nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
DYNAMIC RESPONSE OF FLOATING SLAB TRACK DUE TO A HARMONIC MOVING LOAD

Under a harmonic moving load,according to the characteristics of periodic structural dynamic responses,the problem that the dynamic response of the infinite floating slab track(FST) is transformed to be solved within the track range corresponding to one floating slab.Then through the displacement influence matrix of the floating slab,the coupling of the rail and the discontinuous slab is implemented in the frequency domain,and the dynamic response of rail in the range is obtained.Further,based on this,the dynamic response at any point on the track structure is obtained.The calculation results show that: Under the harmonic moving load,the displacement response spectrum's peak of FST appears near the excitation frequency of the moving load;with the increase of the loading velocity,there will be a decrease on the displacement response spectrum in a very narrow frequency band around the excitation frequency of the moving load,while there will be a significant increase in most of other frequency bands;when the excitation frequency of the moving load is equal to the nature frequency of FST,the resonance occurs,the displacement response spectrum's peak is much larger than those under other excitation frequencies;due to the moving load periodically pass through the discontinuous slabs and the fasteners,there exists a parametric excitation;when the load excitation frequency is close to the frequency of the formation of standing waves due to the slab's discontinuity,the track structure will also have a greater displacement response.

Field of study: Engineering
Annual changes of mineral elements in the leaves of pear(Pyrus bretchnederi cv.‘Dangshansuli’) and their correlation analysis

In growing season,the leaves of Chinese pear 'Dangshansuli' and the orchard soil were collected as experimental materials in every 10 days.The contents of N,P,K,Ca,Mg,S,Fe,B,Mn,Cu,Zn,Mo in the leaves and the contents of total N,hydrolytic N,available P,slow-releasable K,available K,exchangeable Ca and Mg,available S,Fe,B,Mn,Cu,Zn and Mo in soil were assayed.The correlations between the annual changes of different mineral elements were analyzed by using SPSS software.The results showed that the changing trend of N,P,K,and Cu con-tents in the leaves were downward gradually;Ca and Mn contents were upward;S,Zn decreased gradually in growth early phase and increased later;the contents of Mg and B did not change much annually,and Fe and Mo contents were fluctuating from April 10 to October 10.There was an extremely positive correlation between the content of N and P,K,B and Cu in the leaves,a positive correlation between the content of N and Mg,S and Fe in the leaves,and a significantly negative correlation between the content of N and Ca and Mn in the leaves.The content of N,P,K,Ca,Mg,S,Fe,B,Zn and Mo in soil was not significantly related with which in the leaves.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Origin of the Six-Gluon Amplitude in Planar N=4 Supersymmetric Yang-Mills Theory.

We study the maximally-helicity-violating six-gluon scattering amplitude in planar N=4 super-Yang-Mills theory at finite coupling when all three cross ratios are small. It exhibits a double logarithmic scaling in the cross ratios, controlled by a handful of "anomalous dimensions" that are functions of the coupling constant alone. Inspired by known seven-loop results at weak coupling and the integrability-based pentagon operator product expansion, we present conjectures for the all-order resummation of these anomalous dimensions. At strong coupling, our predictions agree perfectly with the string theory analysis. Intriguingly, the simplest of these anomalous dimensions coincides with one describing the lightlike limit of the octagon, namely, the four-point function of large-charge Bogomol'nyi-Prasad-Sommerfield (BPS) operators.

Field of study: Physics
Anti-ssDNA and antinuclear antibodies in human malaria.

The incidence of serum antinuclear antibodies and serum antibodies to single stranded (ss) and double stranded (ds) DNA was investigated following acute malaria in 58 Caucasians visiting tropical countries but resident in Britain and in 24 Ghanaians resident in Ghana. In Caucasians this infection was associated with a significant increase in the incidence of speckled antinuclear antibodies (38% compared to 3% in controls; P less than 0.001) and a significant rise in antibody levels against ssDNA (14% compared to 5%; P less than 0.05), but no rise in antibodies against dsDNA. Acute malaria in Ghanaians was associated with an incidence of 25% of antinuclear antibodies and 4% of antibodies to ssDNA; these were similar to those found in healthy Ghanaians who are chronically exposed to malaria. Antibodies against dsDNA were not detected. The incidence of antinuclear antibodies and levels of anti-ssDNA antibodies was higher in the Ghanaian healthy population than in normal Caucasians. These observations indicate that malaria is associated with the development of antinuclear and anti-ssDNA antibodies. Ghanaian patients with a tropical splenomegaly syndrome or with a nephrotic syndrome, both of which conditions are suspected of having a malarial aetiology, had serum levels of anti-ssDNA higher than healthy controls. This observation adds further circumstantial evidence to the role of malaria in causing anti-DNA antibodies.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Reliability and Validity of a Checklist to Evaluate Student Performance in a Problem-Based Learning Group

To validate a problem-based learning (PBL) evaluation checklist to assess individual Doctor of Pharmacy (PharmD) students’ performance in a group.  In 2013, a performance checklist was developed and standardized. To evaluate the reliability and discriminant validity of the checklist, pharmacy students’ evaluation scores from 2015-2016 were assessed along with overall program grade point averages (GPA), and scores on knowledge and problem-solving examinations. Predictive analysis software was used to analyze the data.  Seventy facilitators generated 1506 evaluation reports for 191 (90 third-year and 101 second-year) students over eight PBL cases. The mean (SD) total score was 40.6 (2.5) for P3s and 39.1 (2.7) for P2s out of a possible 44.2 points. Students’ scores improved each semester. Interrater reliability based on intraclass correlation coefficient for all cases was 0.67. Internal reliability as determined by Cronbach alpha was >0.7 for all binary checklist items across all cases. Discriminant validity assessed using Pearson correlation coefficient showed that the total score from the checklist did not correlate with knowledge or problem-solving examination scores.  This unique PBL checklist proved to be a reliable and valid tool to assess student performance in small group sessions in a PharmD curriculum.

Field of study: Education, Medicine
Perspectives on Black Economic Development

In recent years there has been increasing interest in the ghetto as an economic unit as well as in the economic welfare of non-whites as individuals. Attention has shifted from a strategy of increasing the opportunities of individuals to leave the ghetto to programs for the development of the ghetto economy. This shift of emphasis is prompted by the failure of residential segregation to diminish' and by evidence of a tendency toward the economic polarization of the black  It appears that since 1960 while non-white incomes are rising both absolutely and even relatively to those of whites,3 within hard-core ghetto neighborhoods conditions may be getting worse.4 While the majority of the poor are white (in 1967, 71 percent of all poor families and 83 percent of all poor unrelated individuals were white),' most poor whites are not members of identifiable ethnic groups and tend to be geographically isolated. Because the non-white poor have a sense of group identity based on color and are concentrated in urban ghettos they have been able to engage in collective action, unplanned and uncoordinated as it may be, which has resulted in special federal and local programs that would improve conditions in the ghettos. While physical restoration of the inner city and provision of adequate public services are important, they are also expensive, requiring long-term planning and a reallocation of national

Field of study: Economics
Generalized method for parallel computation of particle methods and its application

Particle methods have been widely used in many fields such as chemical engineering,material science and energy.Based on an introduction to the application background and characteristics in the programming and implementation of particle methods,some key problems in designing the main computational module of a general software platform for parallel computation with partical methods are discussed.The implementation of the main module of this platform and relevant template library are introduced in the paper.Object-oriented programming and template techniques are adopted in the software development,and the codes are of good generality and extensibility.The software was tested in simulation of 3D air flow in stove hearth using the PPM method and in MD simulation of phase separation of two immiscible components in membrane.The results manifest that the platform provides good facility for large scale particle simulation.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Out-of-Plane Effects on the Superconductivity of Bi2Sr2CuO6+{\delta} and Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+{\delta}

By means of low-temperature scanning tunneling microscopy, we report on the electronic structures of BiO and SrO planes of Bi2Sr2CuO6+{\delta} (Bi-2201) superconductor prepared by argon-ion bombardment and annealing. Depending on post annealing conditions, the BiO planes exhibit either pseudogap (PG) with sharp coherence peaks and an anomalously large gap of 49 meV or van Hove singularity (VHS) near the Fermi level, while the SrO is always characteristic of a PG-like feature. This contrasts with Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+{\delta} (Bi-2212) superconductor where VHS occurs solely on the SrO plane. We disclose the interstitial oxygen dopants ({\delta} in the formulas) as a primary cause for the occurrence of VHS, which are located dominantly around the BiO and SrO planes, respectively, in Bi-2201 and Bi-2212. This is supported by the contrasting structural buckling amplitude of BiO and SrO planes in the two superconductors. Our findings provide solid evidence for the irrelevance of PG to the superconductivity in the two superconductors, as well as insights into why Bi-2212 can achieve a higher superconducting transition temperature than Bi-2201, and by implication, the mechanism of cuprate superconductivity.

Field of study: Physics
Ohmic contacts on high purity P-type silicon

A new method of forming electrical contacts on high purity p-type silicon has been developed. The resultant contacts are ohmic from 18 to 300K. The electrical sparking technique permits localized doping in the contact region of the device while avoiding the over-all high annealing temperatures required by diffusion. Indium solder is used for metallization and attachment of wires to the sparked regions. The process is simple and easily applied to samples for measuring electrical transport properties or to devices, such as silicon solar cells.

Field of study: Materials science
Quantitative Profiling of the Heavy‐Atom Effect in BODIPY Dyes: Correlating Initial Rates, Atomic Numbers, and 1O2 Quantum Yields

Direct oxidation using molecular oxygen is both attractive and atom-efficient. However, this process first requires the catalyst-based activation or electronic reconfiguration of inert O2. The most expedient strategy relies on the generation of singlet oxygen (1O2; a1Δg) from the triplet state (3O2; X3Σg–) by a photosensitizer. In the current arsenal of photosensitizers, boron-dipyrromethene (BODIPY) cores are considered privileged on account of their unique photophysical characteristics and the ability to tune their behavior through facile structural modifications such as halogen (X) incorporation. Thus, the scaffold has become synonymous with the renowned heavy-atom effect (HAE), a phenomenon that correlates the increasing atomic number (ZX) of pendant halogen atoms with an enhanced probability of intersystem crossing (S1→T1). Herein, a facile GC-based method to assess catalyst performance has been developed and validated with a focused set of halogenated BODIPY scaffolds. An initial-rate approximation was applied to a model transformation and follows the HAE trend (v0,H < v0,Cl < v0,Br < v0,I). This operationally simple approach was corroborated by complementary determinations of absolute singlet oxygen and photoluminescence quantum yields and time-resolved luminescence decays to evaluate lifetimes. For double logarithmic plots, linear correlations between relative intersystem-crossing rates kXisc/kYisc and relative atomic numbers ZX/ZY for the respective substituents with corresponding slopes of approximately 4 were obtained, that is, kisc ~ Z4, which also was shown to hold for the fluorescence-lifetime-corrected singlet-oxygen quantum yields as independent measurements. This substantiates theoretical predictions pertaining to the heavy-atom effect.

Field of study: Chemistry
Explanatory Power of Selected Proxies in Predicting Stock Returns of Large U.K. Companies

Predicting stock returns has been instrumental in our understanding of capital market structure. The validity of models, like the Capital Asset Pricing Model or the Gordon Growth Model, has influenced and contributed to building mathematical representations in predicting required return. Several studies attempted to explore different variables to determine the explanatory power of proxies in predicting stock return. For example, it is reported that dividends can explain up to 25% of the variance in returns. The explanatory power of dividends in the regression analysis showed a significant variation when the analysis follows time-series methodology. This study aims at examining the predicting power in the U.K. equity market by plugging into the regression model some of the variables conventionally measured in the Structural Equation Modeling. The study is quantitative and uses secondary data. The findings of this study suggest that the selected proxies, dividend growth, earnings per share, and beta exhibit weak explanatory power in predicting returns of large U.K. companies.

Field of study: Business
Social Studies and the New Physics

hysics-that old stodgy science of P the seventeenth century and Sir Isaac Newton-is usually thought of as a difficult science about as far from social studies as humanly possible. During the late twentieth century, after the invention of the computer, however, physics has taken a plunge into nonlinear dynamics that has led to a major shift in our understanding of the universe around us. Could this new interpretation of the universe have any possible bearing on the way we teach social studies to our students? Let us take a brief look at this new nonlinear interpretation of the universe and then speculate about its possible impact on the field of social studies in the twenty-first century.

Field of study: Sociology
Optimism and Attentional Bias for Negative and Positive Stimuli

Optimism, or positive outcome expectancy, correlates with better psychological and physiological adjustment, in part because of conscious behavior such as coping. However, procedural, automatic, and unconscious processes also may affect adjustment. The emotional Stroop task was used to assess the relationships between optimism and unconscious attentional bias for positively valenced, negatively valenced, neutral current concern, and neutral control stimuli. Undergraduate students (n = 48) completed personality measures at the beginning of the semester and completed the Stroop task under separate cover. Optimism was associated with a greater attentional bias for positive stimuli relative to negative stimuli. Optimism also was associated with slower skin conductance response rates during negative stimuli. Unconscious attentional biases may contribute to the better adjustment associated with optimism.

Field of study: Psychology
SAFER: Sparse secure Aggregation for FEderated leaRning

Federated learning enables one to train a common machine learning model across separate, privately-held datasets via distributed model training. During federated training, only intermediate model parameters are transmitted to a central server which aggregates these parameters to create a new common model, thus exposing only intermediate parameters rather than the training data itself. However, some attacks (e.g. membership inference) are able to infer properties of local data from these intermediate model parameters. Hence, performing the aggregation of these client-specific model parameters in a secure way is required. Additionally, the communication cost is often the bottleneck of the federated systems, especially for large neural networks. So, limiting the number and the size of communications is necessary to efficiently train large neural architectures. In this article, we present an efficient and secure protocol for performing secure aggregation over compressed model updates in the context of collaborative, few-party federated learning, a context common in the medical, healthcare, and biotechnical use-cases of federated systems. By making compression-based federated techniques amenable to secure computation, we develop a secure aggregation protocol between multiple servers with very low communication and computation costs and without preprocessing overhead. Our experiments demonstrate the efficiency of this new approach for secure federated training of deep convolutional neural networks.

Field of study: Computer science
Habitat scale and biodiversity: influence of catchment, stream reach and bedform scales on local invertebrate diversity

Although many studies have investigated the influence of environmental patterns on local stream invertebrate diversity, there has been little consistency in reported relationships between diversity and particular environmental variables. Here we test the hypothesis that local stream invertebrate diversity is determined by a combination of factors occurring at multiple spatial scales. We developed predictive models relating invertebrate diversity (species richness and equitability) to environmental variables collected at various spatial scales (bedform, reach and catchment, respectively) using data from 97 sampling sites dispersed throughout the Taieri River drainage in New Zealand. Models based on an individual scale of perception (bedform, reach or catchment) were not able to match predictions to observations (r < 0.26, P > 0.01, between observed and predicted equitability and species richness). In contrast, models incorporating all three scales simultaneously were highly significant (P < 0.01; r = 0.55 and 0.64, between observed and predicted equitability and species richness, respectively). The most influential variables for both richness and equitability were median particle size at the bedform scale, adjacent land use at the reach scale, and relief ratio at the catchment scale. Our findings suggest that patterns observed in local assemblages are not determined solely by local mechanisms acting within assemblages, but also result from processes operating at larger spatial scales. The integration of different spatial scales may be the key to increasing model predictability and our understanding of the factors that determine local biodiversity.

Field of study: Environmental science
Methyl derivatives of folic acid as intermediates in the methylation of homocysteine by Escherichia coli.

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Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Efficient generation of insect-based cell-free translation extracts active in glycosylation and signal sequence processing.

A novel method for generation of insect-based cell-free translation extracts is presented. The protocol can be completed in less than an hour, and the resulting extracts are extremely proficient in N-linked glycosylation and signal sequence processing. No specialized equipment other than that usually present in an ordinary biochemistry laboratory is required. The novel approach dramatically reduces cost and time while rendering enhanced lysates compared to previously published strategies.

Field of study: Biology, Engineering
Mechanistic study of borosilicate glass growth by low-pressure chemical vapor deposition from tetraethylorthosilicate and trimethylborate

A reaction mechanism and film morphology as a function of reactor conditions and post growth thermal annealing for borosilicate glass (BSG), (SiO2)x(B2O3)1−x, films deposited from tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS), trimethylborate (TMB), and oxygen (O2) precursors by low-pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD) was determined. An empirically derived reaction model for BSG film growth is proposed that predicts the growth rate and composition of BSG films up to 70 mole% B2O3. The BSG reaction model includes a strongly adsorbed TEOS-derived intermediate that forms SiO2 and a direct surface reaction of TMB, in O2, to form B2O3. This model is supported by growth rate and mass spectroscopic data. The BSG film morphology, investigated using atomic force microscopy, was found to have a root-mean-square roughness of 0.5 nm, with the precise film morphology being a function of reactor conditions. The BSG film roughness increases with film thickness, temperature, and boron content. Thermal annealing of the films in a water-free environment leads to planarization of the BSG governed by the film composition and anneal temperature.

Field of study: Materials science