nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Fate of the micropenis and constitutional small penis: do they grow to normalcy in puberty?

Penile length is an important indicator of male sexual development. Scarce data were reported on penile length measurements in children comparing changes between prepuberty and puberty for the small penile issue with long-term follow-up.



The purpose of this study was to investigate the possibility of catch-up growth of the penile length of boys with a small penis in the long-term follow-up.



From April 2001 to December 2016, 27 boys who visited the outpatient clinic owing to a small penis, without any chromosomal anomalies and other genital disorder, were investigated retrospectively. Micropenis is defined as 2.5 standard deviations less than the mean stretched penile length (SPL) of age. Periodic penile length, testicular volume, hormonal levels (serum testosterone, luteinizing hormone (LH), and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)), and bone age were measured. Pubertal development was recorded by using the Tanner scale. The effect of hormonal therapy and the factors attributable to the increment of the penile length were evaluated.



The mean age at the first visit was 9.8 years (5-12 years) and that at puberty was 12.6 years (10-16 years). The length of the penis at the initial visit was 4.0 ± 0.8 cm (2.5-6.0) and at puberty, 7.3 ± 1.8 cm (4.0-12.0). Nine patients diagnosed with micropenis no longer had a micropenis in puberty. The less the age-matched SPL, the more the increment of SPL that was observed (rho = - 0.548, P = 0.003). The mean increment of SPL in the hormonal therapy group (11 boys) and the non-hormonal therapy group (16 boys) was not statistically different (43.5 ± 22. 9% vs 41.5 ± 21.6%, respectively, P = 0.497).



This study explains how much the growth of a small penis catches up in puberty. From the point of view of the increment of SPL, the increment was higher in boys who belonged to the smaller penis group. Hormonal therapy does not attribute to an increase in the length after long-term follow-up. Limitations of this study were its retrospective origin with a small number of patients in a single center.



Catch-up growth of the small penis at puberty was accomplished in most children with a small penis before puberty. Hormonal treatment was not significantly correlated with the penile length increment in the long-term follow-up.

Field of study: Medicine
Biochemical characterization of serum thyroglobulin from patients with bone metastases from follicular carcinoma of the thyroid.

The biochemical properties of serum thyroglobulin obtained from six patients with follicular carcinoma of the thyroid and distant metastases to bone(s) have been studied. Since it is difficult to isolate sufficient thyroglobulin from serum samples, in vivo radioiodinated serum thyroglobulin obtained after radioiodine administration was used. In contrast to a sharp salting-out pattern observed with native thyroglobulin isolated from normal thyroid tissue, a broad salting-out curve was seen with metastatic serum thyroglobulin. The metastatic serum thyroglobulin eluted with low ionic strength from ion-exchange column. More than 95% of metastatic serum thyroglobulin could be bound to concanavalin-A sepharose and be eluted with 0.5 M alpha-methyl mannoside. The reactivity of metastatic serum thyroglobulin and native thyroglobulin towards concanavalin-A was comparable. Both types of thyroglobulins showed identical mobilities on sucrose linear density gradient centrifugation. The metastatic serum thyroglobulin from follicular carcinoma of the thyroid thus appears to be 19 S thyroglobulin with near normal concanavalin-A binding sugars but altered surface charges.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Physics
WALL-COLUMN FRAME MODEL OF RC SLIT WALL

Analysis models of slit wall suggested by JGJ99-98 are discussed.The necessity of considering shear deformation of web of steel beams is pointed out in determining the section of equivalent cross bracing or shear plate.It is also found the models suggested by JGJ99-98 can neither predict the actual shear forces in steel beams,nor account for bending deformation.Therefore,a wall-column model is suggested,and the rigidity of each part in this model is proposed.A very low axial rigidity is assigned to the wall-column modeling slit walls to implement the design philosophy of carrying no vertical loads by slit walls.Comparisons between three models are carried out and it is found that,when the number of stories was small,the wall-column models yield the lowest lateral stiffness.As the height of the structures increases,three models yield nearly the same lateral stiffness.But the wall-column model can correctly predict the internal forces of each member in the model,thus indicating an improvement over the cross bracing or shear plate models.At last,the shear key was proposed to be added between the column and silt walls so as to improve the behaviour of girders.

Field of study: Engineering
The storage and recall of auditory memory

The architecture of the auditory memory is investigated. The auditory information is assumed to be represented by f−t patterns. With the help of a psycho-physical experiment it is demonstrated that the storage of these patterns is highly folded in the sense that a long signal is broken into many short stretches before being stored in the memory. Recognition takes place by correlating newly heard input in the short term memory to information previously stored in the long term memory. We show that this correlation is performed after the input is accumulated and held statically in the short term memory.

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics
Oxygen–iodine chemical laser with a longitudinally circulating active medium

A theoretical analysis is made of a longitudinal variant of an oxygen–iodine chemical laser that can minimize the losses of singlet oxygen when this is transferred from the reactor to the resonator. It is shown that there is a maximum gain per pass that depends on the circulation velocity. After parametrizing the problem, the laser is described using several dimensionless parameters. It is found that the oxygen pressure does not explicitly influence the gain or the lasing efficiency. In the case of a single-module system with real parameters the useful resonator losses can be of the order of 10% and the resonator efficiency need not be lower than 50%.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Diets of Pliocene mammals from Omo, Ethiopia, deduced from carbon isotopic ratios in tooth apatite

Carbon isotopic ratios in tooth apatite of Pliocene fossil mammals from Omo, Ethiopia, dated at 2.0 m.y. ago reported here are consistent with dietary predictions based on modern herbivores of the African savannah. The results indicate the applicability of the technique in reconstructing dietary patterns of fossil animals including hominids.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
RANDOM VIBRATION ANALYSIS METHOD IN DISPLACEMENT INPUT MODEL UNDER TRAVELING WAVE EARTHQUAKE EXCITATIONS

In traveling-wave excitation analysis,the free nodal absolute displacements are decomposed into pseudo-static and dynamic parts respectively in conventional pseudo excitation method(PEM) of random vibration,and the mass and stiffness matrices of free nodes must be obtained for constructing pseudo acceleration and displacement harmonic excitation,which is very time-consuming especially for solving problems with many degrees of freedom.A new PEM is presented here,in which the free nodal absolute displacements can be solved directly in displacement input model.As only coupled stiffness matrices between free and restrained nodes is needed for constructing pseudo excitation,it is more convenient to use in engineering than conventional PEM.The error of the calculation results of basement elements in adopting the displacement input modeldue to the different omitted damping terms is analyzed,and an effective method is presented to solve the problem.

Field of study: Engineering
UNDERSTANDING PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION: REFLECTIONS ON AN ACADEMIC OBITUARY —“ALAS, POOR YORICK”

It seemed that “Alas, Poor Yorick” was an appropriate subtitle for this attempt to respond to Understanding Public Administration. Yorick, you will remember, was the deceased royal jester, whose skull Hamlet inspected in the churchyard in Elsinore, causing him to meditate on the vanity of human life. “Now get you to my lady's chamber, and tell her, let her paint an inch thick, to this favour she must come.” Though not a professional jester, I am keenly aware of the ephemeral character of the work of Professors of Government and Public Administration, or at least of this particular one; though Festsehriften may be said to “lay it on thick”, they cannot altogether disguise the rather plain face beneath. I am glad to be fortified by having the more distinguished countenance of Robert Parker alongside me, and I mean that.

Field of study: Political science
On divisible weighted Dynkin diagrams and reachable elements

Let e be a nilpotent element of a complex simple Lie algebra $ \mathfrak{g} $. The weighted Dynkin diagram of e, $ \mathcal{D}(e) $, is said to be divisible if $ {{{\mathcal{D}(e)}} \left/ {2} \right.} $ is again a weighted Dynkin diagram. The corresponding pair of nilpotent orbits is said to be friendly. In this paper we classify the friendly pairs and describe some of their properties. Any subalgebra $ \mathfrak{s}{\mathfrak{l}_3} $ in $ \mathfrak{g} $ gives rise to a friendly pair; such pairs are called A2-pairs. If Gx is the lower orbit in an A2-pair, then $ x \in \left[  \right] $, i.e., x is reachable. We also show that $ {\mathfrak{g}^x} $ has other interesting properties. Let $ {\mathfrak{g}^x} = { \oplus_{i \geqslant 0}}{\mathfrak{g}^x}(i) $ be the $ \mathbb{Z} - {\text{grading}} $ determined by a characteristic of x. We prove that $ {\mathfrak{g}^x} $ is generated by the Levi subalgebra $ {\mathfrak{g}^x}(0) $ and two elements of $ {\mathfrak{g}^x}(1) $. In particular, the nilpotent radical of $ {\mathfrak{g}^x} $ is generated by the subspace $ {\mathfrak{g}^x}(1) $.

Field of study: Mathematics
Study of Crack in Continuous Casting Ingot of Q235 Wide Plate

The continuous casting ingot of Q235 wide plate was investigated by the optical microscopy,scanning electron microscopy and energy spectrum analysis.It was found that lots of Non-metallic inclusions exist in the ingot,and they are the internal cause for cracking of the ingot.Based on the results of the thermal simulation experiment,it was confirmed that cracks in the ingot were heat cracks formed in the temperature of more than 950℃.

Field of study: Materials science
CO2 Capture by Injection of Flue Gas or CO2-N2 Mixtures into Hydrate Reservoirs: Dependence of CO2 Capture Efficiency on Gas Hydrate Reservoir Conditions.

Injection of flue gas or CO2-N2 mixtures into gas hydrate reservoirs has been considered as a promising option for geological storage of CO2. However, the thermodynamic process in which the CO2 present in flue gas or a CO2-N2 mixture is captured as hydrate has not been well understood. In this work, a series of experiments were conducted to investigate the dependence of CO2 capture efficiency on reservoir conditions. The CO2 capture efficiency was investigated at different injection pressures from 2.6 to 23.8 MPa and hydrate reservoir temperatures from 273.2 to 283.2 K in the presence of two different saturations of methane hydrate. The results showed that more than 60% of the CO2 in the flue gas was captured and stored as CO2 hydrate or CO2-mixed hydrates, while methane-rich gas was produced. The efficiency of CO2 capture depends on the reservoir conditions including temperature, pressure, and hydrate saturation. For a certain reservoir temperature, there is an optimum reservoir pressure at which the maximum amount of CO2 can be captured from the injected flue gas or CO2-N2 mixtures. This finding suggests that it is essential to control the injection pressure to enhance CO2 capture efficiency by flue gas or CO2-N2 mixtures injection.

Field of study: Environmental science
La France des Humanistes: Henri II Estienne, éditeur et écrivain (review)

space in d’Aubigné’s writings from the perspectives of theology, philosophy, poetics, narrative, and grammar. In her conclusion, Fragonard suggests that d’Aubigné’s powerfully individual literary style constitutes a gesture towards the transcendence that human language can never fully attain, just as d’Aubigné’s prophetic poetic persona speaks for a God from which he necessarily remains distinct. Fragonard’s erudite approach takes the concepts of religious belief and conviction very seriously, thus reminding us that Brad Gregory’s 1999 Salvation at Stake, widely praised for its methodological innovation in this regard, has in fact a predecessor or two; moreover, it amply demonstrates the gains to be had from the kind of rhetorical analysis Gregory himself seemed to discount. Anyone interested in the reformed religious culture of sixteenth-century France, as well as anyone interested in d’Aubigné, will learn much by returning to Fragonard’s stimulating study. ANDREA FRISCH University of Maryland

Field of study: History
Antibacterial and antifungal activity of phytosterols and methyl dehydroabietate of Norway spruce bark extracts.

The current study focuses on the analysis of in vitro biological activity of extract from bark of Norway spruce (Picea Abies), which can find potential application in food and cosmetic industry and pharmacology. Milled bark was subjected to Soxhlet extraction and supercritical fluid extraction to obtain two ethanol extracts. These extracts were further used to obtain their pre-extracts to n-hexane. It was investigated whether beta-sitosterol exhibits bacteriostatic activity necessary to observe antimicrobial and antifungal activity of methyl dehydroabiatate. This synergic effect and bacteriostatic activity of beta-sitosterol have not been previously reported. The greatest inhibition zone of n-hexane pre-extracts was confirmed in bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa (0,9 - 1,5 cm) and yeast Alternaria alternata (0,7 - 1,6 cm). It is novel, the antioxidant, antimicrobial and antifungal activity of spruce bark extracts assessed in terms of food and cosmetic fortification.

Field of study: Biology, Engineering
Preparation of Derivatives of 2-Cyano-3-(5- N -arylamino- or 5- N -Alkyl- N -phenylamino-2-furyl)propenoic Acids

(5-Bromo-2-furyl)methylidenemalonodinitrile (1) reacted with substituted aromatic amines under formation of (5-N-arylamino-2-furyl)methylidenemalonodinitriles 2a-2h whereas no reaction was observed with N-alkyl-N-phenylamines. Derivatives of 2-cyano-3-(5-N-alkyl-N-phenylamino-2-furyl)- propenoic acid 5a-5o were prepared by reaction of the corresponding N-alkylanilines with 5-bromo-2-furancarbaldehyde, followed by hydrolysis of the obtained Eiji salts and reaction with malonic acid derivatives.

Field of study: Chemistry
A novel approach to the kinetic theory and hydrodynamic turbulence. II

A novel approach to the kinetic theory of gases is suggested through certain correlation functions known as product densities. This approach is shown to be very useful in explaining transitions from gaseous to liquid state as well as laminar to turbulent flows in gas dynamics. For large deviations from the equilibrium configuration, it is shown that the system obeys a set of generalised Navier-Stokes equation where some stochastic features are present.

Field of study: Physics
Pitfalls to Avoid when Interpreting Machine Learning Models

Modern requirements for machine learning (ML) models include both high predictive performance and model interpretability. A growing number of techniques provide model interpretations, but can lead to wrong conclusions if applied incorrectly. We illustrate pitfalls of ML model interpretation such as bad model generalization, dependent features, feature interactions or unjustified causal interpretations. Our paper addresses ML practitioners by raising awareness of pitfalls and pointing out solutions for correct model interpretation, as well as ML researchers by discussing open issues for further research.

Field of study: Computer science
Cell replacement therapy for intracerebral hemorrhage.

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), for which no effective treatment strategy is currently available, constitutes one of the most devastating forms of stroke. As a result, developing therapeutic options for ICH is of great interest to the medical community. The 3 potential therapies that have the most promise are cell replacement therapy, enhancing endogenous repair mechanisms, and utilizing various neuroprotective drugs. Replacement of damaged cells and restoration of function can be accomplished by transplantation of cells derived from different sources, such as embryonic or somatic stem cells, umbilical cord blood, and genetically modified cell lines. Early experimental data showing the benefits of cell transplantation on functional recovery after ICH have been promising. Nevertheless, several studies have focused on another therapeutic avenue, investigating novel ways to activate and direct endogenous repair mechanisms in the central nervous system, through exposure to specific neuronal growth factors or by inactivating inhibitory molecules. Lastly, neuroprotective drugs may offer an additional tool for improving neuronal survival in the perihematomal area. However, a number of scientific issues must be addressed before these experimental techniques can be translated into clinical therapy. In this review, the authors outline the recent advances in the basic science of treatment strategies for ICH.

Field of study: Medicine
Contrast and induction in rats on multiple schedules.

Eight rats were trained on a variable-interval schedule in the presence of a light (Phase I). Responding was then extinguished in the presence of darkness that alternated with the light (Phase II). Reinforcement was then introduced in the presence of darkness (Phase III). Several rats were then returned to the condition of Phase II (Phase IV) and then to that of Phase III (Phase V). The responding of most rats showed clear behavioral contrast in Phase II-i.e., an increase in responding in the presence of the light. When, for three rats, Phase III was introduced early after the occurrence of positive contrast, either positive induction occurred, i.e., an increase in responding in the presence of the light, or there was little change. Negative contrast did not occur. It was further shown that positive contrast dissipates over time, thus replicating a result previously obtained with pigeons and that the positive induction effect seems also to dissipate over time. The introduction of reinforcement in the presence of darkness (Phases III and V) after the dissipation of positive contrast seemed to have little consistent effect.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
The impact of various hood shapes, and side panel and exhaust duct arrangements, on the performance of typical Chinese style cooking hoods

In Chinese commercial kitchens, a large amount of moisture and heat is produced and must be removed, which can require ventilation rates resulting in huge levels of energy consumption. Excessive airflow rates can increase unnecessary energy consumption and system life-cycle costs. For many middle and small scale commercial kitchens in China, the indoor, thermal environment is far worse than acceptable levels. The use of an efficient kitchen hood is essential to ensure a comfortable working environment and better energy conservation. In this study, many types of hood shapes and side panels were developed to improve the capture efficiency of traditional Chinese style cooking hoods. The arrangement of the exhaust ducts was also investigated. Basic site tests and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis were conducted. The simulated results showed that increasing hood volume did not improve capture performance. However, side panels did improve the capture efficiency, especially at higher positions. In addition, when the exhaust opening was located at the rear of the hood, the hood capture efficiency improvement was enhanced.

Field of study: Engineering
Characterization of the Microfluidic Oscillator

The microfluidic oscillator is a new microscale actuator developed for flow control applications. These patented devices can produce a 325-ytm-wide oscillating gas jet at high frequencies (over 22 kHz) and very low flow rates (∼1 1/ min or ∼1 g/ min). Furthermore, microfluidic oscillators have no moving parts; the jet oscillations depend solely on the internal fluid dynamics. In this work, the flowfield of a microfluidic oscillator is characterized using pressure transducers, water visualization, and pressure-sensitive paint. The acoustic field and frequency spectrum were characterized for the oscillator at several flow rates. The results indicate that the external flowfield of the microfluidic oscillator is marked by two distinct operating regimes, separated by a transitional increase in turbulent noise. This work also demonstrates a significant advance in pressure-sensitive paint technology. New instrumentation was developed to resolve small-scale, time-resolved measurements of a high-frequency micro flowfield. A macro imaging system was used to provide a spatial resolution of approximately 3 mm per pixel and time-resolved, full-unsteady pressure measurements at oscillation frequencies up to 21 kHz.

Field of study: Physics
Immune Optimization Algorithm Based on Excellent Gene Spreading

In this paper Gene Spreading operation and improving gene recombination are introduced to extend the work in literature[5],so that better solution could be searched more quickly.The key idea is to distinguish high-level antibodies between low-level antibodies.Low-level antibodies are generated and updated continuously while high-level antibodies keep relatively stable with learning excellent gene from low-level antibodies.Such motivation and design are introduced in detail in this paper.The experiment results prove that our algorithm has a quick and good ability of problem solving.

Field of study: Computer science
Contracting automorphisms and Lp-cohomology in degree one

We characterize those Lie groups, and algebraic groups over a local field of characteristic zero, whose first reduced Lp-cohomology is zero for all p>1, extending a result of Pansu. As an application, we obtain a description of Gromov-hyperbolic groups among those groups. In particular we prove that any non-elementary Gromov-hyperbolic algebraic group over a non-Archimedean local field of zero characteristic is quasi-isometric to a 3-regular tree. We also extend the study to general semidirect products of a locally compact group by a cyclic group acting by contracting automorphisms.

Field of study: Mathematics