nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Polymer models of chromatin organization

The exploration of the spatial organiza-tion of chromosomes in the cell nucleushas been greatly enhanced by genome-scale technologies such as Hi-C methods.Polymermodels arehelpingto understandthe new emerging complex scenarios andhere we review some recent developments.In the cell nucleus of eukaryotes, chro-mosomes have a complex spatial organi-zation serving vital functional purposes,with structural disruptions being linkedto disease (Fraser and Bickmore, 2007;Lanctot et al., 2007; Misteli, 2007; Pomboand Branco, 2007). The development oftechnologies such as Hi-C ( Lieberman-Aiden et al., 2009) has opened the wayto mapping chromatin interactions ata genomic scale. It is emerging thatchromosomes tend to form 1Mb sizeddomains with increased levels of intra-interactions (known, e.g., as TopologicalDomains, TDs) (Dixon et al., 2012; Noraet al., 2012), but contacts extend acrossentire chromosomes (Branco and Pombo,2006; Shopland et al., 2006; Fraser andBickmore, 2007; Kalhor et al., 2011;Sexton et al., 2012), as highlighted bythe average contact probability of twosites,

Field of study: Biology
The Adoption of Tablet and E-Textbooks: First Grade Core Curriculum and School Administration Attitude.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of using e-textbooks, activities, games, and worksheets that loaded onto students tablets on first grade students’ achievement on their core curriculum (science, math, English, Arabic) compared to the use of the traditional teaching method. It also, investigated the school administration reflection toward the use of Tablet as a teaching tool. The study used a quasi-experimental control group design. The study sample was formed of (80) male and female first grade students who are studying at one private school in the city of Irbid-Jordan, during the first semester of the scholastic year 2014/2015.  An open interview was conducted with the school principle and the principle assistants. A selected software and e-textbook for students’ core curriculum were saved on each student’s tablet. Participants of the study were divided into two groups: the control groups (40 students) were taught using the traditional textbook, and the experimental group (40 students) was taught using Tablet.  Both groups had given a pre-test and a post-test to measure their achievements in their core subjects. The motive for this research was to move from using traditional teaching tools to use tablet as a new teaching tool that can deliver class materials to improve learning outcomes.  The result of the study showed that using e-textbook as a teaching tool had improved students learning and motivated them. School administration reported that using e-textbook on teaching was a good idea.  core curriculum, tablets, e-learning, elementary education, educational technology, school administration.

Field of study: Education
Du paternalisme à l’encadrement bienveillant: Nouveau modèle de soins

Dans le contexte contemporain nord-americain, l’approche centree sur le patient est devenue l’ideologie predominante de la medecine[1][1]. La centralite du patient et sa participation dans les decisions se sont degagees comme des themes primordiaux[2][2], ayant pour effet que l’

Field of study: Medicine
Metal Sulphides and Their Carbon Supported Composites as Platinum-Free Counter Electrodes in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells: A Review

Energy sufficiency is a critical requirement for the economic prosperity of modern countries. Efficient harnessing of solar energy using technologies such as the dye-sensitized solar cell could solve the energy problem which persistently plagues developing countries. Despite having a simple operational procedure and modest power conversion efficiency of 13.8%, the dye-sensitized solar cell consists of an expensive platinum counter electrode which makes commercial success futile. Thus, this review intends to establish the progress researchers have attained in the development of sulphide based counter electrodes as alternatives to platinum, thereby lowering cost of production. Metallic sulphides are good electrocatalysts and cheap, hence, they possess the necessary requirements for effective functional counter electrodes. Furthermore, ternary metallic sulphides are known to exhibit higher efficiencies stemming from the synergistic effect produced by the co-existence of two metal ions in a crystal structure, which is believed to induce greater catalytic capability. Incorporation of metallic sulphides with carbon materials, which are exceptional electrical conductors, could potentially produce more efficient counter electrodes. In that regard, this review seeks to establish the effect recently developed composite counter electrodes comprising metallic sulphides and carbon-based materials have induced on the functionality of the counter electrode (CE).

Field of study: Materials science
Lack of Sphingosine Causes Susceptibility to Pulmonary Staphylococcus Aureus Infections in Cystic Fibrosis

Pulmonary Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) infections occur early in a high percentage of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients and it is believed that these infections facilitate further colonization of CF lungs with Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa). Previous studies demonstrated a marked reduction of sphingosine in tracheal and bronchial epithelial cells in CF compared to wild type mice, while ceramide is massively increased in CF mice.  We investigated the effect of C18-sphingosine and C16-ceramide on S. aureus in vitro. Based on our results we performed pulmonary infections with S. aureus and tested the influence of sphingosine inhalation.  In vitro incubation of S. aureus with C18-sphingosine rapidly killed S. aureus, while C16-ceramide did not affect bacterial survival, but abrogated the effect of C18-sphingosine when applied together. The in vivo infection experiments revealed a high susceptibility of CF mice to pulmonary infection with S. aureus. Inhalation of C18-sphingosine rescued CF mice from pulmonary infections with different clinical S. aureus isolates, including a methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strain.  Our data indicate that the imbalance between ceramide and sphingosine in the CF respiratory tract prevents killing of S. aureus and causes the high susceptibility of CF mice to pulmonary S. aureus infections.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Medidas da condutividade térmica efetiva de modelos de polpas de frutas no estado congelado

As propriedades termofisicas de alimentos, necessarias nas simulacoes e calculos do processo de congelamento, incluem principalmente a densidade, condutividade termica e calor especifico. Neste trabalho, as difusividades e condutividades termicas da solucao, usadas como modelo para o congelamento de polpas de frutas, foram medidas pelo metodo da sonda com aquecimento. Os experimentos foram conduzidos na faixa de -25 a 0oC com modelos alimenticios constituidos de 0,5% de K- carrageenan + 10% de sacarose (massa/volume de agua). Modelos estruturais foram usados para as avaliacoes da conducao de calor, combinada com a fracao de gelo predita para as amostras a partir dos modelos de Heldman e foram comparados com os valores das condutividades termicas efetivas medidas. Os modelos estruturais empregados foram: em serie, paralelo e Maxwell-Eucken, com o gelo considerado como a fase dispersa. Em todos os ensaios, o modelo de Maxwell-Eucken apresentou os melhores resultados (erro maximo de 6,13% quando comparado com os valores experimentais medidos) e foi escolhido para a predicao da condutividade termica efetiva de solucoes-modelo de polpas de frutas congeladas. Os valores calculados da condutividade termica foram ajustados em termos de funcoes polinomiais, divididas em quatro faixas de temperatura e podem ser usadas na resolucao dos problemas de transferencia de calor, nos processos de congelamento.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Visceral protein status and caloric intake in exercising versus nonexercising individuals with end-stage renal disease.

To determine if differences exist in kilocalorie and protein intake and visceral protein levels for patients with End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) exercising during dialysis versus not exercising.



Prospective study of 11 patients with ESRD over a study period of 12 weeks.



Outpatient renal dialysis clinic.



Patients with ESRD undergoing hemodialysis (HD) three times weekly who met the following criteria were selected: aged 25 to 65 years, nondiabetic, no current physical activity, blood pressure of 160/95 mm Hg or less at the second hour of HD, no unstable angina pectoris. Eleven patients who met the criteria were randomized into two groups; five patients with exercise (E) and six patients without exercise (NE).



From weeks 5 to 8, E patients began exercise during HD three times a week. Exercise gradually increased by 3 minutes each dialysis day, maintaining 60% to 80% maximal heart rate (HR). By the end of week 8, all E patients reached 45 minutes of exercise, including 5 minutes each of warm-up and cooldown. Patients continued 45 minutes of exercise each dialysis day during HD at 60% to 80% maximal HR during weeks 9 through 12. NE patients remained sedentary throughout the study.



Twenty-four-hour dietary recalls were obtained weekly for the 12 weeks from all patients for kilocalorie and protein intake. Serum levels of prealbumin, transferrin, and predialysis and postdialysis albumin were obtained immediately before the study onset and at weeks 4, 8, and 12. Comments related to patients' feelings and exercise were recorded but not analyzed statistically.



Analysis of covariance for repeated measures for kilocalories yielded no significance by group or over time. Mean intakes for E patients for weeks 9 through 12 were clinically greater than weeks 1 through 8 by approximately 200 kilocalories. The mean protein intake for E patients at weeks 9 through 12 (79 +/- 41 g) appeared clinically greater than NE patients at weeks 9 through 12 (58 +/- 11 g), although not statistically different. Adequacy of dialysis (Kt/V) and initial levels of each serum protein were covariates for analysis of variance. No statistical differences were found for prealbumin levels. Transferrin levels were within normal ranges but differed (P <.05) by group (E or NE) and time periods. Prealbumin and postalbumin concentrations ranged from slightly low to adequate levels and were different over time (P <. 05).



Kilocalorie and protein intakes appeared to increase for E patients during the exercise program. No consistent increases of visceral proteins were found for E patients. A majority of E patients expressed feelings of improved health, better exercise tolerance, and improved appetite and viewed exercise as enjoyable.

Field of study: Medicine
An Ion-Pair Reversed Phase Liquid Chromatographic Method for Analysis of Related Substances in Phosphorothioate Antisense Oligonucleotide Flutide

An ion-pair reversed phase LC method(IP-RPLC) was developed for the analysis of related substances of a phosphorothioate antisense oligonucleotide flutide and routine quality control.The analytical result of IP-RPLC was compared with ion exchange chromatography(IEC) and capillary gel electrophoresis(CGE).The synthesized flutide and its analogs of monphosphodiester 5′(P=O)1 as well as deletion sequences 5′n-1 and 3′n-1 were analyzed.The optimized conditions of IP-RPLC were as follows: XTerra MS C18(250 mm × 4.6 mm,3.5μm) column;the mobile phase A was 142 mmol/L 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoroisopropanol(HFIP)-36 mmol/L triethylamine acetate(TEA)-10% methanol(V/V),the mobile phase B was methanol;the gradient from 0 to 20% of solution B in 35 min,then back to 0% in 2 min,equilibrated 8 min;column temperature: 50 ℃;flow rate of mobile phase: 0.5 mL/min;detection wavelength: 260 nm.The result showed that under these conditions,flutide,deletion sequences 5′n-1 and 3′n-1 could be completely separated from each other and the resolution R of flutide and 5′(P=O)1 could reach to 0.94.The proposed IP-RPLC method has been applied for the related substances analysis and identification of crude and purified flutide samples,indicating that this method can be used for the quality control of phosphorothioate antisense oligonucleotide.

Field of study: Chemistry
Preliminary engineering design of toroidal field magnet system for superconducting tokamak HT-7U

HT-7U is a large fusion experimental device. It will be built at the Institute of Plasma Physics of Chinese Academy of Sciences. The mission of HT-7U is to develop the scientific basis for a continuously operating tokamak fusion reactor. This paper describes only the toroidal field (TF) superconducting magnet system of HT-7U. In this paper, design criteria of conductor and stability analysis, coil winding and support structure design of magnet system, mechanical calculation, stress analysis and heat load evaluation are given.

Field of study: Physics
Co-manifold learning with missing data

Representation learning is typically applied to only one mode of a data matrix, either its rows or columns. Yet in many applications, there is an underlying geometry to both the rows and the columns. We propose utilizing this coupled structure to perform co-manifold learning: uncovering the underlying geometry of both the rows and the columns of a given matrix, where we focus on a missing data setting. Our unsupervised approach consists of three components. We first solve a family of optimization problems to estimate a complete matrix at multiple scales of smoothness. We then use this collection of smooth matrix estimates to compute pairwise distances on the rows and columns based on a new multi-scale metric that implicitly introduces a coupling between the rows and the columns. Finally, we construct row and column representations from these multi-scale metrics. We demonstrate that our approach outperforms competing methods in both data visualization and clustering.

Field of study: Computer science
Economic, energy and environmental life cycle assessment of a liquid flow window in different climates

In this study, life cycle assessment was applied to a novel liquid flow window, based on the cases of sports center application in different climates of Hong Kong and Beijing. The economic, environmental and energy impacts of selected window frame material, the expected lifetime and cost of the working fluid and accessory components were assessed. It was found that the use of wooden frame could be advantageous in that the cost payback time is less than 1.4 years in Hong Kong and well below 5.5 years in Beijing. Nevertheless, when stainless steel frame was in use, the cost payback period would increase to 3.0 and 7.0 years for Hong Kong and Beijing respectively. The lengthy payback time of Beijing is mainly caused by the use of expensive anti-freezer in the liquid circulation. Sensitivity test showed that by taking efforts to lower the material costs and to prolong the lifetime of working liquid, the cost payback time in Hong Kong and Beijing could be reduced to 1.5 and 3.6 years or lower.

Field of study: Engineering
Research on the Evolution Process of Blog Networks

Inspired by the structure of NW small-world network and BA scale-free network,this paper puts forward a small-world network model based on preferential attachments to simulate the blog network.This model can display the small-world features and the increased degree distribution satisfying power-law.Considering the variety of factors which impact the interlinkage of the bloggers in the true network,we add the popularity factor in the model.Finally,we take the scientific blog networks for example,then carry out experiment simulation through the statistical analysis of the blogger friends' information.The results show that the proposed model can really simulate the network topology of scientific blog networks.

Field of study: Computer science
Application of polarization diversity in active imaging

The polarization diversity of laser scattering field is studied in this paper.According to the vector small perturbation solution of extinction theorem,the scattering field from rough surfaces is classified as the zero order or higher order solution. When the light incident is linearly polarized, the polarization degree of reflected light is 1, the scattering light is partial polarized and changes of polarization degree have relation to the observational plane. Stokes-Muller system is used to measure the depolarization matrices of different surfaces. The results show that the slick plane can keep polarizability of incident linearly polarized light and rough plane will result in polarization loss. Long distance imaging experiments show polarization diversity active imaging can increase detective and discriminative efficiency.

Field of study: Physics
Journal Clubs During Advanced Pharmacy Practice Experiences to Teach Literature-Evaluation Skills

To determine pharmacy students’ attitudes and academic performance related to journal club during 2 advanced pharmacy practice experiences (APPEs).  Fourth-year pharmacy students were required to complete 3 journal club assignments during drug information and internal medicine APPEs. Assessment. A majority (91.3%) of the 105 students who responded to a 21-item survey instrument indicated that journal club assignments during the drug-information APPE were valuable to their understanding of research design and statistics. Students who completed the drug-information APPE before the internal medicine APPE scored higher on their understanding of the strengths and weaknesses and the clinical relevance of studies and had a higher learning slope (p = 0.01) than did students who completed the internal medicine APPE first.  Incorporating journal clubs into APPEs is an effective means of teaching literature-evaluation skills to pharmacy students.

Field of study: Education, Medicine
Limiting fragmentation and $\phi$ meson production at RHIC

The PHOBOS's limiting fragmentation etc. three empirical scaling rules for charged multiplicity in $Au+Au$ collisions at RHIC are investigated by a hadron and string cascade model LUCIAE. Similar studies are performed for the $\phi$ meson exploring its production mechanism via comparing with the charged multiplicity. The LUCIAE results for charged multiplicity are compatible with PHOBOS observations. However, for the $\phi$ meson the three empirical scaling rules are either kept only or kept better in the LUCIAE calculations without reduction mechanism of the $s$ quark suppression extra introduced for the strangeness in LUCIAE model. These results seem indicating a universal production mechanism for charged particle and $\phi$ meson in string fragmentation regime. It is discussed that the PHOBOS's empirical scaling rules are model dependent indeed.

Field of study: Physics
Materials, interfaces and production techniques for planar solid oxide fuel cells

Solid oxide fuel cells based on an yttria-doped zirconia electrolyte were developed. Electrodes and interconnectors were made from electronic conductors such as Ca-doped LaMnO3 (cathode), a Ni-cermet (anode) and doped LaCrO3 (interconnect). After having optimized the electrical, mechanical and thermo-mechanical properties in the past, the emphasis of this work was orientated towards the interfaces between the electrolyte and the electrodes. By use of interfaces out of mixed conducting materials with small grain size, the best electrochemical performance was achieved. For creating the interfaces, a thin interlayer was directly applied on the electrolyte as a first step in the electrode production process. Single cells and cell stacks were manufactured by tape casting of the electrolyte, screen printing of the electrodes and joining the cells by glass sealing. The area specific resistance at 1000 °C was about 0.8 Ω cm2, about one third being caused by ohmic losses and two thirds by polarization. Lifetimes of about 2 years for single cells and of 0.7 years for ten-cell stacks were achieved.

Field of study: Materials science
Erratum: Stratigraphic revisions of the Nicola, Cache Creek, and Mount Ida Groups, based on conodont collections from the western margin of the Shuswap Metamorphic Complex, south-central British Columbia

Conodonts have been recovered from highly deformed limestone and calcareous argillite in Palaeozoic and Mesozoic successions near the western border of the Shuswap Metamorphic Complex. Presently kn...

Field of study: Environmental science
Inquisitorial Inquiries: Brief Lives of Secret Jews and Other Heretics (review)

as Soranzo’s efforts to put himself under the shield of the pope were doomed. It is within this context that these trials should be seen as an impressive and stimulating example of the new attitude and politics of the Inquisition and papacy. Soranzo was considered guilty of heresy not only because of his acquaintance with the most dangerous heretics, such as Valdés, Altieri, Giannetti, Borri, and Carnesecchi, but for his ideas too (sola fides sine operibus, against the authority of the Church, no ecclesiastical celibacy). First Soranzo defended himself against those charges, but then he was compelled to admit his heresies as well his friends when the inquisitors found the list of forbidden books he kept and read because of his curiosità incredibile (365), among them the Sommario della Sacra Scrittura and the Beneficio di Cristo. Soranzo told he did not realize those books were heretical. On 9 September 1551, Soranzo abjured, and the sentence was moderate, maybe because of the intervention of Venice. But his case was not closed, so when in 1555 Carafa became Pope Paul IV, investigations against him started again. In May 1557 he was ordered to Soranzo to go to Rome, but he refused, with Venetian protection, alleging as a reason ill health. The trial went on, and Soranzo was condemned, but after a week he died in May 1558. This book traces an outstanding profile of the Counter Reformation, for the people involved, both among the suspects and the inquisitors, as for the ideas that emerged from the documents and for the political relationship between Rome and Venice. MICHAELA VALENTE Università di Roma “La Sapienza”

Field of study: History