nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Reliability enhancement of packet delivery in multi-hop wireless sensor network

Sensor Networks are used to collect a large amount of data in the field and forward it to data collectors, which are also responsible to analyze such data for a particular purpose. However, the wireless communication is susceptible to noise and interference, which results in loss of information in the routes from the sensors to the data aggregators. In addition, the devices used in these networks have restrictions on their processing, storage, and communication capacity, which diminishes, even more, the reliability of the data delivery. Therefore, this work describes a new communication method named μNet, which aims to increase the delivery rate of packets in multi-hop WSN. Such approach is based on peer-to-peer control messages to ensure that the packet has been properly forwarded. Besides that, the μNet is designed to be compatible with constrained devices, reducing the size of headers of the protocols and the size of the network buffer. By comparing μNet with widely used WSN protocols, it is demonstrated that this approach results in better end-to-end reliability in networks susceptible to interference.

Field of study: Computer science
Farm wages and living standards in the Industrial Revolution: England, 1670-1869.

Md oruch has been written on agricultural wages in England from 1670 to 1869, but this information has never been formed into one national series of agricultural wages. Wilson Fox provides good evidence based on farm accounts for 1850 and later. But for the years 1770-1849 the only national series available is the one Bowley constructed in 1898 mainly from wage surveys.2 While Bowley's index is well founded in the years after 1824, for the earlier period it relies on considerable interpolation, and takes no account of manuscript sources that have become available in the past hundred years.3 In an unpublished doctoral thesis, Eccleston calculated the day wages of workers on large agricultural estates from five midland counties from 1750 to 1834, and gave an annual day wage series for these counties.4 In another unpublished thesis, Richardson

Field of study: Economics, History
Observation of electron and hole velocity overshoots in an Al0.3Ga0.7As-based p?i?n semiconductor nanostructure

We report experimental results on simultaneous measurement of electron as well as hole transient transport in an Al0.3Ga0.7As-based p–i–n semiconductor nanostructure by using picosecond/subpicosecond Raman spectroscopy. Electron and hole velocity overshoots are directly observed. These experimental results are discussed and explained.

Field of study: Materials science
Marked graphs and hamiltonian graphs

In this paper we present an algorithm using a sign incidence matrix to enumerate all the subsets of places of a marked graph which are both siphon and trap, whose input transitions equal the output transitions and where both of them equal the set of all transitions. An iterative procedure to find a set of places in a marked graph whose removal ensures the resulting marked graph does not have a subset of places which are both siphon and trap, is given. This iterative procedure employs a siphon-trap matrix. As an application, using the algorithm given earlier, we have obtained all Hamiltonian circuits of a given directed graph. We have also found the minimal feedback edge set of a given directed graph. A characterization for Hamiltonian graphs is obtained in terms of siphons and traps.

Field of study: Engineering
LETTER TO THE EDITOR: Room-temperature electroluminescence from H-plasma-implanted silicon

We have investigated the electroluminescence (EL) characteristics of hydrogen-plasma-immersion ion-implanted silicon. For the first time, white light was obtained at room temperature from the samples annealing at a temperature of more than 600 °C. We have investigated the current–voltage curves of the device and the relationship between the EL intensity and current density. We analysed the distribution of hydrogen and the microstructure of samples using secondary ion mass spectrometry and transmission electron microscopy. Experimental results show that hydrogen-related complexes and nanocavities in the amorphous layer are not the causes of the emission. The flat cavities with silicon oxide at the surface may be the key to the EL.

Field of study: Materials science
Conditioned Limit Theorems

Limit theorems for Markoff processes and suitable functionals defined on the processes occur in two principal contexts. The first context treats a situation where the limit process is one of the classical stable processes. The usual approximating processes are sums of independent random variables. A second class of examples is that of a limit diffusion process of Bessel type. Then the approximating processes may themselves either be of diffusion type (i.e., random walks, birth and death or bona fide diffusion) or processes almost of diffusion type. In both cases under sufficient regularity conditions, there exists an invariance principle, i.e., the convergence of the processes entails the convergence in law of functionals continuous a.e. with respect to the limit process. The objective is to develop several limit laws for random variables subject to conditioning on a recurrent event.

Field of study: Mathematics
Beobachtungen zum Problem der jung-Präkambrischen glazialen Ablagerungen in Südwestafrika

The Late Precambrian Numees Formation contains besides very thick deposits of tillite-like habit also laminated siltstones resembling glacial varved rocks. These enclose coarser sand grains, pebbles and boulders of all sizes which have dropped from above into the soft sediment. As only floating ice can have transported these large components, the conclusion is inescapable that the laminated siltstones are true glacial varves and that the tillite-like rocks are true tillites.This evidence for Late Precambrien glacial conditions makes it highly probable that other formations of a similar age, which have been described as tillites, are also of glacial origin. The Buschmannsklippe Formation begins locally with a tillite which seems to be more or less contemporaneous with the Numees Formation. A high percentage of facetted and deeply striated pebbles and boulders makes it probable that this tillite originated as a basal moraine.The Nama tillite in the Klein Karas Mountains is stratigraphically not very far removed and in time probably not very much younger than the Numees tillite. Striated and grooved floors are associated with this tillite.The Chuos tillite and the Otavi tillite of the Damara System are contemporaneous deposits of Late Precambrian age. Their age relative to the Numees tillite is not known. The Chuos- and the Otavi tillite are probably glaciomarine drifts. For these a glacial origin cannot be proved with the same degree of conclusiveness as for the above described deposits. However, the existence of glacial conditions in the Late Praecambrian having been proved for an adjoining area, a glacial origin may reasonably be assumed for the tillite-like rocks of the Damara System too.Both the Numees tillite and the Otavi tillite are intimately associated with sedimentary iron ore deposits. Oxygen deficiency in stagnating bottom waters, caused by an ice cover, is thought to be responsible for this peculiar combination of sediments.The excellent evidence for the existence of glacial conditions during parts of the Late Precambrian, found in South West Africa, strongly supports the assumption that the many tillite-like deposits of a similar age, which have been described from Central and West Africa are also of glacial origin.

Field of study: Environmental science
A Sequential Monte Carlo Method for Motif Discovery

We propose a sequential Monte Carlo (SMC)-based motif discovery algorithm that can efficiently detect motifs in datasets containing a large number of sequences. The statistical distribution of the motifs is modeled by an underlying position weight matrix (PWM), and both the PWM and the positions of the motifs within the sequences are estimated by the SMC algorithm. The proposed SMC motif discovery technique can locate motifs under a number of scenarios, including the single-block model, two-block model with unknown gap length, motifs of unknown lengths, motifs with unknown abundance, and sequences with multiple unique motifs. The accuracy of the SMC motif discovery algorithm is shown to be superior to that of the existing methods based on MCMC or EM algorithms. Furthermore, it is shown that the proposed method can be used to improve the results of existing motif discovery algorithms by using their results as the priors for the SMC algorithm.

Field of study: Engineering
Ureteric stents in pyeloplasty: a help or a hindrance?

To examine whether routine ureteric stenting influences outcome of pyeloplasty for pelvi-ureteric junction obstruction (PUJO).



A 10-year review was conducted of 105 consecutive open Anderson-Hynes dismembered pyeloplasties performed for PUJO, covering two periods: (1) pyeloplasties performed without ureteric stents (1994-1998) and (2) pyeloplasties performed with ureteric stents (1999-2003). Outcomes (expressed as means+/-SEM) of unstented patients (UPs; n=47) and stented patients (SPs; n=58) were compared and results analysed using ANOVA and chi-square tests.



Fifty-five patients (53.9%) presented with antenatal hydronephrosis, whilst 47 (46.1%) presented postnatally (at mean age 88.4+/-7.1 months) with one or more of the following: pain (n=30, 63.8%), urinary tract infection (n=16; 34.0%), haematuria (n=3, 6.4%), abdominal mass (n=3, 6.4%), acute renal failure (n=2, 4.3%), incidental finding (n=4, 8.5%). Pyeloplasty was performed (at mean age 58.9+/-5.3 months) for one or more of the following: pain (n=40, 38.1%), haematuria (n=6, 5.7%), urinary tract infection (n=18, 17.1%), poor initial or deteriorating function (n=29, 27.6%), severe or deteriorating hydronephrosis (n=41, 39.0%), calculus (n=1, 0.95%). Recognised complications of surgery were significantly higher in UPs (5 of 47; 10.6%) than SPs (0 of 58); P=0.016. These were leakage (n=4, 8.5%) and obstruction by blood clot (n=1, 2.1%). Nine SPs (15.5%) developed stent-related complications, including stent migration (n=5, 8.6%), infection (n=3, 5.2%) and calculus (n=1, 1.7%). SPs had significantly shorter hospital stay (2.71+/-0.25 days) than UPs (4.30+/-0.38 days); P<0.01. Preoperative renal pelvis antero-posterior diameter in SPs (3.24+/-0.25 cm) and UPs (3.21+/-0.28 cm) was comparable (P=0.80). Following pyeloplasty, a significant improvement from these preoperative baselines occurred earlier in SPs (at 3.10+/-0.46 months) than UPs (at 15.71+/-3.05 months); P<0.01.



Stented pyeloplasty significantly reduces complications from surgery, particularly leakage, and results in shorter hospital stay and earlier resolution of hydronephrosis, but at the expense of stent-related complications which could be avoided in future by the use of external stents.

Field of study: Medicine
Critical evaluation of stability constants of metal complexes of complexones for biomedical and environmental applications* (IUPAC Technical Report)

Available experimental data on stability constants of proton (hydron) and metal complexes for seven complexones of particular biomedical and environmental interest: iminodiacetic acid [2,2'-azanediyldiacetic acid, IDA], (methylimino)diacetic acid [2,2'-(methylazanediyl)diacetic acid, MIDA]; 2,2',2'',2'''-{[(carboxymethyl)azanediyl]bis[(ethane-1,2-diyl)nitrilo]}tetraacetic acid (DTPA), 3,6,9,12-tetrakis(carboxymethyl)-3,6,9,12-tetraazatetradecanedioic acid (TTHA); 2,2',2''-(1,4,7-triazonane-1,4,7-triyl)triacetic acid (NOTA); 2,2',2'',2'''-(1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetrayl)tetraacetic acid (DOTA); 2,2',2'',2'''-(1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane-1,4,8,11-tetrayl)tetraacetic acid (TETA), published in 1945-2000, have been critically evaluated. Some typical errors in stability constant measurements for particular complexones are summarized. Higher quality data are selected and presented as “Recommended” or “Provisional”.

Field of study: Chemistry
The Transfer of Control in Large Corporations: 1905-1919

In 1905, Wall Street Journal editor Sereno S. Pratt examined the control of large American corporations and found that, despite its republican form, "in practical operation, . . . the stock company is subject to autocratic or oligarchical control. The stockholders do not vote-they send proxies that are held by the powers that be.... It is not difficult for a small group of financiers to dominate properties worth billions of dollars, belonging to thousands of investors, who have really no voice in their management" . Twenty-five years later, A. A. Berle, Jr. and G. C. Means made a similar argument, but suggested that power "ultimately (lay) in the hands of management itself, a management capable of perpetuating its own position" [Berle and Means 1932, p. 124]. While both Pratt and Berle-Means believed that the inability of owners to effectively exercise ownership rights led to their usurpation by other, better organized forces, they disagreed as to who actually seized control. Berle and Means assumed that managers took control from shareholders. On the other hand, Pratt concluded that shareholders had long lost out to

Field of study: Economics
Putting Modernism Together: Literature, Music, and Painting, 1872–1927 by Daniel Albright (review)

an "expendable commodity" for Vivaldo, Rufus's Irish-Italian lover, to contemplate his own racial shortcomings (98). Brim's analysis of an especially poignant scene in which Vivaldo lies in bed with Rufus and feels as if " me to take him in my arms" highlights what Brim calls "hetero-raced paralysis," represented by Vivaldo's inability to recognize Rufus's humanity and therefore love him (101). Brim is at his best here, laying bare the nexus of gender, sexuality, and race. The final chapter of James Baldwin and the Queer Imagination undergoes a slight shift in focus. Brim turns his attention to three of Baldwin's short stories: "The Rockpile," "The Man Child," and "Going to Meet the Man." This chapter also diverges from the conceptual structure of the previous chapters, as Brim reflects on the white heterosexual male's inability to reproduce a "white paternal legacy" and the fear that this procreative failure generates (131). This trio of stories exposes the "price of the white ticket" as mothers all but disappear and white men "intent on securing their own paternal positions in the procreative order" take center stage. Although nimble, the fourth chapter does not carry the same avant-garde intellectualism of Brim's earlier chapters. While some may take issue with Brim's assertion that Baldwin's lack of writerly engagement with black gay writers evidences a disavowal of black gay identities, James Baldwin and the Queer Imagination provides a refreshingly curious look into the writings of a man who has come to symbolize black gay brilliance through its reconstruction of Baldwin as a decidedly enigmatic figure. More broadly speaking, Brim's text raises questions about the writer's responsibility to his audience. The insight Brim presents is worthy of a place on any upper-level queer theory or Africana Studies syllabus. It will, of course, make it onto mine.

Field of study: Art
Feasible and effective control strategies on extreme emissions of chlorinated persistent organic pollutants during the start-up processes of municipal solid waste incinerators.

A typical two-day start-up of municipal solid waste incinerators (MSWIs) can yield polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofuran (PCDD/F) and polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) emission quantities around 10 times higher than those from an entire year of normal operations, as measured in this study. Thus, we tested specific control strategies for inhibiting the formation of chlorinated persistent organic pollutants (Cl-POPs), namely, extensively cleaning the ash accumulated beneath the furnace bed of the combustion chamber and deposited on the walls of the superheater and economizer and shortening the residence time of the flue gas in the optimal temperature window for Cl-POP formation. Also, we advanced the injection times of the activated carbon and lime slurry to lower Cl-POP emissions during start-up. Our findings show that these strategies were highly effective and reduced the Cl-POP emissions by > 98%, most of which (96.4-98.2%) was attributable to inhibiting formation. In summary, the proposed control strategies require no modifications to existing air pollution control devices, have little influence on operational cost, and are effective and feasible for the majority of MSWIs.

Field of study: Environmental science
Changes of aroma constituents of Qimen raw black tea during processing.

The changes of aroma of Qimen raw black tea during processing were studied by SDE-GC/MS method.The results showed that seven groups of aroma components were identified such as alcohols,aldehydes,ketones,esters,acids,saturated hydrocarbons and unsaturated hydrocarbons,of which,the main components were alcohols,aldehydes,acids.The alcohols and aldehydes increased distinctively in the rolled processing,however,the ketones and hydrocarbons had no significant change during the whole processing.At the same time,the rate of Geraniol,n-hexadecanoic acid,Linalool and Linalool oxide,2-hexenal,(E),Benzeneacetaldehyde,Phytol,(Z,Z,Z)-7,10,13-hexadecatrienal,9,12-octadecadienoic acid(Z,Z),Benzeneethanol,Benzenemethanol,Methyl salicylate to the total armoa material of Qimen raw black tea is 83.78%,and they are the main aromatic components of Qimen raw black tea and play an important role on Qimen black tea′s special flavor.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
In vivo assessment of alveolar morphology using a flexible catheter-based confocal microscope

Investigating the structure and function of alveoli in vivo is crucial for understanding the normal and diseased lungs. The authors image the alveoli of mice in vivo using a custom fibre optic catheter-based laser scanning confocal microscope. Images obtained using this system are analysed with an automated software application for alveolar size, wall thickness and number. Results show that direct dynamic visualisation of alveoli and surrounding structures is possible in vivo, with high resolution. Early results indicate high heterogeneity in alveolar structure in vivo, as opposed to an ordered uniform structure. Using the techniques presented here, there is great promise for advancing our knowledge of the functional unit of the lung, the alveolus, for alveolar mechanics, cell traffic and three-dimensional structural visualisation.

Field of study: Computer science
Molecular dynamics simulation of the interaction of low-energy Ar ions with polyethylene and pentacene surfaces

The normal bombardment of bulk polyethylene and pentacene crystals with 100-eV Ar ions has been investigated by molecular dynamics simulation using the many-body potential for covalent bonds. Polyethylene targets with and without chain folds on the surface have been used. The sputtering yield and changes in the atomic structure of targets are discussed.

Field of study: Physics
On the dynamics of a second-order thin rod

A second-order theory of hyperelastic thin rods is developed from a threedimensional point of view. The basic topics of geometry and kinematics are given and strain variables are introduced. By means of the virtual work theorem we obtain the equations of motion; the internal work theorem determines the choice of stress variables and, under the hypothesis of hyperelasticity, stress-strain relations are shown. Finally a suitable choice of a second-degree potential, in the Signorini sense, is given.

Field of study: Mathematics
Experimental arthritis induced by continuous infusion of IL‐8 into rabbit knee joints

To determine the roles of IL‐8 in inflammatory synovitis. examination was made of the results of continuously injecting human recombinant IL‐8 into the knee joints of New Zealand white rabbits. Recombinant human lL‐8 was infused continuously into the joint cavity at 75 ng/h for 14 days by a polypropylene catheter connected to a mini‐osmotic pump implanted in each rabbit. Infiltration of inflammatory cells into joint cavity and histopathological changes in synovial tissue were examined at 7 and 14 days following the start of infusion. The continuous infusion of IL‐8 for 14days led to severe arthritis characterized by apparent erythema and joint pain, the accumulation of leucocytes, infiltration of mononuclear cells in synovial tissue, and marked hypervascularization in the synovial lining layer. IL‐8 may be a factor which can contribute to the inflammatory process of chronic arthritis by mediating leucocyte recruitment and hypervascularization in inflamed joints.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Protein kinase A mediates regulation of gap junctions containing connexin35 through a complex pathway.

Connexin 35 (Cx35) is a major component of electrical synapses in the central nervous system. Many gap junctions containing Cx35 are regulated by dopamine receptor pathways that involve protein kinase A (PKA). To study the mechanism of PKA regulation, we analyzed direct phosphorylation of Cx35 by PKA in vitro and studied the regulation of neurobiotin tracer coupling in HeLa cells expressing Cx35 or Cx35 mutants that lack phosphorylation sites. In Cx35-transfected cells, application of the PKA activator Sp-8-cpt-cAMPS caused a significant decline in coupling, while a PKA inhibitor, Rp-8-cpt-cAMPS, significantly increased tracer coupling. In vitro phosphorylation and mutagenic analysis showed that PKA phosphorylates Cx35 directly at two major sites, Ser110 in the intracellular loop and Ser276 in the carboxyl terminus. In addition, a minor phosphorylation site in the C-terminus was identified by truncation of the last 7 amino acids at Ser298. The mutations Ser110Ala or Ser276Ala significantly reduced regulation of coupling by the PKA activator while a combination of the two eliminated regulation. Truncation at Ser298 reversed the regulation such that the PKA activator significantly increased and the PKA inhibitor significantly decreased coupling. The activation was eliminated in the S110A, S276A, S298ter triple mutant. We conclude that PKA regulates Cx35 coupling in a complex manner that requires both major phosphorylation sites. Furthermore, the tip of the C-terminus acts as a "switch" that determines whether phosphorylation will inhibit or enhance coupling. Reliance on the combined states of three sites provides fine control over the degree of coupling through Cx35 gap junctions.

Field of study: Biology
Mesic nuclei with a heavy antiquark

The binding system of a hadron and a nucleus is a topic of great interest for investigating the hadron properties. In the heavy-flavor region, the attraction between a $P(=\bar{D},B)$ meson and a nucleon $N$ can appear, where the $PN-P^\ast N$ mixing plays an important role in relation to the heavy-quark spin symmetry. The attraction can produce exotic heavy mesic nuclei that are stable against the strong decay. We study an exotic system where the $\bar{D}$ ($B$) meson and nucleus are bound. The meson-nucleus interaction is given by a folding potential with single-channel $PN$ interaction and the nucleon number distribution function. By solving the Schrodinger equations of the heavy meson and the nucleus, we obtain several bound and resonant states for nucleon number $A=16,\dots,208$. The results indicate the possible existence of exotic mesic nuclei with a heavy antiquark.

Field of study: Physics