nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Research and Relevant Knowledge: American Research Universities Since World War II

The rise of American research universities to international preeminence constitutes one of the most important episodes in the history of higher education. Research and Relevant Knowledge follows Geiger's earlier volume on American research universities from 1900 to 1940. This second work is the first study to trace this momentous development in the post-World War II period. It describes how the federal government first relied on university scientists during the war, and how the resulting relationship set the pattern for the postwar mushrooming of academic research. The first half of the book analyzes the development of the postwar system of academic research, exploring the contributions of foundations, defense agencies, and universities. The second half depicts the rise of the "golden age" of academic research in the years after Sputnik (1957) and its eventual dissolution at the end of the 1960s graduate education. When the federal patron soon reduced its largesse, university students took the lead in challenging the putative hegemony of academic research. The loss of consensus quickly brought the malaise of the 1970s - stagnation, frustration, and equivocation about the research role. The final chapter appraises the renaissance of the 1980s, based largely on a rapprochement with the private sector, and ends by evaluating the embattled status of research universities at the beginning of the 1990s. Research and Relevant Knowledge provides the first authoritative analytical account of American research universities during their most fateful half-century. It will be of critical importance to all those concerned with the future of higher education in the United States.

Field of study: Education
Photoreceptor regulated expression of Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II in the mouse retina.

The objective of this investigation is to determine mechanisms for regulation of retinal calmodulin kinase II (CaMKII). To this end, the expression and activity of CaMKII are examined in the retina of the rdta mouse, in which rod photoreceptors have been genetically ablated [47]. CaMKII levels are compared between rdta mice and the normal, littermate control mice. It is demonstrated that retinal CaMKII protein, enzyme activity and mRNA are significantly increased in response to the genetic ablation of rod photoreceptors. The data indicate that CaMKII expression/activity in amacrine and ganglion cells is negatively regulated by the rod photoreceptor-mediated visual input. The regulation appears to occur primarily at the transcriptional level. It is shown that the cytoplasmic polyadenylation element binding protein (CPEB), a regulatory factor for translation that is known to promote CaMKIIalpha translation in dendrites [83], is also present in the mouse retina. However, the polyadenylation-mediated translational control mechanism is not activated in this experimental paradigm.

Field of study: Biology
The year after Kobuleti: what difference does it make?

Following and pursuant to a conference held in Kobuleti, Soviet Georgia in April, 1990, a paper describing proposed principles for legislation establishing a health insurance system for the U.S.S.R. and Union Republics was published. It proposed supplementing the existing publicly financed medical care system with a system of regionally based 'health insurance' funds, as well as formally recognized direct payments to health care providers. While creating the opportunity for insurance funds which were to be regionally based, the system was to be centrally directed. Since the publication of that paper, the reforms it envisions have progressed more slowly than expected. This is due to at least three factors. First, the general state of the Soviet economy, coupled with a strengthening of the movement toward greater autonomy for the Soviet Republics and an accompanying reluctance on the part of the Republics to contribute to the Union budget, has resulted in a greater reduction of that budget (and a greater budget deficit) than anticipated. Second, due in part to perverse financial incentives, the capacity of the Soviet health care system to increase production, even if the financial resources were available, is limited, and has deteriorated during the past year. Third, the patience of health care workers with their working conditions is wearing thin, resulting in less willingness on their part to cooperate with anything less than total and fundamental reform than has been the case in the past. At this point, it appears that any reform of Soviet health care will emphasize autonomy at the levels of the Republics, and a diminution of central power and control. There is a growing feeling that anything short of a significant improvement in the general Soviet economy linked with total reform of health care financing and delivery will fail to reverse the deterioration of the Soviet health care system.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Competing SDW phases and quantum oscillations in (TMTSF)$_2$ClO$_4$ in magnetic field

We propose a new approach for studying spin density waves (SDW) in the Bechgaard salt (TMTSF) 2 ClO 4 where lattice is dimerized in transverse direction due to anion ordering. The SDW response is calculated in the matrix formulation that rigorously treats the hybridization of inter-band and intra-band SDW correlations. Since the dimerization gap is large, of the order of transverse bandwidth, we also develop an exact treatment of magnetic breakdown in the external magnetic field. The obtained results agree with the experimental data on the fast magnetoresistance oscillations. Experimentally found 260T rapid oscillations and the characteristic T c dependance on magnetic field of relaxed material are fitted with our results for anion potential of the order of interchain hopping.

Field of study: Physics
Trace-element variations at Summer Coon volcano, San Juan Mountains, Colorado, and the origin of continental-interior andesite

The Oligocene Summer Coon center, an eroded continental-interior volcano of the eastern San Juan Mountains, Colorado, was the source of magmas ranging in composition from basaltic andesite to rhyolite. Previous Pb and Sr isotope studies indicate derivation of the magmas from an isotopically homogeneous source. This study presents new data for rare-earth elements (REE), U, Th, Ba, Sr, Rb, and Ni from 10 samples of the Summer Coon sequence. Alkali elements are high in all rocks; as SiO 2 increases, Ba increases from 900 to 2,000 ppm, Rb increases from 35 to 90 ppm, Sr decreases from 900 to 350 ppm, K/Rb decreases slightly, Ba/Sr increases, U increases from 0.5 to 2.5 ppm, and Th increases from 2 to 7 ppm. Chondrite-normalized REE patterns are strongly fractionated in comparison with oceanic-arc andesite-dacite sequences. La is 80 to 120 times chondritic abundance, but Yb and Lu are less than 10 times chondritic abundance. Small negative Eu anomalies characterize the rhyolites. Nickel in the andesites is 40 to 70 ppm. The origin of the andesite is interpreted in terms of nonmodal partial melting of a trace-element—enriched garnet-bearing source, possibly subducted crust that has converted to eclogite. Rhyodacite and rhyolite are interpreted as low-pressure crystal-fractionation products of silicic andesite, in which crystallizing phases are hornblende rich in REE and plagioclase.

Field of study: Geology
Bomb-produced radiocarbon validation of growth-increment crossdating allows marine paleoclimate reconstruction

The bivalve Pacific geoduck (Panopea generosa) has been used in the eastern North Pacific Ocean to create proxies for environmental factors such as temperature and oceanographic conditions. This type of research depends upon accurate age determination of Pacific geoducks, which historically was based on shell growth-increment counts. A recent study comparing age estimates generated by the dendrochronology (tree-ring science) procedure of crossdating to those estimated from growth-increment counts found a significant difference between the methods for geoduck older than 30 years. Compared to the traditional age determination method of counting growth increments, the crossdating method estimates a greater longevity in this species, with some individuals living in excess of 150 years. In the present study, the accuracy of each method was independently assessed using bomb-produced radiocarbon (14C) techniques. Specimens whose birth years were estimated to be within the era of the bomb-produced marine 14C increase and where the differences between ages estimated by the two methods were greatest were selected for 14C analysis. The difference between age estimates from traditional growth-increment counts and those from crossdating was evaluated using their respective 14C chronologies in comparisons to a reference chronology as a standard. The comparisons relied on Bayesian nonlinear models using Markov Chain Monte Carlo simulation. This method of analysis showed that with a 50% probability geoducks were aged correctly when using the crossdating method, compared to the growth increment counts which had a 50% probability of underestimating the age by 4 years. Therefore, the crossdated age estimates were found to be more accurate than increment counts. Furthermore, these results provide new confidence in using Pacific geoduck biochronologies for paleoclimate and paleoenvironmental reconstruction.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Heard any bad knees lately

Knee‐joint problems of various kinds seem to affect almost everyone sooner or later, highly priced football players and ordinary mortals alike. A group at the University of Akron have been listening to the clicking and scraping noises of defective knees, and they reported to the 91st Meeting of the Acoustical Society of America, in Washington last April, on what they had heard. The photograph shows Larry Zavodney, a graduate student in mechanical engineering, with a cow's knee joint that he and Mamerto L. Chu are using for in vitro studies of these sounds.

Field of study: Physics
HCH and DDT Residues in Animal Feed and its Components in and Around Delhi

DDT residues (P, P’ DDE, DDD and DDT) ranged from ND (< 0.001 mg kg−1) in paddy straw and berseem to 0.251 mg kg−1 in rice husk. HCH residues (total of alpha-, beta-, gamma-HCH) ranged from 0.007 mg kg−1 in mustard cake to 1.97 mg kg−1 in mixed bran.

Field of study: Biology
Die begrabenen Goldseifen von Victoria

DigiZeitschriften e.V. gewährt ein nicht exklusives, nicht übertragbares, persönliches und beschränktes Recht auf Nutzung dieses Dokuments. Dieses Dokument ist ausschließlich für den persönlichen, nicht kommerziellen Gebrauch bestimmt. Das Copyright bleibt bei den Herausgebern oder sonstigen Rechteinhabern. Als Nutzer sind Sie sind nicht dazu berechtigt, eine Lizenz zu übertragen, zu transferieren oder an Dritte weiter zu geben. Die Nutzung stellt keine Übertragung des Eigentumsrechts an diesem Dokument dar und gilt vorbehaltlich der folgenden Einschränkungen: Sie müssen auf sämtlichen Kopien dieses Dokuments alle Urheberrechtshinweise und sonstigen Hinweise auf gesetzlichen Schutz beibehalten; und Sie dürfen dieses Dokument nicht in irgend einer Weise abändern, noch dürfen Sie dieses Dokument für öffentliche oder kommerzielle Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, aufführen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen; es sei denn, es liegt Ihnen eine schriftliche Genehmigung von DigiZeitschriften e.V. und vom Herausgeber oder sonstigen Rechteinhaber vor. Mit dem Gebrauch von DigiZeitschriften e.V. und der Verwendung dieses Dokuments erkennen Sie die Nutzungsbedingungen an.

Field of study: Environmental science
Breakdown of atomic gases by CO2 laser radiation near metal surfaces

An investigation was made of the breakdown of the rare gases He, Ar, and Xe at metal surfaces illuminated with quasi-cw CO2 laser radiation. The laser radiation intensity (1–10 MW/cm2), the gas pressure (0.15–150 kPa), and the radius of the focusing spot (0.12–0.3 mm) were varied in these experiments. It was found that breakdown occurred when the metal target surface reached a threshold temperature T+ dependent on the laser radiation intensity S+, pressure and nature of the gas, and target material. The dependences of the threshold quantities were recorded S+ (T+). An analysis of the experimental results showed that, in the investigated range of the parameters, the breakdown of gases is associated with the presence near the heated surface of a precursor plasma of the target vapor whose degree of ionization is governed by the thermionic emission of ions from the target material. A mechanism of the influence of this precursor plamsa on the gas breakdown process is proposed.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Student Perceptions of Nursing Research Following an Experiential Learning Activity

This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.  Many undergraduate nursing students fail to appreciate the importance of research and its role in guiding practice. Education promoting nursing research is critical to guide nursing practice and to ensure patient quality and safety.  Experiential learning activities may provide opportunities to move undergraduate nursing research beyond the traditional classroom setting to a more engaged learning experience. This study evaluated the student’s perceptions on nursing research following an experiential learning opportunity during their senior year in a community health course.  Data were collected in May 2017 from 19 nursing students via a paper-pencil survey including open ended questions.  Two independent members of the research team completed content analysis.  The results suggest three major themes: 1) nursing research is valuable to guide practice; 2) research requires planning and organization; and 3) patients benefit by research participation.  Results of the study indicated experiential learning activities may foster student appreciation of nursing research and its role in improving patient care.  experiential learning, nursing education, qualitative study, undergraduate research DOI : 10.7176/JEP/10-18-02 Publication date :June 30 th 2019

Field of study: Education
Structural and electrical characterization of glasses in the system Li2Se-SiSe2 by 29Si MAS NMR and Raman spectroscopy

The structure of glasses in the system (Li 2 Se) x (SiSe 2 ) 1− x (0≤x≤0.70) has been characterized by combined Raman and 29 Si magic-angle spinning (MAS) NMR measurements. In conjunction with parallel MAS NMR studies on crystallized specimens, the detailed silicon speciation has been derived as a function of composition. As in the compositionally analogous sulfide system, the spectra reveal the presence of both corner- and edge-sharing silicon tetrahedra, however, the overall fraction of edge-sharing species is lower in the selenide system. The electrical conductivity characteristics of both systems are in close analogy to each other.

Field of study: Materials science
IRAS 03063+5735: A BOWSHOCK NEBULA POWERED BY AN EARLY B STAR

Mid-infrared images from the Spitzer Space Telescope Galactic Legacy Infrared MidPlane Survey Extraordinaire program reveal that the infrared source IRAS 03063+5735 is a bowshock nebula produced by an early B star, 2MASS 03101044+5747035. We present new optical spectra of this star, classify it as a B1.5 V, and determine a probable association with a molecular cloud complex at V{sub LSR} = -38 to -42 km s{sup -1} in the outer Galaxy near l = 140.{sup 0}59, b = -0.{sup 0}250. On the basis of spectroscopic parallax, we estimate a distance of 4.0 {+-} 1 kpc to both the bowshock nebula and the molecular complex. One plausible scenario is that this is a high-velocity runaway star impinging upon a molecular cloud. We identify the H II region and stellar cluster associated with IRAS 03064+5638 at a projected distance of 64 pc as one plausible birth site. The spectrophotometric distance and linkage to a molecular feature provides another piece of data helping to secure the ill-determined rotation curve in the outer Galaxy. As a by-product of spectral typing this star, we present empirical spectral diagnostic diagrams suitable for approximate spectral classification of O and B stars using He lines in the little-usedmore » yellow-red portion of the optical spectrum.« less

Field of study: Physics
Doing Something about Long Hours

A RISING share of workers in the United States up to / ' almost one-third of the work force are regularly clockJL JLing workweeks in excess of the venerable forty-hour standard. Almost one in five, including both salaried and hourly, professional and blue-collar employees, now reports working fifty or more hours per week. According to a recent International Labor Organization study, Key Indicators of the Labor Market, the United States now "leads" the postindustrialized world in average annual hours of work just under 2,000 hours per year having outstripped even the proverbial workaholic Japanese in the penchant for hours spent working. This finding represents a

Field of study: Economics
Oxidative stress and ozone: perception, signalling and response

The primary site of ozone interaction with plant cells is the extracellular matrix where ozone challenges the antioxidant protection of the cells. Accordingly, ozone sensitivity generally correlates with the ascorbate status of the apoplast, which is an important signal initiation point. In addition, ozone sensing takes place by covalent modification of redox-sensitive components of the plasma membrane, for example ion channels like the plasma membrane Ca2+-channels. Subsequent intracellular signal transduction is an intriguing network of hormone, Ca2+ and MAPK signalling pathways, significantly overlapping with oxidative burst-induced pathogen signalling. Comparison of recent transcriptome analysis revealed that in addition to genes generally induced by all kinds of oxidative stress, for example, transcripts for PR-proteins and most antioxidant enzymes, approximately one-third of the responsive transcripts are ozone specific, indicating jasmonic acid, salicylic acid and ethylene-independent redox signalling triggered by extracellular redox sensing.

Field of study: Environmental science
Optimal bounds on the effective behavior of a mixture of two well-ordered elastic materials

We consider linearly elastic composite materials made by mixing two possibly anisotropic components. Our main hypothesis is that the Hooke's laws of the two components be well-ordered. For given volume fractions and average strain, we present optimal upper and lower bounds on the elastic energy quadratic form. We also discuss bounds on sums of energies and bounds involving complementary energy rather than elastic energy. Our arguments are based primarily on the HashinShtrikman variational principle; however, we also discuss how the same results arise from the "translation method", making use of the analysis of Milton. Our bounds are equivalent to those established by Avelleneda and closely related to the "trace bounds" established by Milton and Kohn. The optimal energy bounds, however, are presented here as the extreme values of certain convex optimization problems. The optimal microgeometries are determined by the associated first-order optimality conditions. A similar treatment for mixtures of two incompressible, isotropic elastic materials has previously been given by Kohn and Lipton.

Field of study: Mathematics
The thick waxy coat of mycobacteria, a protective layer against antibiotics and the host's immune system

Tuberculosis, caused by the pathogenic bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), is the leading cause of death from an infectious disease, with a mortality rate of over a million people per year. This pathogen's remarkable resilience and infectivity is largely due to its unique waxy cell envelope, 40% of which comprises complex lipids. Therefore, an understanding of the structure and function of the cell wall lipids is of huge indirect clinical significance. This review provides a synopsis of the cell envelope and the major lipids contained within, including structure, biosynthesis and roles in pathogenesis.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Crossover from normal (N) Ohmic subdivision to superconducting (S) equipartition of current in parallel conductors at the N-S transition: Theory

The recently observed (S. Sarangi et al.,  (2006) L143) equipartition of current in parallel at and below the Normal-Superconducting (N-S) transition can be understood in terms of a Landau-Ginzburg order-parameter phenomenology. This complements the explanation proposed earlier (see Sarangi et al.) based on the flux-flow resistance providing a nonlinear negative current feedback towards equipartition when the transition is approached from above. The present treatment also unifies the usual textbook inductive subdivision expected much below Tc, and the equipartition as Tc is approached from below. The question of metastability is also briefly discussed.

Field of study: Physics
Chemical Composition of the Essential Oil of Quince (Cydonia Oblonga Miller) Leaves

The essential oils from the leaves of Cydonia oblonga Miller, collected at both flowering and fruiting periods, obtained by hydrodistillation were analyzed using Gas Chromatography (GC) and GC/MS. A total of 47 and 40 components were identified from quince’s leaves in flowering and fruiting periods. The main constituents of quince leaves collected at different periods have been revealed as follows: C. oblonga (in the flowering period): benzaldehyde (12.8%), hexadecanoic acid (7.2%), linalool (5.7%), (E)-β-Ionone (5.1%); C. oblonga (in the fruiting period): germacrene D (8.6%), benzaldehyde ( 4.9%).

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Large-format imaging plate and weissenberg camera for accurate protein crystallographic data collection using synchrotron radiation.

Off-line and on-line protein data-collection systems using an imaging plate as a detector are described and their components reported. The off-line scanner IPR4080 was developed for a large-format imaging plate ;BASIII' of dimensions 400 x 400 mm and 400 x 800 mm. The characteristics of this scanner are a dynamic range of 10(5) photons pixel(-1), low background noise and high sensitivity. A means of reducing electronic noise and a method for finding the origin of the noise are discussed in detail. A dedicated screenless Weissenberg camera matching IPR4080 with synchrotron radiation was developed and installed on beamline BL6B at the Photon Factory. This camera can attach one or two sheets of 400 x 800 mm large-format imaging plate inside the film cassette by evacuation. The positional reproducibility of the imaging plate on the cassette is so good that the data can be processed by batch job. Data of 93% completeness up to 1.6 A resolution were collected on a single axis rotation and the value of R(merge) becomes 4% from a tetragonal lysozyme crystal using a set of two imaging-plate sheets. Comparing two types of imaging plates, the signal-to-noise ratio of the ST-VIP-type imaging plate is 25% better than that of the BASIII-type imaging plate for protein data collection using 1.0 and 0.7 A X-rays. A new on-line protein data-collection system with imaging plates is specially designed to use synchrotron radiation X-rays at maximum efficiency.

Field of study: Physics