nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Background rejection and signal-to-noise optimization in confocal and alternative fluorescence microscopes.

In the confocal microscope, tightly focused illumination and spatially filtered detection are combined to reduce out-of-focus background and to produce high-quality images that display thin optical sections within thick fluorescent specimens. We define background as the detected light that originates outside a resolution volume and signal as the detected light that originates within the same volume. Background rejection is measured by the signal-to-background ratio (S/B) and is calculated for confocal, spinning-disk, line-illumination, slit-detection, and conventional fluorescence microscopes as a function of both the spatial filter size and the specimen thickness. Spatial filter sizes that reject background and optimize the signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) are calculated for each microscope. These calculations are normalized so that the time-averaged illumination at each point in the specimen is the same for each microscope. For thick specimens, we show that the S/B obtained with a confocal microscope can be more than 100 times greater than the S/B available with a conventional microscope, and we find that the optimal confocal S/N can be a factor of 10 greater than the S/N in the conventional microscope.

Field of study: Physics
Raster3D Version 2.0. A program for photorealistic molecular graphics.

Raster3D Version 2.0 is a program suite for the production of photorealistic molecular graphics images. The code is hardware independent, and is particularly suited for use in producing large raster images of macromolecules for output to a film recorder or high-quality color printer. The Raster3D suite contains programs for composing illustrations of space-filling models, ball-and-stick models and ribbon-and-cylinder representations. It may also be used to render figures composed using other graphics tools, notably the widely used program Molscript [Kraulis (1991). .

Field of study: Chemistry
Fluctuations in a dynamic, intermediate-run IS-LM model: Applications of the Poincare-Bendixon theorem

This paper proves the existence, uniqueness, and stability of closed orbits, for nonlinear intermediate-run macroeconomic models, using the Poincare-Bendixon theorem on planar dynamic systems. The models integrate a Kaldor-Goodwin-type nonlinear investment function and an IS-LM model augmented by a government budget constraint. The budget constraint allows for money and/or debt creation as alternative means of financing the treasury's operations.

Field of study: Economics
Model and Algorithm for Linkage Disequilibrium Analysis in a Non-Equilibrium Population

The multilocus analysis of polymorphisms has emerged as a vital ingredient of population genetics and evolutionary biology. A fundamental assumption used for existing multilocus analysis approaches is Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium at which maternally- and paternally-derived gametes unite randomly during fertilization. Given the fact that natural populations are rarely panmictic, these approaches will have a significant limitation for practical use. We present a robust model for multilocus linkage disequilibrium analysis which does not rely on the assumption of random mating. This new disequilibrium model capitalizes on Weir’s definition of zygotic disequilibria and is based on an open-pollinated design in which multiple maternal individuals and their half-sib families are sampled from a natural population. This design captures two levels of associations: one is at the upper level that describes the pattern of cosegregation between different loci in the parental population and the other is at the lower level that specifies the extent of co-transmission of non-alleles at different loci from parents to their offspring. An MCMC method was implemented to estimate genetic parameters that define these associations. Simulation studies were used to validate the statistical behavior of the new model.

Field of study: Biology
Effects of Panax notoginseng saponins on myocardial adenosinetriphosphatase.

Effects of total Panax notoginseng saponins (PNS) and Panax notoginseng saponin monomers Rb1 and Rg1 (Rb1, Rg1) on total ATPase and Na(+)-K(+)-exchanging ATPase of guinea pig heart were studied. It was found that PNS inhibited the total myocardial ATPase, but had no significant effect on the myocardial Na(+)-K(+)-exchanging ATPase. The total ATPase was inhibited by Rg1, and more clearly by Rb1. The automaticity and contractility of isolated guinea pig atria were inhibited by Rb1. Rg1 decreased the spontaneous frequency of isolated guinea pig right atrium, but not markedly the contractility of the left atrium. These results demonstrate that Rb1 is the main ingredient in PNS.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Knowledge Spillovers, Innovation and Growth

Cohen and Levinthal (1989) introduced the notion of absorptive capacity and demonstrated that knowledge spillovers can induce complementarities in R&D efforts. We show that this idea has rich implications when analysing important aspects of the growth process such as cross‐country convergence and divergence, the international co‐ordination of climate change policies, and the role of openness in the production of ideas. We also show that the notion of absorptive capacity sets an agenda for new empirical and theoretical analyses of the role of R&D spillovers in innovation and growth. Cohen, W.M. and Levinthal, D.A. (1989). ‘Innovation and learning: the two faces of R & D’, , pp. 569–96.

Field of study: Economics
Lessons for the design of surf resource protection – The Australasian experience

Surf breaks are natural resources that provide substantial value to communities around the world. Following decades of coastal development that largely ignored these features, New Zealand and Australia have established innovative approaches for their protection. These are centred on national level initiatives that are now well established in coastal management frameworks. Through a case study approach this study evaluates the implementation aspects with a particular focus on effectiveness. The findings illustrate major differences between the systems. New Zealand has recently developed national policy that provides direct statutory protection for nationally important areas, and improved attention to regionally and locally important surf resources. Implementation is driven by regional jurisdictions through a hierarchy of policies and plans, and in practice, has proven extremely variable. Comparison of regional planning approaches shows inconsistencies in the scope and design of implementation methods that directly affect the level of protection provided. However, this compares to a prior situation of almost no statutory protection. Despite wide variance in the protection actually afforded, there are now over 250 surf breaks identified by statutory protection mechanisms. The Australian system utilises a non-statutory approach driven by a community organisation to address similar issues and objectives. The programme provides a consistent framework that facilitates high levels of protection where it has been applied. However, it has resulted in a relatively small number of implementations to date and relies on a high level of human agency. Compared to the extent of the surf resource this highlights potential issues for scalability. Comparing the strengths and weakness of each country's approach shows that the characteristic limitations affect different aspects of policy implementation. Combining the successful aspects of each will assist progress towards the sustainable management of surf resources.

Field of study: Environmental science
Fixed Complexity LLL Algorithm

A common technique to perform lattice basis reduction is the Lenstra, Lenstra, Lovasz (LLL) algorithm. An implementation of this algorithm in real-time systems suffers from the problem of variable run-time and complexity. This correspondence proposes a modification of the LLL algorithm. The signal flow is altered to follow a deterministic structure, which promises to obtain an easier implementation as well as a fixed execution time known in advance. In the case of a maximum number of iterations as it is likely in real-time systems, our modification clearly outperforms the original LLL algorithm as far as the quality of the reduced lattice basis is concerned.

Field of study: Engineering
Electronic Raman scattering and phonon self-energy effects in theR-123 system: Signatures of gap and pseudogap

Using Raman spectroscopy and transport measurements we investigate thin epitaxial films of Y{1-x}(Pr,Ca)xBa2Cu3O{6+y}. We explore the electronic Raman responses obtained after subtraction of phononic excitations, and the 2Delta peaks that form out of the electronic background below Tc. We find that the energy of the B1g 2Delta peak increases monotonically with decreasing doping until the peaks become unresolvable. In contrast, the peaks in A1g symmetry follow Tc being resolvable in the Pr-doped films. The B2g responses are weak and a 2Delta peak is only detected at the highest doping level. As a consequence of strong electron-phonon coupling, the B1g phonon at 340 cm^-1 exhibits a pronounced Fano-type line shape. We use a phenomenological model to describe the line shape that takes into account real and imaginary part of the electronic response. It allows us to obtain the self-energy corrections and the mass- enhancement factor lambda as a measure of the coupling. In the normal state we find lambda=0.015 around optimal doping and decreasing values with decreasing doping. The electron-phonon coupling increases strongly below T_c in overdoped samples in which the B1g 2Delta peaks appear in the vicinity of the phonon. Self-energy effects observed in the superconducting state can only partly be assigned to the redistributing electronic response. Anomalies with respect to frequency, linewidth, and intensity remain. They appear at increasing tempera- tures with decreasing doping and we provide evidence that they are connected to the presence of the pseudogap. We supplement our study by a comparison with single crystal data and investigate the influence of site-substitutional disorder on the electronic response and the electron-phonon interaction.

Field of study: Physics
Effect of sorghum flour composition and particle size on quality properties of gluten-free bread

White, food-grade sorghum was milled to flour of varying extraction rates (60%, 80%, and 100%) and pin-milled at different speeds (no pin-milling, low-speed, and high-speed) to create flours of both variable composition and particle size. Flours were characterized for flour composition, total starch content, particle size distribution, color, damaged starch, and water absorption. Bread was characterized for specific volume, crumb structure properties, and crumb firmness. Significant differences were found (P < 0.05) in the composition of sorghum flours of varying extraction rate, most notably for fiber and total starch contents. Flour particle size and starch damage were significantly impacted by extraction rate and speed of pin-milling. Water absorption increased significantly with increasing extraction rate and pin-milling speed. Breads produced from 60% extraction flour had significantly higher specific volumes, better crumb properties, and lower crumb firmness when compared with all other extractions and flour types. The specific volume of bread slices ranged from 2.01 mL/g (100% extraction, no pin-milling) to 2.54 mL/g (60% extraction, low-speed pin-milling), whereas the firmness ranged from 553.28 g (60% extraction, high-speed pin-milling) to 1096.26 g (commercial flour, no pin-milling). The bread characteristics were significantly impacted by flour properties, specifically particle size, starch damage, and fiber content (P < 0.05).

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Design and Implementation of Campus Card System Based on the Mixed Model of B/S & C/S

With the development of information technology,there are some new opportunities and challenges in the teaching and management of higher education,and information technology has been an important direction of modern education.The campus card system is an important part of campus informatization management.Introduces the working principle of the B/S C/S structure mode and their advantages and disadvantages in details.In combination with the characteristics of the smart campus card system,discusses the application of mixed model of B/S C/S in the system design.

Field of study: Computer science
Detection of Microwave Transitions between Ortho and Para States in a Free Isolated Molecule.

Microwave transitions between the ortho and para states of the S_{2}Cl_{2} molecule in a free isolated condition are observed for the first time. In the theoretical treatment, we derive eigenfunctions of an effective Hamiltonian including the ortho-para interaction to calculate the intensities and frequencies of forbidden ortho-para transitions in the cm-wave region and pick up some promising candidates for the spectroscopic detection. In the experiment, transitions of the S_{2}Cl_{2} molecule under a supersonic jet condition are observed with a Fourier transform microwave spectrometer. Seven hyperfine resolved rotational transitions including the lowest rotational level are detected as the ortho-para transitions at the predicted frequencies within the experimental errors. The observed intensities are about 10^{-3} times the allowed transitions, which are consistent with the predictions based on the intensity-borrowing model. This result suggests that the ortho-para conversion of this molecule occurs in a few thousand years through spontaneous emission even in a circumstance where molecular collisions occur rarely like in interstellar space.

Field of study: Physics
Study on extraction and stability of pigment from Fujiminori grape

This dissertation utilized fresh Fujiminori grape peel as materials,discussed extraction conditions,and gained the optimum conditions of extracting pigment from Fujiminori grape through orthogonal experiment.The optimal extraction condition for Fujiminori grape pigment were as follows,80% of the ethanol as extraction agent,pH2,extracting temperature 70 ℃,the ratio of grape skin(g) and reagent(mL) 1∶7.At the same time,the stability of pigment from Fujiminori grape were researched.The pigment remained stable and tolerate high temperature and heating at pH2～6.The metal ions had some effect on stability of pigment.The chroma of pigment was greatly reduced by Cu2+,Fe3+,Fe2+,while Mg2+ can protect it.The oxidant H2O2 and reducer Na2SO3 showed marked degradation effect on the pigment.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
PERFORMANCE-BASED DESIGN OF STEEL-CONCRETE HYBRID STRUCTURE IN HIGH-RISE RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS

Combined with the design of Nanning Hubin Mansion,a scientific model project in 2004,the application of steel-concrete hybrid structure technology in high-rise residential buildings is introduced. The load-bearing capacity and elastoplastic property of steel-concrete hybrid structures are analyzed. Members and joints design,as well as the anti-fire design of rectangular CFST columns are discussed. The differential shortening between steel columns and reinforced concrete walls is analyzed and measures to decrease differential shortening are proposed. The design methods can be referred to by similar projects.

Field of study: Engineering
Preparation of modified asphalt emulsion concrete for steel bridge protection

The study investigates the effect of modified asphalt emulsion on concrete protective course for steel bridges. Modified asphalt emulsion concrete protective course (MAECPC) is a mixture of asphalt emulsion, latex emulsion polymer and aggregates. The strength performances of the MAEC were tested through laboratory experiments. The results showthat theMAEC has better performance, cracking resistance, bending strength, abrasion resistance and the linear contraction coefficient compared with Portland cement concrete (PCC), and stone mastic asphalt (SMA). It could be concluded that MAEC is a good material for protective course of railway bridge deck.

Field of study: Materials science
Tumor-associated epilepsy.

Tumor-associated epilepsy is an important contributor to morbidity in patients with brain tumors. Proposed pathophysiological mechanisms to explain these effects range from neuronal and glial dysfunction to deranged vascular homeostasis, to ionic and pH changes. Perilesional tissue alterations play a vital role in the generation of tumor-associated seizures. Clinical studies have determined that tumor-associated seizures are usually focal with secondary generalization and often resistant to antiepileptic drugs. Tumor histopathological characteristics and location are independent factors that impact seizure burden. Further understanding of the mechanisms of tumor-associated epilepsy may lead to new types of treatments targeted at perilesional tissue alterations.

Field of study: Medicine
The Control of Water Pollution and the Disposal of Solid Wastes in the Industries Producing Basic Inorganic Chemicals

An outstanding change since the last Congress in 1970 has been the greatly increased sophistication of the approach to environmental problems. It is no longer adequate to consider only the direct immediate local effects of manufacturing activity, but it is also necessary to take into account environmental effects, possibly extended widely in space and time, arising both from effluent streams and man's use of the products of these activities. The shortage of raw materials and energy has provided added incentive to reduce pollution by recovery of wastes for recycling or reuse. These trends are illustrated mainly by examples from the chior-alkali industry (the manufacture of chlorine, caustic soda, sodium carbonate and related chemicals), for this is the area in the manufacture of inorganic chemicals where there have been recently the most significant developments arising from environmental considerations. Experience with the discharge of mercury in effluents for chlor-alkali plants and the use of sodium polyphosphate in detergents illustrate the complex environmental problems which can arise from the manufacture and use of even relatively simple inorganic chemicals. Recent developments in the recovery of waste calcium sulphate from the manufacture of phosphoric and. hydrofluoric acids, probably the inorganic chemicals industry's most important single waste solids disposal problem, are briefly discussed. Because of the trend towards stricter international controls on discharges to the sea and the non-biodegradability of inorganic chemicals, the siting of plants on estuaries or close to the sea will no longer provide such a convenient method of effluent disposal as in the past and there will be increasing need for improved effluent treatment and the development of less polluting processes. The stricter controls on disposal to landfill will mean a much more scientific approach to this operation than in the past. In conclusion a plea is made for the use of cost benefit analysis to determine the allocation of the limited resources which can be devoted to improvement of the environment.

Field of study: Chemistry
THE EFFECTS OF SUPPORTS ON THE REACTION OF NO WITH NH3 CATALYZED BY V2O5

The reaction mechanism of the catalytic reduction of NO by NH3 was studied using V2O5–Al2O3 and V2O5–SiO2 catalysts. On V2O5–Al2O3the reaction rate was enhanced by the presence of oxygen and the reaction was found to proceed through the formation of NO2 adsorbed on the catalyst surface. While on V2O5–SiO2 no effects of oxygen were observed and the reaction seems to proceed through the formation of HNO adsorbed on the catalyst, since N2O, which may be produced by the decomposition of HNO adsorbed, was detected during the reaction.

Field of study: Chemistry
Liberia's War Recurrence: Grievance over Greed

Scholars of peacebuilding are increasingly moving beyond questions of how to reach negotiated settlements to how an apparently stable postwar peace can be consolidated. Liberia offers a good case study, as its civil war of 1990–96 seemed to have concluded with an internationally supported election in 1997 and the withdrawal of international peacekeeping forces. Yet it experienced renewed warfare involving many of the same actors by 2000. What explains the failure of Liberia's peace? Recent research on civil wars has emphasized the causal role of poverty, natural resource dependency, and weak state institutions. Although Liberia reflects many of these factors, I argue here that grievance and exclusionary behavior underlie Liberia's civil war recurrence. These findings suggest that national actors and international peacebuilders should focus strategies on addressing postwar elected governments’ exclusionary conduct toward former enemies.

Field of study: History, Sociology
Photobiomodulation Therapy (PBMT) Applied in Bone Reconstructive Surgery Using Bovine Bone Grafts: A Systematic Review

The use of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) with biomodulatory effects on biological tissues, currently called photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT), assists in healing and reduces inflammation. The application of biomaterials has emerged in bone reconstructive surgery, especially the use of bovine bone due to its biocompatibility. Due to the many benefits related to the use of PBMT and bovine bones, the aim of this research was to review the literature to verify the relationship between PBMT and the application of bovine bone in bone reconstruction surgeries. We chose the PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, and Scopus databases for the search by matching the keywords: “Bovine bone AND low-level laser therapy”, “Bovine bone AND photobiomodulation therapy”, “Xenograft AND low-level laser therapy”, and “Xenograft AND photobiomodulation therapy”. The initial search of the three databases retrieved 240 articles, 18 of which met all inclusion criteria. In the studies concerning animals (17 in total), there was evidence of PBMT assisting in biomaterial-related conduction, formation of new bone, bone healing, immunomarker expression, increasing collagen fibers, and local inflammation reduction. However, the results disagreed with regard to the resorption of biomaterial particles. The only human study showed that PBMT with bovine bone was effective for periodontal regeneration. It was concluded that PBMT assists the process in bone reconstruction when associated with bovine bone, despite divergences between applied protocols.

Field of study: Materials science