nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
K-shell ionization cross sections of Zr element at energies from 20keV to 34keV

Through bombarding the Zr target by the electrons at energies from 20keV to 34 keV. the K-shell ionization cross section of Zr element is obtained. These data are reported for the first time in the world. In the experiment, the influence of the electrons reflected from the thick substrate was corrected by means of a bipartition model of the electron transport. The mean path of the electrons passing through the Zr target of 24. 3ig/cm' mass thickness is calculated by the EGS4 program of Monte Carlo techniquel.

Field of study: Physics
Your money or your life? The carbon-development paradox

The relationship between human health and well-being, energy use and carbon emissions is a foremost concern in sustainable development. If past advances in well-being have been accomplished only through increases in energy use, there may be significant trade-offs between achieving universal human development and mitigating climate change. We test the explanatory power of economic, dietary and modern energy factors in accounting for past improvements in life expectancy, using a simple novel method, functional dynamic decomposition. We elucidate the paradox that a strong correlation between emissions and human development at one point in time does not imply that their dynamics are coupled in the long term. Increases in primary energy and carbon emissions can account for only a quarter of improvements in life expectancy, but are closely tied to growth in income. Facing this carbon-development paradox requires prioritizing human well-being over economic growth.

Field of study: Environmental science
A INCLUSÃO DE CRIANÇAS COM SÍNDROME DE DOWN NA PSICOMOTRICIDADE RELACIONAL: UM ESTUDO DE CASO

This article is the result of an investigative process using Down’s syndrome children gathered with “normal” children in relational psychomotricity sessions. It aimed at studying the relationship among the protagonist children of the study with the other children, the teachers and the objects, as well as investigating their behavioral effects during regular relational psychomotricity sessions. It was a qualitative study that used different instruments for data collecting, such as: interviews, observations, descriptive memories, and the documents analysis. The analysis and interpretation of the results allowed the development of the following variables: a) manifestations of Down’s syndrome and behaviors presented by the protagonist children of the study; b) imitation and rhythm of the group as a stimulus for the development of the mental processes; c) the pedagogical action as a mediator of children relationship. The study showed that the pedagogical intervention into the relational psychomotricity practice in an eclectic group allowed the extension of the social and affectionate relations of these children, as well as diversified and enriched their playing and exercising behavior.

Field of study: Education
Our Obsolete Technology Mentality

In 1947 Karl Polanyi published an essay entitled "Our Obsolete Market Mentality"  Polanyi argued that the common (but mistaken) view that self-regulating markets are the primary agent of progress was preventing the necessary coordination of social intervention and inhibiting democratization of the economy. This essay argues along a parallel line, but addresses institutionalists. In short, this essay argues that some institutionalists hold a common (but mistaken) view that technology defines progress: technology is the sole agent of progress, a universal process, and always progressive. This view inhibits communication among us, and between us and policymakers,

Field of study: Economics
A National Survey of Teachers' Promotion of Self-Determination and Student-Directed Learning

This article describes the findings of a national survey of teachers' opinions regarding the value of self-determination and issues relating to teaching skills leading to this outcome. Respondents were secondary-level educators serving students with varying types and severity of disabling conditions. Findings indicated that a majority of respondents believed that instruction in self-determination was important, but teachers differed in their responses regarding the strategies taught and the extent and type of instruction provided based on the severity of the student's disability. Implications for educational practice are discussed.

Field of study: Education
The Research on Coordination for Regional Comprehensive Transportation Corridor Based on Multi-objective Genetic Algorithm

At present, the studies of regional integrated transport corridor mainly focus on the planning and construction of transport corridor. Fewer studies investigate harmonious operations among different modes of transport after the completion of transport corridor construction. Regional comprehensive corridor takes on the characteristics of heavy transport demand, supply and travel modes. Meanwhile, competition is severe among different travel modes. In order to avoid vicious competition among different travel modes that negatively impact the transportation market, multi-objective and nonlinear programming model is established with the purpose to maximize the unity of traveler. The objective of this model is to realize mutual adaptation between transport demand volume and supply volume. Tournament selection is applied to weeding out the inferior solution with the concept of non-inferior solutions. The solution that does not meet the nonlinear constraints is obsoleted in the selection process by using the penalty function. Solutions that do not meet the linear and boundary constraints after crossover and mutation process are transferred to feasible solution space via repair algorithm. Pareto optimal solution set is obtained through continuous selection, crossover and mutation. At last, a numeric example demonstrates validity and feasibility of the model.

Field of study: Engineering
Diversity, distribution, and expression of diazotroph nifH genes in oxygen-deficient waters of the Arabian Sea.

The Arabian Sea oxygen minimum zone (OMZ), the largest suboxic region in the world's oceans, is responsible for up to half of the global mesopelagic fixed nitrogen (N) loss from the ocean via denitrification and anammox. Dinitrogen (N(2)) fixation is usually attributed to cyanobacteria in the surface ocean. Model prediction and physiological inhibition of N(2) fixation by oxygen, however, suggest that N(2) fixation should be enhanced near the oxygen-deficient zone (ODZ) of the Arabian Sea. N(2) fixation and cyanobacterial nifH genes (the gene encoding dinitrogenase reductase) have been reported in surface waters overlying the Arabian Sea ODZ. Here, water samples from depths above and within the Arabian Sea ODZ were examined to explore the distribution, diversity, and expression of nifH genes. In surface waters, nifH DNA and cDNA sequences related to Trichodesmium, a diazotroph known to occur and fix N(2) in the Arabian Sea, were detected. Proteobacterial nifH phylotypes (DNA but not cDNA) were also detected in surface waters. Proteobacterial nifH DNA and cDNA sequences, as well as nifH DNA and cDNA sequences related to strictly anaerobic N -fixers, were obtained from oxygen-deficient depths. This first report of nifH gene expression in subsurface low-oxygen waters suggests that there is potential for active N(2) fixation by several phylogenetically and potentially metabolically diverse microorganisms in pelagic OMZs.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Syrians and Business in Irbid City: Jordanian Stability and Refugees: A Qualitative Study

Against Jordan’s historical and economic background, the question of the effects on business of Syrianrefugees’ fleeing the civil war and their demand for accommodation and business purchase in Irbid, a northerncity, is investigated. The hope was to link these local social and economic problems and their effects tonationwide demands, more prevalent in the south, for socio-economic improvement for business opportunityand increased political freedom. Qualitative data from semi-structured interviews with 33 of 41 Irbid realtors. Local dislocation affected the lower socio-economic group on limited incomes, depriving them ofaccommodation. Predominantly the rich Jordanian elite profited by increased investment and rental profit.Refugee Syrians comprised only 10% of the market. Some astute Syrian businessmen invested their wealth inIrbid, improving the general economy. Irbid commercial and retail business boomed with increased consumers.There was insufficient discontent evidenced with the political or economic situation to threaten the politicalstatus quo, according to realtors. The King is loved, and trusted to encourage more foreign investment. Realtorsexpected the real estate market to rise slightly with new demand, or stabilise; although locally limited-incomeJordanians hope for assistance in the form of a government sector wage rise—unlikely with national economicwoes.

Field of study: Business
[Long-term results of chronic intrathecal baclofen treatment in patients with spasticity and secondary dystonia].

To estimate the efficacy of intrathecal treatment with baclofen (ITB) in spasticity and dystonia.



Two groups of patients have been operated: 19 patients with spinal spasticity and 33 patients with cerebral spasticity (cerebral palsy). After baclofen screening test, the Synchromed2 (Medtronic) was implanted. The level of muscle tone was assessed by the Ashworth scale. The locomotion was assessed by GMFM 88 and Arens scale. The dystonia was assessed by the BFM scale. Follow-up was performed 3, 6 and 12 months after the operation and yearly after that. The duration of the follow-up ranged from 2 to 9 years.



ITB led to a significant decrease in leg spasticity in both groups of patients (p<0.001). The dynamics of spasticity was more significant in the first group compared to the second group (2.77 and 2.07 points, respectively (p<0.0031)). The dynamics of muscle tone in arms was lesser then in legs (p<0.0022). The positive clinical dynamics in patients with secondary dystonia was minimal (BFM from 65±17 to 60±19). Increasing of ITB daily dose was required to maintenance the clinical effect in most patients. The loss of ITB effect was noted in 5% of patients.



ITB was more effective in patients with spinal spasticity. The influence of ITB on the secondary dystonia was lesser then on the spasticity. The dynamic of the muscle tone was more significant in legs than in arms. The loss of ITB effect can be observed in some cases after the operation despite the positive result of baclofen screening-test.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Environmentally-Benign Phytic Acid-Based Multilayer Coating for Flame Retardant Cotton

Chemically bleached cotton fabric was treated with phytic acid (PA), chitosan (CH) and urea by means of layer-by-layer (LbL) deposition to impart flame retardant (FR) behavior using only benign and renewable molecules. Samples were treated with 8, 10, 12 and 15 bilayers (BL) of anionic PA and cationic CH, with urea mixed into the aqueous CH solution. Flammability was evaluated by measuring limiting oxygen index (LOI) and through vertical flame testing. LOI values are comparable to those obtained with commercial flame-retardant finishes, and applying 10 or more bilayers renders cotton self-extinguishing and able to pass the vertical flame test. Microscale combustion calorimeter (MCC) measurements show the average reduction of peak heat release rate (pHRR) of all treated fabrics of ~61% and the reduction of total heat release (THR) of ~74%, in comparison to untreated cotton. Decomposition temperatures peaks (T1max) measured by thermogravimetric analyzer (TG) decreased by approximately 62 °C, while an average residue at 650 °C is ~21% for 10 and more bilayers. Images of post-burn char indicate that PA/CH-urea treatment is intumescent. The ability to deposit such a safe and effective FR treatment, with relatively few layers, makes LbL an alternative to current commercial treatments.

Field of study: Materials science
Extended Object Model for UI-Modeling

Development of GUIs needs to satisfy both the structural and operational requirements of objects to be manipulated, and considers the psychological impact of the object visual presentation towards users. With the wide application of Web technologies, object or information navigation should also be taken into account. According to the requirement of modeling UIs, this paper presented an extended object model. Starting from modeling objects, the automatic mapping between the object model to be manipulated and its detailed GUI composition was achieved. This paper′s research could be considered as the basis for the GUI′s development from abstract modeling to automatic implementation.

Field of study: Computer science
Quenching for a degenerate parabolic problem due to a concentrated nonlinear source

Let q, a, T, and b be any real numbers such that q > 0, a > 0, T > 0, and 0 < b < 1. This article studies the following degenerate semilinear parabolic first initial-boundary value problem with a concentrated nonlinear source situated at b: xqut uxx = a2S(x b)f(u(x, t)) in (0,1) x (0, T], u(:x, 0) = 0 on [0,1], u(0, t) = u(l, t) = 0 for 0 < t < T, where <5 (x) is the Dirac delta function, / is a given function such that limu^cf(u) = oo for some positive constant c, and f{u) and f'(u) are positive for 0 < u < c. It is shown that the problem has a unique continuous solution u before m&x{u(x,t) : 0 < x < 1} reaches c~, u is a strictly increasing function of t for 0 < x < 1, and if max{u(x,i) : 0 < x < 1} reaches c~, then u attains the value c only at the point b. The problem is shown to have a unique a* such that a unique global solution u exists for a < a*, and max{u(x,t) : 0 < x < 1} reaches c~ in a finite time for a > a*; this a* is the same as that for q = 0. A formula for computing a* is given, and no quenching in infinite time is deduced.

Field of study: Mathematics
Transcending National Boundaries: Hilda Taba and the “New Social Studies” in Australia, 1969 to 1981

he influence of curricular and pedT agogical practices espoused by social studies educators in the United States frequently transcends national boundaries. Indeed, accounts of cumculum development and reform efforts in the diverse societies of Australia (Parry 1998), Canada (Fowler 1997), Japan (Nagai 1979), New Zealand (Openshaw 1992; Barr 1993), Nigeria (Onyabe 1979; Ukpokodu and Osunde 1996), and Thailand (Meesing 1979) trace the adoption of many influential curricular and pedagogical practices back to prominent educators from the United States. Also important, those accounts demonstrate that curricular and pedagogical practices are not simply adopted without undergoing varying degrees of transformation. As the practices are transplanted across societies, they are continually shaped and reshaped by curriculum developers and contextual influences, including national and local cultures, educational and curriculum structures, and pedagogical practices (Lagemann 1983; Goodson 1992).

Field of study: Sociology
TECHNICAL AND VOCATIONAL SKILLS COMPETITIVENESS AS A DETERMINANT OF DEMAND FOR TECHNICAL AND VOCATIONAL TRAINING AMONG THE YOUTH IN KAJIADO COUNTY, KENYA

The study sought to investigate skills competitiveness as a determinant for the demand for technical and vocational training among the youth in Kajiado County. 
Methodology: The study used a mixed method design of both qualitative and quantitative methods for the purposes of triangulation. Quantitative and qualitative forms of data were linked for three reasons: First, for confirming or corroborating each other via triangulation; second, for elaborating or developing analysis, providing richer details and third, for initiating new lines of thinking through attention to new ideas coming up, as well as and providing fresh insight (Rosmann and Wilson (quoted in Miles & Huberman, 1994). The study was confined to the natural settings and attempted to interpret phenomenon in terms of the meaning that people brought as asserted by Denzin and Lincoln (2005).  In executing the study, a descriptive cross- sectional survey was applied as the quantitative research design. In addition, phenomenological approach was chosen due to its strength in enabling researchers to gain a depth of understanding of the cases and situation studied. The target population for the study comprised of all students enrolled in three polytechnics in Kajiado County (namely Isinya, Namelok and Entasopia). Moreover, the management of the three polytechnics was also part of the population for the interviews and focus group discussions. The qualitative findings complemented the quantitative findings for a more comprehensive understanding of the issues explored in the study. 
Findings:  TVET skills were highly affirmed to be greatly suitable for employment. Respondents also attested that it is easy to perfect the use of TVET skills and apply them. Another highly rated indicator was the respect and preference the labour market accords to persons with TVET skills. Suitability of the TVET skills in the labor market was further approved by most of the informants who were of the opinion that, once the trainees are given the necessary technical skills and provided with the basic tools for the job, then they can perform. Some participants expressed strong optimism in the applicability of TVET skills in the market. However, when further probed, it was evident that the polytechnic administration does not create enough awareness to the local community on the courses offered. From the findings, it can be inferred that skills competitiveness of TVET course is key in determining the demand for the course. 
Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: To link skills development and world of work government should incorporate incubation centres within training institution as well as enhance mentorship programmes. These centres may have programmes designed to empower TVET graduates to apply the skills learnt in empowering themselves.  These centres should provide start up kits to upon completion of the mentorship programme.

Field of study: Education
Effects of reinforcement history on responding under progressive-ratio schedules of reinforcement.

The effects of experimental history on responding under a progressive-ratio schedule of reinforcement were examined. Sixteen pigeons were divided into four equal groups. Groups 1 to 3 were trained to peck a key for food under a fixed-ratio, variable-ratio, or differential-reinforcement-of-low-rate schedule of reinforcement. After training, these pigeons were shifted to a progressive-ratio schedule, later were shifted back to their original schedule (with decreased rates of reinforcement), and finally were returned to the progressive-ratio schedule. Pigeons in Group 4 (control) were maintained on the progressive-ratio schedule for the entire experiment. To test for potential "latent history" effects, pigeons responding under the progressive-ratio schedule were injected with d-amphetamine and given behavioral-momentum tests of prefeeding and extinction. Experimental histories affected responding in the immediate transition to the progressive-ratio schedule; response rates of pigeons with variable-ratio and fixed-ratio histories were higher than rates of pigeons with differential-reinforcement-of-low-rate and progressive-ratio-only histories. Pigeons with differential-reinforcement-of-low-rate histories, and to a lesser degree pigeons with variable-ratio and fixed-ratio histories, also had shorter postreinforcement pauses than pigeons with only a progressive-ratio history. No consistent long-term effects of prior contingencies on responding under the progressive-ratio schedule were evident. d-Amphetamine and resistance-to-change tests failed to reveal consistent latent history effects. The data suggest that history effects are sometimes transitory and not susceptible to latent influences.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Absolute convergence of Fourier series on totally disconnected groups

AbstractLetG denote a totally disconnected locally compact metric abelian group with translation invariant metricd and character groupΓG. The Lipschitz spaces are defined by
$$Lip\left( {\alpha ;p} \right) = \left\{ {f \in L^p \left( G \right):\left\| {\tau _a f - f} \right\|_p = O\left( {d\left( {a,0} \right)^\alpha } \right),a \to 0} \right\},$$
 whereτaf:x→f(x-a) and α∈(0,1). For a suitable choice of metric it is shown that Lip (α;p)⊂Lr(ΓG), where α>1/p+1/r−1≧0 and 1≦p≦2. In the caseG is compact the corresponding result holds for α>1/r−1/2 andp>2. In addition forG non-discrete the above result is shown to be sharp, in the sense that the range of values of α cannot be extended. The results include classical theorems of S. N. Bernstein, O. Szász and E. C. Titchmarsh.

Field of study: Mathematics
A method for avoiding overlap of left and right lungs in shape model guided segmentation of lungs in CT volumes.

The automated correct segmentation of left and right lungs is a nontrivial problem, because the tissue layer between both lungs can be quite thin. In the case of lung segmentation with left and right lung models, overlapping segmentations can occur. In this paper, the authors address this issue and propose a solution for a model-based lung segmentation method.



The thin tissue layer between left and right lungs is detected by means of a classification approach and utilized to selectively modify the cost function of the lung segmentation method. The approach was evaluated on a diverse set of 212 CT scans of normal and diseased lungs. Performance was assessed by utilizing an independent reference standard and by means of comparison to the standard segmentation method without overlap avoidance.



For cases where the standard approach produced overlapping segmentations, the proposed method significantly (p = 1.65 × 10(-9)) reduced the overlap by 97.13% on average (median: 99.96%). In addition, segmentation accuracy assessed with the Dice coefficient showed a statistically significant improvement (p = 7.5 × 10(-5)) and was 0.9845 ± 0.0111. For cases where the standard approach did not produce an overlap, performance of the proposed method was not found to be significantly different.



The proposed method improves the quality of the lung segmentations, which is important for subsequent quantitative analysis steps.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Feature Selection Method Based on Domain-specific Term Extraction

The traditional text representation methods for text classification are generally based on the analysis of full text (Bag-of-Words). Because of ignoring domain-specific semantic features, they can not fit domain-specific text classification. This paper describes a feature selection method based on domain-specific term extraction using corpus comparison, and a text classification system based on the combination of this method and the SVM classifier, which can be applied to any domain easily. This text classification system got the highest score among runs from 19 groups in the evaluation of TREC 2005 Genomics Track Categorization Task.

Field of study: Computer science
Ionic hydrogenation of benzofurans

Benzofurans are arranged in the order 2-methylbenzofuran > 3-methylbenzofuran > benzofuran with respect to the case with which they undergo ionic hydrogenation. Benzofuran and 2-methylbenzofuran are protonated in the 3 position of the heterocyclic ring, whereas 3-methylbenzofuran is protonated in the 2 position. Individual monodeuterated 2,3-dihydrobenzofurans can be obtained in high yields by ionic hydrogenation.

Field of study: Chemistry