nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
On the Cooperation with Russia in the Field of Harnessing Natural Resources

This thesis discusses the necessity and feasibility of Sino-Russian cooperation in the field of the proper utilization of natural resources.In the argument on this thesis first analyses the necessity from this point the following aspects:China's energy structure is unreasonable and it is short of many natural resources while Russia has advantages in these respects.Russia has vast lands but a sparse population,lacking labor force while China has advantages in these aspects.The cooperation between the two countries can make them learn from each other,swap experience and gain mutual benefits.Then this thesis mainly the feasibility by discusses analysis the divergent views and ideas in proper utilization of the natural resources between these two countries.And finally,it also puts forward some suggestions that both sides should try everymans to share the same ideas in order to reach an agreement and also some possible ways for cooperation.This thesis aims to eliminate the obstacles to the cooperation and let the puts forward people of both countries get the practical benefits in the long run.

Field of study: Economics
Cervical expression of elafin and secretory leukocyte peptidase inhibitor does not predict preterm delivery in twin pregnancy – results from a pilot study

Elafin and secretory leukocyte peptidase inhibitor may serve as the predictors of cervical shortening and preterm delivery in twin gestation.
 A prospective observational study was conducted between September 2016 and March 2017. Cervicovaginal swabs collected from 40 women with twin gestation were analysed and the mRNA expression of elafin and secretory leukocyte peptidase inhibitor (SLPI) correlated with preterm delivery.
Results. The mean gestational age at delivery was 35.6 ± 5.8 weeks, with 23 women delivering before 37 weeks (57.5%), 7 before 34 weeks (17.5%) and 3 before 32 weeks of gestation (7.5%). The mRNA expression of elafin and SLPI was not dependent on chorionicity and did not correlate with gestational age at delivery.
Conclusions. Elafin and SLPI are not appropriate predictors of preterm delivery in twins.

Field of study: Medicine
Working resolution of 0.010 cm(-1) between 20 cm(-1) and 1200 cm(-1) by a Fourier spectrometer.

The original double-beam Michelson-type Fourier spectrometer at the University of Oulu has been partly modified so that a maximum resolution of slightly better than 0.010 cm(-1) between 20 cm(-1) and 1200 cm(-1) can be obtained. The resolution is determined as a halfwidth of an observed line. The accuracy of the line position is 0.0005 cm(-1) in favorable conditions. The Fourier spectrometer is connected on-line to a minicomputer, in order to make the fast Fourier transforms of interferograms of up to 10(6) sampling points. The maximum optical path difference of the interferometer is about 1.5 m, giving a maximum theoretical resolution of 0.004 cm(-1).

Field of study: Physics
Numerical Study of Shock-Wave/Boundary-Layer Interactions with Bleed

A numerical study was conducted to investigate how bleed through a two-dimensional slot affects shock-wave induced, boundary-layer separation on a flat plate. This study is based on the ensemble-averaged, compressible, Navier-Stokes equations closed by the Baldwin-Lomax, algebraic turbulence model. The algorithm used to obtain solutions was the implicit, partially split, two-factored scheme of Steger. This study examined the effects of the following parameters in controlling shock-wave induced flow separation: location of slot in relation to where the incident shock wave impinged on the boundary layer, size of slot in relation to the boundary-layer thickness, number of slots* spacings between slots, and strength of the incident shock wave. This study also showed the nature of the very complex flowfield about the slot or slots and how the plenum affects the bleed process. The results of this study are relevant to problems where bleed is used to control shock-wave induced, boundary-layer separation (e.g., inside jet engine inlets and wind tunnels).

Field of study: Physics
Ultraviolet-C priming of strawberry leaves against subsequent Mycosphaerella fragariae infection involves the action of reactive oxygen species, plant hormones, and terpenes.

Ultraviolet-C (UV-C) radiation has been reported to induce defence responses to pathogens in growing crops and described as a new environmentally friendly method for disease control. However, whether the effect of the induced defence mechanisms will persist after the stress imposed by UV-C is alleviated and how these mechanisms interact with pathogen elicitors upon infection have not yet been investigated. Thus, we inoculated strawberry plants with Mycosphaerella fragariae, the causal agent of leaf spot disease, after 5 weeks of repeated UV-C irradiation treatment (cumulative dose of 10.2 kJ m-2 ) and investigated the alteration of gene expression and biochemical phenotypes. The results revealed that UV-C treatment had a significant impact on gene expression in strawberry leaves and led to the overexpression of a set of genes involved in plant-pathogen interaction. UV-C-treated leaves displayed a stronger response to infection after inoculation, with reduced symptoms and increases in accumulation of total phenolics and volatile terpenes, higher expression of pathogenesis-related proteins and the activity of several defence enzymes. This study presumptively describe, for the first time, the involvement of terpenes, reactive oxygen species, and abscisic acid, salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, and their transduction factors, in the network underpinning UV-C priming of growing crops for improved protection against pathogens.

Field of study: Environmental science
PAX Genes in Cancer; Friends or Foes?

PAX genes have been shown to be critically required for the development of specific tissues and organs during embryogenesis. In addition, PAX genes are expressed in a handful of adult tissues where they are thought to play important roles, usually different from those in embryogenesis. A common theme in adult tissues is a requirement for PAX gene expression in adult stem cell maintenance or tissue regeneration. The connections between adult stem cell PAX gene expression and cancer are intriguing, and the literature is replete with examples of PAX gene expression in either situation. Here we systematically review the literature and present an overview of postnatal PAX gene expression in normal and cancerous tissue. We discuss the potential link between PAX gene expression in adult tissue and cancer. In addition, we discuss whether persistent PAX gene expression in cancer is favorable or unfavorable.

Field of study: Biology
A novel crystal-analyzer phase retrieval algorithm and its noise property.

A description of the rocking curve in diffraction enhanced imaging (DEI) is presented in terms of the angular signal response function and a simple multi-information retrieval algorithm based on the cosine function fitting. A comprehensive analysis of noise properties of DEI is also given considering the noise transfer characteristic of the X-ray source. The validation has been performed with synchrotron radiation experimental data and Monte Carlo simulations based on the Geant4 toolkit combined with the refractive process of X-rays, which show good agreement with each other. Moreover, results indicate that the signal-to-noise ratios of the refraction and scattering images are about one order of magnitude better than that of the absorption image at the edges of low-Z samples. The noise penalty is drastically reduced with the increasing photon flux and visibility. Finally, this work demonstrates that the analytical method can build an interesting connection between DEI and GDPCI (grating-based differential phase contrast imaging) and is widely suitable for a variety of measurement noise in the angular signal response imaging prototype. The analysis significantly contributes to the understanding of noise characteristics of DEI images and may allow improvements to the signal-to-noise ratio in biomedical and material science imaging.

Field of study: Physics
Laboratory-Scale Evaluation of Anionic Polyacrylamide as an Erosion and Sediment Control Measure on Steep-Sloped Construction Sites

Suspended sediment is the primary pollutant prevalent in runoff waters exiting construction sites with exposed and disturbed land. In this research, the effectiveness of a chemical stabilizer, known as anionic polyacrylamide (PAM), to prevent erosion and promote sedimentation was examined using different application methods (i.e., dry granular vs. semi-dissolved solution). In this study, the effectiveness of Silt Stop 712, a proprietary PAM product, was tested using different application methods at three different rates, i.e., 16.8, 28, and 39.2 kg ha-1 (15, 25, and 35 lbs acre-1), on bare, unseeded, unprotected 1.2 m × 0.6 m × 0.08 m (4 ft × 2 ft × 0.25 ft) laboratory-scale soil test plots. Laboratory-scale testing procedures using simulated rainfall were applied to mimic interrill erosion and sediment detachment scenarios similar to a highway embankment with a compacted 3H:1V fill slope. Our results showed that dry PAM treatments applied at the recommended rate of 39.2 kg ha-1 (35 lbs acre-1) were capable of reducing turbidity by 97% and net soil loss by approximately 50% in comparison to the bare soil control. Conversely, semi-dissolved PAM treatments applied at the same rate, i.e., 39.2 kg ha-1 (35 lbs acre-1), followed by a drying period of 48 h prior to the experiment, reduced turbidity by approximately 69% and soil loss by 76%. The lower application rates, i.e., 16.8 and 28 kg ha-1 (15 and 25 lbs acre-1), of semi-dissolved PAM without a drying time were observed to lose effectiveness after about 40 min; however, the higher application rate of 39.2 kg ha-1 (35 lbs acre-1) of semi-dissolved PAM provided consistent turbidity reductions throughout the entire experiment. Based on these results: (1) dry PAM applied directly to the surface at the manufacturer’s recommended rate was more effective as a sediment control (i.e., turbidity reduction) measure, and (2) semi-dissolved PAM applied directly to the surface at the manufacturer’s recommended rate and allowed to dry for 48 h prior to rainfall was a more effective erosion control (i.e., soil loss reduction) measure.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
The typology of the objective disorders of night sleep in insomnia

: The most frequent polygraphic manifestations of insomnia were analysed in 39 neurotic patients with disorders of night sleep (NS). The frequency of pathological alterations of the objective characteristics of NS was determined after examination of the data obtained. Four types of sleep alterations were recognized. There was not always clear correlation between the subjective estimation of sleep and its objective characteristics. For choice of optimal therapeutic policy it was proposed to evaluate leading complaints of the patients for more accurate definition of the degree of expression of objective manifestations of insomnia without usage of NS polygraphy. Possible mechanisms of NS disorders were determined. Classification of different types of objective disorders of sleep in insomnia was elaborated.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Multipurpose end-station for coherent diffraction imaging and scattering at FERMI@Elettra free-electron laser facility.

The Diffraction and Projection Imaging (DiProI) beamline at FERMI, the Elettra free-electron laser (FEL), hosts a multi-purpose station that has been opened to users since the end of 2012. This paper describes the core capabilities of the station, designed to make use of the unique features of the FERMI-FEL for performing a wide range of static and dynamic scattering experiments. The various schemes for time-resolved experiments, employing both soft X-ray FEL and seed laser IR radiation are presented by using selected recent results. The ongoing upgrade is adding a reflection geometry setup for scattering experiments, expanding the application fields by providing both high lateral and depth resolution.

Field of study: Physics
Fostering Love of Art Heritage through 3E Gallery (Expose, Explore & Excite) in Civic and Citizenship Education

The education development and changes that have taken place either within the country or globally has made Civic and Citizenship Education (CCE) in the school system becomes important. However, often times this subject has been taken lightly by students as well as teachers and deemed as not important because this is a non-examination subject. This situation results in knowledge, skills and civic values not being able to be assimilated by students. Due to this factor, a study was conducted to review the effectiveness of the 3E Gallery (expose, explore, excite) in order to foster a sense of love for the diversity of cultural heritage through CCE. The study involves 24 students from Form 2 Aspiration (K8), a rural school in Pahang, Malaysia. The initial review and analysis was conducted through interviews, observations and analysis of students’ achievement of school-based Assessment. It was found that they were not interested in this subject because they were not clear of the needs to learn the subject. To change the paradigm, an effort through the learning approach 3E Gallery was carried out. This method is designed to build an active learning method that helps students understand their roles and responsibilities as responsible members in various social groups. With this method, students was introduced the skills of translating information and have the opportunity to experience the exploration into each gallery which was built by them. The finding shows that this activity produced a sense of excitement for the students to express love for the national arts heritage. The achievement in this subject has also increased after this learning approach was being applied. This reflects that the action taken in the action research study is timely and effective.  Civic and citizenship education, multicultural education, intercultural communicative competence

Field of study: Education
Antibacterial activities of the old Apis mellifera honeycomb water and alcohol extracts

The antibacterial activity of the old Apis mellifera honeycomb(been used for 3 years)water ex-tracts and ethanol extracts were to determined by using disk diffusion method and dilution method.The results show that the Apis mellifera honeycomb water extracts and the ethanol extracts have antibacterial activities against Staphylococcus aureus,Pseudomonas aeruginosa,Staphylococcus epidermidi,Streptococcus hemolytic-β and Streptococcus pneumoniae.The water extracts perform better antibacterial activity than the ethanol extracts.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Practical Functional Encryption for Bilinear Forms

We present a practically efficient functional encryption scheme for the class of functionalities that can be expressed via bilinear forms over the integers. Bilinear forms are a general class of quadratic functions that includes, for instance, multivariate quadratic polynomials. Our realization works over asymmetric bilinear groups and is surprisingly simple, efficient and easy to implement. For instance, in our scheme the public key and each ciphertext consist of 2n+1 and 4n+2 group elements respectively, where n is the dimension of the encrypted vectors, while secret keys are only two group elements. The scheme is proved secure under the standard (adaptive) indistinguishability based security notion of Boneh, Sahai and Waters (TCC 2011). The proof is rather convoluted and relies on the so-called generic bilinear group model. Specifically, our proof comes in two main stages. In a preliminary step, we put forward and prove a new master theorem to argue hardness in the generic bilinear group model of a broad family of interactive decisional problems, which includes the indistinguishability-based security game for our functional encryption scheme. Next, the more technically involved part of the proof consists in showing that our scheme actually fits the requirements of our master theorem.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Electro- and thermomigration-induced IMC formation in SnAg3.0Cu0.5 solder joints on nickel gold pads

The progress in three dimensional packaging leads to smaller solder joints. A growing part of their volume consists of IMCs (intermetallic compounds). The IMCs are formed through migration processes during the soldering. These phenomena continue during use of the component. As a consequence micro bumps (o < 30 μm) completely consist of intermetallic compounds. Intermetallic compounds also enable electromigration induced void formation at the contacts surfaces of flip chip solder joints. It is essential for the fabrication of micro bumps and for the investigation of failure mechanisms in flip chip solder joints to characterize the migration-induced IMC formation. This study is based on the combination of electromigration, thermomigration and temperature storage tests on SnAg 3.0 Cu 0.5 solder joints with NiAu pads. For the investigation of migration processes due to temperature gradients (thermomigration), alternating current tests for solder joints were developed. Finally, more accurate material parameters for the description of the migration-induced intermetallic compound formation are extracted, namely the activation energy (E A ), the diffusion constant (D 0 ), the effective charge of the moving ions (Z˙) and the heat of transport (Q * ).

Field of study: Engineering
Activation of human lymphocytes by supernatants from human thymic epithelium.

Supernatants from human thymic epithelial cells (TS) were found to have a mitogenic effect on cultured human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and to potentiate their responses to lectins. This was not observed with culture supernatants from the human cell lines AV-3 and HeLa or from the murine cell line L-929. The maximum potentiating effects were observed with pokeweed mitogen (PWM) and phytohaemagglutinin (PHA), whereas the response to concanavalin A (Con A) was only slightly enhanced. TS also potentiated the mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) response of normal T cells and thymocytes cultured with mitomycin C-treated B lymphoid cell lines. The mitogenic effect of TS was time-dependent and paralleled the appearance of lymphoid colonies in semi-solid agar. Chromatographical separation of concentrated serum-free TS on Sephadex G-100 yielded an active fraction of molecular weight 15,000--25,000 which had all the activities of unseparated TS.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Characteristics of the duration of inhibition of return of basketball and trampoline players in identification task

By adopting the form of identification task, the authors compared the characteristics of the duration of inhibition of return of players and ordinary college students. The experiment is a mixed "3x2x3" design. The inter group variables are tested group designations (16 basketball players, 16 trampoline players and 16 ordinary college students), while the inner group variables are target positions (clew provided position and none clew provided position) and the time interval from the beginning of clew provision to target appearance (SOA, 400, 600 and 800 ms). The authors revealed the following findings: basketball players, trampoline players and ordinary college students began to show inhibition of return at a SOA of 400, 800 and 600 ms respectively, which indicates that as compared with ordinary college students, basketball players showed a more powerful inhibition effect, can show inhibition of return in a shorter SOA, while trampoline players did not show the advantage of inhibition of return capacity, taking a longer SOA to show inhibition of return. Inhibition of return has a certain referential value for the mental selection as well as training monitoring and orientation of basketball players.

Field of study: Education
Effect of Incorporated ZnO Nanoparticles on the Corrosion Performance of SiO2 Nanoparticle-Based Mechanically Robust Epoxy Coatings

This paper presents the studies of the development of a high-performance epoxy coating for steel substrates. To this end, it investigated the synergistic effect of incorporating zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles into nanosilica containing epoxy formulations. The mechanical properties of the epoxy coating formulations were improved by modifying the surfaces of the silica nanoparticles (5 wt.%) with 3-glycidoxypropyl trimethoxysilane, which ensured their dispersal through the material. Next, the ZnO nanoparticles (1, 2, or 3 wt.%) were incorporated to improve the corrosion performance of the formulations. The anticorrosive properties of the coatings were examined by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) of coated mild steel specimens immersed in 3.5% NaCl solution over different time intervals (1 h to 30 days). Incorporation of the ZnO nanoparticles and the nanosilica into the coating formulation improved the corrosion resistance of the epoxy coating even after long-term exposure to saline test solutions. Finally, to evaluate how the nanoparticles affected the chemical and morphological properties of the prepared coatings, the coatings were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction (XRD).

Field of study: Materials science
An overview of international wildlife trade from Southeast Asia

Wildlife trade is the very heart of biodiversity conservation and sustainable development providing an income for some of the least economically affluent people and it generates considerable revenue nationally. In Asia the unsustainable trade in wildlife has been identified as one of the main conservation challenges. Internationally, wildlife trade is regulated through the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of wild fauna and flora (CITES) to which all Southeast Asian nations are signatory. I obtained data on international trade in CITES-listed animals in the period 1998–2007. In all >35 million animals (0.3 million butterflies; 16.0 million seahorses; 0.1 million other fish; 17.4 million reptiles; 0.4 million mammals; 1.0 million birds) were exported in this period, 30 million (~300 species) of them being wild-caught. In addition 18 million pieces and 2 million kg of live corals were exported. Malaysia, Vietnam, Indonesia and China are the major exporters of wild-caught animals and the European Union and Japan are the most significant importers. Over this period exports in birds significantly decreased, trade in the other taxa either increased or remained stable. For all taxa but butterflies the vast majority of individuals represent wild-caught individuals. Records of illegal or undeclared international trade are scant but can be significantly larger than levels of official exports. It is concluded that there is an urgent need for better assessments of what levels of exploitation are sustainable (including exploring appropriate proxies for Non Detriment Findings), for initiatives to make regulatory mechanisms more effective (including the introduction of minimum mandatory standards and monitoring selected wildlife trade hubs), and for better licensing and registration. Funding for at least some of these initiatives can be obtained by imposing small levies on exports of CITES-listed wildlife.

Field of study: Environmental science