nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Rate of reaction of hydrogen sulfide-carbonyl sulfide mixtures with fully calcined dolomite.

Kinetic data are obtained by a gravimetric technique for rates of reaction of calcium oxide in fully calcined dolomite with hydrogen sulfide and hydrogen sulfide-carbonyl sulfide mixtures. The data are presented as values for a factor k defined by d(CAO) = -k (CAO) dt. At 600, 700, and 800 degrees C with (H/sub 2/S) from 0.5% to 5.0% by volume and (H/sub 2/S)/(COS) = 20 for mixtures, expressions for k show apparent rate constants and the dependence on sulfurous gas concentration. For example, at 700 degrees C, k = 1.43 x 10/sup -4/ (h2s) 1.06/S and k = 1.70 x 10/sup -4/ (H/sub 2/S + COS) 1.00/s. Since the date show first-order dependence on calcium oxide, k's for H/sub 2/S alone as the sulfurous gas and h2s-cos mixtures can be obtained for the same sample, free from scatter due to variations from sample to sample. Addition of values for k from runs with H/sub 2/S as the only sulfurous gas and runs with COS as the only sulfurous gas are compared to measurements with actual mixtures. K's for the mixtures are approximately 30% higher than the sum of the appropriate separate values.

Field of study: Environmental science
Developments in Curriculum-Based Measurement

Curriculum-based measurement (CBM) is an approach for assessing the growth of students in basic skills that originated uniquely in special education. A substantial research literature has developed to demonstrate that CBM can be used effectively to gather student performance data to support a wide range of educational decisions. Those decisions include screening to identify, evaluating prereferral interventions, determining eligibility for and placement in remedial and special education programs, formatively evaluating instruction, and evaluating reintegration and inclusion of students in mainstream programs. Beyond those fundamental uses of CBM, recent research has been conducted on using CBM to predict success in high-stakes assessment, to measure growth in content areas in secondary school programs, and to assess growth in early childhood programs. In this article, best practices in CBM are described and empirical support for those practices is identified. Illustrations of the successful uses of CBM to improve educational decision making are provided.

Field of study: Education
Gneissic Amphibolite at Las Palmas, Puerto Rico, and Its Significance in the Early History of the Greater Antilles Island Arc

The basal complex of Puerto Rico consists principally of serpentinite, minor amounts of chert and spilite, and locally small blocks of amphibolite. A detailed structural and metamorphic study of a relatively large block of gneissic amphibolite at Las Palmas reveals that the rock has undergone repeated deformation and regional metamorphism prior to contact metamorphism by intrusive serpentinite. The first event recorded by the amphibolite is amphibolite facies regional metamorphism. Foliation and some hornblende lineation were formed at this time. An increase in the intensity of regional metamorphism then produced quartzo-feldspathic segregations from the host rock, and was accompanied by small-scale folding and development of several types of lineation oblique (o the early hornblende lineation. The metamorphic intensity then decreased slightly and tectonic movement radically decreased, as nonfoliated but metamorphosed mafic dikes cut the gneissic amphibolite. As the metamorphic grade decreased further, late-stage kink-bands were developed at high angles to the earlier small-scale folding. Later, the amphibolite was intruded by serpen-tinite, causing incipient low-grade contact metamorphism and some calcium metasomatism. H. H. Hess has maintained that Puerto Rico and other islands in the Greater Antilles rest directly on oceanic crust, and that the intrusive serpentinite is derived from the bottom layer of the crust. In the Las Palmas area, the amphibolite formed prior to intrusion of serpentinite, indicating a complex preserpentinite history. Three interpretations of the gneissic amphibolite are considered. It may represent: (1) metamorphosed gabbroic rocks genetically related to the serpentinite, (2) regionally metamorphosed mafic rocks that are part of the oceanic crust, or (3) older mafic rocks regionally metamorphosed as part of an extensive pre-Late Cretaceous orogeny. The evidence from Las Palmas is not conclusive, but when considered in the regional framework, either of the last two interpretations seems reasonable.

Field of study: Geology
A computer aided design system to develop high performance software

As microprocessors and minicomputers become an integral part of information processing and robotic systems, the dynamic performance of the software executed on these computers becomes a critical factor in satisfying the mission requirements of these systems. To achieve a high level of software performance, the software engineer must be able to include considerations of software performance throughout the entire software design effort. This paper describes a prototype computer aided design (CAD) system which is developed to support software performance analysis as an integral part of the design process.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Die Rotationsschwingungsbande der Blausäure bei 10381 Å

ZusammenfassungDas Rotationsschwingungsspektrum der Blausäure wird im Bereiche 7600 bis 11500 Å mittels photographischer Methoden an einem großen Rowland-Konkavgitter aufgenommen. Außer den bereitsvon Badger und Binder aufgenommenen Banden bei 7912 und 8563 Å wird eine neue Bande bei 10381Å gefunden. Die lineare Struktur der HCN-Molekel ermöglicht die Analyse der Rotationsstruktur durch Anwendung der Kombinationsbeziehungen zweiatomiger Moleküle. Das Trägheitsmoment wird zu 20,00·10−40 g cm2 für den Anfangs- und 19,44 ·10−40 g cm2 für den Endzustand bestimmt. Der Kernabstand der C-N-Bindung beträgt 1,17·10−8 cm.

Field of study: Physics
Study of Laser Alloying of Preplacing Al-Y Powder on ZM5 Alloy Substrate

Laser alloying of preplacing Al-Y powder on ZM5 magnesium alloy was carried out with different powder thickness by a CO2 laser in order to improve the corrosion resistance in salt-water(NaCl) solution.The alloying process,the microstructure and the composition were studied.The obtained samples were subjected to immersion tests.The results show that the phases of coating layer consists of Mg17Al12,Al2Y,Al and Mg.The relative proportion of Al2Y increases with the increase of preplaced powder thickness,while the relative proportion of Mg17Al12 decreases.From microscopic point of view,the geometric characteristics are related to the dilution.A good metallurgical bonding interface is obtained.The rapid solidification caused small and white yttrium-containing phases are formed in the alloying layer in different forms.And the microhardness of the alloying zone can be up to 250-325HV,but that of the substrate is only 80-100HV.The corrosion resistance of the alloying samples is enhanced in comparison to the untreated ZM5 substrate.

Field of study: Materials science
Irrational Beliefs and Response Sets

Ellis (2) proposed that emotional disturbances are primarily caused by the implicit assumption of certain irrational cognitions together with self-indoctrination. Diagnosed neurotics tend to endorse more of these irrational beliefs than do undiagnosed individuals (4). Also, there seems to be a greater likelihood of church-attending men (but not church-attending women) to acknowledge these beliefs than do those who are nonattenders (3). This church attendance-gender association with irrational ideas suggests that these irrational belief statements (when unlabeled as such) might be perceived as propositions with which agreement is seen as desirable. Sixty-four male and 95 female students enrolled in general psychology classes responded to the list of Ellis' irrational beliefs under two response sets: one set had the individual express his own opinion and the other set had him respond in a way "to make the most favorable impression." The mean number of irrational beliefs checked by men under the "own opinion" set was 2.97 (SD = 1.81) and that by women was 2.62 (SD = 1.60); gender differences in these means were nonsignificant (t~sr = 1.29). On the other hand, men checked more of these irrational ideas than did women when responding under the "favorable impression" set (CIS, = 3.12, < .01); the means were 5.14 (SD = 2.77) and 3.81 (SD = 2.53), respectively. Significantly more irrational beliefs were endorsed by both sexes under the "favorable impression" set; tlm = 6.18 (p < .001) for men and t~ss = 4.64 (p < .001) for women. People who endorsed more irrational beliefs on the "own opinion" set tended also to endorse more of these on the "favorable impression" set; r = .277 for men (df = 62, p < .05) and .340 for women (df = 93, p < .01). Apparently, these statemena designated by Ellis (2) as "irrational beliefs" have a strong positive valence as socially desirable opinions, possibly due to their definiteness. This may have in turn some implications for psychotherapy using a rational-emotive approach. Also, the gender differences under the "favorable impression" set may be a consequence of a perception held by many of the men chat making unequivocal statements reflecting their opinions or beliefs can further a favorable impression. Over-all sex differences in the social desirability motive do exist (1); these results suggest moreover that men and women may perceive somewhat different effects when one's opinions are used as devices for eliciting positive impressions. Alternatively, the sexes may in general have different perceptions regarding belief norm.

Field of study: Psychology
Bayes-Optimal Entropy Pursuit for Active Choice-Based Preference Learning

We analyze the problem of learning a single user's preferences in an active learning setting, sequentially and adaptively querying the user over a finite time horizon. Learning is conducted via choice-based queries, where the user selects her preferred option among a small subset of offered alternatives. These queries have been shown to be a robust and efficient way to learn an individual's preferences. We take a parametric approach and model the user's preferences through a linear classifier, using a Bayesian prior to encode our current knowledge of this classifier. The rate at which we learn depends on the alternatives offered at every time epoch. Under certain noise assumptions, we show that the Bayes-optimal policy for maximally reducing entropy of the posterior distribution of this linear classifier is a greedy policy, and that this policy achieves a linear lower bound when alternatives can be constructed from the continuum. Further, we analyze a different metric called misclassification error, proving that the performance of the optimal policy that minimizes misclassification error is bounded below by a linear function of differential entropy. Lastly, we numerically compare the greedy entropy reduction policy with a knowledge gradient policy under a number of scenarios, examining their performance under both differential entropy and misclassification error.

Field of study: Computer science
PCR typing of tetracycline resistance determinants (Tet A-E) in Salmonella enterica serotype Hadar and in the microbial community of activated sludges from hospital and urban wastewater treatment facilities in Belgium.

The distribution of tetracycline resistance determinants Tet A-E was studied by PCR in 40 tetracycline-resistant Salmonella enterica serotype Hadar (S. hadar) isolates collected from human patients in 1996 and 1997, as well as in the microbial community originating from activated sludges of hospital and urban wastewater treatment facilities. A fast DNA extraction and purification method from activated sludges was used to provide amplifiable DNA. The method is based on the direct lysis of bacteria improved by bead-beating followed by DNA purification on polyvinylpolypyrrolidone spin columns to remove PCR inhibitors. The purified DNAs from salmonellae and activated sludges were characterized for the presence of tetracycline determinants with specific primer pairs designed on the basis of published sequences. The Tet A determinant was present in all clinical isolates and DNAs extracted from the bacterial community of the selected activated sludges. The Tet C determinant was identified in only one of the 40 clinical isolates and in six of the seven environmental samples. No signal was detected for Tet B, D and E determinants. This study revealed a high and stable prevalence of the Tet A determinant in both salmonellae clinical isolates and the microbial community of activated sludges from hospital and urban wastewater treatment facilities over a 2-year period.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
The Medical Research Council trial of short-term high-dose alternate day prednisolone in idiopathic membranous nephropathy with nephrotic syndrome in adults. The MRC Glomerulonephritis Working Party.

We have assessed the medium-term effect of a short course of high-dose, alternate-day prednisolone on adult nephrotic patients with membranous nephropathy, using a randomized, prospective, double-blind, controlled trial. Patients were entered over the period 1981 to 1984 and were observed for a minimum of three years. One hundred and seven adult patients who had not previously received immunosuppressive treatment were included in the trial. One hundred and sixty further patients, excluded from the trial, but with membranous nephropathy were identified, followed and assessed retrospectively at the end of the trial. At 36 months there was no significant difference between control and treatment groups in plasma creatinine, creatinine clearance or 24-h excretion of protein. At between three and six months serum albumin concentrations were higher and protein excretions lower in the treatment group compared to controls. No significant benefit was therefore observed on renal function in the medium term.

Field of study: Medicine
Low mass strange stars and the compact star 1E1207.4-5209

We study the anomalous mass defects in the first (ascendant) branch of stellar sequences of static strange stars. 
We employ the nonperturbative equation of state derived in the framework of the Field Correlator Method to describe the hydrostatic equilibrium of the strange matter. 
The large distance static $q{\bar q}$ potential $V_1$ and the gluon condensate $G_2$ are the model parameters that characterize the equation of state. 
An attempt is made to determine, from the surface gravitational redshift measurements, the ratio $({\cal P}/{\cal E})_C$ at the center of strange stars. 
For $V_1=0$ and $G_2\gappr0.035\,{\rm GeV}^4$\,, it is shown that $({\cal P}/{\cal E})_C\simeq0.262$ and the corresponding redshift $z_S\simeq0.47$ are limiting values, at the maximum mass of the stellar sequence . 
As a direct application of our study, we try to determine the values of $V_1$ and $G_2$ from astrophysical observations of the compact star 1E1207.4-5209. 
After two attempts to obtain the model parameters, our findings show that $V_1=0.44\pm0.10$\,GeV and $G_2=0.008\pm0.001\,{\rm GeV}^4$\, in the first attempt and $V_1=0.43\pm0.085$\,GeV and $G_2=0.0093\pm0.00092\,{\rm GeV}^4$ in the second attempt. 
The corresponding ratios $({\cal P}/{\cal E})_C$ are $0.073^{+0.029}_{+0.024}$ and $0.087\pm0.028$\,, respectively. 
As a consequence of these high values of the model parameters, the respective anomalous mass defect of 1E1207.4-5209 are $|\Delta_2M|\simeq2.56\times10^{53}$\,erg\, and $|\Delta_2M|\simeq2.94\times10^{53}$\,erg\,.

Field of study: Physics
Association of apolipoprotein E genotype with brain levels of apolipoprotein E and apolipoprotein J (clusterin) in Alzheimer disease.

This study examines the relationship between the levels of apolipoprotein E (apoE) and apolipoprotein J (apoJ, also designated as clusterin) as a function of apoE genotype in the hippocampus and cortex of Alzheimer disease (AD) subjects. These two lipophilic proteins which are involved in the maintenance of lipid homeostasis are both synthesized in the brain by astrocytes. Results indicate a reduction of apoE levels in the hippocampus and frontal cortex that is proportional to the apoE4 allele dose. Conversely, apoJ (clusterin) levels were found to increase proportionately to the number of apoE4 allele dose. These results suggest a compensatory induction of apoJ (clusterin) in the brain of apoE4 AD subjects showing low brain levels of apoE.

Field of study: Biology
The structure of halonium ions in superacidic solutions

Isotopic perturbation of equilibrium was applied to 1,2-bridged halonium ions to determine whether they exist as single symmetric structures or as a rapid equilibrium of asymmetric structures. The observed deuterium isotope shifts are qualitatively and quantitatively consistent with the presence of intrinsic and equilibrium isotope shifts. The presence of equilibrium shifts suggests that these ions exist as a rapid equilibrium of asymmetric structures. Though the asymmetric structures were initially ascribed to β-halocarbenium ions, subsequent computational data suggest that 1,2-bridged halonium ions react with sulfur dioxide (SO2), the experimental solvent. Our current hypothesis is that the equilibrium isotope shifts result from rapid labile addition of SO2 to the halonium ions. Other hypotheses have been invoked to explain the results and are considered in the context of the available data.

Field of study: Chemistry
Routing Algorithm Based on the Probability of Visiting Area Cells in Delay Tolerant Network

Delay tolerant network generally refers to the wireless network that has not stable end-to-end delivery paths.It is a significantly important research area and widely applied in outer space communication networks,village networks,mobile wireless sensor networks,and Ad hoc networks,etc.The routing problem in such networks is very challenging and has become into a hot research issue by now.The paper focuses on the delay tolerant networks under the area-cell-based mobility model,and proposes a routing algorithm——the PROAREA algorithm.The previous algorithms make the routing decision based on the probability of meeting between nodes.The PROAREA algorithm however has derived out the expected delivery delay between nodes from their visiting probabilities,and then directly use the expected delivery delay to guide the routing decision.Such routing decision has much better performance.The experiment results show that compared with the Epidemic algorithm and the PROHET algorithm,the successful delivery rate of the PROAREA algorithm increases 15% and 6.95%,the average delivery delay reduces 46.7% and 40.2%,respectively.

Field of study: Computer science
Elementary processes in plasma-surface interactions with emphasis on ions

Elementary processes occuring at solid surfaces immersed in low pressure plasmas are reviewed. In particular mechanisms leading to anisotropic or directional etching are discussed. The crucial role of ion bombardment is emphasized. First a brief summary of the interaction of (excited) neutrals, ions and electrons with targets is given. Next various aspects of sputter-etching with noble gas and reactive ions are surveyed. Finally it will be argued that synergistic effects, invoked by ion bombardment of a surface under simultaneous exposure to a reactive gas flux, are foremost important in explaining anisotropic plasma etching. It is shown that the role of the ions is not merely to stimulate the chemical reaction path but rather that the active gas flow chemically enhances the sputtering.

Field of study: Chemistry
Multiple Beam Pulse Capability of the Slac Injector

The SLAC injector is capable of being programmed for multiple beams of different beam pulse width and intensity on a pulse to pulse basis. Programming is accomplished remotely from the central control building, two miles away. The beam starts at the SLAC gun which is a Pierce triode with cathode operated at -80 KVDC. The gun modulator drives the grid-cathode gap with an 800 volt pulse of selectable pulse width. Selectable grid-cathode bias controls the current output of the gun. These selections are made on a pulse to pulse basis as required for multiple beam operation. For time of flight experiments which require a series of very short pulses, or even a series of single bunches of electrons, a transverse sweeper phase locked to a subharmonic of the bunching frequency is used in the injector to chop the beam accordingly.

Field of study: Physics
Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine for COVID-19 treatment

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an emerging disease caused bysevere acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) that has been causing many people around the world affected. There is no approved treatment for COVID-19. Meanwhile, vaccine development still needs a long time before it becomes available to protect people from contracting COVID-19. Repurposing the available drugs is one of the fastest ways to get COVID-19 treatment. Studies have been conducted to discover for COVID-19 treatment that results in the finding of potential medication for COVID-19. Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine are some of the available medication that shows potential for COVID-19 treatment. Preclinical study showed that the both drugs are active against SARS-CoV-2 in vitro. A pilot clinical study also showed their efficacy in COVID-19 treatment. Many clinical trials are now being conducted to prove their safety and efficacy for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19. However, until now there are not enough data to support the use of these drugs in COVID-19 management. Under the pressure to treat COVID-19 patients with chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine, clinicians shouldnot use these drugs for COVID-19 without considering the available information regarding theiruse for COVID-19. This review summarized the evidence regarding the potential of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine in COVID-19 management.

Field of study: Medicine
Brand loyalty, patients and limited generic medicines uptake.

The sluggish development of European generic drug markets depends heavily on demand side factors, and more specifically, patients' and doctors' loyalty to branded products. Loyalty to originator drugs, to the point where originator prices rise upon generic entry has been described as the 'generics paradox'. Originator loyalty can emerge for a plethora of reasons; including costs, perceptions about quality and physician advice. We know very little about the behavioural underpinnings of brand loyalty from the consumer or patient standpoint. This paper attempts to test the extent to which patients are brand loyal by drawing upon Spain's 2002 Health Barometer survey as it includes questions about consumer acceptance of generics in a country with exceptionally low generic uptake and substitution at the time of the study. Our findings suggest that at least 13% of the population would not accept generics as substitutes to the originator. These results confirm evidence of brand loyalty for a minority. Alongside high levels of awareness of generics, we find that low cost-sharing levels explain consumer brand loyalty but their impact on acceptance of generic substitution is very small. Higher cost-sharing and exempting fewer patients from cost-sharing have the potential to encourage generic acceptance.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Reasons Why Thai Employees Want to Join Labor Unions: Evidence in Private Companies and State Enterprises

This study provides an empirical analysis of reasons why Thai employees want to join labor unions in order to deepen our understanding of unionization-related issues in Thailand. The presidents, leaders and members of labor unions for nine private companies and two state enterprises participated in this survey. Based on 1841 valid responses from a total population of 44573 persons, our findings demonstrated that there are three main reasons why Thai employees want to join labor unions: compensation, safeguard against dismissal, and legal consultation (in descending order).

Field of study: Business