nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Heterogeneous selection in subdivided populations

The dynamics of allele frequencies changing under migration and heterogeneous selection in a subdivided population are investigated. Using perturbation techniques, a stationary state is obtained when migration and selection are both small. Heterogeneous selection leads to a positive correlation between values of F-statistics and heterozygosities when these are compared among sets of subdivided populations. This contrasts with a negative value of the correlation obtained under Wright's classical model of homogeneous selection, and with the absence of correlation in the completely neutral situation.

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics
Erosional truncation of uppermost Permian shallow-marine carbonates and implications for Permian-Triassic boundary events

On shallow-marine carbonate buildups in south China, Turkey, and Japan, uppermost Permian skeletal limestones are truncated by an erosional surface that exhibits as much as 10 cm of topography, including overhanging relief. Sedimentary facies, microfabrics, carbon isotopes, and cements together suggest that erosion occurred in a submarine setting. Moreover, biostratigraphic data from south China demonstrate that the surface postdates the uppermost Permian sequence boundary at the global stratotype section and truncates strata within the youngest known Permian conodont zone. The occurrences of similar truncation surfaces at the mass-extinction horizon on carbonate platforms across the global tropics, each overlain by microbial buildups, and their association with a large negative excursion in δ 13 C further suggest a causal link between erosion of shallow-marine carbonates and mass extinction. Previously proposed to account for marine extinctions, the hypothesis of rapid carbon release from sedimentary reservoirs or the deep ocean can also explain the petrographic observations. Rapid, unbuffered carbon release would cause submarine carbonate dissolution, accounting for erosion of uppermost Permian skeletal carbonates, and would be followed by a pulse of high carbonate saturation, explaining the precipitation of microbial limestones containing upwardgrowing carbonate crystal fans. Models for other carbon-release events suggest that at least 5 × 10 18 g of carbon, released in <100 k.y., would be required. Of previously hypothesized Permian-Triassic boundary scenarios, thermogenic methane production from heating of coals during Siberian Traps emplacement best accounts for petrographic characteristics and depositional environment of the truncation surface and overlying microbial limestone, as well as an associated carbon isotope excursion and physiologically selective extinction in the marine realm.

Field of study: Geology
Uptake of antibody directed cytotoxic liposomes by CD3 on human T cells.

Using polyclonal human T cells and anti-CD3 monoclonal antibodies we have shown that small unilamellar liposomes covalently coupled with protein A become bound to T cells and not to B cells and that the binding was a specific liposome-antibody-receptor interaction. Intracellular delivery of liposome contents was demonstrated by the use of encapsulated carboxyfluorescein and flow cytometry and the transfer of membrane-bound liposomal carboxyfluorescein was virtually complete in 30 min. Liposomes containing methotrexate inhibited the growth of PHA-stimulated peripheral blood lymphocytes by 90%, after 48 h incubation. Potential applications are proposed in the study of the behaviour of surface membrane components and in T cell depletion and purging of bone marrow.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Source forensics of n-alkanes and n-fatty acids in urban aerosols using compound specific radiocarbon/stable carbon isotopic composition

n-Alkanes and fatty acids are important molecular markers for the source apportionment of organic matter in the atmosphere. Traditional approaches to date have mostly relied upon the source-specific differences in their molecular distributions and carbon preference index. Alternatively, we demonstrate here the use of stable carbon and radiocarbon isotopic composition (δ 13C and Δ14C, respectively) of n-alkanes and n-fatty acids in aerosols from two urban receptor sites (Beijing and Tianjin) in Northeast China to assess their sources in autumn. The Δ14C n -alkanes of C19–C24 and C26–C32 even-carbon homologs (−851 to −708‰) indicate their dominance from fossil fuel combustion. In contrast, the Δ14C of most abundant palmitic acid (C16:0) and stearic acid (C18:0) suggest a larger contribution from nonfossil sources (~91%–94%), mainly due to inputs from cooking, biomass burning and microorganisms. Compared with lower Δ14C of C27 and C31 n-alkanes (−449‰), C29 n-alkane (−241‰) and C20–C30 n-fatty acids (−263‰) showed more contemporary likely due to significant contribution from plant litter and biomass burning that contain more fresh biogenic material. Fossil character of C27–C31 n-alkanes (40%) and C20–C30 n-fatty acids (30%) could be from soil resuspension and/or loess deposits in upwind regions through long-range atmospheric transport.

Field of study: Environmental science
RESEARCH ARTICLES Expectations and Orientation Activities of First-Year Pharmacy Practice Faculty

To determine the expectations and orientation activities of first-year pharmacy practice faculty members.  A survey instrument assessing the expectations and orientation activities of first-year pharmacy practice faculty members was mailed to the chairs of the pharmacy practice departments of the 82 United States schools and colleges of pharmacy with instructions to forward the survey instrument to a recently employed faculty member for completion.  Of the 44 (54%) pharmacy practice departments represented, mean expectations for first-year faculty members were to teach 17.2 didactic hours, precept 6.7 students, and serve on 1.1 and 0.76 departmental and college committees, respectively. Forty-two percent were expected to initiate a research project, while 35% were expected to submit a manuscript for publication. Seventy-seven percent received a formal orientation with introduction to faculty and staff members and computer support being the most common activities, while guidance in developing research ideas and writing research protocols/manuscripts were the least common. A substantial number of faculty members also desired more teaching instruction than was provided.  First-year pharmacy practice faculty members should receive additional orientation

Field of study: Education, Medicine
Machine-learning-based compressor models: A case study for variable refrigerant flow systems

Conventionally, researchers conducted field tests and modeling works for the Variable Refrigerant Flow system separately. In this study, we used the compressor model as a case study to illustrate a novel approach to integrate field tests and modeling works. Field tests in an office building were conducted to collect data. For mass flow rate prediction, three traditional models, including the 20-coefficient model, the efficiency-based model, and the efficiency-based 20-coefficient model, and three machine-learning-based models including Support Vector Regression, Neural Network, and Random Forest, were investigated and compared. We found that the efficiency-based 20-coefficient model and the Support Vector Regression model had a higher accuracy (the mean relative errors were 0.11% and 0.15%, and the coefficient of variation of the root mean-square-error were 0.20 and 0.23) and lower uncertainty within 0.2 g•s−1 for steady-state operation prediction. However, all six models failed to predict accurately the beginning part of the transient process. A tens-of-seconds delay existed between the predicted values and the experiment values. We applied the Convolutional-Neural-Network-based model to address this problem. The mean relative error of this model is reduced to 2% for dynamic simulation. In summary, we recommend the efficiency-based 20-coefficient model, and the Support Vector Regression model for the steady-state compressor model development, while the Convolutional-Neural-Network-based model is recommended for transient model development. For the power consumption prediction, 20-coefficient and Neural Network models can predict transient data well. The process of predicting the capacity is the same as the process of mass flow rate prediction.

Field of study: Engineering
Effects of UV-Ozone Treatment on Sensing Behaviours of EGFETs with Al2O3 Sensing Film

The effects of UV-ozone (UVO) treatment on the sensing behaviours of extended-gate field-effect transistors (EGFETs) that use Al2O3 as the sensing film have been investigated. The Al2O3 sensing films are UVO-treated with various duration times and the corresponding EGFET sensing behaviours, such as sensitivity, hysteresis, and long-term stability, are electrically evaluated under various measurement conditions. Physical analysis is also performed to characterize the surface conditions of the UVO-treated sensing films using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy. It is found that UVO treatment effectively reduces the buried sites in the Al2O3 sensing film and subsequently results in reduced hysteresis and improved long-term stability of EGFET. Meanwhile, the observed slightly smoother Al2O3 film surface post UVO treatment corresponds to decreased surface sites and slightly reduced pH sensitivity of the Al2O3 film. The sensitivity degradation is found to be monotonically correlated with the UVO treatment time. A treatment time of 10 min is found to yield an excellent performance trade-off: clearly improved long-term stability and reduced hysteresis at the cost of negligible sensitivity reduction. These results suggest that UVO treatment is a simple and facile method to improve the overall sensing performance of the EGFETs with an Al2O3 sensing film.

Field of study: Materials science
Spektrale lichtelektrische Empfindlichkeit dünner Alkalimetallhäute bei Zimmertemperatur und bei der Temperatur der flüssigen Luft

ZusammenfassungEs ist bekannt, daß auf blankem Platin oder Platinmohr adsorbierte Natriumatome bei Schichtdicken < monoatomar auf dem Trägermetall eineDoppelschicht bilden, durch welche dessen Austrittsarbeit, je nach der Besetzungsdichte, stark herabgesetzt wird, so daß seine normale lichtelektrische Empfindlichkeitskurve weit nach langen Wellen verschoben ist. Bei Schichtdicken >monoatomar tritt unter geeigneten Voraussetzungen ein spektrales selektives Maximum auf dessen Verlauf sehr wahrscheinlich durch selektiveLichtabsorption bedingt ist. Man hat daher die Möglichkeit, an dünnen unsichtbaren Natriumhäuten zu untersuchen, ob einTemperatureinfluβ auf die lichtelektrische Empfindlichkeit durch Temperaturbeeinflussung von Doppelschichten und durch Änderung des Lichtabsorptionsvermögens der Oberfläche zustande kommen kann. Das Ergebnis der vorliegenden dahingehenden Untersuchung ist das Folgende: 1. Bei Schichten < monoatomar verringert die Abkühlung die Wirkung der Doppelschicht, und zwar wird die Austrittsarbeit durch Abkühlung um so mehr erhöht (maximal umΔ ψ=0,3 bis 0,4 Volt) gegenüber dem Wert bei Zimmertemperatur, je stärker die Austrittsarbeit (bei Zimmertemperatur) durch die Wirkung der Doppelschicht herabgesetzt war. Ferner bewirkt die Abkühlung ein Steilerwerden der Empfindlichkeitskurve, verbunden mit einer Zunahme der spektralen Empfindlichkeit bei kurzen Wellen; dieser Einfluß vergrößert außerψ auch die KonstanteM in der Richardsonschen Gleichung
% MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr% 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9% vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x% fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWexLMBb50ujb% qeguuDJXwAKbacfiGae8xAaKMaeyypa0JaamytaiabgwSixlaadsfa% daahaaWcbeqcbaAaaiadOr9FYbGCaaGccqGHflY1caWGLbWaaWbaaS% qabeaacqGHsislruWrL9MCNLwyaGGbciaa+H8adaWcaaqaaiaadwga% daWgaaadbaGaaGimaaqabaaaleaacqWFRbWAcqGHflY1cqWFubavaa% aaaaaa!53F0!

$$i = M \cdot T^r \cdot e^{ - \psi \frac{{e_0 }}{{k \cdot T}}} $$
 der lichtelektrischen Gesamtemission. 2. Bei selektiv empfindlichen Schichten, bei denen die Wirkung der Doppelschicht naturgemäß kleiner ist als bei monoatomaren, ist die Erhöhung der Austrittsarbeit durch Abkühlung geringer (Δ ψ=0,2 Volt). Das selektive Maximum verschiebt sich bei Temperaturerniedrigung um etwa 10 mμ nach kurzen Wellen.

Field of study: Physics
Indenofluorene congeners: Biradicaloids and beyond

Singlet biradicaloids are certainly one of the most frequently discussed topics at ISNA-15. In this review our own work on the synthesis, molecular structures, and physical properties relevant to biradical character of indenofluorene isomers are described. These include indeno[2,1-a]fluorene with an o-quinodimethane substructure, benz[c]indeno[2,1-a]fluorene which is the first 2,3-naphthoquinodimethane derivative isolated, and indeno[2,1-b]fluorene with an m-quinodimethane (m-xylylene) subunit. The observed physical properties are explained in terms of the theoretically derived biradical factors (y), HOMO-LUMO energy gaps, and singlet-triplet energy gaps in the ground state electronic configurations. In addition, we discuss here two perspectives in the biradicaloid chemistry, (i) two- and three-dimensional indenofluorene congeners arranged in a macrocyclic form and (ii) macrocyclic indenofluorenes having multiple radical characters.

Field of study: Chemistry
Electrophysiological responses to imidazoline/alpha2-receptor agonists in rabbit sinoatrial node pacemaker cells.

To compare the effects of moxonidine (Mox), clonidine (Clo), agmatine (Agm), and xylazine (Xyl) on action potentials (AP) of the rabbit sinoatrial node (SAN) pacemaker cells and investigate the contribution of alpha-adrenoceptors to the cardiac electrophysiologic responses induced by the agonists.



Intracellular microelectrode technique was used to record AP in the rabbit SAN pacemaker cells. Vasoconstrictive responses to norepinephrine (NE), Mox, Clo, Agm and Xyl were observed in the thoracic aorta and ear vein isolated from rabbits.



(1) In the rabbit thoracic aorta, a rank order of potency producing vasoconstrictive responses was NE>Clo>Mox; and a rank order of potency in ear vein was Clo>NE>Xyl=Mox. Agm did not produce any vascular responses in both preparations, and Xyl did not produce vascular responses in the thoracic aorta. (2) Mox, Clo, Xyl, and Agm concentration-dependently decreased the rate of pacemaker firing (RPF), and prolonged APD50 and APD90 in the rabbit SAN pacemaker cells. The rank order of decreasing RPF or prolonging APD was Clo>Xyl=Mox. (3) Most effects of Clo were partially inhibited by yohimbine, but those of Xyl and all the effects of Agm on the AP in SAN pacemaker cells were not affected by the treatment with yohimbine. (4) In the presence of propranolol 1 micromol/L, phenylephrine did not cause any effects on AP in the rabbit SAN pacemaker cells.



Like Mox, Clo changes AP of the rabbit SAN pacemaker cells via alpha2-adrenoceptors partially, but the effects of Xyl and Agm on the AP are almost not related to alpha2-adrenoceptors. Moreover, there are no obviously functional alpha1-adrenoceptors in the rabbit SAN pacemaker cells.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Stable carbon isotope fractionation by acetotrophic sulfur-reducing bacteria.

Acetate is the most important intermediate in anaerobic degradation of organic matter. The carbon isotope effects associated with the oxidation of acetate (epsilon(ac)) were examined for four acetotrophic sulfur reducers, Desulfuromonas acetoxidans, Desulfuromonas thiophila, Desulfurella acetivorans, and Hippea maritima. During the consumption of acetate and sulfur, acetate was enriched in (13)C by 11.5 and 11.2 per thousand in Desulfuromonas acetoxidans and Desulfuromonas thiophila, respectively. By contrast, isotope fractionation in D. acetivorans and H. maritima resulted in isotope enrichment factors of epsilon(ac)=-6.3 per thousand and -8.4 per thousand, respectively. These sulfur-reducing bacteria all metabolize acetate via the tricarboxylic acid cycle, but have different mechanisms for the initial activation of acetate. In Desulfuromonas acetoxidans, acetyl-CoA is formed by succinyl-CoA : acetate-CoA-transferase, and in D. acetivorans by acetate kinase and phosphate acetyltransferase. Hence, values of epsilon(ac) seem to be characteristic for the type of activation of acetate to acetyl-CoA in acetotrophic sulfur reducers. Summarizing epsilon(ac)-values in anaerobic acetotrophic microorganisms, it appears that isotope fractionation depends on the mechanism of acetate activation to acetyl-CoA, on the key enzyme of the acetate dissimilation pathway, and on the bioavailability of acetate, which all have to be considered when using delta(13)C of acetate in environmental samples for diagnosis of the involved microbial populations.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Free radical scavenging capacities of isoflavonoid glycosides isolated from Pueraria Radix

Crude total isoflavonoids extracted from Pueraria Radix were partitioned by different organic solvents,then isolated and purified by several column chromatographic techniques and four isoflavonoid gly-cosides were obtained.On basis of the NMR and ESI-MS spectra,these four compounds can be identified as pu-erarin,daidzin,ononin,and genistin,respectively.Using an organic free radical system of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH·) and an inorganic free radical system of superoxide anion free radical,the free radical scavenging capacities and antioxidant activities of these four isoflavonoid glycosides were examined in vitro.The results showed that all the four isoflavonoid glycosides were discovered to possess the scavenging capacities of the DPPH·free radical and superoxide anion radical.Meanwhile,there was a significantly positive correlation between the two free radical scavenging capacities and the treated concentrations of the four isoflavonoid gly-cosides.Genistin showed the highest DPPH·free radical scavenging capacity,followed by daidzin and puerarin,and ononin was the lowest among them.However,the superoxide anion free radical scavenging capacities of the four isoflavonoid glycosides were different from the former.Puerarin was discovered to be the strongest among them,followed by daidzin,genistin and ononin.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Effect of glatiramer acetate (copaxone) on the structure and functions of the thyroid gland in patients with multiple sclerosis

: A study included 158 patients stratified into 3 groups: 57 patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) of the main group who were treated with copaxone in dosage 20 mg/d during 4,3±2,6 years, 49 patients without MS with different neurological diseases of the control group and 52 patients diagnosed with "confirmed MS" in the remission stage who were not treated with disease-modifying drugs. Demographic data, severity of MS patient's state, ultra-sound and hormonal data assessing the thyroid gland function were analyzed. The results obtained in the study demonstrated the relative safety of copaxone in respect to changes in thyroid gland function, the low risk for the elevation of blood antibodies to thyreoperoxidase, changes of hormonal indices and the development of thyroid dysfunction.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Characterization of Aura TES carbonyl sulfide retrievals over ocean

We present a description of the NASA Aura Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES) carbonyl sulfide (OCS) retrieval algorithm for oceanic observations, along with evaluation of the biases and uncertainties using aircraft profiles from the HIPPO (HIAPER Pole-to-Pole Observations) campaign and data from the NOAA Mauna Loa site. In general, the OCS retrievals (1) have less than 1.0 degree of freedom for signals (DOFs), (2) are sensitive in the mid-troposphere with a peak sensitivity typically between 300 and 500 hPa, (3) but have much smaller systematic errors from temperature, CO2 and H2O calibrations relative to random errors from measurement noise. We estimate the monthly means from TES measurements averaged over multiple years so that random errors are reduced and useful information about OCS seasonal and latitudinal variability can be derived. With this averaging, TES OCS data are found to be consistent (within the calculated uncertainties) with NOAA ground observations and HIPPO aircraft measurements. TES OCS data also captures the seasonal and latitudinal variations observed by these in situ data.

Field of study: Environmental science
Cloning and expressions of three mammalian homologues of Drosophila slit suggest possible roles for Slit in the formation and maintenance of the nervous system.

In Drosophila embryogenesis, the slit gene has been shown to play a critical role in CNS midline formation. However, no slit homologues have been reported in vertebrates. Here, we have identified mammalian homologues of the slit gene (human Slit-1, Slit-2, Slit-3, and rat Slit-1). Each Slit gene encodes a putative secreted protein, which contains conserved protein-protein interaction domains including leucine-rich repeats (LRR) and epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like motifs, like that of the Drosophila protein. Northern blot analysis revealed that the human Slit-1, -2, and -3 mRNAs are exclusively expressed in the brain, spinal cord, and thyroid, respectively. In situ hybridization studies indicated that the rat Slit-1 mRNA is specifically expressed in the neurons of fetal and adult forebrains. Our data suggest that Slit genes form an evolutionary conserved group in vertebrates and invertebrates, and that the mammalian Slit proteins may participate in the formation and maintenance of the nervous and endocrine systems by protein-protein interactions.

Field of study: Biology
Constraint Based Diagnostic Model and Analysis of Diagnosability

The complexity of diagnose limits the application of model- based diagnostic techniques. Recently,there have been many efficient constraint solvers to complete the diagnosis of leverage constraint solving techniques. A constraint based diagnostic model,which equals to consistency based model,is presented in this paper. It describes structure and functions of system with constraint.Then,the diagnosability of constraint based diagnosis is analyzed. The necessary and sufficient conditions of decidable diagnostic hypothesis,undecidable diagnostic hypothesis and semidecidable diagnostic hypothesis are determined. Finally,the partial order relation of the diagnostic space is described in this paper.

Field of study: Computer science
Strategies and performance in hospitals.

Today, more than ever in the past, the variables within the health care environment (demand, costs, system deregulation) are undergoing such rapid change that hospital administrators are finding it necessary to develop and implement competitive strategies in order to survive in the increasingly competitive hospital environment. The primary aim of this paper is to answer the following question: Is it possible to transfer strategic management research from other sectors into the hospital industry? The first objective was to identify strategies in hospital management. A questionnaire was designed and sent to hospital CEOs and the data extracted were used to construct the variables needed to identify strategies and perform the subsequent analyses. The second aim was to try to identify groups of organizations using similar strategies and, finally, analyse the impact of these on hospital performance.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
P03, the microfocus and nanofocus X-ray scattering (MiNaXS) beamline of the PETRA III storage ring: the microfocus endstation

The MiNaXS (P03) beamline of the new third-generation synchrotron radiation source PETRA III (DESY, Germany) has been designed to perform small-, ultra-small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering in both transmission and grazing-incidence geometries. The high photon flux available at the beamline enables time-resolved investigations of kinetic phenomena with a time resolution below 100 ms. The microfocus endstation started user operation in May 2011.

Field of study: Physics