nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
UV Absorption Line Ratios in Circumgalactic Medium at Low Redshift in Realistic Cosmological Hydrodynamic Simulations

Utilizing high-resolution cosmological hydrodynamic simulations we investigate various ultra-violet absorption lines in the circumgalactic medium of star forming galaxies at low redshift, in hopes of checking and alleviating the claimed observational conundrum of the ratio of NV to OVI absorbers, among others. We find a satisfactory agreement between simulations and extant observational data with respect to the ratios of the following four line pairs examined, NV/OVI, SiIV/OVI, NIII/OVI and NII/OVI. For the pairs involving nitrogen lines, we examine two cases of nitrogen abundance, one with constant N/O ratio and the other with varying N/O ratio, with the latter motivated by theoretical considerations of two different synthetic sources of nitrogen that is empirically verified independently. Along a separate vector, for all line pairs, we examine two cases of radiation field, one with the Haardt-Madau background radiation field and the other with an additional local radiation field sourced by hot gas in the host galaxy. In all cases, two-sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests indicate excellent agreements. We find that the apparent agreements between simulations and observations will be strongly tested, if the bulk of current upper limits of various line ratios are turned into actual detections. We show that an increase in observational sensitivity by 0.2 dex will already start to significantly constrain the models.

Field of study: Physics
Rotational analysis of the B-X band system of the SbO molecule

Rotational analyses of the two 0-0 bands of theB2ΣX2Πreg system of SbO were carried out for the first time from spectrograms taken in the second order of a 21 ft. concave grating spectrograph having a dispersion of 1·25 Å/mm. The rotational constants of the ν=0 vibrational levels of the upper and lower states, and of the coupling constant A0 of the lower2Πreg state were deduced. These values are summarised below. v00=25 334·93 cm−1 B′0=0·3190 cm−1 B″0=0·3490 cm−1A0=2276 cm−1 r′0=1·933 Å r″0=1·848 Å.

Field of study: Physics
The Virological Surveillance of the Vaccine-derived Poliovirus Circulation in Zhenfeng County of Guizhou Province

For quickly discovering the circulation of vaccine-derived polioviruses(cVDPVs),the imported wild polioviruses and the other vaccine related polioviruses which could cause clinical poliomyelitis and also for strengthening the surveillance of polio virus under the polio-free status,we adopted the methods of virus isolation,virus identification and nucleotide sequencing to carry out the virological examination and made an analysis on the results of polio virus surveillance of AFP cases and their contacts by collecting stool specimens in 2003～2004 from Zhenfeng county and its surrounding 10 counties of Guizhou Province.The results showed that 66 enterovirus(EV) strains had been isolated out of 278 stool specimens.The virus isolation rate of positive cases was 43.4%(66/152),among which 29 strains were polioviruses(PV),37 were non-polio enteroviruses(NPEV).29 PV strains were identified by the National Poliomyelitis Laboratory,among them,24 strains were OPVlike viruses,and 5 strains were Type ⅠVDPVs,all of the VDPVs were isolated from Zhenfeng county in 2004.The EV isolation rate(43.4%)of Zhenfeng and its surroundings counties was higher than that in the whole province in 2003～2004(22.9%～24.6%).The PV isolation rate in 2004 was almost 3 times higher than that in 2003.The isolation rate of Type I PV(34.5%)was obviously much higher than that in former years(the whole provincial average rate of 2000～2002 was 4.1%).This fact indicated that the Type Ⅰ VDPVs had already circulated in Zhenfeng county in our province but had been interrupted after complementary OPV immunization.The infection rate of PV and NPEV has been increasing obviously in the crowd.So it should not be neglected to notice the clinical poliomyelitis caused by non-VDPVs. We should also strengthen both the analysis for monitoring data of poliovirus and the predicted works of epidemic situation in earlier period under the polio-free status.

Field of study: Biology
Inconsistencies in standard approximations for selection coefficients at loci affecting a polygenic character

AbstractInconsistencies exist in the standard expansions used to approximate selection coefficients for alleles at a locus underlying a quantitative character. Allelic (marginal) fitnesses obtained from expansions based on average excesses differ from allelic fitnesses obtained from expansions based on genotypic values. Similarly, 
$$\bar W$$
 the mean population fitness based on summing over either allelic or genotypic fitnesses usually differs mean population fitness obtained by averaging over the unrestricted phenotypic distribution. A consistent value of 
$$\bar W$$
 requires no variation in genotypic values. If, as suggested by Nagylaki (1984), expansions are corrected for the decrease in phenotypic variance resulting from conditioning on the presence of a particular allele or genotype, inconsistencies still exist. Unless ∫ W(z)[Vzp″(z) + zp′(z) + p(z)] dz = 0, where p(z) is the phenotypic probability density function, Vz the phenotypic variance, W(z) the fitness of phenotypic value z, the primes denote differentiation with respect to z, allelic fitnesses based on average effects differ from allelic fitnesses based on genotypic values. This condition must also be satisfied in order for either expansion to give a consistent 
$$\bar W$$
, as first shown by Nagylaki. For arbitrary W(z), this is satisfied if and only if phenotypes are normally distributed.

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics
Structure improvement and development of sealed nickel metal hydride batteries in bipolar design

Nickel metal hydride batteries in bipolar design off er significant advantages as a power storage system for electric vehicles. This st udy deals with some aspects in structure design and development of bipolar nicke l metal hydride batteries. An improvement on conventional bipolar structure was made, and some novel sealed bipolar nickel metal hydride batteries with 6 cells were assembled and studied.Testing results showed that the improved structure e ffectively protected the worst single cell of bipolar battery, and led to a bett er pressure and cycle performances of novel batteries compared with conventional ones.In addition, the improved bipolar batteries showed excellent discharge and recharge ability, and low resistance in electrochemical tests. As simulating h ybrid electric vehicle working conditions, the batteries displayed good stabilit y during pulse cycles, which indicated the possibility of being used on electric vehicles.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Religion Ain’t Sacrosanct

This paper is largely an endorsement and a further elaboration of Cohen’s critical discussion of the Hobby Lobby and Hosanna-Tabor cases and the conceptual overstretch of religious freedom they embody. I disagree with Cohen, however, on the proper interpretation of this debate. Cohen construes the ominous Court cases as an anti-liberal attack on the liberal state order. My main thesis is that the root of this dispute can be traced back to a fault line within liberalism between a more tolerance-leaning and a more equality-leaning tradition. I argue that the ominous cases are instances of the tolerance-leaning tradition in liberalism, which once was characteristic of the liberal tradition. Still, I agree with Cohen that this tradition should be rejected because it reverts to an obsolete interpretation of religious freedom that defends unwarranted privileges for certain groups that are out of sync with the egalitarian underpinnings of contemporary liberal political orders.

Field of study: Philosophy
The Lie group of real analytic diffeomorphisms is not real analytic

We construct an infinite dimensional real analytic manifold structure for the space of real analytic mappings from a compact manifold to a locally convex manifold. Here a map is real analytic if it extends to a holomorphic map on some neighbourhood of the complexification of its domain. As is well known the construction turns the group of real analytic diffeomorphisms into a smooth locally convex Lie group. We prove then that the diffeomorphism group is regular in the sense of Milnor. 
In the inequivalent "convenient setting of calculus" the real analytic diffeomorphisms even form a real analytic Lie group. However, we prove that the Lie group structure on the group of real analytic diffeomorphisms is in general not real analytic in our sense.

Field of study: Mathematics
Human GABA, Receptor αl and α3 Subunits Genes and Alcoholism.

γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain. GABA effects are largely mediated by binding to the postsynaptic GABAA receptor, causing the opening of an integral chloride-ion channel. The GABAA antagonists picrotoxin and bicuculline reduce some ethanol-induced behaviors, such as motor impairment, sedation, and hypnosis. The role of this receptor in alcoholism is further supported by effective alleviation of alcohol withdrawal symptoms by GABAA agonists. To determine the role of the GABA, receptor (GABR) genes in the development of alcoholism, we have used α1 and α3 simple sequence repeat polymorphisms in a sample of unrelated alcoholics, alcoholic probands with both parents, and psychiatrically normal controls. For the GABRα1 gene, the differences between allele frequencies, when all alleles were compared together, were not significant between total alcoholics, subtypes of alcoholics, and normal controls. However, for GABRα3 , the differences between total alcoholics and normal controls were significant when all alleles were compared together. The differences between subtypes of alcoholics and normal controls were not significant. The results of haplotype relative risk analysis for both genes, GABRα1 and GABRα3 , were also negative. It is possible that the sample size in the haplotype relative risk is too small to have power to detect the differences in transmitted versus nontransmitted alleles. There is a need for a replication study in a large family sample, that will allow haplotype relative risk or affected sib-pair analysis.

Field of study: Medicine
Introduction to 'Antarctic Cenozoic palaeoenvironments: geologic record and models'

The Antarctic region has profoundly aiected the global climates of the past 50 million years, in£uencing sea levels, atmospheric composition and dynamics, and ocean circulation. A greater understanding of this region and the Antarctic cryosphere is crucial to a broader understanding of the global climates and palaeoceanography at all scales. Much of the information obtained during the last two decades derives from studies of sedimentary sequences drilled in and around Antarctica. Eight Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) legs have contributed signi¢cantly to the understanding of this evolution. These legs include Leg 113 in the Weddell Sea (Barker et al., 1988, 1990), Leg 114 in the Subantarctic South Atlantic (Ciesielski et al., 1988, 1991), Leg 119 in Prydz Bay and on Kerguelen Plateau (Barron et al., 1989, 1991), Leg 120 on Kerguelen Plateau (Schlich et al., 1989; Wise et al., 1992), Leg 177 in the southeast Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean (Gersonde et al., 1999), Leg 178 on the Antarctic Peninsula (Barker et al., 2002), Leg 188 in Prydz Bay (O’Brien et al., 2001), and Leg 189 in the Tasmanian region (Exon et al., 2001). More recently, a series of three holes were drilled in McMurdo Sound, Ross Sea, as part of the Cape Roberts Project (CRP; Cape Roberts Science Team, 1998 1999, 2000; Hambrey et al., 1998; Barrett et al., 2000, 2001). In spite of these eiorts, which have signi¢cantly advanced our understanding of the Cenozoic tectonics and palaeoenvironments of the Antarctic region, important questions and problems remain unresolved. Chief amongst these are the timing of the onset of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet (EAIS), the causes of the cooling events at around 24 and 14 Ma, and the warming events of the mid-Pliocene and Marine Isotope Stages 31 (1.07 Ma) and 11 (0.36 Ma) (Shackleton et al., 1995). Due to the nearly complete ice coverage of the Antarctic continent, a record of the palaeoenvironmental changes is most readily accessible from the oishore sedimentary strata of the Antarctic continental margin. Such changes have been the focus of a coordinated eiort to acquire the seismic and drill-core data from the Antarctic margin to derive and model the palaeoenvironments of the past 130 m.y. The eiort has been led by the ANTarctic Oishore STRATigraphy (ANTOSTRAT), a group that works under the

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Binary Matrix Completion Using Unobserved Entries

A matrix completion problem, which aims to recover a complete matrix from its partial observations, is one of the important problems in the machine learning field and has been studied actively. However, there is a discrepancy between the mainstream problem setting, which assumes continuous-valued observations, and some practical applications such as recommendation systems and SNS link predictions where observations take discrete or even binary values. To cope with this problem, Davenport et al. (2014) proposed a binary matrix completion (BMC) problem, where observations are quantized into binary values. Hsieh et al. (2015) proposed a PU (Positive and Unlabeled) matrix completion problem, which is an extension of the BMC problem. This problem targets the setting where we cannot observe negative values, such as SNS link predictions. In the construction of their method for this setting, they introduced a methodology of the classification problem, regarding each matrix entry as a sample. Their risk, which defines losses over unobserved entries as well, indicates the possibility of the use of unobserved entries. In this paper, motivated by a semi-supervised classification method recently proposed by Sakai et al. (2017), we develop a method for the BMC problem which can use all of positive, negative, and unobserved entries, by combining the risks of Davenport et al. (2014) and Hsieh et al. (2015). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first BMC method which exploits all kinds of matrix entries. We experimentally show that an appropriate mixture of risks improves the performance.

Field of study: Computer science
Holographic spherical gratings: a new family of quasi-stigmatic designs for the Rowland-circle mounting.

In the context of aberration-corrected holographic spherical gratings used in the Rowland-circle mounting, we have investigated the off-Rowland recording geometries with stigmatic sources that nullify the defocus and meridional coma at all wavelengths. We introduce the additional requirement that astigmatism vanishes at a given wavelength. Then we demonstrate that a family of solutions exists and has a quasi-zero sagittal coma at the wavelength adopted for the astigmatism correction. This simultaneous reduction of sagittal coma and astigmatism greatly enhances the spectral performances of the Rowland mount. We also point out that a subfamily is found when the derivative of astigmatism is equal to zero at the wavelength of correction; the performances are then extended to a wider spectral range. Finally ray traces and performances of two representative examples of the new family of gratings are presented.

Field of study: Physics
RANDOM RESPONSE AND EQUIVALENT DAMPING OF MDOF DISSIPATION STRUCTURES WITH GENERAL INTEGRAL MODEL VISCOELASTIC DAMPERS

The complete analytical methods for random earthquake response and equivalent damping of arbitrary MDOF dissipation structures with supporting braces and general integral model viscoelastic dampers in series are studied systematically.The structural response equations are firstly established.Then,by using the modal analytical method,the dynamic integral-differential model earthquake response equations are established.And then,by using the MDOF stochastic averaging method,the structural stochastic averaging It equations are established,the analytical formulas of the drift vector and the diffusion matrix of averaging It equations are given,the analytical solutions of the transient joint probability density function for every structural modal amplitude and phase,for every structural modal displacement and velocity are derived,the analytical solutions of transient mean-square values of various structural modal displacements and velocities are established.By the equivalent criterion of which all random response characteristics are identical in the meaning of MDOF stochastic averaging analysis,the analytic formulas of every modal equivalent damping ratio are established,which make it possible for structures to use response spectrum technique.Lastly,by CQC and SRSS methods,the analytic formulas for the random earthquake response of foregoing MDOF dissipation structures are given,the analytical formulas of the foregoing random response characteristics and every structural modal equivalent damping ratio for MDOF dissipation structures with supporting braces and general Maxwell model dampers and general differential model dampers in series are given,it is verified that the proposed methods are effective through accuracy in comparison with the Modal Strain Energy method for some typical problems,so the complete solutions of random earthquake response characteristics and equivalent damping for arbitrary MDOF dissipation structures with supporting braces and arbitrary linear viscous and viscoelastic dampers in series are achieved.

Field of study: Engineering
LATTICE PARAMETERS OF MELILITE SOLID SOLUTIONS AND A RECONNAISSANCE OF PHASE RELATIONS IN THE SYSTEM Ca2Al2SiO7 (GEHLENITE) – Ca2MgSi2O7 (AKERMANITE) – NaCaAlSi2O7 (SODA MELILITE) AT 1 000 kg/cm2 WATER VAPOR PRESSURE

The extent of melilite solid solutions has been determined for the systems gehlenite–soda melilite, akermanite–soda melilite, and gehlenite–akermanite–soda melilite at 800 °C and 1 000 kg/cm2 Approximately 50 weight % NaCaAlSi2O7 will form melilite solid solutions with both gehlenite and akermanite but the extent of complete solid solutions in the gehlenite–akermanite–soda melilite system is very limited at this temperature. Lattice parameter determinations of melilite solid solutions indicate that there is a small but significant change in both a and c parameters with increasing soda melilite in the gehlenite–soda melilite system. In the gehlenite–akermanite–soda melilite system, although the range of complete solid solution is very limited, melilites form more than 90% of the products in most compositions and their lattice parameters can be correlated approximately with their bulk compositions, A rapid X-ray method has been developed to determine the approximate compositions of melilites in this system....

Field of study: Environmental science
Experimental study of the effect of twisted-tape inserts on flow boiling heat transfer enhancement and pressure drop penalty

This study presents experimental results of heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop during two-phase flow of R134a in a horizontal tube containing twisted-tape inserts. The test section is a 2 m long copper tube of 15.9 mm inner diameter. The experiments were performed for tapes with twist ratios of 9 and 14 and a tube without insert. The mass velocity ranged from 75 to 200 kg m −2  s −1 and the vapor quality from 5 to 95%, for adiabatic condition and for constant heat flux of 10 kW m −2 . Experimental pressure drop and heat transfer coefficient results are presented, and also an analysis of overall enhancement due to the inserts. The use of twisted-tape inserts is suitable if applied to the high vapor quality region of the evaporator and under high mass velocities.

Field of study: Engineering
The effect of intermetallic compound morphology on Cu diffusion in Sn-Ag and Sn-Pb solder bump on the Ni/Cu Under-bump metallization

The eutectic Sn-Ag solder alloy is one of the candidates for the Pb-free solder, and Sn-Pb solder alloys are still widely used in today’s electronic packages. In this tudy, the interfacial reaction in the eutectic Sn-Ag and Sn-Pb solder joints was investigated with an assembly of a solder/Ni/Cu/Ti/Si3N4/Si multilayer structures. In the Sn-3.5Ag solder joints reflowed at 260°C, only the (Ni1−x,Cux)3Sn4 intermetallic compound (IMC) formed at the solder/Ni interface. For the Sn-37Pb solder reflowed at 225°C for one to ten cycles, only the (Ni1−x,Cux)3Sn4 IMC formed between the solder and the Ni/Cu under-bump metallization (UBM). Nevertheless, the (Cu1−y,Niy)6Sn5 IMC was observed in joints reflowed at 245°C after five cycles and at 265°C after three cycles. With the aid of microstructure evolution, quantitative analysis, and elemental distribution between the solder and Ni/Cu UBM, it was revealed that Cu content in the solder near the solder/IMC interface played an important role in the formation of the (Cu1−y,Niy)6Sn5 IMC. In addition, the diffusion behavior of Cu in eutectic Sn-Ag and Sn-Pb solders with the Ni/Cu UBM were probed and discussed. The atomic flux of Cu diffused through Ni was evaluated by detailed quantitative analysis in an electron probe microanalyzer (EPMA). During reflow, the atomic flux of Cu was on the order of 1016−1017 atoms/cm2sec in both the eutectic Sn-Ag and Sn-Pb systems.

Field of study: Materials science
[Depression in Alzheimer's disease].

To study clinical and pathogenetic aspects of depression in Alzheimer's disease (AD), 65 patients with AD have been studied. The higher frequency of depressive symptoms has been revealed in different types of AD and all stages of the disease. Different syndrome variants of depression have been found: anxious (35,4%), apathic (29,2%), depression with delusions (16,9%), hypochondriac (10,8%) and melancholic (7,7%). The variety of clinico-phychopathological signs and mechanisms of depressive pathology formation in patients with AD suggests its heterogenic character.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Alpha 2 noradrenoceptors in the anterior piriform cortex decline with acute amino acid deficiency.

The responses of the brain to the amino acid deficiency that occur after eating imbalanced amino acid diets (IMB) have been associated with decreased concentrations of norepinephrine (NE) and cAMP in the anterior piriform cortex (APC), an area essential for the initial feeding responses to amino acid deficiency. In addition, the anorectic responses to IMB were decreased after injections of the alpha 2 agonist, clonidine, and increased after injections of the alpha 2 antagonist, idazoxan, into the APC. Therefore, to study the role of the alpha 2-noradrenergic receptor further in this model, we measured alpha 2-noradrenergic receptor binding in the APC of rats fed two levels of threonine IMB or a low-protein basal control diet. After basal prefeeding for 10 days, rats were given either a mild IMB, a severe IMB, or the basal diet for 2.5 h. The APC, anterior cingulate cortex (AC), ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH), and lateral hypothalamus (LH) were assayed. Binding of [3H]p-aminoclonidine to alpha 2 receptors determined that alpha 2 binding was decreased the most in APC (P < 0.0003). Binding in APC was significantly correlated with food intake in the anorectic response to IMB (P < 0.001). In AC, binding was also significantly decreased, but less dramatically (P = 0.012), and was not correlated with food intake. There were no significant changes in LH or VMH, although alpha 2-noradrenergic binding in VMH tended to decrease with the severe IMB in a pattern similar to APC. Plasma glucose values did not differ after the same feeding protocol. These data support our hypothesis that NE activity in the APC plays a role in initiating the anorectic response to IMB, perhaps via the alpha 2-noradrenergic receptor.

Field of study: Biology