nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
On the effect of receiver estimation error upon channel mutual information

Our goal in this paper is to study the effect of the receiver structure upon the achievable data rates. We consider transmission of linearly precoded data symbols over a frequency selective block fading multiple input multiple output (MIMO) wireless channel. To encompass a number of transmission schemes, we study this problem utilizing affine precoding, which is a unified model of linearly precoded data symbols with superimposed training. We focus on Bayesian receivers that estimate both the unknown fading coefficients and the data symbols. The receiver may adopt either of the following strategies to retrieve the data symbols: strategy (i) the receiver obtains joint Bayesian channel and symbol estimates, strategy, (ii) the receiver obtains a Bayesian channel estimate initially and the channel measurement is utilized to estimate the data symbols. For both strategies, we provide lower bounds on the mutual information between the data symbols and their corresponding estimates, and we relate these bounds to the symbol Cramer-Rao bound (CRB) matrices. In contrast to strategy (ii), for strategy (i) the lower bound does not depend on either the channel estimate or the covariance of the channel estimation error. For strategy (ii) we show that asymptotically (as the size of the transmission block grows) there is no loss of information after the maximum a posteriori (MAP) estimate of Gaussian symbols. We also provide guidelines to design affine precoders that maximize the derived lower bounds under the total average transmit power constraint.

Field of study: Engineering
Play the Winner Rule and the Controlled Clinical Trial

Consider a clinical trial to compare two treatments where response is dichotomous and patients enter the trial sequentially. This paper investigates the conduct of such a trial where the “Play the Winner Rule” (PWR) is used to assign patients to the different therapies. The implementation of the PWR in a clinical trial tends to place more patients on the better treatment. Both theoretical and numerical investigations show that over a wide range of situations this rule leads to near optimum results when used in a two-stage manner. Furthermore, these results are insensitive to optimum sample size requirements.

Field of study: Mathematics
Progressive renal lesions induced by administration of monoclonal antibody 1‐22‐3 to unilaterally nephrectomized rats

A new animal model of progressive glomerulosclerosis was developed by administering a single i.v., injection of MoAb 1–22–3 to unilaterally nephrectomized rats. Renal morphological analysis revealed that glomerular lesions characterized by mesangial cell proliferation and mesangial matrix expansion were induced in about 95% of the glomeruli. Approximately 20% of the glomeruli of the unilaterally nephrectomized rats showed sclerosis or segmental sclerosis by week 6 after MoAb injection and crescent formation was observed in some glomeruli (ca 4%). Cellular infiltration was also noted in some parts of the interstitium. Increased expression of transforming growth factor–beta (TGF‐β) was observed in the unilaterally nephrectomized rats treated with MoAb 1‐22‐3, but we could not demonstrate pathological involvement of platelet‐derived growth factor (PDGF). even though early‐stage mesangial cell proliferation was observed. The mechanism of mesangial cell proliferation in this model remains to be elucidated. The relatively short period of time needed to induce the sclerotic changes is considered to be a great advantage of this model for clarifying the mechanisms involved in the chronic progression of mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Segmenting the market: The monopolist's optimal product mix

In an industry producing products which differ in quality, to consumers who vary in their willingness to pay, it may happen that only a bounded number of producers can coexist at (noncooperative price) equilibrium; in other words, the industry is a natural oligopoly. We are here concerned with a special example, in which only one producer can survive. Our focus of interest in the present paper is to examine this monopolist's optimal product range. Depending on the dispersion of consumers' willingness to pay (income), either (i) the monopolist will find it optimal to segment the market completely, offering the maximum number of products permitted or (ii) the monopolist will offer only a single product. The precise nature of this switch of policy, which occurs at a certain critical distribution of consumer incomes (willingness to pay), is explored fully.

Field of study: Economics
Seasoning Polymethyl Methacrylate (PMMA) Bone Cements with Incorrect Mix Ratio

Cemented joint prostheses are widely used in orthopaedic surgery; however, implants/bone bonds are known to be susceptible to aseptic loosening, particularly in the case of long-term performance. The exact mechanism of this failure is under constant examination. One of the critical factors to the final mechanical functionality of bone cement can be an incorrect mix ratio of a two-component material (powdered polymer and liquid monomer). It can result in the deterioration of the final mechanical strength properties. The paper presents the results from an experimental study on the effects of the deviation from the correct mix ratio on the moisture uptake and the compression strength of cement depending on the seasoning time in Ringer’s solution. The results were subjected to statistical analysis and a mathematical model was developed.

Field of study: Materials science
The Holland Paleosol: an informal pedostratigraphic unit in the coastal dunes of southeastern Lake Michigan

A very prominent buried soil crops out in coastal sand dunes along an ~200 km section of the southeastern shore of Lake Michigan. This study is the first to investigate the character of this soil  informally described here as the Holland Paleosol  by focusing on six sites from Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore north to Montague, Michigan. Most dunes in this region are large (>40 m high) and contain numerous buried soils that indicate periods of reduced sand supply and comcomitant stabilization. Most of these soils are buried in the lower part of the dunes and are thin Entisols. The soil described here, in contrast, is relatively well developed, is buried in the upper part of many dunes, and formed by podzolization under forest vegetation. Radiocarbon dates indicate that this soil formed between ~3000 and 300 calibrated years BP. Pedons of the Holland Paleosol range in development from thick Entisols (Regosols) with ABwBCC horizonation to weakly developed Spodosols (Podzols) with AEBsBwBCC profile...

Field of study: Environmental science
Über das elektrische Quadrupolmoment des Jodkerns

ZusammenfassungIn Fortsetzung einer früheren Arbeit wurden die Hyperfeinstrukturen weiterer Linien von J II analysiert. Aus den Abständen der Feinstrukturterme von (5s) (5p)53P2 wurde das elektrische Quadrupolmoment von J127 zuQ=+ 0,8 ·10−24 abgeschätzt.

Field of study: Physics
Circulating antibodies against α‐enolase in patients with primary membranous nephropathy (MN)

MN is characterized by the glomerular deposition of IgG4 immune complexes. This suggests that nephritogenic immune responses in MN are of the Th2 T helper cell type; however, the pathogenesis of MN is still unknown. In this study we examined sera from patients with primary MN for antibodies to renal proteins. A 47‐kD protein in both human and porcine renal extracts was found by immunoblotting to react specifically with serum IgG from some patients. This protein was purified from porcine kidney and identified as α‐enolase on the basis of its partial amino acid sequences. Sera from 87 patients with primary MN, 24 patients with secondary MN (15 rheumatoid arthritis patients, nine systemic lupus erythematosus patients), and 16 healthy subjects were examined by ELISA using purified α‐enolase. In 60 (69%) patients with primary MN and 14 (58%) patients with secondary MN, the measured optical density values, and hence serum anti‐α‐enolase antibody levels, were greater than the mean + 2 s.d. of healthy subjects. Immunoblot analysis showed that IgG1 or IgG3 was the predominant subclass (Th1 T helper cell type subclass) of antibodies against α‐enolase in patients with primary and secondary MN. Since circulating antibodies against α‐enolase have recently been reported in patients with various autoimmune disorders, our results suggest that a number of patients with presumed primary MN may also have abnormalities in Th1 T helper cell‐mediated immune responses.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Multiplex Nested Solid Phase PCR-Array Chip for Simultaneous Detection of Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms

Infectious diseases caused by highly pathogenic microorganisms are the main factors threatening human health and causing social panic. To simultaneously detect bacteria and viruses in a single test, a PCR-Array chip based on solid phase PCR (SP-PCR) was developed, in which an ultraviolet cross-linking method was used to fix oligonucleotide sequence on the grass to develop a PCR array chip for detection of Crimea-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV), Ebola virus, Bacillus anthracis and Brucella. Due to lack of real sample and consideration of biological safety, plasmid vectors of Bacillus anthracis and Brucella were constructed by genetic engineering. Meanwhile, to simulate the reverse transcription process of CCHFV virus and Ebola virus, virus- like particle (VLP) containing two specific viral fragments was constructed by virus packaging technology. The primer fixation efficiency and solid-phase RT-PCR reaction system were optimized with four positive samples. The results showed that the detection limit of the multiplex solid-phase RT-PCR was 10 copy μL−1. This method avoided mutual interference among the primers by isolation them on space and improved the detection thoughput, showing high sensitivity and specificity in detection of bacteria and viruses.

Field of study: Chemistry
Influence of Habitat on Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) in Cotton-ecosystem

Incidence and damage of Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) were low in cotton in habitat with intercrops like groundnut, soybean, cowpea, mungbean and Setaria compared to sole cotton situation. Pigeonpea as intercrop was established to be unsuitable. Even though Setaria decreased the H. armigera incidence, it affected the growth and yield of cotton. The increased interspecific competition vis-a-vis environmental resistance by preserving natural enemies of H. armigera was evident when habitat was manipulated by maintaining intercrops in cotton.

Field of study: Biology
Current-phase relation of high-T/sub c/ bicrystal and step-edge Josephson junctions

The real and imaginary part of the rf impedance of a phase-biased weak link based on YBa/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub 7-x/ thin films were investigated experimentally at 77 K. The investigated weak links were step-edge or bicrystal Josephson junctions incorporated into a washer type superconducting ring with a small inductance L=80...300 pH. The ring was inductively coupled to a tank circuit with a resonant frequency of about 23 MHz. The phase shift /spl alpha/ between the rf voltage and rf current through the tank circuit was found to be a convenient measure of the change of inductance of a weak link. From the dependence of /spl alpha/ on the magnetic flux in the ring one can deduce the current-phase relation I(/spl phi/)=I/sub c/ f(/spl phi/) of the weak link. The influence of thermal noise on f(/spl phi/) was estimated numerically using a Gaussian distribution of the noise amplitude. The experimentally observed dependence /spl alpha/(/spl phi/) for the bicrystal weak link can be sufficiently good described with f(/spl phi/)=sin (/spl phi/) and with a reasonable value of the noise amplitude. The step-edge junction shows remarkable deviation from the sinusoidal current-phase relation.

Field of study: Physics
Suppression of spontaneous murine lupus by inducing graft‐versus‐host reaction with CD8+ cells

Splenic CD8+ (Lyt‐2+) cells of C57BL/6 mice were injected into semiallogeneic (NZB x BXSB)F1 mice, which spontaneously develop lupus nephritis, in order to examine whether the disease was somehow modified by the occurrence of graft‐versus‐host reaction. The development of lupus nephritis in the F1 recipients was strongly inhibited and immunopathological parameters such as anti‐DNA antibodies, circulating immune complexes (CIC) and splenic immunoglobulin‐producing cells (IgPC) were markedly reduced. The injection of CD4+ (L3T4+)Tcells into F1 recipients did not result in similar effects. These findings suggest that the development of autoimmune disease could be ameliorated by CD8+ cells responding to MHC class I antigens. The significance of the data is discussed in terms of the treatment of autoimmune diseases.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Does quality of scuba diving experience vary according to the context and management regime of marine protected areas?

Sustainability of scuba diving tourism should be assessed not only in environmental terms, but also concerning the quality of the diving experiences. Through the application of semi-structured questionnaires, we assessed differences in the scuba diving experiences from three subtropical Brazilian marine protected areas (MPAs) with different contexts and management regimes. We found that MPAs of more restrictive categories attracted mostly divers motivated by their natural attributes. We also found that satisfaction levels were significantly lower in the no-take MPA, where public use planning is stricter. Although we could not replicate the MPAs’ contexts, our findings highlight the importance of management strategy as well as the influence of MPA age and socio-ecological context on scuba diving experiences. In this regard, managers and dive operators are encouraged to assess user characteristics and the context in which the MPA finds itself to plan and develop sustainable tourism.

Field of study: Environmental science
Effects of Cycle Treatment on Microstructure,Crystallization and Magnetic Properties of Fe-based Amorphous Alloy

The effects of deep cryogenic cycle treatment,annealing at 473 K cycle treatment and cold-hot cycle treatment on the microstructure,magnetic properties and crystallization process of Fe68Ni1Al5Ga2P9.65B4.6Si3C6.75 amorphous alloys were studied by XRD,DSC and TEM. The results show that samples are still amorphous after different cycle treatment. Struture relaxstion occurs and the microstructure changes. But compared to as-quenched samples,the glass transition temperature,crystallization temperature and crystallization peak temperature have same changes. After annealing crystallization,there are some obvious differences in the variety,the amount and size of crystallization. The statistics of magnetic properties show that it has a little elevation compared to as-quenched samples.

Field of study: Materials science
Platelet adhesion to cultured bovine cerebral microvascular endothelial cells by stimulation of platelet activating factor and antagonism of drugs.

To study platelet activating factor (PAF) stimulating the platelets to adhere to cultured bovine cerebral microvascular endothelial cells (CMEC) and the inhibitory effect of triazelodiazepine (WEB), 1,5-bis-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-tetrahydro-(4H)-pyran (DMPP), tetrandrine (Tet).



The platelets adhesion to CMEC and the inhibitory effect of drugs were investigated by [3H]adenine labeling of rabbit blood platelet.



The platelet adhesion to CMEC was increased by 36% vs control after CMEC was stimulated with PAF 10 nmol L-1 for 25 min. WEB 0.1, 1, 10 mmol L-1 or DMPP 0.1, 1, 10 mmol L-1 or Tet 0.1, 1, 10 mmol L-1 inhibited the PAF stimulating platelet adhesion to CMEC by 5.4%, 16.3%, 20.1%; 13.7%, 19.4%, 22.4%; and 5.5%, 23.1%, 32.6%, respectively.



DMPP and Tet inhibited the PAF action in cerebral vascular system.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
cDNA cloning of c33-c antigen gene derived from NS3 region of Chinese HCV genome, expression in Escherichia coli and development of HCV EIA second-generation diagnostic kit.

A cDNA fragment of about 860 bp corresponding to the c33-c gene in the non-structural region 3 (NS3) of HCV genome was obtained from one plasma derived from a Chinese HCV carrier who came from Tai' an of Shandong Province, China by the application of reverse transcription (RT) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques. After the sequence of the cDNA fragment was determined and compared with the equivalent region of the HCV-I (HCV-US) and HCV-II (HCV-BK) genomes, the nucleotide/amino acid sequence homologies were found to be 79.2%/91.3%/ and 91.3%/93.9%, respectively. The prokaryotic expression vector pBV220 was employed for the overproduction of c33-c native recombinant protein in E. coli cells. The expression products were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Western blotting with antisera of chronic hepatitis C patients, and a molecular weight 31 kD of c33-c viral protein was shown to account for 14% of the total cellular soluble proteins. This product was extracted from the bacterial lysate by lysozyme, Triton X-100 and urea treatment, and purified through ion exchange chromatography. The purified c33-c protein combined with a branch peptide MAP-C-19 representing immunodominant epitopes on the nucleocapsid region of HCV genome was used to develop a Chinese HCV EIA 2nd-generation diagnostic kit for the detection of anti-HCV antibodies. Its specificity, sensitivity and reproducibility were all in keeping with the indexes of the national standard for the quality control of the HCV diagnostic kit. The agreement rate between our kit and Abbott company's HCV EIA second-generation diagnostic kit was 99.33%, and the identified rate of positive anti-HCV of our kit was 2% more than that of the Abbott company's kit.

Field of study: Chemistry
An update of the B(E2) evaluation for 01+→21+ transitions in even–even nuclei near N∼Z∼28

An update of the B(E2) ↑ evaluation for even–even Cr, Fe, Ni, and Zn nuclei is presented. It is a continuation of work by Raman et al. on B(E2) ↑ values and was motivated by a large number of new measurements. It extends the previous evaluation from 20 to 38 nuclei and includes a comprehensive shell-model analysis. Evaluation policies for the analysis of experimental data are discussed. Future plans for a complete B(E2) ↑ evaluation of even–even nuclei are outlined.

Field of study: Physics
A Quantitative Physiognomic Analysis of Contemporary Farm Buildings to Improve Awareness in Rural Planning

. Ordinary citizens and stakeholders are gaining increasing awareness of rural landscapes as a common good, where architectural quality is an integral part of the environment. While historic rural buildings represent an acknowledged landscape value, this does not apply to contemporary buildings, which up to now have been considered service architecture to support the production of material goods. This study developed a method for analyzing the formal characteristics of contemporary farm building that adds quantitative aspects to the qualitative descriptions with the application of analytical tools. In particular, this work presents a validation and implementation of the methodological model FarmBuiLD (Farm Building Landscape Design) through application to contemporary rural buildings (constructed after World War II) in the Emilia-Romagna region of Italy, as well as a study of the relationships between the formal features and functional requirements of contemporary rural architecture. The results show how the contemporary rural architecture is diversified in terms of shape, relationship with the surrounding landscape, and articulation or compactness. Physiognomic clusters were defined on the basis of joint interpretation of the results. They allowed definition of the correspondences between physiognomic characteristics and specific functional requirements expressed by users of the rural landscape. This research also shows how the application of analytical tools can increase knowledge of contemporary farm buildings.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
JORDAN–KRONECKER INVARIANTS OF LIE ALGEBRA REPRESENTATIONS AND DEGREES OF INVARIANT POLYNOMIALS

For an arbitrary representation $\rho$ of a complex finite-dimensional Lie algebra, we construct a collection of numbers that we call the Jordan-Kronecker invariants of $\rho$. Among other interesting properties, these numbers provide lower bounds for degrees of polynomial invariants of $\rho$. Furthermore, we prove that these lower bounds are exact if and only if the invariants are independent outside of a set of large codimension. Finally, we show that under certain additional assumptions our bounds are exact if and only if the algebra of invariants is freely generated.

Field of study: Mathematics
Convention for Reporting Magnetic Anisotropy of Till

The determination of the fabric of a till is usually carried out by measuring the orientation of the principal axes of a number of pebbles in a till or by measuring the orientation of the principal axes of smaller particles under a microscope.The measurement of magnetic susceptibility of anisotropy of till provides an alternative method to determine the fabric of a till. As this technique has not been used extensively by glacial geologists, the purpose of this note is to provide a framework for sampling and reporting of results.

Field of study: Environmental science
Applications of high-energy synchrotron radiation for structural studies of polycrystalline materials.

The large penetration power of high-energy X-rays (>60 keV) raises interesting prospects for new types of structural characterizations of polycrystalline materials. It becomes possible in a non-destructive manner to perform local studies, within the bulk of the material, of the fundamental materials physics properties: grain orientations, strain, dislocation densities etc. In favourable cases these properties may be mapped in three dimensions with a spatial resolution that matches the dimensions of the individual grains. Imbedded volumes and interfaces become accessible. Moreover, the high energies allow better in-situ studies of samples in complicated environments (industrial process optimization). General techniques for research in this energy range have been developed using broad-band angle-dispersive methods, on-line two-dimensional detectors and conical slits. Characterizations have been made at the level of the individual grains and grain boundaries as well as on ensembles of grains. The spatial resolution is presently of the order of 10-100 micom. Four examples of applications are presented along with an outlook.

Field of study: Physics
The Analysis and Solution of Flashover Discharge on HVDC Filter Capacitor in Gezhouba Converter Station

DC filter HV capacitor flashover discharge happens frequently during the Gezhouba-Nanqiao HVDC system operation. The flashover phenomenon is introduced in this paper of three reasons (bad weather,dirt and insulation design) lead to this flashover discharge,especially the local dirt level increase and insufficient insulation capability of design are the main reasons. Then two solution methods are put forward to prevent this flashover discharge such as operation anti-flashover measures and design improvement. To solve this problem,the PRTV was painted on the insulation surface of DC filter HV capacitor in Gezhouba Station. After that,the flashover discharge disappears when in bad weather during operation. At the end of the paper,the conclusion is drawn out that PRTV painting can increase the capability of insulation equipment and prevent the flashover accident.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics