nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
A phenomenological model for analyzing reciprocating compressors

A new model for hermetic reciprocating compressors is presented. This model is able to predict compressor efficiency and volumetric efficiency in terms of a certain number of parameters (10) representing the main sources of losses inside the compressor. The model provides users with helpful information about the way in which the compressor is designed and working. A statistical fitting procedure based on the Monte Carlo method was developed for its adjustment. The model can predict compressor performance at most points with a maximum deviation of 3%. A possible gas condensation on cold spots inside the cylinder during the last part of the compression stroke was also evaluated.

Field of study: Engineering
High Cycle Fatigue Properties of K495 Superalloy

The high cycle fatigue properties of K495 alloy at 700℃ and 900℃ were investigated.The fatigue curve was tested,the loading cycle was sinusoidal,and the ratio of stress was 0.1.The test results show that K495 has good fatigue properties under those two temperatures,the fatigue limit is 322MPa and 314MPa,respectively.At 700℃,when the stress is low,the fatigue crack initiates from the accumulation of PSB on the grain boundary;when the stress is high,the crack originates from the inner defects of specimen,such as solidification pores,inclusions and a BCC structured Y rich phase.With the increase of maximum stress,the crack origins switch from single point into multiples sites.At 900℃,the crack originates from the inner metallurgical defects near the surface.

Field of study: Materials science
Mobile Ad-Hoc Network Based Child Monitoring with DSDV Routing

This paper proposes Mobile Ad-Hoc Network Based Child Monitoring with DSDV routing. The aim of this paper is to reduce child abduction in general or maternity hospital, which is important in Indonesia because of many cases of child abduction, appeared in those hospitals. The method of child tracking and monitoring of this paper is using Mobile Ad-Hoc Network with DSDV routing to substitute GPS tracking which was limited especially inside a building. The system using Triangulation Estimation method to determine approximation of child or patient position in certain area. The simulation demonstration showed that it gives good performance to track child or patient but compromised when number of nodes in certain area is increased

Field of study: Computer science
Simulation of Laser Transmission Characteristics under Aerosol Conditions Based on Monte Carlo Method

Lasers undergo attenuation and distortion during aerosol transmission, affecting the application of lasers. Aiming at the problem of laser transmission in aerosol, the advantages and disadvantages of different methods are analyzed, and the Monte Carlo method is selected for problem research. According to the flow of photon transmission, the Monte Carlo model is established. The principle and application of the model are described in detail. The attenuation of the laser signal under different scattering coefficients and absorption coefficients is studied. The simulation results show that as the scattering coefficient and absorption coefficient becomes larger, the signal attenuation is aggravated, which has a more serious impact on transmission.

Field of study: Engineering
Energy Resolution in CMOS SSPM Detectors Coupled to an LYSO Scintillator

SSPMs fabricated using CMOS technology consisting of arrays of 30- and 50-mum square pixels in 1.5 mm times 1.5 mm total area with high, 61%, and low, 29%, fill factors (packing density) were used to measure the photon intensity resolution for a pulsed laser light source. Different sources of noise (i.e., cross talk, dark counts, and electronic) have a deleterious effect on the energy resolution, and this work looks at the relative sizes of these contributions. Even though noise effects increase with larger fill factors and active area, this work examines the trade-off between these noise terms and the improvement in the detection efficiency with increased excess bias or fill factor. The energy resolutions from various gamma rays, including 122 keV, 511 keV, 662 keV, and 1275 keV, measured with an LYSO scintillation crystal (1.5 mm times 1.5 mm times 3 mm) were compared to the pulsed laser results to examine all noise contributions to the energy resolution. The SSPM response can be described by a binomial function. When greater than 70% of the pixels are triggered, the energy resolution contains a substantial contribution from the detector response that arises from a binomial detector response of the SSPM, which contains a finite number of pixel elements.

Field of study: Physics
Effects of corticosterone on response consolidation and retrieval in the forced swim test.

In the forced swimming test, adrenal hormones regulate immobility time during a test swim given 24 hr after the initial training swim (e.g., the deficit in adrenalectomized animals is reduced when animals are given corticosterone [B] immediately after the training session). In this study, adrenalectomy decreased and B restored immobility during the test swims. The effects of adrenalectomy were completely reversed by 1 mg/kg doses of B, which results in plasma B levels that are comparable to values under basal resting conditions. Higher doses of B had no further effect. B given before or immediately after training partially reversed the effects of adrenalectomy. The complete reversal of the effects of adrenalectomy, however, required the presence of B during both training and testing, suggesting that B plays a role in the consolidation-retention and retrieval of the immobility response.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Bile salts and the single-shot lethal injection method for killing crown-of-thorns sea stars (Acanthaster planci)

Given the threat posed by population outbreaks of Acanthaster planci to coral reefs throughout the Indo-Pacific, significant investment is being made to reduce the number of sea stars and their effects on coral assemblages, both through ongoing direct control programs and indirectly, through targeted improvements in water quality and fisheries management. In Australia, bile salts have recently replaced sodium bisulfate as the chemical used to inject, and thereby quickly and efficiently kill, individual sea stars. This study reports on results of experimental studies conducted prior operationalizing bile salts for widespread use on Australia's Great Barrier Reef, both to optimize doses of bile salts and further examine potential side-effects of administering low doses of bile salts into individual sea stars when found at high concentrations. This study showed that injecting A. planci with 10 mL of 8 g l−1 Bile Salts No. 3 or 12 g l−1 of Oxgall solution into the base of the arm with a new gun adapted with a 16 Gauge x1/2” needle is the most rapid and effective way to kill individual A. planci, which were up to 42 cm in diameter. No immediate flow-on effects on reef fish, corals, and other benthic invertebrates were observed in laboratory experiments and field surveys. Efficient control measures using bile derivatives can offer immediate relief from ongoing COTS predation, and when done in conjunction with improved land use practices that reduce nutrient input and establishment of protected areas to protect predator species, can offer benefits for the resilience of reef ecosystems.

Field of study: Environmental science
Permafrost-derived dissolved organic matter composition varies across permafrost end-members in the western Canadian Arctic

Organic matter, upon dissolution into the aqueous state as dissolved organic matter (DOM), can undergo mineralization by microbes. There has been increasing effort to characterize DOM released from thawing permafrost because it may perpetuate a permafrost carbon feedback. Permafrost-derived DOM often has a composition that can be highly susceptible to mineralization by microbes, but most studies to date that characterize permafrost-derived DOM have been limited to select regions, and tend to focus on a single type of permafrost (sometimes unspecified) that reflects a particular deposit type. Importantly, diversity in the nature of the deposit, formation of permafrost, and thaw modification processes leads to spatial and stratigraphic variability in its properties, but our understanding of variation in the composition of DOM derived from differing permafrost types (end-members) is poor. Here, we used ultrahigh-resolution mass spectrometry to characterize DOM composition derived from a series of permafrost end-member types that are commonly found within the thaw-vulnerable western Canadian Arctic, including: tills (glacially deposited), diamicton (thawed and remobilized material of mixed origin), lacustrine (lake basin sediments into which permafrost has aggraded), peat (partially decomposed organic material), and Yedoma (syngenetic silty loess) deposits. We identified marked variation in DOM composition among permafrost end-member types. Tills were compositionally dissimilar to all other permafrost end-members. Compounds unique to Yedoma were predominantly aliphatic, while compounds unique to peat, lacustrine, and diamicton spanned saturation and oxygenation gradients. All permafrost leachates were generally higher in aliphatics, lower in aromatics, and less oxygenated than active layer leachates. Compositional differences appear to reflect variation in permafrost parent materials, and particularly strong effects from past modification processes while in the unfrozen or thawed state. Constraining DOM composition and assessing its stratigraphic variability will become more pressing as the spatial and stratigraphic extent of thaw increases with future warming.

Field of study: Environmental science
Till Stratigraphy in Parts of Southwestern Ontario

Late Wisconsinan fluctuations of the Huron, Georgian Bay, Ontario, and Erie glacial lobes gave rise to a complex sequence of interfingering till sheets in the area between Stratford and Toronto, Ontario. Tills are the basis of establishing the stratigraphy of the area because of their distinctive and consistent characteristics. New names (Tavistock Till, Stratford Till, Stirton Till, Mornington Till, Elma Till, Maryhill Till, Pottery Road Formation) are proposed to replace previous informal names. The extent of Wentworth Till and Halton Till is revised. Subdivision of the Thorncliffe Formation into three members and dropping of the name Leaside Till are proposed. While a small area of older till is exposed between Woodstock and Waterloo, most tills are of Port Bruce Stadial age, and some are of Port Huron Stadial age. Probable Middle Wisconsinan interstadial deposits are now known from the interior of southwestern Ontario, as well as from previously described sites near Lake Erie and Toronto. Although over 16,600 sq km of mapping has been carried out in the region in the last 15 yr, only the deposits of the Erie and Ontario glacial lobes are relatively well known; sequences of Huron and Georgian Bay lobe deposits remain inadequately known or poorly understood.

Field of study: Geology
A Cumulative Author Index of The Journal of Special Education

This cumulative author index was developed as a service for The Journal of Special Education readership. It was prepared as a resource for scholars wishing to access the 932 articles published in the first 23 volumes of this journal. Since many literature searches involve tracking authors across a program of studies and since individual authors may not always be "first" authors, this index was prepared with a cross-reference of all authors to each citation. In total, 1,715 author citations are included. It is the authors' hope that this bibliographic index will be of help to those of you wishing to access trends, issues, and research on the education and understanding of individuals with handicaps.

Field of study: Education
Late Pleistocene and Holocene vegetation changes in northeastern Brazil determined from carbon isotopes and charcoal records in soils

Northeastern Brazil represents a strategic area in terms of Quaternary records of environmental changes in South America due to its distinct semi-arid climate in near equatorial latitudes. In this study, carbon isotope and charcoal distribution records in soils are used to characterize vegetation dynamics, forest fires and their relation to climate change since the Late Pleistocene in the States of Ceara, Piaui and Paraiba, Northeastern Brazil. At the Ceara site, the carbon isotope record showed an enrichment trend from −24‰ to −19‰ during the early-mid Holocene, indicating an opening of vegetation and expansion of savanna vegetation (C 4 plants) during this period. A trend toward more depleted δ 13 C values (~− 32‰) in the late Holocene indicates an expansion of forest vegetation (C 3 plants). A similar trend is observed at the Piaui and Paraiba sites where values of ~− 24‰ are associated with open forest vegetation during the late Pleistocene. In the early-mid Holocene, δ 13 C values of up to −18.0‰ suggest the expansion of C 4 plants. Based on the carbon isotope data, it is postulated that from ~ 18,000 cal yr B.P. to ~ 11,800 cal yr B.P.–~ 10,000 cal yr B.P. arboreal vegetation was dominant in northeastern Brazil and is associated with humid climates. The savanna expanded from ~ 10,000 cal yr B.P. to ~ 4500–3200 cal yr B.P. due to a less humid/drier climatic phase, also supported by the significant presence of fires (charcoal fragments in the soil). From approximately 3200–2000 cal yr B.P. to the present, carbon isotope records suggest forest expansion and a more humid phase. These results form part of a regional pattern since they are in agreement with paleovegetation records obtained in regions of Maranhao, northeastern Brazil and in the Amazon and Rondonia States, northern Brazil.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Analysis of a novel refrigeration Carnot-type cycle based on isothermal vapour compression

A novel Carnot-type cycle is proposed to reach high performances for sub-critical and trans-critical applications. Two natural fluids, ammonia and carbon dioxide each one corresponding to one of the application, were chosen. Compared to conventional cycles, the Carnot-type cycle leads to COP increase by 4–70% depending on the application. For the most suitable case (CO 2 ), a simpler design resulting from a trade-off between complexity and performances still exhibits high performances (92.5% of COP Carnot vs. 95.4% for Carnot-type cycle). Compared to conventional one, this simpler design appears to be more sensitive to the expander efficiency but still achieves higher performances: 80% vs. 50% of COP Carnot . The impact of the compression cooling efficiency was explored too. With a temperature pinch equal to 20 K, the performances are still better than those of the conventional one (+21% of COP) despite a decrease by 24% of the COP.

Field of study: Engineering
A Sensitivity Comparison of Three Transistorized DC Current-Feedback Electrometers

The theoretical equations for transistorized current-feedback dc electrometers have been developed and utilized for the design and evaluation of three electrometers containing (1) a bipolar transistor, (2) a junction field-effect transistor (JFET), and (3) a metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) in the input stage. Each electrometer was evaluated in terms of input and output impedance, gain-bandwidth, drift characteristics, and output noise power spectra. For the experimental amplifiers, the measured minimum amplifiable dc input current was approximately 8 × 10-14 amp for the bipolar transistor electrometer, 4 × 10-15 amp for the JFET electrometer, and 5 × 10-16 amp for the MOSFET electrometer. Consultant, Dept. of Elec. Engr.,

Field of study: Physics
Spectroscopic, Theoretical and Antioxidant Study of 3d-Transition Metals (Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II)) Complexes with Cichoric Acid

Cichoric acid (CA) is a derivative of both caffeic acid and tartaric acid. It was isolated for the first time from Cichorium intybus L. (chicory) but it also occurs in significant amounts in Echinacea, particularly E. purpurea, dandelion leaves, basil, lemon balm and in aquatic plants, including algae and sea grasses. It has a wide spectrum of biological properties, including antioxidant, antiviral, anti-inflammatory and other. The work yielded cichoric acid complexes with selected transition metals, i.e., copper(II), nickel(II), zinc(II) and cobalt(II). In this work the dependency between the molecular structure and biological activity was discussed. The molecular structure was studied by means of infrared spectroscopy (Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) Raman (FT-Raman)), electronic absorption spectroscopy (ultraviolet–visible (UV/VIS)) and theoretical calculations (density functional theory (DFT), Hartree–Fock (HF)). Understanding the mechanism of the effect of metals on the electronic system of ligands with biological importance will facilitate in the future the search for new, effective and natural antioxidants. The composition of the studied complexes in aqueous solutions was determined at a constant pH by the Job’s method. Antioxidative properties of the tested compounds were determined using the ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate free radical method), cupric-reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) and Superoxide Dismutase Activity Assay (SOD).

Field of study: Materials science
Connexin 32 of gap junctions contains two cytoplasmic calmodulin-binding domains.

A fluorescent calmodulin derivative, 2-chloro-[4-(epsilon-amino-Lys75)]-[6-(4- diethylaminophenyl)-1,3,5-triazin-4-yl]-calmodulin (TA-calmodulin) [Török and Trentham (1994) Biochemistry 33, 12807-12820], and equilibrium fluorescence methods were used to identify calmodulin-binding domains of connexin subunits of gap junctions. Synthetic peptides corresponding to six extramembrane regions of connexin 32, a major component of rat liver gap junctions, and peptides derived from connexin 43 and 26, were tested. Two cytoplasmically oriented peptides that correspond to an N-terminal 21-amino-acid sequence and a 15-amino-acid sequence at the C-terminal tail of connexin 32 bound TA-calmodulin in a Ca2+-dependent manner. The dissociation constants (Kd) of TA-calmodulin binding to GAP 10 (MNWTGLYTLLSGVNRHSTAIG, residues 1-21) and GAP 8M (ACARRAQRRSNPPSR, residues 216-230) were 27 nM and 1.2 microM respectively at 150 mM ionic strength, 2 mM MgCl2, 100 microM CaCl2, pH 7.0 and 21 degrees C. Both halves of each peptide were required for calmodulin binding. Substitution of Trp3 present in all connexins by Tyr increased Kd for TA-calmodulin by 40-fold. Liver gap junctions (whose connexons contain mainly connexin 32) and recombinant connexons constructed of connexin 26 expressed by baculovirus-infected insect cells exhibited weaker binding of TA-calmodulin with variable Ca2+-dependence. These studies identify two calmodulin-binding amino-acid sequences in connexin 32, and provide independent evidence that calmodulin may function as an intracellular ligand, regulating Ca2+-dependent intercellular communication across gap junctions.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Complete genome sequence of Lactobacillus paracasei CAUH35, a new strain isolated from traditional fermented dairy product koumiss in China.

Lactobacillus paracasei CAUH35 was isolated from homemade koumiss, a traditional fermented dairy product with beneficial effects on human health. The genome consists of a circular 2,770,411 bp chromosome and four plasmids. Genome analysis revealed the presence of gene clusters involved in the production of exopolysaccharides and bacteriocin. The complete genome sequence of L. paracasei CAUH35 will provide genetic basis for further comparative and functional genomic analyses.

Field of study: Biology, Engineering
Spectral Reconstruction and Quantitative Analysis by B-Spline Transformations and Penalized Partial Least Squares Approach

Taking into account the near infrared spectra(NIR) on numerous predictor variables with serious collinearity and having nonlinear quantitative relationship with the chemical compositions,a novel nonlinear partial least squares(PLS) approach,termed as Spline-PPLS,was constructed by combining the penalized partial least squares(PPLS) regression with B-splines transformation.Firstly,the observed spectral predictors were considered as discrete observations of curves of the wavelength and were nonlinearly transformed using B-spline basis functions.The choice of the degree of the polynomial pieces and of the number of knots was performed using the cross-validation strategy.Then,the PPLS algorithm was performed on the high dimensional transformed data matrix to build the calibration model by imposing a penalty term to the optimization criterion of PLS.The roughness penalty term indeed controlled the curvature of the functions and its smoothing parameter could also be obtained by the cross-validation.Finally,the proposed Spline-PPLS approach was applied to the wheat NIR diffuse reflectance spectra reconstruction and quantitative analysis.The result indicates that the Spline-PPLS approach not only can yield high accuracy reconstructing spectrum,but also improves the model prediction accuracy in the case of nonlinear relationships.

Field of study: Chemistry
Kinetics of vibrational exchange in two-component gaseous mixtures in the presence of a resonant laser radiation field

The kinetics of nonresonant vibration-vibrational (v-v) exchange in binary mixtures is considered in the presence of a laser field using the harmonic oscillator model and the approximation of single-quantum transitions. An integral representation is obtained for the distributions over the vibrational levels of each component making allowance for the v-v exchange, vibration-translational (v-T) relaxation, and influence of an infrared radiation source. A closed system of equations for the relaxation of the vibrational energy in the modes is derived ignoring the decay processes. The nonequilibrium distribution functions are obtained for the steady-state and quasisteady-state conditions. It is shown that if v1>v2 (v1 is the frequency of the mode excited by the laser field and v2 is the frequency of the mode to which the energy is transferred), the vibrational kinetics of a binary mixture may differ considerably from the kinetics of a single-component medium provided that the strong laser, field acts on the first component and the rate of exchange of the quanta between the modes under consideration is sufficiently rapid. This circumstance makes it possible to utilize a directional v-v exchange for the purpose of efficient heating of a mode with a lower vibrational energy. The conditions under which this occurs are determined.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Mechanism for Odd Parity Superconductivity in Iron-Based Superconductors

Under the assumption that superconducting pairing is driven by local d-p hybridization, we show that the superconducting state in iron-based superconductors is classified as an odd parity s-wave spin-singlet pairing state in a single trilayer FeAs/Se, the building block of the materials. In a low energy effective model with only d-orbitals in an iron square bipartite lattice, the superconducting order parameter in this state is a combination of a s-wave normal pairing between two sublattices and a s-wave $\eta$-pairing within the sublattices. Parity conservation was violated in proposed superconducting states in the past. The results demonstrate iron-based superconductors being a new quantum state of matter and suggest that a measurement of odd parity can establish fundamental principles related to high temperature superconducting mechanism.

Field of study: Physics