nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Experimental and Numerical Analysis of 60-Year-Old Sluice Gate Affected by Long-Term Operation

Technological units of water reservoirs and power plants include sluice gates which are designed to completely seal the inflow or outflow of water in supply or discharge channels. This article describes the issue of technical assessment of a sluice gate made in the 1950s. Such structures are characterised by states of significant corrosive wear, permanent deformations of contact and sealing surfaces as well as increased levels of residual stresses. In such cases, it is difficult to determine service life using only numerical modelling methods, mainly due to problematic definition of material properties and boundary conditions. Therefore, for safety assessment, it is necessary to verify these facts experimentally. This article presents the procedure for assessing safe operation of the sluice gate on which places with permanent deformation and a broken part of the guide wheel flange were identified. By means of numerical modelling, we identified critical stress values at the locations of reinforcing elements, which were modified, and the stress values were reduced by about 15%. The results of numerical modelling were verified at select locations by experimental measurements during operation using strain gauges. The maximum values of operational normal stresses in the assessed places reached about 27 MPa. Based on the comparison of obtained results and taking into account values of residual stresses reaching up to 190 MPa made by shielded metal arc welding, it can be stated that, for safe operation of the sluice gate, it is necessary to follow the proposed procedure during its lowering and to modify the reinforcing elements structurally.

Field of study: Materials science
Arenig (Middle Ordovician) ostracods from Baltoscandia: Fauna, assemblages and biofacies

The Arenig ostracod fauna of Baltoscandia is the oldest known and amongst the most thoroughly studied ostracod faunas in the world. The fauna is dominated by eridostracans and palaeocopes, and comprises altogether about fifty species from seven suborders. The ten most abundant ostracod species make up 90% of the total Arenig fauna. Overall ostracod diversity estimates in the Arenig of the Baltoscandian Palaeobasin are low, but show gradual increase in diversity at younger horizons. Low diversity may be due to unfavourable climate conditions in the Baltoscandian Palaeocontinent during the earlier Arenig and may also be due to the early stage of evolution of ostracod faunas (i.e. pre their main diversification during the Llanvirn). Thirteen facies related Arenig ostracod assemblages are distinguished in the Baltoscandian Palaeobasin. In early- and mid-Volkhov time, the assemblages show almost basinwide distribution suggesting many ostracod species were environmental generalists. Major distinctions between different ostracod biofacies zones can be seen from the late Volkhov onwards, when the differentiation of ostracod biofacies in the Palaeobasin marks the onset of major depth differences. Ostracod assemblage-based reconstruction of sea-level changes in the studied area agrees well with the sequence stratigraphic interpretation of the succession and with a sea level curve determined on the basis of sedimentological data.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Thermodynamic analysis of cooling and heating systems for energy recovery

All energy systems that produce waste heat that is above the ambient temperature, must be coupled to other thermal equipment in order to increase the benefits of the primary source and, like this, reduce pollution. By means of the first and second law of thermodynamics, this work analyses waste heat recovery of a Two Stage Vapour Compression System (R123) for an Absorption Heat Transformer (H2O/LiBr). Both systems are evaluated in an individual and comprehensive manner, considering an evaporation temperature of 235.15 K in the condenser of the cooling system and different absorption temperatures in the heating system. The cooling system (by means of the condenser) is capable of reaching the temperatures required to activate the heating system (through the evaporator); however, its energy performance decreases and exergy destruction increases in the high-pressure circuit. Two relationships are proposed to quantify the performance of the coupled machines, where recovered heat and its temperature play an important role. Under this analysis scenario, it is possible to reach performance values of the coupling from 0.711 to 0.927, when the difference in the absorber and evaporator temperatures decreases by 18 K at an interchange temperature of 343.15 K.

Field of study: Engineering
Magnetic anomalies over the western margin of the New England foldbelt, northeast New South Wales

Two large linear magnetic anomalies bound a north-northwest–trending belt of folded middle to upper Paleozoic shelf and terrestrial sedimentary rocks on the western margin of the New England foldbelt. The Peel anomaly has an ultramafic source that lies along the Peel thrust fault, a structure separating shelf sedimentary rocks from paleozoic cherts, argillites, and metabasites. The Mooki anomaly occurs along the boundary of the shelf and terrestrial sediments where these strata are thrust against flat-lying Permian strata. The source of the Mooki anomaly is intermediate and mafic igneous rocks of uncertain age, which have been intruded along a complex thrust system. These findings have been briefly discussed in relation to broadly similar geology and large positive linear magnetic anomalies in California and New Zealand.

Field of study: Geology
The electrical properties of vacuum and chemically deposited thin and thick resistive films

A survey is given of the electrical properties of thin and thick resistive films, both vacuum deposited and non-vacuum deposited by chemical and firing processes. Films of metals, metal alloys and metal-insulator mixes, ranging in thickness from less than 100 A to several microns, are considered. A very considerable effort has been devoted to thin film development in recent years as a result of the requirements of a rapidly expanding microelectronic industry. It is concluded that these requirements are not yet completely satisfied for resistive films, particularly the requirement for high resistivity films.

Field of study: Engineering
[The changes of lipids, lipoproteins and apolipoproteins in plasma in ischemic stroke].

Contents of lipids (cholesterol CS, triglycerides) as well as levels of CS of lipoproteins of different density and of apolipoproteins A1 and B were measured in blood serum of 31 patients in different periods after of ischemic stroke. The majority of the indices studied were significantly decreased in men in acute periods of the stroke, especially in 8-21 days after the stroke development. Meanwhile, the levels of lipids, CS lipoproteins of both low and very low densities were increased later. Contents of CS of antiatherogenic lipoproteins of high density (HDLP) was low in different periods after the development of disorders of cerebral circulation. This confirms the concept that low level of HDLP is one of the risk factors of ischemic stroke. Decrease of the levels of both lipids and CS of lipoproteins of different density was more pronounced in patients with more severe atherosclerotic damages of the main cerebral arteries. Disorders of metabolism of lipoproteins in ischemic disorders of cerebral circulation are discussed with reference to literary data taking into consideration their heterogeneity. Genetically determined pathology of certain apolipoproteins plays a key role factor in the development of early atherosclerosis and in the elucidation of biochemical markers of the primary damages of cerebral vessels.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
The higher education system from the perspective of academic organization

Burton R. Clark pointed out that higher education system is a kind of academic organization composed of knowledge\|bearing groups; the heart of the higher education system is the crisscrossing matrix of disciplines and enterprises; the coordination of the system is a mix of bureaucratic, political, professional and market forms; changes in the system is the moving matrix. Burton R. Clark's ideas are of methodological significance to China's higher education theory and practice.

Field of study: Education
A General Duality Theorem for the Monge--Kantorovich Transport Problem

The duality theory of the Monge--Kantorovich transport problem is analyzed in a general setting. The spaces $X, Y$ are assumed to be polish and equipped with Borel probability measures $\mu$ and $\nu$. The transport cost function $c:X\times Y \to [0,\infty]$ is assumed to be Borel. Our main result states that in this setting there is no duality gap, provided the optimal transport problem is formulated in a suitably relaxed way. The relaxed transport problem is defined as the limiting cost of the partial transport of masses $1-\varepsilon$ from $(X,\mu)$ to $(Y, \nu)$, as $\varepsilon >0$ tends to zero. 
The classical duality theorems of H.\ Kellerer, where $c$ is lower semi-continuous or uniformly bounded, quickly follow from these general results.

Field of study: Mathematics
The effects of waveform on the generation of flow dependent phospho-Smad2 and Akt species

anchor in the retroperitoneum resulting in the absence midgraft endothelial coverage. There was no progression of mid-graft neointimal tissue hyperplasia at 6, 8, 12, and 24 weeks (54.99±52.02 μm; 45.00±58.39; 45.84±46.60; 47.36±37.08 μm, P=.77).  A looped interposition-graft model provides sufficient isolation length to clearly distinguish transanastomotic from transmural endothelialisation for up to half a year. Ingrowth from surrounding tissue appears essential for transmural mid-graft endothelialisation. The lack of ongoing mid-graft luminal narrowing confirms that subendothelial tissue proliferation due to transmural growth is of no concern.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Ferromagnetic Resonance Induced Josephson Current in a Superconductor/Ferromagnet/Superconductor Junction(Condensed matter : electronics structure and electrical, magnetic, and optical properties)

We propose the phase dynamics induced by spin waves in a superconductor/ferromagnet/superconductor (SC/FM/SC) Josephson junction. The resistively shunted junction (RSJ) model, which describes the dynamics of superconducting phase difference, is extended to include the spin wave excitation by ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) using the gauge invariant phase difference between two s -wave superconductors. The current–voltage characteristics show step structures when the magnetization in FM is driven by tuning the microwave frequency to FMR in the SC/FM/SC junction. The result presents a new route to observe the spin wave excitation using the Josephson effect.

Field of study: Physics
Causal Attributions for Student Performance

The purpose of this study, was to determine whether differences in conceptual complexity are related to the tendency of preservice teachers to make ego-defensive attributions for student performance under success or failure conditions. It was hypothesized that concrete individuals would make more ego-defensive attributions than abstract individuals and abstract individuals would make more nondefensive attributions than concrete individuals. The data support the hypotheses only for attributions regarding student ability and motivation.

Field of study: Psychology
Succession of depositional environments in the neogene basin at Aliveri, Evia (Greece)

The Neogene lignite-bearing sequence in the southern part of the Aliveri-Kymi basin was studied with regard to sedimentology, palynology and coal petrology in order to establish the type and succession of environments involved and to compare them with modern analogues. Initial sediments of the Prinias Group were deposited in a wide shallow depression by means of a low competent drainage system which formed sandy alluvial fans, interfan areas and ephemeral lakes as well as sand flats and vegetated mudflats in lateral sequences from the basin margins to a central perennial lake. Succeeding sediments of the Prinias Group were formed under the influence of the rising lake level in algal-marsh, various peat-forming and open-lake environments. Sediments of the Koustoumalou Group were deposited by a highly competent surficial drainage system in alluvial fan to braided and meandering fluvial environments. This drainage system followed the south-north trending axis of an asymmetrical graben while debris-flows moved in from the steep flanks to the east.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Apolipoprotein E expression in the cerebellum of normal and hypercholesterolemic rabbits.

We have studied the expression of apolipoprotein E (ApoE) mRNA in the cerebella of control and experimental rabbits fed with a cholesterol-rich diet for 8 weeks. Cholesterol-treated rabbits show a dramatic increase in serum cholesterol levels; however, no significant variations in the expression level of cerebellar ApoE mRNA were found in comparison to control rabbits. In addition, no differences were observed between control and hypercholesterolemic rabbits in the in situ hybridization pattern of ApoE mRNA on cerebellar cortex sections. ApoE mRNA was localized in astroglial processes associated with Purkinje cell bodies and dendrites, granule cell clusters, blood vessels and nerve fibers of the white matter. No expression of ApoE mRNA was observed in Purkinje and granule cell neurons. Polarized light examination of cryostat cerebellar sections revealed the absence of cholesterol-rich microglia/macrophage cells induced by the hypercholesterolemia. In this way, neither reactive microglial cells nor perivascular phagocytes were found by ultrastructural analysis in hypercholesterolemic conditions. The pattern of glial fibrillary acidic protein of the astroglial cells of the cerebellar cortex as well as their nuclear size were unchanged following cholesterol treatment, indicating the absence of astroglial activation induced by hypercholesterolemia. Our results suggest that cerebellar ApoE does not contribute to the general cholesterol homeostasis outside of the brain and supports the view that this cerebellar ApoE is involved in paracrine and autocrine functions particularly related with synapse turnover and membrane remodelling of astroglial cells.

Field of study: Biology
Wald-Kernel: Learning to Aggregate Information for Sequential Inference

Sequential hypothesis testing is a desirable decision making strategy in any time sensitive scenario. Compared with fixed sample-size testing, sequential testing is capable of achieving identical probability of error requirements using less samples in average. For a binary detection problem, it is well known that for known density functions accumulating the likelihood ratio statistics is time optimal under a fixed error rate constraint. This paper considers the problem of learning a binary sequential detector from training samples when density functions are unavailable. We formulate the problem as a constrained likelihood ratio estimation which can be solved efficiently through convex optimization by imposing Reproducing Kernel Hilbert Space (RKHS) structure on the log-likelihood ratio function. In addition, we provide a computationally efficient approximated solution for large scale data set. The proposed algorithm, namely Wald-Kernel, is tested on a synthetic data set and two real world data sets, together with previous approaches for likelihood ratio estimation. Our empirical results show that the classifier trained through the proposed technique achieves smaller average sampling cost than previous approaches proposed in the literature for the same error rate.

Field of study: Computer science
New developments on diamond photodetector for VUV solar observations

A new large-size metal–semiconductor–metal photoconductor device of 4.6 mm in diameter based on diamond material has been reprocessed and characterized in the vacuum-ultraviolet (VUV) wavelength range. The metal finger contacts have been processed to 2 µm in width with spacing between the contacts of 5 µm for a bias voltage of 5 V. The responsivity, stability, linearity and homogeneity have been tested. Solutions and progresses on diamond processing are identified and are reported. In the VUV wavelength range of interest, the diamond photodetector is sensitive with a maximum response of 48 mA W−1 at 210 nm with a corresponding external quantum efficiency of 42%, homogenous and stable under short irradiation. It indicates a 200–400 nm rejection ratio of more than four orders of magnitude and demonstrates the advantages of diamond-based detectors in terms of high rejection ratio and high output signal for VUV solar observation missions.

Field of study: Materials science
Using DEMATEL to Select Key Performance Evaluation Indicators of Green Supply Chain Management

This study aims to utilize the Decision-making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL) approach to recognize the key performance evaluation indicators (PEIs) of green supply chain. Twenty indicators of performance evaluation with six dimensions were identified from literature review and interview with six experts come from two different groups which consists of practitioners and academic scholars respectively, each expert has drawn a directed graph between the twenty different performance indicators. By considering the interrelationships among these indicators, DEMATEL was applied to deal with the importance and causal relationships among the performance evaluation indicators of green supply chain management. Obtained results show that the top management commitment and support, green organizational culture, willingness towards investment, government support policy are four most significant PEIs for the success of GSCM. By identifying the structures and interrelationships, it can offer an insight for managers to understand cause-effort relationships and select the key PEIs which can be used to help them to improve GSCM performance.

Field of study: Engineering
Microscopic study of neutron-rich dysprosium isotopes

Microscopic studies in heavy nuclei are very scarce due to large valence spaces involved. This computational problem can be avoided by means of the use of symmetry-based models. Ground-state, γ and β bands, and their B(E2) transition strengths in 160–168Dy isotopes, are studied in the framework of the pseudo-SU(3) model which includes the preserving symmetry Q · Q term and the symmetry-breaking Nilsson and pairing terms, systematically parametrized. Additionally, three rotor-like terms are considered, whose free parameters, fixed for all members of the chain, are used to fine tune the moment of inertia of rotational bands and the band head of γ and β bands. The model succesfully describes in a systematic way rotational features in these nuclei and allows to extrapolate toward the midshell nucleus 170Dy. The results presented show that it is possible to study a full chain of isotopes or isotones in the region with the present model.

Field of study: Physics
Conformational studies on cimetidine and ranitidine by PCILO calculations and NMR spectroscopy.

The conformational characteristics of two H2-receptor antagonists, cimetidine and ranitidine, have been investigated by quantum mechanical PCILO method and the results indicate a folded conformation for cimetidine stabilized by intramolecular hydrogen bonding and an extended backbone conformation for ranitidine. NMR investigations carried out on these two drugs in solution, however, indicate a predominance of an extended conformation for both the molecules. The significance of this result has been discussed in terms of the activity of these two drugs. Besides these studies, NMR experiments have also been carried out on the drugs incorporated into the lipid bilayers to investigate the drug-lipid interaction. The results from this study suggest that the hydrophobic portion of the drugs is buried in the hydrophobic hydrocarbon chains of the lipid bilayer, while the terminal hydrophilic end of the drug lies at the lipid-water interface.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Physics
The genetic diversity of predominant Escherichia coli strains isolated from cattle fed various amounts of hay and grain

When the 16S rDNA of predominant Escherichia coli strains from cattle was digested with HhaI and HaeIII, the strains could be sub-divided into four operational taxonomic units. When genomic DNA was digested with XbaI, strains could be grouped into 24 pulsed-field gel electrophoresis genotypes (>95% Dice similarity) and five clades (>20% Dice similarity). Diet (hay versus grain) and gastrointestinal compartment (rumen versus colon) did not have a large impact on diversity. However, both analyses indicated that the cows (n=2) had different E. coli populations. When all 22 colonic strains were inoculated into a maltose-limited chemostat, only a single genotype persisted. Based on these results, the genetic diversity of E. coli in the cattle is very great and this bacterium can occupy different niches.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Assessment of the size of the thalamus as a method for the evaluation of the activity of neurodegenerative process after the treatment with cerebrolisin in young patients with multiple sclerosis

: The aim of the study was to describe the atrophy of the thalamus in young patients with active relapsing multiple sclerosis (MS) treated with cerebrolysin. Eighteen MS patients (mean age 20.10±0.45 years) with disease onset in childhood or adolescence were studied. Neurological examination using the EDSS, neuropsychological testing and MRI were used. At baseline, MRI revealed the hypotrophy of the thalamus that was not correlated with the performance on neuropsychological tests. After treatment with cerebrolysin, there was the decrease in the level of atrophy that suggested the neuroprotective effect of this drug. This effect was more prominent in younger patients with the high frequency of previous relapses.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
A Critique of the Self-Interested Voter Model: The Case of a Local Single Issue Referendum

In recent years, economists have sought to extend the logic of marginal analysis to topics not traditionally considered within the domain of the discipline. Among the areas to which this analysis has been expanded is political behavior under a research program widely known as public choice.1 The empirical tradition of public choice uses the utility maximization behavioral assumption of economic theory to construct and estimate models of voting behavior [Mueller 1989; Mitchell 1990]. At the conceptual level, this assumption permits inclusion of direct self-interest, altruism, and community duty in explanations of decisions on whether and how to vote. However, predictive empirical models of voter choice typically specify an individual's utility function solely in terms of direct self-interest [Feldman 1984, 229]. Within the empirical public choice literature, direct tests of the self-interested voter assumption have been hampered by two data problems. First, while hypotheses are about motivations and responses of individual voters, the data available is usually aggregate census data or voting precinct data. The problems of using aggregate data in testing hypotheses about individual voter decision making have been noted in several studies [Deacon and

Field of study: Economics