nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Rheology of sheared gels based on low acyl-gellan gum

Sheared gels containing 0.2 wt% low-acyl gellan gum were prepared by different processing protocols using Na+ or Ca2+ as gel-promoting ions. Rheology and confocal laser scanning microscopy were used to gain information on the sample structure. Confocal laser scanning microscopy revealed the formation of a heterogeneous microstructure consisting of a dispersion of gel-like clusters. Small amplitude oscillatory shear stress results indicated that their viscoelastic properties had a predominant elastic component. Flow curves exhibited very high viscosities at low shear stress, an apparent yield stress and very shear thinning behaviour, supporting their applications as a stabilizer.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
[Costanzo Varolio (1543-1575) - a significant personality in the development of neuroanatomy].

The biography of outstanding physician and anatomist Costanzo Varolio (1543-1575) is considered. His contribution to the study of the structure of the nervous system is characterized. The authors have translated fragments of his works concerning a method of brain dissection and pons later named in his honor. They point out that eponym 'pons Varolii' had been coined by Thomas Bartholin in his 'Historiarum anatomicarum rariorum centuria' in 1654.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Benchmarking time series classification - Functional data vs machine learning approaches

Time series classification problems have drawn increasing attention in the machine learning and statistical community. Closely related is the field of functional data analysis (FDA): it refers to the range of problems that deal with the analysis of data that is continuously indexed over some domain. While often employing different methods, both fields strive to answer similar questions, a common example being classification or regression problems with functional covariates. We study methods from functional data analysis, such as functional generalized additive models, as well as functionality to concatenate (functional-) feature extraction or basis representations with traditional machine learning algorithms like support vector machines or classification trees. In order to assess the methods and implementations, we run a benchmark on a wide variety of representative (time series) data sets, with in-depth analysis of empirical results, and strive to provide a reference ranking for which method(s) to use for non-expert practitioners. Additionally, we provide a software framework in R for functional data analysis for supervised learning, including machine learning and more linear approaches from statistics. This allows convenient access, and in connection with the machine-learning toolbox mlr, those methods can now also be tuned and benchmarked.

Field of study: Computer science
Terrestrial Heat Flow along the Rio Grande Rift, New Mexico and Southern Colorado

From heat-flow data obtained in New Mexico and southern Colorado, one finds: (1) a major geothermal anomaly with heat-flow values greater than 2.5 HFU (heat-flow unit, microcal/(sq cm) sec) coincident with the western part of the Rio Grande rift; (2) a complex heat-flow pattern in the eastern Colorado Plateau with values of 1.5 HFU and less, apparently associated with major structural basins, and values of 2.0 HFU and greater, apparently associated with some intrusions and perhaps major uplifts; and (3) a regional increase in heat-flow values from 1.5 to 2.0 HFU to values greater than 2.5 HFU in southwestern New Mexico, which may be coincident with the north-trending geothermal transition zone between the Colorado Plateau and the Basin and Range provinces.

Field of study: Geology
Response-independent events in the behavior stream.

The metaphor of the behavior stream provides a framework for studying the effects of response-independent food presentations intruded into an environment in which operant responding of pigeons was maintained by variable-interval schedules. In the first two experiments, response rates were reduced when response-independent food was intruded during the variable-interval schedule according to a concomitantly present fixed-time schedule. These reductions were not always an orderly function of the percentage of response-dependent food. Negatively accelerated patterns of key pecking across the fixed-time period occurred in Experiment 1 under the concomitant fixed-time variable-interval schedules. In Experiment 2, positively and negatively accelerated and linear response patterns occurred even though the schedules were similar to those used in Experiment 1. The variable findings in the first two experiments led to three subsequent experiments that were designed to further illuminate the controlling variables of the effects of intruded response-independent events. When the fixed and variable schedules were correlated with distinct operanda by employing a concurrent fixed-interval variable-interval schedule (Experiment 3) or with distinct discriminative stimuli (Experiments 4 and 5), negatively accelerated response patterns were obtained. Even in these latter cases, however, the response patterns were a joint function of the physical separation of the two schedules and the ratio of fixed-time or fixed-interval to variable-interval schedule food presentations. The results of the five experiments are discussed in terms of the contributions of both reinforcement variables and discriminative stimuli in determining the effects of intruding response-independent food into a stream of operant behavior.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
I. Untersuchung der superlinearen Lumineszenzausbeute von ZnCdS-Phosphoren in Abhängigkeit von der Anregungsintensität und der Temperatur

ZusammenfassungAn nickelhaltigen und nickelfreien, selbstaktivierten ZnCdS-Phosphoren wird die Lumineszenzausbeute über acht Größenordnungen der Anregungsintensität und im Temperaturbereich von −120° C bis+23° C gemessen. Die Lumineszenz-intensität variiert hierbei über 12 Größenordnungen. Bei extrem schwacher Anregung (in der Grundgitterabsorption) wird ein konstanter, von der Anregungsintensität unabhängiger Ausbeutebereich gefunden, auf den ein Bereich mit einem superlinearen Ausbeuteanstieg (w≈Jv mitv>1,w=Ausbeute,J=Anregungsintensität) folgt. Der superlineare Ausbeuteanstieg wird erklärt als eine Sättigungserscheinung in den Haftstellen. Es ergibt sich eine gute Übereinstimmung zwischen der Theorie von Schön und den experimentellen Ergebnissen in bezug auf den Verlauf der Ausbeutekurven, den Einfluß der Ni-Zentren und der Temperaturabhängigkeit. Als Kriterien für das Auftreten der Superlineäritat bei ZnCdS-Phosphoren werden die theoretischen ForderungenEn>Ep undH≪A bestätigt, d.h. es müssen tiefe Haftstellen in geringerer Konzentration als der der Aktivatoren vorhanden sein.

Field of study: Physics
SURFACE INDUCED ANOMALOUS SUPERCONDUCTIVITY

The Ginzburg–Landau (GL) theory is recast using a Hamiltonian involving the complete kinetic energy density which requires that the surface energy must contain a term ∇|ψ|2 to support superconducting (SC) states. The GL equations contain two temperature t dependent parameters α(t) and β(t), which are respectively the coefficients of the SC pair density ∝|ψ|2, and the pair interaction term ∝|ψ|4 in the free energy density. The sign of these parameters, which defines distinct solution classes, and the ratio are governed by the characteristics of the surface energy density. In addition to the conventional bulk superconducting states with (α 0), anomalous superconducting states exist for all other sign combinations, including cases with β < 0 which may exist only when surface pair interactions are significant. All possible solutions of our generalized nonlinear, one-dimensional GL equations are found analytically and applied to a thin superconducting slab which manifests the possibility of states exhibiting enhanced, diminished, and pre-wetting superconductivity. Critical currents are determined as functions of s(t) and surface parameters. The results are applied to critical current experiments on SNS systems.

Field of study: Physics
Is there stratification in diversity or preferred flight height of geometroid moths in Malaysian lowland tropical forest?

Moths from the superfamily Geometroidea were collected using standard Rothamsted light-traps at three levels on a tower (i.e. 1, 15, and 30 m) concurrently monthly for thirteen months in a lowland dipterocarp forest in Peninsular Malaysia. There was no consistently significant difference in species richness, abundance and diversity (as measured by α from the log-series) for individual sampling months between the three levels although values tended to be lower at the highest level. The diversity for the canopy (high) level was significantly lower when all samples were pooled. Here plant diversity is lower and the forest architecture is less complex. The geometroid moths are uniformly distributed throughout the three levels, with indications of preference for canopy or ground-level flight for some higher taxa. Some groups, such as Geometrinae, show much narrower vertical flight patterns than do others, such as Boarmiini. No significant coincidence of flight preference levels within distinct strata was detected.

Field of study: Environmental science
Fatal pulmonary arterial dissection and sudden death as initial manifestation of primary pulmonary hypertension: a case report.

We report a rare case of sudden death due to cardiac tamponade following intrapericardial rupture of a main pulmonary artery dissecting aneurysm. On pathology examination, the pulmonary artery showed an intimal tear in an arterial wall area with reduced thickness. However, no degenerative, inflammatory or necrotic processes were evident within the vessel wall. Hypertrophy of the wall of vasa vasorum in the adventitia of the pulmonary artery was found, as well as bilaterally diffuse myointimal arterial hyperplasia of the lung vasculature. According to these findings, we conclude that pulmonary artery rupture occurred in a patient with chronic unrecognized primary pulmonary hypertension.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Integrative Analysis of DNA Methylation and Gene Expression Identify a Three-Gene Signature for Predicting Prognosis in Lower-Grade Gliomas

In the current study, we performed an integrated analysis of genome-wide methylation and gene expression data to find novel prognostic genes for lower-grade gliomas (LGGs).  First, TCGA methylation data were used to identify prognostic genes associated with promoter methylation. Second, candidate genes that were stably regulated by promoter methylation were explored. Third, Cox proportional hazards regression analysis was used to generate a prognostic signature, and the signature genes were used to construct a survival risk score system.  Three genes (EMP3, GSX2 and EMILIN3) were selected as signature genes. These three signature genes were used to construct a survival risk score system. The high-risk group exhibited significantly worse overall survival (OS) and relapse-free survival (RFS) as compared to the low-risk group in the TCGA dataset. The association of the three-gene prognostic signature with patient’ survival was then validated using the CGGA dataset. Moreover, Kaplan-Meier plots showed that the three-gene prognostic signature risk remarkably stratified grade II and grade III patients in terms of both OS and RFS in the TCGA cohort. There was also a significant difference between the low- and high-risk groups in IDH wild-type glioma patients, indicating that the three-gene signature may be able to help in predicting prognosis for patients with IDH wild-type gliomas.  We identified and validated a three-gene (EMP3, GSX2 and EMILIN3) prognostic signature in LGGs by integrating multidimensional genomic data from the TCGA and CGGA datasets, which may help in fine-tuning the current histology-based tumors classification system and providing better stratification for future clinical trials.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
The Rise of Corporate Social Responsibility: A Tool for Sustainable Development for the SMEs in Saudi Arabia

The Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) concept is not a new phenomenon for the Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) operating in the Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabian government has taken many initiatives in this regard. Arab forum for Environment and Development (AFED ) in their 2008 report have confirmed that the Arab countries have to shift their focus on the green economy to achieve sustainable development and this is possible if CSR is being successfully implemented in all the business organizations specially SMEs. Therefore, the focus of this paper is to analyze the awareness of SMEs regarding the concept of CSR and their efforts towards the CSR for a greener Saudi Arabia.

Field of study: Business
Characteristics of temporary organization of the bronchopulmonary pattern in healthy persons and in patients with bronchial asthma

: It has been shown by periodographic computer analysis that ultradian rhythms of all examined parameters (bronchial resistance, inhalation, exhalation and breathing cycle duration, inspiration activity index, pneumographic amplitude, inhalation rate) of bronchopulmonary pattern in asthmatics and normal subjects exhibit latent periodicity, with prevailing oscillations of about 60 sec. during spontaneous breathing or under exposures. changing bronchial potency. Slow-wave components form very complex poly-harmonical temporal structure with specific organization during air breathing and response to challenge tests. Bronchospasm provoked by inhalation of acetylcholine produced an abrupt decrease of the number of periodical ultradian components (or even total disappearance of oscillations) and the development of a rigid hypersynchronic temporal structure on the basis of the hypersynchronized ultradien fluctiations. The principal factors of this new system may be changes of airway resistance. Analysis of our data suggests that the phenomenon of bronchial hyper-reactivity may be associated with a disturbance in temporal organization of the cardiobronchopulmonary pattern. Development of temporal disorganization may have some pathogenetic stages such as hypersynchronization, disrhythmy, appearance of a rigid temporal structure and bronchospasm as a clinical result.

Field of study: Medicine
Paraxial imaging and walk-off effects with birefringent media in refracting surfaces, lenses, and slabs.

The paraxial theory of spherical refracting surfaces, spherical lenses, and slabs with one birefringent medium is investigated analytically: using walk-off effects in the paraxial domain, a number of relations between objects and images are deduced, along with cardinal elements, in the case where the optic axis is parallel to the optical axis. This method naturally shows that in some cases first-order astigmatism appears. An argument based on the wavefront (and phase) transformation shows that any spherical birefringent thin lens is stigmatic in the paraxial domain, because the first-order astigmatisms due to the two surfaces of such a lens compensate each other. This is a priori not the case with thick birefringent lenses -- but two such cases are detailed.

Field of study: Physics
The First Continental Congress and the Problem of American Rights

IN OCTOBER 1774 JOSEPH GALLOWAY left the First Continental Congress frustrated and angry, sentiments he soon after expressed publicly, accusing his opponents in Philadelphia of adopting "untenable principles, and thence rearing the most wild and chimerical superstructures." He condemned what he thought were the absurd arguments and baseless assertions made by his congressional adversaries as they debated Parliament's authority over the colonies and attempted to define American liberties in a Declaration of Rights. "Even the authors themselves," he complained bitterly, "finding that they have conveyed no satisfactory idea to the intelligent mind, of either the extent of parliamentary authority, or the rights of America, have exploded them, and taken new ground, which will be found to be equally indefensible." What is worse, they were leading America down the wrong path, "bewildered among the erroneous principles upon which her advocates have attempted in vain to support her rights." The men who had dominated Congress and pushed through the Declaration of Rights were duping the people and manipulating public opinion, groaned Galloway, convinced that congressional leaders only pretended to seek reconciliation when what they really wanted was independence. Explicitly he berated them for their inconsistency; implicitly he questioned their sincerity as well. Galloway was hardly the first to impugn both the motives and the logic of those who eventually became revolutionaries. General Thomas Gage had said much the same thing six years before. Writing from his New York headquarters he advised William Barrington, the secretary at war, that those

Field of study: History
Accessing leisure in an unfamiliar society via mobile instant messaging: A case study of academic sojourners visiting South Korea

This paper explores how academic sojourners, unfamiliar with the local language and culture, accessed casual leisure through mobile instant messaging during a short stay of one or two semesters in South Korea. Ninety-six English-speaking academic sojourners on Korean government scholarships covering tuition, room and board in exchange for contact with local university students seeking informal English language practice took part in this study. They represent a shift in academic sojourner mobility from outbound Asian students seeking language study in English-speaking countries to inbound English-speakers providing language support within Asia. Qualitative analysis revealed how casual leisure, the features of South Korea’s advanced digital environment and mobile instant messaging chat rooms coalesced. The findings show how local digital practices complement casual leisure access and how digital practices can become casual leisure despite limits in language ability and cultural understanding. It recommends further exploration of links between leisure, digital environments and mobile instant messaging in other research settings that are experiencing flows of globally mobile populations.

Field of study: Sociology
Solution Characteristics of the Retarded-Time Equation for Transonic Rotating Sources

Nomenclature c0 = speed of sound in undisturbed media, m∕s f0 = self-frequency of monopole source, Hz M = Mach number Mcr = critical Mach number Mr = Mach number of moving source in radiation direction n = quotient Δ t; 2π R τ = jx − yj, distance between observer and source, m R τ = nondimensional distance between observer and source r = radial coordinate, m r = rx∕ry, nondimensional radial coordinate t = observer time, s t = jωjt, nondimensional observer time trel = t − tmin, relative observer time x = observer position vector, m y = source position vector, m z = axial coordinate, m z = zx − zy ∕ry, nondimensional axial coordinate Δ t = tmax − tmin, observer time difference between two successive local extremes Δ tm = mod Δ t; 2π Δθ = sgn ω θy − θx , azimuthal angle between observer and source, rad θ = azimuthal angle, rad τ = source time, s τ = jωjτ, nondimensional source time ω = angular speed of source, rad∕s

Field of study: Physics
Compact MOS-triggered SCR with faster turn-on speed for ESD protection

The merged and compact MOS-triggered SCR devices have been compared and investigated in a 0.13 μm CMOS process. From experimental results, the turn-on time of compact MOS-triggered SCR has been improved from ∼7.2 ns of merged MOS-triggered SCR to ∼4 ns. Compared to merged MOS-triggered SCR devices, the compact MOS-triggered SCR devices can achieve a lower trigger voltage, a faster turn-on speed, a lower on-resistance, a lower clamping voltage and a higher failure current.

Field of study: Engineering
Uncertainty Quantification for Online Learning and Stochastic Approximation via Hierarchical Incremental Gradient Descent

Stochastic gradient descent (SGD) is an immensely popular approach for online learning in settings where data arrives in a stream or data sizes are very large. However, despite an ever- increasing volume of work on SGD, much less is known about the statistical inferential properties of SGD-based predictions. Taking a fully inferential viewpoint, this paper introduces a novel procedure termed HiGrad to conduct statistical inference for online learning, without incurring additional computational cost compared with SGD. The HiGrad procedure begins by performing SGD updates for a while and then splits the single thread into several threads, and this procedure hierarchically operates in this fashion along each thread. With predictions provided by multiple threads in place, a t-based confidence interval is constructed by decorrelating predictions using covariance structures given by a Donsker-style extension of the Ruppert--Polyak averaging scheme, which is a technical contribution of independent interest. Under certain regularity conditions, the HiGrad confidence interval is shown to attain asymptotically exact coverage probability. Finally, the performance of HiGrad is evaluated through extensive simulation studies and a real data example. An R package higrad has been developed to implement the method.

Field of study: Computer science
Relict fracture cleavage in paraschists

To the commonly known criteria suggesting that metamorphosed rocks were originally sedimentary may be added relict fracture cleavage, when confined to certain thin beds. Thin beds in the Archean Vishnu series of the Grand Canyon possess cross structures at high angles to their bounding surfaces. These transverse planes presumably were developed in incompetent layers during crustal deformation. Later they became the loci of biotite crystallization and thus were preserved. Close folding of parts of the Vishnu series on Vishnu Creek indicated by reversals in attitude of fracture cleavages is corroborated by the testimony of drag folds.

Field of study: Geology
Template synthesis and performance of ordered mesoporous carbon materials

The mesoporous carbon materials with different specific surface areas were prepared by using SBA-15 as template and sucrose as carbon source under different carbonization temperatures.By means of infrared spectrometer(IR),low-angle X-ray diffraction (XRD),transmission electron microscopy (TEM),N2 adsorption-desorption isotherm,the effects of carbonization temperature on morphology,specific surface area,pore volume and specific capacitance of the mesoporous carbon materials were investigated.It was found that the optimal carbonization temperature was 700℃.TEM results showed that the sample possessed two-dimensional (2-D) hexagonally ordered mesoporous structure.N2 adsorption-desorption showed that the pore volume of the sample was 1.88 cm3·g-1,the specific surface area was 1394 m2·g-1.It possessed mesoporous structure and narrow pore size distribution,and the average pore size was 3.4 nm.The electrochemical behavior of the sample used as electrode material and supercapacitor was investigated by cyclic voltammetry(CV) test.The mesoporous carbon material was found to be a promising electrode material for the application of supercapacitor.The specific capacitance of the electrode was as high as 212 F·g-1 in 6 mol·L-1 KOH solution at a scanning rate of 1 mV·s-1.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science