nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
A Case of Community-Onset Meningitis Caused by Hospital Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Successfully Treated with Linezolid and Rifampicin

To report a relatively rare presentation of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) meningitis in a previously healthy boy in Kuwait.  A 14-year-old boy presented with a 2 weeks’ history of headache and fever with increasing severity. He developed photophobia and double vision 2 days prior to his hospital visit and received ceftriaxone for 6 days prior to admission to the hospital. There was no history of head trauma or neurosurgical operation. Lumbar puncture revealed a slightly turbid cerebrospinal fluid with pleocytosis and greatly reduced glucose, elevated protein level and on culture grew MRSA. Staphylococcal chromosome cassette mec (SCCmec) typing revealed that it belonged to SCCmec type III and sequence type 238 (ST238-SCCmec-III). Polymerase chain reaction screening for the presence of Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) genes yielded a negative result; all these findings were consistent with hospital-acquired MRSA. He was treated with intravenous linezolid and rifampicin for 2 weeks, made good response and was discharged home fully recovered and well.  Hospital MRSA should be considered in the differential diagnosis of the causative agents of community-onset meningitis in healthy patients even without predisposing factor.

Field of study: Medicine
Magnetic Characteristics of Massive Sulfide Ore Bodies near Sudbury, Canada

The type of pyrrhotite, the direction and intensity of the natural remanent magnetization, and the anisotropy of the susceptibility have been determined for samples (101) of massive sulfides from the Strathcona, Falconbridge, Little Stobie, and Copper Cliff North Mines. The results are mutually consistent and indicate an appreciable positive anomaly over Copper Cliff North, weak anomalies over Little Stobie and Falconbridge, and very low magnetic relief over Strathcona. The aeromagnetic maps show a 100γ positive anomaly over Copper Cliff North, and a weak positive anomaly over Falconbridge, but no anomaly over the other deposits. The Falconbridge and Little Stobie deposits on the South Range occur at the base of the irruptive and contain a very high proportion of the magnetic Fe7S8, while the Copper Cliff North Mine, which is situated in a N-S trending offset, also contains appreciable quantities of nonmagnetic Fe9S10. The distribution of the Fe7S8 and the shape of the deposits with respect to the local g...

Field of study: Environmental science
Epigenetic Regulation in the Pathogenesis of Sjögren Syndrome and Rheumatoid Arthritis

Autoimmune rheumatic diseases, such as Sjögren syndrome (SS) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA), are characterized by chronic inflammation and autoimmunity, which cause joint tissue damage and destruction by triggering reduced mobility and debilitation in patients with these diseases. Initiation and maintenance of chronic inflammatory stages account for several mechanisms that involve immune cells as key players and the interaction of the immune cells with other tissues. Indeed, the overlapping of certain clinical and serologic manifestations between SS and RA may indicate that numerous immunologic-related mechanisms are involved in the physiopathology of both these diseases. It is widely accepted that epigenetic pathways play an essential role in the development and function of the immune system. Although many published studies have attempted to elucidate the relation between epigenetic modifications (e.g. DNA methylation, histone post-translational modifications, miRNAs) and autoimmune disorders, the contribution of epigenetic regulation to the pathogenesis of SS and RA is at present poorly understood. This review attempts to shed light from a critical point of view on the identification of the most relevant epigenetic mechanisms related to RA and SS by explaining intricate regulatory processes and phenotypic features of both autoimmune diseases. Moreover, we point out some epigenetic markers which can be used to monitor the inflammation status and the dysregulated immunity in SS and RA. Finally, we discuss the inconvenience of using epigenetic data obtained from bulk immune cell populations instead specific immune cell subpopulations.

Field of study: Biology
Reading The Virginian in the New West (review)

much to argue with where Schwarz places one story or another and even with some of the genre determinations themselves, and Schwarz invites such argument. As he puts it, "Runyon not only resisted the categorizing sensibility but also had something of a postmodernist sensibility in understanding that absurdity and nonsense help make sense of things" (168–69). The categories that Schwarz proposes, contingent as they themselves may be, provide a terminology and approach for new readings of individual stories that otherwise run the risk of being overshadowed by the effect of the stories as a whole. In addition to his groundbreaking work with the Broadway stories, Schwarz also proposes relationships between Runyon's career as a whole and his columns, reporting, and other story series. He is less original along such lines, but he does a good job of synthesizing much of the substantial but dated work by writers such as Edwin Hoyt who, having known Runyon personally, offer rich anecdotes that benefit from Schwarz's critical context. As a result, Schwarz makes the effort to keep all of Runyon's writing relevant even though he, like most readers, finds the Broadway stories more perpetually interesting. All in all, Schwarz takes Runyon's world apart with real acumen, showing that exploring the differences in the stories and in the person(s) of the narrator allows us to see each story in a new light. While he puts that world together again a bit less successfully, his thorough catalogue of the stories is unrivalled, and he offers a provocative place to begin another generation of critical debate on Runyon. There are other good places to turn for ideas about Runyon's work, but none is more essential than Schwarz's new book, and none offers the same opportunities for asking new questions about a writer who is overdue for new appreciation.

Field of study: Art
Dynamic Modeling and Simulation of Whipping Phenomenon for Large Parachute

This paper establishes the multibody dynamic model of the deployment process of a large parachute and adopts the mass-spring-damper model to simulate the suspension line and canopy. In the model, the factors of the stack sequence of the suspension line and the canopy as well as the pullout process of the bridle segments and constraint of the binding rope were considered. The model was validated by an airdrop test video. The reason for the formation of the whipping phenomenon was analyzed and validated through theoretical modeling and simulation. This paper also studies the influencing factors of the whipping phenomenon and evaluates the effect of the attached apex drogue that prevents the whipping phenomenon from forming. The research of this paper provides an analytical method to model and simulates the deployment process and the whipping phenomenon for a large parachute.

Field of study: Physics
Trace fossils from late Pleistocene glacial lake sediments in southwestern Ontario, Canada

Nine types of crawling traces and one resting trace, attributed to isopods, water beetles and their larvae, crustaceans, and nematodes, were found along the partings of silty laminae in varved glaciolacustrine clayey silts of Late Wisconsinan age at Iona, St. Mary's, and Union, southwestern Ontario. They lived in proglacial lakes, at distances of about 1–100 km from the glacial margin.

Field of study: Environmental science
CB-Dock: a web server for cavity detection-guided protein–ligand blind docking

As the number of elucidated protein structures is rapidly increasing, the growing data call for methods to efficiently exploit the structural information for biological and pharmaceutical purposes. Given the three-dimensional (3D) structure of a protein and a ligand, predicting their binding sites and affinity are a key task for computer-aided drug discovery. To address this task, a variety of docking tools have been developed. Most of them focus on docking in the preset binding sites given by users. To automatically predict binding modes without information about binding sites, we developed a user-friendly blind docking web server, named CB-Dock, which predicts binding sites of a given protein and calculates the centers and sizes with a novel curvature-based cavity detection approach, and performs docking with a popular docking program, Autodock Vina. This method was carefully optimized and achieved ~70% success rate for the top-ranking poses whose root mean square deviation (RMSD) were within 2 Å from the X-ray pose, which outperformed the state-of-the-art blind docking tools in our benchmark tests. CB-Dock offers an interactive 3D visualization of results, and is freely available at http://cao.labshare.cn/cb-dock/ .

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Implementation of Audio and Video Encapsulation Based on FFmpeg

In the VOD and live streaming system, encapsulating the video and audio stream into a container is necessary. Analyzes the decoding and encoding method to pack streams using FFmpeg, in order to solve high usage rate of memory and CPU, proposes a novel method of packing streams without decoding into MP4 container. Based on FFmpeg SDK, packs H.264 video streams and AAC audio streams into MP4 container without decoding. Experimental results show that this method reduces the usage rate of memory and CPU, suitable used in the VOD and live stream systems.

Field of study: Computer science
Preparation of Dimethyl Carbonate from Methanol and Carbon Dioxide in the Presence of Sn(IV) and Ti(IV) Alkoxides and Metal Acetates

The synthesis of dimethyl carbonate by the reaction of methanol with carbon dioxide in the presence of metal alkoxides and metal carboxylates was studied. The best results have been achieved with Ti(IV) and Sn(IV) alkoxides which at 130 to 180 °C and low CO2 pressures yield dimethyl carbonate in 30 to 100 mole % or 40 to 130 mole % yields with respect to the metal alkoxides, depending on the carbon dioxide (gaseous and solid one, respectively). The yields can be further increased up to 70 - 190 mole % and 90 - 270 mole %, respectively, by the use of chemical scavengers of the reaction water.

Field of study: Chemistry
Significance and impotence: towards a balanced view of the null and the alternative hypotheses in marker selection for plant breeding

The isolation of DNA markers that are linked to interesting genes helps plant breeders to select parent plants that transmit useful traits to future generations. Such 'marker-assisted breeding and selection' heavily leans on statistical testing of associations between markers and a well-chosen trait. Statistical association analysis is guided by classical "p"-values or the false discovery rate and thus relies predominantly on the null hypothesis. The main concern of plant breeders, however, is to avoid missing an important alternative. To judge evidence from this perspective, we complement the traditional "p"-value with a one-sided 'alternative "p"-value' which summarizes evidence against a target alternative in the direction of the null hypothesis. This "p"-value measures 'impotence' as opposed to significance: how likely is it to observe an outcome as extreme as or more extreme than the one that was observed when data stem from the alternative? We show how a graphical inspection of both "p"-values can guide marker selection when the null and the alternative hypotheses have a comparable importance. We derive formal decision tools with balanced properties yielding different rejection regions for different markers. We apply our approach to study rye-grass plants.

Field of study: Mathematics
The Reformation of Faith in the Context of Late Medieval Theology and Piety: Essays by Berndt Hamm (review)

track of the greater picture. Particularly impressive are the very detailed quantitative data analyses presented in tables and graphs and the general written discourse elucidating the author’s many striking findings of which, unfortunately, only a few can be cited here. Based on this painstakingly detailed approach, Ogilvie documents for example that “even working with plough and draught animals was observed as often for females as for males” (119) leading to her statement that “daughters and maidservants were surprisingly active in heavy work such as agriculture (and even labouring) for which their physical endowments were unlikely to have suited them optimally” (139). Since the same pattern unfolded for married women, the author rightfully concludes that “few activities were beyond the strength of a woman if there was sufficient incentive” (152). The physical gender divide was thus less pronounced than has been frequently argued. In the chapters on widows, “The Most Visible Women in Pre-Industrial Economies” (206), and “Independent Unmarried Women” who, the author justifiably contends “are widely ignored in studies” (269), the core of the female-male wage gap is also not reducible to “physical strength alone” (289). Instead, “the most striking sexual division of labor was that within industry, with men dominating guilded activities” (330). Hence, Ogilvie convincingly argues, it was the guilds’ and the communities’ gender divide which posed the greatest obstacles to women’s fair access to economic parity. Needless to say, many detrimental repercussions emanated from the various socioeconomic divides. That “wives are often recorded as working while their husbands idled” (185) is among the least evocative, whereas “a husband’s institutional powers within the basic social networks of Württemberg society enabled him to get away with considerable violence against his wife” is considerably more distressing (193). While, however, such descriptions of emotional or “psychic costs” are kept to a bare minimum, this study, nevertheless, conveys the “bitter living” of most women at the time in a wide contextual framework (14). It is an impressive work with impressive findings and convincing arguments. It should not only be read by students of gender and/or economic history, but by all who care about social inequities. MARIA R. BOES West Chester University

Field of study: History
The Modern Path to Solving the Adaptive Problem in Teaching

There has always been a problem of adaptability in teaching,which was that the teaching pace,difficulty and ways were difficult to suit the differences and learning needs of the students.Therefore,it were tried consciously or unconsciously to explore.By ways of the miniaturization of teaching organization,the rationalization of teaching system,technicalization of teaching environment and other rational reforms,the modern teaching practice has been developed and the level of adaptation of teaching has also been risen up.

Field of study: Education
On General Continuous Triangular and Two-sided Power Distributions

In this article, we directly introduce the continuous version of the general discrete triangular distributions (Kokonendji and Zocchi, 2010). It is bounded and, in general, unimodal with pike. It contains thus a very useful class of two-sided power distributions (van Dorp and Kotz, 2002a,b, 2003). Moments, particular cases, limit distributions, and relations between parameters are straightforwardly derived.

Field of study: Mathematics
Global assessment of agreement among streamflow projections using CMIP5 model outputs

Runoff outputs from 11 atmosphere–ocean general circulation models (AOGCMs) participating in the fifth phase of Coupled Model Intercomparison Project were used to evaluate the changes in streamflow and agreement among AOGCMs at the end of 21st century. Under the highest emission scenario (Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) 8.5), high flow is projected to increase in northern high latitudes of Eurasia and North America, Asia, and eastern Africa, while mean and low flows are both projected to decrease in Europe, Middle East, southwestern United States, and Central America. Projected changes under RCP4.5 show similar spatial distribution but with lower magnitude. The model spread of projected changes, however, is found to be large under both scenarios. Bootstrapped Mann–Whitney–Wilcoxon U test revealed that projected changes of streamflow regimes are statistically not significant in 8–32% (19–59%) of the world under RCP8.5 (RCP4.5). The model agreement on projected increase or decrease in mean and high flows is stronger under RCP8.5 than that under RCP4.5. On the other hand, the projected changes in low flow are robust in both scenarios with strong model agreement. In ∼7% (4%) of the world, high flow is projected to increase and low flow is projected to decrease, whereas in ∼29% (13%) all mean, high, and low flows are projected to increase under RCP8.5 (RCP4.5). S Online supplementary data available from stacks.iop.org/ERL/9/064017/mmedia

Field of study: Environmental science
Analysis of Long Noncoding RNA Expression Profile in Human Pulmonary Microvascular Endothelial Cells Exposed to Lipopolysaccharide.

Acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are a continuum of life-threatening lung changes. Pulmonary vascular injury is one of the most important initial causes of ALI and ARDS. However, the functions of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in pulmonary endothelial injury remain largely unknown. The aim of the present study was to determine the lncRNA expression profile of human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (HPMECs) exposed to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and explore the potential functions of differentially expressed lncRNAs.



Microarray analysis was used to identify differentially expressed lncRNAs and mRNAs. Bioinformatics analyses, including Gene Ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway, lncRNA-mRNA coexpression network and transcription factor (TF)-lncRNA network analyses, were performed to predict the functions of significantly differentially expressed lncRNAs and mRNAs. Realtime polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to determine the expression of selected lncRNAs and mRNAs.



In this study, we found that 213 lncRNAs and 212 mRNAs were significantly differentially expressed in HPMECs exposed to LPS (fold change > 2.0, p < 0.05). Furthermore, we found that mRNAs co-expressed with lncRNAs were significantly enriched in the TNF signaling pathway, the NF-κB signaling pathway, cell adhesion molecules (CAMs), cytokine-cytokine receptor interactions, and extracellular matrix (ECM)-receptor interactions. The expression levels of all but one of the selected lncRNAs and mRNAs detected by real-time PCR were similar to those detected by microarray analysis.



Our data indicate that lncRNAs play an important role in LPS-induced pulmonary endothelial inflammation and barrier dysfunction and may be potential preventive and therapeutic targets for ALI and ARDS.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
A study on the truncation scheme to the Dyson-Schwinger Equations

It is known that the Dyson-Schwinger Equations(DSEs) describe the relations of different points Green functions. It has been an important tool in strong correlation physics but it's truncation scheme is still not perfect. With the generally used truncation schemes to the DSEs of QCD, we find that a correction factor suppressing the gluon self-energy is needed to keep the stability of the coupled DSEs of the quark and gluon propagators. Following calculation reveals the origin of this factor and the results could give important constraints and inspirations on more sensibly truncating the DSEs and fabricating more sophisticated model of full quark-gluon vertex.

Field of study: Physics
[A non-linear method and its program for calculating pharmacokinetic parameters].

A non-linear method based on a simple method in optimization theory and its program for calculating pharmacokinetic parameters were presented. The program was carried out on DJS-131 digital computer and was applicable to any linear compartment models. Akaike's information criterion (AIC) was also given in this program. According to minimum AIC estimation (MAICE) criterion, the best model may be selected from these linear compartment models.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Substitution effects in a generalized token economy with pigeons.

Pigeons made repeated choices between earning and exchanging reinforcer-specific tokens (green tokens exchangeable for food, red tokens exchangeable for water) and reinforcer-general tokens (white tokens exchangeable for food or water) in a closed token economy. Food and green food tokens could be earned on one panel; water and red water tokens could be earned on a second panel; white generalized tokens could be earned on either panel. Responses on one key produced tokens according to a fixed-ratio schedule, whereas responses on a second key produced exchange periods, during which all previously earned tokens could be exchanged for the appropriate commodity. Most conditions were conducted in a closed economy, and pigeons distributed their token allocation in ways that permitted food and water consumption. When the price of all tokens was equal and low, most pigeons preferred the generalized tokens. When token-production prices were manipulated, pigeons reduced production of the tokens that increased in price while increasing production of the generalized tokens that remained at a fixed price. The latter is consistent with a substitution effect: Generalized tokens increased and were exchanged for the more expensive reinforcer. When food and water were made freely available outside the session, token production and exchange was sharply reduced but was not eliminated, even in conditions when it no longer produced tokens. The results join with other recent data in showing sustained generalized functions of token reinforcers, and demonstrate the utility of token-economic methods for assessing demand for and substitution among multiple commodities in a laboratory context.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Numerical solution of integral equations system of the second kind by Block-Pulse functions

This paper endeavors to formulate Block–Pulse functions to propose solutions for the Fredholm integral equations system. To begin with we describe the characteristic of Block–Pulse functions and will go on to indicate that through this method a system of Fredholm integral equations can be reduced to an algebraic equation. Numerical examples presented to illustrate the accuracy of the method.

Field of study: Mathematics
ARTICLES: Recombination in a Cu laser plasma with high buffer gas pressures

It is shown that an increase in the volume of a copper vapor laser above a certain value must lead to a rise in the optimal buffer gas pressure. There is a corresponding change in the electron cooling mechanism (during the interpulse period) from diffusive to elastic cooling, and recombination processes involving three-body collisions in the plasma become important, setting the upper limit to the pressure and specific output energy of the laser. The results are given of a series of experiments and numerical calculations for a medium excited under these conditions by a transverse discharge.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics