nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Simultaneous Determination of Fourteen Verterinary Antibiotics in Animal Manure Using Solid Phase Extraction and Liquid Chromatography

A method for the simultaneous determination of fourteen antibiotics in animal manure was studied and the parameters of accelerated solvent extraction(ACE),programs of solid phase extraction(SPE) and HPLC detection conditions were optimized.Fourteen antibiotics had been separated at the baseline on a C18 column at the wavelength of 270 nm after eluted by 1% acetate solution(pH=2.6) and acetonitrile.The limits of detection for tetracyclines(TCs),sulfonamides(SAs),fluoroquinolones(FQs) and tylosin(TYL) were 35-90 μg/kg,12-28 μg/kg,9-17μg/kg and 19 μg/kg,respectively.After extracted by buffer solution of 50% methanol,then enriched and cleaned-up by HLB,the recoveries of antibiotics(at the concentration of 1 μg/g and 10 μg/g) in manure were 58%-75% and 66%-83%,4%-93% and 91%-101%,74%-80% and 80%-88%,85% and 68% for TCs,SAs,FQs and TYL,respectively.The method was applied to determine fourteen antibiotics in animal manure samples collected from Liaoning Province.TCs,SAs,FQs and TYL were all detected in these manure samples and the concentrations were in the range of 0.75-22.34 mg/kg,0.10-1.71 mg/kg,0.38-4.46 mg/kg and 0.23-0.35 mg/kg,respectively.

Field of study: Chemistry
Forecasting with Limited Information: ARIMA Models of the Trailer on Flatcar Transportation Market

This paper evaluates the appropriateness of autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) time-series models for forecasting in information-scarce environments. Such environments are defined and a specific transportation sector example examined. It is shown that ARIMA models adequately characterize economic activity in this example. ARIMA model forecasts are seen to dominate alternative models, and to provide information required for market efficiency. Specific attention is focused on a procedure for isolating potential model misspecification and on the need for post-sample forecast quality analysis.

Field of study: Mathematics
The role of beliefs, expectations and values in decision-making favoring climate change adaptation—implications for communications with European forest professionals

Beliefs, expectations and values are often assumed to drive decisions about climate change adaptation. We tested hypotheses based on this assumption using survey responses from 508 European forest professionals in 10 countries. We used the survey results to identify communication needs and the decision strategies at play, and to develop guidelines on adequate communications about climate change adaptation. We observed polarization in the positive and negative values associated with climate change impacts accepted by survey respondents. We identified a mechanism creating the polarization that we call the 'blocked belief' effect. We found that polarized values did not correlate with decisions about climate change adaptation. Strong belief in the local impacts of climate change on the forest was, however, a prerequisite of decision-making favoring adaptation. Decision-making in favor of adaptation to climate change also correlated with net values of expected specific impacts on the forest and generally increased with the absolute value of these in the absence of "tipping point" behavior. Tipping point behavior occurs when adaptation is not pursued in spite of the strongly negative or positive net value of expected climate change impacts. We observed negative and positive tipping point behavior, mainly in SW Europe and N-NE Europe, respectively. In addition we found that advice on effective adaptation may inhibit adaptation when the receiver is aware of effective adaptation measures unless it is balanced with information explaining how climate change leads to negative impacts. Forest professionals with weak expectations of impacts require communications on climate change and its impacts on forests before any advice on adaptation measures can be effective. We develop evidence-based guidelines on communications using a new methodology which includes Bayesian machine learning modeling of the equivalent of an expected utility function for the adaptation decision problem.

Field of study: Environmental science
Simple and integrated heuristic algorithms for scheduling tasks with time and resource constraints

We consider the problem of scheduling a set of n tasks in a system having r resources. Each task has an arbitrary, but known, processing time and a deadline, and may request use of a number of resources. A resource can be used either in shared mode or exclusive mode. In this article, we study algorithms used for determining whether or not a set of tasks is schedulable in such a system, and if so, determining a schedule for it. This scheduling problem is known to be NPcomplete and hence we methodically study a set of heuristics that can be used by such an algorithm. Due to the complexity of the problem, simple heuristics do not perform satisfactorily. However, an algorithm that uses combinations of these simple heuristics works very well compared to an optimal algorithm that takes exponential time complexity. For the combination that performs the best, we also determine the scheduling costs as a function of the size of the task set scheduled.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Marginal zone of the murine spleen in autotransplants: functional and histological observations in the response against a thymus-independent type 2 antigen.

Splenic tissue from mice was autotransplanted; after initial necrosis, a rapid restoration of implants into a structure histologically indistinguishable from splenic tissue was observed. The development of the marginal zone in these autotransplants, as determined with monoclonal antibodies against different splenic cell types and routine histological stains, was compared with the local and systemic response against a thymus-independent (TI) type 2 antigen. Full restoration of time course and peak of anti-trinitrophenyl (TNP) serum titres against TNP-Ficoll was observed at 4 weeks after autotransplantation. Anti-TNP antibody-forming cells were observed in subnormal and normal numbers in 2- and 4-week old autotransplants, respectively. The appearance of normal numbers of antibody-forming cells, and the restoration of antibody titres at week 4 correlated with the return of newly formed B cells in a normal marginal zone. An unexpected observation was that marginal zone macrophages did not return until 10 weeks after transplantation, thereby making the necessity for these cells in the normal TI-2 response unlikely. We conclude that normal anti-TI-2 responses (onset and peak titres) can be restored by autotransplantation of splenic tissue. B cells and marginal zone organization are responsible for this response, for which marginal zone macrophages seem expendable. The partial protection against overwhelming post-splenectomy infections, given by autotransplants, can thus be explained by restorative capabilities of these implants on antigen presentation and antibody formation against TI-2 antigens, and not by an increase (compared with splenectomized individuals) of phagocytosis by marginal zone macrophages.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Resolution of 2D Currents in Superconductors from a 2D magnetic field measurement by the Method of Regularization

The problem of reconstructing a two-dimensional (2D) current distribution from a 2D magnetic field measurement is recognized as a first-kind integral equation and resolved using the method of Regularization. Regularization directly addresses the inherent instability of this inversion problem for non-exact (noisy) data, and performance of the technique is evaluated for data with varying amounts of added noise. Comparisons are made to other methods, and the advantage of the present method is demonstrated through its ability to achieve a better regularizing (noise filtering) effect while also employing the generalized-cross validation (GCV) method to choose the optimal regularization parameter from the data, without detailed knowledge of the true (and generally unknown) solution. Examples are given for both slab and thin film geometries, relevant for application to high temperature superconducting thin films and BiSrCaCuO (BSCCO) tapes respectively.

Field of study: Physics
A functoriality principle for blocks of p-adic linear groups

Bernstein blocks of complex representations of p-adic reductive groups have been computed in a large amount of examples, in part thanks to the theory of types a la Bushnell and Kutzko. The output of these purely representation-theoretic computations is that many of these blocks are equivalent. The motto of this paper is that most of these coincidences are explained, and many more can be predicted, by a functoriality principle involving dual groups. We prove a precise statement for groups related to GL n , and then state conjectural generalizations in two directions : more general reductive groups and/or integral l-adic representations.

Field of study: Mathematics
Heterosynaptic long-term facilitation of sensory-evoked responses in the auditory cortex by stimulation of the magnocellular medial geniculate body in guinea pigs.

The magnocellular nucleus of the medial geniculate body (MGm) develops physiological plasticity during classical conditioning and may be involved in learning-induced receptive field plasticity in the auditory cortex. To determine the ability of the MGm to produce long-term modification of evoked activity in the auditory cortex, the experimenters paired electrical stimulation of the MGm with preceding clicks in adult guinea pigs under barbiturate anesthesia. The amplitudes of average click-evoked potentials were significantly facilitated in all subjects. Facilitation endured for 2 hr, the maximum duration of recording. Sham-stimulated control guinea pigs did not develop facilitation. Thus, a nonlemniscal thalamic sensory nucleus can produce enduring facilitation of sensory-evoked activity in primary sensory cortex, suggesting that long-term physiological plasticity in the sensory cortex during learning may involve nonlemniscal thalamic mechanisms.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Mechanisms of immunity to leishmaniasis III. The development and decay of resistance during metastatic disease.

The development and decay of systemic resistance has been examined in guinea-pigs with progressive metastatic leishmaniasis. Adoptive cell transfer experiments have revealed that a T cell-mediated immune response develops 2 weeks after infection and confers a strong resistance to challenge on these animals which is expressed up to 5 weeks after initiation of infection. Beyond this time a decay of this resistance occurred. Loss of the ability to resist a challenge infection was not associated with a reduction in serum antibody levels which remained high in animals expressing no systemic resistance. Furthermore, cellular resistance could not be re-established in these animals by the infusion of immune lymphocytes from resistant donors. An examination of macrophage microbicidal capacity within metastatic and primary lesions revealed that progressive disease is associated with local suppression of macrophage effector function.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
The negative of Lamivudine on HBV-DNA in PBMC and its inducement effect against cytokine

To study the therapeutic effect of Lamivudine on the negative effect of HBV-DNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells(PBMC) and serum and the level of cytokines in serum of the patients with chronic hepatitis B.Methods The total of 81 patients were divided into two groups(A=47, B=34), and treated by Lamivudine, routine medicine, respectively. The levels of HBV-DNA in PBMC and serum and cytokines were all detected before and after treatment. After the treatment of Lamivudine for 36 weeks, the total negative conversion rates of HBV-DNA in PBMC and serum of the patients treated with Lamivudine were 55.32%(26/47) and 61.70%(29/47), respectively. The total negative conversion rates of HBV-DNA in PBMC and serum of the patients treated by routine medicine were 26.47%(9/34) and 32.35%(11/34), respectively. There was significant difference between in Lamivudine group and in routine medicine group(P0.01). The negative rates of HBeAg in serum of the patients were 46.81%(22/47) and 68.09%(32/47) at end of 12 weeks and 24 weeks, and were higher than those of routine medicine group(P0.05 and P0.01). The levels of ALT, AST, ALT/AST in serum of the patients after being treated by Lamivudine and routine medicine were down-regulated to (30.1±9.6) U/ml, (32.3±10.7) U/ml, 0.9±0.1 and (48.4±10.7) U/ml, (44.7±11.0) U/ml, 1.1±0.2. After the analysis of variance, the high significant difference was obvious between two groups(P0.01). It was in factor that the high level of IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α in chronic hepatitis B could be down-regulated to (250.5±33.3) pg/ml, (153.4±22.2) pg/ml, (232.6±21.2) pg/ml by Lamivudine, which was more obvious than that of routine medicine (P0.01).  Lamivudine has high therapeutic effect on the treatment of HBV-DNA in PBMC and serum and has better therapeutic effect than that of routine therapy. Lamivudine may also have higher down-regulate inflammatory infiltration and secretion in local site caused by chemotactic cytokines and promotional effect on the recovery of liver function.

Field of study: Biology
Exchange of carbon dioxide between vegetation and the atmosphere

Carbon dioxide is transported from the atmosphere to leaf surfaces very efficiently, and atmospheric diffusion resistances rarely affect photo-synthetic rates by more than 10%. The largest single resistance is in the boundary layer of individual leaves, and this is a well-known function of leaf size, wind speed, and leaf to air temperature difference. For uniform vegetative canopies a fully turbulent boundary layer exists above; this layer is also well understood and well-proven equations can be used to relate the carbon dioxide flux to the concentration gradient. Transport in the air within and just above vegetative canopies is less well understood. Turbulent diffusion theory has been shown to be inadequate, and consequently the diffusion resistance analogy cannot be used. Recent work, however, shows that Lagrangian theories of dispersion offer an alternative and more accurate description of transport within canopies.

Field of study: Environmental science
Hall conductance of two-band systems in a quantized field

Kubo formula gives a linear response of a quantum system to external fields, which are classical and weak with respect to the energy of the system. In this work, we take the quantum nature of the external field into account, and define a Hall conductance to characterize the linear response of a two-band system to the quantized field. The theory is then applied to topological insulators. Comparisons with the traditional Hall conductance are presented and discussed.

Field of study: Physics
Fast Integral Projection Algorithm

Integral projection is a basic method in image analysis.The traditional integral projection algorithm is developed using the pixel representation.In this paper,a fast integral projection algorithm based on the non-symmetry and anti-packing pattern representation model(NAM)is proposed.Image processing using the NAM representation performs more quickly because it permits the execution of operations on image blocks instead of image points.The theoretical and experimental results show that significant improvement is obtained with the algorithm using the NAM representation over the pixel representation along all projection directions.

Field of study: Computer science
Conflict and Coordination between Marital Privacy and Right to Know

The second clause of Tort Law formally establishes the independent status of the right of privacy.These two rights,the right to know and the right of privacy within marriage,as independent personality right,conflict inevitably.The conflict occurs mainly in the case of extramarital love,case-dough,pre-marital love,or physical health,etc.When coordinating this conflict,we should adhere to the principle of coordination and tolerance,human dignity,legal and social effects in unity.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Factor affecting the cooling rate of lettuce in vacuum cooling installations

Commercial-scale experiments carried out during the last five years have shown that the cooling time of a head of lettuce, wrapped in PVC film and packed in a carton, can vary from 25 to 65 min, depending on the design of the vacuum installation. Experiments were, therefore, carried out with a commercial four pallet vacuum cooler, provided in accordance with the requirements of the Agricultural Engineering Institute, with three vacuum pumps and two compressors. The influence of pumping speed, cooling unit capacity and initial temperature on the cooling time and on the final temperature of lettuce leaves and butts was investigated. The results were compared with the cooling rate obtained with other vacuum cooling installations. Design data are proposed.

Field of study: Engineering
Note on the Concept Assessment Kit—Conservation

The Concept Assessment Kit-Conservation (Goldschmid & Bender, 1968) was devcloped to measure Piagetian conservation behavior in children and is composed of six tasks, tach measuring a different type of conservation: two-dimensional space, number, substance, continuous quantity, weight, and discontinuous quantity. Each task has two parts, one of which is termed behavioral, i.e., the child indicates his judgment of equaliry or inequality of the materials, and the other is called explanatory, i.e., the child gives a reason for his judgment. One point is given for each correct response, yielding a maximum possible score of 12 (6 for behavior and 6 for explanation). The materials used for the six tasks include wooden blocks (two-dimensional space), red and white poker chips (number), Play-Doh (substance and weight), water in beakers (continuous quantity), and corn seeds in beakers (discontinuous quantity).

Field of study: Psychology
The Spirit Is Willing, But the Flesh is Weak: Why Young People Drink More Than Intended on Weekend Nights—An Event‐Level Study

Heavy alcohol use is common among young adults on weekend nights and is assumed to be intentional. However, little is known about the extent to which heavy consumption is planned prior to the onset of drinking and what factors contribute to drinking more than intended. This study investigates drinking intentions at the beginning of an evening and individual and situational factors associated with a subsequent consumption over the course of multiple nights.



Using a smartphone application, 176 young people aged 16 to 25 (mean age = 19.1; 49% women) completed questionnaires on drinking intentions, consumption, and drinking environments before, during, and after multiple Friday and Saturday nights (n = 757). Multilevel regressions were used to investigate individual-level and night-level factors associated with previous drinking intentions and subsequent deviations from intentions.



Participants intended to consume 2.5 drinks (SD = 2.8) per night yet consumed 3.8 drinks (SD = 3.9) on average. Drinking intentions were higher among those who frequently went out at night and engaged in more frequent predrinking. Participants drank more than intended on 361 nights (47.7%). For both genders, the number of drinks consumed before 8 pm, attending multiple locations, and being with larger groups of friends contributed to higher consumption than intended at the individual and the night levels. Heavier consumption than intended also occurred when drinking away from home for men and when going to nightclubs for women.



Making young adults aware of the tendency to drink more than intended, particularly when drinking begins early in the evening, moves from location to location, and includes large groups of friends, may be a fruitful prevention target. Structural measures, including responsible beverage service, may also help in preventing excessive drinking at multiple locations.

Field of study: Medicine
Asymptotics of the finite-time ruin probability of dependent risk model perturbed by diffusion with a constant interest rate

This paper considers a dependent risk model perturbed by diffusion with a constant interest rate, in which the claim sizes and the inter-arrival times have some dependence structures. When the claim sizes have a dominated varying-tailed distribution, the asymptotics of the finite-time ruin probability of the risk model have been obtained, which shows that the asymptotics of the finite-time ruin probability is insensitive to the perturbed term.

Field of study: Mathematics
Pseudoneglect and embryonic light stimulation in the avian brain.

A bias to allocate attention to the left hemispace, similar to the well-known pseudoneglect phenomenon shown by humans, has been recently reported in domestic chicks and other species of birds. Asymmetrical light exposure of the embryo of the domestic chick in a critical period before hatching is known to be responsible for a structural asymmetry in the visual ascending projections of the thalamofugal pathway and for lateralization of some visual behaviors. Thus the animal model provided by the chick makes possible investigation of the prenatal factors that may influence asymmetry in spatial attention. Here chicks coming from eggs exposed to light (light incubated, Li-chicks) and chicks incubated in darkness (dark incubated, Di-chicks) were tested in a task in which they were required to explore an area in front of them and to sample grains of food. The results showed that Li-chicks attended more to target stimuli located in the left hemispace, whereas no asymmetry was shown by Di-chicks. When grains of food were presented with small novel pebbles as distractors, both Li- and Di-chicks tended to allocate attention toward the left hemispace. When, however, chicks were tested after familiarization with pebbles, no bias was shown by either Li- and Di-chicks. Hence it seems that cerebral lateralization associated with right hemispheric involvement in response to novelty, interacts with the modulatory effect of asymmetric embryonic light stimulation on preferential allocation of spatial attention in the left hemispace (right hemisphere) and right eye (left hemisphere) control of visual discrimination during feeding.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology