nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Esteban Jose Martinez: His Voyage in 1779 to Supply Alta California (review)

indian labor, as well as their lands, welcome these pandemics? Surely the worst European sin (and there were a great many) was not their coming to America five centuries too soon to know what we now know, or think what we now think, about salvation, disease, ecology, or human rights. All readers, and especially teachers in search of unusual “sound bites” that reveal European misdeeds in America, will find some new and arresting material in this book. The author was provoked to assemble this work by inadequate and distorted “traditional textbooks” that marginalized Amerindians while reverently chronicling the transit of European civilization into a savage America. Such texts are approaching well-deserved extinction. One hopes that Sokolow’s audience will include those who were subjected to such distortions and now seek a strong antidote.

Field of study: History
Near-barrier neutron transfer in reactions 6He + 45Sc, 64Zn, and 197Au

Experimental cross sections of formation of isotopes 46Sc (in reaction 6He + 45Sc), 196,198Au (in reaction 6He + 197Au), and 65Zn (in reaction 6He + 64Zn) are analyzed. The time-dependent Schrödinger equation for the outer neutrons of 6He and 197Au nuclei is solved numerically to calculate the probability of neutron transfer and transfer cross sections. In reaction 6He + 197Au, the contribution of fusion and subsequent evaporation to experimental data can be neglected, while the corresponding contributions to reactions 6He + 45Sc and 6He + 64Zn are considerable. Fusion–evaporation is taken into account using the computational code of the NRV knowledge base. The results of calculations are in satisfactory agreement with the experimental data.

Field of study: Physics
Über die Ionisierungs- und Anregungsspannungen des Stickstoffs

ZusammenfassungDen Inhalt der Arbeit bildet:1.Eine Messung der Ionisierungsspannung des Stickstoffs, die zu 17,75 (±0,1) Volt bezogen auf den Wert der Resonanzspannung des Heliums (20,5 Volt) gefunden wird.2.Der Nachweis höherer Ionisierungsstufen bei 25,41 (±0,1) Volt und bei 30,72 (±0,2) Volt bezogen auf 17,75 Volt als Ionisierungsspannung.3.Eine Untersuchung der Lichtanregungsgrenze der Stickstoffmoleküle durch Elektronenstoß.4.Der Nachweis der Analogie, der durch Elektronenstoß ermittelten lichtelektrischen Kurve zur Bandenemission.

Field of study: Physics
Modeling of chaotic signals based on genetic algorithms in vapor-liquid-solid boiling flow

Time series modeling is more difficult but more meaningful than the modeling on the average characteristics of the system.It has recently been shown that the fluctuation behavior in the system with vapor-liquid-solid boiling flow is chaotic.Hence,the time series modeling was studied in this work from the point of view of nonlinear hydrodynamics.Based on the time series data of wall temperature of heated tube in an evaporator with vapor-liquid-solid boiling flow,the genetic algorithm is used to develop global models by which the nonlinear hydrodynamic behavior of the system can be described in different operation conditions.The model equations were in the forms of iteration functions.Comparison and analysis of the data obtained from the model and those from the experiments were made.The results showed that the calculated values from the models were in good agreement with those measured in the experiments,and the hydrodynamic behavior of the vapor-liquid-solid three-phase flow system can be well described by these models.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Extension of smooth subspaces in Lindenstrauss spaces

It follows from [FW] that in the Gurariy space G every finite dimensional smooth subspace is contained in a bigger smooth subspace. We show that this property does not characterise the Gurariy space among Lindenstrauss spaces and we provide various examples to show that C(K) spaces do not have this property. The starting point of this paper is the following observation which easily follows from [FW, Theorem 1.2] (see the proof of the Observation below). Observation. Let L ⊂ G be a finite-dimensional smooth subspace of the Gurariy spaceG. Then there is a smooth subspaceM ⊂ G withM ⊃ L andM 6= L. Reacall that a point x ∈ SX of the unit sphere SX of a Banach space X is called a smooth point of SX if there is the unique linear functional f ∈ SX∗ such that f(x) = 1. A subspace X ⊂ Y of a Banach space Y is called smooth if any point x ∈ SX is a smooth point of SX . A separable Banach space G is called a Gurariy space if given ε > 0 and an isometric embedding T : L → G of a finitedimensional normed spaceL intoG, for any finite-dimensional spaceM ⊃ L there is an extension T̃ : M → G with ||T̃ ||||T̃−1|| ≤ 1 + ε. We say that the pair L ⊂ M of normed spaces has the unique Hahn-Banach extension property (UHB in short) if for any functional f ∈ L∗ there is a unique extension f̂ ∈ M∗ with ||f̂ || = ||f ||. For instance if M is smooth and L ⊂ M,dimL <∞, then this pair has UHB. In the proof of Observation we use the following theorem which is the main results of the paper [FW] Theorem 0.1. Let X be a separable Banach space. TFAE (a) X = G. (b) Let L ⊂ M, dimL < ∞, codimML = 1, be a pair with property UHB and let T : L→ X be an isometric embedding of L into X. Then there is an isometric extension T̃ : M → X of T . Proof of the Observation. Put M1 = L⊕R and define in M1 the norm as follows ||(x, t)|| = (||x|| + t), x ∈ L, t ∈ R. Since L is smooth it easily follows that M1 is also smooth, and hence the pair L ⊂ M1 has UHB. By (b), Theorem 0.1 (T = Id) there is an isometric extension T̃ : M1 → G of T . Put M = T̃ (M1) and finish the proof. First named author was partially supported by the Israel Science Foundation, Grant 209/09 and by European Grant Spade 2. Second named author was partially supported by the Center for Advanced Studies in Mathematics of the Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, the “HPC Infrastructure for Grand Challenges of Science and Engineering Project, co-financed by the European Regional Development Fund under the Innovative Economy Operational Programme” and Polish NCN grant DEC2011/03/B/ST1/04902.

Field of study: Mathematics
Mo(VI)-catalyzed Synthesis of 2-Aryl-2H-indazoles Using Pinacol Mediated Deoxygenation of Nitroaromatics

A molybdenum(VI)-catalyzed protocol for the synthesis of 2-aryl-2H-indazoles using pinacol as a reducing agent under neat reaction conditions has been demonstrated. The developed method gives an ea...

Field of study: Chemistry
Lyme disease. A Canadian perspective.

Lyme disease is an expanding community health issue in the United States. This has led to greater public awareness in Canada, although the disease remains rare here. We review the biology of ticks and show how feeding patterns are relevant to disease transmission. Diagnosing Lyme disease is sometimes problematic, but treatment can be effective, particularly in the early stages. Preventive measures are aimed at avoiding tick contact and early tick removal.

Field of study: Medicine
Optical readout for optical storage with phase jump.

A novel, to our knowledge, optical readout for optical storage with phase jump is presented. In the readout scheme two coherent laser beams are focused on an optical disk with one beam scanning along pits and the other along land. When the probe beam scans across a pit, two phase jumps will take place in the interference resultant of the two beams if the phase difference between two beams is prefixed at pi, resulting in a phase pulse of 180 deg. The slopes of rising and falling edges of the phase pulse are infinite, and they are not affected by the intensity variation of the light source, stray light, and the vibration of the disk. Therefore this phase pulse can be used to read out the information on an optical disk. The use of phase jump will improve the signal-to-noise ratio of the readout signal and enhance the density of optical storage. An optical readout with phase jump was constructed. Both the theoretical design and the experimental verification are conducted. Experimental results show that the proposed optical readout is feasible.

Field of study: Physics
Elevated CO2 shifts the focus of tobacco plant defences from cucumber mosaic virus to the green peach aphid.

Elevation in CO(2) concentration broadly impacts plant physiological characteristics, which influences herbivores and biotrophic pathogens, which in turn regulate the plant defensive response. In this study, responses of tobacco plants to stress in the form of the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer), or cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), or both aphid and CMV combined were investigated in open-top chambers under ambient and elevated CO(2) concentrations. We measured aboveground biomass and foliar chlorophyll, nitrogen, non-structural carbohydrates, soluble protein, total amino acid and nicotine content in tobacco plants and also measured aphid population dynamics, body weight, honeydew production and anti-oxidative enzyme activities in individual aphids. Plants produced more secondary metabolites for defence in both CO(2) treatments when treated with aphid and CMV combined than with either alone. Aphid density significantly increased on CMV-infected tobacco plants (relative to uninfected plants) under ambient CO(2) but not under elevated CO(2). This suggests that plant defences against virus and aphid would be more efficient under elevated CO(2). Plant defence appears to shift from plant virus to aphid under increasing CO(2) levels, which highlights the potential influences of multiple biotic stressors on plants under elevated CO(2).

Field of study: Environmental science
The Natural Rotenoid Deguelin Ameliorates Diabetic Neuropathy by Decreasing Oxidative Stress and Plasma Glucose Levels in Rats via the Nrf2 Signalling Pathway

Deguelin is a natural rotenoid that shows anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities. Rotenoids prevent oxidative damage and potentiate natural antioxidant activity in diabetic conditions, suggesting utility in treating diabetes and its complications. Here, we evaluate the potential efficacy of deguelin against diabetic neuropathy (DN).  DN was induced by streptozotocin followed by daily treatment with deguelin (4, 6 or 8 mg/kg) for 14 days. Blood glucose was measured, neurobehavioral tests for nociception and motor coordination were performed, and neuron conduction velocities were analysed electrophysiologically. We also assessed (Na+-K+) ATPase activity, performed a reactive oxygen species assay, measured the levels of various markers of oxidative stress, and of hydrogen sulphide (H2S) in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons, conducted immunoblotting studies for proteins and ELISA for inflammatory cytokines.  Deguelin significantly suppressed mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia, as well as cold allodynia, and partially restored the conduction velocities of neurons in DN rats. Significantly decreased expression levels of capspase-3 in DRG neurons, and increased (Na+-K+) ATPase activity in sciatic nerves, were observed. In addition, deguelin decreased glucose levels, attenuated oxidative stress and neuroinflammation, and elevated levels of H2S, nuclear respiratory factor 2 (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase-1, suggesting a disease-attenuating effect of deguelin in DN rats. To shed light on the underlying mechanism of action of deguelin, insulin- and dimethyl fumarate (BG-12)-treated groups were also included. Insulin suppressed glucose levels and BG-12 produced effects on Nrf2 levels similar to 8 mg/kg deguelin, confirming involvement of the Nrf2 pathway in the beneficial effects of deguelin against DN.  Deguelin attenuated DN by decreasing oxidative stress and plasma glucose levels via the Nrf2 signalling pathway.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Mineralogy and Provenance of Pleistocene Lake Clay in an Alpine Region

Ice-dammed lakes of Wurm age occupied pre-existing valleys in the Subalpine ranges of southeastern France. One of these, Lac du Trieves, accumulated over 200 m of predominantly clayey sediments in the form of varved and laminated deposits. The clay mineralogy of these sediments consists of the following suite: mica (65 to 85 percent), iron-rich chlorite (10 to 30 percent), and small amounts of poorly crystallized mixed-layer material. Bedrock lithologies in the vicinity of the lake vary from Jurassic and Cretaceous shale, silty shale, and carbonate rocks to Carboniferous meta-sedimentary rocks and Hercynian basement rocks. Jurassic shale, especially of the “terres noires” facies, consists primarily of an allevardite-type, regularly interstratified mica-montmorillonite and in some places directly underlies lacustrine sediments. The lack of incorporation of this material in lake clay indicates a relatively low surface erosion rate during Wurm maximum glaciation and suggests that mechanical and possibly geochemical alteration of metamorphic mica derived from the cirque areas accounts for the bulk of the lake clay formed.

Field of study: Geology
“Here-and-Now” and “There-and-Then” Disclosures on Cohesion and on Students' Attitudes toward Specific Courses

The purpose of this study was to assess the relationship between aspects of self-disclosure, cohesion, and students' attitudes toward the particular courses in which they were enrolled. The subjects consisted of 108 women and 56 men, predominantly enrolled in undergraduate courses at a New Jersey state college. Their ages ranged from 18 to 21 years. The several artitudinal ratlng wales assessed attitude rowad topic of the class, “here-and-now” and “there-and- hen” disclosures, and cohesion. Although the hypothesis that self-disclosure can be used as a prehctor variable for attitude toward college courses was not confirmed, interesting possibilities which might account for this lack of codirrnation are discussed.

Field of study: Psychology
Theaters of Intention: Drama and the Law in Early Modern England. Luke Wilson

vincing notion, O'Connell's evidence for its validity lies partly in the ending of The Winter's Tale, where the incarnation presumably represented by the statue of Hermione displaces religious ritual but nevertheless provides viewers with an idolatrous moment directed not at religious experience but to an affirmation of hope and renewal in human life. Although this reading has the merit of compatibility with many other readings of this play, a better way to complete the thesis of his book might have been to read this moment as one in which Shakespeare, while representing a supposed image of the miraculous, relied on the force of iconoclastic assumptions to make his final skeptical point, that transformation and restoration cannot be depended upon to occur after moments of crisis and failure. That would be a better reading, especially if one considers the play, as I do, a commentary on the failed union of England and Scotland. But whatever one's interpretation, the scene reminds the audience that miracles do not happen and that the audience does not believe in them. Despite these quibbles in interpretation, The Idolatrous Eye ranks with the books I have found the most valuable in the past two years. O'Connell makes us think again about a subject which we thought we knew. His discussions of the representation of the body of Christ and of the textualization of that body are unique, provocative, richly instructive, and useful. His emphasis on literacy and print as the driving force behind an increasingly logocentric religious culture is not only timely given our current preoccupation with the history of the book but is profoundly challenging to some of the commonplaces we reiterate about word-centered Protestantism.  University of Maryland

Field of study: History
Lipoprotein profile during perchlorate toxicity.

Perchlorate administration to rats for 45 days alters the lipoprotein profile in plasma. The levels of cholesterol, phospholipids and triglycerides in HDL, LDL and VLDL fractions are significantly increased in perchlorate-treated rats. Post-heparin lipolytic activity of plasma of sodium perchlorate-treated rats is decreased. The risk factor, i.e. the total cholesterol/HDL cholesterol, increases in the experimental animals, indicating that the treatment of rats with perchlorate may develop the susceptibility of the animals to cardiac heart disease.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Physics
Toxicological potential of malathion residues in stored soybean seeds.

Succinate-14C-malathion penetrates readily into soybean seeds. The total internal residues inside the seeds amounted to 58-65% of the applied dose after 30 weeks, of which 8-9% were in the form of bound residues. The major part of the internal methanol extractables are chloroform soluble metabolites which include malathion (about 60%), monocarboxylic acid (15%) and its decarboxylation product (8%). The water soluble metabolites contained only one radioactive substance, namely malathion dicarboxylic acid. The toxicological potential of the total internal residues was studied by feeding mice with the washed seeds for about 2.5 months. Treated mice suffered from deterioration of hepatic and renal function as indicated by the observed increased level of blood serum esterases and blood urea nitrogen. The results of blood biochemistry are supported by the histopathological changes observed in the liver, kidney, stomach and intestine. The organs showed degenerative changes including leucocytic aggregation, congestion and dilatation of blood vessels. Other adverse effects caused by malathion residues are indicated from cytogenetic studies on bone marrow of treated mice. Studies showed an initial bone marrow toxicity as indicated by increase in percentage of polychromatic erythrocytes over controls. This effect diminished upon prolongation of feeding period over one month. Feeding with malathion residues affected a gradual increase, with feeding period, in the percentage of polychromatic erythrocytes with micronuclei, a parameter recommended for detecting chemical mutagenes in animal test systems.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
A method to resolve the phase state of aerosol particles

The phase state of atmospheric aerosols has an impact on their chemical aging and their deliquescence and thus their ability to act as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN). The phase change of particles can be induced by the deliquescence or efflorescence of water or by chemical aging. Existing methods, such as tandem differential mobility analysis rely on the size change of particles related to the water uptake or release. To address the need to study the phase change induced by mass-preserving and nearly mass-preserving processes a new method has been developed. The method relies on the physical impaction of particles on a smooth substrate and subsequent counting of bounced particles by a condensation particle counter (CPC). The connection between the bounce probability and physical properties of particles is so far qualitative. To evaluate the performance of this method, the phase state of ammonium sulfate and levoglucosan, crystalline and amorphous solid, in the presence of water vapor was studied. The results show a marked difference in particle bouncing properties between substances – not only at the critical relative humidity level, but also on the slope of the bouncing probability with respect to humidity. This suggests that the method can be used to differentiate between amorphous and crystalline substances as well as to differentiate between liquid and solid phases.

Field of study: Environmental science
Über das Elektronenaffinitätsspektrum neutraler Wasserstoffatome

Elektronenaffinitätsspektrum neutraler Wasserstoffatome ist unter bestimmten Bedingungen von Elektronendruck und Temperatur neben dem Rekombinationskontinuum zu erwarten. Diese Bedingungen sind experimentell auf zwei verschiedene Weisen in Emission realisiert. Die experimentell gefundenen Kontinua sind in Übereinstimmung mit der Theorie.

Field of study: Physics
Categorizing Consumers' Buying Behavior: A Factor Analysis in Consumer Durable Market

Consumers' buying behavior is divergent and situational. For durable products, such behavior got different dimensions again. To make the study simple and informative, color television is used to represent the consumer durable markets. Television, as a product, is getting the status of essential commodity all over the world. The potential of TV market is indeed quite enormous. The Indian consumers were indifferent in choosing the brand since a lot of close substitutes were available in the market. However, they have changed ever since the India liberalized its economy. Choosing the right brand of television is difficult enough when there were half a dozen brands and all of these claimed to give excellent picture quality. Marketing managers are interested not only in the product but also the behavior of the consumers because it gives them the right orientations for product development and positioning. The level of consumer's satisfaction provides the scope for repeated purchases and brand loyalty that lead to optimum profitability. This research finds that consumers' perception on buying color television is mostly affected by the factors, such as, structural add-ons, words of mouth, technical features, durability, ground reality etc.

Field of study: Business
Corticotropin releasing hormone mRNA is elevated on the afternoon of proestrus in the parvocellular paraventricular nuclei of the female rat.

We investigated changes during the estrous cycle in cellular levels of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) mRNA in parvocellular neurons of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus, using in situ hybridization. Intact female rats with 4 day cycles were sacrificed at 11 different times during the cycle at 09.00 h and 16.00 h on each day, with additional collection times at 14.00 h, 18.00 h, and 20.00 h on the day of proestrus. Twelve microns coronal sections of fresh-frozen brains were made through the paraventricular nuclei (PVN) and placed on gelatin-coated slides. A 48 base oligodeoxynucleotide probe complementary to the coding region for rat CRH was used to measure CRH mRNA. There was a sharp increase (P less than 0.01) in CRH mRNA in the ventral PVN between 14.00 and 16.00 h on the day of proestrus, at the approximate time of the ovulatory surge. Following this rise, there was an even larger decline (P less than 0.01) between P 16.00 h and P 20.00 h. Levels of CRH mRNA did not change greatly on other days of the cycle, nor were there significant changes in the dorsal PVN. Given the known effects of CRH on GnRH secretion, these changes occur at a time when they could serve to modulate the midcycle luteinizing hormone (LH) surge.

Field of study: Biology
Choice between concurrent schedules.

Six pigeons pecked for food in a three-key experiment. A subject at any time could choose the left or right key and receive reinforcement according to one two-key concurrent variable-interval variable-interval schedule of reinforcement, or it could peck the center key. A peck on the center key arranged the complementary two-key concurrent variable-interval variable-interval schedule on the left and right keys. The two different two-key concurrent schedules arranged reinforcements concurrently and were signalled by two different colors of key lights. Choice behavior in the presence of a given color conformed to the usual relationship in two-key concurrent schedules: the relative frequency of responding on a key approximately equalled the relative frequency of reinforcement on that key. Preference for a two-key concurrent schedule, which was equivalent to preference for a color, was measured by the percentage of all responses on the left and right keys in the presence of that color: this percentage approximately equalled the percentage of all reinforcements that were delivered in the presence of that color. Thus, choice between concurrent schedules conforms approximately to the same relationship as does choice between alternatives in a single concurrent schedule.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology