nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Campus Construction for Academic Survival: The Importance of the Curriculum in the College Building Program

IN I985, an educational historian studying the annals of small independent colleges will be likely to note a relationship between the pattern of campus construction and academic survival. Never in the development of American higher education has there been such a wave of building on our college campuses as is taking place in the I960's. Never before was the planning of construction so vital to survival for small independent colleges with modest resources. It is all too easy for them to be trapped into extinction by the wrong pattern of construction. It is essential that building programs undertaken by such colleges, which must carefully husband their resources, be planned around the curriculum: not the curriculum of the past or of today, but rather the curriculum of the I970's. Today will be two or three years in the past by the time a building now in the planning stage is opened for classes. Colleges must not be caught in a I950-I960 pattern of curriculum, teaching methods, or teaching tools in the I970's. There are several hundred small colleges in the United States which lack the resources to carry on a continuing program of research and experimentation in the development of programed learning, electronic teaching aids, and other methods of instruction. In most cases these colleges have been operating successfully for over fifty years. Thus their plants are in need of replacement, are being replaced, or have been replaced in the last decade. A small independent college, with limited endowment, which has decided to construct a new library, dormitory, or classroom building may have been eyeing enviously those recently built on the campuses of its neighbors. There is always the temptation to put up a building like the neighbor's, but "just a little newer and better." Some of our leading institutions, however, with sufficient resources to have conducted several years of research and experimentation, are already beginning to build entirely new types of structure.

Field of study: Education
Fast Concurrent Growth of Ni3Sn4 and Voids During Solid-State Reaction Between Sn-Rich Solder and Ni Substrates

To simulate the growth of Ni3Sn4 phase layers in Sn-based solder joints with Ni substrates during solid-state aging, Sn/(Cu1−xNix)6Sn5/Ni and Sn/Ni diffusion couples were aged isothermally at 180°C and 200°C, and the growth kinetics of the (Ni,Cu)3Sn4 and Ni3Sn4 layers in the respective couples were monitored during the isothermal aging. Once the (Ni,Cu)3Sn4 layer was formed at the (Cu,Ni)6Sn5/Ni interface, it grew unexpectedly fast with concurrent growth of voids formed in the Sn layer during prolonged aging at both temperatures. The results obtained from the various types of diffusion couples revealed that the voids formed in the Sn layer were Kirkendall voids, due to the (Ni,Cu)3Sn4 layer growing predominantly at the (Ni,Cu)3Sn4/Ni interface by fast diffusion of Sn across the (Ni,Cu)3Sn4 layer. It is proposed that the accelerated growth of the (Ni,Cu)3Sn4 and Ni3Sn4 layers after the formation of voids in the Sn layer is due to the relaxation of vacancy oversaturation and the enhanced annihilation rate of incoming vacancies in the presence of the voids in the Sn layer.

Field of study: Materials science
Charge accumulation of quantum dots at room temperature

The accumulation of charge in InGaAs quantum dots has been measured at room temperature by the photoelectrochemical capacitance-voltage (CV) technique for the first time. A carrier per quantum dot ratio greater than four has been observed. The use of atomic force microscopy and low temperature and room temperature photoluminescence (PL) confirm the existence of quantum dots. Also, a possible excited state is indicated by room temperature PL in a sample with small quantum dots.

Field of study: Materials science
Efficient SIMD Arithmetic Modulo a Mersenne Number

This paper describes carry-less arithmetic operations modulo an integer 2^M-1 in the thousand-bit range, targeted at single instruction multiple data platforms and applications where overall throughput is the main performance criterion. Using an implementation on a cluster of PlayStation 3 game consoles a new record was set for the elliptic curve method for integer factorization.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Progesterone and 3 alpha-androstanediol conjugated to bovine serum albumin affects estrous behavior when applied to the MBH and POA.

Ovariectomized rats with cannula over the medial basal hypothalamus (MBH) received implants of 3 alpha-diol conjugated to bovine serum albumin (BSA; 3 alpha-diol:BSA), free 3 alpha-diol diluted with BSA (3 alpha-diol&BSA), progesterone (P) conjugated to BSA (P:BSA), free P diluted with BSA (P&BSA), or BSA alone. 3 alpha-diol:BSA or 3 alpha-diol&BSA facilitated receptivity within 90 min. Other estradiol-treated rats received steroid implants in the preoptic area (POA); those receiving P:BSA or P&BSA showed significant elevations in lordosis in 5 min. When systemic P was given, 3 alpha-diol:BSA and 3 alpha-diol&BSA applied to the MBH or POA inhibited receptivity. When 3 alpha-diol was given systemically, 3 alpha-diol:BSA implants to the MBH and POA produced facilitatory effects. These data suggest 3 alpha-diol can act at the membrane and that these effects are influenced by circulating steroids; yet membrane-mediated actions do not account for all of P-facilitated sexual behavior in the MBH and POA.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Final State Interactions in Near Threshold Meson Production from pp Collisions

We analyse the experimental data on near threshold $\pi$, $\eta$, $\omega$, $\eta'$ and $K^+$ production from $pp$ collisions and show that all information gained so far is compatible with approximately constant production matrix elements when including the rescattering between the baryons in the final states. Different methods to include the final state interactions are discussed and their range of validity is indicated. We, furthermore, show that Dalitz plots for the proton-meson invariant mass spectra at different energies should be suited to distinguish between final state interactions and resonant production amplitudes.

Field of study: Physics
Value Orientations, Expectations and Voluntary Contributions in Public Goods.

An experimental analysis of voluntary, binary contributions for step-level public goods is presented. Independent information is obtained on individual value orientation and expectations about the behavior of other subjects using incentive compatible mechanisms. The effects of increasing payoffs for the public good and of decreasing groupsize are investigated. Attention is focused on the determination of expectations, the use of expectations when deciding on behavior, and differences in expectations and behavior between individuals with different value orientations.

Field of study: Economics
Effect of non-linearities in elastomeric material dampers on torsional oscillation control

The effect of quadratic and cubic non-linearities in elastomeric material dampers used to quiet torsional oscillations of internal-combustion engines shafts is investigated. In the present work, a non-linear elastomeric damper or absorber is used to control the torsional vibrations of the crankshaft in internal combustion engines, when subject to external excitation torque. The method of multiple scales is used to derive four first-order differential equations governing the modulation of the amplitudes and phases of the two modes of the crankshaft and the absorber for the fundamental resonance. These equations are used to determine the steady state amplitudes and system stability. A relationship that relates the elastomer properties and other system parameters is found. The effects of damping, detuning, non-linear terms, and magnitude of excitation are analyzed. A stability analysis is performed on the steady state solutions.

Field of study: Mathematics
The impact of eutrophication on aquaticmacrophyte diversity in weakly mineralized streams in the Northern Vosges mountains(NE France)

The relationships between water chemistry and aquatic macrophyte species were studied in an attempt to evaluate the impact of eutrophication on aquatic macrophyte diversity in weakly mineralized streams in the Northern Vosges mountains (NE France). The macrophyte specific richness and abundance increased along an upstream to downstream zonation, which was characterized by an increase in mineralization and nutrient levels. A comparison of aquatic macrophyte diversity of two streams has shown the impact of human-induced perturbations (fish-farms, domestic sewage) in such weakly mineralized and poorly buffered waters. Disturbed sites with very high nutrient loading were characterized by a low vascular plant richness and by the presence of filamentous algae. In order to preserve the floristic diversity of weakly mineralized streams, water quality should be improved, the riverbanks restored and discharges reduced.

Field of study: Environmental science
Crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction studies of monomeric isocitrate dehydrogenase by the MAD method using Mn atoms.

NADP(+)-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase (E.C. 1.1.1.42; IDH) is an enzyme of the Krebs cycle and catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation reaction from DL-isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate, with a concomitant reduction of the coenzyme NADP(+) to NADPH. Single crystals of monomeric IDH from Azotobacter vinelandii in complex with DL-isocitrate and Mn(2+) were obtained by the hanging-drop vapour-diffusion method at room temperature. One crystal diffracted to a resolution of 2.9 A and was found to belong to the orthorhombic system; the space group was determined to be P2(1)2(1)2(1), with unit-cell parameters a = 108.4, b = 121.7, c = 129.7 A. The asymmetric unit contains two molecules of monomeric IDH, corresponding to a V(M) value of 2.66 A(3) Da(-1). The crystals were frozen in a capillary by a flash-cooling technique and MAD data were collected using Mn atoms as anomalous scatterers on beamline BL41XU at SPring-8, Japan. The positions of two Mn atoms binding to two independent IDH molecules were located from Bijvoet difference Patterson maps.

Field of study: Chemistry
Application of LFS in Sugarcane Tissue Culture for Rapid Propagation

A new hormone was used for sugarcane tissue culture and rapid propagation.The stem apexes of ROC22 and its sub-cultured plantlets were used as the materials.MS basal medium supplied with different concentrations of LFS as the treatment,while 6-BA as the control in the differentiating and multiplication stage,and NAA as the control in the rooting stage,respectively.It was revealed that LFS could significantly retard the browning of the stem apexes and increase stem apexes' survival ratio.It also demonstrated that 2.5～3.0 mg/L LFS was suitable for differentiation,while 3.0～5.0 mg/L for multiplication,and 8.76 times of multiplication rate was got after three subcultures while 8.53 times for the control.Compared with NAA,LFS could induce the occurrence of adventitious roots and the appropriate concentrations were between 2.0～4.0 mg/L with the rooting rate more than 90%.LFS showed favorable application prospects in sugarcane tissue culture for rapid propagation.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Folds in firn

Folds in firn on glaciers of the Gilkey Trench, Alaska, have been observed during years of heavy snowfall and reduced ablation. The firn folds were formed by up-buckling and decollement resulting from intense lateral shortening within the underlying glacier ice. Trends of the firn fold axes were normal to the shortening direction (σ 1 ), and subparallel to foliations in the glacier ice and the ice-flow direction (σ 3 ). Extension crevasses normal to the fold trends were also common in the area of the firn folds. Peculiar parallelogram patterns formed by recrystallization of the lowermost centimetre of firn were exposed in the ablated cores of some folds. The patterns were consistently oriented with respect to the firn fold axes and englacial structures, and they seem to reflect the same stress field.

Field of study: Geology
Atorvastatin does not alter serum levels of sCD95 and sCD95L in multiple sclerosis

Elimination of autoreactive T cells by apoptosis is critical for restricting immune responses to self‐antigens. An errant lytic interaction between the CD95 death receptor and its ligand CD95L is presumed to be involved in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS). Statins are promising agents for the treatment of MS and were shown to modulate levels of soluble death receptors. Here, we evaluated the in vivo effects by interferon (IFN)‐β and atorvastatin on soluble CD95 (sCD95) and sCD95L in serum of patients with MS. Concentrations of sCD95 and sCD95L did not show any differences between MS and healthy control subjects. In patients with MS, treatment with IFN‐β increased serum levels of sCD95 and sCD95L significantly (P < 0·01 and P < 0·05 respectively). Addition of atorvastatin to IFN‐β did not alter serum levels of sCD95 and sCD95L significantly. Our study suggests that atorvastatin does not affect IFN‐β‐induced increases of the soluble death receptors in the serum of patients with MS.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Pseudotrombocitopenia por EDTA en paciente con polineuropatía desmielinizante inflamatoria crónica

El acido dietilenediaminotetraacetico es un anticoagulante utilizado ampliamente en ciencias de la salud en el procesamiento de muestras medicas. Dado que en presencia de ciertas condiciones inmunitarias, este agente puede inducir un conteo plaquetario falsamente bajo (pseudotrombocitopenia), debe considerarse dentro del diagnostico diferencial de trombocitopenia. Se presenta el caso en un paciente de 68 anos en quien se reporta trombocitopenia severa, sin datos clinicos de sangrado, en el cual se logro demostrar posteriormente una pseudotrombocitopenia asociada a EDTA. La presencia de una falsa trombocitopenia se demostro mediante la aplicacion de amikacina a la muestra sanguinea.

Field of study: Mathematics
Neurodevelopmental Disorders Caused by Defective Chromatin Remodeling: Phenotypic Complexity Is Highlighted by a Review of ATRX Function

The ability to determine the genetic etiology of intellectual disability (ID) and neurodevelopmental disorders (NDD) has improved immensely over the last decade. One prevailing metric from these studies is the large percentage of genes encoding epigenetic regulators, including many members of the ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling enzyme family. Chromatin remodeling proteins can be subdivided into five classes that include SWI/SNF, ISWI, CHD, INO80, and ATRX. These proteins utilize the energy from ATP hydrolysis to alter nucleosome positioning and are implicated in many cellular processes. As such, defining their precise roles and contributions to brain development and disease pathogenesis has proven to be complex. In this review, we illustrate that complexity by reviewing the roles of ATRX on genome stability, replication, and transcriptional regulation and how these mechanisms provide key insight into the phenotype of ATR-X patients.

Field of study: Biology
BRIEF COMMUNICATIONS: Kinetics of the spectrum and of the brightness temperature of an optical breakdown plasma near a glass surface

An investigation was made of the time and space characteristics of the spectrum and of the brightness temperature of a plasma formed near the surface of glass during some technological processes. It was found that when the energy of the incident radiation was 106–107 W/cm2, an air spectrum appeared first and this changed in 6–8 μ sec to the emission spectrum of glass. In the same time the maximum brightness temperature of the plasma decreased from 7×103 to 2×103 K.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
The mechanism of arterial hypoxia occurring in acute pancreatitis.

Respiratory Function has been measured in 14 patients with acute pancreatitis, none of whom has a previous history of cardiac or respiratory disease. Their mean age was 40 years, mean PaO2 on admission, 11 kPa, and all had normal chest radiographs at that time. Arterial hypoxia was a common development and the mean PaO2 at the time of most severe hypoxia was 8.6 kPa with the lowest individual recording 4.9 kPa. In addition to daily arterial blood gas monitoring, dynamic ventilatory tests and measurements of lung volume, transfer factor, closing volume, right to left shunts and studies of gas exchange were performed. Gas exchange and shunt measurements indicated that the major abnormality responsible for arterial hypoxia was right to left shunting. Seven patients developed radiological abnormalities, five of whom has pleural effusions. Five patients showed a mild restriction in lung volume but there were no major consistent abnormalities of dynamic ventilatory tests, transfer factor, or closing volumes. Thus small airway closure, in dependent parts of the lung and less certainly loss of surfactant are unlikely to be major factors in the aetiology of arterial hypoxia in patients with acute pancreatitis. All measurements were repeated at least three months after the acute illness. The respiratory insufficiency which occurs in this disease is possibly another variant of the adult respiratory distress syndrome.

Field of study: Medicine
Nothing Else Matters: Model-Agnostic Explanations By Identifying Prediction Invariance

At the core of interpretable machine learning is the question of whether humans are able to make accurate predictions about a model's behavior. Assumed in this question are three properties of the interpretable output: coverage, precision, and effort. Coverage refers to how often humans think they can predict the model's behavior, precision to how accurate humans are in those predictions, and effort is either the up-front effort required in interpreting the model, or the effort required to make predictions about a model's behavior. 
In this work, we propose anchor-LIME (aLIME), a model-agnostic technique that produces high-precision rule-based explanations for which the coverage boundaries are very clear. We compare aLIME to linear LIME with simulated experiments, and demonstrate the flexibility of aLIME with qualitative examples from a variety of domains and tasks.

Field of study: Computer science
The Strong Consistency of M Estimator in a Linear Model for Negatively Dependent Random Samples

The strong consistency of M estimators of the regression parameters in linear models for negatively dependent random errors under some mild conditions is established, which is an essential improvement on the relevant results in the literature on the moment conditions and dependent errors. Especially, Theorems 1 and 2 of Wu (2006) are not only extended to the case of negatively dependent random errors, but also are improved essentially on the moment conditions.

Field of study: Mathematics
Age-dependent sparing of visual function after bilateral lesions of primary visual cortex.

Bilateral lesions of primary visual cortex (PVC) sustained early in life induce the visual system to undergo structural and functional reorganization and produce modified neuronal networks capable of mediating visual abilities that would be impaired if the lesions occurred in adulthood. Reorganization after early lesion is also accompanied by degeneration of the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus, and 90% of beta retinal ganglion cells die via retrograde degeneration. It is unclear whether the high potential of the system to reorganize after early lesion could overcome the effects of beta retinal ganglion cell death. Visual acuity, which depends on an intact beta-cell array, was impaired in cats that underwent PVC lesions on postnatal day 1 and indicated that neuroplastic potential was insufficient to overcome early lesion-induced maladaptive plasticity. Animals with lesions made at 1 month of age, a stage accompanied by high levels of neuroplastic potential but no death of beta cells, achieved acuity measures equivalent to intact animals. The authors conclude that visual signals are rerouted to subserve functionality when the lesion is made at 1 month of age, but not at 1 day of age.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Fast continuous measurement of synchrotron powder diffraction synchronized with controlling gas and vapour pressures at beamline BL02B2 of SPring-8.

A gas- and vapour-pressure control system synchronized with the continuous data acquisition of millisecond high-resolution powder diffraction measurements was developed to study structural change processes in gas storage and reaction materials such as metal organic framework compounds, zeolite and layered double hydroxide. The apparatus, which can be set up on beamline BL02B2 at SPring-8, mainly comprises a pressure control system of gases and vapour, a gas cell for a capillary sample, and six one-dimensional solid-state (MYTHEN) detectors. The pressure control system can be remotely controlled via developed software connected to a diffraction measurement system and can be operated in the closed gas and vapour line system. By using the temperature-control system on the sample, high-resolution powder diffraction data can be obtained under gas and vapour pressures ranging from 1 Pa to 130 kPa in temperatures ranging from 30 to 1473 K. This system enables one to perform automatic and high-throughput in situ X-ray powder diffraction experiments even at extremely low pressures. Furthermore, this developed system is useful for studying crystal structures during the adsorption/desorption processes, as acquired by millisecond and continuous powder diffraction measurements. The acquisition of diffraction data can be synchronized with the control of the pressure with a high frame rate of up to 100 Hz. In situ and time-resolved powder diffraction measurements are demonstrated for nanoporous Cu coordination polymer in various gas and vapour atmospheres.

Field of study: Physics
Sequential equilibrium in monotone games: A theory-based analysis of experimental data

A monotone game is an extensive-form game with complete information, simultaneous moves and an irreversibility structure on strategies. It captures a variety of situations in which players make partial commitments and allows us to characterize conditions under which equilibria result in socially desirable outcomes. However, since the game has many equilibrium outcomes, the theory lacks predictive power. To produce stronger predictions, one can restrict attention to the set of sequential equilibria, or Markov equilibria, or symmetric equilibria, or pure-strategy equilibria. This paper explores the relationship between equilibrium behavior in a class of monotone games, namely voluntary contribution games, and the behavior of human subjects in an experimental setting. Several key features of the symmetric Markov perfect equilibrium (SMPE) are consistent with the data. To judge how well the SMPE fits the data, we estimate a model of Quantal Response Equilibrium (QRE) [R. McKelvey, T. Palfrey, Quantal response equilibria for normal form games, Games Econ. Behav. 10 (1995) 6-38; R. McKelvey, T. Palfrey, Quantal response equilibria for extensive form games,  (1998) 9-41] and find that the decision rules of the QRE model are qualitatively very similar to the empirical choice probabilities.

Field of study: Economics