nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Infrared Stable Supersymmetry in Chern-Simons Theories with Matter and Quenched Disorder

We study Abelian Chern-Simons field theories with matter fields and global SU(N) symmetry in the presence of random weak quenched disorder. In the absence of disorder these theories possess N=2 supersymmetric fixed points and N=1 supersymmetric fixed lines in the infra-red limit. We show that although the presence of disorder forbids any supersymmetry of the bare action, infra-red stable supersymmetric fixed points and fixed lines are realized in the disorder-averaged effective theories.

Field of study: Physics
Response to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole in Wegener's granulomatosis depends on the phase of disease.

We prospectively studied trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (T/S) in inducing remission in 'initial phase' Wegener's granulomatosis (WG), and in sustaining remission in generalized WG, in 72 patients in various disease stages. Nineteen patients with initial phase WG received T/S (2 x 960 mg/day). Another 24 patients with generalized WG received the same dose of T/S (group A) and were compared with 21 patients receiving no further treatment after standard therapy (group B). Eight patients were given T/S plus low-dose prednisone (group C). Eleven of 19 patients (58%) with initial phase WG achieved complete or partial remission lasting a median 43 months (range 6-88 months). Of the remaining eight (42%), five showed local disease progression, and three developed generalized WG. In group A (T/S alone, generalized WG), 10/24 (42%) suffered a relapse after a median 13 months (range 4-58 months). In group B (generalized WG, no further treatment) 29% of patients relapsed after a median 22.5 months (range 18-26 months). All eight patients treated with T/S plus low-dose prednisone (group C) suffered serious relapse after 2-24 months. T/S induced long-term remission in > 50% of patients with initial phase WG; however, neither T/S alone nor T/S plus low-dose prednisone sustained remission in generalized WG.

Field of study: Medicine
On the Education of the Peasant Workers' "Left" Children under the Socialist New Countryside Construction

A large number of peasant workers'children are left and their education,particularly the compulsory education in China,is facing new situations and new problems,which can be said to be a special problem in the unique historical stage.The construction of the socialism new countryside should effectively solve this problem from three aspects:family,school and socitey.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Simulation of the Quenching of the Cyclotron Gas Stopper Magnet at MSU

The cyclotron gas stopper magnet at Michigan State University (MSU) consists of two superconducting coils, each in its own cryostat. The two cryostats are mounted in the two warm iron poles of a sector cyclotron magnet used to control the orbit of heavy ions as the particle energy is being removed by circulating the ions through helium gas. The two coils are connected in series to 200-A power supply. The magnet current leads are protected by cold silicon diodes in series with a resistor. The coils are attached to a stainless steel mandrel. As a result there is no magnet quench-back from the mandrel. There is quench-back from the resistor in series with the diodes that is wound on the outside of the solenoid coil. This causes the magnet coils to quench more rapidly reducing both the hot-spot temperature and the peak voltages in the circuit. This report presents a simulation of the quench process for this magnet.

Field of study: Physics
Regulation of LIM-domain-binding 1 protein expression by ubiquitination of Lys134.

LDB1 (LIM-domain-binding 1) is a cofactor that participates in formation of transcriptional regulatory complexes involving transcription factors containing LIM domains as well as other factors. The amount of LDB1 protein in cells has previously been shown to be modulated by RNF12 (RING finger protein 12). RNF12 is an E3 ubiquitin ligase that can target LDB1 for poly-ubiquitination and degradation via the proteasome. We find that in HEK (human embryonic kidney)-293 cells expression of RNF12 leads to mono-ubiquitination of LDB1 and increased levels of LDB1 protein. Mutagenesis studies identified Lys134 of LDB1 as the residue that is mono-ubiquitinated by RNF12. Mutation of Lys134 of LDB1 to arginine blocks the formation of mono-ubiquitinated LDB1 and surprisingly also increases LDB1 protein expression in HEK-293 cells. This leads to a model in which Lys134 of LDB1 can be either mono-ubiquitinated, leading to stabilization, or poly-ubiquitinated, leading to degradation by the proteasome pathway. We also find that ubiquitin-LDB1 fusion proteins are stabilized in HEK-293 cells, offering further evidence that mono-ubiquitination stabilizes LDB1 in these cells. Expression in Xenopus laevis embryos of an LDB1 protein in which Lys134 is replaced with arginine leads to enhanced expression of the mutant protein as compared with the wild-type protein. These findings provide evidence that modification of Lys134 can play a major role in regulating LDB1 expression.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Consequences of harvesting for genetic diversity in American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.): a simulation study

American ginseng, Panax quinquefolius L., is one of the most heavily traded medicinal plants in North America. The effect of harvest on genetic diversity in ginseng was measured with a single generation culling simulation program. Culling scenarios included random harvest at varying levels, legal limit random harvest and legal limit mature plant harvest. The legal limit was determined by the proportion of legally harvestable plants per population (% mature plants per population). Random harvest at varying levels resulted in significant loss of genetic diversity, especially allelic richness. Relative to initial levels, average within-population genetic diversity (He) was significantly lower when plants were culled randomly at the legal limit (Mann–Whitney U = 430, p < 0.001) or when only mature plants were culled (Mann–Whitney U = 394, p < 0.01). Within-population genetic diversity was significantly higher with legal limit mature plant harvest (He = 0.068) than when plants were culled randomly at the legal limit (He = 0.064; U = 202, p < 0.01). Based on these simulations of harvest over one generation, we recommend that harvesting fewer than the proportion of mature plants could reduce the negative genetic effects of harvest on ginseng populations.

Field of study: Environmental science
Childhood cognitive development in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome: case–control study

22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS) is associated with a high risk of childhood as well as adult psychiatric disorders, in particular schizophrenia. Childhood cognitive deterioration in 22q11.2DS has previously been reported, but only in studies lacking a control sample.  To compare cognitive trajectories in children with 22q11.2DS and unaffected control siblings.  A longitudinal study of neurocognitive functioning (IQ, executive function, processing speed and attention) was conducted in children with 22q11.2DS (n = 75, mean age time 1 (T 1) 9.9, time 2 (T 2) 12.5) and control siblings (n = 33, mean age T 1 10.6, T 2 134).  Children with 22q11.2DS exhibited deficits in all cognitive domains. However, mean scores did not indicate deterioration. When individual trajectories were examined, some participants showed significant decline over time, but the prevalence was similar for 22q11.2DS and control siblings. Findings are more likely to reflect normal developmental fluctuation than a 22q11.2DS-specific abnormality.  Childhood cognitive deterioration is not associated with 22q11.2DS. Contrary to previous suggestions, we believe it is premature to recommend repeated monitoring of cognitive function to identifying individual children with 22q11.2DS at high risk of developing schizophrenia.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
CT-1 mediated cardioprotection against ischaemic re-oxygenation injury is mediated by PI3 kinase, Akt and MEK1/2 pathways.

Cardiotrophin-1 protects cardiac myocytes from ischaemic re-oxygenation (IR) injury. CT-1 activates MEK1/2,p42/44MAPK as well as the phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3-OH kinase (PI3) protein kinase B (PKB/Akt) pathway. In this study we investigate the signalling pathways that mediate the anti-apoptotic cell survival effect of CT-1 in IR. Dominant negative gene based inhibitors of MEK1/2, PI3-kinase and Akt inhibited CT-1 mediated cardioprotection in re-oxygenation as did chemical inhibitors of the PI3-kinase pathway. Hence the PI3-kinase/Akt pathway is required in addition to MEK1/2 to mediate CT-1 cardioprotection in IR.

Field of study: Medicine
Using species distribution models in paleobiogeography: A matter of data, predictors and concepts

article i nfo The increasing interest in the effects of climate changes on species distributions has been followed by the development of Species Distribution Models (SDMs). Although these techniques are starting to be used to study the location and dynamics of past species distributions, a sound theoretical framework for their use in paleoecology is still lacking. In this paper we are reviewing the main challenges for constructing Paleo-Species Distribution Models to describe and project the past distribution of species, namely data limitations, selection of predictors and choice of a biologically-relevant modeling procedure. We also review and discuss the current state-of-the-art in Paleo-SDMs, providing a series of recommendations for their use, and proposing future research lines to improve the use of these techniques in paleobiogeography.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Self-interaction of optical beams under resonance absorption conditions

An investigation is made of self-interaction of optical beams under one- and two-photon absorption conditions by solving nonlinear quasioptics equations using numberical techniques. An analysis is also made of self-focusing in the aberration-free approximation. The various self-interaction regimes are classified. A dependence of the threshold power on a factor characterizing the relationship between diffraction and saturation effects is obtained.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Seismic imaging of the Olduvai Basin, Tanzania

A 5.6-km-long line of refraction and reflection seismic data spanning the Pliocene-Pleistocene fill of the Olduvai Basin, Tanzania is presented. The line is oriented along a northwest-southeast profile through the position of Olduvai Gorge Coring Project (OGCP) Borehole 2A. Our aims are to (1) delineate the geometry of the basin floor by tracing bedrock topography of the metaquartzitic and gneissic basement, (2) map synsedimentary normal faults and trace individual strata at depth, and (3) provide context for the sequence observed in OGCP cores. Results with refraction tomography and poststack migration show that the maximum basin depth is around 405 m (±25 m) in the deepest portion, which quadruples the thickness of the basin-fill previously known from outcrops. Variations in seismic velocities show the positions of lower density lake claystones and higher density well-cemented sedimentary sequences. The Bed I Basalt lava is a prominent marker in the refraction seismic results. Bottom-most sediments are dated to >2.2 Ma near where Borehole 2A bottoms out at the depth of 245 m. However, the seismic line shows that the basin-fill reaches a maximum stratigraphic thickness of around 380 m deep at Borehole 2A, in the western basin where the subsidence was greatest. This further suggests that potential hominin palaeoenvironments were available and preserved within the basin-fill possibly as far back as around 4 Ma, applying a temporal extrapolation using the average sediment accretion rate.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Circular Cumulative Causation (CCC) à la Myrdal and Kapp — Political Institutionalism for Minimizing Social Costs

This paper reconstructs the CCC from the writings of Myrdal and Kapp to explore the unique characteristics of this key concept of institutional economics. Moreover, the paper demonstrates the CCC’s application to minimize social costs and its implications for Political Institutionalism. Incorporating new unpublished material from the Kapp Archive, namely the Myrdal-Kapp correspondence and Kapp’s CCC lecture notes, the paper provides insights about the cooperation between the two economists and about Kapp’s conceptual understanding of CCC. In addition, important differences to Veblen’s CCV and Kaldor’s CCK are pointed out to underline the CCC’s uniqueness and its significance for institutional economics.

Field of study: Economics
Electrical, optical and structural properties of Li-doped SnO2 transparent conducting films deposited by the spray pyrolysis technique: a carrier-type conversion study

In this paper, we investigate the electrical, optical and structural properties of Li-doped SnO2 transparent conducting films deposited on glass substrates by the spray pyrolysis technique. Li thin films were deposited at a substrate temperature of 480 °C using an aqueous ethanol solution consisting of tin and lithium chloride with various doping levels from 0 to 25 wt% in solution. The effect of increasing Li concentration on the electrical, optical and structural properties of SnO2 films has been studied. The results of x-ray diffraction have shown that the deposited films are polycrystalline without any second phases with preferential orientations along the (110) and (211) planes and an average grain size of 28.7 nm. Also, the Hall effect and resistivity measurements of the films show that for a specific acceptor dopant concentration of ~2 wt% or [Li]/[Sn] atomic ratio equal to 37 at% in solution, the majority of carriers convert from electrons to holes and for a Li concentration of ~15 wt% in solution, p-conductivity increases sharply. The optical absorption edge for undoped SnO2 films lies at 4.11 eV, whereas for high acceptor doped films it shifts towards lower energies (longer wavelengths) in the range of 4.11 to 3.61 eV.

Field of study: Materials science
ID: 97: Novel RNA protection strategy against influenza A virus

As a notorious pathogenic agent for humans, Influenza A virus (IAV) causes influenza diseases epidemically and pandemically, leading to the deaths of tens of millions of people during the last century. With new antigenic strains of influenza continuing to emerge, rapid generation of effective vaccines and antiviral medication remains a challenge. Therefore, novel strategies for the prevention and treatment of IAV infection are needed given the limitations of available antiviral strategies. By using in vitro transcription and replication system and also with the aid of Dicer, we generated a siRNA pool containing siRNAs targeting multiple conserved domain of IAV and we plan to evaluate the efficacy of specific siRNAs to prevent from the infection of different strains of IAV in human moDCs. The preliminary data showed that the replication of different strains of IAV in human moDCs was inhibited by the pre-transfection with these siRNAs 16 h before viral infection. And this inhibition was not solely due to the innate immune responses induced by pre-transfection with siRNAs. This study will address the potential use of novel synthesized siRNAs in limiting influenza viruses (including highly pathogenic avian influenza A/H5N1 viruses) replication in human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (moDCs) and also its adjuvant potential in vaccine development. These studies will provide more evidences for the feasibility of this novel strategy in the prevention and treatment of Influenza.

Field of study: Medicine
GmNAC81 Inversely Modulates Leaf Senescence and Drought Tolerance

Glycine max NAC81 (GmNAC81) is a downstream effector of the DCD/NRP-mediated cell death signaling, which interacts with GmNAC30 to fully induce the caspase 1-like vacuolar processing enzyme (VPE) expression, the executioner of the cell death program. GmNAC81 has been previously shown to positively modulate leaf senescence via the NRP/GmNAC81/VPE signaling module. Here, we examined the transcriptome induced by GmNAC81 overexpression and leaf senescence and showed that GmNAC81 further modulates leaf senescence by regulating an extensive repertoire of functionally characterized senescence-associated genes (SAGs). Because the NRP/GmNAC81/VPE signaling circuit also relays stress-induced cell death signals, we examined the effect of GmNAC81 overexpression in drought responses. Enhanced GmNAC81 expression in the transgenic lines increased sensitivity to water deprivation. Under progressive drought, the GmNAC81-overexpressing lines displayed severe leaf wilting, a larger and faster decline in leaf Ψw, relative water content (RWC), photosynthesis rate, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rate, in addition to higher Ci/Ca and lower Fm/Fv ratios compared to the BR16 control line. Collectively, these results indicate that the photosynthetic activity and apparatus were more affected by drought in the transgenic lines. Consistent with hypersensitivity to drought, chlorophyll loss, and lipid peroxidation were higher in the GmNAC81-overexpressing lines than in BR16 under dehydration. In addition to inducing VPE expression, GmNAC81 overexpression uncovered the regulation of typical drought-responsive genes. In particular, key regulators and effectors of ABA signaling were suppressed by GmNAC81 overexpression. These results suggest that GmNAC81 may negatively control drought tolerance not only via VPE activation but also via suppression of ABA signaling.

Field of study: Biology
Fingerprints of external forcings on Sahel rainfall: aerosols, greenhouse gases, and model-observation discrepancies

Over the 20th and 21st centuries, both anthropogenic greenhouse gas increases and changes in anthropogenic aerosols have affected rainfall in the Sahel. Using multiple characteristics of Sahel precipitation, we construct a multivariate fingerprint that allows us to distinguish between the model-predicted responses to greenhouse gases and anthropogenic aerosols. Models project the emergence of a detectable signal of aerosol forcing in the middle of the twentieth century and a detectable signal of greenhouse gas forcing at the beginning of the twenty-first. However, the signals of both aerosol and greenhouse gas forcing in observations emerge earlier and are stronger than in the models, far stronger in the case of aerosols. The similarity between the response to aerosol forcing and the leading mode of internal variability makes it difficult to attribute this model-observation discrepancy to errors in the forcing, errors in the forced response, model inability to capture the amplitude of internal variability, or some combination of these. For greenhouse gases, however, the forced response is distinct from internal variability as estimated by models, and the observations are largely commensurate with the model projections.

Field of study: Environmental science
An Advanced Computational Scheme for the Optimization of 2D Radial Reectors in Pressurized Water Reactors

This paper presents a computational scheme for the determination of equivalent 2D multi-group heterogeneous reflectors in a Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR). The proposed strategy is to define a full-core calculation consistent with a reference lattice code calculation such as the Method Of Characteristics (MOC) as implemented in APOLLO2 lattice code. The computational scheme presented here relies on the data assimilation module known as "Assimilation de donn\'{e}es et Aide \`{a} l'Optimisation (ADAO)" of the SALOME platform developed at \'{E}lectricit\'{e} De France (EDF), coupled with the full-core code COCAGNE and with the lattice code APOLLO2. A first validation of the computational scheme is made using the OPTEX reflector model developed at \'{E}cole Polytechnique de Montr\'{e}al (EPM). As a result, we obtain 2D multi-group, spatially heterogeneous 2D reflectors, using both diffusion or $\text{SP}_{\text{N}}$ operators. We observe important improvements of the power discrepancies distribution over the core when using reflectors computed with the proposed computational scheme, and the $\text{SP}_{\text{N}}$ operator enables additional improvements.

Field of study: Physics
Spatial distributions of translational and vibrational temperatures of molecules in a waveguide CO2 laser plasma

Methods developed for diagnostics of the active media of waveguide carbon dioxide lasers at elevated pressures and input energies in a capillary gas discharge were used to study the mechanism of gas heating and pumping of vibrational levels in a CO2–N2–He (1:1:8) mixture. As a result of spectroscopic experiments with an actual spatial resolution of ~0.2 mm, radial distributions of the translational and vibrational temperatures of the molecules were reconstructed as a function of changes in the discharge conditions. The results could be used to establish the mechanism of gas heating in a capillary discharge of a waveguide CO2 laser.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Synthetic Strategies for the Synthesis and Transformation of Substituted Pyrrolinones as Advanced Intermediates for Rhazinilam Analogues

The biaryl core structure of rhazinilam with its fixed dihedral angle is a pivotal element for its unique in vitro cytotoxic activity. Most of the related natural products are oxidized versions of rhazinilam. Replacing the sensitive pyrrole ring by a pyrrolinone ring is the basis of our initial strategy towards rhazinilam analogues. With this goal, variants of the sequence crossed Mukaiyama aldol reaction followed by the Staudinger reaction were studied. Reacting a suitably substituted acetophenone with O-methyl O-trimethylsilyl ketene acetal gave pyrrolinones 8a and 8b in good to excellent yields. These intermediates could be transformed in four high-yielding steps into the pyrrolic precursors 7a–c containing all the atoms necessary for the construction of rings A, B, and C of rhazinilam. Our studies illustrate a lack of stability of these intermediates. Alternative synthetic approaches towards this central biaryl core structure are described.

Field of study: Chemistry