nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Forebrain sites of estradiol-17β action on sexual behavior and aggression in female Syrian hamsters

The effects of intracranial implants of estradiol in the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH), the anterior hypothalamus (AH), or the medial amygdala (AMG) on aggression, sexual behavior, and serum estradiol were examined in female Syrian hamsters. Estradiol implants in the VMH, followed by systemic progesterone, stimulated sexual behavior and inhibited aggression. Estradiol implants in other intracranial sites activated sexual behavior but did not reliably inhibit aggression. Intracranially implanted and systemically treated animals had equivalent peripheral estradiol concentrations at sacrifice. These results suggest that: (a) the VMH is an important neural site for estradiol actions on sexual and aggressive behavior, (b) the caudal AH and AMG also may be sites of estradiol action on sexual behavior, and (c) these intracranial implants may only be effective given systemic estradiol exposure or the concurrent stimulation of multiple brain areas.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Eccentric Exercise Protocols for Patella Tendinopathy: Should we Really be Withdrawing Athletes from Sport? A Systematic Review

The 2007 review by Visnes and Bahr concluded that athletes with patella tendinopathy should be withdrawn from sport whilst engaging in eccentric exercise (EE) rehabilitation programs. However, deprivation of sport is associated with a number of negative psychological and physiological effects. Withdrawal from sport is therefore a decision that warrants due consideration of the risk/benefit ratio. The aim of this study was to determine whether sufficient evidence exists to warrant withdrawal of athletes from sport during an eccentric exercise rehabilitation program. A systematic review of the literature was performed to identify relevant randomised trials. Data was extracted to determine whether athletes were withdrawn from sport, what evidence was presented to support the chosen strategy and whether this affected the clinical outcome. Seven studies were included. None of these reported high quality evidence to support withdrawal. In addition, three studies were identified in which athletes were not withdrawn from sport and still benefited from EE. This review has demonstrated that there is no high quality evidence to support a strategy of withdrawal from sport in the management of patella tendinopathy.

Field of study: Medicine
On the 2D bioheat equation with convective boundary conditions and its numerical realization via a highly accurate approach

A series solution for a 2D bioheat Pennes conduction model with convective boundary conditions is established by using the classical Fourier method. To validate and compare results, a numerical method for constructing highly accurate numerical solutions is also derived and numerically illustrated. Both, the series solution and the proposed numerical method open interesting possibilities of application in inverse perfusion coefficient identification problems.

Field of study: Mathematics
SPATIAL VARIABILITY IN YIELDS AND PROFITS WITHIN TEN GRAIN SORGHUM FIELDS IN SOUTH TEXAS

Various degrees of spatial variability in crop yields have been documented, but seldom has this been associated 
with spatial variability in profits. This study examined spatial variability in yields and profits within ten grain sorghum 
(Sorghum vulgare Moench) fields, with areas of 7 to 26 ha, in south Texas in 1998. A yield monitor was used to collect yield 
data from these fields. The yield data were then aggregated into grids with a cell size of 9 m, equivalent to the combine’s 
effective cutting width. Statistical analysis showed that grain yields had coefficients of variation within fields ranging from 
32% to 57%. Variograms showed strong spatial dependence in yields with an influence range of 122 m to 300 m among the 
fields. Yield maps were generated using the variograms within a localized neighborhood to show spatial patterns. Net profits 
were calculated based on the differences between the gross returns from the yields and total production costs on a cell–by–cell 
basis for each of the ten fields. Profit maps were generated to show the spatial variability in net returns within the fields. 
Average net profits among the ten fields ranged from –$137/ha to $65/ha at a grain price of $0.09/kg, and from –$63/ha to 
$281/ha at $0.15/kg. The percentage of land areas with positive returns among the ten fields ranged from 0.4% to 76% at 
$0.09/kg, and from 16% to 91% at $0.15/kg. These results indicate that large yield variability, high production costs, and low 
grain prices result in large profit variability and low economic returns for grain production in south Texas.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
One-Loop Test of Quantum Black Holes in anti-de Sitter Space.

Within 11-dimensional supergravity we compute the logarithmic correction to the entropy of magnetically charged asymptotically AdS_{4} black holes with arbitrary horizon topology. We find perfect agreement with the expected microscopic result arising from the dual field theory computation of the topologically twisted index. Our result relies crucially on a particular limit to the extremal black hole case and clarifies some aspects of quantum corrections in asymptotically AdS spacetimes.

Field of study: Physics
An Innovative Elective Course in Anticoagulation Management

To develop and implement an elective pharmacy course in anticoagulation management and assess student learning.  Students participated in active-learning activities including evaluating a patient receiving outpatient or inpatient anticoagulation therapy, participating in a team project and presentation, and completing a “living with anticoagulation” assignment that included modeling both the health care provider's and the patient's role. Assessment. A precourse and postcourse standardized examination on anticoagulation along with a short answer midterm and final examination were administered. Performance between precourse and postcourse examination improved by approximately 25%, and 90% of students scored ≥ 90% on the final examination. Reflective narratives provided support that students found the “living with anticoagulation” assignment a valuable learning experience which developed empathy towards patients.  An elective course in anticoagulation management that included multiple active-learning assignments was successful in increasing both students' knowledge and empathy.

Field of study: Education, Medicine
Rb-Sr Isotopic Age for the Precambrian Lavas of the Seton Formation, East Arm of Great Slave Lake, Northwest Territories

Spilitic basalts from the Proterozoic Seton Formation at the type locality of Seton Island in the East Arm of Great Slave Lake, Northwest Territories, have a Rb–Sr isotopic age of 1872 ± 10 m.y. The age, representing either the time of eruption or a subsequent metasomatic (spilitization) event, provides a minimum age for the Great Slave Supergroup of the district. An initial 87Sr/86Sr ratio of 0.7018 ± 0.0005 for the lavas is, together with their age, in accordance with previously proposed theories on continental separation and mantle derived magmatism during Aphebian times.

Field of study: Environmental science
The Efficacy of Police Interventions towards Resolution of Conflicts within the Illemi Triangle.

Intervention of security agencies is considered key to lasting peace. This is especially crucial to attaining peace in communities where socio-cultural beliefs advocate for revege. The study sought to examine the efficacy of police interventions towards resolution of conflicts within the Illemi Triangle. The study adopted neo-realism and conflict theories, while employing exploratory research design. The target population included all the households in Kibish sub-county (Kenyan), Narus and Mogos in South Sudan. A stratified random sample of 432 household heads and 30 key informants was selected from the three administrative units. Data collection tools used included household survey interviews, Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) and in depth interviews. The collected data was analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively. The study established that the communities within the Illemi Triangle rarely sought police interventions during their conflicts. They instead armed themselves with varied weapons to fight each other. The study concludes that failure to entrust security agencies with ensuring peace within the Illemi Triangle has played a great part to exacerbate the current conflicts in the Triangle. The findings of this study are of great significance to the governments of the two states in addressing the complexities occasioned by the disputed territorial boundaries affecting conflict management among the communities along the borders of the two states. (211 Words)  Illemi Triangle, cross border conflict, police interventions, lasting peace.

Field of study: Education
Homer-1 mRNA in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus is regulated differentially by the retinohypothalamic tract transmitters pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide and glutamate at time points where light phase-shifts the endogenous rhythm.

The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) generates circadian rhythms which are synchronised to the environmental light/dark cycle via the retinohypothalamic tract (RHT). Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) and glutamate, two transmitters co-stored in the rat retinohypothalamic tract, are involved in photic entrainment of the circadian pacemaker, but their functional interplay is poorly understood. Homer proteins are involved in glutamatergic receptor function and signalling. By quantitative in situ hybridisation histochemistry we found that light stimulation of rats at early and late night induced Homer-1 gene expression in the SCN at time points where light induces phase-delay or phase-advance, respectively. Using a rat brain slice model Homer-1 mRNA levels in the SCN displayed a modest diurnal variation similar to that in vivo. The changes in Homer-1 gene expression after in vitro stimulation with PACAP and/or glutamate differed at early and late night. Nanomolar PACAP induced Homer-1 gene expression at both early and late night while glutamate was only able to increase Homer-1 mRNA level at early night. PACAP in micromolar concentration had no effect per se, but inhibited the glutamate induced Homer-1 response at early night, while at late night co-administration of PACAP and glutamate mediated a slight induction of Homer-1 gene expression. In conclusion, the RHT transmitters PACAP and glutamate could be responsible for the light-induced expression of Homer-1 in the SCN, and Homer-1 seems to be differentially regulated by the two transmitters at early and late night.

Field of study: Biology
Spektroskopie der Protonen aus Kernreaktionen mit 14 MeV-Neutronen mit einem Zählrohrteleskop

Protons from nuclear reactions induced by 14 MeV neutrons are studied by means of a telescope, consisting of three CO2-flow counters and a surface barrier detector. The resolving power of this arrangement, tested with recoil protons is found to be 400 keV at 14 MeV, the efficiency (counts per incident neutron) being 3 · 10−7. From the measured energy spectra of the protons from the metals Ti, Fe, Ni and Zn in forward direction statistical theory parameters are evaluated. In the level density expression ρ(Ea)∼Ea−nexp(2√aEa) the exponentn=2, including angular momentum effects is found to be in better agreement with the experimental data than othern-values frequently used.

Field of study: Physics
Evaluation of cross sections for neutron interactions with 238U in the energy region between 5 keV and 150 keV

Cross sections for neutron interactions with 238U in the energy region from 5keV to 150keV have been evaluated. Average total and capture cross sections have been derived from a least squares analysis using experimental data reported in the literature. The resulting cross sections have been parameterised in terms of average resonance parameters maintaining full consistency with results of optical model calculations by using a dispersive coupled channel optical model potential. The average compound partial cross sections have been expressed in terms of transmission coefficients by applying the Hauser-Feshbach statistical reaction theory including width-fluctuations. A generalized single-level representation compatible with the energy-dependent options of the ENDF-6 format has been applied using standard boundary conditions. The results have been transferred into a full ENDF-6 compatible data file.

Field of study: Physics
E-WOM’s Impact on App Development

With the emergencies of Web 2.0, online word of mouth (e-WOM) has become one of the most useful communication channels. Organizations increasingly rely on social media to receive customers’ feedback for product development. Despite the known effect of e-WOM on customers’ decision-making, few studies have examined the influence of e-WOM on product improvement. Extending the prior e-WOM research, this paper empirically investigates how e-WOM affects mobile application (App) improvement and examines the moderating effect of developer expertise. Based on a dataset obtained from Applause.com, we find that e-WOM volume, valence, and reviewer exposure positively affect App improvement. We also find that developer expertise negatively moderates the effect of e-WOM on App improvement. The results indicate that expert developers are less likely affected by e-WOM. This study contributes by empirically investigating the role of e-WOM used to facilitate customer-to-business communication. This study also provides practical value for firms active in the App market.

Field of study: Computer science
Antifungal residues analysis in various Romanian honey samples analysis by high resolution mass spectrometry

Given that the pesticide and fungicide residues determination in honey is not a routine analysis in Romania, information on these emerging contaminants is useful for consumer’s safety. High resolution mass spectrometry technique was applied by Q-Exactive Orbitrap LC-MS/MS to identify and quantify environmental contaminants in honey. A list of 25 compounds, biocides and antifungals was selected for the method development, based on the occurrence in the Romanian environment and their potential usage in agriculture. The method was applied for 18 various honey samples collected in different geographic regions of Romania. Eleven compounds were present in the honey samples: carbendazim, enilconazole, hexaconazole, penconazole, tebuconazole, flusilazole, thiabendazole, terconazole, cyproconazole, propiconazole, metalaxyl. Targeted MS/MS analyses were performed for confirmation. The measured quantities ranged from 1.7–7.2 μg kg−1, lower than MRLs established by the legislation. The most abundant compound was enilconazole (imazalil), which was detected in fourteen samples. To the best of our knowledge, the present study is the first one concerning antifungal contamination of honey in Romania. The results proved that the tested honey samples are safe for human consumption.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
TEsmall Identifies Small RNAs Associated With Targeted Inhibitor Resistance in Melanoma

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small 21–22 nt RNAs that act to regulate the expression of mRNA target genes through direct binding to mRNA targets. While miRNAs typically dominate small RNA (sRNA) transcriptomes, many other classes are present including tRNAs, snoRNAs, snRNAs, Y-RNAs, piRNAs, and siRNAs. Interactions between processing machinery and targeting networks of these various sRNA classes remains unclear, largely because these sRNAs are typically analyzed separately. Here, we present TEsmall, a tool that allows for the simultaneous processing and analysis of sRNAs from each annotated class in a single integrated workflow. The pipeline begins with raw fastq reads and proceeds all the way to producing count tables formatted for differential expression analysis. Several interactive charts are also produced to look at overall distributions in length and annotation classes. We next applied the TEsmall pipeline to sRNA libraries generated from melanoma cells responding to targeted inhibitors of the MAPK pathway. Targeted oncogene inhibitors have emerged as way to tailor cancer therapies to the particular mutations present in a given tumor. While these targeted strategies are typically effective for short intervals, the emergence of resistance is extremely common, limiting the effectiveness of single-agent therapeutics and driving the need for a better understanding of resistance mechanisms. Using TEsmall, we identified several microRNAs and other sRNA classes that are enriched in inhibitor resistant melanoma cells in multiple melanoma cell lines and may be able to serve as markers of resistant populations more generally.

Field of study: Biology
Ion transport pathways in molecular dynamics simulated alkali silicate glassy electrolytes

The x M 2 O–(1 −  x )SiO 2 (M = Li, Na, and K, and 0.1 ≤  x  ≤ 0.5) glass systems have been studied by constant volume molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The bond valence (BV) method is applied to the equilibrated configurations to analyse the structural variation in these glass systems with increasing network modifier content, its consequence for M + ion mobility, as well as the distribution of bridging and non-bridging oxygen atoms and the variation of the Q i values. The contribution of non-bridging oxygen atoms to the BV sums exhibits a transition around x  = 1/3 for Li 2 O and Na 2 O doped glasses. The observed Q i variation is consistent with a bond order model. Despite slight deviations of the interatomic distances in the MD-simulated glasses, their BV analysis reveals characteristic features of the ion transport pathway. For complex disordered systems with low ion mobilities the bond valence analysis of the pathway characteristics for the mobile ion is thus a viable method to extract ion transport properties even if the mobilities are too low to be directly analysed from the mean square displacements over the simulated period.

Field of study: Materials science
Compensatory vascular remodeling during atherosclerotic lesion growth depends on matrix metalloproteinase-9 activity.

The compensatory arterial remodeling associated with atherosclerotic plaques is thought to rely on the activity of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP). To assess the role of MMP-9, we analyzed the effect of MMP-9 genetic deficiency on the development and remodeling of experimental atherosclerotic lesions induced in the apolipoprotein E (apoE) knockout (-/-) mouse model.



We analyzed remodeling parameters and cellular composition of experimental carotid artery atherosclerotic lesions in apoE-/- and apoE-/- MMP-9-/- double-knockout (DKO) mice at 0, 3, 7, and 14 days after induction by flow cessation. Morphometric image analysis of arterial tissue sections indicated that overall artery size, measured as area encompassed by the external elastic lamina, increased 3.1-fold in the apoE-/- mice but only 1.6-fold in the DKO mice (P<0.0001) by 14 days. At the same time, the net lesion area occupied by macrophages was similar. Statistical analysis indicated that the overall expansion of the artery was 2.5-fold less sensitive to macrophage content in DKO compared with apoE-/- mice. No compensatory increase in other gelatinolytic activities was detected in the DKO.



MMP-9 deficiency significantly impaired compensatory vessel enlargement during carotid artery lesion development in the apoE-/- mouse, without altering macrophage content of lesions.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Determination of total proton release in purple membrane suspension by umbelliferone fluorescence quenching technique.

A technique for determining total proton release from purple membrane suspension under steady illumination has been described. Illuminated purple membrane is found to quench the fluorescence life-time of umbelliferone indicating the release of protons in the medium. Besides the "stoichiometric" release of protons from bacteriorhodopsin, there seems to be release of protons from sources other than protonated retinylidene Schiff base moiety also.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Physics
On the index of certain Lie algebras

We give an upper bound for the index of certain Lie algebras, called of seaweed type, introduced by V. Dergachev, A. Kirillov and D. Panyushev. We deduce from this a conjecture of D. Panyushev stated in "Inductive formulas for the index of seaweed Lie algebra,  (2001) 221-241". We conjecture that our upper bound gives in fact a formula for the index of such Lie algebras, and we prove it in certain cases. Finally, we obtain a result concerning the index of parabolic subalgebras of a semisimple Lie algebra.

Field of study: Mathematics
The Impact and Interpretation of Modeling Residual Noninvariance in Growth Mixture Models

Current practices for growth mixture modeling emphasize the importance of the proper parameterization and number of classes, but the impact of these decisions on latent class composition and the substantive implications has not been thoroughly addressed. Using measures of behavior from 575 middle school students, we compared the results of several multilevel growth mixture models. Results indicated a dramatic shift in class assignment as the models allowed class-varying parameters, with different substantive interpretations and resulting typologies. This research suggests that using variability as a criterion for class differences in a behavior typology can dramatically impact latent class membership. This study describes decisions and results from testing for noninvariance, with particular emphasis on how decisions about the nature of within-person variance can affect resulting subgroups and model parameters.

Field of study: Education
Assessment of archaeological bone and dentine preservation from Lazaret Cave (Middle Pleistocene) in France

Chemical and structural changes in bones and dentine from Cervus elaphus jaws during fossilization were studied by chemical analysis, infrared spectroscopy (IR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Data were used to discuss the modifications of bones and dentine from the Lazaret prehistoric cave (Nice, France) which is an important archeologic site of Middle Pleistocene age. Fossil bones and dentine mainly consisted of hydroxy-carbonate apatite as the primary phase and of calcite as a secondary phase. Carbonation, fluorination and recrystallization processes are shown as more important in bone and dentine than in tooth enamel. A good correlation was found between the a cell parameter of apatite and its CO3 and fluorine contents in the bones studied. Fluorine enrichment seems to be related to the permeability of the upper sedimentary levels. Lazaret fossil bones and dentine are less stable than enamels and their use for dating has to be taken with caution.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography