nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Assessment of flatulence causing agents in Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) and their possible removal

A significant part of the world population relies on legumes as staple food particularly in combination with cereals. Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) are one of the oldest and most widely consumed legumes often advocated in human diet because of their beneficial nutritional effects and a low cost protein source (Brummer et al., 2015). Although, the protein content of legume grains is relatively high but its protein quality is low (Ahmed et al., 2006). This has been attributed to the deficiency of sulpher containing amino acids and the presence of anti-nutritional factors such as tannic acid, polyphenols and flatulence causing oligosaccharides like stachyose and raffinose (El-Adawy, 2002).

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Co-expression Pattern Analysis of miR-17-92 Target Genes in Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are post-transcriptional regulators that regulate gene expression by binding to the 3′ untranslated region of target mRNAs. Mature miRNAs transcribed from the miR-17-92 cluster have an oncogenic activity, which are overexpressed in chronic-phase chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) patients compared with normal individuals. Besides, the tyrosine kinase activity of BCR-ABL oncoprotein from the Philadelphia chromosome in CML can affect this miRNA cluster. Genes with similar mRNA expression profiles are likely to be regulated by the same regulators. We hypothesize that target genes regulated by the same miRNA are co-expressed. In this study, we aim to explore the difference in the co-expression patterns of those genes potentially regulated by miR-17-92 cluster between the normal and the CML groups. We applied a statistical method for gene pair classification by identifying a disease-specific cutoff point that classified the co-expressed gene pairs into strong and weak co-expression classes. The method effectively identified the differences in the co-expression patterns from the overall structure. Functional annotation for co-expressed gene pairs showed that genes involved in the metabolism processes were more likely to be co-expressed in the normal group compared to the CML group. Our method can identify the co-expression pattern difference from the overall structure between two different distributions using the distribution-based statistical method. Functional annotation further provides the biological support. The co-expression pattern in the normal group is regarded as the inter-gene linkages, which represents the healthy pathological balance. Dysregulation of metabolism may be related to CML pathology. Our findings will provide useful information for investigating the novel CML mechanism and treatment.

Field of study: Biology
The Kansas City Flash Flood of 12 September 1977

On 12 September 1977, severe flash flooding in Kansas City, Mo., resulted in widespread damage and 25 fatalities. It was the worst flash flood of modern times in this area in terms of loss of life and damage. Meteorological analysis of the flood situation indicates the key ingredients for the unprecedented flooding were: 1) two heavy convective rain events occurring in essentially the same location within a 20 h period, and 2) the formation by the first storm system of a small-scale surface boundary wave that concentrated the low-level convergence over the Kansas City area for an extended period of time preceding the second event. Total rainfall amounts for the 24 h storm period were >16 inches (40 cm). Rainfall rates were as high as 8 inches (20 cm) in 4 h during the flooding on the evening of the 12th. Besides the conventional surface and upper air observational network, radar and satellite input were of significant value in analyzing the storm evolution.

Field of study: Environmental science
The role of the Th17 cytokines IL-17 and IL-22 in Rheumatoid Arthritis pathogenesis and developments in cytokine immunotherapy.

Over the past few years, the importance of Interleukin (IL)-17 and T helper (Th)17 cells in the pathology of Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) has become apparent. RA is a systemic autoimmune disease that affects up to 1% of the population worldwide. It is characterized by an inflamed, hyperplastic synovium with pannus formation, leading to bone and cartilage destruction in the joints. By the production of effector cytokines like IL-17 and IL-22, the T helper 17 subset protects the host against bacterial and fungal infections, but it can also promote the development of various autoimmune diseases like RA. Hence, the Th17 pathway recently became a very interesting target in RA treatment. Up to now, several therapies targeting the Th17 cells or its effector cytokines have been tested, or are currently under investigation. This review clarifies the role of Th17 cells and its cytokines in the pathogenesis of RA, and provides an overview of the clinical trials using immunotherapy to target this particular T helper subset or the two main effector cytokines by which the Th17 cells exert their function, IL-17 and IL-22.

Field of study: Medicine
Stability of crystalline Gd(2)O(3) thin films on silicon during rapid thermal annealing

We investigate the impact of rapid thermal anneals on structural and electrical properties of crystalline Gd2O3 layers grown on Si with different orientations. Due to additional oxygen from the annealing ambient, a structureless two-layer stack (silicon-oxide-like and silicate-like) between the silicon and the crystalline oxide will be formed. The degradation of layers can be significantly reduced by sealing the layer with a-Si prior to annealing. For the capped layers, the effective capacitance equivalent thickness increases only slightly even after a 1000 °C anneal.

Field of study: Materials science
Prevalence of Dental Anxiety in 7- to 11-Year-Old Children and Its Relationship to Dental Caries

The aims of this cross-sectional study were to evaluate the level of fear of dental procedures among schoolchildren and assess the relationship between caries experience and fear of dental procedures.  275 children aged 7–11 years were recruited for the study. Before conducting a dental examination, each subject was asked to independently complete a Children’s Fear Survey Schedule – Dental Subscale (CFSS-DS) questionnaire. Children having a score of ≥38 were included in the group ‘with dental fear’ while those scoring <38 were placed in the ‘without dental fear’ group. All dental examinations were performed on the school premises according to WHO criteria.  Mean CFSS-DS value was 28.1, and the number of children who experienced dental fear was 40 (14.5%). It was found that Decayed, Missing and Filled Surface Index (DMFS-dfs) increased significantly with increasing CFSS-DS values. Fear scores were highest for ‘Choking’ (3.3), ‘Injections’ (2.6) and ‘Having somebody put instruments in their mouth’ (2.6). No significant differences in fear scores between boys and girls were found in this study.  The data showed prevalence of dental fear in the 7–11-year-old children of this study. Dental fear scores decreased with increasing age.

Field of study: Medicine
NONDESTRUCTIVE SUGAR CONTENT MEASUREMENTS OF INTACT FRUIT USING SPIN-SPIN RELAXATION TIME (T2) MEASUREMENTS BY PULSED 1H MAGNETIC RESONANCE

A technique to estimate sugar content of intact fruit using 10 MHz pulsed proton magnetic resonance (IH-MR) was investigated. The values of spin-spin relaxation times (T2) were calculated from the data. A correlation model between T2 values and sugar contents was developed from the principle of chemical exchange between sugar and water protons. The chemical exchange between sugar and water changed the values of T2. The correlation model was verified by experiments on intact fruit. The T2 of intact grapes and sweet cherries were correlated with soluble solids as measured with a refractometer. These results suggest that T2 measurements on intact fruit can be used as a rapid, noninvasive and nondestructive indicator of sugar content.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Sustainable shrimp farming in Bangladesh: a quest for an Integrated Coastal Zone Management

Shrimp farming in Bangladesh has been expanded rapidly following huge demand in the international market. This fast development is however accompanied by lack of adequate planning and regulation at the national policy level. This unplanned and haphazard shrimp farming is gathering considerable debate due to its negative environmental and socio-economic consequences. This paper first investigates the nature of adverse impacts of unregulated shrimp farming in the coastal region of the country. In that respect, the article makes a thorough evaluation of existing regulatory and institutional framework regarding shrimp farming in Bangladesh. Ultimately, the paper argues that a paradigm shift is required from the present sectoral approach of resource management. Finally, it recommends to pursue a holistic approach together with integration of Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) principles into national laws and policies for sustainable shrimp farming in Bangladesh.

Field of study: Environmental science
The idealisation of therapy: fantasy versus reality in clinical practice.

In this paper, object-relations theory is used to illuminate problems encountered in the psychotherapeutic management of severely disturbed psychiatric patients. The hazards of idealisation of the psychiatrist by the patient are reported in four case histories. Attention is drawn to the subsequent breakthrough of negative feelings where idealisation had been unrecognised or unwittingly encouraged. Some implications for the more successful management of the transference in patients such as these are discussed.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Zur Theorie der Konversionskoeffizienten

ZusammenfassungEs werden die Konversionskoeffizienten für einen punktförmigen Kern und für einen endlichen Kern abgeleitet. Für einen punktförmigen Kern ergeben sich die korrespondenzmä\ig erhaltenen Formeln. Das sog. „Eichproblem“ in der Theorie der Konversionskoeffizienten stellt sich dabei als ein Scheinproblem heraus. Der Fehler durch Annahme eines punktförmigen Kerns wird für denK-Konversionskoeffizienten für magnetische Dipolübergänge in einem Extremfall zu 40% abgeschätzt.

Field of study: Physics
A Note on Testing for Serial Correlation in Large Number of Small Samples Using Tail Probability Approximations

A method of testing for serial correlation in large number of independent replications from short, first order autoregressive type time series with zero mean is considered. We use an approach via the Edgeworth expansion to compute the tail probability in order to test the null hypothesis of zero serial correlation at lag 1. Approximate tail probabilities are computed using our results to justify the theory.

Field of study: Mathematics
Messung der spezifischen Wärme und der Fehlordnungsenergie von amorphen Blei-Wismut-Schichten

Amorphous Pb-Films with a 30 atomic-% Bi-content are produced by evaporation onto a cooled Be-foil at 20 °K in high vacuum. The specific heat of these films in the temperature range from 5–8 °K is found to be 1.6 times larger than after crystallization, which takes place during warming up between 30 and 40 °K. The stored energy released during this crystallization amounts to 1.5 kcal/mol.

Field of study: Physics
Ozone stress and antioxidant substances in Trifolium repens and Centaurea jacea leaves.

Ozone-sensitive (NC-S clone) and resistant plants (NC-R clone) of Trifolium repens and Centaurea jacea were exposed to moderate ozone concentrations in ambient air. The aim of this study was the investigation of the relation between ozone-sensitivity and leaf concentrations of antioxidants (ascorbic acid, total phenolics and total antioxidant capacity). NC-R clone showed the highest concentrations of antioxidants with 50-70% more ascorbic acid than NC-S. NC-R had about 5 times more ascorbic acid in the young leaves and 9 times more in the old leaves than Centaurea. In a fumigation experiment with acute ozone stress (100 nl L(-1)) the antioxidant levels changed profoundly. The ozone-injured leaves of NC-S had 6-8 times more total phenolics than uninjured leaves. Generally older leaves had lower antioxidant concentrations and were more prone to ozone injury than younger leaves. Ascorbic acid concentrations were closer related to the appearance of visible ozone injury than the other antioxidative parameters.

Field of study: Environmental science
Performance of phased rotation, conformation and translation function: accurate protein model building with tripeptidic and tetrapeptidic fragments.

The automatic building of protein structures with tripeptidic and tetrapeptidic fragments was investigated. The oligopeptidic conformers were positioned in the electron-density map by a phased rotation, conformation and translation function and refined by a real-space refinement. The number of successfully located fragments lay within the interval 75-95% depending on the resolution and phase quality. The overlaps of partially located fragments were analyzed. The correctly positioned fragments were connected into chains. Chains formed in this way were extended directly into the electron density and a sequence was assigned. In the initial stage of the model building the number of located fragments was between 60% and 95%, but this number could be increased by several cycles of reciprocal-space refinement and automatic model rebuilding. A nearly complete structure can be obtained on the condition that the resolution is reasonable. Computer graphics will only be needed for a final check and small corrections.

Field of study: Chemistry
Sudbury Basin Sediments and the Meteoritic Impact Theory of Origin for the Sudbury Structure

The Whitewater Group preserved within the Sudbury Basin structure conforms to a logical succession of beds to be expected for sediments accumulated in a large impact-generated crater. The lowest beds of the Group, the lower Onaping Formation, represent impact-generated breccia and fall-back material, the upper Onaping Formation and the overlying Onwatin Slates represent the restricted crater series, while the succeeding Chelmsford Sandstone represents an open marine turbidite sequence. The turbidites swept across the area at a time when the crater rim was no longer influencing sea bottom current circulation. The apparent anomaly of the occurrence of sediments deposited in an extensive marine environment and presently only found within the Sudbury Basin is attributed to preferential preservation, due to compaction-generated subsidence over the crater and impact-fractured area.

Field of study: Environmental science
A Log-Based 3D Model Retrieval Relevance Feedback Scheme Using Biased SVMs

Retrieval relevance feedback is an iterative search technique to bridge the semantic gap between the high level user intention and low level data representation. This technique interactively determines a user's desired output or query concept by asking the user whether certain proposed 3D models are relevant or not. In the past, most research efforts in 3D model retrieval field have focused on designing algorithms for traditional relevance feedback. Given a 3D model retrieval system, it can collect and store users’ relevance feedback information in a history log, 3D model retrieval system can take advantage of the log data of users’ feedback to enhance its retrieval performance. In this paper, we propose a unified 3D model retrieval relevance feedback framework that integrates the log data into the traditional relevance feedback schemes to learn effectively the correlation between low-level 3D model features and high-level concepts. In this 3D model retrieval relevance feedback scheme, we use a learning technique for relevance feedback, named biased support vector machine based relevance feedback.  Experimental results show that this log-based scheme can achieves higher search accuracy than traditional query refinement schemes.

Field of study: Computer science
Episiotomy in low-risk deliveries: physician factors.

From 376 randomly selected nulliparous women who delivered at the Grace Hospital in 1986, we selected 133 low-risk women and performed a retrospective chart review to ascertain the episiotomy rate for physicians by sex, years since graduation, and specialty status. There was a statistically significant difference between the rate for specialists (65%) and general practitioners (38%). A non-significant difference was found between male physicians (41%) and female physicians (56%) and between physicians who had graduated within 15 years (42%) and those who graduated more than 15 years ago (52%). Subgroup analysis of the general practitioner data revealed different patterns for male and female physicians according to their graduation cohort.

Field of study: Medicine
On synchronization in semelparous populations

Synchronization, i.e., convergence towards a dynamical state where the whole population is in one age class, is a characteristic feature of some population models with semelparity. We prove some rigorous results on this, for a simple class of nonlinear one- population models with age structure and semelparity: (i) the survival probabilities are assumed constant, and (ii) only the last age class is reproducing (semelparity), with fecundity decreasing with total population. For this model we prove: (a) The synchronized, or Single Year Class (SYC), dynamical state is always attracting. (b) The coexistence equilibrium is often unstable; we state and prove simple results on this. (c) We describe dynamical states with some, but not all, age classes populated, which we call Multiple Year Class (MYC) patterns, and we prove results extending (a) and (b) into these patterns.

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics
Novel Approach to Stabilize Unstable Molecular Wires by Simultaneous Rotaxane Formation – Synthesis of Inclusion Complexes of Oligocarbynes with Cyclic Host Molecules

An effective method to stabilize oligocarbynes as a modelfor polycarbyne by the simultaneous complexation withα-cyclodextrin (α-CD) is described. 1,12-Bis(9-phenanthryl)-1,3,5,7,9,11-dodecahexayne possessing one or two α-CD molecules was prepared by the oxidative coupling reaction of the corresponding triyne in the presence of α-CD. The resulting rotaxanes proved to be stable enough in comparison with the corresponding free oligoynes.

Field of study: Chemistry
Beurling-Figa-Talamanca-Herz algebras

For a locally compact group $G$ and $p \in (1,\infty)$, we define and study the Beurling-Figa-Talamanca-Herz algebras $A_p(G,\omega)$. For $p=2$ and abelian $G$, these are precisely the Beurling algebras on the dual group $\hat{G}$. For $p =2$ and compact $G$, our approach subsumes an earlier one by H. H. Lee and E. Samei. The key to our approach is not to define Beurling algebras through weights, i.e., possibly unbounded continuous functions, but rather through their inverses, which are bounded continuous functions. We prove that a locally compact group $G$ is amenable if and only if one - and, equivalently, every - Beurling-Figa-Talamanca-Herz algebra $A_p(G,\omega)$ has a bounded approximate identity.

Field of study: Mathematics
Über die Feinstruktur der Röntgenabsorptionskanten

Zusammenfassung§ 1. Es werden die Theorie der doppelten Elektronensprünge und die Kronigsche Theorie der Peinstruktur einander gegenübergestellt. Das Experiment entscheidet zugunsten der letzteren. § 2. Die größte Variation des Absorptionskoeffizienten im Feinstrukturgebiet beträgt bei Eisen 19, bei Cu 13 und bei Zn 7 %; dies ist in Übereinstimmung mit der allgemeinen Regel: je höher der Schmelzpunkt eines Metalls, um so größer sind die Schwankungen im Absorptionskoeffizienten. § 3. Bei Temperaturerhöhung des Zinks wird im allgemeinen die Peinstruktur derK-Kante weniger ausgesprochen, bei einer Temperatur von 4050 C bleibt jedoch die Feinstruktur ganz nahe an der Kante (bis zu einer Entfernung von 20 Volt) nahezu ungeändert. § 4. Die Schwankungen im Absorptionskoeffizienten imLIII-Absorptionsgebiet sind bei Gold (1,5%) kleiner als bei Platin (2,5%) und bei beiden kleiner als imK-Gebiet des Kupfers (13%). Die Lage der Maxima und Minima der Absorption sind für Kupfer, Gold und Platin dieselben, wenn man für die verschiedenen Gitterkonstanten dieser Elemente korrigiert. § 5. Es wird die LIII-Absorption des Goldes und dieK-Absorption des Kupfers in einem Au-Cu-Mischkristall bestimmt. Die Lagen der Maxima und Minima sind in beiden Fällen dieselben. Die Schwankungen im Absorptionskoeffizienten sind bei der Gold-LIII-Kante größer als in reinem Gold, bei der Kupfer-K-Kante geringer als in reinem Kupfer; dadurch werden die relativen Schwankungen bei diesen Elementen einander innerhalb der Fehlergrenze gleich.

Field of study: Physics
Sub-bandgap photoconductivity in ZnO epilayers and extraction of trap density spectra

Photoconductivity is observed in ZnO epilayers due to photoexcitation in the visible spectral region of 400–700 nm, below the ZnO bandgap energy of 3.4 eV. Photoconductive transients due to visible photoexcitation have time constants in the order of minutes. Treatment of the ZnO surface with SiO2 passivation layers results in a significant reduction in the photoconductive signal and photoconductive time constant. The photoconductive response is attributed to hole traps in ZnO, where a rate equation model is presented to describe the photoconductive characteristics. A method of extracting the hole trap density spectrum is presented on the basis of the rate equation model and assumptions for hole capture lifetime and carrier recombination lifetime that are validated by experimental time-resolved photoluminescence measurements of the material under study. Traps are found to be distributed near 0.75 eV and 0.9 eV from the valence band edge for SiO2 passivated and unpassivated ZnO epilayers, respectively.

Field of study: Materials science
Minimally invasive therapy: the French case study.

The diffusion in France of the 10 selected technologies is quite different, depending on the technology. Some are 'ancient', widely diffused and stabilized techniques, such as arthroscopy for knee surgery and lithotripsy for bladder stones. Others are very new but quickly disseminating technologies, such as laparoscopic cholecystectomy, and others, especially those based on lasers, have only a restricted diffusion related in some cases to a lasting skepticism of most physicians. It is therefore not possible to draw a common sketch that would apply to 'minimally invasive surgery in France' as a whole. Nevertheless, it is possible to stress some common points which characterize the dissemination of innovation in the French health care system since the 1980s. These include the lack of methods available to health authorities to control medical innovation; the organizational and financial constraints on health care institutions, restricting their ability to adapt to changing circumstances; a limited judicial response in the face of potentially dangerous technologies; the high degree of freedom that medical practitioners have in adopting innovations; the weakness of French industry; and the important and sometimes destructive role the media play in diffusion of health care innovations.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Gender Stereotypes on Biology Practical Pedagogy: A Student-Teachers` Perspective

This study examines ideas of pre-service teachers on goals of biology practical in three purposely selected Colleges of Education. To this end, A researcher designed questionnaire which was adapted titled ‘views of pre-service teachers on biology practical’ to elicit information, and findings of a survey administered to 405 pre-service teachers revealed divergent views with gender stereotypes on  laboratory manual, e-learning and biology practical and  with chi-square statistical tool used to analyze the research questions and results presented.  Pre-Service Teachers, Teacher Education, Biology Education, Gender Stereotypes, Laboratory Practical, Laboratory Teachers

Field of study: Education