nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
A Causal Analysis of the Relationships Among Ongoing Curriculum-Based Measurement and Evaluation, the Structure of Instruction, and Student Achievement

Causal modeling techniques were used to examine the relationships among three constructs: (a) a curriculum-based measurement and evaluation system, (b) structure of instruction, and (c) achievement. Measures of the three constructs were collected for 117 elementary-level resource room students. All three constructs were stable over time. Teachers' accuracy in setting up student performance measurement and silent reading were found to be related directly to achievement. Implications for teacher training are discussed.

Field of study: Education
Electrical properties at p-ZnSe/metal interfaces

In order to prepare low resistance ohmic contacts to p-ZnSn by the “deposition and annealing (DA)” technique which has been extensively used for GaAs and Si-based devices, formation of a heavily doped layer by the p-ZnSe/metal reaction is required. For p-ZnSe/Ni contacts, Ni and Se reacted preferentially at the ZnSe/Ni interface upon annealing at temperatures higher than 250°C. However, capacitance-voltage measurements showed that the net acceptor concentration (NA-ND) close to the p-ZnSe/Ni interface was reduced upon the Ni/ZnSe reaction, resulting in high contact resistance. For p-ZnSe/Au contacts, neither Au/ZnSe reaction nor reduction of the acceptor concentration were observed after annealing at temperatures lower than 300°C. This indicates that although the metal/p-ZnSe reaction is mandatory to prepare a heavily doped layer, the reaction induced an increase in the compensation donors in the p-ZnSe substrate. In order to increase the acceptor concentration in the vicinity of the p-ZnSe/metal interface through diffusion from the contact materials, Li or O which was reported to play the role of an acceptor in ZnSe was deposited with a contact metal and annealed at elevated temperatures. Ni or Ag was selected as the contact metal, because these metals were expected to enhance Li or O doping by reacting with ZnSe. However, the current density-voltage characteristics of the Li(N)/Ni and Ag(O) contacts exhibited rectifying behavior, and the contact resistances increased with increasing annealing temperature. The present results indicated that, even though the acceptor concentration in the p-ZnSe substrate increased by diffusion of the dopants from the contact elements, an increment of the compensation donors was larger than that of the acceptors. The present experiments indicated that preparation of low resistance ohmic contacts by forming a heavily doped intermediate layer between p-ZnSe and metal is extremely difficult by the DA technique.

Field of study: Materials science
Homily at the White Mass for Catholic Doctors, Nurses, and Medical Personnel February 15, 2010

The new Kansas City chapter of the Catholic Medical Association arranged with the help of the Order of Malta a commemorative Mass of Our Lady of Lourdes at the Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception in Kansas City, Missouri, in February this year. Concelebrants included Archbishop Joseph F. Naumann and retired Archbishop James P. Keleher of Kansas City, Kansas; and Bishop Robert W. Finn and retired Bishop Raymond J. Boland of Kansas City-St. Joseph, Missouri.

Field of study: Medicine, Philosophy
Laser converter with modified pumping and frequency-squeezed noise

A new principle of a parametric optical amplifier of the reflection type with a controlled backward wave is proposed. The excess noise in such a laser converter, due to zero-point fluctuations of a photodetector acting as a black body absorber, is suppressed by using an additional circulator window which provides coupling to a series of degenerate reflection-type parametric amplifiers tuned to combination frequencies. A squeezed state of the electromagnetic field inside the converter resonator observed at the combination frequencies can be used to detect ultrasmall signals. An expression is obtained for the calculation of the threshold sensitivity.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Design and Implementation of Dynamic Updatable Distributed Monitoring System

This paper presents the methodology of a Dynamic updatable Distributed Monitoring System (DDMS), and implements its version for Windows. The DDMS, on the basis of Manager/Agent model, adopts the independence of probe and serviced monitoring process. It achieves dynamic updatable mechanism of system level, probe level and parameter level by dynamic update protocol, makes monitoring system reused and avoids redesign of the whole monitoring system. During the data collection of one month in NCIC, much data were obtained. This experiment also shows that DDMS is a light-weighted and easy-used distributed monitoring system.

Field of study: Computer science
The Internet and the First Amendment

public services such as education, the National Health Service or even the police.'61 He concluded, that it is 'unlikely' that Parliament intended 'cash payments to be made by way of damages' to persons who, in breach of a local authority duty have not 'received benefits in kind'.62 Whether Parliament may have intended a private law right to compensatory damages for breaches of sections 21-26 NAA 1948, for individuals who suffer a loss of money, rather than a loss of benefits in kind, has not been put to the test in the cases of Sefton's elderly. Moreover, despite the intuitive reaction that there should be a readily available remedy for the recovery of money wrongfully charged by a public authority, the absence of a developed common law right to restitution in such cases63 and the non-enforceability of remedial decisions reached by the ombudsman, give continued cause for concern about the accountability of local authorities and the rights of citizens to remedial justice.

Field of study: Law
Preparation of oxidized starch by microwave-liquid phase method and study on its properties

Maize starches and hydrogen-peroxide were used as major raw materials to synthesize oxidized starch by microwave irradiation, and changes of the structure and properties of starches with different microwave treatment time were studied. Experimental results show that microwave accelerates oxidization reaction and its treatment time has a great influence on the structure of starches. With the increase of microwave treatment time, the carboxyl content of starches increase gradually, the viscosity of starch pasting liquid decrease remarkably, and starch pasting temperature at every level rise gradually, but its pasting temperature limits narrow down. In addition, oxidized starches with microwave treatment have high solubility and low swelling power properties.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Morphopathology of cerebral arteries in combined cerebral and coronary atherosclerosis

: Taking into consideration the age-specific and adaptive changes of the vascular wall, pathomorphologic features of cerebral atherosclerosis were revealed in 236 individuals who died of ischemic heart disease and in 17 patients undergone extra-intracarotid microshunting on the basis of the data obtained from pathomorphologic analysis of the great arteries of the brain. There was a statistically significant prevalence of both the size of the area of atherosclerotic lesions and the incidence of stenosis of the great arteries of the brain in individuals with combined atherosclerosis of cerebral and coronary atherosclerosis. Type-specific peculiarities of atherosclerosis in the areas of reduced blood flow in stenosis of extra- and intracranial arteries were determined.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
pH sensing reliability of flexible ITO/PET electrodes on EGFETs prepared by a roll-to-roll process

In this work, indium tin oxide (ITO) layers were deposited by radio frequency sputtering using a roll-to-roll process on flexible polyethylene terephthalate substrates as pH-sensing electrodes of extended gate field effect transistors (EGFETs). When the pH sensitivity of EGFETs for ITO layers with different sheet resistances was compared, a higher sensitivity was found for samples with a lower sheet resistance (100 Ω/□), and a reliability evaluation was carried out for this condition. The average sensitivity was 50.1 mV/pH, as measured from pH 2 to pH 12. Over three additional runs, the standard variation of the average sensitivity was found to be ±1.7 mV/pH. The tolerance to light is high; the samples were measured in dark and light conditions, and a difference of only 0.6 mV was observed. The temperatures available for measurement are 25–40 °C. Up to this point, the behavior of samples stored in dry conditions has been found to persist for more than 55 days.

Field of study: Engineering
Tectonic significance of petrofabric studies along the Chewack-Pasayten fault, north-central Washington

The Chewack-Pasayten fault is a major steeply dipping tectonic boundary that trends N30°W across north-central Washington and adjacent British Columbia for at least 250 km. It is the eastern boundary of the Cenozoic Methow trough and is here interpreted to have been the eastern boundary of the early Late Cretaceous Tyaughton trough. It separates Paleozoic and Mesozoic plutonic rocks on the northeast from Mesozoic and Cenozoic volcanic and sedimentary rocks on the southwest. A 1.5-km-wide zone of cataclastic fluxion structure (S) containing a mineral lineation (L) is present in the granitic rocks adjacent to the fault. S is steeply dipping and has a N15°W trace that is en echelon to the fault trace. L is subhorizontal in S. Detailed interpretation of fabric elements in this zone are used herein to interpret one phase of the tectonic history of the fault. Plagioclase shape and crystallographic fabrics suggest rigid body rotation of plucked augen. Quartz-shape fabrics suggest ductile flattening and recrystallization. Quartz c -axis fabrics suggest crystal glide in response to compression perpendicular to S similar to recent experimental results. Microfractures in quartz tentatively are interpreted as stress relief phenomena. Mica shape and crystallographic fabrics suggest crystal glide, rotation, and fracture. All of these results indicate that the strain in the cataclastic zone may be described by an ellipse oriented with the axis of maximum finite shortening perpendicular to S and the axis of maximum finite elongation parallel to L. This is interpreted to reflect left-lateral simple shear motion during the early Late Cretaceous development of the cataclastic zone. The exposed portion of the cataclastic zone originally developed at a depth of about 2 km and at a temperature of 300 to 400 °C. Slickensided shear joints in volcanic rocks record compression nearly at right angles to the fault that is probably related to middle Late Cretaceous folding. Associated fault motion, if any, would have been high-angle reverse. Later, at higher structural levels, normal motion on the fault disrupted the cataclastic zone and created the Methow trough in early Cenozoic time.

Field of study: Geology
Lgr5+CD44+EpCAM+ Strictly Defines Cancer Stem Cells in Human Colorectal Cancer

Although EpCAM+CD44+ cells exhibit more stem-like properties than did EpCAM-CD44- cells, the specificity of EpCAM combined with CD44 in defining CSCs needs further improvement. Lgr5 is used as a biomarker to isolate cancer stem cells (CSCs) in colorectal cancer. However, it remains unclear whether Lgr5, along with EpCAM and CD44, can further identify and define CSCs in colorectal cancer.  Lgr5+CD44+EpCAM+, Lgr5+CD44+EpCAM-, Lgr5+CD44-EpCAM+, Lgr5-CD44+EpCAM+, and Lgr5-CD44-EpCAM-cells were separately isolated using fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). Colony formation, self-renewal, differentiation, and tumorigenic properties of these cells were investigated through in vitro experiments and in vivo tumor xenograft models. The expression of stemness genes and CSC- and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related genes, such as KLF4, Oct4, Sox2, Nanog, CD133, CD44, CD166, ALDH1, Lgr5, E-cadherin, ZO-1, Vimentin, Snail, Slug, and Twist, was examined using real-time PCR.  Lgr5-positive subpopulations exhibited higher capacities for colony formation, self-renewal, differentiation, and tumorigenicity as well as higher expression of stemness genes and mesenchymal genes and lower expression of epithelial genes than did Lgr5-negative subpopulations.  Our data revealed that tumorigenic cells were highly restricted to Lgr5-positive subpopulations. Most importantly, Lgr5+CD44+EpCAM+ cells exhibited more pronounced CSC-like traits than did any other subpopulation, indicating that Lgr5 combined with CD44 and EpCAM can further improve the stem-like traits of CSCs in colorectal cancer.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Studies of potential linkage between HLA class I alleles and HIV infection

To investigate the association of HIV infection with frequencies of HLA class A, B, C alleles, and to analyze the correlation of HLA with susceptibility of HIV infection and with disease progression.  HLA class Ⅰ alleles was performed by Micro SSP TM , twenty-nine patients with HIV were detected.  Analysis of the frequencies of specific at the A, B, and C loci revealed a significantly higher frequency of B35 alleles among HIV infectious patients comparing with controls (B35: P c0.05, RR=5.83).  alleles were significantly higher than that in control group, HLA-B35 alleles are potentially associated with susceptible HIV infection.

Field of study: Biology
Heavy drinking days and mental health: an exploration of the dynamic 10-year longitudinal relationship in a prospective cohort of untreated heavy drinkers.

Identifying dominant processes that underlie the development of other processes is important when evaluating the temporal sequence between disorders. Such information not only improves our understanding of etiology but also allows for effective intervention strategies to be tailored. The temporal relationship between alcohol intake and mental health remains poorly understood, particularly in nonclinical samples. The purpose of this study was to disentangle the dominant temporal sequence between mental health and frequency of heavy drinking days.



We report a 10-year (1997 to 2007) prospective cohort study of 500 respondents (74% male) from the Birmingham Untreated Heavy Drinkers project. Participants were aged 25 to 55 years at baseline, drinking a minimum of 50/35 U.K. units of alcohol for men/women on a weekly basis, and were not seeking treatment for their alcohol use upon recruitment into the study. Heavy drinking days were defined as consuming 10/7+ U.K. units of alcohol in a single day for men/women. Mental health was assessed using the mental health component score of the SF-36 questionnaire. Dynamic longitudinal structural equation models were used to test competing theoretical models (frequency of heavy drinking days leading to changes in mental health scores and vice versa) and a reciprocal relationship (both mental health scores and the frequency of heavy drinking days influencing changes in each other).



A model whereby mental health scores were predictors of change in the frequency of heavy drinking days was of best fit. In this model, mental health scores were negatively related to change in heavy drinking days (β -0.80, SE 0.28) indicating that those with higher mental health scores (i.e., better functioning) made larger reductions in the number of heavy drinking days over time.



Mental health appears to be the stronger underlying process in the relationship between mental health and frequency of heavy drinking days.

Field of study: Medicine
Paleogeographical and paleoecological constraints on paleozoic vertebrates (chondrichthyans and placoderms) in the Ardenne Massif

Three chondrichthyan radiations are registered in the Famennian of the Ardenne Massif (Belgium). These radiations are already observed in Morocco and in the Carnic Alps, their acme being related with the early expansa transgression. Comparisons of univariate statistical descriptors like Margalef richness and Shannon–Wiener diversity index show variations between both margins of the Paleotethys, variations interpreted in terms of trophic relationships. The Ardenne area, a northern shallow carbonate platform is characterized during the Famennian by endemic shark taxa with durophagous dentition. The southern open deep-sea area, the Variscan Sea, contains large placoderms probably disclosing a negative feedback on “cladodont” chondrichthyans. This supports the hypothesis that the Armorica platelet behaved like a barrier between the central southern Laurussia and northern Gondwana.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
The Relationship Between Teachers Commitment and Female Students Academic Achievements in Some Selected Secondary School in Wolaita Zone, Southern Ethiopia

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between teacher’s commitment and female students academic achievement in selected secondary school of Wolaita zone, Southern Ethiopia. The research method employed was survey study and the sampling techniques were purposive, simple random and stratified random sampling. Questionnaire was distributed to 76 teacher’s and162 female students. Interview and document analysis were also conducted. The data obtained were analyzed using suitable statistical tool such as frequency, percent, mean, standard deviation, weighted mean and Spearman rank order co-efficient of correlation. Accordingly, the result showed that teacher’s commitment and female students academic achievement was a positive relationship. Yet, commitment of teacher was not satisfactory to the educational goals of female students in selected secondary school in wolaita zone. Thus, teachers should be committed to enhance the result of the students and proactive to invest their time and materials to attain the objective of the school. Continuous assessment of teachers must be based on constructive feedback to the goal of quality education and progressing female student’s academic success.  Academic achievement, Continuous assessment, Quality education, Teachers commitment

Field of study: Education
One-Class Semi-Supervised Learning: Detecting Linearly Separable Class by its Mean

In this paper, we presented a novel semi-supervised one-class classification algorithm which assumes that class is linearly separable from other elements. We proved theoretically that class is linearly separable if and only if it is maximal by probability within the sets with the same mean. Furthermore, we presented an algorithm for identifying such linearly separable class utilizing linear programming. We described three application cases including an assumption of linear separability, Gaussian distribution, and the case of linear separability in transformed space of kernel functions. Finally, we demonstrated the work of the proposed algorithm on the USPS dataset and analyzed the relationship of the performance of the algorithm and the size of the initially labeled sample.

Field of study: Computer science
Effects of methylprednisolone and aprotinin on phospholipase D activity of leukocytes in systemic inflammatory response induced by cardiopulmonary bypass.

To investigate the role of leukocyte phospholipase D (PLD) in systemic inflammatory response induced by cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) and the effects of methylprednisolone and aprotinin on leukocyte PLD activity.



Forty-two patients who received CPB open heart surgery were divided into 3 groups: methylprednisolone group, aprotinin group, and control group. Arterial blood (10 mL) was collected for assay of leukocyte PLD activity, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, and CD11b expression at 8 different time points in perioperative period. Plasma IL-6, IL-8, and C-reactive protein levels were also determined.



At the time point of ascending aorta declamped, leukocyte PLD activity for control group was (18 +/- 8) nmol choline . h-1 . mg-1, which was higher than that of pre-CPB (P < 0.01); the PLD activity for methylprednisolone group was (10 +/- 6) nmol choline . h-1 . mg-1 that was lower than control (P < 0.05), while it had no statistical difference compared with that of pre-CPB. In methylprednisolone group, PLD activity elevation was postponed to the time point of CPB stopped. There was no statistical difference in PLD activity between aprotinin group and control (P > 0.05). After administration of methylprednisolone or aprotinin, leukocyte CD11b expression, plasma IL-6, IL-8, C-reactive protein levels, and MPO activity decreased by different extent.



Leukocyte PLD activity was elevated significantly in systemic inflammatory response induced by CPB and methylprednisolone partially blunted the CPB-induced inflammatory response by inhibiting PLD activity.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Vertically aligned graphene based non-cryogenic bolometer

We report the photoresponse of vertically aligned graphene upon IR irradiation at room temperature. Four probe measurements have shown electrical switching in I-V characteristics during pulsed IR irradiation. The photoresponse reported here for vertically aligned graphene (VAG) is much higher than carbon nanotube (CNT) samples. Our investigation has shown that such photoresponse arise solely due to bolometric effect, where the conductivity changes with temperature. The magnitude of the resistance of VAGs increases by ~ 2 fold for 6 0C increase in temperature. Also the Thermal Coefficient of Resistance (TCR) in this region is ~11%/K, which is the highest TCR value reported so far for any carbon nanomaterials.

Field of study: Physics
METADOLERITE DIKE SWARM IN BAKERSVILLE-ROAN MOUNTAIN AREA, NORTH CAROLINA

A Precambrian metadolerite dike swarm, emplaced in Cranberry gneiss, extends from Roan Mountain toward Bakersville, North Carolina, but loses its identity in the hornblendic Roan gneiss and schist. Ortho-amphibolites exposed near Toecane in the boundary zone between the Cranberry and Roan formations are equivalents of the metadolerites exposed in Cranberry gneiss. Age relationships of the region indicate that the country rocks have been affected by at least two, and probably three, plutonic cycles. Magnetic, petrographic, mineralogical, chemical, and spectrographic data of the dike rocks are given. The metamorphic origin of the rocks is established by textural and mineralogical criteria. Chemically the dike rocks are typical olivine dolerites belonging to the middle- and late-stage basalts of Wager. The ortho- and para-amphibolites cannot be distinguished by their bulk chemical compositions. Comparisons of contents of copper, gallium, barium, nickel, cobalt, and chromium lead to the same conclusion, but it is believed possible that ortho and para-amphibolites can be differentiated by their strontium contents. Metamorphism was of amphibolite facies; temperatures were probably about 450°–500° C. Differences between subophitic plagioclase-pyroxene and granoblastic plagioclase-hornblende dike rocks are attributed to differences in water content during recrystallization at essentially the same temperatures and total pressures. The abnormal granulitic trend of metamorphic recrystallization of basaltic rocks is due to water-deficient conditions. This type of recrystallization can occur both in the granulite and the amphibolite facies of metamorphism. Four stages of metamorphism, each of different water content, are detailed. Amphibolite problems are reviewed briefly.

Field of study: Geology