nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
On the Establishment of the Right to Silence in China

The right to silence is one of the essential contents in the criminal judicial system of modern countries of law.It has provided order endurance for the criminal suspect to fully perform his defense right and therefore embodied his personality,dignity and free determination.It is considered as one of the most important milestones for man' s struggle for civilization,reflecting the civilization and progressive situation of criminal litigation of legal system of a country.This article mainly deals with the definition of the right to silence,and analyzes the necessity and feasibility for our country to establish the right to silence system.At the same time it gives some advice on how to establish the right to silence in accordance with the reality of China.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
The Analysis of Effectiveness of Monetary Policy Credibility

In the modern economy,expectation has become an important factor to affect the macro-economy,improving the credibility of monetary policy could well lead the public's expectations.Firstly,this paper analyzes the effectiveness of monetary policy credibility from two aspects of theory and practice.Then,it evaluates the credibility of China's monetary policy and put forward recommendations of how to improve the credibility of China's monetary policy.

Field of study: Economics
Magnetron sputter deposition of A-15 and bcc crystal structure tungsten thin films

The effect of processing parameters on the crystal structure and electrical resistivity of magnetron sputter deposited tungsten thin films was investigated. Formation of body centered cubic (bcc) W was favored when the concentration of impurity oxygen atoms in the films was <5 at.% while the formation of A-15 W was favored between 6 and 10 at.% oxygen. A transition from A-15 W films to bcc W films occurred as the oxygen was removed from the deposition chamber by presputtering the target for extended periods of time. The binding energies of the W atoms in A-15 and bcc W films are similar, as is the binding energy of the O atoms in the two different crystal structures, indicating that the oxygen is not present as a tungsten oxide compound. The resistivity of A-15 W films is always higher than the resistivity of bcc W films due to the increased oxygen concentration and small grain size of the A-15 films. However, the sputter deposition pressure is found to have a greater effect on resistivity. This is attributed to the formation of cracks in the film.

Field of study: Materials science
Dissolved organic carbon quality and sorption of organic pollutants in the Baltic Sea in light of future climate change.

Regional climate change scenarios predict increased temperature and precipitation in the northern Baltic Sea, leading to a greater runoff of fresh water and terrestrial dissolved organic carbon (DOC) within the second part of the 21st century. As a result, the current north to south gradient in temperature and salinity is likely to be shifted further toward the south. To examine if such climate change effects would cause alterations in the environmental fate of organic pollutants, spatial variations of DOC quality and sorption behavior toward organic contaminants were examined using multiple analytical methods. The results showed declining contents of aromatic functional groups in DOC along a north to south gradient. Similarly, the sorption of a diverse set of organic contaminants to DOC also showed spatial differences. The sorption behavior of these contaminants was modeled using poly parameter linear energy relationships. The resulting molecular descriptors indicated clear differences in the sorption properties of DOC sampled in northern and southern parts of the Baltic Sea, which imply that more organic contaminants are sorbed to DOC in the northern part. The extent of this sorption process determines whether individual contaminants will partition to biota via direct uptake or through sorption to DOC, which serves as food source for bacteria-based food-webs.

Field of study: Environmental science
A Controlled Sensing Approach to Graph Classification

The problem of classifying graphs with respect to connectivity via partial observations of nodes is posed as a composite hypothesis testing problem with controlled sensing. An observation at a node is a subset of edges incident to the node on the complete graph drawn according to a probability model, which is a function of a fixed underlying graph. Connectivity is measured through average node degree and is classified with respect to a threshold. A simple approximation of the controlled sensing test is derived and simulated on Erdos-Renyi graphs to characterize the error probabilities as a function of the expected stopping times. The test is also experimentally validated on a real-world example of the social structure of Long-Tailed Manakins. It is shown that the proposed test achieves favorable tradeoffs between the classification error and the number of measurements. Furthermore, the test outperforms existing approaches, especially at low target error rates. In addition, the proposed test achieves the optimal error exponent.

Field of study: Engineering
Exposure to Filmed Violence and Children's Tolerance of Real Life Aggression

The authors of numerous studies (e.g., Bandura, Ross and Ross, 1961, 1963; Bandura, 1965; Hanratty, Liebert, Morris and Fernandez, 1969; Hanratty, O’Neal and Sulzer, 1972) are in agreement that young children may mimic aggressive actions after exposure to filmed violence. Indeed, much concern has been voiced regarding the continuing use of aggressive themes in television programs in view of the potential modeling and disinhibiting effects of such displays. In addition to these undesirable effects, Drabman & Thomas (in press) have shown that exposure to filmed violence also may serve to increase viewers’ toleration of real life aggression. They reported that children who had previously viewed a Hopalong Cassidy movie (which featured shootings and fistfights) were significantly slower to take responsible action to end a fight between two younger children than were subjects who had not seen the film.

Field of study: Psychology
Effects of Surface Fluorination on the Dispersion Stability and the Electrical Conductivity of SnO2 Particles Using Fluorine Gas

F contents in SnO2 powder was adjusted using fluorine gas (F2 gas). From XPS and XRD results of fluorinated SnO2 particles, it proved that the particle surface could be fluorinated without change of crystal structure. Comparing with untreated SnO2, the fluorinated SnO2 made to improve the dispersion stability. In addition, the surface fluorination of SnO2 particles could improve the electrical conductivity (approximately 75Sm-1) under a fluorine pressure of 66.7 kPa at 200°C for 1h.

Field of study: Chemistry
PHA-induced lymphocyte transformations in leucocyte cultures from malarious, malnourished and control Gambian children.

The response of peripheral blood lymphocytes to various doses of phytohaemagglutinin was investigated in normal Gambian children, in children with acute Plasmodium falciparum malaria, and in children with acute protein-calorie malnutrition. Some children in the latter two groups were retested after recovery. 
 
Responses of ten out of twenty-five children with malaria were depressed at a low dose of PHA, whereas all but one responded normally at a higher dose. Response to the low dose showed an inverse correlation with the percentage of granulocytes in the culture. Response after recovery from malaria appeared to be slightly enhanced. 
 
Only two out of sixteen malnourished children showed slight depression. A third malnourished child who responded normally on initial testing had a depressed response after partial recovery.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Encrypted optical storage with angular multiplexing.

We present the first, to our knowledge, demonstration of an encrypted optical storage based on double-random phase encoding by using angular multiplexing in a photorefractive material. Original two-dimensional data are encrypted by use of two random phase codes located in the input and the Fourier planes and are then stored holographically in a LiNbO(3):Fe crystal. The retrieval of the original data can be achieved with a phase-conjugated readout scheme. We demonstrate the encryption and the decryption of multiple frames of two-dimensional digital data by using angular multiplexing. We also evaluate numerically the influence of the bandwidth of the optical system on the decrypted digital data. The bit error rate as a function of the optical system bandwidth is presented.

Field of study: Physics
Schedules using noxious stimuli. IV: An interlocking shock-postponement schedule in the squirrel monkey.

Responding was studied under various schedules of electric shock postponement and presentatation in the squirrel monkey. Under an interlocking shock-postponement schedule, successive responses decreased the time by which a response postponed the next scheduled shock until a shock immediately followed the nth response. Some parameters of this schedule, which can be formally related to fixed-interval schedules, engendered a pattern of positively accelerated responding between shocks. This pattern did not occur under comparable parameter values of an alternative fixed-ratio, avoidance schedule under which each response postponed shock by a fixed duration and every nth response produced shock. Subsequently, performances were studied under schedules of shock presentation. Responding was never maintained under fixed-ratio schedules of shock presentation, but was maintained with a pattern of positive acceleration under an alternative fixed-ratio, fixed-interval schedule and under a fixed-interval schedule.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Cautious Reinforcement Learning via Distributional Risk in the Dual Domain

We study the estimation of risk-sensitive policies in reinforcement learning (RL) problems defined by a Markov Decision Process (MDPs) whose state and action spaces are countably finite. Prior efforts are predominately afflicted by computational challenges associated with the fact that risk-sensitive MDPs are time-inconsistent, and hence modifications of Bellman’s equations are required, which often do not permit efficient fixed point schemes. To ameliorate this issue, we propose a new definition of risk, which we call caution, as a penalty function added to the dual of the linear programming (LP) formulation of tabular RL. Caution quantifies the distributional risk of a policy, and is a function of the policy’s long-term state occupancy measure. When the risk is a convex function of the occupancy measure, we propose to solve this problem in an online model-free manner with a stochastic variant of primal-dual method that uses Kullback-Lieber (KL) divergence as its proximal term. We establish that the sample complexity required to attain near-optimal solutions matches tight dependencies on the cardinality of the spaces, but also depends on the infinity norm of the risk measure’s gradient. Moreover, when the risk is non-convex, we propose a block-coordinate augmentation of the aforementioned approach, and establish its convergence to KKT points. Experiments demonstrate that this approach improves the reliability of reward accumulation without additional computation as compared to risk-neutral LP solvers, both for convex and non-convex risks, respectively, for the cases of KL divergence to a prior, and the variance.

Field of study: Computer science
Cycloastragenol upregulates SIRT1 expression, attenuates apoptosis and suppresses neuroinflammation after brain ischemia

Cycloastragenol (CAG) is the active form of astragaloside IV isolated from Astragalus Radix , which displays multiple pharmacological effects. Silent information regulator 1 (SIRT1), a class III histone deacetylase, has been shown to play an important role in neuroprotection against cerebral ischemia. In this study, we investigated whether CAG protected against ischemic brain injury and, if so, whether the beneficial effects were associated with the regulation of SIRT1 in the ischemic brain. Mice were subjected to 45 min of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) followed by reperfusion. CAG (5, 10, 20 mg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally at the onset of reperfusion, 12 h later and then twice daily for up to three days. CAG dose-dependently reduced brain infarct volume, significantly ameliorated functional deficits, and prevented neuronal cell loss in MCAO mice. Meanwhile, CAG significantly reduced matrix metalloproteinase-9 activity, prevented tight junction degradation and subsequently ameliorated blood-brain barrier disruption. Moreover, CAG significantly upregulated SIRT1 expression in the ischemic brain but did not directly activate its enzymatic activity. Concomitant with SIRT1 upregulation, CAG reduced p53 acetylation and the ratio of Bax to Bcl-2 in the ischemic brain. CAG also inhibited NF-κB p65 nuclear translocation. As a result, CAG suppressed the mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α and IL-1β, and inhibited the activation of microglia and astrocytes in the ischemic brain. Our findings suggest that CAG is neuroprotective against ischemic brain injury in mice and that its beneficial effect may involve SIRT1 upregulation and the inhibition of apoptosis and neuroinflammation in the ischemic brain.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
The Cambridge History of the Native Peoples of the Americas. Vol. 2: Mesoamerica, part 2.

event in the field in recent times. The importance of this volume to Mesoamerican studies is fundamental: not only does it provide a wealth of groundbreaking analyses on this most important pre-Hispanic city and its place in Mesoamerican history, but it also gives historians and other scholars of the region deep chronological perspectives on processes still in motion. Teotihuacan marked the seating of Mesoamerican power in and around the Valley of Mexico, with Mexico City being just the last in a line of heirs. In addition, by interrogating the roots of indigenous Mesoamerican cultural unity and diversity, the authors have given us new insight into the structure and history of indigenous identities. Finally, the gathering of scholars from archaeology, anthropology, art history, archaeoastronomy, and other disciplines to productively debate specific aspects of Mesoamerican history is exemplary.

Field of study: History
Versuch einer quantenhaften Deutung der Dispersion

ZusammenfassungIm Kampf zwischen der Wellentheorie und der „Lichtquanten-theorie“ der Strahlung waren für letztere die Interferenz- und die Dispersionserscheinungen die größte Schwierigkeit. Anknüpfend an die Deutung der Interferenz durch G. Wentzel wird hier zu zeigen versucht, wie die Dispersionstheorie zu formulieren ist, wenn das Licht aus fliegenden Quanten besteht. Man muß dann annehmen, daß auch „nichtpassende“ Quanten vom Atom festgehalten werden können, wenn auch nur für Zeiten ~1/v, und dann entweder wieder nach vorn ausgesandt oder nach der Seite gestreut werden. Es lassen sich Wahrscheinlichkeitsansätze geben, die mit den Dispersions-formeln im Einklang sind.  Schluß wird das Energiegleichgewicht zwischen Materie und Strahlung erörtert.

Field of study: Physics
MODELING AND NUMERICAL METHOD OF MULTI-BODY SYSTEM WITH FRICTION-AFFECTED SLIDING JOINTS BASED ON LCP

In this paper, a new method for the modeling and simulating of planar multi-body dynamics with friction-affected sliding joints is presented. Each friction-affected sliding joint is split into two unilateral constraints opposite to each other. The normal constraint equalities and tangential frictional forces are replaced by unilateral inequalities that are expressed in complementary form at acceleration level, so the absolute items of Lagrange multiplier in dynamic equations are avoided. LCP-based event-driven scheme is adopted. A new dimension-changeable matrix is introduced for describing the structure-dependent feature of the system. The simulation results show that the proposed method is effective.

Field of study: Engineering
The improving effect of gene engineered bone marrow stromal cell line which can induce IL-2 gene expression on immune reconstitution after bone marrow transplantation

To study the potential effect of bone marrow stromal cell line QXMSC1 engineered to secrete IL-2 to accelerate the immune reconstitution in allogeneic bone marrow transplantation mice.  The regulable recombined retrovirus vector was constructed firstly which contains IL-2 cDNA and then transfected bone marrow stromal cell line, established doxycycline inducible gene expression system on bone marrow stromal cell line QXMSC1tet-on-IL-2 which can induce IL-2 gene expression by Dox. The activity of IL-2 was measured under different Dox concentration. The lethally irradiated mice C57BL/6 (H-2d) were cografted allogeneic bone marrow (BALB/c, H-2d, 1×107/mice) with QXMSC1tet-on-IL-2 (5×105/mice) at same time. Dox was administrated for 15 days to induce the expression of IL-2. Lymphocyte proliferation to Con A, plaque-forming cell (PFC), delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) frequency of helper T lymphocyte precursor (HTLp) and T cell subset CD4+/CD8+ were examined on the 30, 60 day post transplantation, respectively.  Firstly, the gene engineered stromal cell line achieves high-level and regulatable IL-2 gene expression. The results showed that lymphocytes proliferation to ConA was increased, frequency of HTLp, the ability of DTH and PFC was improved by coinfused stromal cells QXMSC1tet-on-IL-2 on the 30, 60 day after bone marrow transplantation.  These data demonstrated that the gene engineered bone marrow stromal cell line (QXMSC1tet-on-IL-2) could improve the immune reconstitution in allogeneic bone marrow transplantation.

Field of study: Biology
From health technology assessment to research on the organisation and delivery of health services: addressing the balance.

This paper argues that the focus of research to improve health services has, until recently, been on health technology assessment. The authors make the case for a greater emphasis on research on how health services are managed, organised and delivered, and refer to initiatives in a number of countries which are seeking to address this balance. The way two such initiatives in England and Canada have set priorities for this type of research, involving a wide range of stakeholders is described. The authors argue that a wide range of disciplines needs to be applied to research on the organisation and delivery of health services. Important theoretical differences between and within disciplines, and their implications for research methods, are discussed. An example of an issue in the delivery of organisation of health services (how best to deliver orthopaedic care) is used to illustrate how a number of different disciplines can be applied. The challenge for researchers from these disciplines is to see how far they can work together to carry out research in this important field. The challenge for this research is that the findings are valued and used by health service professionals, managers and users.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Effect of Different Potassium Fertilization on Sugar Content and Related Metabolic Enzymes of Pineapple during Development

In order to explore the mechanism of potassium effects on pineapple sugar metabolism and provide a scientific and rational fertilizer practice for pineapple planting,the effect of potassium on sugar and their correlative enzymes of pineapple were studied.Comte de paris pineapple was applied with K2SO4 by 4 different ways.The results indicated that potassium increased sucrose,fructose and glucose content of pineapple fruit.Different applications had different effect on enzymes related to sucrose metabolism in different developing stages.However,total sugar content,invertase,sucrose synthase and sucrose phosphate synthase activities showed a consistent variation tendency as the fruits mature.Different treatments increased invertase and sucrose synthase leavage activity,and reduced sucrose phosphate syhthase and sucrose synthase syhthesis activity.Foliage spraying K2SO4 plus soil applying K2SO4 was more effective than the other two treatments.This implied that under K3 treatment fruit sink strength was increased by enhancing the activities of the four enzymes.With increased pineapple fruit sink strength,phytosynthate translocation was accelerated.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Early Pliensbachian (Early Jurassic) C-isotope perturbation and the diffusion of the Lithiotis Fauna: Insights from the western Tethys

High-resolution carbonate carbon-isotope stratigraphy of Lower Jurassic marine shallow-water limestones are compared with the distribution of the Lithiotis Fauna on the Trento Platform (Southern Alps, Italy). The Lithiotis Fauna is the first example of globally distributed mound-building bivalves in the geological record and experienced global diffusion in the Early Jurassic. A set of carbonate carbon-isotope excursions of 2–3‰, illustrating three distinct negative shifts followed by positive rebounds, are recorded in the isotope stratigraphy and can be correlated with the global negative δ 13 C shift of the Sinemurian–Pliensbachian boundary Event (S–P Event) and to the subsequent phase of C-isotope perturbation that characterized the lower Pliensbachian. In the studied stratigraphic sections, the S–P Event likely triggered eutrophic conditions illustrated by the presence of organic-rich facies and by fossil associations characteristic of poorly oxygenated waters. After the eutrophic phase, the amelioration of environmental conditions was marked by a positive ~ 3‰ rebound of the δ 13 C carb values, and by the occurrence of marine stenotypic faunas. On the Trento Platform, the stabilization of the δ 13 C carb values coincided with the appearance of the Lithiotis Fauna that subsequently became widely distributed in the entire range of platform environments and thrived in the late Pliensbachian when metric-scale bivalve mounds were generated. During the same time, the maximum proliferation of the Lithiotis Fauna is recorded both in the Tethyan and Panthalassa regions. Hence, the reported relationships between the δ 13 C carb data and the distribution and ecological characteristics of the genera contained in the Lithiotis Fauna suggest that the S–P Event and its aftermath, possibly coupled with the undergoing coeval continent reorganization that led to the opening of the Hispanic Corridor, could have set the stage for the rapid diffusion of these unusual bivalves across many parts of the globe.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography