nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Impact of the C-N status on the amino acid profile in tobacco source leaves.

This paper investigates the influence of the carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) status on the amino acid profile in tobacco source leaves. Treatments used included growing plants at different light intensities, using an antisense RBCS (small subunit of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase) construct to inhibit Rubisco activity, growing plants on 12 or 0.5 mM nitrate, comparing wild-types with genotypes that have small and large decreases in nitrate reductase (NIA) activity, and sampling plants at different times during the diurnal cycle. This combination of experiments provides information on how amino acid levels respond to several inputs including the C and N status, nitrate, excess light and light-dark transitions. The data set was analysed using principal component analysis, regression analysis and by normalizing the level of each individual amino acid on the total amino acid pool. Most amino acids show a downward trend when the C or the N status is decreased, and rise during day and fall at night during the diurnal cycle. However, individual amino acids often showed deviating responses. Furthermore, no evidence was found for feedback inhibition of minor amino acid synthesis, either within or between pathways, when 18 individual amino acids were supplied to detached leaves. Results indicate that regulation of amino acid metabolism, for example by the C and N status, leads to qualitatively similar responses of many amino acids, but homeostatic mechanisms involving feedback inhibition within or between individual amino acid biosynthesis pathways are not stringent. All of the above inputs affect the level of phenylalanine, an amino acid that is also the substrate for an important sector of secondary metabolism. The levels of glutamate were remarkably constant, indicating that unknown mechanisms stabilize the concentration of this key central amino acid. Analyses of metabolite levels and feeding experiments indicated that 2-oxoglutarate plays an important role in regulating glutamate levels. Glutamate was the most effective inhibitor of NIA activity when 18 individual amino acids were supplied to detached leaves. Feeding glutamate, and other downstream amino acids, led to an increase of glutamine, indicating glutamate exerts feedback regulation on ammonium metabolism.

Field of study: Environmental science
Experience with an On-Line Computing System in Low-Energy Nuclear Physics Experiments

During the past three years, an online computing system has been designed, installed and used extensively in connection with low-energy nuclear physics experiments. The system is used by experimenters and both the 4.5 MeV Van de Graaff and the 12 MeV Tandem accelerators at Argonne National Laboratory. At the heart of the system are two inter-connected small computers (ASI 210 and 2100). These machines have fast operation times and both have 8192 words of core memory. Peripheral devices include punched card and paper tape equipment, typewriters, line-printers, two magnetic tape units, and a display oscilloscope with a "light pen." ASI 210 is interfaced to a 4096-channel pulse-height analyzer and to 4 ADC units in the Tandem experimental area. The ASI 2100 has long-line links to the 4 MeV Van de Graaff and to the laboratory's CDC 3600 central processor. Experiments at both accelerators can interrupt the 3600 and use its high computing power to great advantage. The system is currently being augmented by the addition of the large external core memory (98,304 words) addressable by both small computers. The chief function of this memory is to act as a large two-parameter pulse-height analyzer and as additional storage for program. A special on-line data-handling program has been developed which greatly facilitates the acquisition and manipulation of experimental data. A brief description of the entire system will be given together with a description of the various ways in which it has been used.

Field of study: Physics
Occurrence of juvabione-type or epijuvabione-type insect juvenile hormone analogues in three Czechoslovakian firs

a Fisheries and Environment Canada, Forestry Directorate Western Forest Products Laboratory, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1 X2, Canada, b Forest Research Institute Zvolen, Experiment Station Banskti Stiavnica, Czechoslovakia, C Institute of Entomology, Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, 16609 Praglle 6, Czechoslovakia, and d Prairie Regional Laboratory, National Research Council, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan , S7 N 0 W9, Callada

Field of study: Chemistry
The future development of sea use management in Europe

Sea use management originated largely in Europe, initially along the lines of individual use groups. Before the middle of the present century these included navigation, strategic uses, fisheries and marine science. Subsequently the major uses expanded and diversified. The organisations involved and their geographical spheres of influence may be classified into local and national, regional and global categories. Management organisations share basic objectives including safety, allocation, environmental control, research and regional development. Technical management functions are concerned with interactions between activities and the environment and include technological, environmental, social and information management groups. General management includes co-ordination of technical management, organisational aspects and regional considerations including policy aspects.

Field of study: Environmental science
Using linear programming to seek the optimum combination of investment

The use of quantitative analysis for portfolio optimization dates back to Markowitz . In a recent paper Zheng and Ping  suggested an iterative procedure for solving this problem. Unfortunately, the computational efficiency and even convergence of their algorithm are unknown. For large problems a more efficient algorithm is desirable. I suggest using linear programming to solve this problem. Linear programming has polynomial computational complexity and has been used to solve many real optimization problems.

Field of study: Mathematics
Minor changes in biomarker assemblages in the aftermath of the Cretaceous-Paleogene mass extinction event at the Agost distal section (Spain)

Boundary (KPgB) represents one of the five major mass extinctions in Earth's history, and determining the nature of associated environmental change and biotic recovery is critical for understanding the history of life on our planet. To explore that, we examined the distributions of selected biomarkers (n-alkanes, acyclic isoprenoids, steranes and hopanes), organic and carbonate δ13C values, total organic carbon contents and major and trace elements in a distal section spanning the KPgB (Agost, SE Spain). The studied Agost section is an ~32 cm-thick bathyal sequence of marlstones, clays and marly limestones, and high sedimentation rates allow high (cm) resolution analysis. These analyses exhibit sample-to-sample variability, but there are few significant differences between pre- and post-KPgB biomarker assemblages, suggesting a rapid recovery of the non-fossilizing phytoplankton community after the KPgB. Despite the persistence of life, the organic matter assemblage is rather variable through the first 10 kyr after the impact event. This interval is associated with changing terrigenous and petrogenic inputs as well as varying redox conditions as reflected by the enrichment factor of uranium (UEF) vs that of molybdenum (MoEF) as well as biomarker indices (gammacerane and homohopane indices). Moreover, sterane distributions do differ between pre- and post-KPgB sediments. Thus, the KPgB impact did affect environmental conditions and non-fossilizing algal and bacterial communities even in distal sites, but these organisms appear to have rapidly recovered, within 10 kyr after the KPgB.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
On the Contemporary Relevance of Dependency Perspective: a Critical Appraisal

Is dependency theory dead as an explanation of underdevelopment today? Today, a broad consensus answers this question in the affirmative. In contrast to this commonly-held contention, this study counter-argues that despite the need of refinement to account for the recent changes that have taken place in global economy, a certain strand of dependency analyses still maintains validity, and offers inspirations for those wanting to address limits and prospects of capitalist development. The study first critically surveys the barrage of criticisms levied against the dependency school, since any revisiting of this archaic line of thought might be quite easily subjected to an outright dismissal beforehand. Then, the study reveals that the conceptualization of dependency as elaborated by historical-structural dependency analyses still maintains validity, and when wisely applied to the new conditions, offers a basilar IPE framework to address the limits, prospects, and divergent patterns of development in today’s Global South.

Field of study: Political science
The different influence of SEA on the differentiation and proliferation of Tc1 and Tc2 subsets

To examine the influence of the superantigen Staphylococcus enterotoxin A (SEA) on the differentiation and proliferation of Tc1 and Tc2 cell line.  The PBMCs were stimulated by SEA, and the ratio of Tc1/Tc2 in PBMC stimulated with or without SEA or not were compared by immunofluorescence staining and flow cytometry analysis. CD8 +T cells were purified and inducd to Tc1 or Tc2 subsets and the discrepancy between the extent of Tc1 or Tc2 proliferation were tested by 3H-TdR incorporation. The expression of CD25 on Tc1 or Tc2 cell line were determined by immunofluorescence staining and flow cytometry analysis.  Stimulated by SEA, Tc0 or T H0 in PBMC proliferated and polarized to typeⅠor Ⅱ T cell, and the percentage of Tc2/T H2 was higher than that of Tc1/T H1. SEA could efficiently promote Tc2 cell proliferation in vitro and the expression level of CD25 on Tc2 was higher than that on Tc1 cells.  SEA preferentially induced the differentiation of Tc2/T H2 and could efficiently promote Tc2 cell proliferation in vitro .

Field of study: Biology
Mechanical creep instability of nanocrystalline methane hydrates.

Mechanical creep behaviors of natural gas hydrates are of importance for understanding the mechanical instability of gas hydrate-bearing sediments on Earth. Limited by the experimental challenges, intrinsic creep mechanisms of nanocrystalline methane hydrates remain largely unknown yet at the molecular scale. Herein, using large-scale molecular dynamics simulations, mechanical creep behaviors of nanocrystalline methane hydrates are investigated. It is revealed that mechanical creep responses are greatly dictated by internal microstructures of crystalline grain size and external conditions of temperature and static stress. Interestingly, a long steady-state creep is observed in nanocrystalline methane hydrates, which can be described by a modified constitutive Bird-Dorn-Mukherjee model. Microstructural analysis shows that deformations of crystalline grains, grain boundary diffusion and grain boundary sliding collectively govern the mechanical creep behaviors of nanocrystalline methane hydrates. Furthermore, structural transformation also appears to be important in their mechanical creep behaviors. This study provides new insights into understanding the mechanical creep scenarios of gas hydrates.

Field of study: Physics
AAPM Website Development for International Information Exchange

Rapidly growing international collaboration in Medical Physics leads to increasing globalization of our profession. To facilitate the information exchange necessary for the further development of international ties in Medical Physics, AAPM International Affairs Committee (IAC) plans significant expansion of its information webpages. The material that we plan to add includes: • links to our sister societies abroad, • regulations and work methodologies in other countries to be used as a reference, • training programs in Medical Physics, • schedules of refresher courses in other countries, • licensing issues overseas, • possible avenues in international collaboration • exchange programs • online educational materials, • personal contact information etc. We see the informational aspect of our work as a global task and propose formation of International Information Subcommittee. If approved, the subcommittee will have its first meeting in August 2013. The Subcommittee will establish working relations with other IAC subcommittees as well as with International Medical Physics Organizations and our sister societies in other countries. The result of this work will be a systematic collection of international information and placing it in the form of links to AAPM website. This task will be handled more efficiently with the help of other physicists and members of international community. We are soliciting comments, new ideas and new information that could be included on the website. This lecture will provide an overview of the plan for development of international information exchange and information that is going to be included. We will be providing our contact information and soliciting help from the participants. We are interested in new suggestions and possibly other information sources that could be suggested by the colleagues.  1. Understand the future trends in globalization of Medical Physics profession. 2. Learn about AAPM International Affairs Committee (IAC) efforts to help this globalization. 3. Find out about the types of information that is going to be included in the IAC webpages. 4. Be prepared to collaborate on the web site development.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Growing a Sustainable Biofuels Industry: Economics, Environmental Considerations, and the Role of the Conservation Reserve Program

Biofuels are expected to be a major contributor to renewable energy in the coming decades under the Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS). These fuels have many attractive properties including the promotion of energy independence, rural development, and the reduction of national carbon emissions. However, several unresolved environmental and economic concerns remain. Environmentally, much of the biomass is expected to come from agricultural expansion and/or intensification, which may greatly affect the net environmental impact, and economically, the lack of a developed infrastructure and bottlenecks along the supply chain may affect the industry’s economic vitality. The approximately 30 million acres (12 million hectares) under the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) represent one land base for possible expansion. Here, we examine the potential role of the CRP in biofuels industry development, by (1) assessing the range of environmental effects on six end points of concern, and (2) simulating differences in potential industry growth nationally using a systems dynamics model. The model examines seven land-use scenarios (various percentages of CRP cultivation for biofuel) and five economic scenarios (subsidy schemes) to explore the benefits of using the CRP. The environmental assessment revealed wide variation in potential impacts. Lignocellulosic feedstocks had the greatest potential to improve the environmental condition relative to row crops, but the most plausible impacts were considered to be neutral or slightly negative. Model simulations revealed that industry growth was much more sensitive to economic scenarios than land-use scenarios—similar volumes of biofuels could be produced with no CRP as with 100% utilization. The range of responses to economic policy was substantial, including long-term market stagnation at current levels of first-generation biofuels under minimal policy intervention, or RFS-scale quantities of biofuels if policy or market conditions were more favorable. In total, the combination of the environmental assessment and the supply chain model suggests that large-scale conversion of the CRP to row crops would likely incur a significant environmental cost, without a concomitant benefit in terms of biofuel production.

Field of study: Environmental science
Ground state, collective mode, phase soliton and vortex in multiband superconductors.

This article reviews theoretical and experimental work on the novel physics in multiband superconductors. Multiband superconductors are characterized by multiple superconducting energy gaps in different bands with interaction between Cooper pairs in these bands. The discovery of prominent multiband superconductors MgB2 and later iron-based superconductors, has triggered enormous interest in multiband superconductors. The most recently discovered superconductors exhibit multiband features. The multiband superconductors possess novel properties that are not shared with their single-band counterpart. Examples include: the time-reversal symmetry broken state in multiband superconductors with frustrated interband couplings; the collective oscillation of number of Cooper pairs between different bands, known as the Leggett mode; and the phase soliton and fractional vortex, which are the main focus of this review. This review presents a survey of a wide range of theoretical exploratory and experimental investigations of novel physics in multiband superconductors. A vast amount of information derived from these studies is shown to highlight unusual and unique properties of multiband superconductors and to reveal the challenges and opportunities in the research on the multiband superconductivity.

Field of study: Physics
Cooperative Networks Power Allocation Scheme for Two-Way Opportunistic Relaying

The research of this paper is based on two-way opportunistic relaying system (TWOR) of AF (amplify and forward) protocol. Although these systems used in Wireless network coverage are widely concerned because of its simplicity and high spectrum efficiency, there is little work to study theoretical performance and power allocation problems of these systems. In this paper, firstly giving performance analysis of these TWOR-AF systems under equal power allocation, program includes system outage probability and symbol error rate. These analytic results provide theoretical direction for system designer. Second, to improve the performance of TWOR-AF system in a further step, there also proposes two programs of power allocation, which are optimum power allocation based on channel instantaneous strength and channel statistic characteristics based on Sub-OPA. Simulation result test and verify the accuracy of theoretical analysis result and effectiveness of power allocation program.

Field of study: Computer science
Efficacy of environmental friendly disinfectants against the major postharvest pathogens of stone fruits on plastic and wood surfaces

Disinfection of surface facilities during postharvest handling operation is an important practice to avoid secondary fruit infections at stone fruit packinghouses. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of six environmental friendly disinfectants against Monilinia fructicola, Penicillium expansum, Rhizopus spp., and Alternaria spp. on plastic and wood surfaces. Hydrogen peroxide, peracetic acid, sodium hypochlorite, Mico-E-pro®, Proallium FRD-N®, and DMC Clean-CNS® were used as the disinfectants. Untreated and surfaces treated with water were used as controls. Plastic and wood surfaces were sampled with Rodac plates at 2 and 24 h after treatments and the number of colonies were counted. In general, all disinfectants reduce the number of viable conidia from all studied surfaces. Hydrogen peroxide used in a concentration of 150 mg L−1 was the less effective disinfectant in all studied pathogens. The commercial product Mico-E-pro® composed of oregano, onion, and orange extract at a dose of 10 mg L−1 was the most effective disinfectant. Rhizopus spp. was the pathogen more resistant to the disinfectants followed by P. expansum, M. fructicola, and Alternaria spp. Water decreased the number of conidia adhered to the surface. In addition, the untreated control showed substantial conidia reduction after 24 h of artificial inoculation.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Does package size matter? A unit-price analysis of "demand" for food in baboons.

In a study examining "demand" for food, responding of 8 adult male baboons (Papio c. anubis) was maintained under a fixed-ratio schedule of food reinforcement during daily 23-hr experimental sessions. Completion of the ratio requirement resulted in the delivery of one, five, or 10 1-g food pellets. Supplemental feeding was limited to fruit and a dog biscuit daily. Responding increased as "cost" was increased across a wide range of fixed-ratio values before reaching a maximum and then decreasing. Increasing the number of food pellets per delivery decreased total responding and the number of reinforcements per day. A unit-price analysis, in which intake was converted to grams per day and fixed-ratio values were converted to responses per gram, yielded demand functions that overlapped at lower unit prices. Under one or more multiple-pellet conditions, however, intake decreased more quickly than under the one-pellet condition as the fixed-ratio value was increased in all but 1 baboon. This indicates that even when using unit-price conversions, there was variability in total intake. Although unit-price conversions yielded intake data that were more consistent across conditions, conditions differed in response topography even at the same unit prices: Under the multiple-pellet conditions there were longer pauses in responding, running response rate was slower, and the first eating bout (i.e., "meal") of the session was smaller than under the one-pellet condition. These findings (a) support the heuristic value of a unit-price analysis for studying responding for and consumption of commodities that have similar attributes, and (b) indicate that different response topographies may result in similar intakes of a commodity.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Stratigraphie und Tektonik der Schuppenzone Elbas

ZusammenfassungDie Serien der Schuppenzone Elbas zeigen eine durchlaufende stratigraphische Folge vom Paläozoikum bis ins Tertiär. Ein intensiver ostvergenter Falten- und Schuppenbau führt zu einer mehrmaligen Wiederholung bestimmter Gesteinsserien. Es sind 5 größere Schuppen oder Schuppenzonen auszuscheiden, die dem im Süden sich heraushebenden Autochthon überschoben sind. Die syntektonisch aufgedrungenen Granite haben das tektonische Geschehen beeinflußt. Das benachbarte Festland und das übrige toskanische Archipel zeigen denselben Baustil wie die Insel.AbstractImbricated zones of the Isle of Elba display a continuous sequence from Paleozoic to Tertiary beds in several repetitions. Five larger thrust-zones override an autochthonous Eastern unit which appears (tilted up) in the South. Syntectonic granites. The tectonic style corresponds to the neighbouring continental situation.RésuméLes séries de la zone des écailles de l'île d'Elbe montrent une succession stratigraphique continue allant du Paléozoïque jusqu'au Tertiaire. Une structure en écailles et en plis fortement déversés vers l'est amène de nombreuses répétitions de certaines séries de roches. On peut distinguer 5 écailles et zones d'écaillés majeures qui sont refoulées sur l'autochtone affleurant au Sud. Les granites, mis en place syntectoniquement, ont influencé la tectonique. Le continent avoisinant et le reste de l'archipel toscan montrent le même style structural que les îles.Краткое содержаниеИсследования серии ч ешуйчатой зоны о. Эльб ы показали наличие отложений от палеозоя до третич ного периода в этом ра йоне. На основании этих исследований ус тановлено 5 больших зо н и подчеркивается общн ость строения стратиграф ических единиц остро ва с близлежащим контине нтом.

Field of study: Environmental science