nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Hard X-ray self-seeding commissioning at PAL-XFEL.

A wake monochromator based on a large-area diamond single crystal for hard X-ray self-seeding has been successfully installed and commissioned in the hard X-ray free-electron laser (FEL) at the Pohang Accelerator Laboratory with international collaboration. For this commissioning, the self-seeding was demonstrated with a low bunch charge (40 pC) and the nominal bunch charge (180 pC) of self-amplified spontaneous emission (SASE) operation. The FEL pulse lengths were estimated as 7 fs and 29.5 fs, respectively. In both cases, the average spectral brightness increased by more than three times compared with the SASE mode. The self-seeding experiment was demonstrated for the first time using a crystal with a thickness of 30 µm, and a narrow bandwidth of 0.22 eV (full width at half-maximum) was obtained at 8.3 keV, which confirmed the functionality of a crystal with such a small thickness. In the nominal bunch-charge self-seeding experiment, the histogram of the intensity integrated over a 1 eV bandwidth showed a well defined Gaussian profile, which is evidence of the saturated FEL and a minimal electron-energy jitter (∼1.2 × 10-4) effect. The corresponding low photon-energy jitter (∼2.4 × 10-4) of the SASE FEL pulse, which is two times lower than the Pierce parameter, enabled the seeding power to be maximized by maintaining the spectral overlap between SASE FEL gain and the monochromator.

Field of study: Physics
Oxygen 1s ELNES study of perovskites (Ca,Sr,Ba)TiO3.

The O K-edge spectra of perovskites XTiO3 with X=Ca, Sr and Ba have been measured using electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) and are analyzed using the ab initio full multiple-scattering (MS) calculations. The near-edge structures arise mainly from covalency by direct and/or indirect interaction between oxygen and metal. The coordination number of the cation and the site symmetry also influence the spectral shape and structures. Comparison of full MS simulations of different clusters around the excited atom allows to interpret and correlate the features present in the spectra of each compound to its specific atomic arrangement and electronic structure.

Field of study: Physics
Thermal degradation analysis of deuterium-ion-implanted V25Cr40Ti35 using synchrotron radiation photoelectron spectroscopy

The thermal degradation of a native oxide layer on the hydrogen storage alloy V25Cr40Ti35 and the thermal desorption property of deuterium molecules were studied by synchrotron radiation soft X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and thermal desorption mass spectrometry. Photoelectron spectra of O-1s, C-1s, V-2p, Cr-2p, and Ti-2p were observed for an as-received sample and a deuterium-ion-implanted one. Although the oxide layer changed dramatically by thermal annealing between 373 K and 473 K for the un-implanted sample, the change of the deuterium-ion-implanted sample was lying between 473 K and 573 K corresponding to D2 desorption. The implantation of deuterium resulted in the stabilization of the surface oxide layer by approximately 100 deg.

Field of study: Computer science
A Case for Regulating Corporate Governance for SMEs in Ghana

Small and Medium-Scale Enterprises (SMEs) are an integral part of every nation’s economic activity. They play an important role in nation building. It is believed that as they grow and expand the economy also grows. Corporate governance involves the systems and processes that are put in place to promote accountability and compliance by organizations to ensure value is created for the owners of the investment. Unfortunately, SMEs in Ghana have been left out of the corporate governance idea, because all the regulations and code of best practices on corporate governance concern mostly large corporate bodies and listed firms. With all the challenges that SMEs are faced with, the researcher tries to make a strong case for the regulation of corporate governance specifically for these SMEs to ensure they are better managed. Adopting the literature review method, the researcher reviewed various publications about the challenges that SMEs face in Ghana. Various researchers in this subject matter have established a lot of challenges faced by SMEs, these challenges exist in both the internal and external environments of these businesses. The author is of the opinion that most of the internal challenges are a result of corporate governance lapses, and if these lapses are addressed properly, it would help mitigate the challenges that emanate from the external environment. The recommendation therefore, is that a code of corporate governance for SMEs is necessary to help sustain their survival and growth.

Field of study: Business
Studies on the transporting and targeting of Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus ODV - E18.

The envelope proteins of Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AcMNPV) occlusion-derived virus are synthesized in cytosolic plasma of their host cells, transported and assembled in the nuclei of the cells. The mechanism of protein transporting and targeting is of quite interest to us. In this study, a recombinant virus expressing the fusion protein of E18 and Flag marker peptide under AcMNPV polyhedrin promoter was constructed. Immunofluorescence was used to localize E18 in the recombinant virus infected cells and yeast two hybrid system was employed to find out the possible transporting protein which binds with E18. Our preliminary results showed that E18 existed first in the nuclei in the form of microvesicle-the intranuclear membrane structure and it might be transported into the nuclei through the interaction with another AcMNPV envelope protein-ODV-E66, the latter has been reported containing a 23-amino-acid sequence which is sufficient to direct reporter proteins to nucleus.

Field of study: Biology
Ureterovaginalfistel, a distal portion complication of the ureter injury - Case report

In the female complication of the distal portion of the ureter injury is the ureterovaginal fistula, seen most often after the Wertheim hysterectomy. The true incidence of the disease is difficult to ascertain in the literature. Incontinence isthe first symptom of the ureterovaginal fistula patient. An IVP, RPG, cystography, cystoscopy and double dye test investigations are to be advocated for diagnosis of the disease. Ureterovaginal fistula is repaired by standard ureteroneocystostomy, incorporating an antirefluxing submucosal tunnel.  Wertheim hysterectomy - ureterovaginal fistula - incontinence - ureteroneocystostomy - ureter injury

Field of study: Medicine
Zur Absorption der belichteten Silberhalogenidkristalle mit Chalkogenionenzusätzen

ZusammenfassungDas Verhalten der Absorptionsbanden, die infolge Bestrahlung dotierter Silberhalogenide in Abhängigkeit von der Temperatur entstehen, wird durch ein von uns schon früher angenommenes Modell qualitativ begründet. Es wird gezeigt, daß sowohl die Lage als auch die Stabilität der einzelnen Banden mit charakteristischem Verhalten verständlich gemacht werden können.

Field of study: Physics
Water-food-energy challenges in India: political economy of the sugar industry

Sugar is the second largest agro-based industry in India and has a major influence on the country's water, food, and energy security. In this paper, we use a nexus approach to assess India's interconnected water-food-energy challenges, with a specific focus on the political economy of the sugar industry in Maharashtra, one of the country's largest sugar producing states. Our work underscores three points. First, the governmental support of the sugar industry is likely to persist because policymakers are intricately tied to that industry. Entrenched political interests have continued policies that incentivize sugar production. As surplus sugar has been produced, the government introduced additional policies to reduce this excess and thereby protect the sugar industry. Second, although the sugar economy is important to India, sugar policies have had detrimental effects on both water and nutrition. Long-standing government support for sugarcane pricing and sales has expanded water-intensive sugarcane irrigation in low-rainfall areas in Maharashtra, which has reduced the state's freshwater resources and restricted irrigation of more nutritious crops. Despite its poor nutritional value, empty-calorie sugar has been subsidized through the public distribution system. Third, the Indian government is now promoting sugar-based ethanol production. This policy has the benefit of providing greater energy security and creating a new demand for surplus sugar in the Indian market. Our analysis shows that a national biofuel policy promoting the production of ethanol from sugarcane juice versus directly from molasses may help reduce subsidized sugar for human consumption without necessarily expanding water and land use for additional production of sugarcane.

Field of study: Environmental science
Ethics in the Academic Profession. A Socratic View.

University teachers have become increasingly concerned with professional ethics, particularly medical, legal, and business ethics. However, they have not given similar attention to the ethical issues associated with their own profession, though important moral issues do arise in university teaching. A major reason for this omission is that college teaching is not recognized as a distinct profession. Much has been written about the professional responsibilities of scientists, psychologists, and philosophers, but I would like to present a case for recognizing college teaching as a distinct professional activity, one with its own purposes and obligations. In this article I will focus on the humanities and the teaching of values, but much of what I say will have implications for other areas of university teaching as well. I will employ a Socratic view of professional responsibility and claim that university teachers have a social obligation to help other citizens, both inside and outside the classroom, formulate reasoned principles for themselves. And I will contend, more controversially perhaps, that to be an advocate for particular substantive positions is inconsistent with this responsibility.

Field of study: Education
Family-gene Based Model for Network Authentication

Inspired by the natural trust principle of mankind,a family-gene based model for network authentication,referred to as FBNA,is proposed.The concepts and formal definitions of network-family,family-member,family-gene,and aberrance-gene of the model are presented.Then the bionic mechanisms of gene-assignment and gene-signature are built,and the algorithms of network-family construction and gene-certificate generation are described.Finally,the identity of users and network devices are authenticated through analyzing their gene codes.By using FBNA,the deficiencies of the traditional authentication techniques,such as inferior safety of passwords,high communication traffic of PKI,and ambiguity of X.509 certificates are overcome to a certain degree.Our theoretical analysis and simulation results show that the proposed method is an efficient novel solution to network authentication.

Field of study: Computer science
Humoral immune responses against the malaria vaccine candidate antigen Plasmodium vivax AMA-1 and IL-4 gene polymorphisms in individuals living in an endemic area of the Brazilian Amazon.

Several studies have recently demonstrated that the immune responses against malaria is governed by different factors, including the genetic components of the host. The IL-4 gene appears to be a strong candidate factor because of its role in the regulation of the Th2 response. The present study investigated the role of IL-4 polymorphisms in the development of IgG antibodies against PvAMA-1 and the IL-4 levels in individuals infected with Plasmodium vivax in a malaria endemic area in the Brazilian Amazon.



The study sample included 83 patients who were diagnosed with P. vivax infection using thick smear and confirmed by nested-PCR. The IL-4 -590C>T and IL-4 -33C>T polymorphisms were genotyped by PCR-RFLP, and the intron 3 VNTR was genotyped by PCR. A standardised ELISA protocol was used to measure the total IgG against PvAMA-1. The cytokine/chemokine levels were measured using a Milliplex multiplex assay (Millipore). All of the subjects were genotyped with 48 ancestry informative markers to determine the proportions of African, European and Amerindian ancestry using STRUCTURE software.



Of the 83 patients, 60 (73%) produced IgG antibodies against PvAMA-1. A significant decrease in the percentage of respondents was observed among the primo-infected individuals. No significant differences were observed in the frequencies of genotypes and haplotypes among individuals who were positive or negative for IgG antibodies against PvAMA-1. Furthermore, no significant correlation was observed between the IL-4 polymorphisms, antibody levels, IL-4 levels, and parasitemia.



This study indicated that the polymorphisms identified in the IL-4 gene are not likely to play a role in the regulation of the antibody response against PvAMA-1 and IL-4 production in vivax malaria.

Field of study: Medicine
Cyclone frequency during the last 5000 years at Curacoa Island, north Queensland, Australia

A series of storm deposits at Curacoa Island, a steep bedrock island in the Palm Group, north Queensland, record the passage of cyclonic events. Storm ridge accretion occurs when cyclonic waves and surge combine to transport coarse sediment, mostly broken coral, onto the shore and deposit it above normal tidal levels. Narrow fringing reefs at Curacoa act as a rapidly replenished sediment source, augmented by lithic gravel transported longshore. Beachface, stormberm, ridge platform and washover deposits can accrete during a single event. A series of storm ridges were examined via stratigraphic pits and trenches on two traverses; deposits from 22 events were identified and their ages were determined using 68 radiocarbon dates from coral clasts. Most dates from each storm deposit formed statistically accordant groups. Only 15% of the dates were older than the group ages and were interpreted as reworked specimens. Accordant ages within each group were combined and converted to calibrated radiocarbon ages. Ridge ages decrease uniformly with distance from the oldest ridge, indicating uniform depositional processes over the last 5000 years. A time series of storm deposit ages indicates that cyclone frequency was statistically constant over the last 5000 years. This suggests that cyclone frequency may not have been affected by sea surface temperatures in the region, which appear to have been about 1°C warmer about 5000 years ago (Gagan, M.K., Ayliffe, L., Hopley, D., Cali, J., Mortimer, G., Chappell, J., McCulloch, M., Head, M.J., 1998. Temperature and surface water balance of the mid-Holocene tropical western Pacific. Science 279, 1014–1018).

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Measurement and modeling of condensation heat transfer in non-circular microchannels

Heat transfer coefficients in six non-circular horizontal microchannels (0.424 < Dh < 0.839 mm) of different shapes during condensation of refrigerant R134a over the mass flux range 150 < G < 750 kg m−2 s−1 were measured in this study. The channels included barrel-shaped, N-shaped, rectangular, square, and triangular extruded tubes, and a channel with a W-shaped corrugated insert that yielded triangular microchannels. The thermal amplification technique developed and reported in earlier work by the authors is used to measure the heat transfer coefficients across the vapor-liquid dome in small increments of vapor quality. Results from previous work by the authors on condensation flow mechanisms in microchannel geometries were used to interpret the results based on the applicable flow regimes. The effect of tube shape was also considered in deciding the applicable flow regime.  These models predict the data significantly better than the other available correlations in the literature.

Field of study: Engineering
The optical parameters and memory switching of amorphous Se70Te15Bi15 thin films

Films of Se70Te15Bi15 were deposited at room temperature, using thermal evaporation on the glass and pyrographite substrates. The X-ray diffraction pattern confirmed that Se70Te15Bi15 films have an amorphous nature. Optical properties of a-Se70Te15Bi15 films were characterized by using spectrophotometric measurements of transmittance and reflectance in the spectral range (400-2500 nm). The refractive index dispersion curve shows an anomalous dispersion in the absorption region and a normal one in the transmitted region.Analysis of the dependence of absorption coefficient iÂÂÂi in the photon energy reveals allowed indirect transitions with energy gap iÂÂÂ»1.72eV.Optical dispersion parameters according toWemple andDidomenco model were determined. The temperature dependence of the electrical resistance shows parallel straight lines, which indicate single activation energy iÂÂÂÂÂÂEiÂÂÂ³ independent on the filmthickness. Study of static and dynamic current voltage (IÂÂÂÂV) characteristics for a-Se70Te15Bi15 films reveals amemory switch. The mean value of switching voltage Vth increases with increasing the film thickness and decreases with increasing temperature. The value of switching voltage activation energy a was calculated. The calculated ratio iÂÂÂ¥iÂÂÂ¯iÂÂÂÂÂÂEiÂÂÂ³ = 0.54 is nearly to be 0.5, obtained theoretically on the basis of electrothermalmodel. Therefore, the switching phenomenonin a-Se70Te15Bi15 films can be explained according to a physical model based on the electrothermal breakdown theory.

Field of study: Materials science
Assessing stream dwelling caddisfly assemblages (Insecta: Trichoptera) collected by light traps in Hungary

In the present study the conservation status of light trap-collected stream dwelling caddisfly assemblages was evaluated on the basis of original data and also from the literature representing different regions in Hungary. Altogether the catches of eight complete seasons were compared. Species richness, diversity and endangerment indices as well as a newly introduced rarity index (RI) expressing the average rarity of the collected species in Hungary were calculated to evaluate the conservation status of the streams in the Bakony, Börzsöny and Bükk Mountains and in the Zala Hills. The results highlight the importance of streams in maintaining endangered species of caddisfly in Hungary and bring to attention the fact that species richness or diversity are not necessarily the best indicators of conservation status of caddisfly assemblages. Indicators, for instance RI, which take into consideration the general rarity of the species seem to reflect more sharply conservation status and thus are more appropriate for the assessment of caddisfly assemblages.

Field of study: Environmental science
4-Amino-2-Aryl-3-Cyano-1,2-Dihydropyrimido-[1,2-a]Benzimidazoles AND their Pyrimidine Analogs as New Anticancer Agents

A multicomponent condensation between 2-aminobenzimidazole, malononitrile, and an aryl or heteroaryl aldehyde was used for the synthesis of 4-amino-2-aryl-3-cyano-1,2-dihydropyrimido-[1,2-a]benzimidazoles. In addition, a new method of synthesis of the corresponding pyrimido-[2,1-a]benzimidazole derivatives was developed. These syntheses were used to prepare a library of 4-amino-2-aryl-3-cyano-1,2-dihydropyrimido[1,2-a]benzimidazoles and their corresponding pyrimido-[2,1-a]benzimidazole derivatives. This library of compounds was then tested against pancreatic and breast cancer cell lines. A number of compounds were found to possess notable anticancer activity.

Field of study: Chemistry
Modelling the sensitivity of suspended sediment profiles to tidal current and wave conditions

Seawater turbidity due to suspended particulate material (SPM) is an important property of a marine ecosystem, determining the underwater light environment and many aspects of biological production and ecology. SPM concentrations are largely determined by patterns of sediment resuspension from the seabed due to shear stress caused by waves and currents. Hence planning for the construction of large scale offshore structures which will alter regional hydrodynamics needs to consider the consequences for SPM concentrations. Here we develop a one-dimensional (vertical) model of SPM dynamics which can be used to scope the effects of changes in wave and tidal current properties at a site. We implement the model for a number of sites off the east coast of Scotland where we have extensive data sets to enable numerical parameter optimisation. The model performs well at simulating fluctuations in turbidity varying from flood-ebb tidal cycles, spring-neap cycles, storm wave events, and an annual cycle of SPM concentration which is attributed to seasonal consolidation of seabed sediments. Sensitivity analysis shows that, for the range of seabed sediment types in the study (water depth 16–50 m; mud content 0.006–0.380 proportion by weight), relatively large (50%) attenuations of tidal current speed are required to produce changes in water column turbidity which would be detectable by observations given the variability in measurements. The model has potential for application to map the large scale sensitivity of turbidity distributions to the installation of wave and tidal energy extraction arrays.

Field of study: Environmental science
Neural dynamics underlying impaired autonomic and conditioned responses following amygdala and orbitofrontal lesions.

A neural model is presented that explains how outcome-specific learning modulates affect, decision-making, and Pavlovian conditioned approach responses. The model addresses how brain regions responsible for affective learning and habit learning interact and answers a central question: What are the relative contributions of the amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex to emotion and behavior? In the model, the amygdala calculates outcome value while the orbitofrontal cortex influences attention and conditioned responding by assigning value information to stimuli. Model simulations replicate autonomic, electrophysiological, and behavioral data associated with three tasks commonly used to assay these phenomena: Food consumption, Pavlovian conditioning, and visual discrimination. Interactions of the basal ganglia and amygdala with sensory and orbitofrontal cortices enable the model to replicate the complex pattern of spared and impaired behavioral and emotional capacities seen following lesions of the amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology