nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Changing Patterns of Kinship: Cohabitation, Patriarchy and Social Policy in Chile

Cohabitation is a distinctive feature of low-income groups in Latin America. In the past, it has been linked to colonial legacies including notions of familial honour, poverty, and a kinship system focused on blood ties. By contrast, some scholars consider rising levels of cohabitation in the present day to be an effect of modernisation, through increased gender equality. The present research, based on life histories of young, poor, urban co-habitees in Chile, aims to show that rising cohabitation is linked to targeted social policies and also to declining patriarchy, which is distinct from gender equality.  La convivencia es una característica distintiva de los grupos de bajos ingresos en América Latina. En el pasado la convivencia ha sido relacionada con una herencia colonial –incluyendo asuntos de honor familiar– con pobreza y con un sistema de parentesco centrado en lazos de sangre. Por el contrario, algunos estudiosos consideran recientes incrementos en los niveles de convivencia como un efecto del proceso de modernización, mediante una creciente igualdad de género. Esta investigación, basada en historias de vida de convivientes jóvenes, pobres y residentes en zonas urbanas de Chile, busca mostrar que el actual crecimiento de la convivencia se asocia con políticas públicas focalizadas y con un debilitamiento del patriarcado, y que esto último es diferente de la igualdad de género.  A coabitação é um traço distintivo de grupos de baixa renda na América Latina. No passado, relacionou-se a coabitação a um legado colonial que incluía noções de honra familiar, pobreza e um sistema de parentesco focado em laços de sangue. Em contraste, alguns estudiosos consideram o aumento atual da coabitação um efeito da modernização, através do aumento da igualdade de gênero. Esta pesquisa, baseada nas histórias de vida de conviventes jovens, pobres, urbanas no Chile, tem como objetivo demonstrar que o crescimento da coabitação está relacionado a políticas sociais direcionadas e também ao declínio do patriarcalismo, o que é distinto de igualdade de gênero.

Field of study: Political science
Determination of 10 Mycotoxins in Chinese Herbs and Chinese Medicines by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry Using On-line Immunoaffinity Purifying

A reusable on-line immunoaffinity purification column was prepared through packing multitoxin immunoaffinity column filler in stainless column.The loading solution of on-line immunoaffinity purification column was phosphate buffered saline(PBS,pH 7.4),the washing solution was water,and the transfering solution was(1∶1,V/V) acetonitrile-water.The mycotoxins in Chinese herbs and Chinese medicines were extracted by 75% methanol-PBS.The extract was directly injected into the on-line immunoaffinity column which was coupled with reversed-phase analysis column.After high selective purification of the on-line immunoaffinity column,the mycotoxins were eluted onto analysis column for final separation and analysis.The detection limits of the 10 mycotoxins were 1-5 μg/kg.The average recoveries of three levels spiking were 62.3%-107.1%,and the relative standard deviation were ranged from 2.1% to 15.0%.

Field of study: Chemistry
Effects of Cooling Rate on the Microstructure 
and Morphology of Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu Solder

This study explored the effect of the cooling rate on the microstructure and morphology of Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu (SAC305) lead-free solder. In the experiments, rapid cooling (P1: 63.17°C/s) of SAC305 solder resulted in high tensile strength (60.8 MPa) with no significant loss in ductility (strain >40%) due to the formation of fine-grained primary β-Sn (average size ∼14 μm) surrounded by a network-like fine eutectic structure consisting of β-Sn and particle-like Ag3Sn compound. As the cooling rate was reduced, the morphology of the Ag3Sn compound evolved progressively from a particle- to a needle-like form and finally to a leaf- or plate-like form. The cooling rate significantly affected the β-Sn grain size and the morphology of the Ag3Sn compound. Water cooling (at the fastest cooling rate of 100°C/s) of a solder sample resulted in a microstructure consisting of the finest structure of Ag3Sn and β-Sn with no Cu6Sn5, consequently exhibiting the highest hardness of the various specimens. By contrast, after cooling at the slowest rate of 0.008°C/s, the sample exhibited a coarse eutectic structure consisting of large plate-like Ag3Sn compound and isolated long rod-like Cu6Sn5 precipitates. This coarse structure resulted in both lower hardness and poorer tensile strength.

Field of study: Materials science
Efeito agudo do aquecimento realizado através de exercícios dinâmicos e jogo de futebol em campo reduzido sobre a agilidade em crianças. - doi: 10.4025/reveducfis.v22i2.9349

The aim of this study was evaluate the effect of warm-up performed by dynamic exercises (DYN) and small sided soccer game (SOC) on agility with ball (AB) and agility without ball (AG). Eighteen children of both genders (n=18) performed the AB and AG tests after three conditions without warm-up (WWU), DYN and SOC. The effects of DYN and SOC warm-ups on AG test was higher than WWU (p<0,05) and ir was similar among then (WWU)=12,2

Field of study: Education
Chemical cycles in Pliocene sapropel-bearing and sapropel-barren eastern Mediterranean sediments

High-resolution (3–4 cm) investigations of major and minor elements were carried out on sediment cores from ODP Leg 160 Sites 964 (Ionian Basin), 969 (Mediterranean Ridge), 967 and 966 (northern slope and top of Eratosthenes Seamount, south of Cyprus). At Site 967, element/Al ratios display pronounced cyclic records that are related to astronomically-forced climatic variations. Sediments from the top of Eratosthenes Seamount (Site 966) show a similar pattern to those from Site 967, but they are more disturbed by bioturbation and also strongly influenced by long-term variations in sediment dispersal. Sediments from Site 969 display similar trends to those from Site 964, i.e. they are characterized by higher Mg/Al, slightly higher K/Al and lower Ti/Al ratios during sapropel formation. Higher Ti/Al ratios at Site 969 compared with sediments from Site 964 may be explained by a westward transport of material from a source in the east, where Ti/Al ratios are highest (Sites 966 and 967). Elevated Mg/Al ratios at Site 969 during sapropel intervals are due to river-derived material, transported through the Kithira Strait between Peloponnesus and Crete from the northwestern Aegean Sea, which originates from ultramafic rocks. A change in intermediate water currents (current reversal?) during sapropel formation may explain the enhanced supply of Mg-rich and the relatively diminished supply of Ti-rich material. We propose that, during deposition of the reddish intervals at Site 969, a change in circulation did not occur, because a drastic decrease in Ti/Al ratios is not evident. In these sediments Ba peaks, indicative of former sapropels, are not present. Ba enrichments in the same sapropel-barren intervals at Site 967 (northern slope of Eratosthenes Seamount) suggest that, during such intervals, the ‘burn-down’ process was more effective than during the sapropel-bearing intervals. Mn contents in all investigated Pliocene sediments correlate with the carbonate contents. Higher Mn contents of the sapropel-barren sediments suggest that, during time intervals of sapropel formation, either Mn accumulation at the margins of the permanently oxic upper water column, or Mn export into the western Mediterranean, might have occured. The latter could only be explained by sub- or anoxic conditions in large parts of the water column.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Intégrer les services juridiques et les soins primaires: Le Programme Justice Santé

Les patients partent souvent de la clinique medicale avec les memes problemes sociaux et economiques qui sont a l’origine meme de leurs besoins de soins[1][1],[2][2]. L’offre de services juridiques dans les milieux de soins de sante peut permettre de s’attaquer aux facteurs en amont qui

Field of study: Medicine
The Quebradillas Limestone (Miocene-Pliocene), northern Puerto Rico, and tectonics of the northeastern Caribbean margin

The uppermost formation of the limestone belt of northern Puerto Rico is herein redesignated the “Quebradillas Limestone.” A type section is established within the original type locality north of the town of Quebradillas. As here redefined, the Quebradillas Limestone consists of a limestone sequence overlying the uppermost Amphistegina -algal limestone of the “Aymamon limestone” along Highway 2 north of the town of Quebradillas. The formation consists of three types of limestone biomicrite which form the basis for subdividing the formation into three members. The lower member consists of globigerine biomicrite and is 16 m thick. In many areas, the lower member contains thin beds of oyster shells and shell fragments inter-bedded within marl. Both the matrix of the oyster-bearing beds and the marl are rich in planktonic foraminifers. The middle member is essentially Operculinoides biomicrite and is slightly Amphistegina -algal biomicrite, and its thickness is estimated to be 44 ± 4 m. The threefold subdivision has been recognized throughout the outcrop belt of the formation from the west coast of the island eastward to Barceloneta; it probably applies to the easternmost outcrops as well. The Quebradillas-“Aymamon” boundary is an erosional unconformity between the two formations. The globigerine limestone of the lower member of the Quebradillas fills solution cavities in the uppermost “Aymamon,” and in places, the upper “Aymamon” shows marked relief. Most of the Quebradillas is Pliocene in age, although part of the lower member may be latest Miocene. The Quebradillas Limestone is a regressive sequence. The lower member represents a lower neritic to upper bathyal environment; the middle member, an outer shelf environment; and the upper member, a forereef, subtidal, and intertidal beach environment. The upper member is veneered by what appears to be a paleosol which in turn, is overlain by Quaternary eolianite, marginal marine, and marine deposits. The Quebradillas is not limited to only the onshore coastal area of the island but extends northward into the Puerto Rico Trench. Above a water depth of 5,000 m, the Quebradillas covers an area of at least 4,000 km 2 on the southern slope of the trench, and the total area could be as much as 9,000 km 2 . Seismic and dredge-sample data suggest that the Quebradillas consists of the same facies offshore as in both outcrop and one well onshore. The presence of widespread Quebradillas in the Puerto Rico Trench has important tectonic implications for regional studies of both the Puerto Rico Trench and the northern Caribbean region.

Field of study: Geology
Surgical treatment of craniopharyngiomas. Part I. Experience with 168 patients

For large retrochiasmatic craniopharyngiomas, the bifrontal interhemispheric approach was used increasingly over the pterional approach and led to improved surgical results. Total tumor removal was accomplished in 45.7% of transcranial and 85.7% of transsphenoidal procedures. The main reasons for incomplete removal were attachment and/or infiltration of the hypothalamus, major calcifications, and attachment to vascular structures. The success rate in total tumor removal was inferior in the cases of tumor recurrence. The operative mortality rate in transcranial surgery was 1.1% in primary cases and 10.5% in cases of tumor recurrence. No patient died in the group undergoing transsphenoidal surgery. The rate of recurrence-free survival after total removal was 86.9% at 5 years and 81.3% at 10 years. In contrast, the 5-year recurrence-free survival rate was only 48.8% after subtotal removal and 41.5% after partial removal. Following primary surgery, the actuarial survival rate was 92.7% at 10 years, with the best results after complete tumor removal. At last follow up, 117 (79%) of 148 patients who underwent primary surgery were independent and without impairment.

Field of study: Medicine
The characteristics of IL-22 in Helicobacter pylori infection

To investigate the characteristics of IL-22 in Helicobacter pylori (H.pylori)infection. Thirty H.pyloripositive and fifteen H.pylori negative gastric biopsy specimens were enrolled,IL-22 mRNA expression was detected by real-time PCR and the protein level of IL-22 was determined by ELISA in gastric tissue.The H.pyloriand cell coculture system was established and IL-22 expression was measured by real-time PCR to investigate the main source of IL-22 in gastric tissue.The IL-22-producing T cell was examined by FCM in the gastric mucosa tissue. Gastric mucosal IL-22 mRNA and protein levels were significantly higher in H.pylori-positive patients than uninfected patients (P＜0.05).A H.pyloriand cell coculture system was established successfully and gastric epithelial cell and T cell were the main source of IL-22 in gastric tissue.IL-22 was produced by CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and these T cells were increased in H.pylori-infected gastric mucosa (P＜0.05).Conclusion IL-22 took part in H.pyloriinfection induced immune response and increased IL-22-producing T cells was the important feature of H.pyloriinfection. 
 
 
Helicobacter pylori infection;  IL-22 ;  T lymph cell

Field of study: Biology
${\ssr{PriWhisper}}$ : Enabling Keyless Secure Acoustic Communication for Smartphones

Short-range wireless communication technologies have been used in many security-sensitive smartphone applications and services such as contactless micro payment and device pairing. Typically, the data confidentiality of the existing short-range communication systems relies on so-called “key-exchange then encryption” mechanism, which is inefficient, especially for short communication sessions. In this work, we present PriWhisper-a keyless secure acoustic short-range communication system for smartphones. It is designed to provide a software-based solution to secure smartphone communication without the key agreement phase. PriWhisper adopts the emerging friendly jamming technique from radio communication for data confidentiality. The system prototype is implemented and evaluated on several Android smartphone platforms for efficiency and usability. We theoretically and experimentally analyze the security of our proposed acoustic communication system against eavesdropping. In particular, we study the (in)separability of the data signal and jamming signal against blind signal segmentation (BSS) attacks such as independent component analysis (ICA). The result shows that PriWhisper provides sufficient security guarantees for commercial smartphone applications and yet strong compatibilities with most legacy smartphone platforms. As an application, we also develop AcousAuth-a novel smart phone-empowered system for personal authentication.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Deterministic all-optical magnetization writing facilitated by non-local transfer of spin angular momentum

Ever since its discovery around a decade ago, all-optical magnetization switching (AOS) using femtosecond laser pulses has shown potential for future data storage and logic devices. In particular, single pulse helicity independent AOS in certain ferrimagnetic alloys and multilayers is highly efficient and ultrafast. However, in most cases it is a toggle mechanism, which is not desirable for applications. Here we experimentally demonstrate conversion from toggle switching to a deterministic mechanism by biasing AOS in a Co/Gd bilayer with a spin polarized current which is optically generated in an adjacent ferromagnetic reference layer. We show deterministic writing of an ‘up’ and ‘down’ state using a sequence of one or two pulses, respectively, and demonstrate the non-local origin by varying the magnitude of the generated spin current. Our demonstration of deterministic magnetization writing could provide an essential step towards the implementation of future optically addressable spintronic memory devices. Some magnetic materials can switch magnetization via a single laser pulse. However, while very fast, the mechanism is not deterministic. Here, the authors demonstrate a deterministic method of writing opposite magnetization states optically with a sequence of one or two laser pulses.

Field of study: Physics
Tyrosine Kinases Open Lymphocyte Chloride Channels

Osmotic swelling of lymphocytes opens outwardly rectifying Cl- channels (ORCC) through the src-like kinase p56lck. The central role of this tyrosine protein kinase has been shown by genetic and pharmacologic manipulation of the enzyme. Furthermore, p56lck activates ORCC independently of cell volume increase. ORCC in lymphocytes and epithelial cells from cystic fibrosis (CF) patients are resistant to activation by cAMP. However, osmotic swelling as well as intracellular purified p56lck can activate ORCC in CF lymphocytes. In non-CF lymphocytes ORCC is opened by either, intracellular cAMP, p56lck or by osmotic swelling. Osmotic activation of ORCC can be blocked by the tyrosine kinase inhibitor lavendustin in both cell types. Regulation of ORCC by p56lck thus represents an alternative pathway of stimulating membrane chloride conductance that is left functional in cystic fibrosis. In addition to osmoregulation these mechanisms could play a major role when cells actively change their volume, i.e. during proliferation and apoptosis. Activation of the tyrosine kinase p56lck is an important regulatory step for opening of chloride channels in lymphocytes.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Two parameters of a temporally defined schedule of negative reinforcement.

Temporal schedules of negative reinforcement were derived in a manner analogous to those for positive reinforcement, and two parametric studies were carried out with two of the three defining variables. With some limiting values of the defining variables, escape schedules result and data obtained at these values were similar to those obtained in escape studies. At other values of the defining variables avoidance behavior was generated.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Variación individual e indicios de variación geográfica en el canto territorial del chucao (Scelorchilus rubecula) en el centro-sur de Chile

Se evalua la variacion individual y geografica en los cantos territoriales de cinco poblaciones de Scelorchilus rubecula. Los resultados sugieren consistencia en los cantos a nivel individual y variacion entre individuos de S. rubecula. Esta alta consistencia de los cantos individuales (66 - 91 %), indican que algunas variables (i.e., duracion frase 1, FMA inicio frase 1, FMA final frase 2) pueden ser utilizadas para la identificacion individual, mientras que a nivel geografico/poblacional no se obtuvo una clara estructuracion.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
The Two and a Half Learning Model: A Consequence of Academic Dishonesty

Academic dishonesty has been regarded as a problem but not a visible and declared one in every type of educational setting from elementary school to graduate level all over the world. Dishonesty or misconduct in the academic realm covers plagiarism, fabrication, deception, cheating, bribery, sabotage, professorial misconduct and impersonation. Whisper Campaign is another misconduct that is employed to spread rumors about someone in order to hurt that person's reputation or the systematic dissemination by word of mouth of derogatory rumors or charges especially against a candidate for public office. This paper presents how whisper campaigns run in the academic world with the help of the experiences the author himself has had. In other words, this paper exhibits the process and stages of experimental learning of an adult academician who has been exposed to a whisper campaign which leads to a model of learning under adult learning: The two and a half learning model . In this model, two and half colleagues design and start a whisper campaign that covers five stages: Targeting, Rumor and gossip, Slander, Complaining and Enlightenment .  Academic misconduct, Adult learning, Two and a half learning model, Whisper campaign

Field of study: Education
Peak flow responses to landscape disturbances caused by the cataclysmic 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens, Washington

Years of discharge measurements that precede and follow the cataclysmic 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens, Washington, provide an exceptional opportunity to examine the responses of peak fl ows to abrupt, widespread, devastating landscape disturbance. Multiple basins surrounding Mount St. Helens (300‐1300 km 2 drainage areas) were variously disturbed by: (1) a debris avalanche that buried 60 km 2 of valley; (2) a lateral volcanic blast and associated pyroclastic fl ow that destroyed 550 km 2 of mature forest and blanketed the landscape with silt-capped lithic tephra; (3) debris fl ows that reamed riparian corridors and deposited tens to hundreds of centimeters of gravelly sand on valley fl oors; and (4) a Plinian tephra fall that blanketed areas proximal to the volcano with up to tens of centimeters of pumiceous silt, sand, and gravel. The spatially complex disturbances produced a variety of potentially compensating effects that interacted with and infl uenced hydrological responses. Changes to water transfer on hillslopes and to fl storage and routing along channels both enhanced and retarded runoff. Rapid posteruption modifi cations of hillslope surface textures, adjustments of channel networks, and vegetation recovery, in conjunction with the complex nature of the eruptive impacts and strong seasonal variability in regional climate hindered a consistent or persistent shift in peak discharges. Overall, we detected a short-lived (5‐10 yr) increase in the magnitudes of autumn and winter peak fl ows. In general, peak fl ows were larger, and moderate to large fl ows (>Q 2 yr ) were more substantively affected than predicted by early modeling efforts. Proportional increases in the magnitudes of both small and large fl ows in basins subject to severe channel disturbances, but not in basins subject solely to hillslope disturbances, suggest that eruptioninduced modifi cations to fleffi ciency along alluvial channels that have very mobile beds differentially affected fl ows of various magnitudes and likely played a prominent, and additional, role affecting the nature of the hydrological response.

Field of study: Geology