nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Reliability Considerations for the ITER Poloidal Field Coils

Since it is practically impossible to remove the Poloidal Field (PF) coils from the assembled ITER (International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor) tokamak without major interruption in operation, the design of these coils shall provide their high reliability under high voltage operation. The design of the coil insulation relies on a separation of functions: mechanical function of the load transmission, performed by glass-fiber impregnated with epoxy resin on one side, and the independent electrical barrier made of polyimide tapes on the other side. Numerical simulation has shown that the maximum electrical field in the coil is lower than 4 kV/mm, which is taken as the design criterion for the PF insulator system. In case of a single insulation failure in a coil, its functionality can be recovered by installing a so-called jumper to by-pass the faulty double pancake. The design of the jumpers and their installation procedure are described.

Field of study: Physics
Electron beam collimation with focused and curved leaf end MLCs--experimental verification of Monte Carlo optimized designs.

In general, electron beams from conventional accelerators using applicators with lead alloy inserts are not suitable for advanced conformal radiation therapy. However, interesting electron treatments have been demonstrated on a few advanced accelerators. These accelerators have been equipped with helium filled treatment heads and computer controlled MLCs that produce clinically useful energy modulated electron beams or mixed photon electron beams in an automated sequence. This study analyzes the characteristics of different MLC designs, curved and focused leaf ends in helium filled treatment heads, with respect to their effect on electron beams. In addition, this study analyzes the effects that different treatment head designs have on the output factor due to collimator scattering and shielding of secondary sources during treatment. The investigation of the different treatment head designs was performed with the Monte Carlo package BEAM and was verified by experimental methods. The results show that the difference between curved leaf ends and focused ends is negligible in most practical cases. The results also show the importance of scattering foil optimization in the optimization of parameters such as penumbra, virtual source position, and in the reduction of the output variation. In all cases, the experimental data verifies the calculations.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Methanogen community structure in the rumens of farmed sheep, cattle and red deer fed different diets.

Development of inhibitors and vaccines that mitigate rumen-derived methane by targeting methanogens relies on knowledge of the methanogens present. We investigated the composition of archaeal communities in the rumens of farmed sheep (Ovis aries), cattle (Bos taurus) and red deer (Cervus elaphus) using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) to generate fingerprints of archaeal 16S rRNA genes. The total archaeal communities were relatively constant across species and diets, and were less variable and less diverse than bacterial communities. There were diet- and ruminant-species-based differences in archaeal community structure, but the same dominant archaea were present in all rumens. These were members of three coherent clades: species related to Methanobrevibacter ruminantium and Methanobrevibacter olleyae; species related to Methanobrevibacter gottschalkii, Methanobrevibacter thaueri and Methanobrevibacter millerae; and species of the genus Methanosphaera. Members of an archaeal group of unknown physiology, designated rumen cluster C (RCC), were also present. RCC-specific DGGE, clone library analysis and quantitative real-time PCR showed that their 16S rRNA gene sequences were very diverse and made up an average of 26.5% of the total archaea. RCC sequences were not readily detected in the DGGE patterns of total archaeal 16S rRNA genes because no single sequence type was abundant enough to form dominant bands.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Do current scientific reports of hydronephrosis make the grade?

In December 2014, Nguyen et al. introduced the Upper Tract Dilation (UTD) classification scheme, hoping to unify multiple disciplines when describing ultrasound imaging of congenital hydronephrosis. We hypothesized that the academic community has been slow to adopt its use in publications.



To evaluate which hydronephrosis grading systems were currently preferred in publications.



A PubMed® search for hydronephrosis was performed, and abstracts between May 2017 and May 2019 were reviewed. The following data points were collected from the 197 manuscripts meeting inclusion criteria: journal, first and senior author specialty, country, type of article, primary pathology, and classification of hydronephrosis when present. Differences between use of classification system, and author specialty, manuscript type, and pathology were evaluated.



First and/or senior author specialties were most commonly pediatric urology, urology, pediatric surgery, and pediatric nephrology. The manuscripts were comprised of retrospective studies (48.2%), prospective studies (25.4%), case reports (15.7%), review articles (9.1%), and systematic reviews (1.5%). The most common pathologies were hydronephrosis (36.5%) and ureteropelvic junction obstruction (21.3%). Over 20% of manuscripts did not categorize hydronephrosis at all. The UTD classification was used by 5.6%, while Society for Fetal Urology (SFU) grading was used by 37.1% and Anterior-Posterior Diameter (APD) measurements by 32.5%.  Table presents grading system by manuscript type, specialty, and pathology.



There is great variability in hydronephrosis grading. One potential weakness of our study is that sufficient time may not have passed for the UTD system to be adopted. Researchers may need more time to complete and publish their studies, or could be awaiting further validation of UTD utility. They could also be hesitant to change systems when it is unknown if one classification schema is superior to another, either in general or for specific diagnoses. Another weakness is that this study does not quantify what, if any, systems are used clinically. Some attempt to provide objective classification would help clarify the implications of the manuscript for research or clinical applications. Reviewers should ensure that where possible, adequate descriptions of hydronephrosis are included. Education outreach to other specialties may help increase objective grading in research.



The UTD system is not commonly utilized in the literature. SFU grading is applied most commonly, followed by APD measurements. Over one third of manuscripts used no classification system or descriptive terminology.

Field of study: Medicine
Rational engineering of the shikimate and related pathways in Corynebacterium glutamicum for 4-hydroxybenzoate production.

4-Hydroxybenzoate (4HBA) is a valuable platform intermediate for the production of commodity and fine chemicals, including protocatechuate, cis,cis-muconic acid, adipic acid, terephthalic acid, phenol, vanillin, and 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol glycoside (gastrodin). Here we describe rational engineering of the shikimate and related pathways in Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC13032 for over-producing 4HBA. As an approach to increase the carbon flux to 4HBA, we first introduced a mutated chorismate-pyruvate lyase (CPLpr) and feedback-resistant 3-deoxy-d-arabinoheptulosonate-7-phosphate synthases encoded by ubiCpr and aroFfbr/aroGfbr, respectively, from Escherichia coli along with blockage of carbon flux to the biosynthetic pathways for aromatic amino acids and the catabolic pathway for 4HBA by deletion of the genes trpE (encoding anthranilate synthase I), csm (chorismate mutase), and pobA (4HBA hydroxylase). In particular, CPLpr less sensitive to product inhibition was incorporated into the microorganism to enhance the conversion of chorismate to 4HBA. The subsequent steps involved expression of aroE (shikimate kinase) and aroCKB in the shikimate pathway and deletion of qsuABD coding for enzymes involved in the quinate/shikimate degradation pathway. Finally, to reduce accumulation of pathway intermediates, shikimate and 3-dehydroshikimate, shikimate-resistant AroK from Methanocaldococcus jannaschii was introduced. The resulting strain was shown to produce 19.0 g/L (137.6 mM) of 4HBA with a molar yield of 9.65% after 65 h in a fed-batch fermentation. The engineered strain can also be effectively applied for the production of other products derived from the shikimate pathway.

Field of study: Biology, Engineering
Overall aerodynamic performance of an annular flat-plate airfoil cascade

THE aerodynamic design of turbomachiner y blading is specified by means of design systems wherein the flow is assumed to be two-dimensional with losses determined from empirical correlations. However, with the continuing requirements for improved efficiency and increased thrust-to-weight ratio, it is evident that new analyses that consider the fundamental three-dimensional flow phenomena existing in blade-row flow passages must be developed, verified by concise data, and subsequently implemented in the design process. Numerical solutions are currently being developed to predict the three-dimensional flow through turbomachine blade rows. To overcome the complexities associated with the flow conditions and the internal geometries, these numerical solutions of necessity involve many computational and physical assumptions. This paper describes experiments performed in a large-scale, subsonic annular cascade facility specifically designed to provide three-dimensional aerodynamic data suitable for code verification. In particular, to minimize the complexities associated with cascade geometry and complex airfoil profiles, the detailed overall threedimensional aerodynamic performance of an extensively instrumented flat-plate airfoil cascade has been experimentally determined over a range of incidence angle values. All of the resulting data are analyzed and correlated with appropriate predictions.

Field of study: Physics
Isolation and phylogenetic analysis of bacteria with antimicrobial activities from the Mediterranean sponges Aplysina aerophoba and Aplysina cavernicola.

The aim of this study was to isolate bacteria with antimicrobial activities from the marine sponges Aplysina aerophoba and Aplysina cavernicola. The obtained 27 isolates could be subdivided into eight phylogenetically different clusters based on comparative sequence analysis of their 16S rDNA genes. The sponge isolates were affiliated with the low (Bacillus) and high G+C Gram-positive bacteria (Arthobacter, Micrococcus), as well as the alpha-Proteobacteria (unknown isolate) and gamma-Proteobacteria (Vibrio, Pseudoalteromonas). One novel Bacillus species was identified and two species were closely related to previously uncharacterized strains. Isolates with antimicrobial activity were numerically most abundant in the genera Pseudoalteromonas and the alpha-Proteobacteria. The sponge isolates show antimicrobial activities against Gram-positive and Gram-negative reference strains but not against the fungus Candida albicans. A general pattern was observed in that Gram-positive bacteria inhibited Gram-positive strains while Gram-negative bacteria inhibited Gram-negative isolates. Antimicrobial activities were also found against clinical isolates, i.e. multi-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis strains isolated from hospital patients. The high recovery of strains with antimicrobial activity suggests that marine sponges represent an ecological niche which harbors a hitherto largely uncharacterized microbial diversity and, concomitantly, a yet untapped metabolic potential.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Making sense of not making sense: Novice English language teacher talk

This qualitative study critically examines the intelligibility of the teacher talk of novice native speaker English language teachers. It focuses on difficulties teachers face in adjusting their own English so that their learners can understand them. The paper uses two data sources: learners’ perceptions of recorded teacher talk and analysis of the teacher talk itself. For the teacher talk analysis, the study develops an integrated framework based on key concepts from Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL). This analysis showed the complex interplay between different levels of meaning, as well as the roles played by both the immediate situational context and the broader cultural context. In particular, the analysis illustrated the crucial roles that both textual meaning (e.g. coherence and cohesion) and context play in the intelligibility of teacher talk. The broader implications of the study for research and teaching relating to intercultural discourse both inside and outside the classroom are discussed.

Field of study: Education, Linguistics
Nd evidence for extensive Archean basement in the western Churchill Province, Canada

To determine the extent of reworked Archean crust in the western Churchill Province, we have examined Sm–Nd crustal residence ages of basement cores in southern Alberta and southwestern Saskatchewan along with crustal residence ages calculated for other Sm–Nd data available from the Churchill Province. The deep drill hole samples from the Interior Platform give Sm–Nd crustal residence ages that average 2.8 Ga. Granulites from northeastern Alberta and composite gneisses from northern Saskatchewan also provide Archean crustal residence ages. These data demonstrate that the presence of reworked Archean crust in the western Churchill Province is more widespread than has been confirmed previously. We suggest that Sm–Nd crustal residence ages are valuable estimates of crust formation times, especially in orogenic areas where other isotope systems have been disturbed.

Field of study: Environmental science
Strongly unforgeable ID-based signatures without random oracles

In this paper, we construct a strongly unforgeable ID-based signature scheme in the standard model (or without random oracles), with five signature parameters. The signature size of our scheme is smaller than that of other schemes based on varieties of the Diffie Hellman (DH) problem or the discrete logarithm problem. The security of the scheme relies on the difficulty solving three problems related to the DH problem and a one-way isomorphism.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Upgraded closed orbit distortion system and its application in Hefei light source

The paper presents an upgraded close orbit distortion(COD) system and its application in phase II project of HLS, and introduces Bergoz's modules for COD signal process. The upgraded COD system, with resolution of processing electronics circuit up to 1μm and repetition error of system not greater than 10μm, is operated in routine. The measurement of dispersion validated the reliability of upgraded COD system. We have completed to position the beam in the magnetic center of a quadrupole using the high precision COD system and the beam based alignment system. We have accomplished global close orbit correction system and its application on line. The improved beam quality can provide a stable light source for users.

Field of study: Physics
Use of enerion in psychovegetative syndrome with pronounced asthenia

: Enerion was used in the treatment of 40 patients with psychovegetative syndrome and asthenia. Before treatment, the patients have pronounced asthenia appearances, anxiety disorders, relevant autonomic disorders, mild depression and decrease of working capacity, attention concentration and memory. The treatment was conducted as monotherapy during 28 days with enerion dosage 400 mg/day. After treatment, expression of autonomic and asthenic disorders was reduced significantly, along with improvement of psychometric and neurophysiological indices. High efficacy of the medication was detected in 75% of the patients and moderate one--in 25%. The drug was well-tolerated.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Microbial hydrolysis of methyl aromatic esters by Burkholderia cepacia isolated from soil

A bacterial strain that could utilise methyl benzoate as the sole source of carbon and energy was isolated from soil. This strain was identified as a Burkholderia cepacia. In minimum mineral medium, the strain hydrolysed the methyl ester to form benzoic acid, which is then also degraded. This strain was also able to hydrolyse the ester bond of substituted chlorobenzoic esters and methyl thiophene-2-carboxylate, but did not metabolise their reaction products. A crude enzymatic extract obtained from this strain was relatively stable, and hydrolysed more compounds than the microorganism itself: for instance, methyl 3-(N,N-diethylsulfamoyl)thiophene-2-carboxylate was hydrolysed by the enzyme but not by the microorganism. The bacterial strain was unable to hydrolyse the ester bond of two sulfonylurea herbicides, thifensulfuron methyl and metsulfuron methyl, in solution or after reintroduction in sterile soil.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Chronic pain and comorbid mood and substance use disorders: A biopsychosocial treatment approach

Chronic pain is a colossal heath care problem that is devastating to the individual afflicted with unremitting pain and frustrating to the beleaguered health care provider attempting to adequately manage this multifaceted disease. The biopsychosocial model of pain management is a promising approach that emphasizes evidence-based medication management in conjunction with cognitive-behavioral therapy and a graded exercise program. The patient with chronic pain and concomitant mood and/or substance use disorders is exceptionally challenging. Effective pharmacologic management of pain and comorbid mood disorders, including the thoughtful use of opioids, can have a dramatic effect in improving the quality of life in patients with chronic pain. The high prevalence of chronic pain in our society and the scarcity of experienced pain medicine physicians necessitate the development of a community-based systems approach to this complex patient population.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Experimental study of a static system based on a magneto-thermal coupling in ferrofluids

Liquid cooling of electronic devices requires generally a mechanical pump which reduces the performance of the system and its reliability. It has already been shown that ferrofluids with low Curie temperature are able to create a liquid flow without any mechanical part. In fact a pressure gradient can be obtained when subjecting this ferrofluids to both a temperature gradient and a magnetic field. In this paper a novel experimental setup is proposed. It is thermally and magnetically instrumented to achieve a precise analysis of the local behavior of the ferrofluids. A MnZn based ferrofluid was investigated on steady and transient states. The results confirm that a hydrostatic pressure can be successfully created. The behavior of the ferrofluid is analyzed considering a homogeneous applied magnetic field or not. A pressure drop is also highlighted and discussed in terms of temperature gradient evolution and magneto-convection in the ferrofluid.

Field of study: Engineering
Investigation of Heat Transfer Performance Of A Car Radiator Using Nanofluid As Coolant

In this paper, results of experiment carried out on an automotive radiator with water and water based Al2O3 nanofluids are compared. The experimentation is done by considering variable parameters so as to study the effect of flow rate, inlet temp of coolant and volume fraction of nanofluids on thermal performance of automotive radiator. 13nm sized Al2O3 particle are dispersed in water with 0.5-2.5vol% with twostep method. These fluids are made to flow through a radiator with flow rate of 6-8lpm to have fully turbulent regime. Also the effect of fluid inlet temperature to radiator on heat transfer performance been analyzed by keeping the temperature at 60°C. Results showed improved heat transfer performance with increasing fluid circulation rate. The presence of 13nm sized alumina nanoparticles in water enhances the heat transfer rate of the automobile radiator. At the concentration of 2 vol% the heat transfer enhancement of 38% compared to pure water was recorded.  Radiator, Volume fraction, Thermophysical properties.

Field of study: Engineering
High Current Linear Ion Accelerators Utilizing Electron Neutralization

The transport and post-acceleration of multikiloampere ion beams is being studied at Sandia Laboratories for application to inertial fusion. A number of projects have been carried out over the past year, including theoretical investigation of non-linear beam transport, rapid space charge neutralization of ion beams by electrons emitted from boundaries, and longitudinal instabilities of pulseline driven linear accelerators. In the experimental part of the program, injectors have been developed which can deliver 10 kA of protons and 2 kA of carbon ions (at 100-200 keV) for microsecond pulse durations. These beams have been post-accelerated in a magnetically insulated acceleration gap. By suitably shaping the electrostatic gap boundaries, focusing of the beams has been demonstrated.

Field of study: Physics
Arthropod interactions with bennettitalean roots in a Triassic permineralized peat from Hopen, Svalbard Archipelago (Arctic)

Multiple thin-sections of a Late Triassic (Carnian) siliceous permineralized peat block likely derived from the De Geerdalen Formation on Hopen Island, Svalbard Archipelago, show a dense mass of roots preserving fine anatomical details of various stages of primary and secondary vascular tissue development. The presence of moderately defined rings with few latewood cells in the secondary xylem attests to growth in a seasonal environment. The presence of mucilage bodies and nests of sclerotic cells in the cortical tissues of the roots and pith of subaerial stem fragments, together with scalariform pitting on radial tracheid walls and 2–12 simple pits per cross-field favor bennettitalean affinities for the roots. Evidence of a rich fauna of detritivores inhabiting the peat profile is represented in the form of extensive damage to cortical tissues of dead roots and abundant coprolites preserved both within chambers excavated in the plant tissues and in the peat matrix. Less common gall-like structures within the roots indicate the presence of parasitic organisms in the palaeo-peat ecosystem.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography