nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Retigeric acid B-induced mitophagy by oxidative stress attenuates cell death against prostate cancer cells in vitro

Retigeric acid B (RAB), a pentacyclic triterpenic acid from Lobaria kurokawae Yoshim, has been found to induce apoptosis in prostate cancer cells. The aim of this study was to investigate the roles of mitochondrial damage-caused mitophagy in RAB-induced prostate cancer cell death in vitro.Human prostate cancer PC3 and LNCaP cells were tested. Cell viability was analyzed with MTT assay. Cell apoptosis, ROS level and mitochondrial transmembrane potential (mtΔψ) were measured with flow cytometry. Autophagy- and apoptosis-related proteins were studied using Western blotting. GFP-LC3B puncta, mitochondrial swelling and mitophagy were examined morphologically. Quantitative RT-PCR was used to measure LC3B mRNA level, and siRNA was used to knock down LC3BII.Results:In both PC3 and LNCaP cells, RAB (15 μmol/L) increased ROS accumulation and decreased mtΔψ in a time-dependent manner. Furthermore, RAB induced mitochondrial swelling and mitophagy, significantly increased LC3B expression and conversion of LC3BI to LC3BII, and the elimination of mitochondria by LC3BII-containing autophagolysosomes. In addition, RAB suppressed the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway activation. Pretreatment of PC3 cells with autophagy inhibitor 3-MA (5 mmol/L) or the lysosomal protease inhibitor CQ (10 μmol/L) significantly increased RAB-induced apoptosis. Similar results were obtained in RAB-treated PC3 cells with LC3B knocked down.RAB induces mitochondrial damage and mitophagy that attenuates RAB-induced prostate cancer cell death. Thus, suppression of mitophagy might be a potential strategy for improving the chemotherapeutic effects of RAB.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Modeling TID Effects in Mach-Zehnder Interferometer Silicon Modulator for HL-LHC Data Transmission Applications

High-speed Mach-Zehnder interferometer silicon modulators were exposed to a total ionizing dose of 1.3 MGy, levels comparable to the worst radiation levels for a tracking detector after 10 years of operation at the High-Luminosity LHC, show a sensitivity to ionizing radiation after exposure to a dose of a few hundred kGy. A physical model to describe the effect of ionizing radiation on the modulators has been developed and is used to predict whether a more radiation-hard modulator can be designed to survive the harshest radiation environments expected at the HL-LHC.

Field of study: Physics
On the development of research and practice of the university ranking in China

University ranking belongs to the field of social assessment.In recent years,since the participation of multi-subject and higher educational reform,lots of changes took place between the traditional concept and practice.University ranking should be developed around the core index of "university development" and build the ranking index and assessment system of university development.Because only the university is developed,we can meet the needs from a lot of aspects.Therefore,the many functions of university ranking can be realized.

Field of study: Education
BRIEF COMMUNICATIONS: Single-frequency emission from a YAG:Nd3+ minilaser with wavelength tuning

Single-frequency lasing with an output power up to 8 mW was achieved using a neodymium-activated YAG crystal with a resonator length 3.5 cm. This crystal was pumped by a semiconductor laser. Mode selection and tuning of longitudinal modes within an interval of 1 cm−1 were performed by a thin-film Troitskoĭ selector.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
What can we learn from Raman spectra of nanopowders

Analytical theory of the optical phonon line broadening in disordered nanoparticles is developed, the disorder is modelled as weak delta-correlated spatially randomized variations of atomic masses. The linewidth dependence on the mean particle size, its shape, the variance of size distribution function, the strength of disorder, as well as on the phonon quantum number is determined for both investigated regimes of separated and overlapped phonon levels, and crossover scales are determined. Analytical results are strongly supported by numerical calculations. The possibility to extract parameters of a nanopowder from Raman experimental data is demonstrated and illustrated with the use of concrete example.

Field of study: Physics
Sulfate-promoted Metal Oxide Catalysts for the Selective Reduction of Nitrogen Monoxide by Propane in Oxygen-rich Atmosphere

The effect of pretreatment with sulfuric acid on several metal oxide catalysts for the title reaction was investigated. TiO2, ZrO2, and Fe2O3 Pretreated with sulfuric acid showed high activity, whereas the activity of Al2O3 was decreased by the treatment.

Field of study: Chemistry
Studies on the egg-yolk-coagulating factor in goat semen

山羊精液を卵黄緩衝液で稀釈保存すると,多くの場合数日内に白濁凝固して全精子が死滅するが,その際乳酸の蓄積とは無関係に著しくpHの低下することが知られている。また卵黄中には脂質や燐蛋白を多量に含量しており,凝固要因がこれらに作用して酸を生成することは容易に想像される。この実験では手はじめに燐酸や脂肪酸の遊離の有無を検討し,大要次のような結果が得られた。1. 凝固要因として精漿を使用した場合,凝固時に酸溶性燐と脂質燐に増減が認められ,燐脂質からの部分的な燐酸の遊離が推定されたが,尿道球腺抽出液を凝固要因として使用すると凝固の前後で燐酸量に全く変動がなかつた。このことからこの要因自体には解燐作用はないものと思われ,精漿中に混在する他の要因の作用によるものではないかと思われた。2. 凝固要因として精漿,尿道球腺抽出液のいずれを使用しても卵黄からの脂肪酸の遊離が認められ,

Field of study: Biology
Optical interferometry for surface measurements of CMP pads

Optical interferometry was used to quantitatively characterize the surface of chemical-mechanical polishing (CMP) pads used to polish oxide films. We discuss the optical interferometry technique, including a description of the parameters necessary to compare pad samples. Flat, mesa-like structures formed on the pad during the first 5 min polish when conditioning was not used. The data from the optical interferometer indicated that the surface topography did not change with subsequent polishing, even though the thermal oxide removal rate continued to decrease. We found conditioning roughened the pad surface. Rougher pad surfaces removed more oxide during a single 5 min polish than comparatively smooth pad surfaces. Data indicates that conditioning increases and stabilizes pad surface roughness.

Field of study: Materials science
The Influence of Factor Price Distortions on Economic Structure - Based on Time-Varying Elasticity Production Function Model

Based on the time-varying elasticity production function model, we calculate factor price distortions, and study their influence on the rationalization and optimization of industrial structure. We find that the impact coefficient of capital, and labor factor price distortions on the rationalization of industrial structure are −1.2087 and −0.3147 respectively. Additionally, the impact coefficients on the optimization of industrial structure are −0.2333 and −0.0718 respectively. These results demonstrate that capital and labor factor price distortions are significantly negative for the rationalization and optimization of industrial structure. Therefore, it is imperative to reduce factor price distortions, and support industrial structure upgrades to promote supply-side structural reform.

Field of study: Computer science
Immune complex-like activity associated with abnormal serum lipoproteins in systemic erythematosus.

Sera from four patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) were shown to contain abnormal lipoproteins which behaved as immune complexes (IC). One IC lipoprotein (IC VLDL) had the density in ultracentrifugation of very low density lipoprotein, but a markedly altered electrophoretic mobility. A second IC lipoprotein (IC LDL) had the electrophoretic mobility of very low density lipoprotein but was slightly denser than low density lipoprotein on ultracentrifugation. Both the IC VLDL and IC LDL contained IgG and behaved as IC in the Clq deviation test, platelet aggregation and rheumatoid factor inhibition assays, but not in the conglutinin and Clq binding assays and the Clq solid phase assay. These differences could be due to the low densities of the IC VLDL and IC LDL. The abnormal lipoprotein IC disappeared with clinical remission in two patients and were not present in the sera of other patients with inactive or mild SLE, Type IV hyperlipidaemia, or during prednisone therapy or plasma exchange for other conditions. These IC appeared to be markers of severe and active SLE.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
The Social Distribution of Landed Property in England since the Sixteenth Century

The social distribution of land in England has been subjected to the probes of historical scholarship in two distinct phases. At the end of the last century the great concern of progressives for a wider diffusion of landownership and the creation of a massive body of English peasant proprietors led to inquiry into the circumstances of the earlier disappearance of such a body, and produced the studies of Tawney, Johnson, Gonner, Hasbach, Slater and others, all bearing on the question of the distribution of land between small owners and the rest. Then after an interval there has been a return of interest in our own generation, and under the lead once more of Tawney, in his second seminal penetration into the land, and of Habakkuk, this has produced studies by Trevor-Roper, Stone, Finch, Simpson, Joan Thirsk, Chambers, Mingay, and many others, which collectively furnish a great body of ideas and information on the subject. Although all these studies have been in some measure concerned with the causes and consequences of the distribution of land in various periods, their aims have usually been to use this approach along with others to illuminate some more general historical event or situation. Thus in the earlier phase of inquiry the sympathy and conscience of historians were engaged on behalf of the sufferings and fate of the exploited class, the peasantry, whether in the sixteenth or the eighteenth century, and indignation was vented by ascribing these miseries to the injustices of capitalism and capitalists. In the second phase the studies of the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries have been marked by a concern with the origins of the Civil War, and a desire to bring to bear analysis of broad economic and social movements

Field of study: Economics, History
Distributions of pharmaceuticals in an urban estuary during both dry- and wet-weather conditions.

Pharmaceuticals and selected major human metabolites are ubiquitous in Jamaica Bay, a wastewater-impacted estuary at concentrations in the low ng/L to low/microg/L range. Concentrations throughout the bay are often consistent with conservative behavior during dry-weather conditions, as evidenced by nearly linear concentration-salinity relationships. Deviation from conservative behavior is noted for some pharmaceuticals and attributed to microbial degradation. Caffeine, cotinine, nicotine, and paraxanthine were detected with the greatest analytical signal, although evidence is presented for in situ removal, especially for nicotine and caffeine. There is little evidence for significant removal of carbamazepine and sulfamethoxazole, suggesting they are more conservative and useful wastewater tracers. Immediately following heavy precipitation, which induced a combined sewer overflow (CSO) event, the concentrations of all compounds but acetaminophen and nicotine decreased or disappeared. This observation is consistent with a simple model illustrating the effect of precipitation has on pharmaceutical concentration in the wastewater stream, given the balance between dilution from rain and the bypass of treatment.

Field of study: Environmental science
Adversarial examples detection through the sensitivity in space mappings

Adversarial examples (AEs) against deep neural networks (DNNs) raise wide concerns about the robustness of DNNs. Existing detection mechanisms are often limited to a given attack algorithm. Therefore, it is highly desirable to develop a robust detection approach that remains effective for a large group of attack algorithms. In addition, most of the existing defences only perform well for small images (e.g. MNIST and Canadian institute for advanced research (CIFAR)) rather than large images (e.g. ImageNet). In this paper, the authors propose a robust and effective defence method for analysing the sensitivity of various AEs, especially in a much harder case (large images). Their method first creates a feature map from the input space to the new feature space, by utilising 19 different feature mapping methods. Then, a detector is learned with the machine-learning algorithm to recognise the unique distribution of AEs. Their extensive evaluations on their proposed detector show that their detector can achieve: (i) low false-positive rate (<1%), (ii) high true-positive rate (higher than 98%), (iii) low overhead (<0.1 s per input), and (iv) good robustness (work well across different learning models, attack algorithms, and parameters), which demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed detector in practise.

Field of study: Computer science
Intracellular phosphorylation of benzyladenosine is related to apoptosis induction in tobacco BY-2 cells

Treatment of tobacco BY-2 cells with micromolar concentration of benzyladenosine ([9R]BA) resulted in the loss of cell viability in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. Cell death induced by [9R]BA exhibited typical apoptotic hallmarks including cell shrinkage, chromatin condensation and degradation of nuclear DNA to characteristic high molecular weight (HMW) as well as nucleosomal size fragments. Externally added [9R]BA was very rapidly and almost quantitatively phosphorylated within BY-2 cells. Accumulation of [9R]BA-monophosphate was accompanied by massive production of endogenous reactive oxygen species (ROS), intracellular ATP depletion, and these events were followed by the loss of cell viability. Inhibition of intracellular phosphorylation of [9R]BA by adenosin kinase inhibitor, 5 ¢¢ -amino-5 ¢¢ -deoxyadenosine (AdAs), diminished ROS production, ATP depletion, and consequently prevented cells from death. Selective inhibition of ROS production without restoring ATP production, however, did not provide any protection to cells. In contrast, even enhanced phosphorylation of [9R]BA caused by adenosine that simultaneously revived ATP synthesis reduced the number of dying cells. This is the first evidence of a direct relationship between intracellular phosphorylation of [9R]BA and apoptosis induction in BY-2 cells. ATP depletion but not ROS production is the key secondary event that determines the cellular decision between life and death.

Field of study: Environmental science
Re-evaluation of histological findings after colocystoplasty and gastrocystoplasty.

The potential of malignant transformation and its risk factors after bladder augmentation performed in childhood are still unknown. The necessity of surveillance cystoscopies and biopsies has been questioned in the past decade.



In a previous study, the authors did not detect any malignancy after colocystoplasty (CCP) or gastrocystoplasty (GCP) during the short-term follow-up, however, various alterations of the mucosa were found. A correlation between the nature of histological changes and the frequency of bacterial colonization after CCP were also found. The authors hypothesized that a longer-term follow-up of their patients would reveal an increase in pathological change or show stronger association between the histological alteration, bacterial colonization, and/or stone formation.



Thirty-five patients (20 cases of colocystoplasties - CCPs; 15 cases of gastrocystoplasties - GCPs) participated in the study published in 2002. All patients were followed biannually with endoscopic assessment and biopsies. Two independent pathologists, evaluated regular biopsies from the native bladder, from the segment used for augmentation and from the anastomosis line. Etiology, frequency of positive urine cultures, and stone events were recorded and compared with histological findings between groups and with the previously published results.



Continuous surveillance allowed the follow-up of 30 patients (CCP 19/20, GCP 11/15) for 20 and 15 years. No malignancies were identified. Results of biopsies showed significant difference between groups (summarized in the tables). Chronic inflammatory changes were found following both types of augmentations, but they were more common in the urothelium following GCP and more common in the colonic mucosa following CCP. The rate of metaplastic lesions was higher after gastrocystoplasty (GCP). Significant association was found between the etiologic factor and the nature of histological change after CCP, as metaplastic lesions occurred only in patients with bladder exstrophy. Stones occurred more frequently in exstrophy patients as well. The nature of the histological changes did not correlate with positive urine cultures in either of the groups. Significantly higher incidence of bacterial colonization and stone occurrence were found after CCP.



Long-term follow-up of the patients failed to reveal an increase in pathological changes, and no malignancies were observed. According to the results of this study, etiology of bladder dysfunction and the type of augmentation might influence the histological alterations after augmentation cystoplasty. The efficiency of surveillance cystoscopies and biopsies are low. The present data suggest that surveillance cystoscopy and biopsy should not be routinely performed, and should be done only if the symptoms are suspicious for malignancy.

Field of study: Medicine
Oscillation waves in Riemann problems for phase transitions

In this work we are interested in one dimensional motion of a body capable of phase transitions. Such a problem is often described by the usual equations of elasticity with non-monotone stress-strain relations . This system of conservation laws is elliptic in the interval of values of the strain where the stress function is monotone decreasing, and is hyperbolic otherwise. This interval is usually referred to as the unstable region. For such systems of mixed type, it has been shown in  that a constant state in the elliptic region is unstable in the sense that any local disturbance of a constant state, taken as initial data for the numerical solution, gives rise to a sequence of approximate solutions converging to a non-trivial solution of the Cauchy problem with the constant initial data. This non-trivial solution may be a distributional solution (also called weak solution), or, more generally, a measure-valued solution (abbreviated m-v solution), a concept first introduced by DiPerna [3] (see Definition 2.1). It was also shown that a new type of Riemann waves may appear as (measure-valued) solutions of Riemann problems with data inside the elliptic region. These waves are called oscillation waves, and are associated with persistent oscillations in the numerical solutions of the approximation scheme. To approach the solution of such a 2 × 2 system of conservation laws, we employ a scheme in which each numerical solution approximates the solution of a 3 × 3 system describing the one dimensional motion of a rate-type viscoelastic body (see  with a Maxwell type viscosity, which is inversely proportional to the grid spacing of the numerical scheme and hence reduces to the original 2 × 2 system as the grid spacing tends to zero. This scheme, based on the method of characteristics proposed in , has the mathematical advantage of allowing an energy estimate, which is crucial in the proof of the existence of measure-valued solutions.

Field of study: Mathematics
Comparative Analysis of Paulo Freire & Al-Ghazali’s Pedagogical Comments

The goal of the present research was a comparative-analytic examination of common features existed between Paulo Freire & Al-Ghazali’s pedagogical comments. Such examination is of great importance in the sense that first, the common features between these two scientists in the area of pedagogy has been able to cause some reformation and changes in the field; and secondly, while living in two totally different cultures and eras, their attitudes toward pedagogy issue seem to resemble each other in a particular manner. Among such common ideas, the two scientists’ attention to the role of politics in pedagogy, the congruity between theory and practice, highlighting active teaching, critical pedagogy, anti-superstition during the flow of pedagogy and the importance of teacher training can be pointed out. However, some distinctions are observed between thoughts provoked by these great trainers in areas of adult pedagogy and dialogue-based pedagogy.  Al-Ghazali, Paulo Freire, active teaching, teacher training, dialogue.

Field of study: Education
Development of Biaxially Textured LZO Film on Cold-Rolled Metal Substrate

La2Zr2O7 (LZO) film grown by the chemical solution deposition (CSD) technique is a widely studied buffer layer for YBa2Cu3O7-x film growth on a rolling-assisted biaxially textured (RABiT) substrate. A biaxially textured LZO film is epitaxially grown on a cube-textured metal substrate. In a RABiT substrate, cube texture is obtained as primary recrystallization of heavily cold-rolled fcc metals and is normally developed before CSD film deposition to obtain an oriented film growth. In this paper, we show that a biaxially textured LZO film can be grown by depositing the precursor solution directly on a cold-rolled fcc metal substrate and performing a single heat treatment. In fact, we show that if the recrystallization temperature of the metallic substrate is lower than the nucleation temperature of the film, a biaxially textured film is obtained as a result of transient cube texture transfer. Biaxially textured LZO films grown on cold-rolled substrates are compared with films grown on recrystallized substrates. In particular, the growth of LZO on either pure-Cu- or Ni-based substrate was studied. Compared with the LZO film grown on a cube-textured substrate, LZO grown on a cold-rolled substrate shows similar structural properties and morphology. Moreover, films are well adherent without cracks or delamination, suggesting that grain boundary migration in the metallic substrate has no detrimental influence on the film. In some cases, secondary recrystallization of the substrate occurs, without affecting the quality of the LZO film.

Field of study: Physics
Fear conditioning to discontinuous auditory cues requires perirhinal cortical function.

Pretraining lesions of rat perirhinal (PR) cortex impair fear conditioning to ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) but have no effect on conditioning to continuous tones. This study attempted to deconstruct USVs into simpler stimulus features that cause fear conditioning to be PR-dependent. Rats were conditioned to one of three cues: a multicall 19-kHz USV, a 19-kHz discontinuous tone, and a 19-kHz continuous tone. The discontinuous tone duplicated the on/off pattern of the individual calls in the USV, but it lacked the characteristic frequency modulations. Well-localized neurotoxic PR lesions impaired conditioning to the USV, the discontinuous tone, and the training context. However, PR lesions had no effect on conditioning to the continuous tone. The authors suggest that the lesion effects on fear conditioning to both cues and contexts reflect the essential role of PR in binding stimulus elements together into unitary representations.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology