nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Theory of Subradiant States of a One-Dimensional Two-Level Atom Chain.

Recently, the subradiant states of one-dimensional two-level atom chains coupled to light modes were found to have decay rates obeying a universal scaling, and an unexpected fermionic character of the multiply excited subradiant states was discovered. In this Letter, we theoretically obtain the singly excited subradiant states, and by eliminating the superradiant modes, we demonstrate a relation between the multiply excited subradiant states and the Tonks-Girardeau limit of the Lieb-Liniger model which explains the fermionic behavior. In addition, we identify a new family of subradiant states with correlations different from the fermionic ansatz.

Field of study: Physics
Eye Gaze as Relational Evaluation: Averted Eye Gaze Leads to Feelings of Ostracism and Relational Devaluation

Eye gaze is often a signal of interest and, when noticed by others, leads to mutual and directional gaze. However, averting one’s eye gaze toward an individual has the potential to convey a strong interpersonal evaluation. The averting of eye gaze is the most frequently used nonverbal cue to indicate the silent treatment, a form of ostracism. The authors argue that eye gaze can signal the relational value felt toward another person. In three studies, participants visualized interacting with an individual displaying averted or direct eye gaze. Compared to receiving direct eye contact, participants receiving averted eye gaze felt ostracized, signaled by thwarted basic need satisfaction, reduced explicit and implicit self-esteem, lowered relational value, and increased temptations to act aggressively toward the interaction partner.

Field of study: Psychology
Quantum Clustering and Gaussian Mixtures

The mixture of Gaussian distributions, a soft version of k-means , is considered a state-of-the-art clustering algorithm. It is widely used in computer vision for selecting classes, e.g., color, texture, and shapes. In this algorithm, each class is described by a Gaussian distribution, defined by its mean and covariance. The data is described by a weighted sum of these Gaussian distributions. We propose a new method, inspired by quantum interference in physics. Instead of modeling each class distribution directly, we model a class wave function such that its magnitude square is the class Gaussian distribution. We then mix the class wave functions to create the mixture wave function. The final mixture distribution is then the magnitude square of the mixture wave function. As a result, we observe the quantum class interference phenomena, not present in the Gaussian mixture model. We show that the quantum method outperforms the Gaussian mixture method in every aspect of the estimations. It provides more accurate estimations of all distribution parameters, with much less fluctuations, and it is also more robust to data deformations from the Gaussian assumptions. We illustrate our method for color segmentation as an example application.

Field of study: Computer science
Potential tracers for tracking septic tank effluent discharges in watercourses.

Septic tank effluent (STE) contributes to catchment nutrient and pollutant loads. To assess the role of STE discharges in impairment of surface water, it is essential to identify the sources of pollution by tracing contaminants in watercourses. We examined tracers that were present in STE to establish their potential for identifying STE contamination in two stream systems (low and high dilution levels) against the background of upstream sources. The studied tracers were microbial, organic matter fluorescence, caffeine, artificial sweeteners and effluent chemical concentrations. The results revealed that tracer concentration ratios Cl/EC, Cl/NH4-N, Cl/TN, Cl/TSS, Cl/turbidity, Cl/total coliforms, Cl/sucralose, Cl/saccharin and Cl/Zn had potential as tracers in the stream with low dilution level (P < 0.05). Fluorescence spectroscopy could detect STE inputs through the presence of the tryptophan-like peak, but was limited to water courses with low level of dilution and was positively correlated with stream Escherichia coli (E. coli) and soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP). The results also suggested that caffeine and artificial sweeteners can be suitable tracers for effluent discharge in streams with low and high level of dilution. Caffeine and saccharin were positively correlated with faecal coliforms, E. coli, total P and SRP, indicating their potential to trace discharge of a faecal origin and to be a marker for effluent P. Caffeine and SRP had similar attenuation behaviour in the receiving stream waters suggesting caffeine's potential role as a surrogate indicator for the behaviour of P downstream of effluent inputs. Taken together, results suggest that a single tracer alone was not sufficient to evaluate STE contamination of watercourses, but rather a combination of multiple chemical and physical tracing approaches should be employed. A multiple tracing approach would help to identify individual and cumulative STE inputs that pose risks to stream waters in order to prioritise and target effective mitigation measures.

Field of study: Environmental science
Manufacturing Flexibility and Operational Performance of Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Companies in Jordan

This study explores the effect of manufacturing flexibility on the operational performance of Pharmaceutical manufacturing firms in Jordan, variables such as of machine, volume, material handling, mix, and routing flexibilities are selected to represent the manufacturing flexibility dimension while quality, cost, speed and reliability are chosen to represent operational performance. A survey questionnaire was distributed for that purpose to the subjects who belong to different departments or divisions in the production function. The study revealed that manufacturing flexibility is being adopted to a moderate extent, while the operational performance is impressively high. Testing hypothesis indicated that the manufacturing flexibility dimensions have a significant effect on the operational hypothesis performance of the pharmaceutical manufacturing companies, hence, the null hypothesis is rejected and the alternative hypothesis is accepted.

Field of study: Business
Implementation of FIR Filter Based on Distributed Arithmetic and FPGA

In the digital signal processing,the FIR filter with special DSP chip works slowly.In order to solve the mentioned problem,introduces a new method to implement filter based on distributed arithmetic(DA) and field programmable gate array(FPGA).As an illustrative instance,16-tap finite impulse response(FIR) filter is designed with ProASIC3 A3P250 chip from ACTEL Corporation in details.The experimental results suggest the system is reasonable and reliable and can satisfy the design requirements by simulation and synthesis.

Field of study: Computer science
[Research progress on ebola virus glycoprotein].

Ebola virus (EBOV) causes outbreaks of a highly lethal hemorrhagic fever in humans and there are no effective therapeutic or prophylactic treatments available. The glycoprotein (GP) of EBOV is a transmembrane envelope protein known to play multiple functions including virus attachment and entry, cell rounding and cytotoxicity, down-regulation of host surface proteins, and enhancement of virus assembly and budding. GP is the primary target of protective immunity and the key target for developing neutralizing antibodies. In this paper, the research progress on genetic structure, pathogenesis and immunogenicity of EBOV GP in the last 5 years is reviewed.

Field of study: Biology
Deriving priorities from pairwise comparison matrices with a novel consistency index

It is important to measure the inconsistency level of a pairwise comparison matrix (PCM) and derive the priority vector in the analytic hierarchy process (AHP). In the present study, a new consistency index is proposed by using the cosine similarity measures of two row/column vectors in a PCM. It is called as the double cosine similarity consistency index (DCSCI) since the row and column vectors are all considered. Some interesting properties of DCSCI are investigated and the thresholds for inconsistency tolerance level are discussed in detail. Then following the idea of DCSCI, we provide a new method for obtaining the priority vector from a PCM. Through maximizing the sum of the cosine similarity measures between the priority vector and the row/column vectors, the priority vector is derived by solving the constructed optimization problem. By analyzing the proposed double cosine similarity maximization (DCSM) method, it is found that the existing cosine maximization (CM) method can be retrieved. By carrying out numerical examples, some comparisons with the existing methods show that the proposed index and method are effective and flexible.

Field of study: Mathematics
Climate-driven connectivity changes of the Black Sea since 430 ka: Testing a dual palynological and geochemical approach

The Black Sea experienced multiple episodes of connection with both the Mediterranean and Caspian seas during the Quaternary. Global sea-level variation has been proposed as the main driver of changes in Mediterranean-Black Sea connectivity, while positive water budgets drove Caspian overspill. We present a new, two proxy, low-resolution record from the Black Sea that allows reconstruction of connectivity history from 430 to 50 ka: dinoflagellate cysts (dinocysts) provide direct evidence for properties of surface waters and strontium isotopes constrain the source(s) of water entering the basin. Dinocysts and 87Sr/86Sr suggest that the Black Sea was isolated from the Mediterranean during global sea-level lowstands associated with glacials MIS 4, 8 and 10. Both proxies also strongly suggest that marine (Mediterranean) water flowed into the Black Sea during the eustatic highstands associated with peak interglacials during MIS 5 and 9. However, while the contribution of marine waters during MIS 5e was similar to the present day, lower 87Sr/86Sr during MIS 9 suggests lower than present input. Connectivity during MIS 11, MIS 7 and MIS 6 is more enigmatic. Lower 87Sr/86Sr than those of the isolated Black Sea and dinocyst assemblages dominated by species of Paratethyan lineage are compatible with input from the Caspian Sea. Dinocyst taxa recovered in MIS 11 can be found in both the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea today. All four interglacials studied contain different dinocyst assemblages, suggesting that different conditions may have prevailed during each warm period. However, high-resolution studies are needed to confirm this observation. Further work on the same sequence could be valuable in elucidating the connectivity history of the Black Sea over the glacial-interglacial cycles of the late Quaternary.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Rotating beam splitter for the extreme vacuum ultraviolet.

We have built a rotating-mirror beam splitter at grazing incidence which was used to measure directly (with minor corrections) the transmissivity of thin films in the 20-280 eV photon energy region. The intensity fluctuations usually encountered when using electron accelerators as light sources were efficiently eliminated. The same instrument could be used to measure differential transmissivities DeltaT/T with a sensitivity of a few tenths of a percent. In another arrangement a deflecting mirror which is incorporated as the photocathode into an open electron multiplier served as a very efficient beam monitor against intensity fluctuations.

Field of study: Physics
Transmission electron microscopy of composite materials based on hypercrosslinked polystyrenes with nanodispersed inorganic compounds

Nanocomposite materials with magnetic and catalytic properties based on hypercrosslinked polystyrenes (HLP) and inorganic compounds introduced into a polymer by means of chemical precipitation were investigated. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed that when ferric oxides are precipitated in hypercrosslinked gel-type polystyrene, nanodispersed particles 8 ± 2 nm in size are formed, and when the ferric oxides are precipitated in hypercrosslinked biporous polystyrene, larger nanoparticles (∼16 nm in size) are formed.

Field of study: Physics
Impact of Imidacloprid Seed Treatment on Insect Pest Incidence in Okra

Seed treatment with imidacloprid increased the plant height, leaf area and yield of okra besides effectively controlling aphids and jassids. 7.5 g of imidacloprid per kg of okra seed was found ideal. Two foliar sprays during vegetative stage of the crop can be avoided if the seed is treated.

Field of study: Biology
Quantitation of the number of mitogen molecules activating DNA synthesis in T and B lymphocytes.

Thymus-derived (T) and bone-marrow-derived (B) lymphocytes bound equal numbers of Concanavalin A (Con A) molecules, although only T cells were stimulated to proliferation by soluble Con A. Optimal T cell proliferation occurred when approximately 3 × 106 molecules of Con A were bound per cell, which corresponds to 3–10% of the available receptors. Con A can be converted to a selective B cell mitogen provided it was presented to the cells in a locally concentrated form, achieved by cross-linking the lectin to the bottom of tissue culture Petri dishes. Optimal B cell stimulation by insolubilized Con A was obtained at a density of 1–4 × 1012 molecules/cm.2 It was estimated that per unit surface area, B and T cells were activated by the same number of Con A molecules, whereas T cells required more molecules per cell. In terms of T–B cell co-operation this suggests that optimally activated T cells present an optimally stimulating number of Con A molecules to the B cells by direct cell to cell interaction. 
 
It is postulated that the actual interaction between Con A and the sugar containing receptor at the cell membrane is not directly responsible for lymphocyte activation, but as a consequence of this initial binding, the Con A-receptor complex interacts with a second membrane receptor of a different type. When a sufficient number of these second receptors have reacted with the Con A-sugar receptor complex the cell became activated. T cells are postulated to have a greater number of the second type receptors than B cells. The ability of locally concentrated Con A to activate B cells but not T cells is explained in terms of this hypothesis.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
User cognitive representations: The case for an object oriented model

This study empirically investigates the effect on user performance using object oriented cognitive structures. The results indicate improvement in the quality (measured by response time and error rate) of decisions for subjects who were monitored in an experimental setting. These findings indicate the presence of object oriented properties in user cognition. Such an inference puts the theorized mechanisms of human information processing such as, cognitive economy, and limited storage space, in proper perspective. The study discusses implications of these findings for requirements analysis, user-interface design, and training.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Photochemical polymerization wave in a gas

A theoretical investigation is made of photochemical polymerization waves in a gas. The wave velocity is found as a function of the external parameters such as the intensity of the exciting radiation, density of the original monomer, and constants of elementary stages in the chain polymerization reaction. The dependence of the quantum efficiency on the wave velocity is established. An analysis is made of the influence of the termination of the chain reaction on the propagation of a steady-state wave.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
College Libraries Encourage Reading

N v vOWADAYS when we have the choice of thousands of volumes, including a representative selection of the great books in admirable series available at the price of a movie ticket, it is disconcerting to learn that reading in the average American home has been losing ground in its race with other leisure-time activities. A sample of the cultivated life of our citizenry in the 1g30's is given by Mr. R. L. Duffus in his volume Books. Their Place in a Democracy, em bodying the results of investigation into the publication and distribution of books. From evidence based on publishers' output and sales, publicand rental-library circulation figures, and a generous measure of guesswork, he concludes that the average American buys two books a year, borrows two from the public library, rents two from the rental collections, and borrows one a year from a friend, a "possible total of seven books a year read by the average American." More reliable and illuminating in its details is the study of reading habits made by William S. Gray and Ruth Munroe, and reported in the book The Reading Interests and Habits of Adults. The writers of this book analyzed and summarized the work of a great many investigators who had studied reading habits in different parts of the country and with people of all ages, occupations, and interests. From this study, one learns that not one person in two ever reads any books at all, and that those who do devote less than half an hour a day to reading them. I should imagine that though this study is now aDout ten years old, the picture of reading habits is much the same today. In competition with newspaper and magazine reading, the movie, the radio, golf, bridge, and the automobile, books are apparently hardly in the running.' If books are lacking and book reading is negligible in the home, how about in our colleges? It is all too plain that there are powerful counterattractions to reading on the campus. In his genial, devastating way, President Dodds of Princeton calls attention to some of them:

Field of study: Education
[A role of long-term stress and functional properties of the endothelium in the development of autonomic dystonia syndrome].

: Цель исследования - изучение роли длительного стресса и функционального состояния эндотелия в развитии синдрома вегетативной дистонии (СВД) у пациентов молодого возраста. Материал и методы. Обследовали 75 пациентов мужского пола, в возрасте от 17 до 28 лет, с СВД. В 1-ю группу включили 41 пациента без клинически значимых признаков психоэмоционального стресса, во 2-ю - 34 больных с высоким уровнем психоэмоционального стресса; группу сравнения составили здоровые (n=21). Уровень тревожности исследовали по шкале самооценки уровня тревожности Спилбергера-Ханина, функциональное состояние эндотелия оценивали с помощью эндотелийзависимой вазодилатации (ЭЗВД); проводили также стандартную пробу с физической нагрузкой (ПФН) с использованием велоэргометра. Результаты и заключение. Были установлены корреляционные связи между значениями реактивной и личностной тревожности во всех группах. В группе пациентов с высоким уровнем психоэмоционального стресса данные показатели имели максимальные значения, отражающие высокий уровень тревоги. В пробах ЭЗВД и ПФН у пациентов 1-й группы отмечалась общая реактивность сосудистой стенки, тогда как во 2-й группе в этих пробах зарегистрированы противоположные реакции - как повышение, так и снижение диаметра плечевой артерии. Считают, что последнее является следствием повышенной лабильности симпатического звена вегетативной нервной системы на фоне стресса. Сделан вывод, что длительный эмоциональный стресс у пациентов молодого возраста с СВД вызывает дисфункцию эндотелия сосудистой стенки, усугубляя выраженность клинических проявлений заболевания и приводя к повышению риска развития кардиоваскулярной патологии.  Authors examined 75 male patients, aged from 17 to 28 years, with ADS including 41 patients without clinically evident symptoms of psycho-emotional stress (group I) and 34 patients with high level of psycho-emotional stress (group II). A comparison group consisted of 21 healthy volunteers. The level of anxiety was assessed using the Spilberger-Khanin Inventory and the functional state of endothelium with the use of endothelium-dependent vasodilatation (EDV). Standard bicycle physical exercise (PE) test was performed.  Correlations between state and trait anxiety in all groups were shown. In group II, these values were maximal thus demonstrating marked anxiety. In EDV and PE tests, patients of group I had general reactivity of the vascular wall, while patients of group II showed opposite reactions, either increase or decrease in the brachial artery diameter. This instability may result from the increased liability of the sympathetic part of the autonomic nervous system in stress conditions.  Long-term stress causes vascular endothelial dysfunction in young patients with ADS that increases the severity of clinical manifestations of the disease and leads to the increased risk of cardiovascular pathology.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Effect of Crop Residue on Soil Loss from Continuous Row Cropping

A rainfall simulator was used to evaluate relative soil losses as affected by crop residue, for several com-binations of crop rotations, tillage systems, and canopy levels at two locations in Iowa. Derived mulch factor-crop residue relationships were apparently little affected by crop canopy, kind of residue, or crop rotations but were different for the two locations. The locational dif-ferences in mulch factor-crop residue relationships were apparently due to differences in slopes and(or) soils and could be explained on the basis of sediment transport, sedimentation theory, and size distributions of eroded material. The results of this study indicated that present soil ero-sion prediction methods for conservation tillage systems can be substantially improved by including the interac-tion effects of crop residue, soil, and slope.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Axiomatic Characterization of the Gini Coefficient and Lorenz Curve Orderings

This paper is concerned with distributions of income and the ordering of related Lorenz curves. By introducing appropriate preference relations on the set of Lorenz curves, two altenative axiomatic characterization of Lorenz curve orderings are proposed. Moreover, the Gini coefficient is recognized to be rationalizable under both axiom sets; as a result, a complete axiomatic characterization of the Gini coefficient is ontained. Furthermore, axiomatic charactherizations of the extended Gini family and an alternative "generalized" Gini family of inequality measures are proposed.

Field of study: Economics
Lowered operation voltage in Pt/SBi2Ta2O9/HfO2/Si ferroelectric-gate field-effect transistors by oxynitriding Si

Oxynitrided Si (SiON) surfaces show smaller subthreshold swings than do directly nitrided Si (SiN) surfaces when used in ferroelectric-gate field-effect transistors (FeFETs) having the following stacked-gate structure: Pt/SrBi2Ta2O9(SBT)/HfO2/Si. SiON/Si substrates for FeFETs were prepared by rapid thermal oxidation (RTO) in O2 at 1000 ?C and subsequent rapid thermal nitridation (RTN) in NH3 at various temperatures in the range 950?1150 ?C. The electrical properties of the Pt/SBT/HfO2/SiON/Si FeFET were compared with those of reference FETs, i.e. Pt/SBT/HfO2 gate stacks formed on Si substrates subjected to various treatments: SiNx/Si formed by RTN, SiO2/Si formed by RTO and untreated Si. The Pt/SBT/HfO2/SiON/Si FeFET had a larger memory window than all the other reference FeFETs, particularly at low operation voltages when the RTN temperature was 1050 ?

Field of study: Materials science