nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Shuttling between scales in the workplace: Reexamining policies and pedagogies for migrant professionals

Scalar analysis enables us to develop a more dynamic, relational, and negotiated orientation to language norms. However, in many policy and pedagogical circles, privileged varieties of “native speaker” English are treated as belonging to the translocal or higher scale, facilitating mobility across different times and spaces. Local English varieties are treated as low mobility resources belonging to situated spaces and limited time scales. This article reports on a study of African migrant professionals in English-dominant countries. It elicits their opinions and narratives on workplace communication. The findings reveal that the subjects consider the workplace as a layered space with different scales of interaction; they interpret the translocal scale as containing more inclusive language norms; and they adopt negotiation strategies to invoke diverse scales of consideration and make spaces for local Englishes and other languages. The article concludes by articulating how shuttling between scales requires a more complex and creative language competence for migrant professionals and other learners. Rather than treating specific language norms as universally privileged or scales as pregiven, language pedagogies and policies should develop the dispositions, language awareness, and strategies required to negotiate diverse scales with a repertoire of language norms.

Field of study: Education, Linguistics
Valence-difference contrast measurements utilizing X-ray anomalous scattering.

Anomalous scattering experiments with X-ray wavelengths close to an absorption edge have made it possible to determine independently the behaviour of ions in different valence states. The anomalous scattering factors of Fe(2+) and Fe(3+) obtained from both absorption and diffraction data have a large difference in f' between the two kinds of ions. Using a valence-difference contrast method, Bragg and diffuse scattering measurements were carried out for single crystals of Fe(3)O(4) at low temperatures. The results demonstrate the ability of the contrast method to resolve charge ordering and valence fluctuation details.

Field of study: Physics
Phagocytic activity of immunized-mouse peritoneal macrophages during Plasmodium berghei infection

Macrophage represents one of the cellular component of the immune system which plays an important role during malarial infection. Both the number and functional activities including phagocyte activity of these cells increase during the infection.  This study was carried out to investigate the phagocyte activity of peritoneal macrophages from immunized and non-immunized mice during P. berghei infection.  Swiss mice were divided into two groups, one experimental group was immunized by crude vaccine P. berghei, one control group was not immunized. Phagocyte activity was measured by the ability of mouse peritoneal macrophages to phagocytes latex particles in vitro.  In non-immunized mice the percentage of macrophages which were phagocyte latex particles was increased during early infection, reached a peak of about 9 times of the normal level then declined until the mice died. In the immunized mice this activity was increased to reach a peak of about 11 times of the normal level and remained high until recovery.  Phagocyte activity of immunized-mice peritoneal macrophages was significantly higher than those of non immunized. The increase of the phagocyte activity seemed to be correlated with the ability of mice to overcome the infection.  Immunization - P. berghei - Effector cells - Macrophages - Phagocytosis

Field of study: Medicine
Optical Properties of Energy-Dependent Effective Mass GaAs/GaxIn1−xAs and GaAs/AlxGa1−xAs Quantum Well Systems: A Shooting Method Study

In this paper, we study the effect of energy-dependent effective mass on optical properties of GaAs/GaxIn1−xAs and GaAs/AlxGa1−xAs quantum well systems through the compact density matrix approach. We solved the resulting nonlinear Schrödinger equation by a simple shooting method and present the algorithm. We show that the energy-dependent effective mass effect is more important for systems with narrower quantum well systems. By an energy-dependent effective mass assumption, absorption coefficient peak height increases with increasing the total system length L while in the constant effective mass limit, absorption coefficient peak heights have not been influenced by changing L. In the GaAs/AlxGa1−xAs system, by increasing the number of wells, the linear absorption coefficient amplitude at first increases and then decreases in the fixed effective mass approximation and monotonically decreases in the energy-dependent effective mass case. By increasing the number of wells, the linear absorption coefficient peak position at first shows a blue shift and then shows a redshift. In the GaAs/GaxIn1−xAs system, the situation is more complicated and it is described in more detail in the text. However, GaAs/GaxIn1−xAs quantum well systems have larger values of absorption coefficient peak heights than GaAs/AlxGa1−xAs ones.

Field of study: Materials science
A brief introduction of melamine risk assessment

As the feeds and dairy products are polluted by melamine which is an industrial raw material, resulting a negative influence to the health and consumption confidence of consumers, and it gave a big blow to the sustainable development of related industries, which therefore pose a challenge to the food safety management department on their governing capability. According to actual situation that melamine impair the health of citizens, we referring to the animal experiments and risk assessment results in the world, discussed the possible toxicity of melamine and the toxicity threshold, reference to the melamine limit standard of developed countries in the world and their scientific basis, make recommendations for further study of the melamine's toxicity, to form an authority and international accepted risk assessment report on the toxicity of melamine.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
A Study on the Tube-exit Cavity Surrounding Submarine-launched Missile

The gas-steam ejection dynamic system is usually employed by submarine launched missile. In the separating process of missile tail and canister outlet, cavity formed by Interaction between gas and water has influence on the load of launch platform and missile trajectory. The mixture multiphase flow model, RNG k-e turbulence model combined with the dynamic mesh model were adopted to simulate the tube-exit cavity and missile trajectory. The results show that in the process of missile bottom leaving tube, the high pressure gas pours out and forms cavity in missile bottom. With the missile moving and hydrostatic pressure impacting, the cavity will expand, shrink and break and its effects on trajectory of missile and loads on deck are presented. In addition, the natural cavitation of missile shoulder because of high speed movement of missile is analyzed.

Field of study: Engineering
The Sensitivity of the PEP Beam Transport Line to Perturbations

The sensitivity of a beam-transport line to various perturbations determines the extent to which one can simplify component design and relax tolerances. For the PEP injection lines we have studied the effects of various fabrication errors, magnet misalignments, and residual gas scattering. Using the TURTLE ray-tracing program1), we find that magnetic-field errors corresponding to a relative sextupole strength in the dipoles of 0.5% and/or a relative sextupole or octupole strength in the quadrupoles of 5% are permissible. This allows relatively loose tolerances in magnet fabrication. Transverse misalignment of a quadrupole by a distance × causes the beam centroid to be displaced downstream by as much as 5×. This requires a quadrupole alignment accuracy of ± 0.5 mm or better. No compensation for the earth's field is necessary because an integral number of optical wavelengths and a short wavelength were used for the design. Analysis shows that beam broadening from multiple coulomb scattering is insignificant for pressures of less than 1/10 torr.

Field of study: Physics
Проблемы Управления Имуществом Государственной Казны И Реализация Государственной Программы

В статье рассматриваются проблемы управления имуществом государственной казны, анализируются основные направления поступления и выбытия имущества казны, некоторые количественные итоги политики 2011–2014 гг., ее перспективы и ограничения.

Field of study: Economics
Archean variolites-quenched immiscible liquids

Variolitic lavas from Archean tholeiitic series north and south of Rouyn–Noranda (Abitibi Metavolcanic belt, Canada) contain large, sharply defined, spheroidal to subspheroidal felsic varioles (up to 5 cm in diameter) set in a ferruginous matrix of more mafic composition. Quench texture and flow differentiation studies indicate that the variolites were produced by rapid cooling of a two-liquid magma, and that these liquids were in contact and chemically discrete prior to extrusion. Physical mixing models do not adequately account for these contiguous magmas, yet a liquid immiscible model demonstrably satisfies almost all variolite field, microscopic, microprobe, and chemical data. We conclude Archean variolites are formed by immiscible splitting of a magma of tholeiitic composition.

Field of study: Environmental science
Expression of neurotrophic activity in Xenopus oocytes injected with mRNA from wounded rat cerebral cortex.

Injury to the cerebral cortex of the rat brain has been shown to induce the expression of neurotrophic factors for dissociated peripheral and central neurons in culture. We confirm this phenomenon and report that Xenopus laevis oocytes injected with mRNA extracted from wounded rat cortex expressed similar neurotrophic activity. To detect the low amounts of neurotrophic factors that could be expected from the oocyte translation system, a miniaturization of the assay for neurotrophic and cell-surviving activity was developed using Terasaki microtiter plates for culture of chicken embryo sympathetic ganglion cells. Messenger RNA (mRNA) was size-fractionated on a sucrose gradient and RNAs from each fraction were injected into oocytes. Neurotrophic activity was recovered from the homogenates and from the incubation media of oocytes injected with mRNA from 7 day post-lesion cortex. Messenger RNAs in the active fractions ranged in size from 0.8 to 1.8 kb. As much as 20% of the activity was secreted by the oocytes. No significant neurotrophic activity was detected from oocytes injected with mRNA fractions extracted from the cortex of control rats or from other gradient fractions from post-lesion cortex.

Field of study: Biology
The Design and Impementation of Signature in the Electronic Documents based on JSP

Due to the opening of the network, the electronic documents will meet some problems about its security in the process of network transmission, such as the sophistication of information, the interruption of the process, the interception of documents, the counterfeiting of identity and so on. Therefore, The security of the documents in electronic transmission is a key issue which also ensure its promotion and application. This paper first analyses the security problems that exist in currently electronic document transmission system. The paper intends to elaborate the procedure of using digital signature supported by cryptography technique to secure the safety of electronic document transmission in Java.

Field of study: Computer science
Conduction via deep levels in Si Schottky diodes

I - V forward current characteristics of Si Schottky diodes are measured in the 80 - 291 K temperature range. The apparent decrease of the electron barrier height at the metal - semiconductor (M - S) interface, , and the increase of the ideality factor, n, with the temperature decrease (with and n calculated by the thermionic theory of Schottky diode current) are connected with the appearance of an insulating part of the space charge layer of the Schottky diode near to the M - S interface when the diode temperature is decreased. Electron tunnelling from occupied deep levels to unoccupied ones in this insulating part of the space charge layer is considered as an electron transport mechanism in these M - S Schottky diodes at temperatures near to 77 K. Electron tunnelling via deep levels at eV below the Si conduction band and variable-range hopping when the deep levels have constant energy distribution in the Si energy gap are considered separately. After the forward pulse voltage, current transients are observed in these Si Schottky diodes. The amplitude of these current transients increases and their time-constant remains unchanged when the Schottky diode temperature decreases. These current transients are also connected with electron tunnelling in the insulating part of the diode space charge layer near to the M - S interface.

Field of study: Materials science
Polymer and invert emulsifying oil effects upon droplet size spectra of sprays

A series of wind tunnel atomization studies were carried out to investigate the effects of polymer and invert suspension oil “drift control adjuvants” upon the droplet size distribution spectra produced by nozzles typically used in aerial and ground based spraying of pesticides. A D8–46 disc and core was used as a typical aerial application nozzle, and an 8003 fan nozzle was used for the ground based sprayers simulation. The droplet size spectra were evaluated in a wind tunnel using a Malvern 2600 laser particle size analyzer immediately upon mixing and at 15 minutes after re‐circulation through a pumping system. The addition of the polymer‐based adjuvants significantly increased the droplet size spectra parameters of the spray cloud, but all the polymer products showed signs of breakdown of their molecular arrangements in the liquid medium, as a result of agitation. The invert suspension oil adjuvant did not change the droplet size spectra markedly, nor did it show signs of breakdown of the inte...

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
The X2-goodness-of-fit tests with moment type estimators

In the x2-goodness-of-fit test the underlying null hypothesis usually involves unknown parameters. In this article we study the asymptotic distribution of the Pearson statistic when the unknown parameters are estimated by a moment type estimator based on the ungrouped data. As is expected the usual Pearson statistic is no longer asymptotically x2-distributed in this situation. We propose a statistic [Qcirc] which under certain regularity conditions is asymptotically x2-distributed. We also propose a statistic Q∗ for the goodness-of-fit test when the class boundaries are random. The asymptotic powers of [Qcirc] and [Qcirc]∗ tests are discussed.

Field of study: Mathematics
Virtual Reality Technology and Multimedia Computer Aid Instruction

The modern education technology which deputize multimedia computer aid instruction (MCAI) will become the core of deepening education reform.The emergence of virtual reality technology will put the development of MCAI to a new altitude. After elaborating virtual reality technology, its basic components,features and analyzing the relation between MCAI and VR technology,the VR's current development state and its prospects, this paper puts forward that VR technology is direction for MCAI's development. Virtual Reality; Multimedia; Computer Aid

Field of study: Computer science
Optimal Design of Means Tested Retirement Benefits

Design of welfare benefits is a tricky business. In this regard, James Meade believed that it is important to avoid excessive distortions to the price of labour. He also recognised that means testing is a useful way of limiting the 'hideously expensive' cost of universal benefits provision; he conjectured that a 50% claw-back rate might be appropriate. We use a rational agent model to explore the welfare effects of alternative retirement benefits arrangements in the UK. Our analysis supports an extensive role for means testing, consistent with Meade's conjecture, and highlights the distortions associated with alternative methods of benefits financing.

Field of study: Economics
Protective effect of tunica albuginea incision with tunica vaginalis flap coverage on tissue damage and oxidative stress following testicular torsion: Role of duration of ischemia.

This experimental study used a rat model to investigate the effect of a tunica albuginea incision with tunica vaginalis flap coverage on tissue damage and oxidative stress caused by testicular torsion and its relationship with the duration of ischemia.



The test animals were divided into the following groups: G1, sham procedure; G2, testicular torsion for 1, 5, or 9 h followed by detorsion; G3, testicular torsion for 1, 5, or 9 h followed by detorsion using flap technique. Testicular torsion was induced by 720° counterclockwise rotation of the left testis. After the period of torsion, the flap technique was employed for detorsion. The oxidative stress and testosterone levels were measured at 24 h post procedure. Further assessment was carried out by histomorphometry at 30 days post procedure. The histological parameters included the Johnsen score, diameter of the seminiferous tubules, and thickness of seminiferous tubule epithelium.



The histological parameters in the G2 group showed a significant change in relationship with the duration of ischemia. In the G3 group, flap coverage improved the histological parameters only for the 9-hour torsion subjects. The levels of testosterone, glutathione peroxidase (GPX), and superoxide dismutase significantly decreased in all subgroups of G2 and G3, and the malondialdehyde level increased as the duration of ischemia increased. Flap coverage decreased the malondialdehyde level only in the 9-hour torsion subjects.



Flap coverage reduced tissue damage as the duration of ischemia increased. The findings of the rat model suggested that a tunica albuginea incision with tunica vaginalis flap might have provided a protective effect in long-term ischemia.

Field of study: Medicine
Recent evolution of a Bahamian ooid shoal: Effects of Hurricane Andrew

Hurricane Andrew, a category 4 hurricane having wind velocities of ≈240 km/hr, passed north of Joulters Cays, Bahamas, in a westerly direction on August 23, 1992. We documented three sedimentary facies in a 2.7 km 2 study area dominated by mobile ooid sands before the hurricane, using aerial photographs, surface observations, and shallow coring. The shoal crest at this locality had aggrading and northward-prograding (parallel to depositional strike) washover bars composed of cross-bedded, well-sorted ooid sands. Burrowed, poorly sorted ooid sands were present seaward of the washover bars, whereas poorly sorted ooids and mud occupied a stabilized area bankward of the actively migrating shoal and local areas between washover bars on the crest of the shoal. The shoal was crosscut by tidal channels, and older washover bars were being dissected by tidal currents. Although Hurricane Andrew profoundly changed surface features within the study area, its effects will probably be only partly preserved. The hurricane eroded washover bars and transported sediment seaward, leaving a nearly flat shoal crest overlain by a laterally continuous, decimeter-thick lens of well-sorted ooid sand that thins seaward and bankward. Post-hurricane tidal currents deposited a centimeter-thick discontinuous layer of carbonate mud over this lens of well-sorted ooid sand and transported ooids seaward off the shoal. The well-sorted ooid sand layer will most likely be reworked when an actively migrating shoal crest is reestablished, although some of this storm deposit may be preserved on the shoal crest where the ooid sand layer was deposited in areas of normally less agitated conditions. Ooids may also be preserved in finer grained sediments seaward of the shoal, as suggested by previous studies. Mud deposits on the shoal crest may be preserved where buried beneath reestablished washover bars, although some of this mud will be removed by reworking during diurnal tides.

Field of study: Geology
Inaccurate Conception: ACB v Thomson Medical

This note considers the decision of the Singapore Court of Appeal in ACB v Thomson 
Medical [2017] SGCA 20, in which the plaintiff sought damages for the upkeep costs of a 
child conceived using sperm from someone other than her husband as a result of 
negligence by a fertility clinic. The Court held that upkeep costs could not be recovered 
as a matter of public policy, but recognised a new head of loss, namely damages for loss 
of genetic affinity. In a controversial ruling, the Court quantified these damages at thirty 
percent of the upkeep costs of the child. While holding that punitive damages could be 
recovered outside the categories recognised in Rookes v Barnard, the Court rejected such 
an award on the facts of the case.

Field of study: Law
Characterization and application of monoclonal antibody against hepatitis C virus nonstructual protein three.

Developing assays for detecting HCV antigens could be beneficial because viral proteins appear earlier than antibodies and are more stable than RNA in the serum. Monoclonal antibody was prepared by immunization and cell fusion. Subclass, specificity, and efficiency of monoclonal antibodies were determined by ELISA. Epitope specificity of monoclonal antibodies was analyzed by ELISA additivity test. HCV antigen in serum of hepatitis patients was examined by double monoclonal antibody sandwich ELISA. Five hybridoma cell lines were screened and named HCV(1), HCV(2), HCV(3), HCV(4), and HCV(5). These five monoclonal antibodies had high specificity and efficiency. The additivity test showed that HCV(2), HCV(4), and HCV(5) recognized different epitopes, which can be matched in ELISA. Of 173 anti-HCV positive patients, 37 (21.4%) were positive for HCV antigen. Of 1498 anti-HCV negative patients, 10 (0.67%) were positive for HCV antigen. Fifty normal controls were negative for HCV antigen. HCV antigen detection had moderate agreement and correlation with HCV RNA detection (kappa=0.577, p<0.01; r=0.59, p<0.01). This result indicates that the monoclonal antibody against HCV NS(3) may be a potential diagnostic reagent, which would provide a foundation for developing a sandwich ELISA of HCV antigen detection.

Field of study: Biology
Multiple markers pyrosequencing reveals highly diverse and host-specific fungal communities on the mangrove trees Avicennia marina and Rhizophora stylosa.

Fungi are important actors in ecological processes and trophic webs in mangroves. Although saprophytic fungi occurring in the intertidal part of mangrove have been well studied, little is known about the diversity and structure of the fungal communities in this ecosystem or about the importance of functional groups like pathogens and mutualists. Using tag-encoded 454 pyrosequencing of the ITS1, ITS2, nu-ssu-V5 and nu-ssu-V7 regions, we studied and compared the fungal communities found on the marine and aerial parts of Avicennia marina and Rhizophora stylosa trees in a mangrove in New Caledonia. A total of 209,544 reads were analysed, corresponding to several thousand molecular operational taxonomic units (OTU). There is a marked zonation in the species distribution, with most of the OTU being found specifically in one of the microhabitat studied. Ascomycetes are the dominant phylum (82%), Basidiomycetes are very rare (3%), and 15% of the sequences correspond to unknown taxa. Our results indicate that host specificity is a key factor in the distribution of the highly diverse fungal communities, in both the aerial and intertidal parts of the trees. This study also validates the usefulness of multiple markers in tag-encoded pyrosequencing to consolidate and refine the assessment of the taxonomic diversity.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science