nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The importance of forest structure for carbon fluxes of the Amazon rainforest

Precise descriptions of forest productivity, biomass, and structure are essential for understanding ecosystem responses to climatic and anthropogenic changes. However, relations between these components are complex, in particular for tropical forests. We developed an approach to simulate carbon dynamics in the Amazon rainforest including around 410 billion individual trees within 7.8 million km2. We integrated canopy height observations from space-borne LIDAR in order to quantify spatial variations in forest state and structure reflecting small-scale to large-scale natural and anthropogenic disturbances. Under current conditions, we identified the Amazon rainforest as a carbon sink, gaining 0.56 GtC per year. This carbon sink is driven by an estimated mean gross primary productivity (GPP) of 25.1 tC ha−1 a−1, and a mean woody aboveground net primary productivity (wANPP) of 4.2 tC ha−1 a−1. We found that successional states play an important role for the relations between productivity and biomass. Forests in early to intermediate successional states are the most productive, and woody above-ground carbon use efficiencies are non-linear. Simulated values can be compared to observed carbon fluxes at various spatial resolutions (>40 m). Notably, we found that our GPP corresponds to the values derived from MODIS. For NPP, spatial differences can be observed due to the consideration of forest successional states in our approach. We conclude that forest structure has a substantial impact on productivity and biomass. It is an essential factor that should be taken into account when estimating current carbon budgets or analyzing climate change scenarios for the Amazon rainforest.

Field of study: Environmental science
Magnetic behavior of doped VO2 nanoparticles

Nanoparticles of vanadium dioxide doped with chromium and iron are obtained using the hydrothermal technique. Their morphology is studied by means of TEM and XRD. The temperature dependence of their magnetic characteristics is investigated using the magnetic susceptibility method, and the parameters of exchange interaction between magnetic atoms are estimated. It is shown that the introduction of a doped element changes the mechanism of nanoparticle growth and lowers the temperature of the semiconductormetal transition to 150–200 K.

Field of study: Physics
Number and time in acquisition, extinction and recovery.

We measured rate of acquisition, trials to extinction, cumulative responses in extinction, and the spontaneous recovery of anticipatory hopper poking in a Pavlovian protocol with mouse subjects. We varied by factors of 4 number of sessions, trials per session, intersession interval, and span of training (number of days over which training extended). We find that different variables affect each measure: Rate of acquisition [1/(trials to acquisition)] is faster when there are fewer trials per session. Terminal rate of responding is faster when there are more total training trials. Trials to extinction and amount of responding during extinction are unaffected by these variables. The number of training trials has no effect on recovery in a 4-trial probe session 21 days after extinction. However, recovery is greater when the span of training is greater, regardless of how many sessions there are within that span. Our results and those of others suggest that the numbers and durations and spacings of longer-duration "episodes" in a conditioning protocol (sessions and the spans in days of training and extinction) are important variables and that different variables affect different aspects of subjects' behavior. We discuss the theoretical and clinical implications of these and related findings and conclusions-for theories of conditioning and for neuroscience.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Comparison Tests of a Forestry and Agriculture Tire

THE tractive performance of a forestry tire (FOR) was determined on three field surfaces using the single wheel tester of the National Institute of Agricultural Engineering (NIAE), Silsoe, England and was compared with the performance of an agricultural tire (AGR) of the same dimensions (67X34-25). The tractive efficiency of the AGR tire was 6% to 10% higher than the FOR tire; similarly, the motion resistance ratio of the FOR tire was higher than the AGR tire (0.11 vs 0.07) because of the difference in design and construction of the two tires.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE IN EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN WITH NONNORMAL ERROR DISTRIBUTIONS

We consider a two-way classification model with interaction and assume that the errors have a location-scale nonnormal distribution. From an application of the modified likelihood estimation, we obtain efficient and robust estimators of the parameters. We define F statistics for testing main effects and interaction. We analyze the Box-Cox data and show that the method developed in this paper gives accurate results besides being easy theoretically and computationally.

Field of study: Mathematics
The Effect of Health Education By Program To Pregnancy witj Syphilis

To investigate the effect of health education by program to pregnancy with syphilis. Retrospective 42 case with health education by program,test and research the compliance to treatment. After The management,the compliance to treatment made a obvious progress. Health education by program is system and total, it made a obvious progress in treatment,this method has worthy to outward processing and management.

Field of study: Medicine
Effect of different convulsants on calmodulin levels and proto-oncogene c-fos expression in the central nervous system.

In the present study, a relationship between convulsant activity and two cellular events, changes in calmodulin (CaM) concentration and proto-oncogene c-fos expression has been considered. c-fos has been found activated after the administration of the organochlorine insecticide lindane, the Ca2+ channel agonist Bay K, and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA). The administration of the voltage-dependent Ca2+ channel antagonist nifedipine was able to block the expression elicited by lindane. The effect of lindane on c-fos expression could not be blocked by prior administration of MK-801, a non-competitive antagonist of the NMDA receptor. These results suggest a possible role for the voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels in the mechanism of action of lindane. By means of in situ hybridization, the different patterns of c-fos expression after the administration of the mentioned compounds have been described. A possible modification of the levels of CaM has also been investigated. Among all the subcellular fractions considered, only levels of nuclear CaM appeared to be affected after the different treatments. The changes observed seemed to follow a similar pattern to that described for c-fos induction. Calcium entry through these voltage-dependent calcium channels would be the link between membrane depolarizing events and expression of c-fos and/or increase in nuclear CaM.

Field of study: Biology
Isolated pleural PTLD after cardiac transplantation.

Epstein-Barr virus infection (EBV) and immunosuppression promote emergence of posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorders (PTLD) in patients undergoing organ transplantation.



We report a case of PTLD confined to the pleura.



The patient was a 62-year-old male who had undergone cardiac transplant in 1993 for ischemic heart disease. Seven years later, he presented with dyspnea and bilateral pleural effusions. The CT scan revealed left sided pleural base thickening. The cytology of the pleural fluid and fine needle aspirate of the pleura was both suggestive of PTLD. However, the tissue submitted for ancillary studies did not contain the diagnostic material. A clinical decision was made to withdraw immunosuppressive therapy and start rituximab. His clinical course was complicated by Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and he died 4 months after the diagnosis of PTLD. Autopsy revealed bilateral pleural effusions with pleural nodules involving the visceral and parietal pleura of both lungs. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated B cell lineage with kappa/lambda ratio of 1. PCR studies done on the pleural nodules (postmortem specimen) revealed the presence of EBV DNA and absence of human herpes virus 8 (HHV8) DNA. In situ hybridization revealed positive staining for EBV RNA within the neoplasm.



Pleural-based PTLD is rare. Cytology in conjunction with immunophenotyping and molecular studies can be useful for a definitive diagnosis. In our case, cytology sample was suggestive of PTLD. PCR studies performed on the antemortem specimen confirmed the presence of monoclonal IgH gene rearrangement, while the postmortem specimen revealed oligoclonal IgH gene rearrangement. The change from monoclonal to oligoclonal IgH gene rearrangement suggests reversion of monoclonal to polyclonal PTLD following rituximab and CHOP therapy. We also demonstrated EBV DNA and RNA in the tumor nodules, supporting EBV-induced PTLD.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
The uptake of mixed PAHs and PBDEs in wastewater by mangrove plants under different tidal flushing regimes.

Wastewater often contains mixed toxic pollutants, and the contribution of plant uptake in constructed wetland treatment systems is affected by environmental conditions, particularly tidal flushing. In this study, the uptake of wastewater-borne pollutants, including a mixture of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) congeners, by two mangrove plant species, namely Excoecaria agallocha L. and Kandelia obovata Sheue, Liu & Yong, under different tidal flushing regimes was investigated. Results showed that Fe plaque formed on root surfaces could immobilize wastewater-borne PAHs and PBDEs. At the end of 8-month wastewater treatment, most of the pollutants removed by plants ended up in Fe plaque, with 0.12-20.83% of total PAHs and 0.78-24.76% of total PBDEs added to the microcosm retained in Fe plaque. On the contrary, the percentages of PAHs and PBDEs taken up by plant tissues were relatively small, ranging from not detected to 0.09% and from 0.01 to 2.00%, respectively. More uptake of Fe plaque-immobilized PAHs and PBDEs was found in K. obovata than in E. agallocha, leading to more plant damages in the former species due to its weaker root outer layers. While E. agallocha with stronger root protective outer layer was able to uptake more PAHs and PBDEs from wastewater but immobilize in Fe plaque than that of K. obovata. In both plant species, tidal flushing regimes significantly affected the immobilization of PAHs and PBDEs in Fe plaque, and more frequent tidal flushing led to higher percentages of immobilization. This is the first study demonstrating that E. agallocha was a more suitable mangrove plant species to remove wastewater-borne PAHs and PBDEs than K. obovata, and the significance of tidal flushing on performance of constructed mangrove wetlands.

Field of study: Environmental science
ISOLATIONS OF PLANE P AND SH WAVES BY BARRIERS COMPOSED OF SEVERAL ROWS OF CYLINDRICAL CAVITIES

The conformal mapping method of complex functions and expansion methods of wave functions were adopted,the coupling scattering properties of P wave and SH wave were considered,the boundaries of the cavities without radial formal stresses and shear stresses were assumed to be free,and then the theoretical solutions for the two-dimensional multiple scattering problems of incident plane P and SH waves were obtained by the discontinuous barriers composed of several rows of cylindrical cavities.By studying the normalized displacements which are the ratios of the displacements caused by both the incident and scattered waves to those only by the incident waves,the isolation effects of the barriers composed of several rows of cylindrical cavities were analyzed,which were also compared with those of a row of rigid piles,and some important conclusions were drawn out.They are:(1) the isolation effects increase with the rows of cylindrical cavities,and(2) in order to get better isolation effects than that of a row of rigid piles with the same radius,the space distance and total barrier width to cylindrical cavities,two rows of cylindrical cavities are needed for incident P waves,and three rows for SH waves.And these conclusions provide some theoretical basis and references for the vibration isolation design of several rows of cylindrical cavities.

Field of study: Engineering
Comment on ``A high latitude vertebrate fossil assemblage from the Late Cretaceous of west-central Alberta, Canada: Evidence for dinosaur nesting and vertebrate latitudinal gradient'' By F. Fanti and T. Miyashita [Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 275 (2009) 37-53]

A recent paper by Fanti and Miyashita (2009. A high latitude vertebrate fossil assemblage from the Late Cretaceous of west-central Alberta, Canada: Evidence for dinosaur nesting and vertebrate latitudinal gradient. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 275, 37–53) reports on a new assemblage of terrestrial vertebrate fossils from the Campanian (Late Cretaceous) of northern Alberta. In addition to the several dinosaur and microvertebrate specimens reported by Fanti and Miyashita (2009), the new assemblage also contains two mammalian teeth, identified by the authors as pertaining to “ Cimolodon sp.” and “ Didelphodon sp.” The taxonomic identifications of these teeth are either highly questionable or simply incorrect, and the accompanying descriptions are replete with errors; as a result of these lapses, at least part of the biogeographic conclusions drawn by the authors about the Kleskun Hills Park area is also rendered incorrect. While the discovery of a Late Cretaceous high-latitude vertebrate fauna in Alberta is unquestionably important, the significance of the Kleskun Hills mammalian taxa, both taxonomically and biogeographically, should be reconsidered.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Recent Surgical and Medical Advances in the Treatment of Dupuytren's Disease - A Systematic Review of the Literature.

Dupuytren's disease (DD) is a type of fibromatosis which progressively results in the shortening and thickening of the fibrous tissue of the palmar fascia. This condition which predominantly affects white-northern Europeans has been identified since 1614. DD can affect certain activities of daily living such as face washing, combing hair and putting hand in a glove. The origin of Dupuytren's contracture is still unknown, but there are a number of treatments that doctors have come across throughout the years. Historically surgery has been the mainstay treatment for DD but not the only one. The objective is to make a structured review of the most recent advances in treatment of DD including the surgical and medical interventions. We have looked at the most relevant published articles regarding the various treatment options for DD. This review has taken 55 articles into consideration which have met the inclusion criteria. The most recent treatments used are multi-needle aponeurotomy, extensive percutaneous aponeurotomy and lipografting, injecting collagenase Clostridium histolyticum, INF-gamma and shockwave therapy as well as radiotherapy. Each of these treatments has certain advantages and drawbacks and cannot be used for every patient. In order to prevent this condition, spending more time and money in the topic is required to reach better and more consistent treatments and ultimately to eradicate this disease.

Field of study: Medicine
Nora: The Real Life of Molly Bloom (review)

Brenda Maddox's Nora intends to illuminate the shadowy figure of Nora Barnacle, the woman with whom James Joyce spent his life and on whom he modeled all of his important fictional female characters. And Maddox does begin well. She presents a lively view of the Irish ferry on which the twenty-year-old Nora and the twenty-two-year-old Joyce would have fled Dublin in 1904; then she pauses to give Nora's Galway childhood. This early material is also lively and fresh and explains in part how the seemingly independent Nora could stay with Joyce, who managed to remain dependent on the charity of others his entire life. Once the couple reach the Continent, however, and Maddox begins to detail their nomad travels from Trieste to Zurich, Rome, and Paris, readers begin to feel that they're rereading Ellmann' s James Joyce. Granted, Nora had no existence without Joyce, and where he went, she went (except for the solitary Dublin trip that occasioned the famous "dirty letter" exchange), but because there is no new material, Maddox has to resort to such speculative prefaces as "Nora undoubtedly thought that . . ." or "She probably felt . . . ," and the readers are left with no new insights. The substructure of the book is built on the similarities between Nora's life and the lives of Joyce's charactersÂ—the subtitle is "The Real Life of Molly Bloom"Â—but this kind of extrapolating life from fiction is always risky even when an author uses himself as source material. It seems more invalid than usual when

Field of study: Art
Improving reliable multicast using active parity encoding services

We propose and evaluate novel reliable multicast protocols that combine active repair service (a.k.a. local recovery) and parity encoding (a.k.a. forward error correction or FEC) techniques. We show that, compared to other repair service protocols, our protocols require less buffer inside the network, maintain the low bandwidth requirements of previously proposed repair service/FEC combination protocols, and reduce the amount of FEC processing at repair servers, moving more of this processing to the end-hosts. We also examine repair service/FEC combination protocols in an environment where loss rates differ across domains within the network. We find that repair services are more effective than FEC at reducing bandwidth utilization in such environments. Furthermore, we show that adding FEC to a repair services protocol not only reduces buffer requirements at repair servers, but also reduces bandwidth utilization in domains with high loss, or in domains with large populations of receivers.

Field of study: Computer science
Influence of the interaction between conduction electrons at the impurity sites on the Kondo effect

Thes−d exchange model is generalized by taking into account (besides a spin independent potential scattering term) the interaction between the conduction electrons at the magnetic impurity sites, where it is most important. Employing the equation of motion approach in an approximation which is consistent with the factorization proposed by Nagoaka, thet-matrix for the scattering by a single magnetic impurity can be calculated at all temperatures. It turns out that it depends on the total spin at the impurity site, which (together with a trivial renormalization of the spin independent interaction) is determined self-consistently and which in general depends on temperature.

Field of study: Physics
Could urban greening mitigate suburban thermal inequity? : the role of residents’ dispositions and household practices

Over the past decade research on urban thermal inequity has grown, with a focus on denser built environments. In this letter we examine thermal inequity associated with climate change impacts and changes to urban form in a comparatively socio-economically disadvantaged Australian suburb. Local urban densification policies designed to counteract sprawl have reduced block sizes, increased height limits, and diminished urban tree canopy cover (UTC). Little attention has been given to the combined effects of lower UTC and increased heat on disadvantaged residents. Such impacts include rising energy expenditure to maintain thermal comfort (i.e. cooling dwellings). We used a survey of residents (n=230) to determine their perceptions of climate change impacts; household energy costs; household thermal comfort practices; and dispositions towards using green infrastructure to combat heat. Results suggest that while comparatively disadvantaged residents spend more on energy as a proportion of their income, they appear to have reduced capacity to adapt to climate change at the household scale. We found most residents favoured more urban greening and supported tree planting in local parks and streets. Findings have implications for policy responses aimed at achieving urban climate justice.

Field of study: Environmental science
Interactions in multiple schedules with different responses in each of the components.

Pigeons were exposed to multiple schedules in which a key was lit in one component and a bar was present in the other. Ten subjects were trained to peck the key and to press the bar with their feet, and four subjects were trained to peck both the bar and the key. After a period of exposure to variable-interval reinforcement in both components, subjects were exposed to extinction in one component. Only one of the 10 pigeons in the key-peck:bar-press condition showed an increase in rate in the other component, while seven of them showed a decrease. In the key-peck:bar-peck condition, three of the four subjects showed positive contrast. The data suggest that a condition for contrast to occur is that topographically similar behaviors be required in both components of the multiple schedule.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Unusual Phase Inversion Behavior in an Emulsion Polymerization System Caused by Ammonia

Porous carbon with pores and porewalls was prepared by the polymerization of an O/W emulsion of Span 80-Tween 80/1iquid paraffin/water–resorcinol–formaldehyde (R/F) with NaOH. However, a different ...

Field of study: Chemistry
Human T cell proliferation in response to E. coli presented by autologous macrophages is antigen specific.

Interactions of human T cells and macrophages/monocytes (MOs) following stimulation by a Gram negative micro-organism (E. coli) have been investigated. Immunoadsorption studies showed that the E. coli-induced proliferative response of human T cells was antigen specific. The T cell pool could be selectively depleted of E. coli reactive cells by short exposure to autologous E. coli pulsed Møs. This treatment did not remove T cell reactivity directed towards an unrelated antigen (tetanus toxoid). This demonstrated the antigen specificity of the immunoadsorption step, which was further confirmed by reconstitution of E. coli reactivity after supplementing the adsorbed T cell pool with E. coli specific T cells. The Mø requirement for the E. coli-induced T cell response was confirmed and kinetic studies showed a dose-dependence with respect to the amount of E. coli used for both E. coli-induced T cell proliferation and the efficiency of immunoadsorption.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Chiral baryon with quantized pions

The authors consider a hybrid chiral baryon model starting from the Gell-Mann-Levy linear sigma model with the sigma and pion fields coupled to quarks. Instead of employing the standard hedgehog ansatz, the authors solve the model using a Fock-space configuration consisting of a component with three quarks plus a component with three quarks and an explicit pion. In each component, the quarks (and pion) are directly coupled to the spin and isospin appropriate to a nucleon and the coupling is preserved throughout the calculation. The authors minimizes the groundstate expectation value of the Gell-Mann-Levy Hamiltonian to obtain the equations of motion which are solved self-consistently. They calculatess the canonical set of nucleon observables and compare them with previous work.

Field of study: Physics