nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Hydraulic Behavior of Rectangular Cable-In-Conduit Conductor for KSTAR Superconducting Magnet System

The Korea Superconducting Tokamak Advanced Research (KSTAR) adopted superconducting coils which consist of rectangular cable-in-conduit conductors (CICC) without a central hole for supercritical helium. Most of all, the KSTAR has a unique superconducting magnet system with Nb3Sn and NbTi such as ITER. We expect that the test results of KSTAR experiments can also provide useful information for ITER and the other fusion devices. Up to now, the KSTAR superconducting magnet system is showing a larger flexibility and reliability in operation. For example, the TF magnet system has achieved the current charging of 36.2 kA and PF magnet system has been also charged up to ±4 kA without difficulties during the last two times KSTAR campaigns. The significant thermo-hydraulic characteristics such as helium flow distribution, pressure drop between the inlet and outlet of coil, the friction factor and the temperature variation according to the current charging operations are introduced in this paper.

Field of study: Physics
Contact resistance to high-mobility AlGaAs/GaAs heterostructures

The authors report an investigation of contact resistance to high-mobility 2DEG structures ( approximately 1*106 cm2 V-1 s-1) as a function of temperature (30-300 K) and magnetic field (0-0.6 T). The transmission line model (TLM) and the two-layer TLM of Look (1988, 1989) are used to evaluate to evaluate the contact resistance. The calculated specific contact resistance shows a strong temperature dependence, with both thermionic and tunnelling behaviour. The vestiges of an interface remain below the contact region. Using the two-layer TLM analysis, the degree of parallel conduction in the samples is obtained.

Field of study: Materials science
Nitrate Removal via a Formate Radical-Induced Photochemical Process.

Removal of excess nitrate is critical to balance the nitrogen cycle in aquatic systems. This study investigated a novel denitrification process by tailoring photochemistry of nitrate with formate. Under UV light irradiation, short-lived radicals (i.e., HO•, NO2•, and CO3•-) generated from nitrate photolysis partially oxidized formate to highly reductive formate radical (CO2•-). CO2•- further reduced nitrogen intermediates generated during photochemical denitrification (mainly NO•, HNO, and N2O) to gas-phase nitrogen (i.e., N2O and N2). The degradation kinetics of total dissolved nitrogen was mainly controlled by the photolysis rates of nitrate and nitrite. The distribution of final products was controlled by the reaction between CO2•- and N2O. To achieve a simultaneous and complete removal of dissolved nitrogen (i.e., nitrate, nitrite, and ammonia) and organic carbon, the formate-to-nitrate stoichiometry was determined as 3.1 ± 0.2 at neutral pH in deionized water. Solution pH impacted the removal rates of nitrate and nitrite but not that of total dissolved nitrogen or formate. The presence of dissolved organic matter at levels similar to those in groundwater had a negligible impact on the photochemical denitrification process. A high denitrification efficiency was also achieved in a synthetic groundwater matrix. Outcome from this study provides a potential denitrification technology for decentralized water treatment and reuse facilities to abate nitrate in local water resources.

Field of study: Environmental science
Dynamic flow measurements of capillary underfill through a bump array in flip chip package

This study investigated the dynamic variations of flow and meniscus during underfill process using flow visualization techniques to understand physics of capillary flows. For the quantitative flow visualization, a high speed micro particle image velocimetry (μPIV) was applied to a transparent flip chip specimen with arrayed bump structure. As an underfill liquid, glycerin was filled into the flip chip specimen by capillary action. The present visualization technique offers time-varying movement of meniscus and phase-locked velocity fields frozen to the meniscus position. To observe the dynamic contact angle between parallel plates, an in situ measurement technique was developed in the present study. Then, the filling time was compared with analytical models. From this experiment, it was found that the meniscus velocity and the contact angle vary in-phase according to the position of meniscus. The phase-locked velocity fields show velocity gradients on the meniscus surface which gives rise to the breakdown of equilibrium contact angle. Consequently, the detailed filling time has different behavior from the analytical models.

Field of study: Engineering
A test for stability of linear differential delay equations

The changes in the stability of a system of linear differential delay equations resulting from the delay are studied by analyzing the associated eigenvalues of the characteristic equation. A specific contour is mapped by the characteristic equation into the complex plane to give an easy test for stability from an application of the argument principle. When the real part of an eigenvalue is positive, the contour gives bounds on the imaginary part which are important in certain applications to nonlinear problems.

Field of study: Mathematics
Origin of kink bands in the Golconda allochthon, Toiyabe Range, Nevada

The orientation of monoclinal and conjugate kink bands in three thrust sheets of the Golconda allochthon in the southern Toiyabe Range, Nevada, provides information about shortening directions during the late-stage emplacement of the allochthon. The kink bands are the youngest of the structures within the allochthon and postdate the stacking of internal thrust sheets. The reoriented attitudes of the kink bands along the Golconda thrust, the sole of the allochthon, indicate that the kinks formed before the latest movement along the thrust. Calculated shortening directions from kink bands are interpreted to represent synchronous orthogonal contractions that led to the formation of two discrete groups of monoclinal and local conjugate kink bands. One group apparently was caused by an east-west shortening subparallel to the direction of tectonic transport of the allochthon, and the other, by an approximately north-south shortening subparallel to the strike of the allochthon. The biaxial contraction may have been generated owing to the spoon-shaped configuration of the sole thrust of the allochthon. Kink bands probably were developed during ramping of the allochthon up the continental margin when cleavage rotated to gentler dips and erosional unroofing reduced the normal stress across the cleavage for slip to occur parallel to cleavage.

Field of study: Geology
CD4(+) T cells from food allergy model are resistant to TCR-dependent apoptotic induction.

CD4(+) T cell polarization plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of allergy. How to modulate the skewed CD4(+) T cell polarization is less clear. The specific immunotherapy (SIT) is the only specific remedy for the treatment of allergic diseases; the therapeutic effect is to be improved.



This study aims to investigate the role of interleukin (IL)-18 in enhancing the therapeutic effect of SIT.



A peanut allergy mouse model was developed and treated with SIT or/and IL-18. CD4(+) T cell apoptosis was assessed by flow cytometry. The expression of Fas ligand (FasL) was observed by quantitative real time RT-PCR and Western blotting. Interferon-γ in the culture medium was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The fasL gene promoter methylation in CD4(+) T cells was assessed by methylation specific PCR.



The results showed that lower levels of IL-18 were detected in allergic mice; administration of IL-18 significantly enhanced the therapeutic effect of SIT on suppressing the allergic inflammation in the mouse intestine. In the cell culture studies, IL-18 increased the TCR-dependent CD4(+) T cell apoptosis, the expression of FasL in CD4(+) T cells, the production of Interferon-γ and the demethylation of the FasL promoter in CD4(+) T cells.



Administration of IL-18 enhances the effect of SIT on suppressing allergic inflammation in the mouse intestine via enhancing the TCR-dependent CD4(+) T cell apoptosis.

Field of study: Medicine
Reactive Scheduling System Implementations Using a Simulated Shop Floor | NIST

Developing approaches to integrating manufacturing applications is important for increasing manufactur ing productivity. A reactive scheduling system archit ecture has been developed that defines how to integrate scheduling technology with manufacturing shop floor applications. Prototype implementations based on this architecture have been built using a simulation of a shop floor instead of a real shop floor. A composite representation of commonly available simulator technology is used as a basis for describing the co mm n approach used for several prototype implementations .

Field of study: Environmental science
Ozone induced emissions of biogenic VOC from tobacco: relationships between ozone uptake and emission of LOX products

Volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions from tobacco ( Nicotiana tabacum L. var. Bel W3) plants exposed to ozone (O 3 ) were investigated using proton-transfer- reaction mass-spectrometry (PTR-MS) and gas chromatog- raphy mass-spectrometry (GC-MS) to find a quantitative reference for plants' responses to O 3 stress. O 3 exposures to illuminated plants induced post-exposure VOC emission bursts. The lag time for the onset of volatile C 6 emissions produced within the octadecanoid pathway was found to be inversely proportional to O 3 uptake, or more precisely, to the O 3 flux density into the plants. In cases of short O 3 pulses of identical duration the total amount of these emit- ted C 6 VOC was related to the O 3 flux density into the plants, and not to ozone concentrations or dose-response relationships such as AOT 40 values. Approximately one C 6 product was emitted per five O 3 molecules taken up by the plant. A threshold flux density of O 3 inducing emissions of C 6 products was found to be (1.6 ± 0.7) ¥ 10 - 8 mol m - 2 s - 1 .

Field of study: Environmental science
Nuclear Structure from the In-Medium Similarity Renormalization Group

Efforts to describe nuclear structure and dynamics from first principles have advanced significantly in recent years. Exact methods for light nuclei are now able to include continuum degrees of freedom and treat structure and reactions on the same footing, and multiple approximate, computationally efficient many-body methods have been developed that can be routinely applied for medium-mass nuclei. This has made it possible to confront modern nuclear interactions from Chiral Effective Field Theory, that are rooted in Quantum Chromodynamics with a wealth of experimental data. Here, we discuss one of these efficient new many-body methods, the In-Medium Similarity Renormalization Group (IMSRG), and its applications in modern nuclear structure theory. The IMSRG evolves the nuclear many-body Hamiltonian in second-quantized form through continuous unitary transformations that can be implemented with polynomial computational effort. Through suitably chosen generators, we drive the matrix representation of the Hamiltonian in configuration space to specific shapes, e.g., to implement a decoupling of low- and high-energy scales, or to extract energy eigenvalues for a given nucleus. We present selected results from Multireference IMSRG (MR-IMSRG) calculations of open-shell nuclei, as well as proof-of-principle applications for intrinsically deformed medium-mass nuclei. We discuss the successes and prospects of merging the (MR-)IMSRG with many-body methods ranging from Configuration Interaction to the Density Matrix Renormalization Group, with the goal of achieving an efficient simultaneous description of dynamic and static correlations in atomic nuclei.

Field of study: Physics
Bladder Exstrophy Combined with a Small Bladder Plate: Indication for Cystectomy or Primary Closure?

Specialists debate whether it is reasonable or not to preserve a bladder exstrophy plate with a minimum size of less than 25 – 30 mm. Many urologists recommend that cystectomy be performed and the ureters be diverted from the bladder to an isolated segment of bowel. Is it possible to preserve bladder function in patients with minimum bladder sizes?  Over a period of 1996-2008, 60 children from two days to eight months of age underwent surgical repair of bladder exstrophy. Group 1 included 42 (60%) children with a satisfactory size (>30 mm) of bladder plate, and group 2 included 18 (30%) with a small size (  The outcomes of primary closure were analyzed with regard to detrusor volume and dry periods. In the children under one year of age, the volume of the bladder was 30-70 ml in group 1 and 20-40 mm in group 2. However, 12 children from group 2 voided small portions of urine with dry periods of up to 10-15 min. At the age 1-3 years old, the children from group 2, with small bladder plates, underwent Cantwell-Ransley repair combined with grafting dorsal surface of corporeal bodies with endoscopic VUR correction (STING) as the second step of treatment. Finally, the bladder volume in the children from group 2 increased up to 50-60 ml, with dry periods of up to 30-40 min. At the next step of treatment, six patients from group 2 underwent uretrocystoneoctomy and bladder neck plasty. As a result, in the children of 1-3 years old, with small bladder plates, the bladder volume was 70-120 ml and dry periods were 40-70 min.  Our findings evidence that, even with small bladder plates, it is possible to achieve satisfactory outcomes of treatment of bladder exstrophy

Field of study: Medicine
The evaluation of α-tocopherol concentration instead of α-tocopherol:cholesterol ratio in adult cystic fibrosis patients results in the overestimation of vitamin E deficiency

It has been suggested that serum vitamin E concentrations in CF patients may not properly reflect the body resources of vitamin E. Therefore, we aimed to assess vitamin E status in CF adults relating it to reference values for healthy subjects, also taking into account the α‑tocopherol:cholesterol ratio.  The study group was composed of 33 CF patients − 18 (54.5%) females and 15 (45.5%) males − aged from 18 to 47 years. In all CF patients nutritional status and clinical expression of disease − lung function; Pseudomonas aeruginosa colonization; diabetes; cirrhosis; exocrine pancreatic function and vitamin E supplementation were analyzed. Vitamin E (α‑tocopherol) concentration was assessed by high‑performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).Resuls. CF adults have lower vitamin E concentrations (median: 830 µg/dl vs. 1132 µg/dl, p = 0.00174) and higher vitamin E: cholesterol ratio (median: 7.2 mg/g vs. 6.7 mg/g, p < 0.00001) than healthy subjects. The underlying factor that determines this phenomenon is related to low cholesterol levels observed in CF patients. The percentage of low vitamin E concentrations defined in comparison to healthy Polish peers is considerably higher than low vitamin E:cholesterol ratios (39.4% vs. 21.2%, p = 0.0011).  The evaluation of α‑tocopherol concentration instead of α‑tocopherol:cholesterol ratio in CF adults results in the overestimation of vitamin E deficiency. Moreover, there is also potentially a large percentage of individuals with excessive vitamin E body resources. However, this aspect demands further studies.

Field of study: Medicine
Theory for electric dipole superconductivity with an application for bilayer excitons

Exciton superfluid is a macroscopic quantum phenomenon in which large quantities of excitons undergo the Bose-Einstein condensation. Recently, exciton superfluid has been widely studied in various bilayer systems. However, experimental measurements only provide indirect evidence for the existence of exciton superfluid. In this article, by viewing the exciton in a bilayer system as an electric dipole, we derive the London-type and Ginzburg-Landau-type equations for the electric dipole superconductors. By using these equations, we discover the Meissner-type effect and the electric dipole current Josephson effect. These effects can provide direct evidence for the formation of the exciton superfluid state in bilayer systems and pave new ways to drive an electric dipole current.

Field of study: Physics
Sodium Taurocholate Cotransporting Polypeptide (NTCP) Deficiency Hidden Behind Citrin Deficiency in Early Infancy: A Report of Three Cases

Sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP), a carrier protein encoded by the gene SLC10A1, is expressed in the basolateral membrane of the hepatocyte to uptake bile acids from plasma. As a new inborn error of bile acid metabolism, NTCP deficiency remains far from being well understood in terms of the clinical and molecular features. Citrin deficiency is a well-known autosomal recessive disease arising from SLC25A13 mutations, and in neonates or infants, this condition presents as transient intrahepatic cholestasis which usually resolves before 1 year of age. All the three patients in this paper exhibited cholestatic jaundice and elevated total bile acids in their early infancy, which were attributed to citrin deficiency by SLC25A13 genetic analysis. In response to feeding with lactose-free and medium-chain triglycerides-enrich formula, their clinical and laboratory presentations disappeared gradually while the hypercholanemia persisted, even beyond 1 year of age. On subsequent SLC10A1 analysis, they were all homozygous for the well-known pathogenic variant c.800C > T (p.Ser267Phe), and NTCP deficiency was thus definitely diagnosed. The findings in this paper indicated that NTCP deficiency could be covered up by citrin deficiency during early infancy; however, in citrin-deficient patients with intractable hypercholanemia following resolved cholestatic jaundice, NTCP deficiency should be taken into consideration.

Field of study: Biology
Adaptive Parallel Algorithm of Large Linear Equations

Researches on matrix type and corresponding Adaptive parallel algorithm of large linear system of equations.Proposes adaptive parallel algorithm,builds a cluster composed of 15 computers and also a parallel algorithms library based on a PETSC software engineering.Experiments based on adaptive parallel algorithm and the results show that the adaptive parallel algorithm can select the optimum algorithm from algorithm library and can compute the optimum nodes by the user’s preferences,so consequently to improve the universal property of parallel solver of linear system of equations and lower the difficulty of numerical analysis.

Field of study: Computer science
Endovascular coil embolization of unruptured posterior communicating artery aneurysm.

The patient is a 60-year-old woman who presented to her primary care physician with new onset of headache. She was neurologically intact without cranial nerve deficit. An outpatient CT angiogram (CTA) revealed no subarachnoid hemorrhage, but showed a right-sided posterior communicating artery aneurysm measuring 11 mm by 10 mm. Digitally subtracted cerebral angiography confirmed these measurements and showed that the aneurysm was amenable to endovascular coil embolization. The patient underwent aneurysm coiling without complication and was discharged to home on postoperative Day 1. The video can be found here: http://youtu.be/MjOc3Zpv2K8 .

Field of study: Medicine
Sub-threshold behavior of long channel undoped cylindrical surrounding-gate MOSFETs

This paper reported the sub-threshold behavior of long channel undoped surrounding-gate (SRG) MOSFETs with respect to body radius. Based on a rigorous channel potential model presented in this work, the ideal room temperature subthreshold slope of 60 mV/dec can only be achieved when the silicon body radius is smaller than a critical value. With larger silicon body radius, SRG MOSFETs display a dual subthreshold slope of 60 mV/dec and 120 mV/dec. Based on the complex subthreshold characteristics, a new definition of threshold voltage together with an extraction method is adopted to investigate threshold voltage characteristics of undoped SRG MOSFETs in this paper.

Field of study: Engineering
Assessment of chemical composition and antioxidant properties of defatted flours obtained from several edible insects

The aims of this study were determined the chemical composition and the antioxidant properties of defatted flours obtained from several commercially available edible insects such as Acheta dosmesticus, Tenebrio molitor, Zophobas morio, and Rhynchophorus ferrugineus to establish their utilization as ingredient in the development of new food products. The proximate composition of flour was determined using AOAC methods while for antioxidant capacity, four different methodologies were employed (DPPH, ABTS, FIC, and FRAP). The total phenolic content and the tannin content were also determined. All flours analyzed had a high protein content with values ranging between 64.17 and 72.55 g/100 g flour. With regard to the antioxidant activity, R. ferrugineus showed the highest values for DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assays with values of 2.03, 4.93, and 8.46 mg Trolox equivalent/g flour, respectively. For FIC assay, A. dosmesticus and T. molitor had the highest values 0.47 and 0.48 mg EDTA equivalent/g flour. Defatted flours obtained from edible insects analyzed could have several applications as ingredients to the development new foods due to its good nutrient content and as a functional food for the prevention of oxidation.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Mid-Neogene Mediterranean marine–continental correlations: an alternative interpretation

Recent revised magnetostratigraphic and astrochronologic calibrations of several calcareous planktonic microfossil datum events (in particular Coccolithus miopelagicus and Neogloboquadrina acostaensis) combined with our magnetobiostratigraphic investigation of a 10 m-thick section at Ecotet, near Lyon (France), in which terrestrial micromammals (Vallesian Zone MN9) are intercalated with calcareous nannoplankton and planktonic foraminifera belonging to Zones NN6^NN8 and N14^15 ( = M11 and M12), respectively, lead us to question the recent recalibration by Krijgsman et al.  and the lower/upper Vallesian (MN9/10) boundary with Chron C4Ar.2n (V9.6^9.7 Ma). Ecotet, with a uniform reverse polarity, is shown to be assignable uniquely to Chron C5r. Interregional correlation of Ecotet with Mediterranean terrestrial stratigraphies indicates that Progonomys (whose First Occurrence (FO) has been traditionally placed in Mediterranean Mammal Zone MN10) was already present in Mediterranean Zone MN9 at V11.4 Ma and did not experience a 2 million-year delay in its putative prochoresis from Asia.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography