nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Petrology of the Older Series lavas from Mauritius, Indian Ocean

The Older Series volcanics of Mauritius form a widely differentiated transitional basalt suite, in which two distinct stages of activity can be recognized. The first stage, shield-building, is composed principally of alternating picrite-basalt flows and agglomerate; this is followed by a second, evolved stage composed of feldsparphyric basalt, hawaiite, mugearite, and high-level trachytic intrusive rocks. Three suites of nodules, each with specific associations, occur in the volcanic rocks; these are probably derived from layered subvolcanic cumulates. The nodular suites are: (a) dunite and wehrlite (restricted to the picrite basalt); (b) Bytownitic anorthosite (found only in the feldsparphyric basalt); and (c) mafic syenite (exclusive to the trachytic intrusive rocks). There is some evidence, from the extremely calcic nature of the plagioclase in the anorthosite nodules and feldsparphyric basalt and from the presence of kaersutite in evolved lava, that a hydrous period of crystallization developed - probably in the later stages of activity. Variation diagrams indicate clearly the close control of phenocryst mineralogy on bulk-lava chemistry, compositions with more than 5 or 6 percent MgO lying along a pronounced olivine -+- clinopyroxene control line and more evolved lava along a trend developed from fractionation of olivine + clinopyroxene + plagioclase + titanomagnetite. Trachytic compositions show pronounced trace-element trends, probably controlled by anorthoclase fractionation, but it can be demonstrated that they are unlikely to represent successive differentiates from a common trachytic magma. A distinct “silica gap” within the series, reflected in the absence of benmoreite, is tentatively ascribed to secondary boiling phenomena.

Field of study: Geology
Current state of and measures for the development of professional sports newspapers in China

Since the Ball News and South China Sport quit the sports media in 2005,nearly 10 sports newspapers has wound up their business in recent years.The survival condition of professional sports newspapers in China is facing a great challenge.Professional sports newspapers in China mainly depend on football for making a living,having narrow reporting area,malign competition between fellow professionals,undiversified content development and business management,and impact of such media as the internet.Professional sports newspapers in China should develop in a diversified way and build up new competitive strength,especially,the “triple sales theory” popular in Europe and America is worthy of reference for the development of professional sports newspapers in China.

Field of study: Education
The Harmonious Beauty of Pastoral Poem From Jin and Song Dynasty to Tang Dynasty in Its Ideology

The pastoral poems from Jin and Song dynasty to Tang dynasty bears profound connotation of ancient harmonious aesthetic culture, embodying intensively the beauty of harmony in its ideology. The origin of the theory that man is an integral part of nature is harmony oriented; the natural-property, say the personalization of nature, of the pastoral poems can not depart from the personality position of harmony. Advocating the interpenetration of the views of the nature and landscape of Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism manifests the aesthetic standard of nature and harmony.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
A Study of Negative Conditionals in Korean: -takanun and -esstakanun

This paper aims to characterize the semantic world of two negative conditional markers in Korean: -takanun and -esstakanun. I argue that - takanun is constrained to conditionalize a 'progressive' situation over a probable domain, whereas -esstaknun can be used to express a variety of conditional speaker attitudes such as GENERIC STANCE and UNCERTAINTY as well as COUNTERFACTUAL in the hypothetical domain. I also argue that -ess in the -esstakanun form should be viewed as the perfect aspect marker and it does a grammatical role of back-shifting, creating such a conditional reading as 'If it ever happens that ···'.

Field of study: Linguistics
Was Rhizostomites admirandus Haeckel of Solnhofen a true jellyfish? (abs.)

"The traditional assignment of the famous Rhizostomites admirandus Haeckel of the Jurassic (Solnhofen) deposits of Bavaria requires re-examination. The criteria of its hitherto unquestioned reference to the Rhizostomeae, highest order of the true jellyfish (Scyphozoa), are most highly questionable. . . . It is at least morphologically plausible that Rhizostomites admirandus Haeckel is a Hydromedusa having the aspect of certain modern Trachylina."

Field of study: Geology
MUI-free receiver for a synchronous DS-CDMA system based on block spreading in the presence of frequency-selective fading

We discuss a synchronous direct-sequence code division multiple-access (DS-CDMA) system based on block spreading in the presence of frequency-selective fading. Note that block spreading, which is also known as chip interleaving, refers to a spreading of a data block sequence, which is obtained by dividing a data symbol sequence into consecutive blocks. For such a system, we develop a simple new receiver that completely removes the multiuser interference (MUI) without using any channel information. The MUI-free operation is obtained by the use of a shift-orthogonal set of code sequences on which this receiver is based. Within the framework of the MUI-free receiver, we further present a subspace deterministic blind single-user channel estimation algorithm. As a benchmark for the MUI-free receiver and the corresponding subspace deterministic blind single-user channel estimation algorithm, we consider the linear multiuser equalizer and the corresponding subspace deterministic blind multiuser channel estimation algorithm developed by Liu and Xu (1996) for a standard synchronous DS-CDMA system in the presence of frequency-selective fading. We show that the complexity of the MUI-free receiver using the corresponding subspace deterministic blind single-user channel estimation algorithm is much smaller than the complexity of the linear multiuser equalizer using the corresponding subspace deterministic blind multiuser channel estimation algorithm. We further show that the performance of the MUI-free receiver is comparable with the performance of the linear multiuser equalizer. This is for the case in which the channels are known as well as for the case in which the channels are estimated with the corresponding subspace deterministic blind channel estimation algorithm.

Field of study: Engineering
Placental isoferritin as a physiological downregulator of cellular immunoreactivity during pregnancy.

CM-H-9 monoclonal antibody specific for placental isoferritin (PLF) was used to quantify PLF in the serum and on peripheral blood lymphocytes derived from term delivery women and healthy controls. It was found that the mean level of PLF in maternal sera was 50.4 +/- 50.1 U/ml, whereas in normal adults the mean serum PLF level was very low (4.5 +/- 7.7 U/ml). Furthermore, term mothers exhibited a sub-population of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) which stained positively with CM-H-9 MoAb (mean 11.6 +/- 7.8%). Such lymphocytes were scarce in normal non-pregnant women (mean 0.8 +/- 1.2%). The effect of PLF on lymphocyte transformation in MLC was studied in mixed lymphocyte cultures of maternal-newborn and normal non-related PBL controls. It was found that placental isoferritin was immunosuppressive in comparison to normal adult ferritin. The suppressive effect was significantly higher in maternal-newborn MLC compared to normal adult controls. Furthermore, it was found that PLF which is present in maternal serum has an immunosuppressive activity since, its removal on CM-H-9 MoAb affinity column abrogated this effect. The results of this study suggest that both PLF and PLF binding lymphocytes play a role in the development of immunosuppression during pregnancy. Therefore the lack of one of the factors may result in diminished immunosuppression or in fetal rejection.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Therapeutic effects of vaccine derived from amastigote surface protein‐2 (ASP‐2) against Chagas disease in mouse liver

&NA; This study investigated the efficacy of the vaccine in liver of mice infected with the Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi) and immunized with AdASP‐2. For this purpose, histopathological analysis and gene expression of COX‐2, TNF‐alpha, TNFR, iNOS, cytochrome C, caspase‐3, TLR4, IL‐6 and IL10 were evaluated. The following groups were used in this study: Group 1 ‐ Control Group (CTRL) animals received Ad&bgr;Gal vehicle; Group 2 ‐ Infected Group (TC) animals were infected with T. cruzi; Group 3 ‐ Immunized Group (AdASP‐2): animals were immunized by AdASP‐2 vaccine; Group 4 ‐ Immunized and Infected Group (AdASP‐2+TC) animals were infected with T. cruzi and immunized by AdSP‐2 vaccine. A significant decrease of amastigote nests was noticed in the group of animals that were immunized with AdASP‐2 and infected on the same day. COX‐2 and TNF‐alpha gene expressions increased in TC group, whereas TNF‐alpha decreased in the TC+AdASP‐2 group. TNFR expression was high in AdASP‐2+TC group. iNOS expression was high for all experimental groups whereas cytochrome C decreased for all experimental groups. Caspase 3 increased in TC and TC+AdASP‐2 groups. The gene expression of TLR4 and IL‐10 showed an increase in AdASP‐2+TC group. Finally, hepatic fibrosis was noticed to TC and AdASP‐2 + TC groups. Taken together, our results demonstrated that vaccination with AdASP‐2 was effective against the acute phase of experimental Chagas disease as a result of a more powerful and rapid immune response closely related to expression of some inflammatory genes, such as iNOS, TNF‐alpha, TLR 4, and IL‐10.

Field of study: Medicine
A multi-step process to improve texturing and transport current in BSCCO (2223) superconductors

Bulk BSCCO(2223) was prepared by a multi-step process (high cold pressing+pressureless sintering+hot-forging): the final density of the samples exceeds 95% and the orientation factor increases up to /spl ap/86%. It was found that the process phenomenology is strictly linked to the starting powder stoichiometry and characteristics: when composition is very near to the theoretical (2223), effects of secondary phase extrusion are observed during hot-forging, yielding a purification and inhibition of (2212) formation, accompanied by an appreciable increase of J/sub c/ with respect to hot-pressed samples. When the Ca/Sr ratio is considerably >1, recrystallisation of (2223) from the liquid takes place, with a remarkable improvement of critical current density (J/sub c/>10/sup 4/ A/cm/sup 2/). In this case, the non-superconducting secondary phases act as an intrinsic oxygen reservoir. Finally, when composition diverges even more from (2223) (Ca/Sr/spl Gt/1 and Cu excess), the formation of too many precipitates of non-superconducting phases hinders the texturing process and more in general deteriorates the intergranular properties.

Field of study: Physics
2-Benzopyrylium salts. 44. Formation of 4-acyl-3,4-dihydroisoquinolinium salts from the reaction of 2-benzopyrylium salts with azomethines and the cycloaddition of male-imides to the product of their deprotonation, the 2,3-dihydroisoquinolines

The effect of substituents in the 2-benzopyrylium cation and in the azomethines on the character of their reaction in various solvents has been clarified. It was shown that the 4-acyl-3,4-dihydroisoquinolinium salts resulting after deprotonation form compounds with an ortho-quinonoid structure which then react with maleimides by cycloaddition.

Field of study: Chemistry
A mathematical treatment of one-dimensional soil consolidation

Terzaghi's conception of the nature of one-dimensional soil consolidation  is shown to lead to a non-linear differential equation. A dimensional analysis of this equation and the boundary conditions of the standard consolidation test  gives a more general explanation of a well known linear relationship between the total consolidation U(t) after a time t and tl/'\ By linearizing the equation in a general manner, an expression is obtained for U{t) which includes secondary consolidation terms. Two solutions of the linearized equation are obtained; the first for the standard consolidation test and the second for consolidation under a boundary load increasing uniformly with time.  A medium of clay saturated with water and subjected to a constant pressure, continues to contract in volume over a long period of time. Terzaghi, in his Erdbaumechanik , put forward a diffusion theory to explain the time dependent nature of this volume contraction. The following three ideas are the basis of his treatment and will be taken as the starting point of this paper. (1) The medium is imagined as a porous water saturated skeleton of particles of negligible compressibility, so that a change in the volume of any region of the skeleton equals the volume of water displaced through its boundary. (2) Stresses applied to the boundary of the clay produce a hydrostatic head h in the pore water and a stress at each point of the skeleton of such a direction and magnitude as to maintain static equilibrium at all instants of time. (3) It is finally assumed that spatial variations in h cause the pore water to diffuse through the skeleton in accordance with Darcy's law, which equates the quantity of water flowing through any small . plane surface a in unit time to the product of the area of a, the rate of change of h with distance along the normal to a and a constant K called the permeability. By considering the problem of the consolidation of clay in one direction only, the need for a tensor description of the stress distribution is avoided. The one-dimension problem is defined by the assumption that the fluid flow and the motion of the skeleton particles are in one direction only and that all relevant physical properties are constant at any instant of time on any plane with a normal along this direction. The stress function is then the pressure P(z, t) which the skeleton in the neighborhood of the plane z can support at time t and, like K, will depend on the physical state of the solid matter

Field of study: Mathematics
Alpha-decay energies of superheavy nuclei for the Fayans functional

Alpha-decay energies for several chains of superheavy nuclei are calculated within the self-consistent mean-field approach by using the Fayans functional FaNDF0. They are compared to the experimental data and predictions of two Skyrme functionals, SLy4 and SkM*, and of the macro-micro method as well. The corresponding lifetimes are calculated with the use of the semi-phenomenological formulas by Parkhomenko and Sobiczewski and by Royer and Zhang.

Field of study: Physics
Sanger Validation of High-Throughput Sequencing in Genetic Diagnosis: Still the Best Practice?

Next-generation sequencing (NGS)’s crucial role in supporting genetic diagnosis and personalized medicine leads to the definition of Guidelines for Diagnostic NGS by the European Society of Human Genetics. Factors of different nature producing false-positive/negative NGS data together with the paucity of internationally accepted guidelines providing specified NGS quality metrics to be followed for diagnostics purpose made the Sanger validation of NGS variants still mandatory. We reported the analysis of three cases of discrepancy between NGS and Sanger sequencing in a cohort of 218 patients. NGS was performed by Illumina MiSeq® and Haloplex/SureSelect protocols targeting 97 or 57 or 10 gene panels usually applied for diagnostics. Variants called following guidelines suggested by the Broad Institute and identified according to MAF <0.01 and allele balance >0.2 were Sanger validated. Three out of 945 validated variants showed a discrepancy between NGS and Sanger. In all three cases, a deep evaluation of the discrepant gene variant results and methodological approach allowed to confirm the NGS datum. Allelic dropout (ADO) occurrence during polymerase chain or sequencing reaction was observed, mainly related to incorrect variant zygosity. Our study extends literature data in which almost 100% “high quality” NGS variants are confirmed by Sanger; moreover, it demonstrates that in case of discrepancy between a high-quality NGS variant and Sanger validation, NGS call should not be a priori assumed to represent the source of the error. Actually, difficulties (i.e., ADO, unpredictable presence of private variants on primer-binding regions) of the so-called gold standard direct sequencing should be considered especially in light of the constantly implemented and accurate high-throughput technologies. Our data along with literature raise a discussion on the opportunity to establish a standardized quality threshold by International Guidelines for clinical NGS in order to limit Sanger confirmation to borderline conditions of variant quality parameters and verification of correct gene variant call/patient coupling on a different blood sample aliquot.

Field of study: Biology
From neural PCA to deep unsupervised learning

A network supporting deep unsupervised learning is presented. The network is an autoencoder with lateral shortcut connections from the encoder to the decoder at each level of the hierarchy. The lateral shortcut connections allow the higher levels of the hierarchy to focus on abstract invariant features. Whereas autoencoders are analogous to latent variable models with a single layer of stochastic variables, the proposed network is analogous to hierarchical latent variable models. Learning combines denoising autoencoder and denoising sources separation frameworks. Each layer of the network contributes to the cost function a term which measures the distance of the representations produced by the encoder and the decoder. Since training signals originate from all levels of the network, all layers can learn efficiently even in deep networks. The speedup offered by cost terms from higher levels of the hierarchy and the ability to learn invariant features are demonstrated in experiments.

Field of study: Computer science
SU-F-T-592: A Delivery QA-Free Approach for Adaptive Therapy of Prostate Cancer with Static Intensity Modulated Radiotherapy.

Clinical implementations of adaptive radiotherapy (ART) are limited mainly by the requirement of delivery QA (DQA) prior to the treatment. Small segment size and small segment MU are two dominant factors causing failures of DQA. The aim of this project is to explore the feasibility of ART treatment without DQA by using a partial optimization approach.



A retrospective simulation study was performed on two prostate cancer patients treated with SMLC-IMRT. The prescription was 180cGx25 fractions with daily CT-on-rail imaging for target alignment. For each patient, seven daily CTs were selected randomly across treatment course. The contours were deformablely transferred from the simulation CT onto the daily CTs and modified appropriately. For each selected treatment, dose distributions from original beams were calculated on the daily treatment CTs (DCT plan). An ART plan was also created by optimizing the segmental MU only, while the segment shapes were preserved and the minimum MU constraint was respected. The overlaps, between PTV and the rectum, between PTV and the bladder, were normalized by the PTV volume. This ratio was used to characterize the difficulty of organs-at-risk (OAR) sparing.



Comparing to the original plan, PTV coverage was compromised significantly in DCT plans (82% ± 7%) while all ART plans preserved PTV coverage. ART plans showed similar OAR sparing as the original plan, such as V40Gy=11.2cc (ART) vs 11.4cc (original) for the rectum and D10cc=4580cGy vs 4605cGy for the bladder. The sparing of the rectum/bladder depends on overlap ratios. The sparing in ART was either similar or improved when overlap ratios in treatment CTs were smaller than those in original plan.



A partial optimization method is developed that may make the real-time ART feasible on selected patients. Future research is warranted to quantify the applicability of the proposed method.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
STOCHASTIC FINITE ELEMENT METHOD FOR ANALYZING NONLINEAR SHELL STRUCTURES WITH RANDOM PARAMETERS

Several algorithms were proposed for the development of a framework of the perturbation based stochastic finite element method(PSFEM) for analyzing nonlinear shell structures with random parameters. For this purpose, based on the stochastic virtual work principle, some algorithms and a framework related to SFEM were studied. An isoperimetric local average method was used to discretize the random fields. A comparison with Monte-Carlo simulation method shows that the approaches proposed herein are accurate and effective for the nonlinear dynamic analysis of structures with random parameters.

Field of study: Engineering
Electron beam induced current and scanning tunnelling spectroscopy correlative study of and CdTe crystals

A combined scanning electron microscope-scanning tunnelling microscope (SEM-STM) system has been used to characterize and CdTe crystals. The electron beam induced current (EBIC) mode of the SEM shows the existence of inhomogeneities in the electronic behaviour of the samples, mainly related to the presence of subgrain boundaries and precipitates. Current imaging tunnelling spectroscopy images and the related normalized differential conductance curves, obtained with the STM, reveal the electronic inhomogeneities at a finer scale. In particular, local variations of the band gap were shown by the conductance curves in regions with strong EBIC contrast. SEM- and STM-based techniques in a combined instrument appear to be complementary characterization techniques.

Field of study: Materials science
Detection of IgG antibody to Toxoplasma gondii with rSAG1 for immunodiagnosis of toxoplasmosis

To establish a rSAG1 ELISA method with purified rSAG1 fusion protein for immunodiagnosis of toxoplasmosis. Methods rSAG1 fusion protein was expressed and purified by Ni 2+ chelating HiTrap HP column. ELISA plate was coated with different concentrations of rSAG1, reacted with pooled positive and negative sera, Goat anti human IgG conjugated to horseradish peroxidase was used as a second antibody. The appropriate detecting condition of rSAG1 ELISA assay was determined by orthogonal experiment, the reproducibility, sensitivity and specificity of the assay were tested. Fifty two IgG positive and 40 IgG negative human sera detected with imported IgG ELISA kit were tested with rSAG1 ELISA.  The purity of rSAG1 was above 90%; the appropriate detecting condition of rSAG1 ELISA was that the concentration of coated rSAG1 must be 5μg/ml, the human serum should be 1∶100 diluted, and goat anti human IgG conjugated to horseradish peroxidase was in 1∶2000 dilution; the CV value for IgG positive and IgG negative human sera were 10.9% and 10.7% respectively; the inhibition rate of the assay was 62.6%; the total correspondence rate of rSAG1 ELISA was 87% with imported IgG ELISA kit. The positive correspondence rate and negative correspondence rate of rSAG1 ELISA was 81% (42/52) and 95% (38/40) respectively as compared with imported IgG ELISA kit of toxoplasmosis.  The rSAG1 ELISA has high sensitivity and specificity and good correspondence rate with imported IgG ELISA kit of toxoplasmosis. rSAG1 ELISA has potential value for immunodiagnosis of toxoplasmosis.

Field of study: Biology