nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
From (e,e'p) to Neutrino Scattering

Since a long time electron scattering has been envisaged as a powerful and preferential tool to investigate nuclear properties. In particular, the (e,e'p) knockout reaction has provided a wealth of information on the single particle (s.p.) aspects of nuclear structure, on the validity and the limit of the independent particle shell model. The work done for electron scattering is extremely useful also for the analysis and the interpretation of neutrino oscillation experiments, where nuclei are used as neutrino detectors and it is crucial that nuclear effects in neutrino-nucleus interactions are well under control. In this contribution it is discussed if and how the work done for (e,e'p) can be exploited for the analysis of neutrino-nucleus scattering data.

Field of study: Physics
Parasite Pressure and its Effects on Blood Parameters in a Stable and Dense Population of the Endangered Lesser Grey Shrike

The risk that pathogens and parasites pose to endangered species is increasingly evident. Nonetheless, this is frequently overlooked when considering causes of decline of species and conservation practices. Here, we study the ecto and haemoparasites of adult and nestling Lesser grey shrikes Lanius minor from a dense and stable breeding population in central Europe and their effect on host blood parameters. We found three species of haemoparasites (Haemoproteus sp., microfilariae tentatively assigned to the family Splendidofilariae and Trypanosoma sp.) and two ectoparasite taxa (Menacanthus camelinus and feather mites – Acarina-). Our data suggest that the studied population, located in an area with traditional and extensive farming, is not under a strong parasite pressure. Despite this, indirect measures of immunocompetence (haematocrit and sedimentation rate) showed an association between haemoparasites and health status: while haematocrit did not differ between parasitised and non-parasitised individuals, adult shrikes with haematozoa had significantly lower sedimentation rates than did non-parasitised birds.

Field of study: Environmental science
Modernist Life Writing and Nonhuman Lives: Ecologies of Experience in Virginia Woolf’s Flush

Virginia Woolf’s Flush: A Biography (1933) takes its place alongside Orlando as a key modernist experiment with the norms and conventions of life writing. Flush is what might be described as a metabiographical text, probing the consequences for life writing, revealing it to be an inextricable entanglement not just of male, female, upper-, and lower-class life histories, but also of human and nonhuman ways of encountering the world. Furthermore, in modeling nonhuman phenomenology, Flush suggests how coming to terms with stories about nonhuman lives calls for a new, “transdisciplinary” paradigm for narrative inquiry.

Field of study: Art
Characterization and application of the enzyme peroxidase to the degradation of the mycotoxin DON

Deoxynivalenol (DON), one of the main mycotoxins found in food matrices, has high level of toxicity. This study aimed to characterize the peroxidase enzyme extracted from rice bran to be applied to the biodegradation of DON in order to evaluate the potential peroxidase (PO) from rice bran (RB) has to degrade DON in optimal conditions. Purification and recovery factors of PO extracted from RB and purified by three-phase partitioning were 5.7% and 50%, respectively. PO had the highest level of activity in the phosphate buffer 5 mM pH 5.5 in both crude and purified forms, whose reaction temperatures were 25°C and 10°C. At the end of production, purification and characterization steps, specific activities of the bran were 115.79 U mg−1 and 4363 U g−1. Reduction in the mycotoxin DON in optimal conditions determined for PO from RB was 20.3%, a promising result when the aim is to adequate mycotoxicological levels to foods.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Prenatal Exposure to an ELF Rotating Magnetic Field, Ambulatory Behavior, and Lunar Distance at Birth: A Correlation

A significant correlation of 877 between lunar distance at the time of birth and the number of squares traversed in a open-field situation 21 to 25 days later was found for 19 litters that had been exposed continuously during their prenatal development to a 0.5 Hz, 3 to 30 gauss Rotating Magnetic Field (RMF), over a year. RMF-exposed litters that were born on or near lunar perigees traversed fewer squares in an open field than those born on or near apogees. RMF-exposed litters tested “blind” also showed the relationship between lunar distance at time of birth and later open-field activity. 12 control litters did not show a significant correlation (.101).

Field of study: Psychology
Impulsivity in mania

Impulsivity, a breakdown in the balance between initiation and screening of action that leads to reactions to stimuli without adequate reflection or regard for consequences, is a core feature of bipolar disorder and is prominent in manic episodes. Catecholaminergic function is related to impulsivity and mania. Manic individuals have abnormal dopaminergic reactions to reward and abnormal responses in the ventral prefrontal cortex that are consistent with impulsive behavior. Impulsivity in mania is pervasive, encompassing deficits in attention and behavioral inhibition. Impulsivity is increased with severe course of illness (eg, frequent episodes, substance use disorders, and suicide attempts). In mixed states, mania-associated impulsivity combines with depressive symptoms to increase the risk of suicide. Clinical management of impulsivity in mania involves addressing interpersonal distortions inherent in mania; reducing overstimulation; alertness to medical-, trauma-, or substance-related problems; and prompt pharmacologic treatment. Manic episodes must be viewed in the context of the life course of bipolar disorder.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Classes of solution for a system of one-dimensional motion of a gas

By means of asymptotic and the machinery of Lie group analysis to the equation of the one-dimensional motion of a gas under the influence of monochromatic radiation, is reduced to ODEs. For them several classes of exact solutions are deduced. They are expressed in terms of various absorption coefficients and some cases of plane and cylindrical symmetry. A new family of numerical solutions is presented for some cases of the absorption coefficient.

Field of study: Mathematics
Effects of concentration and surface silanization of barite on the mechanical and physical properties of poly(lactic acid)/barite composites

Neat and surface silanized barite (BR) was compounded with poly(lactic acid) (PLA) at the loading range of 5, 10, 15, and 20 wt% by melt blending process. Surface characteristics of BR samples were examined by infrared spectroscopy in attenuated total reflectance mode. Mechanical, thermal, water resistance, melt flow, and morphological characterizations of composites were performed by tensile and impact tests, dynamic mechanical analysis, water absorption test, melt flow rate (MFR) test, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis, respectively. BR additions lead to increase in tensile strength and modulus of PLA. The maximum improvement is obtained for 15 wt% of silanized BR containing composite. In contrast, percent elongation of PLA decreases with the incorporation of BR. Treated BR-loaded composites give higher impact energy values compared to untreated BR. Impact performance of composites increases with concentration. Silanized BR-filled composite at 5 wt% concentration exhibits higher storage modulus than unfilled PLA, where other composites yield relatively lower values in the case of storage modulus. Glass transition temperature of PLA extends to higher values by the addition of BR. Inclusions of BR samples cause a slight decrease in MFR of unfilled PLA. Water absorption of composites is found to be higher than that of PLA. Silanized BR-filled composites display lower water absorption values compared to untreated BR, thanks to hydrophobic nature of Si containing surface. According to SEM microimages of composites, more homogeneous dispersion in PLA matrix is achieved for treated BR particles than neat ones due to enhancement for interfacial adhesion of BR to PLA after silanization.

Field of study: Materials science
Synthesis of (−)-Gleenol via C-H Insertion Reaction of Alkylidenecarbene

A spiro sesquiterpene alcohol, (−)-gleenol (1) was synthesized from (−)-l-menthol in 16 steps, using the C-H insertion reaction of the alkylidenecarbene as the key step. The absolute configuration of (−)-1 was determined to be 1S, 6R, 7S, 10R.

Field of study: Chemistry
Lymph node and circulating T cell characteristics are strongly correlated in end‐stage renal disease patients, but highly differentiated T cells reside within the circulation

Ageing is associated with changes in the peripheral T cell immune system, which can be influenced significantly by latent cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection. To what extent changes in circulating T cell populations correlate with T cell composition of the lymph node (LN) is unclear, but is crucial for a comprehensive understanding of the T cell system. T cells from peripheral blood (PB) and LN of end‐stage renal disease patients were analysed for frequency of recent thymic emigrants using CD31 expression and T cell receptor excision circle content, relative telomere length and expression of differentiation markers. Compared with PB, LN contained relatively more CD4+ than CD8+ T cells (P < 0·001). The percentage of naive and central memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and thymic output parameters showed a strong linear correlation between PB and LN. Highly differentiated CD28null T cells, being CD27–, CD57+ or programmed death 1 (PD‐1+), were found almost exclusively in the circulation but not in LN. An age‐related decline in naive CD4+ and CD8+ T cell frequency was observed (P = 0·035 and P = 0·002, respectively) within LN, concomitant with an increase in central memory CD8+ T cells (P = 0·033). Latent CMV infection increased dramatically the frequency of circulating terminally differentiated T cells, but did not alter T cell composition and ageing parameters of LN significantly. Overall T cell composition and measures of thymic function in PB and LN are correlated strongly. However, highly differentiated CD28null T cells, which may comprise a large part of circulating T cells in CMV‐seropositive individuals, are found almost exclusively within the circulation.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Creep Behavior of Annealed Lead-free Solder for High-power Electronic Device

The present paper investigated the annealing effect on creep behaviour of lead-free Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu (w.t., SAC305) solder material. According to the previous finding by nanoindentation and uniaxial tensile experiments, the optimal annealing condition of SAC305 solder was believed as 210°C for 12h to minimize the residual stress and stabilize the mechanical property of annealed solder. In order to simulate the high-temperature environment of high-power devices, the annealing temperature at 210°C is adopted with varying duration from 12 hours to 48 hours as the creep deformation usually results from long-term working conditions. The creep deformations in the time history for different cases are compared and discussed. Steady-state creep rate is also calculated to quantitatively reflect the annealing effect on creep resistance. In general, a longer duration of annealing at 210°C will increase the specimen’s time to failure and decrease the steady-state creep rate. Besides, failure modes of annealed specimens are examined by scanning electron microscopy images. It is found that with increasing the annealing duration, the specimen intends to fracture in a more ductile way with a greater ultimate tensile strain.

Field of study: Engineering
Observation of magnetic skyrmions in unpatterned symmetric multilayers at room temperature and zero magnetic field

Magnetic skyrmions are promising candidates for the next generation of spintronic devices due to their small size and topologically protected structure. One challenge for using these magnetic states in applications lies on controlling the nucleation process and stabilization that usually requires an external force. Here, we report on the evidence of skyrmions in unpatterned symmetric Pd/Co/Pd multilayers at room temperature without prior application of neither electric current nor magnetic field. Decreasing the ferromagnetic interlayer thickness, the tuning of the physical properties across the ferromagnetic/non-magnetic interface gives rise to a transition from worm like domains patterns to isolated skyrmions as demonstrated by magnetic force microscopy. On the direct comparison of the measured and simulated skyrmions size, the interfacial Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction (iDMI) was estimated, reveling that isolated skyrmions are just stabilized at zero magnetic field taking into account non-null values of iDMI. Our findings provide new insights towards the use of stabilized skyrmions for room temperature devices in nominally symmetric multilayers.

Field of study: Physics
Assuring the safety of genetically modified (GM) foods: the importance of an holistic, integrative approach.

Genes change continuously by natural mutation and recombination enabling man to select and breed crops having the most desirable traits such as yield or flavour. Genetic modification (GM) is a recent development which allows specific genes to be identified, isolated, copied and inserted into other plants with a high level of specificity. The food safety considerations for GM crops are basically the same as those arising from conventionally bred crops, very few of which have been subject to any testing yet are generally regarded as being safe to eat. In contrast a rigorous safety testing paradigm has been developed for GM crops, which utilises a systematic, stepwise and holistic approach. The resultant science based process, focuses on a classical evaluation of the toxic potential of the introduced novel trait and the wholesomeness of the transformed crop. In addition, detailed consideration is given to the history and safe use of the parent crop as well as that of the gene donor. The overall safety evaluation is conducted under the concept known as substantial equivalence which is enshrined in all international crop biotechnology guidelines. This provides the framework for a comparative approach to identify the similarities and differences between the GM product and its comparator which has a known history of safe use. By building a detailed profile on each step in the transformation process, from parent to new crop, and by thoroughly evaluating the significance from a safety perspective, of any differences that may be detected, a very comprehensive matrix of information is constructed which enables the conclusion as to whether the GM crop, derived food or feed is as safe as its traditional counterpart. Using this approach in the evaluation of more than 50 GM crops which have been approved worldwide, the conclusion has been that foods and feeds derived from genetically modified crops are as safe and nutritious as those derived from traditional crops. The lack of any adverse effects resulting from the production and consumption of GM crops grown on more than 300 million cumulative acres over the last 5 years supports these safety conclusions.

Field of study: Biology, Engineering
Weathering and alteration of volcanic ashes in various depositional settings during the Permian-Triassic transition in South China: Mineralogical, elemental and isotopic approaches

To better understand the alteration of volcanic ash in different depositional environments, we measured the clay mineralogy, major and trace element geochemistry, and Sr and Nd isotopic composition of altered ashes in two Permian-Triassic boundary (PTB) successions in southern China. The Pengda and Xinmin sections, in Guizhou Province, represent different depositional settings, allowing us to investigate the role of the early burial environment on authigenic clay formation. The PTB ash beds in both sections consist predominantly of mixed-layer illite-smectite clays. Altered ashes in the relatively shallow Pengda section contain predominantly R2 and R3 I/S clays, with 70% to 85% illite layers, whereas their stratigraphic equivalents in the deeper Xinmin section contain only R3 I/S clays, which are of two types, with 88% and 99% illite layers, respectively. The two studied ash beds can be stratigraphically correlated between the Pengda and Xinmin sections, and show similar 143Nd/144Nd ratios (0.511991 for PD-1 and 0.511983 for XM-1; 0.512073 for PD-2 and 0.512074 for XM-2). REE distributions and immobile element cross plots are consistent in suggesting that the altered ashes may have originated via felsic volcanism. Altered ashes in the deep sea Xinmin section have notably high 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.764209 and 0.795921) relative to those from equivalent horizons in shallower environments (0.728455 and 0.749953). This difference in 87Sr/86Sr ratios is likely attributable to different degrees of chemical weathering. Elemental ratios such as SiO2/Al2O3, K2O/Al2O3, Y/Sr and Zr/Sr all support more intensive chemical leaching in deep-water environments. The altered ashes at Xinmin contain substantially more K2O than those at Pengda, suggesting greater incorporation of K+ into clay minerals due to lower pH during early diagenesis. Clay mineral assemblages and stacking structures of I/S clays in the altered ashes are consistent with a general sequence of smectite illitization during diagenesis and burial metamorphism in both sections.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Recurrence Relations And Identities For Moments Of Order Statistics, II; Specific Continuous Distributions

In an earlier paper, Malik et al. (1987) have reviewed several recurrence relations and identities available for the single and product moments of order statistics from an arbitrary continuous distribution. In this paper, we review several such relations and identities established for both single and product moments of order statistics from some specific continuous distributions. We also mention some important applications or. these results.

Field of study: Mathematics
The Impact of Post-transcriptional Control: Better Living Through RNA Regulons

Traditionally, cancer is viewed as a disease driven by genetic mutations and/or epigenetic and transcriptional dysregulation. While these are undoubtedly important drivers, many recent studies highlight the disconnect between the proteome and the genome or transcriptome. At least in part, this disconnect arises as a result of dysregulated RNA metabolism which underpins the altered proteomic landscape observed. Thus, it is important to understand the basic mechanisms governing post-transcriptional control and how these processes can be co-opted to drive cancer cell phenotypes. In some cases, groups of mRNAs that encode protein involved in specific oncogenic processes can be co-regulated at multiple processing levels in order to turn on entire biochemical pathways. Indeed, the RNA regulon model was postulated as a means to understand how cells coordinately regulate transcripts encoding proteins in the same biochemical pathways. In this review, we describe some of the basic mRNA processes that are dysregulated in cancer and the biological impact this has on the cell. This dysregulation can affect networks of RNAs simultaneously thereby underpinning the oncogenic phenotypes observed.

Field of study: Biology
Response to commentary by Schneck.

Retrospective analyses that seek to determine the incidence of a particular disease are often problematic, especially when the context of testing ordered cannot be determined. Empirically noticing an association of vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) in children treated for urachal anomalies (UA), we embarked on a retrospective review as a pilot study to determine the merit of this theoretical association. Family history of VUR and urinary tract infection are known to be associated with increased risk of VUR, and currently these risk factors are utilized to screen for

Field of study: Medicine
Community gardening and health-related benefits for a rural Victorian town

Community gardens are growing in popularity as a strategy to effectively deal with population health at a local level. There is a need to gather information about the health-related benefits of community gardens for people living in a rural locale. This paper discusses the health-related benefits of rural community gardens. We adopted a qualitative approach to examine these issues. Ten participants, eight females and two males, aged between 50 and 82, who have participated in a community garden located in South Gippsland, Victoria, for a minimum of 12 months, took part in this study. Semi-structured interviews that lasted between 30 and 60 min were conducted to explore the perspectives and lived experiences of the participants. Thematic analysis was utilised to analyse the data. We situate our discussion in this paper within the therapeutic landscape theory. Findings indicate that there is a range of health-related benefits associated with participation in rural community gardens, including physical, nutritional, social and psychological. Despite these benefits, the participants wished to see some improvements that could attract more people in rural areas to participate in community gardens. Given the paucity of research available regarding rural community gardens, future research should continue to develop an understanding of these rural sites, especially given the ever-growing popularity of community gardens Australia-wide.

Field of study: Sociology
Disproportionate abundance between ectomycorrhizal root tips and their associated mycelia.

Extensive knowledge of various ectomycorrhizal fungal communities has been obtained over the past 10 years based on molecular identification of the fungi colonizing fine roots. In contrast, only limited information exists about the species composition of ectomycorrhizal hyphae in soil. This study compared the ectomycorrhizal external mycelial community with the adjacent root-tip community in a Danish beech forest. Sand-filled in-growth mesh bags were used to trap external mycelia by incubating the mesh bags in the soil for 70 days. The adjacent ectomycorrhizal root-tip communities were recorded at the times of insertion and retrieval of the mesh bags. Ectomycorrhizal fungi were identified by sequencing the internal transcribed spacer region. In total, 20, 31 and 24 ectomycorrhizal species were recorded from the two root-tip harvests and from the mesh bags, respectively. Boletoid species were significantly more frequent as mycelia than as root tips, while russuloid and Cortinarius species appeared to be less dominant as mycelia than as root tips. Tomentella species were equally frequent as root tips and as mycelia. These discrepancies between the root-tip and the mycelial view of the ectomycorrhizal fungal community are discussed within the framework of ectomycorrrhizal exploration types.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science