nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Results of Long-Term Observations of the Maser Emission Source W44C (G34.3+0.15) in the OH and H2O Radio Lines

Results of monitoring the H$_2$O and OH masers in W44C, located near the cometary HII region G34.3+0.15, are reported. Observations in the water-vapor line at $\lambda = 1.35$ cm were carried out on the 22-meter radio telescope of the Pushchino Radio Astronomy Observatory (Russia) from November 1979 to March 2011, and in the hydroxyl lines at $\lambda = 18$ cm on the Large Nan{\c{c}}ay radio telescope (France). Activity maxima and minima of the water maser alternated. The average period of the activity is $\sim 14$ years, consistent with results obtained earlier for a number of other sources associated with regions of active star formation. In periods of enhanced maser activity, two series of strong H$_2$O maser flares were observed, which were related to two different clusters of maser spots located at the front of a shock at the periphery of the ultracompact region UH II. These series of flares may be associated with cyclic activity of the protostellar object in UH II. In the remaining time intervals, there were mainly short-lived flares of single features. The Stokes parameters for the observations in the hydroxyl lines were determined. Zeeman splitting was observed in the profile of the 1667 MHz OH main line at a velocity of 58.5 km/s, and was used estimate the intensity of the line-of-sight component of the magnetic field (1.2 mG).

Field of study: Physics
Cretaceous history of Pacific Basin guyot reefs: a reappraisal based on geothermal endo-upwelling

The mid-Cretaceous histories (origin, growth, death) of algal-rudist-stromatoporoid reef communities located on many Pacific Basin guyots are complex and controversial. These shallow water, tropical communities originated on volcanic edifices extruded during the Barremian-Albian, grew upward during edifice subsidence/transgression throughout the Aptian, Albian and Cenomanian and several of them died almost synchronously near the Cenomanian-Turonian boundary. During their periods of origin and growth, we postulate that the reef ecosystems received dissolved oxygen by wave surge and nutrients by geothermal endo-upwelling. By this process oceanic waters of intermediate depth (approx. 500–1500 m) were: (a) drawn into the weathered and fractured volcanic summit and lower part of the older reef and driven upward through the porous framework by the remnant geothermal gradient of the volcanic foundation and (b) emerged at the reef surface to support the high metabolism of the living community. The death of most of the reefs near the Cenomanian-Turonian boundary approximately coincides with the most intense oceanic anoxic event (OEA) in Pacific Ocean history. During this OAE the chemistry of the endo-upwelled fluids arriving at the reef surface changed from nutrient/oxygen-rich to dysoxic-anoxic-toxic, and killed the community. Additionally, the combination of foundation subsidence and global transgression reduced aeration of interstitial reef waters by wave turbulence. The post-mortem history of the guyot summits consisted of: (a) drowning to prevent revival of the reef communities, (b) deposition of Turonian-Cenozoic fossiliferous pelagic sediments in the former atoll lagoons and dead reef debris and (c) minor erosion (submarine; karstification?) of the dead reef frameworks.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Clinical Profile and Management of Patients of Head Injury at a Tertiary Care Hospital – A Prospective Study

Head injury is one of the commonest emergencies in surgical practice. It is one of the most common cause of death and disability among the young population between the age of 15 to 25 years. This is a cross-sectional study among 100 patients with head injury at a medical college and tertiary care hospital.  To study the clinical profile and outcome of patients with head including the role of the Glasgow Coma Scale in their prognosis. To study the CT scan findings of the brain and the clinical outcome.  This is a prospective observational study conducted at a Medical college and tertiary care hospital. 100 patients with head injury were enrolled in this study. Duration of the study was between December 2009 to November 2011.  The commonest cause of head injury is road traffic accidents. Head injury is common in the young age of group of 21-30 years.  Female ratio of the head injury is 3:1 Almost one third of the patients had history of alcohol ingestion prior to the head injury. The commonest lesion in head injury is subdural hematoma. It is also the most lethal. Most of the head injuries were of mild type and only 5% patients required surgery. Only 10% of the patients had poor clinical outcome. Glasgow Coma Scale is very helpful in predicting the severity and clinical outcome of head injury patients.

Field of study: Medicine
New Developments of Quantitative Mass Spectrometry-based Proteomics

Mass spectrometry has become a powerful technology for proteome analysis. It would be highly desirable to obtain an exact quantitative value and the dynamic data of each protein in a system for providing important information to study protein function, to reveal the biological process and to discover protein biomarker and drug target. In this paper, the developments of quantitative mass spectrometry-based proteomics on strategy, method and application in recent years with further addressed characteristics and potentialities in protein analysis are discussed.

Field of study: Chemistry
A multimedia traffic modeling framework for simulation-based performance evaluation studies

The emergence of high-speed communication systems has enabled the support of complex multimedia applications. The traffic patterns generated by such applications are likely to be more complicated than those of simple voice and data traffic sources. Source traffic models are very important in the performance evaluation of traffic control algorithms in communications networks. In this paper, a multimedia traffic modeling framework is presented. The framework dissociates the traffic generated by a multimedia application into a number of basic components and derives a traffic model for each component. These components are then integrated into a multimedia traffic source model. A Graphical User Interface (GUI) is presented to facilitate the traffic modeling process. These multimedia traffic models can be easily integrated into simulation studies. In order to illustrate the usefulness of the framework, a performance evaluation study of scheduling algorithms for the High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) feature of UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) is presented. It was found that a Cost Function-based scheduling algorithm that takes into account the head-of-line packet delays of all components of the multimedia application achieved a higher average user throughput.

Field of study: Computer science
Layered Li–Mn oxides with the O2 structure: preparation of Li2/3[Mn1−xMx]O2 (M=Li, Cr, Mg, Al) by ion exchange

Layered sodium manganese bronzes, Na 2/3 [Mn 1− x M x ]O 2 (M=Li, Cr, Mg, Al) with the P2 structure have been investigated. In the case of M=Li, the location of the dopant was identified on the basis of ion-exchange properties and chemical analysis. With the increase doped Cr content, the P2-structure Na 2/3 [Mn 1− x Cr x ]O 2 gradually underwent a transformation to orthorhombic Na 4 [Mn 9− y Cr y ]O 18 . X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was used to measure the oxidation state and the composition near the surface. The compositions near the surface and in the bulk were found to vary with the identity of the doped element. The O2-structure lithium manganese oxides were prepared from Na-bronzes by ion exchange, but the crystallinity decreased after the ion exchange as a result of stacking faults.

Field of study: Materials science
Relativistic nature of the EMC effect

The deep inelastic scattering of leptons off nuclei is considered within the the Bethe-Salpeter formalism. It is shown that nuclear short-range structure can be expressed in terms of the nucleon structure functions and four-dimensional Fermi motion of the nucleons. The four-dimensional Fermi motion broadens the bound nucleon localization area, what lead to the observation of the nucleon structure change in nuclei -- EMC effect. The $\rm ^4He$ to deuteron structure functions ratio is found in good agreement with experimental data. It is shown that the pattern of the ratio is defined by dynamical properties of the nucleon structure.

Field of study: Physics
Identifying Targets of Communication Styles: An Exploratory Study

The present study investigated the identification of communication styles. Native and foreign adult judges viewed 60 audiovisual clips of women who were instructing one of four listeners: a child, a foreign adult speaker, a mentally retarded adult, or a native adult speaker of normal intelligence. The judges were asked to identify the listener in each clip. Overall, native judges were more accurate than foreign judges at identifying the listeners. In addition, more listeners were accurately identified by the native and foreign judges when the listener was a child or a normal native adult speaker Systematic errors suggest that accuracy in judgments may be influenced by similar and overlapping linguistic and paralinguistic features contained in the special communication styles and previous expectations about the listener groups.

Field of study: Psychology
The Relationship between Team Risk Factors and IT Governance under ERP Environment

The implementation team problem is one of the critical elements lead to ERP project failure. The purpose of this research is to explore the relationship between team risk factors and IT governance. The IT governance includes five important domains, that is, IT strategic alignment, IT value delivery, IT resource management, IT risk management, and IT performance management. Our research results indicate that, among five domains of IT governance, strategic alignment is the most important area. As for the team risk factors, two main team risk factors are “Lack of cross-functional team members” and “IT members’ lack of specialized knowledge required by the ERP project”. Companies that encountered these team risk factors during ERP project implementation have lower IT governance achievement level than those that did not. It is suggested that Corporations should train their IT members in specialized ERP knowledge and set up a cross-functional team for ERP implementation in order to achieve effective IT governance.

Field of study: Business
ANALYSIS OF MULTIPLICITY AND TRANSIENT PATTERNS OF ISOTHERMAL CMSMPR CRYSTALLIZERS(II) BIFURCATION BEHAVIOR AND TRANSIENT CHARACTERISTICS

The bifurcation behavior in various parameter regions is explored for an isothermal continuous mixed suspension-mixed product removal (CMSMPR) crystallizer in which primary nucleation and secondary nucleation take place simultaneously by resolving the steady state equations with the continuation technique for nonlinear equations.The number of the steady states of the crystallizer in various parameter regions is determined and the stability of the steady states is analyzed by use of the Routh-Hurith criteria.In addition, the transient characteristics of the crystallizer in both multiplicity and sustained oscillation regions are investigated by resolving the dynamic equations with a fourth-order Runge-Kutta technique.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
So many databases, such little clarity: Searching the literature for the topic aboriginal.

ABSTRACTOBJECTIVETo describe the scope, content, and organization of commonly used medical databases and search strategies, using a search of the topic aboriginal to illustrate the various ways the topic is covered in each of the databases.DESIGNComparison of literature searches.METHODSeven common medical databases were searched using all the MeSH terms that are permutations of aboriginal. A secondary analysis using the "remove duplicates" function in Ovid was done to identify articles specific to each database.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURESNumber of articles found by each search.RESULTSSearching by MeSH terms often produces very different information from that found when searching by text word. A unique term, such as Ojibway, is best found with a text word search. A more general term, such as Aborigines, is best searched by subject using a MeSH term. Many databases can be searched through Ovid and might all use different MeSH terms for the same reference. PubMed default searches that use MeSH terms and text words simultaneously often produce very large numbers of articles. In searching for North American aboriginal using MeSH terms, MEDLINE and PubMed produced the most references, followed by Healthstar. Calculating distinct "all aboriginal" references in EMBASE, Healthstar, and PsycINFO indicated that MEDLINE produced nearly all the articles found in Healthstar. In fact, MEDLINE alone produced 88% of the articles found in MEDLINE and EMBASE and 79% of the articles found in MEDLINE and PsycINFO.CONCLUSIONAlthough several researchers and medical librarians have noted that MEDLINE and EMBASE are quite distinct databases, suggesting both need to be searched for a complete search, we did not find that to be the case for the topic aboriginal. The results of this study demonstrate that using MEDLINE produces the most extensive coverage of literature on the topic aboriginal. To fully capture the complete body of available literature on other subjects might require searches of many databases, depending on the topic.

Field of study: Medicine
Risk assessment of the crack propagation and delamination of the Cu-to-Cu direct bonded (CuDB) interface

Silicon Via (TSV) technology with micro joint has been identified as the 3D package technology to overcome the limitations of I/O density and enhances the system performance compared to that of the conventional flip chip packages. One of the challenges of the reliable 3D TSV packages is stacking and joining of thin wafers or dies. The conventional micro joining methods, such as use of solder bumps, cause many reliability problems, such as intermetallic compound (IMC) formation, electromigration, delamination, creep, and fatigue problems. As an alternative, copper-to-copper direct bonding (CuDB) has been proposed. CuDB enables reduction in fabrication process steps, can obtain higher interconnect density and enhanced thermal conductivity. However, the CuDB interface has potential reliability risk since the bonding is typically performed by compression at high temperature. Several prior studies have reported formation of small voids between the bonding interfaces of the CuDB that can lead to crack initiation, propagation and thereby delamination of the entire interface. The defect can result in failure of the entire package during its fabrication process or operation. This study is risk assessment of possibility of crack propagation at the CuDB interface using fracture mechanics approach. Finite element (FE) analysis and design of experiments (DOE) are used. A crack is assigned at the interface of the CuDB to mimic a small void. Initial crack location and dimensional variables (Initial crack length, Cu pad diameter and pitch, and TSV diameter and pitch) are varied to quantify the risk. The strain energy release rate (SERR) around the crack tip is calculated and compared with the critical SERR, obtained by experiments, to judge the possibility of crack propagation. Sensitivity analysis of design parameters is conducted. As a result, this study provides design recommendations that can minimize interfacial failure of the CuDB. In addition, this study explores various numerical modeling methodologies that can be implemented for efficient failure prediction of the interfaces.

Field of study: Engineering
Regulatory effects of antigen and antibody on the reagin response in rabbits.

The influence of antigen dosage on reagin formation to haemocyanin in rabbits was studied. Using large doses of antigen, reagin formation was more readily elicited, the induction period was shorter and the persistence of reagins in serum was longer than when low antigen doses were employed. Reagin synthesis was readily induced after intravenous administration of antigen. Immunization with antigen mixed with varying doses of IgG antibody resulted in a suppressed formation of antibodies reactive in passive haemagglutination and in a total inhibition of reagin formation. The inhibition of reagin synthesis was long-lasting and booster injections of antigen did not result in the appearance of reagins. `Hyposensitization' with series of injections of antigen or antigen–antibody mixtures resulted in an initial decrease of the reagin titres, but restoration of reagin levels was observed already about 2 weeks following cessation of the treatment. The possible implications of the results for the specific immunologic therapy of allergic disorders are discussed.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Isolation and Identification of Anthracnose Pathogen on Cymbidium ensifolium and Its Culture Condition Optimization

Pathogen causing anthracnose on Cymbidium ensifolium in Zhangzhou and Fuzhou,Fujian which had was isolated and identified and the culture condition was optimized.The result showed that the pathogen of anthracnose on Cymbidium ensifolium was Colletotrichum gloeosporioides.The optimal culture condition was: PDA medium,28 ℃,pH7.0,complete darkness or alternation of light and darkness every 12 hours,sucrose or starch for carbon source and NH4NO3 for nitrogen source.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
MiR-142-3p Enhances Cell Viability and Inhibits Apoptosis by Targeting CDKN1B and TIMP3 Following Sciatic Nerve Injury

MiRNAs are involved in phenotype modulation of neural cells after peripheral nerve injury. However, the roles of miRNAs on the survival of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons have not yet been fully understood.  In this study, the expression of miR-142-3p was measured in rat DRGs (L4-L6) during the initial 24 hours post sciatic nerve transection by microarray profiling and quantitative PCR. The functional assays including the cell viability, colony formation, cell cycle and apoptosis assays were performed in miR-142-3p mimic or inhibitor transfected cell lines.  MiR-142-3p was identified to be siginificantly upregulated in rat DRGs (L4-L6) during the initial 24 hours post sciatic nerve transection. MiR-142-3p mimic enhanced cell viability by promoting cell cycle and inhibiting cell apoptosis in cultured DRG neurons. In addition, cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1B (CDKN1B, also known as p27/Kip1) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 3 (TIMP3) were identified as targets of miR-142-3p. Furthermore, knockdown of CDKN1B or TIMP3 by specific siRNAs could reverse the effect of miR-142-3p.  In the conclusion, the results showed that miR-142-3p could promote neuronal cell cycle and inhibit apoptosis at least partially through suppressing CDKN1B and TIMP3 after peripheral nerve injury.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Preparation and properties study of intumescent flame retardant and toughening on polypropylene

A kind of flame retardant polypropylene(FRPP) is prepared by melt extrusion from PP,with PP-g-MAH as compatibilizer,SBS,EVA,CPE or MBS as toughener,and a new kind of IFR,which is prepared by mixing APP,PER,MEL and OMMT at 160 ℃.Some properties of new FRPP are tested by TGA,LOI,SEM and mechanical property test with different kinds of tougheners and different amount of OMMT,the properties including thermal stability,flame retardant,and mechanical properties.The results show that compared to pure PP,the LOI of FRPP increased from 17% to 31%,expecially for the systems with CPE(31%),the initial decomposition temperature raised to 459.5 ℃ from 440.8 ℃,and the char residue is improved by over 15% at 600 ℃.The addition SBS brings significant improvement to the system and OMMT has good help for its tensile strength,but no help for others system.Compared with the properties of all FRPP,the system with SBS as toughner and 1 phr OMMT can bring well flame retardant,and tensile property,during the toughness increasing.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
VIBRATIONS OF THE INTERSTITIAL OXYGEN PAIRS IN SILICON

First-principles methods are used to calculate the structures and local vibrational modes of interstitial oxygen pairs in silicon. The staggered ${\mathrm{O}}_{i}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{Si}\ensuremath{-}{\mathrm{O}}_{i}$ and skewed ${\mathrm{O}}_{i}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{Si}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{Si}\ensuremath{-}{\mathrm{O}}_{i}$ structures are nearly degenerate in energy. The calculated local vibration frequencies and their pure and mixed ${}^{18}\mathrm{O}{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}^{16}\mathrm{O}$ isotopic shifts agree closely with experiments: the highest frequency is assigned to the skewed and the four lower ones to the staggered structure. This result may clear up the controversy of oxygen dimers in silicon, and also suggests a mechanism for fast oxygen diffusion.

Field of study: Physics
Finding Important Genes from High-Dimensional Data: An Appraisal of Statistical Tests and Machine-Learning Approaches

Over the past decades, statisticians and machine-learning researchers have developed literally thousands of new tools for the reduction of high-dimensional data in order to identify the variables most responsible for a particular trait. These tools have applications in a plethora of settings, including data analysis in the fields of business, education, forensics, and biology (such as microarray, proteomics, brain imaging), to name a few. 
In the present work, we focus our investigation on the limitations and potential misuses of certain tools in the analysis of the benchmark colon cancer data (2,000 variables; Alon et al., 1999) and the prostate cancer data (6,033 variables; Efron, 2010, 2008). Our analysis demonstrates that models that produce 100% accuracy measures often select different sets of genes and cannot stand the scrutiny of parameter estimates and model stability. 
Furthermore, we created a host of simulation datasets and "artificial diseases" to evaluate the reliability of commonly used statistical and data mining tools. We found that certain widely used models can classify the data with 100% accuracy without using any of the variables responsible for the disease. With moderate sample size and suitable pre-screening, stochastic gradient boosting will be shown to be a superior model for gene selection and variable screening from high-dimensional datasets.

Field of study: Computer science