nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Enhanced auditory reversal learning by genetic activation of protein kinase C in small groups of rat hippocampal neurons.

The hippocampus has a central role in specific types of learning, but there is only limited evidence identifying the requisite molecular changes in ensembles of hippocampal neurons. To investigate the role of protein kinase C (PKC) pathways in hippocampal mediated learning, a constitutively active, catalytic domain of rat PKC betaII was delivered into hippocampal dentate granule neurons using a Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV-1) vector. This PKC causes a long-lasting, activation-dependent increase in neurotransmitter release from cultured cells. Activation of PKC pathways in a small percentage (< or =0.26%) of dentate granule neurons was sufficient to enhance rat auditory discrimination reversal learning. The affected neurons altered hippocampal physiology as revealed by elevated NMDA receptor densities in specific hippocampal areas. Thus, these results directly suggest that activation of PKC pathways in a specific hippocampal area alters rat auditory discrimination reversal learning. Because each rat may contain a unique pattern of affected neurons, there appears to be considerable flexibility and/or redundancy in the groups of neurons that can modify learning.

Field of study: Biology
The Role of Realism in Memory for Computergraphics by Children and Adults.

AbstractThis study examined the effects of realism on subjects’ recognition memory for computergraphics. Children and adults in six age groups (N = 189) were presented with pictorial computergraphic materials at three levels of realism: low (abstract or schematic—images reduced to simple flat shapes), medium (linear—simple line drawings), and high (realistic—photographic images and detailed drawings). Pictorial content was sampled widely from existing computer materials with each image containing only one pictorial element: person, animal, or object. Recognition memory was tested at immediate and a week’s delay. Recognition of the three kinds of image showed an unusual pattern of decline over time with the initial advantage for realistic and abstract computergraphics disappearing at a week’s delay, while recognition for linear images was superior to that of realistic and abstract. Although recognition memory increased with age, no interaction between age and realism was found. That is, all age groups, 6 y...

Field of study: Education
Efek biji mahkota dewa terhadap ekspresi

The effect of mahkota dewa seed (Phaleria macrocarpa (Schaff. Bowl.) on active caspase-3 expression in WiDr Ca colon cell line  Mahkota dewa (MD, Phaleria macrocarapa (Schaff) BoerII.) is widely used for cancer therapy, but its mechanism as anticancer has not been known yet. Recently, ethanol extract of MD seed has been shown to have cytotoxic effect on WiDr Ca colon cell line.  The purpose of this study is to know active caspase-3 expression in WiDr Ca colon cell fine after MD treatment.  WiDr Ca colon cell line was incubated with ethanol extract of MD seed in three concentrations for 48 hours. Active caspase-3 expression was shown using immunohistochemistry method.  In the cell line treated with ethanol extract of MD seed 11.35 uglml (1/2 IC50), 22.7 ug/mI (IC,) and 45.4 ug/ml (2x1050), immunopositive cells had been found to be 20.4%, 49% and 63%, respectively. The cell line treated with 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) in IC50 dosage only had 27.4% imunopositive cell.  Ethanol extract of MD seed had cytotoxic effect on WiDr cell line through the increased active caspase 3 expression. The effect was greater than 5-FU.  Mahkota Dewa, WiDr cell line, Caspase 3, apoptosis, 5 FU

Field of study: Medicine
Contribution of Ser463 residue to the enzymatic and autoprocessing activities of Escherichia coli gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase.

A serine residue Ser463, required for proper function of E. coli y-glutamyltranspeptidase (EcGGT) was identified by site-directed mutagenesis on the basis of sequence alignment of human, pig, rat, and three bacterial enzymes. Thr-, Asp-, and Lys-substituted variants were overexpressed in E. coli M15 cells and the recombinant proteins were purified to near homogeneity by nickel-chelate chromatography. With the exception of S463T, the other two variants completely lost GGT activity, implying the importance of this residue in EcGGT. Moreover, substitution of Ser463 with either Lys or Asp impaired the capability of autocatalytic processing of the precursor into alpha- and beta-subunit. Computer modeling showed that the critical bonding distance of Gln390 C-Thr391 OG1 was significantly increased in S463D and S463K, indicating that these distance changes might be responsible for the lack of enzyme maturation. Measurements of intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence revealed alteration of the microenvironment of aromatic amino acid residues in S463D and S463K, while circular dichroism (CD) spectra were nearly identical for wild-type and all mutant enzymes. The temperature-dependent signal in the far-UV region for S463T was consistent with that of wild-type enzyme, but S463D and S463K showed a different sensitivity towards temperature-induced denaturation. These results implied that a significant conformational change occurred as a result of Asp- and Lys-substitution.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Physics
Governing A Global Community Of Shared Risks

This chapter considers interpretations of the globalization process along a continuum ranging from "realist" emphasis upon sovereignty in the inter-state system to "idealist" projections of cosmopolitan citizenship and even global government. The work of Jurgen Habermas is taken to be the most comprehensive via media between the "extreme" positions. In The Postnational Constellation, Habermas relates morality to ethics in explaining the potential for, but also the current limitations upon, cosmopolitan projects. The example of the European Union demonstrates the possibility for politics to "catch up" with globalizing markets.

Field of study: Political science
Response of sugar maple to multiple year exposures to ozone and simulated acidic precipitation.

Potted sugar maple seedlings were exposed to ozone and acidic precipitation in open-top chambers for three consecutive growing seasons. Periodic measurements of photosynthesis, dark respiration, through-fall and soil solution chemistry, and annual measurements of the weight of plant parts were made. Experimental treatments caused few and minor effects on above- or below-ground growth of the seedlings, even after three growing seasons. There were trends for reduced photosynthesis in trees exposed to elevated concentrations of ozone and increased photosynthesis in those exposed to the lowest pH simulated rain treatment. The chemistries of soil-solutions and through-fall were not altered significantly by treatment. Although major effects were not observed, sugar maple may respond to exposures that take place over a significant part of its life cycle.

Field of study: Environmental science
Visual Voyages: Images of Latin American Nature from Columbus to Darwin by Daniela Bleichmar (review)

Abordar metodológicamente México 2346 no fue un camino fácil. No se trata de un estudio histórico ni de uno literario. Tampoco es una edición crítica del expediente. Se trata de un estudio interdisciplinario y discursivo, cuya finalidad es entender cómo los Uchu Túpac Yupanqui se veían a sí mismos o, más bien, se escribían a sí mismos, indagando en una trayectoria que lejos de ser lineal y continua, constituye una colmada de giros enunciativos, desplazamientos de identidades y subjetividades enfrentadas.

Field of study: History
Estimation of mean vector in presence of non-response

Simultaneous estimation of means of several variables is considered for finite population in presence of non-response. Two types of nonresponses (partial and complete) are considered using the technique of sampling and subsampling with equal probabilities without replacement. The optimum sample size and the optimum value of subsampling fraction to be repeated from the nonresponding units of the sample have been obtained for fixed survey budget.

Field of study: Mathematics
A Review of Permeability and Flow Simulation for Liquid Composite Moulding of Plant Fibre Composites

Liquid composite moulding (LCM) of plant fibre composites has gained much attention for the development of structural biobased composites. To produce quality composites, better understanding of the resin impregnation process and flow behaviour in plant fibre reinforcements is vital. By reviewing the literature, we aim to identify key plant fibre reinforcement-specific factors that influence, if not govern, the mould filling stage during LCM of plant fibre composites. In particular, the differences in structure (physical and biochemical) for plant and synthetic fibres, their semi-products (i.e., yarns and rovings), and their mats and textiles are shown to have a perceptible effect on their compaction, in-plane permeability, and processing via LCM. In addition to examining the effects of dual-scale flow, resin absorption, (subsequent) fibre swelling, capillarity, and time-dependent saturated and unsaturated permeability that are specific to plant fibre reinforcements, we also review the various models utilised to predict and simulate resin impregnation during LCM of plant fibre composites.

Field of study: Materials science
Morphological grouping of Mexican butterfliesin relation to habitat association

Current rates of destruction of natural ecosystems call for rapid and efficient ways of assessing the successional state or degree of perturbation, and of monitoring management efforts. In this paper we propose that butterfly species, grouped by morphological and ethological traits, can be used for these purposes. The groups, each composed of species from many taxa, appear to be strongly correlated with types of habitat. We re-define the groups originally distinguished by de la Maza and de la Maza (1988), and, using data from Quintana Roo and Morelos states in Mexico, show a statistical association between certain coloration groups and types of habitat. The existence of such consistent, non-taxonomic groupings is of theoretical interest and may also be used to monitor habitats or to predict the effects of disturbance.

Field of study: Environmental science
Influence of electrolyte composition and pH on glyphosate sorption by cow-dung amended soil

This study investigated the pH-dependent relationship between glyphosate and soils before (NS) and after amendment with cow-dung, CD (SACD). Sorption isotherms were generated using batch equilibration techniques from CaCl2, KCl, CaSO4 and Ca(H2PO4)2 background electrolytes. Linear partition coefficients decreased with increase in pH in the order: CaCl2>KCl > CaSO4>Ca(H2PO4)2, which reflect both the effect of the inorganic anion in terms of competition and the cation in terms of bridging interactions. However, soil amendment with CD minimized the inhibitory effect of pH increase on glyphosate sorption. Variations in glyphosate sorption from CaCl2 and Ca(H2PO4)2 were attributed to fraction of hydrophilic contribution while variations in sorption from CaCl2 and KCl were attributed to Ca-bridging and ranged from 22 to 70% across the two soils. Estimated hydrophobic partitioning () systematically decreased with increasing soil solution pH from 36 to 3% and 5 to <1% in NS and SACD, respectively. Greater sorption in NS over SACD was partly attributed to higher phosphate level in SACD which is preferentially sorbed over glyphosate. This study noted CD application as soil amendment for agriculture could impede glyphosate sorption and facilitate its off-site leaching and contamination of surface and groundwater.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Preferences among Alternative Test Outcomes: A Classroom Measure of Social Motives

To develop a procedure for determining the dominance of various social motives operative in classroom settings and to provide a didactic method for illustrating social motives, college students were requested to rank their preferences among alternative distributions of own and others' scores on a test covering the content of a course. It was found that outcomes that maximized own scores were pre ferred by a majority of students, but only in that instance where their highest score was slightly better than that obtained by their class mates. Less than a majority of students preferred the same score which maximized their own absolute outcome when it was slightly lower than their classmates' scores. Evidence was found in the preference data for the presence of the social motivational orientations of individualism (own gain maximization), competition (relative gain maximization), cooperation (joint gain maximization), and equity (equality maximization). The verbal rationales provided by students for their preferences were strongly consistent with the motivational properties of preferred own and other outcomes.

Field of study: Education
Representations of acting processes and memory effects: General fractional derivative and its application to theory of heat conduction with finite wave speeds

Fractional derivative is a widely accepted theory to describe physical phenomena and processes with memory effect that is defined in the form of convolution with power kernel. Due to the shortcomings of power law distribution, some derivatives with other kernels are proposed, including Caputo–Fabrizio derivative, Atangana–Baleanu derivative and so on. In this paper, in order to provide some flexible and more appropriate tools which can better describe cases of the dynamics with memory effects or of nonlocal phenomena, we derive the definition of general fractional derivatives with memory effects named GC derivative and GRL derivative from some basic principles. We demonstrate that the mathematical expression of Gurtin–Pipkin theory of heat conduction with finite wave speeds is a special example of GC/GRL derivative.

Field of study: Mathematics
Fluorescence microscopy beyond the diffraction limit.

In the recent past, a variety of fluorescence microscopy methods emerged that proved to bypass a fundamental limit in light microscopy, the diffraction barrier. Among diverse methods that provide subdiffraction spatial resolution, far-field microscopic techniques are in particular important as they can be operated in complex biological samples such as cells or tissue. Valuable new insights into biomolecular structure, organization and even dynamic processes in living cells have been gained with these novel microscopic techniques. In the present review, the most important concepts of far-field microscopy with subdiffraction resolution are introduced. The underlying physical concepts are discussed, and practical considerations for the application of these methods are made.

Field of study: Biology, Engineering
A generalization of the Moore-Penrose inverse related to matrix subspaces of Cn×m

A natural generalization of the classical Moore-Penrose inverse is presented. The so-called S-Moore-Penrose inverse of an mxn complex matrix A, denoted by A"S^@?, is defined for any linear subspace S of the matrix vector space C^n^x^m. The S-Moore-Penrose inverse A"S^@? is characterized using either the singular value decomposition or (for the full rank case) the orthogonal complements with respect to the Frobenius inner product. These results are applied to the preconditioning of linear systems based on Frobenius norm minimization and to the linearly constrained linear least squares problem.

Field of study: Mathematics
Atmospheric rivers in changing climate

Atmospheric rivers are impressive, intermittent circulation features in mid-latitude regions of the globe that can cause disastrous floods if they smash against mountainous terrain. While discovered by meteorologists and long feared by hydrologists they have only recently come to the broader attention of climate scientists. In a new letter published in Environmental Research Letters, Lavers et al (2013 ) investigate atmospheric rivers reaching the British Isles in the context of climate change. They consider these potentially devastating meteorological features in present and future climate model scenarios, and walk through possible mechanisms that could cause them to strengthen. This is a refreshingly new work that estimates extreme events in future climates with an impact driven approach.

Field of study: Environmental science
Flaxseed phenolics as natural antioxidants.

Flaxseed is a rich source of different types of phenolics such as lignans, phenolic acids, flavonoids, phenylpropanoids and tannins. To date, extensive investigations has been undertaken to demonstrate antioxidant potential of flaxseed phenolics. However, antioxidant potential of all the flaxseed phenolics has not been collectively discussed. Hence, the aim of this article is to highlight the various types of phenolic components reported in the flaxseed; and to conduct a review of studies on antioxidant potential of flaxseed and its phenolic components. Future research perspectives pertaining to antioxidant potential of flaxseed phenolics and their possible commercial exploitation are also briefly discussed.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
VGG-16 Convolutional Neural Network-Oriented Detection of Filling Flow Status of Viscous Food

A method is proposed to detect the filling flow status for automatic filling of thick liquid food. The method is based on a convolutional neural network algorithm and it solves the problem of poor accuracy in traditional flow detection devices. An adaptive threshold segmentation algorithm was first used to extract the region of interest for the acquired level image. Next, normalization and augmentation treatment were performed on the extracted images to construct a flow status dataset. A VGG-16 network trained on an ImageNet dataset was then used for isomorphic data-oriented feature migration and parameter tuning to automatically extract features and train the model. The identification accuracy and error rate of the network were verified and the advantages and disadvantages of the proposed method were compared to those of other methods. The experimental results demonstrated that the algorithm effectively detects multi-category flow status information and complies with the requirements for actual production.

Field of study: Computer science
Erosion rates on different timescales derived from cosmogenic 10Be and river loads: implications for landscape evolution in the Rhenish Massif, Germany

We determined erosion rates on timescales of 101–104 years for two catchments in the northeastern Rhenish Massif, in order to unravel the Quaternary landscape evolution in a Variscan mountain range typical of central Europe. Spatially averaged erosion rates derived from in situ produced 10Be concentrations in stream sediment of the Aabach and Möhne watersheds range from 47 ± 6 to 65 ± 14 mm/ka and integrate over the last 9–13 ka. These erosion rates are similar to local rates of river incision and rock uplift in the Quaternary and to average denudation rates since the Mesozoic derived from fission track data. This suggests that rock uplift is balanced by denudation, i.e., the landscape is in a steady state. Short-term erosion rates were derived from suspended and dissolved river loads subsequent to (1) correcting for atmospheric and anthropogenic inputs, (2) establishing calibration curves that relate the amount of suspended load to discharge, and (3) estimating the amount of bedload. The resulting solid mass fluxes (suspended and bedload) agree with those derived from the sediment volume trapped in three reservoirs. However, resulting geogenic short-term erosion rates range from 9 to 25 mm/ka and are only about one-third of the rates derived from 10Be. Model simulations in combination with published sediment yield data suggest that this discrepancy is caused by at least three factors: (1) phases with higher precipitation and/or lower evapotranspiration, (2) rare flood events not captured in the short-term records, and (3) prolonged periods of climatic deterioration with increased erosion and sediment transport on hillslopes.

Field of study: Environmental science
Cognitive disorder among te schizophrenias. II. Differences between the sub-categories.

Forty-eight schizophrenics were given the Payne Object Classification test, the modified Benjamin Proverbs test, the Bannister-Fransella test of "thought-process disorder" and the Paranoid v. Non-paranoid Schizophrenia Scale of the Symptom-Sign Inventory. A 2 3 factorial design was used with equal numbers of acutes and active chronics, of paranoids and non-paranoids (as clinically diagnosed) and of males and females. The results obtained from the Object classification and Proverbs tests do not support Payne9s contention that abnormal scores on these tests are associated with the acute rather than the chronic stage of schizophrenia. Unlike the present sample, Payne9s chronics may have included a number of "burned-out" cases. The prediction that acutes and active chronics would not differ on Bannister and Fransella9s measures of Intensity and Consistency was confirmed. Since acute and active chronic patients did not differ on the Pa. v. Sc. Scale, they have not differed on any of the five measures employed. There was a significant tendency for paranoid schizophrenics, whether diagnosed clinically or by the SSI, to perform more abnormally on the Object Classification test. On the Proverbs test, clinically diagnosed paranoid schizophrenics performed more abnormally; but this relationship was not significant when diagnosis was by means of the SSI. Clinically diagnosed non-paranoid schizophrenics were somewhat more Inconsistent in their use of constructs than were paranoid schizophrenics; but the difference was not statistically significant. With non-paranoid schizophrenics as diagnosed by the SSI the relationship was statistically significant. Both male and female acute paranoids, as clinically diagnosed, obtained less abnormal Intensity scores than non-paranoids; but chronic non-paranoids of both sexes obtained less abnormal scores than did paranoids. The tendency for SSI diagnosed non-paranoids to score more abnormally on Intensity was not statistically significant. There was, however, a significant tendency for them to score more abnormally than paranoids on Bannister and Fransella9s combined measure of "thought-process disorder" (i.e. abnormality on both I and C 2 ). Four of the 8 predictions with regard to the performance of paranoid and non-paranoid schizophrenics were supported at an acceptable level of significance. All of the remainder were in the right direction. It seems, therefore, reasonable to conclude that paranoid schizophrenics tend to perform more abnormally than do non-paranoid schizophrenics on the Object Classification and Proverbs tests; whereas non-paranoid schizophrenics tend to perform more abnormally than do paranoid schizophrenics in their use of constructs on the Bannister-Fransella test of "thought-process disorder".

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology