nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
An object-oriented approach to develop software fault-tolerant mechanisms for parallel programming systems

Some parallel programming systems are libraries that allow programmers to write thread-based parallel programs with existing sequential languages. Basically, parallel programs are hard to debug and much more complex than sequential programs which causes design faults to possibly reside in the parallel programs. This paper is aimed to design and implement a software fault-tolerant mechanism in an object-oriented approach for the existing parallel programming systems. With these software fault-tolerant objects, programmers can write their reliable parallel programs on these parallel programming systems. Recover Block, N-Version Programming, and Conversation software fault tolerant mechanisms are chosen to support. All these mechanisms are implemented and grouped into a separate software layer which resides on the top of the parallel programming system, used to monitor the behavior of applications, detect software faults, and recover and restart programs. Parallel programming systems are responsible for managing concurrent threads and for providing fault-tolerant mechanisms with necessary concurrent facilities. This layered system architecture makes these software fault-tolerant mechanisms portable, extensible, and lighter overhead. We have originally implemented the above software fault-tolerant objects based on Presto in C++. These objects have also been ported to C-Thread of Mach and LWP of SUN OS.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Fine Structure in the alpha decays of 226U and 230Pu


The nuclei 226U and 230Pu have been populated via reactions involving 208Pb targets bombarded by 22Ne and 26Mg projectiles. Fusion-evaporation residues were separated in-flight using a gas-filled recoil separator. A position-sensitive Si-strip detector was employed at the focal plane in order to identify correlated α-decay chains. Two fine structure α-decay lines have been observed. The first, with an energy of 7385(5) keV, is assigned as the α decay from 226U to the first excited 2+ state of 222Th. The second line, observed for the first time in this work, has an energy of 6961(30) keV and is assigned as the α decay from 230Pu to the first excited 2+ state of 226U. The excitation energy of the first excited 2+ state in 226U was determined to be 96(25) keV, giving an estimate of the deformation parameter β2≃ 0.20.

Field of study: Physics
ДОХОДЫ, БЕДНОСТЬ, ЦЕНЫ: ТРЕНДЫ 2016 Г

В мае 2016 г. реальные располагаемые денежные доходы населения, реальная заработная плата и реальный размер назначенных пенсий снизились по сравнению с аналогичным периодом прошлого года. Уровень бедности в I кв. 2016 г. составил 15,7%, немного сократившись по сравнению с тем же периодом прошлого года, что связано со значительным снижением цен на ряд продовольственных товаров, входящих в состав потребительской корзины. Потребительские цены в 1 полугодии 2016 г. выросли на 7,8% относительно аналогичного периода предыдущего года, по сути вернувшись к умеренным значениям после всплеска на 16% за 1 полугодие 2015 г. При дальнейшем снижении инфляции появляется возможность и дальнейшего снижения уровня бедности в текущем году. Вместе с тем растет число просроченных ипотечных кредитов и объем просроченной ипотечной задолженности. Кредитная нагрузка наиболее высока среди домохозяйств с детьми.

Field of study: Economics
Statistical Estimation of Word Acquisition With Application to Readability Prediction

Models of language learning play a central role in a wide range of applications: from psycholinguistic theories of how people acquire new word knowledge, to information systems that can automatically match content to users’ reading ability. Traditional methods for estimating word acquisition ages or content readability are typically based on linear regression over a small number of summary features derived from time-consuming user studies or costly expert judgments. With the increasing amounts of content available from the web and other sources, however, new statistical approaches are possible that can exploit this easily acquired data to learn more flexible, fine-grained models of language usage. We present a novel statistical model for document readability that is based on the logistic Rasch model and the quantiles of word acquisition age distributions. We use this model to estimate the distributions of word acquisition ages from empirical readability data collected from the web. We then demonstrate that the estimated acquisition distributions are very effective in predicting both global and local document readability. We also compare the estimated distributions with word acquisition data from existing oral studies, revealing interesting historical trends as well as differences between oral and written word acquisition grade levels.

Field of study: Mathematics
RAPID DETECTION AND GENOTYPING OF HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS IN THE TUMOR TISSUE OF THE ANO-GENITAL REGION

More than 77 types of human papillomavirus (HPV) have been found up to now, among which at least 30 types are associated with uro-genital tumors. So the detection and genotyping would be of great importance for studying the etiology and prognosis of the uro-genital tumors. However, HPV has great heterogeneity, so the detection of HPV type in an unknown specimen with routine diagnostic techniques would be somewhat difficult. Hence we used the reverse dot blot (RDB) technique to detect and genpotype the infecting HPVs. Seven sequence-specific oligonucleotide probes, corresponding respectively to 7 types of HPV(HPV6B, 11,16,18,31,33,,and 35) were used. After the synthesis of these 7 types of probes, they were fixed successively in order on a strip of nylon membrane to form 7 spots, then they were hybridized with the PCR products of the specimen DNA sequences. The result is that any one of the 7 types of HPV DNA, if positive, can be identified on one nylon strip. We collected 177 specimens from the hospitals in Guangzhou (except that 20 cases of esophageal carcinoma were from Henan Province). RDB technique was used to detect and genotype the infecting HPVs and the results were as follows: Uterine cervical carcinoma 86 cases, including 68 squamous carcinomas and 18 adenocarcinomas, the HPV positive numbers were 59/68 (86.76%) of the former (47 for type 16, 9 for type 18, 3 for type 16, 18 mixed infection) and 8/18 (44.44%) of the latter (5 for type 18, 3 for type 16); condyloma acuminatum 42 cases with 39 HPV positive ones (92.86%) of which 17 were type 6B, 20 of type 11 and 2 of mixed infection of types 6B and 11;chronic cervicitis 29 cases, with only one HPV positive (3.45%); and finally esophageal carcinoma 20 cases, with 7 HPV positive ones (35.00%).

Field of study: Biology
Statistical analysis of three-dimensional optical flow separability in volumetric images

Three-dimensional (3D) motion analysis of dynamic body organs using volumetric images is of increasing interest in different computer vision applications. A number of methods for estimation of 3D optical flow in those images have been developed in recent years. However, theoretical limits of 3D optical flow-based motion estimation and segmentation are yet to be analysed. In this study, a statistical analysis of 3D optical flow is presented and the results are used to predict the separability of local 3D motions. Experimental results, using both synthetic and real images, demonstrate the applicability of the proposed analysis to predict the separability of two motions in terms of the parameters quantifying their relative motion and the scale of measurement noise.

Field of study: Computer science
Online Network Traffic Classification Algorithm Based on RVM

Since compared with the Support Vector Machine (SVM), the Relevance Vector Machine (RVM) not only has the advantage of avoiding the over- learn which is the characteristic of the SVM, but also greatly reduces the amount of computation of the kernel function and avoids the defects of the SVM that the scarcity is not strong, the large amount of calculation as well as the kernel function must satisfy the Mercer's condition and that human empirically determined parameters, so we proposed a new online traffic classification algorithm base on the RVM for this purpose. Through the analysis of the basic principles of RVM and the steps of the modeling, we made use of the training traffic classification model of the RVM to identify the network traffic in the real time through this model and the “port number+ DPI”. When the RVM predicts that the probability is in the query interval, we jointly used the "port number" and "DPI". Finally, we made a detailed experimental validation which shows that: compared with the Support Vector Machine (SVM) network traffic classification algorithm, this algorithm can achieve the online network traffic classification, and the classification predication probability is greatly improved.

Field of study: Computer science
Effects of blood volume expansion fluids on human aortic endothelial cells

anchor in the retroperitoneum resulting in the absence midgraft endothelial coverage. There was no progression of mid-graft neointimal tissue hyperplasia at 6, 8, 12, and 24 weeks (54.99±52.02 μm; 45.00±58.39; 45.84±46.60; 47.36±37.08 μm, P=.77).  A looped interposition-graft model provides sufficient isolation length to clearly distinguish transanastomotic from transmural endothelialisation for up to half a year. Ingrowth from surrounding tissue appears essential for transmural mid-graft endothelialisation. The lack of ongoing mid-graft luminal narrowing confirms that subendothelial tissue proliferation due to transmural growth is of no concern.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Toxicity assessment of pollutants sorbed on environmental sample microplastics collected on beaches: Part I-adverse effects on fish cell line.

Microplastics (MPs), are tiny plastic fragments from 1 μm to 5 mm generally found in the aquatic environment which can be easily ingested by organisms and may cause chronic physical but also toxicological effects. Toxicological assays on fish cell lines are commonly used as an alternative tool to provide fast and reliable assessment of the toxic and ecotoxic properties of chemicals or mixtures. Rainbow trout liver cell line (RTLW-1) was used to evaluate the toxicity of pollutants sorbed to MPs sampled in sandy beaches from different islands around the world during the first Race for Water Odyssey in 2015. The collected MPs were analyzed for polymer composition and associated persistent organic pollutants: polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT). In addition, DMSO-extracts from virgin MPs, MPs artificially coated with B[a]P and environmental MPs were analyzed with different bioassays: MTT reduction assay (MTT), ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) assay and comet assay. Microplastics from sand beaches were dominated by polyethylene, followed by polypropylene fragments with variable proportions. Organic pollutants found on plastic from beach sampling was PAHs (2-71 ng g-1). Samples from Bermuda (Somerset Long Bay) and Hawaii (Makapu'u) showed the highest concentration of PAHs and DDT respectively. No toxicity was observed for virgin microplastics. No cytotoxicity was observed on cells exposed to MP extract. However, EROD activity was induced and differently modulated depending on the MPs locations suggesting presence of different pollutants or additives in extract. DNA damage was observed after exposure to four microplastics samples on the six tested. Modification of EROD activity level and DNA damage rate highlight MPs extract toxicity on fish cell line.

Field of study: Environmental science
Interpretation of an Aeromagnetic Strip across the Northwestern United States

This report discusses the results of aeromagnetic survey bounded by latitudes 45°30′ N. and 47°00′ N. and extending from the Rocky Mountains, to approximately 120 mi offshore in the Pacific Ocean. East of the Rocky Mountains, a larger area has been surveyed in the Great Plains bounded approximately by latitudes 44°50′ N. and 48°10′ N. and by longitudes 104°W. and 110°W. Throughout the area of the survey, the magnetic map is marked by conspicuous northeast and northwest anomaly trends, lineaments, and breaks in the anomaly pattern. Their regional distribution, over-all magnetic character, and geologic evidence suggest that they are major structural features in the basement rocks. The close correspondence of structural and geologic features in younger rocks with these basement magnetic and structural trends suggest that basement trends controlled or at least greatly influenced intrusion, deposition, and structural history of younger rocks. In some cases, evidence suggests that basement structures have been reactivated during later tectonic activity. Perhaps even more striking than the northeast- and northwest-trending features are large east-west magnetic discontinuities which, in some cases, extend completely across the strip to the edge of the shelf, and which, in some cases, can be correlated with large-scale discontinuities dating back to the Precambrian.

Field of study: Geology
Uncovering a Connection between the Teachers' Professional Development Program and Students' Learning.

Most research suggests professional development improves teachers’ knowledge and pedagogy and enhances teachers’ confidence to facilitate a positive attitude about student learning. This study attempted to investigate the connection between teacher professional development program and students’ Learning. This study took Readers’ Theater Teaching Program (RTTP) for professional development as an example to inquiry how participants applied their new knowledge and skills learned from RTTP to their teaching practice and how the impact influenced students’ reading fluency. This study was a two-year project. In the first year, this study focused on designing and implementing RTTP and evaluating participants’ satisfaction of RTTP, what they learned and how they applied it to design their English reading curriculum. In the second year, the study adopted quasi-experimental design approach and evaluated how participants RT instruction influenced their students’ reading fluency. The participants in this study composed two junior high school English teachers and their students. Data was collected from a number of different sources including teaching observation, semi-structured interviews, teaching diary, teachers’ professional development portfolio, pre/post RT content knowledge tests, teacher survey, and students’ reading fluency tests. The results indicated that teachers learned more RT script writing than other specific contents and hold a positive attitude toward RT instruction and considered it as a very wonderful strategy to meet a variety of needs. All of the experimental group students had a big progress in reading fluency after RT instruction. The evidences from this study indicated that RT English instruction significantly influenced students’ reading fluency and classroom climate.

Field of study: Education
Plasma vitellogenin in Morelet's crocodiles from contaminated habitats in northern Belize.

Vitellogenin induction has been widely used as a biomarker of endocrine disruption in wildlife, but few studies have investigated its use in wild reptiles living in contaminated habitats. This study examined vitellogenin induction in Morelet's crocodiles (Crocodylus moreletii) from wetlands in northern Belize contaminated with organochlorine (OC) pesticides. Vitellogenin was measured in 381 crocodile plasma samples using a vitellogenin ELISA previously developed for this species. Vitellogenin was detected in nine samples, all from adult females sampled during the breeding season. Males and juvenile females did not contain detectable levels of vitellogenin; however, many of these animals contained OC pesticides in their caudal scutes, confirming contaminant exposure. The lack of a vitellogenic response in these animals may be attributable to several factors related to the timing and magnitude of exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals and should not be interpreted as an absence of other contaminant-induced biological responses.

Field of study: Environmental science
Radio in Revolution: Wireless Technology and State Power in Mexico, 1897–1938 by J. Justin Castro (review)

Historians have largely ignored the role of technology and communications during the Mexican Revolution. The author provides significant insights into radio’s impact during this era. Further, he explores the impact of radio in unifying the nation after 1920, and the ability of Mexico’s leadership under the National Revolutionary Party (PNR) to reinforce its control throughout the 1930s. Castro accomplishes this task through meticulous research, complemented by telling illustrations and photographs that capture the development of radio equipment and broadcast stations. As he argues early in the book, “the most significant consequence of the Revolution on radio development was that military concerns shaped how government leaders, mostly military men themselves, perceived the medium” (13).

Field of study: History
Pressure dependence of hybrid fuel regression rates.

experiment," TRW Systems, Rept. 4389-6039-RUOOO (October 1965). 9 Blackman, R. B. and Tukey, J. W., The Measurement of Power Spectra (Dover Publications Inc., New York, 1959). 10 Southworth, R. W., "Autocorrelation and spectral analysis," Mathematical Methods for Digital Computers, edited by A. Ralston and H. S. Wilf (John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York, 1960), Chap. 19, pp. 213-220. 11 Cooper, R. D. and Lutzky, M., "Exploratory investigation of the turbulent wakes behind bluff bodies," David Taylor Model Basin, Rept. 963 (October 1955). 12 Phillips, O. M., "The final period of decay of non-homogeneous turbulence,"  (1956). 13 Hwang, N. H. C. and Baldwin, L. V., "Decay of turbulence in axisymmetric wakes," American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Paper 65-FE-8 (1965). 14 Lumley, J. L., "Interpretation of time spectra measured in high-intensity shear flows," Phys. Fluids 8, 1056-1062 (1965). 15 Heskestad, G., "A generalized Taylor hypothesis with application for high Reynolds number turbulent shear flows,"  (1965). 16 Webb, W. H. and Hromas, L., "Turbulent diffusion of a reacting wake," AIAA J. 3, 826-837 (1965). 17 Lees, L. and Hromas, L., "Turbulent diffusion in the wake of a blunt nosed body at hypersonic speeds," TRW Space Technology Labs., Rept. 6110-0004-MUOOO (July 1961); also  (1962).

Field of study: Physics
A comparison of the accuracy of liquid cytology versus conventional screening: a meta‐analysis of split‐sample studies

type="main" xml:id="rssa12005-abs-0001"> The aim of the paper is to compare the accuracy and effectiveness of liquid-based versus conventional cytology when used as part of a process of population screening to reduce the incidence of invasive cervical cancer. Data from split-sample studies were analysed by using a hierarchical Bayesian multiparameter evidence synthesis model. Predictions of sensitivity and specificity were derived without having a procedure to detect the lesions. Results suggest that the specificity of both tests is high, such that less than 1% of normal samples are expected to be misdiagnosed. However, the sensitivity may be lower, with around 81% of lesions expected to be correctly diagnosed in smear tests and 88% in liquid-based cytology.

Field of study: Mathematics
Comparison of effects of long-term ethanol consumption on the heart and liver of the rat.

Alterations in heart and liver metabolism were determined periodically in Sprague-Dawley rats pair-fed a liquid diet (ethanol, 36% of calories) for times as long as 1 year. In liver mitochondria the rate of ATP synthesis was lowered significantly after ethanol administration for 1 month and longer feeding periods. In liver microsomes from ethanol-fed animals, ethanol oxidation and aniline hydroxylation increased 1.5- and 3.5-fold, respectively, after 1 month and remained elevated at the longer feeding intervals. Electron microscopic analyses of heart left ventricles revealed no alterations from ethanol consumption for 1 month. Alterations including disrupted mitochondrial cristae, dilatation of sarcoplasmic reticulum, and widening of the intercalated discs were observed after 6.5-month feeding periods. Myocardial concentrations of creatine, creatine phosphate, ATP, ADP, and Pi remained constant even after ethanol consumption for 9 months. After a 12-month feeding period slight changes in cardiac mitochondrial energy-linked properties were observed which were not as pronounced as those occurring in liver mitochondria. The activity and oligomycin sensitivity of the ATPase were not altered in cardiac mitochondria, whereas in liver preparations significant alterations in these properties of the ATPase were apparent after ethanol consumption for 1 month and the longer feeding periods. These observations suggest that the liver responds more quickly and dramatically to chronic ethanol consumption than does the heart.

Field of study: Medicine
A Method for Discriminating Between Dark Matter Models and MOND Modified Inertia via Galactic Rotation Curves

Dark Matter (DM) and Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND) models of rotationally supported galaxies lead to curves with different geometries in $(g_{N},g_{tot})$-space ($g2$-space). Here $g_{tot}$ is the total acceleration and $g_{N}$ is the acceleration as obtained from the baryonic matter via Newtonian dynamics. In MOND modified inertia (MI) models the curves in $g2$-space are closed with zero area and so curve segments at radii $r\geq r_{N}$ (large radii) and $r< r_{N}$ (small radii) coincide, where $r_{N}$ is the radius where $g_N$ is greatest. In DM models with cored density profiles where $g_{tot}$ is also zero at the galactic centre, the curves are again closed, but the area of the closed curves are in general non-zero because the curve segments at radii $r\geq r_{N}$ and $r<r_{N}$ do not coincide. Finally in DM models with cuspy density profiles such as the NFW profile where $g_{tot}$ is formally non-zero at the galactic origin the curves are open, and again the curve segments at radii $r\geq r_{N}$ and $r< r_{N}$ do not coincide. We develop a test of whether data at small and large radii coincide and investigate rotation curves from the SPARC database in order to discriminate between the above geometries. Due to loosely quantified systematic uncertainties we do not underline the result of the test, but instead conclude that the test illustrates the relevance of this type of analysis and demonstrate the ability to discriminate between the considered DM and MI models in this way.

Field of study: Physics
Characterisation of Pulsed-Fibre-Laser-Perforated Polymeric Food Package Films

A packaging material requires a proper interaction with regard to water vapour transmission between the product and the outside environment. For many fresh food products such as bakery goods, fruits, and vegetables, microperforation is utilised to extend the shelf life of the foodstuff and to provide better food quality. The microperforation potential of five commercial polymeric films has been evaluated using a pulsed fibre laser technique, and significant differences were found between the films in the penetration of the laser beam and in the diameter of the perforation. Breathable polymeric packaging films were prepared with an average laser power of 20 W and a pulse duration of 200 ns. The numbers of holes (80 μm in diameter) in the films were approx. 2000 holes/m2 and 4000 holes/m2. As expected, the number of perforations affected the water vapour transmission (WVT): the WVT was 11 g/m2/d for unperforated film, and 60 g/m2/d for the film with 4000 holes/m2, indicating that the fibre laser can be used successfully for microperforating this type of polymeric films. However, microscopic and microtomographic analyses revealed major differences in hole formation behaviour and in the wall structures of the microperforations.

Field of study: Materials science