nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Contrast in Variable Flip Angle Fast MR Imaging

Signal intensity in magnetic resonance imaging is described by the solution to the Bloch Equations. Image behavior has been calculated for the variable angle gradient refocusing and conventional spin echo techniques. It was found that by proper manipulation of the excitation angle (and echo time in spin echo sequences) that the imaging time can be reduced up to twenty-fold for the gradient refocusing technique and four-fold for conventional spin echo imaging. The contrast obtained is comparable to that acquired in conventional MRI. Imaging experiments performed on phantoms and human heads are in good agreement with theoretical results.

Field of study: Physics
Study of the effect of freezing rate on banana's polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase activities and its thermodynamics calculation of liquid nitrogen

Taking liquid nitrogen quick-freezing and slow-freezing methods respectively, the effect of freezing rate on banana's polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and peroxidase (POD) activities has been explored in this paper. Meanwhile, simple heat-capacity economical analysis and calculation of liquid nitrogen are conducted. Results are as follows: freezing rate has significant effect on enzyme activities, compared to the fresh sample, the activity of PPO of banana which frozen at -80 ℃, -25 ℃ and liquid nitrogen dropped to 86.84%, 78.86% and 93.42% respectively; and the activity of POD rose to 109.8% and the other two dropped to 69.24% and 90.36%. Taking the enzyme activities'change and the calculation results into account, it is uneconomical to freeze the low affixation fruits and vegetables such as bananas completely with liquid nitrogen, and combined refrigeration methods should be taken into account.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Liver Biomarkers in Diabetes mellitus, Prediabetes and Periodontal Disease: Evidence of Triangular Correlation

It is known that patients with fatty liver disease and periodontal disease (PD) are at risk for developing diabetes mellitus (DM) and vice versa. However, evidence of any triangular correlation as well as epidemiological data from rural communities of low-mid income countries. This study evaluated the correlation and differences in average levels of blood sugar, liver biomarkers and PD indices among patients attending orodental clinic Volunteer hospital clients were classified into prediabetes, prediabetes-PD, diabetic-PD and control. Blood glucose levels (BGL), lipid profile and orodental examinations were investigated. Analysis included correlation of BGL with clinical attachment loss (CAL) and gingival recession (GR); as well as liver biomarkers. Gender differences in all assessed parameters were also determined. Results showed that BGL in groups strongly correlates with levels of CAL (r = 0.74), GR depths (r = 0.72), serum protein (r = 0.88) and total bilirubin(r = 0.71). The PD indices also showed moderate to strong correlations with liver enzymes (r = 0.44), total bilirubin(r = 0.82) andserum protein(r = 0.60). Lipid profile was neither correlated nor significant, except total cholesterol being significantly higher in men (p < 0.01). , there is considerable correlation between the triad of BGL, liver biomarkers and PD indices. This observation extends the knowledge of diabetesperiodontal two-way relationship to include liver functions. The non-significant higher dyslipidaemia in DMperiodontal co-morbidity relative to periodontal-prediabetes may indicate a pathophysiology different from nonperiodontal-prediabetes, but affirms implication of liver and oral health in diabetes pathogenesis.

Field of study: Medicine
Large-Eddy Simulation of the Flow Around a Bluff Body

Large-eddy simulations are made of the flow around a surface-mounted cube, showing that it is possible to obtain accurate results in a coarse grid simulation. The inadequate resolution is compensated for by the use of a dynamic one-equation subgrid-scale model. Two one-equation subgrid models are used here to model the subgrid-scale stress tensor. A series of time-averaged velocities and turbulent stresses are computed and compared with the experiments. Global quantities such as drag and lift coefficients and vortex shedding frequency are presented. The transfer of the turbulent energy was studied and the reverse transfer of energy (backscatter) was predicted. Coherent structures and other flow features were also examined

Field of study: Physics
An Indicator of Monthly GDP and an Early Estimate of Quarterly GDP Growth

A range of monthly series are currently available giving indications of short-term movements in output in the United Kingdom. As the only available information, these indicators are routinely exploited in various ways although they only provide an incomplete picture of gross domestic product (GDP). The main aim of this paper is to suggest a formal and coherent procedure for grossing these monthly data up to represent the whole of GDP. Although the resultant estimates of GDP would be worse than those obtained by direct measurement, they should be more satisfactory than simply making an informal inference from whatever monthly data are available. Our examination of the efficacy of the method for estimation of the state of economic activity indicates a rather satisfactory outcome.

Field of study: Economics
Learning from others to cope with biting flies: social learning of fear-induced conditioned analgesia and active avoidance.

Although fear conditioning has received extensive attention, little is known about the roles of social learning whereby an individual may learn and acquire the fear responses of another. The authors examined individually and socially mediated acquisition of fear and analgesia to the natural aversive stimulus of biting flies. Exposure to biting flies elicited in individual naive mice analgesia and active self-burying to avoid the flies. When exposed 24 hr later to flies whose biting parts were removed, but not to nonbiting house flies, these mice displayed conditioned analgesia and self-burying. This "one-trial" conditioned analgesia and avoidance was also acquired through social learning without direct individual experience with biting flies. Naive "observer" mice that witnessed other "demonstrator" mice being attacked by biting flies exhibited analgesia and self-burying 24 hr later to altered flies.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Spatial Pattern of Infected Plants and Sampling Methods of Asparagus (Asparagus officinalis) Stem Blight

The spatial pattern and sampling methods of asparagus (Asparagus officinalis) stem blight were studied in this paper.The results showed that the infected plants by the stem blight distributed at random in the newly-planted fields, but aggregated mainly in the fields where the asparagus had been planted for more than 3 years. Through the analysis of the index of spatial pattern, the infected plants attracted each other. The individual group was the basic composition of the spatial distribution. The research results also revealed that there was no correlation between the aggregation and the rate of infected plants, The reason for that type of distribution could be relative with the infection and spread of the blight disease. Different sampling methods were observed in the fields, and sample of tessellated type was the best, secondly the sample of diagonal type.The theoretic sampling number was given at different rates of infected plants.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
THE BEHAVIOR OF THE VISCOSES PREPARED FROM DIFFERENT CELLULOSIC MATERIALS DURING THE RIPENING PROCESS

The chemical changes, the colloidal changes and the distribution of xanthate groups of the viscoses prepared from three different cellulosic materials, namely, Finnish sulfite wood pulp, prehydrolyzed sulfate bagasse pulp and prehydrolyzed soda cotton linters pulp, during the ripening process were investigated. The results indicate that different sources of cellulosic materials almost have no influence upon the rate of change of the y value (degree of xanthation) or the electrolyte value (coagulation property). The ralations between the γ value or the electrolyte value (E)and the time both fit the equation of the second-order reaction. At 20℃ the velocity constants for the three viscoses are nearly the same, i. e. Kr = 1.87×10-4 (hr)-1 and KE = 7.95×10~5 (hr)-1. 
The relation between the electrolyte value and the γ value of the three viscoses shows that at the same electrolyte value the viscose from the wood pulp has the highest γ value, that from the bagasse pulp the second and that from the cotton linters pulp the lowest. This relation is in connection with the distribution of xanthate groups of the viscoses. 
The determination of the distribution of xanthate groups according to the method of Scherer and Phillips shows that the viscose from the wood pulp has the most uniform distribution of xanthate groups, that from the bagasse pulp less uniform and that from the cotton linters pulp the least uniform. The fractionation of the diethylchloroacetamide derivative of cellulose xanthate using chlorohydrin-water system depends not only on the γ value, but also probably on the degree of polymerization.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Managing Nordic boreal forest landscapes for biodiversity: ecological and economic perspectives

More conservation-oriented forest management practices have been implemented recently in the Nordic countries. The goal of this ecological forest landscape management is to reconcile the commercial harvesting of boreal forests with biodiversity conservation. Management aims at maintaining viable populations of the full array of naturally occurring species in an area while still keeping the timber flow as maximal as possible. Basic ecological tools of managing landscape for biodiversity are (1) to mimic natural disturbance regimes, (2) to set aside areas in permanent or temporary nature reserves, and (3) to enhance dispersal of organisms by creating habitat corridors and stepping stones. The ecological basis of this management system is not well founded, and much more empirical and theoretical research is needed to justify and further develop forest landscape management. It has also proved difficult to assess the economic consequences of more conservation-oriented forest management because the market economy largely fails to give value to forest products other than fibre. Considerable methodological development in the valuation of non-timber goods has occurred in recent years, but there is still much controversy over the justification of the valuation procedure in principle. It seems that both economic and moral approaches to the issue of valuation are inseparable from the choices and decisions we have to make about ecological systems. Perhaps the most fruitful outcome can be achieved by using moral and economic arguments in parallel.

Field of study: Environmental science
Research of Log-based Change Data Capture

CDC(Change data capture) is a strategic component in the data integration infrastructure and compliments other technologies such ETL(Extract-Transform-Load) and EAI(Enterprise Application Integration).Many companies have home-grown CDC solutions that are typically limited in scope and are costly and difficult to maintain.By scanning the transactions log files one can capture the changes,but most database systems do not provide internal format of their log files.However few databases like Oracle,SQL Server and DB2 provide a programmed library to interface with their transaction log files.Some of these API(Application Program Interface) can read active redo logs,some read redo logs,and some read archive logs.In some cases it is difficult to ensure the reliability of reading log files.Existing researches are how to read log records by using API but ignore the analysis of reliability.We considered the reliability conditions of reading different log files and propose the algorithm of reading log records.And the algorithm is proposed to efficiently extract change data.The experiment shows the analysis model.

Field of study: Computer science
The Quest for Epic: From Ariosto to Tasso (review)

corpus contains “a coherent conception of the intellect and its operation” (237) that begins in the Commento, continues in the Oratio and Conclusiones, and terminates in the Heptaplus. That is, Pico’s corpus — despite being composed of works of diverse genres and aims — contains “a coherent theme of the progression to felicitas, in which intellectual ascent played a partial but vital role” (204). The final chapter of the volume is a detailed analysis of Pico’s treatment of the opening of the Hebrew scriptures — bereshit — or, in the Latin Vulgate — in principio — in the context of antecedent Jewish sources. The book concludes with a précis and a bibliography. As noted above, the present reviewer considers the book to be a success. Although the volume correctly bills itself as “the first full-length study of the Heptaplus,” the present reviewer would have liked to see an engagement with Vico Allegretti, Esegesi medievale e umanesimo: L’Heptaplus di Giovanni Pico della Mirandola (1997). Further, while the author of the study succeeds in situating the Heptaplus thematically within the context of all of Pico’s earlier major works by focusing on the concept of unity with God or felicitas, little attention is given to Pico’s last and longest work, the posthumously-published Disputationes. The present reviewer sees no reason why the author could not have added this work to the account, thereby completing a task others have long sought to give, namely, a unified view of Pico’s literary corpus. M. V. DOUGHERTY Ohio Dominican University

Field of study: History
Potentiometric sensor for sulfur oxides using nasicon as a solid electrolyte

The ac conductivity of NASICON is higher by two orders of magnitude than that of Na2SO4 at 1000 K. The dc polarization measurement reveals that NASICON shows sodium ion conduction even at the temperature of about 1200 K, and that the electronic transference number is of the order of 10−5. The SO2-O2-SO3 concentration cell using NASICON electrolyte gives essentially the same electromotive force as in the cell using Na2SO4 electrolyte because a thin layer of Na2SO4 if formed on NASICON at the electrodes. The high sinterability of NASICON offers a dense electrolyte without permeation of gases. The SOx sensor using NASICON electrolyte exhibits good response and excellent selectivity against CO2 and NO2.

Field of study: Materials science
Magnetoresistance in nanostructures: the role of nonuniform current

We developed a method to calculate the magnetoresistance of magnetic nanostructures. We discretize a magnetic disk in small cells and numerically solve the Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert (LLG) equation in order to obtain its magnetization profile. We consider a anisotropic magnetoresistance (AMR) that depends on the local magnetization as the main source of the magnetoresistance. We then use it as an input to calculate the resistance and current distribution numerically, using a relaxation method. We show how magnetoresistance measurements can be useful to obtain information on the magnetic structure. Additionally, we obtain non-homogeneous current distributions for different magnetic configurations in static and dynamical regimes.

Field of study: Physics
A note on a work inequality in linear viscoelasticity

In recent years various writers have studied the development and application of work or quasi-thermodynamic inequalities for common idealizations of material behavior. For time-dependent materials, a postulate of material stability was introduced by Drucker  as an extension of similar work for time-independent materials . This postulate defines a class of materials for which the solutions to standard boundary value problems are unique. In linear viscoelasticity, Breuer and Onat  have used similar ideas to determine the restrictions which must be placed on the relaxation function in order to guarantee uniqueness in the same sense. Breuer and Onat assumed that the work required to deform a linear viscoelastic material from the virgin state is non-negative. This statement, together with the linearity, can be used for a uniqueness proof. In this note we consider an isotropic linear viscoelastic solid whose mechanical behavior can be represented by a generalization of a model composed of an infinite number of interconnected springs and dashpots. We assume that in the time interval (—0°, 0) the solid is in the unstressed and unstrained virgin state. We consider the specific work required to deform the solid, and we wish to show that the specific work can be bounded from below by a non-negative expression which depends only on the strain at time t and time t, and not on the history. Let d and e denote the components of the stress and infinitesimal strain tensors. Let s and e denote the stress and strain deviators and let p, v denote hydrostatic tension and isotropic volume strain. If ,/,(t) and J2{t) are the creep functions of the material in pure shear and dilatation respectively, the constitutive equations may be written as

Field of study: Mathematics
The decarbonisation of Europe powered by lifestyle changes

Decision makers increasingly recognise the importance of lifestyle changes in reaching low emission targets. How the mitigation potential of changes in mobility, dietary, housing or consumption behaviour compare to those of ambitious technological changes in terms of decarbonisation remains a key question. To evaluate the interplay of behaviour and technological changes, we make use of the European Calculator model and show that changes in behaviour may contribute more than 20% of the overall greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reductions required for net-zero by 2050. Behaviour and technology-oriented scenarios are tested individually and in combination for the EU plus the UK and Switzerland. The impacts of behavioural change vary across sectors, with significant GHG emission reduction potential and broader benefits. Changes in travel behaviour limit the rising demand for electricity, natural resources and infrastructure costs from the electrification of passenger transport. Adopting a healthy diet reduces emissions substantially compared to intensifying agricultural practices, while at the same time making cropland available for conservation or bioenergy crops. The trade-offs between energy and food may be substantially alleviated when deploying technological and behavioural changes simultaneously. The results suggest that without behavioural change, the dependency of Europe on carbon removal technologies for its net-zero ambitions increases. Structural changes will be necessary to achieve full decarbonisation by 2050, yet changes in lifestyles are crucial, contributing to achieving climate targets sooner.

Field of study: Environmental science
On the Minimax Optimality of the EM Algorithm for Learning Two-Component Mixed Linear Regression

We study the convergence rates of the EM algorithm for learning two-component mixed linear regression under all regimes of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). We resolve a long-standing question that many recent results have attempted to tackle: we completely characterize the convergence behavior of EM, and show that the EM algorithm achieves minimax optimal sample complexity under all SNR regimes. In particular, when the SNR is sufficiently large, the EM updates converge to the true parameter $\theta^{*}$ at the standard parametric convergence rate $\mathcal{O}((d/n)^{1/2})$ after $\mathcal{O}(\log(n/d))$ iterations. In the regime where the SNR is above $\mathcal{O}((d/n)^{1/4})$ and below some constant, the EM iterates converge to a $\mathcal{O}({\rm SNR}^{-1} (d/n)^{1/2})$ neighborhood of the true parameter, when the number of iterations is of the order $\mathcal{O}({\rm SNR}^{-2} \log(n/d))$. In the low SNR regime where the SNR is below $\mathcal{O}((d/n)^{1/4})$, we show that EM converges to a $\mathcal{O}((d/n)^{1/4})$ neighborhood of the true parameters, after $\mathcal{O}((n/d)^{1/2})$ iterations. Notably, these results are achieved under mild conditions of either random initialization or an efficiently computable local initialization. By providing tight convergence guarantees of the EM algorithm in middle-to-low SNR regimes, we fill the remaining gap in the literature, and significantly, reveal that in low SNR, EM changes rate, matching the $n^{-1/4}$ rate of the MLE, a behavior that previous work had been unable to show.

Field of study: Computer science
APTIDÃO AERÓBIA E SUA RELAÇÃO COM OS PROCESSOS DE CRESCIMENTO E MATURAÇÃO

The aimf of this paper is to provide information concerning aerobic fitness and then relate the behavior of aerobic strength with growth and maturation processes, since the aerobic metabolism during the practice of physical exercises has been the target of research along the last decades, both under the perspective of health promotion and the improvement of the athletic performance. In that sense, information about aerobic fitness has provided the evaluation of the cardiorespiratory system functioning, the training efficacy control, the determining of the effort relative load, besides determining the individual’s energy expenditure in different age groups, both male and female, and with differential levels of physical fitness. The main indexes used in this purpose have been the maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) or the peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak). However, several factors may influence such indexes, being either determinant or retraint of the motor performance, mostly in predominantly aerobic activities. Among such factors the emphasis is on growth and maturation processes, which can explain many of the differences found in the behavior of different individuals submitted to similar physical efforts, providing thus a more consistent analysis of the differences in the motor performance, particularly of young male and female.

Field of study: Education
New opportunities in trace elements structural characterization: high-energy X-ray absorption near-edge structure spectroscopy.

Garnets in lower crustal mafic and ultramafic rocks usually contain rare-earth elements (REE) in trace concentrations. Direct characterization of REE at trace levels in natural garnets is not available in the literature because of the difficulty of obtaining structural information by means of conventional diffraction methods. Here, the characterization of Nd at trace levels (176-1029 p.p.m.) in a set of natural garnets performed by means of Nd K-edge X-ray absorption near-edge structure spectroscopy is presented, showing the capability of high-energy XANES for REE in trace structural determinations.

Field of study: Physics