nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Development and characterization of polymer-based composites filled with micro-sized waste marble dust

This investigation explores the possibility of developing a new class of particulate-filled polyester composites using waste marble dust as filler. The dusts collected from local construction sites are sieved to three different sizes (58, 110, and 155 μm). Polyester composites are fabricated with filler in different weight proportions (0, 8, 16, 24, 32, and 40 wt%). A Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy study is done to get an insight into the chemistry of composite formation. Scanning electron microscopy reveals the surface features of the filler as well as the composites. X-Ray diffraction tests are carried out on the raw filler and on the composites to ascertain the presence of hard phases. The experimental findings suggest that, while the tensile and flexural strengths of the composites marginally drop with the incorporation of marble dust, there is reasonable improvement in compressive strength, impact strength, and Shore hardness. The density and voids are also affected by the size and content of filler particles in the composite. Armed with lightweight, improved hardness, and impact strength, these polyester–marble composites are expected to find potential use in wear-related engineering applications.

Field of study: Materials science
Rank varieties for Hopf algebras

We construct rank varieties for the Drinfeld double of the Taft algebra Λ n and for u q ( s l 2 ) . For the Drinfeld double when n = 2 this uses a result which identifies a family of subalgebras that control projectivity of Λ -modules whenever Λ is a Hopf algebra satisfying a certain homological condition. In this case we show that our rank variety is homeomorphic to the cohomological support variety. We also show that Ext ∗ ( M , M ) is finitely generated over the cohomology ring of the Drinfeld double for any finitely generated module M .

Field of study: Mathematics
Suppression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1 beta, interleukin-6 and granulocyte-monocyte colony stimulating factor secretion from human monocytes by an extract of Poria cocos.

Fu-Ling, the sclederma of Poria cocos (Schw.) Wolf, has long been used as a sedative and diuretic. However, data in this report suggest that Fu-Ling is a potential suppressor of cytokine secretion from human peripheral blood monocytes under in vitro condition. Monocyte culture medium containing 10% of Fu-Ling extract significantly inhibited secretion of TNF-alpha, IL-beta, IL-6 and GM-CSF from the monocyte monolayer. However, as Fu-Ling extract content was gradually reduced, cytokine secretion was augmented in comparison with the cytokine secretion in drug-free controls. This augmentative effect resulted from the trace amount (1.24 ng/ml in 0.62% of Fu-Ling extract) of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) which contaminated the Fu-Ling extract during the preparation process, since TNF-alpha, IL-1 beta and IL-6 secretion induced by 0.62% Fu-Ling extract could be significantly inhibited by polymyxin B, an LPS inhibitor. Furthermore, the amounts of TNF-alpha IL-1 beta and IL-6 induced by 1 ng/ml of LPS without the presence of drug were more than that induced by 0.62% of Fu-Ling extract. Thus, cytokine secretion induced by LPS contamination (1.24 ng/ml) in the Fu-Ling extract was partially suppressed by 0.62% of the Fu-Ling extract itself. GM-CSF secretion in the medium containing 0.62% of Fu-Ling extract was not induced by LPS since: a) GM-CSF induced by 0.62% Fu-Ling extract could not be inhibited by polymyxin B; b) LPS at 1 ng/ml showed no activity indicating induction of GM-CSF secretion.

Field of study: Biology
A novel, high stringency selection system allows screening of few clones for high protein expression.

To obtain highly productive mammalian cell lines, often large numbers of clones need to be screened. This is largely due to low selection stringencies, creating many, but low protein producing clones. To remedy this problem, a novel, very stringent selection system was designed, to create few, but high protein producing clones. In essence, a selection marker with a startcodon that confers attenuated translation initiation frequency was placed upstream of the gene of interest with a startcodon that confers optimal translation initiation. From the transcribed bicistronic mRNA, the selection marker is translated at a low frequency, and the protein of interest at a high frequency. This selection system is so stringent that clones form only rarely. However, application of anti-repressor elements, which increase promoter activity, did induce the formation of clones that expressed proteins at high levels. When combined with anti-repressor elements, this novel selection system can be a valuable tool to rapidly create few, but highly productive mammalian cell lines.

Field of study: Biology, Engineering
Attitudinal Ambivalence Toward Parents and Attachment Style

Two studies tested whether children’s attitudinal ambivalence toward their parents is related to their attachment styles within relationships. Across both studies, children who were ambivalent toward their father were less securely attached in their relationships than were children who were nonambivalent toward their father. Study 1 also showed that the relation between attitudinal ambivalence and secure attachment in relationships was independent of attitude valence, attitudinal embeddedness, attitudinal inconsistency, and attitudinal commitment. Study 2 demonstrated that the relation between attitudinal ambivalence and general attachment style was mediated by children’s secure attachment to their father. There were similar relations between participants’ ambivalence toward their mother and their attachment styles in relationships, but these relations were weaker and less consistent across studies. An explanation for the unique effect of ambivalence toward fathers is discussed.

Field of study: Psychology
Screening Behavior and Scaling Exponents from Quantum Hall Wavefunctions

We provide a robust and generic method to assess the screening properties and extract the scaling exponents of quasiparticle edge excitations of quantum Hall states from model wavefunctions. We numerically implement this method for the fundamental quasihole and hole excitations of several model states. For the Laughlin, Moore-Read, and Z_3-Read-Rezayi states, we find agreement with the predicted edge theory, verifying the bulk-edge correspondence. We also use this to obtain the first clear microscopic demonstration of the pathologies of the Gaffnian wavefunctions.

Field of study: Physics
Diophantine exponents for mildly restricted approximation

We are studying the Diophantine exponent μn,l defined for integers 1≤l<n and a vector α∈ℝn by letting $$\mu_{n,l}=\sup\{\mu\geq0: 0 < \Vert\underline{x}\cdot\alpha\Vert<H(\underline{x})^{-\mu}\ \text{for infinitely many}\ \underline{x}\in\mathcal{C}_{n,l}\cap\mathbb{Z}^n\},$$ where $\cdot$ is the scalar product, $\|\cdot\|$ denotes the distance to the nearest integer and $\mathcal{C}_{n,l}$ is the generalised cone consisting of all vectors with the height attained among the first l coordinates. We show that the exponent takes all values in the interval [l+1,∞), with the value n attained for almost all α. We calculate the Hausdorff dimension of the set of vectors α with μn,l(α)=μ for μ≥n. Finally, letting wn denote the exponent obtained by removing the restrictions on $\underline{x}$, we show that there are vectors α for which the gaps in the increasing sequence μn,1(α)≤...≤μn,n-1(α)≤wn(α) can be chosen to be arbitrary.

Field of study: Mathematics
Limitation of fixed nitrogen and deepening of the carbonate-compensation depth through the Hirnantian at Dob's Linn, Scotland

The late Ordovician is characterized by dramatic changes in global climate concurrent with a major mass extinction and possible changes in ocean redox. To further refine our understanding of these events, we present nitrogen and carbon isotope and abundance data from the Ordovician-Silurian (O-S) Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point at Dob's Linn, Scotland. We show that this section experienced post-depositional ammonium migration from the organic-rich to the organic-poor horizons. However, our data suggest that isotopic fractionations from ammonium substitution into illitic clay minerals are small and can be corrected. Reconstructed primary nitrogen isotope ratios indicate that unlike in tropical continental shelf sections that were transiently enriched in nitrate during the Hirnantian glaciation, the sub-tropical continental slope setting at Dob's Linn experienced persistent limitation of fixed nitrogen across the O-S boundary. Shallow subpolar settings appear to be the only environment that shows persistent nitrate availability at that time. This pattern suggests that spatial trends in marine nitrate concentrations – which are observed in the modern ocean as a result of latitudinal temperature gradients – were already established during the Paleozoic. While the average marine O2 chemocline depth may have deepened during the Hirnantian glaciation, it probably did not lead to global ventilation of the deep ocean, which may have been delayed until the Carboniferous. Furthermore, carbonate data from this and other sections suggest a deepening of the carbonate compensation depth (CCD) during the Hirnantian. This observation indicates that Pacific-style responses of the CCD to glacial/interglacial periods were operational across the O-S boundary, and that the expansion of abiotic carbonate deposition and preservation beyond the shelf break could have in-part mediated changes to surface CO2 during these extreme changes in climate.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Optimizing process conditions for palm (Borassus flabelliffer ) wine fermentation using Response Surface Methodology

Palm juice from palm tree (Borassus flabelliffer ) is a seasonal and low priced drinking juice in many of the countries like India. In our present study it has been used for palm wine production. Using a batch fermentation process, Saccharomyces cerevisiae (NCIM 3045) was cultivated in palm juice and different physical parameters such as temperature, pH and time have been varied to maximize the yield of wine. The fermentation process was standardized by statistical methods. Response surface methodology (RSM) based on the 23 factorial central composite design (CCD) was applied to determine the optimum conditions for the maximum yield of ethanol with the variation of temperature and pH. The highest yield of ethanol concentration of was obtained at 32 0 C and pH 5.5 after 48 h of fermentation. The model showed that the value of R 2 (0.9973) was high and p- value of interaction of variance was < 0.005. Hence the model can be said to be of high significance. Highest concentration of ethanol obtained by fermentation was found to be 82.3 g/l.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Study of the reform of the contents of the health and physical education curriculum in compulsory education in Taiwan

The authors studied the contents of the health and physical education curriculum in Taiwan since the 1950s.Before the 1990s,there were more competition related contents;in the late 1990s,contents closely related to leisure,entertainment and daily life increased.At the current stage of compulsory education in Taiwan,the contents of the health and physical education curriculum are divided mainly into 7 learning topics and 3 learning stages.At the current stage of compulsory education in Taiwan,the contents of the health and physical education curriculum meet the need for the comprehensive development of students,enabling physical education to return to the nature of education of physical activities.

Field of study: Education
Child and family factors associated with referral to child psychiatrists.

We compared children aged 7-12 years referred to child psychiatrists by general practitioners (GPs) with community control children matched for the presence of psychiatric disorder. Referral status in psychiatrically disturbed children was linked to male sex, severity of the disorder, mental problems in the mothers, high levels of psychosocial stress in the family, and less support from extended families. For the whole group of referred children, the referral was associated with high antisocial scores on parental questionnaires, with parental reports of problems in controlling the children, and of high levels of stress felt in relation to them. In addition, parents of referred children were in disadvantaged socioeconomic groups.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Indian Power Projection in the Greater Middle East: Tools and Objectives

India's approach to the Middle East during the Cold War years was weighed down by the partition of the subcontinent and the creation of Pakistan on a religious basis, the dispute with Pakistan over the Muslim majority province of Jammu and Kashmir and its own large Muslim minority. Hence, its policy towards the region tended to be defensive and reactive, and a general policy of support to the Arab causes, particularly that of the Palestinians, and a non-relationship with Israel were considered necessary to serve India's broad interests in the region. India's projection of secularism into the region was meant to prevent Pakistan from organizing an anti-Indian Islamic bloc in the region, and its projection of nonalignment was meant to scuttle the Western attempts to build anti-communist alliances there. However, the transformation in the superpowers relations following the collapse of the Soviet Union, changes in the regional environment in the Greater Middle East (GME) as well as South Asia and changes in India's domestic sphere created a new strategic and economic context for India to pursue its interests in the GME in the 1990s. There is an increasing convergence of strategic interests between the two regions and a growing complementarity of their economies in the post-Cold War world. Iran and Israel have become the two lynchpins of India's policy toward the region and, as an emerging global player, India, unlike during the Cold War, is in a strong position to promote its own interests as well as those of the international system in the region, which largely seem to coincide in the post-Cold War milieu.

Field of study: Political science
Mechanisms of Isoform-Specific Na/K Pump Regulation by Short- and Long-Term Adrenergic Activation in Rat Ventricular Myocytes

Many stressful conditions, including cardiovascular diseases, induce long-term elevations in circulating catecholamines, thereby leading to changes of the Na/K pump and thus affecting myocardial functions. However, only short-term adrenergic regulation of the Na/K pump has been reported. The present study is the first investigation of long-term adrenergic regulation of the Na/K pump and the potential mechanism.  After acutely isolated Sprague-Dawley rat myocytes were incubated with noradrenaline or isoprenaline for 24 h, Na/K pump high- (IPH) and low-affinity current (IPL), α-isoform mRNA, and α-isoform protein were examined using patch-clamp, RT-PCR, and Western blotting techniques, respectively.  After the short-term incubation, isoprenaline reduced the IPL through a PKA-dependent pathway that involves α1-isoform translocation from the membrane to early endosomes, and noradrenaline increased the IPH through a PKC-dependent pathway that involves α2-isoform translocation from late endosomes to the membrane. After long-term incubation, isoprenaline increased the IPL, α1-isoform mRNA, and α1-isoform protein, and noradrenaline reduced the IPH, α2-isoform mRNA, and α1-isoform protein through a PKA-or PKC-dependent pathway, respectively.  These results suggest that long-term adrenergic Na/K pump regulation is isoform-specific and negatively feeds back on the short-term response. Furthermore, long-term regulation involves transcription and translation of the respective α-isoform, whereas short-term regulation involves the translocation of the available α-isoform to the plasma membrane.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Description of the Administration and Evaluation of the AACP Curriculum Quality Surveys in Pharmacy Schools

a Ferris State University, College of Pharmacy, Grand Rapids, Michigan b Cedarville University, School of Pharmacy, Cedarville, Ohio c University at Buffalo, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Buffalo, New York d Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine-School of Pharmacy, Bradenton,  Belmont University College of Pharmacy, Nashville, Tennessee f Wilkes University, Nesbitt School of Pharmacy, Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania g KGI School of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Claremont, California h Texas A&M University, Irma Lerma Rangel College of Pharmacy, Kingsville, Texas i University of Oklahoma, College of Pharmacy, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma j Associate Editor,

Field of study: Education, Medicine
The Building of the Mexican Railway

During the first week of January, 1873, the Mexican government took time off for festivities. President Sebastian Lerdo de Tejada made a gala tour from Mexico City to Veracruz and back again amid the welcoming shouts of minor officials, Mexican gentry, and Indians. In Veracruz a guard of honor conducted Lerdo through triumphal arches to his home, and the night was given over to "victores, muisicas y otras demostraciones." After two days of official visits and inspections, the president left again for Mexico City, punctuating his trip with stops at C6rdoba and Orizaba for more celebrating, and the festivities continued for several days after his arrival in the capital.' This official junket celebrated the inauguration of Mexico's first major railroad. This was a 420-kilometer line of single track that twisted around mountains, through tunnels, and along the edge of frightening chasms down from Mexico City to Veracruz. However steep its grade and sharp its curves, in its day the railroad was an engineer's miracle, and it soon proved the practicability and profit of railroad-building in Mexico. Well might President Lerdo and his loyal cohorts order out the military bands and the fireworks, for he was inaugurating not merely a set of tracks but an era. Nineteenth-century tourists to Mexico carried away with them the memory of execrable roads and wretched travel conditions. The road from Jalapa to Puebla, wrote William P. Robertson, "in some parts, was terrific, for though paved, the large blocks of stone were every where loosened, and lying about; while great holes and ruts sent us jumping, every now and then, towards the roof of the coach. . .2 Unless the traveler made his trip on horseback, he had to choose between a litter and a coach. Suspended on poles between two mules, the Mexican litera was a coffin-like box in which the unfortunate occupant lay on his back, partly cushioned from shocks by a well-worn mattress and pro-

Field of study: History
Characterizing the human hematopoietic CDome

In this study, we performed extensive semi-automated data collection from the primary and secondary literature in an effort to characterize the expression of all membrane proteins within the CD scheme on hematopoietic cells. Utilizing over 6000 data points across 305 CD molecules on 206 cell types, we seek to give a preliminary characterization of the “human hematopoietic CDome.” We encountered severe gaps in the knowledge of CD protein expression, mostly resulting from incomplete and unstructured data generation, which we argue inhibit both basic research as well as therapies seeking to target membrane proteins. We detail these shortcomings and propose strategies to overcome these issues. Analyzing the available data, we explore the functional characteristics of the CD molecules both individually and across the groups of hematopoietic cells on which they are expressed. We compare protein and mRNA data for a subset of CD molecules, and explore cell functions in the context of CD protein expression. We find that the presence and function of CD molecules serve as good indicators for the overall function of the cells that express them, suggesting that increasing our knowledge about the cellular CDome may serve to stratify cells on a more functional level.

Field of study: Biology
Interaction across Ideological Boundaries and College Outcomes

Through the analysis of alumni survey data from three graduating cohorts, this study examined the relationships between ideological interaction, college outcomes, and career achievements and explored factors that helped to promote interaction across ideological boundaries on college campuses. Its findings show that compared with less interactive students, students who engaged substantially in ideological interaction during college indicated higher levels of skill development, reported higher career success and life satisfaction, and were more likely to assume leadership roles in civic activities. Implications for future research and institutional efforts to foster ideological interaction are discussed.

Field of study: Education
Improvement of light output in GaN-based power chip light-emitting diodes with a nano-rough surface by nanoimprint lithography

The enhancement of light extraction of gallium nitride (GaN)-based power chip (PC) light-emitting diodes (LEDs) with a p-GaN rough surface by nanoimprint lithography (NIL) is presented. At a driving current of 350 mA and a chip size of 1 mm × 1 mm, the light output power of the PC LEDs with a p-GaN rough surface (etching depth from 130 to 150 nm) showed an enhancement of 24% on wafer when compared with the same device without NIL. Current‐voltage results indicated an ohmic contact by the increase in the contact area of the nano-roughened surface at 200 mA. This paper offers a promising potential for enhancing the output powers of commercial LEDs. (Some figures in this article are in colour only in the electronic version)

Field of study: Materials science
Effect of oil stirrer on the performance of oil supply system for a variable speed rotary compressor

This paper presents an investigation regarding the effect of oil stirrer on the performance of oil supply system for variable speed rotary compressors. Oil supply rate for oil pump with an oil stirrer is calculated by means of numerical simulation. To validate the simulation model, a novel test rig is built to perform oil flow rate measurements under different operating conditions. Good agreement between the simulation model and the experiment has been achieved. The results show that oil supply rate can be increased markedly with the help of oil stirrer whereas stirrer heights and geometric structures do not cause significant variations in oil pumping performance in the current situations of this research. Particularly, it is found that when the rotational speed is high enough, oil supply rate will stay stagnant or even depressed with an increase in rotational speed rather than simply increases with the speed.

Field of study: Engineering
New Large-Capacity Digital Audio Watermarking Algorithm

In this paper, a new large-capacity digital audio watermarking algorithm based on integer wavelet transform is presented, in which the gray image can be embedded into the host audio signal. The features of the proposed algorithm are as follows: (1) Integer wavelet transform theory is utilized to solve rounder-off error problem and to low computation complexity. (2) The strategy of segment transform and the whole wavelet coefficients modification is adopted to improve the robustness of the digital watermark. (3) The gray image is embedded to enlarge the watermark volume. (4) The algorithm can extract the watermark without the help from the original digital audio signal .Experimental results show that the proposed watermarking scheme is inaudible and robust against various signal processing such as re-sampling, re-quantifying, low pass filtering, MP3 compression, and noising adding.

Field of study: Computer science