nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Asthma admissions and thunderstorms: a study of pollen, fungal spores, rainfall, and ozone.

Asthma admissions have been reported to increase during thunderstorms. In some cases, this has been attributed to rises in pollen or fungal spore counts occurring alone or in combination with rainfall. We tested the hypothesis that thunderstorms in general are associated with asthma admissions, and investigated the possible roles of pollen, fungal spores, ozone, and other meteorological factors. We obtained data on multiple pollen and fungal spore counts, rainfall, temperature, ambient ozone concentrations, and asthma admissions for 32 dates when lightning strikes were recorded in the Cardiff/Newport area, and 64 matched dates in previous and subsequent years. Poisson regression models were used to investigate associations between admissions and proposed causative environmental factors. The number of asthma admissions was greater on days with thunderstorms than on control days (p<0.001). There were no associations or interactions between admissions and any pollen or fungal spore counts or rainfall. After adjusting for thunderstorms, there was an independent association between increasing ozone concentration, when temperature was included in the model, and increasing admissions (p=0.02). Asthma admissions are increased during thunderstorms. The effect is more marked in warmer weather, and is not explained by increases in grass pollen, total pollen or fungal spore counts, nor by an interaction between these and rainfall. There was an independent, positive association between ozone concentrations and asthma admissions.

Field of study: Medicine
Surviving Childhood Cancer: Quality of Life and Parental Regulatory Focus

Applying Regulatory Focus Theory (RFT), the authors predicted that among survivors of childhood cancer, quality of life (QOL) may be compromised by prevention-focused parenting characterized by an overly protective concern with possible mishaps and illness recurrence rather than promotion-focused parenting encouraging expectations of recovery and a normal life. Interviews with parents of 64 survivors (M age = 13.83 years) of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) or central nervous system (CNS) tumors were coded for reports of promotion or preventionoriented parenting and positive and negative expectancies. Overall, parents expressed more promotion than prevention focus, especially in relation to general rather than illness-related contexts. Greater use by parents of prevention focus in general contexts predicted lower QOL for survivors (as rated both by parents and survivors themselves) and less satisfactory parental well-being. These effects were independent of a main effect for type of cancer, with survivors of ALL having higher QOL.

Field of study: Psychology
Crystallization of the complex between cyclophilin A and cyclosporin derivatives: the use of cross-seeding.

With ammonium sulfate as the precipitant, different crystal forms of the complex between cyclosporin A (CsA) and cyclophilin A (CypA) have been crystal- lized [Zurini, Kallen, Mikol, Pflügl, Jansonius & Walkinshaw (1990). FEBS Lett. 276, 63-66]. All have large unit cells and contain a pentamer or a decamer in the asymmetric unit. Using a more water soluble CsA analog, orthorhombic crystals containing only one molecule per asymmetric unit could be grown. They diffract to significantly higher resolution (2.1 A). In this crystal form, CsA has no packing interactions with neighbouring molecules and these crystals could be used to cross-seed other CypA/CsA analog complexes. Nine different CypA/ CsA analog complexes could be crystallized using this technique, most of them yielding highly diffracting crystals, quickly solvable by Fourier difference methods.

Field of study: Chemistry
Study on the role of enzymic hydrolyzed peanut protein to the utilization of Pb～(2+)in vitro

Assimilated substance deriving from peanut protein assimilated by pepsin and trypsin in vitro as object,researched the correlation between soluble Pb2+ concentration and Pb2+,Ca2+,Fe2+ concentration.The amount of soluble protein in pepsin treatment following Pb2+ increasing show decreasing earlier then increasing,but show decreasing in trypsin treatment.Added Ca2+ decreased assimilated substance derived from trypsin and pepsin combining with Pb2+.Fe2+ promoted the combine capability between Pb2+ and pepsin assimilated substance,whereas Fe2+ decreased the combine capability between Pb2+ and trypsin assimilated substance.Results show combine capability between Pb2+ and assimilate substance derive from peanut protein assimilating by pepsin and trypsin in vitro correlated to Pb2+ concentration,added Ca2+ and Fe2+.The bound forms of plumbum are influenced by enzymic hydrolyzed peanut protein.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Chemistry of photoproteins as interface between bioactive molecules and protein function

Bioluminescence of Okinawan squid includes a photoprotein named "Symplectin" which gives light by addition of Na+ (or K+). The chromophore is covalently bound-imidazopyrazinone analog to protein. Symplectin was extracted with 0.6M KC1 and was analyzed to be composed of 3 different molecular-size proteins. Symplectin A, the smallest photoproteins, was purified by gel permeation chromatography to have 15kd by MALDVTOF mass spectrometry. The molecular mechanism of this luminescence is described. Bioluminescence is also applied for trace analyses and the chromophore in some new fireflies is chemically analyzed. We made a very sensitive detection system of luciferin to a detection limit of 10-'6 moY1Opl by using immobilized luciferase and a single photon-counter. An example of the firefly luminescence application is demonstrated in an inhibitory-assay of protein phosphatase activity by inhibitors in the same class of tautomycidokadaic acid.

Field of study: Chemistry
The Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event (GOBE): The palaeoecological dimension

The ‘Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event’ (GOBE) saw a spectacular increase in marine biodiversity at all taxonomic levels largely within the phyla established much earlier during the so-called ‘Cambrian Explosion’. The diversification was probably the result of a combination of several geological and biological processes and the positive feedbacks resulting from them. The present paper reviews the palaeoecological dimension of the GOBE. It involved major increases in α, s and γ biodiversity largely associated with the rise of the Paleozoic Evolutionary Fauna dominated by suspension feeders and involving a greater occupation of ecospace and more complex ecological structures in the Ecological Evolutionary Units P1 and P2. In the benthos, these include more complex food webs than those of the Cambrian, greater tiering, especially above the sediment–water interface, and the development of guild structures indicating increased competition between taxa for particular resources. The Ordovician is characterized by a profound change in reef composition, with a switch from microbial-dominated reefs in the Early and Middle Ordovician to metazoan-dominated reefs in the Late Ordovician. Increases in complexity of deep-water trace fossil assemblages began in the Early Ordovician and mark the increasing exploitation in that environment and the development of hardgrounds permitted bioerosion and encrusting strategies together with the appearance of cryptic communities. Within the water column, the GOBE involved a significant increase in the diversity of the phytoplankton and the development of a diverse zooplankton (including planktotrophic larvae from a range of invertebrate clades). This revolution in the plankton enabled the establishment of a diverse fauna of pelagic vertebrates, molluscs and arthropods and promoted the rise of suspension feeders in the benthos. An escalation amongst predators and thus community evolution may also have been a major driver of biodiversification.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
SU‐FF‐T‐402: Source Modeling for CyberKnife Monte Carlo Dose Calculation Using the IRIS Variable Aperture Collimator

The goal of this project is to model the Accuray CyberKnife Linear Accelerator (“Linac”) using the Iris Variable Aperture Collimator for Monte Carlotreatment planning. We developed and tested a straightforward source modeling and commissioning process for clinical Monte Carlo calculations.  The Iris Collimator consists of a dual bank of six‐sided collimators that dilate and contract in unison. The two banks are rotated 30 degrees with respect to each other in order to provide dodecahedral shaped collimation. The Iris collimator will have 12 configurations that correspond to 12 field sizes that vary from approximately 5 to 60 mm (projected to 800 mm). Our commissioning process of fitting treatment planning system data includes fitting the source energy spectrum, source space distribution, matching penumbra fluence blurring and the collimator scattering. The source distribution was de‐convoluted from the fluence penumbra distribution. The source energy spectrum is determined from the measured central axis PDD in water at 80 cm SSD using a 60 mm cone. Scattering radiation from the Iris collimator is modeled as a ring source at the bottom of the lower bank with a Gaussian angular distribution. We tested our methodology on dose distributions between calculations using the source model, calculations using the Monte Carlo simulated phase space and measurement. The agreements in percentage depth dose curves and dose profiles between the two were generally within 1%/1mm for all the collimators from 5 mm to 60mm.  In this work we investigated the method of source modeling for the Cyberknife Linac system with the Iris collimator.Dose calculation using the source model demonstrates the efficiency and the simplicity of the new model, which lays the groundwork on a simple source model from a set of measurement data that can be easily obtained clinically.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Achieving optimal performance in IEEE 802.11 wireless LANs with the combination of link adaptation and adaptive backoff

IEEE 802.11 is one of the most popular wireless LAN standards [Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) specifications, IEEE Standard 802.11, August 1999]. In the paper, we propose a simple analytical model, which helps one obtain deep insight into the mechanism of achieving optimal performance by using IEEE 802.11 DCF (Distributed Coordination Function) protocol. The first contribution of this paper is the analysis of the optimal operation point where maximum goodput can be achieved. Through the analysis, we answer some fundamental questions about the existence and the uniqueness of the optimal operation point; about the maximum system goodput can be achieved; about the existence of a simple rule to check out if the system operates under the optimal state or not; and how do the data transmission rates, which is dependent on the selected physical transmission mode, and packet transmission errors, caused by channel fading and (or) interference, affect the final system performance. Another contribution is the proposal of a simple distributed adaptive scheme ''LABS'' (i.e., Link adaptation and Adaptive Backoff Scheme), which makes the system operate under the optimal operation point and, at the same time, achieves some pre-defined target service differentiation ratio between different traffic flows. In the LABS, two adaptive schemes are combined: one is the so called ''Link Adaptation'' scheme, which dynamically selects an optimal modulation mode at a given time so as to improve the achieved system goodput; the other one is the so called ''Adaptive Backoff'' scheme, which adaptively adjusts the minimum contention window size of each sending node to guarantee that the system operates under (or near) the optimal operation point. Results obtained in the paper are relevant to both theoretical research and implementation of real systems.

Field of study: Computer science
What do software practitioners really think about project success: an exploratory study

Understanding what software practitioners value and how they define project success has implications for both practitioner motivation and software development productivity. We conducted a survey to discover some of the components of project outcome (in terms of personal/professional aspects as well as the project as a whole) that practitioners consider important in defining project success. We also investigated some of those components that practitioners perceived were important contributors to success through their impact on the development process. Sixty-six practitioners participated in our study. They considered software projects to be successful if they provide them with intrinsic, internally motivating work in developing software systems that both meet customer/user needs and are easy to use.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
On the Sign Changes of [xxx]

Theorem. If all nont r iv ia l zeros ß + iy of £(s) wi th |-;| < Τ lie on the crit ical line σ= 1/2 and a rc simple then [ι 1 i+ 1 1 Υ ι , y ι Jif Y >c(T). Us ing the c o m p u t a t i o n a l result of R. P. Brent we get sign changes in every interval [ y ' ~ 1 0 , V] for y > c , (explicit cons tan t ) . T h e fo rmer best result , d u e to I. K á t a i gua ran t ee s sign changes in the intervals of fo rm [y ( --\ y], y > ¡ 2 .

Field of study: Philosophy
Discrimination and Analysis of the Meaning 'Sweet-scented Osmanthus' of Birds Sing in the Ravine by Wang Wei

There are many different versions of the meaning 'Sweet-scented Osmanthus' of Birds Sing in the Ravine by Wang Wei,most people don't think it refers to sweet-scented osmanthus,because sweet-scented osmanthus are only in bloom in autumn rather than in spring.From the descriptions of relevant historical materials and poems of the Tang Dynasty and the creative practice of Wang Wei,here 'Sweet-scented Osmanthus' should refer to a kind of spring fragrant flower.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Implementation of Safety Policy in Girls’ Boarding Secondary Schools in Bungoma East District, Kenya: Challenges and Strategies

This study sought to establish challenges faced in implementation of safety policy in girls boarding secondary schools in Bungoma East District, Kenya. The study population comprised of 14 principals, 14 boarding mistresses, 276 teachers, four Quality Assurance and Standards Officers, 14 Board of Governors and 14 Parents Teachers Association chairpersons.  Saturated sampling technique was used to select 13 principals, 13 boarding mistresses and three Quality Assurance and Standards Officers. Board of Governors and Parents Teachers Association chairpersons were selected through purposive sampling technique while 92 teachers were selected through simple random sampling technique. Data collection instruments included questionnaires and interview schedules. Both quantitative and qualitative approaches were used to analyze data through descriptive statistics in form of frequency counts, frequencies, percentages and graphs and content analysis to establish patterns and trends as themes and sub themes emerged. Some of the major findings of the study indicated that the Ministry of Education funded only 23% of provincial boarding schools in acquisition of fire-fighting equipments yet safety policy implementation is a lot more for schools. Financial constraints and sometimes mismanagement and inadequate community support were major challenges faced in implementing safety policy. Strategies varied from financial sourcing, capacity building to expert consultation. The study concluded that lack of both financial and human resources failed Quality Assurance and in carrying out regular assessment, monitoring and evaluation of implementing safety policy in girls boarding secondary schools. The study recommended that the Ministry of Education increases its budgetary allocation to cater for safety policy implementation while other relevant stakeholders step in to assist schools implement safety policy to the letter.  safety policy, implementation, challenges faced, strategies, girls’ boarding

Field of study: Education
Structure and electrochemical properties of Sm0.5Sr0.5Co1 − xFexO3 − δ cathodes for solid oxide fuel cells

Crystal structure, thermal expansion coefficient, electrical conductivity and cathodic polarization of compositions in the system Sm0.5Sr0.5Co1 − xFexO3 − δ with 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.9 were studied as function of Co / Fe ratio and temperature, in air. Two phases, including an Orthorhombic symmetry for 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.4 and a cubic symmetry for 0.5 ≤ x ≤ 0.9, were observed in samples of Sm0.5Sr0.5Co1 − xFexO3 − δ at room temperature. The adjustment of thermal expansion coefficient (TEC) to electrolyte, which is one of the main problems of SSC, could be achieved to lower TEC values with more Fe substitution. High electrical conductivity above 100 S/cm at 800 °C was obtained for all specimens, so they could be good conductors as cathodes of IT-SOFC. The polarization behavior of SSCF as a function of Fe content was evaluated by means of AC impedance using LSGM electrolyte. It was discovered that the Area Specific Resistance (ASR) of SSCF increased as the amount of substitution of Fe for Co increased. When the amount of Fe reached to 0.4, the highest ASR was obtained and then the resistance started decreasing above that. The electrode with a composition of Sm0.5Sr0.5Co0.2Fe0.8O3 − δ showed high catalytic activity for oxygen reduction operating at temperature ranging from 700 to 800 °C.

Field of study: Materials science
Voter ID Laws: The Disenfranchisement of Minority Voters?

as an exemplary democracy despite its long history of disenfranchising racial and ethnic minorities. It was not until 1870 that the Fifteenth Amendment gave former male slaves and their male descendants the right to vote. It took another 50 years until women became enfranchised by the Nineteenth Amendment. Still, many citizens had to deal with systematic disenfranchisement caused by regressive state laws such as poll taxes and literacy tests—some of which remained in effect as late as the 1960s. It was not until the 1965 Voting Rights Act was amended in 1975 that citizens were guaranteed voting information or even ballots in a language they could understand. In light of this history, any reform that could put an extra burden onminority voters needs to be carefully examined. For this reason, this article examines the effects of strict voter identification (ID) laws on minority voters.

Field of study: Political science
Paschen Problems in Large Coil Systems

When a breakdown of the thermally insulating vacuum occurs in an energized high power coil system (e.g. a leakage of the He-cooling system or to the surrounding air) the coils warm up and have to be discharged fast to avoid destruction. Due to the coil inductance and the necessary discharge time, a high voltage is produced in the coil and the feeder system. Therefore an unspecified pressure coincides with the occurrence of a high voltage at the coil and feeder system. It is well known that under these conditions arcing can occur at a magnet when it is not perfectly insulated even for voltages 1 kV (Paschen-effect). The gas dependent breakdown voltage minimum occurs typically in the range of some 100 V at a pressure value that depends from geometry and temperature. For lower and higher pressures the breakdown voltage is increasing. For a high power magnet system an insulation is necessary that can withstand high voltage in the 10 kV range although any possible pressure is applied to the system. Usually a pressure independent solid insulation is used to solve this requirement. In order to test the reliability of this electrical insulation under all pressure conditions, a so-called Paschen test has to be performed. This Paschen test is a high voltage test with pressures varying between good vacuum and ambient pressure. In this paper examples for insulation failures on large coils found with Paschen testing are given. In a series of experiments with samples that have been prepared with intended insulation faults the necessity of Paschen testing is demonstrated to identify insulation problems that are not visible under good vacuum or ambient pressure. Therefore, a Paschen-test is also a useful high voltage diagnostic tool to localize insulation faults in solid insulated magnets.

Field of study: Physics
Anti-Carbonic Anhydrase II Antibodies in End-Stage Renal Disease Patients

The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of anti-carbonic anhydrase (CA II) autoantibodies in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and relationships between the autoantibody titers and ghrelin, glucose, blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine.  Serum CA II autoantibody titers, malondialdehyde (MDA), BUN, creatinine and ghrelin levels were measured in 45 ESRD patients and 45 healthy subjects.  The CA II autoantibody titers in the ESRD group (0.170 ± 0.237) were significantly higher than those in the control group (0.079 ± 0.032; p = 0.035). MDA and ghrelin levels were also significantly higher in the ESRD group (p < 0.001). A weak positive correlation was determined between anti-CA II antibody titers and MDA, and a negative correlation was observed between ghrelin levels and anti-CA II antibody titers (r = 0.287, p = 0.028 and r = -0.278, p = 0.032, respectively).  In ESRD patients, the results showed the development of an autoimmune response against CA II. This suggests that anti-CA II antibodies could be involved in the pathogenesis of ESRD.

Field of study: Medicine
Performance comparison between a single-stage and a cascade multi-functional heat pump for both air heating and hot water supply.

Multi heat pumps have been widely used in buildings due to their higher energy efficiency. Recently, demands for multi-functional heat pumps, which can provide heating, cooling, and water heating in a building, have been increased. In this study, a cascade multi-functional heat pump, combining a multi heat pump using R410A for air heating with a water heating unit using R134a for hot water supply, was investigated experimentally. The performance of the cascade multi-functional heat pump was measured by varying the refrigerant charge amount, EEV opening, water flow rate, and water inlet temperature. Test results were compared with those of a single-stage multi-functional heat pump using R410A for air and water heating. The cascade multi-functional heat pump adopting the water heating unit showed more stable air and water heating operations and higher water outlet temperatures than the single-stage multi-functional heat pump.

Field of study: Engineering
On the theory of polarization in nuclear reactions and scattering

A general treatment of polarization effects in two particle reactions is given. The treatment is in close analogy to the procedure presented by Welton, but treats the long ranged part of the Coulomb interaction separately. In this way the difficulties due to the slow convergence of the partial wave expansion for the Coulomb scattering amplitude are avoided. The results are readily applicable to scattering processes of both charged and uncharged particles.

Field of study: Physics