nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Item Validities of the Otis Self-Administering Tests of Mental Ability for a College Population

slightly more difficult from Form A. (The records for Form A were randomly selected from iooo test records, but records for Form B represent all those available at the time of study.) It also appears that the test is either slightly more difficult for women or else that women are somewhat inferior to men in intel ligence. Since so much evidence has been presented in refutation of the second alterna tive, we are left with only the first, if the differences are interpreted as significant. In Table II are presented data showing the relative difficulties (per cent of correct re sponses) and relative validities (biserial cor relations) of all items in Form A of the Otis test. Presented for comparison with our own figures are those nreviouslv renorted hv Chapanis. Examination of the data in this table reveals the following facts: i. The median difference for men between the per cent of adults and the per cent of students who got each item correct is .08 (Range .00 to .25). 2. The corresponding median difference for women is .09 (Range .01 to .35).

Field of study: Education
Faulted terrace risers place new constraints on the late Quaternary slip rate for the central Altyn Tagh fault, northwest Tibet

The active, left-lateral Altyn Tagh fault defines the northwestern margin of the Tibetan Plateau in western China. To clarify late Quaternary temporal and spatial variations in slip rate along the central portion of this fault system (85°–90°E), we have more than doubled the number of dated offset markers along the central Altyn Tagh fault. In particular, we determined offset-age relations for seven left-laterally faulted terrace risers at three sites (Kelutelage, Yukuang, and Keke Qiapu) spanning a 140-km-long fault reach by integrating surficial geologic mapping, topographic surveys (total station and tripod–light detection and ranging [T-LiDAR]), and geochronology (radiocarbon dating of organic samples, 230 Th/U dating of pedogenic carbonate coatings on buried clasts, and terrestrial cosmogenic radionuclide exposure age dating applied to quartz-rich gravels). At Kelutelage, which is the westernmost site (37.72°N, 86.67°E), two faulted terrace risers are offset 58 ± 3 m and 48 ± 4 m, and formed at 6.2–6.1 ka and 5.9–3.7 ka, respectively. At the Yukuang site (38.00°N, 87.87°E), four faulted terrace risers are offset 92 ± 12 m, 68 ± 6 m, 55 ± 13 m, and 59 ± 9 m and formed at 24.2–9.5 ka, 6.4–5.0 ka, 5.1–3.9 ka, and 24.2–6.4 ka, respectively. At the easternmost site, Keke Qiapu (38.08°N, 88.12°E), a faulted terrace riser is offset 33 ± 6 m and has an age of 17.1–2.2 ka. The displacement-age relationships derived from these markers can be satisfied by an approximately uniform slip rate of 8– 12 mm/yr. However, additional analysis is required to test how much temporal variability in slip rate is permitted by this data set.

Field of study: Geology
Nonlinear hot holographic image in high power solid-state laser systems

A theoretical analysis and results of numerical calculations for the hot image formation in high power solid-state laser system are presented. According to holographic imaging theory, an approximately functional expression for the hot image intensity from opaque scatterer is derived, showing an intensity several times as much as the background light intensity. The hot image appears in a plane located downstream from the nonlinear medium at a distance equal to that from the scatterer to the medium. It is found that the hot image intensity and location are accurately predicted by theory and numerical calculations.

Field of study: Physics
High-resolution mass spectrometry method for the analysis of 3-chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone in waters

A method was developed for the analysis of 3-chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone (MX) in drinking waters that is based on electron-ionization high-resolution mass spectrometry and selected-ion monitoring of the m/z 199 and 201 ions of the methyl derivative of MX and the use of isotopically labeled benzoic acid as the internal standard. High-resolution mass spectrometry is needed to provide sensitivity, selectivity, and confidence in the identification of MX in water extracts. In the analysis of matrix spikes and replicate samples, the method provided recoveries of 102-108% and a precision of 8% RSD

Field of study: Environmental science
Nested-PCR detection of human cytomegalovirus,Epstein-Barr virus,herpes simplex virus type 1 in the subgingival plaques and association with chronic periodontitis

目的 建立临床检测龈下菌斑标本中人巨细胞病毒(HCMV)、Epstein-Barr病毒(EBV)、单纯疱疹病毒1型(HSV-1) 巢式PCR方法,研究这3种病毒与慢性牙周炎活动性的关系. 方法收集62例慢性牙周炎患者(男性27例、女性35例,平均年龄53岁)的牙周炎活动部位、牙周炎静止部位的龈下菌斑,提取DNA后使用巢式PCR检测HCMV、EBV、HSV-1,比较分析其在同一病人不同部位的检出率. 结果牙周炎活动部位的HCMV检出率为38.7%,EBV的检出率为58%,HSV-1的检出率为30.6%,两种以上病毒合并感染的检出率为40.3%;牙周炎静止部位的HCMV检出率为14.5%,EBV为22.6%,HSV-1为11.3%,两种以上病毒合并感染的检出率为11.3%.这3种病毒及其合并感染在牙周炎活动部位的检出率均高于牙周炎静止部位,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).

Field of study: Biology
Analyzing the hidden indefectible factors of Cuba female volleyball

Since the 1990 Cuba Women Volleyball Team has won eight successive world tittles. This paper discusses the special social system and situation of the volleyball game in Cuba, analyzes the training and selecting approaches of sub athletes, and points out that the coaches have deep understanding of volleyball sports and its scientific training. Based on this, the hidden indefectible factors of Cuba female volleyball team are revealed.

Field of study: Education
Thickness Induced Superconducting Insulating Transition in ${\rm Nd}_{1.2}{\rm Ba}_{1.8}{\rm Cu}_{3}{\rm O}_{\rm z}$ Ultra-Thin Films

A study of the thickness induced superconducting to insulator transition in Nd1.2Ba1.8Cu3Oz (NdBCO) epitaxial films is presented. The samples have been deposited by high oxygen pressure diode sputtering on SrTiO3 (100) substrates. Accurate structural characterizations have been carried out in function of the film thickness by X-ray diffraction using conventional and synchrotron radiation sources. The superconductor to insulator transition is correlated to a structural transformation from a pseudotetragonal phase, characterized by the presence of short Cu(1)O chains in both a and b directions, to a tetragonal structure where Cu(1)O chains are completely destroyed. We demonstrate that the ordering of oxygen ions is essential for the appearance of the superconductivity, while oxygen disorder in the Cu(1)O planes, leads to a two-dimensional MOTT insulating behavior of the resistivity associated to a localization of the carriers within lengths lower than 3 nm.

Field of study: Physics
Enhanced extracellular gamma glutamyl transpeptidase production by overexpressing of PrsA lipoproteins and improving its mRNA stability in Bacillus subtilis and application in biosynthesis of L-theanine.

L-theanine, an amino acid known for its favourable taste and linked with health benefits, can be prepared by enzymatic synthesis using γ-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT; E.C 2.3.2.2). In the present study, a novel GGT from Bacillus pumilus ML413 was expressed in Bacillus subtlis 168 and exhibited high stability at low temperature (40 °C) and alkaline pH 10, compared to the other GGTs. To enhance GGT production, firstly, PrsA lipoproteins was overexpressed in the host which resulted in the extracellular GGT activity doubled. Subsequently, a suitable poly (A/T) tail (TTTAAA) was selected and added to the 3'-terminal of ggt gene, which increased the mRNA stability of ggt gene by 58% and the activity of GGT by 60%. Finally, under optimized fed batch system, L-theanine yield was 53 g l-1 within 16 h. In this study, we demonstrate a convenient strategy of increasing theanine yield using GGT overexpressing in a safe host B. subtilis 168.

Field of study: Biology, Engineering
Carbonate shelf environments and faunal communities in the Upper Bringewood Beds of the British Silurian

The Upper Bringewood Beds of the type Ludlow Series preserve a lateral suite of carbonate shelf facies. From west to east, the shelf edge is represented by three parallel belts of sediments: thin-bedded biocalcarenites (downslope deposits), biosparrudites (bank deposits), and thin-bedded biocalcarenites (overwash deposits). Further east, the inner shelf is represented by highly bioturbated calcisiltites, calcilutites, and mud-supported biocalcarenites. The shelf edge was a high-energy environment with high species diversity and dense populations of crinoids and the pentamerid brachiopod Kirkidium . Low-energy mud environments of the inner shelf contained a low-diversity community of tetracorals, ostracords, Bryozoa, and the brachiopod Atrypa . The composition and distribution of benthic communities across the shelf was determined by substrate, palaeogeographic relations, and the historical factor of previous communities in the area.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Cryopreservation Effect on Proliferative and Chondrogenic Potential of Human Chondrocytes Isolated from Superficial and Deep Cartilage

To compare the proliferative and chondrogenic potential of fresh and frozen chondrocytes isolated from superficial and deep articular cartilage biopsies.  The study included 12 samples of fresh and frozen healthy human knee articular cartilage. Cell proliferation was tested at 3, 6 and 9 days. Studies of mRNA quantification, protein expression and immunofluorescence for proliferation and chondrogenic markers were performed.  Stimulation of fresh and frozen chondrocytes from both superficial and deep cartilage with fetal bovine serum produced an increase in the proliferative capacity compared to the non-stimulated control group. In the stimulated fresh cells group, the proliferative capacity of cells from the deep biopsy was greater than that from cells from the superficial biopsy (0.046 vs 0.028, respectively, p<0.05). There was also a significant difference between the proliferative capacity of superficial zone fresh (0.028) and frozen (0.051) chondrocytes (p<0.05). CCND1 mRNA and protein expression levels, and immunopositivity for Ki67 revealed a higher proliferative capacity for fresh articular chondrocytes from deep cartilage. Regarding the chondrogenic potential, stimulated fresh cells showed higher SOX9 and Col II expression in chondrocytes from deep than from superficial zone (p<0.05, T student test).  The highest rate of cell proliferation and chondrogenic potential of fresh chondrocytes was found in cells obtained from deep cartilage biopsies, whereas there were no statistically significant differences in proliferative and chondrogenic capacity between biopsy origins with frozen chondrocytes. These results indicate that both origin and cryopreservation affect the proliferative and chondrogenic potential of chondrocytes.

Field of study: Medicine
Sheldon spectrum and the plankton paradox: two sides of the same coin—a trait-based plankton size-spectrum model

The Sheldon spectrum describes a remarkable regularity in aquatic ecosystems: the biomass density as a function of logarithmic body mass is approximately constant over many orders of magnitude. While size-spectrum models have explained this phenomenon for assemblages of multicellular organisms, this paper introduces a species-resolved size-spectrum model to explain the phenomenon in unicellular plankton. A Sheldon spectrum spanning the cell-size range of unicellular plankton necessarily consists of a large number of coexisting species covering a wide range of characteristic sizes. The coexistence of many phytoplankton species feeding on a small number of resources is known as the Paradox of the Plankton. Our model resolves the paradox by showing that coexistence is facilitated by the allometric scaling of four physiological rates. Two of the allometries have empirical support, the remaining two emerge from predator–prey interactions exactly when the abundances follow a Sheldon spectrum. Our plankton model is a scale-invariant trait-based size-spectrum model: it describes the abundance of phyto- and zooplankton cells as a function of both size and species trait (the maximal size before cell division). It incorporates growth due to resource consumption and predation on smaller cells, death due to predation, and a flexible cell division process. We give analytic solutions at steady state for both the within-species size distributions and the relative abundances across species.

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics
The distribution and expression of GPR30 in mice ovary during the estrous cycle

To obtain the distribution and change of GPR30 in the mouse ovary during the estrous cycle,im-munochemistry SP and RT-PCR methods were used respectively to study the expression of GPR30 and GPR30 mRNA in the mouse ovary during different stages of the estrous cycle.As a result,positive staining of GPR30 was widely located in the granular cells,theca interna cells of the follicles at different levels,oocytes,the luteal cells and interstitial cells,while the deepest staining of GPR30 was found in secondary follicles and mature follicles's granular cells.The immunoreactivity positive substance was mainly distributed in the cell membrane and the cy-toplasm.The relative expression levels of GPR30 reached the lowest in the diestrus stage(P0.01);its expres-sional level was the highest in the estrus stage,but there was no significant difference between proestrus,estrus and metestrous(P0.05).The changing regularity of GPR30 mRNA was consistent with GPR30 during the es-trous cycle,its expressional level was significant lower in the diestrus stage than that in other stages(P0.01),and reached its peak level in the estrus stage(P0.01).In conclusion,the results suggest that GPR30 involves in regu-lating the development of follicles and maturity of oocytes during the estrous cycle.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Synthesis and Characterization of cis‐A2B‐Type meso‐Triaryl‐Substituted Corroles

A practical synthesis of cis-A2B-type 5,10,15-triarylcorroles has been developed that involves [2+2]-type acid-catalyzed condensation of 5-aryldipyrromethane and 5-(pentafluorophenyl)dipyrromethane-1-carbinol and subsequent 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone (DDQ) induced oxidative cyclization. All the corroles thus synthesized were structurally well-characterized, and their optical and electrochemical properties were also studied.

Field of study: Chemistry
Lcast: Software-defined inter-domain multicast

Traditionally, efficient inter-domain data delivery may be implemented either as a network or as an application layer multicast service. However, while the former has seen little uptake due to prohibitive deployment costs the latter is widely used today, but often without a minimum guaranteed performance. In this paper we present Lcast, a network-layer single-source multicast framework designed to merge the robustness and efficiency of IP multicast with the configurability and low deployment cost of application-layer overlays. The architecture involves no end-host changes and only requires the upgrading of a small set of routers to support the Locator/ID Separation Protocol (LISP), an incrementally deployable enhancement to the current global routing infrastructure. Content distribution over the Internet's core is done by means of a router overlay while within domains, end-hosts interface with Lcast using conventional multicast protocols. The overlay's scalability and topological configurability is sustained by logically centralizing group management. We illustrate the versatility of our solution by designing and assessing the scalability and performance of three management strategies for low latency content distribution. Our analysis is based on large scale simulations supported by realistic user behavior and Internet-like network topologies. The results show Lcast's low management overhead and ability to optimize delivery to meet various operational constraints. Notably, we find that it can deliver traffic with latencies close to unicast ones, independent of overlay size.

Field of study: Computer science
From a proximal-deposition-dominated basin sink to a significant sediment source to the Chinese Loess Plateau: Insight from the quantitative provenance analysis on the Cenozoic sediments in the Qaidam basin, northern Tibetan Plateau

A better understanding of the Cenozoic source to sink relationship between the Qaidam Basin and the surrounding regions allows us to reveal the topographic evolution of the northern edge of Tibetan Plateau in response to the India-Asian collision and the Asian aridification process. However, the depositional history and provenance of Paleogene strata in the southwestern/northeastern Qaidam Basin and the genetic linkage between the Qaidam Basin and Cenozoic Chinese Loess Plateau is still debated. Here we compile ca. 12,000 U-Pb zircon analyses from the Qaidam Basin, Chinese Loess Plateau and the surrounding regions, and conduct quantitative provenance analysis using a MATLAB-based Inverse Monte Carlo simulation technique. When integrated with variations in stratigraphic thickness and lithology across the basin, our analysis suggests the minor topographic relief separating the Qaidam Basin from the Hoh Xil Basin to the south, served as the major source for the sediments deposited in the SW Qaidam Basin since the Paleogene. The Qilian Shan to the north, the underlying Mesozoic strata and the local paleo-reliefs to the southwest within the basin shed materials into the NE Qaidam Basin during the Paleogene. This finding exemplifies the fact that detrital zircon geochronology alone would lead to an incorrect interpretation if independent sedimentary evidence is not considered. Based on U-Pb detrital zircon geochronology data from Pliocene-Quaternary and loess samples collected from various locations in both the Qaidam Basin and Chinese Loess Plateau, our quantitative estimate shows that approximately 30% of materials in the Chinese Loess Plateau are derived from the sediments in the Qaidam Basin, twice the previous estimate. This higher proportion of the Qaidam Basin source for the Chinese Loess Plateau highlights that using a spatially limited sample set from the Qaidam Basin would result in underrating its contribution to the sediments preserved in the Chinese Loess Plateau.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
LABORATORY EVALUATION OF NUCLEAR GAGE FOR MEASUREMENT OF WATER AND CEMENT CONTENT OF FRESH CONCRETE

A laboratory test program was undertaken to determine the effects of variation in concrete constituents and proportions on the response of a nuclear water-cement content gage. A total of 14 separate test series were evaluated in the program. The evaluations included study of the effects of the following variables on the nuclear gage's determination of cement and water contents: air content, hold time, Class C and F fly ash, ground granulated blast furnace slag, maximum size of coarse aggregate, limestone coarse and fine aggregates, basalt coarse aggregate, and temperature. Testing has shown that the cement content probe is sensitive to all materials containing calcium atoms; therefore, the gage must be calibrated with exactly the same materials as will be used on the job in question. While the water probe is, in theory, only sensitive to hydrogen atoms, there are some effects from other materials; therefore, calibrations using job materials are also required. With proper calibration, the cement gage is capable of determining cement content of fresh concrete to within approximately 10-20 lb/cu yd (6-12 kg/cu m). The water gage is capable of determining water content to within approximately 2-4 lb/cu yd (1-2 kg/cu m). From the predicted standard errors in water and cement contents, an error in calculated water-cement ratio of as much as 0.03 may be expected. As entrained air decreases concrete density, which appears to have an effect on the gage response, it is necessary to control air content with the gage within very close tolerances (+ or - 1%) in both lab calibrations and field work.

Field of study: Materials science
A Genetic Algorithm based on Sub-sequence Exchange Crossover and GT method for Job-shop Scheduling

This paper presents a new genetic algorithm for job-shop scheduling problems. When we design a genetic algorithm for difficult ordering problems such as job-shop scheduling problems, it is important to design encoding/crossover that is excel lent in characteristic preservation. We regard a sub-sequence on each machine as a characteristic to be preserved between parents and their children. The proposed method uses a job sequence for encoding. This paper proposes a new crossover, the sub-sequence exchange crossover (SXX), that can preserve the characteristic very well. Since the children generated by SXX are not always feasible, we propose a technique to transform them into active schedules by using the GT method with a few modifications. Maintaining a diversity of population is important for preventing premature convergence. We present a muta tion based on the shift change operator for efficiently introducing a diversity. Furthermore, we design a generation alterna tion model that is excellent in diversity maintaining. By applying the proposed method to Fisher's and Thompson's 10x10 and 20x5 problems, we show its effectiveness.

Field of study: Computer science
Quick Fluorescence-EXAFS: an Improved Method for Collection of Conventional XAFS Data, an Improved Method for Collection of Conventional XAFS Data and for Studying Reaction Intermediates in Dilute Systems.

The quick EXAFS (QuEXAFS) technique provides an alternative way of recording X-ray absorption fine-structure (XAFS) data where the scan time is reduced by moving the monochromator at a constant angular speed and recording the data ;on the fly'. Results are presented to show that the use of fluorescence detection with QuEXAFS is eminently suitable for studying reactions in dilute systems such as metalloproteins at a sub-minute time scale. In addition, we show that the fluorescence-QuEXAFS technique can reduce the overall time for normal data collection by some 50% compared with conventional step-by-step scanning EXAFS using the same optical system, thus reducing the total X-ray exposures of the samples. The use of X-rays for studying in situ redox reactions is demonstrated.

Field of study: Physics
APTIDÃO FÍSICA RELACIONADA À SAÚDE DE INDIVÍDUOS ATIVOS, INTERMEDIÁRIOS E SEDENTÁRIOS DA MESMA ATIVIDADE OCUPACIONAL

The structure of determination between Health and Physical Activity comprises numerous aspects, some of them only recently examed by a sistematic approach. One of the most complex refers to the degree of influence exercised by a profession, while a reference variable. For this purpose, the object ofthe present investigation consisted in, after defening a certain population evaluating the components of physical fitness in individuals of the same work condition, but in three different patterns of activity (sedentary, intermediate and active), trying this way to investigate to which of the two attributes (occupation or activity intensity) fitness demonstrates to be more directly invloved. The object of the etudy was constituted by the universe of 88 military policemen from Sao Paulo state, aged between 20 and 30, allocated in Bauru, Sao Paulo state, Brazil. Diagnosis of the physical conditions was achieved throught five fitness tests related to health and three athlect hability. In order to analize the informations, Tukey test was used inthe comparasion of three groups. Results indicated superiority of the active ones upon the athers, when comparing muscular strehgth of upper extremities, located muscular endurance, aerobic capacity and speed. Intermediate ones distinguished from those ones only in abdominal strength. Others parameters evaluated, weight, heigth, body composition, flexibility, muscular power of lower extremities and agility, didn’t present significat statistc differences. Additional results werw identically obtained and submited to discussion as the conflict between the institutional argumentation and pactice.

Field of study: Education