nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Electron beam diagnostics applied to high-density gasdynamic laser mixtures

A new, systematic study of the electron beam induced emission in N/sub 2/--CO/sub 2/--H/sub 2/O mixtures typical of those in gasdynamic lasers has been conducted. Vibrational temperatures of molecular nitrogen were successfully measured at density levels at least an order-of-magnitude above those normally used with an electron beam. The experimental studies were performed in an arc-heated free jet with densities up to those corresponding to a pressure of 20 torr at 300K. Comparisons of theoretical and experimental N/sub 2/ vibrational temperatures are presented which show that the data are not adversly influenced by the high density nor by the addition of CO/sub 2/ and H/sub 2/O so long as there is a relatively high flow velocity.

Field of study: Physics
ANALYSIS OF THE PLASTIC MECHANISM ON COMPOSITE STEEL FRAME (WEAK AXIS OF COLUMN) WITH PR CONNECTION— REINFORCED CONCRETE INFILL WALL STRUCTURAL SYSTEM

Based on the observations of SRCW structure system, referring to the experimental failure modes of specimens in reference , the plastic mechanism was built. According to the principle of energy, the iteration method was adopted to analyze the ultimate load of the structure, the specimens in reference  were taken as an example to examine the accuracy of calculated results, and the accuracy of the proposed method is verified.

Field of study: Engineering
Long-distance abscisic acid signalling under different vertical soil moisture gradients depends on bulk root water potential and average soil water content in the root zone.

To determine how root-to-shoot abscisic acid (ABA) signalling is regulated by vertical soil moisture gradients, root ABA concentration ([ABA](root)), the fraction of root water uptake from, and root water potential of different parts of the root zone, along with bulk root water potential, were measured to test various predictive models of root xylem ABA concentration [RX-ABA](sap). Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Nassau) were grown in soil columns and received different irrigation treatments (top and basal watering, and withholding water for varying lengths of time) to induce different vertical soil moisture gradients. Root water uptake was measured at four positions within the column by continuously recording volumetric soil water content (θv). Average θv was inversely related to bulk root water potential (Ψ(root)). In turn, Ψ(root) was correlated with both average [ABA](root) and [RX-ABA](sap). Despite large gradients in θv, [ABA](root) and root water potential was homogenous within the root zone. Consequently, unlike some split-root studies, root water uptake fraction from layers with different soil moisture did not influence xylem sap (ABA). This suggests two different patterns of ABA signalling, depending on how soil moisture heterogeneity is distributed within the root zone, which might have implications for implementing water-saving irrigation techniques.

Field of study: Environmental science
Late Pleistocene–Holocene retreat of the West Antarctic Ice-Sheet system in the Ross Sea: Part 2—Sedimentologic and stratigraphic signature

Sedimentologic, geotechnical, geochemical, and accelerator mass spectrometer (AMS) radiocarbon data from two marine geologic cruises in the Ross Sea have allowed us to constrain facies relationships and temporal changes in the West Antarctic Ice Sheet. The selection of core sites was facilitated by the use of multibeam bottom imagery and a good quality (CHIRP) subbottom reflection system. A complex but consistent succession of facies documents a number of environments from subglacial to open marine. Massive, mud-rich diamictons have low water contents, contain (in places) a calcareous microfossil assemblage, show minimal textural variation, and contain low and uniform total organic carbon values. This reflects a subglacial setting. This unit passes upward into a stratified, thin, granulated facies consisting of pelletized, sandy, muddy gravel that is loosely compacted and contains a variable water content and concentrated horizons of pebble-sized clasts. This facies reflects the lift-off zone or thin water film between the basal debris and sea floor. Overlying this unit are silty clays that contain a well-sorted, very fine-grained sand component. There are no coarse grains within this unit. This facies is, in part, laminated and reflects deposition beneath an ice shelf, near and away from the grounding-line zone. The ice-shelf facies passes upward into a siliceous mud and ooze unit that represents deposition in an open-marine setting. A sandy, volcaniclastic-rich subfacies marks the transition from ice shelf to open-marine environments found at the calving line. The 86 AMS radiocarbon dates on organic matter provide an accurate chronology for 19 cores. Ice-shelf conditions were established in the outer Drygalski Trough by 11 ± 0.25 ka and perhaps earlier. This transition took place in the JOIDES Basin by 10–8 ka. The calving front of the Ross Ice Shelf passed over the Drygalski Trough at 74°S by 9.5 ± 0.25 ka. The timing of deglaciation in the Ross Sea calls into question current models for the contribution of Antarctic glacial ice to Holocene sea-level rise and suggests that recession was relatively gradual and more closely aligned with Northern Hemisphere deglaciation and its associated eustatic pulse.

Field of study: Geology
Identification of Hub Genes Associated With Hepatocellular Carcinoma Using Robust Rank Aggregation Combined With Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis

Bioinformatics provides a valuable tool to explore the molecular mechanisms underlying pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). To improve prognosis of patients, identification of robust biomarkers associated with the pathogenic pathways of HCC remains an urgent research priority.  We employed the Robust Rank Aggregation method to integrate nine qualified HCC datasets from the Gene Expression Omnibus. A robust set of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between tumor and normal tissue samples were screened. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis was applied to cluster DEGs and the key modules related to clinical traits identified. Based on network topology analysis, novel risk genes derived from key modules were mined and biological verification performed. The potential functions of these risk genes were further explored with the aid of miRNA–mRNA regulatory networks. Finally, the prognostic ability of these genes was assessed by constructing a clinical prediction model.  Two key modules showed significant association with clinical traits. In combination with protein–protein interaction analysis, 29 hub genes were identified. Among these genes, 19 from one module showed a pattern of upregulation in HCC and were associated with the tumor node metastasis stage, and 10 from the other module displayed the opposite trend. Survival analyses indicated that all these genes were significantly related to patient prognosis. Based on the miRNA-mRNA regulatory network, 29 genes strongly linked to tumor activity were identified. Notably, five of the novel risk genes, ABAT, DAO, PCK2, SLC27A2, and HAO1, have rarely been reported in previous studies. Gene set enrichment analysis for each gene revealed regulatory roles in proliferation and prognosis of HCC. Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression analysis further validated DAO, PCK2, and HAO1 as prognostic factors in an external HCC dataset.  Analysis of multiple datasets combined with global network information presents a successful approach to uncover the complex biological mechanisms of HCC. More importantly, this novel integrated strategy facilitates identification of risk hub genes as candidate biomarkers for HCC, which could effectively guide clinical treatments.

Field of study: Biology
Asymptotic Efficiency in Polynomial Estimation

1.  Asymptotic formulas are obtained for the generalized variance of the least squares estimates in polynomial regression under the assumption that the basic random variables are those of a stationary stochastic process, or a slight generalization of such a process. These formulas are used to study the information obtained by increasing the number of observational points in an interval and by increasing the length of the interval. 2.  In an earlier paper , some limited -results were obtained on the increased efficiency of estimation in polynomial regression due. to increasing the number of observational points, under the assumption that the basic random variables are correlated. These results were for two special stochastic processes only. In this paper, somewh-at more general stochastic processes are studied and corresponding asymptotic formulas are obtained. The same notation will be used here as in . Thus, yi , Y2, * , y. will denote random variables associated with the fixed values xl, x2, ***, x., and the regression polynomial will be denoted by

Field of study: Mathematics
Time-Varying Gaussian Process Bandit Optimization

We consider the sequential Bayesian optimization problem with bandit feedback, adopting a formulation that allows for the reward function to vary with time. We model the reward function using a Gaussian process whose evolution obeys a simple Markov model. We introduce two natural extensions of the classical Gaussian process upper confidence bound (GP-UCB) algorithm. The first, R-GP-UCB, resets GP-UCB at regular intervals. The second, TV-GP-UCB, instead forgets about old data in a smooth fashion. Our main contribution comprises of novel regret bounds for these algorithms, providing an explicit characterization of the trade-off between the time horizon and the rate at which the function varies. We illustrate the performance of the algorithms on both synthetic and real data, and we find the gradual forgetting of TV-GP-UCB to perform favorably compared to the sharp resetting of R-GP-UCB. Moreover, both algorithms significantly outperform classical GP-UCB, since it treats stale and fresh data equally.

Field of study: Computer science
Waste Paper Pulp Derived Reduced Graphene Oxide for Antimicrobial Cement Composites

Reduced graphene oxide (RGO) multilayer sheets were synthesized using waste paper pulp as carbon source. Formation of RGO was confirmed by Raman spectroscopy. RGO was mixed with cement at different concentrations (0.001, 0.01, 0.05 and 0.1% w/w) to obtain graphene cement composites (GCC). RGO is supposed to impart hydrophobicity to cement; hence, the capillary test was conducted. Hydrophobic property of GCC was found to be dependent on time, concentration and temperature. Antimicrobial property of GCC was checked which included antibacterial and antifungal studies. GCC showed better antibacterial performance (90%) against gram positive bacteria (Bacillus subtilis) than the gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, 85%). Gram negative bacteria possess structurally more complex cell membranes than gram positive bacteria; hence, it was more resistant to GCC. Our finding supports the concept of involvement of membrane bound macromolecules in antibacterial performance of RGO. GCC was also found to be effective (88% inhibition) against fungal strain (Aspergillus niger).

Field of study: Materials science
The entropy expression of a Fermi liquid in shielded potential approximation. Application to3He

Using the functional representation of the thermodynamical potential, a simple expression for the entropy of a normal Fermi liquid in shielded potential approximation is derived. The result is valid for arbitrary temperatures above a possible phase transition and contains both Fermi (single-particle) and Bose (collective) contributions. It thus represents an improvement over the quasi-particle approximation. — Applying this result to the fluctuation model of liquid3He, we find a Bose contribution of the orderT3 logT/Θ from spin fluctuations as well as the usual quasi-particle term.

Field of study: Physics
Über den Ramaneffekt des Wassers

ZusammenfassungDie bei Durchstrahlung von Wasser mit Hg-Bogenlicht im Sichtbaren auftretenden drei Ramandoppelbanden gehören bei gleichem Frequenzabstand drei verschiedenen primären Hg-Linien zu. Dementsprechend erleidet die relative Intensitätsverteilung zwischen diesen drei Banden weder durch Temperaturerhöhung noch durch Lösung von Salzen im Wasser eine Veränderung.

Field of study: Physics
A systematic study of double auction mechanisms in cloud computing

A detailed study of the double auction mechanisms in cloud is provided.A framework for double auction in cloud is proposed for a future cloud market.A model TMDA is proposed to infer how a truthful double auction can be designed.TMDA is asymptotically efficient, individual rational, truthful and budget-balanced.Various challenges and future scope in double auction in cloud are also presented. The cloud system is designed, implemented and conceptualized as a marketplace where resources are traded. This demands efficient allocation of resources to benefit both the cloud users and the cloud service providers. Accordingly, market based resource allocation models for cloud computing have been proposed. These models apply economy based approaches e.g. auction, negotiation etc. This work makes a detailed study of the double auction mechanisms and their applicability for the cloud markets. A framework for a future cloud market using double auction is also proposed. As most of the existing works in double auction confines only resource allocation, therefore, a Truthful Multi-Unit Double Auction mechanism (TMDA) is proposed that would help researchers to understand how a truthful double auction mechanism can be designed. TMDA is proven to be asymptotically efficient, individual rational, truthful and budget-balanced. TMDA would also encourage researchers to contribute in this emerging area. The performance of TMDA, which addresses the interests of both the cloud user and the provider, has been validated through simulation study. Various challenges in the realization of double auction mechanisms in cloud computing along-with the future possibilities are also presented.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Adsorption and characterization of MCPA on DDTMA- and raw-montmorillonite: Surface sites involved

The 4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy acid (MCPA) is an herbicide widely used in agriculture, which generates a great concern about contamination of surface water and serious consequences for human health and the environment. In this work, the adsorption of MCPA on an Argentine montmorillonite (MMT) and its organo-montmorillonite product (OMMT) with different dodecyl trimethyl ammonium loading was investigated. MCPA adsorption on OMMT increases at least 3 times, with respect to the amount determined for MMT. X-ray diffraction and zeta potential analyses indicated the inner (interlayer) and outer surface participate as adsorption sites. Changes in surface electric charge and also interlayer expansion suggest that dimethyl amine (MCPA counterion) was also surface-adsorbed. The larger aggregates of OMMT, without and with MCPA, obtained compared to those of MMT samples, generate an improvement in the coagulation efficiency. This property, particularly after MCPA retention, allows an easier separation of the solids from the solution and enables a simple technological process application.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
WE‐D‐303‐01: Development and Application of Digital Human Phantoms

Modern medical physics deals with complex problems such as 4D radiation therapy and imaging quality optimization. Such problems involve a large number of radiological parameters, and anatomical and physiological breathing patterns. A major challenge is how to develop, test, evaluate and compare various new imaging and treatment techniques, which often involves testing over a large range of radiological parameters as well as varying patient anatomies and motions. It would be extremely challenging, if not impossible, both ethically and practically, to test every combination of parameters and every task on every type of patient under clinical conditions. Computer-based simulation using computational phantoms offers a practical technique with which to evaluate, optimize, and compare imaging
technologies and methods. Within simulation, the computerized phantom provides a virtual model of the patient’s anatomy and physiology.
Imaging data can be generated from it as if it was a live patient using accurate models of the physics of the imaging and treatment process. With sophisticated simulation algorithms, it is possible to perform virtual experiments entirely on the computer. By serving as virtual patients, computational phantoms hold great promise in solving some of the most complex problems in modern medical physics. In this proposed symposium, we will present the history and recent developments of computational phantom models, share experiences in their application to advanced imaging and radiation applications, and discuss their promises and limitations.

1. 
Understand the need and requirements of computational phantoms in medical physics research
2. 
Discuss the developments and applications of computational phantoms
3. 
Know the promises and limitations of computational phantoms in solving complex problems

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Analysis of the Reasons of Teaching Controversial Issues on Public Policy to the Senior High School Students.

The aims of this research are to get a description about the condition of civics teaching and learning process in senior high schools, and to describe the reasons of integrating the teaching of controversial issues on public policy into civics instructional materials. This descriptive research uses questionnaire to collect the data, and the subjects of the research are thirty students and eight teachers from three different schools with different categories. The data then analyzed using descriptive quantitative technique with percentage scoring. It can be found that the teachers and the students admitted that it is important to integrate the materials about controversial issues on public policy into the civics lesson. In spite of contextualism reasons, it is also hoped that this integration will elevate the students’ ability. Through the use of these materials, teachers can develop their knowledge about public policy, basic knowledge about its orientation, perception, emotion, communication, attitude and belief, and the skills to analyze the issues of public policy.

Field of study: Education
The cost of saving a life through cervical cytology screening: implications for health policy.

Through a review of the published literature on routine cervical cytology screening, this paper seeks to establish a likely range for the cost of saving a life through this screening programme as presently organised in England and Wales. The current performance of the programme may be expressed in several ways: a cost of 270,000 pounds to 285,000 pounds per life saved, 40,000 smears and 200 excision biopsies per death averted, or 1000 to 1500 avoidable deaths annually in England and Wales alone. The policy problems are thus of two kinds. First, there is a substantial misallocation of the limited resources available to an insurance based system of health care. Further, the money which is spent on this service does not avoid the mortality and morbidity which could reasonably be expected if the system were performing adequately. It is suggested that substantial improvements in the performance of the programme may well be possible if managers are appointed. Nevertheless a deeper policy issue is raised: to be delivered efficiently, any service based on population rather than individual considerations will require some acceptance by the medical profession of a limit to their traditional view of clinical freedom. The unresolved clash between population and individual considerations which poses such a fundamental challenge for policy making in insurance based health services is particularly well illustrated by the dilemma of publicly funded cervical cytology screening.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Experimental Investigation on Twin Screw Refrigeration Compressor with Different Capacity Control Methods

Slide valve and variable-speed control are commonly used in twin screw refrigeration compressors independently to regulate the refrigerating capacity of the compressor. In this paper, the pressure fluctuation characteristics, noise characteristics, and thermodynamic performance of a twin screw refrigeration compressor with slide valve and variable-speed control at the same volume flow rate are tested and compared. The relationship among pressure fluctuation, noise characteristics, and thermodynamic performance is investigated, when the evaporating temperature and the condensing temperature are set to 6 °C and 36 °C, respectively. Results show that the compressor with variable-speed control has better comprehensive characteristics than that with slide valve. The noise of the compressor with variable-speed control is lower than that of the compressor with the slide valve and the reduction of noise reaches 10.52 dB(A) at the volume flow rate of 381.07 m3•h−1. The thermodynamic performance under part-load conditions of the compressor with variable-speed control is better than that of the compressor with slide valve. The improvement of COP and total efficiency reaches 33.57% and 38.16% at the volume flow rate of 381.07 m3•h−1.

Field of study: Engineering
Body size evolution in palaeognath birds is consistent with Neogene cooling-linked gigantism

Palaeognathae is an extant clade of birds with body masses ranging over several orders of magnitude of kilograms, including the largest-yet described terrestrial avian species. Most studies have suggested flight loss and increasing body size began early in its evolutionary history, prior to the divergence of the major extant lineages. However, recent phylogenetic work suggests body size increases occurred more recently and independently within many extant lineages. Here, we use linear regression equations to estimate the masses of extinct taxa from both the crown and stem of Palaeognathae to test these hypotheses. We allocate fragmentary specimens to discrete body mass categories to accommodate additional species for which more precise body mass estimation is not possible. The first fossil evidence for an increase in maximum palaeognath body size, from approximately that of a rhea (20 kg) or smaller to ostrich size (100 kg), is Miocene in age (approximately 20 Ma). The heaviest taxa, those exceeding 120 kg, all occur within the last 9 million years. Molecular divergence dating estimates for the crown ages of palaeognath subclades pre-date the oldest preserved material, often significantly; however, plotting the lightest member of each clade at the estimated crown ages does not change the observed pattern. These results may be affected by the predictive model used to estimate the mass of extinct taxa, but the observed trends in body mass do not change when four models from different studies are used. Both island-dwelling and continental clades show broad temporal congruence in the timing of their estimated gain of large body sizes, meaning geographical restriction on islands does not alone explain the observed trend. We suggest large and giant Palaeognathae body sizes may be more closely linked to global cooling which creates selective pressures on body size for thermoregulation, as well as causing landscape changes which alters dietary and locomotory requirements. Global cooling has received extensive attention as a driver of mammalian body size extremes but has been relatively little discussed with respect to birds.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography