nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
New approach to finite-state modeling of unsteady aerodynamics

This paper presents a novel technique for formulating a high quality finite state unsteady aerodynamic model by applying Bode plot methods, used in control engineering. Indicial response functions for both fixed wing and rotary wing applications are obtained using these finite state unsteady aerodynamic models. It is shown that the rotary wing indicial response function has a fundamentally different characteristic when compared to fixed wing indicial response. The rotary wing indicial response function is oscillatory in nature while the fixed wing indicial response function is nonoscillatory. Furthermore it should be emphasized that this is the first that a rotary-wing indicial response function has been presented in the literature.

Field of study: Physics
Effect of Payload on Exhaust Emissions from Light Heavy-Duty Diesel and Gasoline Trucks

This paper presents the results of a study of the effects of increasing payloads on emissions from light heavy-duty pickup trucks. Since vehicles in this category are often more heavily loaded than passenger cars, it is important to evaluate the potential impact of these additional loads on emissions. For this program, light heavy-duty vehicles were tested over a combination of three test weights (empty, half-loaded, and fully loaded) and different driving cycles (FTP, ST01 and CD arterial level of service cycle). The test matrix included five light heavy-duty diesel trucks and two light heavy-duty gasoline trucks. The diesel vehicles showed a trend of increasing PM, and CO2 emissions over the cycles used with NOx emissions increasing modestly. The trends for the diesel THC and CO emissions were less consistent and depended on the specific cycle and vehicle. For gasoline vehicles, CO and CO2 emissions increased with increasing payload over most of the vehicle/cycle combinations tested.

Field of study: Environmental science
An experimental study into the evaporation heat transfer and flow characteristics of R-134a refrigerant flowing through corrugated tubes

The effects of corrugation pitch on the evaporation of R-134a flowing inside horizontal corrugated tubes are investigated. The test section is a tube-in-tube heat exchanger with refrigerant flowing in the inner tube and hot water flowing in the annulus. Smooth and corrugated tubes having similar inside diameters are used as the inner tube. Three corrugated tubes having a corrugation depth fixed at 1.5 mm and corrugation pitches of 5.08, 6.35 and 8.46 mm are examined. The data obtained from smooth tube are plotted and compared with the flow pattern map established by Censi et al. (2003) and Zurcher et al. (2002) . The effects of average vapour quality, equivalent Reynolds number and corrugation pitch are discussed. The maximum ratios of heat transfer enhancement factor to pressure drop penalty factor (Nu c /Nu s )/((Δ P / L ) c /(Δ P / L ) s ) is approximately 1.2.

Field of study: Engineering
Study on air-impingement for processing peking duck oven

In this paper, new apparatus based on air-impingement technology is introduced. This apparatus breaks through the traditional method of roasting, its heating air through heated pipe, jetting air-flow via to nozzle, acting on the rotating duck, and then the subcutaneous fat is dissolved, pellicle is puffed. This apparatus has lower temperature, higher convective heat transfer coefficient which cause the duck gains the same quantity of heat as the higher temperature at the same time. Study shows that the thickness of puffed pellicle is well. Advantages of using air-impingement roasting include better puffing, less pollution, and then it has importance signification at the industry standardization.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Boundary conditions for persistent roll resonance on re-entry vehicles.

Persistent roll resonance on re-entry vehicles can cause catastrophic increases in vehicle angle of attack. This paper analyzes the problem through the physical interpretation of boundary conditions on the roll equation for the occurrence of persistent roll resonance. The result is a rather simple equation that can be used to predict whether or not a particular transient resonance case will become a persistent resonance situation. The boundary equation also implies some of the qualitative effects of various vehicle and trajectory parameters on the probability of occurrence of persistent roll resonance and indicates that a smaller reentry vehicle with low static stability and large ballistic coefficient, undergoing a shallow reentry flight at low altitude, is more likely to experience persistent roll resonance. This, of course, is strongly influenced by the type and magnitude of vehicle asymmetries, which may result from manufacturing tolerances or in-flight changes in heat-shield contour. Linear aerodynamic coefficients and small angles of attack are assummed. Inertial moments due to products of inertia and moments due to the combination of drag and center-of-gravity asymmetry are neglected.

Field of study: Physics
Solar-Powered Field Server and Aerator Development for Lake Palakpakin

We have designed, developed and deployed a robust system of sensors in a small and shallow – 1 km diameter and about 7 m deep – inland lake used for aquaculture. The sensor system currently measures and sends out telemetry data on dissolved oxygen, conductivity and temperature in the lake at two depths – 0.5 and 2.5 meters – every 30 minutes. The measurements are sent out via SMS to a central server 80 km away and displayed in near-real time on a website which can be accessed by local fishermen, researchers and other stakeholders. The system also features an aerator, which operates automatically during the evening and early morning 12 hours at a time, and can also be turned on outside this period via missed-call (dropped call) from a cellular phone. This system can aid in decision-making of local fishermen, making it a potentially powerful approach to lake management, and in conjunction with other measures and long term planning, for averting or mitigating fishkill events.

Field of study: Computer science
Contrast in diaphanography of the breast.

Diaphanography is an imaging technique used in diagnosis of breast disease including cancer. The breast is illuminated with low intensity light and the transmission pattern of red and near-infrared radiation is detected, amplified, reconstructed and displayed in a monitor. The instrumentation for diaphanography has evolved empirically, mostly through clinical practice, without a very clear understanding of the scientific basis of the technique. This research is concerned with investigating theoretically the dependence of the contrast produced by a lesion in a diaphanography image on the size, depth at which a tumor is located, photon energy, and photon angular flux distribution. Contrast calculations using the DOT computer code in a two-dimensional geometry showed that decreasing the size of a tumor by 50% decreases the contrast by a factor of 3 and 4 for 695- and 853-nm photons, respectively. Decreasing the size of the normal tissue where a tumor is imbedded by 25% (from 4 to 3 cm) does not change the contrast very much (less than 20%) for both 695- and 853-nm photons. The contrast for 950- and 695-nm photons is comparable while the values for 853-nm photons are smaller by a factor of 5 for similar cases. The contrast was also found to be dependent on the angle at which the diffuse light is detected after it transverses the host tissue, maximum contrast was found for 695- and 853-nm photons at about 55 degrees. For a detection angle of 77 degrees the contrast observed is 3X and 12X smaller for 695- and 853-nm photons, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Prevalence of Type-2 Diabetes in Patients with Hepatitis C and B Virus Infection in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

To determine the prevalence of type-2 diabetes mellitus (DM) in patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) and B virus (HBV) infections.  A cross-sectional study of HCV- and HBV-positive patients admitted to King Abdul Aziz University Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, was conducted from January 1999 to September 2000. The following data were collected and analysed: demographic data, the presence and type of DM, details of the treatment, body mass index (BMI), family history of DM, serum transaminases, thrombocytopenia, and presence of liver cirrhosis on liver biopsy. A total of 399 patients were included in the study.  165 (41%) were anti-HCV positive and 234 (59%) were HBsAg positive. Type-2 diabetes was present in 35 of 165 (21.2%) patients with HCV infection, and 33 of 234 (14.1%) with HBV infection. 94% of anti-HCV-positive type-2 diabetes were older than 40 years and 6% were younger, while for nondiabetics the corresponding percentages were 55 and 45%, respectively. 76% of HBsAg-positive type-2 diabetics were older than 40 and 24% were younger, while the corresponding percentages for nondiabetics were 27 and 73%, respectively. Anti-HCV-positive type-2 diabetics, when compared to nondiabetics, had a higher BMI, a frequent family history of DM, elevated serum transaminases, thrombocytopenia, and liver cirrhosis on biopsy. HBsAg-positive type-2 diabetics had only a more frequent family history of DM than did nondiabetics.  Our findings indicate that type-2 diabetes is more common in patients with an HCV than with an HBV infection.

Field of study: Medicine
The Reception of the Galilean Science of Motion in Seventeenth-Century Europe (review)

secondary literature actually is. References to astrologically inclined contemporaries are few and tellingly brief: the names of Johannes Kepler and Jean Baptiste Morin, two additional examples of how early modern astrology has been overlooked in historical scholarship, surface several times without showing how “the question of Galileo’s technical astrology” (5) might have been any different from contemporary notions. As the editors underscore, astrology was “something shared and taken for granted by [Galileo] and his contemporaries” (2), and the losses suffered by Galileo’s astrological manuscripts have only further concealed an essential element of his personal and professional experience. With its abundance of articles and primary sources, many of which are translated into English for the first time, Galileo’s Astrology anticipates ways in which a more complete picture of Galileo might emerge. In doing so, the work raises more questions than it answers, with the intention that scholars have more than enough fodder for future study. PATRICK J. BONER University of Cambridge

Field of study: History
Gene expression changes during short day induced terminal bud formation in Norway spruce.

The molecular basis for terminal bud formation in autumn is not well understood in conifers. By combining suppression subtractive hybridization and monitoring of gene expression by qRT-PCR analysis, we aimed to identify genes involved in photoperiodic control of growth cessation and bud set in Norway spruce. Close to 1400 ESTs were generated and their functional distribution differed between short day (SD-12 h photoperiod) and long day (LD-24 h photoperiod) libraries. Many genes with putative roles in protection against stress appeared differentially regulated under SD and LD, and also differed in transcript levels between 6 and 20 SDs. Of these, PaTFL1(TERMINAL FLOWER LIKE 1) showed strongly increased transcript levels at 6 SDs. PaCCCH(CCCH-TYPE ZINC FINGER) and PaCBF2&3(C-REPEAT BINDING FACTOR 2&3) showed a later response at 20 SDs, with increased and decreased transcript levels, respectively. For rhythmically expressed genes such as CBFs, such differences might represent a phase shift in peak expression, but might also suggest a putative role in response to SD. Multivariate analyses revealed strong differences in gene expression between LD, 6 SD and 20 SD. The robustness of the gene expression patterns was verified in 6 families differing in bud-set timing under natural light with gradually decreasing photoperiod.

Field of study: Environmental science
1H-NMR characterization of L-tryptophan binding to TRAP, the trp RNA-binding attenuation protein of Bacillus subtilis.

A 1H-NMR study of the binding of L-tryptophan to the trp RNA-binding attenuation protein of Bacillus subtilis (TRAP), an ondecamer (91.6 kDa), has been implemented. The assignment of the aromatic indole ring proton resonances of the bound tryptophan ligand has been successfully carried out by two-dimensional chemical exchange experiments. The observation of only a single set of chemical shifts of the bound ligand demonstrates that the tryptophan binding site is identical in all the 11 subunits of the protein. Further, the large change in ligand chemical shifts suggests that the conformation of tryptophan ligand undergoes a significant rearrangement after complex formation with TRAP. This is further substantiated by the extensive ligand-induced chemical shift changes observed to the protein resonances and identification of several strong ligand-protein intermolecular nuclear Overhauser effects. A correlation of these preliminary NMR data with the X-ray crystal structure of the TRAP-tryptophan complex also suggests, tentatively, that the observed changes to the NMR spectra of the protein might correspond to changes associated with residues surrounding the tryptophan binding pocket owing to complex formation.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Correlation of Etch Pits and Dislocations in As-grown 
and Thermal Cycle-Annealed HgCdTe(211) Films

This paper reports observations of the different types of etch pits and dislocations present in thick HgCdTe (211) layers grown by molecular beam epitaxy on CdTe/Si (211) composite substrates. Dislocation analysis for as-grown and thermal cycle-annealed samples has been carried out using bright-field transmission electron microscopy. Triangular pits present in as-grown material are associated with a mixture of Frank partials and perfect dislocations, while pits with fish-eye shapes have perfect dislocations with $$ \frac{1}{2}[0\bar{1}1] $$12[01¯1] Burgers vector. The dislocations beneath skew pits are more complex as they have two different crystallographic directions, and are associated with a mixture of Shockley partials and perfect dislocations. Dislocation analysis of samples after thermal cycle annealing (TCA) shows that the majority of dislocations under the etch pits are short segments of perfect dislocations with $$ \frac{1}{2}[0\bar{1}1] $$12[01¯1] Burgers vector while the remainder are Shockley partials. The absence of fish-eye shape pits in TCA samples suggests that they are associated with mobile dislocations that have reacted during annealing, causing the overall etch pit density to be reduced. Very large pits with a density ∼2×103 cm−2 are observed in as-grown and TCA samples. These defects thread from within the CdTe buffer layer into the upper regions of the HgCdTe layers. Their depth in as-grown material is so large that it is not possible to locate and identify the underlying defects.

Field of study: Materials science
Study of spin polarized nuclear matter and finite nuclei with finite range simple effective interaction

The properties of spin polarized pure neutron matter and symmetric nuclear matter (SNM) are studied using the finite range simple effective interaction, upon its parametrization revisited. Out of the total twelve parameters involved, we now determine ten of them from nuclear matter (NM), against the nine parameters in our earlier calculation, as required in order to have predictions in both spin polarized NM and finite nuclei in unique manner being free from uncertainty found using the earlier parametrization. The information on the effective mass splitting in polarized neutron matter of the microscopic calculations is used to constrain the one more parameter, that was earlier determined from finite nucleus, and in doing so the quality of the description of finite nuclei is not compromised. The interaction with the new set of parameters is used to study the possibilities of ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic transitions in completely polarized SNM. Emphasis is given to analyse the results analytically, as far as possible, to elucidate the role of the interaction parameters involved in the predictions.

Field of study: Physics
A new record of a Scelidotheriine ground sloth (Xenarthra, Mylodontidae) from Central Brazil: Quaternary cave stratigraphy, taxonomy and stable isotopes

An upper fourth molariform of a Scelidotheriine ground sloth is reported from Carneiro Cave, which is located in the karstic region of Serra da Mesa (Goias). In this limestone cave the tooth was found at the base of a depositional sequence, associated with a 2 m thick debris flows deposit, which is covered by the lowest carbonate crust – dated at approximately 200,000 yr BP. Detailed morphological description, stable isotope data and stratigraphic context are provided. This represents the first megafauna record for this region of Central Brazil, where this record is found in direct association with a diverse microvertebrate fauna.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Identification and in-beam spectroscopy of the neutron deficient nuclei103In and105Sn

The neutron deficient nuclei103In and105Sn, neighbours of the drip line nucleus104Sn, have been identified by in-beam spectroscopy following the reaction58Ni + 50Cr at 250 MeV. Neutron and charged particle multiplicity filter detectors were used, and levels up to I ≈ 25/2 and Ex=4 and 6 MeV excitation energy were established in103In and105Sn, respectively. The experimental level schemes, so far with only tentative spin assignments, are compared to shell model predictions.

Field of study: Physics
Connectivity, Probabilities and Persistence: Comparing Reserve Selection Strategies

Reserve selection methods are often based on information on species’ occurrence. This can be presence–absence data, or probabilities of occurrence estimated with species distribution models. However, the effect of the choice of distribution model on the outcome of a reserve selection method has been ignored. Here we test a range of species distribution models with three different reserve selection methods. The distribution models had different combinations of variables related to habitat quality and connectivity (which incorporates the effect of spatial habitat configuration on species occurrence). The reserve selection methods included (i) a minimum set approach without spatial considerations; (ii) a clustering reserve selection method; and (iii) a dynamic approach where probabilities of occurrence are re-evaluated according to the spatial pattern of selected sites. The sets of selected reserves were assessed by re-computing species probability of occurrence in reserves using the best probability model and assuming loss of non-selected habitat. The results show that particular choices of distribution model and selection method may lead to reserves that overestimate the achieved target; in other words, species may seem to be represented but the reserve network may actually not be able to support them in the long-term. Instead, the use of models that incorporated connectivity as a variable resulted in the selection of aggregated reserves with higher potential for species long-term persistence. As reserve design aims at the long-term protection of species, it is important to be aware of the uncertainties related to model and method choice and their implications.

Field of study: Environmental science
An Institutional Barrier Analysis of Farmers' Income Increase in China

Many elements limited farmers'income increase. But from the institutional point of view, the institutional impediments for increasing farmers'income were government failure and policy invalidation at the macro institutional scale, such as the land tenure system, the registered residence system, the education system, and the tax and fee system; At the micro institutional scale it is based on performances of past institution changes in the farmers'income.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Deep-water temperatures in the FAMOUS area

Some of the results of Project FAMOUS studies, which were undertaken in the axial area of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge between approximately 36/sup 0/30' and 37/sup 0/N latitudes, are reported. The distribution of water temperatures in the FAMOUS area was investigated during the years 1972 to 1974. Forty-seven vertical temperature profiles were taken and bottom-water temperature measurements along 110 km of traverses were carried out during the course of four cruises. Potential temperatures in the FAMOUS area were found to range between 3.53 and 3.85/sup 0/C below a depth of 2,200 m. These temperatures are almost 1/sup 0/C higher than temperatures outside the axial zone of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge at comparable depths. The potential temperature in deep waters was observed to increase from 3.53/sup 0/C in the western part of fracture zone B to 3.80/sup 0/C in the eastern part of fracture zone A. Vertical temperature gradients are smaller than 1 x 10/sup -4/ /sup 0/C/m at depths below 2,200 m in the various basins of the FAMOUS area. Between 2,000 and 1,800 m, the temperature differences between the different parts of the area gradually disappear; above 1,500 m, there are no significant differences between water temperatures in the ridge andmore » those in the surrounding ocean. The observed near-bottom temperature distribution in the FAMOUS area is related to the bottom topography. The temperatures in the various basins are determined mainly by their sill depth; the observed south-north increase of deep-water temperatures and the velocity of bottom-water currents in the area can be related quantitatively to hydrologic effects. The influence of hydrothermal activity and of heat flow through the ocean floor on the temperature distribution in the area is negligible.« less

Field of study: Geology
THREE-DIMENSIONAL SEMI-ANALYTICAL MODEL AND APPLICATION OF MEGA FRAME-CORE TUBE STRUCTURAL SYSTEM FOR SUPER TALL BUILDINGS

The mega frame-core tube structural system and its foundation of super tall buildings are simplified equivalently and continuously into a bundle of stiffened-thin-wall tubes on semi-infinite elastic subgrade. A three-dimensional semi-analytical model considering the interactions between the ground, the foundation and the superstructure is then developed. Consequently, the model is applied to analyze the mega frame-core tube structural system for super tall buildings by the semi-analytical method. The analyzing result shows that the analytical model is reasonable and effective.

Field of study: Engineering
Effects of timeout on spaced responding in pigeons.

Three pigeons were trained under a differential-reinforcement-of-low-rate schedule of 20 sec, and then exposed to a schedule under which responses terminating interresponse times less than 20 sec produced timeout and responses terminating interresponse times greater than 20 sec produced reinforcement. Response-produced timeouts selectively decreased the probability of short interresponse times and thereby produced a higher frequency of reinforcement. The suppressive effect of timeout was independent of timeout duration, with timeouts of 5, 10, or 20 sec. Similar effects were found when the minimum interresponse time that could be terminated by response-produced reinforcement was increased to 30 sec. The suppressive effects of timeout on responding maintained by these schedules were similar to previous reports in which responding was punished with electric shock.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology