nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
A Pinnacle of Feeling: American Literature and Presidential Government (review)

romantic myth of the artist as a baffled genius. He describes Geisel as one who could not make his own coffee or pay his bills because he lived so deeply inside his imagination. Pease does note that from the 1920s until the end of World War II, Geisel was not above trafficking in anti-Semitic, racist, and ethnic stereotypes in his satiric cartoons. Pease asserts that Geisel used "racist humor, for instance, in a depiction of the winner of the fight between Kid Sambo and Highball Thompson as either a shade lighter or a shade darker" (52). Further, "the nation's war against Japan resulted in cartoons that drew on racist stereotypes to which he was otherwise opposed" (67) and "the horrors to which Jewish populations had been subjected led Geisel to regret the anti-Semitism depicted in some of his earlier artwork" (65). To Geisel's credit, many of his postwar works, including Horton Hears A Who (begun in 1953), with its famous line "A person's a person no matter how small," were attempts to make amends for whatever harm his earlier works may have inflicted on minority groups. A distinguished addition to the "Lives and Legacies" series of Oxford University Press, Theodor SEUSS Geisel makes clear how and why Dr. Seuss has had such a major impact on how children have learned to read since the 1950s. As Pease points out, Geisel's work has been translated into fifteen languages, and more than 200 million copies of his books have been sold worldwide. In 2001, Publishers Weekly listed fourteen Dr. Seuss books among the top one hundred all-time best-selling hardcover children's books. As impressive as are these figures, Pease's sensitivity to the quality of linguistic play and the substance of the author's communitarian message demonstrates why Seuss's art has earned its continued admiration and universal respect.

Field of study: Art
二(2-羟基苯乙酮肟) 63 Cu(II)配合物中 14 N核的ENDOR研究

本文用定向选择的方法,研究了在20K下测定的1 14 N- 63 Cu-HAP的DMSO/EtOH(5:1)冷冻溶液的ENDOR谱,精确测得配体 14 N核的各向异性超超精细耦合张量值,各种不同 1 H核的超超精细耦合张量值和 14  的数值比较表明,前文的波谱解析,方法是合理的,数据是可靠的。

Field of study: Chemistry
Non-steady state effects in diurnal 180 discrimination by Picea sitchensis branches in the field.

We report diurnal variations in 18O discrimination (18 delta) during photosynthesis (18 delta A) and respiration (18 delta R) of Picea sitchensis branches measured in branch chambers in the field. These observations were compared with predicted 18 delta (18 delta pred) based on concurrent measurements of branch gas exchange to evaluate steady state and non-steady state (NSS) models of foliage water 18O enrichment for predicting the impact of this ecosystem on the Delta 18O of atmospheric CO2. The non-steady state approach substantially improved the agreement between 18 delta pred and observed 18 delta (18 delta obs) compared with the assumption of isotopic steady state (ISS) for the Delta 18O signature of foliage water. In addition, we found direct observational evidence for NSS effects: extremely high apparent 18 delta values at dusk, dawn and during nocturnal respiration. Our experiments also show the importance of bidirectional foliage gas exchange at night (isotopic equilibration in addition to the net flux). Taken together, neglecting these effects leads to an underestimation of daily net canopy isofluxes from this forest by up to 30%. We expect NSS effects to be most pronounced in species with high specific leaf water content such as conifers and when stomata are open at night or when there is high relative humidity, and we suggest modifications to ecosystem and global models of delta 18O of CO2.

Field of study: Environmental science
ON SAMPLING AND SECOND ORDER DIFFERENCE EQUATIONS

Recently a discrete version of Kramer's sampling theorem has been developed. The new theorem allows us to derive sampling expansions associated with difference equations instead of differential equations as is the case of Kramer's theorem. Here we derive a biorthogonal version of the discrete theorem and give a sampling theorem associated with not necessarily selfadjoint difference equations. Thus, examples using Hermite, Laguerre and Jacobi polynomials can be derived.

Field of study: Philosophy
Multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 decreases the concentrations of antiepileptic drugs in cortical extracellular fluid in amygdale kindling rats

To investigate whether multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 (MRP1) was responsible for drug resistence in refractory epilepsy in amygdale kindling rats.Rat amygdale kindling was used as a model of refractory epilepsy. The expression of MRP1 mRNA and protein in the brains was examined using RT-PCR and Western blot. MRP1-positive cells in the cortex and hippocampus were studied with immunohistochemical staining. The rats were intraperitoneally injected with phenytoin (50 mg/kg) or carbamazepine (20 mg/kg), and their concentrations in the cortical extracellular fluid were measured using microdialysis and HPLC. Probenecid, a MRP1 inhibitor (40 mmol/L, 50 μL) was administered through an inflow tube into the cortex 30 min before injection of the antiepileptic drugs.The expression of MRP1 mRNA and protein was significantly up-regulated in the cortex and hippocampus in amygdale kindling rats compared with the control group. Furthermore, the number of MRP1-positive cells in the cortex and hippocampus was also significantly increased in amygdale kindling rats. Microdialysis studies showed that the concentrations of phenytoin and carbamazepine in the cortical extracellular fluid were significantly decreased in amygdale kindling rats. Pre-administration of probenecid could restore the concentrations back to their control levels.Up-regulation of MRP1 is responsible for the resistance of brain cells to antiepileptic drugs in the amygdale kindling rats.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Numerical Simulation of Snow Accumulation on a Bogie of a High-Speed Train

The operation of high-speed trains in ice and snow weather results in a large amount of snow accumulation with ice on bogie, which will seriously damage the safety of high-speed trains. In this paper, the snow accumulation on the bogie has been investigated using numerical simulation method based on Realizable k  turbulence model. The accuracy of mesh resolution and methodology of CFD were validated by combining with the experimental results of wind tunnel tests. The Discrete Phase Model (DPM) was used to investigate the process of snow accumulation on bogie. The results show that the high-concentration snow particles mainly flow under the bogie, and the heat-producing equipment is in high snow concentration while the top surfaces of bogie are in low one; when high-speed trains running in one way, the snow on the front motor and gear cover is more than the rear, while the snow accumulation on the rear brake calipers is more than the front, the accumulation quality of snow on the motors is far more than on brake calipers and gear covers.

Field of study: Engineering
Zur Theorie der Bremsstrahlung in Plasmen hoher Temperatur

ZusammenfassungEs wird der über alle Frequenzen integrierte Bremsstrahlungsemissionskoeffizient für ein Wasserstoffplasma, dessen Elektronentemperatur höher als etwa 108 °K ist, berechnet. Es wird sowohl die bei Elektronen-Ionen-Stößen als auch die bei Elektronen-Elektronen-Stößen entstehende Strahlung berücksichtigt, und zwar in der Bornschen Näherung. Für die Elektron-Ion-Strahlung bedeutet dies die Verwendung des Bethe-Heitlerschen Strahlungswirkungsquerschnittes; für die Elektron-Elektron-Strahlung wird der zu benutzende Wirkungsquerschnitt mit nur geringer Willkür interpolatorisch aus den vonGaribyan im nichtrelativistischen und im extremrelativistischen Grenzfall abgeleiteten Ausdrücken gewonnen. Die Mittelung über die Elektronenenergien wird mit relativistischen Maxwell-Verteilungen numerisch ausgeführt. Der Fehler der Bornschen Näherung bei der gesamten Elektron-Elektron-Strahlung erweist sich mit Hilfe einer halbklassischen Überlegung in nichtrelativistischer Berechnung abT=108 °K als etwa 2,5 mal kleiner als bei der Elektron-Ion-Strahlung, für die er bei dieser Temperatur 4% beträgt, um dann wie 1/√T abzunehmen.

Field of study: Physics
PLUGGING BRAKING FOR ELECTRIC VEHICLES POWERED BY DC MOTOR

1 PG Scholar Department of Electrical Engineering, Sree Buddha College of Engineering, Pattoor, Alappuzha 2 Asst professor Department of Electrical Engineering, Sree Buddha College of Engineering, Pattoor, Alappuzha AbstractElectric traction is a promising technology that can bring out significant improvement in vehicle performance, fuel efficiency and energy utilization. The energy management in the traction system can be well improved through the braking system used in it. In this paper a electrical braking system i.e. plugging braking of DC motor is discussed. Model of DC-DC converter and controller was developed. After combining these models with DC motor simulation was conducted. Control scheme designed and implemented to the system was a speed controller. Optimization of controller following with verification would complete the overall model. Plugging braking was presented by simulation and waveform results were discussed. Reference speed were varied and simulated. Speed-up time and braking time were discussed. Conclusions were drawn at the end of the paper. Electric vehicle, DC motor, DC-DC converter, plugging braking.

Field of study: Engineering
THE EFFECT OF MULTIPLE S-DELTA PERIODS ON RESPONDING ON A FIXED-INTERVAL SCHEDULE. II. IN A PRIMATE.

A squirrel monkey was subjected to a fixed-interval pattern of reinforcement. During the course of each interval a bright white light was repeatedly presented. In the presence of the white light, a response was never immediately followed by food; the white light thus functioned as S(Delta). Responding was interrupted during the S(Delta) periods, but in the squirrel monkey as in the pigeon, these interruptions did not destroy the characteristic scalloped pattern of the cumulatively recorded responding through each interval.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Effect of Preheating Temperature on Hydrostatic Extending-Extrusion Forming of Magnesium Alloy Tube

The AZ80 magnesium alloy extrusion forming was numerically simulated by using the software Deform-3D.And the extrusion test was carried out. The effects of different preheating temperatures of the die, the die core and the extrusion container on hydrostatic extending-extrusion forming process were studied. The results show that the higher the preheating temperature is, the less the required extrusion pressure is and the easier the tube forming is; the temperatures of the die and die core has great impact on the peak of extrusion force, and the temperature of extrusion container mainly affects the stationeriness of extrusion force during the steady stage. The experiments show that when the temperature of the die, the die core and extrusion container is 250, 250, 20℃ separately, the tube can be completely formed, which verifies the feasibility of hydrostatic extending-extrusion forming for AZ80 magnesium alloy and the rationality of numerical simulation.

Field of study: Materials science
Growth factors-based therapeutic strategies and their underlying signaling mechanisms for peripheral nerve regeneration

Peripheral nerve injury (PNI), one of the most common concerns following trauma, can result in a significant loss of sensory or motor function. Restoration of the injured nerves requires a complex cellular and molecular response to rebuild the functional axons so that they can accurately connect with their original targets. However, there is no optimized therapy for complete recovery after PNI. Supplementation with exogenous growth factors (GFs) is an emerging and versatile therapeutic strategy for promoting nerve regeneration and functional recovery. GFs activate the downstream targets of various signaling cascades through binding with their corresponding receptors to exert their multiple effects on neurorestoration and tissue regeneration. However, the simple administration of GFs is insufficient for reconstructing PNI due to their short half‑life and rapid deactivation in body fluids. To overcome these shortcomings, several nerve conduits derived from biological tissue or synthetic materials have been developed. Their good biocompatibility and biofunctionality made them a suitable vehicle for the delivery of multiple GFs to support peripheral nerve regeneration. After repairing nerve defects, the controlled release of GFs from the conduit structures is able to continuously improve axonal regeneration and functional outcome. Thus, therapies with growth factor (GF) delivery systems have received increasing attention in recent years. Here, we mainly review the therapeutic capacity of GFs and their incorporation into nerve guides for repairing PNI. In addition, the possible receptors and signaling mechanisms of the GF family exerting their biological effects are also emphasized.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Deposition of Silica Aluminum Using an Alkali Solution of Fly Ash

This study investigated the deposition process of fly ash alkali solution containing silica. The effects of deposition pH, temperature, speed, and time on silicon and aluminum deposition rates were studied. Oil value was analyzed because of the presence of aluminum silica in white carbon black. Results show that the optimum deposition conditions are as follows: pH of 7, deposition temperature of 60 °C, deposition rotation rate of 100 r/min, and deposition time of 4 h.

Field of study: Engineering
Symmetric Supercapacitor Electrodes from KOH Activation of Pristine, Carbonized, and Hydrothermally Treated Melia azedarach Stones

Waste biomass-derived activated carbons (ACs) are promising materials for supercapacitor electrodes due to their abundance and low cost. In this study, we investigated the potential use of Melia azedarach (MA) stones to prepare ACs for supercapacitors. The ash content was considerably lower in MA stones (0.7% ash) than that found in other lignocellulosic wastes. ACs were prepared by KOH activation of pristine, carbonized, and hydrothermally-treated MA stones. The morphology, composition, surface area, porosity, and surface chemistry of the ACs were determined. Electrochemical measurements were carried out in three- and two-electrode cells, 3EC and 2EC, respectively, using 1 M H2SO4 as the electrolyte. The highest capacitance from galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD) in 2EC ranged between 232 and 240 F·g−1 at 1 A·g−1. The maximum energy density reached was 27.4 Wh·kg−1 at a power density of 110 W·kg−1. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) revealed an increase in equivalent series resistance (ESR) and charge transfer resistance (RCT) with greater ash content. Electrochemical performance of MA stone-derived ACs was compared with that of other ACs described in the recent literature that were prepared from different biomass wastes and results showed that they are among the best ACs for supercapacitor applications.

Field of study: Materials science
Xylem‐transported abscisic acid: the relative importance of its mass and its concentration in the control of stomatal aperture

Abscisic acid (ABA) fed in pulses to the petioles of detached cherry leaves in enclosed leaf chambers, caused a reduction in leaf conductance. The degree of inhibition was analysed with respect to the amount of ABA fed and to concentration of ABA in the feeding solution. Regression analysis of the data showed both variables to have a significant effect on leaf conductance. A hypothetical maximum ABA concentration occurring in the leaf apoplast was calculated for each pulse from a simple model. This variable explained more of the variance within the data than either the amount or the applied concentration variable. A value for the rate at which ABA is removed from the apoplast is derived from the experimental data using the model. A second experiment attempted to evaluate this rate directly, by measuring the rate of catabolism of labelled ABA within the leaf. The results suggested a half-life of 36 min for the initial rate of decay. This figure is similar to that derived from the model, the importance of ABA-metabolism for the control of leaf conductance is discussed in the context of root-to-shoot communication by ABA in the xylem stream.

Field of study: Environmental science
EFFECT OF GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ON SEX RATIO IN CROSSBRED PIGS

The study was initiated with an idea to investigate few genetic and environmental factors that affect sex ratio of Khasi local and their different crossbreds with Hampshire pigs. Individual data were collected of pure Khasi local and its crossbred with 50, 75 and 87.5 % Hampshire inheritance in different seasons like rainy (July to October), summer (March-June) and winter (Nov- Feb). The sex ratio for Khasi local crossbred with 50, 75 and 87.5 % Hampshire inheritance was 1.21 ± 0.16, 1.32 ± 0.16, 1.48 ± 0.16 an 1.32 ± 0.16 respectively with an overall mean sex ratio 1.38 ± 0.16, whereas, the sex ratio for spring, rainy and winter season was 1.31 ± 0.17, 1.29 ± 0.16 and 1.32 ± 0.15, respectively. Similarly, the sex ratio for larger litters and smaller litters was 1.40 ± 0.13 and 1.45 ± 0.13 respectively. This study concludes that crossbreds at different levels of inheritance, season and litter size had no effect on sex ratio.

Field of study: Biology
Effect of Fiber Volume Fraction in Fiber Reinforcement Compaction in Resin Injection Pultrusion Process

In the resin injection pultrusion process (RIP), the liquid resin is injected into the continuously pulled fibers through the injection slots to cause complete wetout of the fibers. As the resin penetrates through the fibers, the resin also pushes the fibers away from the wall causing compaction of the fiber reinforcements. When the fibers are squeezed together due to compaction, the resin penetration becomes more difficult; thus a resin injection pressure below a certain pressure cannot effectively penetrate through the fibers and achieve complete wetout. However, if the resin injection pressure is too high, the fibers are squeezed together to such an extent that the fiber becomes essentially impenetrable by the liquid resin. The harder it is to penetrate through the fibers, greater is the tendency of the fibers to be pushed away from the wall and cause compaction and affect wetout. In this study, the effect of fiber volume fraction on the fiber reinforcement compaction and the complete wetout is presented.

Field of study: Materials science
Charge-exchange resonances and restoration of the Wigner SU(4)-symmetry in heavy and superheavy nuclei

Various facets of the question of whether Wigner’s supersymmetry [SU(4) symmetry] may be restored in heavy and superheavy nuclei are analyzed on the basis of a comparison of the results of calculations with experimental data. The energy difference between the giant Gamow–Teller resonance and the analog resonance (the difference of EG and EA) according to calculations based on the theory of finite Fermi systems is presented for the case of 33 nuclei for which experimental data are available. The calculated difference ΔEG–A of EG and EA tends to zero in heavier nuclei, showing evidence of the restoration of Wigner’s SU(4) symmetry. Also, the isotopic dependence of the Coulomb energy difference between neighboring isobaric nuclei is analyzed within the SU(4) approach for more than 400 nuclei in the mass-number range of A = 5–244. The restoration of Wigner’s SU(4) symmetry in heavy nuclei is confirmed. It is shown that the restoration of SU(4) symmetry is compatible with the possible existence of the stability island in the region of superheavy nuclei.

Field of study: Physics
Rational cooperation in the finitely repeated prisoners' dilemma

A common observation in experiments involving finite repetition of the prisoners' dilemma is that players do not always play the single-period dominant strategies (“finking”), but instead achieve some measure of cooperation. Yet finking at each stage is the only Nash equilibrium in the finitely repeated game. We show here how incomplete information about one or both players' options, motivation or behavior can explain the observed cooperation. Specifically, we provide a bound on the number of rounds at which Fink may be played, when one player may possibly be committed to a “Tit-for-Tat” strategy.

Field of study: Economics
N-Cadherin Maintains the Healthy Biology of Nucleus Pulposus Cells under High-Magnitude Compression

Mechanical load can regulate disc nucleus pulposus (NP) biology in terms of cell viability, matrix homeostasis and cell phenotype. N-cadherin (N-CDH) is a molecular marker of NP cells. This study investigated the role of N-CDH in maintaining NP cell phenotype, NP matrix synthesis and NP cell viability under high-magnitude compression.  Rat NP cells seeded on scaffolds were perfusion-cultured using a self-developed perfusion bioreactor for 5 days. NP cell biology in terms of cell apoptosis, matrix biosynthesis and cell phenotype was studied after the cells were subjected to different compressive magnitudes (low- and high-magnitudes: 2% and 20% compressive deformation, respectively). Non-loaded NP cells were used as controls. Lentivirus-mediated N-CDH overexpression was used to further investigate the role of N-CDH under high-magnitude compression.  The 20% deformation compression condition significantly decreased N-CDH expression compared with the 2% deformation compression and control conditions. Meanwhile, 20% deformation compression increased the number of apoptotic NP cells, up-regulated the expression of Bax and cleaved-caspase-3 and down-regulated the expression of Bcl-2, matrix macromolecules (aggrecan and collagen II) and NP cell markers (glypican-3, CAXII and keratin-19) compared with 2% deformation compression. Additionally, N-CDH overexpression attenuated the effects of 20% deformation compression on NP cell biology in relation to the designated parameters.  N-CDH helps to restore the cell viability, matrix biosynthesis and cellular phenotype of NP cells under high-magnitude compression.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry