nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Researchers Glance at Magnetic Surfaces with Synchrotron X Rays

The proliferation in recent years of the number of techniques for studying surface magnetism is partly attributable to the increasing importance of surface magnetism in the multibillion‐dollar recording industry—in the design of ultrahigh‐density storage devices and possible applications of giant and colossal magneto resistance in metallic thin film multilayers, for example. To many physicists, however, surface magnetism has a more fundamental importance: Bulk magnetism is the quintessential example of long‐range ordering, and crystalline symmetry—on which theories of bulk magnetism depend—is broken at the surface. As such, surface magnetism provides physicists with an opportunity to investigate the mechanisms of magnetic ordering between the well‐understood limits of atomic and bulk‐matter magnetism.

Field of study: Physics
Traffic engineering of MPLS backbone networks in the presence of heterogeneous streams

Heterogeneous streams (due to issues such as disparate traffic characteristics of each stream, or competing customers' traffic) raise the issue of whether to multiplex (some of) these streams. In an MPLS network, such multiplexing can be considered by putting different streams into a tunnel identified by a single label-switched path (LSP), assuming that the different LSPs are assigned a reserved share of the resources. This issue becomes even more important in the traffic engineering of a backbone network when a decision needs to be made on which streams to multiplex when there are constraints on tunneling and capacity along with routing requirements for tunnels. In this paper, we introduce a distortion factor due to heterogeneous streams in traffic engineering of MPLS backbone networks in the presence of tunneling and capacity constraints by formulating a distortion-aware non-linear discrete optimization problem. Furthermore, we present a two-phase heuristic approach to solve this formulation efficiently. In the first phase, the problem is decoupled into two subproblems and in the second phase we show how the non-linear problem (for one of the subproblems) can be simplified. We then present numerical results for both small and large networks to show where and how our approach helps to determine when and which streams to multiplex depending on whether the tunneling and/or capacity constraint is dominant; furthermore, by comparing our distortion-aware traffic engineering model with a distortion-ignorant traffic engineering model, we show the benefits of our approach.

Field of study: Computer science
Development and evaluation of a suite of isotope reference gases for methane in air

Measurements from multiple laboratories have to be related to unifying and traceable reference material in order to be comparable. However, such fundamental reference materials are not available for isotope ratios in atmospheric methane, which led to misinterpretations of combined data sets in the past. We developed a method to produce a suite of synthetic CH4-in-air standard gases that can be used to unify methane isotope ratio measurements of laboratories in the atmospheric monitoring community. Therefore, we calibrated a suite of pure methane gases of different methanogenic origin against international referencing materials that define the VSMOW (Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water) and VPDB (Vienna Pee Dee Belemnite) isotope scales. The isotope ratios of our pure methane gases range between −320 and +40 ‰ for δ2H–CH4 and between −70 and −40 ‰ for δ13C–CH4 , enveloping the isotope ratios of tropospheric methane (about −85 and −47 ‰ for δ2H–CH4 and δ13C–CH4 respectively). Estimated uncertainties, including the full traceability chain, are JRAS-M16 (Jena Reference Air Set – Methane 2016) and will be available to the atmospheric monitoring community. JRAS-M16 may be used as unifying isotope scale anchor for isotope ratio measurements in atmospheric methane, so that data sets can be merged into a consistent global data frame.

Field of study: Environmental science
Fluorometric determination of free plasma estrogens during the estrous cycle inthe cow

性周期における牛の末梢血中遊離estrogen測定にITTRICH螢光法を応用して次の成績を得た。Ittrich colorの最大波長をspectrofluorometer Hitachi MPF-2AおよびType203で測定した結果,励起光538nm,螢光552.5nmであった。この螢光特性はE1, E2およびE3にそれぞれ共通であった。実際の測定では最大波長が接近しているので感度は若干低下するが510~520nmで励起し•螢光側552•5±22•5nmを読み,ALLENの補正を行なった。この条件においてE1,E2およびE3-methyletherの最少検出量は1ngであった。回収率補正の目的で加えた6,7-3H-E2-17βの全過程における回収率は平均60.3±11.7%であった。正常性周期を示す黒毛和種2頭の頸静脈血についてestrogenを分画測定した。その結果,両牛共E1,E2の各消長型は性周期の全期間を通じてほぼ同じ傾向を示したが,E2はE1にくらべ全般に高値であった。またE3は検出されなかった。これらの牛のtotalestrogenは発情前期に増加し,排卵前に鋭いピーク(35.3および99.8ng/l;E15.9および16.0ng/l,E229.4および83.8ng/l)を形成し,排卵後は急激に減少して最低値(3.8~5.3ng/l;E11.6および1.9ng/l,E22.2および3.4ng/l)を示した。黄体期の最高値(10.1および27.0ng/l;E12.4および3.4ng/l,E27.7および23.6ng/l)は排卵後6~8日に認めた。すなわちestrogenの血中濃度は性周期の間に2つのピークを形成することを認めた。

Field of study: Biology
Spinon-Holon Recombination in Gutzwiller Projected Wave Functions

The Gutzwiller projection is shown to induce nontrivial correlation between the spinon and the holon in the slave Boson theory of the $t-J$ model. We find this correlation is responsible some subtle differences between the slave Boson mean field theory and the Gutzwiller projected wave function(GWF), among which the particle-hole asymmetry in the quasiparticle weight calculated from the GWF is a particular example.

Field of study: Physics
About Birnbaum–Saunders Distributions Based on the Johnson System

In this article, we study Birnbaum–Saunders distributions based on the Johnson system including the case of a location-scale model. We mainly focus our attention on a four-parameter Birnbaum–Saunders distribution, since it contains all the versions presented here as particular cases. We describe structural aspects of this distribution considering its basic indicators, such as the density, distribution and quantile functions, as well as its properties, moments and shape and hazard analyses.

Field of study: Mathematics
A critical test of the overlap hypothesis for odor mixture perception.

The overlap hypothesis of mixture perception is based on the observation that mixtures of perceptually similar odorants tend to smell different from their components (configural), whereas mixtures of dissimilar odorants smell like their components (elemental). Because input patterns of perceptually similar odorants tend to overlap more than dissimilar ones, it has been hypothesized that component pattern overlap can predict a mixture's perceptual quality, with high overlap predicting a configural response and low overlap an elemental response. The authors used 7 pairs of odorants chosen for different degrees of overlap in their monomolecular 2-deoxyglucose activation patterns to test the theory in a go/no-go behavioral assay that measured generalization from binary mixtures to components. The authors show that individual component odorant input patterns are not sufficient to predict mixture quality, falsifying the overlap hypothesis. An important finding is that different odorant pairs with similar glomerular overlap showed opposite behavioral-perceptual responses, suggesting nonlinear effects at the receptor or glomerular level or the critical involvement of higher order areas. Thus, the authors posit that imaging the mixtures themselves may provide additional information needed to reliably predict mixture quality.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Molecular mechanisms of interleukin‐10‐mediated inhibition of NF‐κB activity: a role for p50

Nuclear factor kappa B (NF‐κB) is a transcription factor pivotal for the development of inflammation. A dysregulation of NF‐κB has been shown to play an important role in many chronic inflammatory diseases including rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease and psoriasis. Although classical NF‐κB, a heterodimer composed of the p50 and p65 subunits, has been well studied, little is known about gene regulation by other hetero‐ and homodimeric forms of NF‐κB. While p65 possesses a transactivation domain, p50 does not. Indeed, p50/p50 homodimers have been shown to inhibit transcriptional activity. We have recently shown that Interleukin‐10 exerts its anti‐inflammatory activity in part through the inhibition of NF‐κB by blocking IκB kinase activity and by inhibiting NF‐κB already found in the nucleus. Since the inhibition of nuclear NF‐κB could not be explained by an increase of nuclear IκB, we sought to further investigate the mechanisms involved in the inhibition of NF‐κB by IL‐10. We show here that IL‐10 selectively induced nuclear translocation and DNA‐binding of p50/p50 homodimers in human monocytic cells. TNF‐α treatment led to a strong translocation of p65 and p50, whereas pretreatment with IL‐10 followed by TNF‐α blocked p65 translocation but did not alter the strong translocation of p50. Furthermore, macrophages of p105/p50‐deficient mice exhibited a significantly decreased constitutive production of MIP‐2α and IL‐6 in comparison to wild type controls. Surprisingly, IL‐10 inhibited high constitutive levels of these cytokines in wt macrophages but not in p105/p50 deficient cells. Our findings suggest that the selective induction of nuclear translocation and DNA‐binding of the repressive p50/p50 homodimer is an important anti‐inflammatory mechanism utilized by IL‐10 to repress inflammatory gene transcription.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Lower Palaeozoic unconformities in an intracratonic platform setting: glacial erosion versus tectonics in the eastern Murzuq Basin (southern Libya)

The stratigraphic record of the eastern Murzuq Basin has been importantly influenced by deformation resulting in angular and/or deeply erosional unconformities, though the overall context is intracratonic. Major transgressive events and the Ordovician glaciation are nevertheless documented, allowing the delineation of tectonic-, eustasy- or climate-driven unconformities. Lower Palaeozoic key events and related unconformities that characterize the North Gondwana platform have therefore a signature in the eastern Murzuq Basin. The basement/cover unconformity, also known as the infra-Tassilian surface, truncates all the deformed and metamorphosed Lower Cambrian and older rocks. Above is a ?Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician megasequence (Murizidié and Hasawnah Fms.), which is in turn truncated by an intra-Ordovician, angular unconformity. This megasequence is unconformably overlain by a Middle Ordovician (Hawaz Fm.) to Silurian (Tanzzuft and Akakus Fms) megasequence, which includes the Upper Ordovician glaciogenic unit (Mamuniyat Fm.), bounded at the base by a polygenic glacial erosion surface showing corrugated glacial lineations, tillites, and glaciotectonic structures. The Middle Ordovician to Silurian megasequence is finally truncated by a base-Devonian, angular unconformity overlain by fluvial sandstones. Regarding the possibility that those fluvial deposits may be as younger as Late Devonian in the eastern Murzuq Basin based on palaeoflora, the so-called Caledonian unconformity might be here a much younger (mid-Eifelian?) surface, and the occurrence of the Lower Devonian “Tadrart Fm.” is questioned. The Upper Ordovician glacial erosion surface, which is sometimes referred to as the Taconic unconformity, usually truncates Middle Ordovician strata in the Murzuq Basin but reaches significantly deeper stratigraphic levels in places that have been previously involved in the intra-Ordovician deformation event. In the Murizidié (southeastern Murzuq Basin), the infra-Tassilian surface, the intra-Ordovician unconformity, and the Upper Ordovician glacial erosion surface amalgamate together. Here, an estimate of the glacial erosion depth cannot be derived from the stratigraphic hiatus beneath the glacial incision, the main part of which relate to the intra-Ordovician tectonic event. The Upper Ordovician climate-related glacial erosion surface is not a valid unconformity for a sequence hierarchy framework of the Lower Palaeozoic, although it presents most of the physical attributes of tectonic-driven unconformities.

Field of study: Environmental science
Rigid spine congenital muscular dystrophy produced by SEPN1 mutations (RSMD1)

RSMD1 is a rare autosomal recessive disorder. Unlike most congenital muscular dystrophies, early motor improvement and normal CPK are typical, while in contrast to structural myopathies there is no specific muscle morphology. Rigid spine, early scoliosis and joint contractures are characteristic. We diagnosed RSMD1 in a 27-year-old Russian female with previous diagnosis of unspecified myopathy. DNA test detected compound heterozygosity for two SEPN1 mutations: already known missence-mutation c.1397G>A (p.Arg466Gln) and novel frame-shift mutation c.683_689dup7 leading to preterm stop-codon.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Comparative Investigations of Deoxyribonucleic Acid Interstrand Crosslinks Induced by Semustine Using Fluorescence and High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry

Semustine(Me-CCNU) is an important alkylating agent used in the clinical treatment of cancer.The anticancer mechanism of Me-CCNU is associated with the formation of DNA interstrand crosslinks(ICLs).In this study,the ICLs induced by Me-CCNU were investigated using fluorescent assay and high performance liquid chromatography-electronspray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry(HPLC-ESI-MS/MS).The results showed that the maximum of the crosslinking factor(CF) obtained from fluorescent assay was 8.81%,11.17%,17.61% and 23.39%,respectively,with the concentration of Me-CCNU of 2,4,8 and 16 mmol/L;the maximum of the CF obtained from HPLC-ESI-MS/MS was 138,256,378 and 433 crosslinked dG-dCs per 107 base pairs,respectively,with the concentration of Me-CCNU of 2,4,8 and 16 mmol/L.By comparing these two methods for the determination of DNA interstrand crosslinks,the CF obtained from fluorescent assay characterized the crosslinks of the DNA double strands;on the other hand,the CF obtained from HPLC-ESI-MS/MS characterized the content of the crosslinked dG-dC.The latter gave a more essential quantification of the ICLs than the former.An "induction phase" was found by both of the two methods,in which the CF increased slowly during the beginning period of the reaction.This result provided evidences for the clarifing of the mechanism of the formation of ICLs.

Field of study: Chemistry
TH‐D‐M100E‐08: Aperture Eccentricity Minimization Concept for Beam Angle Optimization

A technique for beam angle optimization based on minimization of field aperture eccentricity is introduced. A proof of concept of this new technique is presented.  By selecting beam angles with minimal aperture eccentricities one can improve the likelihood of achieving a well optimized dosimetry plan. A test of our hypothesis requires a method for quantifying beam aperture eccentricity. We introduce a new concept based on the major and minor axes of the beam's eye view (BEV) projections of the field apertures. A coefficient of variance defined as the ratio of standard deviation and mean of the major and minor axes of apertures for any set of fields utilized for dose optimization is defined as a way to quantify field aperture eccentricity. To prove our concept we rank 21 stereotactic radiosurgery treatment plans utilizing a unified dosimetry index (UDI) presented in a separate paper. We then correlate the dosimetry scores to the coefficient of variance that quantifies aperture eccentricity for the selected set of beam angles utilized for dose optimization of the respective treatment plans.  The UDI scores of 21 radiosurgery treatment plans are plotted as a function of corresponding coefficient of variance (of aperture eccentricities of field sets utilized for dose optimization in each case). The computed linear correlation coefficient value of 0.377, is high enough to indicate that the UDI scores are somewhat correlated to CV. There is not a complete positive correlation (R2 value of 1.0) between the UDI scores and the beam aperture eccentricity.  There is not a complete positive correlation (R2 value of 1.0) between the UDI scores and the beam aperture eccentricity. However, because other factors such as the number of beams utilized and planning technique also impact the quality of the dosimetry plan, a perfect correlation is not expected.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Feature uncertainty bounding schemes for large robust nonlinear SVM classifiers

We consider the binary classification problem when data are large and subject to unknown but bounded uncertainties. We address the problem by formulating the nonlinear support vector machine training problem with robust optimization. To do so, we analyze and propose two bounding schemes for uncertainties associated to random approximate features in low dimensional spaces. The proposed techniques are based on Random Fourier Features and the Nystrom methods. The resulting formulations can be solved with efficient stochastic approximation techniques such as stochastic (sub)-gradient, stochastic proximal gradient techniques or their variants.

Field of study: Computer science
EU conductor development for ITER CS and TF Model Coils

A significant effort is underway in the European Union for the manufacture of superconducting conductors for ITER TF and CS Model Coils. For the CSMC the EU will contribute about 6.5t of bronze Nb/sub 3/Sn strand, 1200 m of full size cable and the jacketing of the entire conductor length, 5787 m. The TFMC conductor, on the other hand, will be entirely manufactured within EU: 4t of internal tin Nb/sub 3/Sn strand, cabling and jacketing of 1 km of TF conductor. This paper deals with the present status of the industrial activities. The achievements and lessons learned from the various manufacturing processes are presented.

Field of study: Physics
Late Holocene paleofish populations in Effingham Inlet, British Columbia, Canada

Paleontological studies of fish remains in laminated sediments provide a proxy relationship between fish populations and ocean climate. This study examines climate variability from approximately 500 y B.P. to 4000 y B.P. as recorded in fish remain abundances (primarily scales) collected from laminated sediments within Effingham Inlet on the west coast of Vancouver Island, British Columbia. The study also discusses technical issues involving fish remains from laminated sediments, including sampling resolution, sediment volume, identification of remains and appropriate abundance considerations. The dominant species in the assemblage include Northern anchovy and Pacific herring, with lesser percentage-abundances from rockfish, hake, elasmobranches and surfperch. The data indicate that Northern anchovy experienced a shift in scale deposition abundance at approximately 2800 y B.P. with not only a greater total abundance but also a greater consistency of deposition with time. Pacific herring underwent cyclical deposition that changed little through time. Statistical analysis reveals that none of these species is directly responding to climatic signals as indicated in the lithological and palynological record, but that this could have been partially due to the sampling resolution of the piston core. Analysis indicates a lack of correlation between the two dominant species, as might be expected on the basis of their opposing lifestyle strategies with respect to sea surface temperatures. With appropriate sampling strategies, paleohistorical fish remains from laminated sediments reflect changes in population structure and behaviour for some species, illustrate basic secondary trophic information, and provide potential clues to basin-scale oceanographic/climatological variability.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Buckled diamond-like carbon nanomechanical resonators.

We have developed capacitively-transduced nanomechanical resonators using sp(2)-rich diamond-like carbon (DLC) thin films as conducting membranes. The electrically conducting DLC films were grown by physical vapor deposition at a temperature of 500 °C. Characterizing the resonant response, we find a larger than expected frequency tuning that we attribute to the membrane being buckled upwards, away from the bottom electrode. The possibility of using buckled resonators to increase frequency tuning can be of advantage in rf applications such as tunable GHz filters and voltage-controlled oscillators.

Field of study: Physics
RECONNAISSANCE GEOLOGY AND VERTEBRATE PALEONTOLOGY OF EL SALVADOR, CENTRAL AMERICA

The surface rocks in El Slavador consist primarily of ? Pliocene, early Pleistocene, late Pleistocene, and recent volcanics. In the Metapan area are exposures of ?pre-Mesozoic monzonite, the lower and middle Jurassic continental Metapan beds, and Cretaceous marine limestone, overlain unconformably by late Tertiary volcanics and continental sediment. The Tertiary is represented by a poorly consolidated sandstone and conglomerate approximately 650 feet thick, which overlies with unconformity 30 feet of gray andesite. The Mesozoic includes 400 feet of early Cretaceous limestone, underlain with apparent conformity by the Metapan beds, consisting of 180 feet of red and brown calcareous shale, 30 feet of hard vein quartz pebble conglomerate, and 75+ feet of interbedded fine-grained green sandstone and red, brown, and green shales. No identifiable vertebrate remains older than Pleistocene were found in El Salvador, though some of the beds referred to ?Pliocene or early Pleistocene may eventually yield late Pliocene fossils. Fossils have been found in 20 localities in 8 of the 14 departments in the country. The best locality was the Hormiguero quarry where a large series of Megatherium remains were uncovered. These ground sloths had been trapped and mired in a boghole. Other mammals found in the quarry were Smilodon, Bison, toxodont, and a small camelid. Mammuthus (mammoth) and Cuvieronius (spiral-tusked mastodon) were found at other localities. This probably is near the southernmost range of the mammoth and possibly near the northern limit for the South American toxodonts. Some poorly preserved fish and leaves, probably late Pleistocene, were found in barranca El Sisimico near San Vicente.

Field of study: Geology
In with the old and out with the new? A comparison of the old and new binge drinking standards.

There is consistent evidence that the binge drinking standard of 5+ drinks per drinking occasion for men (4+ for women) is associated with risk for negative consequences. Yet, many have questioned the adequacy of this measure as an index of intoxication (e.g., a blood alcohol concentration [BAC] of 0.08 g%). In response to these concerns, a National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism task force recommended adding a time qualifier of 2 hours to this criterion. Although conceptually appealing, there has been little effort to determine whether this new measure better captures drinking that leads to negative consequences.



This study examined the new binge standard (2-hour period) and old binge standard (no time qualifier) in relation to frequency of drinking to an estimated BAC of 0.08 g% and the experience of negative drinking consequences. These relations were examined within both a social drinking sample of adults (N = 200) and a sample of heavy-drinking young adults (N = 168) participating in a randomized clinical trial for drinking reduction.



Contrary to the purpose of adding a time qualifier, the new binge measure was not more strongly correlated with drinking to an estimated BAC of 0.08 g% relative to the old binge measure. In addition, when both measures were entered simultaneously into a regression model, only the old binge measure accounted for significant variance in negative drinking consequences.



These empirically based results suggest that the original binge standard without a time qualifier may be preferable to the 2-hour standard as a marker for risk. The findings also suggest that further efforts are needed to identify a brief measure that effectively captures drinking to intoxication and related risk for negative consequences.

Field of study: Medicine