nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The importance of discretion for welfare services to minorities: Examining workload and anti‐immigration attitudes

Migration influx in Western countries resulting in increasingly diverse societies results in more complex situations for bureaucrats in their client interactions in welfare organizations. The role of discretion for services to clients has received much attention in the public administration research and therefore this study explores the relation among perceived workload, anti-immigration attitudes, perceived discretion, and perceived difficulty in working with migrants. The paper examines the function of perceived discretion as moderator or mediator variable in this constellation. The relations are examined by using structural equation modelling based on a survey among Swedish welfare bureaucrats (N = 1,319). The results show that heavier perceived workload increased the likelihood of experiencing work with migrants as difficult and that greater perceived discretion decreased the likelihood of experiencing work with migrants as difficult. The results suggest that perceived discretion functions as a mediator for the relation between perceived workload and difficulty in work with migrants: potentially functioning as a ‘buffer’ for organizational pressure. We also found that bureaucrats who hold negative attitudes towards migrants were more likely to express their work with migrants as more difficult. This paper contributes to the public administration literature by increasing our knowledge on how discretion has significance in relation to when bureaucrat's behaviour is determined by specific organizational and personal factors.

Field of study: Political science
Epibiotic bacterial community composition in red-tide dinoflagellate Akashiwo sanguinea culture under various growth conditions.

The phycosphere of phytoplankton harbors a diversity of microbes that can potentially interact with the host phytoplankton cells. In spite of increasing reports regarding the interactions between some model phytoplankton and bacteria, there remain many unknowns regarding interactions between the dinoflagellate Akashiwo sanguinea and its phycosphere bacteria. Here we used both cultivation and metagenomic sequencing methods to investigate the microbial community composition in A. sanguinea batch cultures under various growth conditions. The microbial community dynamics under different growth stages and nutrient (nitrogen and iron) depletion scenarios were determined by Illumina MiSeq sequencing of 16S rRNA gene amplicons. Rhodobacteraceae, Alteromonadaceae and Flavobacteriaceae were the main bacterial families and varied significantly under different states of the host A. sanguinea. Selective fluorescence in situ hybridization was also performed to label Rhodobacterales and Alteromonas clade bacteria to confirm their attachment to A. sanguinea cells under confocal laser scanning microscopy. Plate streaking protocol isolated 19 bacterial strains from A. sanguinea cultures, identified through 16S rRNA analysis. Most culturable strains (11 of 19) belonged to Rhodobacteraceae consistent with Illumina MiSeq sequencing data. The possible interaction pathway between these epibiotic bacteria and A. sanguinea in the phycosphere is also discussed.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Mechanisms of Brønsted Acid Catalyzed Additions of Phenols and Protected Amines to Olefins: A DFT Study

DFT calculations at the B3LYP/6-31G(d) level were performed to understand the mechanism of the recently developed trifluoromethanesulfonic acid (TfOH) catalyzed intermolecular additions of phenols and protected amines to simple olefins. A novel mechanism involving a concerted, eight-membered-ring transition structure for the addition of the alcohol/amine to the alkene with TfOH as a catalyst was located. In the addition transition structure, the alkene sub

Field of study: Chemistry
Elevated expression of metal transporter genes in three accessions of the metal hyperaccumulator Thlaspi caerulescens

Heavy metal hyperaccumulation in plants is an intriguing and poorly understood phenomenon. Transmembrane metal transporters are assumed to play a key role in this process. We describe the cloning and isolation of three zinc transporter cDNAs from the Zn hyperaccumulator Thlaspi caerulescens. The ZTP1 gene is highly similar to the Arabidopsis ZAT gene. Of the other two, one is most probably an allele of the recently cloned ZNT1 gene from T. caerulescens ( Pence et al; Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA 97, 4956-4960, 2000). The second, called ZNT2, is a close homologue of ZNT1. All three zinc transporter genes show increased expression in T. caerulescens compared with the non-hyperaccumulator congener T. arvense, suggesting an important role in heavy metal hyperaccumulation. ZNT1 and ZNT2 are predominantly expressed in roots and ZTP1 is mainly expressed in leaves but also in roots. In T. arvense, ZNT1 and ZNT2 are exclusively expressed under conditions of Zn deficiency. Their expression in T. caerulescens is barely Zn-responsive, suggesting that Zn hyperaccumulation might rely on a decreased Zn-induced transcriptional downregulation of these genes. ZTP1 expression was higher in plants from calamine soil than in plants from serpentine or normal soil. The calamine plants were also the most Zn tolerant, suggesting that high ZTP1 expression might contribute to Zn tolerance.

Field of study: Environmental science
Analysis of Microstructure and Properties of Hot Rolled Carbon Steel/Stainless Steel Clad Plate Interface

The interface microstructure evolution rule of hot rolling process on carbon steel / stainless steel clad plate was researched. The results show that the precipitation of carbide inside ferrite of carbon steel matrix after single pass rolling increases with the compression rate increasing, and the carbide has a certain direction; the precipitation of carbide particles inside ferrite of the sample after two passes rolling were dissolved. As the thickness of stainless steel in three layers clad plate is larger, the tensile strength of three layers and four layers sample is very close. In addition, the percentage elongation of four-layer sample increases significantly.

Field of study: Materials science
Interactions of chromomycin A3 and mithramycin with the sequence d(TAGCTAGCTA)2.

Anti-cancer antibiotics, chromomycin A3 (CHR) and mithramycin (MTR) inhibit DNA directed RNA synthesis in vivo by binding reversibly to template DNA in the minor groove with GC base specificity, in the presence of divalent cations like Mg2+. Under physiological conditions, (drug)2Mg2+ complexes formed by the antibiotics are the potential DNA binding ligands. Structures of CHR and MTR differ in their saccharide residues. Scrutiny of the DNA binding properties reveal significant differences in their sequence selectivity, orientation and stoichiometry of binding. Here, we have analyzed binding and thermodynamic parameters for the interaction of the antibiotics with a model oligonucleotide sequence, d(TAGCTAGCTA)2 to understand the role of sugars. The oligomer contains two potential binding sites (GpC) for the ligands. The study illustrates that the drugs bind differently to the sequence. (MTR)2Mg2+ binds to both sites whereas (CHR)2Mg2+ binds to a single site. UV melting profiles for the decanucleotide saturated with the ligands show that MTR bound oligomer is highly stabilized and melts symmetrically. In contrast, with CHR, loss of symmetry in the oligomer following its association with a single (CHR)2Mg2+ complex molecule leads to a biphasic melting curve. Results have been interpreted in the light of saccharide dependent differences in ligand flexibility between the two antibiotics.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Physics
A simple method of calculating climatic corrections to heat flow measurements

A series approximation for calculating climatic corrections to include the effect of all of the Pleistocene glaciations is derived. The method is useful for boreholes less than 1200 m deep, and only two terms of the series are required for depths less than 600 m. About 70% of the effect at the surface is a result of the most recent deglaciation and this percentage increases with depth.

Field of study: Environmental science
MO‐D‐201C‐01: Advances in MR: State of the Art Today and Future Directions — MR Instrumentation

Even though Magnetic Resonance as a modality is now several decades old, instrumentation continues to advance at a vigorous pace. The purpose of this presentation is to review recent advances in the current state of the art and to discuss directions of continued progress. The main magnet continues to be the central platform component from the standpoint of cost and footprint. There has been steady increase in the number of clinical systems at higher field strength (e.g., 3T vs. 1.5T), and the expected increase in signal‐to‐noise ratio is now being realized. Another significant trend has been the increase in bore diameter and decrease in magnet length, both of which are appreciated by patients. A number of systems for human in‐vivo studies at even higher field strength (e.g., 7T) are now in use. These present significant technical challenges that are being addressed, especially in B0 and B1 homogeneity and in RF power deposition. The number of channels used for simultaneous signal reception also continues to increase, with related improvements in SNR and imaging speed through parallel imaging. A newer development is simultaneous RF transmission. This new field of “parallel transmission” promises to overcome problems with B1 homogeneity and perhaps power deposition. Hybrid systems that combine MR with other diagnostic or therapeutic modalities are also receiving attention. Among these hybrids are MR guided focused ultrasound, MR/PET, X‐ray/MR hybrids, and systems for MR guided radiation therapysystems Learning  1. Recognize recent technology trends in Magnetic Resonance 2. Understand the benefits and disadvantages of parallel excitation and reception 3. Understand the challenges in combined modality systems 4. Examine possible future directions for Magnetic Resonance Research sponsored by GE Healthcare.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Simulations with SCI as a data carrier in data acquisition systems

Detailed simulations of processor networks based on the Scalable Coherent Interface (SCI) show that SCI is suitable as a data carrier in data acquisition systems where the total bandwidth need is in the multi GBytes/s range and a low latency is required. The objective of these simulations was to find topologies with low latency and high bandwidth, but also with the cost of implementation in mind. A ring-to-ring bridge has been used as the building element for the networks. The simulations have been performed on regular k-ary n-cube type topologies from a few tens of nodes and up to about 500 nodes under different load conditions. Among the parameters which have been manipulated in the simulations are the number of nodes, topology structure, number of outstanding requests and load in the system.

Field of study: Physics
The Appliance of Model about Human Relationships in Modern Enterprise Management

In China, a great change has taken place in human relationship nowadays. This paper researches the relationship under the law of market. . Firstly, the author discusses the different models of relationships and the corresponding effects on management between the East and the West, then analyzes the relationships which the enterprises face, put forward some methods to harmonize the ones above, finally , this article emphasizes the market subject status of enterprises after our country have taken part in WTO.

Field of study: Economics
Blow-up and global solutions for a class of nonlinear parabolic equations with different kinds of boundary conditions

By constructing different auxiliary functions and using Hopf’s maximum principle, the sufficient conditions for the blow-up and global solutions are presented for nonlinear parabolic equation u t  = ∇( a ( u ) b ( x ) c ( t )∇ u ) +  f ( x ,  u ,  q ,  t ) with different kinds of boundary conditions. The upper bounds of the “blow-up time” and the “upper estimates” of global solutions are provided. Finally, some examples are presented as the application of the obtained results.

Field of study: Mathematics
The regionalization of maritime governance: Towards a polycentric governance system for sustainable shipping in the European Union

Driven by the global nature of shipping, maritime governance is characterized by a long history of intergovernmental decision making with the International Maritime Organization (IMO) as central locus of authority. Since the 1980s, maritime governance for the European Union (EU) and its member states is subject to processes of regionalization, especially in the environmental domain. Dissatisfaction with the ambition level of the IMO as well as lack of effective implementation and enforcement of IMO standards has driven the emergence of four regionally-based initiatives: the use of special areas in IMO Conventions, the adoption of the Paris Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) on Port State Control, the development of the European Union shipping policy domain and the emergence of market based initiatives by ports and cargo-owners. This article analyses how each of these regional initiatives are based on cooperation between a regional group of actors and how each initiative has become integrated in maritime governance. The article concludes that although IMO remains a central locus of authority, the emergence of the Paris MoU on PSC and EU legislation for shipping has resulted in a move from a centralized, intergovernmental maritime governance system between the 1950s and 1980s to a more polycentric governance system for EU member states today.

Field of study: Environmental science
Thermoelectrical manipulation of nanomagnets

We investigate the interplay between the thermodynamic properties and spin-dependent transport in a mesoscopic device based on a magnetic multilayer (F/f/F), in which two strongly ferromagnetic layers (F) are exchange-coupled through a weakly ferromagnetic spacer (f) with the Curie temperature in the vicinity of room temperature. We show theoretically that the Joule heating produced by the spin-dependent current allows a spin-thermoelectronic control of the ferromagnetic-to-paramagnetic (f/N) transition in the spacer and, thereby, of the relative orientation of the outer F-layers in the device (spin-thermoelectric manipulation of nanomagnets). Supporting experimental evidence of such thermally-controlled switching from parallel to antiparallel magnetization orientations in F/f(N)/F sandwiches is presented. Furthermore, we show theoretically that local Joule heating due to a high concentration of current in a magnetic point contact or a nanopillar can be used to reversibly drive the weakly ferromagnetic spacer through its Curie point and thereby exchange couple and decouple the two strongly ferromagnetic F-layers. For the devices designed to have an antiparallel ground state above the Curie point of the spacer, the associated spin-thermionic parallel to antiparallel switching causes magnetoresistance oscillations whose frequency can be controlled by proper biasing from essentially dc to GHz. We discuss in detail an experimental realization of a device that can operate as a thermomagnetoresistive switch or oscillator.

Field of study: Physics
SEISMIC ANALYSIS OF MULTI-SPAN CONTINUOUS REINFORCED CONCRETE RIGID-FRAME ARCH-BRIDGE

The paper analyzed the seismic behavior of a reinforced concrete rigid-frame arch bridge which collapsed in Wenchuan earthquake using the spectral analysis method,the elastic dynamic analysis method and the elasto-plastic dynamic analysis method.According to the two-stage aseismic principle,3 natural ground acceleration records and 1 artificial record were selected.The results show that: due to its structural complexity,the vibration frequencies of the multi-span continuous rigid-frame arch bridge are close to each other,and the modal participation mass is widely separated.Structural inter-forces and plastic rotation of RC section become larger when considering the soil-pile-structure interaction.The asymmetric longitudinal displacement of the foundation changes the vibration characteristics of the structure,and substantially increases the inter-forces and plastic deflections of main and minor arch legs on the foundation with weaker horizontal stiffness.The study may give a reference to seismic performance evaluation of multi-span continuous rigid-frame arch bridges.

Field of study: Engineering
3D reconstruction of the cerebral arterial network from stereotactic DSA.

The authors present an automatic algorithm for 3D reconstruction of cerebral blood vessels by digital subtracted angiography. The patient is localized by a stereotactic method. The reconstruction algorithm includes two steps: first vessel extraction then 2D matching and reconstruction. Accurate vessel skeletons are generated by a combination of mathematical morphological algorithms and adaptive filters. The 3D reconstruction algorithm is based on the reconstruction of vessels center lines. For that purpose, three different projections of the vascular network are used. Reconstruction is computed segment by segment (a curved line between two nodes). For each segment point, the algorithm defines all epipolar solutions on the other views. These epipolar solutions are sorted and pooled by 2D continuity and 3D proximity criteria resulting in a 3D graph. Optimal 3D segment is defined by a recursive algorithm that looks up the better path in the 3D graph. The algorithms have been implemented on a Compatible-PC computer in C language. More than 95% of static copper phantom was reconstructed in 5 min and with 1 mm 3D accuracy. 70% of arteries (from carotid to the seventh node) of a true patient arterial network were reconstructed is less than 30 min.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Theory and fabrication of 4 x 4 single-mode fused optical fiber couplers.

The theory, fabrication, and performance of monolithic 4 x 4 single-mode fused couplers is reported. The field coupling matrix is derived and used to show that a device having equal coupling between the four fibers may be obtained. The fabrication of such a device is described, and measurements show that the device exhibits excellent coupling uniformity and low excess loss. The wavelength response of a device designed for equal coupling at 1.53 microm is shown between 1.2 and 1.6 microm.

Field of study: Physics
Influence of the chemical composition of a parent alloy used in fixed partial denture on its corrosion in an acidified FusayamaÃÂs saliva

The frameworks supporting ceramic in fixed partial dentures are generally constituted of several dental alloys. In themouth, some parts of the framework may be exposed to amore or less aerated saliva and then exposed to corrosion on long times, which can be detrimental for their mechanical resistance. Commercial alloys used in frameworks have specific chemical compositions, chosen for reaching high level ofmechanical strength as well as for resisting corrosion. Three ternary Ni-based alloys derived from a commercial dental one, with varying Cr andWcontents, were elaborated and tested in corrosion in an artificial saliva. Electrochemical techniques were used to specify the behaviour of each new alloy (follow-up of free potential, measurement of polarization resistances, cyclic polarizations). The importance ofmaintaining the chromiumcontent to resist corrosionwas evidenced, and the detrimental role of the heat treatment discovered.Moreover, it is possible that the minor elements present in the commercial alloy also play an important role in the corrosion resistance.

Field of study: Materials science
Naming in conditional discrimination and stimulus equivalence.

Using a matching-to-sample procedure, McIntire, Cleary, and Thompson (1987) taught monkeys the conditional relations A1-R1-A1-R1, A2-R2-A2-R2, A1-R1-B1-R1, A2-R2-B2-R2, B1-R1-C1-R1, and B2-R2-C2-R2, where the first and third terms in each relation refer to the sample and comparison stimuli, respectively, and the second and last terms refer to the emission of a distinctive pattern of responding. The subjects were then tested for the emergent relations A-C, C-A, B-A, C-B, and B-B, with the differential response produced by a given stimulus during training also emitted on test trials (e.g., A1-R1-C1-R1). The performances of both subjects were as accurate on the tested relations as they had been on the trained relations. The new relations were characterized as demonstrations of stimulus equivalence. However, the conditional discrimination literature shows that such training procedures generate control of comparison selection by the differential response patterns. Therefore, no emergent relations were demonstrated because all of the trained response-stimulus relations were preserved on test trials. This paper suggests that these procedures do not provide an appropriate analogy for the kind of emergent stimulus-stimulus relations exhibited by human subjects in equivalence studies and outlines a paradigm for assessing the relative influence of stimulus-stimulus and response-stimulus relations.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Preliminary studies of intertidal sand bodies in the Minas Basin, Bay of Fundy, Nova Scotia

Sand winnowed from bay-floor deposits and eroded from sea cliffs in the Minas Basin has been swept into a series of intertidal sand-body complexes. Continuous seismic profiles show that these are plano-convex or tabular sand masses up to 30 m thick and 30 km long. Two types of complex are present: the Windsor Bay complex is a tidal delta type, while the Cobequid Bay complex represents a braided type. The Windsor Bay complex consists of a main channel, flanked by two levee-like lateral bars, capped by a lunate cross-bar. The complex is localized by the phase difference between the retarded estuary tide and the tide of the main bay. The Cobequid Bay complex consists of rhomboid to oval bars, whose blunt ends face the incoming tide, which are defined by interlacing channels.Tidal current velocity data measured over the complex indicate two regimes: a high-water, sheet-flood phase and a low-water, channel phase. On the surface of the bars, first-order sandwaves show mainly flood asymmetry while second-order s...

Field of study: Environmental science
Efficient Latent Variable Graphical Model Selection via Split Bregman Method

We consider the problem of covariance matrix estimation in the presence of latent variables. Under suitable conditions, it is possible to learn the marginal covariance matrix of the observed variables via a tractable convex program, where the concentration matrix of the observed variables is decomposed into a sparse matrix (representing the graphical structure of the observed variables) and a low rank matrix (representing the marginalization effect of latent variables). We present an efficient first-order method based on split Bregman to solve the convex problem. The algorithm is guaranteed to converge under mild conditions. We show that our algorithm is significantly faster than the state-of-the-art algorithm on both artificial and real-world data. Applying the algorithm to a gene expression data involving thousands of genes, we show that most of the correlation between observed variables can be explained by only a few dozen latent factors.  Learning and adaptive systems 68T05; Convex programming 90C25.

Field of study: Computer science