nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Thermoelectric Properties of Poly(selenophene-co-3,
4-ethylenedioxythiophene) via Electropolymerization

Conducting polymers as thermoelectric (TE) materials have drawn extensive attention most recently because they are intrinsically light weight, flexible, highly processable, abundant in nature, and have especially low thermal conductivity. Relative studies have been focused on several typical structures such as polyacetylene, polyaniline, polythiophenes. However, TE performance of polyselenophenes have drawn very little attention because of its unstability and difficulty in synthesis. Previously, our group demonstrated that polyselenophene revealed high Seebeck coefficient (>180 μV K−1), but their electrical conductivity was very low (typically 10−5–10−2 S cm−1). For the sake of improving the thermoelectric performance of polyselenophene, the simplest and most effective method is to copolymerize with other high-performance thermoelectric materials. Herein, 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT), the monomer precursor of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (probably the best organic thermoelectric materials so far) was chosen to copolymerize with selenophene (SE) under different feeding ratios via electropolymerization to improve the thermoelectric performance. It is found that the electrical conductivity of all the copolymer films was obviously enhanced with the highest value of 0.91 S cm−1 by inserting EDOT in the conjugated block, whereas their Seebeck coefficient was brought down to 12 μV K−1. In this work, We obtained four different feeding ratios copolymers of SE and EDOT, 2:1 (PA), 1:1 (PB), 1:2 (PC), and 1:5 (PD). The copolymers had improved electrical conductivity and environmental stability compared with polyselenophene. Furthermore, with increasing the feeding ratio of EDOT, the TE performance of the copolymers was significantly improved.

Field of study: Materials science
Oxidative stability of soybean oil added to coffee husk extract (Coffea arabica L.) under accelerated storage conditions

Lipid oxidation is one of the main deteriorative reactions that occur during food processing, distribution, storage, and preparation. Changes in lipid structures are responsible for affecting the nutritional value of food as well as its overall quality. Self-oxidation is a purely chemical phenomenon involving radical reactions capable of self-propagation, depending on the type of catalytic action such as temperature, metal ions, free radicals, and pH (Soares, 2002).

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences, Chemistry
Ferric Chloride-catalyzed Synthesis of 2-Oxo-1,2-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine-3-carboxylate Derivatives and Their Biological Evaluation

A new methodology has been developed for the synthesis of novel 2-oxo-1,2-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine-3-carboxylates from 2-aminonicotinaldehyde, Meldrum’s acid, and the corresponding alcohols in the presence of anhydrous iron(III) chloride as a cheap and readily available catalyst. The structure of the synthesized compounds was established by IR, 1H NMR, and mass spectral data and elemental analyses. All the synthesized compounds were evaluated for their in vitro antibacterial and antifungal activity, and the activity of some derivatives was comparable with the activity of Ciprofloxacin and Nystatin used as reference drugs.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
TECHNOLOGY TAKES THE LOAD

As part of the Channel Tunnel Rail Link (CTRL) in the UK, two 7.2 m diameter tunnels are to be bored 16 m below ground level under Renwick Road Bridge, which spans the London to Southend mainline railway, and Box Lane Ramp, which provides road access to the freight terminal. Settlement and rotation of both structures are expected during tunnel boring. To compensate for the movement and prevent damage, an automated system of bridge jacks is being designed, installed and operated by Mabey Support Systems with consultant Test Consult. The system is a network of Mat 75 Hymat hydraulic props, installed on affected parts of the bridge and ramp. The system used to prevent differential settlement of the ramp is outlined.

Field of study: Engineering
Automated knot detection for high speed computed tomography on Pinus sylvestris L. and Picea abies (L.) Karst. using ellipse fitting in concentric surfaces

High speed industrial computed tomography (CT) scanning of sawlogs is new to the sawmill industry and therefore there are no properly evaluated algorithms for detecting knots in such images. This article presents an algorithm that detects knots in CT images of logs by segmenting the knots with variable thresholds on cylindrical shells of the CT images. The knots are fitted to ellipses and matched between several cylindrical shells. Parameterized knots are constructed using regression models from the matched knot ellipses. The algorithm was tested on a variety of Scandinavian Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) with a knot detection rate of 88-94% and generating about 1% falsely detected knots.

Field of study: Computer science
Technical Efficiency in the Iron and Steel Industry: A Stochastic Frontier Approach

In this paper we examine the technical efficiency of firms in the iron and steel industry and try to identify the factors contributing to the industry's efficiency growth, using a time-varying stochastic frontier model. Based on our findings, which pertain to 52 iron and steel firms over the period of 1978-1997, POSCO and Nippon Steel were the most efficient firms, with their production, on average, exceeding 95 percent of their potential output. Our findings also shed light on possible sources of efficiency growth in the industry. If a firm is government-owned, its privatization is likely to improve its technical efficiency to a great extent. A firm's technical efficiency also tends to be positively related to its production level as measured by a share of the total world production of crude steel. Another important source of efficiency growth identified by our empirical findings is adoption of new technologies and equipment. Our findings clearly indicate that continued efforts to update technologies and equipment are critical in pursuit of efficiency in the iron and steel industry.

Field of study: Materials science
A simulation analysis of robot service movements in FMC

This paper presents a simulation-based analysis of a service robot operating in a robot-centred FMC, in which the robot is located at the approximate centre of the cell and the machines are arranged in a partial circle around it. The robot's function is to locate and service the parts, which require a series of unloading, moving, and loading operations. The main purpose of the study is to determine the best movement decision for the robot when it becomes free, where multiple products with different but similar operation sequences are processed. The results from the study, based on both statistical and non-statistical analyses, suggest the best policy for the robot movement that holds promise for application to the robot-centred FMC.

Field of study: Engineering
STEP-compliant process planning system for compound sheet metal machining

Compound punch-cutting machines are referred as machines that perform both punching and laser-cutting operations. Such machines can greatly increase the efficiency and flexibility of sheet metal manufacturing. Though there are computer-aided design (CAD) systems developed to take care of product design, and computer-aided process planning (CAPP) systems to generate optimal tool paths and plans and computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) systems for various manufacturing requirements, according to our literature search, there is no platform or system dedicated to compound sheet metal machining, which lead to problems such as low efficiency and high cost due to lack of optimal scheduling methods for the compound machining methods. This research attempts to develop a prototype STEP-compliant process planning system for supporting the compound punch-cutting machines. The system has interfaces to input CAD product data and output machine control codes. It integrates software modules for nesting optimization, cutting/punch path optimization and planning, simulation, and machining parameters set up. The focus of the paper is placed on investigating the problems and solutions of compound machining, the structure of the STEP-compliant system, and the definition of STEP-compliant product data models and interfaces for creating a STEP-compliant programming environment, where the above mentioned software modules are integrated.

Field of study: Materials science
Combining forces - Behind the scenes of e2v's recent mergers and acquisitions

This paper takes a look at e2v Technology's experience of several mergers and acquisition over the years. It's experience has helped form e2v's strategy. Historically e2v was part of Marconi until a management buy out (MBO) in 2002 and the process of being sold by Marconi to 3i and subsequent exit through the initial public offering (IPO) and the resulting change from being part of a large corporate to existing as an individual company has meant that the board directors understand the issues involved in acquisitions from both sides. Our early experience of acquisitions included several small ones, while we were part of Marconi, before acquiring an automotive security business from Dynex.

Field of study: Business
Monitoring milling quality of rice by image analysis

Rough rice is milled to produce polished edible grain by first subjecting to dehusking or removal of hulls and then to the removal of brownish outer bran layer known as whitening. The control of whiteness (degree of milling) and percentage of broken kernels in milled rice is required to minimize the economic loss to the millers. Digital image analysis was used to determine the head rice yield (HRY), representing the proportion by weight of milled kernels with three quarters or more of their original length, and the whiteness of milled rice. Ten varieties of Thai rice were subjected to varying degrees of milling by adjusting the test duration from 0.5 to 2.5 min. Three-dimensional features (namely, length, perimeter and projected area) were extracted from the images of individual kernels in a milled sample and used to compute a characteristic dimension ratio (CDR) defined as the ratio of the sum of a particular dimensional feature of all head rice kernels to that of all kernels comprising head and broken rice in the sample. HRY and CDR were found to be related by power functions based on the above-mentioned dimensional features, with R 2 more than 0.99 in all cases. The CDR based on the projected area of kernels in their natural rest position provided the best estimate of the HRY with the lowest root mean square error of 1.1% among all dimensional features studied. In case of the whiteness of milled samples, the values provided by a commercial whiteness meter and the mean of gray level distribution determined by image analysis correlated with an R 2 value of 0.99. The results of this study showed that two-dimensional imaging of milled rice kernels could be used for making quantitative assessment of HRY and degree of milling for on-line monitoring and better control of the rice milling operation.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
The Study on Fire Evolution Characteristics in Multi-Room Environment

The multi-room fire will cause huge casualties and property losses. Based on a established multi-room model, it simulates the multi-room fire evolution process and studies smoke spreading characteristics, temperature variation in a typical section. The simulation results show that the multi-room fire develops rapidly, the smoke concentration rises up to dangerous level sharply in all rooms, while the temperature rises up to dangerous level just only in the room of occurring fire. And it obtains the quantified influence of environmental factors on multi-room fire evolution. Finally, based on the results it provides corresponding control measures to reduce the multi-room fire damage.

Field of study: Computer science, Environmental science
Study of Physics Experiment Teaching System Based on Virtual Reality Technology

With the rapid development of the Internet, a remote education assistant system (REAS) is developed to aid the VPETS to be used over the Internet. It is designed in Client/Server mode and is based on virtual reality. It is composed of three parts: the server, the teacher client and the student client. It extends the VPETS to an Internet version and realizes the management of the experiment reports over the Internet. Thus, it can be used for distributed remote teaching and management, freeing teachers and students from the restriction of space and time and stimulating their go-aheadism. It has several advantages: stability, security, and expandability.

Field of study: Physics
Use of a flat-panel detector for microtomography: a feasibility study for small-animal imaging

We have applied a flat-panel detector to an X-ray cone-beam micro computed tomography (micro-CT) for small-animal imaging. The flat-panel detector consists of an active matrix of transistors and photodiodes with a pixel pitch of 50 /spl mu/m and a thallium-doped cesium iodide (CsI:Tl) scintillator as an X-ray-to-light conversion layer. The detector was fabricated with a complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) technology capable of a submicrometer design line width, hence, it has a pixel fill-factor as high as /spl sim/80%. In addition, the detector has a very fast response characteristic with an image lag less than 0.3% in the frame integration time of 5 s. The CMOS flat-panel detector has been tested in terms of modulation transfer function, noise power spectrum, and detective quantum efficiency. Tomographic imaging performances of the micro-CT system, such as voxel noise, contrast-to-noise ratio, and spatial resolution, have also been evaluated by using various quantitative phantoms. Experimental results of euthanized laboratory rat imaging suggest that the micro-CT system employing a CMOS flat-panel detector can be greatly used in small-animal imaging.

Field of study: Materials science
Use of GPS to identify the grazing areas of hill sheep

Within flocks grazing land contaminated with radioactive fallout following the Chernobyl nuclear accident, certain sheep have comparatively high levels of radiocaesium. To understand why only certain sheep are affected, the precise grazing areas of these animals need to be identified. An animal behaviour and tracking system, that utilises the Global Positioning System (GPS), has been developed and was tested in upland West Cumbria, UK. Although there was evidence that hilly terrain did occasionally affect the function of the GPS receiver, this was for only 2.5% of the time in the worst case. The study clearly demonstrates that GPS can be used to track domestic sheep, and could be used to identify home ranges and the specific areas giving rise to contaminated animals.

Field of study: Geography
An Intelligent Integrated Method for Quality Prediction in Lead-Zinc Sintering Process

Based on some features in lead-zinc sintering process (LZSP), such as large time delay and strong non-linearity, an intelligent integrated method for quality prediction based on back-propagation neural network (BPNN) and improved grey system (IGS) is presented. First, the compositions of agglomerate are predicted by BPNN and IGS models. Then, a recursive entropy algorithm for the weighting coefficients is devised from the viewpoint of the information theory and an intelligent integrated prediction model (IIPM) is established. The compositions of sinter agglomerate are predicted by integrating the two prediction models. Application results show that the IIPM has higher prediction precision than that of single model and the proposed intelligent integrated method settles the modeling problem of the quality in the LZSP.

Field of study: Computer science, Materials science
Aerodynamic Performance Comparison of Airfoils by Varying Angle of Attack Using Fluent and Gambit

Any aircraft wing is the major component which will play vital role in the generation of lift and at different maneuvering moments throughout the flight. So to maintain this good maneuverability the aircraft wing has to undergo deferent deflections called angle of attack such that the high lift and low drag or vice versa can be settled in the flight. Taking this as the motivation the analysis was carried out on the standard wing airfoil comparing with new designed airfoil. Analyze the numerical simulation values like coefficient of lift, coefficient of Drag, Lift, Drag, and Energy parameters with wind tunnel data to predict accuracy for both the airfoils. Through the selected public literature standard airfoil data and designed airfoil data has been chosen, the geometry was created in the GAMBIT and also the meshing by selecting the suitable c-grid and rectangular grid for the better flow analysis in the FLUENT. The mesh file was imported into the FLUENT software there suitable boundary conditions and operating conditions are given for successful flow convergence. Finally analyzing these results are expecting to be best suitable for good aeromechanical features.

Field of study: Physics
An Economical, On-Board Digital Monitor for Tractor-Operation Variables

IN 1975, a portable and interchangeable set of instru-mentation for measuring draft, fuel consumption and wheel speeds was designed and constructed in Missouri. This instrumentation was monitored by a light-beam oscillographic recorder, which was susceptible to damage due to vibration. This is a report on the design and con-struction of a new monitoring instrument capable of withstanding the hazards of in-field use.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
The Application of Internet of Things Technologies on the Status Management of the Equipment under the Coal Mine

The development situation and the use of Internet of Things is presented, also the use of Internet of Things in the coal industry is introduced. Then a system on status managements of the equipment under the coal mine has been designed in Visual Studio 2008.Mine communications link is designed by utilizing the combination of the transmission on mine wired network and Wi-Fi wireless network technology. Effectively monitoring the variety of devices in the control center on the ground and timely exchanging the information of the equipments' working and status information with the remote customer and manufacturers have a certain meaning to ensure the safety of the coal mine.

Field of study: Engineering
INFLUENCE OF THE GRAIN SILO' S ELASTICDEFORMATION ON UNLOAD DYNAMIC PRESSSURE

It is well-known in practice that grain silo wall undergoes elastic deformation when itis unloadedThis paper is concerned with the influence of the elastic deformation and its spreading on thedynamic pressure. The feasibitity of the pressure modifying coefficient is addressed and areasonable value of the coefficient is suggested it is believed that the present result may offeruseful guideline to engineering design.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences, Engineering
The Embodiment of Innovative Concept in Curriculum Reform of Shipping Professional English

At present there exit some problems in the curriculum system of professional English in higher vocational shipping major,such as the unscientific curriculum setting,substandard construction of teaching materials,and imperfect evaluating system.In order to solve these problems,this paper puts forward innovative reform on the construction of teaching materials,curriculum setting and evaluating system to change the traditional curriculum system mode of professional English.It can perfect curriculum constructing theory of professional English,and change the teaching present condition of shipping professional English further to strengthen students' learning enthusiasm and employment competition.

Field of study: Education
A holonic multi-agent methodology to design sustainable intelligent manufacturing control systems

The urgent need for sustainable development is imposing radical changes in the way manufacturing systems are designed and implemented. The overall sustainability in industrial activities of manufacturing companies must be achieved at the same time that they face unprecedented levels of global competition. Therefore, there is a well-known need for tools and methods that can support the design and implementation of these systems in an effective way. This paper proposes an engineering method that helps researchers to design sustainable intelligent manufacturing systems. The approach is focused on the identification of the manufacturing components and the design and integration of sustainability-oriented mechanisms in the system specification, providing specific development guidelines and tools with built-in support for sustainable features. Besides, a set of case studies is presented in order to assess the proposed method.

Field of study: Engineering
On convergence of the Flint Hills series

It is not known whether the Flint Hills series $\sum_{n=1}^{\infty} \frac{1}{n^3\cdot\sin(n)^2}$ converges. We show that this question is closely related to the irrationality measure of $\pi$, denoted $\mu(\pi)$. In particular, convergence of the Flint Hills series would imply $\mu(\pi) \leq 2.5$ which is much stronger than the best currently known upper bound $\mu(\pi)\leq 7.6063...$. 
This result easily generalizes to series of the form $\sum_{n=1}^{\infty} \frac{1}{n^u\cdot |\sin(n)|^v}$ where $u,v>0$. We use the currently known bound for $\mu(\pi)$ to derive conditions on $u$ and $v$ that guarantee convergence of such series.

Field of study: Mathematics
More on the Bias and Variance Comparisons of the Restricted Almost Unbiased Estimators

Sarkar (1992) and Kaç\i ranlar et al. (1999), respectively, proposed the restricted ridge regression estimator (RRE) and restricted Liu estimator (RLE) to combat the well-known multicollinearity problem in linear regression. In this article, the restricted almost unbiased ridge estimator (RAURE) based on the RRE by Sarkar (1992) and the restricted almost unbiased Liu estimator (RAULE) by Kaç\i ranlar et al. (1999) are introduced. The biases and variance matrices of the proposed estimators are derived and compared with the corresponding competitors in literatures. Furthermore, a Monte Carlo evaluation of the estimators is given to illustrate some of the theoretical results.

Field of study: Mathematics
Controllability of second‐order impulsive neutral functional differential inclusions in Banach spaces

In this paper, we shall prove the controllability of second-order impulsive neutral functional differential inclusions with infinite delay in Banach spaces. The results are obtained by using the theory of strongly continuous cosine families and a fixed point theorem for multi-valued mappings. As an example, we also consider an second-order impulsive neutral functional differential equation with infinite delay.

Field of study: Mathematics
Neutron oscillation as a source of cosmic ray antinucleons

We consider effects of neutron oscillation on cosmic ray antineutrons and antiprotons. Presently available experiments on the cosmic ray p-bar/p ratio lead to the direct lower bound of the mixing time of free neutron (deltam)/sup -1/> or approx. =2.5 x 10/sup 5/s If (deltam)/sup -1/> or approx. =10/sup 5/s as theoretically suggested, the effect gives (p-bar)/sub osc//p< or approx. =2 x 10/sup -7/ at low energies. Such an effect, if (deltam)/sup -1/s, would be seen in a low momentum region (Papprox.500 MeV/c) in future experiments.

Field of study: Physics
On the non-existence of stationary diffusions which satisfy the Beneš condition

The one-dimensional diffusion x t satisfying d x t = f ( x t )d t + d w t , where w t is a standard Brownian motion and f ( x ) satisfies the Benes condition f ′( x ) + f 2 ( x ) = ax 2 + bx + c for all real x , is considered. It is shown that this diffusion does not admit a stationary probability measure except for the linear case f ( x ) = αx + β , α

Field of study: Mathematics