nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Interleukin-6 and 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate act synergistically in inducing cell-cell separation and migration of human breast carcinoma cells.

Interleukin-6 (IL-6) causes an epithelial to fibroblastoid conversion and an increase in the motility of human ductal breast carcinoma cell lines ZR-75-1 and T-47D. Although IL-6 decreases DNA synthetic activity in these cell lines, the IL-6-induced alterations in cell shape and motility occur independently of inhibition of DNA synthesis per se. Whereas tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) inhibits DNA synthesis in T-47D cells, it does not cause an epithelial-fibroblastoid conversion or other major morphological changes and does not increase cell motility; TNF-alpha rapidly lyses a majority of ZR-75-1 cells. Furthermore, the DNA synthesis inhibitors 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine (FUDR) and methotrexate (MTX) also do not cause effects mimicking the action of IL-6 on cell structure and motility. Transforming growth factors alpha and beta 1, acidic and basic fibroblast growth factors, epidermal growth factor, and insulin-like growth factor-1 (TGF-alpha, TGF-beta 1, aFGF, bFGF, EGF, and IGF-1) have little or no effect on breast cancer cell morphology, which serves to exclude the possibility that the IL-6-induced changes are a consequence of induction of these growth factors by IL-6. 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate (TPA) but not 8-bromoadenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (Br-cAMP) induces changes in the morphology and associative behavior of ZR-75-1 cells that are similar but not identical to those caused by IL-6. The TPA-induced alterations are not blocked by anti-IL-6 neutralizing antibodies; staurosporine inhibits the TPA-induced cell alterations but not those induced by IL-6. IL-6 and TPA used together have a phenotypic effect that greatly exceeds that of either agent alone and results in extensive cell scattering in less than 1 day. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that IL-6 and TPA induce similar morphological changes and cell scattering via independent pathways.

Field of study: Medicine
Anomalous behavior of 1/f noise in graphene near the charge neutrality point

We investigate the noise in single layer graphene devices from equilibrium to far-from equilibrium and found that the 1/f noise shows an anomalous dependence on the source-drain bias voltage (VSD). While the Hooge's relation is not the case around the charge neutrality point, we found that it is recovered at very low VSD region. We propose that the depinning of the electron-hole puddles is induced at finite VSD, which may explain this anomalous noise behavior.

Field of study: Physics
Work Team View for Recursion

Recursion is an important way of thinking for program design.The code of recursion algorithmis small and its solving solution is clear.The solving scheme for complex problem is elegantand concise by using recursion algorithm,but recursion algorithm is difficult to grasp.Based onthe examples of recursion algorithm design using work team view,puts forward a teaching ideawhich assures correcting design recursion algorithm first and then analyses the process of recursion implementation,and obtains good results in the teaching practice.

Field of study: Computer science
Area of mixed marine faunas between two major paleogeographical realms, exemplified by the Early Jurassic (Late Sinemurian and Pliensbachian) ammonites in the Alps

The Late Sinemurian and Pliensbachian ammonite faunas of the Alpine Range yield a good opportunity to study an area of mixed marine fauna. The faunas of the 4 major paleogeographical Alpine units (from Southern Alps to Delphino-Helvetic) are illustrated by fifteen recently investigated outcrops. Moreover, information provided by the Alpine units is compared with both northern and southern surroundings. These data areaanalyzed here through a qualitative and quantitative approach. Two main patterns of distribution are recognizable. The first one, mainly Ammonitina versus Phylloceratina and Lytoceratina, shows a rather gradual decrease of Ammonitina to the South and of Phylloceratina-Lytoceratina to the North. The second pattern, well exemplified if we consider Euroboreal vs Tethyan Ammonitina, corresponds to abrupt faunal changes. The pattern of the first suggests that ecological (depth of water, currents, siliciclastic sedimentation, …) constraints are stronger than competition between the two considered groups. In the second case competition between ammonites seems more important than ecological constraints. At last, redundancies in patterns of faunal distribution reveal that only two paleogeographical areas correspond to important faunal changes. The first one is probably located on the Brianconnais area and the second one is situated between Upper Austroalpine and Southern Alps) areas. If the Brianconnais is classically considered as a possible barrier, the second faunal boundary is more enigmatic because palinspastic reconstructions hardly suggested any physical barrier at this place, except perhaps the Vardar ocean.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Copper-Zinc-Tin-Sulfur Thin Film Using Spin-Coating Technology

Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) thin films were deposited on glass substrates by using spin-coating and an annealing process, which can improve the crystallinity and morphology of the thin films. The grain size, optical gap, and atomic contents of copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), tin (Sn), and sulfur (S) in a CZTS thin film absorber relate to the concentrations of aqueous precursor solutions containing copper chloride (CuCl2), zinc chloride (ZnCl2), tin chloride (SnCl2), and thiourea (SC(NH2)2), whereas the electrical properties of CZTS thin films depend on the annealing temperature and the atomic content ratios of Cu/(Zn + Sn) and Zn/Sn. All of the CZTS films were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDXS), Raman spectroscopy, and Hall measurements. Furthermore, CZTS thin film was deposited on an n-type silicon substrate by using spin-coating to form an Mo/p-CZTS/n-Si/Al heterostructured solar cell. The p-CZTS/n-Si heterostructured solar cell showed a conversion efficiency of 1.13% with Voc = 520 mV, Jsc = 3.28 mA/cm2, and fill-factor (FF) = 66%.

Field of study: Materials science
Knowledge spillovers in cities: An auction approach

This paper proposes a micro-foundation for knowledge spillovers. I model a city in which free knowledge transfers are bids by experts to entrepreneurs who auction jobs. These knowledge bids resemble a consultant's pitch to a potential client. Two fundamental properties of knowledge underlie the model: First, it is often necessary to reveal some knowledge to demonstrate its value. Second, knowledge is freely reproducible. Larger cities generate more meetings between experts and entrepreneurs, resulting in more learning and better matches. Larger cities also foster competition for jobs, which motivates experts to raise their knowledge bids. These results demonstrate how competitive behavior can be a source of agglomeration economies, and contribute to explain the higher productivity of urban workers.

Field of study: Economics
Significant Characteristics of College Students with Varying Flexibility in Reading Rate: I. Eye-Movements in Reading Prose

AN EARLY stage in learning to read is recognizing simple printed words and what they mean. With practice, recognition gradually em braces more complicated words and ideas. Then when some ideas can be understood more easily than others, a further skill is very helpful matching speed to understanding, so that simple passages take less time to read than diffic ult ones. However, most people do not acquire this knack of flexibility; they maintain a con stant rate regardless of its efficiency. Espec ially in college, where reading is the chief tool for gathering information, a student stuck in low gear is handicapped. Formulas, poems, short stories, and historical documents may all have to be understood, but understanding need not come at the same rate for all.

Field of study: Education
Modification of High Carbon High Speed Steel

The microstructure and mechanical properties of high speed steel modified with different addition of ferrovanadium were investigated.The results revealed that the eutectic carbide networks are broken after modification,and the carbides are spheroidized and changed to rod-like or nodular,and distributed more uniformly after heat treatment.The impact toughness of high speed steel is obviously improved after modified by 1.0% vanadium.

Field of study: Materials science
Experimental study on improving operating conditions of wet cooling towers using various rib numbers of packing

There are different mass and heat transfer mechanisms between water and air flows inside wet cooling towers (WCTs) so that it is a very difficult task to manage or optimize their operations. In this experimental work, the WCT performance is parametrically investigated in order to understand effects of water flow rate, inlet water temperature, type and arrangement of packing, and mass flow rate of air. Three different types of PVC packings (7, 9 and 18 ribs) are studied in this article separately to investigate influences of rib numbers. Furthermore, operation of the WCT is investigated by changing the inlet water temperature, rib numbers of packing, and flow rate of air and water. Ultimately, a guideline is proposed to reach optimum operating conditions of WCTs by virtue of mathematical equations derived from regression analysis of the measured data.

Field of study: Engineering
Permian–Carboniferous arc magmatism in southern Mexico: U–Pb dating, trace element and Hf isotopic evidence on zircons of earliest subduction beneath the western margin of Gondwana

Undeformed felsic to mafic igneous rocks, dated by U–Pb zircon geochronology between 311 and 255 Ma, intrude different units of the Oaxacan and Acatlán metamorphic complexes in southwestern Mexico. Rare earth element concentrations on zircons from most of these magmatic rocks have a typical igneous character, with fractionated heavy rare earths and negative Eu anomalies. Only inherited Precambrian zircons are depleted in heavy rare earth elements, which suggest contemporaneous crystallization in equilibrium with metamorphic garnet during granulite facies metamorphism. Hf isotopic signatures are, however, different among these magmatic units. For example, zircons from two of these magmatic units (Cuanana pluton and Honduras batholith) have positive εHf values (+3.8–+8.5) and depleted mantle model ages (using a mean crustal value of 176Lu/177Hf = 0.015) (TDMC) ranging between 756 and 1,057 Ma, whereas zircons from the rest of the magmatic units (Etla granite, Zaniza batholith, Carbonera stock and Sosola rhyolite) have negative εHf values (−1 to −14) and model ages between 1,330 and 2,160 Ma. This suggests either recycling of different crustal sources or, more likely, different extents of crustal contamination of arc-related mafic magmas in which the Oaxacan Complex acted as the main contaminant. These plutons thus represent the magmatic expression of the initial stages of eastward subduction of the Pacific plate beneath the western margin of Gondwana, and confirm the existence of a Late Carboniferous–Permian magmatic arc that extended from southern North America to Central America.

Field of study: Environmental science
Effect of context salience on heart rate orienting and habituation in preweanling and periadolescent rats.

Previous research indicates that target learning is facilitated in the presence of strong extraneous sensory cues (e.g., salient contextual cues) in infant, but not adult, rats (McKinzie & Spear, 1995). The present study assessed whether such facilitation of conditioning is due to age-related differences in the effect of a salient context on processing of the conditioned stimulus (tone in this case). Preweanling and periadolescent rats were presented with a tone in either the presence (salient context) or absence (plain context) of a potent odorant. Magnitude of the heart rate orienting response to the target stimulus and its subsequent rate of habituation served as dependent variables. The results revealed that preweanling, but not periadolescent, rats showed greater cardiac orienting to the auditory stimulus in the salient than in the plain context. The results suggest that a salient context may influence stimulus processing by increasing the perceived salience and, perhaps in terms of perceived intensity, of the target stimulus.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Demonstration of multi-wavelength tunable fiber lasers based on a digital micromirror device processor.

Based on a digital micromirror device (DMD) processor as the multi-wavelength narrow-band tunable filter, we demonstrate a multi-port tunable fiber laser through experiments. The key property of this laser is that any lasing wavelength channel from any arbitrary output port can be switched independently over the whole C-band, which is only driven by single DMD chip flexibly. All outputs display an excellent tuning capacity and high consistency in the whole C-band with a 0.02 nm linewidth, 0.055 nm wavelength tuning step, and side-mode suppression ratio greater than 60 dB. Due to the automatic power control and polarization design, the power uniformity of output lasers is less than 0.008 dB and the wavelength fluctuation is below 0.02 nm within 2 h at room temperature.

Field of study: Physics
Taurine Protects Mouse Spermatocytes from Ionizing Radiation-Induced Damage Through Activation of Nrf2/HO-1 Signaling

The increasing prevalence of ionizing radiation exposure has inevitably raised public concern over the potential detrimental effects of ionizing radiation on male reproductive system function. The detection of drug candidates to prevent reproductive system from damage caused by ionizing radiation is urgent. We aimed to investigate the protective role of taurine on the injury of mouse spermatocyte-derived cells (GC-2) subjected to ionizing radiation.  mouse spermatocytes (GC-2 cells) were exposed to ionizing radiation with or without treatment of Taurine. The effect of ionizing radiation and Taurine treatment on GC-2 cells were evaluated by cell viability assay (CCK8), cell cycle and apoptosis. The relative protein abundance change was determined by Western blotting. The siRNA was used to explore whether Nrf2 signaling was involved in the cytoprotection of Taurine.  Taurine significantly inhibited the decrease of cell viability, percentage of apoptotic cells and cell cycle arrest induced by ionizing radiation. Western blot analysis showed that taurine significantly limited the ionizing radiation-induced down-regulation of CyclinB1 and CDK1, and suppressed activation of Fas/FasL system pathway. In addition, taurine treatment significantly increased the expression of Nrf2 and HO-1 in GC-2 cells exposed to ionizing radiation, two components in antioxidant pathway. The above cytoprotection of Taurine was blocked by siNrf2.  Our results demonstrate that taurine has the potential to effectively protect GC-2 cells from ionizing radiation- triggered damage via upregulation of Nrf2/HO-1 signaling.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
The sedimentology and context of Late Ordovician glacial marine sediments from Sierra Leone, West Africa

Glacial marine deposits (the Waterfall Formation of the Saionia Scarp Group) from northern Sierra Leone, West Africa, correlate with sequences in Guinea and Senegal and indicate a Late Ordovician age. The sediments (150 m in thickness) are laminated mudstones (rhythmites) of alternating fine laminae and lenticular, graded, coarse laminae a few millimetres thick. Dispersed clasts of various rock types occur within the rhythmites, which also locally contain slump structures. Interbedded with the rhythmites and dropstones are turbidites, with sole structures, amalgamated and graded beds. Transport directions are from the north. Deposition from low-density melt-water suspension currents derived from a shelf glacier is suggested for the rhythmites, with the clasts emplaced by iceberg rafting. Underlying the glacial sediments are subarkoses with heavy-mineral laminae and cross-bedded, super-mature quartz arenites attributed to a shallow-water tidal origin. The occurrence of glacial marine sediments in Sierra Leone provides a southwestern boundary to the ice-sheet which is well-documented as covering much of the Sahara and Northwest Africa during Late Ordovician time, and further emphasizes the great area affected by this glaciation.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
CON/TEXT + I.D./OLOGY (review)

CON/TEXT and I.D./OLOGY are a pair of exhibitions organized by Axis Gallery in New York for the 2002 spring and fall seasons. Conceived as one show with two components, CON/TEXT showcases works that include text, whereas I.D./OLOGY features works that examine identity and ideology critically. Curator Gary van Wyk states that linking the two shows (both through the etymological play on words and the shared artists' list) invites the works to be read within broader philosophical and theoretical frameworks.

Field of study: Art
Residues of pirimiphos-methyl in cereals and processed fractions following post harvest spray application

The aim of this work was to comparatively assess the persistence of pirimiphos methyl residues in cereals and in their milling fractions after spray application in post harvest. An analytical method, based on a slightly modified QuEChERS extraction followed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) determination was validated: mean recovery was in the range 73 % to 92 % depending on the spiking level, and precision as RSD ranged from 11 % to 16 %. The analysis of treated samples revealed that pirimiphos-methyl residues were highly persistent and that no differences could be observed between wheat, durum wheat and oat. As far as the impact of the milling process on residues is concerned, pirimiphos methyl contamination was significantly reduced during both cleaning and processing, and most of the contamination was related to outer kernel fractions.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
A conversation with the Emeritus about older kidneys.

He had guessed the sender from the handwriting on the envelope immediately. It would have ‘decorated’ his undergraduate physiology essays.

The card within had confirmed his surmise.

         Prof H. Methuselah DSc Emeritus Professor of Human Physiology 

Dear Homer ,

There is something personal I would very much like to run by you. How would this Saturday morning suit? Say 10.30? I’ll have the Fair Trade coffee percolating .

Yours ever ,

Henry 

Homer is not his real name but he had been allocated this soubriquet (in honour of Homer Smith the famous renal physiologist) by Henry, his physiology tutor, because he had expressed a special interest in the kidney. He now practises as a clinical nephrologist.

This had not been an invitation but a summons.

The coffee poured, Henry had come straight to the point.

‘It's about Hetty ( his wife ). Seems she has a problem in your department. Our new GP, a Dr Quoff or some such name, wrote to say she has Stage 3 Chronic Kidney Disease. This came as terrible shock to us both, especially as she feels absolutely fine. Lord knows how he managed to make the diagnosis – he had not even seen her. Apparently it was detected when she had a blood test for her annual TSH check. She wants to cancel our trip to Australia to see the grandchildren for fear of falling ill away from home. Of course the travel insurance …

Field of study: Medicine
Laugh and Smile upon the Holy Quran: The Study of Analytical Objectivities.

This study aims the positive impact of The Holy Quran based on the laugh and smile. This kind of derivatives in which  context of praise, expression the feeling of happiness and joyful in the positive senses. Everyone need to relieve his heart so that   happiness  and joy on their s  could be seen. Laughter  also are some of attribute towards the Almighty Allah which was inherent of the prophet muhammed pbuh. He was always smile to anyone whom he met. The smile is the best medicine of having the quality of work in life as well as success in overcome the challenge  in life.  The Holy Quran , laugh and smile, The positive impact.

Field of study: Education
Cavernous carotid aneurysms: to treat or not to treat?

Most cavernous carotid aneurysms (CCAs) are considered benign lesions, most often asymptomatic, and to have a natural history with a low risk of life-threatening complications. However, several conditions may exist in which treatment of these aneurysms should be considered. Several options are currently available regarding the management of CCAs with resultant good outcomes, namely expectant management, luminal preservation strategies with or without addressing the aneurysm directly, and Hunterian strategies with or without revascularization procedures. In this article, we discuss the sometimes difficult decision regarding whether to treat CCAs. We consider the natural history of several types of CCAs, the clinical presentation, the current modalities of CCA management and their outcomes to aid in the management of this heterogeneous group of cerebral aneurysms.

Field of study: Medicine
Five Level Inverter Fed AC Drive System At On Load Condition

1,2 Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Sree Buddha College Of Engineering Abstract—This paper highlights the performance of a five level inverter fed ac drive system. The presence of harmonics in the output voltage and current waveforms of traditional voltage source inverter (VSI) causes significant amount of energy loss. Multilevel inverters can reduce this harmonic content in the output waveforms and this leads to improved performance of the drive system. In this paper the simulation of a five level diode clamped inverter fed induction motor at no load and on load condition is presented. The control pulses for the five level inverter is generated using sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM). The total harmonic distortion (THD) in the output voltage is analyzed using FFT analysis. The simulation results are validated using MATLAB/ Simulink software.  Multilevel inverter, induction motor, harmonics, SPWM, MATLAB software.

Field of study: Engineering
Potassium Abnormalities in Current Clinical Practice: Frequency, Causes, Severity and Management

We aimed to investigate the prevalence and etiology of potassium abnormalities (hypokalemia and hyperkalemia) and management approaches for hospitalized patients.  Over a 4-month period, all hospitalized patients at Hacettepe University Medical Faculty Hospitals who underwent at least one measurement of serum potassium during hospitalization were included. Data on serum levels of electrolytes, demographic characteristics, cause(s) of hospitalization, medications, etiology of potassium abnormality and treatment approaches were obtained from the hospital records.  Of the 9,045 hospitalized patients, 1,265 (14.0%) had a serum potassium abnormality; 604 (6.7%) patients had hypokalemia and 661 (7.30%) had hyperkalemia. In the hypokalemic patients, the most important reasons were gastrointestinal losses in 555 (91.8%) patients and renal losses in 252 (41.7%) patients. The most frequent treatment strategies were correcting the underlying cause and replacing the potassium deficit. Of the 604 hypokalemic patients, 319 (52.8%) were normokalemic at hospital discharge. The most common reason for hyperkalemia was treatment with renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system blockers in 228 (34.4%) patients, followed by renal failure in 191 (28.8%). Two hundred and ninety-eight (45.0%) patients were followed without any specific treatment. Of the 661 hyperkalemic patients, 324 (49.0%) were normokalemic at hospital discharge.  This study showed a high prevalence of potassium imbalance among hospitalized patients. Although most of the potassium abnormalities were mild/moderate, approximately half of the patients treated for hypokalemia or hyperkalemia were discharged from the hospital with ongoing dyskalemia.

Field of study: Medicine