nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The Black Voting Rights Issue in Pennsylvania, 1780-1900

DURING the nineteenth century most blacks viewed the voting franchise as a panacea for solving their problems. What they failed to realize was that their success or failure in achieving the goal of equal rights was dependent upon many variables operating in American society. Pennsylvania, a state where during the nineteenth century blacks encountered the determined opposition of prejudiced whites, offers an excellent example of the potential for improving their conditions and the problems which voting rights presented to northern blacks. The Pennsylvania Abolition Act of 1780 provided for the gradual abolition of slavery but made no comment as to the political status of free blacks. The question as to whether blacks could legally exercise the right to vote depended upon the interpretation of the state's Constitution of 1776 which extended the franchise to "every freeman of the full age of twenty-one years, having resided in this State for one whole year before the day of election for Representatives and paid public taxes during that time. . . ." The key word in this passage was freeman. Many white officials considered this term to exclude blacks due to their past status. Without a revision in the language of the Constitution or a ruling by the courts, the status of black voters remained ambiguous and was left to the discretion of local officials. An opportunity to clarify the wording of the Constitution developed in 1789 when the citizens of Pennsylvania called for a constitutional convention to revise that document. When the suffrage article was brought up for consideration, several antiblack

Field of study: History
Ranking of soybean cultivars for resistance to ozone using different ozone doses and response measures

The relative resistance (ranking) of soybean Glycine max (L.) Merr. cultivars Dare, Hood, Lee 68 and Scott to ozone (O 3 ) was affected by the O 3 concentration, duration of exposure and the response measure selected as the criterion for ranking. The ranking of cultivars obtained by exposure to chronic doses of O 3 was often different from that obtained by exposure to acute doses. Rankings based on growth effects were usually different from those based on foliar injury. Rankings based on primary leaf injury sometimes differed from those based on trifoliate leaf injury. The results show a need for further work in order to develop methods of screening cultivars for resistance to O 3 .

Field of study: Environmental science
Geometric realization of PRV components and the Littlewood-Richardson cone

Let X = G/B and let L1 and L2 be two line bundles on X. Consider the cup product map H q1(X,L1) H q2(X,L2) ! H q (X,L), where L = L1L2 and q = q1+q2. We find necessary and sufficient conditions for this map to be a nonzero map of G-modules. We also discuss the converse question, i.e. given irreducible G-modules U and V , which irreducible compo- nents W of UV may appear in the right hand side of the equation above. The answer is surprisingly elegant — all such W are generalized PRV components of multiplicity one. Along the way we encounter numerous connections of our problem with problems coming from Representation Theory, Combinatorics, and Geometry. Perhaps the most intriguing relations are with questions about the Littlewood-Richardson cone. This article is expository in nature. We announce results, comment on connections between different fields of Mathematics, and state a number of open questions. The proofs will appear in a forthcoming paper.

Field of study: Mathematics
Decomposition characteristics of three different kinds of aquatic macrophytes and their potential application as carbon resource in constructed wetland.

Decomposition of aquatic macrophytes usually generates significant influence on aquatic environment. Study on the aquatic macrophytes decomposition may help reusing the aquatic macrophytes litters, as well as controlling the water pollution caused by the decomposition process. This study verified that the decomposition processes of three different kinds of aquatic macrophytes (water hyacinth, hydrilla and cattail) could exert significant influences on water quality of the receiving water, including the change extent of pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), the contents of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus, etc. The influence of decomposition on water quality and the concentrations of the released chemical materials both followed the order of water hyacinth > hydrilla > cattail. Greater influence was obtained with higher dosage of plant litter addition. The influence also varied with sediment addition. Moreover, nitrogen released from the decomposition of water hyacinth and hydrilla were mainly NH3-N and organic nitrogen while those from cattail litter included organic nitrogen and NO3--N. After the decomposition, the average carbon to nitrogen ratio (C/N) in the receiving water was about 2.6 (water hyacinth), 5.3 (hydrilla) and 20.3 (cattail). Therefore, cattail litter might be a potential plant carbon source for denitrification in ecological system of a constructed wetland.

Field of study: Environmental science
Gene Structure Analysis and Molecular Marker Development of HbTCTP

The translationally controlled tumour protein(TCTP)is a ubiquitous and highly conserved protein in all eukaryotic organisms.As a multi-functioning protein,TCTP carries out vital roles in various life processes.Based on the known cDNA sequence of HbTCTP,we designed the primers to amplify the genome of HbTCTP,and got the genomic sequence of HbTCTP by sequencing the PCR product in this research.The results from aligning genomic and cDNA sequence of HbTCTP showed that HbTCTP contained four introns and five exons,and all intron/exon boundaries were in accordance with the GT/AG rule.The SSR and ILP markers were developed according to the nucleotide sequences and gene structure of HbTCTP,and the polymorphisms of SSR and ILP markers were further detected among 10 Hevea clones.The results showed that the SSR and ILP markers indicated polymorphic among 10 Hevea clones,and the polymorphisms of SSR and ILP markers resulted from the repeat time of SSR and length of intron,respectively.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
ACTIVE CONTROL OF SEISMIC RESPONSE AND DESIGN OF AMD SYSTEM PARAMETERS FOR THE SECOND NANJING YANGTZE-RIVER BRIDGE

Using AMD system, a method for active control of long span cable-stayed bridges under seismic loads is presented in this paper. The motion equation order of bridge is reduced by modal technique, and the classical linear optimal control theory is employed. The present method has been used in the active control of seismic response of the second Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge subjected to EL-Centro and man-made earthquake excitations. The controlled modes number and actuator configurations of bridge are discussed in details. Subsequently, the parameters of AMD system for long-span cable-stayed bridge are designed and optimized. The influences of mass and spring stiffness on the performance index and the maximum actor effect are analyzed. The basic parameters of AMD adapting to the Second Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge are recommended.

Field of study: Engineering
Unifying Unfair Terms Legislation

There are two major pieces of UK legislation which focus on unfair terms the Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977 (UCTA) and the Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts Regulations 1999' (the Regulations). For over twenty-five years UCTA has been rendering exemption clauses in consumer and business contracts ineffective, either automatically or because they fail a reasonableness test. In the consumer context the Regulations apply a fairness test to non-individually negotiated terms more generally and have been seen as 'turning on its head ... the general duty of the lawyer to draft wholly and exclusively in the interests of the client'.2 UCTA and the Regulations are probably the two single most significant pieces of legislation in the field of contract law in the UK. Together they provide a powerful weapon against unfair terms. Unfortunately, they are completely unrelated to each other. Each individually is not an easy piece of legislation to understand and the complexities become considerable when their differences and overlaps fall to be considered. It is therefore to be welcomed that the Law Commissions have now ventured into this maze with a consultation document. Its terms of reference

Field of study: Law
Phase Coherence Appearance in Thin Superconducting Film with Strong Disorders. The Return to the Mendelssohn Model

It is shown that transition from the mixed state without the phase coherence to the mixed state with the long-range phase coherence (i.e. to the Abrikosov state) of superconductors without disorder must be first order phase transition. The phase coherence appearance in thin superconducting film with strong disorder is considered. The observed smooth transition is explained by increasing of the effective fluctuation dimensionality (from zero to one) in superconductors with strong disorder. Mendelssohn model is used for the explanation of the resistive properties of film with strong disorder.

Field of study: Physics
Engage or Run

Perhaps the most significant personal transformation of this intern year has been the shift of the fallenness and brokenness of this world from an intellectual apprehension and more theoretical consideration to a monkey on my back that weighs me down, beats me down, taunts me, and dares me to give up and give in. Did I know the world was fallen, cursed, and broken before this year? Yes. Had I experienced it? Yes, but . . . my experience was far more limited. My life was insulated, with walls around it, protecting me from having to “touch” the brokenness in all its messiness and ugliness. The brokenness I had experienced previously in my own life and the lives of my close friends and family always seemed finite and fixable; it did not seem out of control. Was I wrong to see it this way? Sure, in some sense. Was I blind to the infiniteness of sin even if more “minor”? Probably. But that is not my point here. My point is an existential, internal, emotional one. In some ways, I felt like sin, the Fall, and its ramifications were contained. But, over the course of this year, that feeling has been destroyed.

Field of study: Medicine, Philosophy
Preparation and characterization of monoclonal antibodies against mouse estrogen-enhanced transcript

In order to explore the tissue and sub-cellular distribution of mouse estrogen-enhanced transcript(mEET) protein, we prepared and characterized monoclonal antibodies against mEET.  Hybridomas were generated by fusion of Sp2/0 myelomas and spleen cells from rats immunized with mEET recombinant proteins. Hypoxanthine-aminopterin-thymidine-resistant clones were then screened for secretion of antibodies specific for mEET by ELISA and identificated by Western blot. The monoclonal antibodies were subsequently used for studies of tissue distribution and sub-cellular localization of mEET protein by immunofluorescence or immunohistochemistry.  Four hybridoma cell lines, DA10, DB4, 4A5 and 4D8, were produced, each of which stably secrets antibodies again mEET. Isotyping indicated that they were IgM antibodies. Immunofluorescent assay demonstrated that mEET protein was mainly distributed in cytoplasm, whereas immunochemistry study showed wide tissue distribution with particularly high levels of expression in megakaryocytes in bone marrow.  The monoclonal antibodies against mEET protein have been successfully prepared, which should provide useful reagent for further investigation into the biological function of mEET.

Field of study: Biology
Do wooded streets provide connectivity for bats in an urban landscape?

The effects of urbanization on bats are poorly understood, but published data suggests it might be detrimental to them. Even though urban parks provide refuge to native biota, the nature of the urban landscape exacerbates the insularization process. In order to evaluate if wooded streets in an urban landscape provide connectivity for bats, we compared bat community structure in three different types of habitats: urban parks, wooded streets and non-wooded streets. Sampling occurred monthly from August 2006 to July 2007 in the city of Vitória, southeastern Brazil. Richness, relative abundance and diversity were higher in urban parks and lower in non-wooded streets. Jaccard’s similarity index showed that the wooded streets are more similar to non-wooded streets than to urban parks. Urbanization may benefit generalist species by providing new resources, but for specialist species critical resources may be lost and persistence endangered. There is evidence that wooded streets may provide some degree of connectivity for birds in urban landscapes, but our results suggest that this is not the case, with wooded streets being used by few individuals of a few species. Vegetation cover is important to maintain bat diversity in urban centers. Activities like landscape planning and gardening should include biodiversity data in their outputs in order to better design a landscape that improves the likelihood of persistence of bats.

Field of study: Environmental science
Antagonistic effects of melatonin on glutamate release and neurotoxicity in cerebral cortex.

To observe the effects of melatonin (Mel) on glutamate (Glu) release from the cortical synaptosomes in old mice and on neurotoxicity induced by KCl, Glu in cultured cortical cells of fetal rat and to explore the antiaging mechanism of Mel.



Glu release by the synaptosomes in old mouse cerebral cortex was detected in a spectrofluorophotometer. The neuronal viability in primary cultures from rat cerebral cortex was assessed using MTT stain and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) efflux in the bathing medium.



Mel inhibited the K+ (30 mmol.L-1)-induced Glu release from synaptosomes either in calcium dependent or independent conditions [control (10.6 +/- 1.1), (9.2 +/- 0.7) mumol.g-1 (protein); Mel 0.1 mumol.L-1 (6.5 +/- 0.9), (7.5 +/- 0.6) mumol.g-1 (protein), respectively, P < 0.01 vs control group), increased MTT activity (control 0.67 +/- 0.04, 0.81 +/- 0.03; Mel 0.1 mumol.L-1 0.715 +/- 0.023, 0.925 +/- 0.027, P < 0.01 vs control group] and decreased LDH efflux (control 0.400 +/- 0.016, 0.379 +/- 0.016; Mel 0.1 mumol.L-1 0.345 +/- 0.021, 0.340 +/- 0.012, respectively, P < 0.01 vs control group), therefore, protected the neuronal viability against KCl and Glu-induced injury.



The inhibitory effect of Mel on Glu release from cortical synaptosome and the protective effect of Mel on cortical neurons against neurotoxicity are its antiaging mechanisms.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Transcriptional responses of the vasopressin and corticotropin-releasing hormone genes to acute and repeated intraperitoneal hypertonic saline injection in rats.

The contribution of corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) and vasopressin (VP) to the adaptation of ACTH responses to chronic stress was studied by analysis of CRH and VP expression in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of rats receiving acute or chronic i.p. hypertonic saline injection (ipHS), a stress model in which the HPA axis is not desensitized after repeated stimulation. Repeated ipHS for 14 days had no effect on CRH hnRNA levels but increased CRH mRNA levels by 42.2%. Parallel with preserved plasma corticosterone responses to repeated ipHS, CRH hnRNA responses and CRH mRNA response to the last injection in repeatedly stressed rats were identical to those in naive rats (8.6-fold increase by 15 min, returning to basal level by 1 h). Parvocellular VP hnRNA responses to a single ipHS were slower and more prolonged than for CRH (7.1-, 11.5-, 9.8- and 4.6-fold by 1, 2, 4 and 6 h), and VP mRNA levels increased by 4 h and remained elevated 12 h later. Parvocellular VP hnRNA was at basal levels after 14 days ipHS, but VP mRNA levels remained elevated as during acute stimulation. Despite high basal mRNA levels, VP hnRNA responses to the last repeated ipHS were minor, suggesting increases in mRNA stability. This study shows that conserved pituitary ACTH responsiveness to a homotypical repeated stress is associated with the ability of parvocellular PVN neurons to increase CRH transcription after repeated stimulation.

Field of study: Biology
LIQUID DISTRIBUTION IN CORRUGATED SHEET STRUCTURED PACKED COLUMN

By treating an element of structured packing as a three-dimensional node net and analyzing the flow patterns of 2 kinds of liquid stream in the net,i.e. net line flow and node flow, the liquid distribution model for an element of structured packing was eslablished.By transforming the liquid exchange between packing and column wall into that between the node net of packing and the node net of column wall,the liquid distribution model for the column wall zone around a packing element was presented.The boundary conditions for the liquid distribution problem of structured packed columns were proposed. The liquid distribution model for corrugated sheet structured packed columns was thus composed of the above two models and relevant boundary conditions. Three model parameters were estimated by using the simplex method. The calculated results agreed very well with the experimental data, that is to say, the mathematical model could describe the liquid flow behavior in corrugated sheet structured packed column correctly.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
ARTICLES: Possibility of population inversion by ultraviolet optical pumping

A study is made of the possibility of a population inversion as a result of the 1s2p/sup 3/P ..-->.. 1s/sup 2/ transition in He-like ions of the elements with z = 6--15. The ions accumulate in the upper state 1s2p/sup 3/P as a result of optical pumping of an active medium containing Li-like ions by radiation from a laser plasma followed by a spontaneous transition to the ground state. The wavelength of the radiation due to this transition is 0.6--4.1 nm and the gain is 10/sup -2/ cm/sup -1/. A study is made of the possibility of increasing the gain by compressing the active medium.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
WE‐E‐AUD A‐05: A Simplified Method of Dose Accumulation in 4DCT

To demonstrate, both in phantom and patient, the feasibility of approximating the subject's density distribution via an average 4DCT image (AVG‐CT), calculate cumulative dose delivered during respiration with this technique, and evaluate the results with a full 4D dose summation.  A series of 4DCT numerical phantoms (9 phases, lungtumor excursions 2, 3, and 4 cm in S‐I direction) and their AVG‐CT images were generated. For full 4D dose summation, static dose was calculated on each phase, each dose matrix was sampled with known displacement, and dose was accumulated over all phases. Using the same clinical plan, the AVG‐CT cumulative dose was calculated by combining the static AVG‐CT dose with known tumor displacement, and assuming the dose distribution was the same for all phases. Four lungcancer cases were also evaluated for stereotactic body radiotherapy and conformal treatments. Here, deformable image registration was used to generate the patient‐specific motion model from 4DCT. Dose accumulation was analogous to phantom, however, each phase's dose matrix was sampled using the displacement vector field.Dose discrepancy (D) between full 4D summation and AVG‐CT approach was calculated and compared.  For all phantoms, AVG‐CT approximation yielded slightly higher cumulative doses compared to full 4D summation, with dose discrepancy increasing with increased tumor excursion. In vivo, using the AVG‐CT coupled with deformable registration yielded a modest increase in cumulative dose relative to full 4D dose summation and not at clinically applicable levels (D < 2%). Even for a patient with substantial tumor motion near the diaphragm, dose discrepancy was within 4%.  Simplifying 4D dose accumulation via the AVG‐CT, while fully accounting for tumor deformation due to respiratory motion, has been validated, thereby introducing the potential to streamline the use of 4D dose calculations in clinical practice.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Application of Markov Decision Process in Scheduling Algorithm on Concurrent Multipath Redundancy Transmission

Traditional network terminal equipment is usually connected to a single path network,so when an exception occurs in the path usually seriously affect the data transmission quality.With the development of overlay network and heterogeneous multi-access networks,concurrent multi-path transmission has become possible.The scheduling algorithm for multi-path transmission is the core issue of the recently research.This paper presents a Markov Decision Process based scheduling algorithm on concurrent multi-path redundant transmission which divides a transmission into several steady-state strategy of Markov process to make a decision and transmit key data redundantly in other path.It fulfills the requirements of real-time transmission and improves data transmission reliability.Simulation results show that the scheduling algorithm can correctly perceive the changes and dispatch more data to the path of better quality when the path transmission quality changes and effectively reduce the impact of the transmission when path quality deteriorates.The algorithm can be applied to audio,video and other real-time services,which will effectively improve the user experience.

Field of study: Computer science
Gate-tunable and high responsivity graphene phototransistors on undoped semiconductor substrates

Due to its high charge carrier mobility, broadband light absorption, and ultrafast carrier dynamics, graphene is a promising material for the development of high-performance photodetectors. Graphene-based photodetectors have been demonstrated to date using monolayer graphene operating in conjunction with either metals or semiconductors. Most graphene devices are fabricated on doped Si substrates with SiO2 dielectric used for back gating. Here, we demonstrate photodetection in graphene field effect phototransistors fabricated on undoped semiconductor (SiC) substrates. The photodetection mechanism relies on the high sensitivity of the graphene conductivity to the local change of the electric field that can result from the photo-excited charge carriers produced in the back-gated semiconductor substrate. We also modeled the device and simulated its operation using the finite element method to validate the existence of the field induced photoresponse mechanism and study its properties. Our graphene phototransistor possesses a room-temperature photoresponsivity as high as ~ 7.4 A/W, higher than the required photoresponsivity (1 A/W) in most practical applications. The light power-dependent photocurrent and photoresponsivity can be tuned by the source-drain bias voltage and back-gate voltage. Graphene phototransistors based on this simple and generic architecture can be fabricated by depositing graphene on a variety of undoped substrates, and are attractive for many applications in which photodetection or radiation detection is sought.

Field of study: Physics
A novel diagonal-current injection VCSEL design proposed for nitride lasers

An advanced three-dimensional optical-electrical model has been used for nitride lasers to design a novel vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) configuration with a diagonal-current injection (DCI) mechanism. The design has been optimized for the lowest room-temperature (RT) lasing threshold which has been found to be similar to RT thresholds of advanced arsenide and phosphide VCSELs. The DCI nitride VCSEL demonstrates very promising anticipated RT threshold characteristics. Its optical structure is very selective: the fundamental mode exhibits distinctly the lowest threshold. In addition, the lasing threshold has been found to be exponentially proportional to the barrier width.

Field of study: Materials science