nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The Geotectonic and Physiographic Geology of Western Arkansas

The Area discussed .—The following pages refer chiefly to what is known as the coal region of Arkansas. This is in an area situated in the western part of the state, tributary to the Arkansas river. It extends from the Boston mountains on the north to beyond the Poteau and Petit Jean mountains on the south, thus covering an area about 100 miles long in an east-and-west direction by 50 miles broad in a north-and-south direction. Historical Sketch .—The geotectonic geology of western Arkansas received little or no attention prior to the inauguration of the geological survey of the state now in progress. Shumard, in the report of Marcy’s Red river expedition, made in 1854, makes no reference to the subject. In a paper, published in 1854, by Professor J. A. Warder, of Cincinnati, on a Geological Reconnoissance of the Arkansas River, an attempt is made to locate axes . . .

Field of study: Geology
Effects of cholecystokinin on taste preference and sensitivity in rats

: Cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8) reduced the amount consumed or the number of licks of several concentrations of sucrose in short-term tests with rats that were hungry, satiated, or fed ad lib. The suppressive effect of CCK-8 was generally smaller in the hungry than in the satiated or ad-lib condition. In the satiated and ad-lib conditions, there was no effect of sucrose concentration on the magnitude of the CCK-8 effect. In hungry rats, the concentration-intake function for sucrose was lowered and flattened by both CCK and natural satiety. In order to determine whether a taste change is involved in this short-term reduction of sucrose intake, integrated chorda tympani responses were measured before and after iv infusions of CCK-8 or NaCl. The peak response to 0.3 M sucrose significantly increased after two 5-microgram infusions of CCK-8. Peak and tonic responses to sucrose and saline tended to increase after CCK-8 but not NaCl infusions. These results indicate that CCK-8 reduces sucrose intake in situations in which postingestional factors are minimal and that sucrose concentration has little effect on the size of this suppression. A change in perceived taste intensity or quality may play a role in the inhibitory effect of CCK-8 on intake.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
A Study on the Finance Management Mode Based on Campus MF1 (Mifare One) Card

The promotion and application of Campus MF1 Card can not only greatly increase the finance management efficiencies, but also regulate the finance management system. Through the brief introduction to Campus MF1 Card, the author probes into the finance management mode based on campus MF1 Card and its new characters, endorses the positive role that MF1 Card has played in enhancing the finance management, and brings forward new requirements for accountants.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Perturbative Renormalization in Quantum Few-Body Problems.

As in quantum field theory, for some singular two-body potentials, the momentum-space perturbative treatment of the three-dimensional quantum $N$-body problem is shown to exhibit ultraviolet divergences. Renormalization of these models leads to a scale and finite observables. For a Dirac delta potential we carry on this renormalization for two- and three-body systems. A new divergence, and hence a new scale, emerges for each added particle. For $N\ensuremath{\ge}3$ there are no divergences in one and two dimensions. The physical implications of these results are discussed.

Field of study: Physics
L'exercice de l'âme vertueuse. Marie Le Gendre , Colette H. WinnCabinet des saines affections. Madeleine de L'Aubespine, Colette H. Winn

breech. If Zayas reluctantly accepts patriarchy, as Brownlee asserts, her novellas also reveal a longing for powerful institutions that might control petty family tyrants. The second chapter offers close readings of five novellas in order to demonstrate Zayas's concept of character as a "changing conglomeration of subjectpositions" (33). Although the novellas in which women are victims of violence have received most critical attention, Brownlee constructively points out that Zayas's female characters encompass not only innocent victims, but resourceful avengers, lascivious adulteresses, and cruel sadists. Her intraand extra-diegetic characters alike defy stereotypical formulations of gender, race, sexuality, and class. One of her male narrators, for example, proves to be the best apologist for women, while one of the women narrators is the most misogynistic. Chapter three considers the impact of an expanded reading public on Zayas's narrative and proposes that the pornographic details of some novellas may be the result of new private reading practices, which afforded readers secret, transgressive pleasures. Brownlee acknowledges that Zayas was a shrewd marketing strategist who exploited her audience's appetite for broadside sex and violence, but she disagrees with historian Jose Antonio Maravall, who characterized her as an exploitative, reactionary, popularizer. The escapism of her fiction, Brownlee implies, is of a different kind — readers are invited to explore alternative subjectivities and to interrogate social norms. In her final chapter Brownlee analyzes how Zayas complicates the Renaissance exemplum. In the frame story of Zayas's second collection, Los desengahos amorosos, the hostess, Lisis, obliges her female guests to tell a story illustrating the perfidy of men against women. But as Brownlee reveals, the "exemplary" narratives, rather than clarifying and concretizing the assertions made by the narrators at Lisis's behest, offer instead a Baroque excess of interpretive possibilities. This is a balanced and thoughtful book that wisely urges us to read Zayas attentively and avoid rushing to grand generalizations that are all too often confounded at the next turn in Zayas's narrative labyrinth.  WEBER University of Virginia

Field of study: History
Experimental and Theoretical Study of Alpha Particle Induced Charge Collection in GaAs FETS

An experimental angular dependence study was made of charge collection in state-of-the-art GaAs FETs. Numerical simulations of the transport of electrons in the active channel and in the semi-insulating substrate were also carried out. It is concluded that charge collected by funneling from the substrate is not significant. Both energy loss in the source and drain metallizations and degradation of the potential funneling profile at larger angles of incidence may also play major roles in the charge collection efficiency of the gate.

Field of study: Physics
Detection and treatment of twinning: an improvement and new results.

This work deals with two aspects of the twinning problem. Firstly, an improvement of a known statistical test aimed at detecting twinning is presented and, secondly, a new parametrization of twinning is described, as well as a new method to obtain an accurate estimate of the degree of twinning. During work on crystals of the dimerization-initiation site of the HIV-1 genomic RNA, perfectly twinned crystals were obtained which were not immediately recognized as such by use of a known statistical method. This method, reminiscent of Wilson tests for the detection of centrosymmetric space groups, relies on calculation of /2 or, equivalently, of /2. It is shown that overlooking experimental errors may lead to erroneously large values of this index and, in turn, to ambiguous or incorrect conclusions. An immediate solution to this problem is presented. Independently, an alternative parametrization which expresses both the effect of twinning on intensities and the operation of untwinning to recover the correct intensities is proposed. A new method for estimating the degree of twinning is also presented. It is based upon maximization of the cross-correlation coefficients between intensities of all available data sets, and yields a fully analytical solution. Tests made with experimental data are quite satisfactory. It is suggested that the latter results could be used efficiently within the MIR method by allowing refinement, through one additional parameter only, of the twinning ratios of all data sets considered for phasing. Finally, the new parametrization of twinning has striking consequences in this correlation-based twinning determination: very unexpectedly, it yields a novel estimate of the 'twinning ratio' of a potentially twinned crystal which is fully independent of the data set used for the comparison.

Field of study: Chemistry
Using previously genotyped controls in genome-wide association studies (GWAS): application to the Stroke Genetics Network (SiGN)

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) are widely applied to identify susceptibility loci for a variety of diseases using genotyping arrays that interrogate known polymorphisms throughout the genome. A particular strength of GWAS is that it is unbiased with respect to specific genomic elements (e.g., coding or regulatory regions of genes), and it has revealed important associations that would have never been suspected based on prior knowledge or assumptions. To date, the discovered SNPs associated with complex human traits tend to have small effect sizes, requiring very large sample sizes to achieve robust statistical power. To address these issues, a number of efficient strategies have emerged for conducting GWAS, including combining study results across multiple studies using meta-analysis, collecting cases through electronic health records, and using samples collected from other studies as controls that have already been genotyped and made publicly available (e.g., through deposition of de-identified data into dbGaP or EGA). In certain scenarios, it may be attractive to use already genotyped controls and divert resources to standardized collection, phenotyping, and genotyping of cases only. This strategy, however, requires that careful attention be paid to the choice of “public controls” and to the comparability of genetic data between cases and the public controls to ensure that any allele frequency differences observed between groups is attributable to locus-specific effects rather than to a systematic bias due to poor matching (population stratification) or differential genotype calling (batch effects). The goal of this paper is to describe some of the potential pitfalls in using previously genotyped control data. We focus on considerations related to the choice of control groups, the use of different genotyping platforms, and approaches to deal with population stratification when cases and controls are genotyped across different platforms.

Field of study: Biology
A fast and sensitive HPLC-DAD method for the determination of catechin and caffeine in black tea.

A gradient elution HPLC-DAD method has been developed for sensitive and fast determination of five main catechins,namely epigallocatechin gallate(EGCG),epigallocatechin(EGC),epicatechin gallate(ECG),epicatechin(EC),and catechin(+C),and caffeine in teas.The optimial wavelength was found at 205 nm,where limit of detections(LOD) for catechins and caffeine obtained were in the range of 0.01~0.04 μg·mL-1.Reverse-phase C18 column(150×4.6 mm ID,5 μm particle size;Agilent) and gradient elution consisted of acetonitrile and 0.03% trifluoroacetic acid solution(v/v) were employed for HPLC separation,in which,at 1 mL·min-1 of flow-rate,the extract was determined within 15 min.Recoveries were in range of 92%～110%,and repeatability expressed as RSD was less than 2.7%.Because of stability and specialty,the developed technique can be used as an ideal analytical method for determination of five catechins and caffeine in black tea.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Effects of runoff sensitivity and catchment characteristics on regional actual evapotranspiration trends in the conterminous US

An understanding of the role of hydro-climatic and geographic regimes on regional actual evapotranspiration (AET) change is essential to improving our knowledge on predicting water availability in a changing climate. This study investigates the relationship between AET change for a 60 year period (1951?2010) and the runoff sensitivity in 255 undisturbed catchments over the US. The runoff sensitivity to climate change is simply defined as the relative magnitude between runoff and precipitation changes with time. Runoff sensitivity can readily explain the conflicting directions of AET changes under similar precipitation change. Under increasing precipitation, AET decreases when runoff is increasing more rapidly than precipitation based on the water balance. Conversely, AET increases when runoff is decreasing more rapidly than precipitation. This result indicates that runoff sensitivity to climate change is a key factor for understanding regional water availability change at the catchment scale. In addition, a stepwise multiple regression analysis and a geographically weighted regression analysis show that the portion of evergreen forest and the mean elevation of a catchment may play a secondary role in the spatial pattern of the AET change, and the relative importance of such explanatory variables may change over space.

Field of study: Environmental science
Railroads, Landholding, and Agrarian Protest in the Early Porfiriato

U NDER CONDITIONS of rigid social and political hierarchy, and especially where rural cultivators form a distinct and subordinate ethnic group, marked improvement in the profitability of agricultural enterprise tends to be associated with regressive movements in the distribution of property (land, livestock, implements, and the like) as well as direct assaults on the political liberties and other rights of peasants. While there has been some recognition that such a process accompanied the large scale penetration of foreign capital and technology into much of IndoLatin America in the last decades of the nineteenth century, the process has not received the attention it deserves.' Perhaps the most visible and costly byproduct of nineteenth-century foreign intrusion were the railroads. Hundreds, even thousands, of miles of railroads often were built even before substantial direct investments were made in other kinds of enterprise. In fact railroads accounted for more than half of all British and United States investments in Latin America until well after the turn of the century.2 The close relationship between transport innovation and export sector development has been very evident to historians.3 However, much less is known of the impact of railroads on agrarian conditions except where the new transport system formed part of the agricultural export system. Yet railroads often induced profound transformations

Field of study: History
Binary Matrices for Compressed Sensing

For an <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$m\times n$</tex-math></inline-formula> binary matrix with <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$d$</tex-math></inline-formula> nonzero elements per column, it is interesting to identify the minimal column degree <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$d$</tex-math> </inline-formula> that corresponds to the best recovery performance. Consider this problem is hard to be addressed with currently known performance parameters, we propose a new performance parameter, the average of <italic>nonzero</italic> correlations between normalized columns. The parameter is proved to perform better than the known <italic>coherence </italic> parameter, namely the maximum correlation between normalized columns, when used to estimate the performance of binary matrices with high compression ratios <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$n/m$</tex-math> </inline-formula> and low column degrees <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$d$</tex-math></inline-formula>. By optimizing the proposed parameter, we derive an ideal column degree <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX"> $d=\lceil \sqrt{m}\rceil$</tex-math></inline-formula>, around which the best recovery performance is expected to be obtained. This is verified by simulations. Given the ideal number <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$d$ </tex-math></inline-formula> of nonzero elements in each column, we further determine their specific distribution by minimizing the coherence with a greedy method. The resulting binary matrices achieve comparable or even better recovery performance than <italic>random</italic> binary matrices.

Field of study: Engineering
Enantioselective terpene synthesis based on R-(+)-limonene

The prevalence of a C - common core in diverse C terpenes has been recognised. A bifun%onal C I 2-cyclopentanoid deriva%:% corresponding to this common-core has been prepared from R-(+)-limonene. The enantiomerically pure 2 has b een e laborated to several sesqui- and diterpene skeleta. In particular, enantioselective syntheses of isodaucane sesquiterpene, (+)-aphanamol-I, 3 and a dolabellane diterpene, 6-araneosene 26 have b een a ccomplished for the first time. A general solution to the stereochemical problem associated w ith t his c lass of compounds has been devised. Syntheses of (-)daucene 8 and (+)-isoamijiol 17 are also described.

Field of study: Chemistry
Early Pleistocene birth of the Okinawa Trough and Ryukyu Island Arc at the northwestern margin of the Pacific: evidence from Late Cenozoic planktonic foraminiferal zonation

Widespread development of the upper Pleistocene Ryukyu Limestone suggests the occurrence of prototypes of the Okinawa Trough and Ryukyu Island Arc, barkarc-basin and forearc at the northwestern margin of the Pacific, before its deposition. Prior to the deposition, however, bathyal sediments of the Shimajiri Group were distributed over the arc region. On southern Okinawa Island, this group is divided into 11 planktonic foraminiferal zones, some of which may be not globally valuable but regionally useful, ranging in age from late Pliocene to earliest Pleistocene. This zonal scheme is applied to zoning 421 outcrop samples and a geologic map is succesfully obtained. The map indicates the development of many faults that cut only the Shimajiri Group but not the overlying Ryukyu Limestone and majority of these faults run in perpendicular to the arc extension. Similar faults are also recognized in the lower Pliocene to lowermost Pleistocene Shimajiri Group on Miyako Island (southern Ryukyu Island Arc), in a submarine seismic profile, which was correlated with well stratigraphy, at the east of Miyako Island, and in the upper Pliocene to lowest Pleistocene Somachi Formation on Kikai Island (northermost central arc). The structures observed in the Shimajiri Group and its equivalent may have been formed by an upward warping of the arc region associated with subsidence of the trough region. Considering the pre-Shimajiri basement geology as a whole, therefore, it is concluded that the initial appearance of this backarc basin and forearc occurred after the deposition of the Shimajiri and before that of the Ryukyu Limestone during the late Pleistocene (∼ 1.7 −0.5 Ma).

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Phase Transfer Catalyzed Polymerization of Styrene and Graft Copolymerization of Styrene onto Gelatin

The use of tetrabutylammonium bromide (TBAB), as phase transfer catalyst during polymerization of styrene in the presence of water-soluble radical initiator, potassium persulfate (KPS), and graft copolymerization of styrene onto gelatin, a water soluble polymer, using a water-insoluble radical initiator, benzoyl peroxide (BPO), has been explored in a water-benzene biphasic system. The percentage conversion (Pc) of styrene to polystyrene and percent grafting (Pg) of styrene onto gelatin was studied as a function of various reaction parameters. Under optimum reaction conditions, maximum Pc (76%) was obtained at [KPS] = 12.9 × 10−4 moles/L, [Sty] = 4.3 ×10−3 moles/L, and maximum Pg (87%) was obtained at [BPO] = 4.6× 10−4 moles/L, [Sty] = 13.88 × 10−3 moles/L using [PTC] = 2.89 × 10−4 moles/Lin 10 mL each of water and benzene in 120 min at 60 °C. The graft copolymer, Gel-g-poly(Sty), was characterized by IR, Thermogravimetric Analysis, Scanning Electron Microscopy and swelling behaviour in different solvents. Metal uptake and degradation studies of the grafted sample were also carried out. The grafted sample showed maximum uptake for Cu2+ (88%), Ni2+ (80%) and Fe2+ (50%). Degradation studies of Gel-g-poly(Sty) were carried out by soil burial test and UV radiations. Photo-degradation showed better degradation (5.26% wt. loss) in 32 h of exposure to UV radiations as compared to soil burial degradation (8.46% wt. loss) in 30 days. Gelatin-styrene graft copolymers can thus be used as bio- and photo-degradable materials for environmental management.

Field of study: Materials science
Public perceptions of ocean health and marine protection: Drivers of support for Oregon's marine reserves

Over the past several decades marine conservation policy has supported the implementation of protected areas in ocean and coastal environments to restrict some elements of human use for ecological benefits. The appropriate extent of protection and the allowable uses are often the subject of public debate about marine protected area policy. Local community dynamics around marine protected area designation and management have been the subject of much ocean and coastal management social science research. However, broader public opinions and attitudes about marine protected areas are not well understood and are critical for managers seeking to maintain their public trust obligations in environmental management. This paper provides a model for understanding the attitudes and beliefs that foster public support for or opposition to marine protections. We explored the relationships between awareness, attitudes and beliefs towards coastal and marine resource issues and uses, and demographics among a sample of Oregon, USA residents (n = 459), and tested their influence on support for expanding Oregon's recently established marine reserves. We found that Oregonians have relatively low familiarity with Oregon's marine reserve system, but that familiarity did not influence public support for Oregon's marine reserves. Instead public support was lower among coastal residents and those with positive attitudes towards commercial fisheries, and higher for those concerned with the ecological integrity of Oregon's ocean and supportive of some limits to human uses of the ocean. Our findings highlight the need for managers to engage both coastal communities and the general public to make a case for the value of marine protected areas in safeguarding the public trust.

Field of study: Environmental science
Provably Secure Certificate-based Signature Scheme for Ad Hoc Networks

Certificate-based cryptography proposed by Gentry in Eurocrypt 2003 combines the advantages of traditional public key cryptography (PKI) and identity-based cryptography, and removes the certificate management problem and the private key escrow security concern. Based on computational Diffie-Hellman assumption, a certificate-based signature scheme is constructed to insure the security of communication in mobile Ad hoc networks,. The security of the scheme is proved under the Random Oracle Model. The scheme is also efficient, since the signing algorithm does not need the computation of the bilinear pairing and the verification algorithm needs that computation only once. Thus it is particularly useful in Ad hoc networks.

Field of study: Computer science
Ground state lost but degeneracy found: the effective thermodynamics of artificial spin ice.

We analyze the rotational demagnetization of artificial spin ice, a recently realized array of nanoscale single-domain ferromagnetic islands. Demagnetization does not anneal this model system into its antiferromagnetic ground state: the moments have a static disordered configuration similar to the frozen state of the spin ice materials. We demonstrate that this athermal system has an effective extensive degeneracy and we introduce a formalism that can predict the populations of local states in this icelike system with no adjustable parameters.

Field of study: Physics