nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
What Wouldn't We Do for Revenue?

This thoroughly researched and highly engaging book adds to a growing body of scholarly works on higher education that address the impact of changing sources of revenue on university mission and practice. Slaughter and Leslie’s Academic Capitalism: Politics, Policies and the Entrepreneurial University (1997), Simon Marginson’s Markets in Education (1997), Ron Ehrenberg’s Tuition  (2000), David Kirp’s Shakespeare, Einstein and the Bottom Line: The Marketing of Higher Education (2003), Derek Bok’s Universities in the Marketplace: The Commercialization of Higher Education (2003), Roger Geiger’s Knowledge and Money: Research Universities and the Paradox of the Marketplace (2004), and Engell and Dangerfield’s Saving Higher Education in the Age of Money (2005), have all been published in just over a decade. These, of course, follow in a historical tradition of works that have wrestled with higher education and commerce, such as Veblen’s The Higher Learning: A Memorandum on the Conduct of Universities by Business Men (1918) and Robert Maynard Hutchins’s The Higher Learning in America (1936). Thus, on the one hand, it is high praise to say that this book stands out from the crowd in its detailed and well-documented coverage of the challenges contemporary universities face in financing mission-related activities. On the other hand, we should probably begin to move our research and scholarship beyond money, which has served as an un-deconstructed proxy for a very long time, and begin, as the authors of this volume advise near its conclusion, “confronting the fundamental tension in higher education.” They suggest, as their title would have it, that the tension is between mission and money, much the same challenge that Veblen and Hutchins addressed decades ago. This may mean that over the past seventy years mission versus money has proven itself an exceptionally intractable intellectual dilemma in higher education, one that has become particularly problematic (and book worthy) of late. It may also be that we aren’t asking the right questions. This book is at its best when it marshals a wide array of data to document changes in the degree and kinds of revenue flowing into colleges and universities of various types. It offers useful insight into the ways in which revenue demands shape such complex arenas as tuition setting, endowments, development, patent licensing, the distinctions between public, nonprofit and for-profit institutions, and intercollegiate athletics. While much of this ground has been traversed before, the quality of the work here is such that readers will find some new revelation in every one of these areas. The essential conceptual lens used throughout the work is what the authors call the “two-good framework,” an approach that reduces university activity to two forms of behavior, “mission goods” and “revenue goods.” That is, efforts to meet university goals, and those endeavors in which universities engage to pay Book Review 1

Field of study: Education
Thiamin and thiamin phosphate ester deficiency assessed by high performance liquid chromatography in four clinical cases of Wernicke encephalopathy.

The concentrations of thiamin and thiamin phosphate esters were determined by high performance liquid chromatography in four patients with clinical Wernicke encephalopathy. Three were alcohol abusers, and one had prolonged vomiting and anorexia. Thiamin and thiamin monophosphate were assessed in plasma and whole blood (four patients) and in cerebrospinal fluid (two patients) before and during thiamin treatment. Thiamin diphosphate was also assessed in whole blood in the four patients. Before treatment, thiamin monophosphate was significantly decreased in all patients, and thiamin diphosphate in three. A poor increase in thiamin mono- and diphosphate was paralleled by a slow clinical improvement in one patient, while an increase in all thiamin compounds was observed in two patients with a rapid recovery. Thiamin monophosphate was a more sensitive marker of deficiency than thiamin diphosphate and unphosphorylated thiamin.

Field of study: Medicine
Structure and electromagnetic properties of hot-pressed La0.65Sr0.35Mn1 − xCrxO3 manganites under different synthesis conditions

The effect of hot pressing conditions on the characteristics of the crystalline and magnetic structures of Cr-doped lanthanum-strontium manganites has been investigated for the first time using X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, magneto-optical visualization of magnetic flux, ferromagnetic resonance, and magnetic measurements. It is shown that application of pressure during sintering affects the concentration of differentvalence ions and structural vacancies and phase separation in the manganites studied.

Field of study: Physics
Design of 7 MeV drift tube linac as injector of proton accelerator for cancer therapy

A 324 MHz drift-tube linac(DTL) is designed for proton cancer therapy.The design demands low power dissipation and short tank.The DTL accelerates beam from 2.5 MeV to 7 MeV,with RF power of 265 kW and total length of 1.9 m.The DTL uses permanent-quadrupole magnet(PQM) inside the drift tubes arranged in an FODO lattice.A new matching method is designed.In stead of the traditional beam transport line,the first four cells in DTL are designed as matching section.It causes the beam ellipse from radio-frequency quadrupole linac(RFQ) to satisfy conditions specified by the DTL periodic structure.The dynamics simulation was performed with PARMILA,and almost no emittance growth has been found.

Field of study: Physics
Mass recovery adsorption refrigeration cycle—improving cooling capacity

The study investigates the performance of two-bed, silica gel-water adsorption refrigeration cycle with mass recovery process. The cycle with mass recovery can be driven by the relatively low temperature heat source. In an adsorption refrigeration cycle, the pressures in adsorber and desorber are different. The chiller with mass recovery process utilizes the pressure difference to enhance the refrigerant mass circulation. Cooling capacity and coefficient of performance (COP) were calculated by cycle simulation computer program to analyze the influences of operating conditions. The mass recovery cycle was compared with conventional cycle such as the single stage adsorption cycle in terms of cooling capacity and COP. The results show that the cooling capacity of mass recovery cycle is superior to that of conventional cycle and the mass recovery process is more effective for low regenerating temperature.

Field of study: Engineering
Penyuluhan dan Pelatihan Pembuatan Cookies Tiwul dan Kerupuk Tiwul Di KWT Kenanga ds Sukajawa, Kecamatan Bumi Ratu Nuban, Kabupaten Lampung Tengah

Kelompok Wanita Tani (KWT) Kenanga yang berada di Kecamatan Bumi Ratu Nuban merupakan KWT yang melalukan usaha diversifikasi produk singkong. Produk KWT Kenanga saat ini adalah Tiwul kering yang dikemas dan selanjutnya dijual di pasaran. Pada produksi tiwul terdapat tiwul yang berbentuk butiran halus yang tidak memenuhi kriteria untuk dijual disebut sebagai tiwul afkir ( off grade). Untuk meningkatkan nilai jual dan nilai ekonomi tiwul afkir perlu dilakukan diversifikasi produk . Pada kesempatan ini dilakukan penyuluhan dan pelatihan pembuatan cookies tiwul dan kerupuk tiwul. Beberapa permasalahan yang ditemukan adalah  diversifikasi produk tiwul masih terbatas jenisnya, b) mitra belum menguasai teknologi pengolahan cookies tiwul dan kerupuk tiwul, c). mitra belum menguasai pengetahuan tentang kemasan dan pelabelan produk makanan . Solusi yang ditawarkan untuk mengatasi masalah tersebut adalah 1). melakukan penyuluhan dan pelatihan tentang teknologi diversifikasi produk tiwul 2). membantu memperbaiki sistem kemasan, pelabelan dan pemasaran, 3). Pemberian fasilitas peralatan untuk mendukung usaha diversifikasi produk berbasis tiwul. Tujuan yang ingin dicapai dari kegiatan ini adalah terciptanya KWT yang tangguh dan tanggap dengan perkembangan teknologi dan tuntutan konsumen akan jenis dan kualitas produk yang dihasilkan, teraplikasikannya teknologi diversifikasi tiwul sehingga tercapai nilai tambah produk yang diinginkan, terwujudnya jejaring pasar yang luas dan sistem pemasaran dan promosi yang lebih baik serta terbukanya peluang kerja baru serta terciptanya sinergi antara perguruan tinggi dengan dunia usaha. Hasil pengabdian menunjukkan bahwa mitra sangat antusias dengan kegiatan pengabdian ini ditunjukkan dengan semangat peserta dalam mengikuti kegiatan penyuluhan, praktek dan mengaplikasikan praktek . Kegiatan penyuluhan yang dilakukan dalam kegiatan pengabdian ini dapat meningkatkan pengetahuan peserta mengenai pengolahan tiwul dan diversifikasi produk tiwul dari nilai rata-rata 50 menjadi 80. Hasil penyuluhan dan pelatihan selanjutnya dipraktekkan dan dikembangkan secara mandiri oleh mitra sehingga untuk cookies tiwul sudah mendapat tempat pemasaran di salah satu swalayan di Lampung Tengah. 
 
 Tiwul afkir, cookies, kerupuk

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Messungen von Voltaspannungen zwischen reinen Metallen

ZusammenfassungVoltaspannungen zwischen den Metallen Wolfram, Tantal, Molybdän, Nickel, Kupfer und Chrom werden nach der von Mönch angegebenen Methode in bestem Hochvakuum gemessen. Mit einer Hochfrequenzanlage werden die Metalle längere Zeit geglüht, um sie von absorbierten und okkludierten Gasen zu befreien. Während des Glühens und während der Messung befindet sich das Versuchsrohr in flüssiger Luft. Es ergibt sich eine gute Übereinstimmung der Voltaspannungen mit den Differenzen der Elektronenaustrittsarbeiten.

Field of study: Physics
The Poverty Issue and Its Governance in Reservoir Areas——An Investigation from Anhui Province

Due to scarce production resources, bad living condition and inadequate policy support, the reservoir areas have always been one of the areas with the deepest levels of poverty, and are becoming the focus and difficulties of anti-poverty. The paper reports on the current basic situation of poverty and characteristics of the reservoir area in Anhui province through investigation and research, putting forward some specific proposals to enhance the level of poverty alleviation and development in reservoir areas by adopting the updated anti-poverty theory.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Lymphocyte activation. I. Expression of theta, H-2 and immunoglobulin determinants on lymphocytes stimulated by phytohaemagglutinin, pokeweed mitogen, concanavalin A or histocompatibility antigen.

Mouse lymphocytes were cultured with phytohaemagglutinin, pokeweed mitogen, Concanavalin A or allogeneic cells. The expression of theta, H-2 and Ig determinants on the blasts and surviving lymphocytes was assessed by indirect autoradiography using unlabelled mouse antisera and iodinated rabbit anti-mouse light chain. The great majority of the responding cells carried the θ-antigen (82–100%) and few carried Ig determinants (0–12%). There was no difference in the concentration of antiserum required to demonstrate H-2 or θ on fresh lymphocytes, cultured lymphocytes or PHA-induced blasts. In mixed leucocyte cultures between parental and F1 cells most of the blasts were derived from the parent (90%) whereas in cultures of two parental strains both strains contributed equally to the response. These data support the view that thymus-derived cells predominate in the response to non-specific mitogens and histocompatibility antigen, and that parental/F1 cultures exhibit a unidirectional response.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Effective Measuring Position of Hall Probe and $j_\mathrm{c}$ Characterization of Rectangular HTS Thin Films

Scanning Hall probe (SHP) system is a powerful instrument to investigate the planar distribution of areal critical current density (<inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$j_\mathrm{c}$</tex-math></inline-formula>) and defects of high temperature superconducting (HTS) thin film samples. The distance between the effective measuring position and probe bottom (<inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$h_1$</tex-math></inline-formula>) is usually unknown for the commercialized Hall probes. However, <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$h_1$</tex-math></inline-formula> value has a significant influence on the measurement results, according to the calculation of the magnetic flux density (<inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$B_0$</tex-math></inline-formula>) above the planar center of a rectangular HTS thin film sample. In this paper, a method was proposed to obtain <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$h_1$</tex-math></inline-formula> by using a series of copper strips and analyzing the relationship of <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$B_0$</tex-math></inline-formula> against the parameters, such as sample width and current. Then, SHP system was employed to characterize the <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$j_\mathrm{c}$</tex-math></inline-formula> distribution of an HTS thin film fabricated via chemical solution deposition. The relationship of <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$B_0$</tex-math></inline-formula> and <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$h_1$</tex-math></inline-formula> could also be utilized to obtain the average <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$j_\mathrm{c}$</tex-math></inline-formula> value (<inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$j_\mathrm{c}^\mathrm{B0}$</tex-math></inline-formula>). A series of commercialized coated conductor samples were measured with both SHP and the traditional four-probe method. The feasibility of preliminary evaluation for rectangular HTS thin film samples by using <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$j_\mathrm{c}^\mathrm{B0}$</tex-math></inline-formula> was discussed based on its correlation with the results of four-probe method.

Field of study: Physics
Choice in a variable environment: effects of unequal reinforcer distributions.

Six pigeons were trained in a procedure in which sessions included seven unsignaled components, each offering two pecking keys, and each providing a potentially different reinforcer ratio between the two keys. Across conditions, various combinations of reinforcer ratios and reinforcer-magnitude ratios were used to create unequal reinforcer distributions between the two alternatives when averaged across a session. The results extended previous research using the same basic procedure that had included only reinforcer distributions symmetrical around 1:1. Data analyses suggested that the variables controlling choice operated at a number of levels: First, individual reinforcers had local effects on choice; second, sequences of successive reinforcers obtained at the same alternative (continuations) had cumulative effects; and, third, when these sequences themselves occurred with greater frequency, their effects further cumulated. A reinforcer obtained at the other alternative following a sequence of continuations (a discontinuation) had a large effect and apparently reset choice to levels approximating the sessional reinforcer ratio.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
From the Fermi Liquid towards the Wigner Solid in Two Dimensions

The quantum-classical crossover from the Fermi liquid towards the Wigner solid is numerically revisited, considering small square lattice models where electrons interact via a Coulomb U/r potential. We review a series of exact numerical results obtained in the presence of weak site disorder for fully polarized electrons (spinless fermions) and when the spin degrees of freedom are included. A novel intermediate regime between the Fermi system of weakly interacting localized particles and the correlated Wigner solid is obtained. A detailed analysis of the non disordered case shows that the intermediate ground state is a solid entangled with an excited liquid. For electrons in two dimensions, this raises the question of the existence of an unnoticed intermediate liquid-solid phase. Using the Coulomb energy to kinetic energy ratio rs ∝ U ∝ ns −1/2, we discuss certain analogies between the numerical results obtained as a function of U for a few particles and the low temperature behaviors obtained as a function of the carrier density n s in two dimensional electron gases. Notably, the new “exotic state of matter” numerically observed at low energies in small clusters occurs at the same intermediate ratios r s than the unexpected low temperature metallic behavior characterizing dilute electron gases. The finite size effects in the limit of strong disorder are eventually studied in the last section, providing two numerical evidences that the weak coupling Fermi limit is delimited by a second order quantum phase transition when one increases U.

Field of study: Physics
DDD vs. VVI pacing in patients aged over 75 years with complete heart block: a double-blind crossover comparison.

We studied 16 patients aged 77-88 years to determine whether elderly patients gain significant benefit from dual-chamber (DDD) compared with single-chamber ventricular demand (VVI) pacing. The study was designed as a double-blind randomized two-period crossover study--each pacing mode was maintained for 7 days. End points included: (i) overall symptoms scores; (ii) exercise tests related to daily activities; and (iii) perceived level of difficulty (Borg score). The mean symptom score in DDD mode was 7.07 (6.38) vs. 12.27 (7.29) in VVI mode (p < 0.006). Dizziness, breathlessness and fatigue were the most noticed symptoms during VVI pacing. One patient dropped out from follow-up and three patients requested early reprogramming, all from VVI mode. Overall, no patient preferred VVI mode, 11 preferred DDD mode and four expressed no preference. There were significant improvements in all objective test performances in DDD mode. Mean (SD) total Borg scores in DDD mode and VVI mode were 36.57 (5.85) and 41.93 (6.49), respectively (p < 0.002). Ventricular demand pacing in elderly patients with complete heart block is associated with higher symptom scores, reduced exercise ability and greater perceived exercise difficulty compared with dual-chamber pacing.

Field of study: Medicine
Numerical simulation study of turbulent flow field in 90° bend pipe

The turbulent flow field in 90° bend pipe is studied based on numerical simulation.The results show that tangential velocity increases and pressure decreases from 0° to 60°,while tangential velocity decreases and pressure increases when the degree is from 60° to 90° near inner wall.On the contrary,the tangential velocity decreases and pressure increases from 0° to 60°,but tangential velocity increases and pressure decreases from 60° to 90° near outer wall.Within bend part,centrifugal force from fluid swirling results in the radial pressure.And the axial velocity and radial velocity induced,which results in the secondary flow.The flow field in 90° bend pipe contains the mainstream and secondary flow,and is impressed by a complicated three-dimensional flow behavior.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Colecistectomía abierta versus laparoscópica: experiencia en el Hospital San Juan de Dios

La cirugia laparoscopica es una tecnica minimamente invasiva de uso cotidiano en el ambito mundial. Desde hace quince anos, la colecistectomia laparoscopica es un procedimiento seguro y muy valioso a disposicion del cirujano. Este estudio tiene como fin comparar los resultados de la colecistectomia laparoscopica en el Hospital San Juan de Dios con la tecnica de la colecistectomia abierta o tradicional.  Se realizo un estudio retrospectivo de todos los pacientes colecistectomizados desde julio de 1996 a junio de 1999, en el Hospital San Juan de Dios en Costa Rica. Al comparar las dos tecnicas quirurgicas (clasica y laparoscopica), se considero la evolucion posoperatoria y las posibles complicaciones que aparecen posteriores al acto quirurgico. Ademas se buscaron las contraindicaciones que dicha tecnica pudiese tener.  Fueron revisados un total de 3193 pacientes colecistectomizados, de los cuales 476 fueron operados por laparoscopia. Se tuvo en estas menos complicaciones posquirurgicas y menor estancia posoperatoria que en las colecistectomias abiertas. Tambien se noto una disminucion paulatina del tiempo quirurgico en los actos por laparoscopia.  Se comprueban las ventajas de la cirugia invasiva minima y se documenta que este tipo de abordaje es mas seguro y beneficioso para el paciente y para el medico mismo.

Field of study: Mathematics
Diagnostics of interplanetary and flaring plasmas in impulsive solar energetic particle events

Using instruments onboard the ACE and Wind spacecrafts, we study temporal evolution, spectra, and ionization states of Fe in the impulsive solar energetic particle (SEP) events of September 6, 1998 and May 1, 2000. Proton and electron intensities and anisotropies were used to constrain the particle mean free path in interplanetary space. The derived values were used to explain the observed energy and charge spectra of heavy ions. It is concluded that the sharp increase in the average charge of Fe ions in the range from 200 to 600 keV per nucleon observed in both events cannot be explained within the framework of the model of single-temperature source even if the effects of interplanetary propagation are taken into account. At least two acceleration regions with temperatures ∼106 and 107 K should exist in the source.

Field of study: Physics
Refinement of purothionins reveals solute particles important for lattice formation and toxicity. Part 1: alpha1-purothionin revisited.

The three-dimensional structure of alpha(1)-purothionin (alpha(1)-PT), a wheat-germ protein and a basic lytic toxin, was previously solved by molecular-replacement methods using an energy-minimized predicted model and refined to an R-factor of 21.6% [Teeter, Ma, Rao & Whitlow (1990). Proteins Struct. Funct. Genet. 8, 118-1321. Some deficiencies of the model motivated us to revisit the structure and to continue the refinement. Here we report a significantly improved structure refined to an R-factor of 15.5% with excellent geometry. The refinement of this relatively low resolution structure ( approximately 2.8 A) is well suited to test the limitations of classical methods of refinement and to address the problem of overfitting, The final structure contains 434 atoms including 330 protein atoms, 70 waters, three acetates, two glycerols, one sec-butanol and one phosphate. The key solute molecules (acetate ion and phosphate ion) play a crucial role in the lattice formation. Phosphate and glycerol found in the structure may be important for biological activity of the toxins.

Field of study: Chemistry
The Effects of Teenage Pregnancy on the Educational Attainment of Girls at Chorkor, a Suburb of Accra

Recently, the incidence of teenage pregnancy has been very high in Ghana. The study therefore was designed to explore the effects of teenage pregnancy on the educational attainment of the girl-child at Chorkor. A total sample size of fifty-five (55) respondents was used for the study. Questionnaire, in-depth interview, focus group discussions and observation were used to collect data for the study. With respect to factors that lead to teenage pregnancy, it was evident that poor parenting, poverty and peer influence are the major causes of teenage pregnancy. The study also revealed that most of the teenage mothers drop out of school. The study therefore recommended that teenage mothers should be helped in their psychosocial development and job skills development.  10.5901/jesr.2013.v4n3p53

Field of study: Education, Sociology