nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Causes and Consequences of Social Interaction on the Internet: A Conceptual Framework

Increasingly, people are connecting to the Internet from their homes in order to interact with others. This article discusses research on Internet social interaction in terms of the following questions: What predicts who will look for and form social relationships on the Internet and who won't? How do people present themselves to others over the Internet? How is social interaction on the Internet similar and different from the more traditional forms of interaction? And what are the consequences of participating in Internet groups and interacting with others one-on-one for the individual's self concept and social relationships? The conceptual framework offered here organizes research on the social psychology of the Internet into three time phases (before, during, and after extensive social interactions and group participation) and two distinct types of motivations that drive Internet social behavior (self-related and socially related). After a review of the research on these issues so far we conclude that ...

Field of study: Psychology
Chronic prenatal ethanol exposure alters ionotropic glutamate receptor subunit protein levels in the adult guinea pig cerebral cortex.

The superfamily of glutamate-gated ion channels mediates fast excitatory synaptic transmission in the central nervous system and is composed of the NMDA, AMPA, and kainate receptors. Binding studies have shown that chronic prenatal and/or neonatal ethanol exposure produces persistent effects on the numbers of some of these channels. However, whether or not this chronic ethanol exposure produces long-lasting effects on the expression of specific ionotropic receptor subunits remains an open question.



Timed pregnant Dunkin-Hartley strain guinea pigs received oral administration of one of the following regimens between gestational days 2 and 67: (1) 4 g of ethanol per kilogram of maternal body weight per day with ad libitum access to pellet food and water (ethanol group), (2) isocaloric sucrose- and pair-feeding with ad libitum access to water (sucrose group), or (3) isovolumetric water with ad libitum access to food and water (water group). The maternal blood ethanol concentration produced by the ethanol regimen was 71 +/- 12 mM. Adult offspring were killed on postnatal day 61, and cerebral cortical tissue was analyzed for ionotropic glutamate receptor subunit expression by Western immunoblotting.



There was a statistically significant decrease in NR2B subunit protein expression and an increase in GluR2/3 subunit protein expression in the ethanol group. Expression of NR1, NR2A, NR2C, GluR1, GluR6/7, and KA2 subunit proteins was not affected.



These results demonstrate that chronic prenatal ethanol exposure produces long-lasting effects on the subunit composition of NMDA and AMPA receptors in the cerebral cortex of the adult guinea pig.

Field of study: Medicine
A Stereoselective Approach to Functionalized Cyclohexenones

A catalytic enantioselective approach to 4-hydroxy-6-methylcyclohex-2-enones is presented herein. The stereogenic information is generated through a copper-catalyzed 1,4-addition to p-benzoquinone monoketal using a chiral, BINOL-based (BINOL = 1,1′-bi-2-naphthol) phosphane ligand, according to the procedure of Feringa et al. A CBS (Corey–Bakshi–Shibata) reduction of the 1,4-adducts gave the four possible isomers in two steps and 82–97 % ee (enantiomeric excess), starting from commercially available 4,4-dimethoxycyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-one (7).

Field of study: Chemistry
The principles of skull base radiosurgery.

Stereotactic radiosurgery is commonly used for selected patients with benign cranial base tumors. The goal of radiosurgery is cessation of tumor growth and preservation of neurological function. Over the last 2 decades, the technique of radiosurgery has evolved due to improved imaging, better radiosurgical devices and software, and the continued analysis of results. In this report, the authors discuss technical concepts and dose selection in skull base radiosurgery.

Field of study: Medicine
On the Staggering Effect of Dynamical Moments of Inertia in Superdeformed Bands

The possibility of the appearance of the C$_{4}$ symmetry in the rotational bands is studied within the particle-rotor model. Allowing for a slight triaxiality of the rotor it is shown that the lowest states of the system for a sufficiently high spin possess the symmetry which allows to distinguish states differing by two units of angular momentum.

Field of study: Physics
Paleoenvironmental reconstruction of the semi-arid Chaco region of Argentina based on multiproxy lake records over the last six hundred years

In this paper, we analyze the paleoclimatic and paleoenvironmental evolution of Laguna Yema in semi-arid Chaco region of Argentina over the past six hundred years. High resolution multiproxy studies of lake sediments utilize analyses of lithology, mineralogy, geochemistry, palynology, and are constrained by radiocarbon and gamma spectrometry dating. Laguna Yema sediments were mainly composed of well stratified fine sediments (silts and clays), with variable proportions of quartz, clays (illite) and feldspar (microcline and albite). Twelve light and heavy geochemical elements were registered. Most elements (Al, Si, K, Ti, Fe, Rb, Ba, and Br) are associated with illite and albite. Different material transport processes related to the changes in aridity and humidity of the basin were identified using the main mineralogical origins of geochemical elements. Palynological records indicate cycles of contraction and expansion of the lake, with an increase in concentration of Alternanthera aquatica during wet periods (expansion of lake), and an increase in Ambrosia, Poaceae and fern spores during dry periods (contraction of lake). These changes are linked to fluctuations in moisture conditions in the Subandean Mountains and semi-arid Chaco regions, in response to interactions between the South American Monsoon System (SAMS) and the South American Low Level Jet (SALLJ), which send warm and humid air to northern Argentina. In a regional context, the Laguna Yema records are in accordance with the analyses of the temporal and spatial pattern of moisture distribution for the last six centuries.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Discussion on Teaching Methods and Choice of Programming Language on Software Engineering Major

With the development of computer technology, a variety of programming languages, especially the rapid development of software engineering, the choice of programming language and the reform of teaching methods are also more urgent. In order to meet the need of employment, choose the right programming language, at the same time, the theory teaching and practice teaching should be combined effectively, the teaching should keep pace with the times, so as to cultivate the excellent programming personnel.

Field of study: Engineering
Discrimination learning by Macaca mulatta with option to switch between S+ and S-.

Three rhesus monkeys were trained to press either of two response keys. A response on the reinforcement key during presentation of the reinforced stimulus produced a sucrose pellet followed by an intertrial interval, but during presentation of the unreinforced stimulus produced only the intertrial interval. A response on the switching key changed the discriminative stimulus from reinforced to unreinforced or from unreinforced to reinforced. The reinforced stimulus was presented automatically on half the trials, but could be produced only by a switching response on the other half. Switching tended to occur in three distinct stages during acquisition of discriminative behavior. The first stage was identified as "nondiscriminative switching"; the second as "nonswitching"; and the third as "discriminative switching".

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
An Evaluation of Global and Local Tensile Properties of Friction-Stir Welded DP980 Dual-Phase Steel Joints Using a Digital Image Correlation Method

The effect of the microstructure heterogeneity on the tensile plastic deformation characteristic of friction-stir-welded (FSW) dual-phase (DP) steel was investigated for the potential applications on the lightweight design of vehicles. Friction-stir-welded specimens with a butt joint configuration were prepared, and quasi-static tensile tests were conducted, to evaluate the tensile properties of DP980 dual-phase steels. The friction-stir welding led to the formation of martensite and a significant hardness rise in the stir zone (SZ), but the presence of a soft zone in the heat-affected zone (HAZ) was caused by tempering of the pre-existing martensite. Owing to the appearance of severe soft zone, DP980 FSW joint showed almost 93% joint efficiency with the view-point of ultimate tensile strength and relatively low ductility than the base metal (BM). The local tensile deformation characteristic of the FSW joints was also examined using the digital image correlation (DIC) methodology by mapping the global and local strain distribution, and was subsequently analyzed by mechanics calculation. It is found that the tensile deformation of the FSW joints is highly heterogeneous, leading to a significant decrease in global ductility. The HAZ of the joints is the weakest region where the strain localizes early, and this localization extends until fracture with a strain near 30%, while the strain in the SZ and BM is only 1% and 4%, respectively. Local constitutive properties in different heterogeneous regions through the friction-stir-welded joint was also briefly evaluated by assuming iso-stress conditions. The local stress-strain curves of individual weld zones provide a clear indication of the heterogeneity of the local mechanical properties.

Field of study: Materials science
THE SYNTHESIS OF 5H-CYCLOHEPT[a]AZULEN-5-ONE AND ITS NOVEL REACTION WITH A SULFUR YLIDE: THE FORMATION OF A NEW HETEROCYCLIC SYSTEM

5H-Cyclohept[a]azulen-5-one and its 11-methoxycarbonyl derivative were synthesized. The latter reacted in a novel manner with a sulfur ylide to give a new heterocyclic compound having 5-oxa-5H-dicyclohepta[cd,hi] indene skeleton.

Field of study: Chemistry
Unmet healthcare needs in Ireland: Analysis using the EU-SILC survey.

The analysis used the 2013 Survey of Income and Living Conditions to examine the extent and causes of unmet need for healthcare services in Ireland. The analysis found that almost four per cent of participants reported an unmet need for medical care. Overall, lower income groups, those with poorer health status and those without free primary care and/or private insurance were more likely to report an unmet healthcare need. The impact of income on the likelihood of reporting an unmet need was particularly strong for those without free primary care and/or private insurance, suggesting a role for the health system in eradicating income based inequalities in unmet need. Factors associated with the healthcare system - cost and waiting lists - accounted for the majority of unmet needs. Those with largely free public healthcare entitlement were more likely than all other eligibility categories to report that their unmet need was due to waiting lists (rather than cost). While not possible to explicitly examine in this analysis, it is probable that unmet need due to cost is picking up on the relatively high out-of-pocket payments for primary care for those who must pay for GP visits; while unmet need due to waiting is identifying the relatively long waiting times within the acute hospital sector for those within the public system.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Dynamics of few‐body states in a medium

Strongly interacting matter such as nuclear or quark matter leads to few‐body bound states and correlations of the constituents. As a consequence quantum chromodynamics has a rich phase structure with spontaneous symmetry breaking, superconductivity, condensates of different kinds. All this appears in many astrophysical scenarios. Among them is the formation of hadrons during the early stage of the Universe, the structure of a neutron star, and the formation of nuclei during a supernova explosion. Some of these extreme conditions can be simulated in heavy ion colliders. To treat such a hot and dense system we use the Green function formalism of many‐body theory. It turns out that asystematic Dyson expansion of the Green functions leads to modified few‐body equations that are capable to describe phase transitions, condensates, cluster formation and more. These equations include self energy corrections and Pauli blocking. We apply this method to nonrelativistic and relativistic matter. The latter one is tre...

Field of study: Physics
Capital Gains and Inequality of Personal Income: Some Results from Survey Data

This paper deals with income distribution of capital gains and their effect on measures of income inequality for 1962. Aggregate accrued gains are allocated to various income classes by using microdata from the Survey of Financial Characteristics of Consumers. The results show that accrued gains are distributed more unevenly than money income. The Gini coefficient drops from 0.41 to 0.35 when accrued losses for 1962 are subtracted from income, but it increases to 0.43 when average gains for 1960–64 are added to income. Variance of natural logarithms, the other measure of inequality used, also shows a similar pattern.

Field of study: Mathematics
Geotextile Filtration Performance for Lagoon Sludges and Liquid Animal Manures Dewatering

Maintenance and control of liquid levels in anaerobic lagoons and storage ponds is enhanced by pretreatment with liquid-solid separation or periodic removal of accumulated sludges. Until local disposal or nutrient recycling options become available, sludges can be contained, dewatered, and stored using geotextile filtration. A geotextile filtration testing method termed a hanging-bag test was used to treat dairy lagoon sludge, swine lagoon sludge, liquid dairy manure, and liquid swine manure. Hanging-bag performance was evaluated by: (1) determining solids and plant nutrient mass retention efficiencies (MRE), (2) quantifying the overall volume reduction, and (3) characterizing the dewatered manure. After three fill-dewater cycles, geotextile filtration performed similarly for the sludges, retaining an average 87.6% of total solids (TS), 58.4% of total ammoniacal nitrogen (TAN), and 86.7% total phosphorous (TP). Geotextile filtration was also effective in dewatering and concentrating the sludges; by highly concentrating the retained solids, it reduced the total influent sludge volume requiring disposal to less than 18.5%. Despite relatively high MRE values for liquid swine manure (70.2% of TS, 65.1% of TAN, and 75.7% of TP), geotextile filtration was ineffective as a primary liquid-solid separation, with 60.3% of the total influent volume remaining. For liquid dairy manure (TS = 0.71%), geotextile filtration reduced the total influent volume to less than 1%, concentrated the solids and nutrients in the dewatered material 16 to 21 times greater than the influent, and retained 38.4% of TS, 25.8% of TAN, and 45.0% of TP, making this an effective liquid-solid separation technique.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Ethynyl carbonium ions. 3. Diene synthesis with 4-phenylethynylpyrylium salts

Norbornadiene derivatives of pyrylium salts were obtained for the first time by [4+2] cycloaddition of cyclopentadienes and 2,6-diaryl-4-phenylethynylpyrylium salts with and without methyl groups in the 3 and 5 positions. Their photochemical transformations were studied.

Field of study: Chemistry
Judgment Analysis of School Superintendent Decision Making.

AbstractJudgment analysis (JAN) was used to determine whether school superintendents used all the information at their disposal to make decisions about the management of school programs in various simulated environments. Seventy-five numerical profiles, each of which represented a unique environmental condition, were judged by two groups of superintendents. In each of the groups, there was only one combined policy. The results suggest that the subjects relied on only part of the available information when making their judgments and were little influenced by the addition of information that created great changes in the organizational environment.

Field of study: Education
Realising an application environment for information-centric networking

It has been argued by many that the Future Internet should address information at the core of its operation. Prototypes have emerged to embody this new paradigm. Applications for such networks, however, are noted primarily by their absence. In spite of an appetite for Information-Centric Networking (ICN) applications, relatively little has come to fruition. We suggest that this is due to an unfavorable development environment, requiring applications to interface with the ICN substrate directly. This paper aims to answer this shortcoming by providing a middleware layer that aids the development of more advanced applications. We also present an application that leverages the middleware and answers a real-world problem concerning personalised media delivery. We argue that the development of this, and potentially other, application(s) is aided by the presence of such an application environment.

Field of study: Computer science
Measurements and simulations on dispersion and interaction impedance characteristics of vane-loaded helical SWS

Dispersion and interaction impedance of two kinds of vane-loaded helical SWS were measured in 2～18 GHz with Agilent8510C Vector Network Analyzer.The measurement system was represented by proper microwave network and a formula to modify phase shift of SWS was derived that took reflection effects of transmission ports into account.Thus the fluctuation of experiment values were damped effectively.Dispersion and interaction impedance of them were also simulated by HFSS with space-harmonics effects included and ignored respectively.The experimental and theoretical values of dispersion and interaction impedance are found to be close in the band of 2～18 GHz.

Field of study: Physics
Bryozoan biodiversity in the New Zealand region and implications for marine conservation

Marine biodiversity and its distribution in the New Zealand region were determined using historical data for an appropriate indicator taxon, the Bryozoa. Bryozoans were identified as belonging to three communities, termed Intertidal/Shelf/Slope (ISS) and Deep-Sea 1 and 2 (DS1 and DS2). Biodiversity was assessed using measures based on relatedness of species, average taxonomic distinctness and variation in taxonomic distinctness. High values of biodiversity for the ISS community are particularly concentrated at both ends of two main islands of New Zealand; the biogenic substratum of the Three Kings Plateau and Foveaux Strait. High values of biodiversity for the DS1 community were primarily located on the seamounts of the northern edge of the Chatham Rise. Values of biodiversity for stations comprising the DS2 community were generally low. The relationship between bryozoan community composition/biodiversity and depth suggested that habitat availability/heterogeneity, sedimentary perturbation and primary productivity could be evoked to explain the pattern of biodiversity observed. The results of the study indicate particular areas of the shelf and deep-sea environment that could be protected in order to conserve New Zealand's marine biodiversity.

Field of study: Environmental science
Evaluation of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for immunodiagnosis of clonorchiasis.

Two groups of patients with parasitologically proved clonorchiasis were recruited from among staff and workers of China Petroleum Company at Miao-Li county. There were 86 patients in the pre-treatment group and 143 patients in post-treatment. The latter were defined as those treated for 18 months after a daily dosage of 3 X 25 mg/kg BW/day of praziquantel. Indirect ELISA was performed to detect the serum antibody against Clonorchis sinensis with extracted crude antigen of adult worms obtained from the bile duct of cats. Direct smears of stool for Clonorchis ova were checked concomitantly. Results revealed significant decrease of optical density ratio between pre- and post-treatment groups. Positive ELISA was detected in 79 pre-treatment group patients (91.8%) and in 28 patients (20.7%) of the post-treatment group (p less than 0.01). Distribution of ELISA titers was shown in patients of post-treatment group towards negative from 400 dilution positive in pre-treatment group. One fourth of the post-treatment group patients with positive ELISA still presented Clonorchis ova in their stool. The main cause was non-compliance of medication. The study confirms the value of immunodiagnosis of C. sinensis by ELISA in the field treatment of clonorchiasis.

Field of study: Biology
Predicate Formal System Based on 0-level Universal and Operator and its Completeness

Universal logic is a new continuous-valued logic system in studying flexible world′s logical rule,which uses generalized correlation and generalized autocorrelation to describe the relationship between propositions.The main aim of this paper is solving the completeness of first-order predicate calculus formal system ULh∈(0,1] based on 0-level universal and operator.By introducing the universal quantifier and existential quantifier,the predicate calculus formal deductive system ULh∈(0,1] based on 0-level universal and operator according to propositional calculus formal deductive system ULh∈(0,1] of universal logic is built up,moreover,the completeness theorem of system ULh∈(0,1] are proved.So it shows that the semantic and syntactic of system ULh∈(0,1] are harmony.

Field of study: Computer science
The Impact of Re-tear on the Clinical Outcome after Rotator Cuff Repair Using Open or Arthroscopic Techniques – A Systematic Review

It is generally accepted that rotator cuff repair gives satisfactory results in the long term, although most studies have so far shown a fairly high rate of structural failure or re-tear. The purpose of this review study is to assess whether failure of the repaired cuff to heal could negatively affect the functional outcome.  This article includes an extensive Internet PubMed based research in the current English-language literature including level I to level V studies as well as systematic reviews.  According to this extended study research, the results are mixed; certain reports show that patients with a healed rotator cuff repair have improved function and strength compared to those with structural failure, whereas other studies support the generally perceived concept that tendon re-tear does not lead to inferior clinical outcome.  Further high-level prospective studies with larger numbers of patients and longer follow up are needed to overcome the current debate over function between healed and failed rotator cuff repairs.

Field of study: Medicine
An Improved IDEA-ECB Based on Multithread Technology

In terms of the problem that the encryption rate of International Data Encryption Algorithm (IDEA) is low, and it’s throughout capacity is small under the ECB packet mode, this paper proposes a kind of improved IDEA-ECB based on multithread technology. Change the order flow of single thread into concurrent flow of multithread with clocking plaintext and multithread technology, which improve the encryption rate and throughout capacity, at the same time reduce the operation hours of encryption algorithm, and satisfy the demand that real time and high effectively software encryption in instant messaging. Experimental results show that if the size of plaintext is 1MB, the number of threads which is started respectively is 4,8,12,16, the speedup of improved algorithm increases 1.72~4.08 times than classical algorithm.

Field of study: Engineering