nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Application of Analysis of Variance to the Estimation of the Reliability of Observations of Teachers’ Classroom Behavior

MANY EDUCATORS and psychologists have come to believe that the efficient way to esti mate the internal consistency of a measuring in strument is to divide it into halves, score each half separately, correlate the pairs of scores so obtained by means of the Pearson product-mo ment coefficient, and correct this value for the fact that it is based on halves instead of wholes. This procedure was developed independently by Spearman (13) and by Brown (2) for the solution of certain test construction problems. It is also widely believed that the efficient way to e s t i mate the stability of an instrument is to adminis ter equivalent forms to a sample of subjects and correlate the two sets of scores so obtained. It is the purpose of this paper to suggest the effi ciency of the analysis of variance technique for estimating the reliability of educational meas ures, and to illustrate use of the technique on ob servations of teachers' classroom behavior. The analysis of variance has been suggested as a method for estimating test reliability by Jackson (6,7), Hoyt (5) and Alexander (1). Its use for estimating the reliability of grades as signed to Compositions or essay examinations was described by Pilliner (11). Lindquist (8: 357-82) has recently presented a rather com plete discussion of the general use of the analy sis of variance technique for reliability estima tion in educational and psychological mea s?re ment. The method is particularly well adapt ed to observational data, as Lindquist remarks, but concrete examples of its proper use are not available in the literature. In connection with a longitudinal study of teacher education graduates of the New York City municipal colleges (14), the reliability of two observational techniques for assessing teachers' classroom behaviors was studied. The method of estimating reliability used in this longitudinal study will be described briefly, and its application to the classroom observation data will be illustrated. Methods of computa tion will not be given since they are readily acces sible in other sources; emphasis will be on the logic of the procedure and the interpretation of re sults.

Field of study: Education
Investigating the limit of detectability of a positron emission mammography device: a phantom study.

A new positron emission mammography (PEM) device (PEM Flex Solo II, Naviscan Inc., San Diego, CA) has recently been introduced and its performance characteristics have been documented. However, no systematic assessment of its limit of detectability has been evaluated. The aim of this work is to investigate the limit of detectability of this new PEM system using a novel, customized breast phantom.



Two sets of F-18 infused gelatin breast phantoms of varying thicknesses (2, 4, 6, and 8 cm) were constructed with and without (blank) small, shell-less contrast objects (2 mm thick disks) of varying diameters (3-14.5 mm) [volumes: 0.15-3.3 cc] and activity concentration to background ratio (ACR) (2.7-58). For the phantom set with contrast objects, the disks were placed centrally inside the phantoms and both phantom sets were imaged for a period of 10 min on the PEM device. In addition, scans for the 2 and 6 cm phantoms were repeated at different times (0, 90, and 150 min) post phantom construction to evaluate the impact of total activity concentration (count density) on lesion detectability. Each object from each phantom scan was then segmented and placed randomly in a corresponding blank phantom image. The resulting individual images were presented blindly to seven physician observers (two nuclear medicine and five breast imaging radiologists) and scored in a binary fashion (1-correctly identified object, 0-incorrect). The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of lesion detectability were calculated and plots of sensitivity versus ACR and lesion diameters for different phantom thicknesses and count density were generated.



The overall (mean) detection sensitivity across all variables was 0.68 (95% CI: [0.64, 0.72]) with a corresponding specificity of 0.93 [0.87, 0.98], and diagnostic accuracy of 0.72 [0.70, 0.75]. The smallest detectable object varied strongly as a function of ACR, as sensitivity ranged from 0.36 [0.29, 0.44] for the smallest lesion size (3 mm) to 0.80 [0.75, 0.84] for the largest (14.5 mm).



The detectability performance of this PEM system demonstrated its ability to resolve small objects with low activity concentration ratios which may assist in the identification of early stage breast cancer. The results of this investigation can be used to correlate lesion detectability with tumor size, ACR, count rate, and breast thickness.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
The analcite-bearing volcanic rocks of the Crowsnest Formation, Alberta

The lower Cretaceous Crowsnest Formation of the Crowsnest Pass area, Alberta, is predominantly trachytic, but some sodic, analcite-rich, rocks occur. It consists of bedded pyroclastic and epiclastic material with minor flows and dikes. Most of the volcanism appears to have been explosive in nature. Almost all the igneous material is porphyry tic; nearly all the phenocrysts are zoned, and evidence of resorption is common. Sanidine phenocrysts show evidence of repeated growth and solution with as many as 60 cycles per crystal. The primary, igneous, analcite phenocrysts of the analcite phonolites and blairmorites crystallized at depth, and were preserved by rapid vertical transport and quenching at the surface. In many cases, however, partial or complete decomposition of the crystals occurred, and thermal discoloration of the analcite can be reproduced in the laboratory.

Field of study: Environmental science
Recovery of fear memories in rats: role of gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) in infantile amnesia.

Infantile amnesia is a ubiquitous phenomenon, but its neural bases remain largely unknown. The authors identify a role for GABAergic transmission in suppressing retrieval of memories acquired in infancy. Eighteen-day-old rats received pairings of white noise and shock; considerable forgetting of this experience (assessed by freezing) occurred after 10 days. The memory was recovered by pretest administration of the GABAA inverse agonist FG7142 10 days, but not 2 months, after training. This effect of FG7142 generalized when a passive avoidance procedure was used. Also, FG7142 decreased fear of a latently inhibited conditioned stimulus, showing that the observed memory recovery effect was not due to a state-dependent process. It appears that GABA may be involved in infantile amnesia regardless of the emotional content of the memory.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Evaluation of prokaryotic diversity by restrictase digestion of 16S rDNA directly amplified from hypersaline environments

A novel molecular strategy to study microbiological diversity is described. This method is based on the restriction digestion of a population of 16S rDNA sequences directly amplified from an environmental sample. Digested fragments separated by polyacrylamide electrophoresis generate characteristic profile data for estimation of diversity and overall similarities between the organisms of different environments. The methodology has been applied to a set of five ponds in a multi-pond solar saltern covering the salinity gradient from about twice that of seawater (6.4%) to NaCl precipitation (30.8%). Bacterial (eubacterial) diversity estimated from the complexity of the banding pattern obtained by restriction of the amplicons from the different ponds decreased with increasing salinity, while for Archaea (archaebacteria) the reverse was true, i.e. the higher the salinity the higher the number of bands. The similarities in taxonomic composition of the prokaryotic populations present in those ponds were evaluated from the number of restriction bands shared by the different samples. The relationships found among the different environments were independent of the enzyme used for digestion and were consistent with previous descriptions obtained by the study of isolates from the different environments. The technique appears to be promising as a rapid method for microbial biodiversity fingerprinting, useful to compare several environments and detect major shifts in species composition of the microbial population.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
The structure of human interleukin-11 reveals receptor-binding site features and structural differences from interleukin-6.

Interleukin (IL)-11 is a multifunctional member of the IL-6 family of cytokines. Recombinant human IL-11 is administered as a standard clinical treatment for chemotherapy-induced thrombocytopaenia. Recently, a new role for IL-11 signalling as a potent driver of gastrointestinal cancers has been identified, and it has been demonstrated to be a novel therapeutic target for these diseases. Here, the crystal structure of human IL-11 is reported and the structural resolution of residues previously identified as important for IL-11 activity is presented. While IL-11 is thought to signal via a complex analogous to that of IL-6, comparisons show important differences between the two cytokines and it is suggested that IL-11 engages GP130 differently to IL-6. In addition to providing a structural platform for further study of IL-11, these data offer insight into the binding interactions of IL-11 with each of its receptors and the structural mechanisms underlying agonist and antagonist variants of the protein.

Field of study: Chemistry
Development of a permittivity extraction method for ultra low k dielectrics integrated in advanced interconnects

An extraction method to determine the permittivity of ultra low k (ULK) dielectrics on real integrated structures is presented. It is a two-step method based on a comparison between measured and simulated capacitance. A best-estimate value of the k ULK value is first extracted with optimization software coupled to capacitance extraction software. Secondly, uncertainties on material and process parameters are considered to determine an error margin on the best-estimate extracted k value. The uncertainty on the best-estimate value is approximated by a function of the uncertainties on material and process variables. This function is calculated using a multi-linear approximation model and a numerical design of experiments. The same method is applied for the extraction of a ULK material k value (k ULK ) value and an effective k value (k eff ) but with two different simulation structures. In the simulation structure used for k eff extraction, an equivalent dielectric layer including the ULK layer, the etch-stop and capping layers is used. This method was applied to metal 1 single damascene structures. First results of extraction are presented for two different ULK dielectrics. With the estimated uncertainty used for the parameters in this work, the uncertainties obtained for the best-estimate value of k ULK and k effective are significant. Due to the linearity of the model, the method is still applicable with different values for parameters uncertainty. An analysis work will be realized to improve the parameters uncertainty estimation. Future work will also include extraction of ULK permittivity for more complex structures like double damascene structures.

Field of study: Engineering
Muon spin rotation measurements on RbEuFe$_{4}$As$_{4}$ under pressure

We report muon spin rotation and magnetization measurements on the magnetic superconductor RbEuFe$_{4}$As$_{4}$ under hydrostatic pressures up to 3.8 GPa. At ambient pressure, RbEuFe$_{4}$As$_{4}$ exhibits a superconducting transition at $T_{c} \approx$ 36.5 K and a magnetic transition at $T_{m} \approx$ 15 K below which the magnetic and the superconducting order coexist. With increasing pressure, $T_{c}$ decreases while $T_{m}$ and the ordered Eu magnetic moment increase. In contrast to iron-based superconductors with ordering Fe moments, the size of the ordered Eu moment is not proportional to $T_{m}$. The muon spin rotation signal is dominated by the magnetic response impeding the determination of the superconducting properties.

Field of study: Physics
Human Rights in Processes of Democratisation

This paper will explore the problematique of human rights in processes of political democratisation, specifically in the case of transitions from military to democratic regimes, and mostly in the Southern Cone of Latin America. It is, therefore, a historically-bounded analysis, rather than a more general enquiry into issues of human rights in the contemporary era. The construction of a general theory cannot be undertaken without consideration of the diversity of human rights experiences; democratisation in these countries is but one such experience. I shall examine four questions relevant to this issue. The first is the nature of the human rights problem in democratic transitions. The second and third questions refer to the actions that are carried out during transitions and their impact on human rights outcomes. Finally, we consider the prospects for the human rights problematique in processes of democratic consolidation.

Field of study: Political science
Scraping force characteristics of frost formed on vertical cooling surfaces having different structures and wettability

Frost formation and deposition on cooling surface inevitably cause serious damage as well as economic losses. To establish effective technologies for removing frost mechanically, the scraping force required to remove frost on vertical cooling surfaces was studied experimentally. The four types of copper surfaces investigated were a flat surface, micro-machined surface, laser fabricated surface, and hydrophobic surface. The results revealed that the scraping force increased with frost formation. With a distance less than 0.2 mm, the scraping force seems to increase exponentially. The surface structure and wettability considerably affect the freezing process and the growth of the initial frost crystals. The growth of frost could be delayed by 30% by micro-machining the cooling surface, which made the frost layer looser and easier to scrape off. The scraping force of the laser fabricated surface was approximately four times that of the hydrophobic surface at a height of 0.01 mm.

Field of study: Engineering
Analysis of volatile oil in Rhizoma Ligustici Chuanxiong-Radix Paeoniae Rubra by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and chemometric resolution

To analyze the volatile chemical components of the herbal pair Rhizoma Ligustici Chuanxiong-Radix Paeoniae Rubra (RLC-RPR) and compare them with those of each of the herbs alone.Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), a chemometric resolution technique using the heuristic evolving latent projections (HELP) method, and the overall volume integration method were used.In total, 52, 38, and 61 volatile chemical components in RLC, RPR, and RLC-RPR essential oils were determined, respectively, accounting for 95.14%, 95.19%, and 89.68% of the total contents of essential oil of RLC, RPR, and RLC-RPR, respectively. The main volatile chemical components were butyldienephthalide (20.65%) and ligustilide (50.15%) for RLC; and n-hexadecanoic acid (20.18%), [Z,Z]9,12-octadecadienoic acid (30.11%), 2-hydroxy-benzaldehyde (17.08%) for RPR, and butyldienephthalide (14.80%), and ligustilide (38.91%) for RLC-RPR. The main volatile chemical components of RLC-RPR were almost the same as those of RLC, but the relative amounts were altered.The number of volatile chemical components in RLC-RPR was almost equal to the sum of the number in the 2 constituent herbs, but the relative amounts were altered. Furthermore, an acid-base reaction takes place during the process of decocting the herbs. The data gathered in this study may be helpful for understanding the synergistic nature of this herb pair in traditional Chinese medicine.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Controlling unconventional superconductivity in artificially engineered f-electron Kondo superlattices

Unconventional superconductivity and magnetism are intertwined on a microscopic level in a wide class of materials, including high-T c cuprates, iron pnictides, and heavy-fermion compounds. Interactions between superconducting electrons and bosonic fluctuations at the interface between adjacent layers in heterostructures provide a new approach to this most fundamental and hotly debated subject. We have been able to use a recent state-of-the-art molecular-beam-epitaxy technique to fabricate superlattices consisting of different heavy-fermion compounds with atomic thickness. These Kondo superlattices provide a unique opportunity to study the mutual interaction between unconventional superconductivity and magnetic order through the atomic interface. Here, we design and fabricate hybrid Kondo superlattices consisting of alternating layers of superconducting CeCoIn5 with d-wave pairing symmetry and nonmagnetic metal YbCoIn5 or antiferromagnetic heavy fermion metals such as CeRhIn5 and CeIn3. In these Kondo superlattices, superconducting heavy electrons are confined within the two-dimensional CeCoIn5 block layers and interact with neighboring nonmagnetic or magnetic layers through the interface. Superconductivity is strongly influenced by local inversion symmetry breaking at the interface in CeCoIn5/YbCoIn5 superlattices. The superconducting and antiferromagnetic states coexist in spatially separated layers in CeCoIn5/CeRhIn5 and CeCoIn5/CeIn3 superlattices, but their mutual coupling via the interface significantly modifies the superconducting and magnetic properties. The fabrication of a wide variety of hybrid superlattices paves a new way to study the relationship between unconventional superconductivity and magnetism in strongly correlated materials.

Field of study: Physics
Historical transition of industrial sports associations in new China

By means of literature data and interview,the authors studied the course of more than 50 years of devel-opment of industrial sports associations in new China.According to the overall characteristics of industrial sports associations in new China in such 5 aspects as organizational structures,organizational norms,organizational activi-ties,organizational forms and organizational functions,the authors divided the historical development of industrial sports associations in new China into 4 stages: foundation and development,decline and stagnation,recovery and reconstruction,as well as reform and challenge.The future trend of industrial sports associations is to develop into a community organization.

Field of study: Education
Early events of hepatitis B virus infection of HepG2 cells

To explore the mode of hepatitis B virus (HBV) adsorption and penetration into HepG2 cells, and to identify the limiting factors of HBV natural infection infinite cell line.  HBV adsorbed to HepG2 cells at 4℃ or 37℃, then HBV DNA within trypsinization solution and HepG2 cells were detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). After synchronization of cells at low temperature, another group of HepG2 cells were inoculated with HBV. Subsequently, culture supernate and cells were collected at various phases. Aliquots of collected cells were partitioned into nuclear and cytoplasmic components. HBV DNA and antigens were detected by PCR and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) or indirect immunofluorescence (IIF). HBV covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) was examined by selective PCR.  HBV was merely able to bind to HepG2 cells surface at 4℃. However, HBV could penetrate into cytoplasm at 37℃ and HBV DNA was positive both in trypsinization solution and HepG2 cells by PCR. After incubation at 37℃, HBV DNA could be detected in HepG2 cells at 4?h-24?h, however, viral DNA became weakly positive and negative at 48?h and 96?h, respectively. Antigens and DNA of HBV in culture supernate had been negative after incubation at 37℃ and HBV congregated in nucleus. Viral DNA within the nucleus increased from 4?h to 24?h after incubation, but became weakly positive at 48?h, and disappeared at 96?h. HBV DNA was detected in both nucleoplasm and nuclear membrane at 8?h after inoculation. cccDNA was all negative.  HBV infected HepG2 cells by co-receptors mode. The failure of uncoating viral genome maybe the main limiting factor that lead to HepG2 cells retractile to HBV replicative infection.

Field of study: Biology
Regulation of low temperature stress in plants by microRNAs.

Low temperature is one of the most common environmental stresses that seriously affect the growth and development of plants. However, plants have the plasticity in their defence mechanisms enabling them to tolerate and, sometimes, even survive adverse environmental conditions. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs, approximately 18-24 nucleotides in length, and are being increasingly recognized as regulators of gene expression at the post-transcriptional level and have the ability to influence a broad range of biological processes. There is growing evidence in the literature that reprogramming of gene expression mediated through miRNAs is a major defence mechanism in plants enabling them to respond to stresses. To date, numerous studies have established the importance of miRNA-based regulation of gene expression under low temperature stress. Individual miRNAs can modulate the expression of multiple mRNA targets, and, therefore, the manipulation of a single miRNA has the potential to affect multiple biological processes. Numerous functional studies have attempted to identify the miRNA-target interactions and have elaborated the role of several miRNAs in cold-stress regulation. This review summarizes the current understanding of miRNA-mediated modulation of the expression of key genes as well as genetic and regulatory pathways, involved in low temperature stress responses in plants.

Field of study: Environmental science
Über das Intensitätsverhältnis derD-Linien

ZusammenfassungDas theoretisch geforderte Intensitätsverhältnis der D-Linien stellt sich in der Fluoreszenz bei Anregung mit dem Licht einer D-Linie unter der Wirkung von Atomstößen ein. Bei Atomstoß von Gasen, die die Fluoreszenz stark auslöschen, läßt sich das bekannte Intensitätsverhältnis der D-Linien nicht erreichen. Unter den bestehenden Versuchsverhältnissen läßt sich die relative Häufigkeit der Stöße, die den strahlungslosen Übergang in den Grundzsustand erzwingen mit derjenigen vergleichen, die für die Übergänge in das benachbarte 2 p-Niveau gilt. Zusammenstöße mit Na und K erweisen sich rund 200 mal wirksamer als Zusammenstöße mit Edelgas.

Field of study: Physics
Awake resection of a left operculo-insular low-grade glioma guided by cortico-subcortical mapping.

A 30-year-old right-handed female medical doctor experienced generalized seizures. MRI showed a left operculo-insular low-grade glioma. Awake resection was proposed. During the cortical mapping, counting and naming task combined with right upper limb movement enabled the identification of the ventral premotor cortex and negative motors areas. The so-called Broca's area was not eloquent. Subpial dissection was performed by avoiding coagulation until the inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus and the junction between the output projection fibers and the anterior part of the superior longitudinal fasciculus III were reached. The patient resumed a normal familial and socio-professional life despite the resection of Broca's area. The video can be found here: https://youtu.be/OALk0tvctQw .

Field of study: Medicine
Introduction to the Rasch Poisson Counts Model: An R Tutorial

The Rasch Poisson Counts Model is the oldest Rasch model developed by the Danish mathematician Georg Rasch in 1952. Nevertheless, the model has had limited applications in psychoeducational assessment. With the rise of neurocognitive and psychomotor testing, there is more room for new applications of the model where other item response theory models cannot be applied. In this paper, we give a general introduction to the Rasch Poisson Counts Model and then using data of an attention test walk the reader through how to use the “lme4” package in R to estimate the model and interpret the outputs.

Field of study: Psychology