nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Effect of Arousal by Social Isolation, Grouping, and D-Amphetamine on Inter-Male Aggression in Mice (Mus Musculus)

24 adult male Swiss-Webster mice were randomly assigned to one of four equal experimental groups: a socially isolated group (8 days) which received a high dose of d-amphetamine prior to testing, a socially isolated group which received distilled water prior to testing, a social group of six (8 days) which received a high dose of d-amphetamine prior to testing, and a social group of six which received distilled water prior to testing. In the tests in which experimental animals were paired with stimulus animals which had their olfactory bulbs removed, inter-male aggression occurred even in the absence of aggressive retaliation by the stimulus animals. This suggests mutual arousal is sufficient to initiate and maintain biting attacks, aggressive retaliation is not necessary. Also, extremely high arousal in experimental mice induced by d-amphetamine and social isolation completely suppressed inter-male aggression whereas neither variable did so alone.

Field of study: Psychology
Accurate modeling of vapor–liquid equilibria of binary mixtures of refrigerants using intelligent models

Developing simple, accurate and general models for prediction of different properties of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) and hydrocarbons (HCs) with hydrofluoro-olefins (HFOs) mixtures is of crucial importance in the design of new refrigeration system. In this communication, four computer based models namely Radial Basis Function Neural Network, Multilayer Perceptron Neural Network, Least Square Support Vector Machine optimized by Coupled Simulated Annealing and Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System trained by Hybrid method were used for prediction of vapor–liquid equilibrium (VLE) for binary mixtures of different HFC and HC compounds with HFO refrigerants. Results reveal that the developed models are accurate and effective for prediction of experimental VLE data for different systems. However, the RBF-NN model provides better predictions compared to other models. Moreover, the predictions of the developed models were better than the Peng-Robinson (PR) and Soave–Redlich–Kwong (SRK) equations of state (EoSs).

Field of study: Engineering
Study on Photocatalytic Degradation of Core/Shell CdSe/ZnS Quantum Dots with Nano-TiO2 by Fluorescent Spectrometric Methods

Photocatalytic degradation on fluorescent substance core/shell CdSe/ZnS quantum dots by Nano-TiO2 (P25) under visible light-induced was investigated. The degradation rate was analyzed and evaluated by determining the absorbance of degradation substance, so as to determine the degree and efficiency of degradation. The photocatalytic experiment results showed that the fluorescence quenching degree (F/F0) of CdSe/ZnS quantum dots was linear with the reaction time (t), which was consistent with the photocatalytic degradation kinetics equation of CdSe/ZnS quantum dots. The consistency of experimental results was also confirmed with fluorescence spectroscopy and conventional spectrophotometry. In the experiment, an efficient and sensitive method was established for the detection of light catalytic degradation of fluorescent substances. The presented method was helpful to analyze the photocatalytic degradation mechanism of fluorescent substance and provided a theoretical basis and reference for the investigation of photocatalytic degradation on other fluorescent substances.

Field of study: Chemistry
Reduced Power Consumption in Superconducting Electronics

Rapid single flux quantum (RSFQ) electronics is based on the Josephson junction as an active switching element. In standard RSFQ circuits its switching energy is much lower than the static power consumption caused by the resistive current distribution network. Due to this thermal heating of the chip, the maximum number of junctions on a single chip is limited to about 1 million. The frequency-dependent contribution to power dissipation from junction switchings is only about 2 percent of the static one. This fact limits the direct construction of VLSI systems for high-performance computing as well as small-scale circuit applications in the vicinity of ultra-sensitive detectors or even quantum circuits. We present an assessment of different approaches for reducing the static power consumption by investigating the potential of inductive bias distribution networks as well as reduced critical currents. We analyse the operation stability of simple digital circuits with 5 times smaller critical currents at 4.2 K. The combination of the reduced critical currents and inductive biasing can provide digital superconductive circuits with significantly reduced static power consumption.

Field of study: Physics
Population Structure, and Selection Signatures Underlying High-Altitude Adaptation Inferred From Genome-Wide Copy Number Variations in Chinese Indigenous Cattle

Copy number variations (CNVs) have been demonstrated as crucial substrates for evolution, adaptation and breed formation. Chinese indigenous cattle breeds exhibit a broad geographical distribution and diverse environmental adaptability. Here, we analyzed the population structure and adaptation to high altitude of Chinese indigenous cattle based on genome-wide CNVs derived from the high-density BovineHD SNP array. We successfully detected the genome-wide CNVs of 318 individuals from 24 Chinese indigenous cattle breeds and 37 yaks as outgroups. A total of 5,818 autosomal CNV regions (683 bp–4,477,860 bp in size), covering ~14.34% of the bovine genome (UMD3.1), were identified, showing abundant CNV resources. Neighbor-joining clustering, principal component analysis (PCA), and population admixture analysis based on these CNVs support that most Chinese cattle breeds are hybrids of Bos taurus taurus (hereinafter to be referred as Bos taurus) and Bos taurus indicus (Bos indicus). The distribution patterns of the CNVs could to some extent be related to the geographical backgrounds of the habitat of the breeds, and admixture among cattle breeds from different districts. We analyzed the selective signatures of CNVs positively involved in high-altitude adaptation using pairwise Fst analysis within breeds with a strong Bos taurus background (taurine-type breeds) and within Bos  indicus hybrids, respectively. CNV-overlapping genes with strong selection signatures (at top 0.5% of Fst value), including LETM1 (Fst = 0.490), TXNRD2 (Fst = 0.440), and STUB1 (Fst = 0.420) within taurine-type breeds, and NOXA1 (Fst = 0.233), RUVBL1 (Fst = 0.222), and SLC4A3 (Fst=0.154) within hybrids, were potentially involved in the adaptation to hypoxia. Thus, we provide a new profile of population structure from the CNV aspects of Chinese indigenous cattle and new insights into high-altitude adaptation in cattle.

Field of study: Biology
Practice patterns of preoperative hormonal stimulation in pediatric penile surgeries-A survey of Nigerian pediatric surgeons.

Variable practice patterns exist in the use of Preoperative Hormonal Stimulation (PHS) prior to penile surgeries and there seems to be no generally agreed standards.



To assess the current practice patterns of PHS before penile surgeries among Nigerian pediatric surgeons and compare with literature.



Self-administered questionnaires were distributed amongst consultants and senior registrars in Pediatric surgery during the 2019 Association of Pediatric Surgeons of Nigeria (APSON) national conference. SPSS version 20 was used for data entry and analysis and results presented as ranges, percentages, tables. Test for association was done using chi square test and a p-value of <0.05 was deemed significant.



All fifty respondents comprising 43 males, 7 females; 31 consultants and 19 senior registrars have managed hypospadias, with eighty-six percent managing less than 50 per year. Seventy-six percent practice PHS and more proportion of males use PHS than females (p = 0.027).Only 15.8% and 7.9% respectively estimated serum testosterone before and after PHS. Majority (92.1%) gave PHS because of small-appearing penis and 86.8% have used it in proximal hypospadias. Most commonly used form of PHS was intramuscular testosterone (76.3%) while 2 mg/kg testosterone was commonest dose (65.7%). Ninety-one percent give intramuscular testosterone at 2-4 weeks intervals; ninety-four percent give 2-3 doses of intramuscular testosterone preoperatively with last dose given 2-4 weeks before surgery in 57.9%. Ninety-two percent thought PHS will not increase postoperative complications and pubic hair was most common complication of PHS (63%).



There is diversity in PHS practices among Nigerian pediatric surgeons. Though mainly low-volume surgeons, majority use PHS before penile surgeries especially in proximal hypospadias and small-appearing penis. Males tend to practice PHS more than females and most commonly used form of PHS is 2-3 doses of 2 mg/kg intramuscular testosterone at 2-4 weekly intervals with last dose given 2-4 weeks before surgery. This study may be limited by bias inherent in self-reported practices and outcomes as seen in surveys, though surveys help to evaluate practices of professionals.



Majority of Pediatric surgeons in Nigeria use PHS in form of intramuscular testosterone mainly for small appearing penis and proximal hypospadias. Most common dosing is 2 mg/kg at 2-4 weeks intervals and 2-3 doses preoperatively with the last dose 2-4 weeks preoperatively. Serum testosterone estimation is not common before PHS. Many believe that PHS does not increase complications following penile surgeries. Current diversity in practice suggests the need for further studies to encourage standardization or guidelines for practice in Nigeria.

Field of study: Medicine
Medieval climate warming and aridity as indicated by multiproxy evidence from the Kola Peninsula, Russia

Data obtained from the low-elevation Khibiny Mountains (ca. 67–68jN; 33–34jE) on the Kola Peninsula, northwest Russia, indicate a period of exceptionally warm and dry conditions commenced at ca. AD 600 and was most pronounced between ca. AD 1000 and 1200. Warmer summer temperatures during this period (coeval with the ‘Medieval Warm Period’ observed in other parts of Europe) are evident in a 100–140 m upward shift in the pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) limit in the Khibiny Mountains. On average, the cellulose of pine trees that grew between ca. AD 1000 and 1300 is enriched by y 13 C values of around 1xcompared to the modern trees from the region, further suggesting warmer summer climate than at present. The Medieval Warm Period was also accompanied by a steady decline in avalanche activity and the resulting formation of soils on the current avalanche cones in the Khibiny Mountains, suggesting lower winter precipitation and thinner snow cover. Lower precipitation is also evident by currently submerged tree stumps dating to the medieval period that indicate lower lake levels on the Kola Peninsula. In the middle of the peninsula at about AD 1000, the level of small closed-basin lakes was f1 m lower than the modern time at some sites. Drier conditions may be attributable to decreased cyclonic activity. The medieval warm and dry episode was followed at ca. AD 1300 by the development of a colder climate with increased precipitation resulting in a decline in the alpine pine limits, increased avalanche activity, and higher lake levels. That phase corresponds to the modern aeolian episode reconstructed in subarctic Finland. Our results indicate that the Medieval Warm Period on the Kola Peninsula

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Mind the Metaphor!:A Systematic Fallacy in Analogical Reasoning

Conceptual metaphors facilitate both productive and pernicious analogical reasoning. This article addresses the question: When and why does the frequently helpful use of metaphor become pernicious? By applying the most influential theoretical framework from cognitive psychology (structure-mapping theory) in analysing the philosophically most prominent example of pernicious metaphorical reasoning (the early modern transformation of �the mind�), we identify a philosophically relevant but previously undescribed fallacy in analogical reasoning with metaphors. We then outline an explanation of why even competent thinkers commit this fallacy and obtain a psychologically informed �debunking� explanation of the kind experimental philosophy�s �sources project� seeks.

Field of study: Philosophy
Estimating Probability Distributions using "Dirac" Kernels (via Rademacher-Walsh Polynomial Basis Functions)

In many applications (in particular information systems, such as pattern recognition, machine learning, cheminformatics, bioinformatics to name but a few) the assessment of uncertainty is essential - i.e., the estimation of the underlying probability distribution function. More often than not, the form of this function is unknown and it becomes necessary to non-parametrically construct/estimate it from a given sample. One of the methods of choice to non-parametrically estimate the unknown probability distribution function for a given random variable (defined on binary space) has been the expansion of the estimation function in Rademacher-Walsh Polynomial basis functions. In this paper we demonstrate that the expansion of the probability distribution function estimation in Rademacher-Walsh Polynomial basis functions is equivalent to the expansion of the function estimation in a set of "Dirac kernel" functions. The latter approach can ameliorate the computational bottleneck and notational awkwardness often associated with the Rademacher-Walsh Polynomial basis functions approach, in particular when the binary input space is large.

Field of study: Computer science
Intratypic Nucleotide and Amino Acid Sequence Variations in the L1 Open Reading Frame of Human Papillomavirus Type 6 in Condyloma Acuminata Lesions

PCR was used to determine the human papillomavirus (HPV) in genital wart lesions from patients in PUMC hospital.Type of HPV was identified by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis The predominant type was HPV6,secondly the HPV11.Eight isolates of HPV6 with different clinical manifestations were chosen for further intratypic nucleotide and amino acid sequence variation analysis.HPV6 L1 genes of eight isolates were amplified and inserted into plamid pMD18-T.By sequencing and phylogenetic analysis,the most frequently observed substitutions in HPV6 L1 ORF were distributed in four discrete regions:SR1(5911～6104),SR2(6217～6273),SR3(6540～6661) and SR4(7062～7250).Some substitutions resulted in non-silent mutation.There had 0 to 3 deduced amino acid changes in different L1 sequences,but which didn't affect immunogenicity of L1 protein obviously.

Field of study: Biology
[Birth trauma as a problem of obstetrics, pediatrics and pathological anatomy].

: Birth injury as a nosological entity involves 2 groups of pathological processes: 1) traumatic injuries and 2) dyscirculatory disorders. Either bleeding cannot be classified as cranial injury without specifying its genesis and in the absence of traumatic injuries. Brain compression is one of the traumatic injuries, underestimation of its signs leads to the hyperdiagnosis of fetal asphyxia. The correlations found between the arrangement of periosteal congestion and tentorial injuries and the pattern of calvarial osteectopy help clarify the pathogenesis of a birth injury, but taking into account the biomechanics of labour, which is essential for obstetricians and pathologists.

Field of study: Medicine
Sequential processes in the14N(τ,pα)12C* reaction

Abstractα-particle and proton spectra in coincidence with the 4.44 MeVγ-ray from the12C first excited state have been taken atEτ MeV. Several states in13N and16O are seen to contribute to the decay sequenceα−p andp−α respectively. Estimates are given for the branching of these two decay modes and for a possible simultaneous break-up.

Field of study: Physics
Perspective on the functions of sport in the new period from the change of view of contemporary sports value

The view of contemporary sports value is changing from overheated “medal competition” into nationwide keep-fit that promotes public health,and from “service production” into “life concerning” and “people orientated comprehensive development”,“pursuing a healthy and happy life” as the essential function of sport will be embodied in the most sufficient way;the object of contemporary sports value is developing in the direction of holistic and harmonious integration,the educational function,competitive function and leisure entertainment function of sport as the specific forms of the essential function of sport will be sufficiently developed;the social value of contemporary sport is tending towards diversification,the economic function of sport will be gradually developed into a visible function,and the political and cultural functions of sport will be well embodied;the interaction of these three factors will produce a comprehensive overall effect to boost the healthy development of the society and human civilization.

Field of study: Education
Midge-inferred Holocene summer temperatures in Southeastern British Columbia, Canada

Using fossil midge stratigraphies, we inferred Holocene summer temperatures at three subalpine lakes in eastern British Columbia. The late-glacial sediment indicated cool conditions, with an abundance of Microspectra atrofasciata / radialis type fossils at Thunder Lake and Redmountain Lake, and Sergentia at Windy Lake. Sergentia and Tanytarsus lugens / Corynocera oliveri type were dominant in the early Holocene, together with Chironomus at Redmountain Lake. At Thunder and Windy lakes, the early Holocene was dominated by warm-adapted taxa such as Microtendipes. Quantitative midge-temperature inference models reconstruct a 4 to 8 °C rise in mean July air temperature for Windy and Thunder lakes at the Pleistocene/Holocene transition. Early-Holocene temperatures averaged 3 to 4 °C warmer than those extant today. In contrast, no long-term temperature trend was evident at Redmountain Lake. This site may not reflect actual trends in air temperature due to runoff from a persistent snow pack in the watershed. Comparison of midge and pollen data suggests an inverse relationship between summer temperature and precipitation through the middle to late Holocene.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
A safe doctor-or a good doctor?

Both the role and the training of today's primary care physicians have changed, in response to new knowledge, changing patterns of illness, and changes in society. The need now is for physicians with not only physical skills, but also attitudes and communicative abilities. Licensing bodies have been concerned only with safe standards, not optimal standards. This article recommends that licensure be awarded following achievement of certain described educational objectives, not safety alone.

Field of study: Medicine
Numerical and experimental investigations of the effects of the breakup of oil droplets on the performance of oil–gas cyclone separators in oil-injected compressor systems.

A numerical simulation was conducted of the dynamic trajectories and the separation performance of oil droplets, with a focus on the breakup of oil droplets in an oil–gas cyclone separator. The separation efficiency was also studied experimentally, and the oil droplets' diameter distributions before and after the separator were measured with a Malvern particle size analyser to verify the simulation model. Both the experimental and simulation results showed that the breakup of oil droplets occurred in the separation process, clearly influencing the separation efficiency. In addition, the results indicated that inlet velocity played an important role in separation efficiency, as it not only significantly affected the tangential velocity inside the separator, but also determined the possibility and degree of the breakup of oil droplets.

Field of study: Engineering
Nanoscale Boehmite Filler for Corrosion- and Wear-resistant Polyphenylenesulfide Coatings

We evaluated the usefulness of nanoscale boehmite crystals as a filler for anti-wear and anti-corrosion polyphenylenesulfide (PPS) coatings exposed to a very harsh, 300°C corrosive geothermal environment. The boehmite fillers dispersed uniformly into the PPS coating, conferring two advanced properties: First, they reduced markedly the rate of blasting wear; second, they increased the PPS's glass transition temperature and thermal decomposition temperature. The wear rate of PPS surfaces was reduced three-fold when 5 wt% boehmite was incorporated into the PPS. During exposure for 15 days at 300°C, the PPS underwent hydrothermal oxidation, leading to the substitution of sulfide linkages by sulfite linkages. However, such molecular alteration did not significantly diminish the ability of the coating to protect carbon steel against corrosion. In fact, PPS coating filled with boehmite of ≤ 5 wt% adequately mitigated its corrosion in brine at 300°C. One concern in using this filler was that it absorbs brine. Thus, adding an excess amount of boehmite was detrimental to achieving maximum protection.

Field of study: Materials science
The Development of Achievement Goals Throughout College

Emerging adulthood, defined for many by the college years, is an active period of personality development; less is known about goal change during these years. We investigated stability and change in the 2 × 2 model of achievement goals over 4 years (N = 527). We evaluated rank-order stability and mean-level change, and tested goal coupling hypotheses—the idea that early changes in goals predict later change in other goals—using multivariate latent difference score models. Achievement goals showed moderate rank-order stability over 4 years. Three of four goals demonstrated small normative declines, excepting performance approach goals. A change in mastery approach goals was associated with levels of the other three goals; these goals jointly acted to slow the decline of mastery goals. Trajectories for the other three goals were largely independent. Results suggest that goals are relatively stable individual differences during the college years.

Field of study: Psychology
An improved alternative estimation procedure for current population mean in presence of positively and negatively correlated auxiliary variables in two-occasion rotation patterns

The present study confirms the influential role of a positively and a negatively correlated auxiliary variables in enhancing the precision of estimates of current population mean in two occasion rotation (successive) sampling. Exponential-type estimators of current population mean have been proposed for three different situations: (i) the information on a positively correlated auxiliary variable is readily available on both occasions (ii) the information on a negatively correlated auxiliary variable is readily available on both occasions and (iii) the information on both positively and negatively correlated auxiliary variables are readily available on both the occasions. The characteristics of the proposed estimators have been explored and their efficacious performances are compared with the natural and recent contemporary estimators. Optimum replacement strategies of the proposed estimation procedures have been formulated. Simulation and empirical studies are carried out to justify the proposition of the proposed estimators and appropriate recommendations have been put forward to the survey practitioners.

Field of study: Mathematics