nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Accuracy of 64-Multidetector-Row Computed Tomography in the Diagnosis of Coronary Artery Disease

The aim of this prospective study was to assess the accuracy of 64-multidetector-row computed tomography coronary angiography (CTA) in the diagnosis of coronary artery disease (CAD).  Ninety-two patients suspected of having CAD underwent CTA using a 64-slice CT scanner before a scheduled, conventional coronary angiogram (CCA). Blinded assessment of CTA to detect CAD was performed. The accuracy of CTA in detecting significant stenoses (≥50%) was compared to CCA. Data analysis was performed on 73 patients because the scans were nondiagnostic in 5 patients and 14 refused to undergo coronary angiography.  The CTAs of 21 of these 73 patients were considered as normal; 19 were confirmed on CCA. For the remaining 52 diagnosed as abnormal, 51 were confirmed on CCA. For patient-based analysis, CTA had a sensitivity of 95%, a specificity of 96%, a positive predictive value of 98% and a negative predictive value of 90%. For the whole vessel, the sensitivity of CTA was 60–100%, for all vessels and the specificity was 82–100%. Pooled sensitivity was 92% and pooled specificity was 98%. For the segments, the sensitivity of CTA was 64% or above for all vessels except for the distal left anterior descending artery (40%), mid circumflex artery (50%) and posterior descending artery (60%); the pooled sensitivity was 79%. The specificity for the segments was 82–100% for all vessels and pooled specificity was 94%.  The sensitivity and specificity for patient-based analysis and for the main coronary vessels were high whereas for the segments, the sensitivity was moderately good, but the specificity was high, confirming that a negative CTA is useful to rule out significant CAD. A coordinated classification system between radiologists and cardiologists is required to eliminate errors in segment classification.

Field of study: Medicine
Geochronology of the medium to high-grade metamorphic units of the Peloritani Mts., Sicily

The Peloritani Mountains are a fragment of an orogen variably attributed to the Alpine or Hercynian orogeny. On the basis of 39Ar-40Ar, U-Pb and Rb-Sr dating, the main metamorphism of the two medium–high grade metamorphic units, the Mela and Aspromonte Units, and most of the thrusting responsible for stacking the orogenic edifice are seen to be Hercynian. The main thrusting of the Aspromonte Unit over the lower grade units took place at 301±2 Ma. Brittle deformation during Tertiary reactivation of Hercynian thrust planes did not generate any rejuvenation of white micas in the studied sector. Our dataset shows a great complexity and we propose to unravel it by considering different levels of information. To first order, the Mela and Aspromonte Units differ in their metamorphic paths and their geochronological evolution. The Mela Unit shows generally younger ages (Carboniferous) than the Aspromonte Unit and, unlike the latter, was extensively retrogressed in greenschist facies. The Aspromonte Unit is itself geochronologically heterogeneous. Proterozoic ages are preserved both in titanite and in amphibole relics of one tectonic subunit; Devonian to Carboniferous amphibole ages are found in different other subunits; tertiary overprint is minor and spatially limited. We propose to consider the chronologically heterogeneous subunits as accreted pre-Hercynian terranes amalgamated late during the Hercynian orogeny. Micas in both units give scattered Mesozoic 39Ar-40Ar and Rb-Sr ages, with evidence for heterochemical mica generations. We interpret them as a result of widespread hydrothermal circulation event(s). Tertiary overprint is generally absent, with the exception of a small area near Messina where biotite and muscovite underwent a complex recrystallisation history in the interval between 48 and 61 Ma.

Field of study: Environmental science
Formation of porous silicon on a non-conductive substrate and its use as a sacrificial layer

Porous silicon (PS) is an excellent material to be used as a sacrificial layer (SL) for the fabrication of membranes, bridges, cantilevers and other complicated micro-sensor structures. Major advantages of this material are its smooth surface and large area of pores that provide a high rate of PS SL removal. In this work, electrochemical and chemical etching processes of porous silicon formation from polycrystalline silicon deposited on insulating substrates have been studied. It was shown that a sufficiently thick (about 2 µm), uniform PS with a smooth surface and high etching rate in buffered HF solution can be made by both electrochemical and chemical etching from low resistive p-type poly-Si only. Finally, the obtained PS layers have been used as sacrificial layers in a fabrication process of microbolometer array.

Field of study: Materials science
Leading Universities and Scientific Elites:Who are the Contributors——From the Perspective of Nobelists' Experience of Education and Work

Leading universities and scientific elites are dependent on each other.While in the discussion over constructing the world-class universities,the fact that scientific elites did more contributions to leading universities,is always mentioned.While,it's neglected that universities could cultivate and bring up the scientific elites.Thinking more about the higher education structure in the world,it's more difficult for Chinese universities to attract scientific elites to join in.Therefore,why not to educate the youth students and faculty to be the future elites by ourselves? It might be the true breakthrough to construct the world-class universities of China.

Field of study: Education
ALGEBRAIC MULTIGRID METHOD FOR THREE-DIMENSIONAL ELASTICITY PROBLEMS BASED ON EQUAL ALGEBRAIC STRUCTURE PARTITIONS ON EACH LAYER

A type of algebraic multigrid (AMG) method and the corresponding preconditioned conjugate gradient (AMG-CG) algorithm, which are applicable to three-dimensional elasticity problems discretized with equal algebraic structure partitions on each layer, are developed. The technique of selecting coarse grids and the method for constructing the corresponding interpolation operator or restriction operator are discussed in detail. Application to some practical linear elasticity problems such as the problems with jumps in Young’s modulus and high stress gradients is further studied using the AMG method and the AMG-CG method. Numerical results show that the AMG method and the AMG-CG method are very efficient and robust in comparison with direct methods and other iterative methods.

Field of study: Engineering
Enhancement of Current Carrying Capability in MOD-Processed YBCO Films Using Chemical Doping

Many efforts have been made to improve the current carrying capability of Y<sub>1</sub>Ba<sub>2</sub>Cu<sub>3</sub>O<sub>7</sub> (YBCO) films by introducing pinning centers using a variety of techniques. In this study, we have succeeded in producing Y<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, BaZrO<sub>3</sub> and Sm doped YBCO films for the development of coated conductors by a metal-organic deposition method using trifluoroacetates (TFA-MOD). Jc exceeding 5 MA /cm<sup>2</sup> at 77 K and self field was obtained in Y<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> doped YBCO film. Also it was found that YBCO films with Sm substituting for Y have shown an improved critical current density characteristic over a wide range of magnetic fields. A Jc of 0.25 MA/cm<sup>2</sup> at 3 T and 77 K was obtained which is more than 10% of the zero-field Jc. Similar results were obtained in BaZrO<sub>3</sub> doped YBCO films. Additionally, TEM analysis was performed to study the microstructures and the pinning mechanisms. The results indicate that significant enhancement of self-field and in-field Jc of Y<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, BaZrO<sub>3</sub> and Sm doped YBCO films may be due to introducing nano-scaled Y<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> particles, nano-scaled 90deg rotated Y<sub>1/3</sub>Sm<sub>2/3</sub>Ba<sub>2</sub>Cu<sub>3</sub>O<sub>7</sub> domains and BaZrO<sub>3</sub> nanodots by different chemical doping, respectively. This indicates that chemical doping is a promising approach for enhancement of current carrying capability of YBCO coated conductors.

Field of study: Physics
Atemporal dynamic consistency and expected utility theory

In this paper we represent atemporal sequential decisions as compound lotteries. We show that a preference relation defined on the set of conditional lotteries (i.e., sublotteries conditioned on the lotteries to which they belong) that satisfies consequentialism and the axiom of reduction of compound lotteries, satisfies the independence axiom of expected utility theory if and only if it satisfies dynamic consistency.

Field of study: Economics
Stability of cassava flour-based food bars

The consumption of Brazilian cassava has been reduced due to a lack of adjustment to the modern lifestyle. To reverse this trend, new products could be developed specifically targeted to high-value niche markets. Cereal bars stand out as fast food high in nutritional value. A bar formula mimicking cereal bars was prepared using a mixture of Brazilian cassava flour, hydrogenated vegetable fat, dried bananas, ground cashew nuts, and glucose syrup. After being pressed, the bars were dried for 1 hour at 65 °C, packaged in films, and stored under ambient conditions. Its stability was continuously monitored for 210 days in order to ensure its safety and enable its introduction to the market. Texture loss was observed in the packed bars after 90 days of storage, but the sensory characteristics allowed the testers to perceive this tendency after only 30 days of storage. However, chemical, physical, and microbial analyses confirmed that the bars were safe for consumption for 180 days. The results showed that a 45 g cassava flour-based bar enriched with nuts and dried fruits can meet 6% of the recommended daily fiber intake with a caloric value between that of the common cereal bar and that of an energy bar. Adapting the formula with ingredients (fruits, nuts) from different regions of Brazil may add value to this traditional product as a fast food.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Stimulus generalization, discrimination learning, and peak shift in horses.

Using horses, we investigated three aspects of the stimulus control of lever-pressing behavior: stimulus generalization, discrimination learning, and peak shift. Nine solid black circles, ranging in size from 0.5 in. to 4.5 in. (1.3 cm to 11.4 cm) served as stimuli. Each horse was shaped, using successive approximations, to press a rat lever with its lip in the presence of a positive stimulus, the 2.5-in. (6.4-cm) circle. Shaping proceeded quickly and was comparable to that of other laboratory organisms. After responding was maintained on a variable-interval 30-s schedule, stimulus generalization gradients were collected from 2 horses prior to discrimination training. During discrimination training, grain followed lever presses in the presence of a positive stimulus (a 2.5-in circle) and never followed lever presses in the presence of a negative stimulus (a 1.5-in. [3.8-cm] circle). Three horses met a criterion of zero responses to the negative stimulus in fewer than 15 sessions. Horses given stimulus generalization testing prior to discrimination training produced symmetrical gradients; horses given discrimination training prior to generalization testing produced asymmetrical gradients. The peak of these gradients shifted away from the negative stimulus. These results are consistent with discrimination, stimulus generalization, and peak-shift phenomena observed in other organisms.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
CD8＋CD45RA＋CD28＋T细胞亚群和共刺激分子在不同免疫状态乙型肝炎患者外周血的分布

HBc用电化学发光法检测全部阴性。每组男、女各20例，年龄分布差异无统计学意义。

Field of study: Biology
Differential effect of rapamycin and cyclosporin A in proliferation in a murine T cell line expressing either intermediate or high affinity receptor for IL-2.

It has been reported that rapamycin (rap), cyclosporin A (CsA) and FK506 have immunosuppressive effect during the activation process of murine T cells. These drugs were investigated for their suppressive effect on a murine T cell line expressing intermediate (TS1 beta) or high (TS1 alpha beta) affinity IL-2R. Rap and CsA strongly inhibit the IL-2-dependent proliferation of TS1 alpha beta cells while they minimally affect the IL-2-mediated proliferation of TS1 beta cells. FK506 does not have any effect on the IL-2-driven proliferation of either TS1 beta or TS1 alpha beta cells. Simultaneous addition of Rap and CsA or Rap and FK506 inhibit the IL-2-mediated proliferation of TS1 beta and TS1 alpha beta cells and therefore FK506 does not revert the inhibition mediated by Rap in TS1 alpha beta cells. Neither Rap nor CsA affect IL-2R expression and internalization in TS1 alpha beta cells. CsA and Rap strongly inhibit the appearance of DNA binding activity of NF-AT and to a lesser extent NF-kappa B. Rap inhibits IL-2-stimulated phosphatidylinositol 3 (PI3) kinase activity in TS1 alpha beta cells. In TS1 beta cells, Rap activates PI3 kinase on its own, inhibiting the IL-2-stimulated PI3 kinase to a lesser extent. These results suggest that PI3 kinase is a target for Rap action. Our results strongly suggest that we have Rap and CsA sensitive and resistant activation pathways operating in TS1 beta and TS1 alpha beta cells.

Field of study: Medicine
SHALLOW SUBMERGED MARINE TERRACES OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA

Profiles across the mainland shelf, island shelves, and bank tops of southern California show five separate flattenings that are interpreted as erosional marine terraces cut during times of low sea level of the Pleistocene Epoch. Similar terraces have been discovered recently in widely separated parts of the world; this supports the interpretation of their relationship to eustatic changes of sea level. A correlation diagram of the terraces of southern California shows that each terrace is deeper around offshore islands and banks than off the mainland; this is attributed to regional warping that from other evidence is believed to have begun in Late Miocene time. The warping indicated by the deepest terrace, at the shelf edge, amounts to about 160 feet per 100 miles.

Field of study: Geology
AERPAW emulation overview and preliminary performance evaluation

The Aerial Experimentation and Research Platform for Advanced Wireless (AERPAW) has been recently funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF)’s Platforms for Advanced Wireless Research (PAWR) program. The AERPAW platform will enable experiments with programmable radios and programmable unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), conducted in a safe and repeatable manner. Several architectural components are crucial for enabling the envisioned capabilities of the testbed. In this paper, after providing a high level overview of AERPAW, we first present the emulation design of AERPAW vehicles. Subsequently, we describe various different options for wireless channel emulation in AERPAW. We start with a generalized model for wireless emulation, and expand that model to packet-level emulation, I-Q level emulation, and radio-frequency (RF)-level emulation. A discussion on the trade-offs among these various different emulation possibilities is also provided.

Field of study: Computer science
Diversity of functional genes for methanotrophs in sediments associated with gas hydrates and hydrocarbon seeps in the Gulf of Mexico.

Methanotrophs are ubiquitous in soil, fresh water and the open ocean, but have not been well characterized in deep-sea hydrocarbon seeps and gas hydrates, where methane is unusually abundant. Here we report the presence of new functional genes for the aerobic oxidation of methane by methanotrophs in marine sediments associated with gas hydrates and hydrocarbon seeps in the Gulf of Mexico. Samples were collected from two hydrate locations (GC185 and GC234): one hydrocarbon-seep location at a brine pool (GC233) and one background-marine location about 1.2 miles north of the brine pool (NBP). Community DNA was extracted from each location to establish clone libraries for the pmoA functional gene using a PCR-based cloning approach. Three hundred and ninety clones were screened by sequencing and 46 operational taxonomic units were obtained. Eight operational taxonomic units were present in every sample; one of them was predominant and accounted for 22.8-25.3% of each clone library. Principal-component analysis indicated that samples GC185 and GC234 were closely related and, along with GC233, were significantly different from NBP. These results indicate that methanotrophic communities may be similarly impacted by hydrocarbons at the gas-hydrate and seep sites, and can be distinguished from methanotrophic communities in the normal marine sediment. Furthermore, cluster analysis showed that 84.8% of operational taxonomic units from all samples formed distinct clusters, which could not be grouped with any published pmoA sequences, indicating that a considerable number of novel methanotrophic species may exist in the Gulf of Mexico.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Lactation and prolactin release in foster dams suckling prenatally ethanol exposed pups.

The effect of prenatal ethanol exposure on lactation was studied employing prenatally ethanol-exposed pups transferred to foster dams following parturition. During pregnancy, from day 8 to term, dams consumed either standard laboratory chow (ad libitum control), or liquid diets containing 0%, 17.5%, or 35% ethanol derived calories (EDC). To equalize caloric intake, the 0% and 17.5% EDC groups were pair-fed to rats in 35% EDC group. Following delivery, pups born to dams fed with laboratory chow (control) or liquid diets containing 0, 17.5, or 35% EDC were adjusted to eight per litter and transferred to foster dams, which had been fed laboratory chow and water ad libitum throughout pregnancy. Foster dams were implanted with an atrial catheter on day 3 of lactation. On days 6 (early lactation) and 10 (midlactation), following separation of litters from dams for a 6-hr period, a baseline blood sample was removed via a catheter extension. Pups were weighed and returned to the dams. Subsequent blood samples were obtained 10, 30, 60, 120, and 180 min after initiation of suckling. Suckling latency and the amount of milk consumed during the 3-hr suckling were also determined. Litters were weighed on days 2, 6, 10, and 21. The prolactin surge in foster dams in response to suckling by prenatally ethanol-exposed pups was not altered on day 6 of lactation. On day 10, after the initial rise, suckling-induced prolactin was amplified in dams suckled by prenatally ethanol-exposed pups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Field of study: Medicine
The ionic conductivity profile of thin evaporated AgCl films on a planar sapphire substrate

The ionic conductivity profile of AgCl-films stepwise evaporated onto a sapphire-substrate has been measured. After each step the films have been annealed. A bombardment of the uncompleted films by argon-ions (just before the successive evaporation processes) enhances the ionic conductivity. The first sheet (about 350 nm thick) of these films adjacent to the interface shows extremely high conductivity values up to about 10 −4 S/cm at 25°C. But also the remaining part of each film between about 350 and 800 nm away from the interface still shows an unexpectedly good conductivity of the same magnitude as the highest conductivity value (of 6×10 −6 S/cm at 25°C) found so far for disperse systems AgCl/Al-oxide. The measureds activation energies (between 0.34 and 0.47 eV) of these films are markedly higher than the migration enthalpy of Ag-vacancies (0.28 eV). The discussion suggests that the high conductivity and its profile are essentially determined by the microscopical structure of the films.

Field of study: Materials science
Geomorphic controls of the shape and mobility of rock avalanches

A graphical and statistical treatment of data taken from a sample of 40 rock avalanches selected mainly from the literature enables us to distinguish three ways in which the local morphology controls the shape and motion of such landslides. The three different situations are characterized as follows: (1) channeling of the debris mass, (2) unobstructed spreading of the debris mass, and (3) right-angle or almost right-angle impact against an opposite slope. Mobility of rock avalanches decreases going from situation 1 to situation 3. As presumably local morphology exerts its action ("geomorphic control") by influencing the rate of dissipation of the total mechanical energy involved in the process, the three cases are respectively defined as low-energy-, moderate-energy-, and high-energy-dissipative. As secondary results, we find the following. (1) By using the properties of the ratio of "excessive travel distance" to "travel distance," the Hsu (1975) runout-prediction model can be modified so as to avoid the difficult problem of estimating the landslide volume prior to failure. (2) If landslide volume and type of geomorphic control can be preliminarily estimated, then a maximum possible runout can also be computed corresponding to each of the three classes of geomorphic control.

Field of study: Geology
Robust Estimation of Mean Functions and Treatment Effects for Recurrent Events Under Event-Dependent Censoring and Termination: Application to Skeletal Complications in Cancer Metastatic to Bone

In clinical trials featuring recurrent clinical events, the definition and estimation of treatment effects involves a number of interesting issues, especially when loss to follow-up may be event-related and when terminal events such as death preclude the occurrence of further events. This paper discusses a clinical trial of breast cancer patients with bone metastases where the recurrent events are skeletal complications, and where patients may die during the trial. We argue that treatment effects should be based on marginal rate and mean functions. When recurrent event data are subject to event-dependent censoring, however, ordinary marginal methods may yield inconsistent estimates. Incorporating correctly specified inverse probability of censoring weights into analyses can protect against dependent censoring and yield consistent estimates of marginal features. An alternative approach is to obtain estimates of rate and mean functions from models that involve some conditioning to render censoring conditionally independent. We consider three methods of estimating mean functions of recurrent event processes and examine the bias and efficiency of unweighted and inverse probability weighted versions of the methods with and without a terminating event. We compare the methods via simulation and use them to analyse the data from the breast cancer trial.

Field of study: Mathematics
Automatized failure analysis of tungsten coated TSVs via scanning acoustic microscopy

In 3D integrated microelectronics, the failure analysis of through silicon vias (TSVs) represents a highly demanding task. In this study, defects in tungsten coated TSVs were analysed using scanning acoustic microscopy (SAM). Here, the focus lay on the realization of an automatized failure detection method towards rapid learning. We showed that by using a transducer of 100 MHz center frequency, established with an acoustical objective (AO), it is possible to detect defects within the TSVs. In order to interpret our analysis, we performed acoustic wave propagation simulations based on the elastodynamic finite integration technique (EFIT). In addition, high resolution X-ray computed tomography (XCT) was performed which corroborated the SAM analysis. In order to go towards automatized defect detection, firstly the commercially available software “WinSAM8” was enhanced to perform scans at defined working distances automatically. Secondly, a pattern recognition algorithm was successfully applied using “Python” to the SAM scans in order to distinguish damaged TSVs from defect-free TSVs. Besides the potential for automatized failure detection in TSVs, the SAM approach exhibits the advantages of fast and non-destructive failure detection, without the need for special preparation of the sample.

Field of study: Engineering