nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Comparison of two portable solid state detectors with an improved collimation and alignment device for mammographic x-ray spectroscopy.

We describe a portable system for mammographic x-ray spectroscopy, based on a 2 X 2 X 1 mm3 cadmium telluride (CdTe) solid state detector, that is greatly improved over a similar system based on a 3 X 3 X 2 mm3 cadmium zinc telluride (CZT) solid state detector evaluated in an earlier work. The CdTe system utilized new pinhole collimators and an alignment device that facilitated measurement of mammographic x-ray spectra. Mammographic x-ray spectra acquired by each system were comparable. Half value layer measurements obtained using an ion chamber agreed closely with those derived from the x-ray spectra measured by either detector. The faster electronics and other features of the CdTe detector allowed its use with a larger pinhole collimator than could be used with the CZT detector. Additionally, the improved pinhole collimator and alignment features of the apparatus permitted much more rapid setup for acquisition of x-ray spectra than was possible on the system described in the earlier work. These improvements in detector technology, collimation and ease of alignment, as well as low cost, make this apparatus attractive as a tool for both laboratory research and advanced mammography quality control.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Etiology spectrum of hand, foot and mouth disease and the genetic characteristics of three predominant enterovirus stains in Qingdao in 2013

To investigate the etiology spectrum of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) and to analysis the molecular characteristics of three predominant human enterovirus stains in Qingdao in 2013. 
 
 
 
The total enterovirus (EV) strains and strains of EV71, CVA16 and CVA6 in throat swabs of HFMD cases were detected by using multiplex real time RT-PCR. The full-length of the viral VP1 genes of the EV strains were amplified and sequenced. The sequences were phylogenetically analyzed by using the MEGA5.0 software package. 
 
 
 
A total of 841 patients with mild HFMD and 107 patients with serious HFMD were recruited in this study and 64.3% of them were positive for EV. The predominant pathogens were EV71 (44.8%), CVA6 (28.2%) and CVA16 (9.5%) in 2013. CVA6 replaced CVA16 as the second most common pathogen for HFMD, accounting for 42.7% of all pathogens in children aged less than 3 years and 22.2% of all pathogens in the serious patients. The proportions of CVA6 in the etiology spectrum showed a downtrend along with the increasing age of the patients (P<0.001). Phylogenetic analysis of the complete VP1 gene sequences showed that all of the EV71 strains identified in this study belonged to the subgenotype C4 (evolutionary branch C4a) and all of the CVA16 strains belonged to the subgenotype B1 (evolutionary branches B1a and B1b). There were 6 genogroups (A to F) regarding to the VP1 gene of CVA6 and all of the CVA6 strains identified in this study belonged to genogroups A and D. Among the CVA6 strains isolated in Qingdao in 2013, 83.9% belonged to genogroup A, while the rest 16.1% belonged to genogroup D. 66.7% of the CVA6 strains isolated in 2012 belonged to genogroup A, while the rest 33.3% belonged to genogroup D. All of the CVA6 strains isolated from year 2008 to 2011 in Qingdao belonged to genogroup D. 
 
 
 
EV71, CVA6 and CVA16 were the prevalent pathogens responsible for the development of HFMD in Qingdao in 2013. The proportions of CVA6 strains in the etiology spectrum showed a downtrend with the increasing age in children. C4a was the major subtype of EV71 strains circulating in Qingdao in 2013, while B1a and B1b were the major subtypes of CVA16 strains. The pattern of endemic circulation of CVA6 strains showed a trend of changing from genogroup D to A from year 2008 to 2013. 
 
 
 
Hand, foot and mouth disease; Enterovirus; Phylogenetic analysis; Genogroup

Field of study: Biology
ONE-STEP CLEANING-IN-PLACE FOR MILKING SYSTEMS AND MATHEMATICAL MODELING FOR DEPOSIT REMOVAL FROM STAINLESS STEEL PIPELINE USING BLENDED ELECTROLYZED OXIDIZING WATER

Cleaning-in-place (CIP) is widely used on dairy farms to clean and sanitize the inner surfaces of milking system components after the milking event is completed. Recently, an increasing number of dairy farms are adopting a one-step CIP process, which combines the alkaline wash and acid wash cycles into one wash cycle. This one-step CIP has the advantage of reducing time, energy consumption, and chemical usage. Electrolyzed oxidizing (EO) water is an emerging technology that produces alkaline and acidic EO water by electrolyzing a dilute sodium chloride solution. Previous studies in our lab have shown that by blending the alkaline EO water with the acidic EO water at a certain ratio, the blended solution can be used as a one-step CIP alternative. Therefore, this study was undertaken to evaluate the deposit removal process during a one-step CIP wash cycle using the already optimized blended EO water solution and a stainless steel surface evaluation simulator. Stainless steel straight pipes were used as testing specimens, and the remaining milk deposit mass on the inner surfaces of the specimens was evaluated. A two-term exponential decay kinetic model was developed for the one-step blended EO water wash; the mathematical model comprises an initial fast deposit removal along with a slow deposit removal throughout the entire one-step wash. The proposed models were in agreement with the experimental data, with acceptable root mean square errors (0.08 mg mg-1 m-2) and low percentage error differences (5.16%). The relative light unit (RLU) reading from the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) bioluminescence method was also used as an indirect evaluation method at every time sampling point during the one-step wash cycle. Furthermore, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to understand the residual deposit morphology on the specimen inner surfaces and qualitatively evaluate the cleanliness of the inner surfaces after the one-step wash. On average, 60% reduction of deposit coverage in the viewing area was observed after the blended EO water one-step wash as compared to after the warm water rinse cycle. Moreover, results showed that at the completion of the blended EO water one-step wash, the specimens could be considered clean, as indicated by the RLU cutoff reading for stainless steel material. Therefore, it is concluded that the developed and validated mathematical model for the blended EO water one-step wash could be used for CIP of the simulator.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Nonparametric repeated significance tests for some analysis of covariance models

For a general class of nonparametric analysis of covariance problems (with stochastic covariates), some repeated significance testing procedures are developed. These procedures rest on the construction of suitable rank order statistics based on the partial sequence of sample sizes and allow for a monitoring of experimentation with the objective of a possible early termination of experimentation. The basic theory is based on the weak convergence of certain stochastic processes relating to the rank order statistics. Various properties of the proposed tests are discussed.

Field of study: Mathematics
Morphine vs. ABT-594: A Reexamination by the Principle of Double Effect

Not long ago, at the request of the nursing staff at a local Catholic hospital, I was consulted as a bioethicist regarding the case of an 86-year-old woman who had metastatic colon cancer and Alzheimer's disease. The non-competent patient was in the last stages of terminal cancer and her attending physician, with the consent of her surrogate decision-maker, decided that all aggressive medical treatment should be tenninated and palliative care should be initiated. The only request by the family was that their mother be free of pain. Unsure of the extent of the patient's pain due to the Alzheimer's disease the physician started a morphine drip. The purpose of the morphine was to manage the patient's pain, but everyone knew that the continuous injection of morphine into the patient's vein would gradually kill the patient by depressing her respiration. The nursing staff was very uncomfortable with this because they questioned whether the physician and family were directly trying to shorten the patient's life. The patient did not appear to be in serious pain and without the morphine she would probably live for days or even weeks. Two ethical questions arose: first, was the morphine necessary in this case; and second, was the morphine being used for pain management or was it being used as a form of assisted suicide? It is estimated that 30 to 40 million Americans depend on morphine, despite its side effects, to relieve severe pain. The use of morphine as a pain reliever, even at high doses, has been accepted by the Roman Catholic Church for centuries under the principle of double effect. The Church argues that there is a moral difference between the effects of actions which

Field of study: Medicine, Philosophy
Load Test of 3-MW HTS Motor for Ship Propulsion

This paper describes the test facility and load test program for a 3-MW high-temperature superconducting (HTS) motor for ship propulsion. The test facility was used to conduct a constant-load test and a variable-load test. The program consisted of the constant-load test, the variable-load test, and the inspection after tests. During the constant-load test, the motor efficiency was measured at various rotor speeds and torques, and the 100-h cumulative endurance test at 3 MW was completed successful. The variable-load test is composed of three different modes that simulated an emergency maneuver of full astern to stop the ship and avoid a collision, and they have been verified. After the series of tests, the HTS motor was taken apart and an inspection confirmed that there was no problem with the HTS field coils or other main parts. This program demonstrated the reliability of the 3-MW HTS motor for ship propulsion.

Field of study: Physics
Evaluating the Effectiveness of an Educational Intervention to Improve the Patient Safety Attitudes of Intern Pharmacists

To evaluate the effectiveness of a face-to-face educational intervention in improving the patient safety attitudes of intern pharmacists.  A patient safety education program was delivered to intern pharmacists undertaking The University of Sydney Intern Training Program in 2014. Their patient safety attitudes were evaluated immediately prior to, immediately after, and three-months post-intervention. Underlying attitudinal factors were identified using exploratory factor analysis. Changes in factor scores were examined using analysis of variance.  Of the 120 interns enrolled, 95 (78.7%) completed all three surveys. Four underlying attitudinal factors were identified: attitudes towards addressing errors, questioning behaviors, blaming individuals, and reporting errors. Improvements in all attitudinal factors were evident immediately after the intervention. However, only improvements in attitudes towards blaming individuals involved in errors were sustained at three months post-intervention.  The educational intervention was associated with short-term improvements in pharmacist interns’ patient safety attitudes. However, other factors likely influenced their attitudes in the longer term.

Field of study: Education, Medicine
Saturated spirocyclic nitrogen-containing heterocycles with gem-difluorocycloalkane moieties (microreview)

Recent advances in synthetic and medicinal chemistry of saturated spirocyclic nitrogen-containing heterocycles with gem-difluorocycloalkane moieties are surveyed, including results published in the last decade. In particular, gem-difluoro-substituted derivatives of azaspiro[2.n]alkanes, azaspiro[3.n]alkanes, , and other spirocyclic scaffolds are discussed.

Field of study: Chemistry
The college admissions problem is not equivalent to the marriage problem

Two-sided matching markets of the kind known as the “college admissions problem” have been widely thought to be virtually equivalent to the simpler “marriage problem” for which some striking results concerning agents' preferences and incentives have been recently obtained. It is shown here that some of these results do not generalize to the college admissions problem, contrary to a number of assertions in the recent literature. No stable matching procedure exists that makes it a dominant strategy for colleges to reveal their true preferences, and some outcomes may be preferred by all colleges to the college-optimal stable outcome.

Field of study: Economics
Avoidance of toxic mixing zones by Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) and brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) in the limed River Audna, southern Norway.

The mixing zone that occurs where an acidic tributary enters a limed river can be highly toxic to fish. Toxic mixing zones are characterised by a rapid increase in pH and thereby polymerisation of aluminium from the acid tributary. The toxicity is most likely to be caused by Al precipitation onto the fish gills. The effects of toxic mixing zones on the fish in its natural environment, will be dependent on the ability of the fish to avoid these areas. In the present study the habitat use of Atlantic salmon and brown trout was investigated in a limed river with tributaries of different water chemistry, and thereby mixing zones of different toxicity. Electrofishing demonstrated that the mixing zones, with one exception were empty of fish when the tributary had a pH below 4.8 with labile Al-concentration above 200 microg litre(-1) and a Ca-concentration below 3 mg litre(-1). For the mixing zones with fish, the tributaries had a significantly higher pH and Ca-concentration and lower concentration of labile Al than mixing zones with no fish. Averagefish density downstream of the mixing zone was not significantly correlated to the water chemistry of the inlet tributary. The present results indicate that Atlantic salmon and brown trout can avoid the most toxic mixing zones.

Field of study: Environmental science
The Evolution of Anatomic Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction

Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction has evolved significantly since the early 1900’s, back when an emphasis was placed on repair and not reconstruction. Over the past century, the technique has evolved from intra-articular non anatomic reconstruction, to extra articular reconstruction, back to intra articular (performed arthroscopically), to now, the advent of anatomic insertion site restoration. This review will aim to illustrate the changes that have occurred, describing the rational for this process, based upon anatomical, radiological, biomechanical and clinical studies, all of which have aimed to improve patient function following ACL injury.

Field of study: Medicine
An improved fluorescence in situ hybridization protocol for the identification of bacteria and archaea in marine sediments.

In situ identification of prokaryotic cells in subsurface sediments is hampered by the low cellular rRNA contents of the target organisms. Fluorescence in situ hybridization with catalyzed reporter deposition (CARD-FISH) has the potential to overcome this limitation, and was therefore optimized for a 40 cm deep sediment core sampled from a tidal sandy flat of the German Wadden Sea. Treatment with methanol and H(2)O(2) inactivated endogenous peroxidases and effectively reduced the background signal. Percentage of DAPI stained cells detected with the probe combination EUB(I-III), targeting nearly all the Bacteria, were comparable for CARD-FISH with a horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-labeled probe and FISH with a fluorescently monolabeled probe in the 2-3 cm depth interval (92% and 82%, respectively), but significantly higher with the HRP-labeled probe at 35-40 cm, the deepest layer sampled (63% with HRP vs. 26% with monolabeled probe). With CARD-FISH Alphaproteobacteria and the Desulfobulbaceae group of sulfate-reducing bacteria were detected only in the upper layers. In contrast, Desulfosarcinales, the Bacteroidetes group, Planctomycetes, Betaproteobacteria, and Gammaproteobacteria were found at all depths. Archaea were detectable with ARCH915-HRP after achromopeptidase treatment. Surprisingly, aggregates of Bacteria and Archaea were found, below 12 cm depth, that strongly resemble consortia involved in anoxic oxidation of methane that have previously been found in sediments near methane hydrate deposits. With the optimized CARD-FISH protocol, microbial populations could also be detected in deeper sediment horizons. Furthermore, the intensity of the CARD-FISH signals improved detection of rare organisms such as Archaea.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Adolescent Intermittent Alcohol Exposure: Dysregulation of Thrombospondins and Synapse Formation are Associated with Decreased Neuronal Density in the Adult Hippocampus.

Adolescent intermittent alcohol exposure (AIE) has profound effects on neuronal function. We have previously shown that AIE causes aberrant hippocampal structure and function that persists into adulthood. However, the possible contributions of astrocytes and their signaling factors remain largely unexplored. We investigated the acute and enduring effects of AIE on astrocytic reactivity and signaling on synaptic expression in the hippocampus, including the impact of the thrombospondin (TSP) family of astrocyte-secreted synaptogenic factors and their neuronal receptor, alpha2delta-1 (α2δ-1). Our hypothesis is that some of the influences of AIE on neuronal function may be secondary to direct effects on astrocytes.



We conducted Western blot analysis on TSPs 1 to 4 and α2δ-1 from whole hippocampal lysates 24 hours after the 4th and 10th doses of AIE, then 24 days after the last dose (in adulthood). We used immunohistochemistry to assess astrocyte reactivity (i.e., morphology) and synaptogenesis (i.e., colocalization of pre- and postsynaptic puncta).



Adolescent AIE reduced α2δ-1 expression, and colocalized pre- and postsynaptic puncta after the fourth ethanol (EtOH) dose. By the 10th dose, increased TSP2 levels were accompanied by an increase in colocalized pre- and postsynaptic puncta, while α2δ-1 returned to control levels. Twenty-four days after the last EtOH dose (i.e., adulthood), TSP2, TSP4, and α2δ-1 expression were all elevated. Astrocyte reactivity, indicated by increased astrocytic volume and area, was also observed at that time.



Repeated EtOH exposure during adolescence results in long-term changes in specific astrocyte signaling proteins and their neuronal synaptogenic receptor. Continued signaling by these traditionally developmental factors in adulthood may represent a compensatory mechanism whereby astrocytes reopen the synaptogenic window and repair lost connectivity, and consequently contribute to the enduring maladaptive structural and functional abnormalities previously observed in the hippocampus after AIE.

Field of study: Medicine
Energy Efficient Path-constrained Sink Navigation in Delay-guaranteed Wireless Sensor Networks

Recent work shows sink mobility can improve the energy efficiency in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). However, data delivery latency often increases due to the speed limit of mobile sink. In practice, some application has strict requirements on delay. This paper focuses on the path selection problem in delay-guaranteed sensor networks with a path-constrained mobile sink. The optimal path is chosen to meet the requirement on delay as well as minimize the energy consumption of entire network. According to whether data aggregation is adopted, we formulate the respective optimization problems and present corresponding practical algorithms. Theoretical analysis and simulation experiments validate the effectiveness of the proposed formulations and algorithms by comparing the energy consumption with some baseline algorithms.

Field of study: Computer science
The Harvard Pigeon Lab under Herrnstein.

The history of the Harvard Pigeon Lab is a history of two periods of remarkable productivity, the first under Skinner's leadership and the second under Herrnstein's. In each period, graduate students flocked to the leader and then began stimulating one another. Chance favored Herrnstein's leadership, too, because an unusually large number of graduate students were admitted in the fall of 1962. In each period, productivity declined as the leader lost interest in the laboratory and withdrew. Directly and indirectly, the laboratory finally died as a result of the cognitive "revolution." Skinner and his students saw the possibility of a natural science of behavior and set about establishing that science based on concepts such as response rate, stimulus control, and schedules of reinforcement. Herrnstein and his students saw that the science could be quantitative and set about making it so, with relative response rate, the matching law, and the psychophysics of choice (analogous to S. S. Stevens' psychophysics). The history might provide a golden research opportunity for someone interested in the impact of such self-organizing research groups on the progress of science.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Stoichiometric Decomposition of Pure Water over Pt-Loaded Ti/B Binary Oxide under UV-Irradiation

A titanium-boron binary oxide has been prepared by the sol-gel method and used as a photocatalyst for the decomposition of water. The structure of titanium oxide species in the Ti/B binary oxide was amorphous before and crystal after calcination in O2, while the boron oxide species retained its amorphous state. Pt-loaded Ti/B photocatalysts were found to decompose water stoichiometrically in aqueous suspension systems. Their photocatalytic activities decreased markedly with increase in the calcination temperature, indicating that the photocatalytic activity of the Ti/B binary oxide was strongly dependent on the crystal phase of the titanium oxide.

Field of study: Chemistry
Occupant behaviour simulation for cellular offices in early design stages—Architectural and modelling considerations

Building simulation is most useful and most difficult in early design stages. Most useful since the optimisation potential is large and most difficult because input data are often not available at the level of resolution required for simulation software. The aim of this paper is to addresses this difficulty, by analysing the predominantly qualitative information in early stages of an architectural design process in search for indicators towards quantitative simulation input. The discussion in this paper is focused on cellular offices. Parameters related to occupancy, the use of office equipment, night ventilation, the use of lights and blinds are reviewed based on simulation input requirements, architectural considerations in early design stages and occupant behaviour considerations in operational stages. A worst and ideal case scenario is suggested as a generic approach to model occupant behaviour in early design stages when more detailed information is not available. Without actually predicting specific occupant behaviour, this approach highlights the magnitude of impact that occupants can have on comfort and building energy performance and it matches the level of resolution of available architectural information in early design stages. This can be sufficient for building designers to compare the magnitude of impact of occupants with other parameters in order to inform design decisions. Potential indicators in early design stages towards the ideal or worst case scenario are discussed.

Field of study: Engineering
Coefficient systems and supersingular representations of GL2(F)

Soit F un corps local non archimedien de caracteristique residuelle p. Nous construisons le « bon » nombre de F p -representations lisses et irreductibles de GL 2 (F) qui sont supersingulieres au sens de Barthel et Livne. Si F = Q p , les resultats de Breuil impliquent alors que notre construction donne toutes les representations supersingulieres a la torsion pres par un quasi-caractere non ramifie. Nous conjecturons que ceci reste vrai pour F quelconque.

Field of study: Mathematics