nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Use of Entertainment Elements in an Online Video Mini-Series to Train Pharmacy Preceptors

To create an entertaining approach to training pharmacy preceptors.  A training program was developed to provide an innovative, entertaining, and flexible continuing education program for pharmacy preceptors. Three instructional design principles – providing an authentic context, offering a diversity of content, and engaging and maintaining attention – were foundational to this concept. The mini-series consisted of 12 online video episodes. Participants completed three reflective questions and one evaluation after watching each episode. Three months following completion of the training, a survey was distributed to analyze the long-term impact of the mini-series on precepting skills. Assessment. Two hundred two participants completed all 12 episodes. After completing the training series, the participants’ confidence level in their knowledge pertaining to the objectives was significantly greater than before they started. Among the 32% of participants who responded to the three-month follow-up survey, the mean score for precepting confidence was 6.8 on a scale of 1 to 10 on which 1=no increase to 10=big increase. Also, 99% of participants indicated they would complete a similar training program and recommend to others.  Feedback from the mini-series provides evidence of the effectiveness of its delivery format and use as a preceptor learning tool.

Field of study: Education, Medicine
Effects of Semantic and Acoustic Relatedness on Free Recall in a Between-Subjects Design

Independent groups of Ss were presented with a list of semantically related, acoustically related, or unrelated words for 3 free-recall trials. While semantic relatedness induced significant amounts of clustering and facilitated recall, acoustic relatedness had no effect. These results are consistent with those found by Forrester and King (1971) for a mixed-list design.

Field of study: Psychology
Heat Treatment of MgB2 Superconductors With Different Metal Sheaths

The superconductors based on magnesium diboride have a lot of advantages in comparison with the traditional ones, such as relative simplicity of the superconducting compound synthesis process, small weight of the finished product, possibility to manufacture superconductors in the form of wires and tapes, and absence of superconducting properties anisotropy. In this paper, the results of manufacture and study of MgB2 superconductors with metal sheaths differing by mechanical and physical–chemical properties were presented. Inside of sheath there was Mg and B powders mixed in required proportion. The series of annealings of produced superconductor samples has been carried out at temperatures from 650 °C to 700 °C and duration from 0.25 to 1 h. After heat treatment, the microstructure of the formed compound has been studied by the scan electron microscopy method and critical temperature of superconductors has been also measured. It was established that the minimal temperature of superconducting MgB 2 compound synthesis depends on physical–chemical properties of the metal sheaths. It is necessary to increase the heat treatment temperature up to 700 °C for the wires whose sheaths material has low value of thermal conductivity but heat treatment temperature can be 650 °C if the sheath material has thermal conductivity value close to one of the copper. Critical temperature of the produced superconductors after heat treatment by optimal regime was 38.5 K that is close to theoretical value—39 K.

Field of study: Physics
Integrated potato cyst nematode (Globodera sp) management strategies for south Indian hills

The eggs present in the hard coated cysts of potato cyst nematodes (PCN) Globodera sp hatch out only in the presence of potato (Solanum tuberosum L) root exudates of host plants. Non-availability of host plant along with the application of synthetic chemicals is expected to control this hard coated soil borne pest without much negative impact on the environment. Thus, the effects of seven different two year crop rotations of susceptible (Kufri Jyoti) and resistant (Kufri Swarna) cultivars of potato along with three non-host crops (cabbage-Brassica oleracea, carrot-Dacus carota and radish-Raphanus sativus) of PCN, in different crop rotation combinations were evaluated with an aim to find out the best rotation suitable to manage the PCN population. Effective nematode reduction (47% in 2 years) could be achieved by rotating susceptible potato variety with the resistant (resistant to both G. pallida and G. rostochiensis) one, and application of carbofuran @ 2.0 kg a.i. ha−1 for each crop of potato. However, higher economic returns (BC ratio: 2.91) were recorded in the treatment potato-cabbage-carrot-potato, along with carbofuran application to potato, which could not contain the nematode buildup substantially (5%) in two years rotation. Alternating the resistant potato with non-solanaceous crop in between two susceptible potato crops could bring down the PCN population only to the extent of 20–25%. The effectiveness of growing non-solanaceous crops to contain PCN populations in rotation is comparatively lower (20 to 25%) when compared with resistant potato varieties (47%). This integrated strategy with negligible negative impact on environment is recommended for PCN management.

Field of study: Biology
Reaction of Different Bitter Gourd (Momordica charantia L.) Genotypes to Melon Fruit Fly, Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett)

Seventeen bitter gourd genotypes were evaluated under field conditions for resistance to Melon fruit fly, Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett), during 2001 rainy and 2002 summer seasons. Melon fruit fly infestation was significantly lower (9.4%) in IC 256185 and IC 248256 (10.2%) compared to 82.1% infestation in the susceptible check, Pusa Do Mausmi. Genotypes IC 213311, IC 248282, IC 256110, IC 248254, IC 248281, IC 248292 and IC 68314-B also showed resistance to the melon fruit fly in both rainy and summer seasons. Genotypes with low furit fly infestation had low larval numbers in the fruits, and there was a positive correlation (r=0.96) between percentage fruit infestation and number of larvae/fruit. Wild relative resistant bitter gourd (M. charantia var. muricataj can be used in the resistance breeding programs to increase the levels, and diversify the basis of resistance to B. cucurbitae.

Field of study: Biology
The implications of “first language acquisition as a guide for theories of learning and pedagogy” in a pluralistic world

The value of James Gee's (1994) analysis of first language acquisition as a guide for theories of learning and pedagogy is that it initiates a serious discussion of learning that is based upon the most effectively studied developmental mastery—language. In this commentary, we will argue that the major limitation of this approach does not have to do so much with the roles of biology and maturity as proposed by Gee, but rather, that it underestimates the roles of diverse symbol systems and scaffolding when it is introduced in the context of a near-universal mastery of language.

Field of study: Education, Linguistics
Can Z-Score Model Predict Listed Companies’ Failures in Italy? An Empirical Test

The Altman Z-score model for predicting bankruptcy of businesses was constructed and fine-tuned in the USA in 1968 and updated in 1999. It is therefore possible that its results cannot be extended to non-Anglo-Saxon countries in today’s context. This paper ascertains if the Z-score can correctly predict the failure of industrial listed companies in Italy. First, we have analyzed the theoretical and practical characteristics of the original Z-score model and we highlight some of its potential shortcomings. Second, we have examined a sample of 102 industrial companies, quoted on the Italian Stock Exchange in the period 1995-2013 – 51 companies had had their shares permanently suspended or delisted because of a default, whereas the remaining 51 companies, which have been selected based on same core business and year of data collection, did not go bankruptcy or had their shares permanently suspended. We investigated whether the Z-score model could have predicted the default of the firms in the sample for up to three years earlier, with a degree of accuracy and reliability comparable to the one obtained by Altman (and by many other authors) in the tests performed nowadays in the U.S. and Anglo-Saxon contexts. We found that the Z-score works effectively and performs well in predicting failures of Italian firms, although with a slightly lower degree of reliability when applied to Anglo-Saxon companies. Therefore, we conclude that the Z-score can be applied to the Italian context, provided that some critical points illustrated in this study are taken into account.

Field of study: Business
Cyclization of dialkyl(4-hydroxy-2-butynyl)-(3 isopropenylpropargyl)ammonium salts and intramolecular recyclization of the resultant products

Abstract2,2-Dialkyl(4-hydroxy-2-butynyl)(3-isopropenylpropargyl)ammonium chlorides in the presence of 0.2 molar equivalents of KOH in water undergo facile cyclization to give 2,2-dialkyl-4-hydroxymethyl-6-methylisoindolinium chlorides, which recyclize to dialkyl(6-methyl-1,3-dihydro-4-isobenzofuranylmethyl)amines by the action of a two-fold molar excess of KOH in water.

Field of study: Chemistry
Anomalous Microwave Emission in the Perseus Molecular Cloud

We present observations of the known anomalous microwave emission region, G159.6–18.5, in the Perseus molecular cloud at 16 GHz performed with the Arcminute Microkelvin Imager Small Array. These are the highest angular resolution observations of G159.6–18.5 at microwave wavelengths. By combining these microwave data with infrared observations between 5.8 and 160 μm from the Spitzer Space Telescope, we investigate the existence of a microwave-infrared correlation on angular scales of ~2'. We find that the overall correlation appears to increase toward shorter infrared wavelengths, which is consistent with the microwave emission being produced by electric dipole radiation from small, spinning dust grains. We also find that the microwave-infrared correlation peaks at 24 μm (6.7σ), suggesting that the microwave emission is originating from a population of stochastically heated small interstellar dust grains rather than polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.

Field of study: Physics
Cohomology of $\mathfrak {aff}(1)$ and $\mathfrak {aff}(1|1)$ acting on the space of $n$-ary differential operators on the superspace $\mathbb{R}^{1|1}$

We consider the $\mu$-densities spaces $\mathcal{F}_\mu$ with $\mu\in\mathbb{R}$, we compute the space $\mathrm{H}^1_\mathrm{diff}(\mathfrak{aff}(1),\mathrm{D}_{\lambda,\mu})$ where $\lambda=(\lambda_1,\dots,\lambda_n)\in\mathbb{R}^n$ and $\mathrm{D}_{\lambda,\mu}$ is the space of $n$-ary differential operators from $\mathcal{F}_{\lambda_1}\otimes\cdots\otimes\mathcal{F}_{\lambda_n}$ to $\mathcal{F}_\mu$. We also compute the super analog space $\mathrm{H}^1_\mathrm{diff}(\mathfrak{aff}(1|1),\mathfrak{D}_{\lambda,\mu})$.

Field of study: Mathematics
Requirement Model Checking Approach Based on Multi-view and Software Behavior

Software requirement is one of the most important steps in the whole software implementation life cycle.Model driven requirement analysis is to make requirement model as the complement of requirement specification.Requirement model plays the role that to discovery the incorrent and inconsiste facts in requirement specification.In this paper,w e proposed an requirement model checking approach based on a muliti view point requirement analysis methology.The main idea of this methology is to construct the properties in a behavior temporal logic style,and the finite state machine of the requirement model and check w hether the properties could satisfy the model.Besides,w e have also discussed about its optimizing manner in proposition abstraction w ay.We also have implemented model checking toolkit for further research.

Field of study: Computer science
Effects of temperature and elevated CO2 on cell division in shoot meristems: differential responses of two natural populations of Dactylis glomerata L.

The aim was to establish whether temperature and/or elevated [CO2] (-700 μmol mol−1) affects the cell doubling time (cdt) in the different zones of the shoot apex of two natural populations of Dactylis glomerata originating in Portugal (38° S3′ N) and in Sweden (63° 09′ N). 
 
In the Portuguese population at ambient [CO2], only the pith rib meristem (PRM) exhibited a significant shortening of cdts from 10 to 30 °C. Elevated [CO2] resulted in a significant shortening of cdt, particularly in the PRM where cdt was reduced 4-8- and 6-1-fold at 10 and 20 °C, respectively, but only 2-fold at 30 °C. In the Swedish population at ambient [CO2], there were no consistent temperature-dependent alterations to cdt and this population was less responsive to elevated [CO2] than the Portuguese population. Nevertheless, elevated [CO2] resulted in a significant shortening of the cdt for some of the zones; the maximum reduction occurred in the PRM at 30 °C. 
 
We concluded that in the shoot apex of the Portuguese population, and most notably in the PRM, 10 and 20 °C were non-optimal temperatures for cell division, whilst the Swedish population was relatively buffered against temperature change. Elevated [CO2] resulted in substantially greater reductions in cdts in the shoot meristem of the Portuguese population than in that of the Swedish population.

Field of study: Environmental science
Search for proton radioactivity in65As,69Br and77Y

A search for proton radioactivity in65As,69Br and77Y, produced as residues of fusion reactions, was carried out at the Orsay Tandem accelerator. The residues were collected at the image point of the spectrometer Soleno and implanted into the gaseous medium of an ionization chamber which was also used to detect the radioactivity protons. No such protons have been observed in the energy range of 250–600 keV and in the half-life interval of 10 μs-100 ms, within a production cross section sensitivity of 1 μb.

Field of study: Physics
Cruziana- and Rusophycus-like traces of recent Sparidae fish in the estuary of the Piedras River (Lepe, Huelva, SW Spain)

Modern fish are able to produce a plethora of different traces (both bioturbation and bioerosion structures) according to several behaviours, yet only five ichnotaxa have been interpreted as produced by the activity of fish in the fossil record. Many taphonomic factors may favour the non-fossilization of many of these traces and, even fossilized, they could have been misinterpreted. In this contribution, shallow and bilobed traces produced by the feeding activity of the perciform fish Diplodus vulgaris (Sparidae) in the estuary of the Piedras River (Lepe, Huelva, SW Spain) are described. Neoichnological study and comparison of these bioturbation structures with the fossil record allow associating them as Cruziana- and Rusophycus-like traces, i.e. traces with features very similar to those of such ichnogenera. Since these ichnotaxa have been commonly interpreted as the result of the locomotion and resting of different kinds of invertebrates, in order to get a better understanding of the marine and continental fossil record, we also propose taking into account fish as potential producers of this kind of traces in future paleoichnological studies.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
The upper size limit of the dust samples in road dust heavy metal studies: Benefits of a combined sieving and air classification sample preparation procedure.

The concentrations of heavy metals and other components in road dust from a Polish coal mining district were investigated. The sample was split into eight size fractions ranging from <5 μm to 1-2 mm applying the combined classification procedure of dry sieving and air classification. For most elements, significantly higher concentrations were found in the finest size fractions. In combination with the mass fractions of the various size fractions the concentrations of the components were calculated for this road dust assuming different upper size limits. The results demonstrate the important influence of the upper size limit applied on the composition of road dust. An analysis of the composition of road dust by particle size, instead of analysing whole road dust samples, proves to have several advantages. On the one hand, a reliable comparison of the results with the concentration data available in the literature is possible and on the other hand, the results can be used in assessments, for example resuspension or wash-off by rainfall, which require different upper size limits. Upper size limit applied in road dust sampling significantly influences the results. Combined sieving and air classification sample preparation procedure allows flexible use of the results.

Field of study: Environmental science
Prenatal ethanol consumption alters the expression of cellular retinol binding protein and retinoic acid receptor mRNA in fetal rat embryo and brain.

The mechanism by which prenatal ethanol ingestion causes fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is unknown. We hypothesize that ethanol disrupts the normal function of retinoids in embryogenesis and differentiation, resulting in FAS. The present work was designed to determine if prenatal ethanol ingestion affects the expression of cellular retinol binding protein (CRBP) and nuclear retinoic acid receptors (RARs). Paired timed pregnant rats were fed a liquid diet, one group treated with 36% of carbohydrate calories replaced with ethanol. Maternal serum retinol concentrations during pregnancy peaked on the 6th day of pregnancy, but no difference was noted between the ethanol and control group. At the 12th and 20th day of gestation, embryos or fetal brain were removed, and RNA was isolated for Northern hybridization. The abundance of CRBP mRNA was significantly elevated by ethanol consumption. In both the 12-day embryo (relative density of control: 1.00 +/- 0.10; vs. ethanol: 1.87 +/- 0.30, p < 0.05) and 20-day fetal brain (relative density of control: 1.00 +/- 0.09; vs. ethanol: 1.46 +/- 0.09, p < 0.01). In the embryo, ethanol ingestion resulted in a decrease in the level of RAR-beta mRNA (control: 1.00 +/- 0.05; vs. ethanol: 0.71 +/- 0.07, p < 0.01), but had no effect on RAR-alpha or RAR-gamma mRNA. In contrast to the embryo, the expression of both the 3.7- and 2.7-kb RAR-alpha transcripts was significantly greater in day 20 fetal brain of ethanol-treated rats (3.7-kb RAR-alpha control: 1.00 +/- 0.11; vs. ethanol: 1.65 +/- 0.06; p < 0.001; 2.7-kb RAR-alpha control: 1.00 +/- 0.14; vs. ethanol: 1.74 +/- 0.27, p < 0.05), whereas RAR-beta and RAR-gamma expression were not altered. These observations suggest that altered vitamin A function is a potential factor in the embryopathy of prenatal ethanol exposure.

Field of study: Medicine
Thermal Stability of Superconductors

A stability criterion is worked out for the superconducting phase. The validity of a prerequisite, established previously for persistent currents, is thereby confirmed. Temperature dependence is given for the specific heat and concentration of superconducting electrons in the vicinity of the critical temperature T c . The isotope effect, mediated by electron-phonon interaction and hyperfine coupling, is analyzed. Several experiments, intended at validating this analysis, are presented, including one giving access to the specific heat of high- T c compounds.

Field of study: Physics
Evaporation of R134a in a horizontal herringbone microfin tube: heat transfer and pressure drop

An experimental investigation of in-tube evaporation of R134a has been carried out for a 4 m long herringbone microfin tube with an outer diameter of 9.53 mm. Measured local heat transfer coefficients and pressure losses are reported for evaporation temperatures between −0.7 and 10.1 °C and mass flow rates between 162 and 366 kg m−2 s−1. Results from this work are compared to experimental results from literature as well as predicted values from some available helical microfin correlations. Differences in heat transfer mechanisms between helical and herringbone microfin tubes are discussed, as heat transfer coefficients in the investigated herringbone tube tend to peak at lower vapour qualities compared to helical microfins. Correlations developed for helical microfin tubes generally predict experimental values within ±30% for vapour qualities below 50%. However, at higher qualities none of the correlations are able to reflect the early peak of heat transfer coefficients. Predicted pressure gradients reproduce measured values in general within ±20%.

Field of study: Engineering
Did Tanzania Achieve the Second Millennium Development Goal? Statistical Analysis.

Development Goal “ Achieve universal primary education ”, the challenges faced, along with the way forward towards achieving the fourth Sustainable Development Goal “ Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all ”.Statistics shows that Tanzania has made very promising steps towards achieving this goal. Gross Enrollment Ratio decreased from 106.4% in 2010 to 96.16% in 2013 with Net Enrollment Ratio averaging 93.7%. However, Gross and Net Enrollment ratio for pre-primary pupil was not promising, the figures stood at 33.5% and 33.3% respectively. The most notable challenges were dropouts, inadequate teaching and learning materials, shortage of teachers and un-conducive learning atmosphere in some places, especially in rural areas. For effective and successful implementation of the 2030 Sustainable development agenda on education, this paper suggest;        Enrolling Primary School pupils at right age; Providing education that focuses on Outcome and not on Output; Creating Conducive Learning atmosphere well vested with materials, financial and human resources; Employment based on academic and pedagogical competence; Integration of ICT in the Teaching and Learning Process and Accreditation/Approval of learning institutions bases on well-defined standards.  Education; Enrollment ratio; Quality Education; Universal Primary Education

Field of study: Education