nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Effects of global financial crises on the sports industry and strategies for responding.

The secondary loan crisis in the United States had trigger a global financial crisis, caused the deterioration of economic environments, the shrinkage of competition markets, the damage of corporative profits, and the drop of athlete’s incomes, and brought a serious impact to the sports industry. In such a crisis, seizing opportunities, integrating market resources, adjusting the industry’s regional layout and taking during-crisis marketing strategies are inevitable ways for the sports industry to respond to the crisis.

Field of study: Education
Novel molecular insights into the anti-oxidative stress response and structure-function of a salt-inducible cyanobacterial Mn-catalase.

KatB, a salt-inducible Mn-catalase, protects the cyanobacterium Anabaena from salinity/oxidative stress. In this report, we provide distinctive insights into the biological-biochemical function of KatB at the molecular level. Anabaena overexpressing the wild-type KatB protein (KatBWT) detoxified H2 O2 efficiently, showing reduced burden of reactive oxygen species compared with the strain overproducing KatBF2V (wherein F-2 is replaced by V). Correspondingly, the KatBWT protein also displayed several folds more activity than KatBF2V. Interestingly, the KatB variants with large hydrophobic amino acids (F/W/Y) were more compact, showed enhanced activity, and were resistant to thermal/chemical denaturation than variants with smaller residues (G/A/V) at the second position. X-ray crystallography-based analysis showed that F-2 was required for appropriate interactions between two subunits. These contacts provided stability to the hexamer, making it more compact. F-2, through its interaction with F-66 and W-43, formed the proper hydrophobic pocket that held the active site together. Consequently, only residues that supported activity (i.e., F/Y/W) were selected at the second position in Mn-catalases during evolution. This study (a) demonstrates that modification of nonactive site residues can alter the response of catalases to environmental stress and (b) has expanded the scope of amino acids that can be targeted for rational protein engineering in plants.

Field of study: Environmental science
Thermodynamic study of the mushy zone of cobalt-based superalloys. Part 2: Case of a high carbon alloy

After having controlled the reliability of the thermodynamic modelization tool in the first part of this work, thermodynamic calculations were here used again, this time to try finding the value of the high temperature known by a piece made of a cobalt-based superalloy which seemingly partially melted. For that the chemical compositions of the matrix and of the molten then re-solidified areas were measured by EnergyDispersion Spectrometry, as well as the surface fractions. Thermodynamic calculations performed fromthe global chemical composition of the whole alloy also controlled by EDS allowed, by comparison between the calculated results and the metallographic ones, to assess the temperature at which the alloy was exposed. A very good agreement was found between the different temperatures suggested by the fractions of re-solidified molten areas and of the tantalum carbides having remained solid during H.T. exposure, by the chemical compositions of the matrix and of the re-solidified molten areas, with however some exceptions. Thus, the value determined for the exposure temperature appeared rather reliable, and the thermodynamic calculation package efficient as an expertise tool for such post-mortem determination.

Field of study: Materials science
Effect of pH and stirring rate on itaconate production by Aspergillus terreus.

The production of itaconic acid from glucose-based media by Aspergillus terreus NRRL 1960 was found to be controlled by stirring rate and pH. When the phosphorous (P) level in the production medium was reduced to less than 10 mg l(-1), the fungal mycelium exhausted its primary growth and started to excrete itaconic acid, while it continued its secondary growth at the expense of ammoniacal nitrogen. The fermentation exhibited a mixed-growth-associated product formation kinetics, the non-growth associated production term (mI) being practically zero only when the pH was left free to change from 3.4 down to 1.85. On the contrary, when the pH was kept reducing up to a constant value by automatic addition of KOH 4 mol l(-1), the itaconate yield coefficient on the initial glucose supplied (Y(I/So)) and mI and were 0.53 g g(-1) and 0.028 h(-1) at pH 2.4 and 320 rev min(-1) and 0.5 g g(-1) and 0.036 h(-1) at pH 2.8 and 400 rev min(-1), respectively. Although the differences between mI and Y(I/So) were statistically insignificant at the 95% confidence level, the net difference in the corresponding yield coefficients for itaconic acid on mycelial biomass resulted in a maximum itaconate production rate of 0.41 g l(-1) h(-1) at pH 2.8 and 400 rev min(-1), thus showing that this operating condition is no doubt optimal for the process under study.

Field of study: Biology, Engineering
Performance and industrial application of NCB113type high temperature shift catalyst

The chracteristic of NCB113 type high temperature shift catalyst and the industrial application in ammonia synthesis plant in middle scale are introduced. The results show that the catalyst has the advantage of the lower sulfur content in its body,high activity at low temperature,wide operation condition,good heat resistance and well energy-saving. It can be used in all kinds of ammonia synthesis plants and hydrogen manufacturing units.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Design and Implementation of Dynamic Routing Protocol OSPF Simulation Experimental Platform Based on Cisco Packet Tracer

Now a lot of schools network experiment are limited by the condition of experiment and training,many experiments can not be carried out.Based on the dynamic routing protocol OSPF for example,uses Cisco Packet Tracer simulator software to build simulation experiment platform,can solve the experimental school funding and inadequate space problems,guarantee the normal development of experimental teaching.

Field of study: Computer science
Effects of modern US physical education ideology on Chinese physical education ideology - based on the principles of physical education published in the Republic of China era.

Starting at analyzing the serial works of the Principles of Physical Education published in the Republic of China era,the author expiated on the effects of US modern physical education ideology represented by J.S Williams and C.H.McCloy on the development of modern Chinese principles of physical education,and described the importance influence of US physical education ideology produced during the development of modern physical education science in China,as well as the overall trend of the diversified development of Chinese modern physical education ideology.

Field of study: Education
Body composition monitor assessing malnutrition in the hemodialysis population independently predicts mortality.

Malnutrition is a known predictor of mortality in the general and hemodialysis populations. However, diagnosing malnutrition in dialysis patients remains problematic. Body composition monitoring (BCM) is currently used mainly for assessing overhydratation in hemodialysis patients, but it also offers the possibility of evaluating nutrition status. This study explored whether malnutrition diagnosed by BCM predicts mortality at up to 54 months follow-up in prevalent hemodialysis patients.



This was a retrospective epidemiology cohort study. Dialysis patients with baseline BCM measurement between 2008 and 2013 were enrolled. The observation period was up to 54 months follow-up.



A total sample consisted of 960 chronic hemodialysis participants.



All data were retrieved from medical records. Nutrition status was estimated by BCM; malnutrition was diagnosed as lean tissue index less than 10% of the normal value.



Cox regression was performed to identify whether low LTI predicted mortality in hemodialysis patients.



BCM-diagnosed malnutrition (hazard ratio [HR] 1.66; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.1; 2.44), higher age (HR 1.05; 95% CI 1.03; 1.07), longer dialysis vintage (HR 1.00; 95% CI 1.00; 1.00), central venous catheter use (HR 1.96; 95% CI 1.28; 2.99), and low serum albumin (HR 0.91; 95% CI 0.87; 0.95) contributed significantly to the Cox regression model on mortality.



BCM-diagnosed malnutrition in chronic hemodialysis patients is an independent predictor of mortality at up to 54 months follow-up and is associated with a 1.66-fold higher risk of dying compared with normal nutrition status. Whether intervention (e.g., nutritional supplementation) might improve nutrition and reduce the higher risk of mortality in malnutrition patients on hemodialysis remains a challenge for future research.

Field of study: Medicine
Tailored sutureless meatoplasty: a new technique for correcting meatal stenosis.

Standard practice for meatoplasty includes the use of sutures to evert the mucosa. We present a novel technique that is equivalent to standard meatoplasty without the need for suturing.



A retrospective chart review was performed of patients who presented with primary meatal stenosis in 2007-2009. One group underwent a tailored, sutureless meatoplasty performed by one surgeon. The second group underwent a standard meatoplasty with mucosal advancement and suturing of the mucosal edges by another surgeon. Data were collected regarding demographics, presenting symptoms, symptom resolution, and postoperative complications. These were then compared between the two groups. Preoperative and postoperative uroflowmetry data were collected for the sutureless group to demonstrate objective improvement.



Of 85 patients, aged 2-17 years, 60 underwent the tailored, sutureless procedure while 25 had a standard meatoplasty. The majority of patients presented with a deviated and/or narrowed stream of urine. There was no statistical difference between the two groups in regard to symptom resolution. Uroflowmetry data analyzed for 20 patients in the sutureless group demonstrated a significant improvement in Q(max) and flow pattern; there was no significant change in % post-void residual. No patient had a complication in either group, or presented with recurrence.



Tailored sutureless meatoplasty is comparable to meatoplasty with mucosal advancement in resolving symptoms, improving uroflowmetry parameters, and complication rate, but is more efficient and cost effective.

Field of study: Medicine
The key role of health insurance in a cost-effective health care system Towards regulated competition in the Dutch medical market

The previous two sessions of this Symposium have dealt with incentives for cost-effective provider behaviour. Although incentive-reimbursement, which rewards the providers for delivery medical care in a cost-effective way, can be an important step towards a cost-effective health care system, it is not rewards the providers for delivering medical care in a cost-effective way, can be an important step towards a cost-effective health care system, it is not sufficient. As long as the insured consumers have both comprehensive health insurance coverage and freedom of choice of provider, providers will have great difficulty in resisting consumers' demand for ever more costly medical care, and politicians or other decision-makers will have great difficulty in restricting capacity and in preventing overcapacity. Fear of losing patients or voters might dominate. Therefore, in this session we shall focus on the key role of health insurance in a cost-effective health care system and on consumer incentives and insurer behaviour. If the consumers have a choice between several provider-insurer organizations. Although market forces do play an important role in a competitive health-care system, competition should not be confused with a "free market". Besides financial arrangements to protect the poor, pro-competitive regulation is needed to guarantee a "fair competition". Currently there is much consensus that the present Dutch health insurance system, in which 60% of the population is publicly insured and 40% is privately insured, should be replaced by a national health insurance scheme, which uniformly applies to the entire population. A few years ago, I made a proposal for such a scheme, which was based largely on the ideas of Ellwood, McClure, and Enthoven on competition between alternative delivery systems. The main features of this proposal will be discussed. In my opinion, the long-term prospects for regulated competition in the Dutch medical market seem rather favourable.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Partial-response equalization in magneto-optical disk readout: a theoretical investigation.

We analyze the application of partial-response equalization and maximum-likelihood sequence estimation in magneto-optical readout. Two filters are proposed, and several aspects of their performance are examined. Filter I has 8 states in its state-transition diagram and is therefore easier to implement than filter II, which has 32 states. We discuss the required signal-to-noise ratio as function of the recorded bit density for these filters. The effects of jitter and bloom on the eye patterns of the output signals are also examined by computer simulation. This analysis indicates that filter II is somewhat superior to filter I, presumably because the output of filter II is more similar to the actual readout signal. We determine the distribution of Euclidean distance between pairs of output sequences and compute upper bounds on the probability of sequence error for both filters. Using two different methods of precoding (i.e., mapping of the user data to the magnetic pattern on the disk), we also compute the probability of bit error for the user data and show that one precoding scheme is slightly better than the other.

Field of study: Physics
Reconstructing dust storm frequency in China since 1617 CE, using coral-based estimates of sea surface temperature

Dust storms occur frequently in arid and semi-arid regions of China and other parts of the world, exerting a considerable influence on air quality in densely populated areas. Instrumental observations of dust storms are only available over the past 50 to 60 years, limiting our ability to understand dust storm variability over longer timescales. However, tropical sea surface temperatures have been reconstructed over the past four centuries, using geochemical records from corals. Here we show that tropical Pacific sea surface temperatures, as recorded by corals, can be used to reconstruct dust storm frequency at one-year resolution. Based on the coral-reconstructed annual sea-surface temperature anomaly data from two regions (the western Pacific; 25°N–25°S, 110–155°E, and the eastern Pacific; 10°N–10°S, 175°E–85°W) published by Tierney et al. (2015), we reconstructed the frequency of dust storms in northern China (DSFCN) for the period from 1617 to 1953 CE. The reconstructed DSFCN variation can be divided into several distinct periods: (1) DSFCN increased from 1617 to 1650, then (2) decreased from 1650 to 1675, (3) remained unchanged from 1675 to 1755, (4) increased again from 1755 to 1860, (5) remained unchanged from 1860 to 1925, and finally (6) decreased rapidly from 1925 to 1995. We propose the following causal chain to explain the observed relationship between DSFCN and SST: as tropical Pacific Ocean SST increases, the Siberian High weakens and the Eastern Asian Trough strengthens. As the air pressure difference weakens, the East Asian Winter Monsoon weakens, and strong wind frequency decreases, causing DSFCN to decrease as well. The statistical results support this interpretation of the causal chain.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Cultural Phenomenon of English New Words

English is one of the most popular languages in the world, and it is playing a major role as a kind of neutral information media. Since several centuries, with mutual connection and exchange of national culture around the world, thousands of new words emerged into English. Meanwhile, English vocabulary is enlarging in process of international usage. English new words have penetrated into various domain of culture, furthermore, with the development of update expansion, the advance in culture and society has been fully reflected.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Paleomagnetism of Permo–Triassic volcanic units in northern Patagonia: are we tracking the final stages of collision of Patagonia?

A paleomagnetic and geochronologic study was carried out on Late Permian-to-Early Triassic magmatic units exposed in the North Patagonian Massif, near the locality of Estancia La Esperanza (Río Negro Province, Argentina), to provide better paleogeographic and tectonic constraints on the evolution of Patagonia and its relations with Gondwana in the Late Paleozoic–Early Mesozoic. The study included the Late Permian (264 ± 2 Ma) Rhyolite Dome, the Collinao Dacite, for which we obtained a U–Pb zircon crystallization age of 253 ± 2 Ma, several basic dikes, that intrude older granite units (255 ± 2 Ma), and a swarm of acidic dikes for which an Early Triassic age had been previously assigned that we confirmed with a U–Pb zircon age of 244 ± 2 Ma. A paleomagnetic pole (C), computed on the basis of seven VGPs, was obtained for the Collinao Dacite and associated units (48.3°S, 349.9°E, N = 7, A95 = 15.1°). A single VGP for the somewhat older Rhyolite Dome falls close to that pole. A second paleomagnetic pole (A) which strongly disagrees with the C position was computed based on 12 VGPs from the same number of acidic dikes (87°S, 51.5°E, N = 12, A95 = 8.1°). The basic dikes, with ages bracketed between the dacitic and the rhyolitic dikes, yielded four VGPs, two of which are consistent with the C pole and the other two are close to the A pole. The C pole falls on a much older position (Late Carboniferous) on different Gondwana/South America reference paths, which is clearly anomalous based on its Late Permian age. The A pole, in turn, is consistent with the 250/240 Ma paleomagnetic poles in most reference paths for Gondwana/South America. Either regional tilting or rotation around a vertical axis to explain the anomalous C pole is unlikely considering the local geological evidence. A working model is presented to explain the discrepancy as due to around 30° CCW rotation of the whole North Patagonian Massif during the latest Permian and earliest Triassic, closing a V-shaped basin that separated it from southern Gondwana, as the final stages of collision of an allochthonous or para-autochthonous Patagonia terrane. This hypothesis is consistent with Late Permian-to-Early Triassic evidence of deformation in the Hespérides Basin as well as in northern Patagonia. Scarce previous paleomagnetic data from this region can be reconciled with this model, considering that they are very loosely constrained in age.

Field of study: Environmental science
Effects of D-amphetamine in a temporal discrimination procedure: selective changes in timing or rate dependency?

Two experiments evaluated rate dependency and a neuropharmacological model of timing as explanations of the effects of amphetamine on behavior under discriminative control by time. Four pigeons pecked keys during 60-trial sessions. On each trial, the houselight was lit for a particular duration (5 to 30 s), and then the key was lit for 30 s. In Experiment 1, the key could be lit either green or blue. If the key was lit green and the sample was 30 s, or if the key was lit blue and the sample was 5 s, pecks produced food on a variable-interval 20-s schedule. The rate of key pecking increased as a function of sample duration when the key was green and decreased as a function of sample duration when the key was blue. Acute d-amphetamine (0.1 to 3.0 mg/kg) decreased higher rates of key pecking and increased lower rates of key pecking as predicted by rate dependency, but did not shift the timing functions leftward (toward overestimation) as predicted by the neuropharmacological model. These results were replicated in Experiment 2, in which the key was lit only one color during sessions, indicating that the effects were not likely due to disruption of discriminative control by key color. These results are thus consistent with rate dependency but not with the predictions of the neuropharmacological model.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Topology of character varieties and representations of quivers

In Hausel et al. (2008)  we presented a conjecture generalizing the Cauchy formula for Macdonald polynomial. This conjecture encodes the mixed Hodge polynomials of the character varieties of representations of the fundamental group of a punctured Riemann surface of genus g . We proved several results which support this conjecture. Here we announce new results which are consequences of those in Hausel et al. (2008)  .

Field of study: Mathematics
Thermal and deformation analyses of side-cooled monochromator mirrors for the SPring-8/Figure-8 soft X-ray undulator.

The numerical results for a bent parabolic mirror monochromator designed for the SPring-8/Figure-8 soft X-ray undulator are described. A thermal and structural finite-element analysis is presented for side-cooled premirrors of the bent parabolic mirror monochromator. Using a ray-tracing code, the effect of the final induced figure errors on the performance of the premirror are discussed.

Field of study: Physics
A brief history of early neuroanesthesia.

Two key discoveries in the 19th century--infection control and the development of general anesthesia--provided an impetus for the rapid advancement of surgery, especially within the field of neurosurgery. Improvements in anesthesia and perioperative care, in particular, fostered the development of meticulous surgical technique conducive to the refinement of neuroanatomical understanding and optimization of neurosurgical procedures and outcomes. Yet, even dating back to the earliest times, some form of anesthesia or perioperative pain management was used during neurosurgical procedures. Despite a few reports on anesthesia published around the time of William Morton's now-famous public demonstration of ether anesthesia in 1846, relatively little is known or written of early anesthetics in neurosurgery. In the present article the authors discuss the history of anesthesia pertaining to neurosurgical procedures and draw parallels between the refinements and developments in anesthesia care over time with some of the concomitant advances in neurosurgery.

Field of study: Medicine