nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
A high resolution record of sea surface temperature in southern Okinawa Trough for the past 15,000 years

The study of long-chain alkenones in the Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) core 1202B reveals a sub-centennial resolution record of sea surface temperature (SST) in the southern Okinawa Trough for the past 15 thousand years (kyr). From the Deglaciation to Holocene, SST varied from 21.1 to 26.5 °C. The presence of Bolling (15.0–14.2 kyr BP) and Allerod (13.7–13.4 kyr BP) warming phases, Older Dryas (14.2–13.7 kyr BP) and Younger Dryas (12.8–11.6 kyr BP) cold periods reflects a tight teleconnection of climate between the Okinawa Trough and the North Atlantic region in the last Deglaciation. After rapidly increased and reached the maximum at ~ 7.4 kyr BP, SST in the southern OT gradually decreased, corresponding with the lowering of northern hemisphere summer solar insolation. However, a series of abrupt SST drops were identified at ca. 8.6–8.1, 5.8–4.8, 4.1–3.9, 3.0–2.5, 1.6–1.3 and 0.6–0.5 kyr BP, which cannot be explained by solar insolation changes alone, and instead are mediated by a complex sun–ocean–atmosphere coupling.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
一款2 G/s采样率20 GHz带宽主从式跟踪保持电路设计研究

A fully-differential master-slave track-and-hold amplifier (MS-THA), with 20 GHz bandwidth is designed and fabricated using 0.13 μm SiGe BiCMOS technology. The MS-THA employs conventional switched-emitter-follower (SEF) as track-and-hold core circuit, Cherryhooper circuits as band-boosting of input buffer and output buffer. To verify the validity of the above circuits, a single-stage THA is designed together with the MS-THA. Operating with a single +3.3 V supply, 0 V input direct-voltage, 2 G/s sampling and −3 dBm input power, the MS-THA achieves a single-ended spurious free dynamic range (SFDR) of less than −23.5 dB at frequency of up to 20 GHz, and total power consumption of about 300 mW.

Field of study: Physics
Cyber-security on smart grid: Threats and potential solutions

The smart grid is one of the most significant applications of the Internet of Things (IoT). As information and communication technologies (ICT) developed and applied in traditional power systems, the improvement of smart grid cyber-physical-systems (CPS) increases too. IoT-based smart grid systems are critical infrastructures, also they have complex architectures and include critical devices. They contain communication systems that can lead to national security deficits, disruption of public order, loss of life or large-scale economic damage when the confidentiality, integrity, or availability of the communication is broken down. These huge systems may be vulnerable to cyber-attacks. Therefore, there is a lot of research effort to enhance smart grid security in industry, government, and academia. The security approaches are important to improve solutions against cyber-attacks in smart grid applications. We present a comprehensive survey supported by a wide review of earlier work. Additionally, recent advances and countermeasures are presented on smart grid cyber-security. In this paper, the threats and potential solutions of the IoT-based smart grid are analyzed. We focus on cyber-attack types and provide an in-depth of the cyber-security state of the smart grid. Particularly, we concentrate on the discussion and examination of network vulnerabilities, attack countermeasures, and security requirements. We aim to supply a deep understanding of cyber-security vulnerabilities and solutions and give a guide on future research directions for cyber-security in smart grid applications.

Field of study: Computer science
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Studies on Interactions of Berberine and Bovine Serum Albumin

1H nuclear magnetic resonance chemical shift,relaxation time and diffusion coefficient measurements were carried out to study the interaction on the affinity binding of Berberine,an antibacterial drug,to bovine serum albumin(BSA).The results showed that the protons of aromatic ring of Berberine were more favorable to form Berberine-BSA complex than those of aliphatic groups.BSA combination resulted in significantly decrease in the relaxation time of Berberine protons,which suggests that the motion of these protons were limited in aqueous solutions.The saturation concentration ratio of Berberine to BSA is 60 ∶ 1 according to the measurements of chemical shift and relaxation time.The apparent dissociation constant was 0.44 mmol/L and the binding sites of Berberine molecules on BSA was 22 fitted from the self-diffusion measurements.This study is of great importance for the safe and rational use of Berberine in clinic,and development of improved Berberine analogs.

Field of study: Chemistry
Dihydromyricetin Protects the Liver via Changes in Lipid Metabolism and Enhanced Ethanol Metabolism

Excess alcohol (ethanol, EtOH) consumption is a significant cause of chronic liver disease, accounting for nearly half of the cirrhosis‐associated deaths in the United States. EtOH‐induced liver toxicity is linked to EtOH metabolism and its associated increase in proinflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress, and the subsequent activation of Kupffer cells. Dihydromyricetin (DHM), a bioflavonoid isolated from Hovenia dulcis, can reduce EtOH intoxication and potentially protect against chemical‐induced liver injuries. But there remains a paucity of information regarding the effects of DHM on EtOH metabolism and liver protection. As such, the current study tests the hypothesis that DHM supplementation enhances EtOH metabolism and reduces EtOH‐mediated lipid dysregulation, thus promoting hepatocellular health.  The hepatoprotective effect of DHM (5 and 10 mg/kg; intraperitoneal injection) was evaluated using male C57BL/6J mice and a forced drinking ad libitum EtOH feeding model and HepG2/VL‐17A hepatoblastoma cell models. EtOH‐mediated lipid accumulation and DHM effects against lipid deposits were determined via H&E stains, triglyceride measurements, and intracellular lipid dyes. Protein expression of phosphorylated/total proteins and serum and hepatic cytokines was determined via Western blot and protein array. Total NAD+/NADH Assay of liver homogenates was used to detect NAD + levels.  DHM reduced liver steatosis, liver triglycerides, and liver injury markers in mice chronically fed EtOH. DHM treatment resulted in increased activation of AMPK and downstream targets, carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT)‐1a, and acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACC)‐1. DHM induced expression of EtOH‐metabolizing enzymes and reduced EtOH and acetaldehyde concentrations, effects that may be partly explained by changes in NAD+. Furthermore, DHM reduced the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines in sera and cell models.  In total, these findings support the utility of DHM as a dietary supplement to reduce EtOH‐induced liver injury via changes in lipid metabolism, enhancement of EtOH metabolism, and suppressing inflammation responses to promote liver health.

Field of study: Medicine
Creative Terror Management: Creativity as a Facilitator of Cultural Exploration After Mortality Salience

Research indicates that people respond to the elicitation of death thoughts by dogmatically defending their cultural worldviews. The current research examines the potential for conditions of creativity, a construct associated with open-mindedness, to promote a more explorative reaction to the threat of death thoughts. In Studies 1 and 2, thoughts of death or a control topic were activated and then participants engaged in either a creative or a control task. In Study 3, thoughts of death or a control topic were activated and then participants were presented with information suggesting that creativity is or is not culturally valued. After these conditions, social, intellectual, and environmental exploration (Study 1) and cultural worldview exploration (Studies 2 and 3) were measured. Results indicated that both engaging in a creative task and being informed that creativity is culturally valued facilitated exploration in response to thinking about death. Conceptual and applied implications are discussed.

Field of study: Psychology
Collective modes in relativistic npe matter at finite temperature

Isospin and density waves in neutral neutron-proton-electron (npe) matter are studied within a relativistic mean-field hadron model at finite temperature with the inclusion of the electromagnetic field. The dispersion relation is calculated and the collective modes are obtained. The unstable modes are discussed and the spinodals, which separate the stable from the unstable regions, are shown for different values of the momentum transfer at various temperatures. The critical temperatures are compared with the ones obtained in a system without electrons. The largest critical temperature, 12.39 MeV, occurs for a proton fraction y_p=0.47. For y_p=0.3 we get $T_{cr}$ =5 MeV and for y_p>0.495 $T_cr\lesssim 8$ MeV. 
It is shown that at finite temperature the distillation effect in asymmetric matter is not so efficient and that electron effects are particularly important for small momentum transfers.

Field of study: Physics
Working formulation nomenclature of heart transplant pathology: A retrospective evaluation of 1037 endomyocardial biopsies.

Working Formulation (WF) was recently introduced by the International Society for Heart Transplantation to grade acute cellular rejection, as well as additional lesions observed in endomyocardial biopsies (EMBs). The aim of this study was to evaluate the actual advantages of this grading system in terms of feasibility and predictive value. To this purpose, we reclassified 1037 EMBs performed in our heart transplantation units according to the WF. Our results show that multifocal mild rejection (grade IA), when worsening, tends to progress to multifocal moderate (3A), whereas diffuse mild (1B) generally worsens to diffuse moderate (3B), thus following the same focal or diffuse pattern. Unifocal moderate rejection (grade 2) has a peculiar behavior, in that it almost always resolves, though in our units it is treated the same way as is grade 113. Finally, we found a significant relationship between Quilty B effect and chronic rejection. In conclusion, this retrospective study shows that WF is effective in using both qualitative and quantitative criteria and, particularly, in separating focal and diffuse forms of rejection and devoting a distinct grade to unifocal moderate rejection.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Provably Secure Steganography

Steganography is the problem of hiding secret messages in "innocent-lookingrdquo public communication so that the presence of the secret messages cannot be detected. This paper introduces a cryptographic formalization of steganographic security in terms of computational indistinguishability from a channel, an indexed family of probability distributions on cover messages. We use cryptographic and complexity-theoretic proof techniques to show that the existence of one-way functions and the ability to sample from the channel are necessary conditions for secure steganography. We then construct a steganographic protocol, based on rejection sampling from the channel, that is provably secure and has nearly optimal bandwidth under these conditions. This is the first known example of a general provably secure steganographic protocol. We also give the first formalization of "robustrdquo steganography, where an adversary attempts to remove any hidden messages without unduly disrupting the cover channel. We give a necessary condition on the amount of disruption the adversary is allowed in terms of a worst case measure of mutual information. We give a construction that is provably secure and computationally efficient and has nearly optimal bandwidth, assuming repeatable access to the channel distribution.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
The impact of the English civil war on the economy of London, 1642–1650

The purpose of this thesis is to ask to what extent and in what ways the economy of London was affected by the English Civil War. This w ill be placed in the context of the evolution of London’s economy and society in the 16th and 17th centuries. Comparisons with the impact of the Civil War on the economy of other parts of England will be made. The focus will be on the short term effects of the Civil War. In the first part of thesis the impact on the economy of London of Parliamentary taxation, loans and contracts for Parliament’s war effort will be assessed, as well as the policies of economic blockade pursued by the belligerents. Subsequently the impact of disruption brought about by the English Civil War on the major props of the London economy will be examined, namely London’s role in the internal and external trades of England, and manufacturing in London. It will be argued that the Civil War caused a major economic crisis in London partly because the economy of the metropolis rested on its interrelationship with the test of England, and also because of its function as the capital as the centre for the social and economic networks of the kingdom. The Civil War disrupted those networks. However the impact of the war was limited because the disruption of the national economic networks was partial, and because different aspects were disrupted at different times. The Impact of the English Civil War on the Economy of London, 1642-1650 Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of Leicester. Ben Coates, Centre for Urban History University of Leicester.

Field of study: Economics, History
Green oysters caused by copper pollution on the Taiwan coast.

The first case of green oysters (Crassostrea gigas) broke out along the Charting mariculture area of south-western Taiwan in January 1986. The green color was found to be due to high copper content in the oyster tissue. Since then, a long-term survey around this area shows that total dissolved copper ranges from 4.99 to 23.6 microg/liter and particulate copper ranges from 1.09 to 5.51 microg/liter in sea-water. The green oysters collected from the Erhjin Chi estuary on 26 January, 1989 gave the highest copper content, 4401+/-79 ppm dry wt. Other green oyster cases were occasionally observed in the Hsiangsan and Anpin mariculture areas. Meanwhile, an experiment of copper accumulation in oysters was conducted at three stations (south-western Taiwan) for up to 90 days. Multiple regression analysis indicates that the food pathway may predominate in copper accumulation by green oysters. This bioaccumulation experiment shows that the total uptake of copper per oyster is an exponential function of exposure time for the first 2 weeks with an accumulation rate of 214 ppm Cu/day and then levels off. The average values of concentration factors for oysters (about 5 x 10(5)) were very close to steady-state values under the natural conditions at each station.

Field of study: Environmental science
Adenoviral vector-mediated rescue of the OMP-null behavioral phenotype: enhancement of odorant threshold sensitivity.

Mice from which the olfactory marker protein (OMP) gene has been deleted demonstrate a number of neurophysiologic and behavioral defects that suggest OMP is an important component in olfactory signal transduction and is critically involved in odor processing. Recently, the potential pleiotropic effects of gene deletion were addressed by adenoviral vector-mediated rescue of the neurophysiologic defects, in vivo. As a complement to this study, the authors used a recombinant adenoviral vector to transiently introduce OMP into olfactory sensory neurons of adult OMP-null mice and, using psychophysical methods, demonstrated the resulting reacquisition of behavioral function subsequent to gene replacement. The rescue of the OMP-null behavioral phenotype further supports the hypothesis that OMP is an important component in olfactory signal amplification and/or transduction processing.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Together in pain: attachment-related dyadic processes and posttraumatic stress disorder.

We used actor-partner interdependence modeling to explore associations among attachment-related dyadic processes, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in war veterans, and secondary traumatic stress (STS) in their wives. A sample of 157 Israeli couples (85 former prisoners of war and their wives and a comparison group of 72 veterans not held captive and their wives) completed self-report scales assessing attachment insecurities (anxiety, avoidance) and PTSD symptoms. For both groups of veterans and their wives, attachment anxiety was associated with the severity of their own and their spouses' PTSD and STS. Avoidant attachment was associated with PTSD and STS only in couples that included a former prisoner of war. A complex pattern of associations involving avoidant attachment was observed in the actor-partner analyses of these couples. The study demonstrates that attachment-related dyadic processes play a role in the development and maintenance of PTSD in traumatized veterans and STS in their wives.

Field of study: Psychology
Scanning Electron Microscopic Observations of Banana Pseudostem Weevil,Odoiporus longicollis Olivier(Coleoptera:Curculionidae)Antennal Sensilla

Antennal morphology and sensilla of O.longicollis were studied using scanning electron microscopy(Hitachi,S-3000N).The results showed that the geniculate antenna consisted of the scape,pedicel and flagellum.There were wavy grooves on the antenna surface,and the sensilla could be classified into four types morphologically,including sensilla trichodea,sensilla chaetica,sensilla basiconic and sensilla gemmiformium,among which,sensilla trichodea could be divided into three subtypes,and two subtypes of sensilla chaetica could also be observed.No difference was found in the type and distribution of the sensilla between the male and female adults.There were differences among the distribution and number among the scape,pedicel and flagellum of the antenna.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
ON SOME RELIABILITY GROWTH MODELS WITH SIMPLE GRAPHICAL INTERPRETATIONS

Some useful reliability growth models, which have simple graphical interpretations, are studied in this paper. The proposed models are inspired by the Duane model. For each of the models, the plot of the cumulative number of failures against the running time, when a suitable scale is used, will tend to be on a straight line if the model is valid. Otherwise the model should be rejected. The slope of the fitted line and its intercept on the vertical axis will give us the estimates of the parameters. Hence, it provides us with a simple graphical model validation and parameter estimation tool. In particular, we propose a “first-model-validation-then-parameter-estimation” approach which will simplify the model validation and parameter estimation problem in software reliability analysis. Numerical analysis of several sets of software failure data are also provided to enlighten the ideas.

Field of study: Engineering
Stratigraphy of the upper cretaceous and lower tertiary strata in the Tethyan Himalayas of Tibet (Tingri area, China)

The 1500-m-thick marine strata of the Tethys Himalaya of the Zhepure Mountain (Tingri, Tibet) comprise the Upper Albian to Eocene and represent the sedimentary development of the passive northern continental margin of the Indian plate. Investigations of foraminifera have led to a detailed biozonation which is compared with the west Tethyan record. Five stratigraphic units can be distinguished: The Gamba group (Upper Albian - Lower Santonian) represents the development from a basin and slope to an outer-shelf environment. In the following Zhepure Shanbei formation (Lower Santonian - Middle Maastrichtian), outer-shelf deposits continue. Pebbles in the top layers point to beginning redeposition on a continental slope. Intensified redeposition continues within the Zhepure Shanpo formation (Middle Maastrichtian - Lower Paleocene). The series is capped by sandstones of the Jidula formation (Danian) deposited from a seaward prograding delta plain. The overall succession of these units represents a sea-level high at the Cenomanian/Turonian boundary followed, from the Turonian to Danian, by an overall shallowing-upward megasequence. This is followed by a final transgression — regression cycle during the Paleocene and Eocene, documented in the Zhepure Shan formation (?Upper Danian - Lutetian) and by Upper Eocene continental deposits. The section represents the narrowing and closure of the Tethys as a result of the convergence between northward-drifting India and Eurasia. The plate collision started in the Lower Maastrichtian and caused rapid changes in sedimentation patterns affected by tectonic subsidence and uplift. Stronger subsidence and deposition took place from the Middle Maastrichtian to the Lower Paleocene. The final closure of remnant Tethys in the Tingri area took place in the Lutetian.

Field of study: Environmental science
GPatt: Fast Multidimensional Pattern Extrapolation with Gaussian Processes

Gaussian processes are typically used for smoothing and interpolation on small datasets. We introduce a new Bayesian nonparametric framework -- GPatt -- enabling automatic pattern extrapolation with Gaussian processes on large multidimensional datasets. GPatt unifies and extends highly expressive kernels and fast exact inference techniques. Without human intervention -- no hand crafting of kernel features, and no sophisticated initialisation procedures -- we show that GPatt can solve large scale pattern extrapolation, inpainting, and kernel discovery problems, including a problem with 383400 training points. We find that GPatt significantly outperforms popular alternative scalable Gaussian process methods in speed and accuracy. Moreover, we discover profound differences between each of these methods, suggesting expressive kernels, nonparametric representations, and exact inference are useful for modelling large scale multidimensional patterns.

Field of study: Computer science
Assessment of Problematic Sexual Interests With the Penile Plethysmograph: an Overview of Assessment Laboratories

Phallometric testing, or penile plethysmography (PPG), is an objective measure of sexual arousal for males. While extensive research on the reliability and validity of PPG has promoted its reputation as the “gold standard” of objective measurement of sexual arousal, there is a lack of standardization of stimulus sets and interpretation of results between sites. This article describes the laboratory protocol employed for PPG at the Royal Ottawa Mental Health Centre’s Sexual Behaviours Clinic (SBC) in Ottawa, Ontario, as well as those used by the Sexual Behaviors Clinic and Lab (SBCL) in the Community and Public Safety Psychiatry Division (CPSPD) of the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences at Medical University of South Carolina (MUSC) in Charleston, South Carolina. The need for standardization in both testing protocol and stimuli use across sites are highlighted.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Effects of sampling and quantization on single-tone frequency estimation

The effects of sampling and quantization on frequency estimation for a single sinusoid are investigated. The Cramer-Rao bound for 1-bit quantization is derived and compared with the limit of infinite quantization. It is found that 1-bit quantization gives a slightly worse performance, however, with a dramatic increase of variance at certain frequencies. This can be avoided by using four times oversampling. The effect of sampling when using nonideal antialiasing lowpass filters is therefore investigated through derivation of the Cramer-Rao lower bounds. Finally, fast estimators for 1-bit quantization, in particular, correlation-based estimators, are derived, and their performance is investigated. The paper is concluded with simulation results for four times oversampled 1-bit quantization.

Field of study: Engineering