nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Field measurements of incision rates following bedrock exposure: Implications for process controls on the long profiles of valleys cut by rivers and debris flows

Until recently, published rates of incision of bedrock valleys came from indirect dating of incised surfaces. A small but growing literature based on direct measurement reports short-term bedrock lowering at geologically unsustainable rates. We report observations of bedrock lowering from erosion pins monitored over 1–7 yr in 10 valleys that cut indurated volcanic and sedimentary rocks in Washington, Oregon, California, and Taiwan. Most of these channels have historically been stripped of sediment. Their bedrock is exposed to bed-load abrasion, plucking, and seasonal wetting and drying that comminutes hard, intact rock into plates or equant fragments that are removed by higher fl ows. Consequent incision rates are proportional to the square of rock tensile strength, in agreement with experimental results of others. Measured rates up to centimeters per year far exceed regional long-term erosionrate estimates, even for apparently minor sediment-transport rates. Cultural artifacts on adjoining strath terraces in Washington and Taiwan indicate at least several decades of lowering at these extreme rates. Lacking sediment cover, lithologies at these sites lower at rates that far exceed long-term rock-uplift rates. This rate disparity makes it unlikely that the long profi les of these rivers are directly adjusted to either bedrock hardness or rock-uplift rate in the manner predicted by the stream power law, despite the observation that their profi les are well fi t by power-law plots of drainage area vs. slope. We hypothesize that the threshold of motion of a thin sediment mantle, rather than bedrock hardness or rock-uplift rate, controls channel slope in weak bedrock lithologies with tensile strengths below ~3–5 MPa. To illustrate this hypothesis and to provide an alternative interpretation for power-law plots of area vs. slope, we combine Shields’ threshold transport concept with measured hydraulic relationships and downstream fi ning rates. In contrast to fl uvial reaches, none of the hundreds of erosion pins we installed in steep valleys recently scoured to bedrock by debris fl ows indicate any postevent fl uvial lowering. These results are consistent with episodic debris fl ows as the primary agent of bedrock lowering in the steepest parts of the channel network above ~0.03–0.10 slope.

Field of study: Geology
Rapid routine structure determination of macromolecular assemblies using electron microscopy: current progress and further challenges.

Although the methodology of molecular microscopy has enormous potential, it is time consuming and labor intensive. The techniques required to produce a three-dimensional (3D) electron density map of a macromolecular structure normally require manual operation of an electron microscope by a skilled operator and manual supervision of the sometimes complex software needed for analysis and calculation of 3D maps. Systems to automate the process of data acquisition from an electron microscope are being developing and these systems are being integrated with specimen handling operations and post acquisition data processing. Here, the current performance of our existing systems and the future challenges involved in substantially improving both the sustained throughput and the yield of automated data collection and analysis are reported.

Field of study: Physics
EMSM:a Effective Multicast Streaming Mechanism in Wireless Mesh Network

Network coding is a method that promises to achieve high throughput for multicast streaming in wireless mesh network.However,it comes with two problem: delay and unfairness.We aim at solving this two problem.A effective multicast streaming mechanism in wireless mesh network(EMSM) is presented in this paper.EMSM control the unfairness baesd on the credit of node,and apperceives the decode capability of node,and selects destination set effectively.The unfairness of the node who has good channel is depressed.The system-wide delay is reduced by dual queue mechanism and native packets selecting mechanism in router.Simulation results show that the proposed scheme can achieve low delay,and the unfairness of tht good and bad channel is solving.

Field of study: Computer science
The sociology of studies of ethnic conflict: Explaining the causal status of development

Is security a pre‐condition for development or is development a precondition for security? Since World War II, scholars studying ethnic conflict have answered this question differently. In reviewing the literature on development and ethnic conflict, this article introduces ideas derived from the sociology of science to explain the lack of consensus. Accordingly, the article suggests that this variation should not be understood as a reflection of the growth of cumulative knowledge but rather as a reflection of the fact that ethnic conflict has been studied by many social science disciplines.

Field of study: History, Sociology
Proteolytic analysis of polymerized maize tubulin: regulation of microtubule stability to low temperature and Ca2+ by the carboxyl terminus of β‐tubulin

To obtain information on plant microtubule stability to low temperature and Ca 2+ , the regulatory domain of polymerized tubulin from maize (Zea mays cv. Black Mexican Sweet) was dissected by limited proteolysis with subtilisin. Tubulin in taxol-stabilized microtubules was cleaved in a subtilisin concentration- and time-dependent manner. Immunoblotting of microtubules with antibodies having mapped epitopes on α- and β-tubulins revealed that cleavage initially removed ≤15 residues from the β-tubulin carboxyl terminus to produce αβ s -microtubules. Subsequent cleavage occurred at an extreme site and an internal site within the α-tubulin carboxyl terminus. Electron microscopy revealed that αβ s -microtubules were ultrastructurally indistinguishable from uncleaved control αβ-microtubules. Quantitative polymer sedimentation showed that low temperature treatment (0 °C) caused significant depolymerization of αβ-microtubules, but little depolymerization of αβ s -microtubules. Ca 2+ enhanced the cold-induced depolymerization of both αβ- and αβ s -microtubules. However, αβ s -microtubules were significantly more stable to depolymerization by cold and Ca 2+ than were αβ-micro-tubules. The results showed that maize microtubules containing shortened β-tubulin carboxyl termini are relatively resistant to the combined depolymerizing effects of cold and Ca 2+ . Thus, the extreme carboxyl terminus of β-tubulin is a crucial element of the plant tubulin regulatory domain and may be involved in the modulation of microtubule stability during the chilling response in plants.

Field of study: Environmental science
LEGO for Two-Party Secure Computation

This paper continues the recent line of work of making Yao's garbled circuit approach to two-party computation secure against an active adversary. We propose a new cut-and-choose based approach called LEGO (Large Efficient Garbled-circuit Optimization): It is specifically aimed at large circuits. Asymptotically it obtains a factor $\log\vert\mathcal{C}\vert$ improvement in computation and communication over previous cut-and-choose based solutions, where $\vert\mathcal{C}\vert$ is the size of the circuit being computed. The protocol is universally composable (UC) in the OT-hybrid model against a static, active adversary.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Theoretical model of phonon propagation in micro- and nanostructural materials

Peculiarities of the kinetics of weakly nonequilibrium thermal phonons (λph = 10−50 nm) in nanodispersed ceramics are investigated. The features of the phonon spectrum in the wavelength range λph ∼ Rg (where Rg is the average size of a ceramic grain) are studied. The conditions yielding the formation of a gap in the phonon spectrum of nanodispersed materials are analyzed. It is shown that the presence of inclusions with characteristic sizes smaller than the grain size of the parent ceramic material (pores, inclusions of other phases) shifts the gap toward the high-frequency range of the phonon spectrum. Peculiarities of the transport of nonequilibrium phonons during the transition from nano- to microdispersed sizes of the ceramic structure are analyzed.

Field of study: Physics
The role of protein kinase C to LPS-induced β-1,4-galactosyltransferase- I expression in endothelial cells

To investigate the regulation of protein kinase C(PKC) to the expression of β-1,4-galactusyhransferase- Ⅰ ( β-1,4-GalT- Ⅰ ) and the influence on cytoskeleton and adherence ability of human umbilical vein endothelial cells(HUVECs) when stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS).  Cultured HUVECs were pretreated by various PKC inhibitors or phorbol 12-myristate 13-acctate( PMA), an excitomotor of PKC respectively for 30 min, then stimulated by LPS for 4 h. β-1,4-GalT-Ⅰ expression were detected by RT-PCR and Western blot, expression of β-1,4-galactosylated carbohydrate chains and cytoskeleton were assayed by immumofluorescence, and adherence ability of HUVECs was observed by endothelialmonocyte cell adherence test.  Up-regulated expression of β-1,4-GalT- Ⅰ and β-1,4-galactosylated carbohydrate chains in HUVECs stimulated by LPS were suppressed by PKC inhibitors and increased by PMA. F-actin and β-1,4-GalT- Ⅰ were partly co-localized in HUVECs. PKC inhibitor inhibited the effect of LPS on the distribution of F-actin and β-1,4-GalT- Ⅰ. Adherence ability of HUVECs enhanced by LPS was significantly suppressed by PKC inhibitor.  PKC signal transduction pathway may participate in regulating β-1,4-GalT-Ⅰ expression in endothelial cells stimulated by LPS. Furthermore, polytypes of PKC may participate in this regulating process; PKC might regulate cytoskeleton reorganization and adherence ability of EC through β-1,4-GalT-Ⅰ during inflammation. 
 
 
β-1,4-galactosyhransferase-Ⅰ ;  Protein kinase C;  Endothelial cell;  Lipopolysaccha-ride

Field of study: Biology
Using expedited 10-g protein counter (EP-10) for meal planning.

Precise protein quantification and recommendation is essential in clinical dietetics, particularly in the management of individuals with chronic kidney disease, malnutrition, burns, wounds, pressure ulcers, and those in active sports. 
 
The Expedited 10g Protein Counter (EP-10) was developed to simplify the quantification of dietary protein for assessment and recommendation of protein  Instead of using separate protein exchanges for different food groups to quantify the dietary protein intake of an individual, every exchange in the EP-10 accounts for an exchange each of 3g non-protein-rich food and 7g protein-rich food (Table 1). The EP-10 was recently validated and published in the Journal of Renal Nutrition  This study demonstrated that using the EP-10 for dietary protein intake quantification had clinically acceptable validity and reliability when compared with the conventional 7g protein exchange while requiring less  In clinical practice, the use of efficient, accurate and practical methods to facilitate assessment and treatment plans is important. The EP-10 can be easily implemented in the nutrition assessment and recommendation for a patient in the clinical setting. 
 
This patient education tool was adapted from materials printed in the Journal of Renal Nutrition.1 The tool may be used as presented or adapted to assist patients to achieve their recommended daily protein intake.

Field of study: Medicine
Antibody reactivity to an Epstein–Barr virus BERF4‐encoded epitope occurring also in Asp‐57 region of HLA‐DQ8 β chain

A five amino acids‐long sequence (GPPAA) in the region of the 57th amino acid of HIA‐DQ8 β chain, with seems to be important in defining the risk for type I diabetes, occurs also in the BERF4‐encoded EBNA 3C protein of Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) in six successive repeats. The antigenicity of this region was analysed using synthetic peptides containing different modifications of the GPPAA sequence. Two of the seven individuals who had acute EBV infection produced antibodies against an EBV‐derived peptide (GPPAAGPPAAGPPAA) paralleling the EBNA2 antibodies. These two cases also contracted type I diabetes immediately after the infection. High antibody levels against this peptide were found in a total of 12%, of EBV+ individuals, and in most cases antibodies remained at high levels for several years. Human sera as well as affinity‐purified antibodies specific for the GPPAAGPPAAGPPAA peptide reacted also with shorter peptide analogues (GPPAAGPPAA and GPPAA), as well as with peptides containing the surrounding motifs from DQ8 β chains. However, none of these antibodies bound to denatured DQ8 β chains in immunoblotting. The charge of the 57th amino acid modulated the antigenicity of this epitope, as peptides from Asp‐57‐negative DQ molecules were reactive, while peptides from Asp‐57‐positive DQ molecules were not. The responsiveness was seen in both HLA‐DQ8‐positive and ‐negative subjects as well as in type I diabetic individuals. The results suggest that some individuals who carry the GPPAA sequence in their HLA‐DQ molecule recognize this epitope in EBV. This phenomenon may have potential importance in EBV‐induced immune abnormalities, although cross‐reactivity against DQ molecules could not be demonstrated in the present study.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Chemical Control of Sweet Potato Weevil, Cylas formicarius (Fabricius) in Sweet Potato*

In the field experiments on control of Cylas formicarius (Fabricius), the sweet potato weevil using different insecticides, conducted during 1997–99, it was found that dipping of vines before planting followed by spraying at 30 and 45 days after planting (DAP) with monocrotophos, dimethoate, chlorpyriphos, acephate and fenvalerate effectively reduced the vine and tuber damage and increased tuber yields. Among the insecticides evaluated, fenvalerate and monocrotophos are highly effective with cost benefit ratio of 1:1.9 and 1:1.6, respectively.

Field of study: Biology
A novel characteristic index for frosting suppression based on the configuration and operation of air source heat pumps.

It has been known that for space heating ASHPs, their different configurations and operation may influence their frosting performances. However, there has been not a single index that can be used to comprehensively and realistically evaluate the frosting suppression performances for a space heating ASHP unit by considering all the influencing configurational and operational factors. Therefore, in this paper, a novel characteristic index for frosting suppression based on the configuration and operation of ASHPs has been proposed and its development is reported. Firstly, the characteristic index, CICO, was defined, a detailed analysis on the heat transfer taking place in the outdoor coil of an ASHP was carried out, and the relationship between CICO and temperature difference in the heat transfer between outdoor coil and ambient air (ΔT) was established. Secondly, the description of an experimental setup with four experimental ASHP units is given. The set was used to establish all empirical numerical relationship between CICO and ΔT. Thirdly, using the experimental results, the empirical numerical relationship between CICO and ΔT was established, which suggested that a higher CICO would lead to a smaller ΔT, thus a better frosting suppression performance. The development results suggested that the index of CICO could be used to evaluate the level of frosting suppression performance for ASHPs, and to help improve the frosting suppression performances for an ASHP during its design and operation, to ensure its best possible operation performance.

Field of study: Engineering
Monolithic electrochemically promoted reactors: A step for the practical utilization of electrochemical promotion

A novel dismantlable monolithic-type electrochemically promoted catalytic reactor and “smart” sensor-catalytic reactor unit has been constructed and tested for hydrocarbon oxidation and NO reduction by C 2 H 4 in the presence of O 2 . In this novel reactor, thin (∼ 40 nm) porous catalyst films made of two different materials are sputter-deposited on opposing surfaces of thin (0.25 mm) parallel solid electrolyte plates supported in the grooves of a ceramic monolithic holder and serve as sensor or electropromoted catalyst elements. The catalyst dispersion was higher than 10%. A 22 flat plate reactor operated with apparent Faradaic efficiency up to 100, at near complete reactants conversion, at gas flow rates up to 30 l/min. The novel design has only two external electrical connections and thus significantly facilitates the practical utilization of electrochemical promotion of catalysis.

Field of study: Materials science
The Convergence of Tradition and Modernization——An analysis of the publishing concept of the Commercial Press in period of Zhang Yuan-ji and the modern transition of Chinese culture

The Commercial Press is a remarkable representative of the press in China's modern history.The distinguishing feature of its publishing culture was established in the period of Zhang Yuan-ji.We can find the publishing concept of the Commercial Press from its high valuation of publication of ancient books and masterpiece of Chinese version.There is a natural connection between the press and culture.The condition of the press in the transition from the Qing Dynasty to the Republic China reflects the convergence and impact between the Chinese traditional culture and the West modern culture,which led to the transformation of Chinese traditional culture and the sinicization of the West modern culture,and promoted the modern transition of traditional Chinese culture.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
[Experimental hemorrhagic stroke: the effect of the peptide preparation cortexin in the formation of Hb-NO-complexes and other blood paramagnetic centers].

Using electronic paramagnetic resonance (EPR), we studied the effect of the peptide cortexin on the content of hemoglobin nitrozyl complexes (Hb-NO-complexes) and other paramagnetic centers (transferrin, methemoglobin) in the blood of rats of Krushynsky-Molodkina line in the experimental hemorrhagic stroke induced by acoustic stress. After the acoustic exposure, the level of Hb-NO-complexes have increased by more than 6 times. The intensity of the EPR signal of the plasma peptide transferrin increased by 1,5 times. The level of blood methemoglobin was also elevated, though not significantly, after the acoustic stress. Cortexin substantially reduces the formation of Hb-NO-complexes and, therefore, the level of nitride oxide while the contents of transferrin and methemoglobin remain intact.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Basis Generator for M-Scheme SU(3) Shell Model Calculations

A FORTRAN code for generating the leading SU(3) irreducible representation (irrep) of N identical spin 1 =2 fermions in a harmonic oscillator mean fleld is introduced. The basis states are labeled by N { the total number of particles, the SU(3) irrep labels (‚;„), and S { the total spin of the system. The orthonormalized basis states have two additional good quantum numbers: † { the eigenvalue of the quadruple operator, Q0 ;a nd M J { the eigenvalues of the projection of the total angular momentum operator, J0 = L0 +S0. The approach that is developed can be used for a description of nuclei in a proton-neutron representation and is part of a larger program aimed at integrating SU(3) symmetry into the best of the currently available exact shell-model technologies.

Field of study: Physics
Measuring design complexity of semantic web ontologies

Ontology languages such as OWL are being widely used as the Semantic Web movement gains momentum. With the proliferation of the Semantic Web, more and more large-scale ontologies are being developed in real-world applications to represent and integrate knowledge and data. There is an increasing need for measuring the complexity of these ontologies in order for people to better understand, maintain, reuse and integrate them. In this paper, inspired by the concept of software metrics, we propose a suite of ontology metrics, at both the ontology-level and class-level, to measure the design complexity of ontologies. The proposed metrics are analytically evaluated against Weyuker's criteria. We have also performed empirical analysis on public domain ontologies to show the characteristics and usefulness of the metrics. We point out possible applications of the proposed metrics to ontology quality control. We believe that the proposed metric suite is useful for managing ontology development projects.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Mild Colorimetric Detection of Sialic Acid

As part of a broader program focusing on the detection of colorless biomolecules in the visible region, a simple and mild procedure for the visual detection of the most abundant sialic acid at room temperature and neutral pH is reported. The role of the interaction of the sialic acid amide with boron in a readily synthesized boronic acid-based receptor is an important feature of the signaling mechanism. Selectivity of reaction can be tuned by the judicious choice of solvents. This study embodies a departure from many of the author's earlier efforts in sugar solutions that are not heated, affording relatively more selective and milder detection.

Field of study: Chemistry
Self-Regulation Skills and its Relation to Classroom Behavioral Problems Among the Students of Learning Difficulties

This study aimed at identifying the efficiency level of a cognitive-behavioral program in developing the self-regulation skills, and their impact upon the classroom behavioral problems of 5 th grade students with learning difficulties available at Amman schools and public and private centers. The sample included (40) male and female students who were randomly divided into 2 groups: a control and experimental with (20) students each. The experimental group was exposed to a training on the cognitive-behavioral program whereas the control group didn't get that training. The cognitive-behavioral program involved (10) sessions, 90 minutes each, through which the participants of the experimental group got cognitive-behavioral practices for developing their self-regulation skills. For the purposes of this study, the scale of self-regulation, which was prepared by Turki (2004),was used, as well as the estimation checklist of classroom behavioral problems prepared by the researcher in order to gather data and compare the 2 groups participants' performance on the pre and post tests. The results of the study indicated that there are statistically significant differences in each of self-regulation skills and classroom behavioral problems between the students of the experimental group who were exposed to the program and the students of the control group who were not exposed to the program for the benefit of the experimental. Besides, the results showed that there is a statistically significant contradictory connection between the acquisition of self-regulation skills and classroom behavioral problems.  Self-Regulation Skills, Behavioral Problems, Learning Difficulties

Field of study: Education