nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Jointly Modelling Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms With Longitudinal and Time-to-Event Trait: An Application to Type 2 Diabetes and Fasting Plasma Glucose

In observational cohorts, longitudinal data are collected with repeated measurements at predetermined time points for many biomarkers, along with other variables measured at baseline. In these cohorts, time until a certain event of interest occurs is reported and very often, a relationship will be observed between some biomarker repeatedly measured over time and that event. Joint models were designed to efficiently estimate statistical parameters describing this relationship by combining a mixed model for the longitudinal biomarker trajectory and a survival model for the time until occurrence of the event, using a set of random effects to account for the relationship between the two types of data. In this paper, we discuss the implementation of joint models in genetic association studies. First, we check model consistency based on different simulation scenarios, by varying sample sizes, minor allele frequencies and number of repeated measurements. Second, using genotypes assayed with the Metabochip DNA arrays (Illumina) from about 4,500 individuals recruited in the French cohort D.E.S.I.R. (Data from an Epidemiological Study on the Insulin Resistance syndrome), we assess the feasibility of implementing the joint modelling approach in a real high-throughput genomic dataset. An alternative model approximating the joint model, called the Two-Step approach (TS), is also presented. Although the joint model shows more precise and less biased estimators than its alternative counterpart, the TS approach results in much reduced computational times, and could thus be used for testing millions of SNPs at the genome-wide scale.

Field of study: Biology
Intensity of muon bundles at large zenith angles and hadron interaction models at energy of 1018 eV

Characteristics of muon bundles detected with the DECOR detector are compared to predictions based on different hadron interaction models and various assumptions as to the spectrum and mass composition of primary cosmic rays. The intensity of primary cosmic rays derived from the muon bundle data is considerably higher than that measured by means of the fluorescence technique. Either changes in the hadron interaction characteristics at ultrahigh energies or a revision of the energy calibration in the fluorescence technique of measuring EAS energy is required to explain these results.

Field of study: Physics
Occurrence and Detection of Supercooled Water in the Atmosphere

A brief introduction to supercooling is followed by a general discussion of clouds and fog. The next consideration is the freezing of supercooled drops on objects, and the primary concern here is aircraft icing. Climatological information on icing conditions is included for the Federal Republic of Germany. Next the relative merits of different wavelengths for remote sensing of clouds are examined.

Field of study: Mathematics
Über einen magnetomechanischen Effekt

ZusammenfassungDie Verteilungsfunktion der Spinfäden in elastisch deformierten Einkristallen als Funktion der äußeren Feldstärke und Spannung wird ausgewertet. Die erhaltenen Beziehungen werden angewandt zur Berechnung der Magnetostriktion des elastisch deformierten Einkristalls, für eine beliebige Richtung der Spannung, und des Feldes relativ zu den Kristallachsen. Die Möglichkeit einer Längenänderung in ferromagnetischen Materialien infolge der Umorientierung der Spine unter dem Einfluß der elastischen Spannung, die auch bei Abwesenheit eines äußeren Feldes stattfindet („die Mechanostriktion“), ist festgestellt. Demzufolge ist das Hookesche Gesetz für Ferromagnetika nicht als streng geltend zu betrachten. Durch Verminderung der Mechanostriktion mit der Magnetisierung wird der ΔE-Effekt erklärt.

Field of study: Physics
Multidimensional Directed Phase Analysis for Basic Rhythm of EEG

In this paper, multidimensional directed phase analysis is proposed as a means of causality analysis for multiple time series, is proposed. The multidimensional directed phase is a phase with causality, which is associated with multidimensional directed coherence. Using multidimensional directed phase analysis, direction and time of a signal flow among multidimensional time series can be estimated. In two simulations, artificial time series have been analyzed by the new method to confirm its characteristics. In first simulation, accuracy of estimation of signal flow time has been investigated. Second, a complex signal flow pattern has been analyzed. Next, the multidimensional directed phase analysis and the multidimensional directed coherence analysis have been applied to EEG data of normal volunteer. As a result, we have got information differ from common learning which is the difference between the phase of a frontal alpha waves and an occipital is π.

Field of study: Computer science
Oral glucocorticoid treatment decreases interleukin‐10 receptor expression on peripheral blood leucocyte subsets

Glucocorticoids (GCS) are capable of stimulating the secretion of interleukin (IL)‐10 by leucocytes; however, the potential of GCS to modulate leucocyte susceptibility to IL‐10‐mediated actions has not yet been studied. In the current paper, we performed a detailed cross‐sectional analysis of IL‐10 receptor (IL‐10R) expression by CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, natural killer (NK) cells, monocytes and neutrophils. Next, we analysed the effects of short‐term oral GCS treatment on surface IL‐10R expression by various leucocyte subpopulations in asthmatic patients. All leucocyte subsets studied presented with substantial levels of surface IL‐10R. The highest levels of IL‐10R were found on monocytes, predominantly with CD142+CD16+ and CD14+CD16+ phenotypes, and on CD4+CD25high T cells. In contrast, levels of IL‐10R on CD8+ T cells, NK cells and neutrophils were significantly lower and similar to each other in intensity. GCS treatment resulted in a significant decrease of IL‐10R expression on all analysed peripheral blood leucocyte subsets. Our data suggest that down‐regulation of IL‐10R could counterbalance the otherwise suppressive action of GCS.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Quantum-chemical studies of the structure and performance properties of 5-(1,2,4-triazol-C-yl)tetrazol-1-ols

Density functional theory was used to investigate IR spectra, heat of formation, and thermal stability of three energetic 5-(1,2,4-triazol-C-yl)tetrazol-1-ol compounds substituted at position 5 of the triazole ring. The detonation velocity and pressure were evaluated by using the Kamlet–Jacobs equations based on the packed density and solid-state heat of formation. The bond dissociation energies for the weakest bonds were analyzed to investigate the thermal stability of the title compounds. IR analysis shows that there are four main characteristic regions for the three compounds. Detonation velocity and pressure of the nitro derivative are higher than those of known explosive HMX, while the same characteristics of the nitroamino and azido derivatives are comparable to those of HMX. Bond dissociation calculations show that the N(5)–N(7) bond is the trigger bond during pyrolysis for all three compounds and the order of their thermal stability is azido > nitroamino > nitro. In addition, the energy gaps between the HOMO and LUMO of the studied compounds were also investigated and the obtained conclusion consistent with that of bond dissociation energy analysis.

Field of study: Chemistry
Strategies for rapid assessment of fungal diversity

The problems of estimating fungal diversity are considerable, due especially to the large numbers of species even in small study sites, only a small proportion of which are adequately characterized, and the lack of trained staff and appropriate identification manuals. These difficulties are multiplied in the tropics. Strategies for providing preliminary assessments of fungal diversity which can be carried out within short time-frames are discussed, which will allow initial site valuations to be made for conservation purposes. The necessity of identifying all species discovered is considered, and the need emphasized for strictly defined sampling protocols which allow proper comparison between sites. The advantages and disadvantages of preliminary diversity analyses involving different taxonomic and ecological groups, fungus/plant associations, spatial sampling, soil and litter analysis, molecular methods and indirect assessment are considered.

Field of study: Environmental science
Logic Optimization, Complex Cell Design, and Retiming of Single Flux Quantum Circuits

Single flux quantum (SFQ) technology has emerged as a promising beyond-CMOS technology with Josephson junctions (JJs) as active devices in a superconducting circuit. In this paper, we (i) describe the algorithms and the methodology we used to synthesize a synchronous SFQ circuit using a CMOS logic synthesis tool by adding new features to the tool and by modifying the existing features; (ii) introduce the concept of two kinds of complex cells: (a) stand-alone cells and (b) interconnected cells along with the advantage gained by these complex cells through the results of synthesized SFQ netlists. Design of stand-alone complex cells presented here includes and and  or gates with more-than-two inputs, high-fanout splitters, and “A+BC” cell. Circuits of decoders, multiplexers, and carrylook-ahead adders are synthesized with complex cells, and the advantage in terms of JJ count and latency is presented. We have also investigated the possibility of SFQ cells supporting multiple fanout drive capability by modifying the input/output interfaces of SFQ standard cells. In this direction, an algorithm to modify the input interface of a cell so that it can be driven along with similar cells by a single splitter output is presented along with the results for a simple clock-distribution line with multiple-fanout capability.

Field of study: Physics
Clinical translation of animal models of treatment relapse.

Behavioral Momentum Theory (BMT) has inspired animal models of treatment relapse. We translated the models of reinstatement and resurgence into clinical procedures to test whether relapse tests would replicate behavior pattern found in basic research. Following multiple schedule baseline reinforcement of a 16-year-old male's problem behavior at equal rates by two therapists, treatment was introduced using a variable-interval, variable-time (VI VT) schedule arrangement with therapists delivering reinforcers at different rates. Despite the differing rates of VI VT reinforcers, the treatment produced comparable reductions in problem behavior. Following successful treatment, the two therapists discontinued treatment and resumed reinforcement of problem behavior at equal rates that constituted a reinstatement of baseline conditions. As predicted by BMT, reinstatement resulted in an immediate return of high rates of problem behavior but was 2.6 times higher for the therapist using the higher rate VI VT treatment. A second treatment phase was implemented followed by a test of resurgence in a single extended extinction session conducted separately for each therapist. The unequal VI VT treatment rates by therapists resulted in 2.1 times greater responding in the resurgence test for the therapist who implemented the higher rate VI VT procedure. These results are consistent with basic research studies and BMT.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Effects of Six Plant Growth Regulators on the Growth of Spirulina platensis A_9

The influence of six plant growth regulators with three different concentrations on the growth of S.platensis A_9 was studied. The results showed that 0.5 mg·L~(-1) GA,1.0 mg·L~(-1) 6-BA,5 mg·L~(-1) NAA and 0.5 mg·L~(-1) 2,4-D had significant effects on the growth of strain A_9, especially at the beginning six days of cultivation. In the course of intersection experiment,combination of NAA with 6-BA was more suitable for the growth of strain A_9.Determination of intrinsic hormone offered theoretic basis for improving effect of hormones on the growth of strain A_9.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
C-terminal truncation of a metagenome-derived detergent protease for effective expression in E. coli.

Recently, a new alkaline protease named HP70 showing highest homology to extracellular serine proteases of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia and Xanthomonas campestris was found in the course of a metagenome screening for detergent proteases (Niehaus et al., submitted for publication). Attempts to efficiently express the enzyme in common expression hosts had failed. This study reports on the realization of overexpression in Escherichia coli after structural modification of HP70. Modelling of HP70 resulted in a two-domain structure, comprising the catalytic domain and a C-terminal domain which includes about 100 amino acids. On the basis of the modelled structure the enzyme was truncated by deletion of most of the C-terminal domain yielding HP70-C477. This structural modification allowed effective expression of active enzyme using E. coli BL21-Gold as the host. Specific activity of HP70-C477 determined with suc-L-Ala-L-Ala-L-Pro-L-Phe-p-nitroanilide as the substrate was 30 ± 5 U/mg compared to 8 ± 1 U/mg of the native enzyme. HP70-C477 was most active at 40°C and pH 7-11; these conditions are prerequisite for a potential application as detergent enzyme. Determination of kinetic parameters at 40°C and pH=9.5 resulted in K(M)=0.23 ± 0.01 mM and k(cat)=167.5 ± 3.6s(-1). MS-analysis of peptide fragments obtained from incubation of HP70 and HP70-C477 with insulin B indicated that the C-terminal domain influences the cleavage preferences of the enzyme. Washing experiments confirmed the high potential of HP70-C477 as detergent protease.

Field of study: Biology, Engineering
Factors Affecting Teachers' Excellence from the Perspective of Queen Rania Award -Winning Teachers: (A Jordanian Case)

The study aimed at investigating factors affecting teachers' excellence from the perspective of Queen Rania award -winning teachers as a Jordanian case. Recently, Jordan is committed to educational reform with a comprehensive plan called Education Reform for the Knowledge Economy (ERfKE). The study tries to answer questions about the most influential factors of educational excellence according to teachers' gender, level of education, and years of experience. In order to answer the study questions, a questionnaire was developed by the researchers as a major tool for collecting the data needed, so as to evaluate the teachers' perception of factors of excellence. Data is analyzed using descriptive statistics. ANOVA is used to determine the factors that affect teachers' excellence due to the study variables. The findings indicated that teachers' most important factors are related to Queen Rania Award criteria. The results show that the highest item mean in this domain was “Queen Rania award for educational excellence is considered to be a good motivation for teachers' performance”. There were no significant differences between teachers on the domain of Queen Rania Award criteria due to their gender, level of education and years of experience. Results show that gender, level of education and years of experience are not significant. In the lights of the findings, the study recommends more care of QRA criteria, and the need to study more factors which may influence teachers' excellence.  Teaching excellence, Jordan, Queen Rania Award

Field of study: Education
Zur Vervollständigung des Termschemas von Kohlenoxyd. I

ZusammenfassungDie Lagen der Schwingungsterme desa′3Σ+-CO-Zustandes werden teils auf Grund von beobachteten Absorptionsbandena′3Σ+← X1Σ+ bzw. Emissionsbandena′3Σ+ →a3Π, teils aus Störungen amA1Π bzw. amb3Σ+-Zustand bestimmt. Die Termfolge zwischen 57763 bis 88710 cm−1 umfaßt die Schwingungszustände von ν=0 bis ν=39; bei 89620 cm−1=11,06 Volt erfolgt Konvergenz der Schwingungsterme. Zwischen ν=8 und ν=24 können dieB-Werte aus den Lagen der gestörten Linien derA1Π → X1Σ (IV. Pos.)-Banden berechnet werden. DieB (ν)-Kurve findet eine sinngemäße Verlängerung auch zwischenν=33 undν=38, hier sind dieB- Werte mit Hilfe der Störungen amb3Σ-Zustand ermittelt. — Die Grenzkurve der Dissoziation desa′3Σ+-Zustandes ist identisch mit der Grenzkurve der Prädissoziation desb3Σ-Zustandes. Die Dissoziation desa′3Σ+-Zustandes führt zu C (5Su) + O (3Pg) Atomtermen; der Abstand C (5Su) — C (3Pg) erweist sich somit fast genau gleich dem von O (1Sg) - O (3Pg), d. h. etwa gleich 4,168 Volt.

Field of study: Physics
Electrochemical Deposition and Characterization of Thermoelectric Ternary (BixSb1−x)2Te3 and Bi2(Te1−ySey)3 Thin Films

Thermoelectric thin films of the ternary compounds (BixSb1−x)2Te3 and Bi2(Te1−ySey)3 were synthesized using potentiostatic electrochemical deposition on gold-coated silicon substrates from aqueous acidic solutions at room temperature. The surface morphology, elemental composition, and crystal structure of the deposited films were studied and correlated with preparation conditions. The thermoelectric properties of (BixSb1−x)2Te3 and Bi2(Te1−ySey)3 films, i.e., Seebeck coefficient and electrical resistivity, were measured after transferring the films to a nonconductive epoxy support. (BixSb1−x)2Te3 thin films showed p-type semiconductivity, and the highest power factor was obtained for film deposited at a relatively large negative potential with composition close to Bi0.5Sb1.5Te3. In addition, Bi2(Te1−ySey)3 thin films showed n-type semiconductivity, and the highest power factor was obtained for film deposited at a relatively small negative potential, having composition close to Bi2Te2.7Se0.3. In contrast to Bi2Te2.7Se0.3 thin films, an annealing treatment was required for Bi0.5Sb1.5Te3 thin films to achieve the same magnitude of power factor as Bi2Te2.7Se0.3. Therefore, Bi2Te2.7Se0.3 thin films appear to be good candidates for multilayer preparation using electrochemical deposition, but the morphology of the films must be further improved.

Field of study: Materials science
Wrong for All the Right Reasons: How White Liberals Have Been Undone by Race

There was a time, in this century, when liberals championed the working class, when Democrats were indisputably the party of those who worked rather than invested for a living. Today, however, most Americans have come to see liberals as drifting and aimless, somehow lacking in backbone and moral fiber, beholden to radical ideologies that have little to do with the average American's life. Few incidents cast this phenomenon into greater relief than George Bush's successful tarring of Michael Dukakis as a liberal in 1988--and, tellingly, Dukakis's subsequent flight from the liberal tradition. How has it come to this? Why have liberals allowed themselves to be so portrayed? In this book, Gordon MacInnes--state senator, fiscal conservative, frustrated Democrat, and a man who believes deeply in America's civic culture--reveals how progressive forces have retreated from the battle of ideas, at great cost. Squarely at the nexus of race, poverty, and politics, Wrong for All the Right Reasons charts the sources of liberal decline and the high costs of conservative rule. Tracing the origins of the liberal retreat to the fall-out over Senator Daniel Patrick Moynihan's report on the black family in the 1960s, MacInnes claims that white liberals have somewhere along the way stopped taking black people seriously enough to argue with them. Continuously put on the desfensive, liberals have been unable to forge an aggressive, proactive agenda of that addresses the needs of working-class and poor Americans. This has led to a breakdown of honest dialogue which to this day continues to plague liberal Democrats, as evidenced by Bill Bradley's withdrawal from active party politics last fall. Finding room for optimism in the groundswell of grass-roots progressivism, Wrong for All the Right Reasons is a timely, necessary call to arms for liberal, progressive Democrats, outlining ways in which they can reverse their party's dangerous decline.

Field of study: Political science
Effects of Y Doping on Dielectric and Varistor Properties of CaCu3Ti4O12 Thin Films

Ca1−3x/2YxCu3Ti4O12 (x = 0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, and 0.2) (CCTO) thin films were prepared by a modified sol–gel method. The effects of Y doping on the microstructure and electrical properties of the CCTO thin films were investigated. According to x-ray diffraction analysis, the main phase of all Y-doped CCTO thin films is cubic Im3¯\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$ \bar{3} $$\end{document}. Meanwhile, some secondary phases were defected. Scanning electron microscopy analysis showed that Y doping can easily lead to a smaller grain size and larger porosity in CCTO thin films. Room-temperature dielectric analysis showed that the dielectric constant of different Y doping samples at 1 kHz was 4213, 4523, 4974, 4824, and 4777, and the dielectric losses were 0.053, 0.051, 0.062, 0.067, and 0.049, respectively. The study of Y-doped CCTO thin films showed that Y doping increased the dielectric constant of the films at low frequencies, but at the same time it increased their dielectric loss and decreased their dielectric frequency and temperature stability range. Y-doping had little effect on the nonlinearity of the films and did not significantly change their nonlinear coefficients.

Field of study: Materials science
NOAA's Future Ensemble-Based Hurricane Forecast Products

Uncertainty information from ensemble prediction systems can enhance and extend the suite of tropical cyclone (TC) forecast products. This article will review progress in ensemble prediction of TCs and the scientific issues in ensemble system development for TCs. Additionally, it will discuss the needs of forecasters and other users for TC uncertainty information and describe some ensemble-based products that may be able to be disseminated in the near future. We hope these proposals will jump-start a community-wide discussion of how to leverage ensemble-based uncertainty information for TC prediction. A supplement to this article is available online (10.1175/2011BAMS3106.2)

Field of study: Environmental science
The female labour market in London in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries

One problem for the early modernist is that feminist writing on the nineteenth century has tended to force upon historians of the early modern period an unenviable task, that of locating a bon vieux temps when women enjoyed a harmonious, if hard-working, domestic role and social responsibility before they were downgraded into social parasites or factory fodder under the corrupting hand of capitalism. So far the location of this bon vieux temps has proved remarkably

Field of study: Economics, History