nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The Relationship between Personality and Discretionary Helping Behaviors

The relationship between personality and helping behaviors in three different contexts was examined in a field study. In a sample of 178 employees from three professional organizations, measures of the Big Five Personality factors were found to be related to discretionary helping behaviors performed in the context of one's home, workplace and the larger society. Collectively, the five personality factors accounted for 7% of the variance in Household Activities and Chores, 26% of the variance in Organizational Citizenship Behaviors and 10% of the variance in Volun-teerism. Implications of these relations are discussed.

Field of study: Psychology
Forming Mechanism of Refined Granular Microstructure of Undercooled Cu70Ni30 Melts

The microsturctural evolution of Cu70Ni30 alloy melts was systematically investigated in wide undercooling range of 20 K to 270 K by using glass fluxing technique. Experiment results of solidified microstructural evolution show that two kinds of refined granular grains and two kinds of dendrites appear under different undercooling ranges. Under 38 K ～ 120 K undercooling range,the first granular crystalline formed from dendrite with increasing undercooling. It is show that the grain refindment mechanism consists of two stages. The dendrite formed in rapid solidification is firstly disintegrated into fragments owing to the remelting during the recalescence and the subsequent normal solidification. And then the fragments, under the driving force of their surface energy, merge through the boundary migration,thus leading to the first granular crystalline.

Field of study: Materials science
The production, purification and crystallization of a pocilloporin pigment from a reef-forming coral.

Reef-building corals contain fluorescent pigments termed pocilloporins that function by regulating the light environment of coral and acting as a photoprotectant in excessive sunlight. These pocilloporins are related to the monomeric green fluorescent protein and the tetrameric DsRed fluorescent proteins, which have widespread use as biotechnological tools. An intensely blue-coloured pocilloporin, termed Rtms5, was expressed in Escherichia coli, purified and crystallized. Rtms5 was shown to be tetrameric, with deep blue crystals that diffract to 2.2 A resolution and belong to space group I4(1)22. The colour of this pocilloporin was observed to be sensitive to pH and a yellow (pH 3.5) and a red form (pH 4.5) of Rtms5 were also crystallized. These crystals belong to space group P4(2)22 and diffract to 2.4 A resolution or better.

Field of study: Chemistry
Structure and organization of Archean subaqueous basalt flows, Rouyn–Noranda area, Quebec, Canada

Archean subaqueous basalt flows in Rouyn-Noranda area consist of several structural divisions in vertical sequence. The complete, ideal sequence of structural divisions within a typical flow is, from base to top: massive lava, pillow lava, isolated- and broken-pillow breccia (pillow breccia), and stratified hyalotuff. Any variant of this standard sequence, formed by omission of one or several of the structural divisions, has been observed. Most commonly encountered are the following four sequences: (1) massive lava - pillow breccia, associated in the field with the sequence pillow lava - 2 pillow breccia, and (2) massive lava - pillow breccia - hyalotuff, associated with the sequence pillow lava - pillow breccia - hyalotuff. Lateral transitions from massive lava into pillow lava have been mapped and suggest that pillow lava is distal relative to massive lava. Large flow lobes or tubes (megapillows) are present in the transition zone. Mapping of the relations of megapillows and normal-size pillows suggests that pillows form by a budding and branching process, rather like present-day pillows observed to form during the flow of lava into the sea. Relations between massive lava, pillow lava, and pillow breccia suggest that massive lava formed by the surging advance of large volumes of hot lava of low viscosity; pillows formed at the distal flow front due to a decrease of temperature and an increase of viscosity, resulting in a decrease of the flow velocity; pillow breccias apparently formed at the waning stage of the eruption, when the supply of fresh lava was reduced. Hyalotuff apparently formed by lava-fountaining at the fissure, in shallow water.

Field of study: Environmental science
Atomistic modeling of dynamical quantum transport

We present dynamical transport calculations based on a tight-binding approximation to adiabatic time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFTB). The reduced device density matrix is propagated through the Liouville–von Neumann equation. For the model system, 1,4-benzenediol coupled to aluminum leads, we are able to confirm the equality of the steady state current resulting from a time-dependent calculation to a static calculation in the conventional Landauer framework. We also investigate the response of the junction subjected to alternating bias voltages with frequencies up to the optical regime. Here we can clearly identify capacitive behaviour of the molecular device and a significant resonant enhancement of the conductance. The results are interpreted using an analytical single level model comparing the device transmission and admittance. In order to aid future calculations under alternating bias, we shortly review the use of Fourier transform techniques to obtain the full frequency response of the device from a single current trace.

Field of study: Physics
Coulomb forces on DNA polymers in charged fluidic nanoslits.

We investigate the repulsive electrostatic interactions between a DNA polyelectrolyte and the charged walls of a fluidic nanoslit. The scaling of the DNA coil size with the physical slit height revealed electrostatic depletion regions that reduced the effective slit height. These regions exceeded the Debye screening length of the buffer, λ(D)(buffer), and saturated at ≈ 50 nm when λ(D)(buffer) reached 10 nm. We explain these results by modeling a semiflexible charged rod near a charged wall and the electrostatic screening by the polyelectrolyte. These results demonstrate the surprisingly long range over which a nanofluidic device can exert field-effect control over confined molecules.

Field of study: Physics
Dangers Associated with Commercial Motorcycle Transport Business: Implications for Adult Education in Nigeria

Commercial motorcycle transport business as a mode public transportation has been widely embraced by many in Nigeria due to its perceived benefits. Its perceived benefits include its flexibility in taking people to the last bit of their destinations, quick generation of money to meet basic life needs as well as its characteristic of cheap and easy maintenance. Despite these perceived benefits, the paper identifies dangers associated with it and sees it as unsustainable. The paper also identifies adult education programmes that are relevant for the correction of the anomaly of accepting its perceived benefits without due consideration of its dangers. The paper concludes that despite the perceived benefits of commercial motorcycle transport business, the dangers associated with it outweigh its benefits. It therefore recommends that serious attention and recognition from the government and the general public in all ramifications should be given to adult education in Nigeria.  commercial motorcycle, transportation, adult education

Field of study: Education
The dual nature of mismatch repair as antimutator and mutator: for better or for worse

DNA is constantly under attack by a number of both exogenous and endogenous agents that challenge its integrity. Among the mechanisms that have evolved to counteract this deleterious action, mismatch repair (MMR) has specialized in removing DNA biosynthetic errors that occur when replicating the genome. Malfunction or inactivation of this system results in an increase in spontaneous mutability and a strong predisposition to tumor development. Besides this key corrective role, MMR proteins are involved in other pathways of DNA metabolism such as mitotic and meiotic recombination and processing of oxidative damage. Surprisingly, MMR is also required for certain mutagenic processes. The mutagenic MMR has beneficial consequences contributing to the generation of a vast repertoire of antibodies through class switch recombination and somatic hypermutation processes. However, this non-canonical mutagenic MMR also has detrimental effects; it promotes repeat expansions associated with neuromuscular and neurodegenerative diseases and may contribute to cancer/disease-related aberrant mutations and translocations. The reaction responsible for replication error correction has been the most thoroughly studied and it is the subject to numerous reviews. This review describes briefly the biochemistry of MMR and focuses primarily on the non-canonical MMR activities described in mammals as well as emerging research implicating interplay of MMR and chromatin.

Field of study: Biology
Sphingolipids mediate formation of mRNA processing bodies during the heat-stress response of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Recent work, especially in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, has demonstrated that mRNA movement from active translation to cytoplasmic granules, termed mRNA'p-bodies' (processing bodies), occurs in concert with the regulation of translation during cell stress. However, the signals regulating p-body formation are poorly defined. Recent results have demonstrated a function for sphingolipids in regulating translation during heat stress, which led to the current hypothesis that p-bodies may form during heat stress in a sphingolipid-dependent manner. In the present study, we demonstrate that mild-heat-stress-induced formation of p-bodies, as determined by localization of a GFP (green fluorescent protein)-tagged Dcp2p and RFP (red fluorescent protein)-tagged Edc3p to discrete cytoplasmic foci. Sphingoid base synthesis was required for this effect, as inhibition of sphingoid base synthesis attenuated formation of these foci during heat stress. Moreover, treatment of yeast with the exogenous sphingoid bases phyto- and dihydro-sphingosine promoted formation of p-bodies in the absence of heat stress, and the lcb4/lcb5 double-deletion yeast, which accumulates high intracellular levels of sphingoid bases, had large clearly defined p-bodies under non-stress conditions. Functionally, inhibition of sphingolipid synthesis during heat stress did not prevent translation stalling, but extended translation arrest, indicating that sphingolipids mediate translation initiation. These results are consistent with the notion that p-bodies serve not only in mRNA degradation, but also for re-routing transcripts back to active translation, and that sphingolipids play a role in this facet of the heat-stress response. Together, these results demonstrate a critical and novel role for sphingolipids in mediating p-body formation during heat stress.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Uniform channel decomposition for MIMO communications

Assuming the availability of the channel state information at transmitter (CSIT), we propose a transceiver design which contains a linear precoder and a MMSE-VBLAST detector. We show that this transceiver design can decompose, in a capacity lossless manner, a MIMO channel into multiple subchannels with identical capacities. This uniform channel decomposition (UCD) scheme can provide much convenience for the modulation/demodulation and coding/decoding procedures due to obviating the need of bit allocation. The simulations show that the UCD scheme has excellent performance even without using any error correcting coding.

Field of study: Engineering
Quantum-resistant Designated-ciphertext Searchable Encryption

Public key encryption with keyword search (PEKS) was proposed by Boneh et al. in 2004; it allows users to search encrypted keywords without losing data privacy. Although extensive studies have been conducted on this topic, only a few focus on the insider keyword guessing attack that will cause users to leak sensitive information. More specifically, after receiving the trapdoor from the user, the malicious insider (e.g. server) can randomly encrypt possible keywords using the user’s public key. Then, the insider can test whether the trapdoor corresponds to the selected keyword. To solve the above issue, we introduce the notion of designated-ciphertext searchable encryption (DCSE) in this work. Then, we propose a generic construction that employs an anonymous identity-based encryption and key encapsulation mechanism. Additionally, we demonstrated that our work satisfies the indistinguishability under chosen-keyword attack (IND-CKA) and indistinguishability under insider keyword guessing attack (IND-IKGA) in the standard model. Moreover, we provide an instantiation from the NTRU lattices. Compared with other state-of-the-art schemes, our scheme is not only more efficient and practical, it also provides more robust security.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Chronic meningitis without predisposing illness--a review of 83 cases.

Eighty-three previously healthy patients with chronic meningitis presenting to a general hospital were reviewed. The single most common cause was tuberculosis (40 per cent) with cryptococcosis (7 per cent), malignancy (8 per cent) and other definable causes much less frequent. In one-third of patients (34 per cent) no cause was found although most appeared to respond to treatment either with anti-tuberculosis drugs or steroids. There were some differences in clinical presentation, the clinical picture being most characteristic in tuberculous meningitis and malignant meningitis. However, there were frequent exceptions to any general rule and, particularly in adults, the clinical features and changes in cell count, protein and glucose in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) did not reliably distinguish one form of chronic meningitis from another. Cerebral and meningeal biopsy produced disappointing results with respect to practical guidance in management. It is often necessary to begin treatment before a cause has been identified. Important points in management include the early use of anti-tuberculosis treatment and the difficulty in deciding on a trial of treatment with corticosteroids or amphotericin B. Not emphasised in previous reports is a subgroup of patients with idiopathic chronic meningitis who are responsive to treatment with steroids. Those patients tend to follow a more prolonged indolent course and often require long-term immunosuppression to control symptoms.

Field of study: Medicine
Roles of Oxygen Vacancies in the Bulk and Surface of CeO2 for Toluene Catalytic Combustion.

Catalytic combustion technology is one of the effective methods to remove VOCs such as toluene from industrial emissions. The decomposition of aromatic ring via catalyst oxygen vacancies is usually the rate-determining step of toluene oxidation into CO2. Series of CeO2 probe models were synthesized with different ratios of surface to bulk oxygen vacancies. Besides the devotion of the surface vacancies, part of the bulk vacancies promote the redox property of CeO2 in toluene catalytic combustion: surface vacancies tend to adsorb and activate gaseous O2 to form adsorbed oxygen species, whereas bulk vacancies improve the mobility and activity of lattice oxygen species via their transmission effect. Adsorbed oxygen mainly participates in the chemical adsorption and partial oxidation of toluene (mostly to phenolate). With the elevated temperatures, lattice oxygen of the catalysts facilitates the decomposition of aromatic rings and further improve the oxidation of toluene to CO2.

Field of study: Environmental science
Me and my heart.

The Health Variations Programme is a research programme focused on the social determinants of health inequalities. It was funded by the Economic and Social Research Council from 1996 to 2001. Its aims were to undertake multi‐disciplinary social science research to advance the understanding of the social processes that underlie and mediate socio‐economic inequalities in health, and to advance the methodology of health inequalities research.

Having been chairman of an MRC board, I am aware of what you might call competitive pressure for grants, and the years of battle at Board and on the Council have left me scarred. This has lead to an unreasonable caution (no—those are weasel words—a suspicion) of work where endpoints or outcome measures are difficult to define. The kind of work supported in this initiative is difficult to constrain in these terms but rather, lends itself to the discovery of things that are hard to quantify and hard to deal with in the remedial sense. They are, however, clearly important to the community. In looking at a number of reports from the initiative to see how the new biology might help to resolve some of the difficulties of research in this area, it was interesting to see a good many methodological studies designed to resolve some of the difficulties outlined above, but one study in particular is compelling since it defines, for me, another set of problems.

Under the title ‘The role of perceptions of family history in persisting inequalities in health and lifestyle’, Watt has looked at coronary heart disease (CHD). People's ideas about their ‘family histories' …

Field of study: Medicine
Edge detection based on the Shannon Entropy by piecewise thresholding on remote sensing images

Edge detection is one of the most important concepts used in processing of remote sensing images. The aim of edge detection is to mark the points of an image at which the rate of brightness changes sharply. Sharp changes in image features often represent important events and changes in environmental properties. In other words, edges can be defined as the boundary between two regions separated by two relatively distinct grey level properties. Most classic mathematical methods for edge detection are based on deriving original image pixels such as Laplacian gradient operator. In remote sensing images, because of the high variation rate, the edge detection operators may have some weaknesses in correct detection of the scope of complications. This study provides a novel approach for detecting the edges based on the features of remote sensing images. In this method, at first, thresholds of different regions of the image were determined in a piecewise manner; then, by using the proposed methods, appropriate thresholds were extracted, and finally, the boundary between these regions was extracted using Shannon entropy. The obtained results were compared with some standard algorithms and it was observed that the method was efficiently able to detect edges.

Field of study: Computer science
Crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction studies of the 51 kDa protein of the mosquito-larvicidal binary toxin from Bacillus sphaericus.

Certain strains of Bacillus sphaericus produce a highly toxic mosquito-larvicidal protein during sporulation which is active against vectors of dengue, encephalitis and malaria. This toxin is initially expressed as 51 and 42 kDa proteins and is converted to 43 and 39 kDa proteins, respectively, which form the active heterodimer complex. For a better understanding of the toxicity mechanism at the molecular level, the 51 kDa protein of the binary toxin of B. sphaericus strain 2297 was expressed as a glutathione-S-transferase fusion protein and purified by affinity chromatography. Protein crystals were grown from an amorphous precipitate in five months using the hanging-drop vapor-diffusion method. The protein crystals were dissolved and were found to be composed of a proteolytically modified 45.2 kDa derivative similar to the active form of this protein. The crystals form in space group P43212 (or P41212) and diffract to 2.6 A, with unit-cell dimensions a = b = 133.48, c = 69. 76 A.

Field of study: Chemistry
Design of new structure of transition region for periodic permanent magnetic focusing

Considering that generation and maintain of small radius,high power beam is restricted by the compression ratio of electron gun,the effect of magnetic field on electron trajectories in transition region was analyzed.A method was presented to compress the beam by changing the magnetic field in transition region gradually.Compared with the traditional one,the method requires lower compression of electron gun while providing small radius beam for interaction,it also optimizes the beam quality.The method was used to simulate an electron optical system for Ku-band 6 kW TWT,some good results are obtained.

Field of study: Physics
Gas/Particle Partitioning and Secondary Organic Aerosol Yields

Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation is considered in the framework of the gas/particle partitioning absorption model outlined by Pankow. Expressions for the fractional SOA yield (Y) are developed within this framework and shown to be a function of the organic aerosol mass concentration, M_o. These expressions are applied to over 30 individual reactive organic gas (ROG) photooxidation smog chamber experiments. Analysis of the data from these experiments clearly shows that Y is a strong function of M_o and that secondary organic aerosol formation is best described by a gas/particle partitioning absorption model. In addition to the 30 individual ROG experiments, three experiments were performed with ROG mixtures. The expressions developed for Y in terms of M_o, used in conjunction with the overall yield data from the individual ROG experiments, are able to account for the M_o generated in the ROG mixture experiments. This observation not only suggests that SOA yields for individual ROGs are additive but that smog chamber SOA yield data may be confidently extrapolated to the atmosphere in order to determine the important ambient sources of SOA in the environment.

Field of study: Environmental science