nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Aerodynamic gradient measurements of the NH3-HNO3-NH4NO3 triad using a wet chemical instrument: an analysis of precision requirements and flux errors

The aerodynamic gradient method is widely used for flux measurements of ammonia, nitric acid, particulate ammonium nitrate (the NH3-HNO3-NH4NO3 triad) and other water-soluble reactive trace compounds. The surface exchange flux is derived from a measured concentration difference and micrometeorological quantities (turbulent exchange coefficient). The significance of the measured concentration difference is crucial for the significant determination of surface exchange fluxes. Additionally, measurements of surface exchange fluxes of ammonia, nitric acid and ammonium nitrate are often strongly affected by phase changes between gaseous and particulate compounds of the triad, which make measurements of the four individual species (NH3, HNO3, NH4+, NO3− necessary for a correct interpretation of the measured concentration differences. We present here a rigorous analysis of results obtained with a multi-component, wet-chemical instrument, able to simultaneously measure gradients of both gaseous and particulate trace substances. Basis for our analysis are two field experiments, conducted above contrasting ecosystems (grassland, forest). Precision requirements of the instrument as well as errors of concentration differences and micrometeorological exchange parameters have been estimated, which, in turn, allows the establishment of thorough error estimates of the derived fluxes of NH3, HNO3, NH4+, and NO3−. Derived median flux errors for the grassland and forest field experiments were: 39% and 50% (NH3), 31% and 38% (HNO3), 62% and 57% (NH4+), and 47% and 68% (NO3−), respectively. Additionally, we provide the basis for using field data to characterize the instrument performance, as well as subsequent quantification of surface exchange fluxes and underlying mechanistic processes under realistic ambient measurement conditions.

Field of study: Environmental science
Spironolactone Prevents Aldosterone Induced Increased Duration of Atrial Fibrillation in Rat

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common sustained arrhythmia in clinical practice. The ReninAngiotensin-Aldosterone-System plays a major role for the atrial structural and electrical remodelling. Recently elevated aldosterone levels have been suggested to increase the risk for the development of AF.  Rats were treated with aldosterone by means of an osmotic minipump (0.5µg/h) over a period of 4 weeks. AF was induced by transesophageal burst pacing. Action potentials (AP) were recorded from left atrial preparations with microelectrodes. Atrial collagen was quantified by histological studies.  Aldosterone treatment resulted in hypertrophy as indicated by an increased ratio of heart weight/tibia length and doubled the time until the AF converted spontaneously into sinus rhythm (85.8±13.4 s vs.38.3±6.9 s, p<0.01). This was associated with a significant shortening of the AP (APD90 26.2±1.1 vs. 31.2±1.9, p<0.05) and an increased protein expression of Kir2.1 and Kv1.5. Atrial collagen deposition was significantly greater in aldosterone-treated rats. The alterations could be prevented by additional application spironolactone.  The results of the present study suggest that in addition to the structural remodelling aldosterone also promotes AF by altering repolarising potassium currents leading to action potential shortening.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Software retrieval by samples using concept analysis

Finding and retrieving software components is one of the tasks of the building-block approach to software reuse. One interesting property of code components unlike other types of software artifacts is that they can be executed. The execution-based retrieval process tends to be too long to be incorporated in practice and faces the problem of non-termination and very long execution time. This paper describes a software component retrieval method using sample input–output behavior of the components (but without actual execution) based on concept analysis. The retrieval uses samples chosen by the developers of the components (rather than generated randomly or provided by the users). Based on the validity relation between components and samples, a concept lattice is constructed for the library by applying formal concept analysis. The user retrieves components by selecting valid samples incrementally for a desired component from a dynamically created menu of samples available in the library. Our method avoids the problems associated with actual execution-based retrieval such as non-termination and very long execution time, and also improves the retrieval time. Our approach can be directly applied to other levels of software components than code components as long as the components can be described in terms of some input–output relation.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Oxygen consumption in neurotic patients

29 male patients with neuroses (neurasthenia in 15 individuals, phobic neurosis in 14 persons) were observed using 22 indexes of oxygen transport and utilization including physical loading (running). Neurotic patients were differed from healthy individuals by lower both absolute and relative maximal oxygen consumption (MOC) values as well as by lower indexes of lungs ventilations, CO2 elimination, respiration frequencies and breath depth. The low maximal metabolism values, low values of energy production maximum, total running time, critical speed, low maximum lactate concentration and its slowing-down during restoration peroid, as well as less pH and BE values displacement after loading were also observed in patients. It was supposed that MOC as well energy potentials decrease may be of significant importance in neurotic disturbances development.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Genetic analyses of schizophrenia

Although evidence exists to support a heritable component to schizophrenia, few details are understood about the genetics of the disorder. Presently, molecular genetic techniques provide the most promise in uncovering the genetic mechanisms of disease. Candidate gene analyses and linkage studies have opened some prospective avenues for exploration. Clearer findings from these studies many be hidden by the syndromic nature of schizophrenia. The study of more genetically homogenous populations and symptom-based phenotypic subtypes may help to make this genetic data more revealing. This review highlights some of the latest progress and findings in the molecular genetic analyses of schizophrenia, including both candidate gene analyses and genome scan studies.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Preparation of Pillar[n]arenes by Cyclooligomerization of 2,5‐Dialkoxybenzyl Alcohols or 2,5‐Dialkoxybenzyl Bromides

The facile and efficient preparation of pillar[n]arenes (n = 5 or 6) was achieved by cyclooligomerization of 2,5-dialkoxybenzyl alcohols or 2,5-dialkoxybenzyl bromides with an appropriate Lewis acid catalyst at room temperature. The mechanism for this cyclooligomerization is presumed to be a Friedel–Crafts alkylation.

Field of study: Chemistry
Dietary protein intake and skeletal-muscle protein metabolism in rats. Studies with the ammonium chloride-wash fraction from crude polyribosomes of well-nourished and protein-depleted rats.

1. Crude polyribosomes from skeletal muscle of the hind leg of rats fed on a low-protein diet for 10 days are less active in cell-free protein synthesis than are polyribosomes obtained from well-nourished control rats. 2. The polyribosomes were salt-washed (0.5m-NH(4)Cl) and the wash extract was examined for its amino acid incorporating activity and for EF (elongation factor) 1 and EF 2 activities. 3. Compared with preparations from control rats, the salt-wash fraction from protein-depleted rats was less active and showed lower EF 1 and EF 2 activity. 4. The ribosomes were rendered equal in activity by salt-washing, but no inhibitor was detected in the salt wash. 5. Differences in the incorporating activity of crude polyribosomes from the diet groups persisted in the presence of saturating amounts of partially purified EF 1 and EF 2. 6. It is concluded that the lowered protein-synthetic activity of crude polyribosomes caused by restricted protein intake is not causally related to the lower activities of EF 1 and EF 2 in the polyribosome preparations. 7. The possible nature of the change in crude polyribosome activity due to low-protein feeding is discussed.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Multitude and temporal variability of ecological niches as indicated by the diversity of cultivated bacterioplankton.

The diversity of cultured planktonic bacteria was analyzed. Bacterial strains were isolated from a eutrophic lake (Zwischenahner Meer, Niedersachsen, Germany) at three different sampling dates (October 1997, April and May 1998). Phylogenetic diversity was assessed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), and sequencing of 16S rRNA gene fragments. Enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (ERIC)-PCR revealed a high genomic diversity within the strain collections, which exceeded the diversity of the 16S rRNA gene sequences considerably. The composition of each of the three strain collections was unique since strains isolated at different dates always exhibited different ERIC-PCR fingerprints. Growth tests with 59 different carbon substrates demonstrated that even strains with identical ERIC-PCR fingerprints, isolated on one sampling date, differed in their physiology. The culturable fraction investigated in the present study constituted a relatively small fraction (</=15%) of the whole bacterioplankton assemblage. Nevertheless, the high physiological diversity in this fraction already indicates that a multitude of different ecological niches must exist in the planktonic environment. The majority of strains isolated in April prior to the decay of the phytoplankton bloom were members of the Cytophaga-Flavobacterium group. One month later, not a single strain of this group could be isolated. When a group-specific PCR-DGGE technique was employed, rapid shifts in the diversity of non-cultured Cytophaga-Flavobacteria also became evident. Based on the rapid shifts in the composition of cultivated as well as some non-cultivated bacteria, the ecological niches in the planktonic habitat must undergo rapid temporal changes.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Moving beyond the binary with disordered eating research: a test and extension of objectification theory with bisexual women.

In predicting disordered eating, the core model of objectification theory (Fredrickson & Roberts, 1997) has been replicated and extended in research across most sexual minority groups (e.g., Haines et al., 2008; Wiseman & Moradi, 2010), but not bisexual women. The present study tested the tenets of objectification theory with a sample of 316 bisexual women and further extended this theory by examining the roles of 2 minority stressors-antibisexual discrimination and internalized biphobia-that are contextually salient for bisexual women. A latent variable structural equation model was conducted, and the model yielded a good fit to the data. Antibisexual discrimination and internalized biphobia (but not sexual objectification experiences) yielded significant unique links with internalization of sociocultural standards of attractiveness (internalization of CSA). Next, internalization of CSA yielded a significant unique link with body surveillance. In addition, antibisexual discrimination, internalization of CSA, and body surveillance yielded significant unique links with body shame. Finally, sexual objectification experiences, internalization of CSA, and body shame yielded significant unique links with eating disorder symptomatology. Beyond the direct relations, antibisexual discrimination yielded significant positive indirect links with body surveillance, body shame, and eating disorder symptoms. Internalization of CSA yielded significant positive indirect links with body shame and eating disorder symptoms. Lastly, body surveillance yielded a significant positive indirect link with eating disorder symptoms. Implications for research and practice with bisexual women are discussed.

Field of study: Psychology
Glacial to interglacial changes in non-carbonate and carbonate accumulation in the SW Pacific Ocean, New Zealand

Fluxes of carbonate and non-carbonate (terrigenous+biogenic siliceous) sediment, back to a maximum of marine isotope stage (MIS) 6, were determined for 54 cores from off eastern New Zealand. Mass accumulation rates (MARs) were derived using dry bulk densities measured directly from fresh cores or, in the case of dry archived samples, on estimates from a density/carbonate relationship.MARs exhibit wide spatial and temporal variability in response to (i) the location of cores relative to the terrigenous source of New Zealand, current pathways and local oceanographic features, and (ii) palaeoclimatic change. For MIS 1–2, non-carbonate accumulated at a high rate between 27 and 18 ka (calendar years), due to an influx of waterborne and aeolian terrigenous detritus together with localised production of biogenic silica under a northward intrusion of subantarctic waters, and an increase in wind-induced upwelling. By 18–12 ka, non-carbonate MARs reduced as winds ameliorated and sea level rose to confine some of the terrigenous load to the continental shelf. The Holocene transgression was accompanied by warmer sea surface temperatures, the formation of coastal and lacustrine sediment traps, and more widespread terrestrial vegetation. These conditions further reduced the deep oceanic non-carbonate flux to levels about half those of glacial periods.In contrast, carbonate MARs were lower in cold periods, reflecting lower productivity, increased dissolution and, in the case of the generally productive waters of Chatham Rise, to redistribution by bottom currents. However, off central New Zealand, carbonate production was higher on the continental margin, possibly because of enhanced upwelling under the strong wind regime of MIS 2. Such localised effects produced glacial carbonate MARs higher than interglacial MIS 1 values. For the rest of the region, carbonate fluxes increased to an early to middle MIS 1 maximum before generally declining in recent times.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
On the contemporary orientation of instructional functions——Also on the should-be choice of contemporary instruction culture

The contemporary orientation of instructional functions mirrors the mainstream values of social development.To observe the real picture of instruction practice and theories,we must give rational meditation to instructional functions.As the attribute and effect of instructional structures,instructional functions enjoy the guiding,artificial and historical characteristics.Bearing historical responsibility for promoting the formation of human cultures,contemporary instruction should stick to four basic functions,namely, maintaining knowledge,cultivating capabilities,nurturing disposition,enriching life.How to effectively materialize these functions should be to develop self consciousness and value pursuit for contemporary instruction culture construction in China.

Field of study: Education
Infusing multiliteracies into English language curriculum: The visual construction of knowledge in English textbooks from an ontogenetic perspective

Addressing the need for multiliteracies in language education, this paper investigates the visual construction of knowledge in English as a Foreign Language (EFL) textbooks in Hong Kong and develops a social semiotic framework for infusing the senior primary (P4–6) and the secondary (S1–4) English language curricula with multiliteracies. By explicating the ontogenetic change of the representational meaning of visual images in textbooks, we find that textbook illustrations change from narrative to conceptual representations in terms of process, from specific to generic in terms of participant, and from local to global in terms of settings. The changes in image structure are found consistent with the change of text type from narrating to expounding, in accordance with students’ cognitive abilities. Such ontogenetic change contributes to the change of knowledge domain from the concrete and commonsensical in early years of schooling, to the abstract and uncommonsensical in later years of schooling.

Field of study: Education, Linguistics
An asparagine residue mediates intramolecular communication in nucleotide-regulated pyrophosphatase.

Many prokaryotic soluble PPases (pyrophosphatases) contain a pair of regulatory adenine nucleotide-binding CBS (cystathionine β-synthase) domains that act as 'internal inhibitors' whose effect is modulated by nucleotide binding. Although such regulatory domains are found in important enzymes and transporters, the underlying regulatory mechanism has only begun to come into focus. We reported previously that CBS domains bind nucleotides co-operatively and induce positive kinetic co-operativity (non-Michaelian behaviour) in CBS-PPases (CBS domain-containing PPases). In the present study, we demonstrate that a homodimeric ehPPase (Ethanoligenens harbinense PPase) containing an inherent mutation in an otherwise conserved asparagine residue in a loop near the active site exhibits non-co-operative hydrolysis kinetics. A similar N312S substitution in 'co-operative' dhPPase (Desulfitobacterium hafniense PPase) abolished kinetic co-operativity while causing only minor effects on nucleotide-binding affinity and co-operativity. However, the substitution reversed the effect of diadenosine tetraphosphate, abolishing kinetic co-operativity in wild-type dhPPase, but restoring it in the variant dhPPase. A reverse serine-to-asparagine replacement restored kinetic co-operativity in ehPPase. Molecular dynamics simulations revealed that the asparagine substitution resulted in a change in the hydrogen-bonding pattern around the asparagine residue and the subunit interface, allowing greater flexibility at the subunit interface without a marked effect on the overall structure. These findings identify this asparagine residue as lying at the 'crossroads' of information paths connecting catalytic and regulatory domains within a subunit and catalytic sites between subunits.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Task Scheduling and Management of Phased Array Radar Based on Intelligent Environment Cognition

This paper presents a task scheduling model based on intelligent signal environment cognition is provided to analyze the phased array radar resource scheduling in complex combat environment. The traditional priority of scheduling methods can’t be satisfied to the needs in practice. According to the work mode and task of the phased array radar, some complex modulated signal waveform was established and WVD time-frequency transform was used to preprocess the features such as position of geometry center, polarimetric characteristics and et al which are provided to classifier and obtain the task priority. To overcome the weakness of classical scheduling algorithm, a novel task scheduling algorithm is provided which is based on Gaussian Process multitask classification. The method can effectively improve the performance of the radar scheduler and make the task scheduling more feasibly and practical.

Field of study: Engineering
Perceptions of environmental change over more than six decades in two groups of people interacting with the environment of Port Phillip Bay, Australia

Assessment of environmental change over long periods of time is often impossible due to the absence of long-term quantitative data. Because it is not possible to collect such data retrospectively, qualitative data may provide some understanding of variation in environmental parameters over large temporal scales. The potential of qualitative data to yield valid and informative conclusions hinges on the extent of consistency in those data. The present study explored the potential for semi-structured interviews to serve as a data source for the retrospective assessment of environmental change. Two groups of people (anglers and divers) interacting with the environment of Port Phillip Bay, Australia, were questioned about their perceptions of change in that environment. Accounts covered more than six decades and several patterns emerged. Commercial dredging for scallop (Pecten fumatus) was assumed to have had a major negative impact on many taxa. Abundance of Snapper (Pagrus auratus) increased after dredging ceased in the mid-1990s though size and abundance were reduced relative to the early 1960s. The abundance of Flathead spp. (Neoplathycephalus richardsoni, Plathycephalus laevigatus & Plathycephalus arenarius) declined, and the spread of an introduced seastar (Asterias amurensis) was implicated in this decline. Importantly, the overall condition of Port Phillip Bay appears to have deteriorated on a large scale. Many species of fish and invertebrates purportedly disappeared or declined over the course of six decades. Similarly, a substantial reduction of macroalgae was noted. This preliminary study underscores the potential of qualitative data to assess environmental conditions in the past and illustrates the capacity for interdisciplinary research to aid in management and conservation.

Field of study: Environmental science
Technology Related Timing Jitter in Superconducting Electronics

Digital superconducting systems based on Josephson junctions make generally use of the synchronous timing strategy. Today, one of its most promising applications is the high speed and high dynamic range signal sensing. A digital signal acquisition system should have a high resolution as well as a short sampling interval with a well known and constant time period. Short term clock fluctuations (clock jitter) induced by thermal noise can significantly disturb the system operation due to hazards of timing constraint violations. This uncertainty in the time period is currently a strong limitation for further improvements of fast signal sensing systems based on superconductive electronics. Recently, several theoretical and experimental studies describe the timing jitter in simple circuits, like Josephson transmission lines. In the presented work, we analyse different fabrication technologies for rapid single flux quantum (RSFQ) electronics and predict their timing jitter by the numerical solution of stochastic differential equations. We obtained a very good agreement between our simulation data and recent experimental results.

Field of study: Physics
Causality, randomness, and the microwave background.

Fluctuations in the cosmic microwave background (CMB) temperature are being studied with ever increasing precision. Two competing types of theories might describe the origins of these fluctuations: ``inflation'' and ``defects''. Here we show how the differences between these two scenarios can give rise to striking signatures in the microwave fluctuations on small scales, assuming a standard recombination history. These should enable high resolution measurements of CMB anisotropies to distinguish between these two broad classes of theories, independent of the precise details of each.

Field of study: Physics