nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Rankin–Selberg local factors modulo $$\ell $$ℓ

After extending the theory of Rankin–Selberg local factors to pairs of $$\ell $$ℓ-modular representations of Whittaker type, of general linear groups over a non-Archimedean local field, we study the reduction modulo $$\ell $$ℓ of $$\ell $$ℓ-adic local factors and their relation to these $$\ell $$ℓ-modular local factors. While the $$\ell $$ℓ-modular local $$\gamma $$γ-factor we associate with such a pair turns out to always coincide with the reduction modulo $$\ell $$ℓ of the $$\ell $$ℓ-adic $$\gamma $$γ-factor of any Whittaker lifts of this pair, the local L-factor exhibits a more interesting behaviour, always dividing the reduction modulo-$$\ell $$ℓ of the $$\ell $$ℓ-adic L-factor of any Whittaker lifts, but with the possibility of a strict division occurring. We completely describe $$\ell $$ℓ-modular L-factors in the generic case and obtain two simple-to-state nice formulae: Let $$\pi ,\pi '$$π,π′ be generic $$\ell $$ℓ-modular representations; then, writing $$\pi _b,\pi '_b$$πb,πb′ for their banal parts, we have $$\begin{aligned} L(X,\pi ,\pi ')=L(X,\pi _b,\pi _b'). \end{aligned}$$L(X,π,π′)=L(X,πb,πb′).Using this formula, we obtain the inductivity relations for local factors of generic representations. Secondly, we show that $$\begin{aligned} L(X,\pi ,\pi ')=\mathop {\mathbf {GCD}}(r_{\ell }(L(X,\tau ,\tau '))), \end{aligned}$$L(X,π,π′)=GCD(rℓ(L(X,τ,τ′))),where the divisor is over all integral generic $$\ell $$ℓ-adic representations $$\tau $$τ and $$\tau '$$τ′ which contain $$\pi $$π and $$\pi '$$π′, respectively, as subquotients after reduction modulo $$\ell $$ℓ.

Field of study: Mathematics
Suitable iterative methods for solving the linear system arising in the three fields domain decomposition method

There are two approaches for applying substructuring preconditioner for the linear system corresponding to the discrete Steklov–Poincare operator arising in the three fields domain decomposition method for elliptic problems. One of them is to apply the preconditioner in a common way, i.e. using an iterative method such as preconditioned conjugate gradient method [S. Bertoluzza, Substructuring preconditioners for the three fields domain decomposition method, I.A.N.-C.N.R, 2000] and the other one is to apply iterative methods like for instance bi-conjugate gradient method, conjugate gradient square and etc. which are efficient for nonsymmetric systems (the preconditioned system will be nonsymmetric). In this paper, second approach will be followed and extensive numerical tests will be presented which imply that the considered iterative methods are efficient.

Field of study: Mathematics
Fabrication and Characterization of 150-mm
Silicon-on-Polycrystalline Silicon Carbide Substrates

Silicon-on-insulator (SOI) substrates can reduce radiofrequency (RF) substrate losses due to their buried oxide (BOX). On the other hand, the BOX causes problems since it acts as a thermal barrier. Oxide has low thermal conductivity and traps heat generated by devices on the SOI. This paper presents a hybrid substrate which uses a thin layer of polycrystalline silicon and polycrystalline silicon carbide (Si-on-poly-SiC) to replace the thermally unfavorable BOX and the silicon substrate. Substrates of 150 mm were fabricated by wafer bonding and shown to be stress and strain free. Various electronic devices and test structures were processed on the hybrid substrate as well as on a low-resistivity SOI reference wafer. The substrates were characterized electrically and thermally and compared with each other. Results showed that the Si-on-poly-SiC wafer had 2.5 times lower thermal resistance and exhibited equal or better electrical performance compared with the SOI reference wafer.

Field of study: Materials science
Decreased immunoreactive beta‐endorphin in mononuclear leucocytes from patients with rheumatic diseases

The ncuroendocrine potypeptide hormone beta‐endorphin (β‐END), which is released from various tissues including the anterior pituitary gland and cells of the immune system, has recently been implicated as having an immunoregulalory role. We used a radioimmunoassay to measure β‐END levels in circulating mononuclear leucocytes from normal subjects and patients with various rheumatic diseases. Levels of β‐END in leucocytes from patients were lower than in leucocytes from healthy subjects (P<0.001). Whereas levels of β‐END in leucocytes from patients with the various rheumatic disorders were not significantly different, an inverse correlation was found between β‐END levels in leucocytes and expression of rheumatoid factor (P<0.025) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (P<0.025). This study demonstrates decreased content of β‐END in cells of the immune system related to parameters of inflammatory activity in rheumatic diseases.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Determining the Pseudo-Stark Coefficient in Y2SiO5:Er3+ from the Photon Echo Oscillations and Beats upon a 4F9/2–4I15/2 Transition

The pseudo-Stark shift in the optical frequency of the 4F9/2–4I15/2 transition of an Er3+ ion in a Y2SiO5 matrix under the action of a weak pulsed electric field is measured from changes in the amplitude and temporal shape of the photon echo.

Field of study: Physics
Entransy analysis on the thermal performance of flat plate solar air collectors

Based on the thermo-electric analogy (the so-called thermal entransy analysis), the unified airside convective heat transfer coefficient for different sorts of flat plate solar air collectors (FPSACs) is identified in terms of collector aperture area. In addition, the collector thermodynamic characteristic matching coefficient is defined to depict the matching property of collector thermal performance between the collector airside heat transfer and the total heat losses. It is found that the airside convective heat transfer coefficient can be experimentally determined by collector thermal performance test method to compare the airside thermal performances of FPSACs with different types of airflow structures. Moreover, the smaller the collector thermodynamic characteristic matching coefficient is, the better the thermodynamic perfect degree of a FPSAC is. The minimum limit value of the collector thermodynamic matching coefficient is close to zero but it can not vanish in practical engineering. Parameter sensitivity analysis on the total entransy dissipation and the entransy increment of a general FPSAC is also undertaken. The results indicate that the effective way of decreasing total entransy dissipation and enhancing the useful entransy increment is improving the efficiency intercept of the FPSAC. This is equivalent to the cognition result of thermal analysis. However, the evaluation indices identified by the thermal entransy analysis can not be extracted by singular thermal analysis.

Field of study: Engineering
National survey of molecular bacterial diversity of New Zealand groundwater: relationships between biodiversity, groundwater chemistry and aquifer characteristics.

Groundwater is a vital component of rural and urban water supplies in New Zealand. Although extensive monitoring of chemical and physical properties is conducted due to the high demand for this valuable resource, current information on its bacterial content is limited. However, bacteria provide an immense contribution to drive the biogeochemical processes in the groundwater ecosystem as in any other ecosystem. Therefore, a proper understanding of bacterial diversity is crucial to assess the effectiveness of groundwater management policies. In this study, we investigated the bacterial community structure in NZ groundwater at a national scale using the terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) molecular profiling tool and determined the relationships between bacterial diversity and groundwater chemistry, geological parameters and human impact. Considerable bacterial diversity was present and the community structures were strongly related to groundwater chemistry, and in particular to redox potential and human impact, reflecting their potential influence on determination of bacterial diversity. Further, the mean residence time of groundwater also showed relationships with bacterial community structure. These novel findings pertaining to community composition and its relationships with environmental parameters will provide a strong foundation for qualitative exploration of the bacterial diversity in NZ groundwater in relation to sustainable management of this valuable resource.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Terrestrial dunes, man and the late quaternary environment in southern Tasmania

Three source-bordering sand sheets that occur adjacent to the Derwent estuary and were occupied by Aboriginal groups have been examined. Two lunette sites in the Tasmanian Midlands, one occupied by Aboriginals the other not, have also been examined. Geomorphologic, stratigraphic, pedologic, and archaeologic evidence is used to decipher the broad sequence of late Quaternary environmental changes, and the effects of occupation. A broadly parallel sequence of changes is suggested by the two areas. The data suggest that relatively cold, dry, climatic conditions prevailed during the late Last Glacial Stage (25,000–10,000 B.P.), and that more humid conditions preceded and succeeded this period. The aeolian landforms and events compare with similar forms and events recorded from SE mainland Australia.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Consistency and variation in second language acquisition

This article proposes that L2 learners differ from native speakers with respect to two benchmarks–the extent to which native-like success on one principle of UG predicts comparable success on other principles (lateral consistency), and the extent to which this level of success is stable over time (longitudinal). Results of two experimental studies on the acquisition of Japanese as a second language show that L2 learners exhibit neither lateral nor longitudinal consistency with respect to UG, at least in the early stages of the acquisition process.

Field of study: Linguistics
Asymptotic properties of kruskal-wallis test and friedman test in the analysis of variance models with random effects

In this paper, asymptotic properties of the Kruskal-Wallis test in the one-way analysis of variance model and that of the Friedman test in the two-way classification model are investigated under alternatives when the treatment effects are random. It is shown that the asymptotic distribution of each statistic is the same as a mixture of central chi-squared variables. Asymptotic comparisons of the tests with respect to their parametric competitors are also performed

Field of study: Mathematics
The nature of the inductive effect of azinyl groups

The induction constants of azinyl groups are factored into two components, a σ-induction (σX) and a field (σF) component. It is shown that the σX constants of azinyl groups can be thought of as sums of contributions from the phenyl group and the endocyclic nitrogen atoms. A satisfactory correlation is found between the σF constants and the size and direction of the dipole moment of the heterocyclic substituents in the framework of the Kirkwood-Westheimer equation.

Field of study: Chemistry
Magnesium-Based Materials for Hydrogen Storage—A Scope Review

Magnesium hydride and selected magnesium-based ternary hydride (Mg2FeH6, Mg2NiH4, and Mg2CoH5) syntheses and modification methods, as well as the properties of the obtained materials, which are modified mostly by mechanical synthesis or milling, are reviewed in this work. The roles of selected additives (oxides, halides, and intermetallics), nanostructurization, polymorphic transformations, and cyclic stability are described. Despite the many years of investigations related to these hydrides and the significant number of different additives used, there are still many unknown factors that affect their hydrogen storage properties, reaction yield, and stability. The described compounds seem to be extremely interesting from a theoretical point of view. However, their practical application still remains debatable.

Field of study: Materials science
Functional traits as indicators of biodiversity response to land use changes across ecosystems and organisms

Rigorous and widely applicable indicators of biodiversity are needed to monitor the responses of ecosystems to global change and design effective conservation schemes. Among the potential indicators of biodiversity, those based on the functional traits of species and communities are interesting because they can be generalized to similar habitats and can be assessed by relatively rapid field assessment across eco-regions. Functional traits, however, have as yet been rarely considered in current common monitoring schemes. Moreover, standardized procedures of trait measurement and analyses have almost exclusively been developed for plants but different approaches have been used for different groups of organisms. Here we review approaches using functional traits as biodiversity indicators focussing not on plants as usual but particularly on animal groups that are commonly considered in different biodiversity monitoring schemes (benthic invertebrates, collembolans, above ground insects and birds). Further, we introduce a new framework based on functional traits indices and illustrate it using case studies where the traits of these organisms can help monitoring the response of biodiversity to different land use change drivers. We propose and test standard procedures to integrate different components of functional traits into biodiversity monitoring schemes across trophic levels and disciplines. We suggest that the development of indicators using functional traits could complement, rather than replace, the existent biodiversity monitoring. In this way, the comparison of the effect of land use changes on biodiversity is facilitated and is expected to positively influence conservation management practices.

Field of study: Environmental science
Systematics of quadrupole moments and energies

We define the "quadrupole ratio" r_{Q}=\dfrac{Q_{0}(S)}{Q_{0}(B)} where Q_{0}(S) is the intrinsic quadrupole moment obtained from the static quadrupole moment of the 2_{1}^{+} state of an even-even nucleus and Q_{0}(B) the intrinsic quadrupole moment obtained from B(E2)_{0\rightarrow2} . In both cases we assume a simple rotational formula connecting the rotating frame to the laboratory frame. The quantity r_{Q} would be one if the rotational model were perfect and the energy ratio E(4)/E(2) would be 10/3. In the simple vibrational model, r_{Q} would be zero and E(4)/E(2) would be two. There are some regions where the rotational limit is almost met and fewer where the vibrational limit is also almost met. For most cases, however, it is between these two limits, i.e. 0<|r_{Q}|<1 . There are a few cases where r_{Q} is bigger than one, especially for light nuclei. In most cases the quadrupole ratio is positive but there are two regions with negative ratios. The first case is that of light nuclei and the second has certain nuclei close to ^{208} Pb.

Field of study: Physics
Metastabile Protonierungs-und Deprotonierungsprodukte anorganischer Molekeln und Ionen

Unstabile Partikeln, die durch Protonaddition oder Protonextraktion gebildet werden, spielen in der anorganischen Chemie eine erhebliche Rolle und mit deren Studium kann man eine Reihe von alten Problemen einer Lösung entgegenführen. Weil ich diesen Sachverhalt hier aufzeigen will, sei mir erlaubt, vorerst einige Worte über die besondere Stellung der anorganischen Chemie und über die Natur ihrer Aufgaben zu sagen. Warum hat die anorganische Chemie so lange stagniert und ist gegenüber der jüngeren organischen Chemie in Rückstand geraten? Die Zahl ihrer Verbindungen wächst viel langsamer, und es gibt immer noch grosse anorganische Stoffklassen, deren Struktur noch umstritten ist, obschon man sie schon seit 100 und mehr Jahren kennt. Für diese besondere Situation der anorganischen Chemie gibt es offensichtlich drei Ursachen: (i) In der anorganischen Chemie sind sehr viele Stoffe sog. kovalente Kristallverbindungen, bei denen endlose Ketten-, Netzund Gitterverbände vorliegen, die man weder verdampfen noch lösen kann, ohne dabei die Struktur zu zerstören. Diese Stoffklasse kennt die organische Chemie überhaupt nicht, wenn wir vom Diamant und Graphit absehen. Die Synthese solcher Verbindungen erfordert eine umfangreiche Hochtemperaturtechnik und deren wirklich saubere Reindarstellung ist ebenfalls sehr schwierig. Erst in jüngerer Zeit sind durch das Zonenschmelzverfahren wesentliche Fortschritte erzielt worden. Auch die Strukturaufklärung an solchen Stoffen ist erst seit wenigen Jahrzehnten möglich, da man dabei auf die Röntgenkristallographie angewiesen ist. (ii) Die Mehrzahl der anorganischen Verbindungen gehört wohl zu der Stoffklasse der Salze. Diese bestehen wie die organischen Verbindungen aus molekularen Einheiten. Es handelt sich aber um geladene Bausteine, also Atomund Molekelionen, die man nur in einem Lösungsmittel hoher Dielektrizitätskonstante voneinander unabhängig machen kann. Wiederum kann für die Fraktionierung die Destillation nicht angewandt werden und die Kristallisation blieb bis vor kurzem die einzige Methode zur Reindarstellung. Erst seit 10-15 Jahren kennt man noch effektvollere Trennmethoden, nämlich die Chromatographie und besonders die Ionentauscherverfahren, mit denen man heute z.B. die seltenen Erden leicht voneinander trennen kann. Aber nicht nur die Isolierung und Reindarstellung ist bei Ionenverbindungen in der Regel schwieriger als bei flüchtigen, molekularen Stoffen, sondern auch deren Strukturaufklärung. Ich kann nur daran erinnern, dass es z.B. sehr viel schwieriger ist, ein Ionengewicht zu bestimmen als ein Molekulargewicht. Es gibt viele Salze, die man schon seit einem

Field of study: Chemistry
Occupational Sex-Typing by Kindergarten and Fourth-Grade Children

Sex-typing of occupations and its antecedent elements have been investigated using different methods across a variety of age groups. Exp. 1 utilized a memory test as its principal criterion, along with a job-preference question to investigate sex-typing in fourth-grade children. On the memory test the mean numbers of sex-typing errors were significantly different; the subjects presenting traditional sex-typed pairings committed far fewer sex-typing errors. The job-preference question also disclosed sex-typed beliefs pertaining to occupational aspirations. The method in Exp. 2 required 66 kindergarten children to supply names to stick figures performing traditional male and female occupations in each of 10 picture cards. A significant number of sex-typed responses were given. Girls were more sex-typed than boys, traditional male occupations were more sex-typed than traditional female occupations, and boys were less sex-typed when their mothers were employed.

Field of study: Psychology
Synergizing Rice Yellow Stem Borer Pheromone with Addition of Plant Extracts and Vitamin E

Rice yellow stem borer, Scirpophaga incertulas Walker YSB females produce sex pheromone to attract males for mating! Synthetic pheromone blend (3:1 blend of Z-ll-hexadecinal and Z-9-hexadecinal) is now used for monitoring and direct control of this pest through mass trapping and mating disruption. The present studies were conducted during Kharif 1999 and Rabi 2000 seasons with all the three (vitamin E, Pusa Basmati and Pheromone) components to know the effect of these on trap catch and possibility of using them in mass trapping technique for better efficacy. The results revealed significant increase (almost doubled) in the trap catch with addition of Pusa Basmati and Vitamin E to the synthetic pheromone than only pheromone, followed by reduced borer damage and increased egg parasitism.

Field of study: Biology
Queer and Trans* Students of Color: Navigating Identity Disclosure and College Contexts

The purpose of this study was to explore outness among undergraduate students who identify as queer and trans* people of color (QTPOC). Data for this study originated from The National LGBT Alumni Survey and included 386 QTPOC respondents. We utilized analysis of variance (ANOVA) to explore differences in outness across racial identities for QTPOC students and linear regression to understand the relationship between contextual influences and outness using Abes, Jones, and McEwen’s (2007) reconceptualized model of multiple dimensions of identity as a framework. We also analyzed participants’ open-ended responses to understand how QTPOC students navigate meaning making across their gender, racial, and sexual identities. The ANOVA was significant for outness, F(3, 382) = 6.93, p < .001, with a medium effect size (ƞ2 = .05). The linear regression analysis explained 44% of the variance in outness among QTPOC student respondents (p < .001). Narratives from the open-ended responses offered additional perspectives and further informed how QTPOC students navigated and made meaning of their identity disclosures. Overall, our results emphasize that QTPOC students navigate their racial, gender, and sexual identities in complex manners as they negotiate their levels of outness while in college.

Field of study: Education
Information Technology Help Desk Survey: To Identify the Classification of Simple and Routine Enquiries

Information technology has changed the way organizations function. This has resulted in reliance of help desks to support users in dealing with a wide range of information technology-related problems such as hardware, software and telecommunication. The help desk generally has to cover a wide range of information technology products and services. However, due to resource constraint, in particular the lack of help desk staff, users often have to wait for a long time before their enquiries and problems are answered and solved. Literature has shown that the majority of incoming enquiries are considered to be “simple and routine”, and do not require specialized knowledge. The aim of this paper is to present the results of a survey that identifies the classification of simple and routine technical enquiries in a help desk environment. This paper also discusses the development of help desks, ranging from support models to support structure.

Field of study: Computer science