nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Modeling wildland fire-specific PM2.5 concentrations for uncertainty-aware health impact assessments.

Wildland fire is a major emission source of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) which has serious adverse health effects. Most fire-related health studies have estimated human exposures to PM2.5 using ground observations, which have limited spatial/temporal coverage and could not separate PM2.5 emanating from wildland fires from other sources. The Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model has the potential to fill the gaps left by ground observations and estimate wildland fire-specific PM2.5 concentrations, although the issues around systematic bias in CMAQ models remain to be resolved. To address these problems, we developed a two-step calibration strategy under the consideration of prediction uncertainties. In a case study of the eastern US in 2014, we evaluated the calibration performance using three cross validation methods, which consistently indicated that the prediction accuracy was improved with R2 of 0.47 to 0.64. In a health impact study based on the wildland fire-specific PM2.5 predictions, we identified regions with excess respiratory hospital admissions due to wildland fire events and quantified the estimation uncertainty propagated from multiple components in health impact function. We concluded that the proposed calibration strategy could provide reliable wildland fire-specific PM2.5 predictions and health burden estimates to support policy development for reducing fire-related risks.

Field of study: Environmental science
Polymerization of Vinyl Chloride by Organometallic Compounds. Effect of Moisture in the Monomer

The effect of moisture in vinyl chloride (VC) on its polymerization initiated with tert -butyllithium was investigated. The conversion curves thus obtained and the dependences of molecular weights of isolated products show that within range 6.5 - 80 ppm. vol. water in vinyl chloride and the mole ration t -BuLi/VC 0.0004 - 0.03 the conversion of vinyl chloride decreases, while the molecular weight of PVC increases. The distribution curves of molecular weights become broader with increasing water content in the monomer, and their maxima are shifted to higher molecular weights. The water content up to 40 ppm. vol. in vinyl chloride does not affect the heat stability of PVC. At higher water contents the stability decreases.

Field of study: Chemistry
Interface-Charge-Coupled Polarization Response 
of Pt-BaTiO3-ZnO-Pt Heterojunctions: A Physical Model 
Approach

Heterojunctions composed of wurtzite-structure (piezoelectric) ZnO and perovskite-structure (ferroelectric) BaTiO3 are very interesting because of the previously observed ionic lattice polarization coupling at their interfaces. We report electric Sawyer-Tower polarization hysteresis measurements and analysis of a ZnO-BaTiO3 heterostructure with Pt front and back contacts deposited by pulsed laser deposition onto a (001) silicon substrate. The ZnO layer is n-type (Nc = 5.5 × 1016 cm−3), and the BaTiO3 (BTO) layer is highly resistive. We observe a strong asymmetric ferroelectric hysteresis, which we attribute to a rectifying depletion layer formation between the ZnO and BaTiO3 layers. The coupling between the wurtzite-structure and perovskite-structure interface polarization influences the depletion layer formation. We develop a physical model for the electric Sawyer-Tower measurements. Our model includes the effects of the depletion layer formation inside the ZnO layer, the interface charge coupling between the ZnO and BaTiO3 layers, and the field-dependent ferroelectric polarization inside the BTO. We obtain a very good agreement between our model-generated data and our experiment. We identify voltages in forward and reverse direction at which the depletion layer opens or closes. These voltages are asymmetric, and reveal the effect of the spontaneous piezoelectric (nonswitchable) interface charge of ZnO, which we determine from our analysis here as Psz = −4.1 μC/cm2.

Field of study: Materials science
SU-F-T-349: Dosimetric Comparison of Three Different Simultaneous Integrated Boost Irradiation Techniques for Multiple Brain Metastases: Intensity-Modulatedradiotherapy, Hybrid Intensity-Modulated Radiotherapy and Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy.

To study the dosimetric impact of intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT), hybrid intensity-modulated radiotherapy (h-IMRT) and volumetric modulated arc therapy(VMAT) for whole-brain radiotherapy (WBRT) with simultaneous integrated boost in patients with multiple brain metastases.



Ten patients with multiple brain metastases were included in this analysis. The prescribed dose was 45 Gy to the whole brain (PTVWBRT) and 55 Gy to individual brain metastases (PTVboost) delivered simultaneously in 25 fractions. Three treatment techniques were designed: the 7 equal spaced fields IMRT plan, hybrid IMRT plan and VMAT with two 358°arcs. In hybrid IMRT plan, two fields(90°and 270°) were planned to the whole brain. This was used as a base dose plan. Then 5 fields IMRT plan was optimized based on the two fields plan. The dose distribution in the target, the dose to the organs at risk and total MU in three techniques were compared.



For the target dose, conformity and homogeneity in PTV, no statistically differences were observed in the three techniques. For the maximum dose in bilateral lens and the mean dose in bilateral eyes, IMRT and h-IMRT plans showed the highest and lowest value respectively. No statistically significant differences were observed in the dose of optic nerve and brainstem. For the monitor units, IMRT and VMAT plans showed the highest and lowest value respectively.



For WBRT with simultaneous integrated boost in patients with multiple brain metastases, hybrid IMRT could reduce the doses to lens and eyes. It is feasible for patients with brain metastases.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
CONTROL OF LASER RADIATION PARAMETERS: Frequency shifts of a two-mode He-Ne/CH4 laser stabilized by frequency resonances, under the action of a magnetic field in the active medium

Experimental and theoretical studies were made of the influence of a weak axial transverse magnetic field on the frequency shifts of a two-mode He–Ne/CH4 laser (λ = 3.39 μm) stabilized using narrow saturated dispersion resonances in the radiation frequency. In some cases a magnetic field applied to the laser active medium eliminated the asymmetry of the frequency resonances observed when the centers of the gain profile (ω0( + )) and the absorption line (ω0( – )) did not coincide. At ω0( + ) ≈ ω0( – ), the magnetic field does not influence the profile of the frequency resonances or the laser frequency shifts.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Hankel type operators on the unit disk

We study Hankel operators and commutators that are associated with a symbol and a kernel function. If the kernel function satisfies an upper bound condition, we obtain a sufficient condition for commutators to be bounded or compact. If the kernel function satisfies a local bound condition, the sufficient condition turns out to be necessary. The analytic and harmonic Bergman kernels satisfy both conditions, therefore a recent result by Wu on Hankel operators on harmonic Bergman spaces is extended.

Field of study: Mathematics
On Liénard's equation and the uniqueness of limit cycles in predator-prey systems

AbstractWe study a system of ODE'S modelling the interaction of one predator and one prey 
$$\begin{gathered} \frac{{dx}}{{dt}} = xg\left( x \right) - yp\left( x \right), \hfill \\ \frac{{dy}}{{dt}} = \gamma y\left[ { - \delta - \eta y - \alpha y^2 + h\left( x \right)} \right]. \hfill \\ \end{gathered}$$
 This system defines a two-species community which incorporates competition among prey in the absence of any predators as well as a density-dependent predator specific death rate. This system is investigated under ecologically natural regularity conditions and assumptions on g, p and h to ensure the existence and uniqueness of limit cycles. The proof uses the standard Hopf-Andronov bifurcation theory and the technique of Liénard's equation.

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics
Why do some coastal communities rise while others decline

Coastal areas have been hard hit by the recent economic crisis. In addition, due to the introduction and popularity of cheaper foreign holidays they have seen a general decline since the booming years of the 1970s. Clacton-On-Sea, which was a booming and prosperous tourist economy in the mid-20th Century, has seen a reduction in its economic prosperity. The area is not helped by its peripheral location; limited transport links to London; and lack of diversification in the local economy. Despite this, some areas have weathered the storm better than others. Brighton & Hove and Southend-On-Sea are examples of coastal areas that have not witnessed the same magnitude of short and longer term economic decline as areas like Clacton. This paper seeks to understand what explains the differences in economic trends between coastal areas that have done well and areas that have not done as well. The following factors are important: House prices; Recreational facilities; Shopping facilities; and Universities. The following policies are proposed to help Clacton-On-Sea improve its condition: • Increase the percentage of people qualified to degree level to 28.5%. This will help the area see a higher rate of jobs growth. • Double to percentage of people employed in the knowledge industry • Reduce the proportion of people employed in the public sector by establishing other industries. • Implement policies favourable to entrepreneurs to increase the percentage of VAT registrations to at least 10% Implementing such policies will help to regenerate the area; thereby attracting skilled individuals and improving prospects for current residents.

Field of study: Environmental science
Dynamic model of mass-angular correlations of quasi-fission fragments

A dynamic model of the mass-angular correlations of quasi-fission fragments was developed. The projection of the angular momentum onto the symmetry axis of the dinuclear system and its rotation angle are treated as dynamic variables in the model. The model was tested in the analysis of the experimental data for the 64Ni + 198Au reaction at Elab = 383 and 418 MeV. Information on lifetimes of the dinuclear system was obtained.

Field of study: Physics
Optimal Seed Deployment Under Climate Change Using Spatial Models: Application to Loblolly Pine in the Southeastern US

Provenance tests are a common tool in forestry designed to identify superior genotypes for planting at specific locations. The trials are replicated experiments established with seed from parent trees collected from different regions and grown at several locations. In this work, a Bayesian spatial approach is developed for modeling the expected relative performance of seed sources using climate variables as predictors associated with the origin of seed source and the planting site. The proposed modeling technique accounts for the spatial dependence in the data and introduces a separable Matérn covariance structure that provides a flexible means to estimate effects associated with the origin and planting site locations. The statistical model was used to develop a quantitative tool for seed deployment aimed to identify the location of superior performing seed sources that could be suitable for a specific planting site under a given climate scenario. Cross-validation results indicate that the proposed spatial models provide superior predictive ability compared to multiple linear regression methods in unobserved locations. The general trend of performance predictions based on future climate scenarios suggests an optimal assisted migration of loblolly pine seed sources from southern and warmer regions to northern and colder areas in the southern USA.

Field of study: Mathematics
Self-Perceptions in Science, Cognitive Development, and Teaching Strategy.

This research explores relationships which exist between self-perception in science and cognitive development under two quantitatively different teaching strategies. These strategies, stressing the use or non-use of directions, praise, and rejection were used in five different elementary grades for one year. Student self-perception in science was found to vary by grade level, regardless of teaching strategy, with grades one and two tending to be more dependent than higher grades. Shifts from an independent to a dependent self-perception during the treatment period were found only in the more directive strategy. Students in a less directive strategy tended to become more independent or not to change self-perceptions at all. Cognitively, nonconservers were more likely to have a dependent perception of themselves in science than conservers. While self-perception in science seems to be closely related to maturation in the lower grades, a less directive teaching strategy appears to provide a more positive envi...

Field of study: Education
Exploring Mentorship: A Graceful Exit; How One Firm Helps Departing Staffers Find Opportunities

When "Jason" told the leaders of Lauterbach & Amen LLP that he wanted to leave the firm, their reaction was comforting. Rather than taking offense, the firm's leaders began working to help him find the position he is looking for. "We know that you have to do what's best for you and your family," said Nathan Gaskill, CPA, one of five partners at the firm. "And we have to do what's best for us in our professional environment. And that turns into, in the case of [Jason], having multiple people involved with his career outlook." Mentoring is a major focus at Lauterbach & Amen, which is located about 30 miles west of Chicago and employs about 100 people. Aside from the founding partners, the partners at the firm rose through the ranks with the help of coaching from others there. These partners' experiences helped spark the commitment to a formal mentoring program that exists today. The firm more often uses the term "coaching," which is embedded at several levels throughout the firm. This includes young people. Staff members with under three years at the firm are responsible for interviewing, recruiting, and coaching interns. It also includes exiting staff", who can expect help from management and leadership in their search for a place that meets their needs inside or outside the firm. The commitment to helping someone leave the firm may seem unusual or awkward to some, but Lauterbach & Amen's leaders have found that a holistic approach to mentoring suits the firm's culture. Since the firm's inception, its leaders have committed to creating relationships that are mutually beneficial to the firm and staff members. This form of mentoring also can be helpful in building relationships outside the firm if the staff member leaves to work for a client, but Lauterbach & Amen views this as merely a residual benefit. From the firm's perspective, the objective is to support its people so that, in turn, the people will support the firm. "Jason" (a pseudonym to protect his privacy during his job search) is an audit manager who has spent seven years with the firm. Gaskill, who is helping Jason pursue other opportunities, said Jason is "crazy smart" with a strong understanding of technology plus technical auditing expertise that makes him an asset in the firm's relationships with the municipal clients he serves. Gaskill said Jason is qualified for an upper-level finance director or CFO type of position. Jason said he appreciates the family atmosphere of Lauterbach & Amen, which has grown its revenue by about 20% per year since it was formed in 1997 by Sherry Lauterbach, CPA, and Ronald Amen, CPA. But a lengthy commute to work is wearing on Jason. It's a 45-minute drive one way from his house to the firms offices in Warrenville, Ill., and some of the firm's clients are even farther from his home. He said it was difficult to decide that he wants to leave, but he felt comfortable approaching Amen to discuss that decision and how to move on from there. …

Field of study: Business
Resource constraints analysis of workflow specifications

A workflow specification is a formal description of business processes in the real world. Its correctness is critical to the workflow execution and hence the realisation of business objectives. In addition to structural and temporal constraints, resource constraints are also implied in workflow specifications. Therefore, they should be analysed to ensure that the workflow specification is resource consistent at build-time. In this paper, we first identify the problem of resource constraints in a workflow specification. Then we propose an innovative approach with corresponding algorithms to the checking of resource consistency for a workflow specification. Furthermore, we extend our analysis work to timed workflow specifications, where time information is taken into consideration for the checking of the resource consistency of a workflow specification. The work reported in this paper provides a theoretical foundation for workflow modeling and analysis in workflow management.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Down’s Syndrome with Coexistent Gout in 2 Patients:Is the Association Underreported or Is the Prevalence Actually Increasing?

This report describes 2 patients diagnosed with Down’s syndrome and who developed acute gouty arthritis. While hyperuricemia in gout is a well-known abnormality, association of gout with Down’s syndrome has not been widely discussed. With increasing life expectancy in this syndrome, it is likely that more such cases will occur. For early diagnosis and proper management clinicians must be aware of this association.

Field of study: Medicine
NECPPA: A novel and efficient conditional privacy-preserving authentication scheme for VANET

Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs) are growing in recent decades providing real-time communication between vehicles for a safer and more comfortable driving. The main idea of VANET is the fact that vehicles can broadcast ad-hoc messages such as traffic incidents and emergency events. The security of such networks is quite critical. This paper firstly reviews and analyzes the main authentication schemes in VANET to compare their pros and cons. We then propose a new authentication scheme which provides secure communications in VANET. Our proposed scheme is a combination of Road Side Unit Based (RSUB) and Tamper Proof Device Based (TPDB) schemes. A novel idea in NECPPA is to let the keys and the main parameters of the system be stored in the Tamper Proof Device (TPD) of Road Side Units (RSUs). Since, there is always a secure and fast communicational link between TA and RSU, inserting TPD in RSUs is much more efficient than inserting them in OBUs. It also should be noted that due to the fact that in NECPPA scheme, the main key of TA (master secret key) is not stored in all OBUs, the compromise or hacking a single OBU does not threaten the whole network despite what happens in TPDB scheme which makes the whole vehicles re-register and change their secret keys. In addition, our proposed scheme is much more cost efficient compare to other on-line RSUB schemes, as it does not need the establishment of on-line RSUs in the whole roads. We also prove the security of our scheme with formal proof and ProVerif automatic analysis tool. The simulation results show that the efficiency and performance of our proposed scheme in VANETs have improved compare to other schemes.

Field of study: Computer science
Relative Feature Importance

Interpretable Machine Learning (IML) methods are used to gain insight into the relevance of a feature of interest for the performance of a model. Commonly used IML methods differ in whether they consider features of interest in isolation, e.g., Permutation Feature Importance (PFI), or in relation to all remaining feature variables, e.g., Conditional Feature Importance (CFI). As such, the perturbation mechanisms inherent to PFI and CFI represent extreme reference points. We introduce Relative Feature Importance (RFI), a generalization of PFI and CFI that allows for a more nuanced feature importance computation beyond the PFI versus CFI dichotomy. With RFI, the importance of a feature relative to any other subset of features can be assessed, including variables that were not available at training time. We derive general interpretation rules for RFI based on a detailed theoretical analysis of the implications of relative feature relevance, and demonstrate the method's usefulness on simulated examples.

Field of study: Computer science
Die Konzentration der positiven Ionen im Quecksilber-Neon-Niedervoltbogen

ZusammenfassungEs wird die Konzentration der positiven Hg-Ionen im Innern der Oxydspirale eines Niedervoltbogens in einem Gemisch von Neon und Quecksilberdampf nach zwei Methoden (photographisch und photoelektrisch) bestimmt. Beide Methoden liefern Werte, die wenigstens der Größenordnung nach gleich sind und auf eine Konzentration von etwa 1 bis 2. 1012 Ionen/ccm hinweisen. Es wird darauf aufmerksam gemacht, daß wegen der unbekannten Feinstruktur der Resonanzlinie 1942 Å (22P1/2, −12S1/2 Hg II) die optisch bestimmten Konzentrationen Mindestwerte sind.

Field of study: Physics
Thermal history of selected Mesozoic and Cenozoic sedimentary basins in Kyushu, Japan

Paleotemperatures of selected Cretaceous and Paleogene sedimentary basins in Kyushu, southwest Japan were measured by means of fluid inclusions in authigenic minerals, and by combined use of vitrinite reflectance of carbonaceous materials and authigenic mineral assemblages. Relationships between vitrinite reflectance and diagenetic minerals were well correlated as previously reported. Paleogeothermal gradients for four sedimentary basins were estimated based on paleotemperatures and overburden thickness. Paleotemperatures and paleogeothermal gradients obtained in this study may be representative of diagentic/low-grade metamorphic thermal conditions in each sedimentary basin.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography