nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
SiPM Avalanche Size and Crosstalk Measurements with Light Emission Microscopy

Diodes operating in reverse bias emit visible light. This light emission process is important in silicon photomultipliers where microcells, arranged in a matrix, can trigger avalanches in adjacent microcells. One of the main goals toward improving silicon photomultipliers as light detectors is to design sensors with significantly higher photon detection efficiency than the classical photomultipliers. To achieve this goal, one needs to operate the silicon photomultiplier under a high relative overvoltage, saturating its Geiger efficiency. This means operating it under high gain and a correspondingly high level of optical crosstalk. In this paper, we describe a new and precise visual method for measuring the crosstalk as well as the transverse size of avalanches in a silicon photomultiplier microcell. This size turns out to be significantly smaller than the usually used microcell size, practically independent from the overvoltage or type. It also has implications for designing small, fast microcells that could reach a naturally lower size limit.

Field of study: Physics
Cooperative Choice in Decomposed Social Dilemmas

In a study by Pruitt (1967) two-person decomposed prisoner's dilemma games (DPDs) were constructed from a 2 X 2 prisoner's dilemma game. Pruitt showed that some DPDs evoked greater cooperation than others, despite the fact that the payoffs were identical in all of the games. Pruitt's findings were interpreted in terms of Hamburger's (1973) "take-some" and "give-some" games, and it was hypothesized that DPDs in which the cooperative choice rewards the other members of the group would evoke greater cooperation than DPDs in which the competitive choice punishes the other members. This hypothesis was tested with three-person DPDs with college students as subjects. The results support the hypothesis and several explanations of the findings are discussed.

Field of study: Psychology
Double Pouch Colon

A 2-day-old, 2.7-kilogram male full-term neonate, born out of a non-consanguineous marriage was referred to us with a complaint of absent anal opening since birth and abdominal distension and meconuria since day 1. On examination, the patient had a distended abdomen and absent anal opening with a flat perineum. The fantogram showed two large air-fluid levels in the abdomen . Echocardiogram was suggestive of patent ductus arteriosus with severe pulmonary artery hypertension. At laparotomy Saxena–Mathur classification, a type V pouch colon was seen with the intervening segment of only 2 centimeters. This dumb-bell-shaped pouch colon was ischemic, thinned out at places, and had blood supply only from marginal branches . The poucho-vesical fistula was divided and closed, pouch excised, and terminal ileostomy was done . The patient was discharged uneventfully on 8th postoperative day. We had planned a second-stage surgery after 3 months. However, the patient, unfortunately, succumbed to lower respiratory tract infection at 2 months of age.

Field of study: Medicine
Effects of multi-microbial solid-state fermentation on the glucosinolate content of rapeseed meal

Solid-state fermentation of ordinary rapeseed meal with single strain and multi-strains are carried out to study the effect of fermentation on the contents of glucosinolates and crude protein in rapeseed meal.Results show that the effect of removing glucosinolates with Lactobacillus plantarum is obviously better than others,after three days the degradation of glucosino lates is up to 56.42%,and the effect of removing glucosinolates with multi-strains is better than with single strain.In this work the ratio of inoculation quantity of Lactobacillus plantarum:Bacillus subtilis:Aspergillus oryzae is 9%:6%:6%,the temperature of fermentation is 33 ℃ and the fermentation time is 96 h,pH 6.5,water/dry mass 1.2:1.Under these conditions the glucosinolates content of the rapeseed meal decreases from 32.33 μmol/g(dry base) to 2.79 μmol/g(dry base) ,degraded by 91.36%;and the content of crude protein rises 6.06 percentage.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Mechanisms of ATP Release, the Enabling Step in Purinergic Dynamics

The only effective intervention to slow onset and progression of glaucomatous blindness is to lower intraocular pressure (IOP). Among other modulators, adenosine receptors (ARs) exert complex regulation of IOP. Agonists of A3ARs in the ciliary epithelium activate Cl- channels, favoring increased formation of aqueous humor and elevated IOP. In contrast, stimulating A1ARs in the trabecular outflow pathway enhances release of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) from trabecular meshwork (TM) cells, reducing resistance to outflow of aqueous humor to lower IOP. These opposing actions are thought to be initiated by cellular release of ATP and its ectoenzymatic conversion to adenosine. This view is now supported by our identification of six ectoATPases in trabecular meshwork (TM) cells and by our observation that external ATP enhances TM-cell secretion of MMPs through ectoenzymatic formation of adenosine. ATP release is enhanced by cell swelling and stretch. Also, enhanced ATP release and downstream MMP secretion is one mediator of the action of actin depolymerization to reduce outflow resistance. Inflow and outflow cells share pannexin-1 and connexin hemichannel pathways for ATP release. However, vesicular release and P2X7 release pathways were functionally limited to inflow and outflow cells, respectively, suggesting that blocking exocytosis might selectively inhibit inflow, lowering IOP.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Acquisition of Embodied Knowledge on Gesture Motion by Singular Value Decomposition

Communication is classified in terms of verbal and nonverbal information. We discuss an acquisition method of knowledge from nonverbal information. In particular, a gesture is an efficient form of nonverbal communication as well as in verbal ways, and we formulate here a method that measures similarity and estimation between gestures. A gesture includes human embodied knowledge, and therefore the visible bodily actions can communicate particular messages. However, we have infinite patterns for gesture, determined by personality. Recently, the singular spectrum analysis method is utilized as an attractive method. In this paper, we propose a new method for acquiring embodied knowledge from time-series data on gestures using singular value decomposition. The motion behavior is categorized into several clusters with similarity and estimation between interval time-series data. We discuss the usefulness of the proposed method using an example of gesture motion.

Field of study: Computer science
K-theoretic Hall algebras for quivers with potential

Given a quiver with potential $(Q,W)$, Kontsevich-Soibelman constructed a Hall algebra on the cohomology of the stack of representations of $(Q,W)$. As shown by Davison-Meinhardt, this algebra comes with a filtration whose associated graded algebra is supercommutative. A special case of this construction is related to work of Nakajima, Varagnolo, Maulik-Okounkov etc. about geometric constructions of Yangians and their representations; indeed, given a quiver $Q$, there exists an associated pair $(\widetilde{Q},\widetilde{W})$ for which the CoHA is conjecturally the positive half of the Yangian $Y_{\text{MO}}(\mathfrak{g}_Q)$. 
The goal of this article is to extend these ideas to K-theory. More precisely, we construct a K-theoretic Hall algebra using category of singularities, define a filtration whose associated graded algebra is a deformation of a symmetric algebra, and compare the $\text{KHA}$ and the $\text{CoHA}$ using the Chern character. As before, we expect our construction for the special class of quivers $(\widetilde{Q},\widetilde{W})$ to recover the positive part of quantum affine algebra $U_q(\hat{\mathfrak{g}_Q})$ defined by Okounkov-Smirnov, but for general pairs $(Q,W)$ we expect new phenomena.

Field of study: Mathematics
Teaching World Geography to Late-Arrival Immigrant Students: Highlighting Practice and Content

In this case study, the work of an exemplary high school social studies teacher is highlighted. In her class, late-arrival immigrant students participated in oral, writing, and demonstration activities as they learned the physical, cultural, and historical traditions of geography education. As newcomers to the English language, the students' orientation to U.S. schooling was favorable because their teacher adapted her instruction with sheltering practices such as using realia, graphic organizers, hands-on activities, language and content objectives, and critical-thinking questions. Additionally, she valued prior learning from home, school, and community as a strong foundation to build new content-area knowledge in geography lessons.

Field of study: Sociology
Some effects of the conditioned suppression paradigm on operant discrimination performance.

Three experiments were conducted with rats to determine the effects of electric shock on responding during an operant discrimination. In two of these experiments, a conditioned suppression procedure was superimposed upon a stimulus signalling the availability of food reinforcement (S(D)). Response rates were greatly suppressed, not only in the warning signal periods which preceded each shock, but in the presence of S(D), and the stimulus signalling the unavailability of reinforcement (S(Delta)) as well. A third experiment, in which a very mild shock was used without a warning signal, demonstrated an increased response rate in S(D) and S(Delta), although this effect was rather unsystematic. In a similar study, Hearst (1965) found an increased rate in S(Delta) independent of any change in the S(D) rate. The present study failed to obtain Hearst's effect but illustrated a suppressive effect with a similar procedure.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Topotactic synthesis of a new BiS2-based superconductor Bi2(O,F)S2

A new BiS2-based superconductor, Bi2(O,F)S2, was discovered. It is a layered compound consisting of alternately stacked structure of rock-salt-type BiS2 superconducting layers and fluorite-type Bi(O,F) blocking layers. Bi2(O,F)S2 was obtained as the main phase by topotactic fluorination of undoped Bi2OS2 using XeF2. This is the first topotactic synthesis of an electron-doped superconductor via reductive fluorination. With increasing F-content, a- and c-axis lengths increased and decreased, respectively, and Tc increased to 5.1 K.

Field of study: Physics
Proposed Constitutive Law of Uniaxial Compression for Concrete under Deterioration Effects

In order to study the ductile deformation characteristics and failure process of plain concrete under uniaxial compression, this paper proposes a new constitutive model. The new model was used to fit and analyze the constitutive curve of concrete under uniaxial compressive under various degradation forms and was compared with the traditional constitutive models. Finally, the new model was used to quantitatively analyze and predict the stress–strain curve of concrete in different degradation periods of a set of freeze–thaw measured data. The results show that, compared with the traditional constitutive model, the new model is simple in form and has few parameters, and the numerical value of the parameter can reflect the ductile deformation capacity of concrete. The fitting curve of the new model has the highest fitting degree with the measured stress–strain curve of concrete, and the goodness of fit (R2) is also the largest. The new model is suitable for fitting the stress–strain curve of concrete under uniaxial compression under various deteriorating forms, and the degree of fit between the constitutive prediction curve and the measured curve is high. It can be seen from the fitting results of the new model parameters that the ductile deformation capacity of concrete decreases first and then increases slightly, which is inconsistent with the law of gradual deterioration of strength. There is a minimum moment of ductility deformation capacity of concrete (MDC). The MDC of O-C40 concrete is about 114 freeze–thaw cycles, and the MDC of O-C50 concrete is about 116 freeze–thaw cycles; the degree of fit between the constitutive prediction curve and the measured curve is high. We hope that the improvement mentioned offers valid reference to the study of ductile deformation characteristics and failure process of compressed concrete under different deterioration forms.

Field of study: Materials science
One simulation, different conclusions—the baseline period makes the difference!

The choice of the baseline period, intentionally chosen or not, as a reference for assessing future changes of any projected variable can play an important role for the resulting statement. In regional climate impact studies, well-established or arbitrarily chosen baselines are often used without being questioned. Here we investigated the effects of different baseline periods on the interpretation of discharge simulations from eight river basins in the period 1960–2099. The simulations were forced by four bias-adjusted and downscaled Global Climate Modelsunder two radiative forcing scenarios (RCP 2.6 and RCP 8.5). To systematically evaluate how far the choice of different baselines impacts the simulation results, we developed a similarity index that compares two time series of projected changes. The results show that 25% of the analyzed simulations are sensitive to the choice of the baseline period under RCP 2.6 and 32% under RCP 8.5. In extreme cases, change signals of two time series show opposite trends. This has serious consequences for key messages drawn from a basin-scale climate impact study. To address this problem, an algorithm was developed to identify flexible baseline periods for each simulation individually, which better represent the statistical properties of a given historical period.

Field of study: Environmental science
MiR-486-5p Serves as a Good Biomarker in Nonsmall Cell Lung Cancer and Suppresses Cell Growth With the Involvement of a Target PIK3R1

MicroRNAs are a class of noncoding RNAs that can be involved in the regulation of gene expression in cancers, including lung cancer. Our previous research has shown that miR-486-5p is one of the most downregulated microRNAs in tissue and serum samples of lung cancer as a good diagnostic biomarker. The objective of this study is to investigate the roles of miR-486-5p in the progression of lung cancer. In this study, miR-486-5p was further validated to be significantly downregulated in additional nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) tissue, serum, and cell samples by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and the expression level of miR-486-5p was significantly associated with clinical phenotype of NSCLC. The PIK3R1 gene was confirmed to be a direct target of miR-486-5p by dual-luciferase reporter assay, and the expression level of miR-486-5p was inversely correlated with that of PIK3R1 in tumor tissues (r = −0.774, p < 0.01). Overexpressed miR-486-5p effectively inhibited cell proliferation and invasion and successfully induced apoptosis in vitro. PIK3R1 was involved in the suppression of miR-486-5p on cell growth. It can be concluded that miR-486-5p may act as a tumor suppressor contributing to the progression of NSCLC, and miR-486-5p would be a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker and a potential therapeutic target for lung cancer.

Field of study: Biology
Synthesis of brand-new 1,6-diamino-2-iminopyrimidin-4(1H)-one and preliminary study of its two- and three-component reactions

A brand-new heterocyclic compound - 1,6-diamino-2-imino-2,3-dihydropyrimidin-4( 1H )-one - was synthetized for the first time and its some chemical properties were studied. It was unexpectedly found that new triaminopyrimidinone showed very atypical chemical behavior comparing with very similar ones in reactions with alkylating and acylating agents and in other two-component reactions. Three-component reactions involving 1,6-diamino-2-imino-2,3-dihydropyrimidin-4( 1H )-one were also studied.

Field of study: Chemistry
Marital Satisfaction and Sex-Roles in a New York Metropolitan Sample

145 married men and 143 married women completed Snyder's 1981 Marital Satisfaction Inventory and the Bern Sex-role Inventory (Short Version). Analyses showed that scores on femininity correlated with more marital satisfaction indices than did scores on masculinity. Masculinity correlated with more marital satisfaction indices for men than for women. Finances showed no relationship with the Bern indices. All of the statistically significant correlations were negative, indicating that sex-role attributes are associated with diminished marital dissatisfaction. Despite the low magnitude of the correlations, their statistical significance points to congruence between sex-roles and marital satisfaction.

Field of study: Psychology
Mixed temperature-dependent order parameters in the extended Hubbard model.

The extended Hubbard model is known to host s-wave, d-wave and p-wave superconducting phases depending on the values of the on-site and nearest-neighbour interactions. Upon detailed examination of the free energy functional of the gap in this model, we show that these symmetries are often dependent on temperature. The critical points of this functional are constrained by symmetry and allow us to formulate stringent conditions on the temperature profile of the gap function, applicable to other models as well. We discuss the finite temperature phase diagram of the extended Hubbard model, and point out the existence of symmetry transitions below Tc. Understanding the nature of these transitions is crucial to assessing the symmetry of unconventional superconductors.

Field of study: Physics
A Reason for Study

W E HAVE become so habituated in education to doing things by the copybook method that it disturbs our composure to question why certain lessons are taught or certain assignments made. It disturbs our composure even more when we are asked to justify the high-school or college curriculum in the light of its genuine contributions to modern living. It is true that if our professional reflexes are active we respond readily with the passwords which constitute the educational patter of the past century: culture, knowledge, refinement, scholarship, efficiency, adjustment. Thus we mouth our reasons, guided often by a sense of euphony rather than a sensitive conscience. We have built up a number of shibboleths that admit us theoretically to the professional fraternity, but our practice suffers from an alien lisp. Our goals we discuss in one book; our educational methods in another; and the subject-matter of the curriculum in a third. And when we are making, or reading, the third book, how remote seem the glowing phrases of the first! Being subject-matter minded, we revel in the analysis of obscure data; we compile mountains of fact; we tax the memories of the rising generation with verbose definitions of this, that, and the other; we give lectures on the love life of the lunar moth; we teach seventeen dead or decadent uses of the subjunctive with the academic gusto and the grim determination characteristic of our pedagogical personalities; we point out relentlessly and with rare discernment that "he" is masculine, "she" is feminine, and "it" is neuter; and we try to lend some mystic quality to our wisdom by batteries of tests in all the minutiae of information with which we bulge the covers of the textbooks. Most heartily do we yearn for a directive consciousness of purpose on the part of teachers and textbook makers, for the recognition and acceptance of basic service values in the subject-matter taught, for a vital correlation between learning and living. The restoration of public confidence in education depends, in great measure, upon bridging the gap between the curriculum and current needs-both individual and social. Many will no doubt contend that "objectives " are already written large in the literature of education. They will say that students, teachers, and curriculum committees have long since grown weary of the ceaseless exhorta-

Field of study: Education
Are breast cancer navigation programs cost-effective? Evidence from the Chicago Cancer Navigation Project.

One of the aims of the Chicago Cancer Navigation Project (CCNP) is to reduce the interval of time between abnormal breast cancer screening and definitive diagnosis in patients who are navigated as compared to usual care. In this article, we investigate the extent to which total costs of breast cancer navigation can be offset by survival benefits and savings in lifetime breast cancer-attributable costs.



Data sources for the cost-effectiveness analysis include data from published literature, secondary data from the NCI's Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) program, and primary data from the CCNP.



If women enrolled in CCNP receive breast cancer diagnosis earlier by 6 months as compared to usual care, then navigation is borderline cost-effective for $95,625 per life-year saved. Results from sensitivity analyses suggest that the cost-effectiveness of navigation is sensitive to: the interval of time between screening and diagnosis, percent increase in number of women who receive cancer diagnosis and treatment, women's age, and the positive predictive value of a mammogram.



In planning cost-effective navigation programs, special considerations should be made regarding the characteristics of the disease, program participants, and the initial screening test that determines program eligibility.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Neutrophil product with lymphocyte activating factor activity.

Lymphocyte activating factor (LAF) is a monocyte derived product which has the ability to enhance the proliferative response of murine thymocytes to the T cell mitogen concanavalin A (Con A). In this report, we have demonstrated that supernatants from normal human polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs) and from granules obtained from PMNs exhibit activity identical to LAF when tested against mouse thymocytes. Our results suggest that PMNs may release factors essential for T cell activation and thus, like monocytes, may serve as important accessory cells in the development of T cell-dependent immunity.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Transmission dynamics for vector-borne diseases in a patchy environment

In this paper, a mathematical model is derived to describe the transmission and spread of vector-borne diseases over a patchy environment. The model incorporates into the classic Ross–MacDonald model two factors: disease latencies in both hosts and vectors, and dispersal of hosts between patches. The basic reproduction number $$\mathcal{R }_0$$R0 is identified by the theory of the next generation operator for structured disease models. The dynamics of the model is investigated in terms of $$\mathcal{R }_0$$R0. It is shown that the disease free equilibrium is asymptotically stable if $$\mathcal{R }_0<1$$R0<1, and it is unstable if $$\mathcal{R }_0>1$$R0>1; in the latter case, the disease is endemic in the sense that the variables for the infected compartments are uniformly persistent. For the case of two patches, more explicit formulas for $$\mathcal{R }_0$$R0 are derived by which, impacts of the dispersal rates on disease dynamics are also explored. Some numerical computations for $$\mathcal{R }_0$$R0 in terms of dispersal rates are performed which show visually that the impacts could be very complicated: in certain range of the parameters, $$\mathcal{R }_0$$R0 is increasing with respect to a dispersal rate while in some other range, it can be decreasing with respect to the same dispersal rate. The results can be useful to health organizations at various levels for setting guidelines or making policies for travels, as far as malaria epidemics is concerned.

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics