nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Characteristics and Enlightenment of the Stanford University Statute

In the present statute promoting construction of China's university historical juncture,the careful study of a famous foreign university statute,it has enlightening significance for us.Stanford University Statute plays a very important role in the process of running Stanford University.Its prominent characteristics can be summarized as follows:statute of association according to law promulgated,revised to keep pace with the times;the government's macro guidance,university autonomy;detailed terms,operation rules;distinctive characteristics,highlight the idea alone.Successful cases of mirror in the Stanford University Statute,we should obtain the enlightenment:enhance the awareness of the importance of the university statutes construction;through the formulation of the statute shall implement the autonomy of higher education according to law;content of the statute should fully embody the university running characteristics and operations.

Field of study: Education
ADDITIONS TO THE HERPETOLOGICAL CATALOGUE OF THE MUSEO DEL MAR, UNIVERSIDAD ARTURO PRAT, IQUIQUE, CHILE

Se documentan las nuevas especies de herpetozoos incorporados a la Coleccion Herpetologica del Museo del Mar de la Universidad Arturo Prat de Iquique. La Coleccion cuenta actualmente con 56 especies de herpetozoos, 16 de anfibios y 40 de reptiles tanto terrestres como marinos, con un total de 165 ejemplares, correspondientes aproximadamente a un 38% del total de herpetozoos chilenos

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Southeastern extent of the North American craton in Texas and northern Chihuahua as revealed by Pb isotopes

The geographic patterns of Pb isotopic compositions of Eocene to Miocene igneous rocks appear to delineate the southeastern edge of the North American Precambrian craton in Trans-Pecos Texas and northern Chihuahua, Mexico. The boundary parallels and lies southeast of the buried fault contact between Ouachita facies thrust sheets and Paleozoic cratonic sedimentary rocks. Lead isotopic data for basalts and granulite xenoliths suggests that the basalts contain a mixture of Pb from mantle and lower-crustal sources. On the northwest side of the boundary, this mixing involves 1.35 to 1.1 Ga cratonic lithosphere and yields linear arrays of 206Pb/204Pb versus 207Pb/204Pb and 208Pb/204Pb. Basaltic magmas on the southeast side of the boundary apparently interacted with more-radiogenic lithosphere accreted during the Ouachita orogeny. Basalts in a 50-km-wide central zone between the northwestern and southeastern provinces have Pb isotopic compositions that are intermediate between those of the northwestern and southeastern sources. In the northwestern province, lead isotopic compositions of intermediate to felsic rocks are less radiogenic than those of associated basalts, whereas in the southeast province they have more radiogenic compositions than the basalts. This isotopic divergence reflects assimilation of contrasting crust of each province.

Most felsic Tertiary rocks of the northwestern province have lower 207Pb/204Pb versus 206Pb/204Pb and somewhat elevated 208Pb/204Pb versus 206Pb/204Pb, suggesting assimilation of relatively high Th/U Precambrian crust. The central province also contains low 206Pb/204Pb and 207Pb/204Pb Precambrian components, but few igneous rocks have elevated 208Pb/204Pb. Southeastern-province crust appears dominantly Phanerozoic, although Precambrian basement with Pb isotopic compositions near model average crust may be present. The Pb isotopic zonation observed in West Texas is similar to that found in the Appalachians of the northern United States and Canada and in the Caledonides of Europe: that is, a progression from more-radiogenic outboard terranes to less-radiogenic inboard terranes.

Lead isotopic ratios from Tertiary igneous rocks of the northwestern part of Trans-Pecos Texas are similar to those of adjacent New Mexico and southeastern Arizona, although regional basement ages and isotopic characteristics differ. Extending the West Texas isotopic terranes to the southwest holds promise for testing and improving the understanding of the Sonora-Mojave megashear; Precambrian assembly of Gondwana; and correlation of Grenville-Caledonian terranes between the Appalachians, Texas, and eastern to southern Mexico.

Field of study: Geology
Synthesis of New Thiophene‐Substituted 3,3‐Diphenyl‐3H‐naphtho[2,1‐b]pyrans by Cross‐Coupling Reactions, Precursors of Photomodulated Materials

3,3-Diphenyl-3H-naphtho[2,1-b]pyrans linked to one, two, or three thiophene nuclei in different positions of the naphthalene moiety (5, 6, 8, and 9) by a covalent bond have been prepared in good yields. A Suzuki cross-coupling reaction was used with two possible strategies: chromenization before the coupling with oligothiophenes or chromenization after the coupling, the main intermediates being the diphenyl propargylic alcohol, the functionalized naphthol derivatives, and the thiophenic boronates. The overall yields for obtaining such photochromic compounds are generally quite satisfying. For the 7-position, the coupling reaction has been realized using a Grignard reaction between a tetralone derivative and a thiophenic bromo magnesium intermediate.

Field of study: Chemistry
Effects of angle dispersion and fabrication errors of gratings on beam characteristics of spectral combining systems

Considering the beam divergence,the angle dispersion and the fabrication errors of groove angle of the grating and using ray tracing method,the calculation model for the phase change of the laser beam obliquely incident on the grating has been built up.Then,making use of the diffraction integral method and the principle of incoherent superposition of laser beams,the analytical expression for the output intensity distribution of each emitter after passing through the spectral beam combining system has been derived.Finally,according to the intensity second-order moments method,the M2-factor of the combined beam has been calculated and the efffects of the angle dispersion and the fabrication errors of grating groove angle on the beam characterristics of the spectral combining system have been analyzed quantitatively.The results show that the angle dispersion and the fabication errors of grating groove angle will both degrade the beam quality of combined beam,and the effect of the latter on the beam quality of combined beam is more obvious than that of the former.

Field of study: Physics
Electrosynthesis of Electroactive Metal-Metal Bonded Polymers [Ru(CO)2L]n (L = 2,2'-Bipyridine Derivatives), Their Characterization and Catalytic Activity. A Review

This paper presents an account on the preparation, characterization and properties of conductive polymers [Ru(CO) 2 L] n (L = 2,2'-bipyridine derivatives). These strongly adherent and highly colored films containing Ru chains are unique examples of a new generation of organometallic polymers that possess interesting catalytic properties. The formation of these materials from mononuclear complexes like [RuCl 2 (CO) 2 L] and their properties were investigated by combined electrochemical techniques and UV-VIS, NMR, FTIR and EPR spectroscopies. The polymer is produced by electrochemically induced propagation involving the intermediate formation of dimers, tetramers and higher oligomers. The air sensitivity of this kind of Ru(0) polymers can be overcome by using polypyrrole matrix with L-attached mononuclear [RuCl 2 (CO) 2 L] precursor complexes. A following cathodic step leads, within the polypyrrole film, to the intended second polymer with Ru-Ru bonds. The morphology of this unusual hybrid polymer, investigated by scanning electron microscopy, revealed a uniform material. Regular films are formed by electrodeposition on carbon fibers. Most of these polymers possess high and selective catalytic activity in the electroreduction of carbon dioxide in aqueous media. A review with 36 references.

Field of study: Chemistry
Paying Attention to the Emotion Management for Students

Emotion management is an effective management through the emotion communion between the manager and the person being managed.It is propitious to help students find out the directions of life,occupation and development by means of enforcing the emotion management in the administrative process of higher vocational students.Starting with the construction of spiritual culture,the effective countermeasure should be taken to make the emotion management better so that the purpose of promoting the students' general qualities can be achieved.

Field of study: Education
Noncommunicable chronic disease in Bangladesh: overview of existing programs and priorities going forward.

This paper reviews existing NCD programs in Bangladesh and identifies key priorities for the country to help address the NCD burden.



To identify existing chronic disease programs in Bangladesh, country experts were interviewed and literature searches were conducted in PubMed and Ovid Medline (January 1970 to June 2009) for potentially relevant studies focused on tobacco-related illnesses, diabetes or cardiovascular disease. Programs not being implemented at the time of the study were excluded. Programs underway at the time of the study were included.



Bangladesh has a total of 11 NCD programs at varying levels of development. Roughly half of the programs involved diabetes; three addressed the reduction of primary risk factors and about half provided infrastructure (e.g., hospitals or clinics) for NCD services or health professional training. The programs were roughly divided between the government and nongovernment organizations (NGOs).



The Bangladeshi government and non-government organizations have taken several steps to implement appropriate NCD programs, but there are many areas where efforts could be enhanced or strengthened. Key among them is improved monitoring and evaluation of NCD programs and the development of nationally representative NCD surveillance data which includes prevalence and associated risk factors.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Development of novel vaccines against anthrax in man.

It has been shown that antianthrax immunity induced by the novel vaccine proposed has not only antitoxic, but also antispore character. The whole complex of antigens, namely surface spore antigens, surface antigens of cell wall and toxin components is required for the induction of strong and stable immunity against anthrax. The STI-1 vaccine strain with introduced resistance to several antibiotics seems to be promising for prophylaxis and treatment of anthrax in case of emergency, especially if antibiotic pretreatment could be expected. The technology for submerged cultivation of Bacillus anthracis vaccine strain and for the development of an anthrax vaccine to be used in human medicine is proposed on the basis of the conception of the immunogenesis.

Field of study: Biology, Engineering
The temperature response of photosynthesis in tobacco with reduced amounts of Rubisco.

The reasons for the decline in net CO2 assimilation (A) above its thermal optimum are controversial. We tested the hypothesis that increasing the ratio of Rubisco activase to Rubisco catalytic site concentration would increase the activation state of Rubisco at high temperatures. We measured photosynthetic gas exchange, in vivo electron transport (J) and the activation state of Rubisco between 15 and 45 degrees C, at 38 and 76 Pa ambient CO2, in wild-type (WT) and anti-rbcS tobacco. The Rubisco content of the anti-rbcS lines was 30% (S7-1) or 6% (S7-2) of WT, but activase levels were the same in the three genotypes. Anti-rbcS plants had lower A than WT at all temperatures, but had a similar thermal optimum for photosynthesis as WT at both CO2 levels. In WT plants, Rubisco was fully activated at 32 degrees C, but the activation state declined to 64% at 42 degrees C. By contrast, the activation state of Rubisco was above 90% in the S7-1 line, between 15 and 42 degrees C. Both A and J declined about 20% from T(opt) to the highest measurement temperatures in WT and the S7-1 line, but this was fully reversed after a 20 min recovery at 35 degrees C. At 76 Pa CO2, predicted rates of RuBP regeneration-limited photosynthesis corresponded with measured A in WT tobacco at all temperatures, and in S7-1 tobacco above 40 degrees C. Our observations are consistent with the hypothesis that the high temperature decline in A in the WT is because of an RuBP regeneration limitation, rather than the capacity of Rubisco activase to maintain high Rubisco activation state.

Field of study: Environmental science
[A rare variant in the sortilin-related receptor 1 gene is associated with declined cognitive functions in the elderly].

To estimate the association of rs11218343 in the sortilin-related receptor 1 (SORL1) gene with cognitive performance in the elderly and with Alzheimer's disease (AD) in the Russian population.



A sample included 586 elderly people (mean age 70.9±5.7 years) without AD diagnosis and 100 patients with late-onset AD (mean age 72.1±7.8 years) from the Tomsk population. SORL1 rs11218343 was genotyped using PCR and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Cognitive performance in the sample of elderly without AD was assessed by Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) test.



Allele frequencies of the SORL1 polymorphism were not significantly different between the elderly without AD and AD patients. However mean MoCA score in the carriers of the rare allele (19.00±6.61) was significantly lower than in homozygotes for the common variant (22.25±3.89) (F=4.97; p=0.026).



The rare variant in SORL1 gene previously associated with AD in genome-wide association studies and meta-analyses was associated with lower total МоСА scores in the random sample of elderly people that suggests declined cognitive functions in the carriers of this variant in elderly.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Free convective heat transfer coefficient for high powered and tilted QFN64 electronic device

Heat exchanges occurring between the electronic assemblies and their environment are an essential data in order to control their temperature, enhance their performance and improve their reliability. In this survey, the average natural convective heat transfer coefficient is determined for an assembly constituted by a Quad Flat Non-lead QFN64 generating a high power ranging from 0.1 to 1.0 W during operation. It is welded on a PCB which may be inclined with respect to the horizontal plane by an angle varying between 0° and 90°. The calculations done by means of the finite volume method show how the free convective heat transfer on every part of this electronic assembly is influenced by these physical parameters. The correlations proposed in this work allow calculating the convective heat transfer coefficient in any area of the considered assembly according to the generated power and the tilt inclination. These original and unpublished tools allow increasing reliability and better thermal control of this conventional device widely used in electronics for many engineering applications.

Field of study: Engineering
Study on the Microencapsulated Natural Vitamin E

This paper studied the spray drying microencapsulation technology of natural vitamin E. The result showed that the wall materials and their optimum composition was Arabic gum 22.5％，dextrin 25％and corn syrup 52.5％. The suitable proportion of core material and wall material was 6∶5. And the suitable homogenizing pressure was 30MPa. The optimum spray drying conditions for microencapsulation of natural vitamin E were the feed temperature was 60℃,feed flow rate was 150mL/min,temperature of entering wind was 195℃,and temperature of out wind was 70℃.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Casting Process Improvement of Spherical Bush Body to Overcome Defect of Gas and Shrinkage Porous

Aimend at the problem that water cooling channel sand core in heavy sectioned spherical bush was almost encircled by molten iron,resin sand with good collapsibility was used to facilitate the clean-up.The sufficient sized big riser was used for exhausting nitrogen gas at the spherical bush top and feeding.However,due to difficulty to determine the size of riser,particularly the size of riser neck,and control pouring temperature,the shrinkage porous often appeared at the root of riser on casting which leads to repair or casting scraped.Aimed at this problem some technical measures were taken such as changing the original bottom filling to ladder filling,and using the outer and inner profiled chill irons at the bottom of riser,and other process improvements.These defects were well resolved.

Field of study: Materials science
Methanogenic response to long-term permafrost thaw is determined by paleoenvironment

Methane production in thawing permafrost can be substantial, yet often evolves after long lag phases or is even lacking. A central question is to which extent the production of methane after permafrost thaw is determined by the initial methanogenic community. We quantified the production of methane relative to carbon dioxide (CO2) and enumerated methanogenic (mcrA) gene copies in long-term (2–7 years) anoxic incubations at 4 °C using interglacial and glacial permafrost samples of Holocene and Pleistocene, including Eemian, origin. Changes in archaeal community composition were determined by sequencing of the archaeal 16S rRNA gene. Long-term thaw stimulated methanogenesis where methanogens initially dominated the archaeal community. Deposits of interstadial and interglacial (Eemian) origin, formed under higher temperatures and precipitation, displayed the greatest response to thaw. At the end of the incubations, a substantial shift in methanogenic community composition and a relative increase in hydrogenotrophic methanogens had occurred except for Eemian deposits in which a high abundance of potential acetoclastic methanogens were present. This study shows that only anaerobic CO2 production but not methane production correlates significantly with carbon and nitrogen content and that the methanogenic response to permafrost thaw is mainly constrained by the paleoenvironmental conditions during soil formation.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Heterogeneous Platinum Catalysts for Direct Synthesis of Trimethylamine by N-Methylation of Ammonia and Its Surrogates with CO2/H2

Direct synthesis of trimethylamine through N-methylation of NH3 or its surrogate (NH4HCO3) with both CO2 and H2 has been achieved by employing Pt and MoOx coloaded TiO2 (Pt-MoOx/TiO2). Pt-MoOx/TiO2 was found to be superior to other supported Pt and transition-metal-loaded MoOx/TiO2 catalysts for the trimethylamine synthesis process.

Field of study: Chemistry
Light-potentiation of acoustic startle response (ASR) and monoamine efflux related to fearfulness in Fyn-deficient mice.

Fyn tyrosine kinase deficient mice are known to show increased fearfulness. We investigated the fear response of these mice using the light-potentiation of the acoustic startle response (ASR) and examined its neurochemical correlates using in vivo microdialysis. Female homozygous Fyn-deficient mice showed an enhancement of the startle amplitude under a bright light while heterozygotes and wild-types did not show such a change. Along with these behavioral findings, the homozygous Fyn-deficient mice showed an increase in extracellular serotonin (5-HT) and dopamine (DA) in the prefrontal cortex and 5-HT in the hippocampus when they were exposed to bright light, while heterozygous and wild-type mice did not show such changes. These results suggest that the increased fearfulness of Fyn-deficient mice is related to enhanced serotonergic and dopaminergic activity in the prefrontal cortex and limbic system.

Field of study: Biology
Effects of the continuum coupling on spin-orbit splitting

Recently, the shell model in the complex k-plane (the so-called Gamow Shell Model) has been formulated using a complex Berggren ensemble representing bound single-particle states, single-particle resonances, and non-resonant continuum states. The single-particle basis used is that of the Hartree-Fock potential generated self-consistently by a finite-range residual interaction. In this framework, we shall discuss the “spin-orbit splitting” of the 3/21- and 1/21- states in 7He. It is demonstrated that the continuum effects are very important and cannot be taken into account in standard shell-model calculations.

Field of study: Physics
Sex Differences in Moral Judgment

with their sense of justice. Recent research has not been directly germane to Freud’s position, but findings in a quite different tradition, Kohlberg’s cognitive developmental stage theory of moral judgment, suggests quite clearly that males and females use qualitatively different styles of reasoning in the resolution of moral dilemmas and the judgment of the rightness of actions. The research reported here was designed to probe some of the causes of these sex differences in moral judgment. The cognitive developmentalists have been more concerned with the description and determinants of universals of development than with individual or group variations. For instance, in several of the experimental studies of induced change (Turiel, 1966; Rest, Turiel, and Kohlberg, 1969; Rest, 1973) the question of sex differences in stage usage was not raised and no differences were reported. Kohlberg (1969) claimed, however, without substantiating data, that the modal adult male stage was stage 4 (authority and social order orientation) while the moda3 adult female stage was stage 3 (good boy/bood girl orientation) in his six-stage delineation. Subsequent reports have supported this view, as well as the view that these differences appear earlier. The stage 4 male mode and stage 3 female mode has been reported by Gilligan, Kohlberg, Lerner, and Belendy (1971) and Holstein (1973) for high school students, and by Haan, Smith, and Block (1968) and Alker and Poppen (1973) for college students. For junior high students Holstein (1973) reported males were modally stage 2 while females were stage 3. On an adult sample, Holstein found both males and females modally and predominantly stage 1+, although many more women than men use stage 3 reasoning. All of these studies consistently found more males at the highest stages (stages 5 and 6) and at the lowest stages (stage 2) than females, although the largest difference was invariable between stages 3 and 4. Kohlberg (1969) has claimed that the respective adult stages are functional for males and females. Holstein (1973) questioned whether the derivation of the stages from an all-boy sample has biased the system against females, citing that females less often follow the prescribed invariant sequence through the stages. The issue being raised in the present research is wheth-

Field of study: Psychology