nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Local and systemic effects of co‐stimulatory blockade using cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen‐4‐immunoglobulin in dinitrofluorobenzene‐ and oxazolone‐induced contact hypersensitivity in mice

Cytotoxic T lymphocyte‐associated antigen‐4 (CTLA‐4)‐immunoglobulin (Ig) has immunosuppressive properties both in vivo and in vitro, but much is still unknown about the mechanisms by which CTLA‐4‐Ig exerts its immunosuppressive activities in vivo. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of CTLA‐4‐Ig in a mouse model of contact hypersensitivity (CHS). The inflammatory response in the presence or absence of CTLA‐4‐Ig was evaluated by measuring the increase in ear thickness in sensitized animals after challenge. We observed a dose‐dependent suppression of the ear swelling in both dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB)‐ and oxazolone‐induced CHS. The suppressive effect was still present 3 weeks after administration, even in the absence of circulating levels of CTLA‐4‐Ig. It was further shown that CTLA‐4‐Ig inhibits activation of T cells in the draining lymph node after sensitization and affects the maturation level of both dendritic cells and B cells. Furthermore, CTLA‐4‐Ig reduces infiltration of activated CD8+ T cells into the inflamed ear tissue and suppresses both local and systemic inflammation, as illustrated by reduced expression of cytokines and chemokines in the inflamed ear and a reduced level of acute‐phase proteins in circulation. Finally, our results suggest that CTLA‐4‐Ig has a mainly immunosuppressive effect during the sensitization phase. We conclude that CTLA‐4‐Ig induces long‐term immunosuppression of both DNFB‐ and oxazolone‐induced inflammation and our data are the first to compare the effect of this compound in both DNFB‐ and oxazolone‐induced CHS and to show that CTLA‐4‐Ig exerts an immunosuppressive effect on both local and systemic inflammatory mediators which is mediated principally during the sensitization phase.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Effect of Surface Metal Modification on Corrosion Resistance of Ships

Different compound metal powder was coated on the surface of 20 steel for ships by the method of supersonic plasma spraying to obtain surface metal modification, the salt-spray corrosion resistance, electrochemistry corrosion resistance and immersion corrosion resistance in man-made acid rain were tested and analyzed. The results show that the surface metal modification by spraying compound metal powder can effectively improve the corrosion resistance of 20 steel for ships, and the effect is especially obvious with the addition of Sc in the compound of metal powder. Compared with the sample without surface metal modification, the compound of metal powder containing Sc sprayed on the surface of 20 steel for ships by supersonic plasma spraying makes the mass loss rate of the sample after salt-spray corrosion for 240 h decreased by 87%, makes corrosion potential in 6 mol/L KOH solution shuffled by 13.64%, and makes the corrosion rate in man-made acid solution decreased by 91.3%.

Field of study: Materials science
A 1,3-DIPOLE IN SULFILIMINE-PHOSPHINE SYSTEM (II). THE REACTION OF SULFILIMINE-PHOSPHINE SYSTEM WITH ALCOHOLS

Alkyl phenyl N-p-tosylsulfilimine and phosphine react with various alcohols affording the phosphinimine(II) and the complex(IV) together with the reduced and alkyl-exchanged sulfides in which the alkyl groups come from the alcohols used. The results indicate the initial formation of a 1,3-dipole.

Field of study: Chemistry
Marine litter in an EBSA (Ecologically or Biologically Significant Area) of the central Mediterranean Sea: Abundance, composition, impact on benthic species and basis for monitoring entanglement.

Marine litter is commonly observed everywhere in the ocean. In this study, we analyzed 17 km of video footage, collected by a Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV) at depths ranging between 20 and 220 m, during 19 transects performed on the rocky banks of the Straits of Sicily. Recently, the Contracting Parties of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) recognized this site as an Ecologically or Biologically Significant Area (EBSA). The research aim was to quantify the abundance of marine litter and its impact on benthic fauna. Litter density ranged from 0 items/100 m2 to 14.02 items/100 m2 with a mean (±standard error) of 2.13 (±0.84) items/100 m2. The observed average density was higher (5.2 items/100 m2) at depths >100 m than at shallower depths (<100 m, 0.71 items/100 m2). Lost or abandoned fishing lines contributed to 98.07% of the overall litter density, then representing the dominant source of marine debris. Litter interactions with fauna were frequently observed, with 30% of litter causing "entanglement/coverage" and 15% causing damage to sessile fauna. A total of 16 species showed interaction (entanglement/coverage or damage) with litter items and 12 of these are species of conservation concern according to international directives and agreements (CITES, Berne Convention, Habitat Directive, SPA/BD Protocol, IUCN Red List); we also observed 7 priority habitats of the SPA/BD Protocol. This research will support the implementation of monitoring "Harm" as recommended by the UN Environment/MAP Regional Plan on Marine Litter Management in the Mediterranean, and the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD). The institution of a SPAMI in the investigated area could represent a good management action for the protection of this hotspot of biodiversity and to achieve a Good Environmental Status (GES) for the marine environment by 2020, under the MSFD.

Field of study: Environmental science
[Magnetic resonance spectroscopy data in the prognosis of consciousness recovery in patients with vegetative state].

To study the prognostic value of magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) in patients with vegetative state/unresponsive wakefulness syndrome (VS/UWS).



Thirty-four patients with VS/UWS underwent multi-voxel MRS (thalamus, globus pallidus, putamen, internal capsules, fornix, brainstem, temporal and frontal cortex). Subjects were grouped according to etiology: 22 patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) (group 1) and 12 patients with a hypoxia (group 2). The groups were matched by age and duration of UWS (mean 2, 3 months). The CRS-R was used to identify the first signs of consciousness during hospitalization and 6-12 months later. Outcomes of the patients with TBI were as follows: chronic VS/UWS (n=6), minimally conscious state (MCS) plus (n=9), emergence from MCS (EMCS) (n=7). Outcomes of the patients with hypoxia were: chronic vegetative state (n=10), minimally conscious state (MCS) (n=2).



The decrease in the NAA/Cr ratio in thalamus, capsula interna, temporal cortex are correlated with poor outcome in both groups. Higher rates of NAA/Cr in these structures are correlated with further recovery of consciousness. The decrease in the ratio of NAA Cr and NAA/NAA+Cho+Cr in the midbrain is correlated with poor outcome only in UWS with hypoxia.



The results suggest that the MRS allows to more accurately predicting the outcome in VS/UWS patients with hypoxic brain damage, as well as in UWS patients with TBI, who have recovered consciousness to the level of EMCS.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
CD46 activation induces distinct CXCL‐10 response in monocytes and monocyte‐derived dendritic cells

&NA; CD46 is an important immune regulatory receptor with dual functions, however, the CD46 isoform distribution and the effect of CD46 activation on the cytokine production in monocytes and monocyte‐derived dendritic cells (moDCs) is unclear. Here, we show that CD46 activation of moDCs downregulates LPS‐induced CXCL‐10 expression, while the expression of CXCL‐10 in monocytes is unaffected. Furthermore, the differentiation of moDCs induces a switch towards dominance of CYT‐2 isoforms of CD46. These data indicate that CD46 activation exerts different functions in monocytes and moDCs and this correlates with a switch in CD46 isoform expression upon differentiation of moDCs.

Field of study: Medicine
Characterization of monoclonal antibodies directed to the amino-terminus of the WT1, Wilms' tumor suppressor protein.

We have produced and characterized three monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) directed to the amino terminus of the WT1 Wilms' tumor suppressor transcription factor and compared their properties to rabbit polyclonal sera raised to the same immunogen. A recombinant protein consisting of amino acids 1-181 of human WT1 was overexpressed in E. coli, purified, and used as the immunogen. Three MAbs designated 6F-H2, 6F-H7, and 6F-HC-17--all of the IgG1 subclass--were selected and further characterized. Each recognized all isoforms of the full-length WT1 protein in Western blot assays and immunoprecipitated WT1 in both physiologic buffers and under high detergent/high salt (RIPA) conditions. Preliminary epitope mapping suggests that all three MAbs recognize a region in the amino terminal 84 amino acids of WT1 and that the MAbs do not recognize the polyglycine or polyproline regions of the protein. The WT1 antibodies do not recognize the structurally and functionally related early growth response (EGR)1, EGR2, EGR3, or EGR4 proteins. All WT1 MAbs recognize the murine WT1 protein and immunohistochemical staining of murine embryonic and newborn kidney sections show strong staining of condensing metanephric mesenchyme and primitive podocytes in developing glomeruli. These WT1-specific MAbs should be useful in characterizing the biochemical and developmental roles of WT1 and in defining the emerging role of WT1 as a diagnostic and/or prognostic marker in mesothelioma, leukemias, and breast cancer.

Field of study: Biology
Derivative-coupling models and the nuclear-matter equation of state

The equation of state of saturated nuclear matter is derived using two different derivative-coupling Lagrangians. We show that both descriptions are equivalent and can be obtained from the σ - ω model through an appropriate rescaling of the coupling constants. We introduce generalized forms of this rescaling to study the correlations amongst observables in infinite nuclear matter, in particular, the compressibility and the effective nucleon mass.

Field of study: Physics
Some Aspect of Protective Systems in Nuclear Power Plants

Protective systems for nuclear power reactors have assumed a high degree of development. The primary motive has been the emphasis given to making reactors safe and more recently the desire to offset the site distance requirement through engineered safeguards. Increased reactor operating experience and improved safety analyses have contributed to a better definition of the events and conditions requiring protective systems. The judicious use of such philosophies as redundancy and coincidence in system designs has led to both greater safety and reactor operating continuity. Reliability of protective systems has been enhanced by parallel efforts in system and individual component design. Techniques and procedures for checking and testing protective systems have been developed and adopted at many installations to offset the inherent difficulty of assessing reliability of systems which experience little or no use under actual stressed conditions. Design practices have been effected to provide greater assurance that systems are independent although this remains as one of the outstanding problems. Protective systems in the context of monitoring devices are being developed by the application of noise analyses, digital computer control and the use of transistorized or solid state circuitry. Finally, the actual performance of protective systems is being manifested through analysis of existing operating records.

Field of study: Physics
Eight Types of Graphic Organizers for Empowering Social Studies Students and Teachers

Graphic organizers offer visual models that equip teachers and students with tools, concepts, and language to organize, understand, and apply information. Many teachers, concerned that social studies tends to overwhelm students, feel social studies is viewed as a complex and confusing subject unrelated to the contemporary world. Graphic organizers help students sort, show relationships, make meaning, and manage data quickly and easily before, during, and after reading and discussion. They are useful for reading difficult material, highlighting information, valuing cultural diversity, meeting needs of special populations, and supporting language learning. In this article, the authors present eight types of graphic organizers with descriptions, vocabulary, and examples applicable to citizenship and government, economics, geography, and history in pre-K-12 settings. Teachers should modify and extend the examples so learning is student centered, student directed, developmentally appropriate, active, challenging, and productive.

Field of study: Sociology
Water Purification by Hydrophytes and Change of Microorganism in Root Zone and Water

Three kinds of hydrophytes commonly used in constructed wetlands are cultivated in the lab to purify contaminated lake water,i.e.,Sagittaria sagittifolia,Pistia straiote and Myriophyllum spicatum. The study concentrated on their capabilities in removing total nitrogen and total phosphorus,and the efficiencies investigated showed Pistia straiote was the best in both TP and TN removals, with 96.0% and 99.73% respectively. Also studied were the bacteria number both in root zone and water,the speciation of nitrogen and the concentration of TP during different stages. It is revealed that bacteria total number in water indicated the level of water pollution.

Field of study: Environmental science
Synthesis, characterisation of sulfated zirconia & application as solid acid catalyst for industrially important organic reaction

Sulfated zirconia can be considered as zirconium dioxide (zirconia) doped with sulfate. Its modification with various transition metals such as Pt[18],Fe and Mn[19], has been found to improve the catalytic activity and the stability against the rapid deactivation of sulfated zirconia. Sulfate-treated zirconiagelmodified by platinumis active for n-pentane isomerization and the activity aswell as the selectivity being similar to those of commercial catalysts[1]. It can behave as a superacid on the basis of measurements of titration method of Hammett indicators[2]. In the presentworkAseries ofmesoporous sulfated ziorconia (SZ) were synthesized and their catalytic activity has been measured in organic synthesis of cumarin, xanthene and flavanone. The catalysts has been characterized through XPRD studies, FT-IR Studies and their SEMmorphology.

Field of study: Materials science
Reflections on Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises' Financing Difficulties

Financing difficulty is becoming an important problem for small and medium-sized enterprises during their development. By analzing the reason of the problem, the paper provides several strategies to solve the problem. 1) Commercial banks should change minds and performing philosophy to serve the small and medium-sized enterprises; 2) Tailor-made financial services, such as creative products and services, should be given to these enterprises; 3) Commercial banks should widening the channels of direct financing and setting up the guarantee financing system are also essential to solve the problem.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Latin American Archivology, 1951-1953

HE ARCHIVES OF Latin America continue to make important contributions to intellectual life through their service and publications. They are still hampered by inadequate quarters, poorly trained personnel and insufficient funds, with which to effectively carry out their functions. However, it is to be noted that there is growing interest and progress in the proper preservation of records, and greater appreciation of their importance for the cultural life of the American nations. Concrete evidence of the attention given to the archives is the construction of new buildings in Guatemala, Ecuador, Mexico, and the Dominican Republic. Construction is also receiving much consideration in Argentina, Venezuela, Costa Rica, and Honduras, where the directors are insisting on its necessity. Although, in general, funds for publications are limited or lacking, a number of the archives have been able to make worthy contributions in this field. As will be noted from the bibliographies below, outstanding contributions were made by the national archives of Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Venezuela, Colombia, Costa Rica, Chile, and Ecuador, as well as by numerous local archives in Argentina and Brazil. The directors of the other archives repeatedly recommend the assigning of funds for this phase of their work. In all the archives the work of arrangement, classification and cataloguing are carried on to the extent permitted by the available personnel. This serves to make more of the records available to scholars. In some archives there are regular accessions, but in many the lack of space prevents the acceptance of additional documents. During the period under review, there were several changes in the directorships of national archives. These changes are noted below.

Field of study: History
Anti-Mycobacterial Peptides: From Human to Phage

Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the major pathogen of tuberculosis (TB). With the growing problem of M. tuberculosis resistant to conventional antibiotics, especially multi-drug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) and extensively-drug resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB), the need for new TB drugs is now more prominent than ever. Among the promising candidates for anti-TB drugs, anti-mycobacterial peptides have a few advantages, such as low immunogenicity, selective affinity to prokaryotic negatively charged cell envelopes, and diverse modes of action. In this review, we summarize the recent progress in the anti-mycobacterial peptides, highlighting the sources, effectiveness and bactericidal mechanisms of these antimicrobial peptides. Most of the current anti-mycobacterial peptides are derived either from host immune cells, bacterial extraction, or mycobacteriophages. Besides trans-membrane pore formation, which is considered to be the common bactericidal mechanism, many of the anti-mycobacterial peptides have the second non-membrane targets within mycobacteria. Additionally, some antimicrobial peptides play critical roles in innate immunity. However, a few obstacles, such as short half-life in vivo and resistance to antimicrobial peptides, need overcoming before clinical applications. Nevertheless, the multiple functions of anti-mycobacterial peptides, especially direct killing of pathogens and immune-modulators in infectious and inflammatory conditions, indicate that they are promising candidates for future drug development.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
FATIGUE ANALYSIS AND OPTIMIZATION OF MARINE HERRINGBONE GEAR BASED ON TOOTH ROOT DYNAMIC STRESS

In order reasonably to estimate herringbone gear fatigue life through the dynamic stress of tooth root, a gear vibration model of 12-degree freedom of herringbone is established, considering meshing stiffness, corner mesh impact, and tooth surface contact friction. Meanwhile, the tooth-root-stress relevance between other meshing teeth is also considered, and the dynamic stress trend of herringbone gear tooth root of the tension side is calculated. The dynamic stress at the mid-point of the pinion tooth root of the tension side under three commonly used load conditions is selected as the fatigue life calculation object by analyzing the theory of tooth fatigue life mechanism. The dynamic stress fatigue life of herringbone gear teeth root is calculated by Miner linear cumulative damage theory and the counting method of two-parameter rain flow, considering stress amplitude and mean stress. The influence is discussed on the fatigue life of the tooth root reverse compressive stress between other meshing teeth. Herringbone gear tooth surface is optimized under tooth dynamic stress fatigue life to the consolidated load conditions by three-dimensional modification technology. The results show that the tooth root dynamic stress trend flattens after modification, and the fatigue life is increased by 25%.

Field of study: Engineering
"What should we talk about?" The association between the information exchanged during the mental health intake and the quality of the working alliance.

We investigated the association between the content of the information exchanged between clients and therapists during mental health intake and the quality of the therapeutic alliance. Thirty-eight therapists and 107 clients from four mental health clinics in Israel participated in the study. The content of information discussed was coded directly from the recorded intakes by blinded raters. Clients and therapists completed the Working Alliance Inventory immediately following the intake. Therapists spent the majority of intake time in collecting information about their clients' diagnostic symptoms and personal history and sociocultural background. Due to the high negative correlation between these factors, r(107) = -.68, p < .001, we created a measure of delta score with higher scores reflecting more discussion of personal history and sociocultural background and less discussion of diagnostic symptoms. We computed three-level hierarchical linear model analysis, with intakes nested within therapists and therapists nested within sites, to examine the association between the delta score and the working alliance, while controlling for intake duration. Results showed significant association between the delta score and clients' rating of the working alliance (γ200 = 0.014, p = .02), indicating that discussing more personal history and sociocultural background and less diagnostic symptoms was associated with better clients' rating of the working alliance. Therapists' rating of the working alliance was not significantly associated with the content of the information exchanged. The restricted intake time allocated to therapists dictates use of strategies to deal with time trade-offs to complete a thorough diagnostic assessment while allowing clients to tell their personal story.

Field of study: Psychology
Enhanced Desorption of Phenanthrene from Soils Using Hydroxypropyl‐β‐cyclodextrin: Experimental Results and Model Predictions

Objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of hydroxypropyl‐β‐cyclodextrin (HPCD) on the removal of phenanthrene from solid phase. Batch tests for the phenanthrene distribution between aqueous and solid phase were conducted in the presence of HPCD. Column tests and numerical simulations were conducted to evaluate the roles of HPCD cavities and interaction rates between water, HPCD, and solid phase in the enhanced removal of phenanthrene. Experimental results showed that HPCD was effective in removing sorbed phenanthrene from subsurface environment, primarily due to its negligible sorption to the solid phase and the partitioning of phenanthrene into HPCD cavities. From the numerical simulations, it was found that rate‐limited partitioning of phenanthrene into HPCD cavities was most influential factor in the enhanced elution of phenanthrene. Sorption and desorption rate of phenanthrene between aqueous and solid phase was very fast or near equilibrium state. Interaction rates of contaminant between water, HPCD, and solid phase could be affected by other factors such as soil types and organic matter contents. Results from this study implied that HPCD flushing could be effectively applied for the removal of hydrophobic organic pollutants existing in the soils as sorbed or NAPL state.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences