nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Manifestation of the thermal motion of ions in the conductivity spectrum of liquid water

The nonresonant component of the dynamic conductivity spectrum of liquid water in the frequency range of 104–1014 Hz is described by a model of free charged particles participating in thermal motion. The background of IR spectrum is represented by the diffusion response of elementary charges in the form of protons, holes, and H3O+ and OH– ions; terahertz loss (1010 Hz) is a response of the same ions in hydrate shells; microwave absorption at frequencies below 107 Hz is represented by the response of the same ions surrounded by the hydrate shell and additionally by the ionic atmosphere.

Field of study: Physics
Use of a high-risk alcohol relapse scale in evaluating liver transplant candidates.

Methods to improve assessment, selection, and monitoring of patients with alcoholic cirrhosis who pursue liver transplantation are sought continuously. We chose to investigate the use of the High-Risk Alcohol Relapse (HRAR) scale in our transplant population in the hope that it would improve our ability to identify and follow patients at highest risk for alcohol relapse.



Detailed alcohol histories of 207 patients evaluated for liver transplantation were collected and graded for severity by using the HRAR. The HRAR provides information on the duration of alcohol use (a measure of chronicity), daily quantity of alcohol use, and rehabilitation experiences (treatment responsiveness). Posttransplant alcohol use was monitored through clinical follow-up in the transplant clinic.



Although men and women had similar years of heavy drinking pretransplant, women's daily alcohol consumption was significantly less than men's. HRAR scores did not distinguish those listed for transplant from those not listed or those who drank posttransplant from those who did not. Transplant patients were predominantly in the low-risk group (83% had an HRAR score <4).



The HRAR did not have predictive ability in our transplant population. Few of our patients were rated as high risk, and few drank posttransplant. Nevertheless, identifying patients at high risk may improve clinical care and decrease the rate of posttransplant alcohol consumption.

Field of study: Medicine
TH-EF-BRD-09: Dosimetric Analysis of Patient-Specific Planning Target Volumes Using Population Statistical Modeling of Interfractional Prostate Motion

To use a population-based statistical motion model to create a patient-specific planning target volume (PTV) for patients undergoing radiotherapy for definitive treatment of low-risk prostate cancer and to compare the dosimetric impact of this PTV against current clinically used PTVs.  From mapping 10–13 fractional CT images to the planning image, systematic and random deformations were calculated for 19 prostate patients. These deformations were mapped to a reference image using inter-patient deformable image registration (DIR). In the reference image coordinate system, principal component analysis (PCA) was used to create 3D statistical motion models of the systematic and random displacements. Using these models to sample synthetic displacements and mapping them back to a patient’s planning coordinate system, organ occupancy maps were created for the prostate. The organ occupancy map was thresholded at the 95% coverage level to create a PCA-based PTV. For bony aligned and prostate centroid aligned patient setups, a virtual clinical trial was conducted to determine the dosimetric differences between a PCA-based PTV and a conventional PTV (using a van Herk margin for bony alignment and 5 mm fixed [3 mm posterior] for centroid alignment). Dose volume histogram (DVH) metrics were used in the analysis.  All PTVs provided prescription dose coverage to the prostate. For bony aligned setup, the PCA-based PTV significantly (p<0.05) reduced D₃₀, D₂₀, and D5 to bladder and D5₀ to rectum, while increasing rectal D₂₀ and D5. For the centroid aligned setup, the PCA PTV significantly reduced all bladder DVH metrics and trended to lower rectal DVH metrics.  Statistical motion modeling provides a systematic method for creating PTVs. Plans created using these PTVs provide adequate prescription dose coverage of the prostate while lowering the bladder dose. PCA-based PTVs tended to increase rectal dose for bony-aligned patients and lower it for centroid aligned patients.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Adolescent Pregnancy and Public Policy

Although teenage pregnancy has recently emerged as a major social "problem," its frequency is by no means a recent social phenomenon. The appropriate age for sexual relations and parenthood has always been a matter of cultural definition, and in the United States it has varied considerably across time, region, class, race, ethnicity, and gender. Over the past two centuries, the age at which childbirth is biologically possible has declined, while the period of adolescents' economic dependence has increased. One result of these changes has been a growing cultural conflict over reproductive choices during the transition to adulthood. During the past two decades, the rising birth rate among unmarried teenagers has prompted increasing national concern but no coherent policy. Much of the problem stems from disputes over the nature of the problem. Is the primary issue morality, fertility, or poverty? What choices should adolescents make in sexual relationships, what role should the state play in shaping the choices available, and who should decide those questions? This article explores public policies on adolescent pregnancy against their broader historical, legal, and socioeconomic backgrounds. Its central premise is that such policies have frequently misdescribed the

Field of study: Political science
Attacks against search Poly-LWE

The Ring-LWE (RLWE) problem is expected to be a computationally-hard problem even with quantum algorithms. The Poly-LWE (PLWE) problem is closely related to the RLWE problem, and in practice a security base for various recently-proposed cryptosystems. In 2014, Eisentraeger et al. proposed attacks against the decision-variant of the PLWE problem (and in 2015, Elias et al. precisely described and extended their attacks to be applied for that of the RLWE problem). Their attacks against the decision-PLWE problem succeed with sufficiently high probability in polynomial time under certain assumptions, one of which is that the defining polynomial of the PLWE instance splits completely over the ground field. In this paper, we present polynomial-time attacks against the search-variant of the PLWE problem. Our attacks are viewed as search-case variants of the previous attacks, but can deal with more general cases where the defining polynomial of the PLWE problem does not split completely over the ground field.  Ring-LWE, Poly-LWE, finite field

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
A regularized iterative image restoration algorithm

The development of the algorithm is based on a set theoretic approach to regularization. Deterministic and/or statistical information about the undistorted image and statistical information about the noise are directly incorporated into the iterative procedure. The restored image is the center of an ellipsoid bounding the intersection of two ellipsoids. The proposed algorithm, which has the constrained least squares algorithm as a special case, is extended into an adaptive iterative restoration algorithm. The spatial adaptivity is introduced to incorporate properties of the human visual system. Convergence of the proposed iterative algorithms is established. For the experimental results which are shown, the adaptively restored images have better quality than the nonadaptively restored ones based on visual observations and on an objective criterion of merit which accounts for the noise masking property of the visual system.

Field of study: Engineering
Effect of Process Parameters on Tensile Mechanical Properties of 3D Printing Continuous Carbon Fiber-Reinforced PLA Composites

Three-dimensional (3D) printing continuous carbon fiber-reinforced polylactic acid (PLA) composites offer excellent tensile mechanical properties. The present study aimed to research the effect of process parameters on the tensile mechanical properties of 3D printing composite specimens through a series of mechanical experiments. The main printing parameters, including layer height, extrusion width, printing temperature, and printing speed are changed to manufacture specimens based on the modified fused filament fabrication 3D printer, and the tensile mechanical properties of 3D printing continuous carbon fiber-reinforced PLA composites are presented. By comparing the outcomes of experiments, the results show that relative fiber content has a significant impact on mechanical properties and the ratio of carbon fibers in composites is influenced by layer height and extrusion width. The tensile mechanical properties of continuous carbon fiber-reinforced composites gradually decrease with an increase of layer height and extrusion width. In addition, printing temperature and speed also affect the fiber matrix interface, i.e., tensile mechanical properties increase as the printing temperature rises, while the tensile mechanical properties decrease when the printing speed increases. Furthermore, the strengthening mechanism on the tensile mechanical properties is that external loads subjected to the components can be transferred to the carbon fibers through the fiber-matrix interface. Additionally, SEM images suggest that the main weakness of continuous carbon fiber-reinforced 3D printing composites exists in the fiber-matrix interface, and the main failure is the pull-out of the fiber caused by the interface destruction.

Field of study: Materials science
Research and Implementation on Path Protection and Restoration Algorithms in Ethernet Ring Networks

Currently, more than 90 percent of Internet Traffic is originated from Ethernet-based LAN. But native Ethernet protocols couldn't be extended into MAN because it lacks of OAM features, such as sub-50ms protection. This paper presents a Lightweight Distributed Ethernet Protection Algorithm-LDEPA. Different from Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) and other Ethernet protection schemes, this algorithm has the ability of sub-50ms protection provisioning and scalability. This paper also describes an implementation of LDEPA on NPU-based switched router.

Field of study: Computer science
Studies on chromosomal ploidy of somatic polyploids of Hevea brasiliensis

Chromosomal ploidies of somatic polyploidy clones Haiken-2 and PR107 (Hevea brasiliensis) induced with colchicine 16 years ago have been studied with their diploidy parents as control. Results showed that these polyploidy clones were composed of numeral sorts of chromosomal ploidy cells with plyploidy cells being dominant. Between polyploidy trees or parts of the same tree, the proportions or mosaic degrees of various ploidy cells are evidently different. After 16 years of growth, the triploidy cells in rubber polyploids have been increasing evidently while tetraploidy ones decreased drastically. It seems that the tetraploidy cells tend to be transformed to the triploidy. The cells between parent trees or part of the same parent tree are mostly of chromosomal diploidy and not obviously different in chromosomal ploidies.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
A Note on the Reliability of Simple and Residualized Differences

We want to express our gratitude to Bruno Zumbo for pointing out the error in our article "The Comparative Reliability of Simple and Residualized Difference Scores," published in the Journal of Experimental Education in 1983. This error has escaped our notice during the decade since the article originally appeared. Fortunately, the main conclusions are unaffected by this oversight. Zumbo 's systematic approach in posing a series of questions in the form of decision rules goes a long way toward clarifying the concepts developed in the article, and we will quibble with only one feature of his presentation. He sug gested that these decision rules can help a researcher decide "whether to use the simple or residualized difference score." We want to emphasize that the equations provided a comparison of the reliability of these two types of scores, and that reliability is only one property, psychometric or otherwise, that determines the usefulness of scores in research. The validity of scores is also a major consideration. See, for example, Wil liams and Zimmerman (1982), which contains a comparison of the validity of simple and residualized differences. There are still other considerations. The sta tistical power of a measure is important in research, and readers of the statistical papers in the Psychological Bulletin are undoubtedly aware that power does not always increase monotonically with reliability. The sort of paradox originally noted by Overall and Woodward (1975) could occur in the present context. That is, it is possible for simple differences to be less reliable than residualized differ ences and yet have more power to detect a false null hypothesis when used in significance tests (see also Zimmerman & Williams, 1986; Williams & Zimmer man, 1989). The equations in our 1983 article reveal which measure has the greater relia bility under specified conditions, everything else being equal. This comparison has theoretical interest for psychometricians, and sometimes, perhaps, practical implications as well. But it does not dictate the choice of the measure to be employed in a research setting. However, we probably worry needlessly that any

Field of study: Education
MODEI-FRACTURE SIMULATION OF CONCRETE BASED ON 3D DISTINCT ELEMENT METHOD

For the purpose of numerical simulation of transition process from continua to discontinua and even to structural collapse,the fracture of quasi-brittle materials such as concrete and rock under tensile state is analyzed by rotating smeared-crack model and discrete crack model based on the deformable distinct element method(DEM).The models are then applied to analyze the problems of uniaxial tension and three-point bending beam test.The comparison between experimental and numerical results shows that the models are able to appropriately predict the load-displacement response of the beam under uniform fracture energy.The discrete crack model is not only capable of obtaining the load-displacement curve of the entire fracture process but also of simulating the collapse behavior when the system partially or completely reaches failure.

Field of study: Engineering
Palaeoecological context for the extinction of the Neanderthals: A small mammal study of Stratigraphic Unit V of the El Salt site, Alcoi, eastern Spain

El Salt is emerging as a reference site for the study of the extinction of Neanderthal populations in the Eastern Iberian Peninsula during MIS 3. The small vertebrate assemblage analysed in this work is framed within this general objective and comes from Stratigraphic Unit V, the most recent unit with human presence. Nearly 1300 small mammal remains have been studied in order to reconstruct the palaeoecological conditions of this debated period. A total of seven rodents (Microtus arvalis, Microtus duodecimcostatus, Microtus cabrerae, Sciurus vulgaris, Arvicola sapidus, Eliomys quercinus and Apodemus sylvaticus), three insectivores (Talpa occidentalis, Crocidura sp., Sorex sp.) and one lagomorph (Oryctolagus cf. cuniculus) were identified. Palaeocological analyse points to drier conditions in the upper part (Unit V) of the stratigraphic sequence, supporting the hypothesis that an aridification scenario may have played a role in the disappearance of the Neanderthal groups inhabiting this region of the Iberian Peninsula.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Are gas exchange responses to resource limitation and defoliation linked to source:sink relationships?

Productivity of trees can be affected by limitations in resources such as water and nutrients, and herbivory. However, there is little understanding of their interactive effects on carbon uptake and growth. We hypothesized that: (1) in the absence of defoliation, photosynthetic rate and leaf respiration would be governed by limiting resource(s) and their impact on sink limitation; (2) photosynthetic responses to defoliation would be a consequence of changing source:sink relationships and increased availability of limiting resources; and (3) photosynthesis and leaf respiration would be adjusted in response to limiting resources and defoliation so that growth could be maintained. We tested these hypotheses by examining how leaf photosynthetic processes, respiration, carbohydrate concentrations and growth rates of Eucalyptus globulus were influenced by high or low water and nitrogen (N) availability, and/or defoliation. Photosynthesis of saplings grown with low water was primarily sink limited, whereas photosynthetic responses of saplings grown with low N were suggestive of source limitation. Defoliation resulted in source limitation. Net photosynthetic responses to defoliation were linked to the degree of resource availability, with the largest responses measured in treatments where saplings were ultimately source rather than sink limited. There was good evidence of acclimation to stress, enabling higher rates of C uptake than might otherwise have occurred.

Field of study: Environmental science
Selenium or selenium plus folic acid-supplemented diets ameliorate renal oxidation in ethanol-exposed pups.

Ethanol (EtOH) exposure during gestation and lactation induces an oxidative stress in offspring. In kidney, the oxidative damage is the primary pathway to alcohol-induced injury. In this study, we have demonstrated that a diet supplemented with selenium (Se) (0.5 ppm) or with Se (0.5 ppm) + folic acid (8 ppm) administered to EtOH-exposed (20% v/v) dams during gestation and lactation prevents the oxidative EtOH-provoked effects in their offspring's kidneys.



All the studies were performed on 21-day-old pups. Serum, urine, and kidney Se levels were assessed by graphite-furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. Se and creatinine clearance, antioxidant enzyme activities, and lipid and protein peroxidation were determined by a spectrophotometric method in kidney.



Dietary supplementation treatments used could not improve the glomerular filtration function altered by EtOH exposure during gestation and lactation; however, they did improve renal Se deposits, renal development, and renal protein content while decreasing lipid and protein oxidation and modifying antioxidant enzymes' activity.



Se or Se + folic acid supplementations improve renal development and protein content and modify antioxidant enzymes' activity, decreasing lipid and protein oxidation after EtOH exposure. In this context, a double-supplemented diet appears to reduce protein peroxidation more efficiently than the Se-only-supplemented one, probably via superoxide dismutase and catalase.

Field of study: Medicine
Interaction of 2-(1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)-thieno[2,3-b]pyridin-3-amines with ortho-Formylbenzoic Acids

We describe a two-stage synthesis of heptacyclic structures, isoindolo[1',2':2,3]pyrido[3",2":4',5']-thieno[3',2':4,5]pyrimido[1,6-a]benzimidazol-6(10bH)-ones, and intermediates, 5,6-dihydropyrido-[3",2":4',5']thieno[3',2':4,5]pyrimido[1,6-a]benzimidazol-6-yl]benzoic acids, as products from the interaction of 3-amino-2-benzimidazolylthieno[2,3-b]pyridines and ortho-formylbenzoic acids. 5,6-Di-hydropyrido[3",2":4',5']thieno[3',2':4,5]pyrimido[1,6-a]benzimidazol-6-yl]benzoic acids were shown to easily oxidize (aromatize) to the corresponding pyrido[3",2":4',5']thieno[3',2':4,5]pyrimido[1,6-a]-benzimidazol-6-yl]benzoic acids. The molecular and crystal structures of 4-(methoxymethyl)-2-methyl-isoindolo-[1',2':2,3]pyrido[3",2":4',5']thieno[3',2':4,5]pyrimido[1,6-a]benzimidazol-6(10bH)-one and 2-[4-(methoxymethyl)-2-methylpyrido[3",2":4',5']thieno[3',2':4,5]pyrimido[1,6-a]benzimidazol-6-yl]- benzoic acid were studied by X-ray crystallography.

Field of study: Chemistry
Use of Neural Networks for Simulation of Pump Equipment Operation for a Feed Preparation Complex of an Oil-and-gas Production Enterprise

Creation of a system of computer-aided analysis of pump equipment functioning is an actual problem of design and development of nodes and units for increasing of estimation reliability of products operation, for real-time diagnostics of operation, and for support of real-time decisions for elimination of faults. Owing to wide approximation abilities of a neural network computational architecture it is possible to create multi-parametric simulation mathematical models of complex technical systems intended for identification of operation parameters and criteria of operability. Applying this approximation it is possible to develop an optimization strategy of pump equipment control, upgrade of diagnostic and emergency protection systems.

Field of study: Engineering
Skill versus Chance Tasks

The value placed on success in achievement situations by internals and congruent (CE) and defensive (DE) externals was investigated in tasks defined as either skill-or chance-determined. Internals and DEs persisted longer on the skill task than CDs, while both external groups worked longer on the chance task than internals. Across task conditions, internaLs and DEs persisted longer in the skill than chance task, while CEs did not dffer. These results support the utility of the CE-DE distinction, and suggest that DEs behave similarly to internals in skill-based achievement situations, while externality for CEs is more representative of a veridical set of external control beliefs.

Field of study: Psychology
The European Educateur Model: An Alternative and Effective Approach to the Mental Health of Children

children who cannot possibly obtain the help they require from the treatment models now employed. In the fields of education and mental health, a more creative and effective approach to children’s developmental problems is urgently needed (Albee, 1968).2 The Educateur concept of total milieu programming offersatherapeutic model with wide-scale implications for our disturbed and maladjusted children and a possible means of revitalizing our obsolescent and dysfunctional teacher training process. I believe that the components necessary for a new mental health model

Field of study: Education
A possibility of increase of a superconducting gap in two-dimensional BCS superconductor

According to the BCS model the probability of filling of pair electron states vk2 as a function of kinetic energy is smeared i.e. is not a step function. This means that part of energy of connection through virtual phonons is consumed to increase the kinetic energy in an electron system at the transition to the superconducting state. In this work a modified mechanism of vk2 formation is proposed which takes into account the dynamics of fluctuations near the phase transition. The estimations of superconducting gap and isotopic effect for a matrial with parameters of high-temperature superconductors give values comparable with these observed

Field of study: Physics
BCS-BEC Crossover in Quantum Confined Superconductors

Ultranarrow superconductors are in the strong quantum confinement regime with formation of multiple coherent condensates associated with the many subbands of the electronic structure. Here, we analyze the multiband BCS-BEC crossover induced by the chemical potential tuned close to a subband bottom, in correspondence of a superconducting shape resonance. The evolution of the condensate fraction and of the pair correlation length in the ground state as functions of the chemical potential demonstrates the tunability of the BCS-BEC crossover for the condensate component of the selected subband. The extension of the crossover regime increases when the pairing strength and/or the characteristic energy of the interaction get larger. Our results indicate the coexistence of large and small Cooper pairs in the crossover regime, leading to the optimal parameter configuration for high transition temperature superconductivity.

Field of study: Physics