nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Heat conduction from a cylindrical source with increasing radius

The theory of heat flow due to conduction from a moving heat source is of interest in a number of applications; for example, welding *, heat exchangers [2, 3] and progressive freezing of a liquid [2, 3]. In this paper we consider heat conduction in an infinite homogeneous medium from the surface of a cylinder of finite length whose radius is increasing with time. This problem arises in connection with secondary oil recovery by an underground combustion process, e.g., [4; 7], The restriction of the cylindrical source to a finite length corresponds to considering an oil reservoir of finite thickness and including vertical heat losses to media bounding the reservoir. The differential equation describing this problem is written and the Greens function method is applied to obtain a solution in the form of an integral. A limiting value of this integral is then obtained for the case of the source moving at a constant velocity with no vertical losses. The problem is to evaluate a limit of the form lim(_,» j'0 f(t, r)dr when jit, t) has an asymptotic representation, for {t — t)/t sufficiently large, which can be integrated explicitly. For the integrand considered in Sec. 2, it is shown that the integral can be divided into two parts, namely

Field of study: Mathematics
Little Ice Age fluctuations of small glaciers in the Monte Fitz Roy and Lago del Desierto areas, south Patagonian Andes, Argentina

Current knowledge about late Holocene glacier fluctuations in the south Patagonian Andes is mainly based on evidence from large outlet glaciers of the North and South Patagonian Icefields, and few data exist for the smaller glaciers elsewhere in the region. Here we provide dendrogeomorphological evidence for Little Ice Age (LIA) and post-LIA activity for five small glaciers near the northeast margin of the South Patagonian Icefield. The study sites include Glaciar Torre and Piedras Blancas in the Monte Fitz Roy area, and three adjacent glaciers near Lago del Desierto. At these sites the LIA maximum position was identified by massive moraines with mature trees dating to the late 1500s–early 1600s. Several older moraines were observed beyond these limits but could not be precisely dated. Relatively synchronous advances occurred at most glaciers in the early 1700s and were dated using living trees and in situ , subfossil material. All glaciers show three to five subsequent advances mostly concentrated between the mid-19th and early 20th centuries. Estimates based on Landsat TM imagery indicate these glaciers lost between 15 and 46% of their LIA areas by 1984 and a further 5–18% by 2005, with the smallest glaciers showing the greatest proportional loss. Paired comparisons of contemporary and the earliest known photography for the glaciers in the Fitz Roy area confirm this mass loss. These results provide important new information on the glacier history of this area but additional, more precisely-dated records are needed from many more sites before we can fully elucidate the complex late Holocene glacial history of this region.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
The relation of optima and market equilibria with externalities

Three main theorems provide the basis for welfare economics. These indicate sufficient conditions under which (a) there exists a competitive equilibrium, (b) competitive equilibria are Pareto-optimal, and (c) Paretooptima are supportable by competitive equilibria. One condition found in all three is that the economic environment be decomposable. That is, the admissible actions and preferences of any agent should be independent of the actions of the other agents. Furthermore, demonstration of the existence of indecomposabilities, usually called externalities, has generally been considered sufficient evidence of “market failure” and of the need for remedies. One such remedy is that the externalities be “internalized.” That is, agents who have an impact on each other should get together and make a joint decision. This indicates that there are informational, as well as technological, reasons for market failure due to externalities. In this paper, the impact of externalities on conclusions (b) and (c), above, is investigated. It is shown that, even if externalities exist, the information structure may be such that (b) and (c) still hold. Delaying definitions until later, we show that (b) holds with externalities in the production sector if information is extensive enough, and (c) holds with externalities in production and consumption if information is limited enough. It is the relation between apparently possible actions and actually possible actions which provides the basis for these results. These concepts are defined in Section 3, and their implications for consumer and producer behavior in a competitive economy are explored in Sections 4 and 5. The rest of the paper is devoted to indicating the impact, on (b) and (c), of externalities. In the next section, a description of the economic environment is presented which includes most of the notations used in the rest of the paper.

Field of study: Economics
Asymptotic behavior of the solutions of the Dirichlet problem for the Laplace operator in a domain with a small hole. A functional analytic approach

We consider a hypersurface in Rn parametrized by a diffeomorphism φo of the unit sphere in Rn into Rn , and we take a point w in the domain I[φo] enclosed by the image of φo, and we consider the ‘hole’ I[w + ξ] enclosed by the image of the hypersurface w + ξ , where ξ is a diffeomorphism as φo with 0 ∈ I[ξ] and is a small positive real parameter. Then we consider the Dirichlet problem for the Laplace equation in the perforated domain I[φo] with the hole I[w + ξ] removed and show real analytic continuation properties of the solution u and of the corresponding energy integral as functionals of the sextuple of w, , ξ , φo, and of the Dirichlet data in the interior and exterior boundaries of the perforated domain, which we think of as a point in an appropriate Banach space, around a degenerate sextuple with = 0.

Field of study: Philosophy
System identification using chirp signals and time-variant filters in the joint time-frequency domain

We propose a novel method to identify an unknown linear time invariant (LTI) system in low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) environment. The method is based on transmitting chirp signals for the transmitter and using linear time-variant filters in the joint time-frequency (TF) domain for the receiver to reduce noise before identification. Due to the TF localization property of chirp signals, a large amount of additive white noise can be reduced, and therefore, the SNR before identification can be significantly increased. This, however, cannot be achieved in the conventional methods, where pseudo-random signals are used, and therefore, noise reduction techniques do not apply. Our simulation results indicate that the method proposed outperforms the conventional methods significantly in a low SNR environment. This paper provides a good application of time-frequency analysis and synthesis.

Field of study: Engineering
Familial juvenile hyperuricaemic nephropathy.

Sir,

We would like to take this opportunity to provide some updated information regarding the pathogenesis of familial juvenile hyperuricaemic nephropathy (FJHN). There has been discussion in recent months in QJM as to whether hyperuricaemia is a primary or secondary effect of the disease.1,,2 In a Letter to the Editor from QJM, February 2003,1 it was stated by Drs Puig and Torres that an ‘ … unresolved aspect of FJHN is the gene defect.’ In December 2002, we reported mutation in the uromodulin gene as a cause of FJHN in three kindreds.3 We then identified an …

Field of study: Medicine
Cryptanalysis of an Image Scrambling Scheme Without Bandwidth Expansion

Recently, a new image scrambling (i.e., encryption) scheme without bandwidth expansion was proposed based on two-dimensional discrete prolate spheroidal sequences. A comprehensive cryptanalysis is given here on this image scrambling scheme, showing that it is not sufficiently secure against various cryptographical attacks including ciphertext-only attack, known/chosen-plaintext attack, and chosen-ciphertext attack. Detailed cryptanalytic results suggest that the image scrambling scheme can only be used to realize perceptual encryption but not to provide content protection for digital images.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Effects of ethanol on multiple fixed-interval fixed-ratio schedule performances: dynamic interactions at different fixed-ratio values.

Key pecking by three pigeons was maintained under a multiple fixed-interval fixed-ratio schedule of food presentation. The fixed-interval value remained at 3 minutes, while the fixed-ratio size was increased systematically in 30-response increments from 30 to either 120 (two pigeons) or 150 (one pigeon). At least two lower fixed-ratio values were also redetermined. The effects of ethanol (5 to 2.5 g/kg) were assessed at each of the different schedule parameters. Both overall and running response rates under the fixed-ratio schedule decreased with increases in the size of the fixed-ratio schedule; pause duration under the fixed-ratio schedule was directly related to increases in fixed-ratio size. Overall and running rates of responding under the fixed-interval schedule changed little with increases in the size of the fixed-ratio schedule. Despite the relative invariance of fixed-interval responding across the different fixed-ratio values, the effects of ethanol on responding under the fixed-interval schedule differed depending on the size of the fixed-ratio schedule. Greater increases occurred in both overall and in lower local rates of responding under the fixed-interval schedule when the fixed-ratio value was 120 or 150. The effects of ethanol on responding under the fixed-ratio schedule also depended on the size of the fixed ratio. Increases in responding under the fixed-ratio schedule were typically greater at the higher fixed-ratio values where response rates were lower. When the effects of ethanol were redetermined at the lower fixed-ratio parameter values, rates and patterns of responding were comparable to those obtained initially. However, the dose-effect curves for responding under both fixed-ratio and fixed-interval schedules were shifted up and to the right of those determined during the ascending series. The effects of ethanol can depend on rate or responding, behavioral history, and the context in which behavior occurs.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Radiation Damage Effects in Microwave Dielctric Substrate Materials

Permanent radiation damage effects on the microwave properties of the alumina, sapphire, and teflon-glass substrate as employed in microstrip and stripline microwave circuits have been investigated by means of a simple bandpass resonator. No changes in the microwave properties of alumina and sapphire substrates were noted to 1.3 × 108 rads (H2O) and 2 × 1015 neutrons/cm2 (E > 10 KeV), although slight discoloration of the alumina substrates was noted for gamma fluences as low as 104 rads. Gamma irradiation produced gradual increases in the dielectric constant and loss tangent of teflon-glass substrates, but neutrons did not appear to affect the microwave properties of these substrates to levels of 2 × 1015 neutrons/cm2.

Field of study: Physics
Will working from home become the ‘new normal’ in the public sector?

The COVID‐19 pandemic compelled large sections of the workforce out of their workplaces and into their homes to work. Many commentators suggest this has forever changed how and where we work. This article analyses how Australia's biggest employers – state and federal governments – approached the transitions to working from home, and back into regular workplaces. It considers the timing of policy responses to the pandemic as one indicator of resistance to, or acceptance of, widespread working from home. The article also demonstrates previous resistance to working from home for public servants, and questions widespread conjecture that it will become the ‘new normal’.

Field of study: Political science
Food prices and the standard of living in London in the ‘century of revolution’, 1580‐1700

This article presents a new price series for seventeenth-century London and uses the data to construct the first cost of living index for the capital for that period. Comparison with the Phelps Brown Hopkins (PBH) series suggests that although short-term variations were very similar, there is some suggestion that prices in London were more inflationary after the middle of the seventeenth century than in the PBH series. A new London real wage series, also presented, is consequently less buoyant than that constructed by PBH for their southern building craftsmen.

Field of study: Economics, History
Matter transport in nickel sulphide, β-Ni3S2

Studies of the kinetics of sulphidation of nickel have been carried out, using the pellet method, in the temperature range of 580–615°C, in sulphur vapour. It has been found that the reaction product, consisting of 99% nickel sulphide, β-Ni 3 S 2 , grows exclusively by the outward diffusion of nickel ions. The chemical diffusion coefficient calculated on the basis of these investigations and nonstoichiometry data is more than two orders of magnitude higher than that obtained by the equilibration method. The obtained results indicate that transport of matter proceeds independently through the cation and anion sublattices.

Field of study: Materials science
Cloning and expression of hnRNP A2 gene,purification as well as clinical application of the recombinant protein

To clone and express the heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP) A2 gene and to detect anti-hnRNP A2/RA33 antibody with the purified recombinant protein.  Total RNA was isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and the RT-PCR was performed. The fragment was cloned into pUC-T1 plasmids and sequenced. The expression vector, pET28a-hnRNP A2 was constructed and transformed into E.coli BL21(DE3)plys S for inducing expression. Metal chelate resin chromatography colum was used to purify hnRNP A2 with high purity and activity. The serum of 97 patients with RA, 50 patients with SLE, 8 patients with MCTD, 99 patients with other diffused rheumatic diseases, 29 patients with other arthritis and 40 controls were examined by ELISA with the purified recombinant hnRNP A2 antigen.  The expression vector pET28a-hnRNP A2 was constructed with high-level expression. The sensitivity of anti-hnRNP A2/RA33 in RA, SLE, MCTD, other arthritis and other CTD was shown as 36.8%, 24%, 75%, 3.57% and 10.10% respectively. The specificity of anti-hnRNP A2/RA33 in RA was 86.67%.  Detection of anti-hnRNP A2/RA33 antibody with genetic recombinant hnRNP A2 antigen is a reliable method for early diagnosis of RA.

Field of study: Biology
Chord: Checkpoint-based scheduling using hybrid waiting list in shared clusters

Cloud platforms supported by shared clusters are getting increasingly effective. Numerous tasks are submitted into clusters by a variety of users. Cloud platforms usually assign tasks with different priorities based on different Quality of Services (QoS) chosen by users. High-priority tasks can be executed primarily. As a consequence, preemption frequently occurs in almost all the commercial cloud platforms, such as Google and Amazon cluster. Although kill-based preemption is adopted as an optimal solution for high-priority tasks, it severely harms low-priority tasks. Especially, during the peak time, some low-priority tasks may be preempted and restarted repeatedly resulting in consuming much more precious resources including CPU cores, RAM and hard drives. Thanks to the checkpoint technology that provides an efficient solution to addressing the preemption issue. However, using checkpoint blindly will cause more resource waste. To address this issue, in this paper, we propose a concept of hybrid waiting list that holds all unfinished tasks and makes the resumption of tasks regularly. We leverage the checkpoint technology and design a novel approach based on the hybrid waiting list named Chord ( Ch eckp o int with hyb r id sche d uling method) which effectively improves the performance of shared clusters. Specifically, by checking the occupancy of resources periodically and making checkpoints for certain tasks, our approach can effectively reduce unnecessary checkpoints and improve the performance of the whole cluster, especially for low-priority tasks. Extensive simulation experiments injecting tasks from the Google cloud trace logs were conducted to validate the superiority of our approach. Compared with the ordinary priority scheduling methods adopt by several commercial clouds, the improvement of response time gained by our Chord can reach 18.94%.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
ILP formulations for non-simple p-cycle and p-trail design in WDM mesh networks

Conventional simple p-cycle (Preconfigured Protection Cycle) concept allows fast and capacity-efficient span protection in WDM mesh networks. Unlike simple p-cycle, non-simple p-cycle can traverse a node or span multiple times. The recently proposed p-trail (Pre-Cross-Connected Trail) concept further removes the cycle constraint by allowing arbitrary protection trails, leading to the most flexible and general design. Although non-simple p-cycles and p-trails are expected to be more capacity-efficient than simple p-cycles, it is still unclear how much capacity gain they can achieve compared with simple p-cycles. In this paper, we first point out some unique features of non-simple p-cycles and p-trails which are not fully explored in previous studies. This motivates us to formulate a new suite of ILPs (Integer Linear Programs) for optimal design of non-simple p-cycles and p-trails, based on which the achievable capacity gain over simple p-cycles can be investigated. Different from all the previous studies, the proposed ILPs are free of candidate cycle/trail enumeration, and can truly achieve an optimal design of non-simple p-cycles and p-trails. Our numerical results show that the capacity gain can be significant in some small-size networks with lightly-loaded traffic, but is generally trivial as the network size and the traffic load increase.

Field of study: Computer science
Geochemical history of ancient Lake Biwa in Japan—chemical indicators of sedimentary paleo-environments in a drilled core

A comparison is made between the geochemical compositions of drilled sediment core samples from Lake Biwa and samples of surface sediments and from land around Lake Biwa to estimate paleo-water depth, spatial variability and past changes in sediment sources. The AlFeMn × 10 diagram indicates that Lake Biwa has been an oligotrophic lake since its formation. An investigation of the origin of a positive correlation between water-depth and the Mn/Al ratio in surface sediments is made and the historical change of paleo-water depth in Lake Biwa proposed by Koyama et al. (1985) verfied. Demonstrated are the usefulness of both Ti/Al ratio and REE pattern to detect changes in sediment sources and geochemical discontinuities in four layers which should indicate unconformities are found. My data could be supporting evidence for the chronological assignment of Takemura (1990). An explanation is given for the historical changes of source materials in drilled core samples associated with tectonic changes on the basis of the historical basin development postulated by Yokoyama (1984).

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Mutual effect of the N-amino group and the heteroring in N-aminobenzazoles

The basicity constants, NH acidities, and anode oxidation potentials of N-amino derivatives of a number of heteroaromatic systems, viz., indole, benzimidazole, indazole, and 1,3-dimethylxanthine, were measured for the first time. The results obtained provide evidence for the inductive character of the interaction of the N-amino group and the benzazole ring vis-á-vis the almost complete absence of π interaction between them; the heteroring has a very strong electron-acceptor effect on the properties of the amino group, while the amino group changes the properties of the heteroring to only a small extent.

Field of study: Chemistry
A General Model of Random Variation

A statistical distribution of a random variable is uniquely represented by its normal-based quantile function. For a symmetrical distribution it is S-shaped (for negative kurtosis) and inverted S-shaped (otherwise). As skewness departs from zero, the quantile function gradually transforms into a monotone convex function (positive skewness) or concave function (otherwise). Recently, a new general modeling platform has been introduced, response modeling methodology, which delivers good representation to monotone convex relationships due to its unique “continuous monotone convexity” property. In this article, this property is exploited to model the normal-based quantile function, and explored using a set of 27 distributions.

Field of study: Mathematics
Deforestation displaced: trade in forest-risk commodities and the prospects for a global forest transition

While many developed countries are increasing their forest cover, deforestation is still rife in the tropics and subtropics. With international trade in forest-risk commodities on the rise, it is becoming increasingly important to consider between-country trade linkages in assessing the drivers of-and possible connections between-forest loss and gain across countries. Previous studies have shown that countries that have undergone a forest transition (and are now increasing their forest cover) tend to displace land use outside their borders. However, lack of comprehensive data on deforestation drivers imply that it has not been possible to ascertain whether this has accelerated forest loss in sourcing countries. To remedy this, we present a land-balance model that quantifies deforestation embodied in production of agricultural and forestry commodities at country level across the tropics and subtropics, subsequently tracing embodied deforestation to countries of apparent consumption using a physical, country-to-country trade model. We find that in the period 2005-2013,62% (5.5 Mha yr(-1)) of forest loss could be attributed to expanding commercial cropland, pastures and tree plantations. The commodity groups most commonly associated with deforestation were cattle meat, forestry products, oil palm, cereals and soybeans, though variation between countries and regions was large. Alarge (26%) and slightly increasing share of deforestation was attributed to international demand, the bulk of which (87%) was exported to countries that either exhibit decreasing deforestation rates or increasing forest cover (late-or post-forest transition countries), particularly in Europe and Asia (China, India, and Russia). About a third of the net forest gains in post-forest transition countries was in this way offset by imports of commodities causing deforestation elsewhere, suggesting that achieving a global forest transition will be substantially more challenging than achieving national or regional ones.

Field of study: Environmental science