nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Phase-shifting algorithms for electronic speckle pattern interferometry.

A set of innovative phase-shifting algorithms developed to facilitate metrology based on electronic speckle pattern interferometry (ESPI) are presented. The theory of a phase-shifting algorithm, called a (5,1) algorithm, that takes five phase-shifted intensity maps before a specimen is deformed and one intensity map after a specimen is deformed is presented first. Because a high-speed camera can be used to record the dynamic image of the specimen, this newly developed algorithm has the potential to retain the phase-shifting capability for ESPI in dynamic measurements. Also shown is an algorithm called a (1,5) algorithm that takes five phase-shifted intensity maps after the specimen is deformed. In addition, a direct-correlation algorithm was integrated with these newly developed (5,1) or (1,5) algorithms to form DC-(5,1) and DC-(1,5) algorithms, which are shown to improve significantly the quality of the phase maps. The theoretical and experimental aspects of these two newly developed techniques, which can extend ESPI to areas such as high-speed dynamic measurements, are examined in detail.

Field of study: Physics
The endogenous functional turkey erythrocyte and rat liver insulin receptor is an α2β2 heterotetrameric complex

Previous studies have indicated that turkey erythrocyte and rat liver membranes contain endogenous alpha beta heterodimeric insulin receptors in addition to the disulphide-linked alpha 2 beta 2 heterotetrameric complexes characteristic of most cell types. We utilized 125I-insulin affinity cross-linking to examine the structural properties of insulin receptors from rat liver and turkey erythrocyte membranes prepared in the absence and presence of sulphydryl alkylating agents. Rat liver membranes prepared in the absence of sulphydryl alkylating agents displayed specific labelling of Mr 400,000 and 200,000 bands, corresponding to the alpha 2 beta 2 heterotetrameric and alpha beta heterodimeric insulin receptor complexes respectively. In contrast, affinity cross-linking of membranes prepared with iodoacetamide (IAN) or N-ethylmaleimide identified predominantly the alpha 2 beta 2 heterotetrameric insulin receptor complex. Similarly, affinity cross-linking and solubilization of intact turkey erythrocytes in the presence of IAN resulted in exclusive labelling of the alpha 2 beta 2 heterotetrameric insulin receptor complex, whereas in the absence of IAN both alpha 2 beta 2 and alpha beta species were observed. Turkey erythrocyte alpha 2 beta 2 heterotetrameric insulin receptors from IAN-protected membranes displayed a 3-4-fold stimulation of beta subunit autophosphorylation and substrate phosphorylation by insulin, equivalent to that observed in intact human placenta insulin receptors. Turkey erythrocyte alpha beta heterodimeric insulin receptors, prepared by defined pH/dithiothreitol treatment of IAN-protected membranes, were also fully competent in insulin-stimulated protein kinase activity compared with alpha beta heterodimeric human placenta receptors. In contrast, endogenous turkey erythrocyte alpha beta heterodimeric insulin receptors displayed basal protein kinase activity which was insulin-insensitive. These data indicate that native turkey erythrocyte and rat liver insulin receptors are structurally and functionally similar to alpha 2 beta 2 heterotetrameric human placenta insulin receptors. The alpha beta heterodimeric insulin receptors previously identified in these tissues most likely resulted from disulphide bond reduction and denaturation of the alpha 2 beta 2 holoreceptor complexes during membrane preparation.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Growth Kinetics and Size Distribution Dynamics of Viscous Secondary Organic Aerosol.

Low bulk diffusivity inside viscous semisolid atmospheric secondary organic aerosol (SOA) can prolong equilibration time scale, but its broader impacts on aerosol growth and size distribution dynamics are poorly understood. Here, we present quantitative insights into the effects of bulk diffusivity on the growth and evaporation kinetics of SOA formed under dry conditions from photooxidation of isoprene in the presence of a bimodal aerosol consisting of Aitken (ammonium sulfate) and accumulation (isoprene or α-pinene SOA) mode particles. Aerosol composition measurements and evaporation kinetics indicate that isoprene SOA is composed of several semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs), with some reversibly reacting to form oligomers. Model analysis shows that liquid-like bulk diffusivities can be used to fit the observed evaporation kinetics of accumulation mode particles but fail to explain the growth kinetics of bimodal aerosol by significantly under-predicting the evolution of the Aitken mode. In contrast, the semisolid scenario successfully reproduces both evaporation and growth kinetics, with the interpretation that hindered partitioning of SVOCs into large viscous particles effectively promotes the growth of smaller particles that have shorter diffusion time scales. This effect has important implications for the growth of atmospheric ultrafine particles to climatically active sizes.

Field of study: Environmental science
Distribution-based statistical sampling: An approach to software functional test

Software testing uses both structural and functional strategies to ensure the delivery of quality products. Structural testing checks the implementation of the software design, whereas functional testing validates the correct implementation of the specified software requirements. Exhaustive functional testing for software of any reasonable complexity is recognized as being impractical; therefore, sampling strategies must be introduced to prioritize and optimize the requirements validation. Recent work with statistically based sampling techniques shows a potential for the systematic validation of requirements with the use of representative inputs from the software's planned operating environments. This article discusses the need for sampling strategies in functional testing, the characteristics of and experience with a statistical sampling approach, and the impact of a statistical approach on the functional test process.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Antioxidant Activity of the Fresh Juice from Morinda citrifolia

The antioxid ant activity of the fresh juice from Morinda citrifolia,including the polyphenolic content and the antioxidant activity,was studied in order to provide the theory basis for its development.With Vc as the control,spectrophotometry was used to analyse the antioxidant activity of the fresh juice from M.citrifolia.The results showed that the fresh juice from M.citrifolia contained high polyphenolic content(1.934 mg/mL)and had good scavenging activity on DPPH radical,ABTS radical,hydroxyl radical and hydrogen peroxide.Furthermore,it was far more active than Vc in the hydroxyl radical scavenging assay.The fresh juice from M.citrifolia is beneficial to human health because it has good antioxidant activity.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Competencies for Psychologists in Academic Health Centers (AHCs)

This paper begins by providing the landscape that undergirds the competency-based movement within professional psychology education, training, credentialing, and performance appraisal. Attention is then paid to the relevance of this culture shift for psychologists working as practitioners, educators, researchers, and administrators in AHCs. In this regard, there is an articulation of the essential subcomponents of each of the core foundational and functional competency domains that are salient for AHC psychologists. Implications of the competency-based movement for professional psychologists in AHCs are offered.

Field of study: Psychology
Crystallization and preliminary crystallographic analysis of T7 RNA polymerase elongation complex.

Stable transcription-elongation complexes consisting of T7 RNA polymerase (molecular mass 99 kDa) in association with a nucleic acid scaffold consisting of an 8 bp RNA-DNA hybrid and 10 bp of downstream DNA were assembled and crystallized by the sitting-drop vapour-diffusion technique under near-physiological conditions. The crystals diffract beyond 2.6 A resolution and belong to space group P1, with unit-cell parameters a = 79.91, b = 84.97, c = 202 A, alpha = 90.36, beta = 92.97, gamma = 109.94 degrees. An unambiguous molecular-replacement solution was found using the C-terminal portion of the T7 RNA polymerase structure from the early initiation complex as a search model. Model building and structure refinement are now in progress.

Field of study: Chemistry
Short-term RANKL exposure initiates a neoplastic transcriptional program in the basal epithelium of the murine salivary gland.

Although salivary gland cancers comprise only ∼3-6% of head and neck cancers, treatment options for patients with advanced-stage disease are limited. Because of their rarity, salivary gland malignancies are understudied compared to other exocrine tissue cancers. The comparative lack of progress in this cancer field is particularly evident when it comes to our incomplete understanding of the key molecular signals that are causal for the development and/or progression of salivary gland cancers. Using a novel conditional transgenic mouse (K5:RANKL), we demonstrate that Receptor Activator of NFkB Ligand (RANKL) targeted to cytokeratin 5-positive basal epithelial cells of the salivary gland causes aggressive tumorigenesis within a short period of RANKL exposure. Genome-wide transcriptomic analysis reveals that RANKL markedly increases the expression levels of numerous gene families involved in cellular proliferation, migration, and intra- and extra-tumoral communication. Importantly, cross-species comparison of the K5:RANKL transcriptomic dataset with The Cancer Genome Atlas cancer signatures reveals the strongest molecular similarity with cancer subtypes of the human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. These studies not only provide a much needed transcriptomic resource to mine for novel molecular targets for therapy and/or diagnosis but validates the K5:RANKL transgenic as a preclinical model to further investigate the in vivo oncogenic role of RANKL signaling in salivary gland tumorigenesis.

Field of study: Medicine
A study on the optical and structural properties of transparent Tio2 thin films prepared by sol-gel method

In this research, the optical and structural properties of TiO2 thin film were studied. The films were made by dipcoating technique of sol-gel method on quartz and glass substrates. Optical and structural properties of films were given byUV-Visible spectra and XRD pattern respectively. The results have shown that transmittance, porosity and band gap reduced by increasing the annealing temperature. Thickness and refractive index of films increased with increasing the annealing temperature. Furthermore, structure of films has anatase type at 400, 600 and 800 oC and transforminto rutile phase at annealing temperature of 1000 oC.

Field of study: Materials science
Crystallization and preliminary diffraction studies of the RNA polymerase subunit RPB5 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Crystals of the RNA polymerase subunit RPB5 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae have been obtained by vapour-diffusion techniques. The protein has been overexpressed in bacterial cells as a fusion with glutathione S-transferase. Two monoclinic crystal forms can be grown under different sets of conditions. In both cases, the diffraction is consistent with space group P21, with unit-cell parameters a = 45. 3, b = 135.3, c = 47.3 A, beta = 118.6 degrees for crystal form I and a = 48.4, b = 137.1, c = 47.1 A, beta = 118.6 degrees for crystal form II.

Field of study: Chemistry
Geochronology of the Little Nahanni pegmatite group, Selwyn Mountains, southwestern Northwest Territories

Geochronological and Pb isotopic studies were carried out to constrain the petrogenesis, emplacement age(s), and relationships of the Little Nahanni pegmatite group to other granitoids in the region. A U–Pb age of 81.6 ± 0.5 Ma for columbite was obtained. K–Ar ages for micas were determined to be 65.4 ± 4.0 Ma for muscovite and 65.8 ± 3.4 and 65 ± 3 Ma for lepidolite. The U–Pb age is interpreted as the emplacement age for the pegmatites, and the K–Ar ages are interpreted to be the timing of a thermal event responsible for resetting the K–Ar mica system. The U–Pb columbite age is 8–13 Ma younger than the average age of the plutons in the Selwyn plutonic suite and indicates that these pegmatites represent a magmatic event that has not been previously recognized. Likewise, the K–Ar ages point to a later thermal event not previously recognized in this area. The results of our studies demonstrate the utility of the U–Pb columbite geochronometer in dating relatively young pegmatite systems.

Field of study: Environmental science
Reforming the Education System in Kosovo with the Start of the 9th Classes

Prior to 1999 Kosovo was a province of the former Yugoslavia. While predominantly inhabited by ethnic Albanians, Kosovo was ruled by Serbia during much of this time. Following the war many international organizations joined those developing domestic organizations and had great influence on decision making. This led to Kosovo declaring its independence from Serbia on 17th February 2008. Post-war Kosovo continues to undergo many transitions in all aspects of development, including education. Education reform was essential both to bring education up to date and in line with international standards. However, somewhat by necessity, changes were drawn up rapidly when they demanded, but did not receive thorough planning, that would have allowed them to be implemented and integrated more effectively. The transition from the pre-war education system to reforms also was a result of the policies of both international and domestic influences which have been decision makers on the fate of so much, including education in the country. The application of these reforms has been complex and difficult as the stages of implementation was not conceived, planned, prepared or understood properly starting from Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (MEST), to the teachers and students. Educational reforms began immediately after the adoption of two laws on primary, secondary and university education (Parliament of Kosovo, 2002). The pre-war educational structure included an instructional framework consisting of twelve grades in a 4 +4 +4 arrangement. After the war, Development of the new Curriculum Framework of Kosovo (2001), determined that a revised framework was needed. The new framework includes nine grades in a 5 +4 +3 arrangement. This new plan extends compulsory education from eight years to 9 years of schooling which complies with European and international course in education.  Have the education reforms, i.e. the beginning of ninth graders, brought positive change in education or made the situation more difficult? What should be the basis for planning by MEST, when designing new curriculum, especially when implementing programs for the first time? How should teachers be prepared to implement reforms? On what decisions should reforms in the educational system of the new country be based?  Qualitative research, comparative, analysis, etc. DOI: 10.5901/jesr.2014.v4n1p183

Field of study: Education, Sociology
Anatomical background noise power spectrum in differential phase contrast and dark field contrast mammograms.

In x-ray absorption mammography, it has been found that the anatomical background noise can be characterized by a power law dependence on the spatial frequency, NPSa(f) ≈ αf(-β). In this letter, the authors present the first experimental results of the corresponding exponents, β, for differential phase contrast (βDPC) and dark field contrast (βDF) mammography.



A grating-based x-ray multicontrast imaging acquisition benchtop system was used to simultaneously acquire mammograms with three different contrast mechanisms from 15 cadaver breasts under the same x-ray data acquisition conditions. The cadaver breasts were imaged in the coronal plane. The authors' experimental implementation of the well documented method [Burgess, Jacobson, and Judy, Med.  (2001)] to extract the exponent β was first validated using anonymized clinical mammograms. Experiments were then used to determine β for the three types of mammograms for each cadaver breast acquired with our multicontrast imaging system: absorption contrast mammogram (βAbs.), differential phase contrast mammogram (βDPC), and dark-field contrast mammogram (βDF).



The measured β values, acquired in the coronal plane with the benchtop multicontrast imaging system are βAbs. = 3.61 ± 0.49, βDPC = 2.54 ± 0.75, and βDF = 1.44 ± 0.49 for absorption, differential phase, and dark field mammogram, respectively.



The β values for differential phase contrast and dark field mammography are significantly lower than the measured value of β for the corresponding absorption contrast mammograms. The greatly reduced β value of the anatomical background noise in differential phase contrast and dark field mammograms may suggest potentially improved diagnostic performance for certain types of breast cancer imaging tasks.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Analysis and Application of Oracle Database Optimization Based on Marketing System

As the rising of electric power industry informatization level,the information systems of Zhaoqing Power Supply Bureau is more important than before.As the main management information system of Zhaoqing Power Supply Bureau's eight ones,marketing management information system of high-speed operation and maintenance work are getting more attention.Briefly introduces the method of optimization of Oracle database,and briefly expounds the practices and application of Zhaoqing Power Supply Bureau marketing system.

Field of study: Computer science
Advances in Management of Neuropsychiatric Syndromes in Neurodegenerative Diseases

Purpose of ReviewNeuropsychiatric syndromes (NPS) are common in neurodegenerative disorders (NDD). This review describes the role of NPS in the diagnosis of NDD, criteria for the diagnosis of NPS, management of NPS, and agents in clinical trials for NPS.Recent FindingsNPS play an increasingly important role in the diagnosis of NDD. Consensus diagnostic criteria have evolved for psychosis, depression, agitation, and apathy in NDD. With one exception—pimavanserin is approved for the treatment of hallucinations and delusions in Parkinson’s disease—there are no drugs approved by the FDA for treatment of NPS in NDD. Trials show that atypical antipsychotics reduce psychosis in AD and in Parkinson’s disease, although side effect concerns have constrained their use. Antidepressants show benefit in treatment of Parkinson’s disease with depression. Several agents are in clinical trials for treatment of NPS in NDD.SummaryNeuropsychiatric syndromes play a major role in NDD diagnosis. Clinical criteria allow recognition of NPS in NDD. Psychotropic medications are often useful in the treatment of NPS in NDD; efficacious, safe, and approved agents are needed.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Mode reconstruction of a light field by multiphoton statistics

Elizabeth A. Goldschmidt,1,2,* Fabrizio Piacentini,3 Ivano Ruo Berchera,3 Sergey V. Polyakov,2 Silke Peters,4 Stefan Kück,4 Giorgio Brida,3 Ivo P. Degiovanni,3 Alan Migdall,1,2 and Marco Genovese3 1Joint Quantum Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA 2National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA 3Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica INRIM, Strada delle Cacce 91, 10135 Torino, Italy 4Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt Braunschweig, Bundesallee 100, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany (Received 31 January 2013;  2013)

Field of study: Physics
Theoretical modeling and experimental validation of a small capacity diffusion-absorption refrigerator

In this paper, an alternative global model of a small commercial diffusion-absorption refrigerator to predict the outlet temperatures of each component, the liquid and vapor mass flow for the bubble pump and COP of the system is presented and compared with the experimental results. The model requires as input parameters: the thermal conditions (based on thermostat positions), the geometrical parameters and the ambient temperature. The results are displayed for seven different thermostat positions, where the temperature predictions indicate that the main components of the system have a deviation lesser than ±4 K. In the case of COP, the maximum relative error is 8% compared with experimental results.

Field of study: Engineering
Prediction and Correlation of Freezing Point Depression of Aqueous Solutions

THE Clausius-Clapeyron equation was investigated for the correlation of freezing point depression (FPD) of aqueous solutions. On the basis of solvation theory of solution, the solute-solvent interactions were considered for calculating mole fraction of solute and solvent in the solutions. A generalized two-parameter FPD equation was found applicable for correlations of FPD data to a wide range of aqueous solutions including salts, acids, bases, glycerol, alcohol and sugars. For most solutions of pure substances, the errors of the predicted values were less than 2%.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Electrocatalytic Dehydrofluorination of Poly(vinylidene fluoride)

Poly(vinylidene fluoride) was dehydrofluorinated by cathodic electrolysis in DMF in the presence of t-BuOH as a mediator under the anaerobic conditions, giving poly(fluoroacetylene) with a carbyne moiety. Electrical conductivity of the product was 3.9 × 10−3 S cm−1 upon I2 doping.

Field of study: Chemistry
Childhood and adolescent idiopathic urethritis: what does the current literature say?

Idiopathic urethritis (IU) is a known entity in the childhood and adolescent age groups and is described as blood spotting of the underwear in these populations. Typically, IU presents clinically as terminal void haematuria or blood spotting, accompanied with dysuria, occasional suprapubic pain and rarely constitutional symptoms. Sometimes IU may progress to formation of urethral strictures. It carries a high morbidity because of its chronicity and recurrent course, which often persists to puberty. In spite of no single aetiology being confirmed, several treatment approaches have shown some efficacy. Although no consensus has yet been established, the consideration of previous authors' experience and expertise may contribute to the development of a possible unified algorithm.



This article considers IU, collecting pertinent data and case series from the literature. The authors attempt to describe all presumptive aetiologies, endoscopic findings with established grading classifications and finally the various treatment modalities proposed. In addition, highlights from the senior's author experience regarding this entity including endoscopic, radiographic and histological images are mentioned.



Retrospective review and analysis of all relevant articles present on PubMed, SCOPUS and Cochrane Library from the time of inception to the date of first submission.



A total of 19 series concerning IU have been reported since year 1971 to present time (Table 1). Many aetiologies have been postulated, but some have been refuted, including infectious pathogens. Children with dysfunctional voiding and meatal stenosis are more prone to exhibit IU. A variation in the urethral milieu during the prepubertal period, secondary to systematic hormonal alteration, may lead to squamous cell metaplasia resulting in IU and possible urethral strictures. Grading classifications for IU are described. Up to 20% of IU may develop urethral strictures. Various treatment approaches are discussed.



A summary of current understanding of the pathogenesis and spectrum of IU has been achieved. Successful treatment can be achieved with steroids and dysfunctional voiding protocols. It may be possible to develop a consensus unified management algorithm.

Field of study: Medicine