-D)). The most common effects were antiestrogenic/ antiandrogenic activity in the yeast screen, and inhibition of ovulation in vitro, accompanied by decreased testosterone production. Estrogenic activity was never observed. In addition, the most potent compound identified in vitro (PCP) was tested for ED activity in vivo. A short-term exposure (6 days) of adult female Xenopus to low concentrations (0.1 or 1 microg/L; 0.375 or 3.75 nM) resulted in minor alterations in plasma hormone levels and toxic effects on the ovary. Changes in in vitro human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) stimulated hormone production in ovarian follicles from exposed individuals was also observed. In conclusion, novel effects of herbicides and PCP at environmentally relevant concentrations were found, and the effects of these compounds on humans and/or wildlife warrant further investigation.

Field of study: Environmental science
Numerical simulation of displacement ventilated room with dust on floor

Displacement ventilation has been considered a good function of ventilation since it can provide good indoor air quality (IAQ) and save energy.Recently it has also been used in commercial buildings.However, if the floor of the room is not clean enough and is covered with some dust, the fresh air sent from the floor level will make the dust airborne and influence indoor air quality.This paper is to study the influence of dust on floor on the IAQ of displacement ventilated room.Because it was difficult to measure the initial dust quantity and particle size,experimentally,the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method was used in this work.The Euler-Lagrange method was used to simulate this case.The dust concentrations at different supply air velocities and different particle sizes were stuied and the deposition of dust was compared as well.The result indicated that the quantity and particle size of dust on floor should be considered when choosing the mode of ventilation.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Thorstein Veblen: A Marxist Starting Point

As the radical institutionalist literature attests, in spite of methodological differences Marx and Veblen draw strikingly similar conclusions regarding production, conflict, and alienation in modern life. Here we attempt to contribute to this viewpoint by establishing that similarity in conclusion stems from similarity in approach. After reviewing the existing literature on a Marx-Veblen methodological reconciliation, we briefly review Marx's method, making the mediated starting point the focus of discussion. From this vantage point, we then examine Veblen's own approach to analysis in The Theory of Business Enterprise and the conclusions that emerge as they resemble those of Marx. We maintain that in taking a kindred approach Veblen is able to arrive at an understanding of capitalism in accordance with, and complementary to, Marx's rendering of the inverted nature of economic life in modernity.

Field of study: Economics
(E)‐2‐Cyano‐3‐(5′‐piperidin‐1‐yl‐2,2′‐bithien‐5‐yl)acrylic Acid: A Fluorescent Probe for Detecting Prefibrillar Oligomers

The synthesis of (E)-2-cyano-3-(5′-piperidin-1-yl-2,2′-bithien-5-yl)acrylic acid, a novel amyloid aggregation fluorescent probe, is reported. This new probe is able to monitor soluble oligomeric aggregates after 24 h, at which time Thioflavin T emission, commonly used to monitor amyloid fibril formation, remains unchanged. Atomic force microscopy, native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and dynamic light scattering confirm that the earlier stages of aggregation are prefibrillar oligomeric species not possessing the amyloid structure. This new molecular scaffold expands the toolbox of fluorescent probes for the identification of prefibrillar oligomers, which is needed in studies aimed at the early detection of the soluble toxic aggregates that characterize the so-called protein misfolding diseases.

Field of study: Chemistry
Late Holocene sea-level change around Newfoundland

Differential sea-level change in formerly glaciated areas is predicted owing to variability in extent and timing of glacial coverage. Newfoundland is situated close to the margin of the former Laurentide ice sheet, and the orientation of the shoreline affords the opportunity to investigate variable rates and magnitudes of sea-level change. Analysis of salt-marsh records at four sites around the island yields late Holocene sea-level trends. These trends indicate differential sea-level change in recent millennia. A north-south geographic trend reflects submergence in the south, very slow sea- level rise in the northeast, and a recent transition from falling to rising sea-level at the base of the Northern Peninsula. This variability is best explained as a continued isostatic response to deglaciation.

Field of study: Environmental science
The politics analysis of college competition:a case of "985 project"

College competition has become a focus in China, with the reform of the education system. Though the competition among colleges appears several market logic, we still understand political logic should not be ignored. In the process of "985 project", the department of education, logical government and universities all had their respective interests, so there came forth the logic of politic overpowering academic. The initiation of "985 project" made college competition more drastically; and the outcome is a double-edged sword with the positive effect and the negative impact at the same time.

Field of study: Education
Single-shot measurements by Fresnel diffraction of divergent waves from a phase plate.

Recently, Fresnel diffraction (FD) of a plane wave from phase steps has been studied and applied for precise measurements of the light wavelength, and height and refractive index of the step, by changing the angle of incidence or step height to induce phase shifts. In this study, we formulate the FD of cylindrical and spherical wavefronts as 1D and 2D divergent waves from a phase plate. Since the phase difference of the divergent wave varies continuously along the edge of the phase plate, it can be applied for single-shot measurements. It is shown that the diffracted intensity distribution is a periodic function along the lines parallel to the plate edge. The phase distribution in this direction is a linearly varying function of the position squared, with a slope dependent on the light wavelength, plate thickness and refractive index, and the radius of wavefront curvature (RWC) on the observation plane. The diffraction patterns are simulated and experimentally verified. Also, the RWC and displacement are determined as examples of applications in the experimental part of the report.

Field of study: Physics
[Neuronal plasticity and epilepsy: modern concepts and mechanisms of epilepsy and depression comorbidity].

Пластичность нервной системы при ее формировании в процессе развития, репарации сетей и отдельных нейронов после повреждения, модификации синаптических и нейронных связей в процессе нормального функционирования реализуется на основе высококоординированных паттернов нейронной активности. Фундаментальным компонентом зависимой от активности пластичности, регулирующей функционирование нейронных сетей, являются синхронизированные ритмические разряды нейронных ансамблей. H. Scharfman  предложила рассматривать эпилепсию как важнейший пример нейропластичности. Обсуждая нейробиологические субстраты эпилепсии, она отметила целый ряд феноменов, подтверждающих удивительную способность мозга изменять свои основные структуры и функции. Некоторые из этих изменений кратковременны, но очень ярко выражены, другие долговременны и могут продолжаться годами. Например, гранулярные клетки зубчатой извилины гиппокампа подвергаются существенным изменениям в результате судорожной активности. Автор заключает, что едва ли не лучшие примеры для изучения нейропластичности можно обнаружить именно при исследовании эпилепсии в эксперименте и клинике. За последние 3 десятилетия сформировалось мнение об аберрантной пластичности, лежащей в основе патогенеза всех форм эпилепсии. Сформулированное Y. Ben-Ari утверждение «судороги порождают судороги» («seizures beget seizures») требовало понимания того, почему и как именно это происходит, т.е. исследования механизмов

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology