nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Is real time 3d-ultrasonography in synopsis with clinical follow-up studies a sufficient tool for surveillance after endoscopic treatment of children with vesicoureteral reflux?

There are still no guidelines for the follow up of patients after endoscopic treatment of vesicoureteral reflux (VUR). We evaluated real time 3D-ultrasonography (4D-US) in synopsis with the clinical course as a possible protocol in the follow up of these children.  We retrospectively reviewed 178 children (296 ureters, median age 41 months) who underwent endoscopic therapy with Deflux®. VUR grade was II or III. Real-time 3-D ultrasound was done one day, 3, 9 and 18 months after the procedure using a GE Voluson® 730 system recording the position and size of the depot. At each visit a complete urological anamnesis was done. In case of a non orthotopic position of the depot a voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG) was performed.  In 93% of the ureteral units the depot could be detected in the same orthotopic position after 3, 9 and 18 months. None of these children suffered from a UTI in the follow up. In 12 children there was a shifting of the depot indicating a possible insufficient therapy. 8 of these patients showed a positive VCUG, of them 4 patients sustained a UTI. The symptomatic children obtained an open reflux surgery; the 4 asymptomatic children were treated with a second endoscopic therapy. Conclusions 4D-US in the synopsis with the clinical course is a sufficient tool in the follow up of children after endoscopic treatment of low grade VUR. In case of an orthotopic position of the Deflux® depot in the follow up and absent UTI's no further invasive diagnostic with VCUG is indicated.

Field of study: Medicine
Application of ASP.NET in General Aviation Security Information Management System

Safety information management is the core of modern aviation security management.Introduces a general aviation security information management system.Firstly presents the process of system design and development,gives the design of system architecture and choice of development tools,introduces the application of B/S architecture and ASP.NET in the system,then illustrates the function module of the system.Lastly discusses the system role in promoting the development of general aviation.

Field of study: Computer science
Was Thorstein Veblen a Revisionist Marxist?

I compare and contrast Thorstein Veblen’s views on and criticisms of Marxian economics, with several of the “revisionist” Marxists writing early in the twentieth century, in the years preceding WWI. I explore the substantial overlap between Veblen and the revisionist authors, in particular, Eduard Bernstein. Although it is unlikely that Veblen’s name will be added to the list of revisionist authors, when the subject of revisionism is treated, I make the case that the views of the revisionist authors often can be instructive in understanding Veblen’s own position with respect to the theories of Karl Marx.

Field of study: Economics
Anoxic Annulata Events in the Late Famennian of the Holy Cross Mountains (Southern Poland): Geochemical and palaeontological record

The Upper Famennian Annulata Black Shales are exposed in the deep-shelf successions of the famous Kowala Quarry and the Ściegnia outcrop in the Holy Cross Mountains, Southern Poland. At Kowala, the twin Annulata anoxic events are manifest as two organic-rich (TOC up to 23 wt.%), finely laminated, fossiliferous black shales, each up to 0.6 m thick, separated by marl and massive or nodular limestone layers. The bituminous interval is condensed in the Ściegnia outcrop to a single 10 cm thick horizon. In both sections, the ABS levels date to the upper part of the Upper Palmatolepis trachytera conodont Zone, corresponding to the Diducites versabilis – Grandispora famenensis miospore Zone. The Annulata Events are marked by a flourishing pelagic biota (the opportunistic bivalve Guerichia venusta , platyclymenids, the goniatite Erfoudites , entomozoacean ostracods, and prasinophyte algae). The initial phase of anoxia saw a bloom of specialized conodont fauna, mostly deep-water outer-shelf palmatolepids such as Palmatolepis glabra lepta , before the second anoxic pulse caused a significant crisis amongst this community. Isorenieratane and gammacerane biomarkers indicate the development of photic zone anoxia during both phases. Degree of Pyritisation (DOP) values (estimated from the TOC–TS–Fe diagram) and the uranium–thorium proxies, as well as trace metals enrichments suggest that bottom-water conditions became dysoxic during deposition of the Lower ABS, while the more distinctly transgressive Upper ABS records anoxic/euxinic deposition during the later Event. When combined with the framboid data, however, unstable anoxia punctuated by short-term oxygenation events are assumed especially for the initial ABS phase, a crucial factor for effective nutrient recirculation from bottom waters to the photic zone and consequent phytoplankton blooming. This organic-rich level is easily identified amongst the background Upper Famennian rhythmic limestone-shaly succession, which was deposited under dysoxic to oxic conditions, with episodic anoxia developing only in the water column. Other well-known Late Devonian anoxic/high productivity episodes, recorded in the Dasberg, Kowala and Hangenberg black shales, also might partly to follow interglacial deepening pulses. These deepenings episodically reversed the overall regressive trend that resulted from a stepwise long-term climate change towards the end-Devonian Gondwanan glaciation.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Establishing Conversational Exchanges with Family and Friends

Three high school students with severe disabilities were taught to participate in conversations with a number of peers in a variety of school and community settings utilizing a communication book adaptation. Additionally, during baseline, training, and informed-generalization-partner phases, measures were taken of the degree to which conversation initiation and turn taking generalized to conversation opportunities outside the instructional situation with family members and other nondisabled partners at home and in the community. During the independence phase, when students were participating in sustained conversations with a large number of peers at school, there continued to be breakdowns in conversational turn taking in probe contexts. Utilizing a multiple baseline design across students, probe partners at home and school received the information they needed to support the students with disabilities by conversing via the communication book and utilizing the conversation structure to provide additional prompts. The results showed that the number of balanced conversational turns taken following partner training immediately matched performance with informed peers at school. Finally, the study demonstrated that one family member could provide the necessary information for successful interactions to another without further input from school personnel.

Field of study: Education
A new instrument for time-resolved measurement of HO 2 radicals

OH and HO2 radicals are closely coupled in the
atmospheric oxidation and combustion of volatile organic compounds (VOCs).
Simultaneous measurement of HO2 yields and OH kinetics can provide the ability to assign site-specific rate coefficients that are important for understanding the oxidation mechanisms of VOCs. By coupling a fluorescence
assay by gaseous expansion (FAGE) laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) detection system for OH and HO2 with a high-pressure laser flash
photolysis system, it is possible to accurately measure OH pseudo-1st-order loss processes up to ∼100 000  s −1 and to determine
 HO2 yields via time-resolved measurements. This time resolution allows discrimination between primary HO2 from the target reaction and secondary production from side reactions. The apparatus was characterized by measuring yields from the reactions of OH with H2O2 ( 1:1 link between OH and HO2 ), with C2H4∕O2 (where secondary chemistry can generate HO2 ), with C2H6∕O2 (where there should be zero HO2 yield), and with CH3OH∕O2 (where there is a well-defined HO2 yield). As an application of the new instrument, the reaction of OH with n -butanol has been studied at 293 and 616 K. The bimolecular rate coefficient at 293 K, ( 9.24 ± 0.21 ) × 10 - 12  cm 3  molec. −1  s −1 , is in good agreement with recent literature, verifying that this instrument can measure accurate OH kinetics. At 616 K the regeneration of OH in the absence of O2 , from the decomposition of the β -hydroxy radical, was observed, which allowed the determination of the fraction of OH reacting at the β site ( 0.23±0.04 ). Direct observation of the HO2 product in the presence of oxygen has allowed the assignment of the α -branching fractions ( 0.57±0.06 ) at 293 K and ( 0.54±0.04 ) at 616 K, again in good agreement with recent literature; branching ratios are key to modelling the ignition delay times of this potential “drop-in” biofuel.

Field of study: Environmental science
Effect of vibration parameters on the bubble absorption characteristics of working fluids R134a–DMAC in a vertical tube

Two-phase flow pattern evolvement characteristic of working pair R134a–DMAC as well as the relationship between the bubble absorption height and vibration parameters (amplitude and frequency) were studied experimentally. Results showed that the bubble behavior and two-phase flow patterns became more complicated and disturbed under the vibration state, besides the bubble jolting and disintegration phenomena were observed. Stability of bubble absorption was also influenced by the vibration parameters. The most significant enhancement effectiveness of system vibration to the bubble absorption of R134a–DMAC occurred when amplitude was 0.4 mm and frequency was 25 Hz within the testing conditions. Finally, absorption pressure and temperature, solution flow rate and solution concentration were testified to influence the bubble absorption height and flow patterns under the vibration conditions.

Field of study: Engineering
Research on the Brand Diffusion of the China Mobile Communication Industry Based on the Innovation Diffusion Theory

Perhaps one of the fastest growing markets in China is the mobile telecom market. The brand diffusion of China Mobile Communication Industry that has not been addressed is of great importance to the practicing brand managers. In this article, the authors forecast the potential mobile phone users of China Mobile Communication Industry with the Bass model and analyze the impact of competition on the brand diffusion of China Mobile and that of China Unicom. The study yields the good prediction and the managerial implications.

Field of study: Business
A Note on the Minimum χ2 1 Estimate and a L.A.M.S.T. χ2 in the “No Interaction” Problem

A method is presented of obtaining the minimum χ2 1 estimates for the problem of “no interaction” defined in the model of logit additivity, with some examples, and these are compared with the ML estimates. The χ2 L of Nagnur is compared with the Pearson χ2 for the two sets of estimates, and a striking difference in the comparison of the two χ2′s for the ML and minimum χ2 1 estimates is noted.

Field of study: Mathematics
Mutational analysis of chicken interleukin 2.

Chicken interleukin 2 (chIL-2) has low, but significant, homology to both mammalian IL-2 and mammalian IL-15. In view of its unique phylogenetic position and potential use as a vaccine adjuvant, a detailed mutational analysis for critical functional sites was undertaken. It was found that Asp17 is a critical N terminal contact site for binding to the putative chIL-2 receptor, which is similar to results obtained for mammalian IL-2 and IL-15. Analysis of the C terminus did not reveal a single critical amino acid. However, deletion mutant studies demonstrated that removal of C terminal amino acids yielded proteins with decreased bioactivity and that this decrease was a function of the number and kind of amino acids removed. This study is the first non-mammalian IL-2 mutational analysis and proposes a model for the interaction between chIL-2 and its receptor.

Field of study: Medicine
Crystallographically correct but confusing presentation of structural models deposited in the Protein Data Bank.

The Protein Data Bank (PDB) constitutes a collection of the available atomic models of macromolecules and their complexes obtained by various methods used in structural biology, but chiefly by crystallography. It is an indispensable resource for all branches of science that deal with the structures of biologically active molecules, such as structural biology, bioinformatics, the design of novel drugs etc. Since not all users of the PDB are familiar with the methods of crystallography, it is important to present the results of crystallographic analyses in a form that is easy to interpret by nonspecialists. It is advisable during the submission of structures to the PDB to pay attention to the optimal placement of molecules within the crystal unit cell, to the correct representation of oligomeric assemblies and to the proper selection of the space-group symmetry. Examples of significant departures from these principles illustrate the potential for the misinterpretation of such suboptimally presented crystal structures.

Field of study: Chemistry
Effect of Acute Ethanol Administration on the Hippocampal Region Neural Activity Using a Microelectrode Array.

Because acute ethanol (EtOH) administration is known to influence cognitive processes by impairing hippocampal function, electrophysiological responses of the hippocampus following EtOH exposure warrant investigation. To mimic in vivo conditions, we recorded and analyzed critical firing characteristics of the neuronal population dynamically, particularly in the hippocampal region, before and after acute EtOH administration.



Microelectrodes were inserted in the hippocampus CA1 region of 21 Institute of Cancer Research mice. The mice were divided into 3 groups, including an EtOH injection group (1.5 g/kg), a saline injection group (1.5 g/kg), and a negative control group that received no injection. A data acquisition system was employed to detect the local field potentials (LFPs) and spike potentials following acute EtOH administration. Various multichannel electrophysiological signals were collected in vivo in each group at 60 minutes, from which the firing rate and wavelet entropy (WE) were analyzed further.



Firing rates began to decline at 20 minutes postinjection and then gradually recovered from 40 to 60 minutes. In contrast, 20 minutes post-injection, WE increased maximally and then returned to normal from 40 to 60 minutes (p < 0.05). Pronounced changes in the relative energy of theta and alpha oscillations were also observed after 20 minutes of alcohol exposure and recovery occurred by 60 minutes (p < 0.05).



A major mechanism of EtOH's action on the hippocampus is neurotransmitter blocking in the form of excitatory neuron inhibition in vivo. Changes in hippocampal spikes coincided with changes in LFPs during the entire time course of acute EtOH administration. The correlation between spikes and LFPs suggests that they jointly affect encoding in hippocampus.

Field of study: Medicine
Diagnosis of Organic and Functional Pain Patients with the MMPI

There are contradictory findings regarding the use of the MMPI to discriminate between patients with organic and functional pain. The MMPI was administered to patients, 43 with organic and 39 with functional pain, at a university hospital pain clinic. Multivariate analyses were nonsignificant, strongly suggesting that the clinical usefulness of this scale to differentiate between patients with organic and functional pain is highly questionable.

Field of study: Psychology
Testing Real-Time Embedded Systems using Timed Automata based approaches

Real-Time Embedded Systems (RTESs) have an increasing role in controlling the IT that we use on a day-to-day basis. The behaviour of an RTES is not based solely on the interactions it might have with its surrounding environment, but also on the timing requirements it induces. As a result, ensuring that an RTES behaves correctly is non-trivial, especially after adding time as a new dimension to the complexity of the testing process. We previously introduced the 'priority-based' approach which tests the logical and timing behaviour of an RTES modelled formally as UPPAAL automata. The 'priority-based' approach was based on producing sets of timed test traces by achieving clock region coverage. In this paper, we empirically validate the 'priority-based' approach with comparison to well-known timed testing approaches based on a Timed Automata (TA) formalism using a complete test bed based on an industrial-strength case study (production cell). The validation assessment is based on both fault coverage and structural coverage by a minimal number of generated test traces; the former is achieved using the Mutation Analysis Technique (MAT) by introducing a set of timed and functional mutation operators. The latter is based on clock region coverage as a main timed structural coverage criterion. This study shows that 'priority-based' approach can combine a high fault coverage and clock region coverage with a relatively small number of test traces in comparison with other test approaches. A set of experiences and lessons learned are highlighted as result of the real-time test bed.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Assessing Chemistry Teachers Knowledge and Skills in Using ICT in Teaching Organic Chemistry at the Senior High School in the Ashanti Region

The advancement of science and technology vis-a-vis the constant need to improve upon the teaching practice is a course that when successfully put together would efficiently be very advantageous to the students and the teacher. The purpose of the study was to assess the barriers of ICT use, Support system and teachers’ knowledge and skills of ICT use in the teaching of Chemistry in senior high schools (SHSs) in the Ashanti Region. The teachers sampled for the study were from the various types of Senior High Schools (SHSs) such as mixed or co-educational SHSs, single sex female and single sex male in the Ashanti Region. The research instrument that was used to collect the data was questionnaire. Descriptive statistics were carried out to analyze the data using Statistical Package for Social Scientist (SPSS) software version 16. The findings of the study identified perceived barriers of ICT integration in teaching in the SHSs as lack of enough or limited access to computers/computer lab, non-availability of computer software, lack of time in school schedule for integrating ICT and lack of adequate technical support. It also included not get any current technical support for provision of technical course for operating and maintaining computer system and having a technician in the classroom. Teachers’ knowledge and skill in technology use was not seen as a barrier to ICT integration in teaching. It is recommended that computer laboratories should be setup in SHSs and furnished with computers and software that will enable teachers plan and deliver their lesson effectively using ICT. The time table of the SHSs should be reviewed to cater for ICT integration which teachers’ perceived to be time consuming.  Administrative support, Technical Support, Information and Communication Technology, Senior High School and West African Examination Council DOI: 10.7176/JEP/11-24-03 Publication date: August 31 st 2020

Field of study: Education
Synthesis of aryl-substituted polyisobutylenes as precursors for ligands for greener, phase-selectively soluble catalysts

General synthetic approaches to functional derivatives of polyisobutylene (PIB) that contain arene groups that can be used as catalysts or as precursors to catalyst ligands are discussed. The emphasis is on reactions that use commercially available terminally functionalized PIB derivatives as starting materials. Both successful and unsuccessful electrophilic aromatic substitution processes are described, and potential problems of this process and ways to circumvent the problem of depolymerization of the intermediate polyisobutyl cation in substitutions of less reactive arenes are detailed. Examples that lead to polyisobutyl-containing arenes that are known and potentially useful as ligands or ligand precursors for greener homogeneous catalysts that are phase-selectively soluble and recoverable in heptane are emphasized.

Field of study: Chemistry
An occurrence of Tiraspolian fauna at the Vilyuy river (Eastern Siberia)

Remains of Tiraspol fauna Dicerorhinus mercki ( Jaeger ), Mammuthus trogontherii ( Pohl )—early type—and Equus cf. mosbachensis Wust . were found in terrasic alluvium of the Vilyuy River in northeastern Siberia. The character of the sedimentation of alluvium, palynological data and the study of macroflora fossils, enable us to come to the conclusion that this fauna in the area of the Vilyuy Basin had existed in a moderate and humid climate. The landscapes were most likely an alteration of open and forested (spruce-larch woods) areas. There was no evidence of permafrost.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Software engineering technology innovation - Turning research results into industrial success

This paper deals with the innovation of software engineering technologies. These technologies are methods and tools for conducting software development and maintenance. We consider innovation as a process consisting of two phases, being technology creation and technology transfer. In this paper, we focus mainly on the transfer phase. Technology transfer is of mutual interest to both academia and industry. Transfer is important for academia, because it shows the industrial relevance of their research results to, for example, their sponsoring authorities. Showing the industrial applicability of research results is sometimes referred to as valorization of research. Nowadays, valorization is often required by research funding bodies. The transfer is important for industries, because innovating their development processes and their products is supportive in gaining a competitive edge or remaining competitive in their business. We describe the technology transfer phase by means of three activities: technology evaluation, technology engineering, and technology embedding. The technology evaluation activity is perceived as the main gate between the technology creation phase and the technology transfer phase. With two case studies, originating from the Dutch high-tech systems industry, we will illustrate the activities in the transfer phase. In addition to the process we will also define the main roles in a software engineering technology innovation, namely: the technology provider (academic research, industrial research and technology vendor) and the technology receiver (industrial development). With those roles we also address the issues concerning the ownership of technologies.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering