nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Ionotrophic 5-hydroxytryptamine type 3 receptor activates the protein kinase C-dependent phospholipase D pathway in human T-cells.

The present study was undertaken to investigate the role of the 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) ionotrophic receptor 5-HT(3) in the activation of human Jurkat T-cells. 5-HT and 2-methyl-5-HT (2Me-5-HT), an agonist of the 5-HT(3) receptor, induced increases in intracellular free Na(+) concentrations, [Na(+)](i), via opening of the ionotrophic receptor in these cells. These two serotonergic (5-hydroxytryptaminergic) agents potentiated phytohaemagglutinin (PHA)-induced T-cell activation. However, they failed to potentiate dioctanoglycerol-plus-ionomycin-stimulated T-cell blastogenesis. Interestingly, an inhibitor of protein kinase C (PKC), GF 109203X, curtailed significantly 5-HT and 2Me-5-HT-potentiated T-cell activation. These results demonstrate that the opening of the 5-HT(3) ionotrophic receptor is implicated in T-cell activation via the PKC pathway. Furthermore, 5-HT and 2Me-5-HT stimulated phospholipase D (PLD) activity, as measured by the production of phosphatidylethanol and phosphatidylbutanol at the expense of phosphatidic acid (PA). GF 109203X significantly curtailed the 5-HT- and 2Me-5-HT-induced PLD activity and T-cell activation. The PLD/PA pathway stimulated by these two serotonergic agents resulted in the production of 1,2-diacylglycerol (DAG) mass in Jurkat T-cells. These results altogether suggest that 5-HT and 2Me-5-HT potentiate T-cell activation via increases in [Na(+)](i) and the activation of the PKC-dependent PLD pathway.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
X-ray-induced photo-chemistry and X-ray absorption spectroscopy of biological samples.

As synchrotron light sources and optics deliver greater photon flux on samples, X-ray-induced photo-chemistry is increasingly encountered in X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) experiments. The resulting problems are particularly pronounced for biological XAS experiments. This is because biological samples are very often quite dilute and therefore require signal averaging to achieve adequate signal-to-noise ratios, with correspondingly greater exposures to the X-ray beam. This paper reviews the origins of photo-reduction and photo-oxidation, the impact that they can have on active site structure, and the methods that can be used to provide relief from X-ray-induced photo-chemical artifacts.

Field of study: Physics
Structural evolution of the Hemlo greenstone belt in the vicinity of the world-class Hemlo gold deposit

A complex history of volcano-sedimentary deposition, polyphase strain, multiple intrusive events, and various stages of porphyroblastesis is indicated for the Hemlo gold deposit area within the Hemlo greenstone belt. Structural elements can be assigned to at least six stages of development (D1D6). D1 generated small-scale folds and low-angle faults (thrusts?) with no planar fabric, except within strain aureoles around the earliest intrusions. D2 was a progressive event resulting from northeast-directed compression, which generated regional, predominantly S-shaped folds (early D2); penetrative planar and linear fabrics, overturned stratigraphy, and formation of an inflection in the strike of the greenstone belt (mid-D2); and development of high-strain zones with dominant sinistral and local dextral shear sense (late D2). D3 was a distinctly separate progressive event resulting from northwest-directed transpression, which generated variably penetrative east- to northeast-striking foliation (S3), ductile de...

Field of study: Environmental science
Composition and confinement energies of interdiffused AlGaAs/GaAs single quantum well structures

The behaviour of the subband structure of AlGaAs/GaAs single quantum well structures due to interdiffusion shows that the variations of the allowed interband transitions with interdiffusion are determined by confinement and compositional energy changes in the quantum well. The understanding of these is interrelated, and they are strong functions of the as-grown well width. In particular, our results demonstrate that the higher-order transitions are more sensitive to interdiffusion than the ground state transitions during the early stages of interdiffusion.

Field of study: Materials science
Protein quality assessment of commercial whey protein supplements commonly consumed in Turkey by in vitro protein digestibility-corrected amino acid score (PDCAAS)

Athletes, bodybuilders, and physically active individuals extensively consume protein-rich products such as whey, soy, casein, and egg (Williams, 2005). Among these, whey and casein are the preferred proteins in terms of quality (Tipton et al., 2004). Whey and casein are mostly derived from cow milk. Cow milk protein consists of 80% casein and 20% whey protein. Whey protein is consisted of β-lactoglobulin (β-LG) and α-lactoglobulin (α-LG) and a small amount of immunoglobulin (Bobe et al., 1998). β-LG has 162 amino acids and the most distinctive feature of whey protein compared to casein is that it has 5 cysteines in its structure (Sava et al., 2005). This significant difference is used to determine the quality difference between casein and whey protein (European Union, 1990;  2006).

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Fully Secure Unbounded Revocable Attribute-Based Encryption in Prime Order Bilinear Groups via Subset Difference Method

Providing an efficient revocation mechanism for attribute-based encryption (ABE) is of utmost importance since over time an user’s credentials may be revealed or expired. All previously known revocable ABE (RABE) constructions (a) essentially utilize the complete subtree (CS) scheme for revocation purpose, (b) are bounded in the sense that the size of the public parameters depends linearly on the size of the attribute universe and logarithmically on the number of users in the system, and (c) are either selectively secure, which seems unrealistic in a dynamic system such as RABE, or fully secure but built in a composite order bilinear group setting, which is undesirable from the point of view of both efficiency and security. This paper presents the first fully secure unbounded RABE using subset difference (SD) mechanism for revocation which greatly improves the broadcast efficiency compared to the CS scheme. Our RABE scheme is built on a prime order bilinear group setting resulting in practical computation cost, and its security depends on the Decisional Linear assumption.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Serum ENA78/CXCL5, SDF-1/CXCL12, and their combinations as potential biomarkers for prediction of the presence and distant metastasis of primary gastric cancer.

Chemokines play important roles in cancer development and progression. Epithelial-derived neutrophil-activating peptide-78 (ENA78/CXCL5) and stromal cell-derived factor (SDF-1/CXCL12) supposedly contribute to gastric cancer (GC) development and progression. This study aims to evaluate serum levels of ENA78/CXCL5 and SDF-1/CXCL12 along the GC carcinogenesis, and analyze their clinical significance, and diagnostic potentials through human serum samples.



A total of 300 subjects were enrolled in this study. Serum levels of ENA78/CXCL5 and SDF-1/CXCL12, measured by chemiluminescent immunoassay, were compared among 4 disease groups; normal, high-risk (intestinal metaplasia and adenoma), early GC (EGC), and advanced GC (AGC) groups in both training (n=25 per group) and validation dataset (n=70, 30, 50, 50, respectively) by ANOVA test (post hoc Bonferroni). Correlations between serum ENA78/CXCL5 or SDF-1/CXCL12 levels and clinicopathological parameters of GC patients were evaluated (Spearman's correlation; γs). To validate the diagnostic accuracy, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and logistic regression analysis was performed.



Serum ENA78/CXCL5 and SDF-1/CXCL12 levels were significantly higher in AGC groups than EGC, high-risk and normal groups in both training and validation dataset (Bonferroni, from p<0.01 to p<0.001). Clinicopathologically, serum ENA78/CXCL5 was correlated with T-stage (γs=0.231, p=0.021) and distant metastasis (γs=0.357, p<0.001), while serum SDF-1/CXCL12 was correlated with lymph node (γs=0.220, p=0.029) and distant (γs=0.425, p<0.001) metastasis. ROC curve and logistic regression demonstrated that serum ENA78/CXCL5 and SDF-1/CXCL12 showed higher diagnostic accuracy compared with carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in predicting GC. Serum ENA78/CXCL5 could predict both the presence of GC and distant metastasis, while serum SDF-1/CXCL12 could mainly predict its distant metastasis. All combination of serum ENA78/CXCL5, SDF-1/CXCL12, and CEA achieved 92.8% specificity at 75.0% sensitivity to predict distant metastasis of GC.



Combinations of initial serum ENA78/CXCL5, SDF-1/CXCL12, and CEA before any treatment for GC can produce valuable serum biomarker panels to predict the presence and distant metastasis of GC.

Field of study: Medicine
Enantioselective iodocyclization and mercuriocyclization of γ-hydroxy-cis-alkenes

Asymmetric iodocyclization and mercuriocyclization of γ-hydroxy-cis-alkenes have been established. The iodocyclization has been attained with 1.2 equiv of iodine in the presence of the catalyst system prepared from 0.3 equiv of (R,R)-salen−Co(II) complex and 0.75 equiv of NCS to produce 2-substituted tetrahydrofurans with up to 90% ee. The mercuriocyclization has been achieved using 1.2 equiv of Hg(II) complexed with 4-(2-naphthyl)bisoxazoline (1:1 complex) in the presence of 5 equiv of K2CO3 and 10 equiv of MeOH to procure 2-substituted tetrahydrofurans with up to 95 % ee.

Field of study: Chemistry
АДМИНИСТРИРОВАНИЕ ИЛИ УПРАВЛЕНИЕ? О ПОСЛЕДСТВИЯХ ИЗМЕНЕНИЙ В СТРУКТУРЕ УПРАВЛЕНИЯ СКФО

В середине мая было создано Министерство по развитию регионов Северного Кавказа. В централизованной системе первой реакцией на то, что какая-то задача не решается, является создание нового ведомства и возложение на него ответственности за ее решение. При этом на практике это часто приводило к противоположным результатам – новое ведомство начинало бороться за «место под солнцем», перетягивать на себя функционал существовавших ранее органов управления, вступать в конфликты за ресурсы. В итоге управляемость не повышалась, а, наоборот, падала. Представляется, что в данном случае реализуется та же логика, и, весьма вероятно, с теми же результатами в перспективе. Количество «игроков», вовлеченных в процессы управления Северо-Кавказским федеральным округом, существенно возросло. При этом пока не ясно, как будут распределяться полномочия, разделяться ресурсы, согласовываться интересы.

Field of study: Economics
Effects of in vitro hyperthermia on proliferative responses and lymphocyte activity

Fever is induced by both exogenous products like endotoxin, and endogenous cytokines, most notably IL‐1 and IL‐6, and tumour necrosis factor (TNF). These mediators are believed to interact with the hypothalamus, to induce enhanced body temperature. However, little is known about the biological effects of fever on the function of the immune system. We here report that a 90‐min pulse of mild hyperthermia (40°C) induces enhanced proliferation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). This proliferative response was completely inhibited by antibodies to MHC class II, which had no effect on mitogen‐induced proliferation of PBMC. The enzyme‐linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assay is a sensitive method for detection of single cells secreting antibodies or cytokines. A 90‐min pulse of mild hyperthermia (40°C) induced a significantly enhanced immunoglobulin production in PBMC, as determined by ELISPOT, indicating B cell activation. The T cell cytokine pattern both with and without stimulation with hyperthermia differed between individuals. Enhanced interferon‐gamma (IFN‐γ) secretion was noted at 39–41°C. This IFN‐γ response was inhibited by antibodies to MHC class II and thus was MHC class II‐restricted and dependent on antigen‐presenting cells. None of the individuals tested showed IL‐4 response after stimulation with hyperthermia. These findings favour the notion that fever may play an important role in immune responses, and it is possible that fever may act as a physiological adjuvant, with effects on the immune system both in infection and inflammation of other origins.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Situational Leadership Theory as a Foundation for a Blended Learning Framework.

Ultimately with the raise of computer technology, blended learning has found its way into teaching. The technology continues to evolve, challenging teachers and lecturers alike. Most studies on blended learning focus on the practical or applied side and use essentially pedagogical concepts. This study demonstrates that the leadership sciences can enrich pedagogy in building a framework for teaching in a blended learning setting. At the core, the study transforms situational leadership theory (Hersey, Blanchard and Johnson, 2008) into a framework for blended learning. The model presented helps in organizing a situationally correct employment of blended learning and crystallizes appropriate teaching methods for specific learning goals.  blended learning; situational leadership; teaching; adult education

Field of study: Education
Sensing of formaldehyde using a distributed feedback interband cascade laser emitting around 3493 nm.

We have demonstrated sensing of formaldehyde (H(2)CO) using a room-temperature distributed feedback interband cascade laser (ICL) emitting around 3493 nm. The ICL has been characterized and proved to be very suitable for tunable laser spectroscopy (TLS). The H(2)CO TLS spectra were recorded in direct absorption mode and showed excellent agreement with the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory database. The measurements reported here were taken from a series of measurements of a mixture of H(2)CO in air obtained by vaporizing a solution also containing methanol and formic acid. We obtained a resolution limit better than 1 ppm × m assuming a relative absorption of 10(-3).

Field of study: Physics
Opposite ductile shear senses (Tso Morari Dome, Ladakh Himalaya, India)

(Chatterjee and Jagoutz 2015; Epard and Steck 2008; Mukherjee 2011b; Mukherjee and Mulchrone 2012). Thus, the winged inclusions that usually develop by intense strain (Hanmer and Passchier 1991) justifies. de Sigoyer et al. (2004) reported opposite shear from the TMD, but not from a single outcrop, as this one. However, Steck et al. (1998) did observe both top-to-NW & top-to-SE at some places and attributed the latter to dextral transpression parallel to the Indus Suture. Opposite shear has also been reported from many shear zones in the world (Mukherjee and Koyi 2010; Mukherjee 2013), and decoding those will be useful to understand collisional tectonics (Mukherjee et al. 2013, 2015). Symmetric structures (Mukherjee 2016) in ductile shear zones neither indicate shear sense therefore nor reverse shear. The foliation planes are sub-horizontal (220°/15°NW). North direction is toward right. Width of view: ~7 cm. Location: 33.23702199N, 78.36122001E, near Sumdo, Ladakh, state: Jammu & Kashmir, India. Kinematic indicators from within the Tso Morari Gneiss (India) display opposite senses of shear. The winged inclusion at the center has rotated dextrally (Grasemann and Dabrowski 2015), whereas the sigmoid clast to its right shows sinistral shear (Passchier and Trouw 2005). The rotation axis is perpendicular to the plane of observation. Moreover, the quartz fish (Mukherjee 2011a) to the extreme right indicates top-to-right (down) shear (fig. 1.29 of Mukherjee 2013). Here, the term “winged inclusion” is preferred over “rolling structure” since the wings look like preexisting, i.e., have not been derived from the periphery of the elliptical clast by grain size reduction or recrystallization (Van Den Driessche and Brun 1987). Although top-to-right shear seems dominant, whether top-to-left shear indicates a possible “back-rotation” is indeterminate. The photograph was taken from the northern boundary of the Tso Morari Dome (TMD), which is a well-established shear zone

Field of study: Environmental science
Strain-Tuning of the Optical Properties of Semiconductor Nanomaterials by Integration onto Piezoelectric Actuators

The tailoring of the physical properties of semiconductor nanomaterials by strain has been gaining increasing attention over the last years for a wide range of applications such as electronics, optoelectronics and photonics. The ability to introduce deliberate strain fields with controlled magnitude and in a reversible manner is essential for fundamental studies of novel materials and may lead to the realization of advanced multi-functional devices. A prominent approach consists in the integration of active nanomaterials, in thin epitaxial films or embedded within carrier nanomembranes, onto Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-PbTiO3-based piezoelectric actuators, which convert electrical signals into mechanical deformation (strain). In this review, we mainly focus on recent advances in strain-tunable properties of self-assembled InAs quantum dots embedded in semiconductor nanomembranes and photonic structures. Additionally, recent works on other nanomaterials like rare-earth and metal-ion doped thin films, graphene and MoS2 or WSe2 semiconductor two-dimensional materials are also reviewed. For the sake of completeness, a comprehensive comparison between different procedures employed throughout the literature to fabricate such hybrid piezoelectric-semiconductor devices is presented. Very recently, a novel class of micro-machined piezoelectric actuators have been demonstrated for a full control of in-plane stress fields in nanomembranes, which enables producing energy-tunable sources of polarization-entangled photons in arbitrary quantum dots. Future research directions and prospects are discussed.

Field of study: Materials science
Learning to be Yourself: Social Media and Teenage Relationships

The author discusses her findings while researching the effects of technology, specifically social media, on teenage relationships.  The author cites research articles and studies related to how teens’ use of technology is negatively affecting their ability to create personal relationships.  The author begins with how teens use social media to create relationships, including online networking sites and group texting.  She then discusses how their use of social media affects their ability to cultivate real relationships by taking away the critical interpersonal skills needed to communicate in person.  She concludes with ideas on how to help teens navigate the world of social media.  This critical issue affects all teens as technology continues to dominate our society and teens become increasingly dependent on social media to communicate.  It is necessary to find ways to combat the negative effects of social media and help teens successfully navigate this digital world they live in.  teens, social media, relationships

Field of study: Education
From Jurassic shores to Cretaceous plutons: Geochemical evidence for paleoalteration environments of metavolcanic rocks, eastern California

Volcanic and plutonic rocks exposed in east-central California record a long history of metasomatism and/or metamorphism within the Mesozoic Cordilleran continental arc. We use whole-rock and mineral elemental compositions, along with standard and cathodoluminescence petrography to characterize alteration histories of Late Triassic to Middle Jurassic metavolcanic rocks in the Ritter Range, White-Inyo Mountains, and Alabama Hills. Although alkali-metasomatism is widespread and pervasive, ratios and abundances of Ce, Th, Tb, and Ta suggest that mafic protoliths from the White-Inyo Mountains were shoshonitic, whereas those from the Ritter Range were calc-alkaline. Alkali exchange apparently modified the compositions of many metavolcanic rocks. Much of this metasomatism may have occurred at low-temperature (T) conditions, and attended or shortly postdated deposition of the volcanic protoliths. High δ 18 O values for K-rich metatuffs from

Field of study: Geology
Protein adsorption at solid-liquid interfaces: Part III--Adsorption from ternary protein mixture.

Simultaneous adsorption of bovine serum albumin (BSA), beta-lactoglobulin and gelatin from aqueous solutions of their ternary mixture to the alumina-water interface has been studied as a function of protein concentration at different values of pH, ionic strength, temperature and weight fraction ratios of proteins. At a fixed weight fraction of beta-lactoglobulin, preferential adsorption (gamma w(lac)) of this protein significantly depends on the amounts of BSA and gelatin present in the solution before adsorption. At higher ranges of protein concentrations, extent of adsorption (gamma w(ser)) of BSA decreases sharply with increase of gamma w(lac) until gamma w(ser) becomes significantly negative, thereby indicating that beta-lactoglobulin and water preferentially adsorbed at the interface are responsible for complete displacement of BSA from the surface. On the other hand, adsorption (gamma w(gel)) of gelatin under similar situation increases mutually with increase in the values of gamma w(lac) in many systems. In few systems, gamma w(gel) also decreases with increase of gamma w(lac) depending upon solution parameters. At pH 5.2, increase of ionic strength and temperature, respectively, increases the extent of adsorption of each protein in the mixture considerably. Extents of adsorption of all proteins are observed to increase when pH is changed from 5.2 to 6.4. The affinities of different proteins in the mixture are expressed in unified scales either in terms of maximum extents of total adsorption or in terms of standard free energies of adsorption of protein mixtures with respect to surface saturation.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Physics
A Comparison of Household and Provider Reports of Medical Conditions

Recognizing that household respondents have difficulty recalling past events, the National Medical Care Expenditure Survey incorporated a record check component. For 12,000 persons included in the Medical Provider Survey, two data sources exist for health care events: household survey responses and provider record abstractions. This investigation compared medical conditions associated with the 35,000 visits, to conclude that agreement between sources was weak. Households tended to report fewer conditions per visit and familiar conditions, whereas providers reported related but different diagnoses. Levels of provider agreement with household reports ranged from 1% for upper extremity and shoulder impairments to 86% for pregnancy care and delivery. Over all 63 categories, providers concurred with household condition reports 40% of the time. Broader categories created by collapsing conditions substantially increased agreement levels. Analyses of household-provider agreement suggest that questionnair...

Field of study: Mathematics