nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The precambrian of north-western Queensland, Australia

Precambrian rocks, ranging in age from probable Archaean to Upper Proterozoic, crop out over an area of 25,000 square miles in north-western Queensland. They fall into four large divisions, separated by major unconformities. Little is known of the history of the Archaean rocks, which are believed to include altered acid lavas, schists, gneisses and migmatite. The Lower Proterozoic strata form part of an orogenic belt. The Lower Proterozoic lower sequence is rich in altered acid and basic lavas. It has a maximum thickness of not less than 40,000 feet and was strongly deformed by east-west pressure and probably intruded by granite before the Lower Proterozoic upper sequence was deposited. Sediments form the bulk of the Lower Proterozoic upper sequence; these accumulated most thickly to the west and north-west of the core of lower sequence belt, but overlie lower sequence strata. The greatest thickness of sediments is at least 40,000 feet. The sequence was deformed by a renewal of east-west compressive stresses, accompanied by granite emplacement. Folding is strong to moderate, but lacks well-defined linearity in the west of the outcrop area.Upper Proterozoic sediments and lavas accumulated mainly in the west and north-west of the region. They are gently to moderately folded on west to north-west axes.The Precambrian in north-western Queensland, excluding the Camooweal Dolomite, crops out over about 25,000 square miles. Systematic field work was started by joint teams of the Commonwealth Bureau of Mineral Resources and the Geological Survey of Queensland in 1950.Reconnaissance mapping of the region was completed in 1954 but check work and more detailed mapping of areas of economic interest are still in progress. Maps are being prepared at a scale of 1 inch to 4 miles (1: 253,440) and a report on the area is being written (Carter andBrooks, in preparation). The Camooweal Dolomite, of Upper Proterozoic or Lower Cambrian age, is not included. Its stratigraphic and palaeographic position is discussed byNoakes (1956).The reconstruction of the geological history of the region presented below is an interpretation of the data obtained. The evidence is not sufficiently complete to enable a unique interpretation to be made of all aspects of the region's history. In particular the history of granite intrusion has not yet been completely unravelled.

Field of study: Environmental science
Creativity Versus Innovativeness: Exploring the Differences between the Two Constructs May Lead to Greater Innovation in Large Firms

Several individuals from top management seem to be confused about the difference between creativity and innovativeness. Amabile (1997) suggests that while innovation begins with creative ideas, creativity by individuals and teams is only a starting point for innovation. Individual creativity is necessary but not sufficient to yield breakthrough innovation in organizations. This can sometimes cause confusion in employee development efforts and actions taken by management. Companies often look for ways to hire and retain creative employees and at the same time they are also interested in establishing a creative environment for knowledge workers… but should creativity be the primary focus? These firms hope that creativity enhancing steps will eventually lead to greater innovation and therefore help it to achieve sustained competitive advantage. This paper attempts to demonstrate that there are potentially other dimensions beyond creativity related to innovativeness, which should be considered at the individual level in order to foster innovation in firms. Empirical results in this study support the idea that intrinsic motivational orientation, sociability and political astuteness are enhancers to employee innovativeness while perfection seeking behavior detracts employee innovativeness. These findings may serve to extend Amabile’s (1997) componential framework to center on the “innovativeness” construct versus creativity to help explain how firms need to hire, cultivate and retain the right talent.

Field of study: Business
One-dimensional charge density determination in shallow etched quantum wires

A numerical method is developed to determine the subband energies and electron concentrations in shallow etched quantum wires from magnetotransport data. Solving the two-dimensional Schrodinger equation self-consistently, the results are compared with the electron densities and subband spacings obtained from a harmonic oscillator model. Due to the non-parabolic wire potential, the numerically calculated electron densities are systematically smaller than the values obtained by a harmonic oscillator model.

Field of study: Materials science
Experience of caring for someone with anorexia nervosa: qualitative study

Caring for someone with anorexia nervosa is distressing.  To gain a detailed understanding of carers' illness models and caregiving experiences.  Qualitative analysis and computerised text analysis were conducted on narratives written by parents as part of a family intervention at a specialist in-patient unit (20 mothers, 20 fathers)  Themes concerned illness perceptions, impact on the family and carers' emotional, cognitive and behavioural responses towards the illness. Parents perceived anorexia nervosa to be chronic and disabling. Carers blamed themselves as contributing to the illness and perceived themselves as helpless in promoting recovery. Mothers illustrated an intense emotional response, whereas fathers produced a more cognitive and detached account.  Part of the distress in living with anorexia nervosa may be explained by unhelpful assumptions and maladaptive responses to the illness. Training parents in skills to manage the illness may improve outcome by reducing interpersonal maintaining factors.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
The impact of factors in work environment (especially shift and night work) on neoplasia of female reproductive organs

Shift work, due to disruption of circadian rhythms, can interfere with a number of physiological functions. It may lead to multiple pathologies (functional gastrointestinal disorders, peptic ulcer disease, hormonal disorders – including impaired melatonin secretion, cardiovascular disease, mental disabilities, neurological disorders etc.). In the last few years, we started to think about the association between disruption in melatonin secretion and the occurrence of certain malignancies. Authors describe and discuss pathophysiology, epidemiological and clinical data concerning influence of shift work to occurrence of some neoplasms.

Field of study: Medicine
Photoproduction of pion-nucleon pairs on atomic nuclei and isobar configurations

The photoproduction of pion-nucleon pairs on atomic nuclei in the Δ(1232) resonance region was analyzed. The contributions of both nucleon and isobar configurations in the ground state of nuclei were taken into account. The cross section of pion-proton pair photoproduction in the 16O(γ,π0p) reaction was calculated.

Field of study: Physics
The mu-opioid receptor and the evolution of mother-infant attachment: theoretical comment on Higham et al. (2011).

Genetic variation at a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the mu-opioid receptor gene (OPRM1) of both humans and rhesus macaques Macaca mulatta has been associated with differential affinity to the endogenous ligand beta-endorphin as well as alterations in pain sensitivity, drug and alcohol dependence, and social behaviors. The new study by Higham et al. (2011) presented in the current issue of this journal shows for the first time that some of the natural variation in maternal behavior observed in rhesus macaque populations can also be explained by genetic differences at this SNP. This work, in conjunction with other recent studies showing that genetic variability at this same locus are related to changes in infant attachment, provides unique insights into how opioids have been reutilized during evolution to coordinate the mother-infant relationship.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Renal DETERMINE nutrition screening tools for the identification and treatment of malnutrition.

Nutrition screening is the first step in identifying and treating nutrition-related problems in renal patients. The Renal DETERMINE Nutrition Screening Tools help health care professionals recognize the risk factors for malnutrition in renal patients and suggest interventions to prevent, control, or ameliorate problems when they are present. The Renal DETERMINE Nutrition Awareness Checklist provides a series of questions for the health care professional to ask the renal patient to better identify nutrition problems. It can also be used with renal patients to help educate and increase awareness of nutrition issues. The Renal DETERMINE Nutrition Screening Reference Sheets are then used to help the health care professional identify appropriate interventions for the nutrition problem. The Reference Sheets list the most common nutrition-related concerns for chronic renal insufficiency, hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, and post kidney transplant patients. For each risk factor, rationales are presented and interventions to resolve the nutrition related problems are provided.

Field of study: Medicine
Comparison and development of new correlation for adiabatic two-phase pressure drop of refrigerant flowing inside a multiport minichannel with and without fins

This study examines the experimental adiabatic two-phase frictional pressure drop of R134a in rectangular multiport minichannel with and without fins having 20 channels with hydraulic diameters of 0.64 mm and 0.81 mm, respectively. The pressure drop measurements were done under mass flux range of 50–200 kg m −2  s −1 , saturation temperature range of 20–35 °C, and inlet vapor quality range of 0.1–0.9. The effects of mass flux, saturation temperature, inlet vapor quality and channel geometry on frictional pressure drop were investigated. The results discovered that the mass flux, inlet vapor quality, saturation temperature and channel geometry play an important role in increasing or decreasing the frictional pressure drop. The present experimental data were compared with eleven existing well known frictional pressure drop correlation available in the open literature. In addition, a new two-phase frictional pressure drop correlation is proposed considering the effects of inertia, viscous force, fluid properties, channel geometry and surface tension and also validated the correlation with the available data.

Field of study: Engineering
Effect of copper chloride hydroxide on catalytic synthesis of diethyl carbonate by oxidative carbonylation of ethanol

The effects of different crystal structures of copper chloride hydroxide on the catalytic synthesis of diethyl carbonate by the oxidative carbonylation of ethanol was discussed. The catalytic activity was improved significantly and the active component of γ-Cu_2(OH)_3Cl was partially converted into Cu(OH)Cl when KCl was added in the catalyst. CO-TPD analysis of the catalyst showed that the adsorption of CO increased and the desorption temperature shifted to the right. Morphological analysis by SEM of the catalyst showed that the active component of the catalyst was highly dispersed on the carrier promoting the catalytic activity of the catalyst in the synthesis of DEC. Reaction mechanism analysis showed that the fact that Cu(OH)Cl was more active than γ-Cu_2(OH)_3Cl in the oxidative carbonylation of ethanol to DEC was attributed to the John-Teller effect.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
On the Influence of Optimizers in Deep Learning-based Side-channel Analysis

The deep learning-based side-channel analysis represents a powerful and easy to deploy option for profiled side-channel attacks. A detailed tuning phase is often required to reach a good performance where one first needs to select relevant hyperparameters and then tune them. A common selection for the tuning phase are hyperparameters connected with the neural network architecture, while those influencing the training process are less explored. In this work, we concentrate on the optimizer hyperparameter, and we show that this hyperparameter has a significant role in the attack performance. Our results show that common choices of optimizers (Adam and RMSprop) indeed work well, but they easily overfit, which means that we must use short training phases, small profiled models, and explicit regularization. On the other hand, SGD type of optimizers works well on average (slower convergence and less overfit), but only if momentum is used. Finally, our results show that Adagrad represents a strong option to use in scenarios with longer training phases or larger profiled models.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Temperature-Dependent Giant Magnetoimpedance Effect 
in Amorphous Soft Magnets

Giant magnetoimpedance (GMI)-based devices offer potential as next-generation low-cost, flexible, ultrasensitive sensors. They can be used in applications that include current sensors, field sensors, stress sensors, and others. Challenging applications involve operation at high temperatures, and therefore studies of GMI temperature dependence and performance of soft magnetic materials are needed. We present a high-temperature GMI study on an amorphous soft magnetic microwire from room temperature to 560°C. The GMI ratio was observed to be nearly constant at ∼86% at low temperatures and to decrease rapidly at ∼290°C, finally reaching a near-zero value at 500°C. The rapid drop in GMI ratio at 290°C is associated with a reduction in the long-range ferromagnetic order as measured by the spontaneous magnetization (M) at the Curie temperature (Tc). We also correlated the impedance with the magnetic properties of the material. From room temperature to 290°C, the impedance was found to be proportional to the square root of the magnetization to magnetic anisotropy ratio. Lastly, M(T) has been fit using a Handrich–Kobe model, which describes the system with a modified Brillouin function and an asymmetrical distribution of exchange interactions. We infer that the structural fluctuations of the amorphous phase result in a relatively small asymmetry in the fluctuation parameters.

Field of study: Materials science
Discovery of a Cooper-pair density wave state in a transition-metal dichalcogenide

Imaging an exotic state Among the most intriguing of the many phases of cuprate superconductors is the so-called pair density wave (PDW) state. PDW is characterized by a spatially modulated density of Cooper pairs and can be detected with a scanning tunneling microscope equipped with a superconducting tip. Liu et al. used Josephson tunneling microscopy, modified for the task, to detect PDW in niobium diselenide, a superconductor with a layered hexagonal structure. The PDW state is expected to appear in other transition metal dichalcogenides as well. Science, abd4607, this issue p. 1447 Josephson tunneling microscopy is used to detect an unusual state in NbSe2, a layered superconductor. Pair density wave (PDW) states are defined by a spatially modulating superconductive order parameter. To search for such states in transition-metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), we used high-speed atomic-resolution scanned Josephson-tunneling microscopy. We detected a PDW state whose electron-pair density and energy gap modulate spatially at the wave vectors of the preexisting charge density wave (CDW) state. The PDW couples linearly to both the s-wave superconductor and the CDW and exhibits commensurate domains with discommensuration phase slips at the boundaries, conforming those of the lattice-locked commensurate CDW. Nevertheless, we found a global δΦ≅±2π/3 phase difference between the PDW and CDW states, possibly owing to the Cooper-pair wave function orbital content. Our findings presage pervasive PDW physics in the many other TMDs that sustain both CDW and superconducting states.

Field of study: Physics
Quantitative analysis of proton-linked transport systems. Glutamate transport in Staphylococcus aureus.

1. The magnitude of the protonmotive force in respiring Staphylococcus aureus was measured over the range of extracellular pH from 5.6 to 7.8. 2. The membrane potential remains constant at 150 mV, inside-negative, but the pH gradient decreases from 2.1 units, inside-alkaline, at pH 5.6 to zero at pH 7.5 and above. 3. The accumulation of glutamate in the soluble cell pool is pH-independent at a value equivalent to 100 mV. 4. The results of experiments studying co-transport of protons are consistent with a proton/glutamate stoichiometry of 2 and electrogenic transport across the pH range examined. 5. The amount of glutamate uptake is the result of a kinetic steady state between influx and efflux pathways. 6. Evidence is presented for the regulation of this kinetic steady state by the response of the initial rate of uptake to changes in the protonmotive force.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Sedimentary basin analysis using airborne gravity data: a case study from the Bohai Bay Basin, China

In this paper, we discuss the application of an airborne gravity survey to sedimentary basin analysis. Using high-precision airborne gravity data constrained by drilling and seismic data from the Bohai Bay Basin in eastern China, we interpreted faults, structural elements, sedimentary thickness, structural styles and local structures (belts) in the central area of the Basin by the wavelet transform method. Subsequently, these data were subtracted from the Bouguer gravity to calculate the residual gravity anomalies. On this basis, the faults were interpreted mainly by linear zones of high gravity gradients and contour distortion, while the sedimentary thicknesses were computed by the Euler deconvolution. The structural styles were identified by the combination of gravity anomalies and the local structures interpreted by the first vertical derivative of the residual gravity. The results showed evidence for seven faults, one sag and ten new local structure belts.

Field of study: Environmental science
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN PERCEIVED INJUSTICE, WORK RELATED DEPRESSION, ANXIETY, AND IRRITATION AND THEIR EFFECT ON TURNOVER INTENTION AMONG EMPLOYEES IN A MANUFACTURING COMPANY

The current study aims to establish the relationship between perceived injustice, work related depression, anxiety, irritation and turnover intention in the fast paced manufacturing environment. A cross-sectional survey using a convenience sampling method was used to collect data from sample participants. Data were analysed from 168 questionnaire administered to employees in a company that manufactures computer parts. Data were computed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), version 24. Correlation and regression analyses were conducted to establish the relationship between perceived injustice, work related depression, anxiety, irritation and turnover intention. The study proved that perceived injustice was positively related to work-related depression and work-related irritation, which in turn engendered the intention of employees to quit the company. It is recommended that depression, anxiety and irritation should be treated as diseases; hence, the need to train managers and supervisors on mental health care practices and efficient and effective human resource management practices in order to cater for the needs of employees in a more equitable way. Other recommendations include liaising with professionals to offer therapy and subjecting sufferers to rehabilitation.

Field of study: Business
Ladder Operators, Fock-Spaces, Irreducibility and Group Gradings for the Relative Parabose Set Algebra

The Fock-like representations of the Relative Parabose Set (Rpbs) algebra in a single parabosonic and a single parafermionic degree of freedom are investigated. It is shown that there is an innite family (parametrized by the values of a positive integer p) of innite dimensional, non-equivalent, irreducible representations. For each one of them, explicit expressions are computed for the action of the generators and they are shown to be ladder operators (creation-annihilation operators) on the specied Fock-spaces. It is proved that each one of these inf. dim. Fock-spaces is irreducible under the action of the whole algebra or in other words that it is a simple module over the Rpbs algebra. Finally, (Z2 Z2)-gradings are introduced for both the algebra P (1;1) BF

Field of study: Mathematics
HIV/AIDS Perceptions, Attitudes and Behaviors among HBCU Students.

College environments are typically considered somewhat protected zones--protected from the “sins” of the general community. However, a recent report from CDC placed considerable attention on the resoundingly high rates of HIV infection among African American students attending predominately African American serving colleges and universities in North Carolina. In the “outside” world, data show that African Americans lead the nation in the rates of HIV/AIDS infections. This research turns on the light to view more clearly an oft-shielded group in an effort to identify and assess the exacerbating or ameliorating social forces that these campuses imbue. This project uses quantitative and qualitative methodologies to examine how college age young adults attending HBCU’s respond to the pandemic / epidemic. In the general African American population typical intervention approaches have had little to no positive effects on reducing the persistently high rates of infection. An in-depth look is taken into the lived-experiences of students at Historically Black Colleges and Universities as it relates to their sexual risk taking in the age of HIV/AIDS. Hodge, Wade 13 1 Hodge and Wade: HIV/AIDS Perceptions Attitudes and Behaviors Among HBCU Students Published by DigitalCommons@Robert W. Woodruff Library, Atlanta University Center, 2007

Field of study: Economics
The survival of patients with not-for-resuscitation orders.

Studies have shown higher in-hospital mortality rates in patients with not-for-resuscitation (NFR) decisions. Long-term survival of these patients after their discharge from acute care is largely unknown as is communication of such decisions to primary care givers through letters or discharge summaries.



To evaluate the in-hospital mortality and post-discharge survival of general medical patients with documented resuscitation decisions as well as the prevalence of these decisions being communicated to primary health care providers through discharge summaries.



Retrospective cross-sectional study.



The medical records of 618 general medical patients admitted to an Australian tertiary referral teaching hospital between January and December 2007 were reviewed to determine the documentation of resuscitation decisions. Mortality rates in-hospital and up to 5 years post-discharge were assessed in relation to the nature of any resuscitation decisions. Communication of these decisions in the discharge summaries was also evaluated.



One hundred and thirty-six (22%) patients had resuscitation decisions documented of whom 91 (67%) did not want resuscitation (NFR). For this NFR group, the in-hospital mortality rate was 20%, and their cumulative 1- and 5-year mortality rates were 53 and 85%, respectively. Of the 112 patients with resuscitation decisions who survived to discharge, 104 of them (93%) had discharge summaries completed but only 9 (8.4%) had resuscitation decisions documented in those discharge summaries.



Many general medical patients with a documented NFR decision survive beyond 1 year after their index admission. The rate of communication of resuscitation decisions in hospital discharge summaries is low.

Field of study: Medicine