nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Inequality, Institutions and Economic Growth in Latin America

This essay examines three recent historical approaches to the political economy of Latin America's relative economic backwardness. All three locate the origins of contemporary underdevelopment in defective colonial institutions linked to inequality. The contrasting view offered here affirms the significance of institutional constraints, but argues that they did not arise from colonial inequalities, but from the adaptation of Iberian practices to the American colonies under conditions of imperial weakness. Colonial inequality varied across the Americas; while it was not correlated with colonial economic performance, it mattered because it determined the extent of elite resistance to institutional modernisation after independence. The onset of economic growth in the mid to late nineteenth century brought economic elites to political power, but excluding majorities as inequality increased restrained the region's twentieth-century growth rates and prevented convergence.

Field of study: Political science
Selective harvesting of two competing fish species in the presence of toxicity with time delay

In this paper, we have considered a two competing fish species with the delay due to gestation, each of which obeys the law of logistic growth and releases a substance toxic to the other. We also consider the selective harvesting of fishes above a certain age or size by incorporating a time delay in the harvesting term. The dynamical behavior of the exploited system is examined in the presence and absence of delay. Boundedness, local and global stabilities are addressed. The possibility of the existence of a dynamic equilibrium and the optimal harvesting policy is studied in the absence of delay. It is shown that the time delay can cause a stable equilibrium to become unstable and even a switching of stabilities. Extensive numerical simulations are performed using analytical results for a hypothetical set of parameter values.

Field of study: Mathematics
Investment Treaty Law and the Fear for Sovereignty: Transnational Challenges and Solutions

This article addresses the vagueness, and the interpretative challenges associated with, international investment agreements (IIAs) and develops a new normative framework for interpreting these treaties. It focuses on the historical embedding of investment protection as a means of facilitating economic development as well as upon its synthetic public law nature. The analysis shows that a teleological approach to interpretation imposes boundaries on the meaning of substantive IIA provisions. The article then elaborates how the transnational dimension of IIAs provides a benchmark, which is the level of protection offered to economic actors against interference by the state in countries with the highest rule of law standards. The article then shows how the resulting challenges of comparative public law could be addressed through the methodology of re‐ and pre‐statement of transnational uniform ‘principles’: sophisticated and detailed rules striking the proper balance between private economic interests and the public regulatory interest, so as to provide more legal certainty for both investors and host states.

Field of study: Law
Is more better? Higher sterilization of infected hosts need not result in reduced pest population size

We analyze the effect of sterilization in the infected hosts in several epidemiological models involving infectious diseases that can be transmitted both vertically and horizontally. Sterilizing pathogens can be used as pest control agents by intentionally inoculating the target population, with the goal of reducing or eliminating it completely. Contrary to previous models that did not include vertical transmission we found that the population size at the endemic equilibrium may actually increase with higher levels of sterility. This effect is proved to exist for low to high efficiencies of vertical transmission. On the other hand, if the disease is sexually transmitted and the host reproduction and disease transmission are both consistently mediated by mating, we do not observe such a counter-intuitive effect and the population size in the stable endemic equilibrium is decreasing with higher levels of sterility. We suggest that models of the pest control techniques involving the release of sterilizing pathogens have to carefully consider the routes such pathogens use for transmission.

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics
Influence of collision anisotropy on the Raman scattering spectrum in dense gases

An investigation is made of the influence, on the Raman scattering spectrum, of collision anisotropy which occurs when a degenerate transition in a molecular gas is analyzed, allowing for translational motion of particles of comparable mass. It is found that collision anisotropy results in interference between spectral profiles corresponding to various types of scattering.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Evolution and variability of the East Asian summer monsoon during the Pliocene: Evidence from clay mineral records of the South China Sea

The Late Pliocene is thought to be characterized by the simultaneous intensification of both the East Asian winter monsoon (EAWM) and East Asian summer monsoon (EASM). However, the evolution of the EASM during the Pliocene remains still controversial and only little is known about the dynamics of the EASM during the Pliocene on orbital time scales. Here we use clay mineral assemblages in sediments from Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Site 1143 in the southern South China Sea (SCS) to obtain proxy records of past changes in the EASM climate during the Pliocene. Provenance analysis suggests that illite, chlorite and kaolinite originated mainly from the Mekong River drainage area. Smectite was derived mainly from the Indonesian islands. The kaolinite/illite ratio and the chemical index of alteration (CIA) of siliciclastic sediments allowed us to reconstruct the history of chemical weathering and physical erosion of the Mekong River drainage area and thus, the evolution of,the EASM during the Pliocene. Our clay minerals proxy data suggests a stronger EASM during the Early Pliocene than during the Late Pliocene. We propose that the long-term evolution of the EASM has been driven by global cooling rather than the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau. Spectral analysis of kaolinite/ illite ratio displays a set of strong periodicities at 100 ka, 30 ka, 28 ka, 25 ka, and 22 ka. with no clear obliquityrelated signal. Our study suggests that the Pliocene EASM intensity on orbital time scales is not only controlled by the Northern Hemisphere summer insolation, but also strongly influenced by equatorial Pacific ENSO-like ocean atmosphere dynamics.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Studies on phospholipids of different mutants of Salmonella minnesota.

Lipid composition of the cells of smooth (S form) and core-defective rough mutants (Ra, Rb & Re) of Salmonella minnesota has been studied. The readily-extractable lipids (RELs), acid-extractable lipids, and polar and nonpolar phospholipids have been analysed. Fatty acid composition of the different fractions containing phospholipids and other neutral lipids have been determined by GLC and GC-MS techniques. Phosphatidyl glycerol (PG), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and diphosphatidyl glycerol (DPG) were the major phospholipids present in all the strains. The major saturated fatty acid found was C16:0, and unsaturated fatty acids were, C16:1 and C18:1. Cyclopropane fatty acids, C17cy and C19cy, were also present in small amounts. Increased amounts of REL and unsaturated fatty acids were found in the mutants compared with the smooth strain. The amount of PG and PE decreased and DPG increased in the mutant strains.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Physics
The tempered one-sided stable density: a universal model for hydrological transport?

A generalized distribution for the water residence time in hydrological transport is proposed in the form of the tempered one-sided stable (TOSS) density. It is shown that limiting cases of the TOSS distribution recover virtually all distributions that have been considered in the literature for hydrological transport, from plug flow to flow reactor, the advection–dispersion model, and the gamma and Levy densities. The stable property of TOSS is particularly important, enabling a seamless transition between a time-domain random walk, and the Lagrangian (trajectory) approach along hydrological transport pathways.

Field of study: Environmental science
Proximity effect and its enhancement by ferromagnetism in high-temperature superconductor-ferromagnet structures.

We consider a bilayer consisting of a d-wave layered superconductor and diffusive ferromagnet with a domain wall (DW). The c axis in the superconductor and DW in the ferromagnet are assumed to be perpendicular to the interface. We demonstrate that in such a heterostructure the inhomogeneous exchange field enhances the proximity effect. It is shown that, whereas in the absence of the exchange field the d-wave condensate decays in the normal metal on the mean free path l, the superconductivity penetrates the ferromagnet along the DW over much larger distances. This happens because the presence of the DW results in a generation of an odd-frequency triplet s-wave component of the condensate. The phenomenon discovered here may help to explain a recent experiment on high-temperature superconductor-ferromagnet bilayers.

Field of study: Physics
High-throughput screening campaign identifies a small molecule agonist of the relaxin family peptide receptor 4

Relaxin/insulin-like family peptide receptor 4 (RXFP4) is a class A G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), and insulin-like peptide 5 (INSL5) is its endogenous ligand. Although the precise physiological role of INSL5/RXFP4 remains elusive, a number of studies have suggested it to be a potential therapeutic target for obesity and other metabolic disorders. Since selective agonists of RXFP4 are scarcely available and peptidic analogs of INSL5 are hard to make, we conducted a high-throughput screening campaign against 52,000 synthetic and natural compounds targeting RXFP4. Of the 109 initial hits discovered, only 3 compounds were confirmed in secondary screening, with JK0621-D008 displaying the best agonism at human RXFP4. Its S -configuration stereoisomer (JK1) was subsequently isolated and validated by a series of bioassays, demonstrating a consistent agonistic effect in cells overexpressing RXFP4. This scaffold may provide a valuable tool to further explore the biological functions of RXFP4.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
A Comparative Study of Volatile Oils Between Fresh Fruitand Preserved Fruit of Bergamot

GC-MS was used to detect the volatile components of the bergamot fruit which it was fresh and preserved for 4 months,6 months,and 21,24,22 kinds of components were identified respectively.Among them,D-limonene,γ-terpinene,α-terpineol,geraniol,terpinen-4-o1,nerol,linalool and 5,7-dimethoxycoumarin were the major constituents.The results indicated that the major volatile components were d-(+)-limonene and alpha-terpinene were existed in fresh bergamot fruits,the relative content of the two kinds of substance were 61.43% and 18.43% respectively.The major volatile components were alcohols and esters in pickle bergamot fruit(preserved for 4 months),between the relative contents was 38.10%,33.64%,separately.The aroma components of the pickle bergamot fruit(preserved for 6 months)were alcohols as the main ingredients,its relative content was 64.84%,the α-terpineol,geraniol and nerol relative content of 20.01%,13.26% and 13.50%,respectively.Therefore,if the bergamot fruit was preserved for 6 months,the aroma components in alcohol content was increased gradually and its characteristic flavor was mainly from alcohols.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Application of temperature-difference uniformity optimization principle to path arrangement of multi-stream heat exchangers

The concept of dimensionless temperature-difference uniformity optimization factor was proposed.The application of this factor to path arrangement was studied.The study showed that dimensionless temperature-difference uniformity optimization factor was an effective evaluation criterion of path arrangement of multi-stream heat exchangers and the design of multi-stream heat exchangers could be guided by this factor.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Large Macaronichnus in modern shoreface sediments: Identification of the producer, the mode of formation, and paleoenvironmental implications

The trace fossil Macaronichnus segregatis is an intrastratal trail occurring in shallow marine deposits. Previous studies have shown that this trace fossil can be used as a powerful indicator of ancient sea level, shoreline orientation, beach morphodynamics, and paleoceanographic conditions. Here we describe another type of Macaronichnus, an incipient large Macaronichnus isp., which is 5–12 mm in diameter, from upper shoreface deposits of a modern sandy beach in western Japan. The burrow is produced by selective sand-grain feeding of the opheliid polychaete Travisia japonica, although the detailed mechanism remains unclear. Based on the distribution of T. japonica and other Travisia species, large Macaronichnus isp. seems to be more widely distributed across tidal flats, the upper–lower shoreface, the continental shelf, and possibly even the deep-sea floor. The distribution of the large burrow is quite different to that of the standard M. segregatis. It is therefore necessary to distinguish between the sizes of the burrows in order to use the ichnogenus Macaronichnus as a paleoenvironmental indicator.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Quantitative lipid metabolomic changes in alcoholic micropigs with fatty liver disease.

Chronic ethanol consumption coupled with folate deficiency leads to rapid liver fat accumulation and progression to alcoholic steatohepatitis (ASH). However, the specific effects of alcohol on key liver lipid metabolic pathways involved in fat accumulation are unknown. It is unclear whether lipid synthesis, lipid export, or a combination of both is contributing to hepatic steatosis in ASH.



In this study we estimated the flux of fatty acids (FA) through the stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD), phosphatidylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase (PEMT), and FA elongation pathways in relation to liver triacylglycerol (TG) content in Yucatan micropigs fed a 40% ethanol folate-deficient diet with or without supplementation with S-adenosyl methionine (SAM) compared with controls. Flux through the SCD and PEMT pathways was used to assess the contribution of lipid synthesis and lipid export respectively on the accumulation of fat in the liver. Liver FA composition within TG, cholesterol ester (CE), phosphatidylethanolamine, and phosphatidylcholine classes was quantified by gas chromatography.



Alcoholic pigs had increased liver TG content relative to controls, accompanied by increased flux through the SCD pathway as indicated by increases in the ratios of 16:1n7 to 16:0 and 18:1n9 to 18:0. Conversely, flux through the elongation and PEMT pathways was suppressed by alcohol, as indicated by multiple metabolite ratios. SAM supplementation attenuated the TG accumulation associated with alcohol.



These data provide an in vivo examination of liver lipid metabolic pathways confirming that both increased de novo lipogenesis (e.g., lipid synthesis) and altered phospholipid metabolism (e.g., lipid export) contribute to the excessive accumulation of lipids in liver affected by ASH.

Field of study: Medicine
Enrichment and isolation of endosulfan-degrading microorganism from tropical acid soil

Endosulfan (6,7,8,9,10,10-hexachloro-1,5,5a,6,9,9a-hexahydro-6,9-methano-2,3,4-benzo-dioxathiepin-3-oxide) is a cyclodiene organochlorine currently used as an insecticide all over the world and its residues are posing a serious environmental threat. This study reports the enrichment and isolation of a microbial culture capable of degrading endosulfan with minimal production of endosulfan sulfate, the toxic metabolite of endosulfan, from tropical acid soil. Enrichment was achieved by using the insecticide as sole sulfur source. The enriched microbial culture, SKL-1, later identified as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, degraded up to 50.25 and 69.77 % of α and β endosulfan, respectively in 20 days. Percentage of bioformation of endosulfan sulfate to total formation was 2.12% by the 20th day of incubation. Degradation of the insecticide was concomitant with bacterial growth reaching up to an optical density of 600 nm (OD600) 2.34 and aryl sulfatase activity of the broth reaching up to 23.93 μg pNP/mL/hr. The results of this study suggest that this novel strain is a valuable source of potent endosulfan–degrading enzymes for use in enzymatic bioremediation. Further, the increase in aryl sulfatase activity of the broth with the increase in degradation of endosulfan suggests the probable involvement of the enzyme in the transformation of endosulfan to its metabolites.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Enhancing Energy Efficiency in Wireless Sensor Network

small embedded devices called sensors in a wireless sensor networks (WSN) which communicate wirelessly with ad-hoc configuration. This paper explores permanent energy drain-out attack at routing protocol layer in wireless sensor network, which causes infected node from network permanently by draining battery power. This Vampire attacks are rely on the properties of classes of routing protocol and not specific to the routing protocol layer. These attacks are difficult to detect and easy to carry out by sending protocol compliant messages to the neighbouring nodes in network. We analyse and compare such attack and energy consumption in AODV routing protocol and suggested method to eliminate such attack.  Vampire attack, Wireless Sensor Network attack, WSN, Clustering, Node, Routing.

Field of study: Engineering
High-temperature superconductivity on the verge of a structural instability in lanthanum superhydride

A possibility of high, room-temperature superconductivity was predicted for metallic hydrogen in the 1960s. However, metallization and superconductivity of hydrogen are yet to be unambiguously demonstrated in the laboratory and may require pressures as high as 5 million atmospheres. Rare earth based "superhydrides" such as LaH10 can be considered a close approximation of metallic hydrogen even though they form at moderately lower pressures. In superhydrides the predominance of H-H metallic bonds and high superconducting transition temperatures bear the hallmarks of metallic hydrogen. Still, experimental studies revealing the key factors controlling their superconductivity are scarce. Here, we report on the pressure and magnetic field response of the superconducting order observed in LaH10. For LaH10 we find a correlation between superconductivity and a structural instability, strongly affecting the lattice vibrations responsible for the superconductivity.

Field of study: Physics
Reducing Pairing Inversion to Exponentiation Inversion using Non-degenerate Auxiliary Pairing

The security of pairing-based cryptosystems is closely related to the difficulty of the pairing inversion problem. Building on previous works, we provide further contributions on the difficulty of pairing inversion. In particular, we revisit the approach of Kanayama-Okamoto who modified exponentiation inversion and Miller inversion by considering an “auxiliary” pairing. First, by generalizing and simplifying Kanayama-Okamoto’s approach, we provide a simpler approach for inverting generalized ate pairings of Vercauteren. Then we provide a complexity of the modified Miller inversion, showing that the complexity depends on the sum-norm of the integer vector defining the auxiliary pairing. Next, we observe that the auxiliary pairings (choice of integer vectors) suggested by Kanayama-Okamoto are degenerate and thus the modified exponentiation inversion is expected to be harder than the original exponentiation inversion. We provide a sufficient condition on the integer vector, in terms of its max norm, so that the corresponding auxiliary paring is non-degenerate. Finally, we define an infinite set of curve parameters, which includes those of typical pairing friendly curves, and we show that, within those parameters, pairing inversion of arbitrarily given generalized ate pairing can be reduced to exponentiation inversion in polynomial time.  Ate pairing, elliptic curve, exponentiation inversion, Miller inversion, pairing inversion

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Effect of levamisole on autologous rosette-forming cells in nude mice.

: Levamisole depresses the number of autologous rosette-forming cells (ARFC) in the spleen of nude (congenitally athymic) mice. Intravenous administration of 2.5 mg/kg of levamisole produces maximal depression. This effect appears 15 h after injection and is transient, partially disappearing after 48 hr. Dexamisole is devoid of this depressing activity. Thymopoietin, a thymic hormone, is also shown to lower the level of autologous rosette formation. These results suggest a stereospecific interference of levamisole with the maturation of immature T-cell precursors in a manner resembling the action of thymic hormones.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Spatio-temporal dynamics of sulfur bacteria during oxic--anoxic regime shifts in a seasonally stratified lake

Sulfate‐reducing bacteria (SRB) and sulfur‐oxidizing bacteria drive major transformations in the sulfur cycle, and play vital roles in oxic‐‐anoxic transitions in lakes and coastal waters. However, information on the succession of these sulfur bacteria in seasonally stratified lakes using molecular biological techniques is scarce. Here, we used 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing to study the spatio‐temporal dynamics of sulfur bacteria during oxic‐‐anoxic regime shifts in Lake Vechten. Oxygen and sulfate were mixed throughout the water column in winter and early spring. Meanwhile, SRB, green sulfur bacteria (GSB), purple sulfur bacteria (PSB), and colorless sulfur bacteria (CSB) exclusively inhabited the sediment. After the water column stratified, oxygen and nitrate concentrations decreased in the hypolimnion and various SRB species expanded into the anoxic hypolimnion. Consequently, sulfate was reduced to sulfide, stimulating the growth of PSB and GSB in the metalimnion and hypolimnion during summer stratification. When hypoxia spread throughout the water column during fall turnover, SRB and GSB vanished from the water column, whereas CSB (mainly Arcobacter) and PSB (Lamprocystis) became dominant and oxidized the accumulated sulfide under micro‐aerobic conditions. Our results support the view that, once ecosystems have become anoxic and sulfidic, a large oxygen influx is needed to overcome the anaerobic sulfur cycle and bring the ecosystems back into their oxic state.  No Caption available.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Ultrasonic wave propagation in nickel aluminide based ternary alloy

Theoretical calculations were performed to investigate the ultrasonic properties of NiAl based ternary alloy NiAl-Cu. The interaction potential model approach has been used to measure the temperature dependent single crystal higher order elastic constants. Other acoustical parameters such as ultrasonic attenuation, Gruneisen numbers, acoustic coupling constants and relaxation time have been also calculated to discuss the acoustical properties insight the ternary alloys. Attention is given to analyze the ultrasonic wave propagation behavior at different temperatures for the alloy and is correlated with respect to the microstructural phenomena during the wave propagation and thermal behavior of the ternary alloy.An ultrasonic mechanism has been developed to correlate the temperature dependent ultrasonic propertieswith thermophysical properties particularlywith the thermal conductivity of the material. Results from the theoretical model calculations were found to be in good agreement with the experimentalmeasurements on the alloy.

Field of study: Materials science