nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
ADSORPTION BEHAVIOR OF PARTICLE IN POLYELECTROLYTE SOLUTION AND INTERACTION BETWEEN TWO PARTICLES ADSORBING POLYMER (I MATHEMATICAL MODEL

Mathematical models for particle adsorbing polymer chains from polyelelctrolyte solution and the interaction between two particles adsorbing polymer were derived by adopting predecessor-determined random walk model (PDRWM) on the basis of self-consistent field and statistical thermodynamics. The interactions among particle, polymer segment and solvent molecule, as well as the effect of charged groups in polymer chains were taken into account in these models. The profile of segment density distribution was derived. The change of free energy of the interaction between two particles adsorbing polymer was also derived according to the change in particle surface free energy.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Research on Practical Teaching Reformation of Discrete Mathematics for Computer Science Major in Application-Oriented University

Introduces some characters of Discrete Mathematics which includes features,contents and teaching goals as well.Regarding the current problems in which teachers pay more attention to theory than practice,proposes some approaches to improve the teaching.Firstly organizes the position and relationship among discrete mathematics and other courses properly.Secondly integrates theory and practical teaching in the way of introducing labs correspondingly.The innovations can speed up the students' interest and cast themselves more into the Discrete Mathematics learning.

Field of study: Computer science
Knowledge and Perceptions of Final-Year Medical Students in Yemeni Universities about Generic Medicines

To investigate the knowledge and perceptions of final-year medical students in the Yemeni universities about generic medicines. A two-month cross-sectional survey was conducted among final-year medical students in three Yemeni universities; Sana’a University, University of Science and Technology and Thamar University in 2013.Results: One hundred and sixty-five medical students out of 270 responded to the present study, with a response rate of 61.1%. More than 60% of medical students were not introduced to bioequivalence of generic medicines during their undergraduate study, and 80.0% of them had a low desire to inquire about it during their study. In addition, more than 60.0% of them were unaware of the similarity of generic medicines to their brand equivalents in dosage form and dose. More than three-quarters of the medical students incorrectly perceived that generic medicines are inferior in quality (80.0%), less effective (58.0%) and with more side-effects (47.8%) than their brand equivalents. The medical students in the present disagreed about the need for more information on the safety and efficacy of generic medicines. Yemeni students need to further enhance their awareness and expand their knowledge about the concepts and principles of bioavailability and bioequivalence of generic medicines if they are to contribute appropriately to generic medicine use.

Field of study: Medicine
Is There a Dark Side to Mindfulness? Relation of Mindfulness to Criminogenic Cognitions

In recent years, mindfulness-based interventions have been modified for use with inmate populations, but how this might relate to specific criminogenic cognitions has not been examined empirically. Theoretically, characteristics of mindfulness should be incompatible with distorted patterns of criminal thinking, but is this in fact the case? Among both 259 male jail inmates and 516 undergraduates, mindfulness was inversely related to the Criminogenic Cognitions Scale (CCS) through a latent variable of emotion regulation. However, in the jail sample, this mediational model also showed a direct, positive path from mindfulness to CCS, with an analogous, but nonsignificant trend in the college sample. Post hoc analyses indicate that the Nonjudgment of Self scale derived from the Mindfulness Inventory: Nine Dimensions (MI:ND) largely accounts for this apparently iatrogenic effect in both samples. Some degree of self-judgment is perhaps necessary and useful, especially among individuals involved in the criminal justice system.

Field of study: Psychology
Involvement of the TNF-α/TGF-β/IDO axis in IVIg-induced immune tolerance.

The immune tolerance induced by IVIg treatment is generally attributed to its capacity to modulate the functions of antigen presenting cells and to induce the expansion of regulatory T cells by mechanisms that are not well-defined. Herein, we investigated the contribution of the TNF-α/TGF-β/IDO axis to IVIg-induced immune tolerance. We show that high dose IVIg is able to markedly increase the expression (>3 fold) of the well-known tolerogenic cytokine TGF-β in monocytes. In addition, the expression of TNF-α, a pleiotropic cytokine that controls TGF-β-induced tolerogenic effects, as well as of its cognate receptors (TNF-R1 and TNF-R2) is also significantly increased following IVIg treatment. Along with TNF-α, the expression of the enzyme and signaling protein IDO, known to mediate TGF-β dependant tolerogenic effect, is similarly increased following IVIg treatment. We thus propose that the complex interplay between plasticity of immune cells and environmental modifications in which the TNF-α/TGF-β/IDO axis may represent a new mechanism contributing to the development of tolerance in IVIg-treated patients.

Field of study: Medicine
Über eine Intensitätsbeeinflussung der Balmerserie im Kanalstrahl durch schwache Magnetfelder

ZusammenfassungEs wurde die Beeinflussung der Intensität der einzelnen Balmerlinien im Kanalstrahl durch schwache magnetische Felder (etwa 10 bis 50 Gauß) untersucht; die Feldrichtung wurde in verschiedener Weise zur Kanalstrahlrichtung und Visionsrichtung orientiert. Dabei ergab sich eine deutliche Schwächung der Intensität der Balmerlinien, die mit steigender Gliednummer zunahm. Die Schwächung betrifft wesentlich die zur Kanalstrahlrichtung parallele Komponente der Emission, läßt sich aber nicht allein durch die früher gegebene Deutung der Depolarisation des Kanalstrahllichtes durch magnetische Felder erklären. Vielmehr führen die jetzt gefundenen Resultate zu der Annahme einer Veränderung der Anregungsoder Störungsbedingungen des Leuchtens durch das Feld.

Field of study: Physics
Significance of increased IL-17-producing Foxp3+ Treg in peripheral blood of patients with active systemic lupus erythematosus

To investigate the expression of IL-17-producing regulatory T cells (Treg) in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and to analyze their clinical significance. 
 
 
 
This study recruited 32 patients with SLE (including 14 with active SLE and 18 with inactive SLE) and 13 healthy subjects matched for age and sex. Flow cytometry was performed to detect the expression of Foxp3 and IL-17 in CD4 T lymphocytes and the phenotypic characteristics of IL-17-producing Treg. Correlations between these cells and clinical indicators of SLE were analyzed. Peripheral CD4+ CD25+ T cells were isolated from five healthy subjects and then stimulated with IL-6 and IL-1β alone or in combination. An in vitro T cell polarization assay was performed to investigate the role of cytokines in the polarization and regulation of IL-17-producing Treg. 
 
 
 
Compared with the healthy subjects and patients with inactive SLE, the patients with active SLE had a higher percentage of IL-17-producing Treg in peripheral blood. Moreover, the expression of Foxp3 and CD45RA by IL-17-producing Treg in the active SLE group was down-regulated, while that of IL-2, granzyme B (GramB), programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor (GITR) was up-regulated. Inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6 and IL-1 could induce Treg to produce IL-17. 
 
 
 
This study suggested that increased inflammatory cytokines might correlate with higher percentages of IL-17-producing Treg in patients with active SLE. These cells were a subset of pathogenic Treg failing to prevent autoimmune. 
 
 
 
Regulatory T cell; Interleukin-17; Inflammatory cytokine; Immunophenotype; T cell plasticity

Field of study: Biology
Zur Absorption der Ultrastrahlung

ZusammenfassungEs wird eine einfache Beziehung mitgeteilt, welche gestattet, aus dem experimentell gegebenen Intensitätsverlauf einer allseitig einfallenden Strahlung den Verlauf für senkrechten Einfall zu bestimmen. Das Verfahren wird auf die Absorptionskurve der Ultrastrahlung in der Atmosphäre angewendet.

Field of study: Physics
Experimental investigation on the performance of the refrigeration cycle using a two-phase ejector as an expansion device

In the present study, new experimental data on the performance of a never before seen two-phase ejector refrigeration cycle (TPERC) is presented. In this cycle, a two-phase ejector is used as an expansion device. The TPERC enables the evaporator to operate as in a liquid-recirculation system. The results are compared with those of the conventional refrigeration cycle (CRC). The effects of external parameters, i.e., heat sink and heat source temperatures on the system performance are discussed. The results show that the coefficient of performance of the TPERC is higher than that of the CRC over the whole range of experimental conditions. This is due to a higher refrigerant-side heat transfer coefficient in the evaporator, resulting from the higher refrigerant mass flow rate passing through the evaporator. However, the increase becomes relatively smaller as the heat sink temperature increases.

Field of study: Engineering
Parents' Expectations About Future Outcomes of Children with MR in Kenya

This study defined and validated three constructs of parents' expectations about future outcomes for children with mental retardation in Kenya: adult responsibilities, community membership, and educational attainment. The purpose was to investigate changes in these constructs across child's gender and severity of mental retardation. Using a maximum-likelihood confirmatory factor analysis on a questionnaire developed for the purposes of this study, it was found that the hypothesized model of parents' expectations was adequate and fit with data. Gender differences in favor of boys were found for the parents' expectations about future adult responsibilities and educational attainment, but not about community membership. Overall, parents' expectations about future outcomes for children with severe mental retardation were much lower than those for children with mild or moderate mental retardation. However, there was also an interaction between the child's gender and level of mental retardation for the parents' expectations about the child's educational attainment.

Field of study: Education
Neotropical rainforest restoration: comparing passive, plantation and nucleation approaches

Neotropical rainforests are global biodiversity hotspots and are challenging to restore. A core part of this challenge is the very long recovery trajectory of the system: recovery of structure can take 20–190 years, species composition 60–500 years, and reestablishment of rare/endemic species thousands of years. Passive recovery may be fraught with instances of arrested succession, disclimax or emergence of novel ecosystems. In these cases, active restoration methods are essential to speed recovery and set a desired restoration trajectory. Tree plantation is the most common active approach to reestablish a high density of native tree species and facilitate understory regeneration. While this approach may speed the successional trajectory, it may not achieve, and possibly inhibit, a long-term restoration trajectory towards the high species diversity characteristic of these forests. A range of nucleation techniques (e.g., tree island planting) are important restoration options: although they may not speed recovery of structure as quickly as plantations, their emphasis on natural regeneration processes may enable greater and more natural patterns of diversity to develop. While more work needs to be done to compare forest restoration techniques in different environmental contexts, it appears that nucleation and, at times, passive restoration may best preserve the diverse legacy of these forested systems (both with lower costs). An integrated approach using both plantation productivity but also the natural functions associated with nucleation may develop composition and diversity trajectory desired in Neotropical conservation efforts.

Field of study: Environmental science
The Voice of Double-Narrative

Based on the analysis of narrative as rhetoric on My Old Dad by James Phelan,the paper makes a further analysis from the following angles:the narrative voice from the theory of narrative as rhetoric by Phelan,the expository reading way of "scriptable" by Roland Barthes and the narrative theory of reliable and unreliable narration by Booth. In the end,the paper tries to explain the death of Bately from the angle of religion. Through the analysis above,the paper holds that the story contains the clues of double-narrative,or in other word,the author tells us two moral stories.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Zur Abbildung eines Flächenelements in Umdrehungssystemen

ZusammenfassungEs werden Regeln angegeben, durch Durchrechnung entlang der Strahlen von einem Achsenpunkte aus, Kenntnis über die Kaustik für einen Nachbarpunkt zu gewinnen. Frühere Erkenntnisse werden insofern verallgemeinert, als über den Öffnungsfehler des Achsenpunktes keine Voraussetzungen gemacht werden, und ferner die zweite Potenz des Gesichtsfeldes mit berücksichtigt wird. Insbesondere sind die Beziehungen angegeben, die im Sonderfall nahfeldsymmetrischer und nahfeldgleichmäßiger Abbildung gelten.

Field of study: Physics
Synchrotron microanalysis techniques applied to potential photovoltaic materials.

X-ray synchrotron radiation techniques are used to characterize photovoltaic-related semiconductors. Micro-X-ray-fluorescence and X-ray beam induced current mapping of multicrystalline silicon photovoltaic cells show metallic impurities accumulating at the interface of crystallographic defects, and current variations over the cell that are attributed to bulk defects and structural variation of the silicon. Similarly, studies on a single-crystal GaAs using X-ray fluorescence and X-ray excited optical luminescence show an inhomogeneous As distribution correlated with the photoluminescence signal, with higher As concentration regions having stronger photoluminescence signal. Both examples show how the combination of synchrotron microanalysis techniques can contribute to a better understanding of the optical properties of photovoltaic materials.

Field of study: Physics
Study on quality standard for lycopene soft gels

To establish the quality standard for lycopene soft gels. The qualitative identifications of lycopene in lycopene soft gels were performed by TLC and the lcopene in the formulation was quantified by HPLC. On the optimal conditions, lycopene in lycopene soft gels can be qualitative and quantitative identified. Calibration curves were found to be linear with the ranges of 0.14～44.0 μg/mL. The correlation coefficient of the calibration curve for the lycopene was 0.9999. The average recovery was 99.3% and RSD was 2.80% . This reliable, accurate and specific method can be used for quality control of lycopene soft gels.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Coastal changes and land use alteration on Northeastern part of Turkey

Coasts, not only today but throughout history, have been valuable, important and attractive areas for mankind. Unfortunately, the link between coasts and user has not been stayed in balance due to growing pressure from increasingly diverse human activities. Anthropogenic pressure on coastal areas is rising because of the fact that people are tend to settle by the coast for some reasons such as better transportation, nutrition and commerce. Many conflicts were observed during the establishment of mega cities on coastal zones. Unfortunately, sustainability is generally neglected through the solution process of the coastal problems. Even though, it is a relatively late step, the recent initiatives have a potential to decrease the anthropogenic pressure on coastal zones in Turkey. To achieve the best management strategy, there should be a well established connection between science and policy. Therefore novel technologies should be used for better monitoring and mapping the coastal zones. Coastline mapping is one of the fundamental steps of Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) planning. In this study, coastal zone of the Trabzon city which comprises approximately 110 km length including central district and 9 coastal counties was investigated in terms of decadal coastline changes and associated land use/cover (LULC) types. Automatic extraction of the coastline was achieved by applying proposed methodology on multispectral Landsat TM/ETM images. To obtain the LULC classes, Support Vector Machine (SVM) algorithm was implemented and four classes, water, vegetation, impervious surface and bare soil were identified. Finally all graphical data was transferred and analyzed within GIS environment. The coastline changes were evaluated by using a GIS tool of Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS). DSAS results revealed that, the net coastline change was reached up to 88.2 m in central region of Trabzon. It was found that during the time span (1984–2011) coastal agricultural lands were intentionally converted to impervious surfaces. The ratio analyses of the study area showed that impervious surface area was doubled for the last 27 years. The coastal zone of the region can be characterized with “accretion” type zone. The geomorphologic character, linear-littoral development of the city and recently completed North Anatolian highway might be dominant effects in shaping the coastal zone character. In conclusion, decadal change analyses prove that the coastal zone of the city is under severe anthropogenic effects as it can be observed in some other coasts of Turkey.

Field of study: Environmental science
DIRECT DISPLACEMENT-BASED SEISMIC DESIGN FOR PRESTRESSED CONCRETE FRAME STRUCTURES

Through an improvement on calculation of the equivalent stiffness for an equivalent single- degree-of-freedom system in the traditional direct displacement-based seismic design (DDBD) method, the uncertainties which impact the accuracy of the equivalent stiffness are reduced. Also the validity of DDBD method is advanced, when it is applied in the seismic design of prestressed concrete frame (PCF) structures. According to the crack control and strong column weak beam requirements, four different PCF structures were designed using the above method. The pushover analysis results show that the structural displacements on performance points are satisfied and the design method is effective, but the crack control, the degree of prestressing, reinforcements of columns, strong column weak beam and other details of seismic design requirements could cause the bearing capacity of frame structures to be excessively high under design earthquakes. At the same time, it could cause the displacement corresponding to the performance points less than the target displacement too.

Field of study: Engineering
Packed-Nanofiber Solid-Phase Extraction Column for Determination of Cortisol in Hair Samples

In recent years, many studies found that hair cortisol can serve as a good biomarker of chronic stress. A high-performance liquid chromatography-Fluorescence (HPLC-Flu) method for the determination of hair cortisol based on novel packed nanofiber solid-phase extraction (PFSPE) was established. The incubation solution of hair samples was extracted by the new type of PFSPE column. The column was eluted with 100 μL of ethanol, and then 230 μL of concentrated sulfuric acid was added into the eluant and retained for 2 min. The mixture of reactants and water was secondly extracted by the PFSPE column, in which the target compounds were desorbed with 50 μL of methanol directly. The detection limit of cortisol was 0.5 ng g −1 (signal-to-noise ratio of 3). The within-run and between-day precisions (RSD) were below 6.8% and 8.9%, and the average recovery of cortisol spiked into the hair samples was 88.9%. The method of pretreatment is simple, fast and green. Moreover, the established method can be used to determine the level of cortisol in hair samples, which is a simple, inexpensive determination method for applications in physiology, psychiatry, sports medicine, cognitive science, psychology and other areas of research.

Field of study: Chemistry
[Eating disorders in psychiatric patients during treatment with second generation antipsychotics].

To identify the frequency and characteristics of eating disorders in patients with schizophrenia treated with second generation antipsychotics.



A sample included 56 patients (48 women and 8 men, mean age 28 ± 4.5 years) with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. Patients received risperidone, quetiapine and olanzapine. The study employed clinical-anamnestic, endocrinological methods and assessment of eating behavior with DEBQ (The Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire). All of the patients had extra Body mass or obesity: extra Body mass of the 1st grade was found in 18 patients (BMI<30 kg/m²) and obesity grade 2-3 in 38 patients (BMI>30 kg/m²).



Authors identified different types of eating disorders: external, restrictive and emotiogenic as well as the relationship of their prevalence and severity with sex, drug, presence and grade of obesity. Based on these



we developed recommendations for management of patients treated with second generation antipsychotics.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
The Main Features of Semantic Approach of Polysemy

In linguistic, polysemy is a phenomenon of language not of speech. In this article the main focus is in understanding polysemy from semantic point of view in schools,colleges or university context. Treated together with homonymy both represent quite complex linguistic phenomena, which deserves proper treatment. This article addresses to four main features of polysemy that not only can help us understand the actual meaning of a word, but also to distinguish it from homonymy. How to up-hold these features unswervingly is demonstrated through giving details and using all the time a comparative approach and illustrating them with relevant examples from both English and Albanian languages. This article aims to raise language teacher’s awareness of the significance of semantic approach of polysemantic words and eventually aid them with a valid, practical and useful tool in their everyday teaching process. DOI: 10.5901/jesr.2015.v5n3p169

Field of study: Education, Sociology