nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Improved electrical characteristics and reliability of amorphous InGaZnO metal-insulator-semiconductor capacitor with high kappa HfOxNy gate dielectric

High κ HfOxNy film was deposited on amorphous InGaZnO (a-IGZO) by radio-frequency reactive sputtering using an HfO2 target in nitrogen plus argon ambience, the electrical characteristics and reliability of a-IGZO metal–insulator–semiconductor (MIS) capacitors were investigated. Experimental results indicate that the nitrogen incorporation into HfO2 can produce a strong nitride interfacial barrier layer, thus lead to reducing the interface state density, suppressing the hysteresis voltage, and decreasing the gate-leakage current. Improved performance has been achieved for HfOxNy gate dielectric a-IGZO MIS capacitors, with a interface state density of 5.1 × 1011 eV−1 cm−2, a gate-leakage current density of 3.9 × 10−5 A/cm2 at Vfb + 1 V, an equivalent permittivity of 24, and a hysteresis voltage of 105 mV. Moreover, the enhanced reliability of Al/HfOxNy/a-IGZO MIS capacitor is observed with a small degradation of electrical characteristics after a high field stressing at 10 MV/cm for 3600 s.

Field of study: Engineering
Decorated, tapered, and highly nonlinear granular chain.

It has been seen that inertial mismatches in 1D granular chains lead to remarkable energy absorption which increases with the number of spheres, N, and tapering, q. Short chains, however, are limited in that regard, and we therefore present one solution which greatly improves performance for any size chain. These strongly nonlinear and scalable systems feature surprisingly complicated dynamics and are inadequately represented by a hard-sphere approximation. Additionally, such systems have shock absorption capacities that vary as a function of position along the chain. In this Letter, we present results in the form of normalized kinetic energy diagrams to illustrate the impressive mitigation capability of both original and improved tapered chains.

Field of study: Physics
Resource Utilization Efficiency

IRRIGATION engineers are naturally concerned with efficient water use and financial economy. Yet, irriga-tion affects the use of many other important resources. Broadly applicable efficiency concepts that treat all the resources related to irrigation must be developed. This essay explores Resource Utilization Efficiency as a general notion and raises questions that will have to be answered by forthcoming research. Specific questions discussed include: What can we learn from the water use efficiency and economic indicators already developed? Why analyze resource use quantitatively at all? In what ways may efficiency measures be better evaluation tools than financial measures (e.g. profit)? What are the significant resources involved in the irrigation process? Should we treat renewable and nonrenewable resources differently? How can this effort help us to make trade-offs of conflicting goals or resource uses?

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
No. 48926. International Development Association and Côte d'Ivoire

Financing Agreement (Additional Financing for Cote d'Ivoire – Emergency Urban Infrastructure Project) between the Republic of Cote d'Ivoire and the International Development Association (with schedules, appendix and International Development Association General Conditions for Credits and Grants, dated 1 July 2005, as amended through 15 October 2006). Abidjan, 20 July 2010

Field of study: Political science
Reaction of sulfolene with benzenesulfonyl chloride

Abstract2-Phenylthio-3-chlorosulfolane instead of the expected phenylsulfonylchlorosulfolane was isolated by the reaction of 2-sulfolene with benzenesulfonyl chloride at 180 deg C, catalyzed by a mixture of cuprous chloride and triethylamine hydrochloride. Oxidation of this product with hydrogen peroxide in acetic acid gave 2-phenylsulfonyl-2-sulfolene, the structure of which was proved by the IR and PMR spectra.

Field of study: Chemistry
Oxidation of H2S by iron oxides in unsaturated conditions.

Previous studies have demonstrated that gas-phase H2S can immobilize certain redox-sensitive contaminants (e.g., Cr, U, Tc) in vadose zone environments. A key issue for effective and efficient delivery of H2S in these environments is the reactivity of the gas with indigenous iron oxides. To elucidate the factors that control the transport of H2S in the vadose zone, laboratory column experiments were conducted to identify reaction mechanisms and measure rates of H2S oxidation by iron oxide-coated sands using several carrier gas compositions (N2, air, and O2) and flow rates. Most experiments were conducted using ferrihydrite-coated sand. Additional studies were conducted with goethite- and hematite-coated sand and a natural sediment. Selective extractions were conducted at the end of each column experiment to determine the mass balance of the reaction products. XPS was used to confirm the presence of the reaction products. For column experiments in which ferrihydrite-coated sand was the substrate and N2 was the carrier gas, the major H2S oxidation products were FeS and elemental sulfur (mostly S8(0), represented as S(0) for simplicity) at ratios that were consistent with the stoichiometry of the postulated reactions. When air or O2 were used as the carrier gas, S(0) became the dominant reaction product along with FeS2 and smaller amounts of FeS, sulfate, and thiosulfate. A mathematical model of reactive transport was used to test the hypothesis that S(0) forming on the iron oxide surfaces reduces access of H2S to the reactive surface. Several conceptual models were assessed in the context of the postulated reactions with the final model based on a linear surface poisoning model and fitted reaction rates. These results indicate that carrier gas selection is a critical consideration with significant tradeoffs for remediation objectives.

Field of study: Environmental science
Distributed Grid Computing Framework and Application in Molecular Dynamics Simulation

Molecular dynamics performs simulation of the interactions between large number of atoms in the molecular of protein.The time of the folding process of protein is number of 10~(-6) second,while the time step of the simulation is the number of 10~(-15) second,and in every step,computing large amount(O(n~2),n is the number of atoms)of interaction is needed.Therefore,the overall folding process cannot be simulated.No better algorithm can match the requirement of precision.The biologist then develop a distributed process of dynamics, leveraging the computing resources on the internet to make parallel simulation. The goal of this paper is to design and develop a reliable simulation framework for molecular dynamics in various environment such as the P2P and the Grid environment.It can utilize computing resources on a higher level and fasten the computing.We have implemented such framework based on Java and Web services technology and deployed it to our Grid platform.The experiment shows that the simulation program runs well in this framework.

Field of study: Computer science
Joint Consultation and Workers Commitment in Nigerian Banking Industry

This study examined the relationship between Joint Consultation, a form of Employee Voice and WorkersCommitment. Using Cross Sectional Survey design, a sample size of 357 workers from the banks in theSouth-South zone of Nigeria was used as respondents. The results drawn from the use of Spearman Rank OrderCorrelation showed that Joint Consultation had a significant positive association with workers affectivecommitment, but no significant association with workers continuance and normative commitment. The studyfound that with the use of Joint Consultation, workers are emotionally attached to their organizations andexhibits little continuance and normative commitment.

Field of study: Business
Local cost surface models of distance decay for the analysis of gridded population data

type="main" xml:id="rssa12047-abs-0001"> The paper evaluates some proposed improvements to the analysis of gridded population data, using as a case-study the religious segregation that is observed in gridded population data from Northern Ireland: first, the use of cost surfaces rather than simple Euclidean (straight line) distances to represent the interactions between gridded geographic areas; second, a method for creating gridded cost surfaces that takes account of vector features (such as roads and physical obstructions); third, the limitation of cost surfaces to a tightly defined ‘local’ set of areas, with a view to reduce computational overheads significantly without adversely impacting the accuracy of subsequent results. The results suggest that all three improvements have merit. The paper further explores the effect of using log-ratios rather than percentages (minimal) and of local rather than global measures of segregation (which allows for considerably greater insight into population characteristics). Although the case-study and results apply specifically to gridded population data, the results of the paper have wider implications for the analysis of any type of zonal data.

Field of study: Mathematics
Use of a photothermoplastic disk for storing two-dimensional Fourier holograms in optical data-processing systems

The fundamental principles of locally recording two-dimensional holograms on a photothermoplastic disk by heating with an infrared laser are considered. The method developed was used in making a holographic photothermoplastic disk with homogeneous storage characteristics. The promising aspects of designing a system based on a holographic photothermoplastic disk and using the parallel data-processing principle, such as an optical neural network and an optical correlator, are pointed out. The principle merit of these systems is their high data-processing rate with a large storage capacity for standard patterns. The possibilities are indicated of implementing low-frequency spatial image filtering by recording matched niters and holograms, of recording complex filters by superposition, and of local rerecording of data on a photothermoplastic disk.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Synthesis and properties of 2-imino-3-benzyl-5-phenyl-1, 3, 4-oxadiazoline

Abstract2-Imino-3-benzyl-5-phenyl-1, 3, 4-oxadiazoline (Ia) was synthesized by the reaction of benzyl chloride with 2-amino-5-phenyl-1, 3, 4-oxadiazole (II). A number of imino-group derivatives of Ia were prepared. The structure of the compounds prepared were confirmed by means of their IR spectra.

Field of study: Chemistry
Similar frequency of autoantibodies against 70‐kD class heat‐shock proteins in healthy subjects and systemic lupus erythematosus patients

Stress or heat‐shock proteins may be involved in the initiation and perpetuation of autoimmune diseases. In order to investigate a possible role of autoantibodies against the 70‐kD family of heat‐shock proteins in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), sera of SLE patients and healthy subjects were tested for the presence of IgG and IgM antibodies to 70‐kD class proteins. These proteins were purified by affinity chromatography on ATP‐agarose and used in Western blotting studies. The data obtained revealed that antibodies to the 72‐kD and the 73‐kD heat‐shock proteins occurred with similar frequencies both in healthy subjects and SLE patients. Thus, approximately 20% of the sera in each group contained IgG antibodies, and IgM antibodies were detected in about 30% of the sera tested. Moreover, in SLE patients no association between the occurrence and litre of these antibodies and disease activity was found. These data suggest that antibodies to the 70‐kD class heat‐shock proteins are naturally occurring and argue therefore against an involvement of these antibodies in the pathogenesis of SLE.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Defining and assessing urban forests to inform management and policy

The context in which trees and forests grow in cities is highly variable and influences the provision of ecological, social, and economic benefits. Understanding the spatial extent, structure, and composition of forests is necessary to guide urban forest policy and management, yet current forest assessment methodologies vary widely in scale, sampling intensity, and focus. Current definitions of the urban forest include all trees growing in the urban environment, and have been translated to the design of urban forest assessments. However, such broad assessments may aggregate types of urban forest that differ significantly in usage and management needs. For example, street trees occur in highly developed environments, and are planted and cared for on an individual basis. Whereas forested natural areas often occur in parkland, are managed at the stand level, and are primarily sustained by natural processes such as regeneration. We use multiple datasets for New York City to compare the outcomes from assessments of the entire urban forest, street trees, and forested natural areas. We find that non-stratified assessments of the entire urban forest are biased towards abundant canopy types in cities (e.g. street trees) and underestimate the condition of forested natural areas due to their uneven spatial arrangement. These natural areas account for one quarter of the city's tree canopy, but the majority of trees both numerically and in terms of biomass. Non-stratified assessments of urban forest canopy must be modified to accurately represent the true composition of different urban forest types to inform effective policy and management.

Field of study: Environmental science
Strengthen the Four Constructions of Higher Vocational College with the Concept of Scientific Development

The concept of scientific development is a view that persists in people-oriented and harmonious sustainable development. It's also a view that makes people and nature harmony and develops the society and economy harmoniously. To hold on the concept of scientific development to improve the higher vocational education, one should uphold the truth-seeking spirit, advocate science and energetically working. The construction of theory, system, planning and talented persons should be strengthened so as to promote the whole strength of the higher vocational college. This article points out that the quality target system of higher vocational education should be built up and so each kind of problems encountered on the way of connotation development can be solved.

Field of study: Education
Gender and Heroism in Early Modern English Literature. Mary Beth Rose

On the other hand, Fitzpatrick's unforgivingly absolute take on Spenser's ideologies — like all extreme positions — yields to the skeptical shopper some enticing wares. The link she develops between the gold and silver limbs of the Lady Munera, pitilessly dispatched by the automaton Talus in .FQ 5.2, and the Catholic custom of preserving saints' relics in limb-shaped cases made from precious metals is original and provocative. Similarly, although her reading of what she considers Shakespeare's and Spenser's shared participation in a contemporary propaganda battle over the reputation of Anne Boleyn (mother of "that Protestant whore" Elizabeth) fails to persuade, Spenserians would do well to return to the materials and pitch of her analysis (particularly the idea of Chrysogone as a possible shadow for Boleyn) — though perhaps with more restraint. Both of these books insist on the fundamental importance of the Elizabethan Anglo-Irish encounter to the early development of English imperialism and, more importantly, to the revitalization of English as a competent literary, even imperial tongue. Both Palmer and Fitzpatrick see in The Faerie Queene, too, the astonishingly dynamic (and seductively beautiful) mix of violence, humanist rhetoric, nationalism, and slippery, almost-hypocritical doubleness characteristic of the Elizabethan conquest of Ireland. As Churchyard's account of Sir Humphrey Gilbert suggests, something catastrophic and horrible took place in Ireland in the sixteenth century, something that the (English) historical and literary record too often allows us to forget, or to soften. These studies forcefully remind us of the heavy price paid by the Irish, and by their language and culture, for some of the treasures of sixteenthand seventeenth-century English literature; we can only lament, with the Irish proverb, maireann lorg an phinn, ach ni mhaireann an beal a chan: the trace of the pen lives on, but not the mouth that sang.

Field of study: History
THEORY AND ENGINEERING APPLICATION OF MODIFIED SHELL OF CONSTANT STRENGTH

A new type of connecting structure—modified shell of constant strength is presented. By using this type of connecting structure, two adjacent cylindrical shells of different diameter can be smoothly connected and the bending stress at the conjunction section can be reduced significantly. Then, based on bending theory of shells of revolution, the stress distribution is analyzed for the combined shell named "cylinder-modified-cylinder", composed of two cylindrical shells of different diameters connected by a modified shell of constant strength. As for engineering application, the modified equicohesive shell can be used as a connecting structure and some recommendations on the choice of the geometrical parameters are proposed.

Field of study: Engineering
The Research and Development of Central China Power Grid Dispatching SMS Platform

Wireless communication technology especially SMS was widely used.How to use wireless communication technology to serve electrical power dispatching production is a very important task.Taking Central China Power Grid as an example,this paper analysis some ubiquitous problems in information platform of electrical power dispatching center,discusses the topic about how to introduce SMS into dispatching center.It also introduces details of the research,development and application of central china power grid dispatching SMS platform,focusing on the new functions and features of the platform.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
DRAINMOD: Model Use, Calibration, and Validation

DRAINMOD is a process-based, distributed, field-scale model developed to describe the hydrology of poorly drained and artificially drained soils. The model is based on water balances in the soil profile, on the field surface, and, in some cases, in the drainage system. This article briefly describes the model and the algorithms that are used to quantify the various hydrologic components. Inputs for soil properties, site parameters, weather data, and crop characteristics required in the application of the model are presented and discussed with respect to their role in calibration. Methods for determining field effective values of key inputs to the model, either independently or as a part of the calibration process, are demonstrated in a case study. The case study involved calibrating DRAINMOD with two years of field data for a subsurface drained agricultural field in eastern North Carolina, followed by testing or validation of the model with two additional years of data. Performance statistics indicated that the model with calibrated input data accurately predicted daily water table depths with Nash-Sutcliffe modeling efficiency (EF) values of 0.68 and 0.72, daily drainage rates (EF = 0.73 and 0.49), and monthly drainage volumes (EF = 0.87 and 0.77) for the two-year validation period.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
[Hakim-Adams syndrome].

: Синдром Хакима-Адамса - малоизвестное, хотя и достаточно часто встречающееся состояние. Этиология его не полностью ясна. Патогенетические механизмы включают блокаду оттока цереброспинальной жидкости (ЦСЖ) по верхнелатеральной поверхности мозга, развитие гидроцефалии с расширением желудочков мозга при сохранении нормотензии ЦСЖ. Основные клинические проявления: развитие атаксии, апраксии, явления деменции и нарушения мочеиспускания, вплоть до недержания мочи. Диагностика основывается на данных клинической симптоматики, люмбальной пункции с пробным извлечением жидкости и нейровизуализации. Основным способом лечения является наложение вентрикулоперитонеального шунта для отведения ЦСЖ. Своевременное проведение хирургического вмешательства дает хорошие результаты, улучшает качество жизни пациентов.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Tephrochronology of marine tephra adjacent to Central America

Geochemical analyses performed on volcanic ash layers from the 3 ocean basins surrounding Central America revealed 11 distinct tephra horizons during the past 300,000 yr, and the distribution of each tephra was delineated. The Los Chocoyos Ash (84,000 yr old) and Worzel Layer-L Ash (230,000 yr old) are the 2 most widespread tephra in the region. Two tephra, Y-6 (75,000 yr old) and W-1 (136,000 yr old), are restricted to the western Gulf of Mexico. The remaining tephra—B (36,000 yr old), J 1 (135,000 yr old), G (190,000 yr old), I (212,000 yr old), K (270,000 yr old), I 2 (270,000 yr old), and I 6 (300,000 yr old)—are primarily restricted to the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean immediately adjacent to Central America. The age of each layer was determined by correlation to oxygen isotope and calcium carbonate stratigraphy in marine cores or by interpolation or extrapolation of ages from that stratigraphy. Of the marine tephra, two were correlated to terrestrial exposures of silicic volcanic rocks. The Layer-D tephra had been correlated to the Los Chocoyos Ash from the Lake Atitlan caldera in Guatemala. The Layer-I 2 tephra is correlated with the T-fall ash from Lake Amatitlan caldera in Guatemala. The age of the terrestrial volcanic units was determined by identifying the stratigraphic age of the marine tephra. The Los Chocoyos Ash and T-fall deposit are dated at 84,000 and ∼270,000 yr B.P., respectively. Geochemical correlation of the marine tephra to other terrestrial sources will facilitate dating of explosive volcanic eruptions in southern Mexico, Central America, and northern South America.

Field of study: Geology
Debris shielding in regions of high edge velocity

1 Federhofer, K., "Stabilitat Der Krieszylinderschale Mit Veranderlicher Wandstarke," Osterreichisches, Ingenieur—Archiv, Vol. 6, 1952, pp. 277-288. Wagner, H., "Die Stabilitat Der Axial Gendruckten Kreiszylinderschale Mit Veranderlicher Wandstarke," Osterreichischers, Ingenieur-Archiv, Vol. 13, 1959, pp. 235-257. Ross, C. T. F., "Elastic Instability of a Circular Cylinder of Varying Shell Thickness," Quarterly Transactions of Royal Society for Naval Architects,  Nonlinear Theories for Thin Shells," Quarterly of Applied Mathematics, Vol. 21, April 1963, pp. 21-36. Radhamohan, S. K., "Nonlinear Stability of Thin Shells of Revolution by Parametric Differentiation Technique," Ph. D. thesis, 1971, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, India. Radhamohan, S. K. and Prasad, B., "Axymmetric Buckling of Toroidal Shells under Axial Tension," AIAA Journal, Vol. 12, April 1974, pp. 511-515. Batdorf, S. B., "A Simplified Method of Elastic Stability Analysis for Thin Cylindrical Shells—I—DonnelPs Equations," June 1947, NACATN-1341. Debris Shielding in Regions of High Edge Velocity

Field of study: Physics
Experimental Study on Incremental Forming of Ta Sheet

The tantalum sheet is ideal biological compatible material.It has widespread application prospect in surgical department.It is very meaningful to make tantalum recovery-part by incremental forming technology.The incremental forming experimental model of rolling 1mm tantalum sheet was established,the formability of Ta sheet incremental forming under different tool shapes,feeding size and surface lubrication was studied.The incremental forming limit angle of 1mm Ta sheet is about 56° by calculation.

Field of study: Materials science