nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Shallow cumuli cover and its uncertainties from ground-based lidar–radar data and sky images

Cloud cover estimates of single-layer shallow cumuli obtained from narrow
field-of-view (FOV) lidar–radar and wide-FOV total sky imager (TSI) data are
compared over an extended period (2000–2017 summers) at the established
United States Atmospheric Radiation Measurement mid-continental Southern
Great Plains site. We quantify the impacts of two factors on hourly and
sub-hourly cloud cover estimates: (1) instrument-dependent cloud detection
and data merging criteria and (2) FOV configuration. Enhanced observations
at this site combine the advantages of the ceilometer, micropulse lidar
(MPL) and cloud radar in merged data products. Data collected by these three
instruments are used to calculate narrow-FOV cloud fraction (CF) as a
temporal fraction of cloudy returns within a given period. Sky images
provided by TSI are used to calculate the wide-FOV fractional sky cover
(FSC) as a fraction of cloudy pixels within a given image. To assess the
impact of the first factor on CF obtained from the merged data products, we
consider two additional subperiods (2000–2010 and 2011–2017 summers) that
mark significant instrumentation and algorithmic advances in the cloud
detection and data merging. We demonstrate that CF obtained from ceilometer
data alone and FSC obtained from sky images provide the most similar and
consistent cloud cover estimates; hourly bias and root-mean-square
difference (RMSD) are within 0.04 and 0.12, respectively. However, CF from
merged MPL–ceilometer data provides the largest estimates of the multiyear
mean cloud cover, about 0.12 (35 %) and 0.08 (24 %) greater than FSC for
the first and second subperiods, respectively. CF from merged
ceilometer–MPL–radar data has the strongest subperiod dependence with a
bias of 0.08 (24 %) compared to FSC for the first subperiod and shows no
bias for the second subperiod. The strong period dependence of CF obtained
from the combined ceilometer–MPL–radar data is likely results from a change
in what sensors are relied on to detect clouds below 3 km. After 2011, the
MPL stopped being used for cloud top height detection below 3 km, leaving
the radar as the only sensor used in cloud top height retrievals. To
quantify the FOV impact, a narrow-FOV FSC is derived from the TSI images. We
demonstrate that FOV configuration does not modify the bias but impacts the
RMSD (0.1 hourly, 0.15 sub-hourly). In particular, the FOV impact is
significant for sub-hourly observations, where 41 % of narrow- and
wide-FOV FSC differ by more than 0.1. A new “quick-look” tool is introduced
to visualize impacts of these two factors through integration of CF and FSC
data with novel TSI-based images of the spatial variability in cloud cover.
The influence of cloud field organization, such cloud streets parallel to
the wind direction, on narrow- and wide-FOV cloud cover estimates can be
visually assessed.

Field of study: Environmental science
Fabrication of Cellulose Film with Enhanced Mechanical Properties in Ionic Liquid 1-Allyl-3-methylimidaxolium Chloride (AmimCl)

More and more attention has been paid to environmentally friendly bio-based renewable materials as the substitution of fossil-based materials, due to the increasing environmental concerns. In this study, regenerated cellulose films with enhanced mechanical property were prepared via incorporating different plasticizers using ionic liquid 1-allyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (AmimCl) as the solvent. The characteristics of the cellulose films were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), thermal analysis (TG), X-ray diffraction (XRD), 13C Solid-state cross-polarization/magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (CP/MAS NMR) and tensile testing. The results showed that the cellulose films exhibited a homogeneous and smooth surface structure. It was noted that the thermal stability of the regenerated cellulose film plasticized with glycerol was increased compared with other regenerated cellulose films. Furthermore, the incorporation of plasticizers dramatically strengthened the tensile strength and improved the hydrophobicity of cellulose films, as compared to the control sample. Therefore, these notable results exhibited the potential utilization in producing environmentally friendly cellulose films with high performance properties.

Field of study: Materials science
CD86 expression on 9HTE cell line and on PBMC from children with asthma and treated with recombined human IL-13 and anti-CD86 McAb

目的 了解IL-13和CD86在哮喘发病中的作用及anti-CD86 McAb治疗哮喘的机理. 方法随机选择门诊哮喘急性发作期患儿30例,正常健康儿童30例作为健康对照组.分别用rhIL-13、TNF-α和rhIL-13+TNF-α干预9HTE人气道上皮细胞株和哮喘患儿外周血单个核细胞(peripheral blood mononuclear cell, PBMC),用直接免疫荧光流式细胞术(FCM)检测9HTE人气道上皮细胞株表达CD86的百分率、PBMC中CD14+细胞表达CD86的平均荧光强度(MFI)及脂多糖(LPS)刺激后PBMC中CD19+CD86+双阳性细胞百分率. 结果 (1)分别用TNF-α、rhIL-13和TNF-α+rhIL-13干预9HTE细胞株后CD86的表达,三组之间表达的百分率差异无统计学意义;rhIL-13+anti-CD86 McAb干预9HTE细胞株后,9HTE细胞表达CD86水平较其他组降低,差异有统计学意义.(2)哮喘组中的空白组、IL-13组、TNF-α组、TNF-α+IL-13组及anti-CD86组的CD14+CD86+的平均荧光强度和CD19+CD86+百分率均较相应的对照组高,差异有统计学意义.(3)TNF-α+IL-13干预后,CD14+CD86+的平均荧光强度和CD19+CD86+百分率较对应的空白组、IL-13组和TNF-α组明显增高,差异有统计学意义;(4)anti-CD86 McAb干预后,CD14+CD86+的平均荧光强度和CD19+CD86+百分率较对应的其他组明显减低,差异有统计学意义. 结论 IL-13可诱导9HTE细胞株、PBMC中的CD14+细胞和CD19+细胞表达CD86;anti-CD86 McAb可阻断9HTE细胞株、PBMC中的CD14+细胞和CD19+细胞表达CD86.提示IL-13和CD86在哮喘发病中起重要作用,anti-CD86 McAb治疗哮喘具有一定的可行性。

Field of study: Biology
Graminicide resistance in a blackgrass (Alopecurus myosuroides) population correlates with insensitivity of acetyl‐CoA carboxylase

The appearance of biotypes of the annual grass weed black-grass (Alopecurus myosuroides L. Huds), which are resistant to certain graminicides, is the most significant example of acquired resistance to herbicides seen so far in European agriculture. An investigation was perfomed into the basis of the specific cross-resistance to cyclohexanedione (CHD) and aryloxyphenoxypropionoic acid (AOPP) herbicides in the ‘Notts A1’ population of A. myosuroides, which survived treatment of fields with recommended rates of AOPP herbicides. In comparison with the wild-type ‘Rothamsted’ population, the resistant biotype showed over 100-fold resistance to these herbicides in a hydroponic growth system. Biosynthesis of fatty acids and activity of crude extracts of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase) were commensurately less sensitive to these herbicides in Notts A1 compared with the Rothamsted biotype. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that the highly resistant population has arisen through selection of a mutant ACCase which is much less sensitive to the AOPP and CHD graminicides. Rapidly growing cell suspension cultures established from the Notts A1 population also showed high resistance indices for CHD or AOPP herbicides compared with cultures from the Rothamsted biotype. Fatty acid biosynthesis and ACCase activity in the cell suspensions were similarly sensitive towards the graminicides to those in the foliar tissue counterparts of the resistant and sensitive populations. Moreover, purification of the main (chloroplast) isoform of acetyl-CoA carboxylase showed that this enzyme from the Notts A1 population was over 200-fold less sensitive towards the AOPP herbicide, quizalofop, than the equivalent isoform from the Rothamsted population. These data again fully supported the proposal that resistance in the Notts biotype is due to an insensitive acetyl-CoA carboxylase isoform. Overall, cell suspensions were also demonstrated to be excellent tools for further investigation of the molecular basis of the high level herbicide resistance which is prone to occur in A. myosuroides.

Field of study: Environmental science
Access Response on a Collision-Free Local Bus

Hamacher, and Shedler have proposed an access control scheme for a local area bus network. The control scheme is simple and asynchronous, and provides for collision-free communication among ports of the network. It is also efficient in the use of the bus bandwidth in the sense that there is only a small fraction of time during which the bus is idle when there is at least one packet available for transmission. Emphasizing the characteristics of bus access response times at the individual ports, this paper provides an analysis of the performance of the control scheme.

Field of study: Computer science
Extension Quiver for Lie Superalgebra q(3).

We describe all blocks of the category of finite-dimensional q(3)-supermodules by providing their extension quivers. We also obtain two general results about the representation of q(n): we show that the Ext quiver of the standard block of q(n) is obtained from the principal block of q(n-1) by identifying certain vertices of the quiver and prove a "virtual" BGG-reciprocity for q(n). The latter result is used to compute the radical filtrations of q(3) projective covers.

Field of study: Mathematics
A Method of Virtualization of Framework to aim to re-use Web Applications and Its Implementation

Recently, demands for shorter development periods through minimization of new source code by reusing web applications are required increasingly in the new development using features of web applications. In this paper, we propose a method for virtualization of framework to aim to re-use web applications and explain its implementation. Using the proposed virtualization of a framework, web applications don't inherit from template classes provided by the framework directly. Instead, web applications inherit from customized template classes that are extended template classes provided by the framework.

Field of study: Computer science
An active-learning assignment using nonprescription medicines.

To create and implement a web-based written assignment to evaluate student's abilities to select appropriate nonprescription medications and recommend therapy.



Each student developed a patient case study from an assigned condition, made treatment recommendations, and provided patient counseling information using at least 2 nonprescription medicines. The active-learning exercise required students to apply information previously presented in a large classroom setting.


ASSESSMENT
Cases most commonly submitted included therapy for burns, acne, conjunctivitis, lacerations, and poison ivy. One-hundred five students completed a 5-item questionnaire regarding the assignment. The majority of the respondents (51.9%) felt the assignment helped to reinforce course content and 58.1% felt it made them more comfortable with making product recommendations.



The Personal Pharmacy assignment was an effective learning activity for enhancing student's understanding and appropriate selection of nonprescription medicines.

Field of study: Education, Medicine
Untersuchungen über die Struktur organischer Flüssigkeiten im Inneren und an der Oberfläche

ZusammenfassungEs werden neue Ergebnisse mitgeteilt, deren Art aus dem folgenden Inhalt ersichtlich ist: 1. Kurzer Bericht über die vorhandenen Arbeiten. 2. Fehlerquellen bei der Untersuchung von Flüssigkeiten mit Röntgenstrahlen.  Innere Struktur der Flüssigkeiten. 1. Untersuchung der kleinen intermolekularen Abstände. 2. Untersuchung der großen Abstände. II. Teil: Oberflächenstruktur der Flüssigkeiten.

Field of study: Physics
Ceramide in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infections and Cystic Fibrosis

Cystic fibrosis is one of the most common autosomal recessive disorders, at least in Western countries. Patients with cystic fibrosis exhibit many symptoms, the most important of which are chronic inflammation and bacterial infections of the lung. Cystic fibrosis is caused by mutations of the cystic fibrosis conductance regulator (CFTR) gene; however, the molecular mechanisms leading to the clinical manifestations of cystic fibrosis are still unclear. Here we discuss recent findings related to the role of sphingolipids, in particular ceramide, in cystic fibrosis and the bacterial infections associated with that disease. Ceramide accumulates in the lungs of cystic fibrosis mice and causes pulmonary inflammation, infection, and cell death, events that are corrected by the genetic deletion or pharmacological inhibition of acid sphingomyelinase; this inhibition normalizes ceramide concentrations in murine models of cystic fibrosis. Initial clinical studies suggest that pharmacological inhibition of acid sphingomyelinase may be a novel strategy for treating patients with cystic fibrosis.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Spatial distributions of tissue expansion and cell division rates are related to irradiance and to sugar content in the growing zone of maize roots

We have investigated the way in which the radiation absorbed by leaves affects the rate of elongation of maize (Zea mays L.) roots. In five repeated growth chamber experiments, plants previously grown at a photon irradiance of 23 mol m–2 d–1 received either 7 or 34 mol m–2 d–1 from day 10 to day 20 after germination. The elongation rate of primary roots steadily decreased for 4 d after reduction in irradiance and then stabilized at 60% of that in plants at high irradiance. The elongating zone was slightly shorter after 2 d at low irradiance, and was further reduced after 8 d. The concentrations of sucrose and glucose in the elongating zone were greatly decreased after 2 d at low irradiance and the gradient of both sugars was suppressed. The longer period at low irradiance affected neither sugar content nor gradient. In the same way, cell production rate was reduced after 2 d at low irradiance and was not appreciably decreased afterwards. The root zone with cell division was shorter in plants at low irradiance, but cell division rate remained nearly constant temporally and spatially, and was unaffected by the irradiance treatment. Our results suggest that primary events after a reduction in irradiance were a change in cell flux and sugar content in the elongating zone. Change in elongation rate was slower and probably the result of a time-related developmental effect, which may be related to the change in cell production.

Field of study: Environmental science
BRIEF COMMUNICATIONS: Self-locking of neodymium laser modes by alkali halide crystals with Z color centers

Ultrashort YAG:Nd laser pulses were generated using alkali halide crystals containing Z-type color centers as saturable absorbers. It was found experimentally that the most promising absorber was rubidium bromide doped with divalent alkali or rare-earth ions. This absorber was used in generation of pulses of ~40 psec duration with the probability of complete self-locking close to 100%.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Estimation of Te-132 distribution in Fukushima Prefecture at the early stage of the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant reactor failures.

Tellurium-132 ((132)Te, half-life: 3.2 d) has been assessed as the radionuclide with the third largest release from the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant (FDNPP) in March 2011; thus it would have made some dose contribution during the early stage of the reactor failures. The available data for (132)Te are, however, limited. In this study, available reported values of other isotopes of Te were compiled to estimate (132)Te concentration (in MBq m(-2)). It was found that (132)Te and (129m)Te (half-life: 33.6 d) concentrations were well correlated (R = 0.99, p < 0.001) by t test. Thus, (132)Te concentrations on March 11, 2011 were estimated from (129m)Te using the concentration conversion factor ((132)Te /(129m)Te) of 14.5. It was also found that since deposited (129m)Te was well retained in the soil, the data collected in March-May of 2011 were applicable to (132)Te estimation. It was possible to obtain the first (132)Te concentration contour map for the eastern part of Fukushima Prefecture, including data from within the 20-km exclusion zone around the FDNPP, using these newly available estimated (132)Te data sets.

Field of study: Environmental science
Resistance development in Colletotrichum truncatum to carbendazim and thiophanate, and growth and sporulation in resistant strains.

Strains with high degree of resistance to carbendazim and thiophanate were obtained with relative ease when the conidial suspension of C. truncatum were exposed to U.V. source from a 15 watt lamp for 1 to 5 minutes. The resistance was highly stable. Resistant strains, in general showed increased sensitivity to copper oxychloride, man-cozeb, carboxin and triadimefon. The growth of isolates Ct3 and Ct1 was on par with sensitive isolate while others had significantly low growtli on PDA. All the five resistant isolates were poor sporulators compared to sensitive isolate. The rate of conidial germination, especially in the initial stages, was significantly lower in case of resistant strains.

Field of study: Biology
Transcendental Meditation Program and Marital Adjustment

17 married women who had received instruction in the Transcendental Meditation program were compared to 17 controls (matched for length of marriage, age, and neighborhood) on Locke's Marital Adjustment Inventory. Interviewees did not know the study was related to meditation or that they were contacted because they were meditators. Subjects in the Transcendental Meditation group showed significantly greater marital satisfaction than controls: for only those reporting regular practice the effect was stronger. The Transcendental Meditation program may be preventive of marital discord.

Field of study: Psychology
Relationships among Father's Fostering Participation, Mother's Fostering Behavior and Young Children’s Happiness

본 연구의 목적은 아버지의 양육참여, 어머니의 양육행동과 유아의 행복감의 관계를 살펴보는 것이다. D시의 5곳의 유치원의 만 5세 227명과 그들의 아버지와 어머니를 대상으로 아버지의 양육참여, 어머니의 양육행동과 유아의 행복감 검사를 활용하여 자료를 수집하고, 상관분석과 단계적 중다회귀분석을 적용하였다. 본 연구의 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 아버지의 양육참여와 유아의 행복감의 관계에서 남아경우, 아버지 양육참여 중 생활지도는 유아 행복감 중 자아특성, 능력, 대인관계와 유의한 정적 상관이 나타났다. 여아경우, 아버지 여가활동과 생활지도는 유아 가정환경 행복감과 정적 상관이, 아버지 가사활동은 유아 행복감의 가정환경, 자아특성, 능력과 정적 상관이 나타났다. 둘째, 어머니 양육행동과 유아 행복감의 관계에서 남아경우, 어머니 양육행동 중 온정 · 격려는 유아 행복감 중 가정환경, 자아특성, 대인관계와 정적 상관이, 한계설정은 가정환경, 대인관계와 정적 상관이 나타났으나, 과보호 · 허용은 자아특성과 부적 상관이 나타났다. 여아경우, 어머니의 온정 · 격려는 유아의 가정환경, 자아특성, 능력과 정적 상관이, 거부 · 방임은 가정환경, 자아특성, 능력, 대인관계와 부적 상관이 나타났다. 셋째, 남아 행복감에 가장 영향을 주는 요인은 어머니의 온정․격려적인 양육행동, 여아경우, 어머니의 거부 · 방임적인 양육행동이었다. 이러한 연구결과는 유아의 행복감을 더욱 증진시키는데 있어 바람직한 자녀양육을 위한 기초 정보로 활용될 수 있을 것이다.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
The Role of Exogenous Hydrogen Sulfide in Free Fatty Acids Induced Inflammation in Macrophages

This study aimed to investigate whether exogenous hydrogen sulfide (H2S) can protect the RAW264.7 macrophages against the inflammation induced by free fatty acids (FFA) by blunting NLRP3 inflammasome activation via a specific TLR4/NF-κB pathway.  RAW264.7 macrophages were exposed to increasing concentrations of FFA for up to 3 days to induce FFA-induced inflammation. The cells were pretreated with NaHS (a donor of H2S) before exposure to FFA. Cell viability, cell apoptosis, TLR4, NF-κB, NLRP3 inflammasome, IL-1β, IL-18 and cleaved caspase-3 expression were measured by a combination of MTT assay, ELISA, and immunoblotting.  H2S attenuated FFA-induced cell apoptosis, and reduced the expression of NLRP3, ASC, pro-caspase-1, caspase-1, IL- 1β, IL-18 and caspase-3. In addition, H2S inhibited the FFA-induced activation of TLR4 and NF-κB. Furthermore, NLRP3 inflammasome activation was regulated by the TLR4 and NF-κB pathway.  The present study demonstrated for the first time that H2S appears to suppress FFA-induced macrophage inflammation and apoptosis by inhibiting the TLR4/ NF-κB pathway and its downstream NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Thus H2S might possess potential in the treatment of diseases resulting from FFA overload like insulin resistance and type diabetes.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Six years of atmospheric CO 2 observations at Mt. Fuji recorded with a battery-powered measurement system

We developed a battery-powered carbon dioxide (CO2) measurement system for monitoring at the summit of Mt. Fuji (3776 m a.s.l.), which experiences very low temperatures (below −20 °C) and severe environmental conditions without access to gridded electricity for 10 months (from September to June). Our measurement system used 100 batteries to run the measurement unit during these months. These batteries were charged during the 2-month summer season when gridded electricity was available, using a specially designed automatic battery-charging system. We installed this system in summer 2009 at the Mt. Fuji weather station; observations of atmospheric CO2 concentration were taken through December 2015. Measurements were never interrupted by a lack of battery power except for two cases in which lightning damaged a control board. Thus we obtained CO2 data during about 94 % of the 6-year period. Analytical performances (stability and accuracy) were better than 0.1 ppm, as tested by checking working standards and comparisons with flask sampling. Observational results showed that CO2 mole fractions at Mt. Fuji demonstrated clear seasonal variation. The trend and the variability of the CO2 growth rate observed at Mt. Fuji were very similar to those of the Mauna Loa Observatory (MLO). Seasonally, the concentration at Mt. Fuji was 2–10 ppm lower in summer and 2–12 ppm higher in winter than those at MLO. The lower concentrations at Mt. Fuji in summer are mainly attributed to episodes of air mass transport from Siberia or China, where CO2 is taken up by the terrestrial biosphere. On the other hand, the relatively higher concentrations in winter seem to reflect the high percentage of air masses originating from China or Southeast Asia during this period, which carry increased anthropogenic carbon dioxide. These results show that Mt. Fuji is not very influenced by local sources but rather by the sources and sinks over a very large region. Thus we conclude that, as this system could provide stable measurement data with relatively easy operation for 6 years at Mt. Fuji, it could be a useful monitoring technique for remote background sites elsewhere.

Field of study: Environmental science
[Sleep-disordered breathing syndrome in acute ischemic stroke].

To evaluate the prevalence, structure and risk factors of sleep-disordered breathing in patients with acute ischemic stroke.



This prospective study included 54 acute ischemic stroke patients aged 66 [57; 72] years, 32 men, 22 women. The diagnosis was confirmed by MRI. The neurological state was assessed with the NIHSS and modified Rankin Scale (mRS). To verify the SDB, cardiorespiratory monitoring was performed on 2-5 day from stroke onset. Total number of SDB episodes, apnea/hypopnea index (AHI), the index of hypoxemia (IH) were registered.



SDB was detected in 50 (92%) patients, including 44 (88%) with predominantly obstructive apneas (OA), 6 (12%) patients with central apnea (CA). It was found that the severity of respiratory disorders did not depend on the severity of the neurological state but is associated with a variety of somatic, hemodynamic and metabolic disorders (increased BMI, smoking, diabetes mellitus,atrial fibrillation - AF). Cardioembolic stroke (СES) was accompanied by a more pronounced SDB and can be considered as a marker of respiratory disorders during sleep, especially in patients with AF. Involvement of the insula in the brain infarct zone is a significant factor in the development of SDB and increase of central apnea (CA). Multiple small deep (lacunar) infarcts of the brain, including asymptomatic infarcts, visualized by MRI also indicate a high risk of obstructive SDB.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Method for mass analysis of primary cosmic ray particles with the SPHERE-2 system

The results of simulation showing the possibility of mass analysis of primary cosmic-ray particles in the energy range 1016–1018 eV with the use of the SPHERE-2 balloon system are reported. The system is lifted by a tethered balloon at an altitude of 1 km. It has almost continuous sensitivity at an area of about 1 km2 that is viewed by 109 photoelectron multipliers. This property makes it possible to analyze in detail the spatial distribution of Cherenkov light in extensive air showers both in the immediate vicinity of the EAS core and at large distances from it.

Field of study: Physics