nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Green Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles: A Promising Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Compound

Oxidative stress and inflammation are linked pathophysiological conditions that have a major role in many chronic disease. Recently, agents with antioxidant activity have been implicated in the development of new therapeutic strategies. Therefore, it seems that management of oxidative stress by agents with antioxidant capacity may have a positive therapeutic effect on chronic diseases including disorders associated with inflammation. Based on recent researches biosynthesized silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) seem to have the potential to ameliorate inflammation and oxidative stress. In this regard, evidences from recent researches on the anti-inflammatory mechanism of the biosynthesized Ag-NPs are discussed here.

Field of study: Materials science
Stakeholder logistics of an interactive system

Although it seems that software metrics have moved beyond mere performance measurement, it is not too clear how machine effectiveness, efficiency, and effort pertain to human requirements on such matters. In industry as well as academia, the ISO 9241-11 norm provides the dominant view on usability, stating that usability is a function of effectiveness, efficiency, and satisfaction. Although intuitively, usability requirements should be part of a software's design in an early stage, conceptually and empirically, it seems more likely that performance requirements (i.e., the absence of errors) should be the center of concern. This paper offers an elaborated view on usability, satisfaction, and performance. Certain theoretical conceptions are tested with data gathered from professional users of banking and hospital systems by means of a 4-year single-item survey and a structured questionnaire, respectively. Results suggested that performance factors (i.e., efficiency) are more important than usability in understanding why stakeholders are satisfied with a system or not. Moreover, it neither is dissatisfaction with a system nor that a system is less usable that predicate requirements change. Instead, avoiding machine inaccuracy best predicted the variability in agreement to ''must have'' requirements, while achieving human accuracy predicted the variability in agreement to the ''won't have'' requirements. The present contribution provides a consistent research framework that can bring more focus to design (i.e., prioritization), clarify discussions about design trade-offs, makes concepts measurable, and eventually may lead to better-informed designs.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Application of Data Mining Technology in CRM System of Commercial Banks

Data mining analyses the massive data in the CRM system of commercial banks effectively, by turning the information into knowledge, data mining benefits the banks with making better business decision. Based on the introduction of data mining technology and the main mining targets, this paper summarizes that the customer cluster character analysis, buying model research and fraud detection are the main application fields of data mining in CRM system, and then introduces its application in these research fields in detail.

Field of study: Engineering
Cosmic-Ray Induced Diffusion in Interstellar Ices

Cosmic rays are able to heat interstellar dust grains. This may enhance molecule mobility in icy mantles that have accumulated on the grains in dark cloud cores. A three-phase astrochemical model was used to investigate the molecule mobility in interstellar ices. Specifically, diffusion through pores in ice between the subsurface mantle and outer surface, assisted by whole-grain heating, was considered. It was found that the pores can serve as an efficient transport route for light species. The diffusion of chemical radicals from the mantle to the outer surface are most effective. These species accumulate in the mantle because of photodissociation by the cosmic-ray induced photons. The faster diffusion of hydrogen within the warm ice enhances the hydrogenation of radicals on pore surfaces. The overall result of the whole grain heating-induced radial diffusion in ice are higher abundances of ice species, whose synthesis involve light radicals. Examples of stable species synthesized this way include complex organic molecules, OCS, H2O2 and cyanoplyynes.

Field of study: Physics
Spin transfer versus charge transfer in the excited states of 3d" tetroxo ions

The first absorption bands in the optical spectra of the 3d° tetroxo-ions, VO ≡ 4 , CrO = 4 , MnO - 4 , are commonly assumed to arise from electron transfer from t 1 ligand MO to an MO centered on the metal. First electron-spin-resonance experiments on the luminescent triplet state of VO ≡ 4 in an YPO 4 host are reviewed. These show that unpaired electron indeed resides on the metal; the other is not a t 1 -type MO but localized on single ligand

Field of study: Chemistry
Silver Mining and Society in Colonial Mexico, Zacatecas 1546-1700

Acknowledgements Abbreviations and conventions The setting 1. Discovery and settlement 2. Consolidation and expansion 3. The city 4. Supplies and distribution 5. Corregidor and cabildo 6. The circumstances of mining 7. Mercury 8. The production of silver 9.  plus extra Tables Graphs Plans Appendix Glossary On primary sources Select bibliography Index.

Field of study: Economics, History
Symbiosis between nitrogen-fixing bacteria and Medicago truncatula is not significantly affected by silver and silver sulfide nanomaterials.

Silver (Ag) engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) are being released into waste streams and are being discharged, largely as Ag2S aged-ENMs (a-ENMs), into agroecosystems receiving biosolids amendments. Recent research has demonstrated that biosolids containing an environmentally relevant mixture of ZnO, TiO2, and Ag ENMs and their transformation products, including Ag2S a-ENMs, disrupted the symbiosis between nitrogen-fixing bacteria and legumes. However, this study was unable to unequivocally determine which ENM or combination of ENMs and a-ENMs was responsible for the observed inhibition. Here, we examined further the effects of polyvinylpyrollidone (PVP) coated pristine Ag ENMs (PVP-Ag), Ag2S a-ENMs, and soluble Ag (as AgSO4) at 1, 10, and 100 mg Ag kg(-1) on the symbiosis between the legume Medicago truncatula and the nitrogen-fixing bacterium, Sinorhizobium melliloti in biosolids-amended soil. Nodulation frequency, nodule function, glutathione reductase production, and biomass were not significantly affected by any of the Ag treatments, even at 100 mg kg(-1), a concentration analogous to a worst-case scenario resulting from long-term, repeated biosolids amendments. Our results provide additional evidence that the disruption of the symbiosis between nitrogen-fixing bacteria and legumes in response to a mixture of ENMs in biosolids-amended soil reported previously may not be attributable to Ag ENMs or their transformation end-products. We anticipate these findings will provide clarity to regulators and industry regarding potential unintended consequences to terrestrial ecosystems resulting from of the use of Ag ENMs in consumer products.

Field of study: Environmental science
Enhanced Privacy ID: A Direct Anonymous Attestation Scheme with Enhanced Revocation Capabilities

Direct Anonymous Attestation (DAA) is a scheme that enables the remote authentication of a Trusted Platform Module (TPM) while preserving the user's privacy. A TPM can prove to a remote party that it is a valid TPM without revealing its identity and without linkability. In the DAA scheme, a TPM can be revoked only if the DAA private key in the hardware has been extracted and published widely so that verifiers obtain the corrupted private key. If the unlinkability requirement is relaxed, a TPM suspected of being compromised can be revoked even if the private key is not known. However, with the full unlinkability requirement intact, if a TPM has been compromised but its private key has not been distributed to verifiers, the TPM cannot be revoked. Furthermore, a TPM cannot be revoked from the issuer, if the TPM is found to be compromised after the DAA issuing has occurred. In this paper, we present a new DAA scheme called Enhanced Privacy ID (EPID) scheme that addresses the above limitations. While still providing unlinkability, our scheme provides a method to revoke a TPM even if the TPM private key is unknown. This expanded revocation property makes the scheme useful for other applications such as for driver's license. Our EPID scheme is efficient and provably secure in the same security model as DAA, i.e., in the random oracle model under the strong RSA assumption and the decisional Diffie-Hellman assumption.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Radial migration in galactic disks caused by resonance overlap of multiple patterns: Self-consistent simulations

We have recently identified a new radial migration mechanism resulting from the overlap of spiral and bar resonances in galactic disks. Here we confirm the efficiency of this mechanism in fully self-consistent, Tree-SPH simulations, as well as high-resolution pure N-body simulations. In all barred cases we clearly identify the effect of spiral-bar resonance overlap by measuring a bimodality in the changes of angular momentum in the disk, ΔL, whose maxima are near the bar's corotation and outer Lindblad resonance. This contrasts with the smooth distribution of ΔL for a simulation with no stable bar present, where strong radial migration is induced by multiple spirals. The presence of a disk gaseous component appears to increase the rate of angular momentum exchange by about 20%. The efficiency of this mechanism is such that galactic stellar disks can extend to over 10 scale-lengths within 1-3 Gyr in both Milky Way size and low-mass galaxies (circular velocity ~ 100 km s -1 ). We also show that metallicity gradients can flatten in less than 1 Gyr rendering mixing in barred galaxies an order of magnitude more efficient than previously thought.

Field of study: Physics
Cambrian-Algonkian unconformity in western Montana

The unconformable relation of the basal Cambrian formation (Flat‐head) with the underlying Algonkian (Beltian). sediments was known before 1899. However, a number of stratigraphers have been inclined to doubt the existence of the unconformity in western Montana. The reason for the doubt is that the unconformity is rarely sharply angular. The discordance is so slight that in most areas where the two systems of rocks are exposed the Flathead sandstone lies in apparent conformity upon the Beltian sediments of varying composition. In fact, four seasons of field work, supplemented by a thorough examination of the literature, have revealed to the writer only eight localities in which the Flathead has been observed to rest with any marked angular discordance upon the slightly beveled surfaces of the Beltian strata. Failure to recognize this unconformable relation has led some geologists to the assumption that the Beltian rocks are of Lower Cambrian age . . .

Field of study: Geology
Implementation of a Culture-Specific Intervention for a Native American Community

Psychiatric services provided to Native Americans should be culturally relevant and integrated with the values and beliefs of the culture since Native Americans use Western health care as a last resort. Reduced utilization of services may be the result of cultural beliefs that sickness or illness comes from disharmony with oneself, one's community, and nature. Treatment entails resolving the disharmony and restoring a state of balance and integration. Western psychiatric services have not usually provided active psychiatric treatment, while simultaneously encouraging participation in native ceremonies and traditions of healing. For 3 years, the Wyoming State Hospital has offered Sweat Lodge ceremonies administered by the Wind River Reservation as part of a pattern of working together to improve the care of Native Americans admitted to the facility. Results indicate increased utilization of hospital services as well as increased patient and tribal satisfaction, improved health care outcomes, and reduced length of stay. This report argues that culturally specific and sensitive treatment interventions provide a concrete and specific benefit to the population which is targeted.

Field of study: Psychology
An Unparalleled Spirit of Collaboration Amid the COVID-19 Pandemic

The COVID-19 pandemic is having a profound impact across the United States and the rest of the world. Health care professionals, including pharmacists, are working on the frontlines and across the spectrum of public health and research. To fully optimize the contribution of pharmacists during this crisis, state and federal policies and regulations that limit pharmacists’ roles had to be identified and modified. A strong coalition of national pharmacy organizations, including the American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy, embarked upon an unprecedented level of collaboration to produce a joint statement identifying key policy recommendations. This collective continued working together as the full force of the pandemic was realized and engaged with policy makers at the state and national levels to advocate for these policy recommendations. Ideally the lessons learned in terms of the power of working together in a crisis will reframe future collaborations to the benefit of the profession and ultimately to the patients we serve.

Field of study: Education, Medicine
PROMISING NEW TECHNOLOGY FOR MANAGING DIAMONDBACK MOTH (LEPIDOPTERA: PLUTELLIDAE) IN CABBAGE WITH PHEROMONE

Experiments were conducted in plantings of cabbage in spring 1999 and 2000 to evaluate a novel, new matrix system for delivering sex pheromone to suppress sexual communication by diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.). The liquid, viscous, slow release formulation contained a combination of diamondback moth pheromone, a blend of Z-11-hexadecenyl acetate, 27%:Z-11-hexadecen-1-ol, 1%:Z-11-tetradecen-1-ol, 9%:Z-11-hexadecenal, 63%, and the insecticide permethrin (0.16% and 6% w/w of total formulated material, respectively). Field trapping experiments showed that the lure–toxicant combination was highly attractive to male moths for at least four weeks using as little as a 0.05 g droplet of formulated material per trap; and the permethrin insecticide had no apparent influence on response of moths to lure baited traps. Small field plots of cabbage were treated with the lure–toxicant–matrix combination using droplets of 0.44 and 0.05 g each applied to cabbage in a grid pattern at densities ranging from 990 to 4396 droplets/ha to evaluate the potential for disrupting sexual communication of diamondback moth. There was no significant difference in the level of suppression of sexual communication of diamondback moth, as measured by captures of males in pheromone-baited traps located in the treated plots, versus moths captured in untreated control plots, among the treatments regardless of droplet size (0.05 or 0.44 g) or number of droplets applied per ha. Plots treated with the smallest droplet size (0.05 g) and with the fewest number of droplets per ha (990) suppressed captures of male diamondback moths >90% for up to 3 weeks post treatment. Although laboratory assays showed that the lure–toxicant combination was 100% effective at killing the diamondback moth, the mode of action in the field trials was not determined. The results indicate that the liquid, viscous slow release formulation containing diamondback moth pheromone could be used to effectively suppress sexual communication of this pest in cabbage and other crucifers, although as many as three applications probably would be required for suppression over an entire growing season.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Algodones Dunes of Southeastern California

The Algodones dune belt, which is 40 miles long in a northwesterly direction, 3–6 miles wide, and has individual dunes 200-300 feet high, lies along the southeastern border of the Cahuilla Basin, a structural depression in southeastern California. Much of the basin is below sea level and includes Imperial and Coachella valleys. The lowest portion of the basin is now occupied by the Salton Sea. Most detritus enters the basin from the high mountains to the west and northwest; little material is contributed by the lower, drier desert ranges to the east. The dunes appear unsystematic from the ground, but as seen from the air they consist of long northwest-trending ridges on the west which individually curve eastward and disappear in a complex of prominent south-facing slip faces. In the central and southern part of the dune area some of the slip faces are 200–300 feet high and overlook large flat-floored, sand-free depressions which are interpreted as exposed parts of the desert floor over which a succession of large, closely spaced complex barchans is advancing. Present conditions favor destruction of the depressions by encroachment of sand in the form of small linear ridges and barchan dunes from the transverse dunes. Color and degree of rounding of the sand grains indicate that the dunes are now less active than in the past and that the amount of sand is not increasing significantly. The dunes were probably produced by wind transport of sand inshore from the beaches of Lake Cahuilla, a much larger forerunner of the Salton Sea. The large volume of material in these ancient beaches indicates vigorous wave and current action along the northeastern shore of the lake.

Field of study: Geology
Calorimetric measurements of weakly absorbing materials: theory.

The time-dependent heat equation is solved in a cylindrical geometry of finite length with heat loss by radiation and conduction. Exact expressions are derived for the time constants of radial and longitudinal modes. The steady-state solution is obtained in longitudinal modes and used as the initial state for the decay. A simple expression is presented for the ratio of the amplitude of the first-order longitudinal order mode A(1) and the corresponding time constant tau(1)fit with the separate expressions for A(1) and tau(1). These parameters are experimentally readily accessible and directly yield the absorption coefficient alpha of rod-shaped compound glass from which optical fibers are to be drawn.

Field of study: Physics
Thermodynamics of the neutral Hubbard model

By use of Bogoljubov's variational principle the free energy of the neutral Hubbard model is calculated as a function of the total spinSz. A transition from an antiferro-magnetic to a paramagnetic phase is found for all values of the coupling constantV0. The calculations are performed for the simple cubic and the body-centred cubic lattice; some numerical results are given for the transition temperature, the free energy, the sublattice magnetization, the transversal magnetic susceptibility and the response to a finite magnetic field.

Field of study: Physics
La « surprise » et le cerveau bayésien : conséquences pour la théorie et la pratique de la psychothérapie

Resume Le principe de l’energie libre (PEL, « free energy principle », FEP en anglais), devient le centre d’un interet croissant, et est de mieux en mieux accepte en tant que nouveau paradigme de la fonction cerebrale, mais il n’a eu jusqu’a present que peu d’impact sur la theorie et la pratique psychotherapeutiques. Le but de cet article est de corriger ce defaut. Le cerveau depend de l’inference bayesienne au cours de laquelle des sensations bottom up (ascendantes 1 ), sont comparees aux predictions top down (descendantes). Les differences entrainent des « erreurs de prediction ». Le cerveau deteste les « surprises » informationnelles, qui sont minimisees au moyen de (1) l’action, qui augmente la probabilite statistique des echantillons sensoriels ; (2) en revisant les inferences a la lumiere de l’experience, en mettant a jour les « a priori » en fonction des « a posteriori » alignes sur la realite ; et (3) en optimisant la complexite de nos modeles generatifs d’un monde capricieux. Dans ces trois situations, de l’energie libre est convertie en energie liee. En psychopathologie, l’energie reste soit sous forme non liee, comme dans le cas du traumatisme et de l’inhibition de l’« agentivite », soit se manifeste de maniere restreinte, dans des narrations anachroniques top down. La psychotherapie favorise l’agentivite du patient, sur les plans linguistique et pratique. Le decouplage temporaire des automatismes bottom up et top down, et le fait de favoriser des simulations tres etudiees met en route un certain nombre de processus salutaires. La mentalisation enrichit l’inference bayesienne, permettant a l’experience et aux etats ressentis d’etre « metabolises » et assimiles. L’« association libre » permet un echantillonnage sensoriel plus inclusif, alors que l’analyse des reves prepare le terrain pour que des themes emotionnels se transforment en « attracteurs ». Nous mettrons en exergue des paralleles entre le PEL et la theorie psychanalytique, y compris avec l’Esquisse non publiee de Freud, avec le concept de « barriere de contact » de Bion, avec le modele de la sexualite de Fonagy et Target, avec le therapeute en tant que « signifiant enigmatique » de Laplanche, et le role de l’identification projective. La therapie stimule les patients et les aide a prendre conscience et a reviser les « a priori » qu’ils apportent a l’experience interpersonnelle. Dans le « duo pour un(e) soliste » therapeutique, les talents de liaison energetique et la position non partisane de l’analyste aident les personnes en souffrance a confronter le traumatisme sans etre envahies par l’entropie psychique. Dans l’ensemble, le PEL fournit une base theorique saine pour la pratique, la formation et la recherche therapeutiques.

Field of study: Philosophy
Developing policy-relevant biodiversity indicators: lessons learnt from case studies in Africa

There is an increasing need for monitoring schemes that help understand the evolution of the global biodiversity crisis and propose solutions for the future. Indicators, including temporal baselines, are crucial to measure the change in biodiversity over time, to evaluate progress towards its conservation and sustainable use and to set conservation priorities. They help design and monitor national and regional policies on biodiversity; they also feed into national reporting on international agreements such as the Convention on Biological Diversity and the Sustainable Development Goals. We analyse the methodological approach of five small African projects resulting from a call to promote indicator development, improve monitoring capacity and strengthen the science-policy interface in the field of biodiversity. We compared their approach to existing guidance provided by the international community, specifically the Biodiversity Indicators Partnership. To this end, we assess whether internationally recommended steps are effectively applied to national/local biodiversity monitoring in selected developing countries. We also present lessons learnt from workshop interactions between partners involved in these projects. Through our pilot projects we identified data availability and data accessibility, together with the involvement of stakeholders, as critical steps in indicator development. Moreover, there is a need for a better awareness and a wider application of the indicator concept itself. Hence, training of key actors both in the policy and science spheres is needed to operationalize indicators and ensure their continuity and sustainability. We hope that these case studies and lessons learnt can stimulate and support countries in the Global South to formulate policy-relevant biodiversity indicators.

Field of study: Environmental science