nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Nutritional Status and Knowledge among Students from Selected Secondary Schools in Kakamega County, Kenya

The significance of improving nutrition knowledge in order to have a positive influence on food choices and health should not be underestimated. This study assessed the nutritional status and knowledge of school children attending selected secondary schools in Kakamega County. The study population was purposively drawn from secondary school students in Kakamega County attending Government Public schools. Four secondary schools were used for the study: Mwiyala Secondary School, Ebwambwa Secondary School, Kakamega Township Secondary School and Kakamega High School. A sample of 240 school students, aged 14 to 24 years participated in the study. The measuring instruments included a questionnaire to determine the nutrition knowledge of the students. Anthropometric measurements included weight, height and mid-upper arm circumference, measured using standard methodologies. The mean age recorded for male and female students were 18.0±1.90 and 15.7±1.20 years, respectively. The result showed that 27.9% were underweight, 7.5% overweight and 64.6% had normal BMI status. Nutritional status was significantly related with sex (χ2 = 16.169, p 0.05). The prevalence of underweight was higher among the males (33.9%) compared to the females (13.9%), while more females were overweight (15.3%) compared to the males (4.2%). Seventy-one percent performed poorly in the nutrition knowledge assessment rating. The overall performance of the female students was significantly higher (χ2= 46.386; P<0.05) than their male counterparts. Furthermore, 5, 12 and 12% had excellent, very good and good nutrition knowledge, respectively, while 33% and 38% had fair and poor nutrition knowledge, respectively. The results further revealed that the students were deficient in knowledge and understanding of the facts about energy and nutritive values of foods. Therefore, adequate nutrition education is needed at the secondary school level; this will enable the students to make good food choices and positively influence their eating habits thereby ensuring better nutritional status.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Eigenoscillations of an elastic cable

The eigenoscillations of a cable, supported at its end points, in a homogeneous gravitational field is investigated under the assumption that the bending stiffness is negligible but the behavior with respect to tension stresses is perfectly elastic. The problem involves two coupled second order equations and one independent second order equation; it is shown to be definitely self-adjoint and an iterative method for its solution is suggested. In the particular case of a shallow cable, that is with negligible sag, the asymptotic eigenvalues are obtained. It turns out that the gravitational field has such a "stiffening" effect that the eigenvalues related to some oscillation modes may be substantially greater (the lowest of them eightfold) than those given in the classical theory on vibrating strings.

Field of study: Mathematics
On the spin fluctuation approach to the anderson and Kondo hamiltonians

The free energy expression of the full Anderson model is derived in a similar way as has been done before for the Kondo model. Use is made of the “asymptotic time approximation” first invented to study the x-ray threshold singularity. Again the procedure leads to a classical Coulomb gas on a ring. The magnetic field is included and plays the role of an electric field for the Coulomb gas. Further it turns out that the “symmetric” Anderson model (2εd=−U) is identical to the antiferromagnetic Kondo model. The method and the results suggest the construction of a “polaron” model which in the approximation used is equivalent to the Kondo model as well as the Anderson model. From this a new picture of the “Kondo effect” in terms of spin fluctuations is developed.

Field of study: Physics
Regenerative CO2 Amplifier with Controlled Pulse Duration

This chapter reports on the construction of a regenerative TEA CO2 amplifier emitting a pulse train with the duration of individual pulses controlled in the range 10–40 ns, the time interval between them ~110 ns, and their total energy ~4 J. An injected pulse was formed by screening laser radiation by an optical breakdown plasma in air at the focus of a lens telescope. Good reproducibility of the temporal parameters of the injected pulse was ensured by injecting radiation from a cw frequency-stabilized CO2 laser into a master oscillator.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
[The blood glutathione system in cerebral vascular diseases and its treatment with alpha-lipoic acid].

The changes of glutathione metabolism are rare in dyscirculatory encephalopathy and ischemic stroke (IS) of mild severity. The frequent and considerable changes have been revealed in IS of moderate and high severity as well as in hemorrhagic stroke. An increase of activities of glutathione peroxidase and glutathione transferase is the most typical. The increase of enzyme activity was not observed at the beginning of treatment after 3 days and in patients with severe degree of disease who died later. A standard therapy decreased the quantity and/or expression of changes of the glutathione metabolism in patients with IS of moderate and high severity while the addition of alpha-lipoic acid (alpha-LA) led to the complete normalization in IS of moderate severity and normalization of most parameters in IS of high severity. The increase of functional activity of the glutathione system at the early stage of treatment of IS and the favorable changes during the treatment, in particular after the addition of alpha-LA, were correlated with the improvement of neurological status assessed with the NIHSS. It has been confirmed that the glutathione system plays an important role in the tolerance to brain ischemia.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Effects of different culture and oocyte conditions on the first polar body extrusion of cattle oocytes

For investigating PB1 extrusion of cattle’s oocytes under different component concentrations of culture solution,culture methods in vitro and oocytes derivation,COCs suctioned from abattoir-derived ovarian follicles were cultured under different situations.Results showed that the culture conditions in vitro promoted PB1 extrusion of cattle’s oocytes significantly(P0.05).The optimized components added in the culture medium were 10 μg·mL-1 FSH,10 μg·mL-1 LH,1.0 μg·mL-1 17-β E2 and 33.0 μg·mL-1 sodium pyruvate,and the optimized culture time in vitro was 24 h;culture density was 10-20 COCs per 50 μL of the culture solution;temperature of ovaries storage and transportation were at 25-37℃,and transportation time was less than 3 h;the ovarian follicle diameter was 3-6 mm;and the oocytes covered 2 layer cumulus cells would well matured.The maximum available PB1 provided research basis for protecting species,improving genetic resources of excellent females and preimplantation genetic diagnosis in the future.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
A Newton Iteration Based WSN Localization System in Underground Tunnels

One of the main concerns in under construction tunnels is ensuring the safety of the workers and their equipment. Being aware of the real-time position of personnel in such harsh environment is challenging and usually requires a sophisticated localization system. With traditional Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSII) failing to accurately estimate the distance between nodes due to multipath effect in such long and narrow space, Radio Frequency Time-of-Flight (RF-TOF) is proved to be an alternative method for more accurate distance estimation. To reduce the communication cost, a distributed localization system is proposed, where a simple Newton Iteration location estimation algorithm is embedded in the blind node. Linear least square estimation is used as the initial value to accelerate the convergence of the iteration. Experimental results show the effectiveness of the proposed system

Field of study: Computer science
Ruined Futures: Gentrification as Famine in Post-Celtic Tiger Irish Literature

One of the defining features of the Celtic Tiger was a massive boom in construction that left a visible mark on the Irish landscape. This essay analyzes the works of Anne Haverty and Donal Ryan to highlight how they use the tropes and lingering traumas of the Famine to criticize contemporary forms of gentrification. In their texts, post-Celtic Tiger communities adopt the signifiers and consequences of a new famine; essentially, they articulate how physical changes to the Irish landscape constitute a “famine of gentrification” that makes land unable to sustain, both materially and culturally, an Irish community.

Field of study: Art
The Improvement Research of the Freight Train Braking System

The train which is made up of 60 cargos (P70 boxcar) was take as the research background, and the synchronous braking system was installed in brake branch pipe, the brake wave and brake time was monitored with the related instruments, and reduction rate of the brake pressure and time-consuming was analyzed. The results indicate that the brake wave transmitted slowly in traditional braking system, in service braking, it was transmitted from the locomotive to the last wagon for 3.621s, and in emergency braking, it took 2.928s, under the condition of the test experiment, the brake wave was transmitted Faster in synchronous braking system, and there is a low braking efficiency in traditional braking system.

Field of study: Engineering
The Silurian nautiloid-bearing strata of the Cellon Section (Carnic Alps, Austria): Color variation related to events

Silurian nautiloid-bearing strata (Llandovery–Přidoli) from the Cellon Section of the Carnic Alps (Austria) are compared using the innovative perspective of the color of the enclosing sediment of these fossiliferous beds with coeval regional occurrences along the North Gondwana Margin (Prague Basin, Sardinia, Morocco). Particular attention was placed on distinguishing and comparing the colors of these levels and their general nautiloid faunal composition in order to identify the prevailing features of their occurrence at precise stratigraphic intervals. Red-brown strata usually reflect time-rich or slowly accumulated deposits from a diverse in-situ fauna while black-gray strata are related to single event beds due to episodic deposition probably influenced by currents. Other single event beds of distinctive pink (Gorstian in age) and purple strata (Ludfordian in age) may prove useful as marker horizons. The overall data set available in relation to these diversely colored nautiloid-bearing horizons at the Cellon Section at precise time slices when compared with global eustatic conditions and biotic events has highlighted that these deposits reflect both local phenomena within the depositional basin and regional depositional episodes. These include apparent mass mortality events and the cephalopod limestone biofacies that may be considered as time-specific facies.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
A low-cost built-in error correction circuit design for STT-MRAM reliability improvement

Spin Transfer Torque Magnetic Random Access Memory (STT-MRAM) possesses various merits, such as non-volatility, low power and high speed. It has been considered as a promising non-volatile memory candidate used universally in logic computing, cache and storage applications. However it suffers from serious reliability issues compared with conventional schemes, especially in deep submicron technologies. This paper proposes a low-cost built-in error correction circuit to improve STT-MRAM reliability. Its straightforward ‘‘XOR’’ encoder and one-step majority-voting decoder provide much lower area and higher speed compared with conventional ECCs, and its modular codec structure allows adaptive error correction capability according to the system requirement. Simulation based on a compact STT model and STMicroelectronics 40 nm technology node was carried out to confirm its effectiveness.

Field of study: Engineering
SU(4) Model of High-Temperature Superconductivity: Manifestation of Dynamical Symmetry in Cuprates

The mechanism that leads to high‐temperature superconductivity in cuprates remains an open question despite intense study for nearly two decades. Here, we introduce an SU(4) model for cuprate systems having many similarities to dynamical symmetries known to play an important role in nuclear structure physics and in elementary particle physics. Analytical solutions in three dynamical symmetry limits of this model are found: an SO(4) limit associated with antiferromagnetic order; an SU(2) limit that may be interpreted as a d‐wave pairing condensate; and an SO(5) limit that may be interpreted as a doorway state between the antiferromagnetic order and the superconducting order. It is demonstrated that with a slightly broken SO(5) but under constraint of the parent SU(4) symmetry, the model is capable of describing the rich physics that is crucial in explaining why cuprate systems that are antiferromagnetic Mott insulators at half filling become superconductors through hole doping.

Field of study: Physics
Biogeochemical controls on black shale deposition during the Frasnian-Famennian biotic crisis in the Illinois and Appalachian Basins, USA, inferred from stable isotopes of nitrogen and carbon

The Frasnian-Famennian biotic crisis is marked by two distinct intervals known as the Lower and Upper Kellwasser Events (KWEs) that in many locations are associated with deposition of organic-rich shales. Sedimentary nitrogen and carbon isotopes offer insight into the biogeochemical processing of nutrients, production of organic matter, and palaeoceanographic conditions during the KWEs. Here we present new bulk nitrogen (δ15Nbulk) and organic carbon (δ13Corg) isotope data from the Late Devonian Appalachian and Illinois Basins (AB and IB), with a focus on intervals encompassing the KWEs. Black shales from the IB and AB, including the KWEs, are 15N-depleted (−1.0–+2.0‰) and have significantly lower δ15Nbulk than interbedded grey shales (+0.5–+4.0‰), a trend consistent with many instances of black shale deposition in the Phanerozoic. Organic carbon isotopes exhibit the broad, positive excursions (~+3.5‰ from background) that are typical of the KWEs globally. Superimposed over these positive excursions in δ13Corg are sharp decreases of up to ~3.0‰ within the black shale beds, to as low as −30.5‰. The pattern of δ15Nbulk and δ13Corg values suggests that the depth of the chemocline and the degree of water-column stratification exert a primary control on both δ15Nbulk and δ13Corg during black shale deposition. In the context of the Frasnian-Famennian biotic crisis, the oscillating redox state and changing temperatures would have likely placed extreme stress on organisms within the marine environment of the AB and IB and may potentially have been a contributing factor to diversity loss over this time period.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Effects of sevelamer and calcium-based phosphate binders on mortality in hemodialysis patients: results of a randomized clinical trial.

Elevated serum phosphorus and calcium are associated with arterial calcification and mortality in dialysis patients. Sevelamer, a phosphate-binding polymer, attenuates the progression of arterial calcification; it is unknown whether this improves outcomes.



A randomized comparison of sevelamer and calcium-based phosphate binders was performed in hemodialysis patients treated up to 45 months. The primary endpoint was mortality. Secondary endpoints included cause-specific mortality and hospitalization; 2103 patients were randomized, 2040 received treatment, and 1065 completed treatment.



Overall mortality was not significantly reduced by sevelamer (adjusted relative risk = 0.92; 95% confidence interval, 0.78 to 1.09; log-rank P = .40). Among patients > or = 65 years of age, sevelamer reduced the risk of death (adjusted relative risk = 0.77; 95% confidence interval, 0.62 to 0.97; log-rank P = .02). Sevelamer patients had a trend toward fewer hospitalizations (P = .06) and fewer hospital days (P = .09).



A statistically significant reduction in mortality in the overall study population was not observed. Sevelamer was associated with a survival benefit among patients > or = 65 years of age.

Field of study: Medicine
Wheatland formation and its relation to Early Tertiary andesites in the Sierra Nevada

GENERAL STATEMENT Marine fossils were recently discovered east of Marysville, California, by Theo Crook, in a conglomerate resting on the bedrock of the lower western slopes of the Sierra Nevada. Crook kindly turned over his collections to the University of California and suggested that the writers make a more complete examination. Additional fossils have been collected and the local stratigraphy has been studied, resulting in the recognition of a new formation, herein called the Wheatland formation. On the basis of the fauna, the formation is correlated with the lower portion of the Gaviota formation of the Santa Ynez mountains, California, and with the Gries Ranch beds of southwestern Washington. These are tentatively considered of Upper Eocene age, but they may be Lower Oligocene. This formation is of importance for two reasons: (1) it is the first record of a marine invasion in this area in Upper Eocene or possibly . . .

Field of study: Geology
Preparation and Evaluation of Core-Shell Resveratrol Molecularly Imprinted Microspheres

Employing resveratrol as template molecule,acrylamide as functional monomer and ethyleneglycol dimethacrylate as cross-linkers,a core-shell resveratrol imprinted microspheres was prepared based on the surface of SiO2 with a surface imprinting technique.The molecularly imprinted microsphere was characterized by infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy,and the results showed that the surface grafting of molecularly imprinted polymer-shell particle on SiO2 was successful and the particles were evenly distributed.High performance liquid chromatography was also used to investigate the imprinted microsphere adsorption performance,and the results showed that the imprinted microsphere exhibited good recognition performance.The maximum adsorption capacities were Qmax1=9.087 mg/g and Qmax2=13.80 mg/g by the model of Scatchard analysis.The imprinted micospheres was applied to separate resveratrol from the extraction of rhizoma polygoni cuspidate successfully.

Field of study: Chemistry
Regulation and selection of patients.

During the past decades health legislation and regulation have been on the increase in most industrialized countries. The growing role of government in the provision and financing of health care, the need to correct given aspects of health care and the mandate to protect the underprivileged have been some of the many reasons for increased regulation. Different regulatory approaches and their respective advantages and disadvantages are reviewed in this paper. Particular attention is given to the crucial issue of how to regulate the access to scarce resources and how to cope within a legislative approach with the resulting patient selection.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Review of the Book Sniffy the Virtual Rat Pro Version 2.0.

Sniffy the Virtual Rat Pro Version 2.0 is the most recent update to the Sniffy the Rat program modules. It has an extensive set of simulations related to Pavlovian and operant conditioning. Many of the standard conditioning paradigms and phenomena are contained within this program. Pavlovian effects such as blocking, overshadowing, and stimulus competition are demonstrated in the data output. Operant manipulations allow shaping the behavior of the virtual rat, observing cumulative records of interval and ratio schedules, as well as conducting operant discrimination procedures. In both Pavlovian and operant paradigms, one can generate histograms that predict the degree to which various stimuli control the virtual rat's behavior. On-screen presentations may keep most users interested, but working with the generated data files sometimes can prove difficult. Overall, this program has a strong potential for facilitating the instruction in undergraduate conditioning courses, serving as an addendum to traditional undergraduate conditioning laboratories and as a supplement to the use of live animals.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
DIMENSIONAL EFFECTS ON THE PREDICTION OF TEXTURE–RELATED MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF FOODS BY INDENTATION

Indentation is a convenient method for evaluating food texture. However, results obtained are empirical and are 
influenced by various testing conditions as well as product dimensions. The present work is aimed at studying the variability 
in the values of fundamental mechanical properties (the Young’s modulus and failure stress) obtained by indentation of 
specimens of different dimensions. To establish a valid comparison, the value of Young’s modulus and failure stress were also 
determined by compression. A model food system was created by using 1% agar gel fashioned into specimens of three different 
dimensions. Flat cylindrical indenters of seven different radii were used for indenting the specimens. To make use of the 
equation for frictionless elastic indentation, Poisson’s ratio was also determined independently under compression. 
Mechanical properties for different experimental conditions were compared. Differences were seen depending on the ratio 
of depth of the specimen and indenter radius. Under half–space conditions (for specimen dimensions and indenter radius), 
values obtained by indentation for Young’s modulus were larger but compared reasonably well with the value obtained by 
compression. Values for indentation failure stress were substantially higher than compressive ones, presumably due to elastic 
constraint of the yielding region. It was concluded that experimental conditions can be chosen so that Young’s modulus and 
failure stress derived from indentation tests can be used reliably to evaluate food texture.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Solving Elliptic Curve Discrete Logarithm Problems Using Weil Descent

We provide the first cryptographically interesting instance of the elliptic curve discrete logarithm problem which resists all previously known attacks, but which can be solved with modest computer resources using the Weil descent attack methodology of Frey. We report on our implementation of index-calculus methods for hyperelliptic curves over characteristic two finite fields, and discuss the cryptographic implications of our results.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Differential Modulation for Cooperative Wireless Systems

This paper examines differential binary modulation for wireless networks that utilize wireless relays to seek cooperative diversity and improved performance. Two differential cooperative transmission schemes, referred to as differential amplify-and-forward (DAF) and differential decode-and-forward (DDF), respectively, are introduced. These schemes require no channel state information at any node in the system. A set of analytical results pertaining to the probability density function of the instantaneous signal-to-noise ratio, average bit error rate, outage probability, and diversity order of the proposed schemes in Rayleigh fading channels are obtained. The analytical results are confirmed by numerical simulations. It is shown that the differential cooperative DAF and DDF schemes achieve cooperative diversity and outperform the conventional noncooperative differential modulation

Field of study: Engineering