nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Intrinsically frustrated superconducting array of SFS \pi-junctions

We report a direct observation of the crossover of the superconductor- ferromagnet-superconductor (SFS) junctions to the \pi-state which manifests itself in the half-period shift of the external magnetic field dependence of the transport critical current in the triangular SFS arrays. It is associated with the appearance of spontaneous supercurrents in the array at zero external field, with the ground state degenerated with respect to the two possible current flow directions. In conventional Josephson arrays this state can be observed only by imposing frustrating external field equal to a half-integer number of magnetic quanta per cell.

Field of study: Physics
Igneous rocks of the northern Big Belt Range, Montana

The northern end of the Big Belt Range of west-central Montana is underlain chiefly by upper Cretaceous potash-rich basalts which were extruded unconformably on Cretaceous sediments and folded with them into northwesterly trending anticlines and synclines. The western border of the igneous rocks is marked by an imbricate zone of Mississippian to upper Cretaceous rocks. The Lewis overthrust, carrying the Belt series over the upper Cretaceous strata, bounds the fault zone on the west. The trachybasaltic breccias, agglomerates, and flows, 3200 feet thick, are intruded by many chonoliths, sills, and dikes ranging from gabbro to quartz monzonite. Some of the trachybasalts have abundant primary analcime phenocrysts. All evidence favors crystal settling as the cause for the magmatic differentiation within this petrographic province.

Field of study: Geology
Extremozymes for improving wool properties.

The project 'EXTRETEX' funded by the German Federal Foundation Environment (DBU, Osnabrück, Germany) aims at the improvement of wool properties dyeability, handle, felting behaviour and degree of whiteness by means of enzymes derived from extremophilic micro-organisms. In this paper the effects of a commercial thermo- and alkalistable protease on wool with regard to the degree of whiteness, the dyeability and the felting behaviour are presented. A method to treat wool top and wool fabric was developed on a laboratory scale in which the protease was integrated into the pre-washing step of a dyeing process. This treatment method was than scaled up and tested on an industrial winch beck for fabric. With this method-the addition of enzyme in the pre-washing step-the degree of whiteness is generally enhanced. Dyeing untreated and the enzyme-treated wool with Lanasol Blue 8G leads to an improved dyestuff uptake and a distinctive difference in the colour shade for the latter. Microscopy pictures of fibre cross-sections of these samples display a more even distribution of the dyestuff and a better penetration in the enzyme-treated wool fibres but the colour fastness of the enzyme-treated wool is decreased. Though the felting behaviour of the protease treated wool is significantly improved the felting tendency is still too high for an antifelting finish. An increased damage of the enzyme-treated wool in comparison with the untreated one was not observed.

Field of study: Biology, Engineering
Prediction of the outcome of antenatally diagnosed hydronephrosis: a multivariable analysis.

The majority of cases of antenatal hydronephrosis (ANH) resolve postnatally. The purpose of this study was to determine independent predictors for resolution of ANH using a multivariable analysis model.



A retrospective study was performed on 100 children (80 males and 20 females, 118 renal units) referred to a single pediatric urology clinic with the diagnosis of ANH. Patients with ultimately resolved ANH were compared to unresolved cases in a univariate analysis in terms of sex, laterality, severity of ANH using Society for Fetal Urology (SFU) grading, antero-posterior pelvic diameter (APD), parenchymal thickness, renographic differential function and development of clinical complications, followed by a Cox proportional hazard model for multivariable analysis.



Median follow up was 34 months (range 3-204). Hydronephrosis in 62 units resolved spontaneously and pyeloplasty was done in 29. The remaining 27 units had persistent uncomplicated hydronephrosis at last follow up. Multivariate analysis showed larger APD (hazard ratio 0.54; 95%CI 0.36-0.80) and SFU grade 4 (HR 0.34; 95%CI 0.13-0.90) to be associated with a significantly lower likelihood of resolution. The mean initial APD in resolved cases was 9.4mm as opposed to 29.0mm in cases requiring surgery.



Large initial APD has predictive value for surgical intervention. This model is helpful in counseling families about the potential outcomes of ANH.

Field of study: Medicine
On analyzing the intra-frame power saving potentials of the IEEE 802.16e downlink vertical mapping

Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) is generally considered as a competitive candidate networking technology for the realization of the 4G vision. Among the key factors towards its successful and widespread deployment are the effective support of mobility and the provision of mechanisms for enabling service access at a high quality level in an efficient and cost-effective manner. Nonetheless, this effort should take into account and adequately address strict and severe energy limitations that the mobile devices are currently facing. Power saving constitutes an issue of vital importance, as mobile terminals continue to incorporate more and more functionalities and energy-hungry features in order to support the ever increasing user requirements and demands. The standard employs variations of power saving classes in a frame-to-frame basis, while recent power saving mechanisms proposed in related research literature limit their activity in whole frames, neglecting, thus, the intra-frame power saving capabilities. In this work, the intra-frame energy conservation potentials of the mobile WiMAX network are studied and a novel analytical approach is provided, focusing on the downlink direction where the bandwidth allocation involves idle intervals and dynamic inactivity periods. Specifically, we endeavour to accurately analyse the potential energy conservation capabilities in an intra-frame point of view, applying the well-known simple packing algorithm to distribute the available bandwidth to the various subscribers. Our analytical findings are thoroughly cross-validated via simulation, providing clear insights into the intra-frame energy reduction capabilities.

Field of study: Computer science
Prioritizing CircRNA–Disease Associations With Convolutional Neural Network Based on Multiple Similarity Feature Fusion

Accumulating evidence shows that circular RNAs (circRNAs) have significant roles in human health and in the occurrence and development of diseases. Biological researchers have identified disease-related circRNAs that could be considered as potential biomarkers for clinical diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment. However, identification of circRNA–disease associations using traditional biological experiments is still expensive and time-consuming. In this study, we propose a novel method named MSFCNN for the task of circRNA–disease association prediction, involving two-layer convolutional neural networks on a feature matrix that fuses multiple similarity kernels and interaction features among circRNAs, miRNAs, and diseases. First, four circRNA similarity kernels and seven disease similarity kernels are constructed based on the biological or topological properties of circRNAs and diseases. Subsequently, the similarity kernel fusion method is used to integrate the similarity kernels into one circRNA similarity kernel and one disease similarity kernel, respectively. Then, a feature matrix for each circRNA–disease pair is constructed by integrating the fused circRNA similarity kernel and fused disease similarity kernel with interactions and features among circRNAs, miRNAs, and diseases. The features of circRNA–miRNA and disease–miRNA interactions are selected using principal component analysis. Finally, taking the constructed feature matrix as an input, we used two-layer convolutional neural networks to predict circRNA–disease association labels and mine potential novel associations. Five-fold cross validation shows that our proposed model outperforms conventional machine learning methods, including support vector machine, random forest, and multilayer perception approaches. Furthermore, case studies of predicted circRNAs for specific diseases and the top predicted circRNA–disease associations are analyzed. The results show that the MSFCNN model could be an effective tool for mining potential circRNA–disease associations.

Field of study: Biology
Abundance and dynamics of filamentous fungi in the complex ambrosia gardens of the primitively eusocial beetle Xyleborinus saxesenii Ratzeburg (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae).

Insect fungus gardens consist of a community of interacting microorganisms that can have either beneficial or detrimental effects to the farmers. In contrast to fungus-farming ants and termites, the fungal communities of ambrosia beetles and the effects of particular fungal species on the farmers are largely unknown. Here, we used a laboratory rearing technique for studying the filamentous fungal garden community of the ambrosia beetle, Xyleborinus saxesenii, which cultivates fungi in tunnels excavated within dead trees. Raffaelea sulfurea and Fusicolla acetilerea were transmitted in spore-carrying organs by gallery founding females and established first in new gardens. Raffaelea sulfurea had positive effects on egg-laying and larval numbers. Over time, four other fungal species emerged in the gardens. Prevalence of one of them, Paecilomyces variotii, correlated negatively with larval numbers and can be harmful to adults by forming biofilms on their bodies. It also comprised the main portion of garden material removed from galleries by adults. Our data suggest that two mutualistic, several commensalistic and one to two pathogenic filamentous fungi are associated with X. saxesenii. Fungal diversity in gardens of ambrosia beetles appears to be much lower than that in gardens of fungus-culturing ants, which seems to result from essential differences in substrates and behaviours.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Implementation of Mock Acute Care Advance Pharmacy Practice Experience Simulations and an Assessment Rubric

To implement a mock acute care advanced pharmacy practice experience series into the didactic training of second-year pharmacy students and validate an accompanying assessment rubric.  Three 90-minute acute care patient simulation laboratory sessions were developed with input from clinical specialists, preceptors, students, and faculty members. An accompanying student evaluation rubric was also developed. The assessment rubric was validated using pairs of preceptor raters to determine inter-rater reliability, along with predictive validity on advanced pharmacy practice experience (APPE) acute care scores. A student survey was also conducted.  The mock acute care APPEs were successfully implemented into the didactic curriculum. The assessment rubric had good inter-rater reliability and good predictive validity with acute care APPEs. Survey results indicated that students found the mock acute care APPE simulation laboratories useful.  Other schools seeking to enhance their students’ preparedness for and performance in acute care APPEs should consider implementing acute care APPE simulations in the didactic curriculum.

Field of study: Education, Medicine
Optically tunable feedback operation of silicon nanowire transistors

In this study, we present an optically tunable feedback field-effect transistor (FBFET) with two independent gates and a p+-i-n+ silicon nanowire. Because of the feedback operation, the FBFET features extremely steep switching characteristics with subthreshold swings alt; 4 mV/dec, and it can be reconfigured as a p- or n-type transistor by controlling the gate-voltage biases. When the FBFET is exposed to a He?Ne laser beam (? = 633 nm), photogenerated carriers accumulate in the potential wells and reduce the potential-barrier height. The optically tunable feedback operation is attributed to this lowering of the potential barrier caused by the light. The triggering voltages can be modulated according to illumination, even when feedback is being provided. This optically tunable transistor with excellent switching characteristics opens up possibilities for application in future optoelectronic devices.

Field of study: Materials science
Investigation of gamma-ray transitions in56Ni

AbstractAngular correlation measurements for the54Fe(3He,n γ)56Ni reaction were performed at
$$E_{3_{He} } = 12.5$$
 MeV. Method II of Litherland and Ferguson was used to determine the multipole mixing ratio of theγ-radiation and the spins of the excited levels at 3925 and 3956 keV. As the most probable spin assignments we deduced 4+ (3925 keV) and 0+ (1,2) (3956 keV). The mixing ratio found for the 1225 keV transition from 4+→21+ isδ(M3/E2)=+0.21−0.16+0.23 This result is compared with a shell model calculation.

Field of study: Physics
Ionizing Radiation in Medicine

Longer wave length, lower frequency waves (heat and radio) has less energy than shorter wave length, higher frequency waves (X and gamma rays). Not all electromagnetic (EM) radiation is ionizing. Only the high frequency portion of the electromagnetic spectrum which includes X-rays and gamma rays is ionizing. Ionizing (or ionizing) radiation is radiation that carries enough energy to liberate electrons from atoms or molecules, thereby ionizing them. Ionizing radiation comprises subatomic particles, ions or atoms moving at relativistic speeds, and electromagnetic waves on the short wavelength end of the electromagnetic spectrum. Gamma rays, X-rays, and the upper vacuum ultraviolet part of the ultraviolet spectrum are ionizing, whereas the lower ultraviolet, visible light (including laser light), infrared, microwaves, and radio waves are considered non-ionizing radiation. The boundary is not sharply defined, since different molecules and atoms ionize at different energies. Typical particles include alpha particles, beta particles and neutrons, as well as mesons that constitute cosmic rays. It is applied in a wide variety of fields such as medicine, research, manufacturing, construction, and many other areas, but presents a health hazard if proper measures against undesired exposure aren't followed. Exposure to ionizing radiation causes damage to living tissue, and can result in mutation, radiation sickness, cancer, and death.

Field of study: Medicine
Molecules in Coorbit Spaces and Boundedness of Operators

We study the notion of molecules in coorbit spaces. The main result states that if an operator, originally defined on an appropriate space of test functions, maps atoms to molecules, then it can be extended to a bounded operator on coorbit spaces. For time-frequency molecules we recover some boundedness results on modulation spaces, for time-scale molecules we obtain the boundedness on homogenous Besov spaces.

Field of study: Mathematics
On the Systematization of Social Service of the University

There're three functions of the university,such as teaching,research and social service.In the western developed countries,these three functions had been systematized.After decades of efforts,the functions of teaching and research had been systematized in China's universities,while there's quite far from the systematization of social service.To promote the systematization of social service,it should draw lessons from the service-learning of American universities,and establish the core system of social service system;build the teaching-service-oriented university,and construct the bone system of social service system;optimize the ecological environment of university,and create the environment system of social service system;attach importance to resource conversion,and realize the organic connection of various systems and elements in the social service system.

Field of study: Education
[Rezension von] Giordano Bruno, Cabala del cavallo pegaseo - Die Kabbala des Pegaseischen Pferdes, Ed. Sergius Kodero : Giordano Bruno Werke, Hamburg, Felix Meiner Verlag 2009, cxxvi+198 pp., index, tbls., gloss., bibl., Euro 88, ISBN 978-3-7873-1806-3


Field of study: History
Heavy flavour suppression and flow

The drag and diffusion coefficients of charm and bottom quarks propagating through quark gluon plasma have been evaluated for conditions relevant to nuclear collisions at Large Hadron Collider and Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider. Both the radiative and collisional processes of energy loss are included in evaluating the {\it effective} drag and diffusion coefficients. The Landau-Pomeronchuk-Migdal (LPM) and the dead cone effects on the radiative energy loss of heavy quarks have been included. With the effective transport coefficients the Fokker Plank (FP) equation has been solved for the evolution of heavy quarks in QGP. The solution of the FP equation has been used to evaluate the nuclear suppression factor, $R_{\mathrm AA}$ and the elliptic flow, $v_2^{HF}$ for the non-photonic single electron spectra resulting from the semi-leptonic decays of hadrons containing charm and bottom quarks. It is observed that the experimental data from RHIC on $R_{\mathrm AA}$ and $v_2^{HF} $ can be reproduced simultaneously within the pQCD framework for the same set of inputs.

Field of study: Physics
Superficial Bladder Tumors In Childhood

To present the clinical, histological features and the prognosis of superficial bladder tumors (SBT) in childhood.  A total of 6 male children, 4-14 yrs old (mean age 11yrs.), treated at our Department between 1984 and 2006, were found to have SBT. Presenting symptoms included gross heamaturia in 5, irritative voiding and microscopic heamaturia in 1. Initial diagnosis was made by ultrasound. Cystoscopy confirmed the diagnosis and 5 patients underwent transurethral resection of the tumor which was solitary. The remaining patient underwent transvesical excision due to the presence of two exophytic lesions measuring 3,2 and 2,5 cm in diameter respectively. Follow up consisted of ultrasound which was performed every 3 months in the first year and every 6 months later.  Pathologic evaluation revealed low grade pTa transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) in 5 cases and nephrogenic adenoma (NA) in 1. The case with NA had been operated on obstructive megaureter in early infancy.During follow up (2-24 years), there was no evidence of relapse.  Despite the fact that S.B.T. are rare in childhood, all children presented with gross heamaturia must be investigated. Bladder ultrasound is the most sensitive scan in exophytic lesions > 3mm. The appropriate treatment option is transurethral resection of the tumor which mostly is solitary. During follow up there was no evidence of relapse.

Field of study: Medicine
Phase Equilibria of the Sn-Bi-Te Ternary System

Bi2Te3 is one of the most promising thermoelectric materials, and Sn is the primary constituent of most electronic solders. Knowledge of phase equilibria of the Sn-Bi-Te ternary system is important for thermoelectric applications. Twenty-seven Sn-Bi-Te alloys were prepared and equilibrated at 160°C and 500°C. The equilibrium phases were determined, and the isothermal sections were constructed based on three binary constituent phase diagrams and ternary phase equilibria results. No ternary compounds were observed in the Sn-SnTe-Bi region. The SnTe phase is very stable and has tie-lines with the Sn, liquid, and Bi phases at 160°C. At 500°C, in addition to the already known SnBi2Te4 and SnBi4Te7 ternary phases, two new ternary compounds (Sn2Bi2Te5 and SnBiTe2 phases) were found. SnTe and Bi2Te3 have significant mutual solubilities, and the ternary compounds SnBi2Te4, SnBi4Te7, and Sn2Bi2Te5 are all in the SnTe-Bi2Te3 pseudobinary section.

Field of study: Materials science
Trinocchio: Privacy-Friendly Outsourcing by Distributed Verifiable Computation

Verifiable computation allows a client to outsource computations to a worker with a cryptographic proof of correctness of the result that can be verified faster than performing the computation. Recently, the Pinocchio system achieved faster verification than computation in practice for the first time. Unfortunately, Pinocchio and other efficient verifiable computation systems require the client to disclose the inputs to the worker, which is undesirable for sensitive inputs. To solve this problem, we propose Trinocchio: a system that distributes Pinocchio to three (or more) workers, that each individually do not learn which inputs they are computing on. Each worker essentially performs the work for a single Pinocchio proof; verification by the client remains the same. Moreover, we extend Trinocchio to enable joint computation with multiple mutually distrusting inputters and outputters and still very fast verification. We show the feasibility of our approach by analysing the performance of an implementation in two case studies.  veriable computation, quadratic arithmetic programs, privacy, multiparty computation, certicate validation

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Generation of Se-fortified broccoli as functional food: impact of Se fertilization on S metabolism.

Selenium (Se)-fortified broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica) has been proposed as a functional food for cancer prevention, based on its high glucosinolate (GSL) content and capacity for Se accumulation. However, as selenate and sulphate share the initial assimilation route, Se fertilization could interfere with sulphur metabolism and plant growth. Consequently, GSL accumulation could be compromised. To evaluate these potentially adverse effects of Se fertilization, we performed a comprehensive study on sand-grown young broccoli plants (weekly selenate applications of 0.8 µmol plant(-1) via the root) and field-grown adult broccoli plants during head formation (single foliar selenate application: 25.3 or 253 µmol plant(-1) ). The results show that under these conditions, Se application does not affect plant growth, contents of cysteine, glutathione, total GSL, glucoraphanin (major aliphatic GSL) or the expression of BoMYB28 (encoding a functionally confirmed master regulator for aliphatic GSL biosynthesis). Conversely, due to the changed expression of sulphate transporters (BoSULTR1;1, 1;2, 2;1, and 2;2), sulphate and total S contents increased in the shoot of young plants while decreasing in the root. We conclude that broccoli can be fertilized with Se without reduction in GSL content, even with Se accumulation exceeding the level recommended for human consumption.

Field of study: Environmental science
The halo of the exotic nucleus 11Li: a single Cooper pair

If neutrons are progressively added to a normal nucleus, the Pauli principle forces them into states of higher momentum. When the core becomes neutron saturated, the nucleus expels most of the wave function of the last neutrons outside to form a halo, which, because of its large size, can have a lower momentum. It is an open question how nature stabilizes such a fragile system and provides the glue needed to bind the halo neutrons to the core. Here, we show that this problem is similar to that of the instability of the normal state of an electron system at zero temperature solved by Cooper, a solution which is at the basis of BCS theory of superconductivity. By mimicking this approach using, aside from the bare nucleon-nucleon interaction, the long wavelength vibrations of the nucleus 11Li, the paradigm of halo nuclei, as tailored glues of the least bound neutrons, we are able to obtain a unified and quantitative picture of the observed properties of 11Li.

Field of study: Physics