nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Effects of Different Rice Varieties on Feeding and Oviposition of White-backed Planthopper,Sogatella furcifera

Tichung Native l(TN1) and Ruthu Heenati(RHT) were used as susceptible and resistant checks to study the comparative differences in feeding and ovipositing of the white-backed planthopper Sogatella fucifera (Horvath) in six resistant varieties of rice by taking feeding response, ovipositional marking, number of eggs laid and percentage of egg development as indices. The results showed that types of resistance were based on ovipositional and feeding response,anti-feeding,significant oviposition repelling and both anti-feeding and ovipositional repelling;No differences of percentage of development were found between resistant and susceptible varieties. It is concluded that it is essential to extend breeding time in resistant rice varieties.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
The Pure Theory of Taxation

The character of pure theory, deduction from received first principles, attaches not only to the incidence of taxes, which has been considered in the preceding paragraphs, but also—in a minor degree, doubtless—to the distribution of the fiscal burden among the taxpayers, which is to be considered in what follows. There is at least one aspect of this subject which may present sufficient length of reasoning and strength of premises to deserve the title “pure”. The view thus distinguished is that according to which the sacrifice felt by the taxpayer is a dominant factor in the apportionment of the fiscal burden, the hedonistic, or in a special sense utilitarian, principle of taxation, as it may be called. Some other principle may be held—for instance, that of “ability”, or “faculty”, in a more objective sense, but can hardly be to belong to the domain of pure theory.

Field of study: Economics
Treatment of Acute Myeloid Leukemia in the Era of Genomics—Achievements and Persisting Challenges

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) represents a malignant disorder of the hematopoietic system that is mainly characterized by rapid proliferation, dysregulated apoptosis, and impaired differentiation of leukemic blasts. For several decades, the diagnostic approach in AML was largely based on histologic characteristics with little impact on the treatment decision-making process. This perspective has drastically changed within the past years due to the advent of novel molecular technologies, such as whole genome next-generation sequencing (NGS), and the resulting knowledge gain in AML biology and pathogenesis. After more than four decades of intensive chemotherapy as a “one-size-fits-all” concept, several targeted agents have recently been approved for the treatment of AML, either as single agents or as part of combined treatment regimens. Several other compounds, directed against regulators of apoptotic, epigenetic, or microenvironmental pathways, as well as modulators of the immune system, are currently in development and being investigated in clinical trials. The constant progress in AML research has started to produce improved survival rates and fueled hopes that a once rapidly fatal disease can be transformed into a chronic condition. In this review, the authors provide a summary of recent advances in the development of targeted AML therapies and discuss persistent challenges.

Field of study: Biology
Paleohydrology of pool-and-riffle pattern development: Boulder Creek, Utah

The low-flow channel morphology of Boulder Creek is characterized by a well-developed pool-and-riffle pattern. The riffles consist of accumulations of basaltic boulders deposited from upstream source areas during extremely large flows. Paleoflood water-surface profiles defined by high-water indicators such as slack-water sediments and silt lines indicate that discharges of up to 400±50 m 3 /s have affected the lower reaches of this bedrock stream system. Stratigraphic relationships and archaeologic and radiometric age constraints indicate that at least four large-magnitude, low-frequency flow events have occurred within the past 500 to 1,000 radiocarbon years B.P. Step-backwater hydraulic reconstructions of these large flows suggest that the positions of the boulder-comprised riffles are controlled by spatial variations in large-flow stream power. Boulder deposition occurs where channel stream power drops below critical-power thresholds necessary for boulder transport. High-discharge stream-power minima occur in reaches immediately upstream of canyon bends and constrictions and downstream of canyon expansions. The low-flow riffles occur at these sites. Comparison of calculated stream-power values and measured boulder sizes with established coarse-particle transport relationships indicates that a 400-m 3 /s flow is approximately the minimum discharge competent to affect this pool-and-riffle pattern.

Field of study: Geology
Epitope competition weakens specific T cell response to subdominant epitopes

To elucidate the influences of epitope competition on the frequency and average intensity of specific T cell response. C57BL/6 mice were immunized with either single epitope DNA vaccines (pSV-gag92 or pSV-env203) or fusion gene DNA vaccine (pSV-gag/env).Gag92and Env203 epitope-specific CD8 T cell responses were analyzed by intracellular cytokine staining assay. Gag92-specific IFN-γ+CD8 T cells that were induced by pSV-gag92 accounted for 0.415 00％ ±0.045 88％ of the total CD8 T cells,which was much more than that induced by pSV-gag/env of 0.058 67％ + 0.019 64％.Moreover,the mean fluorescence intensity of Gag92-specific TNF-α-IFN-γ+CD8 T cells (296.70+14.08) elicited by pSV-gag/env was significantly lower than that of Env203-specific TNF-α-IFN-γ+CD8 T cells (818.00+49.34).Conclusion Epitope competition could significantly decrease both the frequency and the average intensity of specific T cell response to subdominant epitopes. 
 
 
Single epitope DNA vaccine;  Epitope competition;  T cell response

Field of study: Biology
The crystallization and impact properties of high strength polyethylene fibre reinforced LLDPE composites

High strength polyethylene (HSPE) fibre reinforced linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) composites were fabricated to develop impact resistant materials. Crystallization behaviour of the LLDPE resin was investigated in order to understand its interfacial adhesion to HSPE fibre. LLDPE matrix crystallization was affected by the inclusion of HSPE fibre because of the transcrystallization on the fibre surface. Interfacial shear strengths of HSPE/LLDPE composites were varied by altering the cooling rate. Consequently, the impact properties of the resulting composites were dependent on the interfacial strength associated with the matrix crystallization. Large deformations such as transverse bulging and dishing are the main failure modes absorbing impact energy in HSPE/LLDPE composites.

Field of study: Materials science
The relationship of spatial–temporal changes in fringe mangrove extent and adjacent land-use: Case study of Kien Giang coast, Vietnam

Fringe mangroves are recognised as a highly valuable resource due to their provision of multiple ecosystem services. However, accelerating human-pressures on mangrove forests are resulting in the loss of key mangrove ecosystem services. In this paper, we assessed spatial-temporal changes in the extent and width of fringe mangroves, and changes in adjacent land use. The study focused on the Kien Giang Province, Vietnam, for the period 1989-2009. The total mangrove extent was estimated at seven points in time using four Landsat TM images (1989, 1992, 2003, and 2006) and three SPOT images (1995, 2003 and 2009). Supervised classification was conducted for image classification and mapping changes using a Maximum Livelihood Classifier approach. Changes in mangrove width were calculated for 2003 and 2009 using the Digital Shoreline Analysis Application.An assessment of the four Landsat TM images showed a significant decrease in mangrove extent for the periods 1989-1992 (-2.7% yr-1) and 2003-2006 (-2.1% yr-1), while a significant increase in mangrove extent was observed during 1992-2003 (0.7% yr-1). SPOT images were used to classify shoreline land cover into four types, namely mangroves; shrimp farms; built-up areas; and bare and wet ground areas. The total loss of fringe mangrove extent was significantly correlated with the increase in extent of other land covers, especially shrimp farms and bare and wet ground, during the period of 2003-2009.The overall accuracy assessment of the classification using 2003 and 2009 SPOT 5 images was 90.1% and 90.5% respectively. The overall accuracy assessment of the 2003 Landsat image was 92.1%. This accuracy in classification of mangroves and non-mangroves showed that use of Landsat images was adequate for assessing spatial-temporal mangrove dynamics when higher spatial resolution satellite images were limited. The results highlight the dynamic nature of fringe mangrove communities in the region, and provide data useful for informing shoreline mangrove rehabilitation, conservation efforts, and national monitoring programs for estimating mangrove values of carbon sequestration and shoreline protection functions in Vietnam.

Field of study: Environmental science
On a Relation between the Ate Pairing and the Weil Pairing for Supersingular Elliptic Curves

The hyperelliptic curve Ate pairing provides an efficient way to compute a bilinear pairing on the Jacobian variety of a hyperelliptic curve. We prove that, for supersingular elliptic curves with embedding degree two, square of the Ate pairing is nothing but the Weil pairing. Using the formula, we develop an X -coordinate only pairing inversion method. However, the algorithm is still infeasible for cryptographic size problems.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Experimental design for product improvement

Fractional factorial designs have been used successfullyin industry and elsewhere todetect and estimate sparse factor effects , The effectsusually evisioned measure changes in location associated with the experimental factors . Here we consider the possibility of detecting and estimating sparse dispersion effects measuring changes in variance associated with the factors . ( 2 ) In industrial experimentation it is frequently true thata large proportion of process v ariation is associated with a smallproportion of the process variables . In such circum stancs of“effect sparsity”unreplicated fractional designs have frequently been effectivein islolating preponderant factors.A very useful graphical analysis for such experiments due to Cuthbert Daniel(1959)employs normal probability plotting.A more formal analysis is presented here which might be used to supplement such plots.

Field of study: Mathematics
Reductive dechlorination of chlorophenols in estuarine sediments of Lake Shinji and Lake Nakaumi

Dechlorination of all mono- and dichlorophenol isomers in anaerobic sediment samples of estuarine Lake Shinji and Lake Nakaumi was examined to characterize the chlorophenol-dechlorinating microbial communities in the environments with different salinity levels. Dechlorination was observed only in 2-chlorophenol (2-CP), 3-chlorophenol (3-CP) and 2,6-dichlorophenol (2,6-DCP), and in 2-CP and 2,6-DCP in the Lake Shinji and Nakaumi sediment, respectively. In the sediment of Lake Shinji, the highest activity was observed without adding sodium chloride and sulfate, whereas in the Lake Nakaumi sediment, the highest activity was at 0.7 % of sodium chloride and 6.0 mM of sodium sulfate. The chlorophenols were degraded to benzoate via phenol in both sediments under methanogenic conditions. Benzoate then disappeared from the cultures. All microbial consortia enriched with each monochlorophenol dechlorinated 2-CP, but showed different substrate specificities for dichlorophenols as follows: 2-CP-enriched consortium dechlorinated 2,3-dichlorophenol and 2,6-DCP, 3-CP-enriched consortium dechlorinated all dichlorophenol isomers, and 4-chlorophenol-enriched consortium dechlorinated 2,4-dichlorophenol and 2,6-DCP. Maintenance of the population by halorespiration was suggested in the dechlorination of 2-CP.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Optical image encryption based on a joint Fresnel transform correlator with double optical wedges.

An optical cryptosystem based on the joint Fresnel transform correlator (JFTC) with double optical wedges is designed. The designed cryptosystem retains the two major advantages of JTC-based optical cryptosystems. First, the encrypted image is real-valued and therefore is easier to record and transmit. Second, the encryption process is simplified, since it doesn't require accurate alignment of optical elements or the generation of the complex conjugate of the key. Also, the designed optical cryptosystem can produce a decrypted image with higher quality than a JTC-based optical cryptosystem, because the original encrypted image is divided by the Fresnel transform power distribution of the key mask to generate the new encrypted image, which significantly reduces the noise during the decryption process. Simulation results showed that the correlation coefficient of the decrypted image and the original image can reach as large as 0.9819 after denoising and adequately selecting half-central interval a and encrypted image width w. Another improvement relative to JTC-based optical cryptosystems is that the attack resistibility gets enhanced due to the nonlinearity of the encryption process as well as the additional key parameter a, which enlarges the key space.

Field of study: Physics
Distinguishing among Distributions Using Data from Complex Sample Designs

This article presents the statistical methodology for estimating stratum cumulative distribution functions (cdf's) when the sample is drawn according to a complex design. Justification for the use of this methodology is offered, and examples are presented to demonstrate the expanded inference possible when estimated cdf's are used in addition to stratum means. The methods are applied to data from a survey of the patterns of care in radiation therapy facilities in the United States.

Field of study: Mathematics
Integrating Diffusion of Innovations and Theory of Planned Behavior to Predict Intention to Adopt Electric Vehicles

Electric vehicles (EVs) are recognized as effective solutions to the global air pollution problem, attracting much attention from businesses, governments, and consumers. Despite the heightened interest, EV penetration rates remain low. This study thus focuses on consumers’ evaluation of EV innovation to provide implications for promoting EV adoption by proposing a theoretical model that integrates the diffusion of innovations theory and the theory of planned behavior to examine the relationship between consumers’ perceived innovation characteristics and the adoption of EVs; the study findings indicate that the evaluation of consumers’ EV innovation has a significant impact on consumers’ attitudes toward and intention for EV adoption. Several important innovation characteristics promote practical implications for spreading EV acceptance.

Field of study: Business
Conformation-independent structural comparison of macromolecules with ProSMART

The Procrustes Structural Matching Alignment and Restraints Tool (ProSMART) has been developed to allow local comparative structural analyses independent of the global conformations and sequence homology of the compared macromolecules. This allows quick and intuitive visualization of the conservation of backbone and side-chain conformations, providing complementary information to existing methods.

Field of study: Chemistry
Hysteretic behavior and evidence for domain formation in a double-layer quantum Hall system at total filling factor 2

We report anomalous behavior in a double-layer two dimensional hole gas (2DHG) at even integer filling factors which includes hysteresis in the longitudinal and Hall resistances and a very weak temperature dependence of the resistance minima. All anomalies disappear and the conventional quantum Hall effect behavior recovers when a thin metal film is placed on top of the 2DHG. The behavior is attributed to presence of the theoretically predicted magnetic ordering at even integer filling factors which causes the formation of macroscopic spin-charge domains.

Field of study: Physics
The credibility challenge for global fluvial flood risk analysis

Quantifying flood hazard is an essential component of resilience planning, emergency response, and mitigation, including insurance. Traditionally undertaken at catchment and national scales, recently, efforts have intensified to estimate flood risk globally to better allow consistent and equitable decision making. Global flood hazard models are now a practical reality, thanks to improvements in numerical algorithms, global datasets, computing power, and coupled modelling frameworks. Outputs of these models are vital for consistent quantification of global flood risk and in projecting the impacts of climate change. However, the urgency of these tasks means that outputs are being used as soon as they are made available and before such methods have been adequately tested. To address this, we compare multi-probability flood hazard maps for Africa from six global models and show wide variation in their flood hazard, economic loss and exposed population estimates, which has serious implications for model credibility. While there is around 30%–40% agreement in flood extent, our results show that even at continental scales, there are significant differences in hazard magnitude and spatial pattern between models, notably in deltas, arid/semi-arid zones and wetlands. This study is an important step towards a better understanding of modelling global flood hazard, which is urgently required for both current risk and climate change projections.

Field of study: Environmental science
Preparation of Micelle Supported Magnetic Hydroxylated Multi-walled Carbon Nanotubes for Determination of PAHs

A nano-scaled micelle supported Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles decorated hydroxylated multi-walled carbon nanotubes material was synthesized. The material was facilely synthesized between carbon nanotubes and Fe2+. The prepared material used in dispersive solid-phase extraction for investigation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in seawater for the first time. The application showed good response (R2 > 0.9981) in the range of 0.02 – 1.0 μg/L, satisfactory reproducibility and high precision. Limits of detection of PAHs ranged from 0.009 to 0.018 μg/L (S/N=3). The spiked recovery of established method (72.65-96.54%) was 1.01 - 2.32 times higher than that of the conventional method, and the corresponding relative standard deviation (RSD) was in the range of 4.23-9.96%.

Field of study: Engineering
Isotopic composition and diagenetic history of carbonate cements in Devonian Golden Spike reef, Alberta, Canada

Extensive cementation in the margin of the Golden Spike (Upper Devonian, Alberta) reef complex is due largely to formation of carbonate cements in a marine environment. Subaerial cements are absent in the reef margin, but they occur in shallow-water reef interior facies. Middle and late burial calcite cements are less abundant but occur vertically and laterally throughout Golden Spike. The δ 13 C and δ 18 O values of selected carbonate cements and sediments, mainly from the reef margin, show: (1) a narrow range (+4.0‰ to +1.6‰) of δ 13 C values for all samples; (2) the most positive (X = +3.8‰) δ 13 C values occur in lime mudstones; (3) radiaxial calcite cements (submarine) and associated (often inter-layered) marine internal sediments have similar δ 13 C (+3.5‰ to + 1.6‰) and δ 18 O (−5.8‰ to −7.7‰) values; (4) submarine radiaxial and radial fibrous calcites (X = −6.7‰), middle burial non-ferroan calcites (X = −8.8‰), and late burial ferroan calcites (X = −13.0‰) contain progressively more negative δ 18 O values. Textural evidence (that is, cement fabrics, their distribution, superposition, and relationships with associated sediments) and isotopic compositions considered in light of the Golden Spike burial history indicate the following. Submarine cements of the reef margin apparently have not been significantly modified by meteoric waters ( 18 O, 13 C depleted) throughout their diagenetic history. Submarine cements and associated sediments have δ 13 C values similar to modern marine cements and sediments, and any diagenetic re-equilibrations occurred in a “closed system” with little or no addition of 12 C. δ 13 C values in middle and late burial stage cement are the result of calcite precipitation, probably in equilibrium with subsurface fluids. The 18 O/ 16 O ratios for marine sediments, fossils, and submarine cements are probably due to isotopic re-equilibration of originally enriched (marine) 18 O/ 16 O at elevated burial temperatures before the end of the Mississippian. On the basis of burial history, middle and late burial calcite cements are post-Mississippian to pre-Late Cretaceous; the Late Cretaceous is the most likely time of major petroleum entrapment.

Field of study: Geology
Psychological aspects of scuba diving injuries: Suggestions for short-term treatment from a psychodynamic perspective

Dive medicine is described as an area of practice in which psychologists may choose to expand their clinical service and research activities. The author argues that most research studying risk behavior and sports take into account biological, behavioral or cognitive approaches, while ignoring unconscious conflict in risk-taking and injury management. The present paper uses a psychodynamically-oriented, interview-based approach to studying psychological reactions to decompression sickness in three experienced scuba divers. Brief interventions and their outcomes are described.

Field of study: Psychology
Influence of the Variability of Calcareous Fly Ash Properties on Rheological Properties of Fresh Mortar with Its Addition

One of the main by-products of brown coal burning is calcareous fly ash (CFA). Apart from other applications, it is used as a main component of cement, or as an active mineral additive to concrete. The present study involves the impact of the raw and processed calcareous fly ash (CFA) on the changes of rheological properties of mortars. The said impact was determined by using the coefficient of variation (CV) given in percentage. CFA samples collected from various sources were subjected to testing. The samples were collected from two electrofilters of blocks with boilers of different combustion parameters and from the retention tanks of the CFA sales department (CFA T) in which CFAs from various boilers are mixed. It has been demonstrated that the degree of the impact of CFA addition on the rheological properties of mortars depends on the source of this addition and on bulk density. The present work demonstrates the negative impact of raw CFA on mortar workability, and hence it is questionable to support its use in concrete technology.

Field of study: Materials science
Large-Aperture CO2 Amplifier

A report is given of construction of a CO2 amplifier with an aperture of 40 cm, pumped by an SSVD with a system of electrodes without a special profile. The SSVD formed as a result of filling the discharge gap with a flux of electrons from the plasma of an auxiliary discharge initiated under a grid cathode with sharp edges. The small-signal gain on the optic axis was 3.3 m−1 and its distribution over the aperture was nearly uniform.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Modeling the performance of two-bed, sillica gel-water adsorption chillers

This article presents a transient model for a two-bed, silica gel-water adsorption chiller. Compared with our previous cyclic-steady-state model, we found very good agreement between our model prediction and experimental data. We found that, regardless of the initial mass distribution, the chiller was able to achieve the same cyclic-steady-state within four cycles or 1800 s. We also demonstrated that the manufacturer had empirically evolved to select a fixed switching and cycle time such that the best peak evaporator temperature suppression, and near maximum cooling capacity can be achieved by a compact design.

Field of study: Engineering