nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Down Syndrome Related Muscle Hypotonia: Association with COL6A3 Functional SNP rs2270669

Down syndrome (DS), the principal cause for intellectual disability, is also associated with hormonal, immunological, and gastrointestinal abnormalities. Muscle hypotonia (MH) and congenital heart diseases (CHD) are also frequently observed. Collagen molecules are essential components for maintaining muscle integrity and are formed by the assembly of three chains, alpha 1–3. The type VI collagen is crucial for cardiac as well as skeletal muscles. The COL α1 (VI) and α2 (VI) chains are encoded by genes located at the 21st chromosome and are expected to have higher dosage in individuals with DS. The α 3 (VI) chain is encoded by the COL6A3 located at the chromosome 2. We hypothesized that apart from COL6A1 and COL6A2, COL6A3 may also have some role in the MH of subjects with DS. To find out the relevance of COL6A3 in DS associated MH and CHD, we genotyped two SNPs in COL6A3, rs2270669 and rs2270668, in individuals with DS. Subjects with DS were recruited based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders-IV and having trisomy of the 21st chromosome. Parents of individuals with DS and ethnically matched controls were enrolled for comparison. Informed written consent was obtained for participation. Peripheral blood was used for isolation of genomic DNA. Target genetic loci were studied by DNA sequence analysis. Data obtained was subjected to population – as well as family-based statistical analysis. rs2270668 was found to be non-polymorphic in the studied population. rs2270669 showed significant association of the “C” allele and “CC” genotype with DS probands having MH (P = 0.02). Computational analysis showed that rs2270669 may induce structural and functional alterations in the COL α3 (VI). Interaction of COLα3 (VI) with different proteins, crucial for muscle integrity, was also noticed by computational methods. This pioneering study on COL6A3 with DS related MH thus indicates that rs2270669 “C” could be considered as a risk factor for DS related MH.

Field of study: Biology
Two-party authenticated key exchange protocol using lattice-based cryptography

Authenticated key exchange (AKE) protocol is an important cryptographic primitive that assists communicating entities, who are communicating over an insecure network, to establish a shared session key to be used for protecting their subsequent communication. Lattice-based cryptographic primitives are believed to provide resilience against attacks from quantum computers. An efficient AKE protocol with smaller module over ideal lattices is constructed in this paper, which nicely inherits the design idea of the excellent high performance secure Diffie-Hellman protocol. Under the hard assumption of ring learning with errors (RLWE) hard assumption, the security of the proposed protocol is proved in the Bellare-Rogaway model, which achieves weak Perfect Forward Secrecy (wPFS)

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
First observations of the McMurdo-South Pole oblique ionospheric HF channel

We present the first observations from a new low-cost oblique
ionosonde located in Antarctica. The transmitter is located at McMurdo
Station, Ross Island, and the receiver at Amundsen–Scott Station, South Pole.
The system was demonstrated successfully in March 2019, with the experiment
yielding over 30 000 ionospheric echoes over a 2-week period. These data
indicate the presence of a stable E layer and a sporadic and variable
F layer with dramatic spread F of sometimes more than 500 km (in units of
virtual height). The most important ionospheric parameter, NmF2, validates
well against the Jang Bogo Vertical Incidence Pulsed Ionospheric (VIPIR) ionosonde (observing more than 1000 km
away). GPS-derived TEC data from the Multi-Instrument Data Analysis Software
(MIDAS) algorithm can be considered
necessary but insufficient to predict 7.2 MHz propagation between McMurdo
and the South Pole, yielding a true positive in 40 % of cases and a true
negative in 73 % of cases. The success of this pilot experiment at a total
grant cost of USD 116 000 and an equipment cost of ∼  USD 15 000 indicates that a large multi-static network could be built to provide unprecedented observational coverage of the Antarctic ionosphere.

Field of study: Environmental science
Pumpkin polysaccharide in vitro simulator under artificial gastric juice

The aim of this paper was to research pumpkin polysaccharide in vitro simulator under the artificial gastric juice.An water-soluble polysaccharide(PP) was extracted by water extraction,and organic solvent extraction step by step,and so on.The molecular weight and the changed of reducing sugars of the pumpkin polysaccharide after 30 min,90 min,150 min,720 min were detected under in vitro artificial gastric juice.The result showed that the amount of reducing constantly slow increase as time,and small molecular sugar appears in the 30 min,while the high molecular changes in the 90 min through HPLC.Reducing sugars and oligosaccharide could produce in vitro artificial gastric juice.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Solidarity as a new social movement

Poland's Solidarity was one of the largest social movements in history. For sixteen months following its birth in the workers' strikes in the summer of 1980, it dramatically altered the face and teinper of Poland. Because of its size and popularity, it threatened the very foundations of communist rule in Poland. This led the government to suspend the union's activities and declare martial law in December 1981. Since then, Solidarity has continued in a truncated, weakened and illegal form. But a new wave of workers' strikes in the spring and summer of 1988, plus pressure from the Gorbachev leadership in the Soviet Union, led the regime to move toward renewed legalization of the organization. This powerful social movement, dormant for seven years, has reemerged once again to challenge the way Poland is ruled. It is important, therefore, to understand the origins and nature of Solidarity. During its legal existence, Solidarity was formally identified as a trade union, but in fact was then and still is as much a social movement as a trade union. The organization defined itself as a movement, and many of its mermbers, especially its activists, considered it a social movement. But the organization also fit the more objective sociological criteria for a social movement as "socially shared activities and beliefs directed toward the demand for change in some aspect of the social order."' The "socially shared activities" suggests group action, but does not necessarily imply a formal organization. Solidarity was such a group action, based on widely held dissatisfaction with the status quo in Polish society. It challenged the

Field of study: Political science
Classification of ab initio models of proteins restored from small-angle X-ray scattering.

In structure analyses of proteins in solution by using small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), the molecular models are restored by using ab initio molecular modeling algorithms. There can be variation among restored models owing to the loss of phase information in the scattering profiles, averaging with regard to the orientation of proteins against the direction of the incident X-ray beam, and also conformational fluctuations. In many cases, a representative molecular model is obtained by averaging models restored in a number of ab initio calculations, which possibly provide nonrealistic models inconsistent with the biological and structural information about the target protein. Here, a protocol for classifying predicted models by multivariate analysis to select probable and realistic models is proposed. In the protocol, each structure model is represented as a point in a hyper-dimensional space describing the shape of the model. Principal component analysis followed by the clustering method is applied to visualize the distribution of the points in the hyper-dimensional space. Then, the classification provides an opportunity to exclude nonrealistic models. The feasibility of the protocol was examined through the application to the SAXS profiles of four proteins.

Field of study: Physics
A laser 40Ar–39Ar study of minerals across the Grenville Front: investigation of reproducible excess Ar patterns

40Ar–39Ar ages have been determined on single grains of biotite and amphibole from rocks on a 40 km traverse across the Grenville Front (GF) in the Temagami area, Ontario. Minerals in the vicinity of the GF contain excess Ar in varying amounts characterized by both anomalously high integrated and plateau ages. The excess Ar in biotite varies with distance from the GF, such that the overall age distribution along the GF forms an asymmetric wave-like pattern (an argonami) with two age maxima, one on either side of the GF. The integrated age maxima are 2.34 Ga for biotite and 3.21 Ga for amphibole located 6 and 0.2 km north of the GF, respectively, whereas maxima are 1.33 Ga for biotite and 1.50 Ga for amphibole 7 km south of the GF. This wave-like pattern of apparent ages shows a remarkable similarity with that seen in an earlier K–Ar study across the GF at Chibougamau, Quebec, and also with a small-scale pattern of excess Ar associated with the emplacement of a dyke. Variations in the magnitude of excess A...

Field of study: Environmental science
The Moral Nature and Practice of Natural Family Planning versus Contraception

The morality of contraception has not always been clear to many Catholics. Although the popes have been clear in their teaching that it is a grave evil, many theologians, priests, and Catholics either deny this teaching or, at least, are skeptical as to its truth. Many health-care providers seem unclear concerning the evil of this practice also. Many do not seem interested in discovering the possible good moral fruits of the practice of natural family planning. To understand the essential evil of contraception and how it differs from natural family planning in both theory and practice first requires a clear delineation of the sources for determining Catholic moral action. These are the object, circumstances, and intention. Each is objectively determined by the relationship of the act in question to an objective human nature which can be discovered by reason alone. To be good, all three of these factors must conform to human nature. The sexual act is evil while using artificial pills or devices to preclude birth and no circumstances or intention can justify one in doing such use. This not only denies children, but also precludes total self-giving love from being expressed in such an act. It has the further result of introducing self-fulfillment as the primary value into the most important natural act of all, the one which leads to human life. Natural family planning is not a form of contraception and so it is objectively completely different in its moral nature. The human decision to refrain from the sexual act is not contraception. When undertaken in the right circumstances and for the right intention, natural family planning is an objective cooperation with the justice due to the Creator in the transmission of life and not a denial of his rights. A physician who would assist in the performance of the sexual act in which the possibility of birth is excluded by prescribing some artificial means to preclude birth would be cooperating with the evil of contraception. One could not do this with a correct conscience.

Field of study: Medicine, Philosophy
A Visible-light-responsive Photocatalyst of Nitrogen-doped Solid-acid HNb3O8-N Studied by Ultrahigh-field 1H MAS NMR and 1H–93Nb/1H–15N HETCOR NMR in Solids

A visible-light-responsive nitrogen-doped solid-acid photocatalyst HNb3O8-N is investigated via solid-state high-resolution NMR spectroscopy. The 1H magic-angle-spinning (MAS) spectrum observed und...

Field of study: Chemistry
Kinetics of methanol to olefins

The kinetics of methanol to olefins in the fixed-bed isothermal integral reactor was studied. The lumping idea was introduced into the kinetics study, in which the influence of water and coke deposition was taken into consideration.The equations of kinetics on fresh and deactivated catalyst were calculated with the help of the simplex optimization and Runge-Kutta methods.The obtained general kinetics equations could be used to calculate the reaction rates of corresponding lump. Subsequently, the respective reaction rate of ethylene, propylene, butene in any conditions were calculated based on the relation of ratios between olefins (ethylene/propylene and propylene/butene) and reaction temperature.The results showed that the error of statistical test and comparison of calculated values with the experimental values was in the allowable range.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Tourism and representation: a scale for measuring gendered portrayals

This paper analyses the nature of the images of women and men represented in tourism marketing and discusses the wider socio-cultural impact of such imagery. It begins by briefly discussing the gendered nature of tourism experiences and then reviews work on tourism, gender and representation. The paper's substantive contribution to tourism gender research, however, is its adaptation and development of a content analysis technique which facilitates the quantitative analysis of gender representations. A case study of a range of UK tour operators' brochures is presented which confirms that tourism representation relies heavily on the use of women as sexualized product adornments. The value and limitations of the content analysis research tool are discussed, as is its further applicability as a measurement of representations in tourism marketing.

Field of study: Sociology
Anisotropic phase separation through the metal-insulator transition in amorphous alloys.

The characterization of nanometer-scale phase separation in sputtered, amorphous, metal-Ge and Fe-Si films has led to the observation of a new microstructure that extends through the metal-insulator transition. The phase separated regions, which are dependent on deposition conditions, are well correlated and of the order of 1 nm in the growth plane but poorly correlated and 1.5--2.0 nm in the growth direction. The results suggest that fluctuations during film growth play a pivotal role in preventing anticipated columnar structures, probably leading to unusual percolation properties.

Field of study: Physics
Design and Implementation of Open CNC System Based on Fieldbus

Based on the research about traditional CNC system architecture and by analyzing the features of Fieldbus and the requirement about open CNC system,this paper proposed a new design method about open CNC system architecture based on Fieldbus technology.By investigating the problems in traditional CNC system architecture,this paper introduced the MECHATROLINKⅡ Fieldbus.The design method in this research separated the interpolate calculation in traditional CNC system architecture,coarse interpolate was calculated by up-level motion controller,accurate interpolate was calculated by down-level Filedbus driver by setting up thread scheduled function,and corresponding memory buffer and ring buffer were adopted for data exchange.This paper expatiated the design and implementation of the open CNC system based on the MECHATROLINK II Fieldbus,discussed the system performance influence such as control precision and resource consumption etc by taking up this new architecture.And the effect of this new system was verified by a comparative experiment and a complicated machining workpiece.

Field of study: Computer science
Mitogen activated protein kinases: a role in inflammatory bowel disease?

Since their discovery more than 15 years ago, the mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPK) have been implicated in an ever‐increasingly diverse array of pathways, including inflammatory signalling cascades. Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), such as ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, are characterized by the perpetual production of inflammatory mediators. Research into the transduction pathway behind this over‐production has highlighted the potential mediating role for the MAPKs and their related signalling components. This review highlights some of the research into the role for the MAPKs and their related signalling proteins in influencing the progression of IBD.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
What do Economists Know?: New Economics of Knowledge

2. Fukuyama even acknowledges the existence of conspicuous consumption in the following passage: "Much of what passes for economic motivation-the satisfaction of preferences through the acquisition of material goods-is motivated not so much by the desire for consumption, but by the desire for what economist Robert Frank calls "positional goods"-one's standing relative to other people in a social hierarchy" (p. 229). 3. Technically, to use the taxonomy developed by Geoffrey Hodgson (1993), Fnkuyama's work is phylogenetic (it does allow for evolution) with an ontogenetic asymptote-society approaches a particular state based on the biological nature of human beings. A true institutionalist approach is phylogenetic in that "there is not necessarily a final outcome, a state of equilibrium or rest" (Hodgson 1993, 44). 4.

Field of study: Economics
12B(n,gamma)13B reaction as alternative path to astrophysical synthesis of 13C isotope.

The total cross sections of the neutron radiative capture on 12B at astrophysical energies to the ground state of 13B have been calculated in the energy range of 10E-8 to 10 MeV within the framework of a modified potential cluster model with the classification of orbital states according to Young diagrams. Reaction rates in the temperature range of 0.01 to 10 T9 and their analytical parameterization were obtained. The calculated rates of 12B(n,gamma)13B excess the previous results by approximately to one order. Cross sections and reaction rates of 12C(n,gamma)13C are calculated and compared to the n10B, n11B, n12B, and p12C reaction rates. It is proposed that obtained rates of the 12B(n,gamma)13B reaction should be taken into account in novel scenarios of stable isotope 13C synthesis without of 12C hydrogen burning.

Field of study: Physics
Contraceptive Sterilization and Professional Natural Family Planning Education

The question has arisen over a number of years of educating Natural Family Planning Practitioners and Natural Family Planning Medical Consultants as to whether or not those who have chosen contraceptive sterilization as their means for the avoidance of pregnancy should teach natural family planning (NFP) to new couples or be involved in the fonnal education of new natural family planning teachers. Over the years, a few applications have been submitted from persons whose chosen method of avoiding pregnancy was contraceptive sterilization. In such cases, the Pope Paul VI Institute Natural Family Planning Education Program has rejected admission of these prospective students into these programs based principally on the norm that this would undennine the credibility of the natural family planning education and service programs and jeopardize the quality of the services provided. By presenting the user and/or the teacher with an individual or individuals who, by nature of their personal contraceptive practice, hold

Field of study: Medicine, Philosophy
Renal cortical volume measured by MRI: a feasibility study

We present a novel MRI technique to measure the renal cortical volume (Vc). This objective is motivated by the fact that renal function is primarily driven by the glomerular function taking place in the renal cortical segment, and thus, shrinkage or growth of renal cortex could become a determinant factor for the kidney function.  We included 22 adult pigs: 13 healthy and 9 with relieved unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO). MRI volumetry of both kidneys was performed using two different strategies: one without MR contrast-agent, and one with MR contrast-agent. The acquired images were analysed using both semiautomatic and manual segmentation of the renal cortex, and Vc was calculated. Nephrectomy was subsequently performed and reference values of Vc were estimated by stereology.  Vc in healthy pigs was estimated quite precisely with both MRI methods as compared with reference values. In UUO kidneys, the non-contrast MRI method gave Vc values comparable to those found by stereological means, whereas contrast-agent MRI method overestimated Vc slightly. Second, we found that semiautomatic and manual segmentation resulted in almost similar Vc values. Reproducibility of estimated cortical volumes offered both intra- and interindividual differences below 5%.  We found that MRI volumetry of renal cortex can be performed with high precision and high reproducibility. This study presents a novel non-contrast-agent MRI method that allows accurate estimation of Vc, both in healthy and diseased animals. We believe that it could become a supplementary tool to daily invasive measures in kidneys.

Field of study: Medicine
The Effect of Heating Temperature in Ultraviolet Irradiation Process on Properties of YBa2Cu3O7-x Superconducting Films Processed From Photosensitive Solution

The effects of heating temperature in ultraviolet irradiation process (hereafter named as UV temperature) on photon-activated precursor YBa<sub>2</sub>Cu<sub>3</sub>O<sub>7-</sub><italic><sub>x</sub></italic> (YBCO) films were investigated systemically. The results from FT-IR spectra, carbon content, the XPS spectra of Cu 2p and O1s reflected that the photochemical reactions were inhibited by high UV temperature. And we proposed a model to analyze and explain the mechanism of how the UV temperature affect the photochemical reactions. Finally, the YBCO films irradiated at 100 or 150 °C had higher <italic>Jc</italic> values (about 7.0 MA/cm<sup>2</sup> at 77 K and 0 T) than samples UV-irradiated under high UV temperatures (beyond 200 °C), which showed lower <italic>Jc</italic> values due to the weakening of oxidation progress. Consequently, a temperature window of 100–150 °C in UV irradiation process maybe suitable for the deep UV irradiation method used in YBCO preparation.

Field of study: Physics
Secular stagnation: Theory and remedies

This paper relies on a Ramsey model with money to o¤er a simple theory of secular stagnation. The permanent failure of the economy to produce at full capacity results from three features: (i) The combination of the zero lower bound on the nominal interest rate and of an in ‡ation ceiling imposes a lower bound on the real interest rate; (ii) Some dynastic households have a high propensity to save, due to a preference for wealth; (iii) A downward wage rigidity breaks the de ‡ationary spiral resulting from the lack of demand. In this framework, I derive the paradox of ‡exibility, of thrift, and of toil. If the in ‡ation ceiling cannot be raised, then the government needs to rely on …scal policy to escape secular stagnation. However, a conventional …scal stimulus is not an e¢ cient response to a permanent liquidity trap, and can even be welfare reducing. The solution is instead to tax household wealth and to subsidize income from physical capital, through an investment subsidy or a reduction in the taxation of corporate income. This optimal policy is revenue neutral and implements the …rst-best allocation of resources. However, to avoid a jump in the price level upon implementation of the optimal policy, the government needs to redeem the money that had previously been supplied to …nance public de…cits.

Field of study: Economics