nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Study on Slow Crack Growth Resistance of High-Density Polyethylene Pipes Prepared by Vibration Extrusion

The slow crack growth resistance is one of the key factors to improve the service life of the plastic pipes. The high-density polyethylene (HDPE) pipes were prepared using a self-made electromagnetic dynamic plasticating extruder, which applied a vibration force field to the entire plasticating and extrusion process by the axial vibration of the screw. The slow crack growth resistance of HDPE pipes prepared by static extrusion and vibration extrusion was investigated. The effects of the vibration force field on the slow crack growth resistance of HDPE pipes were studied by DSC and WAXD analysis. The results showed that HDPE pipes prepared by vibration extrusion had higher melting temperature, higher crystallinity, larger crystal sizes, thicker lamellas and more perfect crystals. At the same time, the quasi net structure of the HDPE pipes chains can be obtained. All these are favorable for the improvement of the slow crack growth resistance property HDPE pipes.

Field of study: Engineering
Motivation of Employees and Performances in Enterprise: The Case of the Gentlemen Enterprise in the City of Douala

Motivation at work has since some years ago become a very important element of competition in organizational environment which has become worldwide. In fact, enterprises today are in situation of hyper rivalry and the terms productivity and therefore of competence, profits and seale economies have become some major preoccupations and decisive advantages of an everlasting of enterprise. The motivation of men represents a capital factor for the success of enterprises. However, the frequent changes observed in working conditions, even the nature of work as well as the socio-economic and financial context make managers of human resources use financial and psychological tools at the same time to motivate their members of staff. Human resource services, in the management of men find itself at first sight due to their more and more strategic role in enterprises. In fact, they must reconcile satisfaction and profitability in enterprise. So they are true actors of the performance of the enterprise. For that, they have to motivate their employees not only to enroll in a logic of efficacy but also and above all in the economic efficiency of the enterprise. At the point where performance combines efficacy and efficiency, if motivation is not sufficient to ensure the success of the enterprise, a certain number of strategies fail because of a less or no motivated staff.  As such, the results of this study shows  that the performances of the enterprise are the results of the consideration of motivation factors, management style and social climate that prevails within the working environment.

Field of study: Education
De‐novo‐Synthese von Kohlenhydraten und verwandten Naturstoffen, 29. Synthese von partiell geschützten Zuckern aus meso‐Divinylglycol

Selektive Mono-O-benzylierung von meso-Divinylglycol (1) und Sharpless-Epoxidation liefern das enantiomerenreine Epoxid 3, das mit verschiedenen Nucleophilen regioselektiv am C-Atom 1 geoffnet werden kann. Durch Offnung mit Titantetrabenzylat wird direkt das 1,4-Di-O-benzyl-geschutzte 5,6-Didesoxy-L-ribo-hex-5-enitol 15 erhalten, das nach Ozonolyse die 2,5-Di-O-benzyl-D-ribose 16 liefert. O-Isopropylidenierung von 15, Hydroxylierung der Vinylgruppe am endstandigen C-Atom und Oxidation fuhren zur O-geschutzten 2-Desoxy-D-ribo-hexose 19. Daraus wird durch Deisopropylidenierung die 3,6-Di-O-benzyl-2-desoxy-D-ribo-hexose (20) gewonnen, deren Stereostruktur im O-Acetylderivat 21 P bestatigt wird. 
 
 
 
De novo Synthesis of Carbohydrates and Related Natural Products, 291). – Synthesis of Partially Protected Carbohydrates from meso-Divinylglycol 
 
 
 
Selective mono-O-benzylation of meso-divinylglycol (1) and subsequent Sharpless epoxidation afford the enantiomerically pure epoxide 3 which was cleaved with different nucleophiles at carbon atom 1. Cleavage with titanium tetrabenzylate affords directly the 1,4-di-O-benzyl-protected 5,6-dideoxy-L-ribo-hex-5-enitol 15 which provides after ozonolysis the 2,5-di-O-benzyl-D-ribose 16. O-Isopropylidenation of compound 15, subsequent hydroxylation of the vinyl group at the terminal C-atom, and oxidation to the aldehyde stage yield the O-protected 2-deoxy-D-ribo-hexose 19. Deisopropylidenation of this compound provides 3,6-di-O-benzyl-2-deoxy-D-ribo-hexose (20) whose structure is confirmed via the di-O-acetyl derivative 21 P.

Field of study: Chemistry
Virtual Origin of Incompressible and Supersonic Turbulent Bluff-Body Wakes

TECHNICAL NOTES are short manuscripts describing new developments or important results of a preliminary nature. These Notes cannot exceed six manuscript pages and three figures; a page of text may be substituted for a figure and vice versa. After informal review by the editors, they may be published within a few months of the date of receipt. Style requirements are the same as for regular contributions (see inside back cover).

Field of study: Physics
A thermally driven solution pump for NH3/H2O-absorption chillers.

The solution circulation in NH3/H2O-absorption chillers and heat pumps is mostly maintained with electrically driven solution pumps. An alternative to the use of electrical driving energy is the use of thermal driving energy which is supplied to the generator. This work discusses a concept of a thermally driven solution pump using refrigerant vapor from the generator to move the piston of a double-stroke membrane pump, the so called “DoublePump”. The “DoublePump” is designed to reach a pumping mass flow rate of 600 kg h−1 at predefined operating conditions of an absorption chiller. This requires the determination of the piston geometry and the size of the check and solenoid valves. The cooling capacity and efficiency of an absorption chiller operated with the “DoublePump” are reduced compared to the operation with an electrically driven solution pump. However, less electrical driving energy is required to operate the absorption chiller with the “DoublePump”.

Field of study: Engineering
Non-sterilizing Hysterectomies? A Catholic Critique of the CDF

In 2019, the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith (CDF) issued a statement that a woman could morally undergo a hysterectomy to avoid serial miscarriages if her uterus were incapable of sustaining a child until viability because the procedure would not constitute a direct sterilization. We believe the CDF’s conclusion and line of argumentation are both mistaken. Since the proposed hysterectomy seeks to make impossible what is presently possible—conceiving a child—it must therefore constitute a direct sterilization, which the Church has long taught is immoral. Using the Principle of Totality, we offer and defend a more straightforward interpretation of the case, arguing that while the woman’s condition is both tragic and chronic, spiritual counseling and training in natural family planning should be recommended, as a hysterectomy is not medically indicated in this case.  The Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith (CDF)'s recently issued a statement claiming that a woman could morally undergo a hysterectomy to avoid serial miscarriages if her uterus were incapable of sustaining a child until viability on the grounds that the procedure would not constitute a direct sterilization. We argue this is mistaken, and that the procedure would constitute a direct sterilization.

Field of study: Medicine, Philosophy
U–Pb garnet and titanite age for the Bristol Township lamprophyre suite, western Abitibi Subprovince, Canada

A U–Pb age of 2687 ± 3 Ma has been determined for a garnetite dike, using melanite garnet and titanite mineral separates. This is the first primary igneous U–Pb age reported using garnet. The garnetite dike is part of the Bristol Township lamprophyre suite, which is extremely enriched in large-ion lithophile elements and light rare earth elements and which is located within the Destor Porcupine fault zone of the western Abitibi Subprovince. The age represents an upper limit for late-stage gold mineralization found along brittle fractures that cut the lamprophyre suite and it coincides with regional transpression documented in several locations in the southern Superior Province.

Field of study: Environmental science
BANK RATE POLICY UNDER THE INTERWAR GOLD STANDARD: A DYNAMIC PROBIT MODEL*

The classical gold standard occupies an almost mystical position in the literature of international finance. In popular accounts the gold standard is portrayed as a remarkably durable and efficient mechanism for achieving price and exchange rate stability and for relieving balance of payments pressures. The system's resilience is attributed to the willingness of nationa) monetary authorities to refrain from impeding the international adjustment process. When central banks intervened in financial markets, it is said, they did so mechanically, obeying 'rules of the game' which dictated that they reinforce the impact on domestic money and credit of changing balance of payments conditions. Succeeding generations of economists and historians have sought to qualify this popular view. The recent contributions of Bordo (I98I) and Cooper (i982) make a critical assessment of extravagant claims concerning price and exchange rate stability under the classical gold standard. Other authors have extended the research of Bloomfield (I 959), Ford (I962) and Triffin (I964), who emphasised the special conditions that permitted the classical gold standard's smooth operation and cast doubt on the tendency of national monetary authorities to adhere faithfully to 'rules of the game." All too often, scant mention is made of the interwar gold standard, for it is not evident how interwar experience fits into either view. Certain facts are clear. It is clear that the interwar standard was far from durable; Britain's resumption of gold payments in I925 usually is taken to mark the gold standard's resurrection, just as her devaluation a mere 6 years later is taken as its demise. In the interim many of the major participants suffered serious balance of payments pressures that threatened to render their exchange rates indefensible. The system was anything but conducive to stability; it precluded neither price nor income fluctuations, as the Great Depression dramatically illustrated. Numerous explanations have been advanced for the interwar gold standard's

Field of study: Economics
Combinatorial library approaches for improving soluble protein expression in Escherichia coli.

High-throughput screening methodologies are already used in structural biology to define efficient protein crystallization and expression conditions. Recently, screening approaches have been extended to the optimization of genetic constructs for improved soluble protein expression. With similarities to the directed evolution strategies used in protein engineering, a target gene encoding a poorly expressed protein is mutated by truncation, fragmentation or point mutation. Rare clones with improved protein expression characteristics are then isolated from the random library using a phenotypic screen or selection. This article reviews the progress in this field and provides a general overview of relevant mutation methods, screens and selections.

Field of study: Chemistry
Pharmacology of Antiparkinsonian Agents

The following is a summary of a two hour class on the basic pharmacology of antiparkinsonian agents. It is presented to fourth-year pharmacy students in pharmacotherapeutics III, a course structured using team-taught modules. Faculty from the Department of Pharmacy Sciences provide in-struction on the basic pharmacology of therapeutic agents and faculty from the Department of Pharmacy Practice follow up with a discussion of the therapeutic applications of these agents. This course is lecture-based with opportunities for in-class discussion. One week prior to the lecture sequence on the basic pharmacology of antiparkinsonian drugs, students are pro-vided a handout that includes the reading assignment (1), learning objectives and a topic outline. The topic outline contains the chemical structures of the agents to be dis-cussed as well as the figures, patient scenarios and study questions appearing in this manuscript. During each 50-minute period, material is presented as a lecture tied to patient scenarios. The scenarios are presented in class im-mediately after covering the pharmacological concepts to which they apply. Students are asked to discuss in small groups potential solutions to the scenarios and to offer their answers to the rest of the class on a volunteer basis. The study questions are geared for preparing for exams and are not discussed in class unless students request. At the end of these two lectures, a homework problem is assigned that introduces the 6-hydroxydopamine rat model of Parkinson’s disease. The following week, a live demonstration related to the homework is presented in class with a short discussion afterwards. The objectives of these classes focus on understanding the pharmacological mechanisms of drug therapy for Parkinson’s disease and using this information to predict or solve drug-related problems. Specifically, the student should be able to: (

Field of study: Education, Medicine
Stratigraphical Studies on the Shoreline Displacement of Lake Superior

Shoreline displacement in the Lake Superior basin was followed, independently of morphological data, by studying sediments of small lake basins at different elevations in the vicinity of Sault Ste. Marie, Wawa, and Marathon, Ontario. Emergence of small lakes, resulting from water level changes in the main basin, is documented in bottom sediments, and can be dated by radiocarbon and pollen analyses. The new stratigraphical findings were correlated with the earlier established morphological shorelines, and thus the Late Wisconsinan and Holocene history of lake levels was worked out.High post-Main Algonquin glacial lakes formed the highest shorelines along the east shore from Sault Ste. Marie up to Alona Bay between approximately 11 000 and over 10 100 B.P. Contemporaneously a series of Post-Duluth glacial lakes occupied the western Superior basin, subsequent to Glacial Lake Duluth. As the ice retreated to the north shore at 9500 B.P., Lake Minong came into existence. Its level was apparently controlled by a...

Field of study: Environmental science
Shakespeare and Ariosto: Much Ado About Nothing, King Lear, and Othello

A GENERAL doubt survives as to Shakespeare's knowledge and use of Italian. In spite of some admissions,1 there is a tendency to follow Richard Farmer's argument that Shakespeare got such knowledge from English textbooks or translations.2 For example, it is suggested that the Hero-Claudio story in Much Ado About Nothing comes not from Ariosto's Orlando Furioso but from the English translation by Sir John Harington or from one of the many English versions of the story.3 Shakespeare's knowledge and use of Italian, however, can be illustrated and established by reference to cantos iv-vi of Orlando Furioso. These cantos provided Shakespeare with material not only for the HeroClaudio theme in Much Ado, but also for King Lear and Othello. It was typical of him to conflate several sources in one play. Thus he combined the Hero-Claudio (Genevra-Ariodante) theme with other sources, such as Bandello, Whetstone, or Spenser.4 It was also typical of him to spread material from one source over several plays. Thus he used the same theme from the same cantos for the trial by combat of Edmund and Edgar in King Lear and for the 'ocular proof' demanded in Othello. This material does not occur in Harington or in the recognized sources of Lear and Othello. The natural inference is that Shakespeare knew these cantos of Orlando Furioso in the Italian. The story in cantos Iv-vi of Orlando Furioso is recognized as a main source of Much Ado. In Ariosto, the villain Polynesso has tried to gain the love of the king's daughter Genevra through the intermediary of

Field of study: History
Effect of the gluon damping rate on the viscosity coefficient of the quark-gluon plasma at finite chemical potential

By considering the Debye screening and the damping rate of gluons, the viscosity coefficient of the quark-gluon plasma was evaluated via real-time finite temperature QCD in the relaxation time approximation at finite temperature and chemical potential. The results show that both the damping rate and the quark chemical potential cause considerable enhancements to the viscosity coefficient of the hot dense quark-gluon plasma.

Field of study: Physics
An empirical study on the distribution structure of higher education resource when it expands

With the empirical method,distribution structure of higher education is explored in the process of higher education expansion.Through the data of 1998 and 2004,it is significant that the local economic level affects the expansion of higher education.And the requirement of education is also the cause of expansion.Then,it proves that public finance and personal education demand are the basis of higher education expansion.On one hand,massification made the regional difference of higher education bigger;on the other hand,the guidance of market demand became obvious.So the expansion of higher education is not only the increasing process of quantity,but the inner structure change is more important.The limit of resource calls for the full use of developing conditions;besides,in the background of marketization,more attention should be paid to equity.

Field of study: Education
Young people with intellectual disabilities and sport as a leisure activity: notions from the Finnish welfare society

Although disability sports have recently received positive attention, little concern has been directed towards them in youth research. In this article, we discuss the free-time sports in which youth with intellectual disabilities engage as a part of their leisure and their association with their peers. We maintain that every young person has a principal right to leisure and question what kinds of access youth with intellectual disabilities have to local sports communities in the Finnish context. Our empirical data consist of notes collected during sports training; interviews with young sports participants, their supervisors, and their parents; and online survey responses. Almost all sports are equally accessible to everyone; however, practical engagement in sports is not equally easy for everyone because long distances, lack of transportation, unsuitable sporting occasions and teams, or incapable coaches limit individuals’ participation possibilities. Furthermore, symbolic structures, such as neglectful attitudes, restrict the visibility of youth with intellectual disabilities in leisure sports. In many ways, supporting networks become significant when access to sport is under scrutiny. The most important enabling and restricting factors are families’ symbolic and material capital, as well as the unequal, poorly guided, and occasional leisure possibilities in different localities.

Field of study: Sociology
The effects of symmetry on the dynamics of antigenic variation

In the studies of dynamics of pathogens and their interactions with a host immune system, an important role is played by the structure of antigenic variants associated with a pathogen. Using the example of a model of antigenic variation in malaria, we show how many of the observed dynamical regimes can be explained in terms of the symmetry of interactions between different antigenic variants. The results of this analysis are quite generic, and have wider implications for understanding the dynamics of immune escape of other parasites, as well as for the dynamics of multi-strain diseases.

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics
Bioactivities of naringin and its enzymatic conversion products

The agar disk diffusion procedure was used to assess the antimicrobial activities of naringin and naringenin against three bacterial strains and a fungus, while three complementary in vitro essays: the radical scavenging activities of naringin and naringenin against DPPH radical and hydroxyl radical, and metal chelating ability were used to evaluate the antioxidant activities of naringin and naringenin. The antimicrobial experiments showed that the antimicrobial activities of naringin and naringenin were greatly different at the same concentration, and naringenin showed a relatively better antimicrobial activity than naringin, while naringnin failed to inhibit the growth of all of the tested microorganisms. Moreover, naringenin showed a better antimicrobial activity for Gram-positive bacteria than that for Gram-negative bacteria. The results of in vitro essays against the radical scavenging activities of naringin and naringenin showed that the IC 50 of naringin, naringenin and BHT against DPPH radical was 7.044 mg/mL, 1.277 mg/mL and 0.035 mg/mL, respectively, while the IC 50 of naringin, naringenin and BHT against hydroxyl radical was 1.499 mg/mL, 1.288 mg/mL and 1.081 mg/mL.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Involvement of the secreted protein Metrnl in human diseases.

Metrnl, a secreted protein expressed in white adipose tissue, has been identified as a novel adipokine. It is also highly expressed in barrier tissues, including the skin, intestinal and respiratory tract epithelium in both mice and humans. Research shows that its expression is upregulated by inflammation, chronic high-fat diets, exercise, cold exposure, etc., and it plays important roles in promoting neurite extension, enhancing white fat browning, improving insulin sensitivity, modulating lipid metabolism and regulating inflammatory response, the latter implying Metrnl is a new cytokine. These studies suggest that Metrnl could be a promising biomarker and a potential therapeutic target for the related diseases. For proving this, clinical studies need to be performed to bridge the gap between bench and bedside. In this paper, we summarize the progress in recent clinical research on Metrnl. Most of these clinical studies are designed to confirm the relationship between circulating Metrnl and metabolic or cardiovascular disease (type 2 diabetes and coronary heart disease), or immune inflammation-related diseases, such as colitis, psoriasis and arthritis. Although blood Metrnl seems to fluctuate and are affected by many factors, such as drugs, physical exercise, and cold exposure, these clinical studies provide reliable clues that Metrnl is associated with coronary heart disease, inflammation-related diseases, etc. Nevertheless, the roles of Metrnl in some diseases such as nervous system diseases remain unclear, and its putative involvement should be further clarified. These studies could promote the application of Metrnl in clinic as a new therapeutic target.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Barriers of Rural Land Transference and the Establishment of Market-oriented Mechanism

To promote and regulate the transfernce of rural land contracting management right is an important content of stabilizing and improving the rural household contract responsibility system.This article firstly summarizes the existing problems in the transference of rural land contracting management rights,and interprets some new causes of these problems from the perspective of the government and community behavior.The author then proposes that the key issue to solve these problems is to establish market-oriented transference mechanism.This article also analyzes the main features of the rural land transference market.Based on these analysises,this article further proposes some countermeasures and suggestions on establishing market-oriented transference mechanism.

Field of study: Economics