nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Monoclonal antibodies that recognize the type-2 activin receptor, ACTR2.

Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) were raised in mice against a bacterial fusion protein composed of the intracellular serine/threonine kinase domain of the type-2 activin receptor, ACTR2, fused to glutathione S-transferase. Three MAbs with high affinity toward the ACTR2 kinase domain were isolated, one of which recognized specifically ACTR2 expressed transiently in vascular endothelial cells. These reagents should be of use in the elucidation of mechanisms of transmembrane signaling by this member of the emerging receptor serine threonine kinase family.

Field of study: Biology
Physisorption-induced C-H bond elongation in methane.

Physisorption of methane to a Pt surface was studied by x-ray absorption spectroscopy in combination with density functional theory spectrum calculations. The experiment shows new electronic states appearing upon physisorption. We find that these states are due to orbital mixing causing charge polarization as a means to minimize Pauli repulsion. The results can be explained by elongation of 1 C-H bond by 0.09 A in the physisorbed state even though no covalent chemical bond is formed.

Field of study: Physics
Research on performance of Cu-based catalyst for CO_2 hydrogenation to methanol

Three Cu-based catalysts are prepared by coprecipitation,polyethylene glycol(PEG)-assisted precipitation and PEG-assisted precipitation-impregnation methods,respectively,and evaluated in CO2 hydrogenation to methanol in fixed bed reactor.Effects of heating treatment of catalysts in situ,reaction temperatures and run time on catalytic performances are investigated,and the related characterizations are also carried out.The results show that Cu-Zn-Al-La catalyst,prepared by PEG-assisted precipitation-impregnation method,displays better catalytic performance,thermal stability and catalytic stability due to higher Cu active specific surface area,which results from the assistance of PEG in the course of coprecipitation,and more suitable basic sites,which generated by introduction of La on the surface of Cu-Zn-Al catalyst.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Effect of crude palm oil consumption on the levels of plasma ß-carotene, malondialdehyde and xanthine oxidase activity of healthy housewives

Crude palm oil that contains high s-carotenecan be obtained from mesocarp extraction of Elaesisguneensis Jacq.In the body, the s-caroteneis converted to vitamin A that has antioxidant activity. Antioxidantscan inhibit lipid peroxidation induced by free radicals or singlet oxygen. It also inhibits the increase of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the form of anion superoxide and hydrogen peroxide through the xanthine oxidase mechanism.This study aimed to evaluate the effect of crude palm oil consumption on the plasma s-carotene and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels as well as xanthine oxidase activityof healthy housewives. Twenty-two healthy housewives who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria were involved in this study. Blood plasma samples were taken before and after consuming crude palm oil for two months as much as± 3.58 mL daily.The results showed that consumption of crude palm oil increased the plasma s-carotene levels of 16 people (72%),and decreased the plasma MDAlevels of 13 people (59%).Meanwhile, thexantin oxidase enzyme activity showed no significantly different (p>0.05). Crude palm oil can increase plasma s-carotene levels. It can be an alternative natural food source of provitamin A due to the high β-carotene content.

Field of study: Medicine
What situational information would help developers when using a graphical code recommender?

We aim to understand what situational information diagramming tools should provide to aid developers.We conduct a diary study where eleven developers use a novel diagramming tool in their daily work.We also analyze the data from the study by using grounded theory.Our study identifies five situations for which developers expect to use diagramming tools.Requirements for diagramming tools are also elaborated with regard to these five situations. Developers spend a significant amount of time trying to understand code bases. To aid developers' comprehension of code, researchers have developed software visualization tools. However, the uses of these tools in situ have rarely been investigated. To make matters worse, as studies have revealed, developers seldom use diagramming tools, making such investigations a challenge. To determine the possible uses of such tools in real practice, we conduct a diary study in which eleven developers in real-world developments use a novel visualization tool (a graphical code recommender) for one month. In the study, we ask what information and features the visualization and diagramming tools should provide to aid developers' work according to their situations. The study reveals the situations in which developers would use such visualization and diagramming tools and also the concrete requirements for such tools that would make them useful.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Why Expressivists about Value should Love Minimalism about Truth

Does expressivism about value depend on views about the nature of truth and truth-assessability beyond those that we glean from a minimalist account of truth and truth-assessability? More precisely, if minimalism tells us all there is to know about truth and truth-assessability, does it follow that there is no room left for the expressivist's distinctive claim that evaluations are not truth-assessable? So two minimalists, Crispin Wright [24] and Paul Horwich , have recently argued. But it seems to me that they are very much mistaken. Expressivists who make this distinctive claim should love minimalism about truth, because minimalism shows us just how few assumptions about the nature truth and truth-assessability are required to get going the problem with evaluations to which this distinctive claim is, according to the expressivists, the solution. Don't misunderstand me. I am not a fan of the expressivist's solution. But I do think that expressivism is one of several solutions we might give to a problem with evaluations that expressivists, among others, rightly bring to our attention. I have elsewhere called this the 'moral problem' ([21], [23]). Unfortunately for minimalists, however, though that problem does indeed require certain assumptions about the nature of truth and truth-assessability, the assumptions required are just those that the minimalist makes as well.

Field of study: Philosophy
Creating the Punishment Orientation Questionnaire: An Item Response Theory Approach

The purpose of these studies was to examine the principles people engage in when thinking about punishment, using a new measure (the Punishment Orientation Questionnaire [POQ]). Although traditional conceptualizations of punishment divide it into utilitarianism (e.g., deterrence) and retributivism (“eye for an eye”), we argue that a more useful metric of lay attitudes concerns orientation toward or away from punishment. After pilot testing and factor analysis, we used item response theory to assess four scales: prohibitive utilitarianism (limiting punishment based on utility), prohibitive retributivism (aversion to punishing innocent people), permissive utilitarianism (willingness to give strict punishment based on the benefits thereof), and permissive retributivism (desire for just deserts). The POQ showed good predictive validity for capital jury eligibility and sentencing recommendation in response to a death penalty trial stimulus. This study provides a better understanding of how classic punishment philosophies manifest among laypersons and contributes data outside of classical test theory.

Field of study: Psychology
Effects of FK506 on rat thymus: time‐course analysis by immunoperoxidase technique and flow cytofluorometry

The effect of administration of FK506 at 1 mg/kg body weight for 14 days on rat lymphoid tissues, especially the thymus, and recovery after discontinuation of treatment, were investigated by the immunoperoxidase technique and flow cytofluorometry using monoclonal antibodies OX6, OX7, OX8, OX18 and W3/25, reactive with rat lymphocytes. Marked reduction of the thymic medulla upon treatment was clearly demonstrated by staining with OX18 and OX6. Changes produced by FK506 were also observed in the cortical area of the thymus, and were especially marked in the subcapsular area and around blood vessels. Eventually, the thymic cortex appeared patchy, this change being maximal 14 days after the start of administration. Obvious restitution of the thymic medulla was evident about 14 days after withdrawal of FK506. Flow cylometric analysis of the thymus showed that the percentages of cells labelled positively with OX7, OX8 and W3/25 were increased with FK506 treatment, and recovered to the normal levels soon after withdrawal. Furthermore, the peak of fluorescence intensity of OX7+, OX8+ and W3/25+ cells showed a temporary shift to the right during FK506 treatment; however, the peak of fluorescence intensity of OX18+ cells showed a temporary shift to the left. Treatment with FK506 also produced a significant change in 3H‐thymidine uptake by thymocyte. These results suggest that FK506 may inhibit the proliferation, maturation and differentiation of thymocytes. However, thymocytes prepared from FK506‐treated rats and labelled with FITC behaved similarly to rat thymocytes in normal recipient rats. This suggests that during FK506 treatment thymocytes may retain their potential for peripheral mobilization.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Free Radical Scavenging Activity of the FreshLeaves of Some Shade Trees

A DPPHMicroplate assay were made to determine the free radical scavenging activity of the leaves of some shade trees. The results revealed that different species have very different free radical scavenging capacities, and as the raising of concentration and the prolonging of incubation time at 37 ℃, their free radical scavenging capacities increased.Of all trees,Punica granatum L.,Acer buergerianum  macrophyllus (Thunb.)D.Don have the strongest free radical scavenging capacity. At the concentration of 05 mg/mL and after incubated for 20 minutes they could reach a DPPH decreasing rate of 935%, 864%, 857%, 772%, 638%, 620% and 611%,respectively.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Waiting time for radiation therapy in breast cancer patients in Quebec from 1992 to 1998: a study of surgically treated breast cancer patients in Quebec documents and helps to explain increased waiting times for radiation therapy.

This study was conducted among surgically treated breast cancer patients in Quebec to determine waiting time between surgery and post-operative radiation therapy and factors influencing it.



Records of fee-for-service claims and hospitalizations were obtained for all women who, between 1992 and 1998, underwent an invasive procedure for non-metastatic breast cancer. Waiting time was defined as the time between either the last surgical procedure or the last cycle of chemotherapy and the initiation of radiation therapy. Hierarchical linear regression models were used to identify predictors of waiting time.



Over seven years, 29,072 episodes of breast cancer treatments were identified, of which 17,684 included radiation therapy. The number of cases increased by 5.5% per year, but concurrent broadening of indications for radiation therapy led to an increase in the number of breast cancer patients receiving radiation therapy of 9% per year. In hierarchical linear modelling, comparing 1998 to 1992, median waiting time increased by 63% (95% confidence interval [CI] 35%-97%) in patients not receiving chemotherapy and by 35% (95% CI 3%-88%) in patients receiving chemotherapy. Other predictors of shorter waiting times were localized cancer stage, breast-conserving surgery, early consultation with a radiation oncologist, having surgery in a centre with a radiation therapy facility, living close to a radiation therapy facility and living in a higher socio-economic area.



Using administrative databases to evaluate waiting times is feasible. Explanations of the increased waiting time include increased demand, insufficient resources and changes in the indications for breast-conserving surgery and radiation therapy.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Design and Analysis of an Outer-Rotor-Permanent-Magnet Flux-Switching Machine for Electric Vehicle Applications

In this paper, an outer-rotor-permanent-magnet flux-switching (ORPM-FS) machine is proposed. It not only inherits the traditional flux-switching permanent-magnets (FSPM's) flux-switching principle and the high torque density, but also overcomes the FSPM's magnetic saturation and adds the slot area, thus producing favorable output torque capability at rated load and overload condition. By means of finite element method, the ORPM-FS machine is optimized through multi-level process for multi-objectives: the basic variables optimization for high output torque and low torque ripple, the pitch coefficient optimization for favorable torque characteristics and efficiency, the optimal selection for high efficiency at flux-weakening operation. At last, the electromagnetic performances of the optimized ORPM-FS machine are analyzed, which shows that the proposed machine can receive high torque density, low torque ripple, high efficiency, and favorable overload capability.

Field of study: Physics
Higher levels of hair ethyl glucuronide in patients with decreased kidney function.

Hair levels of ethyl glucuronide (EtG) are often used to differentiate social drinking from heavy drinking. Patients with decreased kidney function have delayed excretion of EtG, and increased incorporation into hair could be suspected. The aim of this study was to compare hair EtG levels in patients with decreased kidney function to those seen in healthy volunteers.



Twelve patients with renal disease were included. The levels of EtG in hair were adjusted to estimated daily intake of ethanol (EDI) and compared to 21 previously published healthy individuals.



The levels of hair EtG in the 12 patients ranged between < limit of detection and 134 pg/mg, and the EDI ranged between 0.1 and 12 g. The levels of EtG in hair were significantly higher in the patients compared to healthy volunteers (p = 0.009).



These preliminary results indicate that hair levels of EtG in a population of patients with decreased kidney function should be interpreted with caution.

Field of study: Medicine
Mechanisms of deformation in high-ductility Ce-containing Sn-Ag-Cu solder alloys

Rare-earth-containing Pb-free solders have gained widespread attention due to their superior ductility relative to conventional Pb-free alloys. Our previous work has shown that new Ce-based alloys are also extremely oxidation resistant compared to La or Y-containing alloys. In this paper, we report on a mechanism-based model for the large increases in ductility with small addition of rare-earth element to Sn–3.9Ag–0.7Cu. The mechanisms of ductility enhancement by Ce were observed in a scanning electron microscope, in interrupted shear-tests, where CeSn3 particles served as microscopic fracture and void nucleation sites. Micro-mechanical modeling using the finite-element method was used to examine the plastic strain field in solder affected by the particles. The concentrated deformation band was seen to be disturbed by the particles, resulting in a more uniform deformation pattern with reduced strains and thus enhanced ductility of the lap-sheared joint.

Field of study: Engineering
Microdosimetric measurements of a monoenergetic and modulated Bragg Peaks of 62 MeV therapeutic proton beam with a synthetic single crystal diamond microdosimter.

To investigate for the first time the performance of a synthetic single crystal diamond detector for the microdosimetric characterization of clinical 62 MeV ocular therapy proton beams.



A novel diamond microdosimeter with a well-defined sensitive volume was fabricated and tested with a monoenergetic and spread-out Bragg peak (SOBP) of the CATANA therapeutic proton beam in Catania, Italy. The whole sensitive volume of the detector has an active planar-sectional area of 100 µm x 100 µm and a thickness of approximately 6.3 um. Microdosimetric measurements were performed at several water-equivalent depths, corresponding to positions of clinical relevance. From the measured spectra, microdosimetric quantities such as the frequency mean lineal energy ( y - F ), dose mean lineal energy ( y - D ) as well as microdosimetric relative biological effectiveness (RBEµ ) values were derived for each depth along both a pristine Bragg curve and SOBP. Finally, Geant4 Monte Carlo simulations were performed modelling the detector geometry and CATANA beam line in order to calculate the average linear energy transfer (LET) values in the diamond active layer and water.



The microdosimetric spectra acquired by the diamond microdosimeter show different shapes as a function of the water equivalent depths. No spectral distortion, due to pile-up events and polarization effects, were observed. The experimental spectra have a very low detection threshold due to the electronic noise during the irradiation of about 1 keV/μm. The y - F and y - D values were in agreement with expected trends, showing a sharp increase in mean lineal energy at the distal edge of the Bragg peak. In addition, a good agreement between the mean lineal energy values and the calculated average LET ones was also observed. Finally, the RBE values evaluated with the diamond microdosimeter were in excellent agreement with those obtained with a mini tissue equivalent proportional counter as well as with radiobiological measurements in the same proton beam field.



The microdosimetric performance of the tested synthetic single crystal diamond microdosimter clearly indicates its suitability for quality assurance in clinical proton therapy beam.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Effect of rapid thermal annealing on InP1−xBix grown by molecular beam epitaxy

The effect of post-growth rapid thermal annealing on structural and optical properties of InP1-xBix thin films was investigated. InPBi shows good thermal stability up to 500 °C and a modest improvement in photoluminescence (PL) intensity with an unchanged PL spectral feature. Bismuth outdiffusion from InPBi and strain relaxation are observed at about 600 °C. The InPBi sample annealed at 800 °C shows an unexpected PL spectrum with different energy transitions.

Field of study: Materials science
Successive discrimination training with equated reinforcement frequencies: failure to obtain behavioral contrast.

In two experiments, pigeons were trained on two-component multiple schedules in which responding in one component (S(1)) was always maintained by a variable-interval schedule. In Experiment I, low response rates were reinforced in the second (S(2)) component for six master subjects. This schedule was adjusted to equate reinforcement frequencies in the two components. These subjects were compared to yoked partners, for which reinforcement in the S(2) component was made available on a variable-interval schedule whose value was determined by the master subjects. A similar procedure was used in Experiment II, where the S(2) schedule for master subjects made reinforcers contingent on the absence of responding. No evidence was found in either experiment for a behavioral contrast effect in the S(1) component attributable to response reduction in the S(2) component. A reliable contrast effect was obtained from a group of pigeons given extinction conditions in the S(2) component, which was compared to a group maintained throughout on a multiple variable-interval schedule. The results suggest that previous indications of behavioral contrast in similar situations were probably caused by uneven reinforcement distributions or reflect uncontrolled fluctuations in response rates.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Angular selection of radiation in regenerative amplification in a laser with an unstable resonator

Experimental and theoretical investigations were made of the angular distribution of amplified external radiation injected off-axially into an unstable resonator containing an active medium. Feasibility of angular selection of the external signal was demonstrated. The calculations agreed with the experimental results and made it possible to estimate the role of the frequency effects and also to identify the requirements in respect of the parameters needed to maximize radiation selection.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Collaborative Efforts between the United States and United Kingdom to Advance Prediction of High-Impact Weather

AbstractIn recent years, a growing partnership has emerged between the Met Office and the designated U.S. national centers for expertise in severe weather research and forecasting, that is, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) National Severe Storms Laboratory (NSSL) and the NOAA Storm Prediction Center (SPC). The driving force behind this partnership is a compelling set of mutual interests related to predicting and understanding high-impact weather and using high-resolution numerical weather prediction models as foundational tools to explore these interests.The forum for this collaborative activity is the NOAA Hazardous Weather Testbed, where annual Spring Forecasting Experiments (SFEs) are conducted by NSSL and SPC. For the last decade, NSSL and SPC have used these experiments to find ways that high-resolution models can help achieve greater success in the prediction of tornadoes, large hail, and damaging winds. Beginning in 2012, the Met Office became a contributing partner in ann...

Field of study: Environmental science
The paleoecological significance of diversity: The effect of time averaging and differential preservation on macroinvertebrate species richness in death assemblages

The effect of time averaging on species richness of the preservable component (animals with preservable hard parts) of living benthic communities was investgated using long-term (24–30 mo) data sets obtained by recurrent sampling in estuarine and euhaline (30–40 ppt) habitats. About 20–40% of all living species collected were preservable. Species richness of the living community increased with salinity and water depth. Cumulative species richness increased with increasing duration of study. The percentage of preservable species, however, declined with increasing depth. As many preservble species were collected over time in some physically variable estuarine habitats as were collected in the physically less variable, euhaline habitats. Changing environmental factors allowed different species to inhabit these estuarine areas as time passed, whereas species richness was usually higher in euhaline habitats at any particular time. Hence, species richness in the death assemblages may be as high in some physically variable, estuarine habitats as in more invariant euhaline habitats. The species composition of the preservable component of the living community was more persistent than the nonpreservable component. That is, on the average, species additions or replacements occurred more frequently in the nonpreservable component. This increased persistence of the preservable component, however, could not offset the inherently more rapid temporal changes in faunal composition that occurred in physically variable habitats. Therefore, the classic ecologic relationship between increased species richness and reduced environmental variability may not be preserved. Additional evidences must be used to distinguish between species-rich assemblages produced by time averaging of noncontemporaneous taxa in environmentally variable habitats and those produced by diversedcommunities in less variable habitats.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography