nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Vocabulary skill: single-case assessment of automaticity of word recognition in a timed lexical decision task

This study illustrates, in the context of vocabulary assessment research, a procedure for analysing a single subject's variability of response times (RTs) in a simple, timed lexical decision task. Following the interpretation developed in Segalowitz and Segalowitz (1993) for RT variability as reflection of the automatic/controlled nature of underlying processing mechanisms, it was possible to draw conclusions about the extent to which second language English word recognition in this subject was subserved by automatic as opposed to controlled processes. The study also examined the development of automaticity in word recognition skill for a small, selected vocabulary as a function of reading experience during a three-week testing period. The general implications of this methodology for assessing vocabulary skill in a single case are discussed.

Field of study: Linguistics
Convention Ratification of Federal Constitutional Amendments

The amending process of the Constitution of the United States, contained in Article V, consists of two stages: proposal and ratification. Each stage, in turn, offers two alternative procedures which can be interchanged to provide four means of effecting constitutional alteration. An amendment may be proposed either by Congress or by a national convention assembled upon proper application of the states; and an amendment may be ratified, as Congress decides, either by state legislatures or by state conventions. The latter mode of ratification strangely has been selected only for the Twenty-first Amendment; but despite its lack of use, this convention mode has had an interesting history which is here examined chronologically to explain why it has not been used more often.

Field of study: Political science
Investigation and analysis of Olympic education in colleges and universities in Beijing

In order to welcome the coming of the 28th Olympic Games in 2008,the authors carried out a questionnaire investigation on grades 1 and 2 undergraduates in four universities in Beijing,namely,Qinghua University,China People's University,Beijing Normal University, and Beijing Foreign Language University,so as to get acquaint with the situation of Olympic education in colleges and universities. The authors revealed the following findings: (1) Undergraduates in Beijing have a relatively early acquaintance with Olympic Games in diversified ways; (2) there are the most chances to acquire Olympic education in universities; (3) in general, student's acquaintance with Olympic knowledge is relatively good; (4) student's attitude toward Olympic Games is positive as a whole. In order to launch Beijing Olympic Games 2008 successfully, more college students should be accepted to participate in Olympic education activities; basic courses and lectures should be established in a planed way; Olympic education activities should be developed in multiple channels.

Field of study: Education
On the contribution of superconducting interfaces in the Hall coefficient of graphite

We have measured the temperature and magnetic field dependence of the Hall coefficient ($R_{\rm H}$) in three, several micrometer long multigraphene samples of thickness between $\sim 9~$to $\sim 30$~nm in the temperature range 0.1 to 200~K and up to 0.2~T field. The temperature dependence of the longitudinal resistance of two of the samples indicates the contribution from embedded interfaces running parallel to the graphene layers. At low enough temperatures and fields $R_{\rm H}$ is positive in all samples, showing a crossover to negative values at high enough fields and/or temperatures in samples with interfaces contribution. The overall results are compatible with the reported superconducting behavior of embedded interfaces in the graphite structure and indicate that the negative low-field Hall coefficient is not intrinsic of the ideal graphite structure.

Field of study: Physics
Titian's Helle and Ascanio de' Mori

the home of Barbara Calina. The other participants are four ladies and four gentlemen who have dropped by on their way to the theater, but hearing that the performance has been postponed they decide to play the alphabet game: each player in turn is assigned a letter of the alphabet and must tell a story describing a trip he or she has taken, naming the city, the inn, the innkeeper, and a garden visited, and in the garden a nymph, an animal, and a tree in which a bird sings a song; each of these items must begin with the assigned letter.2 There are eighteen such stories in the Giuoco, as well as a coda of poems, rhetorical exercises and novelle required of those players who had slipped up during the course of the game and can now win back the forfeits they paid as a penalty. De' Mori's book is more appealing than one might expect from this description: there is enough variety in the different accounts, and enough byplay between the participants, to hold the reader's interest. For Count Alfonso Capriolo's second turn in the game he must use the letter "N." He talks of the trip he took to Naples in 1563 to buy horses, describing his visit to Nobilaria, the garden of the

Field of study: History
Laminar boundary layers on helicopter rotors in forward flight.

Several examples of three-dimensi onal boundary layers on helicopter rotors in forward flight are analyzed within the framework of small-crossflow and quasi-steady approximations; these two assumptions are shown to be mutually consistent and to have a wide range of applicability. In laminar flow, the crossflow can be separated into components due to rotation and due to the instantaneous yawing of the rotor blade relative to the direction of flight. Third-order perturbation expansions for a flat-plate blade show the relative importance of the rotational and translational motion, and analysis of the flow over several blade sections with thickness demonstrates the role of chord wise pressure gradients. The results indicate that the crossflow generally tends to delay separation on the retreating side of the rotor disk. The effects of rotation can be large in regions of incipient separation, but elsewhere the boundary layer generally resembles the viscous flow over a swept wing. Also, the detailed structure of the crossflow depends upon whether the primary flow is accelerating or decelerating.

Field of study: Physics
The helix in the labyrinth: do we need genetic health services and policy research?

In Canada and elsewhere, targeted health services and policy research (HSPR) has been suggested as a means to clarify the health system implications of developments in genetics and genomics. But is such research really needed? We argue that substantial investments in basic genetic and genomic research, coupled with persistent uncertainty about the health system implications of advances in these fields, justify the development of specialized HSPR in genetics and the sustained involvement of the wider HSPR community. Genetic health services and policy research will play a crucial role in informing decision-makers at all levels of the health system about whether and how to integrate developments in genetics, genomics and other complex new technologies.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Reading Basquiat: Exploring Ambivalence in American Art by Jordana Moore Saggese (review)

Jordana Moore Saggese’s Reading Basquiat: Exploring Ambivalence in American Art is a monographic study of Jean-Michel Basquiat, an artist who experienced a near meteoric rise and fall. In four chapters, the author gives the artist’s work the scholarly and historical attention it rightly deserves while contributing to the fields of American art, African American art, contemporary art, and diaspora art. The introduction sets the stage for contemporary readers to grasp the art world of the 1980s at the same time that it identifies Basquiat’s multiple positionalities as a middle-class, diasporic subject born and raised in New York City. The second chapter compares Basquiat’s work to modern Euro-American masters such as Picasso, Pollock, and Twombly and considers how, through subject matter, the artist’s cultural identifications are manifested. The third chapter dispels the oft-written assertion that Basquiat’s work owes a debt to hip-hop. Instead, Saggese considers the artist’s attention to and affection for improvisational jazz and the ways it impacted his practice. In the final chapter, the author takes up Basquiat’s engagement with Beat poets and the cultures they created.

Field of study: Art
Left bundle branch block in diphtheritic myocarditis A case study

Left bundle branch block is very rare in children. A boy, 5 years old with diphtheritic myocarditis had left bundle branch block in ECG pattern during the first days in hospital. He had received basic DPT vaccination 4 1/2 years ago, when his age was three months. The prognosis of left bundle branch block in diphtheritic myocarditis is usually poor. However, as he received DPT vaccination in the last 5 years the prognosis was tending to good. After 11 days hospitalisation, the ECG pattern suddenly reversed to normal. The follow up- through outpatient department has no further complications, despite he discharged with still high LDH serum leveL The purpose of this study is to report a very rare case, and this case hopefully to be the last diphtheritic disease in Yogyakarta, due to a very good coverage of vaccination.  diphtheria diphtheritic myocarditis left bundle branch block DPT vaccination LDH enzyme

Field of study: Medicine
Level of Genetic Diversity in European Bumblebees is Not Determined by Local Species Abundance

Bumblebee species with declining population trends tend to show lower genetic diversity levels than stable species. The observed difference might be explained by abundance differences, with declining bumblebee species having lower genetic diversity levels simply due to their lower local species abundances. However, whether this holds true is not known. Here, we investigated whether bumblebee local abundances determines population genetic diversity levels. Therefore, local species abundances were measured for bumblebee species at four locations in Belgium and two locations in Estonia during bumblebee foraging years 2013–2017. These locations and countries were chosen to ensure the greatest possible variance in both local abundances and population trends for these species. Hence, genetic diversity levels were obtained for seven species by genotyping collected specimens with 16 microsatellites. Our results showed that the observed patterns in genetic diversity did not depend on local species abundance. So, although declining bumblebee species can become locally abundant, they will still show lower genetic diversity levels than stable species. This result implies that measuring bumblebees’ local abundance cannot be used to directly determine the health status of a population. Furthermore, this result has also major impact on future conservation strategies as increasing the genetic diversity levels of declining species will be very difficult, and habitat quality should be high to maintain their populations, otherwise these species are doomed to disappear first.

Field of study: Biology
Prévention des incendies et sécurité dans les entrepôts frigorifiques

Resume Les causes les plus frequentes des incendies sont les suivantes: deficiences de l'equipement electrique; travaux de finition ou d'entretien mettant en oeuvre des operations de soudure; quelquefois des imprudences caracterisees de conception. II est donc indispensable de prendre les mesures necessaires pour proteger l'entrepot contre le feu et aussi d'employer des materiaux de construction resistant au feu. Le personnel de l'entrepot doit recevoir une formation adequate en matiere de prevention contre le feu. La securite est renforcee par des systemes d'alarme efficaces; le risque d'incendie peut aussi etre reduit par l'emploi de materiaux preablement testes en ce qui concerne leur degre d'inflammabilite.

Field of study: Engineering
The Galaxy's veil of excited hydrogen

Many of the baryons in our Galaxy probably lie outside the well-known disk and bulge components. Despite a wealth of evidence for the presence of some gas in galactic halos—including absorption line systems in the spectra of quasars, high-velocity neutral hydrogen clouds in our Galaxy halo, line-emitting ionized hydrogen originating from galactic winds in nearby starburst galaxies and the X-ray coronas surrounding the most massive galaxies—accounting for the gas in the halo of any galaxy has been observationally challenging, primarily because of the low density in these expansive regions. The most sensitive measurements come from detecting absorption due to the intervening gas in the spectra of distant objects, such as quasars or distant halo stars, but these have typically been limited to a few lines of sight to sufficiently bright objects. Extensive spectroscopic surveys of millions of objects provide an alternative approach to the problem. Here, we present evidence for a newly discovered, widely distributed, neutral, excited hydrogen component of the Galaxy’s halo. It is observed as the slight (0.779 ± 0.006%) absorption of flux near the rest wavelength of Hα in the combined spectra of hundreds of thousands of galaxy spectra and is ubiquitous in high-latitude lines of sight. This observation provides an avenue to tracing, both spatially and kinematically, the majority of the gas in the halo of our Galaxy. The stacking of nearly three-quarters of a million spectra has unearthed a previously unknown component of the Galactic halo: a widely distributed, neutral, excited hydrogen layer that could harbour a sizeable proportion of the Milky Way’s baryons.

Field of study: Physics
Accuracy of measuring the atmospheric temperature using Raman-scattered laser radiation

A statistical model of the signal and noise is considered for the use in measuring the atmospheric temperature by the Raman scattering of laser radiation. It is shown that when the signals are recorded using photon counting, the statistics of the combined signal and noise photocounts is described by a negative binomial distribution. The temperature is determined on the basis of a statistical model and its statistical accuracy characteristics are investigated. An estimate is made of the error in temperature measurement resulting from the finite response time of photodetectors. A temperature estimate is made taking the detector response time into account when the photocounts have the Poisson statistics, and its statistical accuracy is considered including fluctuations in the laser output energy.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Evidence contrary to the existence of storage lipid in leaves of plants inhabiting cold climates

In a study of the lipid composition of the upland Empetrum nigrum subspp. hermaphroditum and Empetrum nigrum subspp. nigrum with a lowland distribution, no evidence was found to support the suggestion that lipids (triacylglycerols) play a major energy storage role in the leaves of alpine species. On a quantitative basis the triacylglycerols constituted less than 5% of the total lipid in both species and the lowland species possessed the higher levels of total lipid, neutral lipid and triacylglycerols. It is suggested that the presence of a well-developed waxy cuticle might account for the high total lipid levels encountered in dwarf evergreen shrubs.

Field of study: Environmental science
Rotation velocity measurement based on self-mixing interference with a dual-external-cavity single-laser diode.

A novel Doppler velocity measurement method based on laser self-mixing interference with two parallel optical external cavities is investigated. In this method, the target object rotation velocity can be measured by the sum of two Doppler frequency shifts, which can be extracted by fast Fourier transform without setting and measuring incident angles. This study highlights the validity of the proposed method through a theoretical model analysis. Experiments realized velocity measurement with a relative error of less than 0.6%.

Field of study: Physics
Sex Differences in Career Development: Locus of Control and Career Commitment Effects

In this research attitudes and behavioral dispositions of men and women in two age groups that may correspond to different career stages were compared. Locus of control and career commitment were studied using a sample of 293 full-time employed MBA students. Analysis supported the hypothesis that older men would have a more internal locus of control than older women who would be more external. No other differences were found. Explanations and implications of the findings for sex differences in career development are discussed.

Field of study: Psychology
Breaking Down Barriers to Pharmacy Graduate Education: The Report of the 2017-2018 Research and Graduate Affairs Committee

The 2017-2018 Research and Graduate Affairs Committee (RGAC) was given three charges aimed at helping academic pharmacy address barriers that must be overcome by both students and schools to attract, retain, and support the development of a diverse, well-rounded, and successful graduate student population. These charges were (1) identifying teaching methodologies, tools and opportunities that graduate programs can introduce into curriculum to overcome barriers to success of today’s and tomorrow’s learners; (2) developing a strategy for achieving member support of the 2016-2017 recommended graduate competencies by identifying gaps in and existing examples of courses or opportunities that achieve competency-based pharmacy graduate education; and (3) identifying potential strategies to address identified barriers to pursuing graduate education, especially among under-represented student populations. This report describes attitudes toward and opportunities related to competency-based education in graduation education in colleges and schools of pharmacy, identifies types of tools schools could use to enhance training towards the competency framework developed by the 2016-2017 RGAC, particularly with regards to the so-called power skills, and outlines a role for AACP in facilitating this training. This report also considers a number of barriers, both perceived and real, that potential students encounter when considering graduate training and suggests strategies to understand the impact of and mitigate these barriers. To strengthen competency-based graduate education, the RGAC puts forth two recommendations that AACP develop a toolkit supporting the training of power skills and that AACP should develop or curate programs or tools to support the use of individual development plans (IDPs). The RGAC also puts forth a suggestion to schools that IDPs be implemented for all students. In considering the barriers to pursuing graduate education, the Committee proposes one policy statement that AACP supports the training and development of an increasingly diverse population of researchers at pharmacy schools through active efforts to promote M.S. and Ph.D. education along with Pharm.D. education. Additionally, the Committee provides recommendations that AACP should expand its efforts in career tracking of graduate students to include collection and/or analysis of data that could inform the Academy’s understanding of barriers to pursuing graduate education in pharmacy schools, the AACP Office of Institutional Research and Effectiveness should expand upon graduate program data described in the annual Profile of Pharmacy Students report, and finally that AACP should include graduate programs in efforts to increase diversity of students at pharmacy schools.

Field of study: Education, Medicine
Paleoenvironmental implications of fixed dune systems in Southern Africa

Extensive systems of fixed linear dunes occur in the Kalahari region of southern Africa, from 28°S to 16°30′S. They provide evidence for large-scale expansion of arid climates in the subcontinent during the Quaternary. On the basis of differing dune morphologies and alignments, three periods of Upper Pleistocene aridity are recognised. 
 
Patterns of dune alignments reflect paleosand flow regimes and permit deduction of past winds and circulation patterns, leading to the conclusion that arid episodes were associated with, and probably caused by, greater strength and persistence of the South African anticyclone. 
 
A tentative chronology of the arid periods tends to support the hypothesis that subtropical aridity was contemporaneous with glacial conditions in high latitudes.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Concave 1,10‐Phenanthrolines as Tailored Ligands for Copper(I)‐Catalyzed Diastereoselective Cyclopropanations

Alkenyloxy-substituted aryl bridgeheads have been connected to 2,9-dichloro-1,10-phenanthroline (11) either by Suzuki coupling or by nucleophilic aromatic substitution. The resulting di- or tetraalkenes 12 or 17 have been cyclized by ring-closing metathesis to give concave 1,10-phenanthrolines 14 and 19, differing from other concave 1,10-phenanthrolines 1 in their geometries. The influence of the shapes of these ligands and those of the related concave 1,10-phenanthrolines 1a–f and 2 on the stereochemistry of the copper(I)-catalyzed cyclopropanation of indene (3) and styrene (4) has been investigated, identifying factors that favour the formation of thermodynamically less stable syn-cyclopropanes 6 and 7.

Field of study: Chemistry
Production of monoclonal antibodies for affinity purification of bovine mullerian inhibiting substance activity.

Two monoclonal antibodies (IG8 and IG10) specific for Mullerian inhibiting substance (MIS) were obtained from the fusion between myeloma cell line SP2/0 and spleen cells from an A/J mouse immunized with partially purified MIS. The resulting hybridomas were screened by a solid-phase RIA and two lines were selected and cloned. Both MAbs IG8 and IG10 subsequently demonstrated specificity for MIS by their ability to inhibit biologically active MIS by precipitation with a second antibody, directly block MIS activity in the organ culture assay, and adsorb and elute active MIS when coupled to a solid support. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of affinity purified MIS demonstrated a major band at 140 kD in unreduced gels and two bands with approximate molecular weights of 70 and 74 KD following reduction. Protein bands were localized either directly by silver staining or on immunoblots developed with radiolabeled anti-MIS MA.

Field of study: Biology
Women's life and leisure in an Australian rural community

In this paper it is shown that men living in an Australian rural community use their superior power to exclude women from much of their work and leisure activity. The activities examined include organized sport, drinking, friendship and service club activity. Women are expected to use their domestic skills both privately and publicly to facilitate men's pursuit of glory and community status and to applaud their achievements. The study confirms the research of Deem, Green, Woodward, Hebron, Dixey and Talbot in showing that men's leisure is often achieved at the expense of women's. In the second part of the paper the sources of men's ability to exclude and oppress women are examined. Their superior power is related to their advantageous position in the market labour force, women's economic dependence and a community belief system which stereotypes women as inferior, advocates that women's proper place is in the home, and argues that men are entitled to greater freedom than women to pursue their own leisure ...

Field of study: Sociology