nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Fractional calculus and generalized Rodrigues formula

The topic of fractional calculus (derivatives and integrals of arbitrary orders) is enjoying growing interest not only among mathematicians, but also among physicists and engineers. The two generalizations of the Rodrigues formula of the Laguerre polynomials L"@a^@b(x)=(x^-^@b/n!)e^xD^@ae^-^xx^n^+^@b, and L"@a^@b(x)=((x^-^@be^x)/@C([email protected]))D^@ae^-^xx^@a^+^@b, are defined in  Hot-line 1 (10) (1997) 7;  (1999) 51] and some of their properties are proved. Here we define the new special function L"@a^@b(@c,a;x) based on a generalization of the Rodrigues formula, then we study some of its properties, some recurrence relations and prove that the set of functions {L"@a^@b(@c,a;x),@[email protected]?R} is continuous as a function of @[email protected]?R. The continuation as @a,@c->n and a=1 to the Rodrigues formula of the Laguerre polynomials L"n^@b(x) are proved. Also the confluent hypergeometric representation will be given.

Field of study: Mathematics
The Role of Teacher Education in Improving Quality Education for a Functional Society

The role of teachers’ education in improving quality education for a functional society is a paper-based upon the need to reiterate the essence of teacher education in Nigeria. The study adopted the use of two research questions, tested using mean, and two hypotheses also tested using Pearson Correlation and t-test statistics. A questionnaire designed with an internal consistency of 0.89 coefficient using Crombach Alpha was administered to lecturers and students from three (3) Colleges of Education (Namely, College of Education Warri, College of Education, Agbor, and College of Physical Education, Mosogar) all in Delta State, and a sample size of 174 was derived based on the number of questionnaires retrieved. The finding of the study revealed that Teacher education contributes to quality education in the Nigerian Society when educationist is acknowledging as a source of reference as custodians of knowledge and as a consultant to consultants. It further demonstrated that there is a statistically significant correlation between teacher education in enhancing quality education and a functional Nigerian Society. It was established that teacher education is the channel for achieving not only educational goals (quality education) but also industrialization, which implies a successful and functional society. The researcher recommends that a feedback mechanism be put in place by the government, policymakers and educational stakeholders to actualize implementation of educational policies on teacher education.

Field of study: Education, Sociology
Orthogonal invariants of skew-symmetric matrices

The algebra of invariants of d-tuples of n × n skew-symmetric matrices under the action of the orthogonal group by simultaneous conjugation is considered over an infinite field of characteristic different from two. For n = 3 and d > 0 a minimal set of generators is established. A homogeneous system of parameters (i.e. an algebraically independent set such that the algebra of invariants is a finitely generated free module over subalgebra generated by this set) is described for n = 3 and d > 0, for n = 4 and d = 2, 3, for n = 5 and d = 2.

Field of study: Mathematics
Discerning Cultural Identification From a Thinly Sliced Behavioral Sample

This research examined whether individual differences in cultural identification can be discerned at zero acquaintance. This issue was examined in Hong Kong, where the idiosyncrasy of cultural identification is a salient social-psychological issue. The participants were able to perceive accurately the targets’ identification with Western culture from a video clip and from a still image. Findings also indicated that a stereotype of Western cultural identity (i.e., extraversion and particular hairstyle) facilitated these perceptions. Specifically, (a) the participants with a stronger stereotype were more accurate in perceiving Western cultural identification, (b) the targets who were experimentally manipulated to appear extraverted were rated as more strongly identifying with Western culture, and (c) the participants relatively unfamiliar with these stereotypes did not correctly perceive Western cultural identification. Implications of these findings on research on multiculturalism are also discussed.

Field of study: Psychology
An immunoenzymatic procedure for human apo B-containing particles quantification using monoclonal antibodies.

The present report describes a new monoclonal antibody-based enzyme immunoassay (ELISA) for the quantification of apolipoprotein (apo) B-containing particles in plasma. Native low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and a reference serum were utilized to prepare the standard curve. Three different antibodies to apo B-100--4A6E3, 6A10B10, and 2D9--all produced in our laboratory, were examined. The apparent affinity constants of the monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) 4A6E3, 6A10B10, and 2D9 were 2.9 x 10(9), 1.74 x 10(9), and 0.63 x 10(8), respectively. The standard curve was generated for an apo B-LDL range of 0.1 to 4.0 microg/ml. Evaluating the concentration of apo B-containing particles in plasma may allow for a more accurate assessment of the risk of coronary artery disease.

Field of study: Biology
Understanding labour dynamics in India

India has a labour force of 460 million, and 93% of this is in informal employment. Formal sector workers have permanent employment and they get social security. The informal sector does not provide any of these facilities to its workers. The Indian trade union movement has a history of more than 85 years, but it covers mainly workers in formal employment. They also have strong links with political parties, which tend to dominate their functioning. With splits in political parties (especially in the post-independence period beginning in 1947) or the emergence of new ones, trade unions become divided. At present there are eight national federations and several more that are not recognised. The other weakness of trade unions is that, with the exception of SLWA, they are based in the formal sector. SLWA is the only trade union for women in informal employment. These two features are hindering the development of the working class. At the same time we need to stress that trade unions alone can effectively provide protection and strength to the working class.

Field of study: Sociology
Reliability Evaluation and Redesign of LNA

A device degradation model reported in our previous work is used for circuit-level reliability evaluation. The sub-circuit model can successfully describe both the DC and AC device degradation characteristics under hot-carrier stress. An analysis on Low Noise Amplifier (LNA) vulnerable to hot carrier is discussed and evaluated. The circuit performance degradation predicted by this sub-circuit model shows fairly good agreement with measurement results.

Field of study: Engineering
Continuing education in management: a survey of practitioners' perceived needs, knowledge and interest.

A survey of 519 Georgia pharmacists' was conducted to determine pharmacists perceived need for knowledge, their perceived knowledge, and their interest in continuing education programs in a wide range of managerial areas. The 269 usable responses indicated that pharmacists felt they needed to know at least a moderate amount about all topics listed. They perceived a greater need to know about basic management than about marketing or finance. Respondents felt they knew less than they needed to about most topics. However, they were not overly interested in attending continuing education programs. As a group, they reported moderate interest in programs in management and less interest in programs in marketing and finance. Managers, directors and owners were more interested in continuing education programs in all areas than pharmacists in other positions.

Field of study: Education, Medicine
Ten years of the Three Gorges Dam: a call for policy overhaul

The Three Gorges Dam (TGD), the world’s largest source of ‘clean’ hydroelectric power (Shen and Xie 2004), has entered its tenth year after the first turbine went into operation in June 2003. The dam, with a generating capacity 20 times that of the United States’ Hoover Dam, has been hailed as a crucial part of a solution to China’s energy crisis. Despite great benefits, however, major concerns have been voiced over the disastrous environmental and social consequences of this massive engineering project (Stone 2011). In this paper, we review the benefits and impacts learned from the controversial megadam over the past decade and discuss perspective quests on policy overhaul for future environmental protection.

Field of study: Environmental science
Human Leucocyte Antigen B50 Is Associated with Conversion to Generalized Myasthenia Gravis in Patients with Pure Ocular Onset

The aim of this study was to investigate the associations between major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and II alleles and disease characteristics in Turkish patients with myasthenia gravis (MG).  The MHC class I and II alleles of 108 unrelated MG patients were genotyped. The human leucocyte antigen (HLA) distribution of all MG patients and subgroups of MG patients (grouped according to disease characteristics) was compared to that of 250 healthy controls.  Overall distributions of HLA-B*61 and C*05 were more frequent in MG patients (7.4 vs. 2.0% and 14.8 vs. 6.8%, respectively) than in non-MG patients. Subgroup analyses revealed that HLA-DRB1*14 and DQB1*02 alleles were more frequent in early-onset MG [n = 10 (20.8%) vs. n = 25 (10.0%) and n = 21 (43.8%) vs. n = 59 (23.6%)]. In patients seropositive for anti-AchR antibodies, the frequencies of HLA-B*50 and C*05 were higher. HLA-C*05, DRB1*01, and DRB1*11 were higher in patients with ocular MG. In addition, HLA-A*01, A*31, B*08, and DRB1*14 were higher among patients with thymic hyperplasia, whereas DQB1*03 was lower. However, all of these differences lost significance after correction of the p value for multiple comparisons. No allele association was found among patients with thymoma. Strikingly, patients with generalized MG who had pure ocular symptoms at disease onset had significantly increased HLA-B*50 compared to the controls (corrected p < 0.001, OR = 9.92; 95% CI 3.05-32.22).  The HLA-B*50 allele was associated with conversion to generalized disease in patients with pure ocular symptoms at disease onset. This finding could extend our understanding of the complex interactions between the pathogenesis of MG and genetic heritage.

Field of study: Medicine
Blog-based Nutrition Education for College Students

College students consume less fruits and vegetables than MyPlate recommendations in the diet. Young adults need to develop healthy behaviors early to avoid chronic disease incidences. This study aimed to assess the impact of a blog-based nutrition education on six food groups (whole grain, fruit, vegetable, protein, dairy, oil) and omega-3 (n-3) fatty acids (FA) consumption in college students. A total of 86 students who registered in Spring 2012 at a southern university in the United States were participated. A 6-week education was studied, which one group received MyPlate information plus n-3 FA information, whereas the other group received MyPlate information only. There were significant differences on fruit, vegetable, and protein group consumption between the two groups, but no difference on n-3 FA consumption. There was significant difference in self-efficacy to include n-3 FA at meals among the two groups. This education might improve some food group consumption, but not on n-3 FA consumption in college students.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Regression Analysis for Categorical Variables with Outcome Subject to Nonignorable Nonresponse

We develop a log-linear model for categorical response subject to nonignorable nonresponse. The paper differs from Fay (1986) in its focus on estimation and hypothesis testing in a regression setting, as opposed to imputation in a multivariate setting. We present several new results concerning the existence of solutions on the boundary of the parameter space and the construction of confidence intervals for estimates. We illustrate the method by estimating the proportion of voters preferring Truman in a 1948 preelection poll (Mosteller, Hyman, McCarthy, Marks, and Truman 1949). Results may depend strongly on the model assumed for nonresponse; goodness-of-fit tests are available for comparing alternative models.

Field of study: Mathematics
SU‐GG‐T‐271: Design and Study of a Novel Dosimeter Based On Carbon Fiber Material

To design the new generation of dosimeters that incorporate carbonfiber materials as sensing components for dosimetricmeasurements in radiotherapy. A carbon fiber dosimeter mainly consists of a carbon fiber sheet as sensing material and two PMMA slices as holders. The carbon fiber sheet was sandwiched between the two PMMA holders, each having a hole with 1.8 × 1.8 cm2 dimension. Copperelectrodes were made on one PMMA holder to make electrical contacts. The dosimeter was connected to a resistor array in serial. A Dose 1 digital electrometer was used to measure signals output from the dosimeter in real‐time. Both 6 and 15 MV photon beams generated from a Varian Clinac 21 EX medical linear accelerator were used to test the dosimeter.Radiationdosimetricmeasurements were carried out by varying the dose rates, total dose, and field sizes to characterize various properties of the dosimeter. This carbon fiber dosimeter responded to different ionizing radiation beams with a change in current amplitude. For both 6 and 15 MV photon beams, when dose rate was varied from 100 to 600 MU/min, the current changes measured by the dosimeter increased. The similar results were observed in diamond dosimeters. When the dosimeter was irradiated with total dose range from 100 to 600 MUs for 6 MV photon beams, excellent linear responses were displayed. The dosimetermeasured increase signals with field size increased from 0.5 × 0.5 cm2 to 1.8 × 1.8 cm2.  The carbon fiber dosimeter displayed excellent linear responses to total dose and was able to provide real‐time information on dose and dose rate at the same time. The dosimeter is expected to offer a higher spatial resolution by miniaturizing the physical size of the carbon‐based dosimeter design.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Self-Referencing

The tendency of subjects to employ a self-referencing strategy when processing messages was manipulated by varying message writing style. Recall of message content was higher in the high self-referencing than the low self-referencing condition. Self-referencing was also found to produce attitude and cognitive response effects similar to effects obtained in other research that employed involvement inductions. When self-referencing and argument strength were manipulated in a factorial design, it was found that arguments had a greater impact on attitude and cognitive responses under high self-referencing than under low self-referencing.

Field of study: Psychology
Dinoflagellate-based sea surface temperature reconstructions across the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary

Quantitative analysis of organic-walled dinoflagellate cyst (dinocyst) assemblages from closely spaced samples across the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary (KTB) at El Kef (NW Tunisia), Caravaca (SE Spain) and Stevns Klint (E Denmark) allows for reconstructions of sea surface temperature (SST) trends. The combined dinocyst-based SST curves indicate relatively stable warm conditions during the latest Maastrichtian in contrast to strongly fluctuating and on average cooler conditions during the earliest Danian. In detail, the results indicate cooling across the KTB, immediately followed by an interval of pronounced warming, the latter recorded in all studied sections. Two more cooling pulses may be recognized in the overlying interval followed by a gradual return to stable, relatively warm conditions. Our data furthermore show that these KTB-related climatic changes invoked distinct migration among organic-walled cyst-producing dinoflagellates, a group not pushed to extinction at the KTB, recordable in both hemispheres. Recent models predict periods varying between several months to 8–13 yr of global cooling (`impact winter') and reduced solar transmission as a direct result of the Chicxulub KTB impact, followed by relatively long-term, excess CO 2 -related global warming. Our results are in line with such models, but suggest that the impact-related cooling phase may have lasted longer, and that marked climatic instability continued to some 100,000 yrs following the KTB event(s).

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Influence of the undoped spacer layer thickness on the DC characteristics of n-type GaAs/AlAs MESFETs

We have investigated the influence of the thickness of an undoped spacer layer under the channel on the current-voltage characteristics of GaAs MESFETs. To that purpose we have grown the active layers of the MESFETs on top of a 50 nm AlAs layer to separate the device effectively from the undoped GaAs substrate. Substrate leakage currents are of the order of A at 30 V source-substrate bias. DC characteristics are measured for four MESFETs with identical layer structure and doping but different spacer layer thicknesses. Comparison shows that MESFETs with thin spacer layers can be useful for low-noise applications but lose in transconductance and mobility values.

Field of study: Materials science
Separation and enrichment of trace components in analytical chemistry

The analytical chemistry of trace quantities of chemical substances is one of the main branches of modern analytical chemistry and the large amount of activity in this field is reflected by numerous publications and lectures of which the authors are prominent specialists, such as Alimarinl, Babko2, Burriell-Marti3, Ehrlich and Rexer4, Speckers, West6 and many others. Three steps can be distinguished in any analytical process for the determination of the quantitative composition of a sample: sampling, chemical separation and the quantitative determination of the isolated components. Using the analogy with technologica] processes suggested by Zagorski7, these steps may be considered as analytical unit processes. The middle step can be omitted in cases where direct methods of determination are applied, i.e. when the determination directly follows the sampling. However, despite the continuous progress in direct methods, the majority of analytical approaches still involve the middle step. Taking into account the most useful analytical methods for trace determinations, e.g. emission spectroscopy, colorimetry, fluorimetry, polarography, neutron activation, mass spectrometry etc., only neutron activation combined with y-spectrometry, emission spectroscopy and mass spectrometry could be treated as direct methods in the case of some elements. Even these methods require prior chemical separation of the traces if applied to high purity materials. All other methods need this in any case. This chemical separation which consists of isolating, enriching and converting trace quantities into a form in which a suitable determination is feasible, is the subject of my lecture. Limiting the scope of the lecture to inorganic analysis, two types of trace analysis can be distinguished, depending on the sample: ( i) where the analysis aims at the determination of traces of the desired element present in the sample, and (ii) the case where on the basis ofthe analytical results the purity ofthe examined substance must be evaluated, and all or at least a significant number of impurities present in the sample must be determined. The first case is encountered while searching for the so-called rare elements which play a more and more important part in modern techniques. This group includes: scandium, the lanthanides, zirconium and hafnium, niobium and tantalum, rhenium, gallium, indium, germanium, selenium, tellurium and others. A similar approach is usually used in geochemistry, where the detection of traces of various elements in soils and plants is necessary for obtaining in-

Field of study: Chemistry
Time-course changes in content and fatty acid composition of phosphatidic acid from rat thymocytes during concanavalin A stimulation.

Several studies have shown the potential role of phosphatidic acid (PA) as a second messenger in different cell types. Thus, PA has been shown to mimic physiological agonists leading to various cellular responses, such as neurotransmitter and hormone release, cell proliferation by modulating DNA or RNA synthesis, the expression of several proto-oncogenes and growth factors, and the stimulation of enzyme activities such as phospholipase C (PLC), protein kinases and cyclic AMP (cAMP) phosphodiesterase. Stimulation of [3H]arachidonate-labelled rat thymocytes with the mitogen lectin concanavalin A (con A) resulted in enhanced production of radiolabelled PA after only 5 min of activation. The radiolabelled PA increase corresponded to a real increase in PA mass as determined by GLC quantification of its fatty acid content. In the presence of ethanol (0.5%), formation of phosphatidylethanol was not observed after 5 min of con A activation. Pretreatment of cells with R 59022 (10 microM), a diacylglycerol (DAG) kinase inhibitor, showed an inhibition in the formation of radiolabelled PA and in PA mass. These results suggest that the PLC-DAG kinase may be the pathway for PA synthesis in the first minutes of mitogenic thymocyte activation. A detailed analysis of the fatty acid composition showed that the relative amount of unsaturated fatty acids was increased in PA from stimulated cells concomitantly with a decrease in saturated ones; in particular, arachidonic acid was increased approximately 2-fold only 2 min after con A addition whereas palmitic acid was decreased for the whole period investigated (20 min). These changes favour the hydolysis of phosphoinositides rather than phosphatidylcholines by PLC. As PA remains a minor phospholipid, these changes are unlikely to affect cell membrane fluidity; but PA being now well recognized as a potential second messenger, its increased content as well as its increased unsaturation in the fatty acyl moiety might modulate several signalling pathways or the activity of enzymes such as cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase, controlling in this way the cellular level of cAMP, a negative regulator of blastic transformation.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Spin Triplet Pairing for Superconductivity

A generalization of the Cooper pairing mechanism is proposed which allows for a triplet state of lower energy. This is achieved by incorporating spin into the canonical commutation relations and by modifying the $\delta$ potential contact interaction. The gap equation contain as solutions both singlet and triplet states. It is shown that the triplet state is lower in energy than the singlet state which may explain the spin-triplet superconductivity observed in heavy fermion compound UPt3 and in Sr$_2$RuO$_4$.

Field of study: Physics
Electromagnetic field profile of an excitonic polariton in a quantum wire waveguide

The refractive index related to the excitonic polariton in a GaAs quantum wire is calculated numerically. The maximum value of the real part of the refractive index is as large as 5.6 when the width of the GaAs wire is 5 nm. This large refractive index results from the large binding energy of the exciton confined in a quasi-one-dimensional structure. The electromagnetic field of the excitonic polariton transmitted in such a quantum wire structure is therefore squeezed significantly because the wavelength in the structure is reduced by the refractive index increase. The estimated full width at half-maximum (FWHM) of the light power related to the excitonic polariton is typically as small as 67 nm, although the transmission loss is fairly high. However, the transmission loss can be reduced by selecting an appropriate wavelength, while keeping the FWHM of the power profile small. These results indicate the possibility of making extremely small optical devices.

Field of study: Materials science