nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Discussion on Teaching Methods of C Language Programming Course

C Language Programming is an important basic course of computer science and technology major course system,to cultivate students' ability of analyzing and solving problems,improve the students' ability of practical research,etc.,all have important status and role of cannot be ignored.According to the characteristics of C Language Programming course,emphasizes the close combination of theory and practice,pays attention to the practicability of theory,in view of the teaching content,teaching methods and means,teaching method of practice teaching aspect and so on some preliminary exploration and practice.

Field of study: Computer science
High variability in the exposure of baclofen in alcohol-dependent patients.

Baclofen is a GABA-B receptor agonist used in the treatment of spasticity. Recently, baclofen is used out of its label to decrease craving of alcoholic patients. Its optimal use in these patients requires further pharmacokinetic information. The objective of this study was to characterize the pharmacokinetics of baclofen in alcohol-dependent patients. Randomized clinical trials are ongoing to evaluate the efficacy for this new indication.



Thirty-seven outpatients (weight: 74.0 kg [42.0 to 104.0]; age: 49 years [31 to 68]) followed in the addictology unit were studied. Total mean dose of 77.9 mg (30 to 240) per day was administered by oral route. Therapeutic drug monitoring allowed the measurement of 139 plasma concentrations. The following covariates were evaluated: demographic data (age, body weight, height, sex), biological data (creatinine, urea, AST, ALT, albumin, PR, VGM, PAL, CDT, GGT), and tobacco consumption (number of cigarettes and Fagerstrom test). Pharmacokinetic analysis was performed by using a nonlinear mixed-effect population model (NONMEM 7.2 software).



Data were modeled with a 1-compartment pharmacokinetic model. The population typical mean (95% confidence interval [95% CI]) values for clearance (CL), apparent volume of distribution (V), and rate constant of absorption (Ka) were 9.9 l/h (9.0 to 11.1), 80.7 l (63.6 to 96.9), and 4.6/h (1.5 to 19.9), respectively. The interindividual variability of CL (95% CI) and V (95% CI), and residual variability (95% CI) were 56.0% (47.9 to 60.7), 68.3% (48.7 to 80.1), and 0.096 mg/l (0.079 to 0.107), respectively.



Baclofen exhibited a linear pharmacokinetics with a proportional relationship from 30 to 240 mg per day, the dose range currently used in alcoholic patients. A wide interpatient variability was observed which could not be explained by the covariates. This high variation of baclofen exposure may explain the lack of response observed for some patients.

Field of study: Medicine
The influence of interface roughness on Mössbauer filtration of synchrotron radiation at an isotope interface.

The influence of interface irregularities on synchrotron radiation Mössbauer filtration at an isotope interface is examined theoretically. Calculations are performed for a random-roughness interface model for a (56)Fe/(57)Fe isotope interface. The analysis shows that, despite a drop in the efficiency in the real structures compared with the idealized structures, the efficiency of Mössbauer filtration of synchrotron radiation remains high enough to ensure a successful experiment. In particular it was found that, as well as a regular saw-like profile of the external interface, a randomly rough profile of the external interface may also be used in the Mössbauer filtration experiment if the roughness parameters satisfy certain demands.

Field of study: Physics
Series solutions to linear integral equations

Linear Volterra-type integral equations with kernels having a series expansion in the first variable have series solutions with coefficients given iteratively. Their resolvents may be expanded likewise. The associated homogeneous equation K f = f generally has Frobenius series solutions when the kernel is singular, whereas K f = 0 generally has such solutions regardless of singularity: the proviso in each case is that associated “indicial equation” has solutions.

Field of study: Mathematics
Men are at increased risk of amiodarone-associated thyrotoxicosis in the UK.

Sir,

Amiodarone is associated with both thyrotoxicosis and  Previous estimates of the frequency of thyroid problems in amiodarone users have been based on small numbers of patients or hospital clinic populations. They range from 1% to 23% for thyrotoxicosis and from 1% to 32% for hypothyroidism.2 Amiodarone-associated thyrotoxicosis (AAT) seems commoner in men.3,,4 This could reflect a bias toward greater use of amiodarone by males, who are at increased risk of cardiovascular disease.

In South Worcestershire, all chronic prescribing of amiodarone is done in primary care. The BNF guideline of 6-monthly thyroid function testing in such patients is recommended. We estimated the frequency of amiodarone-associated thyroid disease by examining the occurrence of both AAT and amiodarone-associated hypothyroidism (AAH) in …

Field of study: Medicine
Genomic Education at Scale: The Benefits of Massive Open Online Courses for the Healthcare Workforce

To support the delivery of the UK’s 100,000 Genomes Project, Health Education England’s Genomics Education Programme developed a suite of resources, including a 3-week Massive Open Online Course (MOOC) on whole genome sequencing via the FutureLearn platform. This MOOC is a synchronous learning event, with course educators and mentors (NHS healthcare science trainees in genomics) facilitating the experience in real time. Crucially, the platform allows participants to interact and learn from each other’s experiences. The evaluation of the course was considered from the learners’ and mentors’ perspectives. Perceptions of course relevance were examined through analysis of learner comments made throughout the course and responses to an end-of-course survey. Evaluation of mentors’ experiences focused on how prepared they felt to undertake their role and the value and benefit of their experience. Data was collected through a mixed methods study after the first two runs of the course. Here we present findings from 440 learners who provided end-of-course reflections, 360 learners who completed the post-course survey and 14 mentors who facilitated the course. The course met learners’ needs by providing a greater understanding of whole genome sequencing and the application of this technology in healthcare. Learners also highly valued the engagement with mentors. Mentors appreciated the experience and identified areas of professional development gained through the mentoring experience. Our findings show that a team of specialist healthcare course mentors engaging with a range of different healthcare professional MOOC learners in online conversation can enhance the learners’ experiences and provide a beneficial continuing professional development opportunity for mentors.

Field of study: Biology
The CERES S'COOL Project

In recent years, an education plan has been a required part of most proposals for new scientific research funding from NASA. Likewise, the National Science Foundation considers “integration of research and education” as one of its principal strategies. As a result, many scientists are seeking effective ways to incorporate education into their work. This article shares important lessons learned by one group of scientists embarking on outreach efforts. Experience with the Students' Cloud Observations On-line (S'COOL) Project, the educational outreach portion of the Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) investigation, yields lessons that may help other scientists to develop useful outreach efforts. CERES scientists developed S'COOL over a 15-month period, with direct involvement and feedback from teachers. S'COOL has continued to evolve, thanks to ongoing feedback from participants. As a result, the project has been quite successful, currently involving over 1400 registered participan...

Field of study: Environmental science
A Novel Joint Multitarget Estimator for Multi-Bernoulli Models

In this paper, the joint multitarget (JoM) estimator proposed for the joint target detection and tracking (JoTT) filter is reformulated for the Gaussian mixture (GM) implementations of the multitarget multi-Bernoulli (MeMBer) filters. For this purpose, a mode-finding algorithm is employed to search for the most significant mode of a GM density. Thus, the maximum a posterior (MAP) estimates of Bernoulli targets are determined. In addition, the multi-Bernoulli versions of the two conflicting objective functions for the Pareto-optimal value of the unknown JoM estimation constant are derived. Simulations compare the performance of the proposed JoM estimator with that of the marginal multitarget (MaM) estimator in a multitarget tracking scenario, where the probability of target detection is a function of target states. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed JoM estimator outperforms the MaM estimator under moderately low-observable conditions. This is because the incomplete cost function of the MaM estimator is not adequate to obtain accurate cardinality estimates of targets without considering how well targets are localized. Nevertheless, the proposed JoM estimator may suffer from track termination latency more than the MaM estimator due to the definition of its cost function.

Field of study: Engineering
4 Deal Roadblocks and How to Steer around Them

Few CEOs or CFOs would have such a high level of trust across the table that they could close a deal after a brief conversation and a handshake. Instead, they might engage in buy-side due diligence, scrutinizing every number and negotiating hard for the best sale price. In some cases, companies can spend great amounts of time and money but never complete the deal. Three areas that receive the most scrutiny during this process are quality of earnings, tax exposure, and IT integration. Cultural fit of the organizations, while sometimes overlooked, is the fourth area that can lead to acquisition derailment. The best move around these potential roadblocks is sell-side due diligence, for which benefits far outweigh upfront costs. Quality of earnings. Typically, buy-side due diligence involves tearing apart the balance sheet and profit-and-loss statements and normalizing EBITDA (earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization) for what buyers think it may look like when they take over operations. They will identify atypical accounting policies, missing accruals, one-off transactions, and tax impacts. By closely examining business operations, they will identify pro forma adjustments to EBITDA affecting deal value. Any surprises uncovered during due diligence will leave a buyer feeling uncertain about whether there are other undiscovered issues. This will impact the purchase price as the buyer seeks to mitigate its risk. Tax exposure and deal structure. Taxes can be a roadblock for both sides in a deal. For the purchaser, the problem is potential unknown tax liabilities. For the seller, it is how to structure the deal to minimize tax impacts to shareholders.  Potential liabilities may exist for the purchaser from federal and state returns, payroll tax liabilities, sales and use taxes, franchise tax, and multistate jurisdictions for tax years preceding the deal that are still open under the statute of limitation. But the biggest tax risk is unknown liabilities that could arise after the sale is complete. For the seller and its shareholders, it is imperative to look at the tax implications of the deal structure. There are many options and nuances to consider in determining whether an asset or stock sale is most appropriate and what the tax consequences will be. IT integration. Information technology is vital for business operations. Given its complexities, IT should not be an afterthought during the deal process. While companies are often focused on the financial aspects of an acquisition, IT can make or break a successful integration that creates value. …

Field of study: Business
System size dependence of nuclear modification and azimuthal anisotropy of jet quenching

We investigate the system size dependence of jet quenching by analysing transverse momentum spectra of neutral pions in Au+Au and Cu+Cu collisions at =200 GeV for different centralities. The fast partons are assumed to lose energy by radiating gluons as they traverse the plasma and undergo multiple collisions. The energy loss per collision, ?, is taken as proportional to E (where E is the energy of the parton), proportional to , or a constant depending on whether the formation time of the gluon is less than the mean path, greater than the mean-free path but less than the path length, or greater than the path length of the partons, respectively. NLO pQCD is used to evaluate pion production by modifying the fragmentation function to account for the energy loss. We reproduce the nuclear modification factor RAA by treating ? as the only free parameter, depending on the centrality and the mechanism of energy loss. These values are seen to explain the nuclear modification of prompt photons caused by the energy lost by final state quarks before they fragment into photons. These also reproduce the azimuthal asymmetry of transverse momentum distribution for pions within a factor of 2 and for prompt photons in fair agreement with experimental data.

Field of study: Physics
Learner Centeredness Based Methodology- A Motivation Enhancer in the Development of Cohesiveness in Emotive Writing at the Undergraduate Level in Pakistani Universities

For non-native learners of a language the most challenging task seems to express themselves powerfully and appropriately both in oral and written forms. This lack of command is often frustrating, hence demotivating. Lowering of motivation level, in turn, hinders the development of communication skills, more so in case of written expressions. This was borne out by personal experience of the researchers while teaching English as a second language at tertiary level in the universities of Pakistan. It is also felt that the teaching methodology used at this level, which is generally teacher-centered, is to partly blame for lack of proficiency in English in Pakistan because it denies the learners opportunity to practice communication skills. Learner-centred approach, instead, does the exactly opposite, providing ample chances to the learners to communicate, which in turn, enhance their motivation level to learn. Thus, the challenge in ELT in Pakistan can be tackled by bring about a paradigm shift in teaching methodology. This paper aims to experiment the learner-centeredness approach as a means of enhancing motivation to see whether the shift in the methodology can offer a solution to the long-standing issue. For the purpose of this study,50 students at FAST-NU Lahore Campus were chosen for experimental study following learner-centered activities. Their feedback was obtained through a questionnaire after the experimental teaching. The study demonstrated clearly that the learner-centered methodology was effective in enhancing the level of motivation for learning English. The learners’ opinions showed that their writing improved a great deal and they felt confident in expressing themselves as a consequence of practice they received. The study on the basis of its finding recommends that the learner-centered approach should be applied at large scale to bring about a qualitative change in ELT provision in Pakistan. However, for this purpose the teachers have to be trained to understand the theoretical underpinning of this approach and should be equipped with a repertoire of techniques to implement this rather new paradigm. For this purpose, large scale training program needs to be implemented to achieve fruitful results.  Enhancer, Learner Centeredness, Emotive Writing, Cohesiveness.

Field of study: Education
The Application of Ant Colony Algorithm in QoS

Ant colony algorithm is one kind of new-type heuristically optimizing algorithms, based on ant colony systematic principles, having ability to organize itself. In order to solve the problem that QOS route , this paper utilizes the characteristic of ant colony algorithm that can look for the shortest-path to solve the bandwidth and delay. This paper just focus on the application of colony algorithm in the QOS.

Field of study: Computer science
Kinetics of enzymatic modification of quercetin with cysteine by horseradish peroxidase.

The kinetic mechanism of enzymatic modification of flavonol quercetin with L-cysteine by horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was studied. Reaction of modification of quercetin was followed by recording spectral changes over time at 380 nm. All reactions were performed in 100 mM phosphate buffer pH, 6.0 at 20 degrees C. Kinetic parameters were determined from graphics of linear Michaelis-Menten equation. The values obtained at specified intervals were: V(max) = 0.17 divided by 0.91 deltaA380/min, K(m) = 0.023 divided by 0.5 mM, k(cat) = 0.21 divided by 1.14 deltaA380/min x nM(-1) and V(max)/K(m) = 0.83 divided by 26.55 deltaA380/min x mM(-1). It was found that all investigated reactions of the modification of quercetin with L-cysteine by HRP followed an ordered mechanism. We propose that HRP initially reacts with H2O2 than with quercetin and finally with L-cysteine, leading to the introduction of L-cysteine in the structure of quercetin.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Physics
The Life of Niccolo Machiavelli

1. Early Life and Education 2. Niccolo Machiavelli Secretary 3. The First Commission 4. The First Mission to France 5. The Rebellions of Subject States and the Campaigns of Caesar Borgia 6. The Mission to Caesar Borgia 7. The First Roman Legation 8. The Second Mission to France The First "Decannale" The Militia 9. The Florentine Histories The Second Legation to Julius II 10. The German Legation The War and the Retaking of Pisa 11. Mission to Mantua and Verona. The Third Mission to France. 12. The Twelfth Hour 13. "Sorrowful Macchiavelli" 14. The "Idleness" of Sant'Andrea: The Discourses and the Prince 15. Love and Suffering 16.  The Ass, Mandragola, Belfagor 17. The "Life of Castruccio" and the "art of War". Histories for Florins. 18. The Legation to the Fanciscans 19. Niccolo Machiavelli, Historian 20. Niccolo Machiavelli, Historian and Comedian 21. Niccolo Machiavelli, "Historian, Comic and Tragic Author" 22. "Sixty Years" 23. The End. 24. The Unarmed Prophet

Field of study: Political science
An autopsy case of sudden unexpected death with loxoprofen sodium-induced allergic eosinophilic coronary periarteritis.

Although the cause of eosinophilic coronary periarteritis (ECPA) remains unclear, an allergic background is present in fewer patients than expected. A 50-year-old man with no history of allergy or symptoms suggestive of cardiac or respiratory disorders suddenly died shortly after oral administration of loxoprofen sodium. Autopsy showed eosinophilic coronary periarteritis in three main branches of the coronary arteries, characterized by eosinophil-predominant inflammation without fibrinoid necrosis or granulomatous change in the adventitia and its surroundings of the three main branches of the coronary arteries, in addition to the localized sign of bronchial asthma in the lung. Immunohistochemical examination showed that many mast cells positive for human mast cell tryptase were evident in the perivascular tissue containing peripheral nerve trunks. Whereas the blood concentration of loxoprofen sodium was within the therapeutic range, significant elevation of the serum histamine and tryptase levels was found. The present case suggests that eosinophilic coronary periarteritis may be caused by a type I allergic reaction in some patients and that loxoprofen sodium can trigger a life-threatening type I allergic reaction, including eosinophilic coronary periarteritis, leading to sudden unexpected death.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Many-to-many matching for social-aware minimized redundancy caching in D2D-enabled cellular networks

To relieve the heavy data transmission pressure caused by duplicate requests from user equipments (UEs) on base stations (BSs), edge caching is envisioned as an effective method to help BSs for traffic offloading. In D2D networks, pre-cache the various files for mobile users is a crucial issue to improve the network performance. Therefore, an effective cache placement scheme is necessary to reduce cache redundancy and capacity waste. In this paper, the cache placement problem is investigated for cache redundancy reduction. Considering that users’ mobility has a non-negligible impact on the system performance, we model the users’ mobility as a continuous-time Markov chain (CTMC) in which the user’s encounter probability is estimated using the historical contact time and inter-contact time among users. Then, the contact intensity and the interest similarity are modeled to represent social relationship intensity among users. Integrating the users’ mobility with the social relationship, a social relationship graph is constructed. Subsequently, we formulate the file placement problem as a many-to-many matching problem and we propose a novel file placement algorithm to make decisions on cache placement based on the social relationship graph with low computational complexity and low caching redundancy. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm can achieve better performance compared with the existing caching placement schemes under the limited storage capacity.

Field of study: Computer science
Mixed conduction in sodium vanadium bronze

The ionic and electronic conduction in α'-Na x V 2 O 5 prepared by the solid state reaction has been investigated. The electronic conductivity is nearly equal to the total conductivity and depends on the V 4+ ion concentration. The Na + ion conductivity was measured by a dc technique. The building up and decaying curves obtained at the transient polarization phenomena were analyzed by using a certain approximation for the steady state in order to save experimental time. The typical ionic conductivities were relatively low, namely 3×10 −6 and 2×10 −1 S cm−1 at 300°C for the samples of x =1.0 and 0.8, respectively which seemed to be dependent on the number of vacant Na + ion sites.

Field of study: Materials science
Chaotic Equilibrium Dynamics in Endogenous Growth Models

We study a class of two-sector endogenous growth models in the presence of a positive external effect. The class of models exhibits global indeterminacy of equilibria. The qualitative properties of a set of examples are analyzed by means of analytical and numerical methods. We also construct robust examples of both topological and ergodic chaos. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers: E30, O41.

Field of study: Economics