nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Correlation and provenance of upper Mesozoic chert-rich conglomerate of California

In the central coastal region of California, conglomerate that is rich in chert and quartzite clasts occurs as channel deposits in thin-bedded turbidites of the lower part of the Great Valley sequence of Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous age (Tithonian to Valanginian). Very similar conglomerate occurs in displaced blocks in melange of the Franciscan assemblage. The Franciscan conglomerate, however, is richer by about 8% in vein-quartz pebbles and requires a slightly different source area. Thick-bedded lithic sandstone in Franciscan melange is also petrographically similar to sandstone of the lower part of the Great Valley sequence, but it is less rich in lithic grains, and, likewise, requires a slightly different source area. The Franciscan conglomerate and sandstone compare most closely with the southernmost exposures of the lower part of the Great Valley sequence near Santa Barbara and may have had a more southerly source area. Younger Franciscan sedimentary rocks are less similar to rocks of the Great Valley sequence, possibly because of the influence of an enlarging subduction complex. Correlative conglomerates of the Great Valley sequence of the Sacramento Valley are very rich in chert clasts, whereas those of the San Joaquin Valley contain more clasts of other sedimentary and volcanic rocks. A speculative model, similar to one proposed previously, suggests that the Great Valley forearc basin formed in an embayment with promontories north and south. The promontories contributed pebbles rich in chert that were transported longitudinally north and south into the basin, then westward. Less extensive, volcanic-rich conglomerates were derived from the east. Comparisons of clast compositions suggest that the chert-rich conglomerates of the Great Valley sequence of the central coast area were deposited about 300 km north of their present positions. Deposition was followed by 700 to 800 km of mid-Cretaceous sinistral strike slip on the Sur-Nacimiento fault and 400 to 500 km of Cenozoic dextral strike slip on the San Andreas fault.

Field of study: Geology
William Bingham, Agent of the Continetal Congress in Marinique

IOOKING back, it seems fairly obvious that France would support the English colonists in America in their revolt against the -* mother country. Although at the time the Americans were uncertain of the extent to which they could depend upon her, there were early indications that France and probably Spain would cooperate in the effort to hamper England by giving surreptitious aid to the colonies. As early as the summer of 1775 there were stories unearthed by British spies and relayed back to England that ships, actually French and Spanish property but made to appear American in case of detection, were being fitted out in the West Indies. In England the government was already convinced that help was going to the American rebels directly from Europe as well as from the West Indies. There is no doubt that during the winter of 1775-1776 powder and arms were trickling into the rebellious colonies from the French islands, especially from Martinique. The ships returned to Martinique taking cargoes of American produce in demand there, with orders from Congress to bring back more war supplies. If this trade could be enlarged, and if vessels engaged in it could avoid capture by British ships, it might become a very profitable business for the French islands as well as for the continental colonies. Early in 1776 it became known that France was about to send a squadron over to the West Indies, supposedly for self-defense, but actually to protect this trade between the French islands and the American colonies. About the same time the Continental Congress in Philadelphia authorized the issuance of privateering commissions. The crying need of the American colonies was military supplies, supplied in former wars by the mother country. France was the log-

Field of study: History
The Costs of Living: How Market Freedom Erodes the Best Things in Life

This text argues that market freedom is undermining much that is good in life and offers ways to put an end to this erosion. People value their freedom, family, friends, work, education, health and leisure - the things that are regarded as the best things in life. However, the pressure to satisfy both the "bottom line" and the seemingly insatiable need to consume is eroding these "best things". Children are more interested in what their sporting heroes earn than their actual sporting success; educational systems have become financial investments, and not media for learning; the business world turns idealists into cynics who cut corners, choose quantity over quality and cross legal boundaries; and professional people weigh the "opportunity costs" of spending time with their family and friends against working longer hours.

Field of study: Political science
Magnification-type x-ray imaging system: optimum design and image restoration.

A magnification-type x-ray imaging system, that is, an x-ray microscope, is evaluated by taking into account the partial coherency of the illumination of the objects. The transfer characteristic proposed in an earlier paper [ (1984)] is used for the evaluation, and based on the results, an optimum design for a high-resolution x-ray imaging system is discussed. The image restoration method for this system is also shown.

Field of study: Physics
Generation of test purposes from Use Case Maps

The Use Case Map (UCM) scenario notation can be used to model service requirements and high-level designs for reactive and distributed systems. It is therefore a natural candidate for use in the process of generating requirements-directed test suites. We survey several approaches for deriving test purposes from UCM models. We distinguish three main approaches. The first approach is based on testing patterns, the second one on UCM scenario definitions, and the third one on transformations to formal specifications (such as Lotos). Several techniques will be briefly illustrated and compared in terms of quality of the test purposes obtained, ease of use, and tool support. We also identify challenges in refining these test purposes into test cases as well as opportunities for improving current UCM-based testing.

Field of study: Computer science
The role of the clinical psychologist on a burn unit in a general teaching hospital

This paper reviews the core skills that a clinical psychologist brings to a burn unit and suggests a model for optimal psychological management of burn patients, families, and staff. Recovery from a burn injury involves three stages that comprise (a) acute treatment of severe medical complications, (b) adjustment to hospitalization, and (c) long-term rehabilitation. Each stage contains numerous issues that the clinical psychologist should monitor and manage. Assessment of patients at risk, early intervention, and specialist management are highlighted as critical components of effective psychological management of burn injury in a multidisciplinary team context.

Field of study: Psychology
On the relativistic description of the nucleus

We present a formalism able to generalise to a relativistically covariant scheme the standard nuclear shell model. We show that, using some generalised nuclear Green’s functions and their Lehmann representation we can define the relativistic equivalent of the non-relativistic single-particle wave function (not losing, however, the physical contribution of other degrees of freedom, like mesons and antinucleons). It is shown that the mass operator associated to the nuclear Green’s function can be approximated with the equivalent of a shell model potential and that the corresponding “single-particle wave functions” can be easily derived in a specified frame of reference and then boosted to any other system, thus fully restoring the Lorentz covariance.

Field of study: Physics
Apparatus to secure core samples from the ocean-bottom

While engaged on the determination of the radium content of the samples of ocean-bottom taken by the ship Carnegie on her last (1932) cruise, the author became aware of the desirability of core samples of this material rather than the usual “snapper” samples then available. Diagrams of a suggested apparatus were discussed with several oceanographic investigators, but no money was available for development. Early in 1933, A. C. Lane brought the subject to the attention of the Geological Society of America, and in October of that year the Council, on the recommendation of the Committee on Projects, approved a grant for a project, of which this report is the conclusion. The requirements of an apparatus designed to operate at the end of a line under a mile or more of water are varied and conflicting. Deep soundings are difficult to make at best, and skin-friction is such that a . . .

Field of study: Geology
Climate variability in the western Mediterranean between 121 and 67 ka derived from a Mallorcan speleothem record

The western Mediterranean region is exceptionally vulnerable to predicted climate changes of increasing temperature and aridity. Characterizing past climate oscillations since the last interglacial (LIG) is critical to understand climate patterns during the present warm period. Here we present an accurately dated speleothem record (CAM-1) of paleoclimate between 121 and 67 ka from the island of Mallorca. The growth history combined with the isotopic record and mineral changes, provides evidence of dramatic climatic shifts in the western Mediterranean. Isotopic equilibrium deposition was assessed by Hendy tests and by comparing the δ18O in modern drip water with newly precipitated calcite. We argue that variability of δ18O in CAM-1 is mainly related to changes in source of precipitation, whereas high δ13C values reflect a dry climate. Calcite rather than aragonite growth is related to cooler, drier climate. The MIS 5e/5d transition, C24, C23, and C21 cold events concomitantly recorded in CAM-1, ODP 984, and NGRIP highlights the teleconnection between high and mid-latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere. Our record reveals a prolonged aridity during MIS 5c and a sudden climate shift from drier to wetter conditions beginning with MIS 5b. A growth hiatus at 67 to 53 ka probably marks the driest period, after which slow calcite growth indicates markedly drier climate during the last glacial and Holocene than during MIS 5. Many of the significant changes in growth rates and stable isotopic composition are synchronous with events that are likely driven by regional climate and large circulation patterns linked to the North Atlantic.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Test data generation with a Kalman filter-based adaptive genetic algorithm

We introduce a new approach for generating test data, based on adaptive optimisation.The adaptive optimisation framework uses feedback from the optimisation process to adjust parameter values of a genetic algorithm during the search.Our approach is compared to a state of the art test data optimisation algorithm that does not adapt parameter values online, and a conspicuous adaptive optimisation algorithm, outperforming both methods in a wide range of problems. Software testing is a crucial part of software development. It enables quality assurance, such as correctness, completeness and high reliability of the software systems. Current state-of-the-art software testing techniques employ search-based optimisation methods, such as genetic algorithms to handle the difficult and laborious task of test data generation. Despite their general applicability, genetic algorithms have to be parameterised in order to produce results of high quality. Different parameter values may be optimal for different problems and even different problem instances. In this work, we introduce a new approach for generating test data, based on adaptive optimisation. The adaptive optimisation framework uses feedback from the optimisation process to adjust parameter values of a genetic algorithm during the search. Our approach is compared to a state of the art test data optimisation algorithm that does not adapt parameter values online, and a representative adaptive optimisation algorithm, outperforming both methods in a wide range of problems.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
On obvious strategy-proofness and single-peakedness

We characterize the set of all obviously strategy-proof and onto social choice functions on the domain of single-peaked preferences. Since obvious strategy-proofness implies strategy-proofness, and the set of strategy-proof and onto social choice functions on this domain coincides with the class of generalized median voter schemes, we focus on this class. We identify a condition on generalized median voter schemes for which the following characterization holds. A generalized median voter scheme is obviously strategy-proof if and only if it satisfies the increasing intersection property. Our proof is constructive; for each generalized median voter scheme that satisfies the increasing intersection property we define an extensive game form that implements it in obviously dominant strategies.

Field of study: Economics
Maternal obesity and markers of inflammation in pregnancy.

To evaluate whether obesity is associated with changes in pro-inflammatory and immunomodulatory cytokines in pregnancy.



We performed a cross-sectional study using maternal serum from the early second trimester to examine biomarkers associated with inflammation in relation to maternal body mass index (n=80 total).



Leptin and high sensitivity C-reactive protein were significantly different between groups and increased with increasing body mass index. MCP-1 was significantly increased in the morbidly obese mothers. Interleukin-2 exhibited a U-shaped relationship with body mass index; transforming growth factor-beta1 demonstrated a nonsignificant negative trend with body mass index; and the levels of hepatocyte growth factor and tumor necrosis factor-alpha did not differ appreciably between groups.



Maternal obesity in pregnancy is associated with changes in cytokines, protein hormones and acute phase proteins in the second trimester, with an increase in MCP-1 in the morbid obesity category, and an increase in Leptin and hsCRP with increasing BMI category.

Field of study: Medicine
A nonconforming covolume method for elliptic problems

We consider a control volume (covolume) method for second-order elliptic PDEs with the rotated-Q1 nonconforming finite element on rectangular grids. The coefficient κ may a variable, diagonal tensor, or discontinuous. We prove first-order convergence in H1 norm and second order convergence in L2 norm when the partition is square. Our numerical experiments show that our covolume scheme has about 30% less error than FEM even when κ is discontinuous tensor.

Field of study: Mathematics
Factors influencing local communities’ perceptions towards conservation of transboundary wildlife resources: the case of the Great Limpopo Trans-frontier Conservation Area

Local communities’ perceptions of protected areas are important determinants of the success of conservation efforts in Southern Africa, as these perceptions affect people’s attitudes and behaviour with respect to conservation. As a result, the involvement of local communities in transboundary wildlife conservation is now viewed as an integral part of regional development initiatives. Building on unique survey data and applying regression analysis, this paper investigates the determinants of the perceptions of local communities around the Great Limpopo Trans-frontier Conservation Area in Zimbabwe and South Africa. Our results illustrate that people perceiving the park as well-managed tend to have more positive perceptions regarding the benefits from the park, rules governing the park, and wildlife conservation in general. Household expertise on resource extraction, in turn, tends to make people more likely to perceive environmental crime as morally acceptable. Furthermore, the results indicate that if people perceive the rules of the park in a negative way, then they are less likely to conserve wildlife. Receiving benefits from the park has a positive impact on people’s perceptions of the rules governing the park, as well as on their perception of wildlife conservation in general, but not on perceptions about environmental crime. Surprisingly, perceived high levels of corruption is positively associated with people’s perception of wildlife benefits and with perceptions of that environmental crime is morally justified. There is also evidence of the role of socioeconomic variables on people’s perceptions towards wildlife. However, unobservable contextual factors could be responsible for explaining part of the variation in people’s perceptions. Our results speak to the literature on large-scale collective action since perceptions of wildlife benefits, corruption, environmental crime, park management and rules governing the parks, all affect local communities’ ability and willingness to self organize. These variables are interesting because they can be influenced by policy through training and awareness campaigns.

Field of study: Environmental science
Choline deficiency augments and antibody to tumor necrosis factor-alpha attenuates endotoxin-induced hepatic injury.

Alcoholic liver disease can be associated with hepatic choline deficiency and hepatic steatosis, abnormalities also observed in rats administered choline-deficient (CD) diets. Bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) have been postulated to play a key role in this choline deficiency model of liver injury, and LPS hepatotoxicity is mediated to a major extent by the inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha). This study addressed the following questions: Does LPS administration exacerbate an in vivo liver injury induced by choline deficiency? If so, do CD rats have increased serum TNF-alpha concentrations and does pretreatment anti-TNF-alpha IgG attenuate this injury? Rats administered choline-sufficient (CS) or CD diets for 16 days were intravenously administered either saline or LPS. One group of CD rats also received a single dose of anti-TNF-alpha IgG before LPS administration. Changes in histology and serum transaminase levels were determined. Both liver histology and serum transaminases were unchanged in the CS group treated with LPS, compared with the CS group treated with saline (control group). However, compared with this control group, transaminases were 5- to 7-fold higher in saline-treated CD rats and 30- to 50-fold higher in LPS-treated CD rats. Livers of saline-treated CD rats had massive fatty infiltration, and no necrosis but livers of LPS-treated CD rats showed both extensive fatty infiltration and large areas of necrosis. Serum TNF-alpha concentrations in CD rats (saline or LPS treated) were significantly elevated, compared with levels in corresponding CS rats. Pretreatment with the anti-TNF-alpha IgG prevented hepatonecrosis in LPS-treated CD rats and lowered their serum transaminases by one-third. Thus, LPS administration exacerbated liver injury induced by choline deficiency, and this injury was probably partially mediated by TNF-alpha and attenuated by anti-TNF-alpha IgG.

Field of study: Medicine
Optimization Framework for Cost Estimating of On-orbit Refueling Mission

In this paper, a method to analyze and optimize the cost of on-orbit refueling mission is proposed and developed. On-orbit refueling optimization framework which aims to minimize service cost of spacecraft is established. In order to analyze the best on-orbit refueling strategy, cost models of both disposable and reusable spacecraft that could offer propellant-loading operation are built up and cost elements are classified on basis of spacecraft cost model. Numerical results show that the reusable spacecraft has more advantages than the conventional disposable spacecraft. According to optimization, the refueling period of reusable spacecraft is shorter than the disposable one and the total cost is lower. Also, the cost of reusable spacecraft, closely related to the development of technology, plays the most important role in the overall cost of on-orbit refueling mission.

Field of study: Engineering
The Battle for Rubber in Benin

At the start of the Second World War, British policies restricted rubber planting in Nigeria's Benin region. After Japan occupied Southeast Asia, Britain encouraged maximum production of rubber in Benin. Late in the war, officials struggled with the planting boom that had occurred. The war was a period of both continuity and change. Producers gained experience and capital. Forestry policies restricting planting survived, and output quality continued to occupy officials after the war. The colonial state was hindered by a lack of knowledge and resources, and by its pursuit of conflicting objectives in giving incentives to both producers and traders.

Field of study: Economics, History
An Active-Learning Assignment Requiring Pharmacy Students to Write Medicinal Chemistry Examination Questions

To implement and assess the effectiveness of an assignment requiring doctor of pharmacy (PharmD) students to write examination questions for the medicinal chemistry sections of a pharmacotherapeutics course.  Students were divided into groups of 5-6 and given detailed instructions and grading rubrics for writing multiple-choice examination questions on medicinal chemistry topics. The compiled student-written questions for each examination were provided to the entire class as a study aid. Approximately 5% of the student-written questions were used in course examinations. Assessment. Student appreciation of and performance in the medicinal chemistry portion of the course was significantly better than that of the previous year’s class. Also, students’ responses on a qualitative survey instrument indicated that the assignment provided students’ guidance on which concepts to focus on, helped them retain knowledge better, and fostered personal exploration of the content, which led to better performance on examinations.  Adding an active-learning assignment in which students write examination questions for the medicinal chemistry portion of a pharmacotherapeutics course was an effective means of increasing students engagement in the class and knowledge of the course material.

Field of study: Education, Medicine
Experimental Demonstration of Free-Space Decoy-State Quantum Key Distribution over 144 km

In this paper, we report on the successful quantum key distribution using attenuated laser pulses over a real distance of 144 km. This link between the Canary islands of La Palma and Tenerife has a path length through atmosphere much longer than from LEO satellites to a ground station and serves as a realistic test bed for future quantum communication to space.

Field of study: Physics