nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Target categorization of aerosol and clouds by continuous multiwavelength-polarization lidar measurements

Absolute calibrated signals at 532 and 1064 nm and the depolarization ratio from a multiwavelength lidar are used to categorize primary aerosol but also clouds in high temporal and spatial resolution. Automatically derived particle backscatter coefficient profiles in low temporal resolution (30 min) are applied to calibrate the lidar signals. From these calibrated lidar signals, new atmospheric parameters in temporally high resolution (quasi particle backscatter coefficient) are derived. By using thresholds obtained from multi-year, multi-site EARLINET measurements, four aerosol classes (small; large, spherical; large, non-spherical; mixed, partly non-spherical) and several cloud classes (liquid, ice) are defined. Thus, particles are classified by their physical feature (shape and size) instead of a classification by source. The methodology is applied to two months of continuous observations (24 hours, 7 days a week) with the multiwavelength-Raman-polarization lidar PollyXT during the HOPE campaign in spring 2013. Cloudnet equipment was operated continuously directly next to the lidar and is used for comparison. By discussing three 24-h case studies, it is shown that the aerosol discrimination is very feasible and informative and gives a good complement to the Cloudnet target categorization. By analyzing the entire HOPE campaign, almost 1 million pixel (5 min times 30 m) could be successfully classified from the two months data set with the newly developed tool. We find that the majority of the aerosol, trapped in the planetary boundary layer (PBL), were small particles as expected for a heavily populated and industrialized area. Large, spherical aerosol was observed mostly at the top of the PBL and close to the identified cloud bases indicating the importance of hygroscopic growth of the particles at high relative humidity. Interestingly, it is found that on several days non-spherical particles were dispersed into the atmosphere from ground.

Field of study: Environmental science
Purification of catecholase from Solanum melangena (brinjal).

Catecholase was purified from cortex of Solanum melangena (brinjal) on natural affiant, lignin. The elution profile showed seven peaks with the 6th peak having 4616-fold purity. The 6th pure fraction loaded on PAGE showed two protein bands on staining with Coomassie brilliant blue, one at the point of application and other near the dye front. These bands exhibited catecholase activity, when stained with 4-methyl catechol and proline, Basic fuschin and ethidium bromide showed positive tests, indicating that catecholase is a ribonucleoglycoprotein.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Physics
A Signal Processing Approach to Fourier Analysis of Ranking Data: The Importance of Phase

Ranking data is a type of data obtained in some elections, in customer surveys, as well as from web search results. Such data may be considered as a type of signal defined on the group of permutations of n objects, denoted Sn. There exists a Fourier transform for Sn obtained from group representation theory, which is well known in the mathematics literature. However, previous work has not approached the transform from a signal processing perspective: in particular, there is no discussion of what constitutes “magnitude” and “phase,” nor any analysis of what phase information might tell us beyond a well-known connection to group translation. This paper explores the properties of the phase spectrum of ranking data; in particular, a novel contribution is the formulation of the bispectrum for ranking data, which may be used for studying phase linearity. Analysis of two well-known ranking data sets shows that they are surprisingly well fit by linear phase approximations.

Field of study: Engineering
Electromagnetic Field Analyses of REBCO Roebel Cables Wound Into Coil Configurations

We have been developing a model for numerical electromagnetic field analyses of REBCO Roebel cables wound into coil configurations, considering their three-dimensional structure. Electromagnetic field analyses were carried out for one-turn circular closed loop of a Roebel cable, one turn circular closed loop of a Roebel cable at the end of a stack of Roebel-cable loops which simulated a solenoid coil of a finite length, and an infinite solenoid coil wound with a Roebel cable. From the temporal evolution of the current distribution in the Roebel cables, ac losses were calculated. We studied the ac loss characteristics of Roebel cables in different locations in coils. The influence of the gap between turns on ac losses was discussed.

Field of study: Physics
Surgical approaches and strategies for skull base chordomas.

OBJECT
The management of chordomas involving the skull base continues to present a number of treatment-related problems. Recently, both radical resection and charged-particle irradiation or stereotactic radiosurgery have reportedly been found effective for tumor control and for promoting a better quality of life in patients. In this article the authors analyzed the outcomes in 17 patients with skull base chordomas who were surgically treated at Kobe University Hospital between 1972 and 2000.



Preoperative radiological examinations included magnetic resonance imaging, computerized tomography, angiography, and balloon occlusion test of the internal carotid artery. Among the various surgical approaches used to remove the tumor were the frontoorbitozygomatic, transmaxillary, transcondylar, transsphenoidal, and the transbasal. Total removal was achieved in two (12%), near-total removal in three (18%), subtotal removal in nine (52%), and partial removal in three patients (18%). Since 1990, chordomas have been radically resected via various skull base approaches; the combined total or near-total removal rate has been 80% in this period. Radical removal of the tumors has not led to an increased risk. At the final follow-up review (mean 59.5 month), 75% of the patients were still alive, and 25% had died of chordoma recurrence. The overall recurrence-free survival rate was 82% at 3 years and 51% at 5 years. The 5-year recurrence-free survival rate in the five patients who underwent the operation during the past decade was 77% (mean follow up of 5.2 years). In two patients with recurrent tumors who underwent radiosurgery, no evidence of tumor regrowth was demonstrated at 3 years posttreatment.



The authors suggest that for the treatment of skull base chordomas radical resection is a key factor for longer survival and improved quality of life. Patients with sufficiently small tumors, which show a favorable configuration and location, can be suitable candidates for stereotactic radiosurgery.

Field of study: Medicine
Transformation of excitonic and DA luminescence spectra of GaP:N light-emitting structures on the introduction of dislocations

The transformation of excitonic and donor-acceptor luminescence spectra of p++ layers of GaP:N light-emitting structures at the creation of dislocations has been studied. The appearance of dislocations is shown to be associated with a high level of p++ layer doping. The presence of dislocations brings about a decrease in the luminescence intensity of excitonic bands, a more considerable decline in the intensity of zero-phonon lines than in that of their phononic replicas, and also the appearance of a new 2.149 eV luminescence band.

Field of study: Materials science
Postrevolutionary Intellectuals, Rural Readings and the Shaping of the ‘Peasant Problem’ in Mexico: El Maestro Rural , 1932–34

This paper studies the participation of an important group of Mexican
 postrevolutionary intellectuals, leaders of the cultural-educational project
 during the early 1930s, in the construction of two closely related concepts: the
 ‘peasant problem’ and its nucleus, the ‘revolutionary peasant’,
 both central to the political and ideological consolidation of the new regime. It discusses the approaches
 that lead them to propose a new ‘peasantness’, suitable for the
 political and economic interests that dominated the process of formation of the postrevolutionary
 State. It also considers the struggle that developed within the group between
 the ‘productivists’, linked to Marxism-Leninism, and the ‘cultural-populists’, more concerned with the cultural survival of the Indo- campesino groups,
 for the right to define these concepts. The analysis is based on El Maestro Rural ,
 edited by the Secretaria de Educacion Publica since 1932.

Field of study: Political science
Numerical technique for estimating equilibrium concentrations from initial concentrations when using the freundlich adsorption equation

The Freundlich equation, X/m = K Ce N , is frequently used to express the partitioning of pesticides between solid (soil, sediment) and aqueous phases. When designing adsorption-desorption experiments, it would be useful to be able to estimate the equilibrium concentration, C e , in terms of the initial concentration, C e , if reasonable estimates of K and N can be made. Because of the usual non-integer nature of N, only a numerical solution of the Freundlich equation is possible for C e in terms of C e . A simple computer program is presented which produces almost an exact solution for the value of C e .

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Type I Diabetic Akita Mouse Model is Characterized by Abnormal Cardiac Deformation During Early Stages of Diabetic Cardiomyopathy with Speckle-Tracking Based Strain Imaging

Diabetes mellitus (DM) has been demonstrated to have a strong association with heart failure. Conventional echocardiographic analysis cannot sensitively monitor cardiac dysfunction in type I diabetic Akita hearts, but the phenotype of heart failure is observed in molecular levels during the early stages.  Male Akita (Ins2WT/C96Y) mice were monitored with echocardiographic imaging at various ages, and then with conventional echocardiographic analysis and speckle-tracking based strain analyses.  With speckle-tracking based strain analyses, diabetic Akita mice showed changes in average global radial strain at the age of 12 weeks, as well as decreased longitudinal strain. These changes occurred in the early stage and remained throughout the progression of diabetic cardiomyopathy in Akita mice. Speckle-tracking showed that the detailed and precise changes of cardiac deformation in the progression of diabetic cardiomyopathy in the genetic type I diabetic Akita mice were uncoupled.  We monitored early-stage changes in the heart of diabetic Akita mice. We utilize this technique to elucidate the underlying mechanism for heart failure in Akita genetic type I diabetic mice. It will further advance the assessment of cardiac abnormalities, as well as the discovery of new drug treatments using Akita genetic type I diabetic mice.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
An analysis and probe into the status quo of the scientific research in the physical education of China’s universities and colleges

The research target of this article is based on the materials of the scientific theses from the public lecture of the 6th College Students' Sports Meet.It analyzes and makes statistics on the different districts, different branches of learning, different types of colleges and universities, the sexes and the post titles of the authors of the theses submitted and theses employed.This article probes into the basic present situation of China's physical education scientific research.

Field of study: Education
Late glacial climatic and environmental changes in eastern-central Europe: Correlation of multiple biotic and abiotic proxies from the Lake Švarcenberk, Czech Republic

Thick lake sediments discovered in the southern part of the Czech Republic provide a high-resolution archive for detailed study of paleoenvironmental changes during the Late Pleistocene to Holocene in eastern-central Europe. Until recently, no similar records were available for this important region in the transition from oceanic to continental macro-climatic settings. Using a multi-proxy approach that combines sedimentological, pollen-analytical, paleozoological (Chironomids), geochemical and mineral-magnetic methods we demonstrate that major climatic events of the Late Glacial can be correlated with Atlantic rather than continental regimes as reported in paleoclimatic literature for the area of the interest. The sensitivity of applied biological and abiological techniques to climatically-driven processes allows trans-regional comparisons and enables us to discuss the pattern of geographic variation in these processes. We are able to establish a clear relationship between vegetation cover, soil development and erosional processes. A short-term intra-Allerod cool event has been correlated with the Gerzensee oscillation. Proxy evidence suggests that the early half of the Younger Dryas was rather humid, whereas the latter half was dry and had significant impact on vegetation, sedimentary dynamics and lake level status during the YD/Preboreal transition.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Leisure corporations, beer brand culture, and the crisis of masculinity: the Speight’s ‘Southern Man’ advertising campaign

Leisure corporations and their brands are becoming increasingly signified to represent certain values and attitudes towards leisure and particular aspects of identity. One popular leisure product and practice is beer and its consumption, which also plays a role in constructing identity and, more specifically, masculinity. Within the context of contemporary promotional culture, beer advertising serves to reproduce the cultural links between masculinity, sport/leisure, and the consumption of beer, which form a theorised ‘holy trinity’. In this paper, we focus on Speight’s, one of New Zealand’s renowned breweries and beer brands, to explore the ways in which its promotional culture illuminates notions of a crisis of masculinity. Our multimethod, qualitative approach combines contextualisation with the critical textual analysis of two advertisements from the ‘Southern Man’ television campaign and interview data obtained from one key cultural intermediary, the campaign’s creator. From this, our analysis elucidates three key dimensions about the important role of the Speight’s ‘Southern Man’ advertising campaign as a site for understanding masculinities, in addition to how they are constructed and, ultimately, how they embody a crisis of masculinity. The first is the campaign’s exploitation of societal cleavages. The second is the campaign’s explicit use of nostalgia. And the third is the campaign’s omission of ‘other’ masculinities.

Field of study: Sociology
Orthogonal complex filter banks and wavelets: some properties and design

Previous wavelet research has primarily focused on real-valued wavelet bases. However, complex wavelet bases offer a number of potential advantageous properties. For example, it has been suggested that the complex Daubechies wavelet can be made symmetric. However, these papers always imply that if the complex basis has a symmetry property, then it must exhibit linear phase as well. In this paper, we prove that a linear-phase complex orthogonal wavelet does not exist. We study the implications of symmetry and linear phase for both complex and real-valued orthogonal wavelet bases. As a byproduct, we propose a method to obtain a complex orthogonal wavelet basis having the symmetry property and approximately linear phase. The numerical analysis of the phase response of various complex and real Daubechies wavelets is given. Both real and complex-symmetric orthogonal wavelet can only have symmetric amplitude spectra. It is often desired to have asymmetric amplitude spectra for processing general complex signals. Therefore, we propose a method to design general complex orthogonal perfect reconstruct filter banks (PRFBs) by a parameterization scheme. Design examples are given. It is shown that the amplitude spectra of the general complex conjugate quadrature filters (CQFs) can be asymmetric with respect the zero frequency. This method can be used to choose optimal complex orthogonal wavelet basis for processing complex signals such as in radar and sonar.

Field of study: Engineering
Intraoperative use of diffusion tensor imaging fiber tractography and subcortical mapping for resection of gliomas: technical considerations.

Resection of lesions involving motor or language areas or pathways requires the intraoperative identification of functional cortical and subcortical sites for effectively and safe guidance. Diffusion tensor (DT) imaging and fiber tractography are MR imaging techniques based on the concept of anisotropic water diffusion in myelinated fibers, which enable 3D reconstruction and visualization of white matter tracts and provide information about the relationship of these tracts to the tumor mass. The authors routinely used DT imaging fiber tractography to reconstruct various tracts involved in the motor and/or language system in a large series of patients with lesions involving the motor and/or language areas or pathways. The DT imaging fiber tractography data were loaded into the neuronavigational system and combined intraoperatively with those obtained from direct electrical stimulation applied at the subcortical level. In this paper the authors report the results of their experience, describing the findings for each tract and discussing technical aspects of the combined use as well as the pitfalls.

Field of study: Medicine
Variable hybridisation - a simple model of covalent bonding

Extensive evidence is presented which conclusively shows that variable hybridisation is a simple, pictorial and very useful model of covalent bonding. The noninteger hybridisation parameters calculated by the iterative maximum overlap approach are very rich in chemical information. They can be successfully correlated with a number of physico-chemical gross molecular properties which encompass heats of formation, heats of hydrogenation, strain energies etc. They reflect also local properties like spin-spin coupling constants across one bond, C-H stretching frequencies, thermodynamic proton acidities, intrinsic bond energies etc. In addition, the iterative version of the maximum overlap method provides quite reliable estimates of molecular shapes and sizes. Properties which are completely determined by molecular geometry such as diamagnetic contributions to the magnetic susceptibility and nuclear magnetic shielding are well reproduced being in nice agreement with experimental data and rigorous ab initio results.

Field of study: Chemistry
Random-interaction study on linear systematics of $I^{\pi}=11/2^-$ electromagnetic moments in Cd isotope chain

In the random-interaction ensembles, electromagnetic moments of Cd $I^{\pi}=11/2^-$ isomers predominately present linear systematics as changing the neutron number, which has been reported in realistic nuclear system. Quadrupole-like and $\delta$-like $pn$ interaction are responsible for such linear systematics of quadrupole and magnetic moments, respectively.

Field of study: Physics
Submerged Culture and Intracellular Polysaccharide of Paecilomyces gunnii var.minor

In this paper,PGM01,a strain of Paecilomyces gunnii var.minor Li et al. was tested for mycelial biomass in submerged culture in 5 different media. The result indicated that the best medium was silkworm pupa powder (sugar 30 g/L,silkworm pupa powder 25 g/L, yeast extract 5 g/L at pH=7～8).Isolation and purification of the polysaccharide by different methods showed that there were 3 components in the intracellular polysaccharides of PGM01. The main component was brownish, of common physical and chemical characteristics.The result of a GC chromatographic analysis on the main component after hydrolysis showed that the component consisted of mannose,glucose and galactose,with their molar ratio at 1 5∶1 3∶1.An IR spectroscopic analysis showed that the component had typical absorption peaks of polysaccharides.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
No. 41787. International Bank for Reconstruction and Development and Brazil

Loan Agreement (Second Disease Surveillance and Control Project - VIGISUS II) between the Federative Republic of Brazil and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (with schedules and General Conditions Applicable to Loan and Guarantee Agreements for Fixed-Spread Loans dated 1 September 1999). Brasilia, 3 November 2004

Field of study: Political science
Feedbacks of windthrow for Norway spruce and Scots pine stands under changing climate.

Wind damage is one of the major natural disturbances that can occur worldwide in most types of forests. Enhanced management using adequate decision support systems (DSS) can considerably reduce the risk of windthrow. The decision support system 'Forest and Climate Change' (DSS-WuK) which is currently being developed at Gottingen University aims at providing a tool for the quantitative assessment of biotic and abiotic risks for forest ecosystems under the conditions of changing climate. In order to assess the future risks of wind damage the system employs a coupled modelling approach combining the turbulence model SCAlar DIStribution (SCADIS) with the soil-vegetation-atmosphere-transfer (SVAT) model BROOK 90. The present study investigates projections of wind damage in Solling, Germany under climate scenarios A1B and B1, taking into account the windthrow feedbacks—changes of microclimate as a result of tree fall and consequent stabilization or destabilization of a forest stand. The results of the study indicate that in Solling the risk of windthrow for spruce and pine forest stands is likely to increase considerably during the 21st century. The general tendencies indicate that under A1B the probability of damage would be higher than under B1 and that under the same climate and soil conditions the risk for spruce stands would be higher than for pine stands of equal age. The degree of damage and feedback contribution as well as a sign of feedback in each particular case will strongly depend on the particular local or regional combination of climatic and soil factors with tree species, age and structure. For Solling the positive feedback to local climatic forcing is found. The feedback contributes considerably (up to 6% under given conditions) to the projected forest damage and cannot be neglected. Therefore, the adequate projection of future damage probabilities can be performed only with a process-based coupled soil-atmosphere model with corresponding high spatial and temporal resolution.

Field of study: Environmental science
Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering Spectrum Recognition for Trace Detection of Common Drugs in Urine

Assembling an adapted smoothing method and a classifier of wavelet transform combined support vector machine( SVM),a Raman spectrum recognition approach was built for low signal noise ratio situation.Firstly,spectra data were denoised by the adapted smoothing method. The smoothing window was adapted to the signal noise ratio,which would effectively remove noise with the intensity of the signal well remained.Secondly,the wavelet transform was used for dimension reduction of the data. The decomposition level of wavelet transform was optimized according to the best classification result of the training set. Lastly,SVM was used for classification. Cross Validation( CV) was applied to obtain the optimized parameters of SVM.Conditions for the effective parameters were searched considering the relation between the cross-validation result and the classification accuracy. Combined with the surface enhanced Raman scattering( SERS)technology,the developed spectrum recognition approach was used for qualitative analysis of methamphetamine( MAMP) and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine( MDMA) in people' s urine,where the detecting accuracy is above 95. 0%. The uniform Au nanorods( NRs) SERS substrate synthetized by the Hefei Institute of Intelligent Machines of Chinese Academy of Sciences was used for the experiment. Raman spectra were acquired using an Inspector Raman( Delta Nu) spectrometer,with the excitation wavelength of 785 nm and the integrate time of 5 seconds.

Field of study: Chemistry