nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Biochemical action intensities of soil microorganisms in Changchun City and their influencing factors.

The relationship between the characteristics of microorganisms activities in urban soil and soil physicochemical properties and heavy metals content was studied by the sample collection and laboratory analysis methods. The experimental results indicated that the biochemical actions intensities of soil microorganisms were different. The biochemical actions intensities of the same soil microorganism were different in different domains,and biochemical actions intensities of different soil microorganisms were also different obviously in the same domain. The intensity order of biochemical role of microorganisms on the sensitivity of environment was the ammonification (1.27) nitrogen fixation (0.82) cellulose decomposition (0.74) respiration (0.57).The effect of soil physicochemical properties on it was complex,in which natural water content was the main influencing factor of biochemical actions intensities of soil microorganisms. The action intensities and directions of heavy metals on the biochemical processes of soil microorganisms were different. The biochemical actions intensities and integrated pollution indexes of some microorganisms under control factors changed. With or without control factors,there wasn’t significant correlation between soil heavy metals and biochemical actions intensities of microorganisms.

Field of study: Environmental science
Effects of Employing Goldberg's Ambdex Statistic in the Development of Personality Scales

The effects of employing Goldberg's index of item ambiguity, Ambdex, in the construction of personality scales was investigated with 200 male and 200 female adults, aged (M) 40.1 yr. and 37.1 yr. respectively. The basic procedure involved the development of scales of MMPI items maximally correlating with WAIS subtest performance. The cross-validation correlations of scales developed from the total item pool were compared with the cross-validation correlations of scales constructed from only those items previously identified as having low Ambdex scores. The size of the cross-validation correlations of the two groups of scales was essentially the same even though the low Ambdex scales were approximately half the length of the scales developed from the total item pool.

Field of study: Psychology
Fabrication of Gold-Coated Ultra-Thin Anodic Porous Alumina Substrates for Augmented SERS

Anodic porous alumina (APA) is a nanostructured material used as a template in several nanotechnological applications. We propose the use of APA in ultra-thin form (<100 nm) for augmented surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). Here, the effect of in-depth thinning of the APA nanostructures for possible maximization of SERS was addressed. Anodization was carried out on ultra-thin films of aluminum on glass and/or silicon, followed by pore-opening. Gold (Au) was overcoated and micro-Raman/SERS measurements were carried out on test target analytes. Finite integration technique simulations of the APA-Au substrate were used both for the experimental design and simulations. It was observed that, under optimized conditions of APA and Au thickness, the SERS enhancement is higher than on standard APA-Au substrates based on thin (~100 nm) APA by up to a factor of ~20 for test molecules of mercaptobenzoic acid. The agreement between model and experimental results confirms the current understanding of SERS as being mainly due to the physical origin of plasmon resonances. The reported results represent one step towards micro-technological, integrated, disposable, high-sensitivity SERS chemical sensors and biosensors based on similar substrates.

Field of study: Materials science
Adaptive strategies and environmental significance of lingulid brachiopods across the late Permian extinction

Linguliform brachiopods are traditionally considered a conservative group which seems to pass through the late Permian extinction without any significant loss and even appear to thrive immediately after the extinction peak. In the Southern Alps, lingulids are very common in the post-extinction Mazzin Member (early Induan) of the Werfen Formation. Sparse occurrences are also known in the overlying Siusi and Gastropod Oolite members (late Induan and early Olenekian in age respectively). The recent discovery of well preserved specimens from a pre-extinction bed of the Bellerophon Formation (Changhsingian) has permitted a detailed comparative analysis, mostly based on the interior characters, preserved in the lingulid succession from across the extinction beds. The following effects on the lingulid populations have been analyzed: i) change in taxonomic assessment; ii) adaptive strategies during the surviving and recovery phases; and iii) environmental proxy connected with the killing mechanisms of the late Permian extinction. The pre-extinction individuals belong to Lingularia? cf. smirnovae Biernat and Emig, a species that is characterized by large-sized shells with a short lophophoral cavity. The post-extinction populations belong to different species and, probably, even to a different genus. The first post-extinction population (early Induan), with small-sized shells and long lophophoral cavity, has been referred to Lingularia yini (Peng and Shi). It records the most severe effects of the late Permian extinction on the marine ecosystems. The late Induan–Olenekian Lingularia borealis (Bittner), with large sized shells and long lophophoral cavity, appears during the first phase of the Triassic biotic recovery. The main adaptive strategies of Lingularia yini, in comparison with the Permian species, include: i) shell miniaturization; ii) increasing of the lophophoral cavity surface (respiratory surface); and iii) increasing of shell width/length ratio. These modifications are interpreted as adaptations towards warming and hypoxia, two main killing mechanisms of the marine biota. The recovery species Lingularia borealis maintains a large lophophoral cavity, indicating an adaptation towards predominant low oxygenated bottom marine waters. The appearance and the great abundance of Lingularia yini in the Mazzin Member (early Induan) represent a proxy of dysaerobic conditions, which determined the appearance of the second phase of the Lilliput biota, characterized by the definitive disappearance of the rhynchonelliform brachiopods and calcareous algae in the Southern Alps.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
The Round Complexity of Verifiable Secret Sharing Revisited

The round complexity of interactive protocols is one of their most important complexity measures. In this work we prove that existing lower bounds for the round complexity of VSS can be circumvented by introducing a negligible probability of error in the reconstruction phase. Previous results show matching lower and upper bounds of three rounds for VSS, with n = 3t + 1, where the reconstruction of the secrets always succeeds, i.e. with probability 1. In contrast we show that with a negligible probability of error in the reconstruction phase: 
 
1 There exists an efficient 2-round VSS protocol for n = 3t + 1. If we assume that the adversary is non-rushing then we can achieve a 1-round reconstruction phase. 
1 There exists an efficient 1-round VSS for t = 1 and n > 3. 
1 We prove that our results are optimal both in resilience and number of sharing rounds by showing: 
 
1 There does not exist a 2-round WSS (and hence VSS) for n ≤ 3t. 
1 There does not exist a 1-round VSS protocol for t ? 2 and n ? 4.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Microbial community diversity in seafloor basalt from the Arctic spreading ridges.

Microbial communities inhabiting recent (< or =1 million years old; Ma) seafloor basalts from the Arctic spreading ridges were analyzed using traditional enrichment culturing methods in combination with culture-independent molecular phylogenetic techniques. Fragments of 16S rDNA were amplified from the basalt samples by polymerase chain reaction, and fingerprints of the bacterial and archaeal communities were generated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. This analysis indicates a substantial degree of complexity in the samples studied, showing 20-40 dominating bands per profile for the bacterial assemblages. For the archaeal assemblages, a much lower number of bands (6-12) were detected. The phylogenetic affiliations of the predominant electrophoretic bands were inferred by performing a comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. Sequences obtained from basalts affiliated with eight main phylogenetic groups of Bacteria, but were limited to only one group of the Archaea. The most frequently retrieved bacterial sequences affiliated with the gamma-proteobacteria, alpha-proteobacteria, Chloroflexi, Firmicutes, and Actinobacteria. The archaeal sequences were restricted to the marine Group 1: Crenarchaeota. Our results indicate that the basalt harbors a distinctive microbial community, as the majority of the sequences differed from those retrieved from the surrounding seawater as well as from sequences previously reported from seawater and deep-sea sediments. Most of the sequences did not match precisely any sequences in the database, indicating that the indigenous Arctic ridge basalt microbial community is yet uncharacterized. Results from enrichment cultures showed that autolithotrophic methanogens and iron reducing bacteria were present in the seafloor basalts. We suggest that microbial catalyzed cycling of iron may be important in low-temperature alteration of ocean crust basalt. The phylogenetic and physiological diversity of the seafloor basalt microorganisms differed from those previously reported from deep-sea hydrothermal systems.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Long-term persistence of midsized to large-bodied mammals in Amazonian landscapes under varying contexts of forest cover

Both forest fragmentation and overhunting have profound effects on the structure of large-vertebrate assemblages in neotropical forests. However, the long-term value of habitat fragments for forest mammals remains poorly understood and few regional scale studies have replicated sampling across spatially independent landscapes. Here, we assess the species occupancy and abundance of midsized to large-bodied mammals within three neighbouring Amazonian forest landscapes varying widely in extent of forest cover. One of these consisted of forest fragments surrounded by semi-natural scrub savannahs that had been occupied by paleoindian populations for at least 7,000 years, whereas forest cover in the other two landscapes was either variegated or continuous. Data on species occurrence and abundance from diurnal and nocturnal line-transect surveys and local interviews in each landscape were used to examine the effects of forest cover and hunting pressure on mammal persistence within forest patches. The extent of forest cover was a key determinant of species persistence across the three landscapes, but populations of large-bodied species were either reduced or driven to local extinction by hunting even in the most forested and least fragmented landscape. Many game and non-game species persisted in forest isolates, even though, individually, these were likely too small to support viable populations. This study indicates that even small, long-term forest fragments may retain significant conservation value if they can be managed within the context of enhanced connectivity across wider fragmented landscapes.

Field of study: Environmental science
Compressibility of nuclear matter from shell effects in nuclei

The compressibility of nuclear matter has received significant attention in the last decade and a variety of approaches have been employed to extract this fundamental property of matter. Recently, significant differences have emerged between the results of relativistic and non-relativistic calculations of breathing mode giant monopole resonance (GMR). This is due to a lack of understanding of the dynamics of GMR and of its exact relationship to the compression modulus of the infinite nuclear matter. Here, I present an alternative approach based upon nuclear shell effects. The shell effects are known to manifest experimentally in terms of particle-separation energies with an exceedingly high precision. Within the framework of the non-relativistic density-dependent Skyrme theory, it is shown that the compressibility of nuclear matter has a significant influence on shell effects in nuclei. It is shown that 2-neutron separation energies and hence the empirical shell effects can be used to constrain the compressibility of nuclear matter.

Field of study: Physics
A review on current status of capacity control techniques for two-phase ejectors

The adoption of highly efficient vapour-compression heating, ventilation, air conditioning and refrigeration (HVAC&R) systems is compulsory to achieve a low-carbon society. Expansion work recovery using a two-phase ejector is widely recognized as one of the most promising measures to improve the energy efficiency of HVAC&R units. This holds true for all operation conditions provided that an effective capacity control technique is implemented. In this work a thorough critical review on the current status of the presently available capacity control strategies for two-phase ejectors was carried out. In addition, their pros and cons as well as the comparison of their performance were reported. It was concluded that two-phase ejectors can be properly capacity controlled in large- and medium-scale vapour-compression units. However, a suitable capacity control mechanism for small-scale vapour-compression solutions still requires a major breakthrough and is being intensively discussed among experts in the field.

Field of study: Engineering
Relationship between 25-Hydroxyvitamin D and Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Postmenopausal Women with Osteoporosis

The aim of the study was to determine a correlation between the level of 25-hydroxivitamin D (25-OHD) and the incidence of diabetes.  In this prospective observational study, 97 (out of an initial 100) Caucasian women with osteoporosis (OS) were monitored for 2 years for the incidence of diabetes. Logistic regression analysis was used to establish an association with and prognostic value of vitamin D for the onset of type 2 diabetes mellitus, as well as insulin resistance, body mass index (BMI), total cholesterol and triglyceride levels in the development of diabetes. The serum level of 25-OHD was measured using immunochemiluminescence in March and April 2011.  Of the 97 patients (mean age 51.64 ± 5.86 years, range 36.0-73.0), 21 (21.65%) were diagnosed with diabetes during the observational period. The study showed that the 22 patients with low levels of vitamin D were more susceptible to diabetes (odds ratio = 0.958). The cut-off value of vitamin D using a receiver operating characteristic curve was 62.36 nmol/l with a sensitivity of 39.5% and a specificity of 90.5%. With an increase in BMI and triglyceride levels, women were, respectively, 1,591 and 2,821 times more likely to get diabetes than those without an increase.  This study showed that the patients with postmenopausal OS and hypovitaminosis D, besides a high BMI, elevated triglyceride levels and insulin resistance, had an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes.

Field of study: Medicine
Geology and complex collapse mechanisms of the 3.72 Ma Hannegan caldera, North Cascades, Washington, USA

Contiguous ring faults of the 8 × 3.5 km Hannegan caldera enclose the Hannegan volcanics in the Cascade arc of northern Washington. The caldera collapsed in two phases, which each erupted rhyolitic ignimbrite (72.3%–75.2% SiO 2 ). The first collapse phase, probably trap-door style, erupted the ≥900-m-thick ignimbrite of Hannegan Peak at 3.722 ± 0.020 Ma. This single cooling unit, generally welded, has an uppermost facies of nonwelded ignimbrite and fine ash. A short period of localized sedimentation followed. Eruption of the ignimbrite of Ruth Mountain then led to a second trap-door collapse as the first-phase partial ring fault propagated to the south to completely enclose the caldera. Wall-rock breccias are intercalated as lenses and megabreccia blocks in both ignimbrites. The minimum intracaldera volume is 55–60 km 3 . No base is exposed, nor are outflow sheets preserved. Caldera collapse and glacial erosion have removed precaldera volcanic rocks, which survive only as intracaldera breccias. Rhyolite dikes and pods, one of which yielded a 40 Ar/ 39 Ar age of 3.72 ± 0.34 Ma, intrude the ring fault and caldera fill. Daciteandesite domes, dikes, and lava flows were emplaced subsequently; one lava flow gives a 40 Ar/ 39 Ar age of 2.96 ± 0.20 Ma. The quartz diorite of Icy Peak and the granite of Nooksack Cirque (plutons with 206 Pb/ 238 U zircon ages of 3.42 ± 0.10 Ma and 3.36 ± 0.20 Ma, respectively) intrude caldera fill and basement rocks on the southwest margin of the caldera. Both plutons are now exceptionally well exposed on high, glacially sculpted peaks within the caldera, indicating erosion of at least 1 km of intracaldera fill. Hannegan caldera anchors the northeast end of a linear NE-SW age-progressive migration of magmatic focus from the Chilliwack batholith to the active Mount Baker volcano.

Field of study: Geology
I Blame Therefore It Was: Rape Myth Acceptance, Victim Blaming, and Memory Reconstruction

We examined the causal order of relationships between rape myth acceptance (RMA), victim blaming, and memory reconstruction. In Study 1, RMA-congruent memory (or alternatively, victim blaming) mediated the relationship between RMA and victim blaming (memory reconstruction). In Study 2, similar relationships emerged between RMA, victim blaming, and memory reconstruction. Although no mediation of RMA occurred in Study 2 independently, a mini meta-analysis of Studies 1 and 2 data replicated both patterns of mediation observed in Study 1. In Study 3, memory accuracy for neutral details of a rape scenario was unrelated to RMA. Manipulating memory to be more (vs. less) RMA congruent had no effect on victim blaming (Study 4), although manipulating perceived victim blameworthiness (Studies 5 and 6) produced RMA-congruent memory reconstruction when the victim was more (vs. less) blameworthy. The results suggest that, via victim blaming, RMA motivates a memory reconstruction process that explains and justifies victim blaming after the fact.

Field of study: Psychology
The Chemical Components Comparison of Essential Oils from Curcuma longa L.Growing in Two Different Soils

The chemical components of essential oils from C. longa L. growing in two different soils were analyzed by GC-MS. The essential oil content of the turmeric growing in red loam(8.0%) was obviously higher than that growing in sandy loam(6.0%); 34 and 33 kinds of components were identified from the turmeric oil growing in the two soils, which accounted for 64.095% and 55.951% of the total content, respectively. The main components were sesquiterpene and monoterpenoids. The content of the main components of the turmeric oil growing in red loam was mostly higher than that growing in sandy loam. The quality of C. longa L. growing in red loam was better than that growing in sandy loam.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Pollination Ecology and Seed Production of Rhododendron Ponticum in Native and Exotic Habitats

Alien plants may be reproductively limited in exotic habitats because of a lack of mutualistic pollinators. However, if plants are adequately served by generalist pollinators, successful reproduction, naturalisation and expansion into exotic habitats may occur. Rhododendron ponticum is very successful, ecologically damaging invasive plant in Britain and Ireland, but is in decline in its native Iberian habitat. It spreads locally by sending out lateral branches, but for longer distance dispersal it relies on sexually produced seeds. Little is known about R. ponticum's pollination ecology and breeding biology in invaded habitats. We examined the flower-visiting communities and maternal reproductive success of R. ponticum in native populations in southern Spain and in exotic ones in Ireland. R. ponticum in flowers are visited by various generalist (polylectic) pollinator species in both native and exotic habitats. Although different species visited flowers in Ireland and Spain, the flower visitation rate was not significantly different. Insects foraging on R. ponticum in Spain carried less R. ponticum pollen than their Irish counterparts, and carried fewer pollen types. Fruit production per inflorescence varied greatly within all populations but was significantly correlated with visitation at the population level. Nectar was significantly depleted by insects in some exotic populations, suggesting that this invasive species is providing a floral resource for native insects in some parts of Ireland. The generality of the pollination system may be factor contributing to R.ponticum's success in exotic habitats.

Field of study: Environmental science
[The differential diagnosis of peripheral and central vestibulopathies by the characteristics of eye movements].

The article addresses the development and approbation of operative and low cost computer methods of the differential diagnosis of peripheral and central vestibulopathies using the integrated hard-and software system "Okulostim-KM". Two groups of patients with central (CV) and peripheral vestibulopathy (PV) were tested. A total number of characteristics of eye movements in response to vestibular (active head rotations in different planes) and visual (spasmodic and smooth movements of a point target on the screen in the absence and during the retinal optokinetic stimulation) stimuli were used. Eye movements were recorded using electrooculography. A set of diagnostic criteria for each group of vestibulopathies allowed to specify disease type at a subclinical stage in 88,9% of patients with CV and in 95,8% of patients with PV. The use of the computer tests may be helpful in a timely diagnosis and treatment of vestibular disorders.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Parallel plate resonators in YBa/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub 7/ bicrystal grain boundaries

Intrinsic properties, such as the London penetration depth /spl lambda//sub L/, and the surface resistance R/sub s/, can be estimated in high-T/sub c/ films by studying self-induced electromagnetic resonances (Fiske modes) in bicrystal grain boundaries. Grain boundaries, 4-30 /spl mu/m long and 0.2 /spl mu/m thick in YBa/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub 7/ made on yttria-stabilized zirconia 0-32/spl deg/ [001]-tilt bicrystals were investigated. Typical values obtained for /spl lambda//sub L/ and R/sub s/ (at approximately 200-400 GHz) are 110-170 nm, and 20-710 m /spl Omega/, respectively.<<ETX>>

Field of study: Physics