nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Progress in Preparation of Metal Nanoclusters and Their Application in Detection of Environmental Pollutants

Environmental pollutants are difficult to degrade and easy to accumulate, which pose a serious threat to human health and ecological environment. Therefore, the rapid and sensitive detection of pollutants is crucially important. Metal nanoclusters (MNCs) have shown good application prospects in the field of chemical sensing due to their small size, high stability, short preparation time and easy modification. As a new type of fluorescent nanomaterials, MNCs have attracted much attention in the field of pollutant detection. In this paper, the research progress of MNCs in detecting heavy metal ions, sulfides, cyanides, polynitroaromatics, formaldehyde, organic pesticides, bacteria and viruses in recent years is summarized, and the development prospect of MNCs is discussed.

Field of study: Chemistry
Microstructure and Hardness of 45 Steel Hammerhead Parts After Quenching

The surface of 45 steel hammerhead parts quenched generates the phenomena of different hardness because of the different thickness of parts and different shape of parts.The reasons of the phenomena were analyzed from the theory.The martensitic structure and grain size of the cooled parts were influenced by quencher of parts.Where parts surface shape change,namely thin place,the more of the martensite amounts,the higher of the hardness,the better of the wear resistance.

Field of study: Materials science
Female epispadias managed by bladder neck plication via a perineal approach.

Female epispadias is a rare genitourinary anomaly characterized by urinary incontinence and typical appearance of the external genitalia. Traditional surgical approaches have involved a staged genitoplasty and interval bladder neck reconstruction. We describe further experience of a promising single-stage technique using a cystoscopically guided bladder neck plication via a perineal approach with combined genitoplasty.

Field of study: Medicine
Magnetic and gravity evidence for a subsurface connection between the Palisades sill and the Ladentown basalts

Total-field magnetic and gravity data were collected between the northwestern tip of the earliest Jurassic age Palisades sill, near Mount Ivy, New York, and the Ladentown basalts, 1.3 km to the west, to determine if a subsurface connection exists between the two bodies. The magnetics measurements show a large, negative, total-field anomaly, suggesting that a subsurface body trends from the sill to the basalts. Gravity measurements also indicate that a dense subsurface body connects the flows and the sill. Two-dimensional magnetic modeling of the gravity and magnetic data suggest that the northern edge of a magnetic, dense slab cuts east-west across the field area. The base of the slab dips ∼ 10° to 15° to the south in the eastern part of the study area and is nearly horizontal in the western part. The existence of this connecting body suggests convincingly that the Ladentown basalts were formed by the eruption of Palisades magma onto the surface of the Newark Basin. The geometry of the body derived from the modeling may also indicate that the connecting body has been vertically offset 150 to 200 m from the Palisades sill to the east by a north-south-trending normal fault at the western tip of the Palisades sill. A fifth magnetics line trending east-west along the southern margin of the field area has a very small magnetic positive, suggesting that if an igneous connection exists between the Ladentown basalts and the New City Park magnetic anomaly, it is a minor feature.

Field of study: Geology
More Eyes on the Prize: Variability in White Americans' Perceptions of Progress Toward Racial Equality

Much recent research suggests that Whites and non-Whites think differently about issues of race in contemporary America. For example, Eibach and Ehrlinger (2006) recently demonstrated that Whites perceive that more progress toward racial equality has been made as compared to non-Whites. The authors of this article sought to extend Eibach and Ehrlinger's analysis. To this end, they found that differences in Whites' and non-Whites' perceptions of racial progress can be explained by the reference points they use for understanding progress toward racial equality (Study 1). Furthermore, they demonstrated that there is variability in White people's perceptions of racial progress that can be explained by self-reported racial prejudice (Studies 1 and 2). Finally, they demonstrated that White people's perceptions of racial progress predict reactions to affirmative action (Study 2). Implications for better understanding intergroup relations and reactions to social policies are discussed.

Field of study: Psychology
Epileptic psychosis: an evaluation of PSE profiles.

Data are presented on 24 patients with epilepsy and psychosis whose clinical presentation was rated using the Present State Examination (PSE). Seventeen had complex partial seizures and a diagnosis of temporal lobe epilepsy, seven had generalised epilepsy. An association between a CATEGO category of nuclear schizophrenia (NS) and a lesion of the left side was noted. No clear link between depressive symptoms and a right-sided focus was discovered. Affective disorders were noted in both groups of epileptic patients, although paranoid psychoses were commoner in the temporal lobe group. There was also a tendency for the latter to have more delusions of persecution, ideas of reference, and special features of depression. The group rated as NS appear less likely to show evidence of intellectual deterioration than the other psychotic patients; in addition, the interval between the onset of their epilepsy and the onset of their psychosis is shorter. Radiological assessment by CAT reveals few differences between groups, but the psychotic samples do show higher than expected values on a number of variables, in particular the bilateral septum-caudate distance and the size of the third and fourth ventricle.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Revisiting the comfort parameters of ISO 7730: measurement and simulation

With the trends of comfort modelling moving more towards the application of Adaptive Models, the influences of several parameters as used in the traditional ISO7730 standard are therefore non-existent. The proposed work considers the conventional ISO 7730 standard as conservative in its calculation; however extremely useful, in cases where actual measurements of spaces are considered (ISO 7730, 1994). Measurements from a comfort cart built according to ASHRAE-55 standards (ANSI/ASHRAE 55, 2005) together with thermal imaging temperatures are combined. In doing so, an ISO 7730 thermal comfort assessment applying the CBE – ASHRAE 55-2004 Comfort Tool allows for changes in the environment to be examined for improved comfort (Huizenga, 2006; Tyler et al, 2017). Results for two cases in a severe Darwin climate yield an improved PPD by 2.5-2.7 times when implementing extremely lowenergy measures.

Field of study: Engineering
How Moral Perceptions Influence Intergroup Tolerance

Intergroup boundaries are often associated with differences in moral codes. How does the perception of similarity and dissimilarity in moral worldviews influence tolerant relationships between members of different groups? We theorized that the relationship between perceived moral similarity and intergroup tolerance is domain specific. Specifically, because people treat autonomy values (e.g., caring for others, being fair) as denoting universal rights and obligations, but binding values (e.g., purity) as denoting rights and obligations that apply preferentially for their own group, perceived similarity on autonomy values should be more relevant than perceived similarity on binding values to intergroup tolerance. Here, we describe correlational and experimental evidence to support these predictions from studies carried out in Lebanon (with sectarian groups), in Morocco (with ethnic groups), and in the United States (with ideological groups). Implications for understanding intergroup relations and theories of morality are discussed.

Field of study: Psychology
Study on Moving Range Query in Spatial Networks

As continuous development of wireless communication technology,mobile positioning technology and the Internet,location information data management,especially for spatio-temporal query processing has drawn much more attentions in a wide range of applications including intelligent transportation systems,self-help travel services and digital battlefield.A great amount of work has been spent on it,however,much of these technologies are proposed for the Euclidean Space.The directions and trajectories of mobile objects are usually restricted by an underlying spatial network in practice,such as railway,highway,waterway route network environment.We define two types of range queries in spatial network utilizing different distance definitions to determine the range of queries.An effective method based on the concept of valid interval is proposed to process the two types of queries by query result incremental maintenance.Finally,we use real-world data sets of road networks and simulated distribution of the objects,in experimental study to demonstrate the high efficiency of our proposed approach.

Field of study: Computer science
SU‐E‐J‐55: Gradient‐Based Delineation of the Primary GTV on FLT‐PET in Esophageal Cancer and Influence to Radiotherapy Planning

The aim of this study was to validate a gradient‐based segmentation method for GTV delineation on FLT‐PET in EC through surgical specimen, in comparison with threshold‐based approaches and CT. Discuss the influences of gradient‐based methods delineate the primary GTV to radiotherapy planning.  Ten patients with esophageal carcinoma treated with radical surgery were enrolled and detected by 18F‐FLT PET/CT before operation transferred the images to MIM software. For each patient, four GTVs were defined. GTV‐ct was based on CT data alone. GTV‐GRAD, GTV‐1.4, GTV‐30%max were automatically segmented on PET images using the gradient‐based method, fixed threshold values at 1.4 and 30% of SUVmax, respectively. The GTV‐GRAD, GTV‐1.4, GTV‐30%max were compared with GTV‐CT by overlap index. Lengths of GTVs were recorded as LCT, LGRAD, L1.4, L30%max, respectively. The length of surgical specimen was recorded as LPath, and compared with LCT, LGRAD, L1.4, L30%max. Next, two radiotherapy plans were designed for each patient based on GTV‐GRAD (plan‐GRAD) and GTV‐CT (plan‐CT). The radiationdose was prescribed as 60 Gy in 30 fractions. The dose‐volume parameters of target volume and normal tissues, CI and HI of plan‐GRAD and plan‐CT were compared.  The mean LPath was 6.47±2.7. The mean Lct, LGRAD, L1.4 and L30%max were 7.17±2.28, 6.22±2.61, 6.23±2.80, 5.95±2.5.The correlation coefficients were 0.862, 0.989, 0.920 and 0.920 when compared with LPath, respectively. The overlap index of GTV‐GRAD,GTV‐1.4,GTV‐30%max when compared with GTV‐CT were 0.75±0.12, 0.71±0.12, 0.57±0.10.The values for mean lungdose, total‐lung volume receiving more than 5, 10, 20, and 30Gy, mean heartdose and heart volume receiving more than 30Gy of plan‐GRAD were significant lower than plan‐CT.  The gradient‐based method provided the closest estimation of GTV length. The gradient‐based method radiotherapy planning reduced the irradiated volume in the lung,heart and other normal tissues.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Presence of microplastic in the digestive tracts of European flounder, Platichthys flesus, and European smelt, Osmerus eperlanus, from the River Thames.

Like many urban catchments, the River Thames in London is contaminated with plastics. This pollutant is recorded on the river banks, in the benthic environment and in the water column. The present study was conducted to assess the extent of microplastic ingestion in two River Thames fish species, the European flounder (Platichthys flesus) and European smelt (Osmerus eperlanus). Samples were collected from two sites in Kent, England; Erith and Isle of Grain/Sheppey, near Sheerness, with the latter being more estuarine. The results revealed that up to 75% of sampled European flounder had plastic fibres in the gut compared with only 20% of smelt. This difference may be related to their diverse feeding behaviours: European flounder are benthic feeders whilst European smelt are pelagic predators. The fibres were predominantly red or black polyamides and other fibres included acrylic, nylon, polyethylene and polyethylene terephthalate and there was no difference in occurrence between the sites sampled.

Field of study: Environmental science
Substituent-Dependent Selective Replacement of Alkyne Moieties of Zirconacyclopentadienes via C-C Bond Cleavage Reaction

Replacement of an alkyne moiety of zirconacyclopentadienes via β,β′-carbon-carbon bond cleavage was highly dependent on their substituents. Complete differentiation between diphenylacetylene and 4-octyne in the reaction with butyronitrile was demonstrated.

Field of study: Chemistry
Risk factors for the development of deformity in patients with spinal infection.

Bacterial spinal infections are infrequent but may lead to significant morbidity and death. Apart from neurological complications, infections may also lead to bone destruction resulting in deformity of the spine. However, the incidence of spinal deformities and risk factors is not well characterized in the literature.



A retrospective cohort study was conducted using electronic medical records at a single institution. All patients were over 18 years of age and had a clinically and radiologically documented spinal infection that was treated surgically during the period 2006-2013. Infections were classified according to anatomical location including disc, bone, and/or epidural space. Deformities included kyphosis and/or subluxation. The authors analyzed risk factors for developing at least 1 deformity between the time of infection and operation using the Fisher exact test and chi-square test. Change in visual analog scale (VAS) scores preoperatively versus postoperatively was also analyzed using the paired t-test.



The study included 48 patients. The most common types of spinal infections were osteomyelitis and discitis (31%); osteomyelitis, discitis, and spinal epidural abscess (SEA; 27%); SEA only (15%); and osteomyelitis only (13%). Overall, 21 (44%) of 48 patients developed a spinal deformity. Anatomical location of infection (bone and/or disc and/or epidural space) was significantly associated with development of deformity (p < 0.001). In particular, patients with SEA had lower odds of deformity compared with patients without SEA (odds ratio 0.2, 95% confidence interval 0.05-0.9; p < 0.001). No other factor was significantly associated with deformity. Pain measured by VAS score tended to improve by a mean of 1.7 ± 2.7 points (p < 0.001) when comparing preoperative to postoperative scores.



In this cohort of patients, 44% developed at least 1 deformity, predominantly kyphosis. The only variable significantly associated with deformity was infection location. Patients with SEA alone demonstrated lower odds of developing a deformity compared with patients without SEA. Other analyzed variables, including age, body mass index, time from initial diagnosis to surgery, and comorbidities, were not found to be associated with development of deformity. Surgical intervention resulted in pain improvement.

Field of study: Medicine
Fluoride accumulation in pasture forages and soils following long-term applications of phosphorus fertilisers.

Ingestion of soils with high fluoride (F) concentration may cause chronic fluorosis in grazing animals. Analysis of New Zealand pasture soils with long-term phosphorus (P) fertilisation histories showed that total surface soil (0-75 mm depth) F concentration increased up to 217-454 mg kg-1 with P fertiliser application. One-third to two-thirds of F applied in fertilisers resides in the top 75 mm soil depth. Pasture forage accumulation of F was low, and therefore, F intake by grazing animals through pasture consumption is expected to be much lower than F intake by soil ingestion. Ten annual applications of single superphosphate (30 and 60 kg P ha-1 year-1) to a Pallic Soil (Aeric Fragiaqualf) significantly increased total F and labile F (0.01 M CaCl2 extract) concentrations to 200 and 120 mm depths, respectively, of the 300 mm depth investigated. The mobility of F in the soil profile was similar to two other elements, P and cadmium derived from the fertiliser.

Field of study: Environmental science
Implementation of Walrasian expectations equilibria

In an exchange economy with differentially informed traders, Non-exclusivity of information (NEI) is the condition that each trader's private information be perfectly predictable by an outside observer who has observed the private information of all other traders. NEI is one of a set of conditions which, taken together, are sufficient for the implementability of fully revealing expectations equilibria. Here we show that this condition is in fact necessary for the weak implementation of a much broader class of Walrasian equilibria, herein called expectations equilibria.

Field of study: Economics
Der Einfluß von Plasmawellen auf das Reflexionsvermögen von Metallen (II)

From a microscopic model of a metal with a plane surface the total electromagnetic field being the response to an incident monocromatic wave is calculated. Near the surface, deviations from plane-wave-propagation are found. Both a transversal and a plasmawave are excited inside the metal. The reflectivity is demolished by plasmawave excitation.

Field of study: Physics
Analysis and Improvement of AC-BM Algorithm in Intrusion Detection System

The advantage of the AC-BM algorithm is that it can conduct the matching search of multiple pattern strings simultaneously and the shift of the text string is optimized. However, it can only conduct the search in one text string at a time. In order to realize the search in multiple text strings simultaneously at a time, the multi-objective AC-BM algorithm is designed in the paper. With the automaton union operation technology, the multi-objective multi-pattern tree automaton is constructed; and with the bad character shift technology of the BM algorithm, the shift of text string set is calculated. In the Snort system, the 2-objective AC-BM algorithm and the 3-objective AC-BM algorithm is realized respectively. Experiment results show that the improved algorithms are obviously superior to the AC-BM algorithm regarding time property on the condition that if a pattern string is found in multiple text strings, the algorithm will stop (indicating that an attack is detected) .

Field of study: Computer science
Efficient Generation of Non-Integration and Feeder-Free Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from Human Peripheral Blood Cells by Sendai Virus

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) hold great promise for regenerative medicine, disease modeling, and drug development. Thus, generation of non-integration and feeder-free iPSCs is highly desirable for clinical applications. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) are an attractive resource for cell reprogramming because of their properties of easy accessibility and the limited invasiveness of blood collection. However, derivation of iPSCs is technically demanding due to the low reprogramming efficiency and nonadherent features of PBMCs.  iPSCs were generated from PBMCs using non-integrative Sendai viruses carrying the reprogramming factors Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and cMyc. The derived iPSCs were fully characterized at the levels of gene and protein, and then they were transplanted into immunocompromised mice for evaluation of in vivo differentiation potential. Three types of extracellular substrates (Geltrex, vitronectin, and rhLaminn-521) were tested for their influences on cell reprogramming under feeder-free conditions. We also sought to establish approaches to efficient cell recovery post-thaw and single cell passaging of iPSCs employing Rock inhibitors.  iPSCs were efficiently generated from PBMCs under feeder-free conditions. The derived iPSCs proved to be pluripotent and transgene-free. Furthermore, they demonstrated multi-lineage differentiation potentials when transplanted into immunocompromised mice. Among the three substrates, Geltrex and rhLaminin-521 could effectively support the initial cell reprogramming process, but vitronectin failed. However, the vitronectin, similar to Geltrex and rhLaminin-521, could effectively maintain cell growth and expansion of passaged iPSCs. In addition, RevitaCell supplement (RVC) was more potent on cell recovery post-thaw than Y-27632. And RVC and Y-27632 could significantly increase the cell survival when the cells were passaged in single cells, and they showed comparable effectiveness on cell recovery.  We have successfully derived non-integration and feeder-free human iPSCs from peripheral blood cells, and established effective strategies for efficient cell recovery and single cell passaging. This study will pave the way to the derivation of clinical-grade human iPSCs for future clinical applications.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Growing Talent Is Everybody's Business: Turn More Rookies into Partners

One of the biggest evolutions in the accounting fields 100year history is the presence of women in the profession. As of 2003 * 42% of full-time CPAs were women.  Almost 6 in 10 (59%) of the staff in entry-level positions were women.  Almost 1 in 5 partners (19%) and 4 in 10 (38%) senior managers were women. Despite these numbers, women still lag behind their male counterparts in leadership positions. As firm partners retire over the next 10 years, it will be critical to prepare for the leadership losses by developing women for these roles. Initiating the growth of women is a shared responsibility between firm leaders and managers on the one hand and women themselves on the other. Each has a defined role. THE FIRST FIVE YEARS Women Build your core accounting skills and work to become a process leader. Learn the business, the field of practice and how best to work and communicate with a diverse set of people across all levels of the organization. Begin honing your industry knowledge to set you apart from your peers and to develop more effective and efficient approaches to your client engagements. Most important, work on completing your CPA exam by your second year. This also is a great time to identify a mentor one to two levels above you to guide you through those unwritten and often complex organizational rules not taught in accounting classes. A mentor of either sex is appropriate, because building your core accounting and business competencies can be learned from any great leader. Firms and managers Let new employees know they are expected to perform well immediately and hit targets. Regular on-the-job coaching keeps employees of both sexes working most effectively for the organization. Actively manage employee talent by weeding out poor performers and identifying rising stars of both sexes, and support the establishment of a mentoring program. STAFF LEADERSHIP Women Being a firm leader requires management experience, so seek opportunities to build a team to follow in your footsteps. Delegate and empower a group to accomplish much more than you could as one individual. Coach and prepare individuals to succeed you to make your transition into a new role smoother for both clients and your team. Firms and managers Cultivating and expanding the abilities and skills of females will allow you to more fully develop your human resources capabilities at a time when no company can afford to ignore a single source of competitive advantage. …

Field of study: Business