nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Decollement in the Hudson River Valley

The Hudson River Valley is a conspicuous linear lowland which extends 260 km from New York City northward to Albany, New York, and the Mohawk River . The valley ranges from 6 to 25 km in width and has 30 to 175 m of relief. The area discussed here, from Ravena to Kingston, New York, is bordered on the east by the Taconic Mountains and on the west by the Catskill Mountains . Rocks of the Helderberg, Ulster, and Hamilton Groups  have been folded and faulted by westerly directed compression. West of the Hudson River, the deformation is confined to a narrow linear belt know as the Little Mountains (the belt is now known as the Helderberg Escarpment) (Davis, 1882). This belt extends from about 3 km northeast of Ravena to about 13 km southwest of Kingston . The rocks of the Hamilton Group dip gently to the west; the Ulster and Helderberg Groups dip more steeply to the west and, in places, toward the east. The structural trend is not continuous; it is interrupted by a belt of relatively undeformed rock 2 km north of Kingston . At Mount Ida and Becraft Mountain, 15 km to the east, erosional “outliers” of the same sedimentary sequence are less deformed.

Field of study: Geology
Life Goals of American College Freshmen

In samples of 6,289 male and 6,143 female college freshmen, 35 items pertaining to life goals were intercorrelated. With unity in the diagonal, a principal components analysis was earned out, extracting all factors with an eigenvalue greater than 1.00. Final solutions were derived through the varimax procedure, and the similarity of the two rotated matrices assessed. Seven factors common to the two sexes were titled: Prestige, Personal Happiness, Humanistic-Cultural, Religious, Scientific, Artistic, and Hedonistic. An Altruistic factor was obtained for females only, and an Athletic Success factor for males only. Implications for predicting vocational success and for counseling are considered.

Field of study: Psychology
Part 2: Dynamic mixed beam radiotherapy (DYMBER): Photon dynamic trajectories combined with modulated electron beams

The purpose of this study was to develop a treatment technique for dynamic mixed beam radiotherapy (DYMBER) utilizing increased degrees of freedom (DoF) of a conventional treatment unit including different particle types (photons and electrons), intensity and energy modulation and dynamic gantry, table, and collimator rotations.



A treatment planning process has been developed to create DYMBER plans combining photon dynamic trajectories (DTs) and step and shoot electron apertures collimated with the photon multileaf collimator (pMLC). A gantry-table path is determined for the photon DTs with minimized overlap of the organs at risk (OARs) with the target. In addition, an associated dynamic collimator rotation is established with minimized area between the pMLC leaves and the target contour. pMLC sequences of photon DTs and electron pMLC apertures are then simultaneously optimized using direct aperture optimization (DAO). Subsequently, the final dose distribution of the electron pMLC apertures is calculated using the Swiss Monte Carlo Plan (SMCP). The pMLC sequences of the photon DTs are then re-optimized with a finer control point resolution and with the final electron dose distribution taken into account. Afterwards, the final photon dose distribution is calculated also using the SMCP and summed together with the one of the electrons. This process is applied for a brain and two head and neck cases. The resulting DYMBER dose distributions are compared to those of dynamic trajectory radiotherapy (DTRT) plans consisting only of photon DTs and clinically applied VMAT plans. Furthermore, the deliverability of the DYMBER plans is verified in terms of dosimetric accuracy, delivery time and collision avoidance. For this purpose, The DYMBER plans are delivered to Gafchromic EBT3 films placed in an anthropomorphic head phantom on a Varian TrueBeam linear accelerator.



For each case, the dose homogeneity in the target is similar or better for DYMBER compared to DTRT and VMAT. Averaged over all three cases, the mean dose to the parallel OARs is 16% and 28% lower, D2% to the serial OARs is 17% and 37% lower and V10% to normal tissue is 12% and 4% lower for the DYMBER plans compared to the DTRT and VMAT plans, respectively. The DYMBER plans are delivered without collision and with a 4-5 min longer delivery time than the VMAT plans. The absolute dose measurements are compared to calculation by gamma analysis using 2% (global)/2 mm criteria with passing rates of at least 99%.



A treatment technique for DYMBER has been successfully developed and verified for its deliverability. The dosimetric superiority of DYMBER over DTRT and VMAT indicates utilizing increased DoF to be the key to improve brain and head and neck radiation treatments in future.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Ultra-small TiO(2) nanoparticles disrupt microtubular networks in Arabidopsis thaliana.

In spite of the mounting concerns, current understanding of the extent and mechanisms of phytotoxicity of manufactured nanomaterials remains limited. Here we show that in Arabidopsis thaliana, ultra-small anatase TiO(2) nanoparticles cause reorganization and elimination of microtubules followed by the accelerated and 26S proteasome-dependent degradation of tubulin monomers. Similar to other microtubule-disrupting agents, TiO(2) nanoparticles induce isotropic growth of root cells. Because microtubules are essential for the normal function of all eukaryotic cells, these results reveal a potentially important consequence of environmental pollution by this widely used nanomaterial.

Field of study: Environmental science
An Improved Drop-fall Algorithm for Handwritten Numerals Segmentation

After analyzing the weakness of conventional Drop Fall algorithm,which is one of severval contour splitting algorithms,an improved seeping process is presented in this paper for separating connected characters that share a long segment.At first the medial axis of stroke connection between two characters is extracted by distance transform as cut tracing,and then straight line is drawn up or down in the slant angle direction from the two terminal points until the upper or lower contour of the connected part respectively.Finally,the medial axis and the two straight lines form a long tilt path passing through a series of black pixels in connected part.Experimental results show that the improved process can obtain more satisfied segmentation and it is effective.

Field of study: Computer science
On the debate between the two viewpoints of pedagogy: essence and anti-essence doctrines——Also defend for anti-essence doctrine

In present educational academic circles in China, a new debate between essence and anti-essence doctrines is undergoing. The paper has sorted out the current state of their debate and respective core points, and at the same time defends for anti-essence. The research argues that anti-essence doctrine is a new "essence doctrine" put forward with the basis on the practice of anti-essence pedagogy in our country. It's emergency marks a benign beginning for academic freedom in education research and a beginning against academic hegemony.

Field of study: Education
Electronic properties and fermi surface for new Fe-free layered pnictide-oxide superconductor BaTi2Bi2O from first principles

Very recently, as an important step in the development of layered Fe-free pnictide-oxide superconductors, the new phase BaTi2Bi2O was discovered which has the highest TC value (∼4.6 K) among all related undoped systems. In this Letter, we report for the first time the electronic bands, Fermi surface topology, total and partial densities of electronic states for BaTi2Bi2O obtained by means of the ab initio FLAPW-GGA calculations. The interatomic bonding picture is described as a high-anisotropic mixture of metallic, covalent, and ionic contributions. The structural and electronic factors, which can be responsible for the increased transition temperature for BaTi2Bi2O (as compared with related pnictide-oxides BaTi2As2O and BaTi2Sb2O), are also discussed.

Field of study: Physics
When will trends in European mean and heavy daily precipitation emerge

A multi-model ensemble of regional climate projections for Europe is employed to investigate how the time of emergence (TOE) for seasonal sums and maxima of daily precipitation depends on spatial scale. The TOE is redefined for emergence from internal variability only; the spread of the TOE due to imperfect climate model formulation is used as a measure of uncertainty in the TOE itself. Thereby, the TOE becomes a fundamentally limiting timescale and translates into a minimum spatial scale on which robust conclusions can be drawn about precipitation trends. Thus, minimum temporal and spatial scales for adaptation planning are also given. In northern Europe, positive winter trends in mean and heavy precipitation, and in southwestern and southeastern Europe, summer trends in mean precipitation already emerge within the next few decades. However, across wide areas, especially for heavy summer precipitation, the local trend emerges only late in the 21st century or later. For precipitation averaged to larger scales, the trend, in general, emerges earlier.

Field of study: Environmental science
Amplitude by Peak Interaction but No Evidence of Auditory Mismatch Response Deficits to Frequency Change in Preschool‐Aged Children with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders

Prior studies indicate that the auditory mismatch response is sensitive to early alterations in brain development in multiple developmental disorders. Prenatal alcohol exposure is known to impact early auditory processing. The current study hypothesized alterations in the mismatch response in young children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD).



Participants in this study were 9 children with a FASD and 17 control children (Control) aged 3 to 6 years. Participants underwent magnetoencephalography and structural magnetic resonance imaging scans separately. We compared groups on neurophysiological mismatch negativity (MMN) responses to auditory stimuli measured using the auditory oddball paradigm. Frequent (1,000 Hz) and rare (1,200 Hz) tones were presented at 72 dB.



There was no significant group difference in MMN response latency or amplitude represented by the peak located ~200 ms after stimulus presentation in the difference time course between frequent and infrequent tones. Examining the time courses to the frequent and infrequent tones separately, repeated measures analysis of variance with condition (frequent vs. rare), peak (N100m and N200m), and hemisphere as within-subject factors and diagnosis and sex as the between-subject factors showed a significant interaction of peak by diagnosis (p = 0.001), with a pattern of decreased amplitude from N100m to N200m in Control children and the opposite pattern in children with FASD. However, no significant difference was found with the simple effects comparisons. No group differences were found in the response latencies of the rare auditory evoked fields.



The results indicate that there was no detectable effect of alcohol exposure on the amplitude or latency of the MMNm response to simple tones modulated by frequency change in preschool-aged children with FASD. However, while discrimination abilities to simple tones may be intact, early auditory sensory processing revealed by the interaction between N100m and N200m amplitude indicates that auditory sensory processing may be altered in children with FASD.

Field of study: Medicine
Wind erosion in the plateau country

The agency of the wind in the degradation of land areas is generally recognized, in the abstract, as comparable with that of water, excepting as to the magnitude of the work done. It is evident that air currents transport dust and sand particles, and the abrasive action of a sand blast is in kind similar to the erosive effect of a debris-laden flood, but due recognition of the role played by the wind in the erosion of special areas is perhaps not so commonly accorded. Recent observations convince me that the Great Plateau country of the western United States is one of the provinces in which the effective degrading or denuding agency of the wind has not been fully appreciated. The facts on which this belief rests will be presented in the order in which they were observed. The first thing to be considered will be certain apparently eolian . . .

Field of study: Geology
RESEARCH ARTICLES Knowledge of Pharmacy Graduates of Consultant Pharmacy Practice

To assess pharmacy graduates' knowledge of geriatric pharmacotherapy and long-term care regulations for consultant pharmacy practice.  A 37-item survey was administered to the pharmacy classes of 1998, 1999, and 2000. Questions addressed both federal regulations governing long-term care and geriatric pharmacotherapy.  The majority of 79 survey respondents were practicing in community or hospital pharmacy. Of the respondents, 70.5% reported that they were prepared for being a consultant pharmacist in a long-term care setting.  Didactic and experiential courses with an emphasis on geriatric pharmacotherapy are necessary to provide pharmacy students basic knowledge to meet the needs of our aging population.

Field of study: Education, Medicine
PausonKhand-type reaction mediated by Rh(I) catalysts

Cocyclization of alkynes, alkenes, and carbon monoxide by transition metals (known as PausonKhand reaction when dicobalt octacarbonyl complexes are used) has been accepted as one of the most powerful tools in the synthesis of cyclopentenones. Despite significant progress in the various aspects of the reaction, we still needed new catalysts to expand the scope of the reaction further. We found rhodium (I) catalysts, e.g., RhCl(PPh3)3, trans-RhCl(CO)(PPh3)2, RhCl-(CO)(dppe), and trans-[RhCl(CO)(dppp)]2, were also effective for this transformation. The scope and the efficiencies of the reaction could be tuned and expanded by the choice of catalysts. For example, we were able to devise an enantioselective PK-type reaction and a tandem strategy employing two catalysts in one pot. These results will be presented.

Field of study: Chemistry
Peasant Vigilante Committees in Northern Peru

In December, 1976, the peasants of Cuyumalca, a small, dispersed rural settlement in the northern Peruvian mountain department of Cajamarca, organized the first of what have become known as the rondas campesinas, village level vigilante committees whose primordial aim was from the first and continues to be that of putting an end to robbery, both professional cattle rustling and petty thievery.' The rondas patrol roads, trails, pastures and fields

Field of study: Political science
Taphonomical analysis of the infilling and early mineralization in endothyroids (Foraminiferida, Mississippian)

In the last few years, many studies have focused on the recognition of the allochthonous or reworked foraminiferal tests. Several features are usually analyzed, such as sorting and orientation. However, the first step to understand the processes related to the taphonomic alterations is to analyze and understand the mechanisms of infilling, and the early mineralization that foraminiferal tests suffered during the biostratinomic stage and early diagenesis. The main challenge of this contribution is to recognize and compare the processes occurring in the endothyroids that have also been described in macrofossils and some other features that are only recognized in these small foraminifera. Three mechanisms of infilling are recognized in Mississippian (Early Carboniferous) foraminiferal tests: currents, aspired currents and gravity. Infilling due to bioturbation is not recognized. The quantity of micrite sediment, extension, and shape are different and distinctive of the infilling mechanism. Moreover, the infilling is interpreted in some instance to have been modified in later stages due to mechanical breakage of the test, gravity or superficial tension among particles. Later or simultaneous with the infilling, mineralization began, which was continuous during early diagenesis. This early mineralization is related to either environmental conditions, diagenetic as well as sedimentary, or biologic features. Several processes have influenced mineralization including the type of cements, formation of molds, neomorphism and silicification.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Balance Technique for Monitoring In Situ Structural Integrity of Prismatic Structures

A general method to monitor the structural integrity of prismatic structures composed of simple isotropic linear elastic materials is described and justified by a detailed mathematical model. This technique is distinct from usual approaches in that a small number of distributed sensors is shown to be sensitive to the presence of damage throughout the entire volume of a structure without determining its location. In addition, this approach inherently operates as a binary sensor, thus alleviating the need to collect a large amount of data. Potential extensions to more general structural geometries and materials also are described.

Field of study: Physics
Value Creation Model through Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)

Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is a modern mechanism of accountability in the business world and competitive era. The notion of CSR is established on the reciprocal dependence between a organization and society, as well as the indicators that influence this relationship. Therefore, corporate social responsibility via design the elements of organization such as strategy, resource and process, business propositions, and stakeholder interactions create value for corporations and society and also can represent an excellence image in both internal and external environment through enhancing accountability for society.

Field of study: Business
Detection of undercure in carbon-fibre/epoxy composites by dynamic mechanical thermal analysis

Desirable properties in thermosetting polymer matrix composites can only be realised after a sufficient degree of matrix curing. It is, thus, important that the state of cure should be clearly identified. Carbon-fibre/epoxy laminates of varying degrees of matrix cure were prepared, and evaluated using static mechanical tests, impact tests and dynamic mechanical thermal analysis. Interlaminar shear and compression tests, although widely used in quality control, were not sufficiently sensitive to distinguish between the cured and significantly undercured laminates. Furthermore, considerable scatter was experienced in the interlaminar shear strength measurements

Field of study: Materials science
Effect of Middle-Level Static Magnetic Field on Metabolic Activity of Mitochondria

Masao SAITO Member (Tokyo Denki University) The study intends to clarify the effect of the static magnetic field on the cellular activities. This paper is concerned with the metabolic activity of the mitochondria from the viewpoint of its energy level. As a preliminary examination, the time required to render the cells to the low energy state to the G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle and to reduce its energy level, was examined by keeping the cells in the medium with low-density fetal bovine serum. Then, we examined the effect of the magnetic field on the mitochondria energy activity from the viewpoint of the cell metabolism estimated by the MTT assay. We also examined the cell respiration, expecting that the mitochondria energy activity level will be reflected on the respiration. The magnetic field was kept at 100 [mT], as well as 0 [mT] as the control. The results by MTT assay indicated that the mitochondria energy activity seems to be enhanced by the factor of 1.5. We found that the cell respiration is increased by the factor of 1.3 by the exposure to the magnetic field. It is seen by the t-test that the difference is statistically significant. It is thus concluded that the mitochondria energy activity is enhanced in the GO/G1 phase of the cell cycle by the exposure to the magnetic field. On the other hand, we also found that the mitochondria energy cycle period is little effected.

Field of study: Computer science
Determination of changes in lipoxygenase activity of Korla pear under different storage conditions

In this experiment, determination of lipoxygenase(LOX) activity of Korla pear was studied. The optimal determination conditions were as follows: adding 1.5% PVP and NaH 2 PO 4-Na 2 HPO 4 buffer(pH7.0) into crude enzyme solution, when its temperature reached 35 ℃, adding 40 μL LA solution, then analyzing the enzyme activity at 234 nm wavelength, under these conditions LOX activity is ideal. According to the optimal conditions, the changing rules of LOX activity of the Korla pear were studied during the period of chilling temperature storage, painting film storage and controlled atmosphere storage, the inhibiting effect of controlled atmosphere storage was more evident.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Haptoglobin Gene Polymorphisms in Sickle Cell Disease Patients with Different βS-Globin Gene Haplotypes

To investigate the prevalence of haptoglobin (Hp) gene alleles in Kuwaiti sickle cell disease (SCD) patients, who generally have a mild phenotype, and compare the pattern to Nigerian SCD patients whose SCD phenotype is more severe.  Hp genotyping was carried out in a group of 82 and 54 SCD patients from Kuwait and Nigeria, respectively, and appropriate Hb AA controls. The Hp genotyping was done using a PCR technique followed by agarose gel electrophoresis.  The frequency of the Hp-2 allele was 73.8% among Kuwaiti SCD patients, while the Hp-1 allele predominated among Nigerian patients (60.7%). However, the differences were not significant (p > 0.05) when the allele distributions were compared between Kuwaiti SCD and their AA counterparts or between Nigerian SCD and their AA controls. There was no association of Hp-2 allele with frequent vaso-occlusive crisis among the Kuwaiti SCD patients.  The distribution of Hp alleles appears to follow ethnic and geographical trends. Their role in the pathophysiology of pain crisis is not clear.

Field of study: Medicine
Promoting Argument-Counterargument Integration in Students' Writing

It is important, when writing opinion essays, for students to consider and integrate both arguments and counterarguments to develop a final conclusion. In this article, the authors explored the effect of criteria instruction and a graphic organizer to promote integration of arguments and counterarguments. The researchers randomly assigned 84 participants from an undergraduate educational psychology course to 1 of 4 conditions: training only, organizer only, combined, and control. The graphic organizer resulted in more refutations of counterarguments. However, criteria instruction resulted in better integration of argument and counterargument (with stronger rebuttals and more balanced reasoning). The authors discussed how the 2 interventions may have activated somewhat different argumentation schema in students.

Field of study: Education