nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
A large scale double beta and dark matter experiment: On the physics potential of GENIUS

The physics potential of GENIUS, a recently proposed double beta decay and dark matter experiment is discussed. The experiment will allow to probe neutrino masses down to 10−(2–3) eV. GENIUS will test the structure of the neutrino mass matrix, and therefore implicitly neutrino oscillation parameters comparable or superior in sensitivity to the best proposed dedicated terrestrial neutrino oscillation experiments. If the 10-3 eV level is reached, GENIUS will even allow to test the large angle MSW solution of the solar neutrino problem. Even in its first stage GENIUS will confirm or rule out degenerate or inverted neutrino mass scenarios, which have been widely discussed in the literature as a possible solution to current hints on finite neutrino masses and also test the νe ↔ νμ hypothesis of the atmospheric neutrino problem. GENIUS would contribute to the search for R-parity violating SUSY and right-handed W-bosons on a scale similar or superior to LHC. In addition, GENIUS would largely improve the current 0νββ decay searches for R-parity conserving SUSY and leptoquarks.Concerning cold dark matter (CDM) search, the low background anticipated for GENIUS would, for the first time ever, allow to cover the complete MSSM neutralino parameter space, making GENIUS competitive to LHC in SUSY discovery. If GENIUS could find SUSY CDM as a by-product it would confirm that R-parity must be conserved exactly. GENIUS will thus be a major tool for future non-accelerator particle physics.

Field of study: Physics
Physiography and geology of region adjacent to the Nicaragua Canal route

The region discussed in the following paper embraces northern Costa Rica and southern Nicaragua. Its special interest lies in the fact that it contains the lowest gap in the Continental divide between the straits of Magellan and the Arctic ocean, and probably also contains the most feasible route for an interoceanic ship canal. In connection with the investigations of the canal route by the United States Nicaragua Canal Commission, the writer spent ten months of 1898 in field-work in the canal region, the greater part of which was in the direction of drilling operations. In this way much detailed information was obtained concerning the geology immediately upon the canal route, but little opportunity was afforded for a general examination of the adjacent region. The conditions which prevail over much of the country, however, especially the presence of a luxuriant tropical vegetation and the depth of rock decay, entirely prevent, . . .

Field of study: Geology
Manipulation of gonadal hormones in neonatal rats alters the morphological response of cortical neurons to brain injury in adulthood.

The authors examined the effects of sex and neonatal hormones on the response of pyramidal cells (Layer III, parietal cortex) to injury of the medial frontal cortex in the adult rat. At birth, males were gonadectomized (GDX) or sham-operated. Females were given testosterone (T) or oil injections. In adulthood, rats that had been left intact at birth were GDX, and they then received bilateral medial frontal cortex lesions or sham surgery. Rats not exposed to T at birth exhibited losses of dendritic arbor (males GDX at birth) or dendritic spine density (oil-treated females). Compensation after cortical injury is dependent on the rat's sex and history of exposure to gonadal steroids.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Analysis of Deoxyribonucleotide in Plasmid Deoxyribonucleic Acid Using High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry

An ion pair reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) coupled with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) method has been developed for the determination of deoxyribonucleotide in plasmid DNA. Optimum separation conditions for the four deoxyribonucleotides Including 2'-deoxycytidine-5'-monophosphate (dCMP), 2'-deoxythymidine-5'-monophosphate (dCMP), 2'-deoxyguanosine-5'-monophosphate (dGMP) and 2'-deoxyadenosine-5'-monophosphate (dAMP) are obtained using a mobile phase containing 10 mmol/L ammonium acetate (pH 4.8) and 2.5% methanol. The hexapole collision/reaction cell technique (CCT) by adding O-2 is employed for the detection of (PO+)-P-31-O-16 to avoid potential interferences of polyatomic isobaric at m/z 31 by directly detecting P-31(+). By such HPLC-TCP-MS hyphenation technique, detection limits of four deoxyribonucleotides are 0.211 mu mol/L for dCMP, 0.204 mu mol/L for dTMP, 0.173 mu mol/L for dGMP and 0.225 mu mol/L for dAMP, respectively. This hyphenated HPLC-ICP-MS method has been successfully applied to the analysis of four deoxyribonucleotides in plasmid DNA, which contained 152.9 +/- 2.4 mu mol/L of dCMP, 228.2 +/- 4.0 mu mol/L of dTMP, 125.3 +/- 3.0 mu mol/L of dGMP and 222.9 +/- 3.3 mu mol/L of dAMP.

Field of study: Chemistry
Factors Determining the Credit Accessibility by the Small-Scale Entrepreneurs: A Case of Handloom Weaving in Bangladesh

This study examines the determinants of access to credit by the handloom weavers in Bangladesh. Using the multistage sampling technique, the primary data for the analysis were collected from 311 randomly selected handloom weavers from Sirajganj district of Bangladesh during July to December 2015. The data are analyzed by using the Logit model. The model identifies several individual, household, community, and institution-specific factors as the significant determinants of credit access. Among them, family size, farm size, work experience, saving and the flexibility in the terms and conditions of loan use increase the probability of credit access by the handloom weavers whereas the risk aversion attitude and the distance between the Microfinance Institutions (MFIs) from the commune reduce such possibility. Therefore, this study suggests that respondents should utilize the joint effort of the available family members in this labor-intensive business while undertaking rational decisions enhanced through the skills and capabilities acquired over the years. They should maintain a sufficient amount of saving to prove them eligible in repaying their credit. From the institutional perspective, it is suggested that the MFIs should provide adequate financial and non-financial services to its clientele as per their needs. Borrowers’ easy accessibility to the institutions should also be ensured. In doing so, they should open up more branches in the villages so that the door to door services are available to the borrowers. It is expected that these recommendations will help in improving the credit access by the handloom weavers in Bangladesh.

Field of study: Business
Ion conduction in one-dimensional ionic conductors Mg-, Rb- and Al-doped KxGa8Ga8+xTi16−xO56 single crystals

Ion conduction in single crystals of one-dimensional (1D) superionic conductors Mg-, Rb- and Al-doped potassium gallotitano-gallate, which were attributed as KGMGTO, KRGGTO, and KGAGTO, was studied by an ac complex electrical conductivity measurement from 100 Hz to 38 GHz. The aim of doping is to deduce the number of the interstitial (O 2– , Ga 3+ ) ion pairs, which block the collective motion of K + ions, for enhancement of K + ion conduction without heat treatment. The observed frequency dependence of the ionic conductivity could be explained by the newly proposed ion conduction model. Most of the blocks could not be reduced by the doping of Mg 2+ ions. Doping of Rb + ions contributed to the removal of the blocks. In heavily Al-doped KGAGTO, the thermal treatment, which enhanced the K + ion conduction in an undoped crystal (KGGTO), did not have much effect on the enhancement of the K + ion conduction.

Field of study: Materials science
ENSILING OF POTATO VINES

Potato vines are a potential feed for cattle if the vines can be preserved. The objectives of this study were 
primarily to study alternative methods to preserve potato vines by ensiling and determine the effects of soil contamination 
on ensiling. In experiment 1, vines from four potato varieties were harvested individually with a flail chopper set at three 
heights to vary soil contamination. The chopped vines were ensiled in minisilos alone or amended (3:1, vines to 
amendment, wet basis) with either chopped alfalfa hay or barley grain. Silos were opened after 90 d for analysis. In 
experiment 2, vines of one variety were hand-harvested and ensiled fresh or after wilting one day in a greenhouse, alone 
or in combination with chopped whole plant corn at one of four levels. Silos were opened for analysis after 1, 2, 6, 14 and 
90 d ensiling. The vines in both experiments were of high nutritive value with high crude protein contents [194-261 g kg–1 
dry matter (DM)] and low neutral detergent fiber contents (286-359 g kg–1 DM). However, ash contents were relatively 
high even with low soil contamination (220-307 g kg–1 DM) and hand-harvested vines (169 g kg–1 DM). In both 
experiments, unamended vines were poorly preserved, underwent a secondary fermentation, and were unstable 
aerobically. Little or no lactic acid was present in these silages, acetic acid was the predominant fermentation product, 
and butyric acid was detected in some silages. In contrast, all three amendments produced well-preserved silages. Barleyamended 
silages yielded the lowest pHs (4.06 average); alfalfa-amended silages yielded the highest (4.97 average). In a 
5-d aerobic stability test, some barley-amended replicates heated while none of the alfalfa- or corn-amended silages 
heated. Level of soil contamination had no consistent negative effect on fermentation, but the added soil substantially 
diluted vine dry matter in the high contamination treatments.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Influences of electrolyte in fabrication process of poly (α-methyl styrene) capsules by microencapsulation

To control the inner diameter change of double emulsions and to improve the surface finish of the resulting poly(-methyl styrene) (PAMS) capsules, the effects of electrolyte in the inner and outer water phases on the water migration and phase separation behaviors in the oil phase layer during curing process were investigated. The results show that addition of electrolyte only in the inner water phase leads to a migration of the water from the inner to the outer water phase and thus results in a shrinking of the double emulsions, potentially wrinkling the resulting PAMS capsules. When adding electrolyte into the inner and outer water phases at the same time, the chemical potential of the inner water phase balances with that of the outer water phase, so that the generation of water microdroplets and the migration of water in the oil phase layer during the curing process are suppressed and then the vacuoles in the shell wall of the resulting PAMS capsules are reduced. Moreover, through adjusting the concentrations of electrolyte in the inner and outer water phases, the densities of the three phases of the double emulsions can also be matched for improving the sphericity and wall thickness uniformity of the resulting PAMS capsules.

Field of study: Physics
Enhancing developer recommendation with supplementary information via mining historical commits

This paper proposed an approach, EDR_SI, to enhance developer recommendation.EDR_SI provides personalized supplementary information for developers to use.An empirical study on five open source subjects show the effectiveness of EDR_SI. Given a software issue request, one important activity is to recommend suitable developers to resolve it. A number of approaches have been proposed on developer recommendation. These developer recommendation techniques tend to recommend experienced developers, i.e., the more experienced a developer is, the more possible he/she is recommended. However, if the experienced developers are hectic, the junior developers may be employed to finish the incoming issue. But they may have difficulty in these tasks for lack of development experience. In this article, we propose an approach, EDR_SI, to enhance developer recommendation by considering their expertise and developing habits. Furthermore, EDR_SI also provides the personalized supplementary information for developers to use, such as personalized source code files, developer network and source-code change history. An empirical study on five open source subjects is conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of EDR_SI. In our study, EDR_SI is also compared with the state-of-art developer recommendation techniques, iMacPro, Location and ABA-Time-tf-idf, to evaluate the effectiveness of developer recommendation, and the results show that EDR_SI can not only improve the accuracy of developer recommendation, but also effectively provide useful supplementary information for them to use when they implement the incoming issue requests.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Preoperative plasma levels of soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor type I (sTNF-RI) predicts adverse events in cardiac surgery.

The objective was to estimate the sTNF-RI preoperative measure in the identification of patients with bad outcome and death.



We assessed prospectively sixty-two patients submitted electively to myocardial revascularization with ECC or heart valve surgery. The sTNF-RI levels were determined by the Sandwich-Type ELISA method before anesthetic induction. Clinical, surgical characteristics and sTNF-RI levels were compared among patients with good (group I, n=46) or bad outcome (group II, n=16--length of stay in the ICU for over 72 h or death).



No difference was found between the verified mortality (6.4%) and the predicted by EuroSCORE (3.0%), p=0.48. The sTNF-RI levels were higher in group II (1322) than group I (748) p=0.009 (levels >954, 69% sensitivity and 70% specificity for good outcome, 44% positive predicted value and 85% negative). The sTNF-RI levels were higher in patients who died (1556) versus (759) p=0.029, (levels >1230, 79% sensitivity, 75% specificity, 20% positive predicted value and 98% negative). In the multivariate logistic regression model sTNF-RI (OR=1.002, IC95% 1.000-1.005, p=0.014) and age (OR=1.083, IC95% 1.010-1.161, p=0.025) were independently related to the risk of bad outcome.



Basal levels of sTNF-RI yield prognostic information in patients who undergo heart surgery.

Field of study: Medicine
Activation of nuclear factor-κB in the rabbit spinal cord following ischemia and reperfusion

The transcription factor NF-κB is a ubiquitously expressed inducible regulator of a broad range of genes. Recent studies have shown that activation of NF-κB predominantly is associated with protecting cells from apoptosis, but in some cell models, it is associated with promoting cell death. We used a rabbit spinal cord model of reversible ischemia to determine whether NF-κB was activated by ischemic and reperfusion injury. DNA binding activity of NF-κB was analyzed by an electrophoretic mobility shift assay in animals subjected to varying durations of ischemia and reperfusion. A low level of constitutive NF-κB DNA binding was detected in normal lumbar spinal cord extracts. Animals subjected to a short ischemic insult of 15 min, from which they usually recover neurologic function, had a significant increase in the amount of active NF-κB in nuclear extracts after 18 h reperfusion. There was no change in nuclear NF-κB DNA binding in animals occluded for 60 min that are permanently paraplegic and exhibit extensive neuropathological damage. The amount of deoxycholate-releasable NF-κB sequestered in the cytosol, however, decreased after 18 h reperfusion in rabbits occluded for 60 min. This correlated with a decrease in the amount of RelA(p65) NF-κB subunit. The results suggest that activation of NF-κB after a limited ischemic injury may participate in a neuroprotective response and not in cell death.

Field of study: Biology
A comparison of ex vivo cytokine production in venous and capillary blood

We performed a randomized study of the immunological effects of an early measles vaccine given at 4·5 months of age and aimed to obtain venous samples from the infants at baseline and 6 weeks later. If this was not feasible, a capillary sample was obtained. We analysed baseline samples from the first 50 children enrolled in the study to investigate the potential differences in ex vivo cytokine production between venous blood and capillary blood. We also obtained paired venous and capillary blood samples from 11 adult volunteers. Whole blood was stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) [a Toll‐like receptor (TLR)‐4 ligand], (S)‐(2, 3‐bis (palmitoyloxy)‐(2‐RS)‐propyl)‐N‐palmitoyl‐(R)‐Cys‐(S)‐Ser‐(S)‐Lys4‐OH, trihydrochloride (PAM3Cys) (a TLR‐2 ligand), phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) or purified protein derivative (PPD). Cytokine concentrations in the supernatants were assessed by a multiplexed assay and were compared between venous and capillary samples in both infants and adults. The production of both the pro‐ and the anti‐inflammatory cytokines, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)‐α and interleukin (IL)‐10, was higher in cultures of capillary blood compared with venous blood. This was found in non‐stimulated control samples as well as in blood stimulated with PAM3Cys and PPD. Adults produced more IL‐5 in venous blood than in capillary blood upon PHA stimulation. We found no other difference in the levels of IL‐5 or IFN‐γ between venous and capillary blood. In capillary blood we found sex differences in response to PHA but this was not the case in venous blood. We found significant differences in the production of cytokines between venous and capillary blood. Such differences should be taken into account when setting up immuno‐epidemiological studies.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
The structure of endothiapepsin complexed with the gem-diol inhibitor PD-135,040 at 1.37 A.

The crystal structure of endothiapepsin complexed with the gem-diol inhibitor PD-135,040 has been anisotropically refined to a resolution of 1.37 A. The structure of this inhibitor complex is in agreement with previous structures of endothiapepsin gem-diol inhibitor complexes that have been used to develop proposed catalytic mechanisms. However, the increase in resolution over previous structures confirms the presence of a number of short hydrogen bonds within the active site that are likely to play an important role in the catalytic mechanism. The presence of low-barrier hydrogen bonds was indicated in a previous one-dimensional H NMR spectrum.

Field of study: Chemistry
An Exponential-Gamma Convolution Model for Background Correction of Illumina BeadArray Data

Illumina BeadArrays are becoming an increasingly popular Microarray platform due to its high data quality and relatively low cost. One distinct feature of Illumina BeadArrays is that each array has thousands of negative control bead types containing oligonucleotide sequences that are not specific to any target genes in the genome. This design provides a way of directly estimating the distribution of the background noise. In the literature of background correction for BeadArray data, the information from negative control beads is either ignored, used in a naive way that can lead to a loss in efficiency, or the noise is assumed to be normally distributed. However, we show with real data that the noise can be skewed. In this study, we propose an exponential-gamma convolution model for background correction of Illumina BeadArray data. Using both simulated and real data examples, we show that the proposed method can improve the signal estimation and detection of differentially expressed genes when the signal to noise ratio is large and the noise has a skewed distribution.

Field of study: Mathematics
ANALYSIS OF NEAR-CORNER STRESSES IN CONCRETE PAVEMENT STRUCTURE

In the light of the fact that the corner break occurs frequently in concrete pavement slab on rigid or semi-rigid base in China highway,a double-layered structure model with unequal planar dimensions resting on an elastic foundation is adopted to analyze this problem.With a rectangular load applying on the pavement slab corner,the stresses and deflections in the pavement structure are obtained by employing half-space foundation and Winkler foundation assumptions,and a transformation relationship between half-space foundation and Winkler foundation is then established according to the equivalence rule of maximum stress or deflection.In addition,the influence of base extension on stresses in the pavement and the base itself is analyzed,and a set of approximate formulas for base extension coefficients are provided accordingly.Subjected to a rectangular load on the pavement slab corner and a temperature gradient through slab thickness simultaneously,the difference of stresses in the pavement is studied by using the coupling method and the superposition method,and the effects of void underneath pavement slabs (contact stiffness weakening between pavement and base),joint load transfer capacity on stresses and deflections in the pavement structure are discussed.

Field of study: Engineering
Inhibition of joint inflammation and destruction induced by anti-type II collagen antibody/lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced arthritis in mice due to deletion of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF).

Previous studies have demonstrated that neutralization of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) by anti-MIF antibody decreases joint destruction in the collagen-induced arthritis model. The present study was undertaken to investigate whether selective deletion of MIF inhibits inflammation and joint destruction of the anti-type II collagen antibody (anti-CII Ab)/lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced arthritis in mice, in order to determine the role of this cytokine in inflammatory arthritis.



Anti-CII Ab/LPS-induced arthritis was induced in MIF-deficient and wild-type mice. The effects of anti-MIF polyclonal antibody administration on anti-CII Ab-induced arthritis were also evaluated.



The expression of MIF protein and mRNA was induced in anti-CII Ab/LPS-induced arthritis joint tissues. Histopathological arthritis scores for synovial inflammation induced by anti-CII Ab/LPS -induced arthritis were significantly decreased in anti-MIF Ab-treated mice and in MIF-deficient mice compared to wild-type mice. In addition, mRNA levels of MMP-13 and MIP-2 in anti-CII Ab/LPS-induced arthritis joint tissues were significantly reduced in MIF-deficient mice compared to wild-type control mice.



These results indicate that MIF plays a critical role in inflammation and joint destruction in the anti-CII Ab/LPS-induced arthritis model in mice, in part via induction of MMP-13 and neutrophil infiltration through the induction of MIP-2.

Field of study: Medicine