nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Quantificative Determination of 8 Primary Metabolites in Huangqi Injection by ~1H NMR with Deconvolution

To establish the quantification method for 8 primary metabolites( amino acids,organic acids and carbohydrates) in Huangqi Injection,proton magnetic resonance(1H NMR) technique was employed based on processing approach of global spectral deconvolution( GSD). About 10 mg of each sample was precisely weighed after freeze-drying,and then directly dissolved in D2 O for NMR analysis. 20 primary metabolites and4 secondary metabolites were detected and identified in the same1 H NMR spectrum. Among them,8 primary metabolites( acetate,proline,pyoglutamate,malonate,glycine,glucose,sucrose,formate) were selected to determine the contents using an internal standard method. In the given concentration ranges,it showed a good linear correlation for 8 components( R20. 9990),with the RSD of precision lower than 3. 8%,the RSD of repeatability lower than 2. 7%,the RSD of stability lower than 4. 5%,and the recovery rate between91. 40%-102. 7%. The results indicated more accurately integral areas could be obtained by GSD processing compared to the ordinary method,which further improved the accuracy of content analysis.1H NMR method based on GSD was successfully used to determine the levels of 8 primary metabolites in Huangqi Injection samples of 20 batches from 5 manufacturers. The score plots of PCA also showed the samples from different manufacturers clustered and classified well.

Field of study: Chemistry
AN IMPROVED GENERALIZED GENETIC ALGORITHM AND ITS APPLICATION IN DYNAMIC OPTIMIZATION OF STRUCTURES

An improved generalized genetic algorithm is proposed in this paper. Heterogeneous strategy is proposed to increase the population diversity and to avoid premature while the convergence efficiency is ensured. This algorithm is used for multi-parameter dynamic optimization of the structure which is under random loads and has stress constrains. Numerical examples demonstrated that heterogeneous strategy can improve the probability of convergence to global optimal solution and the improved generalized genetic algorithm can be used to solve complicated structural dynamic optimization problems effectively.

Field of study: Engineering
The Relationship between Merchandise Circulation and Industrial Promotion:Theoretical and Positive Analysis

Merchandise circulation and industrial upgrade are two concepts that have close connection.Merchandise circulation has the effect on industrial upgrade mainly is to adjust to the increase and the storage quantities of the public wealth.This paper sets up a model which is based on the theory of new Classical Economics,and analyzed the development of merchandise circulation that causes the enhancement of the transaction efficiency which promotes to industrial upgrade,and then the paper analyzed the effect of merchandise circulation on industrial promotion by utilizing the co-integration and error correction model.Empirical results show that there was a stable positive equilibrium relationship between merchandise circulation and industrial promotion in the long or short run.Through the Granger causality test,it was found that the development of merchandise circulation was the reason for industrial upgrade,and conversely,the conclusion wasn't true.

Field of study: Economics
A survey on physical unclonable function (PUF)-based security solutions for Internet of Things

The vast areas of applications for IoTs in future smart cities, smart transportation systems, and so on represent a thriving surface for several security attacks with economic, environmental and societal impacts. This survey paper presents a review of the security challenges of emerging IoT networks and discusses some of the attacks and their countermeasures based on different domains in IoT networks. Most conventional solutions for IoT networks are adopted from communication networks while noting the particular characteristics of IoT networks such as the nodes quantity, heterogeneity, and the limited resources of the nodes, these conventional security methods are not adequate. One challenge toward utilizing common secret key-based cryptographic methods in large-scale IoTs is the problem of secret key generation, distribution, and storage and protecting these secret keys from physical attacks. Physically unclonable functions (PUFs) can be utilized as a possible hardware remedy for identification and authentication in IoTs. Since PUFs extract the unique hardware characteristics, they potentially offer an affordable and practical solution for secret key generation. However, several barriers limit the PUFs' applications for key generation purposes. We discuss the advantages of PUF-based key generation methods, and we present a survey of state-of-the-art techniques in this domain. We also present a proof-of-concept PUF-based solution for secret key generation using resistive random-access memories (ReRAM) embedded in IoTs.

Field of study: Computer science
Fabrication of Cu(In,Ga)(S,Se)2 Solar Cells by Solution Method

Cu(In,Ga)S2 (CIGS) nanoparticles were synthesized by hot-injection method at temperature of 240°C under nitrogen ambient, then dispersed in hexanethiol to form stable ink. CIGS thin films were prepared by doctor-blade method and annealed under different amounts of selenium at 540°C for 20 min. After annealing, the Cu(In,Ga)(S,Se)2 (CIGSSe) films showed increasing crystallinity, particle size, and Se concentration with increasing amount of selenium. In addition, only CIGSSe phase existed in the film after annealing. The properties of CIGSSe cells were improved with increasing amount of selenium. The optimal results were obtained for the sample prepared with 0.2 g Se, showing short-circuit photocurrent density (JSC) of 27.36 mA/cm2, open-circuit voltage (VOC) of 0.42 V, fill factor (FF) of 0.36, and conversion efficiency (η) of 4.2%. These results provide important insights into economically feasible production of CIGS-based solar cells.

Field of study: Materials science
100 years of California’s water rights system: patterns, trends and uncertainty

For 100 years, California’s State Water Resources Control Board and its predecessors have been responsible for allocating available water supplies to beneficial uses, but inaccurate and incomplete accounting of water rights has made the state ill-equipped to satisfy growing societal demands for water supply reliability and healthy ecosystems. Here, we present the first comprehensive evaluation of appropriative water rights to identify where, and to what extent, water has been dedicated to human uses relative to natural supplies. The results show that water right allocations total 400 billion cubic meters, approximately five times the state’s mean annual runoff. In the state’s major river basins, water rights account for up to 1000% of natural surface water supplies, with the greatest degree of appropriation observed in tributaries to the Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers and in coastal streams in southern California. Comparisons with water supplies and estimates of actual use indicate substantial uncertainty in how water rights are exercised. In arid regions such as California, over-allocation of surface water coupled with trends of decreasing supply suggest that new water demands will be met by re-allocation from existing uses. Without improvements to the water rights system, growing human and environmental demands portend an intensification of regional water scarcity and social conflict. California’s legal framework for managing its water resources is largely compatible with needed reforms, but additional public investment is required to enhance the capacity of the state’s water management institutions to effectively track and regulate water rights. S Online supplementary data available from stacks.iop.org/ERL/9/084012/mmedia

Field of study: Environmental science
Eating fish during pregnancy. Risk of exposure to toxic levels of methylmercury.

One of my pregnant patients consumes four cans of tuna a week. She became very concerned when she read that tuna contains methylmercury, which is toxic to the fetal brain. How should I advise her?



Fresh tuna might contain toxic levels of methylmercury, but levels are much lower in canned tuna. Reassure your patient that eating canned tuna will not harm her or her baby.

Field of study: Medicine
Multiparametric bifurcations of an epidemiological model with strong Allee effect

In this paper we completely study bifurcations of an epidemic model with five parameters introduced by Hilker et al. , which describes the joint interplay of a strong Allee effect and infectious diseases in a single population. Existence of multiple positive equilibria and all kinds of bifurcation are examined as well as related dynamical behavior. It is shown that the model undergoes a series of bifurcations such as saddle-node bifurcation, pitchfork bifurcation, Bogdanov–Takens bifurcation, degenerate Hopf bifurcation of codimension two and degenerate elliptic type Bogdanov–Takens bifurcation of codimension three. Respective bifurcation surfaces in five-dimensional parameter spaces and related dynamical behavior are obtained. These theoretical conclusions confirm their numerical simulations and conjectures by Hilker et al., and reveal some new bifurcation phenomena which are not observed in Hilker et al. . The rich and complicated dynamics exhibit that the model is very sensitive to parameter perturbations, which has important implications for disease control of endangered species.

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics
Impact of a Pharmacy Student Organization on the Admissions Experience and Student Professional Development

To evaluate the impact of a program which integrated student pharmacists into the admissions process on pharmacy school candidates’ perceptions of the program and on participants’ professional development.  An anonymous survey regarding the pharmacy school admission process was sent to candidates following their visit to campus and interviews from fall 2014 through spring 2017. A second survey of all student pharmacists enrolled in January 2018 was conducted to assess the impact of a student-led organization, Pharmacy Student Ambassadors (PSA), on their professional development.  The response rate for the survey completed by candidates was 66% (335/504) and the response rate for the survey completed by enrolled student pharmacists was 50% (166/330). Almost all of the candidates were satisfied with the admissions process (96%, 322/335). They cited the welcoming and friendly environment and opportunity to interact with student pharmacists as the best aspects of the admissions process. In the survey of enrolled students, the majority of PSA volunteers agreed or strongly agreed with statements regarding their organization’s influence on professional development (76%), enhancing communication skills (77%), self-reflection (78%), and feeling respected and valued (73%). Furthermore, the majority of student pharmacists agreed or strongly agreed that participation in the PSA positively impacted their own admissions process (87%), made interviewees more at ease and comfortable (88%), increased their knowledge and understanding of the culture in the program (82% and 75% respectively), and influenced their personal decisions to attend the University of Michigan College of Pharmacy (63%).  Student pharmacist involvement in the admissions process was correlated with pharmacy school candidate satisfaction and contributed to enrolled students’ positive perceptions regarding their professional development.

Field of study: Education, Medicine
F8 Inversions at Xq28 Causing Hemophilia A Are Associated With Specific Methylation Changes: Implication for Molecular Epigenetic Diagnosis

Diverse DNA structural variations (SVs) in human cancers and several other diseases are well documented. For genomic inversions in particular, the disease causing mechanism may not be clear, especially if the inversion border does not cross a coding sequence. Understanding about the molecular processes of these inverted genomic sequences, in a mainly epigenetic context, may provide additional information regarding sequence-specific regulation of gene expression in human diseases. Herein, we study one such inversion hotspot at Xq28, which leads to the disruption of F8 gene and results in hemophilia A phenotype. To determine the epigenetic consequence of this rearrangement, we evaluated DNA methylation levels of 12 CpG rich regions with the coverage of 550 kb by using bisulfite-pyrosequencing and next-generation sequencing (NGS)-based bisulfite re-sequencing enrichment assay. Our results show that this inversion prone area harbors widespread methylation changes at the studied regions. However, only 5/12 regions showed significant methylation changes, specifically in case of intron 1 inversion (two regions), intron 22 inversion (two regions) and one common region in both inversions. Interestingly, these aberrant methylated regions were found to be overlapping with the inversion proximities. In addition, two CpG sites reached 100% sensitivity and specificity to discriminate wild type from intron 22 and intron 1 inversion samples. While we found age to be an influencing factor on methylation levels at some regions, covariate analysis still confirms the differential methylation induced by inversion, regardless of age. The hemophilia A methylation inversion “HAMI” assay provides an advantage over conventional PCR-based methods, which may not detect novel rare genomic rearrangements. Taken together, we showed that genomic inversions in the F8 (Xq28) region are associated with detectable changes in methylation levels and can be used as an epigenetic diagnostic marker.

Field of study: Biology
Improvement on spectrum of high power diode laser array

Stabilization and spectrum narrowing of the emission wavelength of high-power diode laser array is demonstrated by a volume Bragg grating(VBG) resonator.The spectral full width half maximum of the output emission was suppressed by VBG cavity from 1.7 nm to 0.4 nm,and the emission wavelength of VBG-locked diode laser array varied slightly with variation of output power and heat sink temperature.Output power of 15.12 W is achieved from VBG-locked diode laser array with a loss of approximately 2% when the injection current is 35 A.

Field of study: Physics
Condensation of 6-methyl-3-azapyrylium salts to pyrido[1,2-c]pyrimidinium derivatives

Under the influence of DMF/Ac2O 2,4-diphenyl-6-methyl-3-azapyrylium perchlorates undergo condensation to give pyrido[1,2-c]pyrimidinium perchlorates. The structure of one of the perchlorates was proved by x-ray diffraction analysis.

Field of study: Chemistry
Early history of the stereotactic apparatus in neurosurgery.

Stereotactic neurosurgery has a rich history, beginning with the first stereotactic frame described by Horsley and Clarke in 1908. It is now widely used for delivery of radiation, surgical targeting of electrodes, and resection to treat tumors, epilepsy, vascular malformations, and pain syndromes. These treatments are now available due to the pioneering efforts of neurosurgeons and scientists in the beginning of the 20th century. Their efforts focused on the development of stereotactic instruments for accurate lesion targeting. In this paper, the authors review the history of the stereotactic apparatus in the early 20th century, with a focus on the fascinating people key to its development.

Field of study: Medicine
Study on Comb-Line Filters with Coupling Windows on the Grounding Conductor

This paper proposes a new type of multi-stratified comb-line filters of narrow pass band utilizing conductor-backed coplanar waveguides. It is shown through numerical simulations by means of FD-TD method that the filtering characteristics can be controlled effectively by introducing a grounding conductor with a window between the coupled two resonators. It is demonstrated that, by changing the dimensions of the window on the grounding conductor, we can change, without affecting the odd mode, the input susceptance of the even mode independently and that we can adjust the frequency of attenuation pole. An interesting feature of this filter is that an additional window on the grounding conductor makes another attenuation pole appear around the passband.

Field of study: Computer science
AES-GCM-SIV: Specification and Analysis

In this paper, we describe and analyze the security of the AES-GCM-SIV mode of operation, as defined in the CFRG specification . This mode differs from the original GCM-SIV mode that was designed in  in two main aspects. First, the CTR encryption uses a 127-bit pseudo-random counter instead of a 95-bit pseudo-random value concatenated with a 32-bit counter. This construction leads to improved security bounds when encrypting short messages. In addition, a new key derivation function is used for deriving a fresh set of keys for each nonce. This addition allows for encrypting up to 2 messages with the same key, compared to the significant limitation of only 2 messages that were allowed with GCM-SIV (which inherited this same limit from AES-GCM). As a result, the new construction is well suited for real world applications that need a nonce-misuse resistant Authenticated Encryption scheme. We explain the limitations of GCM-SIV, which motivate the new construction, prove the security properties of AES-GCM-SIV, and show how these properties support real usages. Implementations are publicly available in . We remark that AES-GCM-SIV is already integrated into Google’s BoringSSL library  and is deployed for ticket encryption in QUIC . Preamble for the July 2017 edition We would like to thank Tetsu Iwata and Yannick Seurin for alerting us to the fact that we had erroneously assumed that one of the terms in the security bounds of AES-GCM-SIV was dominated by another term. (Specifically, ′, the advantage of the adversary A′; see comments on pages 11 and 12 of the previous version of this paper). Thus, while the security proof was correct, the example concrete bounds were overly optimistic, most notably for very large messages. This July 2017 update fixes the concrete bounds that were given in the previous version, and some other small errors pointed out by Iwata & Seurin. Detailed proofs for the bounds appear in . ? Supported by the BIU Center for Research in Applied Cryptography and Cyber Security in conjunction with the Israel National Cyber Bureau in the Prime Minister’s Office.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
The Stability of Post Hoc Model Modifications in Confirmatory Factor Analysis Models

In applications of covariance structure modeling, practitioners frequently engage in post hoc model modification when confronted with models exhibiting unacceptable fit. Little is currently known about the extent to which such procedures capitalize on sampling error. In the present study, the problem of chance model modifications under varying levels of sample size, model size, and severity of misspecification in CFA models was examined. Under low levels of misspecification, specification searches yielded consistent modifications when N ≥ 800, but under more severe misspecifications, modifications tended to be unstable unless N ≥ 1,200. Modifications were somewhat more stable for the larger model. The findings suggest that practitioners should exercise caution when interpreting modified models unless sample size is quite large.

Field of study: Education
Manufacturing and Evaluation of Woodfibre-Waste Plastic Composite Sheets

Plastic products used for packaging are often discarded after a single use resulting in an inexhaustible supply of waste polymeric materials. The stiffness and strength of polymeric materials have been known to improve with the addition of lignocellulosic fibres available in abundance in nature. Hence, composite materials containing natural fibres and waste plastics would result in the reduction of solid wastes and the use of cheap, renewable resources. Composite sheets have been manufactured from Pinus Radiata woodfibre mats produced by a novel mat forming technique and Kerbside waste plastics. The tensile modulus and strength of these composite sheets have been shown to improve with the amount of woodfibres. The formability of these sheets has been assessed through dome forming. The presence of woodfibres reduces the localised thinning while thermoforming, which is a significant advantage since excessively thin areas may cause component weakness and as a result, defective parts. Complex parts have been thermoformed successfully from these composite sheets confirming the enormous potential for their use in industry.

Field of study: Materials science
Block-based cloud classification with statistical features and distribution of local texture features

This work performs cloud classification on all-sky images. To deal with mixed cloud types in one image, we propose performing block division and block-based classification. In addition to classical statistical texture features, the proposed method incorporates local binary pattern, which extracts local texture features in the feature vector. The combined feature can effectively preserve global information as well as more discriminating local texture features of different cloud types. The experimental results have shown that applying the combined feature results in higher classification accuracy compared to using classical statistical texture features. In our experiments, it is also validated that using block-based classification outperforms classification on the entire images. Moreover, we report the classification accuracy using different classifiers including the k-nearest neighbor classifier, Bayesian classifier, and support vector machine.

Field of study: Environmental science
Innovative Strategies for Managing Workforce Diversity in Kenyan Leading Corporations in Present Global Scenario

Business globalization, preference for teamwork to individual work and the changing workforce demographics have made workforce diversity management necessary for firms. Mismanaged diversity can be detrimental to the employee satisfaction and productivity. Employees who feel more valued work hard while the group that consider themselves as minority group feel less valued leading to lower performance. This paper identifies innovative strategies for managing workforce diversity in Kenyan leading corporations in present global scenario. The paper looks at how communication strategies, performance management, leadership initiatives and shared responsibilities are used in managing workforce diversity. Activities of different corporations in Kenya are reviewed to identify those that are inclined to the management of workforce diversity.

Field of study: Business
Bose-Einstein condensate of Dirac magnons: Pumping and collective modes

We explore the formation and collective modes of Bose-Einstein condensate of Dirac magnons (Dirac BEC). While we focus on two-dimensional Dirac magnons, an employed approach is general and could be used to describe Bose-Einstein condensates with linear quasiparticle spectrum in various systems. By using a phenomenological multicomponent model of pumped boson population together with bosons residing in Dirac nodes, the formation and time evolution of condensates at Dirac points is investigated. The condensate coherence and its multicomponent nature are manifested in the Rabi oscillations whose period is determined by the gap in the spin wave spectrum. A Dirac nature of the condensates could be also probed by the spectrum of collective modes. It is shown that the Haldane gap provides an efficient means to tune between the gapped and gapless collective modes as well as controls their stability.

Field of study: Physics