nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Pharmacokinetics of sustained-release capsule of 5-isosorbide mononitrate in 20 healthy Chinese young men.

To compare the pharmacokinetics of domestic and imported sustained-release capsule of 5-isosorbide mononitrate (5-IM).



A single and 5-d-repeated oral doses of 5-IM 50 mg were performed on 2 groups of 20 Chinese healthy subjects (10 subjects for each group) in a randomized crossover protocol. The 5-IM in plasma were measured by gas chromatography with electron-captured detector method. Data were analyzed automatically by using a CAPP program on a PC computer.



Fitting the 5-IM concentration-time curves to one-compartment model or following trapezoidal rule, the parameters such as Tmax, Cmax, Ke, MRT, and AUC were calculated and there were no significant differences between the two kinds of capsule. The major pharmacokinetic parameters of domestic and imported 5-IM sustained-release capsule with a 5-d multiple dose were respectively: Cmax (677 +/- 103) and (702 +/- 76) micrograms.L-1; Tmax (5.1 +/- 2.0) and (5.6 +/- 1.3) h; MRT (11.5 +/- 0.5) and (11.4 +/- 0.7) h; AUC0-infinity (12,121 +/- 1346) and (12,352 +/- 988) micrograms.h.L-1. The fraction of drug absorbed in vivo was correlated well with the percentage amount of drug released in vitro at corresponding time (P < 0.05), and the fluctuation indices on d 5 in multiple dose study were not significantly different between the two formulations (P > 0.05). The relative bioavailability of the domestic capsule for single and multiple dose were 96% +/- 11% and 98% +/- 10%, respectively.



Domestic 5-IM sustained-release capsule showed bioequivalence compared with the imported capsule and provided the same nitrate-low interval in the latter part of the 24-h dosing interval.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Universal consistency of Wasserstein k-NN classifier

The Wasserstein distance provides a notion of dissimilarities between probability measures, which has recent applications in learning of structured data with varying size such as images and text documents. In this work, we analyze the $k$-nearest neighbor classifier ($k$-NN) under the Wasserstein distance and establish the universal consistency on families of distributions. Using previous known results on the consistency of the $k$-NN classifier on infinite dimensional metric spaces, it suffices to show that the families is a countable union of finite dimensional components. As a result, we are able to prove universal consistency of $k$-NN on spaces of finitely supported measures, the space of finite wavelet series and the spaces of Gaussian measures with commuting covariance matrices.

Field of study: Computer science
Local magnetic measurements of permanent current paths in a natural graphite crystal

A recently reported transition in the electrical resistance of different natural graphite samples suggests the existence of superconductivity at room temperature. To check whether dissipationless electrical currents are responsible for the trapped magnetic flux inferred from electrical resistance measurements, we localized them using magnetic force microscopy on a natural graphite sample in remanent state after applying a magnetic field. The obtained evidence indicates that at room temperature a permanent current flows at the border of the trapped flux region. The current path vanishes at the same transition temperature $T_c \simeq 370~$K as the one obtained from electrical resistance measurements on the same sample. The overall results support the existence of room-temperature superconductivity at certain regions in the graphite structure and show that the used method is suitable to localize the superconducting regions.

Field of study: Physics
L’effet nocebo dans la pratique courante

![Figure][1] 

En 2013, l’ European Journal of Neurology publiait une meta-analyse qui examinait les taux d’abandon des patients en raison des effets secondaires des medicaments lors d’essais cliniques sur les traitements pour la maladie de Parkinson[1][2]. Une revue portant sur plus d

Field of study: Medicine
Interfacial reaction and electrical property of Ge/Ni/ZnSe for blue laser diode

Interfacial reaction and electrical property of the Ge/Ni/ZnSe have been investigated as a fundamental study to develop ohmic contacts to p-ZnSe, using x-ray diffraction, Auger electron spectroscopy, cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy, and capacitance-voltage measurement. Ni/ZnSe, Ni/Ge systems have been also studied for comparison with the Ge/Ni/p-ZnSe system and the electrical property could be related to the interfacial reaction. After annealing at 170°C, Ni3Se2 and NiGe were formed at Ni/ZnSe and Ge/Ni interface, respectively. The increase of annealing temperature resulted in the decomposition of Ni3Se2 through the reaction with Ge. The change of the Schottky barrier height strongly depended on the annealing temperature. According to the result of Ni/ZnSe interface reaction, Ni3Se2 in the Ni/ZnSe interface lowered the Schottky barrier height. At higher annealing temperature, the Schottky barrier height increased and it was mainly due to the thermal decomposition of ZnSe.

Field of study: Materials science
Local CSI Based Selection Beamforming for Amplify-and-Forward MIMO Relay Networks

We investigate selection beamforming for a cooperative network that consists of a source, a destination, and two amplify-and-forward (AF) relays, which are all equipped with multiple antennas. The transmit and receive beamforming techniques are respectively applied at the source and destination, and the linear processing operator of the selected AF multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) relay is optimized. We consider that the source has the instantaneous channel state information (CSI) of the channels from the source to relays but no information regarding the CSI of the channels from the relays to the destination. Partial relay selection (PRS) is employed, i.e., the source routes its information signal to the relay which offers better first-hop signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Considering a Rayleigh fading environment, we derive an exact closed-form expression for the outage probability at the destination. The validity of the outage probability expression has been confirmed with numerical simulations. We also present the asymptotic analysis of the PRS scheme for the considered multiantenna system and derive the expressions of diversity gain. It is shown that, the overall diversity gain is min(min(n<sub>r,1</sub>n<sub>d</sub>,n<sub>r,2</sub>n<sub>d</sub>), n<sub>r,1</sub>n<sub>s</sub> +n<sub>r,2</sub>n<sub>s</sub>) where n<sub>s</sub>, n<sub>d</sub>, and n<sub>r,q</sub> are, respectively, the numbers of antennas at the source, destination and the qth relay. For the condition C : min(n<sub>r,1</sub>n<sub>d</sub>,n<sub>r,2</sub>n<sub>d</sub>) ≥ n<sub>r,1</sub>n<sub>s</sub> + n<sub>r,2</sub>n<sub>s</sub> that can be easily met with practically realizable antenna configurations, it is shown that PRS provides the same diversity order as opportunistic relaying (OR).

Field of study: Engineering
Asymptotic uniqueness of the sliding state for charge-density waves.

Analytic results are presented for the dynamic behavior of sliding charge-density waves (CDW's) and related extended nonlinear systems with randomness. It is shown that, in the limit of long times, a sliding configuration approaches a unique solution. In CDW models, the velocity of this asymptotic solution is periodic in time. These results explain previous numerical observations, simplify further analysis and simulation, and have direct experimental implications

Field of study: Physics
Rural-urban differences in health-seeking for the treatment of childhood malaria in south-east Nigeria.

To identify the differences in health-seeking for childhood malaria treatment, between urban and rural communities in Nigeria, with a view to providing information to policy makers that will be used to improve malaria control.



Quantitative and qualitative research methods were employed in eliciting information. A pre-tested structured questionnaire was administered to 1200 caretakers of children under 5 years who had malaria 2 weeks prior to the survey period. Focus group discussions were held with mothers and in-depth interviews with health care providers.



Health-seeking for malaria, differed significantly between rural and urban mothers. While majority (64.7%) of urban caretakers patronized private/government health facilities, most (62%) of their rural counterparts resorted to self-treatment with drugs bought over-the-counter, from patent medicine vendors. Hospitals were geographically more accessibility to urban than rural dwellers. Rural mothers only go to hospital when the problem persists or becomes worse, which results in delay in seeking appropriate and timely care.



Urban and rural mothers differed in their responses to childhood fevers. Training drug vendors and caretakers are important measures to improve malaria control. Health facilities with good quality services and readily available drugs should be provided.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Early diagenetic processes in Labrador Sea sediments; uranium-isotope geochemistry

The concentration and isotopic composition of U dissolved in pore waters from hemipelagic sediments of the Labrador Sea were determined by thermal ionization mass spectrometry in two 30 cm long box cores. The present fluxes of seawater U that diffuses across the sediment–seawater interface are on the order of 2–4 μg/(cm2∙ka). This diffusion imposes decreasing gradients of dissolved U downwards, but the U concentration in pore waters immediately below the surface is much lower than that of open-ocean seawater. This is a primary feature that cannot be explained by carbonate precipitation due to decompression during core retrieval. More likely, it reflects the presence of a stagnant benthic boundary layer above the sediment–water interface, in which molecular diffusion of U is slower than in the overlying turbulently mixed seawater, and (or) of microzones near the interface where U is bioaccumulated. Uranium is adsorbed at depths onto the solid phase in response to changes in the redox conditions within the ...

Field of study: Environmental science
[The treatment of Alzheimer's disease in patients with comorbid somatic pathology].

To study efficacy and safety of cholinergic therapy in patients with Alzheimer's disease or combined Alzheimer's and vascular dementia and marked somatic pathology, 30 patients, aged from 54-85 years, with mild or moderate dementia have been studied. Patients were treated with rivastigmine (exelon) in dosage 3-12 mg daily during 3 months. The safety of the drug for patients with comorbid somatic pathology has been shown: during the treatment no severe aversive effects or strengthening of diseases of visceral organs were observed. The improvement of global clinical state as well as reduction of cognitive and behavioral disorders indicate the high effectiveness of exelon. The recommendations allowing to improve the tolerability of treatment with exelon of patients with comorbid pathology of visceral organs are worked out.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Establishment and evaluation of receptor binding domain (RBD)-based ELISA for Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) antibody detection

To establish an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)and to compare the efficiency of receptor binding domain (RBD) proteins in different forms for Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) antibody detection. 
 
 
 
The monomeric and trimeric forms of MERS-CoV RBD were expressed in Bac-insect cells, 293T cells and ExpiCHO-S™ expression system and then purified. The purified RBD proteins were identified with native gel electrophoresis and Western blot. Then, an equal amount of each RBD protein was used as coating antigen to establish an ELISA for detecting MERS-CoV IgG titer. For comparison, the newly developed ELISA and the commercial MERS-CoV IgG antibody detection kit (Euroimmune with S1 as the coating antigen) were used to measure the MERS-CoV antibody reference panel supplied by World Health Organization (WHO). 
 
 
 
The purified monomeric and trimeric MERS-CoV RBD were successfully prepared using 293T cells and ExpiCHO-S™ system. RBD antigens of different forms and from different systems could recognize MERS-CoV specific antibody without having any cross reaction with the sera from healthy adults. The in-house RBD-based ELISA had good detection consistency with the Euroimmune commercial kit. The positive samples showed higher and more concentrated values based on the RBD trimer than the monomer. 
 
 
 
Novel indirect ELISA methods based on the monomeric and trimeric forms of RBD protein were established. The trimetric form-based ELISA achieved higher detection efficiency than the one using the monomer antigen, suggesting that it could be uses as a competent alternative to the commercial kit. 
 
 
 
Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV); Receptor binding domain (RBD); Antibody; Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)

Field of study: Biology
The chronology of speleothem deposition in northern Yukon and its relationships to permafrost

In the northern Yukon there is a significant group of limestone caves in an area that was not glaciated during the Quaternary. Permafrost appears to have played an important role in restricting calcite speleothem deposition in the caves. U/Th dating and stable isotopic studies indicate that the deposits form two distinct groups, a first group younger than 350 ka, and a second group older than the 350 ka BP limit of the conventional U/Th alpha spectrometric dating method. Two large samples from the second group yield sequences of magnetic declinations and inclinations with reversed and normal polarity, perhaps from the Tertiary. The pollen content of five speleothems, the modes of calcite deposition, and stable isotopic analyses indicate that the speleothems were deposited under a cold regime. It is suggested that the ancient speleothems were deposited at a time when permafrost was absent, during the later Tertiary or at the beginning of the Quaternary period. The establishment and maintenance of permafros...

Field of study: Environmental science
Raman spectrum of strontium titanate

The Raman spectrum of strontium titanate has been recorded using λ 4358 of mercury as exciter. The observed spectrum consists of 7 Raman lines, one of which is of low frequency, as expected from the recent theory of Cochran. 6 of these Raman lines have been interpreted as the first order spectrum arising from a small deviation of the cubic strontium titanate from its idealized symmetry. It has been shown that one normal mode of SrTiO3 neglected by J.T.Last, will be really active in infrared absorption in the region of 440 cm−1 and that it has to be taken into account in the interpretation of the infrared spectra of titanates. The four vibrational modes of the unit cell of SrTiO3 correspond to frequencies of 90, 335, 441 and 620 cm−1 observed in Raman effect. The large width of the Raman lines and the additional lines at 256 cm−1 and 726 cm−1 have been attributed to a splitting of the longitudinal and transverse optical modes. With the observed frequencies it has been found possible to account for in a satisfactory manner the specific heat of SrTiO3 in the range 54·84° K to 1800° K.

Field of study: Physics
Looking at the Renaissance: Essays toward a Contextual Appreciation (review)

greatly enriched his work. Incidentally, a consistent number of documents from these repositories dealing with Genoese matters have been available since 2002, thanks to Rafael Vargas-Hidalgo’s edition of the letters of Philip II of Spain to Andrea and Giovanni Andrea Doria. In addition, although Genoa and the Sea has a bibliography updated to 2003, the publications cited in the endnotes do not go beyond the mid-1990s. Absent are the works by, among others, C. Alvarez Nogal, L. Lo Basso, and M. Sirago. As a result, Professor Kirk’s book appears somewhat dated from a historiographical point of view, although the author’s original research to some extent helps to correct this situation. To be fair, considering how long it can sometimes take to get an academic book in print, Genoa and the Sea’s being somewhat out of date might not be entirely the author’s responsibility. In short, and to use a cooking metaphor, with his book Professor Kirk has provided us with an excellent appetizer on the subject of early modern Genoese naval power. The reviewer hopes to soon taste the main course. NICCOLÒ CAPPONI The Capponi Archive,

Field of study: History
Studies of Toxoplasma gondii and Plasmodium falciparum enoyl acyl carrier protein reductase and implications for the development of antiparasitic agents

The crystal structures of T. gondii and P. falciparum ENR in complex with NAD+ and triclosan and of T. gondii ENR in an apo form have been solved to 2.6, 2.2 and 2.8 Å, respectively.

Field of study: Chemistry
Implenment for DifEe-Hellman Agreement based on XML Data Encryption

After describling XML security charactristics, especially XML encryption specification, this paper researchs on encryption key agreement for XML data object based on specification above. It analyses key generation machmsm about Diffie-Hellman agreement and uses JCE security characristics to implement key agreement protocol that both communicator need not know another information conforming to XML encrption secification, that is Diffie-Hellman agreement.

Field of study: Computer science
Study on Characterization and Identification of Mill Scale

Total iron and other impure elements such as silicon, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, titanium, arsenic and lead are measured by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry, which the analytical sample is prepared by the way of glass fuse piece. And the total iron content is achieved by calculation of the XRF results. Calibration curve of XRF is set up by iron ore certified reference materials and other relative certified reference materials according to the characteristics of mill scale. The standard deviation of the method is better than ISO9516-1. Carbon and sulphur are determined by Infrared Spectrometry. The ferrous content is achieved by redox titration. X-ray diffraction is applied in phase analysis of mill scale and natural iron ores. Mill scale has the following characteristics which are significantly different from iron ore. It is of sheet layered structure, one side of which is densely metallic luster and the other loosely porous. The loss of ignition is from negative 6.16 to negative 6.48. The ratio of total iron to ferrous is from 1.50-1.70. The mineral phases are wustite, magnetite and hematite. The Manganese, copper and zinc are relatively higher in it than iron ores. All above could be used to distinguish mill scale with natural iron ores. The results of chemical analysis are favorable based on the accuracy and precision and the method of identification of mill scale is feasible, which contributes to the reuse of mill scale.

Field of study: Engineering
Coulomb forces in neutron star crusts

We study the role the proton-electron gas interaction has on the formation of nuclear structures in neutron star crusts. Using a classical molecular dynamics model we study isospin symmetric and asymmetric matter at subsaturation densities and low temperatures varying the Coulomb interaction strength. The effect of such variation is quantified on the fragment size multiplicity, the inter-particle distance, the isospin content of the clusters, the nucleon mobility and cluster persistence, and on the nuclear structure shapes. We find that the proton-electron Coulomb interaction distributes matter more evenly, disrupts the formation of larger objects, reduces the isospin content, modifies the nucleon average displacement, but does not affect the inter-nucleon distance in clusters . The nuclear structures are also found to change shapes by different degrees depending on their isospin content, temperature and density.

Field of study: Physics
Point defects and cation tracer diffusion in (CoxMn1−x)3−δO4 spinels

In this study, both the deviation from stoichiometry δ and the cation tracer diffusion coefficients, D Me ∗ , of cobalt, iron and manganese ions have been measured as a function of oxygen activity, a O 2 , for different cationic compositions, x , in (Co x Mn 1− x ) 3−δ O 4 at 1200°C. All δ versus log a O 2 plots obtained are in principle S-shaped. The observed oxygen activity dependence suggests that cation vacancies are the predominant point defects at high a O 2 while cation interstitials prevail at low a O 2 . From the diffusion results it follows that all log D Me ∗ versus log a O 2 curves are V-shaped. This behavior indicates that cation vacancies and cation interstitials govern the high temperature cation diffusion at high and low oxygen activities, respectively. By combining nonstoichiometry and diffusion data mean mobilities of cations diffusing via different point defects have been determined. At high oxygen activities the prevalent cation diffusion mechanism is a vacancy diffusion process. The diffusion mechanism prevailing at low oxygen activities is very likely an interstitialcy diffusion process.

Field of study: Materials science
Frequency estimation in three-phase power systems with harmonic contamination: A multistage quaternion Kalman filtering approach

Motivated by the need for accurate frequency information, a novel algorithm for estimating the fundamental frequency and its rate of change in three-phase power systems is developed. This is achieved through two stages of Kalman filtering. In the first stage a quaternion extended Kalman filter, which provides a unified framework for joint modeling of voltage measurements from all the phases, is used to estimate the instantaneous phase increment of the three-phase voltages. The phase increment estimates are then used as observations of the extended Kalman filter in the second stage that accounts for the dynamic behavior of the system frequency and simultaneously estimates the fundamental frequency and its rate of change. The framework is then extended to account for the presence of harmonics. Finally, the concept is validated through simulation on both synthetic and real-world data.

Field of study: Computer science
New approach to improve performance by venting periodic reverse vapor flow in microchannel evaporator

This paper presents a proposal for a venting reverse vapor in flash gas removal A/C system in order to improve refrigerant distribution and reduce pressure drop in microchannel evaporator and thus increase system efficiency. Introduction to the reverse vapor flow observed in parallel flow microchannel evaporator was presented in earlier IJR paper by the authors. An experimental comparison of the A/C system with new approach to an FGB system revealed that vapor venting provided a 5% increase of cooling capacity and 3% of COP when operated at identical test conditions, while the maximum COP improvement was approximately 10%–12% when capacity is matched by reduction of compressor speed. The improvement compared to direct expansion system was significantly higher.

Field of study: Engineering