nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
A Study on Numerical Simulation of Wind Field Effect on a Gymnasium Building

Based on the numerical simulation method of Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD),the distribution of the roofing mean wind pressure coefficient for a gymnasium building is studied using three kinds of turbulence closed models and is compared with the wind tunnel test data.Furthermore,this paper analyzes the wind speed vectogram of the building roof and interprets rules of coming-flow and circulation current of the building roof.

Field of study: Materials science
Validating Attitude Measures in Counseling Research: An Attitude-Argument Consistency Approach.

On the basis of recent social psychological research in the area of attitude formation and change, including Petty and Cacioppo's (1986) Elaboration Likelihood Model of persuasion, a strategy is proposed and tested for validating self-report attitude measures in counseling research. Data obtained from a college student sample indicated that attitude measures correlate with the proportion of attitude-consistent arguments generated and retrieved from memory

Field of study: Psychology
THE EFFICIENCY OF THE BUBBLE CAP PLATES

The completely unmixing of the liquid on the plates was assumed by Lewis to derive the theoretical relation between the plate efficiency and local efficiency. This assumption is not true for the actual cases. 
In the present paper, introducing a conception of the liquid pool, suggested early by Kirschbaum, to express the mixibility of the liquid on the plates. Using this conception the three equations were derived for three cases as in the Lewis's paper. 
It is interested to note that the first two cases, as k approaches infinity, can be reduced to the Lewis's form, and as k=l, equal to the Murphree's plate efficiency. These derived equations are the intermediate between the Lewis and Murphree equation, which represent the extremes of actual condition. 
In this paper, a method for estimating the point efficiency is also given, which is resonablly shown by the two examples. However, no further experimental data are available to demonstrate the utility.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
ТОВАРООБОРОТ: ОТЛОЖЕННЫЙ СПАД

Торговля, являясь одним из крупнейших секторов российской экономики2, в конце 2014 – начале 2015 г. дольше других отраслей «сопротивлялась» негативным макроэкономическим тенденциям, показывая пусть незначительный, но рост товарооборота. Однако осенью, несмотря на относительную стабилизацию условий внешней торговли и валютной динамики, падение оборота торговли (сентябрь 2015 г.) стало самым значительным с 2000 г. Этот эффект в большой степени объясняется отложенным переносом обменного курса в цены и постепенной адаптацией домохозяйств к новым уровням доходов.

Field of study: Economics
The suitability of the dry ashing procedure for determination of arsenic in marine samples.

The dry ashing procedure with Mg/(NO3)2/Mgo ashing aid, followed by arsenic determination by colorimetry, has been compared to an X-ray fluorescence method for determination of arsenic in marine samples. Good agreement between these techniques indicated the suitability of the dry ashing, colorimetric procedure for determination of "fish-arsenic". A wet digestion procedure using HNO3-H2SO4-HC104 was also shown to be suitable.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Dynamic effects of food magnitude on interim-terminal interaction.

We tested the assumption of a facilitatory relation between periodic food presentation and schedule-induced drinking by examination of (a) elicited drinking, (b) drinking in anticipation of food delivery, and (c) possible indirect effects of food delivery on drinking. We exposed rats to a fixed-time 60-second schedule in which interfood intervals ended in either one or four food pellets with equal probability. In Phases 1 and 3, a stimulus signaled the magnitude of upcoming food presentation. In Phase 2, the stimulus was eliminated. Changes in drinking and "head-in-feeder" distributions within interfood intervals demonstrated that head-in-feeder was controlled directly by food presentation, but drinking was not. Head-in-feeder increased and drinking was reduced when large meals began or ended an interval. In Phases 4 to 6, meal size was manipulated across sessions yielding a positive relation between meal size and schedule-induced drinking. We conclude: (1) Schedule-induced drinking is determined by distributions of food-related behavior and results from indirect effects of food delivery; and (2) the amount of schedule-induced drinking and the form of the drinking distributions in this experiment can be accurately explained by two assumptions: (a) Food presentation facilitates food-related behavior through elicitation and anticipation; and (b) food-related behavior and drinking are reciprocally, linearly related.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Optimization of the width of the photopeak energy window in the TDCS technique for scatter correction in quantitative SPECT

Transmission-dependent convolution subtraction (TDCS) is a promising technique in quantitative SPECT for subtracting the scatter components from emission images. Usually, a 20% photopeak energy window is used in SPECT acquisitions. To date, no investigation has assessed the effects of energy windows in the subtraction of scatter components from emission images with the TDCS technique. To evaluate the energy dependence of the TDCS technique, we analyzed photopeak energy windows of 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, and 35% using /sup 99m/Tc radionuclide. The scatter fractions for a point source placed in a water phantom were estimated using the triple-energy-window (TEW) technique. These estimates were used to establish the parameters of the TDCS equation as a function of transmission. The estimated parameters were applied to the TDCS technique to subtract the scatter components from data of corresponding energy windows using nonuniform and uniform phantoms. All data were reconstructed with the OSEM algorithm. The energy window dependence of the TDCS technique was verified by comparing the coefficients of variance (COV) of the data from the uniform phantom of each energy window. Ten Poisson deviates were generated from each projection's data from the uniform phantom. The nonuniform phantom results showed that the estimated parameters effectively estimated the scatter component from the projection image for each energy window. The COV for the 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, and 35% windows were 2.10%, 1.76%, 1.44 %, 1.39%, 1.34%, 1.37%, and 1.61%, respectively. In the TDCS technique, any photopeak energy window from 15% to 30% may work almost as well as judged by the COV measured for a uniform phantom in this study. The best window by that measure was the 25% window.

Field of study: Physics
A quick method for AlCu interconnect electromigration performance predicting and monitoring

The film properties and microstructures of (bottom)Si/SiO2/Ti(top) and (bottom)Si/SiO2/Ti/TiN/AlCu(top) stacks deposited by different processes were characterized. The resistivities of thin Ti films and the reflectivities of AlCu alloy films were found to correlate with the microstructure as well as the mean time to failure (MTTF) in the electromigration (EM) test. A quick-turn monitor for AlCu interconnect reliability in the semiconductor manufacturing industry was established.

Field of study: Materials science
Disease management index of potential years of life lost as a tool for setting priorities in national disease control using OECD health data.

Limited healthcare resources make it necessary to maximize efficiency in disease management at the country level by priority-setting according to disease burden. To make the best priority settings, it is necessary to measure health status and have standards for its judgment, as well as consider disease management trends among nations. We used 17 International Classification of Diseases (ICD) categories of potential years of life lost (YPLL) from Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) health data for 2012, 37 disease diagnoses YPLL from OECD health data for 2009 across 22 countries and disability-adjusted life years (DALY) from the World Health Organization (WHO). We set a range of 1-1 for each YPLL per disease in a nation (position value for relative comparison, PARC). Changes over 5 years were also accounted for in this disease management index (disease management index, DMI). In terms of ICD categories, the DMI indicated specific areas for priority setting for different countries with regard to managing disease treatment and diagnosis. Our study suggests that DMI is a realistic index that reflects trend changes over the past 5 years to the present state, and PARC is an easy index for identifying relative status. Moreover, unlike existing indices, DMI and PARC make it easy to conduct multiple comparisons among countries and diseases. DMI and PARC are therefore useful tools for policy implications and for future studies incorporating them and other existing indexes.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Factors underlying genotypic differences in the induction of photosynthesis in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr].

Crop leaves are subject to continually changing light levels in the field. Photosynthetic efficiency of a crop canopy and productivity will depend significantly on how quickly a leaf can acclimate to a change. One measure of speed of response is the rate of photosynthesis increase toward its steady state on transition from low to high light. This rate was measured for seven genotypes of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. After 10 min of illumination, cultivar 'UA4805' (UA) had achieved a leaf photosynthetic rate (Pn ) of 23.2 μmol · m(-2)  · s(-1) , close to its steady-state rate, while the slowest cultivar 'Tachinagaha' (Tc) had only reached 13.0 μmol · m(-2)  · s(-1) and was still many minutes from obtaining steady state. This difference was further investigated by examining induction at a range of carbon dioxide concentrations. Applying a biochemical model of limitations to photosynthesis to the responses of Pn to intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci ), it was found that the speed of apparent in vivo activation of ribulose-1:5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) was responsible for this difference. Sequence analysis of the Rubisco activase gene revealed single nucleotide polymorphisms that could relate to this difference. The results show a potential route for selection of cultivars with increased photosynthetic efficiency in fluctuating light.

Field of study: Environmental science
Encapsulation of High-Purity Germanium Detectors

The encapsulation of high purity germanium detectors is very desirable in order to increase their versatility and reliability. However, rapid and extensive degradation is seen for all detectors made from detector grade crystals which are encapsulated in a simple vacuum. Extensive studies have shown that the cause of this degradation is hydrogen adsorption on the detector surface. There it causes the formation of a strong p+ inversion layer which in turn shunts the detector junction. Reliable encapsulation is shown to be achievable by the use of hydrogen-free germanium crystals.

Field of study: Physics
Photoinduced charge separation in a PtII acetylide donor–acceptor triad based on 2-(1-pyrazole)-pyridine modified with naphthalene mono-imide electron acceptor

A class of molecular electron transfer cascades—those based on PtII complexes of 2-(1-pyrazole)-pyridine (pzpy) ligands—are reported. The synthesis of a new electron-acceptor imide-modified pzpy ligands is reported, and their application to transition-metal chemistry demonstrated by the synthesis of the PtII chloride and acetylide complexes. These donor–acceptor assemblies are promising models for investigation of photoinduced charge separation. Accordingly, picosecond time-resolved infrared (TRIR) and femtosecond transient absorption (TA) studies have been undertaken to elucidate the nature and dynamics of the lowest excited states in Pt(NAP-pyr-pyrazole)(–CC–Ph–C7H15)2. It has been established that the initial population of an MLL'CT excited state in the chromophoric [Pt(pyridine-pyrazole)(acetylide)] core is followed by an electron transfer to the naphthalimide (NAP) acceptor, forming a charge-separated state. This state is characterized by a large shift in ν(CO) vibrations of the NAP acceptor, as well as by a very intense and broad [×10 times in comparison to ν(CO)] asymmetric acetylide stretch which incorporates –CC–Pt–CC– framework and occurs at approximately 300 cm–1 lower in energy than its ground-state counterpart. In CH2Cl2 at room temperature, the charge-separated state with the lifetime of 150 ps collapses into an almost isoenergetic NAP-localized triplet state; the rate of this transformation changes upon decreasing the temperature to 263 K. This final excited state, 3NAP-(pyr-pyrazole)Pt(–CC–Ph–C7H15)2, has an unusually long, for PtII complexes, excited-state lifetime of tens of microseconds. The work demonstrates the possibility of tuning excited-state properties in this new class of PtII chromophores designed for electron-transfer cascades.

Field of study: Chemistry
Triple derivations on von Neumann algebras

It is well known that every derivation of a von Neumann algebra into itself is an inner derivation and that every derivation of a von Neumann algebra into its predual is inner. It is less well known that every triple derivation (defined below) of a von Neumann algebra into itself is an inner triple derivation.We examine to what extent all triple derivations of a von Neumann algebra into its predual are inner. This rarely happens but it comes close. We prove a (triple) cohomological characterization of finite factors and a zero-one law for factors. Namely, we show that for any factor, the linear space of triple derivations into the predual, modulo the norm closure of the inner triple derivations, has dimension 0 or 1: It is zero if and only if the factor is finite.

Field of study: Mathematics
Functional roles of natural products: The involvement of extended arrays of weak interactions in cooperative binding phenomena

A factorisation of the free energy of binding into various "costs" and "benefits" has provided the basis for a semi-quantitation of some weak interactions in solution. It has become clear that the entropic cost of motional restriction on binding (A + B + A.B) increases with increasing exothermicity of the association; this exothermicity must of course reflect not only interactions at the interface between A and B, but also the change in bonding throughout B (if B represents the receptor). We illustrate cooperativity and anti-cooperativity by reference to effects of ligand binding (as models of classical agonists and antagonists) on the dimerisation of vancomycin-group antibiotics. Since dimerization of receptors (promoted by ligand binding) is a common theme in biological signalling, it must presumably have an advantage in natural selection. We suggest that concurrent demands of ligand binding and receptor dimerization may permit a more specific control of those ligand structures which can cause signal transmission. In this way, specificity in biological signalling might be aided.

Field of study: Chemistry
Hemostatic and Fibrinolytic Response to Nasal Desmopressin in Hemodialysis Patients

To evaluate the effect of desmopressin (DDAVP) on hemostatic parameters during dialysis and in the interval between dialysis sessions.  Fifteen patients dialyzed twice weekly at least for 1 year and 15 healthy volunteers serving as a control group were enrolled in the study. Bleeding time, platelet count, prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1), euglobulin clot lysis time, protein C, protein S, fibrinogen, D-dimer, factor V, VII, VIII, IX, X and von Willebrand factor (VWF) values were studied at the beginning, at 2 and 4 h of dialysis with and without administration of DDAVP at a dose level of 2 µg/kg intranasally.  After dialysis, bleeding time shortened, PAI-1 and fibrinogen levels were lower, while VWF and D-dimer levels were higher. After DDAVP administration, bleeding time, PAI-1 levels were significantly lower (p < 0.01), while tPA, factor VIII and VWF levels increased significantly (p < 0.001).  The findings indicate that DDAVP can be used for patients on dialysis with serious bleeding.

Field of study: Medicine
Elements: Vale et Salve

This is the final occasion on which I have the opportunity to write a short piece which draws your attention to the highlights of the current issue of QJM . My five year term as editor-in-chief of this quality journal comes to an end at the end of September. I have really enjoyed this role and it has been both a privilege and pleasure to have served as your editor for this well established and respected publication. I would like to acknowledge the support, encouragement and assistance given to me over the years by the publisher (Oxford University Press), individual members of the Association of Physicians and …

Field of study: Medicine
Primary photophysical processes

Photochemical rcactions originatc from specific electronically excited states and often the direction of a photochemical transformation depends critically on the nature of the rcacting statc. Nevertheless, ordinary photoreactions of polyatomic molccules have ground state products and their mechanisms must, therefore, include diabatic transitions from higher to lower potential energy surfaces. The possible nature of such processes is discussed and an attempt reportcd to observe electronically excited products. The role of the HellmannFeynman theorem in photochemistry is emphasized.

Field of study: Chemistry
First-order superconducting resistive transition in Ba$_{0.07}$K$_{0.93}$Fe$_2$As$_2$

The superconducting resistive transition in high-quality single crystals of Ba$_{0.07}$K$_{0.93}$Fe$_2$As$_2$ ($T_c\sim$8 K) is hysteretic below about 1 K for in-plane fields. The hysteresis is not observed as the field is tilted away from the $ab$ plane by 20$^{\circ}$ or more. The temperature and angle dependences of the upper critical field suggest a strong paramagnetic effect for in-plane fields. We ascribe the hysteresis to a first-order superconducting transition due to the paramagnetic effect.

Field of study: Physics
Methodology to enhance the Portuguese thermal regulation accuracy for existing buildings

The goal of this study is to evaluate the accuracy of the Portuguese thermal regulation simplified methodology for existing buildings and to assess the influence of different parameters on the building final energy performance evaluation. Simple “in-situ” measurement techniques were carried out to calibrate the input data in this methodology. The results obtained with the simplified methodology, with and without the input data calibration, were compared with the results obtained with the detailed methodology and it was concluded that the “in-situ” calibration could contribute to improve the accuracy of the energy needs estimation and that the simplified methodology results are, in average, 11% higher than the detailed methodology.

Field of study: Engineering
Endoscopic microscopic transpedicular thoracic discectomy. Technical note.

In an effort to make thoracic discectomy simple and less invasive while using direct visualization, a 70 degrees-angled lens endoscope has been adopted to visualize the ventral aspect of the spinal cord dura mater during microsurgical thoracic discectomy via a transpedicular approach. The patient is positioned in a 60 degrees forwardly inclined lateral position with the side of the lesion facing upward. After radiographic corroboration of the correct level, a transpedicular approach is made using a 1.5-cm-diameter tubular retractor through a 2-cm-long paramedian transverse skin incision. With the aid of an operating microscope, the ipsilateral facet joint, including the upper portion of the pedicle, is removed using a high-speed drill, thus exposing the neural foramen, intervertebral disc, and upper portion of the pedicle leading to the vertebral bodies. When the herniated disc and bone spur have been removed laterally in relation to the spinal cord, creating a cavity under the operating microscope, a 4-mm-diameter rigid endoscope with a 70 degrees-angled lens is mounted to an endoscope holder so that the ventral aspect of the spinal cord dura mater can be visualized directly. With the aid of direct endoscopic visualization, the disc and bone spur, which compress the spinal cord anteriorly, are pushed away toward a cavity created at the intervertebral space and are removed using a downward-biting long-armed curette. Patients with myelopathy are kept overnight in the hospital; however, those with radiculopathy are discharged home on the same day as their operation. The surgical technique and two illustrative cases are reported.

Field of study: Medicine
Investigating the Impact of Feedback Instruction: Partnering Preservice Teachers with Middle School Students to Provide Digital, Scaffolded Feedback.

This article investigates the impact of scaffolded feedback instruction provided through an undergraduate methods course. Because of a desire for preservice teachers to have online teaching experience and due to low performance scores in assessment on the edTPA, a project was created which partnered preservice teachers with middle-grades students. Preservice teachers provided digital feedback, as students worked on a research project, while receiving scaffolded instruction about feedback in their methods course. Our study utilizes a mixed-methods intrinsic case study design. Participants included 82 rural middle school students and 16 preservice teachers from a large public university in the Midwest. As a result of participating in the methods course, preservice teachers' abilities, confidence, and beliefs about giving feedback improved. Middle-grades students reported feeling positive about receiving feedback and felt it was helpful. Implications for instructors, preservice teacher training, middle-grades student learning, and issues related to studying teacher education are discussed.

Field of study: Education
The Basis of Puerto Rico's Constitutional Status: Colony, Compact, or “Federacy”?

What is Puerto Rico's political and constitutional status vis-a-vis its central government in Washington DC? The focal point around which the politics of this nationalistically distinct island group of 3.9 million U.S. citizens has revolved for more than a century has been the issue of the territory's po litical condition. This was the case even before the U.S. takeover of the terri tory after the 1898 Spanish-American War. After America's occupation and annexation of the territory, its status was an international badge of dishonor for America when categorizing Puerto Rico as a colony seemed  Even as presidents such as Woodrow Wilson lectured other countries about the instabilities of imperial control and the need for self-determination, Puerto Rico remained an example of naked American colonialism. Since 1952, how ever, after its "commonwealth" regime was established, the issue of what Puerto Rico is and how to describe it has been at times bitterly debated by scholars and by Puerto Rico's three main parties, which center their political platforms on a hoped-for future status option. Each party is to one degree or

Field of study: Political science