nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The strength of B cell immunity in female rhesus macaques is controlled by CD8+ T cells under the influence of ovarian steroid hormones

To understand more clearly how mucosal and systemic immunity is regulated by ovarian steroid hormones during the menstrual cycle, we evaluated the frequency of immunoglobulin‐ and antibody‐secreting cells (ISC, AbSC) in genital tract and systemic lymphoid tissues of normal cycling female rhesus macaques. The frequency of ISC and AbSC was significantly higher in tissues collected from animals in the periovulatory period of the menstrual cycle than in tissues collected from animals at other stages of the cycle. The observed changes were not due to changes in the relative frequency of lymphocyte subsets and B cells in tssues, as these did not change during the menstrual cycle. In vitro, progesterone had a dose‐dependent inhibitory effect, and oestrogen had a dose‐dependent stimulatory effect on the frequency of ISC in peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) cultures. The in vitro effect of progesterone and oestrogen on ISC frequency could not be produced by incubating enriched B cells alone with hormone, but required the presence of CD8+ T cells. Following oestrogen stimulation, a CD8+ enriched cell population expressed high levels of IFN‐gamma and IL‐12. The changes in B cell Ig secretory activity that we document in the tissues of female rhesus macaques during the menstrual cycle is due apparently to the action of ovarian steroid hormones on CD8+ T cells. Thus, CD8+ T cells control B cell secretory activity in both mucosal and systemic immune compartments. Understanding, and eventually manipulating, the CD8+ regulatory cell–B cell interactions in females may produce novel therapeutic approaches for autoimmune diseases and new vaccine strategies to prevent sexually transmitted diseases.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Key Genetic Parameters for Population Management

Population management has the primary task of maximizing the long-term competitiveness of a breed. Breeds compete with each other for being able to supply consumer demands at low costs and also for funds from conservation programs. The competition for consumer preference is won by breeds with high genetic gain for total merit who maintained a sufficiently high genetic diversity, whereas the competition for funds is won by breeds with high conservation value. The conservation value of a breed could be improved by increasing its contribution to the gene pool of the species. This may include the recovery of its original genetic background and the maintenance of a high genetic diversity at native haplotype segments. The primary objective of a breeding program depends on the genetic state of the population and its intended usage. In this paper, we review the key genetic parameters that are relevant for population management, compare the methods for estimating them, derive the formulas for predicting their value at a future time, and clarify their usage in various types of breeding programs that differ in their main objectives. These key parameters are kinships, native kinships, breeding values, Mendelian sampling variances, native contributions, and mutational effects. Population management currently experiences a transition from using pedigree-based estimates to marker-based estimates, which improves the accuracies of these estimates and thereby increases response to selection. In addition, improved measures of the factors that determine the competitiveness of a breed and utilize auxiliary parameters, such as Mendelian sampling variances, mutational effects, and native kinships, enable to improve further upon historic recommendations for genetic population management.

Field of study: Biology
Comparative Studies on the Product properties and Hurdle Effect of Fermented Sausages

Western-style fermented sausage belongs to easily stable foods,which can been classified into three types.The stability and safety of fermented dried sausage and semi-dried sausage mainly based on aw hurdle,pH,c.f.and t.effect subsidiary with each other.In quickly fermented sausage pH hurdle can conduct a decisive action with aw ,c.f.and other factors for the product stability and whole quantity.According to the analytical result of product Properties,the product type of fermented sausage which would been developed in China,was proposed in this paper.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Physiological and molecular mechanisms mediating xylem Na+ loading in barley in the context of salinity stress tolerance.

Time-dependent kinetics of xylem Na+ loading was investigated using a large number of barley genotypes contrasting in their salinity tolerance. Salt-sensitive varieties were less efficient in controlling xylem Na+ loading and showed a gradual increase in the xylem Na+ content over the time. To understand underlying ionic and molecular mechanisms, net fluxes of Ca2+ , K+ and Na+ were measured from the xylem parenchyma tissue in response to H2 O2 and ABA; both of them associated with salinity stress signalling. Our results indicate that NADPH oxidase-mediated apoplastic H2 O2 production acts upstream of the xylem Na+ loading and is causally related to ROS-inducible Ca2+ uptake systems in the root stelar tissue. It was also found that ABA regulates (directly or indirectly) the process of Na+ retrieval from the xylem and the significant reduction of Na+ and K+ fluxes induced by bumetanide are indicative of a major role of chloride cation co-transporter (CCC) on xylem ion loading. Transcript levels of HvHKT1;5_like and HvSOS1_like genes in the root stele were observed to decrease after salt stress, while there was an increase in HvSKOR_like gene, indicating that these ion transporters are involved in primary Na+ /K+ movement into/out of xylem.

Field of study: Environmental science
Photo-induced current transient spectroscopy for high-resistivity neutron-transmutation-doped silicon

Defects in high-resistivity neutron-transmutation-doped (NTD) silicon prior to annealing were studied by photo-induced current transient spectroscopy (PICTS). The thermal-neutron fluence was 9.5*1017 cm-2 to give a resistivity of about 30 Omega cm after annealing, and the fast-neutron fluence was 9.5*1016 cm-2. Four traps with thermal emission activation energies of 0.15, 0.41, 0.47 and 0.50 eV were observed in NTD silicon. A trap with a thermal emission activation energy of 0.15 eV was considered to correspond to a divacancy. Although the clustered nature of the defects was observed, PICTS measurements suggest that the material state of high-resistivity NTD silicon is still crystalline and not amorphous.

Field of study: Materials science
Plasmodium falciparum hyperparasitaemia: use of exchange transfusion in seven patients and a review of the literature.

During the last 15 years, at least 35 patients with severe falciparum malaria or babesiosis have recovered following treatment by exchange of up to 10 l of blood. In a patient treated in Manchester, a parasitaemia of 2.10 X 10(6) microliters (42 per cent) was virtually eliminated over eight hours by a 3.5 litre exchange blood transfusion. However, the equipment and amounts of compatible blood required for total exchange are rarely available in areas endemic for malaria and the risks of the procedure, including transfusion-related infections, are high. Partial exchange transfusion with one to two litres of blood carried out over two to seven hours, reduced Plasmodium falciparum parasitaemias of 0.33-1.48 X 10(6)/microliters (13-38 per cent) to 0.11-0.81 X 10(6) (4-17 per cent) in six Thai patients who were receiving intravenous quinine. The reduction in parasitaemia ranged from 0.13-0.67 X 10(6) microliters (9-12 per cent) within six hours. During the same period, parasitaemia in 13 patients with cerebral malaria treated with chemotherapy alone showed little reduction from initial levels of 0.20-1.74 X 10(6)/microliters (11-42 per cent). One of the patients who were treated with exchange transfusion died with intractable hypotension before the procedure could be completed and two others developed oliguric renal failure which was controlled by peritoneal dialysis. Partial exchange transfusion is a promising and practical alternative to total exchange where facilities are limited. It deserves further assessment in the rural tropics.

Field of study: Medicine
Long-lived populations of momentum- and spin-indirect excitons in monolayer WSe2

Monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides are a promising platform to investigate many-body interactions of excitonic complexes. In monolayer tungsten diselenide, the ground-state exciton is dark (spin-indirect), and the valley degeneracy allows low-energy dark momentum-indirect excitons to form. Interactions between the dark exciton species and the optically accessible bright exciton (X) are likely to play significant roles in determining the optical properties of X at high power, as well as limiting the ultimate exciton densities that can be achieved, yet so far little is known about these interactions. Here, we demonstrate long-lived dense populations of momentum-indirect intervalley ($X_K$) and spin-indirect intravalley (D) dark excitons by time-resolved photoluminescence measurements (Tr-PL). Our results uncover an efficient inter-state conversion between X to D excitons through the spin-flip process and the one between D and $X_K$ excitons mediated by the exchange interaction (D + D to $X_K$ + $X_K$). Moreover, we observe a persistent redshift of the X exciton due to strong excitonic screening by $X_K$ exciton with a response time in the timescale of sub-ns, revealing a non-trivial inter-state exciton-exciton interaction. Our results provide a new insight into the interaction between bright and dark excitons, and point to a possibility to employ dark excitons for investigating exciton condensation and the valleytronics.

Field of study: Physics
Response-Contingent Learning-Set Training in the Squirrel Monkey

Two groups of squirrel monkeys, Saimiri sciureus, were trained in learning set (LS) to determine the effect of making the stimulus objects' right-left position assignments contingent upon Ss' responses. In the first group, objects were assigned according to a random sequence, but in the second group the position of objects was contingent upon the nature of the preceding response. For this latter group, the right-left position assignments changed on each trial that followed a correct and reinforced trial; on all other trials the assignments remained unchanged. In subsequent test problems in which position assignments for both groups were on a random basis, the group that had its initial training in the response-contingent LS condition was significantly superior (F = 16.7, p < .01). Results were interpreted in accord with the logic that the response-contingent method served to efficiently suppress the differential cue error factor.

Field of study: Psychology
Tectonics of Pliocene removal of lithosphere of the Sierra Nevada

Pliocene (ca. 3.5 Ma) removal of dense eclogitic material under the Sierra Nevada has been proposed from variations in the petrology and geochemistry of Neogene volcanic rocks and their entrained xenoliths from the southern Sierra. The replacement of eclogite by buoyant, warm asthenosphere is consistent with present-day seismologic and magnetotelluric observations made in the southern Sierra. A necessary consequence of replacing eclogite with peridotite is that mean surface elevations and gravitational potential energy both increase. An increase in potential energy should increase extensional strain rates in the area. If these forces are insuffi cient to signifi cantly alter Pacifi c‐ North American plate motion, then increased extensional strain rates in the vicinity of the Sierra must be accompanied by changes in the rate and style of deformation elsewhere. Changes in deformation in California and westernmost Nevada agree well with these predictions. Existing geologic evidence indicates that a period of rapid uplift along the Sierran crest of more than ~1 km occurred between 8 and 3 Ma, most likely as a consequence of removal of lower lithosphere. About this same time, extensional deformation was initiated within ~50 km of the eastern side of the Sierra (5‐3 Ma), and regional shortening began to produce the California Coast Ranges (5‐3 Ma). We suggest that these events were induced by the >1.2 ◊ 10 12 N/m increase of gravitational potential energy generated by the Sierran uplift. Evidence for Pliocene uplift, adjoining crustal extension, and shortening in directly opposing parts of the Coast Ranges is found along nearly the entire length of the Sierra Nevada and implies that lithosphere was removed beneath all of the presentday mountain range. The uplifted area lies between two large, upper-mantle, high-Pwave-velocity bodies under the south end of the San Joaquin Valley and the north end of the Sacramento Valley. These high-velocity bodies plausibly represent the present position of material removed from the base of the crust. Lithospheric removal may also be responsible for shifting of the distribution of transform slip from the San Andreas Fault system to the Eastern California shear zone, a prediction that awaits better-defi ned slip histories on both faults. Overall, the late Cenozoic deformational history of the Sierra Nevada and vicinity illustrates that locally derived forces can infl uence deformation kinematics within plate-boundary zones.

Field of study: Geology
La ville aux iles, la ville dans l'ile: Basse-Terre et Pointe-a-Pitre, Guadeloupe, 1650-1820 (review)

In this handsome, sturdy edition, Anne Pérotin-Dumon impressively covers the literature in English, French, and Spanish and asks us to reconsider the applicability of the “plantation model”—which stresses the pivotal role of the colonial sugarcane complex in structuring life and land—to the complexities of Antillean life. True, “plantation society,” as a socioeconomic structure based on enslaved Africans, Europeans owners, and large-scale production of cotton or sugar, flourished from Brazil to the southern United States. Yet even so, in more than one region, and perhaps especially in the Lesser Antilles and Guadeloupe, creolization and mestization began early on to blur the African-European dichotomy, and the development of ports from simple shipping wharfs to coastal cities shifted the focus from sugar plantation to city and, eventually, from the insular Caribbean to the Atlantic world. Between the introduction and the closing epilogue, Pérotin-Dumon covers in a most detailed fashion the trajectory of Guadeloupe’s history up to 1820: the beginnings of the French settlement in Guadeloupe, the importance of piracy to those origins, the emergence of the administrative capital of Basse-Terre and the economic center of Pointe-à-Pitre in the late 1700s and early 1800s, the social geography of the two places, and their attempts at becoming “centers of civilization” in the face of the institution of slavery. Brilliant illustrations fill the spaces between words, and thick pages of appendixes supply documents that amplify the book’s coverage. An intriguing duality runs through the account, which begins with the island itself. Guadeloupe is practically two islands joined only by a narrow strip of land. For all the world, it resembles a butterfly in flight. Assuming the butterfly, for its own reason, is headed north, the right wing is a flat limestone plateau of sedimentary rock, and the left is the variegated top of a volcanic intrusion. On the left wing, the administrative capital of Basse-Terre faces the sheltered Caribbean, with mountains to it back. On the edge of the right wing, the commercial capital of Pointe-áPitre stretches more expansively on flat limestone, its docks protruding into a sheltered bay that eventually opens on to an Atlantic that contains its dark past and its beckoning future. On Guadeloupe, Pérotin-Dumon concludes in her reflexive epilogue, the past of Europe and Africa join in the quoted words of Antillean poet Derek Walcott, “like the halves of a fruit,” seamed in its own juice both sweet and bitter. A pleasure to the hand and a delight to the eye (even to the reviewer’s blurry French), the author’s impressive, near monumental account awaits the scholarly harvest.

Field of study: History
Coexistence of brachiopod and bivalves in the Late Paleozoic of Western Argentina

The relationship between brachiopods and bivalves has been widely discussed in previous studies. Based on analyses at different temporal and spatial scales, several authors have argued either for the indifference or the interaction between the two clades. In this contribution we evaluate brachiopod and bivalve coexistence at two different spatial scales in a siliciclastic shelf developed during the Late Paleozoic in Western Argentina. At regional scale, bivalves were more diverse than brachiopods, although both had a similar total number and comparable distribution of occurrences. At local scale, however, multivariate analyses indicate that brachiopods and bivalves were segregated. Null models reinforce this pattern confirming the non-random co-occurrence pattern, and that the coexistence of brachiopods and bivalves was significantly low. In addition, multivariate analyses indicate that the biotic gradient neither followed the bathymetrical, nor a geographical or temporal gradient. The possibility that such segregation would have been caused by taphonomic (storm) reworking, was also disregarded considering multivariate analyses together with taphonomic evidence. The lack of environmental segregation between brachiopods and bivalves, coupled to analyses taking into account ecological guilds, indicates that possible factors controlling the segregation, such as turbidity, substrate or productivity were not relevant. As a whole, these results suggest a possible competitive interaction between brachiopods and bivalves at local scales. Interestingly, brachiopod–bivalve coexistence at regional scale did not foster local coexistence, indicating that the processes acting at these two scales are, at least partially, decoupled. Finally, the regional coexistence pattern suggests that the major transition between brachiopod and bivalve dominated communities was most probably related to processes acting at regional to biogeographic scales rather than to competition.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
A scanning SQUID microscope for samples at room temperature

We report on the development of a scanning SQUID microscope for measurements of samples at room temperature. A thin film niobium DC-SQUID is used with conventional read-out electronics. It is placed above the thin bottom window of a fiberglass cryostat, allowing us to realize a distance of about 75 /spl mu/m between SQUID and sample. The evaporation rate for the liquid helium was about 0.3 1/h. Because the effective SQUID area can easily be brought below 10 /spl mu/m/sup 2/, the obtainable spatial resolution of such a scanning SQUID microscope is limited mainly by the distance between SQUID and sample. The sample is moved under the cryostat with a computer controlled XY-stage. Provisions are made for quick sample changes which are important for the practical application of such a device.

Field of study: Physics
The combined treatment of vitamin A eye drops, oral vitamin A , and oral doxycycline in meibomian gland dysfunction.

The frequency of meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) patients is increasing in elderly and especially in female. Meanwhile the relationship of dry eye with meibomian gland dysfunction is close. Dry condition of eye will result in epitheliopathy, susceptibility to superinfection, scarring sequelae, and neovascularization in ocular surface. Vitamin A can prevent epitheliopathy and disturbance of tear film stability. Oral doxycycline inhibits lipase activity of any attendant microorganism.  To evaluate the effect of systemic combined therapy vitamin A and doxycycline with vitamin A eye drops versus vitamin A eye drop and oral doxycycline in the management of meibomian gland dysfunction.  The design of study was double blind randomized clinical trial. Setting was at Dr Sardjito Eye Clinics. The subjects were 60 MGD patients aged 50-79 years old, male and female were enrolled in this study and divided into two groups. The group I received vitamin A eye drops and oral doxycycline of 100 mg for 4 weeks. The group II was treated with oral vitamin Aof 6000 IU two times per day for 3 weeks, vitamin A eye drops, and oral doxycycline of 100 mg for 12th weeks. Both groups were followed at 4, 8, and 12 weeks for clinical signs, tear production (Schirmer test), quality of mucine (ferning test), and quality of ocular surface (rose bengal test).  Improvement was obtained in both group, in clinical signs of MGD as well as in tear production, quality of mucine, and ocular surface condition. There was no significant difference between both groups (p=0.58, RR =0.86, 95%, CI 0.21-3.50). The combined treatment of oral vitamin A, vitamin A eye drops and oral doxycycline of 100 mg in 12 weeks results in similar improvement with treatment by vitamin A eye drops and oral doxycycline in 4 weeks in MGD patients. The side effect of doxycycline was gastrointestinal problem in 2 patients.  The result of this study supports that four weeks treatment is sufficient in achieving improvement of meibomian gland dysfunction patients.  Vitamin A - doxycycline - meibomian gland dysfunction - four weeks

Field of study: Medicine
Processing Central and Peripheral Detail: How Content Arousal and Emotional Tone Influence Encoding

This study investigates how visual details are encoded as a function of centrality of content, emotional intensity (arousal), and valence (pleasant/unpleasant). The study uses a new measure of visual content centrality and periphery based on structural rather than content features of mediated events. Seventy-two pictures were selected from the International Affective Picture System (IAPS) using valence and arousal norms published with the system. Recognition was used to track encoding. Results suggest that central details are recognized better than peripheral details as arousal increases. The encoding of central compared to peripheral detail is less prone to cognitive overload. The findings reveal a remarkable hierarchy that is consistent with the motivational perspective on cognition and suggests that as emotional experience intensifies the organism gives up on encoding for peripheral negative detail sooner and more rapidly than for peripheral positive detail.

Field of study: Psychology
Influence of Gender, Types of School and Occupational Stress on Pupil Control Ideology of Secondary School Teachers in India

This study examined the effects of gender, types of school and occupational stress on pupil control ideology of teachers. The population for this study comprises of 281 males and 327 females from 41 schools of Uttar Pradesh (India). The Pupil Control Ideology Scale and Teachers Occupational Stress Scale were used for data collection, while stepwise multiple regression, t-test and Pearson Product Moment Correlation technique were used for statistical analysis. The results of the analysis showed that among the three independent variables, occupational stress had the greatest influence on PCI (51%). Further, it is revealed that male and female teachers’ do not differ in their PCI. The study also finds that teachers in Government schools are more custodial than teachers in Government-aided, Muslim, Hindu, A.M.U. and Christian/ Missionary managed schools; while A.M.U and Christian/ Missionary managed school teachers’ appear to be the most humanistic of all the schools. Findings also reveal a significant positive correlation (r= 0.48) between occupational stress and PCI of secondary school teachers’. Most interestingly, females in the sub groups of types of schools (except females of Muslim and Christian/ Missionary schools) and occupational stress (except female teachers’ of More stress group) show more PCI and indicate a custodial approach than their counterparts.  Pupil Control Ideology, Occupational Stress, Indian Secondary Schools, Humanistic and custodial Teachers.

Field of study: Education