nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
DIMR: Disjoint Interdomain Multipath Routing

Interdomain Multipath Routing, which enables a source AS to use more than one paths for a destination AS, is a promising technique for achieving high bandwidth, high resiliency and fast reaction to failures. However, previous interdomain multipath routing protocols often produce paths which might share bottlenecks, which makes them vulnerable to failure on bottlenecks and therefore inefficient to support interdomain traffic engineering or concurrent multipath transfer. In this paper, we propose Disjoint Interdomain Multipath Routing (DIMR), attempting to make more ASes discover two disjoint paths. In this protocol, we present the concept of path combination and design the rules of path combination selection. We evaluate DIMR by simulation. Experimental results show that, DIMR enables over 90% of multi-connected ASes to install two disjoint paths.

Field of study: Computer science
A Hybrid Field-Harmonics Approach for Passive Shimming Design in MRI

This paper presents a new passive shimming (PS) design scheme for the correction of static magnetic-field inhomogeneities in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) systems. In MRI, the PS procedure usually employs magnetic-field-based or harmonic-based methods to find an optimal iron-piece configuration to improve the uniformity of the static magnetic field in the imaging region. For the field-based PS technique, the peak-to-peak field inhomogeneity is minimized, and the harmonic components are inherently unconstrained; in the harmonic-based scheme, selected unwanted harmonics are minimized, and the overall field uniformity is consequently reduced. The field approach usually provides good field homogeneity but lacks flexibility in managing all terms of spherical harmonic field expansion; the harmonic approach is capable of controlling targeted low-order harmonic terms but can have difficulty in producing optimal overall field homogeneity and in controlling high-order harmonics. The new algorithm proposed herein attempts to combine the strengths of these two methods for a better PS solution. During the PS implementation, an explicit expression of the system matrix with both the field and harmonic sensitivities is generated, and then, an optimization procedure is performed for the determination of shim-piece thicknesses and locations. A case study presented shows that the hybrid method provides good quality, flexible solutions for controlling individual harmonic impurities, and also overall field uniformity. This method is not only applicable to conventional MRI magnets, but also, its flexibility means that it can be easily used to shim unconventional electromagnets.

Field of study: Physics
Performance-Based Funding for Community Colleges: Are Colleges Disadvantaged by Serving the Most Disadvantaged Students?

Texas recently adopted a new performance-based funding (PBF) model for community colleges. Using institutional student unit record data, this study applied the metrics from this PBF model to examine enrollment outcomes among 5,900 students attending a large, racially/ethnically diverse community college system in the state. Our findings revealed stark differences in PBF apportioned to the college as a function of students' characteristics. On average, students who were Asian, age 19 or younger, pursuing academic/transfer degrees, enrolled full-time, Pell Grant recipients, and assigned to the highest-levels (i.e. closest to college-level) of developmental math procured the most PBF for the college. Conversely, African American, older adults, part-time students, GED holders, and students assigned to the lowest level of developmental math secured much less funding. To assuage undesirable consequences on institutional behavior, we recommend modifications to Texas' PBF model that could help ensure community colleges are not discouraged from serving less advantaged students.

Field of study: Education
Attribution of methane point source emissions using airborne imaging spectroscopy and the Vista-California methane infrastructure dataset

Methane (CH4), an important greenhouse gas and pollutant, has been targeted for mitigation. Our recent California airborne survey identified >500 CH4 point source super-emitters, which accounted for 34-46% of the statewide CH4 emissions inventory for 2016.8 Individual plumes were observed in close proximity to expected methane emitting infrastructure, including gas storage facilities, hydrocarbon storage tanks, landfills, dairy lagoons, and pipeline leaks. In order to systematically attribute these plumes to their sources, we developed Vista-CA a geospatial database, that contains more than 900,000 validated CH4 infrastructure elements in the state of California. In parallel, we developed a complimentary algorithm that attributes any individual CH4 plume observation to the most likely Vista-CA source with 99% accuracy. The present study illustrates the capabilities of the Vista-CA CH4 database along with the Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer – Next Generation (AVIRIS-NG) airborne CH4 retrievals to locate and attribute CH4 point sources to specific economic sectors to improve the state CH4 budget and identify mitigation targets.

Field of study: Environmental science
The effect of sputtered interface metallic layers on reinforced core laminate making build-up structures

In conventional printed circuit board manufacturing, pressure and heat are used to attach the copper layer to the laminate. To achieve narrow lines the additive method is used instead. To produce the seed metal, a palladium bath is quite often used. This method is used in conventional PCB production. In our paper we suggest a new method of arriving at a very thin and even surface by sputtering. The sputtering process is done in a simple chamber with an argon atmosphere. The process is rapid (only few tens of seconds) and inexpensive, since the produced layer is very thin. This sputtered metal acts as an adhesion layer, and copper can be grown on this layer either through electrolysis or by electroless means. In the adhesion test, the sputtered and copper-coated specimens were subjected to a peel strength test. It has been noted that the adhesion of sputtered metal to the epoxies differs greatly depending on the metal used. The effects of heating after sputtering have also been identified. It has also been noted that the treatment of the surface has a significant effect on adhesion. In this paper we describe the sputtering method, the results of the peel strength tests and the treatments, which act on the adhesion of the metal to the base laminates.

Field of study: Engineering
Modulation transfer function measurements of microjetted microlenses.

We measured the modulation transfer function for microjetted microlenses with diameters ranging between 109 and 400 microm and with focal lengths ranging between 135 and 540 microm. We found that single-drop 109-microm-diameter microlenses perform close to their theoretical cutoff frequency. However, the larger lenses made with multiple droplets have a cutoff frequency that is 35% of the theoretical value. We interpret this as an illustration of the rapid increase in spherical aberration as the diameter of a lens increases.

Field of study: Physics
Distribution of preprosomatostatin mRNA in the rat parietal and temporal cortex.

The cerebral cortex of normal adult rats was studied by in situ hybridisation histochemistry, using digoxigenin-labelled oligonucleotide probes to preprosomatostatin (SOM). Labelled neurons were present in all cortical layers except layer I. They varied in staining intensity from light to heavy. There was no correlation between the size of the soma and staining intensity. A variety of neuronal types were SOM-positive. Some were clearly non-pyramidal, with a rounded soma and horizontal or oblique stem dendrites, while others had a prominent ascending apical dendrite and were interpreted as pyramidal neurons.

Field of study: Biology
Matrix Subspaces of $L_1$

If $E=\{e_i\}$ and $F=\{f_i\}$ are two 1-unconditional basic sequences in $L_1$ with $E$ $r$-concave and $F$ $p$-convex, for some $1\le r<p\le 2$, then the space of matrices $\{a_{i,j}\}$ with norm 
$\|\{a_{i,j}\}\|_{E(F)}=\big\|\sum_k \|\sum_l a_{k,l}f_l\|e_k\big\|$ embeds into $L_1$. This generalizes a recent result of Prochno and Sch\"utt.

Field of study: Mathematics
准经典轨迹法对CH 4 ,SiH 4 ,GeH 4 分子振动激发态局域模振动的研究

采用准经典轨迹法,讨论了XH 4 分子(X=C,Si,Ge)简正模和局域模振动激发态能量与时间的变化关系.结果表明,CH 4 分子中,C—H键伸缩振动与H—C—H弯曲振动耦合作用较大,能量转移迅速;SiH 4 ,GeH 4 分子中,这种耦合作用较小,可以观察到明显的能量驰豫.在一定的振动激发态下存在着近似的局域模振动.

Field of study: Chemistry
Effect of Vacuum Heat Treatment on the Structure and Electrical Properties of the Multilayer In2O3/SnO2 System

Multilayer films (In2O3/SnO2)69 are obtained via ion-beam sputtering. The effect vacuum heat treatment in the range of room temperature to 600°C has on the structure and electrical properties is studied. It is found that the structures obtained with different thicknesses of the In2O3/SnO2 bilayer are stable up to a heat treatment temperature of 400°С. Raising the temperature to 600°C alters the sign of the coefficient of temperature resistance from negative to positive.

Field of study: Physics
ESPORTE DE RISCO E RISCO NO ESPORTE: UMA ANÁLISE DO RISCO PERCEBIDO NO VOO LIVRE SPORT OF RISK AND RISK IN SPORT: AN ANALYSIS OF THE PERCEIVED RISK HAND GLIDING

O objetivo deste artigo e analisar o risco percebido, na pratica do voo livre, por diferentes atores sociais envolvidos direta e indiretamente nesta atividade. A metodologia teve como instrumentos: a entrevista e o questionario. Investigamos cinco diferentes grupos: observadores, passageiros de primeiro voo, instrutores, atletas e ex-atletas. O entendimento do risco envolve fatores de dificil mensuracao. Esta intrinsecamente associado a elementos sociais e sua percepcao. A producao aponta que quanto maior a familiaridade com a pratica menor a percepcao de risco. Verificamos que, em contraponto a producao da area, o risco percebido nao diminuiu de acordo com a familiaridade no esporte. Isto pode ser explicado, em parte, pela competicao que potencializa riscos e constroi uma reflexividade sobre a permanencia na atividade.

Field of study: Education
Chile's health sector reform: lessons from four reform periods.

This paper applies an interdisciplinary approach to analyze the process of health reform in four significant periods in Chilean history: (1) the consolidation of state responsibility for public health in the 1920s, (2) the creation of the state-run National Health Service in the 1950s, (3) the decentralization of primary care and privatization of health insurance in the 1980s, and (4) the strengthening of the mixed public-private market in the 1990s. Building on the authors' separate disciplines, the paper examines the epidemiological, political and economic contexts of these reforms to test simple hypotheses about how these factors shape reform adoption and implementation. The analysis underlines: (1) the importance of epidemiological data as an impetus to public policy; (2) the inhibiting role of economic recession in adoption and implementation of reforms: and (3) the importance of the congruence of reforms with underlying political ideology in civil society. The paper also tests several hypotheses about the reform processes themselves, exploring the role of antecedents, interest groups, and consensus-building in the policy process. It found that incremental processes building on antecedent trends characterize most reform efforts. However, interest group politics and consensus building were found to be complex processes that are not easily captured by the simple hypotheses that were tested. The interdisciplinary approach is found to be a promising form of analysis and suggests further theoretical and empirical issues to be explored.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Concomitants of generalized order statistics from iterated Farlie–Gumbel–Morgenstern type bivariate distribution

In this article, we study the concomitants of m-generalized order statistics (m-GOS) from iterated Farlie–Gumbel–Morgenstern bivariate distributions, denoted by IFGM ( λ , η ) , as an extension of ...

Field of study: Mathematics
Universal Bounds on the Derivatives of the Symbol Error Rate for Arbitrary Constellations

The symbol error rate (SER) of the minimum distance detector under additive white Gaussian noise is studied in terms of generic bounds and higher order derivatives for arbitrary constellations. A general approach is adopted so that the recent results on the convexity/concavity and complete monotonicity properties of the SER can be obtained as special cases. Novel universal bounds on the SER, which depend only on the constellation dimensionality, minimum and maximum constellation distances are obtained. It is shown that the sphere hardening argument in the channel coding theorem can be derived using the proposed bounds. Sufficient conditions based on the positive real roots (with odd multiplicity) of an explicitly-specified polynomial are presented to determine the signs of the SER derivatives of all orders in signal-to-noise ratio. Furthermore, universal bounds are given for the SER derivatives of all orders. As an example, it is shown that the proposed bounds yield a better characterization of the SER for arbitrary two-dimensional constellations over the complete monotonicity property derived recently.

Field of study: Engineering
The recorded open-circuit voltage and fill factor achievement of a-Si:H p-i-n/HIT-type tandem solar cells by tuning up the crystalline in tunneling recombination junction layer

In this study, a recorded high open-circuit voltage (Voc) of 1.61 V and fill factor (FF) of 76.65% of a-Si:H p-i-n/heterojunction with intrinsic thin layer (HIT)-type multi-junction solar cells were achieved using grain size enlargement within the p-type μc-Si:H layer in a p-type μc-Si:H/n-type a-Si:H tunneling recombination junction (TRJ) layer. The p-type μc-Si:H layer's conductivity increased from 1.74 × 10−4 to 0.1 S cm−1 as the film's crystallinity increased from 41.5% to 67.5%. The a-Si:H p-i-n/HIT-type multi-junction solar cells also benefited from the tuning up crystalline p-type μc-Si:H layer, showing the increase of Voc and FF from 1.5 V and 49.88% to 1.61 V and 76.65%, respectively; while the short-circuit current density (9.38 ± 0.2 mA cm−2) did not change significantly. These are the highest Voc and FF values achieved in a-Si:H p-i-n/HIT-type multi-junction solar cells, recently. From dark current-voltage analysis, it was deduced that the enhanced crystalline films could assist in suppressing carrier interference in the TRJ layer, thus reduces electric field distortion and mitigates recombination in the device. In summary, an enhanced crystalline p-type μc-Si:H layer could be a viable option for ensuring an excellent TRJ layer, thus achieved high efficiency of inorganic/c-Si tandem solar cells. Using optimal condition with crystallinity of 74.1%, the photovoltaic parameters of the device yield Voc, Jsc and FF of 1.51 V, 13.01 mA cm−2 and 71.45%, which in turned giving an efficiency of 14.04% for a-SiGe:H p-i-n/HIT-type tandem solar cell.

Field of study: Materials science
[Work conditions and health status of workers in coal mining open pits of the Kansk-Achinsk fuel-energy complex and the Southern Yakutsk coal complex].

: A hygienic assessment of the working conditions at the open-cast mines of KATEK and YuYaUK showed that the conditions were better at KATEK than at the Neryungrin mine, due to milder climate, non-transport system of stripping, wheel-type trenching, and railway transport in the mining areas. No cases of occupational disease were registered. The working conditions and the character of work may influence the general morbidity, in particular the development of cardiovascular disease. The efficacy of health promotion actions is analysed and recommendations on further improvement of the working conditions are presented.

Field of study: Medicine
Waveguide CO laser with high-frequency excitation

A static waveguide CO laser with high-frequency excitation of the active medium was developed and investigated. A study was made of the influence of the addition of various gases on the stability of the high-frequency discharge and on the output power of the laser. When the pump frequency was 125 MHz and the pressure in the mixture was 100 Torr, the output power was 0.3 W.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Shelter from the Storm: Roles, responsibilities, and challenges in United States housing policy governance.

Housing is a critical social determinant of health. Housing policy not only affects health by improving housing quality, affordability, and insecurity; housing policy affects health upstream through the politics that shape housing policy design, implementation, and management. These politics, or governance strategies, determine the successes or failures of housing policy programs. This paper is an overview of challenges in housing policy governance in the United States. I examine the important relationship between housing and health, and emphasize why studying housing policy governance matters. I then present three cases of housing governance challenges in the United States, from each pathway by which housing affects health - housing quality, affordability, and insecurity. Each case corresponds to an arm of the TAPIC framework for evaluating governance (Krieger and Higgins) , to assess mechanisms of housing governance in each case. While housing governance has come a long way over the past century, political decentralization and the expansion of the submerged state have increased the number of political actors and policy conflict in many areas. This creates inherent challenges for improving accountability, transparency, and policy capacity. In many instances, too, reduced government accountability and transparency increases the risk of harm to the public and lessens governmental integrity.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Local Area Networks Supporting Speech Traffic

This paper presents a new analytical model for estimating the average queue length and the average queueing delay of data packets in a SENET-like integrated voice and data system. The analytical model also computes the mean queue lengths and average queueing delays of data packets for every number of calls allowed in the system. The analysis uses the fluid flow approximation of data queues. The equations used to represent the integrated system provide further insight into the system behavior and can be useful to similar systems. The method presented here is easy to apply, avoids the numerical difficulties of other methods in the literature, and yields estimates in very good agreement with simulation results. Also presented is a new flow control procedure that significantly improves the delay performance and considerably reduces the mean data queue length.

Field of study: Computer science
Quench Plagioclase from some Archean Basalts

Quench plagioclase has been recognized in well preserved Archean submarine basalts from four localities in the superior province of the Canadian Shield. The crystals are skeletal in form with hollow cross sections and swallow tail terminations. In some cases the microphenocrysts are zoned. The widespread occurrence of quench plagioclase suggests that this feature was rather common in Archean basalts, but it is only locally preserved.

Field of study: Environmental science
Access to UG in the Acquisition of Long-Distance Wh-Questions of L3 English by L1 Mongolian Learners

This study examines a peculiar L3 error in the production of long-distance (LD) wh-questions in English, which does not seem to arise out of L1 Mongolian or L2 Russian. The linguistic behavior anticipated in Universal Grammar was to mark the LD wh-questions in English with a wh-expletive sort of what in matrix clause and with the meaningful wh-word in embedded clause such as *What do you think who Julianne likes?, instead of Who do you think Julianne likes? These rare L3 data in English were gathered from eight L1 Mongolian college students who already had working knowledge in L2 Russian. A cross-sectional oral- translation method was employed to elicit the data of L2 Russian and L3 English, which was further analyzed with the One-Sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov test to tell apart the group difference. According to the statistical analysis, the participants seemed to employ the L2 Russian grammar in the production of LD wh-questions in L3 English, but they selected the different wh-expletive what, not how as in L2 Russian. Since many other natural languages (Hungarian, German, Romani, among others) do employ what as the wh-expletive to mark their LD wh-questions, this study concludes that the participants somehow selected the linguistic option that is available in natural languages, but not available in their L1 Mongolian and L2 Russian.

Field of study: Linguistics
PICOSECOND PULSE RADIOLYSIS OF FLUOROTRICHLOROMETHANE AND BROMOTRICHLOROMETHANE

Transient species in the radiolysis of CFCl3 and CBrCl3 was studied by stroboscopic picosecond pulse radiolysis. Two principal bands in the UV and Vis region were observed in both samples and identified as cations and charge transfer complexes of parent cations and halogen anions respectively.

Field of study: Chemistry
A Trans-Ethnic Genome-Wide Association Study of Uterine Fibroids

Uterine fibroids affect up to 77% of women by menopause and account for up to $34 billion in healthcare costs each year. Although fibroid risk is heritable, genetic risk for fibroids is not well understood. We conducted a two-stage case-control meta-analysis of genetic variants in European and African ancestry women with and without fibroids classified by a previously published algorithm requiring pelvic imaging or confirmed diagnosis. Women from seven electronic Medical Records and Genomics (eMERGE) network sites (3,704 imaging-confirmed cases and 5,591 imaging-confirmed controls) and women of African and European ancestry from UK Biobank (UKB, 5,772 cases and 61,457 controls) were included in the discovery genome-wide association study (GWAS) meta-analysis. Variants showing evidence of association in Stage I GWAS (P < 1 × 10-5) were targeted in an independent replication sample of African and European ancestry individuals from the UKB (Stage II) (12,358 cases and 138,477 controls). Logistic regression models were fit with genetic markers imputed to a 1000 Genomes reference and adjusted for principal components for each race- and site-specific dataset, followed by fixed-effects meta-analysis. Final analysis with 21,804 cases and 205,525 controls identified 326 genome-wide significant variants in 11 loci, with three novel loci at chromosome 1q24 (sentinel-SNP rs14361789; P = 4.7 × 10-8), chromosome 16q12.1 (sentinel-SNP rs4785384; P = 1.5 × 10-9) and chromosome 20q13.1 (sentinel-SNP rs6094982; P = 2.6 × 10-8). Our statistically significant findings further support previously reported loci including SNPs near WT1, TNRC6B, SYNE1, BET1L, and CDC42/WNT4. We report evidence of ancestry-specific findings for sentinel-SNP rs10917151 in the CDC42/WNT4 locus (P = 1.76 × 10-24). Ancestry-specific effect-estimates for rs10917151 were in opposite directions (P-Het-between-groups = 0.04) for predominantly African (OR = 0.84) and predominantly European women (OR = 1.16). Genetically-predicted gene expression of several genes including LUZP1 in vagina (P = 4.6 × 10-8), OBFC1 in esophageal mucosa (P = 8.7 × 10-8), NUDT13 in multiple tissues including subcutaneous adipose tissue (P = 3.3 × 10-6), and HEATR3 in skeletal muscle tissue (P = 5.8 × 10-6) were associated with fibroids. The finding for HEATR3 was supported by SNP-based summary Mendelian randomization analysis. Our study suggests that fibroid risk variants act through regulatory mechanisms affecting gene expression and are comprised of alleles that are both ancestry-specific and shared across continental ancestries.

Field of study: Biology