nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Intersex: four cases in one family.

Intersex presents a unique challenge to modern medicine. Generally, patients with ambiguous genitalia present in the neonatal period. Due to functional failure of the assigned gender role, some patients may be discovered later in life, as in the presented cases. The four patients, all members of the same family and aged 23, 15, 13 and 4 years, presented with ambiguous genitalia. The family history revealed parental consanguinity and one additional case of genital ambiguity. The eldest two patients had developed gynaecomastia during puberty. Examination of the genitalia revealed penoscrotal hypospadias and bifid scrotum in all the four. Gonads were palpable bilaterally in three of the patients, but in the fourth only one gonad was palpable. Buccal smear was negative for sex chromatin in all the cases. On abdominal ultrasound Müllerian structures were found in the two eldest patients. The karyotype in all four cases was determined as 46XY. Gonadal biopsies revealed immature testicular tissue and azoospermia, as sometimes seen in cryptorchidism. We conclude that these cases should be classified as dysgenetic male pseudohermaphrodites, a rare variety of ambiguous genitalia. In agreement with the patients and their parents, they were assigned the male gender and surgery was performed accordingly. We stress the need for active involvement of patient and parents in the process of gender assignment and awareness of hasty decision making.

Field of study: Medicine
Reconciling perspectives: A grounded theory of how people manage the process of software development

Highlights? A grounded theory of how people manage the process of software development. ? Perspectives mismatches between individuals and groups impede the process. ? Reconciling Perspectives is a four-stage process for removing impediments. ? Early stages depends on the ability of individuals to engage and interact with others. ? Later stages require moderation of interaction to focus on getting the job done. Social factors are significant cost drivers for the process of software development. In this field study we generate a grounded theory of how people manage the process of software development. The main concern of engineers involved in the process of software development is getting the job done. To get the job done, people engage in a four-stage process of Reconciling Perspectives. Reconciling Perspectives represents an attempt to converge individuals' points of view or perspectives about a software project. The process emphasizes the importance of individuals' abilities to both reach out and engage in negotiations and create shelter from environmental noise to bring a software project to fruition.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
A General Criterion for Analog Tx-Rx Beamforming Under OFDM Transmissions

In this paper, we study beamforming schemes for a novel MIMO transceiver, which performs adaptive signal combining in the radio-frequency (RF) domain. Assuming perfect channel knowledge at the receiver side, we consider the problem of designing the transmit and receive RF beamformers under orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) transmissions. In particular, a general beamforming criterion is proposed, which depends on a single parameter ¿. This parameter establishes a tradeoff between the energy of the equivalent SISO channel (after Tx-Rx beamforming) and its spectral flatness. The proposed cost function embraces most reasonable criteria for designing analog Tx-Rx beamformers. Hence, for particular values of ¿ the proposed criterion reduces to the minimization of the mean square error (MSE), the maximization of the system capacity, or the maximization of the received signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In general, the proposed criterion results in a nonconvex optimization problem. However, we show that the problem can be rewritten as a convex cost function subject to a couple of rank-one constraints, and hence it can be approximately solved by semidefinite relaxation (SDR) techniques. Since the computational cost of SDR for this problem is rather high, and building on the observation that the minima of the original problem must be solutions of a pair of coupled eigenvalue problems, we propose yet another simple and efficient gradient search algorithm which, in practice, provides satisfactory solutions with a moderate computational cost. Finally, several numerical examples show the good performance of the proposed technique for both uncoded and 802.11a-coded transmissions.

Field of study: Engineering
Efficient Mesh Deformation Using Radial Basis Functions on Unstructured Meshes

An efficient mesh-deformation algorithm has been developed within an unstructured-grid computational-fluid-dynamics solver framework based on a radial-basis-function volume-interpolation method. The data-transfer problem between fluid and structural solvers is simplified here using a beam structural representation, with surface mesh deformation given directly via translational and rotational deformations. The volume mesh deformation is then performed using a radial-basis-function method, which requires no mesh-connectivity information and allows straightforward implementation in an unstructured computational-fluid-dynamics solver in a parallel fashion. However, the pure method is impractical for large meshes, and a novel “greedy” data-reduction algorithm is presented here to select an optimum reduced set of surface mesh points, which makes the mesh-deformation method extremely efficient. Several two- and three-dimensional test cases are presented to validate the algorithm performance, including a realisti...

Field of study: Physics
Within-season variability in mycorrhizal benefit to reproduction in Abutilon theophrasti Medic.

Mycorrhizal infection of Abutilon theophrasti Medic, increased seed quality and resultant offspring performance, but the improvement varied significantly with the timing of seed production. In general, offspring from mycorrhizal plants were superior to offspring from non-mycorrhizal plants, but the difference was greatest for the early cohort of seeds. Because increased seed size and quality can affect subsequent offspring competitive ability, increased variability in seed size and quality due to mycorrhizal infection may have an important impact on population dynamics of A. theophrasti.

Field of study: Environmental science
Phonons in Cu3Au near the order-disorder transition.

Selected phonon modes in Cu{sub 3}Au have been studied at temperatures in the vicinity of the order-disorder transition by neutron-scattering techniques. Marked changes occur predominantly at temperatures well below the region of the precipitous drop in the order parameter. Our results give considerable support to the concept of spinodal ordering near a discontinuous phase transition, and are consistent with a lower spinodal temperature of {ital T}{sub {ital c}}{minus}24 K as inferred from earlier x-ray scattering results.

Field of study: Physics
Establishment and Utilization of Analytic Method of Tetrahydrofolate and 5-Methyltetrahydrofolate by High Performance Liquid Chromatography

For the determination of tetrahydrofolate (H_4folate) and 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (5-CH_3-H_4folate), a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) system composed of a single reversed-phase octadecylsilane column and fluorescence detector by an isocratic solvent was proposed. This HPLC system perfectly analyzed H_4folate and 5-CH_3-H_4folate in biological samples. We applied this HPLC system into assays of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase and methionine synthase activities by monitoring their products of 5-CH_3-H_4folate and H_4folate, to give a new method for determining the enzyme activity without use of radioactive compounds, and the sensitivity of the method is sufficient for measurement of these enzyme activities in crude extracts. Using sodium ascorbate and 2-mercaptoethanol or dithiothreitol,folate derivatives and enzymes were stable in the assay process. No reagents in the assay mixture were found to disturb the separation and detection of both 5-CH_3-H_4folate and H_4folate in our assay system. In addition, our analytical procedure is very simple and economical.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
High-frequency acoustic wave detection in Schottky diodes: theory consideration

In this paper the theory of high-frequency acoustic signal detection by Schottky diodes is presented. Physically, the detection was found to be due to the quasi-static screening of the potential perturbation caused by the acoustic strain by charge carriers. The total charge required for screening changes with the value of strain at the edge of the semiconductor depletion region and metal-semiconductor interface giving rise to displacement current. The magnitude and frequency dependence of the electrical signals are analyzed for both piezoelectric and deformation potential coupling mechanisms. The obtained results are in good agreement with the recent experimental observations and suggest feasibility of high-frequency (up to terahertz band) acoustic wave detection provided that proper electrical measuring scheme is available.

Field of study: Physics
A Virial Core in the Sculptor Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy

The projected virial theorem is applied to the case of multiple stellar populations in the nearby dwarf spheroidal galaxies. As each population must reside in the same gravitational potential, this provides strong constraints on the nature of the dark matter halo. We derive necessary conditions for two populations with Plummer or exponential surface brightnesses to reside in a cusped Navarro-Frenk-White (NFW) halo. We apply our methods to the Sculptor dwarf spheroidal, and show that there is no NFW halo compatible with the energetics of the two populations. The dark halo must possess a core radius of ~120 pc for the virial solutions for the two populations to be consistent. This conclusion remains true, even if the effects of flattening or self-gravity of the stellar populations are included.

Field of study: Physics
Hepatic microsomal ethanol-oxidizing system (MEOS): increased activity following propylthiouracil administration.

Treatment for 7 days with the thyreostatic drug propylthiouracil (5 mg/100 g of body weight) resulted in a hypothyroid hepatic state as shown by the marked decreased hepatic content of thyroxine and triiodothyronine. This regimen led to an enchanced activity of the microsomal ethanol-oxidizing system, whereas the activities of alcohol dehydrogenase and catalase remained unchanged. Moreover, a hyperthyroid hepatic state achieved following the daily administration of L-thyroxine (150 micrograms/100 g of body weight) or L-3,3', 5-triiodothyronine (10 micrograms/100 g body weight) for 7 days resulted in a similar increased activity of the microsomal ethanol-oxidizing system. Under these conditions, a decrease of alcohol dehydrogenase activity and an unaffected catalase activity was observed. These findings, therefore, show that the administration of either propylthiouracil or thyroid hormones results in an increased activity of the microsomal ethanol-oxidizing system, suggesting that the underlying mechanism for the induction of the microsomal ethanol-oxidizing system by propylthiouracil is independent of the action of thyroid hormones.

Field of study: Medicine
From Bioengineering to CRISPR/Cas9 – A Personal Retrospective of 20 Years of Research in Programmable Genome Targeting

Genome targeting of restriction enzymes and DNA methyltransferases has many important applications including genome and epigenome editing. 15–20 years ago, my group was involved in the development of approaches for programmable genome targeting, aiming to connect enzymes with an oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN), which could form a sequence-specific triple helix at the genomic target site. Importantly, the target site of such enzyme-ODN conjugate could be varied simply by altering the ODN sequence promising great applicative values. However, this approach was facing many problems including the preparation and purification of the enzyme-ODN conjugates, their efficient delivery into cells, slow kinetics of triple helix formation and the requirement of a poly-purine target site sequence. Hence, for several years genome and epigenome editing approaches mainly were based on Zinc fingers and TAL proteins as targeting devices. More recently, CRISPR/Cas systems were discovered, which use a bound RNA for genome targeting that forms an RNA/DNA duplex with one DNA strand of the target site. These systems combine all potential advantages of the once imagined enzyme-ODN conjugates and avoid all main disadvantageous. Consequently, the application of CRISPR/Cas in genome and epigenome editing has exploded in recent years. We can draw two important conclusions from this example of research history. First, evolution still is the better bioengineer than humans and, whenever tested in parallel, natural solutions outcompete engineered ones. Second, CRISPR/Cas system were discovered in pure, curiosity driven, basic research, highlighting that it is basic, bottom-up research paving the way for fundamental innovation.

Field of study: Biology
Neonatal capsaicin exposure affects isolation-induced aggressive behavior and hypothalamic substance P levels of adult male mice (Mus musculus).

Subcutaneous administration of capsaicin (50 mg/kg) at Postnatal Days 2 and 5 exerted long-term effects on isolation-induced aggressive behavior of adult mice (Mus musculus) of the CD-1 strain. Isolated capsaicin-treated mice (scored during a 10-min session) showed the highest frequency and the longest duration of total attacks, attacks, rattling, and offensive upright posture when compared with nonisolated capsaicin-treated subjects and both isolated and nonisolated vehicle control animals. Hypothalamic Substance P (SP) was assessed by radioimmunoassay. Capsaicin treatment significantly lowered hypothalamic SP content in both isolated and nonisolated mice. Moreover, individual scores of isolated capsaicin-treated subjects showed a significant correlation between SP depletion and expression of offensive upright posture. Isolation per se was revealed to play an important role in depleting SP from the hypothalamus.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
C1 inhibitor deficiency: consensus document

We present a consensus document on the diagnosis and management of C1 inhibitor deficiency, a syndrome characterized clinically by recurrent episodes of angio‐oedema. In hereditary angio‐oedema, a rare autosomal dominant condition, C1 inhibitor function is reduced due to impaired transcription or production of non‐functional protein. The diagnosis is confirmed by the presence of a low serum C4 and absent or greatly reduced C1 inhibitor level or function. The condition can cause fatal laryngeal oedema and features indistinguishable from gastrointestinal tract obstruction. Attacks can be precipitated by trauma, infection and other stimulants. Treatment is graded according to response and the clinical site of swelling. Acute treatment for severe attack is by infusion of C1 inhibitor concentrate and for minor attack attenuated androgens and/or tranexamic acid. Prophylactic treatment is by attenuated androgens and/or tranexamic acid. There are a number of new products in trial, including genetically engineered C1 esterase inhibitor, kallikrein inhibitor and bradykinin B2 receptor antagonist. Individual sections provide special advice with respect to diagnosis, management (prophylaxis and emergency care), special situations (childhood, pregnancy, contraception, travel and dental care) and service specification.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Simultaneous use of solution NMR and X-ray data in REFMAC5 for joint refinement/detection of structural differences

Paramagnetic NMR data (pseudocontact shifts and self-orientation residual dipolar couplings) and diamagnetic residual dipolar couplings can now be used in the program REFMAC5 from CCP4 as structural restraints together with X-ray crystallographic data. These NMR restraints can reveal differences between solid state and solution conformations of molecules or, in their absence, can be used together with X-ray crystallographic data for structural refinement.

Field of study: Chemistry
Paternalism in the American College

theories. History should be presented as the story of humanity with valuable lessons for today. Literature should be stressed as the study of human nature rather than as a cadaver for minute dissection. Finally, in the paternalistic college, the English language should be taught to the many who cannot pronounce it correctly, write it grammatically, or read it understandingly. The accurate use of words is the basis of all clear thinking, and the ability to use one's mother tongue with accuracy is of the highest practical value. Since the American college has been gradually led by circumstances to become a paternalistic institution, it will at least be fulfilling its obligations when it provides good teachers, uses lectures and seminars sparingly, stresses recitations and examinations in the more rigorous subjects, wisely regulates a student's choice of electives, and sees to it that those courses he does elect carry him far enough to be of genuine value in later life.

Field of study: Education
Regional simulations of greenhouse warming including natural variability

The perception of the hypothesized greenhouse effect will differ dramatically depending upon the location on the earth at which the effect is analyzed. This is due mainly to two causes: 1) the warming signal depends upon the position on the earth, and 2) the natural variability of the warming has a strong position dependence. To demonstrate these phenomena, simulations were conducted of the surface temperature field with a simple stochastic climate model that has enough geographical resolution to see the geographic dependence. The model was tuned to reproduce the geographical distribution of the present climate, including its natural variability in both the variance and the space-time correlation structure. While such effects have been discussed elsewhere with even more realistic climate models, it is instructive to actually see simulations of time series laid side by side in order to easily compare their differences and similarities. Because of the model's simplicity, the causes of the variation...

Field of study: Environmental science
Correlation diagnostics of random spatially nonuniform optical fields

This review examines some questions concerning the capabilities of interference and polarization-interference correlation diagnostics of the amplitude-phase characteristics of random optical fields for the purpose of identifying these fields and then studying the corresponding objects. The diagnostics of random phase objects is discussed separately in the cases in which the phase dispersion of the inhomogeneities is less than and greater than one. The outlook is promising for the use of the correlation dimensionality of chaos in a field as a diagnostic parameter. It is also shown that the use of interference principles for a parallel processing of large data files can substantially increase the speed of processing systems.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Pattern of Performance and Attributions of Ability and Gender

In a single experiment, 92 subjects corrected a multiple choice test in which a phantom stimulus person (SP) correctly answered 15 out of3O questions in either a descending or ascending pattern of success. Subjects were then asked to make judgments concerning the person's performance, intelligence, and gender. Contrary to expectations, the lack of cues about the person and nature of the test problems enhanced rather than diminished the primacy effect for ability attribution found by earlier investigators. The performer with the descending success rate was perceived as having correctly solved more problems, as being more intelligent, and was expected to perform better on future problems. Subjects exposed to the descending pattern of success were also significantly more willing to attribute a particular sex to the stimulus person. The discussion of the results centered around the relative importance of person cues for confidence in making ability attributions, as well as possible differences in the subjective importance of the information conveyed by ascending and descending patterns of success.

Field of study: Psychology
Tumor Cell-educated Periprostatic Adipose Tissue Acquires an Aggressive Cancer-promoting Secretory Profile

The microenvironment produces important factors that are crucial to prostate cancer (PCa) progression. However, the extent to which the cancer cells stimulate periprostatic adipose tissue (PPAT) to produce these proteins is largely unknown. Our purpose was to determine whether PCa cell-derived factors influence PPAT metabolic activity.  Primary cultures of human PPAT samples from PCa patients (adipose tissue organotypic explants and primary stromal vascular fraction, SVF) were stimulated with conditioned medium (CM) collected from prostate carcinoma (PC3) cells. Cultures without CM were used as control. We used multiplex analysis and ELISA for protein quantification, qPCR to determine mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy number and zymography for matrix metalloproteinase activity, in order to evaluate the response of adipose tissue explants and SVFs to PC3 CM.  Stimulation of PPAT explants with PCa PC3 CM induced adipokines associated with cancer progression (osteopontin, tumoral necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-6) and reduced the expression of the protective adipokine adiponectin. Notably, osteopontin protein expression was 13-fold upregulated. Matrix metalloproteinase 9 activity and mitochondrial DNA copy number were higher after stimulation with cancer CM. Stromovascular cells from PPAT in culture were not influenced by tumor-derived factors.  The modulation of adipokine expression by tumor CM indicates the pervasive extent to which tumor cells command PPAT to produce factors favorable to their aggressiveness.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Morphology and Thermal Property of Poly(L-Lactide)/Layered Double Hydroxides Nanocomposites via Melt Intercalation

In this work, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) was used to obtain organically-modified layered double hydroxide (OMgAl-LDH) by anion-exchange reaction. The PLLA/LDH nanocomposites were prepared via direct melt intercalation. The results from both XRD patterns and FTIR spectra showed that SDS entered into the layers of LDH successfully and the layer space was increased from 0.756 to 1.64 nm. For the PLLA/LDH nanocomposites, the increase of the layer space was verified by the good dispersion of LDH in the PLLA matrix from the SEM images. The rheological analysis showed that the typical Newtonian behaviour shifted to shear-thinning behaviour with the addition of LDH. In addition, DSC data illustrated that the glass transition temperature of the PLLA/LDH nanocomposites decreased and the crystallinity of PLLA increased due to the addition of LDH, which indicates that LDH acts as a heterogeneous nucleating agent and induces the crystallization of PLLA. The modified LDH provided a better nucleating effect than the unmodified LDH. TGA results showed that OMgAl-LDH in the PLLA matrix caused earlier initial decomposition, suggesting that the presence of LDH decreased the thermal stability of the PLLA matrix.

Field of study: Materials science