nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Formation and relaxation of coherency strain in the nickel-base superalloy SC16.

An in situ study of the kinetics of relaxation of the gamma-gamma' lattice mismatch in the single-crystal Ni-base superalloy SC16 was carried out by means of high-energy synchrotron radiation diffraction. The high resolution achievable was exploited to measure the time variation of the gamma and gamma' lattice parameters during isothermal ageing at several temperatures, starting from the gamma' solvus point. On cooling from the solvus temperature (1523 K) the gamma' precipitate phase nucleates and grows following concurrent mechanisms. The variations of the gamma and gamma' peak position and integrated intensity could be followed by means of fundamental and superstructure reflections. At each temperature T < 1473 K the integrated intensity follows an Avrami time law. The gamma' Volume fraction increases as a function of time at each temperature. It increases with cooling, until saturation occurs at temperatures as low as 1075 K. The lattice mismatch follows an exponential time decay, while having larger values at high temperatures. The pArticles are born fully coherent, and the coherency strains the set-up. Over time, long-term ageing shows a stabilization of the misfit value, while the precipitates are supposed to lose their coherency to the matrix (within 3-4 h) and the strains relax.

Field of study: Physics
A novel rocket-borne ion mass spectrometer with large mass range: instrument description and first-flight results

We present a novel rocket-borne ion mass spectrometer named ROMARA (ROcket-borne MAss spectrometer for Research in the Atmosphere) for measuring atmospheric positive and negative ions (atomic, molecular and cluster ions) and positively and negatively charged meteor smoke particles.
Our ROMARA instrument has, compared to previous rocket-borne ion mass spectrometers, a markedly larger mass range of up to m / z  2000 and a larger sensitivity, particularly for meteor smoke particle detection.
The major objectives of this first ROMARA flight included the following:
a functional test of the ROMARA instrument,
measurements between 55 and 121 km in the mass range of atmospheric positive and negative ions,
a first attempt to conduct mass spectrometric measurements in the mass range of meteor smoke particles with mass-to-charge ratios up to m / z  2000, and
measurements inside a polar mesospheric winter echo layer as detected by ground-based radar.
Our ROMARA measurements took place on the Arctic island of Andoya, Norway, at around noon in April 2018 and represented an integral part of the polar mesospheric winter radar echo (PMWE) rocket campaign.
During the rocket flight, ROMARA was operated in a measurement mode, offering maximum sensitivity and the ability to qualitatively detect total ion signatures even beyond its mass-resolving mass range.
On this first ROMARA flight we were able to meet all of our objectives.
We detected atmospheric species including positive atomic, molecular and cluster ions along with negative molecular ions up to about m / z  100.
Above m / z  2000, ROMARA measured strong negative-ion signatures, which are likely due to negatively charged meteor smoke particles.

Field of study: Environmental science
On stress induced leakage current in 5 and 3 nm thick oxides

The stress induced leakage current (SILC) in Si/SiO2 structures with thin gate oxides has a steady-state component which increases drastically when the oxide thickness decreases. It is generally agreed that the SILC is due to electron tunnelling trough stress-induced traps. However, it was observed that the SILC, created by Fowler–Nordheim injection, decays continuously when, after stress, the samples are positively or negatively biased at a low voltage. The decay is irreversible as long as the gate oxide is not biased at a high voltage. The present article adds complementary observations. It shows, first that the above phenomenon is observed in 3.5 nm thick oxides, secondly, that this phenomenon is stable as long as the temperature stays below 200°C, and thirdly, that during the SILC decay, the interface state density does not diminish.

Field of study: Engineering
Terminology for reversible-deactivation radical polymerization previously called "controlled" radical or "living" radical polymerization (IUPAC Recommendations 2010)

This document defines terms related to modern methods of radical polymerization, in which certain additives react reversibly with the radicals, thus enabling the reactions to take on much of the character of living polymerizations, even though some termination inevitably takes place. In recent technical literature, these reactions have often been loosely referred to as, inter alia, "controlled", "controlled/living", or "living" polymerizations. The use of these terms is discouraged. The use of "controlled" is permitted as long as the type of control is defined at its first occurrence, but the full name that is recommended for these polymerizations is "reversible-deactivation radical polymerization".

Field of study: Chemistry
Shape/Phase Transitions and Critical Point Symmetries in Atomic Nuclei

Shape/phase transitions in atomic nuclei have first been discovered in the framework of the Interacting Boson Approximation (IBA) model. Critical point symmetries appropriate for nuclei at the transition points have been introduced as special solutions of the Bohr Hamiltonian, stirring the introduction of additional new solutions describing wide ranges of nuclei. A short review of these recent developments will be attempted.

Field of study: Physics
On certain multiplicity one theorems

We prove several multiplicity one theorems in this paper. Fork a local field not of characteristic two, andV a symplectic space overk, any irreducible admissible representation of the symplectic similitude group GSp(V) decomposes with multiplicity one when restricted to the symplectic group Sp(V). We prove the analogous result for GO(V) and O(V), whereV is an orthogonal space overk. Whenk is non-archimedean, we prove the uniqueness of Fourier-Jacobi models for representations of GSp(4), and the existence of such models for supercuspidal representations of GSp(4).

Field of study: Mathematics
Optical properties of CdS layers grown by MOVPE on (211) B and (100) GaAs

CdS layers were grown by MOVPE on (100) GaAs and (211)B GaAs substrates. The last substrate orientation yields homogeneous wurtzite CdS layers with sharply defined free excitonic structures seen in optical reflectivity and photoluminescence. Free exciton luminescence dominates the spectrum at T >50 K. Structural studies indicate that the layers grown on (100) GaAs substrates are a mixture of hexagonal and cubic CdS phases spatially arranged in a quasi-periodic fashion. The luminescence spectrum reflects this situation.

Field of study: Materials science
Natural Resource Management in Agriculture: An Institutional Analysis of the 1985 Farm Bill

American agriculture is increasingly a reflection of the institutional structure of its federal legislation. For many farm enterprises, the institutional design of the Food Security Act (the Farm Bill) can determine, or at least greatly influence enterprise survival. This has come to be the case for many agricultural commodities and has, as a result, generated special interest support for design of the institutional framework of the Farm Bill. The 1985 federal Farm Bill has, however, evolved beyond objectives linked to maintaining farm income, and added an additional dimension to its institutional design by specifying clear linkages between natural resource management practices and eligibility for agricultural program benefits. This article reviews some of the key institutional foundations of the federal Farm Bill legislation and analyzes its evolution to include stipulation of cross-compliance between prescribed natural resource management strategies and agricultural production practices. Incentives for provisions to limit sodbusting, swampbusting, and establishment of the conservation reserve are analyzed as an evolution of the traditional components of the conservation title, response to non-traditional interest group input, and acknowledgement of the environmental effects

Field of study: Economics
Cloning and characterization of the chick NMDA receptor subunit-1 gene.

The N-methyl-D-aspartate family of glutamate receptors (NMDARs) are tetrameric cation channels including NR1, NR2, and possibly NR3 subunits. The physiological properties of the receptor are directly related to the subunit composition of the oligomer. Whereas NR1 is essential for the formation of functional channels, NR2 and NR3 play a modulatory role. This work reports, for the first time, the cloning of a non-mammalian NR1 gene, including the 5'-regulatory region. The chick gene spans 31 kb of genomic DNA sequence composed of 22 exons interrupted by 21 introns. The exon/intron organization and the deduced amino acid sequence up to the end of exon 19 showed 85% homology to mammalian NR1 cloned genes. Significant differences from mammals were found at the C-terminal region which in the chick gene, includes a novel exon (exon 20) previously identified at the mRNA level in the chick retina. The basal promoter activity was shown to reside within the proximal 377 bp of 5'-regulatory region. The transcriptional activity of the 5'-flanking region of the chick NR1 gene was shown to be higher in neuronally-differentiated PC12 cells and in chick retinal neurons, than in non-differentiated PC12 cells and Müller glia. Comparison of the 5'-flanking region of chick NR1 gene with mammalian NR1 genes suggests that, in spite of significant differences in the nucleotide sequence, they share common DNA binding sites such as RE1, SP1, AP2, CREB, NFkappaB, and MEF2; therefore, some of the molecular mechanisms involved in transcriptional regulation of NR1 gene expression could be conserved among species.

Field of study: Biology
A Water Droplet Evaporation and Temperature Model

Amodel for predicting evaporation and temperature changes in water drops traveling through air was developed and evaluated with laboratory data. The model uses combined sensible heat transfer and diffusion theory in an energy balance to simultaneously calculate evaporation as droplet temperature approaches wet bulb temperature of the air. Predicted droplet temperatures agreed closely with measured temperatures. The evaporation portion of the model was evaluated by measuring loss of water over longer time periods after the droplet reached wet bulb temperature. A volumetric method using microliter syringes was used to measure evaporation loss from 0.5 to 2 mm diameter drops. Model predictions generally agreed with measured rates.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Will Fowler, Santa Anna of Mexico (Lincoln, NE, and London: University of Nebraska Press, 2008), pp. xxvi+501, £25.00, hb.

the authoritarian generals of the high command made sure that the FEB troops were prevented from making any political comment, and were rapidly demobilised on their return. The reception in the barracks was thus rather chilly ; FEB officers – most of whom actually supported Vargas – were sent to distant locations and no effort was made to capitalise on their war experience. The government did not manage to provide significant assistance and the few benefits veterans were granted were then extended to all the military. Ironically, only after the end of the military dictatorship did the remaining 5,000 veterans receive significant material recognition for their patriotic sacrifice. Shawn Smallman questions the view that torture of political opponents during the military regime was due to the army’s lack of professionalism. He argues that the army had already used extra-legal violence against its own internal dissidents, most prominently after the rebellions of 1910 and 1935. In the years before the coup, nationalist officers and soldiers were victims of violent repression, in particular during April and May 1952, when the high command eliminated them from the leadership of the Clube Militar, and implemented another anti-communist purge in the armed forces. The officers of the Cruzada Democrática took over military intelligence, which later became the infamous SNI. After the coup this extra-legal violence was extended to all civil society in order to consolidate the power of the generals. Renato Lemos revisits the issue of why the military regime allowed the judiciary to maintain some of its independence. Criticising the view that it served only as a democratic smokescreen, he shows the struggle between different factions within the two highest courts responsible for judging the most political cases : the Federal Supreme Court (STF) and the Military Supreme Court (STM). Only when the composition of the STF was changed, with the Second Institutional Act (AI-2), did it issue judgements that complied with the military’s aims. And whereas the military courts of first instance that ruled on the infamous ‘political-military inquiries ’ (IPM) were dominated by young, authoritarian officers, the STM tended to be more moderate and often reduced penalties or dismissed cases on formalities. Maria Celina d’Araújo looks at how the Brazilian military started to incorporate women whilst still maintaining an absolute ban on open homosexuality among its ranks. A proposal to abolish article 235 of the 1967 Military Code, that stipulates punishment for ‘ libertine ’ practices, did not pass in Congress. Since 1980 the Navy has recruited women to work as technical and administrative staff, and in 1982 the first cohort of women officers graduated in the Air Force. However, a project to train women for the firearms service was abandoned in 2002. As in many other countries, the perception that women and homosexuals are unfit for war persists among the Brazilian high command.

Field of study: Political science
The value of the Claybury Selection Battery in predicting benefit from group psychotherapy.

Before receiving psychodynamic group psychotherapy at the Uffculme Clinic four groups of out-patients were assessed on the Claybury Selection Battery and the SCL 90, and therapists were asked to predict their progress. Outcome was assessed at about three months and one year by patients' self-reports of symptom change on the SCL 90 and therapists' ratings of progress. Only one of the three Claybury questionnaires, the TEQ, which measures attitudes to treatment, was significantly correlated with outcome, along with therapists' predictions. This result is different to that of a previous study which also found that outcome correlated with direction of interest (DIQ) and conservatism (C). The C and DIQ scales may provide useful predictive information only in a small proportion of cases.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Tropospheric nitrogen dioxide column retrieval from ground-based zenith-sky DOAS observations

We present an algorithm for retrieving tropospheric nitrogen dioxide (NO2) vertical column densities (VCDs) from ground-based zenith–sky (ZS) measurements of scattered sunlight. The method is based on a four-step approach consisting of (1) the differential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS) analysis of ZS radiance spectra using a fixed reference spectrum corresponding to low NO2 absorption, (2) the determination of the residual amount in the reference spectrum using a Langley-plot-type method, (3) the removal of the stratospheric content from the daytime total measured slant column based on stratospheric VCDs measured at sunrise and sunset, and simulation of the rapid NO2 diurnal variation, (4) the retrieval of tropospheric VCDs by dividing the resulting tropospheric slant columns by appropriate air mass factors (AMFs). These steps are fully characterized and recommendations are given for each of them. The retrieval algorithm is applied on a ZS data set acquired with a multi-axis (MAX-) DOAS instrument during the Cabauw (51.97° N, 4.93° E, sea level) Intercomparison campaign for Nitrogen Dioxide measuring Instruments (CINDI) held from 10 June to 21 July 2009 in the Netherlands. A median value of 7.9 × 1015 molec cm−2 is found for the retrieved tropospheric NO2 VCDs, with maxima up to 6.0 × 1016 molec cm−2. The error budget assessment indicates that the overall error σTVCD on the column values is less than 28%. In the case of low tropospheric contribution, σTVCD is estimated to be around 39% and is dominated by uncertainties in the determination of the residual amount in the reference spectrum. For strong tropospheric pollution events, σTVCD drops to approximately 22% with the largest uncertainties on the determination of the stratospheric NO2 abundance and tropospheric AMFs. The tropospheric VCD amounts derived from ZS observations are compared to VCDs retrieved from off-axis and direct-sun measurements of the same MAX-DOAS instrument as well as to data from a co-located Systeme d'Analyse par Observations Zenithales (SAOZ) spectrometer. The retrieved tropospheric VCDs are in good agreement with the different data sets with correlation coefficients and slopes close to or larger than 0.9. The potential of the presented ZS retrieval algorithm is further demonstrated by its successful application on a 2-year data set, acquired at the NDACC (Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change) station Observatoire de Haute Provence (OHP; Southern France).

Field of study: Environmental science
A Fault-Tolerant Batch Verification Scheme for Cloud Assisted VANETs

Vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) has been brought out to revolutionize driving experiences and traffic flow control systems. In a VANET, roadside units (RSUs) are usually used to collect messages sent by nearby vehicles, which may include status information of vehicles and emergency events. Currently, batch verification is considered as an effective approach to verify these messages in VANETs. However, in existing batch verification scheme, the batch verification fails even one of the signed messages is invalid. In this paper, we introduce an efficient identity-based fault-tolerant batch verification scheme for cloud assisted VANETs.

Field of study: Engineering
Scheduling legacy multimedia applications

Millions of applications have been developed on conventional time-sharing systems. We call those applications legacy applications. Many of them, typically multimedia applications, have Quality of Service (QoS) demands, which are not supported in time-sharing systems. Although many scheduling algorithms and schedulers have been proposed to schedule multimedia applications, it is not feasible to rebuild millions of legacy multimedia applications in a completely new programming model. Moreover, the execution pattern of multimedia applications is difficult to predict.This work presents a legacy application-compatible, adaptation-oriented scheduling framework. The new scheduler is implemented as a Linux loadable module. Thus users can either use the original Linux scheduler or use our scheduler by loading the module. In the new scheduler, users can reserve a default execution rate for legacy multimedia applications, and a rate adjustment mechanism is provided for adaptation. The framework also supports rate-based execution (RBE) and periodic threads that run at a constant rate, and non-real-time threads that have no QoS demand.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Current-mass ratios of the light quarks.

We investigate the current-mass ratios of the light quarks by fitting the squared meson masses to second order in chiral-symmetry breaking, determining corrections to Weinberg's first-order values: m/sub u//m/sub d/ = 0.56, m/sub s//m/sub d/ = 20.1. We find that to this order, m/sub s//m/sub d/ is a known function of m/sub u//m/sub d/. The values of the quark-mass ratios can be constrained by limiting the size of second-order corrections to the squares of meson masses. We find that for specific values of presently unmeasured phenomenological parameters one can have a massless u quark. In that case 30% of the squares of meson masses arise from operators second order in chiral-symmetry breaking.

Field of study: Physics
Animal models of anxiety disorders

Animal models may be useful in investigating the fundamental mechanisms underlying psychiatric disorders, and may contribute to the development of new medications. A computerized literature search was used to collect studies on recently developed animal models for anxiety disorders. Particular cognitive-affective processes (eg, fear conditioning, control of stereotypic movements, social submissiveness, and trauma sensitization) may be particularly relevant to understanding specific anxiety disorders. Delineation of the phenomenology and psychobiology of these processes in animals leads to a range of useful models of these conditions. These models demonstrate varying degrees of face, construct, and predictive validity.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
THE PLASTIC LIMIT ANALYSIS OF ADHESIVE SHEAR STRENGTH BETWEEN SELF-COMPACTING CONCRETE AND OLD CONCRETE

Under the Mises yield condition, the failure mechanism of the adhesive layer between self-compacting concrete and old concrete is presented in this paper. After the plastic limit analysis of bonding strength, the theoretical formula of upper bound theorem (τ ) for adhesive shear strength is deduced. Based on the test result, the main parameter in the formula is also determine, which can help the retrofit design of concrete structures by self-compacting concrete.

Field of study: Engineering
Simulation Analysis and Experimental Verification of 6201 Aluminum Alloy in Extrusion Forming Process

Taking 6021 aluminum alloy as research object, the temperature field and flow field were analyzed in the expanding extrusion forming process of the material by experiments combined with finite element software, and the influence of pouring temperature and flowing links on forming effect of products were discussed. The results show that the 6021 aluminum alloy pipes were formed after continuous rheological expanding extrusion, the alloy melt temperature show a trend of lower in the roll-boots cavity, and the semisolid region gradually descends with the increase of pouring temperature.

Field of study: Materials science
Universality in the random-matrix theory of quantum transport.

A random-matrix formula is derived for the variance of an arbitrary linear statistic on the transmission eigenvalues. The variance is independent of the eigenvalue density and has a universal dependence on the symmetry of the matrix ensemble. The formula generalises the Dyson-Mehta theorem in the statistical theory of energy levels. It demonstrates that the universality of the conductance fluctuations is generic for a whole class of transport properties in mesoscopic systems

Field of study: Physics
Linearization of solutions in supersonic flow

(In uniplanar flow, explicit formulae for potential and stream functions can be derived for both irrotational M and some irrotational W flows. We have not ascertained whether these formulae represent more than the well-known elementary radial and vortex flows.) If W = Vcpw, then Vpt = 0, a case discussed by Vazsonyi4 in the less appropriate V language. Flows with constant stagnation pressure but variable entropy and stagnation temperature from one streamline to another may be of immediate practical interest. For example the effect of variable chamber gas temperature upon thrust coefficient of a rocket with "perfect" nozzle can be computed. This calculation is possible because irrotational V flow is the special case of irrotational W flow which occurs when not only pt but also 5 and therefore Tt are constant throughout the flow (v5 = vr, = 0 is implied by V = Vipr). Accordingly the same partial differential equation (derived from the continuity equation (1.10)) is satisfied by both

Field of study: Mathematics