nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The role of convection in the standard fluid-mechanical model for morphogenesis

The effect of convection on reaction-diffusion instabilities in a visco-elastic medium is studied by using the standard continuum theory of a fluid mixture. The medium is assumed to be in local mechanical equilibrium, and convection is generated by pressure forces which arise if the equilibrium density of the medium changes with its composition. A linear stability analysis shows that reaction-diffusion instabilities proceeding from homogeneous steady states at rest are unmodified by induced convection to first order in concentration changes. We suggest that a non-linear analysis would show convection produces no new instabilities, as a linear analysis of inhomogeneous non-convecting stationary states shows that reaction-diffusion growth rates are reduced by convection at long wavelengths and are otherwise unchanged. For applications in embryology, numerical estimates suggest that convection can be ignored in reaction-diffusion mechanisms for pattern formation, and this conclusion is supported by a dimensional analysis.

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics
Synchronization of estrus with an intrauterine infusion of prostaglandin F2α and an intramuscular injection of LH-releasing hormone (LH-RH) in cows

放牧牛61頭(ホルスタイン種48頭,日本短角種13頭)において,黄体期に蒸留水0.75mlあるいは1.0mlに溶解したprostaglandin F2α(PGF2α) 3 mgあるいは4 mgを黄体の存在する卵巣と同側の子宮角内に注入した後,52~56時間に合成LH-RH200μg(A群16頭)あるいは合成LH-RHの類縁物質(ノナペプタイド)200μgを筋肉注射(B群13頭)して,処置後の発情発現と排卵の状況および初回発情の受胎性を,PGF2α子宮内注入単一処置(C群32頭)のそれと比較検討して,つぎの成績を得た。1. 発情発現は,処置後37~72時間にA群では10/16頭(62.5%),B群では10/13頭(76.9%),C群では26/32頭(81.3%)に集中して起こった。また,処置後73~108時間に発情したものは,C群の2/32頭(6.2%)のみでA,B両群ではみられなかった。2. 処置後132時間以内に無発情排卵を示した牛が,A群では6/16頭(37.5%),B群では3/13頭(23.1%)にみられ,C群の1/32頭(3.1%)と比べてかなり多かった。3. 排卵は,A群では処置後73~96時間に12/16頭(75.0%),B群では61~84時間に11/13頭(84.6%),C群では85~108時間に17/29頭(58.6%)に集中して起こった。また,処置牛の80%以上のものが排卵した時間帯は,C群と比べてA群では12時間,B群では24時間短く,合成LH-RHの併用によって排卵は早期に,しかも短い時間帯に集中して起こることを認めた。4. 処置後3~5日の間の授精により,発情徴候を発現した牛ではA群で6/9頭(66.7%),B群で6/10頭(60.0%),C群で21/28頭(75.0%)が受胎した。いっぽう,無発情排卵牛では,A,B,C各群でそれぞれ0/4頭,1/3頭,1/1頭が受胎した。5. 以上の成績から,PGF2αと合成LH-RHの併用によってかなり効果的に排卵を同期化することが可能なことを認めたが,この処置によって生ずる無発情排卵ならびにこれらの牛の低受胎性の原因については,今後の追究を必要とする。

Field of study: Biology
Factors associated with overhydration in peritoneal dialysis patients

Overhydration is a prevalent problem in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of several factors on the development of overhydration in PD patients.  The study was performed on 74 PD patients, who were divided into two groups according to bioimpedance analysis hydration status (OHBIA): Group A OHBIA < 1.1 L (n = 40) and Group B OHBIA ≥ 1.1 L (n = 34). The assessments of the adequacy of the dialysis dosage were based on the Kt/V ratio as well as weekly creatinine clearance. To evaluate the permeability of the peritoneal membrane a standard peritoneal equilibration test was used.  A statistically significant difference between the groups was found in: the average age of patients (53 ± 18 vs. 62 ± 14 years; p < 0.03), the prevalence of diabetes (27.5% vs. 55.9%; p < 0.02) and residual diuresis (1.7 ± 0.8 vs 1.2 ± 0.9 L; p < 0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in gender distribution, although attention is paid to the greater participation of male in overhydrated group. The study found no statistically significant differences between PD vintage, type of PD, assessment of adequacy of PD and other parameters describing the PD method. Logistic regression model selected diabetes (p < 0.03) as a significant risk factor for the occurrence of hypervolemia.  Diabetes and older age are potential predisposing factors for the development of overhydration in PD patients. Overhydrated PD patients may have relatively high parameters regarding adequacy of dialysis therapy. Probably the most important protective factor in PD patients is residual diuresis

Field of study: Medicine
Electromigration degradation mechanism for Pb-free flip-chip micro solder bumps

The electromigration (EM) of flip chip interconnect composed of Pb-free SnAgCu micro solder bump and Ni under bump metallization (UBM) is studied by accelerated current stress test. The process of void growth at the cathode side of the bump and resistance degradation process are investigated by physical analysis using SEM and Infrared microscope. EM degradation process for SnAgCu solder bump shows drastic change over time in degree of resistance shift owing to variation of contact diameter and UBM layer structure. UBM metal diffusion and local Joule heating caused by current crowding play important roles in voiding degradation process.

Field of study: Engineering
Children's Thinking in Arithmetic Word Problem Solving.

AbstractChildren’s arithmetic problem solving was studied in the context of addition and subtraction word problems, half of each kind requiring carrying or borrowing. Response latency and error data indicated that subtraction was uniformly more difficult than addition and that carrying or borrowing introduced extra difficulty as well. Analysis of the kinds of errors children made was conducted in terms of the important distinction between systematic rule-based errors, “bugs,” and nonsystematic calculation or working memory errors, termed “slips.” The subjects’ verbal reports were also analyzed, revealing a rich variety of strategies used in solving the problems. Aside from using the taught algorithm for two-digit additions or subtractions, subjects demonstrated many “invented” strategies, many of them tailored to the nature of the problem being solved. The understanding of children’s word problem solutions in terms of flexible strategy use and the realization that many errors have a lawful, systematic bas...

Field of study: Education
Household Debt and Income Distribution

Our previous work argued that the official U.S. poverty definition is flawed because it ignores interest paid on household debt. When it was developed in the early 1960s, this was not a problem because U.S. households had little consumer debt. Today, most households have considerable consumer debt and are paying high interest rates on that debt. This paper argues that what is true of poverty is likewise true of income inequality indices, such as the gini coefficient and the percentage of middle-class families. Interest payments on past debt reduce the income that households have to maintain a certain standard of living. A problem (such as a bout of unemployment, the expenses of having a new baby, or a health problem) leads to borrowing that tends to reduce household living standards in the long run. This phenomenon is not captured in standard measures of income equality. We then use the Survey of Consumer Finances to correct this problem, estimating income inequality both before and after subtracting interest payments on consumer debt. Finally, we discuss why these different measures have increased over time and conclude with some policy proposals to deal with the problem of substantial consumer debt interest payments.

Field of study: Economics
Selective Removal of Cu2+ Ion in Aqueous Solution by Poly (Acrylic Acid/Acrylamide) Hydrogel

Heavy metal pollutants pose a serious threat to the environment and the health of organisms. This study explored the basic characteristics of poly (acrylic acid)/acrylamide (PAAAM) hydrogel, and evaluated its application in heavy metal ions removal from simulated and real electroplating wastewater. The results showed that PAAAM displayed the highest swelling ratio and adsorption capacity of 5% AM. The swelling ratio of 5%-AM-PAAAM reached 30000% in pH 4.0–7.0. The adsorption of Cu2+ and Ni2+ reached equilibrium in 60 min, with the maximum adsorption capacities of 159.45 and 107.68 mg/g, respectively. The adsorption kinetics fitted the pseudo-second-order model and the adsorption isotherm followed the Langmuir model, exhibiting an exothermic adsorption process. In competitive removal process, 5%-AM-PAAAM showed selective adsorption to Cu2+ than Ni2+ in aquatic solution. The adsorption mechanism was related to the O-H groups in acrylic acid based on X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) detection. In summary, 5%-AM-PAAAM was a specific adsorbent for Cu2+ in aquatic solution with high Cu2+ concentration.

Field of study: Chemistry
Large-scale integration of small molecule-induced genome-wide transcriptional responses, Kinome-wide binding affinities and cell-growth inhibition profiles reveal global trends characterizing systems-level drug action

The Library of Integrated Network-based Cellular Signatures (LINCS) project is a large-scale coordinated effort to build a comprehensive systems biology reference resource. The goals of the program include the generation of a very large multidimensional data matrix and informatics and computational tools to integrate, analyze, and make the data readily accessible. LINCS data include genome-wide transcriptional signatures, biochemical protein binding profiles, cellular phenotypic response profiles and various other datasets for a wide range of cell model systems and molecular and genetic perturbations. Here we present a partial survey of this data facilitated by data standards and in particular a robust compound standardization workflow; we integrated several types of LINCS signatures and analyzed the results with a focus on mechanism of action (MoA) and chemical compounds. We illustrate how kinase targets can be related to disease models and relevant drugs. We identified some fundamental trends that appear to link Kinome binding profiles and transcriptional signatures to chemical information and biochemical binding profiles to transcriptional responses independent of chemical similarity. To fill gaps in the datasets we developed and applied predictive models. The results can be interpreted at the systems level as demonstrated based on a large number of signaling pathways. We can identify clear global relationships, suggesting robustness of cellular responses to chemical perturbation. Overall, the results suggest that chemical similarity is a useful measure at the systems level, which would support phenotypic drug optimization efforts. With this study we demonstrate the potential of such integrated analysis approaches and suggest prioritizing further experiments to fill the gaps in the current data.

Field of study: Biology
Synthesis, characterization and dc conductivity studies of polyaniline / chromium oxide composites

Conducting polyaniline/Chromiumoxide (PANI/Cr2O3) composites have been synthesized by insitu deposition technique by placing fine graded Cr2O3 in polymerizationmixture of aniline. The composites are characterized by employing X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and Infrared (IR) spectroscopy. It is observed from the XRD studies that Cr2O3 has retained its structure even though it is dispersed in PANI during polymerization reaction. By observation of IR spectra, it is seen that some of the characteristic stretching frequencies are considerably shifted towards higher frequency side. The surface morphology of these composites was studied by Scanning electron microscope (SEM). Highmagnification SEMimage reveals the presence of Cr2O3 particles (cenospheres) in PANI, which are homogeneously distributed through out the composite sample. The dc conductivity was studied in the temperature range from 40-150 0C. It can be seen that the value of conductivity increases up to 30 wt%of Cr2O3 in PANI and then decreases there after. The dimensions of Cr2O3particles in the matrix have greater influence on the conductivity value.

Field of study: Materials science
Deuteron photodisintegration with polarized lasers

A model independent theoretical analysis of recent experimental data on deuteron photodisintegration with polarized laser beams is presented. We find that it is important to distinguish between the three isovector E1 amplitudes $E1_v^j$ in reaction channels with total angular momentum $j=0,1,2$ and that the isoscalar M1 amplitude $M1_s$ is non-zero in the photon energy range $3.5 MeV < E_\gamma < 10 MeV$

Field of study: Physics
The Direct Effect of Personal Relevance on Attitudes

The personal relevance of several academic and public policy proposals was manipulated, in the absence of any persuasive message, in two studies using a survey methodology and in two laboratory studies. Results generally showed that high personal relevance attitudes differed from low personal relevance attitudes. These results seem to indicate that a high-relevance version of a policy proposal is not the same attitude object as the low-relevance version of the same proposal. In expectancy-value terms, relevance manipulations may affect the valued consequences of a policy that come to mind. Framing a question in high-versus low-relevance terms can increase the accessibility of different object attributes. Implications for interpreting personal relevance findings in persuasion research are also discussed.

Field of study: Psychology
High performance of solution-processed SnO2 thin-film transistors by promotion of photo-exposure time-dependent carrier transport during the pre-annealing stage

We fabricate high-performance solution-processed SnO2 thin-film transistors (TFTs) exhibiting improved carrier transport features by exposing the ultraviolet/ozone (UV/O3) on the SnO2 film during the pre-annealing stage. The SnO2 layer is treated with different UV/O3-exposure times from 0 to 60 min before the post-annealing step. As UV/O3-exposure time increases from 0 to 30 min, the M-O-M (M, metal; and O, oxygen) network, mass density, and oxygen vacancies of films are enhanced. In contrast, the M-O-M network and mass density decrease, while the oxygen vacancies rather increase when the UV/O3-exposure time reaches 60 min beyond 30 min. The SnO2 (Sn4+) phase, thickness, and surface morphology of SnO2 films are not considerably changed regardless of UV/O3-exposure time. When the UV/O3-exposure time is 30 min, devices demonstrate superior field-effect mobility (10.1 cm2V−1s−1) at approximately 2 times higher than TFT without UV/O3-exposure. Furthermore, SnO2 TFT with UV/O3-exposure time for 30 min shows improved subthreshold-swing characteristics and a high on/off current ratio. These devices are adequate for use in high-resolution active-matrix LCDs or OLED displays that demand a high field-effect mobility (> 10 cm2V−2s−1) and on/off ratio (> 106).

Field of study: Materials science
British Populism: The Labour Party and the Common Market Parliamentary Debate

The Common Market controversy in Great Britain has important implications for all students of Western "postindustrial" democracies because it is a case study of the phenomenon of populism. The meaning of populism is often elusive because, reflecting vague and contradictory feelings of discontent, it possesses little doctrinal coherence or common programmatic content. A basic working definition of populism is the belief that the majority 'opinion of the people is checked by an elitist minority. This view is reflected in parochial, conservative, and individualistic attitudes. Although the appeal of populism transcends party lines, it raises a particular threat to the power and unity of a country's major left-center party. Much of the mass working-class base -of the party is attracted to the antielitism of populism even though the attitudes associated with it seem contrary to "established" liberal principles. Moreover, the party's middle-class members, in reacting against what they consider these popular aberrations, begin to express doubts about the underlying wisdom of democratic majority rule, thereby further undermining liberal principles. Thus, a deep subterranean intraparty conflict has surfaced in modern politics, pitting populism against an elitist liberalism. Such a battle emerged in the late 196os and early 1970S in the British Labour party, shaped in large measure by its character and previous history. The usual power pattern within the party has found a middle-class right wing in control, supported by the leadership of the trade unions, where the mass of the member-

Field of study: Political science
The International Development (Official Development Assistance Target) Act 2015: Legislative Spending Targets, Poverty Alleviation and Aid Scrutiny

With the enactment of the International Development (Official Development Assistance Target) Act 2015, the United Kingdom has enshrined an aid target in law. It is now under a legal duty to spend 0.7% of Gross National Income (GNI) each year on aid. This article assesses the implications of enshrining a spending target for development assistance in law. It argues that commentators have focused their analyses too narrowly on the legal target and that it is in fact the mechanisms for scrutinising development assistance contained in section 5 of the new Act that will be important in future. This is because judicial scrutiny of aid spending is a remote possibility as a result of the International Development Act 2002. The article provides an analysis of the new legislation in the context of the UK's now detailed legislative framework for international development aid and concludes that this framework is far from satisfactory.

Field of study: Law
Estimating inter-personal deformation with multi-scale modelling between expression for three-dimensional face recognition

The goal of comparing two three-dimensional (3D) facial models is to decide if they belong to a certain subject or not. Selecting discriminative feature is challenging when taking expressions into consideration, since intra-personal and inter-personal disparities exist simultaneously in the residue of two finely registered models. The intra-personal deformation caused by expressions is the main factor decreasing the recognition performance of matching algorithms. A proposed multi-scale model addresses this issue by approximating expression changes in a two-step process. Employing manifold harmonics, the model decomposes a face into three components according to its frequency domains. Low-frequency components are used to estimate the intra-personal residue in the second step. Experiments conducted on the face recognition grand challenge version 2 dataset demonstrate the benefit of our scheme over the rigid matching method. An extensive performance evaluation shows that the proposed approach is promising for dealing with expression distortions in 3D face recognition.

Field of study: Computer science
Bait and switch philosophy

Many philosophers employ an intellectual division of labour. Philosophy tells us what the truth conditions of various philosophically interesting sentences are. For example, atomic sentences containing numerals are sentences containing singular terms putatively referring to numbers; sentences about what could be are sentences quantifying over possible worlds and so on. Some discipline outside of philosophy (such as mathematics or common sense) tells us that certain of these sentences are true. The purported result is that such philosophically controversial entities as numbers and possible worlds have been shown to exist. I criticize this ‘twin-track strategy’ and try to show that the two components conflict rather than complement each other

Field of study: Philosophy
Investigating of the exclusive reaction of π+π− pair electroproduction on a proton bound in a deuteron

Preliminary results from analyzing π+π− pair electroproduction on a proton bound in a deuteron are presented. Procedures for considering the Fermi motion of the initial proton in the deuteron and assessing the effects of interaction in the final states are developed. The yield of the reaction ep(n) → e′p′(n′)π+π− is obtained for the first time.

Field of study: Physics
Modification and Validation of GLEAMS for Prediction of Phosphorus Leaching in Waste-Amended Soils

Excess phosphorus applied to soils with low P adsorption capacities can enter surface water via leaching and subsurface transport, thereby negatively impacting water quality. Computer simulation models can be used to describe the effects of management practices on P leaching losses, provided the models are appropriately validated. The objectives of this research were to modify and validate P subroutines in the GLEAMS (Groundwater Loading Effects of Agricultural Management Systems) model to more accurately reflect P sorption and desorption, and then use the modified model to determine crop and waste management effects on long-term P leaching losses below the root zone of a grazed pasture with >20-year history of swine lagoon liquid application and considerable P buildup in the soil profile. GLEAMS was modified with the Langmuir equation to partition labile P between adsorbed and solution phases. The modification improved predictions of percolate P concentrations and soil P accumulation in acid sandy soils receiving waste-based P additions. The modification also increased model sensitivity to changes in crop and P management. The modified model predicted that P-based swine lagoon liquid applications would decrease P leaching by >20 kg ha-1 year-1 compared to N-based applications. Eliminating all P applications decreased the predicted P leaching losses by less than 1 kg ha-1 year-1 compared to P-based swine lagoon liquid application. Results show that P can continue leaching from P-saturated soils even in the absence of P additions.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
The Triassic of the Thakkhola (Nepal). II: Paleolatitudes and comparison with other Eastern Tethyan Margins of Gondwana

During the Triassic, the Thakkhola region of the Nepal Himalaya was part of the broad continental shelf of Gondwana facing a wide Eastern Tethys ocean. This margin was continuous from Arabia to Northwest Australia and spanned tropical and temperate latitudes.A compilation of Permian, Triassic and early Jurassic paleomagnetic data from the reconstructed Gondwana blocks indicates that the margin was progressively shifting northward into more tropical latitudes. The Thakkhola region was approximately 55° S during Late Permian, 40° S during Early Triassic, 30° S during Middle Triassic and 25° S during Late Triassic. This paleolatitude change produced a general increase in the relative importance of carbonate deposition through the Triassic on the Himalaya and Australian margins. Regional tectonics were important in governing local subsidence rates and influx of terrigenous clastics to these Gondwana margins; but eustatic sea-level changes provide a regional and global correlation of major marine transgressions, prograding margin deposits and shallowing-upward successions. A general mega-cycle characterizes the Triassic beginning with a major transgression at the base of the Triassic, followed by a general shallowing-upward of facies during Middle and Late Triassic, and climaxing with a regression in the latest Triassic.

Field of study: Environmental science
Spontaneous and induced blocking and unblocking of phloem transport

Steady-state labelling with 11CO2 was used to observe the blocking of phloem transport, induced by chilling short regions of stems or petioles of velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti Medic.) or cotton (Gossipium hirsutum L.). The abruptness of these blockages was evidenced by sharp decreases in 11C activity below, and increases above a 2 to 3 cm region cooled from 28°C to 18 or 13°C for periods as short as 2 min. Abrupt unblocking of transport in velvetleaf occurred a few minutes after rewarming, as evidenced by a sharp rise and and overshoot in 11C activity. Recovery of transport in cotton was more prolonged and was marked by occasional spontaneous blocking and unblocking of transport at various points along the petiole or stem, not necessarily in the cooled region. Similar spontaneous events were often observed in undisturbed cotton plants, but only rarely in velvetleaf.

Field of study: Environmental science