nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The Relativistic Jet-Accretion Flow-Wind Connection in Mrk 231

Long-term radio monitoring of the broad absorption line (BAL) quasar Mrk 231 at 17.6 GHz detected a strong flare in 2015. This triggered four epochs of Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA) observations from 8.4 to 43 GHz as well as three epochs of X-ray observations with NuSTAR and two with XMM over a 15 week period. Two ejected components were detected by the VLBA observations. A conservative lower bound on the apparent speed of the first ejection is attained by assuming that it was ejected when the flare began, {v}{app}> 3.15c. Serendipitous far-UV Hubble Space Telescope observations combined with our long-term radio monitoring seem to indicate that episodes of relativistic ejections suppress flux that is emitted at wavelengths shortward of the peak of the far-UV spectral energy distribution, similar to what has been observed in radio-loud quasars. Episodes of strong jet production also seem to suppress the high-ionization BAL wind seen in weak jet states. We found a statistically significant increase (∼ 25 % ) of the 3–12 keV flux during the radio flare relative to a quiescent radio state. This is explained by an ultra-fast (∼0.06c) X-ray-absorbing photoionized wind that is significantly detected only in the low-radio state (similar to Galactic black holes). Mrk 231 is becoming more radio loud. We found that the putative parsec-scale radio lobe doubled in brightness in nine years. Furthermore, large flares are more frequent, with three major flares occurring at ∼2 year intervals.

Field of study: Physics
Structure and Origin of Glacial Sand Plains

External Form and Internal Structure .—Plains of stratified gravelly sand, half a mile or more in diameter, standing mesa-like above the adjacent valley ground, are common in many parts of New England. They lie on striated ledges and till, and hence are at most not older than the closing stages of the latest glacial epoch. Their distinct marginal slopes give no indication of more than a small measure of erosion, and hence their present form may be taken as essentially equivalent to their initial constructional form. They are well stratified throughout, and this, along with their definite marginal slope, indicates them to be deposits made in bodies of standing water. The general surface of these sand plains is very even, but fails of being level by reason of a gentle slope, generally to the south, of ten, twenty, of thirty feet to the mile. Their margins are in most cases . . .

Field of study: Geology
Interfacial chemistry at metal electrode–oxide electrolyte contacts

Ternary metal–oxide interfaces adopt in each point of their T – μ O 2 thermodynamical stability range a different interfacial equilibrium chemistry. While for reactive and partially reactive interfaces, changes in the oxygen chemical potential may induce the formation of new product phases for nonreactive interfaces, only the local interfacial chemistry is changed through Gibbs' adsorption/desorption of interfacial oxygen or oxide metal. This is demonstrated by experimental ELNES studies for γ-alumina–copper interfaces, which show large oxygen excess at high oxygen activity and stoichiometric composition in an intermediate oxygen activity range. A model of interfacial point defects recently developed by the author is used to evaluate changes in the interfacial chemistry as function of the oxygen chemical potential for the studied interface. In electrochemical cells, interfacial compositions at metal electrode–oxide electrolyte are strongly modified by the applied electrical potential. The modifications under applied potential in current-free state and under current flow are discussed.

Field of study: Materials science
Progressive Hair Coil Penile Tourniquet Syndrome: Multi Center Experience With 25 Cases

Penile hair tourniquet syndrome is uncommon syndrome characterized by progressive penile strangulation by a hair tie. Complications were reported including urethrocutaneous fistula, complete urethral transaction, penile gangrene and penile amputation. Prevention of such major complications depends on awareness by the aetiology and presence of high index of suspicion for early diagnosis.  Twenty five children presenting with different degrees of hair coil penile strangulation syndrome have been operated upon in the period from 2000 to 2007 in two tertiary care centres in the city of Alexandria. Eighteen boys had complete transection of the urethra at the coronal sulcus. Seven boys had partial transaction of the ventral wall of the urethra at the coronal sulcus. Repair of the penis was done in all children in single stage.  The mean age of boys is 3, 9 year (2-5 SD: 2, 1). the mean follow up is 20, 7 months (6-48 SD: 12, 3). Urethral catheter was left for a mean of 5.5 days (4-7 SD: 1, 15).In the mean follow up period we had 4 complications in the form of 2 tiny urethrocutaneous fistulas and 2 anastomotic urethral strictures. The fistulae are closed surgically after the primary surgery by one year in the two cases and closed with no recurrence. Urethral strictures were managed by endoscopic visual urethrotomy with no recurrence.  Penile tourniquet syndrome can cause serious penile complications. Awareness by this rare syndrome can help in preventing such complications. Being familiar with the surgical reconstruction guarantees high success rate.

Field of study: Medicine
NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF LAMINAR FLOW AND HEAT TRANSFER IN TWISTED ELLIPTIC TUBES

Laminar fluid flow and heat transfer in twisted elliptic tubes is simulated by the dual-velocity algorithm. Numerical results show that when the other parameters maintain constant, the Nusselt number increases with increasing Reynolds number and Prandtl number, and decreases with the increasing ratio of short axis to long axis AB and twist parameter BS. When Reynolds number is less than 500 and Prandtl number is less than 200, h is always larger than 3. And, the larger the Prandtl number is, the larger h will be. The twisted elliptic tube is an excellent enhancement device for laminar convection heat transfer, especially for large Prandtl numbers. The reason of heat transfer enhancement is that the fluid rotates in the twisted tube and a secondary flow is derived. There is a velocity component perpendicular to the wall surface, which results in a larger temperature gradient near the tube wall.

Field of study: Engineering
Ginzburg–Landau Description of Twin Boundaries in Noncentrosymmetric Superconductors

We study theoretically a model for twin boundaries in superconductors with Rashba spin–orbit coupling, which can be relevant to both three-dimensional noncentrosymmetric tetragonal crystals and two-dimensional gated superconductors such as the LaAlO3/SrTiO3 interface. In both cases, the broken inversion symmetry allows for a coexistence of singlet and triplet pairing. Within the framework of a Ginzburg–Landau theory, we identify two \(\mathbb{Z}_{2}\) symmetries that are broken via two consecutive second order phase transitions as the temperature is lowered. We show that a time-reversal symmetry breaking superconducting state nucleates near the twin boundary if singlet and triplet pairing amplitudes are of comparable magnitude. As a consequence, the tendency towards ferromagnetic order is locally increased along with the emergence of spontaneous supercurrents parallel to the twin boundary. Spin currents, which are present in the form of Andreev bound states, are found enhanced in the time-reversal broken ...

Field of study: Physics
Fluid field simulation of axis symmetry contaminated zone with single vertical injection well during bio-venting process

A two-dimensional numerical model was presented for simulating the fluid flow during the bio-venting remediation process.The axis symmetry contaminated zone with a single vertical injection well was used for this simulation.The changes of fluid fields with time were obtained and the results from simulation showed that fluid field changed greatly in the first 30 min,and the change became smaller from 30 min to 60 min. After 60 min,nearly no change was obtained.The required time to develop the steady fluid fields was about 60 min with air injection rates of 81.504 m~3·d~ -1 and 407.52 m~3·d~ -1 .The transport,mass transfer and biodegradation of contaminants could be simulated in follow-up studies based on the results of the flow modeling.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
The effect of Corynebacterium parvum on the humoral and cellular immune systems in patients with breast cancer.

Corynebacterium parvum, a Gram-positive anaerobic bacillus thought to be a strong immunological stimulant, has been shown to decrease tumour growth and prolong survival in patients with metastatic disease. Study of the effect of a single injection of a strain of C. parvum (CN. 6134) in six patients with stage IV metastatic breast cancer is reported. Results of laboratory tests to judge the physical and immunological effects of the drug infusion 24 hr post-treatment and weekly thereafter for 3 weeks are evaluated. Within 24 hr after C. parvum administration, most patients experienced fever and nausea. Blood counts and differential counts exhibited increased values 24 hr after treatment with a strong shift to the left. Lymphocyte and monocyte counts were greatly depressed at 24 hr. T-cell numbers in peripheral blood did not appear to be altered, but the picture with regard to B cells was less clear. Normal count was recovered by day 8. It appears that intravenous administration of C. parvum produces a temporary marked immunological depression which returns to essentially normal values in 8 days. The return to normal may be accompanied by resolution of the endotoxin-like syndrome of side-effects. Further study of patients receiving this therapeutic agent is important to detect enhancement of the anti-tumour immunological response precipitated.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Application of knife-edge technique to measurement of spatial structure of focusing spot

An investigation and analysis of two methods, the multi-angle knife-edge method and the right-angle double-knife-edge method, was demonstrated for the light distribution measurement. The basic principles of the two methods were introduced. Their ability of image reconstruction and anti-noise was analyzed by numerical simulation. The experimental result of the spot measurement with the right-angle double-knife-edge method was showed. As a conclusion, compared with the multi-angle scanning knife-edge method, the double-knife-edge method was more practical for focal spot measurement, especially for the tightly focusing spot.

Field of study: Physics
External stent in laparoscopic pyeloplasty: The K-wire technique.

The majority of surgeons leave internal stents following laparoscopic pyeloplasty, which necessitates a second anaesthetic for removal. A novel technique of placing external nephro-ureteric stents, thus obviating a second procedure for retrieval, is shown in this video bank. As demonstrated in the video, a Kirschner wire (K-wire) is used to thread the stent in place. Although, there are few reports of using externalised stents in laparoscopic pyeloplasty, it is believed that this technique has not been previously described. So far this technique has been used in 22 patients without any stent-related complications. The technique is feasible, safe and reproducible. It obviates the need for a further anaesthetic and avoids potential risks of another procedure. Secondary benefits include avoiding another hospital admission.

Field of study: Medicine
A deep analysis on high‐resolution dermoscopic image classification

Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) have been broadly employed in dermoscopic image analysis, mainly as a result of the large amount of data gathered by the International Skin Imaging Collaboration (ISIC). Like in many other medical imaging domains, state-of-the-art methods take advantage of architectures developed for other tasks, frequently assuming full transferability between enormous sets of natural images (e.g. ImageNet) and dermoscopic images, which is not always the case. With this paper we provide a comprehensive analysis on the effectiveness of state-of-the-art deep learning techniques when applied to dermoscopic image analysis. In order to achieve this goal, we consider several CNNs architectures and analyze how their performance is affected by the size of the network, image resolution, data augmentation process, amount of available data, and model calibration. Moreover, taking advantage of the analysis performed, we design a novel ensemble method to further increase the classification accuracy. The proposed solution achieved the third best result in the 2019 official ISIC challenge, with an accuracy of 0.593.

Field of study: Computer science
It was city-state that gave me life: cultural study of city-state sport in ancient Greece

In the history of ancient Greek ideology,the appearance of city-state was an event with a decisive significance.It was city-state that gave me life,and that gave sports development a chance to become a social movement.Without the nourishing of city-state,sport would still parasitize human social behaviors such as labor,hunting,sacrifice,military affairs and entertainment.It was city-state that made sport independent,become one of the three backbones of education in ancient Greece.From the perspective of city-state sport,the author explored its functions on sports development,and analyzed that city-state sport contains such characteristic as happiness realization,free thought,justice demand,hero idol and brave quality.

Field of study: Education
Biodiversity and Conservation of Neotropical Montane Forests. Proceedings of the Neotropical Montane Forest Biodiversity and Conservation Symposium, the New York Botanical Garden, 21–26 June 1993

scales, new approaches are espoused. These relate to modelling, taxonomy, instrumentation and sampling. Much con®dence is placed in modelling to link local (ecological) and regional (oceanographic) processes. Experimentalists may not share this con®dence but alternative approaches may be intractable. Substantive issues that might have been covered more fully include the taxonomic resolution required when testing for anthropogenic impact, the magnitude of impact (effect size) considered ecologically signi®cant and the `learning by doing' use of large-scale management experiments. While the book's concern about taxonomic competence is, in general, well placed, it is increasingly clear that family-level, or even higher, taxonomic resolution is ecacious in locating statistically signi®cant ecological dierences associated with human impact. The eect-size issue is important in the hypothesis-testing/type II error context. There are several quibbles. For example, the title on the cover is misleading, lacking as it does the subtitle `A Research Agenda for the Nation'. Further, there is some confusion over cause and eect. Surely it is anthropogenic causes rather than anthropogenic eects that produce biodiversity changes (pp. xi, 35). The glossary contains a paltry 31 entries. Notable omissions from the otherwise useful reference list include productive Australian (especially rocky intertidal and coral reef) and European (especially soft sediment) workers. Overall, I found this book stimulating and clearly written. It has tackled large, important issues that daily become more urgent and its emphasis on scale is appropriate. One hopes that the funding, co-ordination and collaboration necessary to prosecute its ambitious main recommendations will be forthcoming.

Field of study: Environmental science
Experimental test of a new method for phase determination using gamma resonance spectroscopy

We have performed an experimental study of the feasability to employ resonance scattering of γ-radiation in order to measure directly the phase of the structure factor which is required in X-ray crystal structure determination. The phases of the (020) and the (040) reflection of a K3Fe(CN)6 single crystal were determined by measuring the interference between nuclear resonance scattering and by electronic scattering.

Field of study: Physics
Effect of Hippophae rhamnoides L. on antioxidant system in the liver and brain of mice with acute alcohol administration

Exploration the effects of Hippophae rhamnoides L on antioxidant system in the liver and brain of mice with acute alcohol administration.  Male ICR mice were divided randomLy into five groups, including control group, alcohol model group and 0.6, 3, 6 g/kg bw Hippophae rhamnoides L. groups. Continuous administration for 14 days, since fifteenth, the daily after administration of 1 h, alcohol model group and Hippophae rhamnoides L. in different dosage groups with 40% alcohol by intragastric 15 mL/kg bw, end to twentieth days. Measured the activity of GSH, MDA, CAT and T-AOC in the liver and brain tissues of mice.  Compared with alcohol model, Hippophae rhamnoides L. in different dosage groups in liver tissue GSH content increase, low dose group of increased the activity of CAT, in the high dose group, the increase of T-AOC activity; in the low and high dose group of brain tissue GSH content increased, in the middle dose and high dose group increased the activity of T-AOC.  Hippophae rhamnoides L. on alcohol induced mouse liver and brain oxidative damage had obviousrelieving.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
The Computer Based Mail Environment - An Overview

The model of a computer based mail environment presented in this paper is an adaption of the model developed in the IFIP Working Group 6.5. The model describes the necessary structure of the mail items, i.e., the unit of information that is handled by the system. The model also separates the computer based mail environment into several cooperating functional entities. In this paper, the basic characteristics of the functional entities are outlined, as well as their relation to authority boundaries and computer system boundaries. It is further shown that the services of the system can be classified into three distinct categories, each of which can be treated individually.

Field of study: Computer science
The global pet trade in amphibians: species traits, taxonomic bias, and future directions

The burgeoning global pet trade in vertebrates, including amphibians, has conservation implications for overexploitation of native populations, spread of diseases, and invasions. The majority of amphibian invasions are due to the pet trade pathway and current lists of extra-limital amphibians suggest that future invasions will encompass a broader taxonomic diversity than is known. Given that trade is dynamic, it is essential to move beyond currently traded species and understand which species are likely to be traded in the future and serve as candidates for invasions. In this study, we systematically assess amphibian species in the pet trade, (i) characterising taxonomic bias, (ii) evaluating species-traits as predictors of traded species and trade volume, and (iii) forecasting likely future pets. We collated a global list of 443 traded amphibians and a regional dataset (USA) on trade volume. Species-traits (body size, native range size, clutch size, and breeding type) and conservation status, were considered as predictors of traded species and volume. Six Families contributed disproportionately to the amphibian pet trade; the likelihood for species to be traded was positively associated with body size, range size, and a ‘larval’ breeding type. However, species-traits performed poorly in predicting trade volume, suggesting an overriding effect of socio-economic aspects of the trade. The identified species-traits and taxonomic bias of the trade were then used to predict species likely to be traded as pets in the future. This study formalizes the knowledge on amphibian species that are traded as pets. We found a strong bias for certain Families, along with a preference for large-bodied and widely distributed species with a larval phase. Our results pave way for more trait-based approaches to forecast amphibians entering the trade. Such understanding of the pet trade can help pre-emptively tackle the pathway responsible for most invasions and disease spread in amphibians.

Field of study: Environmental science
On Partial Downloading for Wireless Distributed Storage Networks

We consider a distributed storage system employing some existing regenerate codes where the storage nodes are scattered in a wireless network. The data collector connects to the storage nodes via orthogonal channels and downloads data symbols from these nodes. In the existing data reconstruction schemes for distributed storage systems, the data collector downloads all symbols from a subset of the storage nodes. Such a full-downloading approach becomes inefficient in wireless networks since due to fading, the wireless channels may not offer sufficient bandwidths for full downloading. Moreover, full-downloading is also less power efficient than partial downloading. In this paper, given a coding scheme employed by the wireless distributed storage system, we propose a partial downloading scheme that allows downloading a portion of the symbols from any storage node. We formulate a cross-layer wireless resource allocation problem for data reconstruction in distributed storage systems employing such partial downloading. To derive the fundamental properties of partial downloading as well as to reduce the complexity of wireless resource allocation, we derive necessary and sufficient conditions for data reconstructability for partial downloading, in terms of the numbers of downloaded symbols from the storage nodes. We also propose channel and power allocation schemes for partial downloading in wireless distributed storage systems. Simulation results are provided to demonstrate the significant power savings by the proposed partial downloading scheme compared to the full-downloading methods for distributed storage.

Field of study: Engineering
A Projective Representations of the Thompson Group F and Its Lifting Problem

The Thompson group $F$ has a canonical unitary representation on $H=L^2[0,1]$. With a special projection, we construct a projective unitary representation on a Fermionic Fock space associated with $H$. This comes from the representation of the CAR algebra of $H$. Then, by computing the 2nd cohomology group, we will be able to decide if this projective unitary representation can be lifted to an ordinary representation. We will mainly discuss the lifting problem of this projective representation.

Field of study: Mathematics
NUMERICAL CALCULATIONS FOR AXIALLY SYMMETRIC WALL-STABILIZED ARCS.

A method is outlined which gives a numerical describtion for some configurations of axially symmetrical constricted electric arcs. For this purpose the equations of single fluid model of plasma physics are decoupled in such a way that only the heat flux potential, the axial velocity, the radial velocity, the average axial pressure gradient, and the average axial electric field have to he calculated simultaneously considering a given set of boundary conditions. In this paper the method is applied to the Koppelmann arc. In addition the paper reports upon some experiences in applying this method to the computation of further arc configurations.

Field of study: Physics