nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Localization of Narrowband Radio Emitters Based on Doppler Frequency Shifts

Several techniques for emitter localization based on the Doppler effect have been described in the literature. One example is the differential Doppler (DD) method in which the signal of a stationary emitter is intercepted by at least two moving receivers. The frequency difference between the receivers is measured at several locations along their trajectories and the emitter's position is then estimated based on these measurements. This two-step approach is suboptimal since each frequency difference measurement is performed independently, although all measurements correspond to a common emitter position. Instead, a single-step approach based on the maximum likelihood criterion is proposed here for both known and unknown waveforms. The position is determined directly from all the observations by a search in the position space. The method can only be used for narrowband signals, that is, under the assumption that the signal bandwidth must be small compared to the inverse of the propagation time between the receivers. Simulations show that the proposed method outperforms the DD method for weak signals while both methods converge to the Cramer-Rao bound for strong known signals. Finally, it is shown that in some cases of interest the proposed method inherently selects reliable observations while ignoring unreliable data.

Field of study: Engineering
The Atmospheric radiation measurement (ARM) program network of microwave radiometers: instrumentation, data, and retrievals

The Climate Research Facility of the US Department of Energy's Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Program operates a network of ground-based microwave radiometers. Data and retrievals from these instruments have been available to the scientific community for almost 20 yr. In the past five years the network has expanded to include a total of 22 microwave radiometers deployed in various locations around the world. The new instruments cover a frequency range between 22 and 197 GHz and are consistently and automatically calibrated. The latest addition to the network is a new generation of three-channel radiometers, currently in the early stage of deployment at all ARM sites. The network has been specifically designed to achieve increased accuracy in the retrieval of precipitable water vapor (PWV) and cloud liquid water path (LWP) with the long-term goal of providing the scientific community with reliable, calibrated radiometric data and retrievals of important geophysical quantities with well-characterized uncertainties. The radiometers provide high-quality, continuous datasets that can be utilized in a wealth of applications and scientific studies. This paper presents an overview of the microwave instrumentation, calibration procedures, data, and retrievals that are available for download from the ARM data archive.

Field of study: Environmental science
Teaching research about using two languages during physical education lesson

Based on the systematic multilayer research on using two languages during physical education lesson for five years, a set of teaching theory and material about using two languages during physical education lesson has been formed, such as (an applied English-Chinese dictionary for physical education teaching). The teaching experiments have proved that this kind of teaching could make fully use of two language teaching and make students learn English better. It puts physical education lesson more value.

Field of study: Education
Outcomes studies in cerebrovascular neurosurgery.

Successfully measuring cerebrovascular neurosurgery outcomes requires an appreciation of the current state-of-the-art epidemiological instruments, their specific relevance to surgical treatments and the underlying pathological entity, and ultimately the right set of questions for the next generation of studies. In this paper the authors address these questions with specific attention to measurement targets, individual modeling scales, and types of studies, all within a conceptual framework for specific disease models in their current state of outcomes modeling in cerebrovascular neurosurgery.

Field of study: Medicine
Creative Partners: The Marriage of Laura Battiferra and Bartolomeo Ammannati*

From the time of their courtship until death parted them forty years later, Bartolomeo Ammannati (1511-1592) and Laura Battiferra (1523-1589) nurtured a loving relationship with reciprocal support for complementary careers. Their childless union generated two bodies of art, vast and beautiful. Renaissance contemporaries esteemed the Ammannati as a rarity, creative peers in a close marriage, but history has indifferently divorced them, dropping Bartolomeo to the ranks of second best and pushing his accomplished wife into obscurity. Reunited, the couple can return as they deserve, in the entwined lives that enriched their joint corpus and enhanced the fame each won as an individual — she for her poetry, praised by the most prominent men and women of culture in Counter Reformation Italy; he in his dual activity as sculptor and architect for projects ordered by popes in Rome, leaders of the new Society of Jesus, and three generations of Medici rulers

Field of study: History
Reintroduction of songbirds from captivity: the case of the Great-billed Seed-finch (Sporophila maximiliani) in Brazil

Ex situ breeding programs are a relevant strategy for recovering populations that are threatened in the wild. Thus, it is important to evaluate how different reintroduction strategies can affect population establishment, dynamics, survival, and local persistence. Herein, we use the Great-billed Seed-finch (Sporophila maximiliani), a songbird threatened with extinction in most Brazilian biomes, as an example. To identify scenarios that could result in viable populations in nature, we considered an introduction successful when the chance of surviving for 100 years was > 90%. Knowing the distribution of the captive populations, we also investigated where reintroductions should be promoted, considering the fragmented status of the natural vegetation and human pressures along the original southern range of S. maximiliani. We modeled the population viability under four different release schemes: one single area versus three different areas and, for each scheme, with or without the supplementation of individuals. The reintroductions would be successful if a minimum of 24 individuals were released in one single area or in three different areas, both with supplementation of four pairs per area over 5 years. However, few regions were appropriate for reintroduction from captivity, such as the central part of the Cerrado and the Atlantic Forest in the species distribution range. Specifically, areas such as veredas (palm swamps) should be target sites for reintroductions since the species is primarily common in these unique ecosystems. Our data indicated that any reintroduction needs monitoring, and individuals should be tracked to evaluate their effective establishment in the release areas.

Field of study: Environmental science
Predictors of Adverse Alcohol Use Consequences Among Tertiary Students

The alcohol consumption patterns of young adults are of concern. Critically, tertiary students consume greater quantities of alcohol, are at increased risk of injury/harm, and have higher rates of alcohol use disorders as compared to their nonuniversity enrolled peers. The Brief Young Adult Alcohol Consequences Questionnaire (BYAACQ) is one of several tools utilized to explore adverse alcohol-related outcomes among tertiary students. Alcohol intake behavior, assessed via retrospective summary measures, has been linked to BYAACQ score. It is unclear, however, how drinking assessed in real time, in conjunction with variables such as age of drinking onset, might predict severity of adverse alcohol consequences as captured by the BYAACQ.



The psychometric properties of the BYAACQ were explored using a large Australian sample of tertiary students (N = 893). A subsample (n = 504) provided alcohol intake information in real time (21 days; event and notification contingent) via a smartphone app (CNLab-A) plus details related to age of drinking onset, drug use, parental alcohol/drug use, and anxiety/depression symptomology.



Average BYAACQ score was 7.53 (SD = 5.37). Classical and item response theory analyses revealed inconsistencies related to dimensionality, progressive item severity, and male/female differential item functioning. Current drinking-namely, frequency of intake and quantity per drinking occasion-plus age of drinking onset predicted BYAACQ score after controlling for age, other drug use, and depression symptomology.



The BYAACQ is a sound tool for use with Australian samples. Information related to current drinking, age of drinking onset, and drug use is useful for predicting severity of alcohol use consequences. These markers might enable tertiary institutions to better target students who could benefit from prevention/intervention programs.

Field of study: Medicine
SU-E-T-768: Treatment Time Nomogram for Strut-Based Accelerated Partial Breast Applicators

The purpose of this work was to generate a tabular nomogram of treatment times for strut-based APBI applicators. The nomogram is intended to provide guidance and a quality assurance check for clinics establishing new treatment techniques or transitioning from balloon-based applicators.  A retrospective analysis was conducted of 486 patients receiving APBI using strut-based applicators at three separate institutions. Strut-based applicators are composed of a central channel surrounded by 6 close-range (“mini”), 6 mid-range, 8, or 10 peripheral channels. Patient data was organized based on applicator size (a surrogate of treatment volume) and number of organs at risk. Three organs at risk categories were determined based on the proximity of the device to the patient’s skin and/or chest wall (0, 1, or 2 OARs). The proximity criterion was defined as being < 5 mm from the cavity wall/peripheral struts. A tabular nomogram of treatment time (based on nominal 10 Ci source strength) was generated from descriptive statistics of each combination of applicator size and organs at risk category.  The average treatment time was observed to be directly related to applicator size and, to a lesser extent, inversely related to the number of nearby organs at risk. Distributions of treatment times observed for each combination of applicator size and organs at risk category are depicted in Figure 1. The tabular nomogram featuring average treatment times with standard deviations is presented in Table 1.  Strutbased APBI treatment times were observed to depend in a consistent manner on applicator size and number of nearby organs at risk. Information provided in the nomogram presented here represents several hundred treatments performed at multiple institutions. This data can serve as guidance or quality assurance for institutions with limited experience using strut-based APBI applicators.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Simulation Optimization of Die Casting Process Parameters of Compressor Shell

According to the environment, structural characteristics and technical requirements of the compressor shell under the working environment in this paper, the casting mold, the die casting process design and simulation optimization were carried out by ProE, Procast and other software combined with the actual production and application examples of the factory. Through a series of simulations, it can determine the optimal parameters which are 670°C casting temperature, 4m/s injection rate and 240°C mold temperature. And it was verified by actual production.

Field of study: Engineering
Emotional self-disclosure and emotional avoidance: Relations with symptoms of depression and anxiety.

Research suggests that individuals with heightened symptoms of mood and anxiety disorders engage in diminished emotional disclosure. On the basis of emotion regulation theories, the authors hypothesized that this symptom-disclosure relationship would be mediated by the avoidance of emotional experience and expression. In Study 1, college students (N = 831) completed measures of depression and anxiety symptoms, measures of tendencies to avoid emotional expression, and measures of tendencies to self-disclose distress. Structural equation modeling revealed that anhedonic depression and anxious arousal were associated with lessened emotional self-disclosure tendencies as mediated by avoidance of emotional expression. In Study 2, participants (N = 153) completed new measures of depression and anxiety symptoms, reflected on the most significant emotional event experienced during the past week, and rated their avoidance of emotion about the event and their self-disclosure of the event. Depression (but not anxiety) symptoms were negatively related to the disclosure of a specific event, but avoidance of emotional experience did not mediate this depression-disclosure relationship. These findings extend emotion dysregulation theory and suggest that depressive symptoms in particular are associated with reduced emotional disclosure.

Field of study: Psychology
Book reviews: Janicki, K. 1985: The foreigner's language. Oxford: Pergamon. 86pp

In The foreigner’s language, Karol Janicki helps establish the field of bilingual sociolinguistics, or, if that is too grandiose a claim, helps extend the interests of sociolinguistic research to those contexts in which developing competence in a second or foreign language is the focus of interest. This may seem an absurd claim since, of all persuasions, surely sociolinguists have been most sensitive to bilingual and multilingual situations. The fact is, however, that nearly all such studies, whether of such linguistically specific matters as the constituent types allowed in switching or of such societally large matters as the number of speakers of one variety or another, focus on the

Field of study: Linguistics
Analysis and Design of the National Technology Platform Metadata Harvesting Architecture Based on OAI-PMH

Analyzes and designs the national technology platform metadata harvesting system based on OAI-PMH and proposes a XML-based feedback model,in order to solve the metadata harvesting feedback problem in OAI-PMH.It can ensure the effective communication between service providers and data providers and the high quality of the metadata harvested.

Field of study: Computer science
Atomic absorption spectrometric determination of inorganic and organic arsenic in some marine benthic algae of the southern atlantic coasts.

Arsenic in the inorganic and organic forms was analyzed in species of marine macro-algae growing in the South Atlantic Ocean. Species of the genera Lessonia, Gigartina, Adenocystis, Leathesia and Colpomenia were investigated. Arsenic accumulation was found in all species studied. Total As content ranged from 5.3 to 56.9 microg As g(-1) and the levels of the inorganic forms ranged from 0.2 to 2.0 microg As g(-1). The complete analytical procedure was validated against a standard reference material (NBS, SRM 1572, citrus leaves) and the value obtained was in good agreement with the certified value. Some commercial seaweed products were also analyzed.

Field of study: Environmental science
From periphery to center:approaching Beijing Female High Normal College

Beijing Female High Normal College,which is the first national higher educational institute for women in modern China,used to be the core female college in the early part of 20th century in China and an important symbol of the early modern transformation of Chinese society since it witnessed and participated in social change.However,as far as this institute has been withdrawn behind the scene of educational historiography and out of people's mind due to the influence of genderless-oriented research and traditional historiography after the foundation of New China.It is indeed necessary to introduce and explore its important meaning in history in order to restore its historical facts and draw more attention.

Field of study: Education
Visualization of a dopamine D1 receptor mRNA in human and rat brain.

Using 32P-labeled oligonucleotides derived from the coding region of human dopamine D1 receptor mRNA we have localized in the human and rat brain the cells containing the mRNAs coding for this receptor. Dopamine D1 receptor mRNA in human brain was found to be contained in the neurons of the caudate and putamen nuclei as well as in the nucleus accumbens, some cortical regions and some nuclei of the amygdala. In the rat brain, cells containing D1 receptor mRNA were enriched in caudate-putamen and accumbens nuclei, olfactory tubercle, islands of Calleja, some cortical areas and in several thalamic nuclei. Moreover, in both species, it was absent from the neurons of the substantia nigra both pars compacta and pars reticulata and ventral tegmental area as well as from the globus pallidus pars lateralis and medialis in human and globus pallidus and entopeduncular nucleus in rat. In general, a good agreement was found with the distribution of binding sites labeled with the D1 antagonist SCH 23390. The main exception was the absence of D1 receptor mRNA in globus pallidus and substantia nigra, regions where high densities of receptor sites are found. These data support the notion that sites in these two regions are localized to projections from striatal neurons and that dopaminergic neurons do not express this receptor.

Field of study: Biology
Short-range correlation effects on the neutron star cooling.

Short range correlations (SRC) have been known to be an important aspect of nuclear theory for some time. Recent works have re-ignited interest on this topic, particularly due to the fact that it has recently been demonstrated that SRC may be responsible for breaking pairing gaps in nuclear matter. In this work we revisit the concept of SRC for beta equilibrated matter in neutron stars. We construct two equivalent models, with and without SRC and proceed to investigate the thermal evolution of stars described by such models. We show that SRC play a major role in the thermal evolution of neutron stars. It will be shown that while the SRC largely leaves the macroscopic properties of the star unaltered, it significantly alters the proton fraction, thus leading to an early onset of the direct Urca (DU) process, which in turns leads to stars exhibiting much faster cooling.

Field of study: Physics
The Ziway–Shala lake basin system, Main Ethiopian Rift: Influence of volcanism, tectonics, and climatic forcing on basin formation and sedimentation

In the central sector of the Main Ethiopian Rift, the Ziway–Shala lake basin system includes four present-day residual lakes, from north to south, lakes Ziway, Langano, Abijata, and Shala. This region of East Africa is under the influence of the Intertropical Convergence Zone seasonal migration. Thus it has been designated as a potential core site by the ERICA Project (`Environmental Research for Intertropical Climate in Africa'). The four lakes have been subjected to strong changes in water level and water salinity at least during the Late Pleistocene. The purpose of this study is to produce a model of basin formation and sediment accumulation for this system of lakes, in order to separate the effects of climatic change from environmental variations induced by local or regional factors such as volcano-tectonic forcings. In addition to an exhaustive synthesis of available data, various investigations have been used to develop this model: 3D remote sensing, high-resolution seismics, coring, and structural, sedimentological, and hydrological field studies. New AMS radiocarbon dating helped to refine the pre-existing stratigraphic framework for this region, and basin age estimations were calculated using mean sediment accumulation rates. The history of the Ziway–Shala lake basin system has been reconstructed from the Late Pliocene–Early Pleistocene period (106 yr), mainly characterized by catastrophic explosive volcanic eruptions. The early-middle Pleistocene–Late Pleistocene period (104–106 yr) was marked by a regional volcano-tectonic paroxysm, resulting in major changes in the morphology of the area, with the formation of the Abijata, Ziway and Shala lake basins. From ∼0.20 Ma, the Ziway–Shala basin history is marked by the eastward migration of volcano-tectonic activity, resulting in the development of the youngest basin of the Ziway–Shala system, the Langano Basin. The joint history of sedimentation in the Ziway, Langano, Abijata, and Shala lake basins started during the early-Late Pleistocene period (101–104 yr) and is characterized from this period up to the present-day by a series of climatically controlled rises and falls of lake level.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Respiratory involvement in primary muscle disorders: assessment and management.

Eighty-four patients with primary disorders of muscle were referred for assessment of respiratory insufficiency between 1978 and 1991. The eventual diagnoses were: 'limb girdle syndromes' (18 patients), adult onset acid maltase deficiency (14), dystrophia myotonica (13), inflammatory disorders (10), congenital myopathies (nine), rigid spine syndromes (five), dystrophies (Duchenne (six), facioscapulohumeral (four), Becker (one)) and miscellaneous (four). Presentations were often insidious, with progressive nocturnal hypoventilation culminating in respiratory failure or arrest, recurrent respiratory tract infections, or obstructive sleep apnoea. Respiratory symptoms developed relatively early in patients with acid maltase deficiency and inflammatory disorders but parallelled the development of limb weakness in limb girdle, myotonic and congenital syndromes. Sixty-six patients received respiratory support for a median of 5 years (1-34 years) using various techniques of negative and positive pressure ventilation. Fourteen patients received short-term support for an episode of respiratory failure before being weaned, 51 required nocturnal domiciliary ventilation and one was dependent on continuous domiciliary support. Tracheostomy was performed in 32 patients and used for domiciliary nocturnal ventilation in 25. Twenty-eight patients have subsequently died.

Field of study: Medicine
Fear of COVID-19 Among the Hashemite University Students According to Some Variables

The current study aimed at identifying the level of the fear of Novel Coronavirus (covid-19) among the students of the Hashemite University in Jordan, in the light of the following variables: faculty, academic year, sex, religion, residence, social status, birth order, family income, chronic diseases and Facebook account on a sample of 852 male and female students. As for the study tool, the researcher used the scale of fear of Corona based on the statistical analysis of the arithmetic means and standard deviations, as well as (ANOVA- Analysis of Corona. The study came to some results, prominent among which were: the existence of moderate fear of Corona. According to the demographic variables, there were differences of statical significance among the students in the fear of Corona in the light of two variables only: suffering from chronic diseases, and the family income standard. As for the rest of the variables, they had no effect in the differences among students regarding the fear of Corona. Based upon these results, the current study will be a qualitative addition to the current scientific research about the Corona Pandemic, particularly, in the study of the psychological implications of the impact of the Corona Virus on the people of the world. 
  
 26 October 2020  8 February 2021 / Published: 5 March 2021

Field of study: Education, Sociology