nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Clinical Evaluation of Baccalaureate Nursing Students Using SBAR Format: Faculty versus Self Evaluation

Clinical training is of paramount importance in nursing education and clinical evaluation is one of the most challenging responsibilities of nursing faculty. The use of objective tools and criteria and involvement of the students in the evaluation process are some techniques to facilitate quality learning in the clinical setting .  The aim of the present study was to assess the relationship of self and faculty evaluation of clinical competency of baccalaureate nursing students using SBAR tool.  A cross-sectional comparative design was adopted. 53 undergraduate nursing students enrolled for pediatric nursing course during the study period were included in the study. Three pediatric nursing clinical faculty conducted evaluation of these students with SBAR tool followed by self - evaluation by students using the same tool. The data were analyzed using SPSS software descriptive (mean and standard deviation) and inferential (Independent sample t-test and Pearson correlation coefficients) statistics.  There was no significant difference between self and faculty evaluation on most of the domains of the tool and there was a significant correlation between self and faculty evaluation on all the four domains of SBAR.  The results of the present study support the use of SBAR tool and self - evaluation along with faculty evaluation to facilitate clinical learning of undergraduate nursing students.  Clinical evaluation; SBAR tool; self – evaluation; faculty – evaluation; nursing students

Field of study: Education
Exploiting Data-Dependent Transmission Control and MAC Timing Information for Distributed Detection in Sensor Networks

In this paper, we propose a data-dependent transmission control policy over the slotted ALOHA MAC protocol and a cross-layered fusion rule that exploits MAC timing information for distributed detection in sensor networks. In this system, each sensor first makes a local decision at the beginning of each observation period and transmits the decision to the fusion center over a random access channel. Based on the slotted ALOHA random access protocol, we propose a class of data-dependent transmission control policies that assign to sensors their transmission probabilities according to the reliability of their local decisions. For the case with i.i.d. observations in each time slot, we show that the optimal transmission control function takes on the form of a thresholding function. That is, a sensor will transmit in a given time slot if and only if its local log-likelihood ratio exceeds a certain threshold. When observations are made only every several time slots, the message arrival time at the fusion center, which is spread over the observation period of duration K > 1, will embed the reliability of the received sensors' decisions as a result of the data-dependent transmission control. This timing information can be accounted for in the fusion rule to further enhance performance. Finally, we extend the proposed strategies to multicluster sensor network scenarios, where the sensors' local decisions are transmitted to the fusion center in a two-hop fashion. We show, through numerical simulations, that the proposed schemes outperform both conventional slotted ALOHA and TDMA-based schemes that do not adopt cross-layered transmission and fusion strategies.

Field of study: Engineering
KA1-like kainate receptor subunit immunoreactivity in neurons and glia using a novel anti-peptide antibody.

Functional kainate receptors can be formed by various combinations of subunits with low (GluR5, GluR6 and GluR7) or high affinity (KA1 and KA2) for kainate. The precise contribution of each subunit to native receptors, as well as their distribution within the central nervous system (CNS) is still unclear. Here, we describe the presence of KA1-like immunoreactivity in both neurons and glial cells of the CNS, using a newly developed antiserum to a specific carboxy terminus epitope of the KA1 subunit. Intense immunoreactivity was observed in the CA3 area of the rat hippocampus. Electron microscopy revealed that immunostaining was present in dendritic structures postsynaptic to commissural-associational fibers, rather than in those contacted by mossy fiber terminals. We also observed immunostaining of CA1 pyramidal cell apical dendrites. In the cerebral cortex, KA1-like immunostaining was observed in many pyramidal neuron somata, mainly in layer V, and along their apical dendrites. A subset of gamma-amino-butyric acidic cells were also intensely stained. In the cerebellum, the antiserum selectively stained Purkinje cell somata and their dendrites as well as Bergmann glial processes. Other types of macroglia were also labeled by the KA1 antiserum. Thus, optic nerve oligodendrocytes both in vitro and in situ and cultured astrocytes were densely stained. Our results indicate that KA1-type subunits are more widely distributed throughout the CNS than previously thought. This newly developed antiserum may help to clarify the properties of kainate receptors containing KA1 or KA1-type subunits within the normal and pathological brain.

Field of study: Biology
Correlation between serum CEA levels and EGFR mutations in Chinese nonsmokers with lung adenocarcinoma

To evaluate the relationship between epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations and serum carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) levels in Chinese nonsmokers with pulmonary adenocarcinoma.We sequenced exons 18–21 of the EGFR gene in 98 cases. The patients were divided into two groups based on their pre-treatment serum CEA levels (below or above 5 ng/mL) for analyzing the correlations with EGFR mutations.Sixty-seven cases harbored EGFR mutations. The rates of EGFR mutations and exon 19 mutations in the high-CEA group (78.2% and 49.1%, respectively) were significantly higher those in the low-CEA group (55.8% and 20.9%, respectively). Serum CEA levels were found to be the only independent predictor of EGFR mutation (OR 2.837; 95% CI: 1.178–6.829) and exon 19 mutation (OR 3.618; 95% CI: 1.319–9.918). Furthermore, a higher serum CEA level was associated with a higher EGFR mutation rate and a higher exon 19 mutation rate: patients with serum CEA levels <5 ng/mL, ≥5 and <20 ng/mL, ≥20 ng/mL showed the EGFR mutation rate of 55.8%, 74.1%, 82.1%, respectively, and the exon 19 mutation rate of 20.9%, 40.7%, 57.1%, respectively. Patients with EGFR mutations displayed a significantly higher incidence of abnormal serum CEA levels (>5 ng/mL) than patients without EGFR mutations (64.2% vs 38.7%).Conclusion:Elevated serum CEA levels predict the presence of EGFR gene mutations in Chinese nonsmokers with pulmonary adenocarcinoma.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
EcM fungal community structure, but not diversity, altered in a Pb-contaminated shooting range in a boreal coniferous forest site in Southern Finland.

Boreal forests contain diverse fungal communities that form essential ectomycorrhizal symbioses with trees. To determine the effects of lead (Pb) contamination on ectomycorrhizal fungal communities associated with the dominant pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), we surveyed sporocarps for 3 years, analyzed morphotyped ectomycorrhizal root tips by direct sequencing, and 454-sequenced fungal communities that grew into in-growth bags during a 2-year incubation at a shooting range where sectors vary in the Pb load. We recorded a total of 32 ectomycorrhizal fungi that formed conspicuous sporocarps, 27 ectomycorrhizal fungal phylotypes from 294 root tips, and 116 ectomycorrhizal fungal operation taxonomic unit (OTUs) from a total of 8194 internal transcribed spacer-2 454 sequences. Our ordination analyses by nonparametric multidimensional scaling (NMS) indicated that the Pb enrichment induced a shift in the ectomycorrhizal community composition. This was visible as indicative trends in the sporocarp and root tip data sets, but was explicitly clear in the communities observed in the in-growth bags. The compositional shift in the ectomycorrhizal community was mainly attributable to an increase in the frequencies of OTUs assigned to genus Thelephora and to a decrease in the OTUs assigned to Pseudotomentella, Suillus, and Tylospora in Pb-contaminated areas when compared with the control. While the compositional shifts are clear, their functional consequences for the dominant trees or soil ecosystem function remain undetermined.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Finding optimal points for expensive functions using adaptive RBF-based surrogate model via uncertainty quantification

Global optimization of expensive functions has important applications in physical and computer experiments. It is a challenging problem to develop efficient optimization scheme, because each function evaluation can be costly and the derivative information of the function is often not available. We propose a novel global optimization framework using adaptive radial basis functions (RBF) based surrogate model via uncertainty quantification. The framework consists of two iteration steps. It first employs an RBF-based Bayesian surrogate model to approximate the true function, where the parameters of the RBFs can be adaptively estimated and updated each time a new point is explored. Then it utilizes a model-guided selection criterion to identify a new point from a candidate set for function evaluation. The selection criterion adopted here is a sample version of the expected improvement criterion. We conduct simulation studies with standard test functions, which show that the proposed method has some advantages, especially when the true function has many local optima. In addition, we also propose modified approaches to improve the search performance for identifying optimal points.

Field of study: Computer science
Well-tempered metadynamics: a smoothly converging and tunable free-energy method.

We present a method for determining the free-energy dependence on a selected number of collective variables using an adaptive bias. The formalism provides a unified description which has metadynamics and canonical sampling as limiting cases. Convergence and errors can be rigorously and easily controlled. The parameters of the simulation can be tuned so as to focus the computational effort only on the physically relevant regions of the order parameter space. The algorithm is tested on the reconstruction of an alanine dipeptide free-energy landscape.

Field of study: Physics
SEQUENTIAL TOLERANCE REGIONS

A discussion of past results. Let X be a random variable (r.v.) on an induced probability space (X, 91, P) and let V = (X1, X2, * **, Xn) be a vector of n independent replications of X; denote the induced probability space on which V is a r.v. by (X*, W*, P*). If D is a function mapping I* into Xf, then the r.v. D(V) has been called a distribution-free tolerance region whenever the distribution of the random coverage Q, defined Q = P[D(V)], does not depend upon the measure P, under the condition that P belongs to some class of probability measures. Such tolerance regions as outlined above were first introduced by S. S. Wilks  in the following special case: If X is the real line, X the Borel subsets of X and L(V), U(V) are two statistics from X* into X such that U(V) _ L(V) almost surely (a.s.), then U(V) and L(V) are, respectively, upper and lower fl-tolerance limits of probability level a for a, i E (0, 1), if the coverage, letting D(V) be the open random interval (L(V), U(V)), Q = P[D(V)] is such that

Field of study: Mathematics
Synthesis and Characterization of Multilayered Diamond Coatings for Biomedical Implants

With incredible hardness and excellent wear-resistance, nanocrystalline diamond (NCD) coatings are gaining interest in the biomedical community as articulating surfaces of structural implant devices. The focus of this study was to deposit multilayered diamond coatings of alternating NCD and microcrystalline diamond (MCD) layers on Ti-6Al-4V alloy surfaces using microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition (MPCVD) and validate the multilayer coating’s effect on toughness and adhesion. Multilayer samples were designed with varying NCD to MCD thickness ratios and layer numbers. The surface morphology and structural characteristics of the coatings were studied with X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Coating adhesion was assessed by Rockwell indentation and progressive load scratch adhesion tests. Multilayered coatings shown to exhibit the greatest adhesion, comparable to single-layered NCD coatings, were the multilayer samples having the lowest average grain sizes and the highest titanium carbide to diamond ratios.

Field of study: Materials science
SU‐E‐J‐183: Modeling of a Single Blood Vessel Embolized with Yttrium‐90 Or Praseodymium‐142 Glass Microspheres Using Monte Carlo Simulation

To develop a realistic model for the dosimetric distribution and to evaluate biological effective dose (BED) of Praseodymium‐142 (Pr‐142) and Yttrium (Y‐90) glass microspheres in blood vessel within tumor for treating hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).  Blood vessels filled with uniformly distributed microspheres were modeled and positioned along the central axis of the tumor. Cylindrical blood vessels had diameters ranging from 25.0 to 75.0 μm, while tumor radii were varied from 0.2 to 1.0 cm, based on average values reported in the literature. Physical dose distributions due to a single blood vessel were simulated using Monte Carlo (MCNPX2.6) for large combinations of blood vessel and tumor sizes. HCC doubling times (DT) ranging from 17 to 720 days were used as a parameter in the BED calculations. To quantify the BED coverage throughout the entire tumor volume, a BED volume histogram (BEDVH) was calculated for each nuclide.  The physical dose distribution for both nuclides was comparable, e.g. dose per decay of 1.95 × 10−12 Gy and 2.36 × 10−12 Gy were obtained for Pr‐142 and 90‐Y point source at the same point, respectively. Pr‐142 distribution yielded higher BED coverage of the tumor volume for all DT, blood vessel sizes, and tumor sizes. The differences were higher for fast proliferating tumors and smaller tumor and blood vessel sizes, e.g. for 17 days DT, 20 μm blood vessel diameter and 0.2 cm tumor radius, BED coverage of 150 Gy was 48.7 % higher for Pr‐142.  Blood vessels modeled within tumors made possible the quantification of the dose range due to a single embolized blood vessel. From BEDVH evaluation it appeared that the biological effectiveness throughout the tumor was sensiμtive to the radionuclide used, tumor sizes, and blood vessel sizes. The work was partially supported by a Ralph E. Powe Junior Faculty Enhancement Award provided by Oak Ridge Associated Universities.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
金黄色葡萄球菌及其L型诱导血管内皮细胞凋亡的研究

金黄色葡萄球菌(简称金葡菌)是临床上常见的主要致病菌之一,金葡菌感染可以诱发宿主细胞凋亡.我们用原位末端标记法(TUNEL)、流式细胞术检测金葡菌及其L型诱导体外培养的人脐静脉内皮细胞(HUVECs)凋亡情况。

Field of study: Biology
The warm-hot circumgalactic medium around EAGLE-simulation galaxies and its detection prospects with X-ray and UV line absorption

We use the EAGLE (Evolution and Assembly of GaLaxies and their Environments) cosmological simulation to study the distribution of baryons, and far-ultraviolet (O VI), extreme-ultraviolet (Ne VIII) and X-ray (O VII, O VIII, Ne IX, and Fe XVII) line absorbers, around galaxies and haloes of mass $\mathrm{M}_{200c}=10^{11}$-$10^{14.5}\,\mathrm{M}_{\odot}$ at redshift 0.1. EAGLE predicts that the circumgalactic medium (CGM) contains more metals than the interstellar medium across halo masses. The ions we study here trace the warm-hot, volume-filling phase of the CGM, but are biased towards temperatures corresponding to the collisional ionization peak for each ion, and towards high metallicities. Gas well within the virial radius is mostly collisionally ionized, but around and beyond this radius, and for O VI, photoionization becomes significant. When presenting observables we work with column densities, but quantify their relation with equivalent widths by analysing virtual spectra. Virial-temperature collisional ionization equilibrium ion fractions are good predictors of column density trends with halo mass, but underestimate the diversity of ions in haloes. Halo gas dominates the highest column density absorption for X-ray lines, but lower density gas contributes to strong UV absorption lines from O VI and Ne VIII. Of the O VII (O VIII) absorbers detectable in an Athena X-IFU blind survey, we find that 41 (56) per cent arise from haloes with $\mathrm{M}_{200c}=10^{12.0}$-$10^{13.5}\,\mathrm{M}_{\odot}$. We predict that the X-IFU will detect O VII (O VIII) in 77 (46) per cent of the sightlines passing $\mathrm{M}_{\star}=10^{10.5}$-$10^{11.0}\,\mathrm{M}_{\odot}$ galaxies within 100 pkpc (59 (82) per cent for $\mathrm{M}_{\star}>10^{11.0}\,\mathrm{M}_{\odot}$). Hence, the X-IFU will probe covering fractions comparable to those detected with the Cosmic Origins Spectrograph for O VI.

Field of study: Physics
The Processes of Business Revival in the Light of 1933 Conditions

The significance of business revival processes depends greatly upon what business is reviving from, and toward what future it is reviving. Ordinarily, a study of the processes of revival from a depression is important only because it helps one to figure the relative strength of the existing forces, and to forecast the timing; for ordinarily depressions are much the same, and the requirements for recovery are very similar. In the midst of the 1933 depression, however, the facts are in so much dispute that it is necessary to consider what we are reviving from. Furthermore, the processes are so involved in revolutionary schemes of collectivism and social control, that what we may be reviving for, is not at all clear. Under the "New Deal," the existence of economic laws or equilibria is not recognized, but in their place we have someone's wishes for a 1926 level, or someone's notions about " social justice." Seen in historical perspective, cycles when subjected to broad economic analysis, are very simple. (Only the selfish interests of politicians, and individuals whose opinions are perverted by personal losses, previous erroneous forecasts, etc., can keep one from recognizing this fact.) The plain facts are these. (1) Each business cycle starts with an upswing which develops into a boom. The cycle begins with a rising period, and the logical starting point is the "normal" or equilibrium level reached after recovery from the preceding depression. It follows that in 1933 we were still in the late phase of a cycle which began in 1927. (2) The peak, or the ultimate maximum of the cyclical rise, is fixed by the limits of disequilibrium. A moment's reflection makes it clear that no outstanding failure or "loss of confidence" would be fatal or terminate a boom, if conditions were sound. The striking phenomena which usually mark the period are not fortuitous, and are significant only as indicating the character of the maladjustments or disequilibria which are the real causes of the ensuing recession. The upper limit depends upon the force of the boom, the factors which facilitate expansion, the resistances to expansion, and the occurrence of any conjunctural events which may serve to precipitate these factors. In the case of all great wars government credit becomes so involved that facilitating factors are strengthened, and resistances are weakened, so that booms are apt to attain maximum proportions.

Field of study: Mathematics
Claiming Choice for Institutional Economics

Institutional economics is often presented by its critics as a tradition in political economy purporting a mechanistic, robot-like, view of the human agent. In this paper this portrayal of institutional economics is rejected and choice is reclaimed for institutionalism. In fact, institutional economics is not committed to an understanding of behavior as mere stimulus-response. Notwithstanding the fact that institutionalism places great emphasis on habit in human conduct, this does not mean that it excludes autonomy, volition or rationality. The paper addresses the notion of habit within the pragmatist-institutionalist tradition with the aim of clarifying this concept, disentangling it from current misconceptions. With the intention of contributing to the development of a theory of choice in institutionalism, it then deals with deliberation and choice in the pragmatist literature, namely in John Dewey's Human Action and Conduct. Finally, the implications of deliberation thus conceived, namely in respect to collective action and institutional change, are highlighted.

Field of study: Economics
Moral Connections:: The Relationship between Abortion and Fetal Tissue Research*

The connections among aborted fetal tissue, medical research, conscience, and the delivery of health care have been drawn into sharp focus in recent years because of vaccines that are prepared from cell lines derived from fetal tissue. To aid our readers in understanding the historical context of this problem and to assist them in addressing this issue with their patients, we reprint this article from 1994, along with the statement from the Pontifical Academy for Life regarding the use of aborted tissues in vaccine production.

Field of study: Medicine, Philosophy
Formation of energy barrier by adsorbed on ZnO

The energy barrier on the surface of porous ZnO was formed by the chemisorbed oxygen. The height of such a barrier and the resultant change in the electrical conductivity depended on the amount and oxidation state of the adsorbed oxygen. The formed barrier was examined by measuring both current-voltage and capacitance-voltage characteristics. The barrier height decreased rapidly at room temperature, which was attributed to the change in the oxidation state of the chemisorbed oxygen. The addition of cobalt oxide stabilized the oxidation state of chemisorbed oxygen and increased the barrier height.

Field of study: Materials science
Fourier transform profilometry for the automatic measurement of 3-D object shapes.

A new computer-based technique for automatic 3-D shape measurement is proposed and verified by experiments. In contrast to the moire contouring technique, a grating pattern projected onto the object surface is Fourier-transformed and processed in its spatial frequency domain as well as in its space-signal domain. This technique has a much higher sensitivity than the conventional moire technique and is capable of fully automatic distinction between a depression and an elevation on the object surface. There is no requirement for assigning fringe orders and interpolating data in the regions between contour fringes. The technique is free from errors caused by spurious moire fringes generated by the higher harmonic components of the grating pattern.

Field of study: Physics
Three modifications of the principle of the minque

Nonnegative estimators for the variance components of a linear model are obtained by ignoring the condition for unbiasedness in the principle of the MINQUE. An estimator is derived when the priori weights are proportional to the variance components. The ordinary sample variance is shown to be the nonnegative MINQUE. Efficiencies of the three estimators are examined for some special cases of the model.

Field of study: Mathematics