nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Low Temperature Sealing of Anodized Aluminum Alloy for Enhancing Corrosion Resistance

Sealing as a post treatment of anodized aluminum is required to enhance the corrosion resistance by filling nanopores, which allow the penetration of corrosive media toward the base aluminum. We designed a mixed sealing solution with nickel acetate and ammonium fluoride by modifying traditional nickel fluoride cold sealing. The concentration of mixed sealing solution affected the reaction rate of sealing and corrosion current density of anodized aluminum alloy. The higher concentration of mixed sealing solution improved the sealing rate, which was represented by a decrease of corrosion current density of anodized aluminum alloy. However, a mixed sealing solution with 2/3 concentration of general nickel fluoride sealing solution operated at room temperature showed the lowest corrosion current density compared to traditional methods (e.g., nickel fluoride cold sealing (NFCS) and nickel acetate hot sealing) and other mixed sealing solutions. Moreover, the mixed sealing solution with 2/3 concentration of general NFCS had a lower risk for over sealing, which increases the corrosion current density by excessive dissolution of anodic oxide. Therefore, the mixed sealing solution with optimized conditions designed in this work possibly provides a new method for enhancing the corrosion resistance of anodized aluminum alloys.

Field of study: Materials science
The Key Reasons for Cross - Listing in East African Stock Exchanges by Firms Listed in the Nairobi Securities Exchange

The purpose of this study was to investigate the key reasons behind the decision by the firm management of Nairobi Securities Exchange (NSE) listed firms to cross-list in East African Exchanges. The study employed a descriptive research design. A Likert type questionnaire was administered to the Chief Executive Officers (CEOs) or the Chief Financial Officers (CFOs) of the target firms. The study conducted factor analysis to identify the key reasons for the cross-listing in the East African region. The key reasons identified were investor recognition, expansion of business, boosting of sales and desire to lower the cost of capital. The factor analysis did not provide evidence that legal bonding is a motivation for the cross-listing by NSE firms. The findings from the study appear to indicate that there may exist contextual differences in the decisions to cross-list, consequently generalizations may not suffice.

Field of study: Business
The decline of British economic power since 1870

Preface 1. The British Economy 1870-1913: the Descent from Hegemony 2. The British Economy in the 1920s: Growth and Stagnation 3. The British Economy in the 1930s: Recovery on the Dole 4. The Second World War and Its Aftermath: the Bankrupt State 5. The British Economy since 1951: the Political Economy of Failure

Field of study: Economics, History
Attitudes and Repurchase Intention of Consumers Towards Functional Foods in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

Although the demand of functional foods is increasing rapidly, and Vietnam is considered as a much potential market for the development of functional food market. However, there are many unsolved problems remaining in functional foods market, and these problems have never ceased to draw public attention and provoke debates. Thus, the purpose of this research is to investigate the factors affecting to consumers’ attitude and how consumers’ attitude affecting to consumer’s repurchase intention. The research will be conducted based on the questionnaires’ results collect from people who have used functional foods in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Questionnaires will be spread to consumers by hands and online survey. There are 260 responses are valid. The results show that there are four factors that positively affect to consumers’ attitude. These are (1) Consumers’ knowledge, (2) Perceived role, (3) Trust, (4) Subjective norms. Moreover, the findings also show that when people have positive feelings about products, they will increase their intention to products. Research also finds that trust is a direct relationship with consumers’ repurchases intention. From this conclusion, the study gives some recommendations to increase consumers’ attitude towards functional foods as well as the repurchase intention.

Field of study: Mathematics
Mechanical design and analysis of direct-plated-copper aluminum nitride substrates for enhancing thermal reliability

Direct-plated-copper (DPC) aluminum nitride (AlN) substrate with a high thermal conductivity can provide a good alternative to conventional aluminum oxide (Al2O3) substrate for better heat dissipation in the high-power module applications. However, the DPC AlN substrate suffers AlN crack initiating at the edge corner of Cu film during thermal cycling, due to the higher thermal expansion coefficient mismatch with copper material. This study is to resolve the AlN crack problem of DPC AlN substrate during thermal cycling and further to provide important parameters for mechanical design for ensuring good thermal reliability. Prior to the analysis, the out-of-plane deformation measurement of a Cu-AlN bi-material plate subject to the solder reflow heating and cooling is conducted for evaluating the material property of the plated Cu film and residual stresses induced from the manufacturing and solder reflow process. The results show the hysteresis and Bauschinger-like behaviors for the Cu-AlN plate during the solder-reflow heating and cooling. It is also found from the validated finite element simulation that the Cu-film wedge angle, length, and thickness significantly affect the maximum 1st principal stress of AlN during thermal cyclic loading, and the predicted failure mode and location based on the maximum 1st principal stress is consistent with experimental observation. The other factors, such as single-side and double-side Cu-film (sandwich-structure-alike) substrates, length difference of Cu films, and the nonlinear property of Cu film will be presented and discussed in detail as well.

Field of study: Engineering
A new magnetostratigraphic framework for late Neogene Hipparion Red Clay in the eastern Loess Plateau of China

Mammalian fossils, especially the Hipparion fauna, found in the Red Clay of the Loess Plateau, are of immense value for reconstructing late Neogene paleoecology and paleoclimatology in northern China. The lack of a precise chronological framework for these fossil sites has impeded our understanding of the evolution of the Chinese mammalian fauna, their correlation with European mammalian units, and the retrieval of paleoclimatic information. In this study, a field survey of regional stratigraphy in the Baode area of Shanxi was carried out and three profiles (Tanyugou, Yangjiagou-I and Yangjiagou-II) of Late Neogene deposits were selected for detailed investigation. A new chronological framework of the Late Neogene sequences in the Baode area is established by means of paleomagnetism. Our results show that the Red Clay accumulation in the Baode area began at least 7.23 Ma ago. Deposition continued to the superposed Jingle Formation. The most continuous and complete exposure of the Jingle Formation known to date was identified and dated to 2.72~5.34 Ma. A lithological distinction between the Jingle Formation and the underlying Baode Formation forms a clear boundary in the Red Clay that is not coincident with the Miocene/Pliocene boundary documented elsewhere. Three rich fossil layers are found in the Yangjiagou-II profile and dated to 6.43–6.54 Ma, 6.83–6.86 Ma and 7.15–7.18 Ma, respectively. With the application of three different demagnetization techniques, the Matuyama–Gauss geomagnetic reversal boundary was identified in a transitional unit between loess and typical Red Clay deposits. A lock-in depth of as large as 6.8 m (corresponding to ca. 65 ka) was inferred but remains unexplained.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Calculation of Three-Dimensional Boundary Layers I. Swept Infinite Cylinders and Small Cross Flow

This paper presents a general method for solving the laminar and turbulent boundary-layer equations for swept infinite cylinders and for small cross flows. In the equations the Reynolds shear stress terms are eliminated by using an eddy viscosity concept. A very efficient and accurate two-point finite-difference method used earlier by Keller and Cebeci for two-dimensional flows is used to solve the governing equations. The accuracy of the method is investigated for several flows by comparing the calculated results with experiment and with those obtained by Bradshaw. In general, the agreement with experiment and with Bradshaw's results are quite satisfactory. A b K KltK2 L P +

Field of study: Physics
A potpourri of pediatric urology.

Traditionally potpourri starts with some amusing topical stories from the newspapers, however, for those of you who have not noticed the United States is coming to the end of a very long election cycle. While many of you might think that a lot of the stories coming out are amusing it is difficult to highlight them without being overly political. So I am going to avoid that pitfall, unlike the two candidates and use the Newspapers to identify good health related topics. We will all have to wait until November for proper news to return here in the US.

Field of study: Medicine
Geometrisierung der Diracschen Theorie des Elektrons

ZusammenfassungMit Hilfe des Begriffs der Parallelübertragung eines Halbvektors werden die Diracschen Gleichungen in allgemein invarianter Form geschrieben. Es werden der Energietensor gebildet und die makroskopischen sowie die quantenmechanischen Bewegungsgleichungen aufgestellt. Die ersteren haben die gewöhnliche Form: Divergenz des Energietensors gleich der Lorentzkraft, und die letzteren sind im wesentlichen mit denen der geodätischen Linie identisch.

Field of study: Physics
On the Stable Recovery of the Sparsest Overcomplete Representations in Presence of Noise

Let x be a signal to be sparsely decomposed over a redundant dictionary A, i.e., a sparse coefficient vector s has to be found such that x = As. It is known that this problem is inherently unstable against noise, and to overcome this instability, Donoho, Elad and Temlyakov ["Stable recovery of sparse overcomplete representations in the presence of noise,"  Jan. 2006] have proposed to use an "approximate" decomposition, that is, a decomposition satisfying ∥x - As∥<sub>2</sub> ≤ δ rather than satisfying the exact equality x = As. Then, they have shown that if there is a decomposition with ∥s∥<sub>0</sub> <;; (1 + M<sup>-1</sup>)/2, where M denotes the coherence of the dictionary, this decomposition would be stable against noise. On the other hand, it is known that a sparse decomposition with ∥s∥<sub>0</sub> <;; (1/2)spark(A) is unique. In other words, although a decomposition with ∥s∥<sub>0</sub> <;; (1/2)spark(A) is unique, its stability against noise has been proved only for highly more restrictive decompositions satisfying ∥s∥<sub>0</sub> <;; (1 + M<sup>-1</sup>)/2, because usually (1 + M<sup>-1</sup>)/2 ≪ (1/2)spark(A). This limitation maybe had not been very important before, because ∥s∥<sub>0</sub> <;; (1 + M<sup>-1</sup>)/2 is also the bound which guaranties that the sparse decomposition can be found via minimizing the l<sup>1</sup> norm, a classic approach for sparse decomposition. However, with the availability of new algorithms for sparse decomposition, namely SL0 and robust-SLO, it would be important to know whether or not unique sparse decompositions with (1 + M<sup>-1</sup>)/2 ≤ ∥s∥<sub>0</sub> <;; (1/2)spark(A) are stable. In this correspondence, we show that such decompositions are indeed stable. In other words, we extend the stability bound from ∥s∥<sub>0</sub> <;; (1 + M<sup>-1</sup>)/2 to the whole uniqueness range ∥s∥0 <;; (1/2)spark(A). In summary, we show that all unique sparse decompositions are stably recoverable. Moreover, we see that sparser decompositions are "more stable".

Field of study: Engineering
Structure design and stability analysis of sealing valve for feed in steam explosion system

In order to solve low feed control efficiency, easy leakage and other problems of inlet valve in the steam explosion systems, a feed valve which simultaneously achieves feeding, sealing and opening was designed. Through theoretical analysis of valve core according to material and working environment of valve and intensity using ANSYS Workbench, the maximum deformation position of valve core, the optimum diameter and the best speed of screw shaft which can ensure the stability of feed and seal were obtained. Through theoretical calculation and intensity check, the strength of valve core fully meets the design requirements under normal working conditions. The experimental test for the impact of feeding time and speed on the stability of feed shows that the optimal speed for feed is 200 r/min and the best feeding time is 5 min, to feed 150 kg corn stalks.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Fingerprint profile of alcohol-associated heart failure in human hearts.

Excessive alcohol consumption is recognized as a cause of left ventricular dysfunction and leads often to alcohol-induced heart failure. It is thought that 36% of all cases of dilated cardiomyopathy are due to excessive alcohol intake. In addition, since chronic alcohol-consumption is a social behavior that is not always clearly self-reported clinically, it has been difficult to diagnose alcohol-induced heart failure versus heart failure due to idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (IDCM). Interestingly, both diseases are associated with left ventricular dysfunction and congestive heart failure.



We have created a human heart failure cDNA array for IDCM from nonfailing and failing human hearts. The array contains 1,143 heart specific oligonucleotide probes. This array was used to screen RNA samples from transplant recipients and organ donors with alcohol-related heart failure.



Our study shows that alcohol-induced heart failure has a "specific fingerprint" profile of de-regulated genes. This profile can differentiate patients with pure alcohol-induced heart failure from patients with heart failure from IDCM with alcohol as a complicating or contributing factor. Furthermore, the pattern of gene de-regulation suggests a pivotal role for changes in matrix, cytoskeletal, and structural proteins in the development of clinical heart failure resulting from excessive alcohol consumption.



We report for the first time a genomic "fingerprint" profile of de-regulated genes associated with human alcohol-induced heart failure. We conclude that the pathogenesis of alcohol-induced heart failure in humans is likely related to changes in architectural (e.g. cytoskeletal), matrix, and/or structural proteins. The reversibility of the disease upon cessation of alcohol consumption makes this a likely pathogenetic mechanism. Nevertheless, there is a point at which extracellular as well as cellular changes result in irreversible heart failure.

Field of study: Medicine
Self-Disclosure in Prisoners

Self-disclosing behavior in prisoners may be viewed as indicative of identification patterns during “prisonization.” To 65 military prisoners in their first month of imprisonment, a modified Jourard Self-disclosure Scale was administered twice. Disclosure was not significantly related to psychiatric diagnosis, type of offense, or biographical variables. However, differences among confiding targets were significant. Data did not support the presence of a clear “prisonization” process in this sample but suggested a continuity of tendencies to disclose self in free and prison settings.

Field of study: Psychology
High-quality energy-dispersive XAFS on the 1 s timescale applied to electrochemical and catalyst systems.

A long program involving the development of a fast linear and stable detector, and the recent upgrade of the bent monochromator to a 4-point one at station 9.3 Daresbury Laboratory is showing exciting results such that it has now become possible to obtain analysable XAFS data on 50mM solutions in time scales of a second or less. Three examples of such data are shown: a homogeneous Ni catalyst reaction using a stopped flow system, a heterogeneous catalyst reduction showing time dependent data collected in a microreactor, and an electrochemical system showing the oxidation of small Pt particles as the potential is changed. The improvements have come from two major developments the monochromator and the detector.

Field of study: Physics
Research of extracting dietary fiber from Laminaria Japonica by using enzyme and chemical combination methods

The dietary fiber is extracted from in the extraction brown alga syrup Laminaria Japonica dregs, the optimum technological conditions for the extracting dietary fiber from Laminaria Japonica have been obtained by using enzyme and chemical combination methods, It is 80 ~100 item, the liquid -solid compares 1 ∶50, enzymolysis time 4 h, the enzyme joins measures 60 g/kg. Again using 1% sodium carbonate solution, the liquid -solid compares 1 ∶30, 55 ℃ processes 1.5 h. The results show that the yield of dietary fiber from Laminaria Japonica is 22.9%.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
A Technique for Measuring the Relative Size and Overlap of Public Web Search Engines

Search engines are among the most useful and popular services on the Web. Users are eager to know how they compare. Which one has the largest coverage? Have they indexed the same portion of the Web? How many pages are out there? Although these questions have been debated in the popular and technical press, no objective evaluation methodology has been proposed and few clear answers have emerged. In this paper we describe a standardized, statistical way of measuring search engine coverage and overlap through random queries. Our technique does not require privileged access to any database. It can be implemented by third-party evaluators using only public query interfaces. We present results from our experiments showing size and overlap estimates for HotBot, AltaVista, Excite, and Infoseek as percentages of their total joint coverage in mid 1997 and in November 1997. Our method does not provide absolute values. However using data from other sources we estimate that as of November 1997 the number of pages indexed by HotBot, AltaVista, Excite, and Infoseek were respectively roughly 77M, 100M, 32M, and 17M and the joint total coverage was 160 million pages. We further conjecture that the size of the static, public Web as of November was over 200 million pages. The most startling finding is that the overlap is very small: less than 1.4% of the total coverage, or about 2.2 million pages were indexed by all four engines.

Field of study: Computer science
Stereotype Threat: Are Lower Status and History of Stigmatization Preconditions of Stereotype Threat?

This research extended stereotype-threat effects outside of the academic domain and to a nonstigmatized group. Female and male students performed three decision tasks: lexical, valence, and affective processing. Half of the participants were told that, in general, men are poorer performers than are women in affective processing tasks. No differences between conditions were observed for the lexical and valence tasks. By contrast, for the affective task, threatened men made significantly more errors than did participants in the other three conditions. More precisely, threatened men tended to accept as affective words that were not affective. This latter result suggests that threatened men decreased their threshold for affectivity “to prove” the inapplicability of the stereotype to themselves. Moreover, stereotype endorsement did not mediate the results. Identification with the affective domain, on the other hand, moderated the effect of stereotype threat. Discussion considers the consequences of these findings for everyday interactions.

Field of study: Psychology
Effect of Buffer Agent on Property of Electroless Plating of Ni-P Alloy on Al Alloy Surface

The influences of buffering agent concentration in electroplating on electroless plating on Al alloy surface were studied.Through measuring deposition speed,SEM,EDS and polarization curve etc,the plating speed,morphology,composition and corrosion resistance of the plating were characterized.The results show that the plating speed is soonest when using succinic acid as buffering agent and its concentration is 16 g/L.At this time,not only the plating is homogeneous,compaction and has small grain,but also phosphorus contents is maximum and the corrosion resistance is greatest.

Field of study: Materials science
The State, Politics and Peasant Unions in Chile

For the last fifty years Chilean rural unionism has been characterised by a structural weakness vis-a-vis the state, political parties and the vested landed interests. For instance, the formation of peasant unions remained illegal until 1967 and, after a short period of strength during the land reform, they could only barely survive the military takeover of 1973. So, in marked contrast to miners and industrial workers who since the 1930S have built strong national organisations and achieved significant bargaining power within Chilean society peasant unions have always had to rely on the support of urban social and political forces to exist. This article has two main objectives. First, to show that from the 1930S until the present, the development of Chilean rural unionism has been conditioned by and subordinated to the political and economic needs of the dominant sector controlling the state apparatus. Both the strengthening of peasant unions during the Agrarian Reform and their repression by the military government are, in my view, the result of policies formulated mainly by urban interests. So, in order to understand the main social and political dynamics which have determined the development of the Chilean rural unions, we need to go beyond the strictly agrarian environment to focus our attention on the central objectives of the power bloc.

Field of study: Political science
Facies and preservation of glaciogenic sequences from the varanger ice age in Scandinavia and other parts of the north Atlantic region

Thickness and facies variations and state of preservation of Varangerian glacial sequences are related to the geotectonic settings of the depositional environments. From stable continental platform sites, only thin remnants of a single glacial advance-retreat sequence are preserved. In fault basins, thickness and lithofacies vary in response to fault movements. In the continental platform to shelf region the sequence ranges from thin beds of one single glacial event on the craton to up to some hundred meterswith several glacial advance-retreat cycles from shelf sites. The stable and slowly subsiding shelf environment has given rise mainly to a thin sequence of diamictite overlain by mudstone. In more rapidly subsiding shelves, several glacial advance-retreat units are preserved together with interstadial and interglacial sediments, with total thickness up to several hundred meters. The shelf slope environment is probably represented by up to 3000-m thick diamictites. The preservation potential during the glacial epoch is primarily controlled by the property of glacier ice sheets to be either erosive or depositional. The long-term preservation is determined by various factors controlling relative sea level changes. The state of preservation during orogenic processes generally decreases from sequences on platform sites to those on distal shelves and shelf slopes.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography