nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Quantitative und theoretische Methoden in der stratigraphisch-sedimentologischen Analyse

Zusammenfassungüberblickt man die mathematischen Methoden der sedimentologisch-stratigraphischen Analyse, so lassen sich eine analytische und eine theoretische Arbeitsweise unterscheiden. Analytische Methoden haben sich besonders in Untersuchungen von Fazies-Verteilungen bewährt. Theoretische Modellvorstellungen werden wichtig bei der Bearbeitung von vertikalen Profilen. Das Problem der stratigraphischen Korrelation ist mathematisch nur teilweise beschreibbar und sogenannte Methoden der quantitativen Korrelation sind mit Vorsicht anzuwenden.AbstractThe mathematical methods involved in sedimentary stratigraphy are reviewed. One can differentiate between an analytical and a theoretical approach. The former is particularly suitable for the analysis of facies patterns but theoretical considerations are more important in the study of vertical sections.The problem of stratigraphical correlation is only partly defined in mathematical terms and so-called methods of quantitative correlation should be treated with care.RésuméLes méthodes mathématiques de l'analyse sédimentologico-stratigraphique permettent de distinguer un mode de travail analytique et un mode théorique. Les méthodes analytiques se sont particulièrement avalisées dans des recherches de répartitions de facies. Les modélisations théoriques sont importantes pour l'élaboration des profils verticaux. Le problème de la corrélation stratigraphique n'est mathématiquement descriptible qu'en partie, et les soi-disant méthodes de corrélation quantitative ne sont á appliquer qu'avec prudence.кРАткОЕ сОДЕРжАНИЕпРИ пРОсМОтРЕ МАтЕМА тИЧЕскИх МЕтОДОВ ОсАДОЧНО-стРАтИгРАФ ИЧЕскОгО АНАлИжА МОж НО УстАНОВИть АНАлИтИЧ ЕскИЕ И тЕОРЕтИЧЕскИ Е спОсОБы. АНАлИтИЧЕскИЕ спОсО Бы ОсОБЕННО хОРОшО ОпРАВДАлИ сЕБ ь пРИ ИсслЕДОВАНИИ РА спРЕДЕлЕНИь ФАцИь. тЕОРЕтИЧЕскИЕ МОДЕлИ ВАжНы пРИ ОБРАБОткЕ В ЕРтИкАльНых пРОФИлЕ И. ВОпРОсы стРАтИгРАФИЧЕскОИ к ОРРЕльцИИ тОлькО ЧАстИЧНО пОДД АУтсь МАтЕМАтИЧЕскО МУ ОпИсАНИУ, А т.Н. МЕтОДАМИ кВАНтИт АтИВНОИ кОРРЕльцИИ слЕДУЕт п ОльжОВАтьсь с БОльшО И ОстОРОжНОстьУ.

Field of study: Environmental science
BRIEF COMMUNICATIONS: Determination of chromatic dispersion in single-mode fiber waveguides by an interference method

A determination was made of the spectral dependence of the chromatic dispersion in a single-fiber waveguide by an interference method. The same dependence was calculated for the parameters of an equivalent fiber waveguide with a step index profile deduced from the spectral dependence of the size of the spot formed by a mode in the investigated waveguide. A comparison of the experimental and calculated data demonstrated the validity of such calculations in the case of waveguides with a nominal step index profile.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
The phytochrome gene family in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)

Phytochrome apoproteins in angiosperms are encoded by a small gene family. Tomato (Solatium lycopersicum L.) serves well as a dicotyledonous model system for elucidating the extent of this gene family, its expression patterns, and the roles of individual members of the family. Five phytochrome genes (PHYA, PHYB1, PHYB2, PHYE and PHYF have been characterized in tomato. Quantitative measurements of transcript abundances from each tomato PHY throughout the life cycle indicate that transcript levels generally range from 10 to 100 μmol mol−1 total mRNA, in the following order of decreasing abundance: PHYA, PHYB1, PHYE, PHYB2 and PHYF. PHYA transcripts were found to be most abundant in seedling roots, while PHYB2 and PHYF transcripts were expressed preferentially in fruit. PHYA mutants (fri) have been found to be the consequence of a single nucleotide substitution adjacent to the 3′ terminus of an intron. What are almost certainly PHYB1 mutants have also been described, although the molecular nature of these mutants remains to be revealed. Efforts to obtain PHYB2, PHYE and PHYF mutants are currently underway.

Field of study: Environmental science
O 6 -甲基鸟嘌呤DNA甲基转移酶与肿瘤化疗的关系

将O 6 -甲基鸟嘌呤DNA甲基转移酶(O 6 -MT)含量不同的两株人肿瘤细胞植入棵鼠体内,腹腔注射双功能烷化剂(ACNU)治疗,实验结果证明:ACNU对O 6 -MT含量低的肿瘤细胞有高特异治疗效果,提示通过临床检验,针对O 6 -MT含量低的肿瘤,使用ACNU类抗癌药物,可能开拓一条肿瘤化疗的新途径。

Field of study: Chemistry
Proxy Re-Encryption and Re-Signatures from Lattices

Proxy re-encryption (PRE) and Proxy re-signature (PRS) were introduced by Blaze, Bleumer and Strauss [Eurocrypt ’98]. Basically, PRE allows a semi-trusted proxy to transform a ciphertext encrypted under one key into an encryption of the same plaintext under another key, without revealing the underlying plaintext. Since then, many interesting applications have been explored, and constructions in various settings have been proposed. On the other hand, PRS allows a semi-trusted proxy to transform Alice’s signature on a message into Bob’s signature on the same message, but the proxy cannot produce new valid signature on new messages for either Alice or Bob.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
The mean of the conditional, truncated multinormal distribution

An expression is derived for the mean of the conditional, truncated multinormal distribution in the general case, and for the situation where the conditioning variates have iden¬tical correlation. This equicorrelated case occurs in some models of duration and in panel data. An example is taken from economics, where a cross section of firms consider the adoption of several technological innovations. The results of the paper are used to estimate the firm-specific.

Field of study: Mathematics
Probabilistic Approach for Integrated Structural Control Design

D URING the development phase of a new engineering project, the design requirements and the project variables are usually de ned in a deterministic sense, and, for robustnessconsiderations, the uncertaintyof the parameters is consideredto occur around their design value by means of simpli ed models. Suf cient conditions must then be satis ed to achieve con dence in the quality of the  nal design.To meet the requirementconstraints, a control strategy can be integrated within the structural design process so that the design of the structure and that of the control system are developed in parallel. The use of a classical robust control system design may be properly employed in the case where the problem at hand is convex and suf cient conditions can be met. In this case, however, the real distribution of the random variables involved in the design is not considered. As an alternative,we suggestconsideringthe problemof integrating thecontroland structuredesignwithin an appropriateprobabilistic framework in order to take into account, with a high degree of accuracy, the project constraints and the system uncertainties.This approach implies the possibilityof modeling the design parameters as randomvariables in order to guarantee that a given probabilityof satisfying the design requirementsmay be obtained. In many cases, the design through probabilistic constraints is performed with the hypothesis of normal distribution of the involved variables, even if this hypothesismay be too strong an assumption.A better model is possible using some theoretical results that were  rst obtained in the  eld of structural reliability in civil and offshore engineering. These results led to the de nition of the so-calledclassicalstructural reliabilitymethodologies.These methodologies allow one to properly take into account the correct probability distribution function of the design variables and, due to an asymptotic approximation,to perform a set of highly informative evaluationswith a low computational cost. In this way, it is possible to avoid failures in the design strategy in the case of nonconvex problems and to apply an appropriate

Field of study: Physics
Structural perfection and the distribution of impurities in magnetic semiconductor nanoheterosystems based on GaAs

A comprehensive study of the crystal structure and distribution of impurities in GaAs nanoheterosystems containing InGaAs quantum wells and delta ‹Mn›-doped layers is performed. High-resolution transmission electronmicroscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction are used in particular. It is shown that our technique allows growing structures with embedded delta layers of magnetic impurities epitaxially.

Field of study: Physics
Associations of Trimethylamine N-Oxide With Nutritional and Inflammatory Biomarkers and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients New to Dialysis.

Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) is a product of metabolism of phosphatidylcholine (lecithin) and carnitine by the intestinal microbiome. Elevated serum concentrations of TMAO have been linked to adverse cardiovascular outcomes in the general population. We examined correlates of serum TMAO and the relations among serum TMAO concentrations, all-cause mortality, and cardiovascular mortality and hospitalizations in a nationally derived cohort of patients new to hemodialysis (HD).



We quantified serum TMAO by liquid chromatography and online tandem mass spectrometry and assessed nutritional and cardiovascular risk factors in 235 patients receiving HD and measured TMAO in pooled serum from healthy controls. We analyzed time to death and time to cardiovascular death or hospitalization using Cox proportional hazards regression.



Serum TMAO concentrations of patients undergoing HD (median, 43 μM/L; 25th-75th percentile, 28-67 μM/L) were elevated compared with those with normal or near-normal kidney function (1.41 ± 0.49 μM/L). TMAO was directly correlated with serum albumin (Spearman rank correlation, 0.24; 95% CI, 0.12-0.35; P <.001), prealbumin (Spearman rank correlation, 0.19; 95% CI, 0.07-0.31; P = .003), and creatinine (Spearman rank correlation, 0.21; 95% CI, 0.08-0.33; P = .002) and inversely correlated with log C-reactive protein (Spearman rank correlation, -0.18; 95% CI, -0.30 to -0.06; P = .005). Higher serum concentrations of TMAO were not significantly associated with time to death (Spearman rank correlation, 0.84; CI, 0.65-1.09; P = .19) or time to cardiovascular hospitalization or cardiovascular death (Spearman rank correlation, 0.88; CI, 0.57-1.35; P = .55).



Serum TMAO concentrations were markedly elevated and correlated directly with biochemical markers of nutritional status and inversely with markers of inflammation in patients receiving HD. There was no significant association between serum TMAO concentrations and all-cause mortality, cardiovascular death, or hospitalizations. In patients receiving dialysis-in contrast with the general population-adverse vascular effects of TMAO may be counterbalanced by associations with nutritional or inflammatory status.

Field of study: Medicine
The Learner Corpora of Spoken English: What Has Been Done and What Should Be Done?

The number of spoken learner corpora is smaller than that of written corpora; however, demand for spoken corpora has continuously increased. This study investigates the current state of spoken English-language learner corpora both in the world and in Korea, with a focus on their size, speakers, and genres. Based on this survey, the study discusses factors to consider when building and publishing a spoken learner corpus, especially with respect to the issues of conversation genre, proficiency level, and annotation.

Field of study: Linguistics
Modular modeling of air-conditioning system with state-space method and graph theory

To improve the modeling efficiency of HVAC system, the modular models for HVAC components are to be established by using the state-space method in this study. The component modular models are used to establish a dynamic system model for a VAV (variable-air-volume) system, and the dynamic system model has been validated by transient response experiments. As an example of model application, the ARIMA-based predictive PI controller for room temperature has been investigated with the system model, which is shown to have the better control effect than the traditional PI controller, and this has been validated by experiments as well. The work in this study will be of significance to the dynamic modeling and control algorithm study of air conditioning systems.

Field of study: Engineering
Landscape planning for agridevelopment at regional scale: an example from cotton growing Yavatmal district, Maharashtra, India

The basaltic landscape planning on the hot semiarid ecosystem in cotton growing Yavatmal district, Maharashtra tends to concentrate on 52 per cent of total cultivated area with 43 per cent of rural families living below poverty line posing major problem for environmental protection and resource management. Concepts of sustainable development at regional-level planning suggested that there is a growing concern for the landscape community to develop a strategic regional agricultural planning perspective in order to assist landscape planning goals. These challenges were explored with particular reference to the cotton growing Yavatmal district in Maharashtra through baseline land resource / agronomic surveys and assessing the production potential of regional rural landscapes for crop planning. Landscape analysis, premised on the geopedological and elevation constructs, culminated in a spatial coverage of hills and ridges (12.6 per cent of total area) in northern and central parts whereas plateaus (29.3 per cent) in association with isolated hills, mesas and butte and escarpments (17.7 per cent), pediplains (28.8 per cent) and plains (8.1 per cent) in south western parts of the district. Regional level analysis revealed spatially variable soil typologies dominated by vertisols and vertic intergrades. An exploration and brief account of integration landscape planning was discussed with some reflections on the experience and highlighting some of the problems and potentials of this approach within the regional context.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Review of researches on the setup of the regular physical education major in common institutes of higher learning in China

By means of literature data statistics the authors sorted and analyzed current researches on the setup of the regular physical education major in institutes of higher learning in China,expatiated on such an issue mainly from the perspectives of historical evolution,current development condition and prospect,and analyzed basic characteristics of researches done by predecessors,namely,the lack of researches on analyzing the current condition from multiple perspectives,researches on the feasibility of major adjustment,and comparison type researches,and too few researches on other majors beyond the major catalog.In the mean time,the authors raised issues to be noticed in future study,and put forward the following opinions: the understanding of basic concepts should be strengthened;the study of the connections and differences between the 5 regular majors should be intensified;a rational research perspective and reference system should be established in order to actively probe into the mechanisms of development of interdisciplinary majors.

Field of study: Education
Generalized Residual Ratio Thresholding

Simultaneous orthogonal matching pursuit (SOMP) and block OMP (BOMP) are two widely used techniques for sparse support recovery in multiple measurement vector (MMV) and block sparse (BS) models respectively. For optimal performance, both SOMP and BOMP require \textit{a priori} knowledge of signal sparsity or noise variance. However, sparsity and noise variance are unavailable in most practical applications. This letter presents a novel technique called generalized residual ratio thresholding (GRRT) for operating SOMP and BOMP without the \textit{a priori} knowledge of signal sparsity and noise variance and derive finite sample and finite signal to noise ratio (SNR) guarantees for exact support recovery. Numerical simulations indicate that GRRT performs similar to BOMP and SOMP with \textit{a priori} knowledge of signal and noise statistics.

Field of study: Computer science
Stephan Klasen and Felicitas Nowak-Lehmann (eds.), Poverty, Inequality and Policy in Latin America (Cambridge MA and London: Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press, 2009), pp. vi+324, £22.95, hb.

important in future work to develop a more rigorous analytical framework behind the political economy of the internal and external constraints on fiscal policy space in the age of globalisation. One such constraint is the intense competition among governments in Latin America and elsewhere to attract foreign direct investment through incentives that often include zero tax rates in export processing zones. Agosin et al. and Sánchez-Ancochea highlight the perilous budgetary consequences of this constraint and the need for collective action at the regional and global level to loosen it. Another important constraint stems from the bilateral trade and investment agreements that many countries in the region have signed with the United States, which allow foreign investors to bring claims against the host country government when changes in regulation, for example in the tax structure, reduce their profitability, and where governments agree to abide by the results of compulsory investor-state arbitration outside of the host country’s jurisdiction. Why did some Latin American governments sign these agreements (for example, in Central America and Peru), while others did not (for example, Brazil), and still others decided to push the boundaries and revoke the agreement (for example, Ecuador) ? To gain further insights into the political economy of budget reforms, a comparative analysis with countries that face similar constraints and that have had successful reforms may be more fruitful than a comparison with the United States. Nonetheless, for understanding the political economy of forging a social consensus behind tax reform, Ippolito shows that the US experience provides interesting lessons. He describes how the Tax Relief Act of 1986 could be passed with bipartisan support because both Republicans and Democrats felt that part of their agenda had been realised : for the former, it meant a significant reduction in marginal tax rates, and for the latter, it meant the abolition of many tax exemptions and the elimination of income tax liability for six million low-income payers. This volume, written and published before the world economic crisis hit in the second half of 2008, focuses on the important structural problems of spending, taxing and borrowing in the Americas. The global crisis has added even greater urgency to the task of understanding the political economy of the public budget and the ways in which Latin American governments can expand their fiscal policy space.

Field of study: Political science
What's New in the Benefits of Restoring Primary Teeth?

Another study , a randomized controlled clinical tri- al in Scotland, showed that the conventional caries treat-ment of primary teeth seems unjustified. This trial used a specific new ‘Hall’ technique [6] , a simplified method of using preformed metal crowns cemented with no local an-aesthesia, caries removal or tooth preparation. The study was a GDP-based, split-mouth randomized controlled tri-al of 132 children, aged 3–10 years, and compared the ac-ceptability and clinical outcome of the Hall technique with conventional restorations. This technique was preferred to conventional restorations by the majority of children, caregivers and GDPs and showed better outcomes for pulpal health and longevity of restorations than conven-tional restorations. The results were expected according to the current paradigm of caries aetiology [7], where carious tooth tissue does not need to be removed but rather iso-lated from the oral environment. This had been shown earlier by a prospective study of sealing the occlusal den-tine caries lesions, where the caries did not progress  .

Field of study: Medicine
1,3,5-Triaryl-Δ2-pyrazolines with a nitro or amino group in the N-phenyl ring

A number of p-nitrophenylhydrazones of chalcones and 1-(p-nitrophenyl)- and 1-(p-aminophenyl)-3-aryl-5-phenyl-2-pyrazolines were synthesized, and their UV and IR spectra were measured. It is shown that the direction of polarization in the π system of the ground and first excited states of the pyrazolines depends substantially on the character and position of the substituents introduced; the experimental data are compared with the results of calculation of the electronic states of the molecules by the Pariser-Parr-Pople (PPP) method. It was established that the nitro compounds have luminescence properties and that their absorption spectra in inert solvents have a vibrational structure.

Field of study: Chemistry
Timing of sea level, tectonics and climate events during the uppermost Oxfordian (Planula zone) on the Iberian ramp (northeast Spain)

The middle Oxfordian warming climate and sea-level rise initiated the development of vast carbonate platforms in some western European basins. At the same time, however, siliciclastics and siliceous sponges dominated certain marginal areas of the Iberian ramp. There, siliciclastic input was particularly prominent during the latest Oxfordian and may have been related to a global sea-level fall, synsedimentary tectonic activity, or humid climatic conditions in the hinterland. Field analyses and computer modelling have been previously used to determine the factors that controlled sedimentation. However, it is still unclear if the specific conditions that prevailed during the latest Oxfordian were due to eustasy, tectonics or climate, and when precisely they occurred. Here, we document major changes in sedimentological, micropalaeontological, and mineralogical records on the Iberian ramp during this interval. Detailed sedimentary facies and palynofacies analyses combined with sequence-stratigraphic and cyclostratigraphic analyses of the Ricla Barranco section enable the establishment of a highresolution time frame. Based on the quartz and mica percentage fluctuations, one large- and seven small-scale sequences are defined. The large-scale sequence boundaries correlate with third-order sequence boundaries Ox 8 and Kim 1 defined by Hardenbol et al. (1998). The large-scale maximum-flooding surface corresponds to the base of the most calcareous interval and to the maximum abundance of marine phytoplankton and opaque, equidimensional phytoclasts. The small-scale sequences correspond to the 100-kyr orbital eccentricity cycle. Calcareous nannofossils and clay minerals were used as palaeoclimatic proxies. Nannofossil abundances and fluxes are lower in the upper part than in the lower part of the interval studied, suggesting a decrease in seasurface trophic conditions, also shown by an increase in the relative abundance of oligotrophic taxa. This upper part is also characterised by an increase in smectite, which coincides with the base of the large-scale highstand deposit, and is interpreted as reflecting the establishment of dry conditions. A first increase in smectite occurs in the lower part of the succession, and coincides with high percentages of quartz and mica. This latter mineralogical assemblage is interpreted as recording the onset of the Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous rifting stage, which occurred just before the Planula-Galar ammonite subzone transition. The present study points out a return toward optimum conditions for carbonate sedimentation only 300 kyr after the prominent increase in siliciclastic input due to tectonic activity. The recovery of carbonate production was accompanied by a global sea-level rise and by decreasing rainfall on nearby land.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography