nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Prognostic value of radionuclide ventriculography after myocardial infarction.

We have studied 50 consecutive patients who had sustained their first myocardial infarction. Using the noninvasive technique of radionuclide ventriculography, ventricular performance, as assessed by left ventricular ejection fraction (EF), was measured at rest just before discharge from hospital when patients were well and free from cardiac failure and then at one and four months after infarction, at rest and during submaximal supine exercise. Left ventricular ejection fraction was below normal in 42 patients (normal range 0.43-0.71). Mean EF for those patients recovering from inferior infarction was 0.43 +/- 0.09 (mean +/- 1 S.D.), whereas for those who had sustained anterior infarction mean EF was significantly lower, 0.33 +/- 0.13 (p less than 0.01). EF was significantly reduced (p less than 0.01) in those patients whose early progress was complicated either by serious arrhythmia or left ventricular failure. There was only poor correlation between EF and radiographically determined heart size but global left ventricular performance correlated well with the presence of abnormalities of regional wall movement. Over the first four months low EF failed to improve in seven patients with areas of dyskinesis (EF less tha 0.30) and despite diuretic therapy five suffered further episodes of cardiac failure. Excluding those with dyskinesis there were 18 patients who were unable to increase EF on exercise on month after infarction. Of these four already had symptoms of angina but a further 10 patients developed angina in the subsequent three months. Poor left ventricular performance is common after anterior myocardial infarction, complicated in the acute phase by serious arrhythmia or left ventricular failure. Patients with persistently low EF had an increased risk of further episodes of cardiac failure, whereas a fall in EF on exercise was associated with subsequent angina.

Field of study: Medicine
Relationship between classIintegrons and gene cassettes and multiple drug resistance of Escherichia coli isolates in chickens

A total of 184 isolates of Escherichia coli were identified from four chicken farms in Hefei district of Anhui Province. Prevalence of classⅠ integrons and gene cassettes was detected using PCR. Susceptibilities of the E. coli isolates to 16 antimicrobials were determined using broth micro-dilution method. The PCR results showed that 91 of 184(49.45%) isolates harbored class Ⅰ integrons in which 70 contained gene cassettes(45dfrA1-tnpAIS26-aadA1, 16 dfrA2-aadA, and 9 dfrA1-aadA1). Twenty one isolates did not carry gene cassettes.Susceptibility test showed that drug resistance rates of 184 E. coli isolates to 16 antimicrobials ranged from 2.17%to 97.83%. The rate of drug resistance to three and more antimicrobials was 97.8%. There was a significant difference in drug resistance between isolates with and without integrons, indicating that multiple drug resistance of E. coli is correlated with the presence of integrons.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Analysis of Correlations Among Supercontinuum Spectra using Liquid Crystal Spatial Light Modulator

The generation of supercontinuum spectra from the injection of femtosecond pulses into microstructure or tapered fibers has now been achieved by several groups(1)(2). In 2001, we have generated the supercontinuum around 1.55 μm by injecting a 100-fs-duration fiber laser pulse with a 1-nJ pulse energy into a 5-m-long highly nonlinear dispersion-shifted fiber. Supercontinuum is a remarkable light source for applications in a lot of fields because of its extreme spectral broadness and the simple generation scheme. These unique properties should make the supercontinuum an ideal tool for important applications including WDM telecommunications, optical coherence tomography, optical-frequency measurement and so on. However, a significant broadband noise on the supercontinuum has been observed to limit its stability. So the supercontinuum is too noisy for many applications.In this study, we experimentally analyze the correlation among supercontinuum spectra that contribute increasing and decreasing this noise by spectral filtering using spatial light modulator. We observed the formation of correlations among supercontinuum spectra for two fibers which have different properties for chromatic dispersion. We also discuss how nonlinear effects act on the formation of correlations.

Field of study: Computer science
A neural network algorithm for cloud fraction estimation using NASA-Aura OMI VIS radiance measurements

The discrimination of cloudy from cloud-free pixels is required in almost any estimate of a parameter retrieved from satellite data in the ultraviolet (UV), visible (VIS) or infrared (IR) parts of the electromagnetic spectrum. In this paper we report on the development of a neural network (NN) algorithm to estimate cloud fractions using radiances measured at the top of the atmosphere with the NASA-Aura Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI). We present and discuss the results obtained from the application of two different types of neural networks, i.e., extreme learning machine (ELM) and back propagation (BP). The NNs were trained with an OMI data sets existing of six orbits, tested with three other orbits and validated with another two orbits. The results were evaluated by comparison with cloud fractions available from the MODerate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS) flying on Aqua in the same constellation as OMI, i.e., with minimal time difference between the OMI and MODIS observations. The results from the ELM and BP NNs are compared. They both deliver cloud fraction estimates in a fast and automated way, and they both performs generally well in the validation. However, over highly reflective surfaces, such as desert, or in the presence of dust layers in the atmosphere, the cloud fractions are not well predicted by the neural network. Over ocean the two NNs work equally well, but over land ELM performs better.

Field of study: Environmental science
Controlling the macroscopic electrical properties of reduced graphene oxide by nanoscale writing of electronic channels

The allure of all-carbon electronics stems from the spread of its physical properties across all its allotropes. The scheme also harbours unique challenges, such as tunability of band gap, variability of doping and defect control. Here, we explore the technique of scanning probe tip-induced nanoscale reduction of graphene oxide (GO), which nucleates conducting, sp2 rich graphitic regions on the insulating GO background. The flexibility of direct writing is supplemented with control over the degree of reduction and tunability of band gap through macroscopic control parameters. The fabricated reduced GO channels and ensuing devices are investigated via spectroscopy and temperature and bias-dependent electrical transport and correlated with spatially resolved electronic properties, using surface potentiometry. The presence of carrier localization effects, induced by the phase-separated sp2/sp3 domains, and large local electric field fluctuations are reflected in the non-linear transport across the channels. Together, the results indicate a complex transport phenomenon, which may be variously dominated by tunnelling or variable range hopping or activated depending on the electronic state of the material.

Field of study: Physics
APPROXIMATE EXPRESSION FOR ELASTO-PLASTIC CURVE OF AXIAL FORCE AND AXIAL DISPLACEMENT OF COMPRESSED BAR

This paper investigates the deformation of compressed bars with I-section.A finite-element program of 3D-Steel-Struct developed by authors is used in the analysis.Initial geometric crookedness,residual stress and material inelasticity are considered in the investigation.Second order elastic and second order rigid-plastic analysis are carried out for imperfect members,and relations between axially compressive force and deformation are deduced.Analytical expression for axially compressive force and deflection at mid-span are presented,as well as that for axially compressive force and axial shortening.A comparison shows the excellent agreement between the proposed explicit expressions and the numerical results.The axial ductility of compressed member is also studied in the paper.A formula relating the ductility to the slenderness is proposed.

Field of study: Engineering
An Analysis of Verbal and Nonverbal Classroom Teaching Behaviors

The objectives of this research were twofold: 1.) to construct an operationally explicit instrument to measure verbal and nonverbal teacher-learner classroom behaviors; 2.) to determine the relationships among verbal and nonverbal teacher-learner behaviors. Videotaped observations of teacher-interns in a federally-sponsored teacher training program were conducted in the classrooms of six public elementary schools, grades K-6. Five-minute segments of tapings were analyzed by four trained judges, who used a behavior rating schedule developed for this study, to categorize verbal and nonverbal behaviors. These ratings yielded the data for correlational analyses. The results indicate that the behavior rating schedule is operationally functional. Cluster analysis indicates that teacher-interns’ approval tends to be passively, nonverbally expressed whereas disapproval tends to be explicitly, verbally communicated. Smiling, verbally probing teacher-interns are associated with thoughtful and responsive pupils over...

Field of study: Education
Investigation of Superamolecule Assembled Room Temperature Phosphorescence of Pyrene/β-Cyclodextrin Without Deoxygenation

The characteristics of cyclodextrin induced room temperature phosphorescence(CD-RTP) of pyrene were investigated without deoxygenation by 1,2-dibromocyclohexane(DBCH) or bromocyclohexane(BCH) as a heavy atom perturber.The experimental results indicated that the linear range of analytical curve of CD-RTP of pyrene was 1.0×10-6-3.0×10-5 mol/L in the presence of DBCH,the detection limit was 1.0×10-7 mol/L,with a relative standard deviation of 5.2%;and those were 9.0×10-7-1.0×10-6 mol/L,2.0×10-7 mol/L,and 1.2%,respectively,in the presence of BCH.Compared with the traditional CD-RTP with deoxygenation,the present method was rapid and facile.The method with DBCH as a heavy atom perturber was applied to the determination of pyrene in practical samples,such as polluted water and sludge of coking factory,sewage,cigarette and soft coal,the average recoveries of them in samples were from 95.5% to 102.4%.The method is trustful and the results are satisfactory.

Field of study: Chemistry
Tuning a 3D microwave cavity via superfluid helium at millikelvin temperatures

Frequency tunability of three dimensional (3D) microwave cavities opens up numerous possibilities for their use in hybrid quantum systems and related technologies. For many applications, it is desirable to tune the resonance at cryogenic temperatures without mechanical actuation. We show that a superconducting 3D microwave cavity can be tuned at the percent level by taking advantage of the dielectric properties of superfluid 4He at millikelvin temperatures, without affecting its intrinsic quality factor—reaching 3 × 105 in the present experiment.

Field of study: Physics
Inhibition of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate 5-phosphatase by micromolar concentrations of disulfiram and its analogues.

Following a preincubation period of 10 min, disulfiram and its analogues FLA 46, FLA 63, FLA 99, EWP 815 and EWP 840 inhibited the breakdown of 10 microM [3H]Ins(1,4,5)P3 by Ins(1,4,5)P3 5-phosphatase from GH3 cells, with IC50 values (in microM), for soluble/particulate enzymes respectively, of: disulfiram, 24/24; FLA 46, 23/30; FLA 63, 24/6; FLA 99, 50/48; EWP 815, 8/6; EWP 840, 11/8. The inhibition produced by FLA 99 was time-dependent in nature, although inhibition was found in the absence of a preincubation period. EWP 815 and EWP 840 were more potent inhibitors of Ins(1,4)P2 phosphatase than of Ins(1,4,5)P3 5-phosphatase. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH; 3/100 microM)-stimulated inositol phospholipid breakdown in prelabelled GH3 cells was inhibited by disulfiram (IC50 values 63/52 microM respectively), FLA 46 (89/110 microM), EWP 815 (83/71 microM) and EWP 840 (220/200 microM), without affecting basal breakdown rates. FLA 99 did not inhibit either basal or TRH-stimulated activity at any of the concentrations tested (30, 100 and 300 microM). [3H]Ins(1,4,5)P3 binding to its cerebellar receptor was not inhibited by any of the compounds over a concentration range of 3-300 microM, although an increased level of binding was seen at high concentrations. FLA 99 and EWP 840 increased the basal intracellular Ca2+ concentration in GH3 cells, but with no corresponding effect on the Ca2+ response to TRH stimulation. These compounds did not increase the cellular permeability to Trypan Blue, but did affect cell proliferation. It is concluded that disulfiram and related compounds produce dramatic effects on Ins(1,4,5)P3 metabolism in GH3 cells.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Extended Routine Follow-up of Primary Uncomplicated Hip and Knee Arthroplasty is not Necessary

There were 145 revision arthroplasties (60 THR and 85 TKR) that met our inclusion criteria. Within the hip arthroplasty group, indications for revision included aseptic loosening (37), dislocation (10), and infection (3), periprosthetic fracture, acetabular liner wear and implant failure. All thirty-seven patients with aseptic loosening presented with pain. Twenty-five were referred from general practice with new symptoms. The remaining were clinic follow-ups. The most common reason for knee revision was aseptic loosening (37), followed by infection (21) and then progressive osteoarthritis (8). Most were referred from GP as a new referral or were clinic follow-ups. All patients were symptomatic.

Field of study: Medicine
Plate falling film absorber with film-inverting configuration

Plate falling film absorber with film-inverting configuration is a new type absorber that combines plate falling film absorption with film-inverting technique.An experiment set-up was built and a series of experiments were carried out to study the effects of different conditions,such as absorption pressure,solution flow rate,solution inlet concentration and temperature,and cooling water,etc.,on the absorption process.The performance of the heat and mass transfer for the film-inverting configuration was investigated.Such data can serve as the basis for the design and application of this type of absorber.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Delay classical conditioning in young and older rabbits: initial acquisition and retention at 12 and 18 months.

Classical conditioning of the nictitating membrane-eyeblink response in young (7 months old) and older (36 months old) New Zealand white rabbits in a delay paradigm with a 400-ms conditioned stimulus-unconditioned stimulus interval was examined for initial acquisition and retention. Older animals required significantly more acquisition trials to reach learning criterion. Age differences in acquisition were temporary. Older rabbits responded at a level comparable to that of young rabbits such that total performance over the 630 trials of acquisition was not different. Rabbits in the explicitly unpaired control groups exhibited no age differences in unconditioned response amplitude or latency measures. Twelve- and 18-month retests demonstrated no significant age effects on retention. Patterns of retention differed between the age groups. Older rabbits required fewer trials to obtain the learning criterion at each phase of testing. Younger rabbits maintained a stable performance throughout training.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
SU-F-P-08: Medical Physics Perspective On Radiation Therapy Quality and Safety Considerations in Low Income Settings.

The last few years have seen a significant growth of interest in the global radiation therapy crisis. Various organizations are quantifying the need and providing aid in support of addressing the shortfall existing in many low-to-middle income countries (LMICs). The Lancet Oncology Commission report (Lancet Oncol. Sep;16(10):1153-86, 2015) projects a need of 22,000 new medical physicists in LMICs by 2035 if there is to be equal access globally. With the tremendous demand for new facilities, equipment and personnel, it is very important to recognize quality and safety considerations and to address them directly.



A detailed examination of quality and safety publications was undertaken. A paper by Dunscombe ( 2012) reviewed the recommendations of 7 authoritative reports on safety in radiation therapy and found the 12 most cited recommendations, summarized in order of most to least cited: training, staffing, documentation/standard operating procedures, incident learning, communication/questioning, check lists, QC/PM, dosimetric audit, accreditation, minimizing interruptions, prospective risk assessment, and safety culture. However, these authoritative reports were generally based on input from high income contexts. In this work, the recommendations were analyzed with a special emphasis on issues that are significant in LMICs.



The review indicated that there are significant challenges in LMICs with training and staffing ranking at the top in terms quality and safety.



With the recognized need for expanding global access to radiation therapy, especially in LMICs, and the backing by multiple support organizations, quality and safety considerations must be overtly addressed. While multidimensional, training and staffing are top priorities. The use of outdated systems with poor interconnectivity, coupled with a lack of systematic QA in high patient load settings are additional concerns. Any support provided to lower resourced settings must address the multiple facets associated with these quality and safety indicators.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
The Influence of Solvent on the Crystal Packing of Ethacridinium Phthalate Solvates

The synthesis, structural characterization and influence of solvents on the crystal packing of solvated complexes of ethacridine with phthalic acid: 6,9-diamino-2-ethoxyacridinium phthalate methanol solvate (1), 6,9-diamino-2-ethoxyacridinium phthalate ethanol solvate (2), 6,9-diamino-2-ethoxyacridinium phthalate isobutanol solvate (3), and 6,9-diamino-2-ethoxyacridinium phthalate tert-butanol solvate monohydrate (4) are described in this article. Single-crystal XRD measurements revealed that the compounds 1–4 crystallized in the triclinic P-1 space group, and the 6,9-diamino-2-ethoxyacridinium cations, phthalic acid anions and solvent molecules interact via strong N–H···O, O–H···O, C–H···O hydrogen bonds, and C–H···π and π–π interactions to form different types of basic structural motifs, such as: heterotetramer bis[···cation···anion···] in compound 1 and 2, heterohexamer bis[···cation···alcohol···anion···] in compound 3, and heterohexamer bis[···cation···water···anion···] in compound 4. Presence of solvents molecule(s) in the crystals causes different supramolecular synthons to be obtained and thus has an influence on the crystal packing of the compounds analyzed.

Field of study: Materials science
Technical Change, Competition, and the Poor

Economists today conventionally assume that new technologies necessarily improve the lives of those who are willing to pay money to purchase the products or processes that embody them. The conclusion follows from their premises-given "economic rationality" (defined as an informed and consistent focus on one's own self-interest) and a "free market" -new technologies by definition must improve the lives of those who pay money to adopt them. As to those who either refuse to buy or cannot afford these new technologies, it is presumed that they will remain at a position of satisfaction (degree of utility) equivalent to the status quo ante. But can we imagine or articulate another perspective? What about new technologies that are expensive to purchase and set up yet are relatively cheap to use once they are acquired and numerous people are using them? Translated into the jargon of economics, I wish to consider the case of technologies that feature high fixed costs, low marginal costs, and substantial "network externalities." One possible result is that a new technology, a more expensive one, can become dominant while simultaneously becoming a necessity for others who may have preferred the status quo ante. In such situations one possible outcome is that a new and more expensive technology can replace older ways of doing things, ways that also featured lower fixed and possibly lower average costs. A possible result is that the median person may be better off after the adoption and diffusion of the new technology (whether he or she is in fact so is an issue-that will not be addressed here), even as the cost of "subsistence" rises. In such a case poverty would be a more difficult condition to escape if, as I am supposing, access to the new technology in question is a condition for minimal economic and social participation in the larger society. Consider the case of the credit card. Not much more than twenty years ago, one could book a plane ticket or hotel room or rent a car by providing a cash deposit.

Field of study: Economics
What have health care reforms achieved in Turkey? An appraisal of the "Health Transformation Programme".

Poor health status indicators, low quality care, inequity in the access to health services and inefficiency due to fragmented health financing and provision have long been problems in Turkey's health system. To address these problems a radical reform process known as the Health Transformation Programme (HTP) was initiated in 2003. The health sector reforms in Turkey are considered to have been among the most successful of middle-income countries undergoing reform. Numerous articles have been published that review these reforms in terms of, variously, financial sustainability, efficiency, equity and quality. Evidence suggests that Turkey has indeed made significant progress, yet these achievements are uneven among its regions, and their long-term financial sustainability is unresolved due to structural problems in employment. As yet, there is no comprehensive evidence-based analysis of how far the stated reform objectives have been achieved. This article reviews the empirical evidence regarding the outcomes of the HTP during 10 years of its implementation. Strengthening the strategic purchasing function of the Social Security Institution (SSI) should be a priority. Overall performance can be improved by linking resource allocation to provider performance. More emphasis on prevention rather than treatment, with an effective referral chain, can also bring better outcomes, greater efficiency gains and contribute to sustainability.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science