nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Porfirian Labor Politics: Working Class Organizations in Mexico City and Porfirio Diaz, 1876-1902

Most studies of relations between government and organized labor in Mexico stand firmly on the supposition that the Revolution of 1910 marked a sharp break with the past. The labor policies of the Diaz regime have alternately been described as either brutally repressive or as neutral and aloof in keeping with nineteenth century liberal doctrine (especially before 1906). If either of these somewhat contradictory characterizations are true, then the case for discontinuity in labor policies is clearly confirmed. This essay will argue that neither description of labor policies during the Diaz regime is accurate. Rather, patterns of interaction between the Diaz government and urban working class organizations, especially in Mexico City, shaped the evolution of the Mexican labor movement and national labor policy along lines followed ever since. The Diaz government developed a flexible and sophisticated array of labor policy instruments that was based upon cooperation with and subsidies to progovernment labor organizations as well as political rewards and the other fruits of cooptation for labor leaders loyal to the regime. With its labor allies, the Diaz government promoted modes of organization which retarded labor militancy, sponsored informal as well as official mediation between workers and employers during strikes and other conflicts, and disseminated propaganda and instituted educational programs, including pro-government labor newspapers and schools for the working class, designed to promote labor's identification of its own well-being with the interests of the state. While the Revolution of 1910 and the later developments of the Cardenas era institutionalized statelabor relations as never before, the objectives and instrumentalities of contemporary labor relations have their origin in the Porfiriato.

Field of study: History
Crustal lithology vs. thermal state and Moho heat flow across the NE part of the European Variscan orogen: a case study from SW Poland

Geotherms of four crustal profiles across the Variscan orogen in SW Poland have been constructed to better understand the variation in thermal state of the region. Seismic and drilling data as well as rock sequences in exposed parts of the orogen were used for Wilcza Góra (Sudetic Block), Polkowice–Rudna (Middle Odra Horst), Święciechowa (Wolsztyn–Leszno Horst) and Września (Szczecin–Miechów Synclinorium within TESZ) profiles. The palaeoclimate-corrected surface heat flow map and the heat-production calculations based on literature data enabled the construction of geotherms and estimation of Moho heat flow. Exception is the Polkowice–Rudna profile, where the surface heat flow was calculated using temperature measurements in underground copper mines, and K, U and Th contents and density/heat conductivity measurements in rocks drilled in the Middle Odra Horst were used to calculate geotherm. The basaltic lava migration through the lithospheric mantle and its effect on crustal geotherm in Wilcza Góra (area of Cenozoic alkaline volcanism at ca. 30–18 Ma) was shown to increase slightly both current surface and current Moho heat flow (by ca. 4 mW/m2). The presented approach couples geological and geophysical information and thus differs from standard purely geophysical assessment of lithosphere thermal state. It shows that surface heat flow is enlarged to 84 mW/m2 by granitic plutons in the upper crust in the Lubin–Polkowice site. Heat flow on the Moho varies from 28 to 34 mW/m2 in sites located in the Sudetic- /Fore-Sudetic Blocks, Middle Odra Horst and Wolsztyn–Leszno Horst. Locally it may slightly increase because of extraneous heat input by Cenozoic basaltic volcanism, but the values close to 30 mW/m2 are specific for mantle root of Saxothuringian Zone in SW Poland. Mantle heat flow is 36 mW/m2 in Września site and supposedly is a manifestation of different nature of lithospheric mantle underlying TESZ.

Field of study: Environmental science
A non-negligible issue about peasant workers——Deficiency of sports rights

Whereas the deficiency of sports responsibility subject and disadvantageous status in urban social life with respect to peasant workers today are two major factors in the deficiency of their sports rights,the author put forward the "one nation two policies" measure,i.e.develop employee sport and communication sport,establish and perfect legal measures to protect the sports rights of peasant workers,strengthen the cultivation of sports awareness and skills of peasant workers,and guide peasant workers to blend in companies and urban community groups,so as to clarify the responsibility subject of sports rights of peasant workers,thus to change the disadvantageous status of peasant workers today.

Field of study: Education
Analysis on Forming Process of Superplastic Welding Joint of Steel and Copper Alloy

Based on analysis of the probability for isothermal superplastic solid-state welding of different base metals of 40Cr and QCr0.5, the structure ultrafine treatment of the welding surface of 40Cr could be made by laser surface quenching, and the forming process of the joints of isothermal superplastic solid-state welding was explored. The experimental results indicate that, in the course of superplastic solid-state welding of 40Cr and QCr0.5, QCr0.5 with lower hardness sticks firstly at welding surface's projecting of 40Cr with higher harness, and the element diffusions occur in the meantime. Along with the welding process, sticking substances increase gradually and elements diffusing become fast. Superplastic solid-state welding of different materials is implemented finally.

Field of study: Materials science
EEG-based evaluation of chair massage points on comfortableness in a massage

Based on objective and subjective evaluation, comfortability of chair massage was assessed by measuring the change of electroencephalogram(EEG) and subjective feeling during a massage in 3 measuring points(neck, back, and waist), and the relationship among massage points, comfort of massage and EEG changes were analyzed. Experimental results showed that comfort of massage has the same trend with θ wave and substantially opposite to α wave, and different massage feeling was produced by the same massage mode on different massage points.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Access to UG and language transfer: a study of L2 learners' interpretation of reconstruction in Chinese

Twenty-seven English-speaking learners of Chinese (the experimental groups) and 20 native speakers of Chinese (the control group) participated in a study that investigated second language learners' knowledge of reconstruction (NP and predicate fronted sentences with ziji ‘self’) in Chinese. Results of a sentence interpretation task indicate that English-speaking learners of Chinese had knowledge of ambiguity of antecedence of ziji inside a moved predicate, and lack of ambiguity of antecedence of ziji inside a moved NP, although such information is not directly available in English. While the experiment produced evidence that they appeared to have access to Universal Grammar, English-speaking learners of Chinese bound ziji in non-movement sentences to an embedded subject, indicating that they mapped the narrower setting of reflexives in English onto a wider parameter setting of ziji in Chinese.

Field of study: Linguistics
The Influence of Synthetic Temperature on Structure and Performance to Li1.02FePO4

Li1.02FePO4 was prepared by high temperature solid-state method under different synthesis temperature. The structure and morphology of Li1.02FePO4 were characterized by Scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and X-ray diffraction(XRD). Electrochemical performance of the cathode material was researched by Land 2001. XRD and SEM results show that the well-crystallized Li1.02FePO4 composite with homogeneous small particles was obtained. And the optimum synthetic temperature was 450℃ for 4 hour and 700℃ for 4 hour. From charge/discharge test, it can be seen that at 0.2C, 0.5C and 1C rate, Li1.02FePO4 has initial discharge capacities of 159.4mAh/g, 155.4mAh/g and 149mAh/g, respectively. The discharge capacity of optimum sample remains above 99% after 100 cycles.

Field of study: Engineering
Improved (Related-key) Differential Cryptanalysis on GIFT

In this paper, we reevaluate the security of GIFT against differential cryptanalysis under both single-key scenario and related-key scenario. Firstly, we apply Matsui’s algorithm to search related-key differential trails of GIFT. We add three constraints to limit the search space and search the optimal related-key differential trails on the limited search space. We obtain related-key differential trails of GIFT-64/128 for up to 15/14 rounds, which are the best results on related-key differential trails of GIFT so far. Secondly, we propose an automatic algorithm to increase the probability of the related-key boomerang distinguisher of GIFT by searching the clustering of the related-key differential trails utilized in the boomerang distinguisher. We find a 20-round related-key boomerang distinguisher of GIFT-64 with probability 2−58.557. The 25-round related-key rectangle attack on GIFT-64 is constructed based on it. This is the longest attack on GIFT-64. We also find a 19-round related-key boomerang distinguisher of GIFT-128 with probability 2−109.626. We propose a 23-round related-key rectangle attack on GIFT-128 utilizing the 19-round distinguisher, which is the longest related-key attack on GIFT-128. The 24-round related-key rectangle attack on GIFT-64 and 22-round related-key boomerang attack on GIFT-128 are also presented. Thirdly, we search the clustering of the single-key differential trails. We increase the probability of a 20-round single-key differential distinguisher of GIFT-128 from 2−121.415 to 2−120.245. The time complexity of the 26-round differential attack on GIFT-128 is improved from 2 to 2.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
SEDIMENTARY BRECCIAS IN THE SOUTHEAST MISSOURI LEAD DISTRICT

Sedimentary breccias are important ore-controlling structures in the lower half of the Bonneterre Formation in the southeast Missouri lead district. Four major breccia zones, each embracing over 60,000,000 tons of rock, have been delineated. Individual ore bodies in the breccia zones range from over 6000 feet long and containing several million tons to a few hundred feet with several thousand tons.

The breccias formed along the flanks of calcarenite ridges by submarine slides into near-by depositional basins. Extensive mine workings and closely spaced diamond drilling in the breccia bodies permit reconstruction of entire slides and determination of facies relationships leading to their development.

Lithofacies studies indicate that the four basic types of material composing the lower part of the Bonneterre Formation—argillaceous mud, sand-size sediment, recognizable algal deposits, and carbonate mud—may be referred to environments of deposition which are dominated by two elements, depositional ridges and basins. The ridges are composed for the most part of calcarenite and reef deposits, the basin sediments of fine-grained carbonate and argillaceous muds. Differential compaction led to oversteepening of slopes in the gradational zone between the ridge and basin deposits and initiated movement of unconsolidated and partially lithified sediments. Repeated slides at fairly close stratigraphic intervals account for great thicknesses of breccia in the lower part of the formation.

Field of study: Geology
Suspension System of the Barrel Toroid Cold Mass

The ATLAS Barrel Toroid consists of 8 racetrack coils symmetrically placed around the LHC beam axis. The coil dimensions are 25-m of length, 5-m of width and 1-m of thickness. Each cold mass is held in its cryostat by different types of supports. The paper describes the design, the tests and the behavior of each element during on surface test of individual coils

Field of study: Physics
The Permo-Carboniferous Dwyka Formation of Southern Africa: Deposition by a predominantly subpolar marine ice sheet

The 800-m thick glacigene Dwyka Formation was deposited along the northern margin of the Permo-Carboniferous Dwyka Basin which covered an area of approximately 2 × 10 6 km 2 in southwestern Gondwana. The palaeogeographic setting, geochemical data of the mudrocks and diamictites, and the palaeontology indicate marine conditions during sedimentation. Ice lobes from spreading centres in the north, east and south coalesced in the basin to form an extensive ice cover from the Westphalian to the late Sakmarian. Lodgement, rain-out and subaqueous debris-flow diamictons, subaqueous and subglacial melt-water sands, suspended mud, and turbidity current sands and silts accumulated in the Dwyka Basin. Sedimentation started on the continental shelf during a grounded ice sheet stage (predominantly lodgement processes), then a floating ice stage (predominantly debris rain-out), and finally an ice sheet disintegration stage (debris rain-out, sand fall-out and suspension settling of mud). The palaeogeographic setting, presence of marine conditions in the basin and the scale of glaciation indicate deposition from a predominantly mid-latitudinal marine ice sheet. The overall characteristics of the glacial sequence are neither typical of a polar nor a temperate setting and for such ancient glaciations a subpolar setting with the presence of unstable ice shelves is suggested.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Comparison of Different Methods for Diagnosis of Malarial Parasites

The study aims to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of different methods for diagnosis of malarial infection. Total 200 blood samples were collected in ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) Vacutainer tube from clinically suspected malaria patients. Each sample was processed as thick and thin smear stained with Leishman’s stain for light microscopic examination, quantitative buffy coat test and rapid malarial antigen (HRP II and pLDH) test. The detection rate of malarial parasites by microscopic examination was 13.5%, quantitative buffy coat test was 18% and rapid malarial antigen (HRP II and pLDH) test was 20%. Thus, findings of microscopic examination must be compared with other more sensitive methods for confir mation of malaria. This will help early detection, proper diag nosis and treatment of malaria.

Field of study: Medicine
Medical ethics in the next 25 years.

In the next 10-15 years most of the major ethical dilemmas facing family physicians will grow more acute. This is not to imply that things are getting worse. On the contrary, it is the simultaneous growth of miraculous methods and frightening risks that will make the dilemmas more acute. In the next 15-25 years, we will learn how to minimize the risks. Several major ethical dilemmas of medical practice are reviewed from this perspective. Finally, some issues are considered that do not fit this pattern and that have the potential to become a much greater challenge to humanity.

Field of study: Medicine
On the Community Correction for the Floating Population

Since the implementation of community correction in some pilot cities of China,we have obtained many achievements.However,with the development of economy and urbanization,population mobility has become a common phenomenon.However,it seems that the pace of community correction has not kept up with the changes.In many cities,community correction is based on household registration system.So,the floating population is rightly ruled out.Obviously,the practice violates the justice of law.Therefore,from the viewpoint of maintenance of justice,it is necessary and feasible to bring the floating population into the frame of community correction.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Kernel-improved Support Vector Machine for semanteme data

The computation for the inner production of semanteme data and the Support Vector Machine (SVM) classification of semantic data are very difficult. In this paper, a novel kernel-based semanteme data classification method is proposed, and the (SVM) is extended to semantic SVM, called the Semanteme-based Support Vector Machine (SSVM). A new dissimilarity definition and a simple inner production computation method for semanteme data are presented, and the parameters for optimization selection in SSVM are also discussed. In the proposed algorithm, the solving support vector process based on the new inner production computation method remains a quadratic program problem but has a lower computation complexity. The SSVM is insensitive to outliers, and its classification capability for unbalanced data in actual datasets is analyzed. The experimental results demonstrate the average advantage of SSVM over algorithm C4.5, adaptive dissimilarity metric, and value difference metric in terms of classification and robust capability, indicating that the proposed method has promising performance.

Field of study: Mathematics
Replication of the Association Between Keratoconus and Polymorphisms in PNPLA2 and MAML2 in a Han Chinese Population

Keratoconus (KC) is a complex ocular disease that is affected by both genetic and non-genetic triggers. A recent genome-wide association study (GWAS) identified a genome-wide significant locus for KC in the region of PNPLA2 (rs61876744), as well as a suggestive signal in the MAML2 (rs10831500) locus. In order to validate their findings, here we performed a replication study of the Han Chinese population, with 120 sporadic KC cases and 206 gender and age matched control subjects, utilizing the TaqMan SNP genotyping assays. SNP rs10831500, as well as two proxy SNPs for rs61876744, named rs7942159 and rs28633403, were subjected to genotyping. However, we did not find a significant difference (P > 0.05) in all the three genotyped SNPs between KC cases and the controls. A further meta-analysis on four previous cohorts of white patients and this Han Chinese cohort showed a significant genetic heterogeneity within the replicated loci. Thus, the current study suggests that SNP rs61876744 (or its proxy SNPs) and rs10831500 might not be associated with KC susceptibility in this Han Chinese cohort, and a large-scale association analysis focusing on the loci is therefore warranted in further investigations.

Field of study: Biology
Peculiar Macroscopic And Microscopic Properties Of A Fractional Quantum Hall Layer

At a surface between electromagnetic media the Maxwell equations allow either the usual boundary conditions, or exactly one alternative: continuity of E(perpendicular), 
H(perpendicular), D(parallel), B(parallel). These `flipped' conditions on the top and bottom surfaces of an FQH layer capture all its known static electromagnetic properties and so may be considered a deduction from microscopic quantum theory, yet are unobtainable in any realistic, purely classical model. An unrealistic model with free magnetic monopole currents illustrates this. At the microscopic level, the FQH system is a laboratory for the particle concept. Identifying quasiparticles in terms of kinematics or in terms of asymptotic states gives two different perspectives. The kinematics exhibits exclusion rules similar to those in exactly solvable models for quantum systems in one space dimension. An effort here to tie some of these aspects together may be useful as a foundation for a future more comprehensive assessment of the roles and limitations of quasiparticles.

Field of study: Physics
Observations Upon Abnormalities of the Pupils and Iris in Tabes Dorsalis, General Paralysis and Tabo-Paresis: with a Consideration of their Bearing upon the Pathogenesis of the Argyll Robertson Pupil

1. The pupillary phenomenon originally described by Argyll Robertson is a complex one, and consists invariably of the following components when it is fully developed: Loss of the direct and consensual response to light, retention (not invariably of normal degree) of the response to convergence, trophic changes in the texture and colour of the iris, and abnormalities in the dimensions (miosis) and in the form of the pupil. No one of these components is more constant than another, and no one of them is separable from the rest.

2. This, the true Argyll Robertson pupil, is invariably associated with neuro-syphilis, and is never found apart from that condition.

3. The Argyll Robertson phenomenon commonly develops segmentally, becoming uniform only when fully developed. It is to this segmental development of iris changes that segmental loss of light reaction and pupil irregularity are due.

4. This mode of development indicates that the underlying nervous lesion must be in the peripheral neuron. The observations recorded here are not compatible with a central lesion in the mid-brain.

5. The so-called Argyll Robertson pupil of non-syphilitic lesions of the nervous system is clinically distinguishable from the true Argyll Robertson pupil. It is accompanied by pupil dilatation, and characterized by an absence of miosis, pupil irregularity or trophic changes in the iris. Theories as to its pathogenesis have no bearing upon the problems presented by the true Argyll Robertson pupil.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Sea Water Acidification Affects Osmotic Swelling, Regulatory Volume Decrease and Discharge in Nematocytes of the Jellyfish Pelagia noctiluca

Increased acidification/PCO2 of sea water is a threat to the environment and affects the homeostasis of marine animals. In this study, the effect of sea water pH changes on the osmotic phase (OP), regulatory volume decrease (RVD) and discharge of the jellyfish Pelagia noctiluca (Cnidaria, Scyphozoa) nematocytes, collected from the Strait of Messina (Italy), was assessed.  Isolated nematocytes, suspended in artificial sea water (ASW) with pH 7.65, 6.5 and 4.5, were exposed to hyposmotic ASW of the same pH values and their osmotic response and RVD measured optically in a special flow through chamber. Nematocyte discharge was analyzed in situ in ASW at all three pH values.  At normal pH (7.65), nematocytes subjected to hyposmotic shock first expanded osmotically and then regulated their cell volume within 15 min. Exposure to hyposmotic ASW pH 6.5 and 4.5 compromised the OP and reduced or totally abrogated the ensuing RVD, respectively. Acidic pH also significantly reduced the nematocyte discharge response.  Data indicate that the homeostasis and function of Cnidarians may be altered by environmental changes such as sea water acidification, thereby validating their use as novel bioindicators for the quality of the marine environment.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Micro-Power Generation Characteristics of Thermoelectric 
Thin Film Devices Processed by Electrodeposition 
and Flip-Chip Bonding

A thermoelectric thin film device of cross-plane configuration was fabricated by the flip-chip process using an anisotropic conductive adhesive. The Cu/Au bonding bumps electrodeposited on the Ti/Cu/Au electrodes in the top substrate were flip-chip bonded to the 242 pairs of the n-type Bi2Te3 and p-type Sb2Te3 thin film legs electrodeposited on the Ti/Cu/Au electrodes in the bottom substrate. Using the output voltage–current curve, the internal resistance of the thin film device was measured to be 21.4 Ω at temperature differences of 9.8–39.7 K across the device. The thin film device exhibited an open-circuit voltage of 320 mV and a maximum output power of 1.1 mW with a power density of 3.84 mW/cm2 at a temperature difference of 39.7 K applied across the thin film device.

Field of study: Materials science