nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
AN ECCENTRICITY-MASS RELATION FOR GALAXIES FROM TIDALLY DISRUPTING SATELLITES

We infer the past orbit of the Sagittarius (Sgr) dwarf galaxy in the Milky Way halo by integrating backwards from its observed position and proper motions, including the effects of dynamical friction. Given measured proper motions, we show that there is a relation between the eccentricity (e) of Sgr’s orbit and the mass of the Milky Way (MT ) in the limit of no dynamical friction. That relation can be fit by a power-law of the form: e 0:49 MT=10 12 M -0:88 . At a fixed Milky Way mass, the dynamical friction term increases the mean eccentricity of the orbit and lowers the spread in eccentricities in proportion to the mass of the Sgr dwarf. We explore the implications of various observational constraints on Sgr’s apocenter on the e-M relation; 5 10 10 M . MSgr . 10 9 M , are precluded, for Milky Way masses 1- 2:5 10 12 M . If Belokurov et al.’s (2014) observations represent the farthest point of Sgr’s stream, then Milky Way masses in excess of 2 10 12 M are excluded forMSgr . 10 10 M . Deeper observations of Sgr’s tidal debris, from upcoming surveys such as GAIA, will allow better measurement of the Milky Way mass and of the Sgr dwarf.

Field of study: Physics
How Pain Shapes Depression and Anxiety: A Hybrid Self-regulatory/Predictive Mind Perspective

Because many persons living with chronic pain achieve a relatively balanced lifestyle without experiencing functional disability, medical psychologists must explain the well-documented co-occurrence of pain complaints and DSM-5-disorders (including but not limited to depression and anxiety) in a significant subset of individuals. The question of differential resilience versus susceptibility has received modest theoretical and empirical attention, but remains open. In this review, I deconstruct the temporally extended pain adaptation process in order to address this vexing question, relying upon two complementary explanatory frames. The first is a motivational/cybernetic systems formulation labeled the Goal-Centered, Self-Regulatory, Automated Social Systems Psychology (GRASSP) model, erected upon feedback sensitive, goal-guided, hierarchically organized self-regulatory processes. Depression and anxiety presumably result from compromised regulatory functions undermining pain processing, goal pursuit, and everyday performance. The second perspective postulates a “Bayesian Brain”/“Predictive Mind” capable of unifying perception, action, and emotion via predictive processing. From a Bayesian perspective, predictive processing implies that our brains evolved to compare, without conscious direction, incoming environmental information against prior, model-based predictions in order to arrive at accurate perceptual representations of the world. Maladjustment results from failures of active inference. When applied to the perception of visceral information, the embodied process, termed interoceptive inference, can also yield pathogenic outcomes. The Bayesian model holds that depression and anxiety in individuals with pain result from error-prone (biased, rigid, or highly certain) prior evaluations of aversive feeling states and their relation to the external milieu. I consider how the hybrid conceptual framework advanced by the two models points to several novel and familiar avenues of intervention.

Field of study: Psychology
Disclosure control of microdata

National statistical offices meet an increasing demand for the dissemination of microdata. This trend can be at variance with the care taken not to disclose data about individuals. Therefore, the risk of disclosure of each microdata set to be released should be assessed. If this risk is too high, measures have to be taken to protect the data set. This article describes the disclosure problem, and explains why it is a real problem. Using the concept of uniqueness, some theory is developed that can help establish the risk of identification. It turns out that useful microdata sets can only be released if some of the disclosure risks are dealt with by legal arrangements, rather than by restrictions on the data to be released.

Field of study: Mathematics
Should we treat aging as a disease? The consequences and dangers of miscategorisation

The aging of the population represents one of the largest healthcare challenges facing the world today. The available scientific evidence shows that interventions are available now that can target fundamental “aging” processes or pathways. Sufficient economic evidence is available to argue convincingly that this approach will also save enormous sums of money which could then be deployed to solve other urgent global problems. However, as yet this scenario has barely entered the public consciousness and, far from being a point of vigorous debate, seems to be ignored by policy makers. Understanding why this lethargy exists is important given the urgent need to deal with the challenge represented by population aging. In this paper I hypothesize that one major cause of inaction is a widely held, but flawed, conceptual framework concerning the relationship between aging and disease that categorizes the former as “natural” and the latter as “abnormal.” This perspective is sufficient in itself to act as a disincentive to intervention by rendering those who hold it prone to the “naturalistic fallacy” but can give rise to active hostility to biogerontology if coupled with loose and/or blurred understanding of the goals and potential of the field.

Field of study: Biology
The designation and meaning of "physical education".

From the perspective of linguistics,by basing his theoretical foundation on the designation and meaning theory,the author analyzed the "designation" and "meaning" the notional word "physical education",pointed out such a logical error as that the designation of "physical education" is not in conformity with its meaning,and put forward such an opinion as that the "meaning" corresponding to the word "physical education" should belong to such a proximity attribute as "education".

Field of study: Education
Stress orientations from oil-well fractures in Alberta and Texas

Many oil wells in Alberta exhibit spalling of the walls (known as breakouts), which elongates the holes with the longer axis aligned northwest–southeast. This alignment is observed over an area in excess of 4 × 105 km2, in siltstones, sandstones, carbonate sediments, and one shale formation, through the stratigraphic column from Devonian to Cretaceous. It is unrelated to dip of the beds. We have elsewhere suggested that these breakouts are produced through stress concentration near the hole walls, in a stress field having large, unequal horizontal principal stresses and with the larger compression oriented northeast–southwest. It is probable that this northeast–southwest principal stress is σ1. This paper adds new data from oil wells in Alberta and northern British Columbia and shows that the breakouts, and by inference the stress orientations, are consistent through much of the western Canadian sedimentary basin. It also uses evidence from hydraulic fracturing in west-central Alberta and from steam-injec...

Field of study: Environmental science
über die Neukonstruktion einer Wilsonschen Nebelkammer und ihre Anwendung zur Bestimmung der Ausbeuten von Positronen und Elektronen bei der Transformation von γ-Strahlung in Materie

ZusammenfassungMit Hilfe einer neu konstruierten Wilsonschen Nebelkammer wurden die AusbeuteverhÄltnisse der Positronen zu den Elektronen bestimmt, die von der harten Komponente der Th C″-γ-Strahlung (hv=5,2 m c2) in dicken Schichten von Al, Ni, Au und Pb ausgelöst werden. Die experimentellen Werte wurden auf AusbeuteverhÄltnisse für dünne Schichten reduziert und mit der Theorie verglichen.

Field of study: Physics
Dealing With BRCA1/2 Unclassified Variants in a Cancer Genetics Clinic: Does Cosegregation Analysis Help?

Detection of variants of uncertain significance (VUSs) in BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes poses relevant challenges for counseling and managing patients. VUS carriers should be managed similarly to probands with no BRCA1/2 variants detected, and predictive genetic testing in relatives is discouraged. However, miscomprehension of VUSs is common and can lead to inaccurate risk perception and biased decisions about prophylactic surgery. Therefore, efforts are needed to improve VUS evaluation and communication at an individual level.  We aimed at investigating whether cosegregation analysis, integrated with a careful review of available functional data and in silico predictions, may improve VUSs interpretation and counseling in individual families.  Patients with Breast Cancer (BC) and/or Ovarian Cancer (OC) fulfilling established criteria were offered genetic counseling and BRCA1/2 testing; VUSs identified in index cases were checked in other relatives affected by BC/OC whenever possible. As an alternative, if BC/OC clustered only in one branch of the family, the parental origin of the VUS was investigated. Public prediction tools and databases were used to collect additional information on the variants analyzed.  Out of 1045 patients undergoing BRCA1/2 testing in the period October 2011–April 2018, 66 (6.3%) carried class 3 VUSs. Cosegregation analysis was performed for 13 VUSs in 11 kindreds. Seven VUSs (53.8%) did not cosegregate with breast/ovarian cancer in the family, which provided evidence against their role in cancer clustering in those families. Among the 6 cosegregating VUSs, for two (BRCA1 c.5152+2T>G and BRCA2 c.7975A>G) additional evidence exists from databases and in silico tools supporting their pathogenicity, which reinforces the hypothesis they may have had a predisposing effect in respective families. For the remaining four VUSs (31%), cosegregation analysis failed to provide relevant information.  Our findings suggest that cosegregation analysis in a clinical context may be helpful to improve test result interpretation in the specific family and, therefore, should be offered whenever possible. Besides, obtaining and sharing cosegregation data helps gathering evidence that may eventually contribute to VUS classification.

Field of study: Biology
Molecular rearrangements in longipinane derivatives

Suitable oxygen substituted 2,6,6,9-tetramethyl- tricycle( 5.4.0. 02'8)undec-9-ene (longipinene) derivatives or their saturated analogues, which are both isolated as esters from nature, can be transformed to several new ring-system containing molecules, which include 4,8,8-tri- methyl-9-methyleneperhydro-ll5-methanonaphthaleneI 4,8,8- trimethyl-9-methylene-1,2,4a,5,6,7,8,8a-octahydro-ll5-meth anonaphthalene, 8,8,9-trimethy1-4-methy1eneperhydro-1,3,5- -methanonaphthalene, 2,6,6,11-tetramethyltricyclo(5.4.0. O4'*)undecane, 2, 6,6,9-tetramethyltricycl0(5.4.O.O~~~)un- decane and 4,4,8,9-tetramethylperhydro-1,7-methanonaph- thalene derivatives.

Field of study: Chemistry
Advanced practice nursing: Qualitative study of implications for family physicians' perceptions of their own work.

To explore family physicians' perspectives on how best to exercise their role relative to that of primary health care nurse practitioners (PHCNPs).



Qualitative case study.



Three Quebec health care regions.



Sixteen physicians participated. To be eligible, family physicians were required to have worked with at least 1 PHCNP for a minimum of 6 months.



Semistructured individual and focus group interviews.



The implementation of the PHCNP role can be associated with considerable redesign of family physicians' habitual ways of functioning and with important transformations in their role within primary care teams, which can lead these professionals to reflect upon the meaning of their work. The physicians identified the following 4 elements that influenced their views: the nature of follow-up possible with patients, sharing the scope of practice, the patient profile, and new positive work experiences.



The evolution of family physicians' role in the face of the PHCNP role must be situated within a discussion about the overall organization of care provision to patients and is not as straightforward as simply defining task division. This implementation also must take into account the frequently highly demanding context in which family physicians practise. Greater understanding is needed about contextual conditions that will facilitate physicians' practice within multidisciplinary teams, including the nature of, and interaction among, micro-, meso- and macro-level elements.

Field of study: Medicine
Correlation of the Cretaceous formations of the Greater Antilles, Central America, and Mexico

This is Number 10a of the series of correlation charts prepared under the auspices of the Committee on Stratigraphy of the National Research Council. 1 It was originally intended to publish this chart with others dealing with the western interior of the United States and Canada, but it is now realized that those regions will be represented by several charts as large as the present chart, and that some of the charts may not be completed for several years. It seems best, therefore, to publish each chart as soon as it is ready. Rather complete lists of references are given for the convenience of future workers. References dealing with the Greater Antilles are listed separately from those dealing with the Central American-Mexican region, as the two regions seem to have very different geologic histories. In the correlation chart age equivalencies are shown by horizontal lining, hiatuses by vertical lining, and . . .

Field of study: Geology
Simplified Newton-type adaptive estimation algorithms

A new adaptive estimation algorithm is presented. It is the result of a combination of the LMS and the fast Newton transversal filters (FNTF) class. The main characteristic of the proposed algorithm is its improved convergence rate as compared to LMS, for cases where it is known that LMS behaves poorly. This improved characteristic is achieved in expense of a slight increase in the computational complexity while the overall algorithmic structure is very simple (LMS type). The proposed algorithm seems also to compare relatively well against RLS and FNTF.

Field of study: Engineering
Superconductors for Pulsed RF Accelerators

The choice of superconducting materials for accelerator RF cavities has been determined in the past only in part by basic properties of the superconductors, such as the critical field, and to a larger extent by criteria which include fabrication processes, surface conditions, heat transfer capabilities and so on. For CW operated cavities the trend has been toward choosing materials with higher critical temperatures and lower surface resistance, from Lead to Niobium, from Niobium to Nb/sub 3/Sn. This trend has been dictated by the specific needs of storage ring CW system and by the relatively low fields which could be reached without breakdown. The work performed at SLAC on superconducting cavities using microsecond long high power RF pulses has shown that in Pb, Nb, and Nb/sub 3/Sn fields close to the critical magnetic fields can be reached without magnetic breakdown. The major results of the tests on the three technical superconductors are illustrated. From these measurements comes the demonstration that for sufficiently short pulses there is no specifically predetermined critical field, and it is possible to exceed, depending on the material, even the superheated critical field.

Field of study: Physics
Understanding phosphate sorption characteristics of mineral amendments in relation to stabilising high legacy P calcareous soil.

In China, excessive phosphorus (P) application in protected vegetable fields has led to high legacy P stores. Soil amendment with alum or dolomite is one of many best management practices (BMPs) used to reduce P losses in calcareous soils. However, both the kinetics and mechanisms of P sorption and soil available P in amended soils are understudied. Herein, both aspects were looked at under controlled conditions. Firstly, a sorption study which coupled P concentrations with poorly-crystalline Al hydroxides and dolomite was conducted. Results from this batch experiment showed that P sorption on poorly-crystalline Al hydroxides was homogenous and occurred mainly via displacement of inner-sphere hydroxyl (Al-OH) instead of the formation of AlPO4. However, the amount of sorbed P reached maximum sorption of 73.1 mg g-1 and did not change with further increase in P concentration. It was observed that P adsorbed onto the dolomite surface at low P concentrations, whereas hydroxyl replacement and uneven cluster precipitation of Ca3(PO4)2 occurred at high P concentrations. A second 90 day incubation experiment investigated changes to soil available P and sorption-desorption across variable rates of amendments (0-50 g kg-1). Results showed that alum amendment at a rate of 50 g kg-1 decreased soil CaCl2-P and Olsen-P concentrations by 91.9% and 57.8%, respectively. However, Olsen-P increased when the dolomite rates were <20 g kg-1. Phosphorus sorption-desorption of the amended soil showed alum had higher P sorption efficiency than dolomite at low addition rates (<10 g kg-1). However, soil amended with high dolomite rates (>10 g kg-1) could sorb more P in comparison with alum when P concentrations were increased. The P status of the amended soil was closely connected to the P sorption mechanisms on mineral amendments, soil P concentrations and soil properties.

Field of study: Environmental science
Micropositioning and tilting systems based on thermoelectric actuation.

Systems for micropos i t ion ing and tilting (to "--1 p m or 0.001 °, respectively) are usually based on piezoelectr ic actuat ion. These systems are indispensable for high dynamic appl icat ions (fast posi t ioning). For s lower m o v e m e n t s ('-,0.1 p m s -1) we have deve loped a very low cost system based on thermoelec t r ic ac tuat ion that has comparab le posi t ion resolut ion and stiffness (Meyer , 1995; Meyer e t a l . , 1996). Hea t ing and /or cooling of the ac tua tor is p e r f o r m e d by a Pel t ier e lement . For accurate operat ion, one side of the Pei t ier e l emen t mus t be thermal ly stabilized, i .e. held at a prese t or known tempera tu re . The p ro to type of such a micropos i t ion ing system provides a m a x i m u m transit of 15 pm with a resolut ion be t te r than 0.1 pm (l imited by the pos i t ion-measur ing system). precisions are l imited by the accuracy of the electric cur ren t for the Pelt ier e lement , and are suitable for a DAFS (diffraction anoma lous fine s t ructure) expe r imen t at an epitaxic single-crystal layer [1.9 gm ( G a l n ) P on [001] GaAs] . To hold the peak posi t ion of a Bragg reflection dur ing an energy scan (up to 1 keV in the vicinity of an absorp t ion edge) , the coarse pos i t ioning of gonio m e t e r angles (20 angle posi t ion of the de tec tor , o) incidence angle of synchro t ron radia t ion to the reflecting plane of the

Field of study: Physics
Research on EPC Code Based on Whirlpool

The RFID server must generate the EPC for different classes of tags in the progress of RFID tag registration. But in the progress there exists some problems such as randomness, repeatability and security and so on. Focuses on these problems, proposes a solution of EPC generation based on SHA Whirlpool, which can generate n-bit EPC with periodicity of 2512. The solution can convert various data (GID, SGTIN etc) form to the RFID data of EPC, and address these problems existed in the progress of EPC generation.

Field of study: Computer science
Novel Nanocomposite Materials for Advanced Li-Ion Rechargeable Batteries

Nanostructured materials lie at the heart of fundamental advances in efficient energy storage and/or conversion, in which surface processes and transport kinetics play determining roles. Nanocomposite materials will have a further enhancement in properties compared to their constituent phases. This Review describes some recent developments of nanocomposite materials for high-performance Li-ion rechargeable batteries, including carbon-oxide nanocomposites, polymer-oxide nanocomposites, metal-oxide nanocomposites, and silicon-based nanocomposites, etc. The major goal of this Review is to highlight some new progress in using these nanocomposite materials as electrodes to develop Li-ion rechargeable batteries with high energy density, high rate capability, and excellent cycling stability.

Field of study: Materials science
Laser diode modules

Laboratory laser diode modules were designed for fiber-optic systems operating at wavelengths 0.83–0.85 and 1.25–1.35 μm, including modules with a single-mode fiber output. The modules contained a laser diode, a laser–waveguide coupling device, a photodiode, a thermistor, and a Peltier microcooling unit.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Response of Different Chickpea Genotypes to Helicoverpa armigera at Hisar

Thirty-five chickpea genotypes were evaluated along with four checks (H 208, C 235, H75–35, and H 82-2) for resistance/tolerance to pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera Hb. during 1989–90 and 1990–91. Larval population per meter row length ranged from 6.5 (PDE 2–1) to 32.08 (H 86–18). Pod damage was maximum (24.49%) in Hooda and minimum (7.3%) in GNG 469. The latter gave highest seed yield of 29.7 q/ha. PDE 2–1, IC 16, Annigeri, BGM 462 and C 21–74 harbored low larval population (6–9 larvae per meter row). C10, GNG 469, H86 92, PDE 2–3, and PD H 84–16 suffered less pod damage (7.30 - 8.80%) than other genotypes. Considering pod damage and yield, BG 372, BG 390, GNG 469, PDE 2–1 and PDE 3–2 were better than the other genotypes. H 82-2, in spite of suffering 21.08% pod damage, gave seed yield of 233 q/ha which was higher than other genotypes. This might be due to its tolerance to the pod borer.

Field of study: Biology
n-representation-finite algebras and twisted fractionally Calabi-Yau algebras

In this short paper, we study $n$-representation-finite algebras from the viewpoint of the fractionally Calabi-Yau property. We shall show that all $n$-representation-finite algebras are twisted fractionally Calabi-Yau. We also show that for any $\ell>0$, twisted $\frac{n(\ell-1)}{\ell}$-Calabi-Yau algebras of global dimension at most $n$ are $n$-representation-finite. As an application, we give a construction of $n$-representation-finite algebras using the tensor product.

Field of study: Mathematics
The Radical Cosmopolitanism of Barthélémy Toguo

Trauma abounds in Barthélémy Toguo's Heart Beat. From the torture of captives at Abu Ghraib prison in Iraq to the massacre of students at Virginia Tech in the United States, the Cameroonian artist's 2008 installation powerfully visualizes contemporary scenes of human suffering from around the globe in an immersive, visually overwhelming environment. Yet, this overdose creates a space in which psychological transformation and political reorientation can occur. As a work made specifically for display in art museums of the Global North—at the BALTIC Centre for Contemporary Art in Gateshead, United Kingdom, and Temple Gallery in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania—Heart Beat both speaks to and acts on its presumptive Euro-American viewers. Its message, the author argues, is that in today's globalized world, where life itself has become marginal to the pursuit of capital, all human beings are united by a shared subjugation and a shared victimhood. The images found within the work, as well as the physical arrangement of the space itself, animates this reality, bringing to life well-known scenes of trauma and surrounding viewers in a visual cacophony that makes its message impossible to ignore. What is necessary now is not Pan-Africanism, feminism, or any movement that seeks to advance the rights of a particular social identity, but, instead, what is needed is a radicalized cosmopolitanism, a shift from a rhetoric of particularism to a rhetoric of universalism in order to help us relate to each other first and foremost as humans.

Field of study: Art