nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Quantifying denudation and sediment–accumulation systems (open and closed lakes): basic concepts and first results

The quantitative aspects of denudation in the drainage areas and sediment accumulation in the corresponding closed or open lakes are approached using two methods: (1) from known mean rates of mechanical and chemical denudation and the ratio of the drainage/lake area, average terrigenous and potential chemical (biogenic and evaporites) sedimentation rates in the lake are determined; or (2) from known sedimentation rates the average denudation rate is found. In closed systems the total mass denuded during a certain unit of time is deposited in the lake as terrigenous, biogenic and evaporitic sediments, whereas open lake systems lose a major part of the dissolved river input derived from chemical denudation. Applying elementary equations describing these relationships and using ratios between mechanical and chemical denudation (weathering ratio) established in other regions, e.g. chemical weathering in the lake drainage can be estimated. Likewise, the knowledge of the `bio-index' (ratio of biogenic sediment/total dissolved mass) allows the calculation of the loss of dissolved matter through the outflow from the lake, etc. In a first step, existing data from modern lake systems are evaluated. Later, idealized lake systems in various climatic and morphotectonic zones can be simulated and the results utilized to better understand ancient lake systems. Modern Alpine lakes reflect increased mechanical denudation rates (100 to ≥300 mm/ka) in highly elevated drainage areas of the Central Alps (mainly crystalline rocks) and high chemical denudation (up to ca. 100 mm/ka) in carbonate rocks of the Northern Calcareous Alps. Mechanical denudation is significantly enhanced by glaciation, but transport of the detritus into lakes may be delayed until the time immediately after glacial retreat. Average rates of terrigenous lake sedimentation amount to 5 to ≥15 mm/a (crystalline rocks, high relief), or are ≤5 mm/a (carbonate rocks). Delta outbuilding was a main factor in the filling of many Alpine lakes. Lakes draining low-altitude, semi-arid parts along the eastern margin of the Alps (Lake Balaton in Hungary) have low sedimentation rates and reflect the influence of increased temperature and vegetation. In East Africa, the transition from the Late Pleistocene (arid) to the early Holocene (humid) and again back to somewhat drier conditions caused substantial rises in lake levels and changes from closed to open lake systems. In such cases, the calculation of denudation from accumulation rates is biassed as a result of intermittent sediment storage at the lake margins (low sedimentation rates in the lake centre during lake highstands) or redeposition of sediment during lowstands (lowstand shedding). The modern denudation rates of East African rift lake systems vary by a factor of ≥15 (Lake Tanganyika, crystalline rocks and more dense vegetation cover, total denudation rate ca. 4 mm/ka; Lake Turkana, young volcanic rocks and tephra, sparse vegetation, mechanical denudation rate ca. 60 mm/ka).

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Design and Implement of Electric Energy Metering Automatic System Based on Four-Ins Line Loss Management

Through developing an integrative electric energy metering automatic system and realizes the creation of line loss management by using information method.In all these years,the operating of Electric Energy Metering Automatic System has an obvious effect on reducing loss,the system has passed the appraisal for scientific and technical fruitful results which organized by CSG.

Field of study: Computer science
Antimicrobial Resistance Rates of Enterobacter spp.: A Seven-Year Surveillance Study

The aim of the study was to evaluate the trends of antimicrobial resistance of Enterobacter spp. over time in a Saudi Arabian hospital.  This is an in vitro surveillance study of the antibiotic susceptibility pattern among Enterobacter spp. recovered from outpatient and nosocomial isolates over a 7-year period from 2000 to 2006. Only a single isolate per patient was included.  A total of 1,394 nonrepetitive isolates were analyzed during the study period. Enterobactercloacae and Enterobacteraerogenes constituted 60 and 33% of the isolates, respectively. Overall, there was no statistically significant increase in the resistance rates over time for the outpatient and nosocomial isolates of Enterobacter. For E.cloacae, nosocomial isolates were statistically more resistant than outpatient isolates to ceftriaxone (17.5 vs. 5.5%), ciprofloxacin (9.5 vs. 4.7%), ticarcillin (42.8 vs. 25.4%) and ticarcillin-clavulanic acid (23 vs. 9.3%). For E.aerogenes, the nosocomial isolates were also more resistant to ceftriaxone and ciprofloxacin than the outpatient isolates (9.2 vs. 2.4% and 9.6 vs. 3%, respectively). In addition, nosocomial isolates of E.aerogenes were more resistant to piperacillin (25 vs. 15.6%) and ticarcillin-clavulanic acid (32 vs. 10.2%) than outpatient isolates. The most active antimicrobial agents were imipenem, amikacin and gentamicin against Enterobacter. Resistance rate to ≥3 classes of antibiotics was present in 2.5% of nosocomial and 1.7% of outpatient isolates (p = 0.78).  The resistance rate for the outpatient and nosocomial isolates of Enterobacter had remained relatively stable over the study period. The most active antimicrobial agents were imipenem, amikacin and gentamicin.

Field of study: Medicine
Molecular signatures associated with increased freezing tolerance due to low temperature memory in Arabidopsis.

Alternating temperatures require fast and coordinated adaptation responses of plants. Cold acclimation has been extensively investigated and results in increased freezing tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana. Here, we show that the two Arabidopsis accessions, Col-0 and N14, which differ in their freezing tolerance, showed memory of cold acclimation, that is, cold priming. Freezing tolerance was higher in plants exposed to cold priming at 4°C, a lag phase at 20°C, and a second triggering cold stress (4°C) than in plants that were only cold primed. To our knowledge, this is the first report on cold memory improving plant freezing tolerance. The triggering response was distinguishable from the priming response at the levels of gene expression (RNA-Seq), lipid (ultraperformance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry), and metabolite composition (gas chromatography-mass spectrometry). Transcriptomic responses pointed to induced lipid, secondary metabolism, and stress in Col-0 and growth-related functions in N14. Specific accumulation of lipids included arabidopsides with possible functions as signalling molecules or precursors of jasmonic acid. Whereas cold-induced metabolites such as raffinose and its precursors were maintained in N14 during the lag phase, they were strongly accumulated in Col-0 after the cold trigger. This indicates genetic differences in the transcriptomic and metabolic patterns during cold memory.

Field of study: Environmental science
A multiple timescale analysis of a mathematical model of the Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathway

The Wnt signalling pathway is involved in stem cell maintenance, differentiation and tissue development. Its disregulation has also been implicated in many cancers. β-catenin is a protein that regulates both transcription of many genes and cell–cell adhesion; in response to an external Wnt stimulus the intracellular levels of β-catenin are controlled by the proteins which make up the Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathway. In this paper we present a systematic asymptotic analysis of an existing model of the Wnt signalling pathway due to Lee et al. ( 2003), highlighting the operation of different pathway components over different timescales. Guided by this analysis we derive a simplified model which is shown to retain the essential behaviour of the full Wnt pathway, recreating the accumulation and degradation of β-catenin in response to a Wnt stimulus.

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics
Atherosclerotic lesions in the common coronary arteries of ApoE knockout mice.

The present study describes the distribution of atherosclerotic lesions in the coronary arteries of chow-fed 60-week-old male ApoE(-/-), 17-beta-estradiol-treated ApoE(-/-), and wild-type mice.



The histologic examination of coronary arteries in 12 ApoE(-/-) and 6 wild-type mice, in contrast to the distribution of atherosclerosis in human coronary arteries, reveals that the major lesions in the mouse are located in the valve sinus, including the origins of the coronary arteries. These retrovalvular lesions either stop abruptly at the orifice of the common coronary artery or extend a short distance onto the arterial trunks. The first segment and first branch of all the major coronary arteries, the usual sites of disease in humans, are protected from disease. Although the arterial trunks and the first level branches are free of disease, we found approximately four independent lesions per heart. Independent lesions are present in the heart in smaller, intramyocardial vessels. These lesions are comprised predominantly of macrophages and proteoglycan and exhibit little extracellular lipid. In some cases, the independent lesions occlude the lumen without evidence of myocardial infarct in the surrounding tissue.



The specificity of the localization of lesions in certain segments of the murine coronary tree suggests that fundamental properties found at different branch levels determine lesion location.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Synthesis of Flower-Like ZnO Films and Their Photovoltaic Properties for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells

Flower-like ZnO films were synthesized by chemical bath deposition, and their performance as photoanodes for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) was investigated. The physical and chemical properties of the grown layers as a function of Zn2+ concentration were investigated by scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive spectroscopy, and ultraviolet (UV) –visible spectroscopy. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and open-circuit voltage decay curve measurements were used to determine the kinetic processes of the ZnO photoanodes of the DSSCs. The results show that the bandgap of the ZnO film was smaller than that of the pure one. DSSCs with flower-like ZnO film with 0.05 M Zn2+ exhibited the smallest electron-transfer resistance in the ZnO/dye/electrolyte interface, indicating the highest light conversion efficiency. DSSCs based on 0.075 M Zn2+ showed the highest open-circuit voltage of 0.74 V.

Field of study: Materials science
Bernardino de Sahagun: First Anthropologist (review)

question raised by this account concerns Sobral Pinto's ability to sustain such consistent opposition to the Vargas regime and its mechanisms of repression without becoming its victim. Was Sobral Pinto's defiance possible because of his status as a prominent lawyer? Was it because of his role as a Catholic activist at a time when the Church held considerable influence over the regime? Was it because of his approach and style? Most likely it was a combination of all of these factors. Nonetheless, Sobral Pinto's experience helps reveal the boundaries of repression and resistance during the Vargas regime.

Field of study: History
Influence of the expansion device on the performance of a heat pump using R407C under a range of charging conditions

The objective of this study is to investigate the effects of the expansion device on the performance of a water-to-water heat pump using R407C, which has been considered as one of the alternative refrigerants to replace R22 with “soft-optimization”, at various charging conditions. The heat pump applying the expansion devices of a capillary tube and an EEV was tested by varying refrigerant charge amount from −20% to +20% of full charge and changing water temperature entering the condenser from 30 °C to 42 °C, while maintaining water temperature entering the evaporator at 25 °C. The R22 capillary tube system is utilized as a baseline unit for the performance comparison with the R407C system. The performance of the capillary tube system is more sensitive to off-design charge than that of the EEV system. As the refrigerant charge deviates from the full charge, the R407C EEV system shows a much lower degradation of capacity and COP as compared to the R22 and R407C capillary tube systems due to an optimum control of superheat by electronically adjusting the EEV opening. In addition, the R407C EEV system shows more a stable compressor discharge temperature at off-design charge than the R407C capillary tube system.

Field of study: Engineering
Linear and non-linear viscoelasticity of low-in-cholesterol mayonnaise / Viscoelasticidad lineal y no lineal de mayonesas con bajo contenido en colesterol

Five different mayonnaise products were prepared with constant composition except for the type of egg product used. The linear viscoelastic functions were superposed using a time-temperature su perposition method and the shift-factor showed an Arrhenius-like temperature dependence. The ther mal susceptibility was found to be higher for processed-egg-containing mayonnaise and when egg yolk was used instead of whole egg as the emulsifier. Transient flow curves always showed a stress overshoot, but a stress undershoot was found for whole-egg-containing emulsions at high shear rates. Processed yolk gave rise to higher storage modulus values than did native yolk. This effect lost sig nificance when yolk was diluted by native egg white. Mayonnaise made from egg yolk was always more viscous and did not show a stress undershoot in transient flow. The non-linear relaxation modulus was factorized as the product of the linear relaxation modulus and the damping function. Hence, the Wagner model was able to predict the transient flow of these emulsions fairly well. However, this model failed at low shear rates. This fact may be explained on the basis of wall-slip phenomena.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Fetal and adult human CNS stem cells have similar molecular characteristics and developmental potential.

The mammalian central nervous system (CNS) contains multipotent stem cells that develop into neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. Our current data show that fetal and adult human CNS stem cell isolates display similar proliferation kinetics, differentiate into three major cell types of the nervous system and express similar sets of regulatory genes. However, each individual CNS stem cell isolate could be distinguished by its specific gene expression and developmental potential.

Field of study: Biology
An Immunoassay Chip Based on Electrowetting on Dielectrics

An immunoassay chip based on electrowetting on dielectrics(EWOD) droplet control method was developed.Basing on the process of immunoassay,the immunoassay chip was designed,and fabricated using indium-tin-oxides(ITO) coated glass as substrate.We tested the controllability performance on droplet actuating of the chip.The experimental results of contact angles of the droplet were closer to the theoretical predictions within 100 V.The largest speed of the droplet movement was up to 3.75 mm/s,and the droplet manipulations were achieved by EWOD on the ITO-coated glasses.By the immunoreaction of rat IgG and goat anti-rat IgG on the immunoassay chip,the possibility of the immunoreaction on the immunoassay chip was validated.The volume of sample is 0.5 μL and the detected time is 20 min.The detected range of the immunoreaction of rat IgG and goat anti-rat IgG is 0.1-20 mg/L.

Field of study: Chemistry
[Treatment of vertigo with betaserk in patients with vascular and traumatic cerebral injuries].

42 patients with discirculatory and posttraumatic encephalopathy were treated with betaserk. Ultrasonic dopplerography and acoustic evoked potentials were used for assessment of the treatment results. It was established that betaserk was quite effective both for arrest of acute vertigo attacks and for prophylaxis of vertigo relapses. A decrease in frequency of vertigo attacks (by 60%, on the average) as well as in their duration and intensity were accompanied by an increase in blood flow through the arteries of vertebro-basilar system and by normalization of the parameters of acoustic evoked potentials.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Infrared Finiteness in Yang-Mills Theories.

The infrared divergences of renormalizable theories with coupled massless fields (in particular, the Yang--Mills theory) are shown to cancel for transition probabilities corresponding to finite-energy-resolution detectors, just as in quantum electrodynamics. This result is established through lowest nontrivial order in perturbation theory for the detection of massive muons in a quantum electrodynamic theory containing massless electrons or the detection of massive quarks in a Yang--Mills theory.

Field of study: Physics
Aerosol optical properties as observed from an ultralight aircraft over the Strait of Gibraltar

An unprecedented scientific flight was conducted over the
Strait of Gibraltar to study the optical properties of the atmospheric
aerosols from the sea surface to the lower free troposphere within the
framework of the southern Spain experiment for spaceborne mission validation
(SUSIE). A Rayleigh–Mie lidar was installed on an ultralight aircraft (ULA)
for vertical (nadir) and horizontal line-of-sight measurements. This
experiment took place on 13 August 2011 in parallel with continuous observations
with a N2 -Raman lidar from the coastal site of San Pedro Alcantara
( ∼  50 km north-east of Gibraltar). Significant differences
were observed between the optical properties of the aerosol layers sampled
over the Strait of Gibraltar and San Pedro Alcantara. These differences are
related to the surface–atmosphere interface in the planetary boundary layer
and the origins and transport processes in the lower free
troposphere. A significant contribution of terrigenous aerosols originating
from the Iberian Peninsula is highlighted over the two areas. These polluted
dusts are identified with lidar ratios (LRs) ∼ 45 ± 8  sr
higher than those of Saharan aerosols sampled during the same period
(  sr) at 355 nm. Furthermore, the particle depolarization ratio
is derived with values of ∼  10 %–15 % for the polluted dust
and >20  % for the Saharan dusts. The difference in LRs is the
opposite of what is usually assumed for these two types of aerosols and
highlights the need to update the classification of aerosols in terms of LR
to be used in the inversion of vertical profiles from future spaceborne
missions embedding a lidar operating at 355 nm.

Field of study: Environmental science
Exact Bayesian curve fitting and signal segmentation

We consider regression models where the underlying functional relationship between the response and the explanatory variable is modeled as independent linear regressions on disjoint segments. We present an algorithm for perfect simulation from the posterior distribution of such a model, even allowing for an unknown number of segments and an unknown model order for the linear regressions within each segment. The algorithm is simple, can scale well to large data sets, and avoids the problem of diagnosing convergence that is present with Monte Carlo Markov Chain (MCMC) approaches to this problem. We demonstrate our algorithm on standard denoising problems, on a piecewise constant AR model, and on a speech segmentation problem.

Field of study: Engineering
A Ranking Method of Retrieval Results Based on Web Comprehending

This thesis put forward a method used to calculate query similarity of webpage search results based on Web comprehending. According to users’ query input, this method can use Web comprehending technology to display the important web pages closer to users’ query in the first page of the list, make users more satisfied with the response of search engine, running after recall ratio and ensure precision at the same time.

Field of study: Computer science
Geologic types of glass-sand deposits and some North American representatives

Although the major glass-sand deposits of the midwestern United States are of the classic blanket marine sandstone type, throughout the United States and Canada a wide variety of geological types of silica deposits is available as glass-sand sources and potential sources. These include: (I) Unconsolidated sands: (A) Littoral — Cohansey Formation, New Jersey; (B) Alluvial plain — Citronelle Formation, Florida; (C) Marine dunes — Pacific Grove, California; (D) Lake dunes — Redcliff, Alberta; (E) Stream channel — Ravensdale, Washington. (11) Arkosic sands: Idaho Formation, Idaho. (III) Consolidated sandstones and orthoquartzites: (A) Marine and littoral — St. Peter Formation, Oriskany Formation, Potsdam Sandstone; (B) Alluvial — Pottsville Formation, Pennsylvania. (IV) Quartzites: Lorrain–north shore Lake Huron, Ontario; Grenville — Baie Comeau, Quebec. (V) Hydrothermal veins: Quartz Mountain, Washington; Carson City, Nevada. (VI) Tectonically crushed rocks: (A) Sandstone — Moberly Mountain, British Columbia; (B) Quartzite — St. Donat and St. Remi, Quebec. (VII) Weathering products — Oriskany Formation, Goshen, Virginia. Another, nongeological category would be waste sands — leftovers from other mining operations, such as the residual sands from the Fort McMurray, Alberta, tar sands operations.

The chief deposits of the north-central United States are the St. Peter (Ordovician) and Sylvania (Devonian) sandstones. The St. Peter is believed to have been derived from Precambrian quartzites of the Canadian Shield (which themselves originally may have been second-generation sandstones), and the Sylvania probably was derived from St. Peter outcrops, making it a third- (or fourth-) generation sandstone.

Field of study: Geology
Acute Myocardial Infarction due to Multiple Thrombosis without Cardiogenic Shock

Acute thrombotic occlusion of > 1 major coronary arteries is very rare (2.5%). Herein, we report a patient with simultaneous anterior and inferior myocardial infarction without cardiogenic shock.  A 43-year-old woman was admitted with severe chest pain. Electrocardiography showed ST segment elevation in anterior and inferior derivations. There was no severe hypotension. Urgent coronary angiography showed that there were thrombotic occlusions in both left anterior descending artery and right coronary artery. Both lesions were successfully treated with coronary stenting.  If there is multiple ST segment elevation on presentation electrocardiography, clinicians should be aware of possible simultaneous coronary occlusions.

Field of study: Medicine
红霉素对香烟诱导的大鼠支气管肺泡灌洗液中调节性T细胞的影响

慢性阻塞性肺疾病(chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,COPD)是一种主要由吸烟诱发的以Thl为主的气道炎症,存在的Th1/Th2失衡介导的炎症反应和自身免疫反应是激活中性粒细胞和巨噬细胞等效应细胞发挥损害肺泡细胞和产生降解间质成分作用并最终导致肺气肿的关键所在。

Field of study: Biology
75As NMR-NQR study in superconducting LiFeAs

We report results of 75As nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and nuclear
quadrupole resonance (NQR) experiments as well as 7Li NMR on different samples
of self flux grown LiFeAs and 5% Co doped LiFeAs single crystals, and a polycrystalline
LiFeAs sample. We were able to distinguish the samples by their slightly different
quadrupole frequencies, νQ, which is a direct
measure of the electric field gradient (EFG) at the As site. Interestingly, samples with a
large quadrupole frequency appear to show a different Knight shift and spin lattice
relaxation in the superconducting state from those with a lower
νQ, yet all the samples are clearly
superconducting. For sample S1 which has the largest
νQ, we find constant Knight shift
$$\mathcal{K}$$ across Tc for a certain
direction of the magnetic field and a peculiar upturn of the NQR spin lattice relaxation
rate (T1T)−1 below
Tc. In contrast, samples with a lower
νQ exhibit the expected behavior for a
singlet superconductor: a drop of $$\mathcal{K}$$ and
(T1T)−1 for both NMR and NQR
below Tc. Our results show that already tiny
changes in stoichiometry uncovered by slightly different NQR frequencies lead to very
different behavior of the NMR parameters in the superconducting state of LiFeAs. Different
possibilities will be discussed which may explain the contrasting behavior.

Field of study: Physics