nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Spectral clustering in the weighted stochastic block model

This paper is concerned with the statistical analysis of a real-valued symmetric data matrix. We assume a weighted stochastic block model: the matrix indices, taken to represent nodes, can be partitioned into communities so that all entries corresponding to a given community pair are replicates of the same random variable. Extending results previously known only for unweighted graphs, we provide a limit theorem showing that the point cloud obtained from spectrally embedding the data matrix follows a Gaussian mixture model where each community is represented with an elliptical component. We can therefore formally evaluate how well the communities separate under different data transformations, for example, whether it is productive to "take logs". We find that performance is invariant to affine transformation of the entries, but this expected and desirable feature hinges on adaptively selecting the eigenvectors according to eigenvalue magnitude and using Gaussian clustering. We present a network anomaly detection problem with cyber-security data where the matrix of log p-values, as opposed to p-values, has both theoretical and empirical advantages.

Field of study: Computer science
Bibliographia Kristelleriana: A Bibliography of the Publications of Paul Oskar Kristeller 1929-1999 (review)

At a time when curricula vitae are often inflated, it is a pleasure to have in hand a bibliography giving entrance into a truly great scholar, and which is an accurate record of his accomplishments. A bibliography like this one does more for us than simply list publications. In that regard the editor quotes Kristeller himself: “A bibliography considered in itself is a rather modest instrument for historical research, but the information gathered in it is a reflection, for all its mechanical quality, of a . . . spiritual reality, and it often allows us to discover and understand such a reality” (xix, my translation). Paul Oskar Kristeller published his first work in 1929, his thesis on the soul in the ethics of Plotinus. Even as recently as 1996, Georges Leroux in the Cambridge Companion to Plotinus called it a “brilliant study,” done by a young man in his early twenties. As we know well, Kristeller continued to publish on philosophy, Renaissance Humanism, and other topics until his death seventy years later. His labors were not finished even then. The writings of “one of the great historical scholars of modern times,” as John Monfasani calls him in the preface, continued to be published even after Kristeller’s death in 1999 and are listed in Gilbhard’s bibliography. Kristeller’s writings, including translations of them into a number of languages, total 739, with quality equal to or surpassing the quantity. This bibliography, which incorporates, amplifies, and brings earlier bibliographies up to the present, is a model of its kind. The entries cross-reference previous editions and translations of every publication. They include Kristeller’s book reviews, in which he sometimes made clear to the reader points that were implicit in the works under review but that had in an explicit way escaped the authors themselves. The reviews reflected Kristeller’s learning and insight, but, just as important, they reflected the kindness and sensitivity with which he treated even those with whom he disagreed. The bibliography rightly does not include reviews of Kristeller’s own publications because, as Gilbhard says, “considering their enormous quantity, it would have been almost impossible to produce a list with any claim to comprehensiveness” (xx). John Monfasani’s preface is an updated version of an obituary he wrote that appeared shortly after Kristeller’s death. It is a crisp and informative account of Kristeller’s life and accomplishments. I know of no better place than in it to look for a quick overview of a brilliant career that was forged in the tragic furnace of the Holocaust and continued in a lifelong exile in an adopted country. In two appendices Gilbhard presents, first, the seven Festschriften published in Kristeller’s honor and provides the table of contents for each. In the second he presents

Field of study: History
Technical Note: FreeCT_ICD: An open‐source implementation of a model‐based iterative reconstruction method using coordinate descent optimization for CT imaging investigations

To facilitate investigations into the impacts of acquisition and reconstruction parameters on quantitative imaging, radiomics and CAD using CT imaging, we previously released an open-source implementation of a conventional weighted filtered backprojection reconstruction called FreeCT_wFBP. Our purpose was to extend that work by providing an open-source implementation of a model-based iterative reconstruction method using coordinate descent optimization, called FreeCT_ICD.



Model-based iterative reconstruction offers the potential for substantial radiation dose reduction, but can impose substantial computational processing and storage requirements. FreeCT_ICD is an open-source implementation of a model-based iterative reconstruction method that provides a reasonable tradeoff between these requirements. This was accomplished by adapting a previously proposed method that allows the system matrix to be stored with a reasonable memory requirement. The method amounts to describing the attenuation coefficient using rotating slices that follow the helical geometry. In the initially proposed version, the rotating slices are themselves described using blobs. We have replaced this description by a unique model that relies on trilinear interpolation together with the principles of Joseph's method. This model offers an improvement in memory requirement while still allowing highly accurate reconstruction for conventional CT geometries. The system matrix is stored column-wise and combined with an iterative coordinate descent (ICD) optimization. The result is FreeCT_ICD, which is a reconstruction program developed on the Linux platform using C++ libraries and released under the open-source GNU GPL v2.0 license. The software is capable of reconstructing raw projection data of helical CT scans. In this work, the software has been described and evaluated by reconstructing datasets exported from a clinical scanner which consisted of an ACR accreditation phantom dataset and a clinical pediatric thoracic scan.



For the ACR phantom, image quality was comparable to clinical reconstructions as well as reconstructions using open-source FreeCT_wFBP software. The pediatric thoracic scan also yielded acceptable results. In addition, we did not observe any deleterious impact in image quality associated with the utilization of rotating slices. These evaluations also demonstrated reasonable tradeoffs in storage requirements and computational demands.



FreeCT_ICD is an open-source implementation of a model-based iterative reconstruction method that extends the capabilities of previously released open-source reconstruction software and provides the ability to perform vendor-independent reconstructions of clinically acquired raw projection data. This implementation represents a reasonable tradeoff between storage and computational requirements and has demonstrated acceptable image quality in both simulated and clinical image datasets.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Helical burrows as a palaeoclimate response: Daimonelix by Palaeocastor

The extra effort needed to dig a helical burrow versus a straight burrow with the same passage radius has been quantified in an equation that depends only on the angles of incline. For the helical burrows (Daimonelix) of the Miocene beaver Palaeocastor fossor, extra and/or unusual effort was needed for the helical passage versus a straight passage. That effort for the helical passage was probably not justified to avoid the small likelihood of burrow interference by straight passages among closely packed burrows since there was already a greater chance (but so far unobserved) of interference with their living-chambers which had a larger diameter and a smaller average angle of incline. That effort was probably not justified either as a deterrent to predators since smaller predators (such as Zodiolestes daimonelixensis) have already been found in these helical burrows, the type of beaver remains found in the burrows suggest predation, and the great and consistent depth would not have been needed. Helical burrows are more likely a response to palaeoclimates since the extra and/or unusual effort for helical passages did result in corresponding increases in both burrow subsurface air volume and burrow wall surface area and/or in limiting air circulation, which would have provided the environmental advantages of increased heat loss or gain resulting in more consistent subsurface temperature and humidity when there were seasonal or extreme surface conditions.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
The Contrasting Variants of the Populism of Hugo Chávez and Alberto Fujimori

During the 1990s Peru's Alberto Fujimori and Argentina's Carlos Menem were the two main political successes of Latin American populism. Both completed two successive presidential terms, a unique accomplishment in the continent, and overcame the political instability that previously beset their nations. Scholars who analysed these and other contemporary regimes concluded that Latin American populism was flexible and resilient enough to adapt to a radically different environment from that of the 1930s and 1940s, when it had emerged as a major force. Some political scientists labelled as ‘neopopulism’ the newer variant of populism in the context of globalisation and widespread acceptance of neoliberal policies. These scholars stressed two salient features of neopopulism that contrasted with ‘classical populism’ of the 1930s and 1940s: its social base consisting of members of the informal economy, as opposed to the organised working class; and its implementation of neoliberal policies, as against the model of import substitution and state interventionism.

Field of study: Political science
K-Ar dating of episodic Mesozoic fluid migrations along the fault system of Gernsbach between the Moldanubian and Saxothuringian (Northern Black Forest, Germany)

Along the SW-NE trending fault zone of Gernsbach (northern Black Forest), over a distance of about 45 km between Baden-Baden and Pforzheim, basal series of the sedimentary cover are extensively altered by hydrothermal solutions. The fluids were conveyed in the fault zone and because of favourable permeabilities they spread out along the unconformity between the basement and sedimentary cover. K-Ar dates on authigenic white micas (illites) and hydrothermally altered detrital micas point to the occurrence of two major episodes of fluid migration. The extensive alteration along the entire fault system occurred about 150 Ma ago during the Jurassic. In relation to these hydrothermal activities, the epigenetic strata-bound uranium deposit of Müllenbach originated in Upper Carboniferous sediments near the fault and the fluorite-quartz vein-type mineralization of Käfersteige was formed along the fault about 100 Ma ago during the Cretaceous. The results indicate various geological processes of the fault system of Gernsbach, which is located between the Saxothuringian and Moldanubian zone. The mobilization of the fluids and the formation of the ore deposits were probably caused by and connected with tectonic activities in mid-Europe.

Field of study: Environmental science
Nano-imaging photoresponse in a moir\'e unit cell.

Graphene-based moir\'e superlattices have recently emerged as a unique class of tuneable solid-state systems that exhibit significant optoelectronic activity. Local probing at length scales of the superlattice should provide deeper insight into the microscopic mechanisms of photoresponse and the exact role of the moir\'e lattice. Here, we employ a nanoscale probe to study photoresponse within a single moir\'e unit cell of minimally twisted bilayer graphene. Our measurements reveal a spatially rich photoresponse, whose sign and magnitude are governed by the fine structure of the moir\'e lattice and its orientation with respect to measurement contacts. This results in a strong directional effect and a striking spatial dependence of the gate-voltage response within the moir\'e domains. The spatial profile and carrier-density dependence of the measured photocurrent point towards a photo-thermoelectric induced response that is further corroborated by good agreement with numerical simulations. Our work shows sub-diffraction photocurrent spectroscopy is an exceptional tool for uncovering the optoelectronic properties of moir\'e superlattices.

Field of study: Physics
Equivocality: a discussion of sommers' views

CLAIMS that a predicate is equivocal are sometimes based on its being applicable to different sorts of thing. Aristotle, for instance, argues in his Metaplhysics that 'to be' must have as many senses as there are categories, since 'is' is applied to things of all kinds; Allen', that 'red' must have a different sense when applied to particulars from its sense when applied to universals. The criterion of equivocality implicit in such claims is:

Field of study: Philosophy
Generalized Leibniz's rule on a two step nilpotent Lie group

Let $G$ be a two-step nilpotent Lie group. For a function $f$ on $G$ and a multiindex $\alpha \in N^{\dim{G}}$, let $T^{\alpha}f(x)=x^{\alpha}f(x)$. We find and prove a formula for $T^{\alpha}(f*g)$ for any $\alpha \in N^{\dim{G}}$ and Schwartz functions $f,g$, where $*$ is the convolution on G. As an application we get the formula for $D^{\alpha}(f # g)$, where $f # g = (f^{\vee} * g^{\vee})^{\wedge}$ and $^{\wedge}$ is an Abelian Fourier Transform.

Field of study: Mathematics
Market Institutions, East European Reform, and Economic Theory

It has been more than two years since Poland introduced "shock therapy" by following the orthodox precepts of economic reform: tight monetary policy, restricted fiscal policy, and exportled growth.1 Shock therapy was taken from the development approach advocated by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank and adapted to Polish circumstances by Finance Minister Leszek Balcerowicz, with the assistance of Western advisors.2 Shock therapy is based on a neoclassical understanding of

Field of study: Economics
Fast Mode Decision Strategy for H. 264 Frame Skipping Transcoding

Mode selection in H. 264 /AVC coding is determined by value of the rate distortion optimization( RDO),RDO standard algorithm searchs all coding modes supported by H. 264 and calculates their rate distortion value,then select the mode with smallest value as the optimal coding mode. To solve compatibility problems of video stream in different network environments,frame skipping transcoding uses also the RDO technology to improve the efficiency of the transcoding. With the analysis of the information contained in the inputted video stream of frame skipping transcoding,the introduction of two motion characteristics critical threshold to determine the motion feature of the current macro block makes it possible to properly discard unnecessary mode searching. Combination of these two motion threshold,new model selection strategy uses a core function to abtain more approximate data of current macroblock real movement which achieves more accurate portraying and determine the motion characteristics of the current macro block. Simulation results show that the fast mode selection strategy reasonablely solutes the mapping and using of mode information under the conditions of frame skipping transcoding,higher the coding efficiency and robust,and obtains more reliable transcoding video quality, which make it can be widely applied to real-time interactive of video data in complex and changing network environment.

Field of study: Computer science
Inhibition of Alternaria stem canker on tomato by essential oils from Baccharis species

The toxicity of four essential oils extracted from Baccharis articulata, Baccharis ochracea, Baccharis psiadioides and Baccharis trimera was tested against the phytopathogen Alternaria alternata, which causes Alternaria stem canker on tomatoes. Diseases caused by Alternaria fungi are responsible for great economic losses in terms of production and are controlled by synthetic fungicides; however, essential oils offer an alternative, since they have been proven to be effective for controlling against various plant pathogens. In this way, the antifungal activity of Baccharis essential oils was tested using potato dextrose agar medium with concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 20.0 µL mL−1. Baccharis trimera and Baccharis ochracea essential oils presented 100% mycelial growth inhibition of A. alternata and were also able to control Alternaria stem canker disease under greenhouse conditions. Tomato plants treated with these essential oils exhibited area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) values of 230.10 and 241.42, differing from the control condition, which showed an AUDPC value of 268.92. The essential oils of B. trimera and B. ochracea can be an alternative for controlling Alternaria stem canker disease of tomatoes and should be formulated as a potential fungicide against the A. alternata pathogen.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Crystallization and preliminary X-ray analysis of beta-alanine synthase from the yeast Saccharomyces kluyveri.

In eukaryotes and some bacteria, the third step of reductive pyrimidine catabolism is catalyzed by beta-alanine synthase (EC 3.5.1.6). Crystals of the recombinant enzyme from the yeast Saccharomyces kluyveri were obtained using sodium citrate as a precipitant. The crystals belong to space group P2(1) (unit-cell parameters a = 117.2, b = 77.1, c = 225.5 A, beta = 95.0 degrees ) and contain four homodimers per asymmetric unit. Data were collected to 2.7 A resolution. Introduction of heavy atoms into the crystal lattice induced a different set of unit-cell parameters (a = 61.0, b = 77.9, c = 110.1 A, beta = 97.2 degrees ) in the same space group P2(1), with only one homodimer per asymmetric unit.

Field of study: Chemistry
Selenium Redox Reactions and Transport between Ponded Waters and Sediments

Understanding the cycling of trace elements such as selenium in the environment requires information on mass transfer and reactions occurring across boundaries. Selenium partitioning and redox transformations in ponded laboratory sediments was compared with a model based on the transport of Se(VI) and Se(IV) between surface waters and sediment pore waters. Waters containing Se(VI) were ponded over initially nonseleniferous sediment columns. X-ray absorption spectroscopy demonstrated Se reduction to Se(0) in these sediments. Synchrotron X-ray microprobe analyses revealed very high Se concentrations within mil limeters of the sediment surface. Concentrations of Se(VI) and Se(IV) in sediment pore waters were used as time-dependent boundary conditions to model concentrations of these species in overlying pool waters. Two parameters, the mass transfer coefficient and pool Se(VI) apparent reduction rate constant, were optimized. The successful application of mass transfer coefficients in this study resulted fro...

Field of study: Environmental science
The General College Develops its Comprehensive Examination

A LTHOUGH comprehensive examinations are not new, considerable thought is now being directed toward improving them and articulating them more closely with the curriculum. Within the last three years the staff of the General College of the University of Minnesota has made a radical change in its use of such examinations. When the College was formulating its curriculum and practices in the early I930's, the idea of comprehensive examinations appealed to the faculty as a desirable means of determining student progress. One of the avowed purposes in setting up a program of general education had been to avoid the excessive compartmentalization of knowledge resulting from a variety of unrelated introductory courses. The comprehensive examination, administered at the end of a year's work, was presumed to evaluate the student's grasp of overall relationships. Therefore, in blocking out the curriculum, courses were set up in large groups-varying in different years from seven to twelvewhich had enough in common so that performance on a comprehensive examination would indicate how well the student had retained and integrated his learning. Over a major period since the General College was organized, students completing a twoyear program were required to pass six comprehensive examinations to qualify for the degree Associate in Arts. So great was the faith in this means of evaluation that, at first, a student's achievement was determined primarily by his standing on the comprehensive examination rather than by his marks in individual courses. This idealistic notion could withstand neither the onslaughts of the traditional-mindedness of college students and their parents nor the necessity for keeping scholastic records comparable to those of other colleges. As time went on, the staff began to realize uneasily that it was caught in a dilemma. It wanted to retain the comprehensive requirement; yet it became increasingly difficult to make out students' programs quarter by quarter in such a way that every student would have adequate preparation for three such examinations each year. A further difficulty was that students frequently registered for courses in which they had little interest-and sometimes for which they had no real need-merely to meet the comprehensive-examination requirement. The staff therefore decided in I942 to experiment with reducing the re-

Field of study: Education
북한에서의 국가와 시장 그리고 사회의 발견

1990년대 북한의 경제위기는 시장의 탄생을 결과하였고, 오늘날‘시장 없는 북한’을 상상하기 어렵게 했다. 북한에서 시장의 탄생과 발전은 그 동안 국가에 의해 포섭되었던‘사회’의 활성화를 가져왔다. 물론, 북한에서의 사회의 활성화와 서구에서의‘시민사회’를 등 치 시키기는 어렵다. 그러나 사회주의 국가의 ‘제2사회’개념을 통해서 바라보면, 시민사회적 맹아를 발견할 수도 있다. 전통적으로 사회주의 국가의 국가-사회관계는 강한 국가와 미발전의 사회로 규정할 수 있다. 북한의 경우 소련 및 동유럽 사회주의와 비교하면, 빈사상태의 사회 혹은 근절된 사회라고 할 수 있을 것이다. 또한 사회주의의 역사적 경험은 국가의 능력이 강한 상황에서 사회가 국가를 극복하지 못했다. 그러나 국가의 능력이 약화된 바로 그 지점에서 사회는 폭발적으로 성장했다. 김정은 체제 들어 북한은 몇 가지 변화를 추구하고 있다. 이러한 변화가‘강한 국가’를 더욱 강하게 할지, 아니면 강한 국가에 대항하여‘사회’가 병립할 수 있는 체제로 북한을 변화시킬 수 있을지 현재로서는 판단하기 어렵다. 북한의 입장에서 보면, 두 개의 갈림길에 서 있다고 할 수 있을 것이다.

Field of study: Political science
ISOTOPIC STUDIES IN THE ROSKRUGE MOUNTAINS, PIMA COUNTY, ARIZONA

K-Ar dating of igneous rock units in the Roskruge Mountains, Pima County, Arizona, indicates that periodic activity occurred in mid-Cretaceous time, during the Late Cretaceous–early Tertiary (Laramide) interval, and in mid-Tertiary time. The general sequence of rock types and periods of activity are very similar to those in the adjacent Tucson Mountains. The oldest date (108 m.y.) is from an andesite in the Cretaceous basement of the range. The Laramide ages (74–66 m.y.) are on a series of ash flows and an associated pluton which give initial Sr 87 /Sr 86 ratios ranging from .706 to .709. The mid-Tertiary activity includes the emplacement of a small pluton at 34 m.y., the extrusion of basaltic andesites at 23 m.y. (initial Sr 87 /Sr 86 ratio of .709), and the formation of a small well-preserved ash-flow sheet at 13 m.y. (initial Sr 87 /Sr 86 ratio of .707). The latest known igneous activity in the range is represented by basalt dikes and a flow(?) which are 10 m.y. old and have initial Sr 87 /Sr 86 ratios of .704.

Field of study: Geology