nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Little evidence of systemic and adipose tissue inflammation in overweight individuals†

The effect of weight loss by diet alone or diet in conjunction with exercise on low-grade inflammation in non-obese (overweight) individuals is not known.  Test the hypothesis that 24 weeks of moderate calorie restriction (CR; 25%) by diet only or with aerobic exercise would reduce markers of systemic inflammation and attenuate inflammation gene expression in subcutaneous adipose tissue.  Randomized controlled trial.  Institutional Research Center.  Thirty-five overweight (body mass index: 27.8 ± 0.7 kg/m2) but otherwise healthy participants (16M/19F) completed the study.  Participants were randomized to either CR (25% reduction in energy intake, n = 12), caloric restriction + exercise (CR + EX: 12.5% reduction in energy intake + 12.5% increase in exercise energy expenditure, n = 12), or control (healthy weight-maintenance diet, n = 11) for 6 months.  Fasting serum markers of inflammation [leptin, highly sensitive C-reactive protein (hsCRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), adiponectin] and inflammation-related genes [CD68, IL-6, TNF-α, macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), adiponectin, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1)] in subcutaneous adipose tissue.  CR and CR + EX lost similar amounts of body weight (–10 ± 1%), fat mass (–24 ± 3%), visceral fat (–27 ± 3%), and had increased insulin sensitivity (CR: 40 ± 20%, CR + EX: 66 ± 22%). Leptin was significantly decreased from baseline (p < 0.001) in both groups however TNF-α and IL-6 were not changed. hsCRP was decreased in CR + EX. There was no change in the expression of genes involved in macrophage infiltration (CD68, MIF MCP-1, PAI-1) or inflammation (IL-6, TNF-α, adiponectin) in either CR or CR + EX.  A 10% weight loss with a 25% CR diet alone or with exercise did not impact markers of systemic inflammation or the expression of inflammation-related adipose genes in overweight individuals.

Field of study: Biology
Late Ordovician and Early Silurian rugose coral biogeography and world reconstruction of palaeocontinents

Two epochs of Early Palaeozoic rugose coral diversification, Caradocian-Ashgillian and Middle Llandoverian-Early Wenlockian, are chosen for biogeographical analysis at the generic level, following an overall revised classification of the Rugosa (Wang et al., 1989a). World reconstruction maps are based on palaeomagnetic, palaeotectonic and palaeoblogeographic data, and were constructed through an autograph programme on an IBM PC-AT microcomputer. The Caradocian and Ashgillian rugose corals are in 16 families and 71 genera, including 15% Cystiphyllida, 40% Streptelasmatida and 44% Columnariida, in addition to the zaphrentoidid genus Protozaphrentis . Two biogeographical realms, the West Prototethyan and the East Prototethyan, may be discerned. The West Prototethyan Realm includes three provinces, the Siberian, the North American and the Kazakhstan-Hinganian. The East Prototethyan Realm also includes three provinces, the Southeast Asian (Yangtzean), the East Australian and the North European. The third area, the Gondwanan, is devoid of corals. In Middle and Late Llandoverian and Early Wenlockian, the rugose corals have 27 families and 130 genera, of which 26% are Cystiphyllida, 32% are Streptelasmatida and 41% are Columariida, in addition to the zaphrentoidid genus Duncanella . The West Prototethyan Realm contains three provinces, the Siberia-Mongolian, the North European and the North American. The East Prototethyan Realm consists of two provinces, the Southeast Asian (Yangtzean) and the Kazakhatan-Sinokorean, both bearing Ceriaster and Amplexoides .

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Two geometric character formulas for reductive Lie groups

In this paper we prove two formulas for the characters of representations of reductive groups. Both express the character of a representation π in terms of the same geometric data attached to π. When specialized to the case of a compact Lie group, one of them reduces to Kirillov’s character formula in the compact case, and the other, to an application of the Atiyah-Bott fixed point formula to the Borel-Weil realization of the representation π. To set the stage, let us first recall the Borel-Weil theorem for a connected, compact Lie group GR. For simplicity, we assume that GR is simply connected. We let gR denote its Lie algebra and g = C ⊗R gR the complexified Lie algebra. Via the adjoint action, GR operates on igR∗, the space of all R-linear functions λ : gR → iR. Every GR-orbit Ω in igR∗ – “coadjoint orbit” for short – carries a canonical GRinvariant symplectic structure. The orbit Ω is said to be integral if some, or equivalently any, λ ∈ Ω exponentiates to a character e of the isotropy subgroup (GR)λ. In that case, the one-dimensional representation spaces of the characters e, λ ∈ Ω, fit together into a GR-equivariant, real algebraic, Hermitian line bundle LΩ → Ω. The pair (Ω,LΩ → Ω) carries a unique “positive polarization”: a GR-invariant complex structure on the manifold Ω and the structure of a GR-equivariant holomorphic line bundle on LΩ, positive in the sense of algebraic geometry. The hypothesis of simple connectivity ensures that the square root √ KΩ of the canonical bundle KΩ exists as a GR-equivariant holomorphic line bundle. According to the Borel-Weil theorem, the natural action of GR on the space of holomorphic LΩ-valued half forms H0(Ω,O(K Ω ⊗ LΩ)) is irreducible; moreover, the association Ω H0(Ω,O(K Ω ⊗ LΩ)) (1.1)

Field of study: Mathematics
Factor Structure of the Personal Growth Initiative Scale-II: Evidence of a Bifactor Model

Personal growth initiative has been shown to be an important predictor of psychological health. It is currently measured by the Personal Growth Initiative Scale-II (PGIS-II), which consists of 4 interrelated factors. Past research across various samples has consistently selected the 4-factor model as the best fit for the data compared to single-factor and second-order models. However, its fit has typically been adequate (not strong), and, to date, no research has examined alternate factor structures, such as a bifactor solution. The current study examined 4 theoretically informed potential models—single-factor, 4-factor, second-order 4 factor, and bifactor—across 3 samples drawn from different populations: 223 college students, 307 Mechanical Turk participants, and 281 clinical therapy clients. Across all 3 samples, the bifactor model was the best fit for the data, and tests of multigroup invariance indicated this model was invariant through the scalar level. Finally, analyses of the explained common variance and percentage of uncontaminated correlations indicated that the PGIS-II can be appropriately modeled unidimensionally.

Field of study: Psychology
Study on the expression and immunological characterization of recombinant human type II collagen polypeptide 250-270

To express the recombinant polymerized gene encoding human collagen type Ⅱ polypeptide 250-270(rhCⅡ250-270), so as to obtain the recombinant polypeptide with high-performance expression and convenient purification. Moreover, to explore its ability to stimulate T cells of PBMC and SFMC in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).  Using chemical synthesis and PCR techniques, constructing human CⅡ250-270 gene, adopting the preference codon in E.coli. Fusion protein expressed in pGEX-4T-1 was isolated and purified. The proliferative effect of human T cells in RA patients responses to rhCⅡ250-270(0.1, 1.0, 10, 100μg/ml) was evaluated by FACS.  The relative molecular mass of expressed product was 43kD as predicted. The purity of purified fusion protein reached 89% as assessed by SDS-PAGE gel thin-layer scanning. It was shown by FACS that 100μg/ml was the optimal activation concentration, CD69 expression arrived at top level at the third day, CD69+ T cells of the PBMC and SFMC activated by rhCⅡ250-270 were (18.05%±4.34%, 25.17%±4.89%) respectively as well as synthesized CⅡ250-270 groups, which was significantly higher than those in the GST′s groups (1.02%±0.48%, 1.25%±0.23%). The express level of CD69 in SFMC is much higher than that in PBMC(P0.01).  rhCⅡ250-270 has the ability to activate the T cells of PBMC and SFMC from RA patients as well as synthesized CⅡ250-270. The high-level expression of rhCⅡ250-270 may provide a base land for further researching about the pathogenesis and treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.

Field of study: Biology
Taxonomic composition and gene content of a methane-producing microbial community isolated from a biogas reactor.

A total community DNA sample from an agricultural biogas reactor continuously fed with maize silage, green rye, and small proportions of chicken manure has recently been sequenced using massively parallel pyrosequencing. In this study, the sample was computationally characterized without a prior assembly step, providing quantitative insights into the taxonomic composition and gene content of the underlying microbial community. Clostridiales from the phylum Firmicutes is the most prevalent phylogenetic order, Methanomicrobiales are dominant among methanogenic archaea. An analysis of Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) revealed that the entire microbial community is only partially covered by the sequenced sample, despite that estimates suggest only a moderate overall diversity of the community. Furthermore, the results strongly indicate that archaea related to the genus Methanoculleus, using CO2 as electron acceptor and H2 as electron donor, are the main producers of methane in the analyzed biogas reactor sample. A phylogenetic analysis of glycosyl hydrolase protein families suggests that Clostridia play an important role in the digestion of polysaccharides and oligosaccharides. Finally, the results unveiled that most of the organisms constituting the sample are still unexplored.

Field of study: Biology, Engineering
Changes in the taxonomic diversity of the reef fish community of San José Island, Gulf of California, Mexico

Although San José Island is considered one of the most important islands in the lower Gulf of California due to its commercial fishing activities, few studies have evaluated their fish taxonomic diversity. The aim of this study was to determine the variation in the taxonomic diversity of the conspicuous fish community in eight locations around San José Island from March 2001 to February 2002. We assessed the changes in the diversity of rocky reef fish based on the taxonomic distances between species, using Fisher’s alpha diversity index, average taxonomic distinctiveness (AvTD Δ+), and taxonomic distinctiveness (Δ*). Visual censuses were conducted in 48 transects consisting of 100 × 5 m quadrants (500 m2 sampling area) at an average depth of 5 m, from 09:00 to 16:00. A total of 26,608 fishes belonging to 112 species and 76 genera were found. The index of relative abundance was used to determine the most important species, which were in order of abundance: Abudefduf troschelii, Thalassoma lucasanum, Stegastes rectifraenum, Mulloidichthys dentatus, Chromis atrilobata, Lutjanus argentiventris, and Scarus ghobban. According to Fisher’s alpha diversity index, the highest diversity of species was found in July and the lowest in February. The indices of Δ+ and Δ* indicated significant temporal and spatial differences.

Field of study: Environmental science
Differential Addition in Generalized Edwards Coordinates

We use two parametrizations of points on elliptic curves in generalized Edwards form x2 + y2 = c2(1 + dx2y2) that omit the x- coordinate. The first parametrization leads to a differential addition formula that can be computed using 6M + 4S, a doubling formula using 1M+ 4S and a tripling formula using 4M+ 7S. The second one yields a differential addition formula that can be computed using 5M + 2S and a doubling formula using 5S. All formulas apply also for the case c ≠ 1 and arbitrary curve parameter d. This generalizes formulas from the literature for the special case c = 1 or d being a square in the ground field. 
 
For both parametrizations the formula for recovering the missing X- coordinate is also provided.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Tuning the Thermoelectric Performance of Benzo-difuran Molecular Wires

Using a first principles approach to electron transport, we calculate the electrical and thermoelectrical transport properties of a series of molecular wires containing benzo-difuran subunits. The presence of side groups in these structures introduces Fano resonances into the transport properties, which are not present in the more widely studied oligophenylene ethynylene and oligophenylene vinylene (OPE, OPV) molecules. We demonstrate that the energies of Fano resonances can be tuned by varying the electronegativity of selected atoms. We also study the relative effect of single, double or triple bonds along the molecular backbone and find that single bonds yield the highest thermopower, which at room temperature is approximately 22µV/K, which is comparable with the highest measured values for single-molecule thermopower reported to date.

Field of study: Physics
THE NASA AIRBORNE TROPICAL TROPOPAUSE EXPERIMENT: High-Altitude Aircraft Measurements in the Tropical Western Pacific.

AbstractThe February–March 2014 deployment of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Airborne Tropical Tropopause Experiment (ATTREX) provided unique in situ measurements in the western Pacific tropical tropopause layer (TTL). Six flights were conducted from Guam with the long-range, high-altitude, unmanned Global Hawk aircraft. The ATTREX Global Hawk payload provided measurements of water vapor, meteorological conditions, cloud properties, tracer and chemical radical concentrations, and radiative fluxes. The campaign was partially coincident with the Convective Transport of Active Species in the Tropics (CONTRAST) and the Coordinated Airborne Studies in the Tropics (CAST) airborne campaigns based in Guam using lower-altitude aircraft (see companion articles in this issue). The ATTREX dataset is being used for investigations of TTL cloud, transport, dynamical, and chemical processes, as well as for evaluation and improvement of global-model representations of TTL processes. The ATTREX da...

Field of study: Environmental science
Investigation of nitrogen- and sulfur-containing heterocycles

Abstract5-Acylamino-6-acylmethylmercaptopyrimidines are formed by reaction of 5-amino-6-mercaptopyrimidines with halo-β-diketones in alkaline media, while 7-acylpyrimido[4,5-b]-[1, 4]thiazines are formed in close-to-neutral media.

Field of study: Chemistry
Tephra layers as correlation tools of neogene coal-bearing strata from the Kenai lowland, Alaska

Thirty-two tephra layers, exposed in coal beds of the Miocene and Pliocene Beluga and Sterling Formations along the shores of the Kenai lowland on the northwestern Kenai Peninsula, Alaska, were studied in detail to improve the geochronology and regional correlation of the Sterling Formation and test prior correlations that were based on palynology and physical tracing of beds over short distances. Published radiogenic isotope data suggest an age span of approximately 4 m.y. for the Sterling Formation at this location but give discordant ages for individual samples depending on dating techniques. A crystal-rich tephra layer near the middle of the section was traced across the Kenai lowland as one or two ash falls based on stratigraphic position, inertinite contents of adjacent coal, geochemical and mineralogical analyses, and individual characteristics. A pumice-rich layer deposited near the top of the Sterling Formation is preserved at two localities on the northwestern and southeastern sides of the Kenai lowland. Geochemical similarities, similar glass morphologies, and an absence of opaque phases characterize this layer as a single ash fall and allow correlation. On a regional scale, these correlations concur with previous correlations and show that a shallow anticline with a northwest-southeast-trending axis extends across themore » Kenai lowland. 28 refs., 14 figs., 1 tab.« less

Field of study: Geology
Link Quality Realtime Evaluation Algorithm Oriented to Industry Wireless Sensor Network

It′s a challenge to Industry Wireless Sensor Network with reliability and self-organizing that wireless communication link is dynamic and dissipative.And real time evaluation of wireless communication link quality is a very important problem to Industry Wireless Sensor Network.This paper contraposing the shortage of existent link quality evaluation method puts forward a new link quality evaluation method synthetizing physical estimation and logic estimation method.And this mainly bases on prevenient research and wireless link characteristic from the test at oil extraction industry field and.This estimator can achieve real-time,non-redundancy and low energy consumption while ensuring the accuracy of the quality evaluation link.

Field of study: Computer science
Oral somatosensory factors in dietary self-selection in rats.

For studying the mechanisms of the control of protein intake, rats were subjected to partial trigeminal deafferentation. Oral somatosensory afferents from the lower anterior portion of the oral cavity were selectively sectioned, but somatosensation of the other parts of the mouth as well as gustatory and olfactory afferents were left intact. Animals were allowed to choose from two diets, only one of which contained protein. Before deafferentation, the rats chose a constant portion of their daily intake in the form of protein (12.2%; SE = 0.5). After deafferentation, protein intake was all but eliminated at first but was resumed later; carbohydrate intake was reduced. When total intake had recovered to nearly preoperative values, the protein/total-intake ratio remained impaired, with deficits that ranged from seemingly random selection to extreme preferences. The variability of dietary selection between days was considerably higher than before surgery. The discussion considers the involvement of learning processes in homeostasis.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Computer modelling studies of ribonuclease T1-2'-deoxy-2'-fluoroguanylyl- (3',5')-cytidine complex.

The mode of binding of the substrate analog 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoroguanylyl- (3',5')-cytidine (GfpC) to RNase T1 was determined by computer modelling studies. The results obtained are in good agreement with the observations of 1H-nmr studies. The modes of binding of the substrate analog GfpC and the substrate GpC to the enzyme RNase T1 have been compared. Though the guanine base favours to occupy the same site of the enzyme in both the complexes, significant differences are observed in the local environment around the 2'-substituent group of guanosine ribose moiety. In the RNase T1-GpC complex, the 2'-OH group is in close proximity to the side chain carboxylic acid of Glu58 which leads to the formation of a hydrogen bond. However, in the RNase T1-GfpC complex, 2'-fluorine is positioned away from Glu58 due to electrostatic repulsion and instead forms a hydrogen bond with His40 imidazolium group. The results obtained rule out the possibility of His40 serving as the base group in catalysis as suggested by 1H-nmr studies and further support the primary role assigned to Glu58 as the general base group by earlier computer modelling and the recent site directed mutagenesis studies. This study also implies that the 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro substrate analog may not serve as a good model for determining the amino acid residue which serves as the general base group in ribonuclease catalysed reactions.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Physics
‘Transgressive Objects’ in America: Mimesis and Violence in the Collection of Trophies during the Nineteenth Century Indian Wars

Based on my own earlier theorising of ‘mimesis at war’, and taking up Simon Harrison's suggestion that trophies made from human body parts are best explained as ‘transgressive objects’, the article focuses on a particular trophy, a nineteenth century Cheyenne finger necklace. Its history illustrates that trophy-taking was part of a broader circulation of practices of war among native warriors and the American military in the West. Finally, trophy-taking made its way into the academic and scientific institutions that provide the discursive frame for present debates about war in anthropology and archaeology.

Field of study: History, Sociology
Aerosol Optical Depth measurements at 340 nm with a Brewer spectrophotometer and comparison with Cimel sunphotometer observations at Uccle, Belgium

The Langley Plot Method (LPM) is adapted for the retrieval of Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) values at 340 nm from Brewer#178 sun scan measurements between 335 and 345 nm (convoluted with the band pass function of the Cimel sunphotometer filter at 340 nm) performed in Uccle, Belgium. The use of sun scans instead of direct sun measurements simplifies the comparison of the AOD values with quasi-simultaneous Cimel sunphotometer values. Also, the irradiance at 340 nm is larger than the one at 320.1 nm due to lower ozone absorption, thus improving the signal to noise ratio. For the selection of the cloudless days (from now on referred to as calibration quality clear days), a new set of criteria is proposed. With the adapted method, individual clear sky AOD values, for which the selection criteria are also presented in this article, are calculated for a period from September 2006 until the end of August 2010. These values are then compared to quasi-simultaneous Cimel sunphotometer measurements, showing a very good agreement (the correlation coefficient, the slope and the intercept of the regression line are respectively 0.974, 0.968 and 0.011), which proves that good quality observations can be obtained from Brewer sun scan measurements at 340 nm. The analysis of the monthly and seasonal Brewer AODs at Uccle is consistent with studies at other sites reporting on the seasonal variation of AODs in Europe. The highest values can be observed in summer and spring, whereas more than 50% of the winter AODs are lower than 0.3. On a monthly scale, the lowest AOD are observed in December and the highest values occur in June and April. No clear weekly cycle is observed for Uccle. The current cloud-screening algorithm is still an issue, which means that some AOD values can still be influenced by scattered clouds. This effect can be seen when comparing the calculated monthly mean values of the Brewer with the AERONET measurements.

Field of study: Environmental science
Optimal control of stochastic prey-predator models

Optimal control of stochastic prey-predator models during infinite and finite time intervals is considered. Optimal feedback controlling functions are derived as non-linear functions of the densities of prey and predator populations using Lyapunov-Bellman technique. The densities of both prey and predator populations are obtained as functions of time. We will be concerned with time intervals of the control process and time dependence of the control functions.

Field of study: Mathematics
Natural history of unruptured intracranial aneurysms.

Since the publication of the retrospective part of the International Study of Unruptured Intracranial Aneurysms (ISUIA) in 1998, there has been a significant focus in the neurosurgical literature on the natural history of these lesions. The prospective data from the second part of the ISUIA, which was published in 2003, provided further evidence that small, asymptomatic intracranial aneurysms may have a more benign course than previously believed. With the data from the ISUIA as a reference point, in this paper the authors strive to provide a source of practical clinical data to aid cerebrovascular physicians in the initial decision to treat or observe a patient with a small, asymptomatic intracranial aneurysm. The issues covered will include previous rupture, symptoms other than rupture, aneurysm size, site, and aspect ratio. It is the authors' goal to provide a useful practical framework on the relevant clinical issues as an aid to practitioners treating patients who present with intracranial aneurysms.

Field of study: Medicine