nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The Improvement of RFID Authentication Protocols Based on R-RAPSE

Numerous RFID authentication protocols proposed often have some security vulnerabilities, since they lack systematic theory support. We had proposed a series of rules called R-RAPSE (RFID Authentication Protocol Security Enhanced Rules) for RFID authentication protocol design and verification. By three examples, this paper justifies why the protocols do not offer sufficient security and privacy protection, and thereafter, proposes relevant solutions to fix the security holes based on R-RAPSE, which demonstrates how R-RAPSE can be used to verify and improve RFID authentication protocols.

Field of study: Computer science
Photoconductivity of single-crystal 3C-SiC films excited by ultrashort light pulses

Fast photoconductivity relaxation and photoconductivity against light excitation intensity in single-crystal 3C-SiC films grown on n-Si substrates have been investigated. The measurements of as-grown and polished samples in a wide range of excitation levels showed the dominant influence of surface recombination and its concurrence with carrier diffusion toward the surface on the relaxation of non-equilibrium carrier concentration. The evaluated non-equilibrium carrier mobility at concentrations of 1017-1020 cm-3 changes in a range from 630 cm2 V-1 s-1 to 6 cm2 V-1 s-1.

Field of study: Materials science
Political violence and economic targeting aspects of provisional IRA strategy, 1992–97

From 1992 to 1997, the Provisional IRA(PIRA) engaged in a protracted campaign of economic targeting against central business districts and transport systems in Britain, using a range of explosive devices. There is evidence that the campaign had significant economic and political effects, although PIRA was operating in an adverse security environment and many of its actions failed. The article analyses the origins, development and impact of the campaign and places it in the context of actions by other paramilitary organisations, exploring its significance for the evolution of political violence in relation to the vulnerabilities of urban industrial states.

Field of study: History, Sociology
SHRIMP U–Pb zircon geochronology of the Strzelin gneiss, SW Poland: evidence for a Neoproterozoic thermal event in the Fore-Sudetic Block, Central European Variscides

Zircon ages recorded in gneissic rocks have recently been used as criteria to define and correlate various tectonic units and crustal blocks in the central European Variscides. A SHRIMP U–Pb zircon geochronological study of the Strzelin gneiss in the Fore-Sudetic Block (SW Poland) indicates the presence of: (1) inherited zircon cores of Palaeo- to Mesoproterozoic 206Pb-238U ages (between ca. 2,000 and 1,240 Ma), and (2) zoned rims of Neoproterozoic age with two distinct means of 600±7 and 568±7 Ma. The Proterozoic age range of the cores suggests that different Precambrian crustal elements were the source for the protolith of the gneiss. A likely scenario is the erosion of various Proterozoic granites and gneisses, sedimentation (after 1,240 Ma), and partial resistance of the original components to subsequent metamorphic dissolution and/or anatectic resorption (in Neoproterozoic times). The zoned zircon rims of both of the younger Neoproterozoic ages are indistinguishable in the cathodoluminescence images. The data are interpreted in terms of two different thermal events inducing zoned zircon overgrowth at ca. 600 and 568 Ma. In general, the new results confirm earlier assumptions of the Proterozoic age of the gneiss protoliths, and indicate their similarity to orthogneisses in the East Sudetes tectonic domain (e.g. the Velké Vrbno and Desná gneisses). The Neoproterozoic dates are different from the age of 504±3 reported earlier for the Gościęcice gneiss from a neighbouring locality in the Strzelin Massif. The new data strongly indicate a Moravo-Silesian (Bruno-Vistulian) affinity for the Strzelin gneiss and support the hypothesis that the Strzelin Massif lies within the tectonic boundary zone between the West- and East Sudetes domains, which represents the northern continuation of the Moldanubian Thrust.

Field of study: Environmental science
Synthesis of 3-carboxyalkylthia-zolidine-2-thione 4-thiosemicarbazones and their derivatives

Abstract3-Carboxyalkylthiazoltdine-2-thion-4-ones react with phosphorus pentasulfide to give 4-thiono analogs, which react with thtosemicarbazide to give the corresponding 4-thiosemicarbazones. 5-Substituted derivatives were obtained by condensation of the oxo compounds with 3-carboxyalkylthiazolidine- 2-thione-4-thiosemicarbazones.

Field of study: Chemistry
Failure to obtain positive contrast when pigeons press a bar.

In Experiment 1, two groups of pigeons were exposed to multiple variable-interval 1-min variable-interval 1-min schedules of reinforcement. The required response was a key peck for one group, and a foot press of a bar for the other. When the procedure was shifted to multiple variable-interval 1-min extinction, positive contrast occurred with pigeons that key pecked, whereas negative induction occurred with those that bar pressed. Moreover, the absence of contrast could not be ascribed to the lack of inhibition, since negative generalization gradients after bar press training were U-shaped in Experiment 2. The results are discussed in terms of possible relationships between positive contrast and the phenomenon of autoshaping.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Callus induction and browning prevention of Houttuynia cordata Thunb

In this paper,we used the leaves of Houttuynia cordata Thunb as experiment material to compare the effect of different hormones,anti-browning agents and light on callus inducing and browning.The results indicated that MS addition with 6-BA 0.5 mg·L-1 and 2,4-D 1.0 mg·L-1 was the optimal induction medium.VC and PVP can restrained browning of the explants.The effect of PVP was the best,its optimal concentration was 2 g·L-1.Light had obvious effect on browning of Houttuynia cordata Thunb.Browning of the explants could be restrained obviously without light at the early time of tissue culture.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Challenges and Solutions in Management of Distal Humerus Fractures

Management of distal humerus fractures remains a challenge for trauma surgeons and advancements in treatment options continue to be made to achieve the best results for patients presenting with these complex fractures. Our aim in this article is to provide the surgeons with a detailed review of current literature to help them make an evidence based decision when faced with managing such complex injuries in their surgical practice.  This is a comprehensive review of the current literature that details various aspects of distal distal humerus fractures such as classification, surgical anatomy, surgical approaches, treatment options, choices of devices, outcomes and complications.  With the advancements in techniques and equipment, there has been improvement in patients’ outcomes following surgical management of these fractures and a large proportion of these patients are able to achieve pre-injury level of function. The contoured locking plates have enabled successful fixation of many of these fractures that were previously considered unfixable. For those not amenable to surgical fixation, total elbow arthroplasty and elbow hemiarthroplasty are considered as good alternatives.  Since the days where the ‘bag of bones’ technique was the preferred method of treating these complex injuries, techniques and outcomes have advanced greatly. However, they still present a significant technical challenge and need meticulous technique and experience to achieve optimal results.

Field of study: Medicine
Multistep direct emission from nucleon-induced reactions

Unbound 1p1h states are excited together with the bound ones in one-step direct processes induced by nucleons of energy greater than the particle binding energy. The cross-sections of the one-step direct reactions to bound final states are folded into a convolution integral to obtain the multistep cross-sections. This is done in the framework of the theory of Feshbach, Kerman and Koonin (FKK) that describes the emission of one particle. The processes to unbound 1p1h final states give rise to more complicated direct reactions, that are evaluated by an approximate method. The comparison of the theory with inclusive proton inelastic scattering by iron and with the charge exchange (p,n) reaction on zirconium is revised, at energies from 25 MeV to 120 MeV. It is shown that in the case of the (p,n) reaction the theory of FKK does not account for approximately 35% of the direct processes.

Field of study: Physics
Enriched Mixtures of Gaussian Process Experts

Mixtures of experts probabilistically divide the input space into regions, where the assumptions of each expert, or conditional model, need only hold locally. Combined with Gaussian process (GP) experts, this results in a powerful and highly flexible model. We focus on alternative mixtures of GP experts, which model the joint distribution of the inputs and targets explicitly. We highlight issues of this approach in multi-dimensional input spaces, namely, poor scalability and the need for an unnecessarily large number of experts, degrading the predictive performance and increasing uncertainty. We construct a novel model to address these issues through a nested partitioning scheme that automatically infers the number of components at both levels. Multiple response types are accommodated through a generalised GP framework, while multiple input types are included through a factorised exponential family structure. We show the effectiveness of our approach in estimating a parsimonious probabilistic description of both synthetic data of increasing dimension and an Alzheimer's challenge dataset.

Field of study: Computer science
Alternating Oscillatory Movement in the Chazy and Levis Troughs of the Appalachian Geosyncline

The two Troughs The mapping of the Capitol district, New York, consisting of the Schenectady, Cohoes, Albany, and Troy quadrangles, has clearly brought out certain stratigraphic and paleogeographic features of the Cambrian, Ozarkian, Canadian, and Ordovician formations of the district that had already been suggested by work on the Saratoga and Schuylerville quadrangles and which appear to be of more than local interest. The district is a small sector of the western part of the great belt of Paleozoic unrest and mobility known as the Appalachian geosyncline. The stratigraphic work, which was made difficult by complicated Taconic and Appalachian folding and extensive overthrusts, has disclosed at least two completely different sets of formations, which range in age from Lower Cambrian to Middle Ordovician. These formations were deposited in two nearly parallel troughs or channels, which in the text on the Saratoga and Schuylerville quadrangles have been called the eastern and . . .

Field of study: Geology
Mechanical characterization and damage events of flax fabric-reinforced biopolymer composites

Natural fibre-reinforced biopolymer composites are of special interest because they are entirely bioresourced, recyclable and biodegradable. Poly(lactic acid) (PLA), poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) and poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) are among the most known environment-friendly biodegradable thermoplastics. Unfortunately, they present unbalanced mechanical characteristics when they are taken separately. The aim of this work is to overcome this problem using a blending process accompanied with fibre reinforcement. For this purpose, entirely biodegradable composite materials were fabricated and characterized. These biocomposites are based on two different ternary PLA/PHBV/PBS blends reinforced with twill flax fabrics and fabricated using extrusion and film-stacking techniques. Monotonic and cyclic load–unload tensile tests followed by acoustic emission and scanning electron microscopy observations were performed. In particular, the obtained biocomposites present interesting mechanical properties with a tensile modulus of 20 GPa and an ultimate tensile strength of 110 MPa.

Field of study: Materials science
On the local Langlands correspondence for non-tempered representations

Let G be a reductive p-adic group. We study how a local Langlands corre- spondence for irreducible tempered G-representations can be extended to a local Langlands correspondence for all irreducible smooth representations of G. We prove that, under a nat- ural condition involving compatibility with unramified twists, this is possible in a canonical way. To this end we introduce analytic R-groups associated to non-tempered essentially square- integrable representations of Levi subgroups of G. We establish the basic properties of these new R-groups, which generalize Knapp-Stein R-groups.

Field of study: Mathematics
All-plastic fiber-based pressure sensor.

We present a feasibility study and a prototype of an all-plastic fiber-based pressure sensor. The sensor is based on long period gratings inscribed for the first time to the best of our knowledge by a CO2 laser in polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) microstructured fibers and coupled to a pod-like transducer that converts pressure to strain. The sensor prototype was characterized for pressures up to 150 mbars, and various parameters related to its construction were also characterized in order to enhance sensitivity. We consider this sensor in the context of future applications in endoscopic pressure sensors.

Field of study: Physics
Structural kinetic rules governing the thermal decomposition of pyridine N-oxides

The Arrhenius parameters of the thermal composition of pyridine N-oxides in the liquid phase have been determined. The conclusion has been reached that the formation of an oxaziridine activated complex can be considered as the initial act of the thermolysis. A correlation has been found to exist between the rate constants of the thermal decomposition and the calculated values of the fractional electron charge at the oxygen of the N-oxide, and the length of the N- O bonds.

Field of study: Chemistry
Distribution and change of DDT and HCH levels in oysters (Crassostrea rivularis) from coast of Guangdong, China between 2003 and 2007

This investigation was undertaken to understand the temporal trend, the spatial distribution and the residue level of dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethanes (DDTs) and hexachlorobenzenes(HCHs) in bivalves from the coast of the South China in recent years. Jinjiang oysters (Crassostrea rivularis) were sampled from 15 bays along the coast of Guangdong province, China between 2003 and 2007. Gas chromatography with electron capture detector was used to quantify the contents of HCH isomers (α-, β-, γ-, δ-HCH), DDT isomers (p,p′-, o,p′-DDT), p,p′-DDD and p,p′-DDE in the oyster tissues. The results demonstrate that annual level of DDTs in the tissue increase throughout the study, particularly between 2004 and 2006. The DDTs content in the tissue varied significantly among sampling regions and some sampling sites (p < 0.05). On the other hand, the HCHs content was significantly lower than DDTs content in the tissue (p < 0.01), and remain constant among sampling years, sampling regions and sampling sites (p > 0.10). Predominance of isomer form of DDTs and higher ratio of γ-HCH/HCHs at some sites indicated that recent input of DDT and lindane in the coastal waters of Guangdong, which might be caused by dicofol spraying in crop planting and lacquer painting on fisher boat. In the soft tissues of the oysters, the highest content of HCHs was 1.21 ng/g (wet weight), and DDTs levels ranged from 0.11 ng/g to 76.3 ng/g (wet weight), far below the Maximum Residual Limits in China and many developed nations.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
The study of PE behavior and attitudes of Guangzhou City's career women

The thesis was conducted in paper inquiry version aiming at career women who are in various ages in Guangzhou city, which suppose to get the rough data in PE through their behavior and attitudes towards PE. Based on the data,it tries to analyze the merits having achieved and the problems to be solved as well, probe the subjective and objective reasons which influence and restrain the development of PE in Guangzhou Citys' career women, together with some sound proposals or suggestions. And provides scientific basic for the whole development of Guangzhou city's PE from both sex, differential profession and age, furnishes references for the PE growing of Guangzhou Citys' career women.

Field of study: Education
Perceptual Salience as a Function of Nonverbal Expressiveness

This study investigates the stimulus properties characterizing the behavior of nonverbally expressive people and the cues that underlie these properties. Observers viewed brief video clips of 32 female subjects either high or low in expressiveness. While watching each clip, one set of observers segmented the subjects' behavior into meaningful units. A second set of observers rated the behavior on stimulus dimensions related to perceptual salience and also rated how noticeable each subject was. As predicted, expressives' behavior was seen as significantly more intense, more novel, more complex, and more changing, and the subjects themselves were judged to be more noticeable than the unexpressive subjects. Further expressives elicited a significantly higher segmentation rate than unexpressives. Nonverbal cue coding suggests that gestural animation has the stronigest impact on salience. The results are discussed in relation to salience effects and social influence processes.

Field of study: Psychology
Sea level and diagenesis: a case study on Pleistocene beaches, Whalebone Bay, Bermuda

Pleistocene fluctuations of sea level have left marine and aeolian limestones intercalated with glacial red soils on the Bermuda Carbonate Platform (Atlantic, 64°50′W, 32°20′N). Successive eustatic highstands of similar amplitude drowned the tectonically stable platform and piled up similar sets of sediments. Up to three Pleistocene beaches are stacked in shorelines sections. Post-depositional diagenetic histories of these beaches can be linked to repeated changes in sea level and pore waters.This paper presents field evidence and petrographic results (microscope, X-ray, cathodoluminescence, SEMEDAX) for the diagenetic histories of two superimposed Pleistocene beaches in Whalebone Bay, Bermuda North Shore. The younger beach was deposited during isotopic stage 5e, about 120 ka ago. The age of the older beach may be isotopic stage 9 or older.Diagenesis drastically altered the older beach before the stage 5e transgression. Primary high-Mg calcite (HMC) and aragonite were no longer present. Marine skeletal grains were instead leached or recrystallized to low-Mg calcite (LMC). Primary and secondary pore space were largely reduced by LMC cement. Lines of needle relics reminiscent of marine aragonite cement occur as inclusions within syntaxial rim cements around echinoderm grains, indicating that a marine influence had at least once interrupted this period of freshwater alteration. Finally, before the rocks became buried by the sediments of the younger beach, a crust of marine, bladed HMC cement was precipitated throughout the pore space.The younger beach consists of skeletal grains that are, apart from the effects of non-selective dissolution, essentially unaltered. The sediments are only weakly lithified by cryptocrystalline LMC showing an alveolar texture, tangential fibres and other features characteristic of calichification. A younger post-depositional marine influence is not recorded.These results suggest that, under favourable conditions, diagenetic processes can document sea-level fluctuations. The recorded fluctuations, however, are difficult to assess because even major sea-level highstands may not produce a diagenetic imprint.

Field of study: Environmental science
MicroRNAs in cancers and neurodegenerative disorders

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs which function as endogenous silencers of various target genes. miRNAs are expressed in a tissue-specific manner and playing important roles in cell proliferation, apoptosis, and differentiation during mammalian development. Links between miRNAs and the initiation and progression of human diseases including cancer are becoming increasingly apparent. Recent studies have revealed that some miRNAs such as miR-9, miR-29 family, and miR-34 family are differentially expressed in Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and Huntington’s disease. These miRNAs are also reported to act as tumor suppressors during human carcinogenesis. In this review, we discuss about miRNAs which are important in the molecular pathogenesis of both cancer and neurodegeneration. Cancer and neurodegenerative disorder may be influenced by common miRNA pathways that regulate differentiation, proliferation, and death of cells.

Field of study: Biology
Anthropogenically induced fish diversity reduction in Lake Valencia Basin, Venezuela

Lake Valencia in north central Venezuela, one of the largest natural inland bodies of water north of the equator, is undergoing a very rapid deterioration process as a consequence of anthropogenically induced changes. At the Ichthyology Laboratory of Instituto de Zoología Tropical, we have been studying the fishes of the northern tributaries of Lake Valencia since the early 1990's. As a result of collections made in seven northern tributaries of the basin from 1990 to 1993, we have identified 15 species of fish in 6 families. Comparison of our results with those of several authors who have collected in the area since the 1920's, indicate a 59.5%decrease in fish diversity in a 30 year span. The Lake Valencia region has undergone a rapid, considerable industrial and urban growth in recent years. This rapid increment in population size has produced a vast contamination of the lake and its tributaries by activities associated with a growing population. This study will contribute to the understanding of the biodiversity of the region by recording changes in the characteristics of the ichthyofauna in a highly modified environment.

Field of study: Environmental science
Plastic flow in a deeply notched bar with semi-circular root

The unsteady motion problem of a circular-notched bar pulled in tension in plane strain is considered. The theory of perfectly plastic solids is used. Large strains are analyzed so that the material can also be considered as plastic-rigid. The basic equations governing stress and velocity are integrated independently in the characteristic plane. The results are used to construct the boundary change in a step-bystep manner. The problem is greatly simplified because at each step the new free boundary of the plastic region can be approximated by a circle. The final shape of the boundary of an initially semi-circular notch is presented when plastic flow has reduced the initial connection at the root to a line contact between the shanks.

Field of study: Mathematics