nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Metal-poor nuclear star clusters in two dwarf galaxies near Centaurus A suggesting formation from the in-spiraling of globular clusters

Studies of nucleated dwarf galaxies can constrain the scenarios for the formation and evolution of nuclear star clusters (NSC) in low-mass galaxies and give us insights on the origin of ultra compact dwarf galaxies (UCDs). We report the discovery of a NSC in the dwarf galaxy KKs58 and investigate its properties together with those of another NSC in KK197. Both NSCs are hosted by dwarf elliptical galaxies of the Centaurus group. Combining ESO VLT MUSE data with photometry from VLT FORS2, CTIO Blanco DECam, and HST ACS, as well as high-resolution spectroscopy from VLT UVES, we analyse the photometric, kinematic and stellar population properties of the NSCs and their host galaxies. We confirm membership of the NSCs based on their radial velocities and location close to the galaxy centres. We also confirm the membership of two globular clusters (GCs) and detect oblate rotation in the main body of KK197. Based on high signal-to-noise spectra taken with MUSE of the NSCs of both KKs58 and KK197 we measure low metallicities, [Fe/H] = $-1.75 \pm 0.06$ dex and [Fe/H] = $-1.84 \pm 0.05$ dex, and stellar masses of $7.3 \times 10^5 M_\odot$ and $1.0 \times 10^6 M_\odot$, respectively. Both NSCs are more metal-poor than their hosts that have metallicities of $-1.35 \pm 0.23$ dex (KKs58) and $-0.84 \pm 0.12$ dex (KK197). This can be interpreted as NSC formation via the in-spiral of GCs. The masses, sizes and metallicities of the two NSCs place them among other NSCs, but also among the known UCDs of the Centaurus group. This indicates that NSCs might constitute the progenitors of a part of the low-mass UCDs, although their properties are almost indistinguishable from typical GCs.

Field of study: Physics
SU‐FF‐T‐90: Adaptive Radiotherapy Treatment Re‐Planning For Head And Neck Cancer Patients

To demonstrate the need for adaptive treatment re‐planning in Head and Neck (HN 1% of the new PTV received <46Gy (prescribed dose: 58Gy). The maximum spinal cord dose increased 27.1% from 27.7Gy to 35.2Gy. The mean left parotid dose was the same. The mean right parotid dose increased by 15.8%.  For H&N cancer, adaptive mid‐treatment re‐planning should be considered for more accurate dose delivery especially when significant clinical response is noted on physical exam or daily/weekly imaging. Significant changes in the DVH can take place for normal structure as well as the CTV and the CT‐GTV due to anatomical changes during the course of treatment.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Vulnerability assessments as a tool for the coastal and marine hazards management: An overview

In response to a high number of manuscripts on the general topic of Coastal Hazards, Vulnerability and Risk Assessments, and the exponential growth in related papers in the literature, the Ocean & Coastal Management Journal proposed to produce a set of related articles in an virtual special issue on “Vulnerability Assessments as a Tool for the Coastal and Marine Hazards Management”. This collection of 32 articles provides a focal point for such related current studies and, in part, seeks a commonality in nomenclature and application, particularly in regard to coastal management.

Field of study: Environmental science
Algorithm Based on Vertex Influence for Detecting Local Community Structure

In order to detect community structure in social network fast and correctly,from perspective of vertex influence,an algorithm for detecting local community is proposed in this paper.The algorithm introduces the vertex weight which can measure the size of vertex influence.First,we selectively detects community in Breadth First Search according to the weight of " seed" vertex,and the vertexs which have more weight can constantly influence the vertexs which have less weight,then we can get the community structure which the " seed" vertex belongs to,we search a new " seed" vertex outside the known community,then repeat this process we can get the community structure of entire network.The algorithm is optimized and its application to social network,the experiment results verifies the feasibility of the algorithm.Compared to the classical algorithm,the accuracy and computational speed of the algorithm are improved.

Field of study: Computer science
Evolution of catalytic function

An RNA-based evolution system was constructed in the laboratory and used to develop RNA enzymes with novel catalytic function. By controlling the nature of the catalytic task that the molecules must perform in order to survive, it is possible to direct the evolving population toward the expression of some desired catalytic behavior. More recently, this system has been coupled to an in vitro translation procedure, raising the possibility of evolving protein enzymes in the laboratory to produce novel proteins with desired catalytic properties. The aim of this line of research is to reduce darwinian evolution, the fundamental process of biology, to a laboratory procedure that can be made to operate in the service of organic synthesis.

Field of study: Chemistry
Research on Static Analysis Technology of Android Application Security Defects

With the rapid development of mobile Internet, the number of smart phone users is increasing, especially android smart phone users, the security defects of android application emerge in endlessly. In this paper, android application security defects are divided into three, include vulnerabilities defects, components defects and configuration defects. Focus these security defects, first static analysis the bytecode file, then use the resolution android bytecode as an inspection vehicle, design detector for each species vulnerability based on visitor pattern. Finally, part of the code is achieved, practice has proved that the scheme can meet Android application security defects detection requirements in the static testing.

Field of study: Engineering
Influence on beam propagation through Z-shape tube of blowing non-absorbing gas in

A beam-gas-interaction model was developed by combining the scalar diffraction theory with the N-S equations. With this model, the high power density beam propagating through a Z-shape tube with blowing non-absorbing gas in at different velocities was calculated and the emitting beam qualities at far field were analyzed. The results show that, the thermal effects on beam propagation will be efficiently restrained and the beam quality at receiving section at far field could be improved. Especially, the blowing process itself may bring an other greater influence which caused place of peak intensity and centroid of intensity distribution to be deviated from the ideal ones, and the higher the blowing velocity is, the greater the deviations are, the bigger the spead of beam spot is. So the adoption lower blowing velocity and a large amount of gas would be a good proposal in application of blowing non-absorbing gas in.

Field of study: Physics
Mechanisms underlying turgor regulation in the estuarine alga Vaucheria erythrospora (Xanthophyceae) exposed to hyperosmotic shock.

Aquatic organisms are often exposed to dramatic changes in salinity in the environment. Despite decades of research, many questions related to molecular and physiological mechanisms mediating sensing and adaptation to salinity stress remain unanswered. Here, responses of Vaucheria erythrospora, a turgor-regulating xanthophycean alga from an estuarine habitat, have been investigated. The role of ion uptake in turgor regulation was studied using a single cell pressure probe, microelectrode ion flux estimation (MIFE) technique and membrane potential (Em ) measurements. Turgor recovery was inhibited by Gd(3+) , tetraethylammonium chloride (TEA), verapamil and orthovanadate. A NaCl-induced shock rapidly depolarized the plasma membrane while an isotonic sorbitol treatment hyperpolarized it. Turgor recovery was critically dependent on the presence of Na(+) but not K(+) and Cl(-) in the incubation media. Na(+) uptake was strongly decreased by amiloride and changes in net Na(+) and H(+) fluxes were oppositely directed. This suggests active uptake of Na(+) in V. erythrospora mediated by an antiport Na(+) /H(+) system, functioning in the direction opposite to that of the SOS1 exchanger in higher plants. The alga also retains K(+) efficiently when exposed to high NaCl concentrations. Overall, this study provides insights into mechanisms enabling V. erythrospora to regulate turgor via ion movements during hyperosmotic stress.

Field of study: Environmental science
[Low back pain: possibilities of pathogenetic treatment].

Intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration is one of the major causes of low back pain (LBP). Due to the complexity of spinal pain syndromes, it is often difficult to determine the extent of the IVD's contribution to the genesis of spinal pain. Inflammatory response to IVD' injury has been acknowledged to be important in the process of disc degeneration and may play an important role in pain generation. In this article, the inflammatory mechanisms of LBP will be discussed with special focus on interactions between inflammatory mediators and IVD biomechanics. Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) is a key mediator of inflammatory reactions in the pathogenesis of degenerative disk disease. The role of TNF-α inhibitors as a potential target of therapeutic interventions in prevention of neuronal damage and neuroprotection in LBP is discussed.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Über das Photographieren in unterirdischen Räumen

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Field of study: Environmental science
ULTRAVIOLET PROPERTIES OF GALACTIC GLOBULAR CLUSTERS WITH GALEX. II. INTEGRATED COLORS

We present ultraviolet (UV) integrated colors of 44 Galactic globular clusters (GGCs) observed with the Galaxy Evolution Explorer (GALEX) in both FUV and NUV bands. This database is the largest homogeneous catalog of UV colors ever published for stellar systems in our Galaxy. The proximity of GGCs makes it possible to resolve many individual stars even with the somewhat low spatial resolution of GALEX. This allows us to determine how the integrated UV colors are driven by hot stellar populations, primarily horizontal branch stars and their progeny. The UV colors are found to be correlated with various parameters commonly used to define the horizontal branch morphology. We also investigate how the UV colors vary with parameters like metallicity, age, helium abundance, and concentration. We find for the first time that GCs associated with the Sagittarius dwarf galaxy have (FUV – V) colors systematically redder than GGCs with the same metallicity. Finally, we speculate about the presence of an interesting trend, suggesting that the UV color of GCs may be correlated with the mass of the host galaxy, in the sense that more massive galaxies possess bluer clusters.

Field of study: Physics
Romantic attachment and relationship functioning in same-sex couples.

The present study was designed to investigate links between dimensions of romantic attachment and relationship functioning in a cross-sectional sample of people in same-sex relationships, with the goals of replicating basic findings from research on heterosexual couples and advancing understanding of unique issues faced by same-sex couples. The sample included 274 female couples, 188 male couples, 34 women whose female partners did not participate, and 39 men whose male partners did not participate. Participants were recruited from geographically diverse regions of the United States and Canada and provided data by responding to pencil-and-paper surveys. Attachment insecurity in both self and partner were linked with poor relationship functioning across a range of variables (satisfaction, commitment, trust, communication, problem intensity). The pattern of results was identical for women and men, but the effects were stronger in male couples for some associations between attachment variables and indices of positive relationship functioning. Monogamy was positively associated with relationship quality only when participants or their partners reported moderate or high levels of attachment anxiety. Contrary to hypothesis, attachment did not moderate links between minority stressors and relationship functioning.

Field of study: Psychology
TYR Gene in Llamas: Polymorphisms and Expression Study in Different Color Phenotypes

Tyrosinase, encoded by TYR gene, is an enzyme that plays a major role in mammalian pigmentation. It catalyzes the oxidation of L-dihydroxy-phenylalanine (DOPA) to DOPA quinone, a precursor of both types of melanin: eumelanin and pheomelanin. TYR is commonly known as the albino locus since mutations in this gene result in albinism in several species. However, many other TYR mutations have been found to cause diluted phenotypes, like the Himalayan or chinchilla phenotypes in mice. The llama (Lama glama) presents a wide variety of coat colors ranging from non-diluted phenotypes (eumelanic and pheomelanic), through different degrees of dilution, to white. To investigate the possible contribution of TYR gene to coat color variation in llamas, we sequenced TYR exons and their flanking regions and genotyped animals with diluted, non-diluted, and white coat, including three blue-eyed white individuals. Moreover, we analyzed mRNA expression levels in skin biopsies by qPCR. TYR coding region presented nine SNPs, of which three were non-synonymous, c.428A > G, c.859G > T, and c.1490G > T. We also identified seven polymorphisms in non-coding regions, including two microsatellites, an homopolymeric repeat, and five SNPs: one in the promoter region (c.1-26C > T), two in the 3′-UTR, and two flanking the exons. Although no complete association was found between coat color and SNPs, c.1-26C > T was partially associated to diluted phenotypes. Additionally, the frequency of the G allele from c.428A > G was significantly higher in white compared to non-diluted. Results from qPCR showed that expression levels of TYR in white llamas were significantly lower (p < 0.05) than those in diluted and non-diluted phenotypes. Screening for variation in regulatory regions of TYR did not reveal polymorphisms that explain such differences. However, data from this study showed that TYR expression levels play a role in llama pigmentation.

Field of study: Biology
Clinical characteristics of alcoholism in alcohol-dependent subjects with and without a history of alcohol treatment.

Most clinical alcohol research is carried out on alcoholics who are in treatment, usually inpatients. However, most alcohol-dependent men and women never enter treatment, and even fewer ever receive inpatient care. Thus, some generally accepted data on the clinical course of alcoholism, derived from treatment samples, might not generalize to the entire population of alcohol-dependent individuals. This article characterizes the clinical characteristics of alcohol dependence in three groups of alcoholics, based on their histories of treatment for alcohol problems: those without prior rehabilitation; those with only outpatient approaches or Alcoholics Anonymous (AA); and subjects with an inpatient experience.



Semistructured interviews were administered to 3572 DSM-III-R-defined alcohol-dependent subjects from the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism. The clinical patterns were compared across the three groups of alcoholics: Group 1, never-treated (n = 1582; 44%); Group 2, histories of outpatient or AA only (n = 399; 11%); and Group 3, at least one inpatient experience (n = 1591; 45%).



A progression was shown from Groups 1 to 3 for more general life problems (e.g., unemployment, marital instability); higher rates of additional drug dependencies and psychiatric disorders; and more alcohol-related adverse events. Logistic regression analyses revealed that those with no prior treatment were more likely to be women, Caucasian, and employed, and to report a lower rate of divorce/separation, lower levels of alcohol intake, and fewer alcohol problems. Among those who received help, inpatient care was predicted by an opposite profile.



These results indicate that studies using data from inpatient populations may give a skewed picture of the clinical characteristics of alcohol dependence.

Field of study: Medicine
Large-scale, thin-skinned thrusting in the southern Alps: Kinematic models

The tectonics of the southern Alps are dominated by thrusting on extensive ramp-flat systems and by folding, some of which is ramp-folding. Basement slivers are involved that, frontally, are not thicker than 5 km. The most unequivocal section is that of the Grigna Mountains east of Lake Como, for which kinematic modeling based on material balance considerations results in a shortening of ∼40 km. It is separated from the Grona section in the west and the Valtorta section in the east by probably pre-existing transverse zones that cut through the important decollement horizons and define blocks of different depths to basement. Local tectonics across these transverse zones change abruptly, while over-all shortening remains constant. In particular, both east and west of the Grigna section, basement ramp folds were wedged into the very incompetent Raibl beds, provoking back-thrusting of the thick Hauptdolomit and higher sediments with the substitution of the original cover of the frontal limb of the basement fold. This new kinematic interpretation is compatible with the information, facilitates the construction of balanced sections, and is required for lateral constancy of shortening.

Field of study: Geology
Stochastic plant-herbivore interaction model with Allee effect.

Environmental noises often affect population dynamics, and hence many benefits are gained in using stochastic models since real life is full of stochasticity and randomness. In this paper a stochastic extension of a model by Asfaw et al. ( 2018) is considered. Due to the non-linearity of the model, first, a simplified stochastic plant-herbivore model is formulated and analyzed for its global Lipschitz continuity, positivity, existence and uniqueness of solutions. Second, the analysis is extended to a more complex and realistic model. Numerical simulations using Euler-Maruyama method are employed to demonstrate the long term dynamics. It was found that the noise added to the herbivore population resulted more change in the dynamics than the noise added to the plant population (food source). Ignoring the environmental noise could make the land management and wild life conservation not to maintain their goals.

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics
Charge trapping and recovery in ALD HfO2/β-Ga2O3 (010) MOS capacitors

The reliability of atomic layer deposited HfO2 β-Ga2O3 (010) MOS capacitors (MOSCAPs) was tested using constant voltage stress measurements. The HfO2/β-Ga2O3 MOSCAPs showed significant positive flatband voltage shifts (ΔV fb) of up to +1.3 V after 4.3 × 103 s stress, likely due to electron trapping in the dielectric in border traps. Results indicate there may exist an electric field threshold between 0.98 and 1.23 MV cm−1 for electron trapping to occur in these MOSCAPs. Deep ultra-violet (DUV) illumination enables full recovery from the charge trapping. In contrast, HfO2/Si MOSCAPs do not recover under DUV illumination and exhibit smaller voltage shifts upon initial testing. We thus surmise that the type-II band alignment between HfO2 and β-Ga2O3 enables full recovery from stress-induced charge trapping via photogeneration of electron–hole pairs and hole transport across the negative valence band offset. This hypothesis is borne out by the observation of photo-current in the HfO2/β-Ga2O3 MOSCAPs when biased in depletion. In sum, HfO2/β-Ga2O3 MOS structures appear to be susceptible to flatband voltage shifts during stress bias due to the availability and accessibility of border traps. This work highlights the unique challenges in forming reliable ultra-wide band gap MOS devices, due to the significant role that border traps in the lower half of the insulator band gap play in bias stress response.

Field of study: Materials science
Structural and tectonic setting of the Charleston, South Carolina, region: Evidence from the Tertiary stratigraphic record

Eleven upper Eocene through Pliocene stratigraphic units occur in the subsurface of the region surrounding Charleston, South Carolina. These units contain a wealth of information concerning the long- term tectonic and structural setting of that area. These stratigraphic units have a mosaic pattern of distribution, rather than a simple layered pattern, because deposition, erosion, and tectonic warping have interacted in a complex manner through time. By generating separate structure-contour maps for the base of each stratigraphic unit, an estimate of the original basal surface of each unit can be reconstructed over wide areas. Changes in sea level over geologic time generate patterns of deposition and erosion that are geographically unique for the time of each transgression. Such patterns fail to persist when compared sequentially over time. In some areas, however, there has been persistent, repetitive net downward or upward movement over the past 34 m.y. These repetitive patterns of persistent motion are most readily attributable to tectonism. The spatial pattern of these high and low areas is complex, but it appears to correlate well with known tectonic features of the region. This correlation suggests that the tectonic setting of the Charleston region is controlled by scissors- like compression on a crustal block located between the north-trending Adams Run fault and the northwest-trending Charleston fault. Tectonism is localized in the Charleston region because it lies within a discrete hinge zone that accommodates structural movement between the Cape Fear arch and the Southeast Georgia embayment.

Field of study: Geology
Global rainbow thermometry: improvements in the data inversion algorithm and validation technique in liquid-liquid suspension.

Improvements on the validation of a nonintrusive laser-based measurement technique are presented. This new technique, called global rainbow thermometry (GRT), is capable of determining the temperature and the size distributions of liquid droplets dispersed in a liquid or gaseous bulk. We propose a new data inversion algorithm that takes into account the whole rainbow pattern. Experimental validation of the GRT technique is performed for a liquid-liquid suspension. We performed the validation by comparing the measurements obtained with the GRT technique for the mean droplet temperature and size with the results obtained with alternative techniques.

Field of study: Physics