nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Microbial Communities in the Rhizosphere and the Root of Lettuce as Affected by Salmonella-Contaminated Irrigation Water.

Reclaimed wastewater is increasingly used as a source of irrigation water in croplands. The enteric pathogens in reclaimed wastewater may accumulate in soil and plants and cause food safety concerns. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of irrigation water containing Salmonella on the microbial communities in the rhizosphere and in the root of lettuce. The effects were also examined with three variables (soil texture, lettuce cultivar, and harvest time) in a factorial design. Analyses on the 16S rRNA gene sequences show that the microbial communities in the root were significantly different from those in the rhizosphere, although ∼80% of the microbes in the root originated from the rhizosphere. Salmonella in irrigation water significantly altered the structure of the microbial community in the rhizosphere, but not in the root. Salmonella internalized in lettuce root was observed when contaminated water was used for irrigation. Compared to lettuce cultivar and harvest time, soil texture played a more significant role in shaping the bacterial communities in rhizosphere and root. Results from the study could advance the understanding about the long-term impacts of reclaimed wastewater as a source of irrigation water on the microbiota associated with leafy green vegetables.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Magnetic Properties of Manganese-Zinc Soft Ferrite Ceramic for High Frequency Applications

A soft magnetic MnZn-type ferrite is considered for high frequency applications. First, the morphological, structural, and chemical composition of the material are presented and discussed. Subsequently, by using a vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), the hysteresis loops are recorded. The open magnetic circuit measurements are corrected by employing demagnetization factors, and by taking into consideration the local magnetic susceptibility. Finally, the hysteresis losses are estimated by the Steinmetz approach, and the results are compared with available commercial information provided by selected MnZn ferrite manufacturers. Such materials are representative in planar inductor and transformer cores due to their typically low losses at high frequency, i.e., up to several MHz, in low-to-medium power applications and providing high efficiency of up to 97%–99%.

Field of study: Materials science
ANALYSIS OF FREE VIBRATIONS OF SHAPE MEMORY ALLOY HYBRID COMPOSITE BEAMS

The mathematical model of a shape memory alloy (SMA) hybrid composite beam is presented. This model has been developed based on the one-dimensional SMA constitutive equation, a multicell model, theTimoshenko beam theory as well as the martensitic phase transformation of the SMA fibers embedded in the hybrid composite beam. The objective is to further understand the vibration control of the SMA hybrid composite beams. The SMA fibers are used as actuators, which are capable of changing their elastic modulus and recovery stress, thus changing the natural frequency of the vibrating beam. The effects of SMA fiber volume ratio, fiber orientation and transverse shear deformation are investigated. Numerical results show that the SMA fibers can increase the free vibration frequencies significantly.

Field of study: Engineering
The Brave New World of Embryonic Stem Cell Research: Utilitarian Consequentialism and Faulty Moral Reasoning

Aldous Huxley's Brave New World presents us with the terrifying possibilities of what human beings can do to one another when respect for the basic values of life are compromised. Many of the technologies envisioned by Huxley, such as in vitro fertilization and the genetic engineering of children, have proved to be remarkably prescient. What is especially compelling about Huxley 's Brave New World is the utilitarian promise of advancing science while ostensibly not harming anyone in the process. The principal promise consists in the abolishment of all disease and social conflict, albeit at the price of a moral enervation of the human psyche and the elimination of introspective religiou~ sentiments. This rather heavy price would be too much to bear except for the fact that those in control do not realize what has been lost. "Unlike the man reduced by disease or slavery, the people dehumanized a la Brave New World are not miserable, don't know that they are dehumanized , and, what is worse, would not care if they knew. They are, indeed, happy slaves with a slavish happiness." 1 The National Academy of Sciences unveiled a set of research guidelines that would ease us into the brave new world of human embryonic stem cell (hESC) biotechnology. The authors of the document allege that we need to establish responsible oversight practices that will enhance the integrity of privately funded research with hESCs. Specifically, these hESC oversight committees would promote research that allows the destruction of human embryos for the express purpose of extracting stem cells, the purpose being to develop new regenerative

Field of study: Medicine, Philosophy
Presenting a New Non-Invasive Diagnostic Tool in Estimating Bladder Capacity in Healthy Children: The Abc (Age-Related Bladder Capacity)-Formula

Estimating the bladder capacity is highly important in diagnosing voiding or bladder dysfunction in children. The convenient formula, the Koff formula (bladder capacity (in ounces) = age (in years) + 2), has been established as gold standard. Despite its relevance, it shows certain weaknesses, especially in young children. It is often associated with larger bladder volumes and higher daily fluid intake. The aim of this study was to develop a formula which puts bladder capacity in association with age and micturition frequency.  We examined prospectively the bladder diary in 60 children with no voiding or bladder dysfunction, which were seen for other urological problems. We differentiated three age groups of children. Group 1: little children aged 5-7, (n = 20) Group 2: small school children aged 8-10 (n = 20) Group 3: big school children aged 11-15 (n = 20) After computerized evaluation, an equation got developed out of these micturition data.  Relevant parameters for estimating age-related bladder capacity are micturition frequency and maximum voided volume. This equation got developed the ABC formula: Age Micturition frequency Micturition vol. (ml) (acc. ABC-formula) Daily amount of urine (ml) 5 6-7x/d 75 450-525 6 90 540-630 7 105 630-735 8 5-6x/d 120 600-720 9 135 675-810 10 150 750-900 11 4-5x/d 165 660-825 12 180 720-900 13 195 780-975 14 210 840-1050 15 225 900-1125 (Age (A) x 30)/2 The results are represented in table 1. Table 1: parameter marks for healthy children in relation to the ABC-formula  The formula presented shows its relevance based on the co-parameter age, micturition frequency and bladder capacity. It is thought to be a useful guide for diagnosing voiding and bladder dysfunctions. With the ABC-formula [(Age x 30)/2], bladder capacity in healthy children can be determined exactly.

Field of study: Medicine
Antibodies to dpApT sequence: purification & studies on their specificity & affinity to different ligands.

Antibodies specific to the dinucleotide, dpApT, were elicited in rabbits using a thyroglobulin (Tg) conjugate of dpApT(Tg-dpApT) as the immunogen. The dpApT antibodies were isolated from anti-Tg-dpApT \gamma-globulins by adsorption to an AH-Sepharose-dpApT affinity column and elution with 0.1N HOAc and were further purified using an AH-Sepharose-dpC column. The specificity and affinity of purified dpApT antibodies were analyzed by the inhibition of the binding of [3H]dpApT as well as denatured [32P]DNA to the antibodies with various nonradioactive nucleotides and their derivs. The antibodies were sequence-specific. Their binding to denatured DNA was poorly inhibited by deoxynucleoside 5'-monophosphates as compared to dpApT whereas DNAs from varying sources were inhibitory to different extents. The affinity consts. for the binding of [3H]dpApT to the antibodies as detd. by equil. dialysis were $9.6_x$ 106M-1 at $14^o$ and $2.3_x$106M-1 at $32.5^o$; \Delta$H^o$ and \Delta$S^o$ for the binding were -13.4 kcal/mol and -14.8 cal/deg/mol, resp.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Physics
Behavioral and physiological responses to maternal separation in squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus).

This study extends an examination of the behavioral and pituitary-adrenal responses of infant squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) separated from their mothers under different environmental conditions to another physiological system by measuring the metabolites of the central monoamines found in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). This study included spectrographic examination of the vocalizations emitted by the infant during separation. Infants were separated from their mothers for 24 hr under 3 conditions: Home, infant remained in its home cage after removal of mother; adjacent, infant was placed in a cage adjacent to its mother; and total, infant was totally isolated. The behavioral results indicated that the number of calls emitted differed with condition (adjacent greater than total greater than home), and the peak frequency of the calls and number of multiple calls was greatest in the total condition. Plasma cortisol elevations after separation differentiated the conditions of separation (total greater than adjacent greater than home greater than base). The elevations in the CSF catecholamine metabolites (3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol and homovanillic acid) were also sensitive to the conditions of separation (total greater than adjacent greater than base). These results are discussed in the context of coping theory.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Cover Picture: (Aryl)(phosphanyl)Carbene: Ground‐ and Excited‐State Reactions (Eur. J. Org. Chem. 11/2003)

The cover picture shows ground-state as well as excited-state reactions for a stable (aryl)(phosphanyl)carbene. Cyclopropanation and carbene coupling reactions demonstrate the ambiphilic character of the ground state while the 1,2-migration reaction only occurred under irradiation and thus involves an excited state of the stable carbene. Details are discussed in the article by D. Bourissou and G. Bertrand et al. on p. 2039 ff. Thanks are due to Mr. Chistian Pradel for his help in generating this cover illustration.

Field of study: Chemistry
Optimization of Machining Process Parameters in Drilling of CFRP Using Multi-Objective Taguchi Technique, TOPSIS and RSA Techniques

Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) are widely used in many engineering applications as replacement for various other elements to make use of the advantage of its high strength-weight ratio, durability and high corrosion resistance. The paper herein is an attempt to evaluate the drilling characteristics of CFRP by means of three different drill bit types (HSS, TiAlN and TiN) using Taguchi L27 (313) orthogonal array under dry condition. Firstly, the machining process parameters (cutting speed and feed rate) are optimized with multiple performance characteristics using Multi-objective Taguchi technique and TOPSIS. Secondly, mathematical model is developed to correlate the machining process parameters and the performance characteristics (surface roughness, circularity and cylindricity) using response surface analysis. ANOVA is used to validate the developed mathematical model of the responses. The investigation reveals that the results of TOPSIS technique are in good agreement with the multi-objective Taguchi technique and also feed rate is the most predominant factor which affects the responses.

Field of study: Materials science
Chiral skyrmions in thin magnetic films: new objects for magnetic storage technologies?

Axisymmetric magnetic lines of nanometer sizes (chiral vortices or skyrmions) have been predicted to exist in a large group of noncentrosymmetric crystals more than two decades ago. Recently these magnetic textures have been directly observed in nanolayers of cubic helimagnets and monolayers of magnetic metals. We develop a micromagnetic theory of chiral skyrmions in thin magnetic layers for magnetic materials with intrinsic and induced chirality. Such particle-like and stable micromagnetic objects can exist in broad ranges of applied magnetic fields including zero field. Chiral skyrmions can be used as a new type of highly mobile nanoscale data carriers.

Field of study: Physics
A model Based on Two-fluid Theory for Predicting Hydrodynamic Behavior in 3D Fluidized Bed: II. Fluid Dynamics in Liquid-Solid Systems

A mathematical model,including additional terms in both the liquid-and solid-phase momentum equations based on the two-fluid theory by considering particle-fluid interactions under a quasi-equilibrium state,was employed to explore hydrodynamics in a 0.1 m(long) × 0.1 m(wide) × 0.5 m(high) 3D fluidized bed.The main features of this model are that the characteristic length in the model is of the order of the particle diameter and only a correlation for drag force coefficient is necessary to close the governing equations.Water and particles with a diameter of 2.5×10-3 m and density of 3000 kg·m-3 were used as liquid and solid phases,respectively.Spatio-temporal evolutions were simulated in the platform of CFX 4.4 by adding user-defined Fortran subroutines as liquid inlet velocity was suddenly changed.When liquid inlet velocity increased,both the internal interface and bed surface increased with simulation time,but the internal interface was wave-shaped.When liquid inlet velocity decreased,however,increasing internal interface and decreasing bed surface exhibited linear relation with time.Meanwhile,simulated transient response time was in good agreement with the two-dimensional experiments of Didwanla and Homsy and the one-dimensional theory of Gibilaro,indicating that this model could be used to predict the hydrodynamics of liquid-solid system in three-dimensional fluidized beds.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Aluminum interaction with human brain tau protein phosphorylation by various kinases.

Phosphorylation is an indispensable process for energy and signal transduction in biological systems. AlCl3 at 10 nM to 10 microM range activated in-vitro [gamma-32P]ATP phosphorylation of the brain (tau) tau protein in both normal human or E. coli expressed tau forms; in the presence of the kinases P34, PKP, and PKC. However, higher concentrations of ALCl3 inhibited the tau phosphorylation with P34, PKP, and PKC to a maximum at 1 mM level. AlCl3 at 100 microM to 500 microM range induced non-enzymatic phosphorylation of tau with gamma-ATP, gamma-GTP, and alpha-GTP. AlCl3 activated histone phosphorylation by P34 in a similar pattern. The hyperphosphorylation of tau by Al3+ was accompanied by molecular shift and mobility retardation in SDS-PAGE. This may demonstrate the mechanism of the longterm neurological effect of Al3+ in human brain leading to the formation of the neurofibrillary tangles related to Alzheimer's disease.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Research on the Postgraduates Admission and Training of the Vocational and Technical Pedagogy

The admission policy of postgraduate majoring in the vocational and technical pedagogy needs adjustment,since it's the same as the ordinary pedagogy,which has ignored the subject characteristics and relatively prominent individuality of the vocational and technical pedagogy.Therefore,it needs to adopt the guidance of the admission policy to urge the diversification of the undergraduate background;it needs to strengthen the applicability and skill research direction in the training process to realize the diversification of the employment and the entrepreneurship.Then,to make the advanced talents who specialize in this major truly plays an important role in the economic development and promotes the social economy development unceasingly.

Field of study: Education
Orbicular Rocks: A Review

Orbicular rocks, which are worldwide in occurrence, have been described in more than one hundred localities. Orbicules are found in igneous, metamorphic, and migmatitic terrains and are not restricted to unusual or limited compositions. Concentric shells of contrasted texture and mineralogy about a central core compose orbicule structure, which is often characterized by radially and/or tangentially oriented minerals. Hypotheses of orbicule genesis include both magmatic and metamorphic origins for these rocks; however, no single hypothesis provides a general explanation. Orbicules are compared with other natural and artificial rhythmically layered structures (Liese-gang rings and layered igneous rocks). Spacing of orbicule shells reflects stability of the formational environment. Some orbicule shells result from exchange of material between core and matrix. Conditions that cause rhythmic layering in igneous rocks may result in orbicule formation if crystallization is localized about scattered centers. Cores of such orbicules serve as crystallization centers and need not have specific or limited compositions. No correlation has been demonstrated between orbicule structure, chemical composition, or gross geologic setting. Standard orbicule terminology is suggested: orbicular rocks, orbicules, cores, shells, matrix, and country rock. Descriptive classification of occurrences of orbicular rocks is made according to composition (country rock type), structure (proto-, single-shell, and multi shelled [regular or irregular]), texture (granular, tangential, and radial), and core type (cores similar and dissimilar to matrix).

Field of study: Geology
Investigation of the molecular and crystalline structure of 2,4,6-triazido-3-chloro-5-trifluoromethylpyridine and rotation barrier of the γ-azidogroup around a C-N bond

The molecular and crystalline structure of 2,4,6-triazido-3-chloro-5-trifluoromethylpyridine has been investigated by X-ray diffraction at temperatures of 200 and 293 K. The triazide molecule is nonplanar, and the γ-azidogroup significantly deviates from the aromatic ring plane. Nonempirical quantum-chemical calculations of the internal rotation barrier of the γ-azidogroup around the C-N bond have been performed in the B3LYP/6-311G** approximation. It is shown that the minimum of the total energy of this system corresponds to the dihedral angle between the γ-azidogroup and pyridine cycle planes (∼34.5°), whereas the structures with the γ-azidogroup, oriented in the pyridine cycle plane or perpendicularly to it, are characterized by very low barriers: ∼0.26 and 1.74 kcal mol−1, respectively.

Field of study: Physics
Performance evaluation of InAs/GaSb superlattice photodetector grown on GaAs substrate using AlSb interfacial misfit array

We report on the growth and opto-electronic characterization of type-II InAs/GaSb superlattice (SL) mid-wavelength infrared pin photodetector grown on a GaAs substrate. AlSb interfacial misfit array was employed at the GaAs buffer/GaSb epilayer interface to reduce the dislocation density of the SL structure grown on the lattice mismatched GaAs substrate. Optical and electrical performance of this sample (SL-GaAs) were then compared with the reference sample of the same structure grown on a GaSb substrate (SL-GaSb). At 80 K, the dark current density and the detectivity values of the pin photodetectors were recorded as 5.40 × 10−3 A cm−2 and 2.34 × 1010 cm Hz0.5 W−1 for the SL-GaAs and 9.50 × 10−4 A cm−2 and 4.70 × 1010 cm Hz0.5 W−1 for the SL-GaSb, respectively.

Field of study: Materials science
Degradation of Soil Environment in the Post‐Flooding Area: Content of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) and S‐Triazine Herbicides

Impacts of flooding on the soil environment with regard to soil pollution with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and s‐triazine (cyanazine, simazine, atriazine, propazine, prometryn) herbicides have been evaluated. No clear differences in the sum of the PAHs content were observed in the present studies. Only changes in the levels of individual PAHs were noted. In soils covered with flooding both at a depth of 0–20 and 20–40 high molecular weight PAHs were predominant (especially mutagenic and carcinogenic 5‐rings PAHs) whereas in non‐flooded areas, 2‐ and 3‐rings PAHs constituted over 80%. In the case of s‐triazine herbicides, no influence of flooding on the changes in their content in agriculturally used soils was noted. On the other hand, clearly lower levels of cyanazine, simazine and atriazine were not in the flooded forest soil as compared to the non‐flooded forest soil.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Periodic response to periodic forcing of the Droop equations for phytoplankton growth

The dynamics of a phytoplankton population growing in a chemostat under a periodic supply of nutrients is investigated with the model proposed by Droop. This model differs from the well-known Monod equations by incorporating nutrient storage by the cells. In spite of its nonlinearity and the time delays introduced by an internal nutrient pool, the model predicts a simple response to a periodic nutrient supply. The population is shown to oscillate with the same frequency as the forcing. To prove the existence of a periodic solution local and global bifurcation results are used. This work establishes a basis on which to evaluate experimental data against the model as a representation of the nutrient-phytoplankton interaction when nutrients fluctuate.

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics
An eight-year (1987-1994) time series of rainfall, clouds, water vapor, snow cover, and sea ice derived from SSM/I measurements

, first placed into operation in July 1987, has been making measurements of earth-emitted radiation for over eight years. These data are used to estimate both atmospheric and surface hydrological parameters and to generate a time series of global monthly mean products averaged to a 1° lat × 1° long grid. Specifically, this includes monthly estimates of rainfall and its frequency, cloud liquid water and cloud frequency, water vapor, snow cover frequency, and sea ice frequency. This study uses seasonal mean values to demonstrate the spatial and temporal distributions of these hydrological variables. Examples of interannual variability such as the 1993 flooding in the Mississippi Valley and the 1992–93 snow cover changes over the United States are used to demonstrate the utility of these data for regional applications.

Field of study: Environmental science
Kesehatan untuk Kedamaian dan Perdamaian Harapan dan Tantangan bagi Profesi Kedokteran

Spurred by a high sense of integrity and idealism to dedicate oneself to the cause of humanity, with a well-organized fraternity encompassing the world, the medical profession is in a strong position to foster the individual's inner peace and global peace. This can be done by well-directed efforts to strengthen health for the individual, the family and the community, through vocational training and education and limitation of population growth in balance with its productivity. Also through more concerted efforts to abolish poverty and to motivate people in pursuing a better life, materially, intellectually and spiritually. To voice moral indignation at injustice, cruelty, crime, exploitation and oppression of an individual or a nation-by another individual or nation, To stress the importance for science and technology to be dedicated to peaceful uses, and to condemn the nuclear race and the use of nuclear armament in settling international conflicts. It is a duty to preserve life's environment and to contribute in building a new and better world, socially, economically and culturally, based on equality, freedom, justice and fair distribution of material and spiritual wealth. It should be realized that the pursuit of peace in the world should start with and be based upon the attainment of the individual's inner peace.  medical profession â€” peace studies â€” environmental preservation â€” abolishment of nuclear war â€” medical ethics

Field of study: Medicine