nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Measures for a Strategic Adjustment of Jiangsu Provincial Agricultural Structure in the Open Economy

Jiangsu since is agriculture development that an economic big province that dual challenge, is a big province in an agriculture again, under the open economy term, Jiangsu faces the domestic and international market, therefore, must develop the agricultural comparison in Jiangsu advantage well, quickly the structural strategy in agriculture adjusts, among them special important is: Should to predominate industry is carry, push forward the agriculture industry turns the management; Develop the famous brand strongly of, characteristic, the local agricultural product of the excellent grade, make them become the county class economic a pillar; Develop the extrovert type agriculture strongly, agricultural and international competitive advantage in Jiangsu in establishment;Jiangsu agriculture construction strategy that establish the policy adjusts to guarantee system.

Field of study: Economics
The essence of adolescent culture world and mission of moral education

Having new ontology understanding on moral education and caring the mode of human's survival and experience are necessary in transition period.The essence of adolescent culture world is the sum relationship of "generation",that is,between man and nature,man and man,man and himself,man and belief,adolescent are in the process of moving from seeking truth to seeking good,from intergenerational relation to partnership,from "selfhood" to "superego",and from blind to rational.As a high level culture education,moral education values the wakefulness and the development process of subjects in the cultural ecology.The mission of moral education is to create a harmonious culture system which is lead by moral with the principles of subject,unity,interaction,subsistence,etc.

Field of study: Education
SU-E-T-535: Proton Dose Calculations in Homogeneous Media.

To develop a pencil beam dose calculation algorithm for scanned proton beams that improves modeling of scatter events.



Our pencil beam algorithm (PBA) was developed for calculating dose from monoenergetic, parallel proton beams in homogeneous media. Fermi-Eyges theory was implemented for pencil beam transport. Elastic and nonelastic scatter effects were each modeled as a Gaussian distribution, with root mean square (RMS) widths determined from theoretical calculations and a nonlinear fit to a Monte Carlo (MC) simulated 1mm × 1mm proton beam, respectively. The PBA was commissioned using MC simulations in a flat water phantom. Resulting PBA calculations were compared with results of other models reported in the literature on the basis of differences between PBA and MC calculations of 80-20% penumbral widths. Our model was further tested by comparing PBA and MC results for oblique beams (45 degree incidence) and surface irregularities (step heights of 1 and 4 cm) for energies of 50-250 MeV and field sizes of 4cm × 4cm and 10cm × 10cm. Agreement between PBA and MC distributions was quantified by computing the percentage of points within 2% dose difference or 1mm distance to agreement.



Our PBA improved agreement between calculated and simulated penumbral widths by an order of magnitude compared with previously reported values. For comparisons of oblique beams and surface irregularities, agreement between PBA and MC distributions was better than 99%.



Our algorithm showed improved accuracy over other models reported in the literature in predicting the overall shape of the lateral profile through the Bragg peak. This improvement was achieved by incorporating nonelastic scatter events into our PBA. The increased modeling accuracy of our PBA, incorporated into a treatment planning system, may improve the reliability of treatment planning calculations for patient treatments. This research was supported by contract W81XWH-10-1-0005 awarded by The U.S. Army Research Acquisition Activity, 820 Chandler Street, Fort Detrick, MD 21702-5014. This report does not necessarily reflect the position or policy of the Government, and no official endorsement should be inferred.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Progressive bias in species status is symptomatic of fine-grained mapping units subject to repeated sampling

Atlas maps of butterflies invariably fail to distinguish the status of records, that is, whether they are observations of breeding populations or vagrant individuals. Yet, for conservation purposes, it is clearly important to know whether records relate to breeding populations in suitable habitats or not. The high mobility of butterfly adults carries two expectations. First, vagrants will frequently be recorded within grid squares, particularly when mapping is fine grained. Second, the frequency of vagrants is likely to be higher in mapping units comprising biotopes with few butterfly habitats, than in those rich in butterfly habitats, if only because there is a greater regional pool of potential vagrants for biotopes depleted in butterfly habitats. It follows that with repeated sampling of squares or biotopes differences in species breeding status will be cumulative between those rich and poor in butterfly habitats. In this paper, these predictions have been tested using data from 30, 1 ha grid squares on Alderley Edge Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) (UK), half of which are in woodland (few butterfly habitats) and half with open habitats (non-woodland; rich in butterfly habitats). Butterflies have been recorded during 38 visits over 4 years. Within squares, vagrants have been distinguished from breeding species on the basis of the presence of larval hostplants and other suitable resources for seasonal maintenance. Owing to the occurrence of vagrants, number of breeding species was found to be significantly fewer than total species in mapping units. Vagrants were found to be significantly more abundant in woodland squares, which contain few species larval hostplants, than in squares dominated by open biotopes with many species larval hostplants. Repeated sampling resulted in a cumulative increase in the frequency of vagrant species. Furthermore, the relative frequency of vagrants increased at a greater rate in woodland squares compared to non-woodland squares. Suggestions are made as to how recording for atlases may be improved.

Field of study: Environmental science
ARTICLES: Influence of the angular beam width on the free-electron laser gain

An analysis is made of the dependence of the gain in a free-electron laser on the angle of intersection of the electron beam and the electromagnetic wave being amplified. It is shown that in order to maximize the gain as the angle of intersection increases, the excess of the particle energy over the synchronous particle energy must be increased. An analysis is made of the influence of the angular beam width on the gain. The angular spread results in asymmetric broadening of a spontaneous emission spectral line in the direction of propagation of the wave being amplified. The influence of this factor on the operation of a free-electron laser under amplification conditions is studied numerically. It is found that in order to maintain a fairly high gain, either the radiation wavelength or the beam energy must be tuned. It is noted that the introduction of an energy spread reduces the dependence of the gain on the angular width.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Solder void position and size effects on electro thermal behaviour of MOSFET transistors in forward bias conditions

This research aims to enhance the understanding on position and size effects on the electro thermal behaviour of low voltage power MOSFET transistors in forward bias condition. The numerical simulations are based on a fractional design of experiments (DoE). The performance of a finite elements model is discussed by comparing thermal and electrical measurements to results of finite elements simulation on a module of free void and voided solder. The void in the model is afterwards parameterized on position and size, according to the fractional DoE of the study. The combined functions issued from the parametric simulations and the DoE show the main impact of void size on temperature of the device and on the surface temperature of the bonding wires. From the numerical viewpoint, the most impacting position of void depends highly on the void size. The redistribution of current density and temperature on MOSFET chip and bonding wires due to solder void is also observed. A future experimental study in respect to the same DoE is expected in prospect, in order to fulfil the complementarity for this approach.

Field of study: Engineering
Relation between the increase of circulating CD3+ CD57+ lymphocytes and T cell dysfunction in recipients of bone marrow transplantation

Some patients undergoing bone marrow transplantation (BMT) persistently present increased proportions of circulating CD57+ T cells. We analysed the cell surface phenotype in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from 69 allogeneic and 11 autologous BMT recipients. In parallel samples from 49 patients, the proliferative response to T cell mitogens was assessed, either in the presence or absence of exogenous interleukin‐2 (IL‐2). PBMC samples from long‐term allogeneic BMT patients with increased proportions of CD57+ cells displayed significantly (P < 0.001) lower proliferative responses, compared with samples from patients with normal proportions of CD57+ cells and from healthy subjects. Elimination of the CD57+ population by C′‐dependent lysis did not normalize the proliferative response. After positive selection by cell sorting. CD57+ cells responded poorly, but in the presence of IL‐2 the proliferation appeared to be similar to that displayed by the CD57‐ subset and still suboptimal compared with normal controls. These data suggest that the hyporesponsiveness to mitogenic stimuli in the presence of exogenous IL‐2 of PBMC from allogeneic BMT recipients cannot be simply attributed either to the putative suppressor activity of CD57+ cells, or to a poor proliferative capacity of this subset. Supporting this notion we report that PBMC from long‐term autologous BMT recipients containing high proportions of CD57+ T cells respond normally to T cell mitogens.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
The situation and development of the Monascus pigment

Monascus pigments are the natural, functional and traditional pigment which was from outcome fermented by Monascus in China, as food additive, they can be used in lots of foodstuff especially in meat products. The component of mixture, the synthetic mechanism and the different fermentation methods of Monascus pigments were introduced in the paper. The study development on the derivative products which were different in quality or color and the quality standard were summarized too.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Stochastic Gradient Descent for Relational Logistic Regression via Partial Network Crawls

Research in statistical relational learning has produced a number of methods for learning relational models from large-scale network data. While these methods have been successfully applied in various domains, they have been developed under the unrealistic assumption of full data access. In practice, however, the data are often collected by crawling the network, due to proprietary access, limited resources, and privacy concerns. Recently, we showed that the parameter estimates for relational Bayes classifiers computed from network samples collected by existing network crawlers can be quite inaccurate, and developed a crawl-aware estimation method for such models (Yang, Ribeiro, and Neville, 2017). In this work, we extend the methodology to learning relational logistic regression models via stochastic gradient descent from partial network crawls, and show that the proposed method yields accurate parameter estimates and confidence intervals.

Field of study: Computer science
Looking Forward and Looking Back

Past events are perceived to be temporally more distant when they are unlikely rather than likely to reoccur in the future. This can be because (a) future events that are unlikely to occur are perceived to be temporally remote and (b) these feelings of remoteness can generalize and influence subjective distance judgments of the events’ occurrences in the past. Six studies confirmed this effect and provided insights into the processes that underlie it. Alternative interpretations and implications of the current findings are discussed.

Field of study: Psychology
Reduced Rank Mixed Effects Models for Spatially Correlated Hierarchical Functional Data

Hierarchical functional data are widely seen in complex studies where subunits are nested within units, which in turn are nested within treatment groups. We propose a general framework of functional mixed effects model for such data: within-unit and within-subunit variations are modeled through two separate sets of principal components; the subunit level functions are allowed to be correlated. Penalized splines are used to model both the mean functions and the principal components functions, where roughness penalties are used to regularize the spline fit. An expectation–maximization (EM) algorithm is developed to fit the model, while the specific covariance structure of the model is utilized for computational efficiency to avoid storage and inversion of large matrices. Our dimension reduction with principal components provides an effective solution to the difficult tasks of modeling the covariance kernel of a random function and modeling the correlation between functions. The proposed methodology is illustrated using simulations and an empirical dataset from a colon carcinogenesis study. Supplemental materials are available online.

Field of study: Mathematics
Persistent and coupling current effects in the LHC superconducting dipoles

One of the main issues for the operation of the LHC accelerator at CERN is the field errors generated by persistent and coupling currents in the main dipoles at injection conditions, i.e., 0.54 T dipole field. For this reason we are conducting systematic magnetic field measurements to quantify the above effects and compare them to the expected values from measurement on strands and cables. We discuss the results in terms of DC effects from persistent current magnetization, AC effects with short time constant from strand and cable coupling currents, and long-term decay during constant current excitation. Average and spread of the measured field errors over the population of magnets tested are as expected or smaller. Field decay at injection, and subsequent snap-back, show for the moment the largest variation from magnet to magnet, with weak correlation to parameters that can be controlled during production. For this reason these effects are likely to result in the largest spread of field errors over the whole dipole production.

Field of study: Physics
South American Power Politics During the 1820s

HIS study seeks to formulate some general statements concerning intra-South American relations during the 1820s. An appropriate point of departure for such an undertaking is the analytical framework of Robert N. Burr. Burr defines a system of power politics in sterns of efforts to maintain equilibrium, competition for relative advantage according to certain principles and techniques, primary concern with intra-system relations, and relative freedom from external influences. Focusing on the development of a continental system, he divides the nineteenth century into two periods: the era of regional power politics, from independence to the late 1860s, and the era of continental power

Field of study: History
Post-traumatic hyponatraemia due to acute hypopituitarism.

Sir,

Hyponatraemia following traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a common complication, occurring in 13% of  The commonest cause of hyponatraemia is the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH), which is responsible for over 90% of cases,1 whereas cerebral salt wasting, medications and injudicious use of intravenous fluids may also cause hyponatraemia following TBI. As glucocorticoid deficiency can present with hyponatraemia similar to that found in SIADH, it is essential to exclude adrenal insufficiency before making a diagnosis of SIADH.2 This may be of particular importance in the case of TBI, as recent data have indicated a high frequency of undiagnosed hypopituitarism among long-term survivors.3 In addition, 16% of acute head injury patients show biochemical …

Field of study: Medicine
Parallels and contrasts between symbiotic bacteria and bacterial-derived organelles: evidence from Buchnera, the bacterial symbiont of aphids

Bacteria of the genus Buchnera (γ-Proteobacteria, allied with Escherichia coli) occur exclusively in symbiosis with aphids. Buchnera is advantageous to aphids because it over-produces essential amino acids, which are made available to the insect tissues. The congruence of the phylogenies of Buchnera and aphids, together with dating from the aphid fossil record, suggests that Buchnera has been transmitted vertically down the aphid generations for 160–280 million years. Despite this long history in symbiosis, the Buchnera genome does not exhibit the reduction and simplification characteristic of bacteria-derived organelles. The principal genetic reorganisation, relative to E. coli, relates to amino acid over-production. Buchnera in advanced aphid families has genes for enzymes in the synthesis of two essential amino acids, tryptophan and leucine, amplified on plasmids. The Buchnera genome is also characterized by high AT content and high rate of nonsynonymous substitutions in protein-coding genes. The latter may include deleterious mutations that accumulate because (as a consequence of vertical transmission) Buchnera lacks the opportunity for recombination.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
The First Income Tax, Political Arithmetic, and the Measurement of Economic Growth

The imposition of the world's first modern income tax in 1799 prompted a revival of interest in national accounting. This article examines the extent to which William Pitt the Younger, who proposed the new tax, modelled his estimates of national wealth on those produced a century earlier by the pioneers in this field, Sir William Petty, Charles Davenant, and Gregory King. In addition, the calculations of Benjamin Bell and Henry Beeke, two of Pitt's contemporaries, are analysed in detail to highlight the fragility of these contemporary estimates of national income. This analysis has important implications for economic historians who have used this material to try to establish the structure and growth of national output. National accountants during the long eighteenth century were not, for the most part, concerned with structural change. Rather, their descriptions of economic structure should be understood as reflecting a particular set of a priori claims about what they deemed to be the proper mode and distribution of taxation.

Field of study: Economics, History
ITER Pre Compression Ring Test Facility FEM Analysis

The Pre Compression Ring (PCR) system is a key component of ITER magnetic system that radially constraints the Toroidal Field (TF) coils against the out of plane magnetic forces. Due to its peculiar characteristics (one of a kind component, unidirectional S2 fiberglass in epoxy matrix) an experimental campaign has been planned on both reduced and full scale specimens. The tests purpose is the validation of the manufacturing technique verifying the compliance with the structural requirements. The Pre Compression Ring Test Facility (PCRTF) aims at reproducing the loading condition whom the PCR is subjected to in the tokamak assembly with a safety margin. For this purpose a detailed non linear 3D FEM model was developed permitting the simulation of the tests to be performed of the full scale PCR and on two different reduced PCR sub-assemblies. The analyses permitted to assess not only the stress field inside the specimens themselves but also the stress, displacements and global forces for the modules of the testing rig. This led to a fine optimization of the PCRTF components also investigation several off-design scenarios that may occur during the assembly and the operation of the facility.

Field of study: Physics
Hypercalcaemic hyperparathyroid crisis.

Hypercalcaemic hyperparathyroid crisis is a rare but dangerous life-threatening manifestation of parathyroid disease. Initial management includes aggressive rehydration and intravenous bisphosphonate therapy. Definitive management involves parathyroidectomy. Accurate identification and prompt management is required to avert potentially life-threatening complications of this condition.

A 63-year-old woman presented to the medical assessment unit with a three week history of vomiting, polydipsia, polyuria and constipation. She had no history of renal stones, osteoporosis or low mood. The patient had a longstanding history of hypertension for which she was receiving propranolol and type 2 diabetes mellitus, treated with metformin.

She was mildly confused being orientated to person and place but not to time. She had an otherwise normal physical examination. Her pulse was 84, regular in rhythm and normal in character. Her …

Field of study: Medicine
X-ray microtomography (micro-CT): a reference technology for high-resolution quantification of xylem embolism in trees.

As current methods for measuring xylem embolism in trees are indirect and prone to artefacts, there is an ongoing controversy over the capacity of trees to resist or recover from embolism. The debate will not end until we get direct visualization of the vessel content. Here, we propose desktop X-ray microtomography (micro-CT) as a reference direct technique to quantify xylem embolism and thus validate more widespread measurements based upon either hydraulic or acoustic methods. We used desktop micro-CT to measure embolism levels in dehydrated or centrifuged shoots of laurel - a long-vesseled species thought to display daily cycles of embolism formation and refilling. Our direct observations demonstrate that this Mediterranean species is highly resistant to embolism and is not vulnerable to drought-induced embolism in a normal range of xylem tensions. We therefore recommend that embolism studies in long-vesseled species should be validated by direct methods such as micro-CT to clear up any misunderstandings on their physiology.

Field of study: Environmental science
Hypersonic minimum-drag slender bodies of revolution.

Slender bodies of revolution with minimum inviscid pressure drag are derived using the hypersonic small-disturbance approximation to the shock-expansion method. Solutions are examined for each of the six classical optimization criteria based on length, diameter, surface area, and volume. By use of a method developed by Miele, each optimization problem is reduced to that of numerically minimizing a product of nondimensional integrals. Minimumdrag coefficients and the corresponding optimum body shapes are computed over a range of the hypersonic Mach number similarity parameter at specific-heat ratios of jand %. The minimum-drag coefficients for high hypersonic speeds and a specific-heat ratio of •§• are bracketed by Newtonian theory with and without centrifugal effects. The minimum-drag coefficients increase with decreasing Mach number similarity parameter and increasing specificheat ratio. The optimum body shapes vary slowly with Mach number similarity parameter. They are weakly dependent on specific-heat ratio and are approximated by those derived from Newtonian impact theory. The most rapid variations of minimum-drag coefficient and optimum body shape with Mach number similarity parameter occur in the moderate supersonic flow regime.

Field of study: Physics