nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Novel series of perovskite-related crystal structures

The crystal structures of the alkaline-earth ruthenates Ba 5 Ru 2 O 9 (O 2 ), Sr 4 Ru 2 O 9 and Ba 4 Ru 3 O 10 belong to three different series. They may be described both in terms of an octahedral framework and by the stacking of perovskite-like layers. Taking into account geometrical, structural and crystal chemistry considerations, the relationships between family members in the three series and the principles governing the crystallographic features of hypothetical members are discussed.

Field of study: Materials science
Experimental and theoretical x-ray imaging performance comparison of iodine and lanthanide contrast agents.

Contrast agents based on the lanthanide elements gadolinium and holmium have recently been developed for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Because of the increased atomic number of these elements relative to iodine, these new compounds, used as x-ray contrast agents, may yield higher radiographic contrast, and hence improved x-ray image quality, relative to conventional iodinated compounds, for clinically useful x-ray spectra. This possibility has been investigated, in independent experimental and theoretical studies, for two x-ray imaging systems: a digital radiographic system, using an x-ray image intensifier (XRII) and charge-coupled device (CCD) detector; and a conventional screen/film system, using a Lanex Regular screen. Iodine, gadolinium, and holmium contrast agents were investigated over a wide range of concentration-thickness products (0.1-0.6 M cm) and diagnostic x-ray spectra (60-120 kVp). A simple theoretical model of x-ray detector response predicts the experimental radiographic contrast measurements with a mean absolute error of 8.0% for the XRII/CCD system and 5.9% for the screen/film system, and shows that the radiographic contrast for these two systems is representative of all XRII and screen/film systems. An index of image quality is defined, and its dependence on radiographic contrast, x-ray fluence per unit dose, and detective quantum efficiency (DQE) is shown. Theoretical values of the index, predicted by our model, are then used to compare the performance of the three contrast agents for the two systems investigated. In general, iodine performance decreases steadily with increasing kVp, gadolinium performance has a broad maximum near 85 kVp, and gadolinium outperforms holmium. Gadolinium outperforms iodine for spectra above (and vice versa below) about 72 kVp, depending slightly on spectrum filtration, object thickness, and detector type. Thus, raising the kVp to shorten exposure times or reduce x-ray tube heat loading results in a loss of image quality with iodine, but not with gadolinium. Similarly, beam-hardening artifacts in performing video densitometry with iodine would be reduced with gadolinium. Gadolinium-based contrast agents are thus shown to offer several practical advantages over conventional iodinated contrast agents.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Quantification of viable endospores from a Greenland ice core.

Endospores (i.e., bacterial spores) embedded in polar ices present an opportunity to investigate the most durable form of life in an ideal medium for maintaining long-term viability. However, little is known about the endospore distribution and viability in polar ices. We have determined germinable endospore concentrations of bacterial spores capable of germination in a Greenland ice core (GISP2 94 m, ID# G2-271) using two complementary endospore viability assays (EVA), recently developed in our laboratory. These assays are based on bulk spectroscopic analysis (i.e., spectroEVA), and direct microscopic enumeration (i.e., microEVA) of ice core concentrates. Both assays detect dipicolinic acid (DPA) release during l-alanine induced germination via terbium ion (Tb3+)-DPA luminescence. Using spectroEVA, the germinable and total bacterial spore concentrations were found to be 295+/-19 spores mL(-1) and 369+/-36 spores mL(-1), respectively, (i.e., 80% of the endospores were capable of germination). Using microEVA, the germinating endospore concentration was found to be 27+/-2 spores mL(-1). The total cell concentration, as determined by DAPI stain fluorescence microscopy, was 7.0 x 10(3)+/-6.7 x 10(2) cells mL(-1). Culturing attempts yielded 2 CFU mL(-1) (4 degrees C). We conclude that endospores capable of germination in the GISP2 ice cores are readily determined using novel endospore viability assays.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Adapting Evidence-Based Treatments for Digital Technologies: a Critical Review of Functions, Tools, and the Use of Branded Solutions

We provide a critical review of digital technologies in evidence-based treatments (EBTs) for mental health with a focus on the functions technologies are intended to serve. The review highlights issues related to clarity of purpose, usability, and assumptions related to EBT technology integration, branding, and packaging. Developers continue to use technology in creative ways, often combining multiple functions to convey existing EBTs or to create new technology-enabled EBTs. Developers have a strong preference for creating and investigating whole-source, branded solutions related to specific EBTs, in comparison to developing or investigating technology tools related to specific components of behavior change, or developing specific clinical protocols that can be delivered via existing technologies. Default assumptions that new applications are required for each individual EBT, that EBTs are best served by the use of only one technology solution rather than multiple tools, and that an EBT-specific technology product should include or convey all portions of an EBT slow scientific progress and increase risk of usability issues that negatively impact uptake. We contend that a purposeful, functions-based approach should guide the selection, development, and application of technology in support of EBT delivery.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Caring for Life: The Basic Values of the University System

Norm and freedom are two main values of the university system,and seeking freedom of the individual life would be the original value of the university system.The orientation of formalization,utility,and authority in the university system hurt human beings' life and hinders creativity.Caring for man's life,providing adequate leisure,and organizing a flexible system should be a basic orientation while constructing the university system.

Field of study: Education
Economic barriers to implementation of innovations in health care: is the long run-short run efficiency discrepancy a paradox?

Favourable cost-effectiveness of innovative technologies is more and more a necessary condition for implementation in clinical practice. But proven cost-effectiveness itself does not guarantee successful implementation. The reason for this is a potential discrepancy between long run efficiency, on which cost-effectiveness is based, and short run efficiency. Long run and short run efficiency is dependent upon economies of scale. This paper addresses the potential discrepancy between long run and short run efficiency of innovative technologies in healthcare, explores diseconomies of scale in Dutch hospitals and suggests what strategies might help to overcome hurdles to implement innovations due to that discrepancy.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
How low-energy fusion can occur

Fusion of two deuterons of room temperature energy is discussed. The nuclei are in vacuum with no connection to any external source (electric or magnetic field, illumination, surrounding matter, traps, etc.) which may accelerate them. The energy of two nuclei is conserved and remains small during the motion through the Coulomb barrier. The penetration through this barrier, which is the main obstacle for low-energy fusion, strongly depends on a form of the incident flux on the Coulomb center at large distances from it. In contrast to the usual scattering, the incident wave is not a single plane wave but the certain superposition of plane waves of the same energy and various directions, for example, a convergent conical wave. The wave function close to the Coulomb center is determined by a cusp caustic which is probed by de Broglie waves. The particle flux gets away from the cusp and moves to the Coulomb center providing a not small probability of fusion (cusp driven tunneling). Getting away from a caustic cusp also occurs in optics and acoustics.

Field of study: Physics
Increased plasma levels of osteopontin are associated with activation of the renin-aldosterone system and with myocardial and coronary microvascular damage in dilated cardiomyopathy.

In patients with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) abnormal myocardial blood flow (MBF) has been associated with coronary microvascular dysfunction. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that osteopontin (OPN) plasma levels could be associated with the activation of the renin-aldosterone system (RAS) in these patients and be involved in mediating myocardial and coronary damage. In 66 patients with idiopathic left ventricular dysfunction of variable severity the plasma levels of OPN were correlated with biomarkers of systemic metabolism, RAS activation, myocardial dysfunction and with clinical indexes of left ventricle (LV) function and perfusion obtained by 2D-echocardiography and PET. As compared to controls, patients showed a significant increase of inflammatory markers (OPN: 508+/-30.8ng/ml vs. 426.9+/-16.4, p<0.05 and interleukin (IL)-6: 1.71+/-0.29pg/ml vs. 0.38+/-0.03pg/ml, p<0.001) and of indexes of cardiac damage. OPN levels were significantly correlated with the extent of microvascular dysfunction (MBF at rest: p=0.01; during dipyridamole: p=0.0003) and with plasma renin activity (PRA) (r=0.26, p=0.04). Both in patients with milder or more severe LV dysfunction lower MBF values were associated with higher OPN levels and PRA. These results suggest a interdependent role of RAS and vascular inflammation in cardiomyopathy.

Field of study: Medicine
Exemplar-based synthesis of geology using kernel discrepancies and generative neural networks

We propose a framework for synthesis of geological images based on an exemplar image. We synthesize new realizations such that the discrepancy in the patch distribution between the realizations and the exemplar image is minimized. Such discrepancy is quantified using a kernel method for two-sample test called maximum mean discrepancy. To enable fast synthesis, we train a generative neural network in an offline phase to sample realizations efficiently during deployment, while also providing a parametrization of the synthesis process. We assess the framework on a classical binary image representing channelized subsurface reservoirs, finding that the method reproduces the visual patterns and spatial statistics (image histogram and two-point probability functions) of the exemplar image.

Field of study: Computer science
Synthesis and 13C NMR Spectroscopy of Model Compounds for the Microstructure Analysis of Poly(Vinyl Glycoside)s

A series of glycosylated diol and triol derivatives was synthesized in order to serve as model compounds for the analysis of the stereochemistry, regiochemistry, and defect structures of poly(vinyl glycoside)s. 13C NMR spectroscopic analysis of these compounds revealed that the attached chiral carbohydrate substituents induced a strong correlation of the chemical shifts of both the anomeric C and the α-C atom of the aglycon with the absolute configuration of the latter. The influence of the stereoconfiguration of β- and γ-C atoms as well as the regiochemistry of the aglycon on the chemical shifts of the α-C and the anomeric C atom was also investigated.

Field of study: Chemistry
Morphometric comparison of the Hesperornithiformes and modern diving birds

The Cretaceous Hesperornithiformes are an extinct group of aquatic birds long recognized to have practiced foot-propelled diving. This specialization is seen today in a number of modern avian families (loons, grebes, cormorants, and some ducks) that have convergently derived a diving lifestyle. Historically, hesperornithiforms have usually been compared to modern loons and grebes as analogues. However, these comparisons are based on qualitative observations of skeletal morphology and have never been tested using morphometric data. Studying the morphological details underlying this functional convergence provides an opportunity to better understand the lifestyle of the extinct Hesperornithiformes, particularly in regard to adaptations for foot-propelled diving and ecological niches these birds may have occupied. This study presents a morphometric analysis of the hindlimb of hesperornithiforms and modern foot-propelled diving birds. Measurements were collected from the tarsometatarsus, tibiotarsus, and femur of eight genera of modern birds and six genera of hesperornithiforms. In order to explore variation within the data, a number of different combinations of measurements (for example, tarsometatarsus and tibiotarsus, or tibiotarsus and femur) were subjected to principal components analyses (PCA). The primary reason for investigating the data in different subsets was to increase taxonomic inclusion among the fossil specimens, where missing data was the largest impediment to the study. Results of this study show that hesperornithiforms rarely shared morphospace with loons or grebes, but more often did share morphospace with cormorants and diving ducks. Therefore, loons and grebes may not serve as the most appropriate analogue for the Hesperornithiformes. Use of these sorts of analyses, in conjunction with detailed morphological work, may enhance our understanding of the evolution of complex ecological strategies and niche partitioning among birds and other organisms.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Effects of low-dose doxycycline on cytokine secretion in human monocytes stimulated with Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans.

Doxycycline is an antibiotic used in the treatment of a variety of inflammatory conditions, including periodontitis. Apart from its antimicrobial properties, this drug also has independent anti-inflammatory effects at sub-antimicrobial doses. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of low-doses of doxycycline (LDD) on cytokine production by human monocytic cells challenged with the periodontal pathogen Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, for up to 6 h. The simultaneous regulation of 12 cytokines were measured by a Human Cytokine Array Kit. To validate the array findings, selected cytokines were also measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA). A. actinomycetemcomitans stimulated the production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-8 by the cells after 6 h of challenge, and doxycycline significantly inhibited this effect. The kinetics of this regulation demonstrated an early (within 2 h) and significant (P<0.05) inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines, with a mild (0.5-fold) up-regulation of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. The results indicate that LDD acts as an anti-inflammatory agent in human monocytic cells stimulated with A. actinomycetemcomitans. This model provides clear evidence that some of the clinically proven benefits of LDD may be related to its ability to regulate inflammatory mediator release by monocytic cells. This property may contribute to the clinically proven benefits of this antibiotic as an adjunctive treatment for periodontitis.

Field of study: Medicine
SU-GG-T-305: Evaluation of Some Essential Dosimetric Parameters for Beam Matching of Similar Accelerators

To dosimetrically evaluate beam matching procedure of two similar accelerators using gamma index.  The second accelerator was beam matched with first one using Vendor's acceptance test (ATP) protocol. Depth dose and inline‐crossline profiles were matched within ±1%. In order to quantify the level of agreement between the matched beams we performed a set of measurements including total scatter, collimator scatter, wedge transmission and absolute dose measurement. The ATP specifications are at particular points on the ionization curve for depth dose or profile. Gamma was used to compare planar dose distribution from EDR2 films exposed on both units. For 6MV photon we exposed a film for PDD (10×10cm), beam profile (5,10 and 20cm), a pyramid shape, to compare dosimetric and positional accuracy of MLC a pattern of strips with different MUs at different positions and a diamond shape was exposed. We also exposed a film at tray level to a segmented IMRT field to compare collimator scatter. To account for TPS calculations a film kept in axial plane was exposed to 3DCRT and IMRT plan with actual gantry angles. Absolute dose was measured simultaneously using point chamber.  Total scatter, collimator scatter and wedge transmission factors were within ±1%. The absolute dose for 3DCRT and IMRT plan was within ±1% of reference value and within ±3% of TPS value. EDR2 films exposed on both units were analyzed using OmniPro IMRT software. Gamma was calculated for different delta dose and delta distance. The analysis has shown that all these comparisons were in good agreement for delta dose of 2% and delta distance of 2mm.  All these tests were done at the commissioning time. We are periodically checking few parameters like PDD, beam profile and MLC accuracy to assure the consistency in beam matching

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Periodic solutions of an abstract third-order differential equation

Using operator valued Fourier multipliers, we characterize maximal regularity for the abstract third–order differential equation αu′′′(t) +u′′(t) = βAu(t) + γBu′(t) + f(t), with boundary conditions u(0) = u(2π), u′(0) = u′(2π) and u′′(0) = u′′(2π), where A and B are closed linear operators defined on a Banach space X, α, β, γ ∈ R+, and f belongs to either periodic Lebesgue spaces, or periodic Besov spaces, or periodic Triebel–Lizorkin spaces.

Field of study: Mathematics
Purinergic Receptors Stimulate Na+/Ca2+ Exchange in Pancreatic Duct Cells: Possible Role of Proteins Handling and Transporting Ca2+

Most purinergic receptors activate intracellular Ca<sup>2+</sup> signalling, and in epithelia they stimulate transport of major ions. Aim of the present study on pancreatic ducts was to find whether P2 receptors also regulate cellular Ca<sup>2+</sup> transport, such as that via the Na<sup>+</sup>/Ca<sup>2+</sup> exchanger (NCX). Since NCX can also be connected with epithelial Ca<sup>2+</sup> transport, we also investigated expression of some Ca<sup>2+</sup>-handling/transporting proteins. Expression analysis revealed that pancreatic ducts of rat and human duct cell line CFPAC-1 (also PANC-1 and Capan-1) express the Na<sup>+</sup>/Ca<sup>2+</sup> exchanger (splice variants NCX1.3 and 1.7), as well as the Ca<sup>2+</sup>-sensing receptor and the Ca<sup>2+</sup>-binding protein calbindin-D 9k. These proteins localize to the luminal and lateral membranes of pancreatic duct epithelia. Ca<sup>2+</sup> imaging experiments showed that activation of purinergic P2Y and P2X receptors stimulated NCX in human and rat duct cells. Application of ATP to CFPAC-1 monolayers also stimulated Ca<sup>2+</sup> transport from the luminal to the basolateral side. Taken together, these results show that pancreatic ducts express a number of Ca<sup>2+</sup>-handling/transporting proteins and we propose that these together with purinergic receptors play a role in regulation of duct lumen Ca<sup>2+</sup> content.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
On the Cultural Driving Force of the Citizenization Process of Migrant Workers

Citizenization of migrant workers has become an irresistible trend in the process of China's modernization.Cultural values act as an internal driving force in the process of migrant workers' citizenization for their induction of spiritual life,standardization of behavior,and enhancing of the comprehensive quality.Giving play to the driving force of culture in the citizenization of rural migrant workers is the demands of the times.It is necessary to take measures to promote the process of citizenization of rural migrant,such as cultivating and practicing socialist core values,strengthening the guidance of cultural creation,developing mass cultural activities and enhancing training and education.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Valentin Weigel .De vita beata; De luce et caligine divina; Vom seligen Leben. Valentin Weigel, Sämtliche Schriften, Neue Edition, vol. 2. Ed. Horst Pfefferl. Stuttgart: Frommann-Holzboog, 2009. xlviii + 200 pp. index. illus. bibl. €386. ISBN: 978–3–7728–1841–7.


Field of study: History
High diversity and regional endemism in land snails of eastern Tanzania

In February/March 1995 we collected land snails (including slugs) at 12 stations in eastern Tanzania. A total of 571 person-hours yielded 9174 snails assigned to 159 morpho-species. The richest two sites each (<4ha of uniform forest) had 50 species (Amboni Cave) and 48 species (near Amani, Usambaras), nearly as great as the most species-rich sites known in the world; sieving of litter and soil would probably yield more species. In lowland (coastal) forests, both diversity and endemism seemed to decrease from north to south. Most snail species were found within only one of four coastal or one montane geographic regions, indicating substantial regional endemism. Only one species (Achatina fulica) appeared in all five regions, and 84% of all other species were found in only one (61%) or two regions (23%). The predatory streptaxids comprised about half the species and a third of the individuals at the Usambara site, an extremely high ratio of carnivores. Small snails (< 5mm greatest adult shell dimension) – many of which are probably undescribed species – comprise a substantial proportion of Tanzanian molluscan diversity; more surveys are needed, especially because of human pressures on the few forest patches remaining.

Field of study: Environmental science
Heterocyclic analogs of pleiadiene

N-Aminoperimidinium salts were obtained by the action of O-mesitylsulfonylhydroxylamine on perimidine and its 1- and 2-substituted derivatives, and some transformations of the salts (reaction with p-nitrobenzaldehyde, reduction with sodium borohydride, and the synthesis of 2,4-dimethylpyrazolo[1,5-a]perimidine) were realized.

Field of study: Chemistry
Chelonechinus N.G., A Neogene Urechinid

In August, 1903, B. Glanvill Corney, Chief Medical Officer of Fiji, presented to the trustees of the British Museum a large fossil sea-urchin found near Suva. The specimen showed many features of interest. It was the first echinoderm known from any of the marine deposits of the Fiji archipelago. It was clearly related to the fossil from the Radiolarian Marls of Barbados described by J. W. Gregory 1 as Cystechinus crassus. Being, like that echinoid, a member of the Echinocorythidae (sensu lato) with the deep-sea characters common in that family fairly well marked, it might be expected to throw light on the elevation of the islands. Consequently, permission to describe it was obtained from the Keeper of Geology. The task undertaken proved greater than was expected. It involved detailed description of the specimen, redescription of Cystechinus crassus , comparison of the two species with other deep-sea Echinocorythids, in which the specimens . . .

Field of study: Geology