nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Copper stabilization of YBCO coated conductor for quench protection

The required amount of copper stabilizer to protect a YBCO conductor coil from damage caused by a hot spot due to a quench is studied in this paper. YBCO coated conductors which are made by deposition of thin YBCO film on high resistance metal substrates are highly resistive when they are quenched. Therefore, stabilization and quench protection are more important for YBCO conductors than Bi/Ag sheathed tapes which have low resistance silver matrix. In the work we numerically calculated maximum temperature rise of a YBCO conductor quenched by a local disturbance during the sequence of quench detection and energy dump. In the analysis, necessary amount of copper to keep the maximum temperature of the conductor below a threshold value is calculated for cases of conduction cooled coils of dry windings. Based on the analysis, optimum conductor design is discussed to protect the coil from a quench reliably.

Field of study: Physics
Mass transfer kinetics of dehumidification in an adsorption bed during close air circulation

Mass transfer kinetics of dehumidification in an adsorption bed during close air circulation have been investigated utilizing silica and 4A molecular sieves.Mass transfer coefficients of dehumidification and equilibrium humidity on adsorbent surfaces are determined by fittings of humidity derivatives.Mass transfer coefficients of dehumidification change primarily with operation conditions and vary insignificantly with adsorbent type,which confirms determinant effects of external diffusion on adsorption.Mass transfer coefficients almost increase linearly with increase in Reynold's number under laminar flow.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Railroads, Coffee, and the Growth of Big Business in Sao Paulo, Brazil

R AILROADS came to Latin America in the mid-nineteenth century along with other innovations born of the Industrial Revolution. Most railway hardware came from England, and most construction was underwritten by British capital and supervised, at least initially, by British engineers. The majority of lines serviced export trades, and both single traces and more elaborate nets typically projected from port-city matrices into the producing hinterlands. These lines generally met immediate objectives of delivering goods to market but failed to realize the long-range dreams of Latin American promoters who believed the innovation would automatically bequeath to their countries what it presumably had given to Europe and North America, namely territorial integration and flourishing industrial economies. These expectations remained unfulfilled as Latin American railroads were built to expedite exports and not to establish systems of internal communication. And, far from diversifying and industrializing national economies, they tended at first to reinforce and extend agricultural export orientations.' Nonetheless, the innovation had many important consequences. Railroad building was an enterprise of unprecedented economic and technological proportions which perforce required new financial and business strategies and structures. This essay examines the demands

Field of study: History
Comparison of Quenching and Extraction Methods for Metabolome Analysis of Vibrio Parahaemolyticus

A reliable cell quenching and metabolite extraction method was crucial for microbial metabolism analysis.For metabolism analysis of Vibrio parahaemolyticus,liquid nitrogen and 75% methanol(-80 ℃) were compared for their efficiency of cell quenching,and six different extraction solvents based on(i) chloroform,(ii) 75% cold methanol,(iii) water,(iv) methanol:chloroform:water=10∶3∶1(V/V),(v) methanol:chloroform:water=3∶1∶1(V/V) and(vi) methanol∶chloroform=1∶1(V/V) were compared for their efficiency of metabolites extracting.The metabolites were detected by GC-MS.The results showed that leakage of metabolite occurred when quenched with 75% methanol(-80 ℃);however this phenomenon did not occur with liquid nitrogen.47 metabolites were found when extracted with 75% cold methanol,and the relative standard deviation of peak area was 8.0%.In contrast,40 or less metabolites were detected with other extraction methods,and the reproducibilities of those methods were unsatisfactory.For global analysis,quenching with liquid nitrogen and extraction with 75% cold methanol was very suitable for metabolomics studies of Vibrio parahaemolyticus.

Field of study: Chemistry
View-sharing PROPELLER with pixel-based optimal blade selection: application on dynamic contrast-enhanced imaging.

To achieve better spatial and temporal resolution of dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging, the concept of k-space data sharing, or view sharing, can be implemented for PROPELLER acquisition. As found in other view-sharing methods, the loss of high-resolution dynamics is possible for view-sharing PROPELLER (VS-Prop) due to the temporal smoothing effect. The degradation can be more severe when a narrow blade with less phase encoding steps is chosen in the acquisition for higher frame rate. In this study, an iterative algorithm termed pixel-based optimal blade selection (POBS) is proposed to allow spatially dependent selection of the rotating blades, to generate high-resolution dynamic images with minimal reconstruction artifacts.



In the reconstruction of VS-Prop, the central k-space which dominates the image contrast is only provided by the target blade with the peripheral k-space contributed by a minimal number of consecutive rotating blades. To reduce the reconstruction artifacts, the set of neighboring blades exhibiting the closest image contrast with the target blade is picked by POBS algorithm. Numerical simulations and phantom experiments were conducted in this study to investigate the dynamic response and spatial profiles of images generated using our proposed method. In addition, dynamic contrast-enhanced cardiovascular imaging of healthy subjects was performed to demonstrate the feasibility and advantages.



The simulation results show that POBS VS-Prop can provide timely dynamic response to rapid signal change, especially for a small region of interest or with the use of narrow blades. The POBS algorithm also demonstrates its capability to capture nonsimultaneous signal changes over the entire FOV. In addition, both phantom and in vivo experiments show that the temporal smoothing effect can be avoided by means of POBS, leading to higher wash-in slope of contrast enhancement after the bolus injection.



With the satisfactory reconstruction quality provided by the POBS algorithm, VS-Prop acquisition technique may find useful clinical applications in DCE MR imaging studies where both spatial and temporal resolutions play important roles.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
ERP Vendor Satisfaction: From Communication and IT Capability Perspectives

Enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems play a critical role in supporting a firm’s operations. Due to this reliance, a firm interacts with both the ERP solution provider and the ERP vendor as both support and maintain this complex system. This study investigates the impact of relationship interactions and a firm’s information systems (IS) technical competence on a firm’s satisfaction with the ERP vendor. To this end, this paper develops and verifies a model in which a firm’s past interactions and internal IS technical abilities serve as the antecedents of the firm’s satisfaction with its ERP system and ERP vendor. Empirical data collected from a sample of 168 firms were analyzed. The results suggest a firm’s perception of vendor conflict handling, and trust in the ERP vendor do positively influence the firm’s satisfaction with the ERP vendor. IS technical competence and strategic role of IS have a positive impact on a firm’s successful experience with the ERP system which ultimately leads to satisfaction perceptions.

Field of study: Computer science
Endovascular management for aortobronchial fistula following patent ductus arteriosus ligation

We report herein a patient with endobronchial fistula post-patent ductus arteriosus ligation surgery, who presented with massive hemoptysis. Cook’s embolization coil 0.052 inch × 8cm × 6mm was used to close the fistula through the endovascular procedure.

Field of study: Medicine
Electric arc stabilization in crossed convective and magnetic fields.

An experimental study of the behavior of an electric arc in crossed convective and magnetic fields has been made and the results compared with a theory developed by Cowley for such arcs. The arc, of 7 to 70 amp, was held stationary between two parallel rail electrodes, mounted in a small wind tunnel, with nitrogen as the working gas. The velocity in the test section ranged between 0 and 40 m/sec, and the corresponding magnetic field between 0 and 500 gauss. A drag coefficient, based on the measured dimension of the arc transverse to the flow, was found to depend, in this range of parameters, on the freestream Reynolds number based on the same dimension and to have values between 0.82 and 1.8. The stable configuration for the arc was with the column slanted across the electric-field lines, the cathode spot downstream of the anode spot. The slant of the arc has been related to the widening of the column near the downstream electrode. Nomenclature B = magnetic field strength, gauss CD = drag coefficient of arc column D = measured arc dimension transverse to gas flow, mm E = electric field, v/m h = enthalpy, nm / = arc current, amp j = current density, amp/m2 M = Mach number •P = pressure, n/m2 R = characteristic dimension of column, m Re = freestream Reynolds number AS = area between adjacent field lines, m2 T = temperature, °K Um = freestream velocity, m/sec UQ = characteristic velocity in shear layer, m/sec VQ = characteristic velocity in core, m/sec 5 = boundary-layer thickness, m po = characteristic density for gas in column, kg/m3 PCO = freestream density, kg/m3 a = conductivity, mho/m /z = viscosity, kg/m X sec no = characteristic viscosity in core, kg/m X sec

Field of study: Physics
The mechanisms of thermal decomposition of dialkylbis(triethylphosphine)-platinum (II) complexes

The thermal decomposition of dialkylbis(triethylphosphine)platinum(II) complexes provide examples of reactions in which unactivated C-H bonds react at a metal center of well-defined structure. An examination of a number of these reactions suggests a surprising similarity in mechanism: in most instances, the reactions proceed by initial dissociation of a phosphine and creation of a vacant coordination site, subsequent oxidative addition of a C-H bond to platinum, and final reductive elimination of alkane. The rate-limiting step can be either phosphine dissociation or reductive elimination of alkane; it does not seem to be the oxidative addition of a C-H bond to platinum. The implication that these intramolecular oxidative addition reactions are intrinsically rapid stands in clear contrast with the observation that intermolecular C-H addition to platinum is slow. Possible reasons for this difference are discussed.

Field of study: Chemistry
Theoretical consideration into psychological health and school PE

By discussing the necessity of the psychological health education,this paper elaborates the effects of school PE on the psychological health,and suggests several measures to be taken in psychological health education for school PE:to change teachers' notions; to focus both on the body and the mind; to improve the ability in the psychological health education by studying psychology;to pay attention to the appropriateness of physical exercises;to make students feel pleasant by arousing their active mood.

Field of study: Education
A calculation method to estimate single event upset cross section

We calculate single event effect cross-section with a new general method based on the evaluation of the current collected by an electrode and the ability of the cell to dissipate the charge involved in the event. Basically, a part of the charge deposited by an ionizing particle is collected, and a part of this latest is dissipated during the transient. The approach allows explaining experimental cross section obtained for heavy ions irradiations. Moreover, the use of heavy ions experimental results allow predicting the single event crosses section for protons.

Field of study: Engineering
Enhanced performance virtual substrate heterojunction bipolar transistor using strained-Si/SiGe emitter

We have investigated the influence of strained-Si cap layers on n–p–n heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBTs) fabricated on virtual substrates. Using an approximate theoretical model, it is found that the presence of a strained-Si/SiGe (relaxed) heterojunction barrier in the emitter can substantially improve the HBT's current gain, relaxing the need for a high Ge content in the strained base. Furthermore, two-dimensional numerical simulations of a virtual substrate HBT with a realistic geometry demonstrate that, besides the current gain enhancement, a three times improvement in ft and fmax can be realized when a strained-Si/SiGe emitter is incorporated.

Field of study: Materials science
Family therapy and the family physician.

The purpose of this research paper is to look at family therapy as a technique for dealing with emotional problems in family medicine. It consisted of a non-randomized cohort study utilizing the patients at McMaster University Clinic. There were 42 families involved in the study group and they were matched with a control group. The results indicated that patients treated by means of family therapy placed 50 percent fewer demands on the physician and clinic than patients in the control groups treated with medication and/or psychotherapy. It also revealed little difference in the mix of complaints and diagnoses before and after family therapy.The study looks at complaints before and after diagnosis, before and after treatment, and the frequency of visits as a means of indicating whether there has been some improvement in the patient. It is hoped by this technique to provide a very easy method of researching this type of problem in an active community practice.

Field of study: Medicine
Government and Market:A Kind of New Theoretical Analysis Frame

In the past several centuries,the academic circles of economics have always been debating about the relationship between government and market,and have produced plenty of researches.In view of predecessors' researches,the author has built a kind of estimable theoretical analysis frame and has rebuilt a theoretical model about the relationship.In disposing resources, this paper holds that,government and market not only have an optimal junction point,but also have an optimal combination model that can be manipulated.

Field of study: Economics
Hydrocarbon distributions around a shallow water multiwell platform

Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) concentrations in nearshore coastal sediments offshore of Matagorda, TX, average 29 {plus minus} 28 (SD) ppb compared to 96 {plus minus} 112 ppb for the sediments in adjacent coastal estuaries and bays. PAHs were analyzed in bottom sediments collected in the vicinity of a multiwell platform in {approximately} 25 m of water, where six wells had been drilled between May 1982 and November 1985. The most elevated PAH concentrations were restricted to within 25 m of the platform discharge point. Mean PAH concentrations for two samplings at 10 and 25 m from the platform were 494 {plus minus} 251 and 757 {plus minus} 1,820 ppb, respectively. The contaminated platform sites ({le} 25 m distant) were dominated by two-ring aromatics while the estuarine/bay and noncontaminated coastal sites were dominated by four- and five-ring aromatic hydrocarbons. Phenanthrene/anthracene ratios suggest a petroleum source for the hydrocarbons at platform stations and pyrolytic sources for the bay/estuarine hydrocarbons.

Field of study: Environmental science
A new multi-secret images sharing scheme using Largrange's interpolation

Secret sharing is to send shares of a secret to several participants, and the hidden secret can be decrypted only by gathering the distributed shares. This paper proposes an efficient secret sharing scheme using Largrange's interpolation for generalized access structures. Furthermore, the generated shared data for each qualified set is 1/(r-1) smaller than the original secret image if the corresponding qualified set has r participants. In our sharing process, a sharing circle is constructed first and the shared data is generated from the secret images according to this sharing circle. The properties of the sharing circle not only reduce the size of generated data between two qualified sets but also maintain the security. Thus the actual ratio of the shared data to the original secret images is reduced further. The proposed scheme offers a more efficient and effective way to share multiple secrets.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
The Making of Scotland : nation, culture and social change

Introduction - understanding Scotland, David McCrone, et al conjectural history, sociology and social change in 18th century Scotland - Adam Ferguson and the division of labour, John D.Brewer nationality, social change and class - transformations of national identity in Scotland, John Foster Scotland is different, ok?, Tony Dickson Scotland, social change and politics, Steve Kendrick shetland in the world economy - a sociological perspective, R.J.Smith welfare, government and the working class - Scotland 1845-1894, Ian Levitt patronage and professionalism - the "Forgotten Middle Class", 1760-1860, A.A.MacLaren the domestication of "Fallen" women - the Glasgow Magdalene Institution, 1860-1890, Linda Mahood representing Scotland - culture and nationalism, David McCrone the social construction of tradition - the restoration portraits and the kings of Scotland, S.Bruce and S.Yearley culture, social development and the Scottish highland gatherings, Grant Jarvie "We're off to Wembley" - the history of a Scottish event and the sociology of football hooliganism, H.F.Moorhouse.

Field of study: Economics, History
The ReflEXAFS station at the GILDA beamline (BM08) of ESRF.

The experimental station for measuring X-ray absorption spectra in total reflection geometry operative at the GILDA CRG beamline of ESRF is described. The main features of the station are shown, namely: the possibility of detecting very small signals from thin (a few ML) samples, of depositing thin films under controlled conditions and thermal treating the samples in order to study dynamical processes. Case studies are reported in order to show the performances of the apparatus.

Field of study: Physics
Organ and effective doses in pediatric patients undergoing helical multislice computed tomography examination.

As multidetector computed tomography (CT) serves as an increasingly frequent diagnostic modality, radiation risks to patients became a greater concern, especially for children due to their inherently higher radiosensitivity to stochastic radiation damage. Current dose evaluation protocols include the computed tomography dose index (CTDI) or point detector measurements using anthropomorphic phantoms that do not sufficiently provide accurate information of the organ-averaged absorbed dose and corresponding effective dose to pediatric patients. In this study, organ and effective doses to pediatric patients under helical multislice computed tomography (MSCT) examinations were evaluated using an extensive series of anthropomorphic computational phantoms and Monte Carlo radiation transport simulations. Ten pediatric phantoms, five stylized (equation-based) ORNL phantoms (newborn, 1-year, 5-year, 10-year, and 15-year) and five tomographic (voxel-based) UF phantoms (9-month male, 4-year female, 8-year female, 11-year male, and 14-year male) were implemented into MCNPX for simulation, where a source subroutine was written to explicitly simulate the helical motion of the CT x-ray source and the fan beam angle and collimator width. Ionization chamber measurements were performed and used to normalize the Monte Carlo simulation results. On average, for the same tube current setting, a tube potential of 100 kVp resulted in effective doses that were 105% higher than seen at 80 kVp, and 210% higher at 120 kVp regardless of phantom type. Overall, the ORNL phantom series was shown to yield values of effective dose that were reasonably consistent with those of the gender-specific UF phantom series for CT examinations of the head, pelvis, and torso. However, the ORNL phantoms consistently overestimated values of the effective dose as seen in the UF phantom for MSCT scans of the chest, and underestimated values of the effective dose for abdominal CT scans. These discrepancies increased with increasing kVp. Finally, absorbed doses to select radiation sensitive organs such as the gonads, red bone marrow, colon, and thyroid were evaluated and compared between phantom types. Specific anatomical problems identified in the stylized phantoms included excessive pelvic shielding of the ovaries in the female phantoms, enhanced red bone marrow dose to the arms and rib cage for chest exams, an unrealistic and constant torso thickness resulting in excessive x-ray attenuation in the regions of the abdominal organs, and incorrect positioning of the thyroid within the stylized phantom neck resulting in insufficient shielding by clavicles and scapulae for lateral beam angles. To ensure more accurate estimates of organ absorbed dose in multislice CT, it is recommended that voxel-based phantoms, potentially tailored to individual body morphometry, be utilized in any future prospective epidemiological studies of medically exposed children.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Characteristic immunolocalization of Ku protein as nuclear matrix.

Two hybridoma clones, NMB1 and NML90, were established using nuclear matrix proteins from normal human thymi or malignant lymphoma as immunogens. They reacted with human Ku70 and Ku80, respectively, by immunoblotting. When HeLa cell nuclear proteins were fractionated and applied to immunoblotting, both Ku70 and Ku80 were detected in the nuclear matrix as well as the soluble nuclear protein fractions. By confocal scanning microscopy, the immunoreactivity of Ku70 and Ku80 was localized to distinct nucleoplasmic fibrillar network and fine granules in the interphase cell nuclei. When HeLa cells were fractionated in situ using DNase I and buffers containing 0.25 M (NH4)2SO4 and 2 M NaCl, the nucleoplasmic reticular structure was largely preserved, but granules disappeared. The nucleoplasmic distribution of Ku in the tissue and in cultured cells was distinct from each other. In the adult tissue, it consisted mostly of either distinct curvilinear lines along the nuclear periphery or of tangled, beaded lines throughout the nuclei. When xenotransplants of HeLa cell in Scid mice were examined, the "tissue type" immunolocalization pattern was reproduced consistently. In most fetal tissues, "tissue type" and "cell type" patterns were admixed. Monoclonal antibodies described here are useful tools for studying the structure and function of the nuclear matrix.

Field of study: Biology
Miocene Distribution of Molluscan Provinces Along the East Coast of The United States

Three major faunal provinces have been defined for the east coast of the United States, based upon a Q-mode analysis of 110 living bivalves and 70 gastropods. The major discontinuities in distribution exist at Cape Cod and at Cape Hatteras. The Hatteras break can be attributed to a temperature barrier imposed by the Gulf Stream, while the Cape Cod break can be attributed to a temperature barrier imposed by southward-flowing arctic currents. The distribution of Miocene mollusks, when analyzed by cluster analysis and compared to the recent model, shows no major discontinuity between Florida and New Jersey. Also, no discontinuity is observed when only the percent of species crossing station boundaries is considered. It thus appears that within this region, no major temperature barrier to molluscan distribution existed during the Miocene.

Field of study: Geology