nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Sexual Violence Against Female Students in Polytechnics in South-West Nigeria

Sexual violence against women is a social vice that affects females in diverse forms across clime, race and religion. This manifests through sexual assault, rape, sexual harassment, incest, sexual exploitation, stalking and cyber stalking. Out of all these, sexual assault, rape and sexual harassment of female students by male lecturers are common in the tertiary institutions. There is no doubt that sexual violence is indeed a global problem, but it becomes worrisome when lecturers now demand sex  from their female students   in return for good grades in their courses. This educational epidemic erodes academic integrity and dignity, thus making certification an exercise in falsehood. This study investigated the causes of sexual violence against female students by male lecturers in polytechnics, the consequences of the act on the victims as well as the polytechnic system; and how the horrid act can be controlled in South–West Nigeria. The six states that make up this axis are: Oyo, Osun, Ondo, Ogun, Lagos and Ekiti. The sampled population comprised 1800 female students and 900 adults-both male and female, selected from 17 Federal, State and Private Polytechnics in the six states. The purposive sampling technique was used to select the female students, the adults as well as the polytechnics that participated in the study. The responses were collated and analysed using simple frequencies and percentages because the study was a descriptive survey research. The study revealed that sexual violence against female students was a reality in polytechnics in South-West Nigeria. The male lecturers who indulged in the act did so mainly, to exercise their power and authority over the female students. To control the callous act, some punitive and preventive measures were recommended. These will enable all members of the various academic communities to perceive sexual violence as an inhuman act which every sane person should avoid.  Violence, Sexual violence, Female students, Consequences and Control.

Field of study: Education
Two more for the knowledge account of assertion

The Knowledge Account of Assertion (KAA) has received added support recently from data on prompting assertion (Turri 2010) and from a refinement suggesting that assertions ought to express knowledge (Turri 2011). This paper adds another argument from parenthetical positioning, and then argues that KAA’s unified explanation of some of the earliest data adduced in its favor recommends KAA over its rivals.

Field of study: Philosophy
Abundance, diversity and mobility potential of antibiotic resistance genes in pristine Tibetan plateau soi as revealed by soil metagenomics.

Widespread occurrence of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) has become an important clinical issue. Studying ARGs in pristine soil environments can help better understand the intrinsic soil resistome. In this study, ten soil samples were collected from a high elevation and relative pristine Tibetan area, and metagenomic sequencing and bioinformatic analyses were conducted to investigate the microbial diversity, the abundance and diversity of ARGs, and the mobility potential of ARGs as indicated by different mobile genetic elements (MGEs). A total of 48 ARG types with relative abundance of 0.05-0.28 copies of ARG/copy of 16S rRNA genes were detected in Tibetan soil samples. The observed ARGs were mainly associated with antibiotics including glycopeptide and rifamycin; the most abundant ARGs were vanRO and vanSO. Low abundance of MGEs and potential plasmid-related ARGs indicated low horizontal gene transfer (HGT) risk of ARGs in the pristine soil. Pearson correlation and redundancy analyses showed that temperature and total organic carbon (TOC) were the major environmental factors controlling both microbial diversity and ARG abundance and diversity.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Minocycline ameliorates osteoporosis induced by ovariectomy (OVX) and iron accumulation via iron chelation, bone metabolism regulation and inhibition of oxidative stress.

To investigate the effect and mechanism of minocycline on iron accumulation-related postmenopausal osteoporosis.



The present study established a rat model of ovariectomy (OVX), gave rats ferric ammonium citrate (FAC) and treated them with minocycline, then examined the severity of osteoporosis and iron metabolism in rats. To further explore the mechanism, osteoblasts were treated with FAC and minocycline, then their effects on cell viability, apoptosis, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, bone metabolism proteins, iron metabolism proteins, and oxidative stress in osteoblasts were measured.



In the animal study, OVX significantly decreased the serum estradiol level. Both OVX and FAC significantly increased the serum ferritin and tibial iron level, which was significantly decreased by minocycline (P < 0.05). Minocycline significantly increased the ratio of BV/TV, Tb.Th and Tb.N (P < 0.05), and the levels of BALP, BGP and CTX, but decreased the levels of TRAP and ratio of RANKL/OPG (P < 0.05 compared to OVX+FAC group). In the cell study, minocycline significantly decreased the cellular iron accumulation and induced cell death and apoptosis (P < 0.05). Minocycline significantly increased the ALP activity, the expression of Collagen I, Osteocalcin and OPG (P < 0.05). Minocycline significantly decreased the expression of Ferritin and hepcidin, and increased the expression of FPN) (P < 0.05). It also significantly decreased the cellular MD) and protein carbonyl level and RO) intensity, but increased the levels of SO) and GP) (P < 0.05).



Minocycline ameliorated osteoporosis induced by OVX and iron accumulation. The mechanism may involve iron chelation, regulation of bone and iron metabolism, and inhibition of oxidative stress.

Field of study: Medicine
Challenges of real-time secondary usage of spectrum

In this survey paper, we investigate some of the challenges to be addressed before a practical real-time secondary market for spectrum can be developed. We differentiate the methods of dynamic spectrum allocation as coordinated usage of resources, interworking solutions, integration solutions and secondary access of spectrum. Secondary spectrum access approaches are generally classified as real-time and non-real-time secondary access. However, the focus of this work is on real-time secondary spectrum utilization which can follow a negotiated or opportunistic access strategy. While different solutions for increasing spectrum utilization and efficiency are under investigation, many aspects of spectrum sharing technologies are still open questions. After an extensive literature survey, the major challenges and open questions of real-time secondary usage of spectrum are addressed here. We also provide some insights on potentially important design considerations and requirements when developing successful spectrum management schemes to realize real-time secondary spectrum usage.

Field of study: Computer science
Über die Temperaturabhängigkeit des Photoeffektes reiner und mit Fremdatomen besetzter Metalloberflächen bei tiefen Temperaturen

ZusammenfassungMit Hilfe einer vollständig (einschließlich des Fensters) in das Temperaturbad eintauchenden Photozelle wird die Temperaturabhängigkeit des lichtelektrischen Effektes bei Zimmertemperatur, der Temperatur der flüssigen Luft und des flüssigen Wasserstoffs untersucht, und zwar an Spiegeln aus Beryllium, Wismut und Silber (das letztere bedeckt mit atomar verteiltem Kalium), die durch Verdampfen im Hochvakuum hergestellt wurden. Die Meßwerte sind bei wiederholter Einkühlung und Erwärmung sehr gut zu reproduzieren. Die Ergebnisse sind die folgenden: Der Theorie entsprechend wird die bei reinen Beryllium-Oberflächen aus der lichtelektrischen Gesamtemission
$$J = M \cdot T^r \cdot e^{ - \frac{{e_0 }} \cdot \psi }$$
 erhaltene lichtelektrische Gerade durch Abkühlung parallel zu kleinen Werten verschoben. Das Austrittspotential ψ bleibt also unverändert; die MengenkonstanteM nimmt ab, und zwar um so schwächer, je niedriger die Temperatur, in Übereinstimmung mit der neuen Elektronentheorie. Durch das Verhalten der Empfindlichkeitskurven von Beryllium- und Wismutoberflächen wird die Fowlersche Theorie, und damit die neue Elektronentheorie, auch bei tiefen Temperaturen bestätigt. Die aus der Fowlerschen Formel berechnete Empfindlichkeitsabnahme bei Abkühlung stimmt in unmittelbarer Nähe der langwelligen Grenze λ′ mit der beobachteten überein, mit zunehmender Entfernung von λ′ treten immer größer werdende Abweichungen auf, die vermutlieh auf die fester ans Metallgitter gebundenen Elektronen zurückzuführen sind. Der Einfluß der letzteren macht sich auch in dem Verhalten der mit atomar verteiltem Kalium bedeckten Silberoberfläche bemerkbar.

Field of study: Physics
Microtructure and Performances of Aluminium Based Ni-P/Nano-diamond Laminated Cladding

With the premise of reasonable choosing Ni-P alloy and processing conditions,the effects of mixing speed and nano-diamond concentration on the microstructure of cladding layer were studied,and the wear resistances were tested.The results show that,with the same nano-diamond concentration in the plating bath,the mixing speed 300 r/min,the surface topography is best.When the addition of nano-diamond is 6 g/L,the surface topography microstructure is well-distributed as well as fine and close,and the friction coefficient is low and stable.

Field of study: Materials science
Estimating the Total Probability of the Unobserved Outcomes of an Experiment

An experiment has the possible outcomes E 1, E 2, … with unknown probabilities p 1, p 2, … ; p i ≧ 0, Σ i p i = 1. In n independent trials suppose that E i occurs x i times, i = 1, 2, …, with \(\sum {_i{x_i}} = n.\) Let φ i = 1 or 0 according as x i = 0 or x i ≠ 0. Then the random variable u = \(\sum {_i{p_i}{\varphi _i}} \) the sum of the probabilities of the unobserved outcomes. How can we “estimate” u? (The quotation marks appear because u is not a parameter in the usual statistical sense

Field of study: Mathematics
π(+)-π interactions between (hetero)aromatic amine cations and the graphitic surfaces of pyrogenic carbonaceous materials.

Many organic compounds of environmental concern contain amine groups that are positively charged at environmental pH. Here we present evidence that (hetero)aromatic amine cations can act as π acceptors in forming π(+)–π electron donor–acceptor (EDA) interactions with the π electron-rich, polyaromatic surface of pyrogenic carbonaceous materials (PCMs) (i.e., biochar, black carbon, and graphene). The π(+)–π EDA interactions combine a cation−π force with a π–π EDA force resulting from charge polarization of the ring’s quadrupole. Adsorption on a biochar and reference adsorbent graphite was conducted of triazine herbicides, substituted anilines, heterocyclic aromatic amines, and other amines whose charge is insulated from the aromatic ring. When normalized for the hydrophobic effect, the adsorption increased with decreasing pH as the amines became ionized, even on graphite that had no significant fixed or variable charge. The cationic π acceptor (quinolinium ion) was competitively displaced more effectively by the π acceptor 2,4-dinitrobenzene than by the π donor naphthalene. The maximum electrostatic potential of organocations computed with density functional theory was found to be a strong predictor of the π(+)–π EDA interaction. The π(+)–π EDA interaction was disfavored by electropositive alkyl substituents and by charge delocalization into additional rings. Amines whose charge was insulated from the ring fell far out of the correlation (more positive free energy of adsorption). Identifying and characterizing this novel π(+)–π EDA interaction on PCMs will help in predicting the fate of organocations in both natural and engineered systems.

Field of study: Environmental science
Imatinib Ameliorated Retinal Neovascularization by Suppressing PDGFR-α and PDGFR-β

Platelet-derived growth factors (PDGFs) have emerged as pivotal in pathological angiogenesis, which is a hallmark of various tumors and retinal diseases. Here we evaluated the anti-angiogenic effect of imatinib, an inhibitor of PDGF receptors α and β (PDGFR-α and -β), in retinal neovascularization using an oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR) model.  The OIR model was established and given imatinib or vehicle treatments daily from P12 to P16. At the peak of angiogenesis at P17, the neovascularization area was quantified on retinal whole-mounts with isolectin B4 staining. Immunofluorescence staining and western blots were used to determine the effect of imatinib on different vascular cells and the pathway molecules involved.  Imatinib effectively suppressed pathological angiogenesis in OIR mice and reduced the number of all three types of vascular cells, including endothelial cells, pericytes, and smooth muscle cells. Moreover, the expression and activation of PDGFR-α and -β were inhibited by imatinib. The imatinib-treated OIR mice presented with reduced expression of other potent pro-angiogenic factors such as VEGF and FGF2. No obvious retinal or systemic side effects were observed in the imatinib treatment group.  Imatinib appears to be safe and effective in suppressing retinal neovascularization. Targeting PDGFs/PDGFRs may also be important for anti-angiogenic treatment and offer a viable alternative treatment for retinal angiogenic diseases.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Nina K. Treadwell.Music and Wonder at the Medici Court: The 1589 Interludes forLa Pellegrina. Includes CD. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2008. xx + 278 pp. + 13 color and 16 b/w pls. index. append. illus. bibl. $39.95. ISBN: 978–0–235–35218–7.


Field of study: History
Challenges of Chinese food risk management system in globalizing food supply chain

This paper assesses current conditions of Chinese food safety management system and how policy makers responded to recent incidents of food scares which occurred in China. The paper identifies three aspects of Chinese food safety system which may need to be improved to enhance the system and addresses policy implications for Chinese food safety system. First, administrative structure of Chinese food safety system may need to be consolidated for enhancing efficiency. Second, Chinese consumers’ attitude toward food safety system in China was found to be determining factor for future success of sustainable food supply chain in China, and this should be extensively monitored and evaluated to improve risk communication of food in China. Third, international cooperation among major trading partners regarding development of global food supply chain is found to be imminent, as globalization and increased international trade leads to integration of food safety issues of each country. Development of compatible food safety standards and measures is necessary to have coordinated management of food products which are traded across border.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Estimating site-specific optimum air temperature and assessing its effect on the photosynthesis of grasslands in mid- to high-latitudes

Manuscript is “the version of the article accepted for publication including all changes made as a result of the peer review process, and which may also include the addition to the article by IOP Publishing of a header, an article ID, a cover sheet and/or an ‘Accepted Manuscript’ watermark, but excluding any other editing, typesetting or other changes made by IOP Publishing and/or its licensors” This Accepted Manuscript is

Field of study: Environmental science
[Possibilities of treatment optimization in children and adolescents with epilepsy and disturbances of emotion and volition (disphoria)].

To optimize the treatment of dysphoriain children and adolescents in regard to sex and disease severity.



Seventy children and adolescents (boys - 45, girls - 25), aged from 6 to 18 years, with different forms of epilepsy and emotion and dysphoric disturbances were studied using CPRS  Depending on dysphoria severity, patients were stratified into three groups: mild (n=19 (27.1%), moderate (n=27 (38.6%)) and severe (n=24 (34.3%)).



Dysphoric disorders were significantly more prevalent in boys, hostility and aggression were characteristic of boys as well. These facts impactedtreatment options. Neuroleptics were more frequently used in boys (35.5%) compared to girls(16%).Mild dysphoria didn't require additional treatment besides AED in 78,4%. In 75% cases of moderate dysphoria,systemic treatment with neuroleptics for 6 months was necessary. One-time recommendations for neuroleptic treatment were made in all three groups with the prevalence in a groupof children with severe and moderate dysphoria.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Über die spezifische Wärme der Wasserstoffmolekel

Zusammenfassung1. Es wird eine Formel aufgestellt, die den Temperaturgang der Rotationswärme des Wasserstoffs liefert, von der klassischen Quantentheorie abgesehen. 2. Es wird der Zusammenhang zwischen der Rotationswärme und dem Siedepunkt des Wasserstoffs abgeleitet. 3. In dem Temperaturintervall von 35 bis 500° abs. wird der Temperaturgang der Rotationswärme übereinstimmend mit dem Experiment wiedergegeben.

Field of study: Physics
Genesis and metallogenetic setting of the polymetallic barite-sulphide deposit, Bobija, Western Serbia

The polymetallic Bobija ore deposit in Western Serbia is located at the southwestern edge of the Jadar Block, a distal part of the passive continental margin of Adria. The sulphide mineralization consists of fine-grained pyrite, sphalerite, galena and tetrahedrite, and is associated with abundant barite. The deposit is stratabound and hosted by a Triassic sedimentary sequence. A feeder zone is present in the immediate footwall of the ore mineralization. The volcano-sedimentary succession in the uppermost strata comprises coherent lavas and volcaniclastic sediments. They were investigated for the bulk rock composition and the zircons were subjected to U–Pb dating. Analysed zircons deliver an upper age limit of 243.1 ± 1.3 Ma. Sphalerite from the sulphide mineralization was investigated for its trace element content and pyrite and barite for their sulphur isotope composition. Sphalerite geothermometry indicates ore-bearing fluid temperatures of 152–179 °C. A negative δ34S value of − 6.3‰ in pyrite indicates a sulphur source from a partially reduced reservoir. The new data confirm a previously inferred Triassic age for the Bobija deposit and underline the importance of the prevalent rift regime for ore formation. We propose that the sediment-hosted Bobija deposit should be classified as a clastic-dominated, rift-related Pb–Zn deposit. Given the tectonic setting and temperature constraints, the hydrothermal processes are comparable to deposits classically referred to as sedimentary exhalative (SEDEX). This is in a good agreement with similar deposits occurring in Central Bosnia. These similarities reveal links between ore deposit formation and geodynamic evolution in the Balkan Peninsula, underlining the common geological evolution of the more external zones of the Dinarides and the Jadar Block.

Field of study: Environmental science
The Impact of Physic Activity and Sports into Bodily Health

The great economic and social changes have undoubtedly been reflected, among others, even into changing our lifestyle, bringing both positive effects as result of increases in people’s wellbeing as well as negative effects suchlike the sedentary work, overweight, etc. The last effects also favor the emotional stress as well as other illnesses, including blood pressure or cancer, making us, once more, estimate our common efforts and time to apply a healthy lifestyle, among which the physical activity and sports continue to be important elements. Therefore, once again, this study intends to bring into attention the need to preserve and check bodily weight, by making use of the means and methods giving the desirable physical shape to our own body, as well as to emphasize the importance the physical activity and sports in improving bodily health. The facts and data from world experience, alongside comments and conclusions, which have been presented as lectures, may serve to all categories and ages of the society, especially to the students of the Department of the Physical Education and Sports, at the Faculty of the Education Sciences. DOI: 10.5901/jesr.2014.v4n4p76

Field of study: Education, Sociology
Electrochemical Luminescent DNA Sensor Based on Polymerase-assisted Signal Amplification

A novel polymerase-based electrochemical luminescence (ECL) DNA sensor was constructed for messenger RNA (mRNA) detection by cyclic chain displacement polymerization, assisted by target mRNA cycle and quantum dots signal amplification. Firstly, the mercapto-modified capture-type probe DNA (CP) was immobilized on the surface of a magneto-controlled glassy carbon electrode via Au-S bond. After the addition of target mRNA, CP was opened and hybridized with mRNA to form double-stranded DNA (dsDNA). Then polymerase, primer chain (DNA1) and bases were added, which made the primer chain extend to replace the target mRNA. After one amplification cycle, the mRNA chain could open another hairpin in order to carry out next cycle of amplification. Finally, the ECL detection was carried out by adding DNA2 labeled thioglycolic acid-CdTe quantum dots. The amplification of the target mRNA by the addition of polymerase and the signal combined with the quantum dots label greatly improved the sensitivity of the sensor. The results showed that corresponding ECL signal had a good linear relationship with logarithm of target mRNA concentration in the range of 1 × 10−15 to 1 × 10−11 M, with a detection limit of 3.4 × 10−16 M (S/N = 3). Under the optimal conditions, the recoveries of mRNA spiked in human serum sample were from 97.2 % to 102.3 %. This sensor exhibited good selectivity, stability and reproducibility.

Field of study: Chemistry
A Trust Transitivity Model Based-on Dempster-Shafer Theory

With the expansion of the Internet, Trust has attracted the attention of more and more researchers. This paper focuses on the trust transitivity problem and proposes a trust transitivity model based on Dempster-Shafer Theory. In our model, we show two types of trust relationship: Identity Trust and Behavior Trust based on Directness Trust and Recommendation Trust. Then we build the trust transitivity network and propose the trustworthiness propagation and combination rules. Finally, we propose a method for transforming the triple of evidence theory to a simple result in order to select the trust entity easily. W e also use the nearness degree to analyze the transitivity rationality and show how to use the trust transitivity model by a shopping scenario in TaoBao and illustrate its legitimacy

Field of study: Computer science
Investigation of pulse stimulated emission from gold vapor

An investigation was made of pulse stimulated emission of visible and ultraviolet radiation from dischargeexcited gold vapor mixed with various buffer gases (helium, neon, argon, and xenon). The average output power of a mixture containing neon was 2.1 W in the visible range (efficiency 0.1%) and about 0.2 W in the ultraviolet.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics