nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
IUPAC/CITAC Guide: Investigating out-of-specification test results of chemical composition based on metrological concepts (IUPAC Technical Report)

A metrological background for investigating out-of-specification (OOS) test results of chemical composition is discussed. When an OOS test result is identified, it is important to determine its root causes and to avoid reoccurrence of such results. An investigation of the causes based on metrological concepts is proposed. It includes assessment of validation data of the measurement process and its metrological traceability chains, evaluation of measurement uncertainty, and related producer’s and consumer’s risks. This approach allows distinguishing between OOS test results that indicate an actual change in chemical composition of an analyzed object, and OOS test results that are metrologically related with a certain confidence probability, i.e., caused by measurement problems, while the analyzed object still meets the specification requirements at the time of testing. Practical examples illustrating applications of the described approach in environ-mental and food analysis, as well in drug analysis and stability study of drug products, are described. Acceptance limits, warning and action lines for the test results, and corresponding producer’s and consumer’s risks are discussed.

Field of study: Chemistry
Lipophilic organic pollutants induce changes in phospholipid and membrane protein composition leading to Vero cell morphological change

Membrane damage related to morphological change in Vero cells is a sensitive index of the composite biotoxicity of trace lipophilic chemicals. However, judging whether the morphological change in Vero cells happens and its ratio are difficult because it is not a quantitative characteristic. To find biomarkers of cell morphological change for quantitatively representing the ratio of morphological changed cell, the mechanism of cell membrane damage driven by typical lipophilic chemicals, such as trichlorophenol (TCP) and perfluorooctanesulphonate (PFOS), was explored. The ratio of morphologically changed cells generally increased with increased TCP or PFOS concentrations, and the level of four major components of phospholipids varied with concentrations of TCP or PFOS, but only the ratio of phosphatidylcholine (PC)/phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) decreased regularly as TCP or PFOS concentrations increased. Analysis of membrane proteins showed that the level of vimentin in normal cell membranes is high, while it decreases or vanishes after TCP exposure. These variations in phospholipid and membrane protein components may result in membrane leakage and variation in rigid structure, which leads to changes in cell morphology. Therefore, the ratio of PC/PE and amount of vimentin may be potential biomarkers for representing the ratio of morphological changed Vero cell introduced by trace lipophilic compounds, thus their composite bio-toxicity.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Using Social Technologies for Competitive Advantage: Impact on Organizations and Higher Education

The number of individuals engaging in social technologies for both personal and business reasons is staggering. This phenomenon is growing exponentially and fast becoming an integrated, cross platform experience which will impact every individual online. Social technologies used specifically by organizations for business support, the purposes and the benefits realized are addressed in this paper. Based on research results and a review of related literature, two issues are addressed: 1) How organizations can rethink their social strategy to gain competitive advantage; and 2) How social technologies education should be incorporated into the curriculum so students are prepared for life beyond graduation.

Field of study: Computer science
Magnetic and Dielectric Property Studies 
in Fe- and NiFe-Based Polymer Nanocomposites

Metal–polymer composites were investigated for their microwave properties in the frequency range of 30–1000 MHz to assess their application as inductor cores and electromagnetic isolation shield structures. NiFe and Fe nanoparticles were dispersed in epoxy as nanocomposites, in different volume fractions. The permittivity, permeability, and loss tangents of the composites were measured with an impedance analyzer and correlated with the magnetic properties of the particle such as saturation magnetization and field anisotropy. Fe–epoxy showed lower magnetic permeability but improved frequency stability, compared to the NiFe–epoxy composites of the same volume loading. This is attributed to the differences in nanoparticle’s structure such as effective metal core size and particle-porosity distribution in the polymer matrix. The dielectric properties of the nanocomposites were also characterized from 30 MHz to 1000 MHz. The instabilities in the dielectric constant and loss tangent were related to the interfacial polarization relaxation of the particles and the dielectric relaxation of the surface oxides.

Field of study: Materials science
Components reuse for data-intensive business programs through an object-oriented architecture

This article proposes an object-oriented specification architecture to support components reuse for data-intensive business programs. In the architecture, we augment the general object model for modeling the objects in a program. The architecture is developed through adopting a domain-specific approach to take advantage from the characteristics of data-intensive business programs. It provides graphical composition for interconnecting modules to compose a program. With the use of the architecture to design data-intensive business programs, designers are encouraged to compose a program from modules that are functionally cohesive and reusable. This maximizes the opportunities to reuse existing reusable modules and to discover new reusable modules.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Feeding strategy of pelagic fishes caught in aggregated schools and vulnerability to ingesting anthropogenic items in the western equatorial Atlantic Ocean.

The present study aims to assess the diet composition of five commercial pelagic fishes caught in aggregated schools in the western Atlantic, quantify plastic and anthropogenic items in stomach contents, and analyze the possible relationship between their diet composition and the occurrence of anthropogenic items. We collected 807 stomachs from tunas (Thunnus albacares, Thunnus obesus, and Katsuwonus pelamis) and tuna-like species (Coryphaena hippurus and Elagatis bipinnulata) targeted by fisheries around data buoys in the western tropical Atlantic between 2011 and 2017. We quantified items of an anthropogenic origin by calculating frequency of occurrence. Feeding strategy was determined using a 3D scatterplot. Correspondence analysis (CA) was performed to determine the relationship between food items and the occurrence of anthropogenic materials (synthetic or organic). Fishing ropes and chum were the main items of an anthropogenic origin. Rainbow runner (E. bipinnulata) stomachs had the highest percentage of such items, whereas none were found in the bigeye tuna. The most affected species by anthropogenic items feed on epipelagic prey items, such as flying fishes. Organisms that aggregate around floating objects on the ocean surface and have a generalist diet are more likely to ingest synthetic items either accidently or actively. The present findings underscore the importance of environmental education programs to mitigate the impact of marine debris on organisms and ensure the health of individuals as well as the balance of the food web to which these species belong.

Field of study: Environmental science
Reaktionen mit Hexafluoracetonazin, 16 Synthese von 1,5-Diazabicyclo[3.3.0]octa-2,6-dienen, 1,3,5-Triazabicyclo[3.3.0]octa-2,6-dienen und 1,5-Diazabicyclo[3.3.0]oct-2-enen durch gemischte„criss-cross”-Cycloaddition

Die „criss-cross”-Cycloaddition von Alkinen an Azine verlauft uber eine Azomethinimin-Zwischenstufe. Dieser Befund macht eine neue Variante der gemischten „criss-cross”-Cycloaddition moglich. Anhand der spektralen Daten der dargestellten bicyclischen Systeme wird die Regiochemie der einzelnen Cycloadditionsschritte diskutiert. 
 
 
 
Reactions with Hexafluoroacetone Azine, 16.-Synthesis of 1,5-Diazabicyclo[3.3.0]octa-2,6-dienes, 1,3,5-Triazabicyclo[3.3.0]oca-2,6-dienes and 1,5-Diazabicyclo[3.3.0]oct-2-enes by Mixed „Criss-Cross” Cycloaddition Reaction 
 
 
 
The “criss-cross” cycloaddition reaction of alkynes to azines proceeds via an azomethine imine intermediate. This result opens the way to a new variant of the mixed “criss-cross” cycloaddition reaction. On the basis of the spectral data of the bicyclic systems obtained, the regiochemistry of the two separate cycloaddition steps will be discussed.

Field of study: Chemistry
A comparison of ammonium, nitrate and proton net fluxes along seedling roots of Douglas-fir and lodgepole pine grown and measured with different inorganic nitrogen sources.

Significant spatial variability in NH4+, NO3- and H+ net fluxes was measured in roots of young seedlings of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) and lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) with ion-selective microelectrodes. Seedlings were grown with NH4+, NO3-, NH4NO3 or no nitrogen (N), and were measured in solutions containing one or both N ions, or no N in a full factorial design. Net NO3- and NH4+ uptake and H+ efflux were greater in Douglas-fir than lodgepole pine and in roots not exposed to N in pretreatment. In general, the rates of net NH4+ uptake were the same in the presence or absence of NO3-, and vice versa. The highest NO3- influx occurred 0-30 mm from the root apex in Douglas-fir and 0-10 mm from the apex in lodgepole pine. Net NH4+ flux was zero or negative (efflux) at Douglas-fir root tips, and the highest NH4+ influx occurred 5-20 mm from the root tip. Lodgepole pine had some NH4+ influx at the root tips, and the maximum net uptake 5 mm from the root tip. Net H+ efflux was greatest in the first 10 mm of roots of both species. This study demonstrates that nutrient uptake by conifer roots can vary significantly across different regions of the root, and indicates that ion flux profiles along the roots may be influenced by rates of root growth and maturation.

Field of study: Environmental science
TU-F-BRE-02: A Practical QA Method for Respiration-Gated SBRT Verification Using 2D Detector Array.

Pre-treatment plan verification for respiration-gated SBRT is challenging but desired since this type of treatment involve more delivery uncertainty, e.g., tumor motion effect, tissue heterogeneity and gating system QA. This study is to design and verify a QA method for respirationgated SBRT pre-treatment verification using a 2D detector array.



A lung phantom was designed based on the MatriXX QA system, which includes a detector board and a MultiCube phantom. The major modification was that an air chamber (∼5cm thick) was inserted between the top portion of MultiCube phantom and detectors board. A half plastic ball (4cm diameter) was put in the air chamber and attached to the detector board surface to mimic a tumor. The whole lung phantom was placed on a moving stage with a superior-inferior sinusoidal motion. The whole phantom was aligned to the treatment machine so that the S-I and L-R axes of the MatriXX were parallel to the corresponding machine axes during movement. In this way, the moving phantom is equivalent to a stationary phantom with only tumor motion. Following a typical planning procedure for respiration-gated SBRT treatment, SBRT plans were created using the gated-MIP as PTV. Treatment delivery was performed on Varian iX machine with respiration gating.



The measured 2D plane dose showed blurring effect induced by motion and this blurring effect was more noticeable at the peripheral region of the PTV. Nevertheless, the tumor dose was able to be identified by analyzing the detectors attached to the tumor and was well above the prescribed dose.



The designed lung phantom for respiration-gated SBRT pre-treatment verification was tested and was able to identify the dose received by the tumor. Further tests based on large number of patients would be needed to for future routine application.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Combing oncolytic adenovirus expressing Beclin-1 with chemotherapy agent doxorubicin synergistically enhances cytotoxicity in human CML cells in vitro

Cancer virotherapy provides a new strategy to treat cancer that can directly kill cancer cells by oncolysis. Insertion of therapeutic genes into the genome of a modified adenovirus, thereby creating a so-called gene-virotherapy that shares the advantages of gene therapy and virotherapy. In this study we investigated whether a strategy that combines the oncolytic effects of an adenoviral vector with the simultaneous expression of the autophagy gene Beclin-1 offered a therapeutic advantage for chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) cells with resistance to chemotherapy and evaluated the synergistic effects of SG511-BECN and doxorubicin (Dox) in human CML cells in vitro. Oncolytic virus SG511-BECN was constructed through introducing the Beclin-1 gene into the oncolytic adenoviral backbone. SG511-BECN displayed significantly improved antileukemia activity on multidrug-resistant CML cell line K562/A02, which was mediated via induction of autophagic cell death. Furthermore, Dox could synergize with SG511-BECN to kill the CML cells by improving the infectious efficiency of the oncolytic adenovirus without causing significant damage to normal human mononuclear cells. The results demonstrate that targeting the autophagic cell death pathway and combination of a chemotherapy agent with oncolytic adenovirus may be a novel strategy for the treatment of leukemia with chemotherapy resistance.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
On the stability of solutions of a second-order differential equation

This paper deals with the Hill differential equation d2y/dx2 + — — :—2 y = 0. i" 1 — 2a cos x + a y Although this equation looks more difficult than Mathieu's, it can be dealt with somewhat more simply than the latter. Stability criteria are obtained in terms of r and a (at least in principle).

Field of study: Mathematics
SWOT Analysis and Its Implementation Strategies in Educational Management

This study had the following purposes: (1) to analyze, (2) to describe SWOT, and (3) to formulate the appropriate SWOT’s implementation strategy of educational management at Integrated Vocational School Turen, Malang. The method used in this study was so-called mixed method or a combined method of quantitative-qualitative research. The sample used five (5) people as key informants. The analysis technique utilized was the SWOT analysis. The results of the study showed that there were four obtained strategies’ formulas, namely as: SO (strength-opportunity strategy), WO (weaknesses-opportunity strategy), ST (strength-threat strategy), and WT (weaknesses threats strategy). Based on the results of the SWOT analysis, the appropriate implementation strategy in the educational management in Vocational Schools was "aggressive strategy". This signified that the educational institution should support an aggressive growth policy (Growth oriented strategy) with a strength-opportunity strategy approach.  SWOT analysis, strategy implementation, educational management DOI : 10.7176/JEP/10-12-10 Publication date : April 30 th 2019

Field of study: Education
Metal Nanoparticles Released from Dental Implant Surfaces: Potential Contribution to Chronic Inflammation and Peri-Implant Bone Loss

Peri-implantitis is an inflammatory disease affecting tissues surrounding dental implants. Although it represents a common complication of dental implant treatments, the underlying mechanisms have not yet been fully described. The aim of this study is to identify the role of titanium nanoparticles released form the implants on the chronic inflammation and bone lysis in the surrounding tissue. We analyzed the in vitro effect of titanium (Ti) particle exposure on mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and fibroblasts (FU), evaluating cell proliferation by MTT test and the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Subsequently, in vivo analysis of peri-implant Ti particle distribution, histological, and molecular analyses were performed. Ti particles led to a time-dependent decrease in cell viability and increase in ROS production in both MSCs and FU. Tissue analyses revealed presence of oxidative stress, high extracellular and intracellular Ti levels and imbalanced bone turnover. High expression of ZFP467 and the presence of adipose-like tissue suggested dysregulation of the MSC population; alterations in vessel morphology were identified. The results suggest that Ti particles may induce the production of high ROS levels, recruiting abnormal quantity of neutrophils able to produce high level of metalloproteinase. This induces the degradation of collagen fibers. These events may influence MSC commitment, with an imbalance of bone regeneration.

Field of study: Materials science
APPLICATIONS OF LASERS AND OTHER TOPICS IN QUANTUM ELECTRONICS: Quantum threshold of the sensitivity of an intracavity traveling-wave laser spectrometer

An experimental investigation was made of fluctuations of the spectral distribution of the intensity in the wide-band spectrum of a ring cw traveling-wave dye laser. Allowance for the averaging within the limits of the instrumental function of a spectrometer was made by analyzing the noise power spectra obtained for the recorded intensity distributions. A good agreement with the theory was observed. The threshold of detection of an intracavity spectrometer, denned in terms of the absorption coefficient, was found to be governed by the quantum nature of the radiation used in the spectrometer and amounted to ~?3?X?10???17 cm???1 when the accumulation time was 20 s.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Preparation and properties of polyaniline-poly(propylene oxide)

Polyaniline(PAN) is one of the most extensively studied materials and attracts great interest from electrochemical viewpoint.However,in order to obtain the most suitable material,the physical and chemical properties of the polymer have to be modified.One of the most important methods is copolymerization.In this paper,a novel copolymer of polyaniline-poly(propylene oxide)(PAN-PPO) film was prepared by cyclic voltammetry for the first time.It was characterized with SEM and thermogravimetric analysis.In addition,the electrocatalytic activity of PAN-PPO for methanol oxidation was investigated.Results showed that under the same conditions,both redox peak currents during polymerization and conductivities of PAN-PPO were higher than those of PAN;the structure of PAN-PPO was a cross-linked network,composed of many uniform and dense nano-fibers with diameter less than 70 nm;the degradation temperature of PAN-PPO was a little lower than that of PAN.In comparison with PAN,PAN-PPO showed a high electrocatalytic activity for oxidation of methanol and the electro-oxidation reaction was controlled by the diffusion step.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Women’s Reproductive Health Education in Catholic Academic Healthcare Institutions: Time for Transparency, Authenticity, and Reflection

This article illustrates the tensions between the precepts of the Ethical and Religious Directives for Catholic Healthcare Services and the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education as they apply to education in obstetrics and gynecology, and argues that moving forward, Catholic sponsorship of obstetric and gynecologic residencies now requires transparency, authenticity, and reflection in order to mitigate these inherent tensions.

Field of study: Medicine, Philosophy
The effect of rostering with a patient enrolment model on emergency department utilization.

To assess the effect of rostering with a patient enrolment model (PEM) in Ontario on emergency department utilization for non-emergent care.



Administrative data for fiscal years 2006/07 through 2010/11 from the Ontario Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care were used for the analysis.



Patient-level analysis with a difference-in-difference modelling approach was used to study the relationship. A control group was established using propensity score matching.


PRINCIPAL FINDING
Results suggest that rostering with a PEM is associated with a statistically significant reduction in emergency department (ED) (non-emergent) visits in Ontario. More specifically, enrolment with PEMs reduced ED visits by 3% during the study period, translating into cost savings of approximately $8 million for hospitals in Ontario.



This study shows that PEMs have achieved some degree of success in enhancing health system efficiency in Ontario through the reduction in the use of EDs for non-emergent care.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Analysis of dipyrone metabolite residues in bovine muscle and porcine muscle by liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry detection

A method had been developed for the determination of dipyrone metabolite residues, 4-formylaminoantipyrine( FAA), 4-acetylaminoantipyrine ( AAA), 4-aminoantipyrine ( AA) and 4-methylaminoantipyrine (MAA) in bovine and pork muscle. Homogenized muscle samples were extracted with Na2SO4 solution. After filtration, the extracts were then cleaned by C,, solid phase extraction ( SPE) cartridge. Identification was achieved by electrospray ionization ( ESI) in positive mode using multiple reaction monitoring. FAA and AAA were quantified by external standard method, while AA and MAA were measured by internal standard methold using isopropylaminoantipyrine as internals standard. Limits of detection of FAA and AA were 1.0 [mu g/L, while those of AAA and MAA were 0. 5 mu g/L. The recoveries of FAA, AAA, AA and MAA were 81. 6% - 94.0%, 81. 2% - 90. 2%, 82% - 101% and 75. 0% - 86. 4%, respectively at the spiked levels of 5 - 20 ng/g. The RSD of the method was less than 7%.

Field of study: Chemistry
Strömungsgeschwindigkeit der Anodenflamme des Kohlebogens

Zusammenfassung1.Anodenflammen des Kohlebogens sind Dampfstrahlen, die bei höheren Stromdichten aus dem Anodenkrater hervorbrechen. Die Geschwindigkeit dieser Dampfstrahlen wurde gemessen. Ein leerer Kondensator wurde parallel zum Bogen geschaltet und dieser Vorgang mit einer hierfür entwickelten Zeitlupe registriert. Es entstand ein kurzzeitiges (etwa 10−4 sec) Absinken des Anodenfalls, das sich als Stelle von geringerer Helligkeit („Delle“) in den Aufnahmen zeigte und die Geschwindigkeit des Dampfstrables in jedem Punkt der Flamme zu messen gestattet. Bei gleicher Flammenlänge ist die Geschwindigkeit in der Reinkohleflamme größer als in der Beckflamme.2.In erster Näherung lassen sich die Strömungsvorgänge in der Flamme theoretisch erfassen. Die Theorie wurde mit den experimentellen Befunden verglichen; wo sich Abweichungen zeigen, lassen sich dafür plausible Erklärungen geben. Die aus Theorie und Experiment abgeschätzten Kratertemperatureri des Dampfstrahles reihen sich den bisher bekannten Werten ein.

Field of study: Physics
RELATIVITY OF GROWTH IN LABORATORY AND FARM ANIMALS: II. BIRTH WEIGHT AS A PREDICTOR OF ANIMAL MATURITY

In this article the growth curves of individual animals for various species were examined to determine the 
relationship between birth weight and mature size. For the genotypes studied, the birth weight fraction of maturity (F b ) 
was found to range from approximately 0.6% to approximately 10% of mature size. Generally, for most species in this 
study it was found that F b increased as birth weight became larger and the female of the species generally demonstrated a 
larger fraction of maturity at birth than did the male animals of the same breed. An equation was developed to predict F b 
for each genotype with varying degrees of success. Using the developed equation and the birth weight of an individual 
animal, a physiologically based estimate of the animal’s mature size can be obtained.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences