nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Electrical conduction in BaThO3 doped with Y2O3

The electrical conductivity of BaTh0.9Y0.1O3 − α was about two and three times larger than those of BaTh0.9Nd0.1O 3 − α and BaCe0.9Y0.1O3 − α, respectively, around 1000 K in dry air, and increased in proportion to PO214.4 at 1276 K in a dry atmosphere, indicating p-type electronic conduction. The transference number of oxide ions increased slightly with decreasing temperature and the activation energy of oxide ionic conduction was 0.42 eV. The water vapor pressure dependence of the total electrical conductivity may suggest a protonic conduction mechanism in BaTh0.9Y0.1O3 − α.

Field of study: Materials science
Early Pleistocene glacio-eustatic sea-level fluctuations as deduced from periodic changes in cold- and warm-water molluscan associations in the Shimokita Peninsula, Northeast Japan

Sea-level oscillations of apparently glacio-eustatic origin are recognized in the Lower Pleistocene Hamada Formation, based on changes of molluscan associations. There are two cold-water molluscan associations, the Turritella saishuensis-Macoma-Clinocardmium and the Acila-Macoma Associations, and one warm-water Limopsis crenata-Limatula-Nuculana Association. Their distribution in time and space indicates that the study area was dominated by cold water, and was invaded periodically by warm water at least three times in the Early Pleistocene between 1.10 Ma and 0.89 Ma. Judging from their species composition, the paleodepth was greater during the times of warm-water intrusion than during the times dominated by cold water. The phenomena are reasonably explained by a combination of climatic and sea-level changes.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Cotton Water Stress Under Trickle Irrigation

Cotton was trickle irrigated two to three times weekly in 1984 and 1985 using buried perforated tubing under each row. Water application rates were about 0.6, 1.0, and 1.3 times estimated consumptive use (CU). The cotton was monitored for water stress using the crop water stress index (CWSI), soil water content, and yield. Significant differences in seasonal average crop water stress values, average soil water contents, and yields were obtained for the three water treatments. The wettest treatment with average CWSI values near 0.1 gave the highest yield and had the highest soil water contents before irrigation. The yield increased nearly linearly with decreasing CWSI while the water use efficiency (yield per unit of water) was highest for the 1.0 CU treatment.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Major climatic influences on Yellowstone-region lake ecosystems suggested by synchronous transitions in Late-Glacial and early-Holocene diatom assemblages

Diatom assemblages that span the late-glacial and early-Holocene period were analyzed from three small lakes in the Greater Yellowstone region. The sites vary in surficial geology, elevation, vegetation, and precipitation seasonality, and these differences provide a tool to evaluate the importance of large-scale climatic change relative to localized catchment proces%s on aquatic ecosystem evolution. All assemblages underwent synchronous shifts in community structure in the intervals of 13.9-13.8, 13.2-13.1, 11.3-11.0 and 8.8-8.7 cal ka. The shift at 11.3-11.0 cal ka also is evident in other proxy records from these sites, such as pollen and charcoal, which suggests large-scale climatic influences on both aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. Because the shifts in diatom assemblages are synchronous in lakes with variable geological settings and local precipitation patterns, we infer that large-scale climatic change was the principal driver of aquatic ecosystem evolution in this region during the late-Glacial and early Holocene periods.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Content Analysis of the Papers in 2015 High-Impact A-Class SSCI Journals

It was aimed in this study to reveal the general tendency of studies in the field of education by examining the papers in the high-impact A-class SSCI journals, to which qualified papers are accepted from all round the world, in terms of their dependent-independent variables, sample or study groups, research designs, data collection instruments, and data analysis techniques. The descriptive survey model was used in the research. The population of the research was all the journals surveyed in the field of educational sciences by SSCI. The journals and papers examined were selected with the purposive sampling method. 169 papers from six journals were subjected to examination within the scope of the research. Descriptive analysis and content analysis methods were used for analyzing the data. It was consequently seen that the papers used dependent variable of “student” the most which was followed by “teacher.” The most studied variable along with “student” was “academic performance.” It was found that a quite large number of dependent variables were used in the papers examined. It can be understood that studies on students among all study groups occupied the largest place, which was followed by teachers. It was seen that quantitative data analyses and experimental research studies was addressed more in the papers. Several documents and tests were mostly preferred as data collection instruments. It was noticed that the most used data analysis method was the regression analysis. Finally, some recommendations were developed in accordance with the research results.  Content analysis high-impact A-Class SSCI journals, dependent-independent variables, sample or study groups, research designs, data collection instruments, data analysis techniques

Field of study: Education
The direct cloning of the immunoglobulin VH genes from primary cultured B cells specific for a short peptide.

A new and simple method was devised to obtain immunoglobulin VH genes directly from primary cultured B cells specific for a short peptide. Peptide-specific B cells were separated from splenocytes of peptide-immunized BALB/c mice with antigen-coated magnetic beads, and were cloned by a limitedly diluted culture in the presence of lipopolysaccharide, recombinant interleukin (rIL) -2, rIL-4 and rIL-5, and 3T3 fibroblasts as filler cells for 7 days. Seventeen clones were obtained from 3 x 10(3) fractionated cells by screening the positive wells containing anti-peptide antibody-secreting cells by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The VH cDNAs of these clones were amplified by a set of primers; a primer complementary to the mu-chain constant region gene and the other with high complementarity to most of the VH genes. This is the first report of success in obtaining unknown VH genes directly from primary B cell clones, after their antigen-specificity has been confirmed by ELISA. This new method will provide a powerful tool for designing specific recombinant antibodies.

Field of study: Biology, Engineering
Capitalizing Software and Creating Business Value

Use SOP 98-1 to get the most out of technology development.  SOP 98-1 BECAME EFFECTIVE IN 1999, companies have begun to comply with its requirements on accounting for internal-use computer software. What some companies may not realize is there are ways to leverage the statement's requirements to improve business performance.  A company should use the statement to enhance software asset management and software development project management, not just to capture the required data.  Some of these strategies can also apply to other initiatives that do not have a large technology component. New accounting standards often require companies to collect information they have never collected before. The information that businesses must now routinely assemble and report to comply with those standards also may be the very data executives need to make certain internal management decisions. Take, for example, the corporate world's experience with SOP 98-1, Accounting fir the Costs of Computer Software Developed or Obtained for Internal Use, issued by the AICPA in March 1998 for compliance in 1999. At first perceiving the statement to be simply a policy clarification, senior executives quickly realized the SOP required them to look closely at how their companies accounted for internal-use computer software. If those methods did not align with the SOP, companies had to make changes in their accounting and information technology (IT) practices. What changes have companies made so far? How can companies and their CPAs best leverage the requirements of SOP 98-1 to improve business performance? Here are some answers based on the experiences of a seasoned technology consultant. PUT THE RULES TO WORK SOP 98-1 requires companies to capitalize internal-use business software (except research and development) unless the costs in question are immaterial (unlikely in most cases) or difficult to determine (a bad sign). (For more details on the requirements of SOP 98-1 see JofA, Sept. 98, page 95.) Companies have been taking one of two approaches to deal with the new rules: The don't. Treating the rules only as a bookkeeping exercise and consequently not using new data to drive cost-saving efforts. This practice creates conditions under which accounting is seen as an incremental cost and technology can be perceived to fail even when a company has followed sound practices. The do. Seizing the rule changes as an opportunity to improve financial performance, business process performance and relationships between business and IT professionals. Approached correctly, SOP 98-1 is a chance for companies to clarify and solidify the value-adding role of both the IT function and IT performance measurement. A company should use SOP 98-1 to enhance the process it uses to manage its software assets as well as how it manages software development projects--not just to capture required financial data. Business-focused implementation can * Ensure the company launches the right projects.  Encourage rapid and reliable project delivery.  Prompt an active approach to IT asset management. …

Field of study: Business
Phase behavior and selectivity of DNA-linked nanoparticle assemblies.

We propose a model that can account for the experimentally observed phase behavior of DNA-nanoparticle assemblies [ (2003)];  (2000)]]. The binding of DNA-coated nanoparticles by dissolved DNA linkers can be described by exploiting an analogy with quantum particles obeying fractional statistics. In accordance with experimental findings, we predict that the phase-separation temperature of the nanocolloids increases with the DNA coverage of the colloidal surface. Upon the addition of salt, the demixing temperature increases logarithmically with the salt concentration. Our analysis suggests an experimental strategy to map microscopic DNA sequences onto the macroscopic phase behavior of the DNA-nanoparticle solutions. Such an approach should enhance the efficiency of methods to detect (single) mutations in specific DNA sequences.

Field of study: Physics
Survival of eclogite xenolith in a Cretaceous granite intruding the Central Dabieshan migmatite gneiss dome (Eastern China) and its tectonic implications

Investigation of an eclogite xenolith, discovered in a Cretaceous granite from the Central Domain of the Dabieshan massif in eastern China, yields new petrological insights into the high to ultrahigh-pressure metamorphism, experienced by the Qinling-Dabie orogen. Prior to inclusion as a xenolith in the granite during the Early Cretaceous, this eclogite xenolith had recorded a complex metamorphic evolution that complies with subduction and exhumation processes experienced by the continental crust of the South China Block. Well-preserved mineral parageneses substantiate the prograde and retrograde stages revealed by inclusions in porphyroblastic garnet and zoned minerals such as garnet, omphacite and amphibole in the matrix. The relatively low P/T re-equilibration during a late metamorphic stage was textually inferred by the presence of aluminous and calcic-subcalcic amphiboles such as katophorite, edenite, taramite and pargasite as main matrix phases. According to our U/Pb, Rb/Sr and new 40Ar/39Ar geochronological results, namely109 ± 1 and 112 ± 2 Ma plateau ages for muscovite and amphiboles, respectively, two successive but distinct cooling stages account for the thermal history of the granite–migmatite gneiss dome that forms the Central Dabieshan Domain. We argue that prior to the Cretaceous doming, the Central Dabieshan Domain experienced a tectono-metamorphic evolution similar to that observed in the high-pressure to ultra high-pressure units developed in the Southern Dabieshan Domain and Hong’an massif.

Field of study: Environmental science
Three Dimensional Photoplasticity Simulation on Skew Rolling

Using polycarbonate as mold material,three dimensional photoplasticity was employed to simulate the metal deformation in skew rolling process.The fringes of isochromatic line and isoclinal line of slice in typical section was observed and analysed.The 3-D strain distributions in the inner of skew rolling part were solved by Newton iterative method.The results show that the deformation distributions on skew rolling are complicated 3-D deformation,the central deformation is smallest and the ambient deformation become more and more large;the simulation method of 3-D photoplasticity of skew rolling is successful and it provides an effective experiment means for studying metal forming technology.

Field of study: Materials science
FPGA-Based High Performance AES-GCM Using Efficient Karatsuba Ofman Algorithm

AES-GCM has been utilized in various security applications. It consists of two components: an Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) engine and a Galois Hash (GHASH) core. The performance of the system is determined by the GHASH architecture because of the inherent computation feedback. This paper introduces a modification for the pipelined Karatsuba Ofman Algorithm (KOA)-based GHASH. In particular, the computation feedback is removed by analyzing the complexity of the computation process. The proposed GHASH core is evaluated with three different implementations of AES ( BRAMs-based SubBytes, composite field-based SubBytes, and LUT-based SubBytes). The presented AES-GCM architectures are implemented using Xilinx Virtex5 FPGAs. Our comparison to previous work reveals that our architectures are more performance-efficient (.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Hypothalamic neuropeptide expression after food restriction in Zucker rats: evidence of persistent neuropeptide Y gene activation.

The Obese Zucker rat is a model of genetic obesity characterized by hyperphagia, hyperinsulinemia and other endocrine abnormalities. In order to elucidate pathogenetic mechanisms contributing to disturbed feeding behavior in these animals, the effect of food restriction on three hypothalamic neuropeptides involved in the control of food intake was studied. Eighteen male obese and 18 lean Zucker rats were randomly divided into two groups: half of the animals were food-restricted for 2 weeks, while the other half served as controls and were fed ad libitum. The levels of preproneuropeptide Y (preproNPY), preprocorticotropin releasing factor (preproCRF) and preprosomatostatin (preproSOM) mRNAs were determined using in situ hybridization technique. In addition, plasma insulin and corticosterone concentrations were analyzed. Food restriction significantly increased the expression of preproNPY mRNA in the arcuate nucleus in both Zucker phenotypes, while the expressions of preproCRF mRNA in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and preproSOM mRNA in the periventricular nucleus (PeV) were not altered. The expression of preproNPY mRNA was significantly greater in control obese animals compared to control lean animals. Food restriction lowered plasma insulin levels, but did not change plasma corticosterone levels. It is concluded that food restriction specifically activates NPY gene transcription in the arcuate nucleus the response being similar in both Zucker phenotypes. The results suggest that orexigenic NPY plays a role in the adaptation to altered feeding status.

Field of study: Biology
Importance of large-scale coastal circulation on bay-shelf exchange and residence time in a subtropical embayment, the northern South China Sea

A nested ocean model with a particle tracking module is used to investigate the bay-shelf exchange and the residence time in Daya Bay (DB) in the northern South China Sea in the presence of coastal circulation with a prominent seasonal cycle. The model reasonably reproduces the key features of the seasonal mean circulation in DB and its adjacent coastal waters. The summertime longitudinal circulation is characterized by a two-layer structure, with a surface seaward flow above a landward, slope-climbing flow at the bottom. In winter, however, it is characterized by a vertically well-mixed, cyclonic, lateral circulation, with a landward (seaward) flow on the eastern (western) flank. Therefore, the residence time in the upper layer of DB is much shorter during summer than winter. Numerical experiments were conducted to quantify the relative roles of the large-scale coastal circulation and other processes (e.g., local winds, tides, river and cooling water discharge) on the residence time. The large-scale coastal circulation and the local winds are the main drivers of the upper-layer residence time. The large-scale coastal circulation controlled the seasonal pattern of bay-shelf exchange and the residence time in DB, whereas the local wind effect was comparable with the large-scale coastal circulation and had a greater effect in winter. The local wind reduces residence time by intensifying the upwelling (downwelling) circulation and has substantial effects on the spatial distribution of the residence time within DB. In addition to the large-scale coastal circulation and local wind, the residence time is regulated by tides, river and cooling water discharge. Moreover, during the extreme weather conditions (e.g., tropical storm and typhoon), the residence time is significantly reduced by the intensified bay-shelf exchange. The spatial and temporal variation of residence time in DB is of great significance in the regional coastal management for marine environmental protection.

Field of study: Environmental science
Developing regional conservation priorities using red lists: a hypothetical example from the Swiss lowlands

This paper investigates how different prioritizations of species for conservation can affect both the number of breeding individuals that receive protection and the distribution of conservation attention among different types of habitat. I use as a study example three red lists of the avifauna of Kanton Zürich in northern Switzerland. Species are weighted based on their placement in different red list categories to represent differences in species' relative conservation value. I examine how these weightings affect the number of breeding pairs benefiting from increasing conservation effort. Conservation effort is defined as the number of ranked land parcels that receive conservation attention, be it through habitat enhancement, protection, or other measures. I rank parcels' conservation value based on the number of weighted breeding pairs estimated for each parcel. Not surprisingly, the number of category-1, -2 and -3 breeding pairs that receive benefits varies greatly when different red lists are used. Changes in the relative conservation value of species in different categories influences both the number of breeding pairs and the number of parcels to receive conservation attention. The effect of increasing conservation effort on the number of breeding pairs and the proportion of each landscape type receiving attention also vary when different red lists and relative conservation values are used to determine conservation priorities. Use of the ‘official’ red list published by a governmental body (Bundesamt für Umwelt, Wald und Landschaft, Bern, Switzerland) results in more emphasis on conservation in agricultural landscape than did use of either of the other two lists. The process of prioritization of sites for conservation should evaluate the effects of variation in both the relative conservation value of species and species categorization that may arise due to incomplete data and variation in opinion.

Field of study: Environmental science
All-Sky Observational Evidence for An Inverse Correlation Between Dust Temperature and Emissivity Spectral Index

We show that a one-component variable-emissivity-spectral-index model (the free- model) provides more physically motivated estimates of dust temperature at the Galactic polar caps than one- or two-component fixed-emissivity-spectral-index models (fixed- models) for interstellar dust thermal emission at far-infrared and millimeter wavelengths. For the comparison we have fit all-sky one-component dust models with fixed or variable emissivity spectral index to a new and improved version of the 210-channel dust spectra from the COBE-FIRAS, the 100-240 micrometer maps from the COBE-DIRBE and the 94 GHz dust map from the WMAP. The best model, the free-alpha model, is well constrained by data at 60-3000 GHz over 86 per cent of the total sky area. It predicts dust temperature (T(sub dust)) to be 13.7-22.7 (plus or minus 1.3) K, the emissivity spectral index (alpha) to be 1.2-3.1 (plus or minus 0.3) and the optical depth (tau) to range 0.6-46 x 10(exp -5) with a 23 per cent uncertainty. Using these estimates, we present all-sky evidence for an inverse correlation between the emissivity spectral index and dust temperature, which fits the relation alpha = 1/(delta + omega (raised dot) T(sub dust) with delta = -.0.510 plus or minus 0.011 and omega = 0.059 plus or minus 0.001. This best model will be useful to cosmic microwave background experiments for removing foreground dust contamination and it can serve as an all-sky extended-frequency reference for future higher resolution dust models.

Field of study: Physics
Probabilistic Network Metrics: Variational Bayesian Network Centrality

Network metrics form a fundamental part of the network analysis toolbox. Used to quantitatively measure different aspects of the network, these metrics can give insights into the underlying network structure and function. In this work, we connect network metrics to modern probabilistic machine learning. We focus on the centrality metric, which is used a wide variety of applications from web search to gene-analysis. First, we formulate an eigenvector-based Bayesian centrality model for determining node importance. Compared to existing methods, our probabilistic model allows for the assimilation of multiple edge weight observations, the inclusion of priors and the extraction of uncertainties. To enable tractable inference, we develop a variational lower bound (VBC) that is demonstrated to be effective on a variety of networks (two synthetic and five real-world graphs). We then bridge this model to sparse Gaussian processes. The sparse variational Bayesian centrality Gaussian process (VBC-GP) learns a mapping between node attributes to latent centrality and hence, is capable of predicting centralities from node features and can potentially represent a large number of nodes using only a limited number of inducing inputs. Experiments show that the VBC-GP learns high-quality mappings and compares favorably to a two-step baseline, i.e., a full GP trained on the node attributes and pre-computed centralities. Finally, we present two case-studies using the VBC-GP: first, to ascertain relevant features in a taxi transport network and second, to distribute a limited number of vaccines to mitigate the severity of a viral outbreak.

Field of study: Computer science