nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Origin of the Central American ophiolites: Evidence from paleomagnetic results

The ophiolite complexes exposed along the Pacific coast of Costa Rica and western Panama evolved from Jurassic ocean floor to the island arc of the Tertiary to the present. We attribute Late Cretaceous volcanism to the Caribbean sill event that thickened the oceanic crust to form an oceanic plateau. Tectonostratigraphic units formed by Late Cretaceous nappe thrusting and block rotation. Rotated blocks, as revealed by paleomagnetic data, are covered by neoautochthonous sedimentary and volcanic rocks. Collision with the Cocos Ridge in the late Tertiary fragmented and rotated the ophiolite complexes south of the Costa Rica Fracture Zone. The oceanic basement formed in the Jurassic Period in an equatorial position. Its latitudinal drift path as deduced from paleomagnetic inclination data matches that of the South American continent and differs from that of the Farallon/Phoenix plates. We favor formation of the ophiolite complexes in a Caribbean (inter-American) position as opposed to a distant origin in the Pacific region.

Field of study: Geology
Application of Sodium Hypochlorite in the Open Tissue Culture of Banana

Added the different conceration of sodium hypochlorite solution(chlorine-antiseptic concentration,similarly hereinafter) into the culture medium of banana,the effective concentration of sodium hypochlorite solution used as the bacterial inhibitor on the open tissue culture of banana,the optimal concentration of multiplication and rooting culture was determined,based on the experimental material made of the differentiated bud of bananas "Brazil" obtained by subcultured.It demonstrated that the effective concentration of sodium hypochlorite was above 0.01%.The bud multiplication and root regeneration in the open banana tissue culture were relatively high at the stages of 0.014% sodium hypochlorite concentration,2.48% and 83.0% which were no significant difference with the traditional way of banana tissue,meanwhile the least damage to the plantlets.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Socialism in High School Social Studies Textbooks

This article concerns textbook analysis regarding the presentation of socialism in four leading high school social studies books, one in each of the following subjects: United States history, world history, United States government, and economics. Findings indicate that students relying on these texts to gain understanding of socialism and contemporary expressions of socialist ideas in modern societies will be invariably shortchanged. In most of the books, students are not encouraged to analyze or evaluate socialism. The potential of the books to help students achieve goals identified by the National Council for the Social Studies, certain content standards established by the National Council on Economics Education, and other standards established by state boards such as the California State Board of Education, is quite limited.

Field of study: Sociology
Robotic-assisted laparoscopic ureteral re-implant (RALUR): Can post-operative urinary retention be predicted?

Urinary retention following robotic-assisted laparoscopic extravesical ureteral reimplantation (RALUR) is proposed to be due to traction or injury of the pelvic parasympathetic nerve plexus during distal ureteral dissection. Nerve-sparing techniques have been employed to avoid injury to the pelvic plexus, either directly or indirectly. This single-center study assessed postoperative urinary retention rates after extravesical RALUR and investigated whether demographic or operative factors could predict this occurrence.



All RALUR cases entered into an Institutional Review Board-approved registry were retrospectively reviewed, and the rate of postoperative retention was determined. Postoperative urinary retention was defined as the need for catheterization at any time in the postoperative period during hospital admission or within 1 week after the operation. This included acute urinary retention episodes (AUR) as well as high post-void residuals (>50% of expected bladder capacity). Univariate analysis was performed to analyze for predictors of postoperative retention. Factors assessed included age, gender, clinical presentation, bowel bladder dysfunction (BBD), pre-operative urinary tract infection (UTI), procedure length, grade of vesicoureteral reflux (VUR), and operative laterality.



A total of 128 patients underwent extravesical RALUR in 179 ureters during the study period 2012-2016. Male:female ratio was 1:2.6. Median age at surgery was 4 years. Bilateral RALUR was performed in 52 cases (40.6%), and unilateral in 76 (59.4%). Urinary retention requiring catheterization occurred in 11 cases (8.59%). Of these, seven were post-bilateral RALUR, while the remaining four were unilateral. In seven cases, postoperative retention occurred within 24 h following RALUR. The remaining four instances occurred within 1 week, despite successful voiding in the immediate postoperative period. Univariate analysis revealed male gender (P = 0.009) and operating room time (P = 0.029) as predictors of retention. No association was found with age, weight, BBD, pre-operative UTI, grade of VUR, or laterality.



Urinary retention after RALUR was an infrequent complication. When it did occur, urinary retention appeared to be secondary to covariates such as male gender and length of surgical time - possibly an indication of technical difficulty - rather than laterality of repair.

Field of study: Medicine
Regulation of calpain and calpastatin in differentiating myoblasts: mRNA levels, protein synthesis and stability.

Calpain (Ca(2+)-dependent intracellular protease)-induced proteolysis has been considered to play a role in myoblast fusion to myotubes. We found previously that calpastatin (the endogenous inhibitor of calpain) diminishes transiently during myoblast differentiation. To gain information about the regulation of calpain and calpastatin in differentiating myoblasts, we evaluated the stability and synthesis of calpain and calpastatin, and measured their mRNA levels in L8 myoblasts. We show here that mu-calpain and m-calpain are stable, long-lived proteins in both dividing and differentiating L8 myoblasts. Calpain is synthesized in differentiating myoblasts, and calpain mRNA levels do not change during differentiation. In contrast, calpastatin (though also a long-lived protein in myoblasts), is less stable in differentiating myoblasts than in the dividing cells, and its synthesis is inhibited upon initiation of differentiation. Inhibition of calpastatin synthesis is followed by a diminution in calpastatin mRNA levels. A similar calpastatin mRNA diminution is observed upon drug-induced inhibition of protein translation. On the other hand, transforming growth factor beta (which inhibits differentiation) allows calpastatin synthesis and prevents the diminution in calpastatin mRNA. The overall results suggest that at the onset of myoblast differentiation, calpastatin is regulated mainly at the level of translation and that an inhibition of calpastatin synthesis leads to the decrease in its mRNA stability. The existing calpastatin then diminishes, resulting in decreased calpastatin activity in the fusing myoblasts, allowing calpain activation and protein degradation required for fusion.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Vitamin B6 status, MTHFR and hyperhomocysteinaemia.

Sir, transmethylation pathway is impaired by the possession of a thermolabile MTHFR allele, that the transMild hyperhomocysteinaemia is accepted as a major risk factor for vascular disease, conferring an approxisulphuration pathway will take over. It might therefore be expected that serum vitamin B 6 concentramately three-fold relative  We have shown previously that homozygosity for the thermolabile tions would be lower in those possessing the thermolabile allele. Vitamin B 6 was measured in methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) genotype was associated with higher concentrations of serum by HPLC according to Brain and Reynolds ( The results are shown by genotype in the total plasma homocysteine (tHcy) in a working male population aged 30–49 years (n=625). We also table below. The trend in vitamin B 6 values by genotype is showed that serum folate concentrations were related to the expression of the genotype; in men with folate apparent, yet does not reach statistical significance ( p=0.24) due to the wide spread of data. It must below the median value, a difference in tHcy between genotypes existed. This did not persist in be noted, however, that the magnitude of increase in mean concentration of vitamin B 6 between homomen with folate levels above the median value.2 We would now like to report the results for zygous thermolabiles (+/+) and homozygous normals (−/−)—a value of 21%—is comparable to vitamin B 6 . Homocysteine is either remethylated to S-adenosylmethionine, in which case it is initially that shown by folate and vitamin B 12 (32% and 20%, respectively). Vitamin B 6 was not correlated with remethylated to methionine by the vitamin-B 12 dependent enzyme methionine synthase, using homocysteine, folate or vitamin B 12 . Using a value of 30 pmol/l as an optimal/sub5-methyl tetrahydrofolate as the methyl donor, or disposed of by the transsulphuration pathway in optimal cut-off point,4 we found that 47% of the subjects in our population were sub-optimal for which the initial step is its condensation with serine to form the thioether cystathionine through the action vitamin B 6 . We can conclude that, in this study, vitamin B 6 of the vitamin-B 6 -dependent enzyme cystathionineb-synthase. It is therefore conceivable that if the did not play a major role in determining the levels

Field of study: Medicine
Detection and restoration of tampered JPEG compressed images

To protect the integrity of digital images, our scheme proposes a technique based on standard JPEG still image compression. The proposed scheme can detect tampered images and can also recover them. Images are compressed using the JPEG compression technique, and the proposed scheme also incorporates an edge detection technique. First, the edge detection technique identifies the edges of the image before image compression takes place. The obtained edge characteristic is then embedded into the image immediately after compression. If the image is tampered during transmission, the embedded edge characteristic can be used to detect the tampered areas, and these tampered areas can be reconstructed using the interpolation method and the embedded edges. Therefore, the proposed scheme allows recipients to know that the image has been tampered with during transmission.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Influence of manganese chloride filler on optical and structural properties of PVA/PVP films

Films of Poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA)/ Poly (vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP) polyblend filled of MnCl2 were prepared by using the casting technique. The amorphous feature of the filled polymer was depicted using XRD. The area under the peak and peak intensity was found to decreases with increasing MnCl2 concentration due to the interaction between the polymer blend and MnCl2; this indicates decreasing in the degree of crystallinity in the polymericmatrix. Fourier transforminfrared spectroscopy display significant structural changes within the polymeric matrix indicating a complexation between the pristine polymer and the filler. UV-Vis. optical absorption spectrum indicates a variation in both intensity and optical energy gap with different amount of filler. Both values of direct and indirect energy gaps are calculated and discussed. Obtained data shows a defect formation which increases filler content and supported by both XRD and UV-Vis.  Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) shows a homogenous distribution of the filler within the polymeric matrix and in the filled films with different concentrations ofMnCl2 appear a large granules and granule groups randomly distribution on the surface this indicates that these granules may be are ofMnCl2.

Field of study: Materials science
Synthesis of 6-amino-4-aryl- 2R-4H-furo[2,3-b]pyran-5-carbo- nitriles based on the condensation of 3-arylmethylene-3H-furan-2-ones with malononitrile

Methods were developed for the synthesis of 6-amino-4-aryl-2R-4H-furo[2,3-b]pyran-5-carbonitriles based on the reaction of 3-arylmethylene-3H-furan-2-ones with malononitrile and also using a multicomponent reaction. The reaction schemes are discussed.

Field of study: Chemistry
Functional diversity and community structure of micro-organisms in three arctic soils as determined by sole-carbon-source-utilization

Functional diversities of micro-organisms in arctic soils at three incubation temperatures were assessed using sole-carbon-source-utilization (SCSU). Soil samples were collected from an area of anthropogenic fertilization (mixed Dorset/Thule/Historic site), an area of animal enrichment (bird rock perches), and unaltered tundra (raised beach; control soil site). The micro-organisms were extracted from the soil samples and inoculated into Gram-negative (GN) Biolog plates incubated at 30°C, 10°C, and 4°C. Calculations of the Shannon index, substrate utilization richness, Shannon evenness, and the Jaccard coefficient of similarity were based upon substrate utilization on the Biolog plates. Principal component analysis distinguished microbial communities in enriched soils from unenriched soils. At 10°C and 4°C, Shannon indices of enriched soil microbial communities (10°C: soils influenced by wild animals=4.28, soils influenced by human activities=4.20; 4°C: soils influenced by wild animals=4.15, soils influenced by human activities=4.03) were significantly higher than unenriched soil microbial communities (10°C: 3.66; 4°C: 3.38). Substrate utilization richness and evenness displayed similar trends. Although Jaccard coefficients showed uniformity across the different soil samples, cluster analysis supported patterns demonstrated by PCA. Lower temperatures (4°C and 10°C) yielded greater resolution between soil microbial communities than 30°C based on Biolog colour development patterns.

Field of study: Environmental science
Muon detector of the Tunka-HiSCORE project

The use of muon detectors in order to improve the rejection of background EAS produced by protons and nuclei is proposed as part of the wide-aperture Tunka-HiSCORE γ-ray telescope project. The area of the muon detector and the depth of the bulk soil layer required for effective suppression of the electron-photon component of EAS are substantiated. Results from tests of the IHEP muon detector with light collected by WLS fibers are discussed.

Field of study: Physics
Management Model Research of Low-power Wireless Sensor Network

Nowadays most of the wireless sensor network management modes have a shorter lifetime because adopting the way of transferring management information to each other, which thus consuming energy too fast. This paper  Present a new modal based on mobile agent for wireless sensor network scluster management.this model can make up the shortcoming of the nowadays wireless sensor networks management architecture.The nowadays models are fall eousider the information report of each nodes can consulne lots of energy and result in reduce the network lifetime.The mobile agent-based wireless seusor networks management model inherit the preponderant of the traditional merit, and have plenty consideration in nodes energy feature.Through the analysis of the model, the model author provided have more predominance than traditional model in save energy, data integrate, topology control and so on.

Field of study: Computer science
Clair Engle and the brain tumor that almost derailed the Civil Rights Act.

Senator Clare Engle was a United States senator from California who cast an important vote to end the filibuster of the 1964 Civil Rights Act, even as a brain tumor had left him with an expressive aphasia and would claim his life just a month later. This paper reviews the history of Senator Engle's illness in parallel with that of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.

Field of study: Medicine
Magmatic evolution of the Tethysides: a guide to reconstruction of collage history

The magmatic evolution of the Tethyside super orogenic complex is reviewed in five time frames, and magmatic products are displayed on corresponding non-palinspastic suture maps. On these maps, a one-to-one relationship between suture zones (drawn mostly using non-magmatic criteria such as stratigraphy and structural style except for ophiolites) and plate boundary magmatism is seen. Subduction-related magmatism is most persistent both spatially and temporally and forms the best magmatic guide to former sutures. Post-collisional magmatism is the next in abundance, but is less helpful in delineating sutures in detail. Ophiolites come third in abundance. Magmatism associated with the rifting is very sparse along the Tethyside sutures. Taken all together, magmatic rocks along the Tethysides record continuous tectonic evolution and form superb guides to the detection of the primary orogenic collage components in the Tethysides and to their distinction from the secondary orogenic collage components that form through intracontinental deformation. It is surprising how well even the smallest of the primary orogenic collage components are delineated by magmatic arc rocks. This contrasts with a common interpretation of the North American Cordilleran orogenic collage.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Neutralization of interleukin-11 activity decreases osteoclast formation and increases cancellous bone volume in ovariectomized mice.

The issue of whether interleukin-11 (IL-11) contributes to bone loss during states of estrogen deficiency has not been previously determined. We therefore randomized ovariectomized (OVX) mice to once daily interperitoneal injections of either sheep anti-murine IL-11 Ab or normal sheep IgG (NSIgG) for 21 days, and then determined the effects on bone using bone histomorphometry. Here we report that treatment of OVX mice with anti-IL-11 Ab significantly increases both trabecular width and cancellous bone volume. Osteoblast activity, as measured by the percentage of trabecular surface covered by osteoid and rates of bone formation, were also significantly increased following treatment with anti-IL-11 Ab. In contrast, treatment of OVX mice with anti-IL-11 Ab significantly decreased both osteoclast number and activity. Ex-vivo assays of osteoclast formation and activity confirmed the histomorphometric data. Thus, bone marrow cells isolated from anti-IL-11 Ab treated OVX mice formed fewer osteoclasts and resorbed less bone in culture than did marrow cells isolated from either untreated or NSIgG-treated OVX mice. Based on these results we conclude that IL-11 contributes to the bone loss which is observed during states of estrogen deficiency.

Field of study: Medicine
Inequality and Social Rank: Income Increases Buy More Life Satisfaction in More Equal Countries

How do income and income inequality combine to influence subjective well-being? We examined the relation between income and life satisfaction in different societies, and found large effects of income inequality within a society on the relationship between individuals’ incomes and their life satisfaction. The income–satisfaction gradient is steeper in countries with more equal income distributions, such that the positive effect of a 10% increase in income on life satisfaction is more than twice as large in a country with low income inequality as it is in a country with high income inequality. These findings are predicted by an income rank hypothesis according to which life satisfaction is derived from social rank. A fixed increment in income confers a greater increment in social position in a more equal society. Income inequality may influence people’s preferences, such that in unequal countries people’s life satisfaction is determined more strongly by their income.

Field of study: Psychology
Corporate Knowledge: Identification or Attribution?

compensation as a result of administrative decisions which cannot be appealed and are difficult to change.'24 The approach of the Court in Wheeler is redolent of earlier times, when the courts took their position in the first line of defence of private property rights in the face of industrialisation; Page-Wood V-C in Att Gen v Birmingham defended an injunction preventing Birmingham Corporation from disposing of its sewage in the River Tame, thus:

Field of study: Law
NOD2 Modulates Serotonin Transporter and Interacts with TLR2 and TLR4 in Intestinal Epithelial Cells

Serotonin (5-HT) is a chief modulator of intestinal activity. The effects of 5-HT depend on its extracellular availability, which is mainly controlled by serotonin transporter (SERT), expressed in enterocytes. On the other hand, innate immunity, mediated by Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and nucleotide oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors (NLRs), is known to control intestinal microbiota and maintain intestinal homeostasis. The dysregulation of the intestinal serotonergic system and innate immunity has been observed in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), the incidence of which has severely increased all over the world. The aim of the present study, therefore, was to analyze the effect of NOD2 on intestinal SERT activity and expression, as well as to study the crosstalk of NOD2 with TLR2 and TLR4.  Intestinal epithelial cell line Caco-2/TC7 was used to analyze SERT activity and SERT, NOD2, TLR2 and TLR4 molecular expression by real-time PCR and western blotting. Moreover, intestinal tract (ileum and colon) from mice deficient in TLR2, TLR4 or TLR2/4 receptors was used to test the interdependence of NOD2 with these TLR receptors.  NOD2 activation inhibits SERT activity in Caco-2/TC7 cells, mainly due to the decrement of SERT molecular expression, with RIP2/RICK being the intracellular pathway involved in this effect. This inhibitory effect on SERT would yield an increment of extracellular 5-HT availability. In this sense, 5-HT strongly inhibits NOD2 expression. In addition, NOD2 showed greater interdependence with TLR2 than with TLR4. Indeed, NOD2 expression significantly increased in both cells treated with TLR2 agonists and the intestinal tract of Tlr2-/- mice.  It may be inferred from our data that NOD2 could play a role in intestinal pathophysiology not only through its inherent innate immune role but also due to its interaction with other receptors as TLR2 and the modulation of the intestinal serotonergic system decreasing SERT activity and expression.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry