nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Bacterial carbon dependence on freshly produced phytoplankton exudates under different nutrient availability and grazing pressure conditions in coastal marine waters.

The effects of grazing pressure and inorganic nutrient availability on the direct carbon transfer from freshly produced phytoplankton exudates to heterotrophic bacteria biomass production were studied in Mediterranean coastal waters. The short-term incorporation of ¹³C (H¹³CO₃) in phytoplankton and bacterial lipid biomarkers was measured as well as the total bacterial carbon production (BP), viral lysis and the microbial community structure under three experimental conditions: (1) High inorganic Nutrient and High Grazing (HN + HG), (2) High inorganic Nutrient and Low Grazing (HN + LG) and (3) under natural in situ conditions with Low inorganic Nutrient and High Grazing (LN + HG) during spring. Under phytoplankton bloom conditions (HN + LG), the bacterial use of freshly produced phytoplankton exudates as a source of carbon, estimated from ¹³C enrichment of bacterial lipids, contributed more than half of the total bacterial production. However, under conditions of high grazing pressure on phytoplankton with or without the addition of inorganic nutrients (HN + HG and LN + HG), the ¹³C enrichment of bacterial lipids was low compared with the high total bacterial production. BP therefore seems to depend mainly on freshly produced phytoplankton exudates during the early phase of phytoplankton bloom period. However, BP seems mainly relying on recycled carbon from viral lysis and predators under high grazing pressure.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Assessing efficiency in the UK breast screening programme: does size of screening unit make a difference?

The UK breast screening programme (UK BSP) is organised into a large number of individual screening units. Decision makers need to ensure these units are producing efficiently, particularly as the programme is anticipated to expand. Data envelopment analysis (DEA) was applied to investigate: the relative efficiency of screening units; the impact of screening unit size on efficiency; and how individual units could improve. Sixty-four screening units were categorised into 33 large and 31 small. Data were collected using a national survey and routinely collected data. The overall median efficiency score was 91%, 39 units were inefficient. Variation in efficiency scores was wide. Large units had a median efficiency score of 100% and 12 units were inefficient. Smaller units had a median efficiency score of 95% and 19 were inefficient. This difference was not statistically significant (Mann-Whitney, P=0.076). Forty-two percent of large units and 21% of small units were operating at constant returns to scale (mean difference 0.20, 95% CI: 0.15-0.43). Although there is no systematic difference in efficiency by size of screening unit there are inefficiencies in both large and small units and there is scope for many individual units to improve their use of current resources. It will be necessary for decision-makers to examine the practices of individual screening units before considering options for how best to improve their resource use. DEA can help to identify feasible options.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
On property ownership clearance in the private universities

It is the system of property ownership unclearness that influences the private universities of China. The property ownership clearance has the functions of assuring the property ownership, encouraging the behavior of the property subject, optimizing the resource allocation and improving the efficiency. After making clear of the current law and regulations, we can abstain that the property ownership unclearness still exists in the private u-niversities. In order to change the chaos of the property ownership, it is urgent to make sure of the property ownership in the law. While the way of allocating the remainder, the subject and its responsibility should be regulated.

Field of study: Education
Paleocene-Eocene migmatite crystallization, extension, and exhumation in the hinterland of the northern Cordillera: Okanogan dome, Washington, USA

The Okanogan gneiss dome, Washington, is located in the hinterland of the North American Cordillera and is part of a chain of metamorphic core complexes containing gneiss and migmatite domes exhumed during Eocene extension of thickened crust. U-Pb sensitive high-resolution ion microprobe (SHRIMP) analyses of zircon, monazite, and titanite, and 40 Ar39 Ar analyses of biotite from migmatites exposed in the footwall of the Okanogan detachment, coupled with a detailed structural analysis, document the timing and duration of migmatite crystallization and indicate coeval crystallization, extensional deformation, and exhumation of the dome. Okanogan migmatites are folded and deformed, and preserve successive generations of leucosomes generated by synkinematic anatexis. Analyses of migmatite samples from a highmelt fraction subdome near Stowe Mountain suggest that the Okanogan dome records a history of migmatite crystallization spanning at least 12 m.y., as indicated by 206

Field of study: Geology
Microbial carbonate production in a starved basin: The crenistria Limestone of the upper Viséan German Kulm facies

The crenistria Limestone is a set of three autochthonous massive limestone beds occurring with great lithological persistence in the Kulm Facies (cd III α, upper Visean) of the eastern Rheinisches Schiefergebirge. Microfacies analysis reveals mainly minipeloidal fabrics and homogeneous micrite. Uncrushed, sediment-filled conchs of goniatites represent loci of sheltered preservation of primary carbonate textures. Calcified radiolarians are abundant, forming between 20 and 80% of total rock volume. The alleged algal genus Rectangulina is common in the crenistria Limestone. It is reinterpreted to represent the faeces of goniatites. For the first time the presence of in situ preserved sponges is reported. They can be recognized as delicate networks of microsparitic needles embedded in peloidal fabrics. Hexactinellids with primary spicule arrangements can be found embedded in homogeneous micrite. The carbonate forming the limestone beds was produced microbially during decomposition of soft tissue of the radiolarians and sponges. During the cd III α, anoxia in the bottom waters of the Kulm Basin persisted for long periods due to stable density stratification of the water column under humid climatic conditions. Oxic conditions in the bottom waters during formation of the limestone are indicated by bioturbation, the presence of sponges and the high Mn-contents of the carbonate. The latter derived from reduction of Mn-oxides during microbial carbonate formation.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Crystallography of the past and in the future

This paper is partly a summary of the book ‘From a grain of salt to the ribosome’ , with extension on some points. Sometimes the developments in science may be very rapid and not fully appreciated at all corners of the scientific society. Harry Clary Jones was a well-known chemist at Johns Hopkins University at the turn of the previous century. He had, in his earlier days, spent time in the laboratories of Wilhelm Ostwald in Leipzig, Svante Arrhenius in Stockholm and Jacobus van’t Hoff in Amsterdam. He wrote many papers and twelve books. In 1913 he claimed in a book : We do not know the formula of rock salt, or of ice; and we have no reliable means of finding out these simplest matters about solids. Our ignorance of solids is very nearly complete. It is evident that he was unaware of the very recent developments and the revolution in chemistry that had just taken place with the birth of X-ray crystallography.

Field of study: Materials science
Staphylococcus aureus-stimulated mononuclear leucocyte-conditioned medium increases the neutrophil bactericidal activity, and augments oxygen radical production and degranulation in response to the bacteria.

Conditioned medium produced by human mononuclear leucocytes (MNL) stimulated with formalin-fixed, heat-killed Staphylococcus aureus enhanced the killing of opsonized S. aureus by human neutrophils. This enhancement was not seen when conditioned medium from non-stimulated MNL or medium cultured in the absence of both bacteria and MNL was used. There was a five-fold decrease in survival of bacteria when neutrophils were treated with conditioned medium. Conditioned medium-treated neutrophils showed increased initial rate of killing but after 20-30 min the rate of killing was similar to that of non-conditioned medium-treated leucocytes. The neutrophils treated with conditioned medium showed increased production of chemiluminescence, superoxide and lysosomal enzyme release (from both azurophilic and specific granules) in response to opsonized S. aureus. The results demonstrate that bacterial interaction with MNL leads to the release of mediators (cytokines) which potentiate the anti-bacterial function of neutrophils.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Measurement of intracellular Ca2+ in single aequorin-injected and suspensions of fura-2-loaded ROS 17/2.8 cells and normal human osteoblasts. Effect of parathyroid hormone.

It is known that parathyroid hormone (PTH) activates the cyclic AMP (cAMP) signalling pathway in osteoblasts. In recent years it has been suggested that an elevation of the intracellular free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) may also be involved in the regulation of osteoblast function by PTH. However, this remains controversial. Here we investigated the effect of PTH on the [Ca2+]i of ROS 17/2.8 cells and normal human osteoblasts. The [Ca2+]i was measured in single aequorin-injected cells and in suspensions of cells loaded with fura-2. Human PTH-(1-38)-peptide (1-300 nM) had no effect on the [Ca2+]i in single aequorin-injected ROS 17/2.8 cells (n = 17) measured at various times after injection (1-20 h), or in suspensions of fura-2-loaded ROS 17/2.8 cells (n = 9). Ionomycin (1 microM) increased the [Ca2+]i in fura-2-loaded and single aequorin-injected ROS 17/2.8 cells by 285 +/- 60 nM (n = 9) and 312 +/- 99 nM (n = 6) respectively, indicating that both methods detect changes in [Ca2+]i with equal sensitivity. In contrast, human PTH-(1-38) (10-100 nM) markedly stimulated cAMP accumulation in ROS 17/2.8 cells. In single aequorin-injected normal human osteoblasts there was no change in the [Ca2+]i in response to 100 nM human PTH-(1-38) or 100 nM bovine PTH-(1-84) (n = 18). In contrast, in suspensions of normal human osteoblasts loaded with fura-2, an increase in [Ca2+]i in response to human PTH-(1-38) (100 nM) was found (60 +/- 28 nM; n = 6). Considerable variation in the magnitude of the response was observed between individual preparations and donors. These data indicate that PTH activates cAMP accumulation without affecting [Ca2+]i in ROS 17/2.8 cells and that PTH causes a rise in [Ca2+]i only in a small subset of normal human osteoblasts. We suggest that the Ca2+ response to PTH in osteoblasts is limited by the state of differentiation of the cells, and may be due either to the presence of a distinct Ca2(+)-mobilizing receptor or to a cAMP-mediated Ca2+ response.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Recognition of stratigraphic sequences in carbonate platform and slope deposits: empirical models based on microfacies analysis of Palaeogene deposits in southeastern Spain

The functional morphology and life style of foraminifers can be used to determine their former position on the platform and to detect upwards shallowing and deepening trends in sedimentary sequences. The sequential analysis of the Palaeogene platform deposits of Alicante proved to be greatly enhanced by the use of the palaeoecology of foraminifers. On the basis of this analysis, three different empirical models for platform accommodation cycles could be designed: a ramp model, distinctive for the Lower Eocene, a combined ramp-rimmed model, characteristic for the Middle and Upper Eocene, and a rimmed model representative for Oligocene cycles. The change in platform type through time is thought to be a response to climate-related changes in growth-potential of hermatypic corals. Possible criteria to distinguish systems tracts in slope deposits on their foraminiferal and clast content are put to the test in a slope section, with positive results. From the correlation of the southern Spanish Palaeogene cycles with Eurasian–African plate-boundary events along the Pyrenees, and with Antarctic glaciations, it can be concluded that the majority of the cycles are tectonically controlled with glacio-eustatic contributions since the Middle/Late Eocene boundary.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Natural language symbol string storage

Natural language applications often require the storage of various symbol strings. Both unidirectional trees and lattices may be used to hold a symbolic data base consisting of lexes, lemes, or other symbol strings. This paper empirically compares placing symbolic information into trees and lattices. (A lattice may be thought of as a unidirec tional network with single, initiating, and terminating nodes.) The use of lattices in this way is an extension of the commonly used tree structure. The empirical study presented is the first on this topic known to the author.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Inhibiting growth of the Au0.5Ni0.5Sn4 intermetallic layer in Pb-Sn solder joints reflowed on Au/Ni metallization

Au/Ni metallization has become increasingly common in microelectronic packaging when Cu pads are joined with Pb-Sn solder. Recent work has shown that a ternary compound with stoichiometry Au0.5Ni0.5Sn4 redeposits onto the interface during aging, compromising the strength of the joint. In the present work the growth of the Au0.5Ni0.5Sn4 layer is documented and methods for inhibiting its growth were investigated. It was determined that multiple reflows, both with and without additional aging, can substantially limit the thickness of the ternary layer.

Field of study: Materials science
Limit cycles of cubic polynomial differential systems with rational first integrals of degree 2

The main goal of this paper is to study the maximum number of limit cycles that bifurcate from the period annulus of the cubic centers that have a rational first integral of degree 2 when they are perturbed inside the class of all cubic polynomial differential systems using the averaging theory. The computations of this work have been made with Mathematica and Maple.

Field of study: Mathematics
Screening for cytomegalovirus retinitis in HIV-positive and AIDS patients.

The ability of physicians to screen for AIDS-related cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMVR) was studied at a London AIDS centre. Patients had undergone direct ophthalmoscopy as part of their general examination by the physicians and were referred if fundal abnormalities were found, if a focus of extra-ocular CMVR was present or if the patient complained of visual symptoms. The provisional diagnoses of the physicians were compared with the final diagnoses of the ophthalmologists. Of 348 consecutive patients referred for an ophthalmic opinion, the physicians made the correct diagnosis in 69% of those referred with a provisional diagnosis of CMVR, in 66% of those with normal fundi and in 81% of those with toxoplasma chorioretinitis. Those cases of CMVR which were misdiagnosed by the physicians were usually mistaken for other retinal pathology which would warrant a specialist referral. Screening for CMVR in HIV-positive and AIDS patients may safely be undertaken by physicians familiar with the ocular manifestations of HIV-related disease.

Field of study: Medicine
Reconstructing the palaeoenvironment of the Middle Russian Sea during the Middle–Late Jurassic transition using stable isotope ratios of cephalopod shells and variations in faunal assemblages

Oxygen and carbon isotope data of well-preserved belemnite rostra and ammonite shells are presented from the Callovian–Oxfordian boundary (uppermost Lamberti to lowermost Cordatum zones) of the Dubki section near Saratov in the Russian Platform. Palaeotemperatures calculated for nektobenthic belemnites (averages of 5 °C and 8 °C for cylindroteuthids and belemnopseids, respectively) show the presence of cold bottom waters in the central part of the Middle Russian Sea during the studied interval. Palaeotemperatures calculated for ammonites, which are assumed to have lived in near-surface waters, are considerably higher (average 13 °C). The presented data show a vertical thermal gradient in the Middle Russian Sea. The belemnite oxygen isotope record and the relative abundances of ammonite families in the Dubki section do not correlate with each other probably as a result of different depth habitats of ammonites and belemnites. A review of literature isotope data shows the climatic zonation in European seas at the Middle–Late Jurassic transition. Despite the flux of cold polar waters to the Middle Russian Sea and the area of Scotland there is no evidence for glaciation at the Middle–Late Jurassic transition. Changes in water circulation during a sea-level highstand were likely a source of spreads of cold bottom waters and cardioceratid ammonite fauna in this time period. The belemnite isotope record of the Callovian–Oxfordian boundary in the Russian Platform is characterized by significant scatter of δ13C values. No temporal carbon isotope trend is observed. The δ13C values of Russian belemnite rostra average 2.6‰ VPDB being 1 to 2‰ higher than the values of coeval Lower Oxfordian belemnites from the area of the Submediterranean ammonite province. Higher (than Submediterranean) δ13C values of Russian belemnite rostra are likely related to high biologic productivity and/or high organic matter burial in semi-isolated Boreal–Subboreal marine basins.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
French Basic Vocabulary Database, Its Microstructure and Information Description

This paper shows the results of our work on two issues that are necessarily raised when making a French basic vocabulary database: first how to select basic vocabulary, and second how to represent grammatical informations in the database. For the first issue, we adopted the A-level vocabulary proposed by the Référentiels, but in order to revise it, we conducted frequency-based adequacy tests. 430 words are excluded because they are rarely used and thus inappropriate as basic vocabulary. Instead, we added 200 very high-frequency words that we believe should be learned at the beginner level, and we propose a basic vocabulary of 1,300 words. For the second issue, we developed a representation model with reference to the lexicon-grammar and the theory of "classe d'objet". It follows their basic framework, but it has different microstructure and representation methods so that the usage of predicate words can be understood in an integrated way.

Field of study: Linguistics
Non-invasive assessment of the heart function in unshielded clinical environment by SQUID gradiometry

Bioelectrical activity of the heart produces minute magnetic fields that may be measured above the torso with superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) sensors. A new application has been developed which permits noninvasive assessment of the heart function in unshielded magnetically harsh clinical environment. The system incorporates a multichannel SQUID system, a supine nonmagnetic ergometer, a peripheral data interface and software tools for processing magnetocardiographic data. To demonstrate the performance of the method, biomagnetic measurements have been performed both at rest and during physical exercise. Signal processing, signal-to-noise ratio and artifact rejection procedures have been discussed.

Field of study: Physics
Palaeobiodiversity research based on stable isotopes: Correction of the sea spray effect on bone carbonate δ13C and δ18O by Gaussian Mixture Model clustering

Transport of sea spray aerosol in coastal areas (“sea spray” effect) can have a marked influence on isotopic ratios of terrestrial ecosystems shifting terrestrial isotopic ratios towards unusual high values masking the original terrestrial signature. It is unclear so far if and to what extend sea spray influences other stable isotopes besides sulphur. In this study, we examined if the effect was also detectable in carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen stable isotopes of bone collagen and carbonate, respectively. Multi-isotope data of mammals sampled from the Viking Haithabu and medieval Schleswig sites in Northern Germany were analysed according to a previously developed approximation procedure and Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM) clustering in order to quantify the sea spray effect in the isotopes under study. While we were able to approximate an influence of the sea spray effect of at least 32.8% and 62.8% in δ13Ccarb and δ18Ocarb, respectively, it was not possible to validate or approximate this effect in δ13Ccoll and δ15Ncoll. Indeed, detection of the sea spray effect not only in δ34Scoll, but also in δ13Ccarb and δ18Ocarb is of particular importance for studies on both prehistoric and recent material. GMM clustering on terrestrial herbivorous and marine piscivorous mammals was used to confirm the existing influence and to validate the approximated correction for the sea spray effect in the respective isotopic ratios (δ13Ccarb, δ18Ocarb, δ34Scoll) and the correction for the limnic influence on δ15Ncoll approximated in a previous study. After correction, the clustering results markedly changed corresponding to the actual diet and habitat preference of the examined species. Although our study focused on palaeoecology, we suggest that GMM clustering also constitutes a very useful tool for modern landscape ecology based on stable isotope analyses.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography