nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Managing design trade-offs for a program understanding and transformation tool

Software maintenance is costly. Part of the problem is that the repeated modification of a software system degrades its structure, thus making it difficult to understand and modify. Semantically rich techniques can help a software engineer understand or restore the structure of a system, but they typically use concurrency analysis or dependence analysis on pointers, which are difficult, at best, to implement efficiently. We believe that less expensive techniques can be used if the design and domain knowledge of the software engineer can be used in the analysis. Exploiting this knowledge may entail iteratively refining a query to find the right information, which requires a fast, flexible tool. We describe the design and use of a fast, programmable tool that can perform syntactically oriented text-processing tasks for use in program understanding and transformation. We take a “traditional” compiler approach to the problem to provide a tool with the flexibility and speed of UNIX tools such as AWK, but make structural adjustments to the tool's design to accommodate interactive analysis of an entire system. Our performance measurements suggest that this approach can produce results substantially faster than previous approaches.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Reverse Epitaxial Silicon Diode for Hybrid Photomultiplier Tube

A new silicon multiplying structure, of the reverse epitaxial type, suitable for use in conjunction with a photocathode of a photomultiplier tube decreases the switching time for high current pulses. To obtain linear output current of 10 amps into a 50? load and switching times of the order of 10-9 sec, a passivated over-polarized diode of 30 ? thickness was employed. We studied the electrostatic focusing of the hybrid multiplier to decrease as much as possible the transit time (10-12 sec) of the 12 keV photoelectrons and transit time fluctuations. To protect the diode junction edge from cesium and antimony vapor, the diode is masked while these materials are deposited on the photo surface. The photocathode and the diode were then heated under the same high vacuum and the whole structure sealed by the transfer method. With a 300? cm silicon structure, linear currents to 4 amperes are obtained with a current risetime of 1.3 × 10-9 sec.

Field of study: Physics
Longshore sediment transport and a sediment for the Malpeque barrier system, southern Gulf of St. Lawrence

Wave hindcasting and refraction techniques were used to establish inshore wave conditions and longshore sediment transport rates along a 43 km barrier island shoreline at Malpeque, Prince Edward Island, in the southern Gulf of St. Lawrence. Net longshore sediment transport is directed southeastwards, at rates varying from 40 000 m3 year−1 to greater than 200 000 m3 year−1. The information on longshore transport was combined with volumetric estimates of shore normal sedimentary exchanges to define the sediment budget of the barrier sands at Malpeque. The results of the budget analysis indicate that subtidal erosion in the shoreface zone is the principal source of sand for the longshore transport system.

Field of study: Environmental science
Circadian rhythms in food intake and activity in domestic cats.

Daily patterns of food intake and activity were determined for normal cats and cats with pontile lesions. Food intake in the dark and in the light of LD (light/dark) cycles were determined separately by weighing the food, and a "percentage nocturnal" score was calculated. The measure of activity was infrared photobeam interruptions, with the photobeam placed in front of the cages, over the food bowl. No differences between normal cats and cats with pontile lesions were detected for any of the measures. Food intake of cats was influenced by simulated starlight and moonlight conditions and by the presence of humans. Cats in isolation from humans and human noises exhibited random patterns of activity in constant light and free-running circadian rhythms in constant dark. Idiosyncratic differences in entrainment to LD cycles were found among cats, and the relevance of this variability is noted for studies of photoperiodic phenomena in this species.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Replacement value of hatchery waste meal for fish meal in the diet of laying Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica).

A 10 week feeding trial was carried out to evaluate the replacement value of hatchery wastes for fish meal in the diet of laying Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica). 108 female Japanese quails (36 per treatment) were randomly allocated into 3 dietary treatments A, B and C which are fish meal (FM), whole hatchery waste meal (WHWM) and shelless hatchery waste meal (SHWM) based diets respectively in a completely randomized design. The performance showed that feed intake was not significantly (p > 0.05) influenced by the diets while weight gain was (p < 0.05) influenced. Diet B (WHWM) was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in hen day production. Feed efficiency and cost per kg of feed were highest (p < 0.05) in diet A (FM). The egg quality parameters were not adversely affected by the replacement with hatchery waste. Diet B (WHWM) had the highest values for egg weight, shell thickness and % shell. The values gotten for heamatology parameters showed that RBC, PCV and Hb were reduced (p < 0.05) in WHWM while birds on FM had superior (p < 0.05) WBC and monocytes values. It was concluded that hatchery waste meal can successfully replace fish meal with an enhanced value on egg quality at a reduced cost without any adverse effect on heamatology parameters in laying Japanese quail diets.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Investigation of the educational practice reform of physical education department

The article investigated the main problem,the divergent problem,the problem of no theoretical basis and randomness in the educational practice of P.E.Dep of college in our country now by the expert investigation method and experiment method.The problems included the time of teaching practice and time distribution,the choice of practice base and propose,the evaluational method of the teaching practice marks,the investigation supported reference for the educational practice reform and standardization of P.E.Dep of college in our country.

Field of study: Education
Hearts and Minds: The Priority of Affective Versus Cognitive Factors in Person Perception

In two experiments, affect-based and cognition-based attitudes towardaperson wereinduced by varyingthesequenceofaffective and cognitive information presented to subjects while holding the content of these communications constant. In Experiment 1, affective and cognitive persuasive appeals were created by means of a similar order manipulation, whereas in Experiment 2, affective and cognitive persuasive appeals were induced through a focus manipulation. Results indicated that affect-based attitudes were most effectively changed by affective persuasive appeals, whether these appeals were produced by an order manipulation or a focus manipulation. Affect-based attitudes also tended to be expressed with greater confidence than cognition-based attitudes.

Field of study: Psychology
Interaction of ZnO nanoparticle and AM fungi mitigates Pb toxicity in wheat by upregulating antioxidants and restricted uptake of Pb.

The study aims at investigating the efficacy of individual as well as combined application of AM fungi (Glomus macrocarpum) and ZnO nanoparticles on the uptake of lead and its toxicity in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The plants were grown in pots with different treatments of AM Fungi, ZnO NP, and Pb. The individual applications of AM fungi (Glomus macrocarpum) and ZnO NPs increased the growth and biochemical attributes of wheat and decreased the Pb uptake under Pb stress. The combined application of AM fungi (Glomus macrocarpum) and ZnO nanoparticles synergistically enhanced the overall growth performance of the plant and significantly reduced the uptake of Pb in wheat grown in Pb spiked soils. The combined application was effective, with 30.66% increase in plant height, 30.62% increase in plant fresh weight, 54.26% increase in plant dry weight, 45.45% increase in total chlorophyll content, 19.59% increase in proline content, 26.65% higher activity of SOD, 15.12% higher activity of catalase (CAT), 17.69% increase in H2O2 content, 17.69% increase in lipid peroxidation content, 52.09% and 58.19% decrease in Pb concentration in root and shoot of wheat respectively, grown in Pb spiked soil (100 mg kg-1 soil). The results indicate that combined application of AM fungi and ZnO nanoparticles can be a promising technique for the utilization of Pb-contaminated soils.

Field of study: Biology, Engineering
High-Resolution Scanning Tunneling Spectroscopy of Vortex Cores in Inhomogeneous Electronic States of Bi2Sr2CaCu2Ox

We studied electronic states in vortex cores of slightly overdoped Bi2Sr2CaCu2Ox by scanning tunneling spectroscopy. We have found that they have stripe structures with a \(4a_{0}\) width extending along the Cu–O bond directions. Vortex core states are observed as two peaks at particle–hole symmetric positions in the energy gap. Along a stripe, the peak positions of vortex core states are constant and not influenced by the spatial variation of the energy gap Δ. Outer stripes have a larger energy than inner stripes. A mazelike pattern in the electronic states at \(E = \pm\Delta\) has been observed all over the surface both inside and outside the vortex core. The orientation of stripes of vortex core states was found to be related to the mazelike pattern in the vortex core region. A short-range order of the mazelike pattern spatially coexists with the superconductivity and locally breaks the symmetry of the two Cu–O bond directions. We propose that the vortex core bound states are formed by Bogoliubov quasi...

Field of study: Physics
Structure of Human Capital Enhancing Human Resource Management Practices in India

In any firms, human resource (HR) practices are the direct investments on employees’ human capital through which firms achieve competitive advantage and employees enhance their human capital. Recognizing the structure of HR practices comprised of distinct patterns would maximize the chances to understand the firms’ ways of developing core competencies. This paper analyzes 472 employees’ responses who work in Indian manufacturing industries to identify the patterns of human capital enhancing HR practices. Reward strategy, career-oriented training, performance appraisal, recruitment strategy, career management, and performance-oriented training are the patterns or factors derived from the HR practices, and validity of this structure is also proved by confirmatory factor analysis. Furthermore, there are certain associations found between these patterns and characteristics of both employees and firms from regression analyses.

Field of study: Business
Furanoid-norditerpene aus Pflanzen der Familie Dioscoreaceae, VI. Kristallstrukturanalyse von Diosbulbin-G

Die Struktur von Diosbulbin-G (4, C19H22O6), die durch Anwendung der symbolischen Additionsmethode zur Phasenbestimmung gelost worden ist, wird mit dem Block-Diagonal-Least-Squares-Verfahren bis zu einem R-Wert von 8.0% verfeinert. Die Verfeinerung beruht auf 1734 mit einem automatischen Diffraktometer gesammelten Reflexen. Damit wird bestatigt, das das erstmals aufgefundene Furanoid-18-norclerodan-Derivat die Raumstruktur 4 hat. 
 
 
 
Furanoid Norditerpenes from Dioscoreaceae Plants, VI1). — Crystal Structure Analysis of Diosbulbin-G 
 
 
 
The structure of diosbulbin-G (4, C19H22O6), which has been solved by application of the symbolic addition procedure for phase determination, is refined by the block diagonal least squares method to a final R-value of 8.0%, based on 1734 reflexions collected with an automatic diffractometer. The space structure of the first reported furanoid 18-nor-clerodan derivative was thus established as 4.

Field of study: Chemistry
Personality and Judgment Heuristics: Contextual and Individual Difference Interactions in Social Judgment

Research on judgment heuristics has shown the importance of context in influencing the information used (and that ignored) in making judgments. The authors tested the hypothesis that personality differences also affect susceptibility to heuristic reasoning processes. Participants scoring high and low on the Sociable scale of the Personality Adjective Checklist were given problems like those used by Kahneman and Tversky to study the representativeness heuristic under experimental conditions that differed in the extent to which contextual cues intended to activate theoretically relevant motives and concerns about approval and rejection were present. Significant differences between sociability groups were found only in a sociability-relevant condition in which the judgment problem dealt with a theme of rejection and abandonment. Results are discussed in terms of the priming of relevant schemas by contextual cues and resulting effects on attentional deployment and judgmental processes.

Field of study: Psychology
An Active Hardware Dendrite Model Capable of Inducing STDP

The brains of living organisms have excellent information-processing functions. Although various neuron models and artificial neural networks have been investigated, the information processing functions of biological neural networks have not yet been clarified. Recently, various research efforts have confirmed that dendrites perform an important role in brain information processing. Reportedly, STDP (Spike Timing Dependent synaptic Plasticity) is generated between inputs of pre-synaptic neurons and backpropagation of the active potential from dendrites of post-synaptic neuron, as revealed by physiological experiments. Using electronic circuits, we are constructing a hardware model with the characteristics of biological neurons.In this paper, we propose an active hardware dendrite model inducing STDP based on backpropagation phenomena of biological dendrites. Results clarified the following two . The synaptic transmission efficiency of constructed model is changed by timing of the action potential of the input of pre-synaptic neuron and the action potential of backpropagation of the dendrite of the post-synaptic neuron.2. When Δt is small, the amplitude change becomes large. When Δt is large, the amplitude change becomes small

Field of study: Computer science
The Christian and Civic Economy of Large Towns

Preface 17. On the wages of labour 18. On the effect of a poor-rate 19. On savings banks 20. On the combinations of workmen for the purpose of raising wages 21. The same subject continued 22. On certain prevalent errors and misconceptions 23. On the effect which the high price of labour in a country has upon its foreign trade 24. On mechanical schools.

Field of study: Political science
Microbial cyanide sensor for monitoring river water.

A microbial cyanide sensor using Saccharomyces cerevisiae for monitoring a river water is described. This sensor is based on the inhibition of S. cerevisiae's respiration by cyanide. This sensor is a reactor type flow system and composed of two oxygen electrodes and a reactor which contains S. cerevisiae immobilized beads. The S. cerevisiae's respiration activity is measured using the oxygen electrodes. The sensor showed a linear response in the range from 0 to 15 microM and maintained stable response for 9 days at ambient temperature. The sensor was optimized for the monitoring of river water and was applied to river water analysis.

Field of study: Biology, Engineering
DIDS Attenuates Staurosporine-induced Cardiomyocyte Apoptosis by PI3K/Akt Signaling Pathway: Activation of eNOS/NO and Inhibition of Bax Translocation

4,4''-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2''-disulfonic acid (DIDS), a non-selective chloride channel blocker, has been shown to prevent cell apoptosis, however, the underlying mechanisms remain undefined, thus the present study was to explore whether phosphatidylinositol 3''-kinase (PI3K)/Akt and its downstream molecules are involved in the cytoprotective effect of DIDS.  Neonatal rat cardiomyocytes were exposed to staurosporine (STS) in the presence or absence of DIDS. Cell viability, apoptosis and expressions of Akt, phospho-Akt (p-Akt), eNOS, phospho-eNOS (p-eNOS), Bcl-2/Bax and nitric oxide (NO) production were determined, and Bax translocation was assessed by double immunofluorescence labeling and Western blotting.  DIDS markedly improved cell viability and exerted an anti-apoptotic effect on STS-exposed cardiomyocytes. DIDS resulted in a 2.1-fold increase of p-Akt over control levels, prevented the reduction in eNOS expression and phospho-eNOS levels induced by STS and significantly increased NO production (all P<0.01 vs. STS alone). Treatment with LY294002, a selective PI3K inhibitor, abolished DIDS-induced increases in p-Akt, eNOS, p-eNOS and NO production, and completely abrogated the DIDS-induced anti-apoptotic effect (P<0.01). Treatment with L-NAME, a non-selective NOS inhibitor similarly inhibited the increased NO but only partly abolished protective effects of DIDS (P<0.05). In addition, DIDS effectively inhibited STS-induced Bax translocation to mitochondria, which was also reversed by LY294002.  DIDS protects cardiomyocytes against STS-induced apoptosis via activating PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, including increasing eNOS phosphorylation and the subsequent NO production and inhibiting Bax translocation.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Bounds on the presence of quantum chaos in nuclear masses⋆

Differences between measured nuclear masses and those calculated using the Finite-Range Droplet Model are analyzed. It is shown that they have a well defined, clearly correlated oscillatory component as a function of the proton and neutron numbers. At the same time, they exhibit in their power spectrum the presence of chaos. Comparison with other mass calculations strongly suggest that this chaotic component arises from many body effects not included in the mass formula, and that they do not impose limits in the precision of mass calculations.

Field of study: Physics
Rationally designed core-shell and yolk-shell magnetic titanate nanosheets for efficient U(VI) adsorption performance.

The hierarchical core-shell and yolk-shell magnetic titanate nanosheets (Fe3O4@TNS) were successfully synthesized by employing magnetic nanoparticles (NPs) as interior core and intercrossed titanate nanostructures (NSs) as exterior shell. The as-prepared magnetic Fe3O4@TNS nanosheets had high specific areas (114.9 m2 g-1 for core-shell Fe3O4@TNS and 130.1 m2 g-1 for yolk-shell Fe3O4@TNS). Taking advantage of the unique multilayer structure, the nanosheets were suitable for eliminating U(VI) from polluted water environment. The sorption was strongly affected by pH values and weakly influenced by ionic strength, suggesting that the sorption of U(VI) on Fe3O4@TNS was mainly dominated by ion exchange and outer-sphere surface complexion. The maximum sorption capacities (Qmax) calculated from the Langmuir model were 68.59, 121.36 and 264.55 mg g-1 for core-shell Fe3O4@TNS and 82.85, 173.01 and 283.29 mg g-1 for yolk-shell Fe3O4@TNS, at 298 K, 313 K and 328 K, respectively. Thermodynamic parameters (ΔH0, ΔS0 and ΔG0) demonstrated that the sorption process was endothermic and spontaneous. Based on X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses, the sorption mechanism was confirmed to be cation-exchange between interlayered Na+ and UO22+. The yolk-shell Fe3O4@TNS had more extraordinary sorption efficiency than core-shell Fe3O4@TNS since the yolk-shell structure provided internal void space inside the titanate shell to accommodate more exchangeable active sites. The flexible recollection and high efficient sorption capacity made core-shell and yolk-shell Fe3O4@TNS nanosheets promising materials to eliminate U(VI) or other actinides in wastewater cleanup applications.

Field of study: Environmental science
Design of Mode-S Communication Based on FPGA

The S mode reply information includes pre-synchronization pulse and PPM original data.Based on studying the feature of S mode reply information and the principle of PPM modulation,the process of pulse generator,PPM modulator,the detection of pre-synchronization pulse block and PPM de-modulator were discussed,and then the whole was accomplished in FPGA.Finally,in combination with the radio communication system,the process was proved.

Field of study: Engineering
Enhanced stability of defect-based qubits in quantum wells

Optically addressable paramagnetic point defects in semiconductors are among the most promising systems for quantum-information technologies. However, the fidelities of spin initialization and readout rely on optical cycling, and charge-state instabilities during this cycle have proven to be an important unresolved problem. In this work, we demonstrate that the quantum well of an extended defect can stabilize the charge state of a point defect. In particular, we establish that the PL6 center in silicon carbide is a divacancy within a stacking fault, and that the quantum well deriving from this stacking fault stabilizes the defect's charge state, leading to its extraordinary performance at elevated temperatures and unusual robustness to optical cycling. The generalization of our results provides a material-based solution to the optical instability of color centers in semiconductors that may facilitate the development of a new class of robust single-photon sources and spin qubits.

Field of study: Physics
Antioxidant Activity of Hizikia fusiformis on Reactive Oxygen Species Scavenging and Lipid Peroxidation Inhibition

Water and organic extracts (diethyl ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, acetone, ethanol and methanol) obtained from Hizikia fusiformis were screened on reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging assays (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radical) and lipid peroxidation (inhibition of linoleic acid oxidation) inhibitory assays. Water, methanol and ethanol extracts showed significant ROS radical scavenging activities. Water extracts showed high scavenging activities on hydrogen peroxide (around 76%) and DPPH radicals (around 75%) while it presented a moderate scavenging activity on hydroxyl radicals (around 54%). Comparatively higher ROS scavenging activities were recorded in hydroxyl radical and DPPH scavenging assays. DPPH radical scavenging activities were well correlated with the polyphenolic content. ROS scavenging and lipid peroxidation inhibition activities indicated that H. fusiformis might be a valuable natural antioxidative source containing both water and fatsoluble antioxidative components.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Seam Extraction Method Based on Sobel Operator and Greedy Snake Model

With the development of welding automation and intelligence,It′s very important to accurately extract the edge of welding seam for automatic welding quality control.According to the characteristics of MIG welding,an image sensing system of the welding seam was established.Based on a clearer weld pool image,A new method combined Sobel operator and greedy Snake active model to extract the edge of welding seam was presented.The experimental results show that this method can obtain a more accurate seam edge comparing with Sobel operator method.

Field of study: Computer science