nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The Association of Fractional Pulse Pressure with Acute Kidney Injury in Patients Undergoing Coronary Intervention due to ST-Segment Elevated Myocardial Infarction

Acute kidney injury (AKI), which is prevalent in ST-segment elevated myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients who have undergone primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), is associated with poor cardiovascular outcomes. As high pulse pressure (PP) is associated with adverse cardiovascular events, the present study’s aim was to evaluate the relationship between fractional PP (PPf) and AKI in patients with STEMI who underwent primary PCI.  All laboratory findings as well as echocardiographic and angiographic data of 1,170 consecutive STEMI patients were retrospectively screened. PPf was calculated from the pressures invasively measured after sheath insertion and before performing coronary angiography.  From 1,170 eligible STEMI patients (mean age 56 years, 18.2% female), AKI developed in 143 (12.2%) patients. The PPf and pulsatility index were significantly higher in patients with AKI than those without (0.53 ± 0.10 vs. 0.61 ± 0.10, p < 0.001, and 0.80 ± 0.03 vs. 0.82 ± 0.03, p < 0.001, respectively). PPf was also found to be associated with AKI in univariable (OR 2.183, 95% CI 1.823–2.614, p< 0.001) and multivariable (OR 1.874, 95% CI 1.513–2.322, p < 0.001) analysis. In-hospital mortality was higher in patients with AKI than those without.  Invasively measured PPf, which can be easily measured and has no additional cost in STEMI patients undergoing coronary intervention, is an independent predictor of AKI. In addition, PPf is superior to other blood pressure values and derivatives in AKI prediction.

Field of study: Medicine
Carbon isotope minima in the South Atlantic during the last deglaciation: evaluating the influence of air-sea gas exchange

Carbon isotope minima were a ubiquitous feature in the mid-depth (1.5-2.5 km) Atlantic during Heinrich Stadial 1 (HS1, 14.5-17.5 kyr BP) and the Younger Dryas (YD, 11.6-12.9 kyr BP), with the most likely driver being collapse of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC). Negative carbon isotope anomalies also occurred throughout the surface ocean and atmosphere, but their timing relative to AMOC collapse and the underlying drivers have remained unclear. Here we evaluate the lead-lag relationship between AMOC variability and surface ocean d13C signals using high resolution benthic and planktonic stable isotope records from two Brazil Margin cores (located at 1.8 km and 2.1 km water depth). In each case, the decrease in benthic d13C during HS1 leads planktonic d13C by 800±200 years. Because the records are based on the same samples, the relative timing is constrained by the core stratigraphy. Our results imply that AMOC collapse initiates a chain of events that propagates through the oceanic carbon cycle in less than 1 kyr. Direct comparison of planktonic foraminiferal and atmospheric records implies a portion of the surface ocean d13C signal can be explained by temperature-dependent equilibration with a 13C-depleted atmosphere, with the remainder due to biological productivity, input of carbon from the abyss, or reduced air-sea equilibration.

Field of study: Environmental science
Bromination of quinoline derivatives with N-bromosuccinimide. Isomeric composition of the bromination products by PMR and GLC

The bromination of quinoline and substituted quinolines with N-bromosuccinimide in concentrated H2SO4 takes place exclusively in the homocyclic part. Bromo-substituted quinolines can be obtained by this method. The bromination products were identified by PMR spectroscopy. The differences among the mono-, di-, and trisubstituted (in the benzene ring) compounds were established on the basis of the type of spectrum of the protons of the homocyclic part of the molecule. The compositions of the reaction mixtures were studied by GLC.

Field of study: Chemistry
From observational to dynamic genetics

Twin and family studies have shown that most traits are at least moderately heritable. But what are the implications of finding genetic influence for the design of intervention and prevention programs? For complex traits, heritability does not mean immutability, and research has shown that genetic influences can change with age, context, and in response to behavioral and drug interventions. The most significant implications for intervention will come when we move from observational genetics to investigating dynamic genetics, including genetically sensitive interventions. Future interventions should be designed to overcome genetic risk and draw upon genetic strengths by changing the environment.

Field of study: Biology
Syntheses and reactions of optically active α-aminoallenylstannanes and α-aminopropargylboranes

An efficient synthesis of α-aminoallenylstannane from propargyloxazolidinone has been developed. It undergoes reaction with aldehydes to give homopropargylic alcohols with high syn selectivity. Epoxides undergo a similar reaction preceded by rearrangement to the aldehyde. These alcohols were used in the synthesis of β-amino acids, azasugars, and deoxyaminohexoses. Imines underwent reaction with this stannane to give 1,2-diamines. The related propargylborane reacts with aldehydes to produce allenyl carbinols. The Co2(CO)6 complexes of propargyloxazolidinones were developed as an α-aminopropargyl cation equivalent.

Field of study: Chemistry
Auslander's formula and correspondence for exact categories.

The Auslander correspondence is a fundamental result in Auslander-Reiten theory. In this paper we introduce the category $\operatorname{mod_{\mathsf{adm}}}(\mathcal{E})$ of admissibly finitely presented functors and use it to give a version of Auslander correspondence for any exact category $\mathcal{E}$. An important ingredient in the proof is the localization theory of exact categories. We also investigate how properties of $\mathcal{E}$ are reflected in $\operatorname{mod_{\mathsf{adm}}}(\mathcal{E})$, for example being (weakly) idempotent complete or having enough projectives or injectives. Furthermore, we describe $\operatorname{mod_{\mathsf{adm}}}(\mathcal{E})$ as a subcategory of $\operatorname{mod}(\mathcal{E})$ when $\mathcal{E}$ is a resolving subcategory of an abelian category. This includes the category of Gorenstein projective modules and the category of maximal Cohen-Macaulay modules as special cases. Finally, we use $\operatorname{mod_{\mathsf{adm}}}(\mathcal{E})$ to give a bijection between exact structures on an idempotent complete additive category $\mathcal{C}$ and certain resolving subcategories of $\operatorname{mod}(\mathcal{C})$.

Field of study: Mathematics
Über die Wechselwirkung von Spinorteilchen

ZusammenfassungDie von Fermi als fruchtbar erkannte Analogie von β-Strahlung und γ-Strahlung wird viel inniger durch die „Neutrinotheorie des Lichtes“. — Es ergibt sich die Vermutung, daß bei einem β-Prozeß mitE≫m0c2 Elektron und Neutrinoin parallelen Richtungen ausgeschleudert werden.

Field of study: Physics
Measuring the Mass and Concentration of Dark Matter Halos from the Velocity Dispersion Profile of their Stars

We use the IllustrisTNG (TNG) simulations of galaxy formation to measure the velocity dispersion profiles of dark matter and stars in Milky Way–mass, galaxy group, and cluster-scale dark matter halos. The mean profiles calculated from both tracers are similar in shape, exhibiting a large halo-to-halo scatter around the average profile. The so-called “splashback” radius demarcates the outer boundary of the halo, and manifests as a kink in the velocity dispersion profile, located on average between ∼1.0–1.5r 200m , where r 200m is the radius within which the density of the halo equals 200 times the background density of the universe. We find that this location may also be identified as the radius at which the (stacked) dispersion profile drops to 60% of its peak value (for line-of-sight motions in TNG halos). We further show that the scatter in the dispersion profiles may be attributed to the variations in the assembly history of the host halos. In particular, this segregates the profile into two regimes: one within ∼0.1r 200m , where the scatter is set by the early assembly history of the halo; and the other beyond this radius, where the scatter is influenced more strongly by its late-time assembly. Finally, we show that a two-parameter model can be used to fit the measured velocity dispersion profiles and the fit parameters can be related directly to two fundamental halo properties: mass and concentration. We describe a simple model that allows us to express the stellar velocity dispersion profile in terms of these halo properties only.

Field of study: Physics
Analysis of Differentially Expressed Proteins and the Gene Cloning in Ripening Banana Peel

Differentially expressed proteins were isolated by the two-dimensional(2D)gel electrophoresis,and analysed by the Image Master software,and identified by the mass spectrometry,after the extraction of the total protein of the control and the ethylene-induced early-ripening banana peel.A putative chitinase Ⅲ(MaCHⅢ)was picked out for subsequent research from the differentially expressed proteins.The nucleic acid sequence to corresponding peptide sequence of MaCHⅢ was found by the NCBI BLAST.The full-length DNA sequence of MaCHⅢ gene was obtained by polymerase chain reaction(PCR)using PCR primers,which were designed according to the nucleic acid sequence.The results showed that this sequence share about 99% homology to a Ⅲ class acidic chitinase in other species.And then,it was preliminarily confirmed as a gene of Ⅲ kind of acidic chitinase in banana.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
A General Theory for Training Learning Machine

Though the deep learning is pushing the machine learning to a new stage, basic theories of machine learning are still limited. The principle of learning, the role of the a prior knowledge, the role of neuron bias, and the basis for choosing neural transfer function and cost function, etc., are still far from clear. In this paper, we present a general theoretical framework for machine learning. We classify the prior knowledge into common and problem-dependent parts, and consider that the aim of learning is to maximally incorporate them. The principle we suggested for maximizing the former is the design risk minimization principle, while the neural transfer function, the cost function, as well as pretreatment of samples, are endowed with the role for maximizing the latter. The role of the neuron bias is explained from a different angle. We develop a Monte Carlo algorithm to establish the input-output responses, and we control the input-output sensitivity of a learning machine by controlling that of individual neurons. Applications of function approaching and smoothing, pattern recognition and classification, are provided to illustrate how to train general learning machines based on our theory and algorithm. Our method may in addition induce new applications, such as the transductive inference.

Field of study: Computer science
Entrepreneurial Skills Required by Mechanical Engineering Craft Practice Trade Students in Technical Colleges in Kano State, Nigeria

The study identified Entrepreneurial Skills Required by Mechanical Engineering Craft Practice Trade Students in Technical Colleges in Kano State. The study was guided by two research questions. Two null hypotheses were formulated and tested at 0.05 level of significance. A descriptive survey research design was used for the study. The population of the study comprised of 44 entrepreneurs and 24 teachers making a total of 68 respondents. The entire population was used for the study. The instrument used for data collection was a 63 items structured questionnaire. The reliability coefficient of the instrument was 0.79. Mean, Standard Deviation, and Grand Mean were used to answer research questions 1 & 2. While z-test was used to test the hypotheses at 0.05 level of significance. The findings of the study revealed among others that, technical colleges’ students of mechanical engineering craft practice trade require technical skills to operate various machines like; lathe, drilling, milling, shaping and band saw. All the hypotheses tested revealed that there is significant difference between the opinion of entrepreneurs and teachers on entrepreneurship skills required by mechanical engineering craft practice trade students in technical colleges in Kano state. Based on these findings the researchers recommend, among others, that; Entrepreneurship training should be given topmost priority. This would enable the students develop entrepreneurial technical skills and attitude necessary for gainful self or paid employment.

Field of study: Education
Two-dimensional delta-operator formulated discrete-time systems: state-space realization and its coefficient sensitivity properties

Delta-operator based implementation of one-dimensional (1-D) discrete-time systems has been the focus of considerable research activity because of its superior finite wordlength properties and possibility of addressing both continuous- and discrete-time systems in a unified manner. We investigate its corresponding two-dimensional (2-D) implementation by introducing the delta-operator based counterpart to the Roesser (1975) local state-space model, the corresponding gramians, and the notion of a balanced realization. The computation of the latter and coefficient sensitivity properties of the resulting implementations are also studied.

Field of study: Engineering
Bausteine von Oligosacchariden, LXXIX. Synthese der Sequenz α-KDO-(2 4)-α-KDO-(2 6)-D-GlcN der inneren Core-Struktur von Lipopolysacchariden

Das Glycosylhalogenid der 3-Desoxy-D-manno-2-octulosonsaure (KDO) (5) last sich mit dem D-Glucosamin-Derivat 4 zum α-(26)-glycosidisch verknupften Disaccharid 6 umsetzen. Nach Entacetylierung von 6 zu 7 und Uberfuhrung in die Isopropylidenverbindung 16 kann das Disaccharid erneut fur eine Glycosidsynthese eingesetzt werden. Die Umsetzung von 5 mit 16 ergibt regioselektiv das α-(24)-glycosidisch verknupfte Trisaccharid 18. Durch eine Folge von Entblockierungsschritten ist hieraus α-KDO-(24)-α-KDO-(26)-D-GlcN (24) zu erhalten, das eine wichtige Sequenz der inneren Core-Struktur von Lipopolysacchariden darstellt. 
 
 
 
Building Units of Oligosaccharides, LXXIX1). – Synthesis of the Sequence α-KDO-(24)-α-KDO-(26)-D-GlcN of the “Inner Core” Structure of Lipopolysaccharides 
 
 
 
The glycosyl halide of 3-deoxy-D-manno-2-octulosonic acid (KDO) (5) reacts with the D-glucosamine derivative 4 to give the α-(26) glycosidically linked disaccharide 6. After deacetylation from 6 to 7 and conversion into the isopropylidene sugar 16, the disaccharide can be used for a subsequent glcoside synthesis. The coupling of 5 with 16 affords regioselectively the α-(24) linked trisaccharide 18. In a series of deblocking steps, α-KDO-(24)-α-KDO-(26)-D-GlcN (24) can be obtained, which is an important sequence of the “inner core” structure of the lipopolysaccharides.

Field of study: Chemistry
Neogene coralline-algal growth-forms and their palaeoenvironments in the Almanzora river valley (Almeria, S.E. Spain)

The Almanzora river valley is an elongate E-W depression containing mainly Neogene sediments. During the Late Tortonian several horizons of crustose coralline algae developed in three distinct sedimentary contexts: (a) on coastal platforms and talus slopes, (b) on fan deltas and (c) associated with corals in patch-reefs growing at the furthermost extremes of coastal fan deltas. In the former two cases the predominant growths are as rhodoliths associated with mobile substrates. In the coastal systems an increase in depth results in a change in both the morphology and the composition of the rhodoliths. With depth there is a significant increase in the diversity of algal species and a concomitant increase in the size of the algal covering compared to the nucleus and thus the morphology of the rhodolith depends less and less on the shape of the nucleus itself. The massive crusts and columns, which mark the limit of development of the shallow-water rhodoliths, in the deeper examples are covered by branching and thin, leafy (laminar) growths. In the fan deltas the development of the rhodoliths is similar to that of the deeper coastal zones. In the patch-reefs the specific composition of the algal associations changes somewhat and the growths, developed on a stable substrate under low-energy conditions, are mainly vertical branches arising from thin crusts.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
New measurement of exotic decay of 225Ac by 14C emission

The branching ratio of 225Ac decay by emission of 14C was remeasured under improved experimental conditions by using a radioactive source produced at the ISOLDE mass-separator at CERN and a nuclear track detector technique. The result, B = λ14C/λα = (4.5±1.4)10-12, is consistent with the anomalously high value obtained in the 1993 experiment, thus confirming the importance of nuclear-structure effects in this exotic decay.

Field of study: Physics
Humanizing Outgroups Through Multiple Categorization

In three studies, we examined the impact of multiple categorization on intergroup dehumanization. Study 1 showed that perceiving members of a rival university along multiple versus simple categorical dimensions enhanced the tendency to attribute human traits to this group. Study 2 showed that multiple versus simple categorization of immigrants increased the attribution of uniquely human emotions to them. This effect was explained by the sequential mediation of increased individuation of the outgroup and reduced outgroup threat. Study 3 replicated this sequential mediation model and introduced a novel way of measuring humanization in which participants generated attributes corresponding to the outgroup in a free response format. Participants generated more uniquely human traits in the multiple versus simple categorization conditions. We discuss the theoretical implications of these findings and consider their role in informing and improving efforts to ameliorate contemporary forms of intergroup discrimination.

Field of study: Psychology
Moisture and Soybean Seedling Emergence

EFFECTS of soil and seed moisture on soybean seed-ling emergence force number and critical time (time at which the seedling attains its maximum force) were evaluated. Negatively correlated exponential relation-ships were obtained between the critical time and moisture. Quadratic relationships were indicated be-tween the seedling emergence force number and mois-ture. Generalized prediction equations were developed for seedling force number and the critical time.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
‘It made me feel powerful’: women’s gendered embodiment and physical empowerment in the martial arts

This paper presents data collected from 11 females and explores their gendered and embodied experiences of the martial arts. Our research suggests that through their involvement in the martial arts, women develop physical strength, which leads to individual physical empowerment. Furthermore, the women note their involvement in the martial arts increases their confidence to defend themselves and challenge their gendered embodiment. However, despite acquiring physical strength that challenges their previous forms of gendered embodiment, their experiences remain predominantly at the level of individual empowerment. Thus, the women do not problematise normative views of gendered embodiment which position women as weak and men as strong. Nor do the women in this study question the pressure on females’ bodies to be toned and feminine. Drawing predominantly on physical feminism, we question and problematise the concepts of women’s empowerment and gendered embodiment through women’s experiences of the martial arts.

Field of study: Sociology
The guard‐cell apoplast as a site of abscisic acid accumulation in Vicia faba L.

Abscisic acid (ABA) integrates the water status of a plant and causes stomatal closure. Physiological mechanisms remain poorly understood, however, because guard cells flanking stomata are small and contain only attomol quantities of ABA. Here, pooled extracts of dissected guard cells of Vicia faba L. were immunoassayed for ABA at sub-fmol sensitivity. A pulse of water stress was imposed by submerging the roots in a solution of PEG. The water potentials of root and leaf declined during 20 min of water stress but recovered after stress relief. During stress, the ABA concentration in the root apoplast increased, but that in the leaf apoplast remained low. The ABA concentration in the guard-cell apoplast increased during stress, providing evidence for intra-leaf ABA redistribution and leaf apoplastic heterogeneity. Subsequently, the ABA concentration of the leaf apoplast increased, consistent with ABA import via the xylem. Throughout, the ABA contents of the guard-cell apoplast, but not the guard-cell symplast, were convincingly correlated with stomatal aperture size, identifying an external locus for ABA perception under these conditions. Apparently, ABA accumulates in the guard-cell apoplast by evaporation from the guard-cell wall, so the ABA signal in the xylem is amplified maximally at high transpiration rates. Thus, stomata will display apparently higher sensitivity to leaf apoplastic ABA if stomata are widely open in a relatively dry atmosphere.

Field of study: Environmental science
Effect of instantaneous high pressure treatment on chemical quality of pear juice

This paper studied the effect of Instantaneous High Pressure(IHP) treatment on chemical quality of pear juice through Ascorbic acid,amino nitrogen,total sugar and total acid of four aspects.The results indicated that:Processed under pressures from 80 MPa to 180 MPa of 6 gradients for one time.Ascorbic acid loss percentage was 13.14% under 80 MPa and 14.85% under 180 MPa.Ascorbic acid loss percentage reduced unobvious;Amino nitrogen content reduced slightly,from 24.25 mg/100 mL under 0 MPa to 23.41 mg/100 mL under 180 MPa;The content of total sugar and total acid remained invariable,maintaining about 8.0% and 0.079 g/100 mL separately.Processed respectively under the above pressures for three times.Ascorbic acid lost a lot after treating one time,with the most loss percentage of 20.41% under 160 MPa,while Ascorbic acid loss percentage reduced slightly after treatment of twice and three times,with the most Ascorbic acid loss percentage of 29.01% under 140 MPa;Amino nitrogen content assumed the even reducing tendency with treatment times increasing.It reduced most under 100 MPa,from 21.63 mg/100 mL to 17.47 g/100 mL.The content of total sugar had a slight reduction with treatment times increasing.It reduced the most under 100 MPa,from 8.28% to 7.68%.The decrement was 0.072%.The content of total acid remained nearly invariable with treatment times increasing,maintaining about 0.09 g/100 mL.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences