nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Visualization of mouse spinal cord intramedullary arteries using phase- and attenuation-contrast tomographic imaging.

Many spinal cord circulatory disorders present the substantial involvement of small vessel lesions. The central sulcus arteries supply nutrition to a large part of the spinal cord, and, if not detected early, lesions in the spinal cord will cause irreversible damage to the function of this organ. Thus, early detection of these small vessel lesions could potentially facilitate the effective diagnosis and treatment of these diseases. However, the detection of such small vessels is beyond the capability of current imaging techniques. In this study, an imaging method is proposed and the potential of phase-contrast imaging (PCI)- and attenuation-contrast imaging (ACI)-based synchrotron radiation for high-resolution tomography of intramedullary arteries in mouse spinal cord is validated. The three-dimensional vessel morphology, particularly that of the central sulcus arteries (CSA), detected with these two imaging models was quantitatively analyzed and compared. It was determined that both PCI- and ACI-based synchrotron radiation can be used to visualize the physiological arrangement of the entire intramedullary artery network in the mouse spinal cord in both two dimensions and three dimensions at a high-resolution scale. Additionally, the two-dimensional and three-dimensional vessel morphometric parameter measurements obtained with PCI are similar to the ACI data. Furthermore, PCI allows efficient and direct discrimination of the same branch level of the CSA without contrast agent injection and is expected to provide reliable biological information regarding the intramedullary artery. Compared with ACI, PCI might be a novel imaging method that offers a powerful imaging platform for evaluating pathological changes in small vessels and may also allow better clarification of their role in neurovascular disorders.

Field of study: Physics
Comparative analysis of NoSQL (MongoDB) with MySQL Database

New requirements are arising in database area where we have higher volumes of data with high operation rates, good development and big database. In recent years, a increase number of companies have adopted different-different types of non-relational database (MongoDB, Cassendra ,Hypertable, Hbase/Hadoop ,CouchDB etc) , commonly referred to as NoSQL database. This reflects the increasing interactivity of applications which are becoming more networked and search engine, handling more requests to the database where high-performance NoSQL database such as MongoDB, Cassendra becomes favorable. This paper attempts to use NoSQL database to replace the relational database. It mainly focuses on one of the new technology of NoSQL database i.e. MongoDB, and makes a comparison study with MySQL and thus justifies why MongoDB is liked over MySQL. Lastly, a method is suggested to integrate with different-2 technology of these two types of database by adding a middleware (Metadata) between application layer and database layer. But in this paper we are propose with open source language like PHP.

Field of study: Engineering
Fast and Memory-Efficient Significant Pattern Mining via Permutation Testing

We present a novel algorithm for significant pattern mining, Westfall-Young light. The target patterns are statistically significantly enriched in one of two classes of objects. Our method corrects for multiple hypothesis testing and correlations between patterns via the Westfall-Young permutation procedure, which empirically estimates the null distribution of pattern frequencies in each class via permutations. In our experiments, Westfall-Young light dramatically outperforms the current state-of-the-art approach, both in terms of runtime and memory efficiency on popular real-world benchmark datasets for pattern mining. The key to this efficiency is that, unlike all existing methods, our algorithm does not need to solve the underlying frequent pattern mining problem anew for each permutation and does not need to store the occurrence list of all frequent patterns. Westfall-Young light opens the door to significant pattern mining on large datasets that previously involved prohibitive runtime or memory costs. Our code is available from http://www.bsse.ethz.ch/mlcb/research/machine-learning/wylight.html

Field of study: Computer science
Light-response curves and root extract bioassay of five medicinal plants

The analysis of light-response parameters and the results of root extract bioassay for Anemarrhena asphodeloides,Platycodon grandiforus,Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz.,Isatis indigotica Fort.and Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge.were used to select medicinal plants for poplar understory planting.The results showed that the shade tolerance of Anemarrhena asphodeloides,Platycodon grandiforus,Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz.and Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge.was relatively strong,while that of Isatis indigotica Fort.was relatively weak.The al-lelopathy of Anemarrhena asphodeloides,Isatis indigotica Fort.and Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge.were relatively strong,while that of Platycodon grandiforus and Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz.were relatively weak.On the whole,Anemarrhena asphodeloides,Isatis indigotica Fort.and Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge.were more appropriate for poplar understory planting.According to the different growth periods of poplar,the appropriate medicinal plant was selected to achieve efficient and sustainable poplar agroforestry management.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
A Structural View of Stability in Adaptive IIR Filters

This correspondence deals with the stability issue in adaptive IIR filters from a structural view. A new condition, under which the bounded-input bounded-output (BIBO) stability of the filters can be ensured, is derived. Based on this result, a normal state-space realization for second-order IIR filters is proposed. It is shown that the adaptive IIR filter realized with such a structure is BIBO stable no matter it is implemented with infinite or finite precision. This property is very important for real-time applications. Though both the proposed and the normalized lattice-based structures are BIBO stable, the former is simpler and has minimal pole sensitivities. Two adaptive IIR filter structures are developed based on a cascade form of second-order filters. The first structure is fit for the filters whose poles are all complex and the second one is for the constrained notch filters. Simulations are given to demonstrate the performance of the proposed structures

Field of study: Engineering
The Relevance Of Multi Media Skills In Teaching And Learning Of Scientific Concepts In Secondary Schools In Lagos State, Nigeria

This study investigated the relevance of multi media skills in teaching and learning of scientific concepts in secondary schools. Self constructed questionnaire was administered to 120 students randomly selected in four secondary schools in Ojo Local Government Area of Lagos state. Data generated were analyzed using chi-square statistical instrument. The findings of the study revealed that the acquisition of relevant skills in multi media will improve teaching and learning of scientific concepts in secondary schools. Based on the findings, recommendations were proffered to inculcate knowledge of multi media skills in improving teaching of science.  Scientific concepts, Multimedia, Skills and Data

Field of study: Education
A long-term clinical review of patients with oesophageal pain.

Oesophageal and cardiac chest pain are often difficult to distinguish on clinical grounds. The clinical course of 32 patients with recurrent chest pain due to oesophageal dysmotility has recently been assessed by questionnaire 9 years after diagnosis. Twenty-six of the 27 who replied continued to have pain, but despite this there was a significant reduction in the number of hospital admissions associated with chest pain. Repeat oesophageal manometry in nine showed that the disturbance in motility persisted. Three had died, one of them from a myocardial infarction; two patients could not be traced.

Field of study: Medicine
Efficient sampling of plant diversity in arid deserts using non-parametric estimators

Surveying plant diversity in arid desert areas is extremely difficult because of the harsh climate, hostile terrain, lack of roads, and insecurity, which is why it is particularly important to improve the sampling efficiency, but few relevant studies have been done. The performance of non-parametric estimators was assessed with first-hand field data to determine (a) the threshold of the proportion of uniques (number of species that occur in exactly one plot divided by the number of species sampled) that involves the least sampling effort and (b) the method of locating plots to obtain a more reliable estimate of species richness. The study area (Gurbantunggut desert, China) was divided into five sub-regions based on variation in physical environment and vegetation. The following common correction factors were selected: ACE, Chao1, Bootstrap, Chao2, ICE, Jack1, and Jack2. The estimates for each sub-region (partition) and for the entire region (without partition), the threshold of proportion of uniques, and the method of determining sampling locations (including prior sampling of plots that show large differences in habitats) were compared in terms of their ability to predict the number of species more accurately. We found that ACE and Chao1 (which use abundance data) showed more biased estimates than the other factors (incidence data), and best estimator is Jack1. Species richness was significantly underestimated for the region, but the non-parametric estimators could estimate the species richness for each sub-region reliably. Sampling locations affected the performance of non-parametric estimators significantly. The threshold of minimum sampling was 15% and that of uniques was 30%; the two were able to limit the bias within 5 and 10%, respectively. It is concluded that the non-parametric estimators can estimate the plant diversity of arid deserts reliably from the data on incidence. The study area (on the scale of a region) should be partitioned to improve the performance of the non-parametric estimators. The plots with larger differences in habitats should be sampled more extensively based on the threshold of the proportion of uniques.

Field of study: Environmental science
Nonlinear current-voltage characteristics due to quantum tunneling of phase slips in superconducting Nb nanowire networks

We report on the transport properties of an array of N∼30 interconnected Nb nanowires, grown by sputtering on robust porous Si substrates. The analyzed system exhibits a broad resistive transition in zero magnetic field, H, and highly nonlinear V(I) characteristics as a function of H, which can be both consistently described by quantum tunneling of phase slips.

Field of study: Physics
A New Technique For Iris Recognition

Reliable authorization and authentication are becoming necessary for many everyday applications such as boarding an aircraft, performing financial transaction, logging to a secure system etc. Identity verification becomes a challenging task when it has to be automated with high accuracy and with low probability of break-ins and low rates of false match. Moreover, person verification is not a new problem and society had created three traditional modes of designation: 1.  Physical possessions such as keys, passports and smart cards. 2.  Pieces of information those are secret and known only to the right person such as PIN, passwords, user names etc. 3.  Physiological and behavioral characteristics of individuals that distinguish one person from the others. These characteristics are different in each person. Iris is the best characteristic that can be used for person's identification and authentication in comparison with fingerprints, face, voice, and signature. It combines all the characteristics that a practical biometric should have. Iris pattern is unique to each person even that difference exists between twines. In the same time, the iris pattern is different between the right and left eye of the same person. Moreover, iris is very stable and changeless human characteristic over the time. Also, the sensing device that is used in order to measure the iris characteristic is a camera. This will be convenient for user population. Iris pattern is the safest biometric of all because it cannot be duplicated. Iris Recognition System project's goal is to create two Biometric subsystems; one for enrollment and one for authentication. The whole system will be implemented into Matlab. All the software routines and hardware used to build the system, will briefly explained later in this chapter. The designed system can be used in order to authenticate persons to have access into a restricted area or give access to special machinery.

Field of study: Engineering
Conductivity in AgI films grown by silver corrosion in a solid-state cell

The conductivity of AgI thin films grown in a Ag/β-AgI/2I 2 Py cell by solid-state reactions was measured between 10 and 60°C employing a pulse method together with coulometric titration. A triangular voltage pulse method is discussed assuming a simple model of the system impedance which consists of two RC series circuits and an ohmic resistance with a sweep rate range from 1 to 1000 V s −1 . The different circuit elements are separated and agreement with experiment is observed in Z versus pulse duration as well as in the system response curve for a single pulse. The calculated values for each component as well as its modifications with the charge state of the cell are discussed.

Field of study: Materials science
Tomato pollen development: stages sensitive to chilling and a natural environment for the selection of resistant genotypes

The time during which pollen development is most sensitive to chilling was investigated. Five cultivars of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) bearing flower buds at different stages of development were kept at 7°C for 1 week under 12-h light periods, during which time growth stopped. After returning the plants to minimum temperatures of 18°C, the presence of chromatin in the pollen was assessed daily as the flowers reached anthesis. The results suggested that there are two stages of acute sensitivity to cold during pollen development, each of which results in cold-stressed plants having pollen empty of chromatin. The first and most sensitive stage is about 11.2 d (SE = 0.3 d) before anthesis, and this is followed by a second stage of sensitivity about 5.6±0.2 d before anthesis. Flowers that had wholly developed under simulated natural temperatures that decreased diurnally from a maximum of 18°C to a minimum of 7°C also had defective pollen, but pollen of normal appearance was regained within 14°d on return to higher temperatures. Plants of L. esculentum, and a form (LA 1363) of the wild species L. hirsutum from high altitudes in the Andes, as well as F1 and F3 generations of their hybrid, were grown to the flowering stage at an altitude of 600 m in Hawaii and then grown for a further 30°d at 2000 m, where night temperature was below 10°C. The high altitude environment severely affected the quality of pollen produced and its release from the stamen in L. esculentum, but not in L. hirsutum LA 1363. The results with the hybrids suggested that such tropical mountain environments can be used as a natural phytotron in the selection of chilling resistance that is only expressed in the mature plant.

Field of study: Environmental science
Microstructure coarsening during static annealing of 60Sn40Pb solder joints: I stereology

The phase size distributions (PSDs) of the Sn, Pb, and the combined Pb and Sn phases, and the shape factor δ were determined for as-reflowed 60Sn40Pb solder joints and following their annealing at 50°C to 150°C. The PSDs in all cases had a positive skew which was approximated by a log-normal function. The PSDs were time invariant and were in accord with the Bitti and Nunzio model for phase coarsening. The shape factor, δ, decreased with the mean of the combined Pb and Sn phase size, and with temperature. Whether or not δ affects the PSDs is not clear.

Field of study: Materials science
Weak States, Regime Types, and Civil War

A central theme in research on civil war and revolution is that ‘weak states’ are especially prone to civil war. Empirically, however, tests of this proposition have relied on proxy measures of state weakness such as GDP, mountainous terrain, and population, none of which directly measure features of the state itself. Earlier theoretical works point to particular regime types as being especially susceptible to civil war. We present a theoretical argument that delineates what regime types are more or less prone to civil war (and why) and test this theory with a series of logit models using Fearon and Laitin's and Sambanis' civil war data sets and Geddes' data classifying non-democratic regimes. The findings support earlier theoretical arguments that particular types of weak states – personalist or neopatrimonial regimes – are more prone to civil war onset than others.

Field of study: History, Sociology
Redefining Knee Balance in a Medially Stabilized Prosthesis: An In-Vitro Study

To date, there is still no consensus on what soft tissues must be preserved and what structures can be safely released during total knee arthroplasty (TKA) with a medially stabilized implant.  The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of a progressive selective release of the medial and lateral soft tissues in a knee implanted with a medially stabilized prosthesis.  Six cadaveric fresh-frozen full leg specimens were tested. In each case, kinematic pattern and mediolateral laxity were measured in three stages: firstly, prior to implantation; secondly, after the implantation of the trial components, but before any soft tissue release; and thirdly, progressively as soft tissue was released with the trial implant in place. The incremental impact of each selective release on knee balance was then analyzed.  In all cases sagittal stability was not affected by the progressive release of the lateral soft tissue envelope. It was possible to perform progressive lateral release provided the anterior one-third of the iliotibial band (ITB) remained intact. Progressive medial release could be performed on the medial side provided the anterior fibers of the superficial medial collateral ligament (sMCL) remained intact.  The medially conforming implant remains stable provided the anterior fibers of sMCL and the anterior fibers of the ITB remain intact. The implant’s sagittal stability is mainly dependent on its medial ball-in-socket design.

Field of study: Medicine
Reductive Transformations of Polyfunctional Nitro Compounds: Synthesis of Methyl 7‐Aminoalkanoates and Five‐Membered Cyclic Nitrones ‐ Inter‐ and Intramolecular 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloadditions

Using ammonium formate and Pd/C, acetals 1 and 3 are converted into the amines 2 and 4, respectively, whereas unprotected nitro ketones as 5, 7, 9, and 11 furnish five-membered nitrones in good yields. With these nitrones 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions to acrylonitrile and trimethyl(vinyl)silane are described. The regio-chemistry of these reactions, giving mixtures of 5-substituted and 4-substituted isoxazolidines in most cases, can be explained by the frontier-orbital model. One example of an intramolecular nitrone cycloaddition (27 28) demonstrates the potential of this approach for construction of polycyclic compounds. 
 
 
 
Reduktive Umwandlungen von polyfunktionellen Nitroverbindungen: Darstellung von 7-Aminocarbonsaureestern und funfgliedrigen Nitronen - inter- und intramolekulare 1,3-dipolare Cycloadditionen 
 
 
 
Mit Ammoniumformat und Pd/C werden die Acetale 1 und 3 in die Amine 2 und 4 umgewandelt, wahrend die ungeschutzten Nitroketone 5, 7, 9 und 11 mit guten Ausbeuten funfgliedrige Nitrone ergeben. Mit diesen werden 1,3-dipolare Cycloadditionen an Acrylonitril und Trimethyl(vinyl)silan durchgefuhrt, wobei meist Gemische von 5- und 4-substituierten Isoxazolidinen gebildet werden. Die Regiochemie dieser Reaktionen kann mit dem Grenzorbitalmodell erklart werden. Das Beispiel einer intramolekularen Nitron-Cycloaddition (27 28) demonstriert die Moglichkeit der Darstellung polycyclischer Verbindungen.

Field of study: Chemistry
Annual variation of Microcystis genotypes and their potential toxicity in water and sediment from a eutrophic reservoir.

The relative genetic diversity of microcystin-producing Microcystis in the water and sediment of the Daechung Reservoir, Korea, was investigated over an entire year, including the cyanobacterial bloom season. The cells of potentially toxic Microcystis strains containing mcyJ genotypes and cells containing the genus-specific cpcBA gene were quantified by a real-time PCR. The ratio of cells with mcyJ genotypes to the total Microcystis population in the water body was the highest (68.3%) in August when the cyanobacterial bloom reached its peak and the microcystin concentration in the water began to increase. A denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis profile analysis of the mcyJ genotypes performed to monitor any changes in the toxic Microcystis population showed the appearance of new genotypes and the disappearance of existing genotypes in the reservoir water collected during the summer months, when compared with the profile for the samples collected in spring and autumn. However, very little change was observed over the course of the year as regards the population diversity of the sediment samples.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Research on the PTS Technique for PAPR Reduction of OFDM Signal

The basic principle of traditional PTS algorithm is introduced firstly.Based on analyzing the factors which influences the performance of PAPR reduction by applying PTS technology,a multi-layer sub-unit of sub-block partitioning optimization algorithm is proposed.Through simulation in different situations,this method can greatly reduce the computation compared with the conventional PTS scheme,meanwhile,the performance is also improved compared with the conventional PTS method in the same computational complexity.

Field of study: Engineering
Untersuchungen über Elektrophotophorese an Antimon

ZusammenfassungUnter Elektrophotophorese versteht man die von Ehrenhaft und seinen Mitarbeitern untersuchte Erscheinung, daß ungeladene submikroskopische Probekörper in einem intensiven Lichtstrahl unter Einwirkung eines elektrischen Feldes Bewegungen in der Feldrichtung oder entgegengesetzt zeigen. In vorliegender Arbeit wurde diese Erscheinung an Antimonpartikeln eingehend untersucht. Ähnlich wie bei den Messungen von Selner an Tellur, nimmt auch hier an Antimon die elektrophotophoretische Geschwindigkeit mit steigender Feldstärke zu und erreicht einen Sättigungswert. Eine eingehende Untersuchung der Sättigung bis zu Feldstärken von 85 absoluten elst. Einheiten ergab eine völlige Konstanz der elektrophotophoretischen Geschwindigkeit im Sättigungsgebiet. Ferner wurde gefunden, daß bei der Variation der Lichtintensität eine merkliche Unstetigkeit der Änderung der elektrophotophoretischen Geschwindigkeit nicht auftritt. Messungen im ultraroten Licht zeigen ebenfalls den elektro-photophoretischen Effekt in starkem Maße. Die Untersuchungen der Abhängigkeit der elektrophotophoretischen Kraft vom Gasdruck lieferten bei Antimon ganz ähnliche Resultate, wie sie seinerzeit an Tellur gefunden worden waren. Aus der Konstanz der Elektrophotophorese bei höheren Feldstärken, aus der stetigen Abhängigkeit von der Lichtintensität, sowie aus dem Vorhandensein des Effektes auch bei Verwendung ultraroten. Lichtes, muß geschlossen werden, daß die Erklärung der Elektrophotophorese als Bewegung von Probekörpern, die von einer Ionenwolke umgeben sind, mit den Experimenten in Widerspruch steht.

Field of study: Physics