nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Spectroscopic studies on the interaction of riboflavin with bovine serum albumin.

The mechanism of interaction of riboflavin (RF) with bovine serum albumin (BSA) using fluorometric and circular dichroism (CD) methods has been reported. The association constant (K) for RF-BSA binding shows that the interaction is non-covalent in nature. Stern-Volmer analysis of fluorescence quenching data shows that the fraction of fluorophore (BSA) accessible to the quencher (RF) is close to unity, indicating that both tryptophan residues of BSA are involved in the interaction. The high magnitude of rate constant for quenching kq (10(13) M(-1) s(-1) indicates that RF binding site is in close proximity to tryptophan residue of BSA. Thermodynamic parameters obtained from data at different temperatures showed that the binding of RF to BSA predominantly involves the formation of hydrophobic bonds. Binding studies in the presence of a hydrophobic probe 8-anilino-1-naphthalene sulphonic acid, sodium salt (ANS) showed that RF and ANS do not share common sites in BSA. The small decrease in critical micellar concentration of anionic surfactant, sodium dodecyl sulphate in the presence of RF shows that ionic character of RF also contributes to binding and is not solubilized inside the micelle. Significant decrease in concentration of free RF has been observed in the presence of paracetamol. The CD spectrum shows the binding of RF leads to a change in the alpha helical structure of BSA.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Physics
The Educateur Model: A Theoretical Monograph

University of Illinois at Chicago Circle In the fading days of the summer of 1965, in our nation’s capital, an 11 year old boy was found spending his nights huddled in an apartment hallway with the only friend he knew-a stray dog. As millions of his young fellow citizens were beginning their zestful return to school, he devoted his full attention to the quest for survival, managed, somehow, through the haphazard handouts of food and drink from curious tenants and the affection of the dogs he had claimed as his only companions. Taken finally by police to a detention home, the now retarded boy’s story unfolded: Through his meager decade of life, begun in a broken home, he had ricocheted from court to welfare department, from mother to foster home, from institution to psychiatrist. He had been tested, but never treated, examined but never loved. So it was that he had long begun to spend his own love on dogs, not people [Mental Health of Children, 1965, p. 1].

Field of study: Education
Psychological Androgyny and Assertiveness in Females

This study examined the relationship between psychological androgyny and assertiveness in females. 178 female undergraduates were administered the Bem Sex-role Inventory and a 40-item, self-report, assertiveness inventory. On the basis of their Bem scores subjects were assigned to one of four sex-role categories; sex-typed, sex-reversed, androgynous, or indeterminate. Androgynous subjects, in contrast to sex-typed subjects, reported significantly less discomfort in situations demanding assertiveness, a significantly higher probability of engaging in assertive behavior, and fewer situations they would like to be able to handle more assertively. These findings suggest that androgynous females deny or suppress behaviors traditionally seen as inappropriate for women on fewer occasions than do sex-typed females.

Field of study: Psychology
Test Technology Research on Missile Infrared System Range

Today, all kinds of guided missiles almost have equipped infrared reconnaissance or guided system, infrared range is important elements to influencing hit rate of guided missile and indispensably appraised performance index in appraisal test. In this paper, for adequately appraising missile infrared system range, elements including temperature difference between object and background, relative humidity, air visibility that influence infrared system performance are deep analysed, test project is optimized based on uniform design method, real equipment and simulation test methods are put forward, test results of one missile infrared system validates science and rationality this test method.

Field of study: Engineering
Research on Service Level Management in Integrated Satellite Information Network

Integrated Satellite Information Network (ISIN) includes those nodes in space and those on ground. It is the way to realize fusion of satellite communication and traditional network technology. The satellites in space and the communication links between the satellites and ground nodes are expensive network resources, so it is very important to make full use of that in order to guarantee quality of service. In this paper, architecture of service level management in ISIN is proposed, and service topology management and service level agreement are deeply researched as well as service security management and service fault management are briefly discussed. At last, the simulation system of service level management applied to ISIN is accomplished and service topology algorithm is validated.

Field of study: Computer science
Structural cross sections based on a gravity survey of parts of the Quetico and Wawa subprovinces near Thunder Bay, Ontario

In this study, gravity data from 350 new gravity stations are combined with those from 50 previously surveyed stations in a detailed Bouguer anomaly map of a portion of the Quetico and Wawa subprovinces north and west of Thunder Bay, Ontario.In general, high gravity values characterize the southern and southwestern part of the area where metavolcanic rocks of the Wawa subprovince dominate. Much of the Quetico subprovince forms a broad gravitational low, reflecting extensive exposures of gneisses, schists, and migmatites. Well-defined gravity lows are associated with several granitic intrusive bodies.Three- and -dimensional gravity models of subsurface configuration of the density contrasts, representative of major rock units, indicate a trough-like structure for the metavolcanic rocks of the Wawa subprovince. This trough-like structure is flanked by a domical feature in the granitoid rocks to the south. North of the metavolcanic rocks, a succession of low-grade greywackes and slates occupies a basinal str...

Field of study: Environmental science
ANALYSIS OF FLOW STRUCTURE IN LARGE-SCALE CIRCULATING FLUIDIZED BEDS

Local transient solids fraction and particle velocity sign al s were measured in a 0.418m×18m large-scale circulating fluidized bed(CFB) by a dual-optical fiber density probe and a Laser Doppler Velocimeter(LDV) system . The probability density distribution(PDD) of both transient solids fraction a nd particle velocity was obtained. The bimodal distribution of PDD for both sol ids fraction and particle velocity can be clearly seen in the riser.While in th e downer, the PDD curves only exhibit single peak distribution.The results indi cate that two phases, i.e., the cluster phase with solids fraction near 1- e_mf and the void phase with solids fraction about 0.01-0.02,exists i n the riser. Meanwhile, only single void phase exists in the downer. Although there exist particle clusters in the downer, they cannot form a stable cluster p hase with solids fraction near 1-e_mf.The dissimilarity of solids flow structure reveal the significant difference in gas-solids flow structure and mechanism between the along-gravity gas-solids flow in the downer and the aga inst-gravity flow in the riser.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Undoing Empire: Race and Nation in the Mulatto Caribbean (review)

victims, as exemplified by his account of Ah Toy an entrepreneurial Chinese prostitute based in San Francisco who "enticed and manipulated men" (p. 78). While her thriving brothels came under fire from local authorities and other Chinese competitors ultimately pushing her out of business, Ah Toy exemplifies a woman who "had for a moment defied the customs of her homeland and perhaps those of the TransMississipi West" (p. 78). The conclusion de Leon draws from this multicultural history of the West is that while Western people of color "accepted tenets of other cultures, . . . their loyalty generally remained with the way of life that nourished them in segregated areas and defined them as a racial unit" (p. 107). Colored minorities, just like dominant whites, maintained their ancestral cultural legacies. In other words, not much melted in the proverbial melting pot. A look back at this history is / crucial for understanding how the United States came to be one of the most racially segregated countries in the world.

Field of study: History
Terahertz radiation detectors: the state-of-the-art

The phenomena and recent progress in the evolution of the basic classes of the THz detectors that exist today are considered. Issues associated with the development and exploitation of THz radiation detectors in human activity applications are shortly addressed. The operation conditions of the THz detectors and their upper limit performance are discussed. Because of the lack of space not all the important Refs. will be mentioned. Where it was reasonable mainly publications after 2011 were addressed.

Field of study: Materials science
SURFACE CURRENT MAPPING OFF CALIFORNIA WITH RADIOMETRY AND ALTIMETRY

Surface coastal currents off California are a good example of the complex variability in space and time of currents in an ocean basin eastern boundary. Conventional oceanographic measurements are unable to resolve these relatively small scale variations but by employing both satellite imagery and satellite altimetry we are able to resolve this complex structure and its variations in space and time. Moreover using historical satellite imagery we are able to extend this study back into the past. Our emphasis will be on resolving these variations and later studies will relate these variations to various forcing functions

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Measures taken by the United States to promote student fitness since the 1950s and enlightenment therein.

Having analyzed the reasons for,measures taken by and effects of the US government to promote student fitness since the 1950s,the author concluded that the experiences of the US government to promote student fitness mainly include the followings: the government has regarded such a job highly and stuck to it over a long period of time;the government has established an efficient leadership organization;the government has actively cooperated with all walks of life in the society;the government has carried out comprehensive promotion;the government has showered attention on scientific researches;the government has generously rewarded advanced and typical organizations.

Field of study: Education
Formal Specification for POMDPRS

Planning is a main research direction in artificial intelligence and has widely application background.POMDPRS is a continual planning system which combines the continual planning mechanism of PRS,the probabilistic distribution belief model and the maximum utility principle of POMDP,so that it gains stronger abilities of adapting to dynamic nondeterministic environments.This paper intends to descript POMDPRS in formal semantics level.Further more,An example will be given to compare POMDPRS to PRS and POMDP for illuminating its advantages.

Field of study: Computer science
An in vitro gastrointestinal method to estimate bioavailable arsenic in contaminated soils and solid media

A method was developed to simulate the human gastrointestinal environment and to estimate bioavailability of arsenic in contaminated soil and solid media. In this in vitro gastrointestinal (IVG) method, arsenic is sequentially extracted from contaminated soil with simulated gastric and intestinal solutions. A modified IVG-AB method, where iron hydroxide gel is used to simulate the absorption of arsenic, was also evaluated. Fifteen contaminated soils collected from mining/smelter sites ranging from 401 to 17 460 mg As kg-1 were analyzed. In vitro results were compared with in vivo relative bioavailable arsenic (RBA) determined from dosing trials using immature swine which ranged from 2.7 to 42.8% RBA. Arsenic extracted by the IVG and IVG-AB methods was not statistically different than RBA arsenic measured by the in vivo method. Arsenic extracted by the IVG stomach and intestinal phases was linearly correlated (r = 0.83 and 0.82, respectively) with in vivo arsenic (P < 0.01). Similarly, the IVG-AB method wa...

Field of study: Environmental science
Habenula deep brain stimulation for intractable schizophrenia: a pilot study.

Schizophrenia is a psychiatric disorder associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Although antipsychotic medications and electroconvulsive therapy can be used to manage the clinical symptoms of schizophrenia, a substantial portion (10%-30%) of patients do not clinically respond to these treatments or cannot tolerate the side effects. Recently, deep brain stimulation (DBS) has emerged as a promising safe and effective therapeutic intervention for various psychiatric disorders. Here, the authors explore the utility of DBS of the habenula (HB) in the clinical management of 2 young adult male patients with severe, chronic, and treatment-resistant schizophrenia. After HB DBS surgery, both patients experienced improvements in clinical symptoms during the first 6 months of treatment. However, only 1 patient retained the clinical benefits and reached a favorable outcome at 12-month follow-up. The symptoms of the other patient subsequently worsened and became so profound that he needed to be hospitalized at 10-month follow-up and withdrawn from further study participation. It is tentatively concluded that HB DBS could ultimately be a relatively safe and effective surgical intervention for certain patients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia.

Field of study: Medicine
Detection of two isotypically different antibodies produced by a murine hybridoma.

A hybridoma, F31P46B, secreting monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) comprised of mu and gamma heavy chains in association with a single kappa light chain, has been characterized. This hybridoma was prepared by fusing splenocytes, derived from a BALB/c mouse immunized with Vibrio vulnificus and SP2/O-Ag-14 mouse myeloma cells. The specificity of this hybridoma was determined by ELISA screening on a large number of bacterial strains. Hybridoma cells of F31P46B were cloned by limiting dilution to an average cell density of 0.1 cells/well and repeated 3 times to ensure monoclonality. Isotyping of 7 subclones was then performed by Ouchterlony gel double diffusion, as well as a Bio-Rad isotyping kit, and both methods showed that both IgM and IgG2b were secreted. PAGE and immunoblotting showed the presence of mu, gamma, and kappa chains with respective molecular weights of 80, 50, and 25kDa. A series of fractions, collected from F31P46B ascites during Superose 12 gel chromatography, were tested by the two isotyping methods and each confirmed the presence of two immunoglobulin products. These data indicated that the hybridoma secreted two separate immunoglobulins, IgM/kappa and IgG2b/kappa.

Field of study: Biology
High frequency characteristics of rectangular waveguide grating

In order to analyze the rectangular waveguide grating which is a typical slow wave structure, the dispersion relation was obtained by the field-matching method. The coupling impedance was subsequently obtained from the relevant equations. The higher orders were retained as an infinite sum of standing eigen-waves to deal with the fields inside the grooves. Computations and analysis were done for two typical structures of the rectangular waveguide grating, the shallow grating and the deep grating, and reasonable results were obtained. The results show that the deeper the groove is, the stronger the dispersion is and the narrower the pass-band is. The coupling impedance increases significantly. The operating point moves toward the forward wave zone, it is fit for the slow wave structure of an amplifier.

Field of study: Physics
Electrical characterization of thin film, thin buried oxide SIMOX SOI substrates produced by low-energy, low-dose implantation

A range of electrical characterization techniques have been applied to thin film, thin buried oxide SIMOX SOI substrate. Some capacitance-voltage results were seen to exhibit frequency dispersion due to high concentrations of surface states but have been analysed to yield buried oxide thickness and doping levels. The ability to deplete from both interfaces of the buried oxide allowed us to determine both the density and the position of the positive charge centroid present in the oxides. The current-voltage characteristics were seen to be ohmic at low voltages (<50 V) but there is evidence that Fowler-Nordheim conduction is the dominant mechanism at higher voltages. Analysis of Fowler-Nordheim data yielded low barrier heights to electron emission in the range of 0.8 to 1.9 eV which were explained as the effect of field intensification at interfacial asperities. The I-V plots also indicated that high levels of electron trapping were occurring in the oxides and this was studied further using constant voltage stressing. The role in the trapping of excess Si and Si islands present in the implanted oxides is discussed at length.

Field of study: Materials science
Maximum likelihood estimation for a nearly random walk model

This paper proposes an effective reparameterization method for the maximum likelihood estimation of a nearly random walk ARIMA (1,1,1) model, an important case where standard method of locating the MLE is not satisfactory. This model is equivalent to the permanent and temporary components model that Fama &French (1988) and others used to capture the slow mean reversion behavior of stock prices. The reparameterization method we prppose for estimating the nearly cancelled AR and MA parameters performs satisfactorily. The exact likelihood function based on the transformed parameters is studied. We argue that the region of interest will get magnified and emphasized in the transformed space, thus making the search for MLE more thorough and effective. Substantiai simuiation evidences are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the method. The sample size requirement is critical and is discussed in details. For application, this method is applied to estimate a nearly random walk ARIMA (1,1,1) model for NYSE/AMEX value-weighted market return in daily and longer holding-period horizons.

Field of study: Mathematics
Ottaviano Petrucci: A Catalogue Raisonné (review)

two-page vita of Saint Eugene). This inconsistency will make it unnecessarily difficult for some readers. Finally, although there is some discussion of the music, I found myself wanting a much fuller discussion of this aspect of the books. What, for example, was the result of the liturgical reforms of 1310, and the subsequent shift from local to Roman practice, on the music? Furthermore, much of her discussion of polyphony and tropes is derived from earlier work by Agostino Ziino and Giulio Cattin. Despite these reservations, this book represents a significant step forward in our understanding of cathedral and civic ritual in one of the most important cities of Western Europe. MURRAY STEIB Ball State University

Field of study: History
Bone Marrow Cell Therapy on 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine (DMH)-Induced Colon Cancer in Rats

Stem cell based therapies are being under focus due to their possible role in treatment of various tumors. Bone marrow stem cells believed to have anticancer potential and are preferred for their activities by stimulating the immune system, migration to the site of tumor and ability for inducting apoptosis in cancer cells. The current study was aimed to investigate the tumor suppressive effects of bone marrow cells (BMCs) in 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH)-induced colon cancer in rats.  The rats were randomly allocated into four groups: control, BMCs alone, DMH alone and BMCs with DMH. BMCs were injected intrarectally while DMH was injected subcutaneously at 20 mg/kg body weight once a week for 15 weeks. Histopathological examination and gene expression of survivin, β-catenin and multidrug resistance-1 (MDR-1) by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in rat colon tissues. This is in addition to oxidative stress markers in colon were performed across all groups.  The presence of aberrant crypt foci was reordered once histopathological examination of colon tissue from rats which received DMH alone. Administration of BMCs into rats starting from zero-day of DMH injection improved the histopathological picture which showed a clear improvement in mucosal layer, few inflammatory cells infiltration periglandular and in the lamina propria. Gene expression in rat colon tissue demonstrated that BMCs down-regulated survivin, β-catenin, MDR-1 and cytokeratin 20 genes expression in colon tissues after colon cancer induction. Amelioration of the colon status after administration of MSCs has been evidenced by a major reduction of lipid peroxidation, nitric oxide, and increasing of glutathione content and superoxide dismutase along with catalase activities.  Our findings demonstrated that BMCs have tumor suppressive effects in DMH-induced colon cancer as evidenced by down-regulation of survivin, β-catenin, and MDR-1 genes and enhancing the antioxidant activity.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Restriction of plant roots in boreal forest organic soils affects the microbial community but does not change the dominance from ectomycorrhizal to saprotrophic fungi.

Boreal forest soils store significant amounts of carbon and are cohabited by saprotrophic and ectomycorrhizal fungi (ECM). The 'Gadgil effect' implies antagonistic interactions between saprotrophic fungi and ECM. Plant photosynthates support the competitive fitness of the ECM, and may also shape the soil bacterial communities. Many 'Gadgil effect' experiments have focused on litter layer (OL) or have litter and root-fragments present, and thus possibly favor the saprotrophs. We compared how the restriction of plant roots and exudates affect soil microbial community structures in organic soil (mixed OF and OH). For this, we established a 3-yr field experiment with 3 different mesh treatments affecting the penetration of plant roots and external fungal hyphae. Exclusion of plant photosynthates induced modest changes in both fungal and bacterial community structures, but not to potential functionality of the microbial community. The microbial community was resilient towards rather short-term disturbances. Contrary to the 'Gadgil effect', mesh treatments restricting the entrance of plant roots and external fungal hyphae did not favor saprotrophs that originally inhabited the soil. Thus, we propose that different substrate preferences (fresh litter vs. fermented or humified soil), rather than antagonism, maintain the spatial separation of saprotrophs and mycorrhizal fungi in boreal forest soils.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Diastrophic importance of the unconformity at the base of the Berea grit in Ohio

In 1874 J. S. Newberry made the following statements in the Ohio reports: “In most localities where the Bedford shale is exposed the upper surface is very irregular, and it; is evident that the formation has been extensively eroded by the agency which transported the beds of sand, now consolidated into, the Berea grit.” 2 “The best exposures of the entire thickness of the Bedford shale are on the Black River below Elyria. . . . It will also be noticed here that the upper surface of the shale is very irregular, showing that the currents of water which transported the sand—now the Berea sandstone—cut away the shale, then a red clay, in broad and deep channels. As these were filled with sand, the under surface of the sandstone is very uneven and its thickness variable.” 3 This unconformity, noted so long ago by Newberry, is wide-spread, . . .

Field of study: Geology