nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Report of a case of Nezelof syndrome.

: In this report, we present a 5 months old male baby, who suffered from watery diarrhea since 4 days old. From then on, he had been admitted 3 times in 3 different hospitals but the symptoms still bothered him off and on. During the days of hospitalization, sepsis with positive blood culture of Klebsiella was noted. The patient expired at 5 months of age. The T cell count was 20% active T was 0. Delayed hypersensitivity skin tests including Candida (10 X), PHA (10 micrograms), PHA (1 microgram), SK/SD (50 units) were negative. The granulocyte function study showed normal. Immunoglobulin analysis revealed IgG: 1320 mg%, IgA: 120 mg%, IgM: 100 mg%. Agenesis of thymus, failure of lymphoid differentiation and abnormal lymphoid architecture with absence of germinal centers were noted at autopsy. Combined immunodeficiency with normal immunoglobulins (Nezelof syndrome) is a disease of primary immunodeficiency characterized by recurrent infections, failure to thrive, lymphopenia, diminished lymphoid tissue, abnormal structure or agenesis of the thymus, and presence of normal or increased levels of one or more of the major immunoglobulin classes, but with impaired antibody synthesis. Since its original description by Nezelof and associates in 1964, it has been reported on the subsequent occasion. In this report, we present our one experience and review the clinical and laboratory data in 33 reported cases.

Field of study: Biology
Zirconium phosphate–phosphite containing silica

Based on earlier experiences with α- and γ-zirconium phosphate, zirconium phosphate–phosphite (ZrPP) containing silica (ZrSiPP) has been prepared, and its structure identified by XRD. The thermal behaviour and specific surface area have also been determined. On the basis of experimental data for SiZrPP, the following monoclinic cell parameters of: a=0.7622 nm, b=0.5956 nm, c=2.2105 nm and β=111.4° (different from those of ZrPP) were calculated. SiZrPP has five times higher specific surface area (52.6 m2·g−1) than ZrPP and it shows characteristic thermal decomposition.

Field of study: Materials science
Organization and Predictive Power of General and Relationship-Specific Attachment Models: One for All, and All for One?

Given recent evidence for multiple attachment models, we examined the organization and predictive power of general and relationship-specific attachment representations in two samples using two distinct measures of attachment models. With regard to associations among relationship-specific models, peer models (romantic partner and friend) and parental models (mother and father) were more similar to each other than to any other models, and anxiety/self-model representations were more consistent across relationships than avoidance/other-model representations. With regard to links between general and specific models, romantic and friend models made the strongest and independent contributions to general models, and romantic relationship involvement moderated the importance of romantic models to general models. With regard to differential predictive power of multiple models, general, romantic partner, and mother attachment made unique contributions to well-being indicators; relationship outcomes, however, were only predicted by individuals’ corresponding relationship-specific models. Implications for the measurement and conceptualization of adult attachment are discussed.

Field of study: Psychology
Public Value and the Ideal State: Rescuing Public Value from Ambiguity

Public value theory has had its supporters and critics, with debate about the use of strategic management by public managers and confusion about the meaning of public value. This paper formalises Moore (1995) into a simple theory. That theory introduces the concept of an ‘ideal state.’ The ideal state is a simple means of describing and analysing public value, using a graphical presentation. In an ideal state roles are clear and public value is optimised. Insights from that ideal state are then applied to a more real world to clarify the nature of public value and to consider the appropriate use of strategic management by public servants. The conclusion is that public value theory provides some justification for strategic management, but the paper also demonstrates the limits to strategic management by officials.

Field of study: Political science
Untersuchungen im ultraweichen Röntgengebiet

ZusammenfassungEine Modifizierung des von Prins gegebenen Ausdruckes für das maximal erreichbare Auflösungsvermögen bei Plangitterspektrographen ergibt, daß dieses im wesentlichen nur mit dem Abstand Gitter-photographische Schicht wächst. Unter Berücksichtigung dieser Tatsache wurde ein Spektrograph für relative Messungen, insbesondere zur Bestimmung der Intensitätsverteilung innerhalb der weichen Röntgenlinien gebaut, bei dem Röntgenröhre, Spaltsystem und Gitterträger zu einer festen Einheit verbunden sind. Konstruktion und Justierung werden beschrieben.

Field of study: Physics
Who's Watching Us Now: Monitoring Employee's Work

During this last decade of the 20th century, managers will have to deal with many technological and legal issues concerning the electronic monitoring of employees. Lack of protection from unauthorized monitoring in the workplace is slowly being questioned, and these challenges are sure to increase in the future. Perceptive managers will focus their attention on providing quality performance appraisals and feedback so the negative impacts of electronic monitoring can be minimized. Present managers will become aware of the legal and moral implications of electronic monitoring.

Field of study: Computer science
Chiral Two-Body Currents and Neutrinoless Double-Beta Decay in the QRPA

We test the effects of an approximate treatment of two-body contributions to the axial-vector current on the QRPA matrix elements for neutrinoless double-beta decay in a range of isotopes. The form and strength of the two-body terms come from chiral effective-field theory. The two-body currents typically reduce the matrix elements by about 20%, not as much as in shell-model calculations. One reason for the difference is that standard practice in the QRPA is to adjust the strength of the isoscalar pairing interaction to reproduce two-neutrino double-beta decay lifetimes. Another may be the larger QRPA single-particle space. Whatever the reasons, the effects on neutrinoless decay are significantly less than those on two-neutrino decay, both in the shell model and the QRPA.

Field of study: Physics
Significance of fresh water molluscs for correlation of continental and marine Pleistocene of Ponto Caspian

Correlation of continental and marine deposits of Ponto Caspian is based by the author on the joint findings or on the interlaid deposits of fresh water and sea (salt water) molluscs. These locations were observed in the sediments of limans, deltas and fresh water parts of the sea at river mouths as well as in the sediments of bays and straits of the northern part of the Ponto Caspian Basin. They were studied in the liman, deltaic and sublitoral deposits of the Danube Bay, the northeastern and southern coasts of the Sea of Azov, the Kerch and Manich straits and the northern Pricaspian. Paleogeographical conditions in these regions favoured the migration of fresh water molluscs and stipulated the identity of their composition and evolution in the river systems of the south and southeastern part of the Russian Plain.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Millennial-scale variability in biomass burning covering the interval ~ 41,000–7050 cal BP in the tropical Leizhou Peninsula (south China)

Here, we present a well-dated terrestrial charcoal chronology covering the interval ~ 41,000–7050 cal BP and identifying the millennial-scale variability in biomass burning for the tropical Leizhou Peninsula, south China. Our results show that changes in biomass burning closely followed regional temperature and precipitation variations on orbital timescales, i.e., more biomass burning occurred during the warm/wet Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 3, and less biomass burning occurred during the cold/dry MIS 2. Superimposed on this general trend, our charcoal record shows millennial-scale variability in biomass burning corresponding to the rapid climate changes associated with Dansgaard–Oeschger (D–O) cycles, i.e., biomass burning increased during D–O warming events, whereas biomass burning decreased during intervals of rapid cooling terminated by Heinrich events. During the cooler/drier periods, low biomass burning can be explained by the decline of vegetation productivity, whereas the warmer/wetter periods are characterized by higher biomass burning related to increasing fuel availability. Therefore, climate control can be considered as the major forcing factor of biomass burning from 41,000–7050 cal BP on both orbital and millennial timescales in the northern Leizhou Peninsula.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
National Health Insurance: A conceptual framework from conflicting typologies.

In the path to universal health coverage, policymakers discuss different alternative health system's financing schemes. Classical typologies have been posited, including models such as National Health Service, Social Health Insurance and Private Health Insurance. More recently, National Health Insurance (NHI) has been suggested as a separate model. Nevertheless, there are discrepancies regarding what defines an NHI model. The purpose of this article is to propose a comprehensive definition of an NHI model, aimed to disentangle the current discrepancies in the conceptualization and the scope of this type of arrangement. Based on the previous literature we identified some common characteristics across NHI definitions, namely universal coverage, pooling in a single fund and a purchasing function based on a single-payer financing mechanism. Areas of controversy were also identified. While some authors emphasized the importance of an effective separation between the purchaser and provider functions, others highlighted the relative importance of privately-owned provision to define a system like NHI-type. Based on empirical data, we suggest that the ownership is not a critical variable to distinguish an NHI from other models, and instead, suggest that a pivotal characteristic of the NHI is the single payer mechanism that is not integrated with the health providers.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Purification, crystallization and preliminary X-ray analysis of Escherichia coli UDP-N-acetylmuramoyl:L-alanine ligase (MurC).

UDP-N-acetylmuramoyl:L-alanine ligase (MurC) is involved in the pathway leading from UDP-N-glucosamine to the UDP-N-acetylmuramoyl:pentapeptide unit, which is the building block for the peptidoglycan layer found in all bacterial cell walls. The pathways leading to the biosynthesis of the peptidoglycan layer are important targets for the development of novel antibiotics, since animal cells do not contain these pathways. MurC is the first of four similar ATP-dependent amide-bond ligases which share primary and tertiary structural similarities. The crystal structures of three of these have been determined by X-ray crystallography, giving insights into the binding of the carbohydrate substrate and the ATP. Diffraction-quality crystals of the enzyme MurC have been obtained in both native and selenomethionine forms and X-ray diffraction data have been collected at the Se edge at a synchrotron source. The crystals are orthorhombic, with unit-cell parameters a = 73.9, b = 93.6, c = 176.8 A, and diffraction has been observed to 2.6 A resolution.

Field of study: Chemistry
A Serially Complete Simulated Observation Time Metadata File for U.S. Daily Historical Climatology Network Stations

A procedure to infer time of observation based on day—to—day temperature variations is refined and applied to the 1060—station daily Historical Climatology Network (HCN), creating a set of ersatz observation time metadata. Testing of the observation time inference procedure on the HCN data, as well as a set of U.S. normals stations at which no reported observation time changes occur from 1951 to 1991, indicates that, on average, the correct observation time category is identified in nearly 90% of the station years. Classification success decreases, however, at stations at which average annual interdiurnal temperature range falls below 1.9°C. At these stations, which represent only 4% of the HCN daily station years, the percentage of correctly classified years falls to 78%. Application of the observation time inference procedure yields a set of annual observation times for stations in the HCN. Primarily, this surrogate dataset provides a means of identifying observation time during years when docu...

Field of study: Environmental science
Physical Bases of a ToF Camera–Based Optical Tracking System for Surgical Instruments

The physical principles of the operation of time-of-flight (ToF) cameras used for forming three-dimensional images are considered. Estimates of ToF camera characteristics are obtained using the example of a Kinect device. Algorithms for processing of three-dimensional images in a system of intraoperative navigation are described. Estimates of the accuracy of identifying the position of a surgical instrument are obtained.

Field of study: Physics
Significance Level and Power

Significance testing, as described in most textbooks, consists in fixing a standard significance level α such as.01 or.05 and rejecting the hypothesis θ = θ0 if a suitable statistic Y exceeds C where Pθo{Y > C} = α. Such a procedure controls the probability of false rejection (error of the first kind) at the desired level α but leaves the power of the test and hence the probability of an error of the second kind to the mercy of the experi-ment. It seems more natural when deciding on a significance level (and this suggestion is certainly not new) to take into account also what power can be achieved with the given experiment. In Section 3 a specific suggestion will be made as to how to balance α against the power β obtainable against the alterna-tives of interest.

Field of study: Mathematics
Exploring the benefits of the combination of a software architecture analysis and a usability evaluation of a mobile application

Designing easy to use mobile applications is a difficult task. In order to optimize the development of a usable mobile application, it is necessary to consider the mobile usage context for the design and the evaluation of the user-system interaction of a mobile application. In our research we designed a method that aligns the inspection method ''Software ArchitecTure analysis of Usability Requirements realizatioN'' SATURN and a mobile usability evaluation in the form of a user test. We propose to use mobile context factors and thus requirements as a common basis for both inspection and user test. After conducting both analysis and user test, the results described as usability problems are mapped and discussed. The mobile context factors identified define and describe the usage context of a mobile application. We exemplify and apply our approach in a case study. This allows us to show how our method can be used to identify more usability problems than with each method separately. Additionally, we could confirm the validity and identified the severity of usability problems found by both methods. Our work presents how a combination of both methods allows to address usability issues in a more holistic way. We argue that the increased quantity and quality of results can lead to a reduction of the number of iterations required in early stages of an iterative software development process.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Stability study of puerarin

Puerarin is the dominant isoflavone of leguminous plants Pueraria lobata(wild). As a kind of estrogen, it can improve blood circulation, strengthen the organic immunity. There are few literatures about the stability study of puerarin, this paper studied the influence of pH, temperature, metal ion, H2O2, Na2SO3 and extraction solvents on the stability of puerarin. Results showed that temperature, Cu2+ and Na2SO3 had major impact on the stability of puerarin; With the increase of storage temperature and duration, puerarin content decreased significantly; Cu2+ affect the UV absorption spectra of puerarin; Na2SO3 made the maximum UV absorption wavelength of puerarin shifted, and with the increase of Na2SO3 concentration, the absorbance values increased.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Delay-dependent robust stability and Hinfinity control for uncertain discrete-time switched systems with mode-dependent time delays

In this paper, we consider the problems of robust stability, robust stabilization and H"~ control via memoryless state feedback for uncertain discrete-time switched systems with mode-dependent time delays. Based on linear matrix inequalities (LMIs), a descriptor model transformation of the system and a switched Lyapunov function, new delay-dependent criteria are established which are not contained in known literatures. Numerical examples are presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the theoretical results.

Field of study: Mathematics
Magnesium deficiency in alcoholism: possible contribution to osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease in alcoholics.

Magnesium (Mg) deficiency occurs frequently in chronic alcoholism and may contribute to the increased incidence of osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease seen in this population. Mg deficiency is primarily due to renal Mg-wasting and is exacerbated by dietary Mg deprivation, gastrointestinal losses with diarrhea or vomiting, as well as concomitant use of drugs such as diuretics and aminoglycosides. Osteoporosis is prevalent in the alcoholic population. Mg deficiency may contribute to increased bone loss by its effects on mineral homeostasis. In Mg depletion, there is often hypocalcemia due to impaired parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion, as well as renal and skeletal resistance to PTH action. Serum concentrations of 1,25-vitamin D are also low. These changes are seen with even mild degrees of Mg deficiency and may contribute to the metabolic bone disease seen in chronic alcoholics. Hypomagnesemia in alcoholics may also contribute to increased cardiovascular disease by altering platelet function. Mg deficiency has been demonstrated to enhance platelet reactivity. In these studies, Mg was shown to inhibit platelet aggregation against various aggregation agents. Patients with Mg deficiency were shown to have increased platelet aggregation that was normalized with Mg therapy. The antiplatelet effect of Mg may be related to the finding that Mg inhibits the synthesis of thromboxane A2 and 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, eicosanoids thought to be involved in platelet aggregation. Mg also inhibits the thrombin-induced Ca2+ influx in platelets, as well as stimulates synthesis of prostaglandin I2, the potent antiaggregatory eicosanoid. Therefore, Mg deficiency may increase platelet aggregation and cause increased hypertension and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in alcoholics.

Field of study: Medicine
Robust Line Extraction Method Based on Pyramid Hierarchical Structure

The pyramid hierarchical structure is known as a framework which is fit to extract global features from local ones through hierarchically arranged multi-resolution planes. However, there is a problem in which a mapping process between consecutive planes is complicated and not so effective in a line extraction.In this paper we propose a new method devising a new mapping between consecutive planes. We show that the proposed method is robust against noise and effective to extract and describe the line structures. We examine the system performance for noisy images and several kinds of line structures comparing with the Hough transformation method and confirm that the proposed method can extract and describe the line structures. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the vectorization of a property land map as real data can be done effectively with high precision and noise removing is performed automatically.

Field of study: Computer science
The Natural Rate of Interest Is Zero

This paper argues that the natural, nominal, risk free rate of interest is zero under relevant contemporary institutional arrangements. However, as Spencer Pack reminded us, “[n]atural and nature are complex words, fraught with ambiguity and contradiction” (1995, ). The sense in which we wish to employ the term natural here does not imply a “law of nature,” which may be why “[Alfred] Marshall replaced the evocative label ‘natural’ with the more prosaic ‘normal’” (Eatwell 1987, 598). Marshall may have clarified it the best when he wrote that “normal results are those which may be expected as the outcome of those tendencies which the context suggests” ([1920] 1966), 28, emphasis added). In this case, it is of the utmost importance to first clarify the context, to which we now turn.

Field of study: Economics
Indigo Production and Trade in Colonial Guatemala

RHE PROBLEM of an export economy-the dependence of an underdeveloped region upon unstable markets for a staple raw material-is not new.1 While Europe's monetary needs made the precious metals the chief medium of external payments for parts of the Empire, some Spanish colonies lacked significant mineral resources. Such was the case of Guatemala. In the formative years of the captaincy-general cacao beans provided a currency as well as a means of balancing interregional payments, but after the sixteenth century exports of indigo financed the bulk of Guatemala's import trade. At the peak, two million pesos' worth of indigo left the kingdom annually. A decline in output set in toward the end of the eighteenth century. After independence, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Guatemala continued to produce indigo in commercial quantities, although the rise of synthetic colors left only a dwindling market for vegetable dyes. Meanwhile, coffee became the mainstay of international trade in all the Central American republics. Natural indigo (atil) is a dyestuff extracted from the leaves of indigofera, of which Linnaeus identified four species. By the nineteenth century botanists had counted over 140 indigoferous plants, widely distributed in tropical and sub-tropical areas.2 In colonial Guatemala the main source of indigo was xiquilite (indigof erd tinctoria). The properties of this plant were known to the Mayans; and in 1558 the Spanish crown asked the colonial government for samples of xiquilite, together with an account of the methods employed by the natives in growing the plant, extracting the dye, and dyeing.3 * The author is professor of economics in Duke University. 'I have received financial support for work on this paper from the American Philosophical Society and from the Duke University Research Council. 2 Julio Rossign6n, Manual del cultivo del aiil y del nopal (Paris, 1859), pp. 43-53. 3 J. Joaquin Pardo, Prontuario de reales cedulas, 1529-1599 (Guatemala, 1941), p. 6; Manuel Rubio, "El aiiil o xiquilite," Anales de la Sociedad de Geografia Copyright 1959, by the Duke University Press.

Field of study: History
Investigation of an iodine laser excited optically by high-current plasmadynamic discharges

A study was made of a perfluoropropyl iodide photodissociation laser pumped by the radiation emitted from a localized plasmadynamic discharge of the "plasma focus" type. An erosion magnetoplasma compressor was used as the plasma source. When the electrical energy input was 8 kJ, the specific energy output in the form of stimulated radiation was ~0.1 J/cm3 and the radiation power was ~0.2 MW. Experiments carried out without an illumination enclosure yielded an estimate of the laser efficiency which was ~0.35–0.45%. A comparison was made with a similar flashlamp-pumped laser. The result demonstrated advantages of the use of high-current plasmadynamic discharges for the optical excitation of photodissociation lasers.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics