nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Leisure and social theory.

This paper criticizes the functionalist views of leisure as being idealist, ahistorical and frequently meaningless, and argues that the distinctions between leisure and recreation that abound in the literature are highly spurious. In particular those distinctions derived from a kind of ‘Leisure Aristotelianism’ are seen as a significant misreading of Aristotle. An adequate theory of leisure must be based on the understanding that the usage of time in any society is primarily a function of the existing mode of production, and therefore the relationship between leisure time, work time and the mode and relations of production is a crucial first step in developing a meaningful understanding of leisure.

Field of study: Sociology
Effect of Silicon Content on Red Scale of Hot Rolling Coil

The experiment of red scale on HRC(hot rolling coil) was carried out on a tandem mill.The area percentage and structure of the red scale were analyzed by the on-line surface quality execution system and SEM.The mechanism of Si affecting the red scale and the methods of improving the break-scale effect were also discussed.The results show that the area percentage of the red scale was mainly affected by Si(silicon) content.The area percentage of the red scale decreases with the decrease of Si content.The SEM results show that the silicon concentration exists obviously between red scale and matrix.

Field of study: Materials science
Factors Affecting Separating Birdsfoot Trefoil Petioles from Stems

To determine the importance of such factors as moisture content, stage of maturity, length-to-diameter ratio of the petioles and drying temperature in achieving separation of leaves and petioles from stems of birdsfoot trefoil, prepared samples were dried to different moisture levels in a forced-air oven and in ambient air. Below a moisture content of 9.5% (wb), the ultimate bending force of the petiole was independent of maturity, but was affected by the length-to-diameter ratio of the petiole in a quadratic relationship. Higher drying temperatures resulted in a greater moisture differential between the stem and the petiole and leaves.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Adaptive Acceleration of Sparse Coding via Matrix Factorization

Sparse coding remains a core building block in many data analysis and machine learning pipelines. Typically it is solved by relying on generic optimization techniques, that are optimal in the class of first-order methods for non-smooth, convex functions, such as the Iterative Soft Thresholding Algorithm and its accelerated version (ISTA, FISTA). However, these methods don't exploit the particular structure of the problem at hand nor the input data distribution. An acceleration using neural networks was proposed in \citep{Gregor10}, coined LISTA, which showed empirically that one could achieve high quality estimates with few iterations by modifying the parameters of the proximal splitting appropriately. 
In this paper we study the reasons for such acceleration. Our mathematical analysis reveals that it is related to a specific matrix factorization of the Gram matrix of the dictionary, in which unitary transformations leverage near diagonalisation with small perturbations of the $\ell_1$ norm. When this factorization succeeds, we prove that the resulting splitting algorithm enjoys an improved convergence bound with respect to the non-adaptive version. Moreover, our analysis also shows that conditions for acceleration occur mostly at the beginning of the iterative process, consistent with numerical experiments.

Field of study: Computer science
Reorganization of equivalence classes: effects of preliminary training and meaningful stimuli.

In Condition 1, adults learned the baseline relations for the three equivalence classes A1-B1-C1-D1-E1, A2-B2-C2-D2-E2, and A3-B3-C3-D3-E3. Classes contained abstract shapes in the ABS and four preliminary training groups. Each class in the PIC group contained one picture and four abstract shapes. Before class formation for four other groups, preliminary training involved establishing identity (CC) or arbitrary (CX) relations either with or without a delay. Without preliminary training, classes formed with low and high likelihoods in the ABS and PIC groups, respectively. Preliminary training with no delay produced modest increases in class formation, while preliminary training with delay produced large increases in class formation. Condition 2 replicated Condition 1 but with training of reassigned BC and CD relations that linked C from one class to B and D from another class: B1-C2, B2-C3, B3-C1, C2-D1, C3-D2, and C1-D3. Subsequent tests assessed the emergence of the reorganized classes A1-B1-C2-D1-E1, A2-B2-C3-D2-E2, and A3-B3-C1-D3-E3. All preliminary training procedures increased likelihood of forming the reorganized classes to the level seen in the PIC group. Greater gains were produced by preliminary training with no delays than with delays. Test performances also showed how preliminary training influenced baseline acquisition speed and participant-defined relations.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Frequency of symptomatic vertebral body compression fractures requiring intervention following single-fraction stereotactic radiosurgery for spinal metastases.

The purpose of this study was to determine the rate of symptomatic vertebral body compression fractures (VCFs) requiring kyphoplasty or surgery in patients treated with 24-Gy single-fraction stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS).  This retrospective analysis included all patients who had been treated with 24-Gy, single-fraction, image-guided intensity-modulated radiation therapy for histologically confirmed solid tumor metastases over an 8-year period (2005-2013) at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center. Charts and imaging studies were reviewed for post-SRS kyphoplasty or surgery for mechanical instability. A Spinal Instability Neoplastic Score (SINS) was calculated for each patient both at the time of SRS and at the time of intervention for VCF.  Three hundred twenty-three patients who had undergone single-fraction SRS between C-1 and L-5 were included in this analysis. The cumulative incidence of VCF 5 years after SRS was 7.2% (95% CI 4.1-10.2), whereas that of death following SRS at the same time point was 82.5% (95% CI 77.5-87.4). Twenty-six patients with 36 SRS-treated levels progressed to symptomatic VCF requiring treatment with kyphoplasty (6 patients), surgery (10 patients), or both (10 patients). The median time to symptomatic VCF was 13 months. Seven patients developed VCF at 11 levels adjacent to the SRS-treated level. Fractured levels had no evidence of tumor progression. The median SINS changed from 6.5 at SRS (interquartile range [IQR] 4.3-8.8) to 11.5 at stabilization (IQR 9-13). In patients without prior stabilization at the level of SRS, there was an association between the SINS and the time to fracture.  Five years after ablative single-fraction SRS to spinal lesions, the cumulative incidence of symptomatic VCF at the treated level without tumor recurrence was 7.2%. Higher SINSs at the time of SRS correlated with earlier fractures.

Field of study: Medicine
ARTICLES: Thermal self-interaction of a partially coherent laser beam in a turbulent atmosphere

The Huygens-Kirchhoff phase approximation is used to calculate the statistical characteristics of a laser radiation field in a turbulent atmosphere under self-interaction conditions. Allowance for the induced temperature field in the beam channel is made using the constant diffraction field approximation, assuming that the coherence time of the source is short compared with the characteristic times of the processes in the medium. The wind refraction, dimensions, and coherence radius of the beam parallel and perpendicular to the direction of a fluctuating wind are obtained. It is established that nonlinear effects depend strongly on the diffraction conditions at the transmitting aperture and on the coherence of the initial field.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction studies of psoriasin.

Crystals of psoriasin, a protein related to the skin disease psoriasis, have been grown in two different crystal forms. Form I represents the protein in the Ca(2+)-bound form, and form II represents the protein in the Zn(2+)- and Ca(2+)-bound form. The crystals of form I are orthorhombic belonging to the space group P2(1)2(1)2(1) with cell parameters a = 52.15, b = 56.67 and c = 76.38 A and diffract to 2.4 A. The crystals of form II are tetragonal and belong to the space group P4(1(3))2(1)2 with cell parameters a = b = 51.86, c = 115.93 A and diffract to 2.0 A.

Field of study: Chemistry
Sugar-Responsive Pseudopolyrotaxane Composed of Phenylboronic Acid-Modified Polyethylene Glycol and γ-Cyclodextrin

We have designed a sugar-responsive pseudopolyrotaxane (PPRX) by combining phenylboronic acid-modified polyethylene glycol (PBA–PEG) and γ-cyclodextrin. Phenylboronic acid (PBA) was used as a sugar-recognition motif in the PPRX because PBA reacts with a diol portion of the sugar molecule and forms a cyclic ester. When D-fructose or D-glucose was added to a suspension of PPRX, PPRX disintegrated, depending on the concentration of the sugars. Interestingly, catechol does not show a response although catechol has a high affinity for PBA. We analyzed the response mechanism of PPRX by considering equilibria.

Field of study: Materials science
Baryonic sources of thermal photons

Thermal radiation of photons and dileptons from hadronic matter plays an essential role in understanding electromagnetic emission spectra in high-energy heavy-ion collisions. In particular, baryons and anti-baryons have been found to be strong catalysts for electromagnetic radiation, even at collider energies where the baryon chemical potential is small. Here, we conduct a systematic analysis of $\pi$- and $\omega$-meson-induced reactions off a large set of baryon states. The interactions are based on effective hadronic Lagrangians where the parameters are quantitatively constrained by empirical information from vacuum decay branchings and scattering data, and gauge invariance is maintained by suitable regularization procedures. The thermal emission rates are computed using kinetic theory but can be directly compared to previous calculations using hadronic many-body theory. The comparison to existing calculations in the literature reveals our newly identified contributions to be rather significant.

Field of study: Physics
Illuminating topics in plant photobiology

Light signals acting through photoreceptors and signal transduction chains shape plant growth, development, physiology and metabolism to best suit the organism to the prevailing conditions. Genetic, biochemical and molecular studies, particularly in the model system Arabidopsis thaliana, have produced highly detailed descriptions of many light responses so that now molecular pathways are coming into view. In this review the current state of research in several diverse areas within the field of plant photomorphogenesis is discussed. The topics include phytochrome localization and interactions with signalling elements, cryptochrome function, phototropin photochemistry and physiology, the role of proteolysis in light signalling, the plant circadian clock, and the transition to flowering.

Field of study: Environmental science
Multiple loci are linked with anti‐red blood cell antibody production in NZB mice − comparison with other phenotypes implies complex modes of action

The New Zealand Black (NZB) mouse strain is a model of autoimmune haemolytic anaemia (AHA) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), characterized by the production of anti‐red blood cell (RBC) antibodies and anti‐nuclear antibodies (ANA), respectively. A linkage analysis was carried out in an (NZB × BALB/c) F2 cross in order to identify loci involved in the production of both anti‐RBC IgM and IgG antibodies. These regions of linkage were compared with linkage data to ANA from the same cohort and other linkage analyses involving New Zealand mice. Four previously described NZB loci linked to anti‐RBC antibodies were confirmed, and eight novel loci linked to this trait were also mapped: five of which were of NZB origin, and three derived from the non‐autoimmune BALB/c background. A comparison between loci linked with anti‐RBC antibodies and ANA demonstrated many that co‐localize, suggesting the presence of genes that result in the general breaking of tolerance to self‐antigen. Furthermore, the observation that some loci were associated only with the anti‐RBC response suggests an antigen specific mechanism in addition to a general breaking of tolerance. A locus linked with anti‐RBC antibodies and ANA on distal chromosome 7 in this cohort is orthologous to one on the q arm of human chromosome 11, a region linked to AHA and ANA in human SLE.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Dr. William Stewart in Paraguay, 1857-1867.

The Stewarts of Scotland came to England with William the Conqueror in 1066 and descended from Alan Falhald of Oswestry. Walter, First Lord High Steward of Scotland, was the son of Alan. Sir John Stewart of Bonkyll, who was killed at the battle of Falkirk in 1298, was the son of Lord Alexander Oswestry,  John’s brother, Lord James Oswestry, became the Fifth Lord High Steward, and from him descended the House of Stuart, rulers of Scotland and England. William Stewart of Paraguay descended from Sir John of Bonkyll, the twenty-second generation after Alan Falhald. In Scotland the Stewarts were landlords, merchants, bankers and farmers whose fortunes waxed and waned but always seemed to recover. That they were a resourceful clan is a conclusion easily reached if one takes the career of Dr. William Stewart of Paraguay as an example.

Field of study: History
Exact controllability for problems of transmission of the plate equation with lower-order terms

We consider the exact controllability for the problem of transmission of the plate equation with lower-order terms. Us- ing Lions' Hilbert Uniqueness Method (HUM for short), we show that the system is exactly controllable in L 2 () H 2 () . We also obtain some uniqueness theorems for the problem of trans- mission of the plate equation and for the operator a(x) 2 +q.

Field of study: Mathematics
Substitution of Method in Suicide and Homicide: A Regional Analysis

Lester ( 1) found that, over time, homicide rates by each of several methods correlated positively, while suicide rates by hanging and residual methods correlated negatively with suicide rates by firearms and poisoning. In suicide, as one method becomes less popular, other methods become more popular. The present srudy was designed to check these ideas across the states to see whether ecological correlations gave a similar pattern to time series correlations. Suicide and homicide races by each method were calculaced for 1970 for each of the 48 continental United States from data published in the Vital Statistics of the Uqzited States ( 2 ) . For 1970, the three rates of homicide (by firearms and explosive, cutting and piercing and other means) were all positively associated (Pearson rs = 0.76, 0.46 and 0.53), and each of these three homicide rates correlated positively with the total homicide rare (rs = 0.99, 0.84, and 0.57). However, for suicide, a different pattern emerged. The suicide rates by poisons, hanging/strangulation and other methods all correlated positively (rs = 0.41, 0.38, and 0.25), but two of these three rates correlated negatively with the suicide rate by firearms (rs = 0.19, -0.32, and -0.45, respectively). Only the suicide rates by poisons and by firearms correlated with the total suicide race (rs = 0.72 and 0.80, respectively). For suicide then, there appears to be a tendency for people in different regions to use one method or another. The more firearms and poisons are used, the less hanging and ocher methods are used. These results paraIlel the time series results quite closely.

Field of study: Psychology
Lupeol and amphotericin B mediate synergistic anti-leishmanial immunomodulatory effects in Leishmania donovani-infected BALB/c mice.

Leishmania donovani, a protozoan parasite, inflicts the disease Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) Worldwide. The only orally bioavailable drug miltefosine is toxic, whereas liposomal amphotericin B (AmpB) is expensive. Lupeol, a triterpenoid from Sterculia villosa bark, was exhibited immunomodulatory and anti-leishmanial activity in experimental VL. Herein, we evaluated synergism between sub-optimum dose of AmpB and lupeol in anti-leishmanial and immunomodulatory effects in L. donovani-infected BALB/c mice. We observed that a combination of sub-optimum dose of lupeol and AmpB significantly reduced the hepatic and splenic parasitic burden accompanied by enhanced nitric oxide production, robust induction of Th1 cytokines (IL-12 and IFN-γ) but suppressed Th2 cytokine (IL-10 and TGF- β) production. The treatment with the lupeol-AmpB combination enhanced p38mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38MAPK), but reduced extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK-1/2), phosphorylation and up-regulated pro-inflammatory response. The present work thus indicates a lupeol-AmpB-mediated immunotherapeutic approach for eliminating the parasite-induced immunosuppression.

Field of study: Medicine
Women's knowledge of new regulations about publicly funded medications for osteoporosis.

To provide adequate and updated information regarding changes in health care regulations or policies can be a challenging task for policy makers. The aim of the present study was to examine knowledge about new regulations regarding publicly funded drugs for the treatment of osteoporosis in a group of 109 Israeli women. Participants were interviewed between 3 and 6 months after the new regulations were enacted. Although participants were aware of their eligibility, moderate levels of knowledge were found regarding the content of the regulations. Especially low levels of knowledge were found regarding the scope of services and the definition of osteoporosis according to the regulations. High-risk participants (i.e. older participants and those with lower T score or who had suffered a fracture) had no better knowledge of the regulations. The development of multifaceted information programs aimed at disseminating the content of policy changes is encouraged.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Fluvial origin of the lower Proterozoic Sioux Quartzite, southwestern Minnesota

The Sioux (Quartzite of inferred Early Proterozoic age (1,760−1,630 m.y.) occurs in southwestern Minnesota, eastern South Dakota, and adjoining parts of Iowa and Nebraska where it overlies a regolith developed on an older Precambrian crystalline basement. The rocks constitute a red-bed sequence that was deposited by braided streams flowing over a deeply weathered land surface of moderate relief. Deposition was confined largely to fault-bounded basins in a cratonic setting; the basins subsided slowly and were rarely, if ever, areas of steep relief. The Sioux Quartzite is a texturally and mineralogically mature quartz arenite. Sand grains are mainly monocrystalline quartz with rare grains of chert, granular iron-formation, and quartzite. Scattered conglomeratic layers contain lithic clasts that include red quartzite, chert, iron-formation, vein quartz, and rhyolite, together with rare welded rhyolite tuff and granitoid gneiss. Stratigraphic intervals of conglomeratic orthoquartzite are interspersed throughout the basal two-thirds of the formation, whereas thin units of sericitic mudstone are most abundant in the upper third. Overall, the upward fining of size grades in the Sioux may indicate diminishing stream gradients and reduction of relief in source areas during deposition. The diagenetic minerals diaspore, kaolinite, and quartz cement indicate an environment of intense leaching, probably under warm, humid climatic conditions, during or closely following deposition. Detrital feldspar, present in trace amounts in deeper parts of the stratigraphic section, may have been more abundant originally but was destroyed by intrastratal reactions. The sub-Sioux regolith is characterized by (1) fine-grained kaolinite and sericite formed from intensively altered coarse-grained metamorphic feldspar and (2) the presence of abundant secondary hematite and silica. By virtue of its Early Proterozoic age, its alluvial origin, and its unconformable position above older Proterozoic and Archean rocks, the Sioux is inferred to have some potential for unconformity-related, Athabasca-type uranium deposits. Its provenance, which includes older Proterozoic iron-formation and volcanic rocks (greenstone), enhances its potential for paleoplacer gold deposits.

Field of study: Geology
Tektonische Triebkräfte der Lebensentwicklung?

ZusammenfassungDie gestellte Frage lautet, ob den großen Wendepunkten in der Geschichte des Lebens, der Entstehung neuer Organismengruppen, ihrem Aufblühen und Erlöschen tektonische Ursachen zugrunde liegen. Sie wird dahin beantwortet, daß gesetzmäßige Abhängigkeiten der Lebensgeschichte weder von orogenetischen Phasen noch von den großen Transgressionen oder Regressionen der Erdgeschichte zu erkennen sind, daß diese Faktoren daher als unmittelbare Triebkräfte der organischen Entwicklung ausscheiden. Auch das Auftreten monströser Nebenformen ist keineswegs an Regressions- und Emersionszeiten gebunden. Für eine Beschleunigung der Lebensentwicklung in Abhängigkeit von einer etwaigen Akzeleration der erdgeschichtlichen Zyklen ergeben sich ebenfalls keine Anhaltspunkte. Das tektonische Geschehen liefert lediglich die allgemeinen Voraussetzungen für eine Verwirklichung der Evolution, nicht aber die entscheidenden, auslösenden Ursachen für den spezifischen Ablauf der Lebensentfaltung.

Field of study: Environmental science
Detecting Parameter Symmetries in Probabilistic Models

Probabilistic models often have parameters that can be translated, scaled, permuted, or otherwise transformed without changing the model. These symmetries can lead to strong correlation and multimodality in the posterior distribution over the model's parameters, which can pose challenges both for performing inference and interpreting the results. In this work, we address the automatic detection of common problematic model symmetries. To do so, we introduce local symmetries, which cover many common cases and are amenable to automatic detection. We show how to derive algorithms to detect several broad classes of local symmetries. Our algorithms are compatible with probabilistic programming constructs such as arrays, for loops, and if statements, and they scale to models with many variables.

Field of study: Computer science
Wireless Music Player Design Based on White LED Visible Light Communication

We design a music player system based on white light emitting diode (LED) in visible light communication (VLC) system, using infrared remote to control. The transmitter loads music data from the storage device, decodes it and sends it to modulate LED arrays. The receiver transforms the optical signals to electrical signals, through the PIN circuits. After the amplifying circuits manage them, they are sent to a speaker to play. At the same time, a LCD will display the information of the music playing. The test shows that the music player can play fluently a variety of formats of music files and be easily controlled by the infrared remote control.

Field of study: Engineering