nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Magnetotelluric measurements in La Malbaie area (Quebec): the anomalous vertical magnetic field

Magnetotelluric soundings were recorded in 1980–1981 at Ste-Mathilde near La Malbaie, Quebec for periods of 0.04–200 s. The present study deals only with single-station vertical transfer functions. Those functions show very characteristic features in their responses versus period. Of particular interest is a large in-phase (P) peak corresponding to a quadrature (Q) minimum between 0.1 and 0.2 s. For those periods, induction arrows indicate no obvious correlation between the anomalous vertical magnetic field (Z) and the conductive zone of Ste-Mathilde. Rather, they point toward the Malbaie River to the southwest of the survey zone. A possible model for the source of the vertical magnetic field is a shallow N130°E vertical dyke-type conductor, the top of which is some 1400 m under the Malbaie River valley. An interpretation could well be that it is one of the major graben faults related to the meteoritic impact crater of Charlevoix.

Field of study: Environmental science
Temporally and spatially-resolved microproteomics and MALDI MSI lipidomic analysis for traumatic brain injury biomarker identification

Khalil Mallah 1,∗, Jusal Quanico 1, Firas Kobeissy 3, Kazem Zibara 2, Michel Salzet 1, Isabelle Fournier 1 1 Inserm U-1192, Laboratory of Proteomics, Inflammatory Response, Mass Spectrometry, University Lille 1, Scientific City, France 2 Laboratory of Stem Cells, DSST, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon 3 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut

Field of study: Biology, Engineering
TU‐A‐210‐01: HIFU Physics and Delivery

High-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) has developed rapidly in recent years and is used frequently for clinical treatments in Asia and Europe with increasing clinical use and clinical trial activity in the US, making it an important medical technology with which the medical physics community must become familiar. Akin to medical devices that deliver treatments using ionizing radiation, HIFU relies on emitter geometry to non-invasively form a tight focus that can be used to affect diseased tissue while leaving healthy tissue intact. HIFU is unique in that it does not involve the use of ionizing radiation, it causes thermal necrosis in 100% of the treated
tissue volume, and it has an immediate treatment effect. However, because it is an application of ultrasound energy, HIFU interacts strongly with tissue interfaces, which makes treatment planning challenging. In order to appreciate the advantages and disadvantages of HIFU as a thermal therapy, it is important to understand the underlying physics of ultrasound
tissue interactions.
The first lecture in the session will provide an overview of the physics of ultrasound wave propagation; the mechanism for the accumulation of heat in soft-tissue; image-guidance modalities including temperature monitoring; current clinical applications and commercial devices; active clinical trials; alternate mechanisms of action (future of FUS).
The second part of the session will compare HIFU to existing ionization
radiation techniques. The difficulties in defining a clear concept of absorbed dose for HIFU will be discussed. Some of the technical challenges that HIFU faces will be described, with an emphasis on how the experience of radiation oncology physicists could benefit the field.

1. 
Describe the basic physics and biology of HIFU, including treatment delivery and image guidance techniques.
2. 
Summarize existing and emerging clinical applications and manufacturers for HIFU.
3. 
Understand that thermal ablation with HIFU is likely the first of several applications of the technology
4. 
Learn about some similarities and differences between HIFU and ionizing radiation in terms of physics and biological effects.
5. 
Learn about some of the technical challenges HIFU faces that might benefit from the experience of radiation oncology physicists including treatment planning improvements, quality assurance procedures, and treatment risk analysis.
David Schlesinger receives research support from Elekta Instruments, AB.
Matt Eames is an employee of the Focused Ultrasound Foundation which supports research and clinical trials. Dr. Eames conducts research which is supported by the Focused Ultrasound Foundation.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Quivers, Algebras and Adjoint functors

These are the notes for a minicourse held in Odessa (2016) and Belo Horizonte (2017). My aim was to provide a short introduction to basic notions of category theory and representation theory of finite-dimensional algebras. We learnt the concept of adjoint functors and showed that the construction "quiver" "algebra" can be interpreted as a pair of adjoint functors between certain categories. Lectures almost do not contain the proofs, theoretical part is accompanied with examples, and sometimes introduced in the form of exercises.

Field of study: Mathematics
Diffractive phenomena and shadowing in deep-inelastic scattering

Shadowing effects in deep-inelastic lepton-nucleus scattering probe the mass spectrum of diffractive leptoproduction from individual nucleons. We explore this relationship using current experimental information on both processes. In recent data from the NMC and E665 collaboration, taken at small x ≪ 0.1 and Q2 ≲ 1 GeV2, shadowing is dominated by the diffractive excitation and coherent interaction of low mass vector mesons. If shadowing is explored at small x ≪ 0.1 but large Q2 ≫ 1 GeV2 as discussed at HERA, the situation is different. Here dominant contributions come from the coherent interaction of diffractively produced heavy mass states. Furthermore we observe that the energy dependence of shadowing is directly related to the mass dependence of the diffractive production cross section for free nucleon targets.

Field of study: Physics
Extending the Concept of Stereotype Threat to Social Class: The Intellectual Underperformance of Students from Low Socioeconomic Backgrounds

Students from poorer families perform worse on intellectual tasks than do other students. The authors tested the stereotype threat hypothesis as a possible explanation for this difference. Students from relatively poor backgrounds, such as members of other stereotyped groups, risk confirming a negative reputation of low intellectual ability. The authors predicted that, on a stereotype-relevant test, members of this group would experience apprehension about confirming their negative reputation and that this susceptibility to the stereotype would impair their performance. The study varied stereotype threat by manipulating the instructions accompanying the test that each participant completed. When described as a measure of intellectual ability, low socioeconomic status (SES) participants performed worse than high SES participants. However, when the test was presented as nondiagnostic of intellectual ability, low SES participants' performances did not suffer, contesting claims of SES differences in intellectual ability.

Field of study: Psychology
Electronic and ionic conductivity of glasses inside the Li2O–MoO3–P2O5 system

A wide range of coloured electronic or mixed electronic–ionic glasses has been shown in the alkali oxide poor-region of the Li 2 O–MoO 3 –P 2 O 5 system, next to the colourless ionic glasses located in the alkali oxide rich-region. These coloured glasses have been studied by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. The Mo 5+ and Mo 6+ cation percentages have been evaluated for several series of glasses corresponding to either a fixed Li 2 O rate or a constant Mo/P ratio. The electronic and the ionic contributions to the total conductivity of these glasses have been determined. The existence of a polaronic hopping conduction mechanism between Mo 5+ and Mo 6+ cations is suggested in the purely electronic conductor glasses. An ion–polaron soft coupling is proposed in the ionic–electronic conductor glasses.

Field of study: Materials science
View selection in multi-view stacking: Choosing the meta-learner

Multi-view stacking is a framework for combining information from different views (i.e. different feature sets) describing the same set of objects. In this framework, a base-learner algorithm is trained on each view separately, and their predictions are then combined by a meta-learner algorithm. In a previous study, stacked penalized logistic regression, a special case of multi-view stacking, has been shown to be useful in identifying which views are most important for prediction. In this article we expand this research by considering seven different algorithms to use as the meta-learner, and evaluating their view selection and classification performance in simulations and two applications on real gene-expression data sets. Our results suggest that if both view selection and classification accuracy are important to the research at hand, then the nonnegative lasso, nonnegative adaptive lasso and nonnegative elastic net are suitable meta-learners. Exactly which among these three is to be preferred depends on the research context. The remaining four meta-learners, namely nonnegative ridge regression, nonnegative forward selection, stability selection and the interpolating predictor, show little advantages in order to be preferred over the other three.

Field of study: Computer science
An Empirical Research on Factor Decomposition of Primary Energy Consumption of Carbon Emissions in Hubei

Quantitative analysis and measurement of energy consumption of carbon emissions is the basis of global climate change. In this research,logarithmic mean weigh divisia method was used to analyze the carbon emission of primary energy consumption based on the 1980-2008 time series of statistical data. It was found that economic development is the major factor increasing the carbon emission. And energy efficiency is the major inhibiting factor. Meanwhile energy consumption structure had little effect. Then it was suggested that Hubei can develop low-carbon economics by optimizing the industrial structure,adjusting the energy consumption structure and improving energy efficiency.

Field of study: Environmental science
The effect of high dosage of methotrexate, associated with folinic acid, on the suppression of tuberculin sensitivity in guinea-pigs.

Methotrexate administered over a period of 8 weeks reduced tuberculin skin sensitivity in guinea-pigs, the effect waning in the later part of the period. 
 
The delayed administration of folinic acid successfully reduced the toxicity of methotrexate so that the dose of the latter could be increased three-fold; there was then no impairment, and probably some increase, of its inhibition of tuberculin sensitivity. However, the suppression was not complete even with these large doses of the drug. 
 
In the spleen at the termination of an experiment, there was a striking diminution in the number of small lymphocytes in animals given methotrexate with or without folinic acid, compared with untreated animals. Animals given methotrexate plus folinic acid showed much larger spleens than did untreated animals, the spleen of the single survivor of the group on methotrexate alone being intermediate in size. There was a haemopoietic reaction corresponding in degree to the size of the spleen in the three groups.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Metabolism of the Nonylphenol Isomer [Ring-U-14c]-4-(3′,5′-Dimethyl-3′-Heptyl)-Phenol by Cell Suspension Cultures of Agrostemma githago and Soybean

The biotransformation of the nonylphenol isomer [ring-U-14C]-4-(3′,5′-dimethyl-3′-heptyl)-phenol (4-353-NP, consisting of two diastereomers) was studied in soybean and Agrostemma githago cell suspension cultures. With the A. githago cells, a batch two-liquid-phase system (medium/n-hexadecane 200:1, v/v) was used, in order to produce higher concentrations and amounts of 4-353-NP metabolites for their identification; 4-353-NP was applied via the n-hexadecane phase. Initial concentrations of [14C]-4-353-NP were 1 mg L−1 (soybean), and 5 and 10 mg L−1 (A. githago). After 2 (soybean) and 7 days (A. githago) of incubation, the applied 4-353-NP was transformed almost completely by both plant species to four types of products: glycosides of parent 4-353-NP, glycosides of primary 4-353-NP metabolites, nonextractable residues and unknown, possibly polymeric materials detected in the media. The latter two products emerged especially in soybean cultures. Portions of primary metabolites amounted to 19–22% (soybean) and 21–42% of applied 14C (A. githago). After liberation from their glycosides, the primary 4-353-NP metabolites formed by A. githago were isolated by HPLC and examined by GC-EIMS as trimethylsilyl derivatives. In the chromatograms, eight peaks were detected which due to their mass spectra, could be traced back to 4-353-NP. Seven of the compounds were side-chain monohydroxylated 4-353-NP metabolites, while the remaining was a (side-chain) carboxylic acid derivative. Unequivocal identification of the sites of hydroxylation/oxidation of all transformation products was not possible. The main primary metabolites produced by A. githago were supposed to be four diastereomers of 6′-hydroxy-4-353-NP (about 80% of all products identified). It was concluded that plants contribute to the environmental degradation of the xenoestrogen nonylphenol; the toxicological properties of side-chain hydroxylated nonylphenols remain to be examined.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Ezrin and moesin co-localise with ICAM-1 in brain endothelial cells but are not directly associated.

The precise mechanism by which ICAM-1 transduces signals from adherent lymphocytes remains elusive. The ERM proteins ezrin and moesin were found to strongly co-localise with both ICAM-1 and F-actin in brain microvascular endothelial cells suggesting a potential role in mediating ICAM-1 signalling. Such strong co-localisation was maintained following treatment of cells with cytochalasin D, which inhibits actin polymerization and which is capable of inhibiting ICAM-1-induced signalling. Cross-linking of ICAM-1 demonstrated ICAM-1 clustering which no longer associated with ezrin or moesin. In addition immunoprecipitation analysis revealed that ICAM-1 was incapable of precipitating ERM proteins under conditions where ezrin was efficiently precipitated with anti-ICAM-2 antibodies. Fractionation of cell lysates on sucrose density gradients shows ICAM-1 and ezrin to sediment at different densities, whereas ICAM-2 co-sediments with ezrin. Together these data suggest that ICAM-1 is not directly associated with ezrin and moesin in brain microvascular endothelial cells.

Field of study: Biology
Hybrid Peer-to-Peer Content Sharing in Mobile Networks

As the capabilities of mobile phones are increasing and they are able to consume different type of multimedia contents, it is important to provide an efficient content sharing solution for them. Since people usually store their content on their personal computer, we need architecture for content sharing which supports mobiles and personal computers as well. In this paper we propose an innovative content sharing solution, called Swarm, which offers the following benefits to service providers: cost efficient, mobility support, necessary control points to prevent misuse of the service and backend for the stored information. Swarm is a hybrid solution, it combines the advantages of peer-to-peer and client-server systems and it also considers the special abilities of mobile phones by enabling local cooperation. During the paper we introduce the proposed architecture with the main features, discuss our experience with the reference implementation, demonstrate calculations about the cost efficiency of Swarm and propose future plans for further improvements. Index Terms

Field of study: Computer science
Structure of an acidic phospholipase A2 from Indian saw-scaled viper (Echis carinatus) at 2.6 A resolution reveals a novel intermolecular interaction.

The crystal structure of an acidic phospholipase A(2) from the venom of Echis carinatus (saw-scaled viper; scPLA(2)) has been determined at 2.6 A resolution and refined to a crystallographic R factor of 0.192. Although the overall structure of scPLA(2) is essentially similar to those of other group II acidic PLA(2)s from different species, it shows unique features in several parts. Particularly noteworthy is the C-terminal part, which folds differently to those of other group II PLA(2)s. This part is considered to be responsible for inhibition of the platelet-aggregation activity. The calcium-binding loop is tightly organized with sevenfold coordination. Another striking feature of scPLA(2) is the involvement of Asn79 O(delta1) of a symmetry-related molecule in a coordination linkage with Ca(2+) of the calcium-binding loop. This is the first observation of an internal metal ion participating in an intermolecular interaction. The beta-wing of a molecule is deeply inserted into the hydrophobic channel of another molecule and forms several intermolecular interactions. This results in the formation of an infinite chain of molecules. These chains are stacked in an antiparallel arrangement in the crystals.

Field of study: Chemistry
Research on Service Industrial International Transfer of China's Effective Acceptance

Service industrial international transfer brings China a valued development opportunity.It has important industrial development effects to China,such as,promoting the industrial technological progress,strengthening competitive power of the industrial cluster,etc.However,at present,China is still facing some restrictions to effective acceptance,such as the demand scale of the service market,the legal system,the human resources,the infrastructure of the information and communication etc.So the governments need to strengthen their functions of guiding,supporting,promoting and the protecting.

Field of study: Economics
Unsupervised classification of snowflake images using a generative adversarial network and K -medoids classification

The increasing availability of sensors imaging cloud and precipitation particles, like the Multi-Angle Snowflake Camera (MASC), has resulted in datasets comprising millions of images of falling snowflakes. Automated classification is required for effective analysis of such large datasets. While supervised classification methods have been developed for this purpose in recent years, their ability to generalize is limited by the representativeness of their labeled training datasets, which are affected by the subjective judgment of the expert and require significant manual effort to derive. An alternative is unsupervised classification, which seeks to divide a dataset into distinct classes without expert-provided labels. In this paper, we introduce an unsupervised classification scheme based on a generative adversarial network (GAN) that learns to extract the key features from the snowflake images. Each image is then associated with a distribution of points in the feature space, and these distributions are used as the basis of K -medoids classification and hierarchical clustering. We found that the classification scheme is able to separate the dataset into distinct classes, each characterized by a particular size, shape and texture of the snowflake image, providing signatures of the microphysical properties of the snowflakes. This finding is supported by a comparison of the results to an existing supervised scheme. Although training the GAN is computationally intensive, the classification process proceeds directly from images to classes with minimal human intervention and therefore can be repeated for other MASC datasets with minor manual effort. As the algorithm is not specific to snowflakes, we also expect this approach to be relevant to other applications.

Field of study: Environmental science
Business Education, Industry Cooperation and Technologies

Business Education which is a phase of Vocational-Technical Education (VTE) is seen as one of the most powerful instruments known for developing entrepreneurship skills, creates employment and make the beneficiaries self-reliant in modern societies. It is also used in laying the foundation for commercial growth and development globally. This paper therefore examines the relevance of Business Education, industry cooperation, provision of modern technologies for teaching and learning of business subjects. It has recommended that: Institutions offering Vocational Business Education should provide state-of-arts technologies.  Students Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) should be emphasized in the training curriculum.  Business Education, Industry Cooperation and Technologies.

Field of study: Education
Determining complex spin mixing conductance and spin diffusion length from spin pumping experiments in magnetic insulator/heavy metal bilayers

Magnetic insulators are promising materials for the development of energy-efficient spintronics. Unlike metallic counterparts, the magnetic insulators are characterized by the imaginary part of the interfacial spin mixing conductance as well in a bilayer with heavy metals, and it is responsible for the field-like toque in spin–orbit torque devices. Here, we study the underlying theoretical constructs and develop a general strategy to determine the complex spin mixing conductance from the experimental results of ferromagnetic resonance and spin pumping. The results show that the imaginary part of the spin mixing conductance can be one order more than the real part and it matches the critical trend of spin mixing conductance with thickness of the heavy metal. The interpretation of experimental results also indicates that at small thicknesses, the interface contribution becomes significant and a bulk diffusion model cannot explain the results. A thickness-dependent spin diffusion length is necessary too that is tantamount to the Elliott–Yafet spin relaxation mechanism in the heavy metals. Also, we effectively explain the experimental results while inserting a copper layer with varying thicknesses in between the magnetic insulator and the heavy metal using spin-circuit formalism.

Field of study: Physics
Swimming Not Allowed: Teaching about Segregated Public Beaches and Pools

Introducing students to the segregated history of America's public beaches and pools can provide teachers with a novel approach to the study of racism in U.S. history. While most students are aware of segregation in housing, schools, and theaters, many are surprised to learn about the segregated history of America's public waters. This article provides a brief history of America's segregated public beaches and pools using Florida as a case study, offers pedagogic strategies, and presents resources that are helpful for teaching about this important period in U.S. history.

Field of study: Sociology
Reversal pattern and apparent polar wander for the Late Jurassic

A paleomagnetic study of the Upper Jurassic (Kimmeridgian-Tithonian) Morrison Formation near Norwood, Colorado, indicates the existence of thirteen polarity intervals. The seven reversed intervals occupy much more of the section than the six normal intervals, suggesting that during this time the dominant polarity was reversed. Pole positions were computed for each portion of the section where directions were tightly grouped. The pole positions form two separate groups directly related to the stratigraphic position in the section of the samples from which they were computed. The two mean pole positions for the Morrison Formation, 142.2°E, 61.4°N (dp = 4.0°, dm = 6.5°) and 161.8°E, 67.5°N (dp = 3.5°, dm = 5.0°), define a path which includes the Cretaceous pole positions for North America. The data indicate that the Jurassic apparent polar wander curve for North America is approximately a line of latitude (present-day coordinates) connecting published Triassic and Cretaceous pole positions. The data disagree with the commonly held view that the Jurassic portion of the North American apparent polar wander curve includes the present axial dipole.

Field of study: Geology