nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Ecophysiology of the filamentous Alphaproteobacterium Meganema perideroedes in activated sludge.

A comprehensive study of the ecophysiology of the filamentous Meganema perideroedes affiliated to the Alphaproteobacteria, possessing a "Nostocoida limicola Type II" filamentous morphology was conducted. This morphotype often causes serious bulking problems in activated sludge wastewater treatment plants, and hardly anything is known about its physiology. The study was carried out by applying a suite of in situ methods in an industrial activated sludge treatment plant with excessive growth of this species. The experiments revealed a very versatile organism able to take up a large variety of organic substrates under aerobic conditions. It had a remarkably high storage capacity forming polyhydroxyalkanoates from most substrates tested. When nitrate was present as e-acceptor, the number of substrates to be consumed by M. perideroedes was more restricted compared to aerobic conditions. With nitrite as e-acceptor, only acetate and glucose among the substrates tested could be assimilated and used for storage and possibly growth. This indicated that M. perideroedes might be able to denitrify under certain conditions, which is unusual for filamentous bacteria in activated sludge. No substrate uptake or storage was seen under anaerobic conditions. M. perideroedes was relatively hydrophobic, compared to other filamentous bacteria and microcolonies present in the sludge, indicating the presence of a hydrophobic sheath. Several excreted surface-associated exoenzymes were detected in the sludge, but M. perideroedes never showed any activity, except once after a breakdown in the production facility. This confirmed that M. perideroedes mainly grows on soluble substrates. Based on the studies of the ecophysiology of M. perideroedes, potential control strategies are suggested.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Cue-producing behavior in the Capuchin monkey during reversal, extinction, acquisition, and overtraining.

In a two-choice discrimination situation, a cue-producing response produced the discriminanda for 0.05 sec. The cue-producing responses beyond those normally necessary to identify the discriminanda thus provided only redundant information. Two of the four Capuchin monkeys studied showed a large increase in cue-producing responses during reversal learning and extinction, and they reversed much faster than the two whose cue-producing responses showed little increase. During acquisition of a difficult discrimination, the cue-producing responses of the first two subjects reached a high level and during overtraining gradually reduced to their initial low level. The results were related to Wyckoff's theory of observing behavior and to the notions of uncertainty, reduction, and lack of information as extensions of the concepts of reinforcement and motivation.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Culture of mouse adrenal cortex Y-1 cell line on microcarriers in cell reactor.: Growth and steroidogenesis

Mouse adrenal cortex Y-1 cell line was cultured on microcarriers in cell reactors containing 250 ml or 1500 ml culture medium; the same cell density as in the smaller vessel (0.9 × 106 cells ml−1) was obtained in the larger reactor by controlling pH and supplying the medium with O2. Consumption of glucose, oxygen, production of lactate and variation of 19 amino acids were determined with and without oxygen supply. Synthetic ACTH 1–24 induced steroidogenesis in a serum poor medium supplemented with cholesterol and albumin. Steroid production was similar to that of cell growth in usual culture dishes (2 μg 106 cells−1 24 h−1).

Field of study: Biology, Engineering
Nota. Efecto de la historia térmica en la gelificación de pasta fresca de jurel (T. murphyi) tipo surimi Note. Effect of thermal history on the gelation of horse mackerel (T. murphyi) raw paste surimi-type

Fresh paste from horse mackerel (T. murphyi) surimi-type, was processed during setting using (2%) KCI. The paste was subjected to different heating and cooling cycles. The salt produced an improve ment in kamaboko-type gel formation. The heating and cooling cycles enhanced the setting process and improved textural quality of the resulting gel, mainly when the heating before cooling was slow. The setting process was characterized by several physical parameters: storage module (G'), using an oscillatory rheological technique, and apparent Young module (E), by means of mechanical compres sion tests. The enthalpic changes for gelification of the paste were determined using differential scan ning calorimetry.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
“Listening” to Nature: The Significance of Leon Kass for Catholic Moral Theology

In the event of a power failure in the twentieth century it is, for many, as if time comes to a halt and one is stripped naked stripped, that is, of all the modem accoutrements that have become as much a part of one's life as one's own clothing and reduced to "primitive" some would 'say unbearable conditions. And yet a power failure is also an opportunity to face one's own humanity in quiet and darkness. One of my favorite activities during a power failure is thinking about people like Plato, Aristotle, Augustine, Maimonides, Thomas Aquinas, and other great thinkers whose living conditions were much like those during our modem power failures and yet whose accomplishments in such conditions surpass those of most of us even with our heat, electricity, and running water. Human beings are remarkably adjustable. Over the past three hundred years we have adapted to modem science and technology so amenably and have become so easygoing about it that we find it difficult to imagine how anyone could have lived without it. At the same time, however, we also tend to be generally unconscious of the impact of modem science and technology on the very meaning of living humanly. This is particularly the case in the field of medicine and health care. We tend to forget, for example, that the first accurate knowledge of human anatomy came only in the sixteenth century, that the discovery of the circulation of the blood emerged in the seventeenth century, the anatomical concept of disease in the eighteenth century, and anesthesia in the nineteenth century. It boggles the mind to consider the fact that for the overwhelmingly greater portion of history the human race did without what we regard as the elementary fixtures of medicine and health care. l Yet all of this pales into insignificance in the light of developments in the twentieth century; for there have been more developments in medicine and

Field of study: Medicine, Philosophy
Interlayer quasiparticle transport in the vortex state of josephson coupled superconductors

We calculate the dependence of the interlayer quasiparticle conductivity, sigma(q), in a Josephson coupled d-wave superconductor on the magnetic field B parallelc and the temperature T. We consider a clean superconductor with resonant impurity scattering and a dominant coherent interlayer tunneling. When pancake vortices in adjacent layers are weakly correlated, at low T the conductivity increases sharply with B over a field scale determined by the impurity scattering, before reaching an extended region of slow linear growth. At high T the conductivity initially decreases and then reaches the same linear regime. For correlated pancakes, sigma(q) increases much more strongly with the applied field.

Field of study: Physics
Blood-Based Circulating MicroRNAs are Potential Diagnostic Biomarkers for Leukemia: Result from a Meta-Analysis

Circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) as biomarkers for leukemia have been validated by emerging studies. This meta-analysis aims to estimate the overall diagnostic accuracy of blood-based circulating miRNAs for leukemia.  We searched multiple databases (PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, CNKI, Wan Fang Data and CQVIP) up to June 18, 2015.  32 studies from 10 publications were included in this meta-analysis. Diagnostic capacity was evaluated by pooled sensitivity, specifIcity, positive likelihood ratio (PLR), negative likelihood ratio (NLR), diagnostic odds ratio (DOR), and area under the curve (AUC) through random-effects model. Sensitivity analyses were sequentially performed to find potential sources of heterogeneity. The quality of included studies was assessed by QUADAS (quality assessment for studies of diagnostic accuracy). Meta-Disc 1.4 and Stata 12.0 software were used to perform the meta-analysis. A high diagnostic accuracy was displayed, with a sensitivity of 0.84, a specificity of 0.88, a PLR of 7.20, a NLR of 0.18, a DOR of 52, and an AUC of 0.94. Subgroup analyses revealed better performance for combined miRNAs, acute myeloid leukemia patients and Asian population than other subgroups.  Our analyses suggested that blood-based circulating miRNAs are promising diagnostic biomarkers for leukemia, especially combined miRNAs. Its clinical application awaits further study.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
The significance of contextual factors in valuing health states.

QALY analysis consists of describing the effects of a programme in terms of a stream in a patient-time field after which the stream is evaluated. The stream concept represents a considerable advance compared to for instance describing the outcome of health care in terms of survival rates. The valuation task, on the other hand, poses difficult problems. Several contextual factors may significantly affect the social value assigned to a health improvement in a particular patient-year. None of these factors is included in the current algorithm for calculating social utility in terms of QALYs. The factors are set together in a model that may serve as a framework within which QALY calculations may be considered. Examples are given of how QALY calculations can be misleading if these factors are not taken into account.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Education as gender equalizer: overcoming youth unemployment in Pakistan

Resistance to a positive change brings no change in a society unless its members do not work for it. In many parts of Pakistan female employment is a sensitive cultural issue. In this country the female population is more than 90 million, and quarter of it is youth, but majority of female youth are not master of their own soul because of the low female literacy rate in the country.  This study presents an in-depth outlook of female education, unemployment and its consequences for female gender. A detailed description of the factors and forces which are resisting a positive change in the society has also been presented. This paper presents practicable solutions to make female youth economically active, productive and more independent in male dominant society.  Education, Female youth, unemployment

Field of study: Education
Deep Reinforcement Learning for Dynamic Urban Transportation Problems

We explore the use of deep learning and deep reinforcement learning for optimization problems in transportation. Many transportation system analysis tasks are formulated as an optimization problem - such as optimal control problems in intelligent transportation systems and long term urban planning. Often transportation models used to represent dynamics of a transportation system involve large data sets with complex input-output interactions and are difficult to use in the context of optimization. Use of deep learning metamodels can produce a lower dimensional representation of those relations and allow to implement optimization and reinforcement learning algorithms in an efficient manner. In particular, we develop deep learning models for calibrating transportation simulators and for reinforcement learning to solve the problem of optimal scheduling of travelers on the network.

Field of study: Computer science
Une classe de verbes transitifs en coréen: Verbes de Contact-Corporel

The class of corporal-contact verbs (Vcc) is a set of verbs which designate an action of corporal contact between two humans or between an human and an object. Constructions of Vcc have an human subject and, for direct object, a noun phrase (NP) of type N a -gen N b where N b denotes a body-part (N bp ) or an object-part (N op ). The specific combination between this type of NP and the Vcc trigers a restructuration that relates this sentence to another sentence containing a double accusative sequence. We can syntactically distinguish Vcc from all other superficially identical transitive verbs through different factors related to the restructuration (inalienable relation between the two elements of NP, their separability, their metonymic relation, appropriation between N bp /N op and verb, variation of postpositions between -lul and -lo) and also through different criteria related to the interpretation of corporal-contact (insertion of the adverbial sequence denoting a duration, prohibition of the contrastive sentence).

Field of study: Linguistics
The adsorption behaviour of dimethyltin from seawater onto sedimentary phase in Tianjin Harbor.

The adsorption of dimethyltin from a seawater matrix onto suspended particulate matter was studied. The influences of pH and salinity, adsorption isotherms at various temperatures, and the adsorption rate under certain experimental conditions were determined. It was found that the adsorption capacity was highest at c. pH 6 and decreased with increasing salinity. The adsorption behaviour at various temperatures was described best by a Langmuir isotherm. The adsorption capacity of dimethyltin was higher in natural seawater than in artificial seawater at the same temperature.

Field of study: Environmental science
On the school-running ideas and it's operation mechanism: Two keys in the construction of the first-class university in the world

There are various problems in the construction of the first\|class university in the world, while School\|runing ideas and it's Operation mechanism are the two keys. School\|running idea is the spirit of the university's development; operation mechanism is the assurance of the university's development. From the view of developing the first\|class university in the world, this paper summarized and analysed both of the aspects: the former includes searching after truth rationally, guiding by the mission, academic freedom, decision\|making by university itself, changing actively; the latter includes competing orderly, macro\|control, pursuit for excellence, do choice but all. Finally, several measures are suggested to be taken, including combining substance input with school\|running ideas and it's operation mechanism.

Field of study: Education
THE EFFECT OF WINDOW POSITION AND WINDOW SIZE ON THE ENERGY DEMAND FOR HEATING, COOLING AND ELECTRIC LIGHTING

The amount of sunlight and daylight through the facade is a key factor in new facade design. Designing a new facade, based on the idea that a facade should be able to function and perform mostly autonomously (i.e. requiring as little input such as warm/cold water, air and electricity from the building as possible), the amount of sunlight and daylight through the facade influences the yearly energy demand for heating, cooling and electric lighting. In this paper it is shown that it is possible to calculate the yearly energy demand for heating, cooling and electric lighting as a function of window position, window size and window shape for an office environment in the Netherlands. This result should enable the design of improved autonomous facades for office buildings.

Field of study: Engineering
Appropriation and Resistance: Local Responses to Malaria Eradication in Mexico, 1955–1970

Medical developments in Latin America during the second half of the twentieth century have received little attention. This study examines the Mexican responses to the success and failures of an important international health campaign of the 1950s: malaria eradication. During the 1950s malaria became the disease of central concern for international and US agencies working in developing countries (as yellow fever and hookworm were for tropical health during the early twentieth century). This article outlines the motivations, design and techniques of the campaign. It concentrates on two local responses: first, the enthusiastic support displayed by personnel working in the field; and, secondly, the reactions against the campaign of a local doctor – who revealed some of the inadequacies of malaria eradication – and of two medical anthropologists, who emphasised the scant attention paid to the cultural and social aspects of the campaign.

Field of study: Political science
Decomposing Income Inequality in a Backward Pre‐Industrial Economy: Old Castile (Spain) in the Middle of the Eighteenth Century

Research on economic inequality in early modern Europe is complicated by the lack of appropriate data for reconstructing income or wealth distributions. This article presents a study of income inequality in mid‐eighteenth‐century Old Castile (Spain) using the Ensenada Cadastre, a census conducted between 1749 and 1759. The article describes the information provided by this census and then discusses its advantages and disadvantages for reconstructing income profiles and calculating income inequality. This is followed by analysis of a dataset derived from the Cadastre that consists of more than 4,000 observations from Palencia (a province in northern Spain) and contains information on sources of household income, each household head's main occupation, residence location, and other household characteristics. Demographic data from this census is used to weight observations in the sample and thereby minimize selection bias. Findings show that inequality in eighteenth‐century Spain was probably substantial despite its relative backwardness; that the relationship between inequality and per capita income was not clear‐cut and was probably influenced by measurement of the higher incomes; and that although income inequality was largely driven by uneven land distribution, labour income also contributed to overall inequality — especially in urban centres.

Field of study: Economics, History
CONVERSION AND UTILIZATION OF BYPRODUCTS IN DIRECT SYNTHESIS OF METHYLCHLOROSILANES

The direct synthesis of methylchlorosilanes by reacting metallic silicon with methyl chloride in the presence of a copper catalyst yields low-boiling component,high-boiling component and methyltrichlorosilane as by-products. The proposed process for prepares monosilanes from the HBC fraction by reacting it with hydrogen chloride in the presence of an amine or amide catalyst. The conversion of disilanes into monosilanes is above 80% in general and the best is 86%.A method is also proposed for preparing dimethyldichlorosilane from methyltrichlorosilane,reacting simultaneously with the LBC components having a high content of methyl groups and with the HBC non-cleavable components,in the presence of a catalyst,in which the best conversion is 66.2%,and the best content of dimethyldichlorosilane in final products is 46.4%.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Zum Leitungsmechanismus von CdS-Sandwichzellen

ZusammenfassungAuf der Grundlage des bekannten Modells der Photoleitung in Halbleitern wird eine Theorie der Photoleitung in Sandwichzellen entwickelt und mit Messungen an CdS-Sandwichzellen verglichen. Leitfähigkeitsspektrum, Strom-Intensitäts- und Strom-Spannungs-Charakteristik werden von der Theorie befriedigend wiedergegeben. Die Resultate scheinen anzuzeigen, daß Löcherbeweglichkeit und Excitonendiffusion bei den von uns verwandten Kristallen nur eine untergeordnete Rolle spielen.

Field of study: Physics
The synthesis of organically modified layered double hydroxide and its effect on the structure and physical properties of low-density polyethylene/ethylene–vinyl acetate blends

Organically modified layered double hydroxide (OM-LDH) was synthesized via anion exchange reaction and potassium monolauryl phosphate (MAPK) was used as an intercalator. The OM-LDH nanofillers were embedded into low-density polyethylene/ethylene–vinyl acetate (LDPE/EVA) via melt blending process which provided LDPE/EVA/OM-LDH nanocomposites. The structure and properties of the fabricated samples were characterized through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction techniques, scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, and tensile testing. The results showed that the organic anion was intercalated into the interlayer region of LDH and enlarged the interlayer distance. The TGA results of the nanocomposites showed significantly improved thermal stability at a higher temperature when containing 6 wt% OM-LDH due to the good dispersion of OM-LDH in the matrix. The DSC data indicated that the degree of crystallinity was increased obviously due to the incorporation of OM-LDH in the matrix. The formation of organic side chains on the OM-LDH surface also contributed to an improvement in the interfacial adhesion, resulting in enhanced tensile strength and elongation at break compared with LDH.

Field of study: Materials science
The Calculation of QoS Aggregation Functions for Composite Web Services

The composite Web services provide users with a more efficient solution by the components provided by third parties. The selection of the appropriate components among a lot of available Web service components often rely on the QoS of the components. After the system model has been established, we need to calculate the aggregate QoS according to the QoS of each component, which is a heavy workload. This paper presents a method to calculate the aggregate QoS automatically according to the connection relation of the system model. The method that provides an automated tool for the quality assessment of the composite services is versatile and capable of calculating according to different definitions of the aggregate QoS.

Field of study: Computer science
Plasmid localisation of atrazine-degrading genes in newly described Chelatobacter and Arthrobacter strains.

In a previous study, we isolated a collection of atrazine-degrading bacteria from various soils. The aim of this study was to localise the atrazine-degrading genes in these 25 atrazine-degrading strains. In the case of the Gram-negative strains of Chelatobacter heintzii, six to seven plasmids were observed. The atzABC and trzD genes were located on two or three plasmids with variable molecular masses. For the Gram-positive strains of Arthrobacter crystallopoietes, the atzBC genes were located on a single plasmid of 117 kb. The organisation of atrazine-degrading genes seems to be highly variable between the strains studied. We have shown by a specific PCR the occurrence of IS1071-like sequences in all strains carrying atzBC genes, while these sequences seem to be absent in strains carrying only the atzA gene. Thus, we show a strong correlation between the presence of these insertion sequences and the presence of some genes involved in atrazine degradation.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Korn’s constant for a spherical shell

Upon invoking the variational characterization of Korn's constant and Dafermos' technique to reduce it to a boundary value problem, the Korn constant of a spherical shell of arbitrary thickness has been evaluated. The classical result of Payne and Weinberger for the sphere is recovered as the special case of vanishing interior radius, while as the thickness of the shell tends to zero, Korn's constant tends to infinity in a nonuniform sense.

Field of study: Mathematics