nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The Contribution of the Secondary School Curriculum to Peace in Kenya.

The Kenya Government recognizes the role of peace in socio economic development as emphasized in the national anthem while the national goals of education endeavour to promote national unity, sustainable development, peace, respect for diversity, international consciousness among others. The Kenya vision 2030 underscores the need for peace and respect for human life through education and training. The study sought to establish whether there are any objective(s) in the secondary school curricula that addresses peace, whether there was content on peace education in the curricula. It further sought to establish the factors contributing to conflicts in secondary schools and assess level of teachers’ awareness of factors that contribute to peaceful co-existence among learners in secondary schools. This research used a cross-sectional survey design approach to investigate peace education outcome on learners. A sample of 59 teachers and 15 curriculum developers was chosen for the study. Data was collected using questionnaires and document analysis. The study confirmed that peace education is not sufficiently integrated in the curricula hence the secondary school curriculum may not be effectively contributing to peace in Kenya. The importance of this study lies in fact that Peace is very important for development of the country. The culture of peace ought to be inculcated in the youth through the education. Quality education is supposed to impart knowledge, skills, values and attitudes that help provide constructive alternatives mechanisms to conflict management, maintain peace in schools in the country, and even out of school. The findings of the study are critical to the curriculum developers, head teachers, teachers, education officers, parents, sponsors and the community who have a critical role to play in inculcating peace in the youth in the country.

Field of study: Education
DL‐SERYL‐GLYCYL‐DL‐ALANYL‐GLYCYL‐DL‐ALANYL‐GLYCIN

Das Hexapeptid dl-Seryl-glycyl-dl-alanyl-glycyl-dl-alanyl-glycin (I) wurde auf 2 Wegen synthetisiert und eines der 4 Racemate in kristalliner Form gewonnen. Rontgenogramm und IR-Spektrum des Peptids und der kristallinen Bereiche des Seidenfibroins zeigen viele Ubereinstimmungen.

Field of study: Chemistry
Application of Satellite Remote Sensing Technology to Monitor Rice Planting Area in Fujian Province

This study will focus on the specific physiological characteristics of rice at different stages of growth and development, the environmental background features and the spectral features it exhibits at each waveband, and compare the differences between its spectral characteristics and other features, selecting multiple periods. The satellite data, using a certain extraction method, separate early rice, middle rice and late rice to achieve early rice, mid-season and late rice planting area information extraction, and then compare the extraction results with on-site sampling survey results to comprehensively evaluate the use of MODIS multi-phase satellites. Comprehensive evaluation of matching effects is be done using MODIS multi-temporal satellite data to extract rice planting area information and spatial location.

Field of study: Engineering
An Analysis of the Impact of Angola´S Response to Illegal Immigration: A Case Study of Luanda

The study presents an overview of the situation of illegal immigrants in Angola and Africa, putting the issue in the current and historical context about the phenomenon. Moreover a deep look was necessary to have an empirical idea of the devastating effects that the phenomenon has caused not only in the affected areas but in the world at large. The research shows the current situation of Angola and the destructive affects to the national economy and as well the damages that the phenomenon caused to the entire system of Angolan government. The study also analysed the danger of failure to put in place adequate mechanisms to deal with the phenomenon. Therefore the research calls attention to all living forces of society to joint efforts and to put in place working mechanisms, in cooperation with the whole society in combating the phenomenon and minimize its effects. In another hand, there will be positive results if the international community joins synergies to combat the phenomenon, starting from the decision-makers and all the elite of the international politics once they direct their attention in combating the illegal immigration because it is an evil that stands as an umbrella that aggregates other evils such as terrorism, epidemic diseases, social pressure and others. Illegal immigration cannot be taken as an isolated case by one country or region its became an political, social and economic issue for all nations because its effects has caused dramatic changes in the development of societies and has affected the world economic growth. The presence of people who are not included in the national budget of a country will surely cause problems to the state programs and the economic pressure which determine the success of projects and the fulfillment of the goals on the national level.

Field of study: Business
A Comparative Study of Renal Parameters and Serum Calcium Levels in Birth Asphyxiated Neonates and Normal Neonates

Acute renal failure is a frequent clinical condition in neonatal intensive care units. The leading cause of neonatal acute renal failure is perinatal asphyxia. Early recognition of acute renal failure is particularly important in asphyxiated neonates, in whom a stable biochemical milieu is vital, because it facilitates the administration of appropriate fluid and electrolyte replacement. This study was done to determine the incidence of renal failure and its correlation with severity of asphyxia.  45 term neonates born with Apgar score of < 7 at 5 minutes after the birth are selected as cases and 45 term normal neonates as controls. All asphyxiated neonates (as per World Health Organization definition) with clinical features of Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy are staged by Sarnat and Sarnat staging. The relevant blood and urine investigations done at 24, 48 and 72 hours of life and urine output was monitored. The babies were managed according to standard protocol. The renal indices were calculated after 48 and 72 hours.  The incidence of renal failure was significantly higher among cases (66.67%, 30 of 45 cases). All cases had non oliguric (100%) renal failure -11 (24.44%) cases had intrinsic renal failure. The renal parameters were higher among cases and correlated with the severity of asphyxia. Hyponatremia was seen in cases and its severity correlated with asphyxia severity. The serum calcium level was lower among cases and severity of hypocalcaemia correlated with severity of asphyxia. Fractional excretion of sodium (FeNa) was higher among cases and 11 cases had value more than 3. Renal failure Index was higher among cases and 12 cases had value more than 4.  Perinatal asphyxia is an important cause of renal failure in the neonatal period. Acute renal failure in birth asphyxia is predominantly Pre renal failure and depends on the severity of asphyxia. Renal failure in birth asphyxia is predominantly non-oliguric, monitoring of urine output for renal failure alone does not help to identify renal failure. The renal parameters should be monitored and if possible the renal indices should be calculated to identify pre-renal and intrinsic renal failure.

Field of study: Medicine
Two monoclonal antibodies that discriminate between allelic variants of human low density lipoprotein.

Human low density lipoprotein shows a genetic polymorphism, the so-called Ag-system. it consists of 5 pairs of allelic epitopes, x/y, al/d, c/g, t/z, and h/i, which are localized on apolipoprotein B. We have generated a large number of monoclonal antibodies against low density lipoprotein. Two of them, D2E1 and H11G3, recognize epitopes related to this genetic polymorphism. Direct ELISA and ELISA inhibition experiments with different low density lipoproteins of known phenotype showed that D2E1 is directed against the allelic epitope c and H11G3 against d. The two antibodies were used for the characterization of low density lipoprotein in sera from different blood donors and the results compared to those obtained by passive hemagglutination using human allotypic anti-sera. Sera from homo- or heterozygous donors (which display the relevant epitope) could be distinguished from the sera of homozygous donors (which lack the epitope) with the monoclonal antibodies described.

Field of study: Biology
Sparsity-Agnostic Lasso Bandit

We consider a stochastic contextual bandit problem where the dimension $d$ of the feature vectors is potentially large, however, only a sparse subset of features of cardinality $s_0 \ll d$ affect the reward function. Essentially all existing algorithms for sparse bandits require a priori knowledge of the value of the sparsity index $s_0$. This knowledge is almost never available in practice, and misspecification of this parameter can lead to severe deterioration in the performance of existing methods. The main contribution of this paper is to propose an algorithm that does \emph{not} require prior knowledge of the sparsity index $s_0$ and establish tight regret bounds on its performance under mild conditions. We also comprehensively evaluate our proposed algorithm numerically and show that it consistently outperforms existing methods, even when the correct sparsity index is revealed to them but is kept hidden from our algorithm.

Field of study: Computer science
Energy from Cull Fruit

Cull fruits were fermented to produce ethanol, the ethanol was distilled off from the resulting beer, and the stillage was anaerobically digested to produce methane. During the first eight months, laboratory scale studies were conducted on cull fruit samples (apple, cantaloupe, grape, honeydew, orange, peach, pear, and plum). Samples were fermented in 4-L batch fermentors; the ethanol was subsequently removed from the solutions using a laboratory still; finally, the stillages were digested using 4-L batch anaerobic digesters. During the latter four months of the investigation peach culls were processed in a pilot size, batch mode, ethanol plant. The resulting stillages were fed to a 100-L, continuous mode, anaerobic digester. Sufficient methane gas was produced from the majority of the stillage tested to meet distillation energy requirements.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Scheme for achieving a continuous-wave laser operation at 1178  nm.

We report for the first time, to the best of our knowledge, a new scheme for generating the important 1178 nm laser. Based on a high-power 1018 nm fiber laser as the pump source and chemical vapor deposition diamond as the Raman gain medium, the Raman laser was capable of generating 34.6 W output power centered at 1178.02 nm. As far as we know, 34.6 W is the highest output power of a 1178 nm laser obtained within a crystalline Raman gain medium. The experimental results show the superiority of our scheme in obtaining 1178 nm laser generation.

Field of study: Physics
Contractual Limitations on the Auditor's Liability: An Uneasy Combination of Law and Accounting

Operative as from 6 April 2008, sections 532–538 of the Companies Act 2006 create a new liability limitation regime in contractual relationships between audit firms and companies in relation to the statutory audit function which overturns an almost eighty years old fundamental principle of company law. This new regime is the product of continuing pressure by the audit profession for liability reform and concern by Government regarding the market structure for audit services. This commentary critically evaluates the regime from law and accounting perspectives. It concludes by reflecting on its longer term implications for audit quality, perceptions of the audit profession and the evolution of a future research agenda.

Field of study: Law
Taking Teaching Seriously: Institutional and Individual Dilemmas.

Taking teaching "seriously" in many postsecondary institutions would be forging new, unexplored policy territory. ' In many institutions, particularly more elite ones, teaching has long been an essentially private act, at least vis-'a-vis one's colleagues and superordinates. Direct evaluation, if it occurs, is often done only by students, whose dissatisfactions are either suspect or insufficiently puissant. For that reason, teaching inadequacies alone have rarely threatened faculty. Given recent interest in assessing the quality and effectiveness of teaching and learning within the postsecondary domain, however, particularly among politicians, improving instruction may become an important institutional issue [19]. As higher education institutions attempt to regulate or monitor instructional activities of their faculty, some will purport to couple more tightly classroom competence and such ultimatejob rewards as promotion and tenure. Insuring instructional "accountability" poses complex managerial problems, including the prospect of lawsuits. Although courts will normally defer to institutional judgment, a deference that universities have aggressively demanded in all employment matters [26], the inevitable instinct of individual faculty (or faculty groups) who are unhappy with processes or outcomes will be to assert academic freedom claims, either individually or collectively.

Field of study: Education
Proposed standardized definitions for vertical resolution and uncertainty in the NDACC lidar ozone and temperature algorithms – Part 1: Vertical resolution

A standardized approach for the definition and reporting of vertical resolution of the ozone and temperature lidar profiles contributing to the Network for the Detection for Atmospheric Composition Change (NDACC) database is proposed. Two standardized definitions describing homogeneously and unequivocally the impact of vertical filtering are recommended. 
 
The first proposed definition is based on the width of the response to a Finite Impulse-type perturbation. The response is computed by convolving the filter coefficients with an impulse function, namely, a Kronecker Delta function for smoothing filters, and a Heaviside Step function for derivative filters. Once the response has been computed, the proposed standardized definition of vertical resolution is given by Δz = δz * HFWHM, where δz is the lidar’s sampling resolution and HFWHM is the full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) of the response, measured in sampling intervals. 
 
The second proposed definition relates to digital filtering theory. After applying a Laplace Transform to a set of filter coefficients, the filter’s gain characterizing the effect of the filter on the signal in the frequency-domain is computed, from which the cut-off frequency fC, defined as the frequency at which the gain equals 0.5, is computed. Vertical resolution is then defined by Δz = δz ⁄ (2fC). Unlike common practice in the field of spectral analysis, a factor 2fC instead of fC is constrained here to yield vertical resolution values nearly equal to the values obtained with the impulse response definition using the same filter coefficients. When using either of the proposed definitions, unsmoothed signals yield the best possible vertical resolution Δz = δz (one sampling bin). 
 
Numerical tools were developed to support the implementation of these definitions across all NDACC lidar groups. The tools consist of ready-to-use “plug-in” routines written in several programming languages that can be inserted into any lidar data processing software and called each time a filtering operation occurs in the data processing chain.

Field of study: Environmental science
Developmental origins of perfectionism among African American youth.

The present study used a person-centered latent variable approach to classify types of perfectionism among 6th-grade African American children living in an urban setting. In particular, the authors were interested in determining whether an adaptive subtype could be found and validated against external criteria. The authors also attempted to identify any developmental precursors that could reliably differentiate the perfectionist subtypes. A social learning and competence framework was used to select potential 1st-grade risk and protective factors for future perfectionism profiles. Four classes best described the children's perfectionism scores in 6th grade. Three of these classes resembled the profiles most commonly seen in prior perfectionism research (Non-Critical/Adaptive, Critical/Maladaptive, and Non-Perfectionist). The fourth class, Non-Striving, was characterized by extremely low levels of reported personal standards. Sixth-grade correlates confirmed the distinctiveness of these classes. In particular, the Critical/Maladaptive and Non-Striving classes had higher rates of internalizing symptoms and disorders. Additionally, several 1st-grade predictors suggested unique developmental origins of these classes. The Critical/Maladaptive class was characterized by lower academic skills and elevated teacher-rated attention problems, hyperactivity, shyness, and peer rejection. The Non-Striving class had higher rates of family alcohol problems and lower levels of parent praise. Implications regarding the universal and culture-specific origins and effects of perfectionism are discussed.

Field of study: Psychology
Quantifying the forces needed for ureteral stent removal: Initial evaluation of magnetic stent removal devices on benchtop and porcine models.

Indwelling ureteral stents are commonly used in pediatric surgeries for kidney stones and urinary tract obstruction, but often require instrumentation or anesthesia for removal. We evaluated the use of novel magnet devices to remove indwelling ureteral stents with a distally attached magnetic bead. Since the forces required for stent removal are unknown, we aimed to characterize and quantify the forces required for stent removal for future prototype testing.



A custom 3-D urinary tract model was used for benchtop testing, and 6 female porcine subjects were used for in vivo testing after obtaining institutional approval. A modified porcine urethral model that patterned the human female urethral anatomy with approximately 4.5 cm urethral length was used. A HF-10 digital force gauge measured the force required to remove stents with varying properties (stent size, presence of curl, and size of distal magnetic bead). These force measurements were compared to the quantified magnetic forces generated by external magnets and catheter tip magnets. Furthermore, the magnetic retrieval devices were tested with various magnetic beads on both benchtop and porcine models.



The required force for removal of a 5 Fr x 14 cm double J stent was significantly higher in the benchtop model compared to the porcine model (4.7N v. 0.8N, p < 0.001). Forces of at least 1N were required from the external magnets to move the stent and bead across a 4-5 cm distance from the bladder neck to the urethral meatus. External magnets at a distance of 4-5 cm produced insufficient forces for removal, and thus they failed to remove the magnetic bead and stent from the bladder. The catheter-based retrieval device showed better success with a variety of different magnet pairs on the retrieval device and stent. Furthermore, the addition of saline to the bladder allowed for better retrieval rates of the smallest beads, even by the smallest magnetic tip catheters.



The forces required for ureteral stent removal are <1N in the porcine model, and improved benchtop models that emulate such parameters will facilitate future stent removal device testing. Given this threshold, external magnets did not generate sufficient force for stent removal at the required distance of 4-5 cm, whereas catheter tip magnetic retrieval overcomes the minimum distance limitation and showed successful retrieval. While these results are encouraging, further studies will define the optimal combination of catheter magnetic tip size and stent magnetic bead size.

Field of study: Medicine
Evaluation of Insecticides Against White grubs, Holotrichia spp. Damaging Potatoes

The findings of a replicated field experiment conducted for four years (1989, 90, 91 & 92) to evalute the relative efficacy of insecticides against white grubs, Holotrichia spp., key-pests of potatoes in north-western hilly regions, revealed that although all the insecticidal treatments were effective in minimising the grub damage, spraying of ridges with chlorpyrifos 20EC thrice each time @ 0.5kg a.i./ha after diluting in 1250 litres of water, registered maximum protection to potatoes. This treatment was respectively followed by the same insecticide sprayed twice, once and granular application of quinalphos 5 G near plants base, just before earthing.

Field of study: Biology
NON-STATIONARY RANDOM VIBRATION AND PEAK VALUE ESTIMATION OF TRAINS PASSING OVER BRIDGE DURING HORIZONTAL EARTHQUAKE

Non-stationary random vibration and peak value estimation of 3-D train-bridge systems subjected to the action of lateral horizontal earthquake are investigated based on the pseudo-excitation method(PEM).The lateral horizontal earthquake is assumed to be a uniformly modulated non-stationary random process,while the excitations of track irregularity are assumed to be multi-phase uniformly modulated non-stationary random excitations.The pseudo-excitation method is extended and applied to transform the random excitations due to horizontal earthquake and track irregularities into a series of deterministic pseudo harmonic excitations respectively.And then the corresponding pseudo responses are solved by using the precise integration method(PIM) iteratively.By this means,various non-stationary random responses including the time-dependent PSD and RMS of interested quantities can be obtained easily.Furthermore,a new estimation method of peak value for such non-stationary random responses is suggested based on first-passage failure criteria.The effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed method are justified numerically by the time history method,and the influence of site type on random responses of the system is discussed.

Field of study: Engineering
In-line wavefront aberration adjustment of a projection lens for a lithographic tool using the dominant mode method.

Aberration adjustment is of great importance in the lithographic process of integrated circuit manufacturing due to the pressure variance, lens thermal effects, overlay correction, and 3D mask effects. With the objective of removing the crosstalk effect, as well as reducing computational complexity during in-line application, a dominant mode method is proposed to adjust the aberrations of the projection lens for a lithographic tool. Theoretical definitions and corresponding calculations of dominant modes are proposed to select the compensators of the projection lens and to build the control matrix for compensator settings. The proposed method is successfully applied in a practical aberration adjustment of the projection lens in a lithographic tool, and the results demonstrate its feasibility and performance.

Field of study: Physics
Analysis of dispersive optical constant of as deposited and annealed SnO2 thin films

Films of SnO2 were prepared by the spray pyrolysis technique onto glass substrate heated up to 500°C. Optical absorption measurements in the wavelength range 300-900 nm were studied and confirmed that annealing films at 550oC for different annealing time has a significant effect on the optical properties of the films. The optical constants confirmthat SnO2 films have an indirect band gap that decreased from3.3 to 3.1eV as the annealing time increases to 3hrs. The dispersion of the refractive index was analyzed using the concept of a single oscillator. The values of the single oscillator energy Eo were 6.6, 6.57, 6.48 and 6.18eV, while the dispersion energy Ed valueswere 94, 82, 77, and 70 for the as deposited and the annealed films for 1, 2, and 3hrs respectively. The increase in the density of localized states Eu from595 to 667meVcauses an expanding in theUrbach tail and consequently decreases the energy gap.

Field of study: Materials science