nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The Phytostilbene Resveratrol Induces Apoptosis in INS-1E Rat Insulinoma Cells

We investigated the effect of resveratrol on proliferation and induction of apoptosis of INS-1E rat insulinoma cells by cell counting, crystal violet staining, flow cytometry and immunoblotting. Resveratrol treatment of INS-1E cells at concentrations ≥50 μM resulted in a dose-dependent inhibition of cell proliferation, accumulation of the cells in the S and G0/G1 phase and a significant increase of the percentage of apoptotic cells. This was paralleled by an increase of cell granularity, apoptotic volume decrease (AVD), exposure of phosphatidylserine at the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane, an increase of the 7-AAD signal and caspase activation. The AMP-kinase (AMPK) inhibitor compound C (10 μM) significantly inhibited cell proliferation and induced caspase activation within 48 hours but this effect was not modified by resveratrol suggesting that AMPK is not a major target involved in mediating the proapoptotic effect of resveratrol in INS-1E cells. Immunoblotting revealed a significant inhibition of Akt (PKB) phosphorylation by 100 μM resveratrol within 1 hour. Addition of insulin (10 μM) to the culture medium strongly enhanced basal Akt phosphorylation. This enhancement was significantly attenuated by 50 and 100 μM resveratrol. We conclude that the antiproliferative/proapoptotic effect of resveratrol on INS-1E cells is due to negative interference with Akt signaling and most likely disruption of auto/paracrine insulin signaling.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Indirect N2O emissions with seasonal variations from an agricultural drainage ditch mainly receiving interflow water.

Nitrogen (N)-enriched leaching water may act as a source of indirect N2O emission when it is discharged to agricultural drainage ditches. In this study, indirect N2O emissions from an agricultural drainage ditch mainly receiving interflow water were measured using the static chamber-gas chromatography technique during 2012-2015 in the central Sichuan Basin in southwestern China. We found the drainage ditch was a source of indirect N2O emissions contributing an inter-annual mean flux of 6.56 ± 1.12 μg N m-2 h-1 and a mean indirect N2O emission factor (EF5g) value of 0.03 ± 0.003%. The mean EF5g value from literature review was 0.51%, which was higher than the default EF5g value (0.25%) proposed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in 2006. Our study demonstrated that, more in situ observations of N2O emissions as regards N leaching are required, to account for the large variation in EF5g values and to improve the accuracy and confidence of the default EF5g value. Indirect N2O emissions varied with season, higher emissions occurred in summer and autumn. These seasonal variations were related to drainage water NO3--N concentration, temperature, and precipitation. Our results showed that intensive precipitation increased NO3--N concentrations and N2O emissions, and when combined with warmer water temperatures, these may have increased the denitrification rate that led to the higher summer and autumn N2O emissions in the studied agricultural drainage ditch.

Field of study: Environmental science
Progress on the ITER TF Coil Winding Pack in EU

A principal part of the ITER fusion reactor is the Toroidal Field magnet system which consists of 18 “D” shaped coils. Fusion for Energy, (F4E), the European Domestic Agency for ITER, is responsible for the procurement of 10 such coils. The completed coils, measuring approximately 14 m × 9 m and weighing 300 tons, comprise an outer structural case into which a “winding pack”, itself made up of 7 conductor double pancake and radial plate assemblies, is inserted. The winding packs will be the largest ever built using Nb3Sn conductor and their manufacture, using a wind, react and transfer process, presents significant technological challenges. In particular, the conductor double pancakes must be wound with high accuracy and their change in dimension during heat treatment correctly predicted in order to facilitate the transfer to their associated radial plates. These processes require novel and sophisticated tooling to be constructed on a large scale. The contract for the manufacture of 10 ITER TF Coil Winding pack was awarded in July 2010 by F4E to a consortium of three main partners-Iberdrola IC, ASG Superconductors and Elytt Energy and in this paper we present the progress made to date. Particular reference is made to the design and procurement of major items of tooling, including the winding line, heat treatment furnace and transfer tool, and the steps taken to minimize risk by design are described.

Field of study: Physics
A RAMCloud Storage System based on HDFS: Architecture, implementation and evaluation

Few cloud storage systems can handle random read accesses efficiently. In this paper, we present a RAMCloud Storage System, RCSS, to enable efficient random read accesses in cloud environments. Based on the Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS), RCSS integrates the available memory resources in an HDFS cluster to form a cloud storage system, which backs up all data on HDFS-managed disks, and fetches data from disks into memory for handy accesses when files are opened for read or specified by users for memory storage. We extend the storage capacity of RCSS to that of the substrate disk-based HDFS by multiplexing all the available memory resources. Furthermore, RCSS supports MapReduce, which is a popular cloud computing paradigm. By serving data from memory instead of disks, RCSS can yield high random I/O performance with low latency and high throughput, and can achieve good availability and scalability as HDFS.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Those who were born poor: A qualitative study of Philippine poverty.

This qualitative study investigated the psychological experience of poverty among 2 groups of Filipinos who were interviewed about the effects of being raised poor, 12 who became rich, and 13 who remained poor. Using constructivist and critical theories as research paradigms and grounded theory as methodology, the results of the study illustrated perceived causes, coping mechanisms, and cultural factors. Surprisingly, both groups were very similar in their experiences of not having basic needs met, of negative emotions, and of generally attributing their poverty to familial circumstances. The ways of coping with poverty, such as receiving and giving assistance and imploring God for help, and the cultural features of perseverance (pagpupunyagi) and reliance on others (pakikipagkapwa) were similarly influential in both groups. Because the main difference between both groups is the occurrence of chance events that provided access to education and opportunities to emigrate for those who have become rich, the oppressive structures of a society that perpetuate poverty are discussed. In developing countries such as the Philippines, the psychological experience of poverty is characterized by the impossibility of upward mobility.

Field of study: Psychology
Performance of Terahertz Waveguide SIS Mixers Employing Epitaxial NbN Films and Nb Junctions

We have designed, fabricated, and tested terahertz waveguide superconductor-insulator-superconductor (SIS) mixers with Nb/AlOx/Nb junctions and NbN/SiO2/Al microstriplines. The NbN ground plane used was an epitaxial film grown on a single-crystal MgO substrate. A two-junction tuning circuit, which was directly placed at the feed point of a bow-tie waveguide probe without impedance transformers, was used. A full-height waveguide, hammer-type choke filter, and zero-depth backshort were adopted for the design of the microstrip-waveguide transition structure. The Nb junctions in which the current density was 6.5 kA/cm2 showed good I-V characteristics, yielding a subgap-to-normal-state resistance ratio greater than 20. The results obtained for the mixer performance showed a receiver noise temperature of 440 K (DSB) at 1 THz; the results were corrected for losses in the beam splitter and the vacuum window. A detailed analysis of the mixers suggested that the waveguide mixers composed of epitaxial NbN films and Nb junctions were effective in the terahertz band.

Field of study: Physics
The Historical Destiny of Chinese Harmony Culture——A Study Beginning with a Discussion of the New Concept "Harmony" in the Historical Documents of CCP

According to Chinese traditional culture,harmony is the essence of the concept of "he".It indicates that the ancient Chinese made much of the life value of the human being and looked forward to the ideal society:harmonious living,harmonious relationship and harmonious development.In the political report of the 16th CCP congress,"harmony",as a new concept,is brought forward again and certain to carry weight,which embodies the party's profound understanding of the traditional culture and the development of the present society.It also shows that CCP tries to become the representative of the forward direction for Chinese advanced culture and initiatively speculates on the common problems China and even the entire world are confronted with.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Coverage on demand: A simple motion control algorithm for autonomous robotic sensor networks

Autonomous robotic sensor networks are composed by robotic sensors that can move, sense and communicate with each other in a cooperative way, and therefore are more powerful than static sensor networks. In robotic sensor networks, an important problem is motion control: how each sensor can autonomously move to the desirable location for better network coverage over targets. In this paper, we study a new motion control problem that has the following critical requirements: (i) All targets in the area of interest should be covered by sensors; (ii) The number of sensors that cover one target depends on the target's importance, i.e., more important targets should be covered by more sensors; (iii) The robotic sensors are kept connected, i.e., each sensor has at least one route to any other sensor in the network; (iv) Proper distance between every two neighboring sensors is maintained to avoid coverage overlap and possible collision. As a solution to this problem, we propose a simple motion control algorithm that operates in a pure autonomous manner. The proposed algorithm models the coverage demand into virtual force field, and hence each sensor can simply obey the effect of force field onto it to move. We demonstrate by extensive simulations that the proposed algorithm is very effective and is applicable to large-scale networks.

Field of study: Computer science
Introduction to and enlightenment from the "Quality Daily Physical Education" implemented in schools in Canada

The author carried out a comprehensive analysis and study on the basic ideas and goals,social background for occurrence,basic contents and characteristics,as well as modes of evaluation,of the Quality Daily Physical Education that had had a widely spread influence on scholastic physical education in Canada since the 1980s,considered that the Quality Daily Physical Education would be a very helpful reference for the scholastic physical education reform in China,and offered some suggestions.

Field of study: Education
Personality, alcohol consumption, and menstrual distress in young women.

There has been a longstanding hypothesis that some women develop alcohol dependence as a result of drinking to alleviate premenstrual dysphoria. This study investigated the relationship between personality factors, alcohol consumption, and menstrual distress symptoms in nonalcoholic drinking young women. Normally menstruating women monitored their alcohol intake and physical and affective distress symptoms daily for two consecutive menstrual cycles. Subjects were unaware that their menstrual cycles and symptoms were being monitored. Subjects also completed the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ), Cattel's Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF), and the Vando Reducer-Augmenter Scale. The MMPI scales were factor analyzed to reduce the number of variables. Four derived MMPI factors were added to the VANDO, the three EPQ factors, and the four higher order factors of the 16PF to provide a total of twelve personality predictors. Separate regression analyses were carried out between personality factors and both alcohol consumption and menstrual distress. The results revealed that the women who drank more tended to be significantly more extroverted, spontaneous, carefree, and open to change. By contrast, women who reported greater over-all menstrual distress tended to be less capable, secure, and well-adjusted and reported a greater number of emotional and psychological problems. There was no correlation between alcohol consumption and menstrual distress. It was concluded that the results contradict the alcoholism-menstrual cycle hypothesis.

Field of study: Medicine
Medial preoptic lesions disrupt parental behavior in both male and female California mice (Peromyscus californicus).

California mice (Peromyscus californicus) are monogamous and naturally biparental, making them an ideal species in which to study the neural basis of paternal behavior. A male or female from each male-female pair was given an electrolytic or sham lesion in the medial preoptic area (MPOA), an area known to be critical for the expression of maternal behavior in rats, and retested for parental responsiveness. MPOA-lesioned males and females showed significantly longer latencies to show parental behavior and spent significantly less time near pups, sniffing pups, and licking pups than sham-lesioned mice. However, MPOA lesions did not reduce time spent hovering over pups. The results suggest that the neural mechanisms mediating paternal behavior are similar to those mediating maternal behavior in this species.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Titanium mononitride as an antireflection layer on aluminium metallization for submicron photolithographic patterning

Titanium mononitride (TiN) as an antireflection layer over aluminum metallization on a Si water (Al/Si) in submicron photolithography has been studied. Both notching and standing wave effects of non-dyed and dyed positive resists coated on TiN/Al/Si are eliminated with 0.8 mu m designed linewidth test patterns using a g-line stepper under defocus of 0, +1 and -1 mu m. TiN/Al/Si has a sheet resistivity of about 45 m Omega /square, similar to Al/Si up to tested TiN thickness of 0.12 mu m. Thus, TiN in the TiN/Al/Si system functions not only as a conventional diffusion barrier, but also as an antireflection layer and as a metallization layer. Selective reactive ion etching between Al and TiN can be achieved in an etchant gas mixture of 3:7 CHF3:CF4 with a DC bias of -100 V.

Field of study: Materials science
Provenance of Austroalpine basement metasediments: tightening up Early Palaeozoic connections between peri-Gondwanan domains of central Europe and Northern Africa

New U–Pb and Lu–Hf detrital zircon data together with whole-rock geochemical and Sm–Nd data were obtained for paragneisses of the Austroalpine basement south of the Tauern Window. Geochemically immature metasediments of the Northern–Defereggen–Petzeck (Ötztal–Bundschuh nappe system) and Defereggen (Drauzug–Gurktal nappe system) groups contain zircon age populations which indicate derivation mainly from Pan-African orogens. Younger, generally mature metasediments of the Gailtal Metamorphic Basement (Drauzug–Gurktal nappe system), Thurntaler Phyllite Group (Drauzug–Gurktal nappe system) and Val Visdende Formation (South Alpine Basement) were possibly derived from more distant sources. Their significantly larger abundances of pre-Pan-African zircons record a more advanced stage of downwearing of the Pan-African belts and erosion of older basement when the Austroalpine terrane was part of the Early Palaeozoic Northern Gondwana passive margin. Most zircon age spectra are dominated by Ediacaran sources, with lesser Cryogenian, Tonian and Stenian contributions and subordinate Paleoproterozoic and Neoarchean ages. These age patterns are similar to those recorded by Cambro–Ordovician sedimentary sequences in northeastern Africa between Libya and Jordan, and in some pre-Variscan basement inliers of Europe (e.g. Dinarides–Hellenides, Alboran microplate). Therefore, the most likely sources seem to be in the northeastern Saharan Metacraton and the Northern Arabian–Nubian Shield (Sinai), further supported by whole-rock Sm–Nd and zircon Lu–Hf data.

Field of study: Environmental science
Residual ordered structure in denatured proteins and the problem of protein folding.

Structural characteristics of numerous globular proteins in the denatured state have been reviewed using literature data. Recent more precise experiments show that in contrast to the conventional standpoint, proteins under strongly denaturing conditions do not unfold completely and adopt a random coil state, but contain significant residual ordered structure. These results cast doubt on the basis of the conventional approach representing the process of protein folding as a spontaneous transition of a polypeptide chain from the random coil state to the unique globular structure. The denaturation of proteins is explained in terms of the physical properties of proteins such as stability, conformational change, elasticity, irreversible denaturation, etc. The spontaneous renaturation of some denatured proteins most probably is merely the manifestation of the physical properties (e.g., the elasticity) of the proteins per se, caused by the residual structure present in the denatured state. The pieces of the ordered structure might be the centers of the initiation of renaturation, where the restoration of the initial native conformation of denatured proteins begins. Studies on the denaturation of proteins hardly clarify how the proteins fold into the native conformation during the successive residue-by-residue elongation of the polypeptide chain on the ribosome.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Physics
Democracy in Sub-Saharan Africa: Is There a Neighborhood Effect?

AbstractIn this paper we explore the effects of external factors on the development of democracy in sub-Saharan Africa. We focus on how the level of democracy in bordering countries affects democracy in neighboring countries. Little, if any, work has considered the spatial factors associated with democracy especially within sub-Saharan Africa. Our empirical analysis—using multiple estimation strategies—reveal that a higher level of democracy (in bordering countries) is directly associated with democracy (in the neighboring country). The results from a fixed effects estimator with a large number of controls indicates a one standard deviation increase in democracy in the bordering countries increases democracy by over one full point (using the Polity IV index of democracy). A seemingly unrelated regression and instrumental variables (IV) analysis extend the discussion. The IV results indicate the effect increases to over 2.5 points. We conclude with a discussion of the broader implications of our findings.

Field of study: Political science
Effective Masses and Sizes of N(939), $\Delta\!\!\mbox{\boldmath(1232)}$ and N(1440) in Nuclear Medium

The effective masses and sizes of N(939), $\Delta(1232)$ and N(1440) in nuclear medium are calculated for a model in which quarks are subjected to a confinement force quenched by the scalar part of nuclear interactions. At the nuclear matter density, the nucleon swells by 50\% relative to the free nucleon. The masses of $\Delta(1232)$ and N(1440) decrease in nuclear medium more than the nucleon, so that the pion requires less energy to excite them in nuclear medium than it does for a free nucleon.

Field of study: Physics
EFFECTIVE HADRON MASSES AND COUPLINGS IN NUCLEAR MATTER AND INCOMPRESSIBILITY

The role of effective hadron masses and effective couplings in nuclear matter is studied using a generalized effective Lagrangian for σ-ω model. A simple relation among the effective masses, the effective couplings and the incompressibility K is derived. Using the relation, it is found that the effective repulsive and the effective attractive forces almost cancel each other out at the normal density. Inversely, if this cancellation is almost complete, K is 250~350 MeV.

Field of study: Physics
Lasing in POPOP vapor with an efficiency of 42% and in POPOP and TOPOT vapors subjected to nonmonochromatic pumping

A lasing efficiency of 42% in the 395 nm range was obtained by pumping POPOP vapor (7 x 10/sup 16/ cm/sup -3/) containing ether (1.5 x 10/sup 21/ cm/sup -3/, T = 207 /sup 0/C) with the third harmonic (355 nm) of a neodymium laser. The threshold pump intensity for POPOP and TOPOT vapors in a resonator with mirror reflection coefficients R/sub 1/ = R/sub 2/ = 97% did not exceed 75 kW/cm/sup 2/. Lasing in POPOP and TOPOT vapor was obtained for the first time by nonmonochromatic pumping with light from a laser spark. The energy possibilities of lasers using vapors of complex organic compounds are discussed.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Analysis of Word Document Object and Implementation of Computer Aided Scoring

Analyses the attribute of Word object by using macro function of Office and VBA component technology, classifies and codes the check-up attribute of Word document, generates language information of scoring forms. According to the computer aided scoring algorithm, searches and matches databaes and VBA attribute value operated by candiates by using VB tool, so as to realizes the word document scoring and marking automatically.

Field of study: Computer science
Das asymmetrische Einschlußgitter des Harnstoffs, IV. Die absolute Konfiguration des Gitters

Aus der Gitterzuordnung von sechs 1,2- und drei 1,3-Dimethylalkanen sowie dreier verschiedener Gruppen von Methylalkanonen wird widerspruchsfrei abgeleitet, das das Gitter der optisch linksdrehenden Einschluskristalle (bisher als Gitter A bezeichnet) Rechts-Konfiguration hat, also die Rechtsschraubenachse als Symmetrieelement enthalt. 
 
 
 
The Asymmetric Lattice of Urea Inclusion Compounds, IV1) — The Absolute Configuration of the Lattice 
 
 
 
Investigations on the lattice configuration of six 1,2- and three 1,3-dimethylalkanes and of various groups of methylalkanones have verified that the lattice of the optically levorotatory inclusion crystal (former designation: lattice A) has a right-handed spiral configuration, i.e. has the right-handed screw axis as symmetry element.

Field of study: Chemistry
[Effects of cerebral GABA level on learning and memory].

In step-down tests, icv GABA 0.1 micrograms (3 min before training) or ip amino-oxyacetic acid 20 mg/kg (1.5 h before training) both significantly impaired memory acquisition in mice. But semicarbazide (ip 110 mg/kg 3.5 h before training), an inhibitor of GABA synthesis, improved the anisodine-induced impairments of learning. The effects of GABA was also enhanced by aminooxyacetic acid. The results suggest that the increase of cerebral GABA contents is unfavourable to learning and memory.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine