nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Eric Williams and the Making of the Modern Caribbean. By Colin A. Palmer. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2006. Pp. xii, 354. Illustration. Tables. Map. Notes. Bibliography. Index. $34.95 cloth.

One recurring problem is that the author's voice (and narrative) tends to blend in with that of his sources. Historical contemporaries' own paraphrased or cited understandings often become authoritative explanations rather than a subject for probing and interrogation. Other problems include overgeneralizations displaced to an undifferentiated "Cuban" subject, and the almost complete absence of some important discursive contexts such as the legal and medical ones related to "modernity" and the state. Finally, the conflation of perhaps too many forms of dying into "suicide" without clearly distinguishing the boundaries of legitimate and illegitimate forms of self-induced death among historical subjects themselves, or the clashes between such constructions may also constitute a problem. Yet it can also present some provocative challenges.

Field of study: History
Source of 12C in Calvin Benson cycle intermediates and isoprene emitted from plant leaves fed with 13CO2.

Feeding 14CO2 was crucial to uncovering the path of carbon in photosynthesis. Feeding 13CO2 to photosynthesizing leaves emitting isoprene has been used to develop hypotheses about the sources of carbon for the methylerythritol 4-phosphate pathway, which makes the precursors for terpene synthesis in chloroplasts and bacteria. Both photosynthesis and isoprene studies found that products label very quickly (12C during photosynthesis and isoprene emission. Further, studies with isoprene showed that the proportion of slow label could vary significantly. This was interpreted as a variable contribution of carbon from sources other than the Calvin Benson cycle feeding the methylerythritol 4-phosphate pathway. Here we measured the degree of label in isoprene and photosynthetic metabolites 20 min after beginning to feed 13CO2. Isoprene labeling was the same as labeling of photosynthesis intermediates. High temperature reduced the label in isoprene and photosynthesis intermediates by the same amount indicating no role for alternative carbon sources for isoprene. A model assuming glucose, fructose, and/or sucrose reenters the Calvin Benson cycle as ribulose 5-phosphate through a cytosolic shunt involving glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase was consistent with the observations.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Local and Global Paratropic and Diatropic Ring Currents in Pyrene and Its Cyclopenta‐Fused Congeners

An ab initio distributed-origin coupled Hartree−Fock method has been used to compute the σ-, π- and total (σ+π)-current density maps of a family of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons comprising pyrene (1) and its externally cyclopenta-fused congeners 2−8. The number and the distribution of pentagons strongly affect the local patterns of induced currents, and global aromaticity is reduced as more pentagons are added to the pyrene perimeter. The pentagons in 2 and 3 have only minor effects on the pyrene core and contain cyclopenteno double bonds. In the case of the other species 4−8, in marked contrast, intense paratropic currents in the pentagons result in stepwise destruction of the 14π pyrene perimeter motif and the breaking up of the currents into single-ring contributions. The visualisation adds detail to the interpretation of Nucleus-Independent Chemical Shift (NICS) values, and the pattern of paratropic contributions can in fact, with the exception of 6 and 7, be explained qualitatively by simple Huckel−London π-electron theory.

Field of study: Chemistry
VNN3, a potential novel biomarker for benzene toxicity, is involved in 1, 4-benzoquinone induced cell proliferation.

Benzene is widely employed in the field of production, and its toxicity on biological systems has received increasing attention. Cell proliferation is a major life characteristic of living organisms. KLF15 and NOTCH1 are mature and classical genes in cell proliferation studies, particularly in the area of tumor investigation. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect and mechanism of VNN3 on cell proliferation induced by 1,4-benzoquinone (1,4-BQ), an important metabolite of benzene, and obtain a sensitive biomarker for the hazard screening and health care of benzene exposure. Normally growing AHH-1 cells were cultured in vitro and were incubated with different concentrations of 1,4-BQ (0, 10, 20, and 40 μM) for 24 h. A CCK-8 assay was used to assess the cell viability, whereas EdU was used to detect the cell proliferation of AHH-1 cells. The expression of VNN3, KLF15 and NOTCH1 was detected by real-time PCR. Moreover, a lentiviral model was constructed in AHH-1 cells to interfere with VNN3 expression. The results showed that 1,4-BQ clearly increased the expression of VNN3. Moreover, 1,4-BQ dose-dependently inhibited cell proliferation and caused increased KLF15 expression; in contrast, the NOTCH1 expression decreased in AHH-1 cells. Furthermore, following interference with the VNN3 expression, the cell proliferation inhibition and the expression of KLF15 and NOTCH1 were rescued. To further investigate the action of VNN3 in benzene hematotoxicity, we assessed it in benzene-exposed workers. The results showed that there was a remarkable correlation between the VNN3 expression and hemogram, which included RBC, NEUT and HGB. In addition, analysis of the KLF15 and NOTCH1 expression showed that the VNN3 expression was related to cell proliferation, which was consistent with the in vitro results. In conclusion, VNN3 influences cell proliferation induced by 1,4-BQ by regulating the expression of KLF15 and NOTCH1. VNN3 may represent a potential biomarker of benzene toxicity.

Field of study: Environmental science
[Intravenous immunoglobulin in treatment of autoimmune neurological diseases in children].

Though the mechanisms of action of intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIG) are not completely understood, these drugs are widely used in treatment of autoimmune diseases. In this review, we have analyzed the literature on the use of IVIG in the treatment of autoimmune diseases of the nervous system in children and discuss the management of patients basing on the recommendation of the European Federation of Neurological Societies. The efficacy of IVIG in children has been shown as first line treatment in Guillain-Barre syndrome, chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, multifocal motor neuropathy, dermatomyositis as a second-line drug in the combination with prednisolone or immunosuppressors in patients refractory to treatment with corticosteroids and cytostatics, myasthenic crisis in myasthenia gravis, exacerbations and short-term treatment of severe forms, non-responsiveness to acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, multiple sclerosis as second or third line of treatment in patients with relapsing-remitting course with intolerance to standard immunomodulatory therapy, acute multiple encephalomyelitis with no response to the treatment with high doses of corticosteroids, paraneoplastic syndromes, pharmacoresistant epilepsy and autoimmune encephalitis. Because the right choice of the drug plays a key role, in particular, in children, that determines the efficacy and safety of the treatment, we present the main approaches to the choice of the drug and schemes of treatment of autoimmune diseases of the nervous system in children.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Mothers' Accuracy in Predicting Their Children's IQs: Its Relationship to Antecedent Variables, Mothers' Academic Achievement Demands, and Children's Achievement

How accurate are mothers in judging their children's IQs? Is there a relationship between mothers' accuracy and their children's academic achievement? Are mothers' beliefs about their children's cognitive ability related to the achievement demands mothers place on their children and their children's actual academic performance? To answer these questions, we administered to 70 grade-school children the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised (WISC-R), and their mothers were asked to estimate their children's IQs. Eighty percent of the mothers gave estimates within one standard deviation of their children's IQs. Most mothers overestimated their children's IQs. Accuracy in predicting child's IQ did not vary as a function of the child's gender or age, mother's level of education or experience with children, or family's SES. The type of errors (overestimations or underestimations), however, varied by IQ. Accuracy did not predict the children's achievement or school grades, but the mothers' de...

Field of study: Education
Effects of dexamethasone and transforming growth factor-beta 2 on group II phospholipase A2 mRNA and activity levels in interleukin 1 beta- and forskolin-stimulated mesangial cells.

The expression of 14 kDa group II phospholipase A2 [also referred to as secretory PLA2 (sPLA2)] is induced in rat glomerular mesangial cells by exposure to inflammatory cytokines and forskolin, a cAMP elevating agent. Previously we have shown that dexamethasone and transforming growth factor-beta 2 (TGF-beta 2) suppress sPLA2 protein synthesis and enzyme activity induced by cytokines and forskolin. The regulation of sPLA2 by pro-inflammatory cytokines suggests that the enzyme may play a role in glomerular inflammatory reactions. In order to understand the regulation of sPLA, in more detail, we investigated whether dexamethasone and TGF-beta 2 also suppress sPLA, mRNA after its induction by either interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) or forskolin. We found that IL-1 beta-induced sPLA2 mRNA in rat mesangial cells is not down-regulated by pretreatment of the cells with dexamethasone, even at a concentration of 10 microM, which dramatically decreases sPLA2 protein levels and activity. Metabolic labelling experiments indicated that the decreased sPLA2 levels under these conditions can be explained by inhibition of the rate of sPLA2 synthesis from the elevated mRNA levels. In contrast, the forskolin-induced elevation of sPLA, mRNA is inhibited by dexamethasone in a concentration-dependent manner. Likewise, TGF-beta 2 inhibits the elevation of sPLA, mRNAs induced by either IL-1 beta or forskolin. The decrease in sPLA2 mRNA caused by TGF-beta 2 corresponds with the decrease in sPLA2 enzyme levels and activity. These data suggest that cytokine- and forskolin-induced sPLA2, expression is tightly controlled via both transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms. Furthermore, we show that pretreatment of mesangial cells with epidermal growth factor prior to stimulation with IL-1 beta or forskolin had no suppressing effect on sPLA2 levels or enzyme activity, as has been reported previously for osteoblasts.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Über die Anregung der Röntgenlinien zweiter Art

ZusammenfassungEs werden Versuche beschrieben, die Anregungsspannung derKα3,4-Linie beim Schwefel zu bestimmen. Es wurde nach der photographisch-photometrischen Methode gearbeitet; die Spannung wurde mit Hilfe der Duane-Hunt schen Grenze bestimmt. Es ergibt sich eine Anregungsspannung von 2700±25 Volt, was einerK L-Anregung entspricht.

Field of study: Physics
Exchange delays and impulsive choice in adult humans.

Choice responding by adult humans in a discrete-trial task was examined as a function of conditions that manipulated either the delay to point delivery or the delay between points and their exchange for money. In point-delay conditions, subjects chose between an "impulsive" alternative that provided a small amount of points immediately and a "self-control" alternative that provided a larger amount of points delayed by 15, 30, or 60 s. Points were exchanged for money immediately following the session. Subjects preferred the self-control alternative. In exchange-delay conditions, subjects chose between a small amount of points exchangeable for money immediately following the session and a larger amount of points exchangeable for money after 1 day, 3 weeks, or 6 weeks. A self-control preference observed for all subjects in the 1-day exchange-delay condition reversed to exclusive impulsive preference for 4 of the 6 subjects when choice conditions involved exchange delays of 3 or 6 weeks. These results show that human choice is sensitive to the manipulation of exchange delays and that impulsive preference can be obtained with exchange delays on the order of weeks.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Do Smiles Elicit More Inferences than Do Frowns? The Effect of Emotional Valence on the Production of Spontaneous Inferences

Previous work by Liu, Karasawa, and Weiner suggests that perceivers may draw more causal attributions for positive emotions than for negative emotions. If so, then perceivers may draw more inferences spontaneously for positive emotions than for negative emotions. Participants observed a short video of a target who displayed either happiness or sadness. In the first experiment, half of the participants who viewed each of these behaviors were instructed to diagnose the target's disposition and half were instructed to diagnose the target's situation. Results revealed that although participants who viewed sadness drew only the inference consistent with their instructions, participants who viewed happiness drew both dispositional and situational inferences regardless of their instructions. In a second experiment, participants were instructed to diagnose the behavior of a target who displayed either happiness or sadness. Results revealed that perceivers of happy behavior drew inferences spontaneously. Implications are discussed.

Field of study: Psychology
A novel defouling initiation method for a space cooling ASHP unit based on its measurable characteristic ambient and operating temperatures

Air source heat pumps (ASHPs) have been widely used for space cooling in recent years. When a space cooling ASHP unit is operated in an ambience with poor air quality, fouling of its outdoor coil can be easily built up, leading to a significant drop in the operating efficiency and output cooling capacity of the ASHP unit. Therefore, as a follow-up to a previous related study, a study to develop a novel defouling initiation method for the fouled outdoor coil in a space cooling ASHP unit based on its measurable characteristic ambient and operating temperatures has been carried out and the study results are reported in this paper. Firstly, a characteristic parameter of TTT, which can be evaluated based on ambient air Temperature, outdoor coil metal surface Temperature and outdoor coil outlet air Temperature, is defined. Secondly, the development of the novel defouling initiation method is detailed. Finally, further field comparative studies using the developed novel defouling initiation method have been carried out, and the study results demonstrated that the novel defouling initiation method can provide an accurate and convenient way to initiate defouling of the fouled outdoor coil in an ASHP unit at a reasonable defouling frequency to ensure its best possible operating performances.

Field of study: Engineering
The inter-sublevel optical properties of a spherical quantum dot-quantum well with and without a donor impurity

In this study, we have investigated the inter-sublevel optical properties of a core/shell/well/shell spherical quantum dot with the form of quantum dot-quantum well heterostructure. In order to determine the energy eigenvalues and corresponding wave functions, the Schr\"{o}dinger equation has been solved full numerically by using shooting method in the effective mass approximation for a finite confining potential. The inter-sublevel optical absorption and the oscillator strength between ground ($1s$) and excited ($1p$) states have been examined based on the computed energies and wave functions. Also, the effect of a hydrogenic donor impurity, located at the center of the multi-shell spherical quantum dot (MSQD), has been researched for different core radii ($R_1$), shell thicknesses ($T_s$) and well widths ($T_w$) in certain potential. It is observed that the oscillator strengths and the absorption coefficients are strongly depend on the core radii and layer thicknesses of the MSQD.

Field of study: Physics
Value of communication in agencies

Focusing on an agency model in which the agent receives private information prior to contracting, we analyze whether the principal benefits from offering the agent a menu of contracts. We show that, under certain conditions, the constraints imposed by the self-selection requirement are so restrictive that a menu of contracts has no value, i.e., the principal might as well offer a single contract based only on some jointly observed outcome. Conversely, we identify cases where a menu of contracts is valuable because it allows the principal to implement a more efficient incentive structure.

Field of study: Economics
The Measure-and-Reprogram Technique 2.0: Multi-Round Fiat-Shamir and More

We revisit recent works by Don, Fehr, Majenz and Schaffner and by Liu and Zhandry on the security of the Fiat-Shamir transformation of $\Sigma$-protocols in the quantum random oracle model (QROM). Two natural questions that arise in this context are: (1) whether the results extend to the Fiat-Shamir transformation of multi-round interactive proofs, and (2) whether Don et al.'s $O(q^2)$ loss in security is optimal. 
Firstly, we answer question (1) in the affirmative. As a byproduct of solving a technical difficulty in proving this result, we slightly improve the result of Don et al., equipping it with a cleaner bound and an even simpler proof. We apply our result to digital signature schemes showing that it can be used to prove strong security for schemes like MQDSS in the QROM. As another application we prove QROM-security of a non-interactive OR proof by Liu, Wei and Wong. 
As for question (2), we show via a Grover-search based attack that Don et al.'s quadratic security loss for the Fiat-Shamir transformation of $\Sigma$-protocols is optimal up to a small constant factor. This extends to our new multi-round result, proving it tight up to a factor that depends on the number of rounds only, i.e. is constant for any constant-round interactive proof.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
A Research into the Evaluation and Protection of Shengjinhu Wetland

An investigation has been made on wetland National Nature Reserve of Shengjinhu of Anhui Province by field survey and analysis.This paper analyzes and estimates the social and ecological and economical benefits of wetland resource of Shengjinhu.Moreover,the faced problems,reasons and the countermeasures of protecting about Shengjinhu wetland are put forward.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Characterization of endophytic bacteria from cucurbit fruits with potential benefits to agriculture in melons (Cucumis melo L.).

Endophytes are microorganisms that mainly colonize vegetative parts, but are also found in reproductive and disseminating organs, and may have beneficial characteristics. To identify microorganisms associated with the agriculturally important family, Cucurbitaceae, endophytes were initially determined in fruits of Cucumis melo Reticulatus Group 'Dulce' by a cultivation-independent approach based on fluorescence in situ hybridization using double labeling of oligonucleotide probes. Alpha-, Beta-, Gammaproteobacteria, Firmicutes and Actinobacteria were localized inside the fruits. Culturable bacteria were further isolated and identified from fruit tissues of 'Dulce', from fruits of other cultivated and wild-field-grown Cucurbitaceae, and from wild fruits growing under natural conditions. Low densities of culturable bacteria were detected in the investigated fruits, especially in four out of the five wild species, regardless of their growing environment. Substantial differences were observed between the wild and cultivated cucurbit taxa in regard to the number of colonized fruits as well as the type of endophytes. Bacillus was the most dominant genus of endophytes colonizing fruits of Cucurbitaceae. The antagonistic effects of isolated endophytes were assessed against cucurbit disease agents in dual-culture assays. Several bacterial isolates exhibited antagonistic properties against the tested plant pathogens. The identified bacteria may be useful for protecting plants not only in the field, but also for post-harvest.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
An Examination of The Distribution of Teachers’ Trust in Pupils and Parents in Nursery and Lower Primary Sections of Schools in Ibadan South-West Local Government Area of Oyo State.

This study investigated teachers’ trust in pupils and parents in the nursery and lower sections of   ten primary schools in Ibadan south west local government area of Oyo state (0-8years). Specifically, the study sought to know the level of trust teachers have in parents and pupils in their schools. It also attempted to find out the influence of teacher gender and class taught on the level of trust exhibited by the teachers to parents and pupils. The study adopted the descriptive survey design. Questionnaires whose reliability coefficient (using the Cronbach Alpha scale) was 0.73 were used to collect the data for the study. Two hundred teachers were randomly selected for the study.Results revealed that the level of trust teachers have in pupils and their parents is fairly high and that teacher gender and class do not influence the level of trust they have in parents and pupils in their respective schools. However, majority of teachers fear that pupils may cheat if they have the opportunity, which is an indication that teachers may not always trust pupils to do honest work. This is a reflection of the level of examination malpractices in the nation which teachers and parents really need to look into at this foundational level of education. Also, the study revealed that many parents do not attend Parent Teacher Association meetings. Attendance at Parent Teacher meetings is a very strong determinant of parental involvement in their children’s education and this also should be looked into by schools as it may be a tool for curbing dishonest traits in children early enough before they become serious examination malpractices and other delinquent behaviours.  teachers, trust, parents, pupils, distribution

Field of study: Education
Differential proteins of Panax Notoginseng powder inducement identified and analyzed with proteomic techniques in neural connective of Aplysia

Extract of Panax notoginseng (PNE) was separated and its saponins component containing Rb1, Rg1, Re, R1 was further identified by RP-HPLC approach synchronously. Using an analytical model of aplysia ( Notarchus leachii cirrosus Stimpson , NLCS) and a revulsant of Panax notoginseng , differential proteins of neural connective between control aplysia and experimental ones were revealed by proteomic techniques in NLCS. Whole proteins of neural connective in aplysia were optimally separated by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2D-PAGE), obtaining approximately 496 protein spots. Thirteen differential proteins of the neural connective between control aplysia and experimental one induced with EPN were compared and identified by peptide mass fingerprinting (PMF) and databases searches, respectively. These differential proteins with high match rate were primarily indicated to be Actin, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase, ABC transporter related, and methyltransferase type 12. In addition, these differential proteins were further subcellular localized by LOCtree software, which was important for the protecting neural system.

Field of study: Chemistry