nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Atmospheric impact of Z- and E-isomers of CF3CHCHC2F5 molecule initiated by OH radicals: Reaction mechanisms, kinetics and global warming potential

In this manuscript, we have explored the reaction mechanism, kinetics and global warming potentials of Z- and E-isomers of CF3CH CHC2F5 molecule initiated by OH radical to understand its impact on the atmospheric environment. Energy profile diagram for OH-initiated reaction pathways for these two isomers are constructed from the data obtained at M06-2X meta hybrid density functional theory along with aug-cc-pVTZ basis set. The observed potential energy and enthalpy and Gibb's free energy of the reactions suggest that OH-addition to Z- and E-isomers is more feasible than the hydrogen abstraction reactions. The rate coefficients of each reaction channel are evaluated by using conventional transition state theory within the temperature range of 200–350 K. We found that the overall rate coefficient for Z-isomers decreases with the increasing temperature, whereas this value increases for E-isomer with the increasing temperature. The overall rate coefficients for both isomers (Z and E) are fitted to modified Arrhenius three parameters and expressed as koverall(Z) = 9.06 × 10−21 T2.20 exp (1054.89 ± 0.93/T) and koverall(E) = 1.09 × 10−21 T2.77exp (394.40 ± 1.52/T) cm3 molecule−1 s−1 respectively. The calculated rate coefficients and branching ratios for each reaction channels indicate that OH radical addition to unsaturated carbons of Z/E- CF3CH CHC2F5 molecules are more dominate to the overall reaction than H-abstraction reactions. Finally, we have estimated atmospheric lifetimes and GWPs of Z- and E-isomers of CF3CH CHC2F5 molecule.

Field of study: Engineering
自然杀伤细胞与结核感染的研究进展

肺结核(Tuberculosis,TB)是由结核分枝杆菌(Mycobacterium tuberculosis,M.tb)引起的威胁人类健康的重大传染疾病,每年大约有140万人死于肺结核[1].近年来,耐药株的出现并在世界范围内传播,导致肺结核的治疗周期延长,风险大且治愈率低,这无疑为肺结核的防治增加了新的威胁.因此,寻找新的肺结核的治疗策略成为了近年来的研究热点,其中以固有免疫为基础的预防和治疗,尤显重要。

Field of study: Biology
Inhibition of Cardiomyogenesis in Embryocarcinoma Cells Induced by Long-Term High Level of Glucose

Cardiac myocytes constitute the first differentiated cell type during mammalian heart formation with the ability to beat spontaneously and rhythmically. Hyperglycemia is a primary risk factor for cardiovascular disease in pre-gestational diabetes mellitus (PGDM). However, the impact that hyperglycemia has on cardiac progenitors or on precursors differentiation remains poorly understood. The aim of the present study is to investigate whether hyperglycemia affects cardiomyogenesis of embryocarcinoma cells.  P19CL6 cells differentiation induced by 1% DMSO was evaluated under either normal glucose (5.6 mmol/L) or high level of glucose concentrations (20 mmol/L or 40 mmol/L). To investigate the effect of long-term high level of glucose on cardiomyocytes differentiation, sarcomeric α-actinin, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor coactivator-1 (PGC-1α), transcription factor GATA4 and Nkx2.5 were assessed by qRT-PCR analysis, western blot and immunofluorescence.  We observed that long-term high level of glucose markedly reduced P19CL6 cells differentiation into cardiomyocytes. The change in PGC-1α expression was consistent with changes in cardiac muscle myosin expression after exposure to 20 mmol/L or 40 mmol/L of glucose. On the other hand, the high level of glucose concentration profoundly decreased both GATA4 and Nkx2-5 expressions from day 6 to day 12 after differentiation, which was induced by 1% DMSO.  Our results elucidate that the effect resulting from the long-term exposure of cardiac progenitors to high level of glucose is associated with decreased expression of GATA4 and Nkx2.5, providing a novel mechanism by which high glucose is able to affect cell differentiation.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Experimental Study on Recovery of BIT from Mother Liquor by Adsorption Resin

Production of BIT(1,2-benzeisothiazoline-3-one),a kind of raw material for producing broad-spectrum sterilization antiseptics,yields the mother liquor containing residue BIT.This paper deals with recovery of BIT from the mother liquor by use of macroporous adsorption resin.Experiment was conducted with three kind of macroporous resins referred to as A,B and C,and static adsorption capacity of the resins were investigated,based on which Resin A was found to be the best one.According to the experiment the optimum process parameters for recovering BIT was determined.

Field of study: Environmental science
Characteristics of a model of myocardial infarction produced by coronary artery ligation in the rat.

The rat model of coronary artery ligation is widely used to study myocardial infarction, ventricular remodeling, and congestive heart failure. Total infarct size and the relationship between endocardial and epicardial infarction were characterized in 691 animals that survived permanent ligation of the left coronary artery. Infarct size was determined from serial histologic sections of the left ventricle (LV), followed by planimetry of muscle and scar circumferences. Mean infarct size was 34.5% ± 13.3% of total left ventricular circumference. Rats surviving longer durations to terminal study had a smaller mean infarct size. Infarct transmurality, as described by the ratio of epicardial-to-endocardial infarct sizes, was 0.78 ± 0.01. The transmurality ratio increased and its variability decreased as infarct size increased. Subendocardial infarcts were more frequent among small infarcts and had smaller areas of endocardial infarction. Although infarct size was highly variable, infarct size indexed to endocardial infarct size was less variable. Infarct size indexed to endocardial infarct size may therefore represent a significantly more powerful method for assessing the effects of treatments to reduce infarct size.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Comparison of a LaBr$_{3}$ (Ce) Scintillation Detector With a Large Volume CdZnTe Detector

The performance of hand-held radioisotope identification devices (RIDs) is still hampered by the performance of the NaI(Tl) detectors, which are commonly used in such instruments. In this paper, we continue the search for better detector options. One of the largest single elements ever made, a coplanar CdZnTe (CZT) detector (30times15times12.1 mm3 volume 5.45 cm3 designed by University of Michigan) is compared with a commercially available LaBr3(Ce) detector (ominus1''times1'' volume 12.9 cm3.) Parameters that are relevant to the performance of isotope identification devices, such as resolution and efficiency as function of the gamma-ray energy, temperature shift, linearity and others are measured and compared. According to measurement results, it seems that for this application LaBr3(Ce) detectors are a viable alternative to CZT detectors; even more so if one bears in mind that LaBr3(Ce) became commercially available only recently and detectors with larger volumes are likely to appear in the near future

Field of study: Physics
The Role of Positive and Negative Affect in Flashbulb Memory

All previous reports on the phenomenon of flashbulb memories relate to hearing of shocking (or “bad”) news; in other words, that of negative affect. This study represents the first attempt to investigate whether those criteria used to define flashbulb memories would similarly apply to events of similar strength but of positive affect. 70 questionnaires were administered relating to 20 events over a 10-yr. period. No significant differences were found on the cardinal features of flashbulb memories for events of negative versus positive affect. This suggests that an hitherto untapped research area may be explored to clarify controversial issues within this construct such as whether a special mechanism exists in the formation of flashbulb memories.

Field of study: Psychology
Palmprint recognition using a modified competitive code with distinctive extended neighbourhood

In recent years, palmprint recognition has made great progress and many methods have been put forward. The extraction of robust orientation features and finding efficient matching strategies are two key points for palmprint recognition. Traditional coding methods usually only use a dominant filter response to extract orientation features of palmprint images while not taking into account the other useful filter responses. Without increasing the number of filers, this study presents a modified Competitive Code to extract orientation features more accurately, which makes use of the relation between the filter responses. Besides, a distinctive extended eight-pixel neighbourhood method is proposed to select the sample points for matching by extracting the local features. At the matching stage, an effective fusion matching scheme with a double-layer image pyramid is designed to calculate the similarity between two palmprint images. Extensive experiments on four types of public palmprint databases show that the proposed method has excellent performance compared with the other state-of-the-art algorithms.

Field of study: Computer science
Loss of STAT3 in mouse embryonic fibroblasts reveals its Janus-like actions on mitochondrial function and cell viability.

STAT3 has been implicated in mitochondrial function; however, the physiological relevance of this action is not established. Here we studied the importance of STAT3 to the cellular response to stimuli, TNFα and serum deprivation, which increase mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation. Experiments were performed using wild type (WT) and STAT3 knockout (KO) mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEF). Both WT and STAT3 KO MEF expressed similar levels of tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNFR1) and exhibited comparable IκBα degradation with TNFα. However, in the absence of STAT3 nuclear accumulation of NFκB p65 with TNFα was attenuated and induction of the survival protein c-FLIPL was eliminated. Nonetheless, WT MEF were more sensitive to TNFα-induced death which was attributed to necrosis. Deletion of STAT3 decreased ROS formation induced by TNFα and serum deprivation. STAT3 deletion was associated with lower levels of complex I and rates of respiration. Relative to WT cells, mitochondria of STAT3 KO cells released significantly more cytochrome c in response to oxidative stress and had greater caspase 3 cleavage due to serum deprivation. Our findings are consistent with STAT3 being important for mitochondrial function and cell viability by ensuring mitochondrial integrity and the expression of pro-survival genes.

Field of study: Medicine
Structural anomaly in superconductivity of CaFe2As2 class of materials

Quantum transitions in Fe-based systems are believed to involve spin, charge and nematic fluctuations. Complex structural phase diagram in these materials often emphasizes importance of covalency in their exotic properties, which is directly linked to the local structural network and barely understood. In order to address this outstanding issue, we investigate the evolution of structural parameters and their implication in unconventional superconductivity of 122 class of materials employing extended x-ray absorption fine structure studies. The spectral functions near the Fe K- and As K-absorption edge of CaFe2As2 and its superconducting composition, CaFe1.9Co0.1As2 (Tc = 12 K) exhibit evidence of enhancement of Fe contribution with Co-substitution near the Fermi level. As-Fe and Fe-Fe bondlengths derived from the experimental data exhibit interesting changes with temperature across the magneto-structural transition. Curiously, the evolution in Co-doped composition is similar to its parent compound despite absence of magneto-structural transition. In addition, we discover anomalous change of Ca-X (X = Fe, As) bondlengths with temperature in the vicinity of magneto-structural transition and disorder appears to be less important presumably due to screening by the charge reservoir layer. These results reveal evidence of doping induced evolution to the proximity to critical behavior presumably leading to superconductivity in the system.

Field of study: Physics
Biomineralization of carbonate and phosphate by moderately halophilic bacteria.

We investigated the precipitation of carbonate and phosphate minerals by 19 species of moderately halophilic bacteria using media with variable Mg(2+)/Ca(2+) ratios. The precipitated minerals were calcite, magnesium (Mg) calcite, and struvite (MgNH(4)PO(4) x 6H(2)O) in variable proportions depending on the Mg(2+)/Ca(2+) ratio of the medium. The Mg content of the Mg-calcite decreased with increasing Ca(2+) concentration in the medium. According to the saturation indices, other minerals could also have precipitated. We observed important differences between the morphology of carbonate and phosphate, which may help us to recognize these minerals in natural systems. We studied the growth and pH curves of four bacteria in media specific for carbonate and struvite precipitation. We consider the biomineralization processes that produce carbonate and phosphate minerals, and propose a hypothesis for the lack of struvite in natural environments and ancient rocks.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Equivalence relations and the reinforcement contingency.

Where do equivalence relations come from? One possible answer is that they arise directly from the reinforcement contingency. That is to say, a reinforcement contingency produces two types of outcome: (a) 2-, 3-, 4-, 5-, or n-term units of analysis that are known, respectively, as operant reinforcement, simple discrimination, conditional discrimination, second-order conditional discrimination, and so on; and (b) equivalence relations that consist of ordered pairs of all positive elements that participate in the contingency. This conception of the origin of equivalence relations leads to a number of new and verifiable ways of conceptualizing equivalence relations and, more generally, the stimulus control of operant behavior. The theory is also capable of experimental disproof.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Plutonic ages and tectonic setting of the Algonquin and Muskoka allochthons, Central Gneiss Belt, Grenville Province, Ontario

The Central Gneiss Belt comprises parautochthonous gneisses overlain by northwest-transported allochthonous terranes originating from the pre-Grenvillian Laurentian margin or from farther outboard as inferred for the Parry Sound allochthon. In the Huntsville region, orthogneisses of the Algonquin allochthon yielded U-Pb zircon igneous crystallization ages at 1444 +12-8, 1442 +9-8, and 1432 +54-98 Ma. In absence of direct evidence for older intrusions, the association of these plutonic rocks with gneisses giving Nd crustal residence ages of ca. 1.7 Ga sets the Algonquin allochthon apart from the underlying parautochthon, and from the overlying Muskoka allochthon. Orthogneisses from the latter also give zircon igneous ages at 1453 ± 6 Ma and 1427 +16-13 Ma, with no older memory. These ages closely correspond to the Nd model ages of associated gneisses, testifying to the juvenile nature of this terrane. Plutonic ages from the Algonquin and Muskoka allochthons are older than those of the Parry Sound allochtho...

Field of study: Environmental science
The Development of the Market System in the Baltic Republics

From the eighteenth century to the end of the nineteenth century, Estonia and Latvia were autonomous parts of the Russian Empire. Only in the last four decades before World War I were they politically integrated into the Russian Empire. Even then, culturally, the dominant German minority maintained a Western, "European" orientation in the Baltic provinces of Estonia, Kurland, and Livonia, and the memory of the Hanseatic tradition lingered (economically speaking) in these lands as well. After 1795, Lithuania was more completely integrated into the Russian Empire. The peasants in Latvia and Estonia were emancipated between 1816 and 1819, more than 40 years before the peasants were

Field of study: Economics
Numerical analysis of an HF–HCl chemical laser utilizing the ClF+H2 chain reaction

A kinetic model is developed for a chemical laser utilizing the ClF+H2 chain reaction in which HCl and HF molecules emit radiation. Numerical calculations are made of the specific energy output and emission dynamics of hydrogen fluoride and hydrogen chloride as a function of the main parameters: the reaction initiation level, composition and pressure of the reactants, and rotation quantum number of the radiating HF and HCl states. An interpretation is given of the laser action mechanism. It is shown that the ClF+H2 reaction has a specific energy output several times lower than the H2+F2 reaction but, as a source of coherent radiation of hydrogen chloride, exceeds the H2+Cl2 reaction by a factor of 10.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Effects of bleomycins on synchronized cells by centrifugal elutriation.

Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells and human oat cell lung carcinoma (ME-MAR) cells were synchronized by centrifugal elutriation. The study of bleomycins (BLM) cytotoxicity to CHO cells showed that G2M phase was sensitive to BLM, S phase intermediate, and G1 phase resistant. In synchronized MEMAR cells the late S phase was sensitive, G2M phase intermediate, and G1 phase resistant to BLM toxicity. DNA distribution patterns measured by flow cytometry showed that a significant G2 block was obtained in CHO cells exposed to BLM 4-15 vg/ml. BLM also prevented cell passage from S to G2 phase. A similar G2 block was found in MEMAR cells. However, no S phase accumulation was found up to BLM 15 vg/ml.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Mössbauer investigations of magnetic system stratification in europium and thulium ferromanganites

Strontium-substituted ferromanganites of europium and thulium were investigated. Samples of Eu0.65Sr0.35Mn1 − xFexO3 and Tm0.65Sr0.35Mn1 − xFexO3 were prepared using ceramic processing. Based on the data from X-ray analysis, the samples with europium had a perovskite lattice, whereas the thulium samples were crystallized in an ilmenite lattice. Stratification of the magnetic subsystem was observed in the Mössbauer spectra of certain samples at T ≈ 300 K.

Field of study: Physics
High-performance sidewall damascened tri-gate poly-si TFTs with the strain proximity free technique and stress memorization technique

In this paper, strained channel-sidewall damascened tri-gate polycrystalline silicon thin-film transistors (SC-SWDTG TFTs) have been successfully fabricated and then demonstrated by an innovative process flow. This process flow without the use of advanced lithography processes combines the sidewall damascened technique (SWDT) and two strain techniques, namely, the strain proximity free technique (SPFT), and the stress memorization technique (SMT), in the poly-Si channels. It has some advantages: (1) the channel shapes and dimensions can be effectively controlled by the wet etching processes and the deposition thickness of the tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) oxide; (2) the source/drain (S/D) resistance can be significantly decreased by the formation of the raised S/D structures; (3) the SPFT, SMT, and the rapid thermal annealing (RTA) treatment can enhance the performance of the SC-SWDTG TFTs without the limitation of the highly scaling stress liner thickness in deep-submicron TFTs. Thus, the SC-SWDTG TFTs exhibit a steep subthreshold swing (S.S.) ~ 110 mV/dec., an extremely small drain induced barrier lowing (DIBL) ~12.2 mV V−1, and a high on/off ratio ~107 (V D = 1 V) without plasma treatments for future three-dimensional integrated circuits (3D ICs) applications.

Field of study: Materials science
Using forest history and spatial patterns to identify potential high conservation value forests in Romania

Naturally dynamic forests have a high proportion of biotopes with old large trees, diverse vertical and horizontal structure at multiple scales, and much dead wood. As such, they provide habitat to species and ecosystem processes that forests managed for wood production cannot provide to the same degree. Whether termed old-growth, ancient, virgin, intact, primeval or continuity forests, a major challenge and need is to map such potential high conservation value forest for subsequent inclusion in functional habitat networks for biodiversity conservation in forest landscapes. Given that the delivery time of natural forest properties is much longer than of industry wood, we explore the usefulness of using historical maps to identify forests that have been continuously present for 220 years (potential old-growth) versus 140 years (potential aging forest) in a case study in the Romanian Carpathian Mountains (see Online Resource 1). While the total forest cover increased by 35 % over the past two centuries, the area of potential aging and potential old-growth forest declined by 56 and 34 %, respectively. Spatial modelling of edge effects and patch size for virtual species with different requirements indicated an even greater decrease in the area of functional habitat networks of old-growth and ageing forest. Our analyses show that compared to simple mapping of potential high conservation forests, the area of functional habitat patches is severely overestimated, and caution is needed when estimating the area of potential high conservation value forests that form functional habitat networks, i.e. a green infrastructure. In addition, the landscape and regional scale connectivity of patches needs to be considered. We argue that the use of historical maps combined with assessment of spatial patterns is an effective tool for identifying and analyzing potential high conservation value forests in a landscape context.

Field of study: Environmental science