nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
SURVIVAL OF FECAL BACTERIA IN DAIRY COW MANURE

Bacterial pollution of water is impacted to a great extent by the ability of bacteria to survive in manure following 
excretion. We investigated the effects of environmental temperature (4°C, 27°C, and 41°C) and manure moisture content 
(30%, 55%, and 83%) on the survival and release of indicator bacteria in dairy cow manure. Fresh manure samples of about 
60 g were packed to 12 mm depth in polystyrene dishes and held at controlled temperatures and moisture contents for up to 
103 days. Supernatant from a distilled-water extraction was enumerated for fecal bacteria (fecal coliforms, Escherichia coli, 
and fecal streptococci) by the membrane filtration method. Bacterial populations increased as much as 2.5 log10 (over 300×) 
in the three days following excretion. Temperature had a significant overall effect on survival of all three fecal bacteria, 
whereas moisture content produced a consistent effect on fecal streptococci survival only. Fecal streptococci showed no 
significant die-off at any temperature or moisture content studied. In contrast, no measurable E. coli or fecal coliforms were 
found in supernatant water samples from the 41°C treatment after day 35. E. coli and fecal coliform populations for the 4°C 
treatment at lower moisture content (30% and 55%) conditions were close to the detection limits after five weeks, but 
significant numbers of E. coli (2.34 × 104 cfu g-1 wet manure) and fecal coliforms (3.84 × 104 cfu g-1 wet manure) remained 
for the 4°C treatment at 83% moisture content after 103 days. First-order die-off rate coefficients for E. coli were found to 
be appropriate after day 3 for about a 3-week period and averaged 0.11 d-1 at 4°C, 0.20 d-1 at 27°C, and 0.32 d-1 at 41°C. 
Results from this study suggest that barnyard, feedlot, and manure management practices that detain manure at higher 
temperatures (e.g., 41°C) will decrease the E. coli and fecal coliform populations but not those of fecal streptococci. Coliform 
bacterial populations tested remained viable for long periods (>3 months) particularly at moderate temperature (27°C) for 
any moisture level, and streptococci survived under all conditions studied.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
The Perceiver and the Perceived Revisited

The present study reexamined the influences of the perceiver and perceived on the person perception process. A conceptual replication of Touhey's laboratory study of the influences of directed attention on the perception process was conducted with several methodological refinements. Subjects viewed a videotape of two men performing anagram tasks under either person-centered or task-centered viewing instructions. They subsequently described the men on a bipolar description procedure and responded to a questionnaire aimed at validating the instructional manipulation. Results indicated that subjects' attention was meaningfully manipulated by the instructions. Moreover, the person-centered group applied more distinctions to the targets, agreed with each other more in the selection of distinction dimensions, but less in the application of polar terms of the dimensions, and discriminated between targets to a greater degree than the task-centered group. The overall pattern of results appears to grossly replicate Touhey's findings.

Field of study: Psychology
Permo-Triassic fluvial systems in the southeastern Karoo Basin, South Africa

A prominent clastic wedge of latest Permian to early Triassic age (Katberg Sandstone) prograded northwestwards into the main Karoo Basin from a southerly source area as a sedimentary response to renewed tectonism associated with the Cape Fold Belt. Proximal to distal relationships within this clastic wedge and its relationships with underlying and overlying formations reveal a variety of stream types which reflect changing tectonic and climatic conditions. Towards the close of Permian times, the depositional area of the southeastern Karoo Basin was crossed by meandering river channels cutting through earlier formed floodplain deposits (Balfour Formation). Tectonic rejuvenation of the source area in early Triassic times led to steeper gradients and a sharp increase in the supply of coarser grained detritus. As a result, alluvial fans developed in areas adjacent to the source terrane and the river channels became braided, depositing only sands (Katberg Sandstone) with muds and silts being carried down into the most distal parts of the floodplain (Burgersdorp Formation). Subsequent denudation of the source area gradually reduced slopes and allowed the source-ward shift of the distal facies until it eventually overstepped the earlier formed braided stream deposits. Accompanying the changes in tectonic conditions was a change in climatic which also influenced stream type. The late Permian to early Triassic period records a general change to warmer climatic conditions following the widespread glaciation of the early to middle Permian. Thus the lowest Beaufort Group sediments were probably deposited in warm temperate to humid conditions with later deposits being laid down under an increasingly arid regime.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Efficient Password-Based Authenticated Key Exchange Without Public Information

Since the first password-based authenticated key exchange (PAKE) was proposed, it has enjoyed a considerable amount of interest from the cryptographic research community. To our best knowledge, most of proposed PAKEs based on Diffie-Hellman key exchange need some public information, such as generators of a finite cyclic group. However, in a client-server environment, not all servers use the same public information, which demands clients authenticate those public information before beginning PAKE. It is cumbersome for users. What's worse, it may bring some secure problems with PAKE, such as substitution attack. To remove these problems, in this paper, we present an efficient password-based authenticated key exchange protocol without any public information. We also provide a formal security analysis in the nonconcurrent setting, including basic security, mutual authentication, and forward secrecy, by using the random oracle model.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
A technique for determining the deuterium/hydrogen contrast map in neutron macromolecular crystallography.

A difference in the neutron scattering length between hydrogen and deuterium leads to a high density contrast in neutron Fourier maps. In this study, a technique for determining the deuterium/hydrogen (D/H) contrast map in neutron macromolecular crystallography is developed and evaluated using ribonuclease A. The contrast map between the D2O-solvent and H2O-solvent crystals is calculated in real space, rather than in reciprocal space as performed in previous neutron D/H contrast crystallography. The present technique can thus utilize all of the amplitudes of the neutron structure factors for both D2O-solvent and H2O-solvent crystals. The neutron D/H contrast maps clearly demonstrate the powerful detectability of H/D exchange in proteins. In fact, alternative protonation states and alternative conformations of hydroxyl groups are observed at medium resolution (1.8 Å). Moreover, water molecules can be categorized into three types according to their tendency towards rotational disorder. These results directly indicate improvement in the neutron crystal structure analysis. This technique is suitable for incorporation into the standard structure-determination process used in neutron protein crystallography; consequently, more precise and efficient determination of the D-atom positions is possible using a combination of this D/H contrast technique and standard neutron structure-determination protocols.

Field of study: Chemistry
Two-Way Shape Memory Effect in Rapidly Quenched Highly Doped Alloys of TiNi–TiCu System upon Laser Treatment

Using an original approach, a pronounced two-way shape memory effect is created for the first time in rapidly quenched alloys of the quasibinary TiNi–TiCu system with copper contents of up to 38 at %. The technique includes the combined effect of the dynamic crystallization of the amorphous state by application of a single pulse of electric current of 10 ms duration and pulsed laser radiation (λ = 248 nm, τ = 20 ns). The obtained composite structure materials can be used to create different micromechanical devices, especially microswitches and microtweezers for gripping micro-objects.

Field of study: Physics
Eusthenopteron foordi, a predator on Homalacanthus concinnus from the Escuminac Formation, Miguasha, Quebec

A specimen of Eusthenopteron foordi Whiteaves containing the acanthodian Homalacanthus concinnus (Whiteaves) was discovered in the Escuminac Formation (Frasnian). It represents the first specimen t...

Field of study: Environmental science
The new pharmaceutical policy in Italy.

Pressed by an impressive series of corruption scandals and by a change of attitude towards cost-containment, the Italian pharmaceutical sector's regulatory environment was radically changed in 1994. Regulatory power was concentrated on a national technical body (CUF) and a new set of measures was taken, including a nationwide drug expenditure budget, a redefinition of both the positive list and the cost-sharing rules, and new price-setting models. As a result, in the period 1993-1996, nominal expenditures decreased by about L 1600 billion (ECU 83.6 billion at 1997 exchange rate), that is from 13.3% to 11.0% of current National Health Service (NHS) expenditure. While in the 1980s Italy was one of the most generous countries in funding pharmaceuticals, it is now one of the most parsimonious. Although the overall pharmaceutical market shrank in 1994 and 1995, a substantial part of NHS drug-bill savings resulted from cost-shifting from the public sector to patients, mainly because physicians have not aligned their prescribing behaviour to the new positive list. The new Italian approach to containing pharmaceutical costs has been certainly effective, at least in the short run. However, new relevant issues are emerging regarding the fall of NHS pharmaceutical coverage, the centralised nature of the Italian pharmaceutical policy and the gap between scientific based policies and actual prescribing behaviours.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
CO2 adsorption onto activated carbon–graphene composite for cooling applications

Adsorption cooling system using composite adsorbent and high energy density adsorbate (CO2) provides a significant advantage to reduce the system geometry. This study presents the adsorption characteristics of CO2 onto synthesized composites employing graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) and activated carbon (AC). The influence of GNPs in the composite is investigated in terms of porous properties, thermal conductivity, and CO2 adsorption capacity. The composite 3 (50 wt% AC and 40 wt% H-25) achieves the highest thermal conductivity enhancement which is 23.5 times higher than parent AC powder. The CO2 adsorption uptakes onto different composites are measured gravimetrically at adsorption temperatures 20–70 °C. The measured data are fitted with modified D-A and Toth models. The specific cooling effect (SCE) and coefficient of performance (COP) are estimated for various driving heat source temperatures and two evaporation temperatures of 5 and 10 °C with a fixed adsorption/condenser temperature of 30 °C. AC-GNPs based composites are found suitable for developing compact adsorption cooling systems.

Field of study: Engineering
The bovine mu-opioid receptor: cloning of cDNA and pharmacological characterization of the receptor expressed in mammalian cells.

The cDNA coding for the bovine mu-opioid receptor has been cloned and sequenced. Conserved sequences from murine delta-receptor cDNA were used as primers in polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify cDNA, prepared by reverse transcription of bovine brain mRNA. This cDNA was used to probe a bovine brain library. The partial sequence obtained was extended to provide the full length clone by PCR. The cDNA has an open reading frame of 1203 base pairs (bp) with a 3'-untranslated region of 1900 bp and a 5'-untranslated region of 265 bp. The protein contains 401 amino acids and has 94% amino acid identity with the human and 91% with the rat mu-opioid receptor. It has the putative seven transmembrane domains, characteristic of G protein-coupled receptors and contains 5 potential N-linked glycosylation sites near the N-terminus. Several potential phosphorylation sites and a putative palmitoylation site are also present. The receptor was stably expressed in HEK293 cells. The binding profile was found to be that of a typical mu receptor, i. e., mu agonists and antagonists, but not delta and kappa ligands, bound with high affinity. Functional assays, namely, opioid stimulation of [35S]GTPgammaS binding and inhibition of forskolin-activated adenylyl cyclase, were also found to be highly specific for mu-opioid agonists. The receptor was downregulated by chronic exposure to mu agonists but not delta or kappa agonists. Evidence is presented indicating that the cloned receptor is the same as the bovine mu receptor previously purified to homogeneity in our laboratory. No evidence was found for genes for multiple mu-type opioid receptors.

Field of study: Biology
Oxygen and haem regulate the synthesis of peroxisomal proteins: catalase A, acyl-CoA oxidase and Pex1p in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae; the regulation of these proteins by oxygen is not mediated by haem.

Saccharomyces cerevisiae genes related to respiration are typically controlled by oxygen and haem. Usually the regulation by these factors is co-ordinated; haem is indicated as the oxygen sensor. However, the responsiveness of peroxisome functions to these regulatory factors is poorly understood. The expression of CTA1, POX1 and PEX1 genes encoding the peroxisomal proteins catalase A, acyl-CoA oxidase and Pex1p peroxin respectively was studied under various conditions: in anaerobiosis, in the absence of haem and in respiratory incompetence caused by the lack of a mitochondrial genome (rho(0)). The influence of haem deficiency or rho(0) on peroxisomal morphology was also investigated. Respiratory incompetence has no effect on the expression of CTA1 and POX1, whereas in the absence of haem their expression is markedly decreased. The synthesis of Pex1p is decreased in rho(0) cells and is decreased even more in haem-deficient cells. Nevertheless, peroxisomal morphology in both these types of cell does not differ significantly from the morphology of peroxisomes in wild-type cells. The down-regulating effect of anoxia on the expression of CTA1 and POX1 is even stronger than the effect of haem deficiency and is not reversed by the addition of exogenous haem or the presence of endogenous haem. Moreover, neither of these genes responds to the known haem-controlled transcriptional factor Hap1p. In contrast with the other two genes studied, PEX1 is up-regulated in anaerobiosis. The existence of one or more novel mechanisms of regulation of peroxisomal genes by haem and oxygen, different from those already known in S. cerevisiae, is postulated.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Evidence for African–Iberian exchanges during the Messinian in the Spanish mammalian record

The thick continental record in the Fortuna Basin enables the to establishment of an accurate chronology for the main mammalian events in the Western Mediterranean between 7.6 and 4.5 my, thus covering the whole Messinian interval. A first mammalian event at about 7.2 my records a significant turnover in the muroid rodent associations. A second mammalian event is characterized by the dispersal of the murid Paraethomys and a number of large mammals which indicates a first African–Iberian exchange at about 6.2 my. Finally, a third mammalian event dated between 5.9 and 5.3 my involved the dispersal from northern Africa of the gerbil rodents. This event is clearly associated with the Mediterranean sea level drop following the Messinian Salinity Crisis.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Numerical simulation of a steam-injection pilot study for a PCP-contaminated aquifer.

The following study was focused on the simulation of a steam-injection field pilottest conducted in our past research. The scope of research contained two main subjects: heat transfer and contaminant transport when steam was injected into a pentachlorophenol (PCP)-contaminated aquifer. Numerical simulation of the heat transfer during the field test showed that vertical permeability is more influential to the distribution of water temperature than the horizontal permeability. If the vertical permeability is relatively high, the steam in the aquifer has a higher tendency to migrate upward and cause the aquifer temperature to rise faster. The simulation results also showed that heat convection is very sensitive to the soil permeability. Therefore, high permeability media makes the effect of heat convection more important on applying the steam-injection method. Heat conduction dominates the heat transfer within the hot aqueous zone. However, the hot aqueous zone is relatively smaller than the steam zone when steam is injected into the aquifer. Therefore, heat conduction is not as important as heat convection within the steam zone, which is the same result observed in the field test. Specific heat of soil media is also a sensitive factor. A numerical simulator, T2VOC, was utilized to simulate the PCP transport in the aquifer when steam was injected into the aquifer. The results showed that the shape of PCP distribution was identical to that of steam. It illustrated thatthe steam carried PCP upward and laterally. The high vertical soil permeability causes the steam to migrate upward with PCP easily. A low partitioning coefficient allows PCP to be desorbed easier, also an important factor. A majority of the PCP in the soil was transferred to the aqueous phase as the water temperature increased, showing similar results to those observed in the field test. According to the sensitivity analysis, PCP transport is more sensitive to the vertical permeability than the partitioning coefficient. The steam-injection rate is also an important operation parameter and may determine the success of the remediation work.

Field of study: Environmental science
Successful interferon alpha therapy in atopic dermatitis of Besnier's prurigo pattern with normal serum IgE and blood eosinophil fraction: randomized case-controlled study.

A randomized case-controlled study was carried out to investigate for interferon alpha therapy in atopic dermatitis (AD) of Besnier's prurigo pattern with normal serum IgE and normal blood eosinophil fraction. Interferon alpha therapy was conducted on 14 non-responders to interferon gamma and subsequent thymopentin therapy among 100 atopic dermatitis patients. Eight patients who improved significantly, showed skin lesions of the Besnier's prurigo pattern with normal serum IgE and normal blood eosinophil fraction. For the randomized prospective case-controlled study, 44 patients with the above characteristics were selected. Thirteen Besnier's prurigo patients were treated with interferon alpha therapy, ten with interferon gamma, ten with thymopentin, and the remaining 11 were untreated as the control group. With interferon alpha therapy, 11 out of 13 Besnier's prurigo patients with normal IgE and normal blood eosinophil fraction improved significantly, two out of ten improved with interferon gamma therapy, and none improved with thymopentin therapy or in the untreated control group. Interferon alpha therapy was effective on AD of Besnier's prurigo pattern with normal serum IgE and normal blood eosinophil fraction. These results suggest the possibility of non-IgE-mediated AD and the heterogeneity of atopic dermatitis.

Field of study: Medicine
REBAL '92—A Cooperative Radiation and Energy Balance Field Study for Imagery and Electromagnetic Propagation

The surface energy balance directly affects vertical gradients in temperature and specific humidity within the atmospheric surface layer, and these gradients influence optical turbulence. This study was conducted to improve current understanding of the partitioning of energy at the ground surface of a bare soil field and its influence on the character and intensity of optical turbulence as represented by the refractive index structure parameter, Cn2 and to improve micrometeorological models of the surface energy balance. The field study entitled “Radiation Energy Balance Experiment for Imagery and Electromagnetic Propagation” was conducted by the United States Army Atmospheric Sciences Laboratory and the United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service, at Bushland, Texas, during May and July 1992. The following were collected: diurnal radiation: evaporation (directly measured by large weighing lysimeters); five-level micrormeteorological profiles of windspeed, air temperatur...

Field of study: Environmental science
Applying the job characteristics model to the college education experience

Boredom is one of the most common complaints among university students, with studies suggesting its link to poor grades, drop out, and behavioral problems. Principles borrowed from industrial-organizational psychology may help prevent boredom and enrich the classroom experience. In the current study, we applied the core dimensions of the job characteristics model to the university classroom. In a survey of 293 students, significant relationships emerged between the five core dimensions (i.e., skill variety, task identity, task significance, autonomy, and feedback) and various affective (e.g., satisfaction) and behavioral (e.g., absenteeism) outcomes. Boredom proneness was found to be significantly and negatively related to course grade and measures of satisfaction. We conclude with suggestions for enriching the classroom experience.

Field of study: Education
Clerical Education in Nineteenth-Century Mexico: The Conciliar Seminaries of Mexico City and Guadalajara, 1821-1910

The nineteenth century represented an era of declining influence for the Catholic church in Mexico, and no aspect of that trend created broader repercussions than the eclipse of the clergy's traditional role in higher education. Before the midcentury civil wars the conciliar seminaries graduated nearly as many laymen as did the public colegios , the majority of which in any case employed priests on their faculties. The seminaries, consequently, forged a vital link between the church and civil society, a link which potentially enhanced the political and social influence of the episcopate.

Field of study: History
Some effective combinations of available information under non response in two-occasion successive sampling

The present work suggests some effective linear combinations of exponential estimators to estimate the current population mean in two occasion successive sampling in presence of non response. Using the subsampling technique of non respondents, estimation procedures have been developed by utilizing information on an auxiliary variable, which is readily available on both occasions. Properties of the proposed estimation procedures have been examined and related optimum replacement strategies are suggested. Empirical studies are carried out to justify the preposition of estimators. Suitable recommendations have been made.

Field of study: Mathematics
A model for macromolecular selection in complementary instructing systems

SummaryIn this paper we consider a model for the selection and evolution of biological macromolecules when their reproduction is based on complementary instruction. The model is an extension of one of Eigen's models for selection and takes in account explicitly the formation of both single stranded and double stranded molecular complexes. We construct exact solutions to the rate equations for the case of constant rate parameters and error distributions. Criteria for selection are discussed.

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics