nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Aerodynamic shape optimization using preconditioned conjugate gradient methods

In an effort to further improve upon the latest advancements made in aerodynamic shape optimization procedures, a systematic study is performed to examine several current solution methodologies as applied to various aspects of the optimization procedure. It is demonstrated that preconditioned conjugate gradient-like methodologies dramatically decrease the computational efforts required for such procedures. The design problem investigated is the shape optimization of the upper and lower surfaces of an initially symmetric (NACA 0012) airfoil in inviscid transonic flow and at zero degrees angle of attack. The complete surface shape is represented using a Bezier-Bernstein polynomial

Field of study: Physics
Does psychomotor sensitivity to alcohol predict subsequent alcohol use?

Data from 42 male and 58 female subjects who participated in the Colorado Alcohol Research on Twins and Adoptees (CARTA) project were subjected to model-fitting analyses. The aim of the present study was to use linear structural equation models to determine whether differences in previously measured psychomotor sensitivity to alcohol predict differences in self-reported alcohol consumption over a 4-year period. LISREL model-fitting results indicate that, for male subjects, only rail walking insensitivity is predictive of alcohol use reported 2 years after their initial CARTA testing. For females, only hand steadiness sensitivity is predictive of alcohol use reported 2 years after their initial CARTA testing. The results for males support a hypothesis that would consider alcohol insensitive individuals at greater risk for alcohol abuse. The female results, however, would argue against such a hypothesis. With only one measure of sensitivity predicting alcohol use at only one out of four time points, in both men and women, the overall results suggest that our three measures of psychomotor sensitivity to alcohol are, in general, poor predictors of alcohol consumption in this sample.

Field of study: Medicine
A HIERARCHICAL DIRICHLET PROCESS MIXTURE MODEL FOR HAPLOTYPE RECONSTRUCTION FROM MULTI-POPULATION DATA

The perennial problem of "how many clusters?" remains an issue of substantial interest in data mining and machine learning communities, and becomes particularly salient in large data sets such as populational genomic data where the number of clusters needs to be relatively large and open-ended. This problem gets further complicated in a co-clustering scenario in which one needs to solve multiple clustering problems simultaneously because of the presence of common centroids (e.g., ancestors) shared by clusters (e.g., possible descents from a certain ancestor) from different multiple-cluster samples (e.g., different human subpopulations). In this paper we present a hierarchical nonparametric Bayesian model to address this problem in the context of multi-population haplotype inference. Uncovering the haplotypes of single nucleotide polymorphisms is essential for many biological and medical applications. While it is uncommon for the genotype data to be pooled from multiple ethnically distinct populations, few existing programs have explicitly leveraged the individual ethnic information for haplotype inference. In this paper we present a new haplotype inference program, Haploi, which makes use of such information and is readily applicable to genotype sequences with thousands of SNPs from heterogeneous populations, with competent and sometimes superior speed and accuracy comparing to the state-of-the-art programs. Underlying Haploi is a new haplotype distribution model based on a nonparametric Bayesian formalism known as the hierarchical Dirichlet process, which represents a tractable surrogate to the coalescent process. The proposed model is exchangeable, unbounded, and capable of coupling demographic information of different populations. It offers a well-founded statistical framework for posterior inference of individual haplotypes, the size and configuration of haplotype ancestor pools, and other parameters of interest given genotype data.

Field of study: Computer science
Black September: The 1970–71 Events and their Impact on the Formation of Jordanian National Identity

Soon after the 1967 War, the Palestinian Resistance Movements (PRM) which established themselves in Jordan challenged Jordan's authority presenting a military and even existential threat to Hashemite rule. The prestige of the fedayeen as the primary torchbearers of the struggle against Israel rose dramatically following the Karameh Operation of March 1968, which was perceived as a military victory by the PRM and entrenched its legitimacy. The period between the Karameh raid and September 1970 was characterized by the strengthening of the fedayeen organizations and their entrenchment in Jordan by means of the establishment of autonomous military, political, and social institutions. The bloody events of September 1970–July 1971 induced a change in Jordan's official ideological line and marked a significant step in the coalescence of Jordanian national identity. From then on, the particularist trans-Jordanian identity in Jordan was emphasized more explicitly, along with such other attributes of this identity as Bedouin tribal identity, Islamic identity, and Hashemite identity.

Field of study: History, Sociology
Sociodemographic Antecedent Validators of Suicidal Behavior: A Review of Recent Literature

Suicidal behavior and its prevention constitute a major public health issue. Etiology of suicidal behavior is multifactorial. Whereas current research is mostly focused on clinical and biological risk factors, the sociodemographic risk factors for suicidal behavior, first highlighted by Durkheim, have received less attention. Besides the well-known impact of age and gender, sociodemographic variables such as marital and parental status, education, occupation, income, employment status, religion, migration or minority status, and sexual orientation are repeatedly reported to play an important role in suicidal behavior. This narrative review aimed to summarize recent research on sociodemographic risk factors for suicidal behavior and to elicit possible implications for suicide prevention.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SKILLS DEVELOPMENT, EMPLOYEE MOTIVATION AND ORGANISATIONAL PERFORMANCE IN SOUTH AFRICAN ORGANISATION

The enormous skills shortage in South Africa has a negative impact on the country’s competitiveness. Since the advent of democracy in 1994, various regimes have tried to deal with these inheritance of the oppressive state of affairs; namely, the serious shortage of skills affecting the larger section of the country’s population. The aftermath of apartheid has an adverse negative effect on a healthy economic performance of the country. The predominant aim of this research is to establish the differences between a motivated workforce and job satisfaction as well as to establish the conditions of employment levels of the different workforce groupings. The second objective of the study is to assess the relationship between the three variables stated namely, motivation and job satisfaction, organisational climate and the effectiveness of training; and the third objective was to establish whether the results of training can predict employee motivation, job satisfaction and perception of organisational conditions. The findings demonstration that meaningful differences exist between the levels of 1) motivation/job satisfaction and organisational climate of employees of skilled/semi-skilled groups and 2) qualification levels. The study also shows that a well-trained workforce tends to be at a higher motivational level and have an improved perception about their organisational climate than those who received less or no training at all. In conclusion, the two predominant variables of this research (namely, motivation/job satisfaction and organisational climate) are both influenced by skilled/semi-skilled groups as well as the amount of training received. The findings also reveal major direct relationships between the constructs of motivation/job satisfaction, organisational climate and effectiveness of training.

Field of study: Business
[Influence of psychopathological factors and personality traits on the results of the study of quality of life in patients with multiple sclerosis].

To study the influence of psychopathological factors and personality traits on the results of the study of quality of life (QoL) in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS).



Forty-three patients with relapsing MS were included in the study (74.4% female; mean age 33.1 years). SF-36 was used to evaluate QoL. Effects of psychopathological factors, cognitive regulation of emotions and personality traits on QoL were studied. Statistical analysis was performed using multiple linear model.



A wide number of strategies of cognitive regulation of emotions has conflicting effects on the physical component of QoL; subscales of anhedonic depression and anxious arousal (MASQ), which probably represent depressive and anxiety disorders, decrease the physical component of QoL. The key factors of the mental component of QoL include psychopathological factors (mostly obsessive-compulsive symptoms) and personality traits (the more intense they are the lower is QoL). Strategies of cognitive regulation of emotions have low impact on the mental component of QoL.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Knockout of TRPV6 Causes Osteopenia in Mice by Increasing Osteoclastic Differentiation and Activity

Calcium ion (Ca2+) signals are required for osteoclast differentiation. Previous study showed that transient receptor potential vanilloid 5 (TRPV5) is an essential Ca2+ transporter in osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption. TRPV5 and TRPV6 represent two highly homologous members within the transient receptor potential (TRP) superfamily. However, the role of TRPV6 in bone metabolism is still controversial and little is known about the involvement of TRPV6 in receptor activator of nuclear factor κ-B ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclastogenesis.  In our study, gene knockout mice, RNA interference, western blot, quantitative real-time PCR, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining, pit formation assay, histomorphometry and measurement of serum parameters were employed to investigate the role of TRPV6 in bone homeostasis, osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption.  We found that TRPV6 depletion results in noticeable destruction of bone microarchitecture in TRPV6 knockout mice (TRPV6-/-), suggesting that TRPV6 is a critical regulator in bone homeostasis. Inactivation of Trpv6 had no effect on osteoblastic bone formation. However, quantification of the TRAP staining showed a significantly increased osteoclast number and surface area in the metaphyseal area of femurs bone sections derived from TRPV6-/- mice. In agreement with our observations from TRPV6-/- mice, TRPV6 depletion in vitro significantly increased osteoclasts differentiation and bone resorption activity.  Based on these results above, we can draw conclusions that TRPV6 plays an essential role in bone metabolism and is a critical regulator in osteoclasts differentiation and bone resorption.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Simultaneous determination of three herbicides by differential pulse voltammetry and chemometrics

A novel differential pulse voltammetry method (DPV) was researched and developed for the simultaneous determination of Pendimethalin, Dinoseb and sodium 5-nitroguaiacolate (5NG) with the aid of chemometrics. The voltammograms of these three compounds overlapped significantly, and to facilitate the simultaneous determination of the three analytes, chemometrics methods were applied. These included classical least squares (CLS), principal component regression (PCR), partial least squares (PLS) and radial basis function-artificial neural networks (RBF-ANN). A separately prepared verification data set was used to confirm the calibrations, which were built from the original and first derivative data matrices of the voltammograms. On the basis relative prediction errors and recoveries of the analytes, the RBF-ANN and the DPLS (D – first derivative spectra) models performed best and are particularly recommended for application. The DPLS calibration model was applied satisfactorily for the prediction of the three analytes from market vegetables and lake water samples.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Gold, silver, and the Glorious Revolution: arbitrage between bills of exchange and bullion

Between i688 and I700 England's monetary system suffered a deep crisis. Coins were clipped and silver was exported. The price of gold coins increased by 40 per cent while the value of the pound collapsed on the international exchanges. These conditions resulted from a process of arbitrage between bills of exchange and bullion following the exogenous shock of financing England's entry into the Nine Years War in i689. Arbitrage between bills of exchange and bullion rather than arbitrage between gold and silver formed a mechanism whereby shocks to international exchange rates were transmitted to England's monetary stock. This article presents market behaviour consistent with arbitrage between bills and bullion that marks a degree of international market integration during the late seventeenth century which has been statistically verified only for the eighteenth century. The micro-level financial innovations necessary for this successful arbitrage are then examined in the actions of a prominent London banker. A result of arbitrage between bills and bullion was an international flow of one metal with no offsetting flow of the other. Although other authors have considered the interplay between bills and bullion at this time, they do not develop explicitly the interaction of the three markets in an explanatory framework.2 Hence, the period has lacked a single, consistent framework for reconciling times of gold inflows into England with times of silver outflows. Clarifying how international markets transmitted shocks explains the crisis that followed the Glorious Revolution and led to permanent changes in England's monetary regime. England had been on a silver standard for centuries prior to the i69os. In response to gold's high price and silver's massive exportation, Parliament legally set a unit of account value for gold coins which marked the beginning of a bimetallic regime that lasted for over a century.3 The results of arbitrage were a precondition for this political  Along with a bimetallic standard (both silver and gold

Field of study: Economics, History
Charge Density Waves and $x=1/8$ anomaly in La$_{2-x-y}$(Nd,Eu)$_y$(Ba,Sr)$_x$CuO$_4$

We adopt a $t_1-t_2-t_3-J-G$ model for explanation of $x=1/8$ anomaly in La$_{2-x}$Sr$_x$CuO$_4$ family compound. The calculated charge susceptibility shows a maximum near $(\pi,\pi)$ at intermediate temperatures and near $(\pi,\pi/2)$ as temperature approaches zero, in agreement with neutron scattering experiments. Coulomb repulsion $G$ between the first neighbors turns out to be the source of Charge Density Waves (CDW) in narrow band $t_1^{\mathit{eff}}, t_2^{\mathit{eff}}, t_3^{\mathit{eff}}<G$. For physically realistic hopping values we obtain the CDW amplitude $e_Q=x$. The in-phase domain structure as a candidate for "stripe" picture is proposed.

Field of study: Physics
Effects of the Opioid System Modulator, Samidorphan, on Measures of Alcohol Consumption and Patient‐Reported Outcomes in Adults with Alcohol Dependence

Demonstrating clinically meaningful benefits of alcohol use disorder treatments is challenging.



We report findings from a 12-week, phase 2, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of samidorphan (1, 2.5, or 10 mg/d) in adults with alcohol use disorder (NCT00981617). The primary end point was percentage of subjects with no heavy drinking days (PSNHDD) during weeks 5 to 12; secondary end points included alcohol consumption measures, craving, and patient-rated outcomes.



Altogether, 406 patients were included in the full analysis set (101, 104, 100, and 101 in the placebo, samidorphan 1, 2.5, and 10 mg treatment groups, respectively). There was no statistical difference between samidorphan and placebo groups on PSNHDD during weeks 5 to 12. However, dose-dependent reductions in cumulative rate of heavy drinking days were observed (-41%, p < 0.001 for samidorphan 10 mg/d vs. placebo; -30 and -32% for samidorphan 2.5 and 1 mg, p < 0.05 for both). A higher percentage of samidorphan- than placebo-treated patients had a ≥2-category downshift in World Health Organization (WHO) risk levels of drinking. There were significant reductions from baseline with samidorphan versus placebo in alcohol craving (for samidorphan 10 mg: -38.2 [standard error: 2.9] vs. placebo: -30.2 [2.8]; p = 0.044). On a Patient Global Assessment of Response to Therapy (PGART), samidorphan 10 mg was superior to placebo at 4, 8, and 12 weeks (p < 0.001, p < 0.001, p < 0.01, respectively). Improvement in PGART correlated with a reduction in craving and a decrease in WHO risk level.



Results for the primary outcome measure PSNHDD were negative, but at variance with other measures and patient treatment perceptions that may be relevant for interventional studies. These findings highlight the importance of understanding the most relevant outcomes to patients and incorporating and prioritizing patient-centered outcomes when assessing interventions for alcohol use disorder.

Field of study: Medicine
Draft Genome and Complete Hox-Cluster Characterization of the Sterlet (Acipenser ruthenus)

Sturgeons (Chondrostei: Acipenseridae) are a group of “living fossil” fishes at a basal position among Actinopteri. They have raised great public interest due to their special evolutionary position, species conservation challenges, as well as their highly-prized eggs (caviar). The sterlet, Acipenser ruthenus, is a relatively small-sized member of sturgeons and has been widely distributing in both Europe and Asia. In this study, we performed whole genome sequencing, de novo assembly and gene annotation of the tarlet to construct its draft genome.  We finally obtained a 1.83-Gb genome assembly (BUSCO completeness of 81.6%) from a total of 316.8-Gb raw reads generated by an Illumina Hiseq 2500 platform. The scaffold N50 and contig N50 values reached 191.06 and 18.88 kb, respectively. The sterlet genome was predicted to be comprised of 42.84% repeated sequences and to contain 22,184 protein-coding genes, of which 21,112 (95.17%) have been functionally annotated with at least one hit in public databases. A genetic phylogeny demonstrated that the sterlet is situated in the basal position among ray-finned fishes and 4dTv analysis estimated that a recent whole genome duplication occurred 21.3 million years ago. Moreover, seven Hox clusters carrying 68 Hox genes were characterized in the sterlet. Phylogeny of HoxA clusters in the sterlet and American paddlefish divided these sturgeons into two groups, confirming the independence of each lineage-specific genome duplication in Acipenseridae and Polyodontidae.  This draft genome makes up for the lack of genomic and molecular data of the sterlet and its Hox clusters. It also provides a genetic basis for further investigation of lineage-specific genome duplication and the early evolution of ray-finned fishes.

Field of study: Biology
Early Triassic (early Olenekian) life in the interior of East Gondwana: mixed marine–terrestrial biota from the Kockatea Shale, Western Australia

A new terrestrial–marine assemblage from the lower beds of a thin outcrop section of the Kockatea Shale in the northern Perth Basin, Western Australia, contains a range of fossil groups, most of which are rare or poorly known from the Lower Triassic of the region. To date, the collection includes spinose acritarchs, organic-cemented agglutinated foraminifera, lingulids, minute bivalves and gastropods, ammonoids, spinicaudatans, insects, austriocaridid crustaceans, actinopterygians, a temnospondyl-like mandible, plant remains, and spores and pollen. Of these groups, the insects, crustaceans and macroplant remains are recorded for the first time from this unit. Palynomorphs permit correlation to nearby sections where conodonts indicate an early Olenekian (Smithian) age. The locality likely represents the margin of an Early Triassic shallow interior sea with variable estuarine-like water conditions, at the southwestern end of an elongate embayment within the East Gondwana interior rift–sag system preserved along the Western Australian margin. Monospecific spinose acritarch assemblages intertwined with amorphous organic matter may represent phytoplankton blooms that accumulated as mats, and suggest potentially eutrophic surface waters. The assemblage represents a mixure of marine and terrestrial taxa, suggesting variations in water conditions or that fresh/brackish-water and terrestrial organisms were transported from adjacent biotopes. Some of the lower dark shaly beds are dominated by spinicaudatans, likely indicating periods when the depositional water body was ephemeral, isolated, or subjected to other difficult environmental conditions. The biota of the Kockatea Shale is insufficiently known to estimate biotic diversity and relationships of individual taxa to their Permian progenitors and Triassic successors, but provides a glimpse into a coastal-zone from the interior of eastern Gondwana. Specialist collecting is needed to clarify the taxonomy of many groups, and comparisons to other Lower Triassic sites are required to provide insights into the pattern of biotic decline and recovery at the end-Permian crisis.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
U.S. Central Americans: Reconstructing Memories, Struggles, and Communities of Resistance eds. by Karina O. Alvarado, Alicia Ivonne Estrada, and Ester E. Hernández (review)

Nonetheless, Wilde and his contributors have constructed a volume that combines analytical breadth and depth, with shared themes that hold the chapters together well. The result is a rather nuanced comparative text—an unusual achievement in an edited collection of this kind. It offers a compelling treatment of the social impacts of a handful of religious institutions and individuals who have worked, and continue working, to mitigate violence in many places across the Latin America region.

Field of study: History
Routing Protocol Performance with & Without Sybil Attack in MANET

1,2,3 CSE Department ,School of Engg. & IT MATS University, Gullu-Aarang Campus, Raipur, C.G.  MANET is a kind of wireless network which consists of wireless nodes which moves arbitrarily at any direction with relatively low speed. One of the characteristic of such a network is that it doesn’t require any central management authority and it can be build up at any point anywhere anytime. Although this characteristic provide flexibility to mobile nodes but security is not ensured in such kind of attack. Sybil attack is one of the attacks which can harm the MANET network and degrade the performance of the network. Sybil Attack impersonates multiple fake identities to other nodes and may steal the private information while involved in the network. Many researchers consider Sybil attack as susceptible attack to MANET network and proposed detection techniques to the same. In this paper, it is tried to analyze the performance of different MANET routing protocols under Sybil attack, since routing is an important concern of interest as view point of security to such networks. The wide range of routing protocols DSR, DSDV, AODV, TORA and GPSR are analyzed using network simulator 2. The result shows that GPSR protocol showed quite better performance than other protocols. Security, MANET, Sybil Attack, Attacks in MANET

Field of study: Engineering