nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Analysis of major developments of international sport after the World War II from the perspective of international governmental politics.

Starting with the signs of major developments of international sport after the World War II, the author analyzed their causes, and considered that realizing national interests was the intrinsic cause for international sport to develop rapidly after the World War II, whose specific expressions were: the retrospection of the World War II and the expectation for peace; the shifting of national strategic focus; realizing national strategic objectives; establishing a nice international image; the demand of countries in Asian, Africa and Latin America for independence; for solving problems commonly faced by mankind, etc. Lastly, the author summarized its enlightenment on strategies for the development of international sport in China in the new period.

Field of study: Education
The anomalous $^{14}$C-dating $\beta$ decay problem revisited

The anomalous inhibition of $^{14}$C-dating $\beta$ decay rate is restudied in terms of shell-model calculations in the $jj$ coupling scheme with both realistic and empirical Hamiltonians. It is seen that the accidental cancellation of the decay strength is dominated by the mixing effect of two configurations of the final state wave function, $|0p^{-2}_{1/2}>$ and $|0p_{3/2}^{-1}0p_{1/2}^{-1}>$. By decomposing the effective interactions into different tensor components, it is clearly seen that the mixing is largely induced by the tensor force. The failure of realistic calculations in reproducing the inhibition may be related to its ill description of the monopole component rather than the tensor force.

Field of study: Physics
Photoconversion of CO2 using copper-modified titanium dioxide nanoparticles

A series of copper-modified titanium dioxide (Cu/TiO 2 ) nanoparticles were synthesized via one-step sol-gel method. The crystal structure and chemical properties were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The Cu/TiO 2 nanoparticles were applied to CO 2 photoconversion and the yield of formaldehyde was used to evaluate the photocatalytic performance. The optimum amount of copper modifying was 0.6 wt.% and the yield of formaldehyde was 946 μmol/g cat under UV illumination for 6 h. 20 wt.% Cu/TiO 2 also performed a high photocatalytic activity, which yielded 433 μmol/g cat formaldehyde under UV illumination for 6 h.

Field of study: Chemistry
Behavioral contrast in one component of a multiple schedule as a function of the reinforcement conditions operating in the following component.

The key pecks of four pigeons were reinforced on a variable-interval 5-min schedule which operated in each of the four components of a multiple schedule, indicated by red, green, yellow, and blue stimuli and presented in such an order that the red stimulus always preceded the yellow and the green stimulus always preceded the blue. After establishing baseline rates, the reinforcement schedule associated with the blue and yellow components was altered so that one was now an extinction schedule and the other was a variable-interval 1-min schedule. In a second experimental stage, the blue stimulus was interchanged with the yellow so that the red stimulus preceded the blue and the green stimulus preceded the yellow. In both experimental stages the response rate in the variable-interval 5-min component that preceded the extinction component was higher than the response rate in the variable-interval 5-min component that preceded the variable-interval 1-min component. The results were discussed in relation to the importance of stimulus ordering in experiments concerned with investigating behavioral contrast.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Implementation of Shadow Volume Real-Time Shadows Based on Geometry Shader

Uses geometry shader to generate shadow volume real-time shadows.The shadow volume is implemented in the CPU in the past,according to generate new vertex and output stream of geometry shader,it is completely transferred to the GPU.The implementation method can improve rendering performance of the algorithm,liberate CPU processing time.It is easier and performance better than traditional methods of CPU first generated shadow volume prototype.

Field of study: Computer science
Role of Emotional Intelligence on Employee Engagement: A Study among Indian Professionals

Business firms across the globe have always endeavoured to identify and strengthen drivers of employee engagement at the individual, group and organizational level. Drivers at the individual level have been less researched and tested in previous studies. This study attempts to examine the role of emotional intelligence as an individual antecedent of employee engagement. This is hypothesized drawing from literature that emotional intelligence plays an important role in shaping positive workplace feelings, attitudes and behaviour. Responses captured and analyzed from randomly selected sample of 182 professionals working in Indian organizations revealed that emotional intelligence especially mood repair augments high levels of employee engagement manifested through higher vigor, dedication and absorption in employees. These findings have significant implications for both research and practice.

Field of study: Business
Salvianolic acid B inhibits autophagy and protects starving cardiac myocytes

To investigate the protective or lethal role of autophagy and the effects of Salvianolic acid B (Sal B) on autophagy in starving myocytes.Cardiac myocytes were incubated under starvation conditions (GD) for 0, 1, 2, 3, and 6 h. Autophagic flux in starving cells was measured via chloroquine (3 μmol/L). After myocytes were treated with Sal B (50 μmol/L) in the presence or absence of chloroquine (3 μmol/L) under GD 3 h, the amount of LC3-II, the abundance of LC3-positive fluorescent dots in cells, cell viability and cellular ATP levels were determined using immunoblotting, immunofluorescence microscopy, MTT assay and luminometer, respectively. Moreover, electron microscopy (EM) and immunofluorescent duel labeling of LC3 and Caspase-8 were used to examine the characteristics of autophagy and apoptosis.Immunoblot analysis showed that the amount of LC3-II in starving cells increased in a time-dependent manner accompanied by increased LC3-positive fluorescence and decreased cell viability and ATP content. Sal B (50 μmol/L) inhibited the increase in LC3-II, reduced the abundance of LC3 immunofluorescence and intensity of Caspase-8 fluorescence, and enhanced cellular viability and ATP levels in myocytes under GD 3 h, regardless of whether chloroquine was present.Autophagy induced by starvation for 3 h led to cell injury. Sal B protected starving cells by blocking the early stage of autophagic flux and inhibiting apoptosis that occurred during autophagy.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Left and right inverse eigenpairs problem of generalized centrosymmetric matrices and its optimal approximation problem

In this paper, the left and right inverse eigenpairs problem for generalized centrosymmetric matrices is considered. We obtain the necessary and sufficient conditions for the solvability of the problem, and we present the general expression of the solution. The related optimal approximation problem to a given matrix over the solution set is solved. In addition, a numerical algorithm and examples to solve the problem are given.

Field of study: Mathematics
Oxygen uptake and transfer in recombinant Pichia pastoris cultivation

Oxygen uptake and transfer rates were studied in recombinant Pichia pastoris cultivation carried out in a stirred tank bioreactor.The oxygen uptake rate was determined by the macrokinetic model proposed earlier.Based on pseudo-steady state mass transfer balance, an oxygen transfer model was established.Volumetric oxygen transfer coefficient k_La was estimated as a function of aeration rate and power input per unit volume.Oxygen uptake rate obtained from the macrokinetic model matched well with the oxygen transfer rate estimated by the mass balance model during the whole cultivation.The application of the oxygen transfer model for on-line biomass estimation was also presented.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Effects of Growth Temperature and Postgrowth Annealing on Inhomogeneous Luminescence Characteristics of Green-Emitting InGaN Films

Microscopic photoluminescence was applied to investigate μm-order inhomogeneity of InGaN alloys. Samples had InGaN/GaN multiple-quantum-well structures grown on sapphire substrates at various temperatures, and luminescence was adjusted to be green. Luminescence morphologies of dendritic appearance were observed on as-grown samples. Bright spots luminescing at long wavelengths (green to amber) were formed at high growth temperatures. After annealing at 1000°C, the bright spots disappeared and the dendritic morphology turned into a granular morphology. Because of these μm-order inhomogeneities, it has been suggested that small-scale characterization (sub-μm or smaller) requires special attention in order not to miss effects of μm-order inhomogeneity in InGaN alloys.

Field of study: Materials science
Acute exposure of cadmium induced hypoglycemia in mice

Cadmium (Cd) is one of the most toxic environmental pollutants, causing a number of adverse health effects in humans. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of cadmium on the pancreas. Mine male mice were divided into three groups: the control (Ctrl-) group, the STZ-treated diabetic control group and the Cd-treated experimental group.STZ-treated mice which received a single dose of ip injection of 8 mg/kg of body of STZ dissolved in a freshly prepared solution of sodium citrate used as a positive control for diabetes and the control non treated mice received distilled water during the experiment. Cd-treated group had distilled water enriched with cadmium. This experiment was conducted for seven days.Exposure of the mice to the cadmium caused a significant decrease in the animals' body weight and decrease in the blood glucose level. Our results suggest that cadmium exposure induced a sever hypoglycemia

Field of study: Medicine
Environmental conditions vs. landscape. Assessment of the factors that influence small mammal fauna distribution in Southern Iberia during the latest Messinian by mean of stable isotopes

Tropical conditions during the late Miocene in southwestern Europe influenced the continental environments. Although there are previous qualitative environmental interpretations of these continental landscapes during the late Miocene, quantitative environmental and paleohydrological data are scarce. A very long sequence of small mammals allowed to date the different continental drainage stages of the Granada Basin from latest Tortonian to the Holocene and to reconstruct qualitatively its environmental evolution. The study of the isotopic record of these fossil small mammals and sediments in the stratigraphic sequence of a latest Messinian paleo-lake in the Granada Basin has provided quantitative environmental and paleohydrological data, in order to know if the fluctuations in the faunal distribution were mainly influenced by the paleogeographic configuration, such as changes in the landscape of the basin, or by the climatic conditions. Open habitats with C3 plants predominated. Estimated quantitative data suggest an oxygen isotopic composition of meteoric waters ranging from − 4.9 to − 3.9‰, past temperatures from ~ 2.5 °C to 4.7 °C higher than the current ones, and summer relative paleohumidity from ~ 60% to ~ 70%. In this context, changes in the landscape, such as the reduction of the lacustrine system caused by tectonic activity, would affect taxa with high dependence on humid conditions.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Breakdown of the classical description of a local system.

We provide a straightforward demonstration of a fundamental difference between classical and quantum mechanics for a single local system: namely, the absence of a joint probability distribution of the position x and momentum p. Elaborating on a recently reported criterion by Bednorz and Belzig  we derive a simple criterion that must be fulfilled for any joint probability distribution in classical physics. We demonstrate the violation of this criterion using the homodyne measurement of a single photon state, thus proving a straightforward signature of the breakdown of a classical description of the underlying state. Most importantly, the criterion used does not rely on quantum mechanics and can thus be used to demonstrate nonclassicality of systems not immediately apparent to exhibit quantum behavior. The criterion is directly applicable to any system described by the continuous canonical variables x and p, such as a mechanical or an electrical oscillator and a collective spin of a large ensemble.

Field of study: Physics
Periodic boundary value problem for integrodifferential equations of hammerstein type

A general comparison result is developed for first order integrodifferential inequality of Hammerstein type with periodic boundary condition. It is then used to construct monotone sequences to give out the maximal and minimal solutions of a given PBVP of a first order integrodifferential equation of Hammerstein type, in which the increasingness of the right hand side function in the argument containing the integral operator is not assumed.

Field of study: Mathematics
Preparing Psychologists in Academic Health Centers for the Rapidly Changing Health Care Environment

The Association of Psychologists in Academic Health Centers (APAHC) convened its 5th National APAHC Conference in Boston March 3–5 2011. The conference and its theme, “Preparing Psychologists for a Rapidly Changing Health Care Environment,” brought psychologists from academic health centers together to examine how psychology can adapt to and help lead health care efforts in the face of health care reform. This paper reports on the conference and introduces the special issue of JCPMS that is dedicated to the conference. The conference theme is framed in the historical context of the four national conferences that preceded it. In examining the focus and topics of the preceding conferences, recurrent themes are identified and progress in certain areas is highlighted.

Field of study: Psychology
Supporting Meteorological Field Experiment Missions and Postmission Analysis with Satellite Digital Data and Products

Atmospheric and oceanographic field experiments are an important part of research programs aimed at enhancing observational analyses of meteorological and oceanic phenomena, validating new datasets, and/or supporting hypotheses. The Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society (BAMS) has chronicled many field programs, with a primary focus on the enhanced observational assets that were assembled to enable the projects' investigations. However, these field program summaries often overlook the multiple roles that satellite digital data, multispectral imagery, and derived products can play in premission planning, real-time forecasting and mission guidance, and extensive post–field phase analysis. In turn, these intensive observing periods often serve as crucial validation datasets for remotely sensed products and derived fields.

Field of study: Environmental science
Distributed Constrained Online Learning

In this article, we consider groups of agents in a network that select actions in order to satisfy a set of constraints that vary arbitrarily over time and minimize a time varying function of which they have only local observations. The selection of actions, also called a strategy, is causal and decentralized, i.e., the dynamical system that determines the actions of a given agent depends only on the constraints at the current time and on its own actions and those of its neighbors. To determine such a strategy, we propose a decentralized saddle point algorithm and show that the corresponding global fit and regret are bounded by functions of the order of $\sqrt{T}$ i.e., functions whose limit is a constant when divided by $\sqrt{T}$. Specifically, we define the global fit of a strategy as a vector that integrates over time the global constraint violations as seen by a given node. The fit is a performance loss associated with online operation as opposed to offline clairvoyant operation which can always select an action, if one exists, that satisfies the constraints at all times. If this fit grows sublinearly with the time horizon it suggests that the strategy approaches the feasible set of actions. Likewise, we define the regret of a strategy as the difference between its accumulated cost and that of the best fixed action that one could select knowing beforehand the time evolution of the objective function. Numerical examples support the theoretical conclusions.

Field of study: Engineering
Educational Assessment Modern Strategies

This study not only highlights the Authentic Assessment  as   replacement  of  the traditional  approach;  but  its  definition , objectives , principles and characteristics are stated, too . It shows that Authentic Assessment prepares students for real life by involving them in real world  situations during learning..  The study also explains the most major strategies of Authentic Assessment highlighting their main advantages and the activities they entail , and it provides  examples related to each of them .  The study also shows that these strategies   unveil   multi-facets  of  the student personality and  identifies  his main achievements  and the skills he  acquired or developed  Assessment Modern Strategies, Authentic Assessment,

Field of study: Education
Selective oxidation of arsenite by peroxymonosulfate with high utilization efficiency of oxidant.

Oxidation of arsenite (As(III)) is a critical yet often weak link in many current technologies for remediating contaminated groundwater. We report a novel, efficient oxidation reaction for As(III) conversion to As(V) using commercial available peroxymonosulfate (PMS). As(III) is rapidly oxidized by PMS with a utilization efficiency larger than 90%. Increasing PMS concentrations and pH accelerate oxidation of As(III), independent to the availability of dissolved oxygen. The addition of PMS enables As(III) to oxidize completely to As(V) within 24 h, even in the presence of high concentrations of radical scavengers. On the basis of these observations and theoretical calculations, a two-electron transfer (i.e., oxygen atom transfer) reaction pathway is proposed. Direct oxidation of As(III) by PMS avoids the formation of nonselective reactive radicals, thus minimizing the adverse impact of coexisting organic matter and maximizing the utilization efficiency of PMS. Therefore, this simple approach is considered a cost-effective water treatment method for the oxidation of As(III) to As(V).

Field of study: Environmental science
Pancho Villa: The Making of a Modern Legend

What makes a man—or the public memory of a man—into a a legend? The Western world has always had legendary heroes, men who in life waged vigorous campaigns against terrifying odds, and who, in death, bear reputations burnished and embellished and gloriously expanded by the stories their admirers tell. Dietrich of Berne, Frederick Barbarossa, Alexander of Macedon, Charlemagne, the Cid, Russia’s Prince Igor, Cordoba’s Great Captain, and others, live on in legend centuries after their physical lives ended. The stories of these heroes are told in sagas, epics, and lays, in ballads and folksongs, romances and myths. There are also heroes more newly-made. Their stories are broadcast through the media of twentieth-century communication: popular biographies, historical fiction, diplomatic telegrams, reports of senatorial committees, newspaper accounts, magazine articles, motion pictures. Mexico provided the pre-eminent legendary hero of modern times: Pancho Villa.

Field of study: History
Theory of High-Tc Superconductivity: Accurate Predictions of Tc

The superconducting transition temperatures of high-Tc compounds based on copper, iron, ruthenium and certain organic molecules are discovered to be dependent on bond lengths, ionic valences, and Coulomb coupling between electronic bands in adjacent, spatially separated layers . Optimal transition temperature, denoted as T_c0, is given by the universal expression $k_BT_c0 = e^2 \Lambda / \ell\zeta$; $\ell$ is the spacing between interacting charges within the layers, \zeta is the distance between interacting layers and \Lambda is a universal constant, equal to about twice the reduced electron Compton wavelength (suggesting that Compton scattering plays a role in pairing). Non-optimum compounds in which sample degradation is evident typically exhibit Tc < T_c0. For the 31+ optimum compounds tested, the theoretical and experimental T_c0 agree statistically to within +/- 1.4 K. The elemental high Tc building block comprises two adjacent and spatially separated charge layers; the factor e^2/\zeta arises from Coulomb forces between them. The theoretical charge structure representing a room-temperature superconductor is also presented.

Field of study: Physics
Concurrent Validity of the Wisc-Iii and Stanford-Binet Iv

WISC-III and Stanford-Binet IV IQs were correlated for 57 volunteers (27 boys and 30 girls of ages 6 to 17 years) who were tested by 37 graduate students. Order of testing was not counterbalanced. Full Scale IQs on the WISC-III correlated .81 with the Test Composite Standard Age Scores of the Stanford-Binet IV. The average difference between the two tests was less than 2 IQ points. Although the average difference between the two tests was not significant, for some children it was large. Caution is urged when using these assessment instruments as if they provide similar scores.

Field of study: Psychology
Effect of ultra high pressure-pH synergistic treatment on the inactivative effect of two enzymes in hami melon juice

In order to investigate the influence of pH,Ultra～High Pressure and pH～ultra high pressure synergistic treatment on the activities of peroxidase(POD) and Polyphenoloxidase(PPO) in hami melon juice,the UHP treatment was carried out using a UHP unit(0.1～500 MPa),temperature(20～60 ℃),holding time(0～40 min),and different pH value(adjusted by citric acid and sodium carbonate:2～11).It was indicated that the optimum pH value ranges of POD and PPO were 6.0～8.0 and 7.0～8.0,respectively.The optimum temperature was 35 ℃ and 30 ℃.It is very difficult to inactivate POD and PPO by simple ultra～high pressure treatment.However,pH～ultra high pressure synergistic treatment proved to efficiently induce enzyme inactivation.The experimental data followed first～order reaction kinetics under the following experimental conditions:pH4、5,temperature 25 ℃,55 ℃,pressure 300～500 MPa and holding time 5～30 min.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Complete characterizations of the gamma function

In this paper, we obtain the complete monotonicities regarding both the functions σ x and λ x defined by Γ ( x + 1 ) = 2 π x x e x e σ x 12 x = 2 π x x e x ( 1 + λ x ) . As direct consequences, σ x is strictly increasing and strictly concave on ( 0 , ∞ ) and λ x is strictly decreasing and strictly convex on ( 0 , ∞ ) . Furthermore, we show that σ x consists the properties lim x → 0 + σ x = 0 and lim x → ∞ σ x = 1 as well as λ x holds the properties lim x → 0 + λ x = ∞ and lim x → ∞ λ x = 0 .

Field of study: Mathematics