nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Efficient System Reliability-Based Design Optimization Study for Replaced Hip Prosthesis Using New Optimized Anisotropic Bone Formulations

An efficient reliability algorithm is developed to transfer the system reliability problem to a single-component reliability problem, considering the uncertainty of loading cases and the material properties. The main difficulty is that femoral bone densities change after hip arthroplasty and, thus, the mechanical properties of the distinctive bone tissues and, therefore, the corresponding elasticity modulus and yield stress values change. Therefore, taking these changes into account during the hip prosthesis design process is strongly needed. As the bone possesses anisotropic behaviors, as the material properties in both radial and tangential directions in long bone (femur, tibia) are almost similar, the bone anisotropy is represented in this study by transversal isotropy. Two optimized formulations for yield stress against the elasticity modulus relationship are first developed and then integrated into an efficient reliability algorithm. Thus, a coupling between reliability and optimization, so-called reliability-based design optimization (RBDO), is introduced in order to control the reliability level. The proposed RBDO algorithm using optimum safety factors (OSF) takes into account the material uncertainties and leads to new stem dimensions. An in-depth numerical analysis on a cementless hip prosthesis is implemented to demonstrate the appropriateness of the proposed algorithm with the consideration of many different loading cases. The results show that the studied model can be effectively used when compared to previous works, which concerns the changes in both geometry and material properties.

Field of study: Materials science
Hierarchy establishment among potentially similar buds

A plant has a great excess of buds each with the potential of developing an entire shoot system. The general question tackled was to what extent shoot size and time of bud development are important for bud hierarchy. Pea seedlings with two shoots, which were either equal or unequal in size, were obtained by the early removal of the seminal shoot. When these two shoots were also removed, one of the two cotyledon buds next to the bases of the shoots developed into the new shoot system. The determination of which of the buds became dominant was studied as a function of the relative sizes of the two primary cotyledonary shoots, of differences in the timing of the removal of these shoots and of the size of the buds. The bud that became dominant was not necessarily the larger one, nor did it always emerge from the axil of the larger shoot. Instead, it was usually the bud that was inhibited for a shorter period by the shoot next to it. It is suggested that the fate of a bud is predominantly determined by developmental parameters, for example time of release, which are correlated with its developmental status and not necessarily with its physical size or with the past development of its shoot.

Field of study: Environmental science
Isolation and purification of polysaccharides of Pleurotus eryngii and its bio-active

Two polysaccharides namely PEPⅠ and PEPⅡ were isolated and purified from Pleurotus eryngii fruit bodies. The UV and IR experiment showed that PEPⅠ? PEPⅡ were polyglucose which contained glucuronic acid. The result of effects on anti-oxidation and anti-injury in exhausted mice showed that Pleurotus eryngii polysaccharide has obvious effects on anti-oxidation and anti-injury in liver and skeletal muscle.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Genetic control of in vitro natural cell-mediated activity against Salmonella typhimurium by intestinal and splenic lymphoid cells in mice.

In vitro natural anti-bacterial activity against Salmonella typhimurium by lymphocytes from Peyer's patches and spleens was assessed in several mouse strains. C3H/HeN and CBA/J mice, which are resistant to S. typhimurium infections, showed a natural anti-bacterial activity significantly higher than BALB/c, C57BL/10, C57BL/6 and C3H/HeJ mice, i.e. strains susceptible to the in vivo bacterial infection. In these susceptible strains and also in A/J mice, a significantly higher natural activity was observed in females compared to males. The sex control of natural anti-bacterial activity was further stressed by the fact that orchidectomy could induce a strong activity in low responder C57BL/10 male mice. With the exception of Beige mice, a low natural killer (NK) strain also with no natural activity against S. typhimurium in both sexes, the genetic distribution of natural anti-bacterial activity was extremely different from that of the NK activity. Thus, these results further stress the difference between natural anti-bacterial activity and NK cytotoxicity. Furthermore, our data establish a possible link, although with some exceptions, between in vivo susceptibility to S. typhimurium infections and in vitro natural activity against these bacteria.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
To tune or not to tune the number of trees in random forest?

The number of trees T in the random forest (RF) algorithm for supervised learning has to be set by the user. It is controversial whether T should simply be set to the largest computationally manageable value or whether a smaller T may in some cases be better. While the principle underlying bagging is that "more trees are better", in practice the classification error rate sometimes reaches a minimum before increasing again for increasing number of trees. The goal of this paper is four-fold: (i) providing theoretical results showing that the expected error rate may be a non-monotonous function of the number of trees and explaining under which circumstances this happens; (ii) providing theoretical results showing that such non-monotonous patterns cannot be observed for other performance measures such as the Brier score and the logarithmic loss (for classification) and the mean squared error (for regression); (iii) illustrating the extent of the problem through an application to a large number (n = 306) of datasets from the public database OpenML; (iv) finally arguing in favor of setting it to a computationally feasible large number, depending on convergence properties of the desired performance measure.

Field of study: Computer science
Absurd Asymmetry - A Comment on R V. Cottrell and Fletcher and BM, KK and DP (Petitioners) V. Scottish Criminal Cases Review Commission

This note examines two cases in which English and Scottish courts have insisted that the English and Scottish Criminal Cases Review Commissions adopt the same definition and approach as them to alleged ‘miscarriages of justice’ in order to reduce the number of potential referrals and increase finality, and to reduce the challenge posed by these Commissions to the courts' authority in the legal sphere. The authors consider whether the courts' approach is either necessary or appropriate.

Field of study: Law
Hollow-cathode pulsed metal-vapor ionic lasers

Comparative values are given of the following visible-emission parameters of the more efficient hollowcathode pulsed lasers, utilizing the vapors of cadmium, zinc, mercury, and thallium: pulse and average output powers; unsaturated gain; optimal discharge conditions (buffer gas pressures and peak discharge currents). For a mercury vapor laser, with a wavelength of 615 nm, which has the best emission parameters, the dependences of the output power and efficiency on the discharge current and on the duration of the excitation pulse are given, in tubes with cathodes of various diameters (6–20 mm), and this makes it possible to find the maximum output power and efficiency. The results obtained are discussed on the basis of the known mechanisms for forming the electron energy distribution function in the negative glow of a hollow-cathode discharge.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Small-signal A.C. response theory for systems exhibiting impurity oxygen transport

A theoretical expression is obtained for the small-signal a.c. response of a solid electrolyte in contact with two identical metal electrodes when impurity oxygen is present as an adsorbed species at the electrode/electrolyte interface, is mobile in both the electrode and the electrolyte, and exchanges at the interface with one of the intrinsic charge carriers in the electrolyte. The system response function (impedance or admittance) can be represented by an equivalent electrical circuit consisting of resistive and capacitative elements combined with two finite-length Warburg elements which represent oxygen transport through the electrolyte and the electrode.

Field of study: Materials science
OCT1-Mediated Metformin Uptake Regulates Pancreatic Stellate Cell Activity

Metformin treatment is reported to be associated with a lower incidence of and mortality from pancreatic cancer (PC) in type 2 diabetes patients. Activated pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs) are key stroma cells responsible for pancreatic fibrogenesis and PC progression. However, little research is about the influence of metformin on PSCs. Given the potential beneficial effects of metformin on PC, pancreatic tumour stroma is an important target for new therapeutics. We observed the effects of metformin on PSCs. We investigated the effects of metformin on human PSCs proliferation and the production of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins.  Cells were cultured with different concentrations of metformin (0-10 mmol/L). Cell proliferation was determined by immunofluorescence staining for nuclear Ki67 labelling. ECM production was studied by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, immunoblotting and immunofluorescence microscopy. Adenosine monophosphate–activated protein kinase (AMPK), an important regulatory molecule responsible for metformin action, and the organic cation transporter member 1 (OCT1), which is believed to be the most important transporter for the pharmacological action of metformin, were investigated for their possible involvements in metformin-induced proliferation and ECM production.  Our results showed that metformin inhibited PSCs proliferation and decreased the production of ECM proteins by activation of AMPK phosphorylation. Silencing of OCT1 expression resulted in a reduction in the effects of metformin on PSCs activity.  Collectively, the data indicate that OCT1 may contribute to uptake metformin and regulate PSCs activity. OCT1 is a target of metformin in regulating PSCs activity.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
The stability and duality of dynamic Cournot and Bertrand duopoly model with comprehensive preference

In this paper, a Cournot model and its dual Bertrand model where firms have comprehensive preferences are developed. The preference was proposed by Bowles (2004) based on the results of Rabin (1993) and Lebine (1998). Comparable static method is used to illustrate the impact of parameters on equilibrium. Three scenarios are classified by preference parameter: completely cooperative, hostile to each other and general Cournot or Bertrand model. In each situation, Cournot model and its dual model present different chaos phenomenon which have various and abundant strange attractors, while the shapes of the stability regions are similar in the same situation. In the static setting, the local stability analysis of equilibrium gives the bounded region of quantity or price. The one-dimensional Logistic mapping is applied to studying the dynamics of the models on invariant axes. The critical curves classify different regions according to the number of preimages (q1, q2) or (p1, p2). Besides, simulations give more intuitive results: the cycle attractor, chaotic attractor and the basin of attraction with “holes” are presented. The article also provides new findings that under the assumption of comprehensive preference, the Cournot model with substitutes (complements) and the Bertrand model with complements (substitutes) are still duality models in the dynamic settings.

Field of study: Mathematics
Modelling Commercial Banks Liquidity Management Using Stochastic Programming

In this paper a stochastic programming framework for liquidity management of commercial banks in Zimbabwe is developed. The paper sets out to explain an important financial planning model for liquidity management; in particular it discusses why in practice optimum planning models are used. The ability to build an integrated approach which combines treasury security assets models with that of income generating decisions have proved desirable and more efficient in that it can lead to better liquidity decisions. The role of uncertainty and quantification of risk in these planning models is considered.

Field of study: Business
Executive functioning early in abstinence from alcohol.

Executive dysfunction is among the cognitive impairments that may persist after abstinence in alcohol-dependent persons. The type(s) and extent of executive dysfunction early in abstinence have not been well characterized, but they may have important implications for the evolution of behavioral treatment strategies.



To determine which aspects of executive functioning were impaired in early abstinence, we administered memory and executive function tests to veterans who successively presented for treatment at an outpatient substance abuse clinic. We then compared the neuropsychological performance of these recovering alcoholics (n = 27) with that of age-matched primary care outpatients (n = 18). We also examined group differences in self-evaluation of cognitive decline and evaluated associations between drinking history and cognitive impairment in the index group.



We found that the normal and alcohol-dependent groups differed on abstract reasoning, memory discrimination, and effectiveness on timed tasks. Patients in the alcohol-dependent sample were also more likely to perceive themselves as cognitively impaired. It is interesting to note that the duration of alcohol use did not relate to neuropsychological test performance, but recent quantity consumed and days of sobriety were associated with nonverbal abstract reasoning ability.



Executive functions are impaired early in abstinence and should, therefore, be taken into account when early behavioral treatments are being developed.

Field of study: Medicine
Clustering on the Edge: Learning Structure in Graphs

With the recent popularity of graphical clustering methods, there has been an increased focus on the information between samples. We show how learning cluster structure using edge features naturally and simultaneously determines the most likely number of clusters and addresses data scale issues. These results are particularly useful in instances where (a) there are a large number of clusters and (b) we have some labeled edges. Applications in this domain include image segmentation, community discovery and entity resolution. Our model is an extension of the planted partition model and our solution uses results of correlation clustering, which achieves a partition O(log(n))-close to the log-likelihood of the true clustering.

Field of study: Computer science
Differential erosion and equiplanation in portions of Yukon and Alaska

A study of the physiography of any district involves not only a consideration of the surface phenomena, but an examination of the materials composing that portion of the earth’s crust and an investigation of the subterranean forces to which they have been subjected. A steeply inclined valley wall may merely indicate a youthful period in the topographic cycle; may be the result of glaciation; may be due to some inherent bedrock structure or the inclination of certain strata, or may even have been caused by recent faulting. In investigating any physiographic problem, therefore, all the available evidence which tends to elucidate the physiography should be considered, no matter how superficial or deep seated may be the materials or forces involved. It is thus that the domains of physiography and general geology encroach and overlap—but always to their mutual ad1 vantage. Nowhere has the writer found this better illustrated than . . .

Field of study: Geology
Octupole correlations in the nucleus $^{144}$Ba described with symmetry conserving configuration mixing calculations

We study the interplay of quadrupole and octupole degrees of freedom in the structure of the isotope $^{144}$Ba. A symmetry conserving configuration mixing method (SCCM) based on a Gogny energy density functional (EDF) has been used. The method includes particle number, parity and angular momentum restoration as well as axial quadrupole and octupole shape mixing within the generator coordinate method. Predictions both for excitation energies and electromagnetic transition probabilities are in good agreement with the most recent experimental data.

Field of study: Physics
Changes in landfill gas quality as a result of controlled air injection.

Air addition has been proposed as a technique for rapid stabilization of municipal solid waste (MSW) in landfills. The objective of this study was to observe the change in concentration of trace constituents of landfill gas in response to air addition. Air injection tests were conducted at a MSW landfill in Florida, and the concentrations of several gaseous constituents at adjacent wells within the waste were measured. The concentrations of methane, carbon dioxide, and oxygen, as well as several trace constituents, were measured both prior to and during air addition. The trace components investigated included a suite of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), nitrous oxide (N20), carbon monoxide (CO), and hydrogen sulfide (H2S). A significant increase in CO was observed in 9 of 14 monitoring points; overall, CO concentrations were found to increase as the ratio of CH4 to CO2 decreased. A significant decrease in H2S was observed at 6 of 14 monitoring points. Air injection did not have a noticeable affect on VOC or N2O concentrations compared to initial levels.

Field of study: Environmental science
THE DISPLACEMENT DAMAGE LOCATION VECTOR METHOD IN STRUCTURAL DAMAGE LOCATION DETECTION

The DLV(damage locating vector) method proposed by Bernal in 2002 has received significant attention in structural health monitoring(SHM) field because of its innovative and skillful solution concept.The method was verified by a series of proof-of-concept tests measuring accelerations.However,static measurements are more reliable in practice.In this paper,a displacement DLV method,i.e.a method combining DLV and static displacement measurements,has been developed and a common finite element program has been compiled.A series of numerical simulations have been conducted to verify the validity of the displacement DLV method and investigate the influencing discipline of a few factors that is related to the method.From these results,the proposed displacement DLV method is shown to determine damage locations successfully using a smaller number of displacement data.The issues such as the sensor number,damage location,and the choice of measuring points are discussed as well.

Field of study: Engineering
Advanced weight graph transformation matching algorithm

An efficient and accurate point matching algorithm named advanced weight graph transformation matching (AWGTM) is proposed in this study. Instead of relying only on the elimination of dubious matches, the method iteratively reserve correspondences which have a small angular distance between two nearest-neighbour graphs. The proposed algorithm is compared against weight graph transformation matching (WGTM) and graph transformation matching (GTM). Experimental results demonstrate the superior performance in eliminating outliers and reserving inliers of AWGTM algorithm under various conditions for images, such as duplication of patterns and non-rigid deformation of objects. An execution time comparison is also presented, where AWGTM shows the best results for high outlier rates.

Field of study: Computer science
Effect of pyrogallic acid cleaning nitrite and blocking nitrosamines

To study the focus of pyropyrogallic acid cleaning nitrite and blocking nitrosamines and the mechanism. Using ultraviolet spectrophotometry to research the pyrogallic acid cleaning nitrite and blocking nitrosamine at different temperatures, p H, concentration and reaction time, and on the order of add reactants, buffers. Besides, comparing the effect about cleaning nitrite and blocking nitrosamines of the six different materials which contains the hydroxy. The temperature, p H and reaction time and the add of buffers all have an impact on the nitrite clearance. And within a certain range of concentrations, with concentration of the pyrogallic acid increaing, the removal rate and nitrosamines blocking rate showed an upward trend, the nitrite maximum clearance rate to 86.56%, the biggest block for nitrosamines was 83%, are closer to Vc and other strong blocker. Suppose the mechanism which pyrogallic acid blocks the generation of nitrosamines is it clear nitrite first.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Future heat waves and surface ozone

A global Earth system model is used to study the relationship between heat waves and surface ozone levels over land areas around the world that could experience either large decreases or little change in future ozone precursor emissions. The model is driven by emissions of greenhouse gases and ozone precursors from a medium-high emission scenario (Representative Concentration Pathway 6.0–RCP6.0) and is compared to an experiment with anthropogenic ozone precursor emissions fixed at 2005 levels. With ongoing increases in greenhouse gases and corresponding increases in average temperature in both experiments, heat waves are projected to become more intense over most global land areas (greater maximum temperatures during heat waves). However, surface ozone concentrations on future heat wave days decrease proportionately more than on non-heat wave days in areas where ozone precursors are prescribed to decrease in RCP6.0 (e.g. most of North America and Europe), while surface ozone concentrations in heat waves increase in areas where ozone precursors either increase or have little change (e.g. central Asia, the Mideast, northern Africa). In the stabilized ozone precursor experiment, surface ozone concentrations increase on future heat wave days compared to non-heat wave days in most regions except in areas where there is ozone suppression that contributes to decreases in ozone in future heat waves. This is likely associated with effects of changes in isoprene emissions at high temperatures (e.g. west coast and southeastern North America, eastern Europe).

Field of study: Environmental science
Manifestations of Canadian multilateralism

Greg Donaghy is Head of the Historical Section at Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada, and General Editor of its series, Documents on Canadian external relations. His publications include Tolerant allies: Canada and the United States, 1963-68, and most recently (with Kim Richard Nossal), the edited collection Architects and innovators: Building the Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade, 1909-2009. 1 MANIFESTATIONS OF CANADIAN MULTILATERALISM

Field of study: Political science
The NSCL control system

This paper describes the historical development, current state, and future plans of the computer control system of the National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory (NSCL). A proposal entitled, ``Proposal for a National Facility for Research with Heavy Ions using Coupled Superconducting Cyclotrons`` was submitted to the National Science Foundation in September, 1976. The proposal was approved and the first cyclotron, the K500, came on-line with a limited experimental program in late 1982. The second cyclotron, the K1200 (formerly called the K800), and another limited experimental program came on-line along with a full experimental program. Up to now, no formal paper has been submitted describing the computer control system for this facility; this paper seeks to fill that void.

Field of study: Physics