nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Load maximum behavior in the inflation of hollow spheres of incompressible material with strain-dependent damage

Carroll has shown three qualitatively different cases of behavior in the load-expansion relation for the inflation of hollow incompressible isotropic elastic spheres. Each of these cases was related to material response in uniaxial compression (or equal biaxial extension). For "type A" materials, load increases monotonically with expansion; for "type B" materials, load increases monotonically and then decreases; for "type C" materials, load increases monotonically, decreases, and again increases. The present work discusses the monotonicity properties of the load-expansion relation when rubbery materials undergo microstructural change or damage. The analysis is carried out using a constitutive equation for materials undergoing continuous scission and reformation of macromolecular junctions. Results are presented for the case when this leads to softening of response. For "type A", sufficient softening can cause loss of monotonicity; for "type B", the softening leads to loss of monotonicity at smaller levels of inflation and lower loads.

Field of study: Mathematics
Einfluß einer Quasiteilchen-Spinbahnwechselwirkung auf die magnetischen Momente leichter Atomkerne

Using Migdal's theory of interacting quasiparticles, the influence of a two-body spin-orbit interaction in addition to the spin-spin interaction on magnetic moments of nuclei was investigated in the mass regionA=11 toA=65. The coupling constants of the spin-orbit interaction were determined from spin-orbit splittings of single particle energies, and those of the spin-spin interaction were adjusted by fitting magnetic moments. The constants of the spin-spin interaction were found to be dependent on the mass value. The inclusion of the spin-orbit interaction led to a better agreement of theoretical and experimental magnetic moments of light nuclei. The spin-orbit contribution was averaged 7% over all nuclei, but reached 20–30% for some of them.

Field of study: Physics
Berezin kernels and analysis on Makarevich spaces

Following ideas of van Dijk and Hille we study the link which exists between maximal degenerate representations and Berezin kernels. We consider the conformal group Conf(V) of a simple real Jordan algebra V. The maximal degenerate representations πs (s e ℂ) we shall study are induced by a character of a maximal parabolic subgroup P¯ of Conf(V). These representations πs can be realized on a space Is of smooth functions on V. There is an invariant bilinear form ℬs on the space Is. The problem we consider is to diagonalize this bilinear form ℬs, with respect to the action of a symmetric subgroup G of the conformal group Conf(V). This bilinear form can be written as an integral involving the Berezin kernel Bv an invariant kernel on the Riemannian symmetric space G/K, which is a Makarevich symmetric space in the sense of Bertram. Then we can use results by van Dijk and Pevzner who computed the spherical Fourier transform of Bv. From these, one deduces that the Berezin kernel satisfies a remarkable Bernstein identity: D(ν)Bν=b(ν)Bν+1, where D(ν) is an invariant differential operator on G/K and b(ν) is a polynomial. By using this identity we compute a Hua type integral which gives the normalizing factor for an intertwining operator from I−s to Is. Furthermore, we obtain the diagonalization of the invariant bilinear form with respect to the action of the maximal compact group U of the conformal group Conf(V).

Field of study: Mathematics
Beneficial effects of the thymic hormone preparation thymoxtimulin in patients with defects in cell‐mediated immunity and chronic purulent rhinosinusitis. A double‐blind cross‐over trial on improvements in monocyte polarization and clinical effects

Twenty patients with chronic purulent rhinosinusitis were treated with TP‐1 (Serono; 1 mg/kg body weight), in a double‐blind cross‐over trial. TP‐1 was administered by daily i.m. injections for the first 14 days followed by two injections/week for 6 further weeks. The patients were immunologically special in that they had defects in their cell‐mediated immune system. Fourteen showed a decreased chemotactic responsiveness of their peripheral blood monocytes as measured in the polarization assay. This defective function can probably be ascribed to the presence in serum of low molecular weight factors (LMWFs; < 25 kD). As reported earlier, this factor shows a structural homology to the envelope protein of murine and feline leukaemia virus (P15E). Thirteen patients showed a defective delayed‐type hypersensitivity (DTH) skin test reactivity towards candidin and/or streptokinase‐streptodornase (Sk/Sd) antigen. 14 had a defective MIF production from their peripheral blood lymphocytes towards candidin, Sk/Sd and/or Haemophilus influenzae antigen. Eighteen patients completed the TP‐1 trial and showed clinical improvements: 12 out of 15 were feeling better during TP‐1 therapy and the nasal mucosa showed on inspection absent mucopurulent secretion in 13 patients. Positive bacterial culture rates for the nose decreased from 14 out of 16 to five out of 15. Placebo treatment had no significant effects. The clinical improvements were accompanied by a better performance of the cell‐mediated immune system: the most significant effects were recorded in the monocyte polarization assay. The suppressive P15E‐like LMWFs in serum clearly decreased during TP‐1 treatment. In vitro TP‐1 neutralized the immunosuppressivc effect of the LMWFs. The restoring effects of TP‐1 on monocyte polarization and its neutralizing activity of P15E‐like LMWFs could explain the beneficial effects of thymic hormone treatment reported in adults with clinical signs of immunodeficiency in the presence of a full T cell repertoire.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
EVALUATION OF TWO-STAGE ANAEROBIC SEQUENCING BATCH REACTOR SYSTEMS FOR ANIMAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT

Anaerobic treatment of screened swine and dairy manure was studied in the laboratory with two-stage anaerobic sequencing batch reactor (ASBR) systems. The effects of anaerobic treatment on odor control in subsequent manure storage units were evaluated. One thermophilic (55°C) mesophilic (35°C) system (II) was evaluated against one mesophilic (35°C) mesophilic (35°C) system (I) at a system hydraulic retention time (HRT) of six days and four volatile solid (VS) loading rates (1, 2, 3, 4 g/L/day). Generally, anaerobic digestion under all the test conditions resulted in higher solids reduction in swine manure than in dairy manure. The thermophilic-mesophilic system had a better performance in treating dairy and swine manure with 6 to 15% more VS removal than the mesophilic-mesophilic system. The headspace gas analysis results using manure storage jars showed that both systems were effective in reducing the generation of odorous sulfur gases during storage. The untreated dairy and swine manure exhibited strong offensive odors with high hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) and mercaptan concentrations detected in the headspaces of storage jars. The anaerobically treated manure, however, showed minimal residual odors while in many cases, H 2 S and mercaptans were not detectable. With the consideration of its better capability for destructing fecal bacteria in animal manure, the thermophilic-mesophilic ASBR system is more advantageous than the mesophilic-mesophilic ASBR system for treating animal manure. However, the higher energy requirement for heating the reactors in the former system needs to be considered when selecting thermophilic vs. mesophilic anaerobic digestion systems.  Anaerobic digestion, Anaerobic sequencing batch reactors, Odor control, Dairy, Swine,

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Comparison of GLUT1, GLUT2, GLUT4 and SGLT1 mRNA Expression in the Salivary Glands and Six Other Organs of Control, Streptozotocin-Induced and Goto-Kakizaki Diabetic Rats

The expression and localization of several distinct glucose transporters (GLUT1, GLUT2, GLUT4, and SGLT1) was recently characterized in the parotid gland of normal rats by quantitative real-time PCR analysis, immunohistochemistry and Western blotting. The major aims of the present study was to compare the mRNA expression of these glucose transporters in both the parotid gland and submaxillary gland of control rats, streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats and hereditarily diabetic Goto-Kakizaki rats.  Quantitative real-time PCR analysis was performed in the parotid and submaxillary salivary glands and, for purpose of comparison, also in the heart, kidney, liver, lung, muscle and pancreas from control animals and either streptozotocin-treated or Goto-Kakizaki rats.  The expression of GLUT4, but not GLUT1 or SGLT1, mRNA was decreased in the diabetic rats. The results also allow comparing both the mRNA expression level of the four glucose transporters in salivary glands and six other organs, and the diabetes-induced changes in such an expression in distinct locations.  The mRNA expression of the insulin-dependent GLUT4 transporter was the sole to be significantly decreased in the salivary glands of diabetic animals. The possible consequence of such a decrease in terms of the control of salivary glucose concentration requires further investigation.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Stimulation of G-CSF gene expression in the macrophage cell line by contact with extracellular matrix proteins and a pre-B leukaemia cell line.

In order to scrutinize the adherence-dependent interactions for induction of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) in peripheral monocytes/macrophages, a sensitive reporter gene assay was constructed using the mouse macrophage cell line transfected with the mouse G-CSF promoter region in conjunction with the luciferase gene as a reporter. With this system, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) showed a markedly positive response. Among the extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, both fibronectin (FN) and vitronectin (VN) markedly induced luciferase activity, but others did so but much lesser extent. Among the synthetic peptides having Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) sequences, only FLEPP with multiple RGD significantly induced luciferase activity. Pretreatment of the cells with anti-integrin alpha 6, alpha M, beta 1 and beta 2 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) significantly reduced the LPS-induced responses and anti-alpha 1, alpha 2 and beta 3 mAbs to lesser extent, and anti-alpha 5, alpha 6, alpha M, beta 1 and beta 2 mAbs blocked the FN-induced response. In the cell-to-cell interactions, significantly positive increase was observed by direct contacting this cell line with a G-CSF-dependent promyelocytic leukaemia cell line, known to stimulate the induction of G-CSF to the stromal cells. Its effect was mostly blocked by pretreatment with anti-integrin alpha 5, alpha L, beta 1 and beta 2 and anti-ICAM-1 mAbs. These results indicate that there are several pathways via the cell-to-ECM and cell-to-cell interactions triggering the induction of G-CSF in the macrophages.

Field of study: Medicine
Black Writing, Culture, and the State in Latin America ed. by Jerome C. Branche (review)

The authors’ approach allows the readers to judge for themselves what sort of man Serra was. True, each reader will react differently to what he or she reads, and thus may support Spiegel’s criticisms about the tendency to make the past reflect the present. For their part, Beebe and Senkewicz admit Serra was a “complex” man (37). Even so, they give readers the opportunity to make their own judgments.

Field of study: History
Design of Components and Analysis of Reuse Rate Based on Unit-components on Reconfigurable Routing and Switching Platform

The traditional development method of routing software has low efficiency and poor scalability.To implement the reconfigurability and reusability of routing and switching equipments using the software component technology is able to meet the needs of multi-network integration and business integration and is the direction of development of the Internet and the key technologies of the healthy development of routing and switching equipment manufacturing.In this article,the unit-components- components- group components model for the development of routing software was proposed.Through analysis of the codes of routing protocols,the design and implementation method of reusable unit-components and reusable components was presented and nine unit-components with high reusability were implemented.Furthermore,several routing protocols such as BGP、OSPF and RIP were implemented using the reusable unit-components and the code reuse rate increased by an average of 24.2% under the premise of guaranteeing the reliability and protocol conformance,which improved developing efficiency,reuse level and scalability of routing software.

Field of study: Computer science
Differentiation Strategy and Performance of Long-distance Bus Companies in Kenya

Safe transport is an essential element to the development of an economy of any country. Transport enables movement of people, services and goods, from one location to another one. In Kenya, majority of the population who travel beyond three hundred (300) kilometres commonly use long distance bus service. Travelling for a long distance in a poorly maintained bus can be quite uncomfortable. Some buses are normally over-packed with hard seats, poor ventilation, overly slow or overly speedy and poor sanitation. Consequently, long distances need the most comfortable travelling medium to at least not get over exhausted. In product differentiation strategy, a firm seeks to be unique in its product offing compared to its competitors. This study sought to contribute to knowledge by assessing the influence of differentiation strategy on performance of long-distance bus companies in Kenya. Porter’s generic strategies are the main model anchoring the study. Cross-Sectional survey was used as research design. The population of the study consists of fifty one (51) registered and licensed long distance bus companies in Kenya. Primary and secondary data were collected by the use of a structured questionnaires and review of regulatory bodies’ websites and availed documents. Correlation and regression analyses were used to test hypotheses. Not all organizational performance determinants were included but balanced score card was appropriately used to reflect non-financial and financial indicators. Results show that safety strategy has the most significant influence on performance of long-distance bus companies in Kenya. This was followed by comfort and reliability respectively. The significance of safety measures when it comes to transporting people is quite critical. The central recommendation that the study offers as impetus to strategic management body of knowledge, transport companies and policy makers is the need to consider safety measures as the most essential differentiating features in transport management in order to win the confidence and loyalty of passengers thus enhance performance. The major limitation of this study is that primary data was gathered from three (3) bus company managers only per company. However, additional secondary data was used to validate primary data hence reduce common bias.

Field of study: Business
The crisis in shifting cultivation practices and the promise of agroforestry: a review of the Panamanian experience

Deforestation is proceeding at alarming rates in the Central American Republic of Panama. This is leading to high losses of biodiversity, local wood shortages, increased erosion, and the sedimentation of water bodies. One of the principal causes of deforestation is the expansion of the agricultural frontier through extensive shifting cultivation systems. These land use systems are becoming increasingly unsustainable as populations increase and the amount of agricultural land available declines, and are often associated with low crop productivity, and reduced soil fertility. Agroforestry, or the association of trees with crops and livestock, has the potential of providing both socio-economic and ecological advantages to smallholders. While the number of agroforestry projects has increased dramatically over the past two decades in Panama, there is little information on the impacts these projects have had. This review provides a brief history of agroforestry in Panama, and outlines the current projects underway. In addition, the main factors impeding the increased adoption of agroforestry are examined, and recommendations are provided.

Field of study: Environmental science
Development of a Clinical Pharmacology Graduate Program at the University of Kentucky.

This paper presents a summary of the philosophy, mechanism and possible outcomes of a graduate program initiative at the University of Kentucky College of Pharmacy. The program is intended to develop pharmacy trained specialists who independently will derive new knowledge through observation, study and experimentation that is focused on drug therapy outcomes in patients, and the factors and mechanisms determining those outcomes. Successful completion of this “Clinical Pharmacology Program” would ultimately lead to the PhD degree in Pharmaceutical Sciences, the umbrella graduate program at the University of Kentucky College of Pharmacy. This program is designed for individuals holding the PharmD degree who are interested in a rigorous, mechanistic approach to problems in clinical pharmacology and in establishing themselves as independent scientists through: intense clinical experience in a medical specialty of interest, state-of-the-art course work, and integrated laboratory-based and clinical dissertation research. It is emphasized that this program will continue to evolve in response to institutional and disciplinary needs and opportunities.

Field of study: Education, Medicine
Belê in regte voer vir verse : tegnologie

'n Melkprodusent se voerrekening is een van sy grootste uitgawes en soms word jong diere se dieet nie so noukeurig beplan soos die van produserende koeie nie. Hoewel dit die volwasse diere is wat vir die plaas se inkomste sorg, sorg die korrekte grootmaak en voeding van opvolgverse vir 'n toekomstige melkkudde waarop staatgemaak kan word.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Application of chitosan on mulberry fruit juice clarifying

The clarification effect of Chitosan on Mulberry fruit juice was studied. The content of main compositions in Mulberry fruit juice before and after the treatment with Chitosan had been investigated. The result showed that Chitosan was a fine clarifying agent of fruit juice, Transmittance of Mulberry fruit juice was over 85%, the nutrients and absorbance were almost not changed through Chitosan clarification. Simultaneously, the clarified fruit juice remained a fine stability after stored for 5～6 months at low temperature.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
A critical review of models of coupled heat and mass transfer in falling-film absorption

In absorption space-conditioning systems, the performance of the absorber is critical to the overall system performance, size, and first-cost. The objective of this paper is to provide a comprehensive review of the significant efforts that researchers have made to mathematically model the coupled heat and mass transfer phenomena that occur during falling-film absorption. A detailed review of the governing equations, boundary conditions, assumptions, solution methods, results, and validation of these investigations is presented. This review excludes experimental work in this area, the effect of additives, and the effect of non-absorbable gases. It is shown that most work found in the literature has focused on the particularly simplified case of absorption in laminar vertical films of water-lithium bromide. Fewer researchers have considered the important situations of wavy films, turbulent films, and films on horizontal tubes. Investigations of the ammonia-water fluid pair have been generally more empirical in nature and/or restricted to vertical laminar films. This review is used to highlight key areas which need attention such as film and vapor hydrodynamics, especially the non-periodicity, instability, and recirculatory motion of waves in the vertical wall case and droplets and waves in the horizontal tube case. Also the potential interaction of the heat and mass transfer process on the film hydrodynamics, surface wetting, heat transfer in the vapor phase, and common simplifications to the governing equations should all be considered carefully. Finally, emphasis must be placed on experimental validation of the local conditions and transfer processes within the absorber, not just overall transport values.

Field of study: Engineering
Preparation of a novel human platelet/T cell activation antigen 1 (PTA1) IgG Fc fusion protein, a potential tools for identification of PTA1 ligand

Preparation of a novel human platelet/T cell activation antigen 1 (PTA1)IgG Fc fusion protein, a potential tools for identification of PTA1 ligand$$$$ SUN Kai, JIN Boquan, FENG Qi, et al. Department of Immunology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xian 710032 【  To express and purify the PTA1/IgG Fc fusion protein as a tool for further research on PTA1 ligand and its function.  The mRNA of PTA1 was extracted from TPA activated Jurkat cells and used as a template for reversetranscription. After PCR amplification, a 793bp fragment including extracellular region and the splice donor sequence “ACTTACCTGT” was obtained and cloned into fusion expression vector pIG. The recombinant vector was named pPTA1/Ig. The pPTA1/Ig vector was transfected in COS7 cell by DEAEDextran method and expression of a secreting fusion protein was identified by sandwich ELISA with antiPTA1 McAb and HRPconjugated antihIg McAb.  About 1.3mg PTA1/Ig fusion protein could be obtained from 1L COS7 culture supernatants by antiPTA1 affinity chromatography purification. SDSPAGE showed that the molecular weight of PTA1/Ig fusion protein was 83kD and the protein could be recognized by antiIgG polyclonal antibody in Western blot.  Both PTA1 extracellular domain and IgG Fc domain could be recognized respectively by antiPTA1 and antihIg Fc McAb, suggesting that PTA1/Ig could mimic the nature PTA1 molecule and be a potential tool in the research of PTA1 ligand and its functions. 【 Subject words 】 Platelet/T cell activation antigen Fusion protein Gene expression

Field of study: Biology
Heat deposition in the ITER FEAT poloidal field coils during a plasma scenario

During the last phase of the EDA (Engineering Design Activities) of the ITER (International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor) project, a fully superconducting PF (Poloidal Field) system has been designed to cope with the requirements of the FEAT (Fusion Energy Advanced Tokamak) version of ITER: providing the magnetic field required to develop, shape and control the 15 MA plasma during the 900 s of a typical plasma scenario. The CS (Central Solenoid), divided into 6 Nb/sub 3/Sn subcoils, and the six outer NbTi PF coils will experience severe heat loads especially during the 400 s of the plasma burn: nuclear heating due to the 400 MW of fusion power, thermal radiation, and ac losses (30 to 300 kJ in the PF coils). The ac losses along the PF coil pancakes are deduced from accurate magnetic field computations performed by the TRAPS code (analytical integration of the Biot-Savart law over the cross section of 3-D current elements). Using as input these heat loads, including thermal radiation and nuclear heating, a thermal-hydraulic analysis of the PF coil cable-in-conduit conductor is performed with a finite element code, GANDALF: the temperature increases (0.1 to 0.3 K) are computed, the temperature margins of the conductor are thus evaluated.

Field of study: Physics