nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
ARTICLES: Parametric generation of picosecond light pulses with an energy conversion greater than 50%

Coordinated theoretical and experimental investigations were made of the conditions for achieving high energy exchange in three-wave parametric interaction of temporally and spatially modulated picosecond light packets. An efficiency of 50% was achieved for conversion of pump energy into radiation with continuously tunable wavelengths under optimal conditions in a KDP crystal. In this case, a spatial pump-radiation profile without random amplitude-phase distortions was an extremely important factor.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Specific Conductive Carbon Blacks in Plastics Applications

New developments in knowledge of conductive carbon blacks and their conduction mechanisms have led to new plastics compounds. Conductive carbon blacks enable us to make polymers conductive at a ‘low’ or ‘very low’ loading, leading to better mechanical property retention. The ‘in-mixture’ dispersion and the resulting ultimate dispersion quality also influence the final properties. This study shows the impact of conductive carbon blacks (high structure, low and high surface area) on plastics performance, and especially on electrical properties. Some guidelines for compounding are also covered. This understanding gives rise to new applications and provides the tool to select the most appropriate carbon black to fit the application demand.

Field of study: Materials science
Vera Brittain and Winifred Holtby: A Working Partnership, and: Dangerous by Degrees: Women at Oxford and the Somerville College Novelists (review)

the valorization of working-class culture during the fifties, one should perhaps simply be grateful that so many of the works Jean E. Kennard and Susan J. Leonardi deal with are again available and hope that all of them may become so during one's lifetime. Kennard's bookÂ—the first extensive study of Brittain's and Holtby's workÂ— employs a new formulation of Chodorow's hypothesis that, because of her early relationship to her mother, a woman's heterosexuality is necessarily triangular, needing a child for completion: a woman might, instead of a child, depend on a close friendship with a woman in her lifelong struggle to wrest independence from her mother. Such, Kennard believes, was the function of their friendship in both Brittain's and Holtby's psychological economy. Although their first interactions were hostile, what they valued in their relationship was similarity of interest and outlook rather than difference, so that each came to play for the other the role of second self. Thus their relationship was based on an ongoing dialogue, which, Kennard suggests, often characterizes close female friendships. Kennard draws upon reader-response theory to describe the mechanism by which "the reader of one text becomes the author of another text, which is a rewriting of what she has read." She traces this dialogue through the two oeuvres, for example reading Holtby's The Crowded Street as an answer to The Dark Tide, both of which include portrayals of Brittain and Holtby, and Honourable Estate as a rÃ©ponse to South Riding, Holtby's posthumous novel, which Brittain corrected in typescript and galley proof while she was working on her own novel. The theme of each is reconciliation with the past, which for Brittain and Holtby involved coming to terms with their mothers.

Field of study: Art
Studies on self-crosslinking blend system based on polychloroprene and polyacrylamide : cure characteristics, physical properties and degradation

Polychloroprene and polyacrylamide form a self-crosslinking blend during mixing and moulding in the temperature range 140 to 190°C and this inter-crosslinking is revealed by a torque rise in the rheometric studies. The nature of the stress-strain curves of the blend indicates the generation of a bonded structure where one soft matrix is bonded with a rigid phase and the bonidng fails after a critical loading. The result of hysteresis measurements are in agreement with a bonded structure. the SEm study shows that the majority of the polyacrylamide particles are covered with a layer of rubber matrix. It also shows the distribution of particles are covered with a layer of rubber matrix

Field of study: Materials science
Independence of bacteria on phytoplankton? Insufficient support for Fouilland & Mostajir's (2010) suggested new concept.

In a recent review, Fouilland & Mostajir questioned the direct dependence of bacterioplankton on phytoplankton based on a dataset of total primary production (particulate plus dissolved) and bacterial carbon demand (bacterial production plus respiration) estimated rates. We point out two problems for this interpretation. Firstly, there is considerable uncertainty in the authors' application of conversion factors to raw data and modelled rates so that the shape of the scatterplots can be substantially altered. Secondly, the current conceptual view of dissolved organic carbon lability and its temporal and spatial variations still provides enough support for the accepted paradigm.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Interstellar C 60

Buckminsterfullerene (C 60 ) has recently been detected through its infrared emission b ands in the interstellar medium (ISM), including in the proximity of massive stars, where physical condit ions could favor the formation of the cationic form, C +60. In addition, C+60was proposed as the carrier of two di ffuse interstellar bands in the near-IR, although a firm identi fica on still awaits gas-phase spectroscopic data. We examined in detail the Spitzer IRS spectra of the NGC 7023 reflection nebula, at a position cl se (7.5”) to the illuminating B star HD 200775, and found four previously unr eported bands at 6.4, 7.1, 8.2, and 10.5 μm, in addition to the classical bands attributed to polycylic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs ) and neutral C60 . These 4 bands are observed only in this region of the nebula, while C60 emission is still present slightly farther away from the sta r, and PAH emission even farther away. Based on this observation, on theoretical calculations we perform, and o laboratory studies, we attribute these bands to C +60. The detection of C + 60 confirms the idea that large carbon molecules exist in the gas ph e in these environments. In addition, the relative vari ation in the C60 and C+60 band intensities constitutes a potentially powerful probe f the physical conditions in highly UV-irradiated regions .

Field of study: Physics
Norm of study of life embodiment of physical education curriculum in basic education

Life in the area of physical education curriculum embodies an extremely complicated relation between the body and mind as well as between the soul and spirit.In recent years,in the process of the development of physical education curriculum in basic education in China,weak self-awareness,the lack of localized features,mu-tual exclusion and reasonless dispute between various norms,and the lack of necessary norm complementation and compensation measures,have seriously hindered the development of physical education curriculum in basic educa-tion.From the perspective of life embodiment,the authors interpreted issues about the research origin and logic ori-gin of physical education curriculum,and gave realistic answers to problems existing in current physical education curriculum.The authors considered that following the view of life education,restoring the original features of physical education,and following the norm of study of life embodiment by combining sciences with humanities and by focusing on the complementation of tool reason and value reason for the existence of life of human beings,will inevitably become the value pursuit for the study of physical education curriculum in the future.

Field of study: Education
Sorption studies of heavy metal ions on a novel chelating resin and its application in the stripping of mercury (II).

A chelating resin containing a stable thiol group was synthesised, using polystyrene as the starting material. The resin is stable towards conc. HCl, 0.1M HNO(3) and 0.1M NaOH. The resin shows affinity towards Ag(+), Hg(2+), Bi(3+), Pb(2+), Cu(2+), Zn(2+) and Cd(2+). Extraction of these metal ions as a function of pH, kinetics of exchange and breakthrough capacities is evaluated. The selectivity of the resin for the metal ions is in the order Ag(+) > Hg2+ > Cu2+ > Pb2+ > Cd2+ > Zn2+. The equilibrium constants for exchange and kinetics of exchange are favourable for the recovery of mercury from lean sources. Application of the resin in the stripping of mercury from chlor-alkali plant affluent, and in the enrichment of mercury from seawater, have been investigated. Mercury sorbed resin can be regenerated using 5% thiourea in 0.1M HCl.

Field of study: Environmental science
Functional Insights into the Activation Mechanism of Ste20-related Kinases

Mammalian Ste20-related kinases modulate salt transport and ion homeostasis through physical interaction and phosphorylation of cation-chloride cotransporters. Identification of a sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus) ortholog of the mouse Oxidative Stress Response 1 (OSR1) kinase prompted the cloning and testing of the functional effect of a non-mammalian kinase on a mammalian cotransporter. Heterologous expression of sea urchin OSR1 (suOSR1) cRNA with mouse WNK4 cRNA and mouse NKCC1 cRNA in Xenopus laevisoocytes activated the cotransporter indicating evolutionary conservation of the WNK4-OSR1-NKCC signaling pathway. However, expression of a suOSR1 kinase mutated to confer constitutive activity did not result in stimulation of the cotransporter. Using a chimeric strategy, we determined that both the mutated catalytic and regulatory domains of the suOSR1 kinase were functional, suggesting that the tertiary structure of full-length mutated suOSR1 must somehow adopt an inactive conformation. In order to identify the regions or residues which lock the suOSR1 kinase in an inactive conformation, we created and tested several additional chimeras by replacing specific portions of the suOSR1 gene with complimentary mouse OSR1 sequences. Co-expression of these chimeras identified several regions in both the catalytic and regulatory domain of suOSR1 which possibly prevented the kinase from acquiring an active conformation. Interestingly, non-functional suOSR1 chimeras were able to activate mouse NKCC1 when a mouse scaffolding protein, Cab39, was co-expressed in frog oocytes. Sea urchin/mouse OSR1 chimeras and kinase stabilization with mouse Cab39 has provided some novel insights into the activation mechanism of the Ste20-related kinases.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
ARSGOS Algorithm for Imbalanced Data Sets

There widely exists the class imbalanced data in the real world and the classification of the class imbalance become a hot research topic in the field of data mining. We propose a method named ARSGOS,which is an over-sampling algorithm based on the distribution of Gaussian mixture model( GMM) combined with adaptive random subspace ensemble. The algorithm is based on the idea of random subspace,and estimates the distribution of the minority class with GMM in different subspaces. Then the artificial data of minority class is generated according to the probability function estimated,so that the new instances are more accurate and real,avoiding generating noisy instances. The proposed algorithm increases the diversity in the procedure of the sampling and learning with the overlapping rate of the subsets,and improves the identification ability of the minority class in the imbalance data. We compare ARSGOS with the existing re-sampling methods based on different base classifiers on the UCI data sets. The experimental results show that ARSGOS improves the accuracy of the minority class and the overall classi? cation performance effectively.

Field of study: Computer science
Informing conservation planning using future sea-level rise and storm surge modeling impact scenarios in the Northern Gulf of Mexico

Coastal communities across the Gulf of Mexico are increasingly vulnerable to coastal hazards, including sea level rise. The Gulf of Mexico contains 20 000 km² of land below 1.5 m in elevation and is one of the most vulnerable regions to sea level rise in the continental U.S. Wetlands are among the Gulf of Mexico's most economically and ecologically important habitats that comprise thirty-one percent (28 372 mi²) of land within the U.S. Gulf coastal watershed. These increasing hazards threaten not only the human-built infrastructure and coastal communities, but also natural habitats and ecosystems. Through a participatory stakeholder process the project team and regional stakeholders identified ongoing and future conservation planning efforts that were best suited to be informed by sea-level rise and storm surge projections, socioeconomic indicators, and marsh migration scenarios. This study estimates the potential impacts of SLR and storm surge to human communities and natural habitats, with emphasis on coastal marshlands, in both the Galveston Bay region of Texas and the Choctawhatchee and Saint Andrew Bay region of Florida. Project results include A) marsh change and viability analysis, B) community risk analysis, C) community resilience analysis; and D) long-term marsh management analysis. Our study suggests that sea-level rise impacts should be incorporated into ongoing conservation planning and management activities in order to allow decision makers to more easily develop adaptation strategies that foster coastal resilience in the face of a changing climate.

Field of study: Environmental science
Microstructural and hardness of spray deposited Al-30Mg2Si-2Cu alloy in solutionized and aged conditions

An Al–30Mg 2 Si- 2Cu alloy was produced by spray 
casting and the secondary processing such as hot compression and heat treatment were carried out. The coarsening behavior, distribution and size of the Mg 2 Si precipitates, the influence of 
subsequent heat treatment on the microstructure were investigated Uniform distribution of Mg 2 Si was achieved by spray casting. The hardness tests were conducted on spray deposited, secondary processed and heat treated alloys. The results indicate that spray casting has strong influence on microstructure and hardness of the 
material. The microstructural refinement of the alloy was enhanced during hot compression. The alloying with copper lead to further increase in strength by age hardening due to precipitation Al 2 Cu phase. A significant improvement in hardness was observed after hot compression and heat treatment.

Field of study: Materials science
The Analysis on the Factors Which Affecting Price Dispersion between Traditional Retail Channel and Internet Retail Channel

With network economy springing up and communication technology expanding fast, the retailing channels composed of Internet retail channel become the choice of many traditional retailers. Price dispersion always exists between traditional retail channel and Internet retail channel. In this text, we bring forward the model about traditional retail channel and internet retail channel based on classical hotelling linear city model. We find the price dispersion will be different when the parameters affecting the price in Internet retail channel are different. In some conditions, the price in Internet retail channel will be lower than in traditional retail channel, but in other conditions, the price in Internet retail channel will be higher than in traditional retail channel.

Field of study: Business
Scrotal pop off in a congenital anterior urethral diverticulum.

Congenital anterior urethral diverticulum is a rare entity. This teaching video shows the scrotal pop-off mechanism for an anterior urethral diverticulum and the unique voiding pattern of a boy who empties his bladder by compression of his scrotum. The findings during urethroscopy and open reconstruction are also demonstrated.



A four-year-old boy presented to the clinic with a poor urinary stream and scrotal swelling during voiding. Physical examination during voiding revealed a dumbbell-shaped anterior urethral diverticulum with scrotal pop off and preserved renal function.



Open excision of the scrotal part of diverticulum was performed. Urethroplasty was conducted using a de-epithelialised diverticular wall flap from the penobulbar urethra. On follow up the boy voided with a good flow and resolution of symptoms.



Scrotal pop off with completion of voiding by manual compression of the diverticulum may preserve bladder and renal function. The preferred treatment of anterior urethral diverticulum is open excision of the diverticulum and reconstruction. The wall of the diverticulum may be used to reinforce the repair ventrally, where the corpus spongiosum is deficient.

Field of study: Medicine
Tree-ring δ 13 C tracks flux tower ecosystem productivity estimates in a NE temperate forest

We investigated relationships between tree-ring δ13C and growth, and flux tower estimates of gross primary productivity (GPP) at Harvard Forest from 1992 to 2010. Seasonal variations of derived photosynthetic isotope discrimination (Δ13C) and leaf intercellular CO2 concentration (c i ) showed significant increasing trends for the dominant deciduous and coniferous species. Δ13C was positively correlated to growing-season GPP and is primarily controlled by precipitation and soil moisture indicating that site conditions maintained high stomatal conductance under increasing atmospheric CO2 levels. Increasing Δ13C over the 1992–2010 period is attributed to increasing annual and summer water availability identified at Harvard Forest and across the region. Higher Δ13C is coincident with an enhancement in growth and ecosystem-level net carbon uptake. This work suggests that tree-ring δ13C could serve as a measure of forest GPP and be used to improve the calibration and predictive skill of ecosystem and carbon cycle models.

Field of study: Environmental science
Random disturbance and diversity of competitive systems

Population size distribution within a community of species with a competitive hierarchy, is studied. With the introduction of a stochastic model of invasion and extinction due to random environmental disturbance, the stationary population size distribution is derived as a function of the parameter, which denotes the ratio of rates of random extinction and invasion. From this result it is shown that the Shannon-type diversity takes the maximum value under the situation that 10 ≈ 20 percent of habitat sites remain unoccupied, and the number of species also becomes maximum at intermediate levels of disturbance. The dynamical properties of a one-sided competitive system are also discussed by use of the Lotka-Volterra equations.

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics
The dual group of a spherical variety

Let $X$ be a spherical variety for a connected reductive group $G$. Work of Gaitsgory-Nadler strongly suggests that the Langlands dual group $G^\vee$ of $G$ has a subgroup whose Weyl group is the little Weyl group of $X$. Sakellaridis-Venkatesh defined a refined dual group $G^\vee_X$ and verified in many cases that there exists an isogeny $\phi$ from $G^\vee_X$ to $G^\vee$. In this paper, we establish the existence of $\phi$ in full generality. Our approach is purely combinatorial and works (despite the title) for arbitrary $G$-varieties.

Field of study: Mathematics
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON PLASTIC HINGE AND INTERNAL FORCE REDISTRIBUTION OF CONTINUOUS STEEL-CONCRETE COMPOSITE BEAMS WITH WEB OPENINGS

In order to investigate the mechanical performance of continuous steel-concrete composite beams with web openings, five continuous composite beams with web openings and a continuous composite beam without web openings were tested. The behavior of plastic hinges and internal force redistribution were studied emphatically. The test results show that web openings decrease the stiffness and the ultimate load-carrying capacity. The plane hypothesis is not satisfied for section in the web opening area. The failure process of the five continuous composite beams shows that a shear force plastic hinge first formed and ultimately a kinematical mechanism generated in the region of the web opening. The continuous composite beams with web openings have already shown redistribution phenomenon when compared with the composite beams without web openings in elastic stage. In addition, the results reveal not only moment redistribution but also shear force redistribution between the concrete and steel components for continuous composite beams with web openings.

Field of study: Engineering
Kinetic Studies of Gas Mixtures and Their Application to Gas Lasers and Pollutant Detection

A 2-meV proton beam with a 10-ns pulse width was used to excite various gas mixtures. The emitted vacuum ultraviolet (500 Å to 2000 Å) and ultraviolet-visible (2000 Å to 8000 Å) photons passing through separate monochromators were detected by using single photon counting techniques. Time-resolved and time-integrated fluorescent spectroscopy was used to study the detailed mechanism of excitation energy transfer, Penning ionization, charge transfer, and ion-ion recombination processes. The energy precursors of various excited species in a number of gas mixtures were identified, and the quenching rates of excited atoms and ions by numerous small molecules were measured. Relative fluorescence efficiencies and energy pathways of proton-excited gas mixtures were used to study the kinetics of high power gas lasers. An ultrasensitive method for the detection of certain pollutants utilizing energy or charge transfer processes in proton-excited gas mixtures has been developed.

Field of study: Physics
Саморегулируемые Организации В Сфере Финансового Рынка

13 июля 2015 г. был принят Федеральный закон о саморегулируемых организациях в сфере финансового рынка1 (далее – ФЗ о СРО в сфере ФР), который вступает в силу с 11 января 2016 г. Несмотря на серьезную критику со стороны профессионального и научного сообще- ства на этапах разработки и рассмотрения Государственной Думой2, закон был принят почти без изменений. Таким образом, в России вы- страивается новая система регулирования деятельности СРО на финансовом рынке с активным участием Банка России, где степень такого участия во многом определяется самим регулятором финансовых рынков. Однако в ней есть несколько рискованных для независи- мости СРО моментов.

Field of study: Economics