nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
New spin echo techniques in the earth's magnetic field range

Free precession, the fundamental phenomenon of spin echo techniques, is essentially nonresonant. The spin echoes include always 1) a coherent transitory state as starting point; 2) a dispersion of the elementary moments in the plane perpendicular to the magnetic field; 3) a rotation by an angle cc of the dispersion plane of the moments with respect to the magnetic field direction, and, 4) the observation of one or several echoes. Stages 2) and 4), caused by the spreading of Larmor frequencies, are passive; in general, stages 1) and 3) are obtained by pulsed magnetic fields, in a suitable direction and of a certain duration, at the resonance frequency w0 of the nuclei in the magnetic field H0. In this sense, spin echo techniques are derived from magnetic resonance. We show phenomenologically, and illustrate by our experiments that stages 1) and 3) can easily be obtained in weak fields by nonresonant methods. We can use the method of pulses at zero frequency, and have realized experimentally rotary echoes in the laboratory reference frame. These first results allowed us to analyze the various spin echo methods which can be deduced by a suitable choice of the pulse axis and by rotation of the reference systems (dispersion plane of the moments and axis perpendicular to this plane) of a hypothetical experiment in which the initial finite magnetization is subjected to a 'pure gradient' (zero average field, but strongly inhomogeneous) whose axis of symmetry can be varied. Some new techniques of spin echoes are proposed and discussed. The principal perturbations caused by a bad choice of pulse parameters or by the presence of residual permanent fields can, in this perspective, be quite simply analyzed and evaluated with precision.

Field of study: Chemistry
A Study on the construction of forts in Gangdobu during the Reign of King Sookjong in the Late Joseon Dynasty

In this essay, I studied about the construction of forts in Gangdobu(江都府) during the Reign of King Sookjong(1674-1720). Now there are diverse fortresses such as Dondae(墩臺), Woesong(外城), Naesong(內城) in Ganghwado Island. From the Reign of King Gwanghaegun(1608-1623), Gangdo had been determined as a refuge(保障處) from Quing’s invasion by the government. King Injo(1623-1649) who reside in Gangdo for three months during Quing’s invasion in 1627, made a plan to fortify Gangdo as a refuge. He ordered to secure arms and military provision and then reconstruct the city wall of Ganghwa and forts along the seashore. But the plan was not carried out. On the other hand King Hyojong(1649-1659), the son of King Injo, installed seven coastal defence units Jinbo(鎭堡). King Sookjong(1674-1720), the great-grandson of King Injo, had construct a 48 forts named Dondae at strategic points along the seashore from all directions in 1679 and after construct long fortress wall between Dondaes from north-east seashore in 1692. And that had reconstruct the city wall of Ganghwa in 1711. As a result of construction during 30 years or so, he had completed a millitary denfence system to secure a refuge from Quing’s invasion. In this thesis, I searched a process of contruction of forts in Gangdobu and tried to certify the relation with Seoul city Wall and Bookhansan mountain Wall. The former was contructed in 1710, the latter in 1712. All fortresses was constructed or recontructed as a capital defence system for the defense for Quing’s invasion. The costruction system of fortified architecture was made of millitary personell and Buddhist Monk. The contruction techniques, methods and skills of two different working group was mixed in a wall and a battlement.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Water: from clouds to planets

Results from recent space missions, in particular Spitzer and Herschel, have led to significant 
progress in our understanding of the formation and transport of water from clouds to disks, 
planetesimals, and planets. [n this review, we provide the underpinnings for the basic molecular 
physics and chemistry of water and outline these advances in the context of water formation 
in space, its transport to a forming disk, its evolution in the disk, and finally the delivery to 
forming terrestrial worlds and accretion by gas giants. Throughout, we pay close attention to 
the disposition of water as vapor or solid and whether it might be subject to processing at any 
stage. The context of the water in the solar system and the isotopic ratios (D/H) in various 
bodies are discussed as grounding data points for this evolution. Additional advances include 
growing knowledge of the composition of atmospheres of extrasolar gas giants, which may be 
influenced by the variable phases of water in the protoplanetary disk. Furthermore, the architecture 
of extrasolar systems leaves strong hints of dynamical interactions, which are important 
for the delivery of water and subsequent evolution of planetary systems. We conclude with 
an exploration of water on Earth and note that all the processes and key parameters identified 
here should also hold for exoplanetary systems.

Field of study: Physics
Modeling two-dimensional temperature distributions in arc welding of thin plates: Integral method

In arc welding process, the interesting regions for heat transfer analysis are the fusion zone (FZ) and the heat affected zone (HAZ), where high temperatures are reached. These high temperature levels cause phase transformations and alterations in the mechanical properties of the weldedmetal. In the present work, a comparison is made between thermal cycles obtained from analytical models base on the integral method with Gaussian (distributed) heat sources and other results base on the concentrated heat source model. Though the integral method is approximate methods, it have proven to give simple solutions with acceptable accuracy for transient heat transfer. The comparison shows that the thermal cycles obtained from the distributed heat source model are more reliable than those obtained from the concentrated heat source model. Also results show that the use of distributed heat source prevents infinite temperatures values near the fusion zone.

Field of study: Materials science
Socio-economic aspects of artificial reefs : Considerations for the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park

Artificial reefs are used to enhance recreational fishing and diving opportunities in the marine environment. Until recently, demand for artificial reefs in the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park (GBRMP) has been low due to the high value placed on the natural ecosystem of the Great Barrier Reef (GBR) and the abundance of fishing and diving opportunities it provides. In the GBRMP, where there are multiple stakeholder groups with diverse and often conflicting values and opinions, the deployment of artificial reefs will be a complex and controversial social issue. We review the available socio-economic literature regarding the deployment, use, and management of artificial reefs, and aim to identify and understand potential socio-economic issues and information gaps surrounding deployment of artificial reefs in the GBRMP. We also outline a strategy to guide decision-making and maximize the socio-economic value of artificial reefs should they be deployed in the GBRMP.

Field of study: Environmental science
Diesel Exhaust Particles Induce Impairment of Vascular and Cardiac Homeostasis in Mice: Ameliorative Effect of Emodin

There is strong epidemiological and clinical evidence that components of the cardiovascular system are adversely affected by particulate air pollutants through the generation of inflammation and oxidative stress. Emodin (1,3,8-trihydroxy-6-methylanthraquinone), which is commonly found in the roots of rhubarb plant, has strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. However, its possible protective effect on the cardiovascular effect of particulate air pollutants has never been reported before.  We tested, in Tuck-Ordinary mice, the possible ameliorative effect of emodin on the acute (24h) cardiovascular effects of diesel exhaust particles (DEP, 1 mg/kg) or saline (control). Emodin (4 mg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally 1h before and 7h after pulmonary exposure to DEP. Twenty four h following DEP exposure, several cardiovascular endpoints were assessed.  Emodin significantly prevented the increase of leukocyte (n=8, P<0.001) and erythrocyte (n=8, P<0.01) numbers caused by DEP. Likewise, emodin abrogated DEP-induced increase of heart tissue levels of interleukin 1β (n=8, P<0.01) and tumour necrosis factor α (n=8, P<0.05), and significantly mitigated the change of the activities of antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (n=8, P<0.001) and glutathione reductase (n=8, P<0.05). Emodin abolished the in vivo prothrombotic effect of DEP in pial arterioles (n=6, P<0.01) and venules (n=6, P<0.001). Similarly, emodin prevented platelet aggregation in vitro in whole blood (n=4-5, P<0.01), and the shortening of activated partial thromboplastin time (n=4, P<0.001) and prothrombin time (n=4, P<0.01) caused by DEP.  We conclude that emodin treatment has consistently protected against DEP-induced impairment of vascular and cardiac homeostasis in mice. Our study provides experimental evidence that the use of functional food such as emodin, pending further studies, can be considered a useful agent and may have the potential to protect or mitigate the cardiovascular detrimental effects observed in people living in cities with high concentrations of particulate air pollution.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Solution of a multiple Nevanlinna–Pick problem for Schur functions via orthogonal rational functions

An interpolation problem of Nevanlinna–Pick type for complex-valued Schur functions in the open unit disk is considered. We prescribe the values of the function and its derivatives up to a certain order at finitely many points. Primarily, we study the case that there exist many Schur functions fulfilling the required conditions. For this situation, an application of the theory of orthogonal rational functions is used to characterize the set of all solutions of the problem in question. Moreover, we treat briefly the case of exactly one solution and present an explicit description of the unique solution in that case.

Field of study: Philosophy
Preventing Secondary Victimisation Through Anonymity

This note examines the decision of the Court of Appeal in R (Gazette Media Company Ltd) v Teesside Crown Court (1) where the Court was asked to rule on the legality of an order under s.39, Children and Young Persons Act 1933 purporting to ban the identity of the victim and defendants in a prosecution. The facts of the prosecution are set out below but the interesting issues that arise from this decision come not so much from the facts and decision (which was, to an extent, inevitable) but rather from the fact that the current law does not, in our opinion, adequately protect children from secondary victimisation and that the courts have erred in their current understanding of the legal position.

Field of study: Law
Neutron spectra of 57Fe(p, n)57Co and 56Fe(d, n)57Co reactions and the density of 57Co levels

Neutron spectra of the 57Fe(p, n)57Co reaction are measured in the proton energy range of 8–11 MeV and for 56Fe(d, n)57Co reaction in the deuteron energy ranges of 2.7 and 3.8 MeV. Measurements are performed with the time-of-flight spectrometer for fast neutrons on the EGP-15 pulsed tandem accelerator at the Leipunsky Institute for Physics and Power Engineering (IPPE). The data are analyzed using the statistical equilibrium and preequilibrium models of nuclear reactions. Computations are performed using Hauser-Feshbach formalism of the statistical theory with the generalized superfluid nucleus model, the back-shifted Fermi gas model, and the Gilbert-Cameron formula for the nuclear level density. The nuclear level density for 57Co, its energy dependence, and the model parameters are determined. The resulting data are discussed with respect to existing experimental data and model system recommendations.

Field of study: Physics
Palaeomagnetic results from sediments of the Perth Basin, Western Australia, and their bearing on the timing of regional lateritisation

In an attempt to extend palaeomagnetic investigation of Late Palaeozoic and Mesozoic rock formations in Australia, 222 oriented samples have been collected from sedimentary horizons in the Perth Basin and adjacent areas. The thermal stability of the remanent magnetism has been established, but its direction remained oriented close to the direction of the present local geomagnetic field, irrespective of the age of formation sampled. Further attempts to partially demagnetise some specimens using chemical techniques also failed to isolate the primary component of magnetisation. The results have been interpreted as indicating an episode of “blanket” remagnetisation which occurred during the period of regional lateritisation. The presence of normal and reversed polarities indicates that remagnetisation occurred over an extended period of time. By comparing the paleomagnetic pole positions with the apparent polar-wander curve recognised for the Cenozoic of Australia, quantitative support for a Late Oligocene to Early Miocene age for the period of lateritisation is given. Other palaeomagnetic evidence suggests this age may be correlated to laterites in Northern Territory.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Chiral Phosphinoferrocenyl‐Calixarenes

The Mitsunobu alkylation of 4-tert-butylcalix[4]arene with (S)-(2-diphenylthiophosphinoferrocenyl)methanol followed by desulfuration of the thiophosphine unit using tris(dimethylamino)phosphine afforded enantiomerically pure calixarene mono- and di(ferrocenylphosphine) ligands in high yields. The calixarene mono(ferrocenylphosphine) ligands exhibited good catalytic activity but low atropoenantioselectivity when used in the asymmetric Suzuki–Miyaura coupling reaction of 1-naphthaleneboronic acid and 1-bromo-2-methylnaphthalene. However, the di(ferrocenylphosphine) ligand displayed both good catalytic activity and enantioselectivity (ee values up to 86 %) when employed in the asymmetric Tsuji–Trost allylic alkylation of 1,3-diphenylprop-2-enyl acetate with dimethyl malonate.

Field of study: Chemistry
Association of serum cytokines with oral HPV clearance.

Initial studies suggest higher serum levels of some pro-inflammatory cytokines may be associated with decreased cervical human papillomavirus (HPV) clearance. However, the relationship of cytokines with oral HPV clearance has not been explored.



From 2010 to 2014, oral rinse and serum samples were collected semi-annually from 1601 adults. Oral rinse samples were tested for HPV DNA using PCR. Based on oral HPV results, 931 serum samples were selected for cytokine evaluation to include a roughly equal number of prevalent (n=307), incident (n=313), and no oral HPV infections (n=311). Electrochemiluminescence multiplex assays were used to determine the concentrations of IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-10, IL-12 and IL-13. The relationship between serum cytokine concentrations (categorized into quartiles) and oral HPV clearance was evaluated with Wei-Lin-Weissfeld regression models, adjusting for HPV infection type (prevalent vs. incident), age, HIV status, and CD4 T cell count.



Higher TNF-α concentration was associated with decreased clearance in men (highest vs. lowest quartile, adjusted hazard ratio [aHR]=0.52, 95% CI=0.34-0.79) and women (aHR=0.76, 95% confidence interval [CI]=0.55-1.04), with stronger associations in men than women (p-interaction=0.049). Higher IL-2 concentration was associated with reduced clearance in men (aHR=0.69, 95% CI=0.50-0.95), but not women (p-interaction=0.058). Results were similar within CD4 T cell strata (CD4⩾500 or CD4<500 cells/μl) among HIV-infected participants. No other cytokines were associated with clearance.



High serum TNF-α is associated with reduced clearance of oral HPV infection.

Field of study: Medicine
Kapsula akteri dan Fungsinya

- Kapsula adalah alat pelindung bakteri terhadap pengaruh luar yang merugikan dirinya, dan berakibat bersifat virulen. - Bakteri dalam kapsula bersifat aktif dan dapat berkembang biak, sedangkan dengan spora bakteri bersifat pasif saja. - Bakteri yang semula dianggap apathogen, kemungkinan penyebabnya dapat dicari pada adanya kapsula.  Kapsula juga dapat menimbulkan pembagian dalam type-type dari suatu jenis bakteri.

Field of study: Medicine
Efficient Dynamic Provable Possession of Remote Data via Update Trees

The emergence and wide availability of remote storage service providers prompted work in the security community that allows clients to verify integrity and availability of the data that they outsourced to a not fully trusted remote storage server at a relatively low cost. Most recent solutions to this problem allow clients to read and update (i.e., insert, modify, or delete) stored data blocks while trying to lower the overhead associated with verifying the integrity of the stored data. In this work, we develop a novel scheme, performance of which favorably compares with the existing solutions. Our solution additionally enjoys a number of new features, such as a natural support for operations on ranges of blocks, revision control, and support for multiple user access to shared content. The performance guarantees that we achieve stem from a novel data structure called a balanced update tree and removing the need for interaction during update operations in addition to communicating the updates themselves.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Cellular and circulating immunity to diabetic basement membrane, a negative finding.

A linear deposition of IgG was seen by immunofluorescence on the glomerular basement membrane of a diabetic kidney. However, when the remaining kidney was subjected to elution with acidic buffer the eluate had no affinity for glomerular basement membrane. The leucocytes from normal and diabetic subjects were also tested for an in vitro cell-mediated response to diabetic and normal basement membrane. No difference was found between the reaction of leucocytes from diabetics and those from normal age- and sex-matched controls.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Compact, broadband, and low-loss silicon photonic arbitrary ratio power splitter using adiabatic taper.

The arbitrary ratio power splitter is widely used in photonic integrated circuits (PICs), for signal monitoring, power equalization, signal feedback, and so on. Here we designed a fabrication-tolerant, compact, broadband, and low-loss arbitrary ratio power splitter. The proposed arbitrary ratio power splitter was realized with an adiabatically tapered silicon rib waveguide with 70 nm shallow etches and an Si3N4 waveguide. The fabrication analysis confirmed that both of them are robust to fabrication errors. 3D finite-difference time-domain simulations show a very low excess loss (less than 0.02 dB for Si3N4 waveguide and 0.05 dB for Si rib waveguide), and a broadband operating wavelength range (100 nm). Good fabrication tolerance and standard critical dimensions make the arbitrary ratio power splitter compatible with the standard fabrication process of commercial silicon photonic foundries.

Field of study: Physics
Interface Microstructure and Performance of Sb Contacts 
in Bismuth Telluride-Based Thermoelectric Elements

A thermoelectric joint composed of p-type Bi0.5Sb1.5Te3 (BiSbTe) material and an antimony (Sb) interlayer was fabricated by spark plasma sintering. The reliability of the thermoelectric joints was investigated using electron probe microanalysis for samples with different accelerated isothermal aging time. After aging for 30 days at 300°C in vacuum, the thickness of the diffusion layer at the BiSbTe/Sb interface was about 30 μm, and Sb2Te3 was identified to be the major interfacial compound by element analysis. The contact resistivity was 3 × 10−6 ohm cm2 before aging and increased to 8.5 × 10−6 ohm cm2 after aging for 30 days at 300°C, an increase associated with the thickness of the interfacial compound. This contact resistivity is very small compared with that of samples with solder alloys as the interlayer. In addition, we have also investigated the interface behavior of Sb layers integrated with n-type Bi2Se0.3Te2.7 (BiSeTe) material, and obtained similar results as for the p-type semiconductor. The present study suggests that Sb may be useful as a new interlayer material for bismuth telluride-based power generation devices.

Field of study: Materials science
Ab initio calculation of coverage-dependent adsorption properties of H on Pd(001).

The preferential adsorption sites, bond lengths, and vibration frequencies for H on the Pd (001) surface are determined by use of the ab initio pseudopotential local-orbital method. From the calculated total energies we derive a coverage-dependent adsorption energy in very good agreement with experiment. We establish that at low coverages (thetaless than or equal to1), H occupies fourfold hollow sites. At higher coverages (1

Field of study: Physics
Transitional Cell Carcinoma Of The Bladder In Children And Adolescents: 5-Case Series

Lower urinary tract tumours are very rare in paediatric age. Among them, transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder (TCCB) is even less frequent in the first two decades of life and exceptional under 10 years of age. The present series aims to expand the reported cases in literature.  Between 1984 and 2006, four patients (4 male, 1 female) were treated in our Center. Their ages were 6, 9, 13, 14 and 17 years old. Clinical presentation was macroscopic hematuria in 4 and pielonefritis in one. Physical examination, laboratory analysis, ultrasound and cistoscopy were performed in all patients before surgical treatment. Follow up was ensured by clinical and ultrasound assessment.  Physical examination and laboratory analysis did not revealed any significant result. By the other hand, ultrasound showed exophytical intravesical lesions. Surgical resection was performed endoscopically. Anatomopatological studies showed grade I TCCB in all cases. Immediate postoperative period was uneventful and long term follow up did not revealed recurrence.  Even its low incidence in pediatric age, TCCB must be suspected in the event of macroscopic hematuria. Ultrasound first and cistoscopy later are the ideal diagnostic tools for visualisation of these tumours. Endoscopical resection, in the present series, has been demonstrated as effective in all cases. Follow up must be clinical with periodical ultrasound evaluation. Urine cytologic examination is doubtful effective. Periodical cystoscopy is indicated only in cases of clinical or ultrasonografic suspicion of recurrence.

Field of study: Medicine
Calibration Method for ML Estimation of 3D Interaction Position in a Thick Gamma-Ray Detector

High-energy (> 100 keV) photon detectors are often made thick relative to their lateral resolution in order to improve their photon-detection efficiency. To avoid issues of parallax and increased signal variance that result from random interaction depth, we must determine the 3D interaction position in the imaging detector. With this goal in mind, we examine a method of calibrating response statistics of a thick-detector gamma camera to produce a maximum-likelihood estimate of 3D interaction position. We parameterize the mean detector response as a function of 3D position, and we estimate these parameters by maximizing their likelihood given prior knowledge of the pathlength distribution and a complete list of camera signals for an ensemble of gamma-ray interactions. Furthermore, we describe an iterative method for removing multiple-interaction events from our calibration data and for refining our calibration of the mean detector response to single interactions. We demonstrate this calibration method with simulated gamma-camera data. We then show that the resulting calibration is accurate and can be used to produce unbiased estimates of 3D interaction position.

Field of study: Physics