nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The politics of negotiation at the United Nations Conference on Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks

This article examines the dynamics and politics that led to the adoption in August 1995 of an ambitious and comprehensive legal instrument that aims to regulate the management of straddling and highly migratory fish stocks. In retrospect, such an achievement may appear surprising, but can be partly explained by a number of particularities that had not occurred in past similar international negotiations. Among such key factors were the actors of these negotiations, distant water fishing States and coastal States on the one hand, and other non-State actors on the other hand. Non-governmental organizations in particular played an innovative and important role, as did such inter-governmental organizations as the UN's Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). At the same time, the proceedings of this Conference owe to two series of dynamics, one global in nature, which ruled the dealings of the actors, and particularly the bargaining between distant water fishing States and coastal nations, the other, a series of shifts that motivated individual States or groups of States to evolve in their positions throughout the more than two years of negotiations. The Conference also needs to be seen within the wider framework of the ‘mosaic’ of international instruments that were being negotiated at the time, in particular the FAO Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries. Furthermore, both the Conference and the Agreement are but the first steps in a long process where the commitment of the participating nations will be tested at the implementation stage.

Field of study: Environmental science
The Mexico Reader: History, Culture, Politics (review)

Every semester, the challenge begins anew to convey the history of a nation as complex and contradictory as Mexico in a lively enough fashion to keep students awake yet without exoticizing the people. Teachers will find a tremendous wealth of material in this new anthology, allowing them to choose selections supporting a wide range of historical approaches, and at a surprisingly affordable price. The volume is weighted toward political history, but intriguing women and workers also rise up from the pages, making this a valuable resource for undergraduate surveys and a fascinating read for anyone interested in Mexico.

Field of study: History
A Dynamic Equilibrium Model of Imperfectly Integrated Financial Markets

We build a continous-time general equilibrium model of a two-country, pure-exchange economy featuring taxes on the repatriation of dividends. We find approximate closed-form expressions for asset prices, returns joint dynamics and equity portfolios, thus giving a full description of equilibrium in-between the polar cases of perfect integration and full segmentation. We show that large home bias in portfolios can result from small frictions on international financial markets. The reason is that, partly due to portfolio rebalancing, the international correlation of returns is very high - making assets close substitutes and implying that slight frictions have a dramatic effect on portfolio composition.

Field of study: Economics
Low-budget policy tool to empower Israeli insureds to demand their rights in the healthcare system.

Since 1995 universal healthcare coverage has been provided in Israel through National Health Insurance (NHI). Although the country has lower rates of health spending than most OECD countries, the NHI Law stipulates that a broad benefits package will be provided by four competing Health Plans (HPs). These third-party payers manage healthcare utilization and cost through mechanisms that affect both provider and consumer behavior. Cost Containment is one of their main organizational objectives. The Ministry of Health (MoH) supervises HPs to ensure that they provide their members with adequate healthcare of high quality in accordance with the NHI Law and uphold the principles of efficiency and equity. In this paper we report on a policy instrument recently introduced by the MoH which enables it to share some of its responsibility for supervision with the insureds. This policy instrument is a website launched in 2014 that gives access to transparent information about the coverage of the NHI and voluntary health insurance (VHI) benefits packages. The idea is to empower insureds with knowledge and awareness of their rights and eligibility to benefits, so they can demand them from the HPs and/or private insurers; if refused, they can refer the case to the supervisor (the MoH). This policy instrument addresses market failures related to information asymmetry and can potentially improve competition among the HPs and within the VHI market.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Antihyperglycemic effects of total ginsenosides from leaves and stem of Panax ginseng

The antihyperglycemic effects of the total ginsenosides in Chinese ginseng (TGCG), extracted from leaves and the stem, were evaluated in diabetic C57BL/6J ob/ob mice.Animals received daily intraperitoneal injections of TGCG (100 and 200 mg/kg) or oral administration (150 and 300 mg/kg) for 12 d. Fasting blood glucose levels and body weight were measured after fasting the animals for 4 h. Peripheral glucose use was also measured using an intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test.In the injection group, a high dose of TGCG (200 mg/kg) significantly lowered the fasting blood glucose levels in ob/ob mice on d 12 (153 ± 16 mg/dL vs 203±9.8 mg/dL, P<0.01, compared to vehicle-treated group). In the oral group, blood glucose decreased notably with a dose of TGCG (300 mg/kg) on d 12 (169.1±12.6 mg/dL vs 211.6±13.8 mg/dL, P<0.05, compared to the vehicle-treated group). Glucose tolerance was also improved markedly in ob/ob mice. Furthermore, a significant reduction in bodyweight (P<0.05) was observed after 12 d of TGCG (300 mg/kg) treatment in mice from the oral group.The results indicated that in a diabetic ob/ob mouse model TGCG was endowed with significant anti-hyperglycemic and anti-obesity properties. Therefore, the total ginsenosides extracted from Chinese ginseng leaves and the stem may have some potential for treating diabetes.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Contribution to the gas chromatographic analysis for both refrigerants composition and cell gas in insulating foams – Part I: Method

In this paper, an easy low cost chromatographic analysis for both refrigerants blend composition and cell gas in insulating foams is presented. This work firstly deals with the measurement protocols for these substances. The presented protocols are simple, likely to be used by non-specialists of chemical analysis (i.e. by refrigeration engineers). Among other methods, gas chromatography was used for separation and detection of halocarbons. For refrigerants extracted from refrigeration plants, the analysis requires a prior oil separation. As for insulating foams, analysis of cell gas composition is processed with the same protocol. Sampling remains of main importance; two possible sampling methods were validated and compared. Finally, the interest in the analysis method is illustrated with the example of a real application: study of the distillation phenomenon of a zeotropic refrigerant in an industrial refrigeration plant with flooded evaporators. The results are discussed for their consequences on the working performances of the refrigerating system. In part II, we propose original results obtained with that method to study the aging of insulating foams.

Field of study: Engineering
The Relationship of Selected Variables to Performance of Junior College Transfer Students at Florida State University.

The Florida State University grade point averages (GPA’s) of a sample of 398 junior-college transfers were related to the following variables: junior-college GPA, number of technical courses taken at the junior college, Florida Twelfth-Grade Test (FTGT) aptitude score, FTGT English score, FTGT social-science score, FTGT natural-science score, FTGT mathematics score, FTGT total score, load at Florida State University, lower-division courses taken, and deficiencies in Florida State University general education requirements. The results indicated that of this set of variables, only the junior-college GPA and FTGT scores had practical magnitude in a general linear prediction equation.

Field of study: Education
Magnetic field-induced electronic and topological phase transitions in Weyl type-I semi-metals

Weyl semi-metals are predicted to posses a topologically non-trivial electronic structure which leads to quasiparticles behaving as chiral- or Weyl-fermions. A number of angle resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) studies on Ta and Nb monoarsenides support these predictions finding, for example, evidence for related non-trivial surface states or Fermi-arcs. Here, we evaluate the topological character of the bulk electronic structure of these compounds through quantum oscillatory phenomena. We find that their small Fermi surface (FS) is particularly susceptible to the Zeeman-effect as one approaches the quantum limit, where a topological electronic phase-transition was recently claimed to occur. For all of the evaluated compounds, we find that their FS cross-sectional areas and their effective masses increase considerably as the magnetic field approaches the quantum limit which compromises the extraction of their Berry phase. For TaP we observe a series of anomalies in the magnetic torque and in the electrical transport at fields respectively below and above the quantum limit indicating field-induced phase-transitions. In TaAs, upon surpassing the quantum limit we observe the negative longitudinal magnetoresistivity (NLM) previously attributed to the Adler-Bell-Jackiw anomaly, to disappear at a hysteretic phase-transition leading to positive magnetoresistivity. This confirms that the NLM is intrinsically associated with their Weyl dispersion at the Fermi level, or that it does not result from an inhomogeneous current distribution.

Field of study: Physics
Simulation and Prediction of Temperature Field in Drawing Process for Aluminum Circular Tube

The method of numerical analysis coupled thermal-mechanical effect during plastic forming was illustrated.A simulation model of drawing process based on heat coupling was set up,and two simulation plans,one with different drawing velocity in the range of 50～150 mm/s and another with different friction coefficient in the range of 0.02～0.4,was designed.According these two plans,the relationship between the maximum temperature of die and velocity of drawing,and the relationship between the maximum temperature of the die and the friction coefficient were gained.The results show that the maximum temperature of the die has a nearly linear increase with the increase of drawing velocity or the increase of friction coefficient.The simulation predictions of temperature field offer some references for the selection of anti-friction material and design of drawing process and die.

Field of study: Materials science
Formation of monosized spherical aluminum hydroxide particles by urea method

Monosized spherical aluminum hydroxide particles were first prepared by homogeneous precipitation using the urea method below its boiling temperature. To obtain monosized particles a careful control is needed of the precipitation process, such as factors like temperature, hold time and concentration of Al3+. The formation chemistry of monosized particles is studied through the measurement of pH and concentration of Al3+ during precipitation. It is found that when the nucleation limit of aluminum hydroxide is reached only once monosized particles are formed; and in contrast, when the nucleation limit is attained more than once it will cause a multisize distribution of particles. Besides factors like temperature and hold time, anions would also affect the formation of monosized particles; monosized particles can only be obtained with SO2-4, not with NO-3 or Cl-.

Field of study: Materials science
‘Traditional’ and ‘Innovative’ Potential Entrepreneurs among Portuguese Graduates: A Case Study

If youth entrepreneurship is far from being the solution regarding unemployment, it is likely to be part of a response, fostering the access to the labour market, the acquisition of entrepreneurial skills and the social tolerance for risk. Based on the research project "The Entrepreneurial Potentials at the University of Minho", and main results gathered both in quantitative and qualitative approaches (online survey administered to 283 graduates and in-depth interviews with 8 graduates from different scientific areas who finished the course between 2002 and 2008) we intend: 1) to present some reflections regarding the role of higher education to develop the entrepreneurial potential and also understand how activities in an academic context and a political environment (NSRF 2007-2013) may be useful to foster a more favorable atmosphere for innovation and entrepreneurship in the European context; 2) to discuss how academia can (or can not) change the lives of graduates, considering the fact that social capital is crucial to innovative sectors in order to provide intensive knowledge for starting-up a business, and women's options continue to remain anchored in the traditional sexual division of labour, in regard to the two main portraits of entrepreneurial potential identified in our research; 3) and discuss to what extent social capital, gender and the entrepreneurial potential of graduates can be an obstacle to innovation and how higher education contributes towards changing the economic patterns of specialization in Portugal.  10.5901/jesr.2013.v3n7p134

Field of study: Education, Sociology
Fast Robust Model Selection in Large Datasets

Large datasets are increasingly common in many research fields. In particular, in the linear regression context, it is often the case that a huge number of potential covariates are available to explain a response variable, and the first step of a reasonable statistical analysis is to reduce the number of covariates. This can be done in a forward selection procedure that includes selecting the variable to enter, deciding to retain it or stop the selection, and estimating the augmented model. Least squares plus t tests can be fast, but the outcome of a forward selection might be suboptimal when there are outliers. In this article we propose a complete algorithm for fast robust model selection, including considerations for huge sample sizes. Because simply replacing the classical statistical criteria with robust ones is not computationally possible, we develop simplified robust estimators, selection criteria, and testing procedures for linear regression. The robust estimator is a one-step weighted M-estimator that can be biased if the covariates are not orthogonal. We show that the bias can be made smaller by iterating the M-estimator one or more steps further. In the variable selection process, we propose a simplified robust criterion based on a robust t statistic that we compare with a false discovery rate-adjusted level. We carry out a simulation study to show the good performance of our approach. We also analyze two datasets and show that the results obtained by our method outperform those from robust least angle regression and random forests. Supplemental materials are available online.

Field of study: Mathematics
Slack and Slick KNa channels are required for the depolarizing afterpotential of acutely isolated, medium diameter rat dorsal root ganglion neurons

Na+-activated K+ (KNa) channels set and stabilize resting membrane potential in rat small dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. However, whether KNa channels play the same role in other size DRG neurons is still elusive. The aim of this study is to identify the existence and potential physiological functions of KNa channels in medium diameter (25–35 μm) DRG neurons.Inside-out and whole-cell patch-clamp were used to study the electrophysiological characterizations of native KNa channels. RT-PCR was used to identify the existence of Slack and Slick genes.We report that KNa channels are required for depolarizing afterpotential (DAP) in medium sized rat DRG neurons. In inside-out patches, KNa channels represented 201 pS unitary chord conductance and were activated by cytoplasmic Na+ [the half maximal effective concentration (EC50): 35 mmol/L] in 160 mmol/L symmetrical K+o/K+i solution. Additionally, these KNa channels also represented cytoplasmic Cl−-dependent activation. RT-PCR confirmed the existence of Slack and Slick genes in DRG neurons. Tetrodotoxin (TTX, 100 nmol/L) completely blocked the DRG inward Na+ currents, and the following outward currents which were thought to be KNa currents. The DAP was increased when extracellular Na+ was replaced by Li+.Conclusion:We conclude that Slack and Slick KNa channels are required for DAP of medium diameter rat DRG neurons that regulate DRG action potential repolarization.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Simultaneous Determination of Seven Fluorescent Whitening Agents in Food Contact Paper Package Materials by High Performance Liquid Chromatography Tandem Triple TOF-High Resolution Mass Spectrometry

A method for screening and quantitative detection of seven fluorescent whitening agents( FWAs, FWA368,FWA367,FWA185,FWA 184,FWA52,FWA135 and FWA393) in food contact paper package materials was established by high performance liquid chromatography tandem triple TOF high resolution mass spectrometry( LC-Triple TOF MS). The paper samples were extracted with chloroform under ultrasonication, concentrated,separated in a C18 column( 100 mm × 2. 1 mm i. d.,2. 6 μm) by gradient elution using methanol and 0. 1% formic acid in water as mobile phase,and detected in positive ESI and TOF-MS IDA MS / MS mode. The qualitative analysis of seven FWAs was confirmed by synergistic effect of retention time,mass accuracy of precursor,isotope distribution of the precursor,and library search. The analytes were quantified by peak areas of the TOF-MS extracted ions. The results indicated that,all of the seven FWAs presented favorable mass accuracy less than 3 × 10!6,good linearity in the concentration of 4-400 μg/L with the correlation coefficients larger than 0. 996,low instrument detection limits( S / N = 3) of 1. 0- 5. 0 μg / kg, appropriate recoveries ranged from 81. 2% to 98. 9% at three spiked levels,and satisfactory RSD( n = 6) of 5. 2%- 9. 1%. 13 samples were tested using the method and one sample was found FWA 184 with concentration of 287 μg / kg. The method is efficient and accurate,and is suitable for analysis of the seven FWAs in food contact paper package materials.

Field of study: Chemistry
DNA stable isotope probing reveals contrasted activity and phenanthrene-degrading bacteria identity in a gradient of anthropized soils.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous soil organic pollutants. Although PAH-degrading bacteria are present in almost all soils, their selection and enrichment have been shown in historically high PAH contaminated soils. We can wonder if the effectiveness of PAH biodegradation and the PAH-degrading bacterial diversity differ among soils. The stable isotope probing (SIP) technique with 13C-phenanthrene (PHE) as a model PAH was used to: i) compare for the first time a range of ten soils with various PAH contamination levels, ii) determine their PHE-degradation efficiency, and iii) identify the active PHE-degraders using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing from 13C-labelled DNA. Surprisingly, the PHE degradation rate was not directly correlated to the initial level of total PAHs and phenanthrene in the soils, but was mostly explained by the initial abundance and richness of soil bacterial communities. A large diversity of PAH-degrading bacteria was identified for seven of the soils, with differences among soils. In the soils where the PHE degradation activities were the higher, Mycobacterium species were always the dominant active PHE degraders. A positive correlation between PHE-degradation level and the diversity of active PHE-degraders (Shannon index) supported the hypothesis that cooperation between strains led to a more efficient PAH degradation.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
On the energy of vanishing flow for colliding nuclei leading to same compound nucleus

Our present studies has shown that the mass dependence of EVF show mass asymmetry independent behaviour. This is due the fact that with increase in asymmetry, the number of nucleon-nucleon collisions and repulsive Coulomb interactions decreases, therefore EVF increases. The increase in EVF with asymmetry is more for lighter nuclei as compared to heavier nuclei due to the further less magnitude of Coulomb repulsions in lighter nuclei as compared to heavier ones.

Field of study: Physics
INFILTRATION, EROSION, AND VEGETATION RECOVERY FOLLOWING ROAD OBLITERATION

Forest roads are obliterated to lower the risks of surface erosion and mass failures. One purpose of the road obliteration is to return the compacted forest roads to productive pre-road conditions, i.e., a forest floor with high infiltration capacity, low interrill erodibility, and high vegetation ground cover. It is important to know how these characteristics recover following road obliteration. Infiltration capacity, interrill erodibility, and vegetation ground cover are essential parameters for modeling erosion from obliterated roads for erosion prediction models such as the Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP). We chose three sites located on the Payette National Forest, Idaho. Rainfall simulations were conducted on 1 × 1 m plots with three replications in two consecutive years. Three 30 min storm events with an intensity of 89 mm h-1 were applied to each plot. Photos were taken to determine vegetation ground cover. Infiltration capacity and interrill erodibility in this study were determined as 9.0 mm h-1 for saturated hydraulic conductivity and 3.2 × 106 kg·s m-4 for interrill erodibility. This study postulated a history of saturated hydraulic conductivity on a forest road from prior to road building to years after obliteration. The low elevation (1400 m) site had vegetation ground cover of 27% after three years following road obliteration, while the other high elevation (1800 m and 2200 m) sites had 8% after four years. We conclude that four years was not sufficient time for obliterated roads to return to the pre-road (forest floor) conditions, especially for infiltration capacity.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
What happens when software developers are (un)happy

The growing literature on affect among software developers mostly reports on the linkage between happiness, software quality, and developer productivity. Understanding happiness and unhappiness in all its components -- positive and negative emotions and moods -- is an attractive and important endeavor. Scholars in industrial and organizational psychology have suggested that understanding happiness and unhappiness could lead to cost-effective ways of enhancing working conditions, job performance, and to limiting the occurrence of psychological disorders. Our comprehension of the consequences of (un)happiness among developers is still too shallow, being mainly expressed in terms of development productivity and software quality. In this paper, we study what happens when developers are happy and unhappy while developing software. Qualitative data analysis of responses given by 317 questionnaire participants identified 42 consequences of unhappiness and 32 of happiness. We found consequences of happiness and unhappiness that are beneficial and detrimental for developers' mental well-being, the software development process, and the produced artifacts. Our classification scheme, available as open data enables new happiness research opportunities of cause-effect type, and it can act as a guideline for practitioners for identifying damaging effects of unhappiness and for fostering happiness on the job.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering