nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Local microwave surface resistance variations of the YBaCuO thin films patterned by selective laser irradiation and plasma fluorination

In this paper, we have studied the planar patterning of the YBa/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub 7-/spl delta// thin films by laser irradiation and ion plasma treatment. The laser ablated YBa/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub 7-/spl delta// thin films have been modified either by selective laser irradiation or by plasma fluorination in an atmosphere of CF/sub 4/ to pattern microwave devices. Transport measurements and microstructure analysis have been used to study the effects of the selective laser irradiation or plasma fluorination on the superconductivity of the YBa/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub 7-/spl delta// thin films. A scanning microwave near-field microscopy has been involved to investigate the local microwave surface resistances of the patterned devices. Enhancement of the microwave surface resistance has been found in the treated regions of the YBa/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub 7-/spl delta// thin films by selective laser irradiation or plasma fluorination. These results would be helpful in evaluating the microwave performance of the devices.

Field of study: Physics
Cardiac image segmentation by random walks with dynamic shape constraint

The quantitative analysis of the left ventricle (LV) contractile function is one of the key steps in the assessment of cardiovascular disease. Such analysis greatly depends on the accurate delineation of LV boundary from cardiac sequences. However, segmentation of the LV still remains a challenging problem due to its subtle boundary, occlusion, and image inhomogeneity. To overcome such difficulties, the authors propose a novel segmentation method by incorporating a dynamic shape constraint into the weighting function of the random walks segmentation algorithm. This approach involves iterative updates on the intermediate result to achieve the desired solution. The inclusion of a shape constraint restricts the solution space of the segmentation result to handle misleading information that may come from noise, weak boundaries and clutter, leading to increased robustness of the algorithm. The authors describe the details of the proposed method and demonstrate its effectiveness in segmenting the LV from real cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) image sets. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method obtains better segmentation performance than the standard method.

Field of study: Computer science
Connotation and inheritance of ZHANG Zhijiang’s Chinese Wushu ideology

ZHANG Zhi-jiang was a famous general of the northwest army,the principal advocator and founder of modern Chinese Wushu.He founded the Central Chinese Wushu Hall in Nanjing,as well as the National Chinese Wushu and Sports School later,and conducted two national Wushu examinations.He advocated Chinese Wushu,promoted national martial spirit,denied mainstream views,emphasized extensive learning and general proficiency,advocated that "academic accomplishment and moral perfection are equally important;cultural learning and martial training should be both accomplished",and took various measures to intensify the promotion,popularization and international communication of Chinese Wushu.ZHANG Zhi-jiang’s ideology of keeping fit through martial train-ing and "academic accomplishment and moral perfection are equally important;cultural learning and martial training should be both accomplished" gives a positive inspiration and referential meaning to the enhancement of teenager’s fitness and the reform of the Wushu system today.

Field of study: Education
Numerical study on the optimization of hole injection layers in organic light-emitting devices

It has been reported that hole injection efficiency and thus the performance of organic light-emitting devices can be improved by inserting a hole injection layer (HIL) between the hole transport layer (HTL) and the anode. On the basis of a proposed model, the dependence of injection efficiency on the ratio of the HIL thickness to the total thickness of the HIL and HTL, and on the ratio of the barrier height of the anode/HIL interface to the total barrier height is numerically studied. The results show that for given parameters of the anode and HTL material, there exists an optimal value for the energy level of the highest occupied molecule orbit (HOMO) and the thickness of HIL. For a given total thickness and a total mobility of HIL and HTL, the greater the ratio of HIL thickness to the total thickness, and the smaller the ratio of HIL mobility to the total mobility, the smaller is the optimal ratio of the barrier height of the anode/HIL interface to the total barrier height, and vice versa. For a given total barrier height and a total mobility of HIL and HTL, the greater the ratio of the barrier height of the HIL/HTL interface to the total barrier height, and the smaller the ratio of HIL mobility to the total mobility, the smaller is the optimal thickness ratio of HIL to the total, and vice versa.

Field of study: Materials science
The reduction of doxorubicin at a mercury electrode and monitoring its interaction with DNA using constant current chronopotentiometry

In this report, voltammetry with linear scan and chronopotentiometric stripping (CPS) with constant current were used for the analysis of doxorubicin (DOX) at a hanging mercury drop electrode (HMDE). CPS was used for the study of DOX in situ electrochemical reduction in adsorbed state and for ex situ (adsorptive transfer) analysis of the drug. For the first time, CPS was used to study the reversible reduction of the DOX quinine moiety at –0.45 V (vs Ag|AgCl|3 M KCl) as well as electrode processes giving rise to an irreversible signal around –1.45 V at the HMDE in 0.2 M acetate or Britton–Robinson buffers at different pH values. The dependence of the latter signal on pH revealed involvement of protonation equilibria; however, neither CV nor CPS data confirmed the catalytic character of the electrode reaction previously suggested by other authors. The CPS method was also applied to monitor the DOX interaction with double- (ds) and single-stranded (ss) DNA. In the presence of dsDNA, more pronounced changes in DOX signal intensity were observed, in agreement with a strong intercalation of the DOX redox centre into the DNA double helix.

Field of study: Chemistry
Leucocyte/endothelial cell adhesion receptors in muscle biopsies from patients with idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIM).

Interactions between leucocytes and endothelial cells through specific adhesion receptors play an increasingly recognized crucial role in the development of inflammatory infiltrates in chronic inflammatory diseases. In this study we investigated adhesion molecule expression in muscle biopsies from 18 dermatomyositis, six polymyositis, five inclusion-body myositis patients and from eight normal controls. Immunohistochemical detection of leucocyte integrins LFA-1 and VLA-4, their endothelial counter-receptors intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), and the endothelial cell markers CD31 and von Willebrand factor-related antigen (vWFAg) was performed using specific MoAbs and an alkaline phosphatase anti-alkaline phosphatase technique. ICAM-1 expression was up-regulated and VCAM-1 induced in muscle capillaries of dermatomyositis samples. In both dermatomyositis and polymyositis, endothelial cells from vessels surrounded by inflammatory infiltrates strongly expressed ICAM-1 and VCAM-1. Infiltrating leucocytes were intensively LFA-1- and VLA-4-positive. These data suggest that leucocyte/endothelial cell interactions mediated by the receptor/ligand pairs LFA-1/ICAM-1 and VLA-4/VCAM-1 actively participate in the development of muscle inflammatory infiltrates in the major inflammatory myopathies. In addition, ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 over-expression by capillary endothelial cells in dermatomyositis supports the hypothesis that capillary activation and/or injury is a major feature in this disease.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Cooperative ecosystem management across the Canada–US border: approaches and experiences of transboundary programs in the Gulf of Maine, Great Lakes and Georgia Basin/Puget Sound

Canada and the United States are working cooperatively in three, independent transboundary ecosystem management initiatives in the shared waters of the east coast Bay of Fundy/Gulf of Maine, the interior Great Lakes, and the Georgia Basin/Puget Sound on the west coast. These programs have placed the international boundary, which separates these systems jurisdictionally, into the background in favour of the natural boundaries which define these shared ecosystems. This paper examines the motivation behind the establishment of these three US–Canada cooperative ecosystem management programs, their goals, objectives and priorities, institutional structures, challenges, and progress to date. The experiences and approaches of these three programs, individually and collectively, provide insights that have already proven useful for each initiative and offer valuable perspective for other cooperative ecosystem-based management arrangements worldwide.

Field of study: Environmental science
Geology of the Gaspé Peninsula

General Statement The Gaspe Peninsula may be regarded as the area between the Saint Lawrence River and Chaleur Bay, extending eastward from the Matapedia River to Cape Gaspe. The width, north and south, is roughly 75 miles and the length, east and west, 150 miles. The strata represented extend from the Cambrian to the Carboniferous; for the most part, they are excessively folded and much affected by igneous activity. The peninsula is a structural arc with the convexity northward. At the east end the general strike is a little south of east and at the west end a little south of west. The land rises abruptly from sealevel and has an average altitude of about 2,000 feet. The Shickshock Mountains, with a maximum elevation of 4,350 feet in Tabletop Mountain, form an elevated belt near the north shore; a similar belt of less maximum altitude borders the south shore. The . . .

Field of study: Geology
MIMO Transmission Control in Fading Channels—A Constrained Markov Decision Process Formulation With Monotone Randomized Policies

This paper addresses the optimal power and rate allocation control in multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) wireless systems over Markovian fading channels. The problem is posed as an infinite horizon average-cost constrained Markov decision process (CMDP) with the goal of minimizing the average transmission power subject to delay constraints. By using a Lagrangian formulation of the CMDP, we use the concepts of stochastic dominance, submodularity, and multimodularity to prove that the optimal randomized policies are monotone. Three important structural results on the nature of the optimal randomized policies are derived. First, we show that the action space can be exponentially reduced by decomposing the rate allocation problem into bit-loading problem across individual antennas and the total rate allocation based on the current buffer occupancy and channel state. Second, we show that the optimal rate allocation policy is a randomized mixture of two pure policies that are monotonically increasing in the buffer occupancy. Finally, we show that the optimal power allocation is piecewise linear in the delay constraint. These three structural results can be exploited to devise efficient online reinforcement learning algorithms for optimal rate allocation.

Field of study: Engineering
Third-generation Rowland holographic mounting.

Holographic gratings using aspheric blanks and/or aberrated laser recording sources are most often required to achieve high spectral resolution over a large spectral range. We propose a configuration derived from the optimized holographic Rowland mounting, where the grating is recorded by the interference of two aberrated wave fronts diffracted from concave holographic gratings. These two auxiliary gratings are recorded with laser point sources, and the three blanks are spherical, which is well suited to the severe far-UV constraints on shape and polishing. In addition to the correction of astigmatism, coma C(1), and spherical aberration S(1) given by the optimized Rowland mounting, this mounting cancels, at least at one point of the spectrum, coma C(2) and spherical aberrations S(2) and S(3).

Field of study: Physics
Enrollment Patterns in Postsecondary Education: 1961-1982.

Postsecondary education in America has shown enormous growth and change in the past forty years. The public sector has become dominant: public community colleges have emerged as a major factor in both number of institutions and number of students served, and the student participants in postsecondary education have increased in number and diversity. In the past twenty years, minorities, women, the economically disadvantaged, part-time attenders and adults have become well represented in the diverse student population. Significant policy shifts have produced federal programs designed to bring minority and lower socioeconomic class children into the mainstream of public education (Head Start and Title I), to assist them in preparing for college (Upward Bound and Talent Search), and to support and sustain them in college (Basic Educational Opportunity Grants and Trio Programs). The Vietnam conflict, the extension of the civil rights movement to ethnic groups other than blacks and to women, and a rapidly changing economy all may reasonably be assumed to have impacted the patterns of enrollment in postsecondary education of recent high school graduates. The demographics of higher education are changing. The data and projections coming from the Bureau of the Census and the National Center for Educational Statistics have made it clear that the cohorts of native born eighteen-to-twentyfour-year-olds are declining into the 1990s. The Carnegie Council , Glenny , Hodgkinson [7], and McConnell and Kaufman  among

Field of study: Education
Providing nest boxes for hole-nesting birds – Does habitat matter?

Nest boxes are a popular management tool to increase nest site availability for hole-nesting birds, but biological consequences of this technique in different habitats are poorly studied. In our study area in southwestern Estonia, nest boxes for small passerines were set up in deciduous and coniferous woods. Great tits Parus major preferred the food-rich deciduous habitat for breeding, as judged by higher nest-box occupation, earlier egg-laying and larger clutches and eggs. However, in coniferous habitat more and heavier young fledged per nest, and the return rate of both fledglings and adults was higher. We propose two mutually non-exclusive explanations, both related to the maladaptive outcome of the provision of nest boxes: (i) in the preferred habitat, nest boxes caused a supra-optimal breeding density leading to an ecological trap; (ii) boxes drastically improved the non-preferred habitat, but birds were unable to exploit the breeding habitat fully. One should be careful in providing large numbers of artificial nest sites in preferred habitats. Sometimes it would be more preferable to improve less favourable habitats by removing critical constraints.

Field of study: Environmental science
Measuring Life Events in a Sample of South African Students: Comparison of the Life Experiences Survey and the Schedule of Recent Experiences

This study compared the Life Experiences Survey and the Schedule of Recent Experiences for a sample of 213 students. Scores on the Life Experiences Survey–Negative discriminated between rural and urban students and between African language speakers and Afrikaans/English speakers. A small but significant correlation between Life Experiences Survey–Negative and scores on the Center for Epidemiological Studies–Depression scale was found, while there was no correlation between scores on the Schedule of Recent Experiences with depression. The Life Experiences Survey–Negative was the only significant predictor of Depression scores. The Life Experiences Survey–Negative interacted significantly with all the measures of social support (Friends, Family, Satisfaction, and Number of Supports) in predicting depression, while the Schedule of Recent Experiences only interacted significantly with support from Family and Number of Supports. The study also provides support for clearly distinguishing between desirable and undesirable events, since positive events moderated the correlation of negative events with depression. The Life Experiences Survey is a more promising measure of life events than the Schedule of Recent Experiences in the South African context.

Field of study: Psychology
Thermal, electric and spin transport in superconductor/ferromagnetic-insulator structures.

A ferromagnetic insulator (FI) attached to a conventional superconductor (S) changes drastically the properties of the latter. Specifically, the exchange field at the FI/S interface leads to a splitting of the superconducting density of states. If S is a superconducting film, thinner than the superconducting coherence length, the modification of the density of states occurs over the whole sample. The co-existence of the exchange splitting and superconducting correlations in S/FI structures leads to striking transport phenomena that are of interest for applications in thermoelectricity, superconducting spintronics and radiation sensors. Here we review the most recent progress in understanding the transport properties of FI/S structures by presenting a complete theoretical framework based on the quasiclassical kinetic equations. We discuss the coupling between the electronic degrees of freedom, charge, spin and energy, under non-equilibrium conditions and its manifestation in thermoelectricity and spin-dependent transport.

Field of study: Physics
Improvement of Dielectric Breakdown Performance by Surface Modification in Polyethylene/TiO2 Nanocomposites

Dielectric breakdown is a significant property for the insulation system in high voltage power equipment. This paper is dedicated to the improvement of dielectric breakdown by surface-functionalized nanoparticles in low-density polyethylene (LDPE). Prior to the preparation of LDPE/TiO2 nanocomposites, the nanoparticles were surface modified by the silane coupling followed by the chemical reaction process. Results of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) indicated that some polar groups and chemical bonding were introduced on the surface of TiO2 nanoparticles. A reduction of dielectric permittivity was observed at low nanoparticle loading (<2 wt%) samples, which responded to the restriction of the molecular chain in the interface region. High nanoparticle loadings (2 wt%, 5 wt%, 10 wt%) introduced an obvious relaxation polarization. The trap parameters detected by the thermally stimulated current (TSC) method indicated that the deep traps were introduced by small amounts of nanoparticles (≤2 wt%), while more shallow traps occurred in high loading (5 wt%, 10 wt%) samples. Meanwhile, the increase of breakdown strength at low loading samples were closely related to the deep traps, which was ascribed to the interface region by surface chemical modification.

Field of study: Materials science
Approximations and examples of singular Hermitian metrics on vector bundles

We study singular Hermitian metrics on vector bundles. There are two main results in this paper. The first one is on the coherence of the higher rank analogue of multiplier ideals for singular Hermitian metrics defined by global sections. As an application, we show the coherence of the multiplier ideal of some positively curved singular Hermitian metrics whose standard approximations are not Nakano semipositive. The aim of the second main result is to determine all negatively curved singular Hermitian metrics on certain type of vector bundles, for example, certain rank 2 bundles on elliptic curves.

Field of study: Mathematics
Application Research of CMM in Real Estate Entreprise Management

This paper analyzes the application feasibility of CMM(Capability Maturity Model for Software) in real estate business management, and builds the CMM of real estate enterprises, It includes five levels, which describes respectively the business management ability levels for real estate enterprises of different levels of maturity. Through the application of the model, it indicates that CMM can help continue upgrading the management capacity of real estate enterprises.

Field of study: Business
The Structural Causes of Trusting Relationships: Why Rivals Do Not Overcome Suspicion Step by Step

If Israel and the Palestinians restarted their peace process, how would they overcome their suspicion of one another and form a trusting rela tionship? A prominent response is that actors develop trusting relationships gradually by probing each other's trustworthiness in a series of increasingly stringent tests. This paper challenges the efficacy of such incremental strate gies on the grounds that they force actors to expose themselves to exploitation before their counterparts demonstrate their trustworthiness, and offers an alternative approach that relies on the capacity of rules ("institutions") to limit opportunistic behavior. Trusting relationships emerge when suspicious parties limit the conse quences of exploitation. Governments will not transfer control over their in terests to others if doing so creates a significant risk of domination by former rivals or loss of political office to internal opponents. These dangers can be reduced by designing institutions that guarantee potential trustors the ability to influence collective choices ("effective voice") and that enable leaders to make decisions without undermining their standing among their supporters ("breathing space"). I examine the plausibility of this argument through a case study of gover nance in the European Community (EC) from the 1957 Treaty of Rome (TOR) to the signing of the Single European Act (SEA) in 1986. The EC (now Euro pean Union) is arguably the most important example of successful conflict resolution in the twentieth century, seen by policymakers as a model for resolv ing long-standing interstate  The European case was also a relatively easy one for trust-building strategies to succeed: U.S. troops on the Continent

Field of study: Political science
Reactions of bone, liver and kidney tissues to orthopaedic implants with silver nanoparticle doped hydroxyapatite coatings: microscopic examination in a rabbit model

Periprosthetic joint infections are severe complications of arthroplasty, difficult to manage due to biofilm formation on the components. Recently, the use of silver nanoparticles (SNs) has emerged as a method of preventing biofilm formation on orthopaedic implants, however little is known about the systematic toxicity of SNs.  This study used a rabbit model to examine the tissue response of bone, liver and kidney to prototype components with SN doped hydroxyapatite (HA) coatings.  Twelve prototype implants (six with HA, six with SN doped HA coatings) were implanted into the femora of twelve New Zealand Rabbits. After 6 weeks, the animals were euthanised, their femora and samples of livers and kidneys harvested to prepare microscopic slides. The slides were examined for the presence inflammatory or toxic reactions to SNs, implants were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to determine structural changes related to implantation and verify retention of SNs in vivo .  SEM demonstrated that SNs formed submicron conglomerates, which were retained after 6 weeks in vivo and did not interfere with osseointegration. Histologic studies of bone fragments demonstrated no signs of acute toxicity and inflammation. No inflammatory reaction was observed in kidneys, although in some samples signs of acute renal failure related to euthanasia were found. No severe toxic reaction was found in liver samples, however fatty degeneration of liver was found in some animals.  This study documented good osteointegration of implants with SN doped HA coatings with low systematic toxicity of SNs.

Field of study: Medicine