nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
From economic theory to leisure practice via empirics: the case of demand and price.

Despite the relationship of price and demand being central to economic analysis, doubts have been expressed in leisure studies about the ability of economists to contribute meaningfully to price decisions in leisure, or even to an understanding of price-demand relationships in leisure. This article uses a review of relevant theoretical and empirical considerations and a recent empirical investigation to refute such assertions. It demonstrates how leisure managers might utilize appropriate management information and market research data to improve both their understanding of the price-demand relationship and consequent pricing decisions, with the help of economic analysis.

Field of study: Sociology
The Development of Statistical Indices for Detecting Cheaters

Comparison data on SAT were collected on pairs of examinees in three samples for later use in detecting instances of willful copying. In each sample the answer sheet of each examinee was compared with the answer sheet of every other examinee to determine the expected degree of similarity among answer sheets for “honest” examinees. Eight detection indices were developed and bivariate distributions were run for possible operational use in making future judgments regarding examinees who were actually suspected of copying. The results of a series of analyses permitted the elimination of six of the eight indices. The remaining two have been used successfully at Educational Testing Service since 1970.

Field of study: Mathematics
Les revues prédatrices: Mise en garde à l’intention des auteurs et des lecteurs

De nombreux medecins de famille universitaires, surtout les chercheurs, recoivent regulierement et frequemment des courriels venant de revues medicales, leur demandant de presenter un manuscrit ou de se joindre a un comite editorial. Dans notre culture universitaire de « publier ou perir

Field of study: Medicine
Fenitization of Mississagi Quartzite, Sudbury Area, Ontario

Two irregular bodies of fenitic breccia are described from the Kusk and Nemag Lakes area, 19 km southwest of Sudbury, Ontario. In each case, the host rock — feldspathic quartzite of the Mississagi Formation (Huronian Supergroup) — is brecciated and extensively replaced by aegirine, riebeckite, and alkali feldspar. Crosscutting relationships have led to a subdivision into mappable stages. The fenitic assemblages are relatively simple, but they are unusually sodic and deficient in calcium, potassium, and carbonate. Only in the most thoroughly fenitized rocks at Kusk Lake is microcline found. Desilication is a major process in the progressive conversion of the sandstone to a rock in equilibrium with the fluid phase. The scarcity of carbonate suggests that the igneous source material was essexitic or ijolitic rather than carbonatitic. The ultrasodic assemblages are interpreted as having formed near the heat source but clearly at subsolidus temperatures. Late introduction of potassium is attributed to changes in the geometry of the thermal gradient as the intrusive body cooled. Fenitization should not be so restrictive a term as to exclude cases where the resultant bulk compositions are ultrasodic or where the source is an alkaline silicate body rather than a carbonatite.

Field of study: Geology
Evolutionary Selection against dominated strategies

A class of evolutionary selection dynamics is defined, and the defining property, convex monotonicity, is shown to be sufficient and essentially necessary for the elimination of strictly dominated pure strategies. More precisely: (1) all strictly dominated strategies are eliminated along all interior solutions in all convex monotonic dynamics, and (2) for all selection dynamics where the pure-strategy growth rates are functions of their current payoffs, violation of convex monotonicity implies that there exist games with strictly dominated strategies that survive along a large set of interior solutions. The class of convex monotonic dynamics is shown to contain certain selection dynamics that arise in models of social evolution by way of imitation.

Field of study: Economics
Theoretical analysis of coaxial cylindrical featured electrodes for EHD enhancement of phase-change heat transfer

Based on electrohydrodynamics(EHD)enhancement of boiling heat transfer outside a tube and condensation heat transfer inside a tube in high voltage DC electric field,three coaxial cylindrical featured electrodes were presented.These three featured electrodes had minimum electric field strength,minimum electric field force and minimum work consumption,respectively,and the latter two electrodes were derived by the authors for the first time.The geometric characteristics of the electrodes were analyzed and the results showed that the diameter of the electrode played an important role in EHD enhancement of phase-change heat transfer.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Dynamic joint processing: Achieving high spectral efficiency in uplink 5G cellular networks

Coordinated Multi-Point (CoMP) processing is a promising method to mitigate the intra-cluster interference and improve the average Signal-to-Interference-plus-Noise Ratio (SINR). Such method, however, cannot mitigate the inter-cluster interference and only changes the boundaries of interference from cell to cluster. On the other hand, since clusters in the traditional CoMP are static and all the spectrum is used in each cluster, we cannot avoid cluster-edge MSs. In this article, the problems of the current CoMP method are addressed and the reasons why clustering in CoMP should be studied jointly with spectrum allocation are discussed. Then, in the context of Cloud Radio Access Network (C-RAN), an innovative uplink solution—called Dynamic Joint Processing (DJP)—is proposed to mitigate both intra- and inter-cluster interference and to address the fluctuation in capacity demand. Two coexisting clustering approaches are presented based on the level of mobility of MSs: 1) in the low-mobility approach, virtual clusters are formed for each subband and their size is dynamically changed based on the position of the MSs; 2) in the high-mobility approach, a different set of subbands are assigned to different neighboring hybrid cells and the boundaries of frequency bands are dynamically optimized so to address the unanticipated change in capacity demand. Monte Carlo simulations confirm the validity of our statements and show the potential of our solution towards next-generation green communications.

Field of study: Computer science
Advanced Genetic Approaches in Discovery and Characterization of Genes Involved With Osteoporosis in Mouse and Human

Osteoporosis is a complex condition with contributions from, and interactions between, multiple genetic loci and environmental factors. This review summarizes key advances in the application of genetic approaches for the identification of osteoporosis susceptibility genes. Genome-wide linkage analysis (GWLA) is the classical approach for identification of genes that cause monogenic diseases; however, it has shown limited success for complex diseases like osteoporosis. In contrast, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have successfully identified over 200 osteoporosis susceptibility loci with genome-wide significance, and have provided most of the candidate genes identified to date. Phenome-wide association studies (PheWAS) apply a phenotype-to-genotype approach which can be used to complement GWAS. PheWAS is capable of characterizing the association between osteoporosis and uncommon and rare genetic variants. Another alternative approach, whole genome sequencing (WGS), will enable the discovery of uncommon and rare genetic variants in osteoporosis. Meta-analysis with increasing statistical power can offer greater confidence in gene searching through the analysis of combined results across genetic studies. Recently, new approaches to gene discovery include animal phenotype based models such as the Collaborative Cross and ENU mutagenesis. Site-directed mutagenesis and genome editing tools such as CRISPR/Cas9, TALENs and ZNFs have been used in functional analysis of candidate genes in vitro and in vivo. These resources are revolutionizing the identification of osteoporosis susceptibility genes through the use of genetically defined inbred mouse libraries, which are screened for bone phenotypes that are then correlated with known genetic variation. Identification of osteoporosis-related susceptibility genes by genetic approaches enables further characterization of gene function in animal models, with the ultimate aim being the identification of novel therapeutic targets for osteoporosis.

Field of study: Biology
A Performance analysis of the Claridge-Culp-Liu dehumidification process: A novel approach for drying moist air based on membrane separation, vacuum compression and sub-atmospheric condensation

This paper covers a basic model for analyzing the performance of the Claridge-Culp-Liu dehumidification process. The fundamental process efficiency limit for dehumidification is close to COPCarnot, but for the eight dehumidification cases examined, the limiting or ideal energy use required is 26% to 56% that of a Carnot condensing system as shown in an earlier paper. The model presented in this paper is used to show the membrane system performance reduction caused by finite membrane area, finite water vapor permeance, non-zero air permeance, non-zero system air pressure drop, non-ideal compressors, vacuum pumps, and condensers. The performance of a “conservative” membrane system based on the use of existing components is computed for eight specific conditions along with that of a “target” system that assumes expected component performance after additional future component development. The “conservative” membrane system would use 36% to 66% as much energy as a system with a COP=7 chiller to produce the same dehumidification for the eight cases examined while the “target” system would use 15% to 40% the energy of a system with a COP=7 chiller. In addition to the significant energy reduction over conventional technology, the membrane system offers the advantages of: 1) no HFC refrigerant use; 2) direct isothermal control over humidity ratio setpoint; 3) maximum capacity occurs at design conditions; and 4) system generates pure water extracted from air as a by-product.

Field of study: Engineering
Ultrasonic-assisted extraction and antioxidant activity of flavonoids from water chestnut shell

The microwave-assisted extracting was developed in extracting total flavonoids from water chestnut shell and its antioxidant activity with methanol,Effects of four crucial factors including methanol concentration,liquid/material ratio,extraction times and ultrasonic power in extraction yield of total flavonoids were investigated by one-factor-at-a-time method.The scavenging activities of total flavonoids from water chestnut shell on hydroxyl free-radical(HO·),superoxide anion free-radical(O-2·) and DPPH free-radical(DPPH·) were studied and compared with the L-ascorbic acid and BHT by spectrophotometry.Subsequently,all these factors were optimized using orthogonal array design.The optimal parameters for extracting total flavonoids were as follows: methanol concentration 70%(v/v) and liquid/material ratio 30:1 (mL/g) for extraction time 20 min and ultrasonic power 120 W.The yield of total flavonoids was up to 1.722% under these optimized conditions.The results showed that total flavonoids in water chestnut shell was a natural antioxidation and had a strong antioxidant activity.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Short-period multilayer X-ray mirrors.

Multilayer structures with short periods have been systematically investigated using a tunable soft X-ray synchrotron, BESSY II, and X-ray tube radiation. Multilayer X-ray mirrors of W/B(4)C, W/Sc, Mo/B(4)C, Mo/C, La/B(4)C, Cr/C and Cr/Sc, with periods from 0.8 nm to 3.5 nm and number of periods up to 300-400, were constructed and investigated. The high reflectivity and spectral resolution of the mirrors allow them to be used to create multimirror systems for X-ray diagnostics of high-temperature plasma, for X-ray astronomy and microscopy.

Field of study: Physics
Research on Block Chain Based on Innovative Management Mode

As a subversive data management model, block chain technology is causing widespread concern worldwide. Enterprise managers must walk in the forefront of the times, and actively focus on the development and application of block chain technology. This paper introduces the basic situation, main application field, existing problems and countermeasures of the block chain from the perspective of management to provide a reference for the better use of block chain technology management enterprises and institutions.

Field of study: Engineering
A Procedure for Explaining Experiments Involving Deception

When an experiment involves deception, the investigator is obliged by ethical principles to provide the participants with full clarification upon its completion. The clarification procedure or debriefing may itself have harmful effects unless conducted with great care and sensitivity. Satisfactory debriefing requires considerable preparation and skill. This paper presents a debriefing procedure, including a specific example or debriefing scenario, which has been developed over 20 years of debriefing and which can be adapted to explain any experiment using deception. It is hoped that its presentation will help to improve the general quality of debriefing by providing a guide which will be useful for novice experimenters and by stimulating thought and discussion about how a debriefing should be conducted.

Field of study: Psychology
Olympic education and teenagers' personality cultivation

The authors pointed out that the core of Olympic education is the education of personality,and that the core value of Olympic competitions is the demonstration of morality,and put forward that current Olympic education should boost teenagers’ personality cultivation in three aspects,namely,being honest to reality,being harmonious with people,and having a determined mind.As Beijing Olympics 2008 is coming,we should utilize advanced Olympic cultural resources,make an in-depth study of Olympic education issues,and develop Olympic education among teenagers.It is one of the important tasks of Beijing Olympics 2008 to perfect teenagers’ personality by seizing the Olympic opportunity and utilizing Olympic education.

Field of study: Education
Energy and momentum relaxation of electrons in GaAs/GaAlAs HEMT structures

Experimental results on high-field parallel transport in selectively doped GaAs/GaAlAs HEMT structures are reported. The results indicate that in lightly doped material (n=3.92*1011 cm-2), the effective rate of electron energy relaxation (EER) by LO phonons, is ( tau e) approximately 213 fs. This is about a factor of two faster than that in more heavily doped material (n=8.85*1011 cm-2). The high-field drift velocity saturates at nu ds=1.2*107 cm s-1 in the former and at nu ds=8*106 cm s-1 in the latter. The experimental results are compared with a model of high-field transport involving non-drifting hot phonon effects.

Field of study: Materials science
On the Reliability of the Structures of Lead(II) Hydroxo Complexes Obtained by MNDO Method

Optimum geometry of tetrahedro -Pb 4 [(μ 3 -OH) 4 ] 4+ cluster obtained by the semiempirical MNDO method corresponds to T d symmetry. The calculated Pb-Pb (3.70 · 10 -10 m) and Pb-O (2.33 · 10 -10 m) distances are in reasonable agreement with experimental X-ray data. Additional H 2 O inclusion makes the agreement worse.

Field of study: Chemistry
Quarkonium suppression by energy loss in QCD media.

We calculate the energy loss of heavy quarkonia in finite-temperature QCD media and investigate the effects on quarkonium suppression. Based on the effective vertex derived from the Bethe-Salpeter amplitude for quarkonium dissociation, the collisional and radiative energy loss are obtained by quarkonium-gluon elastic scattering and the associated gluon-bremsstrahlung, respectively. In the energy regime $E < m_{\Upsilon}^2 /T$, the collisional energy loss is dominant over the radiative one and increases with the quarkonium energy and medium temperature. Applying our formalism to the transverse momentum spectra of the $\Upsilon$(1S) in a heavy-ion collision, we find that the energy loss effects during evolution are insignificant compared with the previous estimates of quarkonium dissociation in an expanding plasma. On the other hand, the energy loss effects on the $\Upsilon$(1S) $R_{pPb}$ are found to be comparable with the recent CMS data assuming the quarkonium traverses a static medium with an effective temperature $T\sim 300$ MeV, which can be interpreted as an average effect coming from the gluons inside the nucleons.

Field of study: Physics
Idiopathic hirsutism - medical and psychological aspects

Hirsutism is a condition which results in of excess male pattern hair growth - the androgen dependent hair in females. Excessive hair growth usually starts around puberty. The aim of this study was to show the signifi cance of hormonal diagnosis in female adolescent hirsute patients.  The material consisted of medical documentation of 128 female adolescent patients aged 13–22 who came for a consultation because of excess male pattern hair growth (second degree of hirsutism according to the Ferriman-Gallwey scale) which they considered unacceptable. The history was indicative of considerable discomfort, decreased mood in subjects and low self-esteem (especially regarding patient’s femininity).  Results of the analysis were confronted with the results of a group of an equal number of participants.  Hormonal tests in female patients with hirsutism were proven to constitute a major diagnostic element allowing for correct diagnosis of the cause of hirsutism, planning further tests and treatment methods. Considering its causes and effects, hirsutism in adolescent patients is a serious concern for developmental gynecology. This disorder is a endocrynological or gynecological problem, which infl uences patient's well-being.

Field of study: Medicine
Stem cell-mediated regeneration of the intervertebral disc: cellular and molecular challenge.

Regenerative medicine and stem cells hold great promise for intervertebral disc (IVD) disease. The therapeutic implications of utilizing stem cells to repair degenerated discs and treat back pain are highly anticipated by both the clinical and scientific communities. Although the avascular environment of the IVD poses a challenge for stem cell-mediated regeneration, neuroprogenitor cells have been discovered within degenerated discs, allowing scientists to revisit the hostile environment of the IVD as a target for stem cell therapy. Issues now under investigation include the timing of cell delivery and manipulation of stem cells to make them more efficient and adaptive in the IVD niche. This review covers the mechanisms underlying disc degeneration as well as the molecular and cellular challenges involved in directing stem cells to the desired cell type for intradiscal transplantation.

Field of study: Medicine
pH effects on cystine transport in lysosome-rich leucocyte granular fractions.

Inhibitors of lysosomal acidification (4,4'-di-isothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulphonate, NN'-dicyclohexylcarbodi-imide, carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone, NH4Cl and methylamine hydrochloride) did not alter cystine egress or countertransport in polymorphonuclear-leucocyte lysosome-rich granular fractions at pH 7.0. Together, 2 mM-MgCl2/MgATP and 90 mM-KCl stimulated cystine egress 2-fold, but this effect also was not influenced by inhibitors of ATP-dependent lysosomal acidification. MgCl2/MgATP stimulated cystine transport at pH 5.5, but the effect also occurred with MgCl2, MgSO4 or MnCl2 alone, was prevented by chelation, and was not seen with NaATP; therefore, it was considered a bivalent-cation, not an ATP, effect. Proton-pump-mediated acidification of lysosomes does not appear to be required for cystine transport in normal polymorphonuclear-leucocyte granular fractions, as reported for lymphoblast lysosomes.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Towards a stable and absolute atmospheric carbon dioxide instrument using spectroscopic null method

We present a novel spectral method to measure atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) with high precision and stability without resorting to calibration tanks during long-term operation. This spectral null method improves precision by reducing spectral proportional noise associated with laser emission instabilities. We employ sealed quartz cells with known CO2 column densities to serve as the permanent internal references in the null method, which improve the instrument's stability and accuracy. A prototype instrument – ABsolute Carbon dioxide (ABC) is developed using this new approach. The instrument has a one-second precision of 0.02 ppm, which averages down to 0.007 ppm within one minute. Long-term stability of within 0.1 ppm is achieved without any calibrations for over a one-month period. These results have the potential for eliminating the need for calibration cylinders for high accuracy field measurements of carbon dioxide.

Field of study: Environmental science
Promoter activity of mouse κ opioid receptor gene in transgenic mouse

The biological activity of mouse κ opioid receptor (KOR) gene promoter was examined in transgenic mice using a β-galactosidase (lacZ) reporter strategy for the first time. A lacZ cDNA was inserted at the 5th amino acid in the coding region of a mouse KOR genomic segment containing 3 kb of the 5′ regulatory region, to generate a Kor-lacZ fusion gene which was then used to generate transgenic mice. The expression of transgene was demonstrated at the RNA level by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and at the protein level by in situ lacZ enzyme assay. From studying three independent transgenic mouse lines that express this transgene, it is concluded that Kor-lacZ expression begins at embryonic day 9.5 (E9.5) and increases in several brain areas and neural tube as embryos develop. At E12.5 and E13.5, Kor-lacZ expression is found primarily in the mantle layer of midbrain, hindbrain and medulla oblongata, cranial ganglion and vagus nerve. At E15.5 and E17.5, the transgene is expressed in eye, ear, neopallial cortex, caudate putamen, lateral ventricle, thalamus, hypothalamus and pons. Therefore, the 3 kb 5′ regulatory sequence of the mouse KOR gene is functional in transgenic animals and directs a specific expression pattern recapitulating that of the endogenous KOR gene expression during developmental stages. However, in adult animals, this transgene is only expressed in the brain, indicating that the regulatory information for peripheral expression in the adult is not encoded within this 3 kb upstream sequence.

Field of study: Biology