nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Setting priorities for safe motherhood programme evaluation: a participatory process in three developing countries.

A participatory approach to priority setting in programme evaluation may help improve the allocation and more efficient use of scarce resources especially in low-income countries. Research agendas that are the result of collaboration between researchers, programme managers, policy makers and other stakeholders have the potential to ensure rigorous studies are conducted on matters of local priority, based on local, expert knowledge. This paper describes a process involving key stakeholders to elicit and prioritise evaluation needs for safe motherhood in three developing countries. A series of reiterative consultations with safe motherhood stakeholders from each country was conducted over a period of 36 months. In each country, the consultation process consisted of a series of participatory workshops; firstly, stakeholder's views on evaluation were elicited with parallel descriptive work on the contexts. Secondly, priorities for evaluation were identified from stakeholders; thirdly, the evaluation-priorities were refined; and finally, the evaluation research questions, reflecting the identified priorities, were agreed and finalised. Three evaluation-questions were identified in each country, and one selected, on which a full scale evaluation was undertaken. While there is a great deal written about the importance of transparent and participatory priority setting in evaluation; few examples of how such processes could be implemented exist, particularly for maternal health programmes. Our experience demonstrates that the investment in a participatory priority-setting effort is high but the process undertaken resulted in both globally and contextually-relevant priorities for evaluation. This experience provides useful lessons for public health practitioners committed to bridging the research-policy interface.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Symbiotic bacteria as a determinant of plant community structure and plant productivity in dune grassland.

Symbiotic interactions are thought to play a key role in ecosystems. Empirical evidence for the impact of symbiotic bacteria on plant communities is, however, extremely scarce because of experimental constraints. Here, in three complementary experiments, we show that nitrogen-fixing rhizobia bacteria act as a determinant of plant community structure and diversity. Grassland microcosms inoculated with a mixture of rhizobia had a higher above-ground plant productivity (+35%), contained more nitrogen (+85%) and had significant higher community evenness (+34%) than control microcosms without rhizobia. Moreover, three of the four studied legume species required rhizobia to successfully coexist with other plant species. In contrast, the growth and survival of three grass and five forb species were not affected by the presence or absence of rhizobia. Finally, our results also showed that the legume species largely relied on symbiotically fixed nitrogen, both in the field and in the microcosms. This indicates that results in the microcosms are indicative for processes occurring in the field. It is concluded that symbiotic interactions between plants and prokaryotes can contribute to plant productivity, plant community structure and acquisition of limiting resources in legume-rich grassland communities.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Fast Vector Oblivious Linear Evaluation from Ring Learning with Errors

Oblivious linear evaluation (OLE) is a fundamental building block in multi-party computation protocols. In OLE, a sender holds a description of an affine function fα,β(z) = αz+β, the receiver holds an input x, and gets αx + β (where all computations are done over some field, or more generally, a ring). Vector OLE (VOLE) is a generalization where the sender has many affine functions and the receiver learns the evaluation of all of these functions on a single point x. The state-of-the-art semi-honest VOLE protocols generally fall into two groups. The first group relies on standard assumptions to achieve security but lacks in concrete efficiency. These constructions are mostly based on additively homomorphic encryption (AHE) and are classified as “folklore”. The second group relies on less standard assumptions, usually properties of sparse, random linear codes, but they manage to achieve concrete practical efficiency. In this work, we present a conceptually simple VOLE protocol that derives its security from a standard assumption, namely Ring Learning with Errors (RLWE), while still achieving concrete efficiency comparable to the fastest VOLE protocols from non-standard coding assumptions [4, 8, 28]. Furthermore, our protocol admits a natural extension to batch OLE (BOLE), which is yet another variant of OLE that computes many OLEs in parallel.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Bridging the Gap between Genotype and Phenotype via Network Approaches

In the last few years we have witnessed tremendous progress in detecting associations between genetic variations and complex traits. While genome-wide association studies have been able to discover genomic regions that may influence many common human diseases, these discoveries created an urgent need for methods that extend the knowledge of genotype-phenotype relationships to the level of the molecular mechanisms behind them. To address this emerging need, computational approaches increasingly utilize a pathway-centric perspective. These new methods often utilize known or predicted interactions between genes and/or gene products. In this review, we survey recently developed network based methods that attempt to bridge the genotype-phenotype gap. We note that although these methods help narrow the gap between genotype and phenotype relationships, these approaches alone cannot provide the precise details of underlying mechanisms and current research is still far from closing the gap.

Field of study: Biology
Relationship between fluctuating differential pressure and void fraction of gas-liquid two-phase flow in Venturi tube

The relationship between root-mean-square deviation of fluctuating differential pressure and void fraction of gas-liquid two-phase flow in Venturi tube was investigated.The effect of mass flow rate, pressure, differential pressure and density ratio on the relationship was taken into consideration.With void fraction increasing, the fluctuation of differential pressure signal became stronger firstly and weaker subsequently after it reached a maximum.The experiments were carried out for air-water and oil-air two-phase flow with 40 mm and 50 mm diameter pipes respectively, static pressure less than 0.4 MPa,oil flow rate ranging from 0.97 kg·s~(-1) to 1.81 kg·s~(-1), water flow rate ranging from 1.58 kg·s~(-1) to 2.54 kg·s~(-1).Based on the experimental data and theoretical analysis, a dimensionless correlation between differential pressure and void fraction was proposed. Furthermore,void fraction could be determined with the correlation.The results showed that the void fraction determination error of air-water flow was 10.9% and that of oil-air flow was 11.3%, respectively.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Writing a Politics of Perception: Memory, Holography, and Women Writers in Canada (review)

theorized introductions to texts by novelists such as Joyce Elbrecht and Lydia Fakundiny (who write together as author/subject Jael B. Juba), Laird completes her study with another such illuminating pairing of pairings in "Rewriting America." Whereas Laird opens her text by recreating a model of "collaborative desire" informed by but not limited to a psychoanalytical perspective, the integrative pluralism of her approach permits her to conjoin subjects and modes of inquiry from autobiography to deconstruction. In the hands of a less skillful critic, such a methodology might seem cumbersome or erratic, but Laird's deft synthesis remains always specific in support, meticulously argued, and readable. Equally important, her project provides a model for further analyses of this kind. As Laird remarks, "The aim of this study is not to set forth one kind of collaboration as ideal or even as better in some sense than another, but to learn what can be gleaned from the juxtapositions of different kinds and degrees of collaboration." Indeed, Women Coauthors stands to inspire other such innovative critical juxtapositions.

Field of study: Art
Forgotten Franciscans: Works from an Inquisitional Theorist, a Heretic, and an Inquisitional Deputy by Martin Austin Nesvig (review)

The Latin American Originals series, published by the Penn State University Press, presents in this volume three texts written by sixteenth-century Franciscans somewhat overlooked in the history of the evangelization of New Spain. Two of them were important Franciscan figures. Alfonso de Castro was a well-known author who as a theological adviser attended two sessions of the Council of Trent (1545–1547 and 1551–1552). Diego Muñoz was the first chronicler of the Franciscan province of St. Peter and St. Paul in Michoacán and the first Franciscan criollo to become minister provincial in New Spain. Alonso Cabello was an intellectually brilliant, though controversial, young friar with an adventurous spirit, whose ideas would probably have been ignored had the Holy Office of the Inquisition not prosecuted him.

Field of study: History
Ichnology of a glacially-influenced continental shelf and slope; the Late Cenozoic Gulf of Alaska (Yakataga Formation)

The study of trace fossils in glaciomarine strata is important because of the low preservation potential of fauna but glaciomarine settings have received little attention from ichnologists. Widespread biological activity is recorded by ichnofossil assemblages in glaciomarine strata of the Late Cenozoic (6 Ma to present) Yakataga Formation, Alaska. Glacial sedimentation began in the Gulf of Alaska in the Miocene along a deep water active margin basin dominated by turbidity currents and debris flows. Later strata record progradation of the continental slope by mass flow processes and the establishment of a broad shelf influenced by repeated glaciation, ice-rafting of coarse debris, changes in water depth and salinity, storms, earthquakes, and high sedimentation rates. Yakataga Formation strata show overall, a limited ichnological diversity and low degree of bioturbation in relation to comparable non-glacial settings although certain beds are highly bioturbated. Twenty-four ichnotaxa are identified and grouped into nine assemblages characteristic of different depositional settings and substrate types. Ichnogenera and body fossil evidence shows that polychaetes, arthropods, molluscs and echinoderms were the dominant infaunal benthic organisms with deposit feeding being the predominant feeding strategy; poorly consolidated muddy sediments excluded suspension feeders and limited the development of the Skolithos ichnofacies typical of non-glacial shelves characterized by clean, shifting sand substrates. Evidence of rapid sedimentation is given by escape structures (fugichnia), the presence of Diplocraterion, and by the mass mortality of bivalves. Firm-ground burrows, typical of the Glossifungites ichnofacies, are associated with erosional surfaces, boulder pavements and coquinas. Diminutive feeding traces may reflect salinities lowered by glacial meltwater inputs. The downslope transport of food by turbidity currents and mass flows may explain the development of a diverse Cruziana ichnofacies in water depths where in non-glacial settings the Nereites ichnofacies is found. An ichnological summary is presented for the Late Cenozoic Gulf of Alaska continental margin; similar ecological conditions obtain in the modern setting and provide valuable supportive data. Ichnofacies identified from the Yakataga Formation are probably widespread in Late Paleozoic and Late Cenozoic glacially-influenced marine strata.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
BRIEF COMMUNICATIONS: Planar waveguides based on epitaxial films of GaAsP and GaN for integrated optics applications

An investigation was made of the main parameters of thin-film optical waveguides based on epitaxial singlecrystal films of GaAs1–xPx and GaN. The waveguide losses were determined for different wavelengths and the feasibility of using these waveguides in integrated optics was analyzed.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Blasphemy, Cultural Divergence and Legal Relativism

The offence of blasphemy was by the 1970s typically dismissed as an archaism existing at the margins of the criminal law, practically obsolete and of little social significance or broader analytical interest, there having been no successful prosecution in Elfty years. In contrast, the debate which began then and still continues now as to whether the offence should be retained, reformed or abolished has assumed major socio-legal importance. The exchanges which characterise this debate raise fundamental issues relating to law, religion and politics, and can be read as a commentary on the relationship between law and culture in Britain at the end of the twentieth century, and as symptomatic of some of the pivotal conflicts which are characteristic of late modern societies. At a point when legal developments are set to excite renewed controversy, this article explores the social and cultural signiElcance of the offence and of the legal strategies which are in question. The initial section examines the involvement of the law of blasphemy in uncertainties surrounding the impact of secularisation and cultural pluralism, which invest it with considerable symbolic consequence. In order to illuminate the nature of the offence, there follows an account of its parameters and a critical analysis of its relationship to laws dealing with the adjacent areas of sedition, obscenity, outrage to public decency and offences against public order. The third section of the article is concerned with the recent revival of the blasphemy law and assesses the paradoxical nature of its effects, in particular the difElculties that have been posed for liberalism as a political philosophy aspiring to steer society through to an era of plurality and co-existence. Finally, the signiE1cance of a law of blasphemy is related to the question of the status of religion in contemporary western societies, the appropriate response of law, and the conflict that exists between the desire to rationalise the offence and the desire to equalise the protection it affords.

Field of study: Law
Strictly singular inclusions of rearrangement invariant spaces and Rademacher spaces

If G is the closure of L∞ in expL2, it is proved that the inclusion between rearrangement invariant spaces E ⊂ F is strictly singular if and only if it is disjointly strictly singular and E 6⊃ G. For any Marcinkiewicz space M(φ) ⊂ G such that M(φ) is not an interpolation space between L∞ and G it is proved that there exists another Marcinkiewicz space M(ψ) ( M(φ) with the property that the M(ψ) and M(φ) norms are equivalent on the Rademacher subspace. Applications are given and a question of Milman answered.

Field of study: Mathematics
Connecting Galaxies with Halos Across Cosmic Time: Stellar mass assembly distribution modeling of galaxy statistics

In this work, I explore an empirically motivated model for investigating the relationship between galaxy stellar masses, star formation rates and their halo masses and mass accretion histories. The core statistical quantity in this model is the stellar mass assembly distribution, $P(dM_{*}/dt|\mathbf{X},a)$, which specifies the probability density distribution of stellar mass assembly rates given a set of halo properties $\mathbf{X}$ and epoch $a$. Predictions from this model are obtained by integrating the stellar mass assembly distribution (SMAD) over halo merger trees, easily obtained from modern, high-resolution $N$-body simulations. Further properties of the galaxies hosted by the halos can be obtained by post-processing the stellar mass assembly histories with stellar population synthesis models. In my particular example implementation of this model, I use the \citet{behroozi13a} constraint on the median stellar mass assembly rates of halos as a function of their mass and redshift to construct an example parameterization of $P(dM_{*}/dt|\mathbf{X},a)$. This SMAD is then integrated over individual halo mass accretion histories from $N$-body merger trees starting at z = 4, using simple rules to account for merging halos. I find that this a simple model can reproduce qualitatively the bimodal features of the low-redshift galaxy population, including the qualitative split in the two-point clustering as a function of specific star formation rate. These results indicate that models which directly couple halo and galaxy growth through simple efficiency functions can naturally predict the star formation rate bimodality in higher-order statistics of the galaxy field, such as its two-point correlations or galactic conformity signals.

Field of study: Physics
Diving into the past - a paleo data-model comparison workshop on the Late Glacial and Holocene

An international group of approximately 30 scientists with background and expertise in global and regional climate modeling, statistics, and climate proxy data discussed the state of the art, progress, and challenges in comparing global and regional climate simulations to paleoclimate data and reconstructions. The group focused on achieving robust comparisons in view of the uncertainties associated with simulations and paleo data.  16–18 April 2018 Where: Hamburg, Germany U nderstanding changes in the climate of the late Pleistocene and the Holocene has long been a research topic. Studies rely on different sources of information, ranging from terrestrial and marine archives to a hierarchy of climate modeling activities. In contrast to the climate of the last millennium, novel approaches are necessary to bridge the different temporal and spatial representations of the various archives and the climate models, and to achieve a robust understanding of climate variability and climate processes on centennial-to-millennial time scales. On the one hand, paleoclimate archives typically have a coarser temporal and spatial resolution on longer—for example, glacial—time scales than on shorter—late Holocene—time scales. They also commonly have poorer age constraints and are more uncertain. However, larger climate forcing occurred, giving a better signal-to-noise ratio for these longer time scales. On the other hand, climate modeling approaches based on comprehensive Earth system models (ESMs) need to take into account additional components and processes within the Earth system that are either not present or of secondary importance within the late Holocene, our current interglacial period, such as the emergence and vanishing of vast ice sheets or continental uplift. Indeed, the climate modeling community has yet to prove the feasibility of transient fully coupled ESM simulations over a complete glacial cycle. Addressing these issues requires expert knowledge from different fields, including critical assessment of paleoclimate data quality; technical and statistical tools to compare and analyze archives; and the exploitation of presently available and upcoming transient simulations with comprehensive ESMs. Experts of the respective fields gathered in Hamburg, Germany, for a 3-day workshop1 to discuss long-standing

Field of study: Environmental science
Structural basis for the autoinhibition of the C-terminal kinase domain of human RSK1.

p90 ribosomal S6 kinases (RSKs) respond to various mitogen stimuli and comprise two distinct protein kinase domains. The C-terminal kinase domain (CTKD) receives signal from ERK1/2 and adopts an autoinhibitory mechanism. Here, the crystal structure of human RSK1 CTKD is reported at 2.7 Å resolution. The structure shows a standard kinase fold, with the catalytic residues in the ATP-binding cleft orientated in optimal conformations for phosphotransfer. The inactivation of the CTKD is conferred by an extra α-helix (αL), which occupies the substrate-binding groove. In combination with previous knowledge, this structure indicates that activation of RSK1 involves the removal of αL from the substrate-binding groove induced by ERK1/2 phosphorylation.

Field of study: Chemistry
Experimental Study on Laser Welding Process of Ultra Thin 316L Stainless Steel

Laser welding is the most effective joining method for thin 316 L plate which is widely used in thin-walled components such as bipolar plates and plate heat exchanger.Traditionally,the multi mode fiber laser is adopted to weld the thin plates to form fluid field.However,the excessive welding heat usually produces severe distortions because the divergence angle of multi mode fiber laser is not tiny enough.The single mode fiber laser beam with smaller divergence angle was used to weld 0.1mm thick 316 L plate.It's found that single mode fiber laser can join BPPs effectively with narrower weld width,deeper penetration and smaller distortion.

Field of study: Materials science
Improved Algorithms for Matrix Recovery from Rank-One Projections

We consider the problem of estimation of a low-rank matrix from a limited number of noisy rank-one projections. In particular, we propose two fast, non-convex \emph{proper} algorithms for matrix recovery and support them with rigorous theoretical analysis. We show that the proposed algorithms enjoy linear convergence and that their sample complexity is independent of the condition number of the unknown true low-rank matrix. By leveraging recent advances in low-rank matrix approximation techniques, we show that our algorithms achieve computational speed-ups over existing methods. Finally, we complement our theory with some numerical experiments.

Field of study: Computer science
Land Losing Peasants' Employment Ability in the Process of Urbanization and the Ways to Improve It——Base on the Study of Hefei City

Lots of landless peasants spring up in the process of rapid urbanization.The key for them to get townspeople identity is to obtain non-agricultural skills and employment.Statistics released from Hefei shows that the employment ability of landless peasants is poor.In order to enhance the employability of landless peasants,the institutional arrangements need to be strengthened,so is their own construction,and the network should be expanded.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences