nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
An Investigation into the Use of "Expert Systems" for System-Wide Diagnostics

With the ever increasing complexity of high energy physics experiments and the increasing number of parameters in data acquisition systems, it is worth investigating the use of "expert systems" for producing system wide diagnostics. Computer programs with "built-in" knowledge and operating at the expert level not only enable the inspection of status registers in each module, but can also make suggestions about the possible causes of a particular error situation. The expert system can be viewed as an "intelligent" assistant (who is on shift for 24 hours each day), and as a result of its ability to operate at the "expert" level, can offer advice or take a decision about a particular error situation. This paper discusses briefly the background to "expert system" research, describes the major components of expert systems, and presents some initial results from an "expert system" designed to diagnose a FASTBUS data acquisition system.

Field of study: Physics
Determination of atrazine in runoff water by high performance liquid chromatography.

A procedure is described for the determination of atrazine in runoff water from agricultural areas. Extraction and preconcentration are accomplished with a column of macroreticular resin. Separation and quantification are performed with high performance liquid chromatography with a microparticle reverse phase column. No interference is observed from either organics already present in the runoff water or from some 34 selected organic compounds. Excellent linearity is obtained for concentrations of atrazine from 0--120 PPB. Relative standard deviations of the overall procedure are 1--5%.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Note on the Word Qin

The upper part of jinwen qin(禽)in its early form is like heaven. The early form of jinwen qin(禽) is to catch a bird in sky by a long-handled net. The character part in the later form of jinwen qin(禽) is changed, so the original associative compounds character qin(禽)is transformed as a pictophonetic character. The explanation of the word meaning and analysis of the form meaning of qin(禽) in "Shuowen" is not correct.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Construction and its clinical significance of the mutant Campylobacter jejuni O∶19 strain with inactivated neuB1 gene

目的 构建唾液酸合成酶基因1(neuB1)失活、脂多糖(LPS)中唾液酸(SA)缺失的空肠弯曲菌(Campylobacter jejuni, Cj)O∶19突变株,以确认Cj LPS中,含SA基团的终端GM1样结构在Cj相关格林-巴利综合征(GBS)发病机理中的关键作用. 方法从已有neuB1基因失活的Cj肠炎相关菌株O∶2 DNA中,将含卡那霉素抗性基因(KmR cassette)的neuB1突变片段--neuB1::KmR克隆到pGEM-T载体,形成突变载体pGEM-neuB1::KmR,进一步转化到与GBS相关的Cj O∶19野生株,获得Cj O∶19突变株,行PCR和RT-PCR鉴定.SDS-PAGE分析Cj LPS,过碘酸-间苯二酚和酸性茚三酮反应法分别检测Cj LPS中SA.霍乱毒素B亚单位(CTB)结合反应检测Cj菌体裂解物及LPS中神经节苷脂GM1模拟结构.最后以突变株及其同源野生株LPS为抗原分别免疫豚鼠,第5周取坐骨神经原纤维分离. 结果 neuB1基因突变片段--neuB1::KmR成功克隆到pGEM-T载体中,进而构建得neuB1基因失活的Cj突变株.

Field of study: Biology
Hereditary haemochromatosis presenting with diabetic ketoacidosis.

Learning points for clinicians

A previously healthy 53-year-old Caucasian man presented to the emergency department with vomiting, lethargy and blurring of vision for five days and polydipsia, polyuria and weight loss of 6 kg over a month. He was dehydrated and deeply tanned (Figure 1A). On direct enquiry he recalled that his father and paternal uncle were also dark and died in their fifties from heart disease. He had no history of blood transfusions, alcohol use or smoking. He had hepatomegaly without stigmata of chronic liver disease, heart failure or endocrine disease. …

Field of study: Medicine
Comments to the paper 'Effect of Coulomb forces on the Position of the Pole in the Scattering Amplitude and on Its Resudue' published in Phys.At.Nuclei, {\bf 73} (2010) 757

Certain comments on the paper of Yu.V. Orlov, B. F. Irgaziev and L. I. Nikitina published  (2010) 757 are made.

Field of study: Physics
Comparative analysis of Chinese and Japanese technical curriculum standards for the cultivation of physical education teachers

By investigating and comparing the setup of technical curriculum for the physical education major in in-stitutes of higher learning in China and Japan,the author tried to put forward the legal connotation of perfecting the education of physical education teachers,shrink the proportion of technical curriculum,develop a content miscella-neous and harmonious modern framework(including such topics for development as nation and tradition,modern and fashion,leisure and health,survival skills and disaster prevention),rebuild technical curriculum credit standards and course taking methods(advocating the principle that most courses in technical curriculum should be elective courses and technical curriculum in trial implementation should have many courses with fewer credits),establish a sports club system and a technical curriculum system that is consistent in elementary schools,middle schools and colleges,perfect the system of further education of physical education teachers,and return to physical education practice,so as to provide a reference for developing a technical curriculum standard for physical education teachers in China.

Field of study: Education
Currency Option Not a Contract in "Major/minor" Shelter

The Tax Court held that a foreign currency call option is not a foreign currency contract under the plain language of the IRC [section] 1256 contract mark-to-market rules. Thus an unrealized loss existing on the date that a foreign currency option was transferred to a charity was disallowed. Section 1256 requires any foreign currency contract held by a taxpayer at the end of the taxpayer's tax year or terminated or transferred during it to be marked to market. A foreign currency contract is defined (section 1256(g)(2)(A)) as a contract that (1) involves a foreign currency that is traded through regulated futures contracts, (2) requires the settlement of the contract based on the currency's value or the delivery of the foreign currency, (3) is traded in the interbank market and (4) is entered into at a price determined by the interbank market. Mark Summitt was a 10% shareholder m Summitt Inc., a California S corporation. In 2002, Summitt Inc. engaged Multi National Strategies of New York City to advise it concerning the following transactions: Summitt Inc. purchased from Beckenham Trading Co. in New Jersey a 180-day call option to purchase euros from Beckenham and a 180-day put option to sell euros to Beckenham. The notional values of the options were identical, as were their strike prices, so the two options exactly offset each other. On the same date, Beckenham purchased from Summitt Inc. a pair of similarly reciprocal 180-day put and call options involving the Danish krone. Summitt and Beckenham each paid the other nearly $20 million in premiums, with a net payment by Summitt of $17,500. Two days later, Summitt Inc. assigned its positions in the two call options to a charity. On that date the euro call option position had an unrealized loss of $1,750,535, and the krone call option position had an unrealized gain of $1,745,285. Before the end of 2002, Summitt Inc. and Beckenham closed their put options by offsetting them against each other. The taxpayers took the position that because the euro is a "major" currency traded on the interbank market, its options are section 1256 contracts that must be marked to market (allowing them to recognize a loss), and because the krone is a "minor" currency its options are not section 1256 contracts and are not marked to market (enabling them to avoid recognizing a gain). The court noted that the two currencies' values "historically have demonstrated a very high positive correlation with each other." In Notice 2003-81, the Service described a similar transaction and designated it and those substantially similar as listed transactions under Treas.  1.6011-4(b)(2), 301.6111-2(b)(2) and 301.6112-1(b)(2). The IRS further described it in Coordinated Issue Paper UIL 9300.31-00, issued in 2005, as a promoted tax shelter. …

Field of study: Business
Infrared Gait Recognition Based on Radial Basis Function Neural Network

Proposes the multiple classifier fusion algorithm based on radial basis function neural network in order to improve the effect of infrared gait recognition.The infrared gait sequences are recognized respectively by applying the fuzzy classifier based on Fourier descriptor characteristic of contour line and the Bayesian classifier based on the feature of lower limb joint angles,then fuses and recognizes the obtained output information in the measure layer by using the learning and sorting function of radial basis function neural network.Simulation result shows that this algorithm can achieve more accurate classification effect.

Field of study: Computer science
Functional Characterization of a Novel Oxidative Stress Protection Protein in the Pathogenic Yeast Candida glabrata

Candida species are important pathogens of humans and the fourth most commonly isolated pathogen from nosocomial blood stream infections. Although Candida albicans is the principle causative agent of invasive candidosis, the incidence of Candida glabrata infections has rapidly grown. The reason for this increase is not fully understood, but it is clear that the species has a higher innate tolerance to commonly administered azole antifungals, in addition to being highly tolerant to stresses especially oxidative stress. Taking the approach that using the model organism, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, with its intrinsic sensitivity to oxidative stress, we hypothesized that by expressing mediators of stress resistance from C. glabrata in S. cerevisiae, it would result in induced resistance. To test this we transformed, en-masse, the C. glabrata ORFeome library into S. cerevisiae. This resulted in 1,500 stress resistant colonies and the recovered plasmids of 118 ORFs. Sequencing of these plasmids revealed a total of 16 different C. glabrata ORFs. The recovery of genes encoding known stress protectant proteins such as GPD1, GPD2 and TRX3 was predicted and validated the integrity of the screen. Through this screen we identified a C. glabrata unique ORF that confers oxidative stress resistance. We set to characterise this gene herein, examining expression in oxidative stress sensitive strains, comet assays to measure DNA damage and synthetic genetic array analysis to identify genetic interaction maps in the presence and absence of oxidative stress.

Field of study: Biology
Phonoemissive spin tunneling in molecular nanomagnets

A new mechanism is proposed for the magnetization reversal of molecular nanomagnets such as Fe8. In this process the spin tunnels from the lowest state near one easy direction to the first excited state near the opposite easy direction, and subsequently decays to the second easy direction with the emission of a phonon, or it first emits a phonon and then tunnels to the final state. This mechanism is the simplest imaginable one that allows magnetization relaxation in the presence of a longitudinal magnetic field that is so large that the nuclear spin environment cannot absorb the energy required for energy conservation to hold. It is proposed as a way of understanding both magnetization realaxation and Landau-Zener-Stuckelberg (LZS) experiments. The requisite Fermi golden rule rate, and the spin-flip rates are calculated. The rates are too low to affect the minima in the LZS tunneling as a function of transverse field, and also somewhat low for relaxation. Thus a full understanding of magnetic relaxation in the experiments remains an open question.

Field of study: Physics
Influence of Tea Extract,Tea Infusion and Water on Aroma Absorption

In the paper, the influence of water extract, tea infusion and water on aroma absorption were studied. The results indicated that the majority of jasmine aromatic compounds could be absorbed by water because of the solvent character of water. The absorbing capacity of tea infusion was higher than that of water, and the gross aroma absorbed by tea infusion was 3123 percent higher than by water.Tea water extract had no obvious affect on the aroma absorption,but it significantly influenced the distribution of aromatic components.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Evaluation of extractants for estimation of the phytoavailable trace metals in soils.

Despite its environmental (and financial) importance, there is no agreement in the literature as to which extractant most accurately estimates the phytoavailability of trace metals in soils. A large data set was taken from the literature, and the effectiveness of various extractants to predict the phytoavailability of Cd, Zn, Ni, Cu, and Pb examined across a range of soil types and contamination levels. The data suggest that generally, the total soil trace metal content, and trace metal concentrations determined by complexing agents (such as the widely used DTPA and EDTA extractants) or acid extractants (such as 0.1M HCl and the Mehlich 1 extractant) are only poorly correlated to plant phytoavailability. Whilst there is no consensus, it would appear that neutral salt extractants (such as 0.01 M CaCl(2) and 0.1 M NaNO(3)) provide the most useful indication of metal phytoavailability across a range of metals of interest, although further research is required.

Field of study: Environmental science
A descent nonlinear conjugate gradient method for large-scale unconstrained optimization

In this paper, a new nonlinear conjugate gradient method was proposed for large-scale unconstrained optimization which possesses the following three properties: (i) the sufficient descent property holds without any line searches; (ii) employing some steplength technique which ensures the Zoutendijk condition to be held, this method is globally convergent; (iii) this method inherits an important property of the Polak-Ribiere-Polyak (PRP) method: the tendency to turn towards the steepest descent direction if a small step is generated away from the solution, preventing a sequence of tiny steps from happening. Preliminary numerical results show that this method is very promising.

Field of study: Mathematics
(He 1) photoelectron spectra of vinyl- and (1-dimethylaminovinyl)pyridines

The (He 1) photoelectron spectra of α-, β-, γ-vinyl, α-, β-, and γ-(1-dimethylvinyl)-pyridines, 1-dimethyl- and 1-diethylaminostyrenes were obtained and interpreted within the framework of the molecular orbital perturbation theory. In both pyridine derivative series, there is a regular increase in the ionization energy of the 1a2, πC=C and nen orbitals and decrease in the ionization energy of the 2b1 orbitals in the order α < β < γ (inversion of orbitals 1a2 and 2b1 is found for γ-vinylpyridine). The splitting of the energy levels of the heterocycle in dimethylaminovinylpyridines is less than in the corresponding vinyl derivatives, which indicates a weakening of the interaction between the aromatic (or heteroaromatic) ring and the enamine fragment extruding from the ring plane. The ionization energy of the unshared electron pair of the nitrogen atom of the pyridine ring for all the compounds except for α-(1-dimethylaminovinyl)pyridine (which displays an ortho effect) is close to that for pyridine. The photoelectron spectral data are compared with the MO energies calculated by the MINDO/3 method.

Field of study: Chemistry
Building 3D-structural model of kappa opioid receptor and studying its interaction mechanism with dynorphin A(1-8).

To construct the 3D-structural model of human kappa opioid receptor (HKOR) and study its interacting mechanism with dynorphin A(1-8) (Dyn8).



Comparative molecular modeling was applied to build the 7 transmembrane (TM) helical domain of HKOR using the bovine rhodopsin (OPSD) model as a template. Molecular dynamics was performed to minimize the HKOR model and to simulate the 3D-structure of Dyn8 based on the NMR results of dynorphin A(1-14). The extracellular loops (EL) were built by self-constructed database searching. DOCK4.0 program was performed to construct Dyn8 complex with HKOR.



(1) The model of HKOR was obtained and validated by theoretical and experimental data. (2) The Dyn8-HKOR interacting mechanism is reasonably explained: Side chain of residue Asp138 interacts with protonated nitrogen atom at the N-terminal residues of Dyn8 through electrostatic and hydrogen bonding, which play an important role in ligand binding with receptor. (3) Negatively charged amino acids in the second extracellular loop (EL2) as Asp223 and Glu209 interact with the C-terminal positively charged residues in Dyn8, and Glu209 is a likely determinant of peptide ligand specificity.



Some amino acid residues positioned in EL2, TM3, TM4, and TM5 form the binding site and therefore determine the selectivity of kappa peptide agonist.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
BRIEF COMMUNICATIONS: Raman scattering of light by E1 polaritons in a crystal of LiIO3

The results are given of a study of the dispersion of E1 polaritons in an LiIO3 crystal. The dispersion of the polaritons was deduced from the angular dependence of the wave vector of the exciting radiation in the crystal. It was found that the dispersion curves of the E1 polaritons could be determined in the range of the polariton wave vectors from zero to ~105 cm–1.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Legitimating Prestige through Diversity: How Higher Education Institutions Represent Ethno-Racial Diversity across Levels of Selectivity

Elite higher education institutions work hard to secure diverse classes, and students seek out these institutions in part because they believe that diversity will enhance their own educational experiences. Institutional theories would predict that practices set by the elite institutions in the field would isomorphically trickle down, however, case studies of individual institutions indicate that higher education structures and cultures vary significantly across the spectrum of selectivity. Do all higher education institutions market their ethno-racial diversity to prospective students in the same ways as elite institutions? Are higher education institutions trying to send similar messages about their ethno-racial diversity or does this vary by selectivity level? This paper provides an examination of higher education at the organizational field level in order to answer questions that have previously been at the institutional level. Through analyzing the admissions webpages at 278 universities across the United States, we find that more selective institutions are more likely to represent their diversity, and more likely to engage in practices that emphasize their traditionally under-represented minority student populations than less selective institutions, though it is the less selective institutions that have higher populations of these students. We argue that variations in institutional habitus across selectivity help to explain these differences.

Field of study: Education
Understanding the role of Leu22 variants in methotrexate resistance: comparison of wild-type and Leu22Arg variant mouse and human dihydrofolate reductase ternary crystal complexes with methotrexate and NADPH.

Structural data are reported to 2.5 A resolution for the first full analysis of the methotrexate-resistant Leu22Arg (L22R) variant of mouse dihydrofolate reductase (mDHFR) crystallized as a ternary complex with methotrexate (MTX) and the cofactor NADPH. These results are compared with the MTX and NADPH ternary complexes of L22R human DHFR (hDHFR) and those of mouse and human wild-type DHFR enzymes. The conformation of mDHFR Arg22 is such that it makes hydrogen-bonding contacts with Asp21, Trp24 and a structural water molecule, observations which were not made in the L22R hDHFR ternary complex. These data show that there is little difference between the structures of the wild type and L22R variant for either mouse or human DHFR; however, there are significant differences between the species. Comparison of these structures reveals that the active site of mDHFR is larger than that in the hDHFR structure. In mDHFR, the position of MTX is shifted 0.6 A toward helix C (residues 59-65), which in turn is shifted 1.2 A away from the active site relative to that observed in the hDHFR ternary complexes. In the L22R variant mDHFR structure, MTX makes shorter contacts to the conserved residues Ile7, Val115 and Tyr121 than in the L22R variant human DHFR structure. These contacts are comparable in both wild-type enzymes. The unexpected results from this comparison of the mouse and human DHFR complexes bound with the same ligand and cofactor illustrate the importance of detailed study of several species of enzyme, even when there is a high sequence homology between them. These data suggest that the differences in binding interactions of the L22R variant are in agreement with the weaker binding affinity for MTX in the variant enzymes; the larger size of the binding site in mDHFR supports the observation that the binding affinity of MTX for L22R mDHFR is significantly weaker than that of the L22R hDHFR enzyme.

Field of study: Chemistry
The shoreline distribution and degradation of tilapia carcasses, Salton Sea, California: Taphonomic implications

The Salton Sea is a hypersaline, closed lake system in southern California, USA. Episodic fish kills led to bloating and floating fish bodies that were driven onto the shoreline by wind shear. The documented taphonomic destruction of the stranded fish carcasses includes the distribution of the fish parts after desiccation and disarticulation mainly by wave-induced transport with possible minor component of wind transport on the upper shoreface. Carcass decay is divided into five taphonomic categories 1 through 5. Category 1 represents whole pliable fish, recently washed onto the shoreline while category 5 incorporates longer-term destruction into ultimately single, isolated skeletal elements. High water, strand line deposits are delineated by the presence of categories 3 through 5 mixtures. The general trend, in 2012 was observed to be considerable bone disarticulation away from the shoreline because categories 1 and 2 were present in the swash zone; the influx of fresh fish carcasses recharged the shoreline. During 2013, the absence of new 1 and 2 categories arriving to the shoreline enhanced wave action to further break down categories 3 and 4 ultimately into category 5. In addition, isolated bone elements segregate according to density differences, typically on low-gradient beaches. Wave and wave-induced current action coupled with beach topography controls distribution of the various fish bones. As an actualistic model, the Salton Sea implies that shore-parallel complete to partial fish carcass concentrations are more shoreward and isolated skeletal elements more distal.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Oxidation-reduction characteristics of octahydrochalcogenoxanthenes and octahydroxanthylium cations

Unstable radical-cations, which fragment according to the (−e, −H+, −e) scheme, are formed during the electrochemical oxidation of chalcogenooctahydroxanthenes. Free radicals (identified by ESR) are formed during the electrochemical reduction of the chalcogenooctahydroxanthylium cations.

Field of study: Chemistry