nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Slavonic Studies in America

T HIS essay grew out of an attempt to discover the status of Slavonic studies in America, especially Russian. Curiously enough, although by far the better facilities for Slavonic study are available in the United States, the best periodical material on the subject is to be found in British publications-Tbe Slavonic and East European Review and The London Times Educational Supplement. There are many reasons why Russian should be taught. Approximately one hundred and eighty million people speak Russian in Europe and Asia, while but eighty million use German and sixty million French, the two foremost foreign languages taught in the secondary schools and colleges and universities in America. There can be little question that Russia has a tremendous economic future. The country is developing rapidly. It has grown increasingly important in international affairs, and now bids fair to be the savior of democracy by force of arms-a rather curious fate for the dictatorship of the "proletariat." It has made many valuable contributions in learning and culture. Here is what a British contemporary thought about it as recently as June, 1939, when Russia's fateful r6le as England's partner was not yet a dream: Russian has far more career value than most people realize. Useful for journalist and librarian, it is invaluable in commerce. Industry has given it just place. It is recognized in examinations for the public service. But in the teaching profession Russian has little value and may even prove a hindrance in getting a post. Thus, the crux of the problem is to be found in the attitude of the schools themselves and its effect both on the demand for teachers and the supply of students.

Field of study: Education
Social Norms and the Likelihood of Raping: Perceived Rape Myth Acceptance of Others Affects Men's Rape Proclivity

Research showing that rape myth acceptance (RMA) causally affects rape proclivity (RP) was extended by examining the impact of RMA-related norms on RP. Male students (total N = 264) received feedback about the alleged responses of other students to RMAitems either before (Experiment 1) or after (Experiment 2) they reported their own RMA, and then their RP was assessed using acquaintance-rape scenarios. The level of RMA feedback was varied. Results showed that higher norms led to higher RP. In Experiment 1, this effect was mediated via selfreported RMA. Experiment 2 yielded main effects of both RMA feedback and self-reported RMA and an interaction effect showing that RMA feedback was particularly influential at higher levels of own RMA. Theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.

Field of study: Psychology
Numerical Experiments on Anomalies from Stationary, Slowly Moving, and Fast-Moving Shocks

Nomenclature cp = specific heat at constant pressure  = shock location parameter,  [0, 1] g = grid perturbation parameter, 0, 1.e-6, or 1.e-3 E = total energy per unit mass E, F = (inviscid) flux vectors in xand y-direction H = total enthalpy M = (shock intensity) Mach number, M (1, ∞) Ms = (shock propagation) Mach number, Ms [0, ∞) Msignal = (“signal”) Mach number, Msignal ≈ 0.44M for perfect gas p = pressure  = density T = temperature u, v = velocity components in Cartesian coordinates x, y = Cartesian coordinates

Field of study: Physics
METAL-FREE FUNCTIONALIZATION OF AZINE N -OXIDES WITH ELECTROPHILIC REAGENTS

The review is devoted to the reactions of azine N -oxides with electrophilic reagents, which make it possible to functionalize the azine fragment with the formation of a new C–X bond (X = C, N, O, Hal, S, P) without the participation of transition metal complexes. The use of azine N -oxides as starting compounds is often associated with the employment of electrophilic reagents or media. The reaction of electrophiles with azine N -oxides allows one to purposefully and selectively introduce substituents at positions 2, 3, or 4 of the azine fragment (relative to the nitrogen atom), depending on the choice of the reagent or the reaction conditions. The review considers the reactions of intramolecular nucleophilic substitution with preliminary generation of azine N -oxide adducts with electrophilic reagents, S E Ar reactions, and photocatalytic reactions. Original research published over the past 5 years is covered.  Sergey V. Baykov, Vadim P. Boyarskiy

Field of study: Chemistry
Effects of organic fertilizer on rice yield development and nitrogen usage efficiency

Based on the same application of basal manure,the effects of the ratio of organic to inorganic fertilizer used as top-dressing on rice yield development were investigated.The results were as follows.When more organic fertilizer was used,the number of ears and glumes decreased,but the burliness grain percentage increased significantly.Under our experimental conditions,when the ratio of organic to inorganic fertilizer was 4∶6,dry matter production and accumulation after heading increased up to the highest biomass.Meanwhile,the grain number per ear,1000-kernel weight and yield were enhanced and nitrogen usage efficiency also reached its peak.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
mRNA Processing: An Emerging Frontier in the Regulation of Pancreatic β Cell Function

Robust endocrine cell function, particularly β cell function, is required to maintain blood glucose homeostasis. Diabetes can result from the loss or dysfunction of β cells. Despite decades of clinical and basic research, the precise regulation of β cell function and pathogenesis in diabetes remains incompletely understood. In this review, we highlight RNA processing of mRNAs as a rapidly emerging mechanism regulating β cell function and survival. RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) and RNA modifications are primed to be the next frontier to explain many of the poorly understood molecular processes that regulate β cell formation and function, and provide an exciting potential for the development of novel therapeutics. Here we outline the current understanding of β cell specific functions of several characterized RBPs, alternative splicing events, and transcriptome wide changes in RNA methylation. We also highlight several RBPs that are dysregulated in both Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes, and discuss remaining knowledge gaps in the field.

Field of study: Biology
Denoising of Lightning Electric Field Signals Based on EMD-Wavelet Method

In this paper, a new lightning electric field (LEF) signals denoising approach combined with empirical mode decomposition (EMD) and wavelet transform (WT) is proposed. Unlike the conventional EMD or WT denoising approaches, we use EMD to decompose the LEF signal firstly, the continuous mean square error(CMSE) criteria are used to determine a turning point in the original signal energy, then the Birge-Massart threshold wavelet denoising method is employed to denoise the high frequency component which contains lots of noise. Finally, the clean high frequency component and the remaining low frequency intrinsic mode function, and the residual of the EMD operation are employed to synthesize a cleaner LEF signal. The method is illustrated on real data, and the performance of the proposed method is evaluated in terms of several standard metrics. The results show that the proposed method is able to reduce noise from the noisy LEF signals more accurately and effectively in comparison to EMD filtering and Wavelet filtering methods.

Field of study: Engineering
Coordination of autophagy with other cellular activities

The cell biological phenomenon of autophagy has attracted increasing attention in recent years, partly as a consequence of the discovery of key components of its cellular machinery. Autophagy plays a crucial role in a myriad of cellular functions. Autophagy has its own regulatory mechanisms, but this process is not isolated. Autophagy is coordinated with other cellular activities to maintain cell homeostasis. Autophagy is critical for a range of human physiological processes. The multifunctional roles of autophagy are explained by its ability to interact with several key components of various cell pathways. In this review, we focus on the coordination between autophagy and other physiological processes, including the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS), energy homeostasis, aging, programmed cell death, the immune responses, microbial invasion and inflammation. The insights gained from investigating autophagic networks should increase our understanding of their roles in human diseases and their potential as targets for therapeutic intervention.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Organizational Chunking and Postquestions in Facilitating Student Ability to Profit from Visualized Instruction

This experiment was designed to examine the instruc tional effectiveness and efficiency of organizational chunking and batched postquestions within the frame work of an information-processing approach to learn ing and memory. The coding processes utilized by the content organization employed both encoding and re trieval aids to facilitate the acquisition, retention, and retrieval of the information to be learned. Major find ings indicate that the chunked treatment resulted in a more efficient learning strategy than the conventional treatment; however, the chunked and conventional treatment, as different encoding strategies, did not pro duce significant differences in achievement on the per formance task. Additionally, students receiving the intervening postquestion strategy took significantly less time in completing the performance measure than did those students who received the non-intervening post question treatment.

Field of study: Education
Ethanol Biofuel Cell Utilizing Photo-Excited Flavin-Mediated Oxidation of β-Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Hydrate (NADH) at the Anode and Reduction of H+ Ions at the Cathode

At the anode, the electrochemical oxidation of β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide hydrate (NADH) to its oxidized form (NAD+) spontaneously proceeded using photo-excited flavin mononucleotide (FMN) as the redox mediator. At the cathode, H+ ions were electroreduced to produce H2 gas. By introducing both ethanol biofuel and alcohol dehydrogenase to this photogalvanic cell, the cell current continued to flow, because NAD+ was converted to NADH by the biofuel and the enzyme. This cell provides not only electricity, but also H2 gas as by-products. This is an advantageous feature which common enzymatic fuel cells do not possess.

Field of study: Materials science
Orthonormalization procedure for chiral effective nuclear field theory

We show that the Q ˆ -box expansion of nuclear many-body physics can be applied in nuclear effective field theory with explicit pions and external sources. We establish the corresponding power counting and give an algorithm for the construction of a hermitean and energy-independent potential for arbitrary scattering processes on nucleons and nuclei to a given order in the chiral expansion. Various examples are discussed in some detail.

Field of study: Physics
The Gander Lake and Davidsville Groups of northeastern Newfoundland: a re-examination

The three-fold division of supracrustal rocks in northeastern Newfoundland into gneiss complex, Gander Lake Group and Davidsville Group is valid and useful. The gneiss complex and Gander Lake Group are separated from the Davidsville Group by a steeply west-dipping reverse fault that was active in Devonian time, but inactive by Carboniferous. Northwest of the fault the ocean floor sequence of ultramafites, mafic volcanic rocks with minor plagiogranites and turbidites of the Davidsville Group proper were disturbed by olistostromes and tectonic slides beginning in late Ordovician time. However, the peak of progressive metamorphism, accompanied by granitoid intrusion and final tectonic emplacement, occurred in the Devonian. Southeast of the fault, the gneiss complex was metamorphosed to sillimanite grade before deposition of the Gander Lake Group. Later metamorphism, affecting both the gneiss complex and Gander Lake Group, was associated with emplacement of megacrystic granite and extended from Devonian into ...

Field of study: Environmental science
Quality Education for the Pastoralist in Public Primary Schools in Kajiado County, Kenya: Case Study of Dupoto-E-Maa Education Project in Kajiado Central District.

Conditions of learning are critical in determining quality of education. There have been real concerns raised by stakeholders regarding the quality of education for pastoralists in public primary schools in Kajiado Central District in Kenya. Interventions have been put in place to address the issue of quality education. One such intervention is the Dupoto-e-Maa education project. The study investigated the extent to which the project has promoted quality educations in terms of institutional capacity in the public primary schools in Kajiado Central District. The evaluation used both cross-sectional survey and phenomenological research designs. Phenomenological research design provides in-depth information about individuals, groups or institutions as they naturally occur. This design helped generate qualitative data through information gathered from head teachers, School Management Committees (SMC), teachers, pupils, Quality Assurance and Standards Officer (QASO) and project staff. The cross-sectional survey design assisted the evaluators to access quantitative data from a wide range of informants. A sample size of 183 respondents was selected using purposive sampling as well as stratified random sampling procedures. Head teachers of the sampled schools participated as key informants. The instruments of data collection used in the study included questionnaires, interview guide, document analysis guide, Focus Group Discussion (FGD) guide as well as observation guide. From the analysis it was concluded that Dupoto-e-Maa education project had significantly contributed to improved institutional capacity in terms of installing new facilities in schools as well as rehabilitating the existing ones. They were also involved in teacher training programs as well as stakeholders’ awareness campaigns. The study recommends that the Constituency Development Fund (CDF), the County Government of Kajiado and the Government of Kenya (GoK) should allocate/commit more resources for improved infrastructure as well as in-service training and professional support of teachers. The findings could also be used to inform policy dialogue with regard to education for pastoral communities.

Field of study: Education
Effects of underfill materials on the reliability of low-K flip-chip packaging

The reliability of low-K flip-chip packaging has become a critical issue owing to the low strength and poor adhesion qualities of the low-K dielectric material when compared with that of SiO2 or fluorinated silicate glass (FSG). The underfill must protect the solder bumps and the low-K chip from cracking and delamination. However, the material properties of underfill are contrary to those required for preventing solder bumps and low-K chip from cracking and delamination. This study describes the systematic methodologies for how to specify the adequate underfill materials for low-K flip-chip packaging. The structure of the test vehicle is seven copper layers with a low-K dielectric constant value of 2.7-2.9, produced by the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process. Initially, the adhesion and the flow test of the underfill were evaluated, and then the low-K chip and the bumps stress were determined using the finite element method. The preliminary screened underfill candidates were acquired by means of the underfill adhesion and flow test, and balancing the low-K chip and the bumps stress simulation results. Next, the low-K chips were assembled with these preliminary screened underfills. All the flip-chip packaging specimens underwent the reliability test in order to evaluate the material properties of the underfill affecting the flip-chip packaging stress. In addition, the failed samples are subjected to failure analysis to verify the failure mechanism. The results of this study indicate that, of the underfill materials investigated, those with a glass transition temperature (Tg) and a Young’s modulus of approximately 70–80 °C and 8–10 GPa, respectively, are optimum for low-K flip-chip packaging with eutectic solder bumps.

Field of study: Engineering
The Investigation of Melamine Cyanurate-Encapsulating Magnesium Hydroxide Flame Retarded Polyamide-66

Inorganic flame retardant, magnesium hydroxide (MH), was surface-modified through in-situ encapsulation of an organic nitrogen flame retardant, melamine cyanurate (MCA) by making use of the self-thickening effects during melamine-cyanurate self-assembly process. The obtained MH encapsulated by MCA (MCA-MH) was applied for the flame retardance of polyamide-66 (PA66). As compared to MH modified by silane coupling agent (MH-SC), MH-MCA had much better compatibility and dispersion in PA66 matrix due to replacing MH-PA66 interface by MCA-PA66, As a result, MCA-MH flame retarded PA66 showed obviously enhanced the flame retardancy and mechanical properties. Additionally, the relationship between the MCA/MH ratio and the flame retardancy, as well as the mechanical properties was investigated, and the corresponding synergistic effects between MCA and MH were researched.

Field of study: Materials science
Highly coherent supercontinuum generation in a polarization-maintaining CS2-core photonic crystal fiber.

In this paper, we design a polarization-maintaining CS2-core photonic crystal fiber (PM-CCPCF). The two air holes in the x direction are infiltrated with C2H5OH in order to introduce birefringence. By optimizing the structure parameters of the PM-CCPCF, it is demonstrated that the x-polarization fundamental mode has an all-normal dispersion profile and the corresponding y-polarization fundamental mode has an anomalous dispersion profile for a pump wavelength of 1.76 μm. Then, we investigate the supercontinuum (SC) generations when different fiber lengths, pump peak powers, and pump pulse widths are chosen, respectively. Simulation results show that for the x-polarization and y-polarization fundamental modes, highly coherent SCs can be generated by appropriately choosing the fiber length and pump pulse parameters. Finally, nonlinear propagation dynamics are analysed when the optimized fiber length and pump pulse parameters are used. The bandwidth of the SCs generated for the x-polarization and y-polarization fundamental modes can be up to 0.82 and 1.26 octave, respectively.

Field of study: Physics
Solar tracker with optical feedback and continuous rotation

Solar trackers are often used by spectrometers to measure
atmospheric trace gas concentrations using direct sun spectroscopy. The
ideal solar tracker should be sufficiently accurate, highly reliable, and
with a longevity that exceeds the lifetime of the spectrometer that it
serves. It should also be affordable, easy to use, and not too complex should
maintenance be required. In this paper we present a design that fulfils
these requirements using some simple innovations. Our altitude–azimuth
design features a custom coaxial power transformer, enabling continuous
360 ∘ azimuth rotation. This increases reliability and avoids the
need to reverse the tracker each day. In polar regions, measurements can
continue uninterrupted through the summer polar day. Tracking accuracy is
enhanced using a simple optical feedback technique that adjusts error
offset variables while monitoring the edges of a focused solar image with
four photodiodes. Control electronics are modular, and our software is
written in Python, running as a web server on a recycled laptop with a Linux
operating system. Over a period of 11 years we have assembled four such
trackers. These are in use at Lauder (45 ∘  S), New Zealand, and
Arrival Heights (78 ∘  S), Antarctica, achieving a history of good
reliability even in polar conditions. Tracker accuracy is analysed regularly
and can routinely produce a pointing accuracy of 0.02 ∘ .

Field of study: Environmental science
ARP/wARP's model-building algorithms. I. The main chain.

Algorithms underlying the automatic model-building functionality of the ARP/wARP software suite are presented. Finding the most likely set of Calpha atoms from a given set of atoms is formulated as a constrained integer programming problem. The objective function is a density-weighted score for the match between observed and expected chain conformation. Graph-search algorithms are presented that find solutions to this problem in an efficient manner.

Field of study: Chemistry
Research on Information Transmission Mechanism in Grid Computing

How to improve network utilization, and how to speed up information transmission are important aspects of grid technology. The grid system which takes OGSA as its architecture uses relational model as its information model, a notification mechanism as its information transmission mechanism. Based on the analysis of OGSA architecture, researches on the information transmission mechanism and proposed an information transmission mechanism,push-pull mode transmission mechanism, which can be adapted to the grid environment. This mechanism is proposed to be able to better compensate for the lack of notification mechanism.

Field of study: Computer science
Covariance-based approach to texture processing.

We present a simple and effective approach for texture processing that uses the eigenfeatures of local covariance measures. The covariance measures act as a texton encoder, producing texture code that is invariant to local and global textural rotations. This method uses only six features obtained from two scales of the invariant encoder to generate numerical representations for roughness, anisotropy, and other higher-order textural features. Classification results for synthetic and natural textures are presented. We discuss the effect of window sizes used at local and global scales on the performance of the classifier.

Field of study: Physics
[Action of 15-methyl-prostaglandin F2 alpha on progesterone receptors and estradiol receptors in rabbit uterus].

15-Methyl-PGFiv to pseudopregnant and immature rabbits increased the amount of progesterone receptors (P-R) in uteri. The increase of P-R in pseudopregnant uteri was more marked than that in immature uteri. But no striking change of estradiol receptors and of Ka of both receptors was observed. Injection of 15-methyl-PGFto pseudopregnant rabbits decreased the plasma progesterone level, but did not enhance the spontaneous contraction of uteri. 
 It is suggested that 1) The mechanism of the increase of P-R in uterus is mediated mainly through the luteolytic action of 15-methyl-PGF; 2) The P-R in uterus plays a role in regluation of uterine contraction.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Anticipatory Belief Polarization as a Function of the Expertise of a Discussion Partner

This study examined change that occurs in persons' beliefs when they anticipate being observed discussing an issue with an individual whose position on the issue opposes their own. Subjects expected to discuss an issue with a partner who held an opposing view and was much more, more, equally, or less expert on the issue. While expecting a discussion with the equally expert partner, subjects produced more arguments countering their partner's position and supporting their own position than did control subjects, who did not expect to discuss the issue. As a consequence of this preparation for the discussion, subjects expecting the equally expert partner adopted a more extreme position opposing the partner (belief polarization) than control subjects and maintained their changed beliefs after the anticipated discussion was canceled. Subjects expecting partners less expert, more expert, or much more expert than themselves did not change their beliefs. The findings of the study were assumed to be the outcome of a social comparison process motivated by subjects' self-presentational concerns.

Field of study: Psychology