nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Die Umrechnungsfaktoren von internationalen auf absolute elektrische Einheiten

ZusammenfassungFür eine Diskussion der Werte der Atomkonstanten nach neueren Präzisionsbestimmungen unter verschiedenen Gesichtspunkten wird eine möglichst genaue Kenntnis der Zahlenwerte für die Umrechnungsfaktorenp undq von internationalen auf absolute elektrische Einheiten sowie deren Genauigkeiten erforderlich. In der vorliegenden Untersuchung werden nach Behandlung der Definitionen für die internationalen elektrischen Einheiten die heute als richtig anzusehenden Zahlenwerte fürp undq aus den verschiedenen Einzelpräzisionsbestimniungen abgeleitet. Besondere Aufmerksamkeit ist dabei dem sogenannten int. Volt (v) und den aus der Einführung dieses Begriffes folgenden Konsequenzen gewidmet. Als Zahlenwerte ergeben sich:P=1,00049±0,00002,q=0,99990 ±0,00012,pq=1,00039± 0,00014,pq2=1,00029±0,00026.

Field of study: Physics
Exploiting global and local decisions for multimodal biometrics verification

In this paper, we address the multimodal biometric decision fusion problem. By exploring into the user-specific approach for learning and threshold setting, four possible paradigms for learning and decision making are investigated. Since each user requires a decision hyperplane specific to him in order to achieve good verification accuracy, those tedious iterative training methods like the neural network approach would not be suitable. We propose to use a model that requires only a single training step for this application. The four global and local learning and decision paradigms are then explored to observe their decision capability. Besides the proposal of a relevant receiver operating characteristic performance for the local decision, extensive experiments were conducted to observe the verification performance for fusion of two and three biometrics.

Field of study: Engineering
Antibiotic resistome and microbial community structure during anaerobic co-digestion of food waste, paper and cardboard.

Solid organic waste is a significant source of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and effective treatment strategies are urgently required to limit the spread of antimicrobial resistance. Here we studied ARG diversity and abundance as well as the relationship between antibiotic resistome and microbial community structure within a lab-scale solid-state anaerobic digester treating a mixture of food waste, paper and cardboard. A total of ten samples from digester feed and digestion products were collected for microbial community analysis including SSU rRNA gene sequencing, total community metagenome sequencing and high-throughput quantitative PCR. We observed a significant shift in microbial community composition and a reduction in ARG diversity and abundance after 6 weeks of digestion. ARGs were identified in all samples with multidrug resistance being the most abundant ARG type. 32% of ARGs detected in digester feed were located on plasmids indicating potential for horizontal gene transfer. Using metagenomic assembly and binning we detected potential bacterial hosts of ARGs in digester feed, that included Erwinia, Bifidobacteriaceae, Lactococcus lactis and Lactobacillus. Our results indicate that the process of sequential solid-state anaerobic digestion of food waste, paper and cardboard tested herein provides a significant reduction in the relative abundance of ARGs per 16S rRNA gene.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Brain tumors in the mesial temporal lobe: long-term oncological outcome.

Surgical treatment of brain tumors in the mesial temporal lobe (MTL) is a highly demanding procedure. Only a few studies describing the surgery of MTL tumors have been reported, and they have been focused on the operative techniques and immediate results of the surgery. The authors have analyzed the long-term oncological outcome in patients with MTL tumors.



Thirty-six patients with an MTL tumor were studied. The mean patient age at surgery was 32 years (range 13-62 years). The tumors were confined to the MTL (Schramm Type A) in 25 patients (69%). Extension of the tumor into the fusiform gyrus (Schramm Type C) and temporal stem (Schramm Type D) was observed in 4 and 7 patients (11 and 19%), respectively. There was a significant difference in the tumor size according to Schramm types (p = 0.001). Complete tumor resection was achieved in 26 patients (72%). All tumors were low-grade lesions except for 1 anaplastic astrocytoma.



After a median follow-up period of 50.5 months, 7 patients showed progression of the disease. The actuarial progression-free survival rates were 97% in the 1st year, 84% in the 2nd year, and 80% in the 5th year. The degree of tumor resection was significantly related to the tumor control failure (p < 0.001) and malignant transformation of a low-grade tumor (p < 0.001). Univariate analyses using a Cox proportional hazards model showed that the following factors were significantly associated with a failure to control the tumor: 1) extent of the tumor (Schramm Type D; p = 0.003, relative risk [RR] 12.04); 2) size of the tumor (p = 0.033, RR 1.052/mm); 3) patient age at surgery >or= 50 years (p = 0.007, RR 8.312); and 4) short duration of epilepsy (< 6 months; p = 0.001, RR 21.54).



Surgery is the principal treatment for MTL tumors, despite its technical difficulty. Complete tumor resection is strongly recommended for long-term tumor control. The MTL tumors are heterogeneous in their prognosis. Older age, short duration of epilepsy, and tumor size are all associated with poor outcome. Patients with these characteristics may have a more aggressive form of the disease than those with MTL tumors associated with chronic epilepsy.

Field of study: Medicine
Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Under Hypoxia: Changes in Extracellular Vesicles Secretion and Improvement of Renal Recovery after Ischemic Injury.

The therapeutic potential of extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) in kidney injury has been largely reported. However, new approaches are necessary to optimize the efficacy in the treatment of renal diseases. MSCs physiologically are under a low O2 partial pressure (pO2), and culturing adipose-derived MSCs (ADMSCs) in hypoxia alters their secretory paracrine properties. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether hypoxia preconditioning of ADMSCs alters the properties of secreted EVs to improve renal recovery after ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI).



The supernatants of ADMSCs cultivated under 21% pO2 (control) or 1% pO2 (hypoxia) were ultracentrifuged for EVs isolation that were posteriorly characterized by flow cytometry and electron microscopy. The uptake and effects of these EVs were analyzed by using in vitro and in vivo models. HK-2 renal tubule cell line was submitted do ATP depletion injury model. Proteomic analyses of these cells treated with EVs after injury were performed by nano-UPLC tandem nano-ESI-HDMSE method. For in vivo analyses, male Wistar rats were submitted to 45 min bilateral ischemia, followed by renal intracapsular administration of ADMSC-EVs within a 72 h reperfusion period. Histological, immunohistochemical and qRT-PCR analysis of these kidneys were performed to evaluate cell death, inflammation and oxidative stress. Kidney function was evaluated by measuring the blood levels of creatinine and urea.



The results demonstrate that hypoxia increases the ADMSCs capacity to secrete EVs that trigger different energy supply, antiapoptotic, immunomodulatory, angiogenic and anti-oxidative stress responses in renal tissue compared with EVs secreted in normoxia. Proteomic analyses of renal tubule cells treated with EVs from ADMSCs in normoxia and hypoxia give a specific signature of modulated proteins for each type of EVs, indicating regulation of distinct biological processes.



In summary, hypoxia potentially offers an interesting strategy to enhance the properties of EVs in the treatment of acute kidney disease.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Residues and chiral signatures of organochlorine pesticides in sediments from Xiangshan Bay, East China Sea

Residual levels and enantiomeric signatures of hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs) in surface sediments from Xiangshan Bay, East China Sea were investigated. The concentrations of ∑HCHs (sums of α-, β-, γ-, and δ-HCH) and ∑DDTs (sums of p, p′-DDT, p, p′-DDD,p, p′-DDE, o, p′-DDT, and o, p′-DDD) ranged from 0.14 to 0.67 ng g−1 and 0.61 to 22.38 ng g−1, respectively. A slight potential health risk to the organism was then indicated for the residual levels of DDTs according to the ERL/ERM guidelines. Moreover, the predominant β-HCH implied that the technical HCH contamination was mainly due to the historical usage. But the high ratio of DDT/∑DDTs depicted a cocktail input pattern of fresh and weathered DDTs. The enantiomeric fractions (EFs) of α-HCH, o, p′-DDT, and o, p′-DDD were also determined. The degradation of α-HCH was enantioselective in all sediments samples, resulting in an enrichment of (–)-enantiomers. However, the racemic residues of o, p′-DDT and o, p′-DDD were observed in all sediments samples.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Characterization of monoclonal antibody specific for human alpha interferon.

A mouse hybridoma cell line has been isolated, which secretes a monoclonal antibody specific of human leukocyte (alpha) interferon. The antibody secreted by the hybridoma belongs to the IgG1 class. It neutralizes biological activities (cellular and antiviral) of alpha interferon. Mass production of the antibody in ascitic fluid has been obtained. A convenient method of purification of the IgG from the ascitic fluid on DEAE-Trisacryl M is described.

Field of study: Biology
Fine needle aspiration cytology in the management of euthyroid goitre.

The role of fine needle aspiration cytology was examined in a series of 115 euthyroid patients referred with thyroid enlargement presenting consecutively to a joint medical and surgical thyroid clinic from April 1985 to December 1986. Needle aspiration was performed at first clinic attendance and repeated two to six months later in 39 subjects. Patients were classified according to cytological features of the thyroid aspirate. A diagnosis of benign colloid goitre was made in 59 patients, lymphocytic thyroiditis in 11, thyroid cyst in 32 and in addition there were 13 reports of suspicious or malignant cytological features. Malignancy was confirmed histologically in six patients in this group and five more had follicular adenomata. There were two false positive reports of 'suspicious' cytological features. During a median period of observation of 11.4 months one false negative cytological diagnosis has emerged in a further patient with follicular adenoma. Accuracy in the diagnosis of thyroid neoplasia of 97 per cent has thus been achieved. Fine needle aspiration cytology has replaced isotope and ultrasound scanning in our practice. The number of 99mTc scans performed in the investigation of goitre fell from 77 in 1984 to three in 1986. Neoplastic tissue was removed at operation in 40 per cent of cases proceeding to surgery (20 subjects), compared with a predicted rate of 9.6 per cent if all solitary nodules had been removed. Aspiration cytology performed at first clinic attendance has led to improved selection of patients for surgery and hence economy in their management.

Field of study: Medicine
Pennsylvania's Revolution. Edited by William Pencak

Bill Pencak has again brought together a veritable diaspora of early Pennsylvanianists with something to say about the state and the American Revolution. The volume starts with a big bang as Nathan Kozuskanich draws out the neglected links between the ideology of the Paxton Boys and the populist localism at the center of support for the Revolution in 1776. The notion of “safety against all belligerents” secured through participation in militias characterized both movements, much as we prefer to distance ourselves from Paxton while wrapping ourselves in the 1776 version of “Don’t Tread on Me.” Patrick Spero and Phillip Munch argue for the importance of English- and German-language almanacs; their research is thorough but their arguments hardly surprising. John Frantz provides a brief survey of how religion informed the attitudes and actions of Germans during the Revolutionary War. (A translation of some of Henry Miller’s newspaper writings, with commentary by Pencak, appears as an appendix to the volume.) Pencak’s own essay on the loyalist clergy breaks some stereotypes in its fascinating explanation of the pressures on Anglican clergyman to oppose the Revolution and the differences in the ways ten of eleven of them did so.

Field of study: History
Density Estimation Using Exponentials of Orthogonal Series

If a density is represented as an exponential of a series of orthogonal polynomials, it has a simple likelihood with a complete set of sufficient statistics. To ensure that the maximum likelihood equations are well conditioned, the polynomials should be orthogonal with respect to the estimated density. The optimal number of terms in the series can be determined by minimizing an estimate of a loss function. The penalized likelihood equations can be solved with little extra effort. Computer simulations show that the resulting density estimator has a smaller mean integrated squared error than the linear orthogonal series estimator.

Field of study: Mathematics
The thermally activated motion of vortex bundles and the anomalous Hall effect in type-II conventional and high-Tc superconductors

The anomalous Hall effect in type-II conventional and high-Tc superconductors is investigated based on the proposed novel theory of the thermally activated motion of vortex bundles over a directional-dependent energy barrier. Our calculations demonstrate clearly that anomalous Hall effect is induced by the competition between the Magnus force and the random collective pinning force of the vortex bundle. The Hall as well as the longitudinal resistivity for constant temperature and constant applied magnetic field of type-II superconducting films and bulk materials are calculated. The reentry phenomenon is also investigated. All the results are in good agreement with the experiments.

Field of study: Physics
Lehrbuch der paläozoologie, Arno Hermann Müller (Ed.), in: Invertebraten. Part I. Protozoa-Mollusca I, Vol. II. Gustav Fischer, Jena (1993), Hardcover, 685 pp. Price: DM 198.00. ISBN 3-334-60409-8 und ISBN (gesamt) 3-334-00222-5


Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
A reliability model for Service Component Architectures

Graphical abstractDisplay Omitted HighlightsIt is proposed a reliability model for Service Component Architectures described in the lightweight formal language SCA-ASM.SCA-ASM is based on the OASIS standard Service Component Architecture (SCA) and on the formal method Abstract State Machines (ASMs).The proposed reliability prediction method exploits ideas from architecture-based and path-based reliability models.A set of experimental results show the effectiveness of the proposed approach and its comparison with a state-of-the art BPEL-based approach. Service-oriented applications are dynamically built by assembling existing, loosely coupled, distributed, and heterogeneous services. Predicting their reliability is very important to appropriately drive the selection and assembly of services, to evaluate design feasibility, to compare design alternatives, to identify potential failure areas and to maintain an acceptable reliability level under environmental extremes.This article presents a model for predicting reliability of a service-oriented application based on its architecture specification in the lightweight formal language SCA-ASM. The SCA-ASM component model is based on the OASIS standard Service Component Architecture for heterogeneous service assembly and on the formal method Abstract State Machines for modeling service behavior, interactions, and orchestration in an abstract but executable way.The proposed method provides an automatic and compositional means for predicting reliability both at system-level and component-level by combining a reliability model for an SCA assembly involving SCA-ASM components, and a reliability model of an SCA-ASM component. It exploits ideas from architecture-based and path-based reliability models. A set of experimental results shows the effectiveness of the proposed approach and its comparison with a state-of-the art BPEL-based approach.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
ESR- und ENDOR-Spektren von F-Zentren in RbCl und RbBr

ESR- and ENDOR-spectra of F-centers in RbCl and RbBr have been measured, giving the hyperfine constants for 5 resp. 6 shells of neighbouring ions. The resolved structure with a characteristic distance of 36 G in the ESR-spectrum of RbCl is due to the interaction with the nearest Rb85 nuclei. All results fit well with the properties of F-centers in other alkali halides.

Field of study: Physics
Effects of Question Formats on Student and Item Performance

To determine the effect of 3 variations in test item format on item statistics and student performance.  Fifteen pairs of directly comparable test questions were written to adhere to (standard scale) or deviate from (nonstandard scale) 3 specific item-writing guidelines. Differences in item difficulty and discrimination were measured between the 2 scales as a whole and for each guideline individually. Student performance was also compared between the 2 scales.  The nonstandard scale was 12.7 points more difficult than the standard scale (p=0.03). The guideline to avoid “none of the above” was the only 1 of the 3 guidelines to demonstrate significance. Students scored 53.6% and 41.3% (p<0.001) of total points on the standard and nonstandard scales, respectively.  Nonstandard test items were more difficult for students to answer correctly than the standard test items, provided no enhanced ability to discriminate between higher- and lower-performing students, and resulted in poorer student performance. Item-writing guidelines should be considered during test construction.

Field of study: Education, Medicine
Learner-Centered Teaching: Putting the Research on Learning into Practice

This book presents the research-based case that Learner Centered Teaching (LCT) offers the best means to optimize student learning in college, and offers examples and ideas for putting it into practice, as well the underlying rationale. It also starts from the premise that many faculty are much closer to being learner centered teachers than they think, but don’t have the full conceptual understanding of the process to achieve its full impact. There is sometimes a gap between what we would like to achieve in our teaching and the knowledge and strategies needed to make it happen. LCT keeps all of the good features of a teacher-centered approach and applies them in ways that are in better harmony with how our brains learn. It, for instance, embraces the teacher as expert as well as the appropriate use of lecture, while also offering new, effective ways to replace practices that don’t optimizing student learning. Neuroscience, biology and cognitive science research have made it clear that it is the one who does the work who does the learning. Many faculty do too much of the work for their students, which results in diminished student learning. To enable faculty to navigate this shift, Terry Doyle presents an LCTbased approach to course design that draws on current brain research on cognition and learning; on addressing the affective concerns of students; on proven approaches to improve student’s comprehension and recall; on transitioning from “teller of knowledge” to a “facilitator of learning”; on the design of authentic assessment strategies – such as engaging students in learning experiences that model the real world work they will be asked to do when they graduate; and on successful communication techniques. The presentation is informed by the questions and concerns raised by faculty from over sixty colleges with whom Terry Doyle has worked; and on the response from an equal number of regional, national and international conferences at which he has presented on topics related to LCT.

Field of study: Education
Composite polymer electrolyte doped with mesoporous silica SBA-15 for lithium polymer battery

SBA-15, due to its ordered mesoporous structure and potential for advanced applications in separation technologies, catalysis, and nanoscience, has attracted much attention in the past few years. In this work, a novel PEO-based composite polymer electrolyte has been developed by using SBA-15 as the filler. The interactions between SBA-15 and PEO matrix are studied by XRD, DSC, and FT-IR techniques in detail. The effects of SBA-15 on the electrochemical properties of the PEO-based polymer electrolyte, such as ionic conductivity, lithium ion transference number, and interfacial stability with lithium electrode, are studied by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and steady-state current method. The experiment results show that the addition of SBA-15 can enhance the ionic conductivity and increase the lithium ion transference number of PEO-based polymer electrolyte at the same time. The excellent performances such as high mechanical stability, good compatibility with lithium metal electrode, and broad electrochemical stability window suggest that PEO–LiClO 4 /SBA-15 composite polymer electrolyte can be used as candidate electrolyte material for lithium polymer batteries.

Field of study: Materials science
Nonstandard foundations of equilibrium search models

We develop an equilibrium sequential search model which includes most of the literature as special cases. In particular, the model can accommodate heterogeneity in buyers’ search costs and demand functions and firms’ cost functions, with general demand and cost functions. We identify conditions which ensure existence of equilibrium in pure strategies, utilizing recent progress in the theory of large games by Khan and Sun. These conditions elucidate the essential structure of equilibrium search models. Although we focus on sequential search, our methodology can be used for other classes of equilibrium search models as well.

Field of study: Economics
On evolutionarily stable sets

As an extension of the concept of an evolutionarily stable strategy (ESS) evolutionarily stable sets are introduced, i.e. sets of equilibrium strategies (EQS) which have much of the properties of an ESS. They are primarily used with evolutionary game models that allow a continuum of EQSs, none of which can be an ESS, but also include common ESSs as a special case. For a large class even of nonlinear models it can be shown that the standard dynamics converge towards some equilibrium point in an ES set if started within a neighbourhood of the set. Important applications of ES sets include e.g. mixed-strategist models and evolutionary game models in sexual populations.

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics