nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Phase Structure and Photoluminescence of Pr3+ Doped (K,Na)NbO3-Based Multifunctional Ceramics

Perovskite oxides doped with rare earth elements are promising multifunctional materials. In this paper, Pr3+-doped (Na0.52K0.4415Li0.0385)(Nb0.8735Ta0.064Sb0.0625)O3 ceramics, abbreviated as KNN-Pr, are prepared by traditional solid-state method. Compared to previous reports, the KNN matrix is optimized by Li, Ta and Sb elements, which shows outstanding piezoelectric properties. Morphology, phase structure, electrical properties and photoluminescence (PL) properties of the KNN-Pr ceramics sintered at different temperatures are investigated. Under 362-nm excitation, 0.2 mol.% Pr3+ doped KNN-based ceramic that sintered at 1090°C exhibits the maximal orange emission at 603 nm, showing significantly enhanced PL behavior. Most importantly, the PL property is confirmed to be highly related to the phase structure of the KNN-Pr ceramic. With excellent intrinsic piezoelectric properties, the KNN-Pr ceramics are promising to be applied in novel multifunctional devices.

Field of study: Materials science
Research of Fuzzy-PID Controller Based on Nonlinear Optimization Method

The time delay often exists in the industrial process. Its control effect by conventional PID controller needs to be improved. In this paper, a method of parameter setting based on nonlinear optimization is proposed. Combined with Fuzzy-PID, the robustness of the control system is improved. Compared with traditional PID, the proposed controller shows better control effect with the variation of controlled object.  In industrial control, the traditional PID control is still in a dominant position. It gains popularity among the engineers because of the advantages of simple structure, easy implementation and clear physical significance. In PID control strategy, generally speaking, the control parameters are set manually. It requires the designers to be rich experienced in engineering, and requires some understanding of the controlled object. Systems with time delay are commonly seen in industrial process. The time delay element also affects the stability of the system and makes it harder to control. Wenbo  has proposed a method sectionalizing the error signal of the step response into three different functional zones. This works well in the height control system, but lack of general applicability. There are some other methods used for parameter setting, such as critical proportion method and ideal relay feature method, are based on the offline feature of the object, and the control effect may not meet the required performance indicators. Muhammad Faisal  has proposed an adaptive fuzzy based smith controller. The smith predictor can balance the time delay element and the fuzzy control improves the robustness of the system. However, the initial value of the control parameters has a significant impact on the system. It’s still a question to set them. Also when the parameters of the predictor do not meet the controlled object, this method cannot ensure the stability of the system. Therefore, the above control methods rely heavily on the identification or understanding of the controlled object model and experience of the engineering staff. In order to solve this problem, this paper proposes a Fuzzy-PID controller based on nonlinear optimization, which is using constrained nonlinear optimization method to set initial value of PID control parameters. This method greatly reduces the influence of the inappropriate initial value of the control parameter. There is even no need to use Smith predictor to keep the performance. The controller can set initial value of PID parameters online and use fuzzy control strategy to improve the control effect. On the premise of meeting the required performance indicators, the controller can achieve the optimal effect by the proposed strategy. Preliminarys Constrained Nonlinear Optimization A typical nonlinear optimization problem has the following formula  A constrained nonlinear problem:s

Field of study: Engineering
Elastic-net Regularized High-dimensional Negative Binomial Regression: Consistency and Weak Signals Detection

We study sparse negative binomial regression (NBR) for count data by showing non-asymptotic merits of the Elastic-net estimator. Two types of oracle inequalities are derived for the Elastic-net estimates of NBR by utilizing Compatibility Factor or Stabil Condition. The second-type oracle inequality is for random design which can be extended to many $\ell_1 + \ell_2$ regularized M-estimation with the corresponding empirical process having stochastic Lipschitz properties. To show some high probability events, we derive concentration inequality for suprema empirical processes for the weighted sum of negative binomial variables. For applications, we show the sign consistency provided that the non-zero components in sparse true vector are larger than a proper choice of the weakest signal detection threshold; and the second application is that we show the grouping effect inequality with high probability; thirdly, under some assumptions of design matrix, we can recover the true variable set with high probability if the weakest signal detection threshold is large than the turning parameter up to a known constant; at last, we briefly discuss the de-biased Elastic-net estimator and numerical studies are given to support the proposal.

Field of study: Computer science
Importância da parede celular de levedura (Saccharomyces sp.) como fonte de fibra na alimentação

The main objective of this investigation was to study the influence of 10 and 20% addition of yeast (Saccharomyces sp.) cell wall into a hypercholesterolemic (5% coconut fat plus 2% cholesterol) diet, on Wistar rats. The work is justified by the increasing amount of yeast generated as byproduct of the alcohol and brewer industries and the importance of yeast derivatives as functional ingredients in human foods. A casein standard reference diet (AIN-93G) with 5% cellulose as dietary fiber was used for comparison. Hypercholesterolemic diet with 10 and 20% addition of cellulose was also used. The following indices were determined: apparent digestibility and biological value, net apparent protein utilization, diet efficiency ratio, food intestinal transit velocity, small intestine length, and serum concentrations of total lipids, triacylglycerols and total cholesterol. Yeast cell wall and cellulose decreased apparent protein digestibility but did not influence other indices of protein utilization. A decrease in diet efficiency ratio was observed which did not affect body weight gain by the rats. Addition of 10 and 20% cell wall fraction or cellulose increased food intestinal transit and small intestine length. The cell wall fraction at 10% (1st experiment) and 20% (2nd experiment) produced a lowering effect on rat serum triacylglycerols. There was no influence on the total lipids and total cholesterol of the cell wall fraction.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
MICRU: an effective cloud fraction algorithm designed for UV–vis satellite instruments with large viewing angles

Clouds impact the radiative transfer of the Earth's atmosphere and strongly influence satellite measurements in the ultraviolet–visible (UV–vis) and infrared (IR) spectral ranges. For satellite measurements of trace gases absorbing in the UV–vis spectral range, particularly clouds ultimately determine the vertical sensitivity profile, mainly by reducing the sensitivity for trace-gas columns below the cloud. The Mainz iterative cloud retrieval utilities (MICRU) algorithm is specifically designed to reduce the error budget of trace-gas retrievals, such as those for nitrogen dioxide ( NO2 ), which strongly depends on the accuracy of small cloud fractions (CFs) in particular. The accuracy of MICRU is governed by an empirical parameterisation of the viewing-geometry-dependent background surface reflectivity taking instrumental and physical effects into account. Instrumental effects are mainly degradation and polarisation effects; physical effects are due to the anisotropy of the surface reflectivity, e.g. shadowing of plants and sun glitter. MICRU is applied to main science channel (MSC) and polarisation measurement device (PMD) data collected between April 2007 and June 2013 by the Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment 2A (GOME-2A) instrument aboard the MetOp-A satellite. CFs are retrieved at different spectral bands between 374 and 758 nm. The MICRU results for MSC and PMD at different wavelengths are intercompared to study CF precision and accuracy, which depend on wavelength and spatial correlation. Furthermore, MICRU results are compared to FRESCO (fast retrieval scheme for clouds from the oxygen A band) and OCRA (optical cloud recognition algorithm) operational cloud products. We show that MICRU retrieves small CFs with an accuracy of 0.04 or better for the entire 1920 km wide swath with a potential bias between − 0.01 and − 0.03. CFs retrieved at shorter wavelengths are less affected by adverse surface heterogeneities. The comparison to the operational CF algorithms shows that MICRU significantly reduces the dependence on viewing angle, time, and sun glitter. Systematic effects along coasts are particularly small for MICRU due to its dedicated treatment of land and ocean surfaces. The MICRU algorithm is designed for spectroscopic instruments ranging from the GOME to Sentinel-5P/Tropospheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) but is also applicable to UV–vis imagers like the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR), the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS), and Sentinel-2.

Field of study: Environmental science
Topical Testosterone Prior to Hypospadias Surgery – A Histological Evaluation of The Effects on Neovascularization

Many studies have advocated the advantages of the use of androgen stimulation prior to Hypospadias surgery, with special interest in the increase in penile size, improvement of cosmetic results and reduction of complications. Herein, we demonstrate the histological effects of testosterone in neovascularization.  Twenty-six boys (4 to 120 months old) were divided at random into two groups prior to hipospadias correction. Group 1 (G1) did not receive any treatment while the boys in group 2 (G2) used 1% propionate of testosterone cream on the penis twice a day for 30 days prior to surgery. During surgery a fragment of the prepuce was taken and sent to histological evaluation. The number and volume density of the blood vessels were obtained using von Willebrand factor.  Both groups were similar according to age and Hypospadias classification. Testosterone-treated foreskins (G2) had an increased absolute numbers of blood vessels (8.5 ± 1.3 vessels/field) when compared with untreated prepuce (G1) (4,8 ± 1,8 vasos/campo) (p  The use of 1% testosterone propionate cream on the penis prior to Hypospadias surgery induces neovascularization, in absolute numbers and volume density. This data objectively proves the subjective finds of better vascularization after androgen stimulation prior to Hypospadias correction.

Field of study: Medicine
How pastoralism changes savanna vegetation: impact of old pastoral settlements on plant diversity and abundance in south-western Kenya

For centuries, pastoralists have influenced savanna ecology through their construction of settlements, traditional movement patterns in search of forage, water and safety for their livestock. Construction of settlements initiates localised changes in the vegetation due to clearance of vegetation at construction and collection of construction materials. During the occupation period a lot of dung is deposited in and around settlements. When pastoral families abandon settlements and move away, they leave behind mud huts and livestock corrals surrounded by fences. These sites become nutrient-rich patches supporting a different abundance and diversity of plants and large mammals compared to the rest of the savanna. This study aimed to broaden our understanding of how pastoral land use influences plant diversity in East African savannas. Past work on the effects of settlements has been done in dry places (<600 mm rainfall) with relatively poor soils. To complement and extend these studies, we selected a contrasting site with high rainfall and rich soils in the Mara ecosystem of south-western Kenya. We sampled the occurrence of different plant species along transects radiating from 28 settlements abandoned by pastoralists and ranging in age from 2 months to 48 years on two different soil types. Mean plant species richness and abundance peaked at intermediate distances, 12.5 and 25 m from the edges of settlements. We recorded a total of 210 plant species during the study, 65 of which occurred only within the impact ring of the abandoned settlements. The effects of settlements on plants were stronger on shallow sandy soils than on deep clay soils. Our findings show that abandoned settlements were key sites for regeneration and replenishment of shrubs harvested by the Maasai, but support few other plants of biodiversity value. These unique habitat patches in the savanna ecosystem are under threat as pastoral Maasai become increasingly sedentary and as wildlife conservancies are established, thus reducing the number of abandoned settlements. In essence, the Maasai, by changing their traditional lifestyle, will reduce these nutrient hotspots and hence landscape heterogeneity and biodiversity.

Field of study: Environmental science
Brief Communications: Intensity Limitation and Energy Spreading in AN Optical Field Under Transient Thermal Defocusing Conditions

An experimental investigation was made of two new effects of transient thermal defocusing. These effects were the limitation of the peak intensity of the pulses and spreading of the energy in the optical field. In both effects an important quantity was the energy of a nonlinear precursor Wpr. The intensity limitation was observed when the energy of the leading edge was greater than Wpr. The spreading occurred when the energy of the whole pulse was greater than Wpr. The experiments were carried out for pulsed xenon radiation in an alcoholfilled cuvette. The calculation equations for these two effects were derived.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Synthesis and Thermoelectric Properties of InzCo4−xFexSb12 Skutterudites

The thermoelectric properties of In-filled and Fe-doped CoSb3 (InzCo4−x- FexSb12) skutterudites prepared by encapsulated induction melting were examined. A single δ-phase was obtained successfully by subsequent annealing at 823 K for 120 h. The Hall and Seebeck coefficients of the InzCo4−xFexSb12 samples had positive signs, indicating p-type conduction. The electrical conductivity was increased by Fe doping, and the thermal conductivity was decreased by In filling due to phonon scattering. The thermoelectric properties were improved by In filling and Fe doping, and were closely related to the optimum carrier concentration and phonon scattering.

Field of study: Materials science
The Concept of “English Learning Power” and its Implication for the Design of English Curricula for Primary and Middle Schools in China

In the research on New Characteristics of Future Basic Education in China , Dina Pei formulates a “three-powered” model to theorize about the characteristics of future basic education in China. The three powers refer to the “Policy-making Power” of the local educational administration, the “Leading Power” of the school leadership, and the “Learning Power” of the students. The concept of “English learning power” derives from the concept of the learning power in the model. English learning power consists in a “three-level” and “six-element” integrity or wholeness. The three levels from which it is perceived are the elementary level (including knowledge and experience, reflection and strategies, and perseverance and enterprise), the approach level (covering communication and cooperation, and practice and activity), and the target level (critical thinking and creativity). English learning power is developed and manifests itself in English learning activities. Historically, the functions of instruction and education are discrete in the English curricula for primary and middle schools in China, where they are couched as the instrumental function and humanistic function respectively. The concept of English learning power focuses on the learner’s quality of English learning rather than the discrete quality of English knowledge and skills. Under this concept, the learner’s English knowledge, English skills and all other related elements are integrated into the learner’s English learning power.  English learning power, English curriculum, primary school, middle school, China

Field of study: Education
Development in the Scattering Matrix Theory: From Spin-Orbit-Coupling Affected Shot Noise to Quantum Pumping

The review chapter starts by a pedagogical introduction to the general concept of the scattering theory: from the fundamental wave-function picture to the second-quantization language, with the aim to clear possible ambiguity in conventional textbooks. Recent progress in applying the method to current fluctuations and oscillating-parameter driven quantum pumping processes is presented with inclusion of contributions by B\"{u}ttiker, Brouwer, Moskalets, Zhu, etc. In particular, the spin-orbit-coupling affected shot noise can be dealt with by taking into account the spin-dependent scattering processes. A large shot noise suppression with the Fano factor below 0.5 observed experimentally can be illustrated by effective repulsion between electrons with antiparallel spin induced by the Dresselhaus spin-orbit coupling effect. A Floquet scattering theory for quantum-mechanical pumping in mesoscopic conductors is developed by Moskalets et al., which gives a general picture of quantum pumping phenomenon, from adiabatic to non-adiabatic and from weak pumping to strong pumping.

Field of study: Physics
Hilbert C*-modules from group actions: beyond the finite orbits case

Continuous actions of topological groups on compact Hausdorff spaces $X$ are investigated which induce almost periodic functions in the corresponding commutative C*-algebra. The unique invariant mean on the group resulting from averaging allows to derive a C*-valued inner product and a Hilbert C*-module which serve as an environment to describe characteristics of the group action. For uniformly continuous, Lyapunov stable actions the derived invariant mean $M(\phi_x)$ is continuous on $X$ for any element $\phi \in C(X)$, and the induced C*-valued inner product corresponds to a conditional expectation from $C(X)$ onto the fixed point algebra of the action defined by averaging on orbits. In the case of selfduality of the Hilbert C*-module all orbits are shown to have the same cardinality. Stable actions on compact metric spaces give rise to C*-reflexive Hilbert C*-modules. The same is true if the cardinality of finite orbits is uniformly bounded and the number of closures of infinite orbits is finite. A number of examples illustrate typical situations appearing beyond the classified cases.

Field of study: Mathematics
Hybrid ecosystems can contribute to local biodiversity conservation

Calcareous grasslands have become severely threatened habitats in Europe. The aim of this study was to investigate the changes in plant species richness, and functional and phylogenetic diversity in northern Estonian calcareous (alvar) grasslands resampled after 90 years of land-use change. Functional traits characterizing species that have benefited most from decreased habitat area and altered environmental conditions, and additional species that can potentially inhabit the remaining grassland patches were identified. Also changes in the relative amount of habitat-specific species were studied to detect a possible decrease in habitat integrity. Although grasslands in the studied region had lost most of their original area (~90 %), species richness had substantially increased due to invasion by more competitive, nutrient-demanding native species. Functional diversity generally increased, whereas phylogenetic diversity showed no response to altered conditions. Overall, these grasslands have lost their integrity as calcareous grassland habitat type in the region, because the relative amount of habitat-specific characteristic species has declined significantly. However, although the grasslands have transformed to a ‘hybrid’ habitat type and restoration to their previous state is likely not reasonable, such degraded species-rich grassland fragments can still be recognized as important habitats to preserve high local biodiversity and several characteristic species of calcareous grasslands. As current landscapes consist of an increasing number of hybrid and novel communities, new tools to supplement traditional conservation or restoration practices are necessary to recognize and maintain regions and habitats of high local biodiversity.

Field of study: Environmental science
Design and Application of A Novel Photo Ionization Detector

Mounted the self-made photo ionization detector(PID) on a GC,the instrument could complete the fast determination of environmental contaminants such as BTEX(benzene,toluent,ethylbenzene,xylene) and aldehydes without complex pretreatment.This paper introduced its basic principle,described the structure,the electronic system and results of the application.The spray nozzle and electrode were first designed as the whole,which minimized the volume of ionization chamber to 30 μL and largely improved the sensitivity of the detector.Meanwhile,the detector was easy to assemble.The precise amplifier AD549 was selected to meet the requirements of low noise and low baseline drift,as a result,excellent signal to noise ratio and stable signal output were obtained.The lamp of Kr was selected as ionization source and the standard gas of benzene(0.9×10-6 mol/mol) was chosen as test sample.The detection limit was below1×10-13 g/mL and the quantitative repeatability was particularly good with the relative standard deviation of 1.2%.

Field of study: Chemistry
SU-E-T-374: Sensitivity of ArcCHECK to Tomotherapy Delivery Errors: Dependence On Analysis Technique.

ArcCHECK (Sun Nuclear) is a cylindrical diode array detector allowing three-dimensional sampling of dose, particularly useful in treatment delivery QA of helical tomotherapy. Gamma passing rate is a common method of analyzing results from diode arrays, but is less intuitive in 3D with complex measured dose distributions. This study explores the sensitivity of gamma passing rate to choice of analysis technique in the context of its ability to detect errors introduced into the treatment delivery.



Nine treatment plans were altered to introduce errors in: couch speed, gantry/sonogram synchronization, and leaf open time. Each plan was then delivered to ArcCHECK in each of the following arrangements: "offset," when the high dose area of the plan is delivered to the side of the phantom so that some diode measurements will be on the order of the prescription dose, and "centered," when the high dose is in the center of the phantom where an ion chamber measurement may be acquired, but the diode measurements are in the mid to low-dose region at the periphery of the plan. Gamma analysis was performed at 3%/3mm tolerance and both global and local gamma criteria. The threshold of detectability for each error type was calculated as the magnitude at which the gamma passing rate drops below 90%.



Global gamma criteria reduced the sensitivity in the offset arrangement (from 2.3% to 4.5%, 8° to 21°, and 3ms to 8ms for couch-speed decrease, gantry-error, and leaf-opening increase, respectively). The centered arrangement detected changes at 3.3%, 5°, and 4ms with smaller variation.



Each arrangement has advantages; offsetting allows more sampling of the higher dose region, while centering allows an ion chamber measurement and potentially better use of tools such as 3DVH, at the cost of positioning more of the diodes in the sometimes noisy mid-dose region.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics