nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Geochemical investigation of a Neoproterozoic glacial unit: The Mineral Fork Formation in the Wasatch Range, Utah

The Mineral Fork Formation is an isolated unit of Neoproterozoic glaciogenic rocks in the Wasatch Range in northwestern Utah. Geochemical analyses of diamictite and mudstone samples were carried out to document its major and trace element geochemistry. Comparison of the lower and upper parts of the formation, which have been ascribed to different tectonic and sedimentological settings, revealed no striking differences, but the analyzed samples show a gradual upward increase in CaO, MgO, Fe 2 O 3 , MnO, and P 2 O 5 and a decrease in SiO 2 . TiO 2 :Al 2 O 3 ratios that suggest a provenance throughout the formation with an average composition slightly more mafic than average upper crust. The mudstones are more K rich than the diamictites. Calculation of a chemical index of alteration (CIA) is complicated by the presence of carbonate minerals. After making corrections for carbonate content, CIA values range from 65 to 70. These values are higher than those from Paleoproterozoic glaciogenic deposits. Some mudstones in the upper part of the formation are Fe rich (∼15% Fe 2 O 3 ), approaching the composition of iron formations. The ferruginous nature supports previous correlation with Fe-rich glaciogenic rocks of the Rapitan Group in the northern Canadian Cordillera. Trace elements, including rare earth elements, suggest that the materials in the Mineral Fork Formation were largely derived from a post-Archean source. Most of the widespread glaciogenic rocks of the Neoproterozoic were derived from older sedimentary materials, whereas the deposits of the earlier great glacial episode in the Paleoproterozoic contain a much higher proportion of crystalline materials.

Field of study: Geology
Role-taking in a Communication Task

In a word association task, psychology students (shared subgroup membership) utilized subgroup-relevant cues to communicate psychology-related words to psychology students, and suppressed these cues when paired with non-psychology students (mixed dyads). Dyads of same-subgroup members correctly identified more psychology target words, but did not take significantly less time than mixed dyads. Pairs of non-psychology students were least efficient. Results are related to a discussion of role-taking.

Field of study: Psychology
Deep levels of platinum in silicon

Platinum has received renewed attention of late from device engineers as a means of lifetime-control in silicon. The energy levels assigned to platinum are not well defined, however, and ambiguities exist in the literature. In this work platinum was introduced into n- and p-type silicon and the energy levels and concentrations studied by thermally stimulated current and capacitance techniques. p]Schottky barrier diodes were used to study electron emission from two levels found in the upper half of the band gap. The use of Schottky barriers eliminated the problem of process-induced defect introduced by high concentration p+ diffusions. Phosphorus-diffused n+ - p diodes were used to study hole emission from three levels found in the lower half of the band gap. Platinum concentration versus distance profiles were obtained from thermally stimulated capacitance measurements. Experimental results indicate that the platinum concentration follows the boron concentration distribution near the junction in p-type silicon.

Field of study: Materials science
The geomorphic impact of the catastrophic October 1984 flood on the planform of Squamish River, southwestern British Columbia

Small-format aerial photography of Squamish River just prior to and immediately following the October 1984 flood of record forms the basis of a quantitative evaluation of floodplain erosion and construction during this extreme event. Channel changes in 1984 are compared with those determined from sequential aerial photography at various other times since 1947 and associated with less extreme flooding.Depending on the type of river planform, the degree of channel change during the 1984 flood varied from a relatively minor response to a major reorganization of the channel. Despite its large size, the 1984 flood accomplished little more floodplain modification in the meandering and transitional semibraided reaches than had previous smaller floods of similar duration. In general, greater erosion was accomplished here by relatively small but longer duration flood events. In contrast, in the braided reach the 1984 flood caused floodplain erosion and major reorganization of the channel to an extent previously un...

Field of study: Environmental science
La mobilità sociale nel Medioevo italiano: Competenze, conoscenze e saperi tra professioni e ruoli sociali (secc. XII–XV). Lorenzo Tanzini and Sergio Tognetti, eds. I libri di Viella 220. Rome: Viella, 2016. 458 pp. €44.

essay combines that interest with a subtle exploration of visual art at the Mantuan court. Jonathan Spangler’s essay on France offers a sociology of those who controlled access to the king; they were generally from the high nobility, Spangler shows, but that apparent success weakened connections between the grandees and the provincial nobles, thus weakening the order as a whole. As the editors explain, the authors have deliberately avoided social or political theorizing, and the collection includes no attempt to compare early modern cultures of access with examples from other times and places. That interpretive reticence extends to some purely early modern issues as well. For instance, only two of the authors directly address the question of princely absolutism, a question that lurks in any discussion of early modern states, and they offer opposing views: Mark Hengerer, in a subtle account of the Habsburg court, dismisses the concept as inappropriate to early modern realities, whereas Fabian Persson (in his equally impressive account of Swedish developments) treats the installation of absolute rule as a fundamental reality. The Key to Power? leaves theorizing and comparison to the reader—but its finely crafted examinations of specific situations offer abundant encouragement for doing so.

Field of study: History
Towards a Canadian strategy in Bosnia

On October 8, 1996, 100 Canadians and guests met to consider Canada foreign policy options for Bosnia ‐Herzegovina. The urgency for a review of policy options was the result of the Dayton Accords, elections in Bosnia‐Herzegovina, and the scheduled end of the mandate (December 1996) of the NATO‐led peace implementation force (IFOR). Participants included representatives from 20 non‐governmental organizations (NGOs), some active in Bosnia‐Herzegovina, government officials, and experts including Justice Richard Goldstone. Organizing and reporting were undertaken by Fen Hampson (Carleton University), Gregory Wirick (Parliamentary Centre, Ottawa) and Robin Hay (GARP). The roundtable was undertaken by the Canadian Centre for Foreign Policy Development John Holmes Fund), in response to an initiative by the Ottawa‐based co‐ordinating body, “Canada in the World Monitoring Group.” Participants were asked to address: the challenges confronting their organizations in Bosnia; to describe their current and planned acti...

Field of study: Political science
An open animation tool: application to telecommunication systems

This paper presents an animation environment based on an open and flexible architecture. Its flexible architecture allows animating different animation sources (formal and executable language like SDL or scenario languages like MSC or UML sequence diagrams). The animation multimedia user interface allows integrating different multimedia objects and different types of representations.This animation environment has been intensively used for telecommunication applications at different levels of a service and network architecture: service animation from the user's point of view or from the service logic point of view (service logic and service feature logics), protocols and application programming interface (such as OSA/PARLAY) animation, service interaction analysis. Animation helps obtaining a comprehensive and user-friendly interface for education, and investigation of system behaviour from different points of view, in particular from a client point of view. Specifically applied to formal executable models (using SDL, for example), the tool helps checking properties of the system behaviour, and showing whether it really fulfils user expectations.

Field of study: Computer science
Risk prediction for acute kidney injury in acute medical admissions in the UK

Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) is associated with adverse outcomes; therefore identifying patients who are at risk of developing AKI in hospital may lead to targeted prevention.



We undertook a UK-wide study in acute medical units (AMUs) to define those who develop hospital-acquired AKI (hAKI); to determine risk factors associated with hAKI and to assess the feasibility of developing a risk prediction score.



Prospective multi-centre cohort study across 72 AMUs in the UK.



Data collected from all patients who presented over a 24-h period. Chronic dialysis, community-acquired AKI (cAKI) and those with fewer than two creatinine measurements were excluded. Primary outcome was the development of h-AKI.



Two thousand four hundred and fourty-six individuals were admitted to the seventy-two participating centres. Three hundred and eighty-four patients (16%) sustained AKI of whom two hundred and eighty-seven (75%) were cAKI and ninety-seven (25%) were hAKI. After exclusions, chronic kidney disease [Odds Ratio (OR) 3.08, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) 1.96-4.83], diuretic prescription (OR 2.33, 95% CI 1.5-3.65), a lower haemoglobin concentration and elevated serum bilirubin were independently associated with development of hAKI. Multi-variable model discrimination was only moderate (c-statistic 0.75).



AKI in AMUs is common and associated with worse outcomes, with the majority of cases community acquired. Only a small proportion of patients develop hAKI. Prognostic risk factor modelling demonstrated only moderate discrimination implying that widespread adoption of such an AKI clinical risk score across all AMU admissions is not currently justified. More targeted risk assessment or automated methods of calculating individual risk may be more appropriate alternatives.

Field of study: Medicine
La oposición política (review)

The chapters that touch the twentieth century are also sure-footed. Separated by more than a century though they are, the two aperturas can be usefully compared. Colombia was too remote, too poor and too peculiarly politicized itself for the Spanish civil war to have had much of an impact, and here Bushnell gives us an elegant lesson in not, in the Spanish saying, asking for pears from the elm-tree.

Field of study: History
The position and nature of the Gander–Avalon boundary, southern New Brunswick, based on geochemical and isotopic data from granitoid rocks

In southern New Brunswick, the Gander–Avalon boundary is obscured by boundary-parallel faults and various cover sequences. Siluro-Devonian granites, which intrude unequivocal Gander or Avalon rocks, display exclusively negative (−1.9 ± 1.0) and positive (+1.9 ± 0.7) eNd(T) signatures, respectively. Such contrasting Nd isotopic signatures, combined with other geochemical differences between plutons, are potentially valuable tools for terrane analysis. Nine small Devonian plutons intruding the boundary zone fall into contrasting geochemical groups with (La/Lu)N 4. The former are topaz-bearing granites, while the latter are volcanic-arc-type granites. Except for one pluton, with an eNd(T) signature of –2.0, eNd(T) values range from –0.4 to +0.7, spanning the gap between "type" Avalon and "type" Gander plutons. These results suggest the plutons sampled either (i) stratigraphically overlapping or tectonically interleaved Gander and Avalon basement rocks, or (ii) a distinct basement source beneath the b...

Field of study: Environmental science
Factors Contributing to the Current Academic Performance of Both Private Primary Schools and Public Primary Schools: A Case of Kitale Municipality, Kenya.

There have been current controversial discussions concerning the performance of private primary schools versus public primary schools in the Kenya Certificate of Primary Examination (K.C.P.E.). Lately, the private primary schools appear to be performing better than public primary schools. For example; in the 2003 K.C.P.E. results more than 31% of the top 100 candidates came from private schools; in the 2004 K.C.P.E. results more than 92% of the top 100 candidates came from private schools. In January 2005, 68% of admissions to national schools came from private schools (MOEST, 2005). In 2006, though more than 60% of the top 100 positions were taken by private schools most of the public primary schools showed improvement. This performance has elicited all kinds of reactions from political leaders and educationists. Among them the question; why are the performances as such? And what factors contribute to the performances? This paper therefore sought to establish the factors that contribute to the current academic performance of these schools. The paper made use of ex post facto research design. Simple random sampling was used to select eight public and eight private primary schools in Kitale Municipality. Through interviews and questionnaires the teachers and the administrators provided information on enrollment, academic performance, teacher-pupil ratio and factors leading to the current performance.The work was based on the systems theory which postulates that a school is like a factory that has inputs and outputs. Inputs have to undergo a process and outputs tested for their quality. It justifies the use of tests as a measure of academic performance.The government needs to step up financial and material support to public schools to cater for high enrolment due to F.P.E. program. It is hoped that educational stakeholders including teachers, parents, policy makers and students will benefit from the study.  Academic Performance, Factors, Kitale Municipality,Private Primary Schools, Public Primary Schools

Field of study: Education
Thermal Ring Contraction of 1,2-Digermacyclohexadienes Coordinated with Iron Tricarbonyl Fragment

1,1,2,2-Tetraalkyl-3,6-diphenyl-1,2-digermacyclohexa-3,5-dienes (1) reacted with iron pentacarbonyl to give the corresponding tricarbonyl(η4-1,1,2,2-tetraalkyl-3,6-diphenyl-1,2-digermacyclohexa-3,5-diene)iron (2). Heating 2 caused extrusion of dialkylgermylenes to give (η4-1,1-dialkyl-2,5-dipenyl-1-germacyclopenta-2,4-diene)tricarbonyliron (3). The structures of the (diene)iron tricarbonyls were deterimined by X-ray crystal structure analysis.

Field of study: Chemistry
Protein kinases regulate the phosphorylation of the GluR1 subunit of AMPA receptors of spinal cord in rats following noxious stimulation.

The present project was designed to investigate the role of protein kinase A (PKA) and protein kinase C (PKC) in the regulation of phosphorylation of the GluR1 subunits of AMPA receptors in the spinal cord of rats after capsaicin injection. We found that after capsaicin injection, a significant upregulation of phosphorylated GluR1 both at Ser(831) and Ser(845) was detected on the side ipsilateral to the injection. Intrathecal treatment with a PKA inhibitor, H89 ([N-[2-((3-bromophenyl)-2-propenyl)amino)ethyl]-5-isoquinoline sulfonamide, HCl), or a PKC inhibitor, NPC15473 (2,6-diamino-N-([1-oxotridecyl)-2-piperidinyl]methyl)hexanamide), significantly blocked the increased phosphorylation at different serine sites without affecting the GluR1 protein itself. Our results suggest that increased phosphorylation of the GluR1 subunit of AMPA receptors contributes to central sensitization following acute peripheral inflammation, and the effect may occur at different phosphorylation sites through the activation of the PKA or PKC protein kinase cascades.

Field of study: Biology
The Effect of the Vulcanizing System on Cure and Mechanical Properties of Nbr/Epdm Blends

The effect of the curing system and curing parameters, mechanical properties, ageing resistance, and crosslink density of NBR/EPDM blends has been investigated. The curing characteristics of the blends were affected by the accelerator type and the sulphur concentration. The sulphur/benzothiazyl-disulphide (S/MBTS) vulcanizing system offered the best scorch safety, whereas those single and binary accelerator systems based on tetramethyl thiuram disulphide (TMTD) provided faster cure. The MBTS single accelerator system was able to crosslink the EPDM phase better and consequently displayed better mechanical performance than the other systems based on tetramethyl thiuram disulphide (TMTD). Higher thermal stability was also achieved in blends containing higher levels of sulphur, probably because of increased crosslinking in the EPDM phase. The results of dynamic mechanical investigations showed differences in the glass transition temperatures, which increased with increasing of the sulphur content in both S/MBTS and S/MBTS/TMTD vulcanizing systems. Formulations based on S/TMTD single accelerator systems gave the lowest values of Tg, and the amount of sulphur did not affect this property.

Field of study: Materials science
Tensile strain effect on the superconductivity in FeSe thin films

We have studied the effect of tensile strain on the superconductivity in FeSe films. 50 nm, 100 nm, and 200 nm FeSe films were grown on MgO, SrTiO$_3$, and LaAlO$_3$ substrates by using a pulsed laser deposition technique. X-ray diffraction analysis showed that the tetragonal phase is dominant in all of our FeSe films. The 50 nm FeSe films on MgO and SrTiO$_3$ are under tensile strain, while the 50 nm FeSe film on LaAlO$_3$ and the other thick FeSe films are unstrained. Superconducting transitions have been observed in unstrained FeSe films with T$_{onset}$ $\approx$ 8 K, which is close to the bulk value. However, no sign of superconductivity has been observed in FeSe films under tensile strain down to 5 K. There is evidence to show that tensile strain suppresses superconductivity in FeSe films.

Field of study: Physics
Spectral parameter power series representation for solutions of linear system of two first order differential equations

A representation in the form of spectral parameter power series (SPPS) is given for a general solution of a one dimension Dirac system containing arbitrary matrix coefficient at the spectral parameter, \[ B \frac{dY}{dx} + P(x)Y = \lambda R(x)Y,\] where $Y=(y_1,y_2)^T$ is the unknown vector-function, $\lambda$ is the spectral parameter, $B = \begin{pmatrix}0 & 1 \\ -1 & 0\end{pmatrix}$, and $P$ is a symmetric $2\times 2$ matrix, $R$ is an arbitrary $2\times 2$ matrix whose entries are integrable complex-valued functions. The coefficient functions in these series are obtained by recursively iterating a simple integration process, beginning with a non-vanishing solution for one particular $\lambda = \lambda_0$. The existence of such solution is shown. 
For a general linear system of two first order differential equations \[ 
P(x)\frac{dY}{dx}+Q(x)Y = \lambda R(x)Y,\ x\in [a,b], \] where $P$, $Q$, $R$ are $2\times 2$ matrices whose entries are integrable complex-valued functions, $P$ being invertible for every $x$, a transformation reducing it to a type considered above is shown. 
The general scheme of application of the SPPS representation to the solution of initial value and spectral problems as well as numerical illustrations are provided.

Field of study: Mathematics
Seepage of methane at Jaco Scar, a slide caused by seamount subduction offshore Costa Rica

Methane (CH4) concentrations and CH4 stable carbon isotopic composition ($$ \delta^{13} ) were investigated in the water column within Jaco Scar. It is one of several scars formed by massive slides resulting from the subduction of seamounts offshore Costa Rica, a process that can open up structural and stratigraphical pathways for migrating CH4. The release of large amounts of CH4 into the adjacent water column was discovered at the outcropping lowermost sedimentary sequence of the hanging wall in the northwest corner of Jaco Scar, where concentrations reached up to 1,500 nmol L−1. There CH4-rich fluids seeping from the sedimentary sequence stimulate both growth and activity of a dense chemosynthetic community. Additional point sources supplying CH4 at lower concentrations were identified in density layers above and below the main plume from light carbon isotope ratios. The injected CH4 is most likely a mixture of microbial and thermogenic CH4 as suggested by $$ \delta^{13}  $$ values between −50 and −62 ‰ Vienna Pee Dee Belemnite. This CH4 spreads along isopycnal surfaces throughout the whole area of the scar, and the concentrations decrease due to mixing with ocean water and microbial oxidation. The supply of CH4 appears to be persistent as repeatedly high CH4 concentrations were found within the scar over 6 years. The maximum CH4 concentration and average excess CH4 concentration at Jaco Scar indicate that CH4 seepage from scars might be as significant as seepage from other tectonic structures in the marine realm. Hence, taking into account the global abundance of scars, such structures might constitute a substantial, hitherto unconsidered contribution to natural CH4 sources at the seafloor.

Field of study: Environmental science
Quasiclassical Treatment and Odd-Parity/Triplet Correspondence in Topological Superconductors

We construct a quasiclassical framework for topological superconductors with a strong spin–orbit coupling such as CuxBi2Se3. In a manner of the quasiclassical treatment, by decomposing the slowly varying component from a total quasiparticle wave function, the original massive Dirac Bogoliubov–de Gennes (BdG) Hamiltonian derived from a tight-binding model represented by an 8 × 8 matrix is reduced to a 4 × 4 matrix. The resultant equations are equivalent to Andreev-type equations of singlet or triplet superconductors, in which the apparent spin–orbit coupling vanishes. Using this formalism, we find that the odd-parity superconductivity in topological superconductors turns to the spin-triplet one. Moreover, in terms of quasiclassical treatment, we show that the topologically-protected zero-energy states in topological superconductors have correspond to the Andreev bound states established in a long history of studies of unconventional superconductors. This clearly indicates that low-energy nontrivial superco...

Field of study: Physics
Jumping to Conclusions in "Jumping the Queue"

In this review, Andrew Weis critically examines Mark Kelman and Gillian Lester's Jumping the Queue. An Inquiry into the Legal Treatment of Students with Learning Disabilities. Writing from the perspective of an individual who has a learning disability, Weis disputes Kelman and Lester's contention that people with learning disabilities should not qualify as a rights protected group. Weis begins by identifying four main arguments underlying Kelman and Lester's conclusion: Individuals who have learning disabilities (1) are not a cohesive, easily-defined group; (2) do not suffer from irrational stereotyping; (3) do not endure animus or other negative treatment; and (4) do not need or benefit from rights protection. Weis then challenges these arguments using a combination of personal narrative and empirical data. Weis concludes by locating both Kelman and Lester's arguments and his own rebuttal of them within the spectrum of legal theory. He notes that although Kelman and Lester seem to argue from a centrist or liberal rights approach, they incorporate certain aspects of a critical legal studies approach as well.

Field of study: Law