nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The Masks of Anthony and Cleopatra (review)

as consul, acted extralegally by having the conspirators summarily executed. Catiline is thus usually seen as an endorsement of James’s emergency powers, but Lemon’s reading finds a good deal more irony and ambiguity in the play. Lemon argues that Jonson, like Donne, undermines the “simplistic dichotomy” between the ruler’s will and the good of the nation. Lemon concludes the chapter by claiming that post-Gunpowder Plot England was wracked by public debate among both Catholics and Protestants about the legal parameters of treason. Despite James’s continual assertions of absolute power, he faced challenges from not only radical Jesuits but also from Protestant and Catholic “middlegrounders” (159). In a somber afterword Lemon claims that her study illustrates “the danger the law itself poses as a mechanism for increasing state authority in a time of emergency” (163). Lemon adds that threatened states simply cannot distinguish between necessary and oppressive strategies for dealing with treason. That task, she says, falls to the arts. Lemon’s book provides valuable New Historical leverage on how early modern English writers dealt with the problem of treason and tyranny, a problem becoming familiar again. JOHN D. SCHAEFFER Northern Illinois University

Field of study: History
[Neurobiological aspects of venous pelvic pain].

Mechanisms of the development of pain in chronic venous diseases (CVD), including pelvic congestion syndrome (PCS), are understudied. The existing hypotheses of the occurrence of venous pelvic pain (VVP) do not allow to answer the question why some patients have no pain syndrome while others have very pronounced pain despite the same morphofunctional changes in the pelvic veins. This review presents current hypotheses of the VPP development, data on some vasoactive neuropeptides (endothelin, calcitonin gene-related peptide, and substance P), their role in the modulation of vascular tone and sensation of pain, possible association between neurogenic inflammation and VPP and provides a rationale for studying the activity of these neurotransmitters in the treatment of PCS and pelvic pain.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Frying stability of rapeseed Kizakinonatane (Brassica napus) oil in comparison with canola oil

This study was carried out to investigate the frying performance of Kizakinonatane (Brassica napus) oil during deep-fat frying of frozen French fries with/without replenishment. Commercial regular canola oil was used for comparison. The frying oils were used during intermittent frying of frozen French fries at 180, 200, and 220 ℃ for 7 h daily over four consecutive days. The Kizakinonatane oil exhibited lower levels of total polar compounds, carbonyl value, and viscosity as well as comparable color (optical density) values to that of the canola oil. The monounsaturated fatty acid/polyunsaturated fatty acid ratios were lower than that of canola oil, whereas the polyunsaturated fatty acid/saturated fatty acid ratios are higher than that of canola oil after heating. Results showed that fresh Kizakinonatane oil contains higher levels of acid value, viscosity, optical density values, tocopherols, and total phenolics contents than that of canola oil. Replenishment with fresh oil had significant effects on all chemical and physical parameters, except the acid value of the Kizakinonatane oil during frying processes. Based on the results, the Kizakinonatane oil is inherently suitable for preparing deep-fried foods at high temperatures.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
The Formation of Modern Brazilian Banking, 1906–1930: Opportunities and Constraints Presented by the Public and Private Sectors

This article examines the Brazilian banking system from 1906 to 1930, and analyses two potential constraints to dynamic banking: government economic policy and concepts of ownership, as expressed through property rights. It finds that the banking system was quite dynamic in supporting economic change. The problems of, and constraints to, banking development are typically declared, or assumed, to result from the exigencies of government monetary policy. The results of monetary policy for private-sector development emerge as significantly less than existing historiography would suggest. However, concepts and protection of property rights constrained the ability of banks to expand their activities.

Field of study: Political science
The Role of Political Ideology in Mediating Judgments of Blame in Rape Victims and their Assailants: A Test of the Just World, Personal Responsibility, and Legitimization Hypotheses

Previous research often has shown that conservative ideology is positively correlated with the extent to which people blame victims of rape. However, much of this work has been descriptive, with little attention directed toward the development of theoretical models addressing why conservatism might play an important role in this area. Three hypotheses were tested. The just world hypothesis suggests that people blame others to preserve one’s view that people get what they deserve and deserve what they get. The personal responsibility hypothesis suggests that conservatism is associated with a tendency to hold people personally responsible for their own actions. The legitimization hypothesis stipulates that conservative perceivers are motivated to maintain traditional power differences between dominant and nondominant groups. Two studies showed much more support for the legitimization hypothesis compared to the other hypotheses. The implications of the present results for previous investigations of victim blaming are discussed.

Field of study: Psychology
Whole Genome Sequences of a Male and Female Supercentenarian, Ages Greater than 114 Years

Supercentenarians (age 110+ years old) generally delay or escape age-related diseases and disability well beyond the age of 100 and this exceptional survival is likely to be influenced by a genetic predisposition that includes both common and rare genetic variants. In this report, we describe the complete genomic sequences of male and female supercentenarians, both age >114 years old. We show that: (1) the sequence variant spectrum of these two individuals’ DNA sequences is largely comparable to existing non-supercentenarian genomes; (2) the two individuals do not appear to carry most of the well-established human longevity enabling variants already reported in the literature; (3) they have a comparable number of known disease-associated variants relative to most human genomes sequenced to-date; (4) approximately 1% of the variants these individuals possess are novel and may point to new genes involved in exceptional longevity; and (5) both individuals are enriched for coding variants near longevity-associated variants that we discovered through a large genome-wide association study. These analyses suggest that there are both common and rare longevity-associated variants that may counter the effects of disease-predisposing variants and extend lifespan. The continued analysis of the genomes of these and other rare individuals who have survived to extremely old ages should provide insight into the processes that contribute to the maintenance of health during extreme aging.

Field of study: Biology
Errors from Rayleigh-Jeans approximation in satellite microwave radiometer calibration systems.

The advanced technology microwave sounder (ATMS) onboard the Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership (SNPP) satellite is a total power radiometer and scans across the track within a range of ±52.77° from nadir. It has 22 channels and measures the microwave radiation at either quasi-vertical or quasi-horizontal polarization from the Earth's atmosphere. The ATMS sensor data record algorithm employed a commonly used two-point calibration equation that derives the earth-view brightness temperature directly from the counts and temperatures of warm target and cold space, and the earth-scene count. This equation is only valid under Rayleigh-Jeans (RJ) approximation. Impacts of RJ approximation on ATMS calibration biases are evaluated in this study. It is shown that the RJ approximation used in ATMS radiometric calibration results in errors on the order of 1-2 K. The error is also scene count dependent and increases with frequency.

Field of study: Physics
A conceptual basis for feature engineering

The gulf between the user and the developer perspectives lead to difficulties in producing successful software systems. Users are focused on the problem domain, where the system's features are the primary concern. Developers are focused on the solution domain, where the system's life-cycle artifacts are key. Presently, there is little understanding of how to narrow this gulf. This paper argues for establishing an organizing viewpoint that we term feature engineering. Feature engineering promotes features as first-class objects throughout the software life cycle and across the problem and solution domains. The goal of the paper is not to propose a specific new technique or technology. Rather, it aims at laying out some basic concepts and terminology that can be used as a foundation for developing a sound and complete framework for feature engineering. The paper discusses the impact that features have on different phases of the life cycle, provides some ideas on how these phases can be improved by fully exploiting the concept of feature, and suggests topics for a research agenda in feature engineering.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Inferentialism and the categoricity problem: reply to Raatikainen

It is sometimes held that rules of inference determine the meaning of the logical constants: the meaning of, say, conjunction is fully determined by either its introduction or its elimination rules, or both; similarly for the other connectives. In a recent paper, Panu Raatikainen argues that this view call it logical inferentialism is undermined by some Very little known' considerations by Carnap (1943) to the effect that 'in a definite sense, it is not true that the standard rules of inference' themselves suffice to 'determine the meanings of [the] logical constants' (Raatikainen 2000: 283). In a nutshell, Carnap showed that the rules allow for non-normal interpretations of negation and disjunction. Raatikainen concludes that 'no ordinary formalization of logic ... is sufficient to "fully formalize" all the essential properties of the logical constants' (2000: 283). We suggest that this is a mistake. Pace Raatikainen, intuitionists like Dummett and Prawitz need not worry about Carnap's problem. And although bilateral solutions for classical inferentialists as proposed by Timothy Smiley and Ian Rumfitt seem inadequate, it is not excluded that the classical inferentialists may be in a position to address the problem too.

Field of study: Philosophy
Goal-oriented updating technique applied to building thermal model

The present paper introduces a goal-oriented approach for parameter calibration of thermal building models. In a context of reducing the global energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions, the goaloriented method may be used for a robust prediction of a quantity of interest. Contrary to standard inverse methods, we do not aim at identifying all the model parameters in view of simulating the global thermal behavior of the building. Only the model parameters involved in the computation of the quantity of interest are updated. The proposed inverse strategy can lead to low computational time and reduced instrumentation. To validate the method, a first application on a steady state heat transfer problem is presented.

Field of study: Engineering
Beyond Backprop: Online Alternating Minimization with Auxiliary Variables

Despite significant recent advances in deep neural networks, training them remains a challenge due to the highly non-convex nature of the objective function. State-of-the-art methods rely on error backpropagation, which suffers from several well-known issues, such as vanishing and exploding gradients, inability to handle non-differentiable nonlinearities and to parallelize weight-updates across layers, and biological implausibility. These limitations continue to motivate exploration of alternative training algorithms, including several recently proposed auxiliary-variable methods which break the complex nested objective function into local subproblems. However, those techniques are mainly offline (batch), which limits their applicability to extremely large datasets, as well as to online, continual or reinforcement learning. The main contribution of our work is a novel online (stochastic/mini-batch) alternating minimization (AM) approach for training deep neural networks, together with the first theoretical convergence guarantees for AM in stochastic settings and promising empirical results on a variety of architectures and datasets.

Field of study: Computer science
The effect of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on plasma lipids and lipoproteins in patients with chronic renal failure--a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

To systemically review and analyze the effect of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) consumption on plasma lipids and lipoproteins in patients with end-stage renal disease.



Systemic review, with meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials.



We performed a systemic review and meta-analysis of the lipid-modulating effects of n-3 PUFAs by combining evidences from 10 randomized controlled trials including 557 patients with end-stage renal disease.



Pooled analysis revealed that n-3 PUFA intake significantly reduced serum triglyceride levels by -0.78 mmol/L (95% confidence interval: -1.12 to -0.44 mmol/L, P < .0001). Consumption of n-3 PUFAs also reduced the plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels by -0.09 mmol/L and elevated plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels by -0.25 mmol/L, but these changes were not statistically significant. Plasma levels of total cholesterols were elevated in both n-3 PUFA and control groups, with a lesser increase in the n-3 PUFA group, without statistical significance. Metaregression showed no correlation between the amounts or duration of n-3 PUFA intake and their lipid-modulating effects.



In our meta-analysis, n-3 PUFA consumption significantly lowered the serum triglyceride levels. No significant changes were found on the degrees of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol reduction and total cholesterol or high-density lipoprotein cholesterol elevation effects.

Field of study: Medicine
Calcium Diffusion in a Mugearite Melt

The diffusion rate of calcium in a mugearite melt is determined to vary between 1.07 × 10−7 and 3.36 × 10−7 cm2/s for a temperature range of 1230 to 1423 °C. The activation energy of the process is 29.5 kcal per mole. Diffusion curves are measured with an electron microprobe.

Field of study: Environmental science
The i13/2 proton intruder orbital and the identical superdeformed bands in 193, 194, 195Tl

The microscopic mechanism of the identical bands in odd-odd nucleus 194Tl and its neighbor odd-A nuclei 193,195Tl is investigated using the particle-number-conserving (PNC) method for treating the cranked shell model with monopole and quadrupole pairing interactions. It is found that the blocking effect of the high-j intruder orbital plays an important role in the variation of moments of inertia (J(1) and J(2)) with rotational frequency for the superdeformed bands and identical bands. The ω variation of the occupation probability of each cranked orbital and the contributions to moment of inertia from each cranked orbital are presented.

Field of study: Physics
A novel low-temperature method of SiO2 film deposition forMOSFET applications

Silicon dioxide dielectric films were deposited at low temperatures (250–300°) using a novel plasma enhanced MO-CVD process. In this process, the substrate was kept remote from the plasma region and the deposition of the film was achieved at low pressure (0.8-1.0 Torr) and low dc plasma power (0.3 W· cm−2). Films deposited using tetraethyloxysilane (TEOS) and nitrous oxide (N2O) as reactant material had, under optimum deposition conditions, resistivities of ≥ 1015 ohm-cm, a refractive index of 1.46, a dielectric constant of 3.98 and a breakdown field strength ≥ 5x 106 V·cm−1. AES and SIMS analysis indicated that the films were of high purity and were stoichiometric with no metallic silicon present. MOS-capacitors fabricated on Si-substrates showed no hysteresis and no frequency dispersion of capacitance in the accumulation region. An interface state density in the range of 1011 cm−2eV−1 was achieved for these MOS devices using our deposited SiO2dielectric films.

Field of study: Materials science
The Clinic Research of Hypertensive Intracerebralhemorrhage on Surgical Therapy

To discuss operation opportunity,operation indication,operation method and postoperative management of hypertensive intracerebral(HICH).Methods 92 cases clinic infromation with hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage of postoperation in our hospital were analysised from March 2001 to January in retrospectiveanalysis. All patients were follow-up,times from six months to sixty-two months,averaged twenty-six months.32 cases restored well,35 cases were middling deformity,14 cases grave deformity,5 persistent vegvtativestate,6 cases death. Computed tomographic guided aspiration and thrombolysis of intracerebral hematoma method and small bone window hemorrhage aspiration method are simple and quickly and small injury operation method.operation opportunity,operation indication,operation method and postoperative management are vitally important in clinic results.

Field of study: Medicine
Inclusion of the effect of radiation pressure on the accretion phenomena in astrophysics.

In the present work, we would like to elaborate on Shakura Sunyaev Alpha disk model. To be more concrete, inclusion of the effect of the radiation pressure on the accretion phenomena have been carefully studied. To summarize, the present modification of Shakura Sunyaev Alpha disk model of disk accretion can be regarded as a new candidate theory of ADAF. Reduction of accreting matter's angular velocity leads to the suppression of the disk luminosity and the surface temperature which essentially implies the transition of the standard accretion disk model from CDAF to ADAF.

Field of study: Physics
A new approach to estimate supersaturation fluctuations in stratocumulus cloud using ground-based remote-sensing measurements

Supersaturation, crucial for cloud droplet activation and condensational growth, varies in clouds at different spatial and temporal scales. In-cloud supersaturation is poorly known and rarely measured directly. On the scale of a few tens of meters, supersaturation in clouds has been estimated from in situ measurements assuming quasi-steady-state supersaturation. Here, we provide a new method to estimate supersaturation using ground-based remote-sensing measurements, and results are compared with those estimated from aircraft in situ measurements in a marine stratocumulus cloud during the Aerosol and Cloud Experiment (ACE-ENA) field campaign. Our method agrees reasonably well with in situ estimations, and it has three advantages: (1) it does not rely on the quasi-steady-state assumption, which is questionable in clean or turbulent clouds, (2) it can provide a supersaturation profile, rather than just point values from in situ measurements, and (3) it enables building statistics of supersaturation in stratocumulus clouds for various meteorological conditions from multi-year ground-based measurements. The uncertainties, limitations, and possible applications of our method are discussed.

Field of study: Environmental science
Missing Data Imputation for Supervised Learning

Missing data imputation can help improve the performance of prediction models in situations where missing data hide useful information. This paper compares methods for imputing missing categorical data for supervised classification tasks. We experiment on two machine learning benchmark datasets with missing categorical data, comparing classifiers trained on non-imputed (i.e., one-hot encoded) or imputed data with different levels of additional missing-data perturbation. We show imputation methods can increase predictive accuracy in the presence of missing-data perturbation, which can actually improve prediction accuracy by regularizing the classifier. We achieve results comparable to the state-of-the-art on the Adult dataset with missing-data perturbation and -nearest-neighbors (-NN) imputation.

Field of study: Computer science
Clinical Implications of Human Population Differences in Genome-Wide Rates of Functional Genotypes

There have been a number of recent successes in the use of whole genome sequencing and sophisticated bioinformatics techniques to identify pathogenic DNA sequence variants responsible for individual idiopathic congenital conditions. However, the success of this identification process is heavily influenced by the ancestry or genetic background of a patient with an idiopathic condition. This is so because potential pathogenic variants in a patient’s genome must be contrasted with variants in a reference set of genomes made up of other individuals’ genomes of the same ancestry as the patient. We explored the effect of ignoring the ancestries of both an individual patient and the individuals used to construct reference genomes. We pursued this exploration in two major steps. We first considered variation in the per-genome number and rates of likely functional derived (i.e., non-ancestral, based on the chimp genome) single nucleotide variants and small indels in 52 individual whole human genomes sampled from 10 different global populations. We took advantage of a suite of computational and bioinformatics techniques to predict the functional effect of over 24 million genomic variants, both coding and non-coding, across these genomes. We found that the typical human genome harbors ∼5.5–6.1 million total derived variants, of which ∼12,000 are likely to have a functional effect (∼5000 coding and ∼7000 non-coding). We also found that the rates of functional genotypes per the total number of genotypes in individual whole genomes differ dramatically between human populations. We then created tables showing how the use of comparator or reference genome panels comprised of genomes from individuals that do not have the same ancestral background as a patient can negatively impact pathogenic variant identification. Our results have important implications for clinical sequencing initiatives.

Field of study: Biology
Development of processing ingredient of sweet corn garden stuff gruel

The processing formulas of compound sweet corn gruel were studied in this paper.The result showed:the best quantity of uncooked material was 33%.The potium propotion of the material was:sweet corn 50,the sticky rice 15,carrot 14,water chestnut 20,Job's-tears 5,pineapple 10.The best concentration of sugar,honey and salt were 8%,1% and 0.12%.The compound conjee had a unique taste,and it was a new kind of nutrition food which was suitable for popular composition.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
An Adaptive, Rate-Optimal Test of Linearity for Median Regression Models

This article is concerned with testing the hypothesis that a conditional median function is linear against a nonparametric alternative with unknown smoothness. We develop a test that is uniformly consistent against alternatives whose distance from the linear model converges to zero at the fastest possible rate. The test does not require knowledge of the distribution of the model's random noise component, and it permits conditional heteroscedasticity of unknown form. The numerical performance and usefulness of the test are illustrated by the results of Monte Carlo experiments and an empirical example.

Field of study: Mathematics