nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Naltrexone treatment increases the aversiveness of alcohol for outbred rats.

Acute naltrexone treatments (0.0, 0.5, 1., or 3.0 mg/kg body weight) were administered to separate groups of rats and alcohol taste reactivity and consumption were measured. Rats were given daily naltrexone injections and then tested for taste reactivity to 10% alcohol 30 and 60 min after injection. Each reactivity trial (total of 4) was 60 sec during which 1 ml of fluid was infused. The rats' orofacial and body movements were videotaped and scored later. In the final measure, rats were placed on a restricted fluid access schedule and given naltrexone treatments 10 min before being presented with the 10% alcohol solution in the home case (60-min drinking period). After 4 days of consumption tests under the drug condition, the rats were given 4 more daily tests without the drug. Results indicated that the two highest naltrexone doses significantly decreased ingestive responding and increased aversive responding, particularly at the 30-min test. Both the 1.0 and 3.0 mg/kg body weight doses also significantly decreased alcohol consumption as measured during the free access tests. Alcohol consumption returned to control levels immediately after the drug treatments were stopped. The data show that dosages of naltrexone 1.0 mg or higher significantly alter both alcohol taste reactivity (increased aversiveness and decreased palatability) and alcohol consumption (decreased intake) in outbred rats. These results are discussed in relation to naltrexone treatment as a means for decreasing alcohol use and abuse.

Field of study: Medicine
Gin cleanability of selected cotton cultivars.

Removal of foreign matter from cotton during the ginning process is a complex interaction of genetic traits, moisture differentials and machine performance parameters. Studies over a three-year period of over 30 cotton cultivars grown in Mississippi and South Carolina and processed identically at the gin, indicated that large differences occur in the initial foreign matter and in the foreign matter removal characteristics (cleanability) of cotton cultivars. Cleaning efficiencies also differ for the types of gin cleaning machinery such as seed cotton cleaners and lint cleaners. Overall cleaning efficiencies adjusted each year to a common level of foreign matter for each cultivar ranged from a low of 75.2% to 85.6%. Differences in cleaning levels occurred between years but the relative efficiencies remained similar for the cultivars.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Experimental study of parameters of COIL mirror's film

Experimental studies on the transmittance and reflectivity of COIL mirrors have been done using of the HITACHI U-4001 spectrophotometer and the high reflectivity meter based on cavity ring down spectroscopy,such as experiments of the effects of film uniformity,pollution,and so on.Experimental results show that the ion beam sputtered film is more stable than the electron gun evaporated film.The deposition time has no obvious effect on transmittance and reflectivity of films when the mirrors are put in the dry place.

Field of study: Physics
A novel method for resonant inelastic soft X-ray scattering via photoelectron spectroscopy detection.

A method for measuring resonant inelastic X-ray scattering based on the conversion of X-ray photons into photoelectrons is presented. The setup is compact, relies on commercially available detectors, and offers significant flexibility. This method is demonstrated at the Linac Coherent Light Source with ∼0.5 eV resolution at the cobalt L3-edge, with signal rates comparable with traditional grating spectrometers.

Field of study: Physics
Comparative study on filming technology and properties comparison of different chitosan edible films

The filming technology and properties of five kinds of edible films were comparatively studied in this paper.The blend films were prepared by separately adding stearic acid,gelatin,corn starch,soybean protein into chitosan,and then the properties of the edible films,such as the thickness,sensory characteristic,transparency,drop penetration time,impregnating oil property and heat sealability were measured.The results showed that thickness and transparency of chitosan film was the best,but with low heat sealability and the worst hydraulic resistance;the drop penetration time of the chitosan-corn starch film was the longest(water resistant ability was the strongest),but with the maximum thickness and the worse transparency.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Over Justification

Self-perception theory predicts a decrease in preference for a rewarded activity (the "over justification effect') only when two conditions are met: Internal interest in the activity is high and the reward is perceived as more than adequate justification for performance. In order to test this prediction, it is necessary to have a baseline of internal interest that is uncontaminated by external factors. In a 2 X 3 factorial design, 60 elementary school children played with an interesting or uninteresting toy, and were given one of three levels of reward for their play. An additional 22 children provided a baseline measure of internal interest in the toys by playing with them alone and unrewarded. The predicted interaction of internal interest and reward size was found on behavioral indices of play following the reward period. Compared to the baseline, increasing reward size was associated with a decrease in preference for the interesting toy but not for the uninteresting toy.

Field of study: Psychology
Molecular typing of Salmonella paratyphi A strains isolated in Hangzhou area from 2002 to 2013

To analyze the molecular characteristics of Salmonella paratyphi A (S.paratyphi A) strains prevailing in Hangzhou area in recent years. 
 
 
 
Pulse field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA) were performed for molecular typing and epidemiological analysis of 72 S. paratyphi A strains isolated in Hangzhou area during 2002 to 2013. 
 
 
 
The 72 S. paratyphi A strains were divided into 11 PFGE (by using restriction enzymes of Xba Ⅰ and Bln Ⅰ) and 6 MLVA types. Among the selected 34 variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) sites, 4 sites (1188K, 2075K, 2201K and 4346K) showed high polymorphism, in which PFGE displayed a higher resolution than MLVA. Except for the 5 PFGE types of X4B5, X7B7, X8B8, X9B9 and X10B10, the other 6 PFGE types belonged to a same clone sharing a similarity of greater than 95%, and the S. Paratyphi A strains in that clone accounted for 93.1% of the total strains isolated in Hangzhou. 
 
 
 
The occurrence of paratyphoid A in Hangzhou area from 2002 to 2013 was mainly caused by S. paratyphi A strains belonging to the same clone. Combination of PFGE with MLVA was conducive to epidemiological investigation of paratyphoid A. 
 
 
 
Salmonella paratyphi A; Pulse field gel electrophoresis; Multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis

Field of study: Biology
Free radicals in synthesis. Clean reagents affording oxidative or reductive termination

Neurotoxic organotin reagents currently play a key role in radical chemistry. As a result, this is an important area for development of new clean replacement reactions. The pharmaceutical industry in particular has had to avoid use of radical methodology for the formation of carbon_carbon bonds for this reason. With the current dawn in green chemistry, a host of new clean radical methods is beginning to flourish. Our aim has been to develop new nontoxic methodology for carbon_carbon bond formation by radical chemistry, which would provide either reductive termination (giving a hydrogen atom to the ultimate radical, as happens with tributyltin hydride), or oxidative functionalization, installing a useful polar group at the site of the ultimate radical. Two methods for effecting radical reactions in an environmentally friendly way are presented: (i) The tetrathiafulvalene (TTF)-mediated radical-polar crossover reaction converts arenediazonium salts to aryl radicals, which have sufficient lifetime to cyclize onto alkenes—the resulting alkyl radicals couple with TTF+• to afford sulfonium salts which, in turn, undergo solvolysis to alcohols, ethers or amides. The method provides the key step in a synthesis of (±)-aspidospermidine. (ii) Hypophosphite salts and hypophosphorous acid, on the other hand, form C_C bonds with reductive termination. These economical reagents afford radicals efficiently, starting from aryl iodides, alkyl bromides, and alkyl iodides, and give very easy separation of products from by-products.

Field of study: Chemistry
Control of flash gas bypass MAC system with emphasis on start-ups and transients

Most of the previous research on flash gas bypass (FGB) focused on performance improvement in steady state and demonstrated that compared to direct expansion mode (DX), FGB mode have better performance. However, the control strategy of flash gas bypass system and dynamic behavior during start-ups and transients were not yet clearly defined and investigated. In this paper, a novel control strategy has been proposed for an automobile air conditioning system operating in flash gas bypass mode with R134a as the refrigerant. The proposed control strategy utilized an electronic expansion valve (EV) for the control of subcooling from condenser outlet and a bypass valve (BV) for superheat from compressor inlet. Both start-up and transient system behaviors were studied. The experimental results showed that the proposed cycle control strategy was found to be able to provide reliable control to the system. In addition, proper sizing of bypass valve and flash gas bypass tank have also been studied.

Field of study: Engineering
Correct understanding and controlling over market force in higher education

Laying stress on market force has become the main tendency in world's higher education. With the expansion of range and functions of higher education activities, market force in higher education gradually comes into appearance. At present, more market competition should be introduced in higher education in our country. With the increase of market force, such problems in higher education reform, which are authority coordination, value of nucleus, concerns on education, compensation of inferior group and quality guarantee should be paid more attention and be dealt with well.

Field of study: Education
Effect of substitution reaction with tin chloride in thermal treatment of mercury contaminated tailings.

Sites contaminated by mercury (Hg) from artisanal small-scale gold mine tailings have been found near agricultural land. For the active implementation of the Minamata Convention on Mercury, development of technology for the remediation of Hg contaminated sites is required. This study examined the conditions for the thermal treatment of Hg contaminated tailings at reduced temperature by introducing SnCl2 as an additive. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was used to identify the possibility of converting typical Hg compounds (HgO, HgS) in the environment to HgCl2. The operation conditions for thermal treatment such as temperature, retention time, and ratio of [Cl2]/[Hg] were derived from lab scale experiments using commercial Hg compounds (HgO, HgS), additive (SnCl2), and tailings. The tailings with Hg content of 26.39 mg-Hg/kg were reduced to 3.87 mg-Hg/kg and 4.57 μg-g/L of leaching concentration through the application of the Korea standard leaching test. Both concentrations were below the standard limit of soil pollution and hazardous waste classification criteria. The sequential extraction procedure was applied to evaluate the Hg stability of residual tailings. The results show that this method will be effective for remediation of small scale Hg contaminated areas.

Field of study: Environmental science
Crystallization in cubo: general applicability to membrane proteins.

Obtaining well ordered crystals of membrane proteins is the single most serious stumbling block in the pursuit of their high-resolution structures. The applicability of lipidic cubic phase-mediated crystallization is demonstrated on a diverse set of bacterial membrane proteins: two photosynthetic reaction centres, a light-harvesting complex and two retinal proteins, halorhodopsin and bacteriorhodopsin. Despite marked differences in molecular dimensions, subunit composition and membrane origin, one single lipid, monoolein, is sufficient to form a crystallization matrix for all the aforementioned systems. Therefore, the lipidic cubic phase approach is proposed as a general method for crystallizing membrane proteins.

Field of study: Chemistry
Experiment Research of Sorbents to Remove Mercury from Coal-Fired Flue Gas

Aone-dimensionalfurnacetest bench experiment was conducted to study the Chitosan sorbent's adsorption efficiency of mercury in coal-fired flue gas.Three kinds of modified Chitosan(CTS)sorbents are prepared to remove the mercury in the flue gas.The CTS sorbents exhibit high mercury removal efficiency,as much as 96%.Fresh and after adsorption of the same kind of sorbents were compared by using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR).The results show that the mechanism of CTS removing mercury is that 4 free aminos(-NH2)chelated 1 mercury or 2 free aminos and 2 hydroxyls(-OH)chelated 1 mercury.The free amino is the main active group.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Cold-induced organelle relocation in the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha L.

Organelles change their subcellular positions in response to various environmental conditions. Recently, we reported that cold treatments alter the intracellular position of chloroplasts and nuclei (cold positioning) in the fern Adiantum capillus-veneris; chloroplasts and nuclei localized to the periclinal cell wall relocated to anticlinal cell wall after cold treatments. To further understand organelle positioning under cold conditions, we studied cold-induced organelle relocation in the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha L. When sporelings and gemmmalings were treated under low temperature (5 °C), chloroplast cold positioning response was successfully induced both in the sporelings and the gemmmalings of M. polymorpha. Using a genetic transformation, nuclei, mitochondria or peroxisomes were visualized with a fluorescent protein, and the transgenic gemmmalings were incubated under the cold condition. Nuclei and peroxisomes, but not mitochondria, clearly relocated from the periclinal cell wall to the anticlinal cell wall after cold treatments. Our findings suggest that several organelles concurrently change their positions in the liverwort cell to cope with cold temperature.

Field of study: Environmental science
Television Exposure, Sleep Time, and Neuropsychological Function Among Preschoolers

We explored whether sleep time mediates the relation between preschoolers' television exposure and two indicators of neuropsychological function: executive function (EF) and theory of mind (ToM). With a sample of 107 preschoolers and their parents, we found that heavier background television exposure and nighttime television viewing were related to fewer hours of sleep, which, in turn, was related to weaker ToM. However, sleep time did not mediate the relation between intentional television viewing and EF. In this article, we discuss the importance of understanding the mechanisms by which television exposure can affect children's neuropsychological function and offer several alternative explanations.

Field of study: Psychology
The Management of a Sixteenth-Century Ironworks

The change-over from the use of the bloomery to the blast furnace2 in the making of iron in Sussex in the first half of the sixteenth century brought about notable increases in the scale of production and the requirements for capital equipment 3 and raw materials.4 Whereas a late medieval bloomery had usually produced 20 to 30 tons of iron in a year from a simple hearth, it would not be uncommon for a sixteenth-century blast furnace to have an annual production of 200 tons of pig, to be converted at a forge into I30-I50 tons of bar iron. Apart from the increase in the quantities of material to be handled, the added complexity of the indirect process meant greater difficulty in the identification of technical deficiencies. If undetected, these could result in poor yields with effects which could be financially serious over the long periods for which furnaces could be continuously in blast. Similarly, difficulties in obtaining regular supplies of raw materials on a sufficient scale could lead to considerable uncertainty. Such aspects of management in the industry have been apt to be over-shadowed by the actual details of technical change, and are rather less well known than managerial methods in industries where less technical development took place. To approach questions surrounding the early growth and management of the iron industry, quite apart from answering them, requires an interpretation of surviving accounts which is made no simpler by their form. Accounting was regarded rather as a means of preventing or detecting fraud by the clerk of the works than of providing a source of information upon which decisions could be

Field of study: Economics, History
Magnetic states and ferromagnetic resonance in geometrically frustrated arrays of multilayer ferromagnetic nanoparticles ordered on triangular lattices

We present a theoretical investigation of magnetostatic interaction effects in geometrically frustrated arrays of anisotropic multilayer ferromagnetic nanoparticles arranged in different spatially configured systems with triangular symmetry. We show that the interlayer magnetostatic interaction significantly expands the opportunities to create magnetically frustrated systems. The effects of the magnetostatic interaction in magnetization reversal processes and the possibility to control the ferromagnetic resonance spectrum in such systems are discussed.

Field of study: Physics
Preparation and characterization of monoclonal antibodies to thrombomodulin.

Thrombomodulin (TM) is an endothelial cell surface molecule, capable of specific binding for thrombin. The thrombin/TM complex promotes activation of plasma anticoagulant protein C (PC) and negatively regulates blood coagulation. Along with anticoagulant function, TM has been shown to have additional physiological functions such as regulation of fibrinolysis, cell adhesion, tumor growth, and embryonic development. The extracellular region of TM contains a lectin domain and six epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like domains, which are required for the various functions. To analyze the functions, we established a panel of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) reactive to each functional domain. We obtained MAbs that react to the lectin domain or the front half of EGF domains from the first to the third using the antigen of a transfected cell line expressing full-length TM. We also obtained MAbs that reacted to the bottom half of the EGF domain from the fourth to the sixth using the antigen of a transfected cell line expressing truncated form of TM lacking the lectin domain and the EGF domains from the first to the third. All obtained MAbs could be used for Western blotting. Endothelial cell function for PC activation can be mimicked by transfected cells positive for TM and the endothelial cell protein C receptor (EPCR). Effects of the established MAbs on thrombin-dependent PC activation on the transfected cells were examined. Strong inhibition was demonstrated by three MAbs, which reacted to the fourth or fifth EGF domain, but not by MAbs to the other domains. The fourth EGF domain is known as the interaction site for PC, and the fifth domain is known to be required for thrombin binding. The sixth EGF domain also has been shown to be required for thrombin binding. An MAb against the domain strongly inhibited thrombin-binding. However, the MAb demonstrated little effect on thrombin dependent PC activation. The contradictory results demonstrated with the MAb to the sixth EGF domain suggest an unknown molecular mechanism for PC activation on the cell surface. A panel of MAbs reactive to each domain could be useful for analyzing the multifunctional molecule thrombomodulin.

Field of study: Biology
Empirical studies of software development and evolution

1 Tel: +44 118 931 8615 ; fax: +44 118 975 1994; email: rachel.harrison@reading.ac.uk In some ways it seems extraordinary that it has taken the software engineering community until recently to consider the ways in which we do research. Empirical software engineering has given impetus to the search for research methodologies that will help us to evaluate and transfer technology in a timely manner. The growing interest in the area of empirical research is clear from papers published in journals such as this, as well as the success of workshops such as the IEEE Workshop on Empirical Studies of Software Maintenance (WESS), and the Workshop on Process Modelling and Empirical Studies of Software Evolution (PMESSE) that was held in 1997.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Appearance of lines due to $K \neq 0$ oscillations in lattice vibrations spectra of paradibrombenzene nanoparticles

We measured low-frequency Raman spectra of paradibromobenzene nanoparticles. With the reduction of the nanoparticles size frequencies of lines become smaller and the doubling of the most intensive lines takes place. Additional lines with increasing intensity appear in the spectrum. We did structure calculations for nanoparticles by the method of molecular dynamics and obtained histograms of lattice vibrations spectra by the Dyne's method. Calculations have shown that doubling of lines is due to the appearance of nanoparticles vibrations from borders of the Brillouin zone in the spectrum. Additional lines are caused by vibrations with $K \neq 0$. They have mixed orientation-translational character (that is evident from the eigenvectors of vibrations) that affects intensity of these lines. Upon reduction of the particles sizes change of vibration eigenvectors of molecules occurs $K \neq 0$. The greatest changes observed for a 20 cm$^{-1}$ paradibromobenzene line.

Field of study: Physics