nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
SYNTHESIS OF METHYLSULFANYL ANALOGS OF KAEDE PROTEIN CHROMOPHORE

5-Arylidene-1-methyl-2-[2-(methylsulfanyl)-2-phenylethenyl]-1H-imidazol-5(4H)-ones were synthesized as a result of the reaction of 5-arylidene-1-methyl-2-(methylsulfanyl)-1H-imidazol-5(4H)-ones with terminal acetylenes in the presence of a palladium catalyst and copper iodide. This reaction presents a rare example of the formation of a compound with a methylsulfanylethenyl group. A study of the optical properties of the obtained compounds showed that they are characterized by a significant bathochromic shift of spectral maxima in comparison with similar derivatives of the GFP chromophore.

Field of study: Chemistry
Analysis of the technical gap between Chinese women basketball team and world topnotch women basketball teams based on the 28~(th) Olympic Games

By applying such methods as literature data and video analysis and data statistics,the authors compared and analyzed the game data and game performances of Chinese women basketball team and world topnotch women basketball teams in the 28th Olympic Games,and revealed the following findings: For Chinese basketball team,its capability of offense and defense was obviously inferior to that of world topnotch basketball teams,its individual capability of confrontation was relatively weak,and the main reason for its failure in the games was its high error rate.Based on the analysis above,the authors put forward corresponding countermeasures.

Field of study: Education
Researching on Dynamic Management of Data Replicas of Cloud Computing in Heterogeneous Environments

A dynamic management model of data replicas of cloud computing in heterogeneous environments,DMDR,is presented and aims at the deficiencies of current HDFS that the number of data replicas is fixed and the placing policy of data replicas does not consider the node heterogeneity.When placing the data replicas,DMDR selects the optimal nodes according to the nodes' performance.Based on the gray prediction technology,DMDR predicts the data accessing frequency and dynamically adjusts the number of replicas according to the characters of data accessing.The experimental results show that in heterogeneous resource environments,compared w ith current HDFS,DMDR reduces the amount of data transferring,improves the load balance,and degrades the job finish time.

Field of study: Computer science
Dependency and the Urban Experience: São Paulo's Public Service Sector, 1885–1913

In a recent critical survey of scholarly writing on dependency theory, Ronald H. Chilcote noted that, 'like other theory in an infant stage, dependency theory has spawned a plethora of interpretations and applications, and has been adopted by ideologues on all sides of the political spectrum'.' This enthusiastic response, while welcome for the new perspective it affords on underdevelopment, has led some Latin Americanists to caution against the over-application of dependency theory and the unwarranted inflation of its explanatory power. Richard M. Morse, speaking specifically of urban development observes that 'the "external dependency" thesis... easily leads to dogmatism',2 and Phillipe Schmitter warns against the indiscriminate use of the theory to explain all of Latin America's ills.3 Such caveats have merit, especially in view of the plasticity of current thinking about dependency. This paper, therefore, adopts a cautious approach; it examines dependency as one of a number of factors which affected public service development in Sao Paulo. Of necessity, this case study's contribution to the dependency controversy remains modest. But it will help to assess two important facets of that general theory: the role of vende patria Europeanized elites in preventing independent national development 4; and the assertion that external dominance has 'manifold and sometimes hidden or subtle

Field of study: Political science
Resolving Post-Abortion Health Issues Using Available Statistical Data *

The myth of “safe” abortion continues despite a large and growing body of research linking induced abortion to preterm birth, breast cancer, depressive disorders, and other sequelae. 1 After forty years of legally induced abortion, some comprehensive data sets exist in several countries. European data from several countries including England, Wales, Scotland, and the Scandinavian nations is more comprehensive than that available in the United States. There is a full count of legal induced abortions along with age and other demographic details. To investigate effectively the medical and social impact of abortion on a population, the demographic pattern and profile of modern abortion provides useful information in situations in which the methods of Bradford Hill are difficult to apply. Demographic grouping of women with higher rates of abortion, such as black American women, who have a threefold higher abortion rate than Caucasian American women, facilitates inferences from correlation analysis in ecological studies. Consideration of the sequence of abortion in parity history allows investigation of specific disorders such as breast cancer, which is linked most strongly to termination of nulliparous pregnancies. While a large amount of research has established the linkage between induced abortion and subsequent preterm birth, potential exists for more precise delineation of the interaction between known risk factors.

Field of study: Medicine, Philosophy
Dynamics and ecological distributions of the Archaea microbiome from inland saline lakes (Monegros Desert, Spain).

We characterized the rich Archaea microbiome of shallow inland lakes (Monegros Desert, NE Spain) by 16S rRNA gene tag sequencing covering a wide salinity range (0.1-40% w/v) along three years. Up to 990 OTUs (<97% identity) were detected allocated in 14 major archaeal phyla and heterogeneously distributed along the salt gradient. Dynamics and idiosyncratic ecological distributions were uncovered for the different phyla. A high genetic richness was observed for Woesearchaota and Pacearchaeota (>370 OTUs each), followed by Halobacteria (105), Nanohaloarchaeota (62) and Thermoplasmata (19). Overall, the distribution of genetic richness was strongly correlated with environmental niche amplitude, but not with occurrence. We unveiled high occurrence for a very rich Woesearchaeota assemblage, and an unexpected positive correlation of Pacearchaeota abundance with salinity at >15% dissolved salt content. The estimated dynamic behaviour (temporal 'turnover' rates of presence/absence data) unveiled Thaumarchaeota and Halobacteria as the most dynamic groups, and Aenigmarchaeota and Thermoplasmata as the most stable. The DPANN Pacearchaeota, Woesearchaeota, and Nanohaloarchaeota showed intermediate rates, suggesting higher resilience to environmental perturbations. A rich and dynamic Archaea microbiome was unveiled including unseen ecological traits for relevant members of the still largely unknown DPANN group, supporting a strong ecological differentiation between Pacearchaeota and Woesearchaeota.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Cross-linking of human neutrophil surface proteins to iodinated interleukin 8 or neutrophil activating peptide-2 results in at least four separable proteins.

The human neutrophil activating peptides-1 and -2 (NAP-1/IL-8, NAP-2) are two structurally and functionally related members of the chemokine cytokine family. They are chemoattractants and activators of neutrophils and exert their effects by binding to specific receptors which are expressed on responsive cells. Two closely related IL-8 receptors of neutrophils have been characterized recently by molecular cloning. We show here that NAP-1/IL-8 and NAP-2 can be cross-linked to at least four protein bands from human neutrophil surfaces with apparent molecular masses of 55, 65, 71 and 81 kDa. The two cross-linked proteins with lower masses were associated with high, the two with the higher masses with low affinity binding of NAP-2, NAP-1/IL-8 was bound to all bands with high affinity. NAP-1/IL-8 and NAP-2 could also be cross-linked to form dimers when bound to cells and in solution. Our results show that more than two NAP-1/IL-8 receptors, or more than two forms of the known receptors exist. Alternatively, the four protein bands can be explained by cross-linking of ligand monomers and dimers, respectively, to the known receptors of neutrophils.

Field of study: Medicine
Experimental Investigation of the Heat Transfer Characteristics of Liquid Nitrogen in the Capillary Tubes

The heat transfer characteristics of liquid nitrogen in both capillary tubes and open bath are experimentally investigated in the present study. The experiments are conducted by using a thin wire heater as both the heating element and the thermometer under the inclination angles of 0deg to 90deg with the interval of 30deg. The diameters of the capillary tubes are 3.8 mm and 1.2 mm. It is found that the nucleate boiling heat transfer can be enhanced with the capillary tube in some cases. The heat transfer enhancement increases with the decrease of the diameter of the capillary tubes. The visualization shows that the appearance of the boiling phenomenon in the capillary tube is different from that in the open bath. The measurement results show that the critical heat fluxes (CHFs) were affected by the inclination angle and the diameter of the capillary tube

Field of study: Physics
[Isolation, identification and genetic analysis of an H1N1 subtype isolate of swine influenza virus].

In 2006, a swine influenza virus (SIV) isolate was isolated from 30 nasal swabs samples collected from pigs with clinical syndromes of swine influenza in a pig farm of Liaoning Province. The virus isolate was studied and identified by the growth in 9-11 days old chicken embryo, hemagglutination (HA) assay, hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assays (RT-PCR) for its genetic subtype, whole gene sequence analysis and animal trial for its virulence. The virus isolate demonstrated the hemagglutination activity. Result of HI test against H1 subtype of SIV was positive, however, the results were negative when the HI studies were conducted using SIV H3 subtype virus and Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV). Eight gene segments of the virus isolate were amplified by RT-PCR. Phylogenetic analysis of the gene sequence of the virus isolate by using DNAstar software program revealed that the isolate have the H1 HA gene, by comparing to the sequences of H1-H16 in the GenBank. Furthermore, sequencing results also demonstrated that the virus isolate's NA gene belongs to N1 subtype. Therefore, the subtype of the SIV isolate is H1N1. The results of sequence analysis indicated that the genome of the SIV-H1N1 LN strain includes 8 fragments, among which only M protein gene is not swine originated. All other 7 fragments have close relationship with the domestic standard swine H1N1 strains. Results suggested that the SIV isolate LN strain might be created by a possible triple reassortants among the classic swine influenza virus, human influenza-like virus, and avian influenza-like virus. Piglets were inoculated with the SIV LN strain virus preparations and the virus caused the typical clinical symptoms of swine influenza in the inoculated piglets. This study, the isolation, identification and genetic analysis of the SIV LN strain provided useful information and basic data for the further investigation of epidemic principles and patterns of swine influenza virus in China.

Field of study: Biology
Leadership and Team Values Shape Employee Engagement: Test of a Multilevel Moderated Mediation Model

The current research scrutinized how a leader’s communication and team value orientations interactively relate to employee engagement. The proposed model hypothesized that the impact of leadership on engagement would be mediated by followers’ trust toward a leader and this leadership-trust-engagement linkage would be moderated by team power distance and collectivism; in addition, employee voice behavior was examined as a behavioral manifestation of engagement. The results of multilevel structural equation modeling analyses with the data collected at a large electronics company in Japan ( n = 638 members and 68 team leaders) revealed that transformational leadership was positively associated with employee trust and engagement when team power distance and collectivism were high, but not when those team values were low. Transactional leadership had negative effects on trust and engagement, regardless of team values. Finally, engagement was strongly positively associated with employee voice behavior. Theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.

Field of study: Business
Large Modulus Ring-LWE ≥ Module-LWE

We present a reduction from the module learning with errors problem (MLWE) in dimension \(d\) and with modulus \(q\) to the ring learning with errors problem (RLWE) with modulus \(q^{d}\). Our reduction increases the LWE error rate \(\alpha \) by a quadratic factor in the ring dimension \(n\) and a square root in the module rank \(d\) for power-of-two cyclotomics. Since, on the other hand, MLWE is at least as hard as RLWE, we conclude that the two problems are polynomial-time equivalent. As a corollary, we obtain that the RLWE instance described above is equivalent to solving lattice problems on module lattices. We also present a self reduction for RLWE in power-of-two cyclotomic rings that halves the dimension and squares the modulus while increasing the error rate by a similar factor as our MLWE to RLWE reduction. Our results suggest that when discussing hardness to drop the RLWE/MLWE distinction in favour of distinguishing problems by the module rank required to solve them.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Aspects of Maximum Likelihood Estimation of the Logistic Growth Function

The maximum likelihood estimators of the three-parameter logistic growth function with independent homoskedastic normally distributed error terms have, for sufficient observations, a variance-covariance matrix whose inverse is obtained. Some properties of the estimators are derived. An experimental study shows that small numbers of observations may lead to least squares estimates which do not have the convenient properties of estimates based on large samples.

Field of study: Mathematics
Fast determination of phenoxy acid herbicides in carrots and apples using liquid chromatography coupled triple quadrupole mass spectrometry

A fast, simple and inexpensive method has been developed for the analysis of phenoxy acid herbicides: 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), 4-chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetic acid (MCPA), 2-(4-chloro-o-tolyloxy)propionic acid (MCPP), 2-(4-aryloxyphenoxy)propionic acid (Fluazifop) and 2-(4-aryloxyphenoxy)propionic acid (Haloxyfop) in carrots and apples by liquid chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). The compounds were analyzed by QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, safe) methodology without cleanup. The recoveries were performed at two spiked levels (0.05 and 0.5 mg/kg) for both matrices with six replicates for each level. The mean recoveries ranged from 70–92% for both apples and carrots. The precision of the method expressed as relative standard deviation (RSD%) was found to be in the range 3–15%. For all compounds, good linearity (r2 > 0.99) was obtained over the range of concentration from 0.05 μ g/mL to 0.5 μ g/mL, corresponding to the pesticide concentrations of 0.05 mg/kg and 0.5 mg/kg, respectively. The determination limits (LOQs) ranged from 0.01 ng/mL to 1.3 ng/mL in solvent, whereas, the LOQs calculated in matrix ranged from 0.05 ng/g to 21.0 ng/g for apples and from 0.06 ng/g to 10.2 ng/g for carrots. The developed methodology combines the advantages of both QuEChERS and LC/MS/MS producing a very rapid, sensitive and cheap method useful for the routine analytical laboratories.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
WE-C-103-07: Standardization of CT Scanner Performance in Routine Clinical Exams: A Pilot Survey.

PurposeThe goal of this project is to standardize CT scanner performance across scanner models, software versions, and patient sizes. In this pilot study, we measured image quality and radiation dose for several CT systems for 3 patient sizes to determine the amount of variation that exists within our practice for our routine abdomen/pelvis scan protocol parameters. Methods4 CT scanners used in a single practice were studied. A wire phantom was used to measure the modulation transfer function (MTF), a foil phantom to measure section sensitivity profile (SSP), and semi-anthropomorphic abdomen phantoms of three sizes (15 year old, medium and large adults) to measure noise and assess automatic exposure control (AEC) performance. Scans of the abdomen phantom were performed by a clinical technologist as if the phantom were a patient, with all parameters per our clinical protocols. Wire and foil phantoms were scanned with AEC off using overlapping thin images, but with the same reconstruction kernel. ResultsThe 10% values of MTFs were 6.6, 6.4, 6.8 and 6.6 lp/cm and full-widths-at-half-maximum of SSP were 4.9, 5.0, 5.0 and 5.3 mm. The coefficients of variation of recorded CTDIvol were 18%, 20% and 24% for 15 year old, medium adult and large adult phantoms across the four scanners, with noise coefficients of variation of 11%, 6% and 19%.ConclusionFor routine abdomen scans performed in a single practice using different scanners, there were negligible differences in spatial resolution (MTF or SSP). For a 15 yo and medium adult phantoms, variations of dose and noise were present, but modest. For a large adult, a factor of 1.8 in dose and 1.6 in noise were observed between the lowest and highest dose or noise values, demonstrating an opportunity to adjust our AEC settings to make the dose and noise more consistent across scanners. This work was supported in part by NIH grant R01 EB071095 from the National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Research on Equipment of Copper-clad Aluminum Bimetal Air Pressure Core-filling Continuous Casting

The equipment of copper-clad aluminum bimetal air pressure core-filling continuous casting was designed and manufactured in order to develop small diameter composite casting rods.The upper and lower furnaces in which graphite crucibles were placed were lined with in the same axis for the purpose of heating core material of aluminum and outer layer of copper.Pressurized by nitrogen during continuous casting,outer layer of copper tube was taken shape firstly,and the inner core of melt aluminum was filled in it though core-filling tube then cooled by solidification,at last the metallurgical bonding was achieved by diffusion of heat and elements.The bimetal composite rods of copper clad aluminum were made successfully with the core of aluminum 8 mm in diameter and the outer layer copper thickness of 2 mm.

Field of study: Materials science
Hydrogen-Atom Abstraction from the Solvent by the Lowest Excited Triplet State of Chromone Yielding the β-Keto-Type Solvent Adduct(s)

The lowest excited triplet state of chromone with mixed nπ*-ππ* character abstracts a hydrogen atom from the solvent. Although the ketyl-type radical thus generated is indistinguishable from the β-enol-type radical, this radical (or its keto form, i.e., the β-keto-type radical) gives rise to formation of the β-keto-type solvent adduct(s).

Field of study: Chemistry
Radiochromic film dosimetry of a low energy proton beam.

In this work some dosimetric characteristics of MD-55-2 GafChromic films were studied in a low energy proton beam (21.5 MeV) directly in a water phantom. The nonlinearity of the optical density was quantified by a factor P(lin). A correction factor P(en), that accounts for optical density dependence on the energy, was empirically determined. The effects of detector thickness in depth dose measurements and of the film orientation with respect to beam direction were investigated. The results show that the MD-55-2 films provide dose measurements with the films positioned perpendicularly to the proton beam. A dosimetric formalizm is proposed to determine the dose to water at depth d, with films oriented perpendicularly to the beam axis. This formalism uses a calibration factor of the radiochromic film determined directly on the proton beam at a reference depth in water, and the P(lin) factor, that takes into account the nonlinearity of the calibration curve and the P(en) factor that, in turn takes into account the change of proton beam energy in water. The MD-55-2 films with their high spatial resolution and the quasiwater equivalent material are attractive, positioned perpendicularly along the beam axis, for the absolute dose determination of very small beam sizes and modulated proton beams.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Antibody levels to herpes simplex type I, measles and rubella viruses in psychiatric patients.

Serum specimens from 318 psychiatric patients and 32 healthy medical personnel (controls) were collected for herpes simplex type I virus plaque neutralization test, measles haemagglutination inhibition and rubella haemagglutination inhibition tests. The k-values of herpes simplex type I antibody were significantly higher in 56 patients with psychotic depression than in 32 controls (p < 0.001), and 15/56 (27 per cent) of the patients with depression had higher antibody values than the highest value in the controls. These results confirm the earlier similar findings with herpes simplex complement fixation test.

In 54 patients with schizophrenia and in 32 patients with other psychiatric diseases (neurotic syndromes, personality disorders), the k-values of herpes simplex type 1 antibody were also significantly higher than in the controls, but the difference was not as marked as in the patients with psychotic depression. Similar findings in schizophrenia had not been found in two previous studies with complement fixation technique. The mean rubella antibody titres were not significantly higher in the patients with psychotic depression than in the controls, whereas the mean measles haemagglutination inhibition titres were lower in each psychiatric group tested than in the controls, but the difference was significant only in the group of patients with personality disorders.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
iTRAQ-Based Quantitative Proteomics and Transcriptomics Provide Insights Into the Importance of Expansins During Root Development in Carrot

Carrot is an important root vegetable crop with a variety of nutrients. As the main product of carrots, the growth and development of fleshy roots directly determine the yield and quality of carrots. However, molecular mechanism underlying the carrot root formation and expansion is still limited. In our study, isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) was utilized to explore the differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) during different developmental stages of carrot roots. Overall, 2,845 proteins were detected, of which 118 were significantly expressed in all three stages. DEPs that participated in several growth metabolisms were identified, including energy metabolism, defense metabolism, cell growth and shape regulation. Among them, two expansin proteins were obtained. A total of 30 expansin genes were identified based on the carrot genome database. Structure analysis showed that carrot expansin gene family was relatively conserved. Based on the expression analysis, we found that the expression profile of expansins genes was up-regulated during the vigorous growing period of carrot root. Furthermore, there was a consistent relationship between the expression patterns of mRNA and protein. The results indicated that expansin proteins might play important roles during root development in carrot. Our work provided useful information for understanding molecular mechanism of carrot root development.

Field of study: Biology