nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Multilocus sequence typing and genetic structure of Cryptosporidium hominis from children in Kolkata, India.

Endemicity of cryptosporidiosis in India has been documented with little genetic characterization of the parasites. Fifty Cryptosporidium-positive specimens collected between 2001 and 2004 from pediatric patients in Kolkata, India were analyzed for parasite genetic structure using multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Genotype analyses showed the presence of Cryptosporidium hominis, Cryptosporidium meleagridis and Cryptosporidium felis in 49, 2 and 1 patients, respectively (two patients had mixed infections of C. hominis and C. meleagridis). To assess the extent of genetic heterogeneity of C. hominis, minisatellites, microsatellites and polymorphic markers in three different chromosomes were sequenced, including genes encoding the 60kDa glycoprotein (GP60), a 47kDa protein (CP47), a mucin-like protein (Mucin1), a serine repeat antigen (MSC6-7), and a 56kDa trans-membrane protein (CP56) in chromosome 6, the 70kDa heat shock protein (HSP70) in chromosome 2, and a T-rich gene fragment (Chrom3T) in chromosome 3. Population sub-structure of C. hominis based on multilocus gene sequences showed that there were 25 multilocus subtypes defined by combined sequence length and nucleotide polymorphism, which formed four distinct groups in this population. Significant intra- and inter-genic linkage disequilibria were observed with minimum recombination or expansion of limited subtypes, all indicative of a mostly clonal population structure. The results highlight the importance of high resolution MLST in studying Cryptosporidium population sub-structure especially when length polymorphism may be inadequate in identifying unique subtypes. The significance of the diverse MLST within C. hominis in relation to geographical and temporal factors and clinical manifestations of disease warrants further investigations.

Field of study: Medicine
Periodic Image Trajectories in Earth–Moon Space

The problem of identifying orbits that enclose both the Earth and the Moon in a predictable way has theoretical relevance as well as practical implications. In the context of the restricted three-body problem with primaries in circular orbits, periodic trajectories exist and have the property that a third body (e.g. a spacecraft) can describe them indefinitely. Several approaches have been employed in the past for the purpose of identifying similar orbits. In this work the theorem of image trajectories, proven five decades ago, is employed for determining periodic image trajectories in Earth–Moon space. These trajectories exhibit two fundamental features: (i) counterclockwise departure from a perigee on the far side of the Earth, and (ii) counterclockwise arrival to a periselenum on the far side of the Moon. An extensive, systematic numerical search is performed, with the use of a modified Poincaré map, in conjunction with a numerical refinement process, and leads to a variety of periodic orbits, with various interesting features for possible future lunar missions.

Field of study: Physics
Structural and social psychological determinants of prisonization

This research examined the structural and social psychological determinants of prisonization among a sample of 239 male inmates in a maximum security prison. The study examined the process of prisonization more fully than has been done in the past by developing a theoretical model that integrates measures of importation, deprivation, and inmate self-conceptions. To date, the self-concepts inmates bring with them and sustain in prison have been a neglected aspect in the study of prisonization. The results of this study demonstrated that while deprivation model variables were shown to be the better predictors of prisonization, certain importation model variables were not without significant impact and the two models do explain more variance together than either one separately. Measures of self-conception were of limited value in predicting prisonization.

Field of study: Psychology
Peer Feedback in Disciplinary Writing for Publication in English: The Case of ‘Rolli’, a German-L1 Novice Scholar

Achieving publication in Anglophone science journals is a goal of many multilingual scholars, and failure can have huge implications for individuals’ future careers and for the global dissemination of scientific knowledge. Despite the importance of the topic, there is still a lack of bottom-up research, which investigates the experience of writing for publication in English from the perspective of the novice scholar. This article presents the case of ‘Rolli’, a German-L1 novice scholar facing the challenge of writing his first article for publication as the lead author and writing it moreover in English. The study uses text history, interviews, and feedback comments to portray the socially-situated story of a novice multilingual writer on a trajectory to successful publication. The case shows how peer feedback was pivotal in achieving publication. Rolli’s ability to respond to this feedback was a key success factor in the writing for publication process. The case sheds light on the importance of peer feedback in disciplinary writing.

Field of study: Education
Chaotic Excitation and Tidal Damping in the GJ 876 System

The M-dwarf GJ 876 is the closest known star to harbor a multi-planetary system. With three outer planets locked in a chaotic Laplace-type resonance and an appreciably eccentric short-period super-Earth, this system represents a unique exposition of extrasolar planetary dynamics. A key question that concerns the long-term evolution of this system, and the fate of close-in planets in general, is how the significant eccentricity of the inner-most planet is maintained against tidal circularization on timescales comparable to the age of the universe. Here, we employ stochastic secular perturbation theory and N-body simulations to show that the orbit of the inner-most planet is shaped by a delicate balance between extrinsic chaotic forcing and tidal dissipation. As such, the planet's orbital eccentricity represents an indirect measure of its tidal quality factor. Based on the system's present-day architecture, we estimate that the extrasolar super-Earth GJ 876 d has a tidal Q ~ 10^4–10^5, a value characteristic of solar system gas giants.

Field of study: Physics
Characterization of Type Ia Supernova Light Curves Using Principal Component Analysis of Sparse Functional Data

With growing data from ongoing and future supernova surveys it is possible to empirically quantify the shapes of SNIa light curves in more detail, and to quantitatively relate the shape parameters with the intrinsic properties of SNIa. Building such relationship is critical in controlling systematic errors associated with supernova cosmology. Based on a collection of well-observed SNIa samples accumulated in the past years, we construct an empirical SNIa light curve model using a statistical method called the functional principal component analysis (FPCA) for sparse and irregularly sampled functional data. Using this method, the entire light curve of an SNIa is represented by a linear combination of principal component functions, and the SNIa is represented by a few numbers called principal component scores. These scores are used to establish relations between light curve shapes and physical quantities such as intrinsic color, interstellar dust reddening, spectral line strength, and spectral classes. These relations allow for descriptions of some critical physical quantities based purely on light curve shape parameters. Our study shows that some important spectral feature information is being encoded in the broad band light curves, for instance, we find that the light curve shapes are correlated with the velocity and velocity gradient of the Si II $\lambda$6355 line. This is important for supernova surveys, e.g., LSST and WFIRST. Moreover, the FPCA light curve model is used to construct the entire light curve shape, which in turn is used in a functional linear form to adjust intrinsic luminosity when fitting distance models.

Field of study: Physics
Ethics and Animals: Approaches and Theories

Moral status of animals has been attended by philosophers such as Pythagoras, Aquinas, Kant and etc. But in the contemporary period, considering this issue both in terms of volume and in quality is not comparable with the previous period. So that the pursuit of philosophical works written in this regard, can also be done with difficulty. This article seeks to introduce the main philosophical mainstream in this area and analyze the philosophical method and introduce the most effective and appropriate for Iran society.  In this review article, to introduce major approaches and theories in this article is used some of the most important available philosophical and religious texts. This critical review method in this article can be contained following the analytical method (analytic philosophy).  In this review article, honesty and integrity have been considered and it has been tried to provide reasonable criteria as the moral duty of the researcher, as far as possible.  The behavior that humans have with animals is the subject of a branch of applied ethics, which is called animal ethics. There are various approaches in animal ethics: an analytical approach, continental approach, pragmatic attitude and theological approach. On the other hand, the ethics philosophers have used classical theories of ethics in this field and announced their position about animals. In a general classification, these views are in two categories: (1) direct theories (2) indirect theories. The indirect theories include theories of Kant and social contract and direct theories are divided into two categories: ideas and theories believing in the equality of human beings and animals and theories attached to the lack of equality.  Although the approaches and theories mentioned above, all can be effective as efficient theoretical tools in support of animal rights and decreasing their suffering, but since Iran is less philosophical and more religious community, the theological approach can be more efficient in the field of animal rights.  Approaches and Theories. Bioeth Health Law J . 2017; 1(1):27-34.

Field of study: Philosophy
ShakeMap implementation in Italy

Italy is a seismically active country and has been the site of several large and extremely damaging earthquakes since historical times. Tragic examples of these earthquakes in the past century include the M 6.8 1905 Calabria, the M 7.0 1908 Messina-Reggio Calabria, the M 7.0 1915 Marsica, the M 6.7 1930 Irpinia, the M 6.5 1968 Belice, the M 6.5 1976 Friuli, and the M 6.9 1980 Irpinia (Boschi et al. 2000). All these earthquakes caused extensive damage and hundreds to tens of thousands of casualties.

In recent years, the Dipartimento per la Protezione Civile (Italian Civil Protection Department [DPC], which answers directly to the prime minister) has supported several projects in the field of seismology aimed toward a better understanding of the occurrence of earthquakes on Italian territory and their associated ground shaking. In this context, project DPC-S4 2004–2006 was directed specifically at the quick assessment of ground-motion shaking in Italy (see http://www.ingv.it/progettiSV/Progetti/Sismologici/sismologici\_con\_frame.htm, in Italian). The DPC in Italy, and civil defense agencies in general, are indeed in great need of rapid and accurate information on where earthquake damage is located, so they can properly direct rescue teams and organize an emergency response. For these reasons, the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV) has implemented the software package ShakeMap, developed by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Earthquake Hazards Program (Wald et al. 2006) and specifically designed to generate maps of the peak ground-motion (PGM) parameters and the instrumentally derived intensities.

ShakeMap is capable of generating maps of ground shaking of various PGM including peak ground acceleration (PGA), ground velocity (PGV), and spectral acceleration response (PSA) at 0.3, 1.0 and 3.0 s, and instrumentally derived intensities. At its core, ShakeMap is a seismologically based interpolation algorithm that exploits the available data of the observed ground motions and the …

Field of study: Geology
Mirror Brain: Picture and Experience

The installation Mirror Brain was developed by artist Elisabeth Weissensteiner and neurobiologist Dorothea Brückner at the University of Bremen, Germany, where it was launched. The installation, a contemporary work of hybrid art, establishes a philosophical play with viewers-turned-actors rather than an interpretation of neuroscience. Thus it provides a metaphor—a mirro—for the role of neurobiology in science and in art. Based on the project, this paper elaborates on how artistic and scientific depiction differ from each other.

Field of study: Art
Understanding the Self‐Perceived Occupational Performance of Individuals With Spinal Cord Injuries Using the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure

&NA; Date Presented 3/31/2017 The purpose is to determine the self‐perception of occupational performance of participants within a spinal cord injury (SCI) recovery setting. The impact of the results can direct practitioners to identify meaningful goals after SCI through the use of a client‐centered assessment such as the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure.  Selena Hengy Additional Authors and Speakers: Dianna Lunsford, Kris Valdes

Field of study: Medicine
‘Blood, guts and Bambi eyes’: Urotsukidoji and the Transcultural Reception and Regulation of Anime

The regulation and reception of anime in Britain has, historically, been fraught with difficulty. In 1992, the British Board of Film Classification (BBFC) rejected the first instalment of Urotsukidoji, a controversial series of erotic anime, on the grounds of its sexually explicit content; this decision set a precedent for the way in which they would continue to censor anime for the following two decades. Nearly twenty years later, in 2009, Clause 62 of the Coroners and Justice Act, also colloquially known as the ‘Dangerous Cartoons Act’, made it a criminal offence to possess non-photographic pornographic images of children, including CGI, cartoons, manga images and drawings. Through an examination of the BBFC's archival materials on Urotsukidoji – Legend of the Overfiend, supplemented by references to a small number of newspaper articles published during this period, this article offers a range of insights into the historical context in which the current series of debates surrounding the ‘Dangerous Carto...

Field of study: History
Logic and Time-Based Art Practice

This paper is concerned with art practice in the tradition of systematic construction. In particular, the underlying structures of work are seen to be logical, although no particular logic is emphasized. The problems of time-based work are discussed in relation to computer-generated video. It is argued that, in this context, logic programming is important and that images may be generated by such systems in an interesting way. Of particular significance is the fact that the inference system in a logic programming implementation can be seen to define the underlying structure of the time base of a work. An example is described and the implications discussed.

Field of study: Art
Perspective Based on a New Optics

The author discusses in a general way a new optics that is based not only on physics but also on physiological–psychological considerations. While an image of an object is formed on a retina in much the same way as an image is formed on a film in a camera, it is not the final product of human vision. The retinal image is processed by the brain and the final product is a mental image or ‘ghost’ that is fixed in space. For an object close to the eyes of a viewer, the ‘ghost’ tends to be located precisely at the position of the object and the viewer can be said to ‘see the object’. But in the case of a more distant object, the brain fixes the ‘ghost’ at a position closer to the viewer than that occupied by the object viewed. The important consequences of this conception are discussed in the case of perspective, particularly as it applies to representational art work.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Barriers to viability in small businesses in the footwear and textile industry of Tshwane, South Africa

The South African Small Enterprises Development Agency (SEDA) provides financial and non-financial assistance to small, micro and medium-sized enterprises (SMMEs) in various economic sectors as a means of reducing the failure rate among SMMEs. The study is based on the 5-yearlong study (2007 to 2012) of 512 small, micro and medium-sized enterprises (SMMEs) that conduct business in the Tshwane region of South Africa conducted by Marivate (2014). In accordance with the definition of viability provided by Blank (2013), the study defines viable businesses as businesses that could operate without a loss for at least 3 years after start-up. The sample consists of 187 businesses that utilized financial services provided by the South African Government and 325 businesses that utilized non-financial services. The results show that long-term viability in the businesses that were selected for the study is significantly influenced by utilization of financial services, degree of entrepreneurial skills, and the ability to order large volumes of stock in bulk, in a decreasing order of strength. Utilization of financial services is significantly influenced by the degree of entrepreneurial skills, the ability to order large volumes of stock in bulk, and access to training opportunities on entrepreneurial or vocational skills. Utilization of non-financial services is significantly influenced by the age of business, past history of bankruptcy, and the practice of selling on credit.

Field of study: Business
Authentic Situations Motivate Medical Students for Dealing with Medical Insurance Issues ——A Study of Learning Styles and E-Learning

In this study, e-learning based on authentic situations was used as a pedagogic method to stimulate medical students to reflect over their own learning styles and to prepare them for dealing with medical insurance issues in their future profession. The aim was to explore the learning styles used by the students in a Social medicine course when e-learning, based on authentic situations was used as a pedagogical approach. A learning style questionnaire by Kember, Biggs and Leung, and a course evaluation questionnaire designed by the authors were used. Seventy-seven students answered the questionnaires and the questionnaires were analysed by Mann-Whitney U-test, and Fisher’s test was used as a pair comparison. One hundred forty comments made by the students were analysed using content analysis. The results showed that: 69% of the students regarded e-learning as a very good/good pedagogical method to study medical insurance. Men had a significantly higher rate of surface learning than women. A majority of the students thought that it was positive to take part of peer students’ assignments but they highlighted the risk of plagiarism and cheating. The students made use of the flexibility in this type of learning which suited their lifestyle.

Field of study: Education
Keystroke Characteristics Classifi cation and Recognition Method of Free Text based on the Normalized Levenshtein Distance

According to the keystroke characteristics classification and recognition method of free text based on a relative distance, also named R method, this paper proposes a keystroke characteristics classification and recognition method of free text based on the Normalized Levenshtein Distance. Through data collection, pretreatment, distance calculation, normalized processing, classification judgement and other processes, it implements this method accurately and exactly on Chinese free text. Experiments proved that this method is better than R method on classification accuracy and recognition rate.

Field of study: Computer science
Effective real-time anycast flow connection algorithm

Define anycast services as a group of replicated servers that may provide similar or identical services.Using anycast services can significantly simplify some applications,such as to seek appropriate servers to provide quality of service and to achieve the load balance and fault-tolerance for service availability.This paper studies a set of efficient distributed connection setup algorithms for real-time anycast flows.The algorithms can effectively seek multiple destination connections in parallel thus the best path which satisfies the requirements of the anycast flow is chosen.

Field of study: Computer science
Dynamic immune algorithm based on simulated annealing selection and its application

A novel dynamic immune optimization algorithm(DIASA),based on simulated annealing selection theory,adaptive memory and the functions of dynamic recognition of immune system,is proposed to solve the high-dimensional dynamic knapsack problem with constraints.The keys of algorithm are included:(1)The affinity of antibody is designed based on the performance of current population(.2)The infeasible antibodies are repaired by the increasing sorting of price consistency of antibodies gene,while the feasible antibodies are cloned and mutated dynamically,the mutation probability is designed by the density of antibody(.3)The new environmental population is generated using memory cells according to environmental recognition operator,which accelerates the convergence of algorithm.In numerical experiments,two existing intelligent algorithms ETGA and ISGA for dynamic optimization problem are selected to compare with the algorithm designed for dynamic highdimension knapsack problem,the results indicate that the DIASA shows a promising convergent capability,and can track rapidly the optimum,powerful diversity of population.

Field of study: Computer science, Medicine
Analysis of the cause of death for women of child-bearing age in Yuyao,Zhejiang province

The study was conducted to determine the mortality and primary causes of death for women of child-bearing age in Yuyao,Zhejiang province in recent years,in order to clarify the alteration of spectrum of diseases,providing evidence for preventive measures. Official annual reported statistics on deaths of women of child-bearing age from 2001 through 2007 were collected for analysis.Causes of death were classified according to ICD-10 codes,and demographic data were from the birth control statistics bureau.Chi-square test was used for comparison. The mortality of women of child-bearing from 2001 through 2007 was 9.04/104;the top five causes of death constituted malignancies(49.14%),injury factors(27.29%),cardiovascular diseases(11.54%),urinary system diseases(3.01%),and digestive system diseases(1.87%).Digestive malignancies,reproductive malignancies,respiratory malignancies,blood malignancies,and malignancies of the central nervous system accounted altogether for 93.39%of the death of malignant tumors.Of all malignant tumors the top five predominant ones included liver cancer,stomach cancer,lung cancer,breast cancer and uterine cancer.The major injury factors constituted car accident and suicide,accounting for 87.20%.Conclusion No significant decline was observed in the mortality of women of child-bearing age.An increase in the mortality as a result of malignancies,cardiovascular diseases and urinary system diseases has been shown compared to the previous period of time.Car accident injuries and suicide were the most common injury factors leading to the death of the 35-year-old group.

Field of study: Medicine