nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Developmental Origins of Adult Disease

Variation in the quality or quantity of nutrients consumed during pregnancy can exert permanent and powerful effects upon the developing fetus. This programming of fetal development is emerging as a new risk factor for non-communicable diseases of adulthood, including coronary heart disease and the metabolic syndrome. Epidemiological studies show that indicators of nutritional deficit in pregnancy are associated with greater risk of diabetes and cardiovascular mortality. The study of programming in relation to disease processes has been advanced by the development of animal models, which have utilized both under- and overfeeding of specific nutrients in pregnancy. Studies of this nature support the nutritional programming hypothesis and provide tools with which to examine the mechanisms through which programming may occur. Studies of animals subject to undernutrition in utero generally exhibit changes in the structure of key organs, such as the kidney and pancreas. These effects are consistent with the concept that programming influences remodel the development of organs. The causal pathways which extend from tissue remodelling to disease processes are relatively well characterised. In contrast, the processes which drive disordered organ development are poorly understood. It is noteworthy that minor perturbation of maternal nutritional status can programme fetal development. It is suggested therefore that programming is a product of altered expression of key genes. This drives the tissue remodelling response and future disease risk.

Field of study: Medicine
Classification approach based on association rules mining for unbalanced data

This paper deals with the binary classification task when the target class has the lower probability of occurrence. In such situation, it is not possible to build a powerful classifier by using standard methods such as logistic regression, classification tree, discriminant analysis, etc. To overcome this short-coming of these methods which yield classifiers with low sensibility, we tackled the classification problem here through an approach based on the association rules learning. This approach has the advantage of allowing the identification of the patterns that are well correlated with the target class. Association rules learning is a well known method in the area of data-mining. It is used when dealing with large database for unsupervised discovery of local patterns that expresses hidden relationships between input variables. In considering association rules from a supervised learning point of view, a relevant set of weak classifiers is obtained from which one derives a classifier that performs well.

Field of study: Computer science
Modification and Future Forecasting of TBT/SPS Rules under the WTO System

As the deepest hidden barriers of non-tariffs which impact the international free trade,the technical barriers of trade are more difficult to be coped with and to be adapted by export countries compare with other traditional measures.Along with the development of international trade and the improvement of the freedom of trade,the application of sanitary and phytosanitary by governments effects the trade much more serious and has already become a kind of technical barrier of trade.This paper forecasts the future of these two agreements through making clear the intension of the TBT/SPS,recalling their establishment and modification as well as analyzing some real cases.

Field of study: Economics
Overexpression of PP2A-C5 that encodes the catalytic subunit 5 of protein phosphatase 2A in Arabidopsis confers better root and shoot development under salt conditions.

Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) is an enzyme consisting of three subunits: a scaffolding A subunit, a regulatory B subunit and a catalytic C subunit. PP2As were shown to play diverse roles in eukaryotes. In this study, the function of the Arabidopsis PP2A-C5 gene that encodes the catalytic subunit 5 of PP2A was studied using both loss-of-function and gain-of-function analyses. Loss-of-function mutant pp2a-c5-1 displayed more impaired growth during root and shoot development, whereas overexpression of PP2A-C5 conferred better root and shoot growth under different salt treatments, indicating that PP2A-C5 plays an important role in plant growth under salt conditions. Double knockout mutants of pp2a-c5-1 and salt overly sensitive (sos) mutants sos1-1, sos2-2 or sos3-1 showed additive sensitivity to NaCl, indicating that PP2A-C5 functions in a pathway different from the SOS signalling pathway. Using yeast two-hybrid analysis, four vacuolar membrane chloride channel (CLC) proteins, AtCLCa, AtCLCb, AtCLCc and AtCLCg, were found to interact with PP2A-C5. Moreover, overexpression of AtCLCc leads to increased salt tolerance and Cl- accumulation in transgenic Arabidopsis plants. These data indicate that PP2A-C5-mediated better growth under salt conditions might involve up-regulation of CLC activities on vacuolar membranes and that PP2A-C5 could be used for improving salt tolerance in crops.

Field of study: Environmental science
Ultra broadband mid-IR supercontinuum generation in Ge11.5As24Se64.5 based chalcogenide graded-index photonic crystal fiber: design and analysis.

In this paper, we report design and numerical analysis of a Ge11.5As24Se64.5 based chalcogenide glass graded-index photonic crystal fiber structure for mid-IR ultra broadband supercontinuum generation. The proposed dispersion engineered photonic crystal fiber offers a zero dispersion wavelength at a pump wavelength of 2.8 μm. To simulate the supercontinuum generation spectrum, the orders of dispersion coefficient up to the ninth order are considered. Simulated results indicate that an ultra broadband supercontinuum spectrum spanning 1-16 μm has been achieved using a 10 mm long photonic crystal fiber structure pumped with 50 fs secant hyperbolic pulses of 3 kW at a -30  dB spectral intensity level. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time such broad supercontinuum spectrum has been reported. This ultra broadband mid-IR supercontinuum spectrum is applicable in many diverse fields, including medical, defense, metrology, and spectroscopy.

Field of study: Physics
Pharmacogenomics and adverse drug reactions in children

Adverse drug reactions are a common and important complication of drug therapy in children. Over the past decade it has become increasingly apparent that genetically controlled variations in drug disposition and response are important determinants of adverse events for many important adverse events associated with drug therapy in children. While this research has been difficult to conduct over the past decade technical and ethical evolution has greatly facilitated the ability of investigators to conduct pharmacogenomic studies in children. Some of this research has already resulted in changes in public policy and clinical practice, for example in the case of codeine use by mothers and children. It is likely that the use of pharmacogenomics to enhance drug safety will first be realized among selected groups of children with high rates of drug use such as children with cancer, but it also likely that this research will be extended to other groups of children who have high rates of drug utilization and as well as providing insights into the mechanisms and pathophysiology of adverse drug reactions in children.

Field of study: Biology
CRL-based ultra-compact transfocator for X-ray focusing and microscopy.

A new ultra-compact transfocator (UCTF) based on X-ray compound refractive lenses (CRLs) is presented. The device can be used to change the number of one- and two-dimensional focusing CRLs by moving the individual parabolic lenses one-by-one independently, thus providing permanent energy and focal-length tunability for scanning and full-field X-ray microscopy applications. The small overall size and light weight of the device allow it to be integrated in any synchrotron beamline, while even simplifying the experimental layout. The UCTF was tested at the Excillium MetalJet microfocus X-ray source and at the P14 EMBL (PETRA-III) beamline, demonstrating high mechanical stability and lens positioning repeatability.

Field of study: Physics
A queueing analysis for the denial of service (DoS) attacks in computer networks

In most network security analysis, researchers mainly focus on qualitative studies on security schemes and possible attacks, and there are few papers on quantitative analysis in the current literature. In this paper, we propose one queueing model for the evaluation of the denial of service (DoS) attacks in computer networks. The network under DoS attacks is characterized by a two-dimensional embedded Markov chain model. With this model, we can develop a memory-efficient algorithm for finding the stationary probability distribution which can be used to find other interesting performance metrics such as the connection loss probability and buffer occupancy percentages of half-open connections for regular traffic and attack traffic. Different from previous works in the literature, this paper gives a more general analytical approach to the study of security measures of a computer network under DoS attacks. We hope that our approach opens a new avenue to the quantitative evaluation of more complicated security schemes in computer networks.

Field of study: Computer science
RFID ownership transfer protocol based on cloud

RFID and Cloud computing are widely used in the IoT (Internet of Things). However, there are few research works which combine RFID ownership transfer schemes with Cloud computing. Subsequently, this paper points out the weaknesses in two protocols proposed by Xie etźal. (2013) 3 and Doss etźal. (2013) 9. To solve the security issues of these protocols, we present a provably secure RFID ownership transfer protocol which achieves the security and privacy requirements for cloud-based applications. To be more specific, the communication channels among the tags, mobile readers and the cloud database are insecure. Besides, an encrypted hash table is used in the cloud database. Next, the presented protocol not only meets backward untraceability and the proposed strong forward untraceability, but also resists against replay attacks, tracing attacks, inner reader malicious impersonation attacks, tag impersonation attacks and desynchronization attacks. The comparisons of security and performance properties show that the proposed protocol has more security, higher efficiency and better scalability compared with other schemes.

Field of study: Computer science
The Role of Five Induced Learning Strategies in Scientific Text Comprehension.

AbstractThe representational construction of three short chemistry texts, which differed in lexical and syntactic difficulty and conceptual length, was investigated. One hundred psychology undergraduates were randomly selected and assigned to one of five independent groups. Once they had read the texts, they were induced to make use of rehearsal (repetition), elaboration (paraphrasing), or organizational (grouping, linking, and hierarchy) strategies, with or without the texts available for consultation. Generative instructions, retrieval cues, and external memory aids interacted with text structure. It was concluded that strategies that demand recognition of linked relationships or classes as well as the retention of this information in working memory significantly increase comprehension, whereas paraphrasing and the elaboration of subordinate relationships impose demands beyond the capacities of readers.

Field of study: Education
Developing a Measure of Generative Historical Consciousness From Political Leaders’ Speeches

The desire for power causes wars, oppression, and destruction, yet power is a necessary dimension of all human enterprises. Therefore, taming power is a central moral and political problem in the social sciences and humanities, as well as politics and religion. This article reports development of a content analysis measure that differentiates expressions of “tamed” and “untamed” power, based on the theoretical concept of generative historical consciousness (GHC). We describe the GHC concept and measure and report results from four studies establishing their validity in differentiating expressions of tamed versus untamed power. The first study uses matched pairs of world leaders’ texts on various political themes—for example, crisis escalation versus détente, vengeance versus reconstruction, and treatment of minority groups. Two case studies compare texts from different career- and life-stages of Malcolm X and Nelson Mandela. A final study compares two speeches about the Middle East by U.S. President Barack Obama.

Field of study: Psychology
Synthesis of 4,6‐Dichloro‐ and 4,6‐Difluorophthalides: a Systematic Study on the Lithiation of 3,5‐Dihalo‐N,N‐diisopropylbenzamides

By taking advantage of the N,N-diisopropylcarbamoyl moiety as a versatile ortho-directing lithiation group, the preparation of 4,6-dichloro- and 4,6-difluorophthalides, starting from the corresponding 3,5-dihalo-N,N-diisopropylbenz-amides, is described here. The role of the lithiating agent, the formation of kinetically and thermodynamically favored products, and the marked difference between the dichloro and difluoro derivatives are discussed in detail.

Field of study: Chemistry
Victim impact panels: who is sentenced to attend? Does attendance affect recidivism of first-time DWI offenders?

Victim Impact Panels (VIPs) have been implemented widely in the United States by judges as a deterrent to drinking and driving, but there is little evidence of their utility in preventing recidivism.



The objectives of this study were to examine judges' referral patterns to the VIPs among a multiethnic population of convicted first-time driving while impaired (DWI) offenders and to compare 5-year recidivism rates of those mandated and not mandated to attend the VIP.



Study participants included 5,238 convicted first-time DWI offenders who were referred to a screening program in Bernalillo County, New Mexico, and who completed a personal interview with a master's-level counselor between April 1989 and October 1995. Logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate judges' preferences in mandating offenders to attend a VIP. The percent of subjects reoffending in the 5 years following their referral for screening was calculated by standard life-table analyses. Cox proportional hazards analysis was used to test the effects of known independent predictors for recidivism. Separate models were developed for the entire population, non-Hispanic offenders, and Hispanic/Mexican national subgroups.



Female judges who regularly adjudicated DWI offenders were more likely to refer offenders to a VIP. Judges were less likely to refer men and offenders with less than 12 years of education and an unknown arrest blood alcohol concentration (BAC), and of Hispanic/Mexican national or other race/ ethnicity. Judges were more likely to refer unmarried offenders to a VIP. After controlling for multiple risk factors, referral to VIP was not a strong predictor of recidivism in Hispanic and non-Hispanic ethnic groups, with 95% confidence limits ranging from 0.8 to 1.0, compared to those not referred.



Female judges were more likely than male judges to refer offenders to a VIP, and referral patterns varied by offender characteristics. The VIP referral did not increase rearrest rates but lowered them marginally to not at all. This study should be followed up with a randomized design to control for referral patterns and to further define the impact of mandating offenders to the VIP.

Field of study: Medicine
Novel Model for Comprehensive Assessment of Robust Prognostic Gene Signature in Ovarian Cancer Across Different Independent Datasets

Different analytical methods or models can often find completely different prognostic biomarkers for the same cancer. In the study of prognostic molecular biomarkers of ovarian cancer (OvCa), different studies have reported a variety of prognostic gene signatures. In the current study, based on geometric concepts, the linearity-clustering phase diagram with integrated P-value (LCP) method was used to comprehensively consider three indicators that are commonly employed to estimate the quality of a prognostic gene signature model. The three indicators, namely, concordance index, area under the curve, and level of the hazard ratio were determined via calculation of the prognostic index of various gene signatures from different datasets. As evaluation objects, we selected 13 gene signature models (Cox regression model) and 16 OvCa genomic datasets (including gene expression information and follow-up data) from published studies. The results of LCP showed that three models were universal and better than other models. In addition, combining the three models into one model showed the best performance in all datasets by LCP calculation. The combination gene signature model provides a more reliable model and could be validated in various datasets of OvCa. Thus, our method and findings can provide more accurate prognostic biomarkers and effective reference for the precise clinical treatment of OvCa.

Field of study: Biology
Essential oil of Seseli tortuosum L. from Portugal: safety and anti-inflammatory potential evaluation

Several Seseli L. (Apiaceae) species are used in folk medicine for several healing effects, namely herbal remedy for human inflammation, swelling, rheumatism, pain and common cold. In Portugal, there are two taxa usually used in traditional medicine: Seseli tortuosum L. and Seseli montanum subsp. peixotoanum (Samp.). The aim of the present research was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of S. tortuosum and to assess their safety profile in several mammalian cell types at concentrations presenting strong bioactivity. This oil is characterized by high percentage of α-pinene (21.1%), β-pinene (22.6%) and cis - β -ocimene (11.8). The anti-inflammatory potential was investigated in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-triggered nitric oxide (NO) production by macrophages and microglia concomitantly treated with S. tortuosum essential oil. Our results demonstrated a significant decrease of LPS-induced NO production at concentrations up to 0.16 μL/mL, without affecting cell viability. Our findings confirm the safety of S. tortuosum oil in doses with anti-inflammatory activity. These results support further studies envisaging the use of S. tortuosum oil in pharmaceutical formulations for inhalation, topical application or oral administration.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Generalized Richardson-Gaudin Nuclear Models

Grand Acc´el´erateur National d’Ions Lourds, BP 55027, F-14076 Caen Cedex 5, France(Dated: February 8, 2008)The exact solvability of several nuclear models with non-degenerate single-particle energies isoutlined and leads to a generalization of integrable Richardson-Gaudin models, like the su(2)-basedfermion pairing, to any simple Lie algebra. As an example, the so(5) ∼ sp(4) model of T = 1 pairingis discussed and illustrated for the case of

Field of study: Physics
Providing Support for Non-Native Learners of English in the Social Studies Classroom: Integrating Verbal Interactive Activities and Technology

n a junior high school social studies I classroom in the midwestern part of the United States, Ms. Veatch’s eighth graders are starting work on a Civil War unit. Ms. Veatch assigns small groups of students to explore different aspects of the time period-dress, life style, economy, political issues-by doing research and presenting a report to the rest of the class. Through their collaborative work, students understand the context for the Civil War before they study it in depth. As is common in classrooms throughout the United States, Ms. Veatch’s class of twenty-seven students has students whose native language is not English and who are at different levels of English proficiency. Enaam, a recent arrival from Iraq, receives instruction from the ESL teacher three times each week in forty-five minute periods. The other three students, who are from Mexico, Colombia, and Guatemala, have passed

Field of study: Sociology
Characterization of monoclonal antibody binding site to the polymorphic length of hepatitis B surface antigen synthesized in a cell-free system.

: A combination of two modern biological techniques, hybridoma and recombinant DNA, was described to screen and characterize a monoclonal antibody binding site. Three monoclonal antibodies, M27, M9 and M01 recognizing to a specific domain of the hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg), were determined by their ability to immunoprecipitate the in vitro synthesized HBsAg in a polymorphic length. Results indicated that the M9 and M01 both recognize the S region of surface antigen while the M27 binds to the pre-S2 region of surface antigen.

Field of study: Biology
A Routing Protocol of QoS-Supported Wireless Sensor Network Based on Cost-Gradient

As a trend for the Wireless Sensor Network(WSN),supporting 'one-size-fits-all' requires routing protocols to provide multiple services for data transmissions on different QoS.By extending and improving the DD protocol,this paper proposes a new distributed QoS routing algorithm according to 'minimum path energy''minimum hop counts' which differentiates services for both real-relia time traffic and best-effort traffic at the precondition of reliability.Based on the analysis of result about the simulation,both the bility of the two traffics is achieved,and the improved routing protocol balances the energy consumption of the nodes in the whole network,with the network lifetime being prolonged.

Field of study: Engineering
Education in public administration at Harvard University: internal observations and rational reflections

Education in public administration at John F.Kennedy School of Government is helpful to do one's teaching and research involving with organization mission and aims,enrollment policy and social service,faculty recruitment and administrator construction,curriculum plan and teaching activity,etc.Through rational reflections on the internal observations,experiences of educational administration at KSG may be summed up:(1) with definite mission and goals doing what they want to do;(2) having complete institutions and being serious and strict in all criterions;(3) with people-centered considerations and promoting exchange;(4) attaching importance to diversity and giving emphasis to individualization;(5) paying close attention to the information from human resource markets and keeping on improving teaching quality.

Field of study: Education