nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
In-situ creation and control of Josephson junctions with a laser beam

We propose the use of a laser beam tightly focused on a superconducting strip to create a Josephson junction by the photothermal effect. The critical current of this junction can be easily controlled by the laser intensity. We show that a periodic modulation of the intensity substantially changes the dynamic properties of the junction and results in the appearance of Shapiro steps without microwave radiation. The experimental realization of optically driven Josephson junctions may open a way for the ultrafast creation and switching of complex patterns of superconducting devices with tunable geometry and current-phase relations.We propose the use of a laser beam tightly focused on a superconducting strip to create a Josephson junction by the photothermal effect. The critical current of this junction can be easily controlled by the laser intensity. We show that a periodic modulation of the intensity substantially changes the dynamic properties of the junction and results in the appearance of Shapiro steps without microwave radiation. The experimental realization of optically driven Josephson junctions may open a way for the ultrafast creation and switching of complex patterns of superconducting devices with tunable geometry and current-phase relations.

Field of study: Physics
Laboratory Simulation Study on Testing and Monitoring of Refuse Landfill Through Electrical Method

Leakage of garbage leachate from refuse landfill can cause pollution to surrounding soil, surface water and underground water, and thus can bring serious damage to our environment. Hence, it is very important to develop a real-time leakage survey system for refuse landfill. In traditional electrical survey method used for refuse landfill, the key point of potentiometric method lies in seepage spot detection while that of resistivity method lies in leachate migration monitoring. At present, there are very few garbage leakage survey systems which can combine these two methods together. By conducting laboratory simulation on the leakage monitoring mechanism of refuse landfill through electrical method, this thesis studied the differences between potentiometric method and resistivity method. Through analysis of actual measurement result data, feasibility of refuse landfill leakage survey system that can monitor seepage spots and leakage scale at the same time has been verified.

Field of study: Engineering
Local Gauge and Magnetic Translation Groups

Tle magnetic translation group was introduced as a set of operators T(R) = exp{—iR.(p-cA/c)/h]. However, these operators commute with the Hamiltonian for an electron in a periodic potential and a uniform magnetic field if the vector potential Α (the gauge) is chosen in a symmetric way. It is showed that a local gauge field AR (r) on a crystal lattice leads to operators, which commute with the Hamiltonian for any (global) gauge field _ Α (r). Such choice of the local gauge determines a factor system ω(11, R') = T(R)T(R')T(R + R') -1 , which depends on a global gauge only. Moreover, for any potential Α a commutator Τ(R)T(R')T(R) -1 T(R') -1 depends only on the magnetic field and not on the gauge. PACS numbers: 02.20.-a, 71.45.—d, 11.15.Ha, 05.50.+q

Field of study: Physics
Characterization of antibacterial nanocomposites of polyethylene terephthalate filled with nanosilver-doped carbon black

A new filler for polyethylene terephthalate (PET) was synthesized by doping carbon black (CB) with nanosilver. Images taken from energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry and X-ray diffraction validated the synthesis of the filler (nanosilver-doped CB (CB-Ag)). We evaluated the effect of CB-Ag on the mechanical, thermal, and antibacterial properties of the nanocomposites (CB-Ag/PET). Thermogravimetric analyses, morphology, and tensile tests indicated that thermodegradation, crystallization rate, and tensile strength were all improved as a result of filling PET with CB-Ag. Excellent antibacterial properties were imparted to PET nanocomposites, which would be useful for a wide array of industrial applications.

Field of study: Materials science
Of Nice and Mean: The Personal Relevance of Others’ Competence Drives Perceptions of Warmth

Past research shows that when forming an impression of an interdependent person, perceivers are motivated to look for information relevant to their goals and interests. The present experiments examined what happens after this information-seeking stage and showed that the relevance of the target’s attributes for one’s goals and interests drives warmth impressions. Using both a scenario (Experiment 1) and realistic methodologies (Experiment 3), we showed that when the perceiver had to collaborate with a target, the more competent the target, the more perceivers anticipated success and the more the target came across as warm. By contrast, in a competition setting, the competence of the target negatively affected prospects of success and impressions of warmth. Experiment 2 further showed that the target’s competence drove warmth impressions only when perceivers attached a great value to the success of the task, suggesting that these inferences have a motivational underpinning.

Field of study: Psychology
Structural and Thermoelectric Properties of Chimney–Ladder Compounds in the Ru-Mn-Si System

We have investigated phase relationships of the sesquisilicide alloys in the Ru-Mn-Si system. A series of chimney–ladder phases Ru1−xMnxSiy (0.14 ≤ x ≤ 0.97, 1.584 ≤ y ≤ 1.741) are formed over a wide compositional range between Ru2Si3 and Mn4Si7. We also investigated thermoelectric properties of the directionally solidified Ru1−xMnxSiy alloys as a function of Mn content and temperature. The dimensionless figure of merit ZT for alloys with high Mn content (x ≥ 0.75) increases as the Mn content increases. The alloy with x = 0.90 exhibits ZT as high as 0.76 at 874 K.

Field of study: Materials science
The imidacloprid remediation, soil fertility enhancement and microbial community change in soil by Rhodopseudomonas capsulata using effluent as carbon source.

The effects of Rhodopseudomonas capsulata (R. capsulata) in the treated effluent of soybean processing wastewater (SPW) on the remediation of imidacloprid in soil, soil fertility, and the microbial community structure in soil were studied. Compared with the control group, with the addition of effluent containing R. capsulata, imidacloprid was effectively removed, soil fertility was enhanced, and the microbial community structure was improved. Molecular analysis indicated that imidacloprid could exert induction effects on expression of cpm gene and regulation effects on the synthesis of cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450) by activating HKs gene in two-component system (TCS). For R. capsulata, this induction process required 1 day. The synthesis of P450 occurred 1 day after inoculation, because R. capsulata are a type of archaea and imidacloprid is an environmental stress. Before expression of the cpm gene and synthesis of P450, R. capsulata need a period of time to adapt to external imidacloprid stimulation. However, the lack of organic matter in the soil cannot sustain R. capsulata growth for more than 1 day. In four groups with added effluent, the remaining organic matter in the effluent provided a sufficient carbon source and energy for R. capsulata. Five days later, the microbial community structure was improved by R. capsulata in the soil. The new technique could be used to remediate imidacloprid, enhance soil fertility, treat SPW and realize the recycling and reuse of wastewater and R. capsulata cells.

Field of study: Environmental science
Partially supervised spatiotemporal clustering for burglary crime series identification

type="main" xml:id="rssa12076-abs-0001"> Statistical clustering of criminal events can be used by crime analysts to create lists of potential suspects for an unsolved crime, to identify groups of crimes that may have been committed by the same individuals or group of individuals, for offender profiling and for predicting future events. We propose a Bayesian model-based clustering approach for criminal events. Our approach is semisupervised, because the offender is known for a subset of the events, and utilizes spatiotemporal crime locations as well as crime features describing the offender's modus operandi. The hierarchical model naturally handles complex features that are often seen in crime data, including missing data, interval-censored event times and a mix of discrete and continuous variables. In addition, our Bayesian model produces posterior clustering probabilities which allow analysts to act on model output only as warranted. We illustrate the approach by using a large data set of burglaries in 2009–2010 in Baltimore County, Maryland.

Field of study: Mathematics
Magnesium lithospermate B protects the endothelium from inflammation-induced dysfunction through activation of Nrf2 pathway

Magnesium lithospermate B (MLB) is an active component of Salvia miltiorrhiza Radix, a traditional Chinese herb used in treating cardiovascular diseases. In this study, we investigated the protective effects of MLB against inflammation-induced endothelial dysfunction in vitro and in vivo, and the underlying mechanisms. Endothelial dysfunction was induced in human dermal microvascular endothelial cells (HMEC-1) in vitro by lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 1 μg/mL). We showed that pretreatment with MLB (10–100 μM) dose-dependently inhibited LPS-induced upregulation of inflammatory cytokines ICAM1, VCAM1, and TNFα, which contributed to reduced leukocytes adhesion and attenuation of endothelial hyperpermeability in HMEC-1 cells. SD rats were injected with LPS (10 mg/kg, ip) to induce endothelial dysfunction in vivo. We showed that pretreatment with MLB (25–100 mg/kg, ip) dose-dependently restored LPS-impaired endothelial-dependent vasodilation in superior mesenteric artery (SMA), attenuated leukocyte adhesion in mesenteric venules and decreased vascular leakage in the lungs. We further elucidated the mechanisms underlying the protective effects of MLB, and revealed that MLB pretreatment inhibited NF-κB activation through inhibition of IκBα degradation and subsequent phosphorylation of NF-κB p65 in vitro and in vivo. In HMEC-1 cells, MLB pretreatment activated the nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway. Knockdown of Nrf2 with siRNA abolished the inhibitory effects of MLB on IκBα degradation and ICAM1 up-regulation, which were mimicked by PKC inhibition (Gö6983) or PI3K/Akt inhibition (LY294002). In summary, our results demonstrate that MLB inhibits NF-κB activation through PKC- and PI3K/Akt-mediated Nrf2 activation in HMEC-1 cells and protects against LPS-induced endothelial dysfunction in murine model of acute inflammation.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Meteorological Problems in the Forecasting of Citrus Insect Infestations

As a basis for forecasting infestations, data on insect and mite populations have been collected from 130 representative central Florida citrus groves at monthly intervals during a four year period. To some extent, forecasts can be based on recurring annual cycles, but to obtain a higher degree of precision, information must be obtained on the factors which regulate populations. Weather conditions affect the life span and mortality of insects and mites directly, and also indirectly through effects on the abundance and efficiency of parasites, predators and diseases. December temperatures have been found to be a factor in the abundance of six-spotted mites in succeeding months through June. The populations of this and the citrus red mite are inversely correlated with rainfall. Other temperature and moisture relations have been established but extensive further microclimatological studies are needed.

Field of study: Environmental science
A PERCEPTUAL TAXONOMY OF THE EFFECTIVE-RATED TEACHER'

THE INTENT of this paper is to show that: 1. Perceptual systems of school administrators are amenable to measurement, in terms of both (a) form, and (b) content, 2. Principals exhibit differences between those teacher-behaviours they tend to notice and those they value (value is throughout used in the re stricted sense of worth on the job, i. e., ef f ec tiveness), 3. Administrator's perceptions of teachers project the value systems of school administrators, and 4. Through their perceptions of teachers, adminis trators belie their own leadership styles, partic ularly with respect to system-centredness and in dividual centredness. Those four statements could have been called hy potheses. In the present context, they serve to spell out the otherwise diffuse but pe r s i s t e nt pur poses of this part of an ongoing study of the inter personal perceptions of public school administra tors.

Field of study: Education
A Hydraulic Study of Venous Valve Closure

The functions of the veins is to convey blood from the periphery to the heart. The distribution and transportation of blood between different parts of the body is regulated by a host of physical and chemical factors, many of which are incompletely understood at present time. Unquestionably, the venous valves play a vital role in the venous return. This paper address to the hydrodynamic behavior of the venous valve based on the results of an vitro experiment performed in a hydraulic flow system.

Field of study: Engineering
The genetics of Alzheimer’s disease

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a genetically complex disorder. Mutations in the amyloid precursor protein and presenilin 1 (PS1) genes are fully penetrant and cause early-onset AD. Mutations in presenilin 2, a PS1 homologue, cause partially penetrant autosomal dominant AD with onset age beginning at 40 years and extending past 75 years. A fourth gene, apolipoprotein E (ApoE) is a riskfactor for late-onset AD. Over 40 genes have been tested as AD candidate genes, yet none has been clearly established as an AD risk factor. Linkage studies have implicated a number of chromosome regions as possible sites for late-onset AD loci with the strongest evidence being for chromosome 12. Candidate genes in this regioninclude α2-macroglobulin (A2M) and low-density lipoprotein receptor-related gene (LRP), although neither has been clearly established as an AD gene. Identification of additional late-onset genes will require larger samples, more sophisticated analysis methods, and large-scale positional cloning efforts.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Early Eocene climatic, volcanic, and biotic events in the northwestern Tethyan Untersberg section, Austria

The 40 in thick Untersberg section (Salzburg, Austria) of the Northern Calcareous Alps comprises the Palaeocene-Eocene transition and spans the upper part of calcareous nannoplankton zone NP9 and the lower part of zone NP10 (subzone NP10a). These zones are equivalent to planktonic foraminifera zone P5 and the lower part of zone P6 (sub-zone P6a). The succession was deposited in a lower bathyal slope environment at a palaeodepth of about 2000 in. Within the dominantly marlstone succession, a 5.5-m-thick intercalation of red and green claystone and marly claystone represents the global negative carbon isotope excursion (CIE) which is used to recognize the Palaeocene-Eocene boundary. The CIE was associated with a shallowing of the calcite compensation depth by at least 1 km. Throughout the section, clay mineral assemblages are dominated by smectite, indicating a seasonal climate with alternating wet and dry conditions. A 49% increase in detrital quartz and feldspar within the CIE-interval suggests enhanced continental run-off This was probably the result of the establishment of a monsoonal setting, in which vegetation was sparse, while periodic high rainfall caused pronounced sediment transport. The increased terrestrially derived input is associated with abundant radiolarian casts indicating high primary productivity. This suggests that seasonal nutrient pulses resulting from intensified precipitation during the wet season have caused high surface-water fertility. The benthic foraminifera faunas of the samples rich in siliceous plankton are strongly dominated by Glomospira spp., Nuttalides truempyii, Abyssamina poagi, Anomalinoides praeacutus, Anomalinoides nobilis, and Oridorsalis spp. We assume that the Glomospira-Nuttalides fauna consists of opportunistic species which quickly react to seasonally varying amounts of food. The calcareous nannoplankton assemblage of the CIE-interval is characterized by the first occurrences of the genus Rhomboaster and of Discoaster araneus and Discoaster mahmoudii, whereas Scapholithus apertus become extinct at the Palaeocene-Eocene boundary. Within nannoplankton sub-zone NP10a, a series of primarily basaltic ashes give evidence for a major episode of explosive volcanism which can be correlated with the positive ash-series of the Fur-Formation in northern Denmark. The wide dispersal distance of the tephras implies Plinian-scale eruptions and multiple ejections of large volumes of pyroclastic material.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Performance evaluation of Recursive Distributed Rendezvous based service discovery for Peer-to-Peer Session Initiation Protocol

Recursive Distributed Rendezvous (ReDiR) is a service discovery mechanism for Distributed Hash Table (DHT) based Peer-to-Peer (P2P) overlay networks. One of the major P2P systems that has adopted ReDiR is Peer-to-Peer Session Initiation Protocol (P2PSIP), which is a distributed communication system being standardized in the P2PSIP working group of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). In a P2PSIP overlay, ReDiR can be used for instance to discover Traversal Using Relays around NAT (TURN) relay servers needed by P2PSIP nodes located behind a Network Address Translator (NAT). In this paper, we study the performance of ReDiR in a P2PSIP overlay network. We focus on metrics such as service lookup and registration delays, failure rate, traffic load, and ReDiR's ability to balance load between service providers and between nodes storing information about service providers.

Field of study: Computer science
2-(3-ACETYLAMINO-2,2-DIMETHYLCYCLOBUTYL)METHYL-4(3H)-QUINAZOLINONES

Beckmann rearrangement of N-[3-(1-hydroxyimino)ethyl-2,2-dimethylcyclobutyl]acetylanthranilic acid, and its 5-bromo and 4-chloro derivatives gives the corresponding N-(3-acetylamino-2,2-dimethylcyclobutyl)acetylanthranilic acids. Treatment of these acylanthranilic acids with formamide gives 2-(3-acetylamino-2,2-dimethylcyclobutyl)methyl-4(3H)-quinazoline and its 6-bromo and 7-chloro derivatives.  F. M. Avotin'sh, M. V. Petrova, N. N. Tonkikh, and A. Strakov. English Translation in Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds , 2000, 36 (11), pp 1326-1328

Field of study: Chemistry
Recording neutrons with 10-μs resolution during a thunderstorm in Yakutsk

The creation at the Institute for Cosmophysical Research and Aeronomy of an instrument system for the synchronous recording of variations in the neutron flux, the electric field strength and the electromagnetic radiation during lightning discharges is reported. Preliminary results from measurements of neutron intensity using CHM-15 lead-sheathed and uncovered counters with 10-μs resolution are obtained during short-range lightning events in the vicinity of Yakutsk.

Field of study: Physics
Perception of Constraints for Pigeonpea Production in India

Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) is an important legume crop cultivated throughout the country, which forms an important component of vegetarian diet of the Indian populace. Pigeonpea production constraints in India as perceived by extension scientists of different Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVKs) were studied during 2010 to assess their relative importance. The knowledge, perceptions and practices of farmers growing pigeonpea under different crop management regimes as perceived by KVK scientists were analysed. The method used was written questionnaire, which was developed and sent to KVK personnel of 11 major pulse growing states. Response received from 64 personnel indicated that pod borer damage, wilt incidence, lack of knowledge about IPM, non-availability of good quality seed, non-availability of biocontrol agents were perceived as the primary production constraints by respondents. On the basis of Rank Based Quotient (RBQ) and Value Based Index (VBI), Helicoverpa armigera (VBI: 2228) was considered the most important threat in pigeonpea production. Findings of this study could enable decide research priorities for pigeonpea for breaking yield barriers of the crop, and design innovative policies on improved resource management in participatory experimental agricultural technology development linked to farmers’ needs.

Field of study: Biology
The theory of the absorption of flame radiation by molecular bands.

The absorption of radiation by molecular bands is calculated when the source emits its energy in discrete spectral lines. The results are compared with those for a blackbody source. The absorption of flame radiation by the molecular bands of an absorbing medium is derived for a number of different conditions when the spectral lines do not overlap. These results are then extended to the case when the overlapping of the spectral lines in either the source or absorber can be described either by the Elsasser model or by the statistical model. When the same spectral lines are involved in the emission and absorption processes, the absorptance of flame radiation is always greater than the absorptance of blackbody radiation by the same medium. All of the above results are derived both for the case when the absorbing medium is homogeneous and when the pressure, temperature, and amount of absorbing gas vary along the path.

Field of study: Physics
Survey of Attitudes toward the Practice of Rooming-In

Maternal-child relationship is a process that begins during pregnancy and grows from the birth of the child on. An effective means of enhancing bonding is the practice of rooming-in. To study attitudes toward rooming-in 25 obstetricians and 24 hospitals were solicited through the mail. Thirty-five nurses employed by the above hospitals were surveyed. Twenty-four expectant mothers, who ranged in age from 21 to 33 yr. and were enrolled in birth preparation classes, were also surveyed. Only 2 ( 7 % ) of these women were multiparous. All participants were from metropolitan Philadelphia. Questionnaires requested data pertaining to delivery of rooming-in information by those groups giving services, encouragement of the rooming-in practice by those groups delivering services, and the incidence of rooming-in. Responses were tallied. Twelve (50%) of the expectant mothers felt they received adequate rooming-in information. However, resources for information came not from doctors, nurses, and hospitals, but from friends and books. Six ( 2 5 % ) of the expectant mothers stated they had discussed rooming-in with their obstetricians. Of this group, 5 (83%) stated they initiated the topic. Twelve (48%) of the obstetricians, 18 (75%) of the hospitals, and 29 (82%) of the nurses stated they would encourage patients to elect rooming-in. Yet the doctors and hospitals reported that only 20% and 27%, respectively, of their patients elect rooming-in. Encouragement toward rooming-in may be given to expectant mothers by obstetricians, nurses, and hospitals. It is possible, however, that expectant mothers are not perceiving or receiving this message. They do not view these groups as a resource for rooming-in information, thus insufficient discussion of rooming-in practices exists among groups who deliver obstetrical services. The responsibility rests with those who deliver services to the expectant mothers to provide information and support. Only then can expectant mothers clearly have options.

Field of study: Psychology