nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Revisiting the Climate Impacts of Cool Roofs around the Globe Using an Earth System Model

Solar reflective 'cool roofs' absorb less sunlight than traditional dark roofs, reducing solar heat gain, and decreasing the amount of heat transferred to the atmosphere. Widespread adoption of cool roofs could therefore reduce temperatures in urban areas, partially mitigating the urban heat island effect, and contributing to reversing the local impacts of global climate change. The impacts of cool roofs on global climate remain debated by past research and are uncertain. Using a sophisticated Earth system model, the impacts of cool roofs on climate are investigated at urban, continental, and global scales. We find that global adoption of cool roofs in urban areas reduces urban heat islands everywhere, with an annual- and global-mean decrease from 1.6 to 1.2 K. Decreases are statistically significant, except for some areas in Africa and Mexico where urban fraction is low, and some high-latitude areas during wintertime. Analysis of the surface and TOA energy budget in urban regions at continental-scale shows cool roofs causing increases in solar radiation leaving the Earth–atmosphere system in most regions around the globe, though the presence of aerosols and clouds are found to partially offset increases in upward radiation. Aerosols dampen cool roof-induced increases in upward solar radiation, ranging from 4% in the United States to 18% in more polluted China. Adoption of cool roofs also causes statistically significant reductions in surface air temperatures in urbanized regions of China (−0.11 ± 0.10 K) and the United States (−0.14 ± 0.12 K); India and Europe show statistically insignificant changes. Though past research has disagreed on whether widespread adoption of cool roofs would cool or warm global climate, these studies have lacked analysis on the statistical significance of global temperature changes. The research presented here indicates that adoption of cool roofs around the globe would lead to statistically insignificant reductions in global mean air temperature (−0.0021 ± 0.026 K). Thus, we suggest that while cool roofs are an effective tool for reducing building energy use in hot climates, urban heat islands, and regional air temperatures, their influence on global climate is likely negligible.

Field of study: Environmental science
Correlation of serum fructosamine, erythrocyte Na + -K + ATPase and glutathione peroxidase with HbA1c levels

Glycated hemoglobin is the frequently used test in the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. However, because this test is affected by various factors and may not be accurate for patients of certain health conditions, the present study aims to explore the association between potential and cost-effective markers like serum Fructosamine, Erythrocyte Na + -K + ATPase, and Glutathione peroxidase with altering levels of established marker HbA1c (Glycated haemoglobin). The study showed that serum Fructosamine has a statistically significant (P = <0.0001) association with increasing levels of HbA1c as well as blood glucose. There was a 100% sensitivity and specificity for serum fructosamine test against HbA1c in ROC analysis, however, the erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase and erythrocyte membrane Na+-K+ ATPase activity was not affected by increasing HbA1c levels.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Physics
Genetic Deletion of miR-430 Disrupts Maternal-Zygotic Transition and Embryonic Body Plan

MiR-430 is considered an important regulator during embryonic development, but genetic loss-of-function study is still lacking. Here we demonstrated that genetic deletion of the miR-430 cluster resulted in developmental defects in cell movement, germ layer specification, axis patterning and organ progenitor formation in zebrafish. Transcriptome analysis indicated that the maternally provided transcripts were not properly degraded whereas the zygotic genome expressed genes were not fully activated in the miR-430 mutants. We further found that a reciprocal regulatory loop exists between miR-430 and maternally provided transcripts: the maternally provided transcripts (Nanog, Dicer1, Dgcr8, and AGOs) are required for miR-430 biogenesis and function, whereas miR-430 is required for the clearance of these maternally provided transcripts. These data provide the first genetic evidence that miR-430 is required for maternal-zygotic transition and subsequent establishment of embryonic body plan.

Field of study: Biology
On the Costs of Realism

Political Realism dominated the discipline of international relations throughout the 1950s. There were occasional complaints that it went "too far" or that it did not properly value some things which should be properly valued, but there was very little fundamental disagreement with its interpretation of what international politics was all about. Even the liberal Left joined the chorus, perhaps out of guilt for opposing rearmament against Hitler in the 1930s or perhaps for fear of being branded naive again in the face of a new threat. Realism is, of course, no longer in style in academic circles. It has been under continuous attack for something over a decade-and the worst sort of attack, for it has simply been ignored as an anachronistic remnant of the discipline's early years. Its staying power, albeit in a less formal and coherent fashion, however, has been much greater and more persistent outside academia. This is not especially surprising, since there is normally a gap between the period when a doctrine is articulated in intellectual circles and accepted by men working in the field-and, of course, a gap between the period when it is rejected by the theorist and by the practitioner. The inconsistencies and the anomalies which trouble the theorist, and which make him more receptive to new doctrines, always appear less salient to men working on daily problems: the erosion of the

Field of study: Political science
Poster - Thur Eve - 05: Safety systems and failure modes and effects analysis for a magnetic resonance image guided radiation therapy system.

An online Magnetic Resonance guided Radiation Therapy (MRgRT) system is under development. The system is comprised of an MRI with the capability of travel between and into HDR brachytherapy and external beam radiation therapy vaults. The system will provide on-line MR images immediately prior to radiation therapy. The MR images will be registered to a planning image and used for image guidance. With the intention of system safety we have performed a failure modes and effects analysis.



A process tree of the facility function was developed. Using the process tree as well as an initial design of the facility as guidelines possible failure modes were identified, for each of these failure modes root causes were identified. For each possible failure the assignment of severity, detectability and occurrence scores was performed. Finally suggestions were developed to reduce the possibility of an event.



The process tree consists of nine main inputs and each of these main inputs consisted of 5 - 10 sub inputs and tertiary inputs were also defined. The process tree ensures that the overall safety of the system has been considered. Several possible failure modes were identified and were relevant to the design, construction, commissioning and operating phases of the facility. The utility of the analysis can be seen in that it has spawned projects prior to installation and has lead to suggestions in the design of the facility.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
UNMETAMORPHOSED SANDSTONE IN NORTHERN LABRADOR

The Siamarnekh formation at 2000 feet elevation in northern Labrador is an unmetamorphosed, red to pale orange, unfossiliferous sand-stone that is uniformly medium grained except for a small amount of conglomerate near the base. It is a moderately mature multicycle deposit with a composition covering the subarkose range. It is cut by a major west-dipping low-angle thrust fault. Northeasterly movement of Pleistocene glaciation can account for the known distribution of indicators from this formation.

Field of study: Geology
European Significant Bank Stock Market Volatility: Is there a Bail-In Effect?

In 2016 the “bail-in” tool, set by the European Bank Recovery and Resolution Directive (BRRD), started to enter into force: shareholders of European banks lose their money in the case of bank rescue. Before the “bail-in” mechanism was introduced, governments often performed bail-out of distressed banks. The larger risk born by shareholders can be observed in the growth of stock market volatility. We implement a panel data analysis on a sample of large European banks and find that in 2016 stock market volatility changes in a way that is theoretically consistent with the introduction of the “bail-in”. Moreover, Italy shows an even higher volatility, probably due to retail investors owning bank shares, who could have understood the risk only after the burden sharing of four Italian banks in November 2015. These findings can be a warning about market efficiency, with implications for the systemic risk of a “bail-in” procedure.

Field of study: Business
Basic fibroblast growth factor enhanced LAK cell cytotoxicities against human bladder neoplasm cells.

To study the effects of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) on the proliferation of lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells from patients with bladder cancer and LAK cells cytolysis against bladder tumor cells.



LAK cell proliferation was assayed in the presence of various concentrations of bFGF combined with interleukin-2 (IL-2) by cell count. Cytotoxicity of LAK cells against bladder cancer cell line EJ cells and bladder tumor cells (BTC) from patients was determined by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assays.



The proliferation of peripheral blood monocytes (PBMC) was inhibited by bFGF 5 micrograms.L-1. bFGF did not affect the stimulation of LAK cells induced by IL-2. The LAK cell numbers in the combination of IL-2 with bFGF were not significantly different compared with that treated with IL-2 alone. bFGF enhanced cytotoxicity of LAK cells against bladder cancer cell line EJ cells or BTC, respectively.



Although the proliferation of PBMC was inhibited by bFGF, bFGF increased LAK cell cytotoxicity against bladder neoplasm cells.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
On Predicaments and Solutions in the Implementation of the Rural Minimum Subsistence Policy——With Jiu hua Town Anhui Province as an Example

In recent years,with rapid economic development,the social security system has also been continuously improved. The minimum subsistence guarantee system for urban residents has achieved the basic realization in 2002,and urban poverty problem has been alleviated,but the poverty problem of the vast majority of the rural population is increasingly highlighted.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Short-term exposure to dimethylformamide and the impact on digestive system disease: an outdoor study for volatile organic compound.

Occupational and experimental studies have revealed the organs most affected by dimethylformamide (DMF) are liver and gastrointestinal tract. However, few studies have focused on the potential effect of outdoor pollution of DMF. This study examined the health risk of hospitalization due to digestive system disease by time series studies in a case city Longwan, China. The urine metabolite of DMF was correlated well with DMF exposure concentration (EC). A 101.0-μg/m(3) (interquartile range) increase in the two-day moving average of DMF EC was associated with a 1.10 (1.01 ˜ 1.20), 1.22 (1.10 ˜ 1.35), and 1.05 (0.90 ˜ 1.22) increase in hospitalization for total digestive system diseases, liver disease, and gastrointestinal tract disease, respectively. The exposure-dose response between DMF and the relative risk of liver disease was linear only below 350 μg/m(3). These findings highlight a previously unrecognized health problem related to VOCs released into the outdoor environment.

Field of study: Environmental science
Application of "oxygen uptake rate-amino acids" associated mode in controlled-fed perfusion culture.

Controlled-fed perfusion, a new operation mode, which combines the advantages of fed-batch and perfusion, has been reported to enhance monoclonal antibody productivity. The aim of the present study was to further enrich this mode by an "oxygen uptake rate-amino acids (OUR-AA)" strategy in which the feeding of amino acids was controlled according to the variation of OUR during perfusion. And the effects of this strategy on bioreactor productivity and product quality were evaluated. Experimental results indicated that by using this "OUR-AA" approach in controlled-fed perfusion mode a high viable cell density of more than 1.9 x 10(7)cells/ml was achieved and the productivity of mAb reached 325 mg/l/d, which was significantly increased by nearly twofold over those of the perfusion and fed-batch process. The residual concentrations of selected amino acids were controlled at a relative steady level by OUR during the culture. The immunoreactivity and the purity of the antibody were well preserved as the culture process was evolving from flask to the controlled-fed perfusion mode. The primary application of "OUR-AA" approach in controlled-fed perfusion mode may present a novel control strategy to enhance the culture performance and to display the potential of this approach in automatic control field.

Field of study: Biology, Engineering
Oxidative stability of peanut oil in O/W emulsions

O/W type peanut oil emulsion liquid department for test model,the oxidition kinetics of the emulsifier stabilized oil emulsion was studied.The results indicated that oxidative stability of peanut oil in O/W emulsion was critically affected by the emulsifier type and pH of the emulsions,SDS-stabilized emusions had the highest lipid oxidition rate compared with those stabilized by CTAB and Tween 20 at pH 4.0.The effect of pH on the oxidition of emusions stabilized by Tween 20 was not significant.While CTABstabilized emusions,with the increasing of pH the oxidition of the O/W emusion increased.The addition of EDTA to Tween 20-stabilized emusions greatly suppressed the lipid oxidation.The results showed with the increasing of the metalion chelator EDTA concentration the oxidition of emusions decreased.Droplet size distribution was influenced by emulsifier content and showed with the decreasing of dimater the oxidition of emusions increased.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Calculations of the accuracy of wavefront reversal utilizing pump radiation with one-dimensional transverse modulation

The problem of wavefront reversal in stimulated Brillouin backscattering in a pump field with onedimensional transverse modulation for the reversing mode of the scattered field is considered. Calculations are made of corrections corresponding to "serpentine" distortions. The fraction of these distortions is ~xln(1/x), where x =g/kθ2 is the product of the gain g (in reciprocal centimeters) and of the Fresnel length (kθ)−1 of a pump field with the divergence θ. Specific differences between the one-dimensional and twodimensional problems are discussed.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Characterization of the gene and messages for vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) in rat and mouse.

We have studied the structure and expression of the gene for vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) in rodents. We used a human cDNA to identify and clone a fragment of the rat VIP gene. This genomic fragment contained two separate exons, one encoding VIP itself and the other encoding a closely related neuropeptide, peptide histidine-isoleucine (PHI-27). Probes containing either exon, or both, hybridized to two messages: a prominent 1700-base (b) mRNA and a rare 1000-b species. These messages are expressed together in a tissue-specific manner, with highest levels in polyadenylated RNA from cerebral cortex and from small intestine, paralleling the reported levels of the neuropeptides themselves in these tissues. Using the rat genomic fragment as a probe, we isolated the mouse VIP gene in its entirety. The mouse gene is similar in organization to its human counterpart, with a total of 7 exons spanning 8 kilobases (kb). The 7th and largest exon, which is transcribed into the bulk of the 3' untranslated region of the messages, bears two potential polyadenylation sites 700 basepairs (bp) apart. S-1 nuclease protection with a fragment of this exon indicated that the two identifiable VIP messages differ in the extent of their 3' untranslated regions. Conversely, we found no evidence for differential splicing to produce messages encoding only one of the neuropeptides. Instead, specific oligonucleotide-directed digestion with RNase H demonstrated that all of the detectable mRNA from this gene contains both VIP and PHI coding sequences.

Field of study: Biology
Wechselspannungsmessungen mit dem Duantenelektrometer

ZusammenfassungDie vorliegende Arbeit berichtet über Versuche, die bezüglich der Anwendbarkeit des vereinfachten Duantenelektrometers zur Messung hochperiodiger Wechsel-spannungen angestellt wurden. Es ergab sich, da\ bis zu Frequenzen von 106 per/sec Wechselspannungen mit einer Genauigkeit von 0,1 mV gemessen werden können, wenn durch eine besondere Anordnung Phasengleichheit zwischen Hilfs- und zu messender Spannung hergestellt wird.

Field of study: Physics
The Swedish A(H1N1) vaccination campaign--why did not all Swedes take the vaccination?

In Sweden, a mass vaccination campaign against the influenza A(H1N1) 2009 resulted in 60% vaccination coverage. However, many countries had difficulty in motivating citizens to be vaccinated. To be prepared for future vaccination campaigns, it is important to understand people's reasons for not taking the vaccination.



The aim of this qualitative study was to explore motives, beliefs and reactions of individuals with varying backgrounds who did not get vaccinated.



The total 28 individuals participating in the interviews were permitted to speak freely about their experiences and ideas about the vaccination. Interviews were analysed using a Grounded Theory approach. The strength of participants' decisions not to be vaccinated was also estimated.



Patterns of motives were identified and described in five main categories: (A) distinguishing between unnecessary and necessary vaccination, (B) distrust, (C) the idea of the natural, (D) resisting an exaggerated safety culture, and (E) injection fear. The core category, upholding autonomy and own health, constitutes the base on which the decisions were grounded.



A prerequisite for taking the vaccine would be that people feel involved in the vaccination enterprise to make a sensible decision regarding whether their health will be best protected by vaccination.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
An economical analysis of graduates' voluntary unemployment

Voluntary unemployment is a kind of unemployment phenomenon that one person is not satisfied with existing chances of job and continuing to seek jobs. Analysis from the angle of theory of dual labor market, theory of job search and theory of reserved wages, it is a rational choice for graduate to become unemployed voluntarily. To help solve this problem, we should play the role of market mechanism, break the segment of labor market and expect that university students obtain conscientious and initiative adjustment of employment.

Field of study: Education
A Restricted Test of Circadian Rhythm

In medical applications there is interest in whether deaths or other events occur randomly throughout the day, as opposed to in a definite circadian pattern. At times, knowledge of the circadian phenomenon will suggest that a single cluster of events should occur during a specific period during the day, such as mid-morning. We propose a test that incorporates such knowledge. The test can be viewed as the likelihood ratio test for a restricted alternative for data from the von Mises (i.e., circular normal) distribution. The test's power is compared to a commonly used test of randomness that ignores when a peak is likely to occur. Methods for dealing with interval censored data are discussed, and an example is given. A Bayesian alternative is also explored.

Field of study: Mathematics
Glossary of class names of organic compounds and reactivity intermediates based on structure (IUPAC Recommendations 1995)

Membership of the Commission on Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry during the preparation of this document (1980-1994) was as follows: Titular Members: 0. Achmatowicz (Poland) 1979-1987; H. J. T. Bos (Netherlands) 1987, Vice-Chairman, 1991; 1993; H. A. Favre (Canada) 1989, Chairman, 1991; P. M. Giles, Jr. (USA) 1989; E. W. Godly (UK) 1987-1993. 1993 ; D. Hellwinkel (Federal Republic of Germany) 1979-1987, ViceChairman, 1981-1987; B. J. Herold (Portugal) 1994; K. Hirayama (Japan) 1975-1983; M. V. KisakUrck (Switizrland) 1994; A. D. McNaught (UK) 1979-1987; G. P. Moss (UK) 19771987, Chairinan, 198 11987, Vice-Chainnun, 1979-1981; R. Panico (Francc) 198 1-1991, ViceChairman, 1989-1991; W. H. Powell (USA) Secretary, 1979-1989;  19791989, Vice-Chairman, 1987-1989; J. Rigaudy (France) 1967-1981, Chairman, 1977-1981; P. A. S. Smith (USA) 1983-1991, Chairman, 1987-1991; D. Tavernier (Belgium) 1991; J. G. Traynham (USA) 1991, Secretary, 1994; 0. Weissbach (Federal Republic of Germany) 19871991;  (Federal Republic of Germany) 1991-.

Field of study: Chemistry
MO-E-BRC-03: Fast Online Replanning Techniques.

Online adaptive radiation therapy has the potential to ensure delivery of optimal treatment to the patient by accounting for anatomical and potentially functional changes that occur from one fraction to the next and over the course of treatment. While on-line adaptive RT (ART) has been a topic of many publications, discussions, and research, it has until very recently remained largely a concept and not a practical implementation. However, recent advances in on-table imaging, use of deformable image registration for contour generation and dose tracking, faster and more efficient plan optimization, as well as fast quality assurance method has enabled the implementation of ART in the clinic in the past couple of years. The introduction of these tools into routine clinical use requires many considerations and progressive knowledge to understand how processes that have historically taken hours/days to complete can now be done in less than 30 minutes. This session will discuss considerations to perform real time contouring, planning and patient specific QA, as well as a practical workflow and the required resources.



1. To understand the difficulties, challenges and available technologies for online adaptive RT. 2. To understand how to implement online adaptive therapy in a clinical environment and to understand the workflow and resources required. 3. To understand the limitations and sources of uncertainty in the online adaptive process I have research funding from ViewRay Inc. and Philips Medical Systems.; R. Kashani, I have research funding from ViewRay Inc. and Philips Medical Systems.; X. Li, Research supported by Elekta Inc.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics