nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Relationship between Locus of Control Orientation and School Adjustment of Orphaned and Vulnerable Pupils in Kisumu Central Sub County, Kenya.

This study investigated the relationship between locus of control orientation and school adjustment of orphaned and vulnerable pupils (OVP) in primary schools in Kisumu Central Sub County, Kenya. It adopted a correlational research design. Purposive and snowball sampling techniques were used to sample 284 participants which included 248 OVP and 36 class teachers. Data was collected using an adapted form of Nowicki-Strickland locus of control scale for children (N-SLOC) and a modified form of teacher rating scale of school adjustment (TRSSA). The instruments were piloted in two schools to determine their validity and reliability. Content validity was ascertained by incorporating results of the pilot study and views of experts in the Department of Educational Psychology of Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology. On the other hand, split-half technique corrected by Spearman-Brown formula was used to determine reliability of the data collection instruments. N-SLOC yielded a reliability coefficient of .793 while TRSSA, .995. Data was analysed using inferential statistics at .05 level of statistical significance and 95% confidence level. Statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 25 aided in the analysis. Results revealed a weak significant positive correlation between locus of control orientation and school adjustment, r = .183, df = 246, p < .05 . Recommendations were made that could help stakeholders respond to OVP in ways that increase their comfortability and ultimate adjustment in the school environment.  Adjustment, locus of control orientation, orphan, school adjustment and vulnerable pupil.  10.7176/JEP/11-21-16 Publication date :July 31st 2020

Field of study: Education
A Dimension of Cognitive Motivation: Need to Know the Known vs the Unknown

An investigation of preference of college Ss for information widely known vs information unknown to most other persons indicated that the majority of Ss preferred the “unknown” information. The higher an S‘s college aptitude, the stronger this preference. Correlated with preference for the “unknown” information were a desire to be cognitively challenged, an attraction toward cognitive enjoyment and novelty, an interest in broad questions and ideas, a feeling of cognitive self sufficiency and social introversion. Correlated with preference for the widely known items of information were a desire to evaluate oneself in relation to others and a trait of social extraversion.

Field of study: Psychology
Spatiotemporal variations of chlorinated paraffins in PM2.5 from Chinese cities: Implication of the shifting and upgrading of its industries.

To highlight the levels and distributions and to assess the risk of human exposure of chlorinated paraffins (CPs) in PM2.5 in China, the concentrations and homologue patterns of short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins (MCCPs) in PM2.5 from 10 cities in China were studied in 2013 and 2014. The mean concentrations of ΣSCCPs and ΣMCCPs were 19.9 ± 41.1 ng m-3 and 15.6 ± 18.6 ng m-3, respectively. Unexpectedly, the highest pollution levels occurred in two central cities (Xinxiang and Taiyuan) rather than in well-known eastern megacities such as Beijing, Nanjing, Shanghai, and Guangzhou. By comparing with earlier research, it has indicated the trend of CPs industry shifting from large eastern cities to small and medium-sized cities in central China to some extent. In addition, the composition pattern of SCCPs demonstrated an obviously differences from previous studies, with C11 and Cl7 predominating and accounting for 45.1% and 24.9%, respectively. Meanwhile, the ratio of MCCPs/SCCPs in most cities was less than 1.00 except for Guangzhou (1.92), Shanghai (1.29), and Taiyuan (1.11). Combined with the results of correlation analysis and principal component analysis, the observed pollution characteristics of CPs in PM2.5 had similar sources, which were more influenced by the ratio of MCCPs/SCCPs than by organic carbon, elemental carbon, temperature, population, and gross domestic product. Overall, the composition of CPs reflected the characteristics of local industrial production and consumption, and also implied efforts of Chinese enterprises to reduce the content of short carbon groups of CPs production. The CPs mainly deposited in head airways during the process of entering the human respiratory system. However, at the present levels, there was no significant carcinogenic effect for human health.

Field of study: Environmental science
Screening of Reference Genes for Real-time Fluorescence Quantitative PCR in Jackfruit

为筛选菠萝蜜实时荧光定量PCR研究用的内参基因,以菠萝蜜不同发育阶段的果实、叶和花序为材料,分析GA PDH、18S rRNA、UBQ、a-tubulin和β-tubulin5个内参基因的表达情况,并对其表达稳定性进行分析.结果表明,在各组织不同发育阶段中,5个内参基因的表达丰度变化存在差异;geNorm、NormFinder和BestKeeper 3种方法得出的结论有所不同,经RefFinder综合评价后,果实中最稳定的3个内参基因是UBQ、GAPDH、18S rRNA;叶片中最稳定的3个内参基因是UBQ、GAPDH、β-tubulin;花序中最稳定的3个内参基因是UBQ、GAPDH、a-tubulin.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
High throughput high resolution Vortex/spl trade/ detector for X-ray diffraction

Vortex/spl trade/ is a multicathode drift-type X-ray detector produced from high-purity silicon using state-of-the-art CMOS production technology . Based on the Vortex/spl trade/ detector, we have developed a compact detector package for X-ray diffraction applications. The spectrometric package contains a 50 mm/sup 2/ detector cooled using a small Peltier element. The detector package was interfaced with a digital pulse processor, and its performance was tested as a function of the input count rate and pulse peaking time. A pure Cu sample was irradiated with varying flux from an X-ray generator, and the output count rate and energy resolution were measured. The system was able to operate at very high rate (>1 Mcps) with virtually zero loss in resolution and no peak shift. Finally, the performance of the Vortex/spl trade/ system was tested on a Philips (Model PW 1835) powder diffractometer, replacing the sealed tube proportional counter and the graphite monochromator with the silicon detector. The elimination of the graphite monochromator resulted in improvement of the detection efficiency by a factor of 2.5 and improvement in the detection limits due to the low background of the semiconductor detector.

Field of study: Physics
Viewing experience optimization for peer-to-peer streaming networks with credit-based incentive mechanisms

Effective in fighting against “free-riding” and stimulating the cooperation between peers, credit-based incentive mechanisms are widely adopted in today’s peer-to-peer (P2P) streaming networks. This work considers a P2P multimedia streaming system that relies on credits for incentivizing peers to upload. The main problem of focus is to derive the optimal strategy for a peer, in terms of allocating its credits across different time slots, to maximize its long-term viewing experience. Especially, the dynamic changing feature of credits is taken into consideration when we formulate the problem, and the optimal credits allocation is shown to be a staircase-like function over time. Then, based on the characteristics of the optimal credits allocation strategy, an effective double-loop iterative algorithm is proposed. For the consideration of practical implementation, three low-complexity credits allocation strategies are proposed. It is shown that each of the strategies has its own feature and is suitable for a specific scenario. Then, as an extension, the proposed credits allocation schemes are reinvestigated for P2P streaming networks that adopt dynamic-pricing credits-based incentive mechanisms. It is shown that the previously obtained credits allocation strategies and algorithms can be easily applied to these systems with minor modifications.

Field of study: Computer science
Sciatica and Incomplete Paraplegia After Spontaneous Haematoma of the Spinal Cord Due to a Cumarine - Induced Coagulopathy: Case Report

Spontaneous spinal haematoma is a rare cause of sciatica. We present a case of a 73 year old patient, who was admitted to our department and suffered from spontaneous sciatica over 24 hours. During the examination, the patient presented undulating symptoms of paraplegia, varying from incomplete loss of power in the left lower limb to complete plegia. The patient presented multiple diseases like biological aortic valve replacement, diabetes, hypertonia in her medical history, etc. Due to an additional absolute arrhythmia she ingested a cumarine medication. The tomographic imaging revealed a spontaneous lumbar and cranial subarachnoidal haematoma.

Field of study: Medicine
Electrochemical and in situ FTIRS of maleic acid reduction in[BMIM]BF_4 on Pt electrode

Electrochemical reduction of maleic acid in the ionic liquid was studied by cyclic voltammetry (CV),chronoamperometry(CA)and in situ FTIR spectroscopy.The results demonstrated that the reduction of maleic acid on Pt electrode is a quasireversible process controlled by diffusion.The diffusion coefficient of maleic acid is determined to be 1.0×10~(-7)cm~2·s~(-1).In situ FTIRS results illustrated that the reduction of maleic acid in ionic liquids occurs on the carboxyl.The first step is to generate radical anions, which are reduced to aldehyde species.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Orbital Eccentricity and Angular Momentum Management Scheme Stability

enough to enable the estimation of (P0)3. This domain should not extend to infinity as four-impulse trajectories are necessary when (j) > 4n and optimal when T -» oo. A complete computation of (PO)3 and (PO)4 is called for to ascertain whether or not four impulses are sufficient in the nonlinear case. Such are the questions left open about impulsive rendezvous, to say nothing of the uniqueness of the solutions found, which, in spite of the present results, can be questioned.

Field of study: Physics
Research on Analysis Model of Network Systems Reconfigurability

With the new challenges faced by information networks,the reconfigurable networks are becoming more and more important.In this paper,three essential properties are first presented and explained to interpret reconfigurablity of network systems,namely robustness,evolvability and survivability.Based on the hierarchical structure of the system state and formal description of robustness,evolvability and survivability,this paper proposed a general FSM analysis model of network systems reconfigurablity.Moreover,this paper also discussed the reconfigurability index,which maybe inspiring for study on the quantitative analysis of system reconfigurability.

Field of study: Computer science
Evaluating an Anti-Drinking and Driving Advertising Campaign With a Sample Survey and Time Series Intervention Analysis

The impact of a paid advertising campaign targeted at reducing youthful male drinking-driving behavior is examined using (1) pretest and posttest sample surveys taken at both a campaign site and a control site and (2) time series intervention modeling of monthly traffic accident data from both sites. These compatible analyses provide collaborative evidence that the advertising campaign reduced youthful male drinking and driving behavior and, consequently, traffic accidents.

Field of study: Mathematics
Needs of children with a chronic bladder in preparation for transfer to adult care.

Transfers to adult care can be problematic, resulting in postponement due to the protective nature of pediatric care and patient dependency. It is unknown whether these findings apply specifically to urology patients. Our department is taking part in a national general transition project. In this light, our aim was to investigate the specific needs of adolescent urologic patients, regarding their independence and transition.



80 patients, born in 1975-1998, with a chronic bladder condition received a questionnaire. They were divided into pre- and post-transfer groups. Parents (n = 7) of post-transfer patients formed a third group. Questionnaires were based on those used in the national transition study, supplemented with urological questions. Pre-transfer patients were asked about their level of independence, what subjects were discussed during consultations, and their expectations and wishes regarding transfer. Post-transfer patients and parents were asked for their opinions on the transfer process.



73% (n = 58) responded (55 pre-transfer and 3 post-transfer patients plus parents). It appeared that the confidence built-up with the pediatric urologist impeded the transfer. An adequate level of disease-related knowledge was reported. Relationships, sexuality and fertility were hardly talked about (respectively n = 17, 16 and 18). Parents played an important role, which patients appreciated, confirming their dependency. Despite the 49% (n = 27) who stated they can arrange their urological care themselves, 44% (n = 24) felt ill-prepared for transfer.



Although overall self-perceived knowledge is sufficient, the trust in and personal relationship with the pediatric urologist formed the greatest obstruction to successful transition. These findings have been used to improve support during transition by creating a transition protocol.

Field of study: Medicine
ARTICLES: Tuning of the emission spectrum of a C3 laser

An investigation was made of tuning of the emission spectrum of a semiconductor C3 (cleaved-coupled-cavity) laser. The radiation power carried by a mode was found to be an oscillatory function of time and current in the modulating part of the laser: a change in the current by less than 1 mA resulted in a smooth variation of the mode power from its maximum value to the spontaneous noise level. The rate of change of the emission frequency with the current in the modulating part was different for different lasers and depended in a complex manner on the current.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Coupled Cyclodextrin Appending Imidazole as an Enzyme Model

Novel imidazole-appended coupled β-cyclodextrin (6) was prepared by the condensation of 6-deoxy-6-(L-histidylamino)-β-cyclodextrin and 6-(carboxymethylthio)-6-deoxy-β-cyclodextrin with dicyclohexylcarbodiimide. The enzyme-like activities of 6 were studied by measuring the rates for the hydrolysis reaction of some kinds of p-nitrophenyl alkanoates (C2, C3, C6, and C12). 6 showed large acceleration ability and substrate specificity for only p-nitrophenyl C6 ester.

Field of study: Chemistry
Conversion of Thermobifida fusca free exoglucanases into cellulosomal components: comparative impact on cellulose-degrading activity.

Cellulosomes are multi-enzyme complexes produced by certain anaerobic bacteria that exhibit efficient degradation of plant cell wall polysaccharides. To understand their enhanced levels of hydrolysis, we are investigating the effects of converting a free-cellulase system into a cellulosomal one. To achieve this end, we are replacing the cellulose-binding module of the native cellulases, produced by the aerobic bacterium Thermobifida fusca, with a cellulosome-derived dockerin module of established specificity, to allow their incorporation into defined "designer cellulosomes". In this communication, we have attached divergent dockerins to the two exoglucanases produced by T. fusca exoglucanase, Cel6B and Cel48A. The resultant fusion proteins were shown to bind efficiently and specifically to their matching cohesins, and their activities on several different cellulose substrates were compared. The lack of a cellulose-binding module in Cel6B had a deleterious effect on its activity on crystalline substrates. In contrast, the dockerin-bearing family-48 exoglucanase showed increased levels of hydrolytic activity on carboxymethyl cellulose and on both crystalline substrates tested, compared to the wild-type enzyme. The marked difference in the response of the two exoglucanases to incorporation into a cellulosome, suggests that the family-48 cellulase is more appropriate than the family-6 enzyme as a designer cellulosome component.

Field of study: Biology, Engineering
Patterns of Inter-Chromosomal Gene Conversion on the Male-Specific Region of the Human Y Chromosome

The male-specific region of the human Y chromosome (MSY) is characterized by the lack of meiotic recombination and it has long been considered an evolutionary independent region of the human genome. In recent years, however, the idea that human MSY did not have an independent evolutionary history begun to emerge with the discovery that inter-chromosomal gene conversion (ICGC) can modulate the genetic diversity of some portions of this genomic region. Despite the study of the dynamics of this molecular mechanism in humans is still in its infancy, some peculiar features and consequences of it can be summarized. The main effect of ICGC is to increase the allelic diversity of MSY by generating a significant excess of clustered single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (defined as groups of two or more SNPs occurring in close proximity and on the same branch of the Y phylogeny). On the human MSY, 13 inter-chromosomal gene conversion hotspots (GCHs) have been identified so far, involving donor sequences mainly from the X-chromosome and, to a lesser extent, from autosomes. Most of the GCHs are evolutionary conserved and overlap with regions involved in aberrant X–Y crossing-over. This review mainly focuses on the dynamics and the current knowledge concerning the recombinational landscape of the human MSY in the form of ICGC, on how this molecular mechanism may influence the evolution of the MSY, and on how it could affect the information enclosed within a genomic region which, until recently, appeared to be an evolutionary independent unit.

Field of study: Biology
Comment on: “Identification of an underfilled foreland basin system in the Upper Devonian of the Central Pyrenees: implications for the Hercynian orogeny” by Souquet et al., International Journal of Earth Sciences 92:316–337 (2003)

In an interesting contribution to the geological development of the central Axial Zone of the Pyrenees, Souquet et al. (2003) propose a number of new ideas on the local tectonics. That the existence of an early Late Devonian (Frasnian) foreland basin system within the Hercynian Axial Zone of the Central Pyrenees, developed in front of a southward progressing thrust system, has important implications for Hercynian tectonics. We can not comment on the sedimentology, but we would like to remark on the postulated tectonic history based on our own structural studies of the adjacent Garonne dome, also known as the Boss st dome (Mezger and Passchier 2003). Souquet et al. (2003) describe in detail Frasnian turbiditic foredeep successions that overlie unconformably Silurian-Early–Middle Devonian sediments within the Aran syncline. Silurian black slate structurally overlies Cambro–Ordovician slate and schist and upper Ordovician limestone of the Garonne dome to the west. Erosional truncations and progressive unconformities on the northern limb of the Aran syncline are viewed as evidence for continuous subsidence and southward tilting of the basin with synchronous uplift and rotation of the northern limb during Frasnian time. Progression of the Boss st thrust fault system and a developing anticline to the north, the Garonne dome, is thought to control the development of the Aran syncline. Souquet et al. (their Figs. 3 and 15; 2003) interpret the Garonne dome as a large duplex structure with two horses. Roof thrusts are located in the rheologically weak Silurian black slate, while the Cambro–Ordovician basement hosts floor thrusts that connect to basement thrusts extrapolated from the geological interpretations of the nearby ECORS-Pyrenees seismic profile (Mu oz 1992; Roure et al. 1989). These basement thrusts are interpreted as initial Hercynian midcrustal thrusts resulting from Late Devonian north-directed subduction (Souquet et al. 2003). Souquet et al. (2003) conclude that the Garonne dome is an early Hercynian structure (early Late Devonian, ca. 380 Ma), and extend this interpretation to other structural and gneiss domes in the Axial Zone, e.g. the Aston and HospitalÞt Massifs. This interpretation is in conflict with previous tectonic models that assign the development of structural domes to the latest Carboniferous (ca. 300 Ma; Carreras and Capella 1994; van den Eeckhout and Zwart 1988; Vissers 1992). Results of our structural and metamorphic studies of the Garonne dome are summarized in a map showing the foliation trace and metamorphic zones .

Field of study: Environmental science
Defect structure near grain boundaries in deformed polycrystalline Cu–Al alloys

The evolution of defect structure upon the deformation of Cu–Al polycrystalline solid solutions with grain sizes of 10, 100, and 200 μm is studied by means of transmission diffraction electron microscopy. Alloys are deformed by tension at a rate of 10−2 s−1 at room temperature. Different parameters that characterize defect structure are measured. Patterns of changes in them are revealed upon moving away from grain boundaries. Analysis of the results testifies to the presence of a reinforced zone near the grain boundaries.

Field of study: Physics
Morphology and Growth of Intermetallics at the Interface 
of Sn-based Solders and Cu with Different Surface Finishes

Several types of surface finishes have been applied on Cu substrates in an effort to facilitate bonding and improve the reliability of lead-free solder joints. In the current research, the effects of printed circuit board surface finishes on the reliability of the solder joints were investigated by examining the morphology and growth behavior of the intermetallic compounds (IMCs) between Sn-based solders and different surface finishes on Cu. Three types of Cu substrates with different surface finishes were fabricated in this study: organic solderability preservative (OSP)/Cu, Ni/Cu, and electroless nickel immersion gold (ENIG)/Cu. Sn-3.5Ag and Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu were used as the solders. In the experiment, the solder joint specimens were aged isothermally at 150°C for up to 1000 h. Experimental results revealed that the OSP surface finish promoted the interdiffusion between Cu and Sn during soldering. The composition and morphology of the IMC layer at the solder/Ni/Cu interface were sensitive to the Cu concentration in the solder. Meanwhile, the solder joints with different morphological features of the IMCs exhibited significant differences in shear strengths. The Au-containing ENIG surface finish affected the shear strength of the solder joint significantly at the initial stage of isothermal aging.

Field of study: Materials science