nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
A Deep Causal Inference Approach to Measuring the Effects of Forming Group Loans in Online Non-profit Microfinance Platform

Kiva is an online non-profit crowdsouring microfinance platform that raises funds for the poor in the third world. The borrowers on Kiva are small business owners and individuals in urgent need of money. To raise funds as fast as possible, they have the option to form groups and post loan requests in the name of their groups. While it is generally believed that group loans pose less risk for investors than individual loans do, we study whether this is the case in a philanthropic online marketplace. In particular, we measure the effect of group loans on funding time while controlling for the loan sizes and other factors. Because loan descriptions (in the form of texts) play an important role in lenders' decision process on Kiva, we make use of this information through deep learning in natural language processing. In this aspect, this is the first paper that uses one of the most advanced deep learning techniques to deal with unstructured data in a way that can take advantage of its superior prediction power to answer causal questions. We find that on average, forming group loans speeds up the funding time by about 3.3 days.

Field of study: Computer science
Chip design for thin-film deep ultraviolet LEDs fabricated by laser lift-off of the sapphire substrate

We report on a chip design which allows the laser lift-off (LLO) of the sapphire substrate sustaining the epitaxial film of flip-chip mounted deep ultraviolet light emitting diodes. A nanosecond pulsed excimer laser with a wavelength of 248 nm was used for the LLO. A mechanically stable chip design was found to be the key to prevent crack formation in the epitaxial layers and material chipping during the LLO process. Stabilization was achieved by introducing a Ti/Au leveling layer that mechanically supports the fragile epitaxial film. The electrical and optical characterization of devices before and after the LLO process shows that the device performance did not degrade by the LLO.

Field of study: Materials science
AXIAL CONCENTRATION DISTRIBUTION OF PARTICLES IN GAS- LIQUID-SOLID FLUIDIZED SYSTEMS UNDER BATCHWISE OPERATION

In a vertical gas-liquid-solid fluidized bed of 4.2 cm in diameter and 130 cm in height, the axial solid concentration distribution is investigated for both particles with different properties. Two distinguishing systems can be formed upon the wettable property of particle materials. One is called as a no-attached system in which the solid holdup decreases with increasing bed height. Another is named as an attached system in which solid holdup increases with the bed height. The sedimentation-dispersion model can be employed better to describe both above systems by modifying only a model parameter, i.e.the particle terminal settling velocity, which considers the effect of an additional drag force resulting from attached up-flowing bobbles and subtracts a certain value obtained by a function formula relating to the gas velocity. It is found that the axial concentration profiles of solid particles predicted by the modified sedimentation-dispersion model are in good agreement with experimental results for both no-attached and attached systems.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Non-Isothermal Crystallization Behaviour and Kinetics of LLDPE/REDMUD Blends

The non-isothermal crystallization behaviour of pure LLDPE and LLDPE/REDMUD blends was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and the crystallization kinetics was analyzed by three methods, namely the Jeziorny, the Mo and the Ozawa. The results show that an optimal content of REDMUD (lower than10 wt.%) can enhance the kinetic crystallizability of the system because of heterogeneous nucleation, but excessive REDMUD, by physical hindrance, would impair the kinetic crystallizability. In non-isothermal crystallization kinetics, the Ozawa model did not fit well with the crystallization behaviour of these systems, while the Jeziorny and Mo models were found to be applicable. Furthermore, the activation energy ΔE calculated by the Kissinger method for the transport of macromolecular segments to the growing surface of crystal nucleus indicates that REDMUD could significantly reduce the crystallization migration activation energy of these blends.

Field of study: Materials science
PLANT REGENERATION FROM SOMATIC CELLS OF VANILLA PLANIFOLIA

Young stems of Vanilla planifolia were cultured on Ms medium containing 1.0μg/mL BAand 5.0 
μg/mL NAA,and white calli occurred in 40 days,Such calli could be subcultured manytimes for 
propagation。The calli were transferred onto MS medium supplernented with 2-3 μg/mL BA 
and 0.5μg/mL NAA,and a large numberof protocorms were induced in 30 days.Theprotocorms 
subcultured on half strength MS medium containing 1.0μg/mL BA and 0.5 μg/mL IBA 
produced many plantlets in 30 days,and multiple shoot buds were regenerated from 
theplantlets.Rcots of the plantlets were induced in 20 days on half strength MS medium 
containing1.0μg/mL IAA and a 100% success was attained in field establishment,

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Dorsolateral connections of the medial preoptic area and maternal behavior in rats.

The lateral connections of the medial preoptic area (MPOA) are essential for maternal behavior in rats. The purpose of this study was to more exactly specify the nature of this pathway. Experiment 1 found that knife cuts that severed the dorsolateral connections of the MPOA were as effective as complete cuts in disrupting maternal behavior, whereas knife cuts that severed the ventrolateral MPOA connections were ineffective. These results suggest that MPOA efferents and afferents critical for maternal behavior leave or enter the MPOA dorsolaterally. Experiment 2 located possible sources of critical afferent input. Lactating rats received MPOA lateral cuts with a horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-coated wire knife. Full lateral cuts and dorsolateral cuts disrupted maternal behavior and labeled more cells with HRP in the nucleus of the solitary tract and the locus coeruleus than did ventrolateral cuts, which did not disrupt maternal behavior.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
COMPARATIVE CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY OF ANXIETY AND DEPRESSION AMONG MEDICAL AND NON-MEDICAL STUDENTS

Academic stressors, such as high volume work load, concerns regarding academic performance, deprivation of sleep, reduced time for social activities, lack of physical exercise, frequent rotation into new environments, competitiveness amongst students etc. can lead to depression and anxiety.  The present study was designed to explore the levels of anxiety and depression among Medical and Non-medical students of private colleges, using a self administered anxiety and depression questionnaire.  Students from Comsats and Women Medical College Abbottabad  were selected from May to August 2014.  A cross-sectional study was undertaken  in Women Medical College and Comsats Abbottabad. The questionnaire was administered to 30 Medical and 30 Non-medical students who had no self reported physical illnesses. Incidence of anxiety and depression was assessed in these students using a structured validated questionnaire, Beck anxiety and depression scale , which consisted of 21 items, along with a demographic sheet. The parameters studied in students were Educational courses and stressors related to anxiety and depression. Data analysis was done on SPSSV.20 and Microsoft excel.  There were 60 students who participated in the study, 30 were from 4 th year MBBS and 30 from BSC. analysis of the results showed that 56.6% for medical students had anxiety, compared to 76.6% of non-medical students. Whereas the incidence of depression in medical students was noted to be 43.3%, compared to 50% in non-medical students.  According to this study the incidence of depression and anxiety was higher in non-medical students compared to medical students.  Anxiety, depression, Beck anxiety Inventory and Beck depression inventory.

Field of study: Medicine
Price elasticities in the German Statutory Health Insurance market before and after the health care reform of 2009.

This paper investigates the change in price elasticity of health insurance choice in Germany after a reform of health insurance contributions. Using a comprehensive data set of all sickness funds between 2004 and 2013, price elasticities are calculated both before and after the reform for the entire market. The general price elasticity is found to be increased more than 4-fold from -0.81 prior to the reform to -3.53 after the reform. By introducing a new kind of health insurance contribution the reform seemingly increased the price elasticity of insured individuals to a more appropriate level under the given market parameters. However, further unintended consequences of the new contribution scheme were massive losses of market share for the more expensive sickness funds and therefore an undivided focus on pricing as the primary competitive element to the detriment of quality.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Influence of structural parameters on ordered cathode catalyst layer in proton exchange membrane fuel cells

A steady-state numerical model was developed for an ordered cathode catalyst layer of proton exchange membrane fuel cells.The governing equations account for proton and electron transfer,oxygen diffusion and electrochemical reaction kinetics.The simulation results were consistent with the experimental data.The dependence of the ordered catalyst layer(OCL) performance on structural parameters was investigated.It was revealed that the OCL performance was much sensitive to electrolyte volume fraction and platinum loading,and there were optimal values above which the performance dropped quickly.Carbon support with a smaller diameter and thickness is beneficial to the OCL performance.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Enhanced Photoluminescence of Hydrogenated Amorphous Silicon Carbide Thin Films by Means of a Fast Thermal Annealing Process

In this paper, the photoluminescence (PL) of hydrogenated amorphous silicon carbide (a-Si1−xCx:H) thin films obtained by Plasma Enhancement Chemical Vapor Deposition (PECVD) is reported. Strong PL is obtained after a fast annealing process for 60 s at temperatures of 200, 400, 600, and 800 °C. The thin films are characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), PL spectroscopy, and Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS). According to the results of the structural characterization, it is deduced that a structural rearrangement of the amorphous matrix is carried out during the fast annealing process, which results in different degrees of oxidation on the a-Si1−xCx:H films. The PL peak position shifts towards higher energies as the temperature increases. The sample deposited with a silane/methane flux ratio of 37.5 at an Radio Frequency (RF) power of 6 W experiences an increase in PL intensity of more than nine times, with a displacement in the peak position from 2.5 eV to 2.87 eV, at 800 °C. From the PL analysis, we observe two emission bands: one centered in the near infrared and other in the visible range (with a blue peak). This study opens the possibility to use such thin films in the development of optoelectronics devices, with potential for application in solar cells.

Field of study: Materials science
The Lick AGN Monitoring Project 2011: dynamical modeling of the broad-line region

Author(s): Williams, Peter R; Pancoast, Anna; Treu, Tommaso; Brewer, Brendon J; Barth, Aaron J; Bennert, Vardha N; Buehler, Tabitha; Canalizo, Gabriela; Cenko, S Bradley; Clubb, Kelsey I; Cooper, Michael C; Filippenko, Alexei V; Gates, Elinor; Hoenig, Sebastian F; Joner, Michael D; Kandrashoff, Michael T; Laney, Clifton David; Lazarova, Mariana S; Li, Weidong; Malkan, Matthew A; Rex, Jacob; Silverman, Jeffrey M; Tollerud, Erik; Walsh, Jonelle L; Woo, Jong- We present models of the H$\beta$-emitting broad-line region (BLR) in seven Seyfert 1 galaxies from the Lick AGN (Active Galactic Nucleus) Monitoring Project 2011 sample, drawing inferences on the BLR structure and dynamics as well as the mass of the central supermassive black hole. We find that the BLR is generally a thick disk, viewed close to face-on, with preferential emission back toward the ionizing source. The dynamics in our sample range from near-circular elliptical orbits to inflowing or outflowing trajectories. We measure black hole masses of $\log_{10}(M_{\rm BH}/M_\odot) = 6.48^{+0.21}_{-0.18}$ for PG 1310$-$108, $7.50^{+0.25}_{-0.18}$ for Mrk 50, $7.46^{+0.15}_{-0.21}$ for Mrk 141, $7.58^{+0.08}_{-0.08}$ for Mrk 279, $7.11^{+0.20}_{-0.17}$ for Mrk 1511, $6.65^{+0.27}_{-0.15}$ for NGC 4593, and $6.94^{+0.14}_{-0.14}$ for Zw 229$-$015. We use these black hole mass measurements along with cross-correlation time lags and line widths to recover the scale factor $f$ used in traditional reverberation mapping measurements. Combining our results with other studies that use this modeling technique, bringing our sample size to 16, we calculate a scale factor that can be used for measuring black hole masses in other reverberation mapping campaigns. When using the root-mean-square (rms) spectrum and using the line dispersion to measure the line width, we find $\log_{10}(f_{{\rm rms},\sigma})_{\rm pred} = 0.57 \pm 0.19$. Finally, we search for correlations between $f$ and other AGN and BLR parameters and find marginal evidence that $f$ is correlated with $M_{\rm BH}$ and the BLR inclination angle, but no significant evidence of a correlation with the AGN luminosity or Eddington ratio.

Field of study: Physics
Do AGN really suppress star formation?

Active galactic nuclei (AGN) are believed to regulate star formation inside their host galaxies through “AGN feedback”. We summarise our on-going study of luminous AGN (z ∼ 0.2−3; LAGN,bol 1043 erg s−1), which is designed to search for observational signatures of feedback by combining observed star-formation rate (SFR) measurements from statistical samples with cosmological model predictions. Using the EAGLE hydrodynamical cosmological simulations, in combination with our Herschel + ALMA surveys, we show that – even in the presence of AGN feedback – we do not necessarily expect to see any relationships between average galaxy-wide SFRs and instantaneous AGN luminosities. We caution that the correlation with stellar mass for both SFR and AGN luminosity can contribute to apparent observed positive trends between these two quantities. On the other hand, the EAGLE simulations, which reproduce our observations, predict that a signature of AGN feedback can be seen in the wide specific SFR distributions of all massive galaxies (not just AGN hosts). Overall, whilst we can not rule out that AGN have an immediate small-scale impact on in-situ star-formation, all of our results are consistent with a feedback model where galaxy-wide in-situ star formation is not rapidly suppressed by AGN, but where the feedback likely acts over a longer timescale than a single AGN episode.

Field of study: Physics
Paleomagnetic study of lower Mesozoic diabase dikes and sills of Connecticut and Maryland

Paleomagnetic results from 61 sites on diabase dikes and sills in Connecticut and Maryland yield a mean pole of position of 100.9 °E. 68.6 °N, α 95  = 1.6°. These results combined with those from 7S sites on four diabase sills in the Gettysburg Basin of Pennsylvania produce a mean pole position of 101, 6 °E. 65.4 °N, α 95  = 1.3 °from 139 VGPs. These rocks arc probably of Early to early Middle Jurassic age by stratigraphic and inferred stratigraphic position. The paleomagnetic results indicate that the Gettysburg and Hartford Basins did not subside simultaneously.The dispersion of virtual geomagnetic poles about the mean pole of the Connecticut, Pennsylvania, and Maryland intrusive rocks is probably the result of 9homogenization9 of magnetic directions during low-temperature oxidation of titanomagnetite to titanomaghemite over a period long enough to erase a considerable amount of dispersion due to secular variation.Rotation of Europe against North America in the prerifting configuration causes good convergence of European Jurassic mean poles and the pole of the Connecticut. Maryland, and Pennsylvania intrusive rocks. This is evidence that separation of the two continents had not begun by Early to early Middle Jurassic time, which is in agreement with earlier findings based on sea-floor magnetic anomalies and faunal assemblages.

Field of study: Environmental science
Neogene Cirripede (Verruca) from Viti Levu, Fiji

Dr. Bather submitted to me an asymmetrical sessile Cirripede ( Verruca ) which he found in the matrix of an example (L. 8) of the Echinoid Chelonechinus suvae from Suva, Fiji, described in the previous paper. This Cirripede was embedded with its base exposed, and this was completely surrounded by the impression of the outer surface of a series of the plates of the test of Chelonechinus . Therefore, there can be little doubt that the Cirripede was in life adherent to the test of the dead shell of the Echinoid, just as the Cretaceous Verruca prisca Bosquet has been found adherent to the test of the Echinoid Echinocorys scutata Leske. This fossil Verruca evidently belongs to the Recent species V. capsula Hoek, which has been found at different places in the Malay Archipelago at depths ranging from 520–1301 meters. Verruca capsula Hoek (Plate 111) Diagnosis. Shell somewhat depressed, with the base .

Field of study: Geology
Comprehensive Assessment Method of New Energy Consumption Considering Steady and Dynamic Active Power Equilibrium Constraints

With the increase of the proportion of new energy sources, the peak load capacity and frequency stability of power grid have become the main constraint factors for the new energy consumption. This paper presents a comprehensive assessment method of new energy dissipation capacity under the constraints of steady and dynamic equilibrium conditions such as peak regulation, frequency stability and unit regulation performance. The new energy permeability of the power grid considering the connection line peak regulation is calculated, and the life loss under the frequent regulation of the unit is calculated by the relationship between the stress and the life to analyze the influence of the new energy acceptance capacity; the frequency stability is regarded as an important constraint condition, then the new energy consumption level under different types of disturbance such as general disturbance and serious fault is analyzed. The analysis reveals the interaction constraints under different factors and improves the systematicness and adaptability of the assessment of new energy consumption capacity.

Field of study: Engineering
The Differences in Job Characteristics, Job Satisfaction, and Organizational Commitment of Taiwanese Expatriates Working

With a population of 1.2 billion, mainland China has become a major target country for many foreign companies looking to expand their businesses because of its inexpensive labor and large market.  In 2009, there were 77,642 companies from Taiwan operating in mainland China with fiscal expenditures exceeding US $47.77 billion dollars. If Taiwan’s foreign direct investment (FDI) and offshore investment expenditures were included, Taiwan would have had the second largest FDI in mainland China. The purpose of this study is to investigate the difference in job characteristics, job satisfaction, and organizational commitment depending on family location of Taiwanese expatriates working in mainland China.  The entire accessible population of 6,156 Taiwanese expatriates was invited to participate by e-mail - resulting in a valid sample of 389 responses.  The methods of data analysis used in this study consisted of exploratory data analysis (EDA), exploratory factor analysis (EFA), internal consistency reliability, and two-tailed independent t-tests. Findings indicated that variety and autonomy, intrinsic job satisfaction, affective commitment, and normative commitment were identified as having positive significant differences between Taiwanese expatriates who were living with family in China and those not living with family in China. Further study to replicate the research in different countries in order to explore the relationships among job characteristics, job satisfaction, and organizational commitment of expatriates was recommended.

Field of study: Business
Intestinal and circulating antibody‐forming cells in IgA‐deficient individuals after oral cholera vaccination

In search for a possible explanation for the different susceptibility to mucosal infections in IgA‐deficient (IgAd) individuals, the frequency of total immunoglobulin‐secreting‐ells (ISC) and vaccine‐specific antibody‐secreting cells (ASC) in intestinal mucosa and peripheral blood was determined by the enzyme‐linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assay before and after peroral vaccination with a B subunit‐whole cell cholera vaccine. Two groups of IgAd individuals, frequently infected and non‐infected respectively, and normal controls were studied. Before cholera vaccination there were significantly higher frequencies of total IgM and IgG ISC in the gut, but not in the blood, in the IgAd individuals than in the controls. However, there were no significant differences between healthy and infection‐prone IgAd individuals in this respect. In response to oral cholera vaccination, intestinal cholera toxin (CT)‐specific IgG and IgM ASC were significantly more abundant among the IgAd individuals with a history of frequent infections than among ihc healthy IgAd individuals and controls. A similar difference in IgG and IgM ASC, although not significant, was also noted in blood. In IgAd individuals with frequent infections the vaccine induced variable anti‐CT IgM ASC responses in the gut, ranging from no increase to a few strikingly high responses. In the controls, the CT‐specific responses were dominated by IgA ASC. The data show that oral cholera vaccination evoked strong CT‐specific IgG ASC responses, and in some cases also strong IgM ASC responses in the intestinal mucosa of IgAd patients with a history of frequent infections. The healthy IgAd individuals unexpectedly responded with lower numbers of CT‐specific IgG ASC and did not show any increase of CT‐specific IgM ASC in the intestinal mucosa. Thus, inability to mount a mucosal immune response to an oral antigen cannot in itself explain recurrent infections among many IgAd individuals.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
THE STOKES OPERATOR WITH ROTATION EFFECT IN EXTERIOR DOMAINS

1. I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d re su l t This paper is concerned with some fundamental properties of the Stokes operator with rotation effect in exterior domains as a step for the mathematical analysis of the NavierStokes flow past a rotating obstacle. Let Ό C R 3 be a compact, isolated and rigid obstacle with smooth boundary Γ, and Ω = R 3 \ Ö the exterior domain occupied by a viscous incompressible fluid. Assume tha t the obstacle Ό is rotating about the xß-axis with constant angular velocity ω = (0,0,1) .

Field of study: Philosophy
Determine of tea components of instant milk teas in cup by high performance liquid chromatography, quality standard and drinking safety

Eight different brands of instant milk tea in cup were purchased from large supermarkets at Hefei city. With a modified pretreatment method, 8 instant milk tea samples were treated by ultrasonic-assisted extraction using absolute ethyl alcohol,and the amounts of catechins and caffeine in the samples were determined by a HPLC(high performance liquid chromatography) method referred to the national standard GB/T 8313-2008. The result showed that all of the eight samples met the amount requirements of tea polyphenols and caffeine in milk tea beverage by the national standard GB/T 21733-2008 for tea beverage. This HPLC method with a modified pretreatment approach provides a quantification way for instant milk teas in cup. Finally, the quality standards for instant milk teas and drinking safety were discussed.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences