nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Complication rates associated with open versus percutaneous pedicle screw instrumentation among patients undergoing minimally invasive interbody fusion for adult spinal deformity.

High-quality studies that compare outcomes of open and minimally invasively placed pedicle screws for adult spinal deformity are needed. Therefore, the authors compared differences in complications from a circumferential minimally invasive spine (MIS) surgery and those from a hybrid surgery.  A retrospective review of a multicenter database of patients with spinal deformity who were treated with an MIS surgery was performed. Database inclusion criteria included an age of ≥ 18 years and at least 1 of the following: a coronal Cobb angle of > 20°, a sagittal vertical axis of > 5 cm, a pelvic incidence-lumbar lordosis angle of > 10°, and/or a pelvic tilt of > 20°. Patients were propensity matched according to the levels instrumented.  In this database, a complete data set was available for 165 patients, and after those who underwent 3-column osteotomy were excluded, 137 patients were available for analysis; 76 patients remained after propensity matching (MIS surgery group 38 patients, hybrid surgery group 38 patients). The authors found no difference in demographics, number of levels instrumented, or preoperative and postoperative radiographic results. At least 1 complication was suffered by 55.3% of patients in the hybrid surgery group and 44.7% of those in the MIS surgery group (p = 0.359). Patients in the MIS surgery group had significantly fewer neurological, operative, and minor complications than those in the hybrid surgery group. The reoperation rates in both groups were similar. The most common complication category for the MIS surgery group was radiographic and for the hybrid surgery group was neurological. Patients in both groups experienced postoperative improvement in their Oswestry Disability Index and visual analog scale (VAS) back and leg pain scores (all p < 0.05); however, MIS surgery provided a greater reduction in leg pain according to VAS scores.  Overall complication rates in the MIS and hybrid surgery groups were similar. MIS surgery resulted in significantly fewer neurological, operative, and minor complications. Reoperation rates in the 2 groups were similar, and despite complications, the patients reported significant improvement in their pain and function.

Field of study: Medicine
Forensic video solution using facial feature-based synoptic Video Footage Record

Person specific identification is an important problem in computer vision. However, forensic video analysis is the tool in surveillance applications, such as a specific person Video Footage Record can be used to help personalised monitoring. This study proposes a solution to identify the specific person very quickly through offline which will be valuable to analyse the incident/crime earlier. The main idea of this study is to reduce the enormous volume of video data by using an object-based video synopsis. After that, Viola–Jones face detection, deformable part based models are used to detect the face attributes. Subsequently, histogram of oriented gradients and oriented centre symmetric local binary pattern features are extracted. Support vector machine classifier is used to classify the weak and strong features. These strong features are used to recognise the person. The algorithm works well even in complicated situations such as expression changes, pose, illumination variations and even if the face is partially as well as fully occluded in few frames. The advantage of synoptic video helps to recognise the person who is not occluded in some other frames. Experimental results on benchmark and real time datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.

Field of study: Computer science
Study of form factors for single-proton transfer reactions on152Sm,154Gd and156Gd

The (3He,d) and (α,t) single-proton transfer reactions on targets of152Sm,154Gd and156Gd were studied at 35MeV incident energy. Differential cross sections of rotational states built upon various single-proton configurations are compared with results of DWBA calculations which employed various radial form factors. The agreement between calculated and measured reaction cross sections is found to improve significantly when the commonly used spherical bound-state potentials are replaced by deformed ones, including deformed Coulomb and spin-orbit wells, and projected form factors are used to calculate DWBA cross sections. Discrepancies in the differential cross sections so large that they cannot be attributed to band mixing phenomena are readily explained by form factor effects.

Field of study: Physics
Topotaxy and structural mechanisms of solid state reactions

The system PbO-P 2 O 5 -H 2 O bears in it a good model for investigation of mechanisms of solid state reactions on an atomic scale. Thermal dehydration of Pb 2 P 4 O 12 ·4 H 2 O and Pb ( H 2 PO 4 ) 2 lead via a number of well defined intermediate compounds to the final product lead polyphosphate [ Pb ( PO 3 ) 2 ] x . Several of these reactions proceed crystallographically oriented. The following reactions were examined in detail: Pb 2 P 4 O 12 ·4 H 2 O → Pb 2 P 4 O 12 ·2 H 2 O +2 H 2 O ; Pb 2 P 4 O 12 ·2 H 2 O → Pb 2 HP 3 O 10 + H 3 PO 4 ; Pb 2 HP 3 O 10 + H 3 PO 4 → Pb 2 P 4 O 12 +2 H 2 O ; Pb(H 2 PO 4 ) 2 →PbHPO 4 +H 3 PO 4 . Conclusions on structural mech anisms were derived by comparisons of crystal structures of the respective starting compound and the corresponding reaction product in the observed orientation relation. In case of the first and fourth reactions these conceptions on mechanisms were confirmed by mass spectroscopy and chemical experiments, respectively. The courses of topotactic reactions in the system PbO-P 2 O 5 -H 2 O are essentially determined by one- or two-dimensionally infinite arrangements of PbO x -polyhedra. Extended parts of these structural units are taken over from the starting compound into the product structure without changing their orientation and construction.

Field of study: Materials science
A comparison of the offense and defense strengths of teams in CBA game season 2010-2011 and an analysis of the structure of competition

Having studied the offense and defense capacities of teams in CBA game season 2010-2011,the author found that teams with good tournament performances had a more powerful and balanced offense and defense capacity.According to the best classification rule,coupled with a rational classification datasheet,the structure of competition in professional CBA tournament can be divided into 3 classes.High performance teams had distinct advantages in terms of offense indexes(score,2-point rate,3-point rate,free throw rate,offensive rebound,assistant offense) and defense indexes(points lost,steals,fouls,block shots).There was a significant or extremely significant difference between teams in different classes,while the teams in the games had a roughly identical error rate,and no significant difference in terms of offensive rebound.The comprehensive evaluation and structure classification of professional basketball clubs by applying TOPSIS and RSR methods are provided with certain reliability and a reference value.

Field of study: Education
A "Patch of England, at a three-thousand-Mile Off-set"? Representing America in Mason & Dixon

Mason & Dixon's examination of America's origins is informed by a dual temporal perspective: that of the late eighteenth century during which the modern nation-state was conceived and the late twentieth century in which a globalized economy and rise of huge conglomerates have led critics to proclaim the era of the nation-state as over. With New World slavery jettisoning all notions of American exceptionalism, colonial faction preventing national consolidation, and the very shape of the earth making the actuality of America impossible to determine with any fixity, establishing what is American becomes an act of representation. Pynchon portrays that act as less a function of politics, as the colonists demanded, and more a question of aesthetics, as the pictorial mapping in which his surveyors engage illustrates.

Field of study: Art
Monotone substochastic operators and a new Calderon couple

An important result on submajorization, which goes back to Hardy, Littlewood and P\'olya, states that $b\preceq a$ if and only if there is a doubly stochastic matrix $A$ such that $b=Aa$. We prove that under monotonicity assumptions on vectors $a$ and $b$ respective matrix $A$ may be chosen monotone. This result is then applied to show that $(\widetilde{L^p},L^{\infty})$ is a Calder\'on couple for $1\leq p<\infty $, where $\widetilde{L^{p}}$ is the K\"othe dual of the Ces\`aro space $Ces_{p'}$ (or equivalently the down space $L^{p'}_{\downarrow}$). In particular, $(\widetilde{L^1},L^{\infty})$ is a Calder\'on couple and this complements the result of [MS06] where it was shown that $(L^{\infty}_{\downarrow},L^{1})$ is a Calder\'on couple.

Field of study: Mathematics
Habitat Use, Roost Selection and Conservation of Bats in Tsingy De Bemaraha National Park, Madagascar

Although the land mammals of Madagascar have been the subject of many studies, the island’s bats have yet to feature prominently on the research or conservation agenda. In this study we used mist nets, acoustic sampling and cave surveys to assess habitat use, seasonality and roost selection. Four microchiropteran species (Triaenops rufus, T. furculus, Miniopterus manavi and Myotis goudoti) appeared to be strongly associated with the forest interior based on trapping, but analysis of time-expanded echolocation recordings revealed that T. rufus and M.␣manavi were frequently recorded in forest edges and clearings. Bat activity was significantly lower inside the forest than at the interface between agricultural land and forest. The caves visited most often by tourists were low in bat abundance and species richness. Anjohikinakina Cave, which was visited infrequently by people, was used by five species and contained between 54% (winter) and 99% (summer) of bats counted in 16 caves and is a site of national importance for bat conservation. Hipposideros commersoni was only netted in our study area during October and may be a migrant to the site or present but inactive during the austral winter. The forest surrounding the caves is therefore important because it provides cover for emerging bats and a potential source of invertebrate prey whilst the forest edge is important to foraging bats.

Field of study: Environmental science
Typhlitis in Acute Childhood Leukemia

To review our experience with typhlitis among children treated for acute leukemia.  The medical records of children with acute leukemia and typhlitis between 2006 and 2009 were reviewed for demographics and symptoms, and for microbiological and imaging findings.  In the 75 children with acute leukemia – 54 with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and 21 with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) – there were 10 episodes of typhlitis (4.5%) that developed during 221 periods of severe neutropenia. The cumulative risk of typhlitis was 7.4% in patients with ALL and 28.5% in patients with AML. Frequent symptoms were: abdominal pain and tenderness (100% each); fever and nausea (90% each); emesis (80%); diarrhea (50%), and hypotension, peritonitis and abdominal distension (10% each). The median duration of symptoms was 6 days (range: 2–11 days), and that of neutropenia 14 days (range: 3–25 days). All patients were treated medically and none surgically. Two patients died because of typhlitis and sepsis.  In our study, the rate of typhlitis among leukemic children was 4.5%; however, the mortality rate was 20%. Thus, rapid identification and timely, aggressive medical intervention are necessary to reduce the morbidity and mortality from typhlitis.

Field of study: Medicine
Photosensibilisierte Addition von Acetonitril an Norbornen

Acetonitril und Essigsaure-athylester lassen sich durch photosensibilisierte Addition mittels Sensibilisatoren wie Acetophenon oder Benzol mit Triplettenergien von mindestens 72 kcal/mol in guten Ausbeuten an Norbornen zu den entsprechenden 2-exo-Norbornanderivaten 3 addieren. Im Gegensatz zu anderen photoinduzierten Additionen an ungesattigte Kohlenwasserstoffe erfolgen die untersuchten Reaktionen uber den Triplettzustand des Olefins (Norbornen). 
 
 
 
Photosensitized Addition of Acetonitrile to Norbornene 
 
 
 
Acetonitrile and ethyl acetate are added to norbornene to yield the corresponding 2-exo-norbornane derivatives 3 by a photosensitized reaction involving sensitizers such as acetophenone or benzene with triplett energies higher than 72 kcal/mol. These reactions, in contrast to other photo-initiated free radical additions to olefins, involve the triplet olefin (norbornene) as reactive intermediate.

Field of study: Chemistry
GRADED DECOMPOSITION NUMBERS FOR BLOCKS OF SMALL WEIGHT

We consider some blocks of Ariki-Koike algebras Hn,r where the decomposition matrices are independent of the characteristic of the underlying field. We complete the description of the graded decom- position numbers for blocks of Ariki-Koike algebras of weight at most two, which consists of analysing the indecomposable core blocks at level r = 3, and look in some detail at core blocks in higher levels whose weight graphs are trees. We end with some graded decomposition numbers for such blocks when r = 4.

Field of study: Mathematics
Reply to Comment by D. Spemann et al [EPL 98 (2012) 57006, arXiv:1204.2992]

This article is a reply to the Comment by D. Spemann et al  in response to our paper 'Revealing common artifacts due to ferromagnetic inclusions in highly oriented pyrolytic graphite' (EPL, 97 (2012) 47001).

Field of study: Physics
Variational Dropout Sparsifies Deep Neural Networks

We explore a recently proposed Variational Dropout technique that provided an elegant Bayesian interpretation to Gaussian Dropout. We extend Variational Dropout to the case when dropout rates are unbounded, propose a way to reduce the variance of the gradient estimator and report first experimental results with individual dropout rates per weight. Interestingly, it leads to extremely sparse solutions both in fully-connected and convolutional layers. This effect is similar to automatic relevance determination effect in empirical Bayes but has a number of advantages. We reduce the number of parameters up to 280 times on LeNet architectures and up to 68 times on VGG-like networks with a negligible decrease of accuracy.

Field of study: Computer science
Monocyclic and cascade rearrangements of furoxans

Monocyclic rearrangements of azoles are extensively studied as alternative methods for the preparation of new heterocyclic systems. The present work is devoted to investigation of monocyclic and cascade rearrangements of 1,2,5-oxadiazole 2-oxide (furoxan) derivatives. It was found during investigations that rearrangements of furoxan ring had some peculiarities in comparison with analogous rearrangements of other azoles. Therefore, three different kinds of rearrangements were found. The first of them occurred through a dinitroso-ethylene intermediate and resulted in the synthesis of 1,2,3-triazole 1-oxides [oximes of 5-acetyl-4-phenyl(methyl)-2-phenyl-2H -1,2,3-triazole 1-oxides and 2-(furoxan-4-yl)-4-nitro-5-R-2H -1,2,3-triazole 1-oxides ]by thermal recyclization accordingly of 3-methyl-4-acetyl(benzoyl)furoxans phenylhydrazones and 3,3'-(R)-disubstituted-4,4'-azofuroxans. The latter reaction was performed in an oxidizing medium. The second kind of rearrangement (classical variant) was the synthesis of new azoles containing the 1-nitroalkyl substituent. These rearrangements were performed using three examples: base-induced interconversion of furoxanyl ketone phenylhydrazones into 5-(1-nitroalkyl)-2H-1,2,3-triazole derivatives and of 1-alkyl(aryl)-3-(furoxan-4-yl)amidines into 1-substituted 3-(1-nitroalkyl)-1,2,4-triazoles as well as a thermally induced rearrangement of 4-thioureido-3-R-furoxans into derivatives of 5-amino-3-(1-nitroalkyl)-1,2,4-thiadiazole including (5-amino-1,2,4-thiadiazol-3-yl)nitro-formaldehyde arylhydrazones (where R =N=N –Ar). Rearrangements of the third kind were those of the cascade type. Three new cascade rearrangements of azofuroxan derivatives [3,3'-azo-4,4'-bis(acetylamino)furoxans, 3-arylazo-4-acetylaminofuroxans, and 3-arylazo-4-(3- ethoxycarbonylureido)furoxans] into 4-amino-5-nitro-2H-1,2,3-triazole derivatives were discovered. These three reactions were assumed to include two consecutive (cascade) rearrangements: a 1,2,4-oxadiazole ring was formed at the first step and then transformed into a 1,2,3-triazole ring with the participation of an azo group.

Field of study: Chemistry
Policy relevance of a survey on smoking and drinking behaviour among Dutch school children.

Data from the first measurement of a cohort study among secondary schoolchildren allowed us to investigate policy correlates to smoking and drinking behaviour to some extent. Regular smoking is related to anti-smoking campaigns among boys and regular drinking is related to alcohol education at primary school. Regular drinking is also related to economic availability (free availability of alcohol and pocket money). The findings on economic availability and health education are directly policy relevant.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
NFIR nonlinear filter

A nonlinear filter is introduced whose output is nearest in distance to the output of a FIR (finite impulse response) linear phase filter; hence it is called the NFIR filter. After choosing the impulse response of the FIR filter properly, the NFIR filter can clean impulsive noise and preserve edges of signals. As a special case of the NFIR filter, a nearest mean (NEME) filter is derived. Theoretical analysis shows that the NEME filter is better than the median filter in smoothing additive Gaussian noise. In addition, based on the definition of the NEME filter, a new interpretation of the low-pass property of the median filter with window width 3 is described. Also, the performance of the nearest mean filter on a noisy edge is quantitatively compared with that of the median and mean filters.

Field of study: Engineering
North Ecliptic Pole Wide Field Survey of AKARI: Survey Strategy and Data Characteristics

We present the survey strategy and the data characteristics of the North Ecliptic Pole (NEP) Wide Survey of AKARI. The survey was carried out for about one year starting from 2006 May with 9 passbands from 2.5 to 24� m and the areal coverage of about 5.8 degree 2 centered on NEP. The survey depth reaches to 21.8 AB magnitude near infrared (NIR) bands, and � 18.6 AB magnitude at the mid infrared (MIR) bands such as 15 and 18 � m. The total number of sources detected in this survey is about 104000, with more sources in NIR than in the MIR. We have cross matched infrared sources with optically identified sources in CFHT imaging survey which covered about 2d egree 2 within NEP-Wide survey region in order to characterize the nature of infrared sources. The majority of the MIR sources at 15 and 18 � m bands are found to be star forming disk galaxies, with smaller fraction of early type galaxies and AGNs. We found that a large fraction (60%–80%) of bright sources in 9 and 11 � m is stars while stellar fraction decreases toward fainter sources. We present the histograms of the sources at MIR bands at 9, 11, 15, and 18 � m. The number of sources per magnitude thus varies as m 0:6 for longer wavelength sources while shorter wavelength sources show steeper variation with m ,w herem is the AB magnitude.

Field of study: Physics
Prenatal renal parenchymal area as a predictor of early end-stage renal disease in children with vesicoamniotic shunting for lower urinary tract obstruction.

Vesicoamniotic shunting (VAS) and other bladder drainage techniques for fetal lower urinary tract obstruction (LUTO) have been proven to ameliorate pulmonary hypoplasia and increase survival in patients with an initial poor prognosis. Currently there are limited prognostic tools available during gestation to evaluate and predict postnatal renal function.



The aim was to describe the prenatal growth of the renal parenchymal area (RPA) in patients with LUTO and determine its application as a predictor of renal function at one year of life.



The study population comprised a retrospective cohort of all infants who survived the fetal VAS to birth. Renal growth and size were measured using imageJ software to calculate the RPA in sequential prenatal ultrasounds. The parenchymal area was measured from the image of each kidney with the greatest longitudinal length. These measurements were further correlated and analyzed as a predictor of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) within the first year of life.



Etiologies of LUTO in the 15 male fetuses included eight posterior urethral valves, four Eagle-Barrett/prune belly syndrome, two urethral atresia, and one megacystis microcolon intestinal hypoperistalsis syndrome. All patients had patent shunts, in place, at birth. Furthermore, ultrasonographic parameters such as oligohydramnios, keyhole sign, and bladder wall thickness showed no statistical difference between groups. Renal parenchymal growth correlated with postnatal renal function in both the ESRD (r = 0.409, p = 0.018) and the non-ESRD (r = 0.657, p < 0.001) groups. Most notably, RPA during the 3rd trimester predicted ESRD with the best cut-off point determined to be 8 cm2 (sensitivity, 0.714; specificity, 0.882; and positive likelihood ratio, 6.071) (Table).



Despite definitive VAS for LUTO, postnatal morbidity and mortality remain high, emphasizing the role of renal dysplasia in postnatal renal failure, in spite of urinary diversion. Renal growth statistically differs between groups in the 3rd trimester of gestation; RPA development appears stagnant in patients that developed ESRD within the first year of life. In contrast, patients that did not develop ESRD continued to have renal parenchymal growth in a linear fashion. This suggests that prenatal RPA may be predictive of postnatal ESRD.



RPA measurement during the prenatal period could play an important role as a non-invasive tool to predict postnatal renal function and to anticipate postnatal clinical interventions.

Field of study: Medicine