nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
A Test of the Network Models of Political Priming

Extensive media coverage of a political issue has been shown to influence, or prime, the criteria used to judge overall performance of political leaders. This political priming effect is traditionally explained with network models of memory, which identify priming intensity and recency as key factors in determining the strength and endurance of a priming effect. However, these two assumptions of network models have not been directly tested in media studies. The potential of priming valence to influence the priming effect also has had little treatment. This experiment evaluated priming intensity, recency, and valence within a typical political priming context. In support of previous psychological findings, priming effects were apparent immediately following positively valenced primes, dissipating quickly thereafter. For negative primes, the influence of the prime on judgment formation was contingent on the individual's political leaning, in that individuals who would likely agree with the message exhibited priming effects and individuals who would likely disagree with the message exhibited little effect. The adequacy of applying associative memory models to political priming studies is discussed.

Field of study: Psychology
Optimized study on the protective agent of lactobacillus pentosaceus R_1 for freeze drying

The protective agent constitute of Lactobacillus pentosaceus R1 for freeze-drying was optimized and studied, according to three factors Box-Behnken design base on single factor experiments and orthogonal experimental design. The good constitute was decided: skimmed milk 10.000%(w/w), glycerol 1.491%(w/w), sucrose 4.993%(w/w). The survival rate of R1 was above 95% under this freeze-drying conditions per-freezing: the slowdown of the temperature -3℃/min; drying: First, keep the temperature at -15℃, the vacuum degree at 150Pa for 14h; Then set the temperature to 10℃ and keep 10h; Finally, set the temperature to 25℃ and keep 5h; packing: inflate N2 when packing the finished product.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
The 2018 Clarence Ayres Scholar An Institutional Riposte to the “After the Washington Consensus”

The Washington Consensus as conceived in 1989 by John Williamson, the initiator of the term, was the foundation of the mainstream perspective on international development. The Washington Consensus consisted of a set of ten policies to be imposed through conditionality by international financial institutions on distressed developing countries. The vast criticism that ensued brought a set of policies in the form of the After the Washington Consensus (hereafter the AWC) in 2003, which designated a “new” set of policy reforms and conditionalities for developing countries. The aim of this article is to contrast the two sets of controversial policies, the original Washington Consensus and AWC, to an alternative perspective of international development based on an institutionalist approach.

Field of study: Economics
Measuring air quality in city areas by vehicular wireless sensor networks

This paper considers a micro-climate monitoring scenario, which usually requires deploying a large number of sensor nodes to capture environmental information. By exploiting vehicular sensor networks (VSNs), it is possible to equip fewer nodes on cars to achieve fine-grained monitoring. Specifically, when a car is moving, it could conduct measurements at different locations, thus collecting lots of sensing data. To achieve this goal, this paper proposes a VSN architecture to collect and measure air quality for micro-climate monitoring in city areas, where nodes' mobility may be uncontrollable (such as taxis). In the proposed VSN architecture, we address two network-related issues: (1) how to adaptively adjust the reporting rates of mobile nodes to satisfy a target monitoring quality with less communication overhead and (2) how to exploit opportunistic communications to reduce message transmissions. We propose algorithms to solve these two issues and verify their performances by simulations. In addition, we also develop a ZigBee-based prototype to monitor the concentration of carbon dioxide (CO"2) gas in city areas.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Design, Tests, and Repair Procedures for the Electrical Insulation of the Superconducting W7-X Magnets

The Wendelstein 7-X (W7-X) stellarator fusion experiment is presently under construction at the Max-Planck-Institut fu¿r Plasmaphysik in Greifswald Germany. The W7-X machine has a superconducting magnet system with 50 non-planar and 20 planar coils grouped in five equal modules. The operation of the W7-X machine requires a reliable insulation system of the superconducting magnets. Starting in the design phase the components have to consider the insulation system, weak points of the insulation must be identified and countermeasures must be taken, e.g. for the crossings of conductors inside the windings, the shape of handmade insulated areas and the quench detection cable design. The manufacturing has to be based on qualified procedures and materials, e.g. the vacuum pressure impregnation of the glass epoxy insulation as well as the hand-made glass epoxy wrappings must be thoroughly qualified and tested during the whole manufacturing process. A set of accompanying tests, especially high voltage tests, during the manufacturing and assembly process helps to assure the quality of the insulation.

Field of study: Physics
Real-time digital error correction for flash analog-to-digital converter

We have designed, fabricated and successfully tested digital error-correction circuits to improve the performance of superconductive flash analog-to-digital converters (ADCs). The comparators coding the most significant bits (MSBs) are the least sensitive to the input signal, and therefore have the most threshold errors due to jitter and threshold misplacement. These errors are completely eliminated by implementing an ADC architecture using two comparators per bit, and employing logic to encode bit N by looking back to the state of the (N-1) bit. In this way, all code transitions are derived from the least significant bit (LSB) comparators. The MSB comparators are used only to encode the LSB data.

Field of study: Physics
Production of specific antibodies against GABA transporter subtypes (GAT1, GAT2, GAT3) and their application to immunocytochemistry.

Polyclonal subtype-specific antibodies were developed against three subtypes of GABA transporters (GAT1, GAT2 and GAT3). By immunoblot analysis, each antibody detected a single band that could be blocked by absorption of the antibody with the respective antigen. GAT2 was found in various tissues, while GAT1 and GAT3 were detected only in the brain. GAT1 was distributed throughout the brain with the highest amount in the olfactory bulb, CA3 region of the hippocampus, layer I of the cerebral cortex, piriform cortex, superior colliculus, interpeduncular nucleus and nucleus spinal tract of the trigeminal nerve, while the GAT3 was densely found in the olfactory bulb, thalamus, hypothalamus, pons and medulla, globus pallidus, central gray, substantia nigra, deep cerebellar nuclei and nucleus spinal tract of the trigeminal nerve but not in the hippocampus, cerebral cortex, caudate-putamen and cerebellar cortex. GAT2 immunoreactivity was faint throughout the brain but was concentrated in the arachnoid and ependymal cells. Both GAT1 and GAT3 were found in the neuropil but not in the cell bodies nor in the white matter. These results suggest that GAT1, GAT2 and GAT3 are expressed in different cells and that GAT1 and GAT3 are involved in distinct GABAergic transmission while GAT2 may be related to non-neuronal function.

Field of study: Biology
APPLICATION OF THE RHEOLOGIC MECHANICS THEORY TO TRACK STRUCTURES OF RAILWAY

This paper is mainly concerned with the rheologic phenomena in the structure of track plane and ballast of railway. Based on the rheologic theory, the problems of track mechanics are studied. After a systematic experimental research, the rheologic mechanics characteristics of the ballast, such as its elasticity, plasticity and stickiness, are revealed and a theoretical model is developed for it. In comparison with that of former USSR, it is shown that the present model is more reasonable. The present work lays down the foundation for further study of the mechanical properties of track structures and improvement of design methodology and maintenance for high-speed railway.

Field of study: Engineering
Capital and entrepreneurship in South-East Asia

Acknowledgements - List of Tables and Maps - The Growth of Trade, Trading Networks and Mercantilism in Pre-Colonial South East Asia - Structural Change in Rural South East Asia - Western Capital and Entrepreneurship: Strategy and Structure - The Strength of Western Capital: The Teak Industry - Chinese Response to Competition: Mining - The Chinese Response to Competition: Rubber and Pineapple - Chinese Strategy in  Networks and Restructuring - Chinese Financial Institutions: From Revenue Farms to Modern Banks - Chettiar Credit Networks - Marketing and the Textile Trade: an Indian Success - Entrepreneurship and Property Development: The Case of A.E. Nana - Industrialization - Conclusions - References - Archival Sources - Bibliography - Index

Field of study: Economics, History
Multidimensional Scaling: Some Possibilities for Counseling Psychology.

Although counseling psychologists conduct a great deal of research that attempts to reveal the structure of a given data set, rarely if ever do they utilize scaling procedures, preferring instead to rely on factor analytic strategies. In this article, we give a short introduction to the use of multidimensional scaling (MDS), with specific emphasis on applications in counseling and vocational psychology, including an example of one standard nonmetric scaling method. We conclude with a discussion of some conceptual and practical considerations associated with the use of MDS, along with a description of its possible applications to a variety of substantive issues in counseling and vocational psychology.

Field of study: Psychology
Front End Processing for a 100 MHz Flash-ADC-System

An intelligent interface for readout of a high speed (100 MHz), multichannel Flash-ADC System  is described. 3072 FADC channels are controlled and read by a system of 34 microprocessors M68000 placed at two different hierarchical levels. In addition to the readout itself, the processors perform a detailed pulse shape analysis neccessary for a compact and manageable data format. The purpose of the system is to exploit the good double track separation and time resolution provided by Flash-ADCs in conjunction with large drift chamber detectors such as JADE at PETRA [2] and OPAL at LEP . Details of the system presently being installed at JADE are reviewed.

Field of study: Physics
An analysis of size frequency distribution of oil and gas reserves of Western Canada

Both the oil and gas reserves of Western Canada are log-normally distributed. If the total reserves are separated into groups made up of single types of occurrence, these all display log-normal distributions as well. The parameters of the distributions vary considerably for different groups of genetically related accumulations. Many of the distributions also appear to be heterogeneous, showing distinct bimodality. Several hypotheses can be offered to explain this. For instance, the reserves of the group of smaller sized pools may be under-estimated for lack of sufficient information; secondly, geologically unlike types of pools may be grouped together. If the former is the case, an estimate can be made of the additional oil and gas in aggregate that may be undeveloped in the smaller under-estimated pools. The degree of bimodality may also indicate the maturity of an exploration play. Other possibilities are also considered. The distribution curves for the total reserves show only a generalized picture and...

Field of study: Environmental science
STUDIES ON IN- SACCO EVALUATION OF A COMPLETE DIET TREATED WITH ZINC IN CATTLE

A study was undertaken to determine the effects of supplementation of Zn from inorganic zinc sulphate to a basal diet on in-sacco DM, OM, CP & NDF digestibility (%) in three male rumen fistulated cattle fed on rice straw and concentrate based total diet. The animals were offered total diet supplemented with 0 ppm Zn (T0) and 33 ppm Zn (T1) as per NRC, 2001 from inorganic source like zinc sulphate. After 21 days of feeding, feed samples were incubated for different time intervals at 2, 6, 18, 24 & 48 h to study the nutrient disappreance and rate of degradation at different hours. This study inferred that supplementation of Zn through feed can improve the digestibility and there will be more utilization of nutrient like crude protein, ether extract and organic matter. Trace mineral like Zn at per NRC (2001) recommendation was found more effective for the purpose than without supplementation in a diet.

Field of study: Biology
ADDITIONS TO CLASSICAL SEQUENCE OF PLEISTOCENE GLACIATIONS, SIERRA NEVADA, CALIFORNIA

Two additions are proposed to Black-welder's classical sequence of four Pleistocene glaciations (Tioga, Tahoe, Sherwin, and McGee) of the Sierra Nevada. The younger, the Tenaya, lies between Tioga and Tahoe, giving a three-fold subdivision of the Wisconsin. The older, named Mono Basin, fills the long-recognized gap between Tahoe and Sherwin; it is possibly Illinoian. Evidence for the Mono Basin glaciation is scanty because its ice streams were less extensive than the subsequent Tahoe glaciers.

Field of study: Geology
Book Review Consulting with Pediatricians: Psychological Perspectives. By Dennis Drotar, with contributions by Peggy Crawford, Carin Cunningham, Linda K. Hurley, & Susan L. Rosenthal. Plenum Press, New York, 1995, 250 pp.

As the acute care model that has dominated 20th century medicine shifts toward a more preventative one, the behavioral, social, and emotional components of illness are receiving increasing attention. In addition to the birth of new health fields, such as clinical health psychology, this development has led to an increase in collaborative activities between mental health professionals and physicians. Consulting with  The author's primary goal is to facilitate the collaborative process between psychologists and pediatricians and his primary method for accomplishing that goal is to identify the benefits of and barriers to interprofessional collaboration. Drotar begins Part 1 of the book with a basic orientation to collaborative activity. He briefly summarizes the history of pediatrics, the evolution of a behavioral and developmental approach to pediatric health problems, and the natural emergence of opportunities for pediatricians and psychologists to collaborate (Chapter 1). He then describes the variables involved in collaborative activities (e.g., type of setting, goals) and various models of collaboration, from the informal hallway consultation to the complex systems approach that is executed at a program level (Chapter 2). It is in this chapter that the author first describes the functioning of existing clinical and research programs that exemplify different models and highlight various issues of collaboration. The programs described throughout the book exist in different settings and maintain different goals, providing the reader with a broad perspective on collaborative activities. The use of such examples as opposed to imaginary, ideal situations reflects Drotar's pragmatic approach and his respect for the pressures that modern collaborative programs face (e.g., time, financial).

Field of study: Psychology
Study of green Olympics from the perspective of ecological ethics

From the perspective of ecological ethics the authors studied environmental protection,the core content of green Olympics.Green Olympics should exceed the restriction of parochial anthropocentrism,respect intrinsic value and right of nature,maintain peace,and oppose war.It should be ensured that Green Olympic activities are carried out normally under the precondition that the nature is taken into consideration of human ethics,so as to realize harmonious development of man and nature.

Field of study: Education
Socioeconomic impacts of a sea cucumber fishery in Papua New Guinea: Is there an opportunity for mariculture?

Small-scale fisheries provide many benefits to coastal communities in the Indo-Pacific region, including food security, improved nutrition and cash income. However, increasing engagement with the global economy is exerting additional pressure on marine resources and opportunities to engage in alternative livelihoods are often limited by remoteness and a lack of land-based farming opportunities. Beche-de-mer, the dried body wall of sea cucumber, is a valuable marine export commodity in the region, and an important cash-earning activity in Papua New Guinea (PNG). Sea cucumber mariculture (or holothuriculture), based on the high-value species, sandfish (Holothuria scabra), is also a promising community livelihood. Overfishing of sea cucumber in PNG led the National Fisheries Authority (NFA) to impose a moratorium on the fishery in October 2009. The fishery was reopened in 2017 for less than two months. This article presents socioeconomic data generated before, during and after the 2017 sea cucumber fishing season in three villages in New Ireland Province, PNG, which are also partners in a community-based sandfish mariculture project. The fishery dominated the economies of all three communities while it was open. Increased income was accompanied by high consumption of store-bought foods and purchase of other assets intended to increase living standards. Drawing on current understandings of local culture and political economy, together with the results from the 2017 wild sea cucumber fishery, we discuss how a livelihood based on holothuriculture could coexist with the wild fishery to increase benefits to coastal communities in PNG.

Field of study: Environmental science
Effect of Native Oxide Film on Commercial Magnesium Alloys Substrates and Carbonate Conversion Coating Growth and Corrosion Resistance

Possible relations between the native oxide film formed spontaneously on the AZ31 and AZ61 magnesium alloy substrates with different surface finish, the chemistry of the outer surface of the conversion coatings that grows after their subsequent immersion on saturated aqueous NaHCO3 solution treatment and the enhancement of corrosion resistance have been studied. The significant increase in the amount of aluminum and carbonate compounds on the surface of the conversion coating formed on the AZ61 substrate in polished condition seems to improve the corrosion resistance in low chloride ion concentration solutions. In contrast, the conversion coatings formed on the AZ31 substrates in polished condition has little effect on their protective properties compared to the respective as-received surface.

Field of study: Materials science
Competition in the off-patent medicine market in Spain: The national reference pricing system versus the regional system of tendering for outpatient prescription medicines in Andalusia.

Spain has a reference price system (RPS) for off-patent medicines since 1997. In addition, from 2012, Andalusia is running a series of tenders for procuring off-patent medicines dispensed by community pharmacies, for those medicines included in the system of homogenous clusters within the national reference price system. Such tenders offer additional savings to the regional payer - in the form of rebates ("economic improvements") from companies winning the tender. This paper estimates that the regional savings were between €43 M to €54 M over the period of study (April - September 2015). The paper also estimates that Spain could have made between 14 and 17 times higher savings than the national reference pricing system savings, had the Andalusian-type tender been implemented at national level over the same period of study. Based on our analysis, we have four remarks. First, the national RPS in Spain is not generating enough price competition for off-patent products dispensed in primary care pharmacies. Second, tenders can be a useful way to generate competition and financial savings in the off-patent market. Third, tenders can lead to discounts offered by medicine providers being redistributed from pharmacies to payers. And fourth, before implementing a national tender in Spain, several key issues need to be addressed to ensure it provides the right incentives both in the short and long run.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Dirac states in armchair- and zigzag-edged graphene M\"obius strips

Edge structure plays an essential role in the nature of electronic states in graphene nanoribbons. By focusing on the interplay between this feature and non-trivial topology in the domain of the Dirac confinement problem, this paper proposes to examine how effects associated with edge shape manifest themselves in conjunction with the topological signature typical of M\"{o}bius strips within a low-energy regime. Aiming to provide an alternative to prevailing tight-binding approaches, zigzag and armchair M\"{o}bius strips are modeled by proposing compatible sets of boundary conditions, prescribing profiles of terminations in both transverse and longitudinal directions which are demonstrated to be coherent in describing consistently transverse edge patterns in combination with a proper M\"{o}bius periodicity. Of particular importance is the absence of constraints on the solution, in contrast with infinite mass analogues, as well as an energy spectrum with a characteristic dual structure responding exclusively to the parity associated with the transverse quantum number. Zigzag ribbons are predicted to possess an intrinsic mechanism for parity inversion, while the armchair ones carry the possibility of a coexistent gapless and gapped band structure. We also inspect the influence of the edge structure on persistent currents. In zigzag-edged configurations they are found to be sensitive to a length-dependent term which behaves as an effective flux. Armchair rings show a quite distinctive property: alternation of constant and flux-dependent currents according to the width of the ring, for a fixed transverse quantum number. In the flux-free case the effects of topology are found to be entirely suppressed, and conventional odd and even currents become undistinguishable.

Field of study: Physics
Formation of ultrashort light pulses in a laser with a bleachable filter by intracavity generation of Raman emission

Results are presented of numerical experiments to investigate the dynamics of ultrashort light pulse generation in a laser with a bleachable filter when a Raman-active medium having a wide gain profile is introduced into the laser resonator. It is found that intracavity Raman frequency conversion of ultrashort pulses in a master oscillator opens up prospects for achieving limiting durations determined by the reciprocal width of the gain profile of the active medium and by the width of the spontaneous Raman scattering line.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics