nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Involvement of ASR genes in aluminium tolerance mechanisms in rice.

Among cereal crops, rice is considered the most tolerant to aluminium (Al). However, variability among rice genotypes leads to remarkable differences in the degree of Al tolerance for distinct cultivars. A number of studies have demonstrated that rice plants achieve Al tolerance through an unknown mechanism that is independent of root tip Al exclusion. We have analysed expression changes of the rice ASR gene family as a function of Al treatment. The gene ASR5 was differentially regulated in the Al-tolerant rice ssp. Japonica cv. Nipponbare. However, ASR5 expression did not respond to Al exposure in Indica cv. Taim rice roots, which are highly Al sensitive. Transgenic plants carrying RNAi constructs that targeted the ASR genes were obtained, and increased Al susceptibility was observed in T1 plants. Embryogenic calli of transgenic rice carrying an ASR5-green fluorescent protein fusion revealed that ASR5 was localized in both the nucleus and cytoplasm. Using a proteomic approach to compare non-transformed and ASR-RNAi plants, a total of 41 proteins with contrasting expression patterns were identified. We suggest that the ASR5 protein acts as a transcription factor to regulate the expression of different genes that collectively protect rice cells from Al-induced stress responses.

Field of study: Environmental science
Transport of Water through Polyamide-Nitrile Rubber Blends and its Influence on Mechanical Properties

Polyamide-nitrile rubber blends of high polyamide content (100/0, 70/30, 50/50) were prepared by melt mixing in a Haake Rheocord. The diffusion of water through the blends was investigated at various temperatures; 28, 45, 65 and 75°C. The temperature dependence of the diffusion characteristics indicates that the transport mechanism varied with blend composition, morphology and temperature. The weight gain curves for pure polyamide and blends rich in polyamide showed a maximum followed by a decrease (overshoot effect). The enthalpy and entropy of sorption have been computed from the sorption data. Transport was found to follow the Fickian type mechanism. The effects of water uptake on the mechanical behaviour of the blends have also been analysed. The mechanical properties were found to decrease considerably as a result of water absorption.

Field of study: Materials science
Hodgkin’s Disease: Kuwait Experience

To describe histologic subtypes, clinical presentation and treatment outcome of Hodgkin’s lymphoma in Kuwait.  Patients older than 15 years, diagnosed with Hodgkin’s lymphoma between 1980 and 1998, were included in this retrospective analysis. Data were collected using a standardized form that included demographics, histologic subtypes, clinical presentation, stage, extranodal involvement, treatment modality and follow-up. Histology reports were obtained from hospital records.  There were 83 (59%) males and 57 (41%) females. Dominant histologic subtypes were nodular sclerosis 65 (46.4%) and mixed cellularity 42 (30%). Constitutional symptoms were reported by 54 (38.6%) of the cases. Two thirds (64%) of the cases were advanced. Primary extranodular involvement included liver (8%), gastrointestinal tract (7%), lung and bone marrow (4% each). Disease-free survival according to treatment groups were: radiotherapy alone 100%, chemotherapy alone 88%, and combined modality 65%. The 5-year Kaplan-Meier estimates of overall disease-free survival was 84%.  In the cohort of 137 patients with Hodgkin’s disease the treatment with combined radiotherapy and chemotherapy had a remarkable outcome. However, evaluation of long-term treatment complications is needed.

Field of study: Medicine
Asymmetric Synthesis of (S)‐Mirtazapine: Unexpected Racemization through an Aromatic ipso‐Attack Mechanism

An asymmetric synthesis of (S)-mirtazapine has been achieved from the synthesis of the racemate by using (S)-1-methyl-3-phenylpiperazine as the starting material. Unfortunately, significant racemization was encountered in the final step, which involved an electrophilic aromatic ring closure of a alcohol by concentrated sulfuric acid. A significantly higher ee was observed when polyphosphoric acid (PPA) was used instead. A remarkable correlation between the amount of PPA used and the ee of the product was revealed, namely, an increase in the ee upon decreasing the amount of PPA. This trend was paralleled by the formation of an increasing amount of a side-product upon lowering the amount of PPA. The racemization and formation of a side-product can be explained by an ipso-attack mechanism during the electrophilic aromatic ring-closure reaction. This mechanism was supported by a mechanistic study using a deuterium-labeled substrate.

Field of study: Chemistry
Differential and Difference Sensitivities of Natural Frequencies and Mode Shapes of Mechanical Structures

A method, based upon the theory of the adjoint structures, is formulated for calculating the derivatives of natural frequencies and normalized mode shapes with respect to structural parameter changes in terms of local mass, stiffness, or damping, starting with data obtained by experimental processing techniques such as modal analysis. The method applies for statically or kinematically undeterminate structures, which is not the case for most classical methods of sensitivity analysis. The method is extended to obtain large-change sensitivities and frequency response sensitivities to structural nonparameter changes (e.g., the addition of a damped vibration absorber). Two examples demonstrate the procedure and the usefulness of the sensitivity analysis. HE dynamic analysis of complex mechanical equipment and the prediction of the dynamic behavior of a modified mechanical structure has turned out to be a difficult way of reaching the objectives of such analysis. However, modal analysis techniques and computer-interfaced testing equip- ment have contributed to a solution of those problems. Furthermore, modal analysis results (complex modal displacements, natural frequencies, damping values) may be used in system synthesis methods1>2 to predict mathematically the effect of structural changes on the dynamic behavior. The objective of this paper is to present a * 'sensitivity analysis" using experimental data, obtained by modal analysis, for computational assessment of the most effective parameter change in order to obtain a desired dynamic behavior. The sensitivities give the influence of the building element parameters on the natural frequencies and mode shapes of the mechanical structures. They provide us with an answer to the question of where to change, e.g., to obtain a maximum shift of a specific natural frequency or to reduce most effectively the modal displacements in certain points for a specific mode. The assumption of linear and statically or kinematically determinate structures simplifies the calculation of the sen- sitivities.3"5 Van Belle6'7 developed a more general method, called the theory of adjoint structures, for the sensitivity analysis of mechanical structures, yielding equations still valuable for statically or kinematically undeterminate structures. In this paper, the method based upon the theory of adjoint structures is extended to obtain sensitivities in the case of viscously damped systems and expressions for the sensitivities are derived, using finite instead of infinitesimal changes.

Field of study: Physics
A review of the plasma oxidation of silicon and its applications

In recent years there has been an increasing trend towards 'dry' and 'cold' processing. The oxidation of silicon in an oxygen plasma allows the controlled growth of thin, high-quality films of silicon dioxide at temperatures down to room temperature in a clean vacuum environment. In this review the various experimental systems which have been reported in the literature over the last twenty-eight years are compared and contrasted. Physical properties of the oxides are found to be very similar to thermally grown films. The reported kinetics of plasma oxide growth are reviewed, together with the electrical and electronic properties of the grown oxide layers. Inductively coupled plasma oxidation is shown to have advantages over the other techniques, and some recent results obtained using this method are highlighted. The current and possible future applications of plasma oxidation for novel silicon and silicon-based device processing are discussed.

Field of study: Materials science
The concept changes of college P.E. teachers under new circumstances

In order to fit with the development of P.E. reform in college P.E. teachers should make corresponding changes in conceptions.To improve consciously the theory level and make further research in their fields.The teaching arrangements should meet the needs of the students and the society.The teaching methods should be welcomed by students.In the meantime,exchanging with the outside world should be enhanced in order to learn more about the new tendencies of P.E. reform.

Field of study: Education
Responses of Low-IQ Students on the Learning Awareness Questionnaire Compared to Students Matched on Mental and Chronological Age

Learning awareness, including semantic content, response strategy, processing strategy, summarization, and memory in the classroom, were examined in students with mental retardation. From urban schools in Japan special high school students with average IQ of 60 (n = 40) and students with normal intellectual capacity matched on mental (n = 40) and chronological age (n = 40) were administered a 16-item Learning Awareness Questionnaire. Students of low IQ on the Tanaka-Binet test obtained lower scores on semantic content and memory strategies than chronological or mental age-matched controls, but not on response and processing. Scores indicated that students of low IQ may be equally aware of learning processes related to response and processing strategies.

Field of study: Psychology
Ethnic Conflict, Moral Economy, and Population in Rural Cuzco on the Eve of the Thupa Amaro II Rebellion

IN recent years there has been renewed scholarly interest as to the causes and significance of the Thupa Amaro ' rebellion that exploded on the colonial landscape of rural Cuzco in 1780 and quickly spread through much of the southern Andes. This interest was spurred by the Peruvian military government's use of Thupa Amaro as a symbol of its commitment to social change after it took power in 1968 and by the flurry of publications and events surrounding the bicentenary of the rebellion in 1980. While most of the writings have focused on the leadership of the movement and the colonial demands imposed on the native peoples, or naturales, recent research has begun to shift attention ever closer to the Indians themselves, as scholars try to understand the roots of change and social violence.2 However, due to its complexity and scope, no single analysis adequately explains the Thupa Amaro rebellion. An analvsis that seems convincing at the level of the state loses much of its explanatory power when events are seen from the

Field of study: History
Development of fast pulsed power driver for radiography and Z-pinch

Z-pinch and flash X-ray radiography have an important application in inertial confine fusion(ICF)and nuclear radiation effects simulation and high performance hydrodynamic test,etc.Z-pinch ICF and multi-pulse multi-axis high energy X-ray radiography put forward a huge challenge for pulsed power driver,so the direct-driven-load fast pulsed power driver are developed actively in home and abroard.The paper summarized the recent advances and developing trends of the fast pulsed power driver based on fast Marx(FMG) and fast linear transformer driver(LTD),and analysized the advantages and disadvantages and restricting factors about FMG and FLTD and their key technologies,then introduced the state-of-arts on the investigation in Northwest Institute of Nuclear Technology.In the end,the paper presented some advices and views about studying fast pulsed power driver applied to Z-pinch and flash X-ray radiography in home.

Field of study: Physics
Alcohol-induced modulation of the insulin-like growth factor system in early chick embryo cranial tissue.

Fetal alcohol exposure has been shown to reduce fetal/embryonic growth. The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system plays a major role in normal growth and development of the embryo. The purpose of this study was to gain a better understanding of the effects of alcohol (ethanol, EtOH) exposure on the insulin-like growth factors, their binding proteins, and receptors during embryonic development.



After the administration of either alcohol or chick Ringer's solution to individual eggs at the start of incubation, type-1 IGF receptors, IGF-binding proteins (IGFBPs) as well as IGF-1 and IGF-2 levels were measured in chick embryo craniums on days 5, 6, 7, and 8 of incubation.



Levels of the IGF-1 receptor protein were not significantly different between treatment groups on any day studied. In EtOH-treated embryos, the 30 kDa IGFBP levels were significantly higher than vehicle levels on days 5 and 6. On day 6, IGF-1 levels were significantly lower in the alcohol-treated embryos compared with levels in vehicle-treated embryos of the same age. By day 8 of incubation, IGF-1 levels were significantly higher and the 30 kDa IGFBP levels were significantly lower in the alcohol-treated group compared with vehicles. These results indicate an initial EtOH-associated reduction in the amount of IGF-1 available to bind to its receptor (bioavailability), followed by increased IGF-1 bioavailability by day 8.



The elevated IGFBP levels and reduced IGF-1 levels on days 5 and 6 of incubation are congruent with an overall reduction in the bioavailability of IGF-1 during this period and correlate with the decreased embryo weight observed in the alcohol-treated embryos. An increased bioavailability of IGF-1 observed by day 8 may represent a rebound effect and is associated with increases in ornithine decarboxylase activity, a marker of increased growth.

Field of study: Medicine
A Method to Detect Remote Alarm Based on Edge Computing in Wind Energy

Wind parks are usually located in places where few people live and is far from control center. Now, wind turbines often are embedded in so many sensors that operators can obtain their performance. But there are some important alarms difficultly to be monitored directly by sensors, such as blade icing which wind turbines in cold regions often encounter. These alarms involve many problems, such as energy losses, mechanical drawbacks and security. These complex alarms usually attribute to combination of many factors such as low temperature, wind speed, blade accelerator. Many scientists and researchers have proposed different methods or created new sensors to detect complex alarms. But these methods or facilities have different drawbacks that can cause low prediction accuracy, even high failure or error rate etc. This paper, taking blade icing for example, provides a practical method to detect remote alarm using monitoring data of wind turbine by machine learning algorithm without any new equipment. This method consists of four processes: preprocessing monitoring data, main features extraction, remote warning model construction, and deploying every sub-model as edge computing node. Firstly, getting massive historic monitoring data of wind turbine in wind park, and classifying; secondly, extracting main trait factors associating with blade icing; and then constructing detection model for each type wind turbine separately via machine learning according to massive historic monitoring data; finally, building edge computing nodes for every wind turbine to predict blade icing with model. This method has many advantages, such as low cost, high accuracy, clearly targeting, and early icing warning. Furtherly, with the help of edge computing, the generalization of machine learning model is improved. This study was completed with practical monitoring data of wind turbines in some park. Results show that the way to detect blade icing via machine learning is feasible and accuracy.

Field of study: Engineering
Investigation of the 6Li + 40Ca elastic scattering using different folding models

In the present study we investigate the 6Li + 40Ca elastic scattering through the energy range 26-240MeV in the framework of the optical model and $ \alpha$α -cluster structure of the colliding nuclei. The double folding (DF) calculations for the real central part of the nuclear optical potential are performed by folding the $ \alpha$α -$ \alpha$α and $ \alpha$α -n effective interactions over the density distributions of $ \alpha$α -clusters in the target ( 40Ca nucleus and considering the $ \alpha$α -d structure of the projectile ( 6Li nucleus. The imaginary part of the optical potential is expressed in the phenomenological Woods-Saxon form. The measured angular distributions of the elastic scattering differential cross section have been successfully reproduced using the derived semi-microscopic potentials for nine sets of data all over the measured angular range. However, it is found that introducing a real renormalization factor smaller than unity is essential in order to obtain a successful description of the data at bombarding energies larger than 10MeV/nucleon. The obtained results confirm the validity of the $ \alpha$α -cluster structure to generate a realistic representation of nucleus-nucleus optical potentials. For the sake of comparison, the same considered sets of data are reanalyzed using microscopic DF optical potentials based upon the São Paulo potential. The energy dependence of the corresponding reaction cross sections and real and imaginary volume integrals of the considered reaction are also investigated.

Field of study: Physics
Down-regulation of the GABA receptor subunits mRNA levels in mammalian cultured cortical neurons following chronic neurosteroid treatment.

We have recently shown that chronic neurosteroid, 5 alpha 3 alpha, treatment produced down-regulation of the GABA receptor binding and function, and heterologous uncoupling on the GABAA receptor complex in cultured mammalian cortical neurons. In order to explore the underlying mechanism of these observed down-regulation and heterologous uncoupling phenomenon, we investigated the effect of chronic 5 alpha 3 alpha (1 microM; 5 days) treatment on the GABAA receptor subunits mRNA levels, using RNase protection assay. We found that chronic neurosteroid, 5 alpha 3 alpha, treatment decreased the beta- and alpha-subunits mRNA levels while not altering the gamma 2S-subunit mRNA levels in the cortical neurons. The decrease in the beta-subunits mRNA levels suggests a decrease in the presence of the beta-subunits in the composition of GABAA receptors. This phenomenon may explain the down-regulation of the GABAA receptor binding and function. A decrease in the alpha 3-subunit mRNA level suggests a corresponding decrease in the alpha 3-subunit in the composition of GABAA receptor isoforms, relative to other isoforms. This observation may be responsible for the chronic neurosteroid-induced uncoupling and decreased efficacy. In summary, chronic 5 alpha 3 alpha treatment produced down-regulation of the GABAA receptor beta- and alpha-subunit mRNA levels, and these changes may be associated with the down-regulation, heterologous uncoupling, and decreased efficacy of GABAA receptor complex in the cultured mammalian cortical neurons.

Field of study: Biology
Quantification and antibiotic susceptibility of Salmonella spp., Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Typhimurium in raw vegetables (ulam).

Salmonella has been reported to be presence both in raw and processed foods worldwide. In this study, the prevalence, quantification and antibiotic susceptibility of Salmonella isolated from raw vegetables or locally known as ulam such as asiatic pennywort (Centella asiatica (L) Urb), water dropwort (Oenanthe javanica (Blume) DC), long bean (Vigna sinensis EndL), and winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L) DC) obtained from retail markets in Selangor, Malaysia were carried out. From 96 samples tested, the overall prevalence of Salmonella spp. was 97.9%, Salmonella Enteritidis was 54.2% and Salmonella Typhimurium was 82.3% respectively. Samples were contaminated with Salmonella ranging from <3 to 2400 MPN/g. Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Typhimurium isolates obtained from the raw vegetables (ulam) were found to exhibit high resistance against ampicillin (100%), erythromycin (100%), amoxicillin/clavunic acid (81.3%), cephalothin (75%), streptomycin (50%) and ciprofloxacin (50%). All Salmonella isolates showed multi drug resistant (MDR) profile with each isolate being resistant to 3 or more antibiotics. The multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index of Salmonella isolates ranged from 0.27 to 0.55 for Salmonella Enteritidis and 0.27 to 0.82 for Salmonella Typhimurium. The presence of Salmonella on raw vegetables (ulam) and high antibiotic resistance isolates indicated that raw vegetables could be contaminated and thus imposes possible health risk to local consumers.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Identification and Measurement of the Factors Affecting Satisfaction Level of Smart Phone Users: Empirical Evidence from Bangladesh

This study identifies and measures of the factors affecting satisfaction level of Samsung smart phone users. A total of 100 university’s students are surveyed by applying stratified sampling procedures. Bivariate correlation and multiple regression analysis technique have been applied for testing the hypothesized associations. The study finds that among five independent variables, only two variables (technical and value-added services) are significant and have an impact on customer satisfaction level toward using Samsung smart phone whereas value-added service has most influence on creating satisfaction for smart phone users, followed by technical service. In addition, another finding indicates that there exists a significant positive correlation between the customer satisfaction and customer loyalty, that is, high level of Samsung smart phone users’ satisfaction is correspond with a heightened likelihood towards Samsung brand loyalty. Finally, this study has embark on to assist marketing managers better understand the key drivers (value added and technical services or attributes) of Smart Phone in order to generate and uphold user satisfaction as well as fidelity in an extremely intricate marketplace.

Field of study: Business
Productivity, New Paradigm for Management, Accountant and Business Environment

Many of management accounting experts and productivity assessor organizations, including Asian productivity organization, European Union and American productivity center, believe that productivity measurement is one of the primary objectives in evaluating company activities for long term period. Therefore, management team is always requested to provide decision makers with reports about the way of implementing strategic plans of company and their results. In this way, they will be able to evaluate company’s performance by comparing it with successive periods and also with other similar companies. Hence, discussions related to productivity measurement and its methods, e.g. Total Factor Productivity (TFP) and Total factor productivity Growth (TFPG) can help decision makers in this evaluation. Most research about productivity are performed by Economist, industrial engineers and production specialists but managerial accountants don’t pay attention to it; Accounting textbooks virtually ignore issues of productivity measurement, and journals contain few articles on this subject, probably "there isn’t a comprehensive criteria for productivity measurement". In this article, by focusing on management accounting, different aspects of productivity have been explained and more than 32 studies and researches for period 1991to2010 have been reviewed. In addition, the significance of Studies related to the productivity measurement in the world has been discussed.

Field of study: Business