nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Couples coping with cancer: Research issues and recent findings

The diagnosis of cancer in one partner can impose numerous changes for both the individual diagnosed with cancer and his or her healthy spouse. In this article, the literature on spouse social support in the context of cancer is reviewed. The importance of understanding support given and received within a close relationship using an interactional, contextual perspective is emphasized. Examining support-related interactions and understanding the personal characteristics that determine the type and amount of support that providers give and the kind of support individuals prefer, and investigating why significant others respond in supportive or critical ways is important. In addition, the study of support interactions must be placed in the both in the context of a marriage and in the context of a catastrophic life event such as cancer. A longitudinal study of patients with gastrointestinal cancer and their healthy partners was undertaken to examine these issues, and the design of this study is described. General problems conducting research with couples undergoing a severe life stressor as well as specific problems our research group has encountered while setting up a research program in the cancer setting are reviewed.

Field of study: Psychology
Really Useful Synthetic Data - A Framework to Evaluate the Quality of Differentially Private Synthetic Data

Recent advances in generating synthetic data that allow to add principled ways of protecting privacy -- such as Differential Privacy -- are a crucial step in sharing statistical information in a privacy preserving way. But while the focus has been on privacy guarantees, the resulting private synthetic data is only useful if it still carries statistical information from the original data. To further optimise the inherent trade-off between data privacy and data quality, it is necessary to think closely about the latter. What is it that data analysts want? Acknowledging that data quality is a subjective concept, we develop a framework to evaluate the quality of differentially private synthetic data from an applied researcher's perspective. Data quality can be measured along two dimensions. First, quality of synthetic data can be evaluated against training data or against an underlying population. Second, the quality of synthetic data depends on general similarity of distributions or specific tasks such as inference or prediction. It is clear that accommodating all goals at once is a formidable challenge. We invite the academic community to jointly advance the privacy-quality frontier.

Field of study: Computer science
Structural characterization of W-Ni-Al2O3 catalysts.

A series of W/Ni/Al2O3 catalysts was prepared by coprecipitation of nickel and aluminum and impregnation of tungsten. The samples were characterized by XRD, XPS and XAS techniques. XRD measurements detected two phases: NiO as the main phase and NiAl2O4 in lower amount; no phase containing tungsten was detected. XPS measurements indicated the presence of Al2O3, NiAl2O4, and Al2(WO4)3 phases on the catalyst surfaces. The XANES spectra of catalysts were rather similar for all of the samples. According to the EXAFS results, at the short range level, tungsten does not form any bound with Ni atoms. The nickel first coordination shell in the catalysts containing tungsten is similar to that encountered in COP 1 catalyst without tungsten. The lower Ni-Ni coordination number observed for all catalysts, when compared to the NiO phase, can be attributed to the nickel-aluminum interaction.

Field of study: Physics
2,2-Dimethyl-5-(5-R-furfurylidene)-1,3-dioxane-4,6-diones. 3. Selective hydrogenation of the exocyclic double bond and three-dimensional structures of the reaction products

The reaction of 2,2-dimethyl-5-(5-R-furfurylidene)-1,3-dioxane-4,6-diones with sodium borohydride in alcohol leads exclusively to products of hydrogenation of the exocyclic double bond. The three-dimensional structure of one of them — 2,2-dimethyl-5-(5-methyl-furfuryl)-1,3-dioxane-4,6-dioxane — was investigated by x-ray diffraction analysis (XDA).

Field of study: Chemistry
Pre- and post-Marinoan carbonate facies of the Democratic Republic of the Congo: Glacially- or tectonically-influenced deep-water sediments?

The upper carbonate-rich parts of the West Congo Supergroup (~ 1000–560 Ma) from the Democratic Republic of the Congo have hitherto been considered as a record of abrupt eustatic and climatic events accompanying glaciation and deglaciation of a Snowball Earth-type Marinoan ice age that was of global extent. These strata have however never been investigated in detail. Results of new sedimentological work at key outcrops over a 1300 km outcrop belt show that pre- and post-Marinoan carbonates are respectively, storm-influenced sediments deposited principally in a mid/outer-ramp setting, and deep-water slope carbonates (calicturbidites) representing a lobe-fringe or levee-overbank setting. The Upper Diamictite Formation held previously by some to be a subglacial tillite, comprises gravity flows (debrites) deposited in deep water below wave base along the unstable margins of a carbonate ramp. A direct glacial influence on sedimentation for diamictites or any accompanying facies cannot be readily identified. Sedimentary facies reported here primarily record the presence of deep-water submarine to alluvial fan systems related to extensional tectonic processes of the central-southern Macaubas Basin (now located in Brazil) between 700 Ma and 660 Ma followed by the 630-Ma onset of the pre-collisional magmatic arc in the Aracuai-West Congo Orogen. No extreme short-lived climatic or eustatic events of a Snowball Earth-type ice age are recorded in the studied succession, which primarily reflects long-term overriding regional tectonic controls resulting in diachronous sedimentation along the western margin of the Congo Craton.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Supersaturation model for InN PA-MOCVD.

We developed a thermodynamic supersaturation model for plasma-assisted metalorganic chemical vapor deposition of InN. The model is based on the chemical combination of indium with plasma-generated atomic nitrogen ions. Indium supersaturation was analyzed for InN films grown by PA-MOCVD with varying input flow of indium precursor. Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and atomic force microscopy provided feedback on structural properties and surface morphology of grown films. Growth parameter variation effect on In supersaturation was analyzed. InN films grown at varying growth parameters resulting in the same In supersaturation value exhibit similar structural properties and surface morphology.

Field of study: Physics
Access Path Planning of Mobile Agent in Wireless Sensor Networks

Adopting the two-stage optimization model and hybrid optimized algorithm based on evolutionary computation, a new two-stage optimization model that more conforms to the actual demand is proposed on the basis of formal description of Mobile Agent access path planning. This new model divides the access path planning problem into two sub problems of integer linear programming --data integration sub paths and return sub paths, which can reduce search space and improve the efficiency of algorithm. Then a hybrid optimized method named GAPSO, combined with GA (Genetic Algorithm) and PSO (Particle Swarm Optimization), is advanced to solve this model, which integrates discrete PSO into the interlace operation of GA to avoid infeasible solution and improve search quality. Meanwhile convergence can be accelerated by optimizing the GA population with PSO in search of return sub paths. By means of virtual connected topology graph, the high-quality to-be-accessed candidate node set is acquired, the number of to-be-selected nodes is reduced，and the complexity of solution space is decreased, making planning algorithm performance not rely on network scale directly any more. Simulation results show that the advantages of the optimization model is obvious as the node number increases, and GASPO has a better performance than GA and BPSO in the same model

Field of study: Computer science
Creating a Multiband Perfect Metamaterial Absorber at K Frequency Band Using Defects in the Structure

We present a simple method to achieve a multiband perfect metamaterial absorber for use in the K band by applying defects to the absorber structure. Open boundary conditions with an excitation port are used for simulation of the whole considered structure. A defect was then introduced into the structure to obtain multiband absorption. Two perfect absorption peaks were observed at 19.8 GHz and 23.1 GHz for the structure with a defect of 2 × 2 unit cells. The multiple resonance frequencies could be tuned by varying the defect dimensions. In addition, it was found that the absorber structure is insensitive to the polarization angle of the incident electromagnetic wave over a wide range due to the symmetry of the configuration. This represents a simpler method to create a multifrequency absorber compared with previous works. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study considering the influence of structural defects on the absorption frequencies of a metamaterial absorber.

Field of study: Materials science
The multiple meanings of the Stefan-number (and relatives) in refrigeration

The Stefan-number is one out of the multitude of dimensionless numbers which predominantly are used in chemical engineering or heat and mass transfer problems. It relates sensible heat to latent heat and is a key number in solving the problem of heat transfer during solidification or melting. However, numbers similar to this show up also when several thermodynamic problems or relationships in refrigeration engineering are analyzed. Using the Stefan-number it can be distinguished if a refrigerant superheats or condenses during compression, it gives the size of the throttling loss, and it helps to decide if a suction line heat exchanger is beneficial or not. For absorption heat pumping, it allows to quantify the most important loss mechanism, the solution heat exchanger loss. Of course, all this information can be acquired in different ways – and maybe in more precise ways – also, but at least for teaching the basics of refrigeration the Stefan-number is simple to use and very easy to understand. In this paper, the different ways of how to use the Stefan-number in teaching and understanding thermodynamics of refrigerants are presented.

Field of study: Engineering
Dilute Metals: Superconductivity, Critical Currents, Magnetic Properties

Properties of oxides are interpreted as a result of existence of the virtual sublattices formed by the atomic quantum states. An infinite cluster with the superconductivity of the Bose-Einstein condensate kind can be formed in the ground state sublattice at certain oxigen atoms concentration in the effectively diluted system of metal atoms (above the percolation threshold). Then the electron pairs concentration n/2 can be much less than the metal atoms concentration N in the oxide. The similar situation takes place in metals with superconductivity of the BCS type. Above the percolation threshold the superconductivity Tc may be limited by the magnetic properties of the oxigen 2p4quantum state sublattice. Data on the critical current density allow us to estimate the electronic pair density n/2 and to obtain an information concerning the superconductivity nature.

Field of study: Physics
تأثير استخدام قنوات النمو التطويرية بالأسلوب التبادلي في التعلم والاحتفاظ لبعض المهارات الاساسية بكرة القدم لطلاب الصف الثاني المتوسط

وتكمن اهمية البحث في مدى تأثير استخدام قنوات النمو التطويرية بالأسلوب التبادلي في التعلم والاحتفاظ لبعض المهارات الاساسية بكرة القدم لطلاب الصف الثاني المتوسط  و إن لعبة كرة القدم كأية لعبة من الألعاب الجماعية المهمة والتي لها مبادؤها الأساسية التي أصبح من الضروري السعي للتوصل إلى أفضل الأساليب التدريسية لتعليم مهاراتها الأساسية , لان  جزءا من نجاح الفريق يتوقف إلى حد كبير على مدى إتقان أفراده المهارات الأساسية للعبة , لذلك اسخدم الباحث أسلوب قنوات النمو التطويرية بالأسلوب التبادلي لما له من انعكاس  في تعليم المهارات الحركية وتطبيق ما يتوصلون إليه من نتائج للاقتصاد في الجهد والوقت في عملية التعلم . واستخدم الباحث المنهج التجريبي لملائمته وطبيعة البحث, وتكونت عينة من طلاب مرحلة الثاني  المتوسطة لمتوسطة اصحاب الكساء للبنين في بغداد. والبالغ عددهم (20)  . إذ تم تحديد مهارتين على وفق الطرائق التي اعتمدها البحث ضمن المنهج التعليمي في المدة المقررة للعمل وبحسب التوقيتات المتفق عليها.  وتوصل الباحث إلى حدوث تطور في مستوى تعلم بعض المهارات الأساسية بكرة القدم نتيجة استخدام قنوات النمو التطويرية بالأسلوب التبادلي

Field of study: Education
On the ridge regression estimator with sub-space restriction

In the linear regression model with elliptical errors, a shrinkage ridge estimator is proposed. In this regard, the restricted ridge regression estimator under sub-space restriction is improved by incorporating a general function which satisfies Taylor’s series expansion. Approximate quadratic risk function of the proposed shrinkage ridge estimator is evaluated in the elliptical regression model. A Monte Carlo simulation study and analysis based on a real data example are considered for performance analysis. It is evident from the numerical results that the shrinkage ridge estimator performs better than both unrestricted and restricted estimators in the multivariate t-regression model, for some specific cases.

Field of study: Mathematics
Isotopic ages from the Appalachians and their tectonic significance

Geological field relationships and previously reported isotopic age determinations througliout the Appalachians provided evidence for a pattern of Lower Paleozoic tectogenesis. The regional isotopic age pattern indicates that intrusion of ultrrtmafic and mafic igneous materials and major episodes of metamorphic recrystalliza~ion throughout the Appalachians were completed before the end of the Silurian Period. New K-Ar ages of metamorphic rocks fiom Vermont and adiacent regions in the Northern Appalachians are reported and confirm this pattern. Whole-rock ages of slates from the Taconic Klippe (460-445 m.y.) indicate that nletanlorphism and initial formation of slaty cleavage occurred during Middle to Late Ordovician times. Mica ages of Paleozoic schists exposed along the Green Mountain Anticlinoriuln (425-375 1n.y.) are indicative of prolonged posi-metamorphic uplift and cooling of this structure during the Silurian Period and Early Devonian Epoch. Local recrystalli~ation and consequent loss of argon from the Taconic slates also occurred during this time. Ages obtained from a variety of metamorphic rocks from eastern Vermont fall in a narrow range (345 i: 7 n1.y ), indicating that renewed uplift and rapid cooling of this area, east of a line oi'ultramafic intrusions, occurred during Late Devonian time. Con~parison of isotopic age data from the Appalachian and British Caledonian fold belts indicates that a broadly synchronous sequence of Lower Paleozoic tectonic and magmatic activity, lasting approximately 100 m.y., occurred in both regions.

Field of study: Environmental science
The effect of cytotoxic lesions of the hippocampus on recognition memory in the rat: effects of stimulus size.

Rats with excitotoxic hippocampal lesions were trained on delayed nonmatching-to-sample (DNMS) with small goal boxes, containing complex objects, presented on a pseudo trial-unique schedule. A series of experiments then tested performance on repeated presentation of either the small object or large empty goal boxes. All rats acquired the nonmatching rule, but hippocampal-lesioned rats performed less well than controls on choice accuracy for the final 2 blocks of acquisition. In the study's main phase, the lesions impaired choice accuracy when the large empty boxes were used as stimuli. This deficit was ameliorated when the rats were tested with the small object boxes, although the performance of the hippocampal-lesioned rats was still below that of controls. These results extend previous reports of box size-dependent effects of hippocampal aspiration lesions on DNMS and suggest that selective damage to the hippocampus, not neuronal loss in adjacent structures or fiber tracts, is critical for the effect.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Power-Sharing in Civil War: Puzzles of Peacemaking and Peacebuilding

Syria's slide into sectarian civil war in 2011 raises a new fundamental knowledge question about the conditions under which power-sharing pacts can be clinched as an approach to war termination. When intrastate conflicts escalate into violent sectarian struggles, power-sharing is a likely basis of an eventual political settlement in situations where partition is off the table. This article contends that there remain two puzzling knowledge gaps about power-sharing as the basis for peace agreements to end civil wars: first, the specific conditions under which elites find it in their own interest to share power with bitter adversaries rather than fight on the battlefield, and second, how war-ending elite-negotiated pacts may evolve into more enduring social contracts. These puzzles, critical for policymakers and still unresolved in the scholarly literature, suggest the need to develop more contingent- and context-specific knowledge if research findings are to more capably contribute to peacemaking efforts.

Field of study: History, Sociology
Exploring Access to University Education in Nigeria – A Gender Perspective

Level of access to university education is an indicator of development commonly used as a yardstick for comparing societies. Universities are multi-product institutions, which contribute to the generation and transmission of ideology, the social development and educational upgrading of societies, the production and application of knowledge and the training of highly skilled labour forces.  In societies where there is social injustice, inequality and poverty will be endemic and creates poverty traps.  Poverty traps, militate strongly against breaking out of inter-generational poverty and inequality.  Access to higher education is key to breaking these cycles or marginalisation.  The paper examines the relationship between access to higher education with the prism of gender.  The extent to which females across the country are disadvantaged in terms of access to university education.  Also, the paper examines the need for affirmative action to ensure even development among both sexes.  Secondary data on applications and admission into Nigerian universities were obtained from the website of Joint Admission and Matriculation Board.  Gender disparity in number of applications and number admitted were calculated across geo-political zone.  Females are generally disadvantaged in terms of proportion applying or admitted to Nigerian universities, except for those in the South-East geopolitical zone over the years under review.  There is the need to include affirmative action about females in the admission process, this should be part of the social inclusion agenda of Nigeria in ensuring that more people are able to have a mobile shift in their social status.  Access, Gender, University,

Field of study: Education
Microscopic Detection of Mixed Malarial Infections: Improvement by Saponin Hemolysis

The objective of the present study was to determine whether saponin hemolysis could improve microscopic detection of malaria parasites in human blood, since it has been previously reported that the technique has been used to enrich Plasmodium falciparum culture to ≧90% parasitemia.  Blood samples from suspected malaria cases were first examined in routine thick and thin smears under the microscope. The sample (1 ml) was then hemolyzed with 0.015% saponin in saline and centrifuged, the separated pellet was stained with Giemsa stain and examined microscopically, using PCR to confirm species identification.  With P. falciparum in vitro culture, the proportions of infected erythrocytes were approximately 0.7–2% before and 65–97% after saponin hemolysis, confirming published reports. In contrast, there was little or no increase in the proportions of intact infected erythrocytes after saponin hemolysis of clinical blood specimens. However, 20–600 hemolyzed parasites were detected per field under the microscope after saponin hemolysis of patients’ blood samples that contained only 1–15 parasites per field in conventional thick smears. In addition, more P. falciparum gametocytes were detected after saponin hemolysis.  Saponin hemolysis concentrated the parasites in large volumes of blood into a small volume that could be smeared on a slide. This concentration method made it easy to detect malaria parasites and reduced the time needed for microscopy. In the present study, the method was comparable to PCR for the identification of P. vivax and P. falciparum mixed infections.

Field of study: Medicine
Effect of Functional Chemistry on the Rejection of Low-Molecular Weight Neutral Organics through Reverse Osmosis Membranes for Potable Reuse.

Potable reuse facilities must be designed and operated to minimize the presence of contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) and other trace organics in the product water. Reverse osmosis (RO) is incorporated into the process train of many potable reuse facilities and has been demonstrated to achieve excellent removal of many, but not all, organic compounds. Organics that may be poorly removed by RO include low-molecular weight (MW) neutral compounds. This laboratory study examined the rejection of 73 low-MW neutral organics through a commercial RO membrane that is commonly used in potable reuse applications. The organics were selected using a reductionist approach so that the effect of individual functional groups on rejection could be ascertained. The research demonstrated that halogens, carbonyl functional groups, C═C double bonds, and aromaticity decrease rejection, that methyl and hydroxyl functional groups increase rejection, and that the position of functional groups in structural isomers has a significant effect on rejection. The results help explain the discrepancies and inconsistencies in RO rejection of neutral organics that are observed when considered from the conventional perspective of molecular size and hydrophobicity.

Field of study: Environmental science