nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Holocene Indian Summer Monsoon variation inferred from geochemical and grain size records from Lake Ximenglongtan, southwestern China

variability and its possible mechanism is critical for predicting future environmental changes. In this study, we present a well-dated, ca. 9.4 kyr geochemical and grain size record derived from Lake Ximenglongtan, southwestern China. The record depicts the Holocene ISM evolution and multi-decadal to centennial abrupt precipitation change events superimposed on the long-term climate changes. The results indicate that precipitation was high during the first half of the Holocene from ca. 9.4 to 4.5 cal kyr B.P. but decreased over the later Holocene. On the multi-decadal to centennial time scale, our results show that a pronounced and prolonged drought event occurred between 7.6 and 7.0 cal kyr B.P. In addition, several other low precipitation events occurred at about 8.9, 6.3, 5.2, 4.2, 3.7, 2.5 and 1.7 cal kyr B.P., which correspond well with reported intervals of abrupt ISM weakening events. Our findings suggest that changes in solar activity may have primarily controlled the fluctuations of ISM intensity on the multi-decadal to centennial time-scale. Cooling of the North Atlantic climate and the interactions between tropical-ocean and atmosphere may have amplified the solar signal.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Annual Physical Society Meeting Japan style

A scientific meeting is a gathering of specialists to participate in an interchange of ideas. The effectiveness of this interchange is influenced greatly by the manner in which the meeting is organized. Administrative matters such as the circulation of abstracts prior to the sessions and presentation of graphs and tables by the speakers are becoming problems of ever increasing magnitude. In the course of attending the Annual Meeting of the Physical Society of Japan held in Hiroshima October 8–12, 1959, the idea suggested itself that procedures were sufficiently different from those in the United States that a brief description might be of interest to readers of Physics Today, and might also hopefully suggest ideas for possible consideration.

Field of study: Physics
Performance analysis of MUSIC employing conjugate symmetric beamformers

If one incorporates a beamformer composed of conjugate centro-symmetric weight vectors as a preprocessor to an eigenstructure direction finding algorithm, a real-valued decomposition can be employed to estimate the noise and signal subspaces from the sample covariance matrix. The effect of employing the real processing methodology on the angle estimation performance of beamspace MUSIC is explored. Specifically, the distribution of the real-valued signal subspace eigenvectors is derived and used in an asymptotic analysis of the bias and variance of the MUSIC estimator. The theoretical analysis shows that processing the real part of the beamspace sample covariance matrix offers significant performance gains, in addition to the obvious computational benefit, relative to the conventional complex-valued procedure, particularly in the case of correlated sources. Monte Carlo simulations are included to verify the theoretical expressions. A trade-off study of the estimation accuracy versus the desire to provide adequate rejection of unwanted signals in a sector-based interrogation scheme for various beamforming architectures is also presented.

Field of study: Engineering
Folding of mountain ranges—the argument from isostasy

The hypothesis that mountain ranges have originated from the shrinkage of the earth’s core away from its crust and from the consequent wrinkling of the crust has not met with support from geodesists in India. In 1858 Pratt’s investigations of Himalayan attraction and compensation raised serious objections, and these were subsequently strengthened by the brilliant writings of Dutton. 3 Pratt was a mathematician and Dutton was a geologist. Pratt regarded the subterranean compensation of the Himalayas as a proof that these mountains had arisen from below by the vertical expansion of rocks in the crust. But even before Pratt had published his conclusions the Himalayan geologist, Strachey, had put forward an opinion, based on geological grounds, that the origin of the Himalayas had been vertical uplift. 4 And the idea of a planetary core contracting independently of its outer shell was forcibly opposed by Osmond Fisher, also a geologist. 5 Mountain Formation . . .

Field of study: Geology
Effects of matrine-nicotine missible oil on controlling the poplar leaf pests

The matrine-nicotine missible oil with 1.2% potency was diluted with water(1:600,1:800 and 1:1000),and then sprayed to poplar respectively,in order to control Micromelalopha troglodyta,Clostera ana-choreta and Botyodes diniasalis.After the larvae were sprayed with 1:600 dilution,the death rates were 100%,99.2% and 100%,and the corrected mortality were 100%,99.2% and 100% respectively.The death rates of larvae sprayed with 1:800 dilution were 93.2%,96.9% and 95.7%,and the corrected mortality were 92.8%,96.7% and 93.0%.The death rates with 1:1 000 dilution were 79.2%,64.3% and 80.5%,and the corrected mortality were 78.0%,62.3% and 79.4% respectively.The t-test results showed the difference of death rates of larvae between dilutions of 600 and 800 times,600 and 1 000 times,800 and 1 000 times were significant different(P0.01).The best control effects could be achieved by spraying 1:600 dilution of matrine-nicotine missible oil with 1.2% potency.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Pairing insights in iron-based superconductors from scanning tunneling microscopy

Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) has made tremendous progress in the study and understanding of both classical and unconventional superconductors. This has motivated a rapidly growing effort to apply the same techniques to the iron-based high-Tc superconductors since their discovery in 2008. Five years have brought exciting advances in imaging and spectroscopic investigation of this new class of materials. In this review, we focus on several recent STM contributions to the identification of the gap symmetry and pairing glue. We highlight the unique capabilities and challenges still ahead for STM studies of iron-based superconductors.

Field of study: Physics
Patterns of psychiatric morbidity in a genito-urinary clinic. A validation of the Hospital Anxiety Depression scale (HAD).

The prevalence of psychiatric disorder (by DSM-III criteria) in a population attending a genito-urinary clinic was found to be 31%. The performance of the Hospital Anxiety Depression (HAD) scale as a screening questionnaire for psychiatric disorder was assessed. Case definition by a score of 8 or more on either of the anxiety or depressive subscales produced optimal results, giving sensitivities of 82% and 70%, and specificities of 94% and 68%, for depressive and anxiety disorders respectively.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
FORCED OSCILLATIONS OF NONLINEAR PARABOLIC EQUATIONS WITH FUNCTIONAL ARGUMENTS

There has been much current interest in studying the oscillation of parabolic equations with functionai arguments (cf. Bainov and Mishev ). To the author's knowledge, the first results in this direction were given by Bykov and Kultaev . We refer the reader to [3, 5, 6, 7, 1012, 14] for parabolic equations (or systems) without forcing term, and to [8, 9, 15, 16] for the forced oscillations. In particular, Kreith and Ladas [7] have investigated the oscillation of parabolic equations with positive and negative coeflicients. The purpose of this paper is to extend the results of [7] to the more general equations with forcing term. We are concemed with the forced oscillations of the parabolic equation with functionai arguments

Field of study: Philosophy
The current convergence in linguistic theory: some implications for second language acquisition research

To the outsider, generative grammar must appear to contain a bewildering variety of different frameworks for syntactic description, each with its own distinct goals, research programme and technical vocabulary. It seems fair to say that this seeming inability of theoretical linguists to get their own house in order has led many applied linguists to question whether even the most general conceptions of generative grammar have any relevance to their concerns. Despite superficial appearances, however, the differences between the major generative frameworks are relatively minor, and are steadily lessening. Indeed, a convergence is taking place among the three most important, namely, the government-binding theory, generalized phrase structure grammar, and lexical-functional grammar. In particular, all now accept two basic concepts governing grammatical processes: 'modularity' and 'locality'. According to the former, grammatical complexity results from the interaction of autonomous grammatical subsystems; according to the latter, grammatical processes are sharply constrained as to the degree of 'distance' that the elements involved may lie from each other. It will be argued that these convergences have interesting implications for those who wish to apply linguistic theory to the understanding of second language acquisition.

Field of study: Linguistics
Les Pièces rivales des répertoires de l'Hôtel de Bourgogne, du Théâtre du Marais et de l'Illustre Théâtre: Deux décennies de concurrence théâtrale parisienne (1629–1647). Sandrine Blondet. Lumière classique 104. Paris: Honoré Champion, 2017. 906 pp. €150.

landowner held up by Olivier de Serres’s Theatre d’agriculture as “a rural prototype of unhurried, moderate, and altruistic capitalism” (179). Patterson also sheds light on the little-known Paradoxe de l’avarice of Antoine Hotman, who argues that those who avidly acquire wealth are also more likely to spread their wealth to others in an anticipation of “modern civic philanthropy” and the “capitalistic spirit of future ages” (196, 198). Similarly, Patterson shows how Montaigne attempts to reconcile Stoic moderation and impassivity with Serres’s mesnagerie, and provides examples of how avarice can enable prudence and discretion. In chapter 6, “Before and beyond Molière,” Patterson points out aspects of Molière’s L’Avare that seem to hearken back to the previous century, but the chapter doesn’t offer much in the way of new observations on the play, and the parallels it proposes often seem like Procrustean stretches. More useful is Patterson’s suggestion that his study might be relevant to “society, or the state of the economy,” and especially to “avarice that has been methodically controlled, or dressed up as beneficial to others” (277). I agree wholeheartedly with this possibility, and while I gleaned much from Representing Avarice as a seiziémiste who has worked on Marguerite de Navarre, the querelle des amies, and Montaigne, I think its most unique and provocative contribution is its unearthing of Serres’s and Hotman’s defense of the avaricious pursuit of wealth as beneficial to the economy, which will no doubt sound eerily familiar in a moment when many are quick to applaud the so-called job creators who amass untold sums by exploiting the labor force and rigging politics in their favor.

Field of study: History
High-Altitude Nighttime Balloons

An experimental high-altitude balloon suitable for nighttime use was recently developed and tested in both tropic and temperate latitudes. Results of tests indicate the balloon is capable of attaining a bursting altitude in excess of 100,000 ft with slightly more hydrogen than that required by existing night balloons now used to attain an altitude of 80,000 ft. Some reduction in the size of the balloon will be required to make it suitable for inflation in existing shelters.

Field of study: Environmental science
Session-Key Generation Using Human Passwords Only

We present session-key generation protocols in a model where the legitimate parties share only a human-memorizable password, and there is no additional set-up assumption in the network. Our protocol is proven secure under the assumption that enhanced trapdoor permutations exist. The security guarantee holds with respect to probabilistic polynomial-time adversaries that control the communication channel (between the parties), and may omit, insert, and modify messages at their choice. Loosely speaking, the effect of such an adversary that attacks an execution of our protocol is comparable with an attack in which an adversary is only allowed to make a constant number of queries of the form "is w the password of Party A." We stress that the result holds also in case the passwords are selected at random from a small dictionary so that it is feasible (for the adversary) to scan the entire directory. We note that prior to our result, it was not known whether or not such protocols were attainable without the use of random oracles or additional set-up assumptions.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Measurable Outcomes of Two Methods of Teaching Experimental Geometry

To determine scientifically how the lecture demonstration method compares with the individual-laboratory method of teaching, when geometric material is presented as a laboratory science, is the problem. The pro cedure consisted of forming two parallel groups of pupils which were nearly alike in mental equipment as measured by those factors which were considered likely deter minants for successful achievement in school subjects, and which were about at the same point on the learning curve in terms of achievement in geometry. The group which was taught by the lecture-demonstration method was designated the control group and the one taught by the individual-laboratory method was designated the experimental group.

Field of study: Education
Off-Line SFE of Bis(2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate from PVC Materials

Off-line supercritical fluid extraction with pure CO 2 was used to isolate and quantify bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DIOP) from PVC samples. Two modes of analyte trapping, onto an inner solid surface of a fused silica capillary (i.d. 0.5 mm) and direct bubbling through a bulk liquid (2-propanol), have been compared. Collected samples were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography with UV detection. Quantitative recovery of over 95% was obtained in spite of limited operating parameters of home-made SFE device (maximum of pressure 30 MPa and of temperature 70 °C) for samples containing 10 or less wt.% of DIOP.

Field of study: Chemistry
Response of soybean plants to metribuzin and interaction with atrazine residues

Soybeans [Glycine max (L.) Merr. ‘Harosoy 63'] planted in Brookston clay loam soil into which atrazine [2‐chloro‐4‐(ethyl‐amino)‐6‐(isopropylamino)‐s‐triazine] had been incorporated were consistently visibly damaged at rates of atrazine greater than 0.56 kg/ha. Yield was not significantly reduced until the rate of atrazine reached 0.84 kg/ha. Residues of atrazine during the year after application were reduced by 80 to 90%. This left only small amounts of atrazine residue for uptake by soybeans planted the following year. Metribuzin [ ‐triazin‐5(4H)‐one] applied pre‐emergence at 142 kg/ha caused injury to these soybeans in the absence of any atrazine residues and this resulted in a reduction in plant stand, growth and yield. Metribuzin was degraded rapidly in each year with a decrease of approximately 90% in 4 months. Atrazine residues did not interact with the metribuzin treatment to cause increased soybean injury in two of three experiments. In one year, a s...

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Analysis and Prevention Measures of Pitman Shaft Thread Delayed Fracture

The heat treatmeat process,hardness,applied force and fractographic appearances of the steering gear pitman shaft were analyzed.The crack is considered to be delayed fracture induced by hydrogen.The main factors that influenc the fracture is higher hardness,hydrogen content and stress concentration on the fracture region.In the meantime,the two kinds of processes that reduce hardness on thread:induction tempering and localized anti-carburization are analyzed.It is concluded that induction tempering is an effective way to avoid delayed fracture on pitman shaft thread.

Field of study: Materials science
Schwannomatosis in a patient with a pelvic mass: case report.

Schwannomatosis is the most recently recognized form of neurofibromatosis in which patients harbor multiple non-vestibular nerve schwannomas. The diagnosis is contingent on excluding neurofibromatosis Type 2 (NF2), to which it is related. The authors present a case of schwannomatosis diagnosed fortuitously when a preoperative magnetic resonance (MR) image of a pelvic schwannoma was suggestive of a lesion in the lower lumbar canal. Definitive studies confirmed the presence of multiple spinal tumors including a thoracic schwannoma, which was removed during a subsequent procedure. This case emphasizes the need to consider the possibility of multiple tumors in every patient presenting with a schwannoma because the follow-up and genetic counseling are vastly different in those with NF2 and schwannomatosis compared with those harboring sporadic tumors. Details of this case and current considerations in the diagnosis and management of schwannomatosis are discussed.

Field of study: Medicine
Scalable and Optimal Generalized Canonical Correlation Analysis via Alternating Optimization

This paper considers generalized (multiview) canonical correlation analysis (GCCA) for large-scale datasets. A memory-efficient and computationally lightweight algorithm is proposed for the classic MAX-VAR GCCA formulation, which is gaining renewed interest in various applications, such as speech recognition and natural language processing. The MAX-VAR GCCA problem can be solved optimally via eigen-decomposition of a matrix that compounds the (whitened) correlation matrices of the views. However, this route can easily lead to memory explosion and a heavy computational burden when the size of the views becomes large. Instead, we propose an alternating optimization (AO)-based algorithm, which avoids instantiating the correlation matrices of the views and thus can achieve substantial saving in memory. The algorithm also maintains data sparsity, which can be exploited to alleviate the computational burden. Consequently, the proposed algorithm is highly scalable. Despite the non-convexity of the MAX-VAR GCCA problem, the proposed iterative algorithm is shown to converge to a globally optimal solution under certain mild conditions. The proposed framework ensures global convergence even when the subproblems are inexactly solved, which can further reduce the complexity in practice. Simulations and large-scale word embedding tasks are employed to showcase the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.

Field of study: Computer science
Study of the actuation speed, bounces occurrences, and contact reliability of ohmic RF-MEMS switches

The influence of the bias signal waveform on the electromechanical dynamic response of ohmic RF-MEMS switches is here investigated by means of electromechanical characterizations and modelling procedures. The actuation transient of ohmic RF-MEMS switches was studied in this work developing a fast to compute, but comprehensive electromechanical model, using electromechanical parameters from experimental results. The developed model was then used to investigate how different bias waveforms influence the switch dynamic, in terms of actuation time, and bounces occurrences, and a practical solution to limit bounces, without compromising the actuation time was presented. Furthermore, it was demonstrated how it is possible to improve the reliability to cycling stress using ad hoc shaped bias signals.

Field of study: Engineering
Roosevelt and Truman on Yalta: The Origins of the Cold War

Only recently has the question of the origins of the cold war seriously divided American historians, the emergence of a "revisionist" school coinciding with intensive research into primary sources. Yet, revisionists do disagree over whether there existed a discontinuity between President Roosevelt's and President Truman's policies; they disagree in their evaluations of the relative influence of economic and political considerations and in their estimates of the role of key advisers in shaping the decisions and priorities of the two presidents. This paper will emphasize the tactics and personalities of Roosevelt and Truman, their specific responses to Soviet policy and influence. Focusing on Yalta, I shall examine the Truman administration's commitment to the agreements concluded at the conference and Roosevelt's and the State Department's responsibilities for the development of the cold war. Conceding that the trend of the Open Door ideology was inimical to accommoda-

Field of study: Political science
Scientific understanding of the current development of minority national sport.

Minority national sport is a sincere cultural expression of minority nationalities.The development of minority national sport embodies the inevitable demands of national regions for economic,social and cultural development in the new period.At present,for the development of minority national sport,we should stick to the sharing of ecology and subsistence in terms of meaning selection,observe the co-prosperity of rural areas and modern cities in terms of objective orientation,embody the harmonization and interaction between rural and urban areas in terms of development territories,fully exert the united power of civil organizations and the government in terms of implementation power,implement the supplementation of protection and development in terms of modes and approaches,embody the joint power of economic effects and social effects in terms of effect evaluation,and abide by the principle for sports and cultural recognition in terms of development orientation attribution.

Field of study: Education
Nonorthogonal Analysis of Variance Using Iterative Improvement and Balanced Residuals

A method is developed for computing an exact nonorthogonal analysis of variance using cell means. This is accomplished without forming or using computer storage for X 0, or X′0 X 0, or an orthogonal transformation of X 0, where X 0 is the N × p nonorthogonal design matrix. The method is a convergent iterative method which utilizes balanced analysis-of-variance estimates and residuals iteratively in solving the relevant normal equations and conducting tests of hypotheses. A monotonicity property of the method is derived to minimize iteration for nonsignificant factors or interactions in hypothesis testing.

Field of study: Mathematics
Expression of PP150 C-terminus and gp52 chimeric protein of human cytomegalovirus

To make up an engineering E.coli strain for expression of protein PP150 C terminus and gp52 protein of human cytomegalovirus.  The gene fragment of protein PP150 C terminal 25 amino acid was synthesized and cloned into NcoⅠ/BamHⅠ sites before gp52 gene fragment in plasmid pET28a+gp52, the recombinant plasmid was transformed into E.coli BL21(DE3) for screening the engineering E.coli expressing chimeric protein of PP150 and gp52, the recombinant plasmid was identified by restriction enzyme digestion, and the engineering E.coli was screened by SDS PAGE. The expressed chimeric protein was preliminarily purified and characterized by ELISA test.  The engineering E.coli expressing PP150 and gp52 chimeric protein was established, and the chimeric protein has good antigenicity.  The expressed chimeric protein is potential for the detection of anti HCMV IgM, and is of great significance in the prevention of HCMV infection.

Field of study: Biology