nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
SMART: An Open Source Data Labeling Platform for Supervised Learning

SMART is an open source web application designed to help data scientists and research teams efficiently build labeled training data sets for supervised machine learning tasks. SMART provides users with an intuitive interface for creating labeled data sets, supports active learning to help reduce the required amount of labeled data, and incorporates inter-rater reliability statistics to provide insight into label quality. SMART is designed to be platform agnostic and easily deployable to meet the needs of as many different research teams as possible. The project website contains links to the code repository and extensive user documentation.

Field of study: Computer science
Structure and activity of the nitrate-reducing community in the rhizosphere of Lolium perenne and Trifolium repens under long-term elevated atmospheric pCO.

Rhizosphere soil was sampled in monocultures of Lolium perenne and Trifolium repens in June and October 2002, at two different nitrogen fertilisation levels (14 and 56 g N m(-2) year(-1)) and under two pCO(2) atmospheres (360 and 600 ppmv) at the Swiss FACE (Free Air Carbon dioxide Enrichment) site. Directly extracted soil DNA was analysed with restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) by use of degenerated primers for the narG gene encoding the active site of the membrane-bound nitrate reductase. The corresponding enzyme activity of the nitrate reductase was determined colorimetrically after 24 h of anaerobic incubation. The narG PCR-RFLP fingerprints showed that the structure of the nitrate-reducing community was primarily affected by season and pH of the sampling site, whereas CO(2) enrichment, plant species or fertiliser treatment had no apparent effect. In contrast, the nitrate reductase activity responded to N fertilisation, CO(2) enrichment and plant species in October, whereas in June drought stress most likely kept the enzyme activity at a low level in all treatments. Apparently, the respiratory nitrate-reducing community adapted to different treatments primarily by altered enzyme activity.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
The Effectiveness of Accounting Information Systems in Reducing the Risks of Electronic Auditing: Applied Study on Irbid’s Electricity Company of Jordan

Accounting information systems and their outputs are efficient management tools that are based on information in decision making. The external auditor is keen to ensure that the company has sophisticated and modern accounting information systems capable of meeting its auditing needs. This study aimed at identifying the effectiveness of accounting information systems (Relevance, Reliability and Information security) to reduce the risk of electronic auditing (inherent, control, detection) in Irbid Electricity Company. In order to achieve the objectives of the study, a questionnaire was designed and distributed to the sample of the study which consisted of (152) employees who were financial managers, account managers, internal auditors and employees working in the company's information technology departments. The number of questionnaires retrieved and statistical analysis was (136). To analyze data and test hypotheses, the statistical program (SPSS) was used. The study found that there is a significant effect on the effectiveness of accounting information systems on the risks of electronic auditing in Irbid Electricity Company. The study recommended that more researches should be accomplished on achieving efficiency, efficiency in the procedures of accounting control, and asset protection programs to reduce the risk of control.

Field of study: Business
Fraktur tibia terbuka tipe III C

Seven patients of open tibial fractures type III C were treated in the Emergency Unit, Sardjito hospital from 1990 to 1995. Three patients underwent early amputation and four patients ultimately required secondary amputation from three to twelve days after vascular repair intervention. Open tibial fractures associated with vascular trauma need an immediate decision between early amputation and limb salvage. Prospective studies are important before a well-defined protocol or objective criteria for early amputation can be considered.  open fracture â€“ tibial fracture â€“ lower fracture â€“ type Ill C â€“ amputation

Field of study: Medicine
From morphology to behaviour: Quantitative morphological study of the trace fossil Helminthorhaphe

The ichnogenus Helminthorhaphe is a meandering trace fossil valuable to the study of movement behaviours of the trace-making marine invertebrates. In this work, we studied systematically the morphology of selected examples of Helminthorhaphe from the Upper Cretaceous to Miocene by means of primary morphological constructs, morphometrics, and theoretical morphological models. Eleven morphological constructs encompassing meander arrangement, meander tip, and meander course properties are established to illustrate the essential morphological features of meanders, which cover key aspects of the motion and navigation capacities of Helminthorhaphe makers. Tunnel diameter, meander width, and meander length are extracted to explore the size range of Helminthorhaphe , from which an exceptionally large end member is recognised, H . magna ichnosp. nov. Meander width versus tunnel diameter ratio and the fractal dimension of Helminthorhaphe are two prominent morphometric parameters that characterise the average closeness and space usage of the meanders, respectively, which aid differentiation between ichnospecies. Helminthorhaphe miocenica , H . magna , H . flexuosa , and H . japonica generally conform to a series of increasing closeness and space usage of the meanders. Theoretical morphogenetic analysis of the meander-generating process of Helminthorhaphe based on the bilateral phobo-thigmotactic robot car model reveals that the tempo and hierarchy of bilateral movement differentiation contribute to the formation of primary terminal U-turn at the meander tip, as well as lower-level meander-course undulations. The meander tip property proves to be an important morphological feature with biomechanical and neurobiological implications on the body flexibility and lateralisation in the nervous system of Helminthorhaphe producers. Larger-scale meander arrangement styles suggest that Helminthorhaphe makers potentially possessed certain radial or concentric spatial cognition of the environment. With an emphasis on theoretical morphogenetic analysis, this study provides a preliminary attempt in linking ichnology with behavioural, neurobiological, and intelligence sciences.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Parentage Identification of Sheep by Microsatellite DNA Technology

Amplications of nine microsatellite loci on nine Dorset sheep were performed by using PCR method. The mixed products of amplification by three microsatellite DNA were separated in polyacrylamide gel and analyzed with the sliver staining. The paternity was calculated by 99.997% on the basis of ear samples from two Dorset sheep with confirmed paternity and seven with unknown paternity.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Plate Objective Scoring Tool (POST); An objective methodology for the assessment of urethral plate in distal hypospadias.

Estimation of the quality of the urethral plate (UP) seems to be important when assessing postoperative outcomes of hypospadias repair, but its evaluation remains subjective. We developed an objective model aiming to standardize this assessment, proposing a methodology that could be adopted in future studies designed to evaluate outcomes in the treatment of hypospadias.



To evaluate the inter and intra observer reliability of a method to assess the quality of the urethral plate (UP) in hypospadias (POST - Plate Objective Scoring Tool) based on elements of glans characteristics. The reliability of such scoring methodology was compared to an analog accepted tool: the Glans-Urethral Meatus-Shaft (GMS) score. A secondary goal was to compare some characteristics of the UP in GMS score to POST values; aiming to find the threshold between favorable and unfavorable plates.



Data were prospectively obtained from prepubertal boys who underwent primary hypospadias repair between January 2018 and November 2019. Intrinsic elements of the glanular UP (A: distal midline mucocutaneous junction; B: Glanular knob where the mucosal edges of the UP's edge change direction; C: Glanular/coronal junction) were marked and the AB/BC ratio calculated. The "G" and "M" components of the GMS score were measured electronically three times by four different reviewers with variable pediatric urology experience and blinded to each other values. Favorable UP, according to the GMS score was compared to measurements obtained by POST (AB/BC ratio).



84 subjects were enrolled. The POST score had an excellent inter-observer agreement for the evaluation of the UP in distal hypospadias (Kappa = 0.832) while the "G" parameter of the GMS correlated poorly among the observers. The Inter-Class Correlation (ICC) analysis to examine the intra-rater agreement value was 0.914 (95% CI 0.87, 0.95.). AB/BC ratio values ranged from 0.6 to 1.6, with a mean of 1.12. The POST cut-off value for "favorable" UP was 1.2 (AUC = 0.62) 95% CI (0.52-0.84) (sensitivity 80% and specificity 60%).



The POST score has higher inter-observer reliability and functions favorably when compared to the GMS. In addition, it demonstrated a high intra-observer reliability among observers of variable experience. Our findings suggest that the POST score adds to evaluation of the UP and could be incorporated as an additional criterion to assess outcomes in distal hypospadias repairs.

Field of study: Medicine
Ethnicity-Specific Association Between Ghrelin Leu72Met Polymorphism and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Susceptibility: An Updated Meta-Analysis

The Leu72Met polymorphism of ghrelin gene has been associated with genetic predisposition to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), while conclusions remain conflicting. Hence, we performed this updated meta-analysis to clarify the association between Leu72Met polymorphism and T2DM susceptibility.  Six electronic databases were consulted for articles published before 1 January, 2018. Pooled odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated under five genetic models to assess this association. We used I2-test and Q statistics to measure heterogeneity across the included studies. Subgroup analyses and publication bias were also performed.  Thirteen case-control studies involving 4720 T2DM patients and 4206 controls were included in this meta-analysis. The overall results using fixed-effects models showed that Leu72Met polymorphism was significantly associated with an increased risk of T2DM under homozygous model (OR = 1.307, 95%CI 1.001–1.705, p = 0.049). Further subgroup analyses stratified by ethnicity revealed that the risk for T2DM was only increased in Asians (homozygous model: OR = 1.335, 95%CI 1.014–1.758, p = 0.040), while decreased in Caucasians (dominant model: OR = 0.788, 95%CI 0.635–0.978, p = 0.030; heterozygous model: OR = 0.779, 95%CI 0.626–0.969, p = 0.025; allelic model: OR = 0.811, 95%CI 0.661–0.995, p = 0.045). Funnel plots were basically symmetrical, and all p-values of Egger's test under five genetic models were >0.050, which indicated no evidence of publication bias.  Our results demonstrate that the Leu72Met polymorphism of ghrelin gene may be protective against T2DM in Caucasians, while predisposing to T2DM in Asians.

Field of study: Biology
The internal electric fieldgradient in antiferroelectric PbZrO3 studied by perturbed angular correlations

The internal electric fieldgradient (EFG) at the Zr-site in antiferroelectric polycristalline PbZrO3 has been investigated as a function of temperature by time differential angular correlation measurements. For the application of this technique PbZrO3 was doped with small amounts of radioactive181Hf.In the antiferroelectric phase of PbZrO3 the EFG decreases continously with increasing temperature and exhibits a sharp discontinuity at 230 °C, the Curie point of the compound. In the cubic phase a small remaining EFG is observed which is probably caused by lattice imperfections in the source.The antiferroelectric distortion of the lattice decreases slightly when the temperature approaches the Curie point, as shown by the temperature dependence of the asymmetry parameter of the EFG.The measured EFG at room temperature is compared with the result of a lattice sum calculation.

Field of study: Physics
Design of Backward Movement Control for a Truck System with Two Trailers Using Neurocontrollers Evolved by Genetic Algorithms

In this paper, we propose a design method of neurocontrollers (NCs) evolved by a genetic algorithm (GA) for the backward movement control of a truck system with two trailers. The difficulty and complexity of the backward movement control depend on the number of connected trailers and the angular limitations of the trailer-truck system. In order to search for the best neurocontroller more quickly and effectively, for the two-trailer system which has extremely small angular limitations, we propose a modified GA which adaptively changes the number of offspring and the mutation rate according to the diversity of NC population. The simulation results show that the modified GA significantly improves the search performance. We apply the control method not only to computer simulations but also to experiments of a small-scale real mechanism. The results of both show that the control method is highly effective.

Field of study: Computer science
STUDY ON INTERFACIAL THERMAL RESIDUAL STRESS OF SINGLE-FIBER RESIN MATRIX COMPOSITE MATERIALS

Because of a significant mismatch between the coefficients of the fiber and the matrix in a thermal expansion,the interfacial thermal residual stress in fiber/matrix composites is induced during the course of cooling procedure when composites are made.These residual stresses play an important role in the mechanical properties of composites.The distribution of interfacial thermal residual stress near a straight and a specially designed curve steel fiber was studied in this paper.The interfacial shear stress along the fiber embedded in the length direction was determined using three dimensional photo-elasticity.And these interfacial thermal residual stresses were analyzed by the finite element method(FEM).The results show that the value of the interfacial thermal residual stress reaches its peaks near the end of the embedded fiber in the interface of the single-fiber and the matrix.

Field of study: Engineering
Significance of sports activities conducted in rural holidays and festivals in the construction of a new countryside

Sports activities conducted in rural holidays and festivals are significant to the construction of a new countryside: they are important keys to breakthroughs in the construction of sports culture in new countrysides,and effective ways to strengthening communication between the government and the masses and between the masses;since their intrinsic features boosted the enthusiasm of peasants for participating in sports activities,they have effec-tively changed the bad life styles of peasants;they have the mission to carry on the culture while promoting con-sumption and boosting economic development.

Field of study: Education
Analysis of the effects of programming factors on programming effort

Programming effort appears to be related to choices of programming language features which we call programming factors. A series of experiments was conducted investigating program construction, comprehension, and modification. Ease of construction seemed related to average nesting depth, percentage of global variables used for data communication, average variables referenced, and average live variables per statement. Data communication and live variables were shown to be related to ease of modification as well.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
An analysis of long-term occurrence of renal complications following pediatric pyeloplasty.

Few reports discuss post-pubertal renal complications after pyeloplasty. We analyzed long-term complications, such as decreased renal function (RF) measured by serum creatinine (SCr), hypertension (HTN), or proteinuria (protU) following pediatric pyeloplasty.



We retrospectively investigated 257 patients who underwent dismembered pyeloplasty due to ureteropelvic junction obstruction from January 1986 to December 2001. Medical history, preoperative and postoperative blood pressure, urinalysis, and SCr results were reviewed.



Fifty-five patients (47 male, 8 female) who were followed up for at least 10 years with post-pubertal follow-up data available were analyzed. Seven (12.7%) patients were diagnosed with HTN, and 10 (18.2%) with protU. The grade of hydronephrosis decreased, and the differential RF measured by MAG-3 renal scan significantly increased at final analysis (p<0.001). Presence of preoperative symptoms (p=0.034), and SCr elevation (p=0.018) showed correlation with HTN. HTN took 15.7 (±5.8) (7-25) years, and protU detection took 16.2 (±5.9) (6-23) years, with the highest incidence of both HTN and protU between 15 and 20 years postoperatively.



According to our investigation, a prudent evaluation of signs of RF decrease at 10 years after surgery, and then every 5 years, until 20 years should be recommended, although further studies are necessary.

Field of study: Medicine
Biologic and climatic signals in the oxygen isotopic composition of Eocene-Oligocene equid enamel phosphate

Oxygen isotope results for tooth enamel-phosphate (δP) from late Eocene-early Oligocene fossil horses are presented to determine if paleobiologic and paleoclimatologic information is recorded in fossil tooth enamel chemistry. Teeth from jaws of Mesohippus and Miohippus from the White River Formation (or Group) in the western Great Plains are well preserved and have excellent geochronologic control. Although there is clear evidence for post-depositional alteration of the enamel, a hydroxylapatite mineralogy is preserved and isotopic exchange of oxygen does not appear to be significant. There are distinctive patterns of δP variation among individual teeth from the same jaw. These patterns reflect season of birth and timing of enamel mineralization. Most of the horses were born in the spring, and mineralization of the enamel is complete after 1–1.5 years. These results show that paleoclimate reconstruction from enamel δP must account for tooth position and timing of mineralization. The observation that there are different intrajaw patterns of δP variation among Mesohippus and Miohippus may provide a basis to reconstruct changes in climate seasonality in ancient environments.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Geometrically Nonlinear Aeroelastic Scaling for Very Flexible Aircraft

High-aspect-ratio wings present in very flexible aircraft can undergo large deformations, which results in significant changes in natural frequencies as well as in static and dynamic aeroelastic response. This geometric nonlinear behavior becomes an integral part of any aeroelastic analysis to be conducted in such class of vehicles. Aeroelastic scaling is an important way to study the aeroelastic behavior of aircraft, and it is an integral part in risk mitigation for aircraft development. However, the current aeroelastic scaling methodologies have focused on geometrically linear structures. This paper demonstrates a methodology for geometrically nonlinear aeroelastic scaling of very flexible aircraft. The known linear scaling factors and similarity rules are extended to address geometrically nonlinear aeroelastic scaling. A high-aspect-ratio flying wing in free flight is taken as an example to verify the new scaling procedure, and numerical studies are conducted using the University of Michigan’s Nonlinea...

Field of study: Physics
Screening for depression in high-risk groups: prospective cohort study in general practice

Currently only about half of the people who have major depressive disorder are detected during regular health care. Screening in high-risk groups might be a possible solution.  To evaluate the effectiveness of selective screening for major depressive disorder in three high-risk groups in primary care: people with mental health problems, people with unexplained somatic complaints and people who frequently attend their general practitioner.  Prospective cohort study among 2005 people in high-risk groups in three health centres in The Netherlands.  Of the 2005 people identified, 1687 were invited for screening and of these 780 participated. Screening disclosed 71 people with major depressive disorder: 36 (50.7%) already received treatment, 14 (19.7%) refused treatment and 4 individuals did not show up for an appointment. As a final result of the screening, 17 individuals (1% of 1687) started treatment for major depressive disorder.  Screening for depression in high-risk populations does not seem to be effective, mainly because of the low rates of treatment initiation, even if treatment is freely and easily accessible.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Study on Inclusions of Casting Billet and End Product of T700 High Strength Construction Steel

The size distribution and component inclusion in casting billet and end product of T700 were investigated by optical microscope and SEM.The results show that the mount and size of inclusion both slight decrease.By energy spectrum analysis,the composition is sulfide,silicate,magnesium salt,titanate and calcium.The size of inclusions in end product is below 5μm and the mount is small.

Field of study: Materials science
In vivo dynamics of the F-actin-binding protein neurabin-II.

Neurabin-II (spinophilin) is a ubiquitously expressed F-actin-binding protein containing an N-terminal actin-binding domain, a PDZ (PSD95/discs large/ZO-1) domain and a C-terminal domain predicted to form a coiled-coil structure. We have stably expressed a green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged version of neurabin-II in PC12 cells, and characterized the in vivo dynamics of this actin-binding protein using confocal fluorescence microscopy. We show that GFP-neurabin-II localizes to actin filaments, especially at cortical sites and areas underlying sites of active membrane remodelling. GFP-neurabin-II labels only a subset of F-actin within these cells, as indicated by rhodamine-phalloidin staining. Both actin filaments and small, highly motile structures within the cell body are seen. Photobleaching experiments show that GFP-neurabin-II also exhibits highly dynamic behaviour when bound to actin filaments. Latrunculin B treatment results in rapid relocalization of GFP-neurabin-II to the cytosol, whereas cytochalasin D treatment causes the collapse of GFP-neurabin-II fluorescence to intensely fluorescent foci of F-actin within the cell body. This collapse is reversed on cytochalasin D removal, recovery from which is greatly accelerated by stimulation of cells with epidermal growth factor (EGF). Furthermore, we show that this EGF-induced relocalization of GFP-neurabin-II is dependent on the activity of the small GTPase Rac1 but not the activity of ADP-ribosylation factor 6.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science