nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The Shrinkage-activated Na+ Conductance of Rat Hepatocytes and its Possible Correlation to rENaC

At moderate cell shrinkage, activation of Na+ channels is the most prominent mechanism of regulatory cell volume increase in rat hepatocytes. The amiloride sensitivity of these channels suggests a relation to the family of epithelial Na+ channels (ENaCs). The present study was performed to determine the pharmacological profile of shrinkage-activated Na+ channels and to test for ENaC expression in primary cultures of rat hepatocytes; in addition, the influence of the cell volume regulated serine/threonine kinase hSGK on activity and pharmacological profile of rENaC was examined in Xenopus oocytes. Conventional electrophysiology in hepatocytes reveals that the shrinkage-activated Na+ channel is inhibited by amiloride and EIPA with IC50 values of 6.0 and 0.12 μmol/l, respectively. Western blots and RT-PCR demonstrate that rat hepatocytes do express all three subunits (α, β, γ) of ENaC. Coexpression of hSGK with rENaC in Xenopus oocytes reveals that the kinase stimulates ENaC by a factor of 4. Moreover, hSGK decreases the affinity to amiloride (increase of IC50 from 0.12 to 0.26 μmol/l) and increases the affinity to EIPA (decrease of IC50 from 250 to 50 μmol/l). In conclusion, rat hepatocytes express ENaC, which is activated by the cell volume-sensitive kinase hSGK. ENaC may contribute to the Na+ channels activated by osmotic cell shrinkage in hepatocytes, whereby the relatively low amiloride and high EIPA sensitivity of the channel could at least be partially due to modification by SGK, which decreases the amiloride and increases the EIPA sensitivity of ENaC.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
The Manichaean Character of Economics

Manichaeus, nary, was a Persian philosopher of the third century a.D., whose system held some sway throughout the Roman empire and Asia until the fifth century (with some elements lasting to the thirteenth). He believed in dualism, the coexistence of good and evil, with Satan coequal with God. I suggest that economics has a heavy dose of dualism, though I hesitate to characterize views that differ from mine as evil or satanic.

Field of study: Economics
Structural analysis of malaria-parasite lysyl-tRNA synthetase provides a platform for drug development.

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are essential enzymes that transmit information from the genetic code to proteins in cells and are targets for antipathogen drug development. Elucidation of the crystal structure of cytoplasmic lysyl-tRNA synthetase from the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum (PfLysRS) has allowed direct comparison with human LysRS. The authors' data suggest that PfLysRS is dimeric in solution, whereas the human counterpart can also adopt tetrameric forms. It is shown for the first time that PfLysRS is capable of synthesizing the signalling molecule Ap4a (diadenosine tetraphosphate) using ATP as a substrate. The PfLysRS crystal structure is in the apo form, such that binding to ATP will require rotameric changes in four conserved residues. Differences in the active-site regions of parasite and human LysRSs suggest the possibility of exploiting PfLysRS for selective inhibition. These investigations on PfLysRS further validate malarial LysRSs as attractive antimalarial targets and provide new structural space for the development of inhibitors that target pathogen LysRSs selectively.

Field of study: Chemistry
Axioms for minimax regret choice correspondences

This paper unifies and extends the recent axiomatic literature on minimax regret. It compares several models of minimax regret, shows how to characterize the according choice correspondences in a unified setting, extends one of them to choice from convex (through randomization) sets, and connects them by defining a behavioral notion of perceived ambiguity. Substantively, a main idea is to behaviorally identify ambiguity with failures of independence of irrelevant alternatives. Regarding proof technique, the core contribution is to uncover a dualism between choice correspondences and preferences in an environment where this dualism is not obvious. This insight can be used to generate results by importing findings from the existing literature on preference orderings.

Field of study: Economics
Flow, thermal structure, and subglacial conditions of a surge-type glacier

Temperature measurements in a subpolar surge-type glacier reveal a distinctive thermal structure associated with the boundary between the ice reservoir and receiving areas. In the receiving area the glacier is cold based, but bottom temperature has increased as much as 0.5 °C between 1981 and 1982, and the basal heat flux is roughly 10 times the expected geothermal flux. Water percolation through permeable subglacial material is the probable energy source. Deformation of the substrate could destroy this drainage system and trigger a surge.

Field of study: Environmental science
Cytotoxic effect of fenitrothion and lambda-cyhalothrin mixture on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant defense system in rat kidney

A mixture of pyrethroids plus organophosphates was assessed for their potential effects on lipid peroxidation, the antioxidant defense system and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in rat kidney in vitro. Various insecticide concentrations were incubated with kidney homogenate at 37°C for different incubation times. Treatment with fenitothion (FNT) plus lambda-cyhalothrin (LC) caused a significant induction (P < 0.05) in thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), which might be associated to decreased levels of reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione S-transferase (GST) activities and protein content in rat kidney. However, a significant induction of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity was observed. The effect was concentration and time dependent. It can be concluded that depletion of GSH might indicate that reactive oxygen species (ROS) could be involved in the toxic effects of FNT plus LC which lead to marked perturbations in antioxidant defense system.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Examination of Japanese Mass-Produced  ${\rm Nb}_{3}{\rm Sn}$ Conductors for ITER Toroidal Field Coils

The performances of six Nb3Sn conductors for the ITER Toroidal Field coils were tested. Four of them showed similar degradation rates of their current sharing temperatures Tcs over 1,000 electromagnetic cycles. By contrast, two of them showed sharp Tcs degradations at 50 cycles, after which their slopes became similar to those of the other four conductors. These two cables seemed to shrink under high magnetic fields during the first 50 cycles, which caused the sharp Tcs degradation. This shrinkage might arise from a decline in cable rigidity due to, for example, the deformation of strands or the breakage of the Nb3Sn filaments. The four mass-produced conductors had roughly the same AC loss before cycling. After 1,000 cycles, the AC losses of all the conductors decreased markedly to less than half of those before cycling, and the values became approximately the same. After the test campaign, the destructive inspection of two of the conductors made it clear that the conductor had shrunk by about 520 ppm under the high magnetic field during the test. It was also clarified that some strands were visibly deformed under the high magnetic field, whereas those under the low magnetic field did not look distorted. This plastic deformation of the strands could be one of the major reasons for the Tcs degradation with cyclic operation.

Field of study: Physics
Using Studio-Based Learning for Enhancing EFL Preservice Teachers’ Pedagogical Knowledge and Investigating the Effect on their Pedagogical Content Knowledge

This research utilized a studio-based learning classroom to enhance students/teachers’ pedagogical knowledge and investigated the effect of this treatment on their pedagogical content knowledge. Participants of the research were pre-tested and divided into an experimental group (n=38) and a control group (n=38). The research employed a pre/post pedagogical knowledge test and an analytic pedagogical content knowledge rubric. The experiment lasted for 2 months during which the experimental group members were trained in a collaborative studio classroom on classroom management and lesson planning. Traditional lectures on the same topics were delivered to the control group. Upon the completion of the experiment, the participants were post-tested. When statistical analysis was done, it was found that a significant difference existed between the mean scores of the experimental and control groups on the post- administration of both the test and the rubric. Moreover, the proposed studio-based learning classroom was found to be of a large effect size on enhancing the pedagogical knowledge of the targeted topics of the experimental group. So, it was concluded that it had a greater effect size in enhancing the targeted pedagogical knowledge topics for the experimental group than the traditional lecturing for the control group. It seemed also that a positive correlation existed between enhancing students/teachers’ pedagogical knowledge and developing their pedagogical content knowledge. So, the research recommended that: (1) As students’ pedagogical knowledge and pedagogical content knowledge are not less important than their content knowledge, they should be given more attention in Egyptian EFL faculties of education. (2) Developing EFL prospective teachers' pedagogical knowledge and pedagogical content knowledge via studio-based learning is worthwhile and requires more investigation.  Pedagogical knowledge, pedagogical content knowledge, studio-based learning, EFL students/teachers’ preparation.

Field of study: Education
Hydrogen peroxide generation with immobilized glucose oxidase for textile bleaching.

Glucose oxidase was covalently immobilized on commercially available alumina and glass supports, with a high level of protein recovery. The operational stability of the alumina carrier was an advantage over the glass support, though the rate of generation of hydrogen peroxide in the case of the latter was higher. The immobilization technique provided repeated application of the enzyme even in low concentration, and the hydrogen peroxide generated in the enzymatic reaction was successively used for textile bleaching.

Field of study: Biology, Engineering
Perineal hypospadias: back to the future Chordee Excision & Distal Urethroplasty.

Perineal hypospadias correction has swung from two-stage repair in the 1960s to one-stage repair in the 1980s and back to two-stage repair in the 2000s. The author's experience with a technique in which Chordee Excision and Distal Urethroplasty (CEDU) was performed at the first operation leaving a 1-cm segment as perineal urethrotomy to be reconstructed at the second operation is presented.



Between January 2013 and December 2016, the CEDU technique was performed in 63 patients with perineal hypospadias. The records of 59 patients who maintained regular follow-up were reviewed. The principle is to excise the hypoplastic urethral plate, atretic corpus spongiosum, and longitudinal layer of tunica albuginea; split the glans in the midline; and reconstruct a healthy urethral plate using preputial and lateral skin flaps to the tip of the glans. Distal urethroplasty was performed leaving 1 cm at the proximal end to be reconstructed 3-6 months later. This principle was used by Duplay in the 1880s. Patient age ranged between 6 months and 2 years (mean 8 months). All the patients had perineal hypospadias and bifid scrotum with severe deep chordee. Follow-up period ranged from 17 to 53 months (mean 36). A transurethral Silastic catheter was inserted for 4 days. Three months later, the remaining 1 cm of the new urethra was reconstructed, and final adjustment of the glans and foreskin was performed.



Satisfactory results were obtained in 54 patients (90%). Three children experienced glans dehiscence that was corrected in the second stage, one child developed fistula after the second operation, and one developed diverticulum. The fistula and diverticulum were corrected at the third operation successfully.



It was necessary in this series to divide the urethral plate and excise the hypoplastic corpus spongiosum and the outer longitudinal layer of tunica albuginea to correct the associated deep chordee. The lateral skin flaps receive double blood supply from the base of the penis and the preputial vessels. This natural urinary diversion allows early removal of the catheter, reduces the discomfort of the patient, and allows the new urethra to heal without urine irritation for 3 months. Long-term follow-up for 15 years is necessary to assess the technique objectively.



The CEDU technique diverts urine away from the site of urethroplasty for 3 months without a catheter. It reduces the hospital stay and patient discomfort. It produces satisfactory results and has become a the standard technique in perineal hypospadias.

Field of study: Medicine
Evidence for Galaxy Dynamics Tracing Background Cosmology Below the de Sitter Scale of Acceleration

Galaxy dynamics probe weak gravity at accelerations below the de Sitter scale of acceleration , where c is the velocity of light and H is the Hubble parameter. Low- and high-redshift galaxies hereby offer a novel probe of weak gravity in an evolving cosmology, satisfying / with matter content sans tension to H 0 in surveys of the local universe. Galaxy rotation curves show anomalous galaxy dynamics in weak gravity across a transition radius in galaxies of mass , where a N is the Newtonian acceleration based on baryonic matter content. We identify this behavior with a holographic origin of inertia from entanglement entropy, which introduces a C 0 onset across with asymptotic behavior described by a Milgrom parameter satisfying , where is a fundamental eigenfrequency of the cosmological horizon. Extending an earlier confrontation with data covering at redshift in Lellie et al., the modest anomalous behavior in the Genzel et al. sample at redshifts is found to be mostly due to clustering close to the C 0 onset to weak gravity and an increase of up to 65% in a 0.

Field of study: Physics
High-resolution sea surface temperature records derived from foraminiferal Mg/Ca ratios during the last 260 ka in the northern South China Sea

High-resolution sea surface temperatures (SST) derived from Mg/Ca ratios of Globeriginoides sacculifer at ODP Site 1144 were reported to reveal the SST changes during the last 260 ka in the northern South China Sea (SCS). The results indicate an average Holocene SST of about 26.7 °C, about 3.6 °C increase from LGM to the Holocene, and higher temperature during MIS 5.5 than the Holocene. These agree well with other foraminifer Mg/Ca and Uk37 SST records in this region. The Mg/Ca records suggest warmer SSTs during MIS 3 in the northern SCS, compared with those in the eastern Pacific. Strong East Asian summer monsoon during MIS 3 indicated by paleoclimate records from nearby continents may account for it. Step-wise increases during terminations are shown in our SST record, and the beginning of deglacial warming occurs at about 19 ka, which precedes the change of oxygen isotopes, suggesting a tropical driven forcing for the SST change in the northern SCS. This is further supported by a robust semi-precessional cycle centering at ∼ 9.1 ka in the spectra of the SST record, which is absent in that of the oxygen isotopes. However, tropical driven forcing seems not to be indicated in another Mg/Ca SST record in the northern SCS [Oppo, D.W. and Sun, Y.B., 2005. Amplitude and timing of sea-surface temperature change in the northern South China Sea: Dynamic link to the East Asian monsoon. Geology, 33 (10): 785–788.]. The discrepancy may be caused by different post-deposition dissolutions of foraminifer tests at these two sites. Details about the modification of foraminifer Mg/Ca ratios after burial, however, are not well known in this region, and further studies are needed.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Electrical Resistance Prediction for Functionalized Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes/Epoxy Resin Composite Gasket under Thermal Creep Conditions

Carbon nanotube-based conductive polymer composites (CPC) showed great potentials for self-sensing and in situ structural health monitoring systems. Prediction of the long-term performance for such materials would be a meaningful topic for engineering design. In this work, the changing behavior of the long-term resistance of a multi-walled carbon nanotubes/epoxy resin composite gasket was studied under different temperature and loading conditions. Glass transition strongly influenced the resistance behavior of the composite during the thermal creep process. Similar to classical Kelvin–Voigt creep model, a model considering both the destruction and recovery processes of the conductive network inside the CPC was established. The long-term resistance variation can be predicted based on the model, and the results provided here may serve as a useful guide for further design of smart engineering structural health monitoring systems.

Field of study: Materials science
On Constant-Round Concurrent Zero-Knowledge from a Knowledge Assumption

In this work, we consider the long-standing open question of constructing constant-round concurrent zero-knowledge protocols in the plain model. Resolving this question is known to require non-black-box techniques. We consider non-black-box techniques for zero-knowledge based on knowledge assumptions, a line of thinking initiated by the work of Hada and Tanaka (CRYPTO 1998). Prior to our work, it was not known whether knowledge assumptions could be used for achieving security in the concurrent setting, due to a number of significant limitations. Nevertheless, we obtain the first constant round concurrent zero-knowledge argument for NP in the plain model based on a new variant of knowledge of exponent assumption. We give evidence that our new variant of knowledge of exponent assumption is in fact plausible. In particular, we show that our assumption holds in the generic group model.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Coexisting superconducting and spiral spin orders: models of ruthenate

Influence of a spiral spin structure on the superconducting (SC) pairing in the most probable active $\gamma$ band of $Sr_2RuO_4$ is studied in the mean field approximation. Such structure with "incommensurate" vector $Q=2\pi(1/3,1/3)$ has been proposed as that which removes the nesting instability in $\alfa, \betta$ bands. The model pairing interaction of adjacent centres is adopted. The mixed singlet and triplet SC order is revealed. The d-wave singlet pairing is accompanied by formation of the p-wave triplet pairs with large total momentum Q and spin projections $\pm 1$ onto axis normal to the spin rotation plane of the spiral structure. Both the superconducting and normal states have a broken time reversal symmetry which might be detected by polarised photoemission.

Field of study: Physics
Procedural Justice and Social Regulation Across Group Boundaries: Does Subgroup Identity Undermine Relationship-Based Governance?

The relational model of authority suggests that people are inclined to accept the decisions of ethnic outgroup authorities when they identify with a superordinate category they share with the authority, and when the authority satisfies their relational justice concerns. Using responses from a random sample of African Americans, Latinos, and Whites about their cross-ethnic interactions with legal authorities, the findings indicated that those who are highly identified with the superordinate category of America indicate greater reliance on relational concerns and less on instrumental concerns when evaluating the authority’s decision. In contrast, identification with one’s ethnic subgroup did not moderate the linkage between relational concerns and acceptance. Across all ethnic groups, there were positive rather than negative correlations between measures of American and ethnic identity. Together, these findings indicate that subgroup identity does not undermine the relational basis of social regulation and that relationship-based governance is compatible with multiculturalism.

Field of study: Psychology
Information reconciliation schemes in physical-layer security: A survey

Information reconciliation is an essential part of physical-layer based key agreement. It enables the equalization of similar, but disagreeing channel observations of respective communicating parties. Due to a broad variety of underlying mathematical constructions and a large parameter space, there is a lack of systematic classification of the individual schemes. To address this issue, we present an extensive survey of existing protocols. Furthermore, we derive a generalized layer model for information reconciliation, show how existing approaches map to this model and how it supports future research work in this field.

Field of study: Computer science
Tetanus in Nigeria: Is the end in sight?

Tetanus especially neonatal has remained a public health problem and major contributor to morbidity and mortality in developing countries such as Nigeria despite the availability of effective vaccines for over 40years. The institution of preventive and control interventions for tetanus like immunization, essential obstetric care and good cord care as well as education are still very poor in most developing countries and are major contributing factors to the continued existence of tetanus. This study aims at reviewing the status of tetanus cases in UPTH with a view of determining if the end is in sight.

Field of study: Medicine
Telemetry Transmitter with Continual Calibration for Precise Measurement of Body Temperatures of Large Animals

A telemetry transmitter for precise measurement and transmission of two body temperatures from large animals was developed and tested. An updating calibration procedure allows body temperatures to be measured remotely for over 2 wk with an accuracy greater than ±0.10 °C without battery replacement. The unit was designed for external attachment to the animal (back-pack) and has two thermistor probes for temperature sensing. The measured temperatures and calibration signals are transmitted by multiplexed subcarrier modulation of a single carrier frequency in the 88-108 MHz FM band.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Science Funding in the Former Soviet Union Needs the Bottom‐Up Approach

The fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 and the subsequent collapse of the Soviet Union have greatly changed the structure of the world. We should all be thankful that the confrontation between West and East, which reached dire heights during the long cold war, could be resolved peacefully. For Eastern scientists however, the difficult transition currently faced by the countries of the former Soviet bloc raises enormous funding and adaptability problems. The very survival of brilliant scientific schools in the former Soviet Union (FSU) is at stake.

Field of study: Physics
[Whole body autoradiographic localization of dimercaptosuccinic acid per os in mice].

Dimercapto [14C]succinic acid ([14C]DMSA) was given to male mice by ig 233 kBq. The mice were sacrificed by immersion in dry ice/hexane at 1, 3, 9 and 24 h. The distribution and concentration of [14C]DMSA were observed and analysed by whole-body autoradiograph. Higher concentration appeared in oral cavity, esophagus, gastrointestinal contents, liver, kidney and urine at 1 or 3 h. A moderate concentration was seen in blood, bone and skin. A remarkable reduction of radioactivity was found in liver at 9 h, but GI contents, Harderian gland, kidney and urine retained intense distribution. The results indicated that DMSA absorbed rapidly per os and was eliminated by kidney within 24 h. No tissue had a pronounced retention of the [14C]DMSA.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine