nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
A review on advancement in non-noble metal based oxides as bifunctional catalysts for rechargeable non-aqueous Li/air battery

Rechargeable non-aqueous Li/air battery is considered as a better alternative for Li-ion batteries for electric vehicle and large-scale energy storage because of its high theoretical energy density, ~ 11,400 Wh kg− 1, close to that of fossil fuel, gasoline (13,000 Wh kg− 1). However, the exorbitant over voltage mainly caused by sluggish Oxygen Reduction Reaction (ORR) and Oxygen Evolution Reaction (OER) impedes the extraction of full potential of Li/air system. Essentially Li/air system needs bifunctional catalyst to enhance the rate of both OER and ORR. The formation of insoluble discharge product, oxides of Li and decomposition of non-aqueous electrolytes complicate the mechanism of ORR/OER and hence finding an effective catalyst for non-aqueous Li/air system is a challenging task. Even the catalytic activity of well-known catalysts for ORR/OER of aqueous system could not be translated to non-aqueous Li/air system. Different kind of materials like noble metals, non-noble metals and their oxides as well as carbon based materials have been investigated for their bifunctional catalytic activity in non-aqueous Li/air system. In this context, this paper presents the overview of advancement in bifunctional low-cost non-noble transition metal oxides based catalysts for non-aqueous Li/air battery.

Field of study: Materials science
Crossing the Threshold from Adolescence to Adulthood in Eighteenth-Century Puerto Rico: The Baptismal Sponsorship of Enslaved Infants in Arecibo, 1735–1772

This study examines godparent selection patterns by the parents of 632 slaves baptized in Arecibo, Puerto Rico, from 1735 to 1772. The article broadens our understanding of baptismal sponsorship by using family reconstitution to re-create demographic patterns of behavior, including age and marital status, associated with godparenthood. Data regarding the godparents revealed considerable diversity in age, but most were under the age of 30. Godparents generally sponsored only one child of a slave parent or parents. There is a correlation between baptismal sponsorship and marriage. Godparents, especially women, often married within three years of the first time they were selected as baptismal sponsors. Serving as a godparent for a child born to at least one slave parent prepared adolescents for adult responsibilities. In agreeing to accept the spiritual and moral obligations associated with godparenthood, females demonstrated the ability to parent children, whereas males asserted their readiness to provide for a family.

Field of study: History
A conceptual model and research agenda for bidding, planning and delivering Major sport events that lever human rights

In this conceptual article, the authors propose a framework for how progressive human rights outcomes may be obtained in the context of bidding, planning and implementing major sport events (MSEs) through the implementation of four pathways, including good governance, the democratic participation of stakeholders, the formalisation of human rights agendas and the deployment of sensitive urban development. The authors argue that there is a need for adherence to internationally recognised standards, such as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the United Nations Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights if rhetorical statements from MSE awarding bodies and host organisers are to be accountable to a wider set of actors. If researchers and practitioners want to address some of the critical issues related to human rights and MSEs, it is imperative that key actors working in the rights sphere are involved in shaping the research agenda and monitoring its implementation. Academics need to take a proactive approach aimed at achieving both theoretically grounded and practically relevant solutions, with engagement occurring over an extended period of time. This approach, avowedly political and concerned with genuine action, is a key way in which MSE stakeholders can be held to account for their actions in regard to human rights.

Field of study: Sociology
Benjamin Franklin and the Invention of Microfinance. By Bruce H. Yenawine

Academic writing on Benjamin Franklin has recently burgeoned into what some have called “Franklin studies,” with two volumes of scholarly essays (one published, another on the way) and monographs focusing on his contributions to science, philosophy, and letters, among other subjects. Because of a strange twist of fate, Bruce Yenawine’s useful and interesting contribution both predates and comes at the crest of this rising wave. Just published in Pickering & Chatto’s Financial History series, it is an edited but not significantly updated version of his 1995 dissertation, completed two years before his death.

Field of study: History
Evolution of a Plutonic Complex, Okanogan Range, Washington

Plutonic events in the Toats Coulee Creek region of the Okanogan Range, Washington, are mainly determined by a textural and structural study of the rocks, although several genetic relationships between plutons are based on chemical data. Several isotopic dates have confirmed relative ages determined by geologic means and provide an approximate picture of the distribution of the periods of tectonism, metamorphism, plutonism, and erosion in the Mesozoic Era. Late Triassic major orogeny resulted in Barrovian (?) regional dynamotnermal metamorphism of Permian (?) eugeosynclinal sediments and volcanics to various quartzose, pelitic, and calcareous schists and amphibolites. The Chopaka gabbroic and ultramafic intrusives and the earliest member of the granitic Toats Coulee Magma Series were involved in this metamorphism at the present relative level with respect to the metamorphic unit, and were converted into a variety of gneisses. The mafic and ultramafic portions of the Chopaka Intrusive Complex were emplaced together sometime between the Permian and Late Triassic. Emplacement of large discordant members of the Toats Coulee Magma Series (new name) represents a loss of continuity in the regional metamorphic belt and a culmination of Late Triassic erogenic events. Following a period of major erosion, plutons of the Horseshoe Basin Magma Series were emplaced at much shallower depths in the Early to Middle Cretaceous. Widespread, but only locally intense, tectonic activity at this time resulted in deformation of the older rock assemblage, converting portions of some Toats Coulee series plutons into cataclastic gneisses and providing structural weaknesses into which members of the younger series intruded. Injection of some of these magmas into zones of active cataclasis and recrystallization produced hybrid gneisses that are partly migmatitic. The leucocratic gneiss member of the series, correlating with the Boulder Creek Gneiss, is characterized by schlieren-like distribution of mafic minerals and textures that are not typically magmatic, and may be a result of simultaneous intrusion and crystallization of magma nearing a “minimum” composition. Such a gneiss-forming process is believed to be consistent with shallow emplacement and with proximity to the unmetamorphosed Methow-Pasayten Cretaceous sedimentary rocks to the west. The Horseshoe Basin Magma Series, including the leucocratic gneisses, is Early to Middle Cretaceous, which points to a period of nearly simultaneous erosion, sedimentation, and pluton emplacement.

Field of study: Geology
A Formal Foundation for Secure Remote Execution of Enclaves

Recent proposals for trusted hardware platforms, such as Intel SGX and the MIT Sanctum processor, offer compelling security features but lack formal guarantees. We introduce a verification methodology based on a trusted abstract platform (TAP), a formalization of idealized enclave platforms along with a parameterized adversary. We also formalize the notion of secure remote execution and present machine-checked proofs showing that the TAP satisfies the three key security properties that entail secure remote execution: integrity, confidentiality and secure measurement. We then present machine-checked proofs showing that SGX and Sanctum are refinements of the TAP under certain parameterizations of the adversary, demonstrating that these systems implement secure enclaves for the stated adversary models.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Response of electricity sector air pollution emissions to drought conditions in the western United States

Water is needed for hydroelectric generation and to cool thermoelectric power plants. This dependence on water makes electricity generation vulnerable to droughts. Furthermore, because power sector CO2 emissions amount to approximately one third of total US emissions, droughts could influence the inter-annual variability of state- and national-scale emissions. However, the magnitude of drought-induced changes in power sector emissions is not well understood, especially in the context of climate mitigation policies. Using multivariate linear regressions, we find that droughts are positively correlated to increases in electricity generation from natural gas in California, Idaho, Oregon, and Washington; and from coal in Colorado, Montana, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. Using a statistical model, we estimate that this shift in generation sources led to total increases in regional emissions of 100 Mt of CO2, 45 kt of SO2, and 57 kt of NO x from 2001 to 2015, most of which originated in California, Oregon, Washington, and Wyoming. The CO2 emissions induced by droughts in California, Idaho, Oregon, and Washington amounted to 7%–12% of the total CO2 emissions from their respective power sectors, and the yearly rates were 8%–15% of their respective 2030 yearly targets outlined in the Clean Power Plan (CPP). Although there is uncertainty surrounding the CPP, its targets provide appropriate reference points for climate mitigation goals for the power sector. Given the global importance of hydroelectric and thermoelectric power, our results represent a critical step in quantifying the impact of drought on pollutant emissions from the power sector—and thus on mitigation targets—in other regions of the world.

Field of study: Environmental science
Efficacy of the complex drug cytoflavin in the treatment of consequences of mild brain injury

: Sixty outpatients, aged 18-50 years, with mild cranial-brain trauma (brain concussion, mild brain injury), occurred 21-180 days before the enrollment in the study, were examined. Patients of the main group received cytoflavin in dose 425 mg, 2 tablets twice a day during 25 days, patients of the control group received aminalon in dose 500 mg, 2 tablets 3 times a day during 25 days. The therapeutic efficacy was assessed on days 1, 30 and 60 with the battery of neuropsychological scales. The efficacy and safety of cytoflavin in the monotherapy of patients with remote consequences of mild cranial-brain trauma was shown. The effect of cytoflavin was developed significantly more rapidly compared to aminalon. There were positive changes on scales of pain severity, psychoemotional disorders (anxiety, depression, asthenia), sleep quality, autonomic dysfunctions as well as in the performance on neurocognitive tests assessing memory, sustained attention, information processing speed, productivity. The duration of using analgesics and sedatives as add-on drugs was reduced significantly. The drug remained effective till the 60th day after the 30 day withdrawal. Side-effects of cytoflavin (the short-term rise of arterial pressure, insomnia and abdominalgia) did not last long and no additional treatment, withdrawal or reduction of cytoflavin dose was needed.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Effect of Cooling Rate on Microstructural Homogeneity 
and Grain Size of n-Type Si-Ge Thermoelectric Alloy 
by Melt Spinning

Abstractn-Type Si-Ge thermoelectric alloys were prepared using a melt spinning (MS) process, and then the microstructures of the samples were investigated. The alloys studied were ribbon shaped with a thickness of about 30 μm. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) along with energy-dispersive spectrometry (EDS) and x-ray diffraction (XRD) showed a predictable, homogeneous, fine-grained microstructure at the high cooling rate, different from those of samples created by slow solidification (SS).

Field of study: Materials science
Structural Dynamic Frequency Response Using Combined Direct and Adjoint Reduced-Order Approximations

A second-order combined approximate-direct/approximate-adjoint method for efficient reduced-order calculation of frequency response in structural dynamics is presented. The method is design oriented. It focuses not only on the response itself (in the form of displacements and, especially, stresses) but also on sensitivities of the response with respect to structural design variables. Comparisons of approximate results obtained by mode-displacement order reduction, reduced-order adjoint solutions based on Ritz vectors, and the second-order approximate method demonstrate the accuracy of the second-order method, and provide lessons that suggest directions for future research.

Field of study: Physics
Estimating dispersion and flushing time-scales in a coastal zone: application to the Plymouth area

Salinity measurements and modelled salinity and solute-tracer distributions are presented that are used to compute flushing time-scales for fresh water and for point-source tracer solute in the Plymouth coastal zone. A depth-averaged hydrodynamic model is used to compute tidal currents, and salinity is simulated in order to simultaneously provide depth-averaged density-driven currents. Flushing time-scales are initially computed for fresh water in the Plymouth Sound using measured salinity data (2.5 days) and are subsequently also estimated using the model (2.0 days). Model results illustrate the complexity of simulated point-source tracer distributions, which is largely a consequence of the spatial complexity of tidal and density-driven current patterns. Flushing time-scales for tracer and fresh water depend on location and the sea sub-region considered. Freshwater flushing time-scales, simulated for constant neap tide, mean tide and spring tide conditions and subject to a constant, annual-mean rate of freshwater input, vary from 6.5 to 13.5 days and are larger with increasing volumes of sea sub-region. Greater quantities of fresh waters are retained during neap tides and flushing time-scales are longer than during spring or mean tides. Solute tracer flushing time-scales, which are proportional to retained mass of solute and vary from 3 to 6.5 days when salinity (density-driven flow) is incorporated, and 2.5 to >15 days when it is not, also show longer and shorter flushing time-scales during neap and spring tides, respectively. The influence of salinity is dependent on point-source location.

Field of study: Environmental science
A Synthetic Approach to Asymmetric Phthalocyanines with Peripheral Metal‐Binding Sites

A phthalonitrile derivative 1, functionalized with two pyridyl groups, undergoes a cyclotetramerization reaction to afford the symmetric metal-free phthalocyanine 2 with peripheral metal-binding sites. In view of its insufficient solubility in organic solvents, a synthetic route to asymmetric peripherally octasubstituted Pcs, which contain a combination of 2,3-di(2-pyridyl)pyrazino and p-pentylphenoxy or p-(tert-butyl)phenoxy substituent groups, has been developed. The compounds 5–9 were synthesized by a statistical condensation reaction between two different phthalonitriles, and remarkably, all of them have been isolated and characterized as single compounds. For structural characterization, an X-ray study of the asymmetric Zn phthalocyanine 11 is given.

Field of study: Chemistry
Geology of Parts of Texas, Indian Territory and Arkansas adjacent to Red River

Comprehensive Position of the Region geologically. Although Red river is one of the most important of the western rivers, its adjacent territory has not been thoroughly explored or surveyed. In 1852 Marcy’s expedition reached the river at Preston, near the western border of the region discussed in this paper, and proceeded from thence westward to the headwaters of the stream. Its lower portion, east of the Texas-Louisiana line, has been reported upon by various engineers as to its navigability. The medial portion between these points has not been seriously studied, and little has been written upon the geology of the adjoining country. La Salle, De Soto and other early pioneers crossed this portion of the river previous to the present century. Here Nuttall botanized, and Catlin painted some of his most interesting portraits of Indian life. The only early pioneer geologists who touched the area were Dr G. G. Shumard . . .

Field of study: Geology
Experimental Study of the Production of Eta Mesons and Kaons in Cu + Au Interactions at 200 GeV

The first traces of the formation of strongly interacting quark–gluon plasma (sQGP) were found in central collisions of heavy nuclei (A + A) in experiments on the RHIC collider. The quenching of hadron jets, which is seen as a reduction in the yield of particles in A + A collisions relative to their yield in proton–proton collisions, is one observable sign of sQGP formation. Asymmetrical Cu + Au collisions at 200 GeV, which are characterized by a distinct geometry of nucleus overlap that differs from the geometry in symmetrical collision systems (Au + Au or Cu + Cu), are of special interest in systematic studies of the quenching of hadron jets. The results are presented from measuring invariant transverse-momentum spectra and nuclear modification factors of mesons containing strange quarks in Cu + Au collisions at 200 GeV.

Field of study: Physics
Transfer assessment of carbendazim residues from rapeseed to oil production determined by HPLC–MS/MS

It is crucial to develop practical procedures for the control and reduction of pesticide residues in oil productions from farm to dining table. In this study, the dissipation behaviors of typical fungicide from rapeseed to oil production were studied to reveal relationship among spraying stage, application dosage, household oil processing stage, and pesticide residues. In the field trials, rape plants were sprayed with carbendazim at three different dosages during flowering period. Transfer assessment of carbendazim residues from rapeseed to oil production during household oil processing via different press techniques was determined using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC–MS/MS). The recoveries of carbendazim in rapeseed samples, meals after squeezing samples, and rapeseed oil samples ranged from 82.5% to 93.6% with relative standard deviations (RSDs) ＜5.2%. The validation results illustrated that the methods were reliable and sensitive. The average processing factor (PF) during household oil processing via hot press technique and cold press technique was 0.15 and 0.51, respectively. This study demonstrated that household oil processing could significantly reduce the pesticide residues, especially by hot press technique.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Model-based clustering in very high dimensions via adaptive projections

Mixture models are a standard approach to dealing with heterogeneous data with non-i.i.d. structure. However, when the dimension $p$ is large relative to sample size $n$ and where either or both of means and covariances/graphical models may differ between the latent groups, mixture models face statistical and computational difficulties and currently available methods cannot realistically go beyond $p \! \sim \! 10^4$ or so. We propose an approach called Model-based Clustering via Adaptive Projections (MCAP). Instead of estimating mixtures in the original space, we work with a low-dimensional representation obtained by linear projection. The projection dimension itself plays an important role and governs a type of bias-variance tradeoff with respect to recovery of the relevant signals. MCAP sets the projection dimension automatically in a data-adaptive manner, using a proxy for the assignment risk. Combining a full covariance formulation with the adaptive projection allows detection of both mean and covariance signals in very high dimensional problems. We show real-data examples in which covariance signals are reliably detected in problems with $p \! \sim \! 10^4$ or more, and simulations going up to $p = 10^6$. In some examples, MCAP performs well even when the mean signal is entirely removed, leaving differential covariance structure in the high-dimensional space as the only signal. Across a number of regimes, MCAP performs as well or better than a range of existing methods, including a recently-proposed $\ell_1$-penalized approach; and performance remains broadly stable with increasing dimension. MCAP can be run "out of the box" and is fast enough for interactive use on large-$p$ problems using standard desktop computing resources.

Field of study: Computer science
POSTURAL CONTROL IN ATHLETES WITH DIFFERENT DEGREES OF VISUAL IMPAIRMENT

The aim of this study was to describe postural control in athletes with different degrees of visual impairment in erect semistatic position and verify whether it differs with sport modalities. Twenty-two athletes with total loss of vision (functional classification B1) and 17 with partial loss of vision (functional classification B2 and B3) were included in this cross-sectional study. Their sport modalities were judo (n = 17), goalball (n = 12) and five-a-side football (n=10). Postural control was investigated on a force platform with athletes in bipedal stance with eyes closed and blindfolded. The elliptical area of 95% confidence interval (mm) and the mean displacement velocity (mm/s) were calculated. Athletes with total loss of vision presented smaller oscillation area values (p = 0.02) when compared to athletes with partial loss of vision. Considering sport modality, five-a-side athletes were found to present the best postural control. Moreover, goalball athletes oscillated less and presented a lower mean displacement velocity in relation to judoists. The differences found in postural control in visually impaired athletes seem to be associated with the degree of loss of vision and specificities of each sport modality.

Field of study: Education
Further studies of hippocampal representation during odor discrimination learning.

The contribution of hippocampal and nonhippocampal memory processing to simultaneous-cue odor discrimination learning was assessed. In this task, rats with hippocampal system damage consequent to fornix lesions (fornix rats) were severely and persistently impaired in discrimination learning, acquisition of learning set, and concurrent discrimination, although they occasionally solved some problems at a normal rate. By using those problems on which fornix rats succeeded, to permit comparisons of performance strategies with normal rats, differences between groups were shown on response latency measures and on probe trials involving the novel pairing of familiar odors. Normal rats had a bimodal distribution of response latencies, and their latency depended on where the S+ was presented. Fornix rats had short response latencies and responded equally quickly wherever the S+ was presented. Furthermore, when the representation of familiar S+ and S- odor pairs was challenged in probe trials, normal rats responded appropriately to the correct stimulus, whereas fornix rats behaved as if presented with a new odor pair. These data provide support for the view that the hippocampus participates in the representation of relations among odor (and other) stimuli and among other experiences and that it permits the flexible use of these representations in new contexts. In contrast, memory processing outside the hippocampal system can represent only the significance of individual stimuli and can be revealed only in a repetition of the original learning event.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology