nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The Influence of Graduate Department Quality on the Sanctioning of Scientific Misconduct

The academic profession, like other professions, claims a high level of autonomy in the performance of professional tasks [12, 27]. In the academic profession this claim is uniquely embodied in the notion of "academic freedom" . The larger society is ordinarily willing to grant autonomy to professions that control the work of members in the interests of their clients [21]. Thus, autonomy is granted to those professions that are self-regulating. Such social control is exercised through the community of the profession [7, 20, 22]. Formal and informal codes of conduct serve to exercise control by providing guides that identify appropriate and inappropriate professional behavior. These control mechanisms define the parameters of professional behavior with respect to the larger community, colleagues, and clients [20]. In the academic profession, the norms of science identified and described by Merton [36, 38] are such informal social control mechanisms. I

Field of study: Education
Cost-sensitive Classification Strategy for Rebalance Large Scale Dataset of Intrusion Detection

In the present data mining research,the classification of data with imbalanced class distribution has posed a significant drawback of the performance attainable by traditional precision sensitive classifier learning algorithms.A Large Scale Dataset Stratified Pretreatment algorithm called LSDP is proposed for stratifying and synthesizing minority class datum while wiped out part of majority class datum.In view of the intrusion detection imbalanced datasets,this paper introduced the cost-sensitive mechanism into the intrusion detection system by using weight matrix to minimize the misclassification costs.At last combined the date preprocessing algorithm LSDP with the boosting algorithm MetaCost fully reflects the advantages of boosting the classification precision with weak leaner and balancing minority class datum.Comparing with the other methods,it has a certain features which can be used expendability,flexibility and independently.The main objective of the experiment is to analyze the performance of data level proposal against algorithm level proposal focusing in cost-sensitive models and versus a hybrid procedure that combines those two approaches.The experiment shows that the classifiers could not only detect various known attacks but also discover the boundaries between known and unknown attacks and the detection ability is amplified.Moreover,focusing on its specific data intrinsic characteristics,it can improve classification performance of intrusion detection system in terms of the imbalanced datasets immensely.

Field of study: Computer science
Mississippian δ13Ccarb and conodont apatite δ18O records — Their relation to the Late Palaeozoic Glaciation

Carbon isotopes of whole rock carbonates and oxygen isotopes of conodont apatite from Late Devonian to Early Pennsylvanian sections in Europe and Laurentia were measured in order to reconstruct variations in the carbon cycle, marine palaeotemperature, and ice volume during the Mississippian. Conodont apatite δ18O values show two major positive shifts of + 2‰ and + 1.5‰ V-SMOW in the late Tournaisian and Serpukhovian, respectively, that are interpreted to reflect climatic cooling and changes in ice volume. Carbon isotope ratios of inorganic and organic carbon show a major positive excursion with an amplitude of + 6.5‰ V-PDB in the Tournaisian and a positive shift of up to + 5‰ V-PDB in the Serpukhovian. The positive δ13C excursions coincide with the deposition of organic carbon-rich black shales which indicate that organic carbon burial, lowering of atmospheric pCO2, and climatic cooling may have occurred during these time intervals. However, while in the Tournaisian the positive shifts in δ18Oapatite and δ13C coincide, in the Serpukhovian the positive shift in δ18Oapatite precedes the positive shift in δ13C and raises the question as to whether changes in the global carbon cycle were the ultimate cause of the inferred climatic changes. The conodont apatite δ18O values suggest that a first major cooling and potential glaciation event occurred in the Tournaisian with ice masses persisting into the Visean. The second glaciation event occurred in the Serpukhovian and culminated in the first glacial maximum of the Late Palaeozoic Glaciation.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
[The adjuvant effect of granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) in dengue virus and hepatitis C virus DNA vaccines].

To investigate the adjuvant effect of granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) in Flaviviridae virus DNA vaccines. After DNA immunization, the antibody levels of serum from mice were detected by ELISA and indirect immunofluorescence assay. Co-immunization of GM-CSF suppressed the immune responses induced by DV1 and DV2 candidate vaccines whereas enhanced the immune response induced by HCV C and E1 DNA vaccines. As genetic adjuvant for DNA vaccines, GM-CSF might display complex diversity on the immune responses: an augmentation or suppression due to different immunogens. Therefore, GM-CSF should be used with some cautions in clinic.

Field of study: Biology
Il fisco in una statualità divisa: Impero, principi e ceti in area trentino-tirolese nella prima età moderna. Marcello Bonazza

the organization of their silk firm, the channels through which they secured raw materials for their silk manufactory, the markets in which they placed their products, and the complex (if, one must confess, insufficiently studied) mechanisms through which demand for these products was generated and sustained. Throughout, Tognetti is able to present his argument clearly and efficiently, drawing on often impressive quantities of empirical data, which are organized in tables and in a series of appendices that are useful in clarifying his points. This little book is endowed with considerable strengths. It is also plagued by some not minor problems. Most crucial is the absence of a conclusion of sorts that might set Tognetti's findings into some sort of larger perspective. The book ends in the midst of a technical discussion on an issue dealing with the price of a shipment of Calabrian silk to Florence in 1460. Even if this chapter were an article, a journal editor would have demanded a more forceful and clear conclusion. Equally, the publisher would have done Tognetti a favor by insisting that this book be properly rounded out. There are other problems: Tognetti rests his case as regards his approach to the subject with an appeal to the method of case studies. This is fine so long as an effort is made to cast the individual studies against the backdrop of a larger canvas. Here, one is struck by Tognetti's reluctance to venture into morecomprehensive analyses of the Florentine economy, even if one must admit that his discussion of broad theoretical issues about the operations of premodern economies helps to present his case studies in broader perspective. There is also a recurrent refrain regarding the marvels and strengths of Florentine capitalism, even if, by now, one should have learned to temper such triumphalist rhetoric. Finally, although Tognetti makes much of the Mediterranean arena in which the Florentine silk industry is alleged to have developed, a study of his book's tables and appendices rather shows that the Florentine silk industry did not rely much at all on Mediterranean markets. Rather it was places to the north, in France and elsewhere, that provided the stimulus necessary for the development of the Florentine silk industry. These shortcomings notwithstanding, this monograph makes a useful and important contribution to our understanding of the fifteenthand early-sixteenthcentury Florentine economy. One now wishes that Tognetti would use his considerable knowledge of the sources and historiographic problems to tackle broader, more complex, and ambitious issues regarding the course of Florence's economy in the late-medieval and early modern centuries. ANTHONY MOLHO The European University Institute

Field of study: History
Anomalous scaling of the specific-heat jump $\Delta C$ vs. $T_c$ in the Fe-based superconductors: the $\pm$S-wave pairing state model

The strong power law behavior of the specific heat jump $\Delta C$ vs. $T_c$ ($\Delta C/T_c \sim T_c ^{\alpha}, \alpha\approx 2$), first observed by Bud'ko, Ni, and Canfield (BNC)[1], has been confirmed with several families of the Fe-based superconducting compounds with a series of doping. We show here that this anomalous non-BCS behavior is an intrinsic property of the multiband superconducting state paired by a dominant interband interaction ($V_{inter} > V_{intra}$) reflecting the relation $\frac{\Delta_h}{\Delta_e} \sim \sqrt{\frac{N_e}{N_h}}$ near $T_c$, as in the $\pm$S-wave pairing state. Then this $\Delta C$ vs. $T_c$ relation can continuously change from the perfect BNC scaling to a considerable deviation at lower $T_c$ region with a moderate variation of the impurity scattering rate.

Field of study: Physics
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON PERFORMANCE OF COMPONENTS OF THE EXTERIOR SELF-CENTERING POST-TENSIONED PRECAST CONNECTIONS

A new kind of the self-centering post-tensioned precast connection(simplified as PTED) is proposed based on the concept of the earthquake resilient structure. The PTED connection is composed by precast beams, columns and angles that are connected by frictional high-strength bolts and tendons. Tendons, beams, columns and angles could be recognized as the components of the connection. In order to study the effect of components on the performance of the connection, a series of the low reversed cyclic loading tests were conducted. Firstly, tests of a PTED connection were made for studying the seismic performance of the integral connection. Subsequently, tests on the same connection were repeated to study the seismic performance of the connection with replaced new angles. Respective contributions of the angles and tendons to the performance of the connection were also investigated by the tests. The test results show that the combined effect of PT connection and ED connection consist of the overall performance of the PTED connection; the connection not only has good self-centering capacity but also performs well in energy dissipation; in general, beams, columns and tendons remain elastic and could be reused if the story drift is not more than 4%; in addition, damage of the connection concentrates in the angles themselves that are replaceable; seismic performance of the connection with replaced new angles is basically the same as the original one.

Field of study: Engineering
Investigation of the tellurium-rich part of the ternary system Ag-Nb-Te using A solid silver electrolyte

The binary system Ag-Te has been reinvestigated at temperatures between 500 and 630 K according to the work of Wagner et al.1. The solubility limit of silver in tellurium at 600 K has been found to be 0.7 mol-%. The application of the galvanostatic intermittent titration technique to the ternary system Ag-Nb-Te is shown by using appropriate solid state galvanic cells. Initial results show that constant cell voltages can be measured within a large three-phase area, consisting of a new Ag x Te-phase (with x ∼1.5), a NbTe y -phase (with y ∼4 and Te(+0.7 mol-% Ag).

Field of study: Materials science
Combined immunization of DNA vaccine and replication-defective recombinant adenovirus bearing rabies glycoprotein gene induces immune response against rabies virus

To investigate the immune response of mice primed by DNA particle bombing and boosted by immunization with replication-defective adenoviral recombinant bearing rabies glycoprotein gene.  The full-length glycoprotein gene of rabies virus CVS-N2c was inserted into plasmid pcDNA3.1. COS-7 cells were transfected with the recombinant plasmid pcDNA3.1/CVS-N2c GP and the expression of GP was determined by indirect immune fluorescent test. Mice were immunized with a heterogeneous prime-booster regime: First, DNA particle bombing vaccination was conducted twice by helium gas drived gene gun at a interval of two weeks. Then, replication defective adenoviral recombinant was used for booster at fifteenth weeks. The level of rabies virus specific antibody was measured by ELISA and the neutralizing antibody was titrated by a rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test (RFFIT).  Indirect immune fluorescent test indicated that the glycoprotein was successfully expressed on the surface of COS-7 cells. Low level titre of specific antibody was induced by DNA immunization. RFFIT results showed that the neutralizing antibody reached 0.66 IU/ml after secondary DNA immunization and dramatic rising of neutralizing antibody was observed when the mice was boosted with 2×10 6 PFU recombinant replication defective adenovirus, the mean titre reached 90 IU/ml at seventeenth weeks.  Combined immunization of DNA vaccine and replication-defective recombinant adenovirus bearing rabies CVS-N2c glycoprotein gene induced potential immune response against rabies virus.

Field of study: Biology
ASSESSMENT BASED INFORMATION NEEDS IN MANUAL ASSEMBLY

To handle the complex and flexible manufacturing of today it is vital to have well functional information systems for the operators so that they know when, what and where to assemble. The current designs of assembly work instructions differ much between companies, but also between plants within the same company. The digitalization trends and initiatives such as Industry 4.0 show the manufacturing industry the advantages to incorporate new methods and tools into their businesses. Even though manufacturing IT systems are designed to be adaptive to product and volume changes, they are still widely characterized by their rigid structures. Making large changes to manufacturing IT systems with comprehensive structures is complex and requires large amounts of resources. Therefore, it is important for the manufacturing companies to make the correct investments. In previous studies, two current state analyses have been conducted with the aim to map manufacturing engineering processes and IT systems producing assembly work instructions in a mass customization context. This paper presents results from the third part of a longitudinal study which focuses on identifying operators’ information needs in manual assembly of heavy vehicles. This third study aims to identify the information gap between the current state and the wanted state by assessing information needs at 13 assembly stations in three plants belonging to a global production network. The purpose is to identify design requirements for future assembly information systems enabling the practical use of the digitalization.

Field of study: Engineering
Modulation of murine host‐versus‐graft disease by anti‐CD3 monoclonal antibody

BALB/c mice made tolerant to A/J alloantigens by neonatal injection of (A/J × BALB/c)FI spleen cells develop a host‐versus‐graft (HVG) disease due to the activation of donor B cells by a subset of host alloreactive helper T cells. We have investigated the effects of a single neonatal injection of the 145‐2C11 anti‐mouse CD3 monoclonal antibody (MoAb) on the establishment of allotolerancc and on the development of the immunopathological features of HVG disease. First, this treatment did not modify the specific anti‐donor cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) unresponsiveness or the persistence of circulating immunoglobulins bearing donor allotype. Second, the hyper IgE, the hyper IgG 1 and the increased expression of Ia antigens on B cells found in untreated HVG mice were not observed after injection of the 145‐2C11 MoAb. Likewise, treated mice displayed lower levels of anti‐DNA IgG antibodies and less glomerular immune deposits as compared with untreated HVG mice. We conclude that the administration of the anti‐CD3 MoAb did not interfere with the induction of allotolerance but exerts a pronounced inhibitory effect on the associated immunopathological syndrome.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Computing Full Conformal Prediction Set with Approximate Homotopy

If you are predicting the label $y$ of a new object with $\hat y$, how confident are you that $y = \hat y$? Conformal prediction methods provide an elegant framework for answering such question by building a $100 (1 - \alpha)\%$ confidence region without assumptions on the distribution of the data. It is based on a refitting procedure that parses all the possibilities for $y$ to select the most likely ones. Although providing strong coverage guarantees, conformal set is impractical to compute exactly for many regression problems. We propose efficient algorithms to compute conformal prediction set using approximated solution of (convex) regularized empirical risk minimization. Our approaches rely on a new homotopy continuation technique for tracking the solution path with respect to sequential changes of the observations. We also provide a detailed analysis quantifying its complexity.

Field of study: Computer science
Ultra-high Precision Determination of ~(142)Nd/~(144)Nd Ratio Using Thermal Ionization Mass Spectrometry

Ultra-high precision determination of 142Nd/144Nd ratio has important application value for the research of early evolution of the Solar system and early silicate differentiation of the Earth and the Moon.We utilize thermal ionization mass spectrometry (TIMS) to perform ultra-high precision determination of 142Nd/144Nd in the first time in China and compare both multi-dynamic mode and multi-static mode.The results show that multi-dynamic mode is much higher accuracy and precision than multi-static mode.All influencing factors on the determination were discussed and optimized.142Nd/144Nd isotopic ratio of international standard Jndi-1,whose external precision is better than 5×10-6 (2SD),is 1.1418348 and the precision is completely satisfied to technical requirements of 146Sm-142Nd system.

Field of study: Chemistry
Integrated Pest Management Strategy Against Helicoverpa armigera Hubner in chickpea

Investigations on the effect of various integrated pest management (IPM) components on Helicoverpa armigera and their impact on natural enemies present in chickpea were carried out during 1998-2000 cropping seasons in Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh, India. Application of neem effectively reduced the oviposition by H. armigera throughout the cropping period. The integration of various IPM components was found to be the best in reducing the pod damage (10.4%) with highest grain yield (1264.4 kg/ha) with 58.5% increase in yield over control (797.9 kg/ha). Among various IPM components, neem and Helicoverpa Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus were as effective as endosulfan in reducing the larval population and pod damage. Endosulfan was found to be more harmful to the natural enemy population present in chickpea canopy. The highest cost-benefit ratio (1:3.01) was obtained in plots treated with IPM. The effect of various IPM components individually or as a package to develop the best alternative to chemical control of the chickpea pod borer are discussed

Field of study: Biology
Differences in the 14C age, δ13C and δ18O of Holocene tufa and speleothem in the Dinaric Karst

We studied Holocene speleothems and tufa samples collected in numerous caves and rivers in the Dinaric Karst of Croatia, Slovenia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, as well as Serbia and Montenegro. Differences in the formation process of tufa and speleothems are discussed in the context of their isotopic composition ( 14 C, 13 C and 18 O), as well as the chemistry of surface water (rivers, lakes) and drip water (in caves). The physical and chemical parameters monitored in the surface water (tufa precipitation) and drip water (speleothem precipitation) show that more stable conditions accompany speleothem rather than tufa formation. This is particularly obvious in the water temperature variations (2^22‡C in surface water and 7^12‡C in drip water) and in saturation index variation (3^11 in surface water and 1^6 in drip water). The range of 14 C ages recorded by Holocene speleothems (V12 000 yr) is wider by several thousands years than that of Holocene tufa samples (V6000 yr). N 13 C values for tufa samples range from 312x to 36x and for speleothem samples from 312x to +3x reflecting higher soil carbon and/or vegetation impact on the process of tufa than on speleothem formation. The differences in N 18 O values of tufa and speleothem samples from different areas reflect different temperature conditions and differing isotopic composition in the water. The study shows that speleothems from the Dinaric Karst can be used as global palaeoclimatic records, whereas tufa records changes in the local palaeoenvironment. < 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Stimulus control and generalization of remote behavioral history.

Two experiments were conducted to assess stimulus control and generalization of remote behavioral history effects with humans. Undergraduates first responded frequently under a fixed-ratio (FR) schedule in the presence of one line length (16 mm or 31 mm) and infrequently on a tandem FR 1 differential-reinforcement-of-low-rate (DRL) schedule when a second line length (31 mm or 16 mm) was present. Next, an FR 1 schedule in effect in the presence of either stimulus produced comparable response rates between the stimuli. Finally, a tandem FR 1 fixed-interval (FI) schedule was in effect under those same stimuli (Experiment 1) or under 12 line lengths ranging from 7 to 40 mm (Experiment 2). In both experiments, responses under the tandem FR 1 FI schedule were frequent in the presence of stimuli previously correlated with the FR schedule and infrequent in the presence of stimuli previously correlated with the tandem FR 1 DRL schedule. Short-lived but systematic generalization gradients were obtained in Experiment 2. These results show that previously established rates of behavior that disappear when the establishing contingencies are changed can subsequently not only reappear when the contingencies change, but are controlled by and generalize across antecedent stimuli.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Vicarious conditioned acceleration: successful observational learning of an aversive Pavlovian stimulus contingency.

Five rats (observers) were trained to avoid unsignalled shocks in a shuttlebox and then habituated to brief light presentations. They were next confined on an observation platform while another rat (model) received light-shock pairings in the opposite compartment. The observers were exposed only to the sight and sound of the model during classical conditioning and were not shocked themselves. Test presentations of the light during subsequent avoidance sessions produced response rate increases (vicarious conditioned acceleration) comparable to those obtained in other studies where the avoidance animals were used in classical conditioning. Following sessions in which the model was not shocked after the light, the light presentations during avoidance eventually failed to elicit any response increases in the observers. When the model was again shocked, immediate recovery of avoidance acceleration occurred in the observers during the light.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
High-resolution multislice x-ray ptychography of extended thick objects.

We report the first demonstration of hard x-ray ptychography using a multislice approach, which can solve the problem of the limited spatial resolution under the projection approximation. We measured ptychographic diffraction patterns of a two-layered object with a 105  μm gap using 7 keV focused coherent x rays. We successfully reconstructed the phase map of each layer at ∼50  nm resolution using a multislice approach, while the resolution was worse than ∼192  nm under the projection approximation. The present method has the potential to enable the three-dimensional high-resolution observation of extended thick specimens in materials science and biology.

Field of study: Physics