nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Glacial melt content of water use in the tropical Andes

Accelerated melting of glaciers is expected to have a negative effect on the water resources of mountain regions and their adjacent lowlands, with tropical mountain regions being among the most vulnerable. In order to quantify those impacts, it is necessary to understand the changing dynamics of glacial melting, but also to map how glacial meltwater contributes to current and future water use, which often occurs at considerable distance downstream of the terminus of the glacier. While the dynamics of tropical glacial melt are increasingly well understood and documented, major uncertainty remains on how the contribution of tropical glacial meltwater propagates through the hydrological system, and hence how it contributes to various types of human water use in downstream regions. Therefore, in this paper we present a detailed regional mapping of current water demand in regions downstream of the major tropical glaciers. We combine these maps with a regional water balance model to determine the dominant spatiotemporal patterns of the contribution of glacial meltwater to human water use at an unprecedented scale and resolution. We find that the number of users relying continuously on water resources with a high (>25%) long-term average contribution from glacial melt is low (391 000 domestic users, 398 km2 of irrigated land, and 11 MW of hydropower production), but this reliance increases sharply during drought conditions (up to 3.92 million domestic users, 2096 km2 of irrigated land, and 732 MW of hydropower production in the driest month of a drought year). A large proportion of domestic and agricultural users are located in rural regions where climate adaptation capacity tends to be low. Therefore, we suggest that adaptation strategies should focus on increasing the natural and artificial water storage and regulation capacity to bridge dry periods.

Field of study: Environmental science
Correction for hole trapping in AGATA detectors using pulse shape analysis

Data from the highly segmented High-Purity Germanium (HPGe) detectors of the AGATA spectrometer show that segments are more sensitive to neutron damage than the central core contact. Calculations on the collection efficiency of charge carriers inside the HPGe detector were performed in order to understand this phenomenon. The trapping sensitivity, an expression based on the collection efficiencies for electrons and holes, is put forward to quantify the effect of charge carrier trapping. The sensitivity is evaluated for each position in the detector volume with respect to the different electrodes and the collected charge carrier type. Using the position information obtained by pulse shape analysis from the position-sensitive AGATA detectors, it is possible to correct for the energy deficit employing detector specific sensitivity values. We report on the successful correction of the energy peaks from heavily neutron-damaged AGATA detectors for core and segment electrode signals. The original energy resolution can optimally be recovered up to a certain quantifiable limit of degradation due to statistical fluctuations caused by trapping effects.

Field of study: Physics
Transient cycle simulation of domestic appliances and experimental validation

This work gives insight in the development and the application of a semi-implicit transient cycle simulation tool. The model consists of subcomponents that are independently validated and coupled in order to shape a fully functional cycle simulation. The methods used comprise empirical models, artificial neural networks or more complicated, transient 1d finite volume formulations for two-phase flow. The validation of the cycle simulation is carried out using data from a specially equipped domestic freezer. The model is calibrated to one operating point and afterwards tested under varying ambient temperatures and thermostat settings. The agreement compared to measurements is 6.9% mean and 5.5% standard deviation of the total electric energy consumption. Furthermore, parameters like refrigerant distribution, pressure drop, temperature or mass flow rate can be monitored.

Field of study: Engineering
Server Driven Type Communication Protocol with Data Segmentation for Remote Database Access

This paper presents the communication protocol between applications and remote databases in enterprise systems. Although the International Standard OSI-RDA has presupposed of the 1 request - 1 response communication protocol for the remote database access, it is not suitable from the view of system resources occupation and communication overhead in the case that the system should handle the large volumes of multimedia data. This paper proposes a server driven communication protocol in order to solve these problems, and compares the traditional method and the proposed method on the followings: (1) the number of communications, (2) the number of the encoding-decoding, and (3) the dynamic steps. According to the quantitative comparison, the proposed method makes the effort of avoiding communication resources occupation and improves 50% of communication overhead in case of only a large communication data. This paper also implies the guideline for suitable number of data segmentations for the remote database access.

Field of study: Computer science
Chemical composition, stratigraphy, and depositional environments of the Black River Group (Middle Ordovician), southwestern Ohio

The chemical composition and stratigraphy of the Black River Group in southwestern Ohio were studied. Chemical analyses were done on two cores of the Black River from Adams and Brown Counties, Ohio. These studies show that substantial reserves of high-carbonate rock (96% to 98 +% CaCO3 plus MgCO3 are present in the Black River at depths of less than 800 ft, in proximity to Cincinnati and the Ohio River.

Stratigraphic studies show that the Black River Group has eight marker beds in its middle and upper portions and three distinct lithologic units in its lower portion; these marker beds and units are present throughout southwestern Ohio. The Black River Group correlates well with the High Bridge Group of Kentucky. Depositional environments of the Black River are similar to those of the High Bridge and to present-day tidal flats in the Bahamas.

Field of study: Geology
Short-period surface superlattices formed by plasma etching

We report the development of a process for fabricating etched surface superlattices (SSL). We utilize low-voltage electron cyclotron resonance plasma etching in conjunction with electron beam lithography to form a short-pitch grating relief on GaAs/AlGaAs heterostructures hosting a high-mobility two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG). The process minimizes damage to the 2DEG and results in highly uniform etched gratings. A Schottky gate covering the etched surface appears to improve the electrical properties of the SSLs. Magnetotransport measurements show the effectiveness of this technique in realizing high-quality SSLs with periods down to 100 nm.

Field of study: Materials science
Comment devient-on médecin de famille?

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A la question « Comment devient-on medecin de famille? », il y a sans doute autant de reponses qu’il y a de medecins. Pour quelques-uns, ce choix etait comme inscrit dans leur destinee, dans leurs genes en quelque sorte: medecins de pere en fils (ou de mere en fille

Field of study: Medicine
Renormalizing the Lippmann-Schwinger equation for the one-pion exchange potential

We address the question whether the cut-off dependence, which has to be introduced in order to properly define the Lippmann-Schwinger equation for the one-pion exchange potential plus local (δ-function) potentials, can be removed (up to inverse powers of it) by a suitable tuning of the various (bare) coupling constants. We prove that this is indeed so both for the spin singlet and for the spin triplet channels. However, the latter requires, in the limit when the cut-off is taken to infinity, such a strong cut-off dependence of the coupling constant associated to the non-local term which breaks orbital angular momentum conservation, that the renormalized amplitude lacks from partial-wave mixing. We argue that this is an indication that this term must be treated perturbatively.

Field of study: Physics
MODIFIED GTN DAMAGE MODEL AND ITS APPLICATION IN PREDICTING EDGE-CRACK OF STEEL STRIP IN COLD ROLLING

Considering the effect of shear strain of micro-void on damage evolution, a modified GTN model applicable to various stress triaxiality conditions is proposed by modifying the damage evolution mechanism of the GTN damage model. The modified model is implemented in commercial finite element software ABAQUS by combining the implicit stress update method with an explicit finite element solving algorithm and through the user-defined material subroutine VUMAT. The damage evolution and the failure process of pure shear and shear-tensile specimens are simulated by the modified GTN model, and the results show that the modified model is effective for various stress triaxiality conditions. Then, the modified model is used to simulate the crack initiation and the propagation of a steel strip with edge notch during a cold rolling process. The numerical result of the modified model is in a good agreement with rolling experimental observation, which indicates that the modified GTN model can reveal the complicated damage evolution behavior of a steel strip with edge defect in cold rolling. Numerical and experimental results show that the existence of edge notch in a steel strip can lead to cracks both in the front and rear of the notch, and the propagation of the rear one is more obvious.

Field of study: Engineering
Non‐paradoxical multi‐location

lasting longer than 01 is an extrinsic difference, not an intrinsic one. There is a sense in which 01 and 02 have a different shape; this is because they differ with respect to their extrinsic shapes. But they have the same intrinsic shape; both 01 and 02 are intrinsically three-dimensional spheres. I would like to conclude with two brief observations about this response. First, perhaps we can take the defining thesis of endurantism to be the claim that enduring objects have their spatial shape intrinsically and their spatiotemporal shape extrinsically. Second, this response assumes that material objects have intrinsic  This could be challenged. One could hold instead that the only shape had by a material object is the shape it has in virtue of occupying a region of space- But that is a story for another

Field of study: Philosophy
Electrochemical Sensor for Bisphenol A Based on Molecular Imprinting Technique and Electropolymerization Membrane

By the approach of self-assembly and electropolymerization,membrane for Bisphenol A(BPA)has been synthesized with bisphenol A as template molecule,o-aminothiophenol as functional monomer.Based on which,an electrochemical sensor was constructed and its response to BPA was evaluated by cyclic voltammetry.The peak current intensity was linear to Bisphenol A in the range of 6.0×10-7-5.5×10-5 mol/L with a detection limit of 2.0×10-7 mol/L and the RSD 5%(n=9).The response time of stable current was about 2 min.The proposed sensor exhibits good selectivity,reproducibility and stability.The AC impedance technology and chronoamperometry were employed to study the electrochemical characteristic of the membrane.The sensor was successfully applied to the determination of BPA in several samples.

Field of study: Chemistry
Avaliação de contaminação por metais pesados em amostras de siris azuis

Because they are nonbiodegradable, heavy metals can accumulate in the living tissues along the food chain, reaching humans mainly through food. Swimming crabs and other organisms which feed on organic matter that is present in aquatic systems can ingest high loads of these toxic elements; hence, they pose a potential risk to the health of regional populations. This work involved a quantitative analysis of Pb, Cd, Cr, Zn and Cu in blue crab specimens of the genus Callinectes sp. (n = 144) collected along the Cubatao river, using Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (FAAS). Except for Cr, whose average value exceeded the limit allowed for any type of food by Brazilian regulations, all the other elements fell below the maximum content recommended by health agencies. This paper also discusses the contribution of crab meat consumed by the population to the provisional tolerable daily intake (PTDI) suggested by the World Health Organization.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Fully antisymmetrised dynamics for bulk fermion systems

The neutron star's crust and mantel are typical examples of non-uniform bulk systems with spacial localisations. When modelling such systems at low temperatures, as is the case in the crust, one has to work with antisymmetrised many-body states to get the correct fermion behaviour. Fermionic molecular dynamics, which works with an antisymmetrised product of localised wave packets, should be an appropriate choice. Implementing periodic boundary conditions into the fermionic molecular dynamics formalism would allow the study of the neutron star's crust as a bulk quantum system. Unfortunately, the antisymmetrisation is a non-local entanglement which reaches far out of the periodically repeated unit cell. In this proceeding, we give a brief overview how periodic boundary conditions and fermionic molecular dynamics can be combined without truncating the long-range many-body correlation induced by the antisymmetry of the many-body state.

Field of study: Physics
The Status and Adequacy of Preceptor Orientation and Development Programs in US Pharmacy Schools

To identify current preceptor orientation and development programs at US colleges and schools of pharmacy and propose future initiatives for preceptor programs.  An anonymous 28-item survey was administered in January 2017 to 128 experiential education personnel at accredited US schools and colleges of pharmacy. Data from completed survey instruments were tabulated and qualitative responses to open-ended questions were examined using thematic analysis.  Eighty-five experiential education administrators participated in the survey (response rate=67%). Most preceptor orientation programs met the majority of requirements as outlined within the Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education’s Standard 20.3, although only 42% of programs mandated preceptor orientation prior to student placement. Two-thirds of respondents offered annual, live preceptor development, and 75% of programs used commercially available online products. Nearly 40% of respondents collaborated with other schools or professional organizations to offer preceptor training. Only 29% of programs had specific requirements for pharmacists to maintain their active preceptor status. Seventy percent of respondents reported spending over $2500 and 39% over $5000 annually on preceptor development. Programs with the highest monetary investment (>$10,000/year) in preceptor development offered multiple venues (live and online) for preceptor training. Programs with significant personnel commitment (≥0.5 FTE devoted to preceptor development) frequently had dedicated site visitors.  Preceptor orientation programs at US schools of pharmacy are generally similar, but development programs vary significantly across the Academy. Highly invested programs featured live and online training or site visitors who provided individualized feedback or training. Future studies should explore the cost-effectiveness of program options and their impact on preceptor learning and behaviors.

Field of study: Education, Medicine
Effect of Clustering Algorithm in K-nearest-neighborhood Based Collaborative Filtering

Recommender system in E-commerce analyzes preference of users and items recommendations usually rely on Collaborative Filtering(CF).A classical approach to CF is based on K-Nearest-Neighborhood(KNN) model.But it never consider the classes-relevancy between the samples and the classes their belong.Because of the different contribution to classes in sample set,it′s necessary to discriminate every nearest neighborhood.This paper presents an improved KNN algorithm and verifies its effectiveness by experiments.Through experimental results,the improved CF method can consistently achieve better prediction accuracy than traditional CF algorithm.

Field of study: Computer science
Nouveaux diffuseurs plastiques du SO2 pour la conservation frigorifique du raisin de table

Following a study of the production and emission of SO2 from metabisulphite contained in plastic sachets or bags, new diffusers of SO2 have been made, using polyethylene bags. These have been used in experiments on the storage of table grapes. Each diffuser held 50 g of potassium metabisulphite, 5 g of ‘celite’ and 5 g of water. Experiments showed that most of the SO2 given off by the bisulphite was oxidized to potassium sulphate, by oxygen contained in, or diffusing into, the bags. Only that part of the SO2 which diffused out of the bags was useful in storage of grapes. Subsequent experiments on refrigerated storage of ‘Razaki’ and ‘Sultanina’ grapes have shown that these plastic diffusers (one to each tray of grapes) in a pack or over-wrap of polyethylene or even of paper, enable storage of grapes for two to three months, with no development of mould, and retention of the freshness of the produce. The stalks remain green and the absorption of SO2 by the grapes is minimal.

Field of study: Engineering
UHF Wind Profilers: A New Tool for Diagnosing Tropical Convective Cloud Systems

Uncertainty in the magnitude and distribution of diabatic heating associated with precipitating cloud systems is one of the major factors giving rise to uncertainty in the simulation of large-scale atmospheric circulations in numerical models of the atmosphere. A major international effort is under way to develop an improved parameterization of the hydrological cycle within numerical models. Progress will require better observations of the distribution of the diabatic heating associated with cloud systems in the Tropics. In this paper new observations are presented demonstrating the potential of UHF profilers for diagnosing the vertical structure of convective systems in the Tropics. These preliminary results indicate that while mesoscale convective systems are prevalent in the Tropics there are important contributions to rainfall from smaller-scale warm rain systems that do not extend above the freezing level. They also show that extensive regions of upper-tropospheric precipitating clouds often...

Field of study: Environmental science
Distribution and activity of methanogens and homoacetogens in deep granitic aquifers at Äspö Hard Rock Laboratory, Sweden

This study reveals the existence of active chemoautolithotrophic microbial communities in deep granitic groundwater, containing hydrogen and methane. Homoacetogens and acetotrophic methanogens dominated in the groundwater down to a depth of 112 m, while autotrophic methanogens prevailed deeper, down to 446 m. The results from most probable number counts showed that viable methanogens and homoacetogens coexisted at all depths investigated, from 45 m to 446 m below sea level. In vitro radiotracer experiments demonstrated these microorganisms to form methane and acetate from CO2 with hydrogen, and methane from [14C]acetate at close to in situ temperature (17°C). The data suggest that autotrophic methanogens and homoacetogens initiate a deep subterranean food chain and that acetate-dependent methane formation is mediated by homoacetogenesis. The finding of an active, deep, hydrogen based autotrophic biosphere adds a significant but previously overlooked reducing activity to deep granitic rock.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Requirements for Multimedia Markup and Style Sheets on the World Wide Web

The unequivocal acceptance of Cascading Style sheets by all major browser vendors clearly indicates the need for separating content and style issues in HTML documents. However, in search of ever-richer content, providers rely on platform-specific plug-ins and browser-specific extensions such as dynamic HTML and scripting to achieve the desired (multimedia) functionality. We consider such an ad-hoc approach to delivering multimedia content as inadequate, and henceforth propose a multimedia document markup language (SMIL, which has recently been submitted to W3C) and discuss the requirements for an associated style sheet language supporting temporal and spatial constraints, hyperlinking among continuous media objects and adaptivity with respect to Quality of Service. In this paper we propose extensions to current style sheet languages to meet the requirements imposed by the capability to specify the presentation of multimedia content in a declarative manner.

Field of study: Computer science
Early Detection of Oncogenic and Pathogenic Serotype I Marek's Disease Virus

Marek's disease is one of the most important infectious diseases in poultry farm, but still there are lack of effective methods for diagnosing it. A polymerase chain reaction(PCR) assay based on primers flanking meq gene of oncogenic MDV1 (J-l strain) was developed. These primers amplified a 1.15kb nucleotide band from oncogenic strain J-1 and a 1.0kb band from non-oncogenic strains(MD11/75c, CVI988). The MDV1 specific primers didn't amplify MDV2(SB-1) and HVT(Fc-126) DNA. Dot blot of the PCR products showed that the products of strains J-1,MD11/75c and CVI988 could hybridize with meq gene probe (labeled by digoxigenin). Mixing the J-1 DNA with CVI988 DNA as template, the results indicated the primers could amplify the two bands(1.15kb and 1.0kb) from the mixture, these primers can also amplify meq gene from MSB1 cell line and also from blood and tumor samples of J-l infected chickens. Therefore, using this primer, we can distinguish between oncogenic and non-oncogenic strain of MDV1.

Field of study: Biology
An improved mapped weighted essentially non-oscillatory scheme

In this paper we develop an improved version of the mapped weighted essentially non-oscillatory (WENO) method in Henrick et al. (2005)  for hyperbolic partial differential equations. By rewriting and making a change to the original mapping function, a new type of mapping functions is obtained. There are two parameters, namely A and k , in the new mapping functions (see Eq. (13)). By choosing k = 2 and A = 1 , it leads to the mapping function in Henrick et al., i.e.; the mapped WENO method by Henrick et al. actually belongs to the family of our improved mapped WENO schemes. Furthermore, we show that, when the new mapping function is applied to any ( 2 r - 1 ) th order WENO scheme for proper choice of k , it can achieve the optimal order of accuracy near critical points. Note that, if only one mapping is used, the mapped WENO method by Henrick et al., whose order is higher than five, can not achieve the optimal order of accuracy in some cases. Through extensive numerical tests, we draw the conclusion that, the mapping function proposed by Henrick et al. is not the best choice for the parameter A . A new mapping function is then selected and provides an improved mapped WENO method with less dissipation and higher resolution.

Field of study: Mathematics
Terraced Hollow Oxide Pyramids

0031-9007= We report in situ transmission electron microscope dynamic observations of the growth of Cu2O islands during oxidation of (001)Cu thin films at 900 C, which show that the oxide islands have an initially square shape that transits to a terraced pyramid morphology as growth proceeds. The surface topology obtained from ex situ atomic force microscopy observation indicates that the terraced oxide pyramids have a hollow structure. A simple mechanical mechanism based on elastic-plastic deformation is proposed to explain the formation of this completely new oxide structure.

Field of study: Physics