nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The art of cheese : processing

The dairy industry is an innovative field and cheese making, an important pillar of the industry, has developed into an art. Archaeologists have found traces of dairy fat in ancient ceramic fragments, which suggests that people have been making cheese in Europe for up to 7 500 years. Methods of making cheese grew in leaps and bounds from the first perceived methods early cheese makers used. Today, consumers can choose from a wide range of products with interesting flavour combinations and textures.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Polarised structures in the radio lobes of B2 0258+35. Evidence of magnetic draping?

The contribution of active galactic nuclei to the magnetisation of the Universe can be constrained by knowing their duty cycles, jet and magnetic field morphologies, and the physical processes dominating their interaction with the surrounding environment.  The magnetic field morphology and strength of radio lobes of AGN has an influence on the mechanisms for the propagation of cosmic rays into intergalactic space. Using the source B2 0258+35 we want to investigate the interaction of its radio lobes with the surrounding environment and examine the underlying physical effects.  Published H I and radio continuum data at lambda 21 cm were combined with newly reduced archival Westerbork Radio Synthesis Telescope polarisation data at the same wavelength to investigate the polarised emission in the radio lobes of B2 0258+35. We assumed energy equipartition between the cosmic rays and the magnetic field to calculate their pressure and investigate the physical processes leading to the detected emission.  We detected a unique S-shaped diffuse polarised structure. The lobes have a pressure of p = 1.95 +/- 0.4 x 10(-14) dyn cm(-2). The calculated total magnetic field strengths are low (B-eq = 1.21 +/- 0.12 mu G). We observe depolarisation in the northern lobe, which might originate from the H I-disc in the foreground. In addition we see an anti-correlation between the pressure and the fractional polarisation along the S-shaped structure. Therefore we consider magnetic draping and magnetic field compression as possible effects that might have created the observed S-shape.  Our results suggest that magnetic draping can be effectively used to explain the observed polarised structures. This is likely due to the combination of a relatively low magnetic field strength, enabling super-Alfvenic motion of the rising lobes (with M-A = 2.47-3.50), and the coherency of the surrounding magnetic field. Moreover, the draped layer tends to suppress any mixing of the material between the radio lobes and the surrounding environment, but can enhance the mixing and re-acceleration efficiencies inside the lobes, providing an explanation for the average flat spectral index observed in the lobes.

Field of study: Physics
Indium(III)-catalyzed Coupling between Alkynes and Aldehydes to α,β-Unsaturated Ketones

The combined use of a catalytic amount of InX3 (X = OTf and NTf2) and 1-butanol was found to be effective in formal alkyne–aldehyde metathesis. With this catalytic system, aromatic alkynes reacted ...

Field of study: Chemistry
AN ADAPTIVE IMPORTANCE SAMPLING METHOD FOR ESTIMATION OF RELIABILITY SENSITIVITY

On the basis of the simulated annealing algorithm for global optimization, an adaptive importance sampling method is presented for evaluation of reliability sensitivity. In the presented method, the simulated annealing optimization is employed to seek, in the failure region gradually, the most probable failure point used as the sampling center of the adaptive importance sampling function. The samples generated by the adaptive importance sampling functions are utilized to estimate the reliability sensitivity. The reliability sensitivity evaluation, the variance and the variation coefficient of the evaluation are derived for the adaptive importance sampling based on the reliability sensitivity method. Compared to the Monte-Carlo method through the demonstration of examples, it can be observed that the presented method is more efficient.

Field of study: Engineering
Late Holocene rupture behavior and earthquake chronology on the Hope fault, New Zealand

The Hope fault is the most active and southernmost splay of the Marlborough fault system in the northern South Island of New Zealand. The fault consists of five geometrically defined segments. We used trenching to acquire paleoseismic data and radiocarbon dating of faulted late Holocene sediments on the Hurunui segment of the Hope fault to derive an earthquake chronology that extends from the historic 1888 Mw 7.1 Amuri earthquake to ca. 300 C.E., thereby providing the longest chronologic record of earthquakes on the Hope fault to date. Earthquake event horizons were identified by upward fault terminations, colluvial wedges, unconformities, and/or progressive folding of shutter basin deposits. Six earthquakes identified at C.E. 1888, 1740−1840, 1479−1623, 819−1092, 439−551, and 373−419 indicate a mean recurrence interval of ∼298 ± 88 yr, with successive median interevent times ranging from 98 to 595 yr. The large variance in interevent times with respect to mean recurrence interval is explained by (1) possible coalescence of rupture overlap from the adjacent Hope River segment onto the Hurunui segment at our study site (including the 1888 Mw 7.1 Amuri earthquake, sourced primarily from the Hope River segment), which results in apparently shorter interevent times at the study site compared to mean recurrence intervals from adjacent fault segments, (2) possible earthquake temporal clustering on the Hurunui segment, which could result in interevent times that are significantly shorter or longer than interevent times and mean recurrence intervals predicted by a periodic earthquake rupture model, and/or (3) “missing” events, which could result in interevent times and mean recurrence intervals at the study site that are longer than the actual mean recurrence interval. While we cannot exclude option 3 as a possibility, we prefer options 1 and 2 to explain earthquake chronologies and rupture behavior on the Hurunui segment of the Hope fault, given the detailed nature of our geologic and chronologic investigations. By demonstrating that the 1888 Amuri earthquake propagated through a proposed segment boundary, we provide the first evidence for coseismic multisegment ruptures on the Hope fault. In contrast, the penultimate earthquake ruptured the Hurunui segment at 1740−1840 C.E. with no known rupture of the Hope River segment. Paleoearthquake records near geometrically complex segment structural boundaries on major strike-slip faults may show temporal recurrence distributions resulting from earthquake ruptures that variably arrest or propagate through proposed segment boundaries. We note that earthquake recurrence along major strike-slip plate-boundary faults may vary between more periodic and more episodic end members, even on adjacent, geometrically defined segments.

Field of study: Geology
The structure of 99Ru from (α,3n) reaction


The results of in-beam investigations of excited states of 99Ru using the 98Mo(α,3n) reaction are presented. Angular distributions of γ–rays and γ–γ coincidences have been measured. Excited states have been identified up to an energy of E = 5603 keV and spin of Iπ= 31/2−. Mean lifetimes τ have been determined using the DSA method for eleven levels. Aligned angular momenta are discussed and the probable (νh11/2) origin of a backbending at frequency about 0.5 MeV was confirmed. The possible role of (νd5/2) alignment at frequencies above 0.5 MeV was pointed out.

Field of study: Physics
A Rare Case of Pediatric Bullous Spontaneous Acute Urticaria

Acute spontaneous bullous urticaria is an extremely rare entity, and there are few reports with blister formation in acute urticaria patients.  We present a 2-year-old girl who was admitted for bullous spontaneous acute urticaria; the underlying reason for this was not detected. Nikolsky’s sign and Darier’s sign were negative. Lesions were not compatible with erythema multiforme. However, biopsy was not allowed to be performed. Because of this, the underlying pathogenesis could not be clarified. The patient recovered by a short course of antihistamine and systemic steroid treatment, and the lesions did not recur during a 2-year follow-up.  Short-term systemic steroid in addition to oral antihistamines resulted in prompt recovery in a patient with acute urticaria complicated by bullae.

Field of study: Medicine
Early Cretaceous foreland-like Northeastern Qaidam Basin, Tibetan Plateau and its tectonic implications: Insights from sedimentary investigations, detrital zircon U–Pb analyses and seismic profiling

The Early Cretaceous collision between the Lhasa and Qiangtang terranes is one of the critical tectonic events that shaped the southern margin of the Eurasian continent, and that impacted the formation of the Cenozoic Tibetan Plateau. However, how far north this collision affected the structural and sedimentary geology of the Early Cretaceous remains uncertain. To address this issue, we present results from an integrated study of Lower Cretaceous strata in the Northeastern Qaidam Basin (NEQB), northern Tibetan Plateau, based on field observations, detrital zircon U–Pb analyses, and seismic profile interpretations. The Lower Cretaceous mainly consists of deltaic, fluvial, and alluvial sandstone and conglomerate with a pattern of orogeny-related molasse deposits and a provenance in the nearby South Qilian Shan to the north. A number of south-directed reverse faults developed and formed piggy-back basins in the Early Cretaceous. These reverse faults remained active and affected erosion during the Late Cretaceous, leaving an unconformity above the Cretaceous strata. These observations indicate a foreland-like NEQB due to the uplift and southward thrusting of the South Qilian Shan in the Early Cretaceous. We further interpreted the NEQB and the South Qilian Shan to be the northern edge of the compressional regime associated with the Lhasa-Qiangtang collision in the Early Cretaceous, which contrasts with the contemporaneous extensional setting in the North Qilian Shan and further north. We also observed that some Early Cretaceous faults were rejuvenated as major thrusts in the South Qilian Shan thrust belt in the Cenozoic. For the first time, this study maps the northern boundary of the Late Mesozoic Qiangtang Plateau and highlights a protracted influence on Tibetan Plateau tectonism since the Early Cretaceous.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
A Method for Software Reuse in Information and Control Software Systems Development

We propose a reuse-oriented development method to improve productivity and reliability in software development. Using this method, which we call VOA(Variation Oriented Approach), developers can get wellstructured system specifications. In VOA, Specifications are described a hierarchically structured fragments. Each fragment is affected by a single factor. Specifications are structured from three relations of fragments: sequence, selection and iteration. We can elaborate a framework and black box parts based on structured fragments. This method has following effects. System users can define specification by selection of variation, thereby they can positively select reusable specification, and they can reduce cost for definition of system specification. This method can be applied not only to software reuse, but also to document reuse. This paper also describes case study applying VOA to steel rolling plant control system.

Field of study: Computer science
Matrix metalloproteinase expression in nonrheumatic aortic stenosis.

Nonrheumatic aortic stenosis (NAS) is considered to be a degenerative process characterized by valve thickening, fibrocalcific masses, collagen disarray, and an inflammatory infiltrate. The matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a family of zinc- and calcium-dependent enzymes produced by inflammatory cells that are capable of degrading collagen, elastin, and proteoglycans. This study sought to test the hypothesis that MMPs are involved in the pathogenesis of NAS.



Aortic values were obtained from nine patients with NAS undergoing valve replacement and from four patients without NAS during autopsy. Microscopic analysis of NAS specimens revealed variable areas of calcium deposits, fibrosis, and an extensive cellular infiltrate consisting of macrophages, lymphocytes, and fibroblasts. Control aortic valves demonstrated normal architecture, a predominance of fibroblasts, occasional scattered macrophages, and no lymphocytes. Immunohistochemical staining with antibodies to MMP-1, -2, -3 and -9 revealed expression of each enzyme in macrophages, lymphocytes, and fibroblasts of all NAS patients. MMP-1, -2 and -3 were expressed by resident fibroblasts and macrophages in normal valves, but to a lesser degree. MMP-9 was not identified in normal valves.



The current study confirms an inflammatory infiltrate composed of macrophages and lymphocytes in NAS. Additionally, the increased expression of MMP-1, -2, and -3, along with the unique expression of MMP-9 in NAS valve leaflets was documented. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that NAS is associated with chronic inflammation and that the increased expression of MMPs may contribute to the pathogenesis of this disease process.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Characterization of strain relaxation in low-defect-density thin single and step-graded germanium buffer layers by high-resolution two-dimensional x-ray diffraction mapping

Double-crystal x-ray diffraction rocking curves and two-dimensional reciprocal space mapping (2D-RSM) are utilized to characterize the degree of strain relaxation, lattice parameters and assessment of defect propagation in two growth approaches to yield relaxed germanium buffer layers on silicon substrates. Two schemes are investigated: direct epitaxy of a single relaxed buffer layer (SE-RBL) and step-graded multiple relaxed buffer layers (GM-RBLs). The characteristics of these two growth schemes offer prospects of a much thinner grown layer compared with previously reported approaches. Two-dimensional reciprocal space mapping shows that an SE-RBL with a thickness of less than 0.35??m has a superior quality over the GM-RBLs. A high relaxation factor (R = 0.986?0.002) is obtained from the asymmetric (113) 2D-RSM of the SE-RBL with 100% Ge content. Further, the ratios of full width at half maximum of the layer to substrate FWHM (L/S) of nearly unity for both ? and ?/2? scan directions imply a very high-quality crystalline relaxed buffer layer is realized. The 2D-RSM of the material deposited using the GM-RBL scheme, the first of its kind regarding the total grown thickness (approximately 6??m), also show a mosaic final Ge buffer layer with an indication of reduction of dislocation density.

Field of study: Materials science
Technology and the pursuit of economic growth

Technology's contribution to economic growth and competitiveness has been the subject of vigorous debate in recent years. This book demonstrates the importance of a historical perspective in understanding the role of technological innovation in the economy. The authors examine key episodes and institutions in the development of the U.S. research system and in the development of the research systems of other industrial economies. They argue that the large potential contributions of economics to the understanding of technology and economic growth have been constrained by the narrow theoretical framework employed within neoclassical economies. A richer framework, they believe, will support a more fruitful dialogue among economists, policymakers, and managers on the organization of public and private institutions for innovation. David Mowery is Associate Professor of Business and Public Policy at the School of Business Administration, University of California, Berkeley. Nathan S. Rosenberg is Fairleigh Dickinson Professor of Economics at Stanford University. He is the author of Inside the Black Box: Technology and Economics (CUP, 1983).

Field of study: Economics, History
'Almost' Subsidy-Free Spatial Pricing in a Multi-Dimensional Setting

Consider a population of citizens uniformly spread over the entire plane, that faces a problem of locating public facilities to be used by its members. The cost of every facility is financed by its users, who also face an idiosyncratic private access cost to the facility. We assume that the facilities' cost is independent of location and access costs are linear with respect to the Euclidean distance. We show that an external intervention that covers 0.19% of the facility cost is sufficient to guarantee secession-proofness or no cross-subsidization, where no group of individuals is charged more than its stand alone cost incurred if it had acted on its own. Moreover, we demonstrate that in this case the Rawlsian access pricing is the only secession-proof allocation.

Field of study: Economics
Public Opinion and the Welfare State: The United States in Comparative Perspective

To what extent do citizens of the United States and other countries prefer particular social welfare policies? How have these opinions changed over the last twenty years? What have been the effects of these preferences on government policies? This article reviews some of the empirical English language literature that has directly or indirectly considered these matters by examining nationallevel survey data. ' Although we initially expected an investigation of this research to be a mammoth undertaking, we found that the literature was not very extensive.

Field of study: Political science
Functional Analysis of Challenging Behavior in People with Severe Intellectual Disabilities

Challenging behaviors exhibited by individuals with developmental disabilities often hinder the acquisition of academic, social, and life skills. Functional analysis has been useful for assessing challenging behavior in various settings. The purpose of this study was to implement an operant methodology for recognizing the functional properties of challenging behavior in people with intellectual disabilities. Four adults diagnosed with profound intellectual disability received assessment under several experimental conditions using a functional analysis methodology: social attention as positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement such as the termination of demands, positive tangible reinforcements, absence of social contingencies, and escape from noisy stimuli. Results showed that different types of reinforcement or avoiding contingencies affected the rate of aggression, self-injury, disruption, stereotypy, or socially offensive behaviors, and functional analysis may potentially be a viable alternative for identifying challenging behaviors.

Field of study: Psychology
Stability regions in predator-prey systems with constant-rate prey harvesting

SummaryWe analyze the global behavior of a predator-prey system, modelled by a pair of non-linear ordinary differential equations, under constant-rate prey harvesting. By methods analogous to those used to study predator harvesting, we characterize the theoretically possible structures and transitions. With the aid of a computer simulation we construct examples to show which of these transitions can be realized in a biologically plausible model.

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics
Study on Simulation Based on GPS Base Band Signals Acquisition Algorithm

Aiming at navigation needs in low signal to noise ratio environment,GPS base band signals acquisition algorithm in low signal to noise ratio environment is introduced,signals process flow and acquisition performance of algorithm based on circular correlation are studied in detail.The real GPS data is obtained by means of the special equipment,the acquisition algorithm is simulated using matlab.It can be seen from theoretical analysis and simulation that GPS base band signals acquisition algorithm based on circular correlation is capable of detecting GPS signals in low signal to noise ratio environment,and improving detection sensitivity of GPS receiver.

Field of study: Computer science
Multi-GeV Electron Linac-Pulse Stretcher Design Options

The Linac-Pulse Stretcher Ring system is evaluated as a design for a high duty factor (> 90%), intense (240 ¿A), electron accelerator for operation in the 0.5 to multi-GeV (> 4 GeV) region. Options within this system are discussed in light of their predicted initial and operational cost, flexibility, and reliability. The ramifications of the choice of a particular cavity type, accelerating gradient, repetition rate, beam pulse length, and number of beam recirculations for the linac design are discussed both with respect to the linac itself and to the Pulse Stretcher Ring. The Pulse Stretcher Ring concept is analysed in terms of injection schemes (single or multi-turn), extraction methods (half or third integer, chromatic or achromatic), and operation parameters (machine tune and chromaticity).

Field of study: Physics
Impact of the hydrocarbon to NOx ratio on secondary organic aerosol formation.

A series of m-xylene/NOx experiments were conducted in the new Bourns College of Engineering-Center for Environmental Research and Technology dual 90 m3 indoor smog chamber to elucidate the role of NOx on the secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation potential of m-xylene. The results presented herein demonstrate a clear dependence of m-xylene SOA formation potential on NOx, particularly at atmospherically relevant organic aerosol concentration. Experiments with lower NOx levels generated considerably more organic aerosol mass than did experiments with higher NOx levels when reacted m-xylene was held constant. For example, SOA formation from approximately 150 microg m(-3) reacted m-xylene produced 0.6-9.3 microg m(-3) aerosol mass for NOx concentrations ranging from 286 to 10 ppb. The increase in SOA formation was not attributable to changes in ozone and nitrate concentration. A general discussion about possible influences of NOx on SOA formation for this system is included.

Field of study: Environmental science
Implementation of the FIRM (Foley Insertion, Removal, and Maintenance) protocol in skilled nursing facilities

The purpose of this study was to determine the feasibility and outcomes of the implementation of an evidence based protocol, Foley Insertion Removal and Maintenance (FIRM) for the use and care management of indwelling urinary catheters (IUC) for skilled nursing facilities (SNF). The protocol consists of an order set for insertion, maintenance, and removal complemented with an education program for health care providers of SNF.  It was implemented over a six month period in two SNF.  Prospective chart review following implementation revealed an 11.3 rate of IUC per month.  Documentation of the indication for placement of an IUC was 98.5%.  Retrospective chart review revealed a lower use of IUC prior to implementation of the protocol but the lack of documentation of orders for IUC artificially reduced the rate.  FIRM protocol is advocated as a facility policy with a nurse champion to facilitate implementation and surveillance.

Field of study: Medicine