nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
IMPAIRED SMOOTH MUSCLE CONTRACTILITY IN SMOOTHELIN DEFICIENT MICE RESULTS IN LETHALITY

consecutive weeks. The day after the last injection, mice were euthanized, perfused and the abdominal wall muscle dissected and tested for betaRETENTION MOTIF DEFICIENT MICE-IDENTIFICATION OF NOVEL MESANGIAL CELL SPECIFIC GENES been introduced upstream of a bacterial beta-galactosidase (Lac Z) reporter gene. Activity of Cre recombinase in the offspring (age 10–12 weeks) was examined after intraperitoneal injection of 2 mg of tamoxifen for 3

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Oxygen and cation nonstoichiometry in Tl-based superconductors

Oxygen nonstoichiometry and cation substitution in Tl-based superconductors were investigated. It was demonstrated that Tc variations observed in these compounds were attributed to oxygen nonstoichiometry and the corresponding change in hole concentration. Tl2Ba2CuO6 and Tl2Ba2CaCu2O8 are over-doped with hole carriers, and the decrease in oxygen content brings about an appropriate carrier concentration for high-Tc superconductivity. In particular, the Tl2Ba2CuO6 compound has excess oxygen atoms at an interstitial site between double TlO layers, and its reversible occupation controls hole carriers at the CuO2 layer. Substitution of Cu for Tl-site in Tl2Ba2CuO6 was also suggested. A significant portion of hole carriers in this compound can be explained by incorporation of excess oxygen and substitution of Cu for Tl.

Field of study: Materials science
Application of Dynamic Numerical Simulation to Investigate the Effects of Occupant Behaviour Changes in Retrofitted Buildings

The term rebound effect is commonly used in literature to identify the gap between the estimated and the real energy savings due to changes in the occupant behaviour after a building energy retrofit. In the present article, the rebound effect for some Italian residential building types is investigated through dynamic simulation. The energy efficiency measures determining the highest rebound effect are identified and discussed. The results point out that the major renovation generally leads to the highest benefits as the efficiency measures are mutually reinforced. In contrast, single measures may lead to the opposite goal of increasing the energy consumption.

Field of study: Engineering
Component Burnout Hardness Assurance Safety Margins and Failure Probability Distribution Models

The applicability of currently accepted EMP system hardness assurance practices is investigated using data on semiconductor burnout lot-to-lot variations, and variations in the 10-2 to 10-3 probability burnout levels from the mean. From results of this study, it is concluded that currently accepted safety margins and hardness assurance techniques may be inadequate. Although significantly more data are required to appropriately handle the hardness assurance problem, a review of existing data is sufficient to identify some significant changes that should be considered in component burnout hardness assurance practices. The purpose of this paper is to summarize existing data and present recommended changes.

Field of study: Physics
Organizational Promotion and Career Satisfaction

The relationship between organizational promotion and career satisfaction was investigated. Questionnaire data were obtained from 190 administrative employees in two universities in the northwest of England. The significant difference in career satisfaction between the two samples disappeared when statistical control for number of promotions was imposed. Further, number of promotions was the only variable which accounted for a significant amount of variance in career satisfaction. The implications of the results for organisations and the limitations of the study are discussed and suggestions for research are made.

Field of study: Psychology
Coastal Breakup in the Alaskan Arctic

During observations of breakup along the Alaskan Arctic Coast, river flooding of the frozen nearshore zone, sea ice breakup, and beach thaw were examined. Spring river flooding, generated by earlier inland melt, accompanies arrival of temperatures above 0°C on the coast. The extent of flooding over the nearshore ice is related to total flood discharge and coastal morphology. Along wave-controlled barrier-island coasts, flooding and bed load are confined to lagoons, whereas on fluvial-dominated coasts, floodwater and sediment spread across lobate delta fronts and offshore shoals. During this time, marine influence is minimal as a result of protection afforded by sea ice cover. Sea ice melt continues through summer, and the final coastal sea ice breakup and ice dispersion depend on offshore Ekman transport, breakup of the offshore pack ice, and local bathymetry. The coastal ice breaks up 4 to 8 weeks after initiation of melt. Melt of ice and snow within the beach generates beach collapse and resultant unique arctic beach features, whereas flow of tundra snowmelt across the beach produces micro-fans and micro-deltas.

Field of study: Geology
Differential Brillouin gain for improving the temperature accuracy and spatial resolution in a long-distance distributed fiber sensor.

We demonstrate a 12 km differential pulse-width pair Brillouin optical time-domain analysis (DPP-BOTDA) using 40 ns and 50 ns pulses with DC-coupled detection. A spatial resolution of 1 m and a narrowband Brillouin gain spectrum of 33 MHz are obtained simultaneously compared with 88 MHz with the use of 10 ns pulses in a conventional BOTDA. The experimental results show that the differential Brillouin gain of a 40/50 ns pulse pair is 7 times stronger than the direct Brillouin gain of BOTDA with the use of a 10 ns pulse, and the temperature uncertainty is 0.25 degrees C compared with 1.8 degrees C for a 10 ns pulse. As the pulse-width difference decreases from 10 ns to 1 ns, corresponding to a spatial resolution from 1 m to 10 cm, the prediction of temperature uncertainty will only increase from 0.25 degrees C to 0.8 degrees C for DPP-BOTDA over a 12 km long single-mode fiber.

Field of study: Physics
Variable-size data item placement for load and storage balancing

The rapid growth of Internet brings the need for a low cost high performance file system. Two objectives are to be pursued in building such a large scale storage system on multiple disks: load balancing and storage minimization. We investigate the optimization problem of placing variable-size data items onto multiple disks with replication to achieve the two objectives. An approximate algorithm, called LSB_Placement, is proposed for the optimization problem. The algorithm performs bin packing along with MMPacking to obtain a load balanced placement with near-optimal storage balancing. The key issue in deriving the algorithm is to find the optimal bin capacity for the bin packing to reduce storage cost. We derive the optimal bin capacity and prove that LSB_Placement algorithm is asymptotically 1-optimal on storage balancing. That is, when the problem size exceeds certain threshold, the algorithm generates a load balanced placement in which the data sizes allocated on disks are almost balanced. We demonstrate that, for various Web applications, a load balanced placement can be generated with disk capacity not exceeding 10% more than the balanced storage space. This shows that the LSB_Placement algorithm is useful in constructing a low cost and high performance storage system.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Error analysis of a specialized numerical method for mathematical models from neuroscience

The exponential Euler method is a nonstandard approximation scheme that was developed specifically for the Hodgkin–Huxley differential equation models that arise in neuroscience and was one of the discretization schemes used in the neural systems package called GENESIS. In this article, we show the scheme is first order accurate, develop a second order accurate extension, and suggest ways the method can be used to compute approximations to certain time-dependent partial differential equations. We also apply the scheme to an integro-differential equation model of neuronal activity and furnish sample computations that illustrate our theoretical results.

Field of study: Mathematics
[Facilitated performance of learning and memory in rats by 3-n-butyl phthalide].

A rat model of chronic epilepsy was produced by im coriaria lactone twice a week for 3 months. 3-n-Butyl phthalide (ig. 700 mg/kg) or diazepam (ip. 1.5-5 mg/kg) was used to prevent the epileptic seizures. In the present experiment; the effects of coriaria lactone, Ag-1 and diazepam on learning and memory were studied by step-down test and parallel experiments were performed to study the behavior and morphological changes of the hippocampus. It was found that coriaria lactone elicited amnesia and disrupted the acquisition process in the step-down test. Both Ag-I and diazepam antagonized the learning and memory deficits with Ag-I being much stronger than diazepam (p<O.05). Examination of the hippocampus of the Ag-1 group revealed no sign of abnormality as compared with the control group (p<0.05) or the Cor group (p<0.01). The results indicate that Ag-I may facilitate learning and memory in rats.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
A Spiritual Bloomsbury: Hinduism and Homosexuality in the Lives and Writing of Edward Carpenter, E. M. Forster, and Christopher Isherwood (review)

American screens; going further, she claims that Britain Colonized is "a critical vigilante, on the alert for capitalist reterritorialization at the expense of literature, culture, and identity" (228). The slippage between the terms vigilance and vigilante opens up an interesting space for the activity of Jeffers's study. Vigilance seems to describe the longstanding task of criticism: keeping a watchful eye, attending to detail and subtle movements, reading with patience. The vigilante is by contrast not patient, is concerned with intervention rather than careful attentiveness, and operates outside of but also in the name of the law. Jeffers does not try to resolve these contrary positions, and her activity as a reader at its best moments could be characterized by both figures.

Field of study: Art
Relationships between Arctic shrub dynamics and topographically derived hydrologic characteristics

Shrub expansion is a global phenomenon that is gaining increased attention in the Arctic. Recent work employing the use of oblique aerial photographs suggested a consistent pattern of positive change in shrub cover across the North Slope of Alaska. The greatest amounts of change occurred in valley slopes and floodplains. We studied the association between shrub cover change and topographically derived hydrologic characteristics in five areas in northern Alaska between the 1970s and 2000s. Change in total shrub cover ranged from − 0.65% to 46.56%. Change in floodplain shrub cover ranged from 3.38% to 76.22%. Shrubs are preferentially expanding into areas of higher topographic wetness index (TWI) values where the potential for moisture accumulation or drainage is greater. In addition, we found that floodplain shrub development was strongly associated with high TWI values and a decreasing average distance between shrubs and the river bank. This suggests an interacting influence of substrate removal and stabilization as a consequence of increased vegetation cover.

Field of study: Environmental science
A correspondence principle for viscoelastic wave propagation

Proof is presented for a correspondence principle appropriate to the linearized theory of wave propagation through anisotropic and inhomogeneous viscoelastic solids. This prinicple may be stated roughly as follows: The speed of propagation of an acceleration wave through a viscoelastic solid of a given density and the relaxation tensor is identical to the speed of propagation of the same wave through an elastic solid of the same density and the elasticity tensor.

Field of study: Mathematics
[Biological and phylogenetic analysis of first isolate of Tahyna virus in China].

In 2006, the first Chinese Tahyna virus isolate (XJ0625) was obtained in Xinjiang province and human infection were found in the same region. In this study, cell culture, animal experiments, electron microscopy, immunofluorescence assay and cross neutralization tests were performed to see the cell susceptibility, animal pathogenicity, morphology and antigenic and other biological characteristics of XJ0625. In addition, molecular biology software was used to analyze the characteristics of molecular evolution. The results showed that BHK-21 cell line was susceptible to XJ0625 and the virus was lethal to suckling mice when injected by intracranial ways. Similar to the other Bunyavirus, Tahyna virus is spherical enveloped virus under electron microscopy. XJ0625 infected cells showed strong fluorescent signal and could be neutralized by immune asities fluid with immnity to protype Tahyna virus Bardos 92. The sequence of the S and M segments showed 91.8% and 81.9% homology with Bardos 92.

Field of study: Biology
Minority Influence on Focal and Related Attitudes: Change in Size, Attributions, and Information Processing

Three experiments examined how change in minority size influenced information processing and attitude change. Experiment 1 showed that when strong rather than weak arguments were presented, a message attributed to an expanding rather than shrinking minority elicited more issue-relevant thoughts and more related attitude change in the argued direction. Experiment 2 showed more related attitude change in the argued direction when it was unlikely that expanding size was due to the shifting majority members’ self-interest. Experiment 3 replicated these findings. In addition, results indicated that change in size interacted differently with the majority than with minority status of the source: related issues remained largely unaffected in the case of majority support, whereas expanding minorities elicited more related attitude change in the argued direction.

Field of study: Psychology
Topics in Quantum Dynamics and Coherence for Quantum Information Processing

We outline selected trends and results in theoretical modeling of quantum systems in support of the developing research field of quantum information processing. The resulting modeling tools have been applied to semiconductor materials and nanostructures that show promise for implementation of coherent, controlled quantum dynamics at the level of registers of several quantum bits (qubits), such as spins. Many-body field-theoretical techniques have been utilized to address a spectrum of diverse research topics. Specifically, the theory of decoherence and more generally the origin and effects of quantum noise and the loss of entanglement in quantum dynamics of qubits and several-qubit registers has been advanced. Qubit coupling mechanisms via the indirect exchange interaction have been investigated, and quantum computing designs have been evaluated for scalability. We outline general and specific research challenges, the solution of which will advance the field of modeling "open quantum systems" to further our understanding of how environmental influences affect quantum coherence and its loss during quantum dynamics.

Field of study: Physics
Yeast and yeast-like fungi associated with dry indehiscent fruits of Nothofagus nervosa in Patagonia, Argentina.

Nothofagus nervosa (Raulí) is a native tree species that yields valuable timber. It was overexploited in the past and is currently included in domestication and conservation programs. Several research programs have focused on the characterization of epiphytic microorganisms because it has been demonstrated that they can affect plant-pathogen interactions and/or promote plant growth. Although the microbial ecology of leaves has been well studied, less is known about microorganisms occurring on seeds and noncommercial fruits. In this work, we analyzed the yeast and yeast-like fungi present on N. nervosa fruits destined for the propagation of this species, as well as the effects of fruit preservation and seed dormancy-breaking processes on fungal diversity. Morphological and molecular methods were used, and differences between fungal communities were analyzed using a similarity index. A total of 171 isolates corresponding to 17 species were recovered, most of which belong to the phylum Ascomycota. The majority of the species develop mycelia, produce pigments and mycosporines, and these adaptation strategies are discussed. It was observed that the preservation process considerably reduced yeast and yeast-like fungal diversity. This is the first study concerning microbial communities associated with this ecologically and economically important species, and the information presented is relevant to domestication programs.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Screening high-efficient biocontrol bacterium of Bacillus subtilis by ion implantation and its application against postharvest anthracnose on apple fruit

An antagonistic strain Bacillus subtilis produces large amount of antifungal substance with strong inhibiting activity against plant fungi.We obtained mutants by the technology of low energy ion and screened out 6 mutant isolates which can effectively control postharvest anthracnose of apple fruits by plate test.From which,two strains(BS 80-6,BS100-6) showed significant control effect in vivo under room temperature and low temperature,and their control effects were 33.28%and 100% respectively in the fourteenth day.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
When I use a word ... Ordinary words with extraordinary meanings.

> ‘When I use a word,’ Humpty Dumpty said, in rather a scornful tone, ‘it means just what I use it to mean—neither more nor less.’ 
> 
>     Lewis Carroll, Through the Looking-Glass, and 
> 
> What Alice Found There , 1871

It is said that if a BBC broadcaster splits an infinitive, indignant listeners jam the telephone lines, complaining. And letters to The Times newspaper about the misuse of English are so frequent that at one time (and perhaps even today, for all I know), a member of staff was given the task of replying to them in mollifying tones.

People care about words. And so they should. Words, adapting Peter Medawar, are like church bells, and it is our fault as bellringers if they do not make a cheerful and harmonious sound when we ring out our message.

Humpty Dumpty's words, quoted above, are not frivolous. They are merely a throwaway version of something that Lewis Carroll wrote in an article entitled The Stage and the Spirit of Reverence : ‘No word has a meaning inseparably attached to it; a word means what the speaker intends by it, and what the hearer understands by it, and that is all’. Wittgenstein agreed. Aphorism 43 in his Philosophical Investigations reads: ‘For a large class of cases—though not for all—in which we employ the word “meaning” it can be defined thus: the meaning of a word is its use in …

Field of study: Medicine
Session based access control in geographically replicated Internet services

Performance critical services over Internet often rely on geographically distributed architectures of replicated servers. Content Delivery Networks (CDN) are a typical example where service is based on a distributed architecture of replica servers to guarantee resource availability and proximity to final users. In such distributed systems, network links are not dedicated, and may be subject to external traffic. This brings up the need to develop access control policies that adapt to network load changing conditions. Further, Internet services are mainly session based, thus an access control support must take into account a proper differentiation of requests and perform session based decisions while considering the dynamic availability of resources due to external traffic.In this paper we introduce a distributed architecture with access control capabilities at session aware access points. We consider two types of services characterized by different patterns of resource consumption and priorities. We formulate a Markov Modulated Poisson Decision Process for access control that captures the heterogeneity of multimedia services and the variable availability of resources due to external traffic. The proposed model is optimized by means of stochastic analysis, showing the impact of external traffic on service quality. The structural properties of the optimal solutions are studied and considered as the basis for the formulation of heuristics. The performance of the proposed heuristics is studied by means of simulations, showing that in some typical scenario they perform close to the optimum.

Field of study: Computer science
The Implementation of the Community Charter of Fundamental Social Rights

The Community Charter of Fundamental Social Rights of Workers' provides a framework of principle for the future development of a European 'social dimension,' a 'social space,'2 possibly even a 'social State.'3 The achievement of any of these grand designs depends not only upon political will, but also upon the methods now chosen to implement the twelve categories of 'fundamental social rights' set out in the Charter, both at Community level and at national level. The implementation of the Charter presents a unique opportunity to 're-regulate' European labour markets in ways which are significantly different both from the current model of 'deregulation' in certain countries (notably the UK), and also from the pre-existing welfare-state and labour law systems.4 If the process of 'implementation' is effective, one may expect the 'fundamental social rights' themselves to have a dynamic character, moving from their present anaemic state towards a full-blooded system of individual rights within a framework of freedom of association, collective bargaining and industrial democracy. From this viewpoint, the most crucial part of the Charter is Part II, which envisages implementation at both national and Community levels. Article 27 casts responsibility on the Member States to guarantee the fundamental social rights in the Charter and to implement the social measures 'indispensable to the smooth operation of the internal market as part of a strategy of economic and social cohesion.' The main methods prescribed by Article 27 are 'legislative measures or collective agreements,' 'in accordance with national practices.' The preamble refers, as well, to 'existing practices at the various appropriate levels' requiring 'in many spheres the active involvement of the two sides of industry.' Article 28 invites the Commission to submit initiatives 'which fall within its powers' with a view to the adoption of legal instruments for effective implementation, as and when the internal market is completed, 'of those rights which come within the Community's area of competence.' The Commission responded promptly to this invitation by publishing

Field of study: Law
An (AlGa)As/GaAs heterojunction bipolar transistor with a resonant-tunnelling collector

An (AlGa)As/GaAs heterojunction bipolar transistor with a double-barrier resonant-tunnelling structure (DBRTS) inserted between the base and the collector has been investigated. Peaks due to resonant-tunnelling electrons have been observed in the device characteristics at 4.2 K. We have extracted the energy levels in the quantum well from the bias voltages for the peaks. The highest measured level corresponds to an energy greater than the barrier height.

Field of study: Materials science