nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
A discrete-time neural network for solving nonlinear convex problems with hybrid constraints

This paper investigates a discrete-time neural network model for solving nonlinear convex programming problems with hybrid constraints. The neural network finds the solution of both primal and dual problems and converges to the corresponding exact solution globally. We prove here that the proposed neural network is globally exponentially stable. Furthermore, we extend the proposed neural network for solving a class of monotone variational inequality problems with hybrid constraints. Compared with other existing neural networks for solving such problems, the proposed neural network has a low complexity for implementation without a penalty parameter and converge an exact solution to convex problem with hybrid constraints. Some numerical simulations for justifying the theoretical analysis are also given. The numerical simulations are shown that in the new model note only the cost of the hardware implementation is not relatively expensive, but also accuracy of the solution is greatly good.

Field of study: Mathematics
The presence of bisphenol A in the thermal paper in the face of changing European regulations - A comparative global research.

Bisphenol A (BPA) is used as a color developer in a thermal paper that after a heating process reacts with a leuco dye and changes it to a colored form. Receipts from cash registers are considered as the main source of consumer exposure to bisphenols together with polycarbonates and epoxy resins. Levels of BPA and its possible alternatives were determined in thermal paper samples collected between May 2018 and May 2019 in 22 European and 17 non-European countries on all inhabited continents (220 samples in total, 133 of which were from Europe and 87 from other countries). These measurements were intended to check the level of BPA presence in receipts originating from different countries, especially from Europe in the light of changing regulations restricting its use. The effect of thermal printing on developer content was also analyzed, but no major changes in concentrations of bisphenols were observed during the process. Thus, printed receipts could be used for the determination of bisphenol content. Analysis of receipts from 39 countries has shown that BPA is still the most common compound used around the world with 69% samples containing this color developer. Among other tested bisphenols, BPS was used as a color developer in 20% samples, but it was noted that all samples collected from Japan and the United States of America were found to contain only BPS. Other bisphenols (F, AF, E, and B) considered as possible alternatives for BPA were detected only at trace levels or not detected at all, which showed that they were not used as color developers. The relatively large use of BPS as a BPA substitute is worrying because this compound not only has similar endocrine properties but is also poorly biodegradable. Besides, its relatively high polarity facilitates spreading in the environment.

Field of study: Environmental science
Differential Distribution of Risk Factors and Outcome of Acute Coronary Syndrome in Kuwait: Three Years’ Experience

To compare the distribution of risk factors and clinical outcome of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) between Kuwaiti and other Arab men living in Kuwait.  The data for this study was collected from the computerized database at the Mubarak Al-Kabeer Hospital, Kuwait and the 1997–2000 census data for the State of Kuwait. 1,329 Arab men (666 Kuwaitis and 663 other Arabs) older than 25 years who were admitted between September 1997 and August 2000 with a diagnosis of ACS were included in the study.  The rate of admission for the entire patient population was twofold higher for Kuwaiti (1.68/1,000) than other Arab men (0.72/1,000), (p < 0.001); the mean age of the Kuwaiti men was 56.7 ± 11.9 years and other Arab men 53.0 ± 10.5 years (p < 0.001). The prevalence of hypertension, diabetes, smoking and hypercholesterolemia for Kuwaiti men was 35.9, 56.9, 51.7 and 36.2%, respectively; the corresponding prevalence for other Arab men was 28.8, 42.7, 68.2 and 32.0%, the difference in the prevalence except for hypercholesterolemia was significant (p < 0.001). In Kuwaiti men younger than 55 years of age, the prevalence of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, smoking and hypercholesterolemia was 26.6, 49.5, 68.6 and 43.3%, respectively; the corresponding values for other Arab men was 22.3, 36.2, 77.7 and 43.3%; the difference in prevalence except for hypertension was significant (p < 0.001). The in-hospital mortality for the whole study was 6.2% (Kuwaiti) and 2.3% (other Arab men; p < 0.001); while that for men younger than 55 years was 2.7% (Kuwaiti) and 0.8% (other Arab men; p < 0.05).  The rate of admission for the entire patient population with a diagnosis of ACS was twofold higher for Kuwaiti than other Arab men. Among all patients and also those less than 55 years, the prevalence of diabetes mellitus was consistently higher among Kuwaiti than other Arab men thereby probably leading to the higher admission rate and in-hospital mortality.

Field of study: Medicine
Spatial Interpolation of the Average Air Temperature in Hainan Island Based on DEM

The mean monthly air temperature of 18 meteorological stations from 1979 to 2008 was analyzed.A variety of interpolation methods were used to study the mean air temperature spatial distribution based on DEM.Different interpolation methods such as the combination of stepwise regression and inverse distance weighing interpolation method,the combination of stepwise regression and ordinary kriging interpolation method,the combination of stepwise regression and spline interpolation method,the combination of stepwise regression and trend interpolation method were analyzed by the prediction accuracy verified by 5 validated stations,and gird maps of mean air temperature spatial distribution were carried out a comparative analysis.The result demonstrated that the combination of stepwise regression and inverse distance weighting interpolation method had the highest prediction accuracy,and was better than others.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Inferred bivalve response to rapid burial in a Pleistocene shallow-marine deposit from New Zealand

Orientations of 16 species of conjoined bivalves were analysed in relation to the sedimentary history of the middle Pleistocene Upper Castlecliff Shellbed and the overlying Karaka Siltstone in Wanganui Basin, New Zealand. The shellbed represents mid-cycle condensation, and the Karaka Siltstone (highstand systems tract) was deposited by coastal progradation. Most of the shell orientations represent either life orientation or reworked reclining orientation. However, orientations inverted compared to the normal feeding position are not uncommon for infaunal shallow-burrowing bivalves, such as Notocallista multistriata, but only in the lower unit of the Karaka Siltstone. This orientation is interpreted as produced by upward migration of bivalves when they were buried rapidly. Such bivalve orientations are evidence for a rapid change in sedimentation rate from the starved condition represented by the midcycle condensed shellbed (Upper Castlecliff Shellbed), across a downlap surface, to the highstand systems tract (Karaka Siltstone) where episodic rapid sedimentation began.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Fragmentation Characteristics and Utility of Immonium Ions for Peptide Identification by MALDI-TOF/TOF-Mass Spectrometry

One of significant characteristics of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization tandem time-of-light mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS) high-energy collision induced dissociation (CID) is to produce abundant immonium (IM) ions that can offer a wealth of information for peptide composition. However, MALDI-TOF/TOF is generally used for routine protein identification based on database search or de novo sequencing combined with chemical derivation. Consequently, the characteristics of IM ions may not be fully explored and utilized. Here, a total of 239 MS/MS spectra were used to explore the fragmentation features of IM ions with MALDI TOF/TOF spectrometry and their application for peptide identification. IM ion signals for 14 kinds of amino acids including His with a positive rate of more than 50% were observed. The results indicated that the chemical nature of the amino acids and position effect were two main factors that affect the intensity of fragment ions. In addition, false positive IM ions were mainly derived from Arg, Lys, Leu and Ile residues or mixture peptides. Besides the compositional information, partial sequence information was also obtained by comparison of the relative intensity of IM ions. These findings are helpful when performing manual interpretations and can help improving current peptide search algorithms.

Field of study: Chemistry
Inhibition of serum deprivation-induced PC12 cell apoptosis by tanshinone II A.

To study the effect of tanshinone II A (Tan II A) on PC12 cell apoptosis induced by serum deprivation.



PC12 cell survival was measured by MTT assay. The DNA content and percentage of apoptosis were monitored by flow cytometry and DNA fragmentation was analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis.



Serum-free (12 h) medium induced apoptosis in PC12 cells. When the cells had been treated with Tan II A (0.1 and 1 micromol . L-1) for 12 h, the percentage of PC12 cell apoptosis was greatly decreased to 25.71 % and 4.89 % from 96.07 % in serum deprivation alone group, and DNA fragmentation was prevented. Tan II A (0.01 - 10 micromol . L-1) attenuated the cytotoxic effect of sodium cyanide (20 mmol . L-1), glutamate (0.5 mmol . L-1), and sodium nitroprusside (0.5 mmol . L-1).



Tan II A prevented PC12 cells from apoptosis induced by serum-free medium.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
In-situ observation of thermal residual strains in carbon/thermoplastic microcomposites using Raman spectroscopy

Thermal residual strains in carbon/thermoplastic microcomposites have been measured in-situ using micro Raman spectroscopy. This experimental method provides quantitative information of the relation between the level of residual strains and the temperature history. Two different microcomposites have been investigated; carbon fibre/ polycarbonate and carbon fibre/polypropylene. The observed strain-temperature profile exhibits two characteristic nonlinear zones for both composite systems. It is shown that the linear thermoelastic solution strongly overestimates residual thermal strains. In order to overcome this deficiency the thermorheologically simple model is applied to predict residual strains. The results indicate that the model correctly estimates the level of residual strains in thermoplastic microcomposites, but fails to describe the two nonlinear characteristic zones. This leads to the conclusion that a more complex constitutive model of the matrix phase must be considered.

Field of study: Materials science
Controlled stability of molecular junctions.

Using single molecules as the building blocks of electronic devices is the ultimate goal of molecular electronics. However, measuring, understanding and manipulating the transport of charge through molecules attached to nanosize electrodes remains a difficult task. It is thus important to fabricate molecular junctions exhibiting reproducible and stable electrical response, and evaluate their performance.  While chemists are able to synthesize molecules with amazing electronic, optical, magnetic, thermoelectric or electromechanical properties and with the potential to provide electronic devices with novel functionality, the integration into single molecular devices remains the main problem of the field “molecular electronics”. It has been demonstrated that the electronic transport through a molecule depends not only on its intrinsic properties but also on specif ic details of the contacts and the local environment.  Here we report a new strategy to monitor the conductance of such molecular junctions enabling to gain further insight into the detailed nature of the conductance of single molecules. Due to the stability and reproducibility of our junctions, our method provides a new perspective on studies of electronic transport on the nanometer scale.

Field of study: Physics
Nonlinear refraction and absorption measurements of thin films by the dual-arm Z-scan method.

We extend the recently developed dual-arm Z-scan to increase the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for measuring the nonlinear refraction (NLR) of thin films on thick substrates. Similar to the case of solutes in solution, the phase shift due to NLR in a thin film can often be dominated by the phase shift due to NLR in the much thicker substrate. SNR enhancement is accomplished by simultaneously scanning a bare substrate and the film plus substrate in two separate but identical Z-scan arms. The subtraction of these signals taken simultaneously effectively cancels the nonlinear signal from the substrate, leaving only the signal from the film. More importantly, the SNR is increased since the correlated noise from effects such as beam-pointing instabilities cancels. To show the versatility of the dual-arm Z-scan method, we perform measurements on semiconductor and organic thin films, some less than 100 nm thick and with thicknesses up to 4 orders of magnitude less than the substrate.

Field of study: Physics
Ionic Imprinted Calix[4]resorcinarene Host for Pb(II) Adsorbent Using Diallylaminomethyl–Calix[4]resorcinarene Copolymer

Novel imprinted calix[4]resorcinarene host diallylaminomethyl–calix[4]resorcinarene was developed and copolymerized with divinylbenzene for selective extraction of Pb(II). In ternary mixture of hea...

Field of study: Chemistry
Inborn vs. Acquired Anxiety in Cross-Breeding and Cross-Fostering HAB/LAB Mice Bred for Extremes in Anxiety-Related Behavior

This study focused on genetically determined versus acquired factors in shaping anxiety-related behavior by combining cross-breeding and cross-fostering approaches. Via cross-breeding of HAB (high anxiety-related behavior) female and LAB (low anxiety-related behavior) male mice, we obtained F1 hybrids with intermediate anxiety levels carrying genetic characteristics of both parental lines. Pups were raised either by their biological HAB (noncross-fostered control) or foster LAB (cross-fostered) mothers. Compared to controls, 6-week-old offspring raised by LAB mothers showed lower levels of anxiety in the elevated plus-maze and open field, but not the light-dark box, tests. No differences were found in the forced swim test reflecting active versus passive coping. The behavioral changes were associated with increased stress-induced concentrations of plasma corticosterone in cross-fostered animals. The expression of the corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor type I and glucocorticoid receptor genes did not differ in limbic and hypothalamic brain areas between cross-fostered and control mice. The data suggest that LAB-typical maternal care may partially shift behavioral and neuroendocrine characteristics of F1 crosses carrying both HAB and LAB alleles from intermediate toward reduced anxiety-related behavior.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Locating the Difficulty in Insight Problems: Individual and Sex Differences

This experiment was designed to determine whether difficult problems can be made easier by manipulating a major obstacle. Standard and supposedly simplified versions of 6 insight problems were used. 311 male and 233 female Ss were given 3 of the standard versions and 3 of the simplified versions of the problems. The results showed that the supposedly helpful manipulations had limited value. For males, the standard versions of only 3 of the problems were significantly more difficult than the simplified versions; for females, there were differences on 3 problems (2 in the same direction as the males) but none reached significance. The problems were analyzed individually for sources of failure of the manipulation. Results suggested that a single hint cannot provide significant improvement since a problem appears to be difficult for different people for a variety of reasons. Chance factors also play a part in successful problem solving. Results also confirmed earlier findings showing that hints or suggestions which seem helpful when the solution is known may serve as distractors to an individual attempting to discover the solution. Implications of the results for upgrading problem solving through training are discussed.

Field of study: Psychology
On backwards and forwards reachable sets bounding for perturbed time-delay systems

Linear systems with interval time-varying delay and unknown-but-bounded disturbances are considered in this paper. We study the problem of finding outer bound of forwards reachable sets and inter bound of backwards reachable sets of the system. Firstly, two definitions on forwards and backwards reachable sets, where initial state vectors are not necessary to be equal to zero, are introduced. Then, by using the Lyapunov-Krasovskii method, two sufficient conditions for the existence of: (i) the smallest possible outer bound of forwards reachable sets; and (ii) the largest possible inter bound of backwards reachable sets, are derived. These conditions are presented in terms of linear matrix inequalities with two parameters need to tuned, which therefore can be efficiently solved by combining existing convex optimization algorithms with a two-dimensional search method to obtain optimal bounds. Lastly, the obtained results are illustrated by four numerical examples.

Field of study: Mathematics
Peran Yayasan Sekolah Umat Katolik (YA-SUKMA) Dalam Mengembangkan Pendidikan Di Manggarai 1911-1915

Abstrak. Kondisi pendidikan di Indonesia sebelum kemerdekaan masih sangat memprihatinkan, baik di tingkat pusat maupun daerah-daerah pelosok termasuk di Kabupaten Manggarai, Nusa Tenggara Timur. Sebagian besar masyarakat Manggarai yang tidak mengenyam pendidikan yang layak. Itu disebabkan berbagai masalah antara lain, minimnya jumlah sekolah, kemiskinan, rendahnya motivasi pendidikan, dan biaya untuk mengakses pendidikan sangat mahal. Kondisi tersebut membuat masyarakat Manggarai mengalami keterbelakangan pendidikan dan buta huruf.Dengan melihat kondisi demikian Yayasan Sekolah Umat Katolik (YA-SUKMA) mendirikan Sekolah Pertama di Reo yaitu SDK Reo 1. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor yang melatarbelakangi Yayasan Sekolah Umat Katolik (YA-SUKMA) berjuang mendirikan sekolah-sekolah di Kabupaten Manggarai, untuk mengetahui usaha-usaha apa saja yang di lakukan Yayasan Sekolah Umat Katolik (YA-SUKMA) dalam Membangun Pendidikan di Kabupaten Manggarai dan untuk mengetahui dampak perjuangan Yayasan Sekolah Umat Katolik (YA-SUKMA) dalam mendirikan sekolah-sekolah di Kabupaten Manggarai. Penelitian sejarah ini menggunakan metode sejarah yaitu heuristik, kritik sejarah, interpretasi dan historiografi. Di dalam menganalisis permasalahan diatas penulis menggunakan beberapa landasan teori : (1). Teori pendidikan karena apa yang di lakukan Yayasan Sekolah Umat Katolik(YA-SUKMA) saat ketiadaan pengetahuan dan terbatasnya pendiddikan yang layak di Kabupaten Manggari, (2). Teori tindakan sosial karena apa yang di lakukan Yayasan Sekolah Umat Katolik(YA-SUKMA) dengan mendirikan sekolah-sekolah di Manggarai merupakan suatu tindakan yang sangat mulia dan (3) Teori perubahan sosial, dengan adanya sekolah-sekolah yang di dirikan Yayasan Sekolah Umat Katolik(YA-SUKMA) memberikan dampak positif yang sangat besar bagi kemajuan pendidikan di Kabupaten Manggarai. Dari hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa latar belakang Yayasan Sekolah Umat Katolik(YA-SUKMA) mendirikan sekolah-sekolah di Kabupaten Manggarai di dukung oleh beberapa faktor yaitu faktor agama, faktor sosial ekonomi dan faktor pendidikan. Dalam perjuangan Yayasan Sekolah Umat Katolik(YA-SUKMA) dalam membangun pendidikan di Manggarai, Yayasan Sekolah Umat Katolik (YA-SUKMA) di anggap memiliki peran penting dalam perkebangan pendidikan. Karena, Yayasan Sekolah Umat Katolik (YA-SUKMA) pendiri Sekolah-sekolah Dasar Katolik (SDK) di Kabupaten Manggarai, tantangan yang dilalui oleh Yayasan Sekolah Umat Katolik (YA-SUKMA) dalam membangun pendidikan di Kabupaten Manggarai dan dianggap sosok yang membebaskan Orang Manggarai dari keterbelakangan pendidikan. Perjuangan Yayasan Sekolah Umat Katolik (YA-SUKMA) mendirikan sekolah-sekolah mempunyai dampak yang positif bagi Masyarakat Manggarai antara lain sebagai berikut: Meningkatnya Pendidikan Masyarakat Maggarai, Meningkatnya Kesejahteraan Hidup Masyarakat Manggarai, Menurunya Tingkat Kekerasan Guru Terhadap Siswa/I di Kabupaten Manggarai dan Jumlah Sekolah Bertambah di Kabupaten Manggarai.

Field of study: Sociology
A microcomputer based system for frequency dependent impedance/admittance measurements

A micro, or personal, computer based system for frequency dispersion measurements in solid state ionics is described. This system is capable of measuring the complex admittance or impedance in the frequency range from less than 1 mHz to 100 kHz. Impedances up to 1 G.ohm can be measured. The quality of the system is demonstrated with a complex R-C circuit. The use of the system in conjunction with a powerful non linear least squares fitting program is illustrated with a complex frequency dispersion measurement on a sample of Na 2 SnS 3 .

Field of study: Materials science
Science, Action, and Values in Familial Retardation

the interactions of science, value systems, and social action programs, especially in the area of mental retardation. They have made the point that science never directly dictates a social action program. That is, scientific facts and theories about the nature of man and his environment do not in themselves dictate how we solve social problems. It is only when those facts and theories are placed in the perspectiveof a valuesystem that they suggest solutions to our problems. In fact, whatever our society chooses to define as a social problem is in itself determined by our value systems. Sarason & Doris further stated that in this age of high prestige for expertise and science, there is the danger that when we call upon an expert or scientist to solve our social problems, we may not distinguish between his expertise and his value system. In fact, the expert or scientist himself is seldom consciously aware of this distinction or, i f he is, he considers it unimportant or irrelevant to the issue at hand. At any rate, he seldom publicly makes this distinction evident. Instead, his value system is more or less implicitly embedded in his assumptions, his arguments, and his conclusionsthe latter being expressed as his recommendations for action. Therefore, it is incumbent upon a public clamoring for action on its social problems, and listening eagerly to all proposed solutions, to be constantly alert to the distinction between the knowledge of facts and theories that the expert or scientist applies to the problems of society and the value system by which he selects and applies them. Should thevalue system change, the facts and theories selected may change or be reinterpreted to suggest Science, Action, and Values in Familial Retardation JOHN DORIS, Ph.D. Cornell University

Field of study: Education