nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Typology of NPIs in Korean: Variation and Licensing

This paper examines typology of Negative Polarity Items (NPIs) in Korean, focusing on their distributional and licensing properties. This paper first classifies various types of Korean NPIs in terms of their distributional properties, and then discusses licensing environments of each type of NPIs in terms of nonveridicality, extensively discussed in many previous studies (Zwarts 1995, Giannakidou 1998, 2002, 2011a, b, C. Lee 1996, 1999, C. Lee et al. 2000, inter alia). Although licensing environments of each type of NPIs are not uniform, licensing environments of morphologically complex NPIs appear to be more restricted antiveridical, whereas other types of NPIs are widely distributed in nonveridical contexts. This paper further examines a context that does not contain an apparent nonveridical licenser but permit an NPI, and argues that a few types of NPIs secondarily adopt a mechanism of ‘rescuing’ (Giannakidou 2006) that is pragmatically conditioned.

Field of study: Linguistics
On applications of micro-photogrammetry and geometric morphometrics to studies of tooth mark morphology: The modern Olduvai Carnivore Site (Tanzania)

Recent application of photogrammetric and geometric morphometric approaches to the study of cut marks on bones has yielded positive results in discriminating different types of tools and even some raw materials. Here, we apply this analytical technique to the study of carnivore tooth scores. The goal is twofold: on the one hand, we intend to differentiate carnivore types and on the other one, we show the application of this approach to a sample of tooth scores from long bones documented at the modern assemblage of the Olduvai Carnivore Site (OCS). Previous taphonomic work at OCS suggested that this bone assemblage constituted a good evidence of a carcass accumulation behavior by lions, followed by hyena ravaging. The application of these 3D techniques to the selected sample of tooth marks shows that lions, as well as spotted hyenas, did indeed impart marks on the OCS assemblage. This reinforces the dual nature of the assemblage and the implication of lions in its formation.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Regulation of N-myristoyltransferase by the calpain and caspase systems.

N-myristoyltransferase (NMT) is an essential eukaryotic enzyme which catalyzes the transfer of the myristoyl group to the terminal glycine residue of a number of proteins including those involved in signal transduction and apoptotic pathways. In higher eukaryotes, two isoforms of NMT have been identified (NMT1 and NMT2) which share about 76% amino acid sequence identity in humans. Protein-protein interactions of NMTs reveal that m-calpain interacts with NMT1 whereas caspase-3 interacts with NMT2. These findings reveal differential interactions of both isoforms of NMT with various signaling molecules. This minireview provides an overview of the regulation of N-myristoyltransferase by calpain and caspase systems.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Physics
295: The differential regulation of the interferon alpha subtypes in response to viral infection

The induction of the different interferon alpha (IFNA) subtypes is regulated in a cell type and virus specific manner. Although much work has focused on the transcriptional regulation of the IFNA subtypes, the contribution of the JAK/STAT pathway to the induction and amplification of the different IFNA subtypes remains unknown in humans. To explore this area, we infected 4 different cell lines with VSV, EMCV and SeV and measured the IFNA subtype response as well as the induction of important modulators of the JAK/STAT pathway. Namalwa and U937 cells, which are B and monocytic cell lines, respectively, produced all of the IFNA subtypes in large amounts in response to all 3 viruses. Daudi cells, which are a B cell line, produced between 3 and 6 of the subtypes in moderate amounts depending on the infecting virus. The M059J cells, which are a glioblastoma cell line, produced at most 1 subtype at low levels in response to the viruses. However, despite the vastly different IFNA profiles induced in the different cell types, all of the cells induced comparable amounts of interferon beta (IFNB) and displayed activation of members of the JAK/STAT pathway, including STAT1, IRF3 and IRF7, suggesting that pathways other than the JAK/STAT pathway help regulate the IFNA response. Furthermore, treatment of the cell lines with IFNB to mimic the paracrine amplification loop resulted in vastly different subtype responses. Namalwa and U937 cells, which produced all of the subtypes in large amounts in response to viral infection, only produced 3 and 8 subtypes, respectively, and in very low amounts. Daudi cells only produced very low levels of IFNA21, and the M059J cells did not produce any IFNA. These results suggest that events other than the activation of the JAK/STAT pathway by IFNB may regulate the IFNA subtype response.

Field of study: Medicine
Development of Casting Technique on the Roll Housing Casting Producing Wide-thick Steel Plate

In this paper,the main stress part of the 5-meter wide-thick plate rolling mill,the roll housing casting with 490 tons was introduced,and According to its structural and technical requirements,a casting technology with reasonable parameters and convenient operation was developed by analysis of its technological characteristics,design of its technology,application of Magma solidification simulation software and verification and optimization of the process.The result is that the roll housing casting by ultrasonic test and magnetic test according to the standards after rough machining completely satisfied for the quality requirement of the casting.

Field of study: Materials science
Growth and change: a comment on the Crafts-Harley view of the industrial revolution

The aim of our article 'Rehabilitating the industrial revolution' was to broaden the debate about the extent and nature of change in the economy and society of the industrial revolution.' In 'Output growth and the British industrial revolution'2 Crafts and Harley reassert their position on the beginnings of modern economic growth, and dismiss our criticisms as confused and misleading. In doing this they have misconstrued a number of our arguments for a broader treatment of the industrial revolution in order to score clever debating points. A number of these can be answered very briefly. We did suggest reasons for thinking that their estimates may have understated industrial growth, but we nowhere argued for a return to Hoffmann or Deane and Cole.3 We also suggested that the contributions of a whole series of industries, from metalwares, chemicals, glassmaking, and pottery to food processing were not considered. They were not in the Crafts and Harley industrial sample, primarily because evidence of output growth was lost with the records of the small firms which dominated these industries. It is not obvious, as Crafts and Harley assert, that the historical record became more complete as time passed;4 we know much more of Ambrose Crowley in the seventeenth century than of the typical early nineteenthcentury manufacturer of metals in Birmingham, or of textiles in south Lancashire or Yorkshire. Crafts and Harley did not answer our point on the impact of product innovation.5 Gordon's research on the impact of quality and product changes on the US economy after the Second World War has demonstrated a doubling of former estimates of the growth of producer durables, and lesser though significant adjustments for consumer  Such effects are just as likely, if not more so, to appear in the early stages of industrialization, as patent data for the eighteenth century demonstrate. The major distortion of our arguments by Crafts and Harley lies in their view that the inclusion of female and child labour inputs which we advocate

Field of study: Economics, History
Effective interactions and the nuclear shell-model

This review aims at a critical discussion of the interplay between effective interactions derived from various many-body approaches and spectroscopic data extracted from large scale shell-model studies. To achieve this, our many-body scheme starts with the free nucleon-nucleon (NN) interaction, typically modelled on various meson exchanges. The NN interaction is in turn renormalized in order to derive an effective medium dependent interaction. The latter is in turn used in shell-model calculations of selected nuclei. We also describe how to sum up the parquet class of diagrams and present initial uses of the effective interactions in coupled cluster many-body theory.

Field of study: Physics
APPLICATION OF SPRAYING INSULATION POLYMER-MODIFIED MORTAR FOR ENERGY-SAVING AND REINFORCEMENT TO EXTERNAL WALL

Based on experiments and engineering sample plate tests,it is concluded that employing the combination technique of reinforcement and insulation of spraying insulation polymer-modified mortar is effective for energy-saving and reinforcement of masonary wall,especially with more advantage in reinforcement and reconstruction engineering of important masonry structures.Firstly,the performance of insulation polymer-modified mortar was experimentally studied,with special focus on the construction technology and mechanism of reinforcement and insulation of the combination technique of spraying insulation polymer-modified mortar,and mortar spraying construction on-site simulation tests was conducted.In conclusion,the effect of this construction method is satisfactory and could possibly provide a source of references for relevant reinforcement and reconstruction projects.

Field of study: Engineering
Dopaminergic control of gene transcription during striatal ontogeny: c-fos induction by D1 receptor activation in the developing striosomes.

During striatal development, dopamine afferents initially reach the striosomal compartment, and this early dopamine innervation is thought to influence, through the D1 receptors first expressed in the developing patches, the phenotype of target striatal cells. Dopaminergic control of gene expression during ontogeny could be mediated by transcription factors such as c-fos, whose expression is regulated by synaptic signals. However, in the striatum of intact adult animals, D1 dopamine agonists fail to induce c-fos expression. The c-fos response to D1 receptor activation in adults requires a previous sensitization of dopaminergic receptors by chronic treatment with reserpine or by lesion of the nigro-striatal pathway. In this work, we investigated through in situ hybridization the ability of striatal cells to express c-fos messenger RNA (mRNA) in response to the D1 agonist SKF 38393 (4 to 8 mg/kg) in developing mice. During a transient postnatal period, c-fos expression in a patchy distribution was induced by D1 receptor activation: only a faint response was detected on postnatal day 1, but islands of strong hybridization signals for c-fos mRNA in response to the D1 agonist were observed at postnatal day 3, with a progressive decrease in intensity from day 6 to day 15. The distribution of this transient c-fos response corresponded to the early striosomal compartment since it matched with the regions of intense mu-opioid and dopamine-D1 receptor binding, as assessed by autoradiography performed on adjacent sections. By day 21, as in adult animals, no more c-fos response to D1 agonists was observed, except in the most caudal division of the striatum. Strong expression, which persisted into adulthood, was detected in this region from the third postnatal day. This induction of striatal c-fos expression by D1 agonists during early postnatal development is indicative of an enhanced sensitivity of D1 receptors or of D1-associated transduction pathways compared to the adult pattern, and suggests a possible role for dopamine-controlled c-fos gene expression in the development of target striatal neurons during this critical period.

Field of study: Biology
Investigating Factors Influencing Joyfulness of High School environments From the Viewpoint of Students of Isfahan City in the Academic Year 2011-2012

This study attempts to determine the factors affecting joyfulness of high school environments from the viewpoint of students of Isfahan city in the academic year 2011-2012. The study investigates factors including educational and background factors, as well as educational atmosphere, facilities and equipment. Being a descriptive research, the study adopts a survey method. The statistical population comprises all students of Isfahan city in the academic year 2011-2012 whose number amount to 90141. The sample comprises 384 students chosen from the population according to Morgan's table. The students were selected through stratified random sampling proportionate to their number according to their region and gender. For data collection and data analysis, the study uses researcher-made questionnaires as research tools. The findings are analyzed by using the two methods of description (percentage and mean) and deduction (independent and single-sample T-tests and variance analysis). Considering the weighted average of the questions and deductive results, the major research findings reveal that all factors being investigated including educational and support factors as well as facilities and equipment, extracurricular activities and educational atmosphere  affect, more than the average (greatly) joyfulness of school environments.  joyfulness, educational factors, support,   facilities and equipment, extracurricular activities, educational environment.

Field of study: Education
Shape and orientation effects on the ballistic phonon thermal properties of ultra-scaled Si nanowires

The effect of geometrical confinement, atomic position, and orientation of silicon nanowires (SiNWs) on their thermal properties are investigated using the phonon dispersion obtained using a Modified Valence Force Field (MVFF) model. The specific heat (Cν) and the ballistic thermal conductance (κlbal) shows anisotropic variation with changing cross-section shape and size of the SiNWs. The Cν increases with decreasing cross-section size for all the wires. The triangular wires show the largest Cν due to their highest surface-to-volume ratio. The square wires with [110] orientation show the maximum κlbal because they have the highest number of conducting phonon modes. At the nano-scale a universal scaling law for both Cν and κlbal are obtained with respect to the number of atoms in the unit cell. This scaling is independent of the shape, size, and orientation of the SiNWs, revealing a direct correlation of the lattice thermal properties to the atomistic properties of the nanowires. Thus, engineering the SiNW...

Field of study: Physics
Glacier velocities and dynamic discharge from the ice masses of Baffin Island and Bylot Island, Nunavut, Canada

Speckle tracking of ALOS PALSAR fine beam data from 2007–2011 are used to determine the surface motion of major ice masses on Baffin Island and Bylot Island in the southern Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Glacier velocities are low overall, with peaks of ∼100 m a−1 and means of ∼20–60 m a−1 common along the main trunk of many outlet glaciers. Peak velocities on Penny and Bylot Island ice caps tend to occur near the mid-sections of their primary outlet glaciers, while the fastest velocities on all other glaciers usually occur near their termini due to relatively large accumulation areas draining through narrow outlets. Estimates of ice thickness at the fronts of tidewater-terminating glaciers are combined with the velocity measurements to determine a regional dynamic discharge rate of between ∼17 Mt a−1 and ∼108 Mt a−1, with a mid-point estimate of ∼55 Mt a−1, revising downward previous approximations. These velocities can be used as inputs for glacier flow models, and provide a baseline dataset against which...

Field of study: Environmental science
Adsorption and desorption kinetics of diflubenzuron and fenitrothion in two different boreal forest soils

Adsorption and desorption of two insecticides, diflubenzuron (DFB) and fenitrothion (FEN), were studied by batch equilibrium method under laboratory conditions (pH 5.5, 20°C), using an organic soil (soil 1) and a silty clay loam soil (soil 2), collected from a boreal forest in northern Ontario, Canada. Adsorption parameters were calculated using the linear, Freundlich and Langmuir equations. Maximum amount adsorbed and the time required for maximum adsorption of DFB were 88 μg/g and 18 h (soil 1), and 73 μg/g and 24 h (soil 2), respectively. Corresponding values for FEN were 92 μg/g (soil 1) and 81 μg/g (soil 2), and maximum adsorption time for both soils was 30 h. DFB was more strongly adsorbed to both soils compared to FEN, however between the two soils, soil 1 showed stronger affinity for the chemicals than soil 2. The KD, KF and n values corroborated these findings. The Langmuir model showed deviation, probably due to heterogeneity of the soil surface and multi‐layer adsorption. Desorption st...

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Calorimetric particle detectors with superconducting transition edge thermometers

The author discusses the development of calorimetric detectors utilizing large absorber crystals coupled to superconducting transition edge thermometers. At low temperature, high energy resolution results from the low detector heat capacity and the strong temperature dependence of the resistance of the thermometer at the normal/superconducting phase transition. The transition edge thermometer is a thin film at very low T/sub c/ superconductor deposited directly on the absorber. Results from two detectors yielding excellent energy resolution are presented. One of these detectors was fabricated with an Ir strip thermometer, and the other with an Ir/Au proximity effect bilayer. Detailed studies have resulted in a model which will be used to optimize future detectors.<<ETX>>

Field of study: Physics
Creation of GaAs microstructures using the nuclear nanoprobe LIPSION

We report on experiments concerning the fabrication of microdimensional structures in p- and n-type GaAs with different orientations using focused beams of high-energy protons and He+ ions and subsequent electrochemical etching. Depending on type and crystal orientation, the irradiated regions show a different etching behaviour resulting in different microstructures despite similar irradiation patterns. Single spot irradiation in (1 0 0) p-type GaAs results in the creation of small, elongated bumps while in ()-oriented, n-type material, a patterned formation of porous material was initiated by the irradiation. The effect of reduced etching of unirradiated material encircled by closed irradiated patterns up to a size of 25 µm, already known from Si, could be observed in GaAs as well. Furthermore, the creation of three-dimensional multilevel structures in (1 0 0)-oriented GaAs is demonstrated.

Field of study: Materials science
Filling in the missing link between simulation and application in opportunistic networking

In the domain of opportunistic networking, just like in any other domain of computer science, the engineering process should span all stages between an original idea and the validation of its implementation in real conditions. Yet most researchers often stop halfway along this process: they rely on simulation to validate the protocols and distributed applications they design, and neglect to go further. Their algorithms are thus only rarely implemented for real, and when they are, the validation of the resulting code is usually performed at a very small scale. Therefore, the results obtained are hardly repeatable or comparable to others. LEPTON is an emulation platform that can help bridge the gap between pure simulation and fully operational implementation, thus allowing developers to observe how the software they develop (instead of pseudo-code that simulates its behavior) performs in controlled, repeatable conditions. In this paper we present LEPTON, an emulation platform we developed, and we show how existing opportunistic networking systems can be adapted to run with this platform. Taking two existing middle-ware systems as use cases, we also demonstrate that running demanding scenarios with LEPTON constitute an excellent stress test and a powerful tool to improve the opportunistic systems under test.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
The Emerson Phase of Lake Agassiz, independently registered in northwestern Minnesota and northwestern Ontario

Two stratigraphically different sites have been analyzed in different ways, but the results may be interpreted as reflecting a common event: the transgressive Emerson Phase of Lake Agassiz. The southern site at Swift, Minnesota exposes a beach ridge underlain by lakeshore deposits and peat that have been 14C-dated from 10 050 to 9350 years BP. At the other site, a small pond 32 km southeast of Sioux Lookout in northwestern Ontario, lithologic, diatom, and pollen analyses and a radiocarbon age of 9740 years reveal the history of the pond and its basin in relation to Lake Agassiz. Despite more than 300 km of separation it seems probable that the two sites were influenced by the same transgression of Lake Agassiz. The effect and duration differ, however, perhaps because of isostatic adjustments within the Lake Agassiz basin.

Field of study: Environmental science
Calculation of Langmuir states in doubly excited helium.

We have identified a class of high-lying doubly excited resonance in helium which are directly linked to a classical orbit first proposed by Langmuir for the quantization of helium. The projection of the wave function onto three mutually orthogonal planes is shown to trace the Langmuir orbit. This class of resonances forms the top of the intrashell manifold, and are long-lived compared to other members of the same manifold. In the limit [ital Z][r arrow][infinity], the wave function traces the modified, asymmetric Langmuir orbit generated by bifurcation of the Langmuir orbit.

Field of study: Physics
An New Process to Form Large-size Valve Bodies

Focused on the metal plastic forming of valve bodies used by power plant boiler,a new process named "Shear Extrusion" is described in this paper.By the methods of simulating and practical experiments,the new "Shear Extrusion" process has been studied,and the optimal process variables applied to forming valve bodies are obtained.Finally,it further testifies the feasibility and advantage of this process which the large size cut off valve bodies of 12CrMoV alloy have been successfully formed by the screw press.In addition,the new process can be applied to produce not only cut off valve bodies but also components with branches such as sluice valve bodies,teejunctions and so on.

Field of study: Materials science
Morisita’s prosperity index revisited

In order to develop a composite measure of community species diversity and abundance, a generalization of Morisita’s prosperity index is proposed. Using Hill’s diversity representation, the prosperity index is a product of the total number of individuals and the effective number of species in a community. A series of prosperity indices can be derived using a parameter (Hill’s number). As an analogy of component partitions of species diversity, regional, within, and between components are also defined. The prosperity index will be useful for practical aspects related to conservation and management.

Field of study: Environmental science