nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
New AMS dates, stratigraphic correlations and decadal climatic cycles for the past 4 ka at Lake Turkana, Kenya

New AMS radiocarbon dates and stratigraphic correlations of 7 piston cores recovered from Lake Turkana, East Africa, show that the frequency of cyclic variability is greater than previously reported for a single piston core. Almost 60 new AMS dates of various carbonate fractions indicate that large (150 μm) ostracode carapaces yield the most accurate chronology for the sediment record due to the input of “old” fine-grained carbonate. Stratigraphic correlations among the cores by carbonate abundance and magnetic susceptibility profiles provide supporting evidence for the ostracode-based chronology. This chronology refines earlier estimates of sediment accumulation that impacts the recurrence interval of lamination deposition from one lamination every two years to one lamination per year in two north basin cores. The record of carbonate content within the north basin of the lake reflect its dilution with terrigenous sediments input from the Omo River but direct paleoclimatic interpretations are complicated by lateral migrations of the delta channels with changing lake levels. Time-series analysis of both individual cores and a combined carbonate profile show significant spectral peaks at 1000, 76, 32, 22, 18.6 and 11 yr. The latter three suggest an important link between the sediments accumulating in Lake Turkana and global cycles of climatic variability.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
PAS-1, a protein from Ascaris suum, modulates allergic inflammation via IL-10 and IFN-gamma, but not IL-12.

Helminths and their products have a profound immunomodulatory effect upon the inductive and effector phases of inflammatory responses, including allergy. We have demonstrated that PAS-1, a protein isolated from Ascaris suum worms, has an inhibitory effect on lung allergic inflammation due to its ability to down-regulate eosinophilic inflammation, Th2 cytokine release and IgE antibody production. Here, we investigated the role of IL-12, IFN-gamma and IL-10 in the PAS-1-induced inhibitory mechanism using a murine model of asthma. Wild type C57BL/6, IL-12(-/-), IFN-gamma(-/-) and IL-10(-/-) mice were immunized with PAS-1 and/or OVA and challenged with the same antigens intranasally. The suppressive effect of PAS-1 was demonstrated on the cellular influx into airways, with reduction of eosinophil number and eosinophil peroxidase activity in OVA+PAS-1-immunized wild type mice. This effect well correlated with a significant reduction in the levels of IL-4, IL-5, IL-13 and eotaxin in BAL fluid. Levels of IgE and IgG1 antibodies were also impaired in serum from these mice. The inhibitory activity of PAS-1 was also observed in IL-12(-/-) mice, but not in IFN-gamma(-/-) and IL-10(-/-) animals. These data show that IFN-gamma and IL-10, but not IL-12, play an important role in the PAS-1 modulatory effect.

Field of study: Medicine
교사와 부모의 유아 성교육에 대한 인식, 필요성에 미치는 요인 및 교육시기 요구에 관한 차이 비교 연구

이 연구에서는 유아교육기관과 가정에서 상호연계 가능한 유아 성교육 프로그램 개발 및 체계적인 유아 성교육을 위한 자료 제공을 목적으로 대구 경북지역 교사와 부모를 대상으로 아래와 같은 연구문제를 알아보고자 설문조사하여 자료를 분석하였다. 1. 유아 성교육에 대한 교사와 부모의 인식 차이를 알아본다. 2. 유아 성교육 운영 및 교육활동에 대한 교사와 부모의 인식 차이를 알아본다. 3. 유아 성교육을 위한 교육적 지원방법에 대한 교사와 부모의 인식 차이를 알아본다. 4. 유아 성교육 내용의 중요도에 대한 교사와 부모의 인식 차이를 알아본다. 5. 유아 성교육 필요성에 영향을 미치는 요인에 대해 교사와 부모의 차이를 알아본다. 6. 유아 성교육 세부내용별 교육시기에 대한 교사와 부모의 인식 및 요구 시기 차이를 알아본다. 수집된 설문지 472부를 최종 분석하여 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 첫째. 유아 성교육에 대한 교사와 부모의 인식 차이는 전반적으로 교사가 부모에 비해서 유아 성교육에 대한 인식이 높았으며 과거 선행연구와 비해 교사 부모 모두 인식이 높아진 것으로 나타났다. 성교육의 가장 중요한 목적으로 교사는 ‘남녀의 역할과 특성을 이해하고 존중하는 태도 육성’을 부모는 ‘성에 대한 건전한 태도 육성’을 상대적으로 더 높게 인식하여 차이를 보였다. 성교육을 시작하는 적절한 시기는 교사는 만 3-4세, 부모는 만 5-6세를 보여 상대적으로 교사가 부모에 비해 조기 성교육의 필요성을 강하게 인식하였다. 둘째, 유아 성교육 운영 및 교육활동관련 교육자료 · 교재 구비현황은 교사와 부모모두 부족한 편이지만 부모가 교사보다 더 부족하였다. 유아 성교육을 실시할 때 어려움을 느낀 이유는 교사의 경우 ‘체계적인 성교육 프로그램이 없기 때문에’‘, ‘부모의 경우는 ‘성교육의 내용과 방법을 몰라서’로 나타났다. 셋째, 유아 성교육을 위한 교육적 지원방법에 대한 교사와 부모 인식에서는 유아성교육 지도를 위한 교육의 필요성에 대해서는 부모가 교사보다 더 높게 인식하고 있었다. 유아 성교육 지도를 위한 효율적인 지원 방안으로 교사와 부모 모두 ‘체계적인 유아 성교육을 위한 프로그램의 개발’이 가장 높게 나타났다. 넷째 유아 성교육 내용의 중요도에 대한 교사와 부모 인식은 성폭력 가해 및 예방에 관한 교육’에 대한 중요도를 가장 높게 인식하고 있었으나 과거에 비해 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 교사는 일반적 특성에 따라 차이가 없었으나 부모는 일반적 특성에 따라 인식 및 세부내용별 요구하는 교육시기 차이가 있었다. 부모의 나이가 젊을수록 학력이 낮을수록 유아의 연령이 만 4세 이상일수록 자녀가 남아일수록 성교육의 내용의 중요도에 대한 인식이 높게 나타났다. 다섯째 유아 성교육 필요성에 영향을 미치는 요인을 분석한 결과는 교사는 일반적 특성에 따라서는 필요성에 영향을 미치는 요인이 차이나지 않았으나 부모들은 연령, 학력, 자녀성별, 자녀연령 등 부모의 일반적 특성 대부분이 유아 성교육 필요성에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 이런 결과는 부모를 위한 체계적인 성교육시스템이나 지원방법이 부족하여 교사들처럼 지도능력의 평준화가 이뤄질 기회가 적었기 때문이다. 여섯째 유아 성교육 세부내용별 요구하는 교육시기에 대한 인식 차이는 교사가 부모보다 어린 연령에 성교육을 시작하고자 요구하였고 평균적인 성교육 요구 시기는 교사는 만 3.96세, 부모는 만 4.61세를 요구하였다.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Regulation of protein synthesis in root, shoot and embryonic tissues of germinating barley during salinity stress

Protein synthesis during seed germination, a stage vulnerable to salinity stress, was investigated. The responses of barley genotypes, CM72 (California Mariout 72) and Prato, toward salinity were different during seed germination. Germination of CM72 was unaffected up to 0.34 kmol m−3 (2%) NaCl, but that of Prato was reduced 30% by 0.17 kmol m 3 NaCl and 75% by 0.34 kmol m−3 NaCl. Therefore, the former genotype is relatively more salt-tolerant than the latter. Protein synthesis in roots, shoots, and embryos was investigated in these two genotypes before and after salinity stress. The uptake of S-methionine and its incorporation into protein were significantly reduced by salinity in both genotypes. The inhibition of global protein synthesis was significant in roots and shoots. Proteins from different tissues were resolved by single and two dimensional gels. The steady-state protein levels were maintained remarkably well during salinity stress in roots and shoots. Likewise, proteins in germinating embryos were stable except for a 42-kilodalton protein unique to the salt tolerant genotype which was apparently degraded during salinity stress. Salinity, around 0.34 kmol m−3 NaCl, induced both quantitative and qualitative changes in the expression of some proteins labelled in vivo. The quantitative changes included repression or enhancement of synthesis of selected groups of proteins. Around 8% of the nearly 400 resolved proteins in a tissue was affected this way. Some of the proteins in this category were specific to each genotype. About 1 % of the total showed qualitative changes; these proteins were expressed only during salinity stress. In roots, two proteins (28, 41.7 kilodaltons) were detected in CM72 and five (28, 45, 60.5, 76.5, 82.5 kilodaltons) in Prato; only the 28-kilodalton protein was common to both genotypes. In shoots, four proteins (45, 60.5, 76.5, 82.5 kilodaltons) were found only in Prato and these were similar to those induced in roots. The four new proteins (32, 37.5, 89, 92 kilodaltons) in germinating embryos were apparently induced only in CM72; these were distinctly different from those detected in developed roots and shoots. The unique protein changes induced by salinity stress during germination (this study) and seedling growth studies reported earlier (Ramagopal, 1987b) are apparently different. The findings demonstrate that ontogeny plays an important role in the expression of tissue-specific proteins during salinity stress in the salt tolerant and sensitive barley genotypes.

Field of study: Environmental science
E2 transitions between positive- and negative-parity states of the ground-state alternating-parity bands

Experimental transition probabilities between states of the ground-state alternating-parity bands of 144Ba and their theoretical analysis are presented. Lifetimes of states in 144Ba have been measured using the recoil distance method following spontaneous fission of 252Cf. The experiment was performed at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory employing the Gammasphere array and the New Yale Plunger Device. The experimental data show a significantly larger value of the E2 transition probability between the negative-parity states compared to the positive-parity ones. It is shown that this effect can be explained by a higher weight of the deformed component in the wave functions of the odd-I states. In the framework of the cluster approach it is explained by a higher weight of the alpha-cluster component in the wave function of the negative-parity states compared to the positive-parity ones. In the framework of the traditional collective model with the quadrupole and octupole degrees of freedom the same effect is explained by a higher value of the quadrupole deformation at the minima of the potential energy as a function of β20 and β30 compared to its value at the top of the barrier separating two physically equivalent minima, having opposite signs of the octupole deformation. Additionally, the dependence on parity of the E2 transition probability is analyzed qualitatively in nuclei with a minimum at β30 = 0 in the collective potential energy and compared to experimental data for 148Nd.

Field of study: Physics
Design and Numerical Simulation of Casting Process for Steel Casting Worm-gear Boxseat

The casting process of steel casting JH-14 worm-gear boxseat was designed by using traditional methods.According to the complex structural characteristics of the worm-gear boxseat,the two side pouring sprues were adopted,and the two open risers along with chills were designed on the top of the casting to ensure progressive solidification.The 3-D model of the casting was built and the Viewcast casting simulation software was employed to simulate the solidification process of the steel casting.The simulation shows that the shrinkage defects forms at the thick shell and the joint of the shell.According to the results and combining with theoretical analysis,the casting process was improved by increasing the size of riser neck and chills and adding the number of the riser.The results show that the shrinkage only appears at the riser because the progressive solidification is achieved,the shrinkages in the casting are avoided.Then the reasonable casting process is obtained.

Field of study: Materials science
Identification of an Endoglin Variant Associated With HCV-Related Liver Fibrosis Progression by Next-Generation Sequencing

Despite the astonishing progress in treating chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection with direct-acting antiviral agents, liver fibrosis remains a major health concern in HCV infected patients, in particular due to the treatment cost and insufficient HCV screening in many countries. Only a fraction of patients with chronic HCV infection develop liver fibrosis. While there is evidence that host genetic factors are involved in the development of liver fibrosis, the common variants identified so far, in particular by genome-wide association studies, were found to have limited effects. Here, we conducted an exome association study in 88 highly selected HCV-infected patients with and without fibrosis. A strategy focusing on TGF-β pathway genes revealed an enrichment in rare variants of the endoglin gene (ENG) in fibrosis patients. Replication studies in additional cohorts (617 patients) identified one specific ENG variant, Thr5Met, with an overall odds ratio for fibrosis development in carriers of 3.04 (1.39–6.69). Our results suggest that endoglin, a key player in TGF-β signaling, is involved in HCV-related liver fibrogenesis.

Field of study: Biology
Design of a wavefront shearing interferometer useful for testing large aperture optical systems

The construction of a Drew type variable shear wavefront shearing interferometer, useful for testing optical systems of large aperture and short focal length, is described. The mechanical arangement, used for adjustment of the mirrors and the dividing plate, and a novel arrangement to achieve white light compensation easily, are described. Sheared interferograms of some lenses are shown.

Field of study: Physics
Solventless Sample Preparation for Pesticides Analysis in Environmental Water Samples Using Solid‐Phase Microextraction‐High Resolution Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (SPME‐HRGC/MS)

Solid‐phase micro‐extraction (SPME) coupled on line with high resolution gas chromatography and mass spectrometric detection is described for the analysis of pesticides in environmental water samples. Experiments were performed in order to optimize the SPME extraction conditions for selected pesticides including tiomethon, trichorfon, dimethoate, diazinon, malathion, dicofol, methidathion, ethion, bromopropylate and pyrazophos from spiked water solutions. To enhance the SPME efficiency, experimental conditions including the fiber composition, stirring rate, temperature, adsorption time, desorption time and salt concentration were optimized. After validation, the SPME‐GC/MS methodology was applied to real‐world environmental water samples.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Positive sentiment and knowledge increase tolerance towards conservation actions

People generally possess certain basic ideas and values towards biodiversity, influencing their personal evaluation of a conservation situation or action and their attitude towards nature and its conservation. Here, we apply knowledge on human attitudes to an interesting socio-ecological system, the case of mitigating the devastating infectious amphibian disease chytridiomycosis in the Pyrenean Mountains, a touristic region. We conducted a questionnaire survey directly in mountain areas (n = 418) and on the internet (n = 868) to investigate whether attitudes towards amphibians influenced support of five possible conservation actions. We further analyzed whether attitudes were influenced by peoples’ use of the mountains, their socio-economic backgrounds, and their general knowledge of amphibians. Our study shows that all but one conservation measure were well accepted by the public. Importantly, the restrictions people would accept were linked to the attitudes the respondents had towards amphibians and how informed they were regarding the current status of amphibians. Our study highlights the importance of ensuring sufficient education and information for the public and suggests that it is necessary to explore and discuss several conservation options with the public before implementing conservation measures that may not be perceived equally.

Field of study: Environmental science
Oxygen nonstoichiometry and electrical conductivity of the solid solutions La2-xSrxNiOy (0≤x≤0.5)

Oxygen nonstoichiometry and electrical resistance of a series La 2− x Sr x NiO y solid solutions, where x =0.0, 0.2 and 0.5 in argon flows at oxygen partial pressures 1.5, 10.2, 49.2, 100 and 286 Pa within the temperature range of 20–1050°C were studied. Nickelate oxygen desorption/sorption spectra when heating–cooling at constant rate demonstrated strong dependence of cation composition of the samples. Unlike La 1.5 Sr 0.5 NiO y compounds those of La 2 NiO y and La 1.8 Sr 0.2 NiO y have weakly bonded oxygen, capable to exchange reversibly with the gas phase at the temperatures higher than 250°C. The equilibrium values of oxygen nonstoichiometry and specific resistance for the these nickelates were determined at 300–1050°C and p O 2 =1.5–286 Pa as a functions of temperature versus oxygen partial pressure. All nickelate studied appear to be p-type conductors with metal electric conductivity at equilibrium states.

Field of study: Materials science
Creoles and Government: The Cabildo of Popayán

C ITIES WERE ONE of the building blocks of empire in Spanish America. Their construction mirrored the Iberian past and the ordering ideals of the Castilian state. They also were the place where the aspirations of men and the demands of the American environment met. Ultimately, cities were the locus of political and social power that organized town and countryside alike for its purposes. Whose power was that? Was it the Crown's and that of its local agents? Or did it belong to a local aristocracy secure in its control of local affairs? This article attempts to answer these questions, not comprehensively but by looking at one town alone. Over the course of several generations, who were the members of this town's upper stratum, and what positions did they hold? Did they run local affairs, or were they subject to outside control? Was continuity or mobility the hallmark of this stratum; i.e., was it more an aristocracy than an elite? The particular combination of formal construction and complex reality manifest in the Spanish colonial city has not quite received the attention it deserves. The reasons for this comparative neglect lie in the pronounced limitations of the conventional city records, in the disregard shown until recently for the Creole elite and the disproportionate attention paid to the countryside-disproportionate only when compared with the neglect of the cities. The actas de cabildo, the best known town records, are a highly formalized kind of source. To derive from them a formalistic pattern of politics approaching decadence would be as misleading as to deduce from the formulae of land tenure the operational character of farming. While it is true that Spanish settlers were prone to follow Hispanic patterns in politics, they were also likely to manipulate them and, if needs be, to modify them for their own ends. The actual configuration of politics was usually the

Field of study: History
Behavioral contrast and relative reinforcement frequency in two multiple schedules.

After preliminary variable-interval training, one group of pigeons was trained on a series of multiple variable-interval low-rate reinforcement schedules, while another group was trained on a series of multiple variable-interval fixed-ratio reinforcement schedules. Contrast effects were observed as variable-interval baseline rate changed in a direction away from the change in reinforcement frequency in the other component. The effects of the variable-interval component on performance in the low-rate and fixed-ratio reinforcement components in the multiple schedules were assessed by comparing the birds' performances on each of these schedules alone. Fixed-ratio reinforcement schedules showed a susceptibility to contrast effects, low-rate reinforcement schedules did not. The rate of reinforcement in fixed-ratio schedules at which no interaction occurred in the multiple schedules was higher than that in variable-interval 1-min schedules, suggesting that pigeons may prefer time-based, rather than response-based, reinforcement.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Giftedness Among Handicapped Children: Identification and Programming Development

The gifted child may appear in programs designed for handicapped children because giftedness is found in all student groups. Three relevant tasks are discussed: (a) developing staff sensitivity to the existence of gifted students who are also handicapped; (b) formulating an identification process that will not allow the weaknesses of children to mask their giftedness; and (c) developing a transdisciplinary team approach composed of regular class teachers, special program teachers, and gifted program teachers all working together with parents in creating an individualized educational program for each child. Within the identification process a major new element is the Teacher Observational Item (TOI) list, which contains 7 generally accepted indicators of giftedness that appear to not be influenced by a diverse culture, disadvantaged background, or handicapping condition.

Field of study: Education
Psychiatric symptoms, cognitive stress and vulnerability factors. A study in a remand prison.

In a consecutive sample of 208 male prisoners interviewed on the tenth day (T1) after entry, high levels of psychiatric symptoms as measured by the GHQ were recorded. These GHQ scores were strongly correlated with perceived worries and concerns of the prisoners ('cognitive stress'). After 60 days of detention (T2), a significant fall in GHQ scores was observed, and they were still correlated with cognitive stress. A significant negative correlation between cognitive stress at T1 and GHQ scores at T2 was observed. The relationship between potential vulnerability factors (life experiences, social network, personality factors) and GHQ scores was not strong at either T1 or T2. Psychiatric symptoms are common during the early phase of imprisonment but are not durable.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Simulation of Linear Motor Based on Fuzzy PID Controller

In the control of linear motor, the fuzzy PID controller combine the advantage of traditional PID control and fuzzy control, the system is based on PID control undergoing immediate correction of parameters by the fuzzy controller. So the fuzzy PID controller can get a better performance that the traditional PID control can’t reach and through simulation experiments to show that the PID controller results in greater advantages, achieving effects beyond traditional PID. Have a better dynamic stability, especially in overshoot where it can be reduced up to ten percent. It also increases the robustness against outer interference.

Field of study: Engineering
Aquaporin-3 Attenuates Oxidative Stress-Induced Nucleus Pulposus Cell Apoptosis Through Regulating the P38 MAPK Pathway

Previous studies have shown that oxidative damage is a main contributor to disc nucleus pulposus (NP) cell apoptosis. Aquaporin-3 (AQP-3) facilitates reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging and thus alleviates oxidative injury in other cells. This study aims to investigate the role and mechanism of AQP-3 in regulating NP cell apoptosis under oxidative damage.  Rat NP cells were treated with H2O2 for 48 hours, while control NP cells were free of H2O2. Recombinant AQP-3 lentiviral vectors were used to investigate the effect of enhanced AQP-3 expression levels in NP cells. NP cell apoptosis was assessed by flow cytometry, caspase-3 activity, gene expression of apoptosis-related molecules (Bax, Bcl-2 and caspase-3), and protein expression of cellular apoptosis markers (cleaved PARP and cleaved caspase-3). Additionally, intracellular ROS content and activity of the p38 MAPK pathway were evaluated.  Compared with the control NP cells, oxidative damage in the treatment cells significantly increased cell apoptosis ratios and caspase-3 activity, upregulated gene expression of Bax and caspase-3, downregulated gene expression of Bcl-2, and increased protein expression of cleaved PARP and cleaved caspase-3, as well as increased intracellular ROS content and activity of the p38 MAPK pathway. However, AQP-3 overexpression partly alleviated cell apoptosis, decreased intracellular ROS content, and inhibited the p38 MAPK pathway in NP cells under oxidative damage.  Oxidative damage can significantly downregulate AQP-3 expression. Enhancing AQP-3 expression in NP cells partly attenuates cellular apoptosis through regulating the p38 MAPK pathway under oxidative damage.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Hopf bifurcation and transition to chaos in Lotka-Volterra equation

It is shown that in a suitable class of Lotka-Volterra systems it is possible to characterize the centre-critical case of the Hopf bifurcation of the multipopulation equilibrium. Moreover, for three populations, it is shown that, in the non-critical case, Hopf bifurcation is supercritical. Numerical evidence of transition to chaotic dynamics, via period-doubling cascades, from the limit cycle is reported.

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics
Teatralidades y carnaval: danzantes y color en Puebla de los Angeles (review)

This is an outstanding contribution to the unavoidable and unresolved issue of the “indigenous” in Latin American cultural history that has occupied critics of the stature of Luis Villoro, Ángel Rama, Antonio Cornejo Polar, Amaryll Chanady, Jorge Klor de Alva, and Gordon Brotherston. Sá’s study brings a significant cultural area and a neglected group of texts to this debate. Sá has written a superb book: erudite, sophisticated, and informative. Furthermore, this is a study with a refreshing political and ethical position, against all the common reactionary disenchantment of our times.

Field of study: History