nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The New Sunday: Reregulating Sunday Trading

One of the more contentious issues which Parliament has sought to resolve in recent years is the question of Sunday trading. Should shops be allowed to open on Sundays and, if so, what sort of shops and for how long or should Sunday trading be regulated at all? These questions encapsulate a range of interests, some of which conflict. Thus, any Bill would be obliged to acknowledge the multi-faceted nature of the debate and successfully balance the interests of consumers, shop workers, retailers (large and small), residents close to shopping areas and those that believe Sunday has a special quality which should be preserved through restricted opening hours on Sundays. In short, there is a combination of economic, social and moral issues that form a backdrop to the ideological debate that often surrounds questions of regulation. A government attempt to roll back the frontiers of the state in relation to Sunday trading failed in the mid-1980s.' This defeat, coupled with a long litigation campaign, resulted in the Sunday Trading Act 1994.2 In this paper, I focus on the content and scope of the new statute after taking a brief look at the history surrounding it, notably the interplay of social changes and litigation strategies that led to reform. The paper will examine the way the statute has balanced the different interests of those affected by Sunday trading and concludes with an analysis of how reform is achieved on contentious issues. More broadly, I will examine why this issue proved so contentious and what this tells us about the way multi-faceted agendas can be disguised behind relatively commonplace questions such as the opening hours of shops on Sundays.

Field of study: Law
The global precipitation response to volcanic eruptions in the CMIP5 models

We examine the precipitation response to volcanic eruptions in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) historical simulations compared to three observational datasets, including one with ocean coverage. Global precipitation decreases significantly following eruptions in CMIP5 models, with the largest decrease in wet tropical regions. This also occurs in observational land data, and ocean data in the boreal cold season. Monsoon rainfall decreases following eruptions in both models and observations. In response to individual eruptions, the ITCZ shifts away from the hemisphere with the greater concentration of aerosols in CMIP5. Models undergo a longer-lasting ocean precipitation response than over land, but the response in the short satellite record is too noisy to confirm this. We detect the influence of volcanism on precipitation in all three datasets in the cold season, although the models underestimate the size of the response. In the warm season the volcanic influence is only marginally detectable. S Online supplementary data available from stacks.iop.org/ERL/9/104012/mmedia

Field of study: Environmental science
Ultraviolet spectrophotometric determination of total isoflavones in the stems and leaves of Microcos Paniculata L.

To determine the content of the isoflavones in the stem and leaves of M. Paniculata L. Genistein as the standard, used the ultraviolet spectrophotometric method to determine the content of the isoflavones in the stems and leaves of M. Paniculata L.. The calibration curve was linear (r=0.9993) in the range of 0.0005～0.0045 μg/mL, and the curve was C=0.0039A. The content of stems was about 0.07% and content of leaves was about0.23%. The spectrophotometry is suitable for the determination of isoflavones from the stems and leaves of M. Paniculata L.. This method operated convenientely, the result was stable, and has good repeatability.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Supporting Students' Intentions to Persist in STEM Disciplines: The Role of Living-Learning Programs Among Other Social-Cognitive Factors

Using Social Cognitive Career Theory as a guide, we explored the relationship between students' participation in living-learning programs and their intention to earn a baccalaureate in STEM. We found that STEM-focused programs, in comparison to general forms, held promise in supporting students' intentions to graduate in a STEM field.

Field of study: Education
Ferroelectric nematic liquid crystals: Realizability and molecular constraints.

There is no fundamental reason that fluids should not be ferroelectric. However, the only knownferroelectric fluids are chiral smectic-$C$ liquid crystals and related structures. We examine the possibility that molecules with permanent dipole moments can form a ferroelectric nematic phase, the least ordered conceivable ferroelectric phase. We show that reasonable electric dipole interactions between diskshaped molecules may lead to such a phase, and calculate the phase diagram using mean-field theory. Some constraints on the constituent molecules are discussed.

Field of study: Physics
Frequecy-weighted model reduction via interpolation

We propose a numerical method of the frequency-weighted model reduction. A model to be reduced (an original model) is a stable SISO discrete-time model which is described by high-order state space equations. We design the reduced-order model so that it can interpolate 1st and 2nd-order information of the original model at complex frequency points (interpolation points) in the unit circle. The characteristics of the reduced-order model greatly depend on the choice of the interpolation points. The proposed model reduction method is a numerical one which chooses the interpolation points by searching in the unit circle to find the reduced-order model such that Lam,-norm of the reduction error is less than a prescribed value. This method has the following features, which shows that it is an effective numerical method of the frequency-weighted model reduction. i) The reduced-order model is guaranteed to be stable. ii) The procedure of finding the reduced-order model is simple and requires relatively a small amount of computation. iii) The order of the reduced-order model can be controlled by choosing the number of the interpolation points.

Field of study: Computer science
MECHANICAL ANALYSIS ON THE COVER THICKNESS OF STEEL REINFORCED RECYCLED CONCRETE COLUMN

According to the damage characteristics of steel reinforced recycled concrete columns and the material properties of recycled concrete,by means of the elastoplastic theory of a plate,the minimum cover thickness at which the instability does not occur in the compression zone of a steel reinforced recycled concrete column was theoretically analyzed in this paper.Meanwhile,from the view of recycled concrete cover cracking,according to the force diffusion theory and a tensile damage model,the calculation method of cracking cover thickness for a steel reinforced recycled concrete column was analyzed.It is shown that the cover thickness of a steel reinforced recycled concrete column is dependent on the recycled concrete strength grades,column high of steel reinforced recycled concrete,steel flange width,replacement rate of recycled aggregate.

Field of study: Engineering
Diagenetic and thermal history of the Jurassic-Tertiary succession of the Zagros Mountains in the Dezful Embayment (SW Iran): constraints from fluid inclusions

To constraint the diagenetic and thermal history in the Mesozoic-Tertiary succession of the Zagros Fold-Belt, a study was performed on fluid inclusions trapped in intergranular, vug, and fracture-filling cements in Jurassic to Miocene outcrop samples collected along the Anneh and Fahliyan Valleys of Khuzestan Province, southwest Iran. Petrographic observations showed at least two systems of fractures that postdate intergranular cementation. Two different types of oil-filled fluid inclusions occur in the intergranular cements and in the first fracture network, but they are absent in the second fracture network. Microthermometry of fluid inclusions was used to determine the temperature and salinity of fluids responsible for mineral precipitation. Within intergranular cements and calcite fillings the oldest fractures, precipitation occurred from high saline fluids in a temperature range of 60–120°C, depending on the stratigraphic depth. The strong correlation between fluid inclusions temperature and stratigraphic depth suggests that the intergranular cementation and the first fracture-filling event occurred prior to structural deformation. Furthermore, this correlation indicates a relatively constant paleogeothermal gradient at the time of cement precipitation of about 28°C/Km. On the contrary, fluid inclusions trapped in cements within the second fracture network lack oil and contain freshwater trapped at low temperatures that do not correlate to the stratigraphic position. This suggests second fracturing event occurred after oil migration and during or after deformation of the Zagros Fold-Belt, when the samples were in a near-surface position.

Field of study: Environmental science
On the Adaptability of Politeness

The adaptability of politeness is proved by the analysis from the aspects of contextual correlation of adaptability, structural objects of adaptability, the dynamics of adaptability and the salience of adaptation process: interlocutors always adapt their politeness strategies to the dynamic context in order to be polite in communication. The weakness of the politeness principle is due to the ignorance of the adaptability of politeness.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Search for Agrochemical and Heavy Metal Tolerant Strains of Pseudomonas fluorescens and Rhizobium

Fifty Pseudomonas fluorescens (Pf) and 28 Rhizobium strains were isolated from rhizospheric soil and root nodules of pigeonpea, biochemically characterized and tested for their tolerance to fungicides, insecticides and heavy metals under in vitro conditions. Among fungicides tested, only carbendazim showed compatibility to all P. fluorescens strains, and Rhizobium strains were tolerant to all the fungicides and insecticides. Lead nitrate was compatible with all P. fluorescens and Rhizobium strains. Maximum number (37) of Pf strains was sensitive to cobalt chloride hexahydrate and nickel chloride, while Rhizobium strains (26) were highly sensitive. Hence, well characterized agrochemical and heavy metal compatible P. fluorescens and Rhizobium strains can be combined with biocontrol agents as a seed treatment or soil application for the management of soil or seed borne diseases.

Field of study: Biology
Are non-equilibrium Bose-Einstein condensates superfluid?

We theoretically study the superfluidity properties of a non-equilibrium Bose-Einstein condensate of exciton-polaritons in a semiconductor microcavity. The dynamics of the condensate is described at mean-field level in terms of a modified Complex Ginzburg Landau equation. A generalized Landau criterion is formulated which estimates the onset of the drag force on a small moving defect. Metastability of supercurrents in multiply connected geometries persists up to higher flow speeds.

Field of study: Physics
Vulnera diligentis. Benedetto Luschino , Stefano Dall'Aglio

ondary sources extensively. She has read widely in both French and Italian, though her grasp of English-language scholarship is much more limited. Her citations often pop up in the middle of a sentence, which can be distracting. Chapter 2 summarizes Dominici's biography and his activities as a preacher, writer, diplomat, and pedagogue. Battista successfully delineates the major differences between Dominici and the humanists with regard to education, including the preacher's emphasis upon the importance of religious instruction at home. Comparisons between Dominici and other humanist educators (L.B. Alberti, Maffeo Vegio, and Giovanni Conversini) are useful, but I was surprised that she never cites any of the original sources, instead relying heavily upon Eugenio Garin's work. Here as elsewhere, Battista demonstrates a talent for synthesis and comparison rather than for original discovery. Chapters 3 and 4 consist of a close reading of the Regola. Dominici subdivided his ideas on education into five parts, declaring that children should be instructed about God, obedience, liberty, patriotism, and adversity. The fundamental principle that parents must instill is fear and love of God, to be accomplished through study and moral training. Dominici describes a series of activities that children can engage in, including "liturgical games" where they practice setting up an altar. He further explains the importance of instilling proper habits in children from an early age. In short, Dominici outlines a practical program that stresses Christian morality, civic virtue, and obedience to authority. He is not concerned so much with details of curriculum and intellectual instruction as with the preparation of a child's soul. The fifth and final chapter of the book compares Dominici's pedagogy with that of Maria Montessori. Battista argues that both Dominici and Montessori were pioneers in their efforts to promote child-centric education. Both emphasized the importance of experiential education and tactile sensation for children, as well as a thorough grounding in religion and charity. Despite the praise of Christiane Klapisch-Zuber, which appears in a brief introduction to the book, I found the comparison to be only mildly helpful. Battista does summarize the views of Dominici and Montessori, but she provides little explicit comparison between the two. In the appendix, the author has included a photostat of a sixteenth-century copy of the Regola from the Vatican Library. Also included in the appendix is a transcription of book 4 of the Regola (based on the 1860 edition), which is useful for quick reference. CHRISTOPHER CARLSMITH University of Massachusetts, Lowell

Field of study: History
MEASUREMENT OF MEAN ACTIVITY COEFFICIENTS OF NaCl IN POLYELECTROLYTE SOLUTIONS

Electromotive force measurements of the cell, Na-ISE|polyelectrolyte( m p(mono) ),NaCl( m a)|AgCl,Ag,are carried out at the different molalities of NaCl in aqueous poly(diallydimethylammonium chloride)(PDADMAC)and poly(anetholesulfonic acid, sodium salt)(PAS) solutions at 308.15 K. The mean activity coefficients of NaCl in aqueous polyelectrolyte solutions are determined by using the standard cell potential which are obtained from the measurements of the electromotive force of cell,Na-ISE| NaCl( m )|AgCl, Ag, combining with the Pitzer model for electrolyte solution.At different concentrations of PDADMAC solution, the mean activity coefficients of NaCl decrease monotonically as the concentrations of NaCl increase.However, for the aqueous solutions of PAS, there is a maximum value as the concentrations of NaCl increase.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Magnetron sputtering growth and characterization of high quality single crystal Ga-doped n-ZnO thin films

Ga-doped n-type ZnO (ZnO:Ga) films were grown on sapphire substrates by rf magnetron sputtering and their structural, electrical and optical properties were characterized in detail. It was observed that high quality single crystal ZnO:Ga films are obtained, containing up to 1 wt% of Ga. The ZnO:Ga (1 wt%) films grown at 700 ?C in pure O2 showed sharp and intense photoluminescence (PL) and high resolution x-ray diffraction (XRD) peaks, with full-width-at-half-maximum values of 150 meV (room temperature PL), 24 meV (12 K PL) and 380 arcsec (XRD), which is slightly better than or comparable with corresponding values from the previously reported ZnO:Ga films. Electrical properties of ZnO:Ga films significantly improved after the rapid thermal processing, resulting in 2.6 ? 1019 cm?3 free electron density and 47 cm2 V?1 s?1 mobility after annealing at 900 ?C in the case of 1 wt% film. The intensity of the PL peaks was also enhanced by the heat treatment.

Field of study: Materials science
Management of recurrent epididymitis in children: application of neurovascular sparing vas clipping in refractory cases.

To investigate the efficacy of therapeutic methods for recurrent epididymitis and neurovascular sparing vas clipping in refractory cases.



Fifteen boys with recurrent epididymitis were enrolled: the first group (9) with primary structural anomalies and the second group (6) with voiding dysfunction without structural anomalies. Median age was 4 (29 months to 7 years) and 4.5 (6 months to 11 years) years, respectively. Mean follow up was 7.5 (2-11) and 5.2 (3.5-8) years, respectively.



Urethrovasal reflux was detected in all patients of the first group except one. Endoscopic injection of bulking agent was successfully applied in three patients with no recurrent epididymitis. No further episodes of epididymitis were reported after valve ablation or clean intermittent catheterization. In four non-responders, vas clipping was successfully undertaken. Voiding dysfunction was the possible etiology of epididymitis but with no obvious urethrovasal reflux in the second group. No further episodes of epididymitis occurred using bladder retraining and medications for detrusor and sphincter relaxation.



The results suggest that neurovascular sparing vas clipping can be used effectively in children with structural anomalies and urethrovasal reflux who have developed intractable epididymitis.

Field of study: Medicine
Co-benefits of global, domestic, and sectoral greenhouse gas mitigation for US air quality and human health in 2050.

Reductions in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions can bring ancillary benefits of improved air quality and reduced premature mortality, in addition to slowing climate change. Here we study the co-benefits of global and domestic GHG mitigation on US air quality and human health in 2050 at fine resolution using dynamical downscaling of meteorology and air quality from global simulations to the continental US, and quantify for the first time the co-benefits from foreign GHG mitigation. Relative to the reference scenario from which RCP4.5 was created, global GHG reductions in RCP4.5 avoid 16000 PM2.5-related all-cause deaths yr-1 (90% confidence interval, 11700-20300), and 8000 (3600-12400) O3-related respiratory deaths yr-1 in the US in 2050. Foreign GHG mitigation avoids 15% and 62% of PM2.5- and O3-related total avoided deaths, highlighting the importance of foreign mitigation for US health. GHG mitigation in the US residential sector brings the largest co-benefits for PM2.5-related deaths (21% of total domestic co-benefits), and industry for O3 (17%). Monetized benefits for avoided deaths from ozone and PM2.5 are $137 ($87-187) per ton CO2 at high valuation and $45 ($29-62) at low valuation, of which 31% are from foreign GHG reductions. These benefits likely exceed the marginal cost of GHG reductions in 2050. The US gains significantly greater air quality and health co-benefits when its GHG emission reductions are concurrent with reductions in other nations. Similarly, previous studies estimating co-benefits locally or regionally may greatly underestimate the full co-benefits of coordinated global actions.

Field of study: Environmental science
The Structure Analysis of Chinese Medical Equipment Market

Chinese medical equipment industries are switching from traditional manufacture to high-tech development. Strategy of multiple demands, fierce competition between industries and capital resource promote industry consolidation. In the process of comprehensive and professional development, it is a trend that Chinese medical instrument enterprises will emerge into several industry giants. Strategic positioning is decisive for the future development. The three patterns of development recommended by this paper include focusing on market segments, focusing on emerging and becoming comprehensive giants and focusing on science and technology.

Field of study: Engineering
ISNP/GNEIS Facility in Gatchina for Neutron Testing With Atmospheric-Like Spectrum

A description of the testing facility ISNP with spectrum resembling that of terrestrial neutron radiation developed at the PNPI (Gatchina) is given. A broad spectrum (1-1000 MeV) spallation neutron source of the facility with a neutron flux of 4 · 105 n/(cm2·s) is used for accelerated soft error testing. High-quality collimation of the neutron beam in conjunction with the TOF-technique enables to carry out precise and reliable monitoring of the neutron beam. The results of recent tests carried out at the ISNP by the Branch of JSC “URSC” - “ISDE” (Moscow) are presented.

Field of study: Physics
Multi-population Evolutionary Algorithm with Forecast Scheme in Dynamic Environment

Forecast scheme is introduced in dynamic optimization algorithms research,and a new multi-population evolutionary algorithm with forecast scheme is proposed.The useful environmental information is stored for building a forecast model,the forecast model is applied to providing prejudges information to algorithm when the environment changes.The algorithm uses multi-population approach named self-organizing scouts;a number of smaller sub-populations are used to track the most promising sub region of search over time,while a larger main-population is continuously global searching for determine new sub search space.In this paper,we discuss principally the adapting adjustment of sub reach spaces,the crowding operation between different sub-populations and the building method of forecast model.The computation results indicate that the new algorithm has the approving performance in dealing the dynamic optimization problems.

Field of study: Computer science
Characterization of an antigen defined by monoclonal antibody KMO1.

We have isolated an antigen defined by the monoclonal antibody KMO1 from tissue culture supernatant as a glycoprotein and from cancer cells as a glycolipid. The antigenic determinant was a carbohydrate. Antibody KMO1 inhibited the binding activity of 19-9 to CA19-9, but 19-9 antibody did not inhibited the binding activity of KMO1 to KMO1 antigen. The glycolipid antigen of KMO1 was a monosialoganglioside and was separated into 3 components on thin layer chromatography. The 19-9 antibody reacted with one of the components. These results suggest that the KMO1 antigen is similar to but not identical to CA19-9.

Field of study: Biology
Protected areas in marine resource management: another look at the economics and research issues

This paper reviews the research to date that relates to the economics of marine protected areas (MPAs). A special effort is made to examine the evidence on the benefits and costs of MPAs in terms of consumptive and nonconsumptive marine resource interests. General observations are made regarding the net effects of MPAs on these two stakeholder categories and the potential institutional costs of MPA implementation are highlighted. In general, the review finds that the empirical research on the economics of MPAs is limited and that there are several issues that might merit further investigation. The researchable topics are suggested as a way to better understand the socioeconomic impacts of MPAs and the potential response of stakeholders to proposed protected areas.

Field of study: Environmental science
Laser-induced effects on the electronic features of graphene nanoribbons

We study the interplay between lateral confinement and photon-induced processes on the electronic properties of illuminated graphene nanoribbons. We find that by tuning the device setup (edges geometries, ribbon width, and polarization direction), a laser with frequency Ω may either not affect the electronic structure, or induce bandgaps or depletions at ±ℏΩ/2, and/or at other energies not commensurate with half the photon energy. Similar features are also observed in the dc conductance, suggesting the use of the polarization direction to switch on and off the graphene device. Our results could guide the design of novel types of optoelectronic nano-devices.

Field of study: Physics