nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Study on Fragmentation Behavior of New Typical Cluster Ions of Alkali Metal Nitrates and Nitrites by Electrospray Ionization Tandem Mass Spectrometry

New typical cluster ions of alkali metal nitrates and nitrites were studied in the normal capillary temperature(200℃) by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry(ESI-MS),and their fragmentation behavior was investigated by electrospray multi-stage tandem mass spectrometry(ESI-MSn).The results indicate:(1) There is a similar behavior between cluster ions of NaNO3 solution and those of KNO3 solution studied both by ESI-MS and ESI-MSn;(2) The cluster ions of NaNO2 solution are more complicated than those of NaNO3 and KNO3 solution studied by ESI-MS;(3) cluster ions containing Na+ ions were produced from KNO2 solution during the electrospray process,and it is elucidated that the affinity of Na+ ion to NO-2 is bigger than that of K+ ion by analyzing their ESI-MSn behavior.In addition,the effects of the capillary temperature of the ESI source and the solution concentration on the formation of the cluster ions were also interrogated.

Field of study: Chemistry
Efficient Routing Algorithm Based on Decision-making Sequence in Wireless Mesh Networks

The ultimate goal of routing in wireless mesh networks (WMNs) is to find the “good” paths between the source and destination.  Considering of the characteristics of this new networking paradigm, such as low mobility and less restriction from the energy effect, the focus is on the design and optimization of the technology to establish the path that can reflect this network feature. In this paper, an efficient routing algorithm is proposed based on decision-making sequence in WMNs, and the routing process is mapped into multi-stage decision process. We construct a mathematical model for it and present a multi-decision sequential routing method taking use of the idea of dynamic programming. In addition, a new metric (EEDT) for routing based on the information of MAC layer in WMNs is given, which optimized the two objectives- end to end delay and throughput. In the end, the multi-decision sequential routing algorithm (MDSR) is proposed that synthesized the suggesting method and new metric. The path selected by MDSR would be better based on the mathematical model, and it has lower delay of routing building. At the same time, EEDT can accurately capture the quality of the network links. Simulation results show that the proposed routing algorithm significantly improves the performance of the WMNs in terms of end-to-end delay and throughput.

Field of study: Computer science
Second Generation Antipsychotic-Induced Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms in Schizophrenia: A Review of the Experimental Literature

Second generation antipsychotics (SGAs) have been implicated in the de novo emergence and exacerbation of obsessive-compulsive symptoms (OCS) in patients with schizophrenia. Among SGAs, clozapine, olanzapine, and risperidone are the most prominent agents associated with these sequelae, according to case reports. Comorbid OCS can impede recovery by compromising treatment benefits, medication compliance, and clinical prognoses. Previous reviews of SGA-induced OCS have predominantly focused on descriptive case reports, with limited attention paid toward experimental findings. To address this paucity of data, we sought to review the effects of SGAs on OCS in schizophrenia in the experimental literature, while addressing the role of different treatment (duration, dose, serum levels) and pharmacogenetic factors. Our findings suggest that clozapine confers the greatest risk of OCS in schizophrenia, with 20 to 28 % of clozapine-treated patients experiencing de novo OCS, in addition to 10 to 18 % incurring an exacerbation of pre-existing OCS. Clozapine can also yield full threshold obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), in some cases. Olanzapine is another high risk drug for secondary OCS which occurs in 11 to 20 % of schizophrenic patients receiving olanzapine therapy. At this time, there is insufficient experimental evidence to characterize the effects of other SGAs on OCS. Despite some experimental support for the involvement of longer treatment duration and genetic factors in mediating drug-induced OCS, more research is needed to clearly elucidate these associations. Based on these results, schizophrenic patients should be routinely monitored for OCS throughout the course of SGA treatment, particularly when clozapine or olanzapine is administered.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Simultaneous Determination of Nine Phenolic Metabolites of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Human Urine by Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry

A method was developed for the simultaneous determination of nine phenolic metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(OH-PAHs) in human urine,i.e.2-hydroxynaphthalene,1-hydroxynaphthalene,2-hydroxyfluorene,3-hydroxyphenanthrene,1-hydroxypyrene,3-hydroxychrysene,6-hydroxychrysene,1-hydroxybenz[a] anthracen,9-hydroxybenzo[a] pyrene by solid-phase extraction-liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry(LC-MS/MS).After adding the internal standard(13C3-Hydroxyphenanthrene),the urine samples were hydrolyzed by enzyme(pH 5.0) at 37 ℃ for 4 h,then cleaned up and concentrated on C18 SPE column,and then the targeted compounds were analyzed by LC-MS/MS under negative ion mode using Waters symmetry C18 column as analyzed column.The mobile phase was CH3CN ∶ NH3·H2O(0.2%)=72 ∶ 27(volume ratio).The spray voltage was 4 KV.The capillary temperature was 300 ℃.The linear ranges were 0.90-100 μg/L.The correlation coefficients were 0.9970-0.9990.The detection limits were 0.04-0.90 μg/L.The recoveries were 79.0%-119.8%.The relative standard deviations were 4.3%-12.5%(n=6).The method has been used for the simultaneous determination of nine phenolic metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(OH-PAHs) in human urine.

Field of study: Chemistry
The equations of motion of the joint effects of the relativistic and solar radiation pressure on an earth artificial satellite

This work deals with the study of the post-Newtonian (PN) geopotential and direct solar radiation pressure (SRP) effects on the motion of an Earth artificial satellite. The potential of the Earth, including the PN terms, is developed in terms of the Delaunay variables up to 0(4) assuming J"2 of first order. A potential like function representing the SRP is formed to enable this effect to be treated in the Hamiltonian framework. The Hamiltonian is then formed in terms of the Delaunay variables representing the problem, augmented to remove the explicit time dependence through the motion of the sun.

Field of study: Mathematics
KINETIC MODELING OF SYNTHESIS OF BUTYL POLYGLYCOSIDES

Alkyl polyglycosides (APG) has been paid more and more attention in surfactant industry, not only because APG has high surface activity, but also because it is not hazardous, not irritant, well biodegradable and is made from naturally occurring renewable raw materials, i.e., starch or glucose. Therefore, APG is called as "surfactant for 21st century", and technical studies on synthesis and manufactures of APG have been developed rapidly since 1990s, but there is a lack of study on reaction kinetics of APG. The reaction kinetics of synthesis of butyl polyglycosides was studied based on "shrinking core model".A solid-liquid interface reaction model, which contains a step of mass transfer resistance, was proposed. In "shrinking core model", only the chemical reaction taking place in the solid-liquid reaction system is involved.Under condition of optimal technology parameters for the synthesis of butyl polyglycosides,in which reaction temperature is in the range of 90-110?℃, and stirrer rotation speed is from 6.67-13.33?r·s -1 ,mass transfer resistance can not be ignored.The ratio of chemical reaction rate constant to mass transfer coefficient,namely, k r/ k B,obtained by means of solid-liquid interface model, can directly reflect the relative rate of chemical reaction to mass transfer. At the same time, the chemical reaction kinetic parameters were obtained. The results suggest that solid-liquid interface reaction model is more accurate than the "shrinking core model" in describing the formation of butyl polyglycosides which is the first step of synthesis of APG.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Proof of Review (PoR): A New Consensus Protocol for Deriving Trustworthiness of Reputation Through Reviews

In this new protocol, we combined concepts from proof of stake and proof of reputation to ensure a blockchain system comes to consensus on an honest (non-malicious) congruent review. Additionally, we formally prove this protocol provides further security by using a reputation-based stake instead of tokenbased, using theorems and proofs. We introduce new concepts in using reputation as a stake, where reputation must be earned and can never be purchased, spent, or traded. The stake is calculated based on the reputation -not tokens -of a user in the system proportional to the total reputation in the system at the beginning of each round. A round is a set of steps that conclude in a block being added to the blockchain. We also introduce blacklisting as a decisive action where, after a vote, an honest user will blacklist a leader

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Level density fluctuations in the generalized interacting boson model

Level density fluctuations are calculated within the generalized interacting boson model proposed for even-even nuclei, in dependence on the truncation parameter k. For the case ϰ=2 corresponding to the SU(3) dynamical symmetry of the interacting boson model the fluctuation pattern is close to Poissonian. For cases ϰ≠2, including the anharmonic vibrator model for which ϰ=∞, a rapid transition to the fluctuation pattern close to GOE is obtained.

Field of study: Physics
Evaluating the comparability of different grouping schemes for mortality and morbidity.

Comparison of mortality and morbidity is a commonly used method in health related studies. The International Classification of Disease (ICD) consists of thousands of codes for classifying cause of death and disease categories. A grouping scheme is needed to cluster related categories into a meaningful and manageable number for comparative purposes. Different kinds of grouping schemes have been used; nevertheless, little is known about the comparability among different grouping schemes. In this study, we compared seven grouping schemes; five for mortality and two for morbidity. We found poor comparability between different grouping schemes. Different schemes covered different ranges of codes. Some schemes used the same title, but included different ranges of codes. Features of newly developed grouping schemes were to group disease categories of similar characteristics across traditional ICD chapters and to group disease categories based on health care needs, instead of those based merely on etiology or organ system. Different grouping schemes were developed to reveal the unique mortality and morbidity pattern of different geographical areas. Different grouping logic was used by different grouping schemes. Therefore, it is difficult to make a good comparison between different schemes. An investigator tabulating the mortality or morbidity figures based on a given grouping scheme should explicitly define the exact ICD codes included. Any user of data derived from different grouping schemes, especially for comparisons between countries, should be cautious about the comparability problems.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Some factors affecting the survival of mouse embryos frozen rapidly by liquid nitrogen vapour.

保護物質の種類,ショ糖による凍結前の胚の脱水処理,凍結•融解胚からのグリセリン除去方法などの諸要因が,液体窒素ガスで急速凍結されたマウス桑実胚の生存性におよぼす影響について検討した。1. グリセリン(78%),プロピレングリコール(70%),エチレングリコール(67%)で比較的高い胚の生存性がえられ,エリスリトール(53%)でもある程度の生存性がえられた。これに対してDMSO(27%)の保護効果は小さく,メタノールとショ糖には保護効果は認められなかった。2. 凍結前に0°Cで10分間グリセリン平衡した胚の生存率(81%)は,20(41%)および38°C(19%)で平衡したものより高かった。3.凍結前に室温下で5分間0.5Mショ糖液に胚を浮遊させ脱水処理を行なったが,凍結•融解後の胚の生存率は無処理のものに比べ改善されなかった。4. -7°Cで植氷した胚と植氷しなかった胚の間には,生存率の差は認められなかった。5.凍結•融解胚を最初0.5Mショ糖と2Mグリセリンを含むPBSに移し,ついで0.5Mショ糖のみを含むPBSおよび新鮮PBSに順次移して胚からグリセリンを除去したとき,除去温度(0,20および38°C)の間に生存率の有意な差はなかった。6.室温下で凍結•融解胚からグリセリンを除去する場合,上述のショ糖を用いて除去したときにもっとも高い生存率(74%)がえられた。融解サンプルに0.2,0.2および0.4m1のPBSを1分間隔で添加してグリセリンを除去すると生存率は51%に低下し,融解サンプルをPBSに直接移してグリセリンを急速に除去すると胚はほとんど生存できなかった(8%)。7.液体窒素ガスで急速凍結した胚の生存率(76%)は,緩慢凍結した胚(89%)に比べ若干低い傾向がみられたが,有意な差ではなかった。

Field of study: Biology
Occurrence of organophosphate flame retardants in farmland soils from Northern China: Primary source analysis and risk assessment.

Ninety-eight soil samples were collected from farmland soils from Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei core area, Northern China, where agricultural lands were subjected to contamination from intense urban and industrial activities. Twelve organophosphates flame retardants (OPFRs) were analyzed with total soil concentrations ranging from 0.543 μg/kg to 54.9 μg/kg. Chlorinated OPFRs were dominating at mean level of 3.64 μg/kg and Tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate contributed the most (mean 3.36 ± 5.61 μg/kg, 98.0%). Tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate was fully detected at levels of 0.041-1.95 μg/kg. Generally, tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate and triphenyl phosphate contributed the most to alkyl- (53.6%) and aryl-OPFRs (54.3%), respectively. The levels of ∑OPFRs close to the core urban areas were significantly higher than those from background sites. The occurrence and fate of OPFRs in soil were significantly associated with total organic carbon content and mostly with fine soil particles (<0.005 mm), and a transfer potential from the atmosphere was predicted with logKSA values. Comparable soil levels with poly brominated diphenyl ethers s in other studies suggested that the contamination of OPFRs occurred in farmland soil with an increasing trend but currently showed no significant environmental risk based on risk quotient estimation (<1). This investigation warrants further study on behaviors of OPFRs in a soil system and a continual monitoring for their risk assessment.

Field of study: Environmental science
Cognitive and Affective Matching Effects in Persuasion

Past research suggests that cognitive and affective attitudes are more open to change toward cognitive and affective (i.e., matched) persuasive attacks, respectively. The present research investigates how attitude certainty influences this openness. Although an extensive literature suggests that certainty generally reduces an attitude’s openness to change, the authors explore the possibility that certainty might increase an attitude’s openness to change in the context of affective or cognitive appeals. Based on the recently proposed amplification hypothesis, the authors posit that high (vs. low) attitude certainty will boost the resistance of attitudes to mismatched attacks (e.g., affective attitudes attacked by cognitive messages) but boost the openness of attitudes to matched attacks (e.g., affective attitudes attacked by affective messages). Two experiments provide support for this hypothesis. Implications for increasing the openness of attitudes to both matched and mismatched attacks are discussed.

Field of study: Psychology
Exergy analysis of multistage cascade low temperature refrigeration systems used in olefin plants

This paper provides an exergy analysis for multistage cascade low temperature refrigeration systems used in olefin plants. The equations of exergy destruction and exergetic efficiency for the main system components such as heat exchangers, compressors and expansion valves are developed. The relations for total exergy destruction in the system and the system overall exergetic efficiency are obtained. Also, an expression for minimum work requirement for the refrigeration systems of olefin plants is developed. It shows that the minimum work depends only on the properties of incoming and outgoing process streams cooled or heated with refrigeration system and the ambient temperature. Using actual work input values, the exergetic efficiency of the low temperature cascade refrigeration system of a typical olefin plant is determined to be 30.88% indicating a great potential for improvements. The novelty of this paper includes the suggestions for increasing efficiencies, along with discussion about the reasons for deviation from reversible processes.

Field of study: Engineering
IgG isotype and isotype specificity of murine monoclonal IgG rheumatoid factors

Immune complexes of lipopoly saccharide (LPS) with homologous IgG antibody induces rheumatoid factor (RF) predominantly of the IgG class in normal mice, while LPS alone induces mostly IgM RF directed to homologous IgG1. In this study, IgG monoclonal RFs (mRF) were prepared from hybridomas derived from spleen cells of BALB/c mice which were immunized with complexes of TNP‐LPS with anti‐TNP mouse IgG and their specificity to mouse IgG subclasses was assessed by analysing dissociation kinetics of the ligands due to RF‐specific and non‐specific interactions. Of the 19 IgG mRFs (11 IgG1, five IgG2a, one IgG2b and two IgG3 types) tested, 14 were directed to either IgG3 or IgG2b or both, while only one exhibited a significant binding capacity to IgG1. Other mRFs, although reactive to rabbit IgG, exhibited little homophilic activity. None of these mRFs reacted strongly with their own isotypes. The results suggest that the IgG RF producing cells are not direct progenies of the IgG1‐directed IgM RF‐producing cells but may have developed via a rigorous selection process to eliminate clones that produce self‐reactive RF.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Estimating the number of species not yet described and their characteristics: the case of Western Palaearctic dung beetle species (Coleoptera, Scarabaeoidea)

To determine the degree of completion of Western Palaearctic dung beetlespecies inventory, as well as to ascertain some of the main geographical andmorphological characteristics associated with the probability of new speciesdescription, the available taxonomic and biogeographic information of the threeScarabaeoidea families that are associated with dung was analyzed. An asymptotic fit of the cumulative number of described species is used to estimatethe approximate number of species not yet described. Variation partitioning andhierarchical decomposition techniques were used to explore the influence ofbody size, geographical range size and geographical location variables on theprocess of species description. Results indicate that the inventories of WesternPalaearctic Scarabaeidae and Geotrupidae species are almost complete, but thataround 16% of Aphodiidae species have yet to be described. As the joint effectof geographical distribution and location is the main determinant of the speciesdescription rate in this family, it was predicted that new dung beetle specieswould be found in smaller areas of the southern and eastern Western Palaearcticregion. The species body size accounted for a negligible fraction in thevariation of the year of description. Both the geographical range size and thegeographical location are essential variables negatively correlated with theyear of species description, whose pure and combined effect can account for highpercentages in the year of description variation (from 41 to 56%). The locationof most of the taxonomic workforce in areas where broader-ranged generalist speciesprevail in the assemblages is the probable reason for this pattern.

Field of study: Environmental science
Ultrarote Absorptionsspektren fester Substanzen in dünnen Schichten

ZusammenfassungUm bei der spektroskopischen Untersuchung fester Körper im Ultrarot die gegenüber der Reflexionsmethode einfachere Absorptionsmethode anwenden zu können, ohne durch zu große Undurchlässigkeit der zu untersuchenden Substanzen beschränkt zu sein, werden diese durch Sublimation oder Verdampfen als sehr dünne Schichten auf Platten von durchlässigem Material niedergeschlagen. In dieser Form werden die Absorptionsspektren der Ammoniumhalogenide im Wellenlängenbereich bis etwa 8 μ untersucht, wobei sich die Vorteile der Methode gegenüber Reflexionsmessungen durch außerordentlich erhöhte Deutlichkeit der Spektren darstellen. Außer den bei früheren Reflexionsmessungen gefundenen Eigenschwingungen, deren Wellenlängen zum Teil genauer als dort festgestellt werden können, machen sich einige neue schwächere Eigenschwingungen bemerkbar.

Field of study: Physics
Crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction studies of two different crystal forms of the lipase 2 isoform from the yeast Candida rugosa.

The yeast Candida rugosa produces several closely related lipases which show a high degree of sequence identity (between 77 and 88% for pairs of proteins). Despite this high sequence identity, they exhibit markedly different substrate specificities, indicating that subtle structural differences may produce significant functional changes. Isoform 2 (lip2) has been crystallized using the hanging-drop vapour-diffusion method at 291 K. Diffraction-quality crystals have been obtained from two different experimental conditions (designated A and B, respectively).  A crystals belong to space group P1 and have unit-cell parameters a = 62.15, b = 91.14, c = 108.46 A, alpha = 90.78, beta = 106.31, gamma = 86.91 degrees; type B crystals are monoclinic with a nearly hexagonal topology, with unit-cell parameters a = 116.11, b = 225.55, c = 116.06 A, beta = 119.89 degrees, and belong to space group P2(1). Diffraction data were collected to a resolution of 1.97 A at a synchrotron facility from type A crystals and to 2.65 A on an in-house rotating-anode generator from type B crystals. Whereas the triclinic crystal reveals monomeric lip2, the monoclinic crystal contains dimeric lip2.

Field of study: Chemistry
Fiscal Policies and the Institution of a Tax State in Anglo‐Saxon England within a Comparative Context

This article begins by noting that military revolutions and civil wars in early modern Europe provide an unduly narrow framework for understanding the transition from a domain to a tax state. Taking Anglo‐Saxon England as a case study, it is suggested that political restrictions led to the establishment of direct and indirect taxation, thereby providing rulers with revenues which surpassed those from domain resources. The main section of the article uses sources from coinage and wills to poetry and letters in order to give a general idea of the chronological development of a medieval tax state. This analysis challenges the views of the new fiscal historians, who argue that a collapse in a medieval domain state acts as the precondition for the emergence of a tax state. Instead, this article suggests that new policies arose because of the need of Anglo‐Saxon kings and their advisers to take account of the requirements of ecclesiastical authorities, as well as a heavy revenue imperative, in paying for resistance against the Vikings. The article ends with a discussion of the comparative applications of the contexts and catalysts which lead to the adoption of pioneering fiscal policies.

Field of study: Economics, History
SUPLEMENTAÇÃO DE CREATINA E SEUS EFEITOS SOBRE O DESEMPENHO EM EXERCÍCIOS CONTÍNUOS E INTERMITENTES DE ALTA INTENSIDADE

A presente revisao teve como objetivo verificar os efeitos da suplementacao de Cr sobre o desempenho em exercicios continuos e intermitente de curta duracao e alta intensidade, relatando resultados de estudos publicados nos ultimos 19 anos. Na maioria dos estudos, os resultados demonstram a eficacia da suplementacao de Cr como recurso ergogenico para melhorar o desempenho em exercicios continuos de curta duracao e alta intensidade e exercicios intermitentes de alta intensidade. Alguns resultados controversos podem ser atribuidos a questoes como o ganho de massa corporal, elevando a carga a ser deslocada no caso de modalidades envolvendo corrida, numero insuficiente de participantes, reduzindo o poder estatistico da amostra e a presenca de nao respondentes.

Field of study: Education