nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Chloroquine potentiates the anti-cancer effect of lidamycin on non-small cell lung cancer cells in vitro

To assess the synergistic actions of lidamycin (LDM) and chloroquine (CQ), a lysosomal enzyme inhibitor, in human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells, and to elucidate the potential mechanisms.Human NSCLC cell lines A549 and H460 were treated with CQ and/or LDM. Cell proliferation was analyzed using MTT assay, and apoptosis was quantified using flow cytometry. Western blotting was used to detect the protein levels of caspase 3, PARP, Bcl-2, Bax, p53, LC3-I and LC3-II. A H460 cell xenograft model in BALB/c nude mice was used to evaluate the anticancer efficacy of CQ and LDM in vivo.Both LDM and CQ concentration-dependently suppressed the proliferation of A549 and H460 cells in vitro (the IC50 values of LDM were 1.70±0.75 and 0.043±0.026 nmol/L, respectively, while the IC50 values of CQ were 71.3±6.1 and 55.6±12.5 μmol/L, respectively). CQ sensitized both NSCLC cell lines to LDM, and the majority of the coefficients of drug interaction (CDIs) for combination-doses were less than 1. The ratio of apoptosis of H460 cells induced by a combined treatment of CQ and LDM (77.0%±5.2%) was significantly higher than those caused by CQ (23.1%±4.2%) or by LDM (65.1%±4.1%) alone. Furthermore, the combined treatment markedly increased the cleaved PARP and cleaved caspase 3 in H460 cells, which were partly reversed by pretreatment with the caspase inhibitor zVAD.fmk. zVAD.fmk also partially reversed the inhibitory effect of the combination treatment on the proliferation of H460 cells. The combination therapy group had a notable increase in expression of Bax and a very slight decrease in expression of Bcl-2 and p53 protein. LDM alone scarcely affected the level of LC3-II in H460 cells, but slightly reduced CQ-induced LC3-II expression. 3-MA, an autophagy inhibitor also sensitized H460 cells to LDM. In nude mice bearing H460 cell xenograft, administration of LDM (25 μg/kg, iv) and CQ (60 mg/kg, ip) suppressed tumor growth by 57.14% and 73.02%, respectively.The synergistic anticancer effect of LDM and CQ in vitro results from activation of a caspase-dependent and p53-independent apoptosis pathway as well as inhibition of cytoprotective autophagy.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Noise-Proof Equilibria in Two-Action Signaling Games

An equilibrium of a signaling game isnoise-proofif it survives a small perturbation of the Receiver's perception of the signal. We derive conditions for noise proofness and prove existence for signaling games where the Receiver has two actions, the message space is a real interval, and standard monotonicity conditions are met. Such games have a continuum of equilibria which satisfy the never-a-weak-best-reply criterion (NWBR), but often a unique noise-proof equilibrium. Every noise-proof equilibrium satisfies NWBR and is “insufficiently revealing”: With some probability the Receiver chooses an action which would be suboptimal under full information.

Field of study: Economics
Spreading history of the eastern Indian Ocean and Greater India's northward flight from Antarctica and Australia

Recent information from magnetic surveys and from deep-sea drilling allows Sclater and Fisher's Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic reconstructions of the eastern Indian Ocean to be extended back almost to the beginning of the Cretaceous Period. After a short phase of spreading off northwestern Australia in Middle and Late Jurassic time, Greater India and Antarctica-Australia dispersed near the beginning of Cretaceous time (130 m.y. B.P.) with the opening between them of a landlocked sea; between 110 to 120 and 105 m.y. B.P., Greater India cleared Antarctica-Australia, and the sea floor generated between them became continuous with the rest of the Indian Ocean. In Santonian time (80 m.y. B.P.), a new pattern of rapid spreading (as much as 17.5 cm/yr) began and caused an oceanic part of the Indian plate to be transferred to the Antarctic-Australian plate. Rapid spreading continued nearly to the end of Paleocene time (53 m.y. B.P.). With the inception at this time of spreading between Antarctica and Australia, three plates (Indian, Antarctic, and Australian) spread at a slow rate until the end of early Oligocene time (32 m.y. B.P.). At 32 m.y. B.P., the separate Indian and Australian plates became united, as they are today, while Antarctica remained a separate plate.

Together with paleomagnetic and other determinations that show that Southeast Asia lay at or north of the Equator, the trail of sea floor generated during Greater India's northward flight implies that Southeast Asia rotated westward across this trail to its present position no earlier than middle to late Miocene time (10 m.y. B.P.).

Field of study: Geology
Factors Influencing the Stability of Radiation Defects in Semiconductors

Recent advances in the understanding of radiation damage in semiconductors are discussed and areas of difficulty are indicated. Most attention is focused upon (a) stability of close-pair defects resulting from low temperature irradiation with energetic (0.7 to 5 Mev) electrons, (b) the yield of permanent damage in germanium as a function of temperature, (c) damage of intermediate stability in germanium (anneals at 150°K) which is attributable to non-reorientable divacancies, (d) interstitials in electron bombarded germanium, and (e) low temperature damage in electron bombarded p-type germanium and its transformation by light and heating. The inadequacies of certain of the models are discussed particularly in the case of (e).

Field of study: Physics
The Natural Compound Myricetin Effectively Represses the Malignant Progression of Prostate Cancer by Inhibiting PIM1 and Disrupting the PIM1/CXCR4 Interaction

Natural compounds are a promising resource for anti-tumor drugs. Myricetin, an abundant flavonoid found in the bark and leaves of bayberry, shows multiple promising anti-tumor functions in various cancers.  The cytotoxic, pro-apoptotic, and anti-metastatic effects of myricetin on prostate cancer cells were investigated in both in vitro and in vivo studies. Short-hairpin RNA knockdown of the proviral integration site for Moloney murine leukemia virus-1 (PIM1), pull-down and co-immunoprecipitation assays, and an intracellular Ca2+ flux assay were used to investigate the potential underlying mechanism of myricetin. ONCOMINE database data mining and immunohistochemical analysis of prostate cancer tissues were used to evaluate the expression of PIM1 and CXCR4, as well as the correlation between PIM1 and CXCR4 expression and the clinicopathologic characteristics and prognoses of prostate cancer patients.  Myricetin exerted selective cytotoxic, pro-apoptotic, and anti-metastatic effects on prostate cancer cells by inhibiting PIM1 and disrupting the PIM1/CXCR4 interaction. Moreover, PIM1 and CXCR4 were coexpressed and associated with aggressive clinicopathologic traits and poor prognosis in prostate cancer patients.  These results offer preclinical evidence for myricetin as a potential chemopreventive and therapeutic agent for precision medicine tailored to prostate cancer patients characterized by concomitant elevated expression of PIM1 and CXCR4.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Effects of Shielded Gas on Microstructures and Properties of High Strength Steel Deposits

The microstructures and properties of high strength steel deposits under different shielded gases were investigated.The results indicate that the microstructures of deposits are mainly acicular ferrite and have good strength and excellent toughness when welded with Ar+(5~20)%CO2 mixed gas.The microstructures are mainly lath-shaped low carbon martensite when welded with pure argon gas.The strength of deposits is further improved but the plasticity and toughness decrease slightly.

Field of study: Materials science
Social status and the pill at a black woman's college.

A survey was conducted in 1969 among undergraduate students, (ages 16-26) at Bennett College for women in North Carolina to determine the relationship between socio-economic status and the use of the pill. 143 responses were useable. 17% of the women used the pill and 83% did not. There was no significant effect of parental home influence on pill use. Students whose family incomes were above $7000. were more likely to use the pill than the other students. There was no significant difference between users and nonusers in attitudes towards sex. 72% of the nonusers approved of but did not use the pill, and only 18% used another methed of contraception.

Field of study: Education
The non-consequentialist moral force of promises: a response to Sinnott-Armstrong

That we have a duty not to break a promise is often presented as a reason to reject consequentialism. Sinnott-Armstrong has argued, however, that in fact consequentialism provides the best account of the duty not to break a promise (2009; see also Sinnott-Armstrong 1992). I will argue that Sinnott-Armstrong’s argument fails. The phenomena of promising remain a reason to reject the view that all of morality consists in our duty to produce the best consequences. That is not to say that we do not have a duty to produce the best consequences. Rather, the duty to produce the best consequences is, like the duty not to break a promise, one of a plurality of moral duties. According to Sinnott-Armstrong, the best explanation of the strength of one’s duty to keep a promise is that the duty’s strength is based on the consequences of breaking the promise. This is because if the consequences of keeping a promise vary, then the strength of one’s duty to keep the promise will vary as well; while if the consequences of keeping a promise do not vary, the strength of the duty will not vary even if all the other circumstances surrounding the promise do vary. And, applying Mill’s method of concomitant variation, Sinnott-Armstrong maintains that ‘since the strength of a moral obligation goes up and down as the harms in violating it go up and down, this correlation supports the hypothesis that the harms of violating it are what makes the moral obligation as strong as it is’ (2009: 440). Moreover, Sinnott-Armstrong argues, if the strength of the duty to keep a promise is based on the consequences of breaking it, then the best explanation of the existence of the duty must be consequentialist as well. The only way to rebut this consequentialist argument is ‘to explain why some moral obligations are stronger than others without invoking the harmful

Field of study: Philosophy
The effect of response force on avoidance rate.

In a Sidman-avoidance schedule of counter losses for two human subjects, the loss-to-loss and response-to-loss intervals were 20 sec. The avoidance response was a vocal response that was louder than a minimum vocal requirement. This requirement was set at 80 db, 95 db, or 110 db. In addition to vocal responses meeting the minimum requirement, all responses exceeding a threshold of 75 db or louder were recorded. The rate of both above-threshold and avoidance responses decreased as the response-force requirement increased. Thus, high response-force requirements produced an effect on avoidance responding similar to its effect on positively reinforced responding.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
The Composition and Main Technology of Industrial Control Internet of Things Middleware

Application system engineering method, based on the construction rules of the internet of things, combined with the practical application of the site, to build the middleware of the internet of things in the industrial control system. This paper discusses and studies the architecture and application mode of the industrial control internet of things middleware, the main role and application focus, the function of the industrial control internet of things middleware. This paper provides a theoretical basis for the composition and application of industrial control internet of things middleware, and makes a feasible attempt for the construction and application of industrial control internet of things.

Field of study: Engineering
Stochastic Neighbor Embedding with Gaussian and Student-t Distributions: Tutorial and Survey

Stochastic Neighbor Embedding (SNE) is a manifold learning and dimensionality reduction method with a probabilistic approach. In SNE, every point is consider to be the neighbor of all other points with some probability and this probability is tried to be preserved in the embedding space. SNE considers Gaussian distribution for the probability in both the input and embedding spaces. However, t-SNE uses the Student-t and Gaussian distributions in these spaces, respectively. In this tutorial and survey paper, we explain SNE, symmetric SNE, t-SNE (or Cauchy-SNE), and t-SNE with general degrees of freedom. We also cover the out-of-sample extension and acceleration for these methods. Some simulations to visualize the embeddings are also provided.

Field of study: Computer science
Das Aspirationspsychrometer. III

ZusammenfassungDie dritte Arbeit über das Aspirationspsychrometer bringt auch für die Grambergsche Theorie einen geschlossenen Ausdruck für die relative Feuchtigkeit, der für alle Temperaturbereiche und beliebige Drucke giltig ist. Auf Grund dieser neuen Formel ist nnnmehr eine Tabelle bis 1500 für einen Gesamtdruck von 760 mm Hg aufgestellt, die eine größere Sicherheit bietet, als die frühere, durch zweimaliges graphisches Interpolaren erhaltene.

Field of study: Physics
Revision of Unicondylar to Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Systematic Review

Isolated unicompartmental osteoarthritis in the young patient is a difficult problem to treat; they may be too young to consider total knee arthroplasty due to difficulties with inevitable future revision. Unicompartmental knee arthroplasty is one possible solution as it is perceived by some as being a smaller surgical insult than total knee arthroplasty, with easier revision to total knee arthroplasty than a revision total knee arthroplasty. A total knee arthroplasty performed as a revision unicondylar knee arthroplasty is thought by some authors to have equivalent functional outcomes to a primary total knee replacement. However, there have been several studies suggesting that revision is not as simple as suggested, and that function is not as good as primary total knee arthroplasty. We performed a systematic review of the literature regarding outcomes after revision of a unicondylar knee arthroplasty. Although there are many studies proposing selective use of the unicondylar knee arthroplasty, there are a number of studies highlighting difficulties with revision and poorer outcomes, and, therefore, the unicondylar knee arthroplasty cannot be considered a small procedure that will 'buy time' for the patient, and have results equal to a primary knee arthroplasty when revised. Further controlled studies, ideally randomised, are required before final conclusions can be drawn.

Field of study: Medicine
Cloning, expression, and characterization of pollen allergens from Humulus scandens (Lour) Merr and Ambrosia artemisiifolia L

To clone the pollen allergen genes in Humulus scandens (Lour) Merr (LüCao in Chinese) and short ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L) for recombinant allergen production and immunotherapy.The allergen genes were selectively amplified in the weed pollen cDNA pool by using a special PCR profile, with the primers designed by a modeling procedure. Following truncated gene cloning and confirmation of the pollen source, unknown 3′cDNA ends were identified by using the 3′-RACE method. The gene function conferred by the full-length coding region was evaluated by a homologue search in the GenBank database. Recombinant proteins expressed in Escherichia coli pET-44 RosettaBlue cells were subsequently characterized by N-terminal end sequencing, IgE binding, and cross-reactivity.Three full-lengh cDNAs were obtained in each weed. Multiple alignment analysis revealed that the deduced amino acid sequences were 83% identical to each other and 56%−90% identical to panallergen profilins from other species. Five recombinant proteins were abundantly expressed in non-fusion forms and were confirmed by using the N-terminal end sequence identity. Sera from patients who were allergic to A artemisiifolia reacted not only with rAmb a 8(D03) derived from A artemisiifolia, but also with recombinant protein rHum s 1(LCM9) derived from H scandens, which confirmed the allergenicity and cross-reactivity of the recombinant proteins from the 2 sources. Comparison of the degenerate primers used for truncated gene cloning with the full-length cDNA demonstrated that alternative nucleotide degeneracy occurred.This study demonstrates a useful method for cloning homologous allergen genes across different species, particularly for little-studied species. The recombinant allergens obtained might be useful for the immunotherapeutic treatment of H scandens and/or A artemisiifolia pollen allergies.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
The Medieval Climate Anomaly in Antarctica

The Medieval Climate Anomaly (MCA) is a well-recognized climate perturbation in many parts of the world, with a core period of 1000–1200 CE. Here we are mapping the MCA across the Antarctic region based on the analysis of published palaeotemperature proxy data from 60 sites. In addition to the conventionally used ice core data, we are integrating temperature proxy records from marine and terrestrial sediment cores as well as radiocarbon ages of glacier moraines and elephant seal colonies. A generally warm MCA compared to the subsequent Little Ice Age (LIA) was found for the Subantarctic Islands south of the Antarctic Convergence, the Antarctic Peninsula, Victoria Land and central West Antarctica. A somewhat less clear MCA warm signal was detected for the majority of East Antarctica. MCA cooling occurred in the Ross Ice Shelf region, and probably in the Weddell Sea and on Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf. Spatial distribution of MCA cooling and warming follows modern dipole patterns, as reflected by areas of opposing temperature trends. Main drivers of the multi-centennial scale climate variability appear to be the Southern Annular Mode (SAM) and El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) which are linked to solar activity changes by nonlinear dynamics.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Rivera y Moncada, Explorer and Military Commander of Both Californias, in the Light of His Diary and Other Contemporary Documents

A T ARIZPE, capital of Sonora, on December 24, 1779, Fernando de Rivera handed to the eminent Franciscan historian, Agustin Morfi, his diary for the period May 25, 1774-January 16, 1777.1 It was a personal record of decisive years in the history of Upper California, for on the earlier date Rivera y Moneada had become military commander and virtual governor of the territory, and during the period which it covered San Francisco was founded. Rivera's action saved the diary for posterity; less than nineteen months later, on July 18, 1781, he was slain by Indians at La Concepcion, near present-day Yuma, as he led another contingent of settlers to Los Angeles.2 Hitherto, Rivera y Moneada has been best known and condemned for his attempts to delay the founding of San Francisco, a rather inglorious title to fame. Unfortunately for him, later generations have forgotten his many other services to his country in governing the Californias.3 Also they have lacked the man 's own version of the

Field of study: History
Research on Heuristic Network Coding Protocol for Multi-hop Wireless Networks

Recently,there has been a growing interest of using network coding to improve the performance of wireless networks.This work begins with a thorough investigation of existing opportunistic network coding methods.On this basis,we propose a generic heuristic network coding protocol(GHNC) for multi-hop wireless networks.The proposed heuristic method involves three processes,that is,the opportunistic forwarder selection,throughput computing,and the dynamic adjustment mechanism.The main idea is to actively adjust change the number of the forwarders as network conditions change,and thus to maximize the network throughput.In addition,we propose a dynamic and fast heuristic network coding protocol(DHNC and FHNC),with focusing on dynamic characteristics and QoS requirements of wireless networks.Our simulation experiments demonstrate that the proposed GHNC,DHNC and FHNC provide a significant performance improvement in various network environments.

Field of study: Computer science
Going beyond species richness and abundance: robustness of community specialisation measures in short acoustic surveys

Passive Acoustic Monitoring offers promising opportunities for biodiversity assessments and species conservation and is still in development. The robustness of community metrics depends on sampling effort and acoustic surveys should be adjusted for cost-effectiveness. Using a large-scale acoustic survey of bat assemblages conducted along 5487 survey nights across France, we assessed the effect of sampling duration on the level of confidence of four community metrics (total bat activity, species of conservation concern activity, species richness, and community specialisation index). We further investigated whether this effect varied across habitats and seasons. Overall, a high level of confidence (i.e., 95% similarity between cumulated survey nights) was reached after 2 to >20 sampling nights, depending on the community metric, the habitat and the season considered. CSI required the lowest sampling duration. A higher sampling duration was required in three-dimensionally structured habitats (e.g., forests) and habitats unfavourable to bats (e.g., intensive farmlands), while a high degree of confidence was reached earlier in more favourable habitats and non-intensive farmlands, and during the season of higher activity. Beyond providing recommendations for the design of context-dependent minimum sampling duration in acoustic surveys, we show that weighted community indices such as the CSI are efficient summary measures, and advocate for their use when monitoring resources are limited.

Field of study: Environmental science
An Empiric Analysis on the Relationship between Industrial Organization Structure and Bank Efficiency

The property ownership's structures influence the cost efficiency of all banks seriously.But the power of influencing for personal-owned commercial banks is weaker than for state-owned commercial banks.Between the weight of property ownership owned by State and the banking efficiency presents a curve relationship.And now,the weight of property ownership owned by State is always higher than the threshold,to realize the commercial banks long-term revolve efficiently,we must move the bank track to the left half part of the curve.The influencing trends of market structure for the cost,the scale and the technique efficiencies are different.The influencing for state-owned commercial banks is also higher for personal-owned commercial banks.

Field of study: Economics