nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and Reaction of Unsymmetrical Tetraarylbismuthonium Salts. First Isolation of Bismuthonium Salts Bearing All Different Aryl Groups

Successive treatment of triarylbismuth difluorides (1) with a Lewis acid, Me3SiCN, and aryltributylstannanes (2) in CH2Cl2 gives unsymmetrical tetraarylbismuthonium salts (3) in moderate to good yield. The migratory aptitude of an aryl ligand in [Ph3ArBi+][BF4−] (3a, b) in the C-arylation of 2-naphthol is Ph>p-Tol>p-Ans.

Field of study: Chemistry
Triassic reptile tracks in the Lepreau Formation, southern New Brunswick, Canada

The discovery of reptilian footprints in the Lepreau Formation of southern New Brunswick affords the first direct evidence for the Triassic age of this sequence of red clastic sediments. The footprints are assigned to the ichnogenus Isocampe, but do not correspond exactly with any type described hitherto: Isocampe lepreauense ichnosp. nov. comprises quadrupedal, tetradactyl tracks with manus larger than pes, relatively broad trackway and short stride. The tracks are considered to be those of a lepidosaur, most probably lacertoid or rhynchosauroid. They indicate a late Middle to Upper Triassic age for these beds. Folds and cleavage of compressional origin, not previously recognized in the Lepreau Formation, are dated as later than Middle or Upper Triassic on the basis of the paleontological evidence.

Field of study: Environmental science
Design and Optimization of a New Type of Active Hinge

This paper describes the design and optimization of a new type of active hinge, which has the potential application into solar panels for providing the panels with not only self-deploying/folding functions but also active vibration control capacity. The hinge was designed based on direct drive principle of interaction between electromagnet and permanent magnet. Excitated with current of certain time series and phase, the proposed hinge can achieve a 1800 working angle. The torque model of the hinge was estalished and a SQP optimal method was used for optimize the design parameters of the hinge. Simulation results show that the torque model matches consistently with the FEM analysis，and that it can effectively control vibrarion of low frequency in the solar panels.

Field of study: Engineering
Generalized weighted statistical convergence and application

The object of this paper is to introduce the concepts of weighted @l-statistical convergence and statistical summability (N@?"@l,p). We also establish some inclusion relations and some related results for these new summability methods. Further, we determine a Korovkin type approximation theorem through statistical summability (N@?"@l,p) and we show that our approximation theorem is stronger than classical Korovkin theorem by using classical Bernstein polynomials.

Field of study: Mathematics
Strain Rate and Porosity Effect on Mechanical Characteristics and Depolarization of Porous Poled PZT95/5 Ceramics

Shock wave compression of poled PZT95/5 ceramics results in rapid depoling and a release of bound charge. Porous PZT95/5 ceramics are superior to dense ceramics in high-voltage breakdown resistance under shock-wave loading. In this article, the mechanical and electrical responses of porous poled PZT95/5 ceramics under uniaxial stresses at different strain rates were investigated using the servo-hydraulic MTS810 universal test machine and the improved split Hopkinson pressure bar system. The engineering stress vs. axial and radial engineering strain curves of porous poled PZT95/5 ceramics under different strain rates exhibit anomalous nonlinear behavior. The nonlinear behavior and depolarization mechanism of porous poled PZT95/5 were attributed to the domain switching and phase transformation. By comparing the stress–strain curves of the porosity porous poled PZT95/5 ceramics at different strain rates, an obvious strain rate sensitivity of mechanical behavior can be found, and the strain rate sensitivity decreases with the increase of porosity. The critical stress of domain switching and phase transformation and the strength increased with increasing strain rate. In addition, their normalized values showed a logarithmic relationship with the strain rate. Finally, we suggest that the maximum polarization released is nearly independent of stress state and strain rate, and it only depends on the porosity.

Field of study: Materials science
Observation of signature inversion in odd-odd 178Ir

High spin states in 178Ir have been studied via the 152Sm(31P,5nγ)178Ir reaction through excitation functions, X-γ and γ-γ-t coincidence measurements. According to the band structure characteristics and the measured intraband B(M1)/B(E2) ratios, two rotational bands are identified and assigned to be associated with the πh9/2⊗υi13/2 and πh11/2⊗υi13/2 configurations, respectively. Both bands show the signature inversion feature.

Field of study: Physics
The vulnerable atherosclerotic plaque: pathogenesis and therapeutic approach.

Vascular inflammation not only plays a major role in the development of coronary atherosclerosis, but also contributes to the acute onset of thrombotic complications such as myocardial infarction, a leading cause of death in the United States . Despite a gradual decrease in age-adjusted mortality attributable to acute myocardial infarction in the United States, cardiovascular disease is on the rise in many other countries. Macrophage accumulation and consequent production of proteolytic and thrombogenic molecules critically contribute to plaque disruption and thrombus formation, a frequent cause of fatal obstruction of the coronary arteries. A number of clinical studies suggest dyslipidemia as one of the major risk factors for coronary disease, and preclinical observations demonstrate that hypercholesterolemia promotes accumulation of oxidatively modified lowdensity lipoprotein (oxLDL) in the arterial wall, promoting endothelial cell (EC) dysfunction and, in turn, leukocyte invasion. Recent advances in vascular medicine have provided evidence that lipid-lowering therapy prevents acute coronary complications in patients, at least in part limiting inflammation in atheroma . This article will review the role of dyslipidemia in the pathogenesis of vascular inflammation, and discuss the evidence for mechanisms by which lipid lowering prevents acute coronary events.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Ensure an original and safe "fail-to-open" mode in planar and trench power SiC MOSFET devices in extreme short-circuit operation

The purpose of this paper is to present a complete experimentation of the two failure modes in competition that can appear during short-circuit (SC) fault operation of single-chip 1,2kV SiC MOSFETs from different manufacturers including planar and trench-gate structures, well-known or recent devices. Ruggedness and selective failure modes are identified in relation with the power density dissipated by the chip and the simulated 1D-thermal junction. Finally, the chips of the devices which failed in a "fail-to-open" mode have been studied in order to find the physical reasons of this original and unusual fail-safe mode.  [X] Oral [ ] Poster [ ] No preference Preferred track (please, tick one or number 1 to 3 tracks in order of preference: 1 = most suiting, 3 = least suiting) [ ] A-Quality and Reliability Assessment Techniques and Methods for Devices and Systems [ ]

Field of study: Engineering
Conductivity fluctuations in mixed sodium/cadmium ß″-alumina

Conductivity fluctuations in mixed sodium/cadmium β″-alumina ceramics for different values of the Na/Ca ratio are observed to be similar to diffusion noise of the mobile ions seen in Na, Ag, and Pbβ′-alumina. Measured noise levels increase two orders of magnitude in changing from 100% Na to 100% Ca ions in the structure. In mixed Na/Ca ceramics the noise is greater for NaI solution current electrodes than the CaBr 2 solution current electrodes. These differences are attributed to different correlation effects between the mobile ions.

Field of study: Materials science
Towards the development of peptide mimotopes of carbohydrate antigens as cancer vaccines.

Tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens are considered important targets in efforts to develop cancer vaccines. To further enhance vaccine efforts, we are developing peptide mimotopes of tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens that can elicit functional immune responses. Mapping peptide epitopes with anticarbohydrate antibodies can lend to defining structural relationships that can go undetected by screening of carbohydrate antigens alone. Here we contrast reactivity patterns for peptides using monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) directed to the neolactoseries related Lewis Y (LeY) and sialyl-Lewis X (sLeX) antigen and the GD3/GD2 ganglioside antigen. We observe that representative MAbs cross-react with a WRY-containing peptide and that this motif type is isolated by the respective monoclonal in peptide phage display screening. Primary immunization with multiple antigen peptide preparations with QS-21 adjuvant efficiently elicited cytotoxic IgM antibodies for a murine Meth A fibrosarcoma line expressing sLeX. The cytotoxicity of IgG polyclonal response was found to be as effective as IgM in mediating complement-dependent cytotoxicity against the Meth A line. These experiments suggest that peptide mimotopes of the LeY and sLeX tumor-associated carbohydrate antigen and QS-21 adjuvant could be considered as an immunogenic therapeutic vaccine in carcinoma and melanoma patients in the minimal residual disease setting.

Field of study: Biology
Research on zinc-copper-manganese multi-oxides desulphurizer

The predecessor of nanometer desulphurizer is prepared by coprecipitation, and the silicoaluminate is used as support for molding. The ternary metal oxide desulphurizer is obtained by calcining under 450 ℃ for 6 h, and is used to remove H_2S under the condition of 240℃ and oxygen free. The penetrate sulfide capacity is up to 33.5% when the average diameter of the granule is 1.0 mm. The desulphurizer is suitable to use under the condition of low or middle temperature.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Fuzzy Binary Track Correlation Algorithms for Multisensor Information Fusion

A fuzzy binary track correlation algorithm and a fuzzy classical assignment algorithm are proposed for distributed multisensor data fusion in this paper. First, the corresponding composition of fuzzy element sets and selection of membership function are discussed. And then, dynamic assignment of weight vectors and multi-valency processing methods are designed. Finally, a fuzzy binary track correlation criterion is presented to improve accuracy. Moreover, the proposed algorithms are compared with two representational methods in classical simulations. The simulation results show that the performance of new algorithms is much better than that of traditional methods in complex scenarios. Specifically, the proposed algorithms improve the correlation accuracy in ~35% of the classical algorithms in the simulation

Field of study: Computer science
Location and distribution of symbiotic bacteria during floral development in Ardisia crispa

The location and distribution of symbiotic bacteria during floral development in Ardisia crispa (Thunb.) A.DC., a species characterized by bacterial leaf nodules, has been studied using light, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. During early floral development, bacteria in mucilage derived from host plant trichomes, become enclosed in a small conical chamber on top of the placenta, as a result of the closure and fusion of the carpel initials. The placental epidermal cells, which appear to be secretory in nature, become detached apically in places forming a network of grooves which traverse the placental surface. The symbiotic bacteria are preferentially located in these grooves. As growth and development of the placenta proceed, the grooves widen and deepen to form channels. The cells lining these channels secrete a mucilaginous material. The network of channels covers the entire placental surface and terminates at the placental margins surrounding the ovules. Bacteria are found within the channels, at the ends of the channels near the margin of the placenta, on the surface of the ovules and in the micropyle. It is suggested that these mucilage-filled channels are responsible for, and a prerequisite of, ensuring that the bacterial partner is efficiently transmitted from one host generation to the next by providing a mechanism by which the bacteria arc accurately placed within the developing seed.

Field of study: Environmental science
2D/3D fetal cardiac dataset segmentation using a deformable model.

To segment the fetal heart in order to facilitate the 3D assessment of the cardiac function and structure.



Ultrasound acquisition typically results in drop-out artifacts of the chamber walls. The authors outline a level set deformable model to automatically delineate the small fetal cardiac chambers. The level set is penalized from growing into an adjacent cardiac compartment using a novel collision detection term. The region based model allows simultaneous segmentation of all four cardiac chambers from a user defined seed point placed in each chamber.



The segmented boundaries are automatically penalized from intersecting at walls with signal dropout. Root mean square errors of the perpendicular distances between the algorithm's delineation and manual tracings are within 2 mm which is less than 10% of the length of a typical fetal heart. The ejection fractions were determined from the 3D datasets. We validate the algorithm using a physical phantom and obtain volumes that are comparable to those from physically determined means. The algorithm segments volumes with an error of within 13% as determined using a physical phantom.



Our original work in fetal cardiac segmentation compares automatic and manual tracings to a physical phantom and also measures inter observer variation.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Zum Comptoneffekt vom klassischen Standpunkt

ZusammenfassungEs wird gezeigt, da\ der Comptoneffekt klassisch beschrieben werden kann, wenn man annimmt, da\ das Photon eine im Raum zusammengehaltene klassische Welle von der Energie h v und der LÄnge λ=c/v ist. Teils wird nÄmlich eine solche „Photonwelle“, wenn sie von dem mit beschleunigter Geschwindigkeit zurückprallenden Elektron reflektiert wird, infolge des Dopplereffektes die WellenlÄnge gerade so verÄndern, wie es das Comptonexperiment lehrt, teils wird gemÄ\ der Wichert-Stokesschen Theorie von dem Elektron selbst wÄhrend der Beschleunigungszeit eine klassische Impulswelle ausgehen, die mit der reflektierten Photonwelle kohÄriert. Diese Auffassungsweise hat zu folgenden Vorstellungen geführt: Der Atomkern absorbiert klassische Strahlungsenergie und entsendet dieselbe in Form einer Photonwelle von der Energieh v. Die Auslösung wird durch klassische Wellen von der Frequenz v hervorgerufen, die von dem Atom mit seinen Elektronen ausgesandt werden. Die Photonwelle befindet sich also bei ihrem Auftreten in einem mit ihr selbst kohÄrenten klassischen Wellenzug und wird dadurch in ziemlich analoger Weise wie die de Broglie-Elektronen interferenzfÄhig.

Field of study: Physics
Geometric Dimensionality Reduction for Subsequent Classification

Classifying samples into categories becomes intractable when a single sample can have millions to billions of features, such as in genetics or imaging data. Principal Components Analysis (PCA) is widely used to identify a low-dimensional representation of such features for further analysis. However, PCA, as well as most manifold learning techniques, operates on the means and variances of the data, ignoring class labels, such as whether or not a subject has cancer, thereby discarding information that could substantially improve downstream classification performance. We describe an approach, Linear Optimal Low-rank projection (LOL), which extends PCA by operating on the means and variances of each class of data, rather than pooling all classes together. We prove, and substantiate with synthetic and real data experiments, that LOL leads to a better representation of the data for subsequent classification than other linear approaches, while adding negligible computational cost. The simplicity of LOL enables its flexibility, leading to the development of several variants that improve its accuracy, robustness, and computational efficiency. Using a novel dataset of magnetic resonance imaging scans consisting of 500 million features and 400 gigabytes of data, we demonstrate that LOL achieves better accuracy than other methods for any dimensionality, while only requiring a few minutes on a standard desktop computer.

Field of study: Computer science
Putative leech dopamine1-like receptor molecular characterization: sequence homologies between dopamine and serotonin leech CNS receptors explain pharmacological cross-reactivities.

The biochemical characterization of a serotonin (5HT) receptor and the cloning of a dopamine (DA) receptor in the central nervous system (CNS) of the leech, Theromyzon tessulatum, is presented. Additionally, DA and 5HT binding sites were examined in the CNS by Scatchard analysis which showed a single, relatively high-affinity binding site with a Kd 1.1 nM and a Bmax 126+18 fmol/mg protein for [3H]DA and a Kd 2.1 nM and a Bmax 225 fmol/mg protein for [3H]5HT. The first 88 amino acids of the 5HT receptor, isolated by a 5HT-affinity column followed by anion exchange chromatography and C3 reverse-phase HPLC exhibited a 43% sequence homology with Lymnaea stagnalis 5HT-receptor. The isolated DA receptor revealed a single protein of 45 kDa with an anti-D1-R in Western blot. The first 80 N-terminal amino acid residues and a trypsin digested fragment of 31 residues were obtained, and based on these sequencing data, a molecular biology strategy using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, was developed. An amplified 1-kb segment was obtained. The complete deduced sequence of 416 amino acid residues exhibited about 30.6% sequence homology with the vertebrate D1 receptor family. Moreover, we further demonstrate that the leech 5HT and DA receptors also exhibit 30% sequence identity with each other, explaining their pharmacological cross-reactivity. Finally, anti-D1-R immunocytochemistry revealed positive structures in the peripheral and central nervous system, e.g., neurons, sensory fibers and immune cells. This is the first biochemical and molecular characterization of a DA receptor in leeches.

Field of study: Biology
Raman Spectra of the Adducts of Reduced Species of [Fe4S4(SPh)4]2− and [Mo2Fe6S8(SPh)9]3− with Acetylene

Reduced species of [Fe4S4(SPh)4]2− and [Mo2Fe6S8(SPh)9]3− form adducts with acetylene (C2H2 or C2D2) in dry CH3CN with liberating a terminal PhS− ligand. The ν(C≡C) Raman band undergoes 45 to 70 cm−1 low frequency shifts upon coordination of acetylene to the clusters.

Field of study: Chemistry
Effect of Electric Field Solidification Parameters on Microstructure and Properties of ZL114A Alloy

Effect of current density and processing time in electric field solidification technology on microstructure and properties of ZLl14A alloy were studied. The results show that both current density and processing time have obvious influence on tensile strength and elongation of ZLl14A alloy. Tensile strength of ZLl14A alloy is 345 MPa and elongation is 6.56% when current density is 57.69 mA·mm-2and processing time is 10 min.

Field of study: Materials science
A meta-database of peatland palaeoecology in Great Britain

We present and appraise a large compilation of peatland palaeoecological research in Great Britain, and discuss the value of these data for secondary analysis. We identify 475 radiocarbon-dated palaeoecological records from British peatlands published since 1970. Peatland palaeoecological research has been widespread but with some clear spatial biases reflecting factors such as accessibility and the location and interests of active researchers. We show that basic details such as stratigraphic descriptions, site coordinates and full details of radiocarbon dates are omitted from publications with surprising frequency and note the large quantity of data that only ever appears in PhD theses. To allow papers to remain concise while presenting essential background information we propose a system of standardised meta-data in online supplementary material. The extensive body of palaeoecological data for British peatlands has been relatively unexploited. The compilation we present will be a valuable aid in making better use of this data resource.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Disputes on escalating proof of vitamin D's supplementation.

Vitamin D supplementation appears to be potential for reducing risks of cancer, cardiovascular disease, and other chronic diseases, existing evidence on its benefits and risks is inadequate and debatable. Questions remain as to whether supplementation of Vitamin D playing any role in the above mentioned diseases. In the absence of compelling evidence for benefit, taking supplement is producing any risk or not. While sorting the various positive and negative claims for Vitamin D, it attracts an urgent need for further research and review on reports to answer fundamental questions about the risks and benefits of supplementation. There still remains a great need to advance our understanding regarding the effectiveness of Vitamin D. This review gives an overview on disputes of Vitamin D supplementation that is convincing and interventional regarding burning issues of Vitamin D therapy. Beyond its use to prevent osteomalacia or rickets, the evidence for other health effects of vitamin D supplementation in the general inhabitants is conflicting. It is a well known predictability that any effective substance also has unwanted side effects, so clear cut evidence regarding the safety is required before supplementing Vitamin D for pathological conditions and other health benefits.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Quality of Health Services and Patients’ Satisfaction in Accredited and Non-Accredited Hospitals

The majority of hospitals follow voluntary or mandatory accreditation standards; these standards are widely believed to improve the quality of hospital services (QHS) and thereby increase patient satisfaction (PS). The current descriptive-comparative study explored patients’ opinions and beliefs with regard to QHS and PS at accredited and non-accredited Jordanian public hospitals in 2016. Data of discharged patients were collected using a structured questionnaire; 250 patients from four hospitals participated (response rate: 83%). SPSS v.15 was used calculate mean values, standard deviations, and Pearson’s correlation coefficient, and to conduct t-tests. Patients indicated medium levels of QHS and PS in both accredited and non-accredited hospitals; additionally, QHS and PS were significantly correlated (p ≤ 0.05) in both types of hospitals. These results suggest that QHS and PS require improvement in all Jordanian public hospitals; future research should identify causal relationships between implementing accreditation standards and patient satisfaction.

Field of study: Business