nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Structure and stratigraphy of the Luning allochthon and the kinematics of allochthon emplacement, Pilot Mountains, west-central Nevada

The northern Pilot Mountains of west-central Nevada consist of a complexly deformed terrane of imbricate thrust sheets composed of rocks of Mesozoic and possible late Paleozoic ages. Thrust nappes within the allochthonous terrane, named the Luning allochthon, are principally constituted by the Upper Triassic Luning Formation. Locally, the nappes contain numerous imbricate thrust slices, some of which are composed of undifferentiated Sunrise-Gabbs Formation (Triassic and Jurassic) and unnamed volcanic-carbonate assemblages of probable Permian or Triassic age.

Three episodes of folding and thrusting are recognized on the basis of folded thrusts and thrusted folds, and deformation and emplacement of the allochthon is constrained as late Mesozoic. Folds apparently formed coevally with thrust faults and fold geometry is used to determine approximate directions of thrust transport. Thrust displacements are responsible for 35 to 40 km of an estimated 70 km of intra-allochthon contraction which is inferred from lithofacies analysis of rocks juxtaposed by thrust nappes and from the structural overlap of imbricate thrusts.

The history of thrust displacement is complex and involves three directions of motion on a regionally extensive detachment surface, the Luning thrust. First motion, from northwest to southeast, resulted in the major component of stratal contraction and is the probable result of northwest-southeast regional compression. The final two episodes of motion are northeast to southwest followed by east to west; they resulted in small displacements and are possibly the product of gravity sliding of the thrust sheets into a depression formed beneath part of the allochthon within the autochthon. The site of downwarp in the autochthon may have formed by either load-induced subsidence or regional compression.

Field of study: Geology
The use of quantitative RT-PCR to measure mRNA expression in a rat model of focal ischemia--caspase-3 as a case study.

Quantitative reverse transcription and polymerisation chain reaction (RT-PCR) using Taqman¿trade mark omitted¿ fluorogenic probes has been used to measure changes in gene expression in the cerebral cortex of rats in the permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO) model of focal ischemia. The mRNA levels of three housekeeping genes have been analysed in this model to determine which gene showed least change following experimental insult. In the lesioned cortex, beta-actin mRNA increased at 24 h, while the levels of cyclophilin and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) did not change. We have also used this methodology to examine modulations in the level of caspase-3 mRNA during focal ischemia in the rat. Caspase-3 mRNA showed a 41% increase at 6 h post-MCAO, which was specific to the lesioned cortex. This change became more pronounced with time, showing an increase of 220% at 24 h. This methodology enables changes in mRNA expression to be analysed more sensitively and quantitatively than other available techniques and highlights the need for careful choice of control or housekeeping genes used for RNA comparisons.

Field of study: Biology
Some features of stimulated scattering of light

Certain experimentally recorded features of the stimulated scattering of light are interpreted in terms of the phenomenon of wavefront reproduction. Stimulated scattering is often accompanied by laser action in which the transverse structure (mode) of the scattered light is governed by coincidence with the pump maxima and the longitudinal structure by the length of the effective resonator. This mechanism explains the periodic temperature dependence of stimulated Raman scattering.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Synergistic effect of interleukin‐17 and tumour necrosis factor‐α on inflammatory response in hepatocytes through interleukin‐6‐dependent and independent pathways

The proinflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)‐17 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)‐α are targets for treatment in many chronic inflammatory diseases. Here, we examined their role in liver inflammatory response compared to that of IL‐6. Human hepatoma cells (HepaRG, Huh7.5 and HepG2 cells) and primary human hepatocytes (PHH) were cultured with IL‐6, IL‐17 and/or TNF‐α. To determine the contribution of the IL‐6 pathway in the IL‐17/TNF‐α‐mediated effect, an anti‐IL‐6 receptor antibody was used. IL‐17 and TNF‐α increased in synergy IL‐6 secretion by HepaRG cells and PHH but not by Huh7.5 and HepG2 cells.  chemokines in synergy through an IL‐6‐independent pathway. Interestingly, first exposure to IL‐17, but not to TNF‐α, was crucial for the initiation of the IL‐17/TNF‐α synergistic effect on IL‐6 and IL‐8 production. In HepaRG cells, IL‐17 enhanced IL‐6 mRNA stability resulting in increased IL‐6 protein levels. The IL‐17A/TNF‐α synergistic effect on IL‐6 and IL‐8 induction was mediated through the activation of extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK)‐mitogen‐activated protein kinase, nuclear factor‐κB and/or protein kinase B (Akt)–phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase signalling pathways. Therefore, the IL‐17/TNF‐α synergistic interaction mediates systemic inflammation and cell damage in hepatocytes mainly through IL‐6 for CRP and ASAT induction. Independently of IL‐6, the IL‐17A/TNF‐α combination may also induce immune cell recruitment by chemokine up‐regulation. IL‐17 and/or TNF‐α neutralization can be a promising therapeutic strategy to control both systemic inflammation and liver cell attraction.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Time-resolved measurements of the far UV output of a BRV source.

The BRV spark source, which was invented in 1961, has proved to be a very useful tool in UV and VUV studies of atoms and molecules. Under various configurations the spark is capable of producing a fairly smooth continuum from about 50 Å to the visible range. However, until now little work has been done to characterize the intensity or the time history of the output. In this Letter we review the existing data on the intensity and report measurements of the time behavior of the output at 300 Å and 600 Å for such a source in the end-on mode, the commonly used configuration. Such information is needed when the source is to be used to study transient phenomena as in the two recent experiments performed in this laboratory. Essentially, the BRV source is a vacuum spark with ex­ tremely low inductance which is triggered by an auxiliary sliding spark . Refractory high-Z anode materials, such as uranium or tungsten, perform reliably and generally give the smoothest continuum. In our work uranium gave good results between 150 Å and 400 Å; below 150 Å tungsten gave slightly higher output.

Field of study: Physics
Acid-functionalised periodic mesoporous benzenosilica proton conductors

An investigation of proton conducting periodic mesoporous benzenosilica hybrids functionalised with sulfonic or phosphonic acids obtained by a co-condensation route is presented. Protonic conductivity data obtained under different temperatures and relative humidity conditions are reported in order to assess the combined effects of composition and concentration of the functional acid group, and microstructural features such as pore size, specific surface area and meso- and molecular-scale order. It is found that the conductivity increases significantly with increasing acid load, specific surface area and relative humidity. A proton conductivity of 0.3 Sm − 1 at 100 °C and 100% relative humidity is reported for a sulfonic acid functionalised PMO which is three orders of magnitude higher than the value reported for a similar material obtained by grafting.

Field of study: Materials science
The Relationship Between Demographic Characteristics of Local Education Agencies and Compliance With Pl 93-380 and Pl 94-142

Sixty Ohio local educational agencies (LEAs) were administered a survey examining their level of compliance with federal laws PL 93-380 and PL 94-142. An open-ended questionnaire was administered directly to LEA superintendents or their designees. A 7-point rating scale was developed to assess the compliance position assumed by each LEA. The scale ranged from 1 (nonadaptation) to 7 (maximal adaptation). Fourteen demographic variables depicting each LEA were then assessed to determine their relationship with the adaptation stance. Two demographic variables were found to be significantly related to the overall compliance posture assumed by LEAs. The average educational level of special educators employed by an LEA and the total number of school-age children enrolled in the LEA were positively related to the LEA's adaptation posture. These findings are discussed with reference to policy decisions determined at the state level.

Field of study: Education
DECOMPOSITION CHARACTERISTICS OF PCDD/Fs DURING MELTING PROCESS OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE INCINERATOR FLY ASH

Characteristics of PCDD/Fs during the melting process of municipal solid waste incinerator fly ash were investigated by lab-scale experiments. Two kinds of fly ash samples,obtained from fixed-bed and fluidized-bed incinerators respectively,were used. The experiments were performed at various temperatures,two kinds of atmosphere (O 2 and N 2) and different residence times,and the DRE(decomposition and removal efficiency) of PCDD/Fs contained in fly ash was studied. The result revealed that approximately 99.96% dioxins were decomposed by melting under experimental condition,and the concentration of dioxins in exhaust gas of melting furnace was below the detection limit. There was an increase in temperature from 1100 ℃ to 1460 ℃ resulting in an increase of DRE of dioxins in fly ash from 99.968% to 100% in an oxidative melting atmosphere. The DRE of dioxins in the oxidative atmosphere is higher than that in inert atmosphere. The results will be helpful not only to studying the mechanism of dioxin decomposition in the melting process but also to evaluating the effect of pollution control.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Aggressive behaviour: evaluation of a non-seclusion policy of a district psychiatric service.

An increasing number of psychiatric services have non-seclusion policies. Evaluation of a policy of using specified observation levels instead of seclusion was made over a two-year period. The number of violent incidents recorded in health service facilities was low (exactly 50). Community responses elicited from police, probation, and prison services were not generally critical of the policy. Medication levels used were not excessive as determined by peak levels of major tranquilizer and anti-Parkinsonian drugs used. No patient was excluded from the unit because of his or her level of actual or potential aggression, but two were transferred from it for this reason.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Ice crystallization induced by silver iodide and bacteria in microsize droplets dispersed within emulsions

Water dispersed within a suitable oil medium shows 4OoC undercooling. Specific ice nucleating agents such as silver iodide or less known bacteria such as Pseudomonas syringae, have been found to reduce undercooling to a value depending on different parameters relevant to the emulsification process or to the pretreatment of the aqueous phase to be dispersed. Furthermore, it appears that when there is activity, it is lower than that observed for bulk samples. Sonication, filtration and ultrafiltration tests performed on bulk water bacterial samples show that the size of the active fragments ranges 0.006 pm to 0.2pm.

Field of study: Chemistry
Incubation of food craving in rats: A review.

Incubation of food craving is an abstinence-dependent increase in responding for reward-paired cues. Incubation of craving was first reported for rats responding for cocaine-paired cues, and later generalized to several drugs of abuse and for food. Incubation of drug and food craving has been reported in clinical studies as well. Incubation of food craving by rats has been reported for standard chow as well as for high fat and sucrose reinforcers. Parametric and other evaluations of the incubation of food craving reveal manipulations that reduce incubation, including environmental enrichment and pharmacological manipulation of dopamine, glutamate, and endogenous opiates. Several brain regions are likely involved in the effect, including mesolimbic terminals and the central nucleus of the amygdala. Further study of the incubation of food craving could facilitate development of treatments for cravings that precede relapse characteristic of drug and food addictions.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Polarized heavy baryon production in quark-diquark model considering two different scenarios

At sufficiently large transverse momentum, the dominant production mechanism for heavy baryons is actually the fragmentation. In this work, we first study the direct fragmentation of a heavy quark into the unpolarized triply heavy baryons in the leading order of perturbative QCD. In a completely different approach, we also analyze the two-stage fragmentation of a heavy quark into a scalar diquark followed by the fragmentation of such a scalar diquark into a triply heavy baryon: quark-diquark model of baryons. The results of this model are in acceptable agreement with those obtained through a full perturbative regime. Relying on the quark-diquark model and considering two different scenarios we determine the spin-dependent fragmentation functions of polarized heavy baryons in such a way that a vector or a pseudoscalar heavy diquark is an intermediate particle between the initial heavy quark and the final state baryon.

Field of study: Physics
Architectural Design Space for Modelling and Simulation as a Service: A Review

Modelling and Simulation as a Service (MSaaS) is a promising approach to deploy and execute Modelling and Simulation (M&S) applications quickly and on-demand. An appropriate software architecture is essential to deliver quality M&S applications following the MSaaS concept to a wide range of users. This study aims to characterize the state-of-the-art MSaaS architectures by conducting a systematic review of 31 papers published from 2010 to 2018. Our findings reveal that MSaaS applications are mainly designed using layered architecture style, followed by service-oriented architecture, component-based architecture, and pluggable component-based architecture. We also found that interoperability and deployability have the greatest importance in the architecture of MSaaS applications. In addition, our study indicates that the current MSaaS architectures do not meet the critical user requirements of modern M&S applications appropriately. Based on our results, we recommend that there is a need for more effort and research to (1) design the user interfaces that enable users to build and configure simulation models with minimum effort and limited domain knowledge, (2) provide mechanisms to improve the deployability of M&S applications, and (3) gain a deep insight into how M&S applications should be architected to respond to the emerging user requirements in the military domain.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Comparison of aerosol lidar retrieval methods for boundary layer height detection using ceilometer aerosol backscatter data

Three algorithms for estimating the boundary layer heights are assessed: an aerosol gradient method, a cluster analysis method, and a Haar wavelet method. Over 40 daytime radiosonde profiles are used to compare aerosol backscatter boundary layer heights retrieved by a Vaisala CL31 ceilometer. Overall good agreement between radiosonde and aerosol derived boundary layer heights was found for all methods. The cluster method was found to be particularly sensitive to noise in ceilometer signals and lofted aerosol layers (48.8% of comparisons), while the gradient method showed limitations in 5 low aerosol backscatter conditions. The Haar Wavelet method demonstrating to be the most robust only showing limitations (22.5% of all observations) due to the basic assumptions used to derive BLH from aerosol backscatter concentrations rather than errors with the algorithm itself. Disagreement between thermodynamically and aerosol derived boundary layer heights and the methodology used to estimate these heights was seen with all methods.

Field of study: Environmental science
[Emotional stress in the development of experimental hemorrhagic stroke in rats with different resistance to stress].

Individual behavioral characteristics of rats in the open-field test reflect their resistance to emotional stress and determine the severity of neurological disorders during intracerebral hemorrhage. Stress-resistant rats are characterized by a more rapid restoration of neurological status and disappearance of locomotor and coordination disturbances on day 7 after unilateral hemorrhage stroke in the caudate nucleus as compared to stress-predisposed animals. After hemorrhage stroke in the caudate nucleus, changes in vessels and neurons of the contralateral sensorimotor cortex were more pronounced in stress-predisposed passive rats than in stress-resistant active animals. The newly formed capillaries were not seen in stress-predisposed specimens. To day 7 of post stress hemorrhage stroke in the caudate nucleus, signs of the involvement of compensatory mechanisms in the contralateral sensorimotor cortex appeared in stress-resistant but not in stress-predisposed rats. This finding suggests the possibility of restoration of structure and normal functioning of neurons.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Spectroscopic observation of fluctuation-induced dynamo in the edge of the reversed-field pinch.

The fluctuation-induced dynamo has been investigated by direct measurement of v and b in the edge of a reversed-field pinch and is found to be significant in balancing Ohm's law. The velocity fluctuations producing the dynamo emf have poloidal mode number m = 0, consistent with MHD calculations and in contrast with the core m = 1 dynamo. The velocity fluctuations exhibit the parity relative to their resonant surface predicted by linear MHD theory.

Field of study: Physics
Galaxy formation simulations with spinning black holes: method and implementation

Supermassive black holes at the centre of galactic nuclei mostly grow in mass through gas accretion over cosmic time. This process also modifies the angular momentum (or spin) of supermassive black holes, both in magnitude and in orientation. Despite being often neglected in galaxy formation simulations, spin plays a crucial role in modulating accretion power, driving jet feedback, and determining recoil velocity of coalescing black hole binaries. We present a new accretion model for the moving-mesh code AREPO that incorporates (i) mass accretion through a thin $\alpha$-disc, and (ii) spin evolution through the Bardeen-Petterson effect. We use a diverse suite of idealised simulations to explore the physical connection between spin evolution and larger scale environment. We find that black holes $\lesssim 10^{7}$ M$_{\odot}$ experience quick alignment between the black hole and the accretion disc, favouring prolonged phases of spin-up, and the spin direction evolves according to the gas inflow on timescales as short as $\lesssim 100$ Myr, which might explain the observed jet direction distribution in Seyfert galaxies. Heavier black holes ($\gtrsim 10^{8}$ M$_{\odot}$) are instead more sensitive to the local gas kinematic. Here we find a wider distribution in spin magnitudes: spin-ups are favoured if gas inflow maintains a preferential direction, and spin-downs occur for nearly isotropic infall, while the spin direction does not change much over short timescales $\sim 100$ Myr. We therefore conclude that supermassive black holes with masses $\gtrsim 5 \times 10^{8}$ M$_{\odot}$ may be the ideal testbed to determine the main mode of black hole fuelling over cosmic time.

Field of study: Physics
Study on the growth process of HCFC141b hydrate in isobaric system by a macroscopic kinetic model

In this work, the kinetics of HCFC141b hydrate formation was studied experimentally; and a kinetic model based on chemical affinity was described to predict the hydrate growth process in the stirred batch reactor at a constant volume. The experiments were conducted with both pure water and brine solution of NaCl to study the water desalination by hydrate formation. The effect of salt inhibition on formation kinetics was investigated in saline concentrations of 0%, 1% and 4% weight of NaCl. Based on the experimental results, the formation rate is further at lower initial temperatures and lower concentrations of salt due to more driving force. The parameters of macroscopic model, Ar and tK, were optimized for each experiment, subsequently the kinetic curves of HCFC141b hydrate were predicted by chemical affinity model under isobaric conditions. The acceptable agreement was generally found between the experimental and predicted data with correlation coefficient more than 0.9.

Field of study: Engineering
Authenticated key exchange for SIDH

We survey authenticated key exchange (AKE) in the context of supersingular isogeny Diffie-Hellman key exchange (SIDH). We discuss different approaches to achieve authenticated key exchange, and survey the literature. We explain some challenges that arise in the SIDH setting if one wants to do a “Diffie-Hellman-like” AKE, and present several candidate authenticated key exchange protocols suitable for SIDH. We also discuss some open problems.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
The Child With Problems-A Pediatrician's Eye View.

1. The role and character of the modern pediatrician is described. 
 
2. His dilemmas in dogmatically diagnosing aberrations in behavior are outlined. 
 
3. Plans for help to certain problems, including those of the adolescent delinquent are detailed. 
 
4. A suggestion for better interdisciplinary communication is made.

Field of study: Medicine
Construction and Teaching Practice of Analytical Chemistry Course in Environmental Science Specialty

Through the construction of the analysis chemistry curriculum group in environmental science, a full range of design and practice is designed from the aspects of teaching syllabus, teaching materials, courses, network courses, paper library, laboratory and scientific research. In this way, we should strengthen the improvement of environmental science professionalism, enhance the cultivation of analytical capability, broaden the students' vision and optimize the teaching of environmental science to improve the comprehensive design and practical analysis ability of environmental science majors. The results can improve design and actual analysis ability of majors multi-level comprehensive in environmental science, to foster a solid environmental science basic theory, basic knowledge and basic skills of senior specialized talents. Thus, it is necessary to cultivate advanced specialized talents with solid basic theories, basic knowledge and basic skills in environmental science.

Field of study: Education