nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The Subaltern’s Prerogative: A Postcolonial Reading of Laila Lalami’s The Moor’s Account

A number of Arab immigrant writers opt for writing in the language of the host countries. They give much emphasis to the relationship between the Western subject and the Other, among whom is the writer Leila Lalami. The chief concern of this paper is to present a reading of Leila Lalami’s The Moor’s Account from a Post-Colonial perspective. Not only does the voicing of Mustafa from Lalami’s part become the embodiment of resistance of the occlusion of the Other, but it also brings forth an unsaid history of the sixteenth century into a twenty-first century setting. In this sense, storytelling becomes - on the one hand - an essential element in self-assertion and identity forming. On the other hand, the subaltern’s ability to speak is an act of survival among the indigenous tribes.  Post-colonialism – voicing – hybridity – double-colonization – identity –small narratives – storytelling.

Field of study: Education
Knowledge and Awareness of Virtual Learning Environments Among Ghanaian University Students and its Implications for Global Education

The study examined the perception of University Students on the benefits, knowledge and awareness of virtual learning environments and their impact on international education and curriculum development. The descriptive survey design was employed with a sample size of 264 Business students randomly selected from the Business department of the University of Education, Kumasi Campus in Ghana. The Logistic Regression analysis was also utilized to estimate predictors of the usage of virtual learning among the respondents at 0.05 level of significance. Results from the study showed that majority of the students had sufficient understanding of the benefits of the virtual learning environments in enhancing international education and had in-depth knowledge in the influx of the applications of the virtual learning devices. Results from the logistic regression analysis also revealed that predictors such as sex and place of residents of respondents significantly influence their usage and knowledge of virtual learning devices. The Nagelkerke R- square of 0.7 and Cox & Snell R- Square of 0.56 indicated the goodness of fit. It is recommended that curriculum designers and lecturers incorporate the virtual learning technologies into their teaching pedagogy to enhance learning and teaching in this current global world.  Virtual learning, Awareness, University Students, Ghana .

Field of study: Education
A developed solution of the stochastic Milne problem using probabilistic transformations

This paper considers the solution of the Milne problem of radiative transfer with isotropic scattering in a continuous stochastic medium. Properties of the medium are assumed to be continuous random functions of the spatial dimensions. The available solutions – in literature – for this stochastic integro-differential equation (SIDE) are represented only by the ensemble average of the radiant energy density. In this paper, a developed algorithm, based on the implementation of the random variable transformation technique together with an integral transformation to the stochastic properties, is introduced. A complete stochastic solution represented by the probability-density function (p.d.f) of the radiant energy density is obtained. Using the closed form of the p.d.f, the nth moment of the stochastic solution is evaluated. In realization of this work, Exponential and Gaussian statistics for the medium properties are assumed. Results are physically acceptable and found to be compatible with those in the literature.

Field of study: Mathematics
The Use of the S-Quattro Dynamic External Fixator for the Treatment of Intra-Articular Phalangeal Fractures: A Review of the Literature

Intra-articular phalangeal fractures are a common injury. If left untreated, these injuries can lead to poor functional outcome with severe dehabilitating consequences, especially in younger patients. The S-Quattro external fixator device (Surgicraft®, UK) can be used to treat such injuries. Its use has been widely documented and has shown many advantages in comparison to other conventional treatments. Advantages include reduced operative time, rigid fixation and early range of motion. We present a review of the current literature and use of the S-Quattro serpentine system in the management of intraarticular phalangeal fractures.

Field of study: Medicine
Abnormal Dielectric Response of Aerosol OT W/O Microemulsion in Cyclohexane at 298.15 K

A dielectric constant for W/O microemulsions consisting of sodium bis (2-ethyhexyl) sulfosuccinate (AOT), water and cyclohexane was measured at 1 MHz and at 298.15 K. Minima were found in the dielectric constant when a molar ratio of water to AOT was 15 irrespectively of the AOT concentration. This minimum would be related to symmetric hydration of ions, therefore, water pool in the microemulsion becomes more nonpolar around the ratio of 15.

Field of study: Chemistry
Analysis and Application of Realization of AJAX in Book Online Supermarket

AJAX has become a research hot spot in the field of Web technology.AJAX technology introduces asynchronous call,promotes local page to refresh,enhances the user experience.Discusses how to combine AJAX to design and realize the practical application project,the bookonline supermarket,in details.These examples in the project,such as registration forms authentication,book search,and so on,embodies the AJAX technology's e-business applicationsin improving user's experience and customer satisfaction.

Field of study: Computer science
Gre Requirements and Student Perceptions of Fictitious Clinical Psychology Graduate Programs

The influence of Graduate Record Examination (GRE) requirements on undergraduate students' perceptions of a fictitious clinical psychology graduate program was examined. The more rigorous a program's GRE requirement, the more highly students were expected to rate the program on quality, reputation, challenge of curriculum, attractiveness, and their willingness to apply. 140 undergraduate participants read and rated one of three possible program descriptions that differed only with regard to the stated GRE requirements. Although the effects were small, participants rated the program requiring a minimum combined GRE score of 1,200 (verbal and quantitative) as higher in quality and as having a more challenging curriculum compared to the program that required the GRE but with no minimum score. Although preliminary, these findings are consistent with previous research demonstrating that graduate school applicants use GRE requirements in their evaluation of graduate programs.

Field of study: Psychology
Verkohlung organischer Objekte durch Elektronen

ZusammenfassungOrganische Objekte werden bei Anwendung hoher Vergrößerungen im Elektronenmikroskop zu Kohle abgebaut. Der Abbau von dünnen Nitrozellulosehäuten zu rußähnlich aufgebauten Folien wird im Elektronenbeugungsbild verfolgt.

Field of study: Physics
[Potentially inappropriate benzodiazepine prescriptions in elderly nursing home patients].

To evaluate the incidence of benzodiazepine overprescription as a cause of benzodiazepine overuse in nursing homes.



Physicians were asked to complete a multiple-choice questionnaire for patients receiving at least one benzodiazepine and to indicate the reason for the prescription. To control for social desirability bias, two fictitious cases were submitted to each physician. Overprescription was defined as a prescription for benzodiazepine that differed from the indications given in the product monograph.



Family physicians of patients living in three nursing homes in the Quebec City area were solicited by mail to take part in the survey.



Fifteen physicians treating 152 patients, whose average age was 82.1 years (range 50 to 100 years), agreed to take part in the study. It was found that 77.1% of the patients had been taking a benzodiazepine for more than a year. For 14.5% of the prescriptions, there was no official indication. The reasons most frequently cited for these prescriptions were that the physician was renewing a prescription given before he took charge of the patient, the patient's refusal to discontinue use of the medication, pressure from the nursing staff, and the fact that the patient was causing a disturbance. In 4% of the cases (6 answers), the physician acknowledged that there was no indication for prescribing a benzodiazepine.



This study shows that, in 14.5% of cases, overprescription could be a cause of benzodiazepine overuse in nursing homes.

Field of study: Medicine
DYE-SENSITIZED PHOTOOXYGENATION OF N,N-DIMETHYLBENZYLAMINE. SINGLET-OXYGEN PROCESS IN COMPETITION WITH TYPE I PROCESS

Dye-sensitized photooxygenation of N,N-dimethylbenzylamine was shown to proceed by both singlet-oxygen and Type I mechanisms. The efficiency of each process was found to be strongly dependent on the type of photosensitizer.

Field of study: Chemistry
Reactions of alkynes with metallaboranes: Novel reactivities lead to new structure types

The reactions of alkynes with nido-dimetallaboranes containing monocyclopentadienyl metal fragments are highly dependent on metal identity. Typical metals from groups 6 and 7 do not react under mild conditions, Rh gives exclusively alkyne cyclotrimerization via a cluster-catalyzed reaction, and Ru reacts predominantly via insertion to give new ruthenacarborane clusters. The facile reaction observed for Ru permits the characterization of intermediates exhibiting novel structural features, e.g., external cluster-bridging monoborane or alkylidene fragments. Despite the large differences in reactivity, circumstantial evidence suggests the alkyne adds to and opens the metallaborane to an arachno-structure. The metal present determines the character of the metallaborane, which in turn determines whether further reaction occurs. For Ru, it is the hydrogen-rich character fostered by the metal fragment that leads to the copious chemistry observed.

Field of study: Chemistry
FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS FOR NONLINEAR VIBRATION OF CABLE-BEAM STRUCTURE

In order to analyze the nonlinear vibration including parametric vibration of a cable-beam structure accurately,a cable element and a procedure for removing the self-weight term are proposed for the parametric vibration finite element analysis of cables.The extended Rayleigh damping considering element damping for the damping matrix is also proposed for considering the damping of the beam and the relatively small damping of the cable.Those methods are implemented in the self-coded program NL_Beam3D,to consider the interaction between a stay cable and a beam.Through the case of a cable-beam structure experiment by Fujino in 1993,the parametric vibration in the secondary or principal unstable regions can be modeled exactly using the proposed methods.

Field of study: Engineering
Study and Application on the Cross-linking Agent and the Wastewater Treatment in Investment Casting

The slurring ability of the waxpattems was improved effectively by coating the rosin solution as cross-liking agent.Organic wastewater containing high concentration of rosin and other organic compounds was treated using emulsion-breaking combined with fenton catalytic,a rate of COD removal was up to 90%,the outflow quality reached the discharge standards.Effects such as the amounts of H 2O 2?Fe 2+ added and pH on COD removal were discussed.

Field of study: Materials science
Pattern of post-miocene eustatic fluctuation of sea level

The oldest and highest emergent marine shoreline expressed as a prominent physiographic feature in the southeastern United States is the Late Miocene Orangeburg Scarp at an elevation of 200–250 ft. Any higher shore lines are covered by the terrestrial gravels of the Citronelle Formation, the deposition of which continued into Late Miocene time. The next highest emergent shore line is the Pliocene Surry Scarp at an elevation of 90–100 ft. Shorelines which are recognized by various authors at intermediate elevations are not prominent and do not mark prolonged stands of sea level. Withdrawal of the sea from its Late Miocene to its Pliocene stand appears to have been a eustatic event. The time of its occurrence and the amount of water involved both suggest that this eustatic drop in sea level was caused by the glaciation of Antarctica. Withdrawal from the Pliocene stand was probably caused by the onset of Northern Hemisphere glaciation. Distinct, but not prominent Pleistocene interglacial shorelines occur at elevations of 40–45 and 5–10 ft. A very distinct and prominent interglacial shoreline is found at an elevation of 25–30 ft. The highest and oldest of these is correlated with the relatively brief Aftonian interglacial, the strongly developed shoreline at 25–30 ft. with the prolonged Yarmouth interglacial and the weakly developed one at 5–10 ft. with the relatively brief Sangamon interglacial.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Multiple approaches to complexity in second language research

In the past decades, there has been a surge in interest in the study of language complexity in second language (L2) research. In this article we provide an overview of current theoretical and methodological practices in L2 complexity research, while simultaneously framing these within the broader scientific interest into the notion of complexity. In addition to focusing on the role of complexity in L2 research, we trace how language complexity has figured in formal theoretical and typological linguistics. It is argued that L2 complexity research has often adopted a reductionist approach to the construct, both in terms of its definition and its operationalization. As such, previous L2 research has often confused related but conceptually distinct and operationally separable notions, such as relative and absolute complexity, and it has overemphasized syntactic and lexical forms of complexity at the expense of complexity related to morphology or linguistic interface phenomena. We then discuss a collection of five empirical studies which react to several of these issues by highlighting hitherto underexplored forms of complexity, adopting an explicitly cross-linguistic perspective or by proposing novel forms of L2 complexity measurement.

Field of study: Linguistics
Biochemical characterization of a monoclonal antibody to the H type-2 antigen: comparison to other ABH antibodies.

Monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies to the ABH blood group antigens were tested for their specificity to glycoproteins with ABH activity on immunoblots of solubilized erythrocyte membranes. Immunoblots were stained with monoclonal antibody G10 to the H type-2 carbohydrate structure or with commercially prepared monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies to A, B, and H blood group antigens. G10 antibody specifically stained antigens in the regions that contain the erythrocyte membrane bands 3 and 4.5; the staining was proportional to the expected H content of the erythrocytes (O greater than A2 greater than B greater than A2B greater than A1 greater than A1B). No specific staining was observed with membranes derived from Oh (Bombay) erythrocytes which lack the H type-2 structure. A commercially prepared monoclonal anti-H did not specifically stain erythrocyte membrane antigens. Monoclonal and polyclonal anti-A specifically stained bands from A and AB but not O, B, or Oh erythrocytes (A1 greater than A1B greater than A2 greater than A2B). Polyclonal anti-B serum specifically stained bands from B and AB but not O, A, or Oh erythrocytes (B greater than A2B greater than A1B). However, no specific staining was observed in tests with monoclonal anti-B. Monoclonal antibodies G10 and anti-A and polyclonal anti-A and -B blood typing sera will be useful in the further characterization of the molecular nature of the ABH antigens.

Field of study: Biology
Exposure pathways and ecological risk assessment of common veterinary antibiotics in the environment through poultry litter in Bangladesh

Veterinary antibiotics (VAs) have entered the ecosystem principally through the application of organic fertilizer. However, factors influencing the contributions made by the prescribers and users thereof with respect to VAs in poultry manure have not been investigated. The purpose of this paper, therefore, is to identify factors associated with the VA prescription and usage as well as to measure the residual concentration along with the ecological risk of common VAs in poultry litter in Bangladesh. Structured questionnaire surveys were conducted so as to provide an understanding the perspective of prescribers and farmers. Ciprofloxacin (CIP), enrofloxacin (ENR), oxytetracycline (OTC), and doxycycline (DOX) were screened through the use of thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and quantified through high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Also, methods of risk quotient (RQ) were applied to assess ecotoxicity. Most VAs were prescribed without a confirmatory diagnosis. The residue of CIP was dominant with a high concentration, followed by OTC but with a low concentration. A high ecological risk was associated with the use of OTC and DOX whereas the risk associated with the use of CIP and ENR was insignificant to low. The study highlights prescriber and user factors along with the variable ecological risk of VAs in litter.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Clumpiness of the interstellar medium in the central parsec of the Galaxy from H 2 flux-extinction correlation

The central parsec of the Galaxy contains a young star cluster embedded in a complex interstellar medium. The latter mainly consists of a torus of dense clumps and streams of molecular gas (the circumnuclear disk, CND) enclosing streamers of ionized gas (the Minispiral). In this complex environment, knowledge of the local extinction that locally affects each feature is crucial to properly study and disentangle them. We previously studied molecular gas in this region and inferred an extinction map from two H2 lines. Extinction appears to be correlated with the dereddened flux in several contiguous areas in the field of view. Here, we discuss the origin of this local correlation. We model the observed effect with a simple radiative transfer model. H2 emission arises from the surfaces of clumps (i.e., shells) that are exposed to the ambient ultraviolet (UV) radiation field. We consider the shell at the surface of an emitting clump. The shell has a varying optical depth and a screen of dust in front of it. The optical depth varies from one line of sight to another, either because of varying extinction coefficient from the shell of one clump to that of another or because of a varying number of identical clumps on the line of sight. In both scenarios, the model accurately reproduces the dependence of molecular gas emission and extinction. The reason for this correlation is that, in the central parsec, the molecular gas is mixed everywhere with dust that locally affects the observed gas emission. In addition, there is extinction due to foreground (screen) dust. This analysis favors a scenario where the central parsec is filled with clumps of dust and molecular gas. Separating foreground from local extinction allows for a probe for local conditions (H2 is mixed with dust) and can also constrain the three-dimensional (3D) position of objects under study.

Field of study: Physics
Monocytes are primed to produce the Th1 type cytokine IL‐12 in normal human pregnancy: an intracellular flow cytometric analysis of peripheral blood mononuclear cells

This paper considers both monocytes and peripheral blood lymphocytes as potential targets for maternal immunological modulation in pregnancy. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from non‐pregnant and normal pregnant donors were stimulated in vitro, and cytokine production detected intracellularly by flow cytometry. It was found that monocyte production of TNF‐α was unaltered in pregnancy, while production of IL‐12 was significantly enhanced. In contrast, production of the Th1 type cytokine IFN‐γ was suppressed in the lymphocyte subsets: CD4+ T helper cells and CD56+ NK cells. Production of the Th2 type cytokine IL‐4 in CD4+ cells was not significantly altered in pregnancy. These data suggest that the concept that pregnancy is a ‘Th2 phenomenon’ cannot be generalized to the function of all aspects of maternal cellular immunity as, paradoxically, circulating monocytes are ‘primed’ to produce the Th1 cytokine IL‐12. Furthermore, these data support the hypothesis that components of maternal innate immunity are activated in normal pregnancy.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
A new constructive method for 1,4-thiazepine derivatives

Some pyridinium 1-[(methylthio)thiocarbonyl]methylides reacted smoothly with dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate in chloroform at room temperature to afford new heterocycles, 10aH-pyrido[1,2-d][1,4]thiazepine derivatives, in moderate yields.

Field of study: Chemistry
Compressible laminar boundary layer on a cone at high angle of attack

An approximate integral method is applied to the three-dimensional laminar boundarylayer equations, including the energy equation for Prandtl number equal to unity, to obtain a solution to the attached boundary layer on slender cones in hypersonic flight at high angles of attack. The velocity and total enthalpy profiles are of the Timman type. The crossflow velocity profile is a two-parameter family allowing for nonzero crossflow at streamline inflection points. Because of the high angles of attack considered, the solution includes the effect of large crossflow velocity on the boundary layer. Using the pressure data available in the literature, results for the heat transfer coefficient, surface shear stress direction, and position of separation are computed. The computations compare favorably with data from the literature.

Field of study: Physics
MIS of Test Affairs for 4th or 6th Banded College English Language Test Based on Campus Network

With the devloping of the information technology, compus network is very popular in college and university,the implement and construction of MIS based on compus network is an important issue in management of college and university .In this paper,We discussed the design and implentment of MIS Of test affairs for 4th or 6th banded college English language test based on campus network,then we presented its design goal,system architecture, system functions and technology characteristic in detail.

Field of study: Computer science
Electrochemical Oxidation Pretreatment of High Salinity Organic Pesticide Wastewater

Pesticide industry is one main source of the chemical industry polluters and it always produces organic wastewater. The wastewater is attributed with relatively high concentration, high salinity, high chroma and high toxicity, and it is difficult to be degraded by microbes. This article implemented the optimization of pretreatment based on the traditional MVR wastewater treatment: “electrolytic oxidation pretreatment + MVR evaporation system” and selected the optimal experimental parameters: Ti/RuO2 electrode is the anode, stainless steel electrode is the cathode, the electrode distance (d) is controlled at 1cm, and the density of the current is set to 71 mA/cm2. With 7 hours’ electrolysis, the muddy brown wastewater with 15600 times chroma is transferred to be colorless and transparent. The sodium chloride content is over 94% after the electrolytic solution is processed by the simulation MVR system, which can meet the secondary emission standards of industrial salt implemented in Man 1st, 2016.

Field of study: Engineering