nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
A Prediction Technique for Ablative Material Performance under High-Shear Re-Entry Conditions

Ablation tests of cones and wedges in high-performance hyperthermal test facilities have led to the development of an analytical technique for the prediction of heat shield material response to combinations of shear and heat flux higher than can be simulated. Exposure of composite materials to a high heat-transfer environment results in the development of a relatively weak char layer which is susceptible to removal by aerodynamic forces. Knowledge of the rate of char formation as obtained from thermochemical calculations is used in conjunction with the test recession rates to determine the maximum sustainable depth of char at any test shear level. This depth is shown to be constant for higher heat fluxes and to vary inversely with the total surface shear for higher shear levels. Internal temperature profiles and pressure gradients are considered, and the analysis is extended to materials forming liquid layers.

Field of study: Physics
Possible solution of the "single strand stability" problem-special cable design

The widely used multistrand superconducting cables demonstrate quench current degradation in AC mode. Often it happens due to premature quench of one strand. It was suggested that changing of the cable's design may improve the "single strand stability", or stability of a cable in relation to the quench of a single strand. We are checking this idea by testing several AC multistrand superconducting cables made from insulated superconducting strands with different cabling technique. We determined their quench current at different frequencies and current redistribution process in case of the quench of one single strand. The experimental results are presented and influence of the cable design on the "single strand stability" is discussed.

Field of study: Physics
NT-SwiFT: software implemented fault tolerance on Windows NT

More and more high available applications are implemented on Windows NT. However, the current version of Windows NT (NT4) does not provide some facilities that are needed to implement these fault tolerant applications. In this paper, we describe a set of components collectively named NT-SwiFT (Software Implemented Fault Tolerance) which facilitates building fault-tolerant and highly available applications on Windows NT. NT-SwiFT provides components for automatic error detection and recovery, checkpointing, event logging and replay, communication error recovery, incremental data replications, IP packets re-routing, etc. SwiFT components were originally designed on UNIX. The UNIX version was first ported to NT to run on UWIN [Korn97]. Gradually a large portion of the software has been re-implemented to take advantage of native NT system services. This paper describes these components and compares the differences in the UNIX and NT implementations. We also describe some applications using these components and discuss how to leverage NT system services and cope with some missing features.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Ecosystem carbon dynamics differ between tundra shrub types in the western Canadian Arctic.

Shrub expansion at high latitudes has been implicated in driving vegetation 'greening' trends and may partially offset CO2 emissions from warming soils. However, we do not yet know how Arctic shrub expansion will impact ecosystem carbon (C) cycling and this limits our ability to forecast changes in net C storage and resulting climate feedbacks. Here we quantify the allocation of photosynthate between different ecosystem components for two common deciduous Arctic shrubs, both of which are increasing in abundance in the study region; green alder (Alnus viridis (Chaix) DC.) and dwarf birch (Betula glandulosa Michx., B.). Using 13C isotopic labelling, we show that carbon use efficiency (i.e. the fraction of gross photosynthesis remaining after subtracting respiration) in peak growing season is similar between the two shrubs (56 ± 12% for A. viridis, 59 ± 6% for B. glandulosa), but that biomass production efficiency (plant C uptake allocated to biomass production, per unit gross photosynthesis) is 56 ± 14% for A. viridis, versus 31 ± 2% for B. glandulosa. A significantly greater proportion of recent photosynthate is allocated to woody biomass in A. viridis dominated plots (27 ± 5%), compared to plots dominated by B. glandulosa (4 ± 1%). Allocation of C to belowground pools also differs significantly; after 2.5 weeks we recovered 28 ± 6% of recent photosynthate in root-free soil under B. glandulosa, but under A. viridis we were unable to detect recent photosynthate in the soil. We provide the first evidence that the impact of shrub expansion on Arctic C cycling will be species dependant. Where Betula dominates, ~1/3 of recently photosynthesised C will be rapidly allocated belowground to soil and microbial pools. Where Alnus dominates, more recently fixed C will be allocated to woody biomass. We conclude that models driven by remotely-sensed aboveground canopy characteristics alone (i.e. greenness) will be unable to accurately represent the impact of vegetation change on Arctic C storage.

Field of study: Environmental science
Interaction of Sted-eze, nikethamide, pipradrol, or ammonium chloride with ethanol in human males.

The central stimulants, pipradrol and nikethamide, the commercially available purported ethanol antagonist vitamin compound, Stedeze, and the acidifying diuretic, ammonium chloride, were tested for their efficacy in reversing acute ethanol intoxication in humans. Male moderate drinkers ingested ethanol (0.8 g/kg) and then either pipradrol (2.5 mg), nikethamide (1.25 g), Stedeze (4 tablets: 160 mg vitamin B, 160 mg vitamin B2, 45 mg niacin, 1 g yeast), ammonium chloride (1.0 g), or placebo according to double-blind, within-subjects, crossover designs. Subjects were individually tested on a battery of physiologic and behavioral measures of intoxication that included platform-balance, divided attention and memory performance, electroencephalographic recordings, mood adjective check list, and objective and subjective inebriation ratings. In addition, blood ethanol concentrations (BECs) were monitored throughout each session. Although some antagonistic effects were found with nikethamide and ammonium chloride, none of the agents consistently reduced the degree of ethanol intoxication on the measures employed. In no instance did treatment with Stedeze significantly reduce intoxication when compared to placebo treatment (t test paired data or Wilcoxon signed-ranks matched-pairs test). These results indicate that none of the tested drugs represent effective sobering agents at the doses employed.

Field of study: Medicine
Competition between novelty and cocaine conditioned reward is sensitive to drug dose and retention interval.

The conditioned rewarding effects of novelty compete with those of cocaine for control over choice behavior using a place conditioning task. The purpose of the present study was to use multiple doses of cocaine to determine the extent of this competition and to determine whether novelty's impact on cocaine reward was maintained over an abstinence period. In Experiment 1, rats were conditioned with cocaine (7.5, 20, or 30 mg/kg ip) to prefer one side of an unbiased place conditioning apparatus relative to the other. In a subsequent phase, all rats received alternating daily confinements to the previously cocaine paired and unpaired sides of the apparatus. During this phase, half the rats had access to a novel object on their initially unpaired side; the remaining rats did not receive objects. The ability of novelty to compete with cocaine in a drug free and cocaine challenge test was sensitive to cocaine dose. In Experiment 2, a place preference was established with 10 mg/kg cocaine and testing occurred after 1, 14, or 28 day retention intervals. Findings indicate that choice behaviors mediated by cocaine conditioning are reduced with the passing of time. Taken together, competition between cocaine and novelty conditioned rewards are sensitive to drug dose and retention interval.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
OS EXERGAMES COMO RECURSO DIDÁTICO NO ENSINO DO ATLETISMO NA EDUCAÇÃO FÍSICA ESCOLAR

Os exergames sao jogos que permitem novas formas de vivenciar uma modalidade esportiva. Fazem parte da cultura digital e podem ser incorporados as aulas como recurso didatico ao ensino dos conteudos da educacao fisica escolar. Diante disso, foi realizado um estudo de intervencao composto por treze aulas direcionadas ao ensino do atletismo a educandos do quarto e quinto ano do ensino fundamental, com o objetivo de intercalar o desenvolvimento de atividades reais e virtuais, com o uso do console Xbox 360 com Kinect nas aulas, a fim de analisar e discutir as potencialidades destes games como recurso didatico no aprendizado do atletismo, quanto ao ensino das regras, das questoes tecnicas e taticas, alem das caracteristicas de algumas modalidades, valorizando o conteudo nas dimensoes conceitual, procedimental e atitudinal. Verificamos em nosso estudo que os exergames podem contribuir para o processo de ensino e aprendizagem, desde que haja uma mediacao pedagogica, estabelecendo-se como uma interessante ferramenta a ser empregada na educacao fisica escolar.

Field of study: Education
Hydrogen-bonded Charge-Transfer Complex of Ethylenediaminoglyoxime Transition Metal Complex with Tetracyanoquinodimethane

We prepared the hydrogen-bonded charge-transfer complex containing a transition metal, (ethylenediaminoglyoximato)(ethylenediaminoglyoxime)palladium(II), with TCNQ, which showed a segregated stacking mode of crystal structure and contained H-bonds between the anionic and cationic columns and between the cationic columns. The high electrical conductivity (90 Scm−1) was observed.

Field of study: Chemistry
Studies on the Phosphorus and Potassium Loss on Rubber Plantation Soil

Rubber tracts in China are laid between the north tropics and the south subtropics to enjoy a tropical monsoonal climate,Latosol is the most important soil resources in rubber plantations,most of which are infertile,that lead to slow-growing and low latex yield of rubber tree.It is fearful that,serious soil erosion caused by unreasonable utilization and heavy rainfall make things becoming worse and worse.Phosphorus,nitrogen and potassium losses with runoff are the main contributions to water eutrophication.In order to study how to reduce the nutrients losses and improve the nutrients recoveries,under the condition of natural rainfall,a field experiment treated with different application rates was conducted on rubber plantation by large runoff plots.The results showed that the amounts of P and K losses were affected by rainfall observably,and the K loss mainly occurred during a few times of heavy rain when the rainy season comes before and the first or two heavy rains after fertilization.With the dosage of P and K fertilizer applied increased,the amounts of soluble P and K nutrients showed a positive effect,which was similar to P nutrients combined with runoff sediment,but the K nutrients combined with runoff sediment showed an unconspicuous effect.The soil P and K nutrients mainly migrated with sediment in insoluble forms,proportion for 84.06% and 70.98% separately,while the amounts of soluble nutrients removed with runoff were every little.Besides part lost with surface runoff,the P fertilizer applied to soil could maintain the soil available phosphorus content level at a certain extent,but the K fertilizer mostly lost with rainfall runoff,it showed no significant effect on soil available potassium at this experiment conditions.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
A Reexamination of Diffusion Estimators With Applications to Financial Model Validation

Time-homogeneous diffusion models have been widely used for describing the stochastic dynamics of the underlying economic variables. Recently, Stanton proposed drift and diffusion estimators based on a higher-order approximation scheme and kernel regression method. He claimed that “higher order approximations must outperform lower order approximations” and concluded nonlinearity in the instantaneous return function of short-term interest rates. To examine the impact of higher-order approximations, we develop general and explicit formulas for the asymptotic behavior of both drift and diffusion estimators. We show that these estimators will reduce the numerical approximation errors in asymptotic biases, but their asymptotic variances escalate nearly exponentially with the order of approximation. Simulation studies also confirm our asymptotic results. This variance inflation problem arises not only from nonparametric fitting, but also from parametric fitting. Stanton's work also postulates the interesting question of whether the short-term rate drift is nonlinear. Based on empirical simulation studies, Chapman and Pearson suggested that the nonlinearity might be spurious, due partially to the boundary effect of kernel regression. This prompts us to use the local linear fit based on the first-order approximation, proposed by Fan and Yao, to ameliorate the boundary effect and to construct formal tests of parametric financial models against the nonparametric alternatives. Our simulation results show that the local linear method indeed outperforms the kernel approach. Furthermore, our nonparametric “generalized likelihood ratio tests” are indeed versatile and powerful in detecting nonparametric alternatives. Using this formal testing procedure, we show that the evidence against the linear drift of the short-term interest rates is weak, whereas evidence against a family of popular models for the volatility function is very strong. Application to Standard & Poor 500 data is also illustrated.

Field of study: Mathematics
EQUIVALENT UNIAXIAL CONSTITUTIONAL RELATIONSHIP FOR THE ENCASED CONCRETE OF T-SHAPED STEEL TUBULAR WITH BINDING BARS

The behaviors of T-shaped concrete-filled steel tubular(CFT) stub columns subjected to axial compression were experimentally investigated,including 11 specimens with binding bars and 5 ones without binding bars.The effects of the spacings and diameters of binding bars,thicknesses and strengths of steel plates,and section sizes on the failure modes and bearing capacities are discussed.The results indicate that the buckling modes of the steel plates are changed,the local buckling of the steel plates is delayed,and the bearing capacity and ductility of the T-shaped CFT stub columns are improved by setting binding bars.Based on a reasonable assumption,the T-section is divided into a square and three rectangular sections,in which the rectangular sections have binding bars while the square section has no one.The constitutional relationship of confined concrete is referred to build the equivalent uniaxial constitutional relationship for the core concrete of each section with clear mechanic concept.The results of load versus strain curves calculated by the proposed constitutional relationship are in good agreement with the experimental ones.

Field of study: Engineering
Characteristics of Plasma-Treated Amorphous Ta-Si-C Film as a Diffusion Barrier for Copper Metallization

Ta-Si-C film was prepared by magnetron sputtering, and the thermal stability of the plasma-treated film as a copper diffusion barrier was evaluated. The barrier properties and failure behaviors of the studied films were elucidated using a four-point probe, x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The as-deposited Ta-Si-C film had an amorphous structure, and the structure remained stable at an elevated temperature, allowing the film to be adopted as a barrier to inhibit Cu diffusion. The Cu/Ta26Si41C32/Si stacked structure had a failure temperature of 750°C/1 min when the 5-nm-thick Ta26Si41C32 film was treated by exposure to Ar/H2 plasma mixture, while the stacked film failed at 800°C/1 min when treated by exposure to Ar/N2 plasma mixture. Using the Ar/N2 plasma treatment favorably enhanced the thermal stability of the Ta26Si41C32 thin film as a barrier for Cu interconnections. When the Ta-Si-C film thickness was further reduced to 2 nm, the film retained the barrier effect at 650°C, 700°C, and 750°C for Ta34Si47C18, Ta30Si44C25, and Ta26Si41C32 compositions, respectively.

Field of study: Materials science
Polymorphism of HPV-16 type L2 genes from cervical carcinoma biopsies in southern Xinjiang Uygur women

目的 探讨新疆南部地区维吾尔族妇女宫颈癌组织中人乳头瘤病毒16型(human papillomavirus 16,HPV-16)L2基因的变异,并预测L2蛋白的功能变化. 方法从19份中国新疆南部地区维吾尔族妇女宫颈癌活检组织标本中提取DNA,以此DNA为模板,PCR扩增HPV-16 L2全长基因,PCR 产物直接测序或克隆后测序,分析新疆维吾尔族妇女宫颈癌组织HPV-16 L2基因多态性及HPV-16 L2蛋白功能的变化. 结果 PCR检测结果显示宫颈癌组织中HPV-16 L2阳性率为84.21%(16/19);测序和序列分析表明L2基因核苷酸多处发生变异,并引起编码氨基酸的变异;L2基因在核苷酸水平上形成7种突变模式(XJL2-1～XJL2-7),各模式与HPV-16原型比较,同源性在99.37%～99.79%之间;在氨基酸水平上形成5种突变模式,其中XJL1-1/2/3突变模式占66.67%(8/12),是突变的主流模式,各模式与HPV-16原型比较,同源性在98.31%～99.58%之间;以上突变引起HPV-16 L2蛋白疏水性和抗原性的改变,继而改变了L1蛋白的结构及功能. 结论中国新疆南部地区维吾尔族妇女宫颈癌组织中HPV-16 L2基因发生多位点变异,并形成多种突变模式和突变主流模式;这些突变引起HPV-16 L2蛋白疏水性和抗原性的改变,提示HPV-16 L2基因突变可能与HPV-16的系统发生以及病毒逃避机体免疫识别有关。

Field of study: Biology
Studies on interactions between plant secondary metabolites and glutathione transferase using fluorescence quenching method.

The interactions between plant secondary metabolites (tannic acid, rutin, cinnamic acid and catechin) and glutathione transferase (GST) were investigated by fluorescence and UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy. Intrinsic fluorescence of GST was measured by selectively exciting their tryptophan (Trp) residues and quenching constants were determined using the Stern-Volmer equation. The binding affinity was found to be strongest for tannic acid and ranked in the order tannic acid>rutin>cinnamic acid>catechin. The pH values in the range of 6.7-7.9, except for tannic acid, did not affect significantly the affinity of rutin, cinnamic acid and catechin with GST. Results showed that the fluorescence quenching of GST was a static_quenching. Fluorescence quenching and UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy suggested that only the tannic acid changed the microenvironment of the Trp residues. Furthermore, the number of binding sites and binding constants at different pH values showed that tannic acid had strongest affinity towards GST and hydrogen bonding played an important role in the affinity between GST and the metabolites.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Physics
Robustness of vortex-bound Majorana zero modes against correlated disorder

We investigate the effect of correlated disorder on Majorana zero modes (MZMs) bound to magnetic vortices in two-dimensional topological superconductors. By starting from a lattice model of interacting fermions with a $p_x \pm i p_y$ superconducting ground state in the disorder-free limit, we use perturbation theory to describe the enhancement of the Majorana localization length at weak disorder and a self-consistent numerical solution to understand the breakdown of the MZMs at strong disorder. We find that correlated disorder has a much stronger effect on the MZMs than uncorrelated disorder and that it is most detrimental if the disorder correlation length $\ell$ is on the same order as the superconducting coherence length $\xi$. In contrast, MZMs can survive stronger disorder for $\ell \ll \xi$ as random variations cancel each other within the length scale of $\xi$, while an MZM may survive up to very strong disorder for $\ell \gg \xi$ if it is located in a favorable domain of the given disorder realization.

Field of study: Physics
Bereavement and Complicated Grief

Bereavement is a common experience in adults aged 60 and older. Loss of a loved one usually leads to acute grief characterized by yearning and longing, decreased interest in ongoing activities, and frequent thoughts of the deceased. For most, acute grief naturally evolves into a state of integrated grief, where the bereaved is able to reengage with everyday activities and find interest or pleasure. About 7 % of bereaved older adults, however, will develop the mental health condition of Complicated Grief (CG). In CG, the movement from acute to integrated grief is derailed, and grief symptoms remain severe and impairing. This article reviews recent publications on the diagnosis of CG, risk factors for the condition and evidenced-based treatments for CG. Greater attention to CG detection and treatment in older adults is needed.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Pre-Triassic fit and alpine tectonics of continental blocks in the western Mediterranean

In the western Mediterranean, during Jurassic to Miocene time, the alpine orogenic belt fragmented into several continental blocks. The relationships between these different blocks, their initial (pre-Triassic) position, and their original fit have not been defined, although various hypotheses have been proposed. To reconstruct the pre-Triassic fit, a new approach is suggested which utilizes the reconstruction of the upper Paleozoic sedimentary basin as the basis for determining relationships between blocks. Examination of the sedimentology and tectonics of the upper Paleozoic of some parts of these scattered blocks, especially those of the Rif (Morocco), Djebel Chenoua (Kabylies, Algeria), and comparison with the upper Paleozoic of the Betic Cordillera (southern Spain) and of the island of Minorca (Balearic Islands, Spain), show the following. (1) Sedimentary zone I, in which Minorca, a part of the Rif, and the Djebel Chenoua have the same sedimentary facies (canyon, deep-sea fan, and slope deposits). These blocks must have been in proximity before the Triassic period. (2) Sedimentary zone II, which joins together southern Spain, the rest of the Rif, and the rest of the Kabylies. (3) These sedimentary zones are parts of a unique, mainly detrital marine basin, including all of these blocks which can then be fitted into a single original Alboran block. (4) A very important Variscan (Late Devonian to Permian) and pre-Variscan fracturing with two main directions (now N120°–140°E and N30°–50°E) existed in the Alboran block. This network has been reactivated during post-Triassic continental motion. A proposed pre-Triassic fit is described, in which the Alboran block is considered to be a sliver of the Iberian block, attached to the latter near the Balearic Islands. In terms of global tectonics, a new alpine evolutionary tectonic pattern is proposed for the Alboran block, with two successive major events: (1) Californian-type tectonics with subduction and Californian-type rifting (Jurassic to Miocene); during this time, the Alboran block slid along the Iberian block, much as southern California and northern Baja California have shifted along the edge of the North American plate. In the Mediterranean, this motion was due to the presence of two oceanic plates which disappeared by subduction in the western Mediterranean. The displacement of the Alboran block was facilitated by the Variscan fracture directions (N30°–50°E), which promoted differential rifting in the block, with horizontal displacements of more than 700 km. (2) Collision tectonics occurred between Africa and Europe (Miocene to Holocene): the differential movements between African and European plates and the Iberian block provoked compressive tectonic episodes in the intermediate region, which constituted the Alboran block. Continental margins of the European and African plates as well as the continental margin of the Alboran block were crushed between the major plates, producing spectacular but superficial thrusts.

Field of study: Geology