nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Outcome-related health targets--political strategies for better health outcomes: a conceptual and comparative study (part 2).

Based on an analytical model which defines political co-ordinates on two axes (technocratic-participative and top-bottom), the policy documents of national and regional health target programmes in countries of the European Union, Australia, Canada, New Zealand and the USA are analysed in regard to the rationale for and interest in health targets, the involvement of actors in the policy-cycle, the setting of priorities, the distribution of responsibilities and accountability as well as incentives and sanctions used. Most, if not all, target programmes are conceptualised in a 'top-down' manner by the government and its administration with little involvement of the general public or the parliament. Usually, neither necessary alliances at the grass roots level nor appropriate incentives for local or professional actors are discussed in the documents. Many target programmes are, therefore, bound to fail and finding a balance between the right balance between technocratic and participative as well as between top and bottom remains a challenge for setting successful health targets.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Estimation of Classification Rules from Partially Classified Data

We consider the situation where the observed sample contains some observations whose class of origin is known (that is, they are classified with respect to the g underlying classes of interest), and where the remaining observations in the sample are unclassified (that is, their class labels are unknown). For class-conditional distributions taken to be known up to a vector of unknown parameters, the aim is to estimate the Bayes' rule of allocation for the allocation of subsequent unclassified observations. Estimation on the basis of both the classified and unclassified data can be undertaken in a straightforward manner by fitting a g-component mixture model by maximum likelihood (ML) via the EM algorithm in the situation where the observed data can be assumed to be an observed random sample from the adopted mixture distribution. This assumption applies if the missing-data mechanism is ignorable in the terminology pioneered by Rubin (1976). An initial likelihood approach was to use the so-called classification ML approach whereby the missing labels are taken to be parameters to be estimated along with the parameters of the class-conditional distributions. However, as it can lead to inconsistent estimates, the focus of attention switched to the mixture ML approach after the appearance of the EM algorithm (Dempster et al., 1977). Particular attention is given here to the asymptotic relative efficiency (ARE) of the Bayes' rule estimated from a partially classified sample. Lastly, we consider briefly some recent results in situations where the missing label pattern is non-ignorable for the purposes of ML estimation for the mixture model.

Field of study: Computer science
Public Service Employment-Assured Jobs Program: Further Considerations

The Conservative belief that there is some law of nature which prevents men from being employed, that it is "rash" to employ men, and that it is financially 'sound' to maintain a tenth of the population in idleness for an indefinite period, is crazily improbable-the sort of thing which no man could believe who had not had his head fiddled with nonsense for years and years.... Our main task, therefore, will be to confirm the reader's instinct that what seems sensible is sensible, and what seems nonsense is nonsense. We shall try to show him that the conclusion, that if new forms of employment are offered more men mill be employed, is as obvious as it sounds and contains no hidden snags; that to set unemployed men to work on useful tasks does what it appears to do, namely, increases the national wealth, and that the notion, that we shall, for intricate reasons, ruin ourselves financially if we use this means to increase our well-being, is what it looks like-a bogy. -John Maynard Keynes 1972, 90-92

Field of study: Economics
Association between atopy and recurrent vaginal candidiasis

To determine whether there is an association between atopy and recurrent vaginal candidiasis (RVC) and to evaluate the type‐2 immune response in patients with RVC. Evaluation of immediate hypersensitivity skin tests to aeroallergens, measurement of total IgE and Candida albicans specific IgE and levels of IL‐5 in 44 women with RVC and 26 with sporadic vaginal candidiasis (SVC). Statistical analyses were performed by Mann–Whitney test and χ2 test with Yates correction. History of atopy (68%) and positive skin test (42%) were higher (P < 0·05) in RVC than in patients with SVC. No significant difference was found in total IgE, C. albicans specific IgE and IL‐5 levels. There was a strong association between atopy and RVC, but type‐2 immune response to C. albicans antigen was absent or similar in the two groups of patients.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Lower Continental Rise East of the Middle Atlantic States: Predominant Sediment Dispersal Perpendicular to Isobaths

The lower continental rise east of the Middle Atlantic United States consists of a series of megafans and well-defined levee-bounded giant valleys meandering across the surfaces of the fans. This region lies below the southwest-flowing Western Boundary Undercurrent, but morphologic features observed are best explained by dominant long-term, gravity-induced, downslope sediment transport processes. Sediment dispersal by contour currents flowing parallel to isobaths, recently described, clearly has not been a significant factor in shaping this sector of the lower rise.

Field of study: Geology
Recording of holograms at the 1.06 μ wavelength

Holograms were recorded in a photographic plate using radiation of 1.06 μ. wavelength. The radiation source was a YAG:Nd3+ master oscillator and a triple-pass Nd3+ glass amplifier (glass was of the GLS-1 grade). The output energy of the radiation was 1 J and it was in the form of 15 nsec pulses. The coherence length was at least 0.5 m. The resolving power of the photographic plate was at least 1000 lines/mm, its energy sensitivity was 0.05 J/cm2, and diffraction efficiency was 1%.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Antigen-binding characteristics of AbCD71 and its inhibitory effect on PHA-induced lymphoproliferation

To investigate the anti-lymphoproliferative effect of the prepared recombinant chimeric human/murine anti-cluster of differentiation(CD) 71 monoclonal antibody (AbCD71), which is composed of mouse-derived, antigen-binding variable regions and human-derived constant regions.After plasmids construction and transfection, the expression of AbCD71 in the transfectoma supernatant was determined by the sandwich ELISA. Indirect immunofluorescence assay was used to measure the antigen-binding characteristic and the percent CD71-expressed peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). The antibodies were purified from the ascites via diethylaminoethyl(DEAE)-Sephadex A-50 chromatography and then identified by SDS-PAGE. At last, inhibitory effect of AbCD71 on PHA-induced PBMC proliferation was calculated by methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay.Constant domain of heavy chain(CH) and light chain(CL)of AbCD71 were in the human Cγ family and human Cκ family, respectively. AbCD71 could compete with its original murine mAb to bind with CD71-positive human leukemia cell line CEM cells. AbCD71 could inhibit the peripheral blood mono-nuclear cell proliferation induced by phytohemagglutinin(PHA) in vitro in a dose-dependent manner, especially at time-points 0 and 12 h after induction. There was no statistical difference when compared with original murine mAb.The AbCD71 is a promising immunosuppressant. Our approach to blocking CD71 with the chimeric human/murine mAb provides a novel strategy for prolonging allograft survival.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Seasonal and spatial trends in manganese solubility in an alluvial aquifer.

The hydrogeochemistry of river water and groundwater in a hydraulic configuration where river water infiltrates into an alluvial aquifer was monitored monthly over a 14-month period. Trends could be seen for temperature, pH, and dissolved O 2 and Mn. Wells located within 15 m of the river show a significant seasonal variation in dissolved Mn. A threshold temperature of 10 o C seems to be necessary in order to trigger and maintain Mn solubility (miaobiologically mediated reactions). Farther from the river, where the temperature is relatively constant, there is little seasonal variation in dissolved Mn. Some of the boreholes contain little Mn (0.5 μmol L -1 ) while in others the Mn concentration is very high (up to 25 μmol L -1 )

Field of study: Environmental science
Equity Gap on the Venture Capital Market in the Czech Republic

Venture capital has high possible impacts on growth of national economies. However, venture capital is rarely used in the Czech Republic. Particularly, early-stage venture capital financing is very low in the Czech Republic. Furthermore, business angels’ networks do not adequately take the place of lacking early stage venture capital funds. The venture capital market in the Czech Republic concentrates on larger later-stage investments. These are, however, still insufficient in compare to some other EU countries. The causes of the equity gap discussed are as follows: in the Czech Republic, the participation of pension funds and insurance companies as limited partners in PE/VC is significantly restricted by law, entrepreneurs are not willing to share business with external investors and are often lacking of strategic management knowledge.

Field of study: Business
Analysis on Crack Reason for ZG1Cr18Ni9Ti Stainless Steel Casting

The cracks detected in the production process of ZG1Cr18Ni9 Ti casting were investigated.Using metallographic examination method,the Ti N phase gathered in the grain boundary matrix was found.By comparing the microstructure with the raw material used for remelting,it can be obtained that the gathered Ti N generates during the solidification process of the casting.Because of the slow solidifying rate in some part of the casting,Ti N phase has enough time to be pushed into the grain boundary,and finally becomes to be the crack source,which can spread under hot and cold mechanical stress.

Field of study: Materials science
Hydrogen isotopic differences between C3 and C4 land plant lipids: consequences of compartmentation in C4 photosynthetic chemistry and C3 photorespiration.

The 2 H/1 H ratio of carbon-bound H in biolipids holds potential for probing plant lipid biosynthesis and metabolism. The biochemical mechanism underlying the isotopic differences between lipids from C3 and C4 plants is still poorly understood. GC-pyrolysis-IRMS (gas chromatography-pyrolysis-isotope ratio mass spectrometry) measurement of the 2 H/1 H ratio of leaf lipids from controlled and field grown plants indicates that the biochemical isotopic fractionation (ε2 Hlipid_biochem ) differed between C3 and C4 plants in a pathway-dependent manner: ε2 HC4  > ε2 HC3 for the acetogenic pathway, ε2 HC4  < ε2 HC3 for the mevalonic acid pathway and the 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate pathway across all species examined. It is proposed that compartmentation of photosynthetic CO2 fixation into C4 mesophyll (M) and bundle sheath (BS) cells and suppression of photorespiration in C4 M and BS cells both result in C4 M chloroplastic pyruvate - the precursor for acetogenic pathway - being more depleted in 2 H relative to pyruvate in C3 cells. In addition, compartmentation in C4 plants also results in (i) the transferable H of NADPH being enriched in 2 H in C4 M chloroplasts compared with that in C3 chloroplasts for the 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate pathway pathway and (ii) pyruvate relatively 2 H-enriched being used for the mevalonic acid pathway in the cytosol of BS cells in comparison with that in C3 cells.

Field of study: Environmental science
174: Transgenic mice expressing interferon-regulated human influenza virus restriction factor MxA

In mice, influenza virus resistance is strongly dependent on the interferon (IFN)-regulated Mx1 gene which encodes a potent restriction factor that inhibits a poorly defined early step of the viral life cycle. Humans possess two IFN-regulated Mx genes with antiviral activity. The human Mx1 gene (encoding MxA protein) confers resistance to a broad range of RNA viruses in cell culture, including influenza A viruses, whereas the human Mx2 gene (encoding MxB protein) has been shown to inhibit HIV-1. To determine whether human MxA plays a decisive role in defending the intact organism against influenza A viruses, we developed a mouse strain that lacks functional endogenous Mx genes but carries the complete human Mx locus as a transgene. MxA-transgenic mice exhibited solid resistance to infection with highly pathogenic H5N1 and H7N7 avian influenza viruses, as well as influenza-like Thogoto virus. However, transgenic mice differed only slightly from non-transgenic littermates with regard to resistance to H1N1 and H3N2 influenza viruses of human origin, suggesting that seasonal human influenza viruses have acquired adaptive mutations which permit MxA evasion. To identify adaptive mutations which confer Mx resistance, we passaged mouse-adapted H7N7 avian influenza virus SC35M in MxA-transgenic mice. Here we will describe an escape variant of SC35M resulting from this screen that induces fatal disease in MxA-transgenic mice and exhibits enhanced virulence for mice with intact endogenous Mx1 genes.

Field of study: Medicine
Instructional Materials and English Reading Literacy of Pupils in Universal Primary Education Schools in Fort Portal Municipality in Uganda

This study investigated whether instructional materials determined English reading literacy of pupils in UPE Schools in Fort Portal Municipality in Uganda. The objectives of the study were to assess whether audio-visual instructional materials, graphic instructional materials and realia instructional materials determine the variation in pupils reading literacy in primary schools. The study adopted the quantitative approach only using an experimental research design on a sample of 327 pupils. An English reading test with question items on audio-visual, graphic and realia instructional materials was administered on pupils. Data were analysed using Student’s t – test. The results revealed that audio-visual, graphic and realia instructional materials contributed to the variation in pupils’ English reading literacy in primary schools. Therefore, it was concluded that the use of audio-visual instructional materials, graphic instructional materials and realia instructional materials is imperative for pupils reading literacy in Primary Schools. It was thus recommended that the Ministry of Education, head teachers and proprietors of schools should help teachers in primary schools to emphasise the use of audio-visual instructional materials, graphic instructional materials and realia instructional materials in teaching English reading literacy to pupils in primary schools.  Audio-Visual, English Reading Literacy, Graphic,  DOI: 10.7176/JEP/11-6-03 Publication date: February 29 th 2020

Field of study: Education
The IP10 (CXCL10) specific cDNA probe of the mCK-5c multiprobe RNase protection assay kit carries two nucleotide insertions that complicate the interpretation of results.

RNase protection assays (RPA) employing multiprobe sets are powerful tools to simultaneously measure transcription of several different genes. We used BD Biosciences/Pharmingen's mouse chemokine probeset mCK-5c to measure chemokine gene expression in brain and spleen tissue of mice. Depending on the RPA protocol used, we observed differences in the relative amounts of transcripts for interferon-inducible protein 10 (IP-10) and T-cell activation-3 (TCA-3). Isolation and sequencing of the IP-10 specific gene from the mCK-5c probeset revealed two nucleotide insertions in the probe that are not present in the natural IP-10 cDNA. We show that these insertions cause RNase A-dependent degradation of the protected IP-10 mRNA yielding a fragment indistinguishable in size from that specific for TCA-3, thus leading to over-interpretation of TCA-3 expression as well as underestimation of IP-10 gene expression levels.

Field of study: Medicine
QUANTIZATION OF DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR REST MASSES AND SELF-ORGANIZATION OF ATOMS AND NUCLEI

We come to the conclusion that all atomic models based on either the Newton equation and the Kepler laws, or the Maxwell equations, or the Schrodinger and Dirac equations are in reasonable agreement with experimental data. We can only suspect that these equations are grounded on the same fundamental principle(s) which is (are) not known or these equations can be transformed into each other. We proposed a new mechanism of LENR: cooperative processes in the whole system - nuclei+atoms+condensed matter - nuclear reactions in plasma - can occur at smaller threshold energies than the corresponding ones on free constituents. We were able to quantize phenomenologically the first time the differences between atomic and nuclear rest masses by the formula (in MeV/c 2 ) �M = n 1

Field of study: Physics
A Spaceborne CsI(T1) Calorimeter For Cosmic Gamma Rays

Features of an instrument capable of measuring accurately cosmic gamma rays in the gigaelectronvolt energy range are discussed. The main component of this instrument is an electromagnetic calorimeter based on rods of CsI(Tl). The expected energy resolution is about 1% at 3 GeV. The use of such a calorimeter in a spaceborne experiment poses some technical problems. The temperature variation of the scintillation light yield must be accurately known in order to correct the data. The temperature dependence using cosmic ray muons and various radioactive sources is reported. The calibration of individual rods is crucial to achieving the desired resolution. Various methods of performing calibration in space, such as radioactive sources and cosmic rays, are discussed and it is concluded that a calibration procedure utilizing cosmic rays is feasible. Space experiments require stable low-power electronics. Readout electronics are presented, and estimates of noise and rates are given.

Field of study: Physics
On the Maximizing of Single Node Capacity for Wireless Networks

A single node capacity maximizing method for wireless networks is presented.In practice,by the influence of the nonlinear characteristic of hardware devices and environment,single node capacity will be maximized with an optimal transmit power,any decrease or increase of transmit power will leads to the decrease of cpapcity.The expression of this optimal power is derived in this paper and a new power selection method is proposed based on lookup table and curve fitting.Simulation results show that the capacity is maximized by using the proposed method.

Field of study: Computer science
EXAFS study of Nd3+ -exchanged β″ -alumina crystal

The local structure around the Nd3+ ions in 60%-exchanged sodium β″-alumina was studied by X-ray absorption spectroscopy. The analysis of the Nd L3-edge experimental data shows that neodymium ions are mainly located near mid-oxygen (9d) sites. The local environment of Nd is slightly changed compared to crystallographic positions: the Nd-O(5) distance is shortened by 0.36 A, while the Nd-Al(6c) is increased by 0.13 A. The values of Debye-Waller factors of different coordination shells are discussed in terms of vibrational correlation.

Field of study: Materials science
Fashionable packaging : processing

Packaging will play an integral role in the future of the liquid dairy market. Until recently, most emerging markets used only basic packaging. The trend towards an awareness of hygiene issues coupled with higher income and greater urbanisation, has led to a sustainable requirement for quality packaging solutions throughout the world, according to Dr Gail Barnes, vice-president for technology and packaging at Dairy Management Inc (DMI) in Chicago, USA.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Ovarian Function and Fertility after Timed Insemination Following the Treatment with PGF2.ALPHA. and hCG in Cows.

乳牛延べ12頭に対して,排卵後12日の黄体期にPGF2α15mgを投与した後54時間に4群に区分し,I,II,IIIおよびIV群の各3頭にそれぞれhCG500,1,000,1,500および3,000IUを追加投与して,24時間後に授精した.処置後は卵巣の変化,末梢血中Progesterone(P)の消長および受胎成績を調べた.その結果,PGF2α投与後黄体は全頭において退行したが,III,IV群の各1頭では退行しかけた黄体が排卵後においてもそのまま存続した.排卵はI群ではhCG投与後3-4日,II,IIIおよびIV群では2日に起こり,排卵後に形成された黄体の形状は,III,IV群の各1頭では発育不全,I,IV群の各1頭では嚢腫様を呈していた.排卵後9-10日までの間における血中P値の増加の程度は,IV群の1頭で緩慢であり,黄体が発育不全または嚢腫様であったIII群の1頭とIV群の2頭では2ng/ml以下で低かった.受胎した牛は,II,IIIおよびIV群の各1頭であった.以上のことから,本処置は無発情牛の受胎促進をはかる方法として応用しうるものと思われた.また,PGF2α投与後に追加投与するhCGの用量は,排卵誘起効果および処置後に形成された黄体のP分泌機能から,1,000IUで十分であることが認められた.

Field of study: Biology
Effects of Pretreatment of Zao Zhuang and Akabira Bituminous Coals with SiCl4-NaI Reagents on Pyrolytic Behavior of Extracts.

The effects of pretreatment of Zao Zhuang and Akabira coals with SiCl4-NaI reagents (for cleavage of ether bonds) on Curie-point pyrolytic behavior of the extracts were investigated. While this treatment showed a slight increase of extraction yield, the volatile yield of extracts greatly increased along with increasing amounts of highly condensed aromatic constituents in the volatile.

Field of study: Chemistry
Discovery of Mazama ash in Saskatchewan, Canada

The first known Mazama ash occurrence in Saskatchewan was discovered in eolian sediments at the top of the bluffs on the South Saskatchewan River valley 20 miles (~32 km) west of Leader, Saskatchewan. The chemical composition and the refractive index of the volcanic glass serve for the definite identification of the Mazama ash. The ash layer is a useful horizon marker in the eolian sediments, for it represents a time-break at 6 600 years ago. It is suggested that eolian deposits in similar sedimentary environments be examined for other occurrences of the Mazama ash.

Field of study: Environmental science
The Impact of Prematriculation Admission Characteristics on Graduation Rates in an Accelerated Doctor of Pharmacy Program

To evaluate the impact of admission characteristics on graduation in an accelerated doctor of pharmacy (PharmD) program.  Selected prematriculation characteristics of students entering the graduation class years of 2009-2012 on the Worcester and Manchester campuses of MCPHS University were analyzed and compared for on-time graduation.  Eighty-two percent of evaluated students (699 of 852) graduated on time. Students who were most likely to graduate on-time attended a 4-year school, previously earned a bachelor’s degree, had an overall prematriculation grade point average (GPA) greater than or equal to 3.6, and graduated in the spring just prior to matriculating to the university. Factors that reduced the likelihood of graduating on time were also identified. Work experience had a marginal impact on graduating on time.  Although there is no certainty in college admission decisions, prematriculation characteristics can help predict the likelihood for academic success of students in an accelerated PharmD program.

Field of study: Education, Medicine
Estimation and simulation of conditional hazard function in the quasi-associated framework when the observations are linked via a functional single-index structure

We consider the estimation of the conditional hazard function of a scalar response variable Y given a Hilbertian random variable X when the observations are linked via a single-index structure in the quasi-associated framework. We establish the pointwise almost complete convergence and the uniform almost complete convergence (with the rate) of the estimate of this model. A simulation is given to illustrate the good behavior in the practice of our methodology.

Field of study: Mathematics