nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
XML-based agent communication, migration and computation in mobile agent systems

This article presents the research work that exploits using XML (Extensible Markup Language) to represent different types of information in mobile agent systems, including agent communication messages, mobile agent messages, and other system information. The goal of the research is to build a programmable information base in mobile agent systems through XML representations. The research not only studies using XML in binary agent system space such as representing agent communication messages and mobile agent messages, but also explores interpretive XML data processing to avoid the need of an interface layer between script mobile agents and system data represented in XML. These XML-based information representations have been implemented in Mobile-C, a FIPA (The Foundation for Intelligent Physical Agents) compliant mobile agent platform. Mobile-C uses FIPA ACL (Agent Communication Language) messages for both inter-agent communication and inter-platform migration. Using FIPA ACL messages for agent migration in FIPA compliant agent systems simplifies agent platform, reduces development effort, and easily achieves inter-platform migration through well-designed communication mechanisms provided in the system. The ability of interpretive XML data processing allows mobile agents in Mobile-C directly accessing XML data information without the need of an extra interface layer.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
A Lightweight Scheme for Protecting AS-PATH Attributes of Update Messages

In existing schemes for protecting AS-PATH attributes of update messages, the security of S-BGP and BGPSEC has received wide acceptance. Yet, in S-BGP or BGPSEC, the number of signatures in a route attestation is linear in the length of AS-PATH , which is one of major hurdles of deploying in the real world and thus is an important and urgent problem. Existing schemes for solving this problem reduce the number of signatures by using aggregate signatures. Yet, its computation overhead of verifying ASPATH is too heavy. In this paper, we present a scheme for reducing the number of signatures by using aggregate signatures, whose computation overhead of verifying ASPATH can be significantly lowered. The presented scheme combines aggregate signature and Rabin signature. By it, the number of signatures in a route attestation is only one because aggregate signature is used. Moreover, differing from the existing aggregate-signature based schemes, the computation overhead of verifying AS-PATH is roughly only one multiplication each hop because Rabin signature is used. Computation overhead of verifying in presented scheme is roughly 1/2400 of that of existing scheme.

Field of study: Computer science
Measuring galaxy abundance and clustering at high redshift from incomplete spectroscopic data: Tests on mock catalogs and application to zCOSMOS

The number density and correlation function of galaxies are two key quantities to characterize the distribution of the observed galaxy population. High-$z$ spectroscopic surveys, which usually involve complex target selection and are incomplete in redshift sampling, present both opportunities and challenges to measure these quantities reliably in the high-$z$ Universe. Using realistic mock catalogs we show that target selection and redshift incompleteness can lead to significantly biased results. We develop methods to correct such bias, using information provided by the parent photometric data from which the spectroscopic sample is constructed. Our tests using realistic mock samples show that our methods are able to reproduce the true stellar mass function and correlation function reliably. As applications, mock catalogs are constructed for two high-z surveys: the existing zCOSMOS-bright galaxy sample and the forthcoming PFS galaxy evolution survey. We apply our methods to the zCOSMOS-bright sample and make comparisons with results obtained before. The same set of mock samples are used to quantify cosmic variances expected for different sample sizes. We find that, for both number density and correlation function, the relative error due to cosmic variance in the PFS galaxy survey will be reduced by a factor of 3-4 when compared to zCOSMOS.

Field of study: Physics
Oscillations between repressed inflation and Keynesian equilibria due to inertia in decision making

In the framework of a rationed equilibrium economy as introduced by Malinvaud, the paper studies the long term evolution of the economy around the Repressed inflation—Keynesian boundary, introducing timelags in agents' response to changes in prices and wages. Depending on the distribution of timelags we show that the economy exhibits either decreasing oscillations around the boundary, eventually converging to zero, or (semi-) stable steady oscillations between the two regions. The obtained results therefore clarify the validity of the claim that a basic feature of modern economies is the cycling motion between Repressed inflation and Keynesian equilibria.

Field of study: Economics
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON SHEAR CAPACITY OF PRESTRESSED I-STEEL ULTRAHIGH REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS

Based on a shear experiment of 12 prestressed I-steel ultrahigh reinforced concrete beams and 2 prestressed I-steel ordinary reinforced concrete simply supported beams,the main factors affecting the shear performance of a prestressed I-steel ultrahigh reinforced concrete beam were revealed and the influences of the shear span-depth ratio,the space of stirrups,the thickness of web,the compressive strength of concrete and the degree of prestress on the failure mode,the load-deflection curve,the first shear crack load and the shear capacity of test beams were investigated.The experimental results show that prestressed I-steel ultrahigh reinforced concrete beams have better shear capacity and shear ductility,as well as higher stiffness than those of prestressed I-steel ordinary reinforced concrete beams.In addition to the experimental results,a new method for predicting the shear capacity of prestressed I-steel ultrahigh reinforced concrete beams is proposed.The proposed method gives satisfactory predictions as compared to the experimental results.The research achievements are expected to provide a theoretical support for the design calculation and engineering application of prestressed I-steel ultrahigh reinforced concrete beams.

Field of study: Engineering
Instantaneous Erasures in Oversampled Filter Banks: Conditions for Output Perfect Reconstruction

In this paper, we aim at finding the conditions that an oversampled filter bank (OFB) should satisfy, in order to maintain its perfect reconstruction property when erasures happen in the subband domain. This problem has been addressed before mainly from frame-theoretic point of view and only for the case of what we call in this paper classic erasure. In the frame-theoretic approach, the stable filter banks are associated with frames in ℓ2(\BBZ) and a subband erasure is defined as the deletion of the frame expansion coefficients corresponding to the frame vectors resulting from each filter and all its translated versions. This is equivalent to assuming that all the samples of a subband have been completely lost (classic erasure) and this is why in this approach it is always assumed that each channel is either working perfectly or not at all. In this paper, we extend this notion of erasure to a situation where subband channels are allowed to be on or off arbitrarily in each time instance and we define a new type of erasure called instantaneous erasure. Using an approach based on the time-domain analysis of perfect reconstruction property, we introduce general conditions for perfect reconstruction of the output and also the sufficient conditions for two classes of filter banks: Causal OFBs with causal inverse and OFBs with maximum robustness against classic erasure.

Field of study: Engineering
Pressure-induced isostructural phase transition and correlation of FeAs coordination with the superconducting properties of 111-type Na(1-x)FeAs.

The effect of pressure on the crystalline structure and superconducting transition temperature (T(c)) of the 111-type Na(1-x)FeAs system using in situ high-pressure synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction and diamond anvil cell techniques is studied. A pressure-induced tetragonal to tetragonal isostructural phase transition was found. The systematic evolution of the FeAs(4) tetrahedron as a function of pressure based on Rietveld refinements on the powder X-ray diffraction patterns was obtained. The nonmonotonic T(c)(P) behavior of Na(1-x)FeAs is found to correlate with the anomalies of the distance between the anion (As) and the iron layer as well as the bond angle of As-Fe-As for the two tetragonal phases. This behavior provides the key structural information in understanding the origin of the pressure dependence of T(c) for 111-type iron pnictide superconductors. A pressure-induced structural phase transition is also observed at 20 GPa.

Field of study: Physics
[Triggered activities induced by cesium chloride and terminated by drugs in cat heart in vivo].

Monophasic action potential (MAP) of the left ventricular epicardium in vivo in 58 cats were recorded by using a contact electrode. The results showed that early after depolarization, delayed after depolarization, oscillatory afterpotential, and some kinds of triggered arrhythmias were induced by CsCl (iv 0.5 mmol.kg-1), that these afterdepolarizations and triggered arrhythmias were prevented by sodium valproate, and that ventricular tachycardias induced by CsCl was terminated by lidocaine, moricizine, and sodium valproate.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Temporal neocortical injuries in rats impair attending but not complex visual processing.

: The effects of variations of the distance between the relevant stimuli and the animals' response sites were observed upon the performances of a black-white discrimination habit for normal rats or subjects prepared with either bilateral injuries to the visual or temporal neocortex. In addition, the animals were given a strict test of visual form perception. Subjects with injuries to the visual cortex failed the test of visual form perception but performed like normals in discriminating a spatially discontiguous problem. In contrast, subjects with temporal injuries exhibited enormous performance deficits when trained on a spatially discontiguous problem but performed like normals on the test of form perception. The findings parallel the results of studies using primates and suggest that bitemporal injuries result in impairments of attending and not of complex visual processing.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Quantifying mismanaged waste in a small Balinese coastal village: Comparisons of standing stock in different habitats

We assessed the standing stock of litter in a coastal Balinese village in terrestrial habitats and on an adjacent beach. Densities ranged from 1633 items 1000 m−2 at a local tourist attraction (waterfall) to 8389 items 1000 m−2 on the beach. Plastic food packaging (17.2%) and cigarette butts (15.0%) were the most prevalent items: some sites also contained high densities of items that reflected local usage (e.g. fishing line, nets, ropes in the fishing preparation area). High-value plastic items (bottles and drink cups) were uncommon reflecting low usage rates within the village as well as local recycling efforts. There was a mismatch between the proportions of items in terrestrial habitats and beaches indicating differential transport processes (especially for cigarette butts and foamed plastics). These data provide a baseline against which to prioritise, and monitor the success of, future management intervention including the installation of small, plastic recycling machines (Shruders).

Field of study: Environmental science
Numerical Simulation of Automobile Panel Forming and Its Die Surface Design

Taking automobile body panel as an example,the determination of drawing direction,the design of binder surface,addendum surface and draw-bead,and the simulation of drawing process were implemented with the software Autoform.Defects like fracture,thinning and wrinkling in the process of sheet metal forming were predicted.The influence of the factors,like friction between sheet metals and dies,addendum surface,blank holder force,draw-bead and so on,on the defects was analyzed according to the simulation results.Furthermore,the process parameters and the die surface structure were optimized.The quality defects were removed,the reliability of forming process was improved.This supplies a reference and bases for determining process and designing die surface of automobile panel in actual production.

Field of study: Materials science
Reaction of 7-phenyl-7H-pyrazolo-[3,4-d][1,2,3]triazin-4-ol with thionyl chloride

The reaction of 7-phenyl-7H-pyrazolo[3,4-d][1,2,3]triazin-4-ol with thionyl chloride has been studied in the presence and absence of dimethyl formamide. It was found that heating the compound with thionyl chloride in the absence of dimethyl formamide gave 5-amino-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxylic acid chloride and in its presence a mixture of 5-chloro-N-formyl-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide, 5-chloro-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide, and 4-chloro-6-(5-chloro-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine.

Field of study: Chemistry
In vitro time dependent nicotine-induced free radical generation and status of glutathione cycle in murine peritoneal macrophage.

Nicotine is an alkaloid and the precursor to many tobacco carcinogens present in various tobacco products. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the free radical generation and status of the glutathione cycle in murine peritoneal macrophage during in vitro nicotine exposure with different time interval. Peritoneal macrophages were treated with 10mM nicotine in vitro for different time interval (3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, & 24h) and super oxide anion generation and components of glutathione cycle were analyzed. Super oxide anion generation, and NADPH oxidase activity got peak at 12hr, indicates maximum free radical generation through activation of NADPH oxidase in murine peritoneal macrophages during nicotine treatment. Reduced glutathione level, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and glutathione-S-transferase activity were decreased significantly (p<0.05) with increasing time of nicotine treatment. But the oxidized glutathione level was time dependently increased significantly (p<0.05) in murine peritoneal macrophages. The redox ratio also decreased significantly (p<0.05) at all time of nicotine treatment. All the changes in peritoneal macrophages after 12hr in vitro nicotine treatment had no significant difference. From this study, it may be summarized that nicotine not only generates excess free radical but also affect the glutathione cycle in murine peritoneal macrophage.

Field of study: Medicine
Journal Keeping in an ESL Classroom: an Innovative Approach in Language Learning

The teacher is saddled with enormous responsibilities in the ESL classroom. These responsibilities go beyond the teaching of prescribed texts and grammar of English but also in creating a robust and enabling environment to promote writing fluency and instilling confidence in the students. The innovative teacher does these by assisting students to acquire communicative, analytical, logical skills through the medium of journaling in the classroom. Journals enable students focus on the expression of their thoughts and ideas (Isaacs and Brodine, 1994: ix). Journal keeping is a pedagogical process of establishing a routine writing workout, and connecting reading with writing on the one hand, and enabling the English teacher to deal with the growing demands on the English teacher on the other hand. Research has shown that methodology, training and concept alone will not make a teacher competent enough to train students at college level to meet their requirements but a reflective practice could serve the ever growing needs of the English language learner and teacher by integrating both theory and practice (Lakshimi 2009:). This paper is designed as an investigative study on the potential of journal keeping development tool for equipping students with the necessary skills for their day-to-day expedition in the classroom.  Journal Keeping, ESL Classroom, Reading and writing Connection

Field of study: Education
Study on cake made with green tea

The technology of cake made with green tea was introduced in this experiment by adding eggs,sugar and flour as the main raw material,and mixing it with ultramicro-tea powder.The results were as follows,according to flour as 100%,the best baked formulation for the cake made with green tea was that with 2.5% ultramicro-tea powder,1.4% baking powder,80% egg,66% sugar,5% cake oil,0.6% salt and 70% water,the top temperature 225 ℃,bottom temperature 235 ℃ were its best bake temperature,the best bake time was 13 minites.This formula and processing technology were feasible.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Rafael Carrera: Defender and Promoter of Peasant Interests in Guatemala, 1837-1848

N the 1837-1839 rebellion in Guatemala Rafael Carrera, an illiterate mestizo swineherd, led his impromptu army of indigenous peasants to victory over Liberal government forces of Mariano Gailvez. The rebellion was a popular insurrection in some respects, with Carrera and his followers fighting to restore religious and social customs that were being threatened by Liberal legislation. Encouraged by his parish priestadvisors and adored by his followers, Carrera had reached a stage of selfimportance which made him feel personally responsible for delivering the Guatemalan people from the Gilvez regime. After three years of fighting, the rebels ousted the Liberals from office, and established a government administered by the clero-aristocratic oligarchy, but dominated by Carrera. For the most part he collaborated with the Conservative faction of the oligarchy to restore the paternalistic order of colonial times, but neither they nor the Liberals were able to control him. He arbitrarily invaded every branch of public administration, demanding to have his own wayespecially, when it affected the interests of his peasant followers. Governors, ministers, and assemblies in Guatemala rose and fell at his bidding. By December, 1844, the Assembly, realizing that the only real and effective power was Carrera, appointed him governor. From 1839 to 1848 he ruled the country, surviving, with little difficulty, military uprisings, political intrigues, and attempted assassinations. Through brute force, mock revolts, and threats of retirement he achieved whatever he wished. But in 1848 a popular rebellion, similar in many ways to the one which had carried him to power in 1839, drove him out of office. The rebellion of 1848 is significant because the insurgents caused Carrera to retire on the grounds that he had neglected the interests of the same people he had defended ten years earlier. It was the above accusation which enticed the author to investigate to what extent Carrera represented and protected the interests of the peasant.

Field of study: History
Interferometric star tracking.

A new star-tracking technique based on interferometry is described and analyzed in detail. A heuristic comparison is made with traditional star-tracking methods that demonstrates several advantages in the interferometric approach for very high accuracy systems. A detailed error analysis is performed on several versions of the system that use all solid-state detection. One such system is shown to have a potential accuracy of +/-0.01 sec of arc using a small optical system and state-of-the-art components. Applications of the new system in large orbiting astronomical observatories and deep space laser communications systems are also discussed.

Field of study: Physics
An LMI approach to D-stability and D-stabilization of linear discrete singular systems with state delay

The problems of D -stability and D -stabilization for linear discrete singular systems with state delay are addressed in this paper. By using the state augmentation technique, a necessary and sufficient D -stability condition and a sufficient D -stabilization condition for linear discrete singular time-delay systems are firstly proposed. Then, based on these conditions, quadratic D -stability and D -stabilization conditions for linear discrete singular time-delay systems with norm-bounded uncertainties and interval uncertainties are obtained, respectively. Both the D -stability and D -stabilization conditions are proposed in terms of linear matrix inequalities. Finally, illustrative examples show that the proposed conditions are effective to check the D -stability and to design the D -stabilizing controller for linear discrete singular time-delay systems.

Field of study: Mathematics
Pay Up and Play the Game: Professional Sport in Britain, 1875-1914

Part I. An Overview: 1. Is money the root of all evil? A historical appreciation of commercialisation in sports 2. Comments on the state of play: economic historians and sports history Part II. The Development of Professional Gate-Money Sport: 3. Popular recreation before the industrial revolution 4. Sporting activities and economic change, 1750-1830 5. The precursors of commercialised sport, 1830-75 6. The rise of professional gate-money sport, 1875-1914 7. From sports spectator to sports consumer Part III. Sport in the Market Place: The Economics of Professional Sport: 8. Profits or premierships? 9. All for one and one for all 10.  shareholders and directors 11. Winning at any cost? Part IV. Playing for Pay: Professional Sport as an Occupation: 12. The struggle for recognition 13. Earnings and opportunities 14. Close of play 15. Not playing the game: unionism and strikes 16. Labour aristocrats or wage slaves? Part V. Unsporting Behaviour: 17. Ungentlemany conduct 18. The madding crowd Part VI. A Second Overview: 19. An industrial revolution in sport Appendices: 1. Shareholders and shareholdings in Scottish and English sport 2. Regulations defining amateurism and professionalism in British sports.

Field of study: Economics, History
Birth order and family size of school-phobic adolescents.

A hundred school-phobic youngers were investigated for birth order and family size. Ninety-one non-school-phobic admissions and 127 normal secondary school children of similar age were used for comparison. It was found that the school phobics tended to be late in birth order when they came from families with three or more children in them. The two control groups, however, did not differ significantly from what would be expected on theoretical grounds. The mean value of Slater's index for the school phobics was 0.5942, which is significantly greater than the expected value of 0.5.

Only children occurred in similar proportions in the school phobics, the normal secondary school controls and a large sample of boys previously surveyed by the Scottish Council for Research in Education. The family size distribution, more generally, did not differ significantly between the school phobics and normal secondary school youngsters. Reasons are given why it was not considered necessary to use the Greenwood and Yule method of correction for family size estimations.

The non-school-phobic cases bore some resemblance to a sample of delinquent boys, previously studied, in their birth order and family size characteristics.

It is suggested that the raised maternal age of the school-phobic group may be of aetiological importance in this condition.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology