nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Experimental Study of Shock Oscillation over a Transonic Supercritical Profile

Shock wave/turbulent boundary-layer interaction and flow separation may induce self-sustained large-scale oscillations on a profile at transonic Mach number. This phenomenon, known as transonic buffet, is at the origin of intense pressure fluctuations which can have detrimental effects, both in external and internal aerodynamics. The present paper describes a new experiment executed in the ONERA S3Ch transonic wind tunnel on shock oscillations over the OAT15A supercritical profile. These experiments have allowed the precise definition of the conditions for buffet onset and the characterization of the properties of the periodic motion from unsteady surface pressure measurements. The flowfield behavior has been described in great detail thanks to high-speed schlieren cinematography and surveys with a two-component laser Doppler velocimetry along with a conditional sampling technique. The first aim of this study was to provide the computational fluid dynamics community with well-documented test cases to validate advanced computing methods. Concerning the physics of the phenomenon, it is suggested that it is mediated by acoustic waves which are produced at the trailing edge and which travel on the two sides of the airfoil. Also, the experimental results strongly suggest that the phenomenon is essentially two-dimensional, even if three-dimensional effects are also detected.

Field of study: Physics
Aufgaben geomorphologischer Kontinentkarten und ein Ansatz zu ihrer Lösung

ZusammenfassungEs wird vorgeschlagen, als Hauptgliederungsprinzip in kleinmaßstäblichen geomorphologischen Karten die genetische Gliederung nach exogenen Formungsprozessen zu benutzen. Dabei sind für die Morphogenese eines einheitlichen Gebietes im allgemeinen die Wirkungen mehrerer Formungsphasen zu berücksichtigen, für jede Formungsphase die Wirkungen mehrerer Formungsprozesse. Jedes morphogenetisch gleichartige Gebiet läßt sich durch eine Formel beschreiben, in der jede Formungsphase durch die Aneinanderreihung von Kennbuchstaben für die wirksamen Prozesse, die Abfolge der Formungsphasen durch ihre Anordnung zu einer Spalte gezeichnet wird.AbstractThe author proposes a new classificatory principle for geomorphological maps of a small scale: it is the application of a genetic classification derived from exogenous processes. In general the effects of several morphogenetic periods must be considered for the morphological evolution of a homogenous region, as well as the effects of several morphodynamic processes during each morphogenetic period. Each morphogenetically similar region can be specified by a formula in which each morphodynamic period is characterized by a set of indicating letters, each representing a single effective process; the succession of the morphogenetic periods is signified by their multi-lined arrangement.RésuméL'auteur propose de se servir, comme principe fondamental de classification sur des cartes géomorphologiques à petite échelle, de la classification génétique d'apres les processus exogènes. Dans la morphogénèse d'une région homogène on doit alors en général distinguer des phases de façonnement différentes, chaque phase représentant un groupe de plusieurs processus. On peut caractériser toute région d'une même morphogénèse par une formule dans laquelle chaque phase morphogénétique est signifiée par une série de lettres-clés pour les processus efficaces. et dans laquelle la succession des phases morphogénétiques est exprimée par un arrangement de ces séries l'une en dessous de l'autre.Краткое содержаниеПредлагается новый п ринцип классификаци и геоморфологических мелкомасштабных карт: генетическая кл ассификация по экзог енным процессам формирования. При эт ом следует принимать во внимание влияние некоторых фаз формирования на м орфогенез единой обл асти: каждая фаза формирования состои т из многих процессов формирования. По мнен ию автора, каждую морфог енетическую однород н ую область можно описать формулой, где каждая ф аза формирования пре дставлена рядом букв, соответствующих изв естным процессам, а последовательность фаз — их расположению в столб це.

Field of study: Environmental science
Functional properties and in vitro antioxidant and antibacterial effectiveness of pigskin gelatin films incorporated with hydrolysable chestnut tannin

The impact of the incorporation of 10% w/w of hydrolyzable chestnut tannin into pigskin gelatin (G) films plasticized with glycerol (Gly) on the physicochemical properties as well as the in vitro antioxidant and antibacterial effectiveness against food-borne pathogens such as Escherichia coli and Streptococcus aureus was investigated. A higher tendency to both redness (a*) and yellowness (b*) coloration characterized gelatin films incorporated with chestnut tannin. The reduced lightness (L) and transparency of gelatin–chestnut tannin films plasticized with 30% w/w Gly might be associated with certain degree of phase separation which provoked the migration of the plasticizer to the film surface. The incorporation of chestnut tannin and glycerol affected the chemical structure of the resultant films due to the establishment of hydrogen interactions between components as revealed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. These interactions reduced gelatin crystallinity and seemed to be involved in the substantial decrease of the water uptake of films with tannin, irrespective of the glycerol level. Such interactions had minor effect on tensile properties being similar to those of the control films (without chestnut tannin) at the same glycerol level. Films modified with 10% w/w chestnut tannin showed significant (P < 0.05) 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity, ca. from 0 ± 0.033 to 87.1 ± 0.002% for chestnut tannin-free and chestnut tannin-containing gelatin films. The limited inhibitory activity of films incorporated with 10% w/w chestnut tannin against the selected bacteria evidenced by disk diffusion method probably resulted from the interactions within the film restricting the diffusion of the active agent into the agar medium. The more modest protective effect observed against a Gram-positive bacterium (S. aureus) was also discussed.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
On the uniqueness of the positive solution of an integral equation which appears in epidemiological models

In this paper, we show that the positive solution of a non-linear integral equation which appears in classical SIR epidemiological models is unique. The demonstration of this fact is necessary to justify the correctness of any approximate or numerical solution.The SIR epidemiological model is used only for simplicity. In fact, the methods used can be easily extended to prove the existence and uniqueness of the more involved integral equations that appear when more biological realities are considered. Thus the inclusion of a latent class (SLIR models) and models incorporating variability in the infectiousness with duration of the infection and spatial distribution lead to integral equations to which the results derived in this paper apply immediately.

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics
Massive Star Forming Regions in the Galaxy using the Spitzer GLIMPSE Survey

We examine the thirteen most luminous sources in the WMAP free-free map using the Spitzer GLIMPSE and MSX surveys to identify massive star formation regions, emitting one-third of the Galactic free-free luminosity. We identify star forming regions by a combination of bubble morphology in 8 $\micronm$ (PAH) emission and radio recombination line radial velocities. We find 40 star forming regions associated with our WMAP sources, and determine unique distances to 31. We interpret the bubbles as evidence for radial expansion. The radial velocity distribution for each source allows us to measure the intrinsic speed of a region's expansion. This speed is consistent with the size and age of the bubbles. The high free-free luminosities, combined with negligible synchrotron emission, demonstrate that the bubbles are not driven by supernovae. The kinetic energy of the largest bubbles is a substantial fraction of that measured in the older superbubbles found by Heiles. We find that the energy injected into the ISM by our bubbles is similar to that required to maintain the turbulent motion in the gas disk inside 8 kpc. We report a number of new star forming regions powered by massive ($\textrm{M}_{*} > 10^4 \textrm{M}_\sun$) star clusters. We measure the scale height of the Galactic O stars to be $h_{\textrm{*}} = 35 \pm 5 \pc$. We determine an empirical relationship between the PAH and free-free emission of the form $F_{\textrm{PAH}} \propto F^2_{\textrm{ff}}$. Finally, we find that the bubble geometry is more consistent with a spherical shell rather than a flattened disk.

Field of study: Physics
Southern Continental Borderland, Baja California: Its Tectonic and Environmental Development

A study was made of the Continental Margin off Baja California, between 29° 30′ N. and 32° N., combining seismic profiling, dredging, and lithologic and biostratigraphic analyses. Bathymetry and seismic profiling show a ridge-basin structure and a distinct structural and topographic escarpment between the deep-sea floor and the Continental Margin throughout. Much of the southern borderland is shallower than 2,000 m and no true oceanic depths occur.

Dredgings on ridges of the southern borderland brought up acidic and basic igneous rocks, metamorphosed sediments, phosphorite, and strata like those of the Cenozoic marine sections of southern California and the northern part of the Continental Borderland. Biofacies of the sedimentary rocks include upper Paleocene, middle Miocene, upper Miocene, and Pleistocene assemblages, all comparable to those of the biofacies of similar ages in southern California. The Miocene biofacies are in distinct contrast to oceanic benthic biofacies of the middle and upper Miocene in the experimental Mohole, just to the west.

Upper Miocene biofacies atop Soledad Ridge, and on many other ridges of the Continental Borderland, are deep water in character as are those of the Miocene Monterey Formation of California. They show major uplift of the ridges since their deposition. Planktonic biofacies of late Miocene strata on Soledad Ridge indicate that this deep-water sediment correlates with Neogene Zones 17 and 18. The age of Neogene Zone 18, correlated with the Gilbert and lowermost Gauss Magnetic Epochs, indicates that uplift of the ridge commenced later than about 4 m.y. ago. It is suggested that formation of the Continental Borderland structural patter n correlates in time with the opening of the Gulf of California, which developed in the last 4 m.y.

Uplift, averaging from 6 cm to 9 cm per year for the past 11,000 yrs, characterizesbasins just to the north of the southern borderland. This has contributed in large part to the southern borderland having depths some 450 m greater than those of the Continental Borderland off southern California.

Bathymetry, structure, varied continental lithology, sedimentary relations, and paleoecology of marine strata exposed on ridges of the southern borderland are consistent with similar characteristics of the northern part of the Continental Borderland. They indicate that the southern borderland is not a rhombochasm but that the entire Continental Borderland is one major structural ridge-basin unit.

Field of study: Geology
Fifteen-Month Follow-Up of Social Skills and Cognitive-Relaxation Approaches to General Anger Reduction.

This article presents a 15-month follow-up of a study by J. L. Deffenbacher, G. A. Thwaites, T. L. Wallace, and E. R. Oetting (1994) that compared inductive social skills training (ISST) to skill assembly social skills training (SASST) and cognitive-relaxation coping skills (CRCS) interventions for general anger reduction in college students. Compared with the control group at 15-month follow-up, counseled groups reported lower trait anger, general anger, anger across many situations, and anger-related physiological arousal ; less anger suppression and outward negative expression ; and greater calm, controlled expression. ISST and CRCS participants also reported less anger in their worst ongoing, angering situation. More counseled participants showed clinically significant improvement on trait anger as well. In none of these comparisons did counseled groups differ among themselves. No treatment effects were found on nontargeted assertiveness and trait anxiety. Results are discussed in terms of long-term efficacy of treatments and of the importance of long-term follow-up.

Field of study: Psychology
Active MR-temperature feedback control of dynamic interstitial ultrasound therapy in brain: in vivo experiments and modeling in native and coagulated tissues.

The recent clinical emergence of minimally invasive image-guided therapy has demonstrated promise in the management of brain metastasis, although control over the spatial pattern of heating currently remains limited. Based on experience in other organs, the delivery of high-intensity contact ultrasound energy from minimally invasive applicators can enable accurate spatial control of energy deposition, large treatment volumes, and high treatment rate. In this acute study, the feasibility of active MR-Temperature feedback control of dynamic ultrasound heat deposition for interstitial thermal ablation in brain was evaluatedin vivo.



A four-element linear ultrasound transducer (f=8.2 MHz) originally developed for transurethral ultrasound therapy was used in a porcine model for generating thermal ablations in brain interstitially. First, the feasibility of treating and retreating preciselyin vivo brain tissues using stationary (non-rotating device) ultrasound exposures was studied in two pigs. Experimental results were compared to numerical simulations for maximum surface acoustic intensities ranging from 5 to 20 W cm(-2). Second, active MRT feedback-controlled ultrasound treatments were performed in three pigs with a rotating device to coagulate target volumes of various shapes. The acoustic power and rotation rate of the device were adjusted in real-time based on MR-thermometry feedback control to optimize heat deposition at the target boundary. Modeling of in vivo treatments were performed and compared to observed experimental results.



Overall, the time-space evolution of the temperature profiles observedin vivo could be well estimated from numerical simulations for both stationary and dynamic interstitial ultrasound exposures. Dynamic exposures performed under closed-loop temperature control enabled accurate elevation of the brain tissues within the targeted region above the 55 °C threshold necessary for the creation of irreversible thermal damage. Treatment volumes ranging from 1 to 9 cm3 were completed within 8±3 min with a radial targeting error<2 mm on average (treatment rate: 0.7±0.5 cm3/min). Tissue changes were visible on T1-weighted contrast-enhanced (T1w-CE) images immediately after treatment. These changes were also evident on T2-weighted (T2w) images acquired 2 h after the 1st treatment and correlated well with the MR-thermometry measurements.



These results support the feasibility of active MRT feedback control of dynamic interstitial ultrasound therapy ofin vivo brain tissues and confirm the feasibility of using simulations to predict spatial heating patterns in the brain.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Flow melanges: Numerical modeling and geologic constraints on their origin in the Franciscan subduction complex, California

In northern California, the central belt of the Franciscan subduction complex of late Mesozoic to early Tertiary age is largely a zone of chaotically mixed pelitic-matrix melange. The melange contains a diverse assemblage of rocks of various sizes and degrees; of metamorphism. The most abundant rock types are graywacke and greenstone, but the exotics such as blueschist and eclogite are the most distinctive rocks in the belt. The melange belt is traceable for hundreds of kilometres along strike and is up to tens of kilometres wide. Elongate fragments of most rock types show pinch and swell structure that grades into boudinage. This suggests they behaved as relatively rigid bodies in a ductilely deforming matrix. The general planar preferred orientation of elongate blocks, development of foliation in the matrix, wide separation of blocks, and chaotic mixing indicate that large amounts of flow occurred during melange formation. The major mineralogy of the matrix is quartz + albite + chlorite + white mica and rarely kaolinite. Minor amounts of pumpellyite and lawsonite are present. Comparison with burial metamorphic sequences and other blueschist terranes indicates that most of the blocks and matrix are compatible with conditions of metamorphism in the range of 100 A model is proposed in which the pelitic matrix melanges of the Franciscan represent zones where flow, driven by the movement of the descending plate, occurred in the accreted sediment pile. When flow occurs in a low-angle corner, a forced convection drives material back to the surface and transports blocks of blueschist and eclogite upward. A varied assemblage develops because fragments of various lithologies and grades of metamorphism are plucked from many points along the walls of the melange wedge and added to subducted material. Laminar flow causes particles to be dispersed. Most large clasts are broken into smaller, rounded fragments by boudinaging as the melange turns the corner to flow back towards the surface. Mixing is enhanced because differences in block size and density cause differential settling of large blocks within the nonuniform velocity field. Oblique convergence cause;s blocks to take helical paths and may explain the dispersal of blocks such as eclogite along the length of the Franciscan from a few localized sources. The thermal regime in a mature flow melange is such that the downward and upward P-T paths of contained material almost coincide. This accounts for the retrograde blueschist facies metamorphism of the high-grade blocks such as eclogite. The Franciscan melange belt was probably initially produced by the subduction and deformation of a thick continental margin sequence with a high shale/sandstone ratio (the “Knoxville”). Similar chaotic zones that do not contain exotic blocks in other subduction complexes, may have originated as small flow melanges that developed in wide-angle wedges that did not go to great depth.

Field of study: Geology
Reprint of "Application of next generation sequencing in clinical microbiology and infection prevention".

Current molecular diagnostics of human pathogens provide limited information that is often not sufficient for outbreak and transmission investigation. Next generation sequencing (NGS) determines the DNA sequence of a complete bacterial genome in a single sequence run, and from these data, information on resistance and virulence, as well as information for typing is obtained, useful for outbreak investigation. The obtained genome data can be further used for the development of an outbreak-specific screening test. In this review, a general introduction to NGS is presented, including the library preparation and the major characteristics of the most common NGS platforms, such as the MiSeq (Illumina) and the Ion PGM™ (ThermoFisher). An overview of the software used for NGS data analyses used at the medical microbiology diagnostic laboratory in the University Medical Center Groningen in The Netherlands is given. Furthermore, applications of NGS in the clinical setting are described, such as outbreak management, molecular case finding, characterization and surveillance of pathogens, rapid identification of bacteria using the 16S-23S rRNA region, taxonomy, metagenomics approaches on clinical samples, and the determination of the transmission of zoonotic micro-organisms from animals to humans. Finally, we share our vision on the use of NGS in personalised microbiology in the near future, pointing out specific requirements.

Field of study: Biology, Engineering
Model selection and model averaging for semiparametric partially linear models with missing data

We study model selection and model averaging in semiparametric partially linear models with missing responses. An imputation method is used to estimate the linear regression coefficients and the nonparametric function. We show that the corresponding estimators of the linear regression coefficients are asymptotically normal. Then a focused information criterion and frequentist model average estimators are proposed and their theoretical properties are established. Simulation studies are performed to demonstrate the superiority of the proposed methods over the existing strategies in terms of mean squared error and coverage probability. Finally, the approach is applied to a real data case.

Field of study: Mathematics
Germanium and iron co-substituted SrCoO2.5+delta as oxygen permeable membrane

Germanium and iron co-doped SrCoO 2.5+ δ was investigated in terms of phase stability, oxygen permeability and electrical conductivity. The favorable high-temperature cubic structure of SrCoO 2.5+ δ was stabilized to lower temperatures by co-doping Ge (10 mol%) and Fe (10 mol%) that substituted for Co, which however could not be achieved by doping Ge (20 mol%) alone. In contrast to SrCo 0.8 Ge 0.2 O 2.5+ δ sample which showed a sharp decrease in oxygen permeability at temperature of ∼875 °C upon cooling, SrGe 0.1 Co 0.8 Fe 0.1 O 3− δ sample remained well-permeable to oxygen at lower temperatures down to at least 820 °C; an abrupt change in electrical conductivity in SrCo 0.8 Ge 0.2 O 2.5+ δ also occurred accompanying the phase transition. The oxygen permeation flux for SrGe 0.1 Co 0.8 Fe 0.1 O 3− δ increased significantly with the decrease of the membrane thickness, indicating the transport of oxygen ions in the bulk of the membrane as the rate-limiting step.

Field of study: Materials science
Fission waves can oscillate

Under the right conditions, self sustaining fission waves can form in fertile nuclear materials. These waves result from the transport and absorption of neutrons and the resulting production of fissile isotopes. When these fission, additional neutrons are produced and the chain reaction propagates until it is poisoned by the buildup of fission products. It is typically assumed that fission waves are soliton-like and self stabilizing. However, we show that in uranium, coupling of the neutron field to the 239U->239Np->239Pu decay chain can lead to a Hopf bifurcation. The fission reaction then ramps up and down, along with the wave velocity. The critical driver for the instability is a delay, caused by the half-life of 239U, between the time evolution of the neutron field and the production of 239Pu. This allows the 239Pu to accumulate and burn out in a self limiting oscillation that is characteristic of a Hopf bifurcation. Time dependent results are obtained using a numerical implementation of a reduced order reaction-diffusion model for a fast neutron field. Monte Carlo simulations in combination with a linear stability analysis are used to confirm the results for the full system and to establish the parameter space where the Hopf occurs.

Field of study: Physics
Atomic resolution structure of concanavalin A at 120 K.

The structure of native concanavalin A has been refined to a resolution of 1.2 A against data collected at 120 K. The space group is I222, with a = 61.954 (8), b = 86.053 (11), c = 89.079 (11) A. The structure was refined by restrained weighted least-squares minimization of sum w(F(o)(2) - F(c)(2)(2) with SHELXL92/3/6. The final model contains all of the atoms from 237 amino acids, two metal ions and 271 water molecules spread over 287 sites. Disorder is modelled over two conformations for 30 amino-acid side chains. The final weighted R index on F(2) (wR(2)) on all data was 30.4%. Conventional R indices based on F were 14.2 and 11.8% for all data and for data with F > 4sigma(F), respectively.

Field of study: Chemistry