nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Components of Pearson's Phi-Squared Distance Measure for the k-Sample Problem

A general approach to the k-sample problem for continuous random variables, based on a generalization of Pearson's classical φ2 measure, is presented. Tests are developed by considering an analysis of variance type of orthogonal decomposition of a distance measure for a k-population goodness-to-fit hypothesis. Estimates of some of these components are shown to provide test statistics for the hypothesis that the k-populations have a common distribution. Several classical parametric and nonparametric tests are found to be quadratic functions of these component estimates. In addition, a new class of test statistic is derived that possesses aspects of both parametric and nonparametric methods.

Field of study: Mathematics
Aggregated deglycosylated IgA1 and/or IgG and pathological phenotypes of IgA nephropathy

目的 IgA肾病是最常见的原发性肾小球疾病之一,其临床病理表型多种多样.血清中糖基化异常的IgA1及其与其他免疫球蛋白所形成的大分子复合物可能是本病重要的发病原因.本文探讨IgA1大分子复合物的组成和结构特征,及其与IgA肾病不同病理表型之间的关系.方法 制备偶联有去唾液酸IgA1(DesIgA1)和去唾液酸去半乳糖IgA1(DesDeGalIgA1)的琼脂糖亲和层析柱(DesIgA1/Sepharose,DesDeGalIgA1/Sepharose).取10名轻度系膜增生性IgA肾病患者、10名局灶增生硬化性IgA肾病患者及10名正常人血清,分别经DesIgA1/Sepharose和DesDeGalIgA1/Sepharose分离,测定IgA1结合蛋白(IgA1-BP)含量及其中IgA1和IgG浓度,并检测IgA1-BP中IgA1糖基化程度,比较其在IgA肾病不同病理表型间的差别.结果 从两种亲和层析柱上所洗脱的IgA1-BP含量,在不同病理类型IgA肾病患者及正常人间无明显差别.在DesDeGalIgA1/Sepharose上洗脱的IgA1-BP中,两种病理类型IgA肾病患者IgA1唾液酸均严重缺失;在局灶增生硬化性IgA肾病患者中,IgA1分子半乳糖缺失比正常人严重.同时,局灶增生硬化性IgA肾病患者血清中与DesDeGalIgA1/Sepharose结合的IgG的含量显著多于正常人.结论 糖基化缺陷的IgA1自身聚合及与IgG聚合形成的大分子复合物可能与IgA肾病的病理表型相关。

Field of study: Biology
The biodiversity impacts of non-native species should not be extrapolated from biased single-species studies

The presence, diversity and abundance of non-native plant species in natural vegetation are common condition indicators used to determine conservation status, with consequences for management strategies and investment. The rationale behind non-native species metrics as condition indicators is the assumption that non-natives have negative consequences on native biodiversity and habitat condition. The case against non-native species is not so clear-cut, with some studies reporting neutral or even facilitative interactions, often depending on spatial scale. Observational and experimental evaluations of the impact of particular non-native species on biodiversity provide a vital evidence-base for general conservation management strategies. Unintentionally though, many studies that quantify the impacts of non-native species have resulted in a publication bias in which species with known impacts are selected for investigation far more often than benign species. Here we argue that meta-analyses of the impacts of individual non-native species on natives, no matter how meticulous or objective, should not be generalized beyond the set of ‘training’ species. The likelihood of such extrapolation is increased when meta-analyses are reported with little qualification as to the skewed sampling towards problematic species, and because alternative findings such as non-native assemblages having positive interactions with native biodiversity, are under-reported. To illustrate, we discuss two meta-analyses that make general conclusions from impact studies skewed towards ‘transformers’, the most extreme invaders. We warn that if generic non-native species management strategies were to be based on these conclusions, they could not only fail to meet objectives but in some instances harm native biodiversity.

Field of study: Environmental science
Technology transfer via foreign patents in Germany, 1843–77

This article analyses the spread of innovation in mid‐nineteenth‐century Germany using foreign patents as an indicator for technology transfer. It introduces a new dataset of over 1,400 patents granted in the Grand Duchy of Baden between 1843 and 1877. The data show that Baden's technology import via foreign patents from German and non‐German inventors was important. This technology transfer was broadly based, although technologies related to the textile and machine‐building industries are prominent in the data. The decision to file a patent in Baden was driven by competition and the risk of imitation. Using a gravity model with city‐level data, we find evidence that technology transfer through patents reflected existing trade links. The strong correlation between technologies filed by foreigners and domestic inventors provides further evidence that the risk of imitation fostered patent‐based technology transfer during the mid‐nineteenth century. Furthermore, we show that foreigners filed patents predominantly in industries that accounted for a high share of the workforce in Baden.

Field of study: Economics, History
Investigation on the Main Technology for Measuring Moisture in Molding Sand

The principles and characteristics of three main technologies for measuring moisture of molding sand were discussed and some novel designing ideas and measuring system are proposed in order to overcome the limitation of traditional measuring methods.Through the transformation from resistance measurement to frequency period measurement,the resistance measuring method can overcome the limit of measuring range and the quality of signal remote transmission.By using an ultra frequency capacitance method,the measuring range can be enlarged to fit well the scope of molding sand moisture content.The measuring moisture content in molding sand based on both microwave energy attenuation and microwave phase shift can be realized with high accuracy and without the interruption of the sand density change,and the temperature compensation and nonlinear measurement can be implemented by using intelligent data process such as artificial neural network algorithm.The three modified methods can realize on-line measurement with high precision.

Field of study: Materials science
Fabrication of high quality, deep-submicron Nb/AlO/sub x//Nb Josephson junctions using chemical mechanical polishing

A reliable process based on Chemical Mechanical Polishing (CMP) has been developed for the fabrication of high quality, deep-submicron Nb/AlO/sub x//Nb Josephson junctions on 2 inch wafers. The Nb counter electrode is defined using low pressure SF/sub 6/ reactive ion etching (RIE) with a mask of SiO, which is thermally evaporated through a bilayer resist stencil patterned by electron beam lithography. After RIE, the entire wafer is coated with SiO, which is then planarized using CMP (which also removes the etch mask) to expose the counter electrode. This technique has produced high quality (V/sub m//spl sime/60 mV for J/sub c/ of 2 kA/cm/sup 2/) junctions with areas as small as 0.003 /spl mu/m/sup 2/ demonstrating that the process does not degrade the junction quality. Junctions with critical currents of 22 /spl mu/A and areas of 0.006 /spl mu/m/sup 2/ have been fabricated from trilayers with J/sub c/>300 kA/cm/sup 2/.<<ETX>>

Field of study: Physics
Comparison of two micronutrient supplements in children with chronic renal failure.

To compare a newly formulated renal-specific micronutrient (RSM) supplement (vitamins C, E, K, and B complex, copper, zinc) with Ketovite (Paines & Byrnes, Middlesex, UK) tablets (vitamins C, E, K, and B complex) in children with chronic renal failure (glomerular filtration rate [GFR] < 25 mL/min/1.73 m(2)) or on chronic peritoneal dialysis (CPD) and hemodialysis (HD).



Children currently prescribed Ketovite tablets were changed to RSM for 3 months. Questionnaires on palatability, acceptability, and ease of administration were assessed while on Ketovite and after 3 months on RSM along with plasma levels of zinc, copper, folate (serum, red cell), vitamin B(12), and homocysteine.



Regional pediatric nephrology unit.



Fifteen children (10 male) with a mean age of 10.4 years (range, 1.1 to 16 y) were recruited (11 had GFR < 25 mL/min/1.73 m(2), 2 CPD, 2 HD). Two children received overnight gastrostomy button feeding.



Fourteen children (1 child refused RSM after 1 week) and their families completed questionnaires using a Likert scale: 1 (liked) to 7 (disliked). Plasma levels were analyzed at baseline on Ketovite and after 3 months on RSM.



Children disliked the smell of Ketovite compared with RSM (P =.004). The size of Ketovite was preferable to the size of the RSM (P =.015) and was believed to be easier to administer (P =.046). There were no differences in patient/parent rating of appearance, texture, or taste, but 8 of 15 patients (53%) expressed a preference for the RSM if available. Plasma values of copper, zinc, folate, and vitamin B(12) were within the normal reference range on Ketovite and showed no significant change on RSM. Mean plasma homocysteine levels were above normal reference ranges in all groups (GFR < 25 mL/min/1.73 m(2), 7.6 [SD, 3.1]; CPD, 11.5 [SD, 1.6]; HD, 12 [SD, 8.7]) on Ketovite and were unchanged after 3 months on RSM.



This pilot study confirms the acceptability of the RSM, particularly in relation to its smell and chewability, but the current size may preclude its widespread use. The incorporation of zinc and copper will be beneficial for many children, but reduction in homocysteine levels may necessitate an increase in folic acid content.

Field of study: Medicine
Belemnite taphonomy (Upper Jurassic, Western Tethys) part II: Fossil-diagenetic analysis including combined petrographic and geochemical techniques

Fossil–diagenetic features were analyzed on 56 belemnite rostra from the Pozo Canada section (External Prebetic), as well as 31 belemnite rostra from the Rio Segura (Internal Prebetic), both from the Upper Oxfordian–Lower Kimmeridgian. They mainly correspond to Hibolithes and, secondarily to Belemnopsis . Fossil–diagenetic processes were analyzed in each specimen, using petrographic (conventional, cathodoluminescence, epifluorescence and scanning electron microscopy) and geochemical (elemental and stable isotopes) techniques. The most common fossil–diagenetic processes are dissolution, calcite cementation, and recrystallization of the apical zone and outer growth rings of belemnite rostra. These processes may appear enhanced by fracturing and stylolite formation. Petrographic study also reveals that the alternation of cloudy and clear concentric growth areas displayed by many belemnite rostra corresponds to an early diagenetic feature in origin. However, an original concentric growth pattern is also observed under epifluorescent microscopy and BSEM. This growth pattern fits with changes in the Mg and S content of the rostra. Although fossil–diagenetic processes typically make specimens non-suitable for paleoenvironmental interpretations, microsampling of petrographically altered and non-altered areas from the same specimens, performed directly from thin sections after petrographic study, allowed us to obtain excellent geochemical results suitable for paleoenvironmental interpretations. These geochemical analyses moreover demonstrates that caution should be taken if elemental analyses are used as the most significant criteria for discriminating diagenetically altered and non-altered belemnite samples.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Community Primary Healthcare Centre-Renal Centre Linkage Program for the Reduction in Burden of CKD/ESRD in Low and Middle income Countries

In the Low and middle income countries (LMIC) CKD and ESRD constitute a major cause of morbidity and mortality affecting predominantly the young and middle age groups with far reaching socioeconomic implications. The exact data are not available, the prevalence of CKD and the incidence of ESRD in most LMIC jurisdictions are about 10-17% and over 1500 per million populations (pmp), respectively, though RRT prevalence averages 255pmp. The burden of human suffering is enormous and the financial burden of care is far beyond the reach of the individual sufferer and most LMIC countries are incapable of providing Medicare type of care for their subjects with ESRD. Thus the diagnosis of ESRD in most LMIC countries is synonymous with a death sentence. In the present state of practice in the LMIC countries, the unmet need of nephrology practice is the challenge of reducing the burden of CKD and ESRD in the communities through preventive nephrology approach. Even in developed countries with state of the art facilities for care, there is the prevailing need for reducing the burden of CKD in recent times. CKD and ESRD preventive programs such as the KEEP and similar programs are in place. KEEP-like programs are unfortunately not appropriate for LMICs on account of technology and IT attributes. Paradoxically, in most LMIC jurisdictions with the highest burden of ESRD and the least in access to care, there are no forms of structured sustainable CKD/ESRD containment programs. Some previous efforts in this direction could not be sustained because they were not integrative in nature and were funded by donor agencies. We propose the Community (PHC)-Renal Centre linkage program which would enable a permanent link between the rural based PHC centres with urban based Renal centres. This pivotal link will be achieved through the services of purpose trained Community Preventive Nephrology practitioner (CPN-P). The CPN-P identifies and manages CKD risk factors and early CKD cases at the PHC level and transfers advanced stages to the affiliate Renal centres in teaching and specialist hospitals. The CPN-P bridges the long missing nephrology care gap in the LMIC jurisdictions. With good record keeping Renal data from the communities would be used to develop Renal Registry in the area.

Field of study: Medicine
CHARACTERIZATION AND ANTIBIOGRAM OF ENTEROPATHOGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI ISOLATED FROM POULTRY

One hundred sixty two samples from different poultry farms of West Bengal, India were screened for the presence of pathogenic Escherichia coli and 109 (67.3%) were found positive. Out of forty six faecal samples from ailing birds suffering from acute colibacillosis, thirty one i.e. 67.2% were positive whereas postmortem sample of intestines (62) and liver tissues (54) revealed approx 72.6% and 61.1% positivity for E. coli. Biochemical characteristic of the isolates were positive to indole, MR, nitrate and non-reactive to VP, citrate & urease test. In serotyping of the E. coli isolates

Field of study: Biology
Swine wastewater treatment in a two stage sequencing batch reactor using real‐time control

A laboratory scale two‐stage sequencing batch reactor (TSSBR) was used to study the effectiveness of pH as a real‐time control parameter in swine wastewater treatment. A Ringlace media was inserted into the A/O (Anoxic/Oxic) reactor for bacteria immobilization. The TSSBR was subjected to three levels of organic loading. The pH and ORP (Oxidation Reduction Potential) patterns obtained were consistent with distinct features, enabling the real‐time control strategy to effectively set a flexible aeration time pending on influent concentration, hence resulting in flexible cycle time and HRT (Hydraulic Retention Time) for the system. The real‐time process ensured a removal efficiency of over 99% and 95%, respectively, for ammonia and TOC (Total Organic Carbon). For NO3 ‐‐N and PO4 ‐3, the run with influent TOC = 4,000 mg/L yielded the most efficient removal of 61% and 95%, respectively. Test results suggest that pH can be a viable tool for on‐line real‐time control of a biological treatment process.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
A Laplacian characterization of phytoplankton shape

Phytoplankton exhibit pronounced morphological diversity, impacting a range of processes. Because these impacts are challenging to quantify, however, phytoplankton are often approximated as spheres, and when effects of non-sphericity are studied it is usually experimentally or via geometrical approximations. New methods for quantifying phytoplankton size and shape generally, so all phytoplankton are analyzable by the same procedure, can complement advances in microscopic imagery and automated classification to study the influence of shape in phytoplankton. Here we apply to phytoplankton a technique for defining the size of arbitrary shapes based on the Laplacian—the operator that governs processes, such as nutrient uptake and fluid flow, where phytoplankton shape is expected to have the greatest effect. Deviations from values given by spherical approximation are a measure of phytoplankton shape and indicate the fitness increases for phytoplankton conferred by their non-spherical shapes. Comparison with surface-to-volume quotients suggests the Laplacian-based metric is insensitive to small-scale features which can increase surface area without affecting key processes, but is otherwise closely related to surface-area-to-volume, demonstrating this metric is a meaningful measure. While our analysis herein is limited to axisymmetric phytoplankton due to relative sparsity of 3D information about other phytoplankton shapes, the definition and method are directly generalizable to 3D shape data, which will in the near future be more readily available.

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics
Governance in non-for-profit hospitals: effects of board members' remuneration and expertise on CEO compensation.

Although hospitals vary in terms of their governance structures, little research has focused on the effectiveness of these governance mechanisms through the study of executive contracting. Using a sample of 80 non-for-profit private hospitals in the Netherlands, I investigate whether differences in governance structures of hospitals are informative for explaining the variations in chief executive pay. After controlling for important economic determinants of CEO compensation in hospitals (i.e., type and size of the hospital, CEO type and job complexity, market conditions and performance attributes), the results suggest that CEOs on average earn more (1) when the hospital's supervisory board members receive more remuneration (a higher absolute as well as an excessive remuneration) and (2) when supervisory board members have a lower level of expertise. The findings suggest that supervisory boards are more effective in controlling agency problems (i.e., aligning CEO pay to economic conditions) when their members have more expertise, but at the same time that the monitoring function is hampered when supervisory board members receive a large (excessive) remuneration.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Optimizations Under Uncertainty Using Gradients, Hessians, and Surrogate Models

In this article, a first-order moment method and a kriging surrogate model are used for optimizations under uncertainty applied to two-bar truss designs and two-dimensional lift-constrained drag minimizations. Given uncertainties in statistically independent, random, normally distributed input variables, the two approaches are used to propagate these uncertainties through the mathematical model and to approximate output statistics of interest. To assess the validity of the approximations, the results are compared with full Monte Carlo simulations. When using first-order moment methods for robust optimizations, first-order sensitivity derivatives appear in the objective function and system constraints. Therefore, second-order sensitivity derivatives are needed for gradient-based optimization approaches. When the kriging surrogate model is used to calculate the objective function value and system constraints, it will be shown that a gradient predictor for the kriging model can be successfully used for gradi...

Field of study: Physics
Maximum Likelihood Direction Finding in Spatially Colored Noise Fields Using Sparse Sensor Arrays

We consider the problem of maximum likelihood (ML) direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation of narrowband signals using sparse sensor arrays, which consist of widely separated subarrays such that the unknown spatially colored noise field is uncorrelated between different subarrays. We develop ML DOA estimators under the assumptions of zero-mean and non-zero-mean Gaussian signals based on an Expectation-Maximization (EM) framework. For DOA estimation of non-zero-mean Gaussian signals, we derive the Cramér-Rao bound (CRB) as well as the asymptotic error covariance matrix of the ML estimator that improperly assumes zero-mean Gaussian signals. We provide analytical and numerical performance comparisons for the existing deterministic and the proposed stochastic ML estimators. The results show that the proposed estimators normally provide better accuracy than the existing deterministic estimator, and that the nonzero means in the signals improve the accuracy of DOA estimation.

Field of study: Engineering
Interfacial reactions in Ag-Sn/Cu couples

Interfacial reactions between Sn-3.5 wt.%Ag, Sn-25 wt.%Ag, and Sn-74 wt.%Ag alloys with Cu substrate at 240°C and 450°C have been studied here by examining the reaction couples. It is found that Sn is the fastest diffusion species among the three elements during the reaction, while Ag is the slowest. The reaction path is liquid/η/ɛ1/Cu for the Sn-3.5 wt.%Ag/Cu couples reacted at 240°C. The paths are liquid/ɛ1/δ/Cu, liquid/ɛ1/δ/Cu, ɛ2/ζ/ɛ1/δ/Cu, for the Sn-3.5 wt.%Ag/Cu, Sn-25 wt.%Ag/Cu, and Sn-74 wt.%Ag/Cu couples at 450°C, respectively. These reaction paths are in agreement with the isothermal sections of the Ag-Sn-Cu ternary system at 240°C and 450°C. The isothermal sections are proposed based on the limited ternary phase equilibria data and the phase diagrams of its three constituent binary systems, Ag-Sn, Cu-Sn, and Ag-Cu.

Field of study: Materials science
Effects of Social Categorization and Belief Similarity Upon Intergroup Behavior

Recent research has shown that intergroup discrimination occurs with little pretext (e.g., Billig and Tajfel, 1973). The mere categorization of subjects into groups on the basis of a trivial task is sufficient to elicit intergroup discrimination. In Tajfel’s procedure subjects were divided into two groups allegedly on the basis of their preferences for paintings. They were than given the opportunity to divide rewards between members of their own group (ingroup) and members of the other group (outgroup). Subjects displayed a significant tendency to bias their assignment of rewards to favor ingroup persons at the expense of outgroup per-

Field of study: Psychology
Soliton like wave packets in quantum wires

At a Fano resonance in a quantum wire there is strong quantum mechanical back-scattering. When identical wave packets are incident along all possible modes of incidence, each wave packet is strongly scattered. The scattered wave packets compensate each other in such a way that the outgoing wave packets are similar to the incoming wave packets. This is as if the wave packets are not scattered and not dispersed. This typically happens for the kink-antikink solution of the Sine-Gordon model. As a result of such non-dispersive behavior, the derivation of semi-classical formulas like the Friedel sum rule and the Wigner delay time are exact at Fano resonance. For a single channel quantum wire this is true for any potential that exhibit a Fano resonance. For a multichannel quantum wire we give an easy prescription to check for a given potential, if this is true. We also show that validity of the Friedel sum rule may or may not be related to the conservation of charge. If there are evanescent modes then even when charge is conserved, Friedel sum rule may break down away from the Fano resonances.

Field of study: Physics