nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Über die gemeinsame Einwirkung von elementarem Schwefel und gasförmigem Ammoniak auf Ketone, XXVI. Die gemeinsame Einwirkung von Schwefel und Ammoniak auf Äthylisopropylketon

Schwefel und Ammoniak reagieren mit Athylisopropylketon in siedender benzolischer Losung bei kontinuierlicher Entfernung des Reaktionswassers zu 5-Methyl-2-athyl-2.4-diisopropyl-thiazolin-Δ3 (III) und 5.5-Dimethyl-2.4-diathyl-2-isopropyl-thiazolin-Δ3 (IV). Das Verhaltnis, in dem die beiden isomeren Thiazoline nebeneinander im Gemisch (V) vorliegen, kann erst festgestellt werden, wenn man durch Hydrolyse mit Essigsaure das Gemisch der Mercaptoketone (VI) in Freiheit setzt und dieses durch Ringschlusreaktion mit Propionaldehyd und Ammoniak in das Gemisch (VII) der beiden isomeren Thiazoline-Δ3, namlich 5-Methyl-2-athyl-4-isopropyl-thiazolin-Δ3 (VIII) und 5.5-Dimethyl-2.4-diathyl-thiazolin-Δ3 (IX), uberfuhrt. Diese lassen sich dann durch fraktionierte Fallung ihrer Pikrate trennen, wodurch ein Gehalt von etwa 8% IV in V festgestellt werden konnte. — Die durch saure Hydrolyse von III und IV entstehenden Mercaptoketone, namlich 2-Mercapto-4-methyl-pentanon-(3) (I) und 4-Mercapto-4-methyl-pentanon-(3) (II), wurden auch aus dem entsprechenden Chlor- bzw. Bromketon durch Umsetzung mit NaHS hergestellt. Durch Kondensation von I bzw. II mit Athylisopropylketon und NH3 wurden die Thiazoline III und IV, mit Propionaldehyd und NH3 die Thiazoline VIII und IX in reiner Form gewonnen.

Field of study: Chemistry
Analysis on Error in Vehicle Speed Identification Based on Video Images

It is very valuable for judicial expertise of road traffic accident to identify the target vehicle speed in a short time before the hit happed using the video pictures. Normally the vehicle movement trace is not parallel to the plane of imaging devices of the video camera. In this case calculation of the vehicle movement distance using principle of similarity between two triangles and thereby calculation of the vehicle speed involve certain errors. This paper makes analysis on the error in the calculation of distance traveled by the target vehicle before the hit based on the geometry-optical principle of the video photography. Finally the principle of reducing the error is indicated.

Field of study: Engineering
Effects of interleukin-7 on disease progression in HIV/AIDS patients from China

To investigate the effects of IL 7 on disease progression in HIV/AIDS patients.  IL 7 levels of 66 HIV/AIDS patients and 8 healthy controls were determined by an ultrasensitive ELISA, its relations with CD4+ T cells, plasma viral load and HIV phenotypes were analysed. T lymphocyte proliferation and CXCR4 expression of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy donors were cocultured with rhIL 7, followed by flow cytometry.  Significant high level IL 7 was found in HIV/AIDS patients( P 0.05 ), IL 7 level was negatively correlated with CD4+ T cell absolute count( P 0.01) and positively correlated with plasma viral load( P 0.05).  rhIL 7 may induce T lymphocyte proliferation and up regulate CXCR4 expression in vitro , so IL 7 plasma level may be function as a potential marker of HIV disease progression.

Field of study: Biology
김정은 시대 북한 핵 개발의 국내정치동학: ‘정당성의 정치’와 ‘핵 민족주의’

본 연구는 북한 핵 개발의 시작과 동기에 대한 기존 연구 성과들을 활용함과 동시에 이를 보완하는 차원에서 핵 개발의 지속과 효과와 관련한 정치적 동학을 설명하려는 시도이다. 지난 30여 년 동안 지속되어온 북한의 핵 개발은 일시적 사건이라기보다 장기적 과정으로서의 성격을 지니고 있다. 따라서 그 시작만큼이나 지속에 대한, 동기만큼이나 효과에 대한 포괄적 분석이 필요하다.
관련하여 본 연구는 북한 민족주의와 핵 담론의 결합이 김정은 정권 이후 본격화된 점에 주목한다. 김정은 정권은 매우 체계적인 방식으로 핵 개발의 성취를 민족주의와 결합시킨 일종의 ‘핵 민족주의’를 생산함으로써 정치적 정당성 구축을 시도했으며, 그것이 김정은 시대 핵 개발의 지속과 효과를 설명하는 중요한 변수가 될 수 있다는 것이다. 특히 본 연구는 이와 같은 정치적 기획의 ‘생산’ 측면을 ‘정당성의 정치’라는 개념을 통해 포착함과 동시에, 북한이탈주민 심층면접 조사를 통해 그러한 기획이 실제 인민에게는 어떻게 받아들여지고 있는지와 관련한 핵 민족주의의 ‘소비’ 측면도 함께 분석하고자 시도했다.

Field of study: Political science
Analysis of three-dimensional separated flow with the boundary-layerequations

An analysis based on the boundary-layer equations is presented for the p rediction of threedimensional separated flow. In this analysis, t he boundary-layer equations are solved with finite difference techniques in four i nverse (pressure is unknown) modes. One inverse mode, in which the component of vorticity normal to the surface is specified at the boundary-layer e dge, is shown to result in an elliptic system of boundary-layer equations which has departure solutions when solved with a f orward marching technique. The accuracy o f the p resent analysis in the other t hree inverse modes using forward marching techniques is demonstrated for: (1) separated flow over an infinite swept wing which has been rendered three dimensional with a rotated coordinate system; and (2) a three-dimensiona l separated flow problem analyzed by Smith. The principal conclusion o f this paper is that the methodology is now in place to solve the boundary-layer equations for three-dimensiona l separated flow and hence work should now be focused on the development of three-dimensiona l viscousinviscid interaction procedures.

Field of study: Physics
RAPID DETERMINATION OF HYPSOMETRIC CURVES

This paper describes a simple and rapid method, based on a random-sampling technique, for obtaining hypsometric curves of basins. The method can be employed to any desired precision, and when it is compared with conventional methods, it reduces the time for obtaining the curves by a factor of from 4 to 10. The technique may be used for measuring most basin properties that involve areal measurements.

Field of study: Geology
Common names of species, the curious case of Capra pyrenaica and the concomitant steps towards the ‘wild-to-domestic’ transformation of a flagship species and its vernacular names

Common names (CN) add to linguistic richness and ultimately derive from how a majority of people refer to a species. CN have a biological and–above all—practical importance given that they are essential for connecting specialists and lay people. To illustrate the diversity of CN between and within species, we made an overview of common name in Caprinae species—flagship species in mountain ecosystems. Then, using Capra pyrenaica as a study case, we highlighted that the choice of CN is inextricably linked to current debates and trends in wildlife management that should never be ignored, given their importance in the fields of ethics, zoology, systematics, conservation and current management. We underline the need to investigate further the probable relationships linking common names, human perception and wildlife management. Researchers, citizens and policy-makers will have to be watchful that clumsy common names, such as ‘wild-to-domestic’ transformed ones, will not hamper the conservation of wild species as a ‘Common Heritage’.

Field of study: Environmental science
Synthesis, Optical, and Morphological Studies of ZnO Powders and Thin Films Fabricated by Wet Chemical Methods

Zinc oxide nanoparticles were prepared from Zn5(CO3)2(OH)6 precursor, capped with poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP), and annealed at 600 °C. The obtained powders were characterized by a powder X-ray diffraction (PXD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), UV–visible spectroscopy (UV–vis), Raman spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy (IR), thermal analysis (TGA/DTA), and third-order nonlinear (NL) optical measurement. Morphological evaluation by TEM and SEM measurements indicated that the precursor micro-particles are ball-shaped structures composed of plates with a thickness of approximately 10 nm. ZnO thin films, as well as ZnO/polymer multilayer layouts, were obtained by wet chemical methods (spin- and dip-coating). Surface topography and morphology of the obtained films were studied by SEM and AFM microscopy. Films with uniformly distributed ZnO plates, due to the erosion of primary micro-particles were formed. The fabricated specimens were also analyzed using a spectroscopic ellipsometry in order to calculate dielectric function and film thickness.

Field of study: Materials science
Instabilities in the Labrador Sea water mass structure during the last climatic cycle

In the modern Labrador Sea, the North Atlantic deep water components are found below the ~2 km deep, intermediate Labrador Sea water (LSW) mass, which is renewed locally through winter convective mixing. This water mass structure remained relatively stable since ~9.5 14 C ka BP, as indicated by isotopic studies of foraminifer assem- blages from deep-sea cores. Almost constant differences in δ 18 O values are observed between major species. These av- erage -0.5‰ between the epipelagic species Globigerina bulloides and the mesopelagic species Neogloboquadrina pachyderma, left coiled, and -1‰ between Neogloboquadrina pachydermaand the benthic species Cibicides wuellerstorfi, after correction for Cibicides wuellerstorfi specific fractionation. These isotopic compositions represent thermohaline conditions in surface waters, in the pycnocline with the LSW, and in the deep component of the North Atlantic deep water, respectively. A drastically different structure characterized the glacial Labrador Sea. Differences in δ 18 O values of ~ -2 to -2.5‰ are then observed between Globigerina bulloides and benthic species, indicative of a strong halocline between the corresponding water masses, thus for reduced production of intermediate waters. During the same interval, Neogloboquadrina pachydermashows 13 C and 18 O fluctuations of 1 to 1.5‰ amplitude, in phase with Heinrich-Bond events and higher frequency climate oscillations. The δ 18 O values in Neogloboquadrina pachyderma vary between those of Globigerina bulloides and of benthic foraminifers, suggesting large amplitude bathymetric fluctuations of the halo-thermocline above and below the bathymetric range occupied by Neogloboquadrina pachyderma . Minimum δ 18 O values in Neogloboquadrina pachydermamatch intervals of maximum ice rafting deposition, such as the late Heinrich events, thus intervals with a deeper, more dilute buoyant surface water layer.

Field of study: Environmental science
Drinking during pregnancy: attitudes and knowledge among pregnant Danish women, 1998.

During the 1990s, most Western countries officially recommended that pregnant women abstain from alcohol. However, information about the potentially harmful effects of alcohol during pregnancy does not necessarily equate to understanding, and information and knowledge may not be associated with pregnant women's own attitudes toward drinking.



From October to December 1998, we interviewed 439 Danish-speaking pregnant women who were referred for routine antenatal care at their first visit at 15 to 16 weeks of gestation. The women were interviewed about their attitudes toward and beliefs and knowledge about drinking during pregnancy. Questions were also asked about information on alcohol provided to the women.



Seventy-six percent of the women considered some alcohol intake during pregnancy to be acceptable, mostly on a weekly level. Binge drinking, however, was considered to be harmful by 85%. These attitudes were not associated with knowledge about the official recommendation or whether the woman had talked to her general practitioner or midwife about alcohol during pregnancy. Most of the women had received information on alcohol from the mass media or relatives, but most women believed that information about alcohol during pregnancy could best be communicated to them by health personnel. Only 21% were aware of the official recommendation from the Danish National Board of Health. One third had discussed alcohol with their general practitioner or midwife, but these women had mostly been advised that some alcohol intake was acceptable.



Most of the women considered some alcohol intake during pregnancy to be acceptable, mostly on a weekly level, and their attitudes were independent of their knowledge about the subject. Most of the women had not been informed about alcohol during pregnancy.

Field of study: Medicine
Fermion condensation around a Coulomb impurity in a Weyl semimetal and in a narrow band gap semiconductor as manifestations of the Landau zero-charge problem

A Coulomb impurity placed in an undoped Weyl semimetal spontaneously surrounds itself with a cloud of condensed Weyl fermions. We find that the ground-state of this system exhibits an experimentally accessible Landau zero-charge effect: the fermion condensate completely screens out the impurity charge. In a narrow band gap semiconducor this effect manifests itself in the near universality of observable charge of a highly-charged recombination center.

Field of study: Physics
Histology of the islets of Langerhans following administration of human lymphocytes into athymic mice.

Lymphocytes from seven newly diagnosed insulin-dependent (Type 1) diabetics, five islet cell antibody positive unaffected children and five normal subjects were injected i.p. into athymic nude mice. A further six mice were injected with medium and six control mice received no injection. Blood was taken from the tail vein before injection for glucose determination. After 10 days blood was again obtained from the tail vein; the pancreas was removed under deep ether anaesthesia and the mice sacrificed by exsanguination. Routine histological sections of the pancreas were prepared. There was no difference between groups in respect of the initial blood glucose. However, final blood glucose levels were raised in all mice that had received an injection including medium only, the rise being statistically significant both after injection of lymphocytes from normal subjects (P less than 0.05) and from newly diagnosed diabetics (P less than 0.001). Histology did not reveal any evidence of 'insulitis' or islet cell damage although enlarged, hyperplastic islets could be found in each group of treated mice. We conclude that passive transfer of diabetes was not achieved in this animal model. Elevation of blood glucose levels and islet hyperplasia may simply reflect a non-specific 'stress' reaction.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Hyper-Elongation in Colorectal Cancer Tissue – Cerotic Acid is a Potential Novel Serum Metabolic Marker of Colorectal Malignancies

Colorectal cancer (CRC) cells show some alterations of lipid metabolism. Elongation of fatty acids (FA) has not been studied in CRC tissues thus far. The aim of this study was to verify if CRC specimens and normal colon mucosa differ in terms of their levels of very long-chain FAs, a product of FA elongation. Moreover, the expression of elongase genes has been studied in normal tissue and CRC. Finally, we searched for some specific products of FA elongation in serum of CRC patients.  The specimens of normal colon mucosa and CRC were obtained from nineteen CRC patients differ in terms of FA elongation. We also searched for some specific products of FA elongation in serum of CRC patients and from healthy volunteers. Tissue and serum FA profiles were determined by means of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS), and the tissue expression of elongases (ELOVLs) was analyzed with real-time PCR.  Compared to normal colon tissue, CRC specimens showed significantly higher levels of 22-, 24- and 26-carbon FAs, stronger expressions of ELOVL1 and ELOVL6 (4- and 9-fold elevated respectively), and higher values of 18: 0/16: 0 elongation index. We also demonstrated presence of cerotic acid (26: 0) in serum of all CRC patients but in none of the healthy controls.  CRC tissue seems to be characterized by enhanced FA elongation (hyper-elongation). Presence of cerotic acid in CRC patients sera and absence of this FA in healthy subjects points to this compound as a strong candidate for specific metabolic marker of colorectal malignancies.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Periodic and non-periodic combination resonance in kinematically excited system of rods

A theoretical investigation has been made of periodic and non-periodic combination resonances of the system of rods under vertical and horizontal kinematic excitations. The elements of the system are connected with articulated points. The coupling of the elements of the system through internal longitudinal forces, which are transverse forces at the ends of neighboring rods, are taken into account. The equations of motion are obtained from the Lagrange equations. The mathematical analysis of the equations of motion is accomplished by using Tondl's technique. The steady state solutions and their stability are determined. Resonance curves for the stationary states have been determined numerically.

Field of study: Mathematics
Integration of Project Management Components in Undergraduate Information Systems Curricula

This research presents information regarding how project management topics are integrated into information systems curricula. The IS '97 and 2002 model curricula make certain recommendations for how this integration should be accomplished. We surveyed faculty to ascertain how project management coverage occurs in their courses. This paper presents the results of the survey, comparing actual practice with the expectations of the IS '97 and 2002 model curricula, and highlighting discrepancies between the model and actual practice.

Field of study: Computer science
Water transport through tall trees: A vertically explicit, analytical model of xylem hydraulic conductance in stems.

Trees grow by vertically extending their stems, so accurate stem hydraulic models are fundamental to understanding the hydraulic challenges faced by tall trees. Using a literature survey, we showed that many tree species exhibit continuous vertical variation in hydraulic traits. To examine the effects of this variation on hydraulic function, we developed a spatially explicit, analytical water transport model for stems. Our model allows Huber ratio, stem-saturated conductivity, pressure at 50% loss of conductivity, leaf area, and transpiration rate to vary continuously along the hydraulic path. Predictions from our model differ from a matric flux potential model parameterized with uniform traits. Analyses show that cavitation is a whole-stem emergent property resulting from non-linear pressure-conductivity feedbacks that, with gravity, cause impaired water transport to accumulate along the path. Because of the compounding effects of vertical trait variation on hydraulic function, growing proportionally more sapwood and building tapered xylem with height, as well as reducing xylem vulnerability only at branch tips while maintaining transport capacity at the stem base, can compensate for these effects. We therefore conclude that the adaptive significance of vertical variation in stem hydraulic traits is to allow trees to grow tall and tolerate operating near their hydraulic limits.

Field of study: Environmental science
Cytokine dysregulation in the post-Q-fever fatigue syndrome.

The post-Q-fever fatigue syndrome (QFS) (inappropriate fatigue, myalgia and arthralgia, night sweats, changes in mood and sleep patterns) follows about 20% of laboratory-proven, acute primary Q-fever cases. Cytokine dysregulation resulting from chronic immune stimulation and modulation by persistence of Coxiella burnetii cells or their antigens is hypothesized. We studied cytokine release patterns of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) stimulated with various ligands in short-term culture, from 18 patients with active QFS, and 27 controls: six with resolving QFS, five who had had acute primary Q-fever without subsequent QFS, eight healthy Q-fever vaccinees and eight healthy subjects without Q-fever antibody. Conditioned media (CM) from PBMC stimulated in short-term culture with Q-fever antigens, PHA or measles antigen (as an unrelated antigen) were assayed for IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10 and IFN gamma by AgEIA, and for IL-1 and TNF alpha/beta by bioassay. Aberrant cytokine release patterns were observed with PBMC from QFS patients when stimulated with Q-fever antigens: an accentuated release of IL-6 which was significantly [p = 0.01, non-parametric one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA)] in excess of medians for all four control groups. With IL-2, the number of responders in the active QFS group was decreased relative to control groups (Fisher's exact test, p = 0.01) whereas the number of IFN gamma responders was increased (Fisher's exact test, p = 0.0008). Significant correlations were observed between concentrations of IL-6 in CM, total symptom scores, and scores for other key symptoms.

Field of study: Medicine
LSm4 Associates with the Plasma Membrane and Acts as a Co-factor in Cell Volume Regulation

ICln is a ubiquitous, multifunctional protein with functions in cell volume regulation and RNA processing, and is thus part of an intricate protein network critically involved in the homoeostasis of cells. To better understand this vital protein network in health and disease it is fundamental to characterize the interactions between the physiological pathways in which ICln is involved, as well as the spatio-temporal regulation of these interactions. In this study, we focused on the interaction between the two best studied pathways in which ICln is involved - regulatory volume decrease and RNA processing - and asked, whether or not the RNA processing factor and ICln interaction partner LSm4 may also have a function in cell volume regulation in NIH3T3 fibroblasts or HEK293 Phoenix cells. To address this question, we studied in isotonic and hypotonic conditions by FRET, biochemistry and electrophysiology, the intracellular distribution of the RNA processing factor LSm4, its interaction with ICln, as well as the involvement of LSm4 in the activation of the swelling dependent anion and osmolyte channel IClswell. In isotonic conditions, LSm4 associates with ICln, and the plasma membrane. Hypotonic cell swelling leads to the dissociation of LSm4 from the plasma membrane, and from ICln. Over-expression of LSm4 affects the translocation of ICln to the cell membrane and markedly inhibits the activation kinetics and current density of IClswell. These findings indicate that LSm4 not only acts in RNA processing, but also as a co-factor in cell volume regulation.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Seasonal effects of river flow on microbial community coalescence and diversity in a riverine network.

Terrestrial microbial communities may take advantage of running waters and runoff to enter rivers and mix with aquatic microorganisms. However, the environmental factors governing the interchange of microbial community within watercourse and its surrounding environment and the composition of the resulting community are often underestimated. The present study investigated the effect of flow rate on the mixing of water, soil, sediment, and biofilm at four sites along Lancang River and one branch in winter and summer and in turn, the resultant changes in the microbial community within each habitat. 16S rRNA gene-based Illumina high-throughput sequencing illustrated that bacterial communities were apparently distinct among biofilm, water, soil, and sediment. Biofilms had the lowest richness, Shannon diversity and evenness indices compared with other habitats, and those three indices in all habitats increased significantly from winter to summer. SourceTracker analysis showed a significant coalescence between the bacterial communities of sediment, water and biofilm samples at lower flow rate. Additionally, the proportion of Betaproteobacteria in sediment and biofilms increased with the decrease of flow rate, suggesting the flow rate had strong impact on microbial community composition and exchange among aquatic habitats. These results were further confirmed by mantel test and a linear regression analysis. Microbial community in all samples exhibited a significant but very weak distance-decay relationship (r = 0.093, p = 0.024). Turbidity explained more of the variations in water bacterial communities in summer (i.e. rainy season) (BIOENV, r = 0.92). Together, these results suggest that dispersal is an important factor affecting bacterial community structure in this system.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science