nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Effects of prenatal ethanol exposure on basal limbic-hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal regulation: role of corticosterone.

Rats prenatally exposed to ethanol (E) exhibit hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) hyperresponsiveness and changes in central HPA regulation following exposure to stressors. Whether ethanol-induced alterations in basal HPA regulation play a role in mediating HPA hyperresponsiveness remains unclear. We utilized adrenalectomy (ADX), with or without corticosterone (CORT) replacement, to investigate basal HPA function and the role of CORT in mediating ethanol-induced alterations.



Adult males and females from prenatal E, pair-fed (PF), and ad lib-fed control (C) groups were terminated at the circadian peak, 7 days following sham surgery or ADX, with or without CORT replacement. Plasma levels of CORT and adrenocorticotropin (ACTH), and mRNA levels of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and arginine vasopressin (AVP) in the paraventricular nucleus, CRH Type 1 receptor (CRH-R1) and pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) in the anterior pituitary, and mineralocorticoid (MR) and glucocorticoid (GR) receptors in the dorsal hippocampus were determined.



Adrenalectomy resulted in significantly greater plasma ACTH elevations in E and PF males, and parallel CRH mRNA elevations in both E and PF males and females compared with their C counterparts. In contrast, pituitary CRH-R1 mRNA levels were lower in E compared with C males, with no differences in POMC. In addition, in response to ADX, E females showed a greater MR mRNA response, and E males showed a greater GR mRNA response compared with their C counterparts, and CORT replacement was ineffective in normalizing ADX-induced alterations in ACTH levels in E and PF females, hippocampal MR mRNA levels in E males, and AVP mRNA levels in PF males and females.



Together, these data indicate that the prenatal ethanol exposure induces HPA dysregulation under basal conditions at multiple levels of the axis, resulting in alterations in both HPA drive and feedback regulation and/or in the balance between drive and feedback. While some effects may be nutritionally mediated, it appears that the mechanisms underlying basal HPA dysregulation may differ between E and PF animals rather than occurring along a continuum of effects on the same pathway. Altered basal HPA tone may play a role in mediating the HPA hyperresponsiveness to stressors observed in E offspring.

Field of study: Medicine
On Appointing System of Accounting in University-owned Enterprises

As the development of society inevitably accelerates accounting work, appointing system in accounting which serves as living up to the social development is bound to be put into wide use. Through running university-owned enterprises, colleges and universities, due to their own conditions and the needs of meeting the requirements set for the market-oriented economy, can maximize efficiency in every endeavor such as production, teaching and scientific research. In order to better ensure and increase the value of university's national property, to perfect the supervision of accounting and to regulate the economic behavior of university-owned enterprises, it becomes necessary to implement the appointing system of accounting in universities.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Meteorological applications of the Nimbus 4 Temperature-Humidity Infrared Radiometer, 6.7 micron channel data

Mid-tropospheric circulation features under essentially clear sky conditions have been noted in the data of the 6.7 μm channel of the Nimbus 4 Temperature-Humidity Infrared Radiometer (THIR) while at the same time these features were undetected by the 11.5 μm channel of the same instrument. The characteristic response of the 6.7 μm channel to atmospheric water vapor emission is primarily from the 250-mb (10.5 km) to 500-mb (5.5 km) levels with a peak contribution at 350 mb (8 km). Dry and moist patterns seen in the 6.7 μm data on 21 February 1971 have been integrated into a 400-mb moisture analysis over the United States. This analysis provided more detailed and timely information than was conventionally available about the advection of dry air aloft prior to development of the Mississippi Tornado of February 1971. The derivation of middle to upper atmosphere flow patterns from the Nimbus 4 THIR, 6.7 μm data under cloud-free conditions has a direct application on a global scale for the GARP and W...

Field of study: Environmental science
Developing Sustainability in the Brazilian Amazon: Twenty Years of History in the Mamirauá and Amanã Reserves

This paper discusses the ability of Sustainable Development Reserves to embed (in Karl Polanyi's sense) the economy into the environment through the development of protocols for the sustainable management of natural resources. Based on two decades of work in the Mamirauá and Amanã Sustainable Development Reserves, we question whether the results are good, fair and viable by comparing two alternatives: unregulated markets and fully protected reserves. We evaluate the interest in sustainability; discuss who benefits and who pays for it; reflect on its potential to reduce inequalities; and discuss its economic and political viability.  Este artículo discute las Reservas de Desarrollo Sustentable en términos de su habilidad para incorporar (to embed, en el sentido de Karl Polanyi) la economía al medio ambiente a través del desarrollo de protocolos de manejo sustentable de los recursos naturales. Basado en dos décadas de trabajo en las Reservas de Desarrollo Sustentable del Mamirauá y Amanã, nos preguntamos si los resultados son positivos, justos y viables al comparar dos alternativas: un mercado desregulado y las reservas completamente protegidas. Evaluamos el interés en la sostenibilidad; discutimos quién se beneficia y quién paga por ella; reflexionamos sobre su potencial para reducir desigualdades; y discutimos su viabilidad económica y política.  Este artigo discute a capacidade das Reservas de Desenvolvimento Sustentável de embutir (to embed no sentido de Karl Polanyi) a economia no meio ambiente através do desenvolvimento de protocolos para o manejo sustentável dos recursos naturais. Com base em duas décadas de trabalho nas Reservas de Desenvolvimento Sustentável de Mamirauá e Amanã, questionamos se os resultados são bons, justos e viáveis em comparação a duas alternativas possíveis: mercados não regulados e reservas de proteção integral. Avaliamos o interesse pela sustentabilidade; discutimos quem se beneficia e quem paga por seu desenvolvimento; refletimos sobre o seu potencial de redução das desigualdades; e discutimos sua viabilidade econômica e política.

Field of study: Political science
BaZr0.8Y0.2O3-δ electrolyte with and without ZnO sintering aid: Preparation and characterization

The structure, morphology and electrical conductivity for BaZr0.8Y0.2O3 − δ (BZY20) and BZY20 with ZnO sintering aid are compared. Both materials have a very dense structure. The bulk and total conductivities for BZY20 with ZnO sintering aid are lower than those of BZY20 in the range 400 to 650 °C. Both materials are stable up to 650 °C in hydrogen containing 5000 ppm H2S. Dense anode-supported electrolyte thin films are prepared using spin coating.

Field of study: Materials science
The Problems of Utilizing Foreign Capitals in Anhui and Corresponding Suggestions on Policy

In recent years,the foreign capitals have already become a source of strength that can't be ignored during national economic development,which have already been approved by more and more personages of various circles.As we know,Anhui lies in East China which is a relatively fast developed area, meanwhile,it borders upon Midwest provinces that have been developing relatively slow,so it's a special province.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Scaling Laws for Discharges on Floating Supports

A technique to study discharges on floating and biased holders is described. Results from positively and negatively charged perforated Second Surface Mirrors (SSMs) are presented. In contrast with grounded samples, discharges, did not scale with sample size but rather with absolute voltage and absolute capacitance (or satellite size). These discharges are sudden charge emissions (blow-off) from either the holder or the dielectric surface, depending upon the differential charging polarity. Transient voltages of the holder resulted and were found consistent with both the magnitude and sign of the emitted charge.

Field of study: Physics
[Photopheresis--anew method for treatment of myasthenia].

: Photopheresis with blood lymphocytes UV radiation exposure was for the first time used in the treatment of patients with myasthenia. Twenty-three patients with generalized form of the disease, aged 23-66 years, were treated. Twenty patients (87%) exhibited clinical improvement after a treatment course (4 sessions). One photopheresis session was shown to be more or less beneficial in 16 out of 23 patients (70%). The treatment resulted in strengthening of all the muscles studied, especially of mimic, platysma, biceps, deltoid, illiopsoas and gastrocnemius. Photopheresis was effective not only in a mild and moderate but in severe form of myasthenia as well. Compared to plasmapheresis, photopheresis exerts a more prolonged effect. Clinical improvement correlated with positive changes in immune status of the patients.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
NORTHERN END OF THE TACONIC THRUST SHEET IN WESTERN VERMONT

The north end of the Taconic Range has been studied in order to clarify the structural and stratigraphic relations. The Taconic sequence correlates with that in the Vermont slate belt and in the Saratoga and Albany districts. Keith9s sequence is rejected. The Taconic slates are thrust over the limestone-dolomite-slate series of the Champlain and Vermont valleys. On a large scale the rocks lie nearly flat, but intense small-scale crumpling occurs. Because of local juxtaposition of identical black slates of different ages, and perhaps because of post-fault metamorphism, the position of the Taconic thrust is locally obscure, but its existence is demonstrated.

Field of study: Geology
A study on fingerprint patterns of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and clinical application

To establish a method of DNA fingerprint of Mycobacterium tuberculosis ( M.tb ) performed by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and to study molecular epidemiology profile of M.tb clinical strains.  Chromosomal DNA of M.tb was transferred into a nylon filter and hybridized with 245bp of 6110 which labeled using random primer with digoxigenin-dUTP, alkali-labile and detection of hybrids by eneyzme immunoassay.  M.tb clinical strains detected were belong to 4 clusters according to the homology of IS6110 fingerprint. The character of every cluster: Dice was over 70% among the strains of cluster A and all the strains of cluster A contained these fragments of 1.3kb, 1.9kb, 2.1kb, 2.7kb, 3.3kb, 4.5kb , 5.0kb, 6.5kb and resembling the strains in Beijing; Dice among cluster B was also over 70% and resembling a cluster except being short of less than 1.9kb; Dice among cluster C was over 55% and shared these fragments of 1.3kb, 2.2kb, 3.3kb, 5.5kb; cluster D had a high degree of polymorphism and shared none fragment. Dice among the cluster A, B and C is over 55% and share some fragments, so we called them "clustered strains" and by contraries, cluster D, in which no fragment being shared was called "non-clustered strains". Rate of recent transmission was largely among the younger; A cluster was fewer among the resistant strains. % clinical strains in Shenzhen was resembling with the strains in Beijing. The individuals essthan 30 years of age were recent transmission in Shenzhen and a few resistant strains belongs to cluster A.

Field of study: Biology
Teaching Reformation and Practice of C Language Programming Design

Analyzes the C Language Programming Design course status and problems in current university.Puts forward ideas for reformation and development proposals.The establishment of a new model of teaching practice,teaching content,teaching models and methods of reformation,the aim is to stimulate students' interest in learning,to enhance hands-on ability,and it will help students better understand the statement of C Language Programming Design,in the instance of the teaching to grasp the key point of the course and to improve teaching effectiveness.

Field of study: Computer science
The limitations of vernacular names in an inventory study, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia

One hectare of primary forest in Central Kalimantan was enumerated and all trees ≥10 cm dbh tagged and identified to species as far as possible. Two informants, regarded as the most knowledgeable on forest trees by the local community, supplied the vernacular names for the trees. The study found that only 12% of vernacular names given by one informant and 22% by the second could be equated consistently to taxa. Of these taxa 77% were given the same vernacular name by both informants and the remaining 23% had an obvious common origin (cognate). Many of these taxa were distinctive or had a use to the informants. The results have important implications for the conversion of vernacular names to scientific names by anyone carrying out inventory work in Kalimantan.

Field of study: Environmental science
Arborol-Functionalised Tetrathiafulvalene Derivatives: Synthesis and Thin-Film Formation

The syntheses of a series of novel tetrathiafulvalene derivatives substituted with four side-chains terminating in hydrophilic amidoalcohol (arborol) groups are reported, for example the tetrathiafulvalene derivative 15. Some of these arborol derivatives formed thin films by spin-coating from methanol solution onto solid supports such as glass, ITO-coated glass and gold. The quality of the films improved markedly with an increasing number of alcohol substituents at the periphery of the molecule. Optical absorption spectroscopy showed that oxidative doping of these films could be achieved chemically and electrochemically. The observation of low-energy bands in the UV/Vis absorption spectra (λmax = 820 nm tailing to ca. 1300 nm) and the moderate levels of conductivity (σrt ≈ 10−4 S cm−1) in these doped films strongly suggest that a significant degree of supramolecular order is present, with π-π stacking of the TTF cores. To the best of our knowledge this is the first time that semiconducting behaviour has been achieved in molecular arborol systems that possess an electroactive core unit. This work offers the prospect of using spin-coated films of TTF-arborols as semiconducting charge-transport layers in optoelectronic devices.

Field of study: Chemistry
Stability of a rhizosphere microbial community exposed to natural and manipulated environmental variability

Phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) and artificial neural network analyses were used to examine the composition of the Spartina alterniflora rhizosphere microbial community after exposure to manipulations in the field designed to alter the availability of host plant-derived and abiotic nutrient resources. We also tracked the experiments over a sufficient duration to observe significant natural variability in edaphic variables. We determined the PLFA composition of axenic S. alterniflora roots in order to distinguish differences in PLFAs that were due to changes in the rhizosphere microbiota from those only due to variability in plant root mass among samples. There were no significant changes in the PLFA profiles in response to experimental treatments and little change over the 8-week duration of the experiments. The microbial communities in the S. alterniflora rhizosphere did not respond dramatically to changing environmental conditions in the absence of major physical or chemical disruptions of the rhizosphere.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
SIMS analysis of intentional in situ arsenic doping in CdS/CdTe solar cells

A series of CdTe/CdS devices with different tris(dimethylamino)arsine (TDMAAs) partial pressures were grown by metal organic chemical vapour deposition (MOCVD) to investigate the incorporation of arsenic into the bulk. Characterization of the growth layers using secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) showed arsenic concentrations ranging from 1 × 1016 to 1 × 1019 atoms cm−3. A square law dependence of arsenic concentration on the TDMAAs vapour concentration was observed. A reaction mechanism for the decomposition of TDMAAs precursor via dimerization is presented and discussed in terms of reaction kinetics.

Field of study: Materials science
Laser evaporation of metals in a gaseous atmosphere

A gasdynamic theory is presented of the evaporation of metals by laser radiation in a wide range of external pressures for power densities of 1–100 MW/cm2. The boundary between the supersonic gasdynamic and the diffusive evaporation regimes is established. The results of numerical calculations on the evaporation of aluminum and iron are presented.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Provider perspectives on shared decision-making regarding hypospadias surgery.

Many parents experience decisional conflict and decisional regret around hypospadias surgery. The utilization of a shared decision-making (SDM) process may mitigate these issues, however addressing the principal components of the SDM process is a complex task that requires the investment of providers.



The purpose of this study was to facilitate a discussion about SDM anchored on hypospadias with pediatric urology and general pediatric providers to explore perspectives, clinical applications and barriers to adopting SDM in clinical practice.



We conducted two focus groups in order to engage pediatric urology and general pediatric providers in guided discussions about SDM anchored on hypospadias. All activities were audio recorded and professionally transcribed. The transcripts were analyzed by three coders using directed qualitative content analysis techniques to identify themes and relationships between themes to inform the development of an affinity diagram (.



Two focus groups were held; one with seven pediatric urology providers in November 2018 and one with ten general pediatric providers in January 2019 (median age 51 years, 88.2% Caucasian, 58.8% female, 70.6% physicians and 29.4% nurse practitioners). Both groups identified some of the key components of SDM including engaging families in decision-making, informing them about treatment options and clarifying values/preferences (. They thought that SDM was useful for discussing preference-sensitive conditions (e.g. hypospadias) and addressing parental compliance. General pediatric providers also suggested that SDM helped them avoid unnecessary referrals to specialists. Both groups identified parental, provider and systemic barriers to the adoption of SDM: a) desire for paternalism, b) misperceptions about medical evidence, c) completion of parental decision-making prior to the clinical visit, d) provider bias/lack of interest and e) time constraints/productivity pressures.



Providers who care for hypospadias patients are knowledgeable about SDM and its potential clinical applications. They identified several potentially modifiable barriers to the adoption of a SDM process about hypospadias surgery in a pediatric clinical setting.



Based on feedback from providers, we plan to implement a hypospadias decision aid early in the parental decision-making process about hypospadias such as in the postpartum unit and at well-child visits in the newborn period and provide a provider training session about SDM to address the identified knowledge gaps.

Field of study: Medicine
Morphology, faunas and genesis of ordovician hardgrounds from Southern Ontario, Canada

We have used associations of different microfacies to define facies (or microfacies associations) which form reasonably well-defined sequences, which we infer, from analogies with recent and ancient carbonate environments, to have been deposited in a shelf environment characterized by small-scale topographic differentiation into shoal, slope and basinal environments. Shoal environments are characterized by typically cross-bedded, well-sorted bioclastic sands, with intershoal areas consisting of interbedded bioclastic sands and heavily bioturbated finer-grained carbonates. Slope and “basinal” environments are typically represented by “proximal” and “distal” cycles respectively. These we compare with deposits of carbonate ramp bypass channels, and with the more thoroughly studied deep-water clastic submarine fans. Many of the strong variations in environmental energy in these proximal and distal cycles can be attributed to migration of channels on the fans and the effect of funnelling of storm surges down the channels. Although hardground morphology and faunas are mostly related to local effects such as intensity of scouring, time of exposure, topographic differentiation of the surface and other factors, differing hardground types tend to be found in different environments. Smooth and rolling hardgrounds occur in the deeper distal environments, where the beds were subject to only slight scour and often limited exposure before renewed sedimentation. Hummocky and undercut hardgrounds are characteristic of the middle parts of proximal cycles, where they developed marginally to the main bypass channel, and in intershoal areas. Both these areas are sites of intermittent sedimentation and moderate turbulence, where cemented beds may be exposed for some time in environments optimal for attached benthos. These hardgrounds usually contain the most diverse hardground biotas. Pebbly and reworked hardgrounds occur in coarse, basal units of proximal cycles, which are interpreted as the grain-flow fillings of the central parts of bypass channels, though isolated examples occur in intershoal areas and in the higher parts of proximal channels. These hardgrounds contain low-diversity faunas, reflecting the stresses imposed by intermittent or constant abrasion; though some contain more diverse faunal assemblages formed after redeposition.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
The Effects of a Prior Story-Bank on the Processing of a Related Narrative

Two studies tested whether the possession of a mental story-bank (a set of thematically related narratives) affected the processing of a related narrative. Three competing predictions were proposed: a story-bank may lead to reduced attention, increased attention, or selective attention to a new, related story. The results of Study 1 (N = 125 undergraduates) suggested that a prior story-bank led to more efficient processing of a target narrative (as indicated by recall data), favoring a selective attention interpretation. Study 2 (N = 114 undergraduates) showed that individuals who possessed a relevant story-bank were more persuaded by a related target narrative, also consistent with the selective attention interpretation. Story-banks thus appeared to facilitate, rather than hinder, processing of new narratives.

Field of study: Psychology