nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Capitalism and Slavery: a Critique

HE unweary, unostentatious, and inglorious crusade of England against slavery may probably be regarded as among the three or four perfectly virtuous pages comprised in the history of nations."2 Whilst the mass of Englishmen probably continue to believe that Wilberforce and his Evangelical brethren secured the abolition of the slave trade and slavery in a manner wholly creditable to themselves and only a little less to their country, it would also seem that, at the scholarly level, the dictum of Lecky was only a slightly extreme form of the view commonly held until about the midway point of the present century. Prof. Coupland, in particular, had in the inter-war years substantially endorsed Lecky.3 Admittedly the West Indian writer, C. L. R. James, had argued in I 938 that Pitt's humanitarianism in the I 790's was, at best, subordinate to a global strategy aimed at breaking the monopoly of the continental market enjoyed by San Domingo sugar, and replacing it with British  But this was an incidental theme in a work of Marxist historical interpretation, and it is doubtful if this minor strand attracted much attention. When in I944 Dr Eric Williams launched a frontal attack on the traditional view, it was the first major onslaught to be made in the English-speaking world. For the author of Capitalism and Slavery5 the perspectives of men like Coupland, C. M. MacInnes,6 and F. J. Klingberg7 were all wrong. The role of the humanitarians, the key figures in what amounted to a parade of virtue, had been "seriously misunderstood and grossly exaggerated by men who have sacrificed scholarship to sentimentality and, like the scholastics of old, placed faith before reason and evidence".8 Positively, and in Williams's own words, Capitalism and Slavery was "strictly an economic study of the role of Negro slavery and the slave trade in providing the capital which financed the Industrial Revolution in England and of mature industrial capitalism in destroying the slave system".9 The immediate formal reception of the book was muted, doubtless because of the distractions of war time: no more than summary reviews appear to have been published. But in the following years the book came to gain considerable favour amongst historians, and also amongst many English-speaking West African intellectuals who saw it as a bed-rock statement of Afro-European relations before the colonial period. In the former case a sympathy with the growing cause of

Field of study: Economics, History
Examination of Loneliness and Peer Relations of Physical Education Teacher Candidates

The behavior of the physical education teacher in the classroom or in the gym also affects the students' achievement and personality development. It is important to examine different aspects of loneliness and peer relations, which are thought to be one of the indicators of the level of sociability, in the profession of physical education teacher. Therefore, this research was conducted to determine the loneliness and peer relations of physical education and sports teacher candidates. In the section of physical education and sport teachers 229 students were administered the UCLA Loneliness Scale and the Peer Relations Scale. According to the gender, while differences were found in peer relations, there was no difference in loneliness levels. There were differences in peer relations in terms of classes. It was found that the level of loneliness was different according to the number of close friends, the level of loneliness increased as the number of friends decreased, and the level of loneliness decreased as the peer relations increased. It was found that the highest level of loneliness was in students who spent 5-7 hours on social networks. As a result, it can be said that the inclusion of sportive game-like practices in school education is effective in strengthening friendship and reducing loneliness.  loneliness, peer relations, physical education teacher

Field of study: Education
Early Retirees Can Enjoy COLAs

Beginning this year, tax practitioners can use alternative numbers called PTINs on the individual tax returns they prepare for clients instead of their own Social Security numbers. The IRS is providing this option in response to practitioners' concerns about privacy and possible misuse of their Social Security numbers by anyone who has access to prepared returns. The 9-digit PTIN will begin with the letter "P." Form W-7P, Application for Preparer Tax Identification Number, can be obtained from the IRS's Web site (www.irs.ustreas.gov) or by calling its toll-free forms hot line--800829-3676. States get in the act Most states are allowing tax preparers to use the IRS-issued PTIN numbers on state tax returns. However, thirteen states do not recognize the PTINs; of them, 11 do not require preparers to enter their Social Security numbers on state returns. Arizona and Tennessee are the only states that require practitioners to use their Social Security numbers on state tax returns, but will not permit them to use the PTINs. Allows federal State PTINs Reason Alabama Yes Alaska Yes Arizona No Arkansas Yes California Yes Colorado Yes Connecticut Yes Delaware Yes Florida Yes Georgia Yes Hawaii Yes Idaho Yes Illinois Yes Indiana Yes Iowa Yes Kansas N/A Social Security number not required Kentucky Yes Louisiana Yes Maine Yes Maryland N/A Social Security number not required Massachusetts Yes Michigan Yes Minnesota Yes Mississippi Yes Missouri Yes Montana Yes Nebraska N/A Social Security number not required Nevada N/A Social Security number not required New Hampshire Yes New Jersey Yes New Mexico Yes New York Yes North Carolina Yes North Dakota Yes Ohio Yes Oklahoma N/A Social Security number not required Oregon N/A Social Security number not required Pennsylvania Yes Rhode Island Yes South Carolina Yes South Dakota Yes Tennessee No Texas N/A Social Security number not required Utah Yes Vermont Yes Virginia Yes Washington N/A Social Security number not required West Virginia N/A Social Security number not required Wisconsin N/A Social Security number not required Wyoming N/A Social Security number not required Note: PTINs are allowed in the District of Columbia. …

Field of study: Business
The ugly cow conundrum : both sides buttered

There is only one dairy breed on the island of Iceland, the Icelandic cow. She is relatively small, compact and, much like the life based on her, not always pretty, but she does have a certain toughness. She is exotic in colour, with six principle shades and patterns, including brindle, pied and dappled. The breed is only found on the island, descending from the original Scandinavian ancestors thousands of years ago. Since it has evolved in such genetic isolation, it is extremely vulnerable to non-native diseases. Introducing a new breed would involve it being quarantined and mixed with local semen for at least five generations before the offspring could be released.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Design, analysis, and fabrication of a tri-axial cable system

Encouraged by the positive test results of a /spl sim/1.5-m long prototype tri-axial cable, the Southwire Company/Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) team has conceived, designed, and built a 5-m tri-axial cable with three-phase terminations. The three concentric superconducting phases are made of BSCCO-2223 high-temperature superconducting (HTS) tapes, separated by layers of cold-dielectric (CD) tape. A copper braid is added as the grounding shield. The completed tri-axial cable is enclosed in a flexible cryostat. Cooling of the cable and terminations is achieved by liquid nitrogen flowing through the annulus between the cable and the cryostat. A challenging analysis and design problem was development and implementation of an insulator material between the concentric phases with high enough thermal conductivity to meet temperature gradient requirements and acceptable mechanical performance (strength and contraction on cool down). The resulting three-phase, CD cable and termination design is nearly as compact as the single-phase, co-axial design developed previously by Southwire/ORNL and represents the highest cable current density achievable in an electric alternating-current power cable.

Field of study: Physics
Neutrino-nucleon scattering rates in protoneutron stars and nuclear correlations in the spin S = 1 channel

The neutrino-nucleon cross-section is calculated in dense nuclear matter at finite temperature, in view of applications to supernovae and protoneutron stars. The main contribution to this parameter is provided by the axial response function. Nuclear correlations play an important role: while the ν-N cross-section is usually reduced by correlations, a collective mode in the spin S = 1 channel may be excited. In that case, the cross-section diverges and the neutrino mean free path would be drastically reduced. The predictions of various models of the nuclear force commonly used in the literature are compared in relation with a possible spin instability. While Skyrme or Gogny forces lead to attraction in this channel, variational or Brueckner-Hartree-Fock calculations predict a repulsive contribution. An interesting alternative appears to be the density-dependent M3Y interaction.

Field of study: Physics
VLSI systems design of 51.84 Mb/s transceivers for ATM-LAN and broadband access

We present: (1) system design issues for the implementation of 51.84 Mb/s ATM-LAN and broadband access transceivers and (2) a pipelined fractionally spaced linear equalizer (FSLE) architecture. Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and bit-error rate (BER) along with VLSI constraints are addressed. For the LAN environment, major channel impairments include near-end crosstalk (NEXT), intersymbol interference (ISI), and impulse noise. The broadband access environment suffers from far end crosstalk (FEXT), ISI, radio-frequency interference (RFI), impulse noise, and splitter losses. Measured characteristics of the channel are compared with analytical models. These are employed in the design of the transmitter/receiver algorithms. The carrierless amplitude/phase (CAP) transmission scheme is presented as a practical bandwidth-efficient scheme for these applications. An adaptive FSLE employed in a CAP receiver eliminates ISI, suppresses NEXT (for ATM-LAN) and FEXT (for broadband access), and provides robustness to timing jitter. However, fractional tap spacing in combination with the high-data rates results in a high sample rate adaptive computation. Fortunately, throughput enhancing methods such as pipelining can be used for high-speed/low-power operation. A hardware-efficient pipelined architecture for the adaptive FSLE equalizer is presented. This has been developed using relaxed look-ahead, which maintains the algorithm functionality rather than the input-output mapping. Simulation and experimental results for high-speed digital CAP transceivers for LAN and broadband access are also presented.

Field of study: Engineering
Malaysian Technological Elite: Specifics of a Knowledge Society in a Developing Country

There is a lack of understanding of the forms of knowledge and expertise in so-called developing societies such as Malaysia. This paper addresses this issue by suggesting a framework—based on Schutz and Luckmann's (1973) concept of social distribution of knowledge and Knorr Cetina's (1999) notion of epistemic communities—for examining the Malaysian automotive and information technology industries. These industries are central to Malaysia's agenda of becoming a knowledge society in the context of Vision 2020. Vital to these industries is a group of Malaysian professionals who possess knowledge and expertise: the “technological elite.” is group, the technological elite, includes, but is not limited to, engineers working for Proton, as well as professionals working in the Multimedia Super Corridor. Using professional biographies and narratives, this paper illuminates the context and culture of knowledge in Malaysia. Similarities in the principles that inform epistemic practices and relations within an “old” industry (i.e., automotive) and a “new” industry (i.e., ICT) call for the recognition of epistemic work characterized by the mixing of specialist knowledge with other forms of knowledge, and of localized knowledge in nascent epistemic communities with knowledge developed from an established tradition of technological practice.

Field of study: Political science
Understanding Side-Effect Intentionality Asymmetries: Meaning, Morality, or Attitudes and Defaults?

People frequently label harmful (but not helpful) side effects as intentional. One proposed explanation for this asymmetry is that moral considerations fundamentally affect how people think about and apply the concept of intentional action. We propose something else: People interpret the meaning of questions about intentionally harming versus helping in fundamentally different ways. Four experiments substantially support this hypothesis. When presented with helpful (but not harmful) side effects, people interpret questions concerning intentional helping as literally asking whether helping is the agents’ intentional action or believe questions are asking about why agents acted. Presented with harmful (but not helpful) side effects, people interpret the question as asking whether agents intentionally acted, knowing this would lead to harm. Differences in participants’ definitions consistently helped to explain intentionality responses. These findings cast doubt on whether side-effect intentionality asymmetries are informative regarding people’s core understanding and application of the concept of intentional action.

Field of study: Psychology
A Critical Evaluation of Rate of Return Analysis

Since the development of the concept of human capital (Schultz, I 96 I; Becker, I964), analysis of rates of return has been a standard means of assessing education. The conventional way of measuring the return to education is to take a snap-shot view of the earnings of people with differing educational experiences. It is then possible to calculate the average income earned at different stages of a working life. The rate of return to education can then be calculated as the internal discount rate which equates the discounted increment to average earnings to the costs involved in obtaining education. Both private and social rates of return can be calculated. Provision of education is often subsidised, so that the private cost is lower than the social cost and this will tend to raise the private return above the social return. Taxation of the private benefit of education offsets this at least partly. However, Ziderman (I 973) records that, in developed countries, private returns normally exceed social returns; this pattern is confirmed by Psacharopoulos (I985). In many cases it is not possible to calculate a full rate of return, but one can look at the incremental effect of schooling on earning power. Thus Denison (i 967) suggests that, in the United States, each year of education raises earning power by an average of around 5-6 % with the effect tending to rise with the duration of education. Card and Kruger (I992) identify effects of similar magnitude. It need not be the case that education goes on raising earning power. Overeducation is clearly possible. Rudd (I990) suggests that, in the social sciences, education beyond degree level is very damaging to earnings prospects. Tarsh (I992) questions aspects of Rudd's study,' but agrees that 'higher education graduates do suffer some pay disadvantage'. Rate of return calculations can form the basis for policy decisions. In principle social returns to investment in human capital could be compared with those on physical capital so as to give a, basis for the allocation of resources between the two types of investment. Estimates of social rates of return to different types of education could also be used to guide expenditure decisions between these different types. However there are many, possibly offsetting, biases entering into the calculations of rates of return and it is perhaps concern with these that has

Field of study: Economics
Development and Validation of an Exploratory Measure to Assess Student Coping: The Student Coping Scale.

Students is a very specific population according to their manner to cope with stress. A coping questionnaire for students was developed and administered to 1100 French students at the beginning of the term (T1). Principal Component Analysis of responses, followed by varimax rotations, yielded three factors accounting for 50.5% of the total variance. Factors were identified as seeking social support, avoidance/emotion-focused coping and festive-addictive coping. Associations were observed between scores on these factors and a general coping scale (WCC-R), personal variables measured at the same time (T1), neuroticism, self-esteem, substance use, and four stress factors, as well as variables measured at the end of the term (T2), somatic symptoms, depressive symptoms, eating disorders, and life satisfaction. It would be very interesting to develop the students' personal competencies, so that they are learning how to adopt functional strategies of coping rather than of the harmful kind.

Field of study: Education
Amplification and absorption in lasers utilizing 3p–3s neon transitions in the red part of the spectrum

The saturation fluxes, unsaturated gain, nonresonant loss factor, and stimulated transition cross sections were determined for electron-beam-pumped lasers utilizing the 3p[1/2]1–3s[3/2]1 (λ = 724.5 nm) and 3p[1/2]1–3s[3/2]2 (λ = 703 nm) neon transitions. The physical nature of the absorption in the active medium and its dependence on the specific pump power were analyzed.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
The alteration of CD4+ regulatory T cells in patients with ankylosing spondylitis

To evaluate the alteration of CD4+ regulatory T cells in peripheral blood from patients with ankylosing spondylitis(AS).  Seventy-eight AS patients and 50 healthy individuals were included in this study. The proportion of CD4+CD25+CD127lo/- T cell population in CD4+ T cells as well as that cytotoxic T lymphocytes(CTL) and NK cells in lymphocytes was evaluated by flow cytometry. Serum TGF-β and TNF-α were measured by ELISA. The inhibitory function of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells was measured by mixed lymphocyte culture.  The population of CD4+CD25+CD127lo/- T cells in peripheral blood of AS patients accounted for (4.36±1.21)% of CD4+ T lymphocytes, which was significantly lower than that in healthy individuals (P<0.05). The CD4+CD25+CD127lo/- T cells population in AS patients was positively correlated with TGF-β level, but negatively with TNF-α. Compared with healthy individuals, the function of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells in the inhibition of alloreactive T cells was lower in AS patients, which was related to the decreased secretion of TGF-β.  The CD4+ regulatory T cells in peripheral blood of AS patients are significantly decreased and its function is defective, which leads to immune regulatory dysfunction in vivo. It may be one of immune pathogenesis mechanisms of AS. 
 
 
Ankylosing spondylitis;  CD4+CD25+CD127lo/- regulatory T cells;  CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells;  Mixed lymphocyte culture;  Transforming growth factor-β

Field of study: Biology
A GIS-based Study of Drought Risk Assessment Methods——Based on the 2010 Drought in the Five Provinces of Southwest China

Taking the region's natural environment,socio-economic background into consideration,the paper analyzes and selects indicators for drought risk assessment.Taking the drought of the five provinces of Southwest China in 2010 as an example,the paper selects the appropriate indicators from the disaster-causing factors,disaster environment,disaster-affected bodies to analyze and evaluate the drought,and constructs a risk index model.With different weights given to the relevant factors of the model,the effectiveness of the model is improved and corresponding evaluation results are drawn.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Photoelectric properties of polycrystalline films grown on alternative substrates

The photoelectric and electrical properties and structure of polycrystalline films grown on and GaAs substrates are studied. The films obtained, having a high photosensitivity in particular at room temperature, show promise for infrared optoelectronics. A comprehensive investigation of the photoconductivity spectra, lux-ampere characteristics and temperature dependences of the photoelectric and electrical characteristics have established the significant influence of electrically active grain boundaries on the photoelectric parameters. It has been found that lux-ampere characteristics of films have a nonconventional pattern which is manifested in an increase of slope at high rates of laser excitation. The role of potential barriers in the generation-recombination processes in polycrystalline films is discussed in the context of a model of an inhomogeneous semiconductor whose energy bands are modulated by a random potential.

Field of study: Materials science
An analytical effective channel-length modulation model for velocity overshoot in submicron MOSFETs based on energy-balance formulation

A compact analytical model for MOSFET channel-length modulation (CLM) based on momentum and energy-conservation of Boltzmann transport equation as well as quasi-2D formulation is presented. It is consistent with the generalized drift–diffusion formulation including the nonlocal electron temperature, which can be interpreted as being an effective CLM or effective velocity overshoot. The model has a simple familiar form of the “pinch-off” model, with one fitting parameter for the length- and bias-dependent effective saturation field and effective Early voltage. The model can be easily characterized with one measured I ds – V ds data and has been verified with submicron technology data for the full range of gate lengths and bias conditions.

Field of study: Engineering
Decreased sensitivity to ethanol reward in adolescent mice as measured by conditioned place preference.

Many preclinical studies have demonstrated age-related differential sensitivity to various effects of ethanol between adolescent and adult animals. However, published data addressing possible differences in ethanol's motivational effects are sparse, particularly in mice. The present study examined age-related differences in the conditioned rewarding effects of ethanol in DBA/2J mice.



In the first experiment an unbiased place conditioning procedure was used to determine the rewarding effects of 2 g/kg ethanol in adult and adolescent DBA/2J mice. In a subsequent place conditioning experiment, the effects of 2 and 4 g/kg were assessed in adolescent mice.



Adolescents demonstrated a place preference with the high dose of 4 g/kg but not with a more moderate dose of 2 g/kg. In contrast, 2 g/kg was sufficient to produce place preference in adult mice.



Adolescents are less sensitive than adults to the rewarding effects of ethanol but can experience reward with high doses. These results extend the current literature on ethanol's effects in adolescent animals.

Field of study: Medicine