nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Vascular plant and bryophytes species representation in the protected areas network on the national scale

The complexity of nature conservation raises questions about biodiversity protection at the level of species as well as their spatial distribution between differently designated nature conservation areas. We have concentrated on comparison of the existing protected areas and recently established conservation initiative areas—Important Plant Areas. We have estimated how well these areas support the protection of two plant groups—bryophytes and vascular plants. We sought answers to the following questions: (a) are there any trends in the distribution of protected bryophyte and vascular plant species in the protected areas network, and (b) does the Important Plant Areas network promote better protection of bryophyte species compared with the existing protected areas network. Our results demonstrated that bryophytes need special care in nature conservation decisions to reach the reasonable conservation target. Important Plant Areas that were targeted to vascular plants have less importance in preserving bryophyte diversity than already existing conservation areas system. Conservation programs like IBA, IPA etc. have their specific tool and outcome to add conservation values to the existing protected areas system.

Field of study: Environmental science
Study on the optimum extraction condition of the fat-soluble pigment from tagetes patula L.

The paper studied the optimum extraction condition of the fat-soluble pigment from tagetes patula L. petal by means of single factor experiment and orthogonal experimental design. The result showed that the optimum extraction condition was 45℃, 1∶30(g/mL), 4.5h with ethyl acetate.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Regulation of the metabolism of lipoprotein-proteoglycan complexes in human monocyte-derived macrophages.

Studies were performed to evaluate the effect of several factors on the metabolism of lipoprotein-proteoglycan complexes in human monocyte-derived macrophages. In vivo apoB-lipoprotein-proteoglycan complex was isolated from human aorta fibrous-plaque lesions and low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-proteoglycan complex was formed in vitro. Degradation of LDL-proteoglycan complex and cholesteryl ester synthesis mediated by the in vivo and in vitro complexes were lowest in freshly isolated monocytes. With the maturation of monocytes into macrophages, there was a dramatic rise in both. The degradation of the complex and the resultant stimulation of cholesterol esterification increased significantly with increasing cell density. Preincubation of macrophages in medium containing lipoprotein cholesterol did not down-regulate the subsequent degradation of LDL-proteoglycan complex. Macrophage-conditioned medium had a profound stimulatory effect on the degradation of LDL-proteoglycan complex and cholesterol esterification by mature macrophages and freshly isolated monocytes. The conditioned medium lost its stimulatory activity after boiling, dialysis and trypsin digestion. Macrophage activation with phorbol ester and bacterial lipopolysaccharide resulted in a marked suppression of the binding and degradation of the complex, as well as the complex-mediated cholesteryl ester synthesis. These results demonstrate that several factors regulate the metabolism of lipoprotein-proteoglycan complexes in human monocyte-derived macrophages.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Researching and Implement of Expert Appraisal Through Internet based-XKMS

The rising of E-goverment makes information security and authenticating user identity more important. Though PKI could satisfy most of the needs the using of PKI is restricted because of without a kind of standard architecture of PKI. In the paper we introduce the flow of XKMS at first. At last we give a security scheme about expert appraisal through Internet. It is proved that it could make PKI and application combine very well.

Field of study: Computer science
Resonant Raman and photoluminescence spectra of suspended molybdenum disulfide

Raman and photoluminescence (PL) measurements were performed on suspended and supported MoS2 up to 6 trilayers (TLs). The difference in the dielectric environment of suspended and supported MoS2 does not lead to large differences in the PL or Raman spectra. Most of the apparent difference in the PL intensity can be explained by the interference effect except for 1TL MoS2. The positions of the Raman peaks are not much different between suspended and supported MoS2. The relative intensities, on the other hand, show some differences between suspended and supported samples. In particular, the inter-layer vibration modes are enhanced near resonance with C excitons, with the breathing modes becoming relatively stronger. Up to four breathing modes are resolved in suspended 6TL MoS2.

Field of study: Physics
Botulinum toxin type A for neurogenic detrusor overactivity due to spinal cord lesions in children: a retrospective study of seven cases.

To assess the effectiveness and safety of intradetrusor injections of botulinum toxin type A (BTA) used to treat neurogenic detrusor overactivity in children.



We retrospectively reviewed the records of seven children treated at least once (7/7: one injection; 4/7: two and three injections; 2/7: four injections; 1/7: five injections) with intradetrusor BTA injections in 2005-2008, for neurogenic detrusor overactivity with incontinence despite timed bladder catheterizations and anticholinergic agents. Clinical, urodynamic, and imaging study data at baseline were collected. Clinical efficacy criteria were the urinary tract infection (UTI) rate, continence, and need for anticholinergic agents. The following urodynamic data were assessed: maximum catheterized volume without leakage, reflex volume, maximum detrusor pressure, and bladder compliance.



Seven children received 18 injections. Social continence was achieved from the first injection. No further recurrent lower UTIs occurred. Maximum catheterized volume and reflex volume increased, and maximum detrusor pressure decreased. Detrusor compliance became interpretable and increased. Grade II right vesicoureteral reflux, present at baseline in one patient, resolved after BTA therapy. UTIs were the only adverse effects.



Injection with BTA proved effective and safe in the short term. This may be an alternative to surgery in children with neurogenic detrusor overactivity.

Field of study: Medicine
Study on Microstructure and Infiltration Process of Hot-dip Aluminizing Layer on 45 Steel Surface

The Fe-Al intermetallic modified layer on 45 steel surface was prepared by hot-dip technology with pure Al.The morphology of the modified layer was observed by SEM,the chemical composition and phase composition was analyzed by EDS,and its combination strength was also measured.The results show that the modified layer consists of deposition layer and diffusion layer,and mainly contains FeAl,FeAl2 and Fe2Al5 phases.And it performs good combination between the modified layer and the matrix.The optimum technical parameter is diffusion for 2 h and hot-dip for 3 min.

Field of study: Materials science
Antiproteinuria Effect of Calcitriol in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease and Vitamin D Deficiency: A Randomized Controlled Study.

Vitamin D has been demonstrated to lessen proteinuria severity in chronic kidney disease (CKD). Compared with healthy populations, patients with CKD may have lower serum levels of 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D (1,25-(OH)2 D) and 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25-(OH) D). We investigated the effect of  oral low-dose active vitamin D (calcitriol at 0.25 μg, 3 times weekly) on urinary protein excretion.



We conducted a nonblinded and non-placebo-controlled study. In total, 60 patients with CKD (average estimated glomerular filtration rate of >15 mL/min) who received a stable dose of angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) or angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) were enrolled in this 24-week study. We randomly assigned these patients to the vitamin D group (oral calcitriol at 0.25 μg 3 times weekly with an ACEI or ARB) or the control group (ACEI or ARB). Change in the urine protein/creatinine ratio (uPCR) was the primary endpoint in this study.



The mean baseline uPCRs of the 2 groups were comparable (1.84 ± 0.83 g/g vs. 2.02 ± 0.97 g/g, control vs. vitamin D group; P = .46). After the 24-week treatment, the uPCRs were significantly lower than the baseline values in the vitamin D group (1.35 ± 0.64 g/g; P < .05) but not in the control group. The values of uPCR decreased significantly at 8, 16, and 24 weeks (P < .05 vs. baseline) in the vitamin D group. The values of uPCRs were significantly lower in the vitamin D group than in the control group at 8, 16, and 24 weeks (P < .05). A positive correlation was discovered between reduction in uPCRs at 24-week and baseline 25-(OH) D serum level in the vitamin D group (r = 0.738, P < .001).



Supplementary low-dose active vitamin D could reduce proteinuria in CKD patients with low serum 25-(OH) D levels.

Field of study: Medicine
Neuronal cells show regulatory differences in the hsp70 gene response.

The synthesis of heat shock proteins (Hsps), encoded by heat shock genes, is increased in response to various stress stimuli. Hsps function as molecular chaperones, they dissociate cytotoxic stress-induced protein aggregates within cells and ensure improved survival. Induction of heat shock genes is mainly regulated at the transcriptional level. The stress responsive transcription factor, heat shock factor 1 (HSF1), is involved in the transcriptional induction of the heat shock genes. Our objective was to examine how hsp70 genes are regulated in different transformed and primary neurons upon exposure to elevated temperature. Our findings reveal that the Hsp70 response is regulated at the translational level in Neuro-2a neuroblastoma cells, while the IMR-32 neuroblastoma cells respond to stress by the classical HSF1-driven transcriptional regulatory mechanism. Primary rat hippocampal neurons show a lack of HSF1 and induction of the hsp70 gene. These observations suggest that neuronal cells display different hsp70 gene expression patterns which range from undetected response to transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation during heat stress.

Field of study: Biology
Molecular methods for the detection and characterization of foodborne pathogens

The surveillance of foodborne pathogens in food industries has shown the urgent need for rapid and dependable methods to detect and characterize the organisms in food and environments of clinical and epidemiologic importance. Recent studies on rapid methods in microbiology have been focused on biochemical characterization, immunoassays, and molecular methods. Many molecular methods have been developed and applied to the detection and characterization of foodborne pathogens in laboratories and food industries. They can be mainly divided into DNA banding pattern-based tests and DNA sequence-based tests. The former includes nucleic acid hybridization, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), amplified restriction length polymorphism, and randomly amplified polymorphic DNA, etc. Most of these methods in commercial applications are based on PCR or hybridization techniques. The principle, characteristics, and application of molecular methods for the detection and characterization of foodborne pathogens were reviewed in this article.

Field of study: Chemistry
Kinetic Spectra of Polyatomic Clusters Formed via the Ion Sputtering of Metals

A theory is developed for the ion sputtering of metals resulting in the formation of excited neutral and charged clusters with their subsequent fragmentation to a stable state. The effect fragmentation has on the kinetic spectra and charge state of clusters is considered. The results are presented in the form of convenient formulas. Calculations for the kinetic spectra of polyatomic clusters of niobium and silver are given as examples.

Field of study: Physics
Analyzing of Students’ Misconceptions on Acid-Base Chemistry at Senior High Schools in Medan

Students’ misconceptions on acid-base chemistry at senior high schools in Medan were investigated in this study. The study involved 179 of XI grade students from six different schools in Medan selected based on their accreditation. Students’ misconceptions on acid base chemistry topic were identified and collected by giving a valid test developed by researcher to the students in form of Acid-Base Chemistry Misconception Test containing 12 open-ended multiple choices. The data collected were processed and categorized based on students’ achievement and students’ understanding. It was revealed that students had fifteen misconceptions and eleven submisconceptions. From five main concepts investigated in acid-base chemistry, percentage of students’ responses categorized as specific misconceptions are acid and base concepts (22.07%), pH and pOH concepts (43.58%), ionization degree and equilibrium constant concepts (8.94%), acid-base indicators concept (6.15%), and acid-base titration concept (9.50%). The study also revealed four main students’ problems in understanding acid-base chemistry namely fragmentation of students’ understanding, problems with symbols and mathematical formula, difficulties in understanding the context in acid-base chemistry, and problems in generalization.  students’ misconception, acid-base chemistry, students’ achievement, students’ understanding

Field of study: Education
Comparative genomic analysis of Clostridium acetobutylicum for understanding the mutations contributing to enhanced butanol tolerance and production.

Clostridium acetobutylicum JB200 is a hyper butanol tolerant and producing strain obtained from asporogenic C. acetobutylicum ATCC 55025 through mutagenesis and adaptation in a fibrous bed bioreactor. The complete genomes of both strains were sequenced by the Illumina Hiseq2000 technology and assembled using SOAPdenovo approach. Compared to the genomic sequence of the type strain ATCC 824, 143 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and 17 insertion/deletion variations (InDels) were identified in the genome of ATCC 55025. Twenty-nine mutations were in genes involved in sporulation, solventogenesis and stress response. Compared to ATCC 55025, there were seven additional point mutations in the chromosome of JB200. Among them, a single-base deletion in cac3319 encoding an orphan histidine kinase caused protein C-terminal truncation. Disruption of this gene in ATCC 55025 and ATCC 824 resulted in significantly elevated butanol tolerance and production. This study provides genome-level information for the better understanding of solventogenic C. acetobutylicum in several key aspects of cell physiology and metabolism, which could help further metabolic engineering of Clostridium for butanol production.

Field of study: Biology, Engineering
Floristic biodiversity and history of African arid regions

The phytochorological patterns of the arid flora of Africa are discussed on various levels. The arid regions of the African continent are linked by a large number of taxa with disjunct distribution. Analysis of these disjunct patterns supports the hypothesis of fragmentation of a once continuous arid belt running from the Namib desert region to the Western Sahara via East Africa. The flora of the arid regions of Southern Africa shows regular patterns, e.g. identical fragmentation of distribution areas of several taxa on an infrafamilial or infrageneric level, allowing formulation of a hypothesis concerning the sequence of differentiation steps during formation of the floras. Very interesting patterns can be attributed to effects of the last glaciation. For example, disjunct distribution patterns in the Namib region can be interpreted as a result of survival of palaeotropical taxa in warm refuge areas during the last glaciation.

Field of study: Environmental science
Alcoholism and nutrition: a seminar.

Malnutrition and alcoholism are commonly associated. Thirty years ago, researchers considered the possibility that malnutrition promotes alcoholism, yet more recently, this theory has been abandoned. Indeed, it is now generally accepted that vitamin therapy does not reduce addiction to alcohol in man. Malnutrition is now considered a result of chronic alcohol consumption. The pathogenesis of malnutrition, however, is complex and may be related to nutritional intake, digestion and absorption, tissue transport, organ injury, nutrient catabolism, direct effects of ethanol, and genetic predisposition. Many of these complex interactions are illustrated by the articles presented in this seminar.

Field of study: Medicine
On class A operators

We show that every class A operator has a scalar extension. In particular, such operators with rich spectra have nontrivial invariant subspaces. Also we give some spectral properties of the scalar extension of a class A operator. Finally, we show that every class A operator is nonhypertransitive. 1.  LetH be a complex separable Hilbert space and let L(H) denote the algebra of all bounded linear operators on H. If T 2 L(H), we write (T ), ap(T ), and e(T ) for the spectrum, the approxi- mate point spectrum, and the essential spectrum, respectively, and write r(T ) = supfj j : 2 (T )g for the spectral radius of T. An operator T 2 L(H) is said to be p-hyponormal if (TT ) p (T T ) p , where 0 < p <1. In particular, 1-hyponormal operators and 1 -hyponormal operators are called hyponormal operators and semi-hyponormal operators, respectively. An arbitrary operator T 2L(H) has a unique polar decomposition T = UjTj, wherejTj = (T T ) 1=2 and U is a partial isometry satisfying kerU = kerjTj = kerT and kerU = kerT . Associated with T is the operator jTj 1=2 UjTj 1=2 called the Aluthge transform of T , and denoted throughout this paper by b

Field of study: Mathematics
On the spectral moment of quasi-bicyclic graphs

Let G be a connected graph. If G contains a vertex v such that G − v is a bicyclic graph, then G is called a quasi-bicyclic graph. Let B n , d ¯ = { G : G is a quasi-bicyclic graph of order n with G − u ¯ being bicyclic and d G ( u ¯ ) = d ¯ } . We study structure characteristics of graphs on spectral moments. We also determine the last and the second last quasi-bicyclic graphs, in S-order, among all graphs in B n , d ¯ , respectively.

Field of study: Mathematics
Compaction and the Surface Structure of a Poorly Drained Soil

THE surface structure of the poorly drained soils of southwestern Ontario has deteriorated to a level which is considered to limit corn and soybean productivity. The contribution of vehicle compaction to surface soil structural deterioration on these soils has not been shown. Therefore, a 3-year experiment was conducted to determine the cumulative contribution of surface soil compaction to soil structural deterioration and its relationship to corn and soybean productivity on a poorly drained clay loam soil. Fall vehicle compaction, at soil moisture contents suitable for tillage, of the surface soil did not significantly contribute to soil structural deterioration and did not limit the productivity of corn and soybean grown in a corn-soybean-corn rotation. However, fall compaction did significantly restrict early to mid-season plant development. Spring compaction generally contributed to soil structural deterioration and limited productivity. There were no cumulative detrimental effects of fall or spring compaction on soil structure, plant development, or yield over the duration of this experiment.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
New investigation of83Zr and85Zr beta decay

The decay of on-line mass separated83Zr and85Zr sources has been studied by singles and coincident X-ray andγ-ray and conversion electron measurements. The previous level scheme of83Y is confirmed and 5 new levels have been added up to 2.74 MeV excitation. A decay scheme of85gZr with 40 levels up to 2.66 MeV in85Y is deduced. The experimental observation below 2 MeV excitation in85Y agrees qualitatively with the predictions of the interacting boson-fermion model.

Field of study: Physics
Chemical wizardry? The generation of diversity in terpenoid biosynthesis

Terpene synthases catalyze the conversion of linear prenyl-diphosphates to a multitude of hydrocarbon skeletons with often high regio- and stereoselectivity. These remarkable enzymes all rely on a shared fold for activity, namely, the class I terpene cyclase fold. Recent work has illuminated the catalytic strategy used by these enzymes to catalyze the arguably most complex chemical reactions found in  Terpene synthases catalyze the formation of a reactive carbocation and provide a template for the cyclization reactions while at the same time providing the necessary stability of the carbocationic reaction intermediates as well as strictly controlling water access.

Field of study: Chemistry
Experimental study of mode-coupling strength of AT-cut quartz resonators with high mesa step height

Bi-mesa resonators with very high mesa steps were fabricated and their frequency-temperature (f-T) characteristics measured as an index of the mode-coupling strength. The experimental results show that the rotation of the measured f-T data is in good agreement with calculation in the range of low mesa step height. At large mesa step height, where the coupling strength is very low in the calculation, the measured f-T curve is quite different from the curve of the pure thickness-shear mode. These results indicate the validity of mode-coupling and that choosing the minimal points in high mesa steps offers less advantage.

Field of study: Computer science
Stripe fractionalization: the quantum spin nematic and the Abrikosov lattice

In part (I) of this two paper series on stripe fractionalization [ (France) 12, Prg-245 (2002)], we argued that in principle the domain wall-ness of the stripe phase could persist in the spin and charge disordered superconductors, and we demonstrated how this physics is in one-to-one correspondence with Ising gauge theory. Here we focus on yet another type of order suggested by the gauge theory: the quantum spin nematic. Although it is not easy to measure this order directly, we argue that the superconducting vortices act as perturbations destroying the gauge symmetry locally. This turns out to give rise to a simple example of a gauge-theoretical phenomenon known as topological interaction. As a consequence, at any finite vortex density a globally ordered antiferromagnet emerges. This offers a potential explanation for recent observations in the underdoped 214 system.

Field of study: Physics
口服柔嫩梭菌对小鼠体内Tr细胞诱导作用研究

近年来发现机体缺乏微生物暴露,减少抗原刺激,可导致调节性T细胞(Tr)低表达.由此预测:选择适当的微生物刺激机体,诱导Tr增殖,是增强机体抗炎免疫的有效途径.本研究拟在小鼠模型中,明确口服柔嫩梭菌对成年小鼠体内Tr细胞数量和功能的影响,进而为过敏性疾病和结缔组织病的防治提供新思路。

Field of study: Biology
Messung der Oszillatorenstärke der Bariumresonanzlinie

ZusammenfassungEs wird eine interferometrische Methode zur Messung der Oszillatorenstärken schwer verdampfbarer Elemente angegeben und derf-Wert der Bariumresonanzlinie (λ=5536 Å) zuf=2,10 ±0,25 bestimmt.

Field of study: Physics