nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Word of Mouth Propagation in Online Social Networks

Online social networks (OSNs) are becoming an important propagation platform for Word of mouth (WOM). Therefore, it is of great significance to study the propagation of WOM in OSNs. A WOM propagation model named N-P-N is proposed in this paper, and some simulation experiments are carried out to investigate the mechanism of WOM propagation. From the sensitivity analysis of degree of initial information source node, it can be seen that the degree of initial information source node determines the scope and speed of the propagation of WOM in OSNs in some extent. Then the sensitivity analysis of number of initial information source nodes shows that the initial source nodes are crucial for controlling the propagation of negative information in OSNs. Moreover, from the user behavior respect, it is found that different user behavior in OSNs causes different propagation results, the more users who are willing to diffuse WOM, the more scope WOM can propagate and the faster the information diffuses. Findings in this paper are helpful for enterprises to form an effective WOM.

Field of study: Computer science
INDIVIDUAL AND ORGANIZATIONAL DETERMINANTS OF ALCOHOL SCREENING AND BRIEF INTERVENTION IMPLEMENTATION IN EMERGENCY DEPARTMENTS (SIPS-ED)

This study explored individual and organisational barriers to and facilitators of 
effective implementation of alcohol screening and brief intervention in 9 Emergency 
Departments (EDs). This study was part of a large UK research programme on Screening and 
Intervention Programme for Sensible Drinking (SIPS). 
 Nine EDs were recruited in three regions of England and 282 ED staff (mean 31.3 
per ED; range 8–82) were trained in the study and intervention procedures. ED staff were 
required to deliver one of three screening tools and one of three brief interventions. All staff 
received appropriate training and support. Staff attitudes were measured before (T1) and 
straight after training (T2) as well as post implementation (T3) using the Short Alcohol and 
Alcohol Problems Perception Questionnaire (SAAPPQ). Additional questions on organisational 
factors affecting the implementation of SBI were asked at T2 and T3. Data were also 
collected to measure the performance of screening and delivery of intervention in each 
setting. 
 While staff were keen to be trained and while their attitudes and motivations 
significantly improved after training (p <.o1), there were several barriers to implementation 
which limited SBI activity across most settings, including workload pressures, lack of time, 
perceived lack of importance of alcohol in ED, high staff turnover, other competing priorities 
and feeling forced to take on extra work. 
Only 3 of 9 EDs were able to implement the protocol without additional input from the 
research team beyond training and regular support. In the remaining EDs it was necessary to 
deploy researchers and Alcohol Health Workers to complete screening and intervention. 
Successful sites were noted to have a keen ‘clinical champion’ who prioritised the screening 
and brief intervention activity, voluntary participation of ED staff, supportive managers, and a 
small number of core staff who were keen to participate and able to be engaged by the 
research team. Training large numbers of staff yielded less screening and intervention activity. 
 Implementation of SBI in ED will be difficult in clinical practice due to the 
exigencies of ED care, and is likely in most cases to require delivery by dedicated outside 
specialist alcohol staff. Successful implementation also depends on local clinical and 
managerial champions and having a small number of dedicated staff who have responsibility 
for delivery of SBI.

Field of study: Medicine
Assessment of DNA damage and cholinesterase activity in soybean farmers in southern Brazil: High versus low pesticide exposure

The aim of this study was to evaluate the DNA damage in soybean growers during two agricultural periods of a crop season (high and low exposure) and a control group, as well as butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) activity during these exposure periods in order to estimate the degree of BChE inhibition for the exposed group. DNA damage in peripheral whole blood was evaluated by the comet assay and plasma BChE activity was accessed as a measure of exposure to cholinesterase inhibitors. None of the soybean growers reported using full Personal Protective Equipment (PPE). BChE was lower in high exposure period than in low exposure period and DNA damage index was significantly increased in the high exposure period than in the low exposure period. In addition, DNA damage in both exposure periods was higher than control group. No correlation was found between exposure time and DNA damage and BChE activity. However, negative correlation was observed between DNA damage in high and low exposure periods. The results indicate that soybean growers are exposed to cholinesterase inhibitors and to pesticides mixtures with genotoxic potential.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
The impact of competition on prices with numerous firms

We use extreme value theory (EVT) to develop insights about price theory. Our analysis reveals "detail-independent" equilibrium properties that characterize a large family of models. We derive a formula relating equilibrium prices to the level of competition. When the number of firms is large, markups and prices are pinned down by the tail properties of the noise distribution and prices are independent of many other institutional details. The elasticity of the markup with respect to the number of firms is shown to be the EVT tail exponent of the distribution for preference shocks and in most leading cases is relatively insensitive to the number of firms. For example, for the Gaussian case asymptotic markups are proportional to one over the square root of log n, implying a zero asymptotic elasticity of the markup with respect to the number of firms. Thus competition only exerts weak pressure on prices. We also study applications of the model, including endogenizing the level of noise.

Field of study: Economics
Protecting the breeders: research informs legislative change in a marine turtle fishery

Marine turtles are sensitive to harvesting because of life-cycle traits such as longevity, late maturity and natal philopatry. The take of nesting females is of conservation concern because they are key to population maintenance and has led to global efforts to protect this life stage. In the Turks and Caicos Islands (TCI; a UK Overseas Territory in the Caribbean), previous turtle fishery legislation protected nesting turtles on the beach but not in the water, where turtles over a minimum size were subject to legal take. In a 2-year study, we undertook nesting beach and in-water surveys, molecular analyses, satellite tracking and collation of fisheries landing data to investigate the populations of green (Chelonia mydas) and hawksbill (Eretmochelys imbricata) turtles in the TCI and its turtle fishery. Adults were frequently taken in one of the region’s largest legal and artisanal turtle fisheries. We suggest that nesting populations in the TCI, which contain genetically unique haplotypes, have diminished since the 1980s, likely as a result of the harvest of adults. Using these multiple lines of evidence, we highlight the inadequacies of the former fishery regulations and propose specific legislative amendments, which, as a result of this study, were implemented on 1 July 2014 by the TCI government. With good enforcement, these measures will protect adults breeding in the TCI and those from nesting rookeries in the region that use the waters of the TCI, improve the management of this fishery, and safeguard fisher livelihoods.

Field of study: Environmental science
Administration of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) enhances visual-spatial performance in postmenopausal women.

The current article examines the effect of administering dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) on visual-spatial performance in postmenopausal women (N = 24, ages 55-80). The concurrent reduction of serum DHEA levels and visual-spatial performance in this population, coupled with the documented effects of DHEA's androgenic metabolites on visual-spatial performance, suggests that DHEA administration may enhance visual-spatial performance. The current experiment used a double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover design in which 50 mg of oral DHEA was administered daily in the drug condition to explore this hypothesis. Performance on the Mental Rotation, Subject-Ordered Pointing, Fragmented Picture Identification, Perceptual Identification, Same-Different Judgment, and Visual Search tasks and serum levels of DHEA, DHEAS, testosterone, estrone, and cortisol were measured in the DHEA and placebo conditions. In contrast to prior experiments using the current methodology that did not demonstrate effects of DHEA administration on episodic and short-term memory tasks, the current experiment demonstrated large beneficial effects of DHEA administration on Mental Rotation, Subject-Ordered Pointing, Fragmented Picture Identification, Perceptual Identification, and Same-Different Judgment. Moreover, DHEA administration enhanced serum levels of DHEA, DHEAS, testosterone, and estrone, and regression analyses demonstrated that levels of DHEA and its metabolites were positively related to cognitive performance on the visual-spatial tasks in the DHEA condition.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Optimial dietary requirements of protein, lipid and carbohydrate for juvenile gibel carp(Carassius auratus gibelio)

In order to investigate the optimal dietary requirements of protein, lipid and carbohydrate for juvenile gibel carp(Carassius auratus gibelio) with initial average weight of(2.85±0.09) g, three-factor second order general revolting combination design was used, the high and low designed levels of protein, lipid, carbohydrate in the diets were of 33% and 26%, 10.5% and 5.5%, 40% and 30%, correspondingly. The experiment lasted for 60 days. The results showed as follows: when WGR(weight gain rate) and SGR(specific growth rate) were biggest but FCR(feed conversion ratio) was smallest, the corresponding dietary protein, lipid, carbohydrate levels followed by 35.05%, 8.23% and 27.65%, 35.62%, 8.63%and 28.16%, 37.15%, 4.56% and 31.48%, respectively. When the above three factor levels were of 33.22%, 5.81% and 25.58%, respectively, VSI(viserosomatic index) was smallest. No significant difference was observed in CF(condition factor)and HSI(hepatosomatic index)among all the treatments(P0.05). There was a negative correlation between moisture content of whole-body and dietary lipid level(P0.05), but a positive correlation between lipid content of whole-body and dietary lipid, carbohydrate levels(P0.05). When the dietary lipid was above 8%, the lipid content of whole-body was increased obviously. No significant difference was observed in protein and ash content of whole-body(P0.05). In this study, the optimal dietary requirements of protein, lipid and carbohydrate for juvenile gibel carp are of 35.05%-37.15%, 4.56%-8.00% and 27.65%-31.48% respectively by comprehensive analysis.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
A patient with fever and jaundice.

A 24-year-old patient presented with fever for 10 days and jaundice that developed over the last 3 days prior to his admission. Initially, he complained of vague abdominal pain and later he suffered from diarrhea.

On admission, the temperature was 39°C, he was mildly jaundiced, the abdomen was soft and no peritoneal signs were detectable. Notable laboratory test were as follows: white cell count, 20 100/mm3; C-reactive protein, 157 mg/l; albumin, 3.1 g/l; total bilirubin, 4.1 mg/dl; (direct 2.3) aspartate aminotransferase 96 U/l; alanine aminotransferase 125 U/l; and alkaline phosphatase 331 U/l. Blood culture …

Field of study: Medicine
Conodont biostratigraphy and magnetic susceptibility of Upper Devonian Chattanooga Shale, eastern United States: Evidence for episodic deposition and disconformities

Recognition of stratigraphic hiatuses in fine-grained siliciclastic sedimentary rocks can be challenging but is feasible using high-resolution biostratigraphic and chemostratigraphic data within a regional correlation framework. In this case study of the Upper Devonian Chattanooga Shale in the Dupont GHS drillcore from the western margin of the Nashville Dome, the Upper Devonian Chattanooga Shale comprises several depositional units separated by intraformational hiatuses. These features are developed within a 13.3 m interval consisting of 4.2 m of Frasnian strata and 9.1 m of Famennian strata that unconformably overlie the Sellersburg Formation. Three Frasnian, seven Famennian, and one Tournaisian conodont biozones are recognized. The Frasnian-Famennian boundary is on a disconformity. To the northeast in the southern Illinois Basin, the New Albany Shale in the BCC drillcore consists of 35 m of Givetian and Frasnian strata and 30 m of Famennian strata that conformably overlie the Sellersburg Formation. One Givetian, four Frasnian, and three of the four lowest Famennian conodont zones are recognized. The Frasnian-Famennian boundary is conformable and constrained to within a 5 cm interval. Bulk magnetic susceptibility (MS) shows a long-term increase through most of the Frasnian. Shorter-term MS trends were observed in association with depositional pulses linked to global sea-level rises and highstand system tracts, characterized by total organic carbon (TOC) maxima — eight trends were resolved in the DGHS core, and six in the BCC. The high-frequency shifts in δMS likely represent Milankovitch-band sea-level and depositional cycles at a scale that cannot be resolved based on the condensed and irregular nature of the depositional packages. Gamma ray counts in the DGHS peak in association with the eight depositional cycles, with a TOC peak at the base of each cycle.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
In vitro production of IgG4 by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC): the contribution of committed B cells

IgG4 and IgE isotypes contribute marginally to the pool of circulating antibodies in healthy individuals, but are elevated during atopic diseases and particularly upon helminth infections. To examine whether the high levels of these isotypes in circulation are reflected in a higher capacity of PBMC to produce IgG4 and IgE, we examined cells from patients infected with filarial nematodes that exhibit high levels of IgG4 and IgE. Indeed, IgG4 production by PBMC correlated strongly with plasma levels of IgG4 (r = 0.534, P = 0.002), but such correlation was not found for IgE. The replacement of CD19+ cells from PBMC by IgD+ cells abrogated the high capacity of PBMC to make IgG4. This indicates that an altered B cell compartment accounts for the high IgG4‐producing capacity of the PBMC. The high production of IgG4 in vitro was not dependent on IL‐4 and IL‐13, as neutralizing antibodies to these cytokines did not inhibit IgG4. However, IgE release by PBMC was dependent on IL‐4 and IL‐13. Anti‐filarial IgG4 was detected in culture supernatants from filarial patients and its production was independent of IL‐4 and IL‐13. These results demonstrate that in individuals with elevated IgG4, the B cell compartment in PBMC carries cells that are already committed to IgG4 production and are independent of IL‐4 and IL‐13.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Representation of low-tropospheric temperature inversions in ECMWF reanalyses over Europe

Although tropospheric temperature inversions are thought to be an important feature of climate as well as a significant factor affecting air quality, low-level cloud formation, and the radiation budget of the Earth, a quantitative assessment of their representation in atmospheric reanalyses is still missing from the scientific literature. Here, we provide new evidence of the occurrence of low-tropospheric temperature inversions and associated uncertainties in their parameters existing among reanalyses produced by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) and upper-air soundings for Europe covering the period 2001-2010. The reanalyses utilized here may be grouped into two categories: (1) surface-input reanalyses represented by ERA-20C and CERA-20C as well as (2) full-input reanalyses represented by ERA-Interim and ERA5. The upper-air soundings were derived from the Integrated Global Radiosonde Archive (IGRA), version 2. The data consist mainly of air temperature and geopotential height from the model levels (ModLev) and pressure levels (PresLev)of ECMWF reanalyses. The results have demonstrated that the frequency of surface-based inversions (SBI) and elevated inversions (EI) is largely in agreement among the reanalyses. The quality of their representation is, however, determined by the inversion type, season, and region. Over the vast majority of IGRA upper-air stations, SBI frequency is overestimated and EI frequency is underestimated by ECMWF reanalyses. Substantially larger uncertainties arise from the selection between the data of ModLev and PresLev of the reanalyses– the differences in the frequency of the temperature inversions calculated based on those data are particularly large for summertime SBI suggesting that PresLev are not capable of resolving the main features of shallow and weak SBI.

Field of study: Environmental science
When stakes are high: balancing accuracy and transparency with Model-Agnostic Interpretable Data-driven suRRogates.

Highly regulated industries, like banking and insurance, ask for transparent decision-making algorithms. At the same time, competitive markets are pushing for the use of complex black box models. We therefore present a procedure to develop a Model-Agnostic Interpretable Data-driven suRRogate (maidrr) suited for structured tabular data. Knowledge is extracted from a black box via partial dependence effects. These are used to perform smart feature engineering by grouping variable values. This results in a segmentation of the feature space with automatic variable selection. A transparent generalized linear model (GLM) is fit to the features in categorical format and their relevant interactions. We demonstrate our R package maidrr with a case study on general insurance claim frequency modeling for six publicly available datasets. Our maidrr GLM closely approximates a gradient boosting machine (GBM) black box and outperforms both a linear and tree surrogate as benchmarks.

Field of study: Computer science
On the nature of two superconducting transitions in the specific heat of PrOs$_4$Sb$_{12}$: Effects of crystal grinding

Specific heat, dc- and ac-magnetic susceptibility are reported for a large single crystal of PrOs$_4$Sb$_{12}$ and, after grinding, its powder. The room temperature effective paramagnetic moment of the crystal was consistent with the Pr$^{3+}$ ionic configuration and full occupancy of the Pr-sublattice. The crystal showed two distinct anomalies in the specific heat and an overall discontinuity in $C/T$ of more than 1000 mJ/K$^2$mol. The upper transition (at $T_{c1}$) was rounded, in an agreement with previous reports. The anomaly at $T_{c2}$ was very sharp, consistent with a good quality of the crystal. We observed a shoulder in $\chi$' and two peaks in $\chi$'' below $T_{c1}$. However, there were no signatures in $\chi$' of the lower temperature transition. PrOs$_4$Sb$_{12}$ is extremely sensitive to grinding, which suppresses the upper superconducting transition in both the specific heat and magnetic susceptibility.

Field of study: Physics
Dual Response of Human Leukemia U937 Cells to Hypertonic Shrinkage: Initial Regulatory Volume Increase (RVI) and Delayed Apoptotic Volume Decrease (AVD)

Osmotic cell shrinkage is a powerful trigger of suicidal cell death or apoptosis, which is paralleled and enforced by apoptotic volume decrease (AVD). Cells counteract cell shrinkage by volume regulatory increase (RVI). The present study explored the response of human U937 cells to hypertonic solution thus elucidating the relationship between RVI and AVD.  Cell water, concentration of monovalent ions and the appearance of apoptotic markers were followed for 0.5-4 h after the cells were transferred to a hypertonic medium. Intracellular water, K+, Na+, and Cl– content, ouabain-sensitive and -resistant Rb+ influxes were determined by measurement of the cell buoyant density in Percoll density gradient, flame emission analysis and 36Cl– assay, respectively. Fluorescent microscopy of live cells stained by acridine orange and ethidium bromide was used to verify apoptosis.  After 2-4 h incubation in hypertonic media the cell population was split into light (L) and heavy (H) fractions. According to microscopy and analysis of monovalent ions the majority of cells in the L population were healthy, while the H fractions were enriched with apoptotic cells. The density of L cells was decreasing with time, while the density of H cells was increasing, thus reflecting the opposite effects of RVI and AVD. At the same time, some of the cells were shifting from L to H fractions, indicating that apoptosis was gradually extending to cells that were previously displaying normal RVI.  The findings suggest that apoptosis can develop in cells capable of RVI.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Evaluation of Biological Properties In-Vivo of Poly(L-Lactide-Coglycolide) Composites Containing Bioactive Glass

To evaluate the biological safety of composite materials based on poly(L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) and bioactive glass (BG), which have a potential application in tissue engineering, the in-vivo biological properties were investigated by applying the micronucleus test, acute systemic toxicity test, haemolytic test and pyrogen measurement. The results indicated that the PLGA/BG composite showed no genetic toxicity; there was no toxicosis or death observed in the acute systemic toxicity test. The haemolytic test suggested that the PLGA/BG composite, with a haemolytic index of 0.281%, did not have an obvious haemolytic reaction. In addition, the PLGA/BG composite materials showed no pyrogen reaction. Therefore, PLGA/BG composite materials could be promising candidate biomedical materials for bone tissue engineering.

Field of study: Materials science
Age of Lake Lahontan

Definition of Lake Lahontan Lake Lahontan is here used as the name of the old lake that formed the tufa, beaches, bars, and other shore features now visible in its basin and that deposited the sediment exposed in the canyons of the present streams of the basin. This is the sense in which the name was used by King, Russell, and Antevs.

Statement of the Problem A recent attack[2][1] on the problem of the age of the lake by three geologists led to diverse conclusions. The points agreed on are: 

1. The deposition of the tufa by algae does not necessitate a strongly saline solution, as Russell[3][2] supposed.

2. Lake Lahontan had three periods of flood and intervening periods of low water.

3. Lake Lahontan was never completely desiccated; otherwise the Lahontan fish that still live in Pyramid Lake would have been exterminated.

4. Walker Lake became a part of . . .

Field of study: Geology