nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Electrical properties of oxygen ion-implanted InP

The effect of oxygen ion implantation on defect levels and the electrical properties of undoped InP (n-type) and Sn-doped InP have been investigated as a function of postimplant annealing at temperatures of 300 and 400° C. The surface interruption by ion bombardment was studied by a non-invasive optical technique—photoreflectance (PR) spectroscopy. Current-voltage (I-V) characterization and deep level transient spectros-copy (DLTS) were carried out. The free carrier compensation mechanism was studied from the microstructure behavior of defect levels associated with O+ implantation. Free carriers may be trapped in both residual and ion-bombardment-induced defect sites. Rapid thermal annealing (RTA) performed at different temperatures showed that if residual traps were removed by annealing, the compensation efficiency will be enhanced. Post-implant RTA treatment showed that at the higher temperature (400°C), trapped carriers may be re-excited, resulting in a weakened compensation. Comparing the results of undoped and Sn-doped InP indicated that the carrier compensation effect is substrate doping dependent.

Field of study: Materials science
Effect of methylglyoxal on protein thiol and amino groups in isolated rat enterocytes and colonocytes and activity of various brush border enzymes.

The effect of methylglyoxal on protein -SH and -NH2 groups in cytosolic and membranous fractions of epithelial cells lining the gastrointestinal tract of rat was investigated, using isolated villus and crypt cells (enterocytes) and colonocytes. It was found that 11-12% cytosolic protein -SH and 14-17% membrane protein -SH groups were lost when villus and crypt cells were treated with 2 mM methylglyoxal. In colonocytes, the corresponding loss in protein -SH groups was 46 and 30% under the same treatment. Similarly, 27-37% protein -NH2 group in the cytosolic fraction and 18-19% protein -NH2 group in membranous fractions of the enterocytes were lost by 2 mM methylglyoxal treatment. In colonocytes, the loss of protein -NH2 group was 30 and 15% in cytosolic and membranous fractions, respectively, under the same treatment. Effect of methylglyoxal on activity of various brush border enzymes such as alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, leucine aminopeptidase, Mg2(+)-ATPase, sucrase and lactase was also studied. Alkaline phosphatase and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase activities were inhibited to the extent of 30 and 15% respectively. There was no significant change in the activities of other enzymes after treating the brush border vesicles with 2 mM methylglyoxal. These findings show that methylglyoxal can cause loss of protein thiol and amino groups and enzyme activity in mucosal cells of rat gastrointestinal tract and the effect is more pronounced in colonocytes, which are in constant contact with bacterial metabolites.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Physics
Molecular characterization of the Lotus japonicus NRT1(PTR) and NRT2 families.

Nitrate is an essential element for plant growth, both as a primary nutrient in the nitrogen assimilation pathway and as an important signal for plant development. Low- and high-affinity transport systems are involved in the nitrate uptake from the soil and its distribution between different plant tissues. By an in silico search, we identified putative members of both systems in the model legume Lotus japonicus. We investigated, by a time course analysis, the transcripts abundance in root tissues of nine and four genes encoding putative low-affinity (NRT1) and high-affinity (NRT2) nitrate transporters, respectively. The genes were sub-classified as inducible, repressible and constitutive on the basis of their responses to provision of nitrate, auxin or cytokinin. Furthermore, the analysis of the pattern of expression in root and nodule tissues after Mesorhizobium loti inoculation permitted the identification of sequences significantly regulated during the symbiotic interaction. The interpretation of the global regulative networks obtained allowed to postulate roles for nitrate transporters as possible actors in the cross-talks between different signalling pathways triggered by biotic and abiotic factors.

Field of study: Environmental science
Faunistic similarity and endemism of earthworms in east mediterranean region

The analysis presents earthworm distribution in eight designated tectonic units (C—Cyprus, EP—East Pondites, ET—East Taurus block, Sc—Sakarya continent, Kb—Kırşehir block, L—the Levant, TM—Taurus–Menderes block, WP—West Pondites) in the East Mediterranean region (EM). It represents a full list of earthworm species (N = 81) of the region and reveals significant faunal similarities between Sc + WP, and between Kb + TM. The new Sc + WP unit is characterized by the presence of archaic (Spermophorodrilus) as well as modern earthworm fauna. In contrast, the second newly established Kb + TM unit is characterized by poorly presented earthworm autochthonous fauna and by a lack of endemic species. The analysis done on the species list (N = 73) representing the autochthonous family Lumbricidae showed statistically supported separation of L and EP between themselves and from other designated units. The Levant, part of the Arabian tectonic plate, is characterized by a high level of endemism in ancient (Healyella) and modern (Dendrobaena, Perelia) genera, and by the lack of archaic genera. The EP harbors unique species representing archaic (Eophila), ancient (Healyella), and modern (Allolobophora, Aporrectodea,Dendrobaena and Eisenia) earthworm genera in the EM. The analysis also indicates origin of earthworm fauna in TM and faunistic relationships among the designated units. Clearly, the present-day division of the EM earthworm fauna shows recognizable influences of tectonic history.

Field of study: Environmental science
On the establishment of a physical education teaching method classification system with "three levels and three standards"

The existing physical education teaching method classification system has such problems as the research scope being too narrow,the classification standards being not standardized,teaching methods being not divided into levels,and the overall structure being not completed.In the new physical education teaching method classification system,the authors integrated traditional and modern teaching methods,divided teaching methods into 3 levels,namely,general category,mode category and skill category,rationally developed learning methods in the skill category,and classified teaching methods at different levels according to such three standards as the functions of teaching methods in the general category,teaching message delivery channels,as well as teaching and learning skills,thus having built a physical education teaching method classification system with "three levels and three standards" integrated.

Field of study: Education
Impacts of boron compounds, imersol-aqua and timbercare-aqua on the screw withdrawal strength of some woods

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of impregnation with Boron compounds (Borax (Bx), Boric acid (Ba), Bx+Ba (wt:wt 50:50%)), Imersol-Aqua (Ia) and Timbercare-Aqua (Ta) on the screw (S) withdrawal strength of some solid wood materials. For this aim, Oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky), European oak (Quercus petrea Liebl.) and Scotch pine (Pinus sylvestris Lipsky) wood samples were prepared according to TS EN 13446 and impregnated with Boron compounds, Imersol-Aqua and Timbercare-Aqua according to ASTM D 1413, TS 344, TS 345 and directions of the manufacturer. After the impregnation process the screw withdrawal strength was measured according to TS EN 13446. Consequently, among the wood types, withdrawal strength was found to be the highest in European oak (4.049 Nmm-2) and the lowest in Scotch pine (2.583 N.mm-2). As for the screw diameter, the withdrawal strength was obtained the highest in S1 (3.5 mm) (3.564 N.mm-2) and the lowest in S2 (4 mm) (3.480 N.mm-2). Considering the interaction of wood types, impregnation chemicals and screw diameters, the withdrawal strength were obtained in European oak + Bx + S1 (4.481 N.mm-2) whereas the lowest was in Scotch pine + Ta + S1 (2.369 N.mm-2). In consequence, it was seen that the impregnation process increased the screw withdrawal strength. It can be said that, in the applications, the pieces that are impregnated with Bx and connected with S1 at the surface shall display the highest strength.

Field of study: Materials science
Surface Topographic Measurement Using Piezo-Electrical PVDF Film Stylus

A novel piezo-PVDF (Polyvinilidene Fluoride) film stylus has been developed to scan the surface topography for non-destructive and high-step measurement. The operating mechanism of the piezo-PVDF film stylus is similar to that of tapping mode SPMs. Instead of silicon cantilever often used in SPMs, a thin strip of piezo-PVDF film is adopted to form the vibrating cantilever here. Due to the flexibility of the PVDF film and the tapping mode, the scratching force is very small and non-destructive measurement is realized. By experimental measurements, a maximum error and a standard deviation along vertical axis are about 2.0nm and 0.5nm respectively. During an actual measurement on an epoxy grating using the measurement system with the single PVDF stylus, the repetability is proven to be within 4.3nm.

Field of study: Computer science
Pantoea agglomerans Bloodstream Infection in Preterm Neonates

To report an uncommon incidence of sporadic bloodstream infection (BSI) caused by Pantoea agglomerans in preterm neonates.  Fives cases of nosocomial BSI with P. agglomerans in preterm neonates (weight ≤1,500 g; age 8–17 days; gestational age 26–30 weeks) are presented. All cases were late onset neonatal sepsis (>7 days of age). Lethargy, skin mottling and bradycardia were often present. Although there was no evidence of pneumonia, desaturation was a common feature. Thrombocytopenia developed in 4 patients, metabolic acidosis in 2 and jaundice in 2. No bleeding tendency or disseminating intravascular coagulation was recorded. Organisms cultured from blood were identified by the Vitek-2 system (bioMérieux, France) and the findings confirmed by testing the isolate on the API 20E system. All isolates shared in vitro susceptibility to gentamicin, amikacin, ciprofloxacin, piperacillin/tazobactam and meropenem. One patient was treated with a cefotaxime/amikacin combination, 2 with meropenem and the remaining 2 with tazocin. All patients responded well to antibiotic treatment and survived. P. agglomerans is an unusual pathogen in the etiology of neonatal sepsis. Despite significant clinical deterioration, early detection and proper antibiotic therapy carry a favorable outcome.

Field of study: Medicine
The Need for Diversity Education as Perceived by Preservice Teachers

This study investigated whether undergraduate teacher education students were prepared to teach their students in both an academically stimulating and culturally sensitive way. During the fall of 2003, student teachers were asked to complete two open-ended questions about diversity. The students were working on certificates in either the preschool through grades 4 generalist or bilingual programs. A total of 56 students completed the questionnaire. We identified 16 categories of ideas, experiences and/or activities that the preservice teachers said they would use to create diverse opportunities in their classrooms. Multicultural books were mentioned most followed by visual aids. Most of the responses were brief and not fully developed. While Banks' levels of multicultural awareness were not evident or mentioned, students had some of their own ideas on how to integrate diversity in the classroom that at least met Banks' contributions levels and, in some cases, the additive levels (Banks, 2003).

Field of study: Education
Comparing risk identification techniques for safety and security requirements

When developing systems where safety and security are important aspects, these aspects have to be given special attention throughout the development, in particular in the requirements phase. There are many similar techniques within the safety and security fields, but few comparisons about what lessons that could be learnt and benefits to be gained. In this paper different techniques for identifying risk, hazard and threat of computer-supported systems are compared. This is done by assessing the techniques' ability to identify different risks in computer-supported systems in the environment where they operate. The purpose of this paper is therefore to investigate whether and how the techniques can mutually strengthen each other. The result aids practitioners in the selection and combination of techniques and researchers in focusing on gaps between the two fields. Among other things, the findings suggest that many safety techniques enforce a creative and systematic process by applying guide-words and structuring the results in worksheets, while security techniques tend to integrate system models with security models.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Dynamic version of weighted cumulative residual entropy

Some extensions of Shannon entropy to the survival function have been recently proposed. Misagh et al. (2011) introduced weighted cumulative residual entropy (WCRE) that was studied more by Mirali et al. (2015). In this article, the dynamic version of WCRE is proposed. Some relationships of this measure with well-known reliability measures and ageing classes are studied and some characterization results for exponential and Rayleigh distributions are provided. Also, a non parametric estimation of dynamic version of WCRE is introduced and its asymptotic behavior is investigated.

Field of study: Mathematics
Fluid-inclusion evidence of basinal brines in Archean basement, Thunder Bay Pb-Zn-Ba district, Ontario, Canada

Fluid inclusions from three quartz–galena–sphalerite–barite–calcite veins in the Thunder Bay district of western Ontario contain liquid + vapor ± halite and homogenize by vapor disappearance or halite dissolution at temperatures of 90–200 °C. Cyclically frozen, liquid + vapor (type I) inclusions undergo four melting events upon gradual warming (initial melting at −55 to −46 °C; ice disappearance at −30.2 to −25.4 °C; inversion of hydrohalite to halite at −8.0 to 0.7 °C; and halite melting at 14.0 to 56.3 °C. Liquid + vapor + halite (type II) inclusions behave similarly but have higher T m ice (−27.2 to −21.7 °C) and T m halite (105–203 °C). Scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive analysis of fluid-inclusion-derived decrepitates indicate that the solutes consist of NaCl > CaCl 2   KCl and are consistent with the low-temperature phase observations in that they define two distinct populations based on CaCl 2 /(CaCl 2  + NaCl) ratios.The temperatures and compositional trends defined by the inclusion results are similar to those documented for basinal brines and from fluid inclusions in Mississippi Valley type ore deposits. The Thunder Bay veins cross the basal unconformity of the Middle Proterozoic Sibley basin and extend into Archean basement granites, such that the fluid inclusions results provide direct evidence that basinal waters infiltrated basement rock in western Ontario. The inclusion fluids and associated mineralization are thought to result either from dewatering of the Sibley basin during Keweenaw age rifting or from the introduction of exotic Paleozoic basinal waters when the Michigan basin extended over the region.

Field of study: Environmental science
ID: 171: Spred1, a suppressor of the Ras–ERK pathway, negatively regulates expansion and function of group 2 innate lymphoid cells

Cytokines from group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) have been implicated in acute allergic responses, such as papain-induced lung inflammation. However, the means of homeostatic regulation of ILC2s have not been established. In this study, we demonstrated that Spred1, a negative regulator of the Ras–ERK pathway, plays an important role in the proliferation and apoptosis of ILC2s and in cytokine secretion from ILC2s. Intranasal administration of papain stimulated IL-5 and IL-13 production in the lung, which was enhanced when Spred1 was deleted. In vitro, Spred1-deficient LC2s proliferated faster than wild type ILC2s did and produced higher levels of cytokines in response to IL-33. On the contrary, a MEK inhibitor suppressed ILC2 proliferation and cytokine production. Spred1 deficiency resulted in stabilization of GATA3, which has been shown to play essential roles in the maintenance and cytokine production of ILC2. These data suggest that Spred1 negatively regulates ILC2 development and functions through the suppression of the Ras–ERK pathway.

Field of study: Medicine
Energy Transfer Behavior and Color-Tunable Properties of Ca2Al2SiO7:RE3+ (RE3+ = Tm3+, Dy3+, Tm3+/Dy3+) 
for White-Emitting Phosphors

Tm3+/Dy3+-codoped Ca2Al2SiO7 phosphors have been synthesized using a high-temperature solid-state reaction method. The crystal structure, x-ray diffraction patterns, and photoluminescence (PL) properties of the rare-earth (RE) ions, and energy transfer (ET) processes between RE ions, were investigated in detail. The quenching concentration of Tm3+ and Dy3+ singly doped in Ca2Al2SiO7 was determined to be 0.006 mol and 0.02 mol, respectively. Under excitation at 357 nm, Ca2Al2SiO7:Tm3+ phosphors showed emission lines of Tm3+ corresponding to 1D2 → 3F4 and 1G4 → 3H6 transitions. Efficient ET from Tm3+ to Dy3+ ions was observed, leading to color-tunable emissions of Ca2Al2SiO7:0.006Tm3+,xDy3+ (x = 0 mol to 0.02 mol) phosphors. Theoretical calculations revealed that the efficiency of the ET gradually increased with increase in the Dy3+ ion concentration, reaching a maximum of ∼ 42.1% at Tm3+ ion concentration of 0.006 mol. Furthermore, at 473 K, the quantum efficiency was calculated to be 79.8% at room temperature, confirming the good thermal stability of the Ca2Al2SiO7:0.006Tm3+,xDy3+ phosphors.

Field of study: Materials science
A Study of Cloud Computing Scheduling Algorithm Based on Task Decomposition

The quality of cloud computing scheduling algorithm design can leave great impact on arithmetic speed. The key of restricting scheduling algorithm lies in task decomposition. This thesis conducted a study on task decomposition in cloud computing and applied a heuristic approach to design a task decomposition algorithm based on and-or-tree ideology. Also, it did a simulation test on this algorithm. The results of simulation test showed that: compared with those of traditional task decomposition algorithm, there are significant advantages of average handling capacity, time delay, average execution time, and task loss rate contained in the improved algorithm designed in this thesis.

Field of study: Engineering
Ethanol reduces evoked dopamine release and slows clearance in the rat medial prefrontal cortex.

Ethanol (EtOH) intoxication affects cognitive performance, contributing to attentional deficits and poor decision making, which may occur via actions in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). mPFC function is modulated by the catecholamines dopamine and norepinephrine. In this study, we examine the acute effects of EtOH on electrically evoked dopamine release and clearance in the mPFC of anesthetized rats naïve to alcohol or chronically exposed to alcohol during adolescence.



Dopamine release and clearance was evoked by electrical stimulation of the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and measured in the mPFC of anesthetized rats with fast-scan cyclic voltammetry. In Experiments 1 and 2, effects of a high dose of EtOH (4 g/kg, intraperitoneally) on dopamine neurotransmission in the mPFC of EtOH-naïve rats and rats given EtOH exposure during adolescence were investigated. Effects of cumulative dosing of EtOH (0.5 to 4 g/kg) on the dopamine release and clearance were investigated in Experiment 3. Experiment 4 studied effects of EtOH locally applied to the VTA on the dopamine neurotransmission in the mPFC of EtOH-naïve rats.



A high dose of EtOH decreased evoked dopamine release within 10 minutes of administration in EtOH-naïve rats. When tested via cumulative dosing from 0.5 to 4 g/kg, both 2 and 4 g/kg EtOH inhibited evoked dopamine release in the mPFC of EtOH-naïve rats, while 4 g/kg EtOH also slowed dopamine clearance. A similar effect on electrically evoked dopamine release in the mPFC was observed after infusion of EtOH into the VTA. Interestingly, intermittent EtOH exposure during adolescence had no effect on observed changes in mPFC dopamine release and clearance induced by acute EtOH administration.



Taken together, these data describe EtOH-induced reductions in the dynamics of VTA-evoked mPFC dopamine release and clearance, with the VTA contributing to the attenuation of evoked mPFC dopamine release induced by EtOH.

Field of study: Medicine
DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEM OF SOLID PROPELLANT COMBUSTION DRIVER CW CO 2 GASDYNAMIC LASER

A introduction is given to the experimental setting and the data acquisition system of 10kW solid propellant combustion driven CO 2 gasdynamic laser system. Structure and operation process are described briefly, some descriptions about measuring methods of parameters,hardware configuration, and performance of data acquisition system as well as rules and methods of software development are mainly presented. The typical experimental results are also given.

Field of study: Physics
Both Pre- and Posttraining Excitotoxic Lesions of the Basolateral Amygdala Abolish the Expression of Olfactory and Contextual Fear Conditioning

The present study examined whether the basolateral amygdaloid complex (BLA) participates in the expression of fear conditioned to both an olfactory conditioned stimulus (CS) and the training context. In Experiment 1, pretraining excitotoxic lesions of the BLA abolished immediate postshock freezing, conditioned freezing to an olfactory CS, and conditioned freezing to the training context. Control experiments indicated that lesioned and sham-lesioned subjects did not differ in locomotor activity or in acquisition of a successive-cue odor discrimination task, suggesting that deficits in freezing behavior exhibited by BLA subjects were not due to an impairment in primary aspects of olfaction or to a general enhancement of locomotor activity. In Experiment 2, excitotoxic lesions of the BLA produced either 1 day or 15 days after olfactory fear conditioning abolished both odor-elicited and contextual freezing. Collectively, these data support the notion that the BLA participates in an enduring manner in the expression of conditioned freezing behavior elicited by both olfactory and contextual stimuli.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Bias and sensitivity to reinforcement in a concurrent-chain schedule.

Six pigeons were trained on concurrent-chain schedules in which the initial links were either dependent (Experiment 1) or independent (Experiment 2) concurrent variable-interval schedules and the terminal links were fixed-duration delays to reinforcement in blackout. A changeover delay of three seconds operated in the initial links. Both the initial- and terminal-link schedule values were varied over 61 experimental conditions. An analysis of the data using the generalized matching law showed that the sensitivity of initial-link response allocation to the frequency of terminal-link production was independent of both the duration of the terminal-link delays and, though less clearly, of the duration of the initial-link schedules. Sensitivity of initial-link response allocation to terminal-link reinforcer-rate ratios was a joint function of the terminal-link durations and the smaller average initial-link duration. The results showed that the generalized matching law is useful in analyzing concurrent-chain schedule performance and that a changeover delay in the initial links eliminates some terminal- to initial-link interactions that have made quantitative predictions for concurrent-chain performances difficult.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology