nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Mid-Holocene serpulid build-ups in an estuarine environment (Buenos Aires Province, Argentina)

A bed with several serpulid build-ups is described from a Holocene outcrop at Quequen Grande River, Argentina. The tubes were dated at 6360 ± 80 years BP. The morphology and size parameters of the serpulids were compared to different species of serpulids from the literature and tubes of Ficopomatus enigmaticus , Hydroides dianthus and Hydroides plateni from Argentinean waters. In spite of the fact that today only F. enigmaticus constructs build-ups in Argentine brackish environments, the fossil tubes could not be assigned to this species, but instead, they show close similarities to those of the two species of Hydroides . The sequence is interpreted as having originated from a brackish environment. At present, neither the endemic H. plateni nor any other species of Hydroides construct build-ups in brackish waters of southern South America. This suggests, that suitable environments to construct aggregates were more widespread than today or that the invasion of F. enigmaticus replaced Hydroides ; alternatively various causes may have acted jointly.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Chromatin regulators, phenotypic robustness, and autism risk

Though extensively characterized clinically, the causes of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) remain a mystery. ASD is known to have a strong genetic basis, but it is genetically very heterogeneous. Recent studies have estimated that de novo disruptive mutations in hundreds of genes may contribute to ASD. However, it is unclear how it is possible for mutations in so many different genes to contribute to ASD. Recent findings suggest that many of the mutations disrupt genes involved in transcription regulation that are expressed prenatally in the developing brain. De novo disruptive mutations are also more frequent in girls with ASD, despite the fact that ASD is more prevalent in boys. In this paper, we hypothesize that loss of robustness may contribute to ASD. Loss of phenotypic robustness may be caused by mutations that disrupt capacitors that operate in the developing brain. This may lead to the release of cryptic genetic variation that contributes to ASD. Reduced robustness is consistent with the observed variability in expressivity and incomplete penetrance. It is also consistent with the hypothesis that the development of the female brain is more robust, and it may explain the higher rate and severity of disruptive de novo mutations in girls with ASD.

Field of study: Biology
SOLAR EARTH-WATER DISTILLATION FOR WET SAND.

SOLAR earth-water distillation is a means of extracting moisture from an earth medium. Three designs of the hot-box type of solar earth-water still were tested using wet or saturated sand. The designs included: low height with reflective interior siding, tall height with reflective siding and tall height with absorptive siding. The daily volume of distillate from the different designs was compared. A twenty-centimeter-tall still with reflective siding produced significantly greater yields than one twice as tall. No significant difference in the yield between tall stills with light-absorptive versus light-reflective interior siding was found. A regression equation was developed to predict water production for a low still with reflective siding and a sixteen-degree cover slope. Independent variables included soil moisture, solar radiation and maximum and minimum daily temperature.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Inference for Exponential Order Statistic Models Based on an Integrated Likelihood Function

Methods of statistical inference are developed for the exponential order statistic (EOS) model, where only a subset of order statistics from a collection of N iid exponential random detection times is observable. When the rate parameter for detections is unknown, the maximum likelihood estimator (MLE) of the unknown integer parameter N can be infinite with substantial probability. Inference for N is developed using a pseudolikelihood function obtained by integrating out the rate parameter. The estimator that maximizes this function, called the integrated likelihood estimator (ILE), is shown to be finite and to have better sampling properties than the MLE. Parameter-based asymptotics are developed for the case where N is large. Application of the methodology is illustrated using two datasets.

Field of study: Mathematics
Aids Knowledge and Homophobia among French and American University Students

22 male American and 24 male French college students' knowledge of AIDS scores were equivalent on a currently constructed 18-item questionnaire. Both groups answered more than 75% of the questions correctly. The American students' homophobic bias and reaction scores were higher than those of the French students on a 43-item homophobic questionnaire. The latter findings were interpreted as consistent with reduced effects of conservative, orthodox religion in France and the stability of traditional religious influence in America over the past three decades. No relation was found between knowledge of AIDS and homophobia in these small conveniently available samples.

Field of study: Psychology
On uniform approximation in real non-degenerate Weil polyhedron

It is proved that any function holomorphic in a real, non-degenerate Weil polyhedron G and continuous in its closure ¯G can be uniformly approximated by functions holomorphic in a neighborhood of ¯G. Besides, it is proved that such functions can be approximated by polynomials if G is a polynomial polyhedron.

Field of study: Philosophy
EXOTIC HEAVILY IONIZING PARTICLES CAN BE CONSTRAINED BY THE GEOLOGICAL ABUNDANCE OF FULLERENES

The C_{60} molecule exhibits a remarkable stability and inertness that leads to its survival in ancient carbonaceous rocks initially subject to the high temperatures requisite for its formation. Elementary particles having very high electronic stopping powers can similarly form C_{60} and higher fullerenes in their wake. Combined, these two features point at the possibility of using the C_{60} presence (or absence) in selected bulk geological samples as a new type of solid-state nuclear track detector, with applications in astro-particle physics.

Field of study: Physics
A new method based on SOM network to generate coarse meshes for overlapping unstructured multigrid algorithm

A new method to generate coarse meshes for overlapping unstructured multigrid algorithm based on self-organizing map (SOM) neural network is presented in this paper. The application of SOM neural network can overcome some limitations of conventional methods and which is designed to pursuit the best structure relation between fine and coarse unstructured meshes with the object to ensure robust convergence for overlapping unstructured multigrid algorithm. Besides, this method can automate the generation of unstructured meshes and is suitable for both two and three dimensions conditions.

Field of study: Mathematics
Late orogenic crustal extension in the northern Menderes massif (western Turkey): evidence for metamorphic core complex formation

The Simav metamorphic core complex of the northern Menderes massif, western Turkey, consists of a plutonic (Tertiary) and metamorphic (Precambrian) core (footwall) separated from an allochthonous cover sequence (hanging wall) by a low-angle, ductile-to-brittle, extensional fault zone (i.e. detachment fault). The core rocks below the detachment fault are converted into mylonites with a thickness of a few hundred metres. Two main deformation events have affected the core rocks. The first deformational event (D1) was developed within the Precambrian metamorphic rocks. The second event (D2), associated with the Tertiary crustal extension, includes two distinct stages. Stage one is the formation of a variably developed ductile (mylonitic) deformation (D2d) in metamorphic and granitic core rocks under greenschist facies conditions. The majority of the mylonites in the study area have foliations that strike NNW to NNE and dip SW to SE. Stretched quartz and feldspar grains define the mineral lineation trending SW-NE direction and plunging gently to SW. The kinematic indicators indicate a top-to-NE sense of shear. Stage two formation of brittle deformation (D2b) that affected all core and cover rocks. D2b involves the development of cataclasites and high-angle normal faults. An overall top towards the north sense of shear for the ductile (mylonitic) fabrics in the core rocks is consistent with the N-S regional extension in western Turkey.

Field of study: Environmental science
A Drug Mystery of Heterocycles: Various Molecules for One Target or One Compound for Multiple Targets?

The design, development, and biological evaluation of the multitarget series of tetrahydroindolo-[2,3-c]quinolinones is based on the “old” drug ambocarb via the “deconvolution” approach and is reviewed for the potential treatment of neurodegenerative conditions.

Field of study: Chemistry
Rapid determination of polycyclic-aromatic-hydrocarbons in rice by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry using dispersive solid phase extraction

A new analytical method was developed for the determination of 16 polycyclic-aromatichydrocarbons(PAHs) in rice samples by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS). The target analytes in samples were extracted with the solution of acetonitrile(ACN), purified using dispersive solid phase extraction, detected by GC-MS, and then quantified by isotope internal standard method. The method recovery percentages and relative standard deviations(RSD) were 69.1%~96.9% and 8.2%~12.7%. The method detection limit(MDL) was 0.6~3.2 μg/kg.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Genetic Risk for Psychiatric Disorders and Telomere Length

Previous studies have revealed associations between psychiatric disorder diagnosis and shorter telomere length. Here, we attempt to discern whether genetic risk for psychiatric disorders, or use of pharmacological treatments (i.e., antidepressants), predict shorter telomere length and risk for aging-related disease in a United Kingdom population sample.  DNA samples from blood were available from 351 participants who were recruited as part of the South East London Community Health (SELCoH) Study, and for which whole-genome genotype data was available. Leukocyte telomere length was characterized using quantitative polymerase chain reactions. Individualized polygenic risk scores for major depressive disorder (MDD), bipolar disorder (BD), and schizophrenia (SCZ) were calculated using Psychiatric Genomics Consortium summary statistics. We subsequently performed linear models, to discern the impact polygenic risk for psychiatric disorders (an etiological risk factor) and antidepressant use (common pharmacological treatment) have on telomere length, whilst accounting for other lifestyle/health factors (e.g., BMI, smoking).  There were no significant associations between polygenic risk for any of the psychiatric disorders tested and telomere length (p > 0.05). Antidepressant use was significantly associated with shorter telomere length and this was independent from a depression diagnosis or current depression severity (p ≤ 0.01). Antidepressant use was also associated with a significantly higher risk of aging-related disease, which was independent from depression diagnosis (p ≤ 0.05).  Genetic risk for psychiatric disorders is not associated with shorter telomere length. Further studies are now needed to prospectively characterize if antidepressant use increases risk for aging-related disease and telomere shortening, or whether people who age faster and have aging-related diseases are just more likely to be prescribed antidepressants.

Field of study: Biology
Hermitian powers:A Müntz theorem and extremal algebras

Given S ⊂ N, let Ŝ be the set of all positive integers m for which h is hermitian whenever h is an element of a complex unital Banach algebra A with h hermitian for each n ∈ S. We attempt to characterize when (i) Ŝ = N, or (ii) Ŝ = S. A key tool is a Müntz-type theorem which gives remarkable conclusions when 1 ∈ S and ∑{1/n : n ∈ S} diverges. The set Ŝ is determined by a single extremal Banach algebra Ea(S). We describe this extremal algebra for various S. 0.  Let A be a complex unital Banach algebra generated by an element h and let S be a subset of the positive integers N. We aim to make a general study of what can be said about A given that h is hermitian (that is, ‖exp(iαhn)‖ = 1 for all real α) for n ∈ S. When S = N, the Vidav–Palmer Theorem gives immediately that A is a C∗-algebra with Gelfand space Sp(h), the spectrum of h. We show that the same conclusion holds under much weaker assumptions for S. We prove in fact the following Müntz-type theorem. If h is hermitian and if h is hermitian for a large enough subset of odds (resp. evens) to give divergence for the corresponding series ∑ 1/n, then h is hermitian for all odds (resp. evens). In particular, if S = 3N− 2, then it follows that h is hermitian for all n ∈ N. Given that h is hermitian for n ∈ S in a unital Banach algebra A generated by h, it is natural to ask if there is a largest subset Ŝ such that h is hermitian for n ∈ Ŝ for every such unital Banach algebra A. This question is readily answered in the context of extremal Banach algebras. We discuss these in §3, but it is enough to note here that one definition of the extremal norm for polynomials in h is given by the pointwise supremum of all algebra seminorms | · | such that |h| ≤ 1 and h is hermitian for all n ∈ S. If a polynomial is hermitian for the extremal norm, then it is hermitian for any of these algebra seminorms. Thus we may define Ŝ to be the set of 2000

Field of study: Mathematics
Carbon nanotubes: Ballistic transport or room-temperature superconductivity?

We theoretically estimate the electron-phonon coupling constant lambda for metallic single-walled carbon nanotubes with a diameter of 1.4 nm. The partial electron-phonon coupling constant for the hardest phonon mode is estimated to be about 0.0036, in good agreement with that deduced from Raman scattering data assuming superconductivity above room temperature. Assuming no superconductivity, we estimate the room-temperature inelastic mean free path l_ep due to electron-phonon scattering to be about 0.46 micrometer, and the total room-temperature inelastic mean free path l_in to be about 0.16 micrometer. We then argue that the electrical transport data of individual multi-walled nanotubes cannot be explained by ballistic transport at room temperature but provide strong evidence for quasi-one-dimensional superconductivity above room temperature.

Field of study: Physics
Circulating immune complexes in patients with diabetes mellitus.

Circulating immune complexes (CIC) were detected by the solid phase C1q binding assay in 16% of 103 diabetic patients and by the fluid phase C1q binding assay in 31% of patients as compared to 5% of 58 control subjects for each assay. Plasma glucose determinations revealed that most patients were moderately hyperglycaemic (mean glucose = 264 mg/dl), and thus were not selected for tight metabolic control. All but six patients had elevated levels of plasma insulin, including both the insulin treated and diet treated subgroups. There was no correlation between the presence of CIC detected by either assay and plasma glucose, insulin, or the presence of microangiopathy. Multiple factors must contribute to the increase in CIC in both insulin deficient and insulin resistant diabetics. The role of these various factors remains to be defined.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Enhanced Stability of CH3NH3PbI3 Thin Films Deposited on FTZO

Fluorine (F) and tin (Sn) codoped ZnO (FTZO) nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized by sol–gel technique on indium tin oxide (ITO). The structural changes arising from CH3NH3PbI3 deposited on FTZO NPs layer during its degradation were characterized via in situ grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXRD). It was indicated that the FTZO NPs layer helped reduce the degradation of the perovskite film during the annealing process. This film also exhibited enhanced crystallization and preferred in-plane orientation of the (110) plane after annealing.

Field of study: Chemistry
The Ignored Religious Other: Atheist/Agnostic Pre-Service Teachers

The purpose of this case study was to investigate how four American Atheist/Agnostic (A/A) elementary pre-service teachers (PSTs) planned, taught, and reflected on a world religions field experience with 7th-grade students, as well as to examine the role self- and professional-identity. Data sources included at least three interviews with each participant, lesson observations, and document analysis of their lesson plans and reflection journals. All four of the PSTs experienced discrimination and exclusion during childhood because of their lack of religiosity. The A/A PSTs desire to teach in a manner that promotes critical thinking and student interpretation of historical events, yet they are indifferent about ubiquity of religion in schools and are nervous about offending students and parents. A/A teachers are likely to feel isolated and marginalized, which are key factors in teachers leaving the profession.

Field of study: Education, Sociology
Synthesis and Dielectric Relaxation Spectroscopy of Graphene Oxide Nanoparticles: Effects of Frequency, Thickness, and Temperature

Graphene oxide (GO) nanoparticles were synthesized by the modified Hummers method from graphite powder. The synthesized GO nanoparticles were characterized by UV–visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), x-ray diffraction (XRD), and Raman spectroscopy. The SEM and HRTEM analysis showed that the nanoparticles ranged in size from 1 nm to 100 nm. The crystalline properties of the GO sheets were confirmed by XRD analysis. The FTIR results confirmed the presence of oxygen-containing functional groups on the surface of GO nanosheets. The dielectric relaxation spectroscopy of the synthesized GO was studied in the frequency range of 10−2 Hz to 105 Hz. The dielectric loss tangent as a function of frequency shows a separate relaxation peak and increases up to 6 mm thickness, beyond which it decreases. The dielectric permittivity increases with the thickness of GO pellets up to 6 mm and then decreases, which may be due to an increase in resistivity. The electrical conductivity of GO increases continuously with increasing temperature, confirming the positive temperature coefficient (PTC) of higher conductance. From the dielectric study, it is observed that the dielectric permittivity and electrical conductivity of GO strongly depend upon the thickness and extent of temperature.

Field of study: Materials science
Linear scaling quantum transport methodologies

In recent years, the role of predictive computational modeling has become a cornerstone for the study of fundamental electronic, optical, and thermal properties in complex forms of condensed matter, including Dirac and topological materials. The simulation of quantum transport in realistic materials calls for the development of linear scaling, or order-$N$, numerical methods, which then become enabling tools for guiding experimental research and for supporting the interpretation of measurements. In this review, we describe and compare different order-$N$ computational methods that have been developed during the past twenty years, and which have been intensively used to explore quantum transport phenomena in disordered media. We place particular focus on the electrical conductivities derived within the Kubo-Greenwood and Kubo-Streda formalisms, and illustrate the capabilities of these methods to tackle the quasi-ballistic, diffusive, and localization regimes of quantum transport. The fundamental issue of computational cost versus accuracy of various proposed numerical schemes is addressed in depth. We then extend the review to the study of spin dynamics and topological transport, for which efficient approaches of inspecting charge, spin, and valley Hall conductivities are outlined. The usefulness of these methods is illustrated by various examples of transport in disordered materials, such as polycrystalline and defected graphene models, 3D metals and Dirac semimetals, carbon nanotubes, and organic semiconductors.

Field of study: Physics
Plume-related sedimentary basins in East Asia during the Cretaceous

Many Cretaceous sedimentary basins of various sizes occur in East Asia, which are classified into four geotectonic settings: forearc, intra-arc, back-arc, and intra-continental basins. Among these, intra-arc and back-arc basins are characterized by rifting and pull-apart origins, and intra-continental basins by rifting related to large-scale magmatism or plume. The pull-apart basins in Southwest Japan are closely related to plate-subduction magmatism. The continental region rift basins in the Early Cretaceous, however, seem to have no direct relation to subduction-controlled magmatisms, because almost no accretionary prism was developed along the continental margin at that time. This means that plume-related magmatism played an important role in the eastern part of the Asian continent due to return flow effects from the 670 km thermal boundary layer. Such a plume magmatism explains systematically the origin and development of varieties of rift basins in East Asia in Cretaceous time.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Natural and synthetic diastereoisomeric (--)-3',4',7-trihydroxyflavan-3,4-diols.

1. Rhodesian copalwood (Guibourtia coleosperma) contains three diastereo-isomeric leuco-fisetinidins. These consist of the (-)-2,3-cis-3,4-cis (2R,3R,4R) and (-)-2,3-cis-3,4-trans (2R,3R,4S) 3',4',7-trihydroxyflavan-3,4-diols, and the third was shown to be a 2,3-trans-3,4-cis isomer by means of paper ionophoresis. 2. There occurrence in similar proportions as tannin precursors also in the tropical hardwoods G. tessmannii and G. demeusii implies a close taxonomic relationship between these, and with G. coleosperma. 3. Epimerization of the natural (-)-3',4',7- trihydroxy-2,3-trans-flavan-3,4-trans-diol affords a mixture from which the (-)-2,3-cis-3,4-cis isomer was separated readily, but the (-)-2,3-trans-3,4-cis isomer was obtained with difficulty. These were formed by epimerization of the (-)-2,3-trans-3,4-trans isomer at C-2 and C-4, and at C-4, respectively.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Surgical Release of Severe Flexion Contracture for Oncologic Knee Arthroplasty

Severe postoperative knee contractures after arthroplasty or megaprosthesis reconstruction occur rarely, but are devastating complications. Management of preoperative flexion contractures is well-described, but there is a paucity of literature for surgical treatment of postoperative contractures. A retrospective chart review was performed for a single surgeon of cases between 1996 and 2014.  Nine patients (5 of 66 for pediatrics; 4 of 95 for adults) underwent surgical release for severe stiffness after implantation of knee megaprosthesis. The total arc of motion was improved from a preoperative mean of 34° (range, 10° to 70°) to a postoperative mean 89° (63° to 125°). The amount of extension improved by a mean of 27° (range, -3° to +70°) and the amount of flexion improved by a mean of 28° (range, -10° to +75°).  Surgical release of severe postoperative knee contracture is a challenging procedure, but in most cases, the amount of extension and flexion can be improved, yielding a greater total arc of motion.

Field of study: Medicine