nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Putting Oneself in the Task: Choice, Personalization, and Confidence

Incidental choice over the features of a task provides both control and personalization. Previous accounts of the tendency of choice to enhance task confidence have emphasized the importance of perceived control. The authors reexamined the enhancement effect to determine whether personalization is equally important. The results of two studies revealed that only choices reflecting personal preferences increased confidence in the task outcome (Study 1) and boosted performance-related self-esteem (Study 2). These findings point to the importance of self-identity expression for understanding the judgmental effects of choice.

Field of study: Psychology
Determining algal-available phosphorus in pulp and paper mill effluents: algal assays vs routine phosphorus analyses.

We determined the potentially algal-available P (P(aa)) in pulp and paper mill effluents by two bioassay techniques (a dual-culture assay and a batch approach) and compared it with chemically analysed P (total P, total dissolved P, reactive P, dissolved reactive P and dissolved hydrolysable P). The mean P(aa) given by the dual-culture assay was within a 40% range of that given by the batch approach. The P(aa) obtained by both bioassays differed from total P. Dissolved reactive P appeared to be the most readily available chemical P fraction, but other P fractions also contributed to P(aa). The analysis of reactive P, which involves direct staining of an unfiltered sample, best approximated the P(aa) given by the dual-culture assay (relative error 9%). The results suggest that assessment of eutrophying effluent P can be improved by analysing simple chemical P fractions in wastewater. The fractions to be analysed, however, may be site specific.

Field of study: Environmental science
Reflections on Brazil and Life as a Historian: An Interview with Richard Graham

Richard Graham is one of a handful of historians who shaped the field of Latin American studies in the United States. Graham taught for many years at the University of Texas at Austin, where he is Frances Higginbotham Nalle Centennial Professor of History Emeritus. At Texas he directed more than 20 doctoral dissertations and served as associate editor and then editor of the Hispanic American Historical Review from 1971 to 1975. Graham is the author of five books, among them Britain and the Onset of Modernization in Brazil (1968), Patronage and Politics in Nineteenth-Century Brazil (1990), and Feeding the City: From Street Market to Liberal Reform in Salvador, Brazil, 1780-1860 (2010). He has edited five books, including Machado de Assis: Reflections on a Brazilian Master Writer (1999), Independence in Latin America (1972 and 1994), and The Idea of Race in Latin America (1990); he has published more than 40 articles. He was awarded the Conference on Latin American History's Distinguished Service Award in January 2011 (see his CLAH Luncheon Address in this issue), one of many scholarly honors.

Field of study: History
How can patient education contribute to improved health care under prospective pricing?

Clinicians and policy makers are faced with one central dilemma under prospective pricing: how to maintain high quality of care with restricted financial resources. Patient education is one element of care which has been proposed to have the ability to improve the quality of care, while reducing costs for some conditions. This paper reviews the empirical evidence which touches on this question, including preoperative education, home care education, cooperative care units, diabetes patient education, and others. The evidence indicates that patient education can improve the quality of care, while in some cases also reducing the cost of providing medical care. This conclusion has important policy implications under conditions of reduced resources for medical care, as is occurring under prospective pricing in the United States.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Resolve survey Photometry and volume-limited calibration of the Photometric gas fractions technique

We present custom-processed ultraviolet, optical, and near-infrared photometry for the REsolved Spectroscopy of a 
Local VolumE (RESOLVE) survey, a volume-limited census of stellar, gas, and dynamical mass within two 
subvolumes of the nearby universe (RESOLVE-A and RESOLVE-B). RESOLVE is complete down to baryonic 
mass 10 ~ 9.1 9.3 - M, probing the upper end of the dwarf galaxy regime. In contrast to standard pipeline photometry 
(e.g., SDSS), our photometry uses optimal background subtraction, avoids suppressing color gradients, and 
employs multiple flux extrapolation routines to estimate systematic errors. With these improvements, we measure 
brighter magnitudes, larger radii, bluer colors, and a real increase in scatter around the red sequence. Combining 
stellar mass estimates based on our optimized photometry with the nearly complete H I mass census for 
RESOLVE-A, we create new z = 0 volume-limited calibrations of the photometric gas fractions (PGF) technique, 
which predicts gas-to-stellar mass ratios (G/S) from galaxy colors and optional additional parameters. We analyze 
G/S-color residuals versus potential third parameters, finding that axial ratio is the best independent and physically 
meaningful third parameter. We define a “modified color” from planar fits to G/S as a function of both color and 
axial ratio. In the complete galaxy population, upper limits on G/S bias linear and planar fits. We therefore model 
the entire PGF probability density field, enabling iterative statistical modeling of upper limits and prediction of full 
G/S probability distributions for individual galaxies. These distributions have two-component structure in the red 
color regime. Finally, we use the RESOLVE-B 21 cm census to test several PGF calibrations, finding that most 
systematically under- or overestimate gas masses, but the full probability density method performs well.

Field of study: Physics
Analysis and scheduling of practical network coding in OFDMA relay networks

Network coding has become a prominent approach to improve throughput of wireless networks. However, most of work in the literature concentrates mainly on 802.11-like random access networks. New technologies such as OFDMA (orthogonal frequency division multiple access), offer new opportunities for employing network coding. This paper considers how to apply the practical network coding scheme in OFDMA relay networks via cross-layer optimization. Specifically, we aim to explore the following questions: (1) When and how can wireless nodes select relay paths in the presence of network coding? (2) How can an OFDMA relay system assign network resource such as subcarrier and power for all the transmitting nodes? (3) What are the impacts of OFDMA system parameters on the network coding gain? To answer these questions, two efficient coding-aware relay strategies are presented to select forwarding paths with fixed and dynamic power allocation. In order to exploit the network capacity in slow frequency selective fading channels, we formulate optimization frameworks and propose channel-aware coding-aware resource allocation algorithms for an arbitrary traffic pattern. Our studies show that the network coding (i.e. XOR) gain depends on the nodes' powers, traffic patterns etc. Especially, OFDMA relay network with dynamic power possesses both coding gain and power gain. Extensive simulations are performed to verify our analysis and demonstrate the throughput improvement of our proposals in the presence of XOR coding.

Field of study: Computer science
The DNA damage response in mammalian oocytes

DNA damage is one of the most common insults that challenge all cells. To cope, an elaborate molecular and cellular response has evolved to sense, respond to and correct the damage. This allows the maintenance of DNA fidelity essential for normal cell viability and the prevention of genomic instability that can lead to tumor formation. In the context of oocytes, the impact of DNA damage is not one of tumor formation but of the maintenance of fertility. Mammalian oocytes are particularly vulnerable to DNA damage because physiologically they may lie dormant in the ovary for many years (>40 in humans) until they receive the stimulus to grow and acquire the competence to become fertilized. The implication of this is that in some organisms, such as humans, oocytes face the danger of cumulative genetic damage for decades. Thus, the ability to detect and repair DNA damage is essential to maintain the supply of oocytes necessary for reproduction. Therefore, failure to confront DNA damage in oocytes could cause serious anomalies in the embryo that may be propagated in the form of mutations to the next generation allowing the appearance of hereditary disease. Despite the potential impact of DNA damage on reproductive capacity and genetic fidelity of embryos, the mechanisms available to the oocyte for monitoring and repairing such insults have remained largely unexplored until recently. Here, we review the different aspects of the response to DNA damage in mammalian oocytes. Specifically, we address the oocyte DNA damage response from embryonic life to adulthood and throughout oocyte development.

Field of study: Biology
Stability of bare and copper-laminated YBCO samples: experimental & simulation results

In this study of stability of YBCO composite, we investigate quench/recovery behavior of YBCO test samples, bare and copper-laminated, by subjecting each test sample, immersed in a bath of liquid nitrogen boiling at 77.3 K, to a transport current pulse superimposed to a baseline DC current of 90-95% the critical current. The current pulse has an amplitude up to /spl sim/4.5 times the critical current and a duration of 300 ms. This paper presents both experimental and simulation results showing that composite YBCO tape that incorporates a copper lamina stabilizes and to a degree protects the conductor against large over-current pulses.

Field of study: Physics
Interhemispheric transchoroidal approach to resect third ventricular teratoma.

The authors demonstrate an interhemispheric transchoroidal approach for third ventricular teratoma resection. Interhemispheric dissection exposed the corpus callosum at a length of about 2 cm. A callosotomy was made to enter into the right lateral ventricle. After septal vein ligation, dissection was made of the space between the right fornix and right internal cerebral vein (ICV); thus bilateral fornix and left ICV would be retracted to the left; right choroid plexus, right ICV to the right. By this transchoroidal approach, the foramen of Monro was extended posteriorly, providing enough of a surgical corridor to resect a posteriorly located third ventricular tumor. The video can be found here: https://youtu.be/gIzPiH3zx_o .

Field of study: Medicine
A general replacement of a system subject to shocks

A system is subject to shocks that arrive according to a nonhomogeneous Poisson process. The system is replaced at age T at a fixed cost c0. If the k-th shock arrives at time Sk<T, it is either a fatal shock with probability p(Sk) or a nonfatal shock with probability 1−p(Sk). The fatal shock causes the system total breakdown, and the system is replacd at a cost c∞. The nonfatal shock weakens the system and makes it more expensive to run. The aim of the paper is to find the optimal T which minimizes the long run expected cost per unit time of the policy. Various special cases are considered.

Field of study: Engineering
Small lake daytime breezes : Some observational and conceptual evaluations

The diversity of small lakes' (size <50 km) configurations, sizes, surrounding terrain, and land use combined with relative sparsity of observations complicates the observational evaluation of the lake breezes (LB) that are induced by these lakes. In the present article observational data obtained from available documents, data archives, and special projects were surveyed to suggest characterization of the LB features. The observational survey was complemented by conceptual evaluations. A preliminary generalization of the LB intensity and inland penetration in relation to the surrounding land use was inferred. The conceptual evaluation suggested that for a given lake width the prime factor affecting the LB intensity is the magnitude of the surface sensible heat flux over the surrounding land. Cooling related to the lake water temperature was indicated to have usually a secondary effect on the LB intensity for small lakes. Surface observations implied that the onshore penetration of the LB by the ...

Field of study: Environmental science
Coastal management in Tanga, Tanzania: a decentralized community-based approach

This paper describes a new initiative in coastal management in northeastern Tanzania. The region is within the equatorial part of the Western Indian Ocean. The priority environmental issues being faced include declining fish catches, use of destructive fishing techniques, mangrove cutting and coastal erosion. There is a widespread perception among the users of the coastal resources that management of these issues is inadequate. This programme initiative is developing flexible, community-based approaches to identifying the problems and to take achievable actions. The programme provides training in a wide range of skills and appropriate technical methods for government officials, extension workers and villagers. A collaborative process is evolving that includes participatory appraisals, village environmental committees, facilitation by government extension workers, technical advise and supervision by district technical teams, and regional-wide workshops with key players. Village initiatives taken so far include new by-laws, gear inspection, reef zoning and closures. A number of village mariculture projects are being piloted.

Field of study: Environmental science
New Approach to Preparation of Heat-Resistant “Lola-M” Fiber

A new approach to the synthesis of polynaphthoylenebenzimidazoles and heat resistant fiber spinning has been developed using an environmentally friendly and energy efficient method, which operates with solutions of pre-polymers based on 3,3’,4,4’-tetraaminodiphenyl ether and 1,4,5,8-naphthalenetetracarboxylic acid dianhydride in N-methylpyrrolidone. Rheological properties of polymer reaction solutions and appropriate coagulant mixtures were investigated for further wet spinning process. The coagulation process was investigated through microscopic observation of solution droplets which imitate jet/fiber cross section surrounded with coagulants of different composition. For the case of the most optimal viscoelastic properties of dopes the best coagulant was found to be a ternary mixture ethanol/water/NMP (20/10/70). Fibers were prepared through the wet spinning from pre-polymers of various molecular weight characterized by intrinsic viscosity. As a result, complex yarns were spun, and their morphology was characterized and mechanical properties were measured. The strength of ~300 MPa and elastic modulus of ~2 GPa and elongation at break of ~20% were reached for the best fibers at average diameter of ~20 µm. After heat treatment “Lola-M” fibers do not burn and do not support combustion in open flame.

Field of study: Materials science
Frozen Expressions and Semantic Representation

This paper is concerned with how to represent the meanings of frozen expressions. It considers the argument structures of lexically filled idiomatic expressions such as kick the bucket first and then the semantic representation of lexically open idiomatic expressions such as the -er ... the -er [function type], let alone... [NPI type] and why not ... [speech act type] and other grammatically frozen constructions. The argument structures of the lexically filled (methonymic and metaphorical) idioms are shifted from those of their literal conterparts, retaining the minimal aspects of compositionality

Field of study: Linguistics
SU‐GG‐T‐508: Evaluation of the Monte Carlo Dose Calculation Engine of Eclipse Treatment Planning System for Electron Beams

Eclipse©'s electron Monte Carlo (eMC) (Varian, Palo Alto, CA) engine is a fast implementation of Monte Carlo(MC) method for radiotherapytreatment planning with electron beams. Several types of phantoms, combining low and high density heterogeneities ranging from air through lung to cortical bone, are used to evaluate eMC by comparing its results with measurements and with full MC simulations using DOSXYZnrc (NRC, Canada). Measurements with physical phantoms are done using EBT Gafchromic© films, leading to absolute dose. The phantoms are reproduced virtually in order to exclude the effect of the CTscan (HU — density conversion curve, noise, artifacts, …) in DOSXYZnrc and in Eclipse© for full MC and eMC calculations, respectively.  Absolute dose profiles obtained via the three methods (measurements, eMC and MC) are compared. As expected, MC simulations agree better with measurements. The three methods agree quite well in general, within 5% even in regions of high dose gradients, which is a great improvement compared over the previous algorithms. However, larger discrepancies (as high as 10%) between eMC and measurements are found under the small heterogeneities, as was already reported by Ding et al ( (2006)). Our differences are smaller though probably due to the fact that that they use smaller heterogeneities which is harder to model due to scatter. This is still under investigation. The effect of the use of CT‐defined phantoms instead of the virtual phantoms is also part of this study.  Our preliminary results using virtually designed phantoms show that eMC simulations give a good agreement with measurements within uncertainties. This study is very encouraging and shows that it should now be possible to treat the electron beams with the same kind of precision as is already done for photon beams.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
An interpretation of the gravity field of the Morin Anorthosite Complex, southwest Quebec

The Morin Anorthosite Complex of the western Grenville province is composed of an igneous sequence of anorthosite-leucogabbro–jotunite–quartz mangerite which intrudes granulitic gneisses and metasedimentary rocks. Separation of the gravity field observed over the complex into regional and residual gravity anomalies by a graphical method reveals that the negative and positive gravity anomalies associated with the Morin Complex are superimposed upon a regional negative anomaly that may be caused by a low-density mass no deeper than the lower crust. There is no evidence of a complementary dense mafic body underlying the complex. The negative residual gravity anomalies over the anorthosite-leucogabbro are attributed to an underlying body of relatively pure anorthosite of density 2.69 g/cm 3 intruded into a region whose average density is approximately 2.78 g/cm 3 . The body of anorthosite is divided by a basement ridge into two lobes, which may represent different intrusions. These two lobes have the form of irregular sheets 2 to 4 km thick, underlain by thin pipes, which may represent feeders, extending to depths of at least 12 km. The anorthosite may extend subsurface to the northwest, northeast, and south of the main outcrop. Positive residual gravity anomalies are associated with jotunite, quartz mangerite, and metasedimentary rocks. Jotunite forms a thin surface sheet within the anorthosite-leucogabbro and possibly a more substantial body beneath its southern margin. Quartz mangerite forms an extensive body to the south of the massif and may extend beneath the Paleozoic cover of the St. Lawrence Lowlands.

Field of study: Geology
Simple Model for Energy and Force Characteristics of Metallic Nanocontacts

The quantum size oscillations of the energetic properties and the elongation force of the gold slabs and wires, isolated and in a contact with electrodes, are calculated in a free-electron model. A simple relation between the Fermi energy and the square-potential-well depth is used and tested for low-dimensional systems. It is shown that considering the electron subsystem of a slab (or wire) in a contact as open one, the contact acts like a sort of electron pump which sucks or pumps out electrons from the sample. The effect of the contact potential difference on the elastic force oscillations is considered. The calculated amplitudes of force oscillations are in a qualitative agreement with those observed experimentally.

Field of study: Physics
The use of the Schmidt reaction in the elaboration of selected alkaloids containing a seven-membered ring

In the past the heterocyclic rings of rnost alkaloirls have been thought to be fiveor six-mernbererl, but rnore recently several exarnples of bases cont:lining a seven-rnernbererl heterocyclic ring have been recognized in nature, e.g. in the inrlole alkaloirl field mavacurine-fluorocurine1 anrl the iboga bases2, anrl arnong the Amaryllidaceae anrl the Stemonaceae alkaloids cornpounrls. The structures of these alkaloirls have been rleriverl rnainly frorn c.egrad.ative sturlies anrl by the application of physico-chernical rnethorls. I t therefore seernerl to us rlesirable to establish these novel structures rnore conclusively by synthetic rnethorls. For this purpose we have exarninerl several synthetic approaches anrl found that the Schrnidt reaction3 is very useful for elaborating a nitrogen-containing seven-rnernbered ring. This paper outlines rnethods by which we have succeeded in synthesizing seven-Jnembered ring heterocyclic cornpounds closely related to selected alkaloids isolated frorn the plants of the Amaryllidaceae and the Stemonacear: growing in the Far East, and ernphasizes the value of the Schrnirlt reaction. In the course of our sturlies on the Amaryllidaceae alkaloirls, it was shown that galantharnirre and its congeners such as lycorarnine, epigalanthamine, and narwerline, represent the first alkaloirls known to contain a sevenrnernhererl nitrogenaus ring4. This conclusion was baserl on the following evirlence. Following Proskurnina and Yakovleva's5 observation, galantharnirre was treated with hyrlrobrornic acid to give apogalantharnine (li), the structure üf which was establisherl by rlegrarlation and synthesis6. From this structure for apogalanthamine, either the forrnula (I) or (III) harl to be assignerl to galantharnirre rlepenrling on whether an acirl-catalysed dienone-phenol rearrangernent had occurred during the above treatrnent.

Field of study: Chemistry
Advances in understanding clouds from ISCCP

This progress report on the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) describes changes made to produce new cloud data products (D data), examines the evidence that these changes are improvements over the previous version (C data), summarizes some results, and discusses plans for the ISCCP through 2005. By late 1999 all datasets will be available for the period from July 1983 through December 1997. The most significant changes in the new D-series cloud datasets are 1) revised radiance calibrations to remove spurious changes in the long-term record, 2) increased cirrus detection sensitivity over land, 3) increased low-level cloud detection sensitivity in polar regions, 4) reduced biases in cirrus cloud properties using an ice crystal microphysics model in place of a liquid droplet microphysics model, and 5) increased detail about the variations of cloud properties. The ISCCP calibrations are now the most complete and self-consistent set of calibrations available for all the weather...

Field of study: Environmental science