nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Residential hybrid ventilation: Airflow and heat transfer optimisation of a convector using computational fluid dynamics

Hybrid ventilation systems suitable for residential applications are being developed to reduce the energy demand of the housing sector. This paper describes the development and validation of a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model of a convector unit that is a component of an existing residential hybrid system. The system incorporates a wall-mounted convector unit that controls ventilation airflow rate and air temperature. Airflow is provided by natural driving forces; a mechanical exhaust fan is used at times of low natural driving forces. The CFD model was used to study the aerodynamics and heat transfer processes of the convector unit with the aim of optimising system performance. Based on the modelling results, alterations to the geometry of a set of louvre blades inside the convector unit are suggested. The new louvre geometry prevents the formation of an airflow separation zone inside the convector unit. This improvement reduces the energy requirements of the system by reducing the convector air resistance by 20% and by increasing the thermal effectiveness of its heat exchanger.

Field of study: Engineering
Extraction of Epimedium polysaccharides by microwave-assisted technology and the antibacterial activity

The microwave assisted extraction of polysaccharides from epimedium was studied.The orthogonal test was adopted to determine the optimum extraction technology,based on the result of single factor influence.The best technical parameters were as followed: the proportion of material to liquid was 1:50,the extracting time of microwave was 10 min,microwave power was 400 W,under the best extracting conditions,and the recovery of the epimedium polysaccharide was 10.14%.At the same time,the antibacterial activity of epimedium polysaccharide was studied.The results showed that epimedium polysaccharide had inhibitory effects on Bacillus subtilis,Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus.The minimal inhibitory concentration of epimedium polysaccharide to Bacillus subtilis,Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were 1.6 mg/mL,0.8 mg/mL and 3.2 mg/mL.Simultaneity,epimedium polysaccharide had inhibitory effects on Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.niveum,Rice "bakanae"Gibberella fujikuroi Wollenweber and Aspergillus niger,but had no inhibitory effects on Bacillus thuringiensis,Apple Monilla leaf blight Monillina mali Whetzel,Colletotrichum lindemuthianum and Trichoderma.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Quantification techniques for dual-energy cardiac imaging.

We have previously reported a motion immune dual-energy subtraction technique in which x-ray tube voltage and x-ray beam filtration are switched at 30 Hz between 60 kVp (2.0-mm Al filter) and 120 kVp (2.0-mm Al + 2.5-mm Cu filtration). In this paper we consider the suitability of these dual-energy images for quantitative measurements of iodine thickness and volume. Optimized iodine signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) was measured as a function of phantom thickness. Using a fixed mAs, the S/N of the dual-energy images was found to decrease by sevenfold as lucite thickness increased from 10 to 25 cm. For the same increase in lucite thickness S/N for time subtraction images decreased by fivefold. Image quality in two human volunteers was subjectively judged to be good. In order to quantitate physiological parameters such as ejection fraction and left ventricular volume, energy dependent corrections for scatter and veiling glare, beam hardening, detector nonuniformity, heel effect, and uncanceled bone signals were developed. Since the dual-energy technique does not completely cancel bone, a preinjection dual-energy subtraction image was used to estimate integrated bone contributions to iodine volume measurements. In a phantom measurement simulating exercise ventriculography, the known (Vk) and videodensitometrically measured (Vm) volumes of 19 mg/cm3 solution of iodine were related by Vm = 0.95 Vk + 1.50 cm3 (r greater than 0.99).

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Hyperfine interaction mediated electric-dipole spin resonance: The role of the frequency modulation

The electron spin in a semiconductor quantum dot can be coherently controlled by an external electric field, an effect called electric-dipole spin resonance (EDSR). Several mechanisms can give rise to the EDSR effect, among which there is a hyperfine mechanism, where the spin-electric coupling is mediated by the electron–nucleus hyperfine interaction. Here, we investigate the influence of frequency modulation (FM) on the spin-flip efficiency. Our results reveal that FM plays an important role in the hyperfine mechanism. Without FM, the electric field almost cannot flip the electron spin; the spin-flip probability is only about 20%. While under FM, the spin-flip probability can be improved to approximately 70%. In particular, we find that the modulation amplitude has a lower bound, which is related to the width of the fluctuated hyperfine field.

Field of study: Physics
Why Ramsey Pricing Is Wrong: The Case of Telecommunications Regulation

In a recent telecommunications case before the Oregon Public Utility Commission, two of the PUC's staff economists suggested that improvements in social welfare would accrue if common costs were allocated on the basis of what some economists call the Inverse Elasticity Rule and others, Ramsey Pricing. The essence of this allocation principle is to allocate common costs to customer classes in proportion to the elasticity of demand of the various classes of service: those classes with inelastic demands would bear the largest share of costs, while those classes with more elastic demands would be assigned a smaller share. On cross examination these economists testified that the adoption of Ramsey Pricing would require increases in the price of basic residential service of approximately 120 percent,' resulting in loss of service to 6 percent of current subscribers2 (approximately 40,000 residential customers).3 When asked to explain how this loss of basic service to so many residential customers could be justified on social welfare grounds, they responded that lower prices for other services (such as call forwarding) resulting in expanded usage more than made up for the losses.4 When asked how many new sign-ups for call forwarding would justify the loss of basic service to one household, the response was, "11 1."I Finally, when asked whether their analysis took into consider-

Field of study: Economics
Average and local structure analysis of metastable LixMn0.9Ti0.1O2 by synchrotron X-ray and neutron sources

The layered LixMn0.9Ti0.1O2 as a cathode material for lithium-ion battery was synthesized from the precursor of Na0.7Mn0.9Ti0.1O2 via Na/Li ion exchange. The main phase of LixMn0.9Ti0.1O2 was identified as the layered rock-salt structure with space group R 3 ¯ m using the synchrotron X-ray and neutron powder diffractions. Since the change of the charge and discharge curves of the LixMn0.9Ti0.1O2 at the 4 V region was smaller than that of the unsubstituted material LixMnO2, the transformation to spinel structure was suppressed by Ti substitution. In the PDF analysis for the synchrotron X-ray and neutron total scattering data, the structure model in which a part of Mn was located at the Li site showed better fitting than the completely ordered rock-salt structure. It was suggested that the local structure of LixMn0.9Ti0.1O2 was characterized by the coordination environment locally similar to the spinel type in part of the layered rock-salt structure. The calculated bond-angle distortion (σ2 = 31(2)) of the TiO6 octahedra and the MnO6 octahedra (σ2 = 39(4)) from the local structure obtained by PDF analysis showed the effect of suppression derived from Ti on the distortion. Therefore, the cycle performance of LixMn0.9Ti0.1O2 was improved by a contribution of Ti to the structural stability.

Field of study: Materials science
Are People Becoming More Entitled Over Time? Not in New Zealand

It is a common conception that entitlement is increasing among younger generations over time. However, although there is some evidence for this trend, other findings are less conclusive. The current research investigated change in psychological entitlement across the adult lifespan for men and women (ages 19-74), using six annual waves of data (2009-2014) from the New Zealand Attitudes and Values Study (N = 10,412). We employed Cohort-Sequential Latent Growth Modeling to assess mean-level change in entitlement. Entitlement was found to be generally unchanging over time for both men and women, with only those aged 65 and above showing increasing entitlement. Entitlement showed a steady downward trend across age. These findings from a large national probability sample suggest that change in entitlement may follow a decreasing developmental trend across the lifespan. In New Zealand, at least, there is no evidence for a narcissism epidemic.

Field of study: Psychology
Structure of FH Sequences Family Based on Stream Cipher

A family of FH sequences based on stream cipher is proposed for FH communication.Given an illustration of E0 stream cipher algorithm,the FH slot numbers are composed by the output binary stream of E0.Simulation and analysis results show that the proposed FH sequences based on stream cipher have good performance in security,uniformity,correlation and so on,agree well with the demand of the FH sequences.

Field of study: Engineering
Enterocystoplasty in children with neuropathic bladders: long-term follow-up.

This study assesses clinical outcome, after at least 8 years, of augmentation done before or at puberty in neuropathic bladders.



A total of 29 children with neuropathic bladders who did not respond satisfactorily to clean intermittent catheterisation and anti-cholinergic therapy underwent enterocystoplasty at a mean age of 11.8 years (range 3-18). Twenty-one children (72.4%) had vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) and/or ureterohydronephrosis and 22 (75.8%) had dimercapto-succinic acid scars, but all had normal renal function. All patients were followed at regular intervals with urinary tract imaging, serum electrolytes, creatinine, urodynamic evaluation and 24-h urine collection. Urine cytology, cystoscopy and biopsy were performed at the end of follow-up.



Mean follow-up was 11 years (range 8-14.5) and mean age at the end of follow-up was 22.2 years (range 13.2-31). Urodynamic studies showed a significant improvement in bladder compliance in all patients. Upper urinary tract dilatation disappeared in all, VUR in 13/17 (76.4%), and no new renal scarring occurred in any patient. At the end of follow-up, renal function was normal in all according to serum creatinine, but cystatin C levels were normal in 27 and elevated in two. Significant proteinuria and low concentrations of renin and aldosterone were present in 80% and 82%, respectively. Only one patient had urinary tract infection, three had bladder stones, and in another a catheterisable channel was made. All patients were dry with normal urine cytology and cystoscopy, and no malignant lesions have been found in the biopsy specimens.



Enterocystoplasty has preserved renal function and resolved VUR and/or hydronephrosis in most patients. The future implications of proteinuria and the low serum levels of renin and aldosterone, as well as the best indicator for measuring renal function, have yet to be determined. Close, life-long follow-up, including cystoscopy, is necessary to prevent complications.

Field of study: Medicine
[Detection of the Zaire Subtype of the Ebola Virus by Isothermal Multiple Self-matching Initiated Amplification].

Given the Ebola outbreak in West Africa and the risks of spread to other regions, a rapid, sensitive and simple method for the detection of the Ebola virus (EBOV) is of great significance for the prevention and control of Ebola. We developed a simple colorimetric isothermal multiple self-matching initiated amplification (IMSA) for rapid detection of the Zaire subtype of the Ebola virus (EBOV-Z). This method employed six primers that recognized seven sites of the EBOV-Z nucleoprotein gene for amplification of nucleic acids under isothermal conditions at 63 degrees C for 1 h. Amplification products were detected through visual inspection of color change by pre-addition of hydroxyl naphthol blue dye. Relative sensitivity was validated by detection of serial tenfold dilutions of virus-like particles containing the partial EBOV-Z nucleoprotein gene and mock clinical sample. Specificity of IMSA was validated by detection of the plasma of 30 healthy volunteers, the dengue virus, and Japanese encephalitis virus. IMSA had comparable sensitivity to Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), and cross-reaction with human plasma or other viruses was not observed. Reverse transcription-isothermal multiple self-matching initiated amplification (RT-IMSA) was also evaluated and compared in parallel with the commercial RT-qPCR kit for detection of EBOV-suspected samples of human blood in Sierra Leone. Sensitivity and specificity of the RT-IMSA was 91.4% and 100%, respectively. These data suggest that RT-IMSA is a valuable tool for the detection of the EBOV with the distinct advantages of simplicity and low cost compared with RT-qPCR.

Field of study: Biology
Some statistical considerations in the burning of composite solid propellants

Propagation of a deflagration wave through a nearly ordered composite propellant is considered. The intent is to see some effects of the particle packing statistics on the propagation rate. A highly oversimplified model of the deflagration physics is considered, and only the statistics are emphasized. It is found that, for propellants of usual packing density, the least-time path of burning to a given point depends primarily on the packing statistics in a line parallel to the burn rate vector; there is little effect of particles only a few particle diameters to the side of this line. In a simplified model that may be solved analytically, there are clearly seen particle-size, pressure, and packing density effects on burn rate which are due to the statistics alone and not the deflagration physics.

Field of study: Physics
The Short-term Behaviors of Enterprises and the Restrained Way

Short-term behaviors of enterprises disobey the strategy intentions of our country.They are short of definite market places.The practical way to restrain short-term behaviors of enterprises is to link the plan of area economy development with the national macroscopic strategy hurrily and to rebuild the check system of leaders and cadres of all ranks.On the other hand,we should attach importance to the construction of the society credit system and reorganize the market order.What's more,creating the fair competition environments and raising the expect benefit of long-term behaviors are also very importance.

Field of study: Education
Meltwater and seasonality influence on Subpolar Gyre circulation during the Holocene

Dinoflagellate cyst assemblages in a marine sediment core from the Iceland Basin were used to carry out qualitative and quantitative assessments of upper ocean conditions in the northern branch of the Subpolar Gyre (SPG) during the Holocene. The data revealed that the early Holocene, i.e. prior to ~6.8 kyr B.P., experienced elevated summer sea surface temperatures (SST). In contrast, winter SST was lower compared to modern conditions. This stronger-than-present seasonality revealed by our data thus shows the influence of the early Holocene insolation forcing. Higher seasonality also dominated the reconstructed sea surface salinity (SSS) in the same period, with lower salinity during both summers and winters. The lower SSS suggests freshwater advection into the SPG, and the dinoflagellate cyst content from this interval indicates a dominant sourcing from the Canadian Labrador coast, and thus the eastern margin of the Laurentide Ice Sheet. Within this interval of low SSS, the onset of the Holocene Climate Optimum stands out by its distinct “marine” assemblage components and associated high summer SST and relative SSS increase between 9.3 and 7.8 kyr B.P. A prominent shift in the overall assemblage composition occurs at ~6.8 kyr B.P., with lower seasonality in sea surface conditions from that time onwards. Increased summer and winter SSS suggest that this change is linked to the halted influence of meltwater from the Laurentide Ice Sheet, a westward shift of the subpolar front and a contracted SPG allowing an easier northward movement of southern-sourced North Atlantic waters, contributing to and consequently sustained by the spin-up of the overturning circulation. The subpolar front appears to gradually have moved slightly eastward again between 2.8 and 1.9 kyr B.P. towards its modern-day position, with a subtle increase of elements characterized by a typical East Greenland Current signature in the Iceland Basin. Finally, spectral analyses indicate that a range of periodicities may be present in the new SSS and SST records, most notably a 2000-yr periodicity in SSS changes, although none of the periodicities are dominant in both records or throughout the time interval covered by the records.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Falling-film evaporation on horizontal tubes—a critical review

A state-of-the-art review of horizontal-tube, falling film evaporation is presented; the review is critical, in an attempt to uncover strengths and weaknesses in prior research, with the overall purpose of clearly identifying gaps in our understanding. The review covers flow-pattern studies, and the experimental parameters that affect the heat transfer performance on plain single tubes, enhanced surfaces and tube bundles. In addition, this paper presents a comprehensive review of the significant efforts to develop mathematical models, and empirical correlations for the heat transfer coefficient. Emphasis is placed on studies that are related to refrigeration applications.

Field of study: Engineering
LROD: An Overlap Detection Algorithm for Long Reads Based on k-mer Distribution

Third-generation sequencing technologies can produce large numbers of long reads, which have been widely used in many fields. When using long reads for genome assembly, overlap detection between any pair of long reads is an important step. However, the sequencing error rate of third-generation sequencing technologies is very high, and obtaining accurate overlap detection results is still a challenging task. In this study, we present a long-read overlap detection (LROD) algorithm that can improve the accuracy of overlap detection results. To detect overlaps between two long reads, LROD first retains only the solid common k-mers between them. These k-mers can simplify the process of overlap detection. Second, LROD finds a chain (i.e., candidate overlap) that includes the consistent common k-mers. In this step, LROD proposes a two-stage strategy to evaluate whether two common k-mers are consistent. Finally, LROD uses a novel strategy to determine whether the candidate overlaps are true and to revise them. To verify the performance of LROD, three simulated and three real long-read datasets are used in the experiments. Compared with two other popular methods (MHAP and Minimap2), LROD can achieve good performance in terms of the F1-score, precision and recall. LROD is available from https://github.com/luojunwei/LROD.

Field of study: Biology
Institutional Bias, Risk, and Workers’ Risk Aversion

The collapse of central planning in Central and Eastern Europe has brought greater attention to labor-managed firms (LMFs) as alternatives to both Soviet-type enterprises and conventional capitalist firms. LMFs are firms where labor either holds positions of power or is the ultimate decision-making body. LMFs are democratic organizations; decision making is based on the democratic principle of one person, one vote. This differs sharply from decision making within conventional capitalist enterprises, where decision making is based on the undemocratic principle of one share, one vote. 1 LMFs are both owned and controlled by workers. Capitalmanaged firms (CMFs) are firms where labor holds little or no ownership and exercises no control (the dominant species), or where labor nominally owns the firm, but where control is vested in managerial elites (as is often the case with Employee Stock [or Share] Ownership Plans). Workers associated with LMFs are commonly referred to as members, while workers associated with CMFs are known as employees [see Ellerman 1990 for a fuller exposition].2 An often-cited, and quite popular, explanation for the dearth of LMFs is workers' risk aversion. Risk-averse workers are said to prefer the contractually fixed remuneration granted under employee status to the income fluctuations associated with membership with LMFs  Buck 1982; Drago 1986; Fanning and McCarthy 1986; Conte 1986; Ben-Ner 1988; Dreze 1993]. Thus, risk aversion shapes organizational design; workers are said to reveal a preference for organizations that insulate them from market fluctuations. LMFs are generally believed to be a more risky option for workers. However, this paper argues that while some risks are intrinsic to the nature of entrepreneurship, other risks associated with alternative organization structures are correlated

Field of study: Economics
State-to-state scattering of metastable CO molecules from a LiF(100) surface

Survival of electronically excited, state-selected CO(a{sup 3}{Pi}) molecules scattering from a cleaved LiF(100) surface is studied. Absolute survival probabilities are determined for various impact energies. Time-of-flight profiles, angular distributions, and internal state distributions of the surviving metastable CO molecules are measured. The dependence of their translational and rotational temperatures on the incoming velocity unambiguously indicates a direct inelastic scattering process even though the angular distributions are broad, both in plane and out of plane.

Field of study: Physics
Expression of myosin regulatory light chains in rat brain: characterization of a novel isoform.

We have characterized cDNA clones of mRNAs encoding two distinct isoforms of myosin regulatory light chain expressed in rat brain. One clone, isolated from a cultured astrocyte cDNA library, is derived from a 1200-base mRNA that is expressed at high levels in cultured astrocytes, and at higher levels in the embryonic brain than in the adult brain. The nucleotide sequence of this cDNA is essentially identical to a previously reported cDNA encoding a smooth muscle isoform from rat aorta cells (Taubman et al.,  (1987) 1505-1515). The second clone hybridized to a 1300-base mRNA that is expressed abundantly in the adult brain and is the predominant species in cultured neuroblasts. Both mRNAs are expressed, to varying extents, in other muscle and nonmuscle tissues. The deduced amino acid sequences of the two isoforms differ in 4 residues out of 171. On the basis of the tissue distribution of their mRNAs and a comparison of identities among the known amino acid sequences of myosin regulatory light chains we suggest that both proteins should be considered as non-muscle isoforms. We conclude that there are at least two isoforms of the myosin regulatory light chain expressed in rat brain and that their expression is under both cell-specific and developmental regulation.

Field of study: Biology
Anti-CCP antibodies as an aid to prioritization of patients referred to the rheumatology clinic.

Sir,

As noted in your review article,1 anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies (CCP) have been shown to be more sensitive and specific for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) than the rheumatoid factor (RF).2 It is also well accepted that patients with early RA should be seen and treated as soon as possible, as there is a window of opportunity for full remission if treated within the first two years.

We operate a prioritization system for patients in a rapid-access rheumatology clinic based on information supplied by GP letters, whereby patients with suspected inflammatory joint disease (IJD) are seen …

Field of study: Medicine