nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Evaluating Estimates of Net Migration and Net Migration Rates Based on Survival Ratios Corrected in Varying Degrees

The effects of using survival ratios of different degrees of accuracy to estimate the net migration of the male Negro populations of 25 southern counties and six southern states during the three intercensal periods from 1930–1960 are examined. First, the differences within units (states and counties) produced by the four different sets of survival ratios are examined; and second, the differences between units are considered. In both cases differences are largest during the 1930–1940 decade and decrease at each successive intercensal period.

Field of study: Mathematics
Phenyl propenoic side chain degradation of ferulic acid by Pycnoporus cinnabarinus - elucidation of metabolic pathways using [5-2H]-ferulic acid.

The white-rot fungus Pycnoporous cinnabarinus (DMS-1184) was submerged cultured for 22 days under controlled conditions in a bioreactor. After 6, 9, and 15 days of culture the growth medium was supplemented with [5-2H]-labelled ferulic acid (I). The major phenolic compounds identified labelled were four lignans, the methyl esters of ferulic (I) and vanillic acid (VIII), (E)-coniferyl aldehyde (II), (E)-coniferyl alcohol (III), vanillic acid (VIII), vanillin (IX) and vanillyl alcohol (X). The detection of considerable amounts of labelled 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyacetophenone (VII) in the late growth phase suggested the increasing formation and decarboxylation of free 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzoylacetic acid (VI) and, thus, a beta-oxidation-like degradation of ferulic acid (I) or its methyl ester to vanillic acid (VIII). 4-Hydroxy-3-methoxybenzoylacetic acid methyl ester (VI) and 3-hydroxy-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-propanoic acid methyl ester (V) were synthesised and then identified as metabolites in the culture medium. The fungal degradation of the phenyl propenoic side chain of ferulic acid (I), a principal key step of lignin decomposition, appeared to proceed analogous to fatty acids.

Field of study: Biology, Engineering
Classification multi-spectrale et apport de la bande TM7, dans la distinction des dépôts meubles de l'île d'Anticosti, Québec

The differentiation between various surficial deposits and bedrock on Anticosti Island is difficult because of the dense and homogeneous forest cover and because of the subdued topography. Remote sensing allows us to solve this problem by making use of the physical characteristics of Quaternary deposits and the weathered bedrock, which influence internal drainage and the availability of soil moisture to the vegetation. A spectral simulation of LANDSAT-4 was made using an airborne Daedalus 1260, 11-channel scanner. Several supervised classifications of the digital images were made using test sites studied in the field. Using the raw data from Thematic Mapper bands TM2, TM3, TM4, and TM7, the geologic environments and the ecodynamic units could be distinguished with 70% accuracy. However, the integration of bands TM2 and TM4 with the vegetation index (VI) = [(TM4 – TM3)/(TM4 + TM3)] and the algorithme (A) = [(TM7 − VI)/(TM7 + VI)] resulted in a classification accuracy of 80%. Band TM7 (2,08–2,35 μm) disting...

Field of study: Environmental science
On the Right Boundary and Legal Safeguard of Student Autonomy of Higher Learning Institutions

It is an inevitable choice to grant student autonomy in the institutions legal process.From the perspective of bringing up the democracy and science spirit of modern civilization,student right structure should include the right content of modern education laws and regulations,but also enhance the right of learning freedom and the participant right of university affairs and the right of limited autonomy by amending education laws and rules.However,in the deep-rooted special power relation influence,the recognition of student autonomy is still uncertain.Therefore,we should amend and make the related education laws and regulations,insisting on the principle of law reservation,the principle of proportionality and the principle of due process;improve student autonomy organization,such as the students union;promote legal relief channel for university students to safeguard university students autonomy right.

Field of study: Education
2．5维模拟中时域有限差分近-远场变换方法

为进行从高功率微波源到天线辐射整个系统的2．5维模拟，在近场模拟的基础上对2．5维模拟中时域有限差分（FDTD）的近一远场变换方法进行了研究。先将2．5维近场模拟区的输出边界绕对称轴旋转一周，得到封闭的3维圆柱面；然后根据等效原理由该封闭面上的FDTD近场求得等效电磁流；再根据自由空间中电流及磁流的时域辐射场公式计算出电磁流的远区辐射场。给出了2．5维模拟中TM01模式及TE01模式激励下圆锥喇叭远区辐射算例，所得计算结果与3维全电磁模拟软件CST的计算结果符合较好。

Field of study: Physics
Molecular characterization of the X-linked immunodeficiency diseases

Molecular characterization of the X-linked immunodeficiencies has proceeded at a remarkable pace, the responsible gene defects having now been identified for all but two of these diseases. The identification of multiple polymorphic markers that are closely linked to the various disease loci and the possibilities for both X-chromosome inactivation and direct mutation analyses, have made genetic prediction and disease prevention possible in almost all these disorders. Knowledge of the genetic lesions responsible for expression of these syndromes promises to provide many key insights not only into the pathogenesis of the specific immunodeficiency disorders, but also into the basic molecular mechanisms regulating normal immune cellular development and function. This information should in turn make possible the development and application of novel treatment strategies, such as somatic gene therapy for the improved management and potential cure of this class of human disease.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
RNA transcription in axotomized dorsal root ganglion neurons.

Levels of RNA transcription were examined in L5 sensory ganglion neurons after unilateral crush injuries of the sciatic nerve using an in situ autoradiographic technique. Neuronal transcription increased in a biphasic pattern on the lesioned side within the first two weeks after injury. The timing and pattern of increases in transcription corresponded to previously reported increases RNA synthesis. The data demonstrate a dynamic regulation of RNA transcription in regenerating neuronal populations. This technique may prove to be useful in the study of factors controlling transcriptional activity in injured neurons.

Field of study: Biology
Approximating closed fork-join queueing networks using product-form stochastic Petri-nets

Product-form SPN approximation for fork-join networks with interfering requests.Conditions for accurate approximation.Validation against simulation.Evaluation of the performance of replication in NoSQL cloud datastores. Computing paradigms have shifted towards highly parallel processing and massive replication of data. This entails the efficient distribution of requests and the synchronization of results provided to users. Guaranteeing SLAs requires the ability to evaluate the performance of such systems while taking the effect of non-parallel workloads into consideration. This can be achieved with performance models that are able to represent both parallel and sequential workloads. This paper presents a product-form stochastic Petri-net approximation of fork-join queueing networks with interfering requests. We derive the necessary conditions that guarantee the accuracy of the approximations and verify this through examples in comparison to simulation. We apply these approximate models to the performance evaluation of replication in NoSQL cloud datastores and illustrate the composition of large models from smaller models, thus facilitating the ability to model a range of deployment scenarios. We show the efficiency of our solution method, which finds the product-form solution of the models without the representation of the state-space of the underlying CTMC.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
OMPS LP Version 2.0 multi-wavelength aerosol extinction coefficient retrieval algorithm

The OMPS Limb Profiler (LP) instrument is designed to provide high-vertical-resolution ozone and aerosol profiles from measurements of the scattered solar radiation in the 290–1000  nm spectral range. It collected its first Earth limb measurement on 10 January 2012 and continues to provide daily global measurements of ozone and aerosol profiles from the cloud top up to 60 and 40  km , respectively. The relatively high vertical and spatial sampling allow detection and tracking of sporadic events when aerosol particles are injected into the stratosphere, such as volcanic eruptions or pyrocumulonimbus (PyroCb) events. In this paper we discuss the newly released Version 2.0 OMPS multi-wavelength aerosol extinction coefficient retrieval algorithm. The algorithm now produces aerosol extinction profiles at 510, 600, 674, 745, 869 and 997  nm wavelengths. The OMPS LP Version 2.0 data products are compared to the SAGE III/ISS, OSIRIS and CALIPSO missions and shown to be of good quality and suitable for scientific studies. The comparison shows significant improvements in the OMPS LP retrieval performance in the Southern Hemisphere (SH) and at lower altitudes. These improvements arise from use of the longer wavelengths, in contrast with the V1.0 and V1.5 OMPS aerosol retrieval algorithms, which used radiances only at 675  nm and therefore had limited sensitivity in those regions. In particular, the extinction coefficients at 745, 869 and 997  nm are shown to be the most accurate, with relative accuracies and precisions close to 10 % and 15 %, respectively, while the 675  nm relative accuracy and precision are on the order of 20 %. The 510  nm extinction coefficient is shown to have limited accuracy in the SH and is only recommended for use between 20–24  km and only in the Northern Hemisphere. The V2.0 retrieval algorithm has been applied to the complete set of OMPS LP measurements, and the new dataset is publicly available.

Field of study: Environmental science
Efficiency of Islamic and Conventional Banks in Pakistan: A Non-parametric Approach

The purpose of this paper is to analyze comparative efficiency of banking system in Pakistan comprising of Islamic banks (IB), conventional banks with Islamic banking division (IBD) and conventional banks (CB). For this purpose we use two methods: First, ratio analysis to analyze cost, revenue and profit efficiency; Second, data envelopment analysis (DEA), for comparative analysis of banks’ technical, pure technical and scale efficiencies. We use efficiency scores of DEA to analyze the impact of size on the efficiency. Finally, we compare and contrast the efficiency estimates with the traditional measures of banks efficiency. We find that Islamic bank is more cost efficient and less revenue efficient. Considering their growth rate which is rudiment to scale efficiency (SE) we argue that Islamic banks should be encouraged to reach the efficient frontier in the banking industry by reducing their wastes. We further observe that hybrid banking may not be feasible form for banking industry in Pakistan. In view of the observed inverse relationship of size with scale efficiency we recommend reconsideration of the regulators’ policy of increasing the capital base of the banks thus forcing them to increase their size.

Field of study: Business
Primary radiation damage of protein crystals by an intense synchrotron X-ray beam.

X-ray radiation damage of a lysozyme single crystal by an intense monochromatic beam from a third-generation radiation source at the Advanced Photon Source has been studied. The results show that primary radiation damage is linearly dependent on the X-ray dose even when the crystal is at cryogenic temperatures. The existence of an upper limit for the primary radiation damage was observed. Above the threshold of approximately 1 x 10(7) Gy, excessive damage of the crystal develops which is interpreted as the onset of secondary and/or tertiary radiation damage. This upper limit of X-ray dose is compared with Henderson's limit [Henderson (1990). , and its implication for the amount of useful X-ray diffraction data that can be obtained for crystals of a given scattering power is also discussed.

Field of study: Physics
Actual versus potential shock in making shock situations function as negative reinforcers.

The relative importance of potential and actual shocks in making shock situations function as negative reinforcers was studied. Shocks were scheduled to occur at the same rate during two stimuli. During one, squirrel monkeys could avoid the shocks; during the other, they were unavoidable. For the two stimuli the potential rate of shocks was the same, but the actual rate was lower during avoidance because of avoidance responding. Fixed-ratio responding was maintained by the change from unavoidable shock to avoidance, indicating that the change was reinforcing when it resulted in a reduction in actual shock rate with no reduction in potential shock rate. Further increases in the rate of potential shock during avoidance had little effect upon the fixed-ratio responding until the rate was increased to the point that the actual shock rate during avoidance was comparable with that during unavoidable shock. At that point, the fixed-ratio response rate decreased nearly to zero. These findings show that actual shocks are more important than potential shocks in determining whether or not a shock situation will function as a negative reinforcer; this explains why the change from unavoidable shock to avoidable shock is reinforcing.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Approximate ground state of the Lipkin model hamiltonian in density-matrix formalism

A method for finding the ground state of a many-body system, which is consistent with the truncation scheme used in the time-dependent density-matrix formalism of Wang and Cassing, is presented and applied to the Lipkin model. It is found that the method gives better ground states than the Hartree-Fock approximation. However, they significantly differ from the exact ground states.

Field of study: Physics
Relationships between lake chemistry and calcium and trace metal concentrations of aquatic invertebrates eaten by breeding insectivorous waterfowl.

Ca, P, Al, and trace metal (Cu, Ni, Zn, Cd, and Pb) concentrations were measured in several aquatic invertebrate taxa used as food by breeding insectivorous waterfowl, sampled from three sites in eastern Canada with widely varying water chemistry. Ca concentrations were highest in molluscs (snails and clams), averaging 200-300 mg g(-1) (shells included). Aquatic insects of varying sizes, life stages and habits (caddisfly larvae, dragonfly larvae, adult backswimmers, waterstriders, and whirligig beetles) had much lower mean Ca concentrations, ranging from about 0.6 mg g(-1) (beetles) to 1.8 mg g(-1) (caddisflies). Invertebrate-Ca concentrations decreased with increasing body mass for several taxa, with smaller and larger individuals providing similar absolute amounts of Ca. Ca concentrations in most aquatic insects (but not molluscs) were reduced under acidic, low Ca, high Al, low dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and/or low total phosphorus (TP) conditions. In stepwise multiple regressions, pH was consistently the main factor explaining variability in invertebrate-Ca, after controlling for the negative relationship between invertebrate-Ca and body mass for some taxa. Molluscs were absent from lakes below pH 5.3. In general, concentrations of P and metals in invertebrate taxa were not significantly correlated with lake pH. Levels of Al, Cd, or Pb were not sufficiently high to be considered toxic to potential consumers of these organisms. For waterfowl and other birds breeding in acid-stressed habitats and relying on aquatic invertebrates as a source of food, a reduced availability of dietary Ca is more likely than an increased exposure to toxic metals to negatively affect reproductive success, especially when other adverse effects of acidification (lower diversity of prey) are considered.

Field of study: Environmental science
Convex optimization framework for intermediate deadline assignment in soft and hard real-time distributed systems

Highlights? We propose a unified framework for different time-sensitive, global optimization problems (intermediate deadline assignment problems), and solve them in a distributed manner using Lagrangian duality. ? We support both soft and hard real-time distributed systems. ? We show that existing heuristic solutions to the deadline assignment problem can be incorporated into the proposed framework, enriching their mathematical interpretation. It is generally challenging to determine end-to-end delays of applications for maximizing the aggregate system utility subject to timing constraints. Many practical approaches suggest the use of intermediate deadline of tasks in order to control and upper-bound their end-to-end delays. This paper proposes a unified framework for different time-sensitive, global optimization problems, and solves them in a distributed manner using Lagrangian duality. The framework uses global viewpoints to assign intermediate deadlines, taking resource contention among tasks into consideration. For soft real-time tasks, the proposed framework effectively addresses the deadline assignment problem while maximizing the aggregate quality of service. For hard real-time tasks, we show that existing heuristic solutions to the deadline assignment problem can be incorporated into the proposed framework, enriching their mathematical interpretation.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
[Modeling of preclinical and early clinical stages of Parkinson's disease].

The first symptoms of Parkinson's disease manifest 20-30 years after the disease onset when the most dopaminergic neurons degenerated. Therefore, it is necessary to work out preclinical diagnostics and preventive treatment of this disease. Modeling of preclinical and early stages of Parkinson's disease was conducted in mice using 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropiridine (MPTP). The changes in motor behavior were not observed in mice by 14 day after MPTP injections in dose 12 mg/kg two times with interval of two hours. In the striatum, the region of dopaminergic axon projection, the content of dopamine and number of dopaminergic axons decreased by 57% and 59%, respectively, i.e. there were no changes in dopamine in single axons. In the substantia nigra, the region of dopamine neuron localization, the content of dopamine did not change though the total number of neurons decreased by 28%. However the dopamine content in remained neurons was higher by 77% compared to the control that indirectly indicated the compensatory enhancement of dopamine synthesis. After the MPTP injections in dose 4x12 mg/kg, there were changes in motor behavior of mice in the most sensitive tests. In the striatum, the dopamine content and number of dopaminergic axons decreased by 75% and 68%, respectively. In the substantia nigra, there were no changes in dopamine content but the number of dopaminergic neurons decreased by 43%. The intraneuronal dopamine content increased by more than 70%. In conclusion, we constructed the models of preclinical stage (two-time MPTP injections) and transition phase from presymptomatic to symptomatic stage (four times of MPTP injections) of Parkinson's disease.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Sex-Dependent Decrease of Sphingomyelinase Activity During Alcohol Withdrawal Treatment

In vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated the role of the acid sphingomyelinase (ASM) in pathophysiological processes and alterations in response to ethanol exposure. Cellular and plasmatic ASM activities are increased in male alcohol dependent patients and decrease during physical withdrawal.  Here, we analyzed the time course of ASM in male and also female acutely intoxicated patients during alcohol withdrawal and compared the activity levels to those under long-term maintenance treatment. Craving and further psychometric parameters were assessed by questionnaires.  The gradual decrease of serum ASM was confirmed in males (p<0.001) and continued to lower activities in long-term patients (p=0.001). The trend was similar in females (p=0.178), although the initial enzyme activities were significantly lower (p=0.035). ASM activity strongly correlated with the body mass index in males. The initial ASM activity and its decline during the first two days were associated with the improvement in scores for the Beck depression inventory, the obsessive compulsive drinking and the withdrawal syndrome scales.  These data support the potential of ASM as a biomarker for the course of withdrawal therapy in males and provide the first associations of this enzyme with psychological variables such as craving and depression.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Ultrasonic synthesis of poly (β-alkoxy,naphthalene vinylene)

Poly(β-alkoxy,naphthalene vinylene) (PAONV) was synthesized from β-naphthol and H(CH2)mBr(m=4,6,8,9) under ultrasonic irradiation.The influences of reaction conditions on the yield of intermediates and polymers were studied.The structure of intermediates and polymers were characterized with IR and 1H NMR spectroscopy.These results showed that the total yield of PAONV under ultrasonic irradiation was 70.0%—74.4%,higher than that under reflux stirring.The reaction time was shortened from 35 h to 20 h.The yield of etherification in the C2H5ONa system was higher than that in the NaOH system.The dimetyl sufoxide as a strong polar solvent favored the yield of dehydrochlorination.The best reaction times of etherification, chloromethylation, dehydrochlorination were 5 h,5 h,10 h,respectively.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
[Biotechnological and biomedical aspects of production and study of metal cation-phospholipid complexes].

Problems relating to the technology of a phospholipid preparation from natural materials, liposome production, and studies into the mechanisms of interaction between metal (trace elements) cations and model bilayer lipid membranes are discussed. The proposed technology of extraction allows for preparation of phospholipids utilizable for liposome formation. The cation specificity of lipid bilayers is found to be determined by the presence of anionic phosphate adsorption sites on their surface.

Field of study: Medicine
ELECTROCHEMICAL PREPARATION OF ISOCYANIDE COMPLEXES OF LOW-VALENT PLATINUM CONTAINING A METAL–METAL BOND

The potentiostatic reduction of cis-PtCl2(RNC)2 (3a:R = 2,4-t-Bu2-6-MeC6H2; 3b: R = 2,4,6-t-Bu3C6H2; 3c: R = 2,6-Me2C6H3) were carried out on a mercury pool electrode in CH3CN. The one-electron reduction (96.5 kC/mol) of 3a and 3b gave [PtCl(RNC)2]2 (4a and 4b). An X-ray analysis of 4a showed that the two PtCl(RNC)2 planes jointed by a Pt-Pt bond were perpendicular. The two-electron reductions (2×96.5 kC/mol) of 3a and 3b gave Hg[Pt3(RNC)6]2 and Pt3(RNC)6, respectively. Electrolysis of 3c gave only Hg[Pt3(2,6-MeC6H3NC)6]2.

Field of study: Chemistry
Female Professors/Male Professors Career Development: Attitudes, Benefits, Costs

With the growing number of women in professional careers, whether by choice or by necessity, it has become increasingly critical to investigate any inequalities in treatment due to sex. The purpose of this particular study was to survey female and male professors to compare and contrast 34 female professors' attitudes and beliefs concerning their career development and the interrelation with their personal lives with those of the males (n = 88). The survey indicated women professors do benefit from their career through personal fulfillment, financial gain, and increased career opportunities, just as their male counterparts. However, women professors indicate more feelings of discrimination and more personal and family conflict than men.

Field of study: Psychology