nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The use of the microalga Botryococcus in the interpretation of lacustrine environments at the Jurassic–Cretaceous transition in Sweden

Ultrastructural studies of developmental stages, shapes and size of fossil microalgal Botryococcus colonies, found in the Vitaback clays at Eriksdal in southern Sweden, have been carried out. The results of this study, by analogy with the modern alga, suggest that for these lacustrine environments short limited periods of stable, uniform climatic conditions were interspersed with longer periods of seasonal climatic changes during the deposition of the Jurassic–Cretaceous transition sediments in Sweden.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Polyacetylenverbindungen, 267. Biogenetisch interessante Acetylenverbindungen aus Cineraria saxifraga DC

Polyacetylenic Compounds, 267. – Biogenetically Interesting Acetylenic Compounds from Cineraria saxifraga DC 
 
 
 
While Cineraria aspera afforded only the typical known constitutents of this genus, C. saxifraga contains in addition to dihydrocinalyratyl acetate and isoelimicin the three C13-acetylenic compounds 3, 6, and 7 which are important intermediates in the biogenesis of polyacetylenes. The structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods.

Field of study: Chemistry
Autonomic reactivity and alcohol-induced dampening in men at risk for alcoholism and men at risk for hypertension.

Both sons of male alcoholics with multigenerational family history of male alcoholism (MFH) and sons of essential hypertensives (HTs) exhibit elevated psychophysiological reactivity to stress when compared with male controls (FH-). MFHs also demonstrate a significant baseline heart rate increase and stress-response dampening following alcohol consumption. The present study investigates the specificity of this alcohol-induced psychophysiological response pattern by testing these two risk groups in a shock response paradigm, both sober and alcohol-intoxicated. A repeated measures analysis of variance on sober and alcohol-intoxicated heart rate reactivity yielded a significant risk by alcohol interaction, indicating that alcohol consumption led to a greater decrease in reactivity in the MFH group compared with the HT and FH- groups. Similar results were obtained for muscle tension measures. MFHs also displayed greater increases in resting baseline heart rate and muscle tension when alcohol intoxicated. The results may reflect a sensitivity to negatively and positively reinforcing effects of alcohol specific to individuals with multigenerational familial histories of alcoholism.

Field of study: Medicine
On the Scholarly Activity of Higher Educationists.

Despite the comparatively recent emergence of higher education as a field of study, higher educationists already number in the hundreds, and their ranks are swelling annually. Academicians so numerous can be expected to publish a great deal of scholarly work, and these people-our colleagues-do. Our interest in their work is twofold: we seek to develop a taxonomy by which to distinguish among the publications higher educationists produce, and as higher educationists ourselves we wish to argue for a change in the emphases that inform much, if not most, of the scholarly activity presently undertaken by higher educationists. We do not intend to suggest criteria for assessing the quality of scholarly effort. Our attention is directed to the kinds of scholarly work carried out in higher education, not to the competence with which it is pursued. Scholarly production in higher education can be conceptualized in terms of three major categories (with subcategories within them): (1) descriptive materials, (2) value statements, and (3) theoretical statements.

Field of study: Education
Oxide ion conductivity in Bi2W1−xMExO6−x/2 (ME = Nb, Ta)

Oxygen deficient Bi2WO6 phases have been synthesized by substitution for WVI with NbV and TaV, in this m = 1 member of the Aurivillius series. The composition range of the solid solutions is limited to 0 < x < 0.15 according to a formula Bi2W1−x(Nb or Ta)xO6−x/2. The maximum oxygen ion conductivities are obtained when x = 0.05 for both phases with moderate activation energies. The performances are intermediate between those of the high conductor BIMEVOX phases and those of doped higher members of the Aurivillius series m = 2, 3 and 4. These results provide the first experimental evidence of the predominant role of the Bi3+ 6s2 lone pair in the oxide ion diffusion process within these layered phases.

Field of study: Materials science
The πσ-axial exchange current

The axial exchange current operator that arises from the coupling of the axial field to the pion and effective scalar field in nuclei is constructed using the modified σ -model. The corresponding effective one-body operator is then constructed using short range correlation functions determined from realistic nucleon-nucleon interaction models. It is shown that the “πσ”- axial exchange current can contribute about 5% to the quenching of the nucleon axial current coupling constant g A GT in heavy nuclei.

Field of study: Physics
Editor's corner About software engineering hype

l The rate of hype of computing software engineering. Claims are made for new software engineering concepts that regularly go well beyond any possibility of reality. The most recent example of this trend is the claims made for object oriented programming-that programmers of the future will regularly build software entirely from previously-built, glued-together reusable objects. In fact, the history of these excessive claims dates back to the structured revolution and before. None of these hyped concepts has ever achieved the claims made for them.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Reproductive and Sexual Outcomes After Anorectal Malformation Repair in Childhood

Anorectal malformations (ARM) are a spectrum of anomalies. Sexual function and fertility may be impaired. This study looks at long-term outcomes.  This was a cohort study of 75 adult patients with ARM. Participants completed questionnaires on urinary, bowel and sexual function. Medical records were retrieved for data on original diagnosis and associated anomalies.  The age range was 18-60 years with a median of 25 years. 18 associated genital anomalies were recorded in 14 women (31%), the commonest being double vagina (6/14) and bicornuate uterus (5/14). In 10 of the 24 (41.67%) males where paediatric medical records were available had 11 documented genital anomalies, the commonest being cryptorchidism (6/24). The mean age of sexual debut for the group was 17.65 years (range 14 – 65 years). Of the 75, 10 were not sexually active (13.3%). In the case of 2 females this was due to vaginal stenosis, both required surgery. 61% of male patients were very or mainly satisfied with their sex lives. Women scored significantly lower than men in terms of sexual esteem and satisfaction. Five males reported poor erections, and 5 reported difficulty in ejaculating. There were 16 pregnancies from 7 females, 10 resulted in live births. Four deliveries were vaginal and 6 Caesarean section. The male participants reported 11 pregnancies in partners resulting in 10 live births.  Anorectal malformations have adverse implications for fertility and sexual function. In young adults it is important that issues regarding sexual function and fulfilment are addressed openly.

Field of study: Medicine
Biochemical investigation of a human pathogenic mutation in the nuclear ATP5E gene using yeast as a model

F1F0-ATP synthase is a key enzyme of the mitochondrial energetic metabolism responsible for the production of most cellular ATP in humans. Mayr et al. (2010) recently described a patient with a homozygote (Y12C) mutation in the nuclear gene ATP5E encoding the ε-subunit of ATP synthase. To better define how it affects ATP synthase, we have modeled this mutation in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A yeast equivalent of this mutation (Y11C) had no significant effect on the growth of yeast on non-fermentable carbon sources (glycerol/ethanol or lactate), conditions under which the activity of the mitochondrial energy transducing system is absolutely essential. In addition, similar to what was observed in patient, this mutation in yeast has a minimal effect on the ATPase/synthase activities. On the contrary, this mutation which has been shown to have a strong impact on the assembly of the ATP synthase complex in humans, shows no significant impact on the assembly/stability of this complex in yeast, suggesting that biogenesis of this complex differs significantly.

Field of study: Biology
Muerte y transfiguración de Martín Fierro

Table of content . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Pages in data.bnf.fr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 This page in data.bnf.fr lab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Sources and references . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Link to the main catalogue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Field of study: History
Unfair Contract Terms, Unfair Prices and Bank Charges

This note considers how the Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts Directive 1993 draws the line between the review of unfair contract terms and the review of unfair contracts (and, in particular, unfair prices) in the context of two cases concerning bank charges: Abbey Life plc v The Office of Fair Trading (2009) (the Bank Charges case) in the UK Supreme Court and Case 484/08 Caja de Madrid (2010) in the European Court of Justice. The note explains the proper question to be addressed by a court for this purpose under article 4(2) of the Directive and criticises the Supreme Court's approach to the interpretation of article 4(2) and its application of the UK regulation implementing this article to the circumstances in the Bank Charges case.

Field of study: Law
Quantum Garbled Circuits

We present a garbling scheme for quantum circuits, thus achieving a decomposable randomized encoding scheme for quantum computation. Specifically, given a quantum circuit and a quantum input, we show how to compute an encoding from which it is possible to derive the output of the computation and nothing else. In the classical setting, garbled circuits (and randomized encodings in general) are a versatile cryptographic tool with many applications such as secure multiparty computation, delegated computation, depth-reduction of cryptographic primitives, complexity lower-bounds, and more. However, a quantum analogue for garbling general circuits was not known prior to this work. We hope that our quantum randomized encoding scheme can similarly be useful for applications in quantum computing and cryptography. 
The properties of our scheme are analogous to ones achieved in the classical setting (in particular to the so-called point-and-permute garbling method). Our scheme has perfect correctness, and has perfect information-theoretic security if we allow the encoding size to grow exponentially with the depth of the circuit. This exponential blowup can be avoided via computational assumptions (specifically, the existence of quantum-secure pseudorandom generators). The encoding process is decomposable: each input qubit can be encoded independently, when given access to a string of classical randomness and EPR pairs. The complexity of the encoding is comparable to that of classical garbled circuits in terms of dependence on the size and depth of the encoded circuit (and on the security parameter in the computational setting). Furthermore, the encoding can be computed via a constant-depth quantum circuit with bounded-arity gates as well as quantum fan-out gates (which come "for free" in the classical setting). Formally this is captured by the complexity class $\mathbf{QNC}^0_f$.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Heat flow measurements under some lakes in the Superior Province of the Canadian Shield: Discussion

In their recent paper Allis and Garland (1979) have attempted to make use of dimictic lakes for heat flow measurements. While recognizing that to allow for the effects of temperature changes at lake bottom it is necessary to apply large corrections to the temperatures and temperature gradients in the sediments, the form of the correction they have applied may not be sufficiently accurate to give reliable results. They show, in their Fig. 2, a temperature-time function for the bottoms of lakes which is essentially a square wave, with sudden temperature changes at 6 month intervals, on which is superimposed either a longer period change or an aperiodic change, and use a 30 term Fourier series to approximate the function. There are two problems with this approach which may lead to serious error in the estimate of the correction required. Firstly, since only 18 months of records are shown it is assumed that only 18 months of data are incorporated in the Fourier series, which implies that the longest term component has a period of less than 18 months; secondly, such a procedure implies a continuous temperature-time function for each term, whatever its period, which conflicts with their statement that the 2 K temperature rise in May 1976 was due to a period of unusual warmth and, therefore, should presumably be treated as a unique event. In what follows I shall, for the sake of simplicity, assume sediment surface (i.e., lake bottom) temperature disturbances of unit amplitude. Figure 1, which is included as a form of baseline against which to compare other sets of curves, illustrates the disturbances to the temperature gradient due to an annual sinusoidal variation of V = Vo cos (2n tlP), where P (= 1 year) is the period, at the surface of sediments of diffusivity = 0.17 mm2/s; the numbers on the curves represent the time, in months, at which the gradients are measured using the time at which V = V, as the reference zero time. Sinusoidal changes of different period and amplitude would have a similar symmetrical appearance but would, of course, be of different amplitude at different depths. For the basic square wave function shown by Allis and Garland, the disturbance to gradients in the lake sediment should be computed on the basis of repetitive step functions (Beck 1977) and it is easy to show that even with equal amplitude steps the resultant computation based upon data for only 1 year will be very different from that based upon data for 2 to several years. This is illustrated in Fig. 2 using a sediment diffusivity of 0.17 mm2/s. Figure 2a shows curves for corrections to the temperature gradient due to unit change of temperature at t = 0 followed by a similar change of opposite sign at t = 6 months; the number on a curve represents the number of months (1 month = 30 days) that have passed, after the initial disturbance, before a measurement is made. This approach can be used for

Field of study: Environmental science
Lenin as a Statistician: a Non-Soviet View

Many of Lenin's arguments were based on statistical analysis, and in the Soviet milieu he is widely praised as a statistician. In this paper we first examine the background and influences of Lenin's statistics and also consider his statistical arguments, some of which are often cited in the Soviet literature. Our general conclusions are that (a) in his earlier work Lenin exhibited innate craftmanship in analysing large-scale statistical data, (b) his statistics owes much to V. E. Postnikov, P. N. Skvortsov and F. A. Shcherbina whose influence has been downplayed, (c) Lenin was not beyond turning his analysis to political ends, (d) his influence among established statisticians in the Russian Empire, including the zemstvo statisticians, was quite modest and (e) he was instrumental in establishing official statistical organs in the USSR.

Field of study: Mathematics
金黄色葡萄球菌中限制修饰系统的分析

随着编码毒素和耐药基因的可移动遗传元件的水平转移,金黄色葡萄球菌的毒力和耐药性变得越来越强.而限制-修饰系统(restriction-modification system,R-M系统)在调控可移动遗传元件的水平转移过程中,发挥着重要的作用.R-M系统在多种细菌中都存在,其能识别特异DNA序列并进行甲基化修饰,控制外源性潜在有害DNA或冗余基因的摄取,避免细菌裂解或死亡.目前研究发现,金黄色葡萄球菌普遍存在的是Ⅰ型R-M系统,此系统由hsdS、hsdM、hsdR组成,分别负责特异序列识别、甲基化修饰、酶切的作用.hsdR基因突变可导致基因水平转移能力增强。

Field of study: Biology
Palm Kernel: A Potential Substrate for Rapid Detection of Aflatoxigenic Fungi

Palm kernel is a cheap natural resource which is abundantly available in the tropics, parts of Asia and South and Central America. A culture medium was developed by incorporating fresh palm kernel extract for the detection of aflatoxigenic fungi. Aflatoxin positive isolates of Aspergilliexhibited a characteristic blue or blue green fluorescence of agar under long wave UV light against a pink background which was confirmed by thin layer chromatography. As compared to conventional desiccated coconut agar, the fluorescent nature of the medium, the intensity and diffusion of the hot water soluble fluorescent compounds of the fungus was unique on this medium. The optimal pH and temperature conditions of aflatoxin production were 7 and 30 ºC respectively. Additives (synthetic and natural) either had no effect or adversely affected the fluorescence of the medium. Aflatoxin detection was possible within 36h in palm kernel broth compared to 40 h in coconut broth. The optimal time of production of fluorescence was 44 h on palm kernel agar compared to 48 h on the conventional medium. Further tests with isolates from different sources showed that yellow pigmentation, fluorescence and aflatoxins were complementary thus obviating the need for UV light. It is thus possible to presumptively identify aflatoxin positive isolates.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
The "Piermont Allochthon" in the Littleton-Moosilauke area of west-central New Hampshire: Alternative interpretation and reply

Several recent papers have accepted the idea that there is a large overthrust, the "Piermont allochthon," in west-central New Hampshire. In my opinion, such an overthrust does not exist. For the reasons given below, I believe that stratigraphic and structural proof of this hypothesis are lacking and that other interpretations can fit the known facts as well or better. Careful mapping combined with routine observation of primary geopetal features and supported by U-Pb zircon age determinations prove the existence of the Piermont allochthon in a 200-km-long belt that includes the type area of the Ordovician Albee Formation of M. P. Billings near Littleton, New Hampshire. The Albee Formation of Billings is divided into seven stratigraphic units that are correlated with one Upper Ordovician(?) formation, one Lower Silurian(?) formation, three Silurian formations, one Upper Silurian(?) formation, and one Lower Devonian formation previously mapped in the Central Maine trough. In the Littleton area, the allochthon is bounded on the west by the Monroe fault, and on the east by the Foster Hill sole fault, which coincides with the contact that Billings mapped between his Albee Formation and the overlying Ordovician Ammonoosuc Volcanics. This contact must be a fault, because stratigraphic sequences on opposite sides face (young) toward, and are truncated against, one another. Where exposed, the Foster Hill fault is a sharp, pre-metamorphic boundary with only local evidence of shearing. Regional geologic relationships indicate that the Piermont allochthon has traveled several to many tens of kilometers relative to the southeast adjacent Bronson Hill-Boundary Mountains anticlinorium. For reasons given elsewhere, however, my previous interpretation that the allochthon is an Acadian thrust sheet is probably not tenable.

Field of study: Geology
Surface antigen expression in spleen cells of C57Bl/6 mice during ageing: influence of sex and parity

So far all studies on the murine ageing process have been conducted on virgin mice. Immune ageing may be influenced by sex hormone differences related to sex or pregnancies. The aim of this study was to investigate whether pregnancies and gender influence the cell changes observed during ageing in a peripheral lymphoid compartment of C57Bl/6 mice. Using flow cytometry, changes in (Thy1.2+) T cell, (B220+) B cell and (CD11b/Mac‐1) macrophage spleen populations were monitored in 2, 8 (3 months after last pregnancy) 15 and 23‐month‐old mice including males, virgin and multiparous females. The development of naive (CDCD44low), memory (CD44high), activated/memory (MEL‐14, CD62L) cells were investigated in CD4+ and CE8+ T cell subsets. Both short term (at 8 months) and long term (at 15 and 23 months) effects of multiparity were obvious in the lymphocyte/macrophage population changes associated with the ageing process. Short‐term effects included delayed appearance of CD4+CD44high memory lymphocytes and increased numbers of both CD4+MEL‐14low activated/memory cells and Mac‐1+ macrophages when compared with virgin control mice. Later effects of multiparity were increased CD8αdull populations and increased T/B cell ratios and the ratio of memory to naive CD4+ cells (CD44+high/CD44+low). A sex effect was noticed: males exhibited lower Mac‐1+ levels and memory/naive ratio in CD4+ subset than virgin females throughout life. These results suggest that gender and/or pregnancies affect the age‐related distribution of lymphoid and macrophage cell populations in the spleen of C57Bl/6 mice.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Donor Behavior and Voluntary Support for Higher Education Institutions.

Income from private giving has always been of great importance to American colleges and universities. Through the rest of this century, however, maintaining and expanding these resources will approach crucial significance. In short, voluntary support has both a timeless and a timeliness dimension. Unlike appropriations and allocations from government and income from many other sources, voluntary support for colleges and universities takes on relatively unrestricted spending forms. Whereas the spending of governmental monies and other resources generally are prescribed or at least closely regulated, much voluntary support may be expended almost without constraint. The result is that endowment and related funds often are the major sources of institutional discretionary funds by which innovations may be introduced, risks may be taken, and investments in the future may be made. Voluntary support frequently provides the margin of excellence, the element of vitality, that separates one institution from another and allows institutions to escape from the routinized sameness of fully regulated organizations. In addition to the timeless importance of voluntary support, there is also a timeliness dimension. The present pervasive decline in resources available to institutions of higher education, caused by the ubiquitous budget cuts on campus, has raised the importance of voluntary support to a critical level. Voluntary support is becoming the only source of real discretionary money and in many cases is assum-

Field of study: Education
Temporal characterization of petawatt class laser at Shen Guang II facility.

Temporal characterization is important to diagnose and measure a petawatt (PW) class laser. We obtained the V curve of the pulse width versus the grating position using pulse width measurement with a mirror image configuration. The temporal range for pulse width was 18 ps with a resolution of 0.05 ps. We measured the pulse contrast between the -60  ps and -6  ps PW class laser within a single shot in the Shen Guang II facility. We measured the pulse contrast between the -91  ps and -60  ps PW class laser after expanding the temporal range. The temporal range was 70 ps, with a dynamic range of eight orders of magnitude.

Field of study: Physics