nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Analysis on Aerodynamic Effect of Common Passenger Train and EMU Passing by Each Other under Crosswind

The three-dimensional unsteady N-S equation and the k-e equation turbulence model were made to solve the aerodynamic performance of common passenger train passing by Electric Multiple Units (EMU) under crosswind based on the finite volume method and sliding mesh method. The results of full-scale train experimental method and numerical simulation method were compared. The results of numerical simulation show that when common passenger train and EMU pass by each other under crosswind, crosswind has great effect on the aerodynamic performance of trains. When there is no crosswind, the lateral force of the locomotive of common passenger train and the first car of EMU are the largest, 11.55 kN and 6.25 kN respectively. When there is crosswind and the wind speed reaches 40 m/s, the overturning moment of common passenger train and EMU are 87.9 kN·m and 239.9 kN·m, which means when trains pass by each other under strong wind, there are great security risks. When wind-break walls are set in line side, lateral forces of trains are significantly decreased.

Field of study: Engineering
Landscape characterization of floral resources for pollinators in the Prairie Pothole Region of the United States

Across agricultural areas of the Prairie Pothole Region (PPR), floral resources are primarily found on public grasslands, roadsides, and private grasslands used as pasture or enrolled in federal conservation programs. Little research has characterized the availability of flowers across the region or identified the primary stakeholders managing lands supporting pollinators. We explored spatial and temporal variability in flower abundance and richness across multiple grassland categories (i.e. general grassland, conservation grassland, and engineered pollinator habitat) in the PPR from 2015 to 2018 and used these data to estimate the number of flowering stems present across the region on private and public land holdings. Both flowering plant abundance and richness were greatest on engineered pollinator habitat, but this land category encompassed < 0.01% of the total grassland area in the PPR. There was a steady decrease in flower abundance over the growing season across all land categories. We detected considerable variation in flower abundance and richness across grassland categories, indicating that not all natural or semi-natural covers provide similar value to pollinators. At a landscape scale, large land holdings such as privately-owned grasslands and Conservation Reserve Program lands contributed the greatest number of flowers by an order of magnitude, though these lands collectively did not support the greatest abundance of flowers per unit area. Our research depicts spatial and temporal variation in pollinator resources across the region. Further, our research will assist managers and policy makers in understanding the role of public and private lands and conservation programs in supporting pollinators.

Field of study: Environmental science
Analysis of the evolution of the California Master Plan for Education

The California Master Plan for Education has undergone four evolution stages,including partial exploration,framework formation,system adjustment and amelioration as well as field of vision extension.During the whole evolution course,the government has been assuming the responsibilities of education,attaching importance to the function of the plan.The legislature has been involved in the course actively.The role of negotiation mechanism of agencies has been fully exerted.The problem-solving orientated thoughts have been emphasized.

Field of study: Education
Research on the Industrial Economy and Transformation Strategy of Liudong New Area

Under the new economic situation, China's industrial structure was in a period of adjustment and transformation. This paper investigated the current status of the industrial economy and industrial structure of Liudong New Area, and derived the problems of traditional automobile industry transformation, emerging industry cultivation, and service industry optimization, which need to be resolved. Finally, the development strategies such as the extension of the automobile industry chain, driving related emerging industries, optimizing the ecological environments of funds-talents-technology were proposed, also adopting the "governmentResearch-Enterprise linkage" working model to promote the industrial transformation of the "trillion-city action plan".

Field of study: Engineering
Revisiting a Masked Lookup-Table Compression Scheme

Lookup-table based side-channel countermeasure is the prime choice for masked S-box software implementations at very low orders. To mask an n-bit to m-bit S-box at first- and second- orders, one requires a temporary table in RAM of size \(m \cdot 2^n\) bits. Recently, Vadnala (CT-RSA 2017) suggested masked table compression schemes at first- and second-orders to reduce the table size by (approximately) a factor of \(2^l\), where l is a parameter. Though greater compression results in a greater execution time, these proposals would still be attractive for highly resource constrained devices.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
The outcome of obsessional disorder. A follow-up study of 100 cases.

One hundred patients suffering from obsessional disorder were followed up over a period ranging from six months to 14 years, mean 5.08 years. 64 per cent. were improved as far as symptoms were concerned with full social adaptation, 40 per cent. to the point of recovery or very considerable improvement. 77 per cent. of the whole series were fully adapted socially. Improvement could not be attributed to any definite form of treatment. The results are similar to those found in other neurotic states.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Investigation on Characteristic Variation of the FBG Spectrum with Crack Propagation in Aluminum Plate Structures

In order to monitor the crack tip propagation of aluminum alloy, this study investigates the variation of the spectrum characteristics of a fiber Bragg grating (FBG), combined with an analysis of the spectrum simulation. The results identify the location of the subordinate peak as significantly associated with the strain distribution along the grating, corresponding to the different plastic zones ahead of the crack tip with various crack lengths. FBG sensors could observe monotonic and cyclic plastic zones ahead of the crack tip, with the quadratic strain distribution along the grating at the crack tip-FBG distance of 1.2 and 0.7 mm, respectively. FBG sensors could examine the process zones ahead of the crack tip with the cubic strain distribution along the grating at the crack tip-FBG distance of 0.5 mm. The spectrum oscillation occurs as the crack approaches the FBG where the highly heterogeneous strain is distributed. Another idea is to use a finite element method (FEM), together with a T-matrix method, to analyze the reflection intensity spectra of FBG sensors for various crack sizes. The described crack propagation detection system may apply in structural health monitoring.

Field of study: Materials science
Structure of the AlaX-M trans-editing enzyme from Pyrococcus horikoshii.

The editing domain of alanyl-tRNA synthetase (AlaRS) contributes to high-fidelity aminoacylation by hydrolyzing (editing) the incorrect products Ser-tRNA(Ala) and Gly-tRNA(Ala) (cis-editing). The AlaX protein shares sequence homology to the editing domain of AlaRS. There are three types of AlaX proteins, with different numbers of amino-acid residues (AlaX-S, AlaX-M and AlaX-L). In this report, AlaX-M from Pyrococcus horikoshii is shown to deacylate Ser-tRNA(Ala) and Gly-tRNA(Ala) (trans-editing). The crystal structure of P. horikoshii AlaX-M has been determined at 2.7 A resolution. AlaX-M consists of an N-terminal domain (N-domain) and a C-terminal domain (C-domain). A zinc ion is coordinated by the conserved zinc-binding cluster in the C-domain, which is expected to be the enzymatic active site. The glycine-rich motif, consisting of successive conserved glycine residues in the N-domain, forms a loop (the 'glycine-rich loop'). The glycine-rich loop is located near the active site and may be involved in substrate recognition and/or catalysis.

Field of study: Chemistry
[Penetration of 169Yb-citrate through intact and abraded skins].

Penetration of 169Yb-citrate was studied in 40 rats with intact or abraded skins. After 1 h,only 0.14±0.06% of 169Yb-citrate was found in the intact skin, and 2.37±0.14% in the abraded skin.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Highly anisotropic, ultra-smooth patterning of GaN/SiC by low energy electron enhanced etching in DC plasma

Hetero-epitaxial films of GaN(OOOl), deposited on SiC(OOOl) by organometallic vapor phase epitaxy and masked by 200 nm of SiO2, have been patterned by low energy electron enhanced etching (LE4) in hydrogen and chlorine dc plasmas at room temperature. Lines 2.0 µm wide showed highly anisotropic etching: straight side walls, no overcut, no trenching, and no “pedestal” at the base of the line. Root mean square (RMS) surface roughness of the films as grown was 8.5–10Å; after LE4, RMS surface roughness of the etched surfaces was 2.5Å.

Field of study: Materials science
Research on the Optimizing Model and Solving Algorithm of Assignment Plan of CRH-Emu Depot's Repair Tracks

China Railway High-speed is expanding into a large network that covers most of the middle scale cities. To manipulate the China Railway High-speed Electric Multiple Unit (CRH-Emu) train's daily inspection and repair, 45 CRH-Emu depots were established in China. Depots are equipped with several special tracks to carry out the inspection and repair. With the repair workload's rising, the number of repair-function tracks is becoming bottleneck of depots' repair capacity. In order to improve the efficiency of CRH-Emu depot's repair tracks, this paper established an integer model, with the minimal unnecessary idle time of repair tracks as the objective function, and with back-departure depot time, and the repair demand of CRH-Emu as both operational and repair constraints, the matching relationship between CRH-Emu and tracks as the track occupation constraint. To reduce the model scale, a track occupation topological graph was constructed. Based on the graph, MAX-MIN ant system was applied to obtain optimal result. By the example of solving a typical depot's tracks utilization scheme, the model and optimization method were proved to be effective. Finally, a further discussion of software for scheduling the plan was given.

Field of study: Engineering
Conflict Resolution Styles of XI Grade students in Delhi: An Experimental Study

The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of interventions conducted to bring a positive change in conflict resolution styles among students of Class XI. Conflict resolution style was measured by Thomas- Kilmann Mode Instrument. Forty five students of Standard XI participated in the study. A pre-test and post-test experimental design was used. A pre-test was carried out in the beginning of the interventions to determine the conflict resolution style used by participants in their inter-personal conflicts. The interventions, in the form of group activities like removing the blocks in communication, effective usage of non-verbal communication, importance of listening, group discussion on anger management, and inculcation of constructive social skills were conducted. A post-test was carried out to measure the effects of interventions on participants’ conflict resolution styles. Results indicated that the conflict resolution style of the group was modified and transformed into a mature and constructive way of dealing with conflicts.  Conflict, Conflict Resolution, Conflict Resolution Styles, Communication.

Field of study: Education
Stratigraphy of the Ashford Area, Southern Cascades, Washington

Upper Eocene to Oligocene(?) rocks of the Ashford area, southern Cascades, Washington, include terrestrial sedimentary types derived from plutonic and metamorphic sources and dominantly andesitic volcanic flows and volcaniclastics. The sedimentary rocks crop out along the Nisqually River near Mount Rainier National Park and intertongue with andesitic volcanic rocks. At least 10,000 feet of andesite, basalt, and dacite, chiefly in the form of volcanic breccia, conglomerate, sandstone, and shale, with some thick flow units, overlies the sedimentary rocks of the Nisqually River. This series is lithologically divisible into lower, middle, and upper parts. The sedimentary rocks are lithologically similar to those in the Puget group, and the volcanic rocks to those in the Keechelus andesitic series, but correlations are uncertain. New formational names are not warranted without more detailed studies

Field of study: Geology
Thermal and Thermoelectric Transport in Nanostructures and Low-Dimensional Systems

Significant progress has been made in recent studies of thermal and thermoelectric transport phenomena in nanostructures and low-dimensional systems. This article reviews several intriguing quantum and classical size effects on thermal and thermoelectric properties that have been predicted by theoretical calculations or observed in experiments. Attention is focused on the Casimir limit in phonon boundary scattering and the effect of phonon confinement on the lattice thermal conductivity of semiconductor nanowires (NWs) and nanomeshes; the effects of thickness, lateral size, and interface interaction on the lattice thermal conductivity of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphene; and the phonon-drag thermopower and quantum size effects on the thermoelectric power factor in semiconductor NWs. Further experimental and theoretical investigations are suggested for better understanding of some of these nanoscale transport phenomena.

Field of study: Physics
Analysis of non-uniform temperature profiles on Bénard convection in micropolar fluids

The qualitative effect of non-uniform temperature profile on the linear stability analysis of the Benard convection in micropolar fluids is examined. The Rayleigh numbers are obtained for free-free, rigid-rigid, rigid-free velocity boundary combinations with adiabatic temperature on the micro-rotation free boundaries. The influence of various micropolar fluid parameters on the onset of stationary convection is analyzed. Three types of temperature profiles viz., linear, parabolic and inverted parabolic are considered and their comparative effect on the onset of convection is discussed. It is observed that the Rayleigh number obtained is less than that of the corresponding Newtonian problem.

Field of study: Mathematics
Estimating Density Models with Truncation Boundaries

Truncated densities are probability density functions defined on truncated domains. They share the same parametric form with their non-truncated counterparts up to a normalization term. Since the computation of their normalization term is usually infeasible, unnormalized models are used for parameter estimation. Score Matching is a powerful tool for fitting parameters in unnormalized models. However, it cannot be straightforwardly applied here as boundary conditions used to derive a tractable objective are usually not satisfied by truncated distributions. In this paper, we study parameter estimation for truncated probability densities using generalized SM. The choice of the weight function in generalized SM is critical to provide a computationally tractable and statistically preferable estimator even for complicated boundaries. As to the weight function, we use the distance function that is defined as the distance from a point in the domain to the boundary of the domain. We show the consistency of the proposed method as well as its link with the minimum Stein discrepancy estimator. The usefulness of our method is demonstrated by numerical experiments and real-world experiments.

Field of study: Computer science
[New aspects of the pathogenesis of lateral amyotrophic sclerosis].

Болезнь двигательного нейрона (БДН) — группа тяжелых неврологических заболеваний, в клинике которых на первый план выступает синдром поражения мотонейронов. В 90% случаев БДН носит спорадический, а в 10% — семейный характер как с аутосомно-доминантным типом наследования и вариабельной пенетрантностью, так и аутосомно-рецессивным типом. Около 20% семейной БДН связано с мутациями в гене медь-цинкзависимой супероксиддисмутазы (СОД) . Боковым амиотрофическим склерозом (БАС) называют форму БДН с относительно равномерным поражением и центрального, и периферического мотонейрона (в отличие от прогрессирующей первичной амиотрофии и первичного бокового склероза), однако, как правило, в медицинской литературе БАС фактически является синонимом БДН. На данный момент существует множество теорий патогенеза БАС. Эксайтотоксичность. Этим термином называют повреждение нейронов чрезмерной глутаматвызванной стимуляцией постсинаптических глутаматных рецепторов, приводящее к массивному проникновению кальция в нейроны и соответственно увеличению концентрации оксида азота и гибели клетки. Такое повышение концентрации глутамата в нейронах было найдено у пациентов с БАС [51, 52]. Оксидантный стресс. Известно, что активные формы кислорода — свободные радикалы — вызывают клеточную гибель. Исследователи обнаружили у пациентов с БАС биохимические изменения, отражающие повреждение нейронов свободными радикалами [43]. Обнаружение мутаций в гене антиоксидантного фермента СОД1 (ген SOD1) также может свидетельствовать, что по крайней мере одним из механизмов повреждения мотонейронов при БАС является оксидантный стресс.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Benzoate degradation by Rhodococcus opacus 1CP after dormancy: Characterization of dioxygenases involved in the process

The process of benzoate degradation by strain Rhodococcus opacus 1CP after a five-year dormancy was investigated and its peculiarities were revealed. The strain was shown to be capable of growth on benzoate at a concentration of up to 10 g L−1. The substrate specificity of benzoate dioxygenase (BDO) during the culture growth on a medium with a low (200–250 mg L−1) and high (4 g L−1) concentration of benzoate was assessed. BDO of R. opacus 1CP was shown to be an extremely narrow specificity enzyme. Out of 31 substituted benzoates, only with one, 3-chlorobenzoate, its activity was higher than 9% of that of benzoate. Two dioxygenases, catechol 1,2-dioxygenase (Cat 1,2-DO) and protocatechuate 3,4-dioxygenase (PCA 3,4-DO), were identified in a cell-free extract, purified and characterized. The substrate specificity of Cat 1,2-DO isolated from cells of strain 1CP after the dormancy was found to differ significantly from that of Cat 1,2-DO isolated earlier from cells of this strain grown on benzoate. By its substrate specificity, the described Cat 1,2-DO was close to the Cat 1,2-DO from strain 1CP grown on 4-methylbenzoate. Neither activity nor inhibition by protocatechuate was observed during the reaction of Cat 1,2-DO with catechol, and catechol had no inhibitory effect on the reaction of PCA 3,4-DO with protocatechuate.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Conservation easements and coastal armoring: Protecting sea turtle nesting habitat through property ownership

To determine the relationship between the intent of owners of homes located near sea turtle nesting beaches in the state of Florida to engage in coastal conservation easements (CCE), the theory of planned behavior (TPB), environmental identity (EI) and relevant demographics were analyzed. As CCEs are a novel application of a proven conservation tool, a statewide survey was administered to 1274 property owners living within a mile of a protected section of sea turtle nesting habitat (e.g. state park, preserve, wildlife refuge). Multiple linear regression showed coastal property owners were more likely to engage with a CCE if they believed they had the ability and opportunity, held positive attitudes about entering into a CCE, and identified more favorably with potential CCE motivators for property owners. These motivators include receiving assistance from a conservation organization to manage their beachfront land; conserving beach habitat; obtaining annual tax deductions; and trusting the organization administering a CCE. Knowing these motivators and demographics of coastal property owners can help aid coastal land conservationists in crafting strategies to conserve sea turtle nesting beaches.

Field of study: Environmental science
Both endocytic and endogenous protein degradation in fibroblasts is stimulated by serum/amino acid deprivation and inhibited by 3-methyladenine.

Incubation of BHK-21 hamster fibroblasts in a serum- and amino acid-deficient medium caused a 3-fold increase in the degradation of endogenous protein, a doubling of the degradation of endocytosed epidermal growth factor, and an eightfold increase in the degradation of endocytosed alpha 2-macroglobulin. 3-Methyladenine (3MA) inhibited the deprivation-induced lysosomal degradation of both endogenous and endocytosed protein, but had no effect on basal (non-induced) degradation. 3MA also inhibited deprivation-induced protein degradation in human IMR-90 fibroblasts. Some inhibition of protein synthesis and of endocytic uptake of alpha 2-macroglobulin was observed in 3MA-treated BHK-21 cells, whereas cellular ATP levels were unaffected. These results are different from those obtained with isolated hepatocytes, and suggest that in some cells both endogenous and endocytic protein degradation may be accelerated as part of a general deprivation response.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Anisotropic hp-Adaptation Framework for Functional Prediction

This paper presents a method for concurrent mesh and polynomial-order adaptation with the objective of direct minimization of output error using a selection process for choosing the optimal refinement option from a discrete set of choices that includes directional spatial resolution and approximation order increment. The scheme is geared toward compressible viscous aerodynamic flows, in which various solution features make certain refinement options more efficient than others. No attempt is made, however, to measure the solution anisotropy or smoothness directly or to incorporate it into the scheme. Rather, mesh anisotropy and approximation order distribution arise naturally from the optimization of a merit function that incorporates both an output sensitivity and a measure of solution cost on the new mesh. The method is applied to output-based adaptive simulations of laminar and Reynolds-averaged compressible Navier-Stokes equations on body-fitted meshes in two and three dimensions. Two-dimensional resul...

Field of study: Physics
New Entropy Estimator with an Application to Test of Normality

In the present article, we propose a new estimator of entropy based on smooth estimators of quantile density. The consistency and asymptotic distribution of the proposed estimates are obtained. As a consequence, a new test of normality is proposed. A small power comparison is provided. A simulation study for the comparison, in terms of mean squared error, of all estimators under study is performed.

Field of study: Mathematics
Sustainability: An Exercise in Futility

Over the last twenty years there has been an increase in activity regarding the concept of sustainability. For example, The US EPA announced last year that the agency’s policies are going to be driven by sustainability (Cone, 2010).What is sustainability exactly? In the history of sustainability, the theme of overpopulation, prophecies of exhaustion or shortages of natural resources and cataclysmic consequences for mankind is a consistent in the concept of sustainability. Sustainable development suffers from the problems of being vaguely defined, having as many at seventy different definitions of sustainable development and that it would be virtually impossible to predict the needs of future generations (Taylor, 2002, p. 2). It is for these reasons why the notion of sustainability, in its current form, is an exercise in futility.

Field of study: Business