nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Individual Differences and Attitudes Toward Rape: A Meta-Analytic Review

An overview discusses (a) the importance of rape attitudes, (b) the major rape attitude measures, and (c) the applicability of four theoretical frameworks of hostility toward women to rape attitude maintenance. Findings from 72 studies of rape attitudes and individual differences were quantitatively synthesized. The meta-analysis revealed more rape acceptance for men, older people, and people from lower socioeconomic status backgrounds. For men, cognitive predispositions toward perpetrating rape were strong predictors of rape acceptance. For women, experience as and exposure to rape victims were associated with slightly less rape acceptance. Consistent with some theoretical predictions, traditional gender role beliefs, adversarial sexual beliefs, needs for power and dominance, aggressiveness and anger, and conservative political beliefs predicted rape acceptance. Implications for rape education programs and research are discussed.

Field of study: Psychology
INSTRUCTIONAL DESIGN AND ASSESSMENT Impact of a Lecture on Pharmacy Students' Interests in and Perceived Barriers to Residency Training

To assess whether providing a short informative lecture regarding pharmacy residencies has an impact on student interest in residencies; to determine whether internship experience influences the decision to pursue residencies; and to identify barriers to pursuing residency training.  Three classes (N=235) from 2 schools of pharmacy were surveyed regarding internship experience and future plans. A lecture on pharmacy residencies was then presented to the students, immediately followed by a second survey to determine whether this information affected their interest in residency training.  Following the lecture, the percentage of students considering a residency increased by 9.4% (p=0.07). Previous completion of a hospital internship was a positive predictor (p=0.01) of interest in pursuing a residency, while previous completion of a community internship was a negative one (p=0.034). The most commonly reported barriers were perceived availability of a job upon graduation (58.1%), f...

Field of study: Education, Medicine
Effects of nitrate on freshwater mussel glochidia attachment and metamorphosis success to the juvenile stage.

Water quality and contaminants have been frequently identified as critical stressors for freshwater mussels, many species of which are highly imperiled throughout North America and the world. Nutrient pollution, specifically nitrate, has become one of the most prevalent causes of water quality degradation globally, with increasing anthropogenic input from suburban and agricultural runoff, municipal wastewater, and industrial waste. Nitrate acute toxicity is generally low for aquatic species, but the potential effects of nitrate exposure are largely unknown for freshwater mussels, particularly during the parasitic stage of their complex lifecycle. Therefore, this study was designed to determine the effects of short-term nitrate exposure at environmentally relevant concentrations on juvenile production in two freshwater mussel species. Lampsilis siliquoidea and L. fasciola glochidia were exposed to nitrate (0, 11, or 56 mg NO3-N/L) for 24 h before inoculation on a primary host, Largemouth Bass (Micropterus salmoides). Glochidia attachment, metamorphosis success, and total number of juveniles produced were monitored on individual fish. Exposure of L. siliquoidea glochidia to 56 mg NO3-N/L nitrate resulted in a significant (p = 0.02) 35% reduction of total juveniles produced, a combined result of moderate decreases in both glochidia attachment and metamorphosis success. A similar trend (28% reduction; p = 0.06) was evident with 11 mg NO3-N/L. No effects were apparent for L. fasciola, suggesting species-specific differences in responses even among closely related species. These results are the first to suggest that glochidia exposure to nitrate may adversely affect juvenile recruitment in some species. Findings from these studies are important for improving characterization of the hazards of nitrate pollution to aquatic life and this work will help better define the role of water quality in assessing habitat suitability for mussel conservation efforts.

Field of study: Environmental science
An Investigation to Majlessi Anthropological Theories about Principles of Education

The goal for this study is to extract some principles of education from the Moslem scholar Mohammad Bagher Majlessi’s anthropological views. After reviewing available resources and with a descriptive-analytical method, some educational principles were extracted: joint of ethical education with spirituality, considering the individual differences of students and their capacities and abilities, observation of moderation and staying away from extremism, participation of students during the learning process, taking advantage of the will power, creating the appropriate conditions, pay attention to changeability of personal characteristics and traits.  The great scholar Mohammad Bagher Majlessi, Islamic ethical training, principles of education

Field of study: Education
IMPERFECTION SENSITIVITY OF WALL-COLUMN STRUCTURAL SYSTEM IN ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATOR CASING

An electrostatic precipitator is one of important environment protection facilities to eliminate the dust in atmosphere.The casing is the most important technical component.The casing wall being made of stiffened steel plates is connected with columns by continuous welding.The wall and columns form the structural system to bear loads cooperatingly.The transversal load of negative pressure and wind loading to which the casing is subjected are applied to the wall,and the vertical load is mainly applied to the columns.The initial imperfections on wall will influence the bearing capacity of columns.By the method of nonlinear finite elements,the influences of several imperfection forms on the bearing capacity of a column are investigated as the imperfection magnitude is varying,including the imperfection mode of limit point deformation of the perfect structure,the imperfection mode of nonlinear bifurcation point deformation of the perfect structure,the imperfection mode as eigenvalue buckling mode,the sine wave shape imperfection on wall,the residual deformation and residual stresses resulting from the welding shrinkage in erection process for wall.When the imperfection magnitude is determined,among all the geometrical imperfection forms,the imperfection mode of limit point deformation of the perfect structure is the most unfavorable.The bearing capacity of the column with the consideration of both residual stresses and residual deformation is slightly greater than the capacity with residual stresses being excluded.By increasing the magnitude of welding shrinkage,the residual stresses increase and the increment increases between the column bearing capacity with the consideration of both residual deformation and residual stresses and the corresponding capacity with the consideration of only residual deformation.

Field of study: Engineering
A mechanistic insight into a proteasome-independent constitutive inhibitor kappaBalpha (IkappaBalpha) degradation and nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) activation pathway in WEHI-231 B-cells.

Inducible activation of the transcription factor NF-kappaB (nuclear factor kappaB) is classically mediated by proteasomal degradation of its associated inhibitors, IkappaBalpha (inhibitory kappaBalpha) and IkappaBbeta. However, certain B-lymphocytes maintain constitutively nuclear NF-kappaB activity (a p50-c-Rel heterodimer) which is resistant to inhibition by proteasome inhibitors. This activity in the WEHI-231 B-cell line is associated with continual and preferential degradation of IkappaBalpha, which is also unaffected by proteasome inhibitors. Pharmacological studies indicated that there was a correlation between inhibition of IkappaBalpha degradation and constitutive p50-c-Rel activity. Domain analysis of IkappaBalpha by deletion mutagenesis demonstrated that an N-terminal 36-amino-acid sequence of IkappaBalpha represented an instability determinant for constitutive degradation. Moreover, domain grafting studies indicated that this sequence was sufficient to cause IkappaBbeta, but not chloramphenicol acetyltransferase, to be rapidly degraded in WEHI-231 B-cells. However, this sequence was insufficient to target IkappaBbeta to the non-proteasome degradation pathway, suggesting that there was an additional cis-element(s) in IkappaBalpha that was required for complete targeting. Nevertheless, the NF-kappaB pool associated with IkappaBbeta now became constitutively active by virtue of IkappaBbeta instability in these cells. These findings further support the notion that IkappaB instability governs the maintenance of constitutive p50-c-Rel activity in certain B-cells via a unique degradation pathway.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Geologic data on atmospheric history

Attention is focussed on the possible existence of an anoxygenic, primeval atmosphere and on the history of atmospheric O2 and CO2. 
 
For this purpose, geologic data can be divided into those on fossil remains, on biogenic deposits formed by early life, on “chemicofossils”, and on deposits formed by exogenic geologic processes. Only the latter, mainly through the processes of weathering and sedimentation, give any indication of the nature of the contemporaneous atmosphere. 
 
A tentative schematic diagram of the history of atmospheric O2 and CO2 is presented in Fig. 1.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Solvent effect on volume shrinkage of Melamine-Formaldehyde gel in aging process

Solvent effect and volume shrinkage ratio in melamine-formaldehyde gel aging process were discussed.Volume shrinkage ratio was analyzed from two aspects,the aging-swelling balance and solvent effect.The results implied that the solution compositon(water and ethanol) would control the volume shrinkage ratio in aging process.Appropriate exchange steps for wet gel is that the mixture of the liquid in the gel and target solvent(ethand) is firstly used and the target solvent's content gradually rises until it is pure target solvent,then the MF aerogel which has little volume shrinkage is obtained.

Field of study: Physics
Oxygen stability, diffusion, and precipitation in SiC: Implications for thin-film oxidation

We report a set of first-principles calculations of oxygen stability, diffusion, and precipitation in cubic SiC. The calculations show that i) oxygen has a very low solubility in SiC which explains why it is not incorporated in large quantities during growth. ii) The atomic-scale mechanisms of the nucleation and growth of SiO2 precipitates in cubic SiC proceed via the formation of a three-oxygen cluster analogous to the well-known “thermal donor” in Si. Emission of a CO molecule converts it into SiO2-like precipitate that can grow further. We suggest that similar processes can account for the observed CO emission during SiC oxidation and the trapping of C atoms at the SiC-SiO2 interface. iii) The above mechanisms for SiO2 precipitation remain practically the same under different doping conditions. This suggests that no difference in SiC-SiO2 interfaces should be observed under n- or p-type substrate doping.

Field of study: Materials science
Distributions of Sums of Squares of Rank Differences for Small Numbers of Individuals

In a recent article,2 reporting the results of research under a grant-in-aid from the Carnegie Corporation of New York, Hotelling and Pabst have given a comprehensive treatment of the theory and application of rank correlation and have contributed significantly to existing knowledge on the subject. It is not the purpose of this note to evaluate their contribution but to attempt the solution of a problem they suggest. In ?33 they have given the well-known formula for rank correlation, r' = 1 -

Field of study: Mathematics
Conductivity of gadolinium-doped sodium yttrium fluoride

Solids of different types have been used as solid electrolytes. NaYF 4 is such a solid now investigated from various points of view to yield valuable information about its transport properties. NaYF 4 type of solids have structure isomorphous with CaF 2 in which Cations are replaced randomly by Na and Y ions. In such a system, so far no studies are made to understand the dynamic behaviour of mobile fluoride ions and Yttrium ions at high temperatures. The conductivity of NaYF 4 pellets doped with different compositions of Gadolinium, x = 0.01, 0.03, 0.05, 0.10 and 0.15 was measured at several temperatures over the range of 20 to 500°C. It is found from these measurements that with increasing x, the conductivity increses and passes through a maximum at x = 0.05 at 300°C. The solid material is thermodynamically stable and can be prepared easily. These results are explained on the basis of thermal ionizations of impurity and imperfections.

Field of study: Materials science
Kilometre-scale sheath folds in the western Betics (south of Spain)

The three-dimensional exposures of the Sierra Blanca marbles and neighbouring rocks in the western Betic cordillera of the south of Spain show tight to isoclinal F3 folds re-folded by a larger sheath-like structure. The relationships between both structures are as follows: (1) The mean axial surface for Sierra Blanca sheath fold can be defined as the great circle of best fit through the ß-axes of sub-cylindrical F3 folding domains. (2) The asymmetric F3-folds indicate a single mainly eastward normal sense of shear. (3) The mean attitude of the axial-plane crenulation foliation, Sc, is also sub-parallel to the mean axial surface for Sierra Blanca sheath fold. The regional context of the Sierra Blanca sheath fold is finally discussed, and a model of a heterogeneous high-strain extensional zone proposed.

Field of study: Environmental science
Mouse monoclonal antibodies against human sperm: evidence for immunodominant glycosylated antigenic sites.

Thirty mouse monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) raised against human sperm detect common antigenic determinants on human lymphocytes, erythrocytes, bacteria and endotoxin. Specific chemical, enzymatic and lectin blocking studies indicate that the sperm-associated antigens defined by these MoAbs are glycoconjugates. Further studies including reactivity of these MoAbs with organic sperm extracts indicate that the predominant carriers of these carbohydrate antigens are glycolipids and that the terminal immunodominant monosaccharide may be N-acetyl-glucosamine or N-acetylgalactosamine.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Comment on "Composite excitation of Josephson phase and spin waves in ferromagnetic Josephson junctions" (S.Hikino, M.Mori, S.Takahashi, and S.Maekawa, arXiv:1009.3551)

We clarify the applicability of the quasistatic approximation used in Ref. ], where coupled spin and Josephson plasma waves have been predicted to exist in SIFS Josephson junctions. We show, contrary to the claim of the authors of Ref. ], that this approximation is very accurate in realistic systems studied experimentally.

Field of study: Physics
Whither the NIE

The purpose of this paper is to communicate to economists who work primarily in the original institutional economics (OlE) tradition recent developments in new institutional NIE theories regarding transitional economies that are of both relevance and interest to the OlE.! The new institutional economics (NIE) has attempted to explain variations in economic performance among different countries and regions as a function of divergent institutional arrangements. Several questions thus confront the NIE in the study of transitional economies. These questions include why some countries adopt reforms and others do not, why growth has resumed in some countries and not others, and why overall performance in former socialist countries has been so poor. NIE approaches to these problems can be divided into two rival explanations for the existence of path dependency and structural obstacles to growth with significant differences in approaches to policy in transitional economies. I have labeled these approaches as NlEl and NIE2 for convenience.2 NlEl builds on the theory of market success, explains the persistence of negative path dependency by the lack of commitment to reform on the part of governments of former socialist countries, and does not depart in any meaningful fashion from the policy recommendations of the Washington Consensus. NIE2, in contrast, builds on the theory of market failure as an explanation for the persistence of negative path dependency and thus emphasizes the need for appropriate state action in former socialist countries to define the appropriate institutional and regulatory environment. By focusing on path dependency and structural obstacles to growth, both NIE 1 and NIE2 have strayed into the territory that had previously been the province of the OlE (Rutherford 1995; Dugger 1995). Indeed, both NIEI and NIE2 differ markedly from the standard Walrasian approach to economics, though there are still clear differences

Field of study: Economics
E-bike trials’ potential to promote sustained changes in car owners mobility habits

Modal shifts hold considerable potential to mitigate carbon emissions. Electric bikes (e-bikes) represent a promising energy- and carbon-efficient alternative to cars. However, as mobility behaviour is highly habitual, convincing people to switch from cars to e-bikes is challenging. One strategy to accomplish this is the disruption of existing habits – a key idea behind an annual e-bike promotion programme in Switzerland, in which car owners can try out an e-bike for free over a 2-week period in exchange for their car keys. By means of a longitudinal survey, we measured the long-term effects of this trial on mobility-related habitual associations. After one year, participants' habitual association with car use had weakened significantly. This finding was valid both for participants who bought an e-bike after the trial and those who did not. Our findings contrast the results of other studies who find that the effect of interventions to induce modal shifts wears off over time. We conclude that an e-bike trial has the potential to break mobility habits and motivate car owners to use more sustainable means of transport.

Field of study: Environmental science
Plant availability of bound anilazine residues in a degraded loess soil

The relative biological availability of benzene ring-U-/sup 14/C and triazine-U-/sup 14/C anilazine for maize plants was studied in a degraded loess soil in a standardized microecosystem. The total uptake of radiocarbon in the course of the 4-week experiment was 3.1 and 4% respectively of the radioactivity applied if anilazine was uniformly mixed into the soil immediately before beginning the experiment. However, if anilazine was subjected to a degradation at 65% of the maximum water holding capacity of the soil and temperatures varying daily between 16 and 27/sup 0/C for 100 days before the plant experiment then the uptake was reduced to 0.4 or 0.7% respectively. The uptake from soil with non-extractable (bound) anilazine residues was similarly low. The mineralization rate of aged and bound anilazine residues was below 0.1% of the radioactivity applied. Up to 2/3 of the radioactivity present in the soil after the plant experiment remained in the humic fraction.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Structure of cobalt nanoparticles as studied by X-ray absorption spectroscopy

Ab initio modeling is used to analyze the specific near-edge features of the X-ray absorption K spectra of ∼3-nm cobalt nanoparticles. It is established that the observed differences between the spectra of the nanoparticles and those of bulk cobalt samples are due to contribution from atoms of the nanoparticles’ surface layer, the local environment of which is considerably different from that of atoms in the bulk of the nanoparticle. It is also established that the local environment of cobalt atoms in the nanoparticle bulk corresponds to the FCC structure of bulk metal, and the fraction of such atoms is found to be 65 ± 5%.

Field of study: Physics
N-glycosides

The structures of N-glycosides obtained by the reaction of 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-β-D-gluco(galacto)pyranosyl isothiocyanates with 4-amino-4-methyl-2-pentanone and the structures of their deacetylation products were established by means of IR, UV, and PMR spectroscopy. The glycosides have primarily the N1-glycosyl-N3-(4-methyl-2-oxo-4-pentyl)-thiourea structure, which exists in a state of prototropic ring-chain tautomerism with cyclic tautomers, viz., 3-glycosyl-4,4,6-trimethyl-4-hydroxyhexahydropyrimidine-2-thiones.

Field of study: Chemistry
Topology Vulnerability Analysis and Measure of Urban Metro Network: The case of Nanjing

Urban metro network system is the most effective solution for relieving traffic congestion in large cities. With the development of metro, vulnerability analysis is a core process of metro safety management under the condition of network operation. In this paper, Nanjing planned metro network, in china, which was investigated and analyzed based on the graph theory complex network theory. The metro network topology characteristics and functional properties can be studied by Space L model. Several parameters were used to analyze and measure the topology vulnerability. The fraction of removed nodes is discussed and quantitatively compared in different protocols; meanwhile, the critical threshold of the fraction is 0.05-0.07. The study indicates that Nanjing planned metro network sharing some similar characteristics with those of scale-free network and small world network simultaneously; the metro network is robust against random attacks but vulnerable to malicious attacks; two parameters called global efficiency and average path length were proposed to measure the vulnerability of metro network. In the quantization of vulnerability, both betweens and degree need to be comprehensively considered, because parameter value and its influence are not absolutely positively correlated; In the end, a qualitative calculation method is proposed to calculate the node or vulnerability based on global efficiency and average path length.

Field of study: Computer science
Frequent ventricular premature beats increase blood pressure variability in rats.

The present study was designed to test a hypothesis that nonfatal ventricular arrhythmia such as ventricular premature beats (VPB) is a contributing factor in the elevation of blood pressure variability (BPV).



Blood pressure (BP) and electrocardiogram were continuously recorded. The relation between VPB and BPV was observed under conscious state in chronic myocardial infarction (MI) rats one month after ligation of the left coronary artery, and further verified under anesthetized state in rat model of ventricular arrhythmia produced by acute intravenous infusion of aconitine.



MI rats exhibited a big difference in the count and pattern of VPB, and were divided into no VPB, occasional VPB, and frequent VPB groups. Among the three groups, there were no differences in BP, heart period (HP), and MI size. However, BPV was markedly higher in frequent not occasional VPB rats, and HP variability (HPV) was larger in both frequent and occasional VPB rats, when compared with no VPB rats. In the whole population of MI rats, BPV was positively correlated with VPB and HPV, not with BP, HP and MI size. Infusion of aconitine had no effect on BP, HP, BPV, and HPV during the period without VPB. Frequent VPB after several minutes of aconitine infusion induced significant increase in BPV and HPV with no change in BP and HP. BPV was also positively correlated with VPB and HPV, not with BP and HP. Hemodynamics in aconitine-evoked ventricular tachycardia was characterized as lower BP, higher BPV, and higher HPV.



High BPV can be caused by frequent not occasional VPB in rats.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine