nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Assessment for the Coastal Sedimentary Environment in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) Region, China by Using 14C Dating

Since late Quaternary, the intense change of coastal sedimentary environment in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region has resulted in accumulating the thick sedimentary layers with the different causes and properties which were influenced by the fluctuation of sea levels, the change of ancient climate and human activities. Based on the interpretation of high resolution of these sediments, such as the period, sedimentary facies and discontinuous faces, we can infer the evolution of the ancient climate of regional Quaternary environment in the background of global change to know more details about the formation of the PRD. Taking the Xilin Hill fault as the example, we explained the reason of the PRD formation, inferred its interactions with local/regional climate and sea-level changes, and analyzed the evolution of the PRD formation and its controlling factors of the coastal sedimentary environment by using 14C dating technology. It is noted that the neo-tectonic movement and the fault activities played a critical role in controlling coastal geological environment. This is helpful to further investigate the evolution of the PRD coastal sedimentary environment, the history of inversion region, and the sedimentary facies model of the interaction between land and sea. More investigations will be conducted in the near future.

Field of study: Engineering
SMALL SCALE PRODUCTION OF CRUDE STARCH FROM POTATOES

A small scale device for producing crude starch from cull potatoes was designed, built, and tested. The device uses a wire brush to grind the tubers and a screen centrifuge to separate the tuber pieces into fibre and non-fibre (starch) components. At a rotating speed of 2450 rpm, the machine produced a crude starch that contained a high average of 53.7% recovered starch at 96.4% purity. After removing 75.2% of the original water from the starch fraction in the best test average, the moisture content was reduced to 47.8%. Three separate drying felts were evaluated for their ability to extract liquid from the slurry. The slurry was spread on the different felts and a roller passed over the slurry on the felt. The roller was passed over the felt as many as three times. The process proved not to be sensitive to the felt type used nor to the number of passes of the roller. The drying felts performed adequately by removing 75.2% of the original liquid from the starch fraction and 54.4% from the fiber fractions.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Correspondence between phenomenological and IBM-1 models of even isotopes of Yb

Energy levels and the reduced probability of E2– transitions for ytterbium isotopes with proton number Z = 70 and neutron numbers between 100 and 106 have been calculated through phenomenological (PhM) and interacting boson (IBM-1) models. The predicted low-lying levels (energies, spins and parities) and the reduced probability for E2– transitions results are reasonably consistent with the available experimental data. The predicted low-lying levels (gr–, β1– and γ1– band) produced in the PhM are in good agreement with the experimental data compared with those by IBM-1 for all nuclei of interest. In addition, the phenomenological model was successful in predicting the β2–, β3–, β4–, γ2– and 1+ – band while it was a failure with IBM-1. Also, the 3+– band is predicted by the IBM-1 model for 172Yb and 174Yb nuclei. All calculations are compared with the available experimental data.

Field of study: Physics
SUMO modification selectively regulates transcriptional activity of peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor γ in C2C12 myotubes.

PPAR (peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor) γ, a nuclear receptor, can be conjugated with SUMO (small ubiquitin-like modifier), which results in the negative regulation of its transcriptional activity. In the present study, we tested whether de-SUMOylation of PPARγ affects the expression of PPARγ target genes in mouse muscle cells and investigated the mechanism by which de-SUMOylation increases PPARγ transcriptional activity. We found that the SUMO-specific protease SENP2 [SUMO1/sentrin/SMT3 (suppressor of mif two 3 homologue 1)-specific peptidase 2] effectively de-SUMOylates PPARγ-SUMO conjugates. Overexpression of SENP2 in C2C12 cells increased the expression of some PPARγ target genes, such as FABP3 (fatty-acid-binding protein 3) and CD36 (fatty acid translocase), both in the absence and presence of rosiglitazone. In contrast, overexpression of SENP2 did not affect the expression of another PPARγ target gene ADRP (adipose differentiation-related protein). De-SUMOylation of PPARγ increased ChIP (chromatin immunoprecipitation) of both a recombinant PPRE (PPAR-response element) and endogenous PPREs of the target genes CD36 and FABP3, but ChIP of the PPRE in the ADRP promoter was not affected by SENP2 overexpression. In conclusion, these results indicate that SENP2 de-SUMOylates PPARγ in myotubes, and de-SUMOylation of PPARγ selectively increases the expression of some PPARγ target genes.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
The Evolution and Improvement of Poor Students Aids Policy in China Universities

Since the New China was built,the poor students aids policy has went through three periods,from free of charge period to the period of reward instead of stipend,till now to the cost-share period.There're the following changes: from pursuing equality partially to taking account of equality and efficiency;from government monopoly to government domination and stockholders participation;from the simplistic policy of award and stipend to the mixed method of award,loan,stipend,remission,subsidy and "green passage".However,there're shortcomings in the policy design.In fact,the present policy is dependent more on the government strength,neglectful in hunting for social aids.It needs to promote the policy system of aids in universities.

Field of study: Education
Condoms and Adolescent HIV: A Medical Evaluation

The much publicized sexual revolution, as it is often the case, has involved unintended levels of society: carefree youngsters have become sexually active at younger and younger ages, with a cohort of promiscuity, sexually transmitted diseases, ectopic pregnancies and a several-fold increase in the number of pregnancies and out-of-wedlock babies, growing up in an environment of emotional deprivation. To this we have to add the risk that HIV / AIDS may become highly prevalent in this group, in spite of the political decision that AIDS is not a sexually transmitted disease. Condoms, virtually discarded as an eff~tive contraceptive, due to the high rate of failure, pleasure reduction and awkward deployment, have been resuscitated and chosen as the means to "safer sex", to shelter our youngsters from this plague. There are major flaws with this approach, which with a modicum of honesty and goodwill, does not claim to be "the 1 00% solution, only the best we can offer to those who will become sexually active." It is not only no solution at all, but it may be a multiplier of the problem. Dr. Noble, an infectious diseases specialist puts it this way: "Passing out condoms to teenagers is like issuing them squirt guns for a four alarm blaze.

Field of study: Medicine, Philosophy
Francesco Petrarca.Les triomphes. Eds. Gabriella Parussa and Elina Suomela-Härmä. Trans. Simon Bourgouin. Travaux d’Humanisme et Renaissance 495. Geneva: Librairie Droz, 2012. 322 pp. $86.40. ISBN: 978–2–600–01546–2.


Field of study: History
Magnetic and Density Spikes in Cosmic-Ray Shock Precursors

In shock precursors populated by accelerated cosmic rays (CRs), the CR return current instability is believed to significantly enhance the pre-shock perturbations of magnetic field. We have obtained fully nonlinear exact ideal MHD solutions supported by the CR return current. The solutions occur as localized spikes of circularly polarized Alfven envelopes (solitons or breathers). As the conventional (undriven) solitons, the obtained magnetic spikes propagate at a speed C proportional to their amplitude, . The sufficiently strong solitons run thus ahead of the main shock and stand in the precursor, being supported by the return current. This property of the nonlinear solutions is strikingly different from the linear theory that predicts non-propagating (that is, convected downstream) circularly polarized waves. The nonlinear solutions may come either in isolated pulses (solitons) or in soliton-trains (cnoidal waves). The morphological similarity of such quasi-periodic soliton chains with recently observed X-ray stripes in the Tycho supernova remnant (SNR) is briefly discussed. The magnetic field amplification determined by the suggested saturation process is obtained as a function of decreasing SNR blast wave velocity during its evolution from the ejecta dominated to the Sedov-Taylor stage.

Field of study: Physics
An Empirical Investigation of Knowledge Management Systems' Success

Assessing the success of knowledge management systems within organizations is vital. To understand if this is a viable technology that will have lasting value, we propose and test a model to measure the success of knowledge management systems within knowledge-based organizations based on the widely accepted DeLone and McLean [14][15][16] IS Success Model. We adopted the generic framework of the IS Success Model and customized it to the context of knowledge management systems. This research provides an empirical study by constructing a set of questionnaire items to measure knowledge management system success and to answer the following questions: (1) What are the appropriate dimensions for evaluating the success of KMS? (2) Is there any relationship between these dimensions? (3) Does the extent of KMS use vary greatly according to the KMS' system quality, its knowledge quality and its service quality? Eighteen organizations were surveyed and the results are presented here in.

Field of study: Computer science
Keeping therapies simple: psychoeducation in the prevention of relapse in affective disorders

Psychological interventions for mood disorders can be divided into ‘skilled’ and ‘simple‘. Psychoeducation belongs to the latter group: a simple and illness-focused therapy with prophylactic efficacy in all major mood disorders. Successful implementation of psychoeducation requires a proper setting, including open-door policy, team effort and empowerment of the therapeutic alliance.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
On the Improvement of Chinese Labor Contract Legal System

Labor Contract Law established development direction of Chinese labor relations in the future,playing an important role in promoting harmonious labor relations.However,there still exist a few imperfections,reflected in unreasonable single-protection principle,the imperfect items about employer’s layoff,the labor dispatch and workers’relief right on non-fixed term labor,etc.The article,based on the above-mentioned imperfections,makes corresponding suggestions to improve the Labor Contract Law to better protect the labor relation harmony.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Die gasförmigen Mineralisatoren im Magma

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Field of study: Environmental science
Lanthanide complexes of encapsulating ligands: Luminescent devices at the molecular level

Lanthanide complexes of encapsulating ligands are studied as luminescent devices at the molecular level. The photophysical properties of the complexes which, up till now, showed the most intense luminescencepe reported. The luminescence intensity of these complexes is discussed,considering the efficiency of incident light-emitted light conversion, defined as the product of the absorption efficiency and the luminescence quantum yield. It is illustrated,how the metal luminescence intensity can be enhanced by adapting the ligands on basis of previously obtained experimental results. The possible application of these complexes in fluoroimmunoassays is examined.

Field of study: Chemistry
Testing linear inequality constraints in the standard linear model

In this paper we are concerned with the problem of testing whether the â-parameters of the standard linear model satisfy the linear equality constraints R = r when they are known to satisfy the corresponding linear inequality constraints Râ ⩾ r. In particular we will show that the exact finite sample null distributions of the Likelihood Ratio, Wald and Kuhn-Tucker statistics are known when R is of full row rank but not known when R has less than full row rank. The less than full row rank problem has not been discussed previously but it is of considerable potential importance. This paper contains several simple numerical examples which illustrate the computational details of the tests

Field of study: Mathematics
Testing Fundamental Physics with Distant Star Clusters: Analysis of Observational Data on Palomar 14

We use the distant outer halo globular cluster Palomar 14 as a test case for classical versus modified Newtonian dynamics (MOND). Previous theoretical calculations have shown that the line-of-sight velocity dispersion predicted by these theories can differ by up to a factor of 3 for such sparse, remote clusters like Pal 14. We determine the line-of-sight velocity dispersion of Palomar 14 by measuring radial velocities of 17 red giant cluster members obtained using the Very Large Telescope and Keck telescope. The systemic velocity of Palomar 14 is (72.28 ± 0.12) km s^(–1). The derived velocity dispersion of (0.38 ± 0.12) km s^(–1) of the 16 definite member stars is in agreement with the theoretical prediction for the classical Newtonian case according to Baumgardt et al. In order to exclude the possibility that a peculiar mass function might have influenced our measurements, we derived the cluster's main-sequence mass function down to 0.53 M⊙ using archival images obtained with the Hubble Space Telescope. We found a mass function slope of α = 1.27 ± 0.44, which is, compared to the canonical mass function, a significantly shallower slope. The derived lower limit on the cluster's mass is higher than the theoretically predicted mass in the case of MOND. Our data are consistent with a central density of ρ_0 = 0.1 M⊙ pc^(–3). We need no dark matter in Palomar 14. If the cluster is on a circular orbit, our spectroscopic and photometric results argue against MOND, unless the cluster experienced significant mass loss.

Field of study: Physics
Neuronal degeneration in rat cerebrocortical and olfactory regions during subchronic "binge" intoxication with ethanol: possible explanation for olfactory deficits in alcoholics.

Severe, repetitive ("binge") ethanol intoxication in adult rats (intragastric delivery 3 times daily for 4 days in a modification of the Majchrowicz method) precipitates neuronal degeneration in selected cerebral cortical regions involved in memory and olfaction, confirming the results of Switzer and colleagues (Anat.  1982). Neuronal damage was visualized with the de Olmos cupric silver technique for degenerating neurons and processes (argyrophilia), and was quantitated by total counts and densities of argyrophilic cells/fields. The specificity of the degeneration provides a neuropathological basis for the olfactory memory deficits in chronic alcoholics. In highly intoxicated rats, argyrophilia was most extensive among hippocampal dentate gyrus granule cells, pyramidal neurons in layer 3 of the entorhinal cortex, and olfactory nerve terminals in the olfactory bulb. Degenerating pyramidal neurons were also consistently seen in the insular cortex and olfactory cortical regions, such as the piriform and perirhinal cortices. There were few argyrophilic neurons in the CA regions of the hippocampus and none in the cerebellum--regions generally shown to have cell loss in long-term ethanol feeding models--but degenerating mossy fibers in the CA2 region were observed. Degeneration was maximal before the peak period of abstinence symptoms in this model, because argyrophilic densities were no greater 36 hr, compared with 8 hr after the last ethanol dose. High blood ethanol levels were required, because argyrophilia, absent from isocaloric controls, also was only evident in ethanol-intoxicated rats with mean blood ethanol levels for days 2 to 4 above 300 mg/dl; however, it increased substantially between 350 and 550 mg/dl. The resemblance of the argyrophilic distribution to the regional neuropathology that occurs in experimental seizures indicates that the ethanol-induced degeneration may have an excitotoxic basis. Progressive reductions in the seizure threshold (e.g., kindling phenomena that have been documented during binge ethanol intoxication) might be associated with excitotoxic hyperactivity during the repetitive nadirs between high blood and brain ethanol peaks. However, direct toxic actions of ethanol or its metabolites could also be involved. Overall, the model should be useful for studying mechanisms of ethanol-induced selective cortical and olfactory brain damage.

Field of study: Medicine
Ceria as a new support of noble metal catalysts for hydrocarbon reactions: chemisorption and catalytic studies

Metal/cerium-oxide systems were practically not studied in hydrocarbon reactions. Chemisorption properties—in temperature programmed reduction, hydrogen adsorption, and H2/O2 titration—and catalytic behavior of ceria-supported Pt and Rh catalysts with different metal loadings and with two pre-reduction temperatures (LTR, TR=573 K and HTR, TR=773 K) were investigated. Pt/CeO2 was tested in transformation of n-hexane while Rh/CeO2 in ring opening of methylcyclopentane (MCP). Higher spillover activity was found for the LTR Rh samples than for HTR ones. The opposite was true for Pt. The Rh/ceria samples showed ordinary catalytic behavior: structure insensitivity was observed for the first CC bond cleavage of MCP on Rh/ceria and the further reaction of the ring opening intermediates was affected by the surface hydrogen concentration. The Pt/LTR samples showed catalytic properties similar to EUROPT-1, while the HTR samples were different, namely the higher spillover activity caused high C5-cyclization selectivity on the catalyst with low metal loading, and surprisingly high hydrogenolysis selectivity on that with higher metal loading.

Field of study: Materials science
Study about How the Chinese Economic Status Affects to the Baltic Dry Index

China has become one of the world’s economic pillars, surely a G2 nation. Along with the enormously fast economic globalization and China’s fast growth, exchange consolidation between Korea and China is inevitable. Also, since Korea is a country with a high foreign trade rate, the Chinese variation is crucial. This research has analyzed the co-relationship between the BDI, ship’s space, and the Chinese economic trend, and the effect China has on the merchant marine market, using a hypothesis that says the Chinese economic fluctuation caused by national development is a major factor in the world bulk traffic fee fluctuation. The research has concluded that the Chinese economic fluctuation does affect the dry bulk traffic fee and the bottom constantly.

Field of study: Business
CGR: Centrality-based green routing for Low-power and Lossy Networks

High throughput and energy are two important constraints of the Low-power and Lossy Network (L2N). We propose Centrality-based Green Routing for L2Ns (CGR) as a routing protocol that considers both centrality and energy to improve network performance and decrease power consumption. CGR is a collection routing protocol that combines the best features of both protocols Collection Tree Protocol (CTP) and Centrality Tree (CT). CGR uses centrality betweenness-based to choose intermediate nodes that can perform data fusion and employ Link Quality Estimation (LQE) to find routes of high throughput and delivery rate. The suitable combination of these techniques leads the protocol to improve the literature results in delivery rate, energy consumption, and time to deliver data. There is a trade-off by routing through central nodes and their power consumption. Thus we also propose a Policy-Aware algorithm to balance energy consumption and to increase the network lifetime.

Field of study: Computer science
A Logic Test of the Development of the State Monopoly Policy for Purchase and Marketing

The State Monopoly System for Purchase and Marketing is a product of the planned economy period when materials were in great shortage,and is also the consequence of mandatory system change with the allocation of social resources dominated by the state.In order to ensure the system operate and develop in an effective way,the state implemented the policy of "fixed production", "fixed purchase","fixed exchange","fixed consumption and selling"in the process of the social production of agricultural products.When the implementation deviation of the system was to influence people's life and production,they began to make conventional autonomous resistance in order to express their interest demands and grievances against the state policy.With the development of social production,disadvantages of the system became increasingly prominent and seriously hindered the development of social economy,so the system was ultimately replaced by the market economy system.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Statistical estimation of disturbance energy due to conductor motion in rotor windings of superconducting generator

In a previous work, we have derived a theory to statistically predict the stability characteristics by statistically estimating the size of the conductor motion. In this paper, we apply this theory to predict the stability characteristics of rotor windings of a superconducting generator. Quench tests of the model rotor for the 70 MW superconducting generator were conducted as a part of the activities of super-GM project. The theoretical results are compared with the test results and the agreement of both the results is reasonably good.<<ETX>>

Field of study: Physics