nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Knowledge of primary health care workers regarding HbA 1c as a diagnostic and monitoring test for type 2 diabetes mellitus

In 2010, the American Diabetes Association adopted the use of the Glycosylated hemoglobin (A1C) test to diagnose diabetes, with a threshold of ≥6.5%.  The aims of this study was to evaluate physicians’ knowledge regarding A1C as a diagnostic and monitoring test for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) in primary health care (PHC) centers in Kuwait.  This study was a cross-sectional survey that was conducted in Capital PHC centers in Kuwait using a selfadministered questionnaire that was distributed to all currently working physicians in the selected centers. Beside personal characteristics and working conditions, the questionnaire included 10 questions that were related to monitoring value of A1C and 10 questions related to its diagnostic value.  The response rate in this survey was 69.9%. The median of the overall knowledge score related to diagnostic value of Hb AC1 was three out of ten while this for monitoring value was 6 out of ten. Higher median knowledge scores of diagnostic value of A1C were significantly encountered among those who had any certificate in diabetes, specialized course or lectures in diabetes, those who were aware of general diabetes management and ADA 2010 guidelines and those who requesting A1C to diagnose new diabetic patients .  The results showed that physicians’ knowledge and awareness about A1C as a diagnostic test were much lower than that about its monitoring value of T2D.

Field of study: Medicine
Evidence for Skyrmions in the High-Temperature Superconductors

We claim that the charge density wave recently found by resonant soft X-ray scattering in layered copper oxides is the tetragonal symmetry defined by the distance between neighboring Cu3+ ions in the CuO2 layer that determines the critical temperature. We find evidence that this tetragonal symmetry is a skyrmionic state, which is responsible for an unusual magnetic order and charge flow in the layers that leads to the breaking of the time reversal symmetry below the pseudogap line. The core of the skyrmions form pockets of local magnetic field piercing the superconducting layers in opposite direction to the rest of the unit cell.

Field of study: Physics
Novel π-electron systems derived from silicon-containing macrocyclic polyacetylenes

Disilmethylene bridged cyclic Iriacetylene and tetraacetylene are prepared and subjected the transition metal complex mediated reactions. In particular, the reaction with (cyc1opentadienyl)txicarbonylmanganese gave a variety of cross-conjugated systems such as lulvene, dimethylenecyclobutene, trimethylenecyclopenkne and radialene. Structures and reactions of these interesting x-electron systems are described. Dianions derived from these systems are also discussed briefly.

Field of study: Chemistry
Altered cell wall properties are responsible for ammonium-reduced aluminium accumulation in rice roots.

The phytotoxicity of aluminium (Al) ions can be alleviated by ammonium (NH4(+)) in rice and this effect has been attributed to the decreased Al accumulation in the roots. Here, the effects of different nitrogen forms on cell wall properties were compared in two rice cultivars differing in Al tolerance. An in vitro Al-binding assay revealed that neither NH4(+) nor NO3(-) altered the Al-binding capacity of cell walls, which were extracted from plants not previously exposed to N sources. However, cell walls extracted from NH4(+)-supplied roots displayed lower Al-binding capacity than those from NO3(-)-supplied roots when grown in non-buffered solutions. Fourier-transform infrared microspectroscopy analysis revealed that, compared with NO3(-)-supplied roots, NH4(+)-supplied roots possessed fewer Al-binding groups (-OH and COO-) and lower contents of pectin and hemicellulose. However, when grown in pH-buffered solutions, these differences in the cell wall properties were not observed. Further analysis showed that the Al-binding capacity and properties of cell walls were also altered by pHs alone. Taken together, our results indicate that the NH4(+)-reduced Al accumulation was attributed to the altered cell wall properties triggered by pH decrease due to NH4(+) uptake rather than direct competition for the cell wall binding sites between Al(3+) and NH4(+).

Field of study: Environmental science
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF A REDUCING PRESSURE DROP STICK IN A CYCLONE BY PIV

The turbulent flow field in a Stairmand cyclone separator with and without a reducing pressure drop stick(Repds) was measured with PIV(particle image velocimetry).The velocity,turbulence intensity and Reynolds stresses were obtained.The comparison of these parameters with and without the stick showed that the Repds reduced the swirl kinetic energy and turbulent intensity in the vortex central region of the cyclone.The mechanism of the pressure drop reducing by the Repds was discussed thoroughly.

Field of study: Engineering
Thinking Strategically in Federal Policy: Defining the Attributes of High‐level Policies

Governments frequently develop policies that are strategic in nature. Strategic issues at the national level are those requiring long timeframes for impact, coordinated approaches across multiple tiers of government, are cross-sectoral, and require systemic approaches to design and implementation. Yet the process of how national strategic polices are developed and implemented in Australia is unclear, and largely unattended in the literature. This paper provides a foundation to understanding the characteristics of strategic polices and approaches to their development. Five national policies are compared (National Competition Policy, National Strategy for Ecologically Sustainable Development, the Strategic Roadmap for Australian Research Infrastructure, Australia in the Asian Century, and the National Food Plan) and discussed. An analytical framework is constructed and key attributes of strategic policy identified.

Field of study: Political science
Phototransformations of Polychlorobiphenyls in Brij 58 Micellar Solutions

Our purpose in conducting these studies was to examine photolysis as a destructive process for polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs) extracted from soils with surfactant solutions. Surfactants have shown promise as agents for removing free phase and sorbed contaminants from soils, yet information on ultimate disposal options and recycle/recovery strategies for the surfactants is generally lacking. For arylhalides, photodechlorination may result in decontamination, eliminating the need to physically separate these contaminants from the washing solution. Photochemical reactions of the PCB congener mixture, Aroclor 1254, and the specific congener, 2,3,4,5-tetrachlorobiphenyl (2,3,4,5-TeCB), were investigated in aqueous solutions containing surfactant micelles with UV light at 253.7 nm. Photoreduction through photodechlorination was shown to be the main decay pathway in which lesser chlorinated congeners were formed as intermediates. In experiments with 2,3,4,5-TeCB, final noncarbon-containing products included Cl- and ...

Field of study: Environmental science
HUBBLE SPACE TELESCOPE IMAGES AND KPNO SPECTROSCOPY OF THE BINARY BLACK HOLE CANDIDATE SDSS J153636.22+044127.0*

We present Hubble Space Telescope WFPC2/PC images and KPNO 4 m long-slit spectroscopy of the QSO SDSS J153636.22+044127.0, which we advanced as a candidate binary supermassive black hole. The images reveal a close companion coincident with the radio source identified by Wrobel & Laor. It appears to be consistent with a Mg ~ –21.4 elliptical galaxy, if it is at the QSO redshift. The spectroscopy, however, shows no spatial offset between the red or blue Balmer lines. The companion is thus not the source of either the red or blue broad-line systems; SDSS J153636.22+044127.0 is highly unlikely to be a chance superposition of objects or an ejected black hole. Over the ΔT = 0.75 yr difference between the rest-frame epoch of the present and SDSS spectroscopy, we find no velocity shift to within 40 km s–1, nor any amplitude change in either broad-line system. The lack of a shift can be admitted under the binary hypothesis, if the implied radial velocity is a larger component of the full orbital velocity than was assumed in our earlier work. A strong test of the binary hypothesis requires yet longer temporal baselines. The lack of amplitude variations is unusual for the alternative explanation of this object as a "double-peaked" emitter; we further argue that SDSS J153636.22+044127.0 has unique spectral features that have no obvious analogue with other members of this class.

Field of study: Physics
TARP: A traffic-aware restructuring protocol for Bluetooth radio networks

Bluetooth is a low-cost and short-range wireless communication technology. The Bluetooth device randomly searches and connects with other devices using the inquiry/inquiry scan and the page/page scan operations, resulting an uncontrolled scatternet topology. The unpredictable scatternet topology usually raises the problem of redundant traffic and causes inefficient communications. A traffic-aware restructuring protocol (TARP) is presented for partially restructuring a piconet or a pair of two neighboring piconets by applying role switch mechanism. The proposed TARP mainly consists of intra-piconet and inter-piconet restructuring protocols. According to the recent routes and their traffic load information, the intra-piconet restructuring protocol adjusts piconet structure by selecting the proper device to play a master role of a piconet and applies takeover operation to rapidly restructure the piconet topology. The inter-piconet restructuring protocol exchanges devices of two neighboring piconets to reduce the route length and thus improve the power and bandwidth consumptions and the end-to-end transmission delay. Performance results reveal that the proposed restructuring protocols reduce path length of recent routes and save power consumption, thus significantly improve the performance for a given connected scatternet.

Field of study: Computer science
Solubilization of calcium phosphate as a consequence of carbon translocation by Rhizoctonia solani.

A model system based on arrays of three concentric rings of discrete agar droplets is described which allowed study of fungal growth in vitro in nutritionally-heterogeneous conditions. Droplets containing different combinations of glucose and calcium phosphate were used to study the consequences of spatially separating these components in relation to metal phosphate solubilization by Rhizoctonia solani. A pH indicator, bromocresol purple, was added to the agar to visualise the localised production of acidity by the fungus. In the presence of the fungus, solubilization of calcium phosphate on homogeneous agar plates only occurred when glucose was present in the underlying medium. However, solubilization occurred in droplets containing calcium phosphate, but no glucose, when glucose was present in other droplets within the tessellation and where fungal hyphae spanned the droplets. This demonstrates that substrate was transported via mycelia from glucose-containing domains, with the functional consequence of metal phosphate solubilization. In another design, where the inner ring of droplets contained glucose and the outer ring contained only calcium phosphate, acidification of all droplets in the outer ring was observed when the inner droplets contained glucose. However, solubilization of calcium phosphate only occurred when the concentration of glucose in the inner droplets was greater than 2% (w/v). This indicated that a threshold concentration of carbon source may be required before such mechanisms of solubilization are invoked. There was also evidence for reverse translocation of substrate from newly colonised glucose-containing droplets in the outer ring to the central droplets, where fungal growth had originated.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Concurrent performances: stimulus-control gradients during schedules of signalled and unsignalled concurrent reinforcement.

On one key, pigeons' pecks were reinforced according to a variable-interval schedule in the presence of vertical lines, and were not reinforced in the presence of oblique lines. On a second key, pecks were reinforced according to a variable-interval schedule in the presence of blue, according to a signalled variable-interval schedule in the presence of red, and were not reinforced in the presence of white. Subsequently, during extinction, stimulus-control gradients were obtained by presenting eight different line orientations on the first key concurrent with each of the three colors on the second key. On the first key, line-orientation gradients tended to be lower, narrower, and less shifted in peak or area when the second-key stimulus was blue or red, the stimuli respectively correlated with unsignalled and signalled reinforcement, than when it was white, the stimulus correlated with extinction. Thus, the effect on first-key line-orientation gradients depended on second-key stimuli correlated with concurrent reinforcement, whether or not these stimuli were also correlated with concurrent responding. As a function of first-key line orientation, an inverted gradient was obtained on the second key during blue; during both red and white, rates of pecking on the second key were near zero.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Multi-Motive Prediction of Academic Success

The present investigation is part of a larger series of studies on the influence of motivation variables on reactions to psychological stress (1, 3, 4) . This study was undertaken as a test of the hypothesis that the effectiveness of behavior serving one of a person's needs will be reduced when the behavior threatens the satisfaction of another operative  As has been discussed more fully elsewhere ( I ) , it is our contention that behavior is developed in response to, and as a function of its adequacy to reduce one or more present tension or need systems of the individual. Where the response system serves a need by providing a means for its reduction, without in turn giving rise to an increase in tension because of the arousal or increase of some other need system, a significant correlation should be found between a measure of the need served and the extent to which the person engaged in the corresponding behavior (e.g., need for achievement and grades obtained in an academic setting). However, where the behavior itself produces a conflicting need, or leads to events which threaten to frustrate satisfaction of another need, the correlation ought to be reduced. The present study was undertaken to test the hypothesis that this latter is the case where a behavior at one time serves one and frustrates, or threatens to frustrate, a second important need. PROCEDURE Subjects.-70 college sophomore wonien served as Ss. They were tested during regular class procedures in a general psychology course early in the college year, and were naive as to the purposes of the investigation. The criterion.-This study was designed to determine the effects of non-intellective variables upon academic achievement. In order to study that relationship it was necessary to employ a measure of academic achievement which would be relatively unaffected by intellecrual ability. The Achievement Index (AIi) used in this study was the grade point average' obtained by a student in all course work during the sophomore year minus the grade point average predicted from the score on the verbal portion of the Scholastic Aptltude Test (SATv) (6) . As this score has been found to have a consistently high correlation with academic performance ( 7 ) , it was considered to be a reasonable basis for equating ability. Thus the criterion which we sought to predict was overand under-achievement in relation to performance predicted on the basis of ability. To the extent that the SATv accounts for intellective factors in the college

Field of study: Psychology
Restructure and improvements on mechanical seals of centrifugal pump for butadiene plant

During operating ZE type centrifugal pump in the workshop of BUTADIENE, we found the mechanical seal existing some shortages such as low operating life and unfitting the operating condition for the seal material. Experienced the practice by researching and summarizing, we made some improvements on the aspect of material of spring and seal face and the construction of the mechanical seal.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Murine lupus strains differentially model unique facets of human lupus serology

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a polygenic autoimmune disease characterized by the production of anti‐nuclear autoantibodies that lead to subsequent end organ damage. Previous array‐based studies in patients with SLE have shown that high immunoglobulin (Ig)G anti‐nuclear autoantibody reactivity was associated with severe renal lupus, whereas IgM polyreactivity was associated with less severe disease. To ascertain how different murine lupus strains recapitulate these different autoantibody profiles seen in patients, serum from New Zealand black (NZB)/NZ white (W) F1, Murphy Roths large (MRL)/lpr, NZ mixed (M)2410 and BXSB strains were compared using a comprehensive array‐based screen. The array results were verified using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). Serum from MRL/lpr mice exhibited high levels of IgG anti‐nuclear antibodies as well as anti‐glomerular antibodies and variable levels of antibodies to myosin, Matrigel and thyroglobulin. Elevated anti‐nuclear IgG antibodies were associated with severe nephritis in this strain. In contrast, NZM2410 mice exhibited lower IgG autoantibody levels with less severe nephritis but a significantly higher polyreactive IgM autoantibody profile. ELISA analysis confirmed these results. The NZB/NZW F1 and BXSB strains exhibited an intermediate serological profile. Hence, just as in patients with SLE, whereas strong IgG reactivity to nuclear antigens is associated with severe renal disease, a polyreactive IgM seroprofile is also less ominous in murine lupus.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Upgraded CdZnTe Based on the Infrared Attenuation Spectrum

According to the infrared attenuation spectrum, we can know the conduction type and major point defect of CdZnTe crystals. Based on point defect modelling, an appropriate modus of atmosphere annealing was described in this paper. In this paper, annealing with Cd pressure control technology was used to upgrade p-CdZnTe and n-CdZnTe, respectively. Characterizations reveal that the optical and electrical performance of the CZT crystals is patently improved after annealing. Employment of the infrared attenuation spectrum as the annealing guideline has been verified to be feasible and effectual in this paper.

Field of study: Materials science
Adsorption of Azo-Dye Orange II from Aqueous Solutions Using a Metal-Organic Framework Material: Iron- Benzenetricarboxylate

A Metal-Organic Framework (MOF), iron-benzenetricarboxylate (Fe(BTC)), has been studied for the adsorptive removal of azo-dye Orange II from aqueous solutions, where the effect of various parameters was tested and isotherm and kinetic models were suggested. The adsorption capacities of Fe(BTC) were much higher than those of an activated carbon. The experimental data can be best described by the Langmuir isotherm model (R2 > 0.997) and revealed the ability of Fe(BTC) to adsorb 435 mg of Orange II per gram of adsorbent at the optimal conditions. The kinetics of Orange II adsorption followed a pseudo-second-order kinetic model, indicating the coexistence of physisorption and chemisorption, with intra-particle diffusion being the rate controlling step. The thermodynamic study revealed that the adsorption of Orange II was feasible, spontaneous and exothermic process (−25.53 kJ·mol−1). The high recovery of the dye showed that Fe(BTC) can be employed as an effective and reusable adsorbent for the removal of Orange II from aqueous solutions and showed the economic interest of this adsorbent material for environmental purposes.

Field of study: Materials science
Climate engineering and the risk of rapid climate change

Recent research has highlighted risks associated with the use of climate engineering as a method of stabilizing global temperatures, including the possibility of rapid climate warming in the case of abrupt removal of engineered radiative forcing. In this study, we have used a simple climate model to estimate the likely range of temperature changes associated with implementation and removal of climate engineering. In the absence of climate engineering, maximum annual rates of warming ranged from 0.015 to 0.07 ◦ C/year, depending on the model’s climate sensitivity. Climate engineering resulted in much higher rates of warming, with the temperature change in the year following the removal of climate engineering ranging from 0.13 to 0.76 ◦ C. High rates of temperature change were sustained for two decades following the removal of climate engineering; rates of change of 0.5 (0.3, 0.1) ◦ C/decade were exceeded over a 20 year period with 15% (75%, 100%) likelihood. Many ecosystems could be negatively affected by these rates of temperature change; our results suggest that climate engineering in the absence of deep emissions cuts could arguably constitute increased risk of dangerous anthropogenic interference in the climate system under the criteria laid out in the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.

Field of study: Environmental science
Adenosine transport in peripheral blood lymphocytes from Lesch-Nyhan patients.

We postulated that adenosine function could be related to some of the neurological features of Lesch-Nyhan syndrome and therefore characterized adenosine transport in PBLs (peripheral blood lymphocytes) obtained from Lesch-Nyhan patients (PBL(LN)) and from controls (PBL(C)). Adenosine transport was significantly lower in PBL(LN) when compared with that in PBL(C) and a significantly lower number of high affinity sites for [(3)H]nitrobenzylthioinosine binding were quantified per cell ( B (max)) in PBL(LN) when compared with that in PBL(C). After incubation with 25 microM hypoxanthine, adenosine transport was significantly decreased in PBL(LN) with respect to PBL(C). Hypoxanthine incubation lowers [(3)H]nitrobenzylthioinosine binding in PBL(C), with respect to basal conditions, but does not affect it in PBL(LN). This indicates that hypoxanthine affects adenosine transport in control and hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase-deficient cells by different mechanisms.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Rotundum psoas hitch: a new method for colpohysteropexy in girls with bladder exstrophy.

Female patients with bladder exstrophy frequently suffer from uterine prolapse, which is due to a defective pelvic floor anatomy. Different techniques for the correction of procidentia in this patient population have been described; however, since the numbers of patients are very small and no series with long-term follow-up exists, it is unclear which technique yields superior results. We describe here a new technique for uteropexy in girls and women with bladder exstrophy. In the rotundum psoas hitch procedure (RPH), the round ligaments are detached from the inner inguinal ring and fixed to the psoas muscle on both sides, thereby fixing the uterus in a more cranial and dorsal position. This procedure has been applied successfully in nine patients with a mean follow-up of 23.8 months. In six cases RPH was done prophylactically and in three cases therapeutically to correct an existing uterine prolapse. The mean age at operation was 9.6 years. In all but one case, RPH was combined with continent urinary reconstruction. No postoperative morbidity due to this technique has been described. RPH is an effective means of preventing or correcting procidentia in patients with bladder exstrophy; we emphasize that it should be combined with other abdominal operations, such as continent reconstruction, in girls or women with this condition.

Field of study: Medicine