nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Experimental study on the formation and agglomeration of tetrahydrofuran hydrate under flowing condition

The microscopic morphology and agglomerating characteristics of hydrate particles play an important role in the flow assurance as well as heat transfer in refrigeration systems. The formation process of tetrahydrofuran (THF) hydrate was studied by using a visual reactor with stirring. The microscopic morphology of THF hydrate could be divided into single crystal type, flat plate type, and agglomerate type and each experimental condition includes these three types. However, there is a large difference in the proportion of the three morphological particles and the average particle size. The larger the initial concentration of the THF solution, the larger the average size of the particles, and the higher the proportion of agglomerate-type particles. An increase in the stirring speed causes breakup of the agglomerate-type particles, and the proportion of the single crystal-type particles increases. Moreover, the agglomeration of hydrate particles is related to the content of THF in the liquid phase. A microscopic model indicated the evolution mechanism of the microscopic morphology in THF hydrate formation and agglomeration process was presented. These research results provide a theoretical basis for the application of hydrate technology in refrigeration systems.

Field of study: Engineering
Radial Wire Drift Chambers for CDF Forward Tracking

Radial wire drift chambers have been built for the Collider Detector of Fermilab (CDF) to cover forward and backward cone angles between 20 and 100 and 170° and 178°. The chambers are built to provide good azimuthal track resolution, good multi-track resolutions, and high rate capability. Tests done using cosmic-rays and nitrogen UV-laser beam show that single wire resolution of 110 ¿m and 68 ¿m are obtainable, respectively. Construction details and test results are presented.

Field of study: Physics
Critical issues in thin film microstructure development

Physical vapor deposition techniques are presently being used to deposit elemental thin films or multicomponent thin films of novel materials like superconductors, oxides, dielectrics, etc. The microstructure development of these films, especially grain growth processes are particularly important for optimization of their electrical properties. In this paper, we focus on two critical issues related to microstructural evolution in thin films: (i) modeling of microstructural evolution during vapor deposition, and (ii) anisotropic grain growth during post deposition annealing in non-cubic systems. One of the key issues in non-cubic oxide systems, especially in high-Tc superconductors, is the anisotropic nature of growth which gives rise to oriented films on lattice mismatched or amorphous substrates. The factors affecting grain growth in non-cubic systems which lead to textured film are discussed in detail. An overview is also presented on the new developments in the modeling of materials synthesis by physical vapor deposition techniques. It is suggested that there is a strong need to formulate theoretical and computational methodologies which bridge both continuum and atomistic descriptions. The concept of “closed” and “open” thermodynamic systems to classify a broad range of microstructural evolution issues in the deposition of thin films is introduced.

Field of study: Materials science
The role of mammals in maintaining plant species richness in a floating Typha marsh in southern Ontario

Animals are known to influence and sometimes help maintain plant species richness in terrestrial systems. This study investigated the effects of mammals in influencing plant species richness of a floating Typha marsh at Point Pelee National Park. The extent of use of the marsh by terrestrial mammals was documented by mapping mammal trails from air photographs. Trail densities ranging from 70 to 1550 m ha−1 in various areas of the marsh, provided evidence for widespread, and in some places frequent, mammal activity. Plant surveys indicated a pattern of increased species richness and frequency associated with these trails, particularly in late summer when Typha biomass increased off trails. Three mechanisms by which mammals might influence species richness: disturbance of the dominant Typha, nutrient enrichment, and seed dispersal, were investigated using field and lab experiments. Two types of disturbance, trampling and herbivory, at two levels of intensity were simulated within 2×2m plots with and without fertilizer added. Disturbance significantly affected species richness; high levels of trampling decreased while high levels of clipping increased species richness. Nutrients had no effect; there were no significant disturbance×nutrients interactions. The importance of seed dispersal by raccoon was studied by collecting raccoon scat from within the marsh, incubating scat in a growth chamber and comparing the species that emerged to those growing in the marsh. Although substantial numbers of viable seeds of terrestrial species were found in scat, only one of these species was actually part of the Typha mat community. We concluded that mammals do influence plant species richness in this marsh primarily through disturbance of the dominant Typha.

Field of study: Environmental science
Herbert Ratner, M.D. 1907 – 1997

Dr. Herbert Ratner died on December 6, 1997, after a brief illness at age 90. He was for many a mentor, teacher, and friend. He was a convert to Catholicism from a liberal Jewish background and his love of the Church was exemplary and devout. He was unquestionably one of the outstanding medical philosophers of the twentieth century and his unique approach to healing as "doing for nature what she would do for herself if she were able" was an article of faith for his many students and disciples. His devotion to nature as God's handmaiden made his influence profoundly felt through the Catholic Medical Association, of which he was a past president, and the National Commission on Life, which he founded and directed. He was editor and publisher of Child and Family magazine, ajournal whose influence was widely recognized and whose quality was particularly sustained by his insightful editorial comments. His many contributions to Catholic thought resulted in his receiving the coveted Cardinal Wright Award from the Fellowship of Catholic Scholars. He was that rarest of personalities, a true intellectual who was at the same time warm, approachable and witty. I first met him 50 years ago when he was the Student Health Director at Loyola Medical School. The Jesuit presence notwithstanding, it was his strong Catholic influence which dominated the student dialogue.

Field of study: Medicine, Philosophy
Antibiotic susceptibility patterns of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis.

The susceptibilities of 100 clinically significant isolates of Staphylococcus aureus and 45 clinically significant isolates of Staphylococcus epidermidis against various antibiotics were determined by the agar dilution method. Rifampin was the most active of all agents tested against both S. aureus and S. epidermidis. Among the beta-lactam antibiotics, penicillin G was least active, but had the lowest MIC in range. All strains of S. aureus were susceptible to cloxacillin and cephalothin at concentrations of 2 and 4 mcg/ml, respectively. Cloxacillin was less active against S. epidermidis, while cephalothin was more active. Minocycline was more active than doxycycline and tetracycline. Chloramphenicol was not only almost as poor in activity against S. aureus as tetracycline, but also the least active of all agents tested against S. epidermidis. Gentamicin was the most active aminoglycoside. Erythromycin, lincomycin and clindamycin showed the bimodal pattern of susceptibility. These results suggest the marked variability in antibiotic susceptibility of staphylococci.

Field of study: Biology
A monolithic Fresnel bimirror for hard X-rays and its application for coherence measurements.

Experiments using a simple X-ray interferometer to measure the degree of spatial coherence of hard X-rays are reported. A monolithic Fresnel bimirror is used at small incidence angles to investigate synchrotron radiation in the energy interval 5-50 keV with monochromatic and white beam. The experimental set-up was equivalent to a Young's double-slit experiment for hard X-rays with slit dimensions in the micrometre range. From the high-contrast interference pattern the degree of coherence was determined.

Field of study: Physics
Exposure to air pollution interacts with obesogenic nutrition to induce tissue-specific response patterns.

Obesity and exposure to particular matter (PM) have become two leading global threats to public health. However, the exact mechanisms and tissue-specificity of their health effects are largely unknown. Here we investigate whether a metabolic challenge (early nutritional obesity) synergistically interacts with an environmental challenge (PM exposure) to alter genes representing key response pathways, in a tissue-specific manner. Mice subjected to 7 weeks obesogenic nutrition were exposed every other day during the final week and a half to aqueous extracts of PM collected in the city of London (UK). The expression of 61 selected genes representing key response pathways were investigated in lung, liver, white and brown adipose tissues. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed distinct patterns of expression changes between the 4 tissues, particularly in the lungs and the liver. Surprisingly, the lung responded to the nutrition challenge. The response of these organs to the PM challenge displayed opposite patterns for some key genes, in particular, those related to the Nrf2 pathway. While the contribution to the variance in gene expression changes in mice exposed to the combined challenge were largely similar among the tissues in PCA1, PCA2 exhibited predominant contribution of inflammatory and oxidative stress responses to the variance in the lungs, and a greater contribution of autophagy genes and MAP kinases in adipose tissues. Possible involvement of alterations in DNA methylation was demonstrated by cell-type-specific responses to a methylation inhibitor. Correspondingly, the DNA methyltransferase Dnmt3a2 increased in the lungs but decreased in the liver, demonstrating potential tissue-differential synergism between nutritional and PM exposure. The results suggest that urban PM, containing dissolved metals, interacts with obesogenic nutrition to regulate diverse response pathways including inflammation and oxidative stress, in a tissue-specific manner. Tissue-differential effects on DNA methylation may underlie tissue-specific responses to key stress-response genes such as catalase and Nrf2.

Field of study: Environmental science
Phase-field descriptions of two-phase compressible fluid flow: Interstitial working and a reduction to Korteweg theory

First formulated by Truskinovsky  and Lowengrub and Truskinovsky , the ‘NavierStokes-Allen-Cahn’ equations1 and the ‘Navier-Stokes-Cahn-Hilliard’ equations describe diphasic fluid flow. They combine the conservation laws for mass, momentum, and energy with a balance law for the phases which governs the concentration of one (or the other) phase as an order parameter. By contrast, the ‘Navier-Stokes-Korteweg’ theory for the dynamics of a one-phase capillary fluid that Dunn and Serrin  gave following Korteweg  and Slemrod  uses only the three said conservation laws and has the mass density itself as its order parameter.2 In , the authors considered the derivation of the NSAC, the NSCH, and the NSK equations, and showed that in the case that the two phases are incompressible with different specific volumes, both NSAC and NSCH reduce to versions of NSK. However, as we realized only after that article was published, our assumptions in  tacitly correspond to neglecting the so-called microforces . While the argumentation in  seems mathematically consistent, the microforces are a physical reality, and the purpose of the present note is to show that the reduction of NSAC and NSCH to NSK still holds when one does take them into account. Also in NSAC and NSCH, the microforces do what Dunn and Serrin named interstitial work. In Section 2 we study the role that this particular effect plays in the entropy production along particle paths. Section 3 serves to prove the reduction property of NSAC and NSCH with interstitial work. Section 4 discusses the objectivity of the three models briefly. In the sequel, we use notation from [6] and the results of Section 1 of that paper without defining / stating them again. Since the publication of [6] we also noticed that already Korteweg himself realized his tensor should be useful in connection with incompressible phases — the modern NSAC and NSCH equations would be the “autres d’une complication plus grande encore”3 Korteweg envisaged as generalizations of what is nowadays called ‘dynamic Korteweg theory’.

Field of study: Mathematics
Campus Autonomy and Its Relationship to Measures of University Quality.

To what extent should organizational control be centralized and to what extent should local managers have authority to operate their institutions without external regulation? This question has emerged as one of the most important issues of the 1980s and is under active review by corporations, governments, and multi-campus systems. State and federal funds for many universities have been accompanied by regulations aimed at cost containment [8,18,31]. Taxpayer and legislative demands for accountability and control have conspired, according to some observers, to result in an increase in state controls, especially over public institutions of higher education . The growth in regulation and control has come from many sources: legislative, executive, and judicial [20]. Multiple reviews of campus programs and budgets, overlapping agencies for approval of purchases, and redundant studies by executive and legislative committees have, at least in some states, been commonplace. In the view of state officials, a degree of fiscal regulation is necessary for cost containment and reduction of costly academic competition. In the view of most university officials, however, external control reduces campus efficiency and adaptability, as well as educational effectiveness. Despite the fact that controls are generated out of a spirit of frugality, there are costs as well as benefits. Most organizational behaviorists believe that an increase in monitoring activity increases operating

Field of study: Education
Characterization of Field Penetration in Superconducting Multilayers Samples

The best rf accelerating cavities are made of bulk niobium. This technology is now close to it full development, with any further improvement limited by the superconducting properties of Nb itself. In the best performing cavities the rf equatorial magnetic field H is close to the Nb thermodynamic critical field (HC ≈ 200 mT). In 2006 Gurevich proposed the use of nanoscale layers of superconducting materials having HC higher than Nb. This multilayer structure is expected to shield bulk niobium and therefore to increase the cavity breakdown field. In order to explore this pioneering idea, we have studied the penetration of the magnetic field by mean of nanometric sized multi layer structures deposited on flat single crystal substrates. We have deposited high quality "model" samples by dc magnetron reactive sputtering on R-plane cut sapphire substrates. A 250 nm layer of niobium represents the bulk material as in rf cavities. Such Nb layers were coated with a single or multiple stacks of NbN layers (25 nm or 12 nm) separated by 15 nm MgO barriers, and characterized by X-ray reflectivity and dc transport measurements, dc magnetization curves have been measured by conventional super conducting quantum interference device (SQUID) to determine the first penetration field BC1. For comparison, BC1 was also mea sured with a local probe method based on 3rd harmonic analysis. The Nb samples coated with NbN multi-layers clearly exhibit a higher first penetration field.

Field of study: Physics
OPC UA: Examples of Digital Reporting Applications for Current Industrial Processes

The fourth industrial revolution is obviously well underway. Every day, we have the demonstration through new modes of commercial and industrial organizations. We are faced with major breaks as well related to the evolution of technologies as to the globalization of the economy with the emergence and the maturity of new actors: the challenge of the energy transition, the digital revolution, the protection of our planet, the convergences between human sciences and sciences. This paper presents different applications implemented for “Internet of Things” with Profinet network. These applications can be used on all of the company's processes as part of the Industry of the Future. The OPC standard appeared in the mid-1990s to facilitate exchanges between the world of automation and that of PC-based supervision. The latest OPC UA (Unified Architecture) specifications are now validated. With this new version, the OPC Foundation is revolutionizing its standard of communication between industrial equipment. OPC UA breaks the links that made it inseparable from Microsoft Windows. It can be deployed on all types of platforms. A Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) manages a manufacturing process. Seven operator panels also manage the various production recipes. Client n°1 makes the link to other Clients (reporting, E-mail, opening up to a scientific platform). The results are presented and detailed for numerous opportunities for industrial developments.

Field of study: Engineering
Postglacial reactivation of the Suasselkä PGF complex in SW Finnish Lapland

The Suasselkä fault complex is recognized from high-resolution digital elevation models (LiDAR DEMs) as a complex of 37 surface ruptures striking SW–NE and cutting through Weichselian glacial sediments, confirming the postglacial nature of the rupturing event. The analysis of LiDAR DEMs, geophysical profiles and trenching of glacial sediments at two sites along the Suasselkä postglacial fault (PGF) system has provided evidence of earthquakes that post- and predate the Late Weichselian deglaciation. At the Suaspalo trenching site, at least two different rupture events are observed: the first one predates the deposition of the lowermost till unit and potentially dates to the Early or even pre-Weichselian. The second rupture event, on the other hand, deforms overlying tills and is thus a post-Weichselian event. Our results indicate that multiple rupturing events can take place within ‘postglacial fault complexes’, which is the second time such a characteristic has been proven for PGFs in northern Fennoscandia. Furthermore, the present results provide the first evidence of either Early or even pre-Weichselian faulting in Finland, suggesting that the same fault complexes were also active after glacial phases that predated the last glacial maximum of the Late Weichselian. These results warrant re-evaluation of the long-term seismic risk associated with the faults as the assumption of single rupture events is erroneous. Considering that the Suasselkä PGF complex is composed of four PGF systems and 37 isolated 150–7500-m-long segments, we calculated the potential moment magnitudes based on the rupture length and mean/maximum vertical displacement for each individual segment and system, taken that they potentially ruptured independently, and finally for the entire Suasselkä PGF complex. For the entire complex rupturing in a single event, the observed displacement and length of the complex yields a moment magnitude estimate of Mw ≈ 6.7–8.1. However, based on geomorphological and sedimentological evidence, we believe that this is a conservative estimate of the moment magnitude of the paleoearthquake. If isolated PGF systems are considered to have ruptured individually, the moment magnitudes estimated based on surface rupture lengths range from Mw ≈ 5.5–6.7, and based on mean and maximum cumulative displacement values, the estimated values range from Mw ≈ 6.2–7.3 and Mw ≈ 6.7–8.0, respectively. As we cannot with the available data distinguish the exact number of events, the age of events or which segments potentially ruptured at the same time, we conclude that the events that took place in the complex ranged in moment magnitude from c. Mw ≈ 5.5 to 8.1, the Mw ≈ 8.1 estimate representing conservative upper bound for the maximum moment magnitude.

Field of study: Environmental science
Alcohol consumption and binge drinking among U.S.-Mexico border and non-border Mexican Americans.

This paper examines differences in drinking and binge drinking between Mexican Americans living along the U.S.-Mexico border and those living in 2 metropolitan areas away from the border (Houston, Texas and Los Angeles, California).



Respondents in the non-border area (Houston and Los Angeles) constitute a multistage probability sample (N = 1,288), who were interviewed as part of the 2006 Hispanic Americans Baseline Alcohol Survey (HABLAS). Respondents in the border area (N = 1,307) constitute a household probability sample of Mexican Americans living on the U.S.-Mexico border. In both surveys, data were collected during computer-assisted interviews conducted in respondents' homes. The HABLAS and the border sample response rates were 76 and 67%, respectively.



There were no differences between border and non-border Mexican American men in the proportion of drinkers, the proportion who binge drink at least once a year, and volume of alcohol consumption. However, within each location, there were significant differences in drinking by age, indicating that younger men drank more than men who were older. Border women showed significant differences across age-groups in the proportion of drinkers, in binge drinking, and volume of alcohol consumption, which were not seen among non-border women.



Women's drinking seems to be more affected than men's by their residence on or off the U.S.-Mexico border. This is seen most clearly among young women 18 to 29 years old, and it is associated with an increased proportion of drinkers, a higher volume of drinking, and an increased proportion of women who report binge drinking. Increased drinking in this group of younger women seems to be associated with drinking in Mexico.

Field of study: Medicine
The development crisis and modern choice of Wushu in the trap of sports globalization.

The author started his study by probing into "globalization" and "cultural imperialism",performed an in-depth analysis on "sports globalization",hence brought up the proposition of "sports cultural imperialism",and under this proposition further expatiated on the appearance of homogenized "Wushu sport",as well as causes for the formation of "Wushu sport" and the modern existence form of "Wushu sport".Via analysis the author put forward the following opinions: 1) "sports globalization" may be interpreted as a trap,an external bunker of cultural imperialism penetrating into the sports culture area;2) The Chinese Wushu dominated by "sports cultural imperialism" has been homogenized into "Wushu sport";3) the modern existence form of "Wushu sport" mainly embodies in the termination of the "eclectic" twin track system and the disassembly of the logical unity of various boxing technical systems;4) the reestablishment of the cultural identity of Wushu is the modern choice for Wushu existence and development,and the inheritance and development of various boxing varieties is the inevitable way to the multidimensional evolution of Wushu.Vigorously developing the Wushu cultural industry is an effective way to increase Chinese Wushu information flow and restrain the hegemonic control of western sport on the body motion culture of China.

Field of study: Education