nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Long-term alcohol self-administration and alcohol withdrawal differentially modulate microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2) gene expression in the rat brain.

Chronic alcohol intoxication is known to produce neuronal degeneration in the central and peripheral nervous system of experimental animals and of humans. It is suggested that various components of the cytoskeleton undergo profound changes following chronic alcohol use and misuse. Here we studied the expression of the neuronal cytoskeletal microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2) following long-term alcohol consumption and subsequent alcohol withdrawal. Alcohol-preferring AA (Alko Alkohol) rats with a high voluntary alcohol consumption for a period of 16 months were compared with age-matched control rats without prior experience with alcohol. For comparison, in a second experiment, heterogeneous Wistar rats that also had voluntary access to alcohol for 8 months were examined following alcohol consumption and withdrawal. In situ hybridization and subsequent dot blot and Northern blot analysis for further quantification revealed that chronically alcoholized animals exhibit markedly decreased MAP2 mRNA levels in several parts of the extrapyramidal system (mainly in the caudate putamen, the substantia nigra pars compacta and the globus pallidus), the mesolimbic system, in several hypothalamic nuclei and in the nucleus inferior colliculus. Other areas such as the hippocampus, frontoparietal cortex and cerebellum were less affected by chronic alcohol intake, however, in these regions the MAP2 mRNA levels were increased during alcohol withdrawal. These results suggest that long-term alcohol self-administration affects central neurons involved in motor control via the influence on the integrity of the cytoskeleton and may thus induce motor dysfunction.

Field of study: Biology
Magnetocaloric Effects of LaFe_(12.2-x)Co_(0.9)Si_xB_(0.25)

Three groups of LaFe12.2-xCo0.9SixB0.25(x=1.1,1.3,1.5) alloys were prepared in a high-frequency floating furnace,and the change of adiabatic temperature was tested.The results show that,changing the content of Si in the alloy,the Cure temperature can be adjusted to a suitable figure and the better magnetocaloric effects are kept.The adiabatic temperature of the alloy is maximum as the content of Si is 1.1%.

Field of study: Materials science
Evangelizing Health Care

Health care is in crisis for a variety of reasons, cost being only the currently most visible reason . Other, perhaps more important reasons are the medical and ethical dilemmas, not only the ancient ones of abortion and euthanasia, but also the contemporary ones of gene research and reproduction technologies. In addition, an unquestioned medical technology imperative has further marginalized the unmet psychological and spiritual needs of patients. The purpose of this paper is to review these problems and to suggest that the Ethical and Religious Directives of the National Conference of Catholic Bishops may be a means of evangelizing health care.

Field of study: Medicine, Philosophy
New Blended Learning Strategy Based on Flipped-Learning for Vocational Work-Linked Training

In a changing Moroccan educational landscape, Addressing teaching development needs is becoming a major issue in vocational work-linked Training. In this context, this paper present a new blended learning strategy based on the flipped classroom, using a social learning platform as support. Through this strategy, we increased the time dedicated to regulation by the implementation of a self-regulation and a co-regulation online in first time, and other regulation in classroom. The result showed that this strategy guides and increases the time of initial training, and improve the efficiency, performance of student teachers while supporting teaching needs and self-learning skills.  Blended learning, flipped learning, vocational work-linked Training

Field of study: Education
Proterozoic evolution of the northeastern Canadian Shield: Lithoprobe Eastern Canadian Shield Onshore–Offshore Transect (ECSOOT), introduction and summary

The Lithoprobe Eastern Canadian Shield OnshoreOffshore Transect (ECSOOT) has focused on studies of the processes by which the northeastern Canadian (Laurentian) Shield evolved, firstly by the 1.91.8 Ga coalescence of Archean cratons and then by the addition of juvenile crust from the south in the period 1.90.9 Ga. The transect area is a microcosm of continental accretion and also offers a unique opportunity to link the geological evolution of the Canadian Shield with once-adjacent Greenland.

Field of study: Environmental science
Amherst's New Curriculum in its First Year

T HE "New Curriculum" seeks to organize the student's courses into a meaningful, purposeful program of study. Each semester students register for four courses, rather than for five as before. Freshmen and Sophomores must complete three two-year sequence studies in science, history, and the humanities. The fourth course may be elected only if the foreign language requirement has been met. Emphasis is placed upon small classes. In all courses laboratory or seminar sessions are held; thus, large lecture classes are supplemented by small group meetings for individual assignments and discussion. In the junior and senior years the student concentrates upon his "major" and must follow new regulations governing its pursuit. Even after a " major" has been elected, the department in which the student is concentrating supervises the selection of his complementary studies. Able students are encouraged to become candidates for honors work. The newness of the " New Curriculum" lies largely in the change from the previous program, the insistence upon a high proportion of

Field of study: Education
Evaluation of rate coefficients for consecutive reactions of pesticides in soil

A short computation model was used to derive reaction rate coefficients from measured concentration‐time relationships reported in the literature for parent compounds and important conversion products. For the pesticides aldicarb, phorate and disulfoton, description was attempted of the formation and decline of the sulfoxide and of the sulfone with first‐order rate equations. This involved the approximation of the contribution of simultaneous reactions in the decline of the parent compound and of the sulfoxide. For some well‐defined experiments, good descriptions of the concentration‐time relationships could be obtained, so the corresponding rate coefficients could be derived. In some of the instances, the measuring period was too short to evaluate the rate coefficients for the sulfone. Between results of different experiments, great deviations sometimes showed up, which could be related to the experimental design. Lack of recovery percentages for conversion products and of checks on transformati...

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Effects of response type on pigeons' sensitivity to variation in reinforcer amount and reinforcer delay.

Twelve pigeons, divided into two groups, responded on concurrent nonindependent variable-interval schedules to obtain access to grain by either pecking keys or pressing treadles. Either the amount of grain or the delay to the receipt of grain was varied in separate conditions to determine the sensitivity of relative responding to variation in reinforcer amount (sA), the sensitivity to variation in reinforcer delay (sD), and sA/sD, a measure related to self-control. There were no significant differences between the two groups in the values of sA, sD, and sA/sD. These results suggest that the values of sA, sD, and sA/sD for pigeons may be similar across these two types of responses.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Improved Fourier-transform profilometry.

An improved optical geometry of the projected-fringe profilometry technique, in which the exit pupil of the projecting lens and the entrance pupil of the imaging lens are neither at the same height above the reference plane nor coplanar, is discussed and used in Fourier-transform profilometry. Furthermore, an improved fringe-pattern description and phase-height mapping formula based on the improved geometrical generalization is deduced. Employing the new optical geometry, it is easier for us to obtain the full-field fringe by moving either the projector or the imaging device. Therefore the new method offers a flexible way to obtain reliable height distribution of a measured object.

Field of study: Physics
Preparation of Al_2O_3 Particles Reinforced Heat-Resistant Steel Composites by High Frequency Melting

As ceramics-reinforced metal matrix composites have combined properties of ceramics and metals,they have huge potential application.The Al2O3 / heat-resistant steel composite,which is used in friction and wear condition at elevated temperatures,was prepared by high frequency melting and the vacuum infiltration technique,and the melting temperature,heating time and infiltration time on the casting infiltration depth are studied.The results show that the best anode voltage and time of high Frequency Melting,melting temperature and the casting infiltration time are 7.5 KV,60 s,1 650 ℃,and 4~5 s respectively.The composite prepared has good microstructure,surface quality and interface bonding.

Field of study: Materials science
Physical exercise versus shorter life expectancy? An investigation into preferences for physical activity using a stated preference approach.

The positive life-prolonging effect of physical activity is often used as a promotion argument to motivate people to change their behaviour. Yet the decision of investing in health by exercising depends not only on the potential health effect but also on the costs of physical activity including time costs and the individual's (dis)utility of performing physical activity. The objective of this study was to investigate the trade-off between costs and benefits of engaging in physical activity. A web-based stated preference experiment was conducted to elicit individual preferences for physical activity among a representative sample of the Danish population, 18-60 years of age, categorised as moderately physically active or physically inactive. The results of the study suggest that perceived negative quality of life impact of physical activity is an important predictor of the choice of not attending physical activity, and hence should be acknowledged as a barrier to engaging in physical activity. Furthermore, we find time costs to have a significant impact on stated uptake. For individuals categorised as moderately active, the marginal health effect of physical activity is significant but minor. For inactive individuals, this effect is insignificant suggesting that information on long-term health effects does not work as motivation for engaging in exercise for this group. Instead, focus should be on reducing the perceived disutility of physical activity.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Multi-runway Flights Landing Schedules Using an Improved GA-PSO Algorithm

The airport runway is an import resource in air traffic management system. The purpose is to rationally allocate the flight landing runway and landing sequence and reduce flight delays. This paper analyzes the principle of the adaptive genetic algorithm and the particle swarm optimization algorithm,and then improved each of them. Using the improved GA algorithm combine with the improved PSO algorithm,establish the multi-runway flights schedule model. Apply the improved GA-PSO algorithm to solve the established model,and then gives the simulation results at last. The results show that,the improved GA-PSO algorithm can reduce the total delay time and accelerate the convergence speed effectively.

Field of study: Computer science
Neurocysticercosis: parasitology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and recent advances in management.

Cysticercosis, which is the most common parasitic cause of neurological disease in man, consists of infection by the larval stage (Cysticercus cellulosae)  of the pig tapeworm Taenia solium. The disease was described in pigs by Aristophanes and Aristotle in the third century BC, but Paranoli is credited with the first human account (involving the corpus callosum) in 1550 . The term cysticercus was first used by Laennec. One of the largest series of cases was documented by Dixon and Lipscomb in British soldiers and their families in India ; 92 per cent of 450 affected individuals described had a history of epilepsy. Although accurate information on prevalence rates is rarely available, the disease is known to be endemic in all continents with the exception of Australasia ; however, even there cases in immigrants are now being identified. Exceptionally high rates exist in Latin America-from Mexico to Chile. In Mexico City 1.4—3.6 per cent of autopsies in the general population provide evidence of cysticercosis ; the disease accounts for approximately 10 per cent of neurological admissions, as well as up to one-third of craniotomies for intracranial space-occupying lesions. Important foci exist in the USSR, China, India, Pakistan, the Philippines and Indonesia , and the disease occurs sporadically throughout Africa. Although now rare in northern Europe, it remains a problem in the Iberian peninsula and the Slavic countries. In north America, the disease is overall unusual; however, during the last decade it has become a significant problem in immigrant populations . Cysticercosis is overall unusual in Jews and Muslims because pork consumption in these ethnic groups is generally low; however, this fact does not prevent ingestion of T. solium eggs in contaminated food or water. This, and not uncooked pork ingestion is the cause of human cysticercosis. The highest prevalence rates therefore exist in communities where there is a close contact between man and pigs, pork is eaten raw or undercooked, and most importantly where hygienic standards and practices are low. Affected communities are often rural ones . Faecal contamination of foodstuffs is the usual source of infection; however flies have been shown to play a

Field of study: Medicine
Propagation of Cosmic Rays in the Galactic Halo with Self-Excited Waves

We present a simple self-consistent model that allows us to obtain parameters of the Galactic cosmic rays halo. We demonstrate that the size of the halo depends on the energy of cosmic rays, monotonically approaching a constant value at high energies. In this model, the high-energy halo size is determined by the characteristic size of the ionized gas component of the Galaxy.

Field of study: Physics
Double object constructions in Korean: Asymmetry between Theme and Goal

Much of the generative studies on the double object constructions in English have shown that there exists an asymmetrical c-command relation between the Theme argument and the Goal argument: the Goal uniformly c-commands the Theme at D-structure. This paper attempts to prove that Korean also exhibits an asymmetric relation between the Theme and Goal in double object constructions, but it is the Theme that asymmetrically c-commands the Goal at D-structure in Korean.

Field of study: Linguistics
Thermal Fluctuations in the Phase Structure of the Excitonic Insulator Charge Density Wave State in the Extended Falicov–Kimball Model

Excitonic insulator (EI) instability accompanied by a charge density wave (CDW) state in the two-dimensional extended Falicov–Kimball model including electron–phonon interaction is investigated by applying the unrestricted Hartree–Fock approximation. Treating both the Coulomb attraction and the electron–phonon coupling on an equal footing, we have derived a set of self-consistent equations, which allows us to determine both the excitonic insulator order parameter and the lattice displacement. The phase structures show us that both the Coulomb interaction and the electron–phonon coupling act together in establishing the EI-CDW state, which typifies either a phononic-CDW or an excitonic-CDW state depending on the competition of the interactions. At a given low temperature, the EI-CDW state is found between two critical values of the Coulomb interaction. The window of the condensation state grows when increasing the electron–phonon coupling. Depending on the temperature and the Coulomb interaction the Bardeen–Cooper–Schrieffer–Bose–Einstein condensation (BCS–BEC) crossover of the EI-CDW state in the systems has been established. Under the effects of phonons, the BCS–BEC crossover deviates to a larger Coulomb interaction while the semimetal–semiconductor transition in the normal state remains.

Field of study: Materials science
Gender-specific changes since 1900 in the season-of-birth effect in schizophrenia.

It was hypothesised that the size of the season-of-birth effect may have decreased in tandem with the apparent decline in the incidence of schizophrenia.



Through the Aberdeen Psychiatric Case Register, subjects were identified who had been diagnosed as schizophrenic and had been born between 1900 and 1969. The ratio of winter/spring to summer/autumn births was compared across the seven decades for both sexes together, for men, and for women.



For the 1935 men, but not for the 1620 women, there was a highly significant increase (P = 0.0009) in season-of-birth effect.



Non-seasonal factors have contributed to a declining incidence of schizophrenia in both sexes. 'Seasonal' factors to which female foetuses are more susceptible than male foetuses (such as infection or malnutrition) have also decreased in frequency, severity, or both, but this has not happened with factors affecting males, leading to an increase of their season-of-birth effect.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Late holocene fluctuations of Mono Lake, eastern California

While long recognized as important sources of information on sub-millenial-to millenial-scale changes in climate, hydrographically closed lakes have seldom been used to illuminate past climatic vicissitudes in the sub-century-to centuries time frame. Mono Lake, an artificially depressed, hydrographically closed water body that abuts the eastern escarpment of California's Sierra Nevada, is well-suited for this type of detailed, high-resolution paleoclimatic reconstruction. Streamcuts through the deltas of the main feeder streams reveal lake-transgressive and -regressive sedimentary sequences with intervening soils, as well as an abundance of datable materials and tephra layers. The expansiveness and clarity of these exposures make it possible to trace individual transgressive and regressive units landward from the lake for as much as 1000 m, enabling the elevations of past high stands and low stands to be defined with a high degree of precision. Twenty-five radiocarbon dates, many of them on the remains of vegetation killed during the lake transgressions, together with 4 tephra units of known age, provide chronometric control for the fluctuation curve. The deltaic sequences, in combination with sedimentary, geomorphic, biotic, tephrostatigraphic, and historic evidence, indicate that during the past 3800 years Mono Lake has fluctuated over a vertical range of 40 m in response to changes in inflow and evaporation. Approximately 3770 cal B.P. thelake reached the Dechambeau Ranch High Stand at ∼1980.8 m, a level that it had not occupied for perhaps 7000 years, and that it has not attained since. By ∼1807 cal B.P. the lake had declined to an extreme low stand (the Marina Low Stand) at 1940.9 m. Over the ensuing six centuries it fluctuated little, remaining within an elevation interval (1945–1952 m) which is low by historic standards. The past 1200 years has been a period of rapid and large-scale fluctuations. During this interval Mono Lake has alternated between high stands (the Post Office, Rush Delta, Danberg Beach, Clover Ranch, and Historic high stands) of up to 1967.7 m, and low stabds (the Lee Vining Delta, Simis Ranch, Navy Beach, Rush Delta, and Pre-Historic low stands) as low as ∼1941 m. The water balance model for the Mono Basin developed by Vorster (1985) was used to assess the changes in hydroclimatic conditions necessary to account for the reconstructed lake behavior. The model indicates that, on the sub-century to centuries time scale, effective inflow to the Mono groundwater basin over the past 3800 years has varied from greater than 134% to less than 68% of the modern (1937–1979) mean value. For the past 2 millennia the lake fluctuations seem to correspond in time to de Vries-type variations in solar activity.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
MÖSSBAUER STUDIES OF BRIDGED FERROCENOPHANE DERIVATIVE’S POLYIODIDES

[2]Ferrocenophanes, the ring tilted ferrocene derivatives, were oxidized with iodine in benzene and studied by means of Mossbauer spectroscopy. The quadrupole splitting value of the compounds is found to be 3.70 mms−1 at 78 K, which is one of the largest found in ferrocene derivatives, suggesting the presence of a strong direct interaction between iron atoms and iodine atoms. The results were compared with  and [4] ferrocenophane’s polyiodides.

Field of study: Chemistry
Timing of closure of the Meso-Tethys Ocean: Constraints from remnants of a 141−135 Ma ocean island within the Bangong−Nujiang Suture Zone, Tibetan Plateau

Knowledge of the timing of the closure of the Meso-Tethys Ocean as represented by the Bangong–Nujiang Suture Zone, i.e., the timing of the Lhasa-Qiangtang collision, is critical for understanding the Mesozoic tectonics of the Tibetan Plateau. But this timing is hotly debated; existing suggestions vary from the Middle Jurassic (ca. 166 Ma) to Late Cretaceous (ca. 100 Ma). In this study, we describe the petrology of the Zhonggang igneous–sedimentary rocks in the middle segment of the Bangong–Nujiang Suture Zone and present results of zircon U–Pb geochronology, whole-rock geochemistry, and Sr–Nd isotope analysis of the Zhonggang igneous rocks. The Zhonggang igneous–sedimentary rocks have a thick basaltic basement (>2 km thick) covered by limestone with interbedded basalt and tuff, trachyandesite, chert, and poorly sorted conglomerate comprising limestone and basalt debris. There is an absence of terrigenous detritus (e.g., quartz) within the sedimentary and pyroclastic rocks. These observations, together with the typical exotic blocks-in-matrix structure between the Zhonggang igneous–sedimentary rocks and the surrounding flysch deposits, lead to the conclusion that the Zhonggang igneous–sedimentary rocks are remnants of an ocean island within the Meso-Tethys Ocean. This conclusion is consistent with the ocean island basalt-type geochemistry of the Zhonggang basalts and trachyandesites, which are enriched in light rare earth elements (LaN/ YbN = 4.72–18.1 and 5.61–13.7, respectively) and have positive Nb–Ta anomalies (NbPM/ ThPM > 1, TaPM/UPM > 1), low initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.703992–0.705428), and positive mantle εNd(t) values (3.88–5.99). Zircon U– Pb dates indicate that the Zhonggang ocean island formed at 141–135 Ma; therefore, closure of the Meso-Tethys Ocean and collision of the Lhasa and Qiangtang terranes must have happened after ca. 135 Ma.

Field of study: Geology