nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Did a Katian large igneous province trigger the Late Ordovician glaciation?: A hypothesis tested with a carbon cycle model

The Ordovician is known as a period with high temperatures and high sea levels and a cooling event at the end of the period, leading to the Hirnantian glaciation and the first of the ‘big five’ mass extinctions of marine life. The cause of this cooling event remains unclear. Several authors correlate it with a drop in atmospheric p CO 2 to a threshold permitting the ice accumulation on the Gondwana supercontinent. However, what are the reasons of the atmospheric p CO 2 decrease? Here, we follow the hypothesis initiated by Barnes (2004) that an Ordovician superplume event occurred during the Middle to Late Ordovician. Such an event would not only have a large impact on the Ordovician biodiversification (Barnes, 2004) but it would also be responsible for the climatic upheaval during the Late Ordovician by the emplacement of a low latitudinal continental basaltic province that had an impact on the atmospheric p CO 2 . There is no direct evidence of a superplume event or of basaltic traps and the present study is therefore a hypothetical modelling approach where we demonstrate with a numerical box model, including carbon, alkalinity and phosphorus cycles coupled with a 1D climate model (energy balance model-EBM) (Francois and Walker,1992), that such a scenario allows to explain both the mid-Ashgill (Katian) global warming event, known as the Boda Event (Fortey and Cocks, 2005), and the subsequent Late Ordovician (Hirnantian) glaciation. Because silicate weathering is enhanced upon warm and wet climate, we try to constrain the size and the latitudinal emplacement of the basaltic province leading to a sufficient consumption of atmospheric p CO 2 to the threshold proposed by Herrmann et al. (2004 a, b) to initiate a glaciation on Gondwana.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Men's Sense of Humor and Women's Responses to Courtship Solicitations: An Experimental Field Study

Producing humor might function as a fitness indicator associated with greater desirability during dating selection. A male confederate in a bar was instructed to tell (or not tell) funny jokes to two other male confederates. A few minutes later, when the second of two male confederates left, the first male confederate asked a female who was near his table and who had heard the funny jokes for her phone number. The previous expression of humor was associated with greater compliance with the male confederate's request and with a higher positive evaluation. The possible effects of humor are discussed from an evolutionary perspective.

Field of study: Psychology
Nanoscience and nanotechnology: The bottom-up construction of molecular devices and machines

The bottom-up approach to miniaturization, which starts from molecules to build up nanostructures, enables the extension of the macroscopic concepts of a device and a machine to molecular level. Molecular-level devices and machines operate via electronic and/or nuclear rearrangements and, like macroscopic devices and machines, need energy to operate and signals to communicate with the operator. Examples of molecular-level photonic wires, plug/socket systems, light-harvesting antennas, artificial muscles, molecular lifts, and light-powered linear and rotary motors are illustrated. The extension of the concepts of a device and a machine to the molecular level is of interest not only for basic research, but also for the growth of nanoscience and the development of nanotechnology.

Field of study: Chemistry
Relationship Among Children’s Social-emotional Competence, Social Support, Academic Achievement and Aggressive Behavior in the Primary School in China

With the development of humanistic education, scholars believe that children’s social-emotional competence mostly will take charge of their future family, school and life success in the future. Because of too much time focusing on social-skills training and few about children’ s social-emotional competence and relationship between social-emotional competence and aggressive behavior in China, and this article firstly shows concepts of social-emotional competence, social support, academic achievement and aggressive behavior. Secondly, social-emotional competence and social support were hypothesized to have strong influences on academic achievement and aggressive behavior in the study. Participants were 301 pupils (151 boys and 150 girls) from 2 elementary schools in Nanjing, China. The findings suggest that the students with stronger social-emotional competence performed fewer aggressive behaviors than the other peers.  children; social-emotions competence; social support; aggression

Field of study: Education
Mining Optimal Credible Rules in Incomplete Systems Based on Dominance Relation

In this paper, the incomplete objective information system in which all unknown values are considered as lost is deeply investigated. In such information systems, the concepts of optimal credible rules in terms of increasing and decreasing preferences are proposed based on the dominance relation. To derive all credible rules from the incomplete objective information system, the concept of descriptions are presented. Furthermore, from the viewpoint of the discernibility functions based on the discernibility matrixes, the increasing and decreasing reducts of objects can be worked out and as a result, the optimal credible rules are obtained. The research is meaningful both in the theory and in applications for the acquisition of rules in the incomplete objective information systems.

Field of study: Computer science
Dual-mode surface-plasmon sensor based on bimetallic film.

We propose a plasmonic structure, based on a silver-gold two-layered metallic film, where two surface plasmons (SPs) with equal propagation constants are excited simultaneously at different wavelengths. We show theoretically that the bimetallic film provides unique opportunities for manipulation of plasmons and optimization of the accuracy and cross-sensitivity. The structure can be used as an effective self-reference SP sensor in wavelength-interrogated design.

Field of study: Physics
Multi-phase partitioning and co-solvent effects for polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in authentic petroleum- and creosote-contaminated soils

The residual oil phase, present at substantial levels in hydrocarbon-contaminated soils, was found to be the principal medium for retention of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). Using authentic petroleum and creosote-contaminated soils containing 2–6% w/w solvent extractable matter, individual PAH were shown to exist in the oil phase at values between 84 and 95% w/w of the total mass of each compound in the system, with the exception of naphthalene (70% w/w). Evaluation of the phase partitioning of PAH in creosote-contaminated soil confirmed that PAH were predominantly in the creosote oil phase, with substantially lower proportions associated with soil organic matter and soil water. In the aqueous phase, solubility enhancement was observed for PAH with the degree of enhancement more evident for the hydrophobic PAH. A normalised solubility enhancement factor (ESF’) was derived to illustrate the combined effect of increased PAH solubility in the aqueous phase. Values of log ESF’ varied from −4.97 (naphthalene) to 0.09 (benzo[ghi]perylene). The findings suggest limitations exist for successful remediation of PAH contamination in the soils evaluated and indicate that the focus of remediation must be on the residual oil phase if total PAH are to be removed.

Field of study: Environmental science
Clinical potential of meningioma genomic insights: a practical review for neurosurgeons.

Meningiomas are among the most common intracranial pathological conditions, accounting for 36% of intracranial lesions treated by neurosurgeons. Although the majority of these lesions are benign, the classical categorization of tumors by histological type or World Health Organization (WHO) grade has not fully captured the potential for meningioma progression and recurrence. Many targeted treatments have failed to generate a long-lasting effect on these tumors. Recently, several seminal studies evaluating the genomics of intracranial meningiomas have rapidly changed the understanding of the disease. The importance of NF2 (neurofibromin 2), TRAF7 (tumor necrosis factor [TNF] receptor-associated factor 7), KLF4 (Kruppel-like factor 4), AKT1, SMO (smoothened), PIK3CA (phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha), and POLR2 (RNA polymerase II subunit A) demonstrates that there are at least 6 distinct mutational classes of meningiomas. In addition, 6 methylation classes of meningioma have been appreciated, enabling improved prediction of prognosis compared with traditional WHO grades. Genomic studies have shed light on the nature of recurrent meningioma, distinct intracranial locations and mutational patterns, and a potential embryonic cancer stem cell-like origin. However, despite these exciting findings, the clinical relevance of these findings remains elusive. The authors review the key findings from recent genomic studies in meningiomas, specifically focusing on how these findings relate to clinical insights for the practicing neurosurgeon.

Field of study: Medicine
Teacher Efficacy and Student Problem as Factors in Special Education Referral

We investigated the influence of teacher efficacy and student problem type on teachers' placement and referral decisions. Regular and special educators (N= 192) were randomly assigned a case study describing a student having a learning and/or behavior problem and asked to judge (a) whether the student was appropriately placed in regular education and (b) whether they would refer this student to special education. Analysis of an efficacy scale yielded two factors: personal efficacy and teaching efficacy. Results indicated that regular and special educators were most likely to agree with regular class placement when they were high in both dimensions of efficacy. Regular educators higher in personal efficacy were more likely to agree with regular education placement than those with lower personal efficacy. In addition, students with combined learning and behavior problems were found to be the most susceptible to referral. This study suggests that teachers' sense of efficacy underlies their placement decisions.

Field of study: Education
Reduction in ohmic contact resistance at interface between Gd-doped CeO2 interlayer and Sc2O3-stabilized ZrO2 electrolyte in SOFCs to improve performance

Influence of the ohmic contact resistance at the interface between Gd-doped CeO 2 (GDC) interlayer and scandia-stabilized zirconia (ScSZ) electrolyte on the performance of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) was investigated. When GDC interlayer was used, the ohmic resistance of SOFCs was increased due to insufficient contact conditions between the GDC interlayer and ScSZ electrolyte. To improve the contact conditions, the effect of sintering temperature and sintering aids (Mn, Fe, Bi) on the ohmic contact resistance was evaluated. As a result, using an optimized Mn-modified GDC interlayer (with added 0.3 mol% Mn and sintered at 1300 °C) to decrease the ohmic contact resistance, an anode-supported cell with Sr-doped LaFeO 3 cathode and ScSZ electrolyte achieved a power density of 1.5 W cm − 2 at 800 °C.

Field of study: Materials science
Experimental determination of full matrices of the piezo-optic and elasto-optic coefficients for Pb5Ge3O11 crystals.

We determine full matrices of piezo-optic and elasto-optic coefficients for lead germanate crystals, Pb5Ge3O11, using Dixon-Cohen and interferometric methods. Two different types of samples are studied, single- and multi-domain. We show that the correct data for the Pb5Ge3O11 crystals can be obtained only with single-domain samples, since the domain structure induces a number of features that make the final results unreliable. We demonstrate that the acousto-optic figures of merit reach high-enough values at the isotropic acousto-optic interactions with longitudinal acoustic waves propagating along the principal x and z axes (63×10-15 and 37×10-15s3/kg), respectively. At the same time, the efficiency of the acousto-optic interactions with transverse acoustic waves is low. The same is true concerning anisotropic acousto-optic diffraction, since the appropriate elasto-optic coefficients are small enough.

Field of study: Physics
A prospective, high-risk study of the relationship between tobacco dependence and alcohol use disorders.

This study examined the extent to which tobacco dependence (TD) and alcohol use disorders (AUDs) reciprocally influenced each other in a mixed-gender sample of 452 individuals (n = 232 biological family history of paternal alcoholism, n = 220 no first- or second-degree family history of alcoholism) who were assessed once early in their freshman year of college, approximately 3 years later when many were college seniors, and approximately 3 years later when many had entered or were entering the work force. AUDs were more prevalent in men than women, in individuals with a family history of alcoholism, and decreased overall with time. TD was more prevalent in those with a family history of alcoholism, showed increasing rates of use over time, and was less prevalent but more stable than AUDs. Transitional probabilities indicated that although a previous AUD or TD diagnosis increased the likelihood of being diagnosed with the other disorder at a later time, comorbid AUDs and TD did not significantly affect the likelihood of recovery from either disorder. Finally, path analysis revealed significant reciprocal relationships between AUDs and TD diagnoses (each predicting the other over time), and significant prediction of AUDs and TD by family history of alcoholism at the first and third times of assessment. Findings supported two general models of AUD/TD comorbidity: a shared vulnerability model and a reciprocal influence model.

Field of study: Medicine
Mitotic aberrations induced by orange red (a food additive dye) as a potential genotoxicant on root tip cells of onion (Allium cepa L.).

The dye orange red is an amalgamation of two primary food colourants like caramoisine and sunset yellow. It is used to enhance the market adaptability and commercialization of food items by increasing consumer’s attraction. Assuming the potential genotoxicity of the dye, this study was carried out on the root tip cells of onion (Allium cepa L.) through assessment of mitotic aberrations (MA) by conventional aceto-carmine staining. Some of the common MA observed was gradual decondensation or little condensation of chromosomal arms in abnormal metaphases and anaphases. These also included unequal cytokinesis and karyokinesis and formation of bi-nucleated cells. Those aberrations were supposed to be due to genotoxic assault of the dye on chromosomal condensation mechanism affecting some structural maintenance of chromosomes (SMC) proteins like condensins and/or cohesins resulting in very unusual long arms or affecting the spindle fiber formation causing disoriented mitosis (DOM). The frequencies of MA showed good correlation with the concentration of dye.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
A UNIVERSAL LOWER BOUND OF EXPONENTIAL INTEGRALS OF SOLUTIONS OF [xxx]

We prove that for any solutions of the nonlinear elliptic equation Au + f ( x , « ) = 0, f(x, ti) < a e " " (α, β > 0) on R 2 , the integral / + cannot J*? be a small number less than a positive constant C* independent of Μ , provided that / e is finite. A simple example (in §2) shows that the finiteness condition of e cannot be removed. AMS subject classification (1990).  Secondary 35P30 Par t ly supported by the Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research, the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture, Japan. 390 NOBUMITSU NAKAUCHI 1. I n t r o d u c t i o n In this note we are concerned with solutions of a nonlinear elliptic equation (1) Au + f(x, u) = 0 on R 2 , where (2) / ( x , u) < ote0" (α, β > 0). A typical example is the equation of prescribed Gaussian curvature Au Κχ{χ) + K2(x)e2u = 0 with nonnegative Κ ι and bounded on R2 .  This equation describes the pointwise conformai deformation gì = e 2 ugi of a given metric g\ on R 2 , where K\ , Κ2 are the Gaussian curvatures of gi , , respectively. The function u is called to be a weak solution of the equation (1) if the following two conditions hold: (а) u € L[0c(R2) > where L J ^ ( R 2 ) denotes the Sobolev space of functions whose derivatives belong to Lf 0 C (R 2 ) . (Then the Sobolev inequality implies u G Lfo c(R 2) for any ρ > 0.) (б) The function u satisfies (3) / Vw · Vy> + / f{x, υ)φ = 0 J R2 J R2 for any ψ € C ~ ( R 2 ) , where C£J°(R2) denotes the space of all C°°-functions with compact support in R 2 . In the study of the nonlinear eigenvalue problem f Δ « (4) { „ = + Ae" = 0 in Ω, 0 on dSi , the quantity Σ(ω, λ) = λ / e" plays an important role, where Ω is a domain in J Ω R 2 .  .) In the case that Ω is a disk, Σ defines a bijective correspondence between the totality of solutions (λ, u) of (4) and the interval [0, 4TT) ; i.e., Σ is a nonlinear faithful character. Considering these circumstances, we are interested in the family of the characters Σ(«, 7, δ) = y f e6" J Β2 A UNIVERSAL LOWER BOUND 391 for weak solutions « of (1). To begin with, we want to study what subset of [0, oo) the values of such integrals as I eP lie on, when u runs weak solutions of (1). In J R 2 this note we prove that / e " + e ) u cannot be any value of a neighborhood of 0, JV when u runs all weak solutions of (1) satisfying / e" J R 2 < oo : Theorem. For any ε > 0 , there exists a positive constant C* , depending only on ε, β, such that for any weak solution u of (1) satisfying (*) / e" J B = < OO,

Field of study: Philosophy
Research on Vehicle Braking Performance in a Turn Based on ISO7975

Research on vehicle braking performance in a turn has important practical significance to reduce the traffic accident rate. Based on ISO 7975 standard, testing system for braking in turn is established, into which the braking robot and steering robot are introduced. The PID tuning method for braking robot deceleration control is put forward. And field tests are conducted for an independent brand passenger car and results of braking performance in a turn are present and analyzed using self-developed MATLAB GUI software.

Field of study: Engineering
Magnetonenzahlen und Atombau

Grund der Annahme, daß Elektronengruppen mit einer ungeraden Anzahl gleichartiger Bahnen für den Paramagnetismus verantwortlich sind, wird ein quantitativer Zusammenhang zwischen den empirischen Magnetonenzahlen und dem entsprechenden Atommodell aufgestellt. Es gelingt somit, den Ausbildungsgang der Elektronengruppen in den paramagnetischen Elementenfamilien magnetisch zu erforschen.

Field of study: Physics
Effects of mebendazole, albendazole, and praziquantel on fumarate hydratase, pyruvate kinase, and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase of Echinococcus granulosus cyst wall harbored in mice.

Echinococcus granulosus cyst wall exhibited activities of fumarate hydratase (FH), pyruvate kinase (PK), and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) with 911-1433, 151-215, and 54-98U, respectively. The ratio of PK/PEPCK was 2.2-2.7, indicating that glycolysis is the main pathway of carbohydrate metabolism in the cyst wall. When infected mice were treated ig with mebendazole, albendazole or praziquantel at the respective daily dose of 25-50, 300, and 500 mg.kg-1 for 7-14 d, no apparent change of FH activity in the cyst wall was found, while PK and PEPCK activities in the cyst wall were markedly inhibited by mebendazole and albendazole. The inhibition rates of PK and PEPCK activities in mebendazole group were 85-88% and 90-92%, respectively, while in albendazole group were 55.3 and 71.6%, respectively. The results suggest that PK or PEPCK in the cyst wall may the important site attacked by effective anti-hydatid drugs.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Transport of purines and pyrimidines into isolated pea chloroplasts

Uptake of [14C] adenine and [14C] cytosine into isolated pea chloroplasts has been examined by using a centrifugal-filtration technique. These chloroplasts accumulate both compounds in the sucrose-impermeable space to concentrations higher than that present in the external solution when the latter was below 1.0 mM. Competition experiments suggested that uptake is mediated by a carrier mechanism.

Field of study: Environmental science
GC-MS composition and antiproliferative activity of Inula graveolens (L.) Desf. essential oil

The composition of the essential oil isolated from the aerial parts of Inula graveolens (L.), (Asteraceae) was determined by GC and GC-MS using two extraction methods, namely hydrodistillation and Solid Phase Micro-Extraction (SPME). Oxygenated monoterpenes had the highest contribution to the hydro-distilled essential oil content (87.32 %) with bornyl acetate being the main component detected in this fraction (70.58 %). Both oxygenated monoterpenes, borneol (11.36%) and bornyl acetate (58.30%) remained as the major constituents while camphene was detected as the major hydrocarbon monoterpene (16.58%) in the SPME extracted oil. The antiproliferative activity of the crude oil and of some pure volatile compounds was evaluated using two breast cancer cell lines (MCF7 and T47D) and compared to reference drugs. The IC50 values of reference drugs; cisplatin and doxorubicin were 7.3 ± 1. 9 μM and 0.16 ± 0.0 μM for MCF7 cells, 21.3 ± 9.7 μM and 0.2 ± 0.0 μM for T47D cells, respectively. Caryophylline oxide was the main active compound of the volatile fraction with the IC values (μg/mL) for MCF7 cells and T47D cells, respectively (8.098 ± 0.71; 6.121 ± 0.818).This is the first time to investigate the essential oil composition of the aerial parts of I. graveolens using SPME. The findings of the present study demonstrated qualitative and quantitative variation in the composition of the essential oil between the two different extraction methods. The strong antiproliferative activity of caryophyllene oxide justifies the plants' use as an anticancer agent in the traditional medicine.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Bacterial and archaeal communities in long-term contaminated surface and subsurface soil evaluated through coextracted RNA and DNA.

Soil RNA and DNA were coextracted along a contamination gradient at a landfarming field with aged crude oil contamination to investigate pollution-dependent differences in 16S rRNA and rRNA gene pools. Microbial biomass correlated with nucleic acid yields as well as bacterial community change, indicating that the same factors controlled community size and structure. In surface soil, bacterial community evenness, estimated through length heterogeneity PCR (LH-PCR) fingerprinting, appeared higher for RNA-based than for DNA-based communities. The RNA-based community profiles resembled the DNA-based communities of soil with a lower contamination level. Cloning-based identification of bacterial hydrocarbon-degrading taxa in the RNA pool, representing the viable community with high protein synthesis potential, indicated that decontamination processes still continue. Analyses of archaea revealed that only Thaumarchaeota were present in the aerobic samples, whereas more diverse communities were found in the compacted subsurface soil with more crude oil. For subsurface bacteria, hydrocarbon concentration explained neither the community structure nor the difference between RNA-based and DNA-based communities. However, rRNA of bacterial taxa associated with syntrophic and sulphate-reducing alkane degradation was detected. Although the same prokaryotic taxa were identified in DNA and RNA, comparison of the two nucleic acid pools can aid in the assessment of past and future restoration success.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science