nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Construction and Selection of Strong Promoter for Fowlpox Virus Vector

For constructing strong combined promoter to enhance the foreign gene expression in Fowlpox virus(FPV) vector, four oligonucleotides were synthesized according to the essential structure of the vaccinia virus nature promoter P7.5 and were used for generating early and late promoters. Ten artificial promoters designated PS1～10 were constructed by using different combination of early and late promoters, which were recognized by restriction endonuclease analysis and sequence analysis. LacZ gene transfer vectors of FPV with these promoters and P7.5 were generated by a series of molecular biology manipulation. DOSPER liposome mediated transfection with these transfer vectors was performed on chicken embryo fibroblast (CEF) monolayers, which was infected with FPV Chinese vaccine strain 282E4 3～4 hours earlier, to produce recombinant viruses. Recombinant FPVs with blue plaque were selected and purified 4 times on secondary CEF subcultures overlaid with agarose containing X Gal. The level of the β galactosidase expressed by these recombinant viruses with LacZ gene under the control of various synthetic promoters and P7.5 were assayed and compared in the presence or absence of cytosine arabinoside (Arc C) at 10, 24, 36, 48, 72 hours post infection respectively. The LLEE combination was the strongest synthetic promoter selected out which drived expression of β galactosidase three more times higher than the P7.5, and appeared to be valuable for the construction of more efficient expression FPV vector.

Field of study: Biology
Native Resistance and the Pax Colonial in New Spain. Edited by Susan Schroeder. (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1998. Pp. x, 200. Notes. Illustrations. Bibliography. Index. Cloth $45.00. Paper $22.00.)

explanation of the 1994 national elections or his description of community decisionmaking within the EZLN, for example). Despite these shortcomings, The Chiapas Rebellion remains one of the important studies in English for understanding issues in Chiapas. Its concluding chapter ably articulates the significance of the Zapatista rebellion for popular movements in Mexico. Following the important analytical distinction he makes early in the volume between democracy and the other objectives of popular movements in seeking "dignity, voice, and autonomy," Harvey notes the serious local, national, and international obstacles that remain to a peaceful and democratic resolution of Mexico's problems.

Field of study: History
Insular Arcs, Foredeeps, and Geosynclinal Seas of the Asiatic Coast

Constitution of the Earth’s Crust SIMA AND SIAL It has long been known to geologists that below the granitic rocks, which are very widely, spread over the continental surfaces, there is an even more widely spread, and probably universal, layer of basaltic rock. The evidence on which this knowledge is based consists of (1) the innumerable dikes of diabase which cut the granites in all parts of the world, and (2) the universality of basaltic volcanoes. The dikes, such for example as are so common in the Archean terranes of Canada, are narrow, usually not exceeding 150 feet in width. Individual dikes can rarely be followed for more than a few miles; but zones of dikes continue in the same general course for scores of miles. The dikes occupy vertical gashes in the granites, which are probably large-scale shrinkage cracks due to loss of volume by cooling. The dikes were . . .

Field of study: Geology
Improvement Priority Handoff Scheme for Multi-Service Wireless Mobile Networks

In this study, a new handoff strategy to improve the performance of wireless mobile networks is presented. It has been found form this study that the dropping probability of handoff calls is drastically reduced compared to the existing method of channel reservation strategy of handoff calls and the performance of new calls can be improved. The strategy is that the new call should be delayed then it can use the last idle channel. The time that all the channels are holding has been shortened. Opportunities of the new call and handoff call occupancy channel are increased; the scheme also takes into account the priority of different data types, and only when the high-priority data packets queue is empty, the data packets in low-priority data queue can be transmitted. Simulation results show that, to let the new voice call delay in the allowable range, can effectively reduce the dropping probability of handoff call and the blocking probability of high-priority data while improving the probability of new call to enter into the systems

Field of study: Computer science
Enhancing Hepatic Fatty Acid Oxidation as a Strategy for Reversing Metabolic Disorders Programmed by Maternal Undernutrition During Gestation

Moderate maternal calorie-restriction during gestation programmes offspring for a major propensity to develop metabolic alterations in adulthood. We aimed to assess whether increased hepatic fatty-acid oxidation (FAO), at early ages, by gene transfer of Cpt1am (active mutant of carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1a), may be a strategy for reversing metabolic disturbances associated to maternal calorie-restriction during gestation in rats.  AAV-Gfp (control) and AAV-Cpt1am vectors were administered by tail vein injection in 18-day-old control-pups and the offspring of 20% calorie-restricted rats during gestation (CR). After weaning, animals were fed with normal-fat diet. At the age of 4 months, they were moved to HF-diet and sacrificed at the age of 6 months to collect tissues. Locomotive activity, energy expenditure and blood pressure were measured.  Under HF-diet, CR-animals showed higher HOMA-IR, adipocyte diameter and hepatic triglyceride accumulation than controls; these alterations were reverted in Cpt1am-injected animals. In liver, this treatment ameliorated inflammatory state, decreased expression of lipogenesis-related genes and partially restored the decreased expression of leptin-receptor occurring in CR-animals. Treatment also reverted the decreased energy expenditure and the increased blood pressure of CR-animals.  Increasing hepatic FAO through AAV-Cpt1am injection at juvenile ages prevents some metabolic disorders associated to gestational maternal calorie-restriction.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Investigation of protonic conduction in Yb- and Y-doped barium zirconates

Barium zirconate ceramics doped with Y and Yb, BaMxZr1 − xO3 − α (M = Yb, Y), are perovskite single phases and exhibit protonic conduction in moist nitrogen atmospheres at temperatures 500 < T (°C) < 1000. Samples with x = 0.10 have been investigated by ac and dc electrochemical techniques. Conductivities with Yb as dopant were larger, by a factor ≈ 10, than those with Y as dopant. Conductivities for Yb-doped samples (e.g. σb (750 °C) ≈ 2 × 10− 4 S cm−1) are lower than those reported for analogous cerates. Throughout the experimental temperature range, the apparent conductivity found in dc studies (summing resistances due to the electrolyte and electrode-electrolyte interfacial phenomena) was lower, by a temperature independent factor ≈ 2, than the conductivity determined by ac techniques.

Field of study: Materials science
Tourism and Cultural Interaction: A Paradoxical Relationship

The objective of this paper is to discuss and contribute to the understanding of the relationship between tourism and cultural interaction, as well as the relationship between people of different cultural backgrounds in tourist context. The interaction between cultures framed by an ideal intercultural communication is frequently the center of a tourism discourse, promoting a possible heavenly world brought by tourism. This paper argues that its relationship is, by definition, problematic because of the complexities of the tourism and the cultural phenomena, clearly shown on the contemporary social and scientific debate about monoculturalism, multiculturalism and interculturalism, and the problems and paradoxes it entails. The discourses of international organizations on the specific subjects of cultural issues and relationships, having in mind their institutional roles, also reflect, in their choices and silences, the complexity of the subject. The main conclusion of this piece of research is that such a relationship is inescapably complex, and sometimes paradoxical and contradictory or irreducible due to the complex natures of tourism and intercultural communication themselves. 
  
 18  2 March 2021  May 2021

Field of study: Education, Sociology
Commercials, Careers, and Culture: Travelling Salesmen in Britain, 1890s-1930s

Within the lower middle-class, British commercial travellers established a strong fraternal culture before 1914. This article examines their interwar experiences in terms of income, careers, and associational culture. It demonstrates how internal labour markets operated, identifies the ways in which commercial travellers interpreted their role, and explores their social and political attitudes.

Field of study: Economics, History
SU‐E‐T‐546: Clinical Impact of Detector Selection in Small Photon Beam Modelling

Small photon fields are omnipresent in modern radiotherapy technique such as IMRT or Linac‐based SRS. The specific purpose of this study is to evaluate the clinical differences in SRS treatment when different types of detectors are used for beam modelling.  In this work, PDD, profiles and OF measurements were measured for a 6MV beam on an Elekta Synergy‐S Linac for square field size ranging from 0.8×0.8 to 10.4×10.4 cm2. Five different detectors have been investigated: Gafchromic EBT2 film, PTW microLion liquid chamber, Sun Nuclear EDGE detector, IBA PFD Photon diode and IBA SFD stereotactic diode. To evaluate the effect of different detector‐based models on SRS treatment, dose at isocenter was calculated independently for each detector in nine different cranial SRS treatment plan. All these plans had between 8 and 10 beams and field sizes ranging from 0.8 to 2.4 cm in order to simulate various tumor sizes. For small field size (<4cm), the EDGE detector and the stereotactic diode SFD provided sharper penumbra when compared to microLion and photon diode PFD. The stereotactic diode was discarded of the cranial SRS study because it underestimated small field OF by 5%. For treatment plan with field size of 1.6 and 2.4 cm, the maximum discrepancy in dose calculations between all other detectors was 2.6%. For field size of 0.8 cm, the dose differences tended to be larger, going up to 3.6%  For field size starting at 1.6×1.6cm2, PFD photon diode, EDGE detector, EBT2 gafchromic and microLion could provide reliable PDD and OF for beam modelling. A specific model for each of the detectors covered in this study is underway in Pinnacle TPS to evaluate detector‐specific differences in OAR and PTV coverage.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Transverse Energy Production at RHIC

We study the mechanism of transverse energy (ET) production in Au+Au collisions at RHIC. The time evolution starting from the initial energy loss to the final ET production is closely examined in transport models. The relationship between the experimentally measured ET distribution and the maximum energy density achieved is discussed. The Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) will provide us with a unique opportunity to study matter under extreme conditions. The transition from hadronic degrees of freedom to quark and gluon degrees of freedom is expected from collisions at these energies. The transverse energy spectrum will be among the very first results from RHIC. One important question we would like to answer from the day-one physics at RHIC is the maximum energy density reached in central Au+Au collisions. Lattice QCD 1 calculations give us the critical energy density for the transition to quark-gluon plasma. In this talk, we explore the relationship between the transverse energy spectrum and the energy density, and discuss the possibility of experimentally determine the maximum energy density. A general framework for computing and analysing energy-momentum tensor is introduced. As the first part of this study, we construct the energymomentum tensor for simulated events from transport model RQMD 2 . We also find the transverse energy, the equation of state, and the energy density for these events. Currently we are using our techniques to study the parton

Field of study: Physics
Methanogenic symbionts of anaerobic ciliates and their contribution to methanogenesis in an anoxic rice field soil.

Methanogenesis in rice field soils starts soon after flooding while potentially competing processes like reduction of sulphate and iron take place. Early methanogenesis is mainly driven by hydrogen, while later in the season acetate tends to become more important. Anaerobic ciliates are abundant during this period, and their endosymbionts use hydrogen produced by the ciliates to reduce carbon dioxide to methane. These endosymbiotic methanogens are protected from the competition for substrates with other bacteria that may control methanogenesis outside the protozoan cells. Thus, we focussed on early methanogenesis and on the potential contribution from ciliates and their endosymbionts. Only ciliates of the genus Metopus were found to harbour methanogens, as identified by the F(420)-fluorescence of the endosymbionts. We followed the population dynamics of the ciliates with time, and calculated the ratio of symbiotic methane production to overall methanogenesis. Symbiotic methane production was calculated from the species-specific numbers of methanogenic endosymbionts times the cell-specific methane production of the symbionts. According to this calculation, the symbionts' contribution to overall methane production was only 6.4% at the beginning and decreased with time. In a second experiment, colchicine and cycloheximide were used to inhibit all eukaryotes, comparing the remaining methane production rate to a control without inhibitors. In the inhibition experiment, the contribution from symbionts decreased from 40% to 6% during the first days after flooding, and dropped to near zero within 2 weeks. However, nearly all methane produced from H(2)/CO(2) could be attributed to the ciliates' symbionts between days 5 and 10 after flooding. Both experiments showed that the contribution of methanogenic symbionts to overall methane production is a transient phenomenon, restricted to the first 2 weeks.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Low-Standard Forest Road Alignment Effects on Travel Time and Construction Effort

STRAIGHT roads allow higher hauling speeds and shorter distances while roads that conform to the topography are less expensive to construct and usually cause less damage to the environment. The trade-off between hauling time and construction effort was analyzed. The total time saved appears substantial, but savings per trip are minimal. The number of trips are the same for either type of road producing minimal savings in operating costs. If the amount of time saved per day is not sufficient to produce another load, there will be little or no savings in fixed costs.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Molybdenum recovery from molybdenum waste catalyst: Modeling of alkaline leaching

Dissolution of molybdenum from molybdenum waste catalyst (MWC) that contain wt %: 42.79 Mo, 9.54 Fe, 4.9Al, 8.68 SiO2, 6 Na, and 1.5 Cr using different leaching agents such as H2SO4, HCl, and NaOH was carried out. It was found that, NaOH is the best leaching agent because it has the highest Mo recovery in combined with the lower Fe andAl dissolution than the HCl. Factorial design of experiments and application of statistical analysis on the results of leaching studies using NaOH were carried out. A regression equation for the dissolution of Mo was developed as a function of NaOH stoichiometric (S), L/S ratio (C,ml/g), and temperature (T, oC).All parameters were varied at two levels for designing experiments to estimate error.

Field of study: Materials science
Breeding of P-decomposing strain and exploration for its fermentation condition

PS28P which could produce 257.24 mg·L~(-1) P in shaking Flask was obtained from PS-01P through ultraviolet irradiation, and its phosphate decomposing capacity was 281.95% higher than that of starting strain. The factors including carbon sources, nitrogen sources, culture temperature were studied and the results indicated that the optimum condition for fermentation is 0.5% maize powder, 3.5% bean powder, 0.3% fish meal and 50/250 mL medium volume at 35℃ for 40h. Under this condition, bacteria number reachs 2.35×10~(9) mL~(-1).

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Unwilling internationalism or strategic internationalism? Canadian climate policy under the conservative government

version of this article was originally presented at the Annual Meeting of the International Studies Association in New York City in 2009. The author would like to thank the three anonymous reviewers for their comments as well as Stéphane Roussel for sharing his insights during the revision process. Special thanks to Kim Richard Nossal, Stéphane Roussel, and Stéphane Paquin for sharing the pre-production version of their chapter on “ideas in Canadian foreign policy.” UNWILLING INTERNATIONALISM OR STRATEGIC INTERNATIONALISM? CANADIAN CLIMATE POLICY UNDER THE CONSERVATIVE GOVERNMENT

Field of study: Political science
Purine catabolic pathway revealed by transcriptomics in the model marine bacterium Ruegeria pomeroyi DSS-3.

Purines are nitrogen-rich compounds that are widely distributed in the marine environment and are an important component of the dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) pool. Even though purines have been shown to be degraded by bacterioplankton, the identities of marine bacteria capable of purine degradation and their underlying catabolic mechanisms are currently unknown. This study shows that Ruegeria pomeroyi, a model marine bacterium and Marine Roseobacter Clade (MRC) representative, utilizes xanthine as a source of carbon and nitrogen. The R. pomeroyi genome contains putative genes that encode xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH), which is expressed during growth with xanthine. RNAseq-based analysis of the R. pomeroyi transcriptome revealed that the transcription of an XDH-initiated catabolic pathway is up-regulated during growth with xanthine, with transcription greatest when xanthine was the only available carbon source. The RNAseq-deduced pathway indicates that glyoxylate and ammonia are the key intermediates from xanthine degradation. Utilising a laboratory model, this study has identified the potential genes and catabolic pathway active during xanthine degradation. The ability of R. pomeroyi to utilize xanthine provides novel insights into the capabilities of the MRC that may contribute to their success in marine ecosystems and the potential biogeochemical importance of the group in processing DON.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Selection by consequences, behavioral evolution, and the price equation.

Price's equation describes evolution across time in simple mathematical terms. Although it is not a theory, but a derived identity, it is useful as an analytical tool. It affords lucid descriptions of genetic evolution, cultural evolution, and behavioral evolution (often called "selection by consequences") at different levels (e.g., individual vs. group) and at different time scales (local and extended). The importance of the Price equation for behavior analysis lies in its ability to precisely restate selection by consequences, thereby restating, or even replacing, the law of effect. Beyond this, the equation may be useful whenever one regards ontogenetic behavioral change as evolutionary change, because it describes evolutionary change in abstract, general terms. As an analytical tool, the behavioral Price equation is an excellent aid in understanding how behavior changes within organisms' lifetimes. For example, it illuminates evolution of response rate, analyses of choice in concurrent schedules, negative contingencies, and dilemmas of self-control.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Structural properties and estimation in m|EK| 1 queue

In this paper we study the distribution of the number of customers served in a busy period in the framework of modified power series distribution introduced by Gupta (197U) and obtain the moments and probability generating function of this distribution. We also study the maximum likelihood estimation of the parameter θand the variance and the asymptotic bias of the MLE are also obtained. The minimum variance unbiased estimate of θris investigated and an estimate of the probabilities is given.

Field of study: Mathematics
Optimizing the Level Set Algorithm for Detecting Object Edges in MR and CT Images

Specifying the boundary of tissues or an organ is one of the most frequently required tasks for a radiologist. It is a first step for further processing, such as comparing two serial images in time, volume measurements. In the present work, we use genetic algorithms (GA) and where necessary apply a ldquodynamic genetic algorithmrdquo (dGA) procedure, which (we believe) is a unique application, to assess different values for finding an optimal set of parameters that characterize the level set method, a geometric active contour, for use as a boundary detection method. Four quantitative measures are used in calculating geometric differences between the object boundaries, as determined by the level set method, and the desired object boundaries. A semi-automated method is also developed to find the desired boundary for the object. A two-step method requires the user to manipulate the object boundaries obtained by applying an edge detection method based on the Canny filter. By setting the level set method parameters using the output of the GA we obtain accurate boundaries of organs automatically and rapidly.

Field of study: Physics
Hurricane “Amanda”: Rediscovery of a Forgotten U.S. Civil War Florida Hurricane

Among the most unusual and unexpected hurricanes in United States history is the only hurricane to make landfall in the month of May. This recently rediscovered storm that struck northwest Florida on 28 May 1863 created a natural disaster in the area that became lost to history because it was embedded in a much larger and important manmade event—in this case, the U.S. Civil War. The authors document the arrival of this storm both historically and meteorologically and anachronistically name it “Hurricane Amanda” in honor of the Union ship driven ashore by the hurricane. The hurricane revealed deficiencies and strengths in combat readiness by both sides. Meteorologically, the storm nearly achieved major hurricane status at landfall and its absence from modern databases of tropical cyclone activity is a useful reminder to users of important gaps in our knowledge of tropical cyclones even in the best-sampled storm basins.

Field of study: Environmental science
Educational article: The Mitrofanoff procedure.

The management of urinary incontinence has been revolutionized by the introduction of intermittent catheterization by Lapides in 1972, and later, by the description of the 'trans-appendicular continent cystostomy' by Mitrofanoff in 1980. Mitrofanoff launched a new concept whereby the bladder could be emptied by a route other than the urethra. This concept led to the publication of a plethora of alternatives to the appendix conduit, including the transverse ileal (Yang-Monti) tube, and conduits constructed from ureter, Fallopian tube, tubularized preputial transverse island flap, and longitudinally tubularized ileal and gastric segments. Further experience with the procedure, and the onset of complications such as stomal stenosis and leakage, instigated the description of various stomal options and conduit implantation techniques. More recently, laparoscopic and robotically assisted techniques have also been performed. We present a review of these techniques, and the outcomes reported over the last 30 years since the Mitrofanoff principle was first described.

Field of study: Medicine