nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Leadership Disruption: Time to Reimagine Leadership Talent

Rapid changes in the global orbit, whether these are demographics, politics, pandemics or even technology shifts, all have considerable implications for leaders. The current world context is disrupting leadership practices because they are no longer meeting the needs of organizations and are forcing the reimagining of the talent needed to lead in this volatile era.
 Disruption: The global turmoil, whether it is a pandemic of galactic size, a political upheaval, an economic crisis, or even a seismic shift in the technology, disruption is shifting the role of leadership as we know it. To reimagine how to lead in the disruptive landscape, there are four actions needed to incorporate into organizational conversations: reality, relevancy, rethinking, and reimagining. The shadow side of not paying attention to those four objectives causes leaders to fruitlessly waste time and money by focusing on superficial skills and abilities.  “In characterizing an era with a specific label, one runs the risk of making a claim that cannot be substantiated. And yet, the leadership disruption label fits clearly in the 21st century as the global planet seems to be under a strong magnetic force of uncertainty and chaos. Leading through disruption presents a unique set of opportunities and challenges for leaders to not only reinvent themselves but to reimagine their organizations. Leaders will need a distinct set of skills to lead successfully through the disruption: act decisively, never panic, communicate clear directions to the teams, solve problems creatively, and achieve the results to be the most thorough transformation . Adding to the label disruptive leadership, Palus and Horth [19] contend that the words volatile, multidimensional, and unprecedented are key descriptors when leading through challenges.

Field of study: Business
Calculations of einstein spontaneous emission coefficients for vib-rotational transitions in HCl laser

Einstein spontaneous coefficients are key parameters of the HCl chemical laser running between vib-rotational transitions in electric ground state,and relate directly to stimulated emission cross-section and small signal gain coefficient.Untied with RKR potential function and the newest EDMF,the program Level developed by Prof.Le Roy of Canady to calculate bi-molecule spectroscopic constants was used to compute the Einstein A coefficients for fundamental band transitions with vibrational energy level of V6.The database of HCl's A coefficients were retrieved,and it seemed that Level is a rather simple but robust tool for researchers professional in quantum electronics.

Field of study: Physics
(More) Efficient Reinforcement Learning via Posterior Sampling

Most provably-efficient reinforcement learning algorithms introduce optimism about poorly-understood states and actions to encourage exploration. We study an alternative approach for efficient exploration: posterior sampling for reinforcement learning (PSRL). This algorithm proceeds in repeated episodes of known duration. At the start of each episode, PSRL updates a prior distribution over Markov decision processes and takes one sample from this posterior. PSRL then follows the policy that is optimal for this sample during the episode. The algorithm is conceptually simple, computationally efficient and allows an agent to encode prior knowledge in a natural way. We establish an O(τS/√AT) bound on expected regret, where T is time, τ is the episode length and S and A are the cardinalities of the state and action spaces. This bound is one of the first for an algorithm not based on optimism, and close to the state of the art for any reinforcement learning algorithm. We show through simulation that PSRL significantly outperforms existing algorithms with similar regret bounds.

Field of study: Computer science
Interferon-alpha, -beta and -gamma induce CXCL9 and CXCL10 secretion by human thyrocytes: modulation by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma agonists.

It has been hypothesized that interferon (IFN) alpha and beta cause autoimmune thyroid dysfunctions by changing the Th1/Th2 balance, but the mechanisms involved are not yet known. The aims of this study were: (a) to test the effect of IFNalpha, IFNbeta and IFNgamma on the secretion of the Th1 chemokines CXCL9 and CXCL10, in "primary cultures of human thyroid follicular cells" (TFC); (b) to assess the effect of PPARgamma activation on CXCL9 and CXCL10 secretion. In TFC, CXCL9 and CXCL10 were undetectable in the supernatant. IFNgamma, IFNalpha and IFNbeta, dose dependently induced CXCL9 and CXCL10 release. TNFalpha alone had no effect. The combination of each of the IFNs with TNFalpha had a significant synergistic effect on CXCL9 and CXCL10 secretion. Treatment of TFC with rosiglitazone dose dependently inhibited the IFNs-stimulated CXCL9 and CXCL10 release. Compared with IFNalpha and IFNbeta, IFNgamma was the most potent stimulus of CXCL9 and CXCL10 secretion. In conclusion, IFNalpha, IFNbeta, IFNgamma and TNFalpha (synergistically with IFNs) dose-dependently induce the release of CXCL9 and CXCL10 by TFC, suggesting that this process may be related, at least in part, to the appearance of thyroid dysfunction during IFNs therapy. Furthermore, PPARgamma activation partially inhibits this process.

Field of study: Medicine
Question Relevant of Query Recommendation in Baidu Search Engine Logs

Question relevant of query recommendation,as a branch of query recommendation in search engines,is aimed at enhancing users' search experience by suggesting appropriate queries.It has become one of the main obstacles in query optimization.In this paper,the authors studied the language features of interrogative queries based on the search engine logs,and conducted research on the explicit and implicit ones.A " Theme-Focus-Questions( TFQ) " model was proposed to suggest interrogative queries by combining the features of their themes and focus.The authors did experiments on large scale query logs and the search engine feedback.The value of MAP was 0.713 and the Subtopic Precision( SP @ r) had reached 0.630.

Field of study: Computer science
Microstructure and Mechanical Property of Sn-Bi+Nano Graphite Composite Solder

Sn-Bi solder alloy was modified by nano-graphite. The mechanical properties of the composite solder alloy joints were investigated by micro mechanical tester. The microstructure and fracture were studied by SEM. The results show that the microstructure of the solder alloy is refined gradually with the content of nano graphite increasing. The ultimate tensile strength of the welded joint decreases with the addition of nano graphite. The elongation of the welded joint improves with the addition of nano-graphite. The mechanical property of the solder joint is well when the fraction of nano graphite is 0.07 wt%.

Field of study: Materials science
Stochastic processes govern bacterial communities from the blood of pikas and from their arthropod vectors.

Vector-borne microbes influence pathogen transmission and blood microbiomes, thereby affecting the emergence of infectious diseases. Thus, understanding the relationship between host and vector microbiomes is of importance. In this study, we investigated the bacterial community composition, diversity and assembly of the flea (Rhadinopsylla dahurica vicina), torsalo (Hypoderma curzonial), and the blood and gut of their shared pika host, Ochotona curzoniae. Bartonella, Sphingomonas and Bradyrhizobium were enriched in blood, while Wolbachia and Fusobacterium were more abundant in fleas and torsaloes. Most of potential pathogenic microbes (belonging to Fusobacterium, Rickettsia, Kingella, Porphyromonas, Bartonella and Mycoplasma) were present in the blood of pikas and their vectors. Blood communities were more similar to those from fleas than other sample types and were independent of host factors or geographical sites. Notably, blood microbes originate mainly from fleas rather than gut or torsaloes. Interestingly, the community assembly of blood, fleas or torsaloes was primarily governed by stochastic processes, while the gut microbiome was determined by deterministic processes. Ecological drift plays a dominant role in the assembly of blood and flea microbiomes. These results reflect the difficulty for predicting and regulating the microbial ecology of fleas for the prevention of potential microbiome-associated diseases.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
The HADES DAQ System: Trigger and Readout Board Network

HADES is a di-electron spectrometer operating at GSI, Germany. Currently, the HADES data and trigger system is being upgraded. The main aim is to substantially increase the event rate capabilities by a factor of up to 20 to reach 100 kHz in light systems and 20 kHz in heavy ion reactions. The data rate will be about 400 MByte/s in peak. In this context, the complete readout system has been exchanged to use optical communication. In this contribution we present a general-purpose real-time network protocol that has been developed to meet the new requirements. These include strong timing constraints with latencies less than 5 μs for endpoint-to-endpoint communication through up to 10 intermediate hubs in a star-like network setup. In summary, this network connects over 500 FPGAs distributed over the whole HADES detector. Monitoring and slow control features as well as readout and trigger distribution were joined in a single network protocol. Hence, channel multiplexing with inherent arbitration by priority is implemented. Switching between channels takes less than 100 ns. For control and monitoring, a dedicated channel provides a data bus with a virtual address space spanning the whole network. The configuration is highly flexible and thus adaptable to different experimental setups and hardware.

Field of study: Physics
Modified Contour-Generalization Procedure As Applied to the Santa Lucia Range, California

Contour generalization is an established procedure for restoring dissected landscapes to predissection forms. The modified generalization procedure herein proposed dispenses with most side-slope contours, leaving upland surfaces suspended at their individual levels. In addition, sequential cartographic patterns permit ready recognition of surfaces, and hachures emphasize abrupt peripheral slopes. Although the primary purpose is to discuss the proposed procedure, the bearing of the final map on the history of the Santa Lucia Range is briefly considered. The origin of the high-level surfaces has not yet been determined, although fragmentary evidence suggests they are probably fluvial. The multiple surfaces were presumably developed in response to changes in the elevation of base level. Simultaneous development of the surfaces due to differential lowering of rocks of varying resistance, independent of base level, is refuted by the similarity of the rock assemblages truncated by the different surfaces. The high surfaces in the northern part of the range are found to be sloping, rather than horizontal as previously supposed. Tilting of the northern area seems indicated. At their elevated southern ends, these surfaces hang above considerably lower terrain. Here, the relative horizontality of at least one extensive surface suggests simple vertical uplift.

Field of study: Geology
Advance procedure for resource reservation QoSNSLP Signaling based

“Advance procedure for resource reservation QoSNSLP Signaling based” By TAAM Abdelkarim, HJIAJ Hassane, Said El Alaoui Oua Stiikg,n OalUinMg SbIaSs eMdo”h amed, RAOUYANE Brahim Journal of Networks Volume 10, Number 5, May 2015, Page(s): 281-286 After careful and considered review of the content and authorship of this paper by a duly constituted expert committee, the above paper has been found to be in violation of Academy Publisher’s Publication Principles. The first author (TAAM Abdelkarim) has taken full responsibility and this violation was done without the knowledge of the rest authors (HJIAJ Hassane, Said El Alaoui Oua Stiikg,n OalUinMg SbIaSs eMdo”h amed, RAOUYANE Brahim). This paper contains significant portions of original text from the paper cited below. The original text was copied without attribution (including appropriate references to the original authors and/or paper title) and without permission: Due to the nature of this violation, reasonable effort should be made to remove all past references to this paper, and future references should be made to the following article: Badr Benmammar, Francine Krief, “MQoS NSLP: a mobility profile management based approach for advance resource reservation in a mobile environment,” 7th IFIP IEEE International Conference on Mobile and Wireless Communications Networks (MWCN 2005) , Marrakech, Morocco, 2005.

Field of study: Computer science
Preference for locus of punishment in a response sequence.

Food-deprived pigeons pecked a key under a schedule in which grain was made available after the seventieth peck. In each sequence of 70 responses, either the first, middle, or final response was followed by electric shock. Before the first response of each sequence, each response on a second key changed the color of the food key and the schedule of shock that was correlated with the food key color. Each pigeon preferred a schedule of shock, in that each of the three shock schedules did not occur equally often. The preferred shock schedule and the strength of the preference varied among the pigeons. The overall rate of responding by a pigeon under a given shock schedule was directly related to the pigeon's relative preference for that schedule, except when shock after the first response in the sequence was the most preferred schedule.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Competition for receptors for immunoglobulin on cytotoxic lymphocytes.

Target cell killing by lymphocytes can be induced by appropriate antibody complexed to target cell antigens. In this paper it is shown that this form of lymphocyte mediated cytotoxicity is susceptible to inhibition by third party immune complexes which compete with target cell bound antibody for receptors for immunoglobulin on the cytotoxic lymphocytes. The physical state of the complexes is investigated in relation to their inhibitory efficiency. Evidence is presented to show that soluble complexes which exist in antigen–antibody equilibrium or slight antigen excess are the most effective inhibitors. 
 
No evidence could be obtained to support the hypothesis that soluble immune complexes can induce indiscriminate cytotoxic activity in lymphocytes. The biological significance of this effect is discussed in relation to chronic inflammatory diseases.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Gold prospectivity maps of the Red Lake greenstone belt: application of GIS technology

Recent advances in the use of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) software and analysis can be used in conjunction with traditional geoscience data sets to determine effective predictors for gold mineralization, from which mineral prospectivity maps can be generated that highlight potential exploration targets on a regional scale. In this paper, key components of the Archean lode gold deposit model for the Red Lake belt are selected and modeled using weights of evidence (WofE) analysis and logistic regression, leading to the creation of gold prospectivity maps. The best predictors for past and present gold producers in the Red Lake camp, according to WofE analysis include (1) elevated trace elements, Au, As, and Sb; (2) a number of alteration indices calculated from oxide geochemical data; (3) alteration characterized by pervasive and vein-style ferroan carbonate and elevated Au, As, Sb, and S anomalies; (4) proximity to the Mackenzie Island stock and diorite phases of the Dome stock; and, (5) tholeiitic...

Field of study: Environmental science
Lichtelektrisches Verhalten von Alkalihalogenidkristallen mit Kolloiden

Zusammenfassung1.Es wurden NCl-Kristalle mit Kolloidgehalt untersucht, in denen das für die atomaren Zentren charakteristische Maximum noch vorhanden ist.2.Es existiert ein Anfangszustand bei der spektralen Verteilung der lichtelektrischen Leitung.3.Diese spektrale Verteilung ändert sich, falls der Kristall, kurz geschlossen, mit Rot belichtet wird.4.Nach Blaubelichtung entsteht eine andere Verteilung, die nicht identisch ist mit der bei den atomar gefärbten Kristallen bekannten Verteilung.5.Die Veränderungen des Produktes Quantenausbeute mal Schubweg bei Kolloiderregung stimmen mit den Ergebnissen der Literatur gut überein.6.Diese Wirkungen sind auch bei mit Röntgenlicht verfärbten NaCl-Kristallen zu beobachten; es besteht also auch bei diesen Kristallen eine Kolloidbildung.

Field of study: Physics
Allosteric modification of α-bungarotoxin binding by the ‘calcium channel antagonist’ verapamil

The putative calcium channel antagonist verapamil has been shown to affect a variety of other ion channels as well as neurotransmitter receptors. We report that verapamil reversibly inhibits binding of the nicotinic receptor probe 125 I-α-bungarotoxin to membranes from rat brain, Torpedo californica , the rat pheochromocytoma cell line PC12 and the human medulloblastoma cell line TE671, with K i values of 24.0, 90.5, 165.4 and 869.6 μM, respectively. These effects are calcium independent and insensitive to a variety of organic and inorganic calcium channel antagonists. While Hill coefficients suggest mechanistic differences for verapamil action in the tissues examined, derivative graphical analysis demonstrates a common mechanism of heterotypic, allosteric inhibition. Verapamil may be useful as a probe to elucidate aspects of receptor-effector coupling.

Field of study: Biology
Neoliberalism,globalization and higher education development

The two natures of higher education development are intellectuality and sociality.The changes of the two natures are influenced by various thoughts in the different stages.Neoliberalism and globalization are two thoughts of higher education development nowadays.The former reshapes the reason characteristics of higher education development by emphasizing the transaction,efficiency,individuality,competitiveness and liberalization of knowledge of higher education,the latter effects the social nature of higher education development from three dimensions of space-time,institution and organization.To meet the challenges of neoliberalism and globalization,on the one hand,we need reverse the practices of embracing market and abandoning public interest,on the other hand,grasp the opportunity to integrate the Chinese higher education into the global knowledge economy.

Field of study: Education
Serum VEGF levels and tissue activation of VEGFR2/KDR receptors in patients with breast and gynecologic cancer.

Vascular endothelial cell growth factor (VEGF) plays an important role in the biology of gynecological cancer, usually linked with aggressive tumour behaviour and a poor postoperative outcome. Yet, its role in benign breast/gynecological conditions is less clear.



Serum VEGF was analysed in a series of 49 patients with gynecological cancer and 61 patients with benign disease and compared to those of 12 normal female subjects. In addition, the activation status of VEGFR2/KDR receptors was investigated in formalin-fixed paraffin embedded tissues and related to VEGF.



Mean serum levels of VEGF were significantly higher in patients with breast, endometrial and ovarian cancer compared to healthy controls and those with benign breast/gynecologic disease in the respective organs. A similar trend was noted in some cases of simple endometrial hyperplasia, fibroadenoma and fibrocystic disease of the breast. The expression of phosphorylated VEGFR2/KDR receptors was higher in breast, endometrial, ovarian cancer in patients with high VEGF serum levels and this reached a level of statistical significance when all malignancies were combined.



Serum VEGF levels are increased in patients with breast and gynecological malignancies, but this can not be considered pathognomonic for cancer as it is also increased in certain benign conditions, including cases of fibroadenoma, fibrocystic disease of breast and simple endometrial hyperplasia. Furthermore, high serum VEGF levels are closely related to the activation status of the VEGFR2/KDR receptor in cancer cells, indicating a stimulatory effect of serum VEGF on the VEGF pathway contributing to tumor progression.

Field of study: Medicine
The Contribution Made by Triphenylphosphane in the Putative Catalysis by Ruthenium Species in Conjugate Additions of β‐Dicarbonyl Compounds

Triphenylphosphane catalyzes conjugate additions of β-dicarbonyl compounds to π-acceptor olefins and dialkyl azodicarboxylates. Formation of quaternary centers at the nucleophiles has been achieved. The catalytic action of tris(triphenylphosphane)ruthenium(II) chloride and tetrakis(triphenylphosphane)ruthenium(II) hydride is at least partially due to the phosphane ligand.

Field of study: Chemistry
Redox and reduction potentials as parameters to predict the degradation pathway of chlorinated benzenes in anaerobic environments

The anaerobic degradation pathway of hexachlorobenzene starts with a series of reductive dehalogeneration steps. In the present paper it was evaluated whether the dehalogenation pathway observed in microbial ecosystems could be predicted by the redox potential and/or the reduction potential (the latter determined in dimethylsulfoxide) of the various potential intermediates. It was found that these two parameters suggest different pathways. The redox potential correctly predicts the dominant pathway observed in microbial systems, while the reduction potential does not. The redox potential of the various redox couples showed no correlation with the kinetic constants for the various dechlorination steps as determined with a quantitative structure-activity relationship developed for the environmental reductive dehalogenation of chlorinated aromatic compounds, even though both approaches predicted the same pathway.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Estimating the Cost of Cancer Care in British Columbia and Ontario: A Canadian Inter-Provincial Comparison

Costing studies are useful to measure the economic burden of cancer. Comparing costs between healthcare systems can inform evaluation, development or modification of cancer care policies.  To estimate and compare cancer costs in British Columbia and Ontario from the payers' perspectives.  Using linked cancer registry and administrative data, and standardized costing methodology and analyses, we estimated costs for 21 cancer sites by phase of care to determine potential differences between provinces.  Overall, costs were higher in Ontario. Costs were highest in the initial post-diagnosis and pre-death phases and lowest in the pre-diagnosis and continuing phases, and generally higher for brain cancer and multiple myeloma, and lower for melanoma. Hospitalization was the major cost category. Costs for physician services and diagnostic tests differed the most between provinces.  The standardization of data and costing methodology is challenging, but it enables interprovincial and international comparative costing analyses.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
A Profile and Discourse Analysis of an English Short Story

This paper presents a discourse analysis of a short story written in English. It shows how the profile of the story with the peak correlates with other features of discourse, such as participant reference, verb ranking, cohesion and coherence, and clause combining. While nominal forms are used to refer to participants, verb phrases signal different types of information, such as eventline and background. Cohesion and coherence are maintained through conjunctions, adverbial expressions, paraphrases and parallelism, and frame and script. Clause-combining devices are also analyzed

Field of study: Linguistics