nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
[Post-stroke rehabilitation training with a brain-computer interface: a clinical and neuropsychological study].

To evaluate the clinical efficacy of BCI-supported mental practice and to reveal specific cognitive impairment which determine mental practice ineffectiveness and inability to perform MI.



Fifty-five hemiplegic patients after first-time stroke (median age 54. 0 [44.0; 61.0], time from onset 6.0 [3.0; 13.0] month) were randomized into two groups - BCI and sham-controlled. Severity of arm paresis was measured by Fugl-Meyer Assessment of Motor Recovery after Stroke (FMA) and Action Research Arm Test (ARAT). Twelve patients from the BCI group were examined using neuropsychological testing. After assessment, patients were trained to imagine kinesthetically a movement under control of BCI with the feedback presented via an exoskeleton. Patients underwent 12 training sessions lasting up to 30 min. In the end of the study, the scores on movement scales, electroencephalographic results obtained during training sessions were analyzed and compared to the results of neuropsychological testing.



Evaluation of the UL clinical assessments indicated that both groups improved on ARAT and FMA (sections A-D, H, I) but only the BCI group showed an improvement in the ARAT's grasp score (p=0.012), pinch score (p=0.012), gross movement score (p=0,002). The significant correlation was revealed between particular neuropsychological tests (Taylor Figure test, choice reaction test, Head test) and online accuracy rate.



These results suggest that adding BCI control to exoskeleton-assisted physical therapy can improve post-stroke rehabilitation outcomes. Neuropsychological testing can be used for screening before mental practice admission and promote personalized rehabilitation.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
An Interactive Method for Processing and Display of Sea-Surface Temperature Fields Using VAS Multispectral Data.

Technique pour obtenir, de facon interactive, la TSM (SST) a partir des mesures de la radiance multispectrale a l'aide du soudeur vertical VAS, ainsi que pour visualiser le champ obtenu. Elle est illustree par des images composites de resolution elevee qui utilisent les donnees plusieurs fois par jour, sur une periode de plusieurs jours. La methode de masquage (screening) qui consiste a filtrer les donnees de canaux pour eviter les effets des nuages, est interactive en ce sens qu'elle peut etre optimisee pour eliminer les effets des petits nuages tout en restituant encore un nombre suffisant de TSM afin de permettre l'analyse des proprietes sur la mesoechelle. Des images ont ete produites en temps reel par l'Universite du Wisconsin dans le cadre de GALE et de NOVA

Field of study: Environmental science
Na I-ähnliche Spektren der Elemente Kalium bis Kupfer, KIX-CuXIX

ZusammenfassungMit einem neuen Konkavgitterspektrographen für extremes Ultraviolett wurden Vakuumfunkenspektren der Metalle Scandium (21) bis Zink (30) im Wellenlängenbereich 30 bis 200 Å aufgenommen. Bei vorläufiger Durchsicht der sehr linienreichen Spektrogramme wurden unter anderem die wichtigsten Linien der NaI-, MgI- und AlI-ähnlichen Spektren für die gesamte Elementenreihe bis Kupfer identifiziert. Unter Mitbenutzung der früheren Messungen von Ekefors in den Kalium- und Calciumspektren wurde eine ausführliche Analyse der Reihe von NaI-ähnlichen Spektren durchgeführt.

Field of study: Physics
Non-Malleable Codes

We introduce the notion of “non-malleable codes” which relaxes the notion of error correction and error detection. Informally, a code is non-malleable if the message contained in a modified codeword is either the original message, or a completely unrelated value. In contrast to error correction and error detection, non-malleability can be achieved for very rich classes of modifications. We construct an efficient code that is non-malleable with respect to modifications that affect each bit of the codeword arbitrarily (i.e., leave it untouched, flip it, or set it to either 0 or 1), but independently of the value of the other bits of the codeword. Using the probabilistic method, we also show a very strong and general statement: there exists a non-malleable code for every “small enough” family F of functions via which codewords can be modified. Although this probabilistic method argument does not directly yield efficient constructions, it gives us efficient non-malleable codes in the random-oracle model for very general classes of tampering functions—e.g., functions where every bit in the tampered codeword can depend arbitrarily on any 99% of the bits in the original codeword. As an application of non-malleable codes, we show that they provide an elegant algorithmic solution to the task of protecting functionalities implemented in hardware (e.g., signature cards) against “tampering attacks.” In such attacks, the secret state of a physical system is tampered, in the hopes that future interaction with the modified system will reveal some secret information. This problem was previously studied in the work of Gennaro et al. in 2004 under the name “algorithmic tamper proof security” (ATP). We show that non-malleable codes can be used to achieve important improvements over the prior work. In particular, we show that any functionality can be made secure against a large class of tampering attacks, simply by encoding the secret state with a non-malleable code while it is stored in memory.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Coexpression, copurification, crystallization and preliminary X-ray analysis of a complex of ARL2-GTP and PDE delta.

The small GTPase ARL2 (from Mus musculus) and an effector protein, the delta subunit of human cGMP phosphodiesterase (hPDE delta), were coexpressed and copurified from Escherichia coli as a stable complex. Coexpression significantly increased the otherwise low yield of PDE delta production in E. coli. The complex, which contains ARL2 in the activated GTP-bound form, was crystallized in two forms. The first belongs to the monoclinic space group P2(1), with unit-cell parameters a = 48.1, b = 45.7, c = 74.7 A, beta = 94.0 degrees and one complex (39 kDa) in the asymmetric unit. Cryocooled crystals diffract to 2.3 A using synchrotron radiation. The micro-focused X-ray beam at beamline ID13 (ESRF) allowed the use of very small crystals, which helped to overcome twinning and enabled the identification of a molecular-replacement solution. The second form recrystallized from the first one after several months. These crystals belong to the orthorhombic space group P2(1)2(1)2(1), with unit-cell parameters a = 44.5, b = 65.4, c = 104.4 A and one complex in the asymmetric unit. They diffracted to 1.8 A using synchrotron radiation.

Field of study: Chemistry
Characteristics of scholastic physical education in special education

Basing his reference system on common scholastic physical education,the author analyzed the character-istics of scholastic physical education in special education in terms of education subject,objective of scholastic physical education,curriculum content,teaching organization,physical education teacher,playground and equip-ment: The subject of special education is teenagers with physical or mental defects or deformities,whose body and psychology are different from those of normal teenagers;the compensation and recovery of physical and mental de-fects are important contents in the objectives of scholastic physical education in special education;the selection of physical education teaching contents is more action specific,and the defect compensating and recovering functions of physical curriculum are pursued;individual guidance is an important principle that should be followed by physi-cal education organizations,the compensation and comprehensive application of intuitive means are the distinctive characteristics of physical education teaching methods;it is the professional making of physical education teachers to master systematic special education theories and practical skills;the playground and equipment should be in con-formity with the characteristics of handicapped children.

Field of study: Education
Free-operant forgetting: Delayed stimulus control of multiple-schedule performance.

Pigeons' responses were reinforced in two components of several multiple variable-interval variable-interval schedules of food reinforcement. In one component, the key was illuminated green for 15 seconds and white for 45 seconds. In the other component, the key was illuminated red for 15 seconds and white for 45 seconds. Values for the exponent of the power functions relating response ratios to reinforcement ratios were higher in the presence of the discriminative stimuli (green or red) than in the presence of white. Sensitivity of response ratios to changes in reinforcement ratios provided an index of the extent to which responding was under delayed stimulus control by prior discriminative stimuli.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Is the New Economy Wearing Out

The economy certainly boomed in the late 1990s. But much of the expansion was based on computers and software that either wear out or become obsolete much more quickly than did traditional capital investment in the past. The rise in a nation's standard of living, however, depends on spending after allowance for such deterioration—which is usually an expense for business. This economist analyzes how well the United States really did.

Field of study: Economics
On $C_{0·}$ multi-contractions having a regular dilation

Commuting multi-contractions of class C0· and having a regular isometric dilation are studied. We prove that a polydisc contraction of class C0· is the restriction of a backwards multi-shift to an invariant subspace, extending a particular case of a result by R. E. Curto and F.-H. Vasilescu. A new condition on a commuting multi-operator, which is equivalent to the existence of a regular isometric dilation and improves a recent result of A. Olofsson, is obtained as a consequence.

Field of study: Mathematics
Evolution of the Axial Rifting Zone in Northern Iceland and the Tjörnes Fracture Zone

Bathymetric data, stratigraphic correlations, and distribution of volcanism indicate that the Tjornes fracture zone is composed of several subsiding troughs and volcanic chains having a north trend and thus differing structurally from the undivided axial rifting zone in northern Iceland. The troughs developed successively as spreading axes across the Tjornes fracture zone. Thus a spreading axis shifted from a position at long. 18° W. to a position at long. 17° W. during late Matuyama time. The southern margin of the Tjornes fracture zone is marked by west-northwest–trending oblique-slip faults observed on land south of the Tjornes peninsula and traceable west-northwest on the sea bottom for 70 km. The strike slip along these faults amounts to possibly 60 km, most of which was accomplished prior to the development of the currently active spreading axis of the Axarfjordur trough. The southern boundary of the Tjornes fracture zone cannot be traced as distinct faults across the areas of plateau basalt east of the axial rifting zone. A former position of the fracture zone is indicated by juxtaposed rock sequences of widely contrasting ages, however. Available K-Ar ages and paleomagnetic data indicate a gap in the lava-flow succession in eastern Iceland between ∼8 and ∼4 m.y. ago. The gap is correlated with a major shift and reorganization of the axial rifting zone that affected the Tjornes fracture zone as well. Formation of the present-day rifting zone in northern Iceland ∼4 m.y. ago was preceded by the tilting and subsidence of the Tertiary plateau basalts and by the accumulation of sediment in the resulting trough. Before this event, the Reykjanes-Langjokull rifting zone in southwest Iceland extended up to Skagi on the north coast to join more or less directly with the Kolbeinsey Ridge. The Tertiary plateau basalts of northern and eastern Iceland formed in this western rifting zone, the northern part of which is now extinct. Accreting plate margins in the Iceland region moving west-northwest relative to a stationary plume or hot spot in the mantle could explain the shift of a ridge segment to a new position east of the formerly active zone.

Field of study: Geology
From nappe stacking to exhumation: Cretaceous tectonics in the Apuseni Mountains (Romania)

New Ar–Ar muscovite and Rb–Sr biotite age data in combination with structural analyses from the Apuseni Mountains provide new constraints on the timing and kinematics of deformation during the Cretaceous. Time–temperature paths from the structurally highest basement nappe of the Apuseni Mountains in combination with sedimentary data indicate exhumation and a position close to the surface after the Late Jurassic emplacement of the South Apuseni Ophiolites. Early Cretaceous Ar–Ar muscovite ages from structurally lower parts in the Biharia Nappe System (Dacia Mega-Unit) show cooling from medium-grade conditions. NE–SW-trending stretching lineation and associated kinematic indicators of this deformation phase (D1) are overprinted by top-NW-directed thrusting during D2. An Albian to Turonian age (110–90 Ma) is proposed for the main deformation (D2) that formed the present-day geometry of the nappe stack and led to a pervasive retrograde greenschist-facies overprint. Thermochronological and structural data from the Bihor Unit (Tisza Mega-Unit) allowed to establish E-directed differential exhumation during Early–Late Cretaceous times (D3.1). Brittle detachment faulting (D3.2) and the deposition of syn-extensional sediments indicate general uplift and partial surface exposure during the Late Cretaceous. Brittle conditions persist during the latest Cretaceous compressional overprint (D4).

Field of study: Environmental science
Pd(en) as a Sequence-Selective Molecular Pinch for α-Helical Peptides

A palladium(II)(ethylenediamine) complex was found to selectively stabilize α-helix conformation of peptides having two histidine (His) residues at i and i + (3 or 4) positions, whereas the helix conformation of the other peptides having one or two His at different positions is destabilized.

Field of study: Chemistry
[Biological aspects of treatment resistance in psychiatry and pharmacodynamic approaches to its management].

Treatment resistance is a persistent neurochemical condition characterized by the presence of «hybrid» metabolism, which combines both pathological and drug-dependent metabolisms. The difficulties in management and prevention of treatment resistance are associated with a lack of understanding of neurochemical aspects of the development of higher mental functions. The authors suggest that the basic types of species-preserving behavior are associated with the activity of monoaminergic systems while the modulation of their activity is predetermined by local neuronal networks in the rostral parts of the brain, where a variety of co-transmitters play an important role. It is emphasized that the mechanisms of the development of resistance after previous treatment with agonists (antidepressants, anxiolytics) or antagonists (antipsychotics) are different. Depending on drug actions on synaptic transmission, methodological aspects of treatment resistance management by means of «polar therapy», «sensitization» and combination strategies are considered.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
COHERENT INTERACTION OF A BEAM OF PARTICLES WITH MATTER

It is shown that the collective interaction of an ordered beam of particles with matter can give rise to coherent resonance effects (excitation, stimulated emission, ionization, etc.) if one of the eigenfrequencies of the beam, associated with its periodic structure, is equal to the frequency of a quantum transition in matter. The energy transferred to matter by one particle in the beam may be much less than the energy of this quantum transition.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Pulsed electric field technology: modeling of electric field and temperature distributions within continuous flow PEF treatment chamber.

Innovations and technology developments in the field of food pasteurization and sterilization are continuously evolving. These include innovations in thermal processing technologies such as aseptic processing, ohmic technology, and microwave technology, as well as non-thermal processing technologies which include pulsed electric field technology and high pressure processing technology. This paper discussed the results of a study on mathematical modeling of electric field and temperature distributions in a pulsed electric field (PEF) treatment chamber. A commercially available CFD software package (Fluent, Inc., Lebanon, NH, USA) was used to solve the continuity, momentum, energy and electric field equations in the PEF treatment chamber of different geometries. Results of the simulations indicated that chamber design affects fluid velocity profile, electric field distribution, and temperature distribution within the PEF treatment chamber. This result suggests that chamber design can significantly affect the effectiveness of PEF treatment on microbial inactivation during pasteurization or sterilization of liquid foods.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Influence of tryptic hydrolysis on the enzymatic function of the membrane-bound form of particulate methane monooxygenase from Methylosinus trichosporium OB3b.

Particulate methane monooxygenase (pMMO) is a membrane protein embedded in the intracytoplasmic membrane of methane-oxidizing bacteria. Structural analysis of pMMO showed the existence of a hydrophilic region exposed outside of the bacterial membrane. To obtain information regarding the role of this hydrophilic region in the enzymatic function of pMMO, trypsin proteolysis of the membrane-bound form of pMMO from Methylosinus trichosporium OB3b was performed at 4 °C. The polypeptides produced by this hydrolysis were analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and MALDI-TOF/TOF. Furthermore, the influence of this tryptic digestion on the methane hydroxylation and propene epoxidation enzymatic activities of pMMO was investigated. Among the three subunits of pMMO, PmoB and PmoC were hydrolyzed by trypsin, but PmoA was not. With 10 mg L-1 trypsin, both terminal regions or the C-terminal region of PmoC polypeptide was selectively hydrolyzed. Furthermore, the stability of pMMO was decreased by this digestion. These results indicate that PmoC plays a role in maintaining the stability of pMMO in vitro. On the other hand, the digestion of PmoB with 100 mg L-1 trypsin produced several polypeptides, indicating that trypsin digestion occurs at several sites of the hydrophilic region of PmoB. Hydrolysis led to a decrease in pMMO activity towards methane hydroxylation and propene epoxidation. These results indicate that the hydrophilic region of PmoB is critically important for the enzymatic function of pMMO, which is consistent with the models of the functional mechanism of pMMO proposed so far.

Field of study: Biology, Engineering
Comment: A Discussion of “Nonparametric Bayes Modeling of Populations of Networks”

Kucukelbir, A., Tran, D., Ranganath, R., Gelman, A., and Blei, D.M. (2017), “Automatic Differentiation Variational Inference,” Journal of Machine Learning Research, 18, 430–474. [1542] Ma, Y., Chen, T., and Fox, E. B. (2016), “A Complete Recipe for Stochastic Gradient MCMC,” in Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (, pp. 2899–2907, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. [1542] Ma, Y., Foti, N. J., and Fox, E. B. (2017), “Stochastic Gradient MCMC Methods for Hidden Markov Models,” in International Conference on Machine Learning, Proceedings of Machine Learning Research (), pp. 2265–2274. [1542] Neal, R. M. (2010), “MCMC Using Hamiltonian Dynamics,” Handbook of Markov Chain Monte Carlo, 54, 113–162. [1542] Rezende, D. J., Mohamed, S., and Wierstra, D. (2014), “Stochastic Backpropagation and Approximate Inference in Deep Generative Models,” in International Conference on Machine Learning. [1540] Tran, D., Kucukelbir, A., Dieng, A. B., Rudolph, M., Liang, D., and Blei, D. M. (2016), “Edward: A Library for Probabilistic Modeling, Inference, and Criticism,” . [1540]

Field of study: Mathematics
Review of the causes of the rise of the illegal South African abalone fishery and consequent closure of the rights-based fishery

The rise of organised illegal fishing and trade in abalone from the late 1990s destabilised South Africa’s historically stable, quota-managed fishery, culminating in its closure in 2008. The development of the fishery is described in a historical context, including the evolution of South Africa’s science-based abalone fishery management system. The diverse suite of responses deployed to combat illegal fishing and the black market trade in abalone are reviewed, including;- fishery reform to expand rights to a greater number of previously disadvantaged fishers, a territorial user rights fishery (TURF) system, special compliance operations and courts, the CITES listing of abalone, and the serial reduction in the TAC, culminating in the controversial and legally contested closure of the fishery. The main causes of the rise of the illegal fishery are diagnosed as 1) the massive increase in the abalone price that occurred in the 1990s triggering an abalone fishing “gold-rush” and 2) the failure of the post-Apartheid fishery reform process to accommodate many traditional fishers in a legal fishing rights framework resulting in them operating outside the formal fishery management system. By contextualising the abalone fishery as a complex system, embedded in South Africa’s socio-political setting, we show how the resource focussed fishery management system did not have the capacity to incorporate the powerful social, political and economic drivers determining fisher behaviour. We conclude with the need to revisit South Africa’s abalone fishery management paradigm, and argue that a more integrated governance approach is required that takes into account the biological, socio-political and economic factors determining the fishery activities.

Field of study: Environmental science
Diastereoselektive Synthese von (1RS)‐endo‐Brevicomin

(1RS)-endo-Brevicomin (1) wird ausgehend von trans-1-Brom-2-penten synthetisiert. Schlusselreaktion ist die diastereoselektive Verknupfung von erythro-2,3-Butandiol mit 3,3-Dimethoxy-1-(phenylsulfonyl)butan oder 4,4-Dimethoxypentansaure-methylester. 
 
 
 
Diastereoselective Synthesis of (1RS)-endo-Brevicomin 
 
 
 
(1RS-endo-Brevicomin (1) is synthesized starting from trans-1-bromo-2-pentene. Synthetic key step is the diastereoselective linkage of erythro-2,3-butanediol to 3,3-dimethoxy-1-(phenylsulfonyl)-butane or methyl 4,4-dimethoxypentanoate.

Field of study: Chemistry
Reconstruction of light conditions within a submarine cave during the past 7000years based on the temporal and spatial distribution of algal symbiont-bearing large benthic foraminifers

Coral reef cavities, crevasses, and caves are inhabited by cryptic communities. The sediments within the submarine Daidokutsu Cave (29 m water depth) on the fore-reef slope of Ie Island, Okinawa, Japan, preserve a fossil record of cryptic bivalve species over the past 7000 years. The record suggests that infilling of cavities caused a progressive decrease in the exchange of water between the interior and exterior of the cave, resulting in a decline in food supply to the cave. To test this hypothesis, the light conditions within the cave were reconstructed from the spatial and temporal distributions of algal symbiont-bearing large benthic foraminifers, based on the assumption that infilling of reef cavities would have resulted in reduced light intensity within the cave. The results show that progressive darkening of the cave occurred by about 5130 yr BP, synchronous with a weakening in water flow within the cave. This synchronicity indicates that infilling of cavities and narrowing of the cave entrance might cause declines in the exchange of water between the interior and exterior of the cave, as well as in light intensity within the cave. These resulted in a deficiency in food in the cave, thereby affecting the species composition of cavernicolous bivalves.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography