nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Investigating size effects in nanoparticles with Mössbauer and X-ray techniques

A set of samples of iron oxide nanoparticles with an amphiphilic polymer coating (Ocean Nanotech) and an average size in the range of 5–25 nm is investigated using Mössbauer and X-ray techniques. Analysis of the experimental data shows that in some cases, X-ray diffraction does not allow us to correctly determine the particle size, and Mössbauer data are needed to interpret the results correctly.

Field of study: Physics
Timing circuits for RSFQ digital systems

A low-skew frequency divider and clock controller have been designed for high-frequency timing of superconductor rapid single-flux-quantum (RSFQ) digital systems. The circuits have only about 10-ps skew between input and output signals and are applicable for multirate digital systems (e,g., oversampling analog-to-digital converter and bit-serial digital systems). Several circuits have been fabricated in conventional Nb-trilayer technology with a critical current density of 1 kA/cm/sup 2/. The most complex clock controller generates trains of 2/sup 24/ single-flux-quantum pulses with a period of less than 70 ps. The long-term relative stability of these intervals has been measured to be better than 6/spl times/10/sup -5/. The basic component of the controller, a frequency divider, operates at input frequencies above 85 GHz.<<ETX>>

Field of study: Physics
Valence band offset in HgTe/Hg1−xCdxTe superlattices

The valence band offset (Λ) between HgTe and CdTe has been determined by means of an optical investigation of (112)B oriented HgTe/Hg1−xCdxTe superlattices. Based on the fact that the difference in energy between the first heavy hole and the first light hole subband is to a good approximation due primarily to Λ, it has been shown that Λ=580±40 meV at 5K. In addition Λ has a significant temperature dependence with a linear coefficient of −0.34±0.02 meV/K, i.e., Λ is 480±40 meV at room temperature.

Field of study: Materials science
Customer Relationship Management (CRM) Capabilities & Building a Sustainable Competitive Advantage in Mobile Phone Operators in Jordan

-This study is trying to investigate the effect of customer relationship management (CRM (capabilities on building a sustainablecompetitive advantage in the mobile phone operators in Jordan. It is intended to develop a valid measurement model of (CRM) capabilities, and to explore the key factors of CRM that lead to a competitive edge. Questionnaire survey was used to gather data. In order to develop a reliable and valid measurement model of CRM capabilities, questionnaire survey were conducted and hypotheses were tested by utilizing the technique of multiple regression analysis in addition to reliability and multicollinearity tests. A three-capabilities (customer interaction management, customer relationship upgrading, and customer win-back) measurement model of CRM is developed and tested. Furthermore, results support the hypothesized influences of these three capabilities influence on firms' building a sustainable competitive advantage. This study provides a useful measurement mode of CRM capabilities that managers can use to evaluate the status in quo of CRM of their firms. Managers may also improve their CRM programs more effectively and efficiently by deploying such strategic resources of firms to build a sustainable competitive advantage. Originality/value – The paper addresses significant gaps in the current literature by taking a capability view of CRM, developing a valid measurement model of CRM capabilities, and examining how possession of important CRM resources influences the effective deployment of CRM capabilities.

Field of study: Business
Potato plants ectopically expressing Arabidopsis thaliana CBF3 exhibit enhanced tolerance to high-temperature stress.

CBF3, a known cold-inducible gene that encodes a transcription factor, was isolated from Arabidopsis thaliana and introduced into the potato (Solanum tuberosum cv. 'luyin NO.1') under the control of the CaMV35S promoter or the rd29A promoter. Our results revealed that temperature of 40 °C or higher can significantly induce AtCBF3 expression. After heat stress, the net photosynthetic rate (Pn ), the maximal photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (PSII) (Fv /Fm ) and the accumulation of the D1 protein were higher in the transgenic lines than in the wild-type (WT) line. Moreover, compared with the WT line, O2 (●-) and H2 O2 accumulation in the transgenic lines were reduced. A Q-PCR assay of a subset of the genes involved in photosynthesis and antioxidant defence further verified the above results. Interestingly, under heat stress conditions, the accumulation of heat-shock protein 70 (HSP70) increased in the WT line but decreased in the transgenic lines. These results suggest that potato plants ectopically expressing AtCBF3 exhibited enhanced tolerance to high temperature, which is associated with improved photosynthesis and antioxidant defence via induction of the expression of many stress-inducible genes. However, this mechanism may not depend upon the regulatory pathways in which HSP70 is involved.

Field of study: Environmental science
Mesozoic sedimentary-basin development on the allochthonous Wrangellia composite terrane, Wrangell Mountains basin, Alaska: A long-term record of terrane migration and arc construction

The ∼7000 m of Upper Triassic–Upper Cretaceous strata of the Wrangell Mountains basin depositionally overlie the allochthonous Wrangellia composite terrane in south-central Alaska. New sedimentologic, compositional, and geochronologic data from these strata provide a record of the migration of the terrane from an intraoceanic setting at low paleolatitudes (∼12°N) to its present position along the continental margin of southern Alaska (∼61°N). We recognize several distinct stages of basin development: (1) Upper Triassic–Lower Jurassic carbonate strata represent an intraoceanic carbonate platform built on a remnant volcanic arc at low paleolatitudes (∼12°N). (2) During the Middle to Late Jurassic, a subduction zone formed along the southern margin of the Wrangellia composite terrane, prompting development of an intraoceanic arc and backarc basin on top of the terrane. (3) A narrow thrust belt and retroarc foreland basin formed along the inboard margin of the arc during the latest Jurassic. The foreland basin and arc were subsequently folded, uplifted, and eroded during the latest Jurassic–Early Cretaceous as recorded by an angular unconformity and isotopic ages from clasts in conglomerate. Regional deformation of the foreland-basin strata, shortening and uplift of the Wrangellia composite terrane, and uplift and erosion of the Middle to Late Jurassic arc are interpreted to represent the initial collision between the terrane and the continental margin of western North America. (4) Following regional deformation, a new volcanic arc was constructed inboard (northward) of the Wrangell Mountains basin. Upper Lower to Upper Cretaceous siliciclastic strata were deposited by shallow- to deep-marine deposystems in a continental-margin forearc basin. Distributions of lithofacies types and formation-thickness changes across intrabasinal normal faults document synextensional deposition. (5) The final stage of basin development was characterized by shortening and coarse-grained sedimentation along a fault system that separated the trenchward (southern) margin of the forearc basin from the subduction complex. (6) The Wrangell Mountains basin arrived at its current position by northward translation along orogen-parallel strike-slip fault systems.

Comparison of the sedimentary record of the Wrangell Mountains basin, located on the outboard margin of the Wrangellia composite terrane, with the sedimentary record of the Nutzotin basin, located along the inboard margin of the terrane, demonstrates distinct changes in the locations of depocenters, the timing of deformation, and the composition of sediment. Similar stratigraphic and structural variations characterize outboard and inboard segments of the Wrangellia composite terrane in southeastern Alaska and coastal British Columbia.

Field of study: Geology
Integrated high figure of merit monolithic thin-film compatible logic circuits for data processing

A group of high-speed, low-power, monolithic thin-film diode-transistor logic (DTL) circuits is described for computer and counter applications. Two major areas of technological advance in digital integrated circuits are: (a) increasing speed for a given power dissipation product and (b) decreasing area per gate function leading to the development of more complex single-chip units. The DTL circuits and subsystems described develop these trends to faster and more complex DTL single-chip logic functions. A basic die rather than a master wafer approach was taken, since most circuits in the DTL system can be fabricated in terms of the basic single NAND gate. Propagation delay times of 4·5 nsec for the basic NAND gate have been achieved, with a typical average of 5·7 nsec, at a power level of 11·7 mW (F.O. = 5). This allows a binary counting capability up to 40 mc. Average set and reset times on RS flip-flops are typically 16 and 18 nsec respectively. The basic die pattern is such that a single NAND gate, dual NAND gate, RS flip-flop, fan-in expander can be made from a single die pattern by simple changes in the final interconnection mask. Similarly, an exclusive OR, impedance buffer, or one-shot multivibrator, can be made with two adjacent basic dice. The basic die topology described is well suited to the formation of monolithic single-chip DTL binary elements, full adders, multibit counters and shift registers. Methods of measurement and dynamic response data are also presented.

Field of study: Engineering
Nuclear physics input for solar models

The authors discuss microscopic cluster model descriptions of two solar nuclear reactions, {sup 7}Be(p,{gamma}){sup 8}B, and {sup 3}He({sup 3}He, 2p){sup 4}He. The low-energy reaction cross section of {sup 7}Be(p,{gamma}){sup 8}B, which determines the high-energy solar neutrino flux, is constrained by {sup 7}Be and {sup 8}Be observables. The results show that a small value of the zero-energy cross section is rather unlikely. In {sup 3}He({sup 3}He, 2p){sup 4}He the authors study the effects of a possible virtual state on the cross section. Although, they have found no indication for such a state so far, its existence cannot be ruled out yet. They calculated the {sup 3}He({sup 3}He, 2p){sup 4}He and {sup 3}H({sup 3}H, 2n){sup 4}He cross sections in a continuum-discretized coupled channel approximation, and found a good general agreement with the data.

Field of study: Physics
Explorative analysis of IPA‐SPECT data through statistical inference for an automated diagnosis of glioma tumor

The identification of a brain tumor imaged with PET or SPECT is usually performed with visual inspection of an expert medical clinician. However an automated diagnostic of such images hasn't been established or applied. In this study, we explored the possibility of establishing an automated statistical analysis for the diagnosis of glioma by means of IPA-SPECT data.



On the basis of a dataset of 100 patients that have undergone MRI and IPA-SPECT acquisition, in this work, we identify an automated workflow. Three different approaches were explored: I. statistical non-parametric mapping analysis (SnPM), II. statistical non-parametric analysis with an increased number of permutations due to sign-flipping function (PALM) and III. statistical parametric analysis (SPM). The automated methods were compared with the visual inspection.



The study proved PALM and SPM approaches to have a high diagnostic power. Compared to the parametric methods, the non-parametric method is the mathematically correct approach for the problem in question. If we take the high resolution structural MRI information into account, the diagnostic power of PALM was not significantly inferior to the visual inspection (P = 0.5150), showing an area under the ROC curve (AUC) smaller only by less than 3%.



The automated diagnostic method based on statistical inference, here applied to diagnose glioma tumors in IPA-SPECT data, seems to be a promising tool that can support the visual investigation in nuclear medicine. Moreover in the foreseeable future, the presented methodology has a big potential in various application like localization of active tumor tissues in surgical resection or stereotactic radiosurgery.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Regio and stereospecifity of solvent photoaddition to 5-fluorouracil and 1,3-dimethyl-5-fluorouracil

Par irradiation a 253,7 nm du dimethyl-1,3 fluoro-5 uracile dans CH 3 OH, C 2 H 5 OH, H 2 O et CH 3 CO 2 H, et du fluoro-5 uracile dans H 2 O. Formation de 2 composes d'addition. Regiospecificite identique dans tous les cas avec fonctionnalisation en position 6 mais stereospecificite dependant du solvant. Dans l'eau addition preferentielle trans alors que dans l'acide acetique addition cis

Field of study: Chemistry
A potential commercial use of cajeta (a traditional milk product from Mexico) in the development of whey beverages

Cajeta is a Mexican artisanal candy elaborated from goat milk. While it is popular among consumers, it is necessary to find alternative uses to improve access to stable and fair trade for producers. Therefore, the objective of this study was to develop a functional beverage using whey with different levels of inulin (4, 8 and 12%) as a prebiotic, guar gum (0.321, 0.625 and 1.25%) as a thickener and cajeta (20% v/v) as flavoring. Nine formulations were prepared, stored at 4 °C and analyzed on days 0, 7 and 14. The pH values were constant (5.9) in all formulations, while acidity exhibited changes on days 0 and 14. Flow properties of the beverages exhibited a non-Newtonian behavior and fitted best with the Power Law (PL). According to acceptance tests and a Check-All-That-Apply (CATA) questionnaire, it was possible to obtain a cajeta-flavored whey-beverage using lower concentrations of inulin and gum. The physicochemical characteristics provided by ingredients added in lower concentrations did not affect the organoleptic properties of the product, showed lower viscosity, and were highly accepted by most participants.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
DOENÇAS ASSOCIADAS À QUALIDADE DO SONO EM IDOSAS PRATICANTES DE EXERCÍCIO FÍSICO

A qualidade do sono e apontada como a principal queixa em pessoas idosas, o qual ocorre devido as mudancas no processo de envelhecimento. A ma qualidade do sono e um fator que ocasiona inumeras doencas nesta populacao, tais como; artrose, depressao, diabetes, doenca cardiaca, fibromialgia, gastrite, hipertensao arterial, hipotireoidismo, incontinencia urinaria, dentre outras.  Associar a presenca de doencas com a qualidade do sono em idosas praticantes de exercicios fisicos. Participantes do estudo: 146 idosas (69,58±6,22 anos) praticantes de exercicios fisicos. Foi utilizado um questionario de questoes sociodemograficas e de percepcao de saude e o Indice de Qualidade de Sono de Pittsburgh – PSQI. Realizou-se a regressao logistica binaria.  Encontrou-se alta prevalencia de baixa qualidade do sono nesta populacao ( n =79, fr =56,4%). Conclusao: Com isto a ma qualidade do sono foi associada a doencas como depressao, fibromialgia, gastrite, incontinencia urinaria, artrose, diabetes e doenca cardiaca, a qual apresentou 3,4 vezes razao de chances de contribuir para uma ruim qualidade do sono. Observa-se que diferentes doencas, em especial as cardiacas, estao associadas a uma baixa qualidade do sono, mesmo em idosos praticantes de exercicios fisicos.

Field of study: Education
Role of Fe-Doping on Structural, Optical and Magnetic Properties of SnO2 Nanoparticles

We have investigated the influence of Fe doping (1 at.% and 2 at.%) on the structural, optical and magnetic properties of SnO2 nanoparticles (NPs) synthesized via co-precipitation route. Rietveld refinement of x-ray diffraction results confirmed the successful substitution of Fe ions into the SnO2 rutile crystal structure without secondary phase. The crystallite sizes increased with an increase in Fe concentration and were found to be in the range of 9–26 nm. Field-emission scanning electron microscopy results revealed that the doping of Fe ions enhances the agglomeration of the grains and consequently cluster formation takes place with uniformly dispersed spherical-like morphology. Hence, the statistical distributions of NP sizes were in the range of 20–25 nm and 40–60 nm for 1 at.% and 2 at.% Fe doping, respectively. Energy dispersive x-ray spectra confirmed the elemental ratios present in the samples. Raman spectral features elucidated that the variation in Fe concentration induces a change in the oxygen stoichiometry and enhances the formation of oxygen vacancies (Ov).The magnetization investigation showed that pure SnO2 is a nonmagnetic compound even in the presence of Ov that has been proven theoretically based on density functional theory calculations, whereas the Fe (1 at.% and 2 at.%)-doped SnO2 NPs showed a weak ferromagnetic signal. Our study confirmed that the FM in pure SnO2 NPs (d0-magnetization) is not possible and that the Fe dopant ions are responsible for the observed ferromagnetic state. The role of Fe doping and surface Ov has been discussed based on the bound magnetic polaron mechanism.

Field of study: Materials science
Typewriting Contrasted with Handwriting: A Circumvention Study of Learning-Disabled Children

Balow, 1973; Goodman & Hammill, 1973; Hammill, 1972). While the incidence of poor psychomotor skills among learning-disabled (LD) children is high, the exact relationship of these skills to reading is unknown. Few studies suggest that LD children who receive substantial and consistent psychomotor training in fact gain reading skills sooner than those without such training (Ayres, 1972; Silver & Hagin, 1967). Typically, these studies have employed whatever reading system

Field of study: Education
Percolative approach for failure time prediction of thin film interconnects under high current stress

The present study deals with the use of a rapid and non-destructive technique based on percolation theory to predict failure times during the reliability analysis of thin film interconnects under high current stress. Al–Cu test structures were used for this purpose. Small populations of these structures of similar geometry were subjected to extremely high current density conditions (30.6 and 46.6 MA/cm 2 ) and their corresponding failure times were noted. The critical exponent (μ B ) for the Al–Cu structures stressed at both the current densities was calculated to be 0.16. The value of the μ B showed that the structures undergo biased percolation and have similar failure mechanisms (due to Joule heating) at both current densities. The calculated value of μ B was used to predict the failure times of the fuses under each of the current stresses. The discrepancy between the experimental failure time and the predicted failure time was significantly low (

Field of study: Engineering
Use of naltrexone in the treatment of alcoholism nationally in the Department of Veterans Affairs.

Naltrexone is one of only two medications currently approved by the Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of alcoholism. We attempted to determine the proportion of patients with a diagnosis of alcoholism who were prescribed naltrexone in the Department of Veterans Affairs health-care system during a 6-month period and the sociodemographic and clinical characteristics that distinguished them from veterans who were not prescribed naltrexone.



By using Veterans Affairs workload databases, all outpatients diagnosed with alcoholism (International Classification of Diseases, 9th revision, codes 303.xx or 305.00) during a 6-month period (October 2000 to March 2001) were selected (n = 194,001). Patients in this group who were prescribed naltrexone during this period were identified. Logistic regression was used to compare those who were prescribed naltrexone with other alcoholics.



In this sample, only 3,705 patients (1.9%) of the 194,001 veterans with an alcohol use disorder were prescribed naltrexone. Logistic regression analysis showed that naltrexone use was associated with comorbid disorders (bipolar disorder, dysthymia, major depressive disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, and drug abuse) and recent psychiatric hospitalization. African Americans and veterans with organic brain syndromes were less likely to be prescribed naltrexone.



These results suggest that prescribers have not embraced reports of naltrexone's efficacy in alcohol dependence, perhaps due to a general disinclination to use medications rather than a specific attitude toward naltrexone, especially in uncomplicated alcoholism.

Field of study: Medicine
Grammatical gender in translation

In three experiments native speakers of Czech translated bare nouns and gender-marked adjective + noun phrases into German, their second language (L2). In Experiments 1-3 we explored the so-called gender interference effect from first language (L1) as observed in previous picture naming studies (naming latencies were longer when the L1 noun and its L2 translation had different genders than when their genders were congruent). In Experiments 2 and 3 we investigated the influence of gender transparency in L2 (longer latencies when an L2 noun has a gender-atypical or gender-ambiguous termination than when its termination is gender-typical). Although both effects were observed in L2 picture naming, only the gender transparency effect could be demonstrated in L1 to L2 translation tasks. The resulting constraints on L2 gender processing during translation are discussed in the framework of bilingual speech production models.

Field of study: Linguistics
TU‐C‐AUD‐02: Study of Neutron Exposure During Passively Scattered Proton Therapy

Stray radiation exposures are of concern for patients receiving protonradiotherapy and vary strongly with several treatment factors such as proton energy, field size and modulation width. The purposes of this study were to conservatively estimate neutron exposures for a contemporary passive scatteringprotontreatment unit and to understand how they vary with treatment factors.  We simulated all 24 options (each range modulator and second scatterer combination is accounted for one option) for a passive scatteringproton therapy unit with MCNPX. Spectral neutron fluence from simulations was then converted to neutrondose equivalent using corresponding dose conversion factors. We studied the neutrondose equivalent per therapeutic absorbed dose (H/D) as a function of treatment factors including proton energy, location in the treatment room, treatmentfield size, and spread‐out Bragg peak (SOBP) width using Monte Carlo simulation. The H/D value at isocenter for a 250‐MeV medium field size option was estimated to be 20 mSv Gy−1. H/D decreased to about 20% from 250 Mev to 160 MeV. H/D fell off sharply with distance from the treatment unit, approximately following a power law; H/D was about 10% higher for a large field option than a medium field option for the same energy. H//D almost doubled when SOBP width was increased from a pristine peak to 16 cm. An analytical model was developed, which predicted H/D values within 28% of those obtained in simulations; this value is within typical neutron measurement uncertainties.  The results quantified how treatment factors influence H/D values. The in‐air method with a closed aperture presented here provides a simple and straightforward approach that could be adopted for facility inter‐comparisons. In addition, an analytical model was developed to quickly estimate H/D values.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics