nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Performance of AlGaInP LEDs on silicon substrates through low threading dislocation density (TDD) germanium buffer layer

Performance of GaInP/AlGaInP multi-quantum wells light-emitting diodes (LEDs) grown on low threading dislocation density (TDD) Germanium-on-Silicon (Ge/Si) substrates are compared and studied. Three approaches are used to realize the low TDD Ge/Si substrates. The first approach is the two-step growth of Ge/Si substrate with TDD of ~5 × 107 cm−2. The second approach is through doped the Ge seed layer with arsenic (As) and TDD of <5 × 106 cm−2 can be achieved. The third approach is through wafer bonding and layer transfer techniques, germanium-on-insulator (GOI) substrate with TDD of ~1.2 × 106 cm−2 can be fabricated. To demonstrate the quality of these Ge/Si substrates, LEDs fabricated on commercially available Ge/Si and bulk Ge substrates were also included for comparison purposes. The LEDs fabricated on the As-doped Ge/Si and GOI substrates exhibit superior performances, with output light intensity at least 2× higher compared to devices fabricated on commercially available Ge/Si substrate. These findings enable the monolithic integration of visible-band optical sources with Si-based control circuitry.

Field of study: Materials science
Asymptotics of the Lp-Norms of Density Estimators in the Nonlinear Autoregressive Models

This article investigates the asymptotic behavior of the error density function in nonlinear autoregressive stationary time series regression models. For any 1 ⩽ p < ∞, the kernel density estimator of residuals is shown to be consistent for the error estimator concerning the Lp-distance, which extends the result developed by Cheng and Sun (2008) in L2-norm. Moreover, the result developed in this article is extended the results of Horváth and Zitikis (2003) to nonlinear autoregressive models.

Field of study: Mathematics
Genetic characterization of fluoroquinolone resistant Escherichia coli from urban streams and municipal and hospital effluents.

Escherichia coli with reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin, isolated from urban streams, wastewater treatment plants and hospital effluent between 2004 and 2012, were compared based on multilocus sequence typing (MLST), quinolone and beta-lactam resistance determinants and plasmid replicon type. Isolates from the different types of water and isolation dates clustered together, suggesting the persistence and capacity to propagate across distinct aquatic environments. The most prevalent MLST groups were ST10 complex and ST131. Almost all isolates (98%) carried mutations in the chromosomal genes gyrA and/or parC, and 10% possessed the genes qepA, aac(6('))-Ib-cr and/or qnrS1. Over 80% of the isolates were resistant to three or more classes of antibiotics (MDR ≥ 3). The most prevalent beta-lactamase encoding gene was blaTEM, followed by blaCTX-M-15, co-existing with plasmid mediated quinolone resistance. The plasmid replicon types of the group IncF were the most prevalent and distributed by different MLST groups. The genes aac(6('))-Ib-cr and/or qnrS1 could be transferred by conjugation in combination with the genes blaTEM,blaSHV-12 or blaOXA-1 and the plasmid replicon types I1-Iγ, K, HI2 and/or B/O. The potential of multidrug resistant E. coli with reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin, harboring mobile genetic elements and with ability to conjugate and transfer resistance genes, to spread and persist across different aquatic environments was demonstrated.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Differences between sports and physical education——An interpretation of the book Sports in Society: Issues and Controversies

By interpreting the contents of the book Sports in Society: Issues and Controversies(8th edition) written by US sociologist Jay Coakley,the author of this article realized that the book was a sociological analysis of sports organizational structural issues existing in the US society.From the book we can see that the author of the book was talking about sports and correctly recognize sports and sports society issues in the United States as well as understand the differences between sports and physical education from a new perspective.

Field of study: Education
Relative mean residual life: Theory and related topics

In this paper the definitions of Relative Mean Residual Life (RMRL) is introduced. The properties of RMRL and relationship with other order comparing two distributions is investigated. We propose a test of the proportional hazards assumption against alternative of RMRL is a increasing function and another test of one distribution is more IMRL than another. As complement we give the empirical results of the RMRL and an example.

Field of study: Engineering
Silymarin protects against acute ethanol-induced hepatotoxicity in mice.

Accumulated evidence has demonstrated that both oxidative stress and abnormal cytokine production, especially tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF), play important etiological roles in the pathogenesis of alcoholic liver disease (ALD). Agents that have both antioxidant and anti-inflammation properties, particularly anti-TNF production, represent promising therapeutic interventions for ALD. We investigated the effects and the possible mechanism(s) of silymarin on liver injury induced by acute ethanol (EtOH) administration.



Nine-week-old mice were divided into 4 groups, control, silymarin treatment, EtOH treatment, and silymarin/EtOH treatment, with 6 mice in each group. Because control and silymarin values were virtually identical, only control treatment is shown for ease of viewing. Ethanol-treated mice received EtOH [5 g/kg body weight (BW)] by gavage every 12 hours for a total of 3 doses. Control mice received an isocalorical maltose solution. In the silymarin/EtOH group, silymarin was dissolved in the EtOH and gavaged simultaneously with EtOH at a dose of 200 mg/kg BW. At 4 hours after the last dosing, the mice were anesthetized and subsequent serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) level, hepatic lipid peroxidation, enzymatic activity of hepatic cytochrome P450 2E1, hepatic TNF-alpha, and glutathione (GSH) levels were measured. Histopathological change was assessed by hematoxylin and eosin staining.



Acute EtOH administration caused prominent hepatic microvesicular steatosis with mild necrosis and an elevation of serum ALT activity, induced a significant decrease in hepatic GSH in conjunction with enhanced lipid peroxidation, and increased hepatic TNF production. Supplementation with a standardized silymarin attenuated these adverse changes induced by acute EtOH administration.



Silymarin protects against the liver injury caused by acute EtOH administration. In view of its nontoxic nature, it may be developed as an effective therapeutic agent for alcohol-induced liver disease by its antioxidative stress and anti-inflammatory features.

Field of study: Medicine
Genetic Variation in Three Endangered Species of Encholirium (Bromeliaceae) from Cadeia do Espinhaço, Brazil, Setected using RAPD Markers

Encholirium is a Brazilian genus of Bromeliaceae that occurs exclusively in rocky landscapes. This work aimed to generate basic information for the conservation of three Encholirium species that are endemic to the rocky mountains of Cadeia do Espinhaço, employing population genetic analyses. E. pedicellatum and E. biflorum have only one very small population each, both occurring in unprotected, private land sites, being critically endangered. E. subsecundum is more widespread, and some of its populations dwell in protected areas. Five Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) primers generated approximately 60 polymorphic bands for each species. This technique demonstrated the presence of a single RAPD profile for every individual sampled (except for one clone found in E. biflorum). High levels of genetic variability were not expected, due to the clonal habit of the plants and small size of the populations. Populations of E. biflorum and E. pedicellatum presented, respectively, 16.06% (Φst = 0.16, p<0.001) and 8.44% (Φst = 0.08, p<0.001) of the total genetic diversity attributable to genetic differences among groups within the populations. In E. subsecundum, 14.52% (Φst = 0.15, p<0.001) of the total genetic diversity was found among populations. Estimates of the Shannon’s Diversity Index provided similar results. These results are valuable for the development of conservation strategies.

Field of study: Environmental science
Qian Mu's View of Differences of Culture Between China and West

In many of his works and articles,Mr.Qian Mu has expounded the culture differences between China and West and reasons of the differences.He discusses systematically from different aspects including the different national characteristics,economic features,religion and science.He explicates that various natural environment and economic features between China and West are the most important causes that result in different culture characteristics between them.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Striatal proenkephalin gene induction: coordinated regulation by cyclic AMP and calcium pathways.

Enkephalin modulates striatal function, thereby affecting motor performance and addictive behaviors. The proenkephalin gene is also used as a model to study cyclic AMP-mediated gene expression in striatal neurons. The second messenger pathway leading to proenkephalin expression demonstrates how cyclic AMP pathways are synchronized with depolarization. We show that cyclic AMP-mediated regulation of the proenkephalin gene is dependent on the activity of L-type Ca2+ channels. Inhibition of L-type Ca2+ channels blocks forskolin-mediated induction of proenkephalin. The Ca2+-activated kinase, Ca2+/calmodulin kinase, as well as the cyclic AMP-activated kinase, protein kinase A (PKA), are both necessary for the induction of the proenkephalin promoter. Similarly, both kinases are needed for the L-type Ca2+ channel-mediated induction of proenkephalin. This synchronization of second messenger pathways provides a coincidence mechanism that gates proenkephalin synthesis in striatal neurons, ensuring that levels are increased only in the presence of activated PKA and depolarization.

Field of study: Biology
Description of low-lying vibrationalKπ≠0+ states of deformed nuclei in the quasiparticle-phonon nuclear model

The QPNM equations are derived taking account of p-h and p-p interactions. The calculated quadrupole, octupole and hexadecapole vibrational states in168Er,172Yb and178Hf are found to be in reasonable agreement with experimental data. It is shown that distribution of theEλ strength in some deformed nuclei differs from the standard one. There are cases when for a givenKπ theEλ strength is concentrated not on the first but on higher-lying states. The assertion made earlier about the absence of collective two-phonon states in deformed nuclei is confirmed.

Field of study: Physics
Pressures on regional games in a dominant metropolitan culture: the case of shinty.

Today, the dominant culture reaches further than ever before … into hitherto inaccessible areas of experience and practice and meaning.  This paper examines the current problems which the Scottish sport of shinty faces in endeavouring to remain a living tradition (that is, a well-loved and vital part of local life) in Highland communities which are increasingly accessible to the reach of the dominant, metropolitan culture of the United Kingdom as a whole. The paper first essays a brief history of shinty in the Gaelic regions of Scotland, and then draws on the sociological literature on modernization to suggest the dynamics of cultural, as well as economic, domination. This provides a background for the subsequent examination of the position and prospects of shinty today, a game which is indigenous to the peripheral regions of Scotland (the Highlands and Western Isles) and which is now fighting for its survival there against the growth of other games originating in metropolitan Britain.

Field of study: Sociology
Random quotients and robust estimation

This paper compares the tail-heaviness of certain random quotients in terms of the asymptotic relative efficiences of the sample median to a large class of estimators containing the mean, trimmed mean and Huber's M-estimator. The random quotients are generalizations of the "Normalllndependent" distributions and include the Student's t, contaminated normal, double exponential and slash distributions.

Field of study: Mathematics
Effect of Melt Mixing Treatment on Morphologies of Primary Silicon of Al-20%Si Alloy

The influences of temperature and composition of high and low temperature melt on the primary Silicon refinement of Al-20%Si alloy during melt mixing were investigated. The microstructure was studied by optical microscope. The average diameter and nodularization of the primary silicon were measured using image Pro. The results show that by melt mixing,the morphology of primary silicon could be changed effectively. Adopting an appropriate melt mixing condition, which is high temperature melt with 1050 ℃ and low temperature melt with 690 ℃, can obtain the optimal refining effect that the primary silicon size is 34 μm. The larger the difference of Si content between the high and low temperature melts before mixing, the smaller the grain size of primary silicon.

Field of study: Materials science
Benzenoid catafusenes: Perfect matchings, isomerization, automerization

It the polyc,ycl i of Kekule str The structure 4- and 3-peri tic isomeriza is shown that for a given number h of b enzenoid rings, c aromatic hydrocarbons with the maximum number K(max) ,uctures (or of perfect matchings) are cata-condensed. s of such catafusenes with K(max) present interesting odicities in terms of h. By analogy w ith known cataly- tions of benz(a)anthracen e into chrysene, 1.e. of a catafusene with a smaller number of perfect matchings into one with a higher number, it was inferred in 1965 that degenerate rearrange- ments (automerizations ) of catafusenes may be possible, and this was demonstrated thermally in 1977 by Scott. Data for the AlHal3-cataly- zed automerization of phenanthrene labeled with carbon-13 are re- viewed, and the reaction mechanism is discussed. Prospects for new thermal or catalytic isomerizations or automerizations of catafuse- nes are considered.

Field of study: Chemistry
Maximal invariant subspaces for a class of operators

In this note, we characterize maximal invariant subspaces for a class of operators. Let T be a Fredholm operator and $1-TT^{*}\in\mathcal{S}_{p}$ for some p≥1. It is shown that if M is an invariant subspace for T such that dim M⊖TM<∞, then every maximal invariant subspace of M is of codimension 1 in M. As an immediate consequence, we obtain that if M is a shift invariant subspace of the Bergman space and dim M⊖zM<∞, then every maximal invariant subspace of M is of codimension 1 in M. We also apply the result to translation operators and their invariant subspaces.

Field of study: Mathematics
Investigation of methods for extracting features related to motor imagery and resting states in EEG-based BCI system

Methods for extracting features of motor imagery from 1-channel bipolar EEG were evaluated. The EEG power spectrums which were used as feature vectors were calculated with filter bank, FFT and AR model, and were then classified by linear discriminant analysis (LDA) to discriminate motor imagery and resting states. It was shown that the extraction method using AR model gave the best result with the average true positive rate of 83% (σ = 7%). Furthermore, when principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to the feature vectors, the dimension of the feature vectors could be reduced without decreasing accuracy of discrimination.

Field of study: Computer science
Breast Cancer Induced by X-Ray Mammography Screening? A Review Based on Recent Understanding of Low-Dose Radiobiology

Screening mammography offers the possibility of discovering malignant diseases at an early stage, which is consequently treated early, thereby reducing the mortality rate. However, ionizing radiation as used in low-dose X-ray mammography may be associated with a risk of radiation-induced carcinogenesis. In the context of the harmful effects of ionizing radiation, this article reviewed novel radiobiological data and provided a simulation of the relative incidence of radiation-induced breast cancer due to screening against a background baseline incidence in a population of 100,000 individuals. The use of modern digital mammographic technology was assumed, giving rise to a glandular dose of 2.5 mGy from a 2-view per breast image. Assuming no latency time, this led to a ratio of induced incidence rate over baseline incidence rate of about 1.6‰ for biennial screening in women aged 50-74 years, although it cannot be excluded that the dose and dose rate effectiveness factor values relying on new radiobiological insights may lower this number to about 0.7‰. This carcinogenic risk is considered small in relation to the potential beneficial effects of screening, especially as latency time was not taken into consideration. However, individuals who are known to be carriers of risk-increasing genetic variations and/or have an inherited disposition of breast cancer should avoid ionizing radiation as much as possible and should be referred to ultrasound or magnetic resonance imaging. In addition, a significant, but difficult to quantify, risk of cancer is present for individuals who suffer from hypersusceptibility to ionizing radiation.

Field of study: Medicine
Resistance to Collapse: The Tensor Interaction

We consider negative-parity excitations in $^4\mbox{He}$, $J^{\pi}$=$0^-$ and $1^-$ with isospin $T$=$0$ and $T$=$1$. We show tha t, in contrast to one-particle one-hole results, in a shell model diagonalization none of the above collapses to zero energy as the strength of the tensor interaction is increased.

Field of study: Physics
Academic Achievements and Study Habits of College Students of District Pulwama

This study was undertaken to study the academic achievement and study habits of male and female college students of district Pulwama (J and k).The sample for the study was 410 including 193 male and 217 female college students .which was further divided into different groups of rural-urban dichotomy. For this purpose descriptive survey method was used. The college students were in the age group of 19 - 21 years. The sample has been selected on the basis of random sampling technique. Palsane and Sharma Study Habits Inventory (PSSHI) and Aggregate marks percentage obtained by the sample subjects in their first and second year examinations were collected from the official records of the colleges. The average of these percentages for each sample subject was used as measure of the academic achievement.were administered for the collection of data. The result of the study highlights that the female college students have high academic achievement as compared to male college studens.On the other hand It has been found that study habits of college female students are slightly higher than the male.The two groups under study do not show any significant difference in their study habits.

Field of study: Education
Blue Coat or Powdered Wig: Free People of Color in Pre-Revolutionary Saint Domingue (review)

Toward the end of the book, Diaz formulates the crowning thesis to her work: "Perhaps no other known subordinate group—at least in the colonial historiography of Spanish America—has made collective use of imperial judicial channels in such a consistent, exhaustive, and far-reaching way" (p. 286). The "far-reaching" may be correct in this case but, as the author recognizes, the sphere of the right and use of that right by "subalterns" (Indios, slaves, free colored people, etc.) has only begun to being investigated.

Field of study: History
Four years of vertebrate monitoring on an upper Amazonian river

Long-term monitoring of tropical forest animals lags far behind long-term monitoring of tropical forest plants, compromising ecologists’ ability to identify parallel trends. On 257 occasions over 4 years, park guards in a newly protected lowland Amazonian forest in southeastern Peru tallied individuals of 31 reptile, bird, and mammal species sighted along a 47-km stretch of river. Each survey entailed ~3 h of observation from a motorized boat; total survey effort was 892 h and ~12,048 km. Our primary goals were descriptive: to establish baseline sighting rates for these species and to document trends over time and the influence of environmental and sampling factors on sightings. Our secondary goals were to identify the advantages and disadvantages of river-based monitoring and to assess how useful these data are for ecologists and protected areas managers. Over the 4 years of monitoring we observed 1.8 animals/km. More than 90% of recorded individuals belonged to seven common taxa: two reptiles, four birds, and one mammal. Season was the most frequent correlate of sighting frequency; sightings increased in dry season. For the majority of taxa common enough to analyze, sightings increased over the 4 years of monitoring; this is possibly a result of reduced hunting since the establishment of the protected area. Compared to forest-based surveys, river-based surveys were inefficient at recording most mammals. Results to date suggest that river-based surveys can be a valuable, inexpensive tool for monitoring some ecologically important Amazonian animals, and especially those in protected areas.

Field of study: Environmental science
Virginia Woolf: A Feminist Slant, and: Virginia Woolf: Centennial Essays, and: Virginia Woolf: New Critical Essays, and: The Short Season between Two Silences: The Mystical and the Political in the Novels of Virginia Woolf (review)

When Stephen speaks of the artist "transmuting" experience he uses the same verb as had Pater in Marius the Epicurean and Wilde in "The Decay of Lying," and, most interestingly, he echoes Lamarck's denial of blind chance in evolution. Harkness discovers parallels between Wilde's poem "The Harlot's House" and the "Circe" chapter. Pater had also speculated that "the name Daedalus, the name of a craft rather than a proper name, probably means to work curiously." Thus Stephen, in the Portrait, "belongs to, sums up, and exaggerates the tradition of the 'last romantics,' " as Harkness notes. Bloom, also, is something of an artist, albeit of a more lowly kind. He also sees a girl on the beach, has created jingles and acrostics, thinks of writing "a sketch" or a "prize tidbit story," contemplates and evaluates advertisements. A clue that might have been explored further is the similarity between his socialistic views and those of one Benjamin Tucker in a collection edited by Paul Eltzbacher, Anarchism: Exponents of the Anarchist Philosophy, a book that Joyce owned.

Field of study: Art
Nanomechanical properties of Ag solder bumps doped with Pd and Au

As an approach to increasing their reliability, we doped Ag solder bumps with Pd and Au alloys to enhance their creep resistance, which we characterized using a nanoindentation technique. The hardnesses of the pure Ag and the Ag solders doped with Pd:3%, Pd:5%, and Pd:2%-Au:3% were 0.6 ± 0.1, 1.8 ± 0.2, 2.8 ± 0.3, and 3.1 ± 0.5 GPa, respectively. Although the hardness of the Ag solder was enhanced significantly when it contained Pd:2%-Au:3%, it exhibited a lower creep exponent (n > 2). The mechanism of the thermal recovery of the sample appears to be associated with activation of dislocation sources—also the reason for the decrease in hardness. The compounds doped with Pd:2%-Au:3% displayed significantly greater bond strengths and creep exponents, whereas the Pd-only compounds exhibited poorer reliability.

Field of study: Engineering