nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Unified calibration technique and its applications in optical triangular profilometry.

A unified calibration technique based on ray tracing for optical triangular profilometry is presented. The proposed technique based on the inherent geometric relation between depth and a distorted signal is capable of speedy and accurate measurement without the determination of geometric parameters. The technique can also reduce calibration error caused by the lens distortion of the projector and the camera owing to the reasonable assumption that mapping in a small local area is a linear transformation and the coefficients of the linear transformation may be varied in different local areas. Three classical systems of triangular profilometry, spot inspection, a single-line system, and a projection-grating system, are discussed and demonstrated by experiment.

Field of study: Physics
Critical take on "Mass models of disk galaxies from the DiskMass Survey in MOND"

Angus et al. (2015) have recently faulted MOND as follows: Studying thirty disc galaxies from the DiskMass survey, they derive the profiles of velocity dispersion perpendicular to the discs as predicted by MOND, $\sigma_M(r)$, and compare them with $\sigma(r)$, measured as part of the DiskMass project. This is a new test of MOND, different from rotation-curve analysis. A nontrivial accomplishment of MOND -- not discussed by Angus et al. -- is that the shapes of $\sigma_M$ and $\sigma$ agree very well, i.e, $\eta(r)\equiv\sigma_M(r)/\sigma(r)$ is well consistent with being $r$-independent (while $\sigma$ and $\sigma_M$ are strongly $r$ dependent). The fault found with MOND was that $\eta$ is systematically above 1 (with an average of about 1.3). I have suggested to Angus et al. that the fault may lie with the DiskMass dispersions, which may well be too low for the purpose at hand: Being based on population-integrated line profiles, they may be overweighed by younger populations, known to have much smaller dispersions, and scale heights, than the older populations, which weigh more heavily on the light distributions. I discuss independent evidence that supports this view, and show, besides, that if the DiskMas dispersions are underestimates by only 25 %, on average, the MOND predictions are in full agreement with the data, in shape and magnitude. Now, Aniyan et al. (2015) have questioned the DiskMass $\sigma$ on the same basis. They show for the solar column in the Milky Way that: " Combining the (single) measured velocity dispersion of the total young + old disc population... with the scale height estimated for the older population would underestimate the disc surface density by a factor of $\sim 2.$" If this mismatch found for the Milky Way is typical, correcting for it would bring the measured DiskMass $\sigma(r)$ to a remarkable agreement with the predicted MOND $\sigma_M(r)$.

Field of study: Physics
On the infinite tame-wild dichotomy conjecture and related problemns

We prove the tame-wild dichotomy conjecture, due to D. Simson, for infinite dimensional algebras and coalgebras. The key part of the approach is proving new representation theoretic characterizations local finiteness. Among other, we show that the Ext quiver of the category ${\rm f.d.-}A$ of finite dimensional representations of an arbitrary algebra $A$ is locally finite (i.e. $\dim(\Ext^1(S,T))<\infty$ for all simple finite dimensional $A$-modules $S,T$) if and only if for every dimension vector $\underline{d}$, the representations of $A$ of dimension vector $\underline{d}$ are all contained in a finite subcategory (a category of modules over a finite dimensional quotient algebra). This allows one reduce the tame/wild problem to the finite dimensional case and Drozd's classical result. Using this, we also prove a local-global principle for tame/wild (in the sense of non-commutative localization): a category of comodules is tame/not wild if and only if every ``finite" localization is so. We give the relations to Simson's f.c.tame/f.c.wild dichotomy, and use the methods and various embeddings we obtain to give connections to other problems in the literature. We list several questions that naturally arise.

Field of study: Mathematics
Current state of and measures for the development of horse-vaulting techniques of female athletes in China

The author studied the relations between the score and the type,difficulty and completion quality of the horse-vaulting moves of female athletes participating in the 39th and 40th World Gymnastic Championships as well as in Athens and Beijing Olympic Games,carried out a comparative analysis on related statistics of horse-vaulting of female athletes of China and the United States in Beijing Olympic Games,and concluded that moves used by Chinese athletes are undiversified,and that the Chinese team is short of the US team in terms of overall difficulty and completion quality.The author put forward measures for changing training ideology,strengthening basic physi-cal stamina training and seeking for innovation,such as changing "higher performance athletes lead lower perform-ance athletes" into "lower performance athletes boost higher performance athletes",accurately finding the ways for technical breakthroughs by fully utilizing the characteristics of rules and instruments,strengthening speed and power capacity training,developing moves that fit physical characteristics of Chinese athletes,and increasing evaluation starting scores for moves,etc.

Field of study: Education
Human Glioblastoma-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cell to Pericytes Transition and Angiogenic Capacity in Glioblastoma Microenvironment

Tumor vascular formation and maintenance are crucial events in glioblastoma development. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been shown to differentiate into pericytes and contribute to neovascularization in the glioma microenvironment. Moreover, glioblastoma-derived mesenchymal stem cells (gb-MSCs), which consist of CD90-MSCs and CD90+MSCs, are a subpopulation of MSCs that are more active in glioma vascularization. However, the functions of gb-MSCs and the microRNA (miRNA) modifications in the glioblastoma microenvironment have not yet been fully elucidated. Here, we focus on the pericyte differentiation potential of gb-MSCs and miRNA modifications in gb-MSCs during new vascular formation and glioblastoma growth.  In vitro, surface markers of gb-MSCs were detected by flow cytometry; the differentiation potential was evaluated by Oil Red O staining, Alizarin Red staining and Alcian blue staining; the proliferation and migration of gb-MSCs in different conditioned media were analyzed by the cck8 test and wound-healing assay, respectively; gb-MSC to pericyte transition was detected by immunofluorescence staining and western blot assay; angiogenetic capacity was analyzed by tube formation assay; and levels of cytokines in different supernatant were determined by ELISA. Additionally, RNA was isolated from gb-MSCs, and miRNA modifications were analyzed using the RAffymetrix miRNA microarray  We showed that glioblastoma-conditioned medium increased gb-MSC proliferation and migration and was capable of inducing gb-MSC differentiation into pericytes. Glioblastoma secreted angiogenic factors and gb-MSCs incubated in malignant glioblastoma-conditioned medium formed more tube-like structures, and these cells also adhered to tube-like vessels formed by human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) on Matrigel to maintain tumor vascular structure in vitro. miRNA expression were also modified in gb-MSCs cultured in malignant glioblastoma-conditioned medium in vitro.  These results provide new insight into the functional effects of a subpopulation of MSCs in glioblastoma and may help in the development of novel therapies for solid tumors.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Presenting an algorithm to find Nash equilibrium in two-person static games with many strategies

This article attempts to present an algorithm to find Nash equilibrium point in large two-person static games. In static games, each player chooses his/her strategy simultaneously with other players. Equilibrium can be easily recognized in static games with a limited number of strategies. This paper focuses on two-person games in which each player deals with many strategies. After reviewing the literature, this article considers concepts such as game, equilibrium, and rationalism in order to identify the problem and the required methodology to solve it; eventually, a heuristic-meta heuristic algorithm will be presented to solve such problems which have been validated using a sample problem.

Field of study: Mathematics
Multispectral information from TANSO-FTS instrument – Part 2: Application to aerosol effect on greenhouse gas retrievals

This article is the second in a series of studies investigating the benefits of multispectral measurements to improve the atmospheric parameter retrievals. In the first paper, we presented an information content (IC) analysis from the thermal infrared (TIR) and shortwave infrared (SWIR) bands of Thermal And Near infrared Sensor for carbon Observations–Fourier Transform Spectrometer (TANSO-FTS) instrument dedicated to greenhouse gas retrieval in clear sky conditions. This second paper presents the potential of the spectral synergy from TIR to visible for aerosol characterization, and their impact on the retrieved CO2 and CH4 column concentrations. The IC is then used to determine the most informative spectral channels for the simultaneous retrieval of greenhouse gas total columns and aerosol parameters. The results show that a channel selection spanning the four bands can improve the computation time and retrieval accuracy. Therefore, the spectral synergy allows obtaining up to almost seven different aerosol parameters, which is comparable to the most informative dedicated instruments. Moreover, a channel selection from the TIR to visible bands allows retrieving CO2 and CH4 total columns simultaneously in the presence of one aerosol layer with a similar accuracy to using all channels together to retrieve each gas separately in clear sky conditions.

Field of study: Environmental science
Sn substitution effect on the superconductivity of layered oxychalcogenide La2O2Bi3Ag1-xSnxS6

Recently, we reported the superconductivity in layered oxychalcogenide La2O2Bi3AgS6. In this study, we have investigated the substitution effect of Sn for the Ag site in La2O2Bi3Ag1-xSnxS6. The superconducting transition temperature (Tc) increased with increasing Sn concentration up to x = 0.4 and reached a maximum Tc of 2.4 K for x = 0.4. As well, we observed a hump in the normal state resistivity at the anomaly temperature (T*) nearly 180 K for x = 0. The T* decreased with increasing Sn concentration and disappeared at x = 0.3. From the analogy to EuFBiS2, which undergoes a superconducting transition at temperatures below a charge-density-wave (CDW) transition, the La2O2Bi3Ag1-xSnxS6 system would be a good candidate to study the relationship between superconductivity and CDW states. The upper critical field (Bc2) for x = 0.4 was analyzed by a model Bc2(T)=Bc2*(1-T/Tc)1+{\alpha} to estimate Bc2(0). The Bc2 estimated from the onset of the resistive transition was 3.33 T for x = 0.4.

Field of study: Physics
Phase-Continuous Frequency Line Track-Before-Detect of a Tone With Slow Frequency Variation

We consider optimal Bayesian detection of a slowly varying tone of unknown amplitude in situations characterized by very low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and a large number of measurements, as found in certain gravitational wave and passive sonar problems. We use a hidden Markov model (HMM) framework but, unlike typical HMM-based frequency line tracking methods, we develop a true track-before-detect algorithm, which does not threshold the blocked Fourier data and only considers frequency trails that have phase continuity across all HMM steps. We model the frequency and phase evolution as a phase-wrapped Ornstein–Uhlenbeck process. The resulting optimal detector is computationally efficient. The detectability improvement arising from phase continuity is characterized via comparative simulation for a mock, simplified gravitational wave search problem.

Field of study: Engineering
Dysgerminoma and gonadal dysgenesis: the need for a new diagnosis tree for suspected ovarian tumours.

Diagnosis of dysgerminoma in the paediatric age group is uncommon, and most cases arise from dysgenetic gonads of 46, XY pure gonadal dysgenesis (PGD) patients. Bilateral gonadectomy is mandatory in these patients. So, the preoperative diagnosis of PGD is important in order to avoid multiple surgical procedures and delayed patient information in the case of a suspected 'ovarian' tumour. Our aim was to discuss preoperative clues that can lead to suspicion of dysgerminoma in the context of PGD.



We reviewed the charts of six patients treated for dysgerminoma associated with 46, XY PGD. We focused on particularities of clinical and biological evaluations.



Median age at diagnosis was 11 years. Pubertal development was absent or incomplete even at late ages. Dysgerminoma was associated with gonadoblastoma foci in all cases. Tumoral marker profile was a normal alfafetoprotein level, a high lactate dehydrogenase level and normal or moderate human chorionic gonadotropin (βHCG) secretion, except for one patient who had a mixed tumour with notably a choriocarcinoma share (high βHCG). Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) level was very high in all patients tested and, interestingly, also in one prepubertal patient.



In the case of a suspected ovarian tumour, delayed pubertal development, moderate βHCG level and elevated FSH level are clinical and biological clues to a diagnosis of dysgerminoma in the context of PGD and should prompt karyotype analysis before surgery. Because FSH is an efficient indirect marker of this condition, we suggest including this analysis in the management of gonadal tumours.

Field of study: Medicine
An assessment of the use of volunteers for terrestrial invertebrate biodiversity surveys

Species’ distributions, assemblage patterns and the processes influencing these are poorly understood, and urgently require study. Use of volunteers to collect data is becoming increasingly common in biodiversity research. We assess the effectiveness of volunteers sampling terrestrial savanna invertebrates in comparison to experienced researchers, and examine the potential contribution of volunteers to terrestrial invertebrate surveys. There were relatively few differences in the diversity sampled by 54 Earthwatch Institute volunteers when compared to expert researchers. The major difference was in the results from the less spatially constrained method, where experience (microhabitat selection) most affected results, and experienced researchers performed better both quantitatively (more species sampled) and qualitatively (more unique and rare species). For the more constrained and less subjective methods, our training enabled the volunteers to quickly equal the experienced experts. Volunteers’ experience in invertebrate research influenced both the researchers’ perceptions of volunteers’ capacity and the actual performance of the volunteers. This suggests that appropriate training for the methods used can help to improve volunteers’ success with the sampling. We demonstrated that volunteers collect valid data; for the most part they sample invertebrates as effectively as a trained researcher, and that using volunteers has enormous direct benefits in terms of volume of work accomplished. For invertebrate studies using volunteers, we recommend that the subjectivity of the method be minimised, that experience is compensated for by increasing volunteer effort (two volunteers = one researcher), and that there is close management of volunteers in the field to ensure ongoing data quality. Volunteers provide a valuable resource to researchers carrying out biodiversity surveys, but using volunteers to carry out a scientifically sound project is not an easy option, and should only be implemented when volunteers would make a meaningful contribution and enable an otherwise impossible project.

Field of study: Environmental science
Gate-Tunable Spin-Charge Conversion and the Role of Spin-Orbit Interaction in Graphene.

The small spin-orbit interaction of carbon atoms in graphene promises a long spin diffusion length and the potential to create a spin field-effect transistor. However, for this reason, graphene was largely overlooked as a possible spin-charge conversion material. We report electric gate tuning of the spin-charge conversion voltage signal in single-layer graphene. Using spin pumping from an yttrium iron garnet ferrimagnetic insulator and ionic liquid top gate, we determined that the inverse spin Hall effect is the dominant spin-charge conversion mechanism in single-layer graphene. From the gate dependence of the electromotive force we showed the dominance of the intrinsic over Rashba spin-orbit interaction, a long-standing question in graphene research.

Field of study: Physics
The Use of Multiple Matrix Sampling for Survey Research.

AbstractMultiple matrix sampling procedures can be employed to improve survey research when the results of matrix sampling are equivalent to those obtained by the traditional census testing approach. This study examined the use of multiple matrix sampling as a strategy for the collection of data and compared rates of response when subgroups of items were administered as opposed to an entire instrument. In addition, the study investigated whether responses were equivalent in the two sampling procedures and whether bias was present. The results indicate that multiple matrix sampling is a viable and reasonable procedure to use when a mail survey questionnaire consists of a large number of pages and/or items.

Field of study: Education
Electrical characterization of self-assembled In0.5Ga0.5As/GaAs quantum dots by deep level transient spectroscopy

We have investigated electron emission from self-assembled In0.5Ga0.5As/GaAs quantum dots (QDs) grown by molecular-beam epitaxy (MBE). Through detailed deep level transient spectroscopy comparisons between the QD sample and a reference sample, we determine that trap D, with an activation energy of 100 meV and an apparent capture cross section of 5.4×10−18 cm2, is associated with an electron quantum level in the In0.5Ga0.5As/GaAs QDs. The other deep levels observed, M1, M3, M4, and M6, are common to GaAs grown by MBE.

Field of study: Materials science
Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)‐deficient Jurkat T cells as a model to study functions of GPI‐anchored proteins

Many cell surface proteins attached to the membrane by GPI are involved in cell signalling. However, the role of the GPI membrane anchor itself remains poorly understood. GPI‐defective cells from patients with paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria (PNH) are relatively resistant to apoptosis induction. We developed a Jurkat T cell model for GPI deficiency by isolating a GPI‐negative mutant, which is defective in the GPI biosynthetic gene PIG‐A. Using retroviral PIG‐A gene transfer along with the transfer of a vector control, we obtained two genetically identical cell lines, distinguished only by expression of the PIG‐A gene and, thus, their ability to produce GPI. Cell proliferation and survival were not affected by this difference. Apoptotic stimuli such as serum starvation and camptothecin exposure elicited similar responses. In contrast, GPI‐defective Jurkat cells were more susceptible to Fas‐mediated apoptosis than GPI‐positive cells. These results indicate that a deficiency in GPI‐anchored proteins, as is found in PNH, does not confer resistance to apoptosis.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Gut microbiota in a host-brood parasite system: insights from common cuckoos raised by two warbler species.

An animal's gut microbiota (GM) is shaped by a range of environmental factors affecting the bacterial sources invading the host. At the same time, animal hosts are equipped with intrinsic mechanisms enabling regulation of GM. However, there is limited knowledge on the relative importance of these forces. To assess the significance of host-intrinsic vs. environmental factors, we studied GM in nestlings of an obligate brood parasite, the common cuckoo (Cuculus canorus), raised by two foster species, great reed warblers (Acrocephalus arundinaceus) and Eurasian reed warblers (A. scirpaceus), and compared these with GM of the fosterers' own nestlings. We show that faecal GM varied between cuckoo and warbler nestlings when accounting for the effect of foster/parent species, highlighting the importance of host-intrinsic regulatory mechanisms. In addition to faeces, cuckoos also expel a deterrent secretion, which provides protection against olfactory predators. We observed an increased abundance of bacterial genera capable of producing repulsive volatile molecules in the deterrent secretion. Consequently, our results support the hypothesis that microbiota play a role in this antipredator mechanism. Interestingly, fosterer/parent identity affected only cuckoo deterrent secretion and warbler faeces microbiota, but not that of cuckoo faeces, suggesting a strong selection of bacterial strains in the GM by cuckoo nestlings.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Change-Point Detection in Two-Phase Regression with Inequality Constraints on the Regression Parameters

Two-phase regression models with inequality constraints on the regression coefficients and with a small number of measurements is considered. A new test based on the likelihood ratio in linear model with inequality constraints for the presence of a change-point is proposed. Numerical approximations to the powers against various alternatives are given and compared with the powers of the likelihood ratio test in the two-phase regression models without inequality constraints, the backwards CUSUM test, and the k-linear-r-ahead recursive residuals tests. Performance of related likelihood based estimators of the change-point is briefly studied in a Monte Carlo experiment.

Field of study: Mathematics
Parameterized Cancellation of Partial-Band Partial-Block-Duration Interference for Underwater Acoustic OFDM

Despite that underwater acoustic channels are well known to contain various interferences, research on interference mitigation in underwater acoustic communications has been very limited. In this paper, we deal with a wideband orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) transmission in the presence of an external interference which occupies partially the signal band and whose time duration is shorter than the OFDM block. We parameterize the unknown interference waveform by a number of parameters assuming prior knowledge of the frequency band and time duration of the interference, and develop an iterative receiver, which couples interference detection via a generalized likelihood-ratio-test (GLRT), interference reconstruction and cancellation, channel estimation, and data detection. In addition to simulation results, we verify the receiver performance using data sets collected from two experiments. In both time-invariant and time-varying channels, the proposed iterative receiver achieves robust performance in the presence of unknown interference.

Field of study: Engineering
Structure of sodium tetracaprolactamatoaluminate. 1H NMR spectra of sodium isobutylcaprolactamatoaluminates

Le tetracaprolactamatoaluminate de sodium(I) existe en solution sous forme de dimere. Sa structure a ete etudiee par spectrometrie IR et RMN de 1 H a partir de l'isobutylcaprolactamatoaluminate de sodium(II). Deux modes de dimerisation sont proposes: un cycle caprolactame a 8 chainons entre 2 atomes d'aluminium ou le coordinat caprolactame lie par 2 atomes d'aluminium differents et un atome de sodium

Field of study: Chemistry