nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Color information cryptosystem based on optical superposition principle and phase-truncated gyrator transform.

A novel asymmetric color information cryptosystem based on an optical coherent superposition method and phase-truncated gyrator transform (GT) is proposed. In this proposal, an original color image is converted into three independent channels, i.e., red, green, and blue. Each channel is separated into a random phase masks (RPM) and a key phase mask (KPM) using a coherent superposition method. The KPM is a modulation of the RPM by the color channel and used as decryption key. The same RPM, which is independent of plaintext, can be chosen for different images of the same size; however, KPMs, which are related to the original color images, are different. The RPM and the KPM are independently gyrator transformed. Then two gyrator spectra are, respectively, phase truncated to obtain two encoded images and amplitude truncated to generate two asymmetric phase keys. The KPM and two phase keys provide asymmetric keys. The transformation angles of the GT give additional keys for each channel and thus offer a high-level robustness against existing attacks. The proposed optical design is free from axial movement. Numerical simulations are demonstrated to verify the flexibility and effectiveness of the proposed method.

Field of study: Physics
Multi-Radar Multi-Sensor (MRMS) Severe Weather and Aviation Products: Initial Operating Capabilities

AbstractThe Multi-Radar Multi-Sensor (MRMS) system, which was developed at the National Severe Storms Laboratory and the University of Oklahoma, was made operational in 2014 at the National Centers for Environmental Prediction. The MRMS system consists of the Warning Decision Support System–Integrated Information suite of severe weather and aviation products, and the quantitative precipitation estimation products created by the National Mosaic and Multi-sensor Quantitative Precipitation Estimation system. Products created by the MRMS system are at a spatial resolution of approximately 1 km, with 33 vertical levels, updating every 2 min over the conterminous United States and southern Canada. This paper describes initial operating capabilities for the severe weather and aviation products that include a three-dimensional mosaic of reflectivity; guidance for hail, tornado, and lightning hazards; and nowcasts of storm location, height, and intensity.

Field of study: Environmental science
Effect of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agent on Sprague-Dawley rat's liver glutathione S-transferases activity

Glutathion S-transferase (GST) is a group of multifunction isoenzymes playing a role as katalisator in releasing inflammatory mediators prostaglandin and leukotrien. Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAID) such as pentagamavunon-0 (Pgv-0), piroxicam, and mefenamic acid have antiinflammatory effect.  The study was to know the effect of pentagamavunon-0 (Pgv-0), piroxicam and mefenamic acid on GST.  The effects of non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAID.) piroxicam, mefenamic acid, and pentagamavunon-0 (Pgv-O) in vitro on mu and pi classes of Sprague-Dawley rat's liver glutathione S-transferases (GST)-activity was studied. GST-activities was measured spectrophotometrically on the conjugation reaction between glutathione (GSH) and 1,2-dichloro-4-nitrobenzene (for representing the mu class of GST) or etachrynic acid (for representing the pi class of GST). The potency of inhibitory effect was stated as IC50 value (the concentration of inhibitor resulting in 50 % inhibition of GST-activity).  The result showed that piroxicam inhibited strongly the mu class of GST-activity with IC60 value of 42.66 mM and inhibited weakly the pi class of GST-activity with IC50 value of 100.79 mM. Mefenamic acid inhibited weakly the mu and pi classes of GST-activity with IC50 values of 107.09 and 275,0 mM (extrapolated), respectively. In this research, Pgv-0 was found to be the strongest inhibitor of the mu class of GST-activity with IC50 value of 3.91 mM and did not inhibit the pi class of rat's liver GST-activity.  Based on the results, it can be concluded that the three NSAIDs studied, all showed the inhibitory effects of mu class of GST-activity in decreasing order of Pgv-0, piroxicam, and mefenamic acid. Three of them did not or very weakly inhibited the pi class of rat's liver GST-activity.

Field of study: Medicine
Some multiplication formulas in an affine Hecke algebra

In this paper we consider the Hecke algebra $\mathcal {H}$ associated to an extended affine Weyl group of type $\widetilde{B_2}$. We give some interesting formulas on $C_{rt}S_{\lambda}$, which imply some relations between the Kazhdan-Lusztig coefficients $\mu (y,w)$ and representations of some algebraic groups. Here $C_{rt}$ is one element in the Kazhdan-Lusztig basis of $\mathcal {H}$ and $S_{\lambda}$ is an element in the center of $\mathcal {H}$.

Field of study: Mathematics
Computer Forensics: The Modern Crime Fighting Tool

The study of computer forensics has quickly emerged and technology used in this type of forensics is being developed quite rapidly. Many public and private companies are using computer forensics on a daily basis, thus creating another area of technological jobs. As swiftly as the field and its importance are growing, many practitioners still remain unaware of computer forensics and its role in the technological world. This paper provides an overview of the relatively new field of computer forensics. The paper also illustrates why, in the wake of 9–11 and other terrorist acts, the research and development of computer forensics is of international importance.

Field of study: Computer science
GRFT – Genetic Records Family Tree Web Applet

Current software for storing and displaying records of genetic crosses does not provide an easy way to determine the lineage of an individual. The genetic records family tree (GRFT) applet processes records of genetic crosses and allows researchers to quickly visualize lineages using a family tree construct and to access other information from these records using any Internet browser. Users select from three display features: (1) a family tree view which displays a color-coded family tree for an individual, (2) a sequential list of crosses, and (3) a list of crosses matching user-defined search criteria. Each feature contains options to specify the number of records shown and the latter two contain an option to filter results by the owner of the cross. The family tree feature is interactive, displaying a popup box with genetic information when the user mouses over an individual and allowing the user to draw a new tree by clicking on any individual in the current tree. The applet is written in JavaScript and reads genetic records from a tab-delimited text file on the server, so it is cross-platform, can be accessed by anyone with an Internet connection, and supports almost instantaneous generation of new trees and table lists. Researchers can use the tool with their own genetic cross records for any sexually reproducing organism. No additional software is required and with only minor modifications to the script, researchers can add their own custom columns. GRFT’s speed, versatility, and low overhead make it an effective and innovative visualization method for genetic records. A sample tool is available at http://stanford.edu/walbot/grft-sample.html.

Field of study: Biology
All in the family

Whether it’s through shared values or an agenda to tackle shared challenges, the Commonwealth has to work harder to make itself relevant. If it can’t win back the affection of Canadians, it may not live to see its 70 birthday (Sriskandarajah, 2009). As the modern Commonwealth passed its sixtieth anniversary in 2009, the organization’s longstanding, slow-brewing crisis of relevance seems to have come to a boil. Nowhere is this more apparent than in Canadian attitudes—both official and unofficial—toward this venerable organization. This represents a striking reversal of the predominant Canadian disposition through the first 50 years of the modern era, when Canada and Canadians were among the organization’s most consistent supporters politically and financially, and played pivotal roles in both institutional development and in averting organizational crisis or even rupture (e.g., A. Smith, 1981). Moreover, Canadians’ enmeshment in this association has always been multi-dimensional and trans-societal, involving the organization’s dynamic web of non-governmental as well as interstate dimensions (multiple Commonwealths, as explored by Shaw, 2008). The Commonwealth’s vital, historic, transnational or cosmopolitan dimension reflecting a long, though contested, common heritage would seem to place it in the vanguard of contemporary multilateralism, with its growing emphasis on multi-level interaction and sociality. Yet in some respects, the decline, or wasting, of the Commonwealth as a multilateral asset is eminently predictable. For Canada, along with other Commonwealth members, as historic economic and immigration preferences withered, the organization’s importance was increasingly undercut by the growing strength of regional political economies and associations—North and inter-American, European, and Asia-Pacific. For Canada and the 61

Field of study: Political science
Width-dependent Photoluminescence and Anisotropic Raman Spectroscopy from Monolayer MoS$_2$ Nanoribbons

Single layers of transition metal dichalcogenides such as MoS$_2$ are direct bandgap semiconductors with optical and electronic properties distinct from multilayers due to strong vertical confinement. Despite the fundamental monolayer limit of thickness, the electronic structure of isolated layers can be further tailored with lateral degrees of freedom in nanostructures such as quantum dots or nanoribbons. Although one-dimensionally confined monolayer semiconductors are predicted to have interesting size- and edge-dependent properties useful for spintronics applications, experiments on the opto-electronic features of monolayer transition metal dichalcogenide nanoribbons is limited. We use nanolithography to create monolayer MoS$_2$ nanoribbons with lateral sizes down to 20 nm. The Raman spectra show polarization anisotropy and size-dependent intensity. The nanoribbons prepared with this technique show reduced susceptibility to edge defects and emit photoluminescence with size-dependent energy that can be understood from a phenomenological model. Fabrication of monolayer nanoribbons with strong exciton emission can facilitate exploration of low-dimensional opto-electronic devices with controllable properties.

Field of study: Physics
[Influence of industrial-occupational, climatic and geographic factors on the health of miners in the Northeastern part of the country].

: Miners working in the North are exposed to more pronounced effects of unfavourable occupational factors (hand drillers, bulldozer operators, etc.) and are found to have higher morbidity rates. With their longer stay in the North, the incidence of gastrointestinal disorders increases. Among the migrants from the regions with contrasting climatic conditions. (Caucasus, Central Asia), the morbidity is higher than among those from other regions of this country.

Field of study: Medicine
Frictional Anisotropy of Metal Nanoparticles Adsorbed on Graphene

Friction force acting on silver and nickel nanoparticles sheared on a graphene sheet in different lateral directions is investigated using classical molecular dynamics simulations. The results reveal the existence of frictional anisotropy for both metals. In most cases, the maximum value of the friction force is about two times larger than the minimum one. The form of dependencies of instantaneous values of the friction force components on the corresponding lateral components of the position of the centre of mass of the nanoislands strongly depends on sliding direction, varying between the sawtooth and the irregular one. A qualitative explanation of the results based on the "patch" model is proposed.

Field of study: Physics
Paleogene metamorphism of an accretionary flysch terrane, eastern Gulf of Alaska

Reconnaissance field studies have identified a regional metamorphic complex, at least 200 km long and 25 to 50 km wide, in the eastern Chugach Mountains, southern Alaska. The metamorphic complex was developed within the Cretaceous Valdez Group, a flysch sequence that was accreted to the continental margin during the Late Cretaceous or early Tertiary. The metamorphic complex shows the progressive development from subgreenschist and green-schist facies slate, phyllite, and semischist that is regionally characteristic of the Valdez Group, to biotite-plagioclase-quartz schist (± muscovite, cordierite, andalusite, staurolite, garnet, and sillimanite) in an intermediate zone, and amphibolite facies muscovite-biotite-plagioclase-quartz schist and gneiss (± sillimanite and garnet) in a higher-grade central zone. K-feldspar is characteristically absent in the amphibolite facies schists, but it is present in migmatitic rocks that are common to the central zone. The mineral assemblages and petrographic relations indicate that metamorphism took place under low-pressure intermediate-facies series conditions; partial melting took place at the highest grade of metamorphism. Melting produced granodioritic magmas in migma-titic rocks of the central zone that were emplaced as discrete plutons in both the intermediate zone and peripheral rocks of the complex. The timing of metamorphism as indicated by field relations and K-Ar data is about 50 to 65 m.y. ago and overlaps or is coeval with the emplacement, throughout the Gulf of Alaska region, of early Tertiary plutons that are thought to be anatectic in origin. The distribution of these plutons suggests that a high-temperature low-pressure metamorphic belt, about 1,800 km long, developed along the leading edge of the continental margin in late Paleocene to early Eocene time.

Field of study: Geology
Validating Translation Test Items via the Many-Facet Rasch Model

This study applied the many-facet Rasch model to assess learners’ translation ability in an English as a foreign language context. Few attempts have been made in extant research to detect and calibrate rater severity in the domain of translation testing. To fill the research gap, this study documented the process of validating a test of Chinese-to-English sentence translation and modeled raters’ scoring propensity defined by harshness or leniency, expert/novice effects on severity, and concomitant effects on item difficulty. Two hundred twenty-five, third-year senior high school Taiwanese students and six educators from tertiary and secondary educational institutions served as participants. The students’ mean age was 17.80 years (SD = 1.20, range 17–19). The exam consisted of 10 translation items adapted from two entrance exam tests. The results showed that this subjectively scored performance assessment exhibited robust unidimensionality, thus reliably measuring translation ability free from unmodeled disturbances. Furthermore, discrepancies in ratings between novice and expert raters were also identified and modeled by the many-facet Rasch model. The implications for applying the many-facet Rasch model in translation tests at the tertiary level were discussed.

Field of study: Psychology
Exploration of Niche Market and Innovation in Organic Textile by a Developing Country

In today’s challenging economic environment, innovation is a process of generating new ideas that will prevent a company from stagnation by giving its products and services a competitive edge, a compass by which the business entities would set their directions and would adopt it as a core business strategy for going forward. And customers are now more knowledgeable than ever, about the impacts of business on society and environment, so this is the time for transition to organic methods and eco-friendly products. Objectives of this study are to foresee the opportunities available in the organic textile niche markets, and examine how niche marketing and innovation is helpful to exploit these opportunities in the developing world, exclusively Pakistan, where economy mainly relies on agro-based industries with textile as a major player. Pakistan is one of the largest cotton producers in the world and due to cheap labor, has a relative advantage in producing and exporting organic textile products, as compared with developed countries. By exploiting niche market opportunities with introducing a variety of organic textile products in an innovative way, can bring a substantial amount of earnings for Pakistan.

Field of study: Business
Fixed-interval responding under second-order schedules of food presentation or cocaine injection.

Squirrel monkeys operated a key under second-order schedules in which every tenth completion of a 5-minute fixed interval resulted in either presentation of food or intravenous injection of cocaine. When a 2-second light was presented at the completion of the component fixed-interval schedules, positively accelerated responding developed and was maintained in each component. Over a tenfold range of doses of cocaine(30 to 300 microgram/kg/injection) and amounts of food (0.75 to 7.5 g/presentation); the second-order schedule of cocaine injection maintained higher average rates of responding than the second-order schedule of food presentation. Substituting saline for cocaine or eliminating food presentation decreased average rates of responding. When no stimulus change occurred at the completion of the first nine component fixed-interval schedules, but the 2-second light and food presentation or cocaine injection still occurred after the tenth component, only low and relatively constant rates of responding were maintained in each component. Patterns of responding characteristic of 5-minute fixed-interval schedules were maintained by the 2-second light paired with either cocaine injection or food presentation, though the maximum frequency of cocaine injection or food presentation was less than once per 50 minutes.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Simultaneous X-ray radioscopy/tomography and energy-dispersive diffraction applied to liquid aluminium alloy foams.

High-speed X-ray imaging in two dimensions (radioscopy) and three dimensions (tomography) is combined with fast X-ray diffraction in a new experimental setup at the synchrotron radiation source BESSY II. It allows for in situ studies of time-dependent phenomena in complex systems. As a first application, the foaming process of an aluminium alloy was studied in three different experiments. Radioscopy, optical expansion measurements and diffraction were used to correlate the change of foam morphology to the various phases formed during heating of an AlMg15Cu10 alloy to 620°C in the first experiment. Radioscopy was then replaced by tomography. Acquiring tomograms and diffraction data at 2 Hz allows even more details of foam evolution to be captured, for example, bubble size distribution. In a third experiment, 4 Hz tomography yields dynamic insights into fast phenomena in evolving metal foam.

Field of study: Physics
THE STRUCTURES OF EREMOFUKINONE, 9-ACETOXYFUKINANOLIDE AND S-JAPONIN FROM PETASITES JAPONICUS MAXIM

This paper deals with the structural determination of three new sesquiterpenes, eremofukinone (I), 9-acetoxyfukinanolide (II) and S-japonin (III), which were isolated from Petasites japonicus Maxim.

Field of study: Chemistry
Team culture of high performance sports teams in ordinary colleges and universities

Aiming at problems existed in the management of high performance sports teams in ordinary colleges and universities, the authors brought forward a new conception for managing high performance sports teams in colleges and universities-the team culture of a sports team. The contents of team culture of high performance sports teams in ordinary colleges and universities mainly include the followings: common value perception of "mastering advanced technologies; performing for the school and country; pursuing all-round development of human beings"; unified and cooperative team spirit; target orientation of "creating a win-win situation in enhancing technical performance and acquiring adequate scientific and cultural knowledge"; code of group conduct provided with "soft" restraining force; people orientated management mode, etc. The authors also set forth corresponding channels for construction.

Field of study: Education
Adaptive resource allocation with traffic peak duration prediction and admission control for cognitive Wi-Fi networks

Cognitive radio network (CRN) architecture can be efficiently utilized to support different QoS requirements under variable traffic and channel conditions. Generally, deterministic radio resource allocation algorithms could significantly increase the channel utilization as well as the network QoS. In this paper, we propose an advanced cognitive network resource allocation algorithm for IEEE 802.11 cognitive Wi-Fi networks. By making use of the status of the transmission channels and the traffic conditions, the proposed algorithm effectively allocates secondary radio resources to improve the overall radio resource utilization and the QoS of the CSMA/CA-based networks. To improve the accuracy and efficiency of the proposed algorithm, a Markov chain model based technique that estimates the achievable network throughput is employed. Furthermore, an autoregressive moving average (ARMA) based model is used to predict the traffic peaks when allocating the channels. OMNeT++ based simulation models are then developed to analyze the performance of the proposed algorithm. It is shown that our predictive resource allocation technique offers higher throughput and QoS compared to existing resource allocation techniques.

Field of study: Computer science
Local Langlands Correspondence for Unitary Groups via Theta Lifts

Using the theta correspondence, we extend the classification of irreducible representations of quasi-split unitary groups (the so-called local Langlands correspondence, which was established in an early paper of Mok) to non quasi-split unitary groups. We also prove that our classification satisfies some good properties, which characterize it uniquely. In particular, this provides an alternative approach to the works of Kaletha-Minguez-Shin-White and Moeglin-Renard.

Field of study: Mathematics