nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
GLACIAL CHRONOLOGY OF THE NEW ZEALAND PLEISTOCENE

Pleistocene glaciation of New Zealand has been recognized since about 1860, but multiple glaciation has gained general acceptance only recently. The glacial history is directly linked with the marine succession at Ross, Westland, where strongly folded early Pleistocene till, varve silts, and gravels conformably succeed marine Pliocene beds and are overlain unconformably by practically undeformed late Pleistocene moraines. Pleistocene culmination of the Kaikoura orogeny resulted in a clear distinction between early and late Pleistocene glacial deposits and probably explains a mid-Pleistocene hiatus in the successions. In the proposed chronology, early Pleistocene glacial deposits are referred to the Ross glacial stage. Tectonically undeformed deposits that have accumulated since the present topography has existed are referred to two glacial stages (Waimaungan and Otiran) of the late Pleistocene separated by a full interglacial stage. Local names are given to four distinct advances of substage value recognizable within the Otiran stage. Field recognition depends upon differences in ice extent, erosion and weathering of deposits, and differences of altitude due to progressive lowering of river profiles. There is as yet little basis for overseas correlation. The Otiran stage may extend farther back into post-Sangamon time than Wisconsin in the strict sense; correlation of Waimaungan with Illinoian is reasonable, though speculative.

Field of study: Geology
Viewpoints of DSP software and service architectures

The software architecture of a future mobile telecommunication system consists of three main parts: system infrastructure services, middleware services and application services. Infrastructure services provide access technologies and networking services for the middleware services that again provide richer capabilities for wireless applications through mobile Internet. Architecture describes the organization of software systems, components, their internal relationships and connections to the environment. Reusing architectural structures benefits companies, because the architecture is a pivotal part of any system, and a costly one to construct. Architecture is documented and reused through architectural views that describe identified stakeholders and concerns, e.g. the purpose of a system, and the feasibility of constructing, deploying, evolving and maintaining it. Views conform to special viewpoints defined for the domain. This paper describes the viewpoints selected for developing the architecture of middleware services and digital signal processing software and provides a general framework for comparing viewpoints. Comparison and analysis of the defined viewpoints show that domain and system size are the dominant issues to be considered when architectural viewpoints are being selected.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Division dans l'anneau des séries formelles à croissance contrôlée. Applications

We consider subringsA of the ring of formal power series. They are dened by growth conditions on coecien ts such as, for instance, Gevrey conditions. We prove a Weierstrass{Hironaka division theorem for such subrings. Moreover, given an idealI of A and a series f in A we prove the existence in A of a unique remainder r moduloI: As a consequence, we get a new proof of the noetherianity of A:

Field of study: Mathematics
Two distinct methods to evaluate graphene relaxation time and mobility in Boltzmann diffusive transport, considering ionized impurity scattering and Thomas-Fermi screening

Boltzmann diffusive transport including relaxation time and mobility in graphene limited by ionized impurity scattering is investigated. The relaxation time is evaluated with two different methods, first one directly use Boltzmann transport equation via scattering matrix, second one is based on scattering cross-section. Two methods yield the same relaxation time results for graphene. Assume linear Thomas-Fermi screening and a reasonable electron carrier density, relaxation time and mobility can be calculated and plotted, which demonstrates graphene is a very promising high mobility material for ultra fast electronic device applications.

Field of study: Physics
qian lie di er zhi wei qiu zai ti zhi ji zai yao zhui guan xia zhai zheng zhong de ying yong ji hu li gan yu

目的 探讨护理干预在前列地尔脂微球载体制剂(Ljpo PGE1)治疗腰椎管狭窄症中的作用.方法 回顾性分析39例进行前列地尔脂微球载体制剂治疗腰椎管狭窄症患者的临床资料及护理措施,治疗前后采用日本骨科学会JOA评分标准进行评定.结果 治疗前JOA平均评分9.8分,治疗2周时JOA平均评分14.2分,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01).总改善率89.74%.1例出现静脉炎、1例出现假性血脂异常,39例...

Field of study: Medicine
A generalised mathematical modelling methodology for the design of horticultural food packages exposed to refrigerated conditions Part 2. Heat transfer modelling and testing

Sub-models required to implement the generalised simulation system, described in Part 1 for predicting in-package cooling rates of horticultural produce, are presented. These are based on heat transfer principles, but their derivation also involved application of heuristics derived by engineering judgement. Testing used two different products, eight package designs and data from four independent sources. Lack of fit between experiment and prediction was no larger than could be explained by likely data uncertainties so there is confidence that the simulation system will be accurate for a wide range of products and package designs. The object-oriented design of the simulation package allows individual sub-models to be updated without affecting any other sub-model, thereby ensuring the simulation package can remain up-to-date. In Part 3 the mass transfer sub-models are presented and test results reported.

Field of study: Engineering
The Deconstructed Male Subject---the feminism interpretation to Angel in Tess

It is thought that there is a great weakness in the construction of Angel in Tess for Angel' s character who is chang-ing illogically.In author' s opinion,however,Angel' s character is logic as he is a man in th e Victorian Age.This article tries to interpret the male s ubject deconstruction with post -mo dern theory to demonstrate the conce rn to fe-male in Hardy' s work.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Tropical forest carbon balance: effects of field- and satellite-based mortality regimes on the dynamics and the spatial structure of Central Amazon forest biomass

Debate continues over the adequacy of existing field plots to sufficiently capture Amazon forest dynamics to estimate regional forest carbon balance. Tree mortality dynamics are particularly uncertain due to the difficulty of observing large, infrequent disturbances. A?recent paper (Chambers et al 2013 ) reported that Central Amazon plots missed 9?17% of tree mortality, and here we address ?why? by elucidating two distinct mortality components: (1)?variation in annual landscape-scale average mortality and (2)?the frequency distribution of the size of clustered mortality events. Using a stochastic-empirical tree growth model we show that a power law distribution of event size (based on merged plot and satellite data) is required to generate spatial clustering of mortality that is consistent with forest gap observations. We conclude that existing plots do not sufficiently capture losses because their placement, size, and longevity assume spatially random mortality, while mortality is actually distributed among differently sized events (clusters of dead trees) that determine the spatial structure of forest canopies.

Field of study: Environmental science
Transformation of gaseous 2-bromophenol on clay mineral dust and the potential health effect.

Iron-bearing clays are ubiquitously distributed as mineral dusts in the atmosphere. Bromophenols were reported as the major products from thermal decomposition of the widely used brominated flame retardants (BFRs). However, little information is available for the reactivity of iron associated with mineral dusts to interact with the atmospheric bromophenols and the subsequent toxic effects. Herein, three common clay minerals (montmorillonite, illite and kaolinite) were used to simulate mineral dusts, and the reactions with gaseous 2-bromophenol were systematically investigated under environmentally relevant atmospheric conditions. Our results demonstrate that structural Fe(III) in montmorillonite and Fe(III) from iron oxide in illite mediated the dimerization of 2-bromophenol to form hydroxylated polybrominated biphenyl and hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ether. The surface reaction is favored to occur at moisture environment, since water molecules formed complex with 2-bromophenol and the reaction intermediates via hydrogen bond to significantly lower the reaction energy and promote the dimerization reaction. More importantly, the formed dioxin-like products on clay mineral dust increased the toxicity of the particles to A549 lung cell by decreasing cell survival and damaging cellular membrane and proteins. The results of this study indicate that not only mineral dust itself but also the associated surface reaction should be fully considered to accurately evaluate the toxic effect of mineral dust on human health.

Field of study: Environmental science
Identity Shift in Computer-Mediated Environments

The present study uses a public commitment framework to examine how computer-mediated self-presentations can alter identities. Participants were asked to present with one of two traits, extroversion or introversion, in public or private computer-mediated communication. Public presentations were online, whereas private presentations took place in a text document. Only participants that presented themselves publicly internalized the trait presentation, suggesting that identity shift took place. Public self-presentations also contained more certain and definite forms of language than private self-presentations, suggesting that audiences evoke a more committed form of self-presentation. The findings in this research have important implications for the self-construction of identity online, particularly for individuals that use the Internet as a tool for public self-presentation, such as dating sites, social network sites, or blogs. Also, the findings highlight opportunities for theoretical development on identity construction as a function of computer-mediated communication.

Field of study: Psychology
Designing stories on social media: A corpus-assisted critical perspective on the mismatches of story-curation

At a time of increased monetization of social media, there is scope and need for critical-linguistic perspectives to go beyond the focus on users’ linguistic and multi-modal resources. Drawing on the project ‘Life-writing of the moment: The sharing and updating self on social media’ ( www.ego-media.org ), in this article, I make a case for a corpus-assisted critical perspective which allows the scrutiny of media companies’ design of stories as communication features in their apps. What definitions and views of stories underpin such story-features? What facilities are on offer for posting stories, how are they branded, and why? Who is positioned as an ideal story-creator and audience of those stories and why? I address these questions with reference to the recent story-designing spree on Snapchat and Instagram. The corpus analysis of how stories as an app feature are launched and discussed on online media, incl. keyword analysis and lexical and thematic associations of the term ‘story’, has brought to the fore three mismatches between the marketing rhetoric or branding of stories as a feature and the actual affordances offered for them. These involve tensions and trade-offs between: continuity of self and ephemerality; textuality and visuality; creativity and control for the user vs. pre-selection templates and customization. These mismatches are revealing of a re-designation of key-ingredients of stories, in particular time, memories and audience engagement, so as to suit the apps’ agenda of metricization of users’ lives and their ever closer links with advertising.

Field of study: Education, Linguistics
Worm Propagation Modeling and Analysis Based on the Mechanism of Dynamic Quarantine

This paper proposes a universal worm propagating model based on the mechanism of dynamic quarantine.The model defines the dubious state when worm stays in the phase of quarantine and depicts the process of dynamic quarantine explicitly.It also depicts packet loss caused by congestion of some routers and the mankind's initiative in the course of antagonizing the worm,by utilizing dynamic infecting rate and together with dynamic removing and auto-immunized rate. The analysis shows that the system based on the mechanism of dynamic quarantine can slow down a worm's propagation, reduce the number of infected hosts and delay the time when the worms burst out to the peak value.

Field of study: Computer science
Conditioned opioid release in ten-day-old rats.

Ten-day-old rats, for whom an orange scent predicted morphine injections at 5 days of age, exhibited a marked preference for orange that was fully naltrexone reversible. Moreover, such rats, when smelling orange during a heat-escape task, exhibited a higher pain threshold than control rats. Together, these findings suggest that the orange odor in conditioned rats caused a release of endogenous opioids that both sustained choice behavior and modulated pain systems.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
The quadratic Zeeman effect used for state-radius determination in neutral donors and donor bound excitons in Si:P

We have measured the near-infrared photoluminescence spectrum of phosphorus doped silicon (Si:P) and extracted the donor-bound exciton (D0X) energy at magnetic fields up to 28 T. At high field the Zeeman effect is strongly nonlinear because of the diamagnetic shift, also known as the quadratic Zeeman effect (QZE). The magnitude of the QZE is determined by the spatial extent of the wave-function. High field data allows us to extract values for the radius of the neutral donor (D0) ground state, and the light and heavy hole D0X states, all with more than an order of magnitude better precision than previous work. Good agreement was found between the experimental state radius and an effective mass model for D0. The D0X results are much more surprising, and the radius of the m J = ±3/2 heavy hole is found to be larger than that of the m J = ±1/2 light hole.

Field of study: Materials science
A Solution for Ultra-Low Bit-Error-Rate Interface of Superconductor-Semiconductor by Using an Error-Correction-Code Encoder

This paper introduces a solution for ultra-low bit-error-rate interface of superconductor-semiconductor. By using an error-correction-code encoder, the low bit-error-rate requirement could be relaxed considerably. The encoder in our research encodes 32-bit original data with six extra check bits that are generated based on the theory of linear block code to correct 1-bit error. The numerical analysis shows the bias margin of BER < 10−10 expands more than 50% for a reported typical interface. Besides, the mean time between failure of the 32-bit interface running at 5  Gbps with 10−12 BER improves from 6.25 s to 44 000 years, and the BER requirement for 1 h operation without error is relaxed from 1.7 × 10−15 to 1.14 × 10−8. The implementation uses an optimized 9-stage pipelined structure achieving low latency and high throughput. This encoder is simulated in logic-gate-level and we implemented a virtual SFQ logic which performs pulse clocked logic on a realistic field-programming-gate-array to verify the design.

Field of study: Physics
Predicting pan-tropical climate change induced forest stock gains and losses—implications for REDD

Deforestation is a major threat to tropical forests worldwide, contributing up to one-fifth of global carbon emissions into the atmosphere. Despite protection efforts, deforestation of tropical forests has continued in recent years. Providing incentives to reducing deforestation has been proposed in the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) Bali negotiations in 2007 to decelerate emissions from deforestation (REDD—reduced emissions from deforestation and forest degradation). A number of methodological issues such as ensuring permanence, establishing reference emissions levels that do not reward business-as-usual and having a measuring, reporting and verification system in place are essential elements in implementing successful REDD schemes. To assess the combined impacts of climate and land-use change on tropical forest carbon stocks in the 21st century, we use a dynamic global vegetation model (LPJ DGVM) driven by five different climate change projections under a given greenhouse gas emission scenario (SRES A2) and two contrasting land-use change scenarios. We find that even under a complete stop of deforestation after the period of the Kyoto Protocol (post-2012) some countries may continue to lose carbon stocks due to climate change. Especially at risk is tropical Latin America, although the presence and magnitude of the risk depends on the climate change scenario. By contrast, strong protection of forests could increase carbon uptake in many tropical countries, due to CO2 fertilization effects, even under altered climate regimes.

Field of study: Environmental science
HEAT CAPACITY ANOMALY IN THE CRYSTALLINE ORGANIC FREE RADICAL, p-Cl-BDPA

The heat capacity has been measured on polycrystalline sample of 1,3-bisdiphenylene-2-p-chlorophenyl-allyl (abbreviated as p-Cl-BDPA). The sharp heat capacity anomaly was observed at 3.25 K, which may imply a paramagnetic-antiferromagnetic phase transition. This phenomenon accords well with the other results obtained from the susceptibility, ESR, and NMR measurements.

Field of study: Chemistry
T cell-dependent chronic neutrophilia during mycobacterial infections.

Euthymic (nu/+) C57BL/6 mice intraperitoneally inoculated with 2.5 x 10(6) colony-forming units (CFU) of Mycobacterium avium developed a chronic peritoneal neutrophilic granulocytosis during the 30 days of infection studied; in contrast, congenitally athymic nude (nu/nu) mice of C57BL/6 background did not show such persistent neutrophil influx. The acute phase of peritoneal infection, characterized by an extensive accumulation of neutrophils peaking at 6 to 12 h post-inoculation, was similar in euthymic and athymic mice. Subcutaneous vaccination of C57BL/6 mice with BCG enhanced the peritoneal influx of granulocytes after the i.p. inoculation of 2.5 x 10(60 CFU of M. avium. Finally, spleen cells from M. avium-infected mice pulsed in vitro with mycobacterial antigen induced a higher neutrophil accumulation after inoculation into the peritoneal cavity of naive recipient mice than unpulsed spleen cells or spleen cells from noninfected mice. These data indicate that the immune system is involved in the regulation of the chronic neutrophil influx during mycobacterial infection.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
On the nature of supersonic turbulence in Giant HII Regions

New FLAMES/GIRAFFE public data allows to revisit the issue of the origin of the supersonic turbulence inferred in the ionized gas of Giant HII Regions using the prototypical 30~Doradus nebula in the LMC as a guide. We find that the velocity width of the integrated H$\alpha$ line-profile of 30~Doradus can only be explained by the motion of macroscopic parcels of gas driven by the gravitational potential of the stars and gas with a significant contribution of stellar winds. At all positions within the nebula we find that an additional very broad ($\sigma=40-50$~\kms) unresolved component is required to fit the extended wings of the profiles. We find that fitting two Gaussian components to the integrated emission-line profiles provides a robust way of separating the contributions of stellar winds and gravity. Assuming an effective radius of 10pc for the nebula we thus infer a dynamical mass of $\sim10^6$~\msun~ for 30Dor. Our analysis of published observations of the second largest Giant HII Region in the Local Group, NGC~604, shows that our results for 30~Doradus apply to GHR as a class.

Field of study: Physics
Calibrating Multivariate Lévy Processes with Neural Networks

Calibrating a L\'evy process usually requires characterizing its jump distribution. Traditionally this problem can be solved with nonparametric estimation using the empirical characteristic functions (ECF), assuming certain regularity, and results to date are mostly in 1D. For multivariate L\'evy processes and less smooth L\'evy densities, the problem becomes challenging as ECFs decay slowly and have large uncertainty because of limited observations. We solve this problem by approximating the L\'evy density with a parametrized functional form; the characteristic function is then estimated using numerical integration. In our benchmarks, we used deep neural networks and found that they are robust and can capture sharp transitions in the L\'evy density. They perform favorably compared to piecewise linear functions and radial basis functions. The methods and techniques developed here apply to many other problems that involve nonparametric estimation of functions embedded in a system model.

Field of study: Computer science
The lower extension groups

For a certain full additive subcategory X of an additive category A, one defines the lower extension groups in relative homological algebra. We show that these groups are isomorphic to the suspended Hom groups in the Verdier quotient category of the bounded homotopy category of A by that of X. Alternatively, these groups are isomorphic to the negative cohomological groups of the Hom complexes in the dg quotient category A/X, where both A and X are viewed as dg categories concentrated in degree zero.

Field of study: Mathematics
Production and decay of eta-mesic nuclei

Using the Green function method, binding effects on produced eta-mesons in the two-stage reaction \gamma + A \to N + \eta + (A-1) \to N + (\pi N) + (A-2) are studied. The energy spectrum of the correlated pi-N pairs which arise from decays of etas inside the nucleus is strongly affected by an attractive eta-nucleus optical potential. Its resonant behavior gives a clear signal of formating intermediate eta-mesic nuclei.

Field of study: Physics
Gender, Life Cycle, and Family ‘Strategies’ Among the Poor: The Barcelona Workhouse, 1762–1805

Poor relief has received less attention from historians of southern Europe compared with northern Europe. This article seeks to challenge the frequent assumption that the strength of family ties in southern Europe mitigated the need for welfare provision. It provides new data for men and boys entering the Barcelona workhouse in the period 1780–1803, and compares these with data from an earlier study of women and girls who entered the same institution over the period 1762–1805. We establish the characteristics of those who sought relief in terms of age, place of origin, marital status, and occupation. We use the information on reasons for entry and exit to ascertain family circumstances. We show that there were significant differences between males and females in terms of why they entered and left, and length of stay, particularly among the elderly. The bulk of the population of the workhouse, however, was comprised of children and adolescents. For this group, entry into the workhouse represented not just a temporary solution to life cycle poverty and periodic unemployment, but also a longer-term strategy aimed at smoothing entry into the labour market.

Field of study: Economics, History