nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Justice White and the Virtues of Modesty

Justice Byron R. White was one of the most talented persons I have ever had the privilege to know. A brilliant thinker, writer of uncommon economy, and storied athlete, White had the innate personal skills to accomplish pretty nearly anything he set his mind to. Yet, in the year I spent as his law clerk and the years thereafter until his death, the quality that impressed me the most was his modesty. He never boasted about what he had done or could do, and he never told stories with the implicit purpose of glorifying some aspect of his past. When my co-clerks and I would ask questions of great curiosity about some of the famous people he had known over the years, his responses would be respectful and occasionally surprising. But they invariably placed the other person at the center of the story and not himself. As a role model both personally and professionally, he served as a daily reminder that hard work, conscientious attention to duty, and genuine respect for others are values that produce their own rewards distinct from the more ephemeral psychic lift of praise and recognition. I first glimpsed Justice White's distinctive modesty when we met in 1990. When he called to invite me for an interview to be his law clerk, I was clerking in San Francisco for Judge Joseph T. Sneed. The Justice invited me to travel to Washington within the next week, cautioning that it was no sure thing that I would get the job but saying he would understand if I thought the cost too great for the opportunity. Of course, any young lawyer would jump at that chance, expense be damned. After I had flown a total of 6,000 miles for an interview that lasted barely eighteen minutes, I can still remember the excitement I felt at his subsequent call a few weeks later offering me the clerkship, which he prefaced by saying, "I'm getting pretty old. You never know whether I'll make it or not, and you may want to take a job with a younger Justice." Perhaps because lightning seemed to strike with regularity in his own life, he was just unaware that I might not want to risk it striking more than once in mine. Nor after having met him would I have wanted it to.

Field of study: Law
Real-world complexity of food security and biodiversity conservation

Feeding the booming human population and at the same time conserving biodiversity is a global challenge. Yet, it is particularly acute in developing countries where biodiversity is high and food-security low. There is an ongoing debate whether land for nature and for agriculture should be segregated (land sparing) or integrated (land sharing). While these strategies still need unambiguous empirical validation, we here illustrate the real-word complexity of this issue by focusing on the case of Kenya, hosting one of the fastest growing populations in the world. We discuss historical effects and those arising from recent demographic pressure, and integrate these with biotic and abiotic constraints (soil fertility and climate) that additionally challenge land sparing and sharing strategies for biodiversity conservation. Generically, our contribution stresses the importance of recognising the specific context in which land-use strategies are to be applied, and underline the need of a deeper understanding of local conditions. This work goes beyond the current theoretical and highly abstract land-use debate that has been published in high impact journals but which may be less efficient on solving local conflicts.

Field of study: Environmental science
Present condition of the volcanoes of southern Italy

Introductory The studies of Day and Shepherd 2 at Kilauea have demonstrated the presence of water in the unaltered lava gases at this volcano, and that chlorine and fluorine are present only in very small amount. They have also shown that the gases at the time of their escape from the lava were in a state of unstable chemical equilibrium, and that they were undergoing interreactions which, being exothermic, might in part explain the maintenance of the high temperature of the lava. Without entering into discussion of these results, it may be said that they were of such a character that it was deemed advisable to extend the observations and studies to other volcanoes. There were several special reasons for this. The confirmation of the presence of water at other volcanoes was a matter of interest in connection with Brun’s hypothesis, though this may now be considered as definitely disproved by . . .

Field of study: Geology
Monte carlo simulation of the compton scattering technique applied to characterize diagnostic x-ray spectra.

The quality control of x-ray tubes for medical radiodiagnostic services is very important for such devices. Therefore, the development of new procedures to characterize the x-ray primary beam is highly interesting in order to obtain an accurate assessment of the actual photon spectrum. The Compton scattering technique is very useful to determine x-ray spectra (in the 10-150 kVp range), avoiding a pile-up effect in the detector since a large room is not usually available to apply other techniques. In this work, this process has been simulated using a Monte Carlo code, MCNP 4C. Some geometrical models have been developed and different techniques have been studied in order to improve statistics and accuracy in the acquisition of Pulse Height Distribution (PHD). The effect of both the collimation of the primary beam and the scattering angle of the spectrometer has been analyzed. Results obtained using simulation models have been compared with experimental measurements.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Time-dependent Ginzburg-Landau model with noise for neutral s-wave superconductor

Time-dependent Ginzburg-Landau model with noise for neutral s-wave superconductor is derived from real-time finite-temperature quantum field theory by integrating over fermions in the density matrix propagator. Quantum decoherence due to environment of pair breaking fluctuations is identified. Dynamics is described by Langevin equation in the near critical regime and by a nonlinear Schrodinger equation at zero temperature.

Field of study: Physics
Night Visit

> Four a.m.
> 
> Hunting for a dairy farm
> 
> somewhere up there, where
> 
> the windmills scrape the sky,
> 
> red kite hover.
> 
> Headlights scatter, lose themselves,
> 
> fog rolls down the windscreen,
> 
> trees lurch from the shadows.
> 
> Nothing stirs. Only a dog barking at a fox
> 
> and

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Effect of Ammonia Soaking Pretreatment and Enzyme Addition on Biochemical Methane Potential of Switchgrass

This article presents the biochemical methane potential (BMP) results from the anaerobic digestion (AD) of switchgrass. Triplicate BMP assays were performed on: untreated switchgrass, aqueous ammonia soaking (AAS) pretreated switchgrass (soaked in 29.5% reagent-grade aqueous ammonia at 5 L kg-1 switchgrass for 5 d), and AAS-pretreated switchgrass plus cellulytic enzymes at 12.5, 25, 62.5, and 125 filter paper units (FPU) enzyme g-1 volatile solids (VS). Biogas production and biogas methane content were measured daily in all treatments for 21 d. Both biogas and corrected methane production varied significantly among treatments, especially during the first 7 d of the BMP period. Total methane production at 21 d was corrected for enzyme degradation, and methane yields ranged from 0.15 to 0.36 m3 CH4 kg-1 VS. We compared the corrected energy yield of biogas from switchgrass to prior reports of the energy yield of ethanol from switchgrass via simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF). The AD of AAS-pretreated switchgrass at the highest enzyme loading rates resulted in a 120% increase in energy extracted as compared to AAS-pretreated switchgrass converted to ethanol via SSF. Overall, the addition of enzymes to AAS-pretreated switchgrass greatly accelerated the rate of methane production over the untreated switchgrass and AAS-pretreated switchgrass without enzymes. However, the process economics are not clear, and additional work is needed to determine whether pretreating switchgrass with aqueous ammonia and/or enzymes before AD is economically advantageous.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
The GALAH survey: Milky Way disc metallicity and alpha-abundance trends in combined APOGEE-GALAH catalogues

GALAH and APOGEE are two high resolution multi object spectroscopic surveys that provide fundamental stellar parameters and multiple elemental abundance estimates for $>$ 400,000 stars in the Milky Way. They are complimentary in both sky coverage and wavelength regime. Thus combining the two surveys will provide us a large sample to investigate the disc metallicity and alpha abundance trends. We use the Cannon data-driven approach selecting training sets from among $\sim$20,000 stars in common for the two surveys to predict the GALAH scaled stellar parameters from APOGEE spectra as well as APOGEE scaled stellar parameters from GALAH spectra. We provide two combined catalogues with GALAH scaled and APOGEE scaled stellar parameters each having $\sim$500,000 stars after quality cuts. With $\sim$470,000 stars that are common in both these catalogues, we compare the GALAH scaled and APOGEE scaled metallicity distribution functions (MDF), radial and vertical metallicity gradients as well as the variation of [$\alpha$/Fe] vs [Fe/H] trends along and away from the Galactic mid plane. We find mean metallicities of APOGEE scaled sample to be higher compared to that for the GALAH scaled sample. We find similar [$\alpha$/Fe] vs [Fe/H] trends using both samples consistent with previous observational as well as simulation based studies. Radial and vertical metallicity gradients derived using the two survey scaled samples are consistent except in the inner and outer Galactocentric radius bins. Our gradient estimates in the solar neighborhood are also consistent with previous studies and are backed by larger sample size compared to previous works.

Field of study: Physics
Repeated administration of MDMA down-regulates preprocholecystokinin mRNA expression but not tyrosine hydroxylase mRNA expression in neurones of the rat substantia nigra.

The effect of repeated administration of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) on the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase and preprocholecystokinin (CCK) messenger RNAs in substantia nigra was examined by in situ hybridisation histochemistry. Sections hybridised with 35S-labelled oligonucleotides were subjected to computerised image analysis to determine the density of silver grains above positively labelled cells as an index of steady state mRNA levels. In the substantia nigra pars compacta, CCK mRNA levels were significantly reduced in drug-treated animals 24 h and at 2 weeks after the last dose of MDMA (10 mg/kg i.p., twice daily for 4 days). In the same animals, MDMA caused no change in the level of tyrosine hydroxylase mRNA in this brain region. The results show that MDMA can produce changes in dopamine neurones. Furthermore, since tyrosine hydroxylase and cholecystokinin are co-expressed in substantia nigra pars compacta, these results suggest that the expression of the tyrosine hydroxylase and CCK genes are regulated independently.

Field of study: Biology
A Note of Caution about the “Moral Judgment Test in Physical Education” (MJT–PE)

A new test, the Moral Judgment Test–PE (MJT–PE), has good validity but scores on Competence should be used with great care. These scores will differ from those of the original Moral Judgment Test (MJT) because the single dilemma is targeted to the specific population of interest, physical educators. This reduces the variance in such a way that scores on the new test cannot be compared with or interpreted in the same way as scores on the original MJT. Careful research would be needed to develop norms for the MJT–PE; in the meantime, the two tests should be used together so that the C-scores can be interpreted with confidence.

Field of study: Psychology
POWER SPECTRUM OF RADIATION FROM A GAUSSIAN SOURCE MICROLENSED BY A POINT MASS: ANALYTIC RESULTS

Gravitational lensing deals with general-relativistic effects in the propagation of electromagnetic radiation. We consider wavelength-dependent contributions in case of a (micro)lensing of an extended Gaussian source by a point mass under standard assumptions about the incoherent emission of different source elements. Analytical expressions for the power spectrum of a microlensed radiation, which are effective in case of a large source, are obtained. If the source center, the mass, and an observer are on a straight line, the power spectrum is found in a closed form in terms of a hypergeometric function. In the case of general locations of the lens and the source, the result is presented in the form of a series. Approximate analytic expressions for the power spectrum in the case of a large source and high frequencies are obtained.

Field of study: Physics
Neuronal defects an etiological factor in congenital pelviureteric junction obstruction?

Congenital pelviureteric junction obstruction (PUJO) is one of the most frequent causes of neonatal hydronephrosis. Obstruction at the PUJ has potential severe adverse outcomes, such as renal damage. While pyeloplasty has been established as the definitive treatment, the exact pathophysiology of congenital PUJO remains unknown. Recent research has proposed neuronal innervation defects as an etiological factor in congenital PUJO. We aim to study the expression of various neuronal markers in PUJO specimens compared with controls, and evaluate whether severity of renal disease or dysfunction pre-operatively is related to expression of neuronal markers in resected PUJO specimens.



All consecutive patients who underwent dismembered pyeloplasty at KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, for intrinsic PUJO from 2008 to 2012 were included. Patients with other co-occurring renal pathologies were excluded. Controls were obtained from nephrectomy patients with Wilm's tumor or other benign renal conditions during the same period. Specimens were stained immunohistochemically with neuronal markers protein gene product 9.5 (PGP9.5), synaptophysin, and S-100, and with CD-117, a marker for interstitial cells of Cajal (Table). Levels of expression of the markers were assessed semiquantitatively (decreased, increased or no change) in comparison with controls by two independent observers. Pre-operative data of patients' renal anatomical (ultrasonography measurements of renal pelvis size) and functional parameters (differential renal function measured using MAG-3 renal scans) were obtained.



Thirty-eight PUJO specimens (38 renal units) and 20 controls were studied. Mean patient age at pyeloplasty was 25.3 months (2.9-167.6 months). Median pre-operative pelvic size was 25.0 mm (17.0-50.0 mm). Both PUJO specimens and controls showed great heterogeneity in distribution of innervation. All four immunohistochemical markers were not predictive of significant pre-operative renal pelvis dilation or pre-operative diminished renal function of the operated kidney.



There exists marked variability in expression of neuronal markers synaptophysin, PGP9.5, and S-100, and CD-117 in PUJO specimens compared with controls. Our results show no clinical significance of the expression of neuronal markers in predicting degree of pre-operative renal pelvis dilation or differential renal function. The heterogeneity of expression of neuronal markers in PUJO specimens and controls in our population is at variance with prior studies. The etiology of PUJO is likely to be complex and multifactorial.

Field of study: Medicine
Statistical Properties of the Estimator of the Rotary Coefficient

Rotary spectral analysis is a widely-used technique for studying elliptical motions in ocean currents, wind, etc. Statistical properties (distribution, bias, confidence intervals) for the estimated rotary coefficient, which measures the tendency to rotate in a counterclockwise or clockwise manner, are derived and applied to ocean current measurements at six depths in the Labrador Sea.

Field of study: Engineering
Solubility of Co clusters in Co-implanted ZnO thin films by 200 MeV Ag15+ ions irradiation

We have investigated the structural, electrical resistivity, pink noise (1/f noise) and magnetic properties of 200 MeV Ag15+ ions (fluence ~1 × 1012 ions cm−2) irradiated Co-implanted ZnO thin films. The ZnO films were grown on Al2O3 substrate by the PA-MBE technique and 80 keV Co ion implantation with 1 × 1016 ions cm−2 dose value. The structural studies of an unirradiated film show the presence of Co clusters, which dissolve in the ZnO matrix on swift heavy ion (SHI) irradiation. The temperature-dependent electrical resistivity plots of pristine (unirradiated) and irradiated films demonstrated semiconducting nature. The resistivity data were fitted in the Mott's variable range hopping (VRH) model and the activation energies were estimated. The magnitude of normalized noise SV/V2 increases with decrease in temperature and estimated Hooge's parameters have higher values as compared to other semiconductors. We observe a clear magnetic hysteresis loop with coercivity ~65 Oe for both the films at room temperature, establishing the ferromagnetic nature. The correlation between the electrical transport and magnetic properties in the present system formulates it to be a potential aspirant for the spintronics-oriented devices.

Field of study: Materials science
Longitudinal and transverse target-spin asymmetries associated with DVCS on the proton at HERMES

Measurements of azimuthal cross-section asymmetries from deeply virtual Compton scattering on transversely and longitudinally polarized hydrogen and longitudinally polarized deuterium targets at HERMES are reported. By comparing the HERMES results on the transverse target-spin asymmetry with theoretical calculations based on a phenomenological model of generalized parton distributions, a model-dependent constraint on the total angular momentum carried by quarks in the nucleon is obtained.

Field of study: Physics
A Categorial Analysis of Bracketing Paradoxes in English

In this paper I present a formal account of "bracketing paradoxes" in morphology under a categorial framework. In this kind of system, Catego­ ry Raising (CR) plays an important role in removing the "mismatches" between phonology and semantics. However, no previous approach was successful in properly restricting the application of CR. So, I propose two constraints for this purpose: a formal restriction and a lexical restriction. The former says that CR applies only when the arrangement of the mor­ phemes in a word fits with a specified format. The latter, which is imposed by the lexicon, is an auxiliary constraint to the first restriction. We will see that this system can also provide a good account of bracketing para­ doxes in compounds.

Field of study: Linguistics
Study of the extraction of the flavonol from rose petals and their eliminating capacity of the·OH

In this paper, the approach of microwave is adopted to extract the flavonol from roses with large petals and small ones as well as make available their respective content of flavone: 71.4736mg/g and 71.0636mg/g, with the RSD(n=9) of 0.5972% and 0.5852% respectively. The Fe2+-H2O2-Rhodamine B analyzing system is also thereby applied to study the eliminating capacities of the ·OH of the two petals' extract, and the result show that the two varieties of extract both have a strong eliminating capacity of the ·OH.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Review of Medicine in Special Education Another Look at Drugs and Behavior

I reviewed the effects of drugs on behavior and learning in children, and came to some skeptical conclusions about poor methodology and inflated claims of success (Freeman, 1966). A number of trends since then seem to warrant up-dating the information in that survey. “Learning disability” has become an even more popular, though perhaps no less vague, category. Public attention and demands for special programs have clearly increased, while the funds available for training the needed professionals have recently dwindled. Abuse of drugs, including those used for children with learning problems, is known to be on the increase, and has become a major world concern. All of this has come to a head in the past several months in the United States, where we hear that arrests for drug abuse have, for the first time, exceeded those for alcoholic indulgence, and accusations have been leveled at medical schools and physicians in Omaha for allegedly providing stimulant drugs to children with behavior problems, in an effort to make them conform. It is not easy to find one’s way between the extremes of a rather indiscriminate, overenthusiastic use of drugs on the one hand, and pharmacologic nihilism due to fear of political repercussions on the other. Considerable advances have been made in the past four or five years in developing a more adequate methodology in the field of drug therapy. Unfortunately for the educator, recent studies have done more to confirm some earlier suspicions and clinical hunches than to provide new methods which can predictably change behavior in desired directions. Walden Two has not arrived through psychoREVIEW OF MEDICINE IN SPECIAL EDUCATION Another Look at Drugs and Behavior ROGER D. FREEMAN, M.D. University of British Columbia

Field of study: Education
A Tutorial on Bayesian Optimization

Bayesian optimization is an approach to optimizing objective functions that take a long time (minutes or hours) to evaluate. It is best-suited for optimization over continuous domains of less than 20 dimensions, and tolerates stochastic noise in function evaluations. It builds a surrogate for the objective and quantifies the uncertainty in that surrogate using a Bayesian machine learning technique, Gaussian process regression, and then uses an acquisition function defined from this surrogate to decide where to sample. In this tutorial, we describe how Bayesian optimization works, including Gaussian process regression and three common acquisition functions: expected improvement, entropy search, and knowledge gradient. We then discuss more advanced techniques, including running multiple function evaluations in parallel, multi-fidelity and multi-information source optimization, expensive-to-evaluate constraints, random environmental conditions, multi-task Bayesian optimization, and the inclusion of derivative information. We conclude with a discussion of Bayesian optimization software and future research directions in the field. Within our tutorial material we provide a generalization of expected improvement to noisy evaluations, beyond the noise-free setting where it is more commonly applied. This generalization is justified by a formal decision-theoretic argument, standing in contrast to previous ad hoc modifications.

Field of study: Computer science
Fast Hardware Architectures for Supersingular Isogeny Diffie-Hellman Key Exchange on FPGA

In this paper, we present a constant-time hardware implementation that achieves new speed records for the supersingular isogeny Diffie-Hellman (SIDH), even when compared to highly optimized Haswell computer architectures. We employ inversion-free projective isogeny formulas presented by Costello et al. at CRYPTO 2016 on an FPGA. Modern FPGA’s can take advantage of heavily parallelized arithmetic in \(\mathbb {F}_{p^{2}}\), which lies at the foundation of supersingular isogeny arithmetic. Further, by utilizing many arithmetic units, we parallelize isogeny evaluations to accelerate the computations of large-degree isogenies by approximately 57%. On a constant-time implementation of 124-bit quantum security SIDH on a Virtex-7, we generate ephemeral public keys in 10.6 and 11.6 ms and generate the shared secret key in 9.5 and 10.8 ms for Alice and Bob, respectively. This improves upon the previous best time in the literature for 768-bit implementations by a factor of 1.48. Our 83-bit quantum security implementation improves upon the only other implementation in the literature by a speedup of 1.74 featuring fewer resources and constant-time.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics