nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Coastal erosion vulnerability assessment along the eastern coast of Bangladesh using geospatial techniques

Coastal zones are physically, socially, and economically important. However, many coastal zones are highly vulnerable to coastal erosion due to high population density, tourist attractions, developed economy, and lowland. Erosion vulnerability assessment with limited criteria and components cannot provide detailed and accurate results. Therefore, an integrated vulnerability assessment of coastal erosion is essential to produce detailed and accurate erosion vulnerability information to support mitigation strategies. This study aims to prepare an integrated coastal erosion vulnerability approach using geospatial techniques and examine the pattern of vulnerability to coastal erosion effects in the eastern coastal region of Bangladesh. Thirteen spatial criteria under two components of vulnerability, namely, physical and socio-economic vulnerability, were assessed. These criteria were weighted on the basis of the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) and then combined to generate individual vulnerability indices. Finally, the overall vulnerability map was produced by integrating physical and social vulnerability indices. Results showed that the area of very high vulnerability includes 11% of the region, and the area of high vulnerability was 24%. Parts of Chittagong Port, Cox's Bazar, Kutubdia, Teknaf, Ukhia, Anowara, and some portions of Moheshkhali regions close to the coastline of the study site are likely to experience high vulnerability of coastal erosion impacts. The area was classified as a low- and very-low-vulnerability zone, representing 27% and 8%, respectively. For evaluating the efficiency of the outcome, the receiver operating characteristics (ROC) technique was used to validate the physical erosion vulnerability results, which stated an 85.2% success rate and 80.1% prediction rate of the produced results. The findings can be used by concerned authorities to protect coastal erosion and minimise its effects on properties and coastal environments.

Field of study: Environmental science
Dynamics of bulimia disorders in anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa

Thirty-three female patients with anorexia nervosa (AN) with bulimia disorders and 54 with bulimia nervosa (BN) were studied. The analysis of clinical presentations and dynamics of bulimia disorders in these groups revealed the similarity of types of > behavior. At the same time, NA differs by the absence of genuine binge attacks characteristic of the patients with BN. Psychopathological basis of the > behavior in AN seems to be dysmorphophobic, anxiety, hypochondriac disorders as well as insufficient criticism of a patient's state in the absence of pronounced affective disorders and reduced self-esteem and that in BN - cyclothymic, bipolar affective disorders and disorders of drive, dysmorphophobic concerns related to the changes of self-esteem. Also, patients with BN have criticism towards their behavior. These differences should be taken into account in the choice of therapeutic tactics and methods as well as in rehabilitation of patients with eating disorders.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Unlocking the Doors to the Worlds of Guaman Poma and His Nueva Corónica ed. by Rolena Adorno and Ivan Boserup (review)

Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala is undoubtedly the best-known author in Andean studies. For some decades, his book Nueva corónica y buen gobierno has been central to understanding the Andean past, given his unique perspective as an indigenous writer. The present work gathers 14 essays about Guaman Poma by scholars from diverse disciplines: history, literature, anthropology, and philology. It is the result of the Second International Guaman PomaConference, held at the Royal Library of Denmark, Copenhagen, in October 2013. As Rolena Adorno highlights in the introduction, this institution has had a leading role in curating and publicizing the Nueva corónica, from its discovery by Richard Pietschmann in 1908 through the manuscript’s digitization in the 1990s.

Field of study: History
Phrase frequency, proficiency and grammaticality interact in non-native processing: Implications for theories of SLA

This study reports on a self-paced reading experiment in which native and non-native speakers of English read sentences designed to evaluate the predictions of usage-based and rule-based approaches to second language acquisition (SLA). Critical stimuli were four-word sequences embedded into sentences in which phrase frequency and grammaticality were crossed in order to examine whether grammatical processing is modulated by phrase frequency. The magnitude of grammaticality effects for native speakers did not differ by phrase frequency, indicating that phrase frequency does not modulate native grammatical processing. Phrase frequency did, however, modulate the magnitude of non-native grammaticality effects. This modulating effect of phrase frequency on grammatical processing for non-native speakers depended on proficiency, showing a u-shaped change in the size of grammaticality effects relative to speaker proficiency. The overall pattern of change in grammaticality effects suggests a gradual developmental shift in grammatical processing from an initial reliance on phrase frequency to an eventual abstraction of generalizable rules from the linguistic input once sufficient experience has accumulated. Results suggest that second language (L2) grammatical development relies on a combination of both usage-based and rule-based knowledge and processing, rather than exclusive reliance on one or the other.

Field of study: Linguistics
Temperature-compensated cell production rate and elongation zone length in the root of Arabidopsis thaliana.

To understand how root growth responds to temperature, we used kinematic analysis to quantify division and expansion parameters in the root of Arabidopsis thaliana. Plants were grown at temperatures from 15 to 30 °C, given continuously from germination. Over these temperatures, root length varies more than threefold in the wild type but by only twofold in a double mutant for phytochrome-interacting factor 4 and 5. For kinematics, the spatial profile of velocity was obtained with new software, Stripflow. We find that 30 °C truncates the elongation zone and curtails cell production, responses that probably reflect the elicitation of a common pathway for handling severe stresses. Curiously, rates of cell division at all temperatures are closely correlated with rates of radial expansion. Between 15 to 25 °C, root growth rate, maximal elemental elongation rate, and final cell length scale positively with temperature whereas the length of the meristem scales negatively. Non-linear temperature scaling characterizes meristem cell number, time to transit through either meristem or elongation zone, and average cell division rate. Surprisingly, the length of the elongation zone and the total rate of cell production are temperature invariant, constancies that have implications for our understanding of how the underlying cellular processes are integrated.

Field of study: Environmental science
The Health and Social Care Act 2008 (Regulated Activities) Regulations 2014: A Litany of Fundamental Flaws?

In this paper, I argue that the Health and Social Care Act 2008 (Regulated Activities) Regulations 2014 are fatally flawed. This is a criticism more often levied at knee-jerk responses to policy crises, precisely because they are created without the benefit of time and thought. Yet, far from being a knee-jerk response, these Regulations were the product of considerable thought and deliberation following a sensitively executed public inquiry. Notwithstanding the apparent rigour of the process which produced them, I argue that the 2014 Regulations will fail, because they rely too heavily on the rhetoric of criminal law while failing to take into account the competing norms for compliance and the impact of NHS budget constraints. Further, they push the CQC towards a heavy-handed deterrence approach to enforcement, which will increase hostility between regulatees and the inspectorate, and ultimately reduce the scope for developing the transparency about failures which is sorely needed in the NHS. This paper challenges the contemporary wisdom that it is primarily knee-jerk regulatory responses that suffer from fatal flaws of this nature.

Field of study: Law
Petrology and paleogeographic significance of Tertiary nannoplankton-foraminiferal limeston, Guam

The tertiary stratigraphic column on the island of Guam, in the Mariana Island Arc of the western Pacific, is composed largely of volcanic rocks and limestones of shallow-water reef and bank facies. Small amounts of fine-grained limestones, of Eocene, Oligocene and Miocene age, occur interbedded with the volcanic rocks and reef limestones, and consist chiefly of planktonic foraminiferal tests embedded in a matrix of calcareous nannofossils. Although compositionally these pelagic carbonates are nearly identical to nannoplankton-foraminiferal oozes of the deep-sea floor, their deposition probably occurred at comparatively shallow depths — from a few hundred to perhaps 1000–2000 meters rather than several kilometers. The most favorable paleogeographic settings for pelagic deposition of this kind were probably intra-arc basins and shelf areas within the paleo-Mariana Island Arc during periods of volcanic inactivity. The spatial association of these pelagic limestones with shallow-water reef complexes, or with beds of redeposited, reef-derived coarse skeletal material, may serve to differentiate them from their deep-sea counterparts.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Comparative Study of EPR and Optical Properties of CdS, TiO2 and CdS-TiO2 Nanocomposite

An economical chemical route is used to synthesize a titanium oxide-based nanocomposite (NC) which has properties that may help to develop photocatalysts with improved efficiency in the visible region of solar light. Investigation of opto-electronic properties has been carried out for a CdS, TiO2 and CdS-TiO2 NC at room temperature. Structural properties of the CdS and TiO2 nanoparticles and the CdS-TiO2 NC were investigated using x-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy techniques. How incorporation of CdS nanoparticles affects the structural properties of pure TiO2 was also studied. Change in optical behavior was compared using UV–visible and photoluminescence spectra, and the presence of residual functional groups were indicated by Fourier-transform infrared analysis of the samples. The measurement of band levels was carried out by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and the band gap estimated from UV–visible was compared to that obtained by CV. The electron paramagnetic resonance technique was used for the investigation of the electronic properties of the samples.

Field of study: Materials science
Millimeter-wave radiation in high-T/sub c/ Josephson junctions

We have investigated millimeter-wave radiation from single Josephson junctions and small phase-locked Josephson junction arrays. Josephson junctions were fabricated on sapphire bicrystal substrates. Emission could be measured up to 110 GHz. Resonances in ten-junction circuits yield linewidths narrower than 200 MHz. This type of array might be useful for applications in integrated receiver systems.

Field of study: Physics
Neutronen und magnetische Kernmomente

ZusammenfassungUnter Berücksichtigung der Tatsache, daß die Neutronen im Kern Bahnmomente haben und wie die Außenelektronen in Schalen angeordnet sind, wird gezeigt, daß das magnetische Moment eines Neutrons halb so groß wie das Protonenmoment ist. Unter Benutzung dieses Wertes werden die magnetischen Momente einer Reihe von Kernen berechnet und ergeben sich in Übereinstimmung mit den von Goudsmit aus Feinstrukturdaten abgeleiteten Werten.

Field of study: Physics
[The importance of the method of atomic absorption spectrometry in the diagnosis of brain edema-swelling in bacterial meningoencephalitis].

Nuclear absorption spectrometry was used to quantify concentrations of some metals in the liquor from 70 patients with bacterial meningoencephalitis and in different portions of the brain in 10 deceased patients. By calculation of the difference between dry and wet tissue mass after its drying the authors assessed watering of the brain compartments. The correlation analysis demonstrated a relationship between content of metals and later in the brain. Determination of metal (K, Na, Mg, Cu, Zn, Mn) concentrations in the liquor correlating with water content in the brain followed by calculation of the diagnostic coefficients is indicative of the brain edema and swelling degree that helps prognosticate the outcome of the inflammation.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Mixed continental-marine biotas following the Permian-Triassic mass extinction in South and North China

Correlation between marine and continental Permian-Triassic (P-Tr) strata is crucial for full understanding of the nature of this global extinction event, but it has proved difficult to achieve. Here, we show that two sections in South China and North China record similar mixed continental-marine biota in the post-extinction stratigraphic interval, including conchostracans, plants, insects, marine bivalves and lingulid brachiopods. In addition, the continental P-Tr mass extinction was represented by a sharp decrease in the diversity and abundance of the Gigantopteris flora in South China, but eliminated the Palaeozoic-type conifer flora and herbivorous pareiasaurs in North China. These mixed continental-marine biota provide the biological evidence for stratigraphic correlation between marine and continental P-Tr transitional beds in South China and North China, especially the co-occurrence of the Pteria-Towapteria-Eumorphotis bivalve assemblage and the Euestheria gutta-bearing conchostracan fauna or Euestheria gutta-Magniestheria mangaliensis-Palaeolimnadiopsis vilujensis conchostracan assemblage. We propose that these specific marine bivalve and continental conchostracan assemblages could be considered as markers of P-Tr transitional beds in marine-continental siliciclastic settings.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
HEPATIC HYDATID CYST RUPTURED INTRABILIARY IN A 28-YEAR-OLD HIV POSITIVE PATIENT

Echinococcosis is an endemic disease in countries from the Mediterranean area, Eastern Europe, the Middle and the Far East, Australia, South America and Eastern Africa. However, it has a worldwide distribution because the dog, a definitive host, is a ubiquitous animal. Another important factor that led to a worldwide spread of the disease is population migration, as the number of cases in non-endemic regions has been increasing. We present the case of a 28-year-old HIV positive patient suffering from a liver hydatid cyst that had ruptured inside the biliary pathways. US and CT were the imaging tools used to establish a preoperatory diagnosis and the main therapeutic approach was neutralizing the parasite using 90 degrees alcohol, Lagot deroofing, contents’ evacuation through open surgery and appropriate drainage afterward. ERCP was very useful in unblocking the main biliary pathways after the surgery as well as installing a stent to ensure its further permeability.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Stability of PMMA-grafted/Ti hybrid biomaterial interface in corrosive media

The stability of interfaces between polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) and titanium (Ti) are tested in a Ringer solution that is an aggressive medium usually used for biomaterial evaluation. The devices are PMMA-grafted/Ti elaborated via a “grafting-from” method involving three steps, the alkali activation of Ti sheets, their functionalization with an initiator of polymerization through a phosphonate anchoring group and the growth of PMMA brushes. Electrochemical characterizations demonstrate that the stability of the PMMA-grafted/Ti interface in biological medium is satisfactory and that the grafting of PMMA is even acting as a protective barrier for titanium. Indeed, PMMA-grafted/Ti remains passive in Ringer solution until at least +3 V/SCE (saturated calomel electrode), even under inflammatory conditions, while localized corrosion was measured on as-received titanium in similar conditions. This protecting role is attributed to the grafted interface, since spin-coated PMMA does not decrease the corrosion sensitivity of titanium.

Field of study: Chemistry
A STUDY OF PROPPANT TRANSPORT IN HYDRAULIC FRACTURING

In order to study the proppant transport in hydraulic fracturing, a two-dimensional transport equation for proppant and a two-dimensional flow equation for slurry are presented, including the effects of settling velocity of proppant. The relation between the slurry power coefficients and the proppant concentration is introduced. The equation that relates the pressure on the crack faces to the crack opening, and a fracture criterion that relates the intensity of the stress state ahead of the crack front to the critical intensity necessary for tensile fracture of the rock are used. The above equaions are solved by the finite element method (FEM), and the numerical simulation results illustrate the proppant distribution.

Field of study: Engineering
Examination of Primary and Secondary School Teachers’ Aspects Towards Educational Use of Video Sharing Websites

Daily use of video has increased by televisions, but lately people have been using video sharing websites most frequently. This extended use of video sharing websites has emerged a new era for education; teachers and learners can use them to enhance learning in education.  Hence, the purpose of this study is to examine primary and secondary school teachers’ aspects towards educational use of video sharing websites. This research is conducted as a survey model and carried out with the participation of 114 teachers in total, 48 teachers from Taskent and 66 teachers from Kulu districts of Konya province in Turkey. Quantitative research method has been adopted as the model of this research. Data is obtained by a 19-item questionnaire and analyzed by SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) program by using descriptive statistics and basic correlation. Results of this study revealed that teachers have positive attitudes towards using video sharing websites as an educational tool which improves learning.  primary-secondary school teachers, video sharing websites, educational video

Field of study: Education
Berechnung von Debye-Scherrer-Diagrammen kleinster Kristalle nach der Gasinterferenzmethode

ZusammenfassungZur Berechnung der Debye-Scherrer-Diagramme kleinster Kristalle wird die „Gasinterferenzmethode“ von Debye und Ehrenfest benutzt. Neue Maxima in der Nähe des Primärstrahles wurden aufgefunden; ihre Eignung zur Größen- und Formbestimmung kleinster Kristalle wird besprochen. Die allgemeine Darstellung der Intensitätsverteilung im Debye-Scherrer-Diagramm des primitiven und des innenzentrierten Gitters für gewisse Kristallformen ist in Form einer Fourier-Reihe gelungen.

Field of study: Physics
Kimball Young's Social Psychology

Kimball Young in his graduate education was exposed to two diametrically opposed scientific worldviews. He received his M.A. in sociology under W. I. Thomas and his Ph.D. in psychology under Lewis M. Terman. His interest was in social psychology as reflected by his doctoral study on racial differences in intelligence. His initial commitment to Thomas's position of cultural relativity was superseded by his adoption of Terman's perspective of biological determinism. However, once he forged his own career as a social psychologist, Young recanted the hereditarian views he had voiced in his dissertation. Implications about the development and current status of American social psychology are drawn from Young's conceptual shifts.

Field of study: Psychology
A Novel P2P Based Grid Resource Discovery Model

Resource discovery is a fundamental problem in grid systems. Original approaches to provide grid resource discovery services are either centralized or hierarchical and proved to be inefficient when the scale of grid systems rapidly increases. A P2P network is a distributed system with the attributes of dynamicity and scalability. P2P systems have the same goal as grid systems: to share and exchange various resources. With their development, P2P systems and grid systems can be combined into a new system which has their attributes. In this paper, a novel hierarchical P2P based grid model based on the existing grid resource discovery models is discussed. In our model, Chord and Gnutella are selected as the typical protocols to form the virtual P2P layer. Through the experiment results, we argue that the 3C-2G model performs better than the other models in resource discovery among grids oriented to the same application field.

Field of study: Computer science
Foliar and ground deposits of fenitrothion following aerial application over a plantation forest.

Spray deposits were measured on spruce foliage at tree canopy level and on glass plates at ground level, after aerial application of an emulsion formulation of fenitrothion at the rate of 0.21 kg AI in 1.46 L per ha over a 16 ha plot in a plantation forest. Fenitrothion deposits were quantified by gas‐liquid chromatography. A wide variation was observed in deposits on foliage and at the forest floor. Deposits were relatively higher on foliar samples collected from the upwind side of a tree canopy than those on the downwind side. Similarly, the glass plate placed under a tree on the upwind side received relatively higher deposit than the one on the downwind side. However, the glass plates placed in the adjacent forest openings collected markedly higher deposits. Results clearly indicate filtration of the spray droplets by canopy foliage. Assessment of the average deposit of fenitrothion at ground level (mean deposit from all sampling locations) indicated that ca. 19.4% of the applied material reac...

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Guidance on emissions metrics for nationally determined contributions under the Paris Agreement

Many Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) under the Paris Agreement follow the established practice of specifying emissions levels in tonnes of CO2 equivalent emissions. The Global Warming Potential (GWP) is the emissions metric used most often to aggregate contributions from different greenhouse gases (GHGs). However, the climate impact of pathways expressed in this way is known to be ambiguous. For this reason, alternatives have been proposed but the ambiguity has not been quantified in the context of the Agreement. Here we assess the variation in temperature using pathways consistent with the ambition of limiting temperature increases to well-below 2°C. These are taken from the IPCC Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5°C (SR15). The CO2 emission levels are adjusted so that the pathways all have the same total CO2 equivalent emissions for a given emissions metric but have different proportions of short-lived and long-lived pollutants. We show that this difference affects projections by up to 0.17°C when GWP100 is used. Options of reducing this ambiguity include using a different emissions metric or adding supplementary information in NDCs about the emissions levels of individual GHGs. We suggest the latter on the grounds of simplicity and because it does not require agreement on the use of a different emissions metric.

Field of study: Environmental science