nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
A PERISCOPE FOR BEHAVIOR OBSERVATION.

Observation of severely disturbed and highly distractible human subjects in an automatically controlled experimental enclosure poses problems of concealment, indestructibility, clarity and brightness of image detail, angle of view, relative lighting, and initial and maintenance costs. Since the wide angle war surplus scanning lenses used in Lindsley's (1956) periscope system are no longer available, other inexpensive commercially available optical observation devices are needed. A relatively inexpensive, durable, reliable periscopic system (Behavior-scope) has been designed as an aid in analyzing severely retarded and disturbed behavior. It permits detailed observation of behavior, including facial expressions and manual gestures, in any location within a 6 by 6 ft. room. As no reverse light leakage occurs, it is unnecessary to darken the observation area. This is a major advantage for the investigator who wishes to have ready access to both the observation system and the controlling and programming equipment in a well lighted apparatus area. A rigid 16 gauge aluminum unit (a in Fig. 1) houses object components consisting of a wide angle lens system (b) and a precision mirror (c) mounted near the ceiling of the experimental chamber in a metal box slanted to provide a view angle of 600 or more. Light flux reflected by the mirror (c) travels through a rigid metal image duct (d) to an observation unit (e) containing a precision mirror (f) and a telescopic lens system (g). The latter are enclosed in an aluminum box mounted on the outside wall of the chamber. The angle of view may be adapted to other room dimensions and other focus requirePRECISION MIRROR c

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Investigação narrativa e formação de professores de educação física: possibilidades para uma prática colaborativa

Analise de uma formacao continuada baseada na perspectiva da investigacao-formacao das praticas pedagogicas de 14 professores de Educacao Fisica de tres Redes Municipais de Vitoria/ES, sinalizando acoes colaborativas entre Universidade e Educacao Basica. O processo formativo foi pautado pela perspectiva da investigacao-formacao das praticas produzidas pelos docentes em seu cotidiano escolar, no sentido de contribuir para producao de politicas de formacao continuada que aproximem a Universidade e a Educacao Basica e, tambem, que valorize a coautoria e a corresponsabilidade do professor nesse processo. Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa do tipo narrativa (auto)biografica. Utiliza entrevista, redes de conversacoes, questionario e observacao participante como instrumentos de producao dos dados. As analises remetem a necessidade de estabelecer pontes de dialogo e relacoes colaborativas dentre os diversificados interesses inseridos nas formacoes, qual seja, o da pesquisa, o das redes municipais de educacao e o dos professores, ao assumir as suas experiencias profissionais como referencias formativas.

Field of study: Education
Isolation, characterization, and chemical reactions of fullerenes

Extension of the chromatographic work that led to the first isolation of pure Go and 00 has resulted h the isolation and characterisation of c76 and three isomers of c78. Comparison with other work indicates the composition ratio of c78 to be dependent upon the method of chon production. Halogenation of Go gives derivatives that have been charactwised either by NMR, or by single aystal X-ray diffraction. The halogeno derivatives readily undergo nucleophilic substitution, which provides a route to the formation of many fullerene compounds, but precludes use of the fluoro derivatives as lubricants. In the presence of Friedel-Crafts catalysts, the bromo derivatives substitute into aromatics to give aryl derivatives of Go, especially those containing either 6, 8, 12, or 16 aryl groups per C6o molecule. Possible structures for these are compared with those for addition products which have only low eclipsing steric interactions.

Field of study: Chemistry
Life habit, feeding mechanism and population structure of the Cretaceous brachiopod genus Aemula

Comparison with close Recent relatives, studies of functional morphology and the discovery of specimens preserved in life position indicate with a high degree of certainty the mode of life of the Cretaceous brachiopod genus Aemula. This genus is an important member of the brachiopod communities of the north European Maastrichtian. In resting position Aemula lived with its dorsal valve pressed against the substrate. When feeding the shell was somewhat elevated anteriorly and the two valves gaped at an angle of about 45°. Preserved calcitic mesodermal spicular skeletons show that the adult lophophore was a schizolophe. During the younger stages only one inhalant feeding current flowed into the bell-shaped trocholophe and early schizolophe, whereas the exhalant current flowed out in all directions between the filaments. In the later stages when the schizolophe was fully developed the current system was divided into two lateral inhalant and one median exhalant current. The species Aemula inusitata has been investigated with regard to size frequency and survivorship revealing an initially very high, but slightly decreasing mortality rate corresponding to the dangerous life on small substrates close to the sediment—water interface of the muddy-chalk sea bottom. The species of Aemula never dominate the brachiopod assemblages of the Maastrichtian chalk but is found in almost all samples in small but rather constant numbers.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
IgG1 antimycobacterial antibodies can reverse the inhibitory effect of pentoxifylline on tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF‐α) secreted by mycobacterial antigen‐stimulated adherent cells

Chronic inflammation associated with cachexia, weight loss, fever and arthralgia is the hallmark of advanced mycobacterial diseases. These symptoms are attributed to the chronic stimulation of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)‐α. Mycobacterial components directly stimulate adherent cells to secrete TNF‐α. We have shown recently that IgG1 antimycobacterial antibodies play a role in augmenting TNF‐α in purified protein derivative (PPD)‐stimulated adherent cells from non‐BCG‐vaccinated donors. We now show that IgG1 antibodies can also augment TNF‐α expression in stimulated adherent cells obtained from BCG‐vaccinated donors and this augmentation is not linked to interleukin (IL)‐10 secretion. In addition IgG1 antimycobacterial antibodies can reverse the effect of TNF‐α blockers such as pentoxifylline and thalidomide. These studies therefore have clinical implications for anti‐inflammatory drug treatments which are used increasingly to alleviate symptoms associated with chronic inflammation.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Pyrimidines. 71. Rearrangements of 2,2′,4-trimethoxy-6′-phenyl-4′,5-dipyrimidinyl to n-methyl oxo derivatives

A trimethoxy derivative with three nonequivalent methoxy groups was obtained from 2,2′, 4-trichloro-6′-phenyl-4′ 5-dipyrimidinyl. Rearrangement of 2,2′, 4-trimethoxy-6′-phenyl-4′, 5-dipyrimidinyl under Hubert-Johnson conditions and thermal rearrangement with and without a catalyst make it possible to obtain 2′,4-dimethoxy-1-methyl-2-oxo-and 2′-methoxy-1,3-dimethy1-2,4-dioxodipyrimidinyls and both tri-N-methyl isomers, viz., the 1,1′, 3-and 1,3,3′-trimethyl derivatives. The possibility of obtaining N-methyl derivatives of trioxodipyrimidinyl by methylation under various conditions was also examined.

Field of study: Chemistry
Cross-site scripting (XSS) attacks and mitigation: A survey

The results of the Cisco 2018 Annual Security Report show that all analyzed web applications have at least one vulnerability. It also shows that web attacks are becoming more frequent, specific and sophisticated. According to this report, 40% of all attack attempts lead to a method known as Cross-Site Scripting (XSS), which was the most widely used technique. According to the OWASP Top 10 - 2017 security risk, this type of attack is ranked No. 7, and it is noted that XSS is present in approximately two thirds of all web applications. This attack occurs when a malicious user uses a web application to execute or send malicious code on another user’s computer. Also, Cross Site Scripting is a type of cyber attack by which vulnerabilities are searched in a web application to introduce a harmful script. This implies that user information can be affected by stealing cookies, phishing, or attacking a company’s entire network. In this context, we have analyzed a total of 67 documents to collect information of the tools and methods that the scientific community has used to detect and mitigate these type of attack. It has been hypothesized that the trend in the proposal of traditional methods to mitigate XSS attacks is greater than the proposals that use some artificial intelligence technique. Our results show that the trend is increasing in the proposals that analyze the content of web pages (13.20%), as well as those that serve as a toolkit for web browsers (16.98%). Also, we have found that there is a low tendency in the use of artificial intelligence techniques to detect or mitigate this attack, using Web Classifiers (9.43%).

Field of study: Computer science
Stream habitat fragmentation — a threat to biodiversity

Biodiversity is undisturbed rhithral streams in central Europe is high, with about 1000 resident metazoan species; over 600 insect species occur in the Fulda river (Germany). Longitudinal downstream shift of dominance from rheobiontic to rheophilous and finally to ubiquituos rheoxenic taxa in the potamal is described. Present downstream importance of ubiquituous species probably results from replacement of original potamal communities, present faunas being surrogates. Species losses through human impact are well documented for fish. The case of Plecoptera (10 potamal species either altogether extinct, extinct in Central Europe or extremely endangered) suggests that potamal invertebrates suffered as severe losses as did fish.Human impact on major rivers was so severe also because they occur at distances beyond average dispersal capacity of the fauna, i.e. are widely separate ecological islands, with known risk of species losses. In contrast, faunal exchange between adjacent headwater streams in mountains with intact stream nets is easy, certainly for amphibious insects. However, damage to rhithral streams is becoming increasingly frequent. This fragments stream nets, turning also upper parts of drainage systems into ecological islands, with danger of extinctions. Rhithral biodiversity is thought to be much more endangered by human impact than is presently recognized.

Field of study: Environmental science
Maximizing Behavior: Reconciling Neoclassical and X-Efficiency Approaches

Perhaps the simplest definition of maximizing behavior (MB) is "doing one's best." Yet precisely what is meant by doing one's best needs to be interpreted. Neoclassical (NC) economics clearly views the constrained optimization process as the only way to define maximizing behavior: an objective function, whose value is to be maximized, is specified containing the relevant variables, and a set of constraints is established to embody the various kinds of restrictions within which the maximizing process must be fulfilled. The outcome-the solutions to the set of equations so defined-is supposed to establish clearly and precisely those conditions that yield the largest values for the objectives of interest, while at the same time obeying the restrictions embodied in the constraints. The underlying presumption is that firms in all ways and at all times intend to do their best, where best is defined as achieving all possible states where benefits exceed or are equal to costs-in other words, all opportunities for net gain are exhausted. Firms would never knowingly fail to un.dertake activities where net gains are achievable; forgone products would never be obtainable at less than their cost. Such motivation is deemed unchangeable; variations in outcomes can occur over time, but they will always reflect changing circumstances and never any wavering in the firm's determination and intention to do its all-costs-considered best. X-efficiency defines doing one's best differently as whether a firm in

Field of study: Economics
A.R.I.E.L. On-Line Experimental Data Acquisition and Reduction

ARIEL is a collective system conceived in an Institute having 3 particle accelerators and a Nuclear Spectrometry center, in order to allow several research teams to incorporate a powerful computer into their experimental equipment. ARIEL uses a 360/50 IBM to handle simultaneously 4 remote, independent, on-line experiments. The machine runs in a multiprogramming mode under an operating system IBM OS 360 MFT that we modified to do simultaneously several real-time jobs. We have connected to the computer specilly designed units implementing data acquisition, graphic and literal dialogue with the experimenter and the data reduction and editing of the results. A large software using supervisor extensions enables the scientist a simple FORTRAN use of all these units, starting from the preparation of the experiment to the editing of the final results. ARIEL has been designed in 1965, making use of the experience gained by the use during several years of a first collective system (1961). About a hundred different experiments performed on ARIEL since 1968 showed us the value of the choices we made.

Field of study: Physics
Age of the lower coals of Henry county, Missouri

The studies on which the following somewhat epitomized discussion is based were prosecuted with the purpose of ascertaining, so far as the available data will permit, the comparative age of the basal coals of the Lower Coal Measures of Henry county, Missouri, and their approximate stage in sections of the Mesocarboniferous in other typical areas. The materials used are taken from a more extended work on the floras of the Lower Coal Measures of Missouri, in which the systematic treatment of the species involved in the present problem will be found. The plants so abundantly gathered from the lower coals of this region may be regarded as typical of this zone in the trans-Mississippi area; and, since the Lower Productive Coal Measures of the more eastern states is, paleobotanically, by far the best known portion of the sections, the material in hand is better adapted to immediate correlative comparisons . . .

Field of study: Geology
Dynamic Mode Choice of Commuters in an Agent-Based Simulation Model with Inductive Learning Machines

This study applies an agent-based approach to modeling a transport system. Using the advantage of agentbased models of being validated at an individual level, a social dilemma of travel mode choice is modeled and viewed as a complex system. An inductive learning machine is combined with an evolutionary approach to simulate traveler learning. A user-equilibrium point predicted by conventional analysis is reached and stabilized. The stable situation is produced by interaction among agents and by behavioral change of each agent, without a central or external rule that organizes objectives of the system. The study shows conditions that may produce other stable situations besides the user equilibrium point. An emergent situation combined with traveler sensitivity to payoff differences is influential.

Field of study: Computer science
IX. Paradigms of Iranian Policy in Central Eurasia and Beyond

Iran and CEA have historically close links going back as far as the sixth century BC when the Persian Achaemenid Empire conquered the region. For a long time, Persian was the main language of the elite in CEA. Since the disintegration of the USSR, Iran has been determined to re-strengthen its position in CEA, particularly in economic and security terms. Iran is an active player in the Economic Co-operation Organization (ECO). It also promotes the construction of southern pipelines from CEA to export the region's oil and gas resources as it hopes to profit from it for its own oil and gas export. However, it has to be noted that Iran in no way is a dominant player in the region. The rivalry between the various political factions of the Iranian political elite - the Conservative Traditional Right (Rast-e Sonati), Traditionalist left (Chap-e Sonati), Revolutionary or New Left or Hizbollah, Conservative Modern Right Rast-e Modern - leads to incoherence in Iran's foreign policy and makes Iran an unreliable actor to cooperate with not only the countries of CEA but also for other countries interested in the region (i.e., the United States, European Union, Turkey, Russia, China, Saudi Arabia). Additionally, the great national economic problems in Iran are an obstacle for Iran to become more active economically in CEA.

Field of study: Political science
Colony‐stimulating factors and interferon‐gamma differentially affect cell surface molecules shared by monocytes and neutrophils

Monocytes and neutrophils share a common progenitor and perform many similar functions, as reflected in the expression of several shared membrane molecules. We show here that such molecules can be independently regulated by the cytokines interferon‐gamma (IFN‐γ) and the colony‐stimulating factors (CSF) in the context of the cell type on which they are present. Thus, IFN‐γ causes neutrophils to express the high‐affinity receptor for IgG, FcγRI, which has been considered to be a monocyte‐specific receptor. Although neutrophil FcγRI never reaches the levels present on monocytes. it is induced more rapidly and by lower amounts of IFN‐γ than monocyte FcγRI. Of the CSF, only macrophage (M) CSF has an effect which is to cause a decrease in expression of monocyte FcγRI. Secondly, after culture monocytes express FcγRIII which is constitutively expressed by neutrophils. Although ncutrophil FcγRIII can be readily modulated by IFN‐γ. granulocyte (G) CSF and granulocyte macrophage (GM) CSF, these cytokines do not alter the low levels of monocyte FcγRIII. Thirdly, expression of the gp55 protein recognized by CD14 monoclonal antibodies is decreased after exposure of monocytes to IFN‐γ. Neutrophils express low levels of CD14 and, in this case. IFN‐γ causes an increase in the CD 14 antigen on these cells. Of all the molecules investigated, only HLA class II is confined to monocytes. with increases in expression induced by IFN‐γ but not by the CSF.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Representation of phase equilibria in ternary oxide systems

The P-T-x diagram of the Yb-Mn-O system has been constructed by the static method for study of heterogeneous equilibria and the isothermal annealing method. The problems of representation of such diagrams of ternary oxide systems with one volatile component are discussed. The values of the thermodynamic functions are calculated for the reactions of dissociation of the YbMn2O5 and YbMnO3 compounds and their formation from elements.

Field of study: Physics
Teachers' Social Attitudes and Their Attitudes to Education

The study examined relations between teachers' social attitudes and their attitudes to education. Included in the sample were 100 female and 130 male teachers from Australian secondary schools. Typically, the findings show that teachers with traditional attitudes to education also express conservative social attitudes. If changing teachers' attitudes to education is considered as an essential component of school innovation programs, then the results suggest that the success of those programs may be related to how meaningfully teachers' social attitudes are also influenced.

Field of study: Psychology
Aberrant Expression of Long Non-Coding RNAs in Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes Indicates Potential Roles in Chronic Inflammation and Insulin Resistance

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have emerged as key players in several biological processes and complex diseases. The risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D) is determined by a combination of environmental factors and genetic susceptibility. The purpose of this study was to identify aberrant lncRNAs involved in T2D pathogenesis.  Microarray analysis was performed using whole blood samples from patients newly diagnosed with T2D and healthy controls. Pathway and Gene Ontology (GO) analyses were utilized to annotate the target genes. Coding non-coding co-expression (CNC) analysis was performed to construct a co-expression network.  We found 55 lncRNAs and 202 mRNAs were differentially expressed in the T2D group compared to the healthy control group. Pathway and GO analyses demonstrated that dysregulated mRNAs were mainly associated with immune regulation, inflammation, and insulin resistance, whereas CNC analysis identified 10 pairs of co-expressed lncRNA-mRNAs in our patient cohort (R > 0.99). Furthermore, expression of the top three upregulated lncRNAs in the T2D group was correlated with measures of glycometabolism (P < 0.05).  This study identified aberrantly expressed lncRNAs and mRNAs in Han Chinese patients with T2D, and demonstrated that dysregulated lncRNAs may have roles in T2D pathogenesis through regulation of inflammation and insulin resistance.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Cytokine expression profiles in cervical mucus from patients with cervical cancer and its precursor lesions.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection can persist in the cervical epithelium without provoking a strong host immune response, leading to the development of cervical cancer. Cytokines, which mediate innate and adaptive immune activities, are secreted in the cervical mucus; however, there is currently no appropriate method for assessing cytokine levels in mucus specimens. Here, we employed multiplexed bead-based immunoassays to examine cytokine levels in cervical mucus using both weighted-volume and total protein concentration methods to adjust for different specimen volumes in individual patients. Out of 18 cytokines initially examined in the primary cohort patient group (n = 28), 14 were detected in more than 10% of the samples. Of these 14 cytokines, expression levels of interferon (IFN)-γ, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), RANTES, and eotaxin were significantly increased with the disease severity in the secondary cohort patient group (n = 235). We also examined associations between cytokine levels and clinical parameters, such as cytology and HPV genotype. Of the 14 cytokines, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) was downregulated in HPV-positive specimens. Examination of co-expression patterns of cytokines in relation to HPV infection status revealed that several pairs of cytokines were simultaneously upregulated in HPV-positive cases, including INF-γ and interleukin (IL)-17A, GM-CSF and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), GM-CSF and RANTES, IL-17A and RANTES, and MCP-1 and eotaxin. Interestingly, upregulation of GM-CSF and RANTES might reflect a shift in immuno-regulatory cytokines in HPV-positive specimens, potentially associated with more severe cervical neoplasia.

Field of study: Medicine