nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Deconstructing the Logos: Don DeLillo's End Zone

The deconstructive ideas and operations of Jacques Derrida have found an amenable target in American experimental fiction of the last decade. Three recent books on postmodern fictionÂ—Allen Thiher's Words in Reflection, Charles Caramello's Silverless Mirrors, and Jerome Klinkowitz's The Self-Apparent WordÂ—provide Derrida-influenced readings of Barth, Barthelme, Coover, Gass, Pynchon, and those novelists, most of whom are associated with the Fiction Collective, that Klinkowitz introduced in his Literary  Ron Sukenick, Raymond Federman, Walter Abish, Gilbert Sorrentino, and Steve Katz. Although the names of some new writersÂ—Kenneth Gangemi, Frederick Tuten, Stephen Dixon, Guy DavenportÂ—do surface in these three books, for the most part criticism repeats, covers the same texts with the same approach, a procedure at odds with Derrida's own methods. What I offer here is a Derridean

Field of study: Art
Total urogenital mobilization by CAH: a step-by-step illustration of the technique.

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) resulting from deficient 21-hydroxylase activity is an autosomal recessive disorder with an incidence of 1:5000-25,000 in Caucasian populations. Despite various techniques to treat CAH, total urogenital mobilization (TUM) has gained popularity. This technique has low morbidity, and can be performed by the perineal route with the patient in the dorsal lithotomy position without the need to separate the urethra from the vagina. We aim to demonstrate in this video the TUM technique step by step.



A 9-month-old child, born with ambiguous genitalia (Prader 3) with a 46XX karyotype and CAH diagnosis presented to our facility. Endoscopy showed a 2-cm common channel.



The patient was treated as described in the video and she had an uneventful clinical outcome with complete healing. TUM is an excellent alternative for treating CAH.

Field of study: Medicine
Bacterial strategies along nutrient and time gradients, revealed by metagenomic analysis of laboratory microcosms

There is considerable interest in the functional basis of ecological strategies amongst bacteria. We used laboratory microcosms based on culturing of elutant from soil to study the effects of varying initial nutrient concentration, and time succession, on the community metagenome. We found a distinct set of nutrient‐related or time‐related changes in the functional metagenome. For example, a high nutrient (copiotrophic) strategy was associated with greater abundance of genes related to cell division and cell cycle, while a low nutrient (oligotrophic) strategy had greater abundance of genes related to carbohydrate metabolism and virulence, disease and defense. We also found time‐related changes in the functional metagenome, revealing a distinct ‘r'‐related strategy with greater abundance of genes related to regulation and cell signaling, and a ‘K' strategy rich in motility and chemotaxis‐related genes. These different gene‐based strategies may help to explain how so many bacterial OTUs coexist in nature, and the functional principles dominating natural communities. In terms of diversity, both the OTU richness and the richness of species assignment of functional genes showed linear correlations with functional gene richness, supporting the hypothesis that greater taxonomic diversity is associated with greater functional diversity, with possible implications for ecosystem stability.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Shapiro step responses in the flux-flow state of bi-2212 intrinsic Josephson junctions with cooperation of pancake vortices

Flux-flow properties of one-dimensionally long Bi-2212 intrinsic Josephson junction stacks are studied. Quasioptically irradiated millimeter waves drives Josephson vortices and reveals current steps in equal voltage intervals corresponding to the Josephson relation. Differential conductance properties and the power dependence of the current step height are also measured. The experimental results indicate that the responses are consistent with the Shapiro step. Periodic potentials produced by pancake vortices are considered to be effective to realize the in-phase collective motion of the Josephson vortices.

Field of study: Physics
LASER SPECTRA, TUNING, AND STABILITY: Stabilized CO2 /OsO4 laser with a frequency reproducibility of 10-12

A CO2/OsO4 laser stabilized by saturated absorption was constructed. Its long-term instability was 5×10−13 in several hours and the error in the frequency reproducibility was 10−12 from shot to shot. This reproducibility was achieved by developing a method for the control of the frequency shift caused by amplitude modulation and gas lens effects. The method was based on an analysis of the profile of the derivative of a reference line. The fundamental collisional shift of the working transition in OsO4 was found experimentally: at pressures in the range ~ 1 mTorr the shift did not exceed ±10−12 when the pressure was altered by a factor of 2. An important factor which limited the frequency reproducibility of a laser with an external nonlinearly absorbing cell could be the misalignment of the opposite beams in the cell.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Synthesis of derivatives of a novel heterocyclic system 7-thia-1,4,6,8-tetraazabenzo[de]anthracene

Derivatives of a novel heterocyclic system, 8,9,10,11-tetrahydro-7-thia-1,4,6,8-tetraazabenzo[de]anthracene, were obtained by interaction of 5Н-pyrido[2′,3′:2,3]thiopyrano[4,5-b]pyridines, formed by treating N-methylmorpholinium 4-aryl-3-cyano-6-oxo-1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyridine-2-thiolates with malononitrile dimer, Ас2О or carboxylic acid chlorides.

Field of study: Chemistry
Different roads, same destination: launching regional training centres.

The four Regional Training Centres (RTCs) founded by the Canadian Health Services Research Foundation and the Canadian Institutes of Health Research have used their regional context and resources to develop an innovative approach to reach their common goal of increasing capacity in applied health and nursing services research in Canada. As this overview explains, experiential learning features prominently in all four RTCs with the involvement of healthcare decision-makers and organizations. An interdisciplinary conceptual and methodological approach has been emphasized, resulting in both a regional and a national network of faculty, researchers, healthcare decision-makers and graduate students who are committed to the field of applied health and nursing services research. Faculty, decision-makers and students have gained a deeper understanding of how to achieve knowledge translation and exchange within the context of applied health and nursing services research to promote evidence-informed decision-making.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
RESEARCH ON OPTIMUM DESIGN AND APPLICATION OF DOUBLE-ROW PILE RETAINING STRUCTURE

A fundamental theory,simple model and stress analysis method for the double-row pile retaining structure design are introduced.The finite element software ANSYS was used to set up the model of double-row pile retaining structure.By analyzing the effects of the spacing,pile rigidity and other factors on the deformation and bending moment of the structure,some conclusions were obtained.Through effective co-action of double-row piles and soil,the double-row pile retaining structure has larger lateral stiffness.The performance of pile retaining structure is influenced by the spacing between pile lines,so the spacing should be reasonable.

Field of study: Engineering
Theory of small amplitude bimodal atomic force microscopy in ambient conditions

Small oscillation amplitudes in dynamic atomic force microscopy can lead to invasive and high resolution imaging. Here we discuss small oscillation amplitude imaging in the context of ambient conditions and simultaneously excite the second flexural mode to access contrast channels sensitive to variations in sample's properties. Two physically distinct regimes of operation are discussed, one where the tip oscillates above the hydration layer and another where the tip oscillates in perpetual contact with it. It is shown that the user can control the region to be probed via standard operational parameters. The fundamental theory controlling the sensitivity of the second mode phase shift to compositional variations is then developed. The second mode phase shift is controlled by an interplay between conservative tip-sample interactions, energy transfer between modes and irreversible loss of energy in the tip sample junction.

Field of study: Physics
Altered Resting-State Neural Oscillations and Spectral Power in Children with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder.

Consumption of alcohol during pregnancy impacts fetal development and may lead to a variety of physical, cognitive, and behavioral abnormalities in childhood collectively known as fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD). The FASD spectrum includes children with fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), partial fetal alcohol syndrome (pFAS), and alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder (ARND). Children with a FASD or prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) have impaired white matter, reduced structural volumes, impaired resting-state functional connectivity when measured with fMRI, and spectral hypersynchrony as infants. Magnetoencephalography (MEG) provides high temporal and good spatial resolution for examining spectral power and connectivity patterns unique from fMRI. The impact of PAE on MEG resting-state spectral power in children remains unknown.



We collected 2 minutes of eyes-open and eyes-closed resting-state data in 51 children (8-12 years of age) with 3 subgroups included: 10 ARND/PAE, 15 FAS/pFAS, and 26 controls (TDC). MEG data were collected on the Elekta Neuromag system. The following spectral metrics were compared between subgroups: power, normalized power, half power, 95% power, and Shannon spectral entropy (SSE). MEG spectral data were correlated with behavioral measures.



Our results indicate children with FAS/pFAS had reduced spectral power and normalized power, particularly within the alpha frequency band in sensor parietal and source superior parietal and lateral occipital regions, along with elevated half power, 95% power, and SSE. We also found select hemisphere specific effects further indicating reduced corpus callosum connectivity in children with a FASD. Interestingly, while the ARND/PAE subgroup had significant differences from the FAS/pFAS subgroup, in many cases spectral data were not significantly different from TDC.



Our results were consistent with previous studies and provide new insight into resting-state oscillatory differences both between children with FAS and TDC, and within FASD subgroups. Further understanding of these resting-state variations and their impact on cognitive function may help provide early targets for intervention and enhance outcomes for individuals with a FASD.

Field of study: Medicine
How Did Dread Pirate Roberts Acquire and Protect his Bitcoin Wealth?

The Bitcoin scheme is the most popular and talked about alternative payment scheme. One of the most active parts of the Bitcoin ecosystem was the Silk Road marketplace, in which highly illegal substances and services were traded. It was run by a person who called himself Dread Pirate Roberts (DPR), whose bitcoin holdings are estimated to be worth hundreds of millions of dollars at today’s exchange rate. On October 1-st 2013, the FBI arrested a 29 year old person named Ross William Ulbricht, claiming that he is DPR, and seizing a small fraction of his bitcoin wealth. In this paper we use the publicly available record to trace the evolution of his holdings in order to find how he acquired and how he tried to hide them from the authorities. In particular, we trace the amounts he seemingly received and the amounts he seemingly transferred out of his accounts, and show that all his Silk Road commissions from the months of May, June and September 2013, along with numerous other amounts, were not seized by the FBI. This analysis demonstrates the power of data mining techniques in analyzing large payment systems, and especially publicly available transaction graphs of the type provided by the Bitcoin scheme.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Autoshaping with common and distinctive stimulus elements, compact and dispersed arrays.

Four groups of pigeons were trained with a standard autoshaping procedure in which a brief fixed-duration interval always followed by a grain delivery alternated with a longer variable-duration interval never associated with grain delivery. One of two stimuli was always presented during each interval. One of them contained three black dots and a black star on a green background; the other contained four black dots on a green background. The four elements of each stimulus were arranged in a more compact array for two groups and in a more dispersed array for the other two groups. Which of the two stimuli preceded grain delivery was counterbalanced within each pair of groups. The speed of occurrence of the first autoshaped peck was not affected by whether the stimulus containing the distinctive star element preceded grain delivery, but autoshaping was faster when the stimulus arrays were compact than when they were dispersed. During 560 response-independent training trials that followed the first autoshaped peck, this pattern reversed; both discriminative control over responding and the relative frequency of pecking the stimulus that preceded grain delivery were greater for the two groups where this stimulus contained the discriminative element than for the two groups where it contained only common elements. During subsequent testing with stimuli containing only a single element each, the distinctive feature was responded to proportionately more often by the two groups for which it had been an element of the stimulus preceding grain delivery than by the two groups for which it had been an element of the stimulus complex that never was associated with grain delivery. These data add further support to the hypothesis that the initial occurrence of autoshaped responding and its subsequent maintenance are not affected by the same variables. They also suggest that automaintenance is as sensitive as response-dependent training to the presence or absence of a distinctive stimulus element among several common elements and that this sensitivity appears to be independent of the specific method used for presenting the stimuli during automaintenance.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
A Study of the Mode of Ideological Change of Contemporary College Students:Based on the Questionnaire and Interview of Students from Bengbu University

To conduct the ideological and political education for the contemporary university students,it is necessary to deeply study the mode of their ideological change.According to the survey,the contemporary college students are subject to the following mode of ideological change:students' mainstream belief is Marxism,and the ratio of believers present the distribution of"V"shaped with higher level of grade;their sense of political identity is strong and their political attention is closely related with their interests;they are positive and optimistic to their life and focus on the realization of their self-value;they object to dishonest behaviors and expect an honest social environment.The study of the above mode is helpful to the education of core values of socialism for contemporary university students.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Plasma glutamine and glutamate concentrations in Gabonese children with Plasmodium falciparum infection.

Low plasma glutamine levels in critical illness, neonates and burns patients are associated with poor outcome and increased risk of intercurrent infection.



To investigate the relationship between plasma glutamine/glutamate levels and severity/outcome of malaria.



Two-hospital prospective study, with both febrile and healthy controls.



We measured plasma glutamine and glutamate concentrations in 239 Gabonese patients: 145 children with malaria (86 with severe, 36 with moderate and 23 with uncomplicated disease), 42 healthy children, 44 febrile controls and eight healthy adults, and related findings to conventional markers of disease severity such as plasma lactate.



Median (IQR) plasma glutamine was lower in uncomplicated falciparum malaria and in moderate malaria than in healthy controls: 353 (287-474) and 379 (293-448) vs. 485 (428-531) micromol/l, respectively; p<0.01 for both malaria groups vs. controls. In contrast, plasma glutamine was within the normal range in those with severe malaria and in febrile control children: 431 (342-525) and 472 (338-547) micromol/l, respectively. Furthermore, plasma glutamine was significantly higher in the children who died with malaria than in survivors: 514 (374-813) (n=12) vs. 399 (316-475) micromol/l (n=133), respectively; p=0.001. There were no significant differences in plasma glutamate concentrations between any of the study groups.



In severe malaria, there was a positive correlation between plasma glutamine and lactate levels (p=0.009, r=0.281). This correlation may reflect impaired gluconeogenesis. Glutamine supplementation is probably not justified in severe P. falciparum infection.

Field of study: Medicine
Validation of SMILES HCl profiles over a wide range from the stratosphere to the lower thermosphere

Hydrogen chloride (HCl) is the most abundant (more than 95 %) among inorganic chlorine compounds Cly in the upper stratosphere.
The HCl molecule is observed to obtain long-term quantitative estimations of the total budget of the stratospheric chlorine compounds.
In this study, we provided HCl vertical profiles at altitudes of 16–100 km using the
Superconducting Submillimeter-Wave Limb-Emission Sounder (SMILES) from space.
The HCl vertical profile from the upper troposphere to the lower thermosphere is reported for the first time from SMILES observations; the data quality is quantified by comparison with other measurements and via theoretical error analysis.
We used the SMILES level-2 research product version 3.0.0.
The period of the SMILES HCl observation was from 12 October 2009 to 21 April 2010, and the latitude coverage was 40 ∘  S–65 ∘  N.
The average HCl vertical profile showed an increase with altitude up to the stratopause ( ∼  45 km), approximately constant values between the stratopause and the upper mesosphere ( ∼  80 km), and a decrease from the mesopause to the lower thermosphere ( ∼  100 km).
This behavior was observed in all latitude regions and reproduced by the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model in the specified dynamics configuration (SD-WACCM).
We compared the SMILES HCl vertical profiles in the stratosphere and lower mesosphere with HCl profiles from Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) on the Aura satellite, as well as from the Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment Fourier Transform Spectrometer (ACE-FTS) on SCISAT and the TErahertz and submillimeter LImb Sounder (TELIS) (balloon borne).
The TELIS observations were performed using the superconductive limb emission technique, as used by SMILES.
The globally averaged vertical HCl profiles of SMILES agreed well with those of MLS and ACE-FTS within 0.25 and 0.2 ppbv between 20 and 40 km (within 10 % between 30 and 40 km; there is a larger discrepancy below 30 km), respectively.
The SMILES HCl concentration was smaller than those of MLS and ACE-FTS as the altitude increased from 40 km, and the difference was approximately 0.4–0.5 ppbv (12 %–15 %) at 50–60 km.
The difference between SMILES and TELIS HCl observations was about 0.3 ppbv in the polar winter region between 20 and 34 km, except near 26 km.
SMILES HCl error sources that may cause discrepancies with the other observations are investigated by a theoretical error analysis.
We calculated errors caused by the uncertainties of spectroscopic parameters, instrument functions, and atmospheric temperature profiles.
The Jacobian for the temperature explains the negative bias of the SMILES HCl concentrations at 50–60 km.

Field of study: Environmental science
Über die Stoßverbreiterung und statistische Verbreiterung von Spektrallinien

ZusammenfassungEs wird eine einfache Methode entwickelt, nach der die Form einer durch Fremdgaszusatz verbreiterten Spektrallinie berechnet werden kann und die das Zusammenwirken von statistischer Theorie und Stoßverbreiterung in übersichtlicher Form erkennen läßt. Vergleich der berechneten Linienform, Verschiebung und Halbwertsbreite mit experimentellen Ergebnissen und Diskussion ihrer Druck- und Temperaturabhängigkeit. Die dabei benötigten Zahlenwerte der Konstanten des ersten Gliedes des van der Waalsschen Kraftgesetzes C/r6 werden schließlich nach einem Näherungsverfahren berechnet und die Größenordnung der höheren Glieder abgeschätzt.

Field of study: Physics
HIV/AIDS, tsunamis, and you.

The most moving moment of Family Medicine Forum last November in Toronto, Ont, belonged to Stephen Lewis, the United Nations’ Secretary-General’s Special Envoy for HIV/AIDS in Africa, former Canadian political leader, humanitarian, and orator extraordinaire. Mr Lewis had just delivered the inaugural Family Medicine Lecture, “Caring for Canada—Caring for the World.” He had stressed family doctors’ important role in caring for populations close to home and around the globe. But his main focus was the human tragedy associated with the HIV and AIDS epidemic that continues to unfold on the African continent and, indeed, in other underdeveloped countries.

Field of study: Medicine
Effects of Foreign Direct Investment and Human Capital Formation on Labor Market in Manufacturing Sector in Bangladesh

Multinational enterprise has the conviction of the concept of globalization is a pictogram of centrifugal process thus MNC always eager to exploit the multitudinous opportunities to disseminate their competitiveness all over the world. For ensuring the competitiveness MNC provides the training to the employees of the host country to acquit about the modern technology and transform the workforce’s adroit and incessant progression and engaging continuous innovation and advancement that always cumulating the demand of the skill work forces because there is tapered supply of skill workforces. We make an attempt to assessing the effect of foreign direct investment and human capital formation on labor markets in Bangladesh. We mainly use panel data for 1,689 firms to accomplish the tasks and the tenure is from 2000 to 2014. We observe that FDI which accumulate the wage inequality. We also observe that skill-biased technological changes proliferates wage inequalities. A better framework needs to undertaken and addressing the crisis and strengthen the capabilities of the labor forces and deplete the wage inequalities.

Field of study: Business
Splitting fields of elements in arithmetic groups

We prove that the number of unimodular integral n × n matrices in a norm ball whose characteristic polynomial has Galois group different than the full symmetric group Sn is of strictly lower order of magnitude than the number of all such matrices in the ball, as the radius increases. More generally, we prove a similar result for the Galois groups associated with elements in any connected semisimple linear algebraic group defined and simple over a number field F . Our method is based on the abstract large sieve method developed by Kowalski, and the study of Galois groups via reductions modulo primes developed by Jouve, Kowalski and Zywina. The two key ingredients are a uniform quantitative lattice point counting result, and a non-concentration phenomenon for lattice points in algebraic subvarieties of the group variety, both established previously by the authors. The results answer a question posed by Rivin and by Jouve, Kowalski and Zywina, who have considered Galois groups of random products of elements in algebraic groups.

Field of study: Mathematics