nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
SU‐FF‐T‐122: Investigation of Clinical Performance of Two 4DRT Techniques — RPM and Bellows System

The objective of this study was to systematically evaluate the clinical performance of two 4DRT techniques, RPM and Bellows system.  An RPM system was mounted at the distal end of a Philips CT simulator couch. A marker block was positioned on the sternum of a newly released commercial lung phantom. A Bellows sensor was tied around the thorax of the phantom next to the marker block to ensure equal breathing amplitudes. The air pressure generated by an air pump inflated and deflated the lung phantom periodically. It also drove a spherical target in a translational fashion with an 8° rotation at the end of the motion. The performance of the two systems was investigated by applying different motion depths, 0.3, 0.5, 0.75, and 1.0, and motion patterns, sin2(x), sin4(x), and sin6(x), to the lung phantom. The pressure wave was detected by the Bellows sensor and fed into the CT scanner for 4DCT reconstruction.  The motion wave forms detected by RPM and Bellows system were almost identical in cases of sin2(x), sin4(x), and sin6(x) with a motion depth of 1. At large depths, both systems provided equal sensitivity in detecting breathing signals. At shallow breathing depths, the wave forms detected by RPM were degraded and the peaks were somewhat flattened, while the Bellows system preserved a relatively good wave form. At extremely shallow depths, RPM failed to track the breathing motion while the Bellows system continued to perform normally, providing a superior sensitivity over the RPM.  RPM failed to detect the breathing signal when the motion amplitude became very small. Bellows System was able to track the respiratory motion continuously even when it is extremely weak.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Quantum Parity Hall effect in ABA Graphene.

The celebrated phenomenon of quantum Hall effect has recently been generalized from transport of conserved charges to that of other approximately conserved state variables, including spin and valley, which are characterized by spin- or valley-polarized boundary states with different chiralities. Here, we report a new class of quantum Hall effect in ABA-stacked graphene trilayers (TLG), the quantum parity Hall (QPH) effect, in which boundary channels are distinguished by even or odd parity under the systems mirror reflection symmetry. At the charge neutrality point and a small perpendicular magnetic field $B_{\perp}$, the longitudinal conductance $\sigma_{xx}$ is first quantized to $4e^2/h$, establishing the presence of four edge channels. As $B_{\perp}$ increases, $\sigma_{xx}$ first decreases to $2e^2/h$, indicating spin-polarized counter-propagating edge states, and then to approximately $0$. These behaviors arise from level crossings between even and odd parity bulk Landau levels, driven by exchange interactions with the underlying Fermi sea, which favor an ordinary insulator ground state in the strong $B_{\perp}$ limit, and a spin-polarized state at intermediate fields. The transitions between spin-polarized and unpolarized states can be tuned by varying Zeeman energy. Our findings demonstrate a topological phase that is protected by a gate-controllable symmetry and sensitive to Coulomb interactions.

Field of study: Physics
xiao er fei yan zhi yuan ti gan ran fei wai sun hai 73 li lin chuang fen xi

目的：探讨小儿肺炎支原体感染肺外损害73例临床分析。方法将2010年1月~2013年12月在本院进行住院治疗的248例小儿肺炎支原体感染患儿，分为对照组和实验组，实验组患儿73例，对照组患儿175例，其中实验组患儿为肺炎支原体感染合并肺外损害，对照组患儿肺炎支原体感染无肺外损害。所有患儿均给予抗生素及常规治疗。观察比较两组患儿的住院时间及症状缓解时间比较，同时分析小儿肺炎支原体感染的肺外损害情况。结果实验组患儿症状缓解时间及住院时间较对照组患者明显增加，差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)；实验组患儿肺炎支原体感染的肺外损害中，消化系统损害的患儿数最多，占总患者数的42.47%，依次为血液系统损害、泌尿系统损害、心肌损害、皮肤损害。结论小儿肺炎支原体感染肺外损害患儿住院时间延长，增加患儿痛苦，在临床治疗过程中应引起足够重视，防止小儿肺炎支原体感染引起的肺外损害。

Field of study: Medicine
Power and Comparative Methods: Performing the Worlds of Armed Conflicts

This Special Issue emphasises how power and power relations involved in establishing limits and boundaries to define, categorise and understand the world through comparison are intimately tied to conflict and intervention practices and dynamics. Indeed, when pundits, practitioners, academics and even conflict actors compare settings of armed conflict and intervention, they are participating in an inherently political move. The most off-handed of comments connect to assemblages that enable the production of categories and concepts from which it becomes difficult to think differently. Our comparisons perform worlds of armed conflict, and international interventions more often than not reflect those performances.

Field of study: History, Sociology
Unusual Maculopapular Rash on the Scalp of a Patient with Mediterranean Spotted Fever

To report a rare case of maculopapular rash on the scalp in a patient with Mediterranean spotted fever (MSF).  A 58-year-old woman with breast cancer and chemotherapy-induced alopecia contracted MSF. Her clinical features were typical, except for a maculopapular rash covering the scalp. The diagnosis of MSF was confirmed by immunofluorescent assay. The disease had a favorable course and the patient was discharged in good condition.  The rash on the scalp described in this report enriches our knowledge on the clinical characteristics of MSF.

Field of study: Medicine
Synergisic effects of terbinafine combined with fluconazole or itraconazole on stable fluconazole-resistant Candida albicans induced by fluconazole in vitro

目的 探讨特比萘芬与氟康唑或伊曲康唑联合抗氟康唑诱导产生的耐药稳定白念珠菌的作用.方法采用多步诱导法,在YEPD培养基中,利用氟康唑诱导白念珠菌敏感株产生耐药稳定菌株.根据美国国家临床实验标准委员会(NCCLS)制定的标准,采用棋盘微量稀释法测定特比萘芬与氟康唑或伊曲康唑对耐药稳定菌株的联合药敏试验,并对诱导耐药稳定菌株ERG11基因的编码区序列进行DNA测序.结果临床敏感菌株和标准敏感菌株能被诱导形成耐药菌株,但大部分不稳定,诱导耐药稳定株ERG11基因的编码区DNA测序有突变点存在,特比萘芬与氟康唑或伊曲康唑联用对诱导耐药稳定株可产生协同作用.结论特比萘芬与氟康唑或伊曲康唑联合应用对基因突变产生的耐药株有协同作用,可阻止或延迟氟康唑诱导的耐药性白念珠菌菌株的产生。

Field of study: Biology
Elektronenbeugungsaufnahmen von neuartigen Zinn—Wismut-Legierungen

ZusammenfassungEs werden dünne Schichten der Zinn—Wismut-Legierung von verschiedener prozentualer Zusammensetzung bei 4,2‡ K erzeugt. Gleichzeitig wird ihr Widerstandsverhalten sowie ihr struktureller Aufbau mit Hilfe der Elektronenbeugung untersucht. Man findet in den Bereichen von 0 bis 50 At-% und 50 bis 100 At-% Bi ein verschiedenes Verhalten.Für jede beobachtete Widerstandsänderung lassen die Elektronenbeugungsaufnahmen den zugehörigen Kristallisationsprozeß erkennen.

Field of study: Physics
Reflection and transmission calculations in a multilayer structure with coherent, incoherent, and partially coherent interference, using the transmission line method.

A generalized transmission line method (TLM) that provides reflection and transmission calculations for a multilayer dielectric structure with coherent, partial coherent, and incoherent layers is presented. The method is deployed on two different application fields. The first application of the method concerns the thickness measurement of the individual layers of an organic light-emitting diode. By using a fitting approach between experimental spectral reflectance measurements and the corresponding TLM calculations, it is shown that the thickness of the films can be estimated. The second application of the TLM concerns the calculation of the external quantum efficiency of an organic photovoltaic with partially coherent rough interfaces between the layers. Numerical results regarding the short circuit photocurrent for different layer thicknesses and rough interfaces are provided and the performance impact of the rough interface is discussed in detail.

Field of study: Physics
Identification of the Key Factors Related to Bladder Cancer by lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA Three-Layer Network

Bladder cancer is the most common malignant tumor of the urinary system, and it has high incidence, high degree of malignancy, and easy recurrence after surgery. The etiology and pathogenesis of bladder cancer are not fully understood, but more and more studies have shown that its development may be regulated by some core molecules. To identify key molecules in bladder cancer, we constructed a three-layer network by merging lncRNA-miRNA regulatory network, miRNA-mRNA regulatory network, and lncRNA-mRNA coexpression network, and further analyzed the topology attributes of the network including the degree, betweenness centrality and closeness centrality of nodes. We found that miRNA-93 and miRNA-195 are controllers for a three-layer network and regulators of numerous target genes associated with bladder cancer. Functional enrichment analysis of their target mRNAs revealed that miRNA-93 and miRNA-195 may be closely related to bladder cancer by disturbing the homeostasis of the cell cycle or HTLV-I infection. In addition, since E2F1 and E2F2 are enriched in various KEGG signaling pathways, we conclude that they are important target genes of miRNA-93, and participate in the apoptotic process by forming a complex with a certain protein or transcription factor activity, sequence-specific DNA binding in bladder cancer. Similarly, AKT3 is an important target gene of miRNA-195, its expression is associated with PI3K-Akt-mTOR signaling pathway and AMPK-mTOR signaling pathway. Therefore, we speculate that AKT3 may participate in proliferation and apoptosis of bladder cancer cells through these pathways, and ultimately affect the biological behavior of tumor cells. Furthermore, through survival analysis, we found that miRNA-195 and miRNA-93 are associated with poor prognosis of bladder cancer. And the Kaplan-Meier curve showed that 24 mRNAs and nine lncRNAs are closely related to overall survival of bladder cancer.

Field of study: Biology
Guarantee of Peace: The League of Nations in British Policy, 1914–1925. By Peter J. Yearwood.

Peter Yearwood has carried out impressively extensive research to produce this account of how British foreign policy was closely linked to the formation and operation of the League of Nations in its early years. An enormous amount of detail is densely packed into every page which makes the book a mine of information for academics working in this field, though for this reason it could prove rather daunting for the casual reader, or under-graduate student. The attention to detail and depth of analysis enable the author to challenge some of the accepted views of Britain’s relationship with the League, and in some instances to present a very different interpretation from the traditional idea of British reluctance to engage with the newlyformed League.

Field of study: History
Persistence of Epigenomic Effects After Recovery From Repeated Treatment With Two Nephrocarcinogens

The discovery of the epigenetic regulation of transcription has provided a new source of mechanistic understanding to long lasting effects of chemicals. However, this information is still seldom exploited in a toxicological context and studies of chemical effect after washout remain rare. Here we studied the effects of two nephrocarcinogens on the human proximal tubule cell line RPTEC/TERT1 using high-content mRNA microarrays coupled with miRNA, histone acetylation (HA) and DNA methylation (DM) arrays and metabolomics during a 5-day repeat-dose exposure and 3 days after washout. The mycotoxin ochratoxin A (OTA) was chosen as a model compound for its known impact on HA and DM. The foremost effect observed was the modulation of thousands of mRNAs and histones by OTA during and after exposure. In comparison, the oxidant potassium bromate (KBrO3) had a milder impact on gene expression and epigenetics. However, there was no strong correlation between epigenetic modifications and mRNA changes with OTA while with KBrO3 the gene expression data correlated better with HA for both up- and down-regulated genes. Even when focusing on the genes with persistent epigenetic modifications after washout, only half were coupled to matching changes in gene expression induced by OTA, suggesting that while OTA causes a major effect on the two epigenetic mechanisms studied, these alone cannot explain its impact on gene expression. Mechanistic analysis confirmed the known activation of Nrf2 and p53 by KBrO3, while OTA inhibited most of the same genes, and genes involved in the unfolded protein response. A few miRNAs could be linked to these effects of OTA, albeit without clear contribution of epigenetics to the modulation of the pathways at large. Metabolomics revealed disturbances in amino acid balance, energy catabolism, nucleotide metabolism and polyamine metabolism with both chemicals. In conclusion, the large impact of OTA on transcription was confirmed at the mRNA level but also with two high-content epigenomic methodologies. Transcriptomic data confirmed the previously reported activation (by KBrO3) and inhibition (by OTA) of protective pathways. However, the integration of omic datasets suggested that HA and DM were not driving forces in the gene expression changes induced by either chemical.

Field of study: Biology
The Interactive Effects of Personal Achievement Goals and Performance Feedback in an Undergraduate Science Class

The authors explored whether manipulating feedback influenced cognition, motivation, and achievement in an undergraduate chemistry course. They measured students’ (N = 250) achievement goals, test anxiety, self-efficacy, and metacognitive strategy use at the beginning and end of the semester. After completing the first set of questionnaires, students were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 conditions: (a) control, (b) mastery feedback, (c) performance-approach feedback, and (d) combined mastery/performance-approach feedback. In each condition, students received a raw performance score for each weekly quiz they completed online and, for the treatment conditions, additional feedback reflective of that specific feedback condition. Results provide evidence for the multiple goals perspective (specialized pattern) wherein performance-oriented feedback was beneficial for some outcomes, whereas mastery feedback was beneficial for other outcomes.

Field of study: Education
Bureaucratic Politics And Foreign Policy

The first edition of Bureaucratic Politics and Foreign Policy is one of the most successful Brookings titles of all time. This thoroughly revised version updates that classic analysis of the role played by the federal bureaucracy --civilian career officials, political appointees, and military officers --and Congress in formulating U.S. national security policy, illustrating how policy decisions are actually made. Government agencies, departments, and individuals all have certain interests to preserve and promote. Those priorities, and the conflicts they sometimes spark, heavily influence the formulation and implementation of foreign policy. A decision that looks like an orchestrated attempt to influence another country may in fact represent a shaky compromise between rival elements within the U.S. government. The authors provide numerous examples of bureaucratic maneuvering and reveal how they have influenced our international relations. The revised edition includes new examples of bureaucratic politics from the past three decades, from Jimmy Carter's view of the State Department to conflicts between George W. Bush and the bureaucracy regarding Iraq. The second edition also includes a new analysis of Congress's role in the politics of foreign policymaking.

Field of study: Political science
Characterization and Expression Analysis of ERF Genes in Fragaria vesca Suggest Different Divergences of Tandem ERF Duplicates

Ethylene-responsive factors (ERFs) play important roles in plant growth and development and in responses to abiotic stresses. However, little information was available about the ERF genes in woodland strawberry (Fragaria vesca), a genetic model plant for the Fragaria genus and Rosaceae family. In this study, 91 FveERF genes were identified, including 35 arrayed in tandem, indicating that tandem duplication is a major mechanism for the expansion of the FveERF family. According to their phylogenetic relationships with AtERFs from Arabidopsis thaliana, the tandem FveERF genes could be grouped into ancestral and lineage-specific tandem ones. The ancestral tandem FveERFs are likely derived from tandem duplications that occurred in the common ancestor of F. vesca and A. thaliana, whereas the lineage-specific ones are specifically present in the F. vesca lineage. The lineage-specific tandem FveERF duplicates are more conserved than the ancestral ones in sequence and structure. However, their expression in flowers and fruits is similarly diversified, indicating that tandem FveERFs have diverged rapidly after duplication in this respect. The lineage-specific tandem FveERFs display the same response patterns with only one exception under drought or cold, whereas the ancestral tandem ones are largely differentially expressed, suggesting that divergence of tandem FveERF expression under stress may have occurred later in the reproductive development. Our results provide evidence that the retention of tandem FveERF duplicates soon after their duplication may be related to their divergence in the regulation of reproductive development. In contrast, their further divergence in expression pattern likely contributes to plant response to abiotic stress.

Field of study: Biology
Entorhinal deafferentation induces upregulation of SPARC in the mouse hippocampus.

SPARC is a matricellular protein that modulates cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions by virtue of its antiproliferative and counteradhesive properties. Here, we report the denervation-induced upregulation of SPARC mRNA and protein in the mouse hippocampus following transections of the entorhinal afferents. Northern blot analysis showed that SPARC mRNA was upregulated in a transient manner in the deafferented mouse hippocampus. In situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry confirmed the temporal upregulation of both SPARC mRNA and protein specifically in the denervated areas, which initiated at 7 days postlesion, reached the maximum at 15 as well as 30 days postlesion, and subsided towards normal levels by 60 days postlesion. Double labeling by either a combination of in situ hybridization for SPARC mRNA with immunohistochemistry for glial fibrillary acidic protein or double immunofluorescence staining for both proteins in the hippocampus revealed that SPARC-expressing cells are reactive astrocytes. In respect to the spatiotemporal alterations of SPARC expression in the denervated hippocampus, we suggest that SPARC may be involved in modulation of the denervation-induced plasticity processes such as glial cell proliferation, axonal sprouting and subsequent synaptogenesis in the hippocampus following entorhinal deafferentation.

Field of study: Biology
Comparison of surgical outcomes and cosmetic results between standard and mini laparoscopic pyeloplasty in children younger than 1 year of age.

To evaluate safety, efficacy, and cosmetic results after mini laparoscopic (mL) pyeloplasty and standard (sL) pyeloplasty in children younger than 1 year of age with ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJO).



From August 2009 to March 2011, 20 sL pyeloplasties were performed in pediatric patients younger than 1 year of age; afterwards, 20 patients younger than 1 year of age underwent mini laparoscopic (mL) pyeloplasty from June 2011 to August 2012. The patients were followed by urine culture and ultrasonography at 3 and 6 months after surgery. Cosmetic appearance was assessed in all patients in both groups group 3 months after surgery using the Patient Scar Assessment Questionnaire.



Peri and postoperative results revealed that operative time (total and anastomosis of ureteropelvic junction), hospital stay, and overall complication rate were significantly lower in mL than in sL. Persistent hydronephrosis in follow-up imaging and recurrence of obstruction was not observed in any cases. Mean appearance score and consciousness score showed significantly better results in the mL group.



We believe that mL pyeloplasty in infant cases with UPJO is more cosmetically pleasing and less invasive than sL pyeloplasty and has similar functional outcomes.

Field of study: Medicine
Tuberculous muscle abscess.

A 45-year-old woman presented with subacute pain and swelling of the left thigh for 3 weeks. She reported body weight loss in the past 2 months and had no history of trauma, arthritis or back pain. Physical examination revealed a temperature of 37.8°C and left thigh swelling with localized heat and tenderness. Her white blood cell count was 3100/μl and erythrocyte sedimentation rate was 78 …

Field of study: Medicine
The Pharmaceutical Industry and the Canadian Government: Folie à Deux

The interest of the pharmaceutical industry is in achieving a profit for its shareholders while the interest of the Canadian government should be in protecting public health. However, over the course of the past few decades the actions of the Canadian government have been tilted in favour of industry in two areas. The first is in the relationship between industry and Health Canada and is manifested in the regulation of clinical trials, the drug approval system, drug safety and promotion. The second is in economic policy as it applies to policies about patent protection, the price of medications and measures taken to incentivize research and development. The problems in the relationship are structural and will only be solved through systemic changes.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
The First World War and British Cotton Piece Exports to India

T | SHE disastrous effects of the First World War on the export of Lancashire's cotton piece-goods' to its most important market, India, have long been a commonplace of economic history.2 However, there has been no detailed discussion of this question, especially of the crucial period from I9I7, and this article is an attempt to fill that gap. This necessarily involves unravelling the effects of a considerable number of factors which affected the scale of the trade. Even prior to the outbreak of war Lancashire was facing problems in India. In I9I3 the market there had become overstocked with cloth,3 whilst demand was hit by the poor monsoon season.4 The war aggravated the situation by bringing about a financial panic in India: the Economist commented that "the War has exerted much the same effect on the delicate machinery of (Indian) credit as the proverbial bull in a china shop".5 At this time most of Lancashire's difficulties lay in Indian demand rather than on the supply side; although freight, insurance, and cabling costs rose, this was offset by the fall in raw cotton prices. The initial crisis passed, and by early I 9I 5 observers were talking of the "smallness of the shock to enterprise" caused by the war.6 By mid-19I5 Lancashire's piece exports to India had stabilized at approximately 66 per cent of the prewar level . From the middle of I9I7, however, there came a new and much more serious collapse of British exports. This followed the exacerbation of trends which were at the root of the problem of the previous two years-the rising cost and increasing scarcity of freight, increasing competition, and the decline in Indian demand. These three interrelated problems will be considered in turn.

Field of study: Economics, History
Retention and Forgetting of Grammatical Structures in Learning English as a Foreign Language

AbstractGerman pupils (age 12–13 years) studying English as a foreign language were taught three grammatical structures (passive, gerund, and future tense). Following Wickelgren’s concept of memory trace strength, the remaining strength of the memory trace after 2 weeks and 6 weeks of learning was studied. The data confirmed Jost’s second law. Results suggest that the decay rate is a didactic measure of the grammatical structure difficulty.

Field of study: Education