nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Quantitative Relationship Between ~13(C) Nuclear Magnelic Resonance Chemical Shift and Structural Parameters of Acyclic Alcohol

A newly developed topological vector of atom YC,equilibrium electro-negativity of atom qe,molecular structural information parameter[NiH(i=α,β)] and γ calibration parameter were used to describe the local chemical microenvironment of 63 acyclic alcoholic compounds.Quantitative structural spectrum relationships(QSSR) was systematically made on relationship between 13 C NMR chemical shifts of 353 carbon atoms and their molecular structure descriptors.By partial least square regression(PLS),the statistical results indicated that the model correlation coefficient and standard error were 0.9915 and 2.4827,respectively.And the average absolute error was only 2.01×10-6 between the calculated and experimental chemical shifts for 353 carbon atoms.To validate the estimation stability for internal samples and the predictive capability for external samples of resulting models,leave-molecule-out(LMO) cross validation(CV) and external validation were performed.Compared with the reported result,not only the number of descriptors employed in this study was much fewer,but also the calculation was much easier.

Field of study: Chemistry
Run-time support For parallel functional programming on shared-memory multiprocessors

The use of functional languages for parallel computing has been proposed for many years. Many functional languages were developed along with the design of new architectures such as data flow and reduction machines. In this article, we present a general model of a run-time system for a parallel functional language called SISAL, to be executed on shared-memory multiprocessors. The implementation of this run-time system is examined on two radically different architectures: a 32-way (symmetrical) VAX Research Multiprocessor M31 and a 4-way Cray X-MP system. To properly evaluate the effectiveness of SISAL on shared-memory multiprocessors, we suggest further research explore an interactive visual control mechanism that dynamically shows run-time behavior.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Evaluation of the differential in vivo toxic effects of ethanol and acetaldehyde on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis using 4-methylpyrazole.

4-Methylpyrazole (4-MP) blocks ethanol (ETOH) oxidation by inhibiting alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH). Because ADH has been identified and shown to be active in the testes, we examined the effect of ETOH + 4-MP in the ETOH-fed rat model. Weanling rats were divided into four groups of 15 rats each and fed a liquid diet: group I received ETOH (5% v/v) + 4-MP (1.34 mM); group II was pair-fed the diet containing only 4-MP and isocalorically matched to group I; group III received ETOH diet; and group IV was pair-fed isocalorically to match group III. Using two-way analysis of variance for nonorthogonal data, the results were analyzed to examine both ETOH and 4-MP as the main treatment and to test for interaction. Both ETOH and 4-MP produced significant main treatment effects with significant interaction on liver/body ratio, testes weight expressed as per cent of normal, and plasma luteinizing hormone levels, and without interaction on plasma testosterone concentrations.

Field of study: Medicine
Robust Spectrum Management for DMT-Based Systems

In recent years an increasing effort was made to reduce the energy consumption in digital subscriber line equipment. Dynamic spectrum management (DSM) has been identified as one promising method to achieve energy-efficiency in discrete multitone based systems. An open research question is how to ensure system robustness when applying highly optimized energy-efficient spectrum management. In this paper, we study the problem of uncertainty in crosstalk noise and parameters, the knowledge of which is indispensable for many DSM algorithms. We introduce robust optimization for spectrum balancing as a technique to achieve feasibility of the optimal power-allocation under a deterministic parameter uncertainty model. This can be seen as an extension of current schemes for spectrum balancing. As a special case we consider the simple strategy of scaling the crosstalk parameters to their worst-case values, which corresponds to a specific uncertainty model and entails no changes to current DSM algorithms. Finally, we quantify the benefit in worst-case performance and the price in terms of energy by simulations.

Field of study: Engineering
Measurements of the Proton Elastic-Form-Factor Ratio μpGpE /GpM at Low Momentum Transfer

High-precision measurements of the proton elastic form-factor ratio, μ p G p E /G p M , have been made at four-momentum transfer, Q 2 , values between 0.2 and 0.5 GeV 2 . The new data, while consistent with previous results, clearly show a ratio less than unity and significant differences from the central values of several recent phenomenological fits. By combining the new form-factor ratio data with an existing cross-section measurement, one finds that in this Q 2 range the deviation from unity is primarily due to G p E being smaller than expected.

Field of study: Physics
Bullying in Elementary Schools: Its Causes and Effects on Students.

Bullying is an everlasting problem in the lives of school kids. It is a problem that affects all students, the person who bully, those who are victims, and the persons who witnesses to interpersonal violence. Bullying may include verbal and physical assaults, threats, ‘jokes’ or language, mockery and criticizing , insulting behavior and facial expressions. These factors work individually, or collectively, to contribute to a child’s likelihood of bullying. Bullying is difficult to eradicate in schools because it is so often effectively used by students. Teachers as professionals have to deal with the consequences of pupil-on-pupil bullying. The impact of prejudice-related bullying should not be underestimated. Bullying must be recognized, understood and taken seriously. The major objectives of this study were (i)To understand the nature of bullying(ii)To find out the causes of bullying(iii)To find out impact of pupil-on-pupil bullying on students ‘learning .10 teachers and 40 students were constituted as sample of the study. Simple random sampling technique was used to select respondents. Restricted response questionnaire was used as research tool for the collection of data about prejudice based bullying in schools . Collected data were analyzed through SPSS by running frequencies, mean score, percentage and standard deviation. The findings of study highlights the nature and various causes of bullying which will help in the formulation and implementation of various strategies to reduce the bullying behavior of students for better learning.

Field of study: Education
High-protein diets and renal health.

High-protein diets (i.e., protein content of more than 25% of energy or more than 2 g/kg body weight per day) based on meat and dairy products are repeatedly promoted for weight reduction and better health, but the evidence supporting these notions is quite dubious. As described in the present review, there is a reason to be concerned about adverse effects of such diets, including glomerular hyperfiltration, hypertensive effects of a concomitant increase in dietary sodium, and an increased risk of nephrolithiasis. These diet-induced physiological consequences might lead to an increase in the prevalence of chronic kidney disease in the general population without preexisting kidney disease. Accordingly, we find medical reasons to refrain from promoting high-protein diets, in particular those based on meat and dairy products, until clear-cut evidence for the safety and for the superiority of such diets on human health has been provided.

Field of study: Medicine
Effect of swimming and asthmatic exercise on forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) and levels of cortisol hormone in asthmatics patients

Bronchial asthma is one of the allergic diseases characterized by reversible bronchial narrowing due to bronchial hyperactivity and obstruction of respiratory tract. The prevalence and hospitalization rates of bronchial asthma keep increasing from year to year, causing asthma to be the top ten causes of morbidity and mortality in Indonesia. The decrease of the forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) is one of the indicators of the respiratory tract obstruction. Moreover, the cortisol hormone level is also associated with asthma. Asthma can be treated not only with pharmacological intervention but also physical exercises. The aim of the study was to assess the increase of FEV1 and cortisol hormone level after swimming and asthmatic exercise on asthmatic patients. This was a quasi experimental study using pre and post test control group design. Two groups of 10 asthmatic patients each conducted swimming and asthmatic exercise as intervention. On pre, middle and post swimming or asthmatic exercise, those two groups underwent the measurement of FEV1 using a spirometer and cortisol hormone levels using ELISA methods. The result showed that the value of FEV1 and cortisol hormone levels increased significantly after swimming and asthmatic exercise (p<0.05). Moreover, the improvement of FEV1 value and cortisol hormone levels of asthmatic patients in swimming were higher than asthmatic exercise. In conclusion, swimming and asthmatic exercise can increase the value of FEV1 and the levels of the cortisol hormone.  swimming - asthmatic exercise - FEV1 - cortisol hormone - asthma

Field of study: Medicine
Generalization of the Negativity Effect to Self-Attributions

In 1979 Reeder and Brewer reported that people make stronger attributions for negative behaviors than for positive ones, following Hastorf and Cantril's statement that people are motivated to maintain positive self-views. The present study tested whether 67 participants would make stronger self-attributions for negative behaviors than for positive ones by having them indicate the number of times that they had to engage in a specific behavior before it would become a trait they possess. Analysis confirmed that participants make stronger self-attributions for negative behaviors than for positive behaviors.

Field of study: Psychology
Hopf algebras on planar trees and permutations

We endow the space of rooted planar trees with an structure of Hopf algebra. We prove that variations of such a structure lead to Hopf algebras on the spaces of labelled trees, $n$--trees, increasing planar trees and sorted trees. These structures are used to construct Hopf algebras on different types of permutations. In particular, we obtain new characterizations of the Hopf algebras of Malvenuto--Reutenauer and Loday--Ronco via planar rooted trees.

Field of study: Mathematics
Islam, Ethics, Revolt: Politics and Piety in Francophone West African and Maghreb Narrative (review)

as a metaphorical locus for loyalty and stability" (106). In order to maintain this view, he must downplay evidence to the contrary, such as Stella's musings on the generations of women who went almost mad searching for meaning in the drawing-room clocks. Walshe reads this merely as demonstrating "the one drawback to this house of peace, loyalty and safety in a time of war and of suspicion" (107). Walshe's chapters are the most poorly edited of the volume, the whole of which could have used another round of copyediting, and include three misspelled characters' names. This brief and careless treatment is inadequate for three of Bowen's most critically acclaimed novels. In Walshe's second contribution he discusses The Little Girls for one and a half pages before moving on to Eva Trout, though Eva Trout is the focus of O'Toole's chapter. Since A World of Love also receives its own chapter, anyone glancing at the table of contents would conclude erroneously that A World of Love and Eva Trout are considered Bowen's most important novels. Other oddities in the collection's structure are the presence of two articles about ghosts and haunting in Bowen's short stories and of two articles about Bowen's reception and place in literary criticism. A more coherent structure with emphasis on the major novels would have made this collection more useful to Bowen scholars and to students in courses on Bowen, British women's modernism, or Anglo-Irish literature.

Field of study: Art
Preparation of Stir Bar Sorptive Extraction Based on o-Nitrophenol Imprinted Polymer and Its Extraction Performance

A new stir bar sorptive extraction(SBSE) based on molecularly imprinted polymer(MIP) with o-nitrophenol as template molecule was prepared.The effect of preparation conditions on the extraction performance of MIP-SBSE was studied.Then,a methodology combined SBSE and liquid desorption,followed by high performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection for the direct determination of trace o-nitrophenol(o-NP) and phenolsin in real samples was developed.To achieve the optimum extraction performance,several main parameters including pH value and ionic strength in the sample matrix,extraction and desorption time were investigated.Under the optimized experimental conditions,the method showed good linearity between 3.0 and 200 μg/L for o-NP.The detection limit(S/N=3) and quantification limit(S/N=10) of the proposed method for o-NP was 0.13 and 0.40 μg/L,respectively.The spiked recoveries for o-NP in real samples ranged from 83.4%-120.9% and 59.8%-129.0% for other phenols.

Field of study: Chemistry
The Effect of Sectioning on Superconducting Fault Current Limiter Operation

Various types of fault currents limiters have been proposed to reduce the fault currents in power transmission lines. The transformer type superconducting (SC) fault current limiter is one of them and has many advantages such as design flexibility. In normal operation mode the impedance is that of short-circuit transformer and has its minimum value. In the event of a load to fault an increase of the primary winding current causing a subsequent current increasing in the secondary SC winding (ring) and its quenching to the normal state. In this case the impedance turns to one in a no-load operation mode, i.e. is maximal performing the fault current limitation in the circuit to be protected. There has been investigated an effect of this sectioning of short-circuit SC windings or rings on the operation. A configuration of the transformer with symmetrical alternatively positioned disc windings is shown to be the optimal.

Field of study: Physics
Early Management and Decision-Making for the Treatment of Myelomeningocele at the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center: Observations Clinical and Ethical

With news of legal action against the Oklahoma University's Health Science Center, and the inevitable consequences of this suit on behalf of the 24 infants with spina bifida who were not recommended for active treatment, but allowed to die without benefit of surgery, antibiotics or sedation, the time seems opportune, before the nation's media heighten community emotions, to examine the crucial clinical and ethical basis of the OUHSC team's program as published (Pediatrics I ~83: 72: pp. 450458), and evaluate calmly, according to criteria which pass the tests of the whole community, their worth and soundness. This legal battle will excite passions and divide this nation. It has the ingredients of a Monday night movie. Its impact on law and medicine in America will be felt for years. For all of these reasons, prior to popular, partisan commentary, I hope this contribution will further the reflection among the health care communities closest, most involved and with the most to lose and gain.

Field of study: Medicine, Philosophy
Upper Cenozoic Basalts with High Sr87/Sr86 and Sr/Rb Ratios, Southern Great Basin, Western United States

Upper Cenozoic basalts from southwestern Nevada and east-central California are unusually rich in both strontium (~ 1,200 ppm) and Sr 87 (initial Sr 87 /Sr 86 ~ 0.707). The average Rb/Sr ratio of these basalts is too low to have generated the observed Sr 87 /Sr 86 ratio during the 4.6 b.y. of the Earth9s existence, and the high strontium contents and low Rb/Sr ratios effectively rule out introduction to the basalts of the high Sr 87 /Sr 86 values through contamination by more radiogenic material during ascent through the crust. Instead, the basalts must have been derived from unusual mantle material in which an originally high Rb/Sr ratio was markedly lowered during an earlier phase of magmatic activity.

Field of study: Geology
A photoluminescence study of selenium-diffused silicon

Two optical bands due to short-time diffusion of Se in Si have been studied by a photoluminescence technique. The bands show similarities to the two Se-related bands reported previously but have shifted in energy. The Se-related bands reported here are only observed after short-time diffusion and, e.g., they are observed after 9 min but not for 18 min diffusion at 1100 °C. One of the bands consists of three sharp zero-phonon lines whereas the other one only shows broad structures. A thermalization study indicates that the sharp lines are due to spin-singlet and -triplet initial states similarly to the Se and S bands studied previously. The spin-triplet state appears to be split into three components which is interpreted to be due to a near axial symmetry crystal field. Luminescence from two of the states is directly observed as zero-phonon lines whereas only a phonon replica of the third one was detected. The excitation spectrum of the neutral isolated Se double donor was observed by photoconductivity measurements which establish that substitutional Se is present in detectable amounts in the samples even for the 9 min samples. It is speculated that the photoluminescence bands are related and/or are precursors to the previously reported bands that are observed after considerably longer diffusion times.

Field of study: Materials science
Isospin Effects of Critical Behavior in Lattice Gas Model

Isopin effects of the critical phenomena were studied via Xe isotopes in the frame of the lattice gas model. All the critical temperatures for four Xe isotopes are close to 5.5 MeV at the same freeze-out density of about 0.39 rho(0). The critical values of power law parameter of mass distribution, mean multiplicity of intermediate mass fragments, information entropy and Campi's second moment show minor dependence on the isospin at the critical point.

Field of study: Physics
Structures of porcine beta-trypsin-detergent complexes: the stabilization of proteins through hydrophilic binding of polydocanol.

Polydocanol has a wide range of medical applications, especially in sclerotherapy of many diseases such as gastrointestinal antiplastia, oesophageal haemangioma etc. It is of interest to study the mode of binding of this medically important detergent and its subsequent action on proteins. Here, three crystal structures of serine protease trypsin are reported in the presence of varying concentrations of polydocanol in order to elucidate its mode of binding and interactions with proteins. Polydocanol binds to the protein with its hydrophilic head rather than the hydrophobic tail as is the case with other detergents such as SDS and MEGA-8. This hydrophilic binding mode results in the binding sites of polydocanol being distributed on the surface of the enzyme. There are at least 11 binding sites for polydocanol in trypsin. Polydocanol forms part of the large-scale water networks which connect distant regions of the enzyme, thereby stabilizing it. The hydrophilic binding of polydocanol also results in cross-linked pairs of trypsin molecules.

Field of study: Chemistry
An improved glyoxal retrieval from OMI measurements

Satellite observations from the SCIAMACHY, GOME-2 and OMI spectrometers have been used to retrieve atmospheric columns of glyoxal (CHOCHO) with the DOAS method. High CHOCHO levels were found over regions with large biogenic and pyrogenic emissions, and hot-spots have been identified over areas of anthropogenic activities. This study focuses on the development of an improved retrieval for CHOCHO from measurements by the OMI instrument. From sensitivity tests, a fitting window and a polynomial degree are determined. Two different approaches to reduce the interference of liquid water absorption over oceanic regions are evaluated, achieving significant reduction of the number of negative columns over clear water regions. The impact of using different absorption cross-sections for water vapour is evaluated and only small differences are found. Finally, a high-temperature (boundary layer ambient: 294 K) absorption cross-section of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is introduced in the DOAS retrieval to account for potential interferences of NO2 over regions with large anthropogenic emissions, leading to improved fit quality over these areas. A comparison with vertical CHOCHO columns retrieved from GOME-2 and SCIAMACHY measurements over continental regions is performed, showing overall good consistency. However, SCIAMACHY CHOCHO columns are systematically higher than those obtained from the other instruments. Using the new OMI CHOCHO data set, the link between fires and glyoxal columns is investigated for two selected regions in Africa. In addition, mapped averages are computed for a fire event in Russia between mid-July and mid-August 2010. In both cases, enhanced CHOCHO levels are found in close spatial and temporal proximity to elevated levels of MODIS fire radiative power, demonstrating that pyrogenic emissions can be clearly identified in the new OMI CHOCHO product.

Field of study: Environmental science
Improving the thermal efficiency of ice slurry production through comminution

Producing ice slurries by crushing blocks of ice and mixing them with an aqueous solution of freezing point depressant can significantly increase the coefficient of system performance, decrease production time and eliminate the negative effects of time behaviour associated with storing fine particle ice slurries. As ice is mixed with an aqueous solution, it melts or freezes, diluting or concentrating the liquid phase. Its resultant properties can be estimated from an enthalpy balance. Using the phase diagram of the NaCl + H 2 O system and published heat capacity curves for ice and brine, a model is constructed that predicts resultant ice slurry properties following mixing. Model predictions are confirmed by experiments where a number of ice, water and salt mixtures are produced whilst their properties are monitored. Finally, it is shown how this method can be used to give optimum salt gritting loads for the deicing of roads.

Field of study: Engineering