nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Inflation and Inequality

Throughout history, inflation, social injustice, and political upheaval have been strongly correlated; this association is neither coincidental nor arbitrary, but has much to do with the impact of inflation on the distribution of income and wealth between the various classes of society. Inflation generally aggravates inequality and disturbs existing patterns of income differentials: In these roles it can be a ruthless and remorseless economic agent. It is empirically true that in many historical and contemporary contexts, rapid price change has had Darwinian, survival of the fittest overtones. The strong and the powerful have tended to forge ahead, enhancing their relative positions and engendering much popular hatred. John Maynard Keynes described these people as "the 'profiteers' . . . the entrepreneurial class of capitalists . .. who in a period of rapidly rising prices cannot but get rich quick. If prices are continually rising, every trader who has purchased for stock or owns property and plant inevitably makes profits."1 The elderly, the poor, and the unemployed are often both economically and politically powerless and are therefore unable to generate the

Field of study: Economics
Anomalies in the ab-plane resistivity of strongly underdoped La_{2-x}Sr_{x}CuO_{4} single crystals: possible charge stripe ordering?

We present and discuss the results of measurements of the ab-plane resistivity of La_{2-x}Sr_{x}CuO_{4} single crystals with small Sr contents (x=0.052-0.075). The resistivity was obtained in the temperature range between 4.2 K and 300 K by using an AC Van der Pauw technique. When the temperature is lowered, the rho_{ab}(T) curves show a transition from a linear behaviour to a semiconducting-like one. The deviation from the linearity occurs at a doping-dependent temperature T_{ch}. This effect can be interpreted as due to a progressive pinning of preexistent charge stripes. In the same framework, the appearance of anomalous sharp peaks in the rho_{ab}(T) curves of superconducting samples just above T_{c} may be explained by a transition from a nematic to a more ordered smectic electronic stripe phase.

Field of study: Physics
Graph-theoretic characterizations of monotonicity of chemical networks in reaction coordinates

This paper derives new results for certain classes of chemical reaction networks, linking structural to dynamical properties. In particular, it investigates their monotonicity and convergence under the assumption that the rates of the reactions are monotone functions of the concentrations of their reactants. This is satisfied for, yet not restricted to, the most common choices of the reaction kinetics such as mass action, Michaelis-Menten and Hill kinetics. The key idea is to find an alternative representation under which the resulting system is monotone. As a simple example, the paper shows that a phosphorylation/dephosphorylation process, which is involved in many signaling cascades, has a global stability property. We also provide a global stability result for a more complicated example that describes a regulatory pathway of a prevalent signal transduction module, the MAPK cascade.

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics
Photon energy-modulated radiotherapy: Monte Carlo simulation and treatment planning study.

To demonstrate the feasibility of photon energy-modulated radiotherapy during beam-on time.



A cylindrical device made of aluminum was conceptually proposed as an energy modulator. The frame of the device was connected with 20 tubes through which mercury could be injected or drained to adjust the thickness of mercury along the beam axis. In Monte Carlo (MC) simulations, a flattening filter of 6 or 10 MV linac was replaced with the device. The thickness of mercury inside the device varied from 0 to 40 mm at the field sizes of 5 × 5 cm(2) (FS5), 10 × 10 cm(2) (FS10), and 20 × 20 cm(2) (FS20). At least 5 billion histories were followed for each simulation to create phase space files at 100 cm source to surface distance (SSD). In-water beam data were acquired by additional MC simulations using the above phase space files. A treatment planning system (TPS) was commissioned to generate a virtual machine using the MC-generated beam data. Intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) plans for six clinical cases were generated using conventional 6 MV, 6 MV flattening filter free, and energy-modulated photon beams of the virtual machine.



As increasing the thickness of mercury, Percentage depth doses (PDD) of modulated 6 and 10 MV after the depth of dose maximum were continuously increased. The amount of PDD increase at the depth of 10 and 20 cm for modulated 6 MV was 4.8% and 5.2% at FS5, 3.9% and 5.0% at FS10 and 3.2%-4.9% at FS20 as increasing the thickness of mercury from 0 to 20 mm. The same for modulated 10 MV was 4.5% and 5.0% at FS5, 3.8% and 4.7% at FS10 and 4.1% and 4.8% at FS20 as increasing the thickness of mercury from 0 to 25 mm. The outputs of modulated 6 MV with 20 mm mercury and of modulated 10 MV with 25 mm mercury were reduced into 30%, and 56% of conventional linac, respectively. The energy-modulated IMRT plans had less integral doses than 6 MV IMRT or 6 MV flattening filter free plans for tumors located in the periphery while maintaining the similar quality of target coverage, homogeneity, and conformity.



The MC study for the designed energy modulator demonstrated the feasibility of energy-modulated photon beams available during beam-on time. The planning study showed an advantage of energy-and intensity modulated radiotherapy in terms of integral dose without sacrificing any quality of IMRT plan.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Genetic Factors Influencing Sperm Competition

Females of many different species often mate with multiple males, creating opportunities for competition among their sperm. Although originally unappreciated, sperm competition is now considered a central form of post-copulatory male–male competition that biases fertilization. Assays of differences in sperm competitive ability between males, and interactions between females and males, have made it possible to infer some of the main mechanisms of sperm competition. Nevertheless, classical genetic approaches have encountered difficulties in identifying loci influencing sperm competitiveness while functional and comparative genomic methodologies, as well as genetic variant association studies, have uncovered some interesting candidate genes. We highlight how the systematic implementation of approaches that incorporate gene perturbation assays in experimental competitive settings, together with the monitoring of progeny output or sperm features and behavior, has allowed the identification of genes unambiguously linked to sperm competitiveness. The emerging portrait from 45 genes (33 from fruit flies, 8 from rodents, 2 from nematodes, and 2 from ants) is their remarkable breadth of biological roles exerted through males and females, the non-preponderance of sperm genes, and their overall pleiotropic nature.

Field of study: Biology
Intermittent-contact capacitance spectroscopy - A new method for determining C(V) curves with sub-micron lateral resolution

This study introduces a novel method to measure C(V) characteristics of local MOS structures based on scanning probe microscopy (SPM) techniques. The new method operates in intermittent-contact (IC) mode and combines both the advantages of contact mode C(V) spectroscopy and intermittent-contact scanning capacitance microscopy. As a consequence, on the one hand dopant concentration and dopant type can be indicated simultaneously, on the other hand tip wear is reduced significantly.

Field of study: Engineering
Binding of flexible and constrained ligands to the Grb2 SH2 domain: structural effects of ligand preorganization.

Structures of the Grb2 SH2 domain complexed with a series of pseudopeptides containing flexible (benzyl succinate) and constrained (aryl cyclopropanedicarboxylate) replacements of the phosphotyrosine (pY) residue in tripeptides derived from Ac-pYXN-NH(2) (where X = V, I, E and Q) were elucidated by X-ray crystallography. Complexes of flexible/constrained pairs having the same pY + 1 amino acid were analyzed in order to ascertain what structural differences might be attributed to constraining the phosphotyrosine replacement. In this context, a given structural dissimilarity between complexes was considered to be significant if it was greater than the corresponding difference in complexes coexisting within the same asymmetric unit. The backbone atoms of the domain generally adopt a similar conformation and orientation relative to the ligands in the complexes of each flexible/constrained pair, although there are some significant differences in the relative orientations of several loop regions, most notably in the BC loop that forms part of the binding pocket for the phosphate group in the tyrosine replacements. These variations are greater in the set of complexes of constrained ligands than in the set of complexes of flexible ligands. The constrained ligands make more direct polar contacts to the domain than their flexible counterparts, whereas the more flexible ligand of each pair makes more single-water-mediated contacts to the domain; there was no correlation between the total number of protein-ligand contacts and whether the phosphotyrosine replacement of the ligand was preorganized. The observed differences in hydrophobic interactions between the complexes of each flexible/constrained ligand pair were generally similar to those observed upon comparing such contacts in coexisting complexes. The average adjusted B factors of the backbone atoms of the domain and loop regions are significantly greater in the complexes of constrained ligands than in the complexes of the corresponding flexible ligands, suggesting greater thermal motion in the crystalline state in the former complexes. There was no apparent correlation between variations in crystal packing and observed structural differences or similarities in the complexes of flexible and constrained ligands, but the possibility that crystal packing might result in structural variations cannot be rigorously excluded. Overall, it appears that there are more variations in the three-dimensional structure of the protein and the ligand in complexes of the constrained ligands than in those of their more flexible counterparts.

Field of study: Chemistry
Review: Britain and 1940: History, Myth and Popular Memory Malcolm Smith Britain and 1940: History, Myth and Popular Memory

Interestingly, britain and 1940 history myth and popular memory that you really wait for now is coming. It's significant to wait for the representative and beneficial books to read. Every book that is provided in better way and utterance will be expected by many peoples. Even you are a good reader or not, feeling to read this book will always appear when you find it. But, when you feel hard to find it as yours, what to do? Borrow to your friends and don't know when to give back it to her or him.

Field of study: History
Users' Satisfaction with Social Network Sites: A Self-Determination Perspective

When the online social networking market is no longer a “blue ocean,” retaining existing users and maintaining their satisfaction with the current social network site (SNS) become SNS providers' most important tasks. This study applies Self-Determination Theory and examines the relationship between trust, relatedness need, and users' satisfaction with SNSs. Using Facebook as the context, we tested our hypotheses with the student sample from a large state university in U.S. The results show that competence and benevolence trust beliefs positively influence relatedness need satisfaction; relatedness need satisfaction and relatedness need level significantly influence uses' satisfaction with SNSs. The theoretical and practical implications of this study are also discussed.

Field of study: Computer science
Influence of Vacuum Stress Relieving Annealing on Residual Stress of TC21 Titanium Alloy

The residual stress of TC21 titanium alloy was measured at the temperatures of vacuum stress relieving annealing ranging from 500 ℃ to 650 ℃ with an interval of 50 ℃,the time of 2 h and 4 h by blind-hole method.The results show that the residual stress obviously decreases with the increase of annealing temperatures and time.After the heat treatment of 600 ℃× 2 h/ AC,the residual stress decreases 80%,reaches to about 34 MPa,which coincide with the result of microstructure analysis.Thus the optimalized heat treatment process is 600 ℃× 2 h/AC for TC21 titanium alloy.

Field of study: Materials science
Control of Post-Operative Pain in Children Undergoing Hypospadias and Penile Curvature Surgery: Quasi-Experimental Study

Hypospadias and penile curvature (HPC) are common congenital anomalies. If not surgically corrected they may negatively affect the quality of life of adolescents. Surgery is invasive and the post-operative phase is very painful. To obtain a good control of post-operative pain, the use of an epidural catheter to administer analgesia continuously was introduced. No studies are available about the efficacy of this method compared to the use of rectal and oral analgesia in children undergoing HPC surgery.  To verify if in children undergoing HPC surgery, post-operative continuous analgesia with epidural catheter is more effective in controlling pain than traditional treatment.  Quasi-experimental controlled study. Convenience sample of children undergoing HPC surgery, admitted to the Surgical Department of Meyer Children Hospital (Florence, Italy) from January to April 2007.Children were divided into two groups: Group A was treated with tunneled epidural catheter and Group B treated with rectal analgesia at fixed time plus oral analgesia on demand. Nurses measured pain using VAS and FLACC scales (scores 0 to 10) for 72h after surgery.  41 children observed (mean age 64.1 months, SD 47.3), 332 post-operative pain recordings (Group A n=161, Group B n=171). Mean pain score of Group A was 0.13 (SD 0.8) and 0.42 (SD 1.4) in Group B, T-test p = 0.02. Median duration of the epidural catheter was 65h, the mean 51.8 h (SD 24.3). 93 pain recordings during medication. During the first medication mean pain score in Group A was 1.5 (SD 1.8), 3.2 (SD 1.8) in Group B T-test p=0.01.  In children undergoing HPC surgery the use of continuous analgesia in epidural catheter seems to reduce pain compared to the use of traditional analgesic treatment.

Field of study: Medicine
Bioerosion in shells from the Early Permian Rio Bonito Formation, Brazil: Taphonomic, paleobiological, and paleoecological implications

We report the occurrence of sponge borings in composite molds of heteropectinid shells from Early Permian marine siliciclastic deposits of the Parana Basin of southern Brazil. Sponge borings are preserved mainly as chambers (Entobia) and channels (Entobia and Clionolithes). Three preservational variations of Entobia are present, morphologically equivalent to the alpha, beta, and gamma ontogenetic stages of clionid sponges. This equivalence suggests that the ontogenetic behavior in clionid sponges remains the same since Early Permian times and points to a conservative evolutionary trend for this group. The pattern of bioerosion and other taphonomic signatures indicate rapid shell burial due to frequent and energetic storm events that might have limited the time available for bioerosion activity. The new findings improve the Paleozoic record of Entobia and Clionolithes and indicate that sponge borings have potential to be preserved in ancient siliciclastic rocks.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Prehnite Veins in Triassic Diabase, Coopersburg, Pennsylvania

Veins, principally of prehnite, occur in diabase near Coopersburg, Pennsylvania. Early formed vein minerals are pyroxene and albite (An < 5) in which most of the crystals are choked with fluid inclusions. Commonly, the albite has inclusion-free rims of the same composition as the cores. Later minerals in the sequence are an amphibole followed by chlorite and prehnite. Minor quartz and calcite occur with the prehnite.

Diabase near the veins shows three zones of alteration. Adjacent to the vein is a 2 to 3 cm zone of amphibole with minor quartz and prehnite. The second zone is principally chlorite. In the third zone the texture of the diabase is preserved, but hypersthene is altered to chlorite and the plagioclase is choked with inclusions. In fresh rock, plagioclase lacks inclusions. It is suggested that the inclusion-choked albite crystallized from a hydrothermal liquid, whereas the inclusion-free rims formed after a change in state of the liquid to a vapor.

Field of study: Geology
Conodont and carbon isotope stratigraphy near the Frasnian/Famennian (Devonian) boundary at Wulankeshun, Junggar Basin, NW China

Conodont faunas from the Wulankeshun section in the northwestern Junggar Basin of Xinjiang, NW China, are characterized by shallow-water assemblages with many endemic taxa. This study presents separate local icriodid and polygnathid conodont zonations for the Lower Member of the Hongguleleng Formation, which can only roughly be correlated with the pelagic “standard zonation”. The basal beds of the Hongguleleng Formation are assigned to a low diverse Icriodus praealternatus ferus n. ssp. Zone, which possibly includes latest Frasnian strata but it continues into the basal Famennian. At present, the Frasnian/Famennian boundary cannot be defined unequivocally by conodonts and there are no obvious Upper Kellwasser equivalents. However, the carbon isotope data are comparable with the Bulongguor Reservoir stratotype, where the top-Frasnian lies within the basal Hongguleleng Formation. In the early Famennian, partly endemic icriodid lineages provide successive Icriodus cornutus , I. stenoancylus junggarensis n. ssp., and I. plurinodosus n. sp. (sub)zones. The basal Famennian is possibly marked by the oldest, endemic species of Neopolygnathus , Neo. huijunae n. sp. It is followed by local Neo. communis communis , “ Polygnathus ” pomeranicus , Po. cf. szulczewskii , and “ Po. ” pseudocommunis n. sp. zones. The new local conodont zonations provide a high biostratigraphic resolution for further future studies. The Wulankeshun shallow-water conodont faunas show restricted similarities with contemporaneous faunas from eastern Europe, Kazakhstan, and Iran. There are a few taxa that were originally described from other distant regions, such as NW Canada and eastern Australia. The local high number of endemic taxa (17 (sub)species, 46%) points to a significant plate tectonic isolation of the Junggar Basin in the early Famennian.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Connection between Carbon Incorporation and Growth Rate for GaN Epitaxial Layers Prepared by OMVPE

Carbon, a compensator in GaN, is an inherent part of the organometallic vapor phase epitaxy (OMVPE) environment due to the use of organometallic sources. In this study, the impact of growth conditions are explored on the incorporation of carbon in GaN prepared via OMVPE on pseudo-bulk GaN wafers (in several cases, identical growths were performed on GaN-on-Al2O3 templates for comparison purposes). Growth conditions with different growth efficiencies but identical ammonia molar flows, when normalized for growth rate, resulted in identical carbon incorporation. It is concluded that only trimethylgallium which contributes to growth of the GaN layer contributes to carbon incorporation. Carbon incorporation was found to decrease proportionally with increasing ammonia molar flow, when normalized for growth rate. Ammonia molar flow divided by growth rate is proposed as a reactor independent predictor of carbon incorporation as opposed to the often-reported input V/III ratio. A low carbon concentration of 7.3 × 1014 atoms/cm3 (prepared at a growth rate of 0.57 µm/h) was obtained by optimizing growth conditions for GaN grown on pseudo-bulk GaN substrates.

Field of study: Materials science
Villein rents in thirteenth–century England: an analysis of the Hundred Rolls of 1279–1280

in kind, and in labour. An examination of these rents is crucial to any inquiry into the features of medieval society; almost all research into medieval economic history has contained some analysis of villein rents. However, there is little agreement as to what were the principal factors in determining the level of these rents. Historians have so far assumed three factors: economic and demographic forces, seigneurial power, and custom. As regards the first, Postan stated that the ratio between land and population determined the value of land: 'all available evidence, especially for France and England, shows land rents, land prices, and entry fines rising on a scale fully consistent with the hypothesis of "pressure of population" '.2 He argued that demographic pressures, i.e. excess demand for land, pushed up the value of land in the thirteenth century. Marxist historians put forward the alternative view that the crucial element in determining the level of rents is not economic and demographic forces, but the political relationship between landlords and tenants, i.e. seigneurial power. Through 'non-economic compulsion', some lords were able to exact high rent, including labour services on their demesnes.3 Although it is difficult to decide whether or not noneconomic compulsion prevailed over economic and demographic forces, almost all historians, not only marxists, admit that tenants were burdened with heavier rents on large ecclesiastical estates consisting of classical manors: 'the power of the lord, especially power applied continuously over many generations, enabled large and ancient churches to make greater demands on their tenants than did the gentry'.4 A third group of historians suggests that villein rents were the product of a long evolution of custom. Feudal institutions did not always raise the level of rents; the custom under which unfree tenants held their lands might have protected them against the chill wind of market forces. In opposition to the marxist view, Hatcher argues that unfree tenants did not suffer from an excess

Field of study: Economics, History