nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Mind and Cosmos

The central premises of Nagel�s argument against what he terms �the materialist neo-Darwinian conception of nature� (hereafter �neo-Darwinism�) are the following: (1) Remarkable features of the cosmos such as consciousness, cognition and value are intelligible to us; (2) such phenomena are not materialistically reducible; (3) only phenomena that are materialistically reducible are intelligible within the framework of neo-Darwinism.1 In Chapter 2, �Antireductionism and the Natural Order�, Nagel argues for (1) and offers suggestive remarks on what �intelligible� means, without ever approaching a definition. The remaining three chapters argue in turn that consciousness, cognition and value are not reducible, provide arguments as to why this renders them unintelligible for neo-Darwinists, and develop a sketch of an alternative way of understanding them. As Nagel puts it:
The essential character of such an understanding would be to explain the appearance of life, consciousness, reason, and knowledge neither as accidental side effects of the physical laws of nature nor as the result of intentional intervention in nature from without but as an unsurprising if not inevitable consequence of the order that governs the natural world from within. That order would have to include physical law, but if life is not just a physical phenomenon, the origin and evolution of life and mind will not be explainable by physics and chemistry alone. 
The explicitly secular alternative that Nagel considers is the addition of teleological laws to the non-teleological laws of neo-Darwinism, whose function is to render the emergence of the remarkable phenomena intelligible.

First, it should be noted that Nagel includes under the umbrella of reductionism positions whose proponents take them to be non-reductive, such as functionalism in the philosophy of mind (35�42). He clearly has in mind here a form of ontological reduction according to which the remarkable phenomena are, in some �

Field of study: Philosophy
Anatomy of a mining-induced fault zone

A mining-induced fault zone that formed in the East Rand Proprietary Mine, Boksburg, South Africa, during the sloping of a large, highly stressed pillar is associated with two large seismic events that occurred within 17 days of each other; each event caused appreciable rock-burst damage in the neighboring stopes. The zone consists essentially of two high-angle normal faults intersecting at about 30°, across which shear displacements of as much as 10 cm were measured. In detail, the fault zone comprises two approximately planar shear zones, each of which strikes subparallel to the stope working faces at the time of the seismic events, and which encompass areas of at least 500 and 600 m 2 , respectively. The shear zones are themselves made up of smaller, en echelon shear planes, which are connected by subsidiary conjugate shears and extension fractures. These shear planes become diffuse and are replaced by extension and bedding-plane fractures at the boundaries of the fault zone. Microscopically, the shear planes are seen to contain a layer of finely comminuted gouge material within which fluxion structure may be developed. The wall rock adjacent to the gouge is a microbreccia formed by shattered quartz grains and larger areas of rock, cut by conjugate shear and extension fractures across which some comminution has also occurred. The microscopic observations suggest the following sequence of events resulting in the formation of the fault zone: (1) development of extension cracks in the region of planes of maximum shearing stress, (2) coalescence of extension cracks to form conjugate shear planes, and (3) rapid movement along the more favorably oriented of these shear planes to form the major gouge zone and feather fractures. Dynamic analyses of the attitudes of the microfractures and macrofractures define the stress field operating at the time of the seismic event. There is a striking similarity between the fault zones and natural faults, both in macroscopic and microscopic form and in the development of cataclastic rock types.

Field of study: Geology
The stress-vulnerability hypothesis in psychotic disorders: Focus on the stress response systems

The vulnerabilty stress model is an intriguing concept to look into the etiology of psychotic disorders and, in particular, into the "nature nurture" principle. That stress affects a vulnerable nature may be obvious, but its mechanism is not well understood, and many questions remain to be answered, let alone how to define "vulnerability". The present review tries to focus on the core issues of the vulnerability stress concept—identifying vulnerability, the way stress interferes with it, and the possiblilities of modulating their interaction. Attention is drawn to the biologic stress response systems, the autonomic nervous system (ANS), the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) system, and the immune system, and highlights the plasticity of the HPA system as the mediator of adaptation.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Crystallization and preliminary x-ray analysis of a nitrate reductase from Desulfovibrio desulfuricans ATCC 27774.

Periplasmic nitrate reductase from the sulfate-reducing bacterium Desulfovibrio desulfuricans ATCC 27774 contains two molybdopterin guanine dinucleotide cofactors and one [4Fe-4S] cluster as prosthetic groups and catalyzes the conversion of nitrate to nitrite. Crystals of the oxidized form of this enzyme were obtained using PEG as precipitant and belong to space group P3121 or P3221, with unit-cell dimensions a = b = 106.3, c = 135.1 A. There is one monomer of 80 kDa in the asymmetric unit, which corresponds to a Matthews ratio of 2.75 A3 Da-1. Using cryo-cooling procedures and X-rays from a rotating-anode generator, diffraction was observed to beyond 3.0 A resolution.

Field of study: Chemistry
Stable carbon isotope ecology of small mammals from the Sterkfontein Valley: Implications for habitat reconstruction

Carbon isotope analyses of tooth enamel have been widely employed by paleoecologists to understand past habitats. Most such studies use large- to medium-bodied mammals and exclude small taxa. However, analysis of fossil small mammals holds promise for resolving questions about past environments because these animals are often present in the fossil record (especially in South African cave sites), are diverse in dietary and habitat preference, yet have limited lifespans and home range sizes. Thus, the carbon isotope compositions of small mammal communities and/or species might reflect the composition of vegetation in local environments at fine scales. In this study, we assessed the degree to which carbon isotope compositions of small mammal tooth enamel record spatial changes in habitat in a southern African savanna environment. Modern small mammal specimens were collected from the pellet accumulations of three barn owl ( Tyto alba africanus ) roosts located within microhabitats varying from open grassland to mixed woodland. We examined rodent carbon isotope compositions within taxa, between taxa, and between tooth types in an effort to characterize variation within this group. We also compared rodent community δ 13 C enamel composition between microhabitat types to evaluate how well small mammal isotope data reflect vegetation composition local to the roosts. Our analyses suggest that the relationship between small mammal community carbon isotopic means and vegetation composition is complex, but that with appropriate taxonomic control and consideration of relative abundance, small mammals have potential as a proxy for reconstructing past habitats. To complement this modern study, we performed isotopic analysis of the enamel of small mammals from three hominin-bearing sites in the Cradle of Humankind World Heritage Site, South Africa. Our results suggest a greater contribution of C4 resources to the diets of small mammals and likely more C4 grass in the past than occurs today.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Effect of Guided Discovery Teaching Method on Academic Achievement of Upper Basic II Students in English Studies in South South Nigeria

The study examined effect of guided discovery teaching method on academic achievement of Upper Basic education students in English Studies in the South-South zone of Nigeria. It was a quasi- experimental research. Two intact classes were randomly selected to constitute a sample size of 100 students for a control and experimental group. Treatment lasted for four weeks and test scores were used as data. Research questions were answered using mean and standard deviation, while ANCOVA was used to test the hypotheses. Results showed that guided discovery teaching method had an increasing positive effect on academic achievement of the students while gender was not a significant factor in this. Recommendations were that teachers should adopt this teaching method in lesson preparation/presentation, school administrators should structure the time table to allow its adoption, while education planners will find the study a good reference material for curriculum renovation and design amongst others.  guided discovery, teaching method, academic achievement, English Studies. DOI: 10.7176/JEP/11-29-12 Publication date: October 31 st 2020

Field of study: Education
Effect of Identical Sets of Structural Elements of π-Conjugated Molecules on the Parameters of Intra- and Intermolecular Interaction

A comparative analysis is performed of the parameters of the Franck–Condon and Herzberg–Teller interactions that determine the shape of the fine-structure absorption and luminescence spectra of π‑conjugated molecules having the same sets of structural elements (molecular fragments). The possibility of applying a fragmentary approach to analyzing the spectra of these molecules is demonstrated.

Field of study: Physics
phyB-1 sorghum maintains responsiveness to simulated shade, irradiance and red light: far-red light.

The sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] phyB-1 mutant exhibits a constitutive shade-avoidance phenotype including excessive shoot elongation. It was previously shown that this mutant also overproduces ethylene. Although phytochrome B (phyB) is assumed to be the pigment most important in sensing and transducing shade signals, the sorghum phyB-1 mutant still responds to light signals characteristic of shade. Specifically, it was determined that the leaf blade : leaf sheath elongation of phyB-1 is responsive to red : far red (R : FR), but this response is opposite that of wild type (WT). Reducing the photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) strongly reduced the leaf blade : leaf sheath of WT but did not affect phyB-1, demonstrating a role for phyB in sensing PPFD. Using light-emitting diode (LED) lighting, it was found that WT ethylene production was increased with low R : FR while PPFD had no effect. Conversely, phyB-1 ethylene production increased only with high PPFD, high R : FR which was the treatment resulting in the least ethylene production by WT. Elevated ethylene production inhibits shoot elongation, but may contribute to shade avoidance by reducing leaf blade : leaf sheath elongation. Ethylene responses to light treatments designed to promote or reduce phytochrome A (phyA) activity, and the analysis of PHYA levels in the two cultivars suggests that phyA could be involved in transducing shade signals in light-grown sorghum. Responses potentially tranduced by phyA are elevated in phyB-1 which also over-expresses PHYA.

Field of study: Environmental science
Coping with rising food costs in a closed economy: feeding behavior and nocturnal hypothermia in pigeons.

The pigeon's response to increasing fixed-ratio schedules in a 24-hr closed economy is marked by changes in feeding behavior during the daily light phase and by changes in body temperature during the dark phase. The time course of these responses to increasing behavioral cost of obtaining food is very different. Feeding is most affected immediately, within the first day of exposure to moderate fixed ratios. The number of times the pigeons produce the food hopper each day decreases, and the rate at which they eat from the food hopper (grams per minute) when it is available increases, as the fixed ratio is raised. Body temperature is affected later, falling to progressively lower resting levels during the dark phase as body weight drops at the higher fixed ratios when food intake is reduced. The changes in feeding and in body temperature that occur as the fixed-ratio schedule increases seem to reduce daily energy expenditures, within the constraints imposed by the experiment. The ascending and descending limbs of the bitonic function obtained when total daily operant responding is plotted as a function of fixed-ratio schedule in the closed economy is possibly related to the occurrence of thermoregulatory strategies for energy conservation. The energetic analysis of performances in the closed economy requires consideration of a variety of energetic strategies available to the species being studied.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
No. 48103. Japan and United States of America

Agreement between the govern-ment of japan and the govern-ment of the united states of america concerning reciprocal provision of logistic support, supplies and services between the self-defense forces of japan and the armed forces of the united states of america. tokyo, 15 april 1996 [united nations, treaty se-ries, vol. 2718, i-48103.]

Field of study: Political science
Two problems on the current undergraduate education

This paper proposes two problems on the undergraduate education based on the teaching research,one is to deal with the relationship correctly between general education and professional education.The general education is complied with the international situation and the modern science development.Although the general education should be improved,it is not opposite to the professional education.We should deal with them rationally.There will be mean if it is is professional without the general,otherwise there will be shallow if it is general without the professional.The other is that the students' subject should be played well to overcome the difficulties by the educational system,course arrangements,teaching method,teacher-student relationship.So it is the important achievement that arouse the activeness of the students.

Field of study: Education
Special Anniversary Review: Twenty-five years of human immunodeficiency virus research: successes and challenges

During 25 years of research since HIV‐1 was first identified in Paris, there have been great advances in our understanding of the virus and of the immune system. Practical advances include the early development of diagnostic tests of infection that made blood donation safe, and since 1996, combination anti‐retroviral therapy that has great reduced incidence of AIDS in HIV‐infected people who have access to the drugs. HIV prevention through behavioural change has been successful, and we do not yet have any safe and efficacious microbicides or vaccines.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Different Working Capital Polices and the Profitability of a Firm

This study examines if there is a difference between the Profitability of Jordanian industrial companies which have a low cash conversion cycle and the Profitability of those which have a high cash conversion cycle. Moreover, eight indexes have been developed to help the investor and the manager of the company in Jordan in to make their decisions. To achieve the objectives of the study, a sample of 45 Jordanian industrial companies listed at Amman Stock Exchange (ASE) was studied. The study covered the period from 2000 to 2007. T-Tests and Mann-Whitney-U Tests were used to test the four hypotheses of the study. It was concluded that there was a statistically significant difference among the companies that have a high cash conversion cycle and those which have a low cash conversion cycle. Eight indexes of performance differed between companies with high cash conversion cycles and companies with low cash conversion cycles.

Field of study: Business
Morphological and chemical parameters associated with resistance to Callosobruchus chinensis in pigeonpea

The performance of 16 pigeonpea varieties/genotypes to Callosobruchus chinensis Linn. was assessed under laboratory conditions based on the development of the insect, seed damage and the various morphological/chemical parameters of the test varieties. Significant variation was observed among the varieties with respect to pest development and seed damage. The varieties PRG-158 and PRG-100, which recorded 0.0 and 0.8 index of susceptibility were categorized as resistant while seven varieties viz., Lakshmi, ICPL-87119, LRG-38, ICPL-8863, LRG-41, WRG-79 and WRG-65 exhibited moderate resistance (2.9 to 5.0) and the remaining 7 varieties/genotypes viz., MRG-66, LRG-30, WRG-27, WRG-53, WRGE-18, WRGE-14 and Durga showed moderate susceptibility (5.1 to 6.0 index of susceptibility) to bruchid infestation. Among the physical parameters, seed colour played a significant role on fecundity of the test insect while inter granular space showed significant influence on fecundity, developmental period, adult emergence and seed infestation. The chemical parameters like high ash and potash contents of test varieties were detrimental to the growth and development of test insect while protein content of the test varieties favoured the successful development of bruchids and high infestation.

Field of study: Biology
A free boundary value problem for the heat equation

Differentiation is denoted by a subscript whether it is a partial derivative of a function of two variables or an ordinary derivative of a function of one variable. This problem with A = 0 has been discussed by several authors, see for example [1, 2, 6], but thus far no existence proof has been established**. The problem describes the physical phenomena of evaporation, fusion, sublimation, etc. For example with B = 0, (1) could refer to the following situation. A long metal rod insulated at the sides has begun to melt at one end (x = 0). The layer of liquid metal is A units deep and has some initial temperature distribution, F(x). The critical temperature Tc is the melting point of the metal. At x = 0 heat is applied to the rod at a known rate proportional

Field of study: Mathematics
Identification of StiR, the first regulator of secondary metabolite formation in the myxobacterium Cystobacter fuscus Cb f17.1.

Myxobacteria are well established as proficient producers of natural products with numerous biological activities. Although some knowledge has been gained regarding the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites in this class of bacteria, almost nothing is known about the underlying regulatory mechanisms. In order to identify regulatory elements, we submitted the argyrin and stigmatellin producer Cystobacter fuscus to a random transposon mutagenesis strategy and screened 1,000 mutants for the occurrence of strains showing remarkably increased or decreased production of these compounds. In addition to the identification of the stigmatellin biosynthetic gene cluster, a novel positive regulator (stiR) of stigmatellin production was identified after transposon recovery. In order to exclude secondary mutagenesis effects, a double cross-over mutagenesis strategy was applied to the strain resulting in the repeated generation of the transposon genotype. This strain was shown to be equally effected in natural product biosynthesis.

Field of study: Biology, Engineering
The Abilities Construction of the Public Human Resources and the Development and Utilization of the Human Resources

There are extremely close connections between the public human resources development and utilization and the ability construction of the human resources. Human capacity building is the precondition of developing and utilizing the public human resources, and the development and utilization of the human resources become motive force of their capacity building. It should advance the ability construction of the public human resources in the development and utilization of the public human resources.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Experimental Study of Basic Road Performance of Weathered Granite Soil

Weathered granite soil is abundant in China and it is used extensively as a fill material. However, systematic research on this material is relatively less as compared to sedimentary type of soils like sand and clay. In this study, a series of laboratory tests were performed, including X-ray diffraction test, sieving test, liquid and plastic limit test, compaction test, California bearing ratio (CBR) test and large-scale triaxial test, to study the basic road performance of weathered granite soil. Specially, in order to evaluate the effects of clay content on the mechanical properties of the compacted weathered granite soil, the extra compaction test and CBR test were made by using samples with the four different clay contents of 4%, 8%, 10% and 12% by weight. Results of the laboratory tests indicated that the clay content of 8% could be a good indicator to determine the compaction characteristics of weathered granitic soil with different clay contents. Thus, the clay content of about 8% would be advantageous to the compaction rate of subgrade and the stability of roads. However, The California bearing ratio of weathered granite soil with clay content of about 4% is largest, which is 95%. Though large-scale triaxial test, it is found that the particle breakage leads to the obvious characteristic of strength nonlinearity of the granite weathered soil.

Field of study: Engineering
Pelvi-ureteric junction obstruction with crossing renal vessels: a case report of failed laparoscopic vascular hitch.

Dismembered pyeloplasty has been the traditional technique in the management of pelvi-ureteric junction obstruction (PUJO) secondary to crossing renal vessels in children. Laparoscopic transposition of lower pole vessels for PUJO has been described in children as well as adults.



We report a child with PUJO secondary to lower pole renal vessels who underwent laparoscopic transposition of vessels. The child had persistent PUJO, which was later treated with laparoscopic dismembered pyeloplasty.



Laparoscopic transposition of renal vessels is a simple technique, and requires less operating time. It involves no anastomosis or insertion of temporary DJ stent. However, as of now there are no imaging techniques or intraoperative procedures available to confirm that the crossing renal vessels are the sole etiology for PUJO. This option should therefore be used with caution.

Field of study: Medicine
Effect of physical and chemical modifications on molecular and agglutinating properties of rice lectin.

A purified rice lectin has been shown to contain two fragments, one of 85,000, the other of 15,000 mol. wt. The lectin has been subjected to various treatments which result in partial or total loss of activity. Acetylation or succinylation decreases activity, as does removal of metal.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Physics
Search for superdeformation in180Os

Two-dimensional γ-ray energy correlations have been measured at high spins in1800s with the TESSA2 spectrometer. The Eγ − Eγcorrelation matrix displays ridges characteristic of rotational bands with different energy separations of 96± and 72± keV for the energy regions of 660 to 840 keV and 975 to 1170 keV, respectively. The separation of these ridges remains constant in both energy regions. The dynamical moments of inertia are θ(2) =83±3 and 111±5 ħ2/MeV, respectively. The latter value suggests superdeformation in1800s with an axis ratio c/a=1.76 (β2 ≅0.64) at high spins.

Field of study: Physics