nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The Role of Islamic Banks in the Transmission of Liquidity Shocks Across Countries

We study the international transmission of bank liquidity shocks from multinational, Islamic, bank-holding companies to their subsidiaries. Based on a total sample of 120 Islamic and conventional bank subsidiaries, we test whether foreign bank lending for Islamic and conventional banks is determined by different factors. We estimate a model that includes subsidiary and parent bank characteristics as well as host and home country variables. Our empirical findings show that lending is negatively affected by the fragility of conventional parent banks' subsidiaries. Nevertheless, we show that parent Islamic banks do not significantly affect lending by subsidiaries. Finally, we examine the market discipline regarding the transmission of liquidity shocks. We also find that reduction in foreign Islamic bank lending is stronger for those that are dependent on the interbank market. We establish that the depositors react to a deterioration of bank performance and punish their institutions by withdrawing their money. We show that market discipline has a more important role for Islamic banks, whereas liquidity needs determine the change in conventional banks.

Field of study: Economics
Fluid mechanics of the interface region between two porous layers

Flow through and over a fluid-saturated porous layer is investigated. The flow through a porous channel (which is assumed to be governed by Forchheimer equation) is terminated by a porous layer possessing a different structure (the flow through which is governed by the Brinkman equation). At the interface between the physical regions, matching conditions on the velocity and shear stress are imposed. The flow through this configuration admits solutions which are linear combinations of polynomial and exponential functions. The effect of the Reynolds number and the Darcy numbers on the interface velocity is presented in this work.

Field of study: Mathematics
Diversity in methane enrichments from agricultural soil revealed by DGGE separation of PCR amplified 16S rDNA fragments

Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) profiles of PCR amplified V3 regions of 16S rRNA genes were used to assess the diversity in enrichment cultures with methane as the only carbon and energy source. The enrichments originated from two agricultural soils. One was a sandy soil with low (10%) organic content, the other an organic soil with approximately 50% organic content. DGGE provided a fast evaluation of the distribution of amplifiable sequence types indicating that specific bacterial populations had been enriched from each soil. The DGGE profiles revealed a broader range of amplified V3 fragments in the community derived from organic soil than from sandy soil. Fragments from 19 individual DGGE bands were sequenced and compared with 27 previously published 16S rRNA gene sequences. The sequences confirmed the high diversity with the presence of different methylotrophic populations in each enrichment. No affiliation was found with type I methanotrophs, instead type II methanotroph sequences were found in the enrichments from both soil types. Some of the fragments from the organic soil enrichment were not affiliated with methylotrophs. Most of the sequences clustered distantly on a branch within the α-Proteobacteria. These facts suggested that previously undescribed methylotrophs are abundant in methane enrichments from agricultural soil.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Trends and challenges to ESD and Latch-up designs for nanometer CMOS technologies

With the rapid scaling of CMOS technologies into the nanometer arena, ESD and Latch-up are becoming reliability threats more complex than ever. This paper will systematically address all the challenges related to robust ESD and Latch-up designs as technology scales. The paper will be divided into three distinct parts. In the first part, the intrinsic technology ESD and Latchup scaling characteristics will be reviewed. Particular emphasis will be devoted to nMOS and pMOS scaling, thin-oxide reliability, ESD diodes, metal lines and Latch-up process sensitivity. In the second part, new circuit requirements and their impact on ESD and Latch-up designs will be presented. The challenges associated to the recently introduced power management techniques, ultra low capacitance applications and SoC design will be discussed. Finally, in the third part, unexpected ESD and Latch-up issues such as premature pMOS triggering, unwarranted stress from the HBM tester relay leading to false HBM evaluation, adjacent signal pins interaction and Latch-up will be presented.

Field of study: Engineering
Cloning and expression of a new cellulase gene from the metagenomic library of the goat rumen

Six positive clones with cellulase activities were isolated from a metagenomic library of the goat rumen using a functional screening method. One positive clone was subject to further subcloning and sequence analysis and a new cellulase gene open reading frame was obtained. After blast analysis, it was found that the cellulase gene showed 51% sequence similarity and 65% homology compared with the hypothetical protein of Bacteroides cellulosilyticus DSM 14838. Using p ET28a(+) as a carrier, Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) as a host strain, the new gene was recombined and expressed efficiently and the expression conditions of the newly-cloned gene were optimized.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Profits from Wrongdoing: Private and Public Law Perspectives

In the Bell case, the Attorney-General, in his role as protector of the public interest, investigated whether payment to Ms Bell could be blocked under a recent Court of Appeal case, Attorney-General v Blake,' barring George Blake, the double agent, from receiving ?90,000 royalties from the sale of his memoirs. The Blake case, which is the focus of this comment, develops the law in two important respects. First, it extends the availability of injunctive relief for the protection of the public interest where a breach of contract involves the commission of a criminal offence. Secondly, it extends the availability of restitutionary awards for breach of contract, thereby qualifying the principle that the purpose of damages awarded for breach of contract is simply to cover the losses of the innocent party (rather than to nullify any profit or savings made by the contractbreaker). Although the Court's remarks on this latter (restitutionary) point are strictly obiter, they foreshadow a major revision to the law of contract and invite careful analysis. Before looking at the restitutionary aspect of Blake, however, the circumstances of the case must be explained.

Field of study: Law
Analyses of dNch/dη and dNch/dy distributions of BRAHMS Collaboration by means of the Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process

Interesting data on $dN_{\rm ch}/d\eta$ in Au-Au collisions ($\eta=-\ln \tan (\theta/2)$) with the centrality cuts have been reported by BRAHMS Collaboration. Using the total multiplicity $N_{\rm ch} = \int (dN_{\rm ch}/d\eta)d\eta$, we find that there are scaling phenomena among $(N_{\rm ch})^{-1}dN_{\rm ch}/d\eta = dn/d\eta$ with different centrality cuts at $\sqrt{s_{NN}} =$ 130 GeV and 200 GeV, respectively. To explain these scaling behaviors of $dn/d\eta$, we consider the stochastic approach named the Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process with two sources. The following Fokker-Planck equation is adopted for the present analyses, $$ \frac{\partial P(x,t)}{\partial t} = \gamma [\frac{\partial}{\partial x}x + \frac 12\frac{\sigma^2}{\gamma}\frac{\partial^2}{\partial x^2}] P(x, t) $$ where $x$ means the rapidity (y) or pseudo-rapidity ($\eta$). $t$, $\gamma$ and $\sigma^2$ are the evolution parameter, the frictional coefficient and the variance, respectively. Introducing a variable of $z_r = \eta/\eta_{\rm rms}$ ($\eta_{\rm rms}=\sqrt{ }$) we explain the $dn/d z_r$ distributions in the present approach. Moreover, to explain the rapidity (y) distributions from $\eta$ distributions at 200 GeV, we have derived the formula as $$ \frac{dn}{dy}=J^{-1}\frac{dn}{d \eta}, $$ where $J^{-1}=\sqrt{M(1+\sinh^2 y)}/\sqrt{1+M\sinh^2 y}$ with $M = 1 + (m/p_{\rm t})^2$. Their data of pion and all hadrons are fairly well explained by the O-U process. To compare our approach with another one, a phenomenological formula by Eskola et al. is also used in calculations of $dn/d\eta$.

Field of study: Physics
Surgical techniques for investigating the role of the insula in epilepsy: a review.

Intracranial electroencephalography monitoring of the insula is an important tool in the investigation of the insula in medically intractable epilepsy and has been shown to be safe and reliable. Several methods of placing electrodes for insular coverage have been reported and include open craniotomy as well as stereotactic orthogonal and stereotactic anterior and posterior oblique trajectories. The authors review each of these techniques with respect to current concepts in insular epilepsy.

Field of study: Medicine
Nanomechanical Behavior of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Particulate Reinforced Aluminum Nanocomposites Prepared by Ball Milling

The nanomechanical properties of carbon nanotubes particulate-reinforced aluminum matrix nanocomposites (Al-CNTs) have been characterized using nanoindentation. Bulk nanocomposite specimens containing 2 wt % multiwalled CNTs (MWCNTs) were synthesized by a combination of ball milling and powder metallurgy route. It has been tried to understand the correlation between microstructural evolution particularly carbon nanotubes (CNTs) dispersion during milling and mechanical properties of Al-2 wt % nanocomposites. Maximum enhancement of +23% and +44% has been found in Young’s modulus and hardness respectively, owing to well homogenous dispersion of CNTs within the aluminum matrix at longer milling time.

Field of study: Materials science
How old is this bird? The age distribution under some phase sampling schemes

In this paper, we use a finite-state continuous-time Markov chain with one absorbing state to model an individual’s lifetime. Under this model, the time of death follows a phase-type distribution, and the transient states of the Markov chain are known as phases. We then attempt to provide an answer to the simple question “What is the conditional age distribution of the individual, given its current phase”? We show that the answer depends on how we interpret the question, and in particular, on the phase observation scheme under consideration. We then apply our results to the computation of the age pyramid for the endangered Chatham Island black robin Petroica traversi during the monitoring period 2007–2014.

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics
The Strange Case of Ermine de Reims: A Medieval Woman between Demons and Saints. Renate Blumenfeld-Kosinski. The Middle Ages Series. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2015. xii + 236 pp. $55.

personality, such as his devotion and obeisance to prelates, especially members of the curia and the pope. He is said to have appealed to Pope Sixtus IV on behalf of an ailing King Louis XI and wisely sought the blessing of the local Ordinary before building a hermitage. He notes the purported involvement of ecclesiastical authorities in the growth of the order, who were even known to lay the foundation stone for hermitages. Overall, the book portrays a saint who was politically astute. By demonstrating Francesco’s popularity across social sectors, including royalty, church dignitaries, townspeople, and even the Benedictines, Caridi collates the sources in a way that avoids the flatness of some hagiographies. Staying close to the sources, Caridi includes inconsistences regarding key details of Francesco’s life, and demonstrates some of its idiosyncratic features. In a way that is valuable for scholars of Franciscan religious history, Caridi illustrates the church’s general preference for the Observants, as well as disharmony among the members of that movement. The book also provides valuable information about the tension between the Observant and Conventual Franciscans in the sixteenth century. In the final chapters Caridi briefly summarizes the foundation of the Second and Third Orders. He includes one chapter each on the death and canonization of the founder, and ends with a brief mention of the current status of the order and the approbation of Francesco as patron of Italian sailors by Pope Pius XII in 1943 and as patron of Calabria by Pope John XXIII in 1962.

Field of study: History
Exercício resistido melhora a saúde mental de mulheres de meia-idade

O estudo comparou niveis de ansiedade e depressao de mulheres treinadas em exercicio resistido e de sedentarias. Quarenta mulheres, 20 exercitadas (GE) e 20 controles nao exercitadas (GC), (GE=56,9±6,6 anos; 27,3±4,8kg/m 2 ), (GC=51,5±5,3 anos; 27,0±7,7 kg/m 2 ). As participantes responderam a escala HAD com 14 questoes relacionadas aos niveis de ansiedade e depressao. O GC apresentou escores mais elevados de depressao e ansiedade que o GE. Os resultados para ansiedade (GE=5,2±2,7; GC=9,5±4,0) e depressao (GE=4,1±2,6; GC=7,7±4,0) diferiram significativamente (p<0,05) entre os grupos. Pode-se concluir que mulheres de meia idade que participaram de programa de exercicios resistidos apresentaram melhor estado de saude mental verificados por menores niveis de depressao e ansiedade do que mulheres sedentarias.

Field of study: Education
Structural Distortion in Antiferromagnetic BaFe2As2 as a Result of Time-Inversion Symmetry

As reported by Q. Huang et al. ( 257003, 2008), neutron diffraction studies show an onset of antiferromagnetic order in BaFe2As2 associated with a tetragonal-to-orthorhombic distortion. We determine the group Cmca as the space group of antiferromagnetic BaFe2As2 and identify a roughly half-filled energy band of BaFe2As2 with Bloch functions of special symmetry as magnetic band. As explained by the group-theoretical nonadiabatic Heisenberg model, the electrons in this narrow band may lower their Coulomb correlation energy by producing just the experimentally observed antiferromagnetic state if this state does not violate group-theoretical principles. However, in undistorted BaFe2As2 the time-inversion symmetry of the system interferes with the stability of the antiferromagnetic state. Nevertheless, it can be stabilized by a structural distortion of BaFe2As2 going beyond the magnetostriction. We derive two possible structural distortions stabilizing the antiferromagnetic state. These distortions are described by their space groups and consist in mere displacements of the Fe atoms.

Field of study: Physics
Dynamic interactions between lahars and stream flow: A case study from Ruapehu volcano, New Zealand: Discussion and reply: Discussion

[Cronin et al. (1999)][1] presented details of an unusual data set obtained from observations of active lahars made during the 1995 eruptions of Ruapehu volcano, New Zealand. This data set includes both visual observations and time-series variations in stage height and gauged discharge made on

Field of study: Geology
Precipitable water vapour content from ESR/SKYNET sun–sky radiometers: validation against GNSS/GPS and AERONET over three different sites in Europe

The estimation of the precipitable water vapour content ( W ) with high
temporal and spatial resolution is of great interest to both meteorological
and climatological studies. Several methodologies based on remote sensing
techniques have been recently developed in order to obtain accurate and
frequent measurements of this atmospheric parameter. Among them, the relative
low cost and easy deployment of sun–sky radiometers, or sun photometers,
operating in several international networks, allowed the development of
automatic estimations of  W from these instruments with high temporal
resolution. However, the great problem of this methodology is the estimation
of the sun-photometric calibration parameters. The objective of this paper is
to validate a new methodology based on the hypothesis that the calibration
parameters characterizing the atmospheric transmittance at 940 nm are
dependent on vertical profiles of temperature, air pressure and moisture
typical of each measurement site. To obtain the calibration parameters some
simultaneously seasonal measurements of  W , from independent sources, taken
over a large range of solar zenith angle and covering a wide range of  W ,
are needed. In this work yearly GNSS/GPS datasets were used for obtaining a
table of photometric calibration constants and the methodology was applied
and validated in three European ESR-SKYNET network sites, characterized by
different atmospheric and climatic conditions: Rome, Valencia and Aosta.
Results were validated against the GNSS/GPS and AErosol RObotic NETwork (AERONET)
 W  estimations. In both the validations the agreement was very
high, with a percentage RMSD of about 6, 13 and 8 % in the case of
GPS intercomparison at Rome, Aosta and Valencia, respectively, and of 8 %
in the case of AERONET comparison in Valencia. Analysing the results by W  classes, the present methodology was found to
clearly improve W  estimation at low W  content when compared against AERONET in
terms of % bias, bringing the agreement with the GPS (considered the
reference one) from a % bias of 5.76 to 0.52.

Field of study: Environmental science
A Single Scalable LSTM Model for Short-Term Forecasting of Disaggregated Electricity Loads

Most electricity systems worldwide are deploying advanced metering infrastructures to collect relevant operational data. In particular, smart meters allow tracking electricity load consumption at a very disaggregated level and at high frequency rates. This data opens the possibility of developing new forecasting models with a potential positive impact in electricity systems. We present a general methodology that is able to process and forecast a large number of smart meter time series. Instead of using traditional and univariate approaches, we develop a single but complex recurrent neural-network model with long short-term memory that can capture individual consumption patterns and also consumptions from different households. The resulting model can accurately predict future loads (short-term) of individual consumers, even if these were not included in the original training set. This entails a great potential for large scale applications as once the single network is trained, accurate individual forecast for new consumers can be obtained at almost no computational cost. The proposed model is tested under a large set of numerical experiments by using a real-world dataset with thousands of disaggregated electricity consumption time series. Furthermore, we explore how geo-demographic segmentation of consumers may impact the forecasting accuracy of the model.

Field of study: Computer science
Structural analysis of mycobacterial branched-chain aminotransferase: implications for inhibitor design.

The branched-chain aminotransferase (BCAT) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis has been characterized as being essential to the survival of the bacterium. The enzyme is pyridoxal 5'-phosphate-dependent and belongs to the aminotransferase IIIa subfamily, to which the human BCATs also belong. The overall sequence similarity is high within the subfamily and the sequence identity among the active-site residues is high. In order to identify structurally unique features of M. tuberculosis BCAT, X-ray structural and functional analyses of the closely related BCAT from M. smegmatis were carried out. The crystal structures include the apo form at 2.2 A resolution and a 1.9 A structure of the holo form cocrystallized with the inhibitor O-benzylhydroxylamine (Obe). The analyses highlighted the active-site residues Tyr209 and Gly243 as being structurally unique characteristics of the mycobacterial BCATs relative to the human BCATs. The inhibitory activities of Obe and ammonium sulfate were verified in an inhibition assay. Modelling of the inhibitor Obe in the substrate pocket indicated potential for the design of a mycobacterial-specific inhibitor.

Field of study: Chemistry
CALCULATION FOR PILE-SOIL STRESS RATIO OF TWO-DIRECTION REINFORCED COMPOSITE FOUNDATION

According with characteristics of interactions of vertical piles, horizontal reinforced mattress and soil, the horizontal reinforced mattress was supposed to be a thin plate, while vertical piles and soils were simplified as spring series with different rigidities respectively. A cylinder composed of a single pile and soils located in its influence area were regarded as the typical element to analyze the two-direction reinforced composite foundation. A function of the horizontal reinforced mattress deflection was deduced based on a circular thin plate on Winkler foundation, and the formula of the pile-soil stress ratio of the composite foundation was also deduced. Finally, an example was given for calculation and analysis. The main influence factors including the embankment loads, residual settlement, area replacement ratio and stiffness ratio of pile and soil are considered systemically. The change rules of pile-soil stress ratio are also investigated. The analysis result shows the good agreement with the test result.

Field of study: Engineering
A priori prediction of the cohesive energy of one-dimensional metallic hydrogen

Ab initio wave functions and properties have been calculated for 14-, , and 62-membered rings of hydrogen atoms. The properties converge rather quickly (with respect to the number of atoms in the ring) to those expected for one-dimensional metallic hydrogen. Electron correlation is explicitly considered by way of extensive configuration interaction. The cohesive energy is predicted to be 1.73 +- 0.2 eV per hydrogen atom. 2 figures, 1 table.

Field of study: Physics
The use of asparagine and glutamine for the biosynthesis of casein and plasma proteins.

The mammary gland is a system in which the components of the blood stream which are used by body tissues for protein synthesis can be readily investigated (Barry, 1956). Previous work has shown that the mammary gland takes the free essential amino acids from the blood stream to provide the essential amino acids of casein (Barry, 1952; Campbell & Work, 1952; Askonas, Campbell, Godin & Work, 1955), and takes free glutamine and glutamic acid to provide the glutamine and glutamic acid residues respectively of casein (Barry, 1956; Sheldon-Peters & Barry, 1956). Experiments described in this paper show that the mammary gland of the goat takes free aspara'gine from the blood stream to provide asparagine, but not aspartic acid, residues of casein. They also show that asparagine and glutamine are used in the biosynthesis of plasma proteins to provide asparagine and glutanine residues. These results provide the first evidence for the function of asparagine in animals, and show that the use of glutamine in protein biosynthesis is not confined to casein synthesis. In this paper 'casein asparagine' refers to the asparagine residues in casein, 'casein aspartic acid' to the aspartic acid residues in casein, and 'casein aspartic acid (acid hydrolysis)' to the aspartic acid in an acid hydrolysate, which is derived from both the casein asparagine and casein aspartic acid.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Water as Installation (review)

With a huge collection of freshly fetched bamboo; saws of different types; sizes alongside canoes; motorised and manual hand tools coupled with attending artists of all shades; gender; experience and training, the stage [land and water] was set for an unfamiliar context for a creative encounter: a bamboo installation sculpture symposium, in/on and around the lagoon waterfront of the Goethelnstitut, Lagos, Nigeria from 8 t o l 5 May, 2000.

Field of study: Art