nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Learning Assessment in Tertiary Business Education with Revised Taxonomy

The goal of this study was to evaluate the assessment criteria of learning in tertiary education of Bangladesh. The study was aimed at identifying percentage of questions during learning assessment of business graduates following cognitive levels of Bloom’s in revised Taxonomy and to test whether there was any significant difference in the assessment procedure of different semesters. It was also intended to justify the proportion between higher order learning and lower level learning assessment in tertiary education. It was a descriptive research using secondary sources of data in the form of printed questions. Around 350 printed questions of different semesters in the sample business department of a private university in Bangladesh have been analyzed. Microsoft Office Excel 2007 package has been used as a tool of descriptive statistics and calculating Chi-Square Test value. The results reveal that the grand mean percentage in Apply level is the highest (26.10%) and Create level shows the lowest (2.80%). Chi-square test shows that the questions in different semesters are consistent as critical value is higher than the calculated value. Besides, grand mean percentage in higher order learning level (59.04%) is fairly greater than lower level (40.96%) which represents moderated upward trend. Consequently, the study indicates that the performance of the sample business department in assessment of learning of the students following revised Taxonomy is fairly satisfactory and recommends that emphasize should be given more on higher order learning levels. The results of the study would help the higher education & research authorities especially in Bangladesh with the relevant scenario of assessment trend in business education and take necessary steps in facilitating academic excellence.  Revised Taxonomy; Cognitive Domain; Tertiary Education; Assessment; Percentage

Field of study: Education
Mixtures for the absorption heat pump

Zusammenfassung L'interet souleve actuellement par la pompe a chaleur a absorption a conduit a chercher de nouveaux melanges actifs. On decrit quelques effects des proprietes essentielles des melanges qui determinant les performances de la pompe a chaleur, notamment le rapport des enthalpies de dilution et d'evaporation, ainsi que leurs valeurs absolues, l'ecart avec la loi de Raoult et la pression de service. On decrit les pompes a chaleur a absorption a un et a deux etages et l'on presente un modele a partir duquel on calcule pour huit melanges le coefficient de performance de ces pompes a chaleur. Les melanges a basse pression semblent les plus favorables parce que permettant la machine a deux etages. De plus, en raison de son point de congelation bas, le methanol est preferable a l'eau et tant que fluide actif.

Field of study: Engineering
Morphology and Sediments of Redondo Submarine Fan, Southern California

The following abridged article is included because of the strong similarity between the modern San Pedro basin with the associated Redondo Canyon submarine fan system and the Plio/Pleistocene Ventura basin and sedimentation. Both basins were tectonically active during cycles of sediment influx with each being constrained by an outboard series of topographically positive seamounts. The interrelationship of tectonic activity during sediment influx and outboard resulted in juxtaposition of sedimentary depositional features not normally observed in the “Classic” unconstrained submarine fan model. Through Haner’s work in the modern fan setting, a better understanding of associated sedimentary features observed in ancient basin environments is now available (Haner, 1971). The Redondo Submarine Fan fills the northern end of the San Pedro basin, one of several inshore, fault-controlled basins of the continental borderland of southern California. Fan segmentation and channel morphology were analyzed in detailed echo soundings, sub-bottom seismic profiles, and box cores. They reveal a threefold segmentation of the submarine fan along its axis as indicated by changes in fan gradient and channel patterns unique to each segment. The upper fan is steepest, and the channel is entrenched. Intersection of channel with fan surface and meandering characterize the middle segment, whereas a slightly steeper lower fan gradient results in a braided channel in the lower segment. The recognition of these geomorphic divisions reveals the that both proximal and distal facies exist together in the middle segment. Movements along faults in the basin slope are responsible for steepening of the upper fan segment; he active channel responds to the displacement either by entrenchment or abandonment and creation of a new channel. Turbidity currents are confined solely to the channel of the upper fan segment, but below the intersection zone (mid fan) they flow longitudinally within the channel confines or spread laterally over the fan surface. Associated internal sedimentary structures reveal these different current deceleration environments. The total geometry of sand units, lateral and longitudinal changes in sedimentary facies, and channel morphology provide a model which has greater scope and flexibility than previous sedimentary longitudinal facies models which other writers postulated for unconstrained fan development. The model can be applied to the vertical stratigraphic changes and to the distribution of sediments on the submarine fan surface.

Field of study: Geology
Genome-wide signatures of flowering adaptation to climate temperature: Regional analyses in a highly diverse native range of Arabidopsis thaliana.

Current global change is fueling an interest to understand the genetic and molecular mechanisms of plant adaptation to climate. In particular, altered flowering time is a common strategy for escape from unfavourable climate temperature. In order to determine the genomic bases underlying flowering time adaptation to this climatic factor, we have systematically analysed a collection of 174 highly diverse Arabidopsis thaliana accessions from the Iberian Peninsula. Analyses of 1.88 million single nucleotide polymorphisms provide evidence for a spatially heterogeneous contribution of demographic and adaptive processes to geographic patterns of genetic variation. Mountains appear to be allele dispersal barriers, whereas the relationship between flowering time and temperature depended on the precise temperature range. Environmental genome-wide associations supported an overall genome adaptation to temperature, with 9.4% of the genes showing significant associations. Furthermore, phenotypic genome-wide associations provided a catalogue of candidate genes underlying flowering time variation. Finally, comparison of environmental and phenotypic genome-wide associations identified known (Twin Sister of FT, FRIGIDA-like 1, and Casein Kinase II Beta chain 1) and new (Epithiospecifer Modifier 1 and Voltage-Dependent Anion Channel 5) genes as candidates for adaptation to climate temperature by altered flowering time. Thus, this regional collection provides an excellent resource to address the spatial complexity of climate adaptation in annual plants.

Field of study: Environmental science
On non-admissible irreducible modulo $p$ representations of $GL_{2}(\mathbb{Q}_{p^{2}})$

We use a Diamond diagram attached to a $2$-dimensional reducible split mod $p$ Galois representation of $\mathrm{Gal}(\overline{\mathbb{Q}_{p}}/\mathbb{Q}_{p^{2}})$ to construct a non-admissible smooth irreducible mod $p$ representation of $GL_{2}(\mathbb{Q}_{p^{2}})$ following the approach of Daniel Le.

Field of study: Mathematics
ID: 191: Comparing the stability and activity of recombinant IFNλ3 and IFNλ4

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is one of the major causes of liver cancer worldwide and every year 3–4 million people become infected. Whereas some infected people eradicate the virus spontaneously, almost 85% do not and instead develop a chronic infection. Recently, it was shown that people with a functional IFNL4 gene have a lower chance of clearing the virus spontaneously or in response to treatment than people with a non-functional IFNL4 gene. Why it is a disadvantage to have a functional IFNL4 gene during HCV infection is currently not known although a causal relationship between the activity of the IFN λ 4 protein and poor HCV clearance has been demonstrated. IFN λ 4 belongs to the type III IFNs together with IFN λ 1, -2, and -3. However, it differs from the others not only by its low sequence similarity but also by its impaired secretion. This impairment is not due to a weak signal peptide, as swapping the signal peptides between IFN λ 3 and -4 had no effect on secretion. When we purified IFN λ 3 and -4, we found that IFN λ 4 is far more difficult to refold in vitro than IFN λ 3 suggesting that the poor secretion of IFN λ 4 could be due to an inherent problem of folding the protein. Because such a problem could also mean that IFN λ 4 could be far unstable than the other type III IFNs, we decided to compare the stability of recombinant IFN λ 3 and IFN λ 4. Our results demonstrate that IFN λ 4 like IFN λ 3 is surprisingly stable once it has folded properly.

Field of study: Medicine
Field Compensation in Electron-Ion Collider Magnets With a Passive Superconducting Shield

This paper presents work under a Small Business Innovation Research Phase I grant to Particle Beam Lasers, Inc. and Brookhaven National Laboratory to develop a passive superconducting shield as an alternative to the present design of an active shield with superconducting coils. This shielding provides a nearly field-free region for the electron beam near the high-gradient quadrupole for the proton beam in the interaction region (IR) of the proposed electron ion collider. Several materials are being examined for this shielding—tubes of low- or high-temperature superconductors (LTS or HTS), LTS sheets, and HTS tapes. Supplementing this shielding is an iron ring between the superconducting shield and beam tube to counter any decay in shielding currents. If successfully developed, demonstrated, and shown to be compatible with the magnet designs of all the IR magnets, this technique will provide an economical and technically excellent solution that reduces the need to operate IR magnets at higher current. This paper will summarize the latest design studies and test results both at 77 K for the shielding by the bulk-HTS tube and at 4 K for the shielding by tubes of HTS or LTS.

Field of study: Physics
Effect of Plastic Deformation and Rare Earth Elements on Ion Sulpo-Nitricarburizing

The effect of plastic deformation and rare earth elements on ion sulpo nitrcarburizing was studied. The results show that there are different characteristics between the ion sulpo nitrcarburizing and the gas nitriding for the plastic deformed material. A addition of rare earth elements catalyze the ion sulpo nitrcarburizing process envidently. The catalyzing action on alloy steel is more than the carbon steel. The wear resistances of plastic deformed parts are improved by ion sulpo nitrcarburizing.

Field of study: Materials science
Hybrid Fault Detection Technique: A Case Study on Virtex-II Pro's PowerPC 405

Hardening processor-based systems against transient faults requires new techniques able to combine high fault detection capabilities with the usual design requirements, e.g., reduced design-time, low area overhead, reduced (or null) accessibility to processor internal hardware. This paper proposes the adoption of a hybrid approach, which combines ideas from previous techniques based on software transformations with the introduction of an Infrastructure IP with reduced memory and performance overheads, to harden system based on the PowerPC 405 core available in Virtex-II Pro FPGAs. The proposed approach targets faults affecting the memory elements storing both the code and the data, independently of their location (inside or outside the processor). Extensive experimental results including comparisons with previous approaches are reported, which allow practically evaluating the characteristics of the method in terms of fault detection capabilities and area, memory and performance overheads

Field of study: Physics
Instability of Chimaeric Antibody Secretion by Anti-Carcinoembryonic Antigen Producing Hybridoma Cells after Gene Targeting

To produce a chimaeric version of the 11-285-14 anti-carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) monoclonal antibody using a gene targeting approach.  A replacement vector was constructed to insert the human constant γ1 gene within the mouse heavy chain locus of 11-285-14 hybridoma cells. The mouse constant γ1 gene (1.5 kb) and the mouse µ intron fragment (2.2 kb) were amplified by PCR and cloned into a pKO Scrambler vector. The human constant γ1 gene fragment (2.2 kb) was cloned next to the intron fragment. Resistant colonies were screened by ELISA for the presence of the human isotype in their supernatants.  Of the 4,370 resistant colonies obtained, 87 colonies showed secretion of the human isotype at levels between 4 and 32 ng/ml. PCR and Southern blot results confirmed the correct integration of the human gene by homologous recombination within the heavy chain locus. Most of the producers ceased to express the human isotype within a few weeks after the initial positive ELISA results. Instability of secretion could not be explained by genetic instability in all the clones, which suggests the presence of other undefined epigenetic or physiologic mechanisms.  Gene targeting resulted in transformants with unstable and low production rates of chimaeric anti-CEA antibody.

Field of study: Medicine
Non-negative matrix factorization based on generalized dual divergence

A statistical framework for non-negative matrix factorization based on generalized dual Kullback-Leibler divergence, which includes members of the exponential family of models, is proposed. A family of algorithms is developed using this framework, including under sparsity constraints, and its convergence proven using the Expectation-Maximization algorithm. The framework generalizes some existing methods for different noise structures and contrasts with the recently developed quasi-likelihood approach, thus providing a useful alternative for non-negative matrix factorization. A measure to evaluate the goodness-of-fit of the resulting factorization is described. The performance of the proposed methods is evaluated extensively using real life and simulated data and their utility in unsupervised and semi-supervised learning is illustrated using an application in cancer genomics. This framework can be viewed from the perspective of reinforcement learning, and can be adapted to incorporate discriminant functions and multi-layered neural networks within a deep learning paradigm.

Field of study: Computer science
Early Cambrian algae croppers

Conical, calcareous tubes and worm burrows in Lower Cambrian stromatolites in eastern Newfoundland are found associated with indications of grazing activity. Cropping by early herbivores may have reduced the degree of dominance of the existing stromatolite-constructing algae, allowing diversification of new groups. Stromatolites, so plentiful in Precambrian and early Cambrian time, slowly perished and at present are limited only to specific environments. The cause of this drastic reduction was probably the activity of cropping, grazing, and burrowing animals.

Field of study: Environmental science
Roles of innovation in education delivery.

This paper reviews trends in higher education, characterizing both the current learning environments in pharmacy education as well as a vision for future learning environments, and outlines a strategy for successful implementation of innovations in educational delivery. The following 3 areas of focus are addressed: (1) rejecting the use of the majority of classroom time for the simple transmission of factual information to students; (2) challenging students to think critically, communicate lucidly, and synthesize broadly in order to solve problems; and (3) adopting a philosophy of "evidence-based education" as a core construct of instructional innovation and reform.

Field of study: Education, Medicine
Production and characterization of new monoclonal antibodies that distinguish subsets of mink lymphoid cells.

Several hybridoma clones that produce monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) reacting with subpopulations of mink lymphoid cells were established. Two of the MAbs, MTS-4.3 and MTS-9.3, reacted with relatively small populations of surface immunoglobulin (Ig)-negative (Ig-) lymphocytes. MTS-4.3+ and MTS-9.3+ cells were distributed in the thymic cortex and medulla, paracortical areas of lymph nodes, and periarterial lymphoid sheaths of the spleen, indicating that these MAbs identify T lymphocytes. Another MAb, MTB-5.6, reacted with a large proportion of surface Ig+ lymph node cells, but not with surface Ig- cells. In immunohistochemistry this MAb stained dendritic epithelial cells of thymic cortex, large polygonal cells of thymic medulla, a large proportion of lymphocytes in the mantle zone of lymphoid follicles, dendritic-shaped cells of paracortical area, and some lymphocytes and macrophage-like cells of medullary cords and sinuses of lymph nodes. The expression of the cell-surface antigen reacting with MTB-5.6 on Ig+ lymph node cells was increased after concanavalin A stimulation. These new reagents may be useful to analyze cellular basis of the abnormal immune responses observed in Aleutian mink disease, a classical model of human autoimmune diseases.

Field of study: Biology
The potential protective role of the combination of IL-22 and TNF-α against genital tract Chlamydia trachomatis infection.

Th22 cells are a novel class of lymphocytes characterized by the secretion of both IL-22 and TNF-α. In summary, Th22 cells have little or no direct impact on other immune cells, but exert selective effects on epithelia. It is not known, however, whether Th22 cells play a role in genital mucosal immunity. Here, we demonstrate that IL-22 and TNF-α synergistically induce several immunomodulatory molecules, such as the antimicrobial peptide mBD-2 (murine β-defensin 2) and the antimicrobial chemokines CXCL-9, -10, and -11 in primary murine oviduct epithelial cells (MOECs). The induction of innate immunity is relevant in an in vitro infection model, in which MOECs stimulated with Th22 cell supernatants or recombinant IL-22 and TNF-α effectively inhibit the growth of Chlamydia trachomatis and maintain the survival of the epithelia compared with IL-22 or TNF-α alone. In summary, we demonstrate that the Th22 cell cytokines IL-22 and TNF-α play important roles in genital tract infection. The potential for Th22 cell cytokines to modulate innate immune mediators may lead to the development of new topical agents to treat and/or prevent immune-mediated sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). In summary, we demonstrate that IL-22 and TNF-α represent a potent, synergistic cytokine combination for inducing genital mucosal immunity.

Field of study: Medicine
From Colony to Republic: a Case Study in Bureaucratic Change

It is axiomatic, but certainly deserving of periodic repetition, that the longterm configuration of political, social and economic institutions in Iberian America has been determined both by the apparatus, operation and rationale of the metropolitan state, as well as by the premises and patterns of colonization. Equally apparent is the premise that the politico-administrative crisis associated with the achievement of independence in early nineteenth-century Latin America must be studied in the light of this ' set' of New World institutions, and particularly in relation to what Richard Morse calls the Spanish patrimonial  According to Morse, the construct of ideas known as Spanish neo-Thomism and generally attributed to Francisco Suarez (1548-1617), ' offer sophisticated theoretical formulation of the ideals and many sociological realities of the Spanish patrimonial state'.2 Greatly condensed and simplified, Suarezian thought holds that: (i) natural law is clearly distinguishable from conscience-society is ordered by objective, infallible natural law, rather than by consensus, which is nothing more than collective conscience and therefore fallible; (2) although the power of the sovereign originates with the collectivity of men, it does not revert in the case of a collapse of central authority, since the people do not delegate, but rather alienate sovereignty to the prince; (3) only in certain cases can the law of the sovereign lose force or legitimacy, as would be the case if the law were unjust, excessively harsh, or if the majority had already ceased to obey it; (4) the prince is bound only by his own law, and is responsible only to God, or to His representative.3 Suarezian neo-Thomism, Morse argues, has in large part determined the characteristics of the Spanish patrimonial state on the one hand, and colonial

Field of study: Political science
FOURIER TRANSFORM NEAR-INFRARED DETERMINATION OF TOTAL SOLUBLE SOLIDS AND AVAILABLE ACID IN INTACT PEACHES

This research evaluated the potential of a Fourier transform near-infrared (FT-NIR) spectrometer with a 
reflectance fiber optic probe for determination of total soluble solids (TSS) content and available acid (VA) in intact peaches. 
It also investigated the relative performance of the calibration models with different data preprocessing methods (original, 
first derivative, and second derivative). Reflectance spectra were collected from two opposite sides of individual peaches, 
followed by standard destructive methods for analyzing TSS and VA of peaches. Calibration models were developed with the 
use of a partial least squares (PLS) technique. The best calibration model for TSS gave good predictions of TSS, with a 
coefficient of determination (r2) of 0.916 and a standard error of prediction (SEP) of 0.534. The best calibration model for 
VA prediction yielded r2 = 0.904 and SEP = 0.129. Thus, FT-NIR reflectance can be used to predict the TSS and VA of intact 
peaches. Based on the results, it was concluded that FT-NIR spectrometry could be an easy to facilitate, reliable, accurate, 
and fast method for non-invasive measurement of peach TSS and VA.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Two-sided allocation problems, decomposability, and the impossibility of efficient trade

Previous literature has shown that private information is a transaction cost that prevents efficient reallocation in two-sided setups with bilateral trade or homogeneous goods. We derive conditions under which the impossibility of efficient trade extends to rich environments in which buyers and sellers have multi-dimensional private types, accommodating many-to-many trades and heterogeneous objects. If agents can be decomposed into unit constituents, the allocation problem can be represented as an assignment game and impossibility obtains through a generalization of Shapley's (1962) result that buyers and sellers are complements. We introduce a general family of payoff functions that ensures decomposability and thus impossibility.

Field of study: Economics