nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Reconstruction of lake-level changes in lake Xinias, central Greece, during the last 40 000 years

The investigation of Lake Xinias, Greece, deals with lake-level changes since about 40 000 B.P. Particular effort was made to obtain a reconstruction of lake level during the Last Glacial Maximum, at about 18 000 B.P. The reconstruction was based on a transect of sediment cores. The cores were pollen-stratigraphically correlated, and the interpretation of the sediment stratigraphy was based on sediment chemical and mineral magnetic analyses. The chronology was based on accelerator and conventional radiocarbon datings. The most striking change was a lake-level lowering at about 32 000 B.P., resulting in an overgrowing of the whole lake. The lake level probably remained generally low until somewhat before 15 000 B.P. The period around the Last Glacial Maximum must have been characterized by a low lake level, which is in contrast to the hitherto common opinion. Additional investigations are required to demonstrate that the lake-level changes reconstructed in Lake Xinias are regionally significant and record climatic changes. However, it may already be suggested that the conflict between pollen and lake-level evidence, which hitherto has produced controversy about the glacial climate, perhaps does not exist. The low lake level in Lake Xinias around the Last Glacial Maximum is in accordance with the pollen evidence of steppe vegetation, both recording a dry climate. Another distinct lowering occurred around the Late Wurmian–Holocene boundary, at about 10 000 B.P. Some minor lowerings are recorded also during the Holocene, e.g. at about 6000–5000 and 3000 B.P.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Influence of the active-medium inhomogeneity and of aperture stops on the output-beam parameters of a CO2 laser

A determination is made of the shape of a radiation beam inside and outside an arbitrary stable resonator of a single-mode CO2 laser, as a function of the discharge parameters and of the resonator geometry and taking into account the radial inhomogeneity of the radiation density, of the unsaturated gain, and of the saturation parameter. An investigation is made of the effect of intracavity aperture stops on the shape of the beam. The method of successive approximations is used to take into account the coupling between the resonator diffraction losses and the parameters of the medium and of the radiation beam. A considerable difference is found between the spatial characteristics of the radiation beam in passive (empty) and in active (active-medium containing) resonators, with and without aperture stops.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Adding "value" to clinical practice guidelines.

To determine the degree to which current Canadian clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) for common chronic conditions (ie, diabetes, dyslipidemias, hypertension, and osteoporosis) discuss the importance of patients' values and preferences in therapeutic decision making, and provide quantitative information that would allow for comprehensive shared informed decision making.



Retrospective, observational review.



The presence or absence of specific mentions of the importance of incorporating patients' values and preferences into therapeutic decision making; the number and type (relative or absolute) of quantitative descriptions of benefit or harm; the number of interventions for which a means of quantitatively determining the probability that an individual patient will experience an end point without and with implementation of the therapeutic intervention; and the number of descriptions of specific or comparative costs of treatment.



Three of 5 CPGs mentioned that patients' values or preferences should influence treatment decisions. None of the CPGs recommended that benefits and harms of therapies be discussed with patients. Of the 63 quantitative mentions of therapeutic effects of interventions, 81%were presented using relative terms and 19% met our criteria for applicability to decision making for individual patients. Two of the 5 CPGs did not enumerate any harms. Three of the 5 CPGs made no mention of cost.



Five prominent Canadian CPGs paid little attention to the issue of patients' values and preferences in therapeutic decision making, even though these issues are fundamental tenets of evidence-based practice. These 5 CPGs provided limited quantitative information on benefits and harms and therefore could not be used by clinicians to truly involve patients in informed decision making.

Field of study: Medicine
Dear Dean Misanthrope

I think we agree in the language we are using but disagree completely in substance. We agree that "leadership" is the correct principle, but I hope my use of the term does not remind anyone of a related German word, Fiihrer. I think you know that one of my reasons for recently surrendering the deanship and thus depriving myself of many pleasant associations with you and the other deans in the official administrative family was my profound dissatisfaction with the life of mutual suspicion and recrimination which faculty and administration always insist upon as the normal state of university affairs. I got tired of faculty and administration glaring at each other across the barricades, like Christians hell-bent for the pearly gates but each chewing the leg of the fellow on the rung above. If we are all going to the same place, I think there are better ways of getting there. The administrators must lead, to be sure but not with a halter. It seems to me that it is your extreme view, matched with the extremes of the " academic mind" as found in the faculty, that gives us the eternal Donnybrook Fair in faculty-administration relations. Sincerely yours, PETER PERT Professor of Psychology

Field of study: Education
Dispersal and settling of translocated populations: a general study and a New Zealand amphibian case study

Translocations are widely used to reintroduce threatened species to areas where they have disappeared. A continuum multi-species model framework describing dispersal and settling of translocated animals is developed. A variety of different dispersal and settling mechanisms, which may depend on local population density and/or a pheromone produced by the population, are considered. Steady state solutions are obtained using numerical techniques for each combination of dispersal and settling mechanism and for both single and double translocations at the same location. Each combination results in a different steady state population distribution and the distinguishing features are identified. In addition, for the case of a single translocation, a relationship between the radius of the settled region and the population size is determined, in some cases analytically. Finally, the model is applied to a case study of a double translocation of the Maud Island frog, Leiopelma pakeka. The models suggest that settling occurs at a constant rate, with repulsion evidently playing a significant role. Mathematical modelling of translocations is useful in suggesting design and monitoring strategies for future translocations, and as an aid in understanding observed behaviour.

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics
Stereoselective conjugate addition of halide anion to acetylenic carbonyl compounds promoted by lanthanoid reagents

The conjugate addition of halide anion to acetylenic ketones proceeded by the combined use of cerium salts, halotrimethylsilanes and sodium or tetrabutylammonium salts to afford trans-β-halo enones stereoselectively. On the other hand, N,N-diethyl cis-β-haloacrylamides were synthesized from propiolamide.

Field of study: Chemistry
The Two Envelope Paradox: The Infinite Case

Jackson, Menzies and Oppy conclude their paper (above) with the following comment: 'Our diagnosis of where the reasoning in the original case goes astray depended on the fact that the subject knows that the amount of money is bounded top and bottom. This assumption could be dispensed with in fantastical cases... It would still be wrong to prefer one envelope over the other. However, we cannot offer the same diagnosis of the error in the expected value calculation to the opposite conclusion... we can reasonably insist that "the standard method" for probabilistic and expected value reasoning ought not to be applied in such cases.' It seems to us that it is precisely in these 'fantastical' cases that the Two Envelope Paradox is a serious conceptual  We show that the paradox can indeed be tackled in the infinite case using 'standard methods'.

Field of study: Philosophy
A Social Recognition Approach to Autonomy

Inspired by philosophical reasoning about the connection between equality and freedom, we examined whether experiences of (equality-based) respect increase perceived autonomy. This link was tested with generalized experiences of respect and autonomy people make in their daily lives (Study 1) and with more specific experiences of employees at the workplace (Study 2). In both studies, respect strongly and independently contributed to perceived autonomy over and above other forms of social recognition (need-based care and achievement-based social esteem) and further affected (life/work) satisfaction. Study 3 experimentally confirmed the hypothesized causal influence of respect on perceived autonomy and demonstrated that this effect further translates into social cooperation. The respect–cooperation link was simultaneously mediated by perceived autonomy and superordinate collective identification. We discuss how the recognition approach, which differentiates between respect, care, and social esteem, can enrich research on autonomy.

Field of study: Psychology
PARTICLE SIZE AND MONODISPERSITY OF THERMO-RESPONSIVE POLY(N-ISOPROPYLACRYLAMIDE)HYDROGEL MICROSPHERES

Thermo-responsive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-styrene)[P(NIPAM-co-St)] hydrogel microspheres were prepared by surfactant-free emulsion polymerization. The effects of initiator dosage, stirring rate, phase ratio and polymerization time on particle size and monodispersity were investigated.The results showed that, with increasing initiator dosage,mean diameter increased slightly to a maximum, and then decreased drastically; meanwhile, the monodispersity of the particles became a little better at first, and then became worse significantly. With increasing stirring rate,particle diameter decreased while the monodispersity became worse. When the amount of phase rate increased, the mean diameter became larger simply, whereas the monodispersity became worse firstly and then became better again. As the polymerization proceeded, the mean diameter of the particles hardly changed, and the monodispersity became better gradually. The microspheres prepared under the optimum experimental conditions showed satisfactory particle size and monodispersity.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Influence of ammonium on the accumulation of polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) in aerobic open mixed cultures.

Mixed microbial cultures enriched in feast-famine sequencing batch reactors (SBRs) can accumulate large amounts of the bioplastic PHB under conditions of ammonium starvation. If waste streams are to be used as a substrate, nutrient starvation may not always be achievable. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of ammonium on PHB production in the PHB production stage of the process. The biomass was enriched in an acetate-fed (carbon limited) feast-famine SBR operated at 30 degrees C, 1-d sludge residence time and with a cycle length of 12h. The biomass was used in three fed-batch experiments with medium C/N ratios of infinity (ammonium starvation), 40 Cmol Nmol(-1) (ammonium limitation) and 8 Cmol Nmol(-1) (ammonium excess) and acetate as the carbon source. Under conditions of ammonium starvation the biomass reached a maximum PHB content of 89 wt% after 7.6h, under ammonium limitation 77 wt% after 9.3h and under ammonium excess 69 wt% after 4.4h. PHB contents decreased after these maxima were reached. PHB production slowed down more with time with larger ammonium availability. Growth led to a dilution of the PHB pool after the maximum PHB content was reached. Nutrient starvation seems thus to be the best strategy for maximal PHB production.

Field of study: Biology, Engineering
Identification of a small molecule 1,4-bis-[4-(3-phenoxy-propoxy)-but-2-ynyl]-piperazine as a novel inhibitor of the transcription factor p53

To identify novel small compound inhibitor of p53 protein.Mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEF) and mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells were tested. Cell proliferation rate was determined using a Cell Proliferation Kit. The mRNA and protein levels of p53-related genes were measured using real-time PCR and Western blotting, respectively. Global response in the p53 signaling network was analyzed using Illumina whole-genome expression BeadChips.Treatment of MEF cells with a small molecule 1,4-bis-[4-(3-phenoxy-propoxy)-but-2-ynyl]-piperazine (G5) at 10 μmol/L for 24 h markedly reduced the mRNA and protein levels of the p53 downstream genes MDM2 and p21. In G5-treated ES cells, a total of 372 differentially expressed genes were identified, and 18 among them were direct downstream genes of p53; 6 out of 9 p53-repressed genes were upregulated, and 5 out of 9 p53-activated genes were downregulated. In both MEF cells and ES cells, treatment of with G5 (10 μmol/L) up to 48 h neither affected the proliferation rate nor caused morphological alterations.G5 inhibits p53 activity and simultaneously preserves the normal growth and proliferation of cells, therefore is a new compound for studies of p53-mediated cell manipulation.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Effect of pH value on the scatter particles in KDP crystal

Effect of pH value on the scatter particles in KDP crystal was discussed in this paper. The results showed that scatter particles have different size and density at different growth pH value. It can be seen from the results that the scatter particles are larger and have lower density at high pH value comparing with those at low pH value. The reason can be attributed to that at different pH value the existence of ligand of Fe is not the same, which caused the impurities formed on the moving steps are not same. It is these kinds of impurities formed by ligand of Fe caused the inclusions in KDP crystals.

Field of study: Physics
Food safety - a shared responsibility : processing

We are nearing the end of our six-part series of integrated management for food safety in the dairy industry. In this issue, we recap the most important things we have learnt over the past four issues about integrated chain management for food safety and the important role it plays in ensuring the hygienic safety of milk and other dairy products. Next month we will report on how this theme was addressed at the 47th annual symposium of the SASDT.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Über die Geschwindigkeitsverteilung diffundierender Elektronen

ZusammenfassungEs wird die Geschwindigkeitsverteilung von Elektronen bei der Wanderung durch ein Gas (Helium) im homogenen elektrischen Felde gemessen. Die gewonnene Verteilungskurve wird mit den bisher vorliegenden berechneten Verteilungen verglichen.

Field of study: Physics
Is homologous recombination really an error-free process?

Homologous recombination (HR) is an evolutionarily conserved process that plays a pivotal role in the equilibrium between genetic stability and diversity. HR is commonly considered to be error-free, but several studies have shown that HR can be error-prone. Here, we discuss the actual accuracy of HR. First, we present the product of genetic exchanges (gene conversion, GC, and crossing over, CO) and the mechanisms of HR during double strand break repair and replication restart. We discuss the intrinsic capacities of HR to generate genome rearrangements by GC or CO, either during DSB repair or replication restart. During this process, abortive HR intermediates generate genetic instability and cell toxicity. In addition to genome rearrangements, HR also primes error-prone DNA synthesis and favors mutagenesis on single stranded DNA, a key DNA intermediate during the HR process. The fact that cells have developed several mechanisms protecting against HR excess emphasize its potential risks. Consistent with this duality, several pro-oncogenic situations have been consistently associated with either decreased or increased HR levels. Nevertheless, this versatility also has advantages that we outline here. We conclude that HR is a double-edged sword, which on one hand controls the equilibrium between genome stability and diversity but, on the other hand, can jeopardize the maintenance of genomic integrity. Therefore, whether non-homologous end joining (which, in contrast with HR, is not intrinsically mutagenic) or HR is the more mutagenic process is a question that should be re-evaluated. Both processes can be “Dr. Jekyll” in maintaining genome stability/variability and “Mr. Hyde” in jeopardizing genome integrity.

Field of study: Biology
A New Framework for RFID Privacy

Formal RFID security and privacy frameworks are fundamental to the design and analysis of robust RFID systems. In this paper, we develop a new definitional framework for RFID privacy in a rigorous and precise manner. Our framework is based on a zero-knowledge (ZK) formulation  and incorporates the notions of adaptive completeness and mutual authentication.We provide meticulous justification of the new framework and contrast it with existing ones in the literature. In particular, we prove that our framework is strictly stronger than the ind-privacy model of [18], which answers an open question posed in [18] for developing stronger RFID privacy models.We also clarify certain confusions and rectify several defects in the existing frameworks. Finally, based on the protocol of [20], we propose an efficient RFID mutual authentication protocol and analyze its security and privacy. The methodology used in our analysis can also be applied to analyze other RFID protocols within the new framework.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
STUDY OF DESIGN PROCEDURES FOR VERTICAL BOUNDARY ELEMENTS IN THIN STEEL PLATE SHEAR WALLS

According to the current design codes, such as the 2005 AISC Seismic Provisions for Structural Steel Buildings, the vertical boundary elements(VBE's) of steel plate shear walls(SPSW's) are sized as beam-column members and the codes require a minimum moment of inertia for VBE's to avoid "pull-in" behavior. This paper reviews the derivation of the flexibility factor, ωt, and how the factor was incorporated into current code design requirements for SPSW's. Then, analytical models to prevent VBE shear yielding and to estimate the elastic out-of-plane buckling strength of VBE's are developed by theoretical analysis and finite element calculation. It is shown that the existing limit by codes on ωt does not correlate with satisfactory out-of-plane VBE performance. The significant inward VBE inelastic deformation and out-of-plane buckling were due to excessive VBE flexibility or other causes, such as shear yielding at the ends of the VBE's. Therefore, the VBE's of SPSW's should be designed according the proposed approach to avoid the VBE shear yielding and ensure out-of-plane stability.

Field of study: Engineering
A universal model for predicting human migration under climate change: examining future sea level rise in Bangladesh

A; D'Odorico, P; Suweis, S | Abstract:  Climate change is expected to impact the habitability of many places around the world in significant and unprecedented ways in the coming decades. While previous studies have provided estimates of populations potentially exposed to various climate impacts, little work has been done to assess the number of people that may actually be displaced or where they will choose to go. Here we modify a diffusion-based model of human mobility in combination with population, geographic, and climatic data to estimate the sources, destinations, and flux of potential migrants as driven by sea level rise (SLR) in Bangladesh in the years 2050 and 2100. Using only maps of population and elevation, we predict that 0.9 million people (by year 2050) to 2.1 million people (by year 2100) could be displaced by direct inundation and that almost all of this movement will occur locally within the southern half of the country. We also find that destination locations should anticipate substantial additional demands on jobs (594 000), housing (197 000), and food (783 × 109 calories) by mid-century as a result of those displaced by SLR. By linking the sources of migrants displaced by SLR with their likely destinations, we demonstrate an effective approach for predicting climate-driven migrant flows, especially in data-limited settings.

Field of study: Environmental science
A possible interpretation of the observed superradiance in the spectra of Al IV ions in the plasma of laser jet

A new interpretation is proposed of the reported anomaly of the intensity of the 2p6 1S0–2p5nd 3P01 transition in the spectrum of Al IV, excited in a laser jet. It is shown that the anomaly is not due to a population inversion, as suggested earlier, but due to the passage of continuous radiation from the dense and hot core of the jet plasma through the rarefied and cold outer zone of the jet.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
From the Center: The Spiral Group 1963–1966

Spiral, founded in 1963 by Romare Bearden, Norman Lewis, and Charles Alston, was a group of black American artists in New York. This group has been credited with fostering Bearden’s entry into collage, launching a debate around the political function of abstraction and figuration, and incubating the early careers of Emma Amos and others. This essay looks at how Spiral’s trip to the March on Washington and its only exhibition demonstrate a lack of aesthetic and social cohesion in the group’s main collective activities, making it a typical example of post-1945 art collectives.

Field of study: Art
On Ladders and Pyramids: Hierarchy’s Shape Determines Relationships and Performance in Groups

Hierarchies take different forms, which individuals mentally represent using different geometric shapes. We propose and empirically demonstrate that individuals’ mental representations of the shape hierarchy takes affect its consequences. Five studies compared two common mental representations of hierarchy shapes—ladders and pyramids—to explore whether, why, and how individuals’ perceptions of hierarchy’s shape undermine constructive relationships within groups and group performance. Study 1 demonstrated that individuals commonly mentally represent hierarchies as ladders and pyramids. In Studies 2 and 3, employees who perceived their workplace hierarchies to be shaped like ladders (as compared with pyramids) experienced worse intragroup relationships. Finally, Studies 4 and 5 experimentally manipulated groups’ hierarchical shape in the lab and found that ladder-shaped hierarchies undermined social relationships and group performance relative to pyramid-shaped hierarchies. Taken together, these findings enhance our understanding of hierarchies’ multifaceted consequences and help shed light on the (dis)utility of hierarchy for group functioning.

Field of study: Psychology
Muscle protein metabolism during hemodialysis.

Despite improvement in many aspects of the care of maintenance hemodialysis (HD) patients, protein-calorie malnutrition, which is characterized by an insidious loss of somatic protein, is common and is a major risk factor for increased morbidity and mortality. We present here an overview of the current knowledge on protein metabolism in uremic patients with the expectation of providing insights into the mechanisms involved in HD-associated catabolism and outlining the rationale underlying intradialytic nutrition. We concentrate on the discussion of muscle protein metabolism because muscle is the predominant site of protein storage, and its integrity is mandatory for the maintenance of a good quality of life.

Field of study: Medicine