nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Adolescent immunization rates and the effect of socio-demographic factors on immunization in a cosmopolitan city (ERZURUM) in the eastern Turkey.

Pediatric vaccinations have decreased the incidence and mortality from infectious diseases in children, but adolescents continue to be adversely affected by vaccine preventable disease. The present study was performed to determine the status of adolescents immunization and to investigate the effect of several socio-demographic factors on immunization.



Using the cluster-sampling method, 817 adolescents were selected in 24 high schools (15,000 students) in central district of Erzurum (Turkey). Adolescents were categorized as completely vaccinated, incompletely vaccinated, unvaccinated or vaccination status unknown.



Of the 817 adolescents, 6.9% were completely vaccinated, 24.4% were incompletely vaccinated and 64.1% were unvaccinated. The vaccination status of 4.6% of adolescents was unknown. A significantly correlation was seen between the number of siblings, the level of mother and father education, the level of parent's socio-economics status, health insurance and immunization status.



Our findings indicated a small percentage of adolescents receive all of the recommended vaccine. In immunization programs in Turkey, priority should be given to increase adolescent immunization rate with a middle school and/or adolescents, vaccination.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Modeling transient particle transport by fast fluid dynamics with the Markov chain method

Fast simulation tools for the prediction of transient particle transport are critical in designing the air distribution indoors to reduce the exposure to indoor particles and associated health risks. This investigation proposed a combined fast fluid dynamics (FFD) and Markov chain model for fast predicting transient particle transport indoors. The solver for FFD-Markov-chain model was programmed in OpenFOAM, an open-source CFD toolbox. This study used two cases from the literature to validate the developed model and found well agreement between the transient particle concentrations predicted by the FFD-Markov-chain model and the experimental data. This investigation further compared the FFD-Markov-chain model with the CFD-Eulerian model and CFD-Lagrangian model in terms of accuracy and efficiency. The accuracy of the FFD-Markov-chain model was similar to that of the other two models. For the two studied cases, the FFD-Markovchain model was 4.7 and 6.8 times faster, respectively, than the CFD-Eulerian model, and it was 137.4 and 53.3 times faster than the CFD-Lagrangian model in predicting the steady-state airflow and transient particle transport. Therefore, the FFD-Markov-chain model is able to greatly reduce the computing cost for predicting transient particle transport in indoor environments.

Field of study: Engineering
IL-10 production in mouse hepatocytes augmented by TGF-beta.

The supernatant from normal liver cell (Clone 1469) culture enhanced polyclonal antibody production in mouse spleen cells but not in human peripheral blood lymphocytes. The supernatants from transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta)-treated C3H/HeN spleen cells augmented greatly polyclonal antibody responses compared with the untreated supernatants. IL-10 production and expression of mRNA for IL-10 in Clone 1469 cells was detected by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, ELISPOT assay and PCR amplification. TGF-beta led to augmentation of IL-10 secretion from Clone 1469 cells.

Field of study: Medicine
Elevated marine productivity triggered nitrogen limitation on the Yangtze Platform (South China) during the Ordovician-Silurian transition

The Ordovician-Silurian transition (OST) coincided with global environmental and biological changes, including perturbations of the carbon and sulfur cycles, oceanic redox changes, and a mass extinction event, but their effects on the contemporaneous marine nitrogen cycle remain poorly known. In this study, we measured bulk nitrogen isotopes in the Datianba and Shuanghe OST sections of South China, which accumulated in the semi-restricted inner Yangtze Sea. The uniformly low δ15Nbulk (mostly –1 to +1 ‰) of Wufeng and Longmaxi Formation black shales (representing the pre- and post-Hirnantian intervals) imply large losses of bioavailable nitrogen (i.e., nitrate and ammonium) via denitrification/anammox as well as strong nitrogen fixation by diazotrophs. Persistence of low δ15Nbulk values within the Guanyinqiao Bed (representing the Hirnantian glacial interval) indicates that denitrification/anammox remained strong even during this major glacio-eustatic fall and deep-ocean ventilation event. We hypothesize that elevated primary productivity caused by upwelling was a key factor producing a shallow redoxcline in the inner Yangtze Sea. By comparing our nitrogen data with records from other cratons, we suggest that oceanic anoxia was prevalent globally during the Late Katian to early Rhuddanian, and that ocean-redox conditions were spatially heterogeneous during the Hirnantian glaciation. These considerations imply that bioavailable nitrogen was the limiting factor on marine primary productivity during the OST, and that oceanic anoxia may have contributed to the Late Ordovician mass extinction, especially on the Yangtze Platform.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Improving Mechanical Properties of Glass Fibre Reinforced PBT Waste for its Recycling as a Product of Pipe System Elements

PBT [poly(butylene terephthalate)] is an important engineering thermoplastic having several advantageous properties; however, its brittle behaviour is a disadvantage. Blending with a polymer or applying various types of commercial additives are the two methods widely used for taking advantage of PBT while improving its poor impact properties. In our experimental work, different types of commercially available additives have been applied for improving the mechanical properties of glass fibre-reinforced PBT. Blending a cyclic oligomer with GF/PBT samples made them much more elastic, which was shown by better resistance against tensile, flexure, dynamic and cyclic tensile stresses.

Field of study: Materials science
Video anomaly detection using deep incremental slow feature analysis network

Existing anomaly detection (AD) approaches rely on various hand-crafted representations to represent video data and can be costly. The choice or designing of hand-crafted representation can be difficult when faced with a new dataset without prior knowledge. Motivated by feature learning, e.g. deep leaning and the ability to directly learn useful representations and model high-level abstraction from raw data, the authors investigate the possibility of using a universal approach. The objective is learning data-driven high-level representation for the task of video AD without relying on hand-crafted representation. A deep incremental slow feature analysis (D-IncSFA) network is constructed and applied to directly learning progressively abstract and global high-level representations from raw data sequence. The D-IncSFA network has the functionalities of both feature extractor and anomaly detector that make AD completion in one step. The proposed approach can precisely detect global anomaly such as crowd panic. To detect local anomaly, a set of anomaly maps, produced from the network at different scales, is used. The proposed approach is universal and convenient, working well in different types of scenarios with little human intervention and low memory and computational requirements. The advantages are validated by conducting extensive experiments on different challenge datasets.

Field of study: Computer science
Involvement of Serotonin and Oxytocin in Neural Mechanism Regulating Amicable Social Signal in Male Mice: Implication for Impaired Recognition of Amicable Cues in BALB/c Strain

Social signals play a primary role in regulating social relationships among male mice. The present series of experiments investigated the neural mechanisms underlying an induction of amicable cues that facilitate social approach in male mice of the C57BL/6 (B6) and BALB/c (BALB) strains. Male mice exhibit approach behavior and suppression of territorial scent marking toward amicable counterparts. Exposure of a group-housed mouse that maintains an amicable relationship induced social approach in B6 recipient mice, as expressed by increased preference of stay in proximity and decreased scent marks relevant to those of a single-housed mouse. Nasal administration of oxytocin (OT) to stimulus mice appeared to enhance social approach in B6 recipient mice. Systemic administration of buspirone (5-HT1A agonist) to stimulus mice also increased approach in B6 recipient mice, whereas a nasal OT antagonist infusion followed by systemic buspirone injection of stimulus mice blocked this buspirone-induced approach in B6 recipient mice. BALB mice likely possess an intact signaling system as shown in B6 mice, in which the 5-HT → OT pathway is a primary modulator for social amicable signals. However, BALB mice could not exhibit signal-dependent change in approach behavior. No impairment in olfactory discrimination or approach behavior toward social stimuli was found in BALB mice. It is concluded that social cues for facilitating social approach are eliminated via the 5-HT → OT pathway, and BALB mice as a low social strain have a deficit in recognition of specific signals associated with amicability.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Tornado Risk Analysis: Is Dixie Alley an Extension of Tornado Alley?

The term “Tornado Alley” is a gross approximation of the most tornado-prone region in the United States. Depending on calculation methods, Tornado Alley can vary dramatically across the area between the Rocky and Appalachian Mountains. There is some evidence that multiple alleys of peak tornado activity exist around the country, including “Dixie Alley” in the Southeast. Therefore, we assess the spatial tornado risk and seek any regions of elevated tornado risk that are distinctly separate from the traditional Tornado Alley of the Great Plains. Results show there are no tornado risk areas statistically separate from Tornado Alley, but there are large portions of the Southeast that experience more tornadoes than the rest of the country. It appears that Tornado Alley and Dixie Alley are part of a single large region of high tornado risk with a relative minimum near the middle due to the Ozark and Ouachita Mountains. Placement of the maximum tornado density in Mississippi, along with other regions of relative...

Field of study: Environmental science
Microstrain in hydroxyapatite carbon nanotube composites.

Synchrotron radiation diffraction data were collected from hydroxyapatite-carbon nanotube bioceramic composites to determine the crystallite size and to measure changes in non-uniform strain. Estimates of crystallite size and strain were determined by line-profile fitting of discrete peaks and these were compared with a Rietveld whole-pattern analysis. Overall the two analysis methods produced very similar numbers. In the commercial hydroxyapatite material, one reflection in particular, (0 2 3), has higher crystallite size and lower strain values in comparison with laboratory-synthesized material. This could indicate preferential crystal growth in the [0 2 3] direction in the commercial material. From the measured strains in the pure material and the composite, there was a degree of bonding between the matrix and strengthening fibres. However, increasing the amount of carbon nanotubes in the composite has increased the strain in the material, which is undesirable for biomedical implant applications.

Field of study: Physics
Automatic generation of prime length FFT programs

Describes a set of programs for circular convolution and prime length fast Fourier transforms (FFTs) that are relatively short, possess great structure, share many computational procedures, and cover a large variety of lengths. The programs make clear the structure of the algorithms and clearly enumerate independent computational branches that can be performed in parallel. Moreover, each of these independent operations is made up of a sequence of suboperations that can be implemented as vector/parallel operations. This is in contrast with previously existing programs for prime length FFTs: They consist of straight line code, no code is shared between them, and they cannot be easily adapted for vector/parallel implementations. The authors have also developed a program that automatically generates these programs for prime length FTTs. This code-generating program requires information only about a set of modules for computing cyclotomic convolutions.

Field of study: Engineering
Preparation of new polymeric active coatings for vascular applications, based on biocompatible acrylic systems with anti-inflammatory components

Data on the preparation of hydrophilic polymeric systems based on copolymers of 2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate H, with new acrylic derivatives of 4-methoxyphenylacetic acid or Ibuprofen (drugs widely used as analgesic and non-steroidic anti-inflammatory agents) are presented. The copolymer systems prepared with 5-20% of the pharmacologically active acrylic derivative form hydrophilic films when a solution of the prescribed concentration is applied as a coating of biomaterials used for the preparation of vascular implantss like knitted or woven meshes of Dacron or small-diameter vascular grafts of Goretex

Field of study: Materials science
Effects of Pump Selection and Terrain on Center Pivot Performance

NONDIMENSIONAL curves to represent the performance of 125 centrifugal and turbine pumps were developed. The James Center Pivot simulation model was modified and used with these curves to examine the effect of pump type and size, and nine terrains on the water applied, energy use, uniformity and adequacy of irrigation of center pivot systems with different sprinkler types. Fixed nozzle and constant discharge nozzle impact sprinklers were considered.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Mineral constituents in Leccinum scabrum from lowland locations in the central Europe and their relation to concentration in forest topsoil

Leccinum scabrum is an edible mushroom common in European regions in the northern hemisphere. Macro and trace mineral constituents such as Ag, Al, Ba, Ca, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, Pb, P, Rb, Sr and Zn were studied in L. scabrum and in the top soil collected from the same location underneath soil substratum. The “pseudo-total” and labile (extractable fraction of minerals) were measured to get insight into the levels, distribution between the morphological parts of fruiting bodies, potential for their bioconcentration by mushroom and evaluated for human exposure via consumption of the mushroom. The sampling sites include the Darżlubska Wilderness, Trójmiejski Landscape Park, Sobieszewo Island, Wdzydze Landscape Park and outskirts of the Kętrzyn town in Mazury from the norther part of Poland. Median values of K, Rb and P concentrations in dehydrated L. scabrum were for caps in range 27,000–44,000 mg kg−1, 90–320 mg kg−1 and 6,200–9,100 mg kg−1, and followed by Mg at 880–1,000 mg kg−1, Ca at 48–210 mg kg−1 and Al at 15–120 mg kg−1. The median concentrations of Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn in caps were in range 15–27 mg kg−1 db 38–140 mg kg−1, 5.3–27 mg kg−1 and 130–270 mg kg−1. For Ba and Sr, concentrations on the average were at ∼1 mg kg−1, and almost equally distributed between the caps and stipes of the fruiting bodies. L. scabrum mushrooms were low in toxic Ag, Cd, Hg and Pb, for which the median values in dried caps from five locations were, respectively, in range 0.48–0.98 mg kg−1 (cap to stipe index, QC/S, was 2.5–4.1), 1.0–5.8 mg kg−1 (QC/S 2.9–3.8), 0.36–0.59 mg kg−1 (QC/S 1.6–2.7) and 0.20–0.91 mg kg−1 (QC/S 1.2–1.9). Substantial variations in the concentrations of the “pseudo-total” fraction (extracted by aqua regia) or labile fraction (extracted by 20% solution of nitric acid) of the elements determined in forest topsoils were noted between some of the locations examined. The elements K, P, Cd, Cu, Hg, Mn, Na, Rb and Zn can be considered as those which were bioconcentrated by L. scabrum in fruiting bodies, while the rates of accumulation varied with the sampling location.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Jose de la Riva-Aguero (1885-1944), Peruvian Historian

BORN IN 1885 into one of the oldest and wealthiest Creole families, great-grandchild of the first president of the republic whose name he was given, Jose de la RivaAgliero seemed predestinled for a life of dignified  Instead he turnled out to be a studious youth, the pride of the Recollect Fathers' school and an outstanding pupil at the University of San Marcos. At twenty he published his Bachelor of Arts dissertation, Caracwter de la literatura del Peru'  It was immediately hailed as the first serious synthesis of the kind, learned, independent, and tasteful, and Unamuno commented on it favorably.3 Five years later, in 1910, appeared what has proved to be his most important work, the doctoral dissertation La historia en el PerPt.4 In 1912 Riva-Agiuero bested the Spanish scholar Manuel Gonz'alez de la Rosa in a polemic over the Inca Garcilaso de la Vega, out of which the work of the mestizo chronicler emerged temporarily rehabilitated.5 That he was muistaken about El Inca's reliability (but not, to be sure, his literary worth) in no way detracts from the critical and polemieal powers Riva-Aguiero showed on this occasion. Within another two years he obtained * The author is instructor in Coluimbia University, anid has studiedl in Peru on a Doherty Fellowship. ' Riva-Agiiero descended on both sides from conquistadors, inieludinig Nicolds de Ribera el Viejo, one of the thirteen of Gallo Islanid and the first mayor of Lima. 2Lima, Rosay, 1905. 'Luis Alberto Sanchez, who did not think highly of this work, yet states in the preface to his Los poetas dle la colonia (Lima, Euforion, 1921): "'RivaAguiero is the one who can write in the future the definitive history of Peruviai literature. ' 4Lima, Inmprenta Nacional de F. Barriolnuevo, 1910, 555 pp. At the time a five-page dissartation satisfied the requiremelnt for a doetcrate. B El Inca Garcilaso 's fame profited from Riva-Agiuero 's defense on three major occasiolns: the 1910 dissertation, the reply tc Manuel Gonzalez (Revista Historica, Lima, 1912, v. IV, entrega IV, 312-47), and, above all, the beautiful eulogy of 1916 at Sani Marcos (Revista Universitaria, Aiio XI, Lima, April, 1916, I, 333-412; republished in its finial form in the Opysculos).

Field of study: History
Nature of Local Symmetry Violations of Ions in the Magnetic Subsystem of Magnetoplumbite Crystal, According to Raman Scattering Spectroscopy Data

The structure of an M-type lead hexaferrite (magnetoplumbite) crystal is studied via the diffraction of synchrotron radiation. The crystal model contains two iron ions positions with dynamic disorder. The dynamics of the crystal lattice in the temperature range of 80 to 775 K is studied by Raman scattering. Particular attention is given to the discussing the nature of the local disorder of iron ions in the trigonal bipyramidal environment of oxygen ions.

Field of study: Physics
Potentiometric titration and conformation of synthetic and natural polyelectrolytes

From the analysis of the potentiometric titration data of polyelectrolytes, we can obtain the electrostatic free energy of the macromolecules. Therefore, potentiometric titration is a useful experimental procedure to study the conformation and conformational change of macromolecules. A few examples of the application of potentiometric titration to the studies on polypeptides, protein and DNA are discussed. When the potentiometric titration method is not applicable, the numerical solution of the Poisson—Boltzmann equation without use of the Debye—Hflckel approximation may be employed to estimate the electrostatic potential at the surface of macromolecules. To confirm the reliability in the values thus estimated without experiments and in the values of the electrostatic free energy calculated from the surface potential, the calculated potentiometric titration data are compared with experimental data of various polyelectrolytes and proteins. The relationship between potentiometric titration data and conformations of stereoregular polyelectrolytes is also discussed.  A carboxylic acid in aqueous solution dissociates as —COOH—COO + H (1) Its thermodynamic dissociation constant, K, is expressed by K = (—COO)(H)/(—COOH) (2) where parentheses denote the activity of each species. Often, however, the conventional dissociation constant, K0, defined by K0 = [—COO ](H)/[—COOH] (2) is used instead of K since we do not know the activities (in parentheses) of —COO and —COOH but only their analytical concentrations (in brackets). Therefore, K0 is not always a true constant, while K must be. Equation 2' can be written pH = pK0 log [(1 — (3) 519

Field of study: Chemistry
Schneider-oriented versus Conrad-oriented psychiatric diagnosis in the same German clinic.

The Chair of the University Nervenklinik in Homburg/Saar was held by Klaus Conrad from 1949-58 and by H.-H. Meyer, a former pupil and colleague of Kurt Schneider, from 1962-72. As the catchment area and admission policy of the clinic remained substantially unchanged throughout, comparison of the relative proportions of all admissions allocated to different diagnostic categories in 1949-58 and 1962-72 can be used to elucidate the similarities and differences between Conrad's and Schneider's diagnostic criteria. The results of this comparison indicate that Schneider's concept of schizophrenia was broader than Conrad's, and his concept of manic-depressive depression more restricted. More detailed comparisons are complicated by differences in nomenclature and in the varieties of functional mental illness recognized in the two periods. However, it seems that Conrad's concept of mania was wider only when the atypical schizophrenia-like psychoses diagnosed during the Conrad era were added to the Conrad-oriented cases of mania; when this was not done, the Schneiderian concept of mania was broader.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Nondestructive Internal Defect Detection Using Photoacoustic and Self-Coupling Effect

A demand for non-contact and nondestructive internal defect detection is increasing. Using a photoacoustic effect, an internal defect could be detected by a low power semiconductor laser and an ultrasonic sensor. But the sensitivity of the ultrasonic sensor is low in detecting a photoacoustic signal. Then, an internal defect detection using a photoacoustic and self-coupling effect of semiconductor laser has been studied. To generate photoacoustic signal, a semiconductor laser with output power of 20mW is focused by a lens and is illuminated at 45 degrees on the sample. To detect photoacoustic signal by the self-coupled effect, another laser with output power of 10mW is illuminated at right angle. Sample defect can be detected by illuminating these laser lights at the same point on the sample. The self-coupling sensor can detect an internal defect with more sensitivity than the ultrasonic sensor does. An edge effect and a frequency characteristic are also observed. As a result, it was able to detect a very small defect of 0.07mm.

Field of study: Computer science
PHASES OF DENSE MATTER IN NEUTRON STARS

Recent equations of state for dense nuclear matter are discussed with possible phase transitions arising in neutron stars such as pion, kaon and hyperon condensation, superfluidity and quark matter. Specifically, we treat the nuclear to quark matter phase transition, the possible mixed phase and its structure. A number of numerical calculations of rotating neutron stars with and without phase transitions are given and compared to observed masses, radii, temperatures and glitches.

Field of study: Physics