nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
New insights into health financing: First results of the international data collection under the System of Health Accounts 2011 framework.

International comparisons of health spending and financing are most frequently carried out using datasets of international organisations based on the System of Health Accounts (SHA). This accounting framework has recently been updated and 2016 saw the first international data collection under the new SHA 2011 guidelines. In addition to reaching better comparability of health spending figures and greater country coverage, the updated framework has seen changes in the dimension of health financing leading to important consequences when analysing health financing data. This article presents the first results of health spending and financing data collected under this new framework and highlights the areas where SHA 2011 has become a more useful tool for policy analysis, by complementing data on expenditure of health financing schemes with information about their revenue streams. It describes the major conceptual changes in the scope of health financing and highlights why comprehensive analyses based on SHA 2011 can provide for a more complete description and comparison of health financing across countries, facilitate a more meaningful discussion of fiscal sustainability of health spending by also analysing the revenues of compulsory public schemes and help to clarify the role of governments in financing health care - which is generally much bigger than previously documented.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Two major accretion epochs in M31 from two distinct populations of globular clusters

Large galaxies grow through the accumulation of dwarf galaxies1,2. In principle it is possible to trace this growth history via the properties of a galaxy’s stellar halo3–5. Previous investigations of the galaxy Messier 31 (M31, Andromeda) have shown that outside a galactocentric radius of 25 kiloparsecs the population of halo globular clusters is rotating in alignment with the stellar disk6,7, as are more centrally located clusters8,9. The M31 halo also contains coherent stellar substructures, along with a smoothly distributed stellar component10–12. Many of the globular clusters outside a radius of 25 kiloparsecs are associated with the most prominent substructures, but some are part of the smooth halo13. Here we report an analysis of the kinematics of these globular clusters. We find two distinct populations rotating perpendicular to each other. The rotation axis for the population associated with the smooth halo is aligned with the rotation axis for the plane of dwarf galaxies14 that encircles M31. We interpret these separate cluster populations as arising from two major accretion epochs, probably separated by billions of years. Stellar substructures from the first epoch are gone, but those from the more recent second epoch still remain. There are two distinct kinematic populations of globular clusters in Messier 31 (M31, the Andromeda galaxy) with rotation axes perpendicular to each other, suggesting that they arose from merger events separated by billions of years.

Field of study: Physics
Lower Limbs Alignment in Patients with a Unilateral Completely Dislocated Hip

Severe hip osteoarthritis is known to lead to secondary osteoarthritis of the knee joint. It is not clear whether contracture or a leg length discrepancy is more important in determining the knee alignment.  In this study, 48 hips in 48 patients with a unilateral completely dislocated hip (Crowe IV) were recruited. The patients were divided into two groups (Crowe IVa and IVb). The Crowe IVa group had completely dislocation with psudo-articulation, and the Crowe IVb group had completely dislocation without psudo-articulation. The lower limb alignment was divided into three patterns according to the femorotibial angle; varus (≥176 degrees), neutral(170 to 175 degrees) and valgus(≤169 degrees).  The combination of valgus alignment on the affected side and varus alignment on the unaffected side, so-called “windswept deformity” was observed in 12.5% of the patients; this included 18.2% and 7.7%, in the Crowe IVa and Crowe IVb groups, respectively. The valgus alignment on the unaffected side, namely “long leg arthropathy,” was found to have occurred in 6.3% of the patients, including 13.6% of the patients in the Crowe IVa group; there were no cases of long “leg arthropathy” in the Crowe IVb group.  The lower limb alignment on the unaffected side had a tendency to be varus in the Crowe IV patients. The “windswept deformity” was observed in each of the groups; however, “long leg arthropathy” was only found in the Crowe IVa group.

Field of study: Medicine
Medicinal Importance of Herbs & Spices

The US. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) define a spice as an “aromatic vegetable substance whose significant function in food is “seasoning rather than nutrition” and from which “no portion of any volatile oil or other flavoring principle has been removed . But herbs are defined as leafy and green part in non-woody plants of temperate climate zone. When fresh, herbs are more fragrant, but spices are mostly stronger as dried powders. In some cases both herb and spice may come from the same plant. Dill is an example; the seeds from the dill plant are spices, while the stalk of the plant is herb this is because herbs have always been recognized as the green, leafy products.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Sex steroids are necessary in the second postnatal week for the expression of male alloparental behavior in prairie voles (Microtus ochragaster).

Sex steroids play a significant role in organizing male social behavior, which is associated with low levels of pro-social behavior and high levels of aggression. However, the role of steroids in organizing behavior in highly social males is unclear. The authors tested the hypothesis that low levels of sex steroids facilitate the expression of pro-social behavior in male prairie voles (Microtus ochragaster), predicting that inhibition of testosterone and estradiol would reduce spontaneous-alloparental behavior. Treatment with the aromatase inhibitor 1,4,6-androstatriene-3,17-dione (ATD) or the androgen receptor blocker flutamide, days 8-14, significantly reduced the expression of alloparental behavior in 21-day old males. While both treatments reduced alloparental behavior and increased pup-directed aggression, there were differential treatment effects. Flutamide altered initial response, increasing latency to enter the pup cage and the likelihood of retreat from initial contact. ATD-treated males that were alloparental showed increases in sniffing and latencies to lick and huddle. Results indicate that endogenous steroids play a role in the development of male pro-social behavior and the effects of estrogens and androgens differ.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
[Scientific bases of the organization of psychiatric care: development of a conceptual framework of modern mental health services].

Analysis and development of conceptual models of mental health organization allowing to determine the perspective directions of its further development.



The work was based on the collection of scientific publications on the problems of psychiatric care organization as well as the results of own research carried out by the authors over the last 25 years. System analysis was used for the development and analysis of the major conceptual models of mental health care.



The system analysis of the major conceptual models of mental health care - from the matrix model to models of the DSM-5 and RDoC, was carried out. Priorities and main AIM: of the research were specified. It has been shown that the Analytic Hierarchy Process should be used, along with traditional methods, to solve the addressed problems.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Real-time PCR quantification of nitrifying bacteria in a municipal wastewater treatment plant.

Real-time PCR assays using TaqMan or Molecular Beacon probes were developed and optimized for the quantification of total bacteria, the nitrite-oxidizing bacteria Nitrospira, and Nitrosomonas oligotropha-like ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB) in mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) from a municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) using a single-sludge nitrification process. The targets for the real-time PCR assays were the 16S rRNA genes (16S rDNA) for bacteria and Nitrospira spp. and the amoA gene for N. oligotropha. A previously reported assay for AOB 16S rDNA was also tested for its application to activated sludge. The Nitrospira 16S rDNA, AOB 16S rDNA, and N. oligotropha-like amoA assays were log-linear over 6 orders of magnitude and the bacterial 16S rDNA real-time PCR assay was log-linear over 4 orders of magnitude with DNA standards. When these real-time PCR assays were applied to DNA extracted from MLSS, dilution of the DNA extracts was necessary to prevent PCR inhibition. The optimal DNA dilution range was broad for the bacterial 16S rDNA (1000-fold) and Nitrospira 16S rDNA assays (2500-fold) but narrow for the AOB 16S rDNA assay (10-fold) and N. oligotropha-like amoA real-time PCR assay (5-fold). In twelve MLSS samples collected over one year, mean cell per L values were 4.3 +/- 2.0 x 10(11) for bacteria, 3.7 +/- 3.2 x 10(10) for Nitrospira, 1.2 +/- 0.9 x 10(10) for all AOB, and 7.5 +/- 6.0 x 10(9) for N. oligotropha-like AOB. The percent of the nitrifying population was 1.7% N. oligotropha-like AOB based on the N. oligotropha amoA assay, 2.9% total AOB based on the AOB 16S rDNA assay, and 8.6% nitrite-oxidizing bacteria based on the Nitrospira 16S rDNA assay. Ammonia-oxidizing bacteria in the wastewater treatment plant were estimated to oxidize 7.7 +/- 6.8 fmol/hr/cell based on the AOB 16S rDNA assay and 12.4 +/- 7.3 fmol/hr/cell based on the N. oligotropha amoA assay.

Field of study: Environmental science
An Extremely Massive Quiescent Galaxy at z = 3.493: Evidence of Insufficiently Rapid Quenching Mechanisms in Theoretical Models

We present spectra of the most massive quiescent galaxy yet discovered at $z>3$, spectroscopically confirmed via the detection of Balmer absorption features in the $H-$ and $K-$bands of Keck/MOSFIRE. The spectra confirm a galaxy with no significant ongoing star formation, consistent with the lack of rest-frame UV flux and overall photometric spectral energy distribution. With a stellar mass of $3.1^{+0.1}_{-0.2} \times 10^{11} ~\rm{M}_\odot$ at $z = 3.493$, this galaxy is nearly three times more massive than the highest redshift spectroscopically confirmed absorption-line identified galaxy known. The star-formation history of this quiescent galaxy implies that it formed $>1000 ~\rm{M}_\odot$/yr for almost 0.5 Gyr beginning at $z\sim7.2$, strongly suggestive that it is the descendant of massive dusty star-forming galaxies at $5<z<7$ recently observed with ALMA. While galaxies with similarly extreme stellar masses are reproduced in some simulations at early times, such a lack of ongoing star formation is not seen there. This suggests the need for a more rapid quenching process than is currently prescribed, challenging our current understanding of how ultra-massive galaxies form and evolve in the early Universe.

Field of study: Physics
Näherungsweise Berücksichtigung von Austausch und Selbstwechselwirkung bei Rechnungen nach der Methode des selbstkonsistenten Feldes

Die Energien des AustauscheffektsEA und der SelbstwechselwirkungEs weichen bei Atomen betrachtlich (Faktor ∼2) von den Werten ab, die von der statistischen Theorie des freien Elektronengases vorhergesagt werden. Diese Fehler, wie auch der ganz analoge, bekannte Fehler bei der Korrelationsenergie, sind qualitativ erklarbar durch die Lokalisierung der Elektronen im Atom. Das bei Atomen im Gegensatz zur Korrelation der Austausch durch das einfache statistische Modell trotzdem befriedigend erfast werden kann, beruht darauf, das sich die Fehler beiEA undEs einigermasen kompensieren. Das entsprechend modifizierte Thomas-Fermi-Diracsche Atommodell liefert eine verbesserte Beschreibung der Zustandsgleichung fur Materie unter sehr hohem Druck, wie auch ein modifiziertes Hartree-Fock-Slater-Modell zu verbesserten Resultaten gefuhrt hat. Dagegen bleibt der systematische Fehler des Thomas-Fermi-Modells bei mittleren Drucken im wesentlichen bestehen.

Field of study: Physics
Aerosol retrieval experiments in the ESA Aerosol_cci project

Within the ESA Climate Change Initiative (CCI) project Aerosol_cci (2010–2013), algorithms for the production of long-term total column aerosol optical depth (AOD) datasets from European Earth Observation sensors are developed. Starting with eight existing pre-cursor algorithms three analysis steps are conducted to improve and qualify the algorithms: (1) a series of experiments applied to one month of global data to understand several major sensitivities to assumptions needed due to the ill-posed nature of the underlying inversion problem, (2) a round robin exercise of "best" versions of each of these algorithms (defined using the step 1 outcome) applied to four months of global data to identify mature algorithms, and (3) a comprehensive validation exercise applied to one complete year of global data produced by the algorithms selected as mature based on the round robin exercise. The algorithms tested included four using AATSR, three using MERIS and one using PARASOL. This paper summarizes the first step. Three experiments were conducted to assess the potential impact of major assumptions in the various aerosol retrieval algorithms. In the first experiment a common set of four aerosol components was used to provide all algorithms with the same assumptions. The second experiment introduced an aerosol property climatology, derived from a combination of model and sun photometer observations, as a priori information in the retrievals on the occurrence of the common aerosol components. The third experiment assessed the impact of using a common nadir cloud mask for AATSR and MERIS algorithms in order to characterize the sensitivity to remaining cloud contamination in the retrievals against the baseline dataset versions. The impact of the algorithm changes was assessed for one month (September 2008) of data: qualitatively by inspection of monthly mean AOD maps and quantitatively by comparing daily gridded satellite data against daily averaged AERONET sun photometer observations for the different versions of each algorithm globally (land and coastal) and for three regions with different aerosol regimes. The analysis allowed for an assessment of sensitivities of all algorithms, which helped define the best algorithm versions for the subsequent round robin exercise; all algorithms (except for MERIS) showed some, in parts significant, improvement. In particular, using common aerosol components and partly also a priori aerosol-type climatology is beneficial. On the other hand the use of an AATSR-based common cloud mask meant a clear improvement (though with significant reduction of coverage) for the MERIS standard product, but not for the algorithms using AATSR. It is noted that all these observations are mostly consistent for all five analyses (global land, global coastal, three regional), which can be understood well, since the set of aerosol components defined in Sect. 3.1 was explicitly designed to cover different global aerosol regimes (with low and high absorption fine mode, sea salt and dust).

Field of study: Environmental science
Specific heat measurement of thin suspended SiN membrane from 8 K to 300 K using the 3ω-Völklein method.

We present a specific heat measurement technique adapted to thin or very thin suspended membranes from low temperature (8 K) to 300 K. The presented device allows the measurement of the heat capacity of a 70 ng silicon nitride membrane (50 or 100 nm thick), corresponding to a heat capacity of 1.4 × 10(-10) J/K at 8 K and 5.1 × 10(-8) J/K at 300 K. Measurements are performed using the 3ω method coupled to the Völklein geometry. This configuration allows the measurement of both specific heat and thermal conductivity within the same experiment. A transducer (heater/thermometer) is used to create an oscillation of the heat flux on the membrane; the voltage oscillation appearing at the third harmonic which contains the thermal information is measured using a Wheatstone bridge set-up. The heat capacity measurement is performed by measuring the variation of the 3ω voltage over a wide frequency range and by fitting the experimental data using a thermal model adapted to the heat transfer across the membrane. The experimental data are compared to a regular Debye model; the specific heat exhibits features commonly seen for glasses at low temperature.

Field of study: Physics
Thermodynamic properties of ammonia in the critical region

A theoretically based crossover model, which incorporates a crossover from singular thermodynamic behavior at the critical point to regular thermodynamic behavior far away from the critical point, is presented for the thermodynamic properties of ammonia. The equation is capable of representing the thermodynamic properties of ammonia between 398 and 500 K in an appreciable range of densities around the critical density. The crossover equation of state was constructed so that it can be used in conjunction with the classical equation of state developed by Tillner-Roth et al. (TR EOS), which works well outside the critical region. We have also compared our crossover equation of state with the widely used equation of state for ammonia developed earlier by Haar and Gallagher (HG EOS).

Field of study: Engineering
Behavior of rhesus monkeys during 28-day cycles of estrogen treatment.

Sixteen ovariectomized rhesus monkeys were paired, each with two males, during thirty-two 28-day periods during which they received one or more of the following schedules of daily injections: (a) different mixtures of estradiol benzoate, progesterone, and testosterone propionate (artificial menstrual cycles), (b) the doses of estradiol benzoate given in artificial cycles but without the other hormones (cyclic estradiol regimens), and (c) appropriate control treatments (625 one-hour behavioral tests). Hormone doses were adjusted to give plasma levels in the physiological range (335 blood samples). Measures of male sexual activity during artificial cycles and during cyclic estradiol regimens showed significant cyclic changes, but these changes were indistinguishable from each other. In four females studied in an operant conditioning paradigm, there was a midcycle dip in the times taken to obtain access to males during the cyclic estradiol regimens. The data indicated that the estrogen state of the female plays a preponderant role in determining the cyclic changes in the behavioral interactions of the pair independently of the effects of other ovarian hormones.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Quantum entanglement in nuclear Cooper pair tunneling with $\gamma$-rays.

While Josephson-like junctions, transiently established in heavy ion collisions ($\tau_{coll}\approx10^{-21}$ s) between superfluid nuclei --through which Cooper pair tunneling ($Q$-value $Q_{2n}$) proceeds mainly in terms of successive transfer of entangled nucleons-- is deprived from the macroscopic aspects of a supercurrent, it displays many of the special effects associated with spontaneous symmetry breaking in gauge space (BCS condensation), which can be studied in terms of individual quantum states and of tunneling of single Cooper pairs. From the results of studies of one- and two- neutron transfer reactions carried out at energies below the Coulomb barrier we estimate the value of the mean square radius (correlation length) of the nuclear Cooper pair. A quantity related to the largest distance of closest approach for which the absolute two-nucleon tunneling cross section is of the order of the single-particle one. Furthermore, emission of $\gamma$-rays of (Josephson) frequency $\nu_J=Q_{2n}/h$ distributed over an energy range $\hbar/\tau_{coll}$ is predicted.

Field of study: Physics
Application of an Agent based SID in the Domain of Telecom

Building a new generation of Business Operation Support System (BOSS) is an only way for operators of Telecom to promote their competition all the round.This paper introduces New Generation Operations Systems and Software(NGOSS) and common frame of Sharing Information Data model(SID) proposed by it.Then,focuses on constructing a certain SID with the guidance of common frame and design the main model of sharing information service combined with Agent technology.Finally,points out some problems that should be paid attention to while building BOSS based on SID model.

Field of study: Computer science
Electrical and dielectric behavior in blends of polyurethane-based ionomers

In the present work, the electrical and dielectric behaviors in ionomer blends of an anion-containing polyurethane (PU 1 ) and polyaminourethane (PU 2 ) have been investigated by using ac Dielectric Relaxation Spectroscopy (DRS), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Thermally Stimulated Depolarization Currents (TSDC) methods. The ionomer blends are characterized from microphase separation of soft-rich and hard microregions. Two conductivity mechanisms contribute to the dc conductivity of the ionomer blends. That of the shorter relaxation time is correlated to the soft-rich microregions and the other with the longer relaxation time is correlated to the hard microregions. From the comparison between ionomers of different composition, it is found that a faster conductivity relaxation mechanism of the soft-rich microregions implies a faster conductivity relaxation mechanism of the hard microregions. This behavior can be understood in terms of concept of the dynamic energy barriers. From the comparison between the ionomer blends, a smaller temperature difference, Δ T 1 = T MWS − T α , between the temperatures of the current maximum of the Maxwell–Wagner–Sillars (MWS) and α-relaxation mechanisms, corresponds to a greater dc conductivity. The formalisms of the dielectric function e *, electric modulus M *, and complex impedance Z * of the ac dielectric spectroscopy reveal the existence, with different weights, of the various mechanisms of dipolar and conductivity relaxation. The combined use of these formalisms, and especially their imaginary parts, gives the possibility to extract conclusions about the origin and the characteristics of the various relaxation mechanisms, as well as about their correlation with the physical processes which take place in the bulk of the materials.

Field of study: Materials science