nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Renal Response to a Protein Load in Healthy Young Adults as Determined by Iohexol Infusion Clearance, Cimetidine-Inhibited Creatinine Clearance, and Cystatin C Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate.

Renal reserve (RR) measures the increase in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in response to a protein load; lack of RR could indicate subclinical kidney disease but such a test is not routinely used in clinical practice. The purpose of this study was to compare a meat versus liquid protein load in a cystatin C-based (Cys-C) RR test using cimetidine-inhibited creatinine clearance (Cr Cl) and iohexol infusion clearance (Io Cl) for validation. The design was cross-sectional analysis and the setting was a Clinical Research Center.



Participants (N = 16), mean (standard deviation [SD]) age 22 (2) years, had normal health and blood pressure without proteinuria.



Participants 1 to 8 received a beef burger (1 g/kg protein) and participants 9 to 16 received a ProCel shake (1-1.5 g/kg protein).



RR defined as the difference in stimulated versus baseline GFR.



Baseline GFR (SD) in mL/minute/1.73 m2 averaged 103.0 (15.6) for Cr Cl, 94.8 (7.9) for Io Cl, and 117.0 (6.0) for Cys-C estimated GFR (eGFR). Mean RR (SD) for the burger group (N = 8, mL/minute/1.73 m2) was 16.6 (12.3) for Cr Cl (P = .006); 7.2 (3.7) for Io Cl (P < .001), and 4.9 (2.6) for Cys-C eGFR (P = .001). Mean RR for the shake group (N = 8) was 15.8 (5.8) for Cr Cl (P < .001), 10.1 (7.8) for Io Cl (P = .008), and 2.4 (2.9) for Cys-C eGFR (P = .05).



Protein loading stimulates Io Cl and Cr Cl after a beef or milk-based protein load. The change in Cys-C eGFR is significant but smaller for the shake and burger group, which may be due to the dilutional effect of water loading or the length of Cys-C half-life in the blood.

Field of study: Medicine
Dynamic effect of exploding tube in MFCG

By means of the 2-D simplified model,the dynamic process of the exploding tube of MFCG is simulated.The simulation results show that the expanding angle can be varied with the radial position(or different time) due to the radial velocity variation with the radial position(or different time).In order to compare the simulated expanding angle with the results of the experiments,the velocity should take an average over time(or position).The ending effect on the expanding velocity is given by simulation results and it may be useful to improve experimental results.The simulation results suggest that using high density metal material may reduce the sliding effect because the high density causes big ratio of radial velocity to axial velocity.The simulated expanding angles of 2-D model are compared with the 0-D model(Gurney) and 1-D model.The calculated difference between 2-D model and others may results from 2-D effect.

Field of study: Physics
The importance of habitat productivity, stability and heterogeneity for spider species richness in coastal grey dunes along the North Sea and its implications for conservation

In this contribution, we report on patterns of spider species richness in large complexes of coastal grey dunes of northern France, Belgium and the Netherlands. Since grey dunes are considered a priority in Annex I of the EU Habitat Directive, conservation needs attention. Spider diversity is determined by the amount of nutrients available in grey dune patches. The richness of specific xerotherm species, however, is dependent only on the distance of the patches to the sea. Earlier investigation revealed that the richness of these species depends on the patch size. Since coastal dune management aims to focus on the conservation of dune-specific and xerotherm species, patch enlargement and grey dune restoration should receive priority attention and not internal grey dune management. Total spider richness and diversity is hence related to the functioning of the grey dune ecosystem. Eolic dynamics act as typical disturbance factors and are negatively related to species richness, as a result of the low but significant covariation with nutrient availability. The intermediate disturbance hypothesis is not applicable for spider diversity in grey dunes, possibly due to the narrow range of investigated environmental variation.

Field of study: Environmental science
Nonexistence of global weak solution with only one stable supersonic conic shock wave for the steady supersonic Euler flow past a perturbed cone

Recently, for the potential equation, a global stable weak solution with only one conic shock wave has been established in some references. However, in contrast to the case of the potential equation, due to the essential influence of the rotations for the Euler flow, in this paper we will show that the global weak solution of the Euler system with one stable supersonic conic shock wave does not exist when a uniform supersonic incoming flow hits an infinitely long and curved sharp conic body.

Field of study: Mathematics
FAILURE MODE AND CRACK PROPAGATION OF SANDSTONE WITH PRE-EXISTING FISSURES UNDER DIFFERENT ANCHORAGES BY GROUTING

Based on the uniaxial compression experimental results of fissured sandstone under different anchorages by grouting,the failure modes of fissured sandstone were investigated,and the effects of bolt number and pre-stress on failure characteristics of fissured sandstone were discussed.In the failure process of fissured sandstone with two bolts,the initiation,propagation and evolution of three-dimensional cracks were analyzed.The results show that the final microscopic failure mode of fissured sandstone becomes more complexed with the increase of bolt number.For fissured sample with a fissure angle of 30°,the failure mode of the sample indicates a transition from tension failure to tension-shear mixed failure.However for fissured sample with a fissure angle of 45°,the failure mode of the sample indicates a transition from shear failure to tension-shear mixed failure.Pre-stress restrains the expansion and propagation of tension cracks in fissured samples,which leads to a smaller crack number than that under the condition of non-prestress.Finally,taking some fissured sandstones as typical examples,we analyzed the behavior of crack propagation during the whole deformation and failure process.It is evident that the failure of fissured sandstone is asymptotic.

Field of study: Engineering
Mathematical modelling of engineered tissue growth using a multiphase porous flow mixture theory

This paper outlines the framework of a porous flow mixture theory for the mathematical modelling of in vitro tissue growth, and gives an application of this theory to an aspect of tissue engineering. The problem is formulated as a set of partial differential equations governing the space and time dependence of the amounts of each component of the tissue (phase), together with the physical stresses in each component. The theory requires constitutive relations to specify the material properties of each phase, and also requires relations to specify the stresses developed due to mechanical interactions, both within each phase and between different phases. An application of the theory is given to the study of the mobility and aggregation of a population of cells seeded into an artificial polymeric scaffold. Stability analysis techniques show that the interplay of the forces between the tissue constituents results in two different regimes: either the cells form aggregates or disperse through the scaffold.

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics
LOW-ANGLE OVERTHRUSTING IN THE CENTRAL CUMBERLAND PLATEAU, TENNESSEE

The Cumberland Plateau overthrust, a continuous series of thrust and cross faults, extends southwest across the Cumberland Plateau of Tennessee from its junction with the Valley and Ridge thrusts near the north end of the Sequatchie Valley anticline. The strata involved vary in competency and hence control the structural pattern. The faults mapped bound a low-angle thrust sheet. Associated anticlines are probably due to faulting at depth, as shown by the Big Peavine Mountain anticline which results from 3 miles of thrusting. The thrust forming this anticline outcrops 5 miles to the west as the Cumberland Plateau overthrust; it extends eastward, arches over the Sequatchie Valley anticline, and has its roots in the Valley and Ridge province. The Cumberland Plateau overthrust is mechanically and regionally similar to the Pine Mountain overthrust to the north. It extends at least 50 miles southwest of its junction with the Valley and Ridge province, and perhaps as far south as Birmingham, Alabama (200 mi.). These relationships support the controversial sole-fault hypothesis of Southern Appalachian Valley and Ridge structure.

Field of study: Geology
Impact of medical travel on imports and exports of medical services.

Medical travel is travel outside of an individual's home region or country in pursuit of medical care that is more accessible, of higher quality and/or of lower cost. This paper estimates the inflows of foreign residents seeking medical care in the U.S. and outflows of U.S. residents seeking care abroad.



Using data from the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. International Trade Administration and a survey of domestic health care providers, we estimate the lower and upper bounds for the number of medical travelers into and out of the U.S. and the value of these services.



We estimate that between 43,000 and 103,000 foreigners came into the U.S. for medical care, and between 50,000 and 121,000 U.S. residents traveled abroad for care in 2007. Despite a net loss in the number of medical travelers flowing out of the U.S. for care, the trade surplus for medical travel could be as high as $1 billion.



While a slight net outflow of patients leaving the U.S. for medical care may exist, the resulting impact on exports is still positive for the U.S., due to a higher average spending per patient coming to the U.S. New mechanisms are needed to track the balance of mobility and trade for medical care on a regular basis.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Fast Two-Sample Testing with Analytic Representations of Probability Measures

We propose a class of nonparametric two-sample tests with a cost linear in the sample size. Two tests are given, both based on an ensemble of distances between analytic functions representing each of the distributions. The first test uses smoothed empirical characteristic functions to represent the distributions, the second uses distribution embeddings in a reproducing kernel Hilbert space. Analyticity implies that differences in the distributions may be detected almost surely at a finite number of randomly chosen locations/frequencies. The new tests are consistent against a larger class of alternatives than the previous linear-time tests based on the (non-smoothed) empirical characteristic functions, while being much faster than the current state-of-the-art quadratic-time kernel-based or energy distance-based tests. Experiments on artificial benchmarks and on challenging real-world testing problems demonstrate that our tests give a better power/time tradeoff than competing approaches, and in some cases, better outright power than even the most expensive quadratic-time tests. This performance advantage is retained even in high dimensions, and in cases where the difference in distributions is not observable with low order statistics.

Field of study: Computer science
Scanned photoluminescence of semiconductors

Photoluminescence (PL) scanning is used to assess a number of material- or process-related concerns in semiconductors. Since it is a non-destructive, non-contact technique, it can be used at any stage of the fabrication process. It was first used to examine dislocation distributions in GaAs and its value was well established when good correlations were found between PL contrast and device electrical properties. With the advent of whole ingot annealing it became possible to determine the 'quality' of the annealing step by the residual PL contrast across the wafer; this too correlated with electrical properties. The theory of PL output efficiency at room temperature was developed and this efficiency was shown to depend most on the surface recombination velocity. PL scans thus became valuable for looking at surface passivation effects and the effects of chemical treatment. The theory was extended to explain the phenomenon of PL decay as a function of atmosphere, surface treatment and passivation.

Field of study: Materials science
A new relationship for rarefaction

All diversity indices are functions of the vector of the numbers of individuals in different species in a statistical population. So they are also functions of the number of species. It is well known, from the species-area curve and from collector's curves, that the number of species is a function of sampling effort. The rarefaction and Coleman functions are both functions that allow comparisons to be made at the same number of individuals, but have different mathematical forms. We show that the numerical difference between them, in the samples we have studied, is negligibly small. We show how to modify the Coleman function to allow for sampling without replacement, and show that the modified function is identical to the hypergeometric rarefaction function. Rarefaction should always be used, with any index, when comparing diversity in different size samples, but the number of species is the preferred index. Suggestions for comparing rarefaction curves from different samples are made.

Field of study: Environmental science
On the largest representation in type $H_4$

In this technical note, we complete the PhD work of A. Esterle about determining the image of any Artin group of finite Coxeter type inside the associated Hecke algebra over a finite field, when the latter is semisimple. The only remaining case was the 48-dimensional irreducible representation in type $H_4$, for which the image is proven here to be $\Omega_{48}^+$.

Field of study: Mathematics
Distinct functions of erythropoietin and stem cell factor are linked to activation of mTOR kinase signaling pathway in human erythroid progenitors.

Erythropoietin (EPO) and Stem Cell Factor (SCF) have partially distinct functions in erythroid cell development. The primary functions of EPO are to prevent apoptosis and promote differentiation, with a minor role as a mitogen. On the other hand SCF acts primarily as a mitogenic factor promoting erythroid cell proliferation with a minor role in inhibition of apoptosis. The concerted effects of these two growth factors are responsible for guiding initial commitment, expansion and differentiation of progenitors. The aim of the study was to identify signaling elements pertinent to translational control and elucidate whether both cytokines can contribute to protein translation providing some functional redundancy as seen with respect to apoptosis. The current study focused on non-apoptotic functions of SCF mediated through mTOR/p70S6 leading to protein translation and cell proliferation. We utilized a human primary erythroid progenitors and erythroblasts that are responsive to EPO and SCF to investigate the activation of mTOR/p70S6 kinases and their downstream effectors, the pathway primarily responsible for protein translation. We showed that mTOR, p70S6 kinases and their downstream signaling elements 4EBP1 and S6 ribosomal protein are all activated by SCF but not by EPO in primary erythroid progenitors. We also found that SCF is the sole contributor to activation of the protein translational machinery and activation of mTOR/p70S6 pathway is confined to the proliferative phase of erythroid differentiation program. Altogether these results demonstrate that unlike the survival function which is supported by both EPO and SCF protein translation essential for proliferation is governed by only SCF.

Field of study: Medicine
A review on thermal cycling and drop impact reliability of SAC solder joint in portable electronic products

Currently, the portable electronic products trend to high speed, light weight, miniaturization and multifunctionality. In that field, solder joint reliability in term of both drop impact and thermal cycling loading conditions is a great concern for portable electronic products. The transition to lead-free solder happened to coincide with a dramatic increase in portable electronic products. Sn–Ag–Cu (SAC) is now recognized as the standard lead free solder alloy for packaging interconnects in the electronics industry. The present study reviews the reliability of different Ag-content SAC solder joints in term of both thermal cycling and drop impact from the viewpoints of bulk alloy microstructure and tensile properties. The finding of the study indicates that the best SAC composition for drop impact performance is not necessarily the best composition for optimum thermal cycling reliability. The level of Ag-content in SAC solder alloy can be an advantage or a disadvantage depending on the application, package and reliability requirements. As a result, most component assemblers are using at least two (and in many cases even more) lead-free solder sphere alloys to meet various package requirements.

Field of study: Engineering
Animals' Choices over Uncertain Outcomes: Further Experimental Results

The betweenness axiom of expected utility theory, which is not required under several nonexpected utility formulations, is examined. Choices are checked for independence axiom violations in the Allais direction and for fanning out in little explored areas of the unit probability triangle, as predicted by Machina's hypothesis II. The data show Allais-type violations of the independence axiom, systematic failure of the fanning out hypothesis in the northwest portion of the unit probability triangle, and consistent violations of the betweenness axiom in favor of folded orderings. Results are related to findings from human choice experiments exploring similar phenomena.

Field of study: Economics
Effect of Group Counselling on Attitude of Senior Secondary School Students’ Towards Schooling in Federal Government College Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria

The study investigated the effect of group counselling on attitude of senior secondary school students’ towards schooling in Federal Government College, Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria. Two objectives were stated and two null hypotheses were formulated and tested at .05 level of significance. Experimental design was used for the study. The target population for the study comprised all the 356 (SS1) students in Federal Government College, Maiduguri. However, 30 students were drawn through random sampling technique as sample for the study. Three stages were used in collecting the data: pre-treatment, treatment and post-treatment phases. Students Attitudes Towards Schooling Scale (SATSS) developed by the researchers was used for data collection. Pilot study was conducted to determine the reliability of the instrument. The data collected was tested using a Cronbach alpha reliability coefficient and reliability coefficient of .76 was obtained which showed that the instrument was reliable for the purpose of this study. t-test of independent samples was used to test hypotheses one and two. The results were considered at P<.05 level. The findings of the study showed that group counselling had significant effect on the attitude of senior secondary school students’ towards schooling in Federal Government College, Maiduguri. It was further found that gender has no significant effect on the attitude of senior secondary school students’ towards schooling in Federal Government College, Maiduguri. Based on the findings of the study, it was concluded that group counselling promoted favourable attitude of students towards schooling. Based on the findings of the study, it was recommended that Guidance and Counselling Unit of the Federal Government College Maiduguri should re-orient the students through information service on the benefits of positive attitude towards schooling.  effect, group counselling and attitude towards schooling

Field of study: Education
Microbiological quality of keropok lekor during processing

Keropok lekor is an important fish product in Malaysia. The customer demands for keropok lekor have been increasing. This study was conducted to analyze the microbiological quality of keropok lekor in every stage of its processing, namely mincing, mixing, kneading, boiling and cooling. When processing keropok lekor, the boiling of keropok lekor at 100°C for 10 min reduced the Total Plate Counts (4.38±0.47 log 10 cfu/g), psychrotrophic counts (2.00 ± 0.00 log 10 cfu/g), mesophilic sporeformer counts (1.26 ± 0.34 log 10 cfu/g) and total coliform counts (1.71±0.51 log Most Probable Number/g) significantly (p>0.05). However, the microbial counts were found to increase significantly (p<0.05) after the cooling process, except for the yeast and mold counts and Staphylococcus aureus counts. The presumptive predominant microorganisms, isolated before the boiling stage, were members of the Enterobacteriaceae family and those belonging to Pseudomonas, Vibrio, Staphylococcus, Bacillus and Micrococcus. After the boiling stage, the presumptive predominant microorganisms were members of Enterobacteriace family and those belonging to Micrococcus, Bacillus, Staphylococcus and Aerococcus.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Novel III-V Nitride Polymorphs in the P42/mnm and Pbca Phases

In this work, the elastic anisotropy, mechanical stability, and electronic properties for P42/mnm XN (XN = BN, AlN, GaN, and InN) and Pbca XN are researched based on density functional theory. Here, the XN in the P42/mnm and Pbca phases have a mechanic stability and dynamic stability. Compared with the Pnma phase and Pm-3n phase, the P42/mnm and Pbca phases have greater values of bulk modulus and shear modulus. The ratio of the bulk modulus (B), shear modulus (G), and Poisson’s ratio (v) of XN in the P42/mnm and Pbca phases are smaller than those for Pnma XN and Pm-3n XN, and larger than those for c-XN, indicating that Pnma XN and Pm-3n XN are more ductile than P42/mnm XN and Pbca XN, and that c-XN is more brittle than P42/mnm XN and Pbca XN. In addition, in the Pbca phases, XN can be considered a semiconductor material, while in the P42/mnm phase, GaN and InN have direct band-gap, and BN and AlN are indirect wide band gap materials. The novel III-V nitride polymorphs in the P42/mnm and Pbca phases may have great potential for application in visible light detectors, ultraviolet detectors, infrared detectors, and light-emitting diodes.

Field of study: Materials science