nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Clinical significance of serum CXCL9 levels as a biomarker for systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis associated macrophage activation syndrome.

To clarify cytokines involved in the development of systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (s-JIA) associated macrophage activation syndrome (MAS) and to identify the serum biomarkers for the diagnosis of s-JIA associated MAS, we employed an antibody array that simultaneously detects 174 cytokines. Fifteen s-JIA patients including 5 patients receiving tocilizumab (TCZ) were analyzed. The levels of five cytokines were significantly elevated in MAS phase compared to those in the active phase of s-JIA. CXCL9 showed the most significant increase following the development of s-JIA associated MAS. Next, to confirm clinical significance of serum CXCL9 levels as a biomarker for s-JIA associated MAS, serum CXCL9 levels in 56 patients with s-JIA including 20 with MAS were analyzed. Results were compared with the clinical features of s-JIA associated MAS. Serum CXCL9 levels correlated positively with disease activity. Monitoring of serum CXCL9 is useful for the evaluation of disease activity in s-JIA associated MAS.

Field of study: Medicine
Precambrian paleostress from microcracks and fluid inclusions in the Wolf River batholith of central Wisconsin

A strongly developed set of healed micro-cracks striking approximately northwest-southeast is present at 5 of 6 sample localities within the 1450 ± 20 Ma Wolf River batholith of central Wisconsin. Other minor sets are present but are less well defined. Fluid inclusions in healed microcracks show melting temperatures in 2 groups: 0 °C, indicating nonsaline water, and -3 to -30 °C, suggesting salinities above 4.5%. The in situ trapping temperatures of fluid inclusions, calculated from homogenization temperatures, show a consistent 250-400 °C for all the sets of healed microcracks. Rb-Sr dates of about 1440 Ma on biotites from the Wolf River batholith suggest that the 300 °C blocking temperature of biotite was reached very soon after intrusion and that no reheating event after primary cooling took place in the batholith. The fluid-inclusion data and Rb-Sr date interpreted together suggest that cracks were probably generated and healed during the initial cooling of the pluton, starting at near 400 °C. The preferred orientation of these microcracks implies that the maximum horizontal stress was northwest-southeast for this region about 1400-1450 Ma. A similar orientation of a major joint set in the area also might be correlated with the same event. Strongly developed N20°W fluid-inclusion planes in the Illinois deep borehole UPH-3, about 250 km to the southwest, with similar-age bedrock, may reflect a more distal effect of this same stress filed. The northwest-southeast orientation for the maximum horizontal stress direction during the cooling of the Wolf River batholith is subparallel to the proposed orientation of the paleostress field prior to the emplacement of the Wolf River batholith during an unnamed event that deformed upper Proterozoic quartzites, and it is consistent with a long period of continental collision and accretion, which formed northeast-trending belts along the southern and southeastern margin of the continent. The orientation of the regional stresses may have remained fairly constant during much of the period from Penokean to the start of the Keweenawan, when the maximum regional horizontal stress changed from a northwesterly orientation to a northeasterly one. The data show that even in periods of relative tectonic quiescence, such as during intrusion of the Wolf River batholith, micro-cracks may provide a record of paleostress orientations.

Field of study: Geology
School Dropouts' Attitudes and Beliefs about Smoking

The purpose of this study was to examine the association of beliefs and attitude related to smoking and smoking behavior among school dropouts in a national sample (weighted N = 492,352). The self-reported smoking rate for school dropouts was 58.3%. Those who were most positive about smoking (such as smoking helps people reduce stress and relax, reduce boredom) were more likely to be smokers (p < .05). Smoking programs targeting this population should provide coping skills and an environment with options for relaxing, managing stress, and safe weight control.

Field of study: Psychology
The diffusion model for migration and selection in a plant population

The diffusion approximation is derived for migration and selection at a multiallelic locus in a partially selfing plant population subdivided into a lattice of colonies. Generations are discrete and nonoverlapping; both pollen and seeds disperse. In the diffusion limit, the genotypic frequencies at each point are those determined at equilibrium by the local rate of selfing and allelic frequencies. If the drift and diffusion coefficients are taken as the appropriate linear combination of the corresponding coefficients for pollen and seeds, then the migration terms in the partial differential equation for the allelic frequencies have the standard form for a monoecious animal population. The selection term describes selection on the local genotypic frequencies. The boundary conditions and the unidimensional transition conditions for a geographical barrier and for coincident discontinuities in the carrying capacity and migration rate have the standard form. In the diallelic case, reparametrization renders the entire theory of clines and of the wave of advance of favorable alleles directly applicable to plant populations.

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics
Miniature holographic projector with cloud computing capability.

A fully functional miniaturized projection head below 5  cm3 is presented, using computer-generated holograms dynamically displayed on a liquid-crystal spatial light modulator. Spatial division of the modulator is used for color projection without color breakup, and specially designed, anti-reflection coated prisms ensure simple light paths with small losses. Real-time calculations are performed on a remote server with on-the-fly compression of holographic fringes. Cloud computing allows 1 W of local electrical power usage and apparent image brightness equivalent to 15-500 lm/W efficiency, depending on the displayed content. The properties of the projector allow future applications in handheld displays.

Field of study: Physics
Mono(m-substituted) chloroacetyldiarylamines in the stollé reaction

The effect of substituted (OCH3, Cl) on the ratio of the isomeric N-aryloxindoles formed in the Stollé reaction from mono (m-substituted) chloroacetyldiarylamines was studied. It was shown by means of gas—liquid chromatography (GLC) and PMR spectroscopy that in the case of the methoxy group electrophilic substitution occurs only in the ring activated by the substituent. The presence of a halogen atom leads only to 1-(m-chlorophenyl)oxindole. The results show that high selectivity of the attack by the carbonium ion on the phenyl rings with electrondonor and electron-acceptor substituents is also retained in the case of intramolecular electrophilic substitution under conditions of kinetic control.

Field of study: Chemistry
An introduction to genetic and epigenetic changes in prostate gland – implications in efficacy of phytotherapy of benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer

The usage of classical pharmacological treatment of prostate diseases causes the risk of a number of side effects therefore the researchers are looking for new pharmacologically active molecules, including those contained in the plant extracts. The most widely studied is the lipido-sterolic extract from Serenoa repens (saw palmetto), water extract from Camellia sinensis (green tea) and several cruciferous vegetables. The molecular mechanisms underlying of the development and the progression of prostate disorders, especially benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and prostate cancer (PC), remain still poorly understood. The development of pathologically changed prostate cells proliferation involves many factors, including genetic alterations, such as mutations, and epigenetic changes, appear to contribute to the transformation and progression of prostate cancer. In this paper we suggest that the knowledge of epigenetic modifications presented in this paper introduces the new point of view concerning the possibility of action of plant substances used in prevention and symptomatic treatment of BPH and prostate cancer. Thus, identification of the epigenetic modifications involved on the one hand in the development and progression of BPH / PC, on the other influencing the efficacy and safety of potential phytotherapeutics will be helpful in identifying its novel therapeutic strategy.

Field of study: Medicine
Low glutathione regulates gene expression and the redox potentials of the nucleus and cytosol in Arabidopsis thaliana.

Reduced glutathione (GSH) is considered to exert a strong influence on cellular redox homeostasis and to regulate gene expression, but these processes remain poorly characterized. Severe GSH depletion specifically inhibited root meristem development, while low root GSH levels decreased lateral root densities. The redox potential of the nucleus and cytosol of Arabidopsis thaliana roots determined using roGFP probes was between -300 and -320 mV. Growth in the presence of the GSH-synthesis inhibitor buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) increased the nuclear and cytosolic redox potentials to approximately -260 mV. GSH-responsive genes including transcription factors (SPATULA, MYB15, MYB75), proteins involved in cell division, redox regulation (glutaredoxinS17, thioredoxins, ACHT5 and TH8) and auxin signalling (HECATE), were identified in the GSH-deficient root meristemless 1-1 (rml1-1) mutant, and in other GSH-synthesis mutants (rax1-1, cad2-1, pad2-1) as well as in the wild type following the addition of BSO. Inhibition of auxin transport had no effect on organ GSH levels, but exogenous auxin decreased the root GSH pool. We conclude that GSH depletion significantly increases the redox potentials of the nucleus and cytosol, and causes arrest of the cell cycle in roots but not shoots, with accompanying transcript changes linked to altered hormone responses, but not oxidative stress.

Field of study: Environmental science
A Critique and Comparison of Two Scales from Fifteen Years of Studying Compulsive Buying

Compulsive buying is an important construct in marketing that has far-reaching personal and social implications. The profile of the adult compulsive buyer in the literature is based largely on the 1992 Faber and O'Guinn Compulsive Buying Scale. A second compulsive buying scale by Edwards has also been used but sparingly. Empirical research conducted over that past 15 years with these two scales shows that, although both scales were designed to measure compulsive buying, the two appear to be different operationalizations of the construct. The present review raises several psychometric issues about both scales. Their robustness is crucial to a clear understanding of the antecedents and consequences of compulsive buying. Directions for research are added.

Field of study: Psychology
Educational Status and Knowledge of Meaning, Composition and Hazards of Solid Waste among Residents in Onitsha Metropolis, Nigeria

Good knowledge of waste and its management is key to sustainable healthy living conditions in a sane environment. However, this knowledge has been reported to be influenced by many factors.  To determine the association between educational status and knowledge of meaning, composition of solid waste and hazards of its improper management among residents in Onitsha metropolis, Nigeria.  A cross-sectional study of 425 households in Onitsha Metropolis, selected using multistage sampling technique was done. Data was collected by interview using a pretested semi-structured questionnaire and analysed using computer Graph Pad Prism version 5.3. Chi-square test was used to identify statistically significant associations between variables. A p value of < 0.05 was considered significant.  The mean age of the respondents is 36.84±12.21years. Three hundred and fifty five (83.5%) of the respondents could give the correct meaning of the term ‘solid waste’, 312 (73.4%) knew its composition while 351 (82.6%) had an appreciable knowledge of the health hazards of improper waste management. There are statistically significant associations between educational status of respondents and their knowledge of solid waste (p<0.05), correct knowledge of solid waste (p<0.05), knowledge of hazards of improper waste management (p<0.05) respectively.  The study results revealed that Onitsha residents have a good knowledge of solid waste and this was found to be associated with educational status. We therefore recommend sustained attitudinal change program via regular and periodic health education on proper solid waste management patterns.

Field of study: Medicine
Temperature-dependent electroluminescence in InGaN/GaN multiple-quantum-well light-emitting diodes

We present a comparative study on temperature dependence of electroluminescence (EL) of InGaN/GaN multiple-quantum-well (MQW) light-emitting diodes (LEDs) with identical structure but different indium contents in the active region. For the ultraviolet (UV) and blue LEDs, the EL intensity decreases dramatically with decreasing temperature after reaching a maximum at 150 K. The peak energy exhibits a large redshift in the range of 20–50 meV with a decrease of temperature from 200 K to 70 K, accompanying the appearance of longitudinal-optical (LO) phonon replicas broadening the low energy side of the EL spectra. This redshift is explained by carrier relaxation into lower energy states, leading to dominant radiative recombination at localized states. In contrast, the peak energy of the green LED exhibits a minimal temperature-induced shift, and the emission intensity increases monotonically with decreasing temperature down to 5 K. We attribute the different temperature dependences of the EL to different degrees of the localization effects in the MQW regions of the LEDs.

Field of study: Materials science
Student Personality Style and First-Year Academic Performance in a Doctor of Pharmacy Program

To evaluate whether the personality styles of Doctor of Pharmacy (PharmD) students as determined by the DiSC assessment are associated with students’ cumulative grade point average (GPA) or with academic penalties imposed in the first year of a PharmD program.  All incoming PharmD students that provided informed consent and completed the DiSC personality assessment were included in the study. Participants provided demographic data and forwarded their electronic DiSC assessment results to study investigators upon completion. Relevant academic data were collected at the end of each semester.  The overall response rate for the classes of 2019-2022 was 95.6%. No significant associations were found when comparing personality styles as defined by the DiSC assessment and cumulative GPA at the end of the first year. Additionally, no associations were noted when comparing students’ personality style and semester GPA or academic penalties received.  Understanding factors that contribute to students’ academic success can aid in early identification of students who are likely to succeed and of students who may benefit from early academic intervention. While no significant associations were found in the first-year of the curriculum, continued evaluation will be conducted to determine the impact of personality style on students’ overall academic performance beyond the first year of the PharmD curriculum.

Field of study: Education, Medicine
Autoprotolysis constants in nonaqueous solvents and aqueous organic solvent mixtures

Chairman: K. Izutsu (Japan); Vice-Chairman: E. Pungor (Hungary); Secretary: M. Senda (Japan); Titular Members: J. Buffle (Switzerland); J. Juillard (France); K. M. Kadish (USA); R. Kalvoda (Czechoslovakia); Associate Members: A. K. Covington (UK); W. Davison (UK); R. A. Durst (USA); M. Gross (France); H. Kao (China); R. C. Kapoor (India); H. P. van Leeuven (Netherlands); Y. Marcus (Israel); T. Mussini (Italy); J. G. Osteryoung (USA); N. Tanaka (Japan); K. Tóth (Hungary); National Representatives: G. E. Batley (Australia); B. Gilbert (Belgium); W. C. Purdy (Canada); A. A.Vlek (Czechoslovakia); H. B. Nielsen (Denmark); H. Monien (FRG); M. L'Her (France); Gy. Farsang (Hungary); G. Prabhakara Rao (India); W. F. Smyth (Ireland); E. Grushka (Israel); S. R. Cavallari (Italy); W. Frankvoort (Netherlands); Z. Galus (Poland); G. Johansson (Sweden); M. L. Berkem (Turkey); H. Thompson (UK); J. Jordan (USA); I. Piljac (Yugoslavia).

Field of study: Chemistry
Validation of the CEA electrical network model for the ITER coils

Within the framework of the studies for the superconducting magnets of the International Tokamak Experimental Reactor (ITER) project, the authors have developed an electrical network model for simulating the behavior of a full conductor length (including the joints) under DC operation. The analysis of the tests of three different European full-size (conductor and joint) samples gave them the opportunity to improve and validate their model. The adjustment of the free parameters used in the model to fit the experimental voltage/current characteristics led us to the effective values of the strain in the Nb/sub 3/Sn filaments. They have found that the two steel jacketed conductors showed lower strain than expected, while the Incoloy jacketed conductor showed higher strain than expected, although remaining lower than the steel conductors. Similar results have been found on the joints of these samples.

Field of study: Physics
The effect of electron-phonon interactions on the spectral properties of single defects in hBN.

We investigate the temperature dependent spectral properties of a single defect in hexagonal boron nitride (hBN). We observe a sharp zero-phonon line (ZPL) emission accompanied by Stokes and anti-Stokes optical phonon sidebands assisted by the Raman active low-energy ($\approx~6.5$ meV) interlayer shear mode of hBN. The spectral lineshape around the ZPL is measured down to 78 K, where the linewidth of the ZPL is measured as 172 $\mu$eV. By employing a quadratic electron-phonon interaction, the temperature dependent broadening and the lineshift of the ZPL are found to follow $T+T^5$ and $T+T^3$ dependence, respectively. Furthermore, the temperature dependent lineshape around the ZPL is modeled with a linear electron-phonon coupling theory, which allowed us to calculate the Debye-Waller factor as 0.59.

Field of study: Physics
Long-term exposure to elevated CO2 and O3 alters aspen foliar chemistry across developmental stages.

Anthropogenic activities are altering levels of greenhouse gases to the extent that multiple and diverse ecosystem processes are being affected. Two gases that substantially influence forest health are atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2 ) and tropospheric ozone (O3 ). Plant chemistry will play an important role in regulating ecosystem processes in future environments, but little information exists about the longitudinal effects of elevated CO2 and O3 on phytochemistry, especially for long-lived species such as trees. To address this need, we analysed foliar chemical data from two genotypes of trembling aspen, Populus tremuloides, collected over 10 years of exposure to levels of CO2 and O3 predicted for the year 2050. Elevated CO2 and O3 altered both primary and secondary chemistry, and the magnitude and direction of the responses varied across developmental stages and between aspen genotypes. Our findings suggest that the effects of CO2 and O3 on phytochemical traits that influence forest processes will vary over tree developmental stages, highlighting the need to continue long-term, experimental atmospheric change research.

Field of study: Environmental science
Admissible estimation in an one parameter nonregular family of absolutely continuous distributions

Consider the problem of estimating under squared error loss an arbitrarily positive, strictly increasing or decreasing parametric function based on a sample of size n in an one parameter nonregular family of absolutly continuous distributions with both endpoints of the support depending on a single parameter. We first provide sufficient conditions for the admissibility of generalized Bayes estimators with respect to some specific priors and then treat several examples which illustrate the admissibility of best invariant estimators in some location or scale parameter problems.

Field of study: Mathematics
Long-term changes in nitrogen deposition in Finland (1990-2006) monitored using the moss Hylocomium splendens.

Nitrogen deposition in Finland was investigated on the basis of the nitrogen concentration in the forest moss, Hylocomium splendens, collected during heavy metal moss surveys carried out in 1990, 1995, 2000, and 2005/06. Significant regional differences were found in the nitrogen concentrations in mosses. The concentrations were the highest in the southern part of the country in all the surveys, with a decreasing trend on moving northwards. The mean concentrations in the surveys were 1.07%, 1.00%, 0.89% and 0.92%. In general, the concentrations in mosses reflected nitrogen deposition at the level of the whole country. However, they did not correlate very well with the modelled nitrogen deposition because of the high local variation in the nitrogen concentration in H. splendens. One reason for the high variation was the effect of the structure of the tree stand on nitrogen concentrations in H. splendens.

Field of study: Environmental science
Stability analysis of a state-dependent delay differential equation for cell maturation: analytical and numerical methods

We consider a mathematical model describing the maturation process of stem cells up to fully mature cells. The model is formulated as a differential equation with state-dependent delay, where maturity is described as a continuous variable. The maturation rate of cells may be regulated by the amount of mature cells and, moreover, it may depend on cell maturity: we investigate how the stability of equilibria is affected by the choice of the maturation rate. We show that the principle of linearised stability holds for this model, and develop some analytical methods for the investigation of characteristic equations for fixed delays. For a general maturation rate we resort to numerical methods and we extend the pseudospectral discretisation technique to approximate the state-dependent delay equation with a system of ordinary differential equations. This is the first application of the technique to nonlinear state-dependent delay equations, and currently the only method available for studying the stability of equilibria by means of established software packages for bifurcation analysis. The numerical method is validated on some cases when the maturation rate is independent of maturity and the model can be reformulated as a fixed-delay equation via a suitable time transformation. We exploit the analytical and numerical methods to investigate the stability boundary in parameter planes. Our study shows some drastic qualitative changes in the stability boundary under assumptions on the model parameters, which may have important biological implications.

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics
Cerebrospinal fluid studies in acute lymphoblastic leukemia and lymphosarcomas in children

: The author presents data of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) examinations in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia and lymphosarcomas. CSF syndromes are described which permit a conclusion on increased permeability of the hematoencephalic barrier in this patient population. CSF changes polymorphism, cyclic pattern are demonstrated, as is a functional specificity of the hematoencephalic barrier in acute lymphoblastic leukemia and lymphosarcomas consisting in a trend to CSF normalization. The author claims that CSF remissions may occur which do not coincide with findings of clinical and morphologic examinations of the CNS in children with hemoblastoses.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology