nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Effects of taste aversion training on the acquisition of alcohol drinking in adolescent P and HAD rat lines.

Early alcohol drinking has been hypothesized to cause alcohol-related problems in adulthood. In addition, a potential role for genetic factors exist in the etiology of some types of alcoholism. The objective of the present study was to determine if taste aversion training to ethanol during adolescence in previously ethanol-naive, alcohol-preferring P and high-alcohol drinking HAD-1 lines of rats would retard or prevent the onset of high alcohol drinking. Taste aversion training began at 30 days of age. Male and female rat pups were fluid deprived for 24 hr before 30 min access to a 10% [v/v] ethanol solution, followed by an intraperitoneal injection of either saline or 0.15 M LiCl (10 ml/kg). A total of five training sessions were administered every other day with unrestricted access to water on intervening training days. Twenty-four hours after the last training trial, rats were given continuous free-choice between water and 10% ethanol for 4 weeks with food available and libitum. There were no obvious gender or line differences to the effects of taste aversion training. All LiCl-treated subjects avoided the usually preferred ethanol solution for the entire 4-week test period, whereas saline-treated rats steadily increased their alcohol intake to over 6.0 g/kg/day by week 4. Rats in the saline and LiCl-treated groups gained weight at comparable rates, and the groups did not differ in total fluid intake. The findings demonstrate that early environmental intervention can prevent the onset of high alcohol drinking in the selectively bred alcohol-preferring P and high-alcohol drinking HAD-1 lines of rats.

Field of study: Medicine
Generic network modeling of reciprocating compressors

With the increasing applications of CO 2 trans-critical cycles, the design of reciprocating compressors returns to the center stage. Quick design and optimization of a compressor with arbitrary configuration is always a big challenge. This paper presents a new generic modeling approach to reciprocating compressors design. The reciprocating compressors were firstly torn down to components, e.g. compression chamber, valve, shaft, motor, crankcase, etc. Then the component models were developed to feature the sub-processes inside the components. Refrigerant flow, heat flow, power flow, and air flow (for intermediate cooler) between components were described on a network basis. Finally, the object-oriented programming method was applied to develop a graphical user interface for generic drag-and-drop modeling of reciprocating compressors with arbitrary configuration. Experimental data of a CO 2 two-stage compressor and a R410A single-stage compressor were used to validate the generic modeling tool. The deviations in the mass flow rate and power consumption of R410A compressor are mostly within ±3% and ±5%, respectively, while the deviations in the mass flow rate and power consumption of CO 2 compressor are mostly within ±8% and ±5%, respectively.

Field of study: Engineering
Reproductive System,Parasitic Habits and Larval Development of Coccobius azumai Tachikawa(Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae)

Coccobius azumai Tachikawa(Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae)is one of the dominant parasitoids of Hemiberlesia pitysophila Takagi in China.The ovary of C.azumai consists of 3 ovarioles on each side,with the separated ligament composed of terminal filament.Sensilla trichodea,sensilla pore,cuticular spines,and sensilla coeloconic were all found on the ovipositor of C.azumai.The major process of oviposition of C.azumai are searching,host location,host examination,ovipositor penetration,oviposition and cleaning.The reproduction modes of C.azumai are both gamogenesis and parthenogenesis,the males by parthenogenesis hyperparasitizing on the mature larvae or pupae of conspecific individuals.The whole development includes egg,larva,pupa and adult.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
On higher education from a perspective of the third sectors

Education falls into the research category of the third sector, but concrete analysis is rare. The attributes of higher education are of special importance from the perspective of the third sector. In recent years, the surging thoughts of higher education and the heated argument on higher-education reform primarily originate in, to some degree, the lack of sufficient theoretical legitimacy. The introduction of relevent theory in the third sector into higher education theory can deepen the understanding to the predicament of higher education reform, as well as enrich existent theory of higher education, thus improve the foresight in theory.

Field of study: Education
Introduction of a leucine half-zipper engenders multiple high-quality crystals of a recalcitrant tRNA synthetase.

Although Escherichia coli alanyl-tRNA synthetase was among the first tRNA synthetases to be sequenced and extensively studied by functional analysis, it has proved to be recalcitrant to crystallization. This challenge remained even for crystallization of the catalytic fragment. By mutationally introducing three stacked leucines onto the solvent-exposed side of an alpha-helix, an engineered catalytic fragment of the synthetase was obtained that yielded multiple high-quality crystals and cocrystals with different ligands. The engineered alpha-helix did not form a leucine zipper that interlocked with the same alpha-helix from another molecule. Instead, using the created hydrophobic spine, it interacted with other surfaces of the protein as a leucine half-zipper (LHZ) to enhance the crystal lattice interactions. The LHZ made crystal lattice contacts in all crystals of different space groups. These results illustrate the power of introducing an LHZ into helices to facilitate crystallization. The authors propose that the method can be unified with surface-entropy reduction and can be broadly used for protein-surface optimization in crystallization.

Field of study: Chemistry
MWD MODELING AND CONTROL FOR POLYMERIZATION via B-SPLINE NEURAL NETWORK

This paper firstly introduces the structure and characteristics of B-spline-based neural network,and then presents a new approach to modeling and control of molecular mass distribution for polymerization. Utilizing the nonlinear mapping of B-spline functions and iterative minimum least square algorithm,the model of MWD in polymerization process has been built. Based on the MWD estimated by the neural network model and optimal performance index,the control sequences are synthesized in order to make MWD close to the target distribution. Taking a pilot scale rig,in which bulk polymerization of styrene takes place,as a simulated object,the modeling and control procedures are studied and implemented,and the feasibility of the approach is established.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Transformational Leadership in the Consumer Service Workgroup: Competing Models of Job Satisfaction, Change Commitment, and Cooperative Conflict Resolution

This paper discusses the effects of transformational leadership on cooperative conflict resolution (management) by evaluating several alternative models related to the mediating role of job satisfaction and change commitment. Samples of data from customer service personnel in Taiwan were analyzed. Based on the boot-strap sample technique, an empirical study was carried out to yield the best fitting model. The procedure of hierarchical nested model analysis was used, incorporating the methods of bootstrapping mediation, PRODCLIN2, and structural equation modeling (SEM) comparison. The analysis suggests that leadership that promotes integration (change commitment) and provides inspiration and motivation (job satisfaction), in the proper order, creates the means for cooperative conflict resolution.

Field of study: Psychology
Application of Heat Storage in Heating Network for Surplus Wind Power Consumption

Among northern China, CHP is the main electric and heating source to provide electricity and heat. While, with the increasing integration of wind power, the peak regulation capacity is lacking. Wind power curtailment occurs frequently because of the contradiction between heating and electric load. District heating system plays the majority role in heating supply because of its efficiency and cleanness. There are enormous heat storage capacity contained in district heating system, if the stored heat energy could be utilized efficiently the contradiction between heating and electric load could be relieved and the wind power curtailment could be avoided considerably. This study presents an approach that takes advantage of the heat in the primary heating circuit to absorb surplus wind power. The expressions of the components in heating system are given to establish the mathematical model. Followed, the thermodynamic properties of heating pipelines are analyzed, the heat storage capacity and heat transmit delay characters are studied. Then, the consumption capacity of surplus wind power is discussed, and the temperature changes are also considered. The economic benefits are also analyzed.  Finally, a case study was undertaken to prove the effectiveness. The results show that by utilizing the heat in heating network, the wind power curtailment rate could be reduced by 20.6% which means about 219.4MWh surplus wind energy could be consumed during a valley electric load period.

Field of study: Engineering
Looking South: The Evolution of Latin Americanist Scholarship in the United States, 1850–1975 (review)

The rapid development of the U.S. university system from a collection of finishing schools to the research behemoths that had become a primary platform for research about Latin America by the time of the Vietnam War is one of the important chapters in the cultural history of the Americas. That development provides the basis for two important questions that Helen Delpar asks here: What were the key turning points in the history of academic scholarship about Latin America as U.S. universities expanded into their modern form? How did those universities articulate knowledge about the communities collectively known as "Latin America" ?

Field of study: History
Intelligence Algorithm Platform Design and Research Based on Strategy Pattern

The research result of Intelligence Algorithm includes not only the paper itself,but also the source code,executable files and experimental data,photographs and so on.In this paper,through using the strategy model in the view of software reuse,we analyze a dynamic way of management and operation of the Intelligence Algorithm's source code,by packaging each algorithm to a separate class,and putting them in the dynamic link library file.This way is good not only for reusing and plugging,but also for adding and altering new algorithm.In addition,the design and implementation of algorithm platform has been built on the basis of this,it can manage and exhibit various aspects of the research result of Intelligence Algorithm.

Field of study: Computer science
Identification of hidden Markov models for ion channel currents .III. Bandlimited, sampled data

For pt.II. see ibid., vol.46, p.1916-29 (1998). Hidden Markov models (HMMs) have been used to model single channel currents as recorded with the patch clamp technique from living cells. Continuous time patch-clamp recordings are typically passed through an antialiasing filter and sampled before analysis. In this paper, an adaptation of the Baum-Welch weighted least squares (BW-WLS) algorithm called the H-noise algorithm is presented to estimate the HMM and noise model parameters from bandlimited, sampled data. The effects of the antialiasing filter and the correlated background noise are considered in a metastate or vector HMM framework. The "correlated emission probability", which plays a central role in the algorithm, is redefined to consider the noise correlation in successive filtered, sampled data points. The performance of the H-noise algorithm is demonstrated with simulated data.

Field of study: Engineering
The monopolistic integrated model and health care reform: the Swedish experience.

This article reviews recent reforms geared to creating internal markets in the Swedish health-care sector. The main purpose is to describe driving forces behind reforms, and to analyse the limitations of reforms oriented towards internal markets within a monopolistic integrated health-care model. The principal part of the article is devoted to a discussion of incentives within Swedish county councils, and of how these incentives have influenced reforms in the direction of more choices for consumers and a separation between purchasers and providers. It is argued that the current incentives, in combination with criticism against county council activities in the early 1990's, account for the present inconsistencies as regards reforms. Furthermore, the article maintains that a weak form of separation between purchasers and providers will lead to distorted incentives, restricting innovative behaviour and structural change. In conclusion, the process of reforming the Swedish monopolistic integrated health-care model in the direction of some form of internal market is said to rest on shaky ground.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Photoluminescence bands of deep centres in neutron-transmutation-doped GaAs

Deep centres in neutron-transmutation-doped semi-insulating GaAs grown by the liquid-encapsulated Czochralski (LEC) technique were studied using the photoluminescence technique. Two photoluminescence bands, PL1 and PL2, were observed at 1.26 and 1.0 eV from the band edge, respectively. The Ge-photoluminescence band is also observed. The Franck-Condon shift was estimated for PL1 and PL2 by utilising the temperature dependence of the linewidth and the configuration coordinate model. The PL1 atomic structure is speculated to be more complex than that of PL2. Both PL1 and PL2 are related to the impurities introduced by the neutron transmutation doping.

Field of study: Materials science
High-resolution analysis of salmonellae from turtles within a headwater spring ecosystem.

Sediments and water from the pristine headwaters of the San Marcos River, Texas, USA, as well as swabs from biofilms on the carapace and from the cloacae of 17 musk turtles (Sternotherus odoratus) and one snapping turtle (Chelydra serpentina serpentina) caught at the same site, were analysed for salmonellae by culture and molecular techniques. Whereas enrichment cultures from sediment and water samples were negative for salmonellae in PCR- and in situ hybridization-based analyses, both techniques detected salmonellae after enrichments from both carapace and cloacae of nine (i.e. of 53%) musk turtles. Further characterization of 10 isolates obtained from the enrichment cultures of four selected individuals and confirmed as salmonellae by PCR analysis was achieved by fingerprinting techniques (rep-PCR). The results show differences between individuals and, in one case, variation among isolates from a single individual. All isolates from two individuals displayed identical profiles. These profiles were different from those obtained from the isolates of the third individual, which were, themselves, also identical for all isolates. Salmonellae were much more diverse in samples from the carapace of the last individual with five different rep-PCR profiles retrieved. Serotyping of seven isolates representative for each rep-PCR profile identified all isolates as representing Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serotype Rubislaw, which demonstrates the presence of different strains of potentially human pathogenic salmonellae naturally occurring on turtles even within pristine environments. The frequent detection of these organisms in biofilms on the carapace opens the door for speculations on the role of this habitat as a reservoir for salmonellae, and on potential implications for turtles acting as a dispersal vector.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Discriminating between sequences of bernoulli and markov-bernoulli trials

Givenp↦ (0,1), we consider a sequence of {0,1}-valued random variables (a) that have an i.i.d. Bernoulli (p) distribution or (b) which evolve according to a stationary ergodic 2-state Markov chain with transition probabilities given by , and with stationary distribution . Lehmann (1986) proved that the conditional run test possesses certain optimality properties if used as a criterion to discriminate between the above two possibilities; we show that the same is true of the unconditional analog of the run test if p is small and n is not excessively large. The rather complicated distribution of R, the total number of runs of successes or failures, is approximated (in the total variation sense) by an appropriately defined Poisson distribution on the odd integers, with the approximation performing well for low values of p - independently of the value of n. The test based on the above approximation is shown to be"almost"consistent Our procedure is generalized to test the hypothesis of independence against the ...

Field of study: Mathematics
High burnup calculation characteristics of traveling wave reactor

The traveling wave reactor (TWR) is an innovative nuclear system, whose discharge burnup is 400 GWd/tHM, about three to four times of existing fast reactor and six to eight times of pressurized water reactor. High discharge burnup forces the present codes to face the great challenges in precision.This paper studies the high burnup calculation characteristics of traveling wave reactor from energy spectrum, importance of fission production and calculation error accumulation of fuel consumption by KYLIN-1 code. The analysis results of typical traveling wave reactor hexagonal assembly show that the low enriched uranium assemblies have different energy spectra at beginning and end of life, which cause big calculation error ofkinf by existing code system. To ensure the correctness of the traveling wave reactor burnup calculations, the burn chain should contain 70 kinds of important fission product nuclides. The calculation error accumulation of fuel consumption is small when the burnup step is increased. The calculation error ofkinf is about 0.001% each burnup step.

Field of study: Physics
Far-lateral transcondylar approach for microsurgical trapping of an anterior inferior cerebellar artery aneurysm.

Aneurysms of the posterior circulation remain challenging lesions given their proximity to the brainstem and cranial nerves. Many of these aneurysms may best be approached through a retrosigmoid-suboccipital craniectomy with a far-lateral transcondylar extension. In this narrated video illustration, we present the case of a 37-year-old man with an incidentally discovered right-sided anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA) aneurysm. Diagnostic studies included CT angiography and cerebral angiography. A suboccipital craniectomy and far-lateral transcondylar extension were performed for microsurgical trapping and excision of the AICA aneurysm. The techniques of the retrosigmoid craniectomy, C-1 laminectomy, condylectomy and microsurgical trapping of the aneurysm are reviewed. The video can be found here: http://youtu.be/JiM3CXVwXnk.

Field of study: Medicine
Early evolution of the Bering Sea by collision of oceanic rises and North Pacific subduction zones

Three major bathymetric features exist in the Bering Sea: Shirshov Ridge, Bowers Ridge, and Umnak Plateau. New refraction data over Umnak Plateau and previous geophysical data across Bowers Ridge indicate that a thickened welt of crustal material is present beneath both features. The crustal structure is transitional between oceanic and continental types. Various models for the origin of these features have been investigated. One that has not been proposed previously assumes that the protostructures of Bowers Ridge and Umnak Plateau could have formed outside of the present Bering Sea. According to this model, before formation of the Aleutian Ridge in late Mesozoic or earliest Tertiary time, these protostructures moved into their present Bering Sea positions. Prior to the arrival of these two structures in the Bering Sea, oceanic crust was subducted along the Bering continental margin connecting Alaska and Siberia. The collision of the Umnak Plateau protostructure with the southeastern edge of the margin may have caused subduction to terminate here and move southward. The new southerly position of subduction beneath the Aleutian Ridge was therefore controlled by late Mesozoic or early Tertiary locations of Umnak Plateau, Bowers Ridge, and possibly, the north-trending Shirshov Ridge farther to the west.

Field of study: Geology
Evidence for major pleiotropic effects on bone size variation from a principal component analysis of 451 Caucasian families

To identify pleiotropic quantitative trait loci (QTL) influencing bone size (BS) at different skeletal sites in Caucasians.In a sample containing 3899 Caucasians from 451 pedigrees, 410 microsatellite markers spaced ∼8.9 cM apart across the human genome were genotyped. Phenotypical and genetic correlations of BS at lumbar spine, hip (femoral neck, trochanter, and intertrochanter regions), and wrist (ultradistal, mid-distal, and one-third distal sites) were determined using bivariate quantitative genetic analysis. A principal component analysis (PCA) was performed to obtain principal component (PC) factors that were then subjected to variance components linkage analysis to identify regions linked to the PC.Results:Genetic correlations of BS at different skeletal sites ranged fr om 0.40 to 0.7 9 (P<0.001). The PCA yielded a PC named PCtotal, which explained up to 76% of the total (co)variation of all the BS at the 7 skeletal sites for the whole sample. We identified a QTL influencing the BS of multiple skeletal sites on chromosome 7 at 140 cM [logarithm of odds (LOD)=2.85] in the overall sample. Sex-specific evidence for linkage was observed on chromosome 11 at 53 cM (LOD =2.82) in the male-only data subset.Our study identified several genomic regions that may have pleiotropic effects on different skeletal sites. These regions may contain genes that play a critical role in overall bone development and osteoporosis at multiple skeletal sites, hence are biologically and clinically important.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine