nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Examining Support Systems of Dual Mode Colleges of Education in Ghana

The lack of facilities, administrative structures and staffing to support the distance learning programmes has raised concerns regarding the effectiveness of distance learning program. The general aim of the study was to examine the availability of facilities, administrative structures and staffing that exist for running the distance teacher training programme within dual mode teacher training colleges, examine challenges that exist and also to make recommendations in order to improve upon the quality of the distance teacher training programme. A sequential exploratory mixed design strategy was adapted for the study. The population of the study included 38 colleges of education across 10 regions of Ghana. Primary data was collected using a questionnaire from Principals of thirty (30) colleges and via semi-structured interviews from thirty (30) teachers from thirty randomly selected colleges of education. Data obtained during survey was coded and entered into a SPSS statistical software and subsequently analysed using both descriptive and inferential methods. Results from the study revealed that both principal and teachers were of the view that, although, there were available of resources put in place within dual mode colleges of education to facilitate the running of the distance teacher training, there were still some challenges which needed urgent attention so as to improve upon the quality of teacher training in colleges. Recommendations were made based on the findings of the study.

Field of study: Education
Phase locking in integrate-and-fire models with refractory periods and modulation

It is known [8, 11, 16, 26] that phase locking can entrain frequency information when the leaky integrate-and-fire (IF) model of a neuron is forced by a periodic function. We show that this is still the case when the IF model is made more biologically realistic. We incorporate into our model spike dependent threshold modulation and refractory periods. Consecutive firing times from this model and their respective interspike intervals are related by an annulus map. We prove a general theorem concerning orientation reversing annulus twist homeomorphisms, which shows that our map admits a unique rotation number. This implies, in particular, that chaotic behaviour is not possible in our model and phase locking is predicted.

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics
Quantum computing through electron propagation in edge states of quantum spin Hall systems

We propose to implement quantum computing by the on-demand control of the wave packets propagation in helical edge channels of the quantum spin Hall systems (QSHs). Two non-commutative single-qubit gates are realized by the gate voltages applied on the edge channels. The two-qubit controlled phase gate is implemented by the capacitive Coulomb interaction between two adjacent edge channels from two parallel QSHs. A universal set of quantum gates thus can be realized in an all-electrical way. It is also shown that the fidelity and the purity of the controlled phase gate can reach a high value, with both the time delay and the finite width of the wave packets taken into account.

Field of study: Physics
Highest trkB mRNA expression in the entorhinal cortex among hippocampal subregions in the adult rat: contrasting pattern with BDNF mRNA expression.

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and its receptor, TrkB, regulate synaptic functions in the hippocampus of the adult rodent. In previous studies, in situ hybridization methods have been used to evaluate regional differences in BDNF and trkB mRNA expression levels in hippocampal subregions. However, these studies have failed to reach consensus regarding the regional differences in the mRNA expression levels. In the present study, we quantitated mRNA expression levels using two different methods, ribonuclease protection assays and a quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction technique, in four hippocampal subregions: the entorhinal cortex, dentate gyrus (DG), CA3 and CA1. These two methods yielded the same results. We found that BDNF and trkB mRNA expression levels did not covary in the four subregions. BDNF and full length trkB (trkB FL) mRNA in the entorhinal cortex and the DG show contrasting expression patterns. The expression level of BDNF mRNA was highest in the DG among the hippocampal subregions and low in the entorhinal cortex and the CA1, whereas the trkB FL mRNA expression level was highest in the entorhinal cortex, low in the DG and lowest in the CA3. These results suggest regional differences in BDNF/TrkB signaling for maintenance and modifiability of neuronal connections in the hippocampal formation.

Field of study: Biology
Research Progress on Microstructure and Properties of ULCB Weld Metal

The emerged background of ultra-low carbon bainitic(ULCB) weld metal and the main factors on the properties of ULCB weld metal were introduced.ULCB weld metal has good performance,but chemical composition,and the selection of welding method and differences of protecting atmosphere have great effects on the properties of ULCB weld metal.The good performance of ULCB weld metal is maximized,Then the size of inclusions should be controlled and the columnar crystal should be eliminated in order to improve the toughness of weld metal.

Field of study: Materials science
Notes sur la Géochimie du Pétrole

RésuméL'altération naturelle d'un pétrole de base mixte des couches de Péchelbronn et d'un pétrole de base paraffinique de Staffelfelden produit un asphalte de base naphténique. Dans le fossé rhénan il existe un groupe d'huiles brutes mixtes dans les formations post-jurassiques et un groupe de pétroles paraffiniques dans les formations antejurassiques.

Field of study: Environmental science
Linienform von Doppelresonanzsignalen bei zeitlich aufgelöster Beobachtung der zerfallenden Atomzustände

The influence on the line width and the line profile of optical double resonance signals due to a selective detection of quanta of resonance light emitted in a defined time interval after the moment of excitation has been studied. A narrowing of radio frequency signals in the5s 5p3P1 state of Cd by a factor of 1.4 has been observed. The resonance curves deviate considerably from the lorentzian line shape. Comparison has been made between the measured line profile and a theory developed for this experiment.

Field of study: Physics
Fabrication and electrical properties of FTO Nano-particles/Nanocrystal porous silicon heterojunction under gamma radiation effect

In this paper porous silicon layer was papered by photo electrochemical etching PECE with laser assisted and the FTO thin filmdeposited on porous silicon layer substrates by spray pyrolysis technique. To study the effect of gamma radiation on electrical and photocurrent characteristicsÂÂ of fluoride tin oxides /porous silicon /mono crystalline silicon n-type heterojunction was exposed to 60 Co-ray sources at roomtemperature. The FTO/PS/n-Si/Al heterojunction was study using I ÂÂ V and CÂÂ2 ÂÂ V measurements, with focus on the influence of the duration gamma radiation on the electrical properties.

Field of study: Materials science
Food allergies in children – aspects of epidemiology and diet management

For many years there has been a steady increase in the prevalence of allergic diseases, especially in developed countries. Scientists expect that in the year 2020, atopic diseases will be present in 50% of the population worldwide. Determining the actual scale of the food allergy problem is extremely difficult due to differences in genetic and environmental factors, as well as inconsistent methodology for population and epidemiological research. Treatment of food hypersensitivity is primarily done by excluding a particular food from the diet, while introducing nutritionally equivalent alternatives. An elimination diet should be determined independently for each individual, taking into account the cause, nature, severity and symptoms of the disease. Placing food restrictions on children can interfere with their normal development. The prevailing opinion is that only a properly formulated and followed elimination diet does not endanger the health of the patient. Numerous dietary errors committed, knowingly or unknowingly, by parents can lead to malnutrition and its consequences in their children, such as rickets, anemia, and immune disorders. Therefore, in the long‑term treatment of food allergies it is recommended that the caregivers fully cooperate with a doctor, nutritionist and psychotherapist. Due to the ever‑increasing incidence of allergic diseases, researchers are looking for effective methods of prevention. Recent scientific reports suggest protective effects from such substances like probiotics, polyunsaturated n-3 fatty acids, vitamin D, antioxidants as well as, certain vegetables and fruits.

Field of study: Medicine
The New River: A Legal History.

This book is a study of the New River Company. It gives a highly complex and comprehensive analysis of the complicated legal problems encountered from the company's inception in the in the first decade of the seventeenth century to its municipalization and conversion to a property company at the turn of the twentieth century. The problems of water supply, hygiene and even general business matters are examined in a relatively narrow framework. As s legal history, this book is full of technical terms. This book, however, is not without merits. It contains interesting chapters on shares, in which tracing the progress of some of the company stock through some of the various hands is discussed, as well as governance and finance yields.

Field of study: Economics, History
Factors affecting methylmercury biomagnification by a widespread aquatic invertebrate predator, the phantom midge larvae Chaoborus.

MeHg biomagnification by the phantom midge Chaoborus in relation to MeHg concentrations in their prey and its migratory behavior was investigated in two Canadian Precambrian Shield lakes. Three Chaoborus species with contrasted migratory behavior were collected in a fishless and a fish-inhabited lake. All species accumulated MeHg through their ontogenic development. In the lake inhabited by fish, all instars of Chaoborus punctipennis displayed a marked migratory behavior and were unable to biomagnify MeHg, whereas in the fishless lake, Chaoborus americanus and Chaoborus trivittatus biomagnified MeHg. Reduced biomagnification capacity of C. trivittatus, the coexisting species living with C. americanus, was also ascribed to a progressive vertical segregation with age. Growth dilution, amount and type of prey items or trophic position could not explain the different patterns of biomagnification. Our findings demonstrate that the most common invertebrate predator of temperate planktonic food webs can biomagnify mercury, contrarily to previous reports.

Field of study: Environmental science
Investigation on resources of Cordyceps sensu lato in Wanfoshan reserve

Six species of Cordyceps sensu lato were collected from Wanfoshan Nature Reserve.They were Ophiocordyceps filiformis Moureau,Cordyceps martialis Spegazzini,C.pruinosa Petch,O.nutans Pat.,O.oxy-cephala Penz. Sacc.and C.nelumboides.Kobayasi Shimizu.O.nutans and O.filiformis were the dominant species with relative abundance of 28% and 23%.The host related to lepodopteran larvae and cocoon,adult of bee,arachnida and pentatomidae,the main hosts were lepodopteran larvae with relative abundance of 58%.C.nelum-boides was a new record in Chinese mainland,and it had only been reported in Japan and Taiwan Province before.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
DiFS: Distributed Flow Scheduling for adaptive switching in FatTree data center networks

Data center networks leverage multiple parallel paths connecting end host pairs to offer high bisection bandwidth for cluster computing applications. However, the state-of-the-art routing protocols such as Equal Cost Multipath (ECMP) is load-oblivious due to the static flow-to-link assignment. They may cause bandwidth loss due to flow collisions. Recently proposed centralized scheduling algorithm or host based adaptive routing that requires network-wide state information may suffer from scalability problems. In this paper, we present Distributed Flow Scheduling (DiFS), a new adaptive switching method, for FatTree data center networks, which is a localized and switch-only solution. DiFS allows switches to cooperate to avoid over-utilized links and find available paths without centralized control. DiFS is scalable and can react quickly to dynamic traffic because it is independently executed on switches and requires no synchronization. DiFS provides global bounds of flow balance based on local optimization. Extensive simulations show that the aggregate throughput of DiFS using various traffic patterns is much better than that of ECMP, and is similar to or higher than those of two representative protocols that use network-wide optimization.

Field of study: Computer science
A Photocrosslinkable Dendrimer Consisting of a Nucleobase

Upon irradiation at 280 nm in CH3CN, dendritic polyuracils LnU-OBn (n = 3, 4) were crosslinked by a [2+2] photodimerization of the uracil units to give intramolecularly “locked” dendrimers, which were unlocked by irradiation at 240 nm.

Field of study: Chemistry
Students' Attitudinal Behaviours toward their Academic Assessments in Senior Secondary Schools in South Western Nigeria

Three hundred and twenty-one students were selected from SS III of the three secondary schools at equal number with 27 teachers teaching three compulsory courses: English Language,  Results show that significant difference (p = 0.0481 or 0.0224, p<0.05) was observed between method of assessment (Continuous assessment, CA or Conventional Method, CM) and the academic performances of the students in all the three subjects. 30.8% of schoolteachers do not always know which method or type of assessment to use. 79% of parents agreed to academic assessments of their children using CA rather than CM. There were stronger relationships between the methods of assessment and academic performances of the students and as shown by R 2 values of 0.996, 0.926 and 0.935. The number of students with high marks in the CM was more than the number of students in CA.  Continuous Assessment, Conventional Method, Discrete and Integrative tests

Field of study: Education
Bestimmung und Deutung der Schichtgrenzen der Natrium-Fluoreszenzstrahlung im Dämmerungsleuchten

ZusammenfassungEs wird gezeigt, daß die Höhe von 60 km, welche Bernard für die leuchtende Natriumschicht aus ihrem Dämmerungseffekt ableitet, auch für den Fall optischer Resonanzfluoreszenz nur einen Mindestwert für ihre obere Grenze darstellt. Bernard hat seinen Rechnungen eine ideal lichtdurchlässige Troposphäre zugrunde gelegt. Die Troposphäre ist jedoch für streifend durchgehendes Sonnenlicht in außerordentlich starkem Maße lichtundurchlässig. Unter Berücksichtigung dieses Troposphäreneinflusses berechnen die Verfasser die obere Grenze der leuchtenden Natriumschicht zu etwa 78 km, die untere Grenze zu etwa 69 km und damit die Dicke zu etwa 9 km. Die Genauigkeit dieser Bestimmungen sowie die möglichen Fehlerquellen werden eingehend diskutiert. Nach oben ist das Natrium wohl infolge einer Temperaturinversion in der Atmosphäre stark begrenzt. In der gleichen Höhe werden die leuchtenden Nachtwolken beobachtet. Die untere Grenze der gelbleuchtenden Schicht ist wahrscheinlich durch Auslöschung der Resonanzfluoreszenz und Erniedrigung des Na-Partialdruckes infolge Molekülbildung in weniger scharf definierter Form gegeben. Es ergibt sich weiter, daß die über die Höhen der Natriumschicht in der oberen Atmosphäre noch bestehenden Unsicherheiten beseitigt werden können, wenn man den Dämmerungseffekt mit einer Anordnung wesentlich höherer Lichtstärke verfolgt. Eine solche Apparatur steht den Verfassern zur Verfügung.

Field of study: Physics
T lymphocyte function in protein deprived mice.

The thymus-dependent (T-dependent) limb of the immune response in protein malnourished mice was examined by using several tests of T cell function, both in vivo within the intact animal, and after removal of lymphocytes from the protein deprived host. The capacity to provide help for IgG antibody responses and the DTH response to antigen were diminished after short-term (3 weeks) deprivation. However, both these responses were normal in mice maintained on a protein deficient diet for 11 weeks. The depressed DTH responses of protein deprived mice were due, at least in part, to a failure to mount the inflammatory phase of the response. Finally, using a graft-versus-host reaction (GvHR) as an index of T lymphocyte function, we found that spleen cells from malnourished donors were fully capable of inducing the splenic and intestinal changes associated with a GvHR in unirradiated F1 animals. Overall, these results suggest that T cell function is not irreversibly damaged by protein deprivation. However we propose that cell-mediated immune responses are influenced indirectly by the restrictive environment which interferes with cell migration, and by the impaired capacity of protein-deprived animals to mount a non-specific inflammatory reaction.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Regulation of Arthritis Severity by the Acid Sphingomyelinase

Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic autoimmune disease hallmarked by inflammation in synovial joints. Treatment is hampered by the lack of a cure and current disease-modifying drugs are associated with potentially severe toxicities.  We investigated arthritis severity by measuring joint swelling and pro-inflammatory cytokine production in a murine experimental model of inflammatory arthritis (antigen-induced arthritis). We analyzed acid sphingomyelinase knock-out mice and wild-type littermates, as well as mice treated with the pharmacological acid sphingomyelinase inhibitor amitriptyline.  Genetic ablation or pharmacological inhibition of acid sphingomyelinase reduced joint swelling and levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the arthritic joint.  We identified acid sphingomyelinase as a novel druggable target in rheumatoid arthritis. Functional inhibitors of acid sphingomyelinase have been clinically used for decades, are well tolerated and suitable for long-term treatment. They would be immediately available for clinical development as a novel rheumatoid arthritis therapy.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Electric field-induced oxygen vacancies in YBa2Cu3O7.

The microscopic doping mechanism behind the superconductor-to-insulator transition of a thin film of YBa2Cu3O7 was recently identified as due to the migration of O atoms from the CuO chains of the film. Here, we employ density-functional theory calculations to study the evolution of the electronic structure of a slab of YBa2Cu3O7 in the presence of oxygen vacancies under the influence of an external electric field. We find that, under massive electric fields, isolated O atoms are pulled out of the surface consisting of CuO chains. As vacancies accumulate at the surface, a configuration with vacancies located in the chains inside the slab becomes energetically preferred, thus providing a driving force for O migration toward the surface. Regardless of the defect configuration studied, the electric field is always fully screened near the surface, thus negligibly affecting diffusion barriers across the film.

Field of study: Physics
Inclination effects of magnetic field direction in 3D double-diffusive natural convection

In this paper a numerical study which treats the effect of the magnetic field inclination on 3D double diffusive convection in a cubic cavity filled with a binary mixture is presented. The two vertical walls are maintained at different temperatures and concentrations. A particular interest is reserved to determine the effect of the magnetic field inclination on the flow structure and heat and mass transfer. The problem is formalized based on the vector potential vorticity procedure in its three-dimensional configuration and discretized based on the finite volume method. The results are given for Ra?=?105, Pr?=?1 and Le?=?2. This paper presents respectively the inclination effects of the magnetic field direction on the three-dimensional flow structure and on heat and mass transfer. The main results show that the increase of the inclination of the magnetic field direction damped the flow. A critical angle, which depending on Hartmann number, caused big change on the flow structure and accented the three dimensional aspect in the cavity.

Field of study: Mathematics
Farid Belkahia: Eroticism in Malhoun

Farid Belkahia's creative achievements and active personal interventions have transformed the modern art movement in Morocco since the early 1960s. He is among the pioneers who developed a new visual vocabulary of iconography, symbolism and technique. He grew up at a time when the struggle for national independence was at its peak and the intellectual ferment, which accompanied it, was enormous. Belkahia, born in 1934 in Marrakech, studied at the Ecole des Beaux-arts in Paris from 1955 to 1959, at the Theatre Institute in Prague until 1962 and later, in 1965, at the Academy Brera in Milan, Italy. Between 1962 and 1974 he became the director of the Ecole de Beaux-arts in Casablanca, where he continues to work and live. Upon his return to Morocco from Prague in 1962, Belkahia and other artists like Mohammed Melehi, Gharbaoui, and Cherkaoui rebelled against the structural anachronisms and provincial character of the art scene. Responding to the local situation, this group of artists promoted a new movement at the Ecole des Beaux-arts (the School of Fine Art) under the directorship of Belkahia. This movement saw itself as the artistic conscience of the

Field of study: Art
Build Your Own Earth: A Web-Based Tool for Exploring Climate-Model Output in Teaching and Research

AbstractBuild Your Own Earth was designed as a web-based tool for the user to select various characteristics of a planet and see what the climate of that planet would be like. Because of the limitations of computer resources, presimulated Earths were run using the Fast Ocean Atmosphere Model at relatively coarse resolution. The tool provides 50 different Earth configurations in three categories: Recent, Ancient, and Alien Earths. Recent Earths fix the continental configuration at the present day and vary the axial tilt, eccentricity, and greenhouse gas concentrations. Ancient Earths include a series of paleoclimate simulations from the Last Glacial Maximum 21,000 years ago to the Ediacaran 600 million years ago. Alien Earths include an aquaplanet, terraplanet, ice planet, and various idealized continental configurations. Fifty different monthly averaged quantities are available to view in an annual cycle from four different map projections. Build Your Own Earth was built and designed for a massive open on...

Field of study: Environmental science
Image-guided spinal navigation: application to spinal metastases.

Image-guided spinal navigation is an adjuvant surgical technology that has evolved over the past decade. It has been used as a replacement for conventional intraoperative imaging techniques to improve the spine surgeon's spatial orientation to nonvisualized anatomy. The author will review the principles of image-guided technology in spinal surgery and focus on its application to the management of spinal metastatic disease.

Field of study: Medicine