nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Strongly correlated structure of axial-symmetric proteins. I. Orthorhombic, tetragonal, trigonal and hexagonal symmetries.

The geometry of the molecular envelope and channel in axial-symmetric proteins is investigated in order to test the validity of rules deduced previously from several other biomacromolecules. Again, molecular forms with remarkable geometric properties are found. In particular, for order of rotation N = 2, 3, 4, 6 the molecular forms encapsulating the C(alpha) backbone of the protein have vertices at lattice points and therefore integral indices. These lattices are characterized by a height-to-width axial ratio that reduces the number of free parameters and enhances the symmetry.

Field of study: Chemistry
Effects of device layout on the drain breakdown voltages in MuGFETs

The drain breakdown phenomena in n-channel MuGFETs have been investigated experimentally with different gate lengths, fin widths, fin numbers, and side surface orientations of fin body. In order to explain the dependence of drain breakdown voltage on physical parameters of MuGFETs, 3-D simulation has been also performed. The BV DS is decreased with the increase of fin width and fin numbers. It is clearly seen that the BV DS of devices with the 0° rotated fin body is larger than that of devices with the 45° rotated fin body. When the total fin width is constant, the observed results suggest that the optimum device layout considering BV DS in MuGFETs is the device structure with narrow fin and large fin numbers.

Field of study: Engineering
SU-E-J-01: A Computed Tomography Dose Index (CTDI) Study on Megavoltage Tomotherapy Imaging System

Megavoltage image scanning on Tomotherapy is an important process in Image‐GuidedRadiation Therapy. It provides the patients alignment as well the delineations of organs at risk where dose needs to be limited. However, radiationdose delivered to the patient from imaging process needs to be addressed and integrated as part of the radiationdose to the tumor and OAR's. This study is to provide the tool to evaluate the additional dose which contributed to the patient from the image requisition. Several sets of dose measurement were obtained from two cylindrical acrylic phantoms with different diameters which represent head and body respectively. The phantom images were scanned using diagnostic CT and transferred to Tomotherapy. CTDI in AAPM TG‐111 report was applied to report the dose. The 100‐mm long stem detector used in the measurements collects the scattered dose in the phantom. The long stem collecting volume is counting for the dose equilibrium within the geometry.  Average readings of several scans for each phantom were obtained. The smaller (head) phantom scans has higher average dose than body scan and the peripheral doses were greater than the central dose by a factor of 1.5 consistantly. The well known CT prodigy has been observed that for the dose will increase as the object being scanned with smaller size. In clinical aspect, for a typical patient who is undergoing cranial/brain Tomotherapy radiosurgery protocol, there will be another 11.3cGy will be delivered to the patient and this data is available to physician for his references  Tomotherapy does provide IGRT technique for patients to receive the prescribed dose to the tumor and spare the OAR within the tolerances. However the imaging behavior should be evaluated with CTdose index to provide clinicians with comprehensive evaluation in radiotherapy.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Performance improvment of RF superconducting cavity

To improve the acceleration properties of the niobium cavities and niobium-sputtered copper cavities,studies are carried out.For niobium-sputtered copper cavities,by adding a layer of NbN between the copper and niobium,the transition temperature of the superconducting film can be increased so that the superconducting properties can be improved.Analysis shows that the accelerating gradient can be improved by preparing SIS multilayers on the surface of the superconducting cavities.

Field of study: Physics
Properties of Cu-10Cr-2Zr In-situ Deformation Composite

Cu-10Cr-2Zr in-situ deformation composite was prepared by the forging in air and the in-situ production technique.The mircrohardness,tensile strength,microstructure and electrical conductivity Cu-10Cr-2Zr in-situ deformation composite were studied at different strain capacity and intermediate heat treatment temperature.The results showed that Cr and Zr phases of composites changed into fibers from as-cast dendrites with the increasing of the strain capacity,Cu-10Cr-2Zr in-situ deformation composite can obtained the tensile strength higher than 950 Mpa,and electrical conductivity higher than 73%IACS by adjusting intermediate heat treatment temperature,and the best rang of intermediate heat treatment temperature is 450～500 ℃.

Field of study: Materials science
Characterization of antigens of hookworm larvae (Ancylostoma spp.)

Cutaneous larva migrans (CLM) is caused by animal hookworm larvae in man. The conventional diagnosis and treatment of CLM will injure the skin of the patients, and the results are not satisfying. Therefore it should be necessary to do the serological test to diagnose CLM. The antigens were prepared by extracting the hookworm larvae in CTAB detergent, and injected into Balb/C mice. Characterization of antigens were done, quantitatively (by spectrophotonieter) and qualitatively (by SDS PAGE electrophoresis). The results showed that the titre rate of hookworm larvae antigens was 145 ug/ml. The antigens consist of 4 protein fractions with molecular weight of 25 KD, 55 KD, 66 KD and above 66 KD. Those antigents apparently generated high immune response in immunized mice Key Words; Ancylostoma spp. - CTAB detergent - SDS PAGE electrophoresis - immunology - parasitology

Field of study: Medicine
Sociology: Science or Belief?: The Status of This Discipline in Colleges and Universities Today

T | NHE course offerings of sociology departments in American college catalogues make interesting reading. There are courses labeled Social Stratification, Bureaucratic Organization, and Sociology of Knowledge, and others called Principles of Boy Scouting, Effective Community Living, and Preparation for Marriage. To sociologists, the variety is fascinating; to non-sociologists, it may merely be confusing. Is sociology a learned discipline, or does the rich diversity of subjectmatter under a single heading indicate that it is undisciplined? As an aid in this discussion, let us classify the major orientations of the sociological discipline along two dimensions: (i) research or proof and (2) theory or conceptualization . The research dimension concerns the basis of proof of assertions. At one pole, proof is largely a matter of persuasive acceptance; that is, the listener accepts the truth of a statement because of an emotional involvement, be it with the speaker, with his own needs, or with the subjectmatter of the assertion. At the other extreme, proof is largely a matter of empirical verification, in which the more systematic the fact-finding and data-analysis procedures are, the less emotionality is a factor in determining the truth of an hypothesis. The systematization of methodology functions to remove the observer, with all his affectivity and consequent perceptual biases, from that which is being observed. The procedure becomes more objective; that is, it is the nature of the object that is being observed and analyzed, and the nature of the particular subject doing the observation and analysis does not interfere with the work at hand.) One pole is affectively laden, the other affectively neutral, and there is shading in between. The theoretical dimension concerns the level of conceptual development employed to order and explain observations or experience. At one end, conceptualization is largely a matter of ad hoc categorizations, involving "the use of more or less arbitrary classes for the sake of making summary statements about the subject matter. . . . The classes are quite independent of one another and any relations which may be discovered

Field of study: Education
Exploration of Computer Network Practice Teaching Method

Computer Network course is an important professional course of computer and communication speciality, combining with good practice teaching method, students can be more interested in this course and the skill of network experimental can be enhanced. This aims to cultivate students' application ability, and digesting theory knowledge. Proposes some methods such as task-based learning, more level of the experimental demand and case teaching which students search for the case, with these experimental teaching reform, a best effect has been gained.

Field of study: Computer science
The X-Ray Spectroscopic Performance of a Very Large Area Silicon Drift Detector

Silicon drift detectors (SDDs), due to their collection electrode geometry, have excellent noise performance and are well suited for low-energy X-ray spectroscopy applications. On the other hand these detectors, when dedicated to low energy X-ray spectroscopy, have a small sensitive area (from few square millimeters up to one square centimeter) to reduce the leakage current and its impact on the energy resolution. Because of this limitation they are rarely used in applications where large sensitive surfaces are required. We present the characterization of the spectroscopic performance of a very large sensitive area SDD (about 53 cm2) that has been realized in the frame of the LHC-ALICE experiment. We studied the energy resolution of the detector analyzing its dependence on both biasing conditions and temperature to evaluate the contribution of the different noise sources exploiting their relation with the shaping time. The experimental results obtained with 241 Am and 55 Fe sources show that the goal of a high energy resolution combined with large sensitive areas can be achieved.

Field of study: Physics
Portfolio Choice in the Presence of Background Risk

In this paper, we focus on how the presence of background risks--from sources such as labour and entrepreneurial income--influences portfolio allocations. This interaction is explored in a theoretical model that is calibrated using cross-sectional data from a variety of sources. The model is shown to be consistent with some but not all aspects of cross-sectional observations of portfolio holdings. The paper also provides a survey of the extensive theoretical and empirical literature on portfolio choice.

Field of study: Economics
[Selected inhibition of aminooxyacetic acid on a high-affinity GABA uptake system in mouse brain homogenates].

The kinetic analysis demonstrated 2 distinct uptake systems for GABA in various regions of mice brain. One system showed a realteively high substrate affinity Km=12.6 microM, while the other showed a low affinity Km=110 microM. Aminooxyacetic acid (AOAA), either added to the incubation medium or injected ip, showed inhibitory effects on high affinity GABA uptake system. The inhibition of AOAA seems not to be related to the inhibition of GABA-alpha-ketoglutarate transaminase (GABA-T).

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Ca2+ Entry, Oxidative Stress, Ceramide and Suicidal Erythrocyte Death Following Diosgenin Treatment

The bioactive steroid sapogenin diosgenin is considered for a wide variety of applications including treatment of malignancy. The substance counteracts tumor growth in part by stimulating apoptosis of tumor cells. Similar to apoptosis of nucleated cells, erythrocytes may enter suicidal death or eryptosis, which is characterized by cell shrinkage and cell membrane scrambling with phosphatidylserine translocation to the erythrocyte surface. Signaling involved in the stimulation of eryptosis includes increase of cytosolic Ca2+ activity ([Ca2+]i), oxidative stress and ceramide. The present study explored, whether diosgenin induces eryptosis and, if so, to decipher cellular mechanisms involved.  Flow cytometry was employed to estimate phosphatidylserine exposure at the cell surface from annexin-V-binding, cell volume from forward scatter, [Ca2+]i from Fluo3-fluorescence, ROS formation from DCF dependent fluorescence, and ceramide abundance utilizing specific antibodies. Hemolysis was quantified by determination of haemoglobin concentration in the supernatant.  A 48 hours exposure of human erythrocytes to diosgenin significantly increased the percentage of annexin-V-binding cells (≥ 5 µM), significantly decreased forward scatter (15 µM), significantly increased Fluo3-fluorescence (≥ 10 µM), significantly increased DCF fluorescence (15 µM), significantly increased ceramide abundance (15 µM) and significantly increased hemolysis (15 µM). The effect of diosgenin (15 µM) on annexin-V-binding was significantly blunted but not abolished by removal of extracellular Ca2+.  Diosgenin stimulates eryptosis with erythrocyte shrinkage and phospholipid scrambling of the erythrocyte cell membrane, an effect paralleled by and at least in part due to Ca2+ entry, oxidative stress and ceramide.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Tendency and Causes Analysis of Marine Water Quality of Daya Bay

Base on the monitoring data of 9 major pollutants of Daya Bay from 1992 to 2009,this article analyzed the spatial and temporal trends of marine water quality of Daya Bay,and discussed the causes from two aspects: the distribution of the nearby pollution sources and the water exchange capacity.Results showed that the water quality over the years maintained at a stable level,and didn't grow with the pollution emissions,which was found owning to the strong water exchange capacity of Daya Bay,pollutants poured into the bay were quickly diluted and diffused and the water quality kept stable although the sources were on the rise.The water quality of different areas showed large diversity,some regions were good,while some were contaminated and worsening,which was related to the distribution of the pollution sources and the different water exchange capacity of each area.

Field of study: Environmental science
Effects of glycosylation on biological activities of hemagglutinin-neuraminidase of newcastle disease virus

To make sure the effect of glycosylation on biological activities of hemagglutinin - neuraminidase of Newcastle disease virus, especially in the promotion of fusion, the site - directed mutagenesis was used to obtain mutants. The expression intensity, receptor recognition, neuraminidase activity, promotion of fusion and immuno-precipitation activity were assayed. The results showed that expression of D198R - HN mutant was 82.6% as compared with wild - type HN and expression of each mutant was, to different extent, decreased while expression of D198R - HN - G2 and D198R - HN - G4 were even more obvious compared with that of D198R - HN. Receptor recognition activities of G1、G2、G3 and G4 mutants of wild - type HN were 47.95%、68.49%、42.67% and 41.10% respectively after mutation; while those of D198R - HN - G1、G3 and G4 mutants were not much changed, only D198R - HN -G2 mutant restored the activity from 10.96% to 32.88%. The neuramidinase activities of wild - type HN G mutants were all lowered, especially G4 mutant was only 9.60% of that of wild - type HN while those of D198R - HN mutants were all increased, especially the D198R - HN - G2 mutant from 0.45% to 7.59%. The activities of promotion of wild type HN in cell fusion were not changed much after mutation; while D198R - HN - G2 mutant restored by 30.90%. When electrophoresis, all G - mutants migrated faster than its wild - type because one glycosylation site was mutated. D198R - HN - G1, D198R - HN - G3 and D198R - HN - G4 mutants showed two fussy bands, but D198R - HN - G2 mutant showed a sharp and narrow band, and even migrated more faster. The results above indicate that glycosylation of protein can affect transport of HN protein from cytoplasm to cell surface; G2 site greatly affects receptor recognition activity. It is supposed that the changes of G2 make phenotype properties around G2 changed, so that the neuraminidase activity and activity of promotion in cell fusion are altered.

Field of study: Biology
Focusing of X-rays by Total External Reflection from a Paraboloidally Tapered Glass Capillary.

The first observation of a true geometrical focus of X-rays well beyond the exit of a paraboloidally tapered glass monocapillary is reported. An intensity gain of 250 +/- 20 into a 6 x 9 mum pinhole for 8 keV X-rays and transmission efficiencies of more than 90% below 20 keV were observed.

Field of study: Physics
Using Biography to Help Young Learners Understand the Causes of Historical Change and Continuity

When teachers in elementary and middle school classrooms portray history as an immutable sequence of certain facts, dates, and events, young learners tend to view the past, and by extension the future, as something fixed and inevitable. Learning about the past through investigating biographies can help counter this tendency by teaching students to recognize that individuals and groups have the agency to make history and shape the future. In this article, the author presents three instructional strategies in which learners make use of graphic organizers to investigate the historical contexts and chronologies of individuals' lives. Students learn how people have effected historical change and worked together to preserve continuity with the past. They also learn that the values and attitudes that motivated individuals and groups to act as they did were in large measure the result of historically specific social structures and institutional arrangements.

Field of study: Sociology
Reductions in length of stay, narcotics use, and pain following implementation of an enhanced recovery after surgery program for 1- to 3-level lumbar fusion surgery.

OBJECTIVELumbar fusion is typically associated with high degrees of pain and immobility. The implementation of an enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) approach has been successful in speeding the recovery after other surgical procedures. In this paper, the authors examined the results of early implementation of ERAS for lumbar fusion.METHODSBeginning in March 2018 at the authors' institution, all patients undergoing posterior, 1- to 3-level lumbar fusion surgery by any of 3 spine surgeons received an intraoperative injection of liposomal bupivacaine, immediate single postoperative infusion of 1-g intravenous acetaminophen, and daily postoperative visits from the authors' multidisciplinary ERAS care team. Non-English- or non-Spanish-speaking patients and those undergoing nonelective or staged procedures were excluded. Reviews of medical records were conducted for the ERAS cohort of 57 patients and a comparison group of 40 patients who underwent the same procedures during the 6 months before implementation.RESULTSGroups did not differ significantly with regard to sex, age, or BMI (all p > 0.05). Length of stay was significantly shorter in the ERAS cohort than in the control cohort (2.9 days vs 3.8 days; p = 0.01). Patients in the ERAS group consumed significantly less oxycodone-acetaminophen than the controls on postoperative day (POD) 0 (408.0 mg vs 1094.7 mg; p = 0.0004), POD 1 (1320.0 mg vs 1708.4 mg; p = 0.04), and POD 3 (1500.1 mg vs 2105.4 mg; p = 0.03). Postoperative pain scores recorded by the physical therapy and occupational therapy teams and nursing staff each day were lower in the ERAS cohort than in controls, with POD 1 achieving significance (4.2 vs 6.0; p = 0.006). The total amount of meperidine (8.8 mg vs 44.7 mg; p = 0.003) consumed was also significantly decreased in the ERAS group, as was ondansetron (2.8 mg vs 6.0 mg; p = 0.02). Distance ambulated on each POD was farther in the ERAS cohort, with ambulation on POD 1 (109.4 ft vs 41.4 ft; p = 0.002) achieving significance.CONCLUSIONSIn this very initial implementation of the first phase of an ERAS program for short-segment lumbar fusion, the authors were able to demonstrate substantial positive effects on the early recovery process. Importantly, these effects were not surgeon-specific and could be generalized across surgeons with disparate technical predilections. The authors plan additional iterations to their ERAS protocols for continued quality improvements.

Field of study: Medicine
L'ateismo trionfato overo riconoscimento filosofico della religione universale contra l'antichristianesmo macchiavellesco (review)

Aidée Scala, who also provides a detailed biography of the author. Moreover, she offers a thorough commentary and contextualization of the Dialogi and of the other works by Rorario, including the oration in Defense of the Rats Infesting Cardinal Campeggi’s Garden (rich in burlesque references). The tract, mentioned above, on the ratiocinative capacities of animals is also studied through its philosophical role in the Bayle-Leibniz polemic, with an interesting if not persuasive aside on Rorario’s anti-volgare stand in the Bembo-Castiglione questione della lingua. The last chapter contains an overview of the unfinished epic poem Heroica Historia. In conclusion, Scala’s contribution sharply unveils Rorario’s complex curriculum, and one can only hope that his witty Latin satires will be soon readable in English, possibly next to the excellent translation of Alberti’s Momus in the I Tatti Renaissance Library. In the meantime, a complete Italian two-volume translation of Rorario’s works has been edited by Scala and published by the Accademia di San Marco in Pordenone.

Field of study: History
On the Assignment of Punishment: The Impact of General-Societal Threat and the Moderating Role of Severity

This article reports experiments assessing how general threats to social order and severity of a crime can influence punitiveness. Results consistently showed that when participants feel that the social order is threatened, they behave more punitively toward a crime perpetrator, but only when severity associated with a crime was relatively moderate. Evidence is presented to suggest that people can correct—at least to a degree—for the “biasing” influence of these inductions. Finally, threats to social order appear to increase punitiveness by arousing a retributive desire to see individuals pay for what they have done, as opposed to a purely utilitarian desire to deter future wrongdoing. The authors suggest that individuals sometimes act as intuitive prosecutors when ascribing punishment to an individual transgressor based on their perception of general societal control efficacy.

Field of study: Psychology
Preparation of Basic Yellow Doped Nanomaterial and Its Usage in Latent Fingermark Development

Basic yellow has shown great application in chemical and biological field as a dye. Ethanol-based basic yellow solution is used to enhance the deposit of superglue-developed fingermarks in forensic science. However, the potential applications of basic yellow doped nanomaterials in forensic science, latent fingermark development in particular, were still unclear. In this study, we have succeeded in trapping basic yellow in silicon dioxide-based nanomaterials, doped aerogels, using the sol–gel method. We have tested the detection for latent fingermarks left under different conditions. The results indicated that the basic yellow doped aerogels applicable for latent fingermark development on various forensic relevant materials, including metal foil, glass, plastic, and paper, etc. The procedure of preparation and fingermark labeling results of these new basic yellow doped nanomaterials are presented in this study.

Field of study: Engineering
Study on Strengthen Properties of Spray Melting Fe547B Alloy Powder on High Temperature and High Pressure Valve Sealant

Fe547B alloy powder spray melted coating was sprayed on high temperature and high pressure valve sealant made from 12Cr1MoV steel with one-step method spraying process of oxyacetylene flame and fluxing compound.The spraying process and the hardness, age-hardening characteristic, thermal durability and scratching resistant of spray melting lager were studied. The results have proved that healing up of cracking on high temperature and high pressure valve sealant by spraying Fe547B alloy powder is certainly feasible.

Field of study: Materials science