nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Learning mid-IR emission spectra of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon populations from observations.

The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) will deliver an unprecedented quantity of high-quality spectral data over the 0.6-28 μm range. It will combine sensitivity, spectral resolution, and spatial resolution. Specific tools are required to provide efficient scientific analysis of such large data sets.



Our aim is to illustrate the potential of unsupervised learning methods to get insights into chemical variations in the populations that carry the aromatic infrared bands (AIBs), more specifically polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) species and carbonaceous very small grains (VSGs).



We present a method based on linear fitting and blind signal separation for extracting representative spectra for a spectral data set. The method is fast and robust, which ensures its applicability to JWST spectral cubes. We tested this method on a sample of ISO-SWS data, which resemble most closely the JWST spectra in terms of spectral resolution and coverage.



Four representative spectra were extracted. Their main characteristics appear consistent with previous studies with populations dominated by cationic PAHs, neutral PAHs, evaporating VSGs, and large ionized PAHs, known as the PAH x population. In addition, the 3 μm range, which is considered here for the first time in a blind signal separation (BSS) method, reveals the presence of aliphatics connected to neutral PAHs. Each representative spectrum is found to carry second-order spectral signatures (e.g., small bands), which are connected with the underlying chemical diversity of populations. However, the precise attribution of theses signatures remains limited by the combined small size and heterogeneity of the sample of astronomical spectra available in this study.



The upcoming JWST data will allow us to overcome this limitation. The large data sets of hyperspectral images provided by JWST analysed with the proposed method, which is fast and robust, will open promising perspectives for our understanding of the chemical evolution of the AIB carriers.

Field of study: Physics
Trends of Alcohol Consumption Among Students of Virovitica-Podravina County

There was an implemental anonymous poll for students of sixth classes of elementary schools, and second classes of high schools in the Virovitica-Podravina County during the period 2005.-2007. The aim of that poll was to define attitudes and to see trends of consuming alcohol by youth. Results have shown that students from elementary schools much less have consumed alcohol often or sometime than their older colleagues from high schools. It can be concluded that the problem of consuming alcohol by young people is significantly present in elementary schools, but as expected, is more significant between students of high schools. Conclusion is that programmes of primary prevention should be implemented already in lower classes of elementary schools.

Field of study: Medicine
Implications of loess and fluvial deposits on paleoclimatic conditions during an icehouse–hothouse transition, Capitanian upper Quanzijie low-order cycle, Bogda Mountains, NW China

Permian terrestrial sedimentary records provide important clues on paleoclimatic conditions and changes in a vegetated planet during the last icehouse–hothouse transition. Seven stratigraphic sections of Middle Permian upper Quanzijie low-order cycle (QZJ LC) in Bogda Mountains, NW China, are studied to interpret the depositional environments and paleoclimatic conditions within a multi-order stratigraphic framework. The upper QZJ LC contains distinct laterally persistent, thick, and massive red mudrocks interbedded with laterally discontinuous conglomerates. The mudrocks are interpreted as loess deposits on the basis of their massive structure, uniform multi-modal grain size distribution, lateral extent, mineral composition, and uniform detrital zircon ages. Thin conglomerates with a low-relief erosional base are interpreted as ephemeral braided stream deposits, whereas thick conglomerates with a high-relief base that display a clear fining-upward trend as meandering stream deposits. In Tarlong–Taodonggou area in the south, common Protosols in loess deposits indicate dust accumulation under arid to semiarid conditions. In Dalongkou 70 km to the north, argillic Protosols indicate subhumid conditions alternating with arid–semiarid episodes. Gleysols in the upper part in both areas indicate a change to subhumid–humid conditions at the end of QZJ time. The results strongly suggest that persistent aridity, eolian processes, and dust trapping mechanisms had existed in NE Pangea during Capitanian time. The gradual but dramatic climatic change from arid–semiarid to subhumid–humid conditions at the end of Capitanian correlates to and is the result of the global demise of the late Paleozoic Ice Age.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
The effects of weight change on the dexamethasone suppression test in depressed and anorexic patients.

Prior studies on weight change and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis functioning are reviewed. Data on 58 depressed and eight anorexic patients is presented. No significant difference in the frequency of cortisol non-suppression in the dexamethasone suppression test (DST) was found between depressed patients with a history of weight loss and those without, nor between depressed patients who lost weight during their first week in hospital and those who did not. Mean weight loss of suppressors did not significantly differ from that of non-suppressors. Of 12 patients whose DST normalised during their stay in hospital, only four gained weight. Five anorexics who were non-suppressors were less than 70% of their ideal body weight (IBW), while three suppressor anorexics were greater than or equal to 70% IBW. These results indicate that mild to moderate weight change is not a significant influence on DST response in depression.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Effect of chronic estradiol, tamoxifen or raloxifene treatment on serotonin 5-HT1A receptor.

Numerous reports demonstrate the potency of estrogens to modulate brain function and their implications in schizophrenia and depression. The 5-HT(1A) receptor has been suggested to be implicated in depression and anxiety. Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), like tamoxifen and raloxifene, have estrogenic and/or antiestrogenic activity depending on the target tissue. Hence, SERMs have beneficial effects in skeleton and cardiovascular systems but act as antagonists in breast and uterus. The aim of the present study was thus to investigate in ovariectomized rats the effects of 17beta-estradiol, tamoxifen and raloxifene treatments on 5-HT(1A) receptor binding sites (agonist and antagonist) and mRNA levels in the hippocampal formation, prefrontal and cingulate cortex, as well as dorsal raphea nucleus which are known to express estrogen receptors (ER). Two weeks ovariectomy of female rats led to a 60% decrease of uterine weight, which was prevented by a 2-week 17beta-estradiol treatment; tamoxifen and raloxifene increased uterine weights by 35% and 15%, respectively, but significantly less than estradiol treatment. Specific binding to 5-HT(1A) receptors was determined by autoradiography of brain sections using the selective ligands: [3H]8-OH-DPAT and [3H]MPPF. Ovariectomy and hormone replacement therapy did not significantly affect 5-HT(1A) receptor agonist and antagonist specific binding sites as well as mRNA levels in all subregions of the hippocampus, prefrontal and cingulate cortex as well as dorsal raphea nucleus. Although the present treatments had functional effects as assessed with uterine weights, ovariectomy and estrogen-receptor directed drugs had no effect on hippocampal 5-HT(1A) receptors as compared to 5-HT(2A) receptors previously reported.

Field of study: Biology
Mesoscopics in Spintronics: Quantum Interference Effects in Spin-Polarized Electron Transport

We generalize a Landauer-type formula, using a real$\otimes$spin-space Green function technique, to treat spin-dependent transport in quantum-coherent conductors attached to two ferromagnetic contacts. The formalism is employed to study the properties of components of an exact zero-temperature conductance matrix ${\bf G}$, as well as their mesoscopic fluctuations, describing injection and detection of a spin-polarized current in a two-dimensional system where electrons exhibit an interplay between Rashba spin-orbit (SO) coupling and phase-coherent propagation through a disordered medium. Strong Rashba coupling leads to a dramatic reduction of localization effects on the conductances and their fluctuations, whose features depend on the spin-polarization of injected electrons. In the limit of weak Rashba interaction antilocalization vanishes (i.e., the sum of the matrix elements of ${\bf G}$ is almost independent of the SO coupling), but the partial spin-resolved conductances can still be non-zero. Besides spin-resolved conductance fluctuations and antilocalization, unusual quantum interference effects are revealed in this system leading to a negative difference between the partial conductances for a parallel and an antiparallel orientation of the contact magnetization, in a range of disorder strengths and for a particular spin-polarization of incoming electron with respect to the direction of Rashba electric field.

Field of study: Physics
A review of indirect N2O emission factors from artificial agricultural waters

Nitrous oxide (N2O) produced from dissolved nitrogen (N) compounds in agricultural runoff water must be accounted for when reporting N2O budgets from agricultural industries. Constructed (‘artificial’) water bodies within the farm landscape are the first aquatic systems that receive field N losses, yet emission accounting for these systems remains under-represented in Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) emission factor (EF) guidelines and global N2O budgets. Here, we examine the role of artificial waters as indirect sources of agricultural N2O emissions, identify research gaps, and explore the challenge of predicting these emissions using default EFs. Data from 52 studies reporting dissolved N2O, nitrate (NO3), and EFs were synthesised from the literature and classified into four water groups; subsurface drains, surface drains, irrigation canals, and farm dams. N2O concentration varied significantly between artificial waters while NO3 did not, suggesting functional differences in the way artificial waters respond to anthropogenic N loading. EFs for the N2O–N:NO3–N concentration ratio were highly skewed and varied up to three orders of magnitude, ranged 0.005%–2.6%, 0.02%–4.4%, 0.03%–1.33%, and 0.04%–0.46% in subsurface drains, surface drains, irrigation canals, and farm dams, respectively. N2O displayed a non-linear relationship with NO3, where EF decreased exponentially with increasing NO3, demonstrating the inappropriateness of the stationary EF model. We show that the current IPCC EF model tends to overestimate N2O production in response to NO3 loading across most artificial waters, particularly for farm dams. Given their widespread existence, there is a need to: (a) constrain their global abundance and distribution; (b) include artificial waters in the global N2O budget, and (c) expand the study of N processing in artificial waters across a geographically diverse area to develop our biogeochemical understanding to the level that has been achieved for rivers and lakes.

Field of study: Environmental science
Thermal and mechanical properties of eggshell under different treatments

Modulus of elasticity, shear modulus, Poisson’s ratio, and coefficient of linear thermal expansion of eggshell were measured for eggshells as affected by egg weight, egg specific gravity, hens’ age, hot washing, and hot washing followed by cooling. The mean measured values of linear thermal expansion coefficient in latitudinal and meridional directions were 4.4 ¥ 10–6°C–1 and 4.2 ¥ 10–6°C–1, respectively. For 4 out of 24 treatments, differences in the coefficient of linear thermal expansion were statistically significant (p < 0.05) for the two different hens’ age (34 vs. 51 weeks).

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Abortion as Heresy

When Sir Thomas More's future son-in-law objected to Thomas' naming Martin Luther a heretic, the latter responded simply, "It's not a likeable thing, it's not a likeable word." In an ecumenical era, that word is doubly ugly. But truth is more important than "likeableness." The abortion issue, I believe, has evolved from a serious moral issue for Catholics to one of dogmatic considerations, that is, to a question of revelation whose denial would constitute heresy. Heresy, as all know, is a conscious denial of some revealed, divine truth which is mystery and which must be adhered to with one's whole heart and mind because God has revealed this (partial) truth to us. And for no other reason. Such truth is meant for our salvation and is not simply a matter of speculation or the conclusions of theologians. This revelation is contained explictly or impliedly in the sources of Revelation (Scripture, Tradition). Revelation is authentically contained in Sacred Scripture and in oral tradition; and it is authentically proposed for our belief by the authentic teachers in the Church who were appointed for this purpose by Christ Himself while He was on Earth (Bishops, as Successors of the Apostles and the Successors of Peter in the See of Rome). This teaching on Revelation as well as its authentic interpretation can be given and held by a universal consensus of the faithful and the bishops in union with the Bishop of Rome, by an ecumenical Council presided over, guided and confirmed by the Bishop of Rome or by the Bishop of Rome alone as successor of Peter who teaches authentically and, at times, infalhbly as representing the whole Church. This small precis on Church authority is necessary to situate the abortion controversy within the Church. But since we must hold that God's truth as revealed is valid for all men and women, the practice of the ugly and widespread vice of abortion in our time will have universal ramifications even on those who do not believe in the divine origin of the human person and its denial through abortion. This latter question, however, will have to await another day for fuller development. It will be the object of this paper to hold that the time has come to confront the spirit of the world, and for the authority in the Church to seriously consider a formal dogmatic declaration concerning the theological origin of the human person.

Field of study: Medicine, Philosophy
Regular vector lattices of continuous functions and Korovkin-type theorems -Part I

By applying the results of the first part of the paper, we establish some Korovkin-type theorems for continuous positive linear operators in the setting of regular vector lattices of continuous functions. Moreover, we present simple methods to construct Korovkin subspaces for finitely defined operators and for the identity operator and we determine those classes of operators which admit finite-dimensional Korovkin subspaces. Finally, we give a Korovkin-type theorem for continuous positive projections.

Field of study: Mathematics
A Factorial Validity Study of the Social Orientation Inventory

The factor analysis of the 28-item, self-report measure of social power motivation gave three interpretable factors. Factor 1, organizational leadership, is based on high loadings for managerial functions in organizations. Factor 2, recognition without achievement, has high positive loadings for highly visible positions one may hold. Factor 3, individual dominance, is characterized by high loadings on questions indicating personal dominance over others.

Field of study: Psychology
Structure determination and refinement of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase from Synechococcus PCC6301.

The structure of an activated quaternary complex of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (rubisco) from Synechococcus PCC6301 has been solved by molecular replacement. The protein crystallizes in an orthorhombic P2(1)2(1)2(1) unit cell with a complete L(8)S(8) complex consisting of 4608 residues (37 680 non-hydrogen atoms) in the asymmetric unit. Data were collected both on film and image plate using synchrotron radiation; there were 218 276 unique reflections in the final 2.2 A data set. The eightfold non-crystallographic symmetry could be used both to improve map quality and to reduce the computing requirements of refinement. The coordinates were refined using strict non-crystallographic symmetry constraints. The stereochemistry of the final model is good, and the model has an R value of 20.0% for the reflections between 7 and 2.2 A.

Field of study: Chemistry
Sound velocities of compressed Fe3C from simultaneous synchrotron X-ray diffraction and nuclear resonant scattering measurements.

The applications of nuclear resonant scattering in laser-heated diamond anvil cells have provided an important probe for the magnetic and vibrational properties of (57)Fe-bearing materials under high pressure and high temperature. Synchrotron X-ray diffraction is one of the most powerful tools for studying phase stability and equation of state over a wide range of pressure and temperature conditions. Recently an experimental capability has been developed for simultaneous nuclear resonant scattering and X-ray diffraction measurements using synchrotron radiation. Here the application of this method to determine the sound velocities of compressed Fe(3)C is shown. The X-ray diffraction measurements allow detection of microscale impurities, phase transitions and chemical reactions upon compression or heating. They also provide information on sample pressure, grain size distribution and unit cell volume. By combining the Debye velocity extracted from the nuclear resonant inelastic X-ray scattering measurements and the structure, density and elasticity data from the X-ray diffraction measurements simultaneously obtained, more accurate sound velocity data can be derived. Our results on few-crystal and powder samples indicate strong anisotropy in the sound velocities of Fe(3)C under ambient conditions.

Field of study: Physics
Vibrational study of hydrogenated uranyl phosphates hydrates (HUP)

) is among the best fast proton conductors and is used as a solid electrolyte in sensors or in electrochromic displays. In the present work, HUP, ammonium and potassium isomorphs were prepared in the form of powders, oriented polycristalline transparent disks or crystals, and were studied by X Ray analysis, IR and Raman spectroscopies. Raman and IR spectra have been recorded in the 77 K to 350 K temperature range. Skeleton (PO 4 , UO 2 ) vibrations as well as external modes or vibrations involving hydrogen atoms have been tentatively assigned using isotopic shifts (H/D or 16 O /18 O ). Different degrees of disorder are present in the structure : the UO 2 ν 1 stretching mode is a particularly intense and narrow Raman band ; on the other hand a very broad band is observed at 115 cm −1 ( δν 1 2 =25 cm −1 ) at room temperature in HUP. This band narrow and gives rise to three modes (90, 100 and 114 cm −1 respectively) below the ferroelectric phase transition. Vibrational modes of protonic species are assigned using isotopic shift and H 3 O + /K + substitution : i.e. the ν 4 mode of H 3 O + is observed at about 1750 cm −1 (IR) and the ν 2 mode of water is observed at 1640 cm −1 . A broad diffusion observed on IR spectra of NHUP could be associated to the presence of a strong hydrogen bond.

Field of study: Materials science
Interplay of sediment supply and lake-level changes on the margin of an intrabasinal basement high in the Late Miocene Lake Pannon (Mecsek Mts., Hungary)

Lake Pannon, covering the Pannonian Basin (Hungary) during the Late Miocene, had a complex lake bottom with deeper sub-basins and intrabasinal basement highs, sometimes emerging above the lake level as islands and peninsulas. Above structural highs, the basin fill sequence usually commenced with deposition of transgressional, locally sourced coarse-grained deltas. These deposits are overlain by distally-sourced deltaic bodies associated with the prograding delta system that gradually filled up the entire basin. The transition between these two distinct delta systems was studied in a large outcrop on the edge of a former basement high (Mecsek Mts., southern Hungary). The transgressional phase is represented by the deposition of a mass flow dominated fan delta body, fed by local material from a granitic catchment area. An overlying fossil-rich, clayey unit records an episode for which sediment delivery into the basin was curtailed, possibly due to submergence of the granite body. The deposition of these two units took place between 8 and 6.8 Ma. The onset of sedimentation associated with the arrival of the distally sourced regressive delta system (around 6.8 Ma) is represented by deposition of shoreface sediments. This unit is characterized by distinctive bioturbation and storm related, sand filled scour-fills. Resedimented local material that forms mm thick, coarse laminas in the scour fills is indicative of denudation due to tectonic events and implies coupled storm-flood sedimentation. The deposition of the two distinct delta bodies and the interplay between tectonic events and lake-level changes occurred during a relatively short, ca. 1.5 Ma long time interval.

Field of study: Environmental science
Reliability and failure analysis of SAC 105 and SAC 1205N lead-free solder alloys during drop test events

The purpose of this study is to establish a predictive fatigue life model for SAC 105 (Sn-1.0Ag-0.5Cu) and SAC 1205N (Sn-1.2Ag-0.5Cu with nickel) lead-free solder alloys. A simulation model approach was developed to investigate the stress and strain of the solder joint during drop tests. A Joint Electronic Device Engineering Council (JEDEC) Condition B drop test was simulated. This test is characterized by a 1500g peak acceleration for an impulse duration of 0.5 ms. At the point of impact during the drop test, the deformation of the printed circuit board (PCB) via bending and mechanical shocks can cause joint cracks in the solder. To establish a predictive model for the 10% fatigue life of the lead-free solder joint under drop test conditions, the study was conducted in three main phases: material analysis of the lead-free solder alloy, the drop test model, and the 10% fatigue life analysis. Tensile tests of SAC 105 and SAC 1205N were used to examine the elastic and plastic behavior of the solder alloy mechanism. Simulations and drop tests were performed to investigate the failure of the microelectronic package resulting from the drop test. The predictive fatigue life models of SAC 105 and SAC 1205N were validated by the experimental results with satisfactory accuracy.

Field of study: Engineering
Development of a 3-Dimensional LIGA Process and Application to Fabricate a Spiral Microcoil

LIGA process has been developed in the 2.5-dimensional world. We introduced new technologies of a 3D X-ray lithography and a worm injection molding with an unscrewing demolding mechanism, and succeeded in the deployment of a three- dimensional LIGA process. Furthermore, it succeeded to fabricate a spiral microcoil using 3D-LIGA process and a metallization technique combined flat and smooth electroplating and isotropic chemical etching. A diameter of the microcoil was 0.5 mm and the length was 1 mm. The width of coil lines was 10 μm, and the pitch was 20 μm. Also the characteristics as an inductor of this microcoil is such that the inductance and the quality factor at the frequency of 1 GHz was 91 nH and 5.8, respectively.

Field of study: Computer science