nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Should the Newly Dead be Used to Help the Living? An Issue in Our Time

Every culture's attitude and treatment of the bodies of those who have died manifests its understanding of the meaning of life and death . The late medieval period faced the question of the use of cadavers for education and research. Today society is struggling with the issue of determining the criterion of death especially in relation to organ donation. Within this context a new question is emerging. What is the ethical response to the newly dead who could be sustained on support systems for the promotion of social goods? It is possible, or projected to be possible, to keep the bodies of persons functioning indefinitely through artificial means after they have been pronounced dead. This practice could benefit others through organ and tissue donation, research, and education. Should this activity be promoted or should it be halted before it becomes common practice? Would such a practice enhance or detract from humane consideration of others? In order to contribute to the ethical response to these questions, this paper will discuss who fits in the category of neomorts, how they could contribute to the well being of others, what values are at risk and what conditions ought

Field of study: Medicine, Philosophy
Systemic and Portal Hemodynamic Response to Propranolol in Patients with Portal Hypertension Due to Hepatitis C Virus

Propranolol, a β-adrenergic blocker, has been reported to reduce portal pressure in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis and thereby might be useful in the prophylaxis of variceal bleeding. Since it is not known if the response of patients with portal hypertension due to hepatitis C virus is similar, systemic and portal hemodynamic response to propranolol was evaluated in 10 patients with portal hypertension and hepatitis C virus infection.  Patients were studied before the intravenous infusion of 0.15 mg/kg propranolol, and 30 min after the infusion.  Propranolol induced highly significant systemic hemodynamic effects, reducing heart rate from 65 ± 6 to 57 ± 5 (p < 0.0001) and cardiac output from 6.7 ± 1.6 to 5.0 ± 1.1 (liters/min, p < 0.0005). The effect on the pulmonary circulation was a mild increase in diastolic pulmonary artery pressure. Propranolol induced a mild and insignificant decrease in wedged hepatic vein pressure (WHVP), from 32 ± 6 to 29 ± 5 mm Hg, and hepatic venous pressure gradient from 18 ± 3 to 16 ± 5 mm Hg (p > 0.05). Decrease of WHVP of more than 5 mm Hg occurred only in 3 out of 10 patients.  It is suggested that propranolol may be useful only in some patients with portal hypertension associated with hepatitis C virus infection.

Field of study: Medicine
Spin Hall effect in heavy ion collisions

Spin Hall effect (SHE) is the generation of spin current due to an electric field, and has been observed in a variety of materials. The analogous spin Hall current can be induced by chemical potential and temperature gradient, both of which are present in hot and dense nuclear matter created in heavy-ion collisions. In this letter, we investigate the perspective of detecting spin Hall current experimentally. We propose to measure "directed spin flow", the first Fourier coefficients of local spin polarization of $\Lambda$ ($\bar{\Lambda}$) hyperon, at central collisions to probe spin Hall current. To quantify induced spin current, we evaluate relevant transport coefficients using thermal field theory. We benchmark the magnitude of the induced "directed spin flow" at two representatively collisions energies, namely $\sqrt{s}_{NN}=200~{\rm GeV}$ and $\sqrt{s}_{NN}=19.6~{\rm GeV}$, by employing a phenomenologically motivated freeze-out prescription. At both beam energies, the resulting "directed spin flow" ranges from $10^{-4}$ to $10^{-3}$, and is very sensitive to the rapidity.

Field of study: Physics
Teaching and Practice of Communication Principles Course by the Aid of MatLab/Simulink

Communication Principles course is characterized by numerous content,abstract,complex,and systematic.Students feel boring,difficult to understand and master this course.In order to improve the teaching quality of teachers and learning efficiency of students,presents the application of MatLab/Simulink software to Communication Principle in the teaching process of the course,and vertificates with lots of examples.Good results have been achieved in the teaching link and practical link.

Field of study: Computer science
A Design Concept of Solar Photovoltaic Power Generation—LED Lighting System of the Development Building

The paper describes the working principle and design concept of the solar photovoltaic power generation—LED lighting system applied in the Comprehensive Development Building,the electricity from solar photovoltaic power generation is directly used for lighting of basement and corridor so that the direct connection of photovoltaic power generation with LED lighting is realized,which provides a good way for extensive application of photovoltaic power generation and LED lighting.

Field of study: Materials science
Developmental process of sun and shade leaves in Chenopodium album L.

The authors’ previous study of Chenopodium album L. revealed that the light signal for anatomical differentiation of sun and shade leaves is sensed by mature leaves, not by developing leaves. They suggested that the two-cell-layered palisade tissue of the sun leaves would be formed without a change in the total palisade tissue cell number. To verify that suggestion, a detailed study was made of the developmental processes of the sun and shade leaves of C. album with respect to the division of palisade tissue cells (PCs) and the data was expressed against developmental time (leaf plastochron index, LPI). The total number of PCs per leaf did not differ between the sun and shade leaves throughout leaf development (from LPI −1 to 10). In both sun and shade leaves, anticlinal cell division of PCs occurred most frequently from LPI −1 to 2. In sun leaves, periclinal division of PCs occurred synchronously with anticlinal division. The constancy of the total number of PCs indicates that periclinal divisions occur at the expense of anticlinal divisions. These results support the above suggestion that two-cell-layered palisade tissue is formed by a change of cell division direction without a change in the total number of PCs. PCs would be able to recognize the polarity or axis that is perpendicular to the leaf plane and thereby change the direction of their cell divisions in response to the light signal from mature leaves.

Field of study: Environmental science
The legal nature and judicial restraint of college entrance right——Perspective from the Administrative Law about "Luo Cai-xia Incident"

University lawsuit has increased in recent years,the legal status of institutions of higher learning forms public institution corporate,public corporate,"special corporate" of public corporate,organization empowered by law and regulations and third department.In fact,the legal status of Chinese public institutions of higher learning has a triple identity,namely: public institution corporate,organization empowered by law and regulations and administrative object.College entrance right is the executive powers of organization empowered by law and regulations,colleges and students constitute external administrative law relations in the implementation enrollment process of college,when the college students think their right to education is against,they apply to administrative proceedings and can find the executive compensation.

Field of study: Education
Do central antiadrenergic actions contribute to the atypical properties of clozapine?

Full neuropharmacological understanding of the atypical antipsychotic agent clozapine remains elusive. Antidopaminergic actions of most neuroleptics probably contribute to their antipsychotic benefits, but also to neurological side-effects. Clinical evidence of abnormalities of dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5-HT) in psychotic disorders is inconsistent, but there is substantial metabolic and post-mortem evidence for hyperactivity of noradrenaline (NA). Clozapine is only weakly antidopaminergic but is a potent antagonist at brain alpha 1-adrenergic, 5-HT2-serotonergic, and muscarinic receptors. Its apparent limbic-over-extrapyramidal neurophysiological selectivity can be mimicked by combining a typical neuroleptic with a central alpha 1 antagonist. Clozapine strongly upregulates alpha 1, but not DA, receptor abundance, and may supersensitise alpha 1 but not DA receptors in rat brain. Clozapine also selectively increases activity of NA neurons and metabolic turnover in NA more than DA areas of rat brain, and also increases NA, but not DA or 5-HT, metabolites in human CSF. Potential psychotropic effects of selective central antiadrenergic agents may deserve reconsideration.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Perceptions of Purple: Counterfactual and Hindsight Judgments at Northwestern Wildcats Football Games

Previous research has supported the counterintuitive idea that counterfactual thinking (thoughts of what might have been) may increase rather than decrease the hindsight bias (post hoc certainty regarding a factual outcome) and that this effect is mediated by shifts in causal perceptions. Unlike previous research, which has been limited to simple laboratory demonstrations, the present studies assessed highly involved sports fans' perceptions before and after home football games. Participants induced to generate counterfactual thoughts after the game showed a greater hindsight bias than control participants. Participants induced to generate causal explanations evinced a similar exacerbation of the hindsight bias, supporting previous claims that the positive effect of counterfactual thinking on the hindsight bias is mediated by explanations that satisfyingly accountfor the outcome.

Field of study: Psychology
Adaptive reliability satisfaction in wireless sensor networks through controlling the number of active routing paths

The number of active paths in multipath routing scenarios (with concurrent data transmission over the established paths) affects the provided reliability degree as well as the imposed overhead of path management. Since the reliability of individual links varies over the time, adaptively setting the sufficient number of active paths turns out to be essential. In this paper, we first propose a Reliability Estimation for WSNs (RE-WSNs) algorithm, based on ordered binary decision diagram (OBDD) data structure, which gives the network reliability in terms of the reliability of all individual links. Second, we propose a novel algorithm called adaptive reliability satisfaction–multipath routing (ARS–MR) which adaptively sets the sufficient number of active paths, aiming at keeping the network reliability within a desired quantitative range and minimizing path management overhead. In activation/inactivation process it further takes into account energy efficiency considerations. The proposed ARS–MR algorithm can be used in conjunction with any arbitrary multipath algorithm in WSNs. Simulation results with NS-2 reveal that ARS–MR is quite successful in timely reacting to variations of links reliability. Indeed, it manages the number of active paths and keeps the reliability of the network satisfactory over the course of network lifetime.

Field of study: Engineering
Polynucleotide Can Stabilize Nucleobase-appended Cholesterol Gels

The influence of added poly(A) or poly(C) on the gelation ability of uracil-appended cholesterol gelator was investigated. It was found that RNA-gelator complexes were formed in n-butanol solution. In particular, complementary poly(A) not only stabilized the gel system but also created the helical structure in the original gel phase.

Field of study: Chemistry
Effect of on-site Coulomb repulsion on ferromagnetic fluctuations in heavily over-doped cuprates.

We theoretically study ferromagnetic (FM) fluctuations that are experimentally observed in the heavily overdoped region of cuprate superconductors. To explore the origin of FM fluctuations, we evaluate the spin susceptibilities of a single-band Hubbard model within the fluctuation exchange approximation. Model parameters are derived using the Wannierization technique and the constrained random phase approximation method based on the maximally localized Wannier functions. The constrained random phase approximation calculations reveal that the on-site Coulomb interaction decreases with an increase in hole doping. By taking this reduction of the on-site Coulomb interaction into account, the emergence of FM fluctuations in heavily overdoped cuprates can be explained.

Field of study: Physics
Maize, switchgrass, and ponderosa pine biochar added to soil increased herbicide sorption and decreased herbicide efficacy

Biochar, a by-product of pyrolysis made from a wide array of plant biomass when producing biofuels, is a proposed soil amendment to improve soil health. This study measured herbicide sorption and efficacy when soils were treated with low (1% w/w) or high (10% w/w) amounts of biochar manufactured from different feedstocks [maize (Zea mays) stover, switchgrass (Panicum vigatum), and ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa)], and treated with different post-processing techniques. Twenty-four hour batch equilibration measured sorption of 14C-labelled atrazine or 2,4-D to two soil types with and without biochar amendments. Herbicide efficacy was measured with and without biochar using speed of seed germination tests of sensitive species. Biochar amended soils sorbed more herbicide than untreated soils, with major differences due to biochar application rate but minor differences due to biochar type or post-process handling technique. Biochar presence increased the speed of seed germination compared with herbicide alone addition. These data indicate that biochar addition to soil can increase herbicide sorption and reduce efficacy. Evaluation for site-specific biochar applications may be warranted to obtain maximal benefits without compromising other agronomic practices.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Evaluation of MOPITT version 7 joint TIR-NIR XCO retrievals with TCCON

Observations of carbon monoxide (CO) from the Measurements Of Pollution In The Troposphere (MOPITT) instrument aboard the Terra spacecraft were expected to have an accuracy of 10 % prior to the launch in 1999. Here we evaluate MOPITT Version 7 joint (V7J) thermal-infrared and near-infrared (TIR–NIR) retrieval accuracy and precision and suggest ways to further improve the accuracy of the observations. We take five steps involving filtering or bias corrections to reduce scatter and bias in the data relative to other MOPITT soundings and ground-based measurements. (1) We apply a preliminary filtering scheme in which measurements over snow and ice are removed. (2) We find a systematic pairwise bias among the four MOPITT along-track detectors (pixels) on the order of 3–4 ppb with a small temporal trend, which we remove on a global scale using a temporally trended bias correction. (3) Using a small-region approximation (SRA), a new filtering scheme is developed and applied based on additional quality indicators such as the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). After applying these new filters, the root-mean-squared error computed using the local median from the SRA over 16 years of global observations decreases from 3.84 to 2.55 ppb. (4) We also use the SRA to find variability in MOPITT retrieval anomalies that relates to retrieval parameters. We apply a bias correction to one parameter from this analysis.  After applying the previous bias corrections and filtering, we compare the MOPITT results with the GGG2014 ground-based Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON) observations to obtain an overall global bias correction. These comparisons show that MOPITT V7J is biased high by about 6 %–8 %, which is similar to past studies using independent validation datasets on V6J. When using TCCON spectrometric column retrievals without the standard airmass correction or scaling to aircraft (WMO scale), the ground- and satellite-based observations overall agree to better than 0.5 %. GEOS-Chem data assimilations are used to estimate the influence of filtering and scaling to TCCON on global CO and tend to pull concentrations away from the prior fluxes and closer to the truth. We conclude with suggestions for further improving the MOPITT data products.

Field of study: Environmental science
A research for measuring proton fluence with TLD

The article determines the sensitivity of measuring proton(14 32MeV) fluence using thermoluminescence dosimeters(TLD) on theoretical grounds and performs the experiment research. The components, dimensions and dosimetric properties of the TLDs used in this experiment are described. The energy losses, absorbed doses and proton influence sensitivities are calculated on the theoretical grounds. Two types of TLDs are used for measuring the proton fluence on 35MeV proton accelerator. The scattering beams are acquired by gold foil. The proton fluence uniformity of identical scattering distance and angle are measured using TLDs. The proton fluence nonuniformity of identical scattering distance and different scattering angle are also measured by TLDs. The proton fluence nonuniformity ratios of different scattering angle measusred by TLD agree with the theoretical value.The measured data are compared with Faraday cup's data and the results show agreement with estimated uncertainties (±10%).This paper demonstrates that the proton fluence measured by TLD is accurate.

Field of study: Physics
On Using the Volatile Mem-Capacitive Effect of TiO2 Resistive Random Access Memory to Mimic the Synaptic Forgetting Process

In this work, we report on mimicking the synaptic forgetting process using the volatile mem-capacitive effect of a resistive random access memory (RRAM). TiO2 dielectric, which is known to show volatile memory operations due to migration of inherent oxygen vacancies, was used to achieve the volatile mem-capacitive effect. By placing the volatile RRAM candidate along with SiO2 at the gate of a MOS capacitor, a volatile capacitance change resembling the forgetting nature of a human brain is demonstrated. Furthermore, the memory operation in the MOS capacitor does not require a current flow through the gate dielectric indicating the feasibility of obtaining low power memory operations. Thus, the mem-capacitive effect of volatile RRAM candidates can be attractive to the future neuromorphic systems for implementing the forgetting process of a human brain.

Field of study: Materials science
Real-time data of the URAGAN muon hodoscope

Data from detectors deployed on space satellites and on the surface of the Earth are used to monitor space weather. One such detector is the URAGAN muon hodoscope, which registers the angular distribution of the muon flux in a wide range of zenith angles. The results from processing data in the real-time mode are time series of characteristics of angular distributions. Images of the current plots of time series and matrices of variations of angular distributions can be seen at the NEVOD experimental complex’s website on the Internet.

Field of study: Physics
Reducing Parent Distress and Increasing Parent Coping-Promoting Behavior During Children's Medical Procedure

The study investigated whether involving parents in their child's cognitive-behavioral intervention would effectively reduce parent distress during their child's medical procedure. Parents participating with their 3- to 7-year-old children prior to a voiding cystourethrogram were randomly assigned to an intervention (N = 20) or a standard care (N = 20) condition. The intervention included provision of information, coping skills training, and parent coaching. Parents participating in the intervention had a significant reduction in anxiety following the intervention relative to parents in standard care. Trained parents displayed fewer distress-promoting and more coping-promoting behaviors during the procedure, even though parents in both conditions reported similar levels of anxiety during the procedure. Involving parents in children's interventions is crucial to reduce parent distress and prepare parents to assist their child during the medical procedure.

Field of study: Psychology
Numerical comparison of methods for solving a special fourth-order boundary value problem

In this paper, we implement relatively new analytical techniques, the differential transform method, Adomian decomposition, and homotopy perturbation method, for solving a fourth-order boundary value problem. In these schemes, the solution takes the form of a convergent series with easily computable components. This paper will present a numerical comparison between the three methods for solving a fourth-order boundary value problem. The numerical results demonstrates that the new methods are quite accurate and efficient for this kind of problems.

Field of study: Mathematics
The Convent of Santa Clara, the Elite and Social Change in Eighteenth Century Querétaro

This article focuses on the changes that occurred within Querétaro's elite from the late Habsburg to the high Bourbon period in colonial Mexico from the perspective of its relationship to the convent of Santa Clara. It explores how creole elite families of landed background with firm roots in the early seventeenth century, tied together through marriage, entrepreneurship and membership in Santa Clara were slowly pushed out of the city's economic and administrative circles by a new Bourbon elite which broke with the social strategies of the past by not sheltering its daughters in the city's most opulent convent.

Field of study: Political science
A newly isolated Chlorella sp. from desert sand crusts exhibits a unique resistance to excess light intensity.

We recently isolated a small green alga from a biological sand crust (BSC) in the NW Negev, Israel. Based on its 18S rRNA and rbcL genes, it is a close relative of Chlorella sorokiniana and of certain strains of C. vulgaris and C. variabilis, but differs substantially in many aspects from C. sorokiniana. Because the classification of Chlorellales is still not resolved, we designated this species as C. ohadii (Trebouxiophyceae) in honor of Professor Itzhak Ohad. Under controlled laboratory conditions, C. ohadii showed marked structural and photosynthetic performance changes, depending on the carbon source used during growth, as well as remarkable resistance to photoinhibition. CO2 -dependent O2 evolution was not affected even when exposed to a light intensity of 3500 μmole photons m(-2)  s(-1) , over 1.5 times the maximal intensity reached at the BSC surface, whereas the variable fluorescence declined sharply. We briefly discuss the use of fluorescence to assess photosynthetic rate and the implications of this finding for the assessment of global BSCs activity.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
The Stability of Teacher Ratings on the Devereux Elementary School Behavior Rating Scale

AbstractThe stability of Devereux ratings (eleven factors, three items) was investigated for a sample comprised of 67 subjects from the primary unit of a suburban school organized with open classrooms and vertical grouping. The time interval between ratings was approximately one year. The reliabilities differed substantially for the fourteen scores. For the eleven factors, the median r was .73, but individual r’s ranged from .82 for Comprehension through.49 for Achievement Anxiety. The reliabilities for the three single items compared favorably with those for the eleven factors even though the latter were obtained by summing the scores for several items.

Field of study: Education