nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Influence of Inoculation Method on Microstructure and Performance of Gray Iron Produced via Lost Foam Casting

Because of graphite morphology and matrix microstructure were unstable in the process of lost foam casting,influence of inoculation method on microstructure and performance of gray cast iron was studied by casting ladder samples and test bars attached to cast produced via lost foam casting.The results showed that graphite morphology,matrix microstructure were obviously improved and mechanical properties increased by instantly inoculating and controlling the suitable inoculation quantity.Instant inoculation of 0.25% ferrosilicon can eliminate undercooled graphite and refine matrix,tensile strength increase by 15 MPa than blast furnace inoculation.

Field of study: Materials science
The Dirichlet Problem for Some Semilinear Elliptic Differential Equations of Arbitrary Order

November 4, 1990 Abstract. For some special semilinear elliptic equations, e.g. (-A)u + g(u) = f, the existence of a solution of the Dirichlet problem is shown, which is classical in the interior of the domain and takes on the boundary values in a weak sense. The nonlinearity g : E -» E has to satisfy the sign condition t · g(t) S 0 and to be bounded from below, e.g. g(t) = exp(t) -1. Furthermore it is possible to treat nonlinearities g with growth conditions, which can be viewed as inteipolation between the above extreme case and the standard one lg(t)l < C (l + ltl"). The crucial lemma is a local maximum principle for solutions of differential inequalities (-A)u S f, which makes use of the positivity of Green's function for (~A) in balls.

Field of study: Philosophy
Genetic insights into normal and abnormal heart development.

Congenital heart defects (CHDs) affect 1-2% of newborn children and are the leading cause of death in infants under 1 year of age. CHDs represent the single largest class of birth defects and account for 25% of all human congenital abnormalities. Numerous epidemiologic studies have established the heritable nature of CHDs. However, despite the remarkable progress of the past decade, very few CHD-causing genes have been identified so far. Molecular and genetic analysis of heart development--which requires the execution of specific genetic programs--has led to the identification of essential cardiac regulators and mutations that are linked to human CHD. Elucidation of the mechanisms of action of these transcription factors has also provided a molecular framework that will continue to help furthering our understanding of the molecular basis of normal and abnormal heart growth. This review will summarize present knowledge of cardiac development and illustrate how analysis of heart development has helped understand the genetic basis of some CHDs and how these advances could translate into better prevention, diagnosis, and care of congenital heart disease.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Breaking ECC2K-130

Elliptic-curve cryptography is becoming the standard public-key primitive not only for mobile devices but also for high-security applications. Advantages are the higher crypto- graphic strength per bit in comparison with RSA and the higher speed in implementations. To improve understanding of the exact strength of the elliptic-curve discrete-logarithm problem, Certicom has published a series of challenges. This paper describes breaking the ECC2K-130 challenge using a parallelized version of Pollard's rho method. This is a major computation bringing together the contributions of several clusters of conventional computers, PlayStation 3 clusters, computers with powerful graphics cards and FPGAs. We also give estimates for an ASIC design. In particular we present - our choice and analysis of the iteration function for the rho method; - our choice of finite field arithmetic and representation; - detailed descriptions of the implementations on a multitude of platforms: CPUs, Cells, GPUs, FPGAs, and ASICs; - timings for CPUs, Cells, GPUs, and FPGAs; and

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Full-Field Uncertainty Determination for Pressure-Sensitive Paint Measurements

T HE principle behind pressure-sensitive paint (PSP) measurements is by nowwell known: a luminescent coating is applied to a test article, the test article is illuminated with light at a short wavelength (for example, blue), and emission from the paint (for example, red) is imaged by one or more digital cameras. Oxygen quenching of the luminescent signal produces the desired pressure sensitivity [1,2]. Pressure distributions are typically computed from the ratio of images based on a suitable calibration equation. In intensity-based measurements, these are images at a wind-off condition and images at the run condition. In lifetime-based measurements, both images are acquired at the run condition by choosing two different temporal gates with respect to a train of excitation pulses. Three-gate measurements are also being developed . Many studies have been performed to assess the error sources in PSP measurements [4–11]. However, assessment of the measurement uncertainty in practice is typically limited to a comparison of PSP data in the vicinity of pressure taps with readings from these taps. The purpose of this paper is to show that two additional measures of uncertainty can easily be implemented. One is based on pixel-topixel variations within an image from a single camera, the other on camera-to-camera variations for points on the test article that are viewed by two or more cameras. In principle, these additional measures of uncertainty can be computed for every point on the surface of the test article. Both produce an estimate of the precision of the PSPmeasurement andmay be thought of as adding “error bars” to the processed data in full-field mode.

Field of study: Physics
Structural rheology of immiscible PET/PP blend

The immiscible poly(ethylene terephthalate)(PET)/polypropylene(PP)blend was prepared by melt mixing and its structural rheology was studied.The results showed that the immiscible morphology influenced both the dynamic and steady-state rheological behavior of PET/PP blend.The blend with dispersed PP domain/PET matrix morphology showed a dynamic shape relaxation,while that with dispersed PET domain/PP matrix morphology only showed a small sensitivity to shear action.For the blend with complicated phase structure,the low-frequency elastic response could be observed clearly.Moreover,the agglomeration of the dispersed drops was the dominant factor affecting the rheological behavior under a higher shear field,while the break-up of drops became the dominant one under a lower shear field.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Neotectonic transverse structures of mobile belts: A study of an example of their deep tectonic relationships in the Koryak region, northwest Pacific margin

The type transverse structures that trend across mobile belts and into the platform of eastern Europe have in the past been investigated by traditional geological and geophysical methods. Now, however, these methods are becoming integrated with recently developed neotectonic studies that use aerial and Earth-satellite photographs and morphometrically and morphographically processed topographic maps. These integrated studies, both traditional and neotectonic, have revealed deep-seated transverse tectonic features that extend down to and include the basement. Thus, starting from geomorphic anomalies at the Earth9s surface, such methods have proved useful in deciphering the deep as well as shallow transverse structures of the Koryak region. This region includes not only transverse Paleozoic and early Mesozoic basement structures but also late Mesozoic and Cenozoic longitudinal structures in which relics of the older transverse structures survive. It also includes new transverse structures that have appeared since the longitudinal Koryak mobile belt evolved.

Field of study: Geology
Invariant strain analysis of the critical temperature T/sub c/ of Nb/sub 3/Sn

An analysis has been made that incorporates the strain dependence of the critical temperature T/sub c/ of Nb/sub 3/Sn in a calculation using the formalism of strong superconductivity. The critical temperature in the absence of strain depends on the harmonic phonon spectrum. The value of T/sub c/ can be related to the acoustic phonon modes. It is found that the phonon frequency characteristics can be determined, in a simple model, from a scalar strain energy potential that is a function of the invariants of the strain tensor under the cubic symmetry group and that includes harmonic and anharmonic terms. The strain dependent anharmonic phonon spectrum is found to result in the strain dependence of T/sub c/. A calculation of the normalized strain dependence T/sub c/(/spl epsiv/)/T/sub cm/ is presented for assumed wire and tape composite conductors and shown to agree with measurements from the literature over the full range of strain. The correspondence of the various strain scalar invariants with various aspects of the typical strain profile is discussed. The analysis contains the influence of the hydrostatic strain on T/sub c/ and relates the observed asymmetry in the strain profile between compressive and tensile intrinsic strain to the principle part of the third strain invariant.

Field of study: Physics
Research on expression of granzyme B in myocardium with experimental viral myocarditis

To explore the role of granzyme B( GzmB) in infiltrated myocardial cells of mice with viral myocarditis( VMC) induced by coxsackievirus B3(CVB3) during the injury of myocardium and further to elucidate the pathogenesis of VMC.  Thirty-six BALB/c male mice, 5 to 6 weeks old, were randomly divided into two groups: the normal group, 10, and the model group, 26. On the eleventh day all mice were killed and the hearts were taken out for inspection whether there were pathological changes in the myocardium by macroscopy and microscopy. The expression of GzmB was detected in myocardium with immunohistochemistry and hemi-quantitive reverse transcript-polymerase chain reaction ( RT-PCR).  GzmB positive cells in the mice myocardial cells infiltrated were detected by immunohistochemistry in the model group,and the number of GzmB positive cells is remarkable positive correlation to myocardial pathological score(r =0. 859, P =0.000) , however, no such cells were discovered in the normal murine hearts. Test of RT-PCR showed markedly high expression of GzmB mRNA in mice myocardium of the model group, however, no expression of GzmB mRNA in the normal group.  The expression of GzmB in the infiltrating myocardiocytes probably plays some role during the injury of myocardium, which mediated cytotoxicity effect is one of important mechanisms of myocardial injury in viral myocarditis. The expression quantity of GzmB in the infiltrating myocardiocytes is significant positive correlation to the severity of myocardial injury. 
 
 
Viral myocarditis;  T lymphocytes;  cytotoxic;  Killer cells;

Field of study: Biology
Polyconics. I. Polyellipses and optimization

A. Introduction. 1. Ellipses and hyperbolas may be defined as plane curves consisting of all points the sum, or the difference, of whose distances from two fixed points F, and Ft, the foci, is constant. This generalizes at once to a provisional definition of a polyconic with n foci Fi , ■ ■ , Fn in the plane: a plane locus consisting of all points the sum of whose signed distances to Fu ■ ■■, Fn is constant, the signatures being +1 or —1. If all n signatures are +1 the polyconic is a polyellipse or, more specifically, an n-ellipse. Thus a circle in this terminology is a 1 -ellipse and an ordinary ellipse becomes a 2-ellipse. Why bother with polyconics? There is the possible intrinsic interest, novelty, and educational value. Then, certain properties of conics themselves appear to be easier and more natural in this generalized context; for instance, the radius of curvature of a polyellipse is easier to get from first principles than is that of an ellipse. Also, the numerical and graphical treatment of polyconics introduces early, simply and naturally certain important techniques of numerical analysis, such as e.g. the variable step-length procedures. However, the most important reasons for working with polyconics appear to us to be two: a) polyconics may help to revive interest in the neglected subject of geometry, b) polyconics, and especially polyellipses, arise naturally in the treatment of an important class of optimization problems.

Field of study: Mathematics
Non-pathogenic rhizobacteria interfere with the attraction of parasitoids to aphid-induced plant volatiles via jasmonic acid signalling.

Beneficial soil-borne microbes, such as mycorrhizal fungi or rhizobacteria, can affect the interactions of plants with aboveground insects at several trophic levels. While the mechanisms of interactions with herbivorous insects, that is, the second trophic level, are starting to be understood, it remains unknown how plants mediate the interactions between soil microbes and carnivorous insects, that is, the third trophic level. Using Arabidopsis thaliana Col-0 and the aphid Myzus persicae, we evaluate here the underlying mechanisms involved in the plant-mediated interaction between the non-pathogenic rhizobacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens and the parasitoid Diaeretiella rapae, by combining ecological, chemical and molecular approaches. Rhizobacterial colonization modifies the composition of the blend of herbivore-induced plant volatiles. The volatile blend from rhizobacteria-treated aphid-infested plants is less attractive to an aphid parasitoid, in terms of both olfactory preference behaviour and oviposition, than the volatile blend from aphid-infested plants without rhizobacteria. Importantly, the effect of rhizobacteria on both the emission of herbivore-induced volatiles and parasitoid response to aphid-infested plants is lost in an Arabidopsis mutant (aos/dde2-2) that is impaired in jasmonic acid production. By modifying the blend of herbivore-induced plant volatiles that depend on the jasmonic acid-signalling pathway, root-colonizing microbes interfere with the attraction of parasitoids of leaf herbivores.

Field of study: Environmental science
Predictive Role of Grit and Basic Psychological Needs Satisfaction on Subjective Well-Being for Young Adults.

In this research, it is aimed to investigate the predictive role of grit as a personality trait and basic psychological needs satisfaction on subjective well-being among young adults. Participants of this research are 348 voluntary young adults who are final year undergraduate students in the government universities of Istanbul city, Turkey as well as graduates who work. There are 200 (57.5%) females and 148 (42.5%) males. The average age is 23.01 (sd=2.52). Data collection tools used in this research are ‘Subjective Well-Being Scale’ (Tuzgol-Dost, 2015), ‘Revised Grit Scale’ (Duckworth and Quinn, 2009) and ‘Basic Psychological Needs Satisfaction Scale’ (Deci and Ryan, 1991). Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient, hierarchical regression analysis and independent group t tests are conducted. According to the findings, female participants have higher subjective well-being levels than males. Relatedness satisfaction sub-scale score from basic psychological needs satisfaction scale and total score of basic psychological needs satisfaction are found to show a significant difference in favor of females. Regression analysis concluded that grit, satisfaction of three basic psychological needs (autonomy, competence and relatedness) and gender are the meaningful predictors of subjective well-being for young adults. Satisfaction of three basic needs predicts subjective well-being stronger than grit and gender. Besides, a positive and statistically significant relationship between the satisfaction of three basic needs and grit tendency is concluded. Findings are discussed in the light of the related literature. Suggestions are made for further researches and for school counsellors and mental health professionals.  Grit, basic psychological needs satisfaction, self-determination theory, subjective well-being, young adults.

Field of study: Education
[A comparison of some indices of innate and adaptive immunity in different types of schizophrenia].

Leukocyte elastase (LE) blood serum activity as an index of innate immunity and autoimmune reactions to brain antigens i.e. a level of autoantiboies to nerve growth factor (NGF) as an index of adaptive immunity were studied in patients with attack-like and slow progressive schizophrenia. Compared to controls, higher LE activity accompanied by a significant increase of autoantibodies to NGF titers was found in patients with attack-like schizophrenia. In slow progressive schizophrenia, only higher LE activity was detected. Correlations between immunological parameters and some clinical appearances (positive and negative disorders) and disease course peculiarities were revealed. The results suggest an involvement of different parts of immune system in pathophysiology of attack-like and slow progressive schizophrenia.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
An Accurate Localization Algorithm Based on MCL for Mobile Sensor Networks

As a new technology of data-gathering,Wireless sensor networks can be widely used so as to realize massive monitoring and tracking.It is the most basic support function of WSNs to ensure the location of the information.In this paper,an accurate localization algorithm based on MCL for mobile sensor networks is designed for special application scenes,Which include the movement prediction model and the location selection model.Finally,a simulation is processed to compare this algorithm with some other typical methods.

Field of study: Computer science
Advantage of the Mark-III FEL for biophysical research and biomedical applications.

Although 6.45 micro m is not the strongest absorption band of biological tissues in the mid-infrared, a Mark-III free-electron laser (FEL) tuned to this wavelength can efficiently ablate tissue while minimizing collateral damage. A model has previously been presented that explains this wavelength dependence as a competition between two dynamic processes--explosive vaporization of saline and denaturation of structural proteins. Here it is shown that this model predicts a 'sweet-spot' for each wavelength, i.e. a region of parameter space (incident intensity and pulse width) in which explosive vaporization is preceded by substantial protein denaturation. This sweet-spot is much larger for wavelengths where protein is the dominant chromophore. At other wavelengths, collateral damage may be minimized within the sweet-spot, but the maximum intensities and pulse widths in these regions are insufficient to remove tissue at surgically relevant rates.

Field of study: Physics
Chemical interactions of barium–calcium–aluminosilicate-based sealing glasses with oxidation resistant alloys

In most planar solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) stack designs, the interconnect, which is typically made from an oxidation resistant alloy, potentially including austenitic chromia-forming, ferritic chromia-forming, and alumina-forming alloys, has to be hermitically sealed to its adjacent components, usually by a sealing glass. To maintain the structural stability and minimize the degradation of stack performance, the sealing glass must be chemically compatible with the alloy used for the interconnect. In this work, Nicrofer6025, AISI446 and a Fecralloy were selected as examples of austenitic chromia-forming, ferritic chromia-forming, and alumina-forming alloys, respectively. Their chemical compatibility with a barium–calcium–aluminosilicate (BCAS)-based glass, specifically developed as a sealant in SOFC stacks, was evaluated. It was found that the BCAS sealing glass interacted chemically with both the chromia-forming alloys and the alumina-forming alloys. The extent and nature of the interactions and their final products depended on the matrix alloy compositions, the exposure conditions and/or proximity of the glass/alloy interface to the ambient air. These interactions and their mechanisms will be discussed with the assistance of thermodynamic modeling.

Field of study: Materials science
Factors Contributing to Truancy Among Secondary School Students in Karak District, Pakistan

The current research paper investigated the factors contributing to truancy among secondary school students in Karak District, Pakistan. A sample of 150 secondary-school-teachers was used for gathering required information regarding factors contributing to truancy among secondary- school-students. The study was descriptive and a self-developed structured questionnaire based on five point likert’s scale was used to seek the responses of the respondents. Statistical tools i.e., mean and standard deviation were applied. The findings revealed that electronic media factors are the most influential factors contributing to truancy. Furthermore, family background factors, students’ factors, peer group factors, and school environment factors were also found contributory to students’ truancy. On the other hand, teacher factors were found the least contributory factors to students’ truancy. Based on findings, it was recommended that children should not be permitted to use electronic devices. Friendly, encouraging and facilitated environment in school and home might be ensured for students.  Electronic Media Factors; Students Factors; Family Factors; School Factors; Teacher Factors; Peer Factors; Truancy; Secondary School Students;

Field of study: Education
Initial approach of the influential factors about microencapsulation to supercritical residue

The various factors that had effects on the microencapsulation of propolis including proportion of wall-material,proportion of core-material,inlet concentration of emulsion were studied by means of measuring viscosity and stability.The investigation supply a foundation for the research of microencapsulized propolis products and the reuse of supercritical residue.The results indicated that: Proportion of core-material had no significant influence to viscosity but proportion of wall-material,using amount of stabilizing agent and concentration of emulsion had significant influence to viscosity.Using amount of stabilizing and using no stabilizing had significant difference.Using amount of stabilizing and inlet concentration of emulsion roughly had the same change tendency to stability,that is rise ahead,when achieve to the peak the value descend later.The intial prescription of supercritical propolis was: propolis/soybean oil=1:3,converted starch/maltodextrin=1:2,stabilizing agent 7.5 g/L,inlet concentration 30%.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Resonant X-ray emission spectra of K2Ni(CN)4 x H2O at the Ni K-edge.

Resonant X-ray emission spectra were measured at the Ni K-edge for a planar low-spin nickel complex K2Ni(CN)4 x H2O. In the Ni Kbeta emission spectra, a resonant X-ray Raman scattering was observed in the pre-edge region, showing linear energy dispersion of the emitted photon with the incident photon energy. No energy loss features corresponding to the ligand-to-metal charge-transfer (LMCT) was identified. The LMCT feature is characteristic of strongly correlated systems such as NiO; therefore, the LMCT effect proves to be significantly suppressed. This is consistent considering strong covalent character between low-lying pi* ligand and metal 3d (occupied) orbitals in low-spin nickel complexes.

Field of study: Physics