nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Characterization of the hydrochemistry of water resources of the Weibei Plain, Northern China, as well as an assessment of the risk of high groundwater nitrate levels to human health.

This study aimed to evaluate the hydrochemistry of the water resources of the Weibei Plain, Northern China, as well as the risks posed by high groundwater nitrate concentrations to human health. Groundwater and surface water samples numbering 168 and 14, respectively, were collected during the dry and wet seasons. Water in the study area was weakly alkaline, falling into a hard-fresh or hard-brackish category. The groundwater chemical types were mainly SO4·Cl-Ca·Mg (59.5%) and HCO3-Ca·Mg (28.6%), whereas the dominant chemistry type of surface water was SO4·Cl-Na (78.6%). Groundwater showed relatively high concentrations of NO3-, with average dry and wet season concentrations of 212 mg·L-1 and 223 mg·L-1, respectively, whereas surface water had a low NO3- content. The major processes affecting water chemistry were determined to be rock weathering, such as silicate weathering and evaporative dissolution, as well as cation exchange. NO3- in groundwater was found to mainly originate from anthropogenic inputs such as agricultural production and domestic sewage. The entropy-weight water quality index (EWQI) assessment showed that although the quality of surface water was generally good, more than half of the groundwater samples failed drinking water standards, with NO3- identified as being the most problematic parameter affecting the water quality evaluation. Risk assessment of high groundwater nitrate concentrations indicated that long-term domestic use of groundwater in the study area can put the health of residents at great risk. Totals of 81% and 75% of the groundwater samples exceeded the acceptable limit for non-carcinogenic risk (HI = 1) to infants during the dry and wet seasons, respectively, whereas 75% and 71.3% of samples exceeded the acceptable limit for children, respectively. Future management of water in the Weibei Plain should prioritize the control groundwater nitrate pollution.

Field of study: Environmental science
[Platelet serotonergic parameters and clinical symptoms of psychosis in patients with episodic progressive schizophrenia].

A sample included 59 patients, 38 males and 21 females, mean age (M+/-SD) 33,4+/-10,2 years, age-at-onset 26+/-9,5 years, illness duration 7,8+/-6,1 years, with episodic progressive schizophrenia (ICD-10: schizophrenia, paranoid type, F20.0) with continuous course at the stage of exacerbation. Clinical symptoms were assessed using the PANSS. Platelet 5-HT content, 3H-serotonin uptake (Vmax), 3H-imipramine receptor density (Bmax), high- and low molecular weight human serotonin platelet transporter protein immunoreactivity (HMW-SERT and LMW-SERT values) were measured. The most frequent psychotic symptoms were delusions, conceptual disorganization and hallucinations, with the majority of patients experiencing from one to three symptoms. A significant increase of platelet 5-HT content and 3H-imipramine receptor density (Bmax) was found in male patients. In the male group, delusions, conceptual disorganization and hallucinations as well as PANSS psychotic cluster scores were correlated positively with 5-HT content and negatively with HMW-SERT and LMW-SERT values. Possible reasons of the differences in correlations of platelet 5-HT serotonin and serotonin transporter values with psychotic symptoms are discussed. The results are additional evidence for the involvement of serotonergic dysfunction in the pathogenesis of schizophrenic psychoses. They confirm the usefulness of testing of platelet 5-HT content and SERT immunoreactivity as biological markers of schizophrenic psychoses, in particular for male patents.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Teaching Latin-American Philosophy

THERE ARE SEVERAL motives for giving a course in Latin-American philosophy. Of these, the most immediately practical in intent, and the one which directly led to the formation of the course at the University of Missouri, was a desire to furnish a relevant course in philosophy for the use of students in Spanish, history and the Latin-American studies area. This factor has turned out to be of secondary importance at Missouri, since only a small part of the students who take the course are from the fields named. The value of this motive will necessarily vary from campus to campus, and it may well be of considerable magnitude in many situations.

Field of study: History
Inheritance and transition of Dawaz - a traditional Uigurian sports event.

By applying the transition theory in cultural anthropology, the authors analyzed the inheritance and transition of Dawaz – a traditional Uigurian sports event, and concluded that governmental guidance, protection of nonmaterial cultural heritages, efforts of Dawaz artists, and market economy needs, have played an important role in the inheritance and transition of Uigurian Dawaz, but the protection, promotion and education of primitive arts should be further strengthened, and the support and cooperation of other cities and provinces are needed.

Field of study: Education
Scanning probe microscopy based electrical characterization of thin dielectric and organic semiconductor films

Scanning probe microscopy (SPM) techniques offer various characterization methods for thin organic films. However, the majority of the electrical SPM measurements is currently performed in contact mode operation and may lead to severe damage at the surface of soft organic materials. This work shows the electrical characterization of organic insulator and semiconductor films by use of two SPM techniques operating with reduced lateral forces between SPM tip and sample. The first one is intermittent-contact scanning-capacitance-microscopy (IC-SCM) which is used for the detection of the local surface capacitance. The second one is torsional resonance tunneling-atomic-force-microscopy (TR-TUNA) which shows the local conductivity respectively relative film thickness of the sample. It is found that the tunneling current distribution across 50 nm thick organic insulating films is very homogeneous and that inhomogeneities in P3HT and Pentacene films can be pinpointed even if no topographical variations are observable.

Field of study: Engineering
Origin of primitive sports of Naxi Nationality from the perspective of "fly-stone rope"

Thanks to its unique geographic location and national development history,to this day Naxi nationality has conserved "fly-stone rope"-a complex tool produced in the mid Paleolithic Age,as well as folklores,primitive rituals and amusements closely related to "fly-stone rope" in the ancient Dongba Scripture and folk customs of Naxi nationality,which provided ample information for revealing the myth about the origin of primitive sports of Naxi nationality.By using theories and research methods in cultural anthropology and history,and by analyzing a lot of information collected via field investigation and literature retrieval,the authors represented the process of develop-ment of "fly-stone rope" gradually evolving from an ancient hunting and battling tool into a primitive sport via witchcraft and then being passed on to this day,and put forward the opinion that primitive sports of Naxi nationality originated from witchcraft.

Field of study: Education
The Origin of the Labyrinth, Wright Valley, Antarctica

The Labyrinth is an area of 30 km 2 of steep-sided troughs, some with no outlets, cut into a sill of the Ferrar Dolerite Formation. Hypotheses for its origin include fluvial erosion by meltwater in an interglacial stage, a volcanically induced flood, or jokulhlaup, glacial erosion and sub-glacial erosion. These hypotheses are rejected as having no field evidence in their favor and as catastrophist. It is. suggested that selective salt weathering working along major joints and in areas of close-jointing is an hypothesis supported by the field evidence that it is essentially uniformitarian.

Field of study: Geology
Ammonia Volatilization of Winter Spread Manure

and field experiments were con-ducted to determine ammonia volatilization rates from winter spread manure. Factors considered were manure application rate, freeze-thaw cycles, dehydration, and the urea-ammonium conversion rate. Freezing did not increase the volatilization rate. Drying was not required for volatilization. A mathematical model describing ammonia volatilization rates from land applied manure was developed.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Pbar Annihilation in Au+Au at AGS Energies

Antinucleon production in heavy ion collisions is potentially an excellent signal for unusual phenomena in hot and dense matter. However, at the low energies available at the AGS the annihilation process must be handled with care. In this Comment, we consider the case of Au + Au collisions at approximately 11 GeV/c, applying the ARC treatment of pbar production and annihilation to the analysis of experiment E878. It is apparent that classical screening introduced for Si + Au is crucial in the understanding of data obtained with the more massive projectile. Unfortunately, there seems no necessity for invoking unusual behaviour in the Au + Au system.

Field of study: Physics
On the numerical approximation for Fourier-type highly oscillatory integrals with Gauss-type quadrature rules

In this paper, we present an improved numerical steepest descent method for the approximation of Fourier-type highly oscillatory integrals. Based on the previous numerical steepest descent method, the new method used the integrand information at endpoints and stationary points. The asymptotic order is given that is improved both for the case of stationary points and stationary points free. Several numerical examples are presented which show the high efficiency of the proposed method. Numerical results support our theoretical analyses.

Field of study: Mathematics
Centerline Extraction Based on Cross-section Algorithm and Snake Model

Centerline is an important representation of object geometry.This paper presents an efficient method to extract centerlines from 3D binary images of tree-like objects.First,based on cross-section algorithm,the initial centerlines are efficiently located near the targets.Then Snake modeling and distance transform approach is adopted to move the initial centerlines to their accurate locations.The method solves the problems of slow convergence and convergence at local maxima of Snakes due to their initial positions far from the targets.

Field of study: Computer science
The I2/Et3SiH system: A versatile combination with multiple applications in carbohydrate chemistry

In this contribution, a brief survey of the multiple synthetic opportunities offered by the I2/Et3SiH combined system is presented. Both reagents are cheap and easy to handle, and their combination allows HI to be quickly formed in situ. A suitable stoichiometry of the mixture can be addressed to a set of very useful transformations of carbohydrate chemistry ranging from glycosidation reactions to functional group manipulation of sugars.

Field of study: Chemistry
Experience With Laparoscopic Radical Nephrectomy In Wilms’ Tumor

To present our experience with laparoscopic radical nephrectomy in children with Wilms’ tumor.  Fifteen selected children with non-metastatic unilateral Wilms’ tumor, with preoperative chemotherapy and significant reduction in the tumoral size, were submitted to laparoscopic radical nephrectomy. After colonic and hepatic (or splenic) mobilization, the kidney is exposed and the renal vessels dissected and sectioned. After ureteral section, the kidney is dissected with its perirenal fat, and the adherences to the neighboring structures are sectioned. A lymphatic sample is obtained from the peri-hilar region. The tumoral kidney is removed through a Pfannenstiehl incision. The incision and accesses are closed without drainage.  The patients aged 10-108 months (∼47.2) and weighed 8-27 kg (∼18.2). Removal of the tumoral kidney and lymphatic samples was possible in all cases. The formation of a tumoral capsule, due to preoperative chemotherapy, allowed the safe mobilization of the kidney, preventing rupture. There was no bleeding nor injury to the neighboring structures. Mean operative time was 149.6 min. (120-180). The weight of the specimen was ∼124.7g (55-234). Post-operative course was uneventful and discharge varied from 2-3 days. Adjuvant chemotherapy was made in all patients, and there were no recurrences. All resected kidneys had a pre-operative tumoral diameter on CT less than 10% of the children's height.  Laparoscopic radical nephrectomy is a feasible and safe alternative in the treatment of non-metastatic unilateral Wilms’ tumor after chemotherapy, with significant advantages over open surgery, considering the post-operative course and cosmesis.

Field of study: Medicine
Changes in mRNA for choline transporter-like protein following facial nerve transection.

When the axon of a motoneuron is transected, axonal regrowth occurs to reconnect it to the correct target. During the regeneration period, a large amount of new membrane synthesis is required for the axons to extend. Choline is an important metabolite in all cells because of the major contribution of phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin to the production of membranes. Therefore, choline uptake is necessary for axonal elongation. We cloned rat choline transporter-like protein 1 (rCTL1) as an upregulated gene in the axotomized facial motor nucleus by differential display polymerase chain reaction using adult rat facial nerve axotomy model. rCTL1 belongs to the choline transporter-like protein family, which takes up choline. We investigated the changes in rCTL1 mRNA levels in the facial motor nucleus of adult rats following axotomy by in situ hybridization. In the facial motoneurons signals of rCTL1 mRNA were rarely expressed, were transiently increased following axotomy and gradually returned to the control level. These results suggest that rCTL1 is involved in activated choline uptake for membrane synthesis in motoneurons following nerve transection.

Field of study: Biology
Optimization of determination conditions for urease in waste degradation process.

To optimize the method for measuring urease activity,single factor experiment and orthogonal test was used based on soil enzymology,with waste sample in landfill. Results showed that the optimal conditions for urease in waste degradation process were as 30℃ of dried temperature,0.5mL toluene,1mL of 10% urea,3mL of 0.1M sodium citrate buffer at pH 5.5, 30℃ of culture temperature and 24h of culture period. Relatively standard deviation(RSD) was less than 0.82% in the verification test,and measured value was 30.48% to 147.28% higher than the traditional method,indicating high precision and feasibility of the method.

Field of study: Environmental science
Broad-area InGaNAs/GaAs quantum-well lasers in the 1200 nm range

Broad-area InGaNAs/GaAs quantum-well (QW) edge-emitting lasers on GaAs substrates in the 1200 nm range are reported. The epitaxial layers of the InGaNAs/GaAs QW laser wafers were grown on n<sup>+</sup>-GaAs substrates by using metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). The thickness of the InGaNAs/GaAs QW layers is 70 Å/1200 Å. The indium content (x) of the In<inf>x</inf>Ga<inf>1−x</inf>N<inf>y</inf>As<inf>1−y</inf> QW layers is estimated to be 0.35 to 0.36, while the nitrogen content (y) is estimated to be 0.006 to 0.008. More indium content (In) and nitrogen content (N) in the InGaNAs QW layer enables the laser emission up to 1300 nm range. The epitaxial layer quality, however, is limited by the strain in the grown layer. The devices were made with different ridge widths from 5 to 50 µm. A very low threshold current density (J<inf>th</inf>) of 80 A/cm<sup>2</sup> has been obtained for the 50µm×500µm LD. A number of InGaNAs/GaAs epi-wafers were made into broad-area LDs. A maximum output power of 95 mW was measured for the broad-area InGaNAs/GaAs QW LDs. The variations in the output powers of the broad-area LDs are mainly due to strain the InGaNAs QW layers.

Field of study: Engineering
LONGITUDINAL EVIDENCE FOR A MIDLIFE NADIR IN HUMAN WELL-BEING: RESULTS FROM FOUR DATA SETS*

There is a large amount of cross-sectional evidence for a midlife low in the life cycle of human happiness and well-being (a ‘U shape’). Yet no genuinely longitudinal inquiry has uncovered evidence for a U-shaped pattern. Thus, some researchers believe the U is a statistical artefact. We re-examine this fundamental cross-disciplinary question. We suggest a new test. Drawing on four data sets, and only within-person changes in well-being, we document powerful support for a U shape in longitudinal data (without the need for formal regression equations). The article’s methodological contribution is to use the first-derivative properties of a well-being equation.

Field of study: Economics
Nuclear $\beta^-$-decay half-lives for $fp$ and $f_{5/2}pg_{9/2}$ shell nuclei

In the present work we calculate the allowed $\beta^-$-decay half-lives of nuclei with $Z = 20 -30$ and N $\leq$ 50 systematically under the framework of the nuclear shell model. A recent study shows that some nuclei in this region belonging to the island of inversion. We perform calculation for $fp$ shell nuclei using KB3G effective interaction. In the case of Ni, Cu, and Zn, we used JUN45 effective interaction. Theoretical results of $Q$ values, half-lives, excitation energies, log$ft$ values, and branching fractions are discussed and compared with experimental data. In Ni region, we also compared our calculated results with recent experimental data [Z. Y. Xu ,  \textbf{113}, 032505, 2014]. Present results showing good agreement with experimental value of half-lives in comparison to QRPA.

Field of study: Physics
Variations in the geomagnetic cutoff rigidity of CR in the period of magnetospheric disturbances of May 2005: Their correlation with interplanetary parameters

The correlation between the rigidities of a geomagnetic cutoff, obtained using the global spectrographic survey method, and by trajectory tracing of CR particles in the magnetic field of the Ts03 Tsyganenko magnetosphere model (2001–2003) and the Dst variation and interplanetary parameters, was studied for the May 15–19, 2005, period of interplanetary and geomagnetic disturbances.

Field of study: Physics
High-power 808 nm lasers with a super-large optical cavity

We present a detailed design and experimental study of diode laser structures emitting at 808 nm based on the combination of a GaAsP quantum well with well-established AlGaAs waveguide structures. By increasing the thickness of the confinement layers of the laser structure, its vertical far field divergence is reduced down to 15° with only a small increase of the threshold current and small loss of efficiency. 200 µm aperture 'broad area' devices achieve at a heat sink temperature of 25 °C a continuous wave (CW) output power of more than 15 W with a wall-plug efficiency of 50% with a vertical far field divergence of 18°. This output power illustrates the excellent high-power performance by using super-large optical-cavity structures with improved beam characteristics in comparison to the conventional broad waveguide lasers.

Field of study: Materials science
Anomalous Acoustic Plasmon Mode from Topologically Protected States.

Plasmons, the collective excitations of electrons in the bulk or at the surface, play an important role in the properties of materials, and have generated the field of "plasmonics." We report the observation of a highly unusual acoustic plasmon mode on the surface of a three-dimensional topological insulator (TI) Bi_{2}Se_{3}, using momentum resolved inelastic electron scattering. In sharp contrast to ordinary plasmon modes, this mode exhibits almost linear dispersion into the second Brillouin zone and remains prominent with remarkably weak damping not seen in any other systems. This behavior must be associated with the inherent robustness of the electrons in the TI surface state, so that not only the surface Dirac states but also their collective excitations are topologically protected. On the other hand, this mode has much smaller energy dispersion than expected from a continuous media excitation picture, which can be attributed to the strong coupling with surface phonons.

Field of study: Physics
Immunogenicity of quadrivalence recombinant human papillomavirus vaccine (6, 11, 16 and 18 types) (Hansenulapolymorpha): results from phaseI clinical trial

To make a preliminary assessment on the immunogenicity of a quadrivalence recombinant human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine (6, 11, 16 and 18 types) (Hansenulapolymorpha) in healthy women aged 18-45 years in phaseⅠclinical study. 
 
 
 
It was a single-center, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled phaseⅠ clinical study. Women aged 18-45 years were randomized (2∶1) to receive HPV vaccine (n=60) or placebo control (n=30) at months 0, 2 and 6. Antibodies against HPV6/11/16/18 were detected by pseudovirus-based neutralisation assay in serum samples collected at 0 d, 180 d and 210 d. Seroconversion rates and geometric mean titres (GMT) of antibodies against the four types of antigens were calculated. 
 
 
 
Seroconversion rates of the vaccination group at 180 d (before the third dose) and 210 d (one month after the third dose) were generally similar and between 85%-100% for all types of antibodies. The GMT of antibodies at one month after the last dose improved significantly compared with those before immunization. 
 
 
 
These results showed that the HPV vaccine had good immunogenicity in the population of healthy women aged 18-45 years. Higher antibody titers were elicited by the vaccine compare with the tites before the first dose and in the placebo control group. 
 
 
 
Quadrivalence recombinant human papillomavirus vaccine (6, 11, 16 and 18 types) (Hansenulapolymorpha); Immunogenicity; Seroconversion rate; Geometric mean titer

Field of study: Biology
Progress in the research of biodegradation of oilfield water containing polyacrylamide by bacteria

The characteristics,application and the potential harmful of polyacrylamide are reviewed.The traits and the present polluted situation of the polymer-contained wastewater are analyzed.The elements and the research progress of biodeg-radation at home and abroad are mainly introduced,and the current problems of biodegradation and the future developing trends are described.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Cognitive–behavioural therapy v. structured care for medically unexplained symptoms: randomised controlled trial

A pilot trial in Sri Lanka among patients with medically unexplained symptoms revealed that cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) administered by a psychiatrist was efficacious  To evaluate CBT provided by primary care physicians in a comparison with structured care Method A randomised control trial (n=75 in each arm) offered six 30 min sessions of structured care or therapy. The outcomes of the two interventions were compared at 3 months, 6 months, 9 months and 12 months Results In each arm, 64 patients (85%) completed the three mandatory sessions. No difference was observed between groups in mean scores on the General Health Questionnaire or the Bradford Somatic Inventory, or in number of complaints or patient-initiated consultations at 3 months. For both groups, all outcome measures improved at 3 months, and remained constant in the follow-up assessments  Cognitive–behavioural therapy given by primary care physicians after a short course of training is no more efficacious than structured care. Natural remission is an unlikely explanation for improvements in people with chronic medically unexplained symptoms, but lack of a ‘treatment as usual’ arm limits further conclusions. Further research on enhanced structured care, medical assessment and structured care incorporating simple elements of CBT principles is worthy of consideration

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology