nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
A gilded cage is still a cage: Cheshire West widens 'deprivation of liberty'.

The Supreme Court's recent judgment in Cheshire West has clarified, and broadened, the legal definition of deprivation of liberty, with the new definition reflecting the fact that human rights apply to everyone in the same way. The widely criticised Deprivation of Liberty Safeguards need to be replaced: recommendations for reform are set out.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Structural investigation of the ammonium intercalates of titanium and niobium disulfides

The ammonium intercalates (NH+4)y'TiSy'−2, y'=0.21 and 0.23, and (NH+4)0.19NbS0.19−2 have been synthesized and characterized by X-ray powder diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, vapor pressure measurements and evolved gas analysis. These compounds have six-layer stage-II structures with rhombohedral, or nearly rhombohedral, symmetry. A comparison of calculated and observed X-ray powder diffraction intensities for ( NH + 4 ) 0.21 TiS 0.21− 2 (a=3.1416 and c=42.73 A ) shows good agreement with trigonal prismatic NH+4 coordination in the van der Waals gap. X-ray powder diffraction also suggests the presence of substantial local-layer disorder for many of these compounds, which is probably associated with the low temperatures required for synthesis.

Field of study: Materials science
Impacts of uneven surface heating of an ideal street canyon on airflows and indoor ventilation: Numerical study using OpenFOAM coupled with EnergyPlus

In the daytime, building facades and ground surfaces are heated by solar radiation, and the resulting buoyancy can change the flow field inside street canyons. In this study, the impacts of uneven and time-varying heating of surfaces inside an ideal urban street canyon (aspect ratio = 1) on single-sided indoor natural ventilation are analyzed. This work introduces a methodology for a numerical approach based on the coupling between a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model and an energy balance model. First, EnergyPlus is employed to calculate the time-varying and uneven surface heating. Simulations are performed at four typical study times (05:00, 09:00, 15:00, 20:00) during a hot summer day (July 15) in Wuhan, China. Second, the surface temperature results are transferred to OpenFOAM for CFD simulation. Two inlet wind velocities (Uref) are investigated. The results show that for a relatively strong ambient wind (Uref = 3 m/s), the buoyancy caused by surface heating does not significantly change the airflow structures and indoor ventilation compared with those in the isothermal case. However, for a weak ambient wind (Uref = 0.5 m/s), the airflow structures inside the street canyon vary with the time of day. Moreover, the average air exchange rate (ACH) differs by −25.0% to 15.9% compared with that in the isothermal case, and the ACH of a single room increases by up to 2710%. The results indicate that the surface-heating-induced buoyancy is nonnegligible and should be carefully investigated, especially for weak ambient winds.

Field of study: Engineering
A Sr, Nd, and Pb isotopic study of mantle domains and crustal structure from Miocene volcanic rocks in the Mojave Desert, California

Tertiary volcanic rocks were erupted across the Mojave Desert and southeastern California in the early to middle Miocene after a long period of magmatic quiescence. Eruption of these rocks generally coincided with regional extension. New Sr, Nd, and whole-rock Pb isotopic data for Miocene rocks, from a transect from the western Mojave Desert to the Colorado River trough, provide clues to crustal and mantle structure during this important time period. Volcanism was calc-alkalic but transitional to alkalic in the eastern part of the area. Trace element contents, trace element ratios, and radiogenic isotopic compositions vary across the study area, and isotopic composition is correlated with both bulk chemical composition and longitude. Correlation of isotopic composition with bulk composition results from widespread contamination of mantle-derived basalts with crust. Variation of isotopic composition versus longitude for rocks of all bulk compositions reflects longitudinal variations in both mantle and crustal structure. Geochemical signatures of mafic rocks east of about long 116°W indicate an ancient (Precambrian) enriched lithosphere source. Some thinned and/or reworked Precambrian crust extends west of 116°W. Mafic rocks west of 116°W were derived from mantle with oceanic geochemical and isotopic signatures. There is no clear, coincident, major crustal structure or tectonic boundary in surface geology at 116°W; however, modern-day seismicity is restricted to areas west of this longitude, and there is a change in the dominant orientation of mountain ranges at this longitude. The data here also indicate that the long-standing problem of drawing the Sr i = 0.706 line through the Mojave Desert can be resolved if the line represents the west edge of the North American mantle rather than Precambrian crust. By this definition, the Sr i = 0.706 line would be the isotopic boundary at 116°W. The cause of early Miocene volcanism in the Mojave Desert remains enigmatic. An oceanic mantle source for early Miocene basalts in the western Mojave Desert suggests a possible connection to asthenospheric mantle volcanism in the California Coast Ranges. Simple models of decompression melting of enriched mantle following convective thinning and extension of the lithosphere cannot be applied across the Mojave Desert.

Field of study: Geology
Managing the NSW coastal zone: Restructuring governance for inclusive development

In 2013 the New South Wales (NSW) Government (Australia) established the NSW Marine Estate Management Authority (the Authority) to improve community engagement in coastal zone management. The outcome has been the coordination of activities and efforts of state government departments to maximize the social, economic and environmental values of the Marine Estate. While much has been written in regard to Integrated Coastal (Zone) Management (IC(Z)M) planning, papers that discuss its actual implementation are far fewer. This paper discusses how, given the minimal guiding literature in this area, the processes of IC(Z)M planning and implementation are being approached in NSW and its success to date. It is not a discussion of research undertaken, but a review and analysis of IC(Z)M in action, contextualized by a number of development approaches and theories that may help explain its emerging success in integrating government agency planning and activities. With reference to inclusive development and interactive governance theories, this paper discusses the principles and the five steps of the process adopted by the Authority. It reviews the challenges and achievements in developing appropriate and comprehensive consultation; threat and risk assessment procedures; and implementation and review processes. It concludes that the theory of inclusive development and interactive governance are well-founded and worthy aspirations in the IC(Z)M context. However, it also identifies that traditional governance frameworks of developed nation states, such as Australia, challenge the immediate and short term reality of achieving IC(Z)M. It identifies the key to success of IC(Z)M is the meta governance, expressed through the organizational culture of not only departments but their political masters, which need to be open, adaptive and flexible, and that this requires considerable focus as it remains an ongoing challenge.

Field of study: Environmental science
Design and discussion of emergency shut-down device(ESD) system of aniline production plant

Setting up independent emergency shut-down device(ESD) system for aniline production plant from safety operation standpoint is put forward.As a system to protect facility,its security level rises above the safe operation mode,which can ensure the safety of facility at real time under online control.The ESD application background is expounded;the current production status and automatic control system applied in aniline production plant are presented,and the necessity of adopting ESD system in aniline production plant is pointed out.The design,choice and application of ESD system in aniline production plant are described in detail from several aspects including the function and feature of ESD system,the selection of shut-off valve and the interlock design of EDS.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
B. Towards a concept of bounded rationality

Governmental policy is a deliberate intervention in social life. It attempts to set in motion a sequence of events expected to result in the achievement of pre-stated goals. These events and the sequence itself are deliberately chosen because it is expected that there is a causal relationship between them and the goals they are used for. If a policy is unsuccessful in reaching its goals, two kinds of reason can be found. It is possible that the implementation of the program failed in setting in motion the planned sequence of events. It is also possible that the sequence of events was there but did not result in the attainment of the selected goals, because the expected causal relationship does not exist. To distinguish between these two categories of explanations, Carol Weiss  has introduced the concepts of program failure and theory failure. These concepts are powerful tools in explaining why policies are not successful in reaching their stated goals. There is much need for such explanations as ineffectiveness of govemmental policies (and of organizational strategies as well) is a frequently observed phenomenon that feeds an extensive enduring debate amongst policy analysts. Valid explanations will have a large added value for future policy development. Program failure focusses on implementation processes as a source of program ineffectiveness. If the actual employment of human, financial and material resources does not result in the intended chain of events the conditions are not met to reach the stated goals. In this case careful analysis of the implementation process is needed to get the information to develop a more effective program. So it is not surprising to see how from the early seventies on the issue of improving effectiveness of policy programs has induced a lot of research on implementation processes. Partially this research draws attention to the need of improved policy instruments. In addition there is much attention for organizational control issues and for the way in which operational decision making shapes and alters policy programs [2,9]. In the same period the theory failure approach has not gotten much attention, maybe because it confronts policy makers with a challenge to their theoretical and/or ideological assumptions. Theory failure questions the validity of policy choices as such. It turns to the stated causal relationships between means and goals and investigates their scientific justification. Chen and Rossi  point out that in many cases policy makers justify their selection of means in terms of causal relationships that have no or inadequate scientific ground. In their view

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Joint retrieval of aerosol and water-leaving radiance frommultispectral, multiangular and polarimetric measurements over ocean

An optimization approach has been developed for simultaneous retrieval of aerosol properties and normalized water-leaving radiance (nLw) from multispectral, multiangular, and polarimetric observations over ocean. The main features of the method are (1) use of a simplified bio-optical model to estimate nLw, followed by an empirical refinement within a specified range to improve its accuracy; (2) improved algorithm convergence and stability by applying constraints on the spatial smoothness of aerosol loading and Chlorophyll a (Chl a) concentration across neighboring image patches and spectral constraints on aerosol optical properties and nLw across relevant bands; and (3) enhanced Jacobian calculation by modeling and storing the radiative transfer (RT) in aerosol/Rayleigh mixed layer, pure Rayleigh-scattering layers, and ocean medium separately, then coupling them to calculate the field at the sensor. This approach avoids unnecessary and time-consuming recalculations of RT in unperturbed layers in Jacobian evaluations. The Markov chain method is used to model RT in the aerosol/Rayleigh mixed layer and the doubling method is used for the uniform layers of the atmosphere–ocean system. Our optimization approach has been tested using radiance and polarization measurements acquired by the Airborne Multiangle SpectroPolarimetric Imager (AirMSPI) over the AERONET USC_SeaPRISM ocean site (6 February 2013) and near the AERONET La Jolla site (14 January 2013), which, respectively, reported relatively high and low aerosol loadings. Validation of the results is achieved through comparisons to AERONET aerosol and ocean color products. For comparison, the USC_SeaPRISM retrieval is also performed by use of the Generalized Retrieval of Aerosol and Surface Properties algorithm (Dubovik et al., 2011). Uncertainties of aerosol and nLw retrievals due to random and systematic instrument errors are analyzed by truth-in/truth-out tests with three Chl a concentrations, five aerosol loadings, three different types of aerosols, and nine combinations of solar incidence and viewing geometries.

Field of study: Environmental science
Analysis on Precipitation Behaviors and Droughts & Floods Over the Past 51 Years in the Yangtze River Delta

To learn about the changing trend of water resources quantity in the Yangtze River Delta, make rational allocation of water resources, and prevent regional drought & flood risks, the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of precipitation and drought & flood in the Yangtze River Delta were investigated. Sliding average method, standardized precipitation index method (SPI), and inverse distance weighted interpolation method (IDW) etc. were used to analyze the hydrologic characteristics of YRD based on the daily precipitation data from 15 national meteorological stations in the Yangtze River Delta during the period from 1960 to 2010. According to the result: (1) The Yangtze Delta exhibited a gradually increasing trend of annual precipitation, while the flood frequency has been higher than drought frequency over the past 51 years; (2) At the Yangtze Delta, the maximum mean precipitation was normally observed in June, the minimum mean precipitation in December, the highest flood frequency in April and July, and the highest drought frequency in March; (3) The precipitation gradually increased from north to south at the Yangtze Delta, spatially, the precipitation was more evenly distributed in the north than in the south; the flood prone area was larger than drought prone area at the Yangtze Delta with West Hangzhou, East Shaoxing and West Ningbo susceptible to both drought and

Field of study: Engineering
Application of Game Theory Approach to Test Architecture Optimization and Test Scheduling for 3D SoC

Through-silicon-via( TSV) has been an emerging technology for 3D SoC implementation and interconnection line reduction. As the infrastructure test access mechanism( TAM) and test w rapper facilitate modular test for 3D SoC. This paper proposes a novel methodology for test architecture optimization and test scheduling for 3D SoC. Tw o-person cooperative game theory is applied for modeling issues of test architecture optimization and test scheduling. Simulation is performed on handcrafted ITC02 SoC test benchmark of soft die and hard die respectively. Experimental results demonstrate the advantages of the proposed method for test architecture optimization and test scheduling over previous ones.

Field of study: Computer science
Radio data and synchrotron emission in consistent cosmic ray models

It is well established that phenomenological two-zone diffusion models of the galactic halo can very well reproduce cosmic-ray nuclear data and the observed antiproton flux. Here, we consider lepton propagation in such models and compute the expected galactic population of electrons, as well as the diffuse synchrotron emission that results from their interaction with galactic magnetic fields. We find models in agreement not only with cosmic ray data but also with radio surveys at essentially all frequencies. Requiring such a globally consistent description strongly disfavors very large (L15 kpc) and, even stronger, small (L1 kpc) effective diffusive halo sizes. This has profound implications for, e.g., indirect dark matter searches.

Field of study: Physics
The role of indocyanine green videoangiography with FLOW 800 analysis for the surgical management of central nervous system tumors: an update.

Indocyanine green videoangiography (ICG-VA) is an intraoperative technique used to highlight vessels in neurovascular surgery. Its application in the study of the vascular pathophysiology in CNS tumors and its role in their surgical management are still rather limited. A recent innovation of ICG-VA (i.e., the FLOW 800 algorithm integrated in the surgical microscope) allows a semiquantitative evaluation of cerebral blood flow. The aim of this study was to evaluate for the first time the systematic application of ICG-VA and FLOW 800 analysis during surgical removal of CNS tumors.  Between May 2011 and December 2017, all cases in which ICG-VA and FLOW 800 analysis were used at least one time before, during, or after the tumor resection, and in which surgical videos were available, were retrospectively reviewed. Results of the histological analysis were analyzed together with the intraoperative ICG-VA with FLOW 800 in order to investigate the tumor-related videoangiographic features.  Seventy-one patients who underwent surgery for cerebral and spinal tumors were intraoperatively analyzed using ICG-VA with FLOW 800, either before or after tumor resection, for a total of 93 videoangiographic studies. The histological diagnosis was meningioma in 25 cases, glioma in 14, metastasis in 7, pineal region tumor in 5, hemangioblastoma in 4, chordoma in 3, and other histological types in 13 cases. The authors identified 4 possible applications of ICG-VA and FLOW 800 in CNS tumor surgery: extradural surveys allowed exploration of sinus patency and the course of veins before dural opening; preresection surveys helped in identifying pathological vascularization (arteriovenous fistulas and neo-angiogenesis) and regional venous outflow, and in performing temporary venous clipping tests, when necessary; postresection surveys were conducted to evaluate arterial and venous patency and parenchymal perfusion after tumor removal; and a premyelotomy survey was conducted in intramedullary tumors to highlight the posterior median sulcus.  The authors found ICG-VA with FLOW 800 to be a useful method to monitor blood flow in the exposed vessels and parenchyma during microsurgical removal of CNS tumors in selected cases. In particular, a preresection survey provides useful information about pathophysiological changes of brain vasculature related to the tumor and aids in the individuation of helpful landmarks for the surgical approach, and the postresection survey helps to prevent potential complications associated with the resection (such as local hypoperfusion or venous infarction).

Field of study: Medicine
Multiplicative functions with bounded seminorm on the set of shifted primes

In this paper we investigate the connections between the classes Z-o(lN), L*{1N) and La(lP + 1), L "  for multiplicative funct ions / . We construct an example of a multiplicative function / € L*(N) such tha t / ^ + 1). If [/(p*")! < Ar® we prove (see Theorem 2) that if / € Li(N) then / € L i ( P + 1) and if / E L'{N) then / € L ' ( P + 1). Under some additional conditions (for example, | / (p ) | > e > 0 for all p) we prove (see Theorem 3) tha t if / e I . i ( P + 1) then / 6 Li {N). AMS 1991

Field of study: Philosophy
ЭФФЕКТ ПЕРЕНОСА: РОСТ ЦЕН В III КВАРТАЛЕ ЗАМЕДЛИТСЯ

Анализ динамики потребительских цен и их прогноз на основании модели эффекта переноса обменного курса в цены свидетельствует о том, что в III кв. 2016 г. не следует ожидать значительного роста инфляции. При этом прогноз ценовой динамики по потребительским сегментам достаточно неоднородный: цены на непродовольственные товары вырастут сильнее (4,9% к декабрю 2015 г.), чем на продовольственные (3,4% к декабрю 2015 г.), среди последних будут лидировать цены на товары, доля импорта в потреблении которых значительна (рыба и морепродукты, сахар, подсолнечное масло). Если ожидания по росту цен оправдаются и прогнозируемая в III кв. 2016 г. динамика инфляции сохранится до конца года, то ее уровень в годовом выражении может не превысить 6,5–7%.

Field of study: Economics
Structure of fibroblast growth factor 9 shows a symmetric dimer with unique receptor- and heparin-binding interfaces.

Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) constitute a family of at least 20 structurally related heparin-binding polypeptides active in regulating cell growth, survival, differentiation and migration. FGF9, originally discovered as a glia-activating factor, shares 30% sequence identity with other FGFs and has a unique spectrum of target-cell specificity. FGF9 crystallized in the tetragonal space group I4(1), with unit-cell parameters a = b = 151.9, c = 117.2 A. The structure of the glycosylated protein has been refined to an R value of 21.0% with R(free) = 24.8%) at 2.6 A resolution. The four molecules in the asymmetric unit are arranged in two non-crystallographic dimers, with the dimer interface composed partly of residues from N- and C-terminal extensions from the FGF core structure. Most of the receptor-binding residues identified in FGF1- and FGF2-receptor complexes are buried in the dimer interface, with the beta8-beta9 loop stabilized in a particular conformation by an intramolecular hydrogen-bonding network. The potential heparin-binding sites are in a pattern distinct from FGF1 and FGF2. The carbohydrate moiety attached at Asn79 has no structural influence.

Field of study: Chemistry
Zum Auftreten des Vektorpotentials in der Riemannschen Geometrie

ZusammenfassungDie allgemeinen Grundlagen der Theorie werden in einem wesentlichen Punkte vervollständigt: es wird für das Vektorpotential eine exakte Gleichung abgeleitet. Diese Gleichung ist exakt identisch mit der aus der Maxwellschen Theorie folgenden, was zur Folge hat, daß die Maxwellschen Gleichungen nicht nur angenähert, sondern streng herauskommen. Eine Überprüfung der Grundlagen zeigt, daß an einer Stelle eine Annahme eingeführt wurde, die als willkürliche Einschränkung zu betrachten ist. Nach Fallenlassen dieser Einschränkung gehen die Maxwellschen Gleichungen in ein etwas allgemeineres System über, das für den Fall euklidischer Metrik äquivalent ist mit der Diracschen Gleichung des Elektrons bei fehlendem äußeren Feld und verschwindender Masse.

Field of study: Physics