nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Das Absorptionsspektrum des NH

ZusammenfassungIn einer früheren Arbeit wurde über Versuche berichtet, die Bande λ 3360 von NH in Absorption zu erhalten. Dieselbe Bande ist hier in großer Dispersion (0,9 Å/mm) aufgenommen worden, was eine bedeutende Erweiterung der Analyse gegen niedrige Rotationsniveaus ermöglicht. Dadurch wird es möglich, die Λ-Aufspaltung genauer zu studieren. Die Kurven scheinen anzudeuten, daß nicht nur3Π0, sondern auch3Π1 im rotationslosen Zustande aufgespalten ist. Dasselbe scheint auch für das isoelektronische Molekül OH+ der Fall zu sein. Es wird ein Vergleich zwischen NH und OH+ angestellt. Im Zusammenhang damit werden die Molekülgrößen re und ωe der bekannten ionisierten Hydride mit denselben Größen für die entsprechenden isoelektronischen neutralen Hydride verglichen, und die Gleichgewichtslage des Wasserstoffkerns im Verhältnis zu dem Metallatom diskutiert.

Field of study: Physics
Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Unfolded Protein Response Was Induced During the Early Stage of Burkholderia pseudomallei Infection in A549 Cells

Burkholderia pseudomallei is a zoonotic pathogen that usually affects patients' lungs and causes serious melioidosis. The interaction of B. pseudomallei with its hosts is complex, and cellular response to B. pseudomallei infection in humans still remains to be elucidated. In this study, transcriptomic profiling of B. pseudomallei-infected human lung epithelial A549 cells was performed to characterize the cellular response dynamics during the early infection (EI) stage. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analyses were performed by using the online databases DAVID 6.8 and KOBAS 3.0. Real-time quantitative PCR and western blot were used for validation experiments. Compared with the negative control group (NC), a set of 36 common genes varied over time with a cut-off level of 1.5-fold change, and a P-value < 0.05 was identified. Bioinformatics analysis indicated that the PERK-mediated unfolded protein response (UPR) was enriched as the most noteworthy biological process category, which was enriched as a branch of UPR in the signaling pathway of protein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum. Other categories, such as inflammatory responses, cell migration, and apoptosis, were also focused. The molecular chaperone Bip (GRP78), PERK, and PERK sensor-dependent phosphorylation of eIF2α (p-eIF2α) and ATF4 were verified to be increasing over time during the EI stage, suggesting that B. pseudomallei infection activated the PERK-mediated UPR in A549 cells. Collectively, these results provide important initial insights into the intimate interaction between B. pseudomallei and lung epithelial cells, which can be further explored toward the elucidation of the cellular mechanisms of B. pseudomallei infections in humans.

Field of study: Biology
Association between work in deforested, compared to forested, areas and human heat strain: An experimental study in a rural tropical environment.

With climate change, adverse human health effects caused by heat exposure are of increasing public health concern. Forests provide beneficial ecosystem services for human health, including local cooling. Few studies have assessed the relationship between deforestation and heat-related health effects in tropical, rural populations. We sought to determine whether deforested compared to forested landscapes are associated with increased physiological heat strain in a rural, tropical environment.



We analyzed data from 363 healthy adult participants from ten villages who participated in a two-by-two factorial, randomized study in East Kalimantan, Indonesia from 10/1/17 to 11/6/17. Using simple randomization, field staff allocated participants equally to different conditions to conduct a 90-minute outdoor activity, representative of typical work. Core body temperature was estimated at each minute during the activity using a validated algorithm from baseline oral temperatures and sequential heart rate data, measured using chest band monitors. We used linear regression models, clustered by village and with a sandwich variance estimator, to assess the association between deforested versus forested conditions and the number of minutes each participant spent above an estimated core body temperature threshold of 38.5°C.



Compared to those in the forested condition (n=172), participants in the deforested condition (n=159) spent an average of 3.08 (95% CI 0.57, 5.60) additional minutes with an estimated core body temperature exceeding 38.5°C, after adjustment for age, sex, body mass index, and experiment start time, with a larger difference among those who began the experiment after 12 noon (5.17 [95% CI 2.20, 8.15]).



In this experimental study in a tropical, rural setting, activity in a deforested versus a forested setting was associated with increased objectively measured heat strain. Longer durations of hyperthermia can increase the risk of serious health outcomes. Land use decisions should consider the implications of deforestation on local heat exposure and health as well as on forest services, including carbon storage functions that impact climate change mitigation.

Field of study: Environmental science
Orthogonal projections and the dynamics of constrained mechanical systems

A coordinate-free version of the approach to mechanical systems with non-ideal restrictions developed by Udwadia (2002) and Udwadia and Kalaba (2002) in a series of articles is introduced. Some of its properties are then reinterpreted in a general geometric setting in terms of orthogonal projections. A geometric view of other aspects of constrained systems, inspired by their insight, is also presented.

Field of study: Mathematics
MECHANICAL ANALYSIS OF THE SOLE PLATE OF SEMI-RIGID LIGHT STEEL COLUMN FOOTINGS BASED ON WINKLER MODEL OF ELASTIC FOUNDATION BEAMS

To calculate the pressure distribution on the sole plate of semi-rigid light steel column footings, the analytical formulation of deflection of beams with free ends resting on elastic foundations under arbitrary concentrated loads and trapezoidal loads was derived. The derivation, using the software package Maple, was based on the Winkler model of elastic foundation beams with the associated initial parameter expressions of deformation and internal forces. The sole plate of semi-rigid square steel tube column footings was simplified as an elastic foundation beam supported by concrete foundations. A mechanical model of the sole plate under eccentric loading was proposed, and the analytical solution of pressure distribution on the sole plate was obtained. Results from the analytical solution were compared against numerical simulations with a satisfactory level of agreement. The calculated pressure distribution on the sole plate was noted to differ greatly from the commonly- recognised linear distribution, which overestimates the stiffness of semi-rigid column footings. The findings from this study are expected to provide guidelines to the design of semi-rigid light steel column footings.

Field of study: Engineering
The Development of a Polymer Composite Filament for Thermo-sensitive Applications

A type of smart thermochromic filament has been developed, composed of 35% UMB Blue and 65% polypropylene. It was able to change colour between white and blue depending on the temperature. A set of examinations including DSC, SEM, XRD, FTIR and tensile strength test, has been carried out to study the properties of the smart filament. The successful development of the thermochromic filament will enable textile based smart products to be developed for applications where the effect can be indicated by the change of colour.

Field of study: Materials science
Tyrosine hydroxylase mRNA-containing neurons in the medial amygdaloid nucleus and the reticular nucleus of the thalamus in the Syrian hamster.

To confirm previous immunocytochemical findings in colchicine-treated Syrian hamsters, in situ hybridization was used to investigate the distribution of TH mRNA-containing cells in the medial amygdaloid nucleus (Me) and the thalamic reticular nucleus (Rt) of untreated hamsters. TH mRNA-producing neurons were observed in anterior and posterior Me and throughout Rt, similar to the distribution of TH-immunostained cells in these areas of animals receiving colchicine. These data confirm that TH is normally produced in amygdaloid and thalamic cell groups which lie outside the classical catecholamine systems.

Field of study: Biology
SPECIFYING SAMPLE MASSES FOR GRAVIMETRIC TESTING PROCEDURES

Gravimetric testing procedures often do not specify sample masses; frequently only minimum sample masses are required. If variations in sample mass occur, then the standard n-weighted sample mean is a nonoptimal estimate of the population mean, and the standard (n-l)-weighted sample variance, S2, is a biased estimate of the population variance. The standard statistical assumption that observations are identically distributed random variables is violated. Different methods of specifying sample mass result in different probability distributions for sample mass. It is shown that when a minimum sample mass is specified, the distribution of sample masses can follow a gamma distribution. When a sample mass is specified along with an allowable deviation, a number of distributions are possible including uniform and normal distributions. Theoretical expressions for the bias of S2 are derived for the gamma distribution and uniform distribution. These expressions are used to demonstrate the magnitude of errors that can occur in the estimation of variance. It is recommended that gravimetric testing procedures should specify a standard sample mass target in conjunction with allowable deviations from that designated value.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Deterministic Completion of Rectangular Matrices Using Ramanujan Bigraphs - II: Explicit Constructions and Phase Transitions

Matrix completion is a part of compressed sensing, and refers to determining an unknown low-rank matrix from a relatively small number of samples of the elements of the matrix. The problem has applications in recommendation engines, sensor localization, quantum tomography etc. In a companion paper (Part-1), the first and second author showed that it is possible to guarantee exact completion of an unknown low rank matrix, if the sample set corresponds to the edge set of a Ramanujan bigraph. In this paper, we present for the first time an infinite family of unbalanced Ramanujan bigraphs with explicitly constructed biadjacency matrices. In addition, we also show how to construct the adjacency matrices for the currently available families of Ramanujan graphs. In an attempt to determine how close the sufficient condition presented in Part-1 is to being necessary, we carried out numerical simulations of nuclear norm minimization on randomly generated low-rank matrices. The results revealed several noteworthy points, the most interesting of which is the existence of a phase transition. For square matrices, the maximum rank $\bar{r}$ for which nuclear norm minimization correctly completes all low-rank matrices is approximately $\bar{r} \approx d/3$, where $d$ is the degree of the Ramanujan graph. This upper limit appears to be independent of the specific family of Ramanujan graphs. The percentage of low-rank matrices that are recovered changes from 100% to 0% if the rank is increased by just two beyond $\bar{r}$. Again, this phenomenon appears to be independent of the specific family of Ramanujan graphs.

Field of study: Computer science
Seasonal Variation in the Absorption of Solar Radiation by Atmospheric Ozone at 9.6 Microns

A record is presented of the absorption of solar radiation by atmospheric ozone in the interval 9.2 – 10.1 microns. Seventy-two independent observations made on seventy days are scattered over the various months of the year. The data are suitable for a first examination of the seasonal trend of stratospheric ozone as revealed by an infrared band. The absorptions are reduced to a quantity proportional to the amount of ozone, and the curve of seasonal change in this quantity is strikingly similar to the seasonal trend in ozone as revealed by the long accepted method of ultraviolet absorption. This further usefulness of the 9.6 micron band of ozone as an atmospheric parameter is thus established.

Field of study: Environmental science
Model for the radiation degradation of polycrystalline silicon films

The degradation of polycrystalline silicon (Poly-Si) films, subjected to 20-MeV alpha-ray irradiation, is studied. To investigate the radiation source dependence, 20-MeV proton and 1-MeV electron irradiation have been performed as well. The damage of alpha-rays is one and three orders of magnitude larger than for protons and electrons. The radiation source dependence of the performance degradation is attributed to the difference of mass and the probability of nuclear collisions for the formation of lattice defects. It is concluded that the combination of the induced lattice defects in the grain itself and the interface state density at its boundary are mainly responsible for the degradation of the Poly-Si films by high-energy particle irradiation. The degradation of the Poly-Si films can also be explained by a finite grain-bulk dynamic resistance r/sub c/ and a large-barrier dynamic resistance r/sub SCR/ based on the Schottky barrier diode degradation mechanism.

Field of study: Physics
Comprehensive DFT Study on Site‐, Regio‐, and Stereoselectivity of Diels–Alder Reactions Leading to 5‐Hydroxybenzofurans

Diels–Alder reactions between the substituted furans 1a–1c and Danishefsky's diene (2), yielding 5-hydroxybenzofurans, were studied by density functional theory [B3LYP/6-31G(d) level] in benzene as solvent (SP/CPCM). The mechanistic details of these reactions, especially with respect to regio-, site-, and stereochemistry were analyzed in detail. Moreover, the extrusion of nitrous acid from the Diels–Alder cycloadducts and the formation of the aromatic products were also explained in order to give a total description of the complete domino processes.

Field of study: Chemistry
Correlation between mixed lymphocyte culture and phytohaemagglutinin stimulation responses of human lymphocytes.

In fifty-seven healthy individuals a significant correlation ( r = 0.3, P < 0.05) has been found between responses of their lymphocytes to stimulation by PHA and by pooled lymphocytes in MLC. It is suggested that these tests quantitate the general status of T cell reactivity of individuals, and may be used in conjunction with the results of other tests for T cell parameters, in a transplant programme to predict favourable outcome and to monitor immunosuppressive therapy.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Latin American Development: What About the State, Conflict and Power?

Several authors have raised the similarities between Latin American structuralism and economic institutionalism, pointing out the possibilities of reciprocal enrichment between both approaches but highlighting, at the same time, the mutual ignorance between them. However, the eventual interaction between these theories was hampered by the advent of the neoclassical—and neoliberal—offensive, and the displacement of Latin American contributions, both in its structuralist and dependency variants. The replacement of these contributions by the neo-structuralist approach implied a displacement of the characteristics of original structuralism, associated with the conception of central-peripheral economies, and the central role of the state for Latin American development. These displacements, I argue, limited the possibility of finding the means to achieve the so-called social transformation, to which institutionalists and structuralists referred. The present article tries, on the one hand, to critically analyze the neo-structuralist discourse, evaluating how these displacements affect the possibility of proposing a structural transformation in Latin America (led by the state). On the other hand, it seeks to recover the dimensions associated with power, conflict and the centrality of the state to rethink the challenges of structural transformation, from which articulations between structuralism and institutionalism could be proposed.

Field of study: Economics
Ocean and coastal issues and policy responses in the Caribbean

The Paper presents the regional perspective on the conditions and efforts for the integrated coastal management (ICM) that exist in the Wider Caribbean Region (WCR). The Caribbean Action Plan was adopted in 1981 with an initial workplan of activities of evaluation and control of marine pollution, evaluation of impacts on the coastal area, fishing studies, watershed management, evaluation of natural hazard effects, energy accounting systems studies, urbanisation of the coastal area, building capacity and training. The Convention for the Protection and Development of the Marine Environment of the WCR is the only regional legal framework for the protection and sustainable development of marine resources. The Paper describes some region-wide ICM-related programme initiated or supported by the CEP as well as actions at the national level. Other ICM-related general activities and training programmes of CEP are also presented. Trends in national policies in ICM and current developments and issues are also highlighted and recommendations made.

Field of study: Environmental science
Purification and characterization of Lip2 and Lip3 isoenzymes from a Candida rugosa pilot-plant scale fed-batch fermentation.

Previous purification of a crude extracellular enzyme preparation from Candida rugosa ATCC 14830 pilot-plant fed-batch fermentations showed the presence of two lipase isoenzymes, Lip2 and Lip3, differing in their molecular masses (58 and 62 kDa, respectively). These enzymes were purified but the lipases were forming active aggregates with a molecular mass higher than 200 kDa. In this work we developed a purification method following three steps: ammonium sulfate precipitation, sodium cholate treatment and ethanol/ether precipitation, and anion exchange chromatography which allowed the sequential disaggregation of the isoenzymes. Pure and monomeric Lip2 and Lip3 were characterized according to pI, glycosylation and activity for p-nitrophenol esters and triacylglycerols of varying acyl chain. Lip3 was the best catalyst for the hydrolysis of the simple esters and triacylglycerols with short and medium acyl chains.

Field of study: Biology, Engineering
Regular Redescending Rank Estimates

A study is made of some unusual location estimates first proposed in 1977 by J. S. Maritz, M. Wu, and R. G. Staudte, Jr., who established some strong robustness properties of these estimates, such as redescending influence functions and, in some cases, full efficiency at the Cauchy model. It is further shown here that the estimates, called M-W-S estimates, are derivable from a rank-based scheme founded on convex functions and hence are regular, are unique, and have associated tests and confidence intervals. The tests belong to a family of signed-rank-type tests, and their distributions have nice combinatorial properties. It is not the case, therefore, that a redescending influence function need imply all the computational irregularities possessed by redescending M estimates. In addition, M-W-S estimates are shown to have breakdown point of .5, a very strong robustness property.

Field of study: Mathematics
Understanding Relationship between Milestone and Decision-Making in Project Management: A Qualitative Study among Project Managers in Saudi Arabia

Despite the importance of milestone as a key knowledge in project management, there has been lack of research to understand the relationship between milestones and decision-making. This paper presents a pragmatic research context that aims understanding the nature of milestones and their relationship with different decision-making structures and responsibilities across projects. Data were collected through 14 semi-structured interviews with project managers and analyzed using thematic analysis. The findings explore the concepts of project milestones among project managers in Saudi Arabia. The paper finds that there is a relationship between milestones and the impact on decision-making.

Field of study: Business
Quality-oriented education:one of the great successes in Chinese education thoughts over 30 years of reform and opening up

Quality-oriented education is an important decision made by party and state as well as Chinese characteristic educational idea and mode produced in 30 years of reform and opening up.The basic task of education focuses on improving national quality,so educational essence lies in quality-oriented education.Quality-oriented education and cultural quality education which inherit and carry forward outstanding educational conception and tradition,and learn and absorb overseas advanced educational ideas and experiences,are the product of constant exploration,summary and development in teaching reform and practice.Cultural quality education,innovation of localization in Chinese higher education,has become the organic part of talent cultivation in higher education institutions,it is a good example to carry out cultural quality education in HUST.

Field of study: Education
Introduction to TSS Special Section: Social Studies Standardized Testing—Helpful or Harmful?

he hot issue in the minds of today’s T social studies teachers is standardized testing. Although most national and state professional social studies organizations have strongly supported the standards and standardized testing movemcnt, many rank and file social studies teachers have opposed the movenicnt with words and actions. Across the country, teachers opposed to standarcli/,ed testing voice the same objections :

Field of study: Sociology
Using the Knowledge-and-Appraisal Personality Architecture to Predict Self-Efficacy within Individual Persons

The knowledge-and-appraisal personality architecture has potential as a theoretical framework for understanding the formation of self-efficacy in individuals. Two patterns were observed within 14 of 17 individual persons: a pattern of strong self-efficacy was displayed across outdoor recreation activities for which a self-descriptive attribute was viewed as an asset to successful performances, and a pattern of relatively weak self-efficacy was observed across outdoor recreation activities for which the same attribute was considered a hindrance to performances. Although the theory predicts self-efficacy within individuals, more research is needed to assess why the theory is not accurate in all cases.

Field of study: Psychology
Race, Color-Blind Racial Attitudes, and Judgments About Mental Health: A Shifting Standards Perspective.

A fictitious counseling center intake report was given to a sample of 158 White graduate students in counseling and clinical psychology to examine the impact of reported client race (Black or White) on perceptions of clients' symptom severity. As predicted by the shifting standards model of social judgment (M. Biernat, M. Manis, & T. E. Nelson, 1991), participants judged the Black target to be significantly less symptomatic than the White target. After controlling for social desirability (measured as motivation to respond without prejudice; E. A. Plant & P. G. Devine, 1998), a significant interaction effect showed that color-blind racial attitudes (H. A. Neville, R. L. Lilly, G. Duran, R. M. Lee, & L. Browne, 2000) were positively related to symptom perception for the Black target but not the White target. The shift in assessment (rating the Black target more favorably than an identical White target) was more evident for participants with lower levels of color-blind attitudes. Implications for counseling and future research are discussed.

Field of study: Psychology