nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Empirical Analysis of Customer Behaviors in Chinese E-Commerce

With the burgeoning e-Business websites, E-Commerce in China has been developing rapidly in recent years. From the analysis of Chinese E-Commerce market, it is possible to discover customer purchasing patterns or behavior characteristics, which are indispensable knowledge for the expansion of Chinese E-Commerce market. This paper presents an empirical analysis on the sale transactions from the 360buy website based on the analysis of time interval distributions in perspectives of customers. Results reveal that in most situations the time intervals approximately obey the power-law distribution over two orders of magnitudes. Additionally, time interval on customer’s successive purchase can reflect how loyal a customer is to a specific product category. Moreover, we also find an interesting phenomenon about human behaviors that could be related to psychology of customers. In general, customers’ requirements in different product categories are similar. The investigation into individual behaviors may help researchers understand how customers’ group behaviors generated.

Field of study: Computer science
Career Strategies for Women in Academe. Arming Athena.

Foreword - Joann Claire Silverberg A Feminist Classicist Reflects on Athena Introduction - Joan C Chrisler, Lynn H Collins and Kathryn Quina PART ONE: THE CURRENT STATUS OF WOMEN IN ACADEME Working in the Ivory Basement - Nijole V Benokraitis Subtle Sex Discrimination in Higher Education Searching for Congruity - Alberta Gloria Reflections of an Untenured Woman of Color On Overcoming Bureaucracy - Kathryn Quina A Tale of Grievance Competition and Contact - Lynn H Collins The Dynamics Behind Resistance to Affirmative Action in Academe A Woman's Search for Belonging in Academia - Chris D Erickson Be Black for Me - Ethel Morgan Smith Paying Athena - Ellin Kofsky Scholnick Statistics, Statutes and Strategies PART TWO: WOMEN'S ROLES AND CAREER DECISIONS Teacher versus Scholar - Joan C Chrisler Role Conflict for Women? The ABD Faculty Blues - Michelle R Dunlap Getting Organized for the Dissertation and Beyond Career Strategies I Stumbled Upon - Loraine K Obler Student Evaluations - Susan A Basow The Role of Gender Bias and Teaching Styles Money Matters - Suzanna Rose and Mona J E Danner The Art of Negotiation for Women Faculty PART THREE: ASSUMING LEADERSHIP IN HIGHER EDUCATION Women as Faculty Leaders - Joan C Chrisler, Linda Herr and Nelly K Murstein Women Administrators in Higher Education - Mary K Madsen Strategy Notes for the Equity Struggle - Claire Porac Women Academics in a Canadian Context Breaking the (Plexi-)glass Ceiling in Higher Education - Kathryn Quina, Maureen Cotter and Kim Romenesko Creating a Feminist Mentoring Network - Mary Zahm The Pro Forma Review That Wasn't - Anonymous PART FOUR: TAKING CHARGE AND TAKING CARE Standing up, Talking Back and Taking Charge - Bernice Lott and Lisa M Rocchio What I've Learned about Addressing Sexual Harrassment, Protecting Students and Keeping a Job - Maryka Biaggio Coping with Adversity - Linda L Carli Do Unto Others - Regina Bento La Llorona in Academe - Ester Ruiz Rodriquez Afterword - Mary Gray

Field of study: Education
Monte Carlo analysis of dynamic and noise performance of submicron MOSFETs at RF and microwave frequencies

In this paper, an ensemble 2D bipolar Monte Carlo simulator is employed for the study of static characteristics, high-frequency response and noise behaviour in a 0.3 µm gate-length n-MOSFET in common source configuration. Short-channel effects, such as velocity overshoot in the pinch-off region, together with the appearance of hot electrons at the drain end of the channel are observed in the static characteristics. Admittance parameters and the small-signal equivalent circuit have been calculated in order to characterize the dynamic response of the device. The use of a bipolar simulator allows one to study the dynamics of both types of carriers simultaneously. While the static results are dominated by the electron transport, the contribution of holes mainly affects the drain-substrate capacitive coupling. The noise behaviour of the simulated MOSFET is also studied (up to 40 GHz) by means of different parameters, such as the spectral densities of the current fluctuations at the drain and gate terminals (and their cross-correlation), normalized α, β and C parameters and NFmin . In the saturation regime, due to the presence of hot carriers, an increase in drain and gate noise with respect to the long-channel prediction has been found. Moreover, a stronger correlation between drain and gate noise is observed, especially at low drain current. Induced gate noise is found to play a crucial role in the determination of NFmin at high drain currents.

Field of study: Materials science
Evidence against Anomalous Compositions for Giants in the Galactic Nuclear Star Cluster

Very strong Sc i lines have recently been found in cool M giants in the Nuclear Star Cluster (NSC) in the Galactic center. Interpreting these as anomalously high scandium abundances in the Galactic center would imply a unique enhancement signature and chemical evolution history for NSCs, and a potential test for models of chemical enrichment in these objects. We present high resolution K-band spectra (NIRSPEC/Keck II) of cool M giants situated in the solar neighborhood and compare them with spectra of M giants in the NSC. We clearly identify strong Sc i lines in our solar neighborhood sample as well as in the NSC sample. The strong Sc i lines in M giants are therefore not unique to stars in the NSC and we argue that the strong lines are a property of the line formation process that currently escapes accurate theoretical modeling. We further conclude that for giant stars with effective temperatures below approximately 3800 K these Sc i lines should not be used for deriving the scandium abundances in any astrophysical environment until we better understand how these lines are formed. We also discuss the lines of vanadium, titanium, and yttrium identified in the spectra, which demonstrate a similar striking increase in strength below 3500 K effective temperature.

Field of study: Physics
Determination of Microcystin-LR in Environmental Water by Magnetic Solid Phase Extraction-High Performance Liquid Chromatography

A rapid analytical method was established for the determination of trace amounts of microcystin (MC-LR) in environmental water samples by using magnetic solid phase extraction (MSPE) coupled with HPLC/UV based on a magnetic bentonite sorbent fabricated by solvothermal synthesis method. Several factors influencing the extraction efficiency of MC-LR, such as sorbent amount, pH condition, sample volume, adsorption and desorption time, and desorption solvent, were investigated and optimized. Under the optimal extraction conditions, the limits of detection and quantification for the method were 0.75 and 1.5 ng L −1 , respectively, which was far below the guideline recommended by the World Health Organisation. The method showed a good linearity ( R 2 = 0.9993) in the concentration ranges of 0.25–250 μg L −1 for MC-LR. The MSPE sorbent was simple in preparation, low cost and magnetizable, and the developed MSPE-HPLC method was suitable for the rapid and sensitive determination of MC-LR in nature water samples.

Field of study: Chemistry
Endogenous glucocorticoids attenuate Shiga toxin‐2‐induced toxicity in a mouse model of haemolytic uraemic syndrome

The concept that during an immune challenge the release of glucocorticoids (GC) provides feedback inhibition on evolving immune responses has been drawn primarily from studies of autoimmune and/or inflammatory processes in animal models. The epidemic form of haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS) occurs secondary to infection with Gram‐negative bacteria that produce Shiga toxin (Stx). Although Stx binding to the specific receptors present on renal tissue is the primary pathogenic mechanism, inflammatory or immune interactions are necessary for the development of the complete form of HUS. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of endogenous GC on Stx‐toxicity in a mouse model. Stx2 was injected into GC‐deprived mice and survival rate, renal damage and serum urea levels were evaluated. Plasma corticosterone and cytosolic GC receptor (GR) concentration were also determined at multiple intervals post‐Stx2 treatment. Higher sensitivity to Stx2 was observed in mice lacking endogenous GC, evidenced by an increase in mortality rates, circulating urea levels and renal histological damage. Moreover, Stx2 injection was associated with a transient but significant rise in corticosterone secretion. Interestingly, 24 h after Stx inoculation significant increases in total GR were detected in circulating neutrophils. These results indicate that interactions between the neuroendocrine and immune systems can modulate the level of damage significantly during a bacterial infection.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Niels Bohr's contribution to epistemology

When I was staying at Yukawa's Institute in Kyoto two years ago, I had occasion to discuss Bohr's ideas with the great Japanese physicist, whose conception of the meson with its complementary aspects of elementary particle and field of nuclear force is one of the most striking illustrations of the fruitfulness of the new way of looking at things that we owe to Niels Bohr. I asked Yukawa whether the Japanese physicists had experienced the same difficulty as their Western colleagues in assimilating the idea of complementarity and in adapting themselves to it. He answered, “No, Bohr's argumentation has always appeared quite evident to us;” and, as I expressed surprise, he added, with his aristocratic smile, “You see, we in Japan have not been corrupted by Aristotle.”

Field of study: Physics
Morphological variation of the saker (Falco cherrug) and the implications for conservation

The saker (Falco cherrug) is a traditional and valued bird of Arabic falconry. Harvesting birds from the wild raises questions of its conservation status and sustainability. The external morphology of this species is highly variable and the Arabic system of classification identifies over 11 saker ‘types’, some of which are more favoured among Arab falconers than others. Our study assessed morphological variation of birds chosen for known natal origin. Although most variation was between individuals-within-regions, the remaining variation in size and plumage characters may be appropriately described as a gradual cline between small dorsally uniform brown sakers from western lowland regions (e.g. lowland Kazakstan, and south-west Russia) to large, dorsally barred russet, dark brown and grey coloured sakers from eastern highland regions (e.g. south-east Russia, Mongolia, and China). Between these extremes exists a plethora of highly variable and contiguous populations. Although preferred falconry types may originate from any of these populations, the preferred ‘jarudi’ and 'sinjari’ sakers from northeastern Altai, Tuva, and Sayan populations, and the large sakers from eastern populations may be over exploited through trapping. The demand for wild sakers, however, may be substituted by an increasing number of captive bred falcons used for Arab falconry.

Field of study: Environmental science
Impact of Training in Indian Banking Sector- An Empirical Investigation

Employee training is becoming a necessity to every organization now-a day. Employees are entrusted different roles and responsibilities in the banks. Training enables them to carryout these roles and responsibilities efficiently and also learn new things, which will prepare them to take up higher responsibilities in the future. In this study the researcher studies the existing practices of the various aspects of training program and its effectiveness in selected public and private sector banks in Tiruchirappalli District, South India. This is mainly to assess the present status of the employee effectiveness in discharging the roles and responsibilities in tune with the objectives of the bank. The aim is to assess the effectiveness of the various facets of training i.e. employee’s attitude towards training inputs; quality of training programmes; training inputs and application of training inputs to the actual job.

Field of study: Business
Client-server games and their equilibria in peer-to-peer networks

In peer-to-peer networks, each peer acts simultaneously as client and server, by issuing and satisfying content requests respectively. In this work, we use concepts from non-cooperative game theory to model the interaction of autonomous peers. The client strategy set consists of feasible request load splits towards servers, while the server strategy set is formed out of possible service disciplines on received requests. The performance metric of interest is the average retrieval delay of content requests. First, we assume preassigned fixed server policies (FIFO and priority) and study the emerging client request load splitting game. Peers are either egotistic (i.e. interested only in optimizing their own delay) or altruistic ones that also take into account delay incurred to other peers. We consider best response updates to model iterative peer interaction. For egotistic peers, we show that the sequence of best responses always converges to the unique Nash Equilibrium Point (NEP). For altruistic peers best response updates converge to one of the multiple NEPs exist, with each one being a global optimum for the FIFO case and a local optimum for any other service strategy profile. We also consider mixed swarms consisting of both egotistic and (partially-) altruistic peers and show an interesting transition from one to multiple NEPs. Next, we include service strategies in the peer strategy set. Though with its service policy a peer cannot directly affect its delay, it can affect the resulting NEP. We devise two-level game models, where, at a first level, a peer selects its favorable service rule and then peers play a client load splitting game.

Field of study: Computer science
NMR characterization and dynamics of vanadium(V) complexes with tripod (hydroquinonate/phenolate) iminodiacetate ligands in aqueous solution

Reaction of NH4VO3 with (phenolate/hydroquinonate) iminodiacetate tripod ligands in aqueous solution in the pH range 7–8 results in the isolation of three new dioxido vanadium(V) complexes, one dinuclear (NH4)4{(VVO)2[μ-bicah(6-)-N,O,O,O]}·8H2O, (H6bicah, 2,5-bis[N,N'-bis(carboxymethyl)aminomethyl]-hydroquinone), and two mononuclear (NH4)2{(VVO)2[Hcah(3-)-N,O,O,O]·2H2O, (H4cah, 2-[N,N'-bis(carboxymethyl)aminomethyl]-hydroquinone) and (NH4)2{(VVO)[Hcacp(3-)-N,O,O,O]}·4H2O, (H4cacp, 2-[N,N'-bis(carboxymethyl)aminomethyl]-4-carboxyphenol). The 51V, 1H, and 13C NMR spectra in D2O show the coordination environment of vanadium in the above complexes to be octahedral, with four out of six positions to be occupied by the two carboxylate oxygen, one hydroquinonate oxygen, and one amine nitrogen atoms of the tripod ligand. The two acetate arms are in cis position to each other. Variable-temperature 1H and 13C NMR measurements show that the complexes are kinetically labile. An intramolecular exchange that proceeds through the opening of the phenolate/hydroquinonate chelate ring has been revealed by 2D{1H} NMR EXSY (exchange spectroscopy).

Field of study: Chemistry
Strengthening of AA5754 Aluminum Alloy by DRECE Process Followed by Annealing Response Investigation

In this study, a dual rolls equal channel extrusion (DRECE) process has been applied for improving the mechanical properties of the 5754 alloy. Supplementary experiments involving metallography, electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD), and XRD tests were carried out to evaluate the effect of the DRECE process. XRD analysis showed that the maximum dislocation density was achieved after six DRECE passes, which were accompanied by the formation that is typical for low-strain structures. The increasing dislocation density, as well as grain refinement throughout DRECE deformation, resulted in an increase in the mechanical properties. Annealing of the as-deformed sample resulted in grain growth and strength reduction.

Field of study: Materials science
Geometric interpretation of the gamma dose distribution comparison technique: interpolation-free calculation.

The gamma dose comparison tool has been used by numerous investigators to quantitatively compare multidimensional dose distributions. The gamma tool requires the specification of dose and distance-to-agreement (DTA) criteria for acceptable variations between the dose distributions. The tool then provides a comparison that simultaneously evaluates the dose difference and distance to agreement of the two dose distributions. One of the weaknesses of the tool is that the comparison requires one of the dose distributions to have a relatively high spatial resolution, with points spaced significantly closer than the DTA criterion. The determination of gamma involves an exhaustive search process, so the computation time is significant if an accurate gamma is desired. The reason for the need for high spatial resolution lies with the fact that the gamma tool measures the closest point in one of the dose distributions (the evaluated distribution) with individual points of the other distribution (the reference distribution) when the two distributions are normalized by the dose difference and DTA criteria for the dose and spatial coordinates, respectively. The closest point in the evaluated distribution to a selected reference distribution point is the value of gamma at that reference point. If individual evaluated dose distribution points are compared, the closest point may not accurately reflect the closest value of the evaluated distribution as if it were interpolated on an infinite resolution grid. Therefore, a reinterpretation of the gamma distribution as the closest geometric distance between the two distributions is proposed. This is conducted by subdividing the evaluated distribution into simplexes; line segments, triangles, and tetrahedra for one, two, and three-dimensional (3D) dose distributions. The closest distance between any point and these simplexes can be straightforwardly computed using matrix multiplication and inversion without the need of interpolating the original evaluated distribution. While an exhaustive search is still required, not having to interpolate the evaluated distribution avoids the drastic growth of calculation time incurred by interpolation and makes the gamma tool more practical and more accurate. In our experiment, the geometric method accurately computes gamma distributions between 3D dose distributions on a 200 x 200 x 50 grid within two minutes.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Conserving the Sacred Medicine Mountains: A Vegetation Analysis of Tibetan Sacred Sites in Northwest Yunnan

Mount Kawa Karpo of the Menri ('Medicine Mountains' in Tibetan), in the eastern Himalayas, is one of the most sacred mountains to Tibetan Buddhists. Numerous sacred sites are found between 1900 and 4000 m, and at higher elevations the area as a whole is considered a sacred landscape. Religious beliefs may affect the ecology of these sacred areas, resulting in unique ecological characteristics of importance to conservation; recent studies have demonstrated that sacred areas can often play a major role in conservation. The goal of this study is to preliminarily analyze the vegetation of sacred areas in the Menri region using existing vegetation maps and a Geographical Information System (GIS) for remote assessment. Sacred sites are compared to random points in the landscape, in terms of: elevation, vegetation, and nearness to villages; species composition, diversity, and richness; and frequency of useful and endemic plant species. Detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) ordination reveals that sacred sites differ significantly in both useful species composition (p=0.034) and endemic species composition (p=0.045). Sacred sites are located at lower elevations, and closer to villages, than randomly selected, non-sacred sites (p< 0.0001), and have higher overall species richness (p=0.033) and diversity (p=0.042). In addition, the high-elevation (> 4000 m) areas of the mountain - a sacred landscape - are found to have significantly more endemics than low-elevation areas (p<0.0001). These findings represent an initial analysis of sacred sites and suggest that sacred sites in the Menri region may be ecologically and ethnobotanically unique.

Field of study: Environmental science
σ Exchange in the NN Interaction within the Chiral Unitary Approach

We study the nucleon-nucleon interaction in the isoscalar-scalar channel using the chiral unitary approach. The t-matrix of the pion-pion scattering in this channel is summed up to all orders using the B-S equation. We find that the calculated results at long distances are close to those of the �-exchange interaction. In addition, there appears a shorter range repulsion in this channel.

Field of study: Physics
The structure of the nilpotent cone, the Kazhdan-Lusztig map and algebraic group analogues of the Slodowy slices

We define algebraic group analogues of the Slodowy transversal slices to adjoint orbits in a complex semisimple Lie algebra g. The new slices are transversal to the conjugacy classes in an algebraic group G with Lie algebra g. These slices are associated to (the conjugacy classes of) elements s of the Weyl group W of g. For such slices we prove an analogue of the Kostant cross-section theorem for the action of a unipotent group.

Field of study: Mathematics
Factors impacting emergence of behavioral control by underselected stimuli in humans after reduction of control by overselected stimuli.

Stimulus overselectivity occurs when only one of potentially many aspects of the environment controls behavior. Adult participants were trained and tested on a trial-and-error discrimination learning task while engaging in a concurrent load task, and overselectivity emerged. When responding to the overselected stimulus was reduced by reinforcing a novel stimulus in the presence of the previously overselected stimulus in a second trial-and-error discrimination task, behavioral control by the underselected stimulus became stronger. However, this result was only found under certain circumstances: when there was substantial overselectivity in the first training phase; when control by the underselected stimulus in the first phase was particularly low; and when there was effective reduction in the behavioral control exerted by the previously overselected stimuli. The emergence of behavioral control by the underselected stimulus suggests that overselectivity is not simply due to an attention deficit, because for the emergence to occur, the stimuli must have been attended to and learned about in the training phase; but that a range of additional learning factors may play a role.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology