nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Heat transfer studies on ethylene glycol/water nanofluid containing TiO2 nanoparticles

An experimental investigation has been carried out to study the heat transfer characteristics of ethylene glycol/water mixture(60:40) appended with TiO2 nanoparticles. The effect of volume fraction and Reynolds number are studied. Stable nanofluid is prepared using two-step method. Thermal conductivity and viscosity data required for the calculation of various heat transfer parameters are measured. The maximum enhancement in thermal conductivity is 24%(at volume fraction 0.8% and temperature 50 °C) and the corresponding increase in viscosity is 16%. An experimental set up was designed and fabricated to conduct forced convection studies. For convection studies the volume fraction is varied from 0.2 to 0.5% and Reynolds number from 850 to 2050. The nanofluid has better heat transfer characteristic compared to base fluid. The heat transfer enhancement is influenced by thermal properties of the nanofluid, particle concentration and Reynolds number. The maximum enhancement in heat transfer coefficient is 116% with Reynolds number of 2050 and 0.5% volume fraction.

Field of study: Engineering
Rhizobial lipopolysaccharide as the receptor in lectin-Rhizobium interaction.

Rhizobial specificity was examined on the basis of interaction between legume lectins (peanut, pea and soybean) and different rhizobial species (various bradyrhizobia specific for peanut, P 14-93 and SB16). Legume lectins showed higher affinity towards host-specific Rhizobium and lipopolysaccharides (LPS) isolated from those particular rhizobia. Two LPS mutants of peanut-specific Bradyrhizobiumn sp. (Arachis) strain GN17 were isolated by Tn5 mutagenesis. These mutants (GN17M1 and GN17M2) were characterized by their higher hydrophobicity with respect to the parent cells. The hexose content in exopolysaccharides (EPS) and LPS of the mutants was found reduced significantly, whereas 2-keto-3-deoxyoctulosonic acid (Kdo) and uronic acid in LPS were less by 20-times and thrice, respectively in the mutants. Glucose was the major sugar in LPS from all the strains. However, glucosamine appeared only in the mutants. Spectrofluorimetric analysis showed that LPS from GN17M1 mutant interacted most significantly with peanut root agglutinin or lectin (PRA II). The results indicate that LPS on the surface of rhizobial cells is the possible receptor for lectin.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Physics
Fairness, accountability for reasonableness, and the views of priority setting decision-makers.

Fairness is a key goal of priority setting and 'accountability for reasonableness' has emerged as the leading framework for fair priority setting. However, it has not been shown acceptable to those engaged in priority setting. In particular, since it was developed in the context of a primarily privately funded health system, its applicability in a primarily publicly funded system is uncertain. In this paper, we describe elements of fairness identified by decision-makers engaged in priority setting for new technologies in Canada (a primarily publicly funded system). According to these decision makers, accountability for reasonableness is acceptable and applicable. Our findings also provide refinements to accountability for reasonableness.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Effect of Short-Range Fluctuations on Thermodynamic and Resistive Properties: The case of Ising Order

We consider the effects of the non-local Ising-like "core spin" correlations on the order-parameter fluctuation contribution to the resistivity and thermodynamics of metals showing Ising-like order at finite temperature. We employ the well-known cluster-variation method, and present explicit results in the pair approximation for short-range order. Our calculation generalizes earlier works, where such effects were considered in the mean-field (Ornstein-Zernicke) approximation. The mean-field (MF) transition temperature T_{c}^{MF}, is corrected to O(1/d), and the effect of the Ising spin fluctuations on the $dc$ resistivity and magnetothermal responses is analyzed in detail. The method can be applied straightforwardly to lattices in arbitrary d, and, as an appealing feature, it reproduces the exact correlation length and T_{c}^{1d}=0 for the 1d Ising model. We apply our results for two interesting physical cases: (i) the double-exchange model with J_{H}>>t, where the core-spins can be approximated quite well by Ising spins, and (ii) a model of band electrons coupled to a {\it localized} subsystem which undergoes a nematic ordering transition coupled to an appropriate structural transition.

Field of study: Physics
Association between perfluoroalkyl substance concentrations and blood pressure in adolescents.

The effects of exposure to some environmental chemicals on blood pressure have been determined, but the association between non-occupational exposure to perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) and blood pressure in adolescents remains unknown. The association between blood pressure and PFAS concentrations was studied by analysing data from 2251 participants filtered from the population enrolled in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 2003 to 2012. After adjusting for age, sex, race, BMI, cotinine level, dietary intake of calcium, caloric intake, sodium consumption, potassium consumption and sampling year, we estimated the coefficients (betas) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the relationship between PFAS concentrations and blood pressure with multiple linear regression models. Potential non-linear relationships were assessed with restricted cubic spline models. Blood levels of perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) had a strong positive association with diastolic blood pressure (DBP) in adolescents in the linear model, while the result was not significant in the non-linear model. No significant association was observed between the concentration of any other PFASs and blood pressure. According to the fully adjusted linear regression model (P = 0.041), the mean DBP values in boys in the higher PFOS quintile were 2.70% greater than the mean DBP values of boys in the lowest PFOS quintile. Furthermore, serum PFOS concentrations predominantly affected blood pressure in male adolescents compared with female adolescents. These results provide epidemiological evidence of PFOS-related increases in DBP. Further research is needed to address related issues.

Field of study: Environmental science
Characterization on acceleration-factor equation for packaging-solder joint reliability

The well-known Norris-Landzberg acceleration factor (N-L AF) empirical equation was developed based on the accelerated thermal cycling (ATC) test. It has been widely used for many years to predict product lifetimes. However, some recent test results have shown the insufficiency of this equation when the ramp rates change. The AF equation predicts a longer lifetime when the ramp rate is higher, which contradicts the experimental test data. The reason for this discrepancy is that the N-L AF equation combines both ramp rate and dwell time factors in one frequency term. Thus, modifying the current AF equation to more precisely predict product lifetimes has become an important topic. This study proposes a new AF equation to decouple the effects of the ramp rate and dwell time during an ATC test, replacing the frequency term used in the N-L equation with two new terms. One is related to the ramp rate for the strain rate effect, and the other is related to the dwell time for the creep effect of the packaging solder joint material. The new AF equation produces a good correlation between the simulation and test results for different package types discussed in the literature with various ramp rates and dwell times.

Field of study: Engineering
The Daniel Glazier award in adolescent mental health and substance abuse.

![Figure][1] 

Daniel Glazier died of an accidental OxyContin overdose in July 2009. He was just 18 years of age.

Daniel was the son of my friend and family physician colleague Dr Rick Glazier and his wife, Sherry. Many of you will know Rick as one of the pre-eminent family medicine

Field of study: Medicine
Implications of the Cattell-Horn-Carroll Theory on Ethnic Differences in IQ

The Cattell-Horn-Carroll theory of intelligence and the Spearman-Jensen hypothesis were applied to help interpret mean IQ differences among ethnic groups. The Cattell-Horn-Carroll theory classifies cognitive abilities on three strata, which differ by magnitude of generality including specific, broad, and general abilities. The Spearman-Jensen hypothesis advances the belief that mean IQ differences between African Americans and Euro-Americans occur as a function of the test's g loadings. Although IQ differences between African Americans and Euro-Americans occur, the differences should be larger on tests with higher g loadings and smaller on tests with lower g loadings. The analysis described in this paper may serve as the catalyst to encourage all intelligence test publishers to supply test users with data regarding mean IQ differences among various ethnic groups.

Field of study: Psychology
"National awareness" must be intensified for rebuilding a new system for Wushu education.

By basing their research subject on Wushu education in China,and by reviewing school physical educa-tion and Wushu education related laws and legislations enacted since the founding of China,the author put forward the following opinions from the macroscopic perspective of citizen education: "national awareness" is required by weak national awareness nowadays,by Wushu education that gets rid of conceptions in physical education courses,and by the development of national culture,and pointed out that for intensifying "national awareness",Wushu edu-cation must be developed,a Wushu course must be opened,professional Wushu teachers must be provided,and Wushu education must examined.

Field of study: Education
Torsion classes generated by silting modules

We study the classes of modules which are generated by a silting module. In the case of either hereditary or perfect rings it is proved that these are exactly the torsion $\mathcal{T}$ such that the regular module has a special $\mathcal{T}$-preenvelope. In particular every torsion enveloping class in $\textrm{Mod-} R$ are of the form $\mathrm{Gen}(T)$ for a minimal silting module $T$. For the dual case we obtain for general rings that the covering torsion-free classes of modules are exactly the classes of the form $\mathrm{Cogen}(T)$, where $T$ is a cosilting module.

Field of study: Mathematics
Variability in upwelling intensity and nutrient regime in the coastal upwelling system offshore Namibia: results from sediment archives

The coastal upwelling system offshore Namibia is ideally suited to address a focal question of the Integrated Marine Biogeochemistry and Ecosystem Research Programme: what are the mechanisms that drive long-term changes in ecosystems? Considerable interannual variability in climatic forcing is indicated by long time series of meteorological and remote sensing observation; these accompany considerable interannual to interdecadal changes in the upwelling intensity over the last 100 years, as well as a centennial trend. On longer time scales, the only archives available are sediment records spanning the late Holocene. To decipher the sediment record, we mapped surface-sediment patterns of proxies for physical (sea surface temperature/SST from alkenone unsaturation indexes) and nutrient (δ15N on bulk sedimentary N) variables. Their present-day surface-sediment patterns outline the coastal upwelling cells and filaments and associated high productivity area. Analysed in an array of dated sediment cores, the spatial patterns of SST suggest long-term (>100 years) variability in the location and intensity of individual upwelling cells. The patterns of δ15N outline an area of intense denitrification near the coast, and advection of water with low-oxygen concentrations in the undercurrent from the North. δ15N exhibits considerable downcore variability, in particular over the last 50 years. The variability appears to be governed by differences in extent of denitrification and thus of the shelf oxygen balance, which appears to have deteriorated in the last 50 years. Together, the data suggest that SST and denitrification conditions have remained in the narrow bounds outlined by today’s patterns in surface sediments, but that spatially small variability in upwelling intensity and make-up of upwelling feed waters induced considerable changes in the lower trophic levels of the coastal upwelling ecosystem over the last 6,000 years. Attempts to correlate proxy records from sediments with observational time series and regional climate reconstructions were not successful, possibly because annual to interannual environmental signals are erased in the process of sediment formation.

Field of study: Environmental science
Regulation of glucocorticoid receptor by glucocorticoids (II)--The studies on rat liver, brain and spleen.

: The concentration of glucocorticoids (GC) in plasma was maintained at stress level, 20-40 micrograms/dl, for 3 days by subcutaneous injection of hydrocortisone (F) in polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) into rats, and the specific binding of [3H]Dexamethasone (Dex) in liver, spleen and brain was determined before and after injection. The binding capacity of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) in liver and spleen was decreased significantly 1 h after injection and maintained at low level for several days after the concentration of GC in plasma had returned to the normal level. The Kd was not altered. The changes of GR in brain was not significant. Thus it may be concluded that GC can down-regulate GR in rats, but with different characteristics in various target organs.

Field of study: Chemistry
Random Overlay Routing

Overlay networks allow node source routing.But due to selfish routing and out-dated information,source routing sometimes results in bad performance.We propose a routing scheme based on randomization to avoid the routing conflicts.It is interesting to find that,in random routing method,choosing two route candidates will gain comparatively better performance without bringing too much cost.By testing random routing and traditional selfish scheme under different network conditions,we find that traffic load has little impact on the comparison of these two methods,which method is better mainly depends on the topology they are running on.Selfish method is indeed more efficient in topologies with low connectivity,but as the connection degree increases,random routing scheme can obtain dramatic improvement over selfish routing.

Field of study: Computer science
METASOMATIC ORIGIN OF LARGE PARTS OF THE ADIRONDACK PHACOLITHS

A metasomatic origin seems established for large parts of the granite phacoliths in the northwest Adirondack Mountains, New York. This conclusion is based upon the discovery and detailed mapping of a blurred but widespread stratigraphic sequence in the phacoliths. Highly complicated patterns of relict beds are defined by alternations of granitic gneiss, amphibolite, oligoclase-quartz gneiss, and a predominant alaskitic granite. Regional reconstructions indicate these relict beds comprise a major basal formation, probably of arkosic and calcareous quartzites, in the exposed Grenville metasedimentary rocks. The existing amphibolite interlayers formed early in the metasomatic epoch, probably replacing the more calcareous quartzite beds. This mafic metasomatism was overlapped and followed by pervasive granitization of the arkosic and highly quartzose members. Pink alaskitic granite is the final metasomacic product. It tends to replace all pre-existing rock types, especially in the cores of the antiforms. This mafic and granitic metasomatism occurred during the evolution of the major folds in the metasedimentary sequence. As the folds evolved, rising domes in the quartzite probed upward into successively higher horizons in the overlying marbles. At least three quartzite antiforms (California, Clark Pond, and South Edwards phacoliths) punctured the overlying marble, invading the basal layers of the Adirondack paragneiss. The crests of the evolving folds in the basal quartzite, capped by carbonate-rich marble, acted as traps for aqueous and carbonated, alkali-bearing fluids, and perhaps some associated anatectic granitic magma generated in the deeper, hotter basement to the Grenville.

Field of study: Geology
SU-E-T-353: Decoding the Beam Complexity in Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy Plans.

Modern IMRT relies on computers to generate treatment plans of varied complexity. A highly complex treatment plan may use a large number of small and irregular beam apertures in order to achieve high dose conformity. However, excessive beam complexity can increase dosimetric uncertainty, prolong treatment time, and increase susceptibility to target or organ motion. In this study we sought to develop metrics to assess the complexity of IMRT beams and plans.



Based the information of leaf positions and MU for each beam segment, we calculated the following beam complexity metrics: aperture area, shape irregularity, and beam modulation. Then these beam complexity metrics were averaged to obtain the corresponding plan complexity metrics, using the beam MUs as weighting factors. We evaluated and compared the beam and plan complexity scores for 65 IMRT plans from 3 sites (prostate, head and neck, and spine). We also studied how the plan complexity scores were affected by adjusting inverse planning parameters.



For prostate IMRT, the lateral beams had large MUs and smaller shape irregularity, while the anterior or posterior beams had larger modulation values. On average, the prostate IMRT plans had the smallest shape irregularity and beam modulation; the HN IMRT plans had the largest aperture area, shape irregularity, and beam modulation; and the spine stereotactic IMRT plans often had small aperture area, which may be associated with relatively large discrepancies between calculated and measures doses. The plan complexity increased as the number of optimization iterations and the number of beam segments increased and as the minimum segment area decreased.



Complexity of IMRT beams and plans were quantified in terms of aperture area, shape irregularity and beam modulation. The complexity metrics varied among IMRT plans for different disease sites and were affected when the planning parameters were adjusted.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Characterization of In vitro Mineralization of Porous Poly (L-Lactic Acid)/Bioactive Glass Composites by Attenuated Total Reflectance-Fourier Transform Infrared Mapping

Attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) mapping was used to characterize the mineralization of porous poly (L-lactic acid)/bioactive glass (PLLA/BG) composite in PBS solution. FTIR images were generated on the basis of the ratio of the absorbance of the band at 1044 cm−1 to the one at 1755 cm−1 (A1044/A1755) at a resolution of 8 cm−1 with 8-coadded scans. The imaging results showed that the amount of hydroxyapatite (HA) on the surface of the composites increased with soaking time and most of the surface area was covered by HA after being mineralized for 84 d. However, the heterogeneous mineralization increased with time lasted. The mineralization curve from the average spectra further suggested that there were four stages during mineralization. At the initial one (less than 21 d), the amounts of HA were small; at the growth one (21–70 d), BG was gradually converted to HA; at the rapid growth one (70–91 d), the mineralization was accelerated and reached up to the maximum at 91 d; and at the late stage (over 91 d), the curve became steady at first and then declined after 105 d. The results suggested that ATR-FTIR mapping was promised to be an important tool for study of the scaffold in bone tissue engineering.

Field of study: Chemistry
An oxytocin antagonist infused into the central nucleus of the amygdala increases maternal aggressive behavior.

Decreased oxytocin levels in the amygdalas of rat dams following chronic gestational cocaine exposure have been correlated with heightened maternal aggressive behavior. In this experiment, drug-naive dams were implanted with bilateral cannulas into the central nucleus of the amygdala (CNA) or control area and infused with 1,000 or 500 ng of an oxytocin antagonist (OTA) or buffer, 4 hr before testing. Behavior was compared among dams infused with OTA into target areas just outside the CNA and cocaine-treated dams (infused with buffer). Dams infused with 1,000 ng OTA attacked intruders significantly more often than buffer-infused dams. OTA did not affect other behaviors, suggesting that disruption of oxytocin activity in the CNA may be sufficient to selectively alter maternal aggressive behavior.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Inhibition of biofilm formation by Camelid single-domain antibodies against the flagellum of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a leading cause of hospital-acquired infections in patients with compromised host defense mechanisms, including burn wound victims. In addition to its intrinsic resistance against most antibiotics, P. aeruginosa has the ability to form biofilms adhering to biotic or abiotic surfaces. These factors make treatment of P. aeruginosa infections complicated and demand new therapies and drugs. The flagellum of P. aeruginosa plays an important role in cell-cell and cell-surface interactions during the first stage of biofilm formation. In this study, we describe the selection of monoclonal anti-flagellin single-domain antibodies (VHHs) derived from the Camelid heavy-chain antibody repertoire of a llama immunized with P. aeruginosa antigens. The anti-flagellin VHHs could be produced efficiently in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and surface plasmon resonance experiments demonstrated that they have apparent affinities in the nanomolar range. Functional screens showed that the anti-flagellin VHHs are capable of inhibiting P. aeruginosa from swimming and that they prevent biofilm formation in an in vitro assay. These data open doors for the development of novel methods for the prevention of P. aeruginosa-related infections.

Field of study: Biology, Engineering
The Effects of Jigsaw Technique Based on Cooperative Learning on Prospective Science Teachers' Science Process Skill.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of laboratory approach based on jigsaw method with cooperative learning and confirmatory laboratory approach on university students’ cognitive process development in Science teaching laboratory applications, and to determine the opinions of the students on applied laboratory methods. The participating student teachers were identified as the Jigsaw Group (n=25), in which the laboratory approach based on Jigsaw method is applied, and as the Control Group (n=23), in which confirmatory laboratory approach is applied.  Skill Test and Student Opinion Scale were used as data collection instruments. As a result of statistical analysis made, it was found that the effect of laboratory approach based on Jigsaw method on the development of student teachers’ scientific process skills is higher than those of confirmatory laboratory approach. It was also revelaed that there is no statistically significant difference between the opinions of research groups on applied laboratory approaches.  Cooperative learning, Jigsaw technique, scientific process skill

Field of study: Education