nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Overview of polymer composites using recycled PET

Recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate), PET, mainly recovered from plastic beverage bottles, can be used to produce unsaturated polyester resins. Polymer concrete (PC) made with these resins has been investigated for potential use in construction and structural applications. Resins using recycled PET offer the possibility of a lower source cost of materials for making useful PC-based products. The recycling of PET in PC would also help solve some of the solid waste problem posed by plastics and save energy

Field of study: Materials science
Africa, the American Intelligentsia, and the Shadow of Vietnam

In 1965, Charles Frankel, a philosopher and an assistant secretary of state in the Johnson administration, remarked that the role of intellectuals in international affairs had been curiously neglected. Since then, a greater sensitivity to the sociology of knowledge and to the resilience of intellectual orthodoxies has perhaps made students more aware of the power that stereotypes and analogies can exercise. Intellectuals, as Frankel noted, are the principal engineers and salespersons of the very language used in international relations, the creators and promoters of its symbols and concepts. His description of their activities merits extended quotation:

Field of study: Political science
Five novel intragenic dimorphisms in the human interleukin-1 genes combine to high informativity.

The cytokine interleukin-1 (IL-1) plays a key role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory and immune diseases. Several disease-genotype association studies have addressed the question whether genetic determinants of outcome or severity of disease exist. These studies were hampered by the lack of highly polymorphic markers in the interleukin-1 beta (IL-1B) and IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RN) genes. Polymorphisms in these two genes were searched for in order to increase informativity. Here a novel BsoF I dimorphism and the characterization and PCR detection of a previously identified Taq I polymorphism in the IL-1B gene is reported. Furthermore, in the IL-1RN gene four novel diallelic markers were identified. Little linkage disequilibrium is observed between the two markers in IL-1B gene. Similarly, some of the markers in IL-1RN gene show little linkage disequilibrium. Using the markers described here it is possible to reach a better level of informativity in genotype-disease association studies.

Field of study: Medicine
Health technology assessment: decentralized and fragmented in the US compared to other countries.

This paper presents the results of the first comprehensive international survey to catalogue health technology assessment (HTA) activities. By 1995, there were formal HTA programs in 24 countries established mostly in the late 1980s and early 1990s. European countries generally have one or two federal or provincial HTA programs each, Canada has an extensive network of federal and regional organizations coordinated by a central body and the US has 53 HTA organizations, the vast majority of which are in the private sector. While the commitment of the US government to HTA has been erratic, the private sector has been witness to an expansion of HTA activities by insurance companies, hospitals, medical/device manufacturers, consulting firms and health professional societies. In contrast to other developed countries, the current state of technology assessment in the US is decentralized, fragmented and duplicative. We conclude by discussing the importance of a US HTA agency at the national level.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Entropy Production in Gluodynamics in Temporal Axial Gauge in 2+1 Dimensions

Entropy production in non-Abelian gauge theory is discussed in the limit of vanishing classical fields. On the basis of the Kadanoff-Baym equation with the leading order selfenergy in the temporal axial gauge, the kinetic entropy is introduced and is proven to increase for a given self-energy. Numerical simulation of the Kadanoff-Baym equation for the nonAbelian gauge theory is performed in 2+1 dimensions. Starting from anisotropic distribution in momentum space, relaxation to isotropic distribution proceeds and the entropy is produced due to off-shell scattering of massive transverse polarization mode as expected from the proof of the H-theorem.

Field of study: Physics
Identification of human mononuclear leucocyte populations by esterase staining.

Histochemical staining for alpha-naphthyl (non-specific) esterase has been employed to define subpopulations of human peripheral blood lymphocytes and monocytes. To define optimal conditions for staining, various fixatives, incubation times and cell preparations were compared. The great majority of human blood lymphocytes were found to have discrete granules of reaction product. More than 80% of T lymphocytes separated by E rosetting are esterase-positive whereas non-T lymphocytes are esterase-negative. Lymphocytes transformed by polyclonal mitogens lose their esterase-staining granules, which suggests that immature T cells are esterase-negative. Most blood monocytes show a diffuse cytoplasmic esterase reaction product and are phagocytic. However, about 20% of diffusely stained cells are not phagocytic. When leucocytes are cultured for 24 to 48 hr, the total number of esterase-positive cells increases and the great majority are phagocytic. This is interpreted as maturation of precursors into mature esterase-positive phagocytic monocytes. When cultured for longer periods, some lose phagocytic capacity and acquire the characteristics of secretory cells. Esterase-staining of lymph node sections allowed the identification of T- and B-dependent areas as well as macrophages related to sinuses. The esterase-staining technique could play a useful role in clinical and experimental immunology.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Reserve of α-acetolactate decarboxylase

Organic compounds,alcohols and carbohydrate etc.were selected as stabilizer used in various concentration single factor experiments.Reviewing different substance of effect on α-ALDC and screening effective protection factors.Selecting the best combination by compound factors orthogonal experiment.Deposited experiment were done in different solvent system by the best combination,in the three deposited solvent system,one of them shows good protection both in normal temperature and in refrigeratory.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Photoinduced J-Aggregation of Photochromic Spironaphthooxazine in a Glass Forming Organic Mixture

Low-temperature UV-vis spectra of spironaphtooxazine (SNO) in a glass forming organic mixture clearly evidenced the J-aggregate formation. J-Aggregate becomes unstable above 100K and its quantum efficiency for the visible photoreaction was lower than that of monomeric open form B. In a dilute solution, the intensity of the J-band was maximized at 150K while it decreases with temperature in a concentrated solution.

Field of study: Chemistry
Comparison of seizure control outcomes and the safety of vagus nerve, thalamic deep brain, and responsive neurostimulation: evidence from randomized controlled trials.

Epilepsy is a devastating disease, often refractory to medication and not amenable to resective surgery. For patients whose seizures continue despite the best medical and surgical therapy, 3 stimulation-based therapies have demonstrated positive results in prospective randomized trials: vagus nerve stimulation, deep brain stimulation of the thalamic anterior nucleus, and responsive neurostimulation. All 3 neuromodulatory therapies offer significant reductions in seizure frequency for patients with partial epilepsy. A direct comparison of trial results, however, reveals important differences among outcomes and surgical risk between devices. The authors review published results from these pivotal trials and highlight important differences between the trials and devices and their application in clinical use.

Field of study: Medicine
Adenosine binding to low-molecular-weight purine nucleoside phosphorylase: the structural basis for recognition based on its complex with the enzyme from Schistosoma mansoni.

Schistosomes are unable to synthesize purines de novo and depend exclusively on the salvage pathway for their purine requirements. It has been suggested that blockage of this pathway could lead to parasite death. The enzyme purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) is one of its key components and molecules designed to inhibit the low-molecular-weight (LMW) PNPs, which include both the human and schistosome enzymes, are typically analogues of the natural substrates inosine and guanosine. Here, it is shown that adenosine both binds to Schistosoma mansoni PNP and behaves as a weak micromolar inhibitor of inosine phosphorolysis. Furthermore, the first crystal structures of complexes of an LMW PNP with adenosine and adenine are reported, together with those with inosine and hypoxanthine. These are used to propose a structural explanation for the selective binding of adenosine to some LMW PNPs but not to others. The results indicate that transition-state analogues based on adenosine or other 6-amino nucleosides should not be discounted as potential starting points for alternative inhibitors.

Field of study: Chemistry
Reaction between hydrocyanic acid, cyanide ion and ferricytochrome c.

at 280 and 294*4 m,u., the total protein content can be calculated from the expression Total protein (g./100 ml.) = 9-76 (2-2E294.4-E280). Estimation of serum protein concentration from serum specific gravity. The relationship between the serum protein concentration (P, in g./100 ml.) and the serum specific gravity (G) is usually expressed in the form P = a(G-b) where a and b are constants. Sera from 320 cattle have been examined, the serum protein values varying from 4 5 to 11-0 g./ 100 ml. and the specific gravities from 1-0200 to 1*0405. For the specific gravity range 1-0220 to 1*0365 (corresponding to a serum protein range of from 5*5 to 9*6 g.) the equation relating these quantities, obtained using values for 312 sera, was P= 362*0 (G-1*0020) (a = 362-02 + 7-668, b = 1F00197 + 0.000202). Beyond these limits the relationship was no longer linear.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Application of rapeseed residue increases soil organic matter, microbial biomass, and enzyme activity and mitigates cadmium pollution risk in paddy fields.

Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) is a winter oil crop and biodiesel resource that has been widely cultivated in the southern part of China. Applying rapeseed residue (RSD) to summer rice fields is a common agricultural practice under rice-rapeseed double cropping systems. However, in Cd-contaminated paddy fields, the influence mechanisms of this agricultural practice on the migration and distribution of Cd fractions in soil are not clear. Therefore, a field experiment was carried out to analyse the changes in soil pH, organic matter (OM), microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and nitrogen (MBN), enzyme activity (urease (UA), acid phosphatase (ACP), and dehydrogenase (DH)), Cd distribution fractions, and Cd concentration in rice tissues after RSD application. The results showed that RSD treatment significantly increased the soil OM and MBC concentrations and UA, ACP, and DH activities, decreased the soil acetic acid-extractable fraction of Cd (ACI-Cd), and increased the reducible fraction of Cd (Red-Cd). The formation of stable organic complexes and chelates upon application of RSD is a result of the high affinity of Cd for soil OM. The activities of soil ACP, DH and MBC can well reflect Cd ecotoxicity in soil, particularly the DH activity. In addition, RSD application was helpful in inducing iron plaque formation. The "barrier" effect of iron plaque resulted in reduced Cd accumulation in different tissues of rice. The health risk of rice consumption also decreased as a result of RSD application; it decreased by 0.89-30.0% and 24.1-51.7% in the two tested fields. Overall, the application of RSD was increased soil OM, microbial biomass, and enzyme activity, and these changes was instrumental in reduce the risk of cadmium pollution in rice fields.

Field of study: Environmental science
Effect of ferrous sulfate on parathion degradation in flooded soil.

In an isotope study, the effect of ferrous sulfate on the degradation of parathion was studied under flooded soil conditions. The addition of ferrous sulfate to flooded soil led to more rapid and extensive degradation of parathion with the formation of additional degradation products in ferrous sulfate-amended soil. This effect was not pronounced when ferrous sulfate was added to non-flooded soil or to flooded autoclaved soil. Sulfate, rather than Fe2+, was implicated in the extensive degradation of parathion.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Reversible lesions of the cerebellar interpositus nucleus during acquisition and retention of a classically conditioned behavior.

Previous lesion, recording, and stimulation studies have implicated the cerebellum and its associated circuitry as essentially involved in classical conditioning of discrete, somatic muscle responses. In 2 experiments, the interpositus nucleus of the cerebellum was assessed for the plasticity associated with learning and memory of the nictitating membrane (NM) response by using local cooling as a reversible lesion technique. In well-trained animals (Experiment 1), NM conditioned responses (CRs) were abolished during cooling of the interpositus but reappeared when the interpositus returned to body temperature. This cooling-warming protocol could be repeated many times. Cooling could be prolonged (one session, approximately 1 hr) with recovery of NM CRs as tested on the next day. Multiple-unit recordings related to learning were also absent in the interpositus and red nucleus during cooling. In naive animals (Experiment 2), both behavioral and unit CRs did not develop while training with cooling. There was no evidence of savings when training continued without cooling: Behavioral and unit CRs developed as if the animals were still naive. These results support the idea that the interpositus nucleus of the cerebellum is the critical locus for learning and memory of this classical CR.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Immunohistochemical identification of heparan sulphate proteoglycan in secondary systemic amyloidosis.

The distribution of proteoglycans in kidneys from patients with secondary (AA) systemic amyloidosis was investigated. Antisera reacting with the protein cores of chondroitin sulphate proteoglycan (CSPG), dermatan sulphate proteoglycan (DSPG) and heparan sulphate proteoglycan (HSPG) were used in conjunction with the peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) method. HSPG was the only proteoglycan found to be specifically localized to the amyloid deposits. The staining was most intense on the endothelial side of the deposits in both the glomeruli and in the vessel walls. No staining was observed after absorption of the HSPG antiserum with a fraction of the amyloid preparations, corresponding in size to that reported for glomerular HSPG. The possible role of HSPG and endothelial cells in the pathogenesis of the amyloid deposits is discussed.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Influences of carbonate co-precipitation temperature and stirring time on the microstructure and electrochemical properties of Li1.2[Mn0.52Ni0.2Co0.08]O2 positive electrode for lithium ion battery

The 0.6Li2MnO3 · 0.4Li [Ni0.5Co0.2Mn0.3]O2 (Li1.2[Mn0.52Ni0.2Co0.08]O2) nanoparticles have been synthesized using a co-precipitation method. The conventional chelating agent NH3 · H2O was replaced by environmentally friendly sodium lactate, and then the influences of carbonate co-precipitation temperature and stirring time on the microstructure and electrochemical properties of Li1.2[Mn0.52Ni0.2Co0.08]O2-positive electrode are discussed systematically. The crystal structure, particle morphology and electrochemical properties of the as-prepared samples are studied by XRD, SEM and charge–discharge tests. The optimal material (Li1.2[Mn0.52Ni0.2Co0.08]O2-60 °C/16 h) had a spherical particle shape and a well-ordered layered structure, as well as high tap-density and a low cation-mixing degree. In addition, the sample delivers the best electrochemical properties with a capacity retention of 96.58% (189.1 mAh g− 1) after 100 cycles at 0.5C rate and the highest discharge capacity of 175.2 mAh g− 1 at 1C rate.

Field of study: Materials science
Palladium-Catalyzed Three-Component Coupling Reaction of Aryl Halides, Norbornadiene and Alkynols. Convenient Synthesis for Their Ternary Coupling Products

2,3-Disubstituted norbornenes were obtained by the Pd/Cu-catalyzed three-component ternary coupling reaction of aryl halides, norbornadiene, and alkynols in the presence of aqueous NaOH and a phase transfer catalyst in toluene at 100 °C in high yields.

Field of study: Chemistry
Tensile Properties of DyBaCuO Low Porosity Bulk Material Melt-Processed in Oxygen Atmosphere

Mechanical properties of a DyBaCuO single-grain superconducting bulk material obtained through the melt-processing in 100% O2 atmosphere were evaluated through tensile tests for the specimens cut from the bulk material. DyBaCuO bulk materials melt-processed in 50 and 75% O2 atmosphere were also evaluated for comparison. The porosity was decreased with increasing the O2 pressure in the melt-processing, and few pores were observed for the bulk material melt-processed in 100% O2 atmosphere. The tensile test specimens were glued to metal rods, and the metal rods were connected to the universal joints for loading. The tensile strength was improved with decreasing the porosity. The tensile strength values obtained in this study were lower than bending strength values reported elsewhere. Flow-like patterns formed by the crack propagations were observed on the fracture surfaces of the tensile test specimens. Through the observations on the fracture surfaces, differences in the fracture mechanisms between the porous and the low porosity bulk materials are discussed.

Field of study: Physics
Content Validity of the Visual Similes Test II

This study examined the content validity of the Visual Similes Test II, designed to measure affective and cognitive arousal in individuals 5 to 21 years of age. The 54 participants were asked to rate the affective and cognitive content of un-occluded stimuli from the Visual Similes Test II. The participants, whose mean age was 27.0 yr. (SD = 8.6), included 1 (2%) man and 53 (98%) women who were enrolled in undergraduate and graduate special education courses. Paired-sample t tests comparing the affective and cognitive ratings for each item were significant for 53 of the 55 stimuli. The mean effect size (Cohen d) was 1.49 (range=.08 to 1.9).

Field of study: Psychology
ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION TO IMPROVE GERMINATION OF CARROT AND CELERY SEED

containers prior to preconditioning and separation on a belt-type electrostatic separator. Electrostatic and preconditioning tests were conducted at 10° C and 15% relative humidity. Two electrode positions along with four preconditioning tinies (0, 6, 24, and 48 hours) were selected. A total of 255 fractions, including the control samples, were packaged for germination testing. Electrode positions created significant differences in the fraction germination and fraction weights of carrot seed and only the fraction weight of celery seed. For both carrot and celery seed, the nonpinned fractions of the electrostatic separations had significantly higher germinations than the pinned fractions.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
O3 impacts on plant development: a meta-analysis of root/shoot allocation and growth.

The mechanism of O3 action on plants remains poorly characterized. Symptoms include visible lesions on the leaf surface, reduced growth and a hypothesized reduction in allocation of carbohydrate to roots. The generality of this latter phenomenon has not been demonstrated. Here, a meta-analysis is performed of all available experimental data, to test the hypotheses that O3 exposure of the shoot inhibits biomass allocation below ground (the root/shoot allometric coefficient, k) and inhibits whole-plant growth rate [relative growth rate (RGR)]. Both k and RGR were significantly reduced by O3 (5.6 and 8.2%, respectively). Variability in k was greater than in RGR, and both exhibited some positive as well as mostly negative responses. The effects on k were distinct from the effects on RGR. In some cases, k was reduced while RGR was unaffected. Slow-growing plants (small RGR) exhibited the largest declines in k. These observations may have mechanistic implications regarding O3 phytotoxicity. There were no effects of type of exposure chamber on sensitivity to O3. The analyses indicate that the O3 inhibition of allocation to roots is real and general, but variable. Further experiments are needed for under-represented plant groups, to characterize exceptions to this generalization and to evaluate O3--environment interactions.

Field of study: Environmental science
Restraint stress and ethanol consumption in two mouse strains.

This study examined the interaction between restraint stress and ethanol drinking in mice that consume low and high amounts of ethanol.



Two strains of mice (129SVEV and C57BL/6J) underwent 1 hour of restraint stress twice per day for 4 days in the presence of a CRF-1 receptor antagonist, a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist or vehicle. Ethanol preference and consumption were assessed using a two bottle choice design. In another study, mice were implanted with pellets containing corticosterone; ethanol preference and consumption were assessed using a two bottle choice design.



Restraint stress significantly increased ethanol preference and consumption in 129SVEV mice but not in C57BL/6J mice. Then 129SVEV mice underwent the identical stress procedure; however, mice received either the CRF-1 receptor antagonist, R121919 (15 or 20 mg/kg, ip) or vehicle 30 minutes prior to stress. R121919 did not block the stress-induced change in ethanol preference despite causing a significant blunting in the HPA axis. Negative results were also obtained using the CRF-1 receptor antagonist, Antalarmin (20 mg/kg, ip). In another study, 129SVEV mice were administered either the glucocorticoid receptor antagonist Mifepristone (25, 50 or 100 mug/kg, ip) or vehicle under the same procedure. Mifepristone did not alter ethanol preference. Moreover, the three receptor antagonist did not alter nonstress ethanol consumption either. In the last study, both mouse strains underwent active or sham adrenalectomy, then pellets containing corticosterone or placebo were implanted and preference for ethanol versus water was tested. Corticosterone administration decreased ethanol consumption in a strain-dependent manner.



These data show the restraint model for stress can modestly increase ethanol consumption in 129SVEV mice but not in C57BL/6J mice. Pharmacologic manipulation of CRF and corticosterone did not blunt baseline or stress-induced change in ethanol preference nor did administration of corticosterone mimic the effects of restraint stress on ethanol consumption. These findings suggest the mechanism responsible for increasing ethanol consumption in this model is independent of the HPA axis and extra-hypothalamic CRF.

Field of study: Medicine