nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Simultaneous sorption of four ionizable pharmaceuticals in different horizons of three soil types.

Soils may be contaminated by human or veterinary pharmaceuticals. Their behaviour in soil environment is largely controlled by sorption of different compounds in a soil solution onto soil constituents. Here we studied the sorption affinities of 4 pharmaceuticals (atenolol, trimethoprim, carbamazepine and sulfamethoxazole) applied in solute mixtures to soils taken from different horizons of 3 soil types (Greyic Phaeozem on loess, Haplic Luvisol on loess and Haplic Cambisol on gneiss). In the case of the carbamazepine (neutral form) and sulfamethoxazole (partly negatively charged and neutral), sorption affinity of compounds decreased with soil depth, i.e. decreased with soil organic matter content. On the other hand, in the case of atenolol (positively charged) and trimethoprim (partly positively charged and neutral) compound sorption affinity was not depth dependent. Compound sorption affinities in the four-solute systems were compared with those experimentally assessed in topsoils, and were estimated using the pedotransfer rules proposed in our previous study for single-solute systems. While sorption affinities of trimethoprim and carbamazepine in topsoils decreased slightly, sorption affinity of sulfamethoxazole increased. Decreases in sorption of the two compounds could be attributed to their competition between each other and competition with atenolol. Differences between carbamazepine and atenolol behaviour in the one- and four-solute systems could also be explained by the slightly different soil properties in this and our previous study. A great increase of sulfamethoxazole sorption in the Greyic Phaeozem and Haplic Luvisol was observed, which was attributed to elimination of repulsion between negatively charged molecules and particle surfaces due to cation sorption (atenolol and trimethoprim) on soil particles. Thus, our results proved not only an antagonistic but also a synergic affect of differently charged organic molecules on their sorption to soil constituents.

Field of study: Environmental science
Remarks on the theory of the divergence-measure fields

We review the theory of the (extended) divergence-measure fields providing an up-to-date account of its basic results established by Chen and Frid (1999, 2002), as well as the more recent important contributions by Silhavý (2008, 2009). We include a discussion on some pairings that are important in connection with the definition of normal trace for divergence-measure fields. We also review its application to the uniqueness of Riemann solutions to the Euler equations in gas dynamics, as given by Chen and Frid (2002). While reviewing the theory, we simplify a number of proofs allowing an almost self-contained exposition.

Field of study: Mathematics
The Combination Test as a Quick Screening Device to Differentiate Levels of Retardation

This study attempted to determine whether a completion test could be used as a quick screening device to distinguish the retarded. The two-part combination test requires 7 min. for administration and consists of (a) incomplete figures, which were designed especially for the study and (b) a passage containing incomplete and missing words. Correlations of .93, .86, .80, and .72 were obtained between the two-part combination test and the Stanford-Binet, Ammons FRPV, Columbia, and Wechsler-Bellevue, respectively. All coefficients were significant (p < .001). The data indicate that the two-part combination test can be validly used in screening the retarded.

Field of study: Psychology
Sulfate spikes in the deep layers of EPICA-Dome C ice core: evidence of glaciological artifacts.

A detailed ionic component record was performed on EPICA Dome C ice core (East Antarctica) to a depth of 3190 m using Ion Chromatography and Fast Ion Chromatography (FIC). At depths greater than 2800 m, the sulfate profile shows intense, sharp spikes which are not expected due to the smoothing of sulfate peaks by diffusion processes. Moreover, these spikes show an "anomalous" chemical composition (e.g., unusually low acidity, high Mg(2+) concentration and high Mg(2+)/Ca(2+) ratio). These peaks and the surrounding layers also exhibit good Mg(2+) vs SO(4)(2-) and Cl(-) vs Na(+) correlations through both glacial and interglacial periods. Furthermore, the high-resolution analysis of two horizontally contiguous ice sections showed that some fraction of the impurities are characterized by a heterogeneous distribution. Altogether, these results suggest the occurrence of long-term postdepositional processes involving a rearrangement of impurities via migration in the vein network, characterized by sulfuric acidity and leading to the formation of soluble particles of magnesium sulfate salts, along with ionic association of ions in the liquid films along boundaries. This evidence should be taken into consideration when inferring information on for rapid climatic and environmental changes from ice core chemical records at great depths. At Dome C, the depth threshold was found to be 2800 m.

Field of study: Environmental science
Distribution Matching in Variational Inference

With the increasingly widespread deployment of generative models, there is a mounting need for a deeper understanding of their behaviors and limitations. In this paper, we expose the limitations of Variational Autoencoders (VAEs), which consistently fail to learn marginal distributions in both latent and visible spaces. We show this to be a consequence of learning by matching conditional distributions, and the limitations of explicit model and posterior distributions. It is popular to consider Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) as a means of overcoming these limitations, leading to hybrids of VAEs and GANs. We perform a large-scale evaluation of several VAE-GAN hybrids and analyze the implications of class probability estimation for learning distributions. While promising, we conclude that at present, VAE-GAN hybrids have limited applicability: they are harder to scale, evaluate, and use for inference compared to VAEs; and they do not improve over the generation quality of GANs.

Field of study: Computer science
Electron-phonon interaction in CdTe/CdMnTe/CdMgTe quantum wells

The optic vibrational (confined and interface) modes and the electron-phonon and hole-phonon interactions are obtained, in the dielectric continuum model, for two diluted magnetic semiconductor structures: a single well of Cd1-xMnxTe/Cd1-yMgyTe with the magnetic ions in the well, and a double well of CdTe/Cd1-xMnxTe, in which a thin layer of the magnetic material is grown in the middle of the structure. The scattering rates for the intra- and the inter-subband transitions are obtained for electrons and holes.

Field of study: Materials science
Ultrafast spectroscopy of CdS/CdSe quantum dots

Results from the nonresonance spectroscopy of CdS/CdSe quantum dots (composites of CdSe–CdS nanoparticles (core–shell)) are presented. The nonlinear optical properties of CdS/CdSe QDs in PMMA are studied with fs pulses at 1053 nm using the transient lens technique. QDs generate rapidly oscillating signals with amplitude rise times of around 200 fs and decay times of around 500 fs, while pure PMMA polymer only generates an oscillating signal whose envelope coincides with its autocorrelation function.

Field of study: Physics
Definition of glomerular antigens by monoclonal antibodies produced against a human glomerular membrane fraction.

Experimental animal models of glomerulonephritis (GN) produced by direct antibody binding to non-basement membrane glomerular capillary wall antigens do not to date have human parallels. To examine the potential for this form of humoral glomerular injury in man, we sought to define discrete human non-GBM glomerular antigenic targets using hybridoma technology. Mice were immunised intraperitoneally with 20-100 micrograms of a human glomerular membrane fraction (HGMF). Six fusions have yielded 12 stable reagents defined by positive glomerular indirect immunofluorescence (IF) and microELISA using HGMF as the screening antigen. Subclass analysis of ascitic McAbs indicated several IgG1, one IgG2b, and three IgM reagents. Distinctive IF patterns of reactivity with epithelial, endothelial or mesangial structures have been observed, with or without peritubular capillary, tubular basement membrane and vessel wall reactivity. Seven normal non-renal human organs and the kidneys of rat, rabbit and sheep have shown patterns characteristic of each individual McAb, restricted to human or with species cross reactivity. To partially characterise McAb-reactive antigens, detergent-solubilised renal cortex and collagenase-solubilised GBM (CS-GBM) extracts have been probed by immunoblot. A unique McAb 7-5Q, reactive with glomerular and tubular epithelial structures, binds major bands of approximately 107 KD and 93 KD in detergent solubilised cortex and a single band of similar size by immunoprecipitation (110 KD). 5-3A (a human-restricted linear-reacting McAb) binds bands of 20-200 KD (major band 58 KD) in CS-GBM. In conclusion, distinct species-restricted and more broadly disposed glomerular epitopes are definable in man by McAbs and are potential targets for humoral injury. Purification of these antigens will allow assay for circulating putative nephritogenic auto-antibody and potentially, McAbs may be useful in screening urine for evidence of occult structural renal disease.

Field of study: Biology
Collection and Double-variable Analysis of Germplasm Characteristics of Dwarf Original Banana in Hekou

The resources of dwarf bananan originated in Hekou were collected locally,from which 4 natural bud mutants were selected for analysis and evaluation of their 24 agronomic characteristics.The results showed that the 4 mutants had less variation of agronomic characteristics generally,indicating their high stability in heredity.The plant height was 1.86～2.00 m,stem girth 51～53 cm at the height of 1 m from the ground,fruit fingers per cluster 18.83～19.14,length of fruit fingers 22.29～23.78 cm,camber of fruit fingers 0.41～0.44,yield per plant(net weight)31.15～32.5 kg and solid content 19～20.These characteristics showed that this banana was dwarf,fastgrowing, productive and high-quality.There is no significant difference in plant morphological characteristics among the mutants.The fruit characteristics,especially the fruit quality,were considerably stable.The fruit yield was increased along with the increment of the stem girth.The solid content was high when the plant had wider leaves.The bunch quality was reduced when the leaf petiole was too long..These studies may a have guiding significance for improvement and innovative use of banana germplasm resources.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Sensation Seeking and the Sensing-Intuition Scale of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator

Scores on the Sensing-Intuition scale of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator were hypothesized to be correlated with scores on two sensation-seeking scales. A random sample of 62 adult grocery shoppers was chosen. The sample was 75% female with a mean age of 39.97 years. As hypothesized, Sensing scores were negatively correlated (—.67, —.67), and Intuition scores were positively correlated (.56, .59) with the Arousal Seeking Tendency Instrument and the General Sensation Seeking Scale, respectively.

Field of study: Psychology
Analysis of two-unit-standby redundant system with administrative delay in repair

A two-unit cold standby redundant system is analysed under the assumption that administrative time is spent in locating the repairman and getting him available at the system location. The administrative time distribution is assumed to be exponential and whereas the repair and failure time distribution are exponential and arbitrary. Several reliability characteristics of interest to system designers as well as operations managers have been evaluated.

Field of study: Engineering
Research on Maximum Wind Energy Tracking For VSCF Doubly-Fed Wind Power System

The operation principle of doubly-fed induction generator and the power characteristics of the wind turbine are analyzed,the control strategy of maximum wind energy tracking is discussed in detail,then the simulation model of doubly-fed wind power system is established based on stator flux orientation vector control strategy,taking two step-up wind speeds as example,simulation research is made on the operation characteristics of the model.The simulation results demonstrate that the model realizes the maximum wind energy tracking and variable-speed constant-frequency(VSCF) operation.At the same time,the simulation confirms the correctness of the model and the control strategy.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Late Cretaceous topographic doming caused by initial upwelling of Deccan magmas: Stratigraphic and sedimentological evidence

This study focused on uppermost Cretaceous sedimentary rocks deposited in the Himalayan region and around the core of peninsular India just before the eruption of the Deccan Traps. Detailed stratigraphic and sedimentological analysis of Late Cretaceous successions in the Himalayan Range together with literature data from the Kirthar fold-and-thrust belt and central to southeastern India document a marked shallowingupward depositional trend that took place in the Campanian–Maastrichtian before the Deccan magmatic outburst around the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary. Topographic uplift of the Indian peninsula began in Campanian time and is held responsible for thick sediment accumulation associated with shorter periods of nondeposition in peripheral areas (Himalayan Range, Kirthar fold belt, and Krishna-Godavari Basin) than in the central part of the Deccan Province. Surface uplift preceding Deccan volcanism took place at warm-humid equatorial latitudes, which may have led to an acceleration of silicate weathering, lowered atmospheric pCO2, and climate cooling starting in the Campanian–Maastrichtian. The radial centrifugal fluvial drainage in India that is still observed today was established at that time.

Field of study: Geology
Dual-wavelength adaptive optical systems.

A method for decomposition of phase difference error between measurements of atmospheric turbulence-induced phase distortion at two different wavelengths is described. Calculations are made of the phase difference errors in the first five Zernike radial modes for both ground-to-ground and ground-to-space transmission of laser radiation. It is found that the phase difference error compared with the uncorrected wavefront phase error is relatively insignificant in the first (tilt) Zernike mode but increases in significance with the order of the Zernike mode. Relative phase difference error is also found to depend on transmitted and received wavelengths, aperture diameter, propagation path, and strength of turbulence.

Field of study: Physics
Analysis of the Levels of Teacher Candidates’ Reading Comprehension and Use of Reading Strategies (Example of Van)

In this study, the levels of teacher candidates in reading comprehension and use of reading strategies are researched. The problem sentence in this study includes “relation between the success of teacher candidates in reading comprehension and the level of use of reading strategies.” As it is seen in the problem sentence, the study tries to determine whether the levels of teacher candidates in reading comprehension and use of reading strategies differ in terms of department, gender and academic success points. 300 senior students in the departments of Turkish Language, Science Teaching in Primary Education, Primary School Teaching, Social Science Teaching and Biology Teaching during 2013-2014 teaching period are identified as the study group. In this research, relational screening model is used. Data is collected by using reading comprehension tests and reading strategies scale. Frequency, percentage, arithmetic average, correlation, ANOVA and t-test are used for the analysis of the data. Turkish Language teacher candidates take the first place among all departments in reading comprehension and use of reading strategies. Both in terms of reading comprehension and use of reading strategies, the study reveals a significant difference between genders in favour of female teacher candidates.  Reading , reading comprehension, reading strategies

Field of study: Education
Foreign Direct Investment and Economic Growth: Evidence from Sri Lanka

Various international organizations and foreign advisors suggested that developing countries should focus primarily on foreign direct investment (FDI) as a source of external finance. In this context, the main purpose of the study is to find out the impact of foreign direct investment on economic growth in the Sri Lankan Perspective. Data on the foreign direct investment and economic growth from the year 1990 to 2011 were collected for the study purpose. Further, the results revealed that, there is no significant impact of FDI on the economic growth, which is in lowest level. Only 4.3 percent of the variance in the dependent variable has been found. In contrast, we found that, in the Sri Lankan context, there is a long run equilibrium relationship between FDI and economic growth rate. Statistical findings on the basic regression analysis, Co integration test and Granger causality test show the contradiction in terms of the findings. Meantime, scholars in the econometrics stated that, Co integration test generally is applied among time series data. Due to that, Co integration test give the insights to the findings in terms of long run view. Finally, we have suggested that, the Sri Lankan Government and Central Bank of Sri Lanka jointly should take the necessary action to focus on the infrastructure development through the FDI to get the economic growth in the long term view. Meantime, FDI should be directed to agricultural actives to get the food sufficient aspects in the local and globalized level.

Field of study: Business
Association of Sarcopenia With Nutritional Parameters, Quality of Life, Hospitalization, and Mortality Rates of Elderly Patients on Hemodialysis.

This study aimed to assess whether diminished muscle mass, diminished muscle strength, or both conditions (sarcopenia) are associated with worse nutritional status, poor quality of life (QoL), and hard outcomes, such as hospitalization and mortality, in elderly patients on maintenance hemodialysis (MHD).



This is a multicenter observational longitudinal study that included 170 patients on MHD (age 70 ± 7 years, 65% male) from 6 dialysis centers.



The European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People defines sarcopenia as the presence of both low muscle mass by appendicular skeletal + low muscle function by handgrip strength. This study evaluated the clinical and nutritional status (laboratory, anthropometry, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, 7-point subjective global assessment) and QoL (Kidney Disease Quality of Life) at baseline. Hospitalization and mortality were recorded during 36 months.



Reduced muscle mass was observed in 64% of the patients, reduced muscle strength in 52%, and sarcopenia in 37%. The group with sarcopenia was older, had a higher proportion of men and showed worse clinical and nutritional conditions when compared with patients without sarcopenia. Although reduced muscle mass was strongly associated with poor nutritional status, low muscle strength was associated with worse QoL domains. In the multivariate Cox analyses adjusted by age, gender, dialysis vintage, and diabetes mellitus, low muscle strength alone and sarcopenia were associated with higher hospitalization, and sarcopenia was a predictor of mortality.



In conclusion, in this sample, comprised of elderly patients on MHD, sarcopenia was associated with worse nutritional and clinical conditions and was a predictor of hospitalization and mortality.

Field of study: Medicine
Photosynthetic pathway alters xylem structure and hydraulic function in herbaceous plants

Plants using the C 4 photosynthetic pathway have greater water use efficiency (WUE) than C 3 plants of similar ecological function. Consequently, for equivalent rates of photosynthesis in identical climates, C 4 plants do not need to acquire and transport as much water as C 3 species. Because the structure of xylem tissue reflects hydraulic demand by the leaf canopy, a reduction in water transport requirements due to C 4 photosynthesis should affect the evolution of xylem characteristics in C 4 plants. In a comparison of stem hydraulic conductivity and vascular anatomy between eight C 3 and eight C 4 herbaceous species, C 4 plants had lower hydraulic conductivity per unit leaf area ( K L ) than C 3 species of similar life form. When averages from all the species were pooled together, the mean K L for the C 4 species was 1.60 ¥ 10 - 4 kg m - 1 s - 1 MPa - 1 , which was only

Field of study: Environmental science
A High Reliability, High Resolution Drift Chamber Readout System for the Colliding Beam Facility at Fermilab

An analog drift chamber readout circuit featuring 1 nS time resolution, low drift, and low parts count has been developed for the Collider Detector Facility at Fermilab. The common stop circuit converts time to voltage for later readout by a multiplexed ADC system. Features include a fast output indicating a hit channel, a preamp powered over the interconnecting cable, and redundant readout of the multi-channel card.

Field of study: Physics
Research and Design of Online Teaching System Based on SSH Framework

In order to suit the network teaching,designs an online teaching system based on SSH framework which adopts the MVC pattern so as to achieve the separation of presentation layer,persistence layer and business layer.Each layer plays its own part and is independent of one another,yet communicates with each other by the interface.Therefore,the framework standardizes the Web development action and improves the system developing speed as well as the maintainability.

Field of study: Computer science
The Lower Jurassic phosphorites of southeastern British Columbia and terrane accretion to western North America

Sinemurian phosphorites in southeastern British Columbia and southwestern Alberta conform with the "West Coast type" phosphorite depositional model. The model indicates that they were deposited on or near the Early Jurassic western cratonic margin, next to a sea or trough from which cold water upwelled. This suggests that the allochthonous terrane Quesnellia lay well offshore in Sinemurian time. The sea separating Quesnellia from North America was partly floored by oceanic crust ("Eastern Terrane") and partly by a thick sequence of rifted, continental terrace wedge rocks comprising the Purcell Supergroup and overlying Paleozoic sequence. This sequence must have been depressed sufficiently that access of upwelling deep currents to the phosphorite depositional area was not impeded.

Field of study: Environmental science