nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Students’ Indiscipline: Types, Causes and Possible Solutions: The Case of Secondary Schools in Cameroon

This study explores students’ indiscipline in secondary schools in Cameroon. The purpose of this research is to examine the familiar or common forms, the causes and probable ways to curb indiscipline in schools.  The study made use of descriptive survey research design. The study was guided by four research questions whereas two hypotheses were formulated and tested. The sample comprised of 3,240 participants drawn from 120 schools (of the public, lay private and denominational schools) in four regions of Cameroon which were chosen by applying equal probability sampling technique. The instrument for data collection was questionnaire composed of thirty (30) items was used. The study used triangulation sampling techniques by applying probability sampling techniques (simple random sampling) to arrive at the sampled students of the target population and other participants. Stratified sampling was equally used since the nature of the sample population is heterogeneous. The study used triangulation sampling techniques by applying probability sampling techniques. Meanwhile probability sampling techniques included simple random sampling to arrive at the sampled students of the target population and other participants (teachers, discipline masters and mistresses, principals and vice principals. Stratified sampling was equally used since the nature of the sample population is heterogeneous. Descriptive statistics parameters included percentage and mean which were used in answering the research questions while one way ANOVA was employed to test the hypotheses at the 0.05 level of significance. The results  showed that  the  familiar and common  types  of  indiscipline  as disobedience to  teachers  and  school prefects included  collective misconduct of students and unacceptable habits. Students’ indiscipline behaviours were classified on three bases as follows: students-based, society-based and school- based causes. Possible remedies to curb indiscipline in secondary schools include moral leadership, moral education/instruction, education orientation and behaviour-accountability policy implementation.  The  recommendations made in this piece of work are that  the  government of Cameroon,  Educationists, Educators,  policy makers,  school  administrators  and  parents  should  ensure  that  adequate facilities are provided in schools for effective teaching and learning, adequate playing ground, and physical education. Moral education/instruction bodies must reinforce their efforts at ensuring that acceptable moral training is given to children.  students’ indiscipline, types, causes, possible solutions, secondary schools, Cameroon Abbreviations LSA: Lower sixth Arts LSS: Lower Sixth Science U.S.A:  Upper sixth Arts USS: upper Sixth Science PTA: Parent-Teacher Association FGD: Focus Group  Information and Communication Technologies

Field of study: Education
The mechanism of tyrosinase-catalysed oxidative decarboxylation of alpha-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-lactic acid.

Mushroom tyrosinase, which is known to catalyse the conversion of o-diphenols into o-benzoquinones, has been shown to catalyse the oxidative decarboxylation of 3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid [Sugumaran (1986) Biochemistry 25, 4489-4492]. To account for this unusual reaction, a quinone methide intermediate has been proposed. Since all attempts to trap this intermediate ended in vain, mechanistic studies were designed to support the formation of this transient product. Replacement of the alpha-proton in 3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid with a methyl group generates alpha-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-lactic acid, the enzymic oxidation of which should produce 3,4-dihydroxyacetophenone as the end product if the oxidative decarboxylation proceeds through the quinone methide intermediate. Accordingly, chemically synthesized alpha-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-lactic acid on enzymic oxidation produced 3,4-dihydroxyacetophenone as the major isolatable product. Non-steady-state kinetic analysis of the enzyme reaction attested to the transient formation of the conventional quinone product. Thus the enzymic oxidation of alpha-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-lactic acid seems to generate the conventional quinone, which, owing to its instability, is rapidly decarboxylated to yield the transient quinone methide. The coupled dieneonephenol re-arrangement and ketol-enol tautomerism transforms the quinone methide into 3,4-dihydroxyacetophenone.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Bioactive Peptide Improves Diet-Induced Hepatic Fat Deposition and Hepatocyte Proinflammatory Response in SAMP8 Ageing Mice

High-fat diet (HFD)-induced nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) poses therapeutic challenges in elderly subjects. Due to lack of efficient drug therapy, plant-based bioactive peptides have been studied as alternative strategy in NAFLD and for less toxicity in elderly. To mimic fatty liver in aging conditions, researchers highly commended the genetically engineered strains SAMP8 (senescence-accelerated mice prone 8). However, there is a paucity of reports about the anti-steatosis effects of bioactive peptides against fatty liver development under a combined action of high-fat diet exposure and aging process. This study was conducted to evaluate the activity of DIKTNKPVIF peptide synthesized from alcalase-generated potato protein hydrolysate (PH), on reducing HFD-driven and steatosis-associated proinflammatory reaction in ageing model.  Five groups of six-month-old SAMP8 mice (n=4, each) were fed either a normal chow (NC group) for 14 weeks upon sacrifice, or induced with a 6-week HFD feeding, then treated without (HCO group) or with an 8-week simultaneous administration of peptide (HPEP group), protein (HPH group) or probucol (HRX group). Liver organs were harvested from each group for histological analysis and immunoblot assay.  In contrast to NC, extensive fat accumulation was visualized in the liver slides of HCO. Following the trends of orally administered PH, intraperitoneally injected peptide reduces hepatic fat deposition and causes at protein level, a significant decrease in HFD-induced proinflammatory mediators p-p38 MAPK, FGF-2, TNF-α, IL-6 with concomitant reactivation of AMPK. However, p-Foxo1 and PPAR-α levels were slightly changed.  Oral supplementation of PH and intraperitoneal injection of derived bioactive peptide alleviate proinflammatory reaction associated with hepatosteatosis development in elderly subjects, through activation of AMPK.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Optical, Electrical and Photoresponsive Properties of Cu2NiSnS4 Solar Detectors

Sol–gel methods were used to fabricate Al/p-Si/Cu2NiSnS4/Al quaternary functional solar detectors. Diffraction, spectroscopy and microscopy were used for the structural characterization of the photodetectors. The bandgap energy was found to be 1.20 eV. The photodiodes exhibited high absorption characteristics in the visible region, with low reflectance. The photosensitivity, photoresponse, linear dynamic range, barrier height and ideality factor of the photodiodes were characterized. I–V and I–t characteristics of the detectors revealed that they are responsive to light. Detectors also show rectifying behaviour. The electrical properties of the detectors were assessed using C–V, G–V, Cadj–V and Gadj–V plots. Electrical properties were found to be a function of AC signal properties. Such properties are attributed to the existence of interface states. The density of interface states (Dit) calculations of the detectors was performed where reduced density of interface state characteristics for increased frequency was seen.

Field of study: Materials science
Use of completely mixed flow-through systems : Hydrolysis of phenyl picolinate

Experimental equipment was developed to study the hydrolysis of environmentally relevant compounds in completely mixed flow-through reactors. The hydrolysis of a carboxylic acid ester, phenyl picolinate (PhP), was investigated in homogeneous solutions and in the presence of titanium dioxide particles. In the absence of solids, the hydrolysis of PhP is dominated by the acid-catalyzed reaction below pH 4 and by the base-catalyzed reaction above pH 5, while the neutral hydrolysis is of minor importance across the whole pH range investigated (2 < pH < 8 ). However, in presence of 10 g of TiO2 L-1 (≃420 m2 surface area L-1 ), the neutral, surface-catalyzed reaction dominated the overall hydrolysis process in the entire range from pH 2 to pH 9. Steady-state rates of the heterogeneous hydrolysis were about 1 order of magnitude slower in completely mixed flow-through systems than initial hydrolysis rates in batch systems. This was attributed to reaction products occupying reactive sites at the mineral surface, th...

Field of study: Environmental science
Synthesis and antibacterial activity of solanum torvum mediated silver nanoparticle against Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. punicae and Ralstonia solanacearum.

To meet the food demand of growing population, agricultural productivity needs to be increased by employing safe strategies without harming ecosystem. Silver nanoparticle (AgNP) using a green approach has become a promising substitute to the synthetic pesticides to overcome pest menace. In this study, AgNPs were synthesized from Solanum torvum fruit extract and their bactericidal property against phyto bacteria was shown. UV-visible spectroscopic observation revealed a surface resonance peak of 440 nm corresponding to the formation of AgNPs. Microscopic and particle-size analyses showed a nearly spherical size, with an average diameter of 27 nm. Surface charge and polydispersity index of the synthesized AgNPs were -11.8 mV and 0.29, respectively. Powder X-ray diffraction, energy-dispersive X-ray and Infrared spectroscopy techniques were used to explore phase formation, composition and possible biological molecules involved in AgNP formation. AgNPs exhibited minimum inhibitory concentrations of 6.25 µg mL-1 and 12.5 µg mL-1 against bacterial plant pathogens Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. punicae and Ralstonia solanacearum. In-vitro disk-diffusion assay showed inhibition zones of 11.4 ± 1 mm for R. solanacearum and 18.1 ± 1 mm for X. axonopodis pv. punicae treated with 50 µg mL-1 AgNPs. The AgNPs generated intracellular reactive oxygen species in the pathogens. DNA damage and DNA replication inhibition studies showed genotoxicity of AgNPs to the bacterial cells. A plant toxicity study demonstrated a nontoxic effect of the synthesized NPs. Overall; the results show that AgNPs can be used as an economically feasible, ecologically safe and effective approach to overcome bacterial diseases.

Field of study: Biology, Engineering
An inference method for fuzzy quantified natural language propositions based on new interpretation of truth qualification

In this paper, we propose a method that affects inference results leading to a new interpretation of a truth qualification by adding a weight attribute to truth qualified fuzzy sets. With this method, we can obtain different inference results depending on the truth qualifiers by transforming a statement with fuzzy quantified and truth qualified natural language propositions. We applied our method to two examples transforming a fuzzy predicate of the natural language propositions and showed an effectiveness of the method.

Field of study: Computer science
Ending the War in Iraq: The Third Option

Since the war in Iraq began in 2003, public debate over the war has centered on two options: either increase the number of US troops to defeat the insurgency, or withdraw US forces to reduce US losses. Empirical research on civil war termination suggests that neither of these two options is likely to produce a favorable outcome for the US or the Iraqi government. That same research points to the third option – negotiated settlement – that has been the most frequent manner in which civil wars have terminated in the post-Cold War era. I analyze what existing research on civil war termination suggests about how the civil war in Iraq can be brought to an end. Military victory over the insurgents is unlikely, but withdrawal increases the risk of state failure. A negotiated settlement would require a credible third-party mediator to broker an agreement between the government, Sunni insurgents, and Shiite militias, thereby isolating foreign jihadists to spoiler status. Implementation of the settlement and the durability of the peace would be enhanced by multinational peacekeeping forces.

Field of study: History, Sociology
Physical Parameterization in Next-Generation NWP Models

Scientists from Korea, Japan, and the United States discuss recent developments in the parameterizations of physical processes in nextgeneration, high-resolution numerical weather prediction models WHEN: 17–18 May 2004 WHERE: Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea he Second International Workshop on NextGeneration Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) Models1 met to discuss the impact of recent developments in modeling for next-generation, high-resolution NWP models, and to exchange ideas for improving the prediction of high-impact weather. In 1999, the Laboratory for Atmospheric Modeling Research (LAMOR) of Yonsei University (YSU) embarked on a national project developing a next-generation NWP model focusing on the parameterization of physical processes in high-resolution models (see information online at http://lamor.yonsei.ac.kr). The ultimate goal of the project is in line with that of the Weather Research and Forecast (WRF) model initiative (see information online at http://wrf-model. org), both of which are to develop a state-of-the-art mesoscale model that is suitable for grid spacing in the range of 1–30 km. The director of LAMOR, Professor Tae-Young Lee, told participants that the focus of this workshop was to discuss the progress in our understanding of the physical parameterizations and the outcome of collaboration between the LAMOR and U.S. groups for the past three years. Major outcomes of collaborations include the Yonsei University PBL (YSUPBL) and WRF single-moment microphysics (WSM) schemes implemented in the WRF model.

Field of study: Environmental science
A reaction cell for time-resolved in situ XAS studies during wet chemical synthesis: the Cu2(OH)3Cl case.

The use of in situ time-resolved dispersive X-ray absorption spectroscopy (DXAS) to monitor the formation of Cu2(OH)3Cl particles in an aqueous solution is reported. The measurements were performed using a dedicated reaction cell, which enabled the evolution of the Cu K-edge X-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy to be followed during mild chemical synthesis. The formed Cu2(OH)3Cl particles were also characterized by synchrotron-radiation-excited X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The influence of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) on the electronic and structural properties of the formed particles was investigated. The results indicate clearly the formation of Cu2(OH)3Cl, with or without the use of PVP, which presents very similar crystalline structures in the long-range order. However, depending on the reaction, dramatic differences were observed by in situ DXAS in the vicinities of the Cu atoms.

Field of study: Physics
Optimized Test Selection Method Considering Test Reliability

In this paper, a method of effectively choosing tests with high reliability is proposed, which is based on the problem that the test optimization is not accurate due to the assumption that the test is a reliable test in the traditional test optimization method. First, based on the fault-test dependency matrix, an optimal test selection model taking the reliability of tests into account is proposed. The optimization goal is to minimize the test cost and maximize the test reliability. The constraints of the model involve fault detection rate and fault isolation rate of system. Then, the binary particle swarm optimization algorithm based on differential mutation strategy is used to solve the optimization model. The simulation results show that the optimization method of considering the reliability of tests can effectively eliminate the problem of inaccurate results of test optimization selection due to the completely reliable assumption test.

Field of study: Engineering
Quantum well laser with an extremely large active layer width to optical confinement factor ratio for high-energy single picosecond pulse generation by gain switching

It is theoretically shown that gain switching quantum well AlGaAs/InGaAs laser with a very large ratio of active layer thickness to optical confinement factor (~8 µm) can result in single, high-energy (1 nJ) short (~100 ps) single optical pulses at wavelengths ~1 µm. Calculations predict that high electrical-to-optical conversion efficiency can be achieved in such structures, which require an injection current pulse of a modest amplitude of ~10 A and a duration of 1.5–2 ns. A narrow asymmetric waveguide design is proposed as a way of implementing such a structure while maintaining good far-field properties of the single emitted mode.

Field of study: Materials science
Credit Load as a Moderator of the Intent-Turnover Relation Among Community College Students

AbstractDespite marked changes in the composition of the population of higher education over the past 20 years, few researchers have tested hypotheses pertaining to predictors of turnover among nontraditional college students. In the present study, we controlled several variables and tested to see whether credit load moderates the effects of intent on turnover at a community college. The results of a stepwise logistic regression model generated from data collected during the spring and fall of 1987 indicated a significant (p < .01) joint effect of credit load and intent. As predicted, intent was more strongly related to turnover among students carrying 13 or more credit hours as compared with students carrying 1–6 and 7–12 credit hours.

Field of study: Education
The topological center of the spectrum of some distal algebras

The topological center of the spectrum of the Weyl algebra W, i.e. the norm closure of the algebra generated by the set of functions $\{n\mapsto\lambda^{n^{i}};\lambda\in\mathbb{T}\mbox{ and }i\in\mathbb {N}\}$, is characterized in a recent paper by Jabbari and Namioka (Ellis group and the topological center of the flow generated by the map $n\mapsto \lambda^{n^{k}}$, to appear in Milan . By the techniques essentially used in the cited paper, the topological center of the spectrum of the subalgebra Wk, the norm closure of the algebra generated by the set of functions $\{n\mapsto\lambda^{n^{i}};\lambda\in\mathbb{T}\mbox{ and }i=0,1,2,\ldots,k\}$, will be characterized, for all k∈ℕ. Also an example of a non-minimal dynamical system, with the enveloping semigroup Σ, for which the set of all continuous elements of Σ is not equal to the topological center of Σ, is given.

Field of study: Mathematics
Domain Framework and Component Extraction Method Based on Dynamic Analysis of Relations Between Classes

Extraction of framework and components is an important goal of reuseoriented software reengineering.In this paper,an extraction method is proposed on analysis of existing mode of domain framework and components in legacy systems.In the method,skeleton classes of the framework are firstly identified,and then spread is performed from these classes to get the whole framework instance.Finally,the domain framework can be abstracted from the instance.Spread can continue from those classes,where the framework instance separates,to extract legacy components.All of the spread processes are based on the dynamic analysis of the overall relationship between the examined class and the class cluster, so the partition is more reasonable.

Field of study: Computer science
A recombinant adenovirus vector expressing human IFN-λ1 inhibits the growth of orthotopic gastric cancer and its possible mechanism

To investigate the inhibitory effects of a recombinant adenovirus vector ex-pressing human IFN-λ1 （ r-Ad-hIFN-λ1） on the growth of orthotopic gastric cancer and to analyze its possi-ble mechanism in a nude mice model of orthotopic human gastric carcinoma .Methods Orthotopic trans-plantation was performed to establish the nude mice model of orthotopic gastric cancer .Thirty mice were ran-domly divided into three groups including PBS control group , Ad-Lac Z empty vector group and r-Ad-hIFN-λ1 experiment group .The mice in each group were given the corresponding interventions once a week for three times.The sizes of tumor were detected by using B-mode ultrasound at different time points to draw growth curves .The expression of IFN-λ1 at mRNA level in skeletal muscle tissues was analyzed by RT-PCR.Western blot assay and immunohistochemical staining were used to detect IFN-λ1 protein in gastric tumor samples .The apoptosis of cells in paraffin-embedded tumor tissues was detected by TUNEL .The per-centages of natural killer （ NK） cells in spleen tissues were analyzed by flow cytometry .Results Compared with control group and empty vector group , the mice in r-Ad-hIFN-λ1 experiment group showed the smallest tumor size [（331.25±6.00） mm3, （322.92±5.92） mm3 vs （248.39±7.60） mm3; P〈0.05].hIFN-λ1 was transfected into skeletal muscle successfully and expressed in gastric cancer tissue .Highly expressed hIFN-λ1 was observed in cytoplasm of tumor cells from experiment group by immunohistochemical staining . The apoptotic index of tumor tissues for experiment group was 0.700±0.059 which was significant different from that of control group （0.271±0.026, P〈0.05） and empty vector group （0.333±0.028, P〈0.05）. The percentage of NK cells in spleens from mice in experiment group [（26.49±1.89）%] was significantly higher than that of control group [（13.94 ±1.31）%, P〈0.05）] and empty vector group [（19.12 ±1.69）%, P〈0.05）].Conclusion Transfection of r-Ad-hIFN-λ1 and expression of hIFN-λin skeletal muscle could significantly inhibit the growth of gastric cancer by inducing tumor cells ′apoptosis and enhan-cing NK cells. 
 
 
IFN-λ1;  Recombination; Gastric cancer; Apoptosis; Immunization

Field of study: Biology
T(d, p)tn reactions at a deuteron energy of 37 MeV

Inclusive spectra of protons from T(d, p) reactions were measured in the angular range 15° ≤ θp ≤ 52° at energies Ed ≈ 36.9 MeV. Broad maxima in the medium region of the proton energy spectra from deuteron breakup in a field of tritium nuclei are adequately described in the diffraction approximation by taking into account final state interactions. A description of the high- and low-energy regions of spectra requires consideration of the contributions from the production and decay of 4H* intermediate resonances and 4He* resonance decay, respectively.

Field of study: Physics
Performance evaluation of naphtha desulfurizer

The performance of three kinds of desulfurizers which brands are SY-1,SY-2 and XBH are evaluated,and the effects of LHSV and temperature on the sulfur content of desulfurizer are investigated.By soaking experiments,the water-resistance performance of three kinds of desulfurizers is investigated.The results show that the stability of desulfurizers are reliable.SY-2 has a higher penetration of sulfur content,but water resistance is worse slightly,SY-1 has a greater water resistance performance,penetration sulfur capacity is slightly lower and XBH is somewhere in between.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science