nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
On-line state estimation and adaptive optimization using state equations for continuous production of bioethanol

On-line optimization of bioprocesses is a difficult task due to the absence of accurate mathematical models and complex non-linear dynamic behaviour. In the present investigation, state equations were used to develop an algorithm to estimate unmeasurable state variables and time-varying parameters which were then used for adaptive, dynamic optimization of a continuous bioreactor. The manipulated variable was adjusted based on the steepest-descent technique to continuously drive the process to the optimal operating conditions in a reasonable time period. The estimation algorithm is shown to predict the unmeasured state variables to within ± 5% during dynamic fluctuations caused by both sudden changes in dilution rate and gradual changes in nutrient feed supply. The control algorithm is shown to quickly and smoothly adjust the manipulated variable to keep the bioreactor operating at its highest productivity as compared to steady state conditions even during inverse-response dynamic conditions.

Field of study: Biology, Engineering
The Level of Compliance of Commercial Motorcyclists to Traffic Rules on Urban Roads in South Western Nigeria

The occurrence of traffic accidents involving commercial motorcyclists now characterizes urban transport in many developing countries and has become a major public concern. Yet the use of motorcycles as a means of urban transport continues to attract increasing patrons because of its flexibility and fastness in reaching less accessible parts of the cities of the third world countries. This paper examines the characteristics and the level of safety awareness of commercial motorcyclists in three major urban centres in South-Western Nigeria. Primary and secondary sources of data were used for this research. One hundred and twenty (120) well-structured questionnaires were administered on systematically selected commercial motorcyclists operating from major road junctions and motor parks in Ilesa, Iwo and Osogbo. Both descriptive and inferential statistics used in analyzing the data. The findings reveals that the “care free attitudes” of most commercial motorcyclists towards their own safety as well as their passengers is hinged on lack of adequate training and the value illegal possession of driving licenses by this category of urban transport operators. The paper advocates for policies to control, enforce and regulate the activities of commercial motorcyclists by relevant government security agencies such as the Federal Roads Safety Corps. DOI: 10.5901/jesr.2014.v4n3p345

Field of study: Education, Sociology
Exploring the Evolution of Star Formation and Dwarf Galaxy Properties with JWST/MIRI Serendipitous Spectroscopic Surveys

The James Webb Space Telescope's Medium Resolution Spectrometer (MRS), will offer nearly two orders of magnitude improvement in sensitivity and > 3× improvement in spectral resolution over our previous space-based mid-IR spectrometer, the Spitzer IRS. In this paper, we make predictions for spectroscopic pointed observations and serendipitous detections with the MRS. Specifically, pointed observations of Herschel sources require only a few minutes on source integration for detections of several star-forming and active galactic nucleus lines, out to z = 3 and beyond. But the same data will also include tens of serendipitous 0 ≾ z ≾ 4 galaxies per field with infrared luminosities ranging ~10^6–10^(13) L_☉. In particular, for the first time and for free we will be able to explore the L_(IR) < 10^9 L_☉ regime out to z ~ 3. We estimate that with ~ 100 such fields, statistics of these detections will be sufficient to constrain the evolution of the low-L end of the infrared luminosity function, and hence the star formation rate function. The above conclusions hold for a wide range in the potential low-L end of the IR luminosity function, and account for the PAH deficit in low-L, low-metallicity galaxies.

Field of study: Physics
Stochastic dual coordinate ascent methods for regularized loss

Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD) has become popular for solving large scale supervised machine learning optimization problems such as SVM, due to their strong theoretical guarantees. While the closely related Dual Coordinate Ascent (DCA) method has been implemented in various software packages, it has so far lacked good convergence analysis. This paper presents a new analysis of Stochastic Dual Coordinate Ascent (SDCA) showing that this class of methods enjoy strong theoretical guarantees that are comparable or better than SGD. This analysis justifies the effectiveness of SDCA for practical applications.

Field of study: Computer science
Zur Diffusion von Metallen in Quecksilber

ZusammenfassungDie Diffusion der Metalle Zn und Cd in Hg wurde untersucht. Die hierfür angewandte Methode, welche auf der Bestimmung von Konzentrationsänderungen durch Messung der elektrischen Leitfähigkeit beruht, wird beschrieben. Die für Zn und Cd erhaltenen Diffusionskoeffizienten werden angegeben und mit den seitherigen Messungen verglichen.

Field of study: Physics
Human pregnancy serum inhibits interleukin-2 production.

Cell-mediated immunity may be depressed during pregnancy. We used the two way mixed lymphocyte reaction as an in vitro model of cell mediated immunity and studied the effect of pregnancy sera on this system by the amount of tritiated thymidine taken up by activated lymphocytes. We found that: (1) pregnancy sera contain a factor inhibiting the mixed lymphocyte reaction; (2) the inhibition of the mixed lymphocyte reaction induced by sera could be reversed by the addition of the supernatant from allogeneic mixed lymphocyte reaction; (3) pure interleukin-1 could not reverse the inhibitory effect and (4) recombinant interleukin-2 (IL-2) completely reversed the inhibitory effect of pregnancy sera on the mixed lymphocyte reaction. We conclude that a factor (or factors) present in serum from pregnant women is capable of inhibiting the generation of IL-2 during lymphocyte activation.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
An aircraft-borne chemical ionization – ion trap mass spectrometer (CI-ITMS) for fast PAN and PPN measurements

An airborne chemical ionization ion trap mass spectrometer instrument (CI-ITMS) has been developed for tropospheric and stratospheric fast in-situ measurements of PAN (peroxyacetyl nitrate) and PPN (peroxypropionyl nitrate). The first scientific deployment of the FASTPEX instrument (FASTPEX = Fast Measurement of Peroxyacyl nitrates) took place in the Arctic during 18 missions aboard the DLR research aircraft Falcon, within the framework of the POLARCAT-GRACE campaign in the summer of 2008. The FASTPEX instrument is described and characteristic properties of the employed ion trap mass spectrometer are discussed. Atmospheric data obtained at altitudes of up to ~12 km are presented, from the boundary layer to the lowermost stratosphere. Data were sampled with a time resolution of 2 s and a 2σ detection limit of 25 pmol mol−1. An isotopically labelled standard was used for a permanent on-line calibration. For this reason the accuracy of the PAN measurements is better than ±10% for mixing ratios greater than 200 pmol mol−1. PAN mixing ratios in the summer Arctic troposphere were in the order of a few hundred pmol mol−1 and generally correlated well with CO. In the Arctic boundary layer and lowermost stratosphere smaller PAN mixing ratios were observed due to a combination of missing local sources of PAN precursor gases and efficient removal processes (thermolysis/photolysis). PPN, the second most abundant PAN homologue, was measured simultaneously. Observed PPN/PAN ratios range between ~0.03 and 0.3.

Field of study: Environmental science
Spin diode behavior in transport through single-molecule magnets

We study transport properties of a single-molecule magnet (SMM) weakly coupled to one nonmagnetic and one ferromagnetic lead. Using the diagrammatic technique in real time, we calculate transport in the sequential and cotunneling regimes for both ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic exchange coupling between the molecule's LUMO level and the core spin. We show that the current flowing through the system is asymmetric with respect to the bias reversal, being strongly suppressed for particular bias polarizations. Thus, the considered system presents a prototype of a SMM spin diode. In addition, we also show that the functionality of such a device can be tuned by changing the position of the molecule's LUMO level and strongly depends on the type of exchange interaction.

Field of study: Physics
An Empirical Study of “Fringe Benefits” and Performance of the Korean Firms

This paper examines the effects of fringe benefits in the compensation package on performance of the Korean firms. Theoretically, fringe benefits have two implications in relation to employees: they are effective instruments that provide incentives; at the same time, some fringe benefits, especially the power-related benefits, are often used for exploitation of self-interests. Using a six-year panel data of the Korean manufacturing firms, we do a regression analysis and identify the links between fringe benefits and performance of the Korean firms. Our results suggest that, in general, these types of compensations do not promote good performance of firms. The results also imply that perhaps some designs in pay for performance in Korea are not efficient.

Field of study: Business
Purification and crystallization of the yeast elongation factor eEF2.

Crystals of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae elongation factor 2 (eEF2) in complex with GDP were obtained with the vapour-diffusion technique after rapid purification from industrial yeast. The crystals diffract to 2.85 A and belong to the space group P2(1)2(1)2(1). A yeast strain expressing a functional histidine-tagged eEF2 as the only form of the protein further allows facilitated purification of the factor for both structural and functional studies.

Field of study: Chemistry
Objective versus subjective outcome measures of biofeedback: what really matters?

Clinical epidemiologic studies suggest that once established, voiding dysfunction can become a lifelong condition if not treated correctly early on in life. Biofeedback is one component of a voiding retraining program to help children with voiding dysfunction. Our goal was to compare objective non-invasive urodynamic data obtained during office biofeedback sessions with patient reported voiding symptom scores.



Charts of 55 children referred in 2010 for pelvic floor muscle biofeedback therapy for urinary incontinence were retrospectively reviewed. Patients with any anatomic diagnoses were excluded. Forty-seven (86%) females and eight males (14%) with a mean age of 8.2 years made up the cohort. Uroflow curves, voided volumes, and post-void residuals were recorded at each visit and served as objective data. Volumes were normalized as a percentage of expected bladder capacity according to age. The patient reported symptom score and patient reported outcome (improved, no change or worse) served as subjective measures of intervention.



The primary referral diagnoses were day and night wetting in 37 (67%) and daytime incontinence in 18 (33%) children. A history of urinary tract infection (UTI) was noted in 32 (64%) patients, and 25% were maintained on antibiotic prophylaxis during the study period. Twenty-nine percent were maintained on anticholinergic medication. Patients attended an average of 2.5 biofeedback sessions. Voided volumes and post void residual volumes were unchanged, 50% of the abnormal uroflow curves normalized over the course of treatment (p < 0.05). Patient reported symptom score decreased from 12.8 ± 5.6 to 8.0 ± 6.5 (p < 0.002) over an average follow-up time of 276 days reflecting fewer daytime voiding symptoms. There was no significant change in the patient symptom score component for the night-time wetting. Patient-reported outcomes at the final session of biofeedback were rated an improved in 26 (47%), no change in 15 (27%), worse in three (5%) patients, and not rated in 11 patients (21%).



Pelvic floor muscle biofeedback is associated with patient-reported improvement in symptoms, reduction in voiding symptom score, and normalization of uroflow curves, but these improvements are not correlated with objective parameters of voided volumes and post-void residual urine obtained during office visits for biofeedback. It is important to identify the most relevant outcome measures for BFB, as insurance coverage for medical interventions that cannot offer outcomes analysis that demonstrates a benefit for the patient will eventually be eliminated.

Field of study: Medicine
A progenerator for representations of SL(n,q) in transverse characteristic

Let G=GL(n,q), SL(n,q) or PGL(n,q) where q is a power of some prime number p, let U denote a Sylow p-subgroup of G and let R be a commutative ring in which p is invertible. Let D(U) denote the derived subgroup of U and let e be the central primitive idempotent of the group algebra RD(U) corresponding to the projection on the invariant RD(U)-submodule. The aim of this note is to prove that the R-algebras RG and eRGe are Morita equivalent (through the natural functor sending an RG-module M to the eRGe-module eM).

Field of study: Mathematics
CFD simulation of wall shear stress in gas-liquid vertical and inclined upward slug flow

Based on the VOF model,CFD simulations were carried out for wall shear stress in gas-liquid vertical and inclined upward slug flow.The simulation results showed that the thickness of the falling film in the vertical upward slug flow was always smaller than that in the inclined upward slug flow.In the vertical tubes,wall shear stress increased gradually from Taylor bubble nose to the falling liquid film until it became stable in the developed falling liquid film,but in the wake zone the wall shear stress appeared irregular.In the inclined tubes,the tip of the Taylor bubble nose was above the centerline of the tube and the smaller the angle,the greater the thickness of the falling liquid film.Meanwhile,for the wall shear stress of slug flow in an inclined tube,when FrTB was small,the shear stress profile of falling liquid film on the top wall fluctuated significantly,but it was smooth on the bottom wall.With increasing FrTB, the difference between the shear stress profile on the top wall and the shear stress profile on the bottom wall gradually disappeared.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Ribavirin increases mitogen‐ and antigen‐induced expression of CD40L on CD4+ T cells in vivo

Here, CD40L expression and cytokine production have been analysed in peripheral blood cells from orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) recipients treated with ribavirin for recurrent chronic hepatitis C. The study included 18 OLT recipients treated with ribavirin, eight control OLT recipients and 10 healthy controls. FACS analysis showed that baseline expression of CD40L was not different between ribavirin‐treated patients and controls. In contrast, after stimulation with both HCV core antigen and phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) plus ionomycin (IO), the expression of CD40L on CD4 lymphocytes was significantly higher in the ribavirin group compared with controls. In the ribavirin group, the increased expression of CD40L significantly correlated with reduction of HCV RNA levels with respect to pretreatment values. Finally, ribavirin treatment was not associated with modification of PMA‐IO‐induced cytokine production by T lymphocytes and interleukin (IL)‐1β and tumour necrosis‐α (TNF)‐α production by CD40L‐stimulated monocytes. In conclusion, these data indicate that ribavirin upmodulates CD40L expression on CD4 T cells, a property which may account in part for its ability to enhance the antiviral activity of interferon‐α in the treatment of chronic HCV infection.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Optimization of the conditions for producing water-in-oil-in-water microemulsions and spray-dried microcapsule of tomato extract powder

Tomato is traditionally recognized as the plentiful source of lycopene (Edwards et al., 2003). Lycopene is a polyunsaturated (polyene) straight-chain molecule, which contained 13 double bonds with a molecular weight of 536.9 daltons. Ot has strong antioxidant and other beneficial effects, including free radical scavenging (Hernandez-Marin et al., 2013). Antioxidant effects of lycopene might include scavenging free radicals from reactive oxygen species (RDS) because lycopene is very effective to remove singlet oxygen in in vitro and in plasma (Zhang et al., 2014). However, lycopene in tomato is hardly to obtain since tomato extract has poor water solubility and is easily oxidized by light or heat exposure. To combat those issues, microencapsulation can be a good approach and it could be a good solution to be utilized tomato extracts into food system.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Regional Climate Modeling for the Developing World: The ICTP RegCM3 and RegCNET

Regional climate models are important research tools available to scientists around the world, including in economically developing nations (EDNs). The Earth Systems Physics (ESP) group of the Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP) maintains and distributes a state-of-the-science regional climate model called the ICTP Regional Climate Model version 3 (RegCM3), which is currently being used by a large research community for a diverse range of climate-related studies. The RegCM3 is the central, but not only, tool of the ICTP-maintained Regional Climate Research Network (RegCNET) aimed at creating south–south and north–south scientific interactions on the topic of climate and associated impacts research and modeling. In this paper, RegCNET, RegCM3, and illustrative results from RegCM3 benchmark simulations applied over south Asia, Africa, and South America are presented. It is shown that RegCM3 performs reasonably well over these regions and is therefore useful for climate studies in...

Field of study: Environmental science
Influence of composition and direct current on phase formation in solid-liquid alloys of a Bi—Cd system

The article discusses the influence of composition and direct current on the phase state of Bi-Cd alloys in a liquid-solid state. It is shown that solid inclusions are displaced to electrodes by current j = 5 × 105 A/m2, depending on the effective charge of these inclusions. Bi is displaced to the positive electrode, while Cd is displaced to the negative electrode.

Field of study: Physics
Experimental study and correlation of the thermal conductivity of 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (R134a) in the rarefied gas state

The thermal conductivity for the gas phase of 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (R134a) was measured by means of the coaxial cylinder method in steady state and by the transient coaxial cylinder apparatus. The operation of the instruments was verified by measuring the thermal conductivity of Ar, toluene, and R22. The numerical thermal conductivity data are analysed and represented analytically using the Mason-Monchick approximation and in conjunction with other transport property data. The estimates of the thermal conductivity of 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane in the dilute gas state are given.

Field of study: Engineering
Réfrigération solaire par réaction solide-gaz: faisabilité physico-chimique sur une maquette de laboratoire

Resume L'utilisation de reactions solid—gaz a ete envisagee en vue de realiser un refrigerateur solaire. Le couple choisi est LiCl/methylamine car il s'avere bien adapte a la production de glace dans des conditions de climat chaud. Apres avoir determine les conditions optimales de mise en oeuvre du solide reactionnel, nous avons teste la faisabilite physico-chimique d'un tel systeme sur une maquette de laboratoire. La reproductibilite des reactions ainsi que les performances obtenues sont satisfaisantes. Une production de 1 kg de glace par kg de solide reactif et un COP de 0,067 ont ete atteints.

Field of study: Engineering
Endangered species diversity ‘hot spots’ in Russia and centers of endemism

Geographic distributions of all 125 endangered and threatened animals and all 70 endangered flowering plant species were compiled and mapped by administrative territory (republics, states, provinces, and districts) of the Russian Federation, based on distributional data in the official Red Data Books of the R.S.F.S.R. [Eliseev et al. (eds) (1985) Red Book of the R.S.F.S.R.: Animals. Rosleskhoz Publishing, Moscow; Golovanov et al. (eds). (1988). Red Book of the R.S.F.S.R.: Plants. Rosagprom Publishing, Moscow]. Territories were ranked using an algorithm that gives highest rank to the single territory with the greatest number of endangered species present, then iteratively assigns the next highest rank to the territory containing the greatest number of species not found in a territory of higher rank. This algorithm minimizes the number of territories necessary to include one population of each endangered species, but may designate very low rank to a territory that holds high numbers of endangered species if many of those species are found in a territory of higher rank. When different sets of species were used to determine territory rank with this algorithm the only significant correlation between rank lists was between ranks generated when all species are used and when only species endemic to single territories were used. Mountainous territories on Russia's southern borders held the greatest numbers of endangered species and were highly ranked whether or not species occurring outside of Russia were excluded from the ranking algorithm. The Maritime state, Krasnodar state, Dagestan republic, Sakhalin province and the Jewish province all are centers of endangered species diversity that together contain 50 or more of endangered species for multiple taxonomic groups; this was the Dobson et al.  definition of an endangered species ‘hot spot.’ These are all mountainous territories on Russia's southern border. Precise territorial ranking within the mountainous southern regions of the Southern Far East, Caucasus, and Altai/Sayan regions of southern Siberia was highly influenced by species endemic to single territories.

Field of study: Environmental science
Low Dose CT Filtering in the Image Domain Using MAP Algorithms

The purpose of this paper is to present two new noise reduction filters techniques in the CT image space, in order to provide a better quality to the images acquired with low radiation exposure. For the noise reduction, a new denoising technique is presented based on a pointwise Maximum a Posteriori (MAP). The noise is considered Gaussian with zero mean, as observed experimentally, and the variance is estimated considering a signal-independent noise. For the a priori density of the signal, we used different non-negative probability densities (reflecting the fact that the pixels of an image are non-negative). In another approach, the histogram of the images were segmented into unimodal parts and each segment was filtered using the filter based on the MAP criterion with the a priori density that best fits it. After filtering, the evaluation of the method is performed using the following criteria: Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio, Universal Image Quality Index and Structural Similarity Index. The 2D filtering results are compared with the results obtained by pointwise Wiener filter. Simulation and real CT images results show that the proposed techniques increase the image quality and improve the use of a low-dose CT protocol.

Field of study: Physics