nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The Blame in the Bottle

In an experiment designed to apply Kelley's (1972) concept of causal schemata to drunken behavior, subjects read short stories depicting acts that did or did not have an a priori association with alcohol use. The actor was presented as either drunk or sober and as either an alcoholic or social drinker. Participants rated the actor's role as to perceived cause, responsibility, blame, and suggested punishment. Intoxication of the actor led to decreased attributions, with acts associated with alcohol not affected differently than nonassociated acts. The four dependent measures showed a pattern consistent with earlier findings that these variables reflect different judgments.

Field of study: Psychology
Minimum BER linear transceivers for MIMO channels via primal decomposition

This paper considers the employment of linear transceivers for communication through multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) channels with channel state information (CSI) at both sides of the link. The design of linear MIMO transceivers has been studied since the 1970s by optimizing simple measures of the quality of the system, such as the trace of the mean-square error matrix, subject to a power constraint. Recent results showed how to solve the problem in an optimal way for the family of Schur-concave and Schur-convex cost functions. In particular, when the constellations used on the different transmit dimensions are equal, the bit-error rate (BER) averaged over these dimensions happens to be a Schur-convex function, and therefore, it can be optimally solved. In a more general case, however, when different constellations are used, the average BER is not a Schur-convex function, and the optimal design in terms of minimum BER is an open problem. This paper solves the minimum BER problem with arbitrary constellations by first reformulating the problem in convex form and then proposing two solutions. One is a heuristic and suboptimal solution, which performs remarkably well in practice. The other one is the optimal solution obtained by decomposing the convex problem into several subproblems controlled by a master problem (a technique borrowed from optimization theory), for which extremely simple algorithms exist. Thus, the minimum BER problem can be optimally solved in practice with very simple algorithms.

Field of study: Engineering
Sum rules for isospin centroids in pick-up reactions on general multishell target states

Sum rule equations for pick-up reactions are presented for the first time for the energy centroids of states both for the isospin T (≡ T 0 − 1 2 ) and T > (≡ T 0 + 1 2 ) of the final nucleus when a nucleon is picked up from a general multishell target state with isospin T0. These equations contain two-body correlation terms, 〈H0t〉, which, at the present moment, are difficult to handle analytically. These terms are managed by combining these equations with the known stripping reactions equations. Sample applications of these equations to experimental data are presented.

Field of study: Physics
Simulation of transient process in multiphase horizontal pipelines

Based on the two-fluid model, a transient model for the simulation of transient process in multiphase pipelines was developed.The solution of the transient model and the model for stratified flow were discussed.Moreover,a number of experiments including pigging and flow rate changing were conducted on a large multiphase flow loop.The model gave good simulation and accurate predictions for such important parameters as liquid holdup, pressure drop and entrance velocity, which were in agreement with the experimental data, when it was used to simulate the experimental system and real multiphase pipeline.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
A thermodynamic analysis of refrigerants: Possibilities and tradeoffs for Low-GWP refrigerants ☆

We explore the possibilities for refrigerants having low global warming potential (GWP). A set of about 1200 candidate fluids is identified from more than 56 000 small molecules examined by applying screening criteria to estimates for GWP, flammability, stability, toxicity, and critical temperature. Methodologies for this screening have been presented in earlier works and are summarized here. The fluids with critical temperatures between 300 K and 400 K (i.e., those that could be used in current types of equipment with minor modifications) number 62. The fluids include halogenated olefins; compounds containing oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur; as well as carbon dioxide. We discuss the tradeoffs presented by these 62 candidates, considering their thermodynamic properties and their stability and toxicity characteristics. No fluid is ideal in all regards—all have one or more negative attributes: poor thermodynamic properties, toxicity, chemical instability, low to moderate flammability, or very high operating pressures.

Field of study: Engineering
Interaction of multidrug resistance reversal agents with P-glycoprotein ATPase activity on blood-brain barrier.

To gain further insights into the mechanism of the ATP-dependent interaction of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) with various multidrug resistance (MDR) reversal agents.



Bovine brain capillary endothelial cells (BCEC) were isolated from cerebral gray matter using modifications of the mechanical homogenization technique. Plasma membranes were prepared from BCEC. The P- gp adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity of the isolated BCEC membranes was estimated by measuring inorganic phosphate liberation.



The basal P-gp ATPase activity was increased by verapamil (Ver), vincristine (VCR), doxorubicin (Dox), tetrandrine (Tet), dauricine (DRC), berbamine (BBM), and daurisoline (DRS), with respective half-maximal activity concentrations Km of about 17, 5.9, 41, 2.3, 11, 23, and 22 micromol/L. Berberine (BBR) produced a relatively slight activation. dl-Tetrahydropalmatine (dl-THP) and l-tetrahydropalmatine (l-THP ) does not alter the basal P-gp ATPase activity. Cyclosporin A (CsA) inhibited both the basal and the drug-stimulated ATPase activity of P-gp with high affinity. Kinetic analysis indicated a competitive inhibition of Ver- or VCR-stimulated ATPase activity and a noncompetitive inhibition of Dox- or Tet-activated ATPase activity by CsA. Moreover, Dox inhibited Tet-activated P-gp ATPase activity in a noncompetitive manner.



Various MDR reversal agents could interact with P-gp and alter its ATPase activity in different manners. This is the result of the b road molecular recognition specificity of P-gp. CsA, Ver, and VCR could bin d P-gp either on overlapping sites or distant but interacting sites, while CsA, Dox, and Tet could independently bind P-gp on separated sites on blood-brain barrier.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
A Comparison between College Faculty Users and Non-Users of an Academic Home Page

In recent years many technological advances have taken place that have dramatically changed the lifestyles of individuals and institutions. The introduction of a particular good or service may bring immediate acceptance and a rapid growth in demand. Products such as the citizen band radio, video cassette recorder, camcorder, cellular telephone, musical CD and personal computer are but a few examples of this exponential pattern of growth in demand. Accompanying the growth of the personal computer has been the World Wide Web or "Information Superhighway". In a relatively short period of time the WWW has become an integral part of the world economy and has every indication of continued rapid growth. For this research, we are confined to the WWW as a part of web-based instruction on a college campus. The phrase WWW is multidimensional, however, for purposes of this research will arbitrarily be defined into three categories which are not necessarily mutually exclusive: (1) e-mail communication, between faculty and students as well as between students; (2) information/data collection techniques suitable for research and term papers, and (3) faculty home pages where course related material can be available twenty-four hours a day. To be sure there is an overlap between the categories such as a home page is an information gathering device, however, the definitional categories will ultimately be beneficial for this research design. It is estimated by the authors of the Campus Computing Project that e-mail is now used in almost a third of college courses.  The focus of this research design is specifically on faculty home pages which may provide basic course information such as class meeting times, schedule of homework assignments and examinations, office hours of faculty member, the course syllabus, tutorials and class lecture notes. While for most college faculty the use of a home page is voluntary, officials at the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) have declared that a home page is mandatory for every course taught in the College of Letters and Science.  The implementation of a mandatory home page requirement has generated many concerns ranging on the students' side from the additional "materials fees" that would be required to implement and maintain the program to faculties' concerns about the time necessary to develop and maintain the home page as well as a tendency to encourage student absenteeism. While there is not doubt as to the popularity of the WWW including e-mail, data information collecting capabilities and home pages, nevertheless many college professors are still reluctant to become active participants particularly in the implementation of home pages. The procedure whereby faculty decide to become participants of the WWW can be viewed as a decision making process to purchase, consume or patronize that particular service. In like manner, those faculty who have opted not to utilize the WWW can be considered as non-consumers or non-purchasers of the service. …

Field of study: Education
A Method for Accelerating the HITS Algorithm

We present a new method to accelerate the HITS algorithm by exploiting hyperlink structure of the web graph. The proposed algorithm extends the idea of authority and hub scores from HITS by introducing two diagonal matrices which contain constants that act as weights to make authority pages more authoritative and hub pages more hubby. This method works because in the web graph good authorities are pointed to by good hubs and good hubs point to good authorities. Consequently, these pages will collect their scores faster under the proposed algorithm than under the standard HITS. We show that the authority and hub vectors of the proposed algorithm exist but are not necessarily be unique, and then give a treatment to ensure the uniqueness property of the vectors. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm can improve HITS computations, especially for back button datasets.

Field of study: Computer science
The Women’s Suffrage Movement and Feminism in Argentina from Roca to Perón by Gregory Hammond (review)

women who lived through the period offer some interesting testimonies, they fit together oddly with other chapters of the book. Since Milanesio did not employ this approach elsewhere in the study, this chapter may be more suited to stand alone in an article, although the testimonies do support her arguments of the significance of an engendered consumption. In general, this is a fine book on an important subject which, combined with and complementary to Elena’s, greatly deepens our knowledge and opens areas for further research.

Field of study: History
The influence of metal overlayers on electrochromic behavior of Wo3 films

Metallic overlayers have been deposited on vapor-deposited WO3 to control the kinetics of coloration and bleaching in a WO3-liquid electrolyte electrochromic cell. These over-layers, when porous, have been found to increase the rate of coloration/bleaching and the proton transfer rate at the WO3-electrolyte interface, when appropriate voltages were applied. This effect has been characterized with potentio-static and galvanostatic measurements and compared to the coloration and bleaching of WO3 (without metallic overlayers). Coloration of WO3 films is influenced at short times by resistance and electric field effects, in disagreement with the general assumption of high conductivity in vapor-deposited WO3. The rate of coloration was also influenced by mixed barriers at the WO3-electrolyte interface. The barriers consist of a Schottky barrier at the WO3 surface and a Helm-holtz double layer. The coloration and bleaching mechanisms for WO3 with overlayers have been discussed based upon dif-fusion of electrons through the WO3, WO3-overlayer interface, or the SnO2-WO3 interface, and proton diffusion at the WO3-electrolyte interface. Resistance effects in the WO3 were found to be reduced by the overlayer. Electron injection in WO3 occurred both at the SnO2 and the overlayer inter-faces, thus increasing the rate of proton transfer, and the rate of coloration/bleaching.

Field of study: Materials science
Different Mixing Proportion Media on Eucalyptus Seedling

The effects of mixing composted rice husk,coconut husk and sawdust on the eucalyptus seedlings were studied in order to a select high-quality formula.The results showed that:The influences of different mixing proportion on the seedling nursery rate,survival rate and seedling fresh(dry)heavy of eucalyptus were significantly different.Considering the factors of seedling nursery rate,survival rate,morphological index and cost of production,an optimized formula was chosen:composting coconut husk:composting maturity sawdust:composting rice husk=2:1:4.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Olfactory-mediated fear conditioning in mice: simultaneous measurements of fear-potentiated startle and freezing.

This study demonstrates that mice display olfactory-cued fear as measured with both freezing and fear-potentiated startle. Following a preconditioning test to measure any unconditioned responses to odor, mice received 5 pairings of a 10-s odor with a 0.25-s, 0.4-mA footshock. The next day, startle and freezing were measured in the presence and absence of the odor. Both fear measures increased after training with amyl acetate (Experiment 1) and acetophenone (Experiment 2). The enhancement of startle did not occur when the same number of odors and shocks were presented in an unpaired fashion (Experiment 3). Furthermore, mice were able to discriminate between an odor paired with shock and a nonreinforced odor (Experiment 4).

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
A Global version of Grozman’s theorem

Let $$X$$ be a manifold. The classification of all equivariant bilinear maps between tensor density modules over $$X$$ has been investigated by Grozman ( 1980), who has provided a full classification for those which are differential operators. Here we investigate the same question without the hypothesis that the maps are differential operators. In our paper, the geometric context is algebraic geometry and the manifold $$X$$ is the circle $$\text{ Spec}\, \mathbb{C }[z,z^{-1}]$$. Our main motivation comes from the fact that such a classification is required to complete the proof of the main result of Iohara and Mathieu ( 2012, in press). Indeed it requires to also include the case of deformations of tensor density modules.

Field of study: Mathematics
Classification Accuracy Effects of Q-Matrix Validation and Sample Size in DINA and G-DINA Models

This article studies the extend of change in latent classes, relating to students, which were calculated using DINA and Generalized-DINA(G-DINA) Models under different distributions and sub-sample sizes which were calculated using DINA and Generalized-DINA(G-DINA) Models. Main focus of this study is the results of practical application rather than statistical structure of Cognitive Diagnostic Models (CDM). The attribute the individuals master that take the test in CDM are determined categorically. For this reason, both the fit of Q matrix with data and the effect of sample size are searched in modelling the students’ category. In the case of low model data fit and inadequate sample size, the findings of this research will be a guide in  how the decisions change about which attribute a student master or not. To this end, a mathematic test consisted of 18 multiple choice questions taken by a group of 1000 examinee was employed. Analyses were carried out using 5 different Q-Matrices, for which relations between test items and attributes were determined by experts, and latent classes determined by both DINA and G-DINA models were compared. Comparisons were made with a view to accuracy of values between classes associated with examinees in different sample sizes drawn from the same population and values obtained for population. Thus, for both models, whether they lead to independent results from the samples was tested for sample sizes of 30, 50, 100, 200 and 400 and effects of Q matrix- data fit on analysis results were determined. Results of analysis showed Q-matrix – data fit had significant impact on decisions about students for both models.  Cognitive Diagnostic Models, DINA model, G-DINA model, Q Matrix

Field of study: Education
Preparation of Rice Husk Biochar-Based Magnetic Nanocomposite for Effective Removal of Crystal Violet

Recently, magnetic biochars have attracted much attention and exhibited potential for dye removal from industrial wastewater. This work presents a cost-effective magnetic biochar (MBC) nanocomposite prepared from rice husk and iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs), which was tested for removal of crystal violet (CV) from aqueous solution. Morphology and structure of rice husk biochar, IONPs, and MBC were characterized by transmission electron microscopy and x-ray diffraction, and the magnetic property was investigated with a vibrating sample magnetometer. The adsorption capacity of MBC was evaluated through CV removal with experimental parameters including pH solution, adsorbent dosage, and CV concentrations at room temperature. The adsorption kinetics of MBC for CV was also analysed using pseudo-first-order, and pseudo-second-order models. Results showed that rice husk biochar-based magnetic nanocomposite has been successfully prepared. The TEM image showed that many IONPs of 10–14 nm in diameter located inside the biochar network. Experimental results indicated that the adsorption efficiency of MBC rapidly reached 99.02% for CV removal within 15 min. The adsorption capacity of MBC for CV was found at 185.6 mg/g from aqueous solution with pH 6.0, contact time of 120 min at room temperature. This study illustrated the high adsorption capacity of rice husk-based MBC for CV compared to other MBCs and showed also that it is a potential cost-effective material for removal of other organic dyes from industrial wastewater.

Field of study: Materials science
Effects of exercise intervention on the physical fitness of slightly retarded children

The authors selected 30 slightly retarded children ages 5~6 as their research subjects, implement 6-week exercise intervention on the experiment group, and revealed the following finding: an exercise intervention program can effectively improve the level of physical fitness of slightly retarded children, which means that exercise intervention can play a positive role in improving the physical shapes, functions and capacities of retarded children. The authors suggested that in physical activities done in special schools henceforward, exercise times, frequencies and intensities be designed in a scientific and rational way, so as to boost the development of physical health of retarded children.

Field of study: Education
Photon dose calculation based on electron multiple-scattering theory: practical representation of dose and particle transport integrals.

In modern photon dose-calculation algorithms one is frequently called upon to evaluate the integral at various points throughout the irradiated material of a dose or particle transport quantity multiplied by a weighting factor. For example, for a given dose-calculation point one might be integrating the product of the dose deposited by a monoenergetic beam and the energy distribution of the actual beam, and want to do this throughout the treatment volume. We have developed explicit formulas for replacing such integrations with a weighted sum of two or three functions (of, for example, the point of dose calculation) in order to greatly reduce the calculation time for the algorithm being used. We demonstrate the accuracy of this method of representing dose and particle transport integrals through comparisons with Monte Carlo calculations of dose distributions for two typical problems, in dealing with the energy spectrum of the photon beam and with the energy deposited by all the Compton electrons emerging from a particular interaction point, respectively.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Cigarette Smoke Modulates NOD1 Signal Pathway and Human ß Defensins Expression in Human Oral Mucosa

Nucleotide binding oligomerization domain 1 (NOD1) signal pathway and human ß defensins (hBDs) play crucial roles in innate immune. Cigarette smoke has been confirmed to dampen innate immune in some human tissues, such as oral mucosa. The aim of this study was to evaluate potential effects of smoking on NOD1 signaling and hBDs expression in oral mucosa.  Tissue specimens of normal oral mucosa were collected from donors undergoing routine surgical treatment. All 20 participants were classified equally as two groups: non-smokers and smokers. By using Western blotting and immunohistochemistry, we investigated differential expression of crucial molecules in NOD1 signal pathway, hBD-1, -2, and -3 in oral mucosa tissues between non-smokers and smokers. Immortalized human oral mucosal epithelial (Leuk-1) cells were treated with various concentrations of cigarette smoke extract (CSE) for 24h. Western blotting and immunofluorescence assays were performed to study CSE-induced alteration of protein expression. Leuk-1 cells were treated with 4% CSE, iE-DAP (NOD1 agonist), CSE + iE-DAP, BAY 11-7082 (NF-κB inhibitor), 4% CSE + BAY 11-7082, respectively. Real-time PCR and ELISA were performed to detect the mRNA levels and secretion of hBD-1, -2, and -3, respectively.  The levels of NOD1, NF-κB, hBD-1 and hBD-3 significantly reduced in oral mucosa tissues of smokers compared with non-smokers. The levels of RIP2 (receptor-interacting protein 2), phospho-NF-κB (P-NF-κB) and hBD-2 remarkably enhanced in oral mucosal tissues of smokers. CSE treatment suppressed NOD1 and NF-κB expression and activated RIP2 and P-NF-κB expression in Leuk-1 cells. The mRNA and secretory levels of hBD-1 and -3 were down-regulated by CSE, while the mRNA and secretory level of hBD-2 were up-regulated by CSE. The iE-DAP or BAY 11-7082 treatment reversed the regulatory effects of CSE on levels of hBDs.  The present study indicated that cigarette smoke could potentially modulate the expression of crucial molecules of NOD1 signal pathway and hBDs in human oral mucosal epithelium. NOD1 signal pathway could play an important role in the regulatory effects of CSE on hBDs levels in oral mucosal epithelial cells.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry