nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
SU-E-T-464: Impact of the Treatment Margin on Tumor Control and Normal Tissue Complication for Prostate Treatment.

To investigate the consequence of treatment margin reduction on normal tissue complication probability (NTCP) and tumor control probability (TCP) of prostate external beam treatment.



Intensity modulated rotational radiotherapy plans were generated for 10 prostate patients with 6 different posterior margin sizes from 5mm to 0. The prescription dose is 80Gy for 40 treatment fractions. The dose distributions were recalculated with consideration of the intrafractional motion and the localization error. The statistical uncertainties of the intrafractional motion and the localization error were derived based on the motion tracking data recorded by the Calypso 4D localization system for a large patient population. The TCP and NTCP were calculated based on the dose volume histograms (DVH) of prostate and rectum for plans with different margins using an equivalent uniform dose (EUD) based biological model. The 50% tumor control dose (TCD50) of 60Gy for prostate and the median toxic dose (TD50) of 55Gy for rectum were used in the calculation.



The minimum dose of the prostate and the mean dose of the rectum dropped with the decrease of the treatment margin. When the posterior treatment margin was reduced from 5mm to zero, the EUD of prostate decreased from 83Gy (±0.5Gy) to 81Gy (±0.5Gy) and the TCP dropped from 93.2% (±0.1%) to 91.7% (±0.1%), the EUD of the rectum decreased more significantly from 48.9Gy (±0.4Gy) to 32.5Gy (±0.5Gy) and the NTCP dropped from 13.3% (±1.5%) to 0.03% (± 0.01%).



The treatment margin size affects the dose to the target and the nearby critical structure. More significant impact on NTCP has been observed than on TCP. This gives us some room to consider the quality of the patient's after-treatment life. A wise choice of treatment margin can be made based on physician's opinion and patient's preference on the tumor control and the quality of life.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
The Reflection of Calculus' Teaching under the Background of New Technology

In the background of new technology,how to carry on the calculus teaching,focusing on the training of creative talents,is an issue worthy of exploration and research.The purpose of calculus teaching is not only to make students master the basic knowledge and methods,improve the operation ability,but also to cultivate students' abstract thinking ability,logical thinking ability and innovation ability and help them to lay the mathematical foundation for learning relevant professional knowledge.The paper holds that a calculus class should become a place spreading mathematical culture,the calculus teaching activities should consciously carry through mathematical thought education,and the calculus teaching should be combined with modern technology,focusing on developing students' mathematical ability.A calculus course should become a basic course for cultivating talents.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Applying linear and nonlinear models for the estimation of particulate matter variability.

In this study, data collected from an urban air quality monitoring network are being used for the purpose of evaluating various methodologies used for spatial interpolation in the context of proposing an effective yet simple to apply scheme for PM spatial point estimations. The examined methods are the Inverse Distance Weighting, two linear regression models, the Multiple Linear Regression and the Linear Mixed Model, along with a Feed Forward Neural Network (FFNN) model. These schemes utilize daily PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations collected from five and three air quality monitoring sites respectively. In order to obtain the resulted estimations, the leave-one-out cross-validation methodology is used for all methods. The evaluation of their predictive ability is performed by using a combination of difference and correlation statistical measures, scatter plots and statistical tests. The results indicate the usefulness of FFNNs as they are found to be statistically significantly superior for modelling the particulate matter spatial variability. The model performance statistics show that in most cases the error values are considerably lower for the FFNN model. Additionally, the rank and Wilcoxon rank tests reveal that the null hypothesis for equal predictive accuracy is rejected for the majority of monitoring sites and schemes (values lower than the critical t-value). According to the comparison results, the FFNN model is selected for forecasting air quality limit exceedances set by the European Union and World Health Organization air quality standards. For two monitoring sites in which the largest number of exceedances occurred, the probability of detection is high while the probability of false detection is very low, further establishing the neural networks' predictive ability.

Field of study: Environmental science
Analyzing fish movement as a persistent turning walker

The trajectories of Kuhlia mugil fish swimming freely in a tank are analyzed in order to develop a model of spontaneous fish movement. The data show that K. mugil displacement is best described by turning speed and its auto-correlation. The continuous-time process governing this new kind of displacement is modelled by a stochastic differential equation of Ornstein–Uhlenbeck family: the persistent turning walker. The associated diffusive dynamics are compared to the standard persistent random walker model and we show that the resulting diffusion coefficient scales non-linearly with linear swimming speed. In order to illustrate how interactions with other fish or the environment can be added to this spontaneous movement model we quantify the effect of tank walls on the turning speed and adequately reproduce the characteristics of the observed fish trajectories.

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics
Tectonic implications of syn- and post-emplacement deformation of the Mount Stuart batholith for mid-Cretaceous orogenesis in the North Cascades

The 93–96 Ma Mount Stuart batholith intruded across the boundary between the Northwest Cascades thrust system and the crystalline core of the North Cascades. Although previously considered posttectonic, the northeast margin of the Mount Stuart batholith and its wall rocks have been involved in syn- to post-emplacement, southwest-directed thrusting and folding, and west-northwest stretching. Contraction ended shortly after emplacement, as indicated by high-temperature recrystallization in thrust-related mylonites of the pluton and by geochronological data, whereas west-northwest stretching continued for an unknown period of time. This is the best documented mid-Cretaceous contractional belt in the main part of the crystalline core. The shortening direction and timing are identical to that of southwest-vergent thrusts in the offset continuation of the core in British Columbia. The contractional belt provides a link between thrusting in the Northwest Cascades thrust system and deformation in the crystalline ...

Field of study: Environmental science
Decision-Feedback Equalization for Pulse-Position Modulation

In this paper, we propose a minimum mean squared error (MMSE) decision feedback equalizer (DFE) for pulse position modulated (PPM) signals in the presence of intersymbol interference (ISI). While traditional uses of PPM may not have had ISI, PPM is increasingly being considered for use in situations where ISI is an issue, such as high-performance optical communication systems and ultrawideband communications. First, we review previous work on the subject which used the zero-forcing criterion under strict assumptions about the channel and equalizer lengths. Then, we derive a computationally efficient MMSE equalizer which removes these restrictions, and is suitable for use with training-based stochastic gradient-descent algorithms. Finally, we demonstrate the performance of the proposed equalizer with simulations.

Field of study: Engineering
Signal-detection analyses of conditional discrimination and delayed matching-to-sample performance.

Quantitative analyses of stimulus control and reinforcer control in conditional discriminations and delayed matching-to-sample procedures often encounter a problem; it is not clear how to analyze data when subjects have not made errors. The present article examines two common methods for overcoming this problem. Monte Carlo simulations of performance demonstrated that both methods introduced systematic deviations into the results, and that there were genuine risks of drawing misleading conclusions concerning behavioral models of signal detection and animal short-term memory.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Ideologies and Illusions: Revolutionary Thought from Herzen to Solzhenitsyn

In a book of keen perception and vast sweep, a foremost scholar examines one hundred years of Russian revolutionary thought and the men who shaped and were caught up in it. Adam Ulam displays an unusual ability to penetrate the core of the Soviet mind as it evolved and was encapsulated in history. Why did the Russians sign a treaty with Hitler? Why did they build a Berlin Wall, rattle missiles, and then sign a nuclear-test-ban treaty with President Kennedy? Why do they fear Titoism? Why was detente fostered when Nixon was president? By reflecting on the psychology, ideology, and frenetic activity of revolutionary Russians, Ulam leads us to answers. Ulam's ability to explain events by tracing the continuities in the Russian mentality makes this work a special achievement in Soviet studies and intellectual history.

Field of study: Political science
Effect of Microalloy Element on the Grain Coarsening Behavior of Q345 Steel

Austenite grain growth behavior of microalloy steels with addition of V,Nb or Al separately or two or three of the alloys together is studied in this article.The grain coarsening temperature from the grain size-temperature curves for different microalloy steels is defined according to ASTM grain size grade G=6.0.The results show that the grain coarsening temperature of Q345 steel alloyed with VN12 is about 40 ℃ higher than that of the Q345 steel treated by FeV.Compared to the treatment with Fe-Nb,the combined addition of Nb and V in the same Q345 steel has little influence on the grain coarsening temperature of the steel.Addition of trace Nb in the trace Al alloy Q345 steel does not show significant effect on the grain coarsening temperature.The resistance to austenite grain growth is:NbAlV.

Field of study: Materials science
O(4) Expansion of the Ladder Bethe-Salpeter Equation

The Bethe-Salpeter amplitude is expanded on a hyperspherical basis thereby reducing the original four-dimensional integral equation into an infinite set of coupled one-dimensional ones. It is shown that this representation offers a highly accurate method to determine numerically the bound state solutions. For generic cases only a few hyperspherical waves are needed to achieve convergence, both for the ground state as well as for radially or orbitally excited states. The wave function is reconstructed for several cases and in particular it is shown that it becomes independent of the relative time in the nonrelativistic regime.

Field of study: Physics
Coexistence of antiferromagnetism and superconductivity: A neutron diffraction study of DyMo/sub 6/S/sub 8/

Although DyMo/sub 6/S/sub 8/ is a superconducting below T/sub c/ = 2.05 K previous studies of the resistivity, susceptibility, and upper critical field strongly suggest the development of magnetic order at T/sub M/ = 0.4 K. The present neutron study shows conclusively that this superconducting compound also develops coexistent long-range (greater than 300 A) antiferromagnetic order at T/sub M/. The Dy atoms form a simple cubic sublattice (with a slight rhombohedral distortion) in which the observed magnetic structure consisting of (100) planes with moments of 8.77..mu../sub B/ alternately parallel and antiparallel to the (111) direction.

Field of study: Physics
STOCHASTIC SIMULATION OF STORM OCCURRENCE, DEPTH, DURATION, AND WITHIN-STORM INTENSITIES

Newer watershed models require detailed continuous temporal precipitation to drive modeled hydrologic processes. The variability of precipitation inputs to models is a major source of variability in watershed flows that is often evaluated in the context of risks. However, available short-term-increment rainfall data are not adequate. A storm-generator model (StormGen) that synthesizes storms directly (several storms per day to several days per storm) was developed and tested using precipitation data from Coshocton, Ohio. The concepts for modeling the four elements of actual storms (storm occurrence, storm duration and depth, and within-storm intensities) and storm-model characterization and parameterization using an empirical and statistical approach are presented. Supporting studies have been conducted to help with practical parameterization in ungauged areas. Times between storms (TBS) are represented and simulated well by exponential distributions. Storm durations are characterized by empirical distributions of durations in a month. Storm depths require conditional simulation given storm durations. Within-storm intensities utilize probabilistic information contained in Huff curves. Initial performance evaluation of three of the elements of the model for a 200-year simulation shows that the model works well. TBS was modeled best (monthly average deviation of -1.3%, with values ranging from -3.2% to 3.0%). Monthly average storm duration deviations ranged from -6.2% to +1.6% with an average of -1.3%. Monthly average storm depth deviations ranged from -17.1% to +0.1% with an average of -9.2%, although actual magnitudes ranged only from -2.2 to 0 mm. Average deviations between simulated and measured average monthly precipitation was +1.7%, ranging from -8.6% to +12.6%. Corresponding depth differences ranged from -10.0 to 10.8 mm, with an average of +0.5 mm. Total simulated precipitation for the entire period deviated from measured precipitation by +0.6%, corresponding to +0.5 mm. The Poisson assumption for statistical independence of storms in the model is validated using Coshocton data, with the ratio of average storm duration to average TBS of only 0.107. The results of this study suggest that the StormGen model is promising and that modeling concepts and characterization deserve further investigation.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
A high-order perturbation of envelopes (HOPE) method for scattering by periodic inhomogeneous media

The interaction of linear waves with periodic structures arises in a broad range of scientific and engineering applications. For such problems it is often mandatory that numerical simulations be rapid, robust, and highly accurate. With such qualities in mind High–Order Spectral methods are often utilized, and in this paper we describe and test a perturbative method which fits into this class. Here we view the inhomogeneous (but laterally periodic) permittivity as a perturbation of a constant value and pursue (regular) perturbation theory. We demonstrate that not only does this lead to a fast and accurate numerical method, but also that the expansion of the field in this geometric parameter is valid for large deformations (up to topological obstruction). Finally, we show that, if the permittivity deformation is spatially analytic, then so is the field scattered by it.

Field of study: Mathematics
Small Talk and Cooperation A Note on Bounded Rationality

Neyman has shown that bounded rationality can lead to cooperation in the finitely repeated prisoner's dilemma game, if the game is conducted by finite automata of fixed size. We obtain similar results utilizing finite automata which can send messages back and forth over a given communication channel. The communication protocol utilized does not involve the transfer of any relevant information. Rather, it saturates the computational resources of the players thus preventing them from engaging in complex strategies which could potentially undermine cooperation.

Field of study: Economics
An Unexpected Complication of Bone Marrow Aspiration and Trephine Biopsy: Arteriovenous Fistula

To report a case of arteriovenous fistula (AVF) following bone marrow aspiration and trephine biopsy.  A 76-year-old man was diagnosed with acute myeloblastic leukemia. Pain and hematoma were detected in his left leg and hip 4 days after bone marrow aspiration and trephine biopsy. A pelvic arteriography was performed, and a diagnosis of AVF was made.  This case shows that clinicians should be aware of AVF, especially in cases with refractory bleeding after bone marrow aspiration and trephine biopsy despite normal blood coagulation parameters.

Field of study: Medicine
FATIGUE LIFE PREDICTION FOR NOTCHED SPECIMENS UNDER MULTIAXIAL NON-PROPORTIONAL LOADING AT HIGH TEMPERATURE

The axial-torsional fatigue experimentation at 650℃ was carried out on notched specimens made of GH4169 super alloy, which is used for turbine of aeroengine. The stress-strain fields around the notch under both proportional and non-proportional loadings were analyzed by means of ANSYS software, and the fracture-prone points on the specimens were given. A new multiaxial damage parameter was proposed and the corresponding fatigue life prediction model was set up by the use of critical plane method. The results confirm the validity of the model given in this study by comparing the predicted fatigue life with the experimental life.

Field of study: Engineering
Quantum Dynamics of Nuclear Slabs: Mean Field and Short-Range Correlations

Computational difficulties aside, nonequilibrium Green's functions appear ideally suited for investigating the dynamics of central nuclear reactions. Many particles actively participate in those reactions. At the two energy extremes for the collisions, the limiting cases of the Green's function approach have been successful: the time-dependent Hartree-Fock theory at low energy and Boltzmann equation at high. The strategy for computational adaptation of the Green's function to central reactions is discussed. The strategy involves, in particular, incremental progression from one to three dimensions to develop and assess approximations, discarding of far-away function elements, use of effective interactions and preparation of initial states for the reactions through adiabatic switching. At this stage we concentrate on inclusion of correlations in one dimension, where relatively few approximations are needed, and we carry out reference calculations that can benchmark approximations needed for more dimensions. We switch on short-range interactions generating the correlations adiabatically in the Kadanoff-Baym equations to arrive at correlated ground states for uniform matter. As the energy of the correlated matter does not quite match the expectations for nuclear matter we add mean field to arrive at the match in energy. From there on, we move to finite systems. In switching on the correlations we observe emergence of extended tails in momentum distributions and evolution of single particle occupations away from 1 and 0.

Field of study: Physics
Does Television Kill? Testing a Period-Characteristic Model

This study examined whether historical percentages of U.S. households with television predict homicide arrest rates from 1960 through 2000. Controlling for age and birth cohort, increased television penetration 15 years earlier predicted greater arrest rates. This possible effect appeared to decline among older age groups. Two interpretations are discussed. First, increased penetration may have coincided with the causes of crime. Second, television may increase homicide arrests. Also examined is the possible confounding or mediating influence of marriage-divorce ratios and unemployment rates. Controls for these did not eliminate all evidence of a television-arrest rate association.

Field of study: Psychology
Choice behavior of rats in a concurrent-chains schedule: Amount and delay of reinforcement.

Rats were exposed to concurrent-chains schedules in which the terminal links were equal fixed-interval schedules terminating in one or three food pellets. Choice proportions for large reward increased with increases in delay intervals programmed on fixed-interval schedules and supported the predictions derived from a general choice model originally formulated by Fantino and later developed by Navarick and Fantino. In addition, a functional equivalence of two alternatives was established by increasing delay intervals with large reward, whereas delay intervals for small reward were held constant. Functionally equivalent delay intervals with large reward, for each delay interval with small reward, can be described by a power function with exponent smaller than 1.0. A better prediction of choice proportions resulted when this function was used to derive predicted choice proportions.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
The Use of Sample Ranges in Setting Exact Confidence Bounds for the Standard Deviation of a Rectangular Population

A discussion is given of point estimates and interval estimates of the population standard deviation σ, based on the sample range and quasi-ranges. In the case of a rectangular population, the efficient point estimate and the most effective interval estimates are those based on the sample range, so it is not necessary to consider estimates based on sample quasi-ranges. The coefficients of the sample range w in the exact confidence bounds for the population standard deviation σ are found by taking the reciprocals of percentage points of the (standardized) range W = w/σ. A six-decimal-place table of percentage points for the range corresponding to selected cumulative probabilities and sample sizes is presented. A second table shows coefficients of the sample range in exact lower confidence bounds.

Field of study: Mathematics
A whole system approach to improving mortality associated with acute kidney injury

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is in the main managed by non-nephrologists, many who feel challenged by or lack awareness of the complexity that the renal element adds to their patients' care. National reports have raised major concerns about the quality of care and have predicted that mortality reductions of 30% are achievable with good medical practice.



This quality improvement project evaluated whether a whole system approach could improve outcomes for patients with AKI.



Quality improvement methodology was used to understand hospital patterns, processes and professional knowledge. Change concepts were developed which included management of patients at risk, staff education and awareness program, development of a patient specific electronic alert to prompt diagnosis, easy to remember care bundle (ABCDE-IT), dedicated outreach team and patient and family empowerment leaflet.



Statistical process control analysis was used to verify outcomes over time. A shift in the in-hospital mortality rate corresponded to a relative 23.2% reduction in mortality and was sustained over the next 33 months (P < 0.0001). The favourable shift in mortality was temporally distinct from the improved AKI detection rate. This timeframe corresponded to lying below the 99.8% lower confidence limit in comparison with all English acute trusts for comparative AKI specific SHMI/HSMR mortality rates. Length of stay also reduced shortly after onset of the project by 14.1% or 2.6 day reduction (P < 0.0001).



This project demonstrated that an integrated, whole-system approach is necessary to ensure sustained improvements in AKI mortality and length of stay.

Field of study: Medicine