nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Vagotomy produces learned food aversions in the rat.

Subdiaphragmatic vagotomy produces hypophagia and weight loss in normal rats and can reverse the hyperphagia and obesity of rats with ventromedial hypothalamic lesions. Vagotomy surgery can also produce symptoms of nausea and discomfort. Since such symptoms are highly effective as unconditioned stimuli in food aversion conditioning, the present studies examined whether some of the depression in food intake observed in rats with vagotomy could be due to the development of aversions to the foods eaten after their surgery. In the first study, significant aversions developed to the specific novel diet consumed after vagotomy, results indicating that the symptoms associated with vagotomy can serve as effective unconditioned stimuli in the acquisition of learned food aversions. The second study compared vagotomized animals consuming familiar laboratory chow with those consuming a novel diet. In contrast to the novel diets, learned aversions did not develop to the familiar chow, and hypophagia was less persistent and severe. It is concluded that learned food aversions can contribute to the appetite and weight loss exhibited by vagotomized animals. Consideration of the conditions under which these aversions arise after vagotomy surgery may allow for the design of studies so as to minimize the aversions and thereby separate these nonspecific effects from direct regulatory deficits produced by vagotomy.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
EFL Writing Hindrances and Challenges: The case of Second Year Students of English at Djillali Liabes

Our students spend from five to seven years learning English upon entering the university system. However, these students struggle with learning fluent English, as well as lack the ability to express themselves through strong and critical writing skills. For instance, the pre- university “Baccalaureate” examination, which includes elements of English as a measurement tool, has often had one of the poorest scores among all subjects; it is the subject where a great number of students fail regardless of their field of study. The present study was conducted with eighty EFL university students taught by the teacher researcher at Djillali Liabes University in the Department of Foreign Languages section of English. Students enter university lacking essential writing prerequisites. They had generally written very little in the form of compositions, essays or papers in English. As subject, English was primarily meant for examinations, whose priority was on grammar and reading comprehension exercises. The “Baccalaureate” candidates had to answer a paper that consisted of three sections: reading comprehension, manipulation of language and written expression. Data analysis revealed that EFL students encountered many writing challenges, particularly those related to language proficiency.

Field of study: Education, Sociology
Rumination-focused cognitive-behavioural therapy for residual depression: phase II randomised controlled trial.

About 20% of major depressive episodes become chronic and medication-refractory and also appear to be less responsive to standard cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT).



To test whether CBT developed from behavioural activation principles that explicitly and exclusively targets depressive rumination enhances treatment as usual (TAU) in reducing residual depression.



Forty-two consecutively recruited participants meeting criteria for medication-refractory residual depression were randomly allocated to TAU v. TAU plus up to 12 sessions of individual rumination-focused CBT. The trial has been registered (ISRCTN22782150).



Adding rumination-focused CBT to TAU significantly improved residual symptoms and remission rates. Treatment effects were mediated by change in rumination.



This is the first randomised controlled trial providing evidence of benefits of rumination-focused CBT in persistent depression. Although suggesting the internal validity of rumination-focused CBT for residual depression, the trial lacked an attentional control group so cannot test whether the effects were as a result of the specific content of rumination-focused CBT v. non-specific therapy effects.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
System Architecture and Signal Processing for Frequency-Modulated Continuous-Wave Radar Using Active Backscatter Tags

In this paper, we study a frequency-modulated continuous-wave based radio-frequency identification system, which is composed of a reader with single transmitter and multiple receiving antennas as well as multiple active backscatter tags. In particular, our contribution is twofold in this paper. First, we construct a general architecture for achieving the functionality of wireless positioning based on the principle of the switched injection-locked oscillator (SILO). Unlike the previous SILO-based schemes, some limitations on the pulsed waveform generated by the tags are overcome. In addition, only one reader set up with multiple receiving antennas is used to precisely localize tags based on the delay and direction-of-arrival estimates. Second, the developed algorithms make use of a shift invariant property among the baseband signal snapshots of intra- and/or intermodulation intervals, i.e., snapshots in one modulation period and/or sets of snapshots in multiple modulation periods. A new joint singular value decomposition based ESPRIT algorithm is developed for determining the number of multiple active tags and their positions by implementing the matrix reconstruction and stacking techniques. The proposed method has its basic foundation on the processing of received data with global fusion scheme. In this way, this method can improve the performance of parameter estimates in terms of accuracy and resolution without suffering from the pair matching problem. System simulations and experimental validations are carried out to verify the proposed system architecture associated with the signal processing technique.

Field of study: Engineering
Tyrosine phosphorylation of Disabled-1 is essential for Reelin-stimulated activation of Akt and Src family kinases.

Reelin is a large secreted signaling protein that is essential for proper positioning of migratory neurons during mammalian brain development. The Reelin signal is transduced into the cell by the lipoprotein receptors VLDLR and ApoER2, leading to tyrosine phosphorylation of the associated intracellular adaptor protein Disabled-1 (Dab1). Tyrosine phosphorylation of Dab1 is essential for responding to Reelin, as knock-in mice expressing a form of Dab1 that cannot be phosphorylated on tyrosine are indistinguishable from mice lacking Reelin, Reelin-receptors or Dab1. Molecular events dependent on Dab1 tyrosine phosphorylation are unknown. However, Reelin has recently been shown to activate the phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI 3-K)-dependent kinase, Akt, as well as Src family kinases in wild type but not Dab1-/- primary embryonic neuronal cultures. Using pharmacological inhibitors and mice harboring mutant alleles of Dab1, we show here that tyrosine phosphorylation, but not the carboxyl-terminal region, of Dab1 is required for Reelin-induced activation of Akt and Src family kinases. Additionally, although Fyn is an important regulator of Dab1, Fyn deficiency does not prevent acute Reelin-induced Akt activation. Finally, whereas a number of growth factors propagate signals simultaneously through PI 3-K and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades, we find Reelin does not engage the canonical MAPK cascade. These results define the first molecular events strictly dependent on Reelin-induced Dab1 tyrosine phosphorylation, and suggest that propagation of the Reelin signal is mediated by Akt, substrates of Src family kinases and/or unidentified molecules that share with these a common molecular link to phosphorylated Dab1.

Field of study: Biology
Study of GaN nanowires converted from β-Ga2O3 and photoconduction in a single nanowire

The formation of GaN nanowires from β-Ga2O3 nanowires and photoconduction in a fabricated single GaN nanowire device has been studied. Wurtzite phase GaN were formed from monoclinic β-Ga2O3 nanowires with or without catalyst particles at their tips. The formation of faceted nanostructures from catalyst droplets presented on a nanowire tip has been discussed. The nucleation of GaN phases in β-Ga2O3 nanowires and their subsequent growth due to interfacial strain energy has been examined using a high resolution transmission electron microscope. The high quality of the converted GaN nanowire is confirmed by fabricating single nanowire photoconducting devices which showed ultra high responsivity under ultra-violet illumination.

Field of study: Materials science
‘Tis Very Embarrassing, Say What You Like, To be a Good Vicar in a Valley on Strike’: The Church of England and its Relationship with the Durham Miners at the time of the 1926 Lockout

The Durham coalfield of the early twentieth century has often been regarded as a stronghold of Methodism. This is not without justification, but has meant that the role of the Church of England in the region has frequently been dismissed. This article reassesses that role, and questions the prevailing assumptions regarding the Church of England?s inability to engage with the culture of organised Labour. It argues that despite its association with the employer class, the Anglican church was rarely viewed with either simple or universal hostility by the working population. Indeed, many of the clergy dealt with working-class militancy sympathetically, despite the fact that this frequently put them at odds with their own church hierarchy. The long seven-month lockout of 1926 was to be a time when conflicting symbols and ideologies battled for dominance and men and women had to prioritise their values and act upon them. The success of the parish priests in presenting their churches as (at the very least) apolitical bodies, allowed strikers to avoid any potential conflict between their religious and their political beliefs, and meant that the church was able to maintain its standing in the region

Field of study: History
What Lies Ahead

Members of the American Statistical Association arid guests, it is indeed a pleasure to officially welcome you to the 136th annual meeting of the Association. I want to extend special congratulations to those who were honored by being elected as fellows of our Association; I want to extend a special welcome to those who have travelled long distances and from foreign countries to attend these meetings and those of the Biometric Society; finally I want to extend a special thanks to the many people who have worked hard to make these meetings successful. I especially want to thank the people on the various organizing committees and the local arrangements committees. This year the United States of America is celebrating its Bicentennial, the 200th anniversary of the signing of the Declaration of Independence. During the course of this year many of the people in this nation have been involved in a search for a sense of history, purpose, and destiny for themselves and their institutions. It is also a worthwhile endeavor for a professional society to examine its past, its present, and its goals and objectives for the future. I can well imagine the surprise and amazement of the founding fathers of this nation if they were to look in upon their product today some 200 years later. I also think the five men who met in this city in November, 1839, to organize a statistical society would be very surprised at the present state of their offspring. I wonder if they would be pleased or disappointed. John Fiske closes his account of the American Federal Convention with a story of merit [2, p. 5].

Field of study: Mathematics
The Middle East's Democracy Deficit in Comparative Perspective

The Middle East's democracy deficit is a product of the patterns of political and economic development in the region. It is not because the region is predominantly Islamic or is somehow afflicted by purportedly undemocratic cultures. By itself, culture is not an impediment to transition to democracy as it is subject to influences from the larger polity, especially insofar as the economy and the initiatives of the state are concerned. Instead, transition to democracy is determined by the degree of society's autonomy from the state. This autonomy may result from the empowerment of society as a consequence of economic development, or the state elite's devolution of power to social actors and classes, or, more commonly, a combination of both. Assumptions about the inherently undemocratic nature of cultures such as Islamic and Confucian ones are fundamentally invalid. The key to understanding democratic transitions lies instead in the nature of state-society relations rather than the nature of society's norms and values in themselves.

Field of study: Political science
AN EXPERIMENT ON THE EFFECTS OF MULTIPLE LIBRARY SOURCES AS COMPARED TO THE USE OF A BASIC TEXTBOOK IN JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL SCIENCE

THE STUDY reported in this article presents some evidence in regard to the textbook problem in junior high school science instruction. A compari son was made of the effects of instruction on achieve ment and learning activities of students in eighth and ninth grade science classes with and without the use of a basic textbook. School library facilities were available to all students; thus , the contribution or the influence of the textbook was sought. John Amos Comenius (1592-1670) was a firm be liever in the value of the textbook?, ''Comenius wanted each pupil to have his own copy of the text, and all pupils to have the same text covering the the entire subject matter of the course. " (11) Jean Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778) also had firm but differing views regarding the text as an agency of instruction. He had a hatred for books, because, as he said, ".. .they merely teach us to talk of what we do not know," and because they "... come between the child and the things of nature." (12)

Field of study: Education
Transient temperature variation in a thermally orthotropic cylindrical shell

The two methods just outlined were utilized to obtain the correlation between predictions and data presented in Fig 3 Initially, Eqs (1) and (4) were used to predict Nusselt numbers for each of the instrumented sections Howevei, the results were nearly the same; thus an average value is presented Early time (high Reynolds number) data are subject to inaccuracies because of the small difference between the recovery and wall temperatures At a flight time of 100 sec when the local Reynolds number is approximately 10, boundary-layer transition appears to commence Therefore, subsequent data cannot be compared with the turbulent predictions

Field of study: Physics
Effects on sweet potato nutrient of different cooking methods

This paper studies the steamed, boiled, fried, microwave and other four kinds of different cooking methods on sensory quality of sweet potato and starch, reducing sugar, Vc, protein, anthocyanins and other nutrients influence. The results showed that: compared with raw sweet potato, various cooking methods have led to the loss of nutrients, especially fried highest loss ratio; cooking method in sweet potato part of nutrients into the broth, while steaming method and microwave can effectively maintain the nutritional quality of sweet potato. Only from the nutrients to maintain, microwave cooking method is best.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
The Asiatic Mode of Production, Indian Land Law, and the Naxalite Movement

Marx’s views on pre-capitalist non-western societies evolved during his intellectual development and are generally grouped under the (problematic) term “Asiatic Mode of Production.” This article examines the connections between the Asiatic Mode of Production from Marxist economics, post-independence Indian land laws, the violation of those laws after independence and in the period of liberalization, and the continuing popularity of the Naxalite/Maoist insurgency. The contemporary round of globalization seeks to finish what colonization started by forcibly removing Adavasi and Scheduled Tribes in a process similar to primitive accumulation. Understanding this dynamic explains the Naxalites’ continuing appeal in contemporary India.

Field of study: Political science
A stochastic dominance approach to the measurement of discrimination

This note suggests a bridge between stochastic dominance (Rothschild and Stiglitz, 1970  1973 ), inequality measurement (Atkinson, 1970 ) and discrimination measurement (Gastwirth, ). Discrimination orderings are defined and illustrated through discrimination curves, in the same spirit as stochastic dominance analysis. The main result, which links the second order discrimination curve and the Gastwirth discrimination index, also generalizes the equivalence between Generalized Lorenz dominance and second order stochastic dominance.

Field of study: Economics
Shift-orthogonal wavelet bases

Shift-orthogonal wavelets are a new type of multiresolution wavelet bases that are orthogonal with respect to translation (or shifts) within one level but not with respect to dilations across scales. We characterize these wavelets and investigate their main properties by considering two general construction methods. In the first approach, we start by specifying the analysis and synthesis function spaces and obtain the corresponding shift-orthogonal basis functions by suitable orthogonalization. In the second approach, we take the complementary view and start from the digital filterbank. We present several illustrative examples, including a hybrid version of the Battle-Lemarie (1987, 1988) spline wavelets. We also provide filterbank formulas for the fast wavelet algorithm. A shift-orthogonal wavelet transform is closely related to an orthogonal transform that uses the same primary scaling function; both transforms have essentially the same approximation properties. One experimentally confirmed benefit of relaxing the interscale orthogonality requirement is that we can design wavelets that decay faster than their orthogonal counterpart.

Field of study: Engineering
Provenance and Pseudo-Provenance for Seeded Learning-Based Automated Test Generation

Many methods for automated software test generation, including some that explicitly use machine learning (and some that use ML more broadly conceived) derive new tests from existing tests (often referred to as seeds). Often, the seed tests from which new tests are derived are manually constructed, or at least simpler than the tests that are produced as the final outputs of such test generators. We propose annotation of generated tests with a provenance (trail) showing how individual generated tests of interest (especially failing tests) derive from seed tests, and how the population of generated tests relates to the original seed tests. In some cases, post-processing of generated tests can invalidate provenance information, in which case we also propose a method for attempting to construct "pseudo-provenance" describing how the tests could have been (partly) generated from seeds.

Field of study: Computer science
Min-norm interpretations and consistency of MUSIC, MODE and ML

The multiple signal characterization (MUSIC) approach, its generalization to correlated signals known as the method of direction estimation (MODE), and the deterministic maximum likelihood (ML) approach for bearing estimation in array processing are shown to be signal subspace fitting approaches in a minimum norm sense. MODE, for example, is shown to be an approach in which the array manifold is linearly estimated from principal empirical eigenvectors in a minimum weighted Frobenius norm sense. Using the min-norm interpretations, a unified proof for strong consistency of the three approaches is provided for stationary and ergodic signals.

Field of study: Engineering
Development of plasma physics in the last 10 years

This article will review rapidly the development of plasma physics from the beginning. There is not very much to say about the time before 1900. There was essentially no theory of electricity. To be sure, there was a one‐fluid theory propounded by Franklin and a two‐fluid theory propounded by du Fay, but neither of these “theories” could predict anything quantitative. Therefore, they do not qualify fully as theories. They were merely pictures, and it did not matter which theory was held. The same conclusions were reached either way.

Field of study: Physics
Pharmacy Students’ Attitudes Toward Debt

To examine pharmacy students’ attitudes toward debt.  Two hundred thirteen pharmacy students at the University of Minnesota were surveyed using items designed to assess attitudes toward debt. Factor analysis was performed to identify common themes. Subgroup analysis was performed to examine whether students’ debt-tolerant attitudes varied according to their demographic characteristics, past loan experience, monthly income, and workload.  Principal component extraction with varimax rotation identified 3 factor themes accounting for 49.0% of the total variance: tolerant attitudes toward debt (23.5%); contemplation and knowledge about loans (14.3%); and fear of debt (11.2%). Tolerant attitudes toward debt were higher if students were white or if they had had past loan experience.  These 3 themes in students’ attitudes toward debt were consistent with those identified in previous research. Pharmacy schools should consider providing a structured financial education to improve student management of debt.

Field of study: Education, Medicine
A global fingerprint of macro-scale changes in urban structure from 1999 to 2009

Urban population now exceeds rural population globally, and 60–80% of global energy consumption by households, businesses, transportation, and industry occurs in urban areas. There is growing evidence that built-up infrastructure contributes to carbon emissions inertia, and that investments in infrastructure today have delayed climate cost in the future. Although the United Nations statistics include data on urban population by country and select urban agglomerations, there are no empirical data on built-up infrastructure for a large sample of cities. Here we present the first study to examine changes in the structure of the world's largest cities from 1999 to 2009. Combining data from two space-borne sensors—backscatter power (PR) from NASA's SeaWinds microwave scatterometer, and nighttime lights (NL) from NOAA's defense meteorological satellite program/operational linescan system (DMSP/OLS)—we report large increases in built-up infrastructure stock worldwide and show that cities are expanding both outward and upward. Our results reveal previously undocumented recent and rapid changes in urban areas worldwide that reflect pronounced shifts in the form and structure of cities. Increases in built-up infrastructure are highest in East Asian cities, with Chinese cities rapidly expanding their material infrastructure stock in both height and extent. In contrast, Indian cities are primarily building out and not increasing in verticality. This new dataset will help characterize the structure and form of cities, and ultimately improve our understanding of how cities affect regional-to-global energy use and greenhouse gas emissions.

Field of study: Environmental science