nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
A possible role of the striatum in linear and nonlinear category learning: evidence from patients with Huntington's disease.

Linear and nonlinear categorization rule learning was examined in patients with Huntington's disease (HD) and a group of controls using the perceptual categorization task. Participants learned to categorize simple line stimuli into 1 of 2 categories over 600 trials. In addition to traditional measures of accuracy, quantitative model-based analyses were applied to each participant's data to characterize better the nature of any observed deficits. In the linear rule condition, HD patients displayed an early-training deficit relative to controls, whereas later in training the HD patients were not statistically different from controls. In the nonlinear rule condition, HD patients displayed both an early- and late-training deficit. The quantitative model-based analyses revealed that the HD patients' deficits in the linear condition were due to an impairment in learning the experimenter-defined rule and not in applying a learned rule inconsistently. In the nonlinear condition, in contrast, the HD patients' deficits were due to an impairment in learning the experimenter-defined rule and in applying a learned rule inconsistently. Overall, these results suggest that HD can result in a deficit in learning both linear and nonlinear categorization rules.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Temporal risk and the nature of induced preferences

It has been known since the work of H. Markowitz (“Portfolio Selection: Efficient Diversification of Investments,” ) and J. Mossin ( (1969) , 172–174) that even an individual whose underlying preferences satisfy the von Neumann-Morgenstern axioms will not choose over delayed (i.e., “temporal”) risky prospects in a manner which can be modelled as expected utility maximizing. Since most economically important instances of risk taking (insurance, real investment, agriculture, career training) involve delayed as opposed to immediately resolved risk, the standard use of expected utility theory to model such decisions must be questioned. In this paper the technique of “generalized expected utility analysis” ( M. J. Machina, Econometrica 50 (1982) , 277–323) and the theory of support functions ( R. T. Rockafellar, “Convex Analysis,”  1970 ) are applied to exactly model and hence determine the nature of preferences over temporal risky prospects.

Field of study: Economics
Social Capital Characteristics of Open Source Software Opinion Leaders

Open Source Software (OSS) has been proved to benefit organizations in many aspects. Given the importance of OSS opinion leaders in influencing organizational adoption of OSS, I set out to identify the characteristics differentiating OSS opinion leaders and non OSS opinion leaders, so as to locate the OSS opinion leaders and better leverage their influences. Specifically, I posit that within an organization's IT department, OSS opinion leaders should have different social network profiles in terms of degree of centrality, betweenness, closeness and in-degree centrality from their peers who are not OSS opinion leaders. I also postulate that differences exist in the two groups' demographic characteristics such as age, educational level, tenure in organization, position in organization, and personality profiles such as openness and extraversion. A field survey using Social Network Analysis technique was carried out to test the hypotheses. Based on the findings, important theoretical and practical implications are identified.

Field of study: Computer science
تمرينات تعليمية – تدريبية على حواجز بتصميم مقترح وتأثيرها في زمن خطوة الاجتياز للحاجز (1 – 5 – 10) وانجاز ركض 100م حواجز للأعمار (13 – 14) سنة بنين

هدفت الدراسة الى التعرف على مستوى استخدام إدارة المعرفة و تكنولوجيا المعلومات لدى القيادات الإدارية يهدف البحث الى التعرف على تأثير تمرينات تعليمية- تدريبية وتأثيرها في خطوة اجتياز الحاجز (1-5-10) في فعالية 100م حواجز بأعمار (13-14 سنة) على عدائي المركز الوطني لرعاية الموهبة الرياضية البالغ عددهم (5) لاعبين واستخدم الباحث المنهج التجريبي ذو المجموعة الواحدة اذ تم تطبيق المنهاج على اللاعبين في الوحدات التدريبية خلال مدة (8) اسابيع وتم اجراء الاختيار بعد اكمال المنهج وبعدها عولجت البيانات المستحصل عليها احصائيا اذ استنتج الباحث أن التمرينات تعليمية –التدريبية لها تأثير في خطوة اجتياز الحاجز ومن هنا اوصى الباحث بضرورة استخدام تمرينات لتطوير خطوة الاجتياز في فعالية 100م حواجز

Field of study: Education
A Comparison of Three Methods of Group Vocational Counseling.

Group vocational counseling has been criticized as being individual counseling in a group setting. All counseling has been criticized when goals are not set in the initial stages of counseling. The present investigation superimposed a group discusssion process over a typical vocational counseling process in which the primary focus was on test information and over two atypical vocational counseling processes, one in which occupational information was primary and the other in which test information and occupational information were optional and randomly presented upon a group member's request. All subjects selected goals in the initial stages of counseling. Fifty -seven subjects were studied in six single-sex, experimental groups and two control groups. The atypical groups learned significantly more and retained more than did both the typical groups and the control groups.

Field of study: Psychology
Passive range finder based on moiré images of Ronchi-like gratings with bilateral asymmetry.

A passive range-finding technique utilizing moiré images of Ronchi-like gratings with bilateral asymmetry, specifically fork gratings, is explored. Fork gratings are used as opposed to Ronchi gratings due to their asymmetry in the spatial and frequency domains, which enable the resolution of certain ambiguities in analysis that would otherwise be present. The two patterns which are convolved to produce the moiré image are the fork grating and the nailbed pattern of the pixelated detector. A fork grating of known size and spatial frequency is imaged with a detector of a fixed pixel pitch. Multiple analysis techniques are applied in frequency space, which lead to both relative and absolute measures of distance.

Field of study: Physics
Sustainability of global water use: past reconstruction and future projections

Overuse of surface water and an increasing reliance on nonrenewable groundwater resources have been reported over various regions of the world, casting significant doubt on the sustainable water supply and food production met by irrigation. To assess the limitations of global water resources, numerous indicators have been developed, but they rarely consider nonrenewable water use. In addition, surface water over-abstraction is rarely assessed in the context of human and environmental water needs. Here, we perform a transient assessment of global water use over the historical period 1960–2010 as well as the future projections of 2011–2099, using a newly developed indicator: the blue water sustainability index (BlWSI). The BlWSI incorporates both nonrenewable groundwater use and nonsustainable water use that compromises environmental flow requirements. Our results reveal an increasing trend of water consumed from nonsustainable surface water and groundwater resources over the historical period (∼30%), and this increase is projected to continue further towards the end of this century (∼40%). The global amount of nonsustainable water consumption has been increasing especially since the late 1990s, despite a wetter climate and increasing water availability during this period. The BlWSI is the first tool suitable for consistently evaluating the renewability and degradation of surface water and groundwater resources as a result of human water over-abstraction. S Online supplementary data available from stacks.iop.org/ERL/9/104003/mmedia

Field of study: Environmental science
THE TRANS-MEMBRANE ELECTRON TRANSPORT COUPLED WITH DYE REDOX CYCLE IN THE LIPOSOME SYSTEM

The trans-membrane electron transport reaction was studied in the single wall liposome system in the presence of various redox dyes both in the irradiated and non-irradiated system. The reaction proceed through the steps coupled with the dye redox cycle, and was completely controlled by the redox property of dye.

Field of study: Chemistry
Cryptanalysis and Improvement of Smart-ID's Clone Detection Mechanism

At ESORICS 2017, Buldas et al. proposed an efficient (software only) server supported signature scheme, geared to mobile devices, termed Smart–ID. A major component of their design is a clone detection mechanism, which allows a server to detect the existence of clones of a client’s private key share. We point out a flaw in this mechanism. We show that, under a realistic race condition, an attacker who holds a password camouflaged private share can launch an online dictionary attack such that (i) if all its password guesses are wrong, it is very likely that the attack will not be detected, and (ii) if one of its guesses is correct, it can generate signatures on messages of its choice, and the attack will not be detected. We propose an improvement of Smart–ID to thwart the attack we present.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Endovascular treatment of a spinal dural arteriovenous malformation (DAVF).

We present a case of a patient with rapid loss of motor strength in his lower extremities. He became bedridden with bowel and bladder incontinence, and developed saddle anesthesia. MRI of the lumbar spine showed edema in the conus medullaris and multiple flow voids within the spinal canal. A spinal angiogram showed a dorsal Type I spinal AVF. This was treated successfully with Onyx 18 (eV3, Irvine, CA). The patient showed rapid post-procedure improvement, and at discharge from the hospital to a rehabilitation center he was fully ambulatory. At 3-year follow-up, the patient was found to ambulate without difficulty. He also had improved saddle anesthesia, and he was voiding spontaneously. There was no evidence of flow voids on repeat MRI of the lumbar spine. The video can be found here: http://youtu.be/SDYNIGNQIW8 .

Field of study: Medicine
Hardy type inequalities with exponential weights for a class of convolution operators

In this paper we consider operators of the form H=λ(-i∇), with λ analytic in a strip and with some specific growth conditions at infinity, and prove Hardy type estimates in L2(ℝn) with exponential weights. In fact we extend our previous results  from bounded analytic functions on a strip to analytic functions with polynomial growth in that strip.

Field of study: Mathematics
A refined age for the earliest opening of Bering Strait

Biostratigraphically and chronostratigraphically important diatoms from the Milky River Formation, Alaska Peninsula, southwestern Alaska, imply an age range of 5.4–5.5 Ma for the oldest North Pacific Cenozoic occurrence of the marine bivalve mollusk Astarte, which migrated from the Arctic Ocean into the North Pacific when Bering Strait first flooded. The data presented here are a refinement of the age range of 4.8–5.5 Ma reported earlier and imply that Bering Strait first opened very near the end of the Miocene at 5.32 Ma.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Influence of chromium and yttrium doping on transport phenomena in monocrystalline alpha-alumina

Electrical conductivity of single crystalline Al 2 O 3 doped with Cr 2 O 3 (800 and 8000 ppm) and Y 2 O 3 (1000 ppm) was measured as a function of temperature (1200°C up to 1700°C) and oxygen partial pressure (1 atm down to 10 −15 atm). The electrical conductivity is found to increase at both high and low oxygen partial pressure, these variations being more pronounced in the case of the yttrium-doped sample. Chemical diffusion coefficients in yttria-doped alpha-alumina single crystals have been deduced from electrical conductivity measurements performed during the equilibration of the gas-oxide system. The results obtained seem to indicate the precipitation of a second phase (yttrogarnet) at temperatures lower than 1650°C.

Field of study: Materials science
Three-loop Control Strategy of High Power Harmonic Voltage Generator Based on FFT

Voltage feedback control of the inverter, such as dual-loop control with voltage outer loop and current inner loop, the deadbeat control, RMS control and so on, can’t eliminate the steady-state error of the harmonic. In order to solve the above problems, this paper proposes a three-loop control strategy based on FFT. On the basis of the dual-loop control system with good dynamic performance, the FFT outer loop is added, which controls the real part and the imaginary part of each harmonic respectively in spectrum to eliminate the static error. The simulation results and experimental results show that the control algorithm not only has high dynamic performance, but also can eliminate the harmonic tracking error.

Field of study: Engineering
A Leadership Index on the California Psychological Inventory

Identification of variables related to leadership in general may be distinguished from predicting leadership in defined situations. Variables of general relevance may be only modestly valid in specific contexts. An attempt was made to develop a generally valid leadership index on the California Psychological Inventory. 179 nominated high school leaders were contrasted with 2,411 other students; the resulting index included dominance, self-acceptance, well-being, and achievement via independence weighted positively and good impression weighted negatively. A correlation ratio of +34 was obtained in cross-validat ion on 164 college students, and norms were presented for 1,371 high school students. Conceptual analysis showed the index to be diagnostic of dominance, self-confidence, and aggressiveness at one pole, and of caution, patience, and submissiveness at the other. A perusal of entries in the Psychological Abstracts over the years will quickly confirm one's expectations that psychologists have long been interested in the topic of leadership. Although much of what has been written on leadership has been speculative, a substantial body of empirical and theoretical literature is beginning to emerge. In recent years books by Bass (1960), Bellows (1959), and Fiedler (1967) and a volume of analyses edited by Petrullo and Bass (1961) have made significant contributions. A recurrent theme in the study of lead

Field of study: Psychology
Numerical simulation of a stochastic model for cancerous cells submitted to chemotherapy

A stochastic model is proposed to study the problem of inherent resistance by cell populations when chemotherapeutic agents are used to control tumor growth. Stochastic differential equations are introduced and numerically integrated to simulate expected response to the chemotherapeutic strategies as a function of different parameters. Satisfactory demonstration runs of the model indicate that it could represent a useful tool in verifying the results of experimental and clinical chemotherapy courses and planning treatment strategies. Some types of behaviour are illustrated graphically.

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics
Are There Differences in Arteriovenous Fistulae Created for Hemodialysis between Nephrologists and Vascular Surgeons?

Many studies have reported insufficient support from surgical services, resulting in nephrologists creating arteriovenous fistulas in many centers. The aim of this study was to compare risk factors of arteriovenous fistula dysfunction in patients whose fistulas were created by nephrologists versus vascular surgeons.  This was a retrospective, analytical study of interventions by nephrologists and vascular surgeons during a period of 15 years. Out of a total of 1,048 fistulas, 764 (72.9%) were created by nephrologists patients, while vascular surgeons were responsible for 284 (27.1%) fistulae. Laboratory, demographic, and clinical parameters which might affect functioning of these arteriovenous fistulae were analyzed.  Patients whose arteriovenous fistula was formed by nephrologists differed significantly from those created by vascular surgeons in relation to the preventive character of the arteriovenous fistula (p = 0.011), lumen of the vein (p < 0.001) and systolic blood pressure (p = 0.047). Multivariate logistic regression of arteriovenous fistula dysfunction showed that risk factors were female gender (odds ratio [OR] = 1.56, 95% CI 1.16–2.07), whether the fistulae were created by vascular surgeons or nephrologists (OR = 1.38; 95% CI 1.01–1.89) and the site of the arteriovenous fistula (OR = 0.64; 95% CI 0.48–0.85).  Arteriovenous fistulae created by vascular surgeons, female gender, and the location are risk factors of dysfunction.

Field of study: Medicine
Reaction d + 2H → 3He + n as a source of quasi-monoenergetic neutrons for studying the properties of neutron detectors

The responses of two liquid scintillators to neutron irradiation are investigated. Monoenergetic neutrons are obtained in the reaction d + 2H → 3He + n in different configurations of a coincidence experiment involving the detection of both neutrons and the 3He nucleus. In the experiment, the 15 MeV deuteron beam from the U-120 accelerator at the Skobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics, Moscow State University, hits a target of deuterated polyethylene, and the secondary neutrons obtained in the reaction irradiate the EJ-301 and EJ-315 liquid scintillators under study.

Field of study: Physics
The Long Non-Coding RNA SNHG1 Attenuates Cell Apoptosis by Regulating miR-195 and BCL2-Like Protein 2 in Human Cardiomyocytes

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are theorized to play key roles in the development of heart diseases. However, the role of lncRNAs in cardiomyocyte apoptosis is largely unknown. The present study examined the role of lncRNA SNHG1 in the human cardiomyocytes (HCMs) apoptosis and explored the underlying molecular mechanisms.  SNHG1, miR-195 and mRNA expression was detected by qRT-PCR; protein level was determined by western blot; cell viability was detected by MTT assay; cell apoptosis was evaluated by flow cytometry and caspase-3 activity assay; the interaction between SNHG1 and miR195 was examined by using luciferase reporter assay.  Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) treatment significantly suppressed cell viability and increased cell apoptotic rate and caspase-3 activity in HCMs. Overexpression of SNHG1 attenuated the effects of H2O2 on HCMs viability and apoptosis; while SNHG1 exerted the opposite effects. SNHG1 was found to sponge miR-195 and suppress the expression of miR-195 in HCMs. Overexpression of miR-195 suppressed cell viability and induced apoptosis in HCMs, and miR-195 was found to negatively regulate the expression of BCL-2 like protein 2 (BCL2L2) via targeting its 3’ untranslated region. Overexpression of BCL2L2 partially reversed the effects of miR-195 overexpression on cell viability and cell apoptosis of HCMs. MiR-195 overexpression or BCL2L2 knockdown attenuated the effects of SNHG1 overexpression on cell viability, cell apoptosis and protein levels of cleaved caspase-3, cleaved caspase-9 and Bax in H2O2-treated HCMs.  Our results suggest a novel SNHG1/miR-195/BCL2L2 axis in the regulation of cardiomyocyte apoptosis. Modulation of SNHG1 may represent a novel strategy to treat cardiomyocyte apoptosis-related heart diseases.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
The Precarious State of Teaching: Obstacles to the Fulfillment of the College's Central Function

T NHE fundamental responsibility of a college is to provide teaching services of the highest possible order. The basic measure of its achievement is the extent to which students are assisted in acquiring knowledge, skill, and understanding. A college merits our full respect only through effective performance of this primary function. No distinctions gained through research or scholarship, through community service or other contributions, can compensate for failure to maintain an instructional program of high quality. An educational institution justifies its existence through teaching. For this reason, one might expect the quality of teaching services within a college to be a matter of intense concern, not only to those responsible for the instructional program but to its prospective beneficiaries as well. It would seem logical that there should be continuing and thorough evaluation of teaching procedures, a constant search for more effective instructional techniques. Unfortunately, this does not appear to be the case within most institutions of higher learning. Teaching is often approached in an extremely casual manner, and there seems to be little inclination to inquire very closely into its effectiveness. One can detect no widespread sense of urgency with regard to the teaching function. It is apparently assumed that so long as traditional routines are maintained, instruction is proceeding as well as can be expected. Several factors contribute to this state of affairs. It is extraordinarily difficult to make a sound appraisal of teaching effectiveness, and, in the absence of conclusive evidence to the contrary, it is highly convenient to presume that all is well. The response of the general public to college programs offers no forceful indication that teaching services are deemed inadequate. In fact, public reaction may easily be interpreted as reflecting unqualified approval. Furthermore, there are numerous plausible arguments by means of which those within educational institutions may justify current practice and maintain their assurance that the central teaching function is being discharged in a satisfactory manner. External agencies with authority to pass judgment on the colleges ordinarily confine their evaluations to matters only distantly related to actual teaching performance. The relationship between the services of the teacher and the achieve-

Field of study: Education
Assignment and evaluation of ground beetle (Coleoptera: Carabidae) assemblages to sites on different scales in a grassland landscape

Carabid beetles and environmental parameters were investigated in 52 grassland sites with three replicate pitfall traps in each site and in the valley of the River Eider in Schleswig–Holstein (northern Germany) with 61 pitfall traps. Environmental parameters included water content of soil, sand content, organic matter content and pH. Ground beetle assemblages were derived by detrended correspondence analyses (DCA) and characterised by the specific environmental conditions as means for each assemblage. On the regional scale including all investigated sites of Schleswig–Holstein, five assemblages were differentiated. On the local scale including the investigated sites in the valley of the River Eider, three assemblages were found corresponding well with those found on the regional scale. Environmental conditions at the sites of the five assemblages were correlated with land use data, soil types, and water level stages provided by three maps of a geographic information system (GIS). The GIS maps were combined to develop smaller areas with land use, soil type and water level stage information. The characteristic environmental conditions were assigned to each area to derive the spatial distribution of the five ground beetle assemblages. Spatial prediction was correct for 65% of investigated sites. The potential area of each assemblage was estimated for the valley. The different grassland areas were evaluated as potential habitats for ground beetle species comparing total species richness with the regional species richness of each assemblage. The comparison shows that species richness in the evaluated assemblages is relatively low compared to the regional potential.

Field of study: Environmental science