nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Pricing hospital care: Global budgets and marginal pricing strategies.

The Canadian province of British Columbia (BC) is adding financial incentives to increase the volume of surgeries provided by hospitals using a marginal pricing approach. The objective of this study is to calculate marginal costs of surgeries based on assumptions regarding hospitals' availability of labor and equipment.



This study is based on observational clinical, administrative and financial data generated by hospitals. Hospital inpatient and outpatient discharge summaries from the province are linked with detailed activity-based costing information, stratified by assigned case mix categorizations.



To reflect a range of operating constraints governing hospitals' ability to increase their volume of surgeries, a number of scenarios are proposed. Under these scenarios, estimated marginal costs are calculated and compared to prices being offered as incentives to hospitals.



Existing data can be used to support alternative strategies for pricing hospital care. Prices for inpatient surgeries do not generate positive margins under a range of operating scenarios. Hip and knee surgeries generate surpluses for hospitals even under the most costly labor conditions and are expected to generate additional volume.



In health systems that wish to fine-tune financial incentives, setting prices that create incentives for additional volume should reflect knowledge of hospitals' underlying cost structures. Possible implications of mis-pricing include no response to the incentives or uneven increases in supply.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Analysis of water soluble polysaccharides as a potential chemotaxonomic marker for landraces in Bixa orellana.

Annatto tree (Bixa orellana L.) is native to Brazil and is now under cultivation in many parts of world for its reddish orange 'annatto' dye. There are three types of landraces in annatto and they are distinguished based on fruit shape i.e., ovate, conical and hemispherical, whose pigment yield differs. Since annatto pigment yield varies with landrace, it is necessary to characterize markers towards the identification of landraces. In this study, we characterized water soluble polysaccharides (WSP) of twigs from three landraces using size-exclusion chromatography (SEC), Fourier-transform Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) and gas liquid chromatography (GLC) for their potential use as chemotaxonomic markers to distinguish the landraces. GLC analysis on WSP showed hemispherical type contained 38% rhamnose, while conical and ovate types contained 17% and 34% glucose, respectively. Thus, glucose and rhamnose content of WSP could be used to distinguish the three landraces. Further, differences in calculated molecular weight as revealed by SEC (281.8, 151.3 and 79.4 kDa for conical, hemispherical and ovate types, respectively) could also be used to distinguish the three landraces.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Physics
Malignant hyperthermia susceptibility: anaesthetic implications and risk stratification.

Malignant hyperthermia (MH) is a rare autosomal dominant trait that predisposes individuals to great danger when exposed to certain anaesthetic triggering agents, such as potent volatile anaesthetics and succinylcholine. Sudden hypermetabolic reaction occurs in skeletal muscle, leading to hyperthermia and massive rhabdomyolysis. Precautions must be taken before the anaesthesia of MH-susceptible patients. No triggering agents should be administered, central body temperature and ETCO2 should be carefully monitored, and dantrolene must be immediately available. In addition, the anaesthesia machine should be carefully washed to remove traces of halogenated agents, and the use of fresh disposable anaesthetic circuits is recommended. Early diagnosis of the syndrome by alert, informed anaesthesiologists, and the immediate administration of dantrolene and other supportive measures, has reduced mortality. Patients with MH susceptibility should be instructed to alert the anaesthesiologist about their condition whenever anaesthesia is needed. Although people diagnosed with MH susceptibility should not change their lifestyle in general, military service is limited.

Field of study: Medicine
RESEARCH OF THE FATIGUE CRACK PROPAGATION CHARACTERISTIC ON RAILWAY HOLLOW AXLES

The service loads of the axles were defined.According to the load spectrum from the measured dynamic stress of the hollow axles, the stress distribution on the high-speed axle profile is obtained by Finite Element calculating.Although the axle belongs to giga-cycles fatigue component, here, a foreign object damage and other causes may resulting in surface cracks on the axle are considered.At the same time, the initial surface cracks size is given according to the non-damage test technology.Based on the linear elastic fracture mechanics theory,the relation between the stress intensity factor and the crack size was also studied.According to the fatigue crack propagation equation and the corresponding crack propagation threshold,the propagation rate and fatigue life of a given crack with initial size were calculated.Then the paper gave the running distances before the crack propagates to the critical length, and the reference values for the examining and repairing limit of the hollow axle.

Field of study: Engineering
Pobres, marginados y peligrosos (review)

population of Jamaica during the peak of the sugar plantation economy. Burnard provides an enlightening portrait of Thomas Thistlewood as a product of his age, a man of humble beginnings who rose in the colonial social order because he was willing and able to stand on the bodies of the enslaved. Without that power to enslave, Thistlewood the European man would never have amounted to much. As such, we can read the life of Thomas Thistlewood as an allegory of the rise of Europe in the eighteenth century, as the wealth and power of that continent was drawn from the lives of those that were enslaved.

Field of study: History
Cardiovascular autonomic nervous system dysfunction in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus.

Although peripheral and central nervous system involvement have been well recognized in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), autonomic nervous system (ANS) involvement has rarely been studied, and has shown conflicting results. We performed cardiovascular ANS assessment in 34 RA and 37 SLE patients, using standard cardiovascular reflex tests. The results in each patient were compared with age- and sex-matched healthy controls. Forty-seven percent of the RA patients and 19% of the SLE patients had symptoms suggesting ANS dysfunction. The heart rate variation in response to deep breathing was significantly decreased in both the RA and SLE patients (p = 0.001). This diminished heart rate response showed no correlation with the disease duration, the number of swollen joints, the Ritchie articular index, ESR, or rheumatoid factor in the RA group, or the disease duration, the SLEDAI score or ESR in the SLE group. The clinical significance of the diminished cardiovascular ANS response needs to be investigated.

Field of study: Medicine
Glauconite in Surficial Sediments as an Indicator of Underlying Cretaceous/Tertiary Bedrock on the Northeast Newfoundland Continental Shelf

Glauconite in surficial sediment from part of the northeast Newfoundland continental shelf is similar in internal structure, external morphology, and abundance to glauconite in a probable Cretaceous or Tertiary subarkose dredged from the same area. This suggests: (1) the glauconite in surficial sediment is derived from the subarkose and/or possibly other glauconite-bearing rocks, (2) the subarkose is one lithology underlying the outer northeast Newfoundland shelf, and (3) the distribution of glauconite in surficial sediments may be used to 'map' underlying bedrock on the northeast Newfoundland shelf.

Field of study: Environmental science
Computer modelling of superconducting film type fault current limiters

Investigations are being carried out into the use of superconductors as fault current limiters. The authors are investigating devices constructed from various high T/sub c/ materials. Of particular interest are limiters constructed from superconducting YBCO thick films on YSZ substrates. In order to predict the limiting characteristics of a fault current limiter and to optimise the design parameters, an accurate numerical simulation has been developed. This model includes measured data in the form of E-J characteristics, thermal properties and R-T data. Data sets for different materials can be selected in order to compare the performance of candidate materials. A major concern during limiting is the way that heat is generated in the superconducting film. The authors' simulation treats the superconductor and substrate as a number of small elements in order to determine the temperature distribution within the film and substrate. Further additions model the heat loss mechanisms to the surrounding environment. This thermal model is included in an overall FCL model, which includes voltage sources and line or load impedances. One can use this model to accurately predict the current-time waveforms achievable with typical limiters, and to easily explore the effect of a change in operating conditions.

Field of study: Physics
An alternate and simpler method for finding the field-dependent defect density of SiO2 films using MOS capacitor devices

An alternate and simpler method, based on extreme value statistics, is proposed to determine the field-dependent defect density of SiO 2 films from the mean breakdown voltage of two MOS capacitors with different areas. It is shown that the values of the field-dependent defect densities evaluated by this method agree very well with the experimental results.

Field of study: Engineering
Correlates of Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire Scales with Selected Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory Scales

The pattern of correlations between selected MMPI scales and the scales of the Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire were examined in a convenience sample of 88 patients who had received both tests. Time between tests (usually less than one year) did not affect the correlations, but MMPI response-set variables (L, F, K, F–K) did. The Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire harm avoidance scale and subscales had many correlates on the MMPI. The Novelty seeking scale and subscales showed a number of moderate correlations with a smaller number of MMPI scales; these correlations did not significantly exceed the correlations with MMPI response-set variables. The Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire reward dependence scale and subscales had few, if any, significant MMPI correlates. It was also noted that no Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire scales were related to MMPI repression factor scores.

Field of study: Psychology
Meaning in Life: One Link in the Chain From Religiousness to Well-Being

Meaning in life has been identified as a potential mediator of the link between religiousness and psychological health. The authors tested this hypothesis in 2 studies, using multiple methods and measures of religiousness and well-being. In the studies, meaning in life mediated the relation between religiousness and life satisfaction (Study 1A), as well as self-esteem and optimism (Study 1B). In addition, using an experience sampling method, the authors found that meaning in life also mediated the relation between daily religious behaviors and well-being (Study 2). The authors discuss these findings and suggest that meaning in life may be an effective conduit through which counselors and clients can discuss “ultimate” matters, even when they do not share similar perspectives on religion.

Field of study: Psychology
Influence of Hydrogenation on Electrical Conduction 
in HgCdTe Thin Films on Silicon

HgCdTe is the standard state-of-the-art infrared detector material for space applications. HgCdTe-based infrared photon detector performance can be hindered due to the presence of bulk crystal defects and dangling bonds at surfaces or interfaces. Passivation of such bulk defects and surfaces can potentially improve detector performance by saturating dangling bonds in dislocation cores and at surfaces. Indeed, results showing improvement of HgCdTe current–voltage characteristics after hydrogenation have been reported. Here we use multiple-carrier fitting of Hall-effect data, acquired under variable magnetic field strengths and sample temperatures, to investigate the physical influence of hydrogenation, as a passivation procedure, on HgCdTe crystalline thin films on Si(211) substrates. We find: (1) evidence of multiple active electrical carrier species in all samples, (2) evidence of surface electrical conduction before and after hydrogenation, and (3) changes in carrier concentration and mobility induced by hydrogenation.

Field of study: Materials science
Groundstate proton radioactivity of nuclei in the tin region

Proton radioactivities with decay energies of (0.98±0.08) MeV and (0.83±0.08) MeV were produced by the fusion reactions58Ni+58Ni→116Ba ⋆ and58Ni+54Fe→112Xe ⋆, and their halflives were measured to be (33±7) μs and (109±17) μs, respectively. The intensities of the lines correspond to production cross sections of about 30 μb and 40 μb. The two activities are assigned to the direct proton decay of113Cs and109I. The measured halflives are compared with values calculated ford5/2 andg7/2 groundstates of109I and113Cs and spectroscopic factors are deduced for the decays. An extensive search for the proton decay of105Sb, produced in the reaction50Cr(58Ni,p2n)105Sb, had a negative result, excluding decay energies between 0.5 MeV and 1.5 MeV for halflives between 10 ns and 5 s.

Field of study: Physics
Cannabinoid Regulation of Fear and Anxiety: an Update

of ReviewAnxiety- and trauma-related disorders are prevalent and debilitating mental illnesses associated with a significant socioeconomic burden. Current treatment approaches often have inadequate therapeutic responses, leading to symptom relapse. Here we review recent preclinical and clinical findings on the potential of cannabinoids as novel therapeutics for regulating fear and anxiety.Recent FindingsEvidence from preclinical studies has shown that the non-psychotropic phytocannabinoid cannabidiol and the endocannabinoid anandamide have acute anxiolytic effects and also regulate learned fear by dampening its expression, enhancing its extinction and disrupting its reconsolidation. The findings from the relevant clinical literature are still very preliminary but are nonetheless encouraging.SummaryBased on this preclinical evidence, larger-scale placebo-controlled clinical studies are warranted to investigate the effects of cannabidiol in particular as an adjunct to psychological therapy or medication to determine its potential utility for treating anxiety-related disorders in the future.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Relationship between High Performance Work System and Patient Safety: Study on Saudi Arabia Public Hospitals

This paper investigated Relationship between High Performance work system and patient safety in Saudi Arabia Public Hospitals. Patient safety is a critical indicator of the quality of healthcare system, and reflects the degree to which performances comply with systems and guidelines which haven’t negative impact on patient health. High performance work system which is designed to enhance employees’ commitment and skills and ultimately improve organizational performance. The aim of this study is the analyzing of high performance work system and patient safety in Saudi Arabia hospitals. In order to achieve the study objective in the present study, a cross-sectional survey design using a self-administered questionnaire will be carried out. Questionnaires distributed to the nurses managers in Saudi Arabia Hospitals. A quantitative research design was adopted to collect data. Out of 254 questionnaires returned which are content to 202 questionnaires returned from 112 general hospitals and 52 from 33 specialist hospitals only 217 questionnaires used for analysis. The Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). The findings showed the relationship between High Performance work system and patient safety was positively supported.

Field of study: Business
Centers and Azumaya loci of finite $W$-algebras

In this paper, we study the center $Z$ of the finite $W$-algebra $\mathcal{T}(\mathfrak{g},e)$ over an algebraically closed field $\mathds{k}$ of characteristic $p>0$. We obtain an analogue of Veldkamp's theorem on the center, and then decide the structure of the reduced center of the associated reduced $W$-algebra $\mathcal{T}_\chi(\mathfrak{g},e)$ via that of the reduced enveloping algebra $U_\chi(\mathfrak{g})$. For the maximal spectrum $\text{Specm}(Z)$ of the center $Z$, we show that its Azumaya locus coincides with its smooth locus of smooth points. The former locus reflects irreducible representations of maximal dimension for $\mathcal{T}(\mathfrak{g},e)$.

Field of study: Mathematics
A Study of the Rural Economic Development of Anhui Province in the Setting of Industry Transfer of Yangtze River Delta

The industrial development level,fix asset investment and resident income in Anhui rural area fall behind those of Yangtze River Delta area,so an economic technology gradient exists objectively between Anhui and Yangtze River Delta.The policy given by government,the improvement of infrastructure and the abundant labor and land resources in rural area constitute the regional advantages for Anhui to attract the transfer of industry from Yangtze River Delta.With the support of the gradient transfer of industry and factors of production from Yangtze River Delta to Anhui,the coordinated developments between local economies and between urban and rural economies could be boosted by a series of measures,such as planning industrial park scientifically through development of village economy,developing advantageous industries according to local conditions,promoting the integration of urban and rural areas through improvement of investment and financing system,enhancing rural residents' scientific and cultural quality through vigorous development of education,and improving service environment through establishment and perfection of rural development system.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Flow Injection Catalytic Kinetic Spectrofluorimetric Determination of Trace Amount of Ruthenium

A novel fluorescence reagent 2-pyridine carboxaldehyde benzoylhydrazone (PCBH) was synthesized. A flow injection (FI) kinetic spectrofluorimetric method was developed for the determination of trace amounts of ruthenium. The method was based on the fluorescence-enhancing reaction of PCBH with potassium bromate, which was catalyzed by Ru 3+ in aqueous medium at pH 6.70 and 55 °C. Under these conditions, the oxidized product of PCBH had excitation and emission maxima wavelengths at 284 and 377 nm, respectively. The linear range of this method was 2.0–400 ng ml −1 with a relative standard deviation of 1.8% from a series of 11 standards each containing 50 ng ml −1 of ruthenium. The detection limit was 0.60 ng ml −1 of ruthenium. A high analysis rate of 18 samples per hour was obtained by the FI method. The proposed method was successfully applied to determine ruthenium in synthetic mixtures and mineral samples.

Field of study: Chemistry
COASIAN SOLUTIONS TO THE EXTERNALITY PROBLEM IN EXPERIMENTAL MARKETS

This paper evaluates Coasian solutions to the externality problem in a series of experimental markets. In an important and innovative study Plott (I983) establishes that there is indeed a behavioural externality problem to solve, in the sense that competitive markets with externalities do converge to a private equilibrium that ignores social costs. Plott (I983) then considers a series of alternative corrective policies designed to remedy this problem. The policies considered are 'Pigouvian taxes', 'standards', and 'marketable licences'. In each case the regulator is assumed to have sufficient information to apply the optimal policy. This informational restriction is readily justified by the exploratory nature of the enquiry.1 We extend the study of possible remedies to include decentralised Coasian bargains, where the only role for the government (or the legal system) is to define transferable property rights. Experimental studies by Harrison and McKee (I985) and Hoffman and Spitzer (i 982; I 986) have demonstrated that the Coase Theorem (i 960) is behaviourally 'alive and well' in relatively sterile and abstract bargaining environments. In these experiments subjects were given payoff tables which told them that if the group decision were a particular number they, individually, would receive those payoffs. In addition, one subject (or group of subjects) was allocated the right to make the decision without consulting the other subject (or subjects). This subject was designated the controller. Those not allocated that right could offer to transfer some of their earnings in order to persuade the controller to enter into a joint agreement. Following Regan (1972), we take the Coasian approach as implying two distinct behavioural outcomes: (i) that the parties will agree on a Pareto optimal level for the externality-generating activity, and (ii) that any such agreement will be attained by means of a mutually advantageous bargain between the parties. Harrison and McKee (i 985) and Hoffman and Spitzer (I985; I986) present experimental evidence for small and large bargaining groups that overwhelmingly support both outcomes. Hoffman and Spitzer (I982) support the first but not the second outcome. Regarding the second outcome, both Harrison and McKee (i 985) and

Field of study: Economics
Scaling theory for the growth of amorphous films.

We present a scaling theory for the time evolution of the morphology of amorphous films, based on the Huygens principle growth algorithm. During the coarsening stage of the growth, the time-dependent correlation length diverges with time as \ensuremath{\xi}(t)\ensuremath{\propto}${\mathrm{t}}^{\mathrm{p}}$. We calculate p for a range of random and self-similar starting surfaces. When the effect of noise is taken into account, the exponent p reaches a universal value (3/4, in good agreement with experiments.

Field of study: Physics
Mm-wave 26 GHz Channel Characterization for Future Wireless Communications

In this work, mm-wave 26 GHz channel characteristics are analyzed based on experimental channel measurements performed for both LOS and NLOS scenarios. Specifically, channel parameters like power delay profiles (PDPs), rms delay spread, path loss and shadow fading are analyzed. Results show that the LOS components dominant over other multipath components in this band. Rms delay spreads are larger in the LOS case than those in the NLOS case, as the LOS measurement positions are much further in the measurements. Radio wave propagates like in free space in LOS case, as the path loss exponent is quite close to free space value of 2. Shadow fading (in decibels) fits well with normal distributions. These results can provide useful information for the design of future wireless communication systems.

Field of study: Engineering