nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
A criteria-based methodology for determining the mechanism of transverse drainage development, with application to the southwestern United States

The study of how rivers cross obstructing mountains, once popular in the early twenti- eth century, has seen a dramatic resurgence in the last decade. Since Hutton's scholarly introduction to a possible cause for trans- verse drainage, however, no single study has compiled all of the various criteria that can be used to discriminate among the four pos- sible mechanisms of antecedence, superimpo- sition, overfl ow, and piracy. This paper pres- ents the fi rst such compilation and related methodology to apply these criteria both in tabular and graphical formats, as well as an online interactive tool in the data repository. Combining nominal and ordinal data sources, this methodology generates an objective, reproducible assessment for the mechanism most likely to have established the trans- verse drainage at fi ordinal levels of con- fi dence. When applied to southwestern U.S. sites, randomly selected through an objec- tive spatial procedure, four general observa- tions emerged on the relationship between the development of transverse drainage and landscape evolution. (1) Streams persisting through lengthy periods of extension develop antecedent canyons. (2) In order to reestab- lish through-fl owing channels, streams over- fl ow closed basins as active extension wanes. (3) Following a drop in base level related to the newly developed trunk channels, streams tributary to the trunk channels incise into basin-fi ll deposits—sometimes leading to the development of superimposed drainages. (4) Tributaries eroding headward, in response to the integration of two or more closed basins, can capture and redirect drainage; this permits transverse drainage through both piracy and superimposition upstream of the capture event. Because extant criteria use nominal and ordinal data almost entirely, considerable potential exists to refi ne this approach through future strategies that incorporate interval data. Future use of a criteria-based method has the potential to inform on prior geomorphic studies by pro- viding a new perspective with which to study how basins evolve in active tectonic regions, the analysis of related basin sedimentation, the hydrological and biological aspects of drainage evolution, and transverse drainage found in Martian crater fi elds.

Field of study: Geology
Buffering processes in a boreal dissolved organic carbon-rich stream during experimental acidification.

The role of organic acids on surface water acidity as well as their buffering during anthropogenic acidification and subsequent recovery was studied in a field experiment on a total organic carbon (TOC)-rich stream draining the Svartberget catchment in northern Sweden. H(2)SO(4) was added to the stream to increase SO(4)(2-) concentration by 90 microeq l(-1) for 30 h. About 60% of the added H(+) was buffered by protonation of organic acids, another 20% was buffered by base cations released from the surface of the stream channel and only ca. 20% of the added acid remained unbuffered. TOC concentrations (27 mg l(-1)), and site density of carboxylic groups--8.6 microeq (mg TOC)(-1)--remained stable during the experiment. Two models of organic acid dissociation (a triprotic model and a monoprotic pH-dependent pKa model) were fitted to the experimental results. These models explained the observed variations in organic anions, but the model parameters were quite different from those reported by studies in Northern America and Central Europe. This experiment had substantially more buffering effect of TOC between pH 4.4 and 5.3, which is an environmentally important pH range.

Field of study: Environmental science
Substructure solution with SHELXD.

Iterative dual-space direct methods based on phase refinement in reciprocal space and peak picking in real space are able to locate relatively large numbers of anomalous scatterers efficiently from MAD or SAD data. Truncation of the data at a particular resolution, typically in the range 3.0-3.5 A, can be critical to success. The efficiency can be improved by roughly an order of magnitude by Patterson-based seeding instead of starting from random phases or sites; Patterson superposition methods also provide useful validation. The program SHELXD implementing this approach is available as part of the SHELX package.

Field of study: Chemistry
Stent anchor technique to reduce microcatheter loop for stent-assisted coiling of anterior communicating artery aneurysm.

Stent-assisted coiling offers a potential solution for coil embolization of broad-based aneurysms. Challenges associated with navigating a microcatheter beyond these aneurysms sometimes require looping the microcatheter within the aneurysm dome. Reducing microcatheter loops within domes can be difficult, and anchor techniques have been described, including balloon anchor, stent-retriever anchor, and stent anchor techniques. The authors present a patient requiring stent-assisted coiling of an anterior communicating artery aneurysm in whom a stent anchor technique was used to reduce a microcatheter loop within an aneurysm dome before coil embolization. Postembolization angiographic runs showed complete coil occlusion of the aneurysm with approximately 35% packing density.The video can be found here: https://youtu.be/zHR1ZOArUro.

Field of study: Medicine
Engaging the Self in the Field: Testing the Triangle Model of Responsibility

This study tested the Triangle Model of Responsibility in predicting the experience and effects of self-engagement among U.S. Army soldiers. The different components of the Triangle Model independently predicted engagement in different samples. Furthermore, differences in engagement among units during a military operation were a function of the components of the model. Another study showed that soldiers’ perceptions of their leaders’ views of the components of the model predicted soldiers’ views of how much their leaders thought they were engaged in their job and that discrepancies between soldiers’ own views and their views of their leaders were related to lower trust and confidence in unit leaders. Finally, work-related experiences were more likely to be related to the psychological health of soldiers when they were engaged in their jobs than when they were disengaged. The results shed light on the role of self-engagement in the process of self-regulation.

Field of study: Psychology
The impact of the winter North Atlantic Oscillation on the frequency of spring dust storms over Tarim Basin in northwest China in the past half-century

The relationship between the frequency of spring dust storms over Tarim Basin in northwest China and the winter North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) is investigated by using the observed dust storm frequency (DSF) and the 10?m wind velocity at 36 stations in Tarim Basin and the National Centers for Environment Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research reanalysis data for the period 1961?2007. The spring DSF (winter NAO) index shows a clear decreasing (increasing) linear trend over 1961?2007. The winter NAO correlates well with the subsequent spring DSF over Tarim Basin on both interannual and interdecadal time scales and its interannual to interdecadal variation plays an important role in the spring DSF. Two possible physical mechanisms are identified. One is related to the large scale anomalous circulations in spring in the middle to high troposphere modulated by the winter NAO, providing the background of dynamical conditions for the dust storm occurrences. The other is related to the shifts in the local horizontal sea level pressure (SLP) gradients and 10?m wind speed, corresponding to changes in the large scale circulations in spring. The decrease in the local 10?m wind speed due to the reduced horizontal SLP gradients over Tarim Basin during the strong winter NAO years contributes to the decline of the DSF in the subsequent spring.

Field of study: Environmental science
EF+ INTERVENTION PROJECT: PEDAGOGICAL IMPLICATIONS AND LEVEL OF KNOWLEDGE ABOUT HEALTH

The objective was to verify the impact of “Educação Física+: Praticando Saúde na Escola” intervention on teaching practices and health knowledge of schoolchildren from Canguçu city, southern Brazil. Fifteen schools participated in the study (group 1: schools that joined the intervention in the year of 2011; group 2: schools that joined the intervention in the year of 2012). This study was carried out by two years with 883 schoolchildren and 13 teachers. The schollchildren knowledge of health was improved in the post-intervention (p<0.001), with higher scores in group 1. It was found tendency to increase the level of knowledge according to the number of lesson plans developed by teachers (p<0.001). Of the teachers interviewed (n= 13), most adhered to the activities proposed (n = 8) and perceived positive changes, specially in the students, who questioned more about the subject in the classrom and bring these knowledge to their parents. Almost all teachers who adhered to the intervention did not report difficulties to develop the lessons plans (n=7). It was concluded that a short-term intervention improved the schoolchildren level of knowledge on physical activity and health and presented positive impacts on teachers professional practice.

Field of study: Education
Comparative Study of Electromagnetic Exposure to Electric Vehicle

With the development of science and technology, the increase of people’s awareness of green development, energy conservation and environmental protection has become an inevitable trend of future development. Blade electric vehicle (BEV) received widely attention for its small noise and high energy efficiency recently. However, the BEV brings a series of problems when bringing convenience to people’s lives. Among them, the electromagnetic radiation of BEV has received more attention. Aiming at this question, this paper analysis the electromagnetic radiation of several household electric appliance (HEA) and traffic tool based on national standard GB 8702-2014. In order to formulate protective measures, this paper compares electromagnetic radiation of BEV with the electromagnetic radiation of HEA and other traffic tools, which can lay the basis for developing related physical protection measures.

Field of study: Engineering
Achieving Competitive Advantage in Human Resource Management in General School District of Riyadh in Saudi Arabia

The general school district of Riyadh is one of largest in the country of (45) school districts in Saudi Arabia. The school districts play an important roles in the development of education, therefore the objective of the study is to examine the roles of the management in the school districts to see if it is achieving competitive advantage. After the analysis of (226) respondents , the study revealed that there are three of nine dimensions of human resource management in the study with low degree.in recruiting human resources, motivation of human resources, services and public relations ( mean of 2.35 of 5.00), and moderate degree in salaries, work analysis, description and design, performance assessment, planning of human recourses, and training and developing of human resources ( mean of 2.70 of 5.00), But the degree of overall of these roles of human resource management is blow the average(mean =2.53). The result of the study indicate that the General School District of Riyadh is not in a position to be competitive in human resource management with other school districts in Saudi Arabia or with the international level. The school district of Riyadh needs to put great efforts in development of management of human resources to achieve competitive advantages by training school district superintendent and human resource manager. The study has implication for other school districts in Saudi Arabia and for many developing countries with centralized system in education. It also highlighted the challenges facing lack of regulation related to human resources management, and the absence of many of human resources management the lack of integrated management of competent human resources, lack of specialists in human resource management, and the most important is deficiencies in many of the functions of human resources and lack of incentives and training.

Field of study: Education
The Political Function of China’s Internet Public Sphere

Internet public sphere is a theoretical description of the forming process of public opinion. It is a brand new public sphere which has developed from the discussion of social affairs (especially in public affairs) in web forum and blog. At present, China’s internet public sphere has three political functions: to act as the coordination space of state and society, to maintain social stability and political participation and to promote deliberative democracy.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Combining Pharmacological and Psychological Treatments for Binge Eating Disorder: Current Status, Limitations, and Future Directions

Binge eating disorder (BED) is characterized by recurrent binge eating and marked distress about binge eating without the extreme compensatory behaviors for weight control that characterize other eating disorders. BED is prevalent, associated strongly with obesity, and is associated with heightened levels of psychological, psychiatric, and medical concerns. This article provides an overview of randomized controlled treatments for combined psychological and pharmacological treatment of BED to inform current clinical practice and future treatment research. In contrast to the prevalence and significance of BED, to date, limited research has been performed on combining psychological and pharmacological treatments for BED to enhance outcomes. Our review here found that combining certain medications with cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) or behavioral weight loss (BWL) interventions produces superior outcomes to pharmacotherapy only but does not substantially improve outcomes achieved with CBT/BWL only. One medication (orlistat) has improved weight losses with CBT/BWL albeit minimally, and only one medication (topiramate) has enhanced reductions achieved with CBT in both binge eating and weight. Implications for future research are discussed.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Comparison of the Transcriptome of the Ovine Mammary Gland in Lactating and Non-lactating Small-Tailed Han Sheep

Small-Tailed Han (STH) sheep are known for their high fecundity, but the survival of lambs is compromised and influences the commercial return from farming these sheep, with this being attributed in part to starvation from insufficient milk production by the ewes. In this study, the transcriptome profiles of the mammary gland of lactating and non-lactating STH ewes were investigated using paired-end RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq). An average of 14,447 genes were found to be expressed at peak-lactation in the STH sheep, while 15,146 genes were expressed in non-lactating ewes. A total of 4,003 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses revealed that the DEGs were associated with a wide range of cellular components, biological processes and metabolic pathways, including binding activities, signaling pathways, cellular structures, and immune responses. The most highly expressed genes at peak-lactation included CSN2, LGB, LALBA, CSN1S1, CSN1S2, and CSN3, and the 10 most highly expressed genes accounted for 61.37% of the total Reads Per Kilobase of transcript, per Million mapped reads (RPKM). The most highly expressed genes in the mammary gland of non-lactating ewes included IgG, THYMB4X, EEF1A1, IgA, and APOE, and the 10 most highly expressed genes accounted for only 12.97% of the total gene RPKM values. This suggests that the sheep mammary gland undergoes a substantial development in milk protein synthesis infrastructure and promotion of protein transportation during lactation.

Field of study: Biology
A Bayesian structural time series analysis of the effect of basic income on crime: Evidence from the Alaska Permanent Fund*

This paper examines the impact of Alaska's Permanent Fund dividend on crime. The dividend has been payable annually to state residents since 1982 and is the world's longest-running example of a basic income. Initially universal, from 1989 onwards eligibility was withdrawn from an increasing proportion of those in prison. A Bayesian structural time series estimator is used to simulate Alaskan crime rates in the counterfactual no-dividend case. A comparison with actual rates provides an estimate of the dividend's impact. This does not provide strong evidence of an effect. However, incorporating information on dividend amounts suggests the size of payments is important, with larger amounts reducing crime. There is no evidence that this effect is reinforced by the 1989 change to eligibility. The results demonstrate the potential for a basic income to encourage positive outcomes and lend support to payment being universal rather than conditional.

Field of study: Mathematics
Significance of anisotropy and the outer scale of turbulence for optical and radio seeing.

The small value found for the outer scale of turbulence (namely, </=5 m) implies a narrow range of validity for application of Kolmogorov's law to calculate the atmospheric limitations to the performance of telescopes and interferometers. Optical and radio seeing measurements are analyzed in support of a proposed turbulence spectrum which exhibits a spectral gap for scales (and hence interferometer baselines) between approximately 10 and 1500 m but which obeys a 5/3 power law between 1500 and 20,000 m. The implications for forecasting the performance of optical and radio telescopes and interferometers are important.

Field of study: Physics
Effect of Ca~(2+) on Membrane Lipid Peroxidation and Protective Systemes in leaves of Mango Seedlings Under Water Stress

The effects of Ca2+ on membrane lipid peroxidation and protective system were studied in leaves of intact mango seedlings under water stress and in detached leaves after 48 h of PEG osmotic stress. The results indicated that Ca2+ sprayed upon the leaf surface of mango seedlings under water stress obviously slowed down the decreasing of leaves water content, of superoxidase dismutase (SOD) activity and of ascorbic acid (Vc) content. The peroxidase (POD) activity of the leaf surface was increased after spraying and its decreasing rate was hence lessened; the malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulation was reduced evidently. EGTA pretreatment could reduce the effect of Ca2+, and chlorpromazine (cpz) pretreatment inhibited the activities of SOD and POD. It is thought that Ca2+ increased or activated cellular calmodulin (CaM) and then regulated the activities of some relative enzymes, thereby reducing the injury of water stress to the membrane of mango leaves.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Mapping the active site of Escherichia coli malonyl-CoA-acyl carrier protein transacylase (FabD) by protein crystallography.

Malonyl-CoA-acyl carrier protein transacylase (FabD; EC 2.3.1.39) is a key enzyme in the fatty-acid biosynthesis pathway of bacteria, catalyzing the transfer of a malonyl moiety from malonyl-CoA to holo acyl carrier protein (ACP), generating malonyl-ACP and free CoASH. Malonyl-ACP, which is the product of this reaction, is the key building block for de novo fatty-acid biosynthesis. Various binary complex structures of the Escherichia coli enzyme are presented, including that of the natural substrate malonyl-CoA, indicating the functional role of the highly conserved amino acids Gln11, Ser92, Arg117 and His201 and the stabilizing function of the preformed oxyanion hole during the enzymatic reaction. Based on the presented structural data, a possible new catalytic enzyme mechanism is discussed. The data obtained could be used in aiding the process of rational inhibitor design.

Field of study: Chemistry
A discrete element procedure for thin-shell instability analysis.

The concepts of the matrix displacement approach to discrete element structural analysis are extended to predict general instability. Instability phenomena are accounted for by considering the influence of element membrane forces on element effective flexure stiffnesses. Particular attention is given to the problem of determining membrane force distributions that account for interelement membrane-flexure coupling. Representations of instability effects are formulated for several levels of approximation for an arbitrary quadrilateral plate element. Critical applied load intensities are predicted for plate, arch, and spherical cap structures to demonstrate convergence characteristics and to provide comparisons with test data and classical solutions.

Field of study: Physics
Elevated levels of impulsivity and reduced place conditioning with d-amphetamine: two behavioral features of adolescence in mice.

Human adolescents may have experience with easily available psychoactive drugs. Impulsivity and/or peculiarities in reward systems may play a role. These variables were studied in adolescent (Postnatal Day [PND] 30-49) and adult (PND > 60) CD-1 mice. In Experiment 1 (impulsivity), food-restricted mice were tested in operant chambers with 2 nose-poking holes that delivered 1 food pellet immediately or 5 pellets after a delay, respectively. Delay length was increased over days (0-100 s). Adolescent mice showed a shift to the left in the intolerance-delay curve, as well as enhanced demanding when nose-poking was not reinforced. In Experiment 2 (place conditioning with d-amphetamine at 0.0. 1.0, 2.0, 3.3, or 5.0 mg/kg for 3 days), adolescent mice showed no reliable evidence of place conditioning when compared with adults. Hence, 2 main features of adolescence were elevated impulsivity and restlessness, and low (or absent) rewarding efficacy of amphetamine.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Natural attenuation of diesel aliphatic hydrocarbons in contaminated agricultural soil.

A diesel fuel spill at a concentration of 1 L m(-2) soil was simulated on a 12 m(2) plot of agricultural land, and natural attenuation of aliphatic hydrocarbons was monitored over a period of 400 days following the spill after which the aliphatic hydrocarbon concentrations were found to be below the legal contamination threshold for soil. The main fraction of these compounds (95%) remained at the surface layer (0-10 cm). Shortly after the spill (viz. between days 0 and 18), evaporation was the main origin of the dramatic decrease in pollutant concentrations in the soil. Thereafter, soil microorganisms used aliphatic hydrocarbons as sources of carbon and energy, as confirmed by the degradation ratios found. Soil quality indicators, soil microbial biomass and dehydrogenase activity, regained their original levels about 200 days after the spill.

Field of study: Environmental science
Establishment of a novel factor-dependent myeloid cell line from primary cultures of mouse bone marrow.

We describe here a novel myelomonocytic cell line (OTT1) obtained from primary cultures of mouse bone marrow cells infected with a retroviral vector carrying the mouse interleukin (IL)-1 alpha gene. OTT1 cells are dependent for their survival and proliferation on IL-3, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) or, unexpectedly, IL-5. Despite their IL-5 dependency, OTT1 cells form colonies showing predominantly monocyte maturation when plated in methylcellulose. It is suggested that constitutive expression of the exogenous IL-1 alpha gene may predispose to a monocytic phenotype. OTT1 cells should be a useful experimental model to investigate the molecular mechanisms of IL-5 signal transduction and the possible interrelationships between this signal pathway and those utilized by IL-3 and GM-CSF.

Field of study: Medicine