nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
SU‐E‐J‐51: The Impact of Off‐Center Position On Image Quality of Megavoltage CT

To quantify the impact of off-center position on image quality of megavoltage CT in head and neck tumor patient and body tumor patient.  A Catphan 600 phantom and a Cheese phantom were imaged by TomoHD at the center and off-center positions stepped by 5cm in AP and LR directions until the phantom edge approaching the imaging edge with fine, normal and coarse scan modes. Both phantoms incorporate image uniformity module, spatial resolution module and CT number linearity module. The CT number linearity module of Cheese phantom was set to simulate Catphan 600 phantom in a larger size. According to AAPM TG-148 report, noise, image uniformity, spatial resolution and CT number variation were assessed for MVCT image quality. Centers of peripheral ROIs for noise and uniformity were about 4cm from phantom edge.  Noise in all positions was within the criteria except the peripheral regions for Cheese phantom at off-center scan positions. Image uniformity for most positions was acceptable, and all failed data were from the ROIs near imaging edge area. Spatial resolution degraded with off-center scanning, and scan mode also made it worse with wider slice thickness, but just 1 level at most. CT number change with and without image uniformity correction for all positions were all less than tolerance, but it was close to the red line for water-equivalent material.  This work indicates that if depth of lesions is below 4cm and MVCT are used for dose calculations, the ipsilateral body edge should be 5cm within imaging edge. Otherwise, image uniformity should be concerned.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Late Pennsylvanian aridification on the southwestern margin of Gondwana (Paganzo Basin, NW Argentina): A regional expression of a global climate perturbation

Paleosols of the Paganzo Group preserve a shift from the cool climate of the glaciated high-latitudes of Gondwana to a long-term aridification punctuated by shorter-term fluctuations in moisture regime in the late Carboniferous. A quantitative reconstruction of paleoclimate inferred from the major element chemistry of paleosol horizons and the stable isotope geochemistry of soil-formed minerals and organic matter indicates that the climate varied substantially during deglaciation along the southwestern margin of Gondwana in the Middle Pennsylvanian including two geologically abrupt shifts to notably drier conditions. This dynamic climate terminates in a dry subhumid moisture regime characterized by steppe/dry scrub floral provinces. Quantitative estimates of net primary production during the post-glacial interval inferred from paleosol major element geochemistry are consistent with a mesic soil temperature regime, in agreement with paleotemperatures inferred from pedogenic goethite δD and δ 18 O. Contemporaneous aridification is well expressed in paleotropical continental records with Middle to Late Pennsylvanian aridification coincident with an abrupt evolutionary change in many marine and terrestrial species. The synchrony of aridification between the high and low paleo-latitudes and concomitant major restructuring of some ecosystems suggests that a paleoclimate change of global nature occurred during the Moscovian and Kasimovian.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
The Tendencies of Progressive Pedagogy and Its Development Up to the Secondary Ten Years of the XX Century

The beginning of the XX century was the time when the contradictions of the capitalism pass into imperialism and leaded to the World War Two. The imperialist relationships between states and the abnormal aggravation of the classes, divergences between bourgeoisie and proletariat extended the activity of bourgeoisie regarding the variety of culture. The fear for the existence of the bourgeoisie class and the desire for the preservation of the capitalist system were seen in the cultural attempts of the beginning of the XX century. In this period is seen the birth of the new pedagogy, which is recognised as the progressive pedagogy gaining role and importance in the capitalist world. The movement started first in the United States of America in the first hundred years of the XX century. The new ideas were first developed by some young teachers who tried to put these into practice. Step by step those ideas were supported by a wider scale of teachers or scholars. The pedagogic progressive movement was strengthened during the last twenty years of the XX century, reaching its peak with the foundation of the “Progressive Education Association”.

Field of study: Education, Sociology
SMC for semi-Markov jump T-S fuzzy systems with time delay

This paper investigates the issue of robust stabilization for delayed semi-Markov jump T-S fuzzy systems via sliding mode control (SMC). In order to reduce some conservativeness, an integral sliding mode surface (ISMS) is designed without assumption that the input matrices are plat-rule independent with full column rank, which is one of the critical factors for system performance. Based on Lyapunov functional theory, sufficient condition is provided for stochastic stability of the closed-loop system, and then extended to the case where the input matrices are independent of plant-rule. In addition, a fuzzy SMC controller is established to guarantee the finite time reachability of the predetermined fuzzy manifold. Finally, the superiorities of the proposed method are validated by a single-link robot arm model.

Field of study: Mathematics
Systemic mifepristone blocks reconsolidation of cue-conditioned fear; propranolol prevents this effect.

Reducing reconsolidation of reactivated traumatic memories may offer a novel pharmacological treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Preclinical research is needed to identify candidate drugs. We evaluated the ability of postreactivation mifepristone (RU38486, a glucocorticoid antagonist), alone and in combination with propranolol (a beta-adrenergic blocker), both given systemically, to reduce cue-conditioned fear in rats. On Day 1, a 30-s tone conditioned stimulus (CS) was paired with an electric shock unconditioned stimulus (US). On Day 2, the CS was presented without the US (reactivation), and the freezing conditioned response (CR) was measured. This was immediately followed by subcutaneous injection of vehicle, mifepristone 30 mg/kg, propranolol 10 mg/kg, or both. On Day 3, the CR was again measured as a test of postreactivation long-term memory (PR-LTM). On Day 10, the CR was again measured to evaluate spontaneous recovery. On Day 11, the US was presented alone (reinstatement). On Day 12, the CR was again measured. A fifth group received mifepristone without the CS presentation (nonreactivation) on Day 2. A sixth group was tested four hours after the Day 2 mifepristone injection to measure postreactivation short-term memory. Postreactivation, but not nonreactivation, mifepristone produced a decrement in the CR that did not undergo spontaneous recovery and underwent only modest reinstatement. Mifepristone did not exert its effect when administered concurrently with propranolol. Postreactivation mifepristone did not impair short-term memory. Systemic mifepristone blocks the reconsolidation of cue-conditioned fear in rats. Concurrent administration of propranolol prevents this effect. Postreactivation mifepristone may be a promising treatment for PTSD, but not necessarily in combination with propranolol.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Micro-beam Laue alignment of multi-reflection Bragg coherent diffraction imaging measurements.

Multi-reflection Bragg coherent diffraction imaging has the potential to allow three-dimensional (3D) resolved measurements of the full lattice strain tensor in specific micro-crystals. Until now such measurements were hampered by the need for laborious, time-intensive alignment procedures. Here a different approach is demonstrated, using micro-beam Laue X-ray diffraction to first determine the lattice orientation of the micro-crystal. This information is then used to rapidly align coherent diffraction measurements of three or more reflections from the crystal. Based on these, 3D strain and stress fields in the crystal are successfully determined. This approach is demonstrated on a focused ion beam milled micro-crystal from which six reflections could be measured. Since information from more than three independent reflections is available, the reliability of the phases retrieved from the coherent diffraction data can be assessed. Our results show that rapid, reliable 3D coherent diffraction measurements of the full lattice strain tensor in specific micro-crystals are now feasible and can be successfully carried out even in heavily distorted samples.

Field of study: Physics
Effect of modified microcrystalline cellulose on poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) molecular dynamics by proton relaxometry

Hybrid films of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) and modified cellulose by solution casting method were prepared, aiming to study the influence of modified cellulose (0.25%, 0.5% and 0.75% w/w) on the structural organization and thermal properties of PHB matrix. The modified cellulose showed good dispersion in polymer matrix, due to the high compatibility between phases explained by similarity of polymer and filler structures. The composites were studied by wide-angle X-ray diffractometry, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, and time-domain nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The conjugation of results coming from those techniques allowed to determine the cellulose concentration that had the highest influence on crystalline planes and degree of crystallinity of PHB, that is, the influence in the composite structure. The molecular dynamics obtained by NMR showed a reciprocal influence between polymer matrix and cellulose particles, enhancing the interactions present in the agglomerated particles.

Field of study: Materials science
Muscarinic-receptor-mediated inhibition of insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor-stimulated phosphoinositide 3-kinase signalling in 1321N1 astrocytoma cells.

In 1321N1 astrocytoma cells, stimulation of the IGF-1 (insulin-like growth factor-1) receptor increased the association of PI3K [phosphoinositide (PI) 3-kinase] activity with IRS-1 (insulin re-ceptor substrate 1), and increased the cellular concentration of PtdIns(3,4,5)P3. Carbachol, acting on M3 muscarinic receptors, inhibited insulin-, but not PDGF (platelet-derived growth factor)-, stimulated responses by approximately 50%. The inhibition of IRS-1-associated PI3K activity by carbachol (i) was rapid (<1 min), persistent (> or =60 min) and potent (half-maximal concentration approximately 1 microM); (ii) was reproduced by stimuli for several phospholipase-C-coupled receptors; (iii) was prevented by the inhibition of protein kinase C, but not by chelation of intracellular Ca2+; and (iv) was not blocked or reproduced by inhibitors or stimuli respectively of mitogen-activated protein kinase, PI3K, protein kinase B or the mammalian target of rapamycin. However, the effects of carbachol were prevented by sodium vanadate, a protein tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor, and were accompanied by reduced insulin-stimulated IRS-1 tyrosine phosphorylation and recruitment of the 85 kDa regulatory subunit of PI3K to IRS-1, but not by reduced IGF-1 receptor kinase activity. The inhibitory effect of carbachol was reproduced by okadaic acid, a protein serine/threonine phosphatase inhibitor, but not by PDGF, yet all three agents stimulated the serine phosphorylation of IRS-1 at residues Ser312, Ser616 and Ser636/639, albeit to different extents. Thus muscarinic receptors may inhibit insulin signalling by promoting IRS-1 tyrosine dephosphorylation and/or by uncoupling IRS-1 from the stimulated IGF-1 receptor by stimulating IRS-1 serine phosphorylation. However, the proportion of IRS-1 molecules phosphorylated at a particular site or the phosphorylation of additional IRS-1 serine residues other than those noted above must be important.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
cai chao dui ru xian dao guan nei ru tou zhuang liu de zhen duan jia zhi ji fen xi

目的 探讨彩超对乳腺导管内乳头状瘤的诊断价值及分析.方法 观察分析26例经病理证实的导管内乳头状瘤声像图表现,其中对3例导管内乳头状癌着重分析.结果 导管内乳头状瘤声像图大致分四种:导管扩张型、导管囊状扩张型、导管无扩张型及多发肿瘤型,导管内乳头状癌具有边界不整回声不均伴钙化,基底部邻近管壁有增厚及血供丰富等特点.结论 超声对乳腺导管内乳头状瘤诊断价值很大.乳腺导管内乳头状瘤临床上并不少见,本文对超声及病理诊断相结合方式,对26对例乳腺导管内乳头状瘤患者加以分析,旨在探讨超声对本病诊断及鉴别诊断.

Field of study: Medicine
Effects of Environmental Conditions on the Adsorption of NH4+-N by Rice-straw Biochar

Rice-straw biochar was prepared with rice straw as raw material at 400°C, 600°C and 800°C. Grinding biochar through 10 mesh sieve (1.91mm aperture) and 40 mesh sieve (0.38mm aperture). By means of adsorption to research the effects of the adsorption time, environmental pH, NH4+-N concentration gradient and biochar quantity of environmental conditions on the adsorption of NH4+-N. The results show that the amount of NH4+-N adsorption increased with the increase of the adsorption time and the concentration of NH4+-N in the rice straw. 40 mg/ml biomass was most beneficial to the adsorption of NH4+-N at 400°C. The adsorption amount of NH4+-N on rice straw biochar was significantly higher than that of 400°C and 800°C under the same pH condition. The effect of the adsorption of NH4+-N on rice-straw-biochar in 40 mesh was better than that in 10 mesh. We recommended contact time was 12h and the initial pH value was 8.We also recommended that we should use smaller biochar particle size, more addition of biochar and higher initial NH4+-N concentration.

Field of study: Engineering
Genetic Diagnostic Evaluation of Trio-Based Whole Exome Sequencing Among Children With Diagnosed or Suspected Autism Spectrum Disorder

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a group of clinically and genetically heterogeneous neurodevelopmental disorders. Recent tremendous advances in the whole exome sequencing (WES) enable rapid identification of variants associated with ASD including single nucleotide variations (SNVs) and indels. To further explore genetic etiology of ASD in Chinese children with negative findings of copy number variants (CNVs), we applied WES in 80 simplex families with a single affected offspring with ASD or suspected ASD, and validated variations predicted to be damaging by Sanger sequencing. The results showed that an overall diagnostic yield of 8.8% (9.2% in the group of ASD and 6.7% in the group of suspected ASD) was observed in our cohort. Among patients with diagnosed ASD, developmental delay or intellectual disability (DD/ID) was the most common comorbidity with a diagnostic yield of 13.3%, followed by seizures (50.0%) and craniofacial anomalies (40.0%). All of identified de novo SNVs and indels among patients with ASD were loss of function (LOF) variations and were slightly more frequent among female (male vs. female: 7.3% vs. 8.5%). A total of seven presumed causative genes (CHD8, AFF2, ADNP, POGZ, SHANK3, IL1RAPL1, and PTEN) were identified in this study. In conclusion, WES is an efficient diagnostic tool for diagnosed ASD especially those with negative findings of CNVs and other neurological disorders in clinical practice, enabling early identification of disease related genes and contributing to precision and personalized medicine.

Field of study: Biology
Mono‐ and Tetraalkyne Modified Ligands and Their Eu3+ Complexes – Utilizing “Click” Chemistry to Expand the Scope of Conjugation Chemistry

The Cu+-catalyzed Huisgen [3+2] cycloaddition has been used to elaborate analogues of a candidate PARACEST MRI contrast agent, which is a complex of Eu3+ with DOTAM–Gly–Phe–OH. Analogues possessing either one L-tyrosine in place of an L-phenylalanine, or with all four phenylalanine units replaced, were transformed into Tyr(O-propargyl) substrates for “click” chemistry. Conjugation of the Eu3+–DOTAM derivatives with a spectrum of azides, including simple hydrophilic, hydrophobic, and aromatic groups, propyl glucoside, and a nucleoside were successful. The magnetic resonance properties of the resultant conjugates were examined, and their chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) properties are reported.

Field of study: Chemistry
Status of Superconducting Magnet System for the J-PARC Neutrino Beam Line

The Great East Japan earthquake that occurred on March 11, 2011 resulted in devastating damages to J-PARC. Although damages to the superconducting magnet system for the J-PARC neutrino beam line appeared to be relatively small, a long recovery procedure was required to resume the operation. Except for this long shutdown period, the system has been operated stably ensuring good accumulation of the physics data. The paper reports on the operation status including the damages by the earthquake and its recovery process. Repair of the insufficient cooling of steering corrector coils, which was present prior to the earthquake, was also performed during the recovery process. The paper also reports on the repair.

Field of study: Physics
Attribution Reduction Algorithm on Information Systems without Decision Attributes

The classical attribute reduction algorithm and its extended algorithms base on information systems with decision attributes and can not be applied to attribute reduction of no decision attributes information systems. So,based on rough set theory,this paper studied no decision attributes information systems in domain division of set theory and presented a heuristic attribute reduction algorithm. To a certain extent,the algorithm can resolve the attribute reduction problem of no decision attributes information systems and extend application of Rough Set Theory. The analysis of the realistic example shows that the algorithm is effective and feasible.

Field of study: Computer science
Association of transferrin polymorphism with reproductive traits of Gir cattle.

The present study on 28 known genotype of Gir cattle was carried out to investigate the association of transferrin polymorphism with different reproductive traits at the Department of Animal Genetic and Breeding, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, Kolkata during the period April-September 2009. The overall mean of different reproductive traits namely age at first calving, age at second calving and calving interval of Gir cattle population were 1651.61±45.19 days, 2531.64±87.28 days and 894.17±58.77 days respectively. The result of this present finding indicated that the animal with TfAE genotype was found to be superior for these reproductive trait of Gir cattle in this herd. The estimate of age at first calving, age at second calving and calving interval of the animal having the TfAE genotype were 1566.12±80.21 days, 2196.33±174.72 days and 696.33±83.70 days respectively. The animal with TfD1E genotype was most inferior for Age at second calving and Calving Interval, whereas the animal with TfAD1 genotype was most inferior for age at first calving and the estimate was 1767.52±242.54 days. The Age at second calving and Calving Interval were 2783.33±29.49 and 1130.66±142.62 days for TfD1E type Gir cattle. The heterozygote superiority at transferrin locus as observed in Gir cattle may be due to adaptive advantage in harsh climate of India. The polymorphic nature of transferrin in Gir cattle could be useful in marker assisted selection to improve reproduction performance.

Field of study: Biology
Learning Schatten-Von Neumann Operators

We study the learnability of a class of compact operators known as Schatten--von Neumann operators. These operators between infinite-dimensional function spaces play a central role in a variety of applications in learning theory and inverse problems. We address the question of sample complexity of learning Schatten-von Neumann operators and provide an upper bound on the number of measurements required for the empirical risk minimizer to generalize with arbitrary precision and probability, as a function of class parameter $p$. Our results give generalization guarantees for regression of infinite-dimensional signals from infinite-dimensional data. Next, we adapt the representer theorem of Abernethy \emph{et al.} to show that empirical risk minimization over an a priori infinite-dimensional, non-compact set, can be converted to a convex finite dimensional optimization problem over a compact set. In summary, the class of $p$-Schatten--von Neumann operators is probably approximately correct (PAC)-learnable via a practical convex program for any $p < \infty$.

Field of study: Computer science
Institutionalist Policies for Financial Inclusion

Using an institutionalist reading of the capability approach, I advocate policies for enhancing financial capabilities via financial inclusion. There are 34 million unbanked and underbanked households in the USA (with 68 million adults), many of whom rely on alternative financial services providers (AFSPs). Rather than castigate AFSPs for the predatory practices of some in the industry, this paper argues that a regulated industry can be integral to meeting needs of lower-to-moderate income communities. A typology of existing financial services in the USA is the basis for presenting these proposals. The policies I evaluate concern the economy's structures and institutions rather than focusing on an individual's or a household's financial literacy.

Field of study: Economics
The Competence Movement and the Liberal Arts Tradition: Enemies or Allies?

There is a common confusion of competence-based learning with behavioral objectives that is symptomatic of an association made even by many who understand the differences between the two concepts. Competence-based or outcome-oriented programs1 are sometimes perceived to be expressions of a behavioristic philosophy of education [1, 4]. This perception suggests that those who would advocate, design, or implement outcome-oriented programs, wittingly or not, must subscribe to a concentration on outcomes at the expense and to the detriment of the educational process. The proper place for such programs, by this view, is in the trade or professional school. There, a concern for certifying minimal competence can be justified by the nature of the study and the behavioral base of its objectives. But those who attempt programs in the liberal arts and sciences with an outcomes design would appear either to have sold out to expediency and vocationalism or to have been deluded by the false promise of educational reform. That such is far from being the case is the argument of this essay. We will critique the traditionalist's view of competence-based education, describe the particular appeal of an outcomes model to a class of liberal arts institutions, and examine the motives of the competence advocates in

Field of study: Education
Effects of chlorophyll content and photosynthetic rate of wheat under different cultivation measures

The effects of chlorophyll content,photosynthetic rate and constitution factor of yangmai 12 under different seedling rates,row spacing and nitrogen strategies were studied in rice cultivation condition.The results showed that the chlorophyll content of wheat at later stage with basal application of all nitrogen fertilizer was obviously lower than that under the total amount of nitrogen application of 150-300 kg·hm-2with base nitrogen proportion of 60%,and topdressing of 40% at the stage of foliar age remainder 1.The output of wheat grown under basic seedling of 2 250 000 per hm2 was significant higher than that grown under basic seedling of 3 000 000 per hm2and 3 750 000 per hm2.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences