nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Low-dose low-frequency imiglucerase as a starting regimen of enzyme replacement therapy for patients with type I Gaucher disease.

The issue of the interplay of optimal dosage and frequency regimens for enzyme replacement therapy in type I Gaucher disease has been a source of controversy during the 7 years since the introduction of the placenta-derived enzymatic preparation in 1991. We present the results of treatment with the human recombinant form of the enzyme in 28 type I Gaucher patients, who have been treated for 6 to 24 months. As long as cost is an important factor in the management of patients with Gaucher disease, low-dose low-frequency imiglucerase promises satisfactory clinical improvement without compromising quality of life.

Field of study: Medicine
Extrapolation of theS(E) factor in7Be(p, γ0)8B: the7Li(p, γ0)8Be case

The observed M1 capture amplitude in7Li(p,γo)8Be At Ep=80−0 keV originates predominantly from the low-energy tail of a resonance at 441 keV, thue removing a recent criticism on the extrapolation of S(E) data such as for7Be(p,

Field of study: Physics
Superconducting proximity effect in semiconductor thin films with spin-splitting and spin-orbit interaction

Superconducting heterostructures with spin-active materials have emerged as promising platforms for engineering topological superconductors featuring Majorana bound states at surfaces, edges and vortices. Here we present a method for evaluating, from a microscopic model, the band structure of a semiconductor film of finite thickness deposited on top of a conventional superconductor. Analytical expressions for the proximity induced gap openings are presented in terms of microscopic parameters and the proximity effect in presence of spin-orbit and exchange splitting is visualized in terms of Andreev reflection processes. An expression for the topological invariant, associated with the existence of Majorana bound states, is shown to depend only on parameters of the semiconductor film. The finite thickness of the film leads to resonant states in the film giving rise to a complex band structure with the topological phase alternating between trivial and non-trivial as the parameters of the film are tuned.

Field of study: Physics
Quantum effects of pseudoparticle size

It is shown that the calculation of quantum effects associated with the classical four-dimensional pseudoparticle can be carried to completion in the one-loop, lowest-order-in-source approximation, with size effects calculated exactly. The result is finite, and leaves symmetry-breaking results intact. For the case of two flavors the theory reduces to a particularly simple form which suggests that the pseudoparticle acts as a source of zero-mass bosons which, in turn, are made of fermion pairs.

Field of study: Physics
Single-locus gametophytic incompatibility: the symmetric equilibrium is globally asymptotically stable

The deterministic dynamics of the classical single-locus multiple-allele model of gametophytic incompatibility is analyzed with the intention to prove the conjecture that the symmetric state (uniform distribution of genotypes) is the only polymorphic equilibrium and that this equilibrium is globally asymptotically stable in the interior of the frequency simplex. It is shown that the minimum allelic frequency increases strictly over the generations as long as a uniform allelic distribution is not realized. Hence, the minimum allelic frequency is a Ljapunov function for the invariant set of genotypic frequencies characterized by a uniform allelic distribution. Within this set, the uniform genotypic distribution is approached in an exponential fashion, which proves the assertion. An evolutionary optimization rule associated with the global convergence to the symmetric state is implied by the fact that at this state the overall amount of pollen elimination resulting from incompatible crosses is minimized.

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics
How Policy Fields Are Born: The Rise of Democratic Security in Argentina

This essay maps the transformation of security from a symbol of authoritarian government under the Cold War paradigm of National Security into a public good and a policy field acknowledged as legitimate and democratic by politicians and policy experts. Using present-day Argentina as an example, we show how security ideas gain dominance across the political spectrum, displacing and subordinating democratic politics conceived in terms of rights. As institutions increasingly accept security measures and pre-emptive risk management, a securitising discourse – despite its claims to advocate for the ‘citizen’ – trumps governance and the rule of law. Appealing to citizens’ concerns and rights, the new forms of securitisation may yet undermine democratic life.  Este ensayo traza la transformación de la seguridad desde símbolo de gobiernos autoritarios bajo el paradigma de la Seguridad Nacional durante la Guerra Fría en un bien público legítimo y en campo de políticas con credenciales democráticas. Utilizando como ejemplo a la Argentina de hoy, mostramos cómo las ideas de seguridad ganan terreno en espectro político, desplazando y subordinando a las políticas democráticas concebidas en términos de derechos. A medida que las instituciones incorporan medidas de seguridad y el manejo preventivo de riesgos, a pesar de sus promesas de ‘ciudadanía’, un discurso de securitización se impone sobre el gobierno y el estado de derecho. Apelando a los temores y derechos ciudadanos, las nuevas formas de securitización continúan minando la vida democrática.  Este ensaio mapeia a transformação da segurança de símbolo de um governo autoritário sob o paradigma de Segurança Nacional da Guerra Fria a um bem público legítimo e um domínio de política pública que reivindica credenciais democráticas. Usando a Argentina de hoje como exemplo, demonstramos como ideias de segurança ganham domínio ao longo do espectro político, deslocando e subordinando políticas democráticas idealizadas em termos de direitos. À medida que instituições cada vez mais acomodam medidas de segurança e gerenciamento preventivo de risco, apesar de suas promessas de ‘cidadania’, um discurso de securitização avança sobre a governança e o Estado de direito. Apelando aos interesses e aos direitos dos cidadãos, as novas formas de securitização podem novamente debilitar a vida democrática.

Field of study: Political science
Sample Size Re-Estimation Based on Two-Stage Analysis of Variance: Interim Analysis of Clinical Trials

Planning and conducting interim analysis are important steps for long-term clinical trials. In this article, the concept of conditional power is combined with the classic analysis of variance (ANOVA) for a study of two-stage sample size re-estimation based on interim analysis. The overall Type I and Type II errors would be inflated by interim analysis. We compared the effects on re-estimating sample sizes with and without the adjustment of Type I and Type II error rates due to interim analysis.

Field of study: Mathematics
Is ‘Greening’ the Key to Sustain in Global Market for Bangladeshi Readymade Garments Industry?

RMG (Readymade Garments) industry is life-blood for the economy of Bangladesh since she contributes around 82% in the export revenue and 14% in GDP. In the backdrop of ‘Savar Building Collapse’ in 2013, the second most horrifying industrial disaster of all time, the country image of Bangladesh has suffered. As a consequence of which GSP facility was withdrawn. The industry now faces a new set of challenges to sustain in the global market. Vietnam exceeded Bangladesh in apparel export to US, just last year in 2015. Another threat has been developed when Vietnam signed TPP ( in February, 2016 which would leverage Vietnamese export to US market. There is pressure from US to make RMG in Bangladesh safe and sustainable. Safety pushes the cost equation up but lack of which pulls the image of the country down.  Bangladesh RMG enjoys the greatest cost advantage of all the nations due to the lowest wage paid to the workers. With a standing of $25 billion export revenue in RMG, now Bangladesh projects to reach $50 billion in 2021. This paper would look critically into the role of greening in sustainability of the industry, in particular, reaching the 2021 target. The authors would approach critical analysis through exploratory study of academic literature and newspapers.

Field of study: Business
A microscopic quantal self-consistent cranking model for oscillations in spherical nuclei

In this article, we transform the previously-derived microscopic rotational-model Schrodinger equation into a form suitable for describing oscillations-coupled-to-intrinsic motion in spherical nuclei. The resulting equation is decomposed into two coupled cranking-type equations, one for the oscillation and another for the intrinsic motion, using a product wavefunction and a constrained variational method. The energy and cranking parameters in the coupled equations are self-consistently determined as functions of the system parameters by the solutions of the equations themselves. This self-consistency makes the two equations time-reversal invariant, unlike the conventional phenomenological cranking models. The self-consistency and time-reversal invariance accept only real solutions to the equations. For the harmonic oscillator mean-field potential, we explicitly determine these solutions and the corresponding eigenvalues, and derive the set of equations that determine self-consistently the parameters. To explore the relative importance of the various model features and approximations, we perform a preliminary scoping calculation of the excitation energy of the first excited states in the light nuclei using a sum rule to determine the oscillation frequency. The preliminary results indicate that, except in the lightest nuclei, the excitation energies are significantly overpredicted in the light nuclei due to the neglect, among other factors, of the deformation degree of freedom. The model derivation presented here serves as guide for eventually developing a corresponding model for the vibrational-rotational motion in deformed nuclei.

Field of study: Physics
European American Therapist Self-Disclosure in Cross-Cultural Counseling

Eleven European American psychotherapists' use of self-disclosure in cross-cultural counseling was studied using consensual qualitative research. As reasons for self-disclosing, therapists reported the intent to enhance the counseling relationship, acknowledge the role of racism/oppression in clients' lives, and acknowledge their own racist/oppressive attitudes. Results indicated that therapists typically shared their reactions to clients' experiences of racism or oppression and that these self-disclosures typically had positive effects in therapy, often improving the counseling relationship by helping clients feel understood and enabling clients to advance to other important issues.

Field of study: Psychology
Global crop yield response to extreme heat stress under multiple climate change futures

Extreme heat stress during the crop reproductive period can be critical for crop productivity. Projected changes in the frequency and severity of extreme climatic events are expected to negatively impact crop yields and global food production. This study applies the global crop model PEGASUS to quantify, for the first time at the global scale, impacts of extreme heat stress on maize, spring wheat and soybean yields resulting from 72 climate change scenarios for the 21st century. Our results project maize to face progressively worse impacts under a range of RCPs but spring wheat and soybean to improve globally through to the 2080s due to CO2 fertilization effects, even though parts of the tropic and sub-tropic regions could face substantial yield declines. We find extreme heat stress at anthesis (HSA) by the 2080s (relative to the 1980s) under RCP 8.5, taking into account CO2 fertilization effects, could double global losses of maize yield (ΔY = −12.8 ± 6.7% versus − 7.0 ± 5.3% without HSA), reduce projected gains in spring wheat yield by half (ΔY = 34.3 ± 13.5% versus 72.0 ± 10.9% without HSA) and in soybean yield by a quarter (ΔY = 15.3 ± 26.5% versus 20.4 ± 22.1% without HSA). The range reflects uncertainty due to differences between climate model scenarios; soybean exhibits both positive and negative impacts, maize is generally negative and spring wheat generally positive. Furthermore, when assuming CO2 fertilization effects to be negligible, we observe drastic climate mitigation policy as in RCP 2.6 could avoid more than 80% of the global average yield losses otherwise expected by the 2080s under RCP 8.5. We show large disparities in climate impacts across regions and find extreme heat stress adversely affects major producing regions and lower income countries.

Field of study: Environmental science
Early and Late Apoptosis Events in Human Transformed and Non-Transformed Colonocytes are Independent on Intracellular Acidification

Intracellular acidification is discussed to play a pivotal role in the process of programmed cell death by providing an intracellular environment optimal for the activation of caspases and the execution of apoptosis. Using three human colon epithelial cell lines we tested whether effects on early and late apoptosis markers can be related to changes in intracellular pH (pHi). Caspase-3-like activity and plasma membrane disintegration served as measures of early apoptosis whereas nuclear fragmentation served as indicator of late apoptosis events. The pHi was measured using the pH-sensitive dye 2´, 7´-bis (2-carboxyethyl-5-(6)-carboxyfluorescein. Six flavonoids differing in apoptosis inducing activity were employed as tools. In HT-29 cells, quercetin and flavone proved to potently increase apoptosis without altering pHi. In Caco-2 cells, quercetin and flavone increased early and late apoptosis parameters associated with a concomitant decline in pHi. However, addition of imidazole prevented the acidification without altering the apoptotic response to the flavonoids. In NCOL-1 cells, only quercetin was able to induce apoptosis and changes observed correlate with the observed initial intracellular acidification rate. Here too, imidazole prevented the pHi decline but failed to affect apoptosis execution. In conclusion, apoptosis in human colonocytes is not affected by alterations in pHi.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Methacrylate Polymer Monoliths for Separation Applications

This review summarizes the development of methacrylate-based polymer monoliths for separation science applications. An introduction to monoliths is presented, followed by the preparation methods and characteristics specific to methacrylate monoliths. Both traditional chemical based syntheses and emerging additive manufacturing methods are presented along with an analysis of the different types of functional groups, which have been utilized with methacrylate monoliths. The role of methacrylate based porous materials in separation science in industrially important chemical and biological separations are discussed, with particular attention given to the most recent developments and challenges associated with these materials. While these monoliths have been shown to be useful for a wide variety of applications, there is still scope for exerting better control over the porous architectures and chemistries obtained from the different fabrication routes. Conclusions regarding this previous work are drawn and an outlook towards future challenges and potential developments in this vibrant research area are presented. Discussed in particular are the potential of additive manufacturing for the preparation of monolithic structures with pre-defined multi-scale porous morphologies and for the optimization of surface reactive chemistries.

Field of study: Materials science
Quaternary oceans and climate change: lessons for the future?

There is much interest in ice-age studies in recent decades, in the context of global warming. The relevant findings are these: large regular changes in climate occurred within the last million years, especially in the northern North Atlantic. Extreme conditions were similar, suggesting strong negative feedback at the edges of the range of variation. The nature of the periods of climate variation suggests orbital forcing by modulation of internal oscillations involving lagged negative feedback on ice buildup. Transitions from cold to warm were rapid and they were not readily reversed, indicating that ice dynamics underlies abrupt climate change. Accelerated rates of ice decay upon warming correspond to a sea-level rise of one to two m/century. Millennial-scale abrupt disturbances known as “Dansgaard-Oeschger” and “Heinrich” Events occur when large ice masses are present in the northern hemisphere. They may be considered experiments on the ocean’s response to massive meltwater input. When using results from ice-age studies to project future developments, one must be aware that the future will be largely outside of experience with regard to the recent geologic past. Also, there are as yet no generally accepted explanations for striking changes in the past, such as the rapid rise of carbon dioxide during deglaciation, demonstrating a profound lack of understanding of climate dynamics. This is, so far, the lesson from ice-age studies: they say much about the deficiencies in our level of understanding, and not so much about what is ahead.

Field of study: Environmental science
Mechanical properties characterization of a modified HP-type heat-resistant alloy

The present research has designed a new HP-type heat-resistant alloy modified by adding niobium, cobalt and tungsten, reducing carbon, manganese, silicon and iron, and increasingmolybdenum, and investigated the mechanical properties by means of metallurgical microscopy, Brinell hardness test, scanning electron microscopy, tensile test, impact test and creep-rupture strength test. The results show that the modified alloy has a fine microstructure consisting of an austenitic matrix with finely dispersed carbides, and an optimized combination of tensile strength (705 MPa), ductility, impact energy (53 J), and hardness (205 HRB) at roomtemperature and creep-rupture strength at elevated temperatures, attributed to the exceptionally fine scale of the austenitic microstructure and the associated tinny carbides.

Field of study: Materials science
The blow-up profile for a nonlocal nonlinear parabolic equation with a nonlocal boundary condition

This paper deals with the blow-up properties of positive solutions to a nonlinear parabolic equation with a nonlocal reaction source and a nonlocal boundary condition. Under certain conditions, the blow-up criteria is established. Furthermore, under two additional conditions, the global blow-up behavior is shown, and when f(u) = u, 0 < p ≤ 1, the blow-up rate estimates are also obtained.

Field of study: Mathematics
Radiative capture cross sections: challenges and solutions

Radiative capture reactions are one of the main inputs in stellar modelling. In numerous situations, the low energies at which these reactions occur in stars are not accessible with present experimental techniques. Electron screening is one of the major causes of problems in separating the bare cross sections from the screened ones. Indirect experimental techniques have been proposed and are now one of the main tools to obtain these cross sections. I discuss the electron screening problem and the latest progresses obtained with indirect methods.

Field of study: Physics
A General Theory of Pathwise Coordinate Optimization

The pathwise coordinate optimization is one of the most important computational frameworks for solving high dimensional convex and nonconvex sparse learning problems. It differs from the classical coordinate optimization algorithms in three salient features: warm start initialization, active set updating, and strong rule for coordinate preselection. These three features grant superior empirical performance, but also pose significant challenge to theoretical analysis. To tackle this long lasting problem, we develop a new theory showing that these three features play pivotal roles in guaranteeing the outstanding statistical and computational performance of the pathwise coordinate optimization framework. In particular, we analyze the existing methods for pathwise coordinate optimization and provide new theoretical insights into them. The obtained theory motivates the development of several modifications to improve the pathwise coordinate optimization framework, which guarantees linear convergence to a unique sparse local optimum with optimal statistical properties (e.g. minimax optimality and oracle properties). This is the first result establishing the computational and statistical guarantees of the pathwise coordinate optimization framework in high dimensions. Thorough numerical experiments are provided to back up our theory.

Field of study: Computer science
Kinetics and isotherm analysis of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyl acetic acid adsorption onto soil components under oxic and anoxic conditions

2,4-dichlorophenoxyl acetic acid (2,4-D, pKa = 2.8) is used extensively as a herbicide in agricultural practices. Its sorption behavior on both untreated and soils treated to significantly remove specific components (organic and iron and manganese [Fe-Mn] oxides and hydroxides phases) was investigated under oxic and anoxic conditions. The chemical and structural heterogeneity of the soil components were characterized by elemental analysis and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The coexistence of the various components seems to either mask sorption sites on the untreated soil surfaces or inhibit interlayer diffusion of 2,4-D. All sorption data conform to the Freundlich description and a pseudo-second-order kinetic model. There was a strong positive correlation between sorption capacity Kd, and surface area (r2 ≤ 0.704), but a negative correlation was uncovered with both pH and organic carbon (r2 ≤ −0.860). The results indicate that 2,4-D is preferably sorbed under oxic rather than anoxic conditions and it is greater on soils containing a high Fe content. There was incomplete 2,4-D sorption reversibility, with desorption occurring more rapidly under anoxic conditions. The study suggests that stimulation of Fe III reduction could be used for the bioremediation of a 2,4-D-contaminated site.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Chance … the Creator of Life?

For many biologists, the appearance oflife and its development on Earth result from an intrinsic property of matter its natural tendency towards selfassociation. Combinations of atoms form molecules, which associate in aggregates. In this way, as a result of chance encounters over the immeasurable period of time which has passed since the formation of the Earth, a fortuitous arrangement of molecules at one point on the Earth is supposed to have been sufficient to set life into motion. Life would then have developed according to a mechanism proposed by Darwin, the essentials of which can be summarized as follows:

Field of study: Medicine, Philosophy