nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
What triggers the transition of palaeoenvironmental patterns in China；the Tibetan Plateau uplift or the Paratethys Sea retreat?

Geological research has illustrated the transition of palaeoenvironmental patterns by the earliest Miocene from a planetary-wind-dominant type to a monsoon-dominant type, indicating that the East Asian monsoon became markedly intensified and played a leading role in the East Asian climate. From a modeling point of view, the pioneering research using the reduced number of scenarios had demonstrated that both the Tibetan Plateau uplift and the Paratethys Sea retreat were important for understanding the Asian monsoon evolution. However, the sensitivity of the Paratethys retreat to the East Asian climate still needs further studies based on the more detailed scenarios. Thirty numerical experiments under the six Paratethys Sea and the five Tibetan Plateau conditions illustrate the shifts from zonal climate to the monsoon climate in East Asia. The results confirm again that both the Paratethys retreat and the Tibetan plateau uplift play important roles in the formation of the monsoon-dominant environmental pattern, and show that the Paratethys retreat can strengthen the East Asian monsoon and greatly increase humidity and aridity respectively in the monsoon areas and Northwest China, which is similar to the impact of the Tibetan Plateau uplift on the East Asian climate. Furthermore, the fact that the Paratethys Sea retreats to the Turan Plate is found to be the key criterion for the palaeoenvironmental patterns' transition in China. The shrinkage of Paratethys Sea leads to the reconstructions of the pressure system and the atmospheric circulations, which result in the variations of precipitation and the transition of palaeoenvironmental patterns.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Geological development and mineralization in the Atacama segment of the South American Andes, northern Chile (26°15′–27°25′S)

Between the Late Jurassic and the Middle Miocene, widespread magmatism, tectonic events and hydrothermal mineralization characterized the geological evolution of the Atacama segment of the South American Andes. A characteristic feature of this zone is the coincidence in time and space between subduction-generated igneous activity, crustal deformation and mineralization in the magmatic arcs, which formed longitudinal belts migrating eastward.Mineralization in the last 140 Ma is generally restricted to four longitudinal metallogenic belts, in which hydrothermal activity was channelled along crustal-scale faults (1) the Atacama Fault System, along which Early Cretaceous Cu-Au-bearing breccia pipes, veins and stockwork were formed; (2) the Inca do Oro Belt, which contains Upper Cretaceous low sulphur precious metal epithermal mineralization, and Middle Eocene Cu-Mo-Au-bearing breccia pipes; (3) the West Fissure System, which hosts Upper Eocene to Early Oligocene porphyry copper deposits and high sulphur precious metal epithermal mineralization; and (4) the Maricunga Belt, when contains Upper Oligocene to Middle Miocene high sulphur precious metal epithermal deposits and Au-rich porphyry mineralization.

Field of study: Environmental science
Student Academic Responding Time as a Function of Classroom Ecology and Time of Day

Decisions about scheduling classroom activities and routines are often based upon beliefs about when students are most able to learn. There is little research available to base these beliefs on. We investigated student academic responding time as a function of time of day for 122 students with and without disabilities in 10 schools in urban and suburban districts. We recorded student behavior in 19 domains and 12 instructional activities. Students were observed all day, and data were collected in 10-second intervals. Student academic responding time was higher when an academic activity was occurring, an active task was being used, and an individual rather than group structure was in place no matter what the time of day. This instructional arrangement occurred more often in the morning. We conclude that response time is a function of classroom ecology rather than time of day.

Field of study: Education
Heterozygous C8β complement deficiency does not predispose to meningococcal disease

We have identified 42 Russian patients with homozygous C8β complement component deficiency, all of whom had experienced at least one episode of systemic meningococcal disease. About 90% of these individuals have a C → T exchange in exon 9, leading to a premature stop codon. If, like the homozygous‐deficient state, heterozygous C8β deficiency constitutes a risk factor for meningococcal disease, it would be expected to be detected with increased frequency among individuals suffering from this disease. Using allele‐specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR)we studied 153 consecutive patients with meningococcal disease admitted to the Moscow Hospital for Infectious Diseases to determine the frequency of C8 null allele. No individuals with heterozygous C → T exchange were identified among these 153 patients, despite the fact that seven persons were detected who had homozygous C8β deficiency, caused by the same C → T exchange in exon 9, and one patient who had C7 component deficiency. Thus, heterozygous deficiency, although more frequent than homozygous deficiency in the general population, does not result in a substantial increase in susceptibility to meningococcal disease.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Assessing the use of frozen pork meat in the manufacture of cooked ham

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of slow (–18 °C) and fast freezing (liquid nitrogen) of pork meat, and the use of exudate released upon thawing, on the physicochemical, color, rheological, microbiological, histological, and sensory characteristics of cooked ham. The meat samples were frozen at –18 °C and thawed after 22 weeks for the production of cooked ham. No significant difference was observed regarding physicochemical, color and microbiological parameters or in sensory acceptance. The hardness and chewiness parameters showed significant differences when compared to the control sample (ham made from chilled meat). Light microscopy of cooked ham samples showed that changes in the tissues were caused by freezing and thawing the meat. The effect of exudate was significant on the sodium content and compression force parameters, but this difference was not perceived in the sensory analysis, confirming that frozen pork meat can be used to produce cooked ham without loss of quality.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Reaction of high-velocity atomic oxygen with carbon

The rate of reaction of solid carbon with atomic oxygen impacting at a translational energy of approximately 100 kJ/mole has been measured at carbon surface temperatures ranging from 300-400 K. The magnitudes of the rates and the apparent activation energy (with respect to the carbon surface temperature) of approximately 15 kJ/mole are in good agreement with rates reported in the literature for the reaction of atomic oxygen with carbon at thermal impact energies. The relatively good agreement among these two sorts of laboratory measurements and reaction rates inferred from exposure of carbon to the low Earth orbit environment on various flights of the Space Shuttle suggests that there is little or no dependence of the rate of this reaction on the translational energy with which the atomic oxygen strikes the carbon surface.

Field of study: Physics
Human lymphocyte PEEK-WC hollow fiber membrane bioreactor.

In this study we developed a PEEK-WC hollow fiber (HF) membrane bioreactor for the maintenance of human peripheral lymphocytes as model system for the in vitro investigation of disease pathogenesis, chemical effects and individual drug sensitivity. Peripheral lymphocytes isolated from donor's human buffy coat were cultured in the shell compartment of the PEEK-WC-HF bioreactor and stimulated with PHA 5microg/mL for the first 48h of culture to enhance cytokine production and cell proliferation. Thereafter, cells were cultured in the presence of Hypericum perforatum (St. John's wort) in order to induce cytochrome P450s enzymes, CYP2E, involved in the biotransformation of endogenous molecules and exogenous compounds. The metabolic activity of cells with respect to glucose consumption and oxygen uptake was maintained for all the culture time without the addition of mitogen. Two cytokines IL-2 and IL-10, which are specific pattern of lymphocytes T helper 1 and T helper 2, respectively, were produced in the bioreactor up to 14 days of culture. Lymphocytes were also able to biotransform acetaminophen through the formation of the main metabolite paracetamidofenil-beta-glucuronide, which is the product of glucuronidation reaction, as a result of the Hypericum perforatum administration that induced the catalytic activity of the CYP2E1. These results demonstrated the usefulness of the bioreactor as the support system that reproduces physiological parameters such as a constant perfusion of medium, nutrients and oxygen maintaining the in vitro integrity of lymphocyte viability and functions.

Field of study: Biology, Engineering
Influence of the surface electric field in ion-beam-surface interaction at grazing incidence

We have measured the polarization of light emitted after ion surface scattering at small angle of incidence. The measurements are carried out with H+-, H2+- and He+-ions under UHV-conditions with mono- and polycrystalline targets. We explain the typical variation of the polarization as “post collision Stark interaction” (PCSI) in the surface electric field, which can force transitions between nearly degenerate terms. The electric field is composed of two different contributions, a strong but short range surface field which is “seen” by atomsand ions and a long range but weak field due to the image charge which is “seen” to first orderonly by ions. The influence of the electric field on H-Balmer radiation is negligible at typical survival distances rs≧0.35nm. But in contrast to H-atoms He+-ions feel the additional influence of the image field leading to a strong alteration of the polarization of the emitted light. The polarization of the Balmer-radiation stemming from Coulomb exploding H2+-beams is observed to be modified by the electric field of the “spectator proton”.

Field of study: Physics
Relationship between craving and ghrelin, adiponectin, and resistin levels in patients with alcoholism.

Alcoholism is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity. The most widely accepted hypothesis of its etiology is multidimensional and includes biological, psychological, and sociological factors. The biological factors have been the focus of investigation. In recent years, pathways related to nutrition and the relationship between alcohol addiction and craving have been studied. Our aim was to explore the relationship between the appetite hormones (adiponectin, ghrelin, and resistin) and alcohol craving.



Blood samples were obtained from 107 male patients over a 7-day period. Levels of adiponectin, resistin, and ghrelin, the Obsessive Compulsive Drinking Scale (OCDS) score, and the Penn Alcohol Craving Scale (PACS) score were assessed on days 0 and 7. Adiponectin, resistin, and ghrelin levels were also tested in 83 healthy males in the control group.



The sample group consisted of 190 males (107 patients and 83 healthy controls). Comparison of alcohol craving scales with biological markers in the patient group showed a positive correlation between adiponectin levels and the OCDS compulsive subscale scores, and a positive correlation between ghrelin levels and the OCDS total and compulsive subscale scores and the PACS resistance subscale scores. Resistin levels were negatively correlated with the OCDS total, obsessive subscale, and compulsive subscale scores.



Although we did not observe a significant relationship between craving and any of the 3 biomarkers on day 0, craving was positively correlated with the levels of adiponectin and ghrelin and negatively correlated resistin levels on day 7. Our findings support the hypothesis that appetite hormones are trait markers for alcohol craving. Nevertheless, more conclusive results require future studies that evaluate the relationship between these hormones and withdrawal/detoxification period or long-term soberness.

Field of study: Medicine
Public policy and port development: the Italian case

The peninsula and island coasts of Italy cover about 7500 km and 146 commercial ports, and about the same number of public and private tourist ports are distributed along them. The former are visited annually by about 700 000 ships which carry nearly 400 million tons of goods and 50 million passengers. On the basis of commercial, functional and administrative parameters these ports can be divided into various categories. The medium and large ports are examined in this contribution showing the extent and tendency of changes caused by the evolution of maritime traffic (the return of coastal traffic for short and medium distances) and by the advent of new transport technologies (containers and other cargo-carrying units). The main intention is to verify the economic prospects that influence their survival and their possible development. The Mediterranean and Community context is also considered.

Field of study: Environmental science
Efficacy and tolerability of long-acting injectable naltrexone for alcohol dependence

Since the 1970s, it has been apparent that naltrexone, in many ways, is a perfect medication. It is highly specific for opiate receptors, and it has no direct (agonist) effects of its own. The only symptoms produced by naltrexone are those that occur because of displacing opiates and opioids, as would be the case when a person is taking an opiate medication or has a high level of endogenous opioids. In this situation, naltrexone displaces the opiate and produces withdrawal symptoms. Naltrexone absolutely prevents relapse to opiate addiction. In the 1980s it was discovered that naltrexone also blocks rewarding effects of alcohol that are produced through the endogenous opioid system. Unfortunately, the oral form of naltrexone generally has had poor adherence (compliance) by patients who need it most. To be effective it requires dosing at least two to three times per week, but daily is preferable. Most heroin addicts and many alcoholics simply change their minds and stop taking the medication. In the 1970s and 1980s there were efforts to produce a depot preparation, but for various reasons the preparation was unsuccessful. It was highly viscous and had to be administered via a trocar. Recently, using new technology, three small drug manufacturers have produced separate versions of a depot form of naltrexone that can be administered via a needle in a small enough volume that is practical and acceptable to patients. Effective blood levels are obtained for 30 to 40 days after the injection. Several publications of the results of clinical trials are now available.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Nash and Perfect Equilibria of Discounted Repeated Games

The “perfect Folk Theorem” for discounted repeated games establishes that the sets of Nash and subgame-perfect equilibrium payoffs are equal in the limit as the discount factor δ tends to one. We provide conditions under which the two sets coincide before the limit is reached. That is, we show how to compute δ such that the Nash and perfect equilibrium payoffs of the δ-discounted game are identical for all δ> δ .

Field of study: Economics
Economic, sociocultural and ecological dimensions of fishing capacity in NW Mediterranean fisheries

The aim of this paper is to evaluate fishing capacity by identifying socioeconomic drivers while considering the current resources state in Northwestern Mediterranean fisheries. The case-study is focused on demersal fisheries from the province of Girona (NE Spain), carried out by small scale polyvalent units and bottom trawlers, with purse seiners juxtaposed as comparison. While there has been a major effort in the analysis of vessels as means of production for estimating efficiency in fishing capacity studies, social and cultural aspects are not usually integrated in the analysis. To address this knowledge gap a more holistic capacity evaluation approach is used in this study through quantitative-qualitative mix-method to capture the economic, sociocultural and ecological dimensions that can inform more accurately on fishing capacity. For this purpose, we carried out 30 face-to-face semi-structured interviews consisting of a total of 49 open and closed questions, as primary data source. Quantitative data were analysed through data envelopment analysis (DEA) and triangulated with qualitative data extracted from interviews and participant observation. The results showed that higher inefficiency of small-scale fishing is due to, mainly, unpredictability of resources which is notably affecting small-scale fishing, whereas bottom-trawl is progressively becoming more subject to fishing specialization, enhancing its efficiency. Small-scale fisheries need to work a lot of days, diversifying as much as possible the pool of target species to remain within the production frontier. Or, conversely, they must specialize in highly demanded and priced species. An important finding is that social networks as well as knowledge is substantial in fisheries-based economies and play a role in the characterisation of fishing capacity that has to be taken into consideration. The findings are discussed in light of the objective of fishing effort reduction of European Multiannual Plan for demersal fisheries, entered into force from January 2020.

Field of study: Environmental science
OpenGLView and Its Application in 3D Graphic Development

OpenGL is a low-level API that combines the ability to render top quality 3D graphic forages with leading PC Performance. However, in order to develop 3D graphic images based on OpenGL and MFC there are some rules to follow. We encapsulate the rules in Open GL View, which is realized by C++. The OpenGLiew APIs are used for 3D fractal reconstruction software development.

Field of study: Computer science
Numerical Simulation of Electromagnetic Field and Flow Field in the Course of Preparation Semi-solid Slurry of Aluminum Alloy

The electromagnetic fields and flow fields in semisolid slurry of aluminum alloy during electromagnetic stirring were simulated by ANSYS software,the influence of the intensity and frequency of current on the magnetic induction intensity was investigated.The influence of the viscosity on the velocity of slurry was also investigated.The results show that under electromagnetic force the aluminum alloy melt rotate at the horizontal direction;Because of skin effect of induced current,electromagnetic force decrease from edge to centre;the magnetic induction intensity increased with the enhancement of current intensity at the same current frequency;the magnetic density decreased with the enhancement of current frequency at the same current intensity;With the temperature of semisolid slurry decreased,the viscosity of semisolid slurry increased and the velocity of semisolid slurry decreased.

Field of study: Materials science
Anterior mitral annulus caseoma: as benign as posterior counterparts?

Mitral annular caseoma is a common incidental finding involving the posterior annulus. It has an innocent nature, with the exception of its endocarditic degeneration and/or a stenotic functional effect when exophytic. We report an exceptionally rare isolated anterior mitral annular caseoma involving also the anterior mitral leaflet and affecting its physiologic systolic movement, thus resulting in a restricting anterior leaflet motion responsible for mitral insufficiency. The case was successfully treated by complex mitral valve repair.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Expression of hepatitis B surface antigen in the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris using the GAP promoter.

High-level expression and efficient assembly of Hepatitis B surface Antigen (HBsAg) particles have been reported in Pichia pastoris by integrating a single copy of the HBsAg gene under the control of the alcohol oxidase (AOX1) promoter. However, the time taken to reach peak product concentration is usually very long ( approximately 240 h). In this paper, we describe the expression of HBsAg in P. pastoris using the recently described glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAP) promoter. Unlike the previously described AOX1 promoter based system (in which biomass is generated first followed by methanol-induced antigen production), biomass generation and antigen production occur simultaneously in medium containing glycerol or glucose. Maximal levels of HBsAg expression in case of the single copy AOX1 integrant (attained after 6 days of induction) exceeded the levels of antigen produced by the single copy GAP integrant. However, this was offset by continuous antigen production by the GAP clone. In an attempt to further enhance antigen production levels of the GAP clones, we isolated multicopy Pichia integrants containing up to four copies of the GAP promoter-driven constitutive expression cassette using the Zeocin screening procedure. The data demonstrated a direct correlation between the gene dosage and the levels of HBsAg expressed by the GAP clones. The effect of copy number was additive and the four copy clone resulted in about four-fold higher yield of HBsAg. The majority of HBsAg produced in the constitutive expression system was found to be of particulate form, based on sedimentation behaviour and particle-specific ELISA, suggesting that it has the potential to serve as an effective immunogen. These particles were sensitive to thiol reagents. We also explored the possibility of secreting the GAP expressed HBsAg in P. pastoris. In-frame fusion of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae alpha-factor secretion signal under the constitutive GAP promoter resulted in secretion of approximately 20 nm HBsAg particles as evidenced by electron microscopy. However, the levels of secreted HBsAg particles were very low, presumably due to the inherent hydrophobicity of the HBsAg molecule and the consequent propensity for membrane association. Our studies show that secretion is not a good strategy for expression of HBsAg in P. pastoris. The data also suggests that intracellular production of HBsAg under the GAP promoter using multicopy expression cassettes can indeed serve as an effective alternative to the AOX1 promoter. Further, the GAP promoter based system obviates the need to use and extensively monitor methanol during recombinant antigen production. Finally, this constitutive system has the potential for continuous culture wherein several batches of recombinant protein-containing biomass can be harvested from a single initial fermentation.

Field of study: Biology, Engineering
A novel solid-liquid route for synthesizing cubic garnet Al-substituted Li7La3Zr2O12

A solid-liquid composite method (SLM) of Al-substituted cubic lithium lanthanum zirconium garnet (c-LLZO) was developed. Cubic LLZO powders whose composition was Li 6.23 Al 0.26 La 3 Zr 1.88 O 11.76 were prepared from the stoichiometric mixtures of lithium acetate, lanthanum oxide, zirconia and alumina, followed by an annealing of the dried precursor at 750 °C for 12 h in an air atmosphere. The resultant powders were characterized by XRD, SEM and ICP-OES. The conventional solid-state reaction methods using carbonates and hydroxides as lithium sources are also simply introduced as a comparison. In addition, the phase formation of c-LLZO powders synthesized by the ZrO 2 powders with different specific surfaces as raw material was also investigated. The results show that the cubic garnet phase LLZO powders was obtained when the value of the specific surface area (SSA) of the material ZrO 2 powder was about 110 m 2  g − 1 . Sintering these cubic phase powders at 1150 °C for 6 h in air after uniaxial pressing obtained a dense ceramic pellet with a relative density of 91.2% and ionic conductivity of 2.54 × 10 − 4  S cm − 1 at 23 °C.

Field of study: Materials science