nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
CONTROL OF TRIM COIL CURRENTS BY RHEOSTAT BRIDGES WITH EFFICIENCIES ABOVE 80 PER CENT

The 40 trim coil circuits of the 70-inch cyclotron being installed at the Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory are to be powered by a remote power supply which energizes 40 series-connected rheostat bridge circuits located on the cyclotron proper. The rheostat bridges will have a maximum power efficiency in excess of 80%.

Field of study: Physics
On Constanda's matrix of nonuniqueness in a theory of plates in asymmetric elasticity

We apply the direct method to the solution of the Dirichlet problem in the bending of micropolar plates and show that a necessary and sufficient condition for solubility is the nonsingularity of a special constant matrix constructed for any smooth closed boundary curve.  In the application of the direct method to the solution of the Dirichlet problem for the two-dimensional Laplace equation, there are certain boundary curves (of logarithmic capacity one ) for which the corresponding homogeneous Fredholm integral equation of the first kind has nonzero solutions. This leads ultimately to the breakdown of the method . In this paper, proceeding as in , we show how a similar situation occurs when we apply the direct method to the solution of the Dirichlet problem for the equations of bending of micropolar plates [4], We identify the particular boundary curves using a generalisation of the concept of capacity in which Robin's constant is replaced by a constant (3 x 3)-matrix whose nonsingularity is used to express a necessary and sufficient condition for the solubility of the Dirichlet problem by the direct method.  Throughout the paper we assume that, unless otherwise stated, Greek and Latin indices take the values 1, 2 and 1, 2,3 respectively, we sum over repeated indices, M.pxq is the space of (p x (^-matrix functions, are the columns of a matrix H £ Mpxq, and En is the unit matrix in AinxnFinally, if X is a space of scalar functions and Q G Mpxq, then Q £ X means that every component of Q belongs to X. We consider a homogeneous and isotropic micropolar plate occupying the region S x [—ho/2, ho/2], where S C R2 is a domain bounded by a simple closed C2-curve dS and h0 = const << diamS" is the thickness. In the absence of body forces and couples and of forces and couples on the faces, the equilibrium equations for bending can be written Received April 10, 1995.

Field of study: Mathematics
Coexpression of sexual behavior and maternal aggression: the ambivalence of sexually active mother rats toward male intruders.

The sexually active female rat solicits the male to approach for copulation, while the maternal dam displays aggression to expel him from the nest, suggesting that both behaviors are mutually exclusive. However, the rat has a postpartum estrus during which she is sexual and maternally motivated. Can she perceive the male as attractive and aversive, soliciting and attacking him at the same time? This study shows that postpartum estrous females exhibit a merge of sexual and maternal aggressive responses toward male intruders in the home cage. The concurrent expression of these behaviors did not affect their intensities, although the stimulation of maternal behavior increased maternal aggression without modifying sexual solicitation. These results indicate that the postpartum estrous rat can optimally express two opposite and independently regulated motivations, and that the male can be perceived as an ambivalent stimulus.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
MEASUREMENT AND CORRELATION OF SOLUBILITY OF CAFFEINE IN WATER AND ETHANOL

The solubility of caffeine in water and ethanol at 0—50℃ was measured using the laser method. The results were regressed with an empirical equation and simplified EOS correlation. A 2-2-1 backpropagation (BP) artificial neural network (ANN) model was selected from many other models. The prediction of interpolation and extrapolation of the data was made with trained 2-2-1 BP ANN model. The result was satisfactory.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Biologic findings of post-traumatic stress disorder and child maltreatment

Child maltreatment is a serious problem in US society, affecting approximately three million children. Children and adolescents exposed to child abuse and neglect experience high rates of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). In addition, they are at risk for comorbid mental illness. Biologic stress systems affected in trauma and in PTSD are complex. Findings in cognitive testing, neuroimaging, and affected pathways shed light on the consequences of child maltreatment. What is known about treatment and outcomes for children with history of maltreatment and maltreatment-related PTSD indicates the need for prevention, intervention, and treatment of children exposed to abuse and neglect. The following is a brief review of the most recent neurobiologic findings in child maltreatment and related PTSD.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
High-precision and efficient alignment of cubic phase plate based on Zernike polynomials

Cubic phase plates are key optical elements in the wavefront coding system. Unlike for traditional optical lenses, their free-form shape makes it difficult to determine the correct position. This article presents a precise and efficient alignment method using Zernike polynomials by analytical analysis and numerical simulation and considering position deviations of rotation and offset. In addition, to help determine what kind of position deviation exists, the relationship between position deviation and introduced surface errors is analyzed and demonstrated. The proposed method is especially useful for optical design and manufacture. It improves the accuracy of measurements by eliminating error resulting from misplacement. An optical test system using a phase shift interferometer and the result of a cubic phase plate is demonstrated.

Field of study: Physics
Persuasive Arguments Theory, Group Polarization, and Choice Shifts

An experiment investigating the influence of information exchange (the number and persuasiveness of arguments) on group polarization and choice shifts found both the number and the persuasiveness of arguments to have significant influences. The results generally supported Persuasive Arguments Theory, al-though a weighted-average version of the theory was found to be incomplete since it did not provide for the effects of number of arguments. The results also supported the importance of distinguishing between group polarization and choice shifts-the individual and group levels of analysis respectively.

Field of study: Psychology
Multi-scale phenotyping of leaf expansion in response to environmental changes: the whole is more than the sum of parts.

The leaf is a multi-scale dynamic unit that is determined by mechanisms at different organizational scales (cell, tissue, whole leaf and whole plant) and affected by both internal (genotype) and external (environmental) determinisms. The recent development of phenotyping platforms and imaging techniques provides new insights into the temporal and spatial patterns of leaf growth as affected by those determinisms. Conclusions about the overriding mechanisms often depend on the considered organizational scale and of time resolution which varies from minutes to several weeks. Analyses of leaf growth responses to environmental conditions have revealed robust emerging properties at whole plant or whole leaf scales. They have highlighted that the control of individual leaf expansion is more complex than merely the sum of cellular processes, and the control at the whole plant level is more complex than the sum of individual leaf expansions. However, in many cases, the integrated leaf-growth variable can be simplified to a limited set of underlying variables to be measured for comparative analyses of leaf growth or modelling purposes.

Field of study: Environmental science
Sudden coronary death due to IgG4-related disease.

A 54-year-old male entered the emergency room in cardiorespiratory arrest after syncope at home. Resuscitation was attempted, but the patient died a few hours later. At necropsy, aneurysms were found at the right and left anterior descending coronary arteries. At microscopic examination, there was no significant coronary atherosclerosis, and a dense inflammatory infiltrate was detected, with a high number of igG4-positive cells (94.0 positive cells/hpf). The case illustrates that IgG4-related disease can cause coronary disease and sudden cardiac death.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Origin of the Strong Toroidal Magnetic Field in Magnetars

A simple model of chiral asymmetry is proposed to interpret the origin of the strong toroidal magnetic field. The electrons relevant to dynamics forming the the field are in a quantume degenerate state with ultra-relativistic Fermi energy. The system is described by Dirac Hartree Fock method using scaled h-bar method. Neutron stars are rotating and have large angular momentum which is formed by cranking model and breaks time reversal. Dirac current is decomposed into convection and spin currents due to Clifford number. The strong toroidal magnetic field is formed by the spin like current resulted by the chiral asymmetry brought about electron capture caused by the parity-violating weak interaction.

Field of study: Physics
Synthesis and characterization of a dextrin-polyacrylamide hybrid size for cotton

The polymerization of acrylamide with dextrin was effected using ceric ammonium sulphate (Ce +4 ), ammonium persulphate, benzoyl peroxide, potassium permanganate/ citric acid and hydrogen peroxide/ferrous ions as initiators. While the first three initiators are capable of inducing grafting of acrylamide onto dextrin in a decreasing order, the last two initiators fail to do so. For optimization, the Ce +4 was used under various conditions. Polymerization of acrylamide with dextrin gives a hybrid, the composition of which is largely determined by the monomer ratio in the polymerization system and the graft yield. Viscosity, solubility and hardness of the cast film depend on graft yield and type of dextrin used. Polyacrylamide-dextrin hybrid samples with viscosity values of 35-150 mPa.s were applied to light cotton fabric as the sizing agent. The fabric was evaluated for size add-on, size removal, breaking load and elongation at break.

Field of study: Materials science
Characteristics of changes of electromyogram in the process of tibial anterior muscle figure caused by voluntary motion and induced by electric stimulation

In order to gain an insight into the pattern of changes of excitability of the neuro-muscular system, the authors based their object on 10 healthy males and applied two types of motion forms, namely, muscular contraction with maximum voluntary degree (group V) and muscular contraction induced by electric stimulation (group I), to observes the superficial electromyogram (sEMG) and induced electromyogram (iEMG) of tibial anterior muscle and soleus muscle when tibial anterior muscle fatigued as a result of ankle joint dorsal flexion, and revealed the follow- ing findings: 1) a decreasing trend occurred to the integral quantity and mean frequency of sEMG of testees in groups V and I, and such changes of testees in group I were more obvious; 2) with respect to testees in group I, the Mmax and ratio H/Mmax of tibial anterior muscle (agonist) were significantly lowered, and there was no significant change to the Mmax and ratio H/Mmax of soleus muscle (antagonist) after tibial anterior muscle fatigued; 3) with re- spect to testees in group V, ratio H/Mmax of tibial anterior muscle and soleus muscle was significantly lowered after the occurrence of muscle fatigue, but there was no significant change to the Mmax of both muscles.  When the muscle fatigued, not only the spinal motor neurons of the agonist were restrained, but also the spinal mo- tor neurons of the antagonist were affected similarly, but the said changes were not completely the same due to the difference between muscular contraction modes.

Field of study: Education
A weight-aware channel assignment algorithm for mobile multicast in wireless mesh networks

Wireless mesh networks (WMNs) are one of key technologies for next generation wireless networks. In this paper, we propose a heuristic channel assignment algorithm with weight awareness to support mobile multicast in WMNs. To enhance network throughput, our algorithm is based on the path forwarding weight to perform channel assignment. In addition to non-overlapping channels, partially-overlapping channels are also used in channel assignment. To fully exploit all available channels in channel assignment, we devise a new channel selection metric to consider the channel separation and the distance between nodes. In mobile multicast, the multicast tree structure cannot be fixed due to receiver (multicast member) mobility. The change of the multicast tree structure will result in channel re-assignment. The proposed algorithm is based on a critical-event driven manner to reduce the times of channel re-assignment as much as possible. Finally, we perform simulation experiments to show the effectiveness of the proposed channel assignment algorithm.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Lower-Middle Triassic conodont biostratigraphy of the Mingtang section, Nanpanjiang Basin, South China

The well-exposed stratigraphic sequences on the Great Bank of Guizhou (GBG) in South China provide important information for the understanding of various environmental settings during the Permian-Triassic mass extinction and the subsequent recovery, including one of the oldest Triassic marginal reef complexes, which is viewed as an important indicator of biotic recovery following the end-Permian mass extinction. Here we report a systematic conodont study on a newly exposed Lower-Middle Triassic section, the Mingtang section, at the margin of the GBG to provide more data for the time scale of the post-extinction recovery. Twenty-four species in 11 conodont genera are identified and assigned to Hindeodus parvus , Neoclarkina discreta , Neospathodus dieneri , Novispathodus waageni , Neospathodus triangularis - Triassospathodus homeri , Chiosella timorensis , Nicoraella germanica , and Nicoraella kockeli zones in ascending order. These zones correlate well with the conodont successions in South China and over the world. The Induan-Olenekian boundary can be well defined by the first occurrence of Novispathodus waageni in the lower-middle part of the Luolou Formation, while the Early-Middle Triassic boundary was placed at 0.2 m below the top of the Luolou Formation according to the first occurrence of Chiosella timorensis . These conodont data suggest that the Tubiphytes -reef began to recover in the Bithynian (early Middle Triassic), later than benthonic organisms such as foraminifers and calcareous algae.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Monocyte heterogeneity in angiotensin‐converting enzyme induction mediated by autologous T lymphocytes

The ability of monocyte subpopulations to be induced selectively by T lymphocytes to synthesize enhanced levels of angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE) was examined using an in vitro model employing normal peripheral blood monocytes and T lymphocytes. Separation of monocytes into subpopulations on the basis of buoyant density indicated no difference in the ability of the resulting monocyte subpopulations to produce basal levels of ACE when cultured in the absence of T lymphocytes. However, the subpopulations differed significantly in their ability to synthesize enhanced levels of ACE in response to the presence of autologous T lymphocytes; low‐density monocytes were induced by T lymphocytes to synthesize three‐fold more ACE than were highdensity monocytes. Surface antigen labelling using MoAbs demonstrated that the low‐density monocyte subpopulations also had a significantly higher percentage of Leu‐M2+ monocytes compared with the high‐density monocyte subpopulations. When monocytes were separated on the basis of the presence of the Leu‐M2 antigen using an immune rosetting technique, T lymphocytes were able to induce significantly elevated levels of ACE in the Leu‐M2+ enriched monocyte subpopulation but were unable to induce ACE beyond basal levels in the Leu‐M2+‐depleted monocyte subpopulation. These results demonstrate that monocytes are heterogeneous with respect to their ability to be induced by T lymphocytes to synthesize ACE. This raises the possibility that selective accumulation of a monocyte subpopulation in the granulomatous inflammation of sarcoidosis may be one of the factors required for elevated ACE synthesis in the resulting granuloma epithelioid cells.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Impurity Effects in a Vortex Core in a Chiral p-Wave Superconductor Within the t-Matrix Approximation

We study the effects of non-magnetic impurity scattering on the Andreev bound states (ABS) in an isolated vortex in two-dimensional chiral p-wave superconductors numerically. We incorporate the impurity scattering effects into the quasiclassical Eilenberger formulation through the self-consistent t-matrix approximation. Within this scheme, we calculate the local density of states (LDOS) around two types of vortices: “parallel” (“anti-parallel”) vortex where the phase winding of the pair-potential coming from the vorticity and that coming from the chirality have the same (opposite) sign.When the scattering phase-shift δ0 of each impurity is small, we find that the impurities affect differently the spectra of quasiparticles localized around the two types of vortices in a way similar to that in the Born limit (δ0→0). For a larger δ0(≲π/2), ABS in the vortex is strongly suppressed by the impurities for both types of vortices. We find that there are some correlations between the suppression of ABS near vortex cores and the low energy density of states due to the impurity bands in the bulk.

Field of study: Physics
Relationship between the Size of the Samples and the Interpretation of the Mercury Intrusion Results of an Artificial Sandstone

Mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) measurements are widely used to determine pore throat size distribution (PSD) curves of porous materials. The pore throat size of porous materials has been used to estimate their compressive strength and air permeability. However, the effect of sample size on the determined PSD curves is often overlooked. In pursuit of a better understanding of the effect of sample size on mercury intrusion into porous materials, a combined experimental and numerical approach was applied. Quartz sand and epoxy resin were mixed to form artificial sandstone. Digital microstructures of the sandstone were obtained by using X-ray computed tomography (CT scan) technique. PSD curves of the artificial sandstone with different sample sizes were determined both by MIP measurement and by simulation of mercury intrusion (i.e., MIP simulation). Percolation analysis was performed on mercury-intruded pores in the digital microstructures. The PSD curves determined both by MIP measurements and by MIP simulations show that there was a significant effect of sample size on mercury intrusion before percolation of mercury-intruded pores. The effect of sample size decreased with the increasing pressure. After the mercury-intruded pores percolated through the samples, the effect of sample size on mercury intrusion became minor. The pore throat size of the artificial sandstone was used to estimate the air permeability using the relation proposed in the literature. The calculated air permeability of the smaller sandstone sample was higher. However, in principle, the air permeability of sandstone samples should be independent of the sample size. Two main conclusions can be drawn: (1) a fixed sample size should be used in MIP measurements or MIP simulation so that the PSD curves of different samples can be properly compared, (2) sample size needs to be considered when the pore throat size determined by MIP measurement is used for estimating air permeability.

Field of study: Materials science
Thermal Degradation and Microwave-Assisted Pyrolysis of Green Algae and Cyanobacteria Isolated from the Great Salt Plains

Seven algae strains isolated from the Great Salt Plains of Oklahoma (UTEX SP20, SP22, SP38, SP46, SP47, SP48, and SP50) were examined in this study. Biomass thermal degradation behavior of each strain was evaluated by thermogravimetric analysis. Kinetic parameters were determined using an iso-conversional approach. Algal biomass was used for bio-oil production via microwave-assisted pyrolysis, and the effects of final temperature on product yields and bio-oil composition were evaluated. Thermogravimetric analyses revealed that pyrolysis of algal biomass took place in three stages, with major weight loss occurring at the second stage from around 150°C to 400°C. Biomass of SP38 had the lowest average apparent activation energy (102.8 kJ mol-1), indicating that biomass of SP38 requires the least energy for pyrolysis among the seven strains. SP46 was selected out of the seven strains for microwave-assisted pyrolysis because of its high final biomass concentration and biomass productivity. As the final temperature increased from 450°C to 750°C, the bio-oil yield increased from 4.6% to 22.5% during microwave-assisted pyrolysis of biomass generated by SP46. The major compounds in the bio-oil were acids, aliphatic hydrocarbons, aromatic hydrocarbons, phenols, and organic nitrogen compounds. Microwave-assisted pyrolysis of algal biomass did not produce polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons at temperatures higher than 450°C.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Excursions of adaptive algorithms via the Poisson clumping heuristic

The authors detail the application of the Poisson clumping heuristic (PCH) to the least mean square (LMS) adaptive algorithm and its signed variants. Under certain conditions on the input and disturbance statistics, the parameter estimate errors form a Markov process. The PCH asserts that large excursions of the parameter estimates occur in clumps, and that these clumps are distributed in a Poisson manner with parameter lambda /sub b/, where b is the maximum parameter error. Expressions are derived for each of the four algorithms in the scalar case, which allows calculation of lambda /sub b/ in a relatively straightforward manner. These values are compared to simulations of the algorithms. Given that the results are asymptotic in b, the close agreement between simulated and theoretical values is striking, even for very modest b. The four algorithms are then compared in terms of lambda /sub b/. Some observations are made regarding the relative performance of the four variants. No single LMS variant always outperforms the others. Suggestions are made as to how this technique might be applied in the vector case, and a crucial monotonicity property is verified.

Field of study: Engineering
Room temperature single photon emission from oxidized tungsten disulphide multilayers

Two dimensional systems offer a unique platform to study light matter interaction at the nanoscale. In this work we report on robust quantum emitters fabricated by thermal oxidation of tungsten disulphide multilayers. The emitters show robust, optically stable, linearly polarized luminescence at room temperature, can be modeled using a three level system, and exhibit moderate bunching. Overall, our results provide important insights into understanding of defect formation and quantum emitter activation in 2D materials.

Field of study: Physics