nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
GLP-1/GLP-1R Signaling in Regulation of Adipocyte Differentiation and Lipogenesis

The aim of this study was to determine the direct role of liraglutide (LG) in adipogenesis and lipid metabolism.  Lipid accumulation was evaluated by oil red O staining, quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) was performed to determine glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor (GLP-1R), fatty acid synthase (FASN) and adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) expression in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes, differentiated adipocytes and in adipose tissues from mice. The effects of LG on 3T3-L1 adipogenesis and lipid metabolism were analyzed with qPCR, Western Blotting, oil red O staining, immunohistochemistry (IHC) and immunofluorescence (IF). All measurements were performed at least three times.  LG increased the expression of differentiation marker genes and lipid accumulation during preadipocyte differentiation. In differentiated adipocytes, LG decreased FASN expression, and simultaneously led to CREB phosphorylation and ERK1/2 activation which were abolished by a GLP-1R antagonist, exendin (9-39). LG induced-FASN down-regulation was partially reversed by PKA and ERK1/2 inhibitors. Consistent with above in vitro findings, LG treatment significantly reduced FASN expression in visceral adipose tissues of ob/ob mice, and reduced body weight gain.  LG promotes preadipocytes differentiation, and inhibits FASN expression in adipocytes. LG induced down-regulation of FASN is at least partially mediated by PKA and MAPK signaling pathways.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Variational wave-function study of the triangular lattice supersolid.

We present a variational wave function which explains the behavior of the supersolid state formed by hard-core bosons on the triangular lattice. The wave function is a linear superposition of only and all configurations minimizing the repulsion between the bosons (which it thus implements as a hard constraint). Its properties can be evaluated exactly--in particular, the variational minimization of the energy yields (i) the surprising and initially controversial spontaneous density deviation from half-filling (ii) a quantitatively accurate estimate of the corresponding density wave (solid) order parameter.

Field of study: Physics
The effect of the United Kingdom smoking ban on alcohol spending: Evidence from the Living Costs and Food Survey.

The effect of smoking bans on alcohol consumption is unclear, and this is especially true of the differing effect on smokers and non-smokers. This paper uses spending survey data to examine the effect of the United Kingdom smoking bans on alcohol spending. It finds the introduction of a smoking ban decreased alcohol expenditure, specifically in the on-trade (pubs and restaurants) and amongst smoking households. Smoking households are estimated to have reduced their weekly on-premise alcohol expenditure by £1.70 (approximately 15-20%), whilst non-smoking households do not significantly change their expenditure. The smoking ban may therefore have affected on-premise outlets through a reduction in revenue. This study provides further evidence that tobacco policies affect drinking behaviour.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
SU-F-T-230: A Simple Method to Assess Accuracy of Dynamic Wave Arc Irradiation Using An Electronic Portal Imaging Device and Log Files.

The Dynamic Wave Arc (DWA) technique, where the multi-leaf collimator (MLC) and gantry/ring move simultaneously in a predefined non-coplanar trajectory, has been developed on the Vero4DRT. The aim of this study is to develop a simple method for quality assurance of DWA delivery using an electronic portal imaging device (EPID) measurements and log files analysis.



The Vero4DRT has an EPID on the beam axis, the resolution of which is 0.18 mm/pixel at the isocenter plane. EPID images were acquired automatically. To verify the detection accuracy of the MLC position by EPID images, the MLC position with intentional errors was assessed. Tests were designed considering three factors: (1) accuracy of the MLC position (2) dose output consistency with variable dose rate (160-400 MU/min), gantry speed (2.4-6°/s), ring speed (0.5-2.5°/s), and (3) MLC speed (1.6-4.2 cm/s). All the patterns were delivered to the EPID and compared with those obtained with a stationary radiation beam with a 0° gantry angle. The irradiation log, including the MLC position and gantry/ring angle, were recorded simultaneously. To perform independent checks of the machine accuracy, the MLC position and gantry/ring angle position were assessed using log files.



0.1 mm intentional error can be detected by the EPID, which is smaller than the EPID pixel size. The dose outputs with different conditions of the dose rate and gantry/ring speed and MLC speed showed good agreement, with a root mean square (RMS) error of 0.76%. The RMS error between the detected and recorded data were 0.1 mm for the MLC position, 0.12° for the gantry angle, and 0.07° for the ring angle.



The MLC position and dose outputs in variable conditions during DWA irradiation can be easily detected using EPID measurements and log file analysis. The proposed method is useful for routine verification. This research is (partially) supported by the Practical Research for Innovative Cancer Control (15Ack0106151h0001) from Japan Agency for Medical Research and development,  Takashi Mizowaki and Masahiro Hiraoka have consultancy agreement with Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd., Japan.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Geometric factors in the dynamic holographic conversion of light beams

The characteristics of dynamic transmission and reflection holograms are considered theoretically. It is shown, using the specific example of holograms recorded in electrooptic LiNbO3 crystals, that going over to reflection geometry greatly improves the light-beam conversion characteristics (the gain exceeds 70 cm−1 and is independent of the spatial frequency). It is shown that the period of a recorded holographic grating can be varied by an external electric field.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
ELECTROCATALYTIC DEGRADATION OF PHENOL-CONTAINING WASTEWATER

Low concentration of phenol (100-800?mg·L -1 ) as a model contaminant for wastewater treatment by electrocatalytic degradation on a fluorine resin modified β -PbO 2 anode has been investigated.Various influence factors such as initial phenol concentration,applied voltage,initial pH and salinity of the electrolyte were examined.It was observed that the COD of the wastewater decreased by 60?mg·L -1 and volatile phenols vanished completely in 25?min under operational temperature 25?℃,applied voltage 7.0?V,K 2SO 4 1.0?g·L -1 ,pH 2.0,and initial phenol concentration 100?mg·L -1 .The method showed promising applicability for treating phenolic wastewater in high acidity and in high salinity without pretreatment such as dilution or neutralization.The main intermediates of phenol degradation were benzoquinone and organic acids such as oxalic acid and maleic acid and the final product was carbon dioxide,therefore the technique could be used as a waste minimization process for recycling the treated water.Pseudo-first order reaction model can be used for the fitness of COD removal.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Image encryption scheme based on block-based confusion and multiple levels of diffusion

This study proposes a chaos-based image encryption scheme using Henon map and Lorenz equation with multiple levels of diffusion. The Henon map is used for confusion and the Lorenz equation for diffusion. Apart from the Lorenz equation, another matrix with the same size as the original image is generated which is a complex function of the original image. This matrix which is configured as a diffusion matrix permits two stages of diffusion. Due to this step, there is a strong sensitivity to input image. This encryption algorithm has high key space, entropy very close to eight (for grey images) and very less correlation among adjacent pixels. The highlight of this method is the ideal number of pixels change rate and unified average changing intensity it offers. These ideal values indicate that the encrypted images produced by this proposed scheme are random-like. Further, a cryptanalysis study has been carried out to prove that the proposed algorithm is resistant to known attacks.

Field of study: Computer science
Evidence of collective charge behavior in the insulating state of ultrathin films of superconducting metals.

Nonlinear I-V characteristics have been observed in insulating quench-condensed films which are locally superconducting. We suggest an interpretation in terms of the enhancement of conduction by the depinning of a Cooper pair charge density wave, Cooper pair crystal, or Cooper pair glass that may characterize this insulating regime. We propose that this is a more likely description than the Coulomb blockade or charge-anticharge unbinding phenomena.

Field of study: Physics
The Development of the Human Resource Capacity of the Federal Target Program ‘Research and Development in the Top Priority Areas of Russia’s Scientific and Technological Complex, 2007-2013’

Analysis of the quantitative and qualitative composition of the personnel directly or indirectly engaged in R&D carried out within the framework of the Program indicates that, since 2009, their numbers have begun to grow. This trend was also apparent in 2011. Among the factors behind this trend was also the fact that not only the state sector and universities, but also the private sector of the economy began to be increasingly interested in the Program. Over the course of five years since the launch of the Program, the average age of R&D personnel engaged in R&D within the framework of the Program has dropped by more than 3% on 2007.

Field of study: Economics
Arabidopsis thaliana Raf22 protein kinase maintains growth capacity during postgerminative growth arrest under stress.

When seeds are exposed to drought and salinity during germination, newly germinated embryos stop growth and enter a quiescent state called postgerminative growth (PGG) arrest. PGG arrest protects embryos from the stress, but it is not known how PGG is restored from the arrest when stress is eased. In this study, we show that under stress- or abscisic acid-induced PGG arrest conditions, Arabidopsis thaliana Raf-type protein kinase 22 (AtRaf22) overexpression accelerated photoautotrophic seedling establishment, whereas atraf22 knockout mutations enhanced the arrest. Furthermore, when the stress intensity was reduced subsequently, AtRaf22 overexpression plants resumed growth and accomplished photoautotrophic transition much faster than the knockout or wild-type plants. These results suggest that AtRaf22 activity is important for maintaining growth capacity during stress-induced PGG arrest, which is most likely critical for competitive growth when the stress subsides and plants resume growth. Such a factor has not been reported before.

Field of study: Environmental science
More Data Can Hurt for Linear Regression: Sample-wise Double Descent

In this expository note we describe a surprising phenomenon in overparameterized linear regression, where the dimension exceeds the number of samples: there is a regime where the test risk of the estimator found by gradient descent increases with additional samples. In other words, more data actually hurts the estimator. This behavior is implicit in a recent line of theoretical works analyzing "double-descent" phenomenon in linear models. In this note, we isolate and understand this behavior in an extremely simple setting: linear regression with isotropic Gaussian covariates. In particular, this occurs due to an unconventional type of bias-variance tradeoff in the overparameterized regime: the bias decreases with more samples, but variance increases.

Field of study: Computer science
Photoluminescence at high pressures from highly strained MOVPE grown GaAs/GaSb/GaAs heterostructures

The authors report photoluminescence measurements made on highly strained nominally GaAs/GaSb/GaAs heterostructures (grown by MOVPE) at pressures up to 5.5 GPa in a diamond anvil cell. Two samples have been studied, a single 15 AA GaSb layer, and a five 15 AA GaSb layer heterostructure. In both cases the 1.3 eV strained layer luminescence increased in energy with pressure with a large pressure coefficient. This identifies the transition as one involving a Gamma state in the conduction band. It is suggested that lower energy luminescence, observed only from the five-layer sample, involves a defect. A theoretical model predicts that the bands line up in a type-II configuration, and the observed behaviour at pressures beyond the GaAs Gamma -X crossover confirms this. The possibility of incorporation of As atoms in the thin nominally GaSb layer is considered.

Field of study: Materials science
Soft-output demodulator in space-time-coded continuous phase modulation

Space-time coding has shown great promise for digital transmission in wireless communication links, especially when the channel response is known at the receiver. Space time coding combined with continuous phase modulation (CPM) can offer better tradeoffs in bandwidth and power efficiency. Because of the memory inherent in CPM, channel estimation is often harder than for linear modulations. We present an adaptive soft algorithm that performs joint channel estimation and data detection for space-time CPM systems. Properly designed pilot symbols are inserted at the very beginning to give good initial estimates of the channels. This soft receiver is further applied to the interleaved space-time CPM system to yield better performance with moderate complexity through iterative processing. Simulation results show that the receiver can often achieve near-coherent performance in quasistatic fading as well as in time-varying fading.

Field of study: Engineering
Low Temperature Limit of Stability of Coherent Precession of Spin in the Superfluid 3He-B

It is shown that instability of homogeneous precession is caused by combined effect of anisotropy of spin wave velocities and dipole interaction. In the principal order on the ratio of the Leggett frequency to the Larmor frequency the increments of growth of spin wave amplitudes are found. The magnitude of the maximum increment for all deviation angles of spin from its equilibrium orientation is calculated. The estimation is made of the minimum temperature down to which the precession is stable.

Field of study: Physics
Taking on a researcher's identity: Teacher learning in and through research participation

In the wake of new educational initiatives for professional development, interest in how, when, and what teachers learn is growing. Traditionally, most research into teacher learning has been located in pre-service and in-service interventions and in studies of classroom practice. Few studies investigate how teachers learn in informal settings, particularly as research participants. Through discourse analysis, this study presents an analysis of one teacher's informal dialogues with a researcher. It describes how, by drawing from different systems of knowing, she positions and identifies herself during retrospective reflection about her current practice and goals for the future. The study demonstrates that in this particular mode of interaction the teacher learned by taking on the identity of a researcher of her own practice. The findings reinforce the importance of an ever-present question for research conducted with teachers: How do research relationships shape the identities teachers construct for themselves.

Field of study: Education, Linguistics
Age-related impairments in object-place associations are not due to hippocampal dysfunction.

Age-associated cognitive decline can reduce an individual's quality of life. As no single neurobiological deficit can account for the wide spectrum of behavioral impairments observed in old age, it is critical to develop an understanding of how interactions between different brain regions change over the life span. The performance of young and aged animals on behaviors that require the hippocampus and cortical regions to interact, however, has not been well characterized. Specifically, the ability to link a spatial location with specific features of a stimulus, such as object identity, relies on the hippocampus, perirhinal and prefrontal cortices. Although aging is associated with dysfunction in each of these brain regions, behavioral measures of functional change within the hippocampus, perirhinal and prefrontal cortices in individual animals are often not correlated. Thus, how dysfunction of a single brain region within this circuit, such as the hippocampus, impacts behaviors that require communication with the perirhinal and prefrontal cortices remains unknown. To address this question, young and aged rats were tested on the interregion dependent object-place paired association task, as well as a hippocampal-dependent test of spatial reference memory. This particular cohort of aged rats did not show deficits on the hippocampal-dependent task, but were significantly impaired at acquiring object-place associations relative to young. These data suggest that behaviors requiring functional connectivity across different regions of the memory network may be particularly sensitive to aging, and can be used to develop models that will clarify the impact of systems-level dysfunction in the elderly.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
“Eurosclerosis” Versus U.S. Dynamism

dogma now reproduced by right and left alike is that the U.S. economy is more efficient than the European economies in producing jobs. Thus, President Clinton, on this side of the Atlantic, and German chancellor Helmut Kohl and British prime minister Tony Blair, among other government leaders in the European Union (EU), on the other side, have advocated a relaxation of regulations in the European labor markets and a reduction of social protections to make these economies more like the U.S. economy in order to stimulate the production of jobs in Europe. In this scenario, Europeans are supposedly loaded down with overly rigid regulations and receive overly generous social benefits, making the EU economies "sclerotic" in comparison with a "dynamic" U.S. economy. It is practically impossible to read the press reporting on economics without finding constant reference to the contrast between very low unemployment in the United States and high unemployment in member countries of the European Union, with the

Field of study: Economics
Controllability of cupric particle synthesis by linear alcohol chain number as additive and pH control in cupric acetate solution using X-ray radiolysis.

Synthesis and immobilization of caltrop cupric particles onto a Si substrate using X-ray radiolysis directly from a liquid solution of Cu(COOCH3)2 is demonstrated. Caltrop cupric oxide particles are formed in the X-ray radiolysis of aqueous solutions of Cu(COOCH3)2, which also contain methanol, ethanol, 2-propanol or 1-propanol as ^\bulletOH scavenger. The blade lengths of the caltrop particles are dependent on the alcohol chain length. In particular, it was found that an alkyl alcohol whose chain length is longer than four is unable to synthesize any particles in aqueous solutions of Cu(COOCH3)2 in X-ray radiolysis. These results are attributed to the alkyl alcohol chain length influencing the rate of reaction of radicals and determines the solvable ratio of its alcohol into water. In addition, it was found that the synthesized particle geometric structure and composition can also be controlled by the pH of the aqueous solution in the X-ray radiolysis. This study may open a door to understanding and investigating a novel photochemical reaction route induced under X-ray irradiation. The development of the X-ray radiolysis process enables us to achieve the rapid and easy process of synthesis and immobilization of higher-order nano/microstructure consisting of various materials.

Field of study: Physics
Early–Middle Paleozoic ecosystem evolution and revolution (Part 2 of 2): an introduction

Papers included in this special issue have been derived and developed mostly from contributions presented at the 5th Annual Meeting of the International Geoscience Programme (IGCP) Project 591, held jointly with the 5th International Symposium on the Silurian System, sponsored by the International Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy (ISSS). The joint meeting was hosted by the Institut national de la recherche scientifique – Eau Terre Environnement (INRS–ETE) in Quebec City, Canada, including 3 days of scientific sessions, a pre-conference field excursion to the Gaspe Peninsula, a mid-conference excursion to the vicinity of Quebec City, and a post-conference excursion to Anticosti Island, Quebec. The goals of IGCP 591 and the joint meeting with ISSS were outlined in the first volume of this two-volume series (Jin and Melchin 2016).

The papers in this volume cover a range of topics in Early–Middle Paleozoic paleontology, stratigraphy, and geochemistry. Microfossils, particularly conodonts, …

Field of study: Environmental science
Epifluorescence collection in two-photon microscopy.

We present a simple model to describe epifluorescence collection in two-photon microscopy when one images in a turbid slab with an objective. Bulk and surface scattering determine the spatial and angular distributions of the outgoing fluorescence photons at the slab surface, and geometrical optics determines how efficiently the photons are collected. The collection optics are parameterized by the objective's numerical aperture and working distance and by an effective collection field of view. We identify the roles of each of these parameters and provide simple rules of thumb for the optimization of the epifluorescence collection efficiency. Analytical results are corroborated by Monte Carlo simulation.

Field of study: Physics
Formation and Stacking of Octahedral Silicon Growth Unit

After modified by Sr,the primary silicon of Al-26%Si alloy likes fishbone with different length.The primary silicon was extracted from Al-26%Si alloy by chemical extraction.The results show that primary silicon is the strip aggregation stacked by octahedral silicon with different structure and dimension.During primary silicon growth,the octahedral silicon as growth units is vertex-linked and connected with the structure unit on the crystal surface along the direction of stable combination.

Field of study: Materials science
Secondary Reinforcement and the Discrimination Hypothesis: The Role of Discrimination Training

The purposes of this experiment are further investigation of: the discrimination hypothesis vs secondary reinforcement positions with respect to resistance to extinction; the role of explicit vs non-explicit discrimination training in resistance to extinction. One group of 32 rats was given explicit discrimination training in an L-type runway involving two goal boxes of different brightness. A second group of 32 Ss had non-explicit discrimination training, i.e., an unfastened card in the goal box entrances concealed the cues until S entered the goal box. Ss were always reinforced in the goal box of one brightness and never reinforced in the goal box of the other brightness. During extinction 16 Ss in each of the above groups were extinguished with the positive cue and 16 with the negative cue. Half of these positive cue and negative cue Ss encountered a card in the goal box entrance, and the rest did not. The results showed no significant difference in alley-running or arm-running times in extinction between the positive and negative cue Ss. Using number of trials to a criterion of two successive running times, Ss extinguished with the positive cue showed greater resistance to extinction. The type of discrimination training did not influence extinction results significantly, using running time or number of trials as a criterion. The results were interpreted as generally incompatible with the discrimination hypothesis prediction and only partially in support of a secondary reinforcement position.

Field of study: Psychology