nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
X-ray Performance Evaluation of the Dexela CMOS APS X-ray Detector Using Monochromatic Synchrotron Radiation in the Mammographic Energy Range

Digital detectors based on complementary metal-oxide-semiconductors (CMOS) active pixel sensor (APS) technology have been introduced recently in many scientific applications. This work is focused on the X-ray performance evaluation of a novel CMOS APS detector in low energy medical imaging applications using monochromatic synchrotron radiation (i.e., 17-35 keV), which also allows studying how the performance varies with energy. The CMOS sensor was coupled to a Thallium-activated structured cesium iodide (CsI:Tl) scintillator and the detector's X-ray performance evaluation was carried out in terms of sensitivity, presampling modulation transfer function (pMTF), normalized noise power spectrum (NNPS) and the resulting detective quantum efficiency (DQE). A Monte Carlo simulation was used to validate the experimentally measured low frequency DQE. Finally, the effect of iodine's secondary generated K-fluorescence X-rays on pMTF and DQE results was evaluated. Good agreement (within 5%) was observed between the Monte Carlo and experimentally measured low frequency DQE results. A CMOS APS detector was characterized for the first time over a wide range of low energies covering the mammographic spectra. The detector's performance is limited mainly by the detectability of the scintillator. Finally, we show that the current data could be used to calculate the detector's pMTF, NNPS and DQE for any mammographic spectral shape within the investigated energies.

Field of study: Physics
Huperzine-A in capsules and tablets for treating patients with Alzheimer disease.

To compare the efficacy and safety between huperzine-A (Hup) in capsules and tablets for treating patients with Alzheimer disease (AD).



Using multicenter, prospective, double-blind, double-mimic, parallel, positive controlled and randomized methods, 60 patients meeting with the NINCDS-ARDRA criteria of AD were divided into 2 equal groups. Patients in the capsule group received 4 capsules of Hup (each contains 50 micrograms) and 4 tablets of placebo (lactose and starch inside); while the tablet group received 4 tablets of Hup (each contains 50 micrograms) and 4 capsules of placebo, p.o., twice a day for 60 d. All the patients were evaluated with a lot of related ranting scales, and physiological and laboratory examination.



There were significant differences (P < 0.01) on all the psychological evaluations between 'before' and 'after' the 60-d trial of 2 groups, but there was no significant difference between 2 groups by group t test (P > 0.05). The changes of oxygen free radicals in 2 groups showed marked improvement. No severe side effect besides moderate to mild nausea was found in both groups.



There is equal efficacy and safety between Hup in capsule and tablet for treating patients with AD, and Hup can reduce the pathological changes of the oxygen free radicals in the plasma and erythrocytes of patients with AD.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Paleoclimatic evolution of the SW and NE South China Sea and its relationship with spectral reflectance data over various age scales

Spectral analysis of sediment from International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP) Site U1433 in the South China Sea can be used to constrain humidity and temperature through time by constructing hematite/goethite records spanning the last 10 million years. Records in the southwest and northern parts of this basin show long-term contrasting trends, despite the fact that geochemical evidence for alteration is similar in both parts of the basin, i.e. towards less alteration since 10 Ma. However, contrasting clay mineral assemblages in the northern and southwestern areas do suggest long-term changes in the relative climate of Indochina and southern China. We interpret this to reflect the northward migration of the ITCZ since the Miocene resulting in a progressive drying of Indochina and increasingly wet conditions in South China. Sediment believed to be supplied from the Mekong River (IODP Site U1433) shows increasing chemical weathering at a time of long-term drying of the climate. This probably reflects increasing chemical weathering driven by slower transport and despite reduced rates of chemical alteration in the context of a colder, drier climate since the Miocene. In general hematite/goethite data are consistent with pollen constraints from the same drill site that show colder conditions with increasing hematite/goethite since 3 Ma and with a transition to apparently wetter conditions since the mid-Pleistocene transition (MPT). This implies that most of the sediment in the southwestern basin is weathered and eroded during warmer, wetter interglacial phases, at least since the MPT.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
An extended proto-cluster of galaxies surrounding SPT2349$-$56 at $z\,{=}\,4.3$

The $z\,{=}\,4.3$ overdensity SPT2349$-$56 has been proposed as one of the most actively star-forming proto-clusters known, and we have undertaken an extensive ALMA spectroscopic follow-up programme of this system to search for far infrared-luminous proto-cluster members via their [CII] 158$\,\mu$m and CO(4-3) line emission. In addition to robustly detecting the 14 previously published galaxies in this structure, we identify a further 15 associated galaxies at $z\,{=}\,4.3$. These proto-cluster members are distributed into a central core containing 23 galaxies extending out to 300$\,$kpc in diameter, and a northern extension, offset from the core by 400$\,$kpc and containing three galaxies. We discovered three additional galaxies in a red Herschel-SPIRE source 2$\,$Mpc from the main structure, suggesting the existence of many other sources at the same redshift as SPT2349$-$56 that are not yet detected in the limited coverage of our data. An analysis of the velocity distribution within the core indicates that this region may be a nearly virialized structure with a mass of (9$\pm$5)$\,{\times}\,$10$^{12}\,$M$_{\odot}$, while the two offset substructures show significant velocity offsets from the central structure. We calculate the [CII] and far-infrared number counts, and find evidence for a break in the [CII] luminosity function around 4$\,{\times}\,10^9\,$L$_{\odot}$. We estimate the average SFR density within the region of SPT2349$-$56 containing single-dish emission (a proper diametre of 720$\,$kpc), assuming spherical symmetry, to be roughly 40,000$\,$M$_{\odot}\,$yr$^{-1}\,$Mpc$^{-3}$; this is an order of magnitude greater than the most extreme examples seen in simulations.

Field of study: Physics
LPCVD-silicon oxynitride films: interface properties

The interface properties of silicon oxynitride films prepared by low-pressure chemical vapor deposition at a temperature of 860 ° C have been investigated analyzing the capacitance-voltage and ac conductance-voltage characteristics of the metal-SiO x N y -silicon capacitors. Consistent results for the interface trap density have been obtained from single frequency ac conductance technique, approximation C-V method and from the interface density spectrum. The post-deposition annealing results in an improvement of the interface charge properties. The contribution of the interface traps to the estimation of the fixed oxide charge has been discussed which is important for the threshold voltage control in MOS devices.

Field of study: Engineering
Finite-energy solutions of mixed 3d div-curl systems

This paper describes the existence and representation of certain finite energy (L 2 -)solutions of weighted div-curl systems on bounded 3D regions with C 2 -boundaries and mixed boundary data. Necessary compatibility conditions on the data for the existence of solutions are described. Subject to natural integrability assumptions on the data, it is then shown that there exist L 2 -solutions whenever these compatibility conditions hold. The existence results are proved by using a weighted orthogonal decomposition theorem for L 2 -vector fields in terms of scalar and vector potentials. This representation theorem generalizes the classical Hodge-Weyl decomposition. With this special choice of the potentials, the mixed div-curl problem decouples into separate problems for the scalar and vector potentials. Variational principles for the solutions of these problems are described. Existence theorems, and some estimates, for the solutions of these variational principles are obtained. The unique solution of the mixed system that is orthogonal to the null space of the problem is found and the space of all solutions is described. The second part of the paper treats issues concerning the non-uniqueness of solutions of this problem. Under additional assumptions, this space is shown to be finite dimensional and a lower bound on the dimension is described. Criteria that prescribe the harmonic component of the solution are investigated. Extra conditions that determine a well-posed problem for this system on a simply connected region are given. A number of conjectures regarding the results for bounded regions with handles are stated.

Field of study: Mathematics
Fast parallel DSP algorithms on barrel shifter computers

Parallel algorithms on barrel shifter computers for a broad class of 1-D and 2-D signal operators are presented. The max/min selection filter, the moving average filter, and the sorting and sliding window fast Fourier transform algorithms are examined. The proposed algorithms require a significantly smaller number of comparisons/computations than the conventional ones. A novel extension of the barrel shifter networks for 2-D signals is introduced, and the implementation of the proposed algorithms on them is also discussed.

Field of study: Engineering
Useful hydrolytic enzymes: Proteases, lipases and nitrilases

The most recent developments in the use of hydrolytic enzymes - proteases, lipases and nitrilases - are summarized: Sterically demanding a,a-disubstituted carboxylic esters can be enzymatically resolved using a commercially available protease derived from Aspergillus oryzae. A significant enhancement of selectivity and activity of Candida cylindracea lipase in irreversible acyl transfer reactions may be achieved by removal of by-products or via covalent modification of the enzyme. Enzymatic hydrolysis of nitriles proceeds under mild conditions but enzyme-catalysed side- reactions such as ester- or epoxide-hydrolysis may occur.

Field of study: Chemistry
Effects of blanching and drying on fiber rich powder from pitaya (Hylocereus undatus) peel.

The pitaya (Hylocereus undatus (Haw.)), a member of the Cactaceae, with white-flesh is a one of the famous varieties in Thailand and shows antioxidant activity from its pigment. However, its peels was handled as a waste, therefore the applying these materials could be get more benefits in producing fiber rich powder. The effects of blanching in hot water and drying at various temperatures (60oC, 70oC and 80oC) were investigated. The result showed that the blanched pitaya peel showed lower amounts of anthocyanin and betacyanin contents. Moreover, thermal degradation of anthocyanin and betacyanin could be occurred during drying process. However, the higher drying temperature trends to increase the antiradical activity of dried sample. This information provided that the pitaya peels is a valuable material for a manufacture of fiber-rich powder with high antiradical activity.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
A nationwide study on generic medicines substitution practices of Australian community pharmacists and patient acceptance.

This study evaluated Australian community pharmacists' rate of generic medicine substitution, patient acceptance of generic substitution and cost-savings achieved for patients from substitution.



A national stratified sample of 500 Australian pharmacies was randomly selected from different geographical areas. The data of the first 25 original PBS prescription items dispensed on one working day eligible for generic substitution were collected from each pharmacy.



Responses were received from 82 pharmacies with a response rate of 16.4%. The pharmacists recommended generics for 96.4% (1461/1515) of the prescription items which were eligible for substitution. The generic substitution recommendation rate in urban (98.7%) and rural areas (98.0%) was significantly higher than remote areas (91.6%). Conversely, patients' acceptance in remote areas (84.5%) was significantly higher than rural (78.6%) and urban areas (73.2%). Patients with chronic diseases demonstrated significantly lower acceptability (72.4%) than patients with acute conditions (81.6%). Through acceptance of substitution, the patients' medicines expenditure reduced by around 21%.



Australian community pharmacists demonstrated a high rate of recommending generic substitution. However, to optimize the generic medicines utilization, patients' acceptance requires further improvement.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Graphene Nanoscroll Geometry Effect on Transistor Performance

Graphene nanoscrolls (GNSs) with interesting geometry are ideal candidates for nanotechnology applications, particularly in nanoelectronics. Hence, in recent years, much attention has been paid to investigation of GNS applications owing to their remarkable properties. In this paper, a GNS-based Schottky transistors is analytically modeled. In the presented model the diverse arrangement of zigzag graphene nanoscrolls are assumed to form Schottky contacts. Based on the proposed design, the electronic parameters such as dispersion relation, density of states and effective mass by considering the effect of chirality number are investigated. As a main parameter, transmission probability is surveyed, and current–voltage characteristic under quantum tunneling effect is presented. Finally, the influences of barrier length, gate-source voltage and chirality number on I–V characteristics are explored. It is concluded that chirality number plays an important role compare to the other parameters.

Field of study: Materials science
Shortwave surface radiation network for observing small-scale cloud inhomogeneity fields

As part of the High Definition Clouds and Precipitation for advancing Climate Prediction Observational Prototype Experiment (HOPE), a high-density network of 99 silicon photodiode pyranometers was set up around Julich (10 km × 12 km area) from April to July 2013 to capture the small-scale variability of cloud-induced radiation fields at the surface. In this paper, we provide the details of this unique setup of the pyranometer network, data processing, quality control, and uncertainty assessment under variable conditions. Some exemplary days with clear, broken cloudy, and overcast skies were explored to assess the spatiotemporal observations from the network along with other collocated radiation and sky imager measurements available during the HOPE period.

Field of study: Environmental science
Talk of the city: engaging urbanites on climate change

Climate change requires societal engagement on both mitigation and adaptation. With a growing majority of people living in cities, urban dwellers and municipal decision-makers will need to reduce their emissions and other impacts on the regional and global climate while dealing with the unavoidable near-term and potential longer-term impacts of climate change. To facilitate effective societal response to climate change, a busy, distracted, and so far only marginally interested public needs to be engaged on the topic. This poses significant challenges to communication and sustained outreach efforts. This letter draws on critical insights from a three-year multi-disciplinary project that involved academics and practitioners from various disciplines and sectors of (mostly US) society and explored how to communicate climate change in ways that facilitate societal response. The letter raises questions about key audiences, appropriate messengers, framings and messages, reception of climate change information, and the choice of communication mediums and formats to achieve different communication and engagement goals.

Field of study: Environmental science
Crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction studies of aclacinomycin-10-methyl esterase and aclacinomycin-10-hydroxylase from Streptomyces purpurascens.

Two enzymes participating in the biosynthesis of anthracyclines in Streptomyces purpurascens, aclacinomycin-10-methyl esterase (RdmC) and aclacinomycin-10-hydroxylase (RdmB), have been crystallized. RdmB is a S-adenosyl-methionine-dependent hydroxylase and RdmC hydrolyses the carboxymethyl group of the aglycone skeleton of aclacinomycin. Crystals of RdmB obtained in the presence of S-adenosyl-L-methionine were orthorhombic, space group C222(1), with unit-cell parameters a = 63.2, b = 92.2, c = 115.3 A; diffraction data were collected to 2.1 A resolution. RdmC was crystallized as a complex with the substrate, aclacinomycin T. These crystals diffracted to 1.45 A resolution and belonged to space group P2(1), with unit-cell parameters a = 38.2, b = 84.7, c = 44.3 A, beta = 99.9 degrees.

Field of study: Chemistry
Chromosome Level Genome Assembly of Andrographis paniculata

Andrographis paniculata (Chinese name: Chuanxinlian) is an annual dicotyledonous medicinal plant widely grown in China and Southeast Asia. The dried plant has a highly acclaimed usage in the traditional Chinese medicine for its antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic effects. In order to help delineate the biosynthetic pathways of various secondary metabolites, we report in this study a high-quality reference genome for A. paniculata. With the help of both PacBio single molecule real time sequencing and Illumina sequencing reads for error correction, the A. paniculata genome was assembled into a total size of 284 Mb with a contig N50 size of 5.14 Mb. The contigs were further assembled into 24 pseudo-chromosomes by the Hi-C technique. We also analyzed the gene families (e.g., KSL, and CYP450) whose protein products are essential for synthesizing bioactive compounds in A. paniculata. In conclusion, the high-quality A. paniculata genome assembly builds the foundation for decoding the biosynthetic pathways of various medicinal compounds.

Field of study: Biology
Introduction of DC line structures into a superconducting microwave 3D cavity.

We report a technique that can noninvasively add multiple DC wires into a 3D superconducting microwave cavity for electronic devices that require DC electrical terminals. We studied the influence of our DC lines on the cavity performance systematically. We found that the quality factor of the cavity is reduced if any of the components of the electrical wires cross the cavity equipotential planes. Using this technique, we were able to incorporate a quantum dot (QD) device into a 3D cavity. We then controlled and measured the QD transport signal using the DC lines. We have also studied the heating effects of the QD by the microwave photons in the cavity.

Field of study: Physics
Perturbations of isometries between C(K)-spaces

We study the Gromov{Hausdor and Kadets distances between C(K)- spaces and their quotients. We prove that if the Gromov{Hausdor distance between C(K) and C(L) is less than 1=16 then K and L are homeomorphic. If the Kadets distance is less than one, andK andL are metrizable, then C(K) andC(L) are linearly isomorphic. For K and L countable, if C(L) has a subquotient which is close enough to C(K) in the Gromov{Hausdor sense then K is homeomorphic to a clopen subset of L:

Field of study: Mathematics
Behaviour at high temperature of two cobalt-based superalloys reinforced by carbides. Part 1: Case of a high carbon {Co-1C-21.5Cr-4.5Ta-9W}-based superalloy

After having presented the as-castmicrostructures of two complex carbidestrengthened cast cobalt-based alloys replicated with a fine microstructure in laboratory bymelting of pure elements, this work, presented in two parts, aims specifying the high temperature oxidation and high temperature microstructural behaviours at two levels of temperature - 1050°C and 1150°C ÂÂ and for two durations - 66 hours and 146 hours ÂÂ of these two alloys. In this first part it the case of the Co(bal.)-1C-21.5Cr-4.5Ta-9W(wt.%)which is under consideration. It appeared here that this alloy did not behave very well in oxidation, already at 1050°C but especially at 1150°C, temperature at which catastrophic oxidation occurred early.At the lowest tested temperature the carbide population did not significantly evolve while a more important difference appeared at 1150°C: the loss of the chromium-tungsten carbides. The latter phenomenon induced a decrease in room temperature hardness.

Field of study: Materials science
Effect of Al-Ti-B on Microstructure of AM60B Alloy During Semi-solid Isothermal Heat Treatment

The effects of Al-Ti-B metamorphic agent on microstructure of AM60B alloy as-cast and semi-solid isothermal quenching were studied.The results show that: the microstructure evolution of the alloy in isothermal quenching process after modification treatment is faster.Disadvantageous to the grain becomes uniform rounder,the grain will deformation and bulky easily if the heating temperature in isothermal quenching process is too higher.

Field of study: Materials science
Some characteristics of spectra of multiphoton absorption in SF6 under conditions of essentially collisionless excitation of the molecules by CO2 laser pulses

A study was made of the multiphoton absorption spectra of a molecular SF6 beam at various vibrational and rotational temperatures, and also of molecules of the same compound in a cell kept at room temperature but at a fairly low gas pressure (8.5 mTorr). An increase in the excitation energy density (in the range 0.1–3.0 J/cm2) did not increase the "red shift" of the multiphoton absorption spectra. The position of the maximum and the width of the spectrum were governed mainly by the vibrational temperature, i.e., by the initial distribution of molecules between the vibrational states.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
WILCOX DEPOSITS IN EXPLOSION CRATERS, STEWART COUNTY, TENNESSEE, AND THEIR RELATIONS TO ORIGIN AND AGE OF WELLS CREEK BASIN STRUCTURE

Four small deposits of Wilcox sediments occur in Stewart County, Tennessee. One of these deposits is in the inner depressed ring, or crater, of the Wells Creek Basin structure. It is concluded that these four craters had a common post-Eutaw, pre-Wilcox age and common origin by the impact and resulting explosions of fragments of a meteor. A 2000-foot core drilled in the center of Wells Creek Basin is summarized.

Field of study: Geology
MHD turbulence

We review the current status of research in MHD turbulence theory and numerical experiments and their applications to astrophysics and solar science. We introduce general tools for studying turbulence, basic turbulence models, MHD equations and their wave modes. Subsequently, we cover the theories and numerics of Alfvénic turbulence, imbalanced turbulence, small-scale dynamos and models and numerics for supersonic MHD turbulence.

Field of study: Physics
Finding a Fit or Developing It

“Passion for work” has become a widespread phrase in popular discourse. Two contradictory lay perspectives have emerged on how passion for work is attained, which we distill into the fit and develop implicit theories. Fit theorists believe that passion for work is achieved through finding the right fit with a line of work; develop theorists believe that passion is cultivated over time. Four studies examined the expectations, priorities, and outcomes that characterize these implicit theories. Our results show that these beliefs elicit different motivational patterns, but both can facilitate vocational well-being and success. This research extends implicit theory scholarship to the work domain and provides a framework that can fruitfully inform career advising, life coaching, mentorship, and employment policies.

Field of study: Psychology