nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Aerobic biodegradation of chiral phenoxyalkanoic acid derivatives during incubations with activated sludge

The aerobic biodegradation of racemic mixtures of five chiral phenoxyalkanoic acids was studied according to a biodegradation test that was complemented with enantiomer-specific analysis. Both enantiomers of (RS)-2-phenoxypropanoic acid, (RS)-2-(3-chlorophenoxy)propanoic acid, and (RS)-2-(4-chlorophenoxy)propanoic acid, were completely degraded within 25 days when aerobically incubated with activated sludge. During incubations of (RS)-2-phenoxypropanoic acid, the (R) enantiomer was degraded before the (S) enantiomer, whereas during incubations of (RS)-2-(3-chlorophenoxy)propanoic acid the (S) enantiomer was preferentially degraded. The (R) enantiomer of (RS)-2-(2-chlorophenoxy)propanoic acid was removed after 24 days while only 30% of the (S) enantiomer was degraded within 47 days of incubation. (RS)-2-(2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxy)propanoic acid was the most persistent of all the racemic mixtures tested. After 47 days, the concentration of the (S) enantiomer was nearly unchanged, and the concentration of (R)-2-(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)propanoic acid had decreased only by about 40%. The differences observed in the length of the lag phases and in the degradation rates of individual enantiomers can lead to accumulations of the more recalcitrant enantiomer in aquatic or terrestrial ecosystems.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Aerodynamic Characteristics and Safety of High-Speed Trains Embankment under Crosswinds

This paper studies aerodynamic performance and safety of the high-speed train on the embankment under the action of horizontal wind. Based on the aerodynamics and multi-body system dynamics theory, the high-speed train aerodynamics and dynamics model is established to simulate field characteristics, aerodynamic performance and dynamic performance of high-speed train running on 10-meter embankment. From the simulation we get safety indexes such as derailment coefficient, wheel weight reducing load rate, lateral wheelset force and the wheel/rail vertical force. And the running security region of the train on the embankment can be determined based on high-speed train vehicle test specification. The calculation results of this paper can provide reference for the safe operation of high-speed trains in horizontal wind.

Field of study: Engineering
Impact of Single and Multiple Injection Slot Locations for Attached-Die and Detached-Die Tapered Resin Injection Pultrusion

This study compares the performances of the detached-die with the attached-die resin injection chamber configurations for pultrusion manufacturing. The impact of geometric design parameters (axial location of single injection slot and axial location of multiple injection slots) on the performances and complete reinforcement wetout for both the attached-die and detached-die configurations are investigated for various chamber lengths and compression ratios. Feasible manufacturing solutions are determined from the results.

Field of study: Materials science
Present status and future of functional oligosaccharide development in Japan

Several oligosaccharides such as glycosylsucrose, fructo-oligosaccharides, malto-oligosaccharides, isomalto-oligosaccharides (branched-oligosaccharides), galacto-oligosaccharides, xylo-oligosaccharides, isomaltulose (palatinose), and lactosucrose have been produced on an industrial scale. Recent developments in industrial enzymology have made possible a series of new starch oligosaccharides such as β-1,6 linked gentio-oligosaccharides, α,α-1,1 linked trehalose, α-1,3 linked nigero-oligosaccharides, and branched-cyclodextrins. Some new sweeteners, including trehalose and nigero-oligosaccharides, are being developed as food ingredients with physiologically unique functions such as superoxide dismutase-like activity and immunological activity. Also, soybean oligosaccharides containing raffinose, stachyose, and other oligosaccharides mentioned above are now used in beverages, confectionery, bakery products, yogurts, daily products, and infant milk. In 1991, the Japanese government legislated for Foods for Specified Health Use (FOSHU). FOSHU increased the total to 223 items of which more than 50 % incorporate oligosaccharides as the functional components. Furthermore, the Ministry of Health, Labor, and Welfare published the proposal for a new system named Foods with Health Claims (FHC), which was carried out in April 2002.

Field of study: Chemistry
Differentially Private Continual Learning

Catastrophic forgetting can be a significant problem for institutions that must delete historic data for privacy reasons. For example, hospitals might not be able to retain patient data permanently. But neural networks trained on recent data alone will tend to forget lessons learned on old data. We present a differentially private continual learning framework based on variational inference. We estimate the likelihood of past data given the current model using differentially private generative models of old datasets.

Field of study: Computer science
Selective potentiation of cytokine expression in human whole blood by murabutide, a muramyl dipeptide analogue.

Murabutide is a synthetic muramyl peptide which is in clinical stage of development. Its effect on cytokine production was analysed in human whole blood to reproduce the natural environment. Induced gene transcription within 2 h was associated with the release of cytokines such as tumour necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta), IL-6, IL-8, and also the anti-inflammatory mediator IL-1ra. This synthesis was not associated with the release of IL-4, IL-12, interferon gamma (IFN-gamma), the three colony-stimulating factors (CSFs) or the soluble TNF receptors. The same series of cytokines were assayed to determine the effect of some recombinant cytokines in association with murabutide. Thus, in the presence of IL-2, IL-6, IL-3 or granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), the level of cytokines induced by murabutide was enhanced with no change in the other cytokines profile. IL-3 and GM-CSF were more potent in increasing the murabutide-induced response, eliciting synergistic effects on IL-8 and IL-1Ra production, at both the mRNA accumulation and the protein release. Although neither IL-12 nor IFN-gamma were produced in cells stimulated with murabutide alone, some mRNA expression was found with combined treatments. The results indicate that association of murabutide with a cytokine could exert synergistic effects, thus reducing effective doses of the recombinant protein, increasing the release of anti-inflammatory mediators, and triggering efficient cellular immunity.

Field of study: Medicine
RUSSIA’S TRADING PARTNERS: 100 YEARS AFTER

During the Soviet period, Russia’s 1913 statistics were used as a reference point against which the achievements of the planned-administrative economy of the USSR were evaluated. However, the demise of the Soviet system has made this approach to the economic history of Russia rather obsolete and dysfunctional. As nature abhors a vacuum, economic historians have rapidly begun a quest for new approaches to that issue. In recent years, a number of studies have focused on analyzing the possible alternative routes for Imperial Russia’s economic development in the early 20th century1. It can be said with confidence that only a thorough analysis of Russia’s economic development over long stretches of ?? me can make it possible to identify the key stages and the turning points of her economic history, and to carry out relevant international comparative studies.

Field of study: Economics
Qualified Hope: A Postmodern Politics of Time (review)

Both films suggest, then, that the murders may well have been a desperate response to threats to separate Christine and Léa. Coffman is careful to describe the limited success of writers and filmmakers who deploy psychoanalytic theory's conventional linking of female same-sex desire to psychosis to create the possibility of a new social order. And I appreciate her caution. After all, deployments of the figure of the lesbian psycho killer may resist the idea that same sex desire marks the difference between sanity and insanity. Writers and filmmakers might also deploy this figure for its destructive potential. But, however they're deployed, we are still left with a large population of psycho killers as the archive of lesbian representation. Coffman manages to acknowledge this limitation and still succeed in elaborating some ways in which psychoanalysis can be put to progressive use notwithstanding its convention of linking madness to female homosexuality.

Field of study: Art
Measuring diffraction angular distributions on 59Co, 197Au, and 209Bi nuclei at an alpha-particle energy of 29 MeV

Differential cross sections for the elastic scattering of alpha-particles from 59Co, 197Au, and 209Bi nuclei are measured at an incident energy of 29 MeV. The experimental data are described using different methods of diffraction in the illuminated region (Fresnel nuclear diffraction) and shadow region (Fraunhofer nuclear diffraction). Spatial characteristics of the nuclei obtained from these two types of nuclear diffraction are compared.

Field of study: Physics
Punishment contras during free-operant avoidance.

Punishment of bar-pressing responses of rhesus monkeys with electric shock in one component of a multiple free-operant avoidance schedule suppressed responding in that component. These decreases were concomitant with response rate increases in the unpunished component (punishment contrast). Response rates in both components increased when punishment was removed and decreased in successive sessions. These effects of punishment on unpunished responding were similar to those obtained during single and multiple schedules of positive reinforcement and they suggest a further similarity in the development of discriminations during positive and negative reinforcement schedules.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Bevacizumab or fibronectin gene editing inhibits the osteoclastogenic effects of fibroblasts derived from human radicular cysts

Fibronectin (FN) is a main component of extracellular matrix (ECM) in most adult tissues. Under pathological conditions, particularly inflammation, wound healing and tumors, an alternatively spliced exon extra domain A (EDA) is included in the FN protein (EDA+FN), which facilitates cellular proliferation, motility, and aggressiveness in different lesions. In this study we investigated the effects of EDA+FN on bone destruction in human radicular cysts and explored the possibility of editing FN gene or blocking the related paracrine signaling pathway to inhibit the osteoclastogenesis. The specimens of radicular cysts were obtained from 20 patients. We showed that the vessel density was positively associated with both the lesion size (R = 0.49, P = 0.001) and EDA+FN staining (R = 0.26, P = 0.022) in the specimens. We isolated fibroblasts from surgical specimens, and used the CRISPR/Cas system to knockout the EDA exon, or used IST-9 antibody and bevacizumab to block EDA+FN and VEGF, respectively. Compared to control fibroblasts, the fibroblasts from radicular cysts exhibited significantly more Trap+MNCs, the relative expression level of VEGF was positively associated with both the ratio of EDA+FN/total FN (R = 0.271, P = 0.019) and with the number of Trap+MNCs (R = 0.331, P = 0.008). The knockout of the EDA exon significantly decreased VEGF expression in the fibroblasts derived from radicular cysts, leading to significantly decreased osteoclastogenesis; similar results were observed using bevacizumab to block VEGF, but block of EDA+FN with IST-9 antibody had no effect. Furthermore, the inhibitory effects of gene editing on Trap+MNC development were restored by exogenous VEGF. These results suggest that EDA+FN facilitates osteoclastogenesis in the fibrous capsule of radicular cysts, through a mechanism mediated by VEGF via an autocrine effect on the fibroblasts. Bevacizumab inhibits osteoclastogenesis in radicular cysts as effectively as the exclusion of the EDA exon by gene editing.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Effects of some flavonoids on the susceptibility of low-density lipoprotein to oxidative modification.

The effects of six flavonoids viz., apigenin, genistein, morin, naringin, pelargonidin and quercetin on the susceptibility of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) to oxidative modification were investigated. Flavonoids were added to plasma and incubated for 3 hr at 37 degrees C, and the LDL fraction was separated by ultracentrifugation. Oxidizability of LDL was estimated by measuring conjugated diene (CD), lipid peroxides and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS), after cupric sulfate solution was added. Quercetin and morin significantly (P<0.01 by ANOVA) prolonged the lag time before initiation of oxidation reaction in dose-dependent manner. They also suppressed the formation of lipid peroxides and TBARS more markedly than other flavonoids. The ability to prolong lag time and suppression of lipid peroxides and TBARS formation was in the following order: quercetin >morin >pelargonidin >genistein >naringin >apigenin. LDL exposed to flavonoids reduced oxidizability. These findings suggest that flavonoids may have a role in ameliorating atherosclerosis.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Physics
Integrating Disciplinary Perspectives into Higher Education Research The Example of History

This article explores how higher education research has been built through methodological and epistemological contributions of the disciplines, including history. It also examines how discipline-based scholars might use higher education to explore important questions in their fields, noting how work on access, mobility, financing, curriculum, and policy-making, for example, has benefitted through cross-disciplinary scholarship. Recognizing the potential resistance within the disciplines, the author encourages the consideration of contemporary educational puzzles when forming their research agendas.

Field of study: Education
Modeling of high-energy contamination in SPECT imaging using Monte Carlo simulation

In addition to an intense line at 159 keV, the decay scheme of this radioisotope includes a low yield (/spl sim/3%) of higher energy photons which make a non-negligible contribution to the final image when low-energy high-resolution (LEHR) collimators are used. This contribution of high-energy photons may reach /spl sim/28% of the total counts in the projections. The aim of this work is to model each energy component of the high-energy Point Spread Function (hPSF) for fan-beam LEHR collimators in order to develop fast Monte Carlo (MC) simulations of high-energy ray contamination. The modeling of hPSF was based on the results of simulating photons through the collimator-detector system using the MC code PENELOPE. Since low-energy PSFs models for fan-beam collimators tend to a Gaussian distribution, we use the same function for the hPSF modeling for high-energy photons. The parameters of these Gaussian functions (g(x,y)) were obtained by minimizing the root mean square error (RMS) using the sensitivity of the simulated hPSFs as a constraint. The hPSFs were parameterized for a range of energies between 350 keV and 538 keV. The RMS attained after fitting of g(x,y) to the simulated hPSFs was always smaller than /spl sim/2% of the mean sensitivity per pixel of the image. A strong dependence of the sensitivity on the type and thickness of the backscatter material behind the crystal was found. Our results indicate that Gaussian distributions approximate the hPSF responses for fan-beam collimators. This model will be an important tool to accelerate MC simulations of radiolabeled compounds which emit medium- or high-energy rays.

Field of study: Physics
Kron’s method of subspaces

Gabriel Kron has introduced new and powerful methods of applying tensor analysis to complicated engineering problems, presenting his major contributions in the field of electrical engineering. The manner of presentation, and the rarity of a simultaneous knowledge of the hitherto almost unrelated subjects of electrical engineering and tensor analysis, have unfortunately served to limit his audience. Recent experimental confirmation of some of his investigations dealing with equivalent circuits, however, has attracted the serious attention of a wider engineering following. In view of the growing importance of the whole subject, and of the controversy which has surrounded it, it has seemed desirable to present some particular aspect of Kron's work in a form which may appeal to a less highly specialized audience. To avoid complications as far as possible, the present paper must ignore such important topics as electrical networks, electrical machines, and equivalent circuits. It confines itself to purely dynamical problems, and to that particular idea of Kron's which may be called the method of subs paces.] Much discussion has arisen over Kron's claim that he uses tensor analysis. It is the considered opinion of the present writer that Kron does indeed make a full and proper use of tensor analysis. Possibly the belief that Kron employs only matrices may have arisen from the fact that, in order to present his actual mathematical procedure in a form that may be understood and used by those not familiar with the intricacies of the tensor calculus, he often presents this procedure in matrix form. However, he is always careful to point out that the underlying concepts are wholly tensorial in character. In the present paper the method of subspaces will first be presented in terms of a simple example, and in purely matrix form, merely as a set of rules of procedure, the essentially tensorial significance of the procedure being discussed only after the actual procedure has been brought before the reader. The theoretical discussion will then be followed by three simple, related examples illustrative of various aspects of the method. Scope of the method of subspaces. Let us consider a system, which may be dynamical, electrodynamical, or otherwise, containing several standard parts, such as a fly-wheel, a governor, a pair of synchronous machines, a system of levers, etc. The equations of performance of the individual parts are usually well known, but the equations of performance of the complex whole will depend on the manner in which they are interconnected. Usually it is extremely difficult to trace out the full influence of each interconnection in setting up the equations of performance. The method

Field of study: Mathematics
Constraint Based Design of Two-Channel Paraunitary Filter Banks of a Given Length Over ${\rm GF}(2^{r})$

Over the real field all degree-J paraunitary (PU) multirate systems can be described by the multiplication of J degree-1 lattice blocks and a unitary matrix. Over the finite field GF(2r) this degree-1 factorization is not complete, i.e., it only describes a subset of all possible PU systems. In the two-channel case degree-2tau blocks are also required to completely describe all PU systems over GF(2 r). Therefore, different factorizations can be considered. Each factorization generates a subset of PU systems. It is interesting to consider if these different factorizations have distinct properties. In this correspondence, we specifically consider constraining the length of the filter bank to be equal to N+1. This is required in certain error control coding applications. We contrast this factorization based method with an existing trial and error approach employing the Berlekamp factoring algorithm. A key advantage of the proposed method is the elimination of redundant polyphase factorizations. Further simplifications over GF(2) identified by this method are also discussed

Field of study: Engineering
Contribution of Endogenous Inhibitor of Nitric Oxide Synthase to Hepatic Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Streptozotocin-induced Diabetic Rats

Mitochondrial dysfunction plays important roles in the development of diabetes. Elevated nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibitor asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) has been shown to be closely related to diabetes. But the relationship between them in diabetes has not been determined. This study was to explore the role of ADMA in hepatic mitochondrial dysfunction and its potential mechanisms in diabetic rats and hepatocytes.  Respiratory enzymes activities, mitochondrial transmembrane potential and ATP content were measured to evaluate mitochondrial function. The copy number ratio of mitochondrial gene to nuclear gene was used to represent mitochondrial biogenesis. The activity of superoxide dismutase and malondialdehyde content were detected to reflect oxidative stress. Furthermore, changes in ADMA and NO contents, uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α) transcriptions were determined.  Elevated ADMA levels in serum of diabetic rats were found to be associated with hepatic mitochondrial dysfunction reflected by reductions of respiratory enzyme activities, mitochondrial membrane potential and ATP contents. Similar mitochondrial dysfunction also occurred in ADMA-treated hepatocytes. The mitochondrial dysfunction observed in diabetic rats or hepatocytes was accompanied with suppressions of mitochondrial biogenesis, PGC-1α transcription and NO synthesis as well as enhances of UCP 2 transcription and oxidative stress. These effects of ADMA could be attenuated by treatments with antioxidant or NO donor.  These results indicate that elevated endogenous ADMA contributes to hepatic mitochondrial dysfunction in diabetic rats, and underlying mechanisms may be related to the suppression of mitochondrial biogenesis and mitochondrial uncoupling via inhibiting NO synthesis and enhancing oxidative stress.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Unified description of single-particle production in pp collisions

bers of the Joint Institute for Nuclear ResearchNAL-University of Rochester-Rockefeller University collaboration for providing solid-state detectors for monitoring PP elastic rates. D. Burandt, R. Olsen, and J. Hanks provided valuable technical assistance. Finally, we would like to recognize the encouragement given to us by R. R. Wilson, E. L. Goldwasser, and J. Sanford in the course of this work.

Field of study: Physics
Variational Model to Removal Strong Multiplicative Noise

In this paper,a new variational model is proposed and studied to remove the strong multiplicative noise.The initial boundary value problem of the partial differential equation for the model is derived and discreted numerically.The model has succeeded in inhibiting multiplicative noise effectively,preserving the textures and fine details of images perfectly.It is concluded from the experiments that the new model not only can remove multiplicative noise effectively,but also is more superior to preventing the "step-casing effect" than the existing key models.Moreover,the new variational model is much superior than the existing key models in the running time.

Field of study: Computer science