nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Approach for dynamic grids

An approach is presented for the generation of two-dimensional, structured, dynamic grids. The grid motion may be due to the motion of the boundaries of the computational domain or to the adaptation of the grid to the transient, physical solution. A timedependent grid is computed through the time integration of the grid speeds which are computed from a system of grid speed equations. The grid speed equations are derived from the time-differentiation of the grid equations so as to ensure that the dynamic grid maintains the desired qualities of the static grid. The grid equations are the Euler-Lagrange equations derived from a variational statement for the grid. The dynamic grid method is demonstrated for a model problem involving boundary motion, an inviscid flow in a converging-diverging nozzle during startup, and a viscous flow over a flat plate with an impinging shock wave. It is shown that the approach is more accurate for transient flows than an approach in which the grid speeds are computed using a finite difference with respect to time of the grid. However, the approach requires significantly more computational effort.

Field of study: Physics
Research and Design of Operation and Maintenance Service System Based on ITIL

By analyzing the development and application status of ITIL theory,describes the importance of IT service management in enterprise informatization.And based on the analysis of IT operation and maintenance demand of Anhui Tobacco Co.Ltd.,it also analyzes the objections and principles of IT service management,proposes an overall system architecture,designs every functional module in IT service system,in order to improve IT service capabilities and secure stability of IT system.

Field of study: Computer science
A new approach to cyclodextrin-based rotaxanes

A new synthetic strategy for the preparation of cyclodextrin-based rotaxanes is described. The method is essentially based on the formation of stable inclusion complexes between a-CD and aliphatic chains. The interaction in aqueous media of compounds containing a long alkyl chain terminated in a bulky (ferrocenylmethyl)dimethylammonium group with a-CD leads to inclusion complexes in which the cyclodextrh is threaded by the alkyl chain. Functionalization of the other chain terminus with a wboxylic acid group allows trapping of the chain-threaded CD receptor via amidation reactions of the carboxylic functional group with bulky amines. The rotaxane products are asymmetric since the two terminal groups are different. This feature allows, for the first time, the detection of isomeric rotaxanes exhibiting the two possible orientations of the trapped CD.

Field of study: Chemistry
Entendez-vous ce que je dis?

Amesure que l’ouie baisse, notre perception de nombreux sons joyeux s’amenuise : le chant des criquets les soirs d’ete, le bruissement des feuilles sous une douce brise, le chuchotement de nos etres chers, la musique et les paroles d’une chanson. Parler au telephone cree de l’

Field of study: Medicine
On the odd-DFT and its applications to DCT/IDCT computation

In this correspondence, efficient algorithms are presented for simultaneous calculation of the odd discrete Fourier transform (odd-DFT) and the real DFT. These algorithms are used to derive a new algorithm to calculate the discrete cosine transform (DCT) that is computationally equivalent to the classical fast Fourier transform (FFT)-based algorithm for DCT calculation . In addition, odd-DFT properties are exploited to develop a novel algorithm for an inverse discrete cosine transform (IDCT) calculation that outperforms previous FFT-based solutions for IDCT calculation

Field of study: Engineering
The effect of density-dependent treatment and behavior change on the dynamics of HIV transmission

In this work, we propose a model for heterosexual transmission of HIV/AIDS in a population of varying size with an intervention program in which treatment and/or behavior change of the infecteds occur as an increasing function of the density of the infected class in the population. This assumption has socio-economic implications which is important for public health considerations since density-dependent treatment/behavior change may be more cost-saving than a program where treatment/behavior change occurs linearly with respect to the number of infecteds. We will make use of the conservation law of total sexual contacts which enables us to reduce the two-sex model to a simpler one-sex formulation. Analytical results will be given. Unlike a similar model with linear treatment/behavior change in Hsieh (1996) where conditions were obtained for the eradication of disease, we will show that density-dependent treatment/behavior change cannot eradicate the disease if the disease is able to persist without any treatment/behavior change. This work demonstrates the need to further understand how treatment/behavior change occurs in a society with varying population.

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics
Influence of the Process on the Mechanisms and the Performances of the Preferential Crystallization: Example with (±)-5-(4-Bromophenyl)-5-methylhydantoin

Resolution of the title compound is carried out at a two liter scale via two different processes of preferential crystallization (PC), the Auto Seeded Programmed Polythermic Preferential Crystallization (AS3PC) process and the classical Seeded Isothermal Preferential Crystallization (SIPC) process. The ratio, crystal growth rate/secondary nucleation rate, is strongly under the influence of the process. Consequently AS3PC process appears more efficient than SIPC process in terms of purity of the crops (optical purity), yield, easiness of scale up and downstream operations such as filterability.

Field of study: Chemistry
Do We Teach German Well

IT IS an open secret that on the whole the teaching of languages in this country is relatively poor. There has never been much enthusiasm for languages, and the number of language students is steadily decreasing. Because of obvious political and economic reasons, interest in Spanish has increased recently, but at the expense of all other languages, mainly of French. Strangely enough, German has not yet decreased to the extent that was to be expected since the outbreak of the war. According to the publishers of German textbooks, it has decreased less than io per cent in the United States during the last year. But with the situation inevitably becoming more threatening, those still interested in German culture and language might ask themselves very sincerely: Why are so many students of German dissatisfied with the courses offered, and why do they consider them old-fashioned? Is the teaching of German in this country really satisfactory? What can be done in order to meet the danger of a further decrease? The unpleasant answer can be formulated in one sentence: an oldfashioned teacher must necessarily offer an old-fashioned course. What does that mean? It means that a large number of German teachers are not qualified to teach German well. As native Americans, they may speak German with difficulty and have only a modest knowledge of German culture. On the other hand, native Germans can be found in the German departments in this country who entered the teaching career by mere chance because it was the easiest thing for them to do when they arrived in this country; but since they had not prepared to teach, they lack the necessary qualifications and knowledge. After the German inflation in I923 many German immigrants, especially persons with Doctors' degrees, were employed by German departments regardless of the fact that they had majored in sociology or history or economics. Some of them have turned out to be successful teachers, at least so far as basic German, grammar, and simple conversation are concerned, but their knowledge of German literature has not always been adequate for a quite understandable reason. The average age of the heads of German departments is between fifty and sixty. They probably received their education about thirty-five or forty years ago, completely or partly at German universities, at a time when modern

Field of study: Education
Antidepressant-Like Effect of Bauhinia blakeana Dunn in a Neuroinflammation Model in Mice

To evaluate the antidepressant effect of Bauhinia blakeana and a standardized fraction in the forced swimming test (FST) on mice with neuroinflammation induced with lipopolysaccharides (LPS).  Evaluation of the antidepressant effect of Bauhinia blakeana hydroalcoholic extract (BbHA) and its fractions was carried out in behavioral tests on mice with LPS-induced neuroinflammation.  BbHA had a significant antidepressant effect, measured on healthy mice in the FST. Bio-guided chemical separation of the extract produced a methanolic fraction (BbMe), which decreased the immobility time in FST. In this test, the intraperitoneal administration of LPS induced depression in mice, and BbHA and BbMe counteracted this effect, significantly decreasing the induced depression. Quantification of inflammatory mediators (IL-10, IL-4, IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α) in the brain demonstrated that BbHA and BbMe effectively decreased the effect of LPS on the brain concentration of all measured cytokines.  Bauhinia blakeana produced an antidepressant effect, while BbMe also exerted a modulating effect, on the damage induced by LPS. Rutin, a glycosylated flavonoid, was identified as the main compound in the active fraction, which could mediate in the antidepressant and immunomodulatory effect.

Field of study: Medicine
Adiabatic coupling constant g of the binary liquidmixture methanol -cyclohexane

The dynamic shear viscosity of the binary liquid mixture methanol - cyclohexane for different temperatures and concentrations is measured using digital viscometer with UL adapter. Shear viscosity anomaly is clearly observed near the critical temperature Tc = 45.2 °C and the critical concentration Xc = 30% by weight of methanol. The specific heat at constant pressure of the critical mixture methanol ÂÂ cyclohexane was calculated using two scale factor universality. The dynamic scaling theory of Ferrell and Bhattacharjee is applied to the data of the ultrasonic absorption coefficients ac at different frequencies. The linear relation of versus was obtained. The adiabatic coupling constant g, isobaric thermal expansion coefficient ap and diffusion coefficient D were calculated. The experimental values of were plotted as a function of the reduced frequency u* and it showed a good agreement with the theoretical scaling functionF(u*) presented by Ferrell and Bhattacharjee.

Field of study: Materials science
Contaminants and their effects on estuarine and coastal organisms in the United Kingdom in the late twentieth century.

The biological effects of contaminants in British estuaries and coastal waters have been studied for over 100 years. Until the 1970s. the major pollution impact on estuarine organisms was probably caused by poorly treated sewage which led to severe oxygen deficits and consequent asphyxiation of many water-breathers. However, since the introduction of improved sewage treatment in the last 30 years, a number of continuing impacts have come to light which represent true toxic effects of micro-contaminants. Sublethal changes observed in various bioassays and biomarkers are widespread in both fish and invertebrates, and in the most urbanised and industrialised estuaries, these effects are probably having impacts at the population and community levels. For example, there is good evidence to show that tributyltin from some antifouling paints has not only affected the sexuality and reproductive success of individual estuarine and coastal molluscs, but has also damaged some benthic communities of which molluscs are but a part. Although there are data to show that some contaminant concentrations are now declining, we do not yet have enough data in most cases to decide whether organisms have also begun to recover. This paper reviews the entire field of contaminant effects in UK estuarine and marine waters, focusing especially on the years 1985-2000, and makes some recommendations for future research and monitoring programmes.

Field of study: Environmental science
Inhibition and the stimulus control of operant behavior.

A variety of methods, definitions, and theoretical notions that have been used in the study of inhibitory stimulus control were reviewed and evaluated. Preliminary data from several new operant methods were also described. It was proposed that future workers distinguish clearly between two forms of inhibitory control: (a) the learned power of a specific stimulus to reduce behavior, and (b) a dimensional effect, in which responding increases as values progressively more distant from the value of that specific stimulus along some dimension are presented (generalization gradient). Conclusions from several important recent studies were shown to be strongly dependent on the individual experimenter's criterion for deciding when a stimulus is inhibitory. The concept of inhibition seems a very valuable one for the field of operant behavior, and it deserves more attention than it has received in the past.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Leaf-litter Decomposition Characteristics and Carbon Dynamics Affected by Forest Agesin Rubber Plantations

An experiment was con ducted to study the decomposition characteristics and carbon dynamics of leaf litter in rubber plantation of different ages(6 a, 12 a, 20 a, 28 a) during one year of decomposition using mesh bag method. And the results showed as following:(1)The leaf litter decomposition dynamics was basically consistent between four different age groups, and the residues of litter in rubber plantation of different ages was 28.33%,30.53%, 31.59%, 33.89%, respectively, and a non-significant difference was observed between different age groups.(2)The decomposition constant ranged from 1.376 2 to 1.608 8, with an average of 1.498 2, the times required for 50% and 95% of leaf decomposition was 0.43 a, 0.45 a, 0.47 a, 0.50 a and 1.86 a, 1.96 a, 2.03 a, 2.18 a,respectively.( 3)Apart from the contents of C, lignin, and C/N ratio, the initial N content, P content, lignin/N ratio, C/P ratio, and lignin/P ratio of leaf-litter were significantly affected by plantation ages.(4)The decomposition rates of leaf litter in rubber plantation of different ages were significant negatively correlated with the initial C/N ration, and a weak negatively correlated with the P contend.(5)During the whole decomposition process, the release of carbon in 4 rubber plantations accumulated 75.02%~79.41%, and it's release process was significantly in line with polynomial model, the coefficient of determination(R2)more than 0.88.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Malpractice issues in childbirth 1985

A meeting on the issue of “Malpractice in Childbirth” sponsored by the International Childbirth Education Association, the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development of NIH, and the Division of Maternal and Child Health of the Department of Health and Human Services was held at NIH in Bethesda, MD on 22 and 23 July 1985. The meeting was mainly attended by participants from the U.S. reprensenting organizations of doctors, nurses, midwives, insurance companies, hospital administrators, lawyers and women. The discussions focussed on the serious malpractice issues facing maternity care in the U.S. They also explored the probable causes and possible remedies. This report summarizes the discussions of the conference without trying to preempt the eventual publication of the proceedings. It seeks primarily to raise attention to the fact that concerns, also in Europe, are being voiced about increased litigation for maternity care. The policy implications of such a development are discussed.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
A Low-complexity Synchronous Algorithms of PPM-UWB Signal

The timing synchronization technique is the key point in UWB system.Applying the Algorithms of DTD,the fast synchronization is obtained by amending the synchronous template signal.This Algorithms is analysed on theory respectively in NDA and DA mode.It is the simple in framework and flexible in synchronization precision.The simulation results show that applying this Algorithms could achieve good performance.

Field of study: Engineering
Communication Performance Deterministic Upper Bounds for Wireless Sensor Networks

The wireless sensor communication performance deterministic upper bounds need to be accurately calculated for its real-time attribute.The overall performance is analysis and evaluated for WSN which schedule poly is ensure real-time data flow first.The end-to-end communication performance model is built-up based on deterministic network calculus.The node′s backlog upper bound,the end-to-end upper delay bound and the end-to-end upper delay jitter bound had been derived for wireless sensor network using network calculus theory.Simulated results for different data flows were bounded by theoretical results,These show the deterministic performance upper bounds model perform well.This work make the performance research of WSN become more completeness.

Field of study: Computer science
Cyclic carbonates as monomers for phosgene- and isocyanate-free polyurethanes and polycarbonates

Polyurethanes and polycarbonates are widely used in a variety of applications including engineering, optical devices, and high-performance adhesives and coatings, etc., and are expected to find use also in the biomedical field owing to their biocompatibility and low toxicity. However, these polymers are currently produced using hazardous phosgene and isocyanates, which are derived from the reaction between an amine and phosgene. Extensive safety procedures are required to prevent exposure to phosgene and isocyanate because of its high toxicity. Therefore, the demand for the production of isocyanate-free polymers has now emerged. Among the alternative greener routes that have been proposed, a popular way is the ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of cyclic carbonate in bulk or solution, usually using metallic catalyst, metal-free initiator, or biocatalyst. This review presents the recent developments in the preparation and application of cyclic carbonates as monomers for ROP, with emphasis on phosgene- and isocyanate-free polymerization to produce aliphatic polycarbonates and polyurethanes and their copolymers.

Field of study: Chemistry
An Empirical Comparison of Factor Scoring Methods

Various procedures have been used to estimate factor scores and the present study empirically compared the differential effectiveness of factor scoring by unit weights, by fractional weights using the factor loading, and by fractional weights estimated by multiple regression. The results indicated that these methods of scoring factors are roughly equivalent insofar as the intercorrelations among factor scores or reliabilities are concerned. However, estimation of factor scoring weights by multiple regression was the best method for maintaining orthogonality among the factors and appeared more sensitive in detecting group differences when factor scores derived by this method were used as dependent variables.

Field of study: Psychology
A variant of Tikhonov regularization for parabolic PDE with space derivative multiplied by a small parameter ∊

In this paper, we examine the applicability of a variant of Tikhonov regularization for parabolic PDE with its highest order space derivative multiplied by a small parameter ? . The solution of the operator equation ? u ? t - ? ? 2 u ? x 2 + a ( x , t ) = f ( x , t ) is not uniformly convergent to the solution of the operator equation ? u ? t + a ( x , t ) = f ( x , t ) , when ? ? 0 . This violates one of the conditions of Hadamard well-posedness and hence the perturbed parabolic operator equation is ill-posed. Since the operator is unbounded, we first discuss the general theory for unbounded operators and propose an a posteriori parameter choice rule for choosing a regularization parameter. We then apply these techniques in the context of perturbed parabolic problems. Finally, we implement our regularized scheme and compare with other basic existing schemes to assert the adaptability of the scheme as an alternate approach for solving the problem.

Field of study: Mathematics
Carbon starvation reduces carbohydrate and anthocyanin accumulation in red-fleshed fruit via trehalose 6-phosphate and MYB27.

Kiwifruit (Actinidia spp.) is a recently domesticated fruit crop with several novel-coloured cultivars being developed. Achieving uniform fruit flesh pigmentation in red genotypes is challenging. To investigate the cause of colour variation between fruit, we focused on a red-fleshed A. chinensis var. chinensis genotype. It was hypothesised that carbohydrate supply could be responsible for this variation. Early in fruit development we imposed high or low (carbon starvation) carbohydrate supplies treatments; carbohydrate import or redistribution was controlled by applying a girdle at the shoot base. Carbon starvation affected fruit development as well as anthocyanin and carbohydrate metabolite concentrations, including the signalling molecule trehalose 6-phosphate. RNA-Seq analysis showed down-regulation of both genes-encoding-enzymes in the anthocyanin and carbohydrate biosynthetic pathways. The catalytic trehalose 6-phosphate synthase gene TPS1.1a was down-regulated, while putative regulatory TPS7 and TPS11 were strongly up-regulated. Unexpectedly, under carbon starvation MYB10, the anthocyanin pathway regulatory activator was slightly up-regulated, while MYB27 was also up-regulated and acts as a repressor. To link these two metabolic pathways, we propose a model where trehalose 6-phosphate and the active repressor MYB27 are involved in sensing the carbon starvation status. This signals the plant to save resources and reduce the production of anthocyanin in fruit. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Field of study: Environmental science
Metformin-Induced Hemolytic Anemia

To report a rare side effect of metformin, an oral antidiabetic drug that is used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.  A 17-year-old boy was hospitalized for receiving acute lymphoblastic leukemia treatment that was composed of vincristine, L-asparaginase, daunorubicin, and prednisone. Hyperglycemia was determined without any clinical sign and metformin was started for steroid-induced insulin resistance. On the second day of metformin treatment, the patient's hemoglobin level decreased, and a direct Coombs test was positive for immunoglobulin G but negative for complement. An indirect Coombs test was negative. The glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase level was within the normal range. Drug-induced hemolytic anemia was suspected and metformin was discontinued. The jaundice gradually disappeared and there was no requirement for red blood cell transfusions.  This case showed that physicians should be aware of the potential side effect of metformin although it is infrequent.

Field of study: Medicine
High-Frequency Magnetic-Link Medium-Voltage Converter for Superconducting Generator-Based High-Power Density Wind Generation Systems

Recent advances in solid-state semiconductors and magnetic materials have provided the impetus for high-frequency magnetic-link-based modular medium-voltage power conversion systems, which would be a possible solution to reduce further the weight and volume of superconducting generator-based wind generation systems. To verify this new concept, in this paper, a laboratory prototype of 5 kVA high-frequency magnetic-link modular power conversion system is developed for a scaled down 1.2 kV grid application. The design and implementation of the prototyping, test platform, and the experimental results are analyzed and discussed. It is expected that the proposed new technology will have great potential for superconducting generator-based wind farm applications.

Field of study: Physics