nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Addressing bias in observational studies of alcohol withdrawal syndrome: a call to the field.

WE READ WITH interest the recent systematic review and meta-analysis on alcohol withdrawal syndrome (Goodson et al., 2014). We applaud the efforts of Goodson and colleagues (2014) to seek further insights about this morbid condition but we would like to sound a cautionary alarm. The hard work of Goodson and others in the field is hindered by a flawed research base. Appropriately, almost all studies in this field use observational methods. Unfortunately, they typically do not employ standard safeguards in observational research designed to protect against potential biases. This presents a substantial challenge to progress in the understanding of this clinical state. Until researchers address these biases with rigorous studies, research will continue to produce inconsistent results that preclude consensus regarding how to predict severe alcohol withdrawal syndrome and thus provide patients with the most effective and the safest therapy. Observational research on alcohol withdrawal syndrome is particularly prone to susceptibility, exposure suspicion, and diagnostic suspicion bias (Fiellin et al., 1998; Sackett, 1979). Despite well-accepted strategies to address these biases, alcohol researchers have nearly uniformly failed to create inception cohorts, use standard operational definitions for risk factors and outcomes, or employ blinding of risk factors or outcomes. Inception cohorts allow researchers to include and compare patients at a similar point in their disease process. Operational definitions allow researchers to indicate the explicit criteria that were used in determining risk factors and outcomes, and Goodson and colleagues’ (2014) methods appropriately excluded studies in which these were unclear. Blinding minimizes the likelihood that knowledge of risk factors or outcomes will influence the determination of the basic elements of the research. We fear that clinicians and policy makers run the risk of basing decisions on flawed evidence (despite systematic reviews and meta-analyses) until these deficiencies in the basic science of observational research are addressed in subsequent research on alcohol withdrawal syndrome.

Field of study: Medicine
The Basic Spirit of Pragmatism and Pragmatic Rationalism in Chinese Trad itional Culture

Pragmatism which is the first native philosophy of USA fully reflects the American national spirit of being re alistic,emphasizing practical results and f orging ahead.Similarly,the pragmatic rationalism of Chinese traditional culture al-so has the feature of emphasizing rea listic function.Starting form disc ussing the social and historical con ditions and the theoretical source of pragmatis m,the paper expounds the basic spirit of pragmatism.Furthermore the relation between the basic spirit of pragmatism and the pragmatic rationalism of Chinese traditional culture is discu ssed.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Steered Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Light-harvesting Antenna Protein Complex II

Based on molecular dynamics, the information regarding the ellipsoidal structure of light-harvesting antenna complex II(LHACII) using existing experiments was obtained. The elliptic aberration process of LHACII was investigated. Through using Steered molecular dynamics simulation (SMDS) technique, LHACII was effectively intervened from outside. In the experiment, the whole elliptic aberration process which involves from circular to elliptic shape was simulated to further acquire reasonable elliptic imaging with eccentricity of 0.45~0.68. Additionally, the variation of the spatial arrangement ways of B850 pigment when the elliptic aberration occurred to LHACII was demonstrated. The distance between chlorophyll molecules in the pair with short distance is significantly reduced compared to that of before aberration, moreover, 18 B850 chlorophyll molecules were generally distributed the both sides of the major axis of an ellipse spheroid. In contrast, the distance between chlorophyll molecules in the pair with long distance is farther. These results may fill the gap of the experimental research on the spatial arrangement of pigments and imaging in the aberration of LHACII, providing a structural foundation for energy transfer studies.

Field of study: Engineering
Pain and Personality in Duodenal Ulcer: A Preliminary Report

Personality factors measured by the Cattell's 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire were assessed for 78 duodenal ulcer patients with moderate to severe pain and in 30 duodenal ulcer patients with mild or no pain. The two groups were comparable for relevant sociodemographic variables. Patients with moderate to severe pain were significantly more tender-minded, kindly, and tended to be more introspective and glum than those reporting mild or no pain. However, the reported differences are small; adjustment of the p values to avoid Type I errors makes these differences no longer statistically significant. These results must be considered preliminary; further studies are necessary to understand the topic better.

Field of study: Psychology
2-(1-Adamantyl)-7-methylimidazo-[1,2-α]pyridine and its reactions with N-bromosuccinimide

In reaction with equimolar amount or twice the amount of N-bromosuccinimide 2-(1-adamantyl)-7-methylimidazo[1,2-a]pyridine, obtained from 2-amino-4-methylpyridine and bromomethyl 1-adamantyl ketone, is converted into 2-(1-adamantyl)-3-bromo-7-methylimidazo[1,2-a]pyridine. With three times the amount of N-bromosuccinimide it gives 2-(1-adamantyl)-3-bromo-7-formylimidazo[1,2-a]pyridine.

Field of study: Chemistry
Characterization of a monoclonal antibody specific for novel Bcr/Abl out-of-frame fusion proteins.

The new tumor-specific antigens Bcr/Abl-OOF, identified in Philadelphia chromosome (Ph)-positive leukemia cells, are derived from an alternative splicing event involving BCR exons 1, 13, or 14 and ABL exons 4 and 5. The COOH-terminus of these transcription products contain an amino acid portion derived from an out-of-frame (OOF) reading of the ABL gene; these variants are expressed in Ph-positive chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) and acute lymphocytic leukemia patients. Previously, we confirmed the presence of out-of-frame peptide-specific T cells in the peripheral blood of CML patients with the ability to lyse primary autologous CML cells. We also demonstrated that the out-of-frame Abl portion was immunogenic in HLA-A2.1 transgenic mice. Here we describe the production and characterization of monoclonal antibody 1D8G8, a new tool for localization and functional studies of the tumor antigen Bcr/Abl-OOF. This antibody recognizes the out-of-frame protein portion of the native full-length Bcr/Abl-OOF protein expressed in cells transiently transfected, as demonstrated by immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence, and binds to a specific epitope of this antigen presented in association with HLA-A2.1 molecules at the surface of these cells, as demonstrated by flow cytometry. Thus this MAb could be useful to better understand how this new protein presents in Ph-positive cells beside the canonical Bcr/Abl fusion proteins.

Field of study: Biology
Preparation of Molecularly Imprinted Carbon Microspheres by One-Pot Hydrothermal Method and Their Adsorption Properties to Perfluorooctane Sulfonate

Molecularly imprinted carbon microspheres (MIC) were synthesized by one-pot hydrothermal method with perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) as template, Camellia oleifera seed shell as carbon precursor and phloroglucinol as additive. The as-prepared PFOS-MIC was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), specific surface area and pore size distribution analyzer (BET), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and thermogravimetry/differential thermal analyzer (TG/DTA). The results of SEM, HRTEM and FT-IR showed that the PFOS-MIC had a particle size of about 1.5 μm, the activated binding sites were formed by a large number of interconnected hydrogen bonds. The adsorption properties of PFOS on PFOS-MIC and the corresponding non-imprinted carbon microspheres (NIC) such as adsorption kinetics, pH effect and adsorption isotherms were investigated. The results showed that the adsorption kinetics of PFOS on both NIC and PFOS-MIC fitted well with the secondary-kinetic model (R2 > 0.994). Under the experimental conditions of 20 °C and pH = 3, the adsorption equilibrium time was 1.5 and 3.0 h, respectively. The lower pH was in favor of the adsorption. The adsorption isotherms data fitted better to the Langmuir model (R2 > 0.993) than that of Freundlich model, and the maximum adsorption capacity at 20 °C was 2.93 and 5.38 mg g−1 for NIC and PFOS-MIC, respectively. Adsorption selectivity results indicated that the PFOS-MIC had good adsorption selectivity for PFOS, even in coexistence with the structural similar surfactants.

Field of study: Chemistry
Fluctuations in the body size of marine invertebrates through the Pliensbachian–Toarcian extinction event

The sizes of a selection of common fossil marine invertebrates, including belemnites, ammonites and bivalves, from the Cleveland basin of northern England were measured, in order to assess whether there were any statistically significant changes in body size through the Pliensbachian–Toarcian extinction event. Bed-by-bed fluctuations in body size of pre-extinction bivalves from the Upper Pliensbachian may be influenced by taphonomic effects, whereas other size changes recorded probably reflect real biological change. One taxon, the belemnite species Passaloteuthis bisulcata, records a significant size increase at the start of the extinction interval (hawskerense through to tenuicostatum subzones). The taxa Dactylioceras and Pseudomytiloides dubius both survive the extinction interval and record their smallest sizes in the immediate aftermath of the event (the early survival interval): a phenomenon known as the Lilliput effect. This is the first documented account of the Lilliput effect in the aftermath of the Pliensbachian–Toarcian extinction event. Apart from the belemnite Acrocoelites subtenuis, all taxa present in the aftermath of the event increase in body size through the later survival interval and subsequent recovery interval. In the Early Toarcian, size decrease may have been caused by low oxygen conditions and, possibly, changes in water depth and food supply. Growth line data indicate that a bedding plane assemblage of Pseudomytiloides dubius from the semicelatum Subzone had slower rates of growth (more growth lines per millimetre) than a larger-sized assemblage from an adjacent horizon. Changes in variance also occur during the Pliensbachian–Toarcian event. Species show greatest variability in the survival interval, which may be the result of reduced interspecific competition experienced by those few taxa fortunate enough to survive the extinction crisis.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Women and Academic Leadership: The Case of Polytechnics in Ghana

The study investigated the factors that hinder women toward academic leadership and also to identify strategies to curb the situation. Using a qualitative research design, a convenience sampling technique was used to sample the view of nineteen female lecturers and one key informant (registrar) through semi-structured interview guide, the researchers adopted thematic way of analysing qualitative data. The data highlighted several factors that hinder women toward academic leadership and these included permeability of work and family boundary, gender inequality, ethnic favouritism and lack of motivation. The study also pointed out that affirmative action or equal opportunities, mentorship, training opportunities and scholarship could serve as the curbing strategies. It, therefore, recommend that the institutions should provide continuous learning, coaching, career guidance and opportunities for self-development; integrate equality base on promotion and appointment of lecturers to become leaders; publication of articles should be used as medium for promotion and awarding lecturers to become leaders which would help prevent favouritism; appoint women in key position for self development in academia; lecturers should undergo training or probation period to understudy a senior knowledgeable colleague for better job insight, and training courses for female lecturers on how to solve work related problem and mechanisms for approaching suitable solution and method for decision-making.  Permeability of Work and Family, Gender inequality, Female Lecturers, Mentorship

Field of study: Education
The effects of stressed environmental exposure on the durability of automotive composite materials

The degradation of mechanical properties for a glass/polyurethane automotive composite due to oxposure to various environments while under stress is reported. Two types of loading were compaied; constant strain and nearly constant stress. Loads varied from 0 to 50% of the average tensile strength. The composite studied was a polyurethane resin reinforced with continuous strand E-glass mat. manufactured by the SRIM process. Novel fixtures applied tensile loads to dogbone specimens while exposed to automotive fluids. After 300 hours, the specimons were tensile tested to failure in air. Degradation in mechanical properties typically increased with stress level but was independent of the type of loading This result is explained in terms of damage and deformation mechanisms in that material.

Field of study: Materials science
Implementing CLT at Higher Secondary Level in Bangladesh: A Review of Change Management

CLT (Communicative Language Teaching) was substituted for GTM (Grammar Translation Method) at higher secondary level in Bangladesh in 2001. This replacement of ELT method was a significant change in the English curriculum. This study aimed to determine that the mismanagement of the change is a prime cause of not getting expected CLT outcomes at higher secondary education in Bangladesh. Having been qualitative in nature, this research used secondary sources of information and interpreted the findings in words to present the reality of CLT in Bangladesh. The major findings were: clarifying possible change to employees through communication, involving employees in the change process, and training them so that they can cope with the change. The study also found that the present CLT situation in Bangladesh is not in a satisfactory level. The result of the study demonstrated that proper change management principles were not followed when introducing CLT into education system. The study presents some suggestions for retrieving the current CLT situations in Bangladesh.  communicative language teaching; change management; communication; implementation; Ministry of Education; Bangladesh

Field of study: Education
Umladung mit gleichzeitiger Anregung beim Alkaliionenstoß gegen Wasserstoff, Helium und Quecksilber

ZusammenfassungDie beim Stoß von Alkaliionen gegen H2, D2, He und Hg auftretenden Alkalibogenlinien werden als Umladung mit einer gleichzeitigen Anregung der entstehenden Alkaliatome gedeutet. Die Alkalibogenlinien zeigen den zu erwartenden Doppler-Effekt. Auch bei diesen Umladungen bewährt sich das Resonanzprinzip. A.n den Stößen Cs+→ H2 und Cs+→ D2 wird der Einfluß der Massenänderung bei einem Stoßpartner — ohne Änderung der Elektronenhülle — gezeigt.

Field of study: Physics
Belief Condensation Filtering

Inferring a sequence of variables from observations is prevalent in a multitude of applications. Traditional techniques such as Kalman filters (KFs) and particle filters (PFs) are widely used for such inference problems. However, these techniques fail to provide satisfactory performance in many important nonlinear or non-Gaussian scenarios. In addition, there is a lack of a unified methodology for the design and analysis of different filtering techniques. To address these problems, in this paper, we propose a new filtering methodology called belief condensation (BC) filtering. First, we establish a general framework for filtering techniques and propose an optimality criterion that leads to BC filtering. We then propose efficient BC algorithms that can best represent the complex distributions arising in the filtering process. The performance of the proposed techniques is evaluated for two representative nonlinear/non-Gaussian problems, showing that the BC filtering can provide accuracy approaching the theoretical bounds and outperform existing techniques in terms of the accuracy versus complexity tradeoff.

Field of study: Engineering
Accounting for Marketing Success

Is marketing worth the money it costs? There are ways to find out. As it already has in other business areas, accountability is fast becoming the watchword in CPA firm marketing. Partners or senior managers now demand cost-benefit analyses of their firms' marketing and media programs, just as they do for practice areas. And for the same good reasons: planning, future budget allocation and simply determining the most productive activities. Professionals frequently become frustrated with marketing efforts because they believe marketing is or should be a science with guaranteed results. In fact, it's more of a practical art that succeeds best when firms are willing to take calculated risks. Careful tracking can enable a firm to get a better grasp of which marketing risks are most likely to pay off. This article describes how our firm attempted to unravel the mystery of marketing accountability, showing the steps our firm used to budget, track and analyze marketing activities. As the firm's marketing director, I oversee a staff that includes two marketing coordinators, an information specialist and a database coordinator, but many of the firm's strategies can be adapted by other practitioners.  BUDGET What percentage of revenues should be allocated to marketing? Choose according to firm needs. AMG association involvement; and certain subscriptions. All marketing department personnel salaries are included. We do not include charitable gifts, even if they are client-related. To determine each department's or industry's marketing budget, we review the area's revenue and allocate a percentage to marketing. Start-up areas and industries get a much bigger slice of the pie than do mature ones - in some cases, up to 10% of revenue. Others get from .25% to 1%, and we reserve a small amount for special opportunities. The remainder goes to firmwide marketing expenses. We budget for various AMG offer advice; and give project cost estimates. …

Field of study: Business
Being a moffie with toxic parents - An autoethnography of bullying and coming out

This article uses autoethnography to impart the author's personal reflections of identity work, reconciling various identities, growing up as a gay boy, experiences of being bullied and subsequently coming out. Growing up in a conservative rural town exposed the author to compulsory heterosexuality and the prevailing order of gender conformity, and highlighted his not fitting in. The intent of autoethnography is to recognise the complicated link between the personal and the cultural, and to make room for non-traditional ways of analysis and communication. Emotion work as a theoretical basis for reconciling his identity, as well as social learning theory, is briefly explored. This is necessary insofar as boys learn to be masculine by imitating others' behaviour and getting responses from them-as the author did in his then boys boarding school. The boys attending the boarding school claimed that disliking 'moflies' (faggots) was just a part of what it means to be a guy, based on heteronormativity as a central component of peer pressure. Boys may use social and emotional harassment/bullying to make it difficult for other boys to be successful at school. The author experienced these interactions with other learners in an Afrikaans working-class high school. In the article, he reflects on the fact that it is through communication, social connections and psychotherapy that a person learns his/her identity and what that means in the culture into which he/she was born.

Field of study: Sociology
Obstacles of Administrative Creativity Among the Principals of Public Schools in Amman City from their Point of View

The aim of this study is to identify the obstacles of administrative creativity among the principals of public schools in Amman City from their point of view. With that, the descriptive survey methodology was adopted. The sample of the study consisted of (105) male and female principals selected randomly. To achieve the objective of the study, a 30-item questionnaire distributed over (3) areas was formatted.The results of the study showed that the obstacles of administrative creativity among the principals of public schools in Amman City from their point of view for various fields were at a medium degree, where the field of environmental obstacles ranked first, followed by the field of organizational obstacles in the second place, followed by the field of personal obstacles in the third and last rank.The results showed that there were statistically significant differences for both sex variable in favor of males and experience variable in favor of those with more than ten years of experience.In the light of the researcher's findings: Work to link social and cultural institutions in the community in order to unite efforts to contribute to raising awareness of community members of the importance of creativity and innovation in school work, and organize programs and training courses to develop creativity skills. Promote positive communication at all levels to facilitate proposals for the development and improvement of performance, and the need to provide integrated administrative staff in each school to reduce school workload and provide an opportunity for creativity and innovation.  Administrative Creativity, Obstacles, Principals, Amman City.

Field of study: Education
A Detector for the Argon Abundance in the Martian Atmosphere

The atmosphere of Mars is assumed to consist of a mixture of argon, nitrogen and carbon dioxide with other gases appearing only in trace amounts. A capsule descending through the Martian atmosphere, containing instruments to measure the pressure, density and temperature, would make possible the determination of the total pressure and mean molecular weight. One more measurement would then be necessary to determine the partial pressures of the three gases. This measurement could be made with an ionization chamber containing an Fe55 xray source. In such a chamber the current would be linearly related to the argon content of the atmosphere.

Field of study: Physics
A Gowers tree like space and the space of its bounded linear operators

The famous Gowers tree space is the first example of a space not containing c0, `1 or a reflexive subspace. We present a space with a similar construction and prove that it is hereditarily indecomposable (HI) and has `2 as a quotient space. Furthermore, we show that every bounded linear operator on it is of the form λI + W where W is a weakly compact (hence strictly singular) operator.

Field of study: Mathematics