nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Tests with an Isochronous Recirculation System

An isochronous recirculation system is in operation at the MIT-Bates Accelerator Center. It is used to transport the electron beam from the output of the LINAC back to the input, to be reinjected so that the electrons pass through the accelerator a second time. The design and the general operation of the recirculation system and the Linac has been discussed elsewhere. The Linac accelerates electrons to 400 MeV in one pass with a duty factor near 1%, within an energy spread of always less than 0.3% and an emittance of 10 /el mm-mr. With the recirculation system the accelerator energy capability has been extended to 750 MeV. The accelerator is designed with a progressive series of stop bands to prevent the propagation of transverse modes, thus raising the calculated threshold of beam break-up (BBU) to more than an order of magnitude above operation needs for both single pass and recirculated operation. The recirculation transport system (RTS) is isochronous and highly achromatic allowing for an energy band pass of 6% in which the beam is fully transmitted through the accelerator twice. The admittance of the accelerator is about 0.3 mm-mrad for the recirculated beam. In this paper we describe, qualitatively, observationsmore » of the operation of the recirculation system under a variety of conditions. In particular, both simultaneous and head-to-tail recirculation have been accomplished. The former was done under a variety of phasing conditions of the second pass beam relative to the first. The instrumentation used in the evaluation of the tests include a beam current monitor (toroid) which measures the peak current, and the Rf loads of the output of the traveling wave waveguides which measure effectively the product of the current in the waveguide and the energy gain in that section of waveguide.« less

Field of study: Physics
An ID-based aggregate signature scheme with constant pairing computations

An aggregate signature scheme allows n signatures on n distinct messages from n distinct users to aggregate a single signature. The main benefit of such schemes is that they allow bandwidth and computational savings. Since Boneh et al.'s aggregate signature scheme from pairings, there exist several trials for constructing ID-based aggregate signature schemes. However, their computational complexity for pairing computations grows linearly with the number of signers. In this paper, we propose an efficient ID-based aggregate signature scheme with constant pairing computations. We also give its security proof in the random oracle model under the Computational Diffie-Hellman assumption.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Performance and design of InGaAs /InP photodiodes for single-photon counting at 1.55 microm.

The performance of selected, commercially available InGaAs/InP avalanche photodiodes operating in a photon-counting mode at an incident wavelength of 1.55 microm is described. A discussion on the optimum operating conditions and their relationship to the electric field distribution within the device is presented.

Field of study: Physics
Excess mortality of mental disorder.

We describe the increased risk of premature death from natural and from unnatural causes for the common mental disorders.



With a Medline search (1966-1995) we found 152 English language reports on the mortality of mental disorder which met our inclusion criteria. From these reports, covering 27 mental disorder categories and eight treatment categories, we calculated standardised mortality ratios (SMRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for all causes of death, all natural causes and all unnatural causes; and for most, SMRs for suicide, other violent causes and specific natural causes.



Highest risks of premature death, from both natural and unnatural causes, are for substance abuse and eating disorders. Risk of death from unnatural causes is especially high for the functional disorders, particularly schizophrenia and major depression. Deaths from natural causes are markedly increased for organic mental disorders, mental retardation and epilepsy.



All mental disorders have an increased risk of premature death.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
[An essential negative effect of a family history of substance use on readiness for drug dependence rehabilitation treatment in inpatients with addictions].

To reveal objective factors predicting the readiness of inpatient drug treatment patients to undergo a rehabilitation program.



In a retrospective comparative study, drug-dependent individuals (n=199, 16.6% females, 83.4% men, 91.5% opioid-dependent) were studied. After conducting motivational activities based on cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy, the premorbid, anamnestic, clinical, socio-demographic characteristics of patients were studied as possible predictors of readiness for rehabilitation using binary logistic regression.



Family history of substance use reduced the probability of readiness for rehabilitation by >4,5 times (p<0.0001, Exp (B) = 4.577, CI 95% [2.0556, 10.190]). The influence of other factors was weaker and manifested itself only with their combinations (female sex + use of several psychoactive drugs; intravenous drug injection + polydrug addiction; non-remission course of disease + family history of substance use) which increased the likelihood of readiness for rehabilitation. There was no effect of social/demographic variables.



Family history of substance use significantly reduces the likelihood of readiness for rehabilitation. The clinical severity of the disease, on the other hand, increases the chances of readiness. Patients with a family history of substance use represent a specific group of patients requiring maximum efforts in the process of motivation for rehabilitation.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Gold plating using DMH as complexing agent and its application to hohlraum target

Gold plating using DMH as complexing agent has been applied to hohlraum target. The effects of bath compositions and operating conditions on gold plating quality were investigated by scanning electron microscopy and coulometric measurement. The results show that the gold plating bath is stable. Uniform and compact gold deposits are formed in the bath containing 8 g/L gold salt and 80 g/L DMH at the cathode current density of 1.5 A/dm2, pH level of 9-10 and bath temperature of 45 ℃.

Field of study: Physics
Specific accumulation of organochlorines in human breast milk from Indonesia: levels, distribution, accumulation kinetics and infant health risk.

This study determined concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine compound (OC) pesticides in the milk samples of women from the general population in four locations of Indonesia. The most prevalent residues of OCs were DDTs, PCBs and hexachlorocyclohexane isomers (HCHs), whereas other OCs such as chlordane compounds (CHLs), tris(4-chlorophenyl)methane and hexachlorobenzene were lower. The levels of OCs varied between locations and individuals, with DDTs higher in suburban and rural areas than urban localities, may be due to the differences in food habits and sources between the individuals and locations. Data from Purwakarta site indicated continuing DDT exposure, which may confirm recent usage of DDT in Indonesia. A positive correlation was observed between concentration of OCs in human milk and age of mothers, primiparas women having higher OCs than multiparas, suggesting these parameters play an important role influencing the OC burdens in lactating women. Some individuals accumulated DDTs and HCHs in breast milk close to or even higher than the TDI (tolerable daily intake) guidelines proposed by Health Canada.

Field of study: Environmental science
Ascending testis after repair of pediatric inguinal hernia and hydrocele: A misunderstood operative complication.

Ascending testis (AT) is a rare complication after repair of an inguinal hernia/hydrocele. However, there has been some controversy concerning the AT following laparoscopic and open procedures.



To review the experience of, and discuss the associated mechanisms with, testicular ascent after pediatric inguinal hernia/hydrocele surgery.



A retrospective review of the medical records of male children who underwent inguinal hernia/hydrocele repair at the present hospital between January 2000 and December 2014. Those who underwent subsequent orchiopexies due to ipsilateral cryptorchidism were identified. The ATs that were misdiagnosed, caused by improper operation, and retractile testes were excluded. The Poisson distribution evaluated the incidences of subgroups.



A total of 17,295 inguinal hernias and hydroceles were repaired on 12,849 males; of whom, 10 testes (0.058%) developed ATs on nine individuals postoperatively (. The difference of AT incidences between subgroups was insignificant (P > 0.05), except for that grouped by the age at initial operation (cutoff = 1 year, P = 0.008; cutoff = 2 years, P = 0.012). During orchiopexy, extensive adhesions were found in the inguinal canal only in the two cases following open repair. The hernia sac/processus vaginalis remained intact in the canal of AT after laparoscopic repair, and partial after open herniotomy.



It was generally assumed that testicular ascent after repair of an inguinal hernia/hydrocele was caused by adhesion of the spermatic cord. However, the cord was not dissected during laparoscopic procedure, so adhesion was not the major reason for AT following laparoscopic surgery. The sac/processus were partially excised during open repair, but kept intact in laparoscopic procedure. Therefore, remnants of the sac/processus might play a greater role in postoperative testicular ascent than adhesions. Furthermore, it was found that AT incidence after the repair was not higher than that in 'normal' males. Ascending testis was probably not an operative complication, but a natural descent process of testis independent of the operation. Moreover, the testis descended further due to dissection of the cord and excision of the sac/processus, so the AT incidence was extremely low following open operation. From this point of view, open repair of an inguinal hernia/hydrocele was probably a protective factor for preventing testicular ascent.



Ascending testis is rare in male pediatric patients who have had repair of an inguinal hernia/hydrocele. Currently, the mechanism of testicular ascent is still unclear, and should be further investigated in the future.

Field of study: Medicine
Alternative Estimates of the Effect of Family Structure during Adolescence on High School Graduation

Many studies have reported significant empirical associations between family structure during childhood and children's outcomes later in life. It may be that living in a nonintact family has adverse consequences for children. On the other hand, it may be that some unobserved process jointly determines family structure and children's outcomes. How then should one interpret the empirical evidence on the relationship between family structure and children's outcomes? The answer depends on the question asked and on the prior information available to the researcher. We seek to interpret the association between family structure and high school graduation found among respondents in the National Longitudinal Study of Youth. We seek to answer the traditional question of the literature on treatment effects: How would the probability of high school graduation vary with family structure if family structure were not selected by parents but were, instead, an exogenously assigned “treatment,” as in a clinical tr...

Field of study: Mathematics
Breaking and restoring symmetries within the nuclear energy density functional method

We review the notion of symmetry breaking and restoration within the frame of nuclear energy density functional methods. We focus on key differences between wavefunction- and energy-functional-based methods. In particular, we point to difficulties in formulating the restoration of symmetries within the energy functional framework. The problems tackled recently in connection with particle-number restoration serve as a baseline to the present discussion. Reaching out to angular-momentum restoration, we identify an exact mathematical property of the energy density that could be used to constrain energy density functional kernels. Consequently, we suggest possible routes toward a better formulation of symmetry restorations within energy density functional methods.

Field of study: Physics
Connecting the Horizontal Dimension of Social Comparison With Self-Worth and Self-Confidence

Multilevel modeling of undergraduates (N = 229) event-contingent records of naturalistic social comparison experiences revealed distinct correlates of the horizontal (similar-different) dimension and vertical (better-worse) dimension of comparisons. Complementing past studies showing associations between the horizontal dimension and communal dispositions and experiences, the current study showed that the horizontal dimension also is associated with agentic dispositions and experiences such as self-worth and self-confidence. For example, participants perceived more similarity when comparing with targets’ desirable attributes than with targets’ undesirable attributes and perceiving similarities with desirable target attributes (and dissimilarities with undesirable target attributes) enhanced their self-confidence. Participants higher in self-worth (high in self-esteem and low in depression) were more discriminating in their experiences of similarity and connection; specifically, they reported more similarity and connection when targets’ attributes were desirable but less connection the more targets’ attributes were inferior to their own.

Field of study: Psychology
Altered gene expression for calpain/calpastatin system in motor neuron degeneration (Mnd) mutant mouse brain and spinal cord.

The calcium-activated neutral proteases (CANP, calpains) have been implicated in both acute and chronic neurodegenerative processes. In the present study, we analyzed the in situ mRNA expression of calpain I and II and their endogenous inhibitor, calpastatin, in the motor neuron degeneration (Mnd) mutant mouse, which exhibits progressive dysfunction of the spinal cord and brain. As the disease progresses, the mutants show increasingly pronounced motor abnormalities which coincide with swelling of the spinal motor neurons, neocortex, hippocampal CA regions and cerebellar Purkinje cells. In situ hybridization studies show that the Mnd mice have a significantly higher level of calpain I, calpain II and calpastatin than the congenic controls in the following brain regions and cell types: hippocampal CA3 region, pyramidal cells, cerebellar Purkinje cells and spinal cord motor neurons. However, no differences in calpain or calpastatin mRNA levels are observed in glial and cerebellar granule cells of Mnd and control mice. Western blots and competitive RT-PCR analyses of brain and spinal cord homogenates are confirmative. Such altered gene expression in specific cell types of brain and spinal cord suggests the involvement of the calpain/calpastatin system.

Field of study: Biology
Zeeman quantum beats of helium Rydberg states excited by synchrotron radiation.

Quantum beats in fluorescence decay from Zeeman-split magnetic sublevels have been measured for helium Rydberg states excited by synchrotron radiation. The Zeeman quantum beats observed in this prototypical case were fitted with an equation from a theoretical formulation. It is proposed that Zeeman quantum beat measurement can be a useful way to simply evaluate the polarization characteristics of extreme ultraviolet light.

Field of study: Physics
Zur Gliederung Ostgriechenlands in tektonische Zonen

ZusammenfassungAus den neueren geologischen Beobachtungen und Kartierungen in Griechenland folgt, daß die tektonische Aufgliederung Griechenlands nachRenz, zumindest in Ostgriechenland, nicht zu Recht besteht. An Stelle einer tektonischen Trennung haben wir kontinuierliche sedimentäre Übergänge. Gewiß gibt es tektonische Kontakte an kleineren und größeren Überschiebungen und einem verbreiteten Schuppenbau, aber diese Störungen beweisen keine tektonische Längsgliederung in Fazieszonen, für welcheRenz ein so reiches stratigraphisches Material erarbeitet hat.

Field of study: Environmental science
Stratigraphy and tectonics of the Virginia–North Carolina Blue Ridge: Evolution of a late Proterozoic–early Paleozoic hinge zone

Late Proterozoic (690-570 Ma) through Ordovician rocks of the Virginia—North Carolina Blue Ridge and Valley and Ridge record the evolution of an eastward-facing passive margin and its subsequent deformation during continent-arc collision (Taconic orogeny). Comparison of Blue Ridge stratigraphy with modern rifts and passive margins suggests that late Proterozoic rifting involved substantial crustal attenuation in the eastern Blue Ridge.

The axial zone of the Blue Ridge from central Virginia southward is occupied by a major fault system (Hayesville-Fries-Rock-fish Valley fault). Contrasts between rocks deposited east and west of this fault suggest that it is a reactivated hinge zone, separating highly attenuated continental crust to the east from continental crust of more normal thickness to the west. During rifting, normal faulting and rapid subsidence of attenuating crust in the eastern Blue Ridge produced rift basins in which deep-water clastic and volcanic rocks accumulated (Lynchburg Group, Ashe Formation). Landward of the hinge zone in the western Blue Ridge, mainly terrestrial to shallow-water clastic and volcanic rocks were deposited in a series of subaerial rift basins (Swift Run/Catoctin, Grandfather Mountain, Mount Rogers Formations). The hinge zone not only controlled depositional patterns throughout the rift and passive-margin history, but it was also reactivated during the Taconic collision, when attenuated crust and its cover were thrust westward over the shelf edge.

Turbidite-dominated rift sequences of the eastern Blue Ridge are unlike “typical” rift deposits, which are characterized by predominantly subaerial and shallow-water sedimentation. Deep-water rifts may be common on attenuated crust (as in the Bay of Biscay); however, they are poorly known from the stratigraphic record because of their susceptibility to destruction during orogeny.

Field of study: Geology
Early Eocene volcanic ashes on Greifswalder Oie and their depositional environment, with an overview of coeval ash-bearing deposits in northern Germany and Denmark

Unconsolidated bentonites and carbonate-cemented volcanic ashes occur in northern Germany within the clay sequence of the Lamstedt and Schlieven Formations documented by several wells. Ash-bearing carbonate concretions (so-called cementstones) are also known from glacially transported rafts and erratic boulders on the Baltic Sea island Greifswalder Oie, representing the easternmost exposures of early Eocene sediments in the North Sea Basin. The ashes can be correlated with water-lain ashes of the Danish Fur and Ølst Formations (mo-clay) generated during the opening of the North Atlantic Ocean about 55 Ma ago. Two types of cementstones can be distinguished on the basis of the mineralogical composition, sedimentary features and fossil content. Greifswalder Oie type I contains a black, up to 12-cm-thick ash deposit that follows above two distinct thin grey ash layers. The major ash unit has a rather homogeneous lower part; only a very weak normal grading and faint lamination are discernible. In the upper part, however, intercalations with light mudstone, in part intensively bioturbated, together with parallel and cross-lamination suggest reworking of the ash in a shallow marine environment. Major and trace element compositions are used to correlate type I ashes with those of the Danish-positive series which represent rather uniform ferrobasalts of the Danish stage 4, probably related to the emergence of proto-Iceland. In contrast, type II ash comprises a single, normally graded, about 5-cm-thick layer of water-lain air-fall tuff, which is embedded in fine-grained sandstone to muddy siltstone. Type II ash is characterised by very high TiO2 but low MgO contents. Exceptional REE patterns with a pronounced positive Eu anomaly suggest intense leaching of the glass that hampers exact correlation with pyroclastic deposits within the North Atlantic Igneous Province.

Field of study: Environmental science
Numerical analysis of a singular integral equation

In this paper we give details of the numerical analysis of an integral equation of the form(1)y(t)=f(t)[email protected]!0ts^@m^-^1t^@my(s)[email protected]>0.The distinctive feature of the equation is the presence of a singularity at t=0 for all values of @m>0 and at s=0 for all values of t>0 for 0<@m<1. This means that conventional analytical and numerical theory does not apply. In fact, for 0<@m<1, the equation has an infinite family of solutions. As background, we give details of the analytical results on existence and uniqueness of solutions to (1) and we give new results on the use of numerical schemes that will yield approximations to any specific solution. We conclude with some numerical results that show that our methods enable us to find approximations of any chosen order to any of the infinite class of exact solutions to (1).

Field of study: Mathematics
A Student-Led Elective Provides Quality Improvement Feedback for a Required Compounding Course

To implement an advanced elective compounding course where pharmacy students conduct investigations to improve compounding-related issues that were subsequently evaluated in a required compounding course.  The elective compounding course required students to engage in self-directed learning, critical thinking, creation and evaluation of laboratory data, and self- and group reflection. Students researched and developed “solutions” to compounded preparation problems, and their solutions were tested in the next iteration of a required compounding course. For example, students in the elective course identified sources of potency variability in a ketoprofen Pluronic organogel (PLO) emulsion preparation. The students identified six variables and executed an investigative action plan. They considered all data collected and proposed a method to reduce potency variation. The recommended solution was implemented in the next offering of a required compounding course and the potency variability results were compared to the previous required course’s results.  The mean ketoprofen PLO emulsion potency achieved in the required course prior to implementing the elective course recommendation was 129% (SD 21%), n=158. After the recommended change from elective course was implemented, the mean potency was 118% (SD 21%), n=131.  The teaching methods and activities conducted in the elective course provided students with a deeper level of learning and understanding of compounding science, while providing practical experience in scientific research methodology. The course also provided a cyclic quality improvement feedback mechanism for the required course.

Field of study: Education, Medicine