nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Pharmacogenetics of bipolar disorder

To review the pharmacogenetics of bipolar disorders, the authors searched databases for genetic association and linkage studies involving response to long-term prophylactic lithium treatment, as well as treatment with antidepressants or clozapine. Significant ethnic variations in the metabolism and efficacy of antidepressants, as well as clozapine, have been reported by several groups. Systematic studies suggest that that genetic factors affect the response to prophylactic lithium treatment. Numerous associations between the three traits of interest and candidate gene polymorphisms have been proposed. Among these, an association between the serotonin transporter gene and response to serotonin reuptake inhibitors appears robust. Considerable interest has also focused on serotonergic gene polymorphisms and response to clozapine. Response to pharmacotherapy in bipolar disorders may be mediated by genetic factors, but the role played by heritability is unknown.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Thermal processing enhances the nutritional value of tomatoes by increasing total antioxidant activity

Processed fruit and vegetable have been long considered to have lower nutritional value than their fresh commodities due to the loss of Vc during processing. This research group found Vc in apples contributed 0.4% of total antioxidant activity, indicating most of the activity comes from the natural combination of phytochemicals. This suggests that processed fruit and vegetable may retain their antioxidant activity despite the loss of Vc. Here it is shown that although loss of Vc was observed, thermal processing elevated total antioxidant activity and bioaccessible lycopene content in tomatoes and produced no significant changes in the total phenolics and total flavonoids content, and thermal processing enhanced the nutritional value of tomatoes.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Textural Variation in Petrogenetic Analyses

Textural variation in rocks bears promise of yielding large amounts of petrogenetically valuable information. This information, concerning reaction pathways and kinetics, can be obtained through evaluation of carefully selected quantitative textural variables such as grain shape, as described by Fourier-series approximation, and surface area of phase contacts per unit volume. As an example, it is shown that the response of these two variables to a metamorphic gradient is more sensitive than standard compositional variables. In addition, these textural variables record processes to which composition cannot respond. Conclusions from the empirical data indicate that surface free energy, which is a function of surface area and grain neighborhoods, may in some instances be a dominant factor in petrogenesis.

Field of study: Geology
A virtual source model for Monte Carlo modeling of arbitrary intensity distributions.

A photon virtual source model was developed for simulating arbitrary, external beam, intensity distributions using the Monte Carlo method. The source model consists of a photon fluence grid composed of a matrix of square elements, located 25-cm downstream from the linear accelerator target. Each particle originating from the fluence map is characterized by the seven phase space parameters, position (x, y, z), direction (u, v, w), and energy. The map was reconstructed from fluence and energy spectra acquired by modeling components of the linear accelerator treatment head using the Monte Carlo code MCNP4B. The effect of contaminant electrons is accounted for by the use of a sub-source derived from a phase-space simulation of a 25-MV linac treatment head using the code BEAM. The BEAM sub-source was incorporated into the MCNP4B phase-space model and is sampled using a field-size dependent sampling ratio. A Gaussian blurring kernel is convolved with the photon fluence map to account for the finite focal spot size and scattering effects from structures such as the flattening filter and MLC leaves. Depth dose and profile source calculations for 6-MV and 25-MV photon beams, for 5 x 5 cm2, 10 x 10 cm2, and 15 x 15 cm2 field sizes, are in good agreement with measurement and are well within acceptability criteria suggested by the AAPM Task Group Report No. 53. Irregular field calculations compared with film measurement and with a 3-D pencil beam algorithm show that the source model is capable of accurately simulating arbitrary MLC fields.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Fibre Volume Fraction and Chamber Length Impact on Detached versus Attached Resin Injection Pultrusion

Resin injection pultrusion is an efficient and highly automated continuous process for high-quality, low-cost, high-volume manufacturing of composites. This research focuses on the impact of the fibre volume fraction and chamber length on resin injection pultrusion. Fibre volume fraction impact on the strength of the final composite is important since higher fibre volume fraction composites generally yield higher strength. Manufacturing composites with higher fibre volume fraction are more difficult because higher fibre volume fractions require higher injection pressures to achieve complete reinforcement wet out and thus yields higher maximum interior chamber wall pressures. In this work the impact of fibre volume fraction on complete wet out of reinforced fibre is investigated in the attached-die and detached-die resin injection pultrusion process with various resin injection chamber length considerations. This work explores the resin minimum injection pressure needed to achieve complete wet out, the corresponding maximum pressure inside the resin injection chamber so as to improve injection chamber design to keep the resin pressure within the injection chamber within reasonable constraints for different fibre volume fractions.

Field of study: Materials science
The Geometry of Generalized Binary Search

This paper investigates the problem of determining a binary-valued function through a sequence of strategically selected queries. The focus is an algorithm called Generalized Binary Search (GBS). GBS is a well-known greedy algorithm for determining a binary-valued function through a sequence of strategically selected queries. At each step, a query is selected that most evenly splits the hypotheses under consideration into two disjoint subsets, a natural generalization of the idea underlying classic binary search. This paper develops novel incoherence and geometric conditions under which GBS achieves the information-theoretically optimal query complexity; i.e., given a collection of N hypotheses, GBS terminates with the correct function after no more than a constant times logN queries. Furthermore, a noise-tolerant version of GBS is developed that also achieves the optimal query complexity. These results are applied to learning halfspaces, a problem arising routinely in image processing and machine learning.

Field of study: Computer science
Gravity Field and Structure of the Niger Delta, Nigeria, West Africa

Data are given for 73 gravity stations situated on land in the general area of the Niger delta, Nigeria, West Africa. This information is presented in the form of maps showing the location and height of the gravity stations, Bouguer anomalies, and isostatic anomalies for a normal crustal thickness of 30 km. The bathymetric map of the Gulf of Guinea (adjacent to the Niger delta) shows a bulge in the isobaths opposite the Niger delta. This bulge is interpreted as an indication that the delta occupies an area once occupied by sea water reaching oceanic depths. This interpretation allows one to estimate the extra load of sediment on the crust of the earth which the Niger delta would represent if there had been no subsidence under this load. In the extreme southwestern part of the subaerial Niger delta the sediments constituting this hypothetical extra load are about 3000 m thick. In a comparison between observed gravity anomalies and anomalies computed on the assumption that no subsidence under load has occurred, the observed gravity field shows negative values of low magnitude, whereas the computed anomalies are positive and large. Thus there must have been considerable subsidence; the Niger delta must in fact be nearly in isostatic equilibrium. Following earlier work by Lawson, the relationships between load and subsidence and the resulting total thickness of deposited sediment are analyzed quantitatively. The resulting total thickness of deposited sediment is proportional to the difference between former and present water depth; the constant of proportionality can be calculated from the densities of sea water, sediments, and the substratum on which the crust is assumed to float. The results of this analysis allow one to construct a hypothetical section of the Niger delta. Assuming a value of 2.40 g/cm 3 for the average density of the sediments of the delta, the maximum thickness of these sediments appears to be about 8000 m, and the total volume, about 500,000 km 3 . The latter result is considered in terms of the age of, and present sediment supply to, the Niger delta. The “Niger delta Minimum,” a gentle gravity minimum reaching –40 mgal that covers most of the subaerial part of the Niger delta, may be a result of an uncompensated downwarp of the crust, density contrasts within the basement, imperfect corrections for the presence of light sediments, or a combination of any or all these factors.

Field of study: Geology
Dissipation of imazaquin in southern soils

Soil‐applied imazaquin was characterized by rapid initial dissipation followed by a slower second phase breakdown following field application in soybean. Relative rates of imazaquin dissipation from fastest to slowest in 1988 were: Captina silt loam = Marietta loam > Dothan (NC) loamy sand = Dothan (FL) sandy loam = Port loam = Pullman silty clay loam = Appling sandy loam = Maury silt loam = Statler loam. No differences in dissipation rate among sites were not detected in 1989. In 1990, relative rates of imazaquin dissipation from fastest to slowest were: Port loam > Dothan (FL) loamy sand = Dothan (NC) sandy loam = Appling sandy loam = Maury silt loam = Pullman silty clay loam. A negative correlation between soil temperature and the imazaquin DT50 was observed. Soil pH, organic matter content, or clay content did not influence the dissipation pattern of imazaquin in these studies.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
TAKING AND THE DISRUPTION OF COOPERATION1

Subjects could either cooperate or respond on a lower-paying individual task. In Exp. I and II, either subject could make a response that took $1.00 of the other's earnings whenever subjects chose to cooperate. The two experiments differed as to whether taking responses were effective continuously or intermittently. Both experiments showed that the opportunity to take disrupted cooperative behavior. Experiment III indicated that if taking was possible regardless of whether the subjects cooperated or responded on the individual task, subjects either cooperated or terminated the experiment.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Expression of hNP22 is altered in the frontal cortex and hippocampus of the alcoholic human brain.

Human neuronal protein (hNP22) is a gene with elevated messenger RNA expression in the prefrontal cortex of the human alcoholic brain. hNP22 has high homology with a rat protein (rNP22). These proteins also share homology with a number of cytoskeleton-interacting proteins.



A rabbit polyclonal antibody to an 18-amino acid epitope was produced for use in Western and immunohistochemical analysis. Samples from the human frontal and motor cortices were used for Western blots (n = 10), whereas a different group of frontal cortex and hippocampal samples were obtained for immunohistochemistry (n = 12).



The hNP22 antibody detected a single protein in both rat and human brain. Western blots revealed a significant increase in hNP22 protein levels in the frontal cortex but not the motor cortex of alcoholic cases. Immunohistochemical studies confirmed the increased hNP22 protein expression in all cortical layers. This is consistent with results previously obtained using Northern analysis. Immunohistochemical analysis also revealed a significant increase of hNP22 immunoreactivity in the CA3 and CA4 but not other regions of the hippocampus.



It is possible that this protein may play a role in the morphological or plastic changes observed after chronic alcohol exposure and withdrawal, either as a cytoskeleton-interacting protein or as a signaling molecule.

Field of study: Medicine
Nature conservation: priority-setting needs a global change

The limited resources available for the conservation of biodiversity and ecosystem services call for prioritisation schemes. For instance, in the process of systematic conservation planning site selection is partly determined by efficiency gains. In this paper we present an alternative method for global spatial priority-setting based on ecological indicators, combined with social and economic conditions that influence the effectiveness of conservation, and measures for the long-term persistence of biodiversity. In the analysis the assumption made is that nature conservation should prioritize the effective maintenance of functional ecosystems that do not only provide the most ecosystem services but are also more likely to have a high adaptive capacity towards unavoidable environmental change. Furthermore, the effectiveness and permanence of conservation projects is tied to certain socioeconomic and political conditions that, as we suggest, should be evaluated as part of the conservation priority-setting process. We propose three new priority categories: eco-functionally wise (EcoWise), socioeconomically wise (SocioWise) and proactive allocation of conservation resources considering future climate change (ClimateWise) expressed as indices based on 16 different indicators. Analysing the combined effects of these three categories (EcoSocioClimateWise), in a spatially explicit way highlights the importance of tropical, subtropical but also some temperate and boreal forest areas all of which are characterized by high values of vegetation density, tree height and carbon storage. Our recommendations for policy makers prompt a shift in conservation planning towards advocating the use of ecological and socioeconomic indicators in combination with proxies for the vulnerability to future climate change impacts.

Field of study: Environmental science
Sharp Crossover of the Susceptibility in Polymer Solutions near the Critical Demixing Point

We have observed a sharp and nonmonotonic crossover of the susceptibility (osmotic compressibility) from mean-field to Ising critical behavior in semidilute solutions of polystyrene in deuterocyclohexane as the temperature decreases from the {Theta} region down to the critical temperature of the phase separation. We describe this crossover in terms of a competition between the long-range but finite intramolecular correlations of monomers in the polymer chain and the diverging correlation length of concentration fluctuations.

Field of study: Physics
Gauging state-level and user group views of oyster reef restoration activities in the northern Gulf of Mexico

Successful oyster reef restoration, like many conservation challenges, requires not only biological understanding of the resource, but also stakeholder cooperation and political support. To measure perceptions of oyster reef restoration activities and priorities for future restoration along the northern Gulf of Mexico coast, a survey of 1500 individuals representing 4 user groups (oyster harvesters, shrimpers, environmental organization members, professionals), across 5 states (Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Florida) was conducted in 2011. All respondents highly supported reef restoration efforts, but there was a dichotomy in preferred restoration goals with commercial fishermen more likely to support oyster reef restoration for stock enhancement, while professionals and environmental organization members were more likely to support oyster reef restoration to enhance ecosystem services. All user groups identified enforcement, funding, and appropriate site selection as basic requirements for successful reef restoration. For management of restored oyster reefs, oyster harvesters and shrimpers were less likely to support options that restricted the use of reefs, including gear restrictions and permanent closures, but did support rotating annual reef closures, while other stakeholders were willing to consider all options, including annual reef closures and sanctuary reefs. Overall, there were clear differences in management and communication preferences across user groups, but few differences across states. Understanding these key differences in stakeholder support for, and willingness to accept specific management actions is critical in moving management and restoration forward while minimizing conflict.

Field of study: Environmental science
Improved Gibbs Sampling Parameter Estimators for Latent Dirichlet Allocation

Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) is a generative probabilistic model for discovering the underlying structure of discrete data. LDA and its extensions have been successfully used for both unsupervised and supervised learning tasks across a variety of data types including textual, image, and biological data. After more than a decade of intensive research on training algorithms for LDA, the Collapsed Gibbs Sampler (CGS), in which the parameters are marginalized out, remains one of the most popular LDA inference algorithms. We introduce a novel approach for estimating LDA parameters from collapsed Gibbs samples, by leveraging the full conditional distributions over the latent variable assignments to efficiently average over multiple samples, for little more computational cost than drawing a single sample. Our approach can be understood as adapting the soft clustering methodology of Collapsed Variational Bayes (CVB0) to CGS parameter estimation, in order to get the best of both techniques. We perform extensive empirical comparisons of our estimators with those of standard collapsed inference algorithms on real-world data for both unsupervised LDA and Prior-LDA, a supervised variant of LDA for multi-label classification. Our results show a consistent advantage of our approach over traditional CGS under all experimental conditions, and over CVB0 inference in the majority of conditions. More broadly, our results highlight the importance of averaging over multiple samples in LDA parameter estimation, and the use of efficient computational techniques to do so.

Field of study: Computer science
On the possibility of reasonable consistent majoritarian choice: Some positive results

(SMSCFs) are such that the choice on an agenda can be defined with the knowledge of the simple majority relation on the agenda as the sole information. The possibility for SMSCFs to satisfy both the General Pareto condition and choice consistency conditions strong enough to be meaningful has been doubted. Here we exhibit three reasonable SMSCFs that do both. One of them can be interpreted as eliminating from the agenda all alternatives one can suspect of being Pareto dominated by some other. We compare some of their properties with those of the SMSCFs already known in the literature.

Field of study: Economics
Contingent Delay versus Noncontingent Delay during Acquisition and Extinction

Three groups of rats were first trained with food and then extinguished in a runway. Running terminated either in no delay, bar pressing at FR16, or a delay equal to the time required for bar pressing. Terminal acquisition running speeds were ordered, from fastest to slowest, as the ordering of groups above. Extinction proceeded at about the same rate from each of the three terminal acquisition levels.

Field of study: Psychology
Effects of Tillage on Soil Erosion in a Wheat-Fallow Rotation

EROSION from alternative tillage systems in winter wheat-fallow rotations was measured using a rainfall simulator. The Nebraska study, conducted at the High Plains Agricultural Laboratory, showed that during the fallow period between harvest and tillage, soil erosion was not affected by the tillage systems studied. However, erosion following tillage was different for the systems evaluated and moldboard plowing with the slope had the largest amount. The no-till system reduced erosion by about 95% during this period. Although contour plowing was effective in reducing erosion when compared to plowing with the slope, no differences were measured between with the slope and contour tillage for the no-till or stubble-mulch treatments.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Analysis About Enterprise Management Personnel Training Mode

The paper takes a sample survey,comparison research method.By Comprehensive use of reinforcement of training theory,demand theory and the theory of innovation,Analysis of the education and training of the pertinence,effectiveness problem. up"three-three-three"training module group,in concept,reform and innovation,process design,system innovation,transformation and other aspects of standardization and innovation,Formation of outstanding high potential,high performance training,Formation of high efficiency,high capacity method of outstanding education and training,To the enterprise management staff education and training into the scientific,institutionalized.

Field of study: Economics
A computationally efficient hybrid leakage model for positive displacement compressors and expanders

An empirical frictional correction factor to the isentropic nozzle model has been developed for application to refrigerant leakage modeling in scroll, rotary and other similar compressors and expanders. This correction factor is derived by calculating the leakage mass flow rate with a compressible, variable area, real gas properties model and referencing the results to an isentropic nozzle model. The ratio of flows is correlated to the Reynolds number, a characteristic length and the leakage gap width. A representative selection of fluids and geometries are employed. For all the correlations, at least 93% of the points are predicted within an absolute error band of 20%.

Field of study: Engineering