nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of the semi-rigid analogues of prothiadene and dithiadene as potential antidepressant and antihistamine agents: 11-[2-(Dimethylaminomethyl)cyclohexylidene]-6,11-dihydrodibenzo[ b,e ]thiepins and 4-[2-(dimethylaminomethyl)cyclohexylidene]-4,9-dihydrothieno-[2,3- c ]-2-benzothiepins


Field of study: Chemistry
Mid-Infrared Observations of Planetary Nebulae detected in the GLIMPSE 3D Survey

We present mapping, profiles and photometry for 24 planetary nebulae (PNe) detected in the GLIMPSE 3D mid-infrared (MIR) survey of the Galactic plane. The PNe show many of the properties observed in previous studies of these sources, including evidence for longer wave emission from outside of the ionised zones, a likely consequence of emission from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) within the nebular photo-dissociation regimes (PDRs). We also note variations in 5.8 µm/4.5 µm and 8.0 µm/4.5 µm flux ratios with distance from the nuclei; present evidence for enhanced MIR emission in the halos of the sources; and note evidence for variations in colour with nebular evolution.

Field of study: Physics
Gene expression of 5‐lipoxygenase and LTA4 hydrolase in renal tissue of nephrotic syndrome patients

Leukotrienes (LT) of the 5‐lipoxygenase pathway constitute a class of potent biological lipid mediators of inflammation implicated in the pathogenesis of different models of experimental glomerulonephritis. The key enzyme, 5‐lipoxygenase (5‐LO), catalyses oxygenation of arachidonic acid to generate the primary leukotriene LTA4. This LT, in turn, serves as a substrate for either LTA4 hydrolase, to form the potent chemoattractant LTB4, or LTC4 synthase, to produce the powerful vasoconstrictor LTC4. To investigate the potential role of LT in the pathogenesis of human glomerulonephritis with nephrotic syndrome, we examined the gene expression of 5‐LO and LTA4 hydrolase in renal tissue of 21 adult patients with nephrotic syndrome and 11 controls. The patients consisted of 11 cases of membranous nephropathy (MN), seven focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), two non‐IgA mesangial glomerulonephritis and one minimal change disease. Total RNA purified from renal tissue was reverse transcribed into cDNA and amplified with specific primers in a polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR). Eight patients' renal tissue, four MN and four FSGS, co‐expressed 5‐LO and LTA4 hydrolase. In situ hybridization analysis revealed 5‐LO expression and distribution limited to the interstitial cells surrounding the peritubular capillaries. Comparative clinical and immunohistological data showed that these eight patients had impaired renal function and interstitial changes that significantly correlated with 5‐LO expression. These findings suggest that leukotrienes may play an important role in the pathogenesis of MN and FSGS. These results are also relevant to elucidating the pathophysiologic mechanisms which underlie progression to renal failure in these diseases.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
A small world based overlay network for improving dynamic load-balancing

Load-balancing algorithms play a key role in improving the performance of distributed-computing-systems that consist of heterogeneous nodes with different capacities. The performance of load-balancing algorithms and its convergence-rate deteriorate as the number-of-nodes in the system, the network-diameter, and the communication-overhead increase. Moreover, the load-balancing technical-factors significantly affect the performance of rebalancing the load among nodes. Therefore, we propose an approach that improves the performance of load-balancing algorithms by considering the load-balancing technical-factors and the structure of the network that executes the algorithm. We present the design of an overlay network, namely, functional small world (FSW) that facilitates efficient load-balancing in heterogeneous systems. The FSW achieves the efficiency by reducing the number-of-nodes that exchange their information, decreasing the network diameter, minimizing the communication-overhead, and decreasing the time-delay results from the tasks re-migration process. We propose an improved load-balancing algorithm that will be effectively executed within the constructed FSW, where nodes consider the capacity and calculate the average effective-load. We compared our approach with two significant diffusion methods presented in the literature. The simulation results indicate that our approach considerably outperformed the original neighborhood approach and the nearest neighbor approach in terms of response time, throughput, communication overhead, and movements cost. We propose a load-balancing algorithm for heterogeneous systems.We construct an overlay network based on small world theory to enhance the algorithm performance.The proposed algorithm improves the distributed system performance.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Dynamic programming solution of incentive constrained problems

Several problems in economic theory can be formulated as a dynamic programming problem, plus an additional incentive compatibility constraint. This constraint requires the continuation value along the chosen sequence, at any point in time, to be larger than some prescribed function of the state, the control, or perhaps both. This constraint changes the nature of the problem in a substantial way: for instance, even if the problem is discounted, standard arguments based on contraction principles do not apply. In this paper we show how to reduce this class of problems to a simple variation of standard dynamic programming techniques. In particular the value function for the problem is shown to be the fixed point of an appropriately defined operator.

Field of study: Economics
Group Identification and Self-Esteem of Deaf Adults

Using a sample of 267 deaf adults, members of a stigmatized collective, this study tested three notions: (a) The ecological context in which group members live affects identification with their group; (b) group identification has a positive effect on members' self-esteem; and (c) several psychological mechanisms mediate between group identification and self-esteem. The first two notions received support. Family and school deafness were associated with group identification, which, in turn, had a positive effect on self-esteem both directly and through its moderating effect on the negative relationships between several variables and self-esteem. Data did not provide support, however, for the proposal that several variables mediate between group identification and self-esteem. Results highlight the importance of considering both the personal ecology of participants and their social-political context, as well as suggest revisions in theories on group identification and self-steem.

Field of study: Psychology
Impact of EBUS-TBNA on modalities for tissue acquisition in patients with lung cancer.

The impact of the introduction of Endobronchial ultrasound with real-time guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) on the use of diagnostic modalities for tissue acquisition in patients with lung cancer is unknown.



A retrospective review of 328 consecutive patients diagnosed with lung cancer at a university teaching hospital, where they first presented in London in 2007, 2009 and 2011. EBUS was introduced in 2008.



In total, 316 patients were included in the analysis. Comparing 2007 with 2011 data, there has been a significant reduction in standard bronchoscopy (P < 0.0001) and mediastinoscopy (P = 0.02). The proportion of cases diagnosed by EBUS-TBNA significantly increased from 0% in 2007 to 26.7% in 2009 and 25.4% in 2011 (P < 0.0001). In the same period there has also been an increased trend in the proportion of patients going directly to surgery without pathological confirmation with a 9.6% increase in diagnoses obtained at thoracotomy (P = 0.0526).



The use of diagnostic modalities that provide information on diagnosis and staging in a single intervention are increasing. At our hospital, the use of EBUS-TBNA for providing a lung cancer diagnosis is increasing and this has led to a significant reduction in standard bronchoscopies and mediastinoscopies. These changes in practice may have implications for future service provision, training and commissioning.

Field of study: Medicine
Development of Saddle-Shaped Coils Using Coated Conductors for Accelerator Magnets

A project to develop fundamental technologies for accelerator magnets using high-Tc superconductors is currently underway. The primary applications in this project are fixed field alternating gradient (FFAG) accelerators for carbon cancer therapy systems and accelerator-driven subcritical reactors. One of the challenging issues in this study is to accomplish the complicated coil shape required for the accelerator magnets using YBa2Cu3Ox (YBCO) coated conductors. An asymmetric, three-dimensional winding structure has been designed for the main ring of an FFAG accelerator, but the anisotropic bending flexibility of coated conductors is constrained because of their tape-like shape. To demonstrate a suitable winding technology for a three-dimensional coil using coated conductors, a prototype winding machine with a two-axis motion mechanism was constructed. Based on the present design of the FFAG magnet, a saddle-shaped coil wound on a curved surface with a radius of 700 mm was designed. A 100-turn coil was wound by the winding machine using an approximately 90 m length of 3 mm-wide YBCO coated conductor made by the IBAD-MOCVD method. The coil was impregnated with epoxy resin, and the voltage-current (V-I) characteristics were evaluated in a liquid nitrogen environment. From the V-I characteristics in an electric field region of 10-9V/cm, an index value of above 20 was obtained, which means that the superconducting properties were not degraded.

Field of study: Physics
Symbolic Meaning of Tortor Dalahi and Daboru Move in Simalungunese

Dance in the Simalungun tribe called tortor . Tortor had role as a communication media in the form of move to deliver or certain means and integral part by the dynamics of the socio-cultural life of its society. According to the actors, tortor was divided into two forms namely tortor dalahi (performed by male) and tortor daboru (performed by women). This division also showed differences in move techniques. There were six basic move on Simalungunese tortor for traditional ceremonies, either performed by both ( dalahi and daboru ) or just one of them. This basic move is: 'ondok' , 'maminggung' , 'sombah' , 'sorpei' and 'mamasu-masu ' performed by both, and 'lakah sitolu tolu’ or '‘ lakah siubar-ubar ’ which performed by male ( dalahi ), and 'serser' performed by women ( daboru ).  symbolic meaning, tortor dalahi , tortor daboru.

Field of study: Education
Enhancing Minority Student Leadership Skills Using Case Studies

This study reports on a controlled experiment using undergraduate African American students at one of the United States' Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCU). Information technology rich multimedia instructional materials were implemented in an attempt to increase the level of perceived leadership skills in the classroom. A comparison was conducted to examine the various attitudes and perceptions of minority students using multimedia case studies versus traditional teaching methods. The results suggest that the use of multimedia case studies in minority classrooms has the potential to improve perceived leadership skills more so than traditional teaching methods. It is important to note, however, that the social, cultural, and psychological nuances associated with individual ethnic groups are extremely complex and possibly beyond the scope of this research.

Field of study: Computer science
The effect of pesticides on Byssus formation in the common mussel, Mytilus edulis

Seed mussels ( Mytilus edulis ) were exposed to a range of pesticides and PCBs, several of which caused a reduction in byssal attachment at higher concentrations. In queen scallops ( Chlamys opercularis ) byssus formation was similarly affected although this species was more sensitive than M. edulis . The sensitivity of mussels was greater at higher temperatures and decreased with increase in size. Of the compounds tested Endosulfan (organochlorine) was the most toxic, causing a 50% reduction in byssal attachment after 24 h at 0·45 mg/l. Trichlorphon (organophosphate) was the least toxic and did not affect byssal attachment at concentrations up to 30 mg/l. The probable cause of decreased byssal attachment is a reduction in pedal activity, although it is possible that direct interference with the synthesis or combination of byssus components may be involved. It is suggested that byssogenesis tests offer a rapid and convenient technique for the routine screening of potential marine pollutants.

Field of study: Environmental science
Zum Hochfrequenzverhalten der Randschichtgleichrichter

ZusammenfassungIn Randschichtgleichrichtern mit einsinniger Störstellenhalbleitung kann sich eine Verzögerung im Reaktionsgleichgewicht zwischen ortsfester Störstelle und der von ihr abgegebenen Elektronenart nur dann im Scheinwiderstands- und Gleichrichterverhalten bemerkbar machen, wenn die Störstellen im Halbleiterinnern zum wesentlichen Teil undissoziiert bleiben. Das ist zugleich die Bedingung für das Auftreten einer Reserverandschicht. Es wird gezeigt, daß in Gleichrichtern mit Erschöpfungs- plus Reserverandschicht die Randschichtkapazität (bei kleiner Wechselstrombelastung) von einem der Dicke der Erschöpfungsschicht entsprechenden Anfangswert mit wachsender Frequenz bis zu einem mehrfach kleineren Wert absinken muß, der der gesamten Randschichtdicke, einschließlich der Reserverandschicht, entspricht. Als kinetisch maßgebende Frequenz ωkin erscheint dabei das Produkt des Wiedervereinigungskoeffizienten α mit einer Elektronendichte; da die dielektrische Relaxationsfrequenz ωrel ebenfalls als Produkt eines konstanten, von der Beweglichkeit μ und Dielektrizitätskonstante ε abhängigen Faktors (von der Größenordnung 10−5 cm3 sec−1) mit einer Elektronendichte darstellbar ist, ergibt sich das Verhältnis ωkin∶ ωrel als eine durch α, μ und ε vollständig bestimmte Größe, die anscheinend in jedem Fall ≪ 1 ist. Unter dieser Annahme, die der obigen Kapazitätsaussage zugrunde liegt, wird mit zunehmender Frequenz die Reserverandschicht nicht wegen ihrer zu geringen örtlichen Leitfähigkeit, sondern wegen des Versagens der geforderten schnellen Störstellenumladungen kapazitiv überbrückt („dynamische Erschöpfungsrandschicht“). Der Vergleich der Theorie mit Scheinwiderstandsmessungen von F.Rose an Cu2O-Gleichrichtern führt zu α - Werten von der Größenordnung 5·10−10 cm3 sec−1 für die Reaktion Cu □′+⊕ → Cu □× im Cu2O, und damit zu einer Bestätigung der gemachten Voraussetzung. Nach einem Vergleich des ermittelten α - Wertes mit Literaturangaben, die sich auf verwandte Fälle beziehen, und nach Diskussion des Kapazitätsverhaltens bei nicht verschwindender Vorspannung wird die Betrachtung noch durch Annahme eines zweistufigen Wiedervereinigungsprozesses erweitert. Endlich wird in einem Schlußabschnitt der Einfluß der Reaktionsträgheit auf die OHMsche Leitwertkomponente der Randschicht gestreift sowie der Einfluß der Reaktionsträgheit auf die Güte der Gleichrichterwirkung bei kleinen Amplituden im Gebiet höchster Frequenzen diskutiert.

Field of study: Physics
Experimental study of BALB/c mice orally immunized by recombinant Hp vaccine

To study the duration of the immune response and long term protective efficacy of immunization with recombinant H.pylori vaccine. To investigate primary immune mechanism.  Specific antibody levels were detected with ELISA. Moreover, specific antibody secreting cells (ASCs) in Payer′s patch were assayed by ELISPOT. The expressions of T cell cytokines mRNA in spleen were also detected with RT PCR. H.pylori infection were assayed by gastric H.pylori culture, histology and urease assay.  A high level of specific antibody in gastric mucosa, intestinal mucosa, trachea mucosa and serum was found in vaccine group. (2) Specific ASCs of Payer′s patch in vaccine group were significantly increased. (3) The expression levels of IFN γ, IL 4 mRNA in vaccine group obviously increased after stimulation by antigens. (4) Over the 30 week period, protection ranged from 86.7% 92.8% post challenge in vaccine group.  After orally immunization with recombinant H.pylori vaccine, it may induce a T H1/T H2 type immune response.

Field of study: Biology
Biventricular Pacing Cardiac Contractility Modulation Improves Cardiac Contractile Function via Upregulating SERCA2 and miR-133 in a Rabbit Model of Congestive Heart Failure

To compare the effects of biventricular electrical pacing and conventional single-ventricular pacing for cardiac contractility modulation (CCM) on cardiac contractile function and to delineate the underlying molecular mechanisms.  Forty rabbits were divided into four groups before surgery: healthy control, HF sham, HF left ventricular pacing CCM (LVP-CCM), and HF biventricular pacing CCM (BVP-CCM) groups with n=10 for each group. A rabbit model of chronic heart failure was established by ligating ascending aortic root of rabbits. Then electrical stimulations during the absolute refractory period were delivered to the anterior wall of left ventricle in the LVP-CCM group and on the anterior wall of both left and right ventricles in the BVP-CCM group lasting six hours per day for seven days. Changes in ventricular structure, cardiac function and electrocardiogram were monitored before and after CCM stimulation.  Compared with the sham-operated group, heart weight, heart weight index, LV end-systolic diameter (LVESD), LV end-diastolic diameter (LVEDD) in the LVP-CCM and BVP-CCM groups were significantly decreased (p<0.05), while LV ejection fraction (LVEF) and fractional shortening fraction (FS) were increased (p<0.05). Notably all these changes were consistently found to be greater in BVP-CCM than in LVP-CCM. Moreover, plasma BNP levels were highest in the HF sham-control group, followed by the LVP-CCM group, and lowest in the BVP-CCM group (p<0.05). Furthermore, sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA2a) protein levels were upregulated by 1.7 and 2.4 fold, along with simultaneous upregulation of a cardiac-enriched microRNA miR-133 levels by 2.6 and 3.3 fold, in LVP-CCM and BVP-CCM, respectively, compared to sham.  Biventricular pacing CCM is superior to conventional monoventricular pacing CCM, producing greater improvement cardiac contractile function. Greater upregulation of SERCA2 and miR-133 may account, at least partially, for the improvement by BVP-CCM.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
New Character of the Risk Contagion between Stock A Market and Stock H Market——An Empirical Analysis on the Co-listed Company

Based on the MGARCH model,this paper explores the risk contagion regarding the stocks co-listed in the A share market and H share market,showing some different results.The evidence presents that,after non-tradable share reform was basically completed,new character of risk contagion of co-listed stocks has risen.The direction is that the risk spillover effect is from A shares to H shares but not from H shares to A shares.

Field of study: Economics
Linear combinations of generators in multiplicatively invariant spaces

Multiplicatively invariant (MI) spaces are closed subspaces of $L^2(\Omega,\mathcal{H})$ that are invariant under multiplications of (some) functions in $L^{\infty}(\Omega)$. In this paper we work with MI spaces that are finitely generated. We prove that almost every linear combination of the generators of a finitely generated MI space produces a new set on generators for the same space and we give necessary and sufficient conditions on the linear combinations to preserve frame properties. We then apply what we prove for MI spaces to system of translates in the context of locally compact abelian groups and we obtain results that extend those previously proven for systems of integer translates in $L^2(\mathbb{R}^d)$.

Field of study: Mathematics
On the Market Risks Prevention of China’s Commercial Banks’Financial Product under the Financial Crisis

The year 2009 faces significant changes of economy. In front of the global financial crisis originated from Wall Street sub-prime mortgage crisis, China will be affected inevitably. The financial products market of the banking industry suffers from serious test. Starting from the concept, the classification, the risks, and the development of China’s commercial banks’ financial products, this paper analyzes the market risks of China’s commercial banks’ financial products under the financial crisis and advances specific countermeasures for China’s commercial banks dealing with crisis and defending market risks.

Field of study: Business
Is diazepam an antidepressant?

In double-blind sequential study, diazepam was compared with the proven antidepressant moclobemide, in patients with atypical depression. Both agents significantly improved depression ratings over eight weeks of treatment. Diazepam was a significantly better antidepressant than moclobemide at four week, although not at eight weeks. All patients ceased diazepam within one year and none reported withdrawal reactions. These data suggest the need to reconsider that benzodiazepines may be antidepressants and to study their possible antidepressant actions.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Comparative analysis of various CO2 configurations in supermarket refrigeration systems

Our paper presents an analysis of various CO2 transcritical and cascade/secondary loop refrigeration systems that are becoming popular in supermarket applications with the objective of optimizing the operating parameters of these systems. In addition, the performance of selected CO2-based refrigeration systems is compared to the baseline R404A multiplex direct expansion system using bin analyses in the eight climate zones of the United States. Moreover, for the refrigeration systems investigated, it was found that the Transcritical Booster System with Bypass Compressor (TBS-BC) had the lowest energy consumption for ambient temperatures (Tamb) less than 8 °C, and for higher ambient temperatures the R404A direct expansion system was found to have the lowest energy consumption. Finally, the TBS-BC performs equivalent to or better than the R404A direct expansion system in the northern two-thirds of the US. For the southern portion of the US, the R404A multiplex DX system performs better than CO2 systems.

Field of study: Engineering
Design of Water Supply Project for a City in Southern Algeria

Water delivery pipeline of a city's water supply project in southern Algeria spans the Sahara Desert about 737km,the terrain of route is complicated.Pipeline flow state includes gravity flow and pressure flow;meanwhile,it has the characteristics of long distance,large flow and high lift.The paper introduces pipeline design of the water supply project,and hydraulic calculation in normal state/transient state will be carried out for water delivery pipeline,which can efficiently ensure safety and reliability of water supply system.

Field of study: Materials science
Weighted a priori estimates for elliptic equations

We give a simpler proof of the a priori estimates obtained in the paper by Duran, Sanmartino and Toschi for solutions of elliptic problems in weighted Sobolev norms when the weights belong to the Muckenhoupt class $A_p$. The argument is a generalization to bounded domains of the one used in $\mathbb{R}^n$ to prove the continuity of singular integral operators in weighted norms. 
In the case of singular integral operators it is known that the $A_p$ condition is also necessary for the continuity. We do not know whether this is also true for the a priori estimates in bounded domains but we are able to prove a weaker result when the operator is the Laplacian or a power of it. We prove that a necessary condition is that the weight belongs to the local $A_p$ class.

Field of study: Mathematics