nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Flood hazard assessment and management of fetch-limited coastal environments

Flooding is a significant environmental threat that can cause loss of human life, damage to infrastructure, disruption to economic activity, and decline in ecological resources in coastal areas. This paper presents a framework for assessing the potential implications of floods in fetch-limited coastal environments (with no significant wave setup), focused on hazard mapping and risk analysis. Hazard maps are based on defined return periods and risk estimates are determined by computing the extent of affected occupied and ecological areas lying below water levels associated with the return periods. For management purposes, this study chooses the adaptive management approach as the most feasible to improve local economies and mitigate the loss of natural areas, and identifies/recommends specific types of occupation and activity for each flood hazard zone. The proposed framework was applied to a low-energy fetch-limited beach, Ancao Peninsula backbarrier, located in the Ria Formosa barrier system (southern Portugal). Inundation levels predicted for 1-, 10-, and 100-year return periods were 2.02 m, 2.39 m, and 2.84 m above MSL (mean sea level), respectively. On this basis, flood impacts were found to be important in occupied areas, generating physical damage to residences and infrastructure. Ecological impacts of floods affected sub-aerial species inhabiting dunes. Several management options deriving from the framework’s application were recommended for the Ancao Peninsula.

Field of study: Environmental science
Unsung partner against crime: Harry J. Anslinger and the Federal Bureau of Narcotics, 1930-1962.

Harry J. Anslinger and the Federal Bureau of Narcoticsy 1930-1962 IF A CROSS-SECTION of American people were surveyed to determine the federal law enforcement personality with whom they most frequently identified, a large majority of them likely would name J. Edgar Hoover. This determination would not be without justification. Involved in law enforcement since 1917 and Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) from 1924 until his death in 1972, Hoover claimed the title of the nation's top crimefighter. Although his fifty-year tenure as Director of the FBI has never been equalled. Hoover was not the only head of a federal law enforcement agency, nor was the FBI the only "domestic" agency operating on that level. The Internal Revenue Service maintains an intelligence division whose meticulous investigations have resulted in nabbing many "white-collar" criminals; the Secret Service often comes in contact with organized crime in its enforcement of counterfeiting laws; and U.S. Customs agents uncover literally tons of illicit drugs through their searches and seizures at border patrol points. Another law enforcement agency that has not received the media attention comparable to that of the FBI, yet maintained a comparable record of arrests with less than half the staff and operating budget of the FBI, was the Federal Bureau of Narcotics (FBN). Its first commissioner, Harry J. Anslinger, a native Pennsylvanian, might not have been as flamboyant or dynamic as Hoover, but Anslinger was certainly more than the one-dimensional "drug buster" his critics have alleged. An examination of his career reveals an administrator of an agency of extraordinary versatility involved in apprehending international criminals, infiltrating drug-smuggling rings, and participating in various clandestine operations.

Field of study: History
Deuterium-deuterium fusion dynamics in low-density molecular-cluster jets irradiated by intense ultrafast laser pulses.

Following the interaction of superintense, short pulse lasers and plasmas, ions can be accelerated to velocities sufficient to drive nuclear fusion reactions, in particular, by the process of Coulomb explosion of clusters [T. Ditmire, Nature (London) 398, 491 (1999)]]. We show here how short bursts of neutrons can be produced using a jet of low-density deuterated methane clusters. Ion velocity distributions were simultaneously measured by a Thomson parabola mass spectrometer, demonstrating deuteron energies up to 120 keV. We show that, in such conditions, nuclear fusion will occur not only in the hot plasma core, but also in the cold outer region by collision processes.

Field of study: Physics
An efficient shuffling based eVoting scheme

Among the two popular solutions to electronic voting, homomorphic tallying and shuffling, the latter employs a simpler vote format, is more efficient (especially for the voters) and practical. However, the existing shuffling-based eVoting schemes still have two drawbacks: low efficiency in large-scale applications (especially for the talliers) and weak robustness. In this paper, a novel shuffling protocol is proposed and a new eVoting scheme is designed based on it. The shuffling protocol modifies the shuffling scheme in Crypto 2005, optimising its encryption algorithm and parameter setting, improving its efficiency and overcoming its drawbacks. Thus an efficient shuffling protocol suitable for eVoting is obtained. In the second half of the paper, a delicate application of the shuffling protocol to eVoting is designed such that robustness is strengthened and efficiency is improved.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
A roadmap for comparing readmission policies with application to Denmark, England, Germany and the United States.

Hospital readmissions receive increasing interest from policy makers because reducing unnecessary readmissions has the potential to simultaneously improve quality and save costs. This paper reviews readmission policies in Denmark, England, Germany and the United States (Medicare system). The suggested roadmap enables researchers and policy makers to systematically compare and analyse readmission policies. We find considerable differences across countries. In Germany, the readmission policy aims to avoid unintended consequences of the introduction of DRG-based payment; it focuses on readmissions of individual patients and hospitals receive only one DRG-based payment for both the initial and the re-admission. In Denmark, England and the US readmission policies aim at quality improvement and focus on readmission rates. In Denmark, readmission rates are publicly reported but payments are not adjusted in relation to readmissions. In England and the US, financial incentives penalise hospitals with readmission rates above a certain benchmark. In England, this benchmark is defined through local clinical review, while it is based on the risk-adjusted national average in the US. At present, not enough evidence exists to give recommendations on the optimal design of readmission policies. The roadmap can be a tool for systematically assessing how elements of other countries' readmission policies can potentially be adopted to improve national policies.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
A 22 kyr BP sedimentological record of Lake Rukwa (8°S, SW Tanzania): environmental, chronostratigraphic and climatic implications

The sedimentological study of a 12.8 m long core (R96-I) from Lake Rukwa (Tanzania, 8°S) provides a new record of past lake-level fluctuations that took place in response to changes of the regional climate since the last glacial period. From 21 to 15 cal kyr BP, nearshore and swamp/marsh environments are evidenced from clastic deposition, macrophytes debris and Ca–Mg carbonate enrichments. A transgressive sequence, starting around 15 cal kyr BP, lead to the humid lacustrine optimum between 15 and 7 cal kyr BP. From 12 to 10 cal kyr BP, anoxic lake bottom environments were favored by the concomitant effects of high primary productivity, increased subsidence and inputs of volcanic ash in the lake. The Middle Holocene (7–3 cal kyr BP) is characterized by high concentrations of silt, carbonates, and low organic content, which indicate the occurrence of relatively oxic, shallow and saline depositional environments, especially around 7 and 3.4 cal kyr BP. Although grainsize and TOC profiles suggest that shallow environments likely persisted in the Upper Holocene, low Mg concentration values for the last 3 kyr may indicate a trend toward relatively more dilute environments. The two main Lake Rukwa low-stand periods, at 21–15 and 7–3 cal kyr BP, correspond remarkably well with the insolation maximum at the Equator, which occurred at 17 kyr BP for the spring equinox, and at 6 kyr BP for the autumn equinox, respectively. We suggest that, during these periods of minimum inter-hemispheric insolation gradients, monsoon circulation weakened in south equatorial regions, and the ITCZ was located north of 8°S in east Africa.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Timing of Slaty Cleavage During Folding of Precambrian Rocks, Northwest Tasmania

Detailed analysis of folds and cleavage in five small areas in the Precambrian Burnie Quartzite and Slate near Sulphur Creek, in northwest Tasmania, reveals that slary cleavage can be interpreted as an essentially planar structure initiated in a short interval during protracted folding. Cleavage initiated late during folding appears to be largely superimposed on fold profiles, and where rotation of early folds occurs during folding, cleavage may cut across the profile from one limb to the other. Cleavage initiated partway through folding is refracted in sandy beds forming cleavage fans. The largest cleavage-fan angles develop in folds where cleavage is initiated early in folding. Geometrical relations show that, for the area as a whole, either the onset of folding or the initiation of slaty cleavage was diachronous.

Field of study: Geology
Written Rights: Puritan and Quaker Procedural Guarantees

B EFORE 1690 AMERICAN COLONISTS ENJOYED a large degree of autonomy within the English empire. In that context of relative freedom, they achieved a significant reform of felony law and criminal procedure. That the colonists achieved statutory guarantees of procedural rights was the realization of a reform then being advocated in England. Evidence of this legislative reform of common law practice is found primarily in the Puritan and Quaker colonies. Beginning in the 1680s and proceeding with greater force after 1695, the English government made a sustained effort to enforce its mercantile policy in America. Because the procedural rights of colonists interfered with the agencies of law enforcement, Privy Council repealed the statutes guaranteeing those rights. Thus Anglicized, the procedural rights of colonists necessarily shifted back onto the common law base. After 1760 a new British attempt at law enforce-

Field of study: History
Diverse Student Perceptions of Active Learning in a Large Enrollment STEM Course

The concept of active learning as a superior mode of instruction has recently received great attention in the education research literature. It holds promise of steering students away from rote memorization towards higher order thinking (as defined by Bloom’s taxonomy revised). However, few studies focus on student perceptions of higher order thinking activities and diverse student voices are all but absent in this regard. This study applies a combined approach of exploratory qualitative and supplementary quantitative analysis to address this gap. We examined perceptions of underrepresented and non-underrepresented students regarding their engagement in active learning to foster higher order thinking. The study was set within a large enrollment (198 students), undergraduate course in the area of science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM). The study sample comprised of 33 purposefully selected, ethnically and racially diverse students. Data sources included class attendance/participation, graded activity assignments, and a perception survey. Class attendance and graded assignments were used to triangulate responses on the perception surveys. The Generic Inductive Approach supported our qualitative analysis. Quantitative data were analyzed via two-way ANOVA, non-parametric Mann-Whitney Test (when assumptions did not hold) and simple linear regression. Findings include three themes that cut across groups; participants perceived their higher order thinking skills improved, that there were benefits and challenges to active learning and a fear of failing the course. Quantitative data from the active learning activities and attendance supported similar engagement and achievement in higher order thinking activities across race/ethnicity groups as differences failed to reach the a priori established significance threshold. This study extends the knowledge on active learning and demonstrates that it was possible to engage underrepresented and non-underrepresented students equally and effectively in higher order thinking actives in large enrollment courses and that students perceived this as beneficial.

Field of study: Education
Family functioning and life events in the outcome of adolescent anorexia nervosa.

This study investigates the outcome of anorexia nervosa in adolescents in relation to precipitating life events and changes in family functioning over time.



Thirty-five adolescents with anorexia nervosa and their mothers were administered measures of life events and family functioning at initial assessment and 1 and 2 year follow-up, when outcome was also assessed.



Fifty-five per cent of patients had a good outcome. Patients from initially well-functioning families or those with precipitating life events improved more in the first year, than those with dysfunctional families or without events. Subjects perceived a deterioration in family functioning at 1 year follow-up but an improvement at 2 years. Mothers reported no changes.



Approximately half of a series of early onset cases of anorexia nervosa can be expected to recover by 2 years. Healthy family functioning and presence of a precipitating life event predict good short-term outcome. The relationships between subjects' perceptions of family functioning and their recovery from anorexia nervosa is discussed.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Atomic Hydrogen in a Galactic Center Outflow

We describe a population of small, high-velocity, atomic hydrogen clouds, loops, and filaments found above and below the disk near the Galactic center. The objects have a mean radius of 15 pc, velocity widths of ~14 km s–1, and are observed at |z| heights up to 700 pc. The velocity distribution of the clouds shows no signature of Galactic rotation. We propose a scenario where the clouds are associated with an outflow from a central star-forming region at the Galactic center. We discuss the clouds as entrained material traveling at ~200 km s–1 in a Galactic wind.

Field of study: Physics
Henry James and the Evolution of Consciousness: A Study of "The Ambassadors", and: Searching for the Figure in the Carpet in the Tales of Henry James: Reflections of an Ordinary Reader, and: Henry James: Selected Letters (review)

Courtney Johnson, Jr. Henry James and the  A Study of "The Ambassadors." East Lansing: Michigan State UP, 1987.  Benjamin Newman. Searching for the Figure in the Carpet in the Tales of Henry James: Reflections of an Ordinary Reader.  Peter Lang, 1987. 194 pp. $39.00. Henry James.  Selected Letters. Ed. Leon Edel.

Field of study: Art
Mitochondrial Heterogeneity

Cell-to-cell heterogeneity drives a range of (patho)physiologically important phenomena, such as cell fate and chemotherapeutic resistance. The role of metabolism, and particularly of mitochondria, is increasingly being recognized as an important explanatory factor in cell-to-cell heterogeneity. Most eukaryotic cells possess a population of mitochondria, in the sense that mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is held in multiple copies per cell, where the sequence of each molecule can vary. Hence, intra-cellular mitochondrial heterogeneity is possible, which can induce inter-cellular mitochondrial heterogeneity, and may drive aspects of cellular noise. In this review, we discuss sources of mitochondrial heterogeneity (variations between mitochondria in the same cell, and mitochondrial variations between supposedly identical cells) from both genetic and non-genetic perspectives, and mitochondrial genotype-phenotype links. We discuss the apparent homeostasis of mtDNA copy number, the observation of pervasive intra-cellular mtDNA mutation (which is termed “microheteroplasmy”), and developments in the understanding of inter-cellular mtDNA mutation (“macroheteroplasmy”). We point to the relationship between mitochondrial supercomplexes, cristal structure, pH, and cardiolipin as a potential amplifier of the mitochondrial genotype-phenotype link. We also discuss mitochondrial membrane potential and networks as sources of mitochondrial heterogeneity, and their influence upon the mitochondrial genome. Finally, we revisit the idea of mitochondrial complementation as a means of dampening mitochondrial genotype-phenotype links in light of recent experimental developments. The diverse sources of mitochondrial heterogeneity, as well as their increasingly recognized role in contributing to cellular heterogeneity, highlights the need for future single-cell mitochondrial measurements in the context of cellular noise studies.

Field of study: Biology
Thermal Stability and Degradation of Thermally Stable Prepolymers under Controlled Atmosphere: IV- Thermal Stability and Degradation of Cross-linked Systems Prepared from Cyanate Monomers

We report the results of a study on the thermal degradation of cyanate prepolymers and corresponding materials prepared in the molten state by the homopolymerization of monomers in a controlled atmosphere (nitrogen) and in the temperature range of 100 to 500°C. We propose degradation mechanisms for these materials based on the analysis of physicochemical data obtained by the differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy of volatile organic compounds and residues after the thermal cycle. These mechanisms depend on the structure of the carbon skeleton.

Field of study: Materials science
Choice, experience, and the generalized matching law.

Five pigeons were exposed to different pairs of concurrent variable-interval, variable-interval schedules on nine experimental conditions of 30 sessions each. For every session, the parameters of the generalized matching equation were computed for the first five, six, seven, eight, and nine experimental conditions. The exponent a, both for response and time distribution, tended to decrease with increases in number of experimental conditions and to increase with number of sessions per condition, but values of k (bias) varied unsystematically. When the subjects were exposed to five new pairs of schedules, with 55 sessions per condition, the findings were confirmed. Data from the literature on the generalized matching law suggest that the variability of exponent values may be explained in part by the use of naive or experienced subjects in different investigations and by the variability in number of experimental conditions and in number of sessions per condition.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
The effects of drawing parameters on sausaging and critical current density of Bi-2223/Ag HTS wires

Ag superconducting wires have been mainly prepared by the powder-in-tube method. Drawing and rolling are the main processes used to increase the core density and wire length. In the fabrication of long wire, especially, the drawing should be precisely controlled to assure the filament homogeneity. In this paper, the influences of drawing die angle, bearing length and reduction ratio on the sausaging and the critical current density of the wire are investigated. Single-cored and multi-filamentary wires are fabricated by the PIT method with different conditions. The core density and the sausaging in the wires are investigated and are discussed regarding their relationships to the I/sub c/. It was made clear that sausaging is sensitive to the geometry of drawing die. Improvement in I/sub c/ and a high core density were achieved by reducing the die angle.

Field of study: Physics
Leisure and urbanisation in Brazil from the 1950s to the 1970s

This article discusses the relationship between the change in the conception of leisure and the acceleration of the urbanisation process in Brazil from the 1950s to the 1970s. In order to achieve this goal, we used Veja magazine as a privileged source, as well as a literature review. Created in the 1960s and uninterruptedly published up to today, this weekly magazine has been characterised by its widespread distribution throughout Brazil and by its interest in subjects connected to social behaviour. We conclude that in the period studied, the growth of the Brazilian cities, alongside the consolidation of the process of industrialisation, triggered new behaviours linked to consumption and a new sensitivity towards nature, dimensions that instituted new forms of leisure. Similarly, the new postures towards nature, the new consuming habits, as well as the new conceptions of leisure, influenced the path of urbanisations. As a consequence of this process, it is possible to notice an enhancement in the offering of services and governmental concerns related to leisure, as well as the structuring of a field of investigation around leisure.

Field of study: Sociology
Optimizing the radio resource utilization of multiaccess systems with a traffic-transmission quality adaptive packet scheduling

In this paper we state a general framework for radio resource allocation based on a matrix which highlights the trade-offs of complexity and efficiency. This framework is outlined for the systematic definition of scheduling algorithms that are jointly adaptive to traffic and to transmission quality in order to improve the radio resource utilization and the achievable throughput of cellular networks for the support of best-effort traffic. We consider the application of the matrix concept to both time division and code division multiple access, the latter scheme also bringing about mutual interference among competing users. Then we propose a scheduling algorithm for wireless systems, called channel adaptive open scheduling (CHAOS). The CHAOS performance in terms of throughput and delay is extensively compared with those resulting from a load adaptive channel independent scheduling (CIS). A major result of this work is the quantitative assessment of the performance advantage allowed by jointly accounting for traffic congestion and transmission quality. Moreover the main implementation issues related to the proposed algorithms are investigated.

Field of study: Computer science
NEXAFS studies on the structure of perfluoroalkyl carbonic acid Langmuir Blodgett films.

(1999). 6, 796-798 NEXAFS studies on the structure of perfluoroalkyl carbonic acid Langmuir Blodgett films PIK)DA (perfluorooctadecanoic acid: CF3(CF2)16COOI-I), and examined (1) its molecular orientation, and (2) the change in the molecular orientation through a rubbing process. NEXAFS spectroscopy is recognized as a convenient tool to study the orientation of adsorbates on a solid surface.

Field of study: Physics
Trends in a recreational fishery for mussels in eastern South Africa, based on postal, telephone and online surveys

The intertidal brown mussel Perna perna is targeted by recreational and subsistence fisheries in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. The recreational mussel fishery is monitored by off-site postal, telephone and online questionnaire surveys, assessed in this study. Trends in fisher avidity (proportion of permit holders that went fishing), mean number of outings undertaken per quarter year and catch per unit effort (CPUE, as numbers of mussels collected per outing) between 2002 and 2015 were investigated, based on survey responses and available permit sales data. Fisher avidity was greater during summer, for fishers

Field of study: Environmental science