nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Generalized Inferences on the Common Mean in MANOVA Models

This article presents procedures for testing hypothesis and interval estimation of the common mean vector in MANOVA models when the covariance matrices are unknown and unequal. The methods are based on the concepts of generalized p-value and generalized confidence interval. Some important statistical properties of the exact test and confidence region are given. For two multivariate normal populations, a minor modification to the combined tests given by Zhou and Mathew (1994a) is proposed. Some simulation results to compare the performance of the proposed tests with others are reported. The simulation results indicate that new tests have significant gain in the power.

Field of study: Mathematics
Hydrothermal alterations appearing in the Neogene sediments of Higashi-Aizu mineralization area, northeast Japan.

From 1966 to 1974, a number of drillings were carried by Metallic Mining Agency of Japan for ex ploration of "Kuroko-type" ore deposits in Aizu mineralization area, northeast Japan. As the results, a promising ore body (lower Ohshio Ore Body) was discovered. Futhermore, a large amount of important information on Neogene stratigraphy, geological structure, mineralogy of ore minerals, and hydrothermal alterations relating to the mineralization had been obtained. Though "Kuroko-type" ore deposits in this are area embedded in various stratigraphic horizons ranging from middle to upper Miocene, characteristic authigenic minerals are distributed zonally around them. They are group ed into several zones by a definite assemblage of silicates. A typical arrangement of the zones is as follows: from the nearest to the ore body to the margin, K-feldspar zone• ̈chlorite-sericite zone• ̈mixed layer mineral zone• ̈montmorillonite zone• ̈analcime zone• ̈mordenite zone• ̈clinoptilolite-mordenite zone. The shapes of alteration zones are as like as mashroom in usual, which suggest horizontal extending of hy drothermal solutions in porous sediments. Chemically, pbtasium and magnesium are concentrated in the K-feldspar zone and the chlorite-sericite zone in the central part, while the zeolite zones at the margin are characterized by concentration of sodium and calcium. Thus, the zoning suggests chemical redistributions by hydrothermal solutions which may have moved within each semi-closed space around ore deposits. The temperatures of hydrothermal solution at the center of alteration zones are estimated as 200•‹-250•Ž from fluid inclusion data of ore minerals, while those at the margin are as 40•‹-80•Ž from diagenetic condition data of clinoptilolite and mordenite. Then, horizontal thermal gradients around two ore deposits are tentatively estimated as 4.0-5.2 and 3.0-5.2•Ž/100m.

Field of study: Geology
Polarization aberrations. 2. Tilted and decentered optical systems.

In paper 1 [ (1994)] we examined the polarization aberrations of rotationally symmetric systems. In this paper we extend polarization-aberrration theory to include two types of tilted and decentered systems composed of rotationally symmetric elements. One type is systems with collinear centers of curvatures but with decentered pupils. The symmetry in such systems permits the analysis to proceed along lines similar to those in paper 1. The other type is systems with arbitrary tilts and decenters. In these systems the field dependencies of the aberrations from each surface are not concentric. The extension is made by use of a polarization-aberration matrix with vector, instead of scalar, arguments.

Field of study: Physics
Color Image Encryption Algorithm Based on Two-dimensional Arnold Mapping

According to the characteristics of the color image,the color image encryption algorithm is designed based on two-dimensional Arnold mapping and Logistic mapping. This algorithm consists of the iterative diffusion operation in different color components,the replacement operation based on Pseudo-random sequence and the scrambling operation on the basis of Arnold mapping. The influence of the iterative diffusion operation on the spread of the whole Ciphertext image is able to change the statistical characteristics of the plaintext image. The chaotic pseudo-random sequence generator and the scrambling operation parameters are jointly decided by the initial key and the pixel values of( 0,0) in each round. The Computer simulation and security analysis shows that this algorithm can effectively resist the known plaintext attack and the chosen plaintext attack,and make the key space larger. This algorithm has the higher security.

Field of study: Computer science
Classification Study of WISE Infrared Sources: Identification of Candidate Asymptotic Giant Branch Stars

In the WISE all-sky source catalogue there are 76 million mid-infrared (MIR) point sources that were detected at the first three WISE bands and have association with only one 2MASS near-IR source within 3 arcsec. We search for their identifications in the SIMBAD database and find 3.2 million identified sources. Based on these known sources, we establish three criteria for selecting candidate AGB stars in the Galaxy, which are three defined occupation zones in a color-color diagram, Galactic latitude |gb|< 20 deg, and "corrected" WISE third-band W3c < 11. Applying these criteria to the WISE+2MASS sources, 1.37 million of them are selected. We analyze the WISE third-band W3 distribution of the selected sources, and further establish that W3 < 8 is required in order to exclude a large fraction of normal stars in them. We therefore find 0.47 million candidate AGB stars in our Galaxy from the WISE source catalogue. Using W3c, we estimate their distances and derive their Galactic distributions. The candidates are generally located around the Galactic center uniformly, with 68% (1-sigma) of them within approximately 8 kpc. We discuss that optical spectroscopy can be used to verify the C-rich AGB stars in our candidates, and they will be good targets for the LAMOST survey that is planned to start from fall of 2012.

Field of study: Physics
MS/MS studies on the selective on-line detection of sesquiterpenes using a Flowing Afterglow–Tandem Mass Spectrometer (FA-TMS)

A Flowing Afterglow-Tandem Mass Spectrometer (FA-TMS) was used to investigate the feasibility of selective on-line detection of a series of seven sesquiterpenes (SQTs). These SQTs were chemically ionized by either H3O+ or NO+ reagent ions in the FA, resulting among others in protonated SQT and SQT molecular ions, respectively. These and other Chemical Ionization (CI) product ions were subsequently subjected to dissociation by collisions with Ar atoms in the collision cell of the tandem mass spectrometer. The fragmentation spectra show similarities with mass spectra obtained for these compounds with other instruments such as a Proton Transfer Reaction-Linear Ion Trap (PTR-LIT), a Proton Transfer Reaction-Mass Spectrometer (PTR-MS), a Triple Quadrupole-Mass Spectrometer (QqQ-MS) and a Selected Ion Flow Tube-Mass Spectrometer (SIFT-MS). Fragmentation of protonated SQT is characterized by fragment ions at the same masses but with different intensities for the individual SQT. Distinction of SQTs is based on well-chosen intensity ratios and collision energies. The fragmentation patterns of SQT molecular ions show specific fragment ion tracers at m/z 119, m/z162, m/z 137 and m/z 131 for α-cedrene, δ-neoclovene, isolongifolene and α-humulene, respectively. Consequently, chemical ionization of SQT by NO+, followed by MS/MS of SQT+ seems to open a way for selective quantification of SQTs in mixtures.

Field of study: Environmental science
Circular dichroism of stem bromelain: a third spectral class within the family of cysteine proteinases.

Two forms of stem bromelain (EC 3.4.22.4) were isolated from commercial, crude and chromatographically purified preparations of the enzyme by means of gel-filtration and cation-exchange liquid chromatography. These forms possess nearly identical secondary and tertiary structures, as judged from their circular dichroism (c.d.) spectra. The spectral characteristics of stem bromelain suggest that this enzyme belongs to the alpha + beta protein class, as other cysteine proteinases do. In agreement with these results, quantitative estimation of secondary structures yielded amounts similar to those for papain and proteinase omega. However, the bromelain c.d. curve is clearly distinguishable from those reported for papain and proteinase omega, on one hand, and that of chymopapain, on the other. Thus, it is apparent that there are at least three types of c.d. spectra associated with the family of cysteine proteinases.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
CT-Scans of Cochlear Implant Patients with Characteristics of Pendred Syndrome

Sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) in newborns is estimated with an incidence around 1:10,000 per year and is divided into syndromic and non-syndromic forms. In case of present retrocochlear function‚ cochlear implantation allows speech and cognitive development in affected children, comparable to that of normal hearing children. Pathogenesis of SNHL remains unclear in many cases. Imaging of the temporal bone, such as computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), can reveal conspicuous findings, e.g. enlarged vestibular aqueduct (EVA) and Mondini malformation (MM) of the cochlea. These malformations can be a clinical sign for Pendred syndrome.  We screened CT scans of 75 cochlear implant patients for EVA and MM.  Six patients were observed to have either EVA alone (n=3), or MM alone (n=2), or a combination of both (n=1). Further malformations of the temporal bone could be found within the whole group, as well.  Our results confirm the general opinion on EVA and MM, being commonly found in patients with SNHL. A possible association with Pendred syndrome needs to be confirmed by genetic investigations with search for mutations in the SLC26A4 gene and further clinical tests, such as Perchlorate test for surveillance of thyroid function.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
The Cultivation of Teachers' Professional Skills Based on ICT

Information and Communication Technology(ICT) has played a great role in many aspects of our society.In educational field,ICT is promoting significantly the educational reform.However,the teachers' professional skill of ICT is essential for the teaching as well as the learning of students.This article analyzes based on ICT how to cultivate teachers'skills in terms of essential knowledge,understanding skills,teachers' confidence and comfortableness,as well as teachers' cooperation.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Condensed Purines, I Synthesis of 6,7‐Dihydro‐1,3‐dimethylpyrimido[2,1‐f]purine‐2,4,8(1H,3H,9H)‐triones

The title compounds 2a–d and 4a–d are the sole products of the reaction between 8-aminotheophylline (1) or 8-(benzylamino)theophylline (3) and methyl acrylate, crotonate, methacrylate, and cinnamate in the presence of basic catalysts (Triton B or KOH). The structures of the compounds were determined by elemental analysis, spectral data, chemical transformations, and synthesis.

Field of study: Chemistry
BRIEF COMMUNICATIONS: Feasibility of construction of a chemical H2-Cl2 laser with a chain reaction mechanism

An isothermal model is used to show that in the presence of vibrationally excited hydrogen the chain chemical reaction Cl + H2*→HCl + H, H + Cl2→HCl + Cl can provide an efficient mechanism for pumping an H2–Cl2 laser. A chemical gasdynamic variant with thermal excitation of hydrogen should provide a laser radiation energy of 80–110 J/g at working mixture pressures of ~1–10 Torr in the resonator and 30–70 J/g at pressures an order of magnitude higher.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
A Construction-Based Approach to Phrasal Adjuncts in Japanese

The adverbial phrases consisting of NP-o NP-ni in Japanese exhibit a set of properties that are not apparent from each of the elements comprising them. There is no source for the Accusative Case and the constituents cannot be scrambled internal to the phrase. Furthermore, the phrase has a general meaning that provides the circumstantial background for the event described by the main clause. This article presents a construction-based approach to the adverbial phrases which recognizes them as a grammatical construction to which a set of unpredictable syntactic and semantic properties should be attributed.

Field of study: Linguistics
ALD grown zinc oxide with controllable electrical properties

The paper presents results for zinc oxide films grown at low-temperature regime by atomic layer deposition (ALD). We discuss electrical properties of such films and show that low-temperature deposition results in oxygen-rich ZnO layers in which free carrier concentration is very low. For the optimized ALD process it can reach the level of 1015 cm−3, while the mobility of electrons is between 20 and 50 cm2 V−1 s−1. Electrical parameters of ZnO films deposited by ALD at low-temperature regime are appropriate for constructing the ZnO-based p–n and Schottky junctions. We demonstrate that such junctions are characterized by a rectification ratio high enough to fulfill requirements of 3D memories and are deposited at temperature 100 °C which makes them appropriate for deposition on organic substrates.

Field of study: Materials science
Control of morphogenesis in tobacco protoplast cultures: organogenesis vs embryogenesis.

The morphogenetic pathway leading to plant differentiation in tobacco mesophyll protoplasts could be regulated. The course of development via organogenesis or embryogenesis was controlled by manipulating nutrient media, culture conditions and hormone requirements. A lowering of molarity of medium after 5 weeks of protoplast culture, inclusion of GA3 (0.5 mg/l) in the medium for first 8 weeks of culture and exclusion of reduced nitrogen in the medium resulted in shoot organogenesis, while maintenance of higher molarity of the medium till 8 weeks, reduced nitrogen in the medium and removal of 2, 4-D after 5 weeks of culture induced embryogenesis. Regenerability of viable plants was obtained by both developmental pathways. The implications of tobacco embryogenesis system in plant molecular genetics were highlighted.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Physics
An unusual continuous paramagnetic-limited superconducting phase transition in 2D NbSe2

Time reversal and spatial inversion are two key symmetries for conventional Bardeen–Cooper–Schrieffer (BCS) superconductivity1. Breaking inversion symmetry can lead to mixed-parity Cooper pairing and unconventional superconducting properties1–5. Two-dimensional (2D) NbSe2 has emerged as a new non-centrosymmetric superconductor with the unique out-of-plane or Ising spin–orbit coupling (SOC)6–9. Here we report the observation of an unusual continuous paramagnetic-limited superconductor–normal metal transition in 2D NbSe2. Using tunelling spectroscopy under high in-plane magnetic fields, we observe a continuous closing of the superconducting gap at the upper critical field at low temperatures, in stark contrast to the abrupt first-order transition observed in BCS thin-film superconductors10–12. The paramagnetic-limited continuous transition arises from a large spin susceptibility of the superconducting phase due to the Ising SOC. The result is further supported by self-consistent mean-field calculations based on the ab initio band structure of 2D NbSe2. Our findings establish 2D NbSe2 as a promising platform to explore novel spin-dependent superconducting phenomena and device concepts1, such as equal-spin Andreev reflection13 and topological superconductivity14–16.Tunnelling spectroscopy reveals a continuous closing of the superconducting gap at low temperature and high in-plane magnetic field in few-layer NbSe2, due to the Ising spin–orbit coupling of these materials.

Field of study: Physics
Brazilian Export Growth and Divergence in the Tropics during the Nineteenth Century

The objective of this article is to reappraise both the accuracy of the official export statistics and the narrative of Brazilian export growth during the period immediately following independence. We undertake an accuracy test of the official values of Brazilian export statistics and find evidence of considerable under-valuation. Once corrected, during the post-independence decades (1821–50) Brazil's current exports represented a larger share of its economy and its constant growth is found to be more dynamic than any other period of the nineteenth century. We posit that this dynamism was related to an exogenous institutional shock in the form of British West Indies slave emancipation that afforded Brazil a competitive advantage. Spanish abstract El objetivo de este artículo es reconsiderar tanto la exactitud de las estadísticas oficiales de exportación y la narrativa del crecimiento de exportaciones de Brasil durante el período inmediatamente posterior a la independencia. Aquí se realiza un examen sobre la exactitud de los valores oficiales de las estadísticas sobre la exportaciones brasileñas y encontramos evidencias de una subvaloración considerable. Una vez corregidas, durante las décadas post independentistas (1821–1850), las exportaciones de Brasil representan una parte mayor de su economía y demostramos que su constante crecimiento resultó ser más dinámico que en cualquier otro periodo de ese siglo. Sostenemos que dicho dinamismo se relacionó con un choque institucional externo en la forma de la emancipación de esclavos de las colonias británicas en el Caribe que dio a Brasil una ventaja competitiva. Portuguese abstract O objetivo deste artigo é reavaliar tanto a precisão das estatísticas oficiais relacionadas às exportações quanto as narrativas sobre o crescimento das exportações brasileiras no período logo após a independência. Realizamos um teste de precisão dos valores das estatísticas oficiais de exportações brasileiras e encontramos evidências de uma considerável subvalorizarão. Uma vez feitas as correções, durante as décadas pós-independência (1821–1850) as exportações brasileiras representaram uma parcela maior da economia do país e o crescimento constante das exportações demonstra ter sido mais dinâmico que em qualquer outro período do século XIX. Postulamos que este dinamismo estava relacionado ao choque institucional exógeno representado pela abolição da escravidão nas Índias Ocidentais britânicas que garantiram uma vantagem competitiva ao Brasil.

Field of study: Political science
Sequential recombination of SIV envelope protein (ENV) gene and study on transfection by the mutant clones

To study the relationship between DNA fragments in ENV gene of SIVmac and viral replicating ability.  Reciprocal recombinants were constructed by replacing the clonable DNA fragments of ENV region of the nonpathogenic SIVmac142 clone with the pathogenic SIVmac 239 clone. Following confirmation by RFLP and partial sequence analysis, the aliquot mutant viruses (3μg) were used to transfect CEM×174 cell line, and the concentration of SIVmac main core protein(P27) in culture supernatants was closely monitored by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in order to identify the replicating ability of the mutants.  Compared with SIVmac 239 clone, SIVmac 239 envGP recombinant (SIVmac142/239envGP/142) was still imbued with high replicating activity; and SIVmac239gp41 (SIVmac142/239gp41/142) or SIVmac239N-gp41 (SIVmac142/239N-gp41/142) with comparably decreasing activity, while SIVmac239C-gp41(SIVmac142/239C-gp41/142) lacked replicating activity.  ENV is an important regulating element to the replication or virulence of SIVmac239 clone.

Field of study: Biology
Preparation of CaCO3-TiO2 Composite Particles and Their Pigment Properties

CaCO3-TiO2 composite particles were prepared with calcium carbonate (CaCO3) and TiO2 in stirred mill according the wet grinding method. The pigment properties, morphology, and structure of CaCO3-TiO2 composite particles and the interaction behaviors between CaCO3 and TiO2 particles were explored. In the CaCO3-TiO2 composite particles, TiO2 is uniformly coated on the surface of CaCO3 and the firm combination between CaCO3 and TiO2 particles is induced by the dehydration reaction of surface hydroxyl groups. CaCO3-TiO2 composite particles have similar pigment properties to pure TiO2. The hiding power, oil absorption, whiteness and ultraviolet light absorption of composite particles are close to those of pure TiO2. The application performance of CaCO3-TiO2 composite particles in the paint is consonant with their pigment properties. The contrast ratio of the exterior paint containing CaCO3-TiO2 composite particles is equivalent to that of the paint containing the same proportion of pure TiO2.

Field of study: Materials science
Palaeoenvironmental changes during the last ca. 8590 calibrated yr (7800 radiocarbon yr) in the dry forest ecosystem of the Patia Valley, Southern Colombian Andes: a multiproxy approach

Two sediment cores were recovered from two swamps in the dry forest lowland ecosystem of the Patia Valley (Colombia). The 500-cm long core El Patia-1 was analysed using diatoms, pollen, lithostratigraphy, geochemistry, charcoal and radiocarbon dates. The 270-cm long core Patia-2 was analysed using pollen, lithostratigraphy and radiocarbon dates. The environmental reconstruction includes the local development and history of the Patia-1 swamp and the regional vegetation history of the two swamps. The environmental reconstruction shows a fluvial system in the area before 7830 14C yr BP (ca. 8590 cal yr BP). After this date, the river gradually moved away leading to the formation of the swamp Patia-1; open vegetation with patches of dry forest surrounded the swamp. Between 7670 and 6860 14C yr BP (8350–7690 cal yr BP), the swamp become partially isolated from the river and was a permanent water body which was alkaline and mesotrophic. During this period, the surroundings were covered by dry forest. From 6860 to 5870 14C yr BP (7690–6690 cal yr BP), the swamp was totally isolated from the river and suffered from frequent periods of desiccation and erosion. From 5870 to 3570 14C yr BP (6690–3890 cal yr BP), the swamp turned into a marsh/terrestrial environment and in the surrounding area, the dry forest alternated with open vegetation; it is possible that there were human impacts on the environment during this period. Between 3570 and 1990 14C yr BP (3890–2000 cal yr BP), unstable conditions prevailed. After 1990 14C yr BP (2000 cal yr BP), swamp conditions of permanent water were re-established; open vegetation surrounded the swamp. Agriculture and human activities were present and have continued since then. The climatic reconstruction suggests an increase in humidity at ca. 7670 14C yr BP (8350 cal yr BP) and a dry climate between 6860 and 5870 14C yr BP (7690–6690 cal yr BP).

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography