nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The Personal Consequences of a Year of Study Abroad.

Using a design involving experimental and control groups, this study evaluates the effect of a year of study abroad on the self-realization of a group of junior-year students in France. The kind of self-realization which is proposed by the ideologues and custodians of such programs is seen to be aimed at producing a liberal-international version of a typically modern individual. Using this model as a guide, a series of hypotheses regarding the effects on individuals of a year of overseas study were developed. The tests of these hypotheses involved the comparison of changes in the junior-year group and a group which remained at home. Some support for the hypotheses was obtained from assessments made at the end of the year abroad, but a later assessment, using less-than-adequate data, suggests that most of the personality changes derived from the overseas experience did not persist after return home. Further research is called for.

Field of study: Education
A signal processing model of diagnostic x-ray scatter.

A model of scatter is developed from a signal processing approach. The scattering process is viewed as a nonlinear filter (NLF), which transforms a two-dimensional signal representing phantom thickness into a two-dimensional signal of scattered radiation. The NLF point spread function (PSF) is derived from a single scattering model, using the principles of Compton scattering and x-ray attenuation. The PSF is characterized by three approximations: a constant geometric shape, a volume that depends on the phantom thickness, and a width that depends on the phantom-to-detector distance. This leads to a closed form expression for the scatter-to-primary ratio as a function of phantom thickness, field size, photon energy, source-to-phantom distance, and phantom-to-detector distance. The NLF model is compared with previously reported measurements using constant thickness phantoms, and discrepancies are discussed. The good agreement found between the NLF model and measured data shows that the functional dependence of scatter on the above parameters, previously only explained in terms of empirical models or Monte Carlo simulations, can be incorporated into a signal processing model.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Rust corrodes: the First Amendment implications of Rust v. Sullivan.

In May 1991, the Supreme Court handed down an extraordinary-some would say shocking-decision involving the extent to which the government may condition the use of public subsidies and benefits. In Rust v. Sullivan,1 a bare five justice majority upheld Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) regulations prohibiting recipients of Title X funds2 from counseling patients regarding abortion, finding that this condition did not violate the recipients' First Amendment right to freedom of speech.3 Although Rust was fundamentally an abortion funding case,4 the holding regarding First Amendment issues will not remain confined to the abortion context. The Rust decision could be extended to justify any number of ideological conditions to government funding, a position that may violate a "bedrock principle" of the First Amendment "that the government may not prohibit the expression of an idea simply because society finds the idea itself offensive

Field of study: Law
Sinergitas penggiatan ekonomi kerajinan batik Lampung, eksplorasi budaya dan edukasi konservasi: Andanan Batik Tulis, Negeri Sakti, Pesawaran, Lampung

Batik Lampung merupakan salah budaya yang khas dengan motifnya dan menjadi salah satu kegiatan ekonomi yang kuat di Provinsi Lampung, termasuk kerajinan Andanan Batik Tulis, yang mencirikan keunikan budaya Lampung.  Saat ini  selain sebagai kegiatan kebutuhan ekonomi, kerajinan Andanan Batik Tulis sekaligus menjadi media edukasi budaya dan konservasi melalui pengkayaan motif berbasis budaya Lampung, konservasi dan penyediaan media belajar membatik.  Penerapan edukasi budaya dan konservasi dilakukan melalui paket eduwisata yang disediakan bagi wisatawan baik lokal maupun asing.  Program eduwisata ini mendapat tanggapan positif. 
  
 Andanan Batik Tulis, eduwisata, budaya, konservasi, Lampung

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Discussion on Prevention and Treatment Plan of Ground Water on Open Pit for Chengmenshan Copper Expansion Project Phase II

In this paper,the author makes analysis on hydrogeological condition of the mine,and establishes conceptual model of hydrogeological for the mine,finally properly forcast the inflow rate of groundwater in the open pit.By comparison of several aspects such as economic and technological,dredge and blocking combination is determined as main plan for prevention and treatment of ground water in mine area.

Field of study: Materials science
Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts Accelerate Malignant Progression of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer via Connexin 43-Formed Unidirectional Gap Junctional Intercellular Communication

Gap junctions, which are assembled by connexins, can directly connect the cytoplasm of adjacent cells and enable gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC) as well as metabolic coupling between neighboring cells. Here, we investigated the role of connexin 43 (Cx43) and its derived GJIC in the interplay between non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs).  CAFs and NSCLC cells were co-cultured with direct contact and separated using flow cytometry. Glucose uptake, lactate production, and the expression and activity of PKM-2 and LDH-A in sorted CAFs were measured by a colorimetric assay, western blotting, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Meanwhile, E-cadherin and N-cadherin expression and the migration and invasion of sorted NSCLC cells were detected by western blotting, wound width, and Transwell assays. Pyruvate, acetyl-CoA, and citric acid levels, ATP levels, and LDH-B and α-KG activity in sorted NSCLC cells were determined by a colorimetric or fluorometric assay and ELISA, respectively. Functional GJIC between cells and the subcellular location of connexins were detected by a “Parachute” assay and immunofluorescence. Levels of α-SMA, Cx43, and LDH-B in tissue from patients with NSCLC were determined by immunohistochemistry.  Cx43 accumulated in the plasma membrane, which favored the assembly of asymmetric unidirectional GJIC from CAFs to NSCLC cells. CAFs underwent increased aerobic glycolysis and promoted the epithelial-mesenchymal transition, migration, and invasion of NSCLC cells. In contrast, NSCLC cells experienced enhanced oxidative phosphorylation upon CAF stimulation, with an increase in ATP generation and thereby activation of the PI3K/Akt and MAPK/ERK pathways. Metabolic coupling between CAFs and NSCLC cells was under the strict control of Cx43-formed unidirectional GJIC. Patients with high tri-expression of α-SMA, Cx43, and LDH-B had the shortest overall survival and relapse-free survival compared with those with individual overexpression or high bi-expression.  Cx43-formed unidirectional GJIC plays a critical role in mediating close metabolic cooperation between CAFs and NSCLC cells to support the malignant progression of NSCLC.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
A follow-up discussion about turning Taiji pushing hand into a competitive event——Also a discussion with the author of On the technical and cultural characteristics of Taiji pushing hand - Also on the infeasibility of turning traditional Taiji Tuishou in

By discussing with the author of On the technical and cultural characteristics of Taiji pushing hand-Also on the infeasibility of turning traditional Taiji pushing hand into a competitive event,this author questioned such an opinion put forward by that author as that Taiji pushing hand is applicable only to "the form of pair exercising".In this author’s opinion,modern Taiji pushing hand originated from the practice of "using" of traditional Taijiquan practicing,embodies the inheritance and innovation of traditions;there is no lack of competition in traditional Taiji pushing hand practice;it is completely feasible to turn Taiji pushing hand into a competitive event;traditional and modern are equally important,but not contradictive.This author also put forward opinions on and suggestions for continuing to develop competitive Taiji pushing hand.

Field of study: Education
Theoretical Standard Model Rates of Proton to Neutron Conversions Near Metallic Hydride Surfaces

The process of radiation induced electron capture by protons or deuterons producing new ultra low momentum neutrons and neutrinos may be theoretically described within the standard field theoretical model of electroweak interactions. For protons or deuterons in the neighborhoods of surfaces of condensed matter metallic hydride cathodes, such conversions are determined in part by the collective plasma modes of the participating charged particles, e.g. electrons and protons. The radiation energy required for such low energy nuclear reactions may be supplied by the applied voltage required to push a strong charged current across a metallic hydride surface employed as a cathode within a chemical cell. The electroweak rates of the resulting ultra low momentum neutron production are computed from these considerations.

Field of study: Physics
Extraction and the application of polysaccharide from b.cerosissima mcclure leaves

Orthogonal experimental method has been used to obtain the optimum conditions of polysaccharide extracted from B.cerosissima McClure leaves. The anti-browning and antioxidanthe function of the polysaccharide has also been studied. The results showed that the best conditions for the extraction can be written as: ratio of material to solution (w∶v) 1∶75, extracted time 2 h, temperature 80 ℃. The factors influencing extraction of flavonoids were in order as follows: liquid-solid temperaturethat extracted time. The polysaccharide could prevent browning of fruits and decrease peroxide in vegetable oil.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Cleavages in deformed psammitic rocks from southeastern Australia: Their nature and origin

Cleavages in deformed psammitic rocks from southeastern Australia range from spaced rough cleavages (morphological equivalents of slaty cleavage in psammites) to crenulation cleavages. The microstructure of these cleavages suggests that solution transfer processes play an important part in their development, and that their morphology is dependent on features of the pre-existing fabric (the fabric existing prior to cleavage formation). Former mechanical hypotheses (Leith, 1905; Wilson, 1946) do not explain the observed cleavage microfabrics. There is a general lack of cataclastic textures and of any significant internal deformation of shape-modified grains. These grains, however, have corroded, irregular boundaries typical of dissolution. Rough cleavage development requires dissolution about individual grains, whereas the development of “zonal” and “discrete” crenulation cleavages requires dissolution on existing rough cleavage seams along the limbs of developing microfolds. Cleavage differentiation in each case is due to the dissolution of quartz and feldspar and the passive concentration of phyllosilicates, opaques, and iron oxides along the cleavages. However, crystallization and/or recrystallization of mica may also contribute to the final cleavage fabric, particularly in rough cleavage fabrics where mica beards are well developed.

Field of study: Geology
N-Cadherin-Mediated Activation of PI3K/Akt-GSK-3β Signaling Attenuates Nucleus Pulposus Cell Apoptosis Under High-Magnitude Compression

Mechanical overloading-induced nucleus pulposus (NP) apoptosis plays an important role in the pathogenesis of intervertebral disc degeneration. N-cadherin (N-CDH)-mediated signaling preserves normal NP cell phenotype. This study aims to investigate the effects of N-CDH on NP cell apoptosis under high-magnitude compression and the underlying mechanism behind this process.  Rat NP cells seeded on scaffold were perfusion-cultured using a self-developed perfusion bioreactor for 5 days and experienced different magnitudes (2% and 20% compressive deformation, respectively) of compression at a frequency of 1.0 Hz for 4 hours once per day. The un-loaded NP cells were used as controls. Lentivirus-mediated N-CDH overexpression and inhibitor LY294002 were used to further investigate the role of N-CDH and PI3K/Akt pathway under high-magnitude compression, respectively. NP cell apoptosis was evaluated by caspase-3 activity measured using a commercial kit, flow cytometry, and expression of apoptosis-related molecules analyzed by real-time PCR and western blotting assays.  High-magnitude compression significantly increased apoptotic NP cells, caspase-3 activity and expression of pro-apoptotic molecules (Bax and caspase-3/cleaved caspase-3), but decreased expression of anti-apoptotic molecule (Bcl-2). High-magnitude compression decreased expression of N-CDH, p-Akt and p-GSK-3β. However, N-CDH overexpression attenuated NP cell apoptosis and increased expression of p-Akt and p-GSK-3β under high-magnitude compression. Further analysis showed that inhibition of the PI3K/Akt pathway suppressed NP cell apoptosis and decreased expression of p-GSK-3β, but had no significant effects on N-CDH expression under high-magnitude compression.  N-CDH can attenuate NP cell apoptosis through activating the PI3K/Akt-GSK-3β signaling under high-magnitude compression.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
A New Method for Treating Copper Phthalocyanine-manufacturing Wastewater

On the basis of insight into the characteristics of copper phthalocynine wastewater, a combined chemical and biochemical treatment method was suggested. A series of experiments were conducted to research the effects of cuprammonia complex ions, sulphate and pH in the wastewater as well as temperature on the removal of Cu 2+ and NH 3-N. Conditions for biological treatment (A/O) of COD and NH 3-N were also studied.

Field of study: Environmental science
Use of a synthetic dodecapeptide (malantide) to measure the cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase activity ratio in a variety of tissues.

1. The cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase activity-ratio assay was investigated by comparing histone and a synthetic peptide, malantide [Malencik & Anderson (1983) ], as substrates. 2. In several tissues the activity ratio was higher when assayed with histone as the substrate; this result was obtained in control tissues and also in those incubated with agents known to increase cyclic AMP. The effect of these agents to increase the activity ratio was more clearly demonstrated with malantide. 3. The higher activity ratios observed with histone are due to: (a) measurement of phosphorylation not catalysed by cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase; (b) activation of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase by histone during the assay. 4. When tissues were homogenized in buffers without NACl, lower activity ratios were found, owing to the catalytic subunit being artifactually removed from the supernatant. 5. We conclude that the measured activity ratio more faithfully reflects that in the tissue when NaCl is included in the homogenization buffer and malantide is used in the assay. This was confirmed in experiments where cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase was added to the tissue before homogenization, and no dissociation of the exogenous enzyme was observed.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Perception of the Relevance of Organic Chemistry in a German Pharmacy Students’ Course

To investigate German pharmacy students’ attitudes toward the relevance of organic chemistry training in Julius Maximilian University (JMU) of Würzburg with regard to subsequent courses in the curricula and in later prospective career options.  Surveys were conducted in the second-year organic chemistry course (50 participants) as well as during the third-year and fourth-year lecture cycle on medicinal and pharmaceutical chemistry (66 participants) in 2014.  Students’ attitudes were surprisingly consistent throughout the progress of the degree course. Students considered organic chemistry very relevant to the pharmacy study program (95% junior and 97% senior students), and of importance for their future pharmacy program (88% junior and 94% senior students). With regard to prospective career options, the perceived relevance was considerably lower and attitudes were less homogenous.  German pharmacy students at JMU Würzburg consider organic chemistry of high relevance for medicinal chemistry and other courses in JMU’s pharmacy program.

Field of study: Education, Medicine
[The characteristics of the manifestation of extraversion and neuroticism in the families of schizophrenia patients].

40 schizophrenic patients, their 40 healthy relatives as well as 40 healthy control individuals without any hereditary predisposition to mental disease were examined by means of H. Eysenck questionnaire according to Extraversion, Neuroticism and Lie scale. Schizophrenic patients had higher ratings on the Neuroticism scale while their relatives were more extraverted as compared with controls. Both the patients and their relatives had higher ratings on the Lie scale. Genetic mathematical analysis revealed that the hereditary contribution to determination of these signs did not exceed 4%. It was suggested that personal peculiarities have influence on the realization of hereditary predisposition and that the very peculiarities may be transformed under the influence of either this predisposition or disease.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Interfacial reactions and compound formation of Sn-Ag-Cu solders by mechanical alloying on electroless Ni-P/Cu under bump metallization

Electroless Ni-P under bump metallization (UBM) has been widely used in electronic interconnections due to the good diffusion barrier between Cu and solder. In this study, the mechanical alloying (MA) process was applied to produce the SnAgCu lead-free solder pastes. Solder joints after annealing at 240°C for 15 min were employed to investigate the evolution of interfacial reaction between electroless Ni-P/Cu UBM and SnAgCu solder with various Cu concentrations ranging from 0.2 to 1.0 wt.%. After detailed quantitative analysis with an electron probe microanalyzer, the effect of Cu content on the formation of intermetallic compounds (IMCs) at SnAgCu solder/electroless Ni-P interface was evaluated. When the Cu concentration in the solder was 0.2 wt.%, only one (Ni, Cu)3Sn4 layer was observed at the solder/electroless Ni-P interface. As the Cu content increased to 0.5 wt.%, (Cu, Ni)6Sn5 formed along with (Ni, Cu)3Sn4. However, only one (Cu, Ni)6Sn5 layer was revealed, if the Cu content was up to 1 wt.%. With the aid of microstructure evolution, quantitative analysis, and elemental distribution by x-ray color mapping, the presence of the Ni-Sn-P phase and P-rich layer was evidenced.

Field of study: Materials science
Development of type 2 solution transportation absorption system for utilizing LNG cold energy

The objective of this paper is to develop a new energy transport system for district cooling application by using type 2 absorption cycle. Cold energy from the LNG storage system is utilized as the cooling source of the condenser and the rectifier. The pressures of the system, UAs of the evaporator and the desorber, the inlet temperatures of the refrigerant for each component, transportation distance and the pumping power per unit length are considered as the key parameters. The results show that UA of the evaporator has more dominant effect on COP than that of the desorber. The optimum system pressure for the demand side is also determined. For the present system, it is recommended that the refrigerant inlet temperature of the evaporator be lower than 4.3 °C for long distance transportation. It is concluded that the cold energy from the LNG storage system can be effectively applied to the long distance transportation system for district cooling application with the type 2 absorption cycle. The maximum transportation distance and the pumping power per unit length are calculated. The optimum operation conditions are also predicted from the parametric analysis.

Field of study: Engineering
The Effect of Teaching Using Artificial Intelligence Software’s on the Academic Achievement of the 10th Grade Students in Computer Science Subject and Their Attitudes Towards It in Jordan

This study aims to identify the effect of the teaching method using educational software based on artificial intelligence in the academic achievement of 10 th -grade students in computer science in Jordan and their attitudes towards it. To achieve the goal of this study, a computerized software was designed to be applied to a purposefully selected sample consisting of (50) 10 th -grade students at The University of Jordan School. The study sample was randomly distributed into two groups: an experimental sample taught using the educational software, and a control sample taught in the traditional method, where the researcher prepared an achievement test to measure the academic achievement of the 10 th -grade students in the Computer Science Subject, where the validity and reliability of the test has been validated, and the test-retest reliability coefficient was (0.86). A questionnaire was prepared for the attitudes, where their validity and reliability were validated. The reliability factor of the questionnaire based on Cronbach’s alpha equation was (0.01). To analyze the results, an analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used, where the results of the study showed that there are statistically significant differences in favor of the experimental group taught using educational software based on artificial intelligence in learning computer science subject. The results also showed that there are medium positive attitudes of the experimental group towards educational software. The study recommended designing and developing computerized software in the field of teaching computer science subject s and training and encouraging teachers to use artificial intelligence-based learning in the field of basic education.  artificial intelligence software, academic achievement, student attitudes, University of Jordan School DOI: 10.7176/JEP/11-7-10 Publication date: March 31 st 2020

Field of study: Education
Electronic structure of Al clusters containing 3 d impurity atoms: Fe, Co, and Ni

The size dependence of the electronic structure of Al clusters containing 3d impurity atoms, Fe, Co and Ni, has been self-consistently calculated within the model of an atom built-in in a spherical jellium cluster and the local-density functional theory. It is found that the electronic structure of Al jellium clusters containing an impurity 3d atom at the center periodically changes with an increase in cluster size.

Field of study: Physics