nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Preparation of Monolithic Epoxy Resin-2-methylimidazole Porous Material for Adsorption/Electrosorption of Cu(II)

A new monolithic porous polymer was successfully prepared by using epoxy resin (bisphenol A diglycidyl ether, EP), 2-methylimidazole (2-MZ) as curing agent and polyethylene glycol (PEG-1540) as porogen. The reaction-induced phase separation of this system was successfully controlled by the weight ratio of EP-MZ-PEG (2.0:0.27:2.8) and other reaction conditions. The stepwise polymerization completed at 100 °C for 11 h without disturbance mode. The porogen was removed and the monolithic material with macro-through-pores was obtained. The synthesized polymer was characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The prepared material was found to be more efficient for Cu(II) adsorption as compare to Co(II) and Ni(II) in aqueous water. Furthermore, it was then used as the working electrode connected with a direct high-voltage power supply, and a platinum wire was used as counter electrode. The experimental conditions including the adsorption/desorption time, pH value, adsorption/electrosorption mode, and voltage were investigated and optimized, and a new method for Cu(II) removal was established. After adsorption at pH 6, the stirring speed of 400 rpm and the voltage below 120V for 1 h, the loaded Cu(II) was then eluted with 3 mL of 5% HNO3 solution for 10 min, and determined with inductively coupled plasma atom emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). The results showed that the adsorption rate was improved significantly by the electrically enhancing means, and the recovery was > 95%.

Field of study: Materials science
On Voidale Act of Actual Enterprise Bankruptcy Law

Despite the six kinds of voidable act prescribed under clause 31 and 32 of the actuarl chinaese enterprise bankrupt law,it is lack of an all-around and self-contained legislation advisement especially in the regulation of the voidale act of bankruptcy,and besides,there are a good many deficiences in the two current articles.Therefore,it is necessary to use the experience of legislation of foreign bankruptcy law for reference,and to have it consummated in all aspects such as elastic clauses,critical period,linking with other special law,and thinking much of any other closely connected with debtor.Furthermore,we also need take into account other possible voidable acts as form act of execution and acquirer,etc.

Field of study: Economics
Negative differential photoconductance in InGaN/GaN multiple-quantum-well structures

The photocurrent and the small-signal photoconductance of InGaN/GaN multiple-quantum-well structures were studied at the temperature range from 10 to 300 K. The optical excitation was carried out at the quantum wells intrinsic absorption wavelengths. Regardless of the temperature the experimental plots of direct photocurrent vs. reverse voltage were step-like, which is related to the sequential quantum wells passage from quasi-neutrality into the p-n-junction space charge region. In addition, under optical excitation near the quantum wells material absorption edge we observed the photocurrent declines with increasing reverse bias, i.e. the negative differential photoconductance. This phenomenon is associated with a blue shift of the InGaN quantum well absorption edge arising due to compensation of its build-in piezoelectric field by the p-n-junction electric field. Furthermore, it was experimentally shown that each quantum well corresponds to two peaks in the small-signal photoconductance vs. reverse voltage dependence. The temperature changes in the amplitude and position of these peaks indicate that they probably related to the charge carriers thermal emission and thermally activated tunneling from the quantum well.

Field of study: Physics
Quantitative methods for deconvolution of true topographical properties of object on the basis of measured AFM-images: Part 2. Broadening effect

Technique of the quantitative description of image broadening effect in AFM allowing to restore real geometrical parameters of object using two-parameters model (height and width at half-height) is developed. Application of the technique has allowed to receive the quantitative information about molecular structure of DNA-surfactant complexes.

Field of study: Physics
Retrieving vertical ozone profiles from measurements of global spectral irradiance

A new method is presented to determine vertical ozone profiles from measurements of spectral global (direct Sun plus upper hemisphere) irradiance in the UV. The method is similar to the widely used Umkehr technique, which inverts measurements of zenith sky radiance. The procedure was applied to measurements of a high-resolution spectroradiometer installed near the centre of the Greenland ice sheet. Retrieved profiles were validated with balloon sonde observations and ozone profiles from the space-borne Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS). Depending on altitude, the bias between retrieval results presented in this paper and MLS observations ranges between −5 % and +3 %. The magnitude of this bias is comparable, if not smaller, to values reported in the literature for the standard Dobson Umkehr method. Total ozone columns (TOCs) calculated from the retrieved profiles agree to within 0.7 ± 2.0 % (±1σ) with TOCs measured by the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) onboard the Aura satellite. The new method is called the “Global-Umkehr” method.

Field of study: Environmental science
Local Proofs Approaching the Witness Length

Interactive oracle proofs (IOPs) are a hybrid between interactive proofs and PCPs. In an IOP the prover is allowed to interact with a verifier (like in an interactive proof) by sending relatively long messages to the verifier, who in turn is only allowed to query a few of the bits that were sent (like in a PCP). Efficient IOPs are at the core of leading practical implementations of highly efficient proof-systems. In this work we construct, for a large class of NP relations, IOPs in which the communication complexity approaches the witness length. More precisely, for any NP relation for which membership can be decided in polynomial-time and bounded polynomial space (e.g., SAT, Hamiltonicity, Clique, Vertex-Cover, etc.) and for any constant γ > 0, we construct an IOP with communication complexity (1 + γ) · n, where n is the original witness length. The number of rounds, as well as the number of queries made by the IOP verifier, are constant. This result improves over prior works on short IOPs/PCPs in two ways. First, the communication complexity in these short IOPs is proportional to the complexity of verifying the NP witness, which can be polynomially larger than the witness size. Second, even ignoring the difference between witness length and non-deterministic verification time, prior works incur (at the very least) a large constant multiplicative overhead to the communication complexity. In particular, as a special case, we also obtain an IOP for CircuitSAT with communication complexity (1+γ) · t, for circuits of size t and any constant γ > 0. This improves upon the prior state-of-the-art work of Ben Sasson et al. (ICALP, 2017) who construct an IOP for CircuitSAT with communication length c · t for a large (unspecified) constant c ≥ 1. Our proof leverages the local testability and (relaxed) local correctability of high-rate tensor codes, as well as their support of a sumcheck-like procedure. In particular, we bypass the barrier imposed by the low rate of multiplication codes (e.g., Reed-Solomon, Reed-Muller or AG codes) a key building block of all known short PCP/IOP constructions. Department of Computer Science, University of Haifa.  noga@cs.haifa.ac.il. Supported by the Milgrom family grant for Collaboration between the Technion and University of Haifa. Department of Computer Science, Technion.  rothblum@cs.technion.ac.il. Supported in part by the Milgrom family grant for Collaboration between the Technion and University of Haifa, by the Israeli Science Foundation (Grants No. 1262/18 and 2137/19), and the Technion Hiroshi Fujiwara cyber security research center and Israel cyber directorate.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Aune and others on ifs and cans

If I propose an analysis of 'S can do X' in terms of 'S will do X if C', I would obviously reject the idea, on which Lehrer's argument hinges, that 'S will do X if C' is consistent with 'S cannot do X if not-C' and 'not-C'. For me, 'S will do X if C' is supposed to mean 'S can do X'; and since the special suppositions, 'S cannot do X if not-C' and 'not-C' immediately entail 'S cannot do X', I would never grant that 'S will do X if C' is consistent with them.

Field of study: Philosophy
Impaired T cell signal transduction through CD28 in a patient with idiopathic thrombocytopenia

We describe an infant whose peripheral blood mononuclear cells were unable to proliferate or synthesize IL‐2 in response to a mitogenic combination of antibodies directed against CD2 and CD28. This peculiar defect, which has been stable to dale, was attributed to an impairment in CD28‐mediated T cell activation, because further comitogenic combinations containing anti‐CD28 monoclonals also failed to induce normal proliferation of the patient's T cells. In contrast, proliferation after membrane stimulation (with anti‐CD2, recombinant IL‐2, or certain lectins) or transmembrane activation (with phorbol ester and calcium ionophore) was normal, suggesting that his lymphocytes did not have a general membrane or intracellular signalling impairment. A T cell line derived from the patient confirmed the existence of a severe defect in CD28‐mediatcd T cell proliferation, but also showed a profound impairment in CD3‐induced T cell proliferation. Other cell surface molecules like CD2 and CD25 were, in contrast, capable of transducing normal proliferation signals. As all relevant molecules were detectable by cytofluorography and immunoprecipilalion, we conclude that the patient's lymphocytes had an intrinsic defect in the delivery of CD28‐mediated signals which, in the absence of monocytes, also affected CD3‐mediated proliferation. The study of this novel kind of immunodeficiency may help to unravel the complex interactions that take place among CD2. CD3 and CD28 during T cell activation. The presence of an idiopathic thrombocytopenia in the patient suggests the intriguing possibility of a role for CD28 in the maintenance of peripheral blood platelets levels, although alternative interpretations are not ruled out.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Pseudospectral time-domain algorithm with non-uniformand grid and it's application to ultra wide-band pulses

Compared to FDTD algorithm, pseudospectral time-domain(PSTD) algorithm uses the pseudospectral methods for the spatial derivatives of Maxwell's equations. Simutating large-scale electromagnetic structure, this algorithm improves computative efficiency obviously. But it can't change grid scale smartly because of using FFT. To improve it's application, a new pseudospectral time-domain with non-uniform grid(PSTDNUG) algorithm based on grid transformation is developed. In this paper, the realization of PSTDNUG algorithm and it's application to high power ultra wide-band pulse technology are discussed. The validity of this algorithm is also demonstrated by calculative examples and experiment.

Field of study: Physics
Prevalence and Predictors of Depression Among Medical Residents in Western Saudi Arabia

There is evidence of a higher depression rate among resident physicians compared to the general population. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of depression and assess its severity and predictors among physician residents in Jeddah, Western Saudi Arabia. A cross-sectional survey was conducted using the self-administered Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). This study included 149 medical residents. More than half (53%) were female and 43% were married. A diagnosis of depression (mild to severe) was identified in 75.8% of the participants (mild in 35.6%, moderate in 34.2%, and severe depression in 6.0%). Residents in surgery and emergency programs were at an increased risk for moderate-to-severe depression (OR 2.60, 95% CI 1.13, 5.98; OR 4.90, 95% CI 1.08, 22.20; respectively). Mental health programs for resident physicians would facilitate the early detection of depression and mental disorders. However, adequate mentoring, managing workloads, and social off-duty activities are always vital.

Field of study: Psychology
Respond to Stories with Stories: Teachers Discuss Multicultural Children's Literature

Stories help us construct our selves, who used to be one way and are now another; stories help to make sense of, evaluate, and integrate the tensions inherent in experience: the past with the present, the fictional with the “real,” the official with the unofficial, the personal with the professional, the canonical with the different or unexpected. Stories help us transform the present and shape the future for our students and ourselves so that it will be richer or better than the past. (Genishi and Dyson 1994, 242-43)

Field of study: Sociology
Dye Production, Food Supply, and the Laboring Population of Oaxaca, 1750-1820

IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY THE indigenous population of the southern Mexican province of Oaxaca still possessed the bulk of the land in the form of communal tenure. Indeed, most land disputes there tended to arise between Indian communities although clashes did occur between them and the owners of haciendas. The indigenous population provided the labor force for the production of basic foodstuffs such as maize, beans and wheat, and of the main export crop, scarlet dye. Thepresent study examines first of all, the two central and related aspects of Oaxaca's economy during the late colonial period: the problems of land tenure and the relation between the dye export trade and the subsistence economy. It then describes the worsening crisis in the region after the 1780s, the causes to which it was attributed, and the economic conditions there on the eve of Mexican independence in 1821. The predominance of indigenous landownership distinguished Oaxaca from the cereal-producing core of Mexico, especially the Bajilo. Since its haciendas continued in a state of crisis throughout the eighteenth century, their proprietors-among them the Dominican Province of Oaxaca-put constant pressure on indigenous communal lands and their labor force. The hacendados in collusion with the local political authorities, the alcaldes mayores, frequently and blatantly violated the Laws of the Indies and Royal Decrees designed to protect the Indians of Spanish America. Those of Oaxaca, however, did not passively resign themselves. They actively engaged in litigation on their own behalf before the Audiencia of Mexico and the Intendancy of Oaxaca. In some cases, when legal authorities procrastinated or failed entirely to redress an injustice, they resorted to limited demonstrations of force to settle particular grievances.

Field of study: History
Using Multi-Trust to Resist Whitewashing in P2P Systems

There are many malicious or selfish nodes in existing P2P systems, which leads to the research into trust maintenance mechanism. However, because many systems courage new consumers to join in with little or no cost, it is easy for malicious nodes to gain another identity. This so called whitewashing problem compromises system fairness and safety. This paper analyze this phenomena based on others′ research result. We use a double trust mechanism to handle this problem, in which we both penalize and encourage new consumers. Simulation results show that it can handle this problem well. Our basic idea can be applied to any trust maintenance mechanism.

Field of study: Computer science
Survival in elderly patients presenting with uraemia.

A retrospective study was made of 93 patients aged 60 years or greater presenting with renal failure between 1976 and 1981 to assess survival and analyse the factors influencing it. Two-year survival of 28 patients with acute renal failure was 50 per cent and of 65 patients with chronic renal failure it was 40 per cent. Higher initial plasma urea and creatinine values and increasing age had a significantly adverse effect on survival. Patients requiring dialysis likewise fared less well although only one patient succumbed as a direct result of the dialysis procedure. The study reveals a worthwhile survival in both acute and chronic renal failure even though during the period under consideration long-term dialysis of patients in this age group with terminal chronic renal failure was rarely undertaken.

Field of study: Medicine
Analysis of lightning outliers in the EUCLID network

Lightning data as observed by the European Cooperation for Lightning Detection network EUCLID are used in combination with radar data to retrieve the temporal and spatial behaviour of lightning outliers, i.e. discharges located on a wrong place, over a 5-year period from 2011 to 2016. Cloud-to-ground stroke and intracloud pulse data are superimposed on corresponding 5-min radar precipitation fields in two topographically different areas, being Belgium and Austria, in order to extract lightning outliers based on the distance between each lightning event and the nearest precipitation. It is shown that the percentage of outliers is sensitive to changes in the network and to the location algorithm itself. The total percentage of outliers for both regions varies over the years between 0.8 % and 1.7 % for a distance to the nearest precipitation of 2 km, with an average of approximately 1.2 % in Belgium and Austria. Outside the European summer thunderstorm season the percentage of outliers tends to increase somewhat and could result from the fact that more sensor upgrades occur during winter or that precipitation of winter thunderstorms is underestimated compared to the vertically extended summer storms. The majority of all the outliers are low peak current events with absolute values falling between 0 to 10 kA. More specifically, positive cloud-to-ground strokes are more likely to be classified as outliers compared to all other type of discharges. Furthermore, it turns out that the number of sensors participating in locating a lightning discharge is different for outliers versus correctly located events, with outliers having the least amount of sensors participating. In addition, it is shown that in most cases the semi-major axis assigned to a lightning discharge as a confidence indicator in the location accuracy is smaller for correctly located events compared to the semi-major axis of outliers.

Field of study: Environmental science
Ellipsometric analysis for surface roughness and texture.

A 2-D symmetric model is incorporated into the calculation of the ellipsometric parameters Psi and Delta for surface roughness and texture characterization based on the effective medium theory. The least-squares fits of the experimental data at a 5-microm IR wavelength for rough fused silica samples at multiple angles of incidence give the standard deviations of Psi and Delta of about twice the instrumental errors. The effective thickness and the depolarization factor obtained by ellipsometry agree with the roughness and average height-to-halfwidth ratio of voids obtained by stylus profilometry. The surface texture can be characterized by the fit depolarization factors set. The excellent agreement between theory and experiments indicates that ellipsometry can be a promising nondestructive technique for rough-surface evaluation.

Field of study: Physics
Pyrroloquinoline quinone promotes mitochondrial biogenesis in rotenone-induced Parkinson's disease model via AMPK activation.

Mitochondrial dysfunction is considered to be one of the important pathogenesis in Parkinson's disease (PD). We previously showed that pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) could protect SH-SY5Y cells and dopaminergic neurons from cytotoxicity and prevent mitochondrial dysfunction in rotenone-induced PD models. In the present study we investigated the mechanisms underlying the protective effects of PQQ in a mouse PD model, which was established by intraperitoneal injection of rotenone (3 mg·kg-1·d-1, ip) for 3 weeks. Meanwhile the mice were treated with PQQ (0.8, 4, 20 mg·kg-1·d-1, ip) right after rotenone injection for 3 weeks. We showed that PQQ treatment dose-dependently alleviated the locomotor deficits and nigral dopaminergic neuron loss in PD mice. Furthermore, PQQ treatment significantly diminished the reduction of mitochondria number and their pathological change in the midbrain. PQQ dose-dependently blocked rotenone-caused reduction in the expression of PGC-1α and TFAM, two key activators of mitochondrial gene transcription, in the midbrain. In rotenone-injured human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells, PTMScan Direct analysis revealed that treatment with PQQ (100 μM) differentially regulated protein phosphorylation; the differentially expressed phosphorylated proteins included the signaling pathways related with adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway. We conducted Western blot analysis and confirmed that AMPK was activated by PQQ both in PD mice and in rotenone-injured SH-SY5Y cells. Pretreatment with AMPK inhibitor dorsomorphin (4 μM) significantly attenuated the protective effect and mitochondrial biogenesis by PQQ treatment in rotenone-injured SH-SY5Y cells. Taken together, PQQ promotes mitochondrial biogenesis in rotenone-injured mice and SH-SY5Y cells via activation of AMPK signaling pathway.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Phosphorylation of branched-chain 2-oxo acid dehydrogenase complex in isolated adipocytes. Effects of 2-oxo acids.

Isolated adipocytes from rat epididymal fat-pads were incubated with [32P]Pi, and intracellular phosphoproteins were then analysed by SDS/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis and autoradiography. A phosphorylated polypeptide of apparent Mr 46,000 was identified as the alpha-subunit of branched-chain 2-oxo acid dehydrogenase complex by immunoprecipitation using antiserum raised against the homogeneous E1 component of branched-chain 2-oxo acid dehydrogenase complex. Immunoprecipitation of this phosphoprotein is blocked in a competitive manner by purified branched-chain 2-oxo acid dehydrogenase complex. Peptide mapping of the isolated phosphoprotein indicates that two sites on the polypeptide are phosphorylated in the intact cells. Addition of branched-chain 2-oxo acids to the incubation medium causes diminution in the extent of labelling of both phosphorylation sites on the alpha-subunit, an effect presumably mediated via their known inhibitory action on branched-chain 2-oxo acid dehydrogenase kinase. These observations provide direct evidence for phosphorylation of branched-chain 2-oxo acid dehydrogenase complex in intact cells.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science