nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Mapping the Interstellar Magnetic Field Around the Heliosphere with Polarized Starlight

Starlight that becomes linearly polarized by magnetically aligned dust grains provides a viable diagnostic of the interstellar magnetic field (ISMF). A survey is underway to map the local ISMF using data collected at eight observatories in both hemispheres. Two approaches are used to obtain the magnetic structure: statistically evaluating magnetic field directions traced by multiple polarization position angles, and least-squares fits that provide the dipole component of the magnetic field. We find that the magnetic field in the circumheliospheric interstellar medium (CHM), which drives winds of interstellar gas and dust through the heliosphere, drapes over the heliopause and influences polarization measurements. We discover a polarization band that can be described with a great circle that traverses the heliosphere nose and ecliptic poles. A gap in the band appears in a region coinciding both with the highest heliosheath pressure, found by IBEX, and the center of the Loop I superbubble. The least-squares analysis finds a magnetic dipole component of the polarization band with the axis oriented toward the ecliptic poles. The filament of dust around the heliosphere and the warm helium breeze flowing through the heliosphere trace the same magnetic field directions. Regions along the polarization band near the heliosphere nose have magnetic field orientations within 15 degrees of sightlines. Regions in the IBEX ribbon have field directions within 40 degrees of the plane of the sky. Several spatially coherent magnetic filaments are within 15 pc. Most of the low frequency radio emissions detected by the two Voyager spacecraft follow the polarization band. The geometry of the polarization band is compared to the Local Interstellar Cloud, the Cetus Ripple, the BICEP2 low opacity region, Ice Cube IC59 galactic cosmic ray data, and Cassini results.

Field of study: Physics
Analysis on Main Factors Affecting Water Resources Carrying Capacity

A principal component analysis is made on the main factors that affect water resources carrying capacity of Jiangxi province by using SPSS13.0 software to establish a regression model of water resources carrying capacity.According to the statistical data in 1999~2007 and the eleventh "Five-Year Plan",it is predicted that the carriable industrial waste water discharge amount will be 669 million tones in Jiangxi province in 2010,decreasing by 6.3% compared to 2007.

Field of study: Materials science
Many-body theory interpretation of deep inelastic scattering

We analyze data on deep inelastic scattering of electrons from the proton using ideas from standard many-body theory involving bound constituents subject to interactions . This leads us to expect, at large three-momentum transfer q , scaling in terms of the variable y =ν− |q| . The response at constant |q| scales well in this variable. Interaction effects are manifestly displayed in this approach. They are illustrated in two examples.

Field of study: Physics
Risks of the oil transition

The energy system is in the early stages of a transition from conventionally produced oil to a variety of substitutes, bringing economic, strategic, and environmental risks. We argue that these three challenges are inherently interconnected, and that as we act to manage one we cannot avoid affecting our prospects in dealing with the others. We further argue that without appropriate policies, tradeoffs between these risks are likely to be made so as to allow increased environmental disruption in return for increased economic and energy security. Responsible solutions involve developing and deploying environmentally acceptable energy technologies (both supply and demand) rapidly enough to replace dwindling conventional oil production and meet growing demand for transportation while diversifying supply to improve energy security.

Field of study: Environmental science
Practical topical therapy in dermatology.

Topical therapy in dermatology is often perplexing to nondermatologists. They have been taught by several clinicians how to treat a dermatologic case and in addition have been besieged by drug company personnel and by colorful journal advertisements on the virtues of preparations which should readily clear any rash. All these approaches usually lead to a hit or miss result. This presentation discusses a simple approach to skin eruptions, basing the treatment on the stage of the disorder rather than on the cause.

Field of study: Medicine
Conformal oscillator representations of orthogonal Lie algebras

The conformal transformations with respect to the metric defining the orthogonal Lie algebra o(n, C) give rise to a one-parameter (c) family of inhomogeneous first-order differential operator representations of the orthogonal Lie algebra o(n+2, C). Letting these operators act on the space of exponential-polynomial functions that depend on a parametric vector $\vec a \in \mathbb{C}^n $, we prove that the space forms an irreducible o(n+2, C)-module for any c ∈ C; if $\vec a$ is not on a certain hypersurface. By partially swapping differential operators and multiplication operators, we obtain more general differential operator representations of o(n+2, C) on the polynomial algebra C in n variables. Moreover, we prove that C forms an infinite-dimensional irreducible weight o(n+2, C)-module with finite-dimensional weight subspaces if c ∉ Z/2.

Field of study: Mathematics
Scope of Industrial-Organizational Psychology: References in the Annual Review, 1950–1978

The purpose of the present investigation was to study the nature and development of the scope of industrial psychology as indicated in the contributions to the Annual Review from the time of its inception in 1950 until 1978. All the contributions in the 1950's were called Industrial Psychology. From 1961 on, Industrial Psychology was never again used as a main caption. In the 1970's there were more contributions than in previous decades: new captions, new themes, and new topics. There were three contributions, for example, on Personnel Attitudes and Motivation, two on Organizational Development; there were also contributions on Personnel and Human Resources, and for the first time contributions on Training and Development and Career Planning as well as continuing Consumer and Engineering Psychology which first appeared in the 1960's. There were substantial decreases in the use of the two major reference sources. Instead there were substantial gains in such sources as the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, the Training Development Journal, and the Journal of Applied Behavioral Science. In the 1970's there is also a publication explosion. Not only has the field expanded, but it is still expanding and growing away from what in the 1950's was industrial to organizational behavior and development. The nature and extent of the changes are considered in all dimensions of organizational behavior contributions. Topics still not systematically considered are industrial-labor management relations and power and leadership.

Field of study: Psychology
The possession syndrome: a comparison of Hong Kong and French findings.

An analysis is made of 66 Hong Kong Chinese in-patients showing symptoms of possession in varying degree. Characteristics significantly predisposing to possession were: female sex (at all ages), the fact of being divorced, widowed or concubines, illiteracy, and low occupational and social status. Nearly half the cases were hysterical and nearly a quarter schizophrenic. The complete or pure syndrome was infrequently seen and such cases were all female. An attempt was made to identify features of prognostic import on the basis of a follow-up study 2–5 years after discharge. Many of the patients were (apart from being illiterate and of female sex) suffering from pseudo-psychotic hysteria with understandable thematic content in the symptomatology, or were cases of depression with hysterical features brought on by real environmental difficulties. This appears to be in contrast with data from French cases who not infrequently suffer from more highly structured psychoneuroses based, apparently, on sexual (or homosexual) conflicts. It is tentatively suggested that the difference may be due to the contrasting cultural backgrounds, specifically the belief or absence of belief in possession by a primal satanic figure who is the source of all evil. A survey is made of contemporary approaches to the psychopathology of possession. A general hypothesis regarding its genesis is offered, illustrated with brief case histories, and a formal definition of the condition is given.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Analog European Heat Waves for U.S. Cities to Analyze Impacts on Heat-Related Mortality

Europe experienced an unprecedented excessive heat event (EHE) in 2003, raising the question: What if a similar EHE were experienced in U.S. cities? This study used an airmass-based meteorological method to develop analogs to the 2003 European EHE for five U.S. cities: Detroit, New York, Philadelphia, St. Louis, and Washington, D.C.; and calculated the potential excess mortality for these analogs. Analogs capture the 2003 EHE's characteristics by determining daily deviations from long-term averages for meteorological variables in Paris, France, expressed as a multiple of the standard deviation for each variable's long-term average. The 2003 daily multiples of the standard deviation measured in Paris for 12 meteorological variables, and daily maximum and minimum temperatures, were transferred to each U.S. city, and multiplied by the corresponding standard deviation calculated for each variable, to produce analog meteorological variables. With these data, an airmass calendar for each city was devel...

Field of study: Environmental science
Donepezil and related cholinesterase inhibitors as mood and behavioral controlling agents

Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (ChEIs) enhance neuronal transmission by increasing the availability of acetylcholine in muscarinic and nicotinic receptors. This effect is believed to be responsible for the beneficial and protective effects of ChEIs on cognition in patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Effects of ChEIs on mood and behavior have also been reported. Earlier observations were limited by the exclusive availability of intravenous forms of administration, the short half-life of the formulations, and the high frequency of peripheral side effects. The introduction, in recent years, of better tolerated and less invasive compounds has rekindled the interest in cholinergic central nervous system mechanisms and has given rise to studies in areas other than cognition. The ChEI donepezil has been involved in the largest number of studies and positive reports. Preliminary observations suggest the possible value of ChEIs in the management of behavioral dysregulation, apathy, irritability, psychosis, depression, mania, tics, and delirium and in the diagnosis of depression, panic, and personality disorders.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
On the interaction between localization and location verification for wireless sensor networks

Secure wireless sensor networks (WSNs) must be able to associate a set of reported data with a valid location. Many algorithms exist for the localization service that determines a WSN node's location, and current research is developing for location verification, where the network must determine whether or not a node's claimed location is valid (or invalid). However, the interaction of these two services creates another challenge, since there is no method to distinguish between benign errors, e.g., errors that are inherent to the localization technique, and malicious errors, e.g., errors due to a node's deceptive location report. In this paper, we study the problem of inherent localization errors and their impact on the location verification service. We propose a localization and location verification (LLV) server model, and define categories of LLV schemes for discrete and continuous resolution. We then designate two metrics to measure the impact of inherent localization errors-the probability of verification (for the discrete location verification schemes) and the CDF of the deviation distance (for the continuous location verification schemes)-to analyze the performance of each LLV category. Numerical results show that a proper tuning mechanism is needed to tolerate even small inherited estimation errors, otherwise the location verification can result in the rejection of almost all nodes. In addition, we propose several location verification feedback (LV-FEED) algorithms to improve the localization accuracy. Analysis of these algorithms shows that a significant improvement in localization accuracy can be accomplished in a few iterations of executing the location verification feedback schemes.

Field of study: Computer science
Effects of Environmental Factors on Organochlorine Pesticide Residues in Soils of the Guanting Reservoir Area, China

Topsoil samples from 56 sites around the Guanting Reservoir, China, were measured for HCH and DDT concentrations. The total soil HCH content (including α -, β -, γ -, and δ - isomers) in these soil samples ranged from 0 to 7.33 ng.g− 1, with a mean of 0.69 ng.g− 1. These levels were considerably lower than those of the total DDT soil contents (including pp′-DDE, pp′-DDD, op′-DDT, and pp′-DDT), which ranged from 0 to 76.01 ng.g− 1, with a mean of 9.46 ng.g− 1. DDT was also found to be the major pollutant in the soil samples, accounting for ∼ 93% of the total organochlorine pesticide (OCP) contents. Several environmental factors including land use, soil texture, soil taxonomy, and microbial biomass were considered to be responsible for the OCP levels observed. The data provide some insight into the effects of environmental conditions such as soil formation, agricultural cultivation, nutrient enrichment, and other anthropogenic activities on the degradation of OCPs in soils. Although the OCP residues currently are below the maximum limits set for use on agricultural land in China, and only rarely would such levels pose significant ecological concern, OCPs are highly persistent in soil and bioaccumulative. The data provided in this study are considered crucial for reservoir remediation, especially since the Guanting Reservoir will serve as one of the main drinking water sources for Beijing in the foreseeable future.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
RSA 2004: combined basic research satellite symposium-mechanisms of alcohol-mediated organ and tissue damage: inflammation and immunity and alcohol and mitochondrial metabolism: at the crossroads of life and death session one: alcohol, cellular and organ damage.

This article summarizes content proceedings of a satellite meeting held at the 2004 Research Society on Alcoholism Annual Scientific Meeting in Vancouver, Canada. The aim of the satellite conference was to facilitate the interaction of scientists investigating the mechanisms of alcohol-mediated organ or tissue damage, and enable the discussion and sharing of new ideas and concepts that may be common in each of the organs or tissues affected by chronic ethanol consumption. The original planned program on immunity was expanded to incorporate a session on a closely related topic "Alcohol and Mitochondrial Metabolism: At the Crossroads of Life and Death" organized by Dr. Jan Hoek and Dr. Sam Zakhari. The conference was arranged into four sessions: 1) Alcohol, Cellular and Organ Damage 2) Toll-like receptors and Organ Damage 3) Alcohol and Mitochondrial Metabolism: At the Crossroads of Life and Death and 4) Hepatitis virus and alcohol interactions in Immunity and Liver Disease. The keynote address was given by Dr. Bruce Beutler from the Scripps Institute on "TLRs in Inflammation and Immunity."The Combined Basic Research Satellite Symposium entitled, "Mechanisms of Alcohol-Mediated Organ and Tissue Damage: Inflammation and Immunity and Alcohol and Mitochondrial Metabolism: At the Crossroads of Life and Death" was convened at the 2004 Research Society on Alcoholism meeting in Vancouver, BC. Session One featured five speakers who discussed various aspects of the role of the immune system in initiating or exacerbating cellular and organ damage following alcohol consumption. The presentations were (1) Innate Immune responses of Alcohol-exposed mice and macrophage-like cells following infections with Listeria monocytogenes by Robert T. Cook 2) Alcohol, cytokines and host defense by Kyle Happel 3) Decreased antigen presentation and anergy induced by alcohol in myeloid dendritic cells by Pranoti Mandrekar 4) Transcriptional regulation of TNF-alpha in human monocytes by chronic ethanol: role of the cellular redox state by Jay Kolls 5) Estrogen and gender differences in inflammatory responses after alcohol and burn injury by Elizabeth Kovacs. This session highlighted the growing information on the role of pattern recognition molecules in alcohol-mediated tissue damage or dysfunction. The new techniques and ideas presented will be helpful in future studies in this area of research, and should result in some exciting avenues of study.

Field of study: Medicine
“Strange Lands and Different Peoples”: Spaniards and Indians in Colonial Guatemala by W. George Lovell etal. (review)

Dividing their book into fourteen chapters with a succinct but eloquent conclusion and complemented by a genuinely useful appendix, George Lovell, Christopher Lutz, Wendy Kramer and William R. Sweezey weave archival sources, early histories, and secondary literature into a coherent treatment of sixteenth-century Guatemala. While the book’s final two chapters are dedicated to the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the core concentrates on the mechanisms and processes that set the foundation for Spanish colonial rule. Given the importance of the sixteenth century in the development of colonial society, this decision seems both prudent and logical. Indeed, as historians of the region have argued, patterns of rule and social strata that characterized the early period continue to haunt modern Guatemala.

Field of study: History
An Algorithm Based on Social Dance Phenomenon for Function Optimization

Inspired by the mechanism of social dance phenomenon, some dance optimization operators, mainly including the partner change operator, position move operator and modify dance pool operator, were constructed function optimize. The optimization was considered as a process where information transmits from candidate solution to optimal solution in search space, and a new optimization algorithm, social dance optimization algorithm (SDOA) is explored on the basis of the effective partner exchange mechanism of the social dance phenomenon. The principle, implement and improvement way have been discussed. Compared with the genetic algorithms, the simulated results of some complex functions optimization indicate t hat SDOA enables to enhance t he diversity of the population with a higher convergence rate and avoid local voltage and genetic algorithm deceptive problem to some extent.

Field of study: Computer science
Influence of Baking and Acid Cleaning on the Morphology and Composition of Diatom Biosilica

1Living diatoms show a promise for applications in various fields in particular for the fabrication of micro/nano devices. This study acquired pure diatom walls (frustules) by several steps including collection, separation, and pure culture of marine diatoms. A two-step acid cleaning and baking method was adopted to purify biosilica structures from the diatoms. Results indicated that the morphology of the diatom frustules began to change at a baking temperature of 700 °C. With rising temperatures, the damage to the diatom frustules was more severe, but the composition was less affected by temperature. Therefore, an optimal parameter of 600 °C, 1 °C min-1, and 2 h was set for our study. However, because of the species-specific differences, the morphology and composition of the different frustules were not identical at the optimal parameter.

Field of study: Engineering
The enhancement of v4 in nuclear collisions at the highest densities signals a first-order phase transition

The beam energy dependence of $v_{4}$v4 (the quadrupole moment of the transverse radial flow) is sensitive to the nuclear equation of state (EoS) in mid-central Au + Au collisions at the energy range of $ 3 < \sqrt{s_{NN}} < 30$3<sNN<30 GeV, which is investigated within the hadronic transport model JAM. Different equations of state, namely, a free hadron gas, a first-order phase transition and a crossover are compared. An enhancement of $v_{4}$v4 at $\sqrt{s_{NN}} \approx 6$sNN≈6 GeV is predicted for an EoS with a first-order phase transition. This enhanced $v_{4}$v4 flow is driven by both the enhancement of $v_{2}$v2 as well as the positive contribution to $v_{4}$v4 from the squeeze-out of spectator particles which turn into participants due to the admixture of the strong collective flow in the shocked, compressed nuclear matter.

Field of study: Physics
Primed to be strong, primed to be fast: modeling benefits of microbial stress responses

Organisms are prone to different stressors and have evolved various defense mechanisms. One such defense mechanism is priming, where a mild preceding stress prepares the organism toward an improved stress response. This improved response can strongly vary, and primed organisms have been found to respond with one of three response strategies: a shorter delay to stress, a faster buildup of their response or a more intense response. However, a universal comparative assessment, which response is superior under a given environmental setting, is missing. We investigate the benefits of the three improved responses for microorganisms with an ordinary differential equation model, simulating the impact of an external stress on a microbial population that is either naïve or primed. We systematically assess the resulting population performance for different costs associated with priming and stress conditions. Our results show that independent of stress type and priming costs, the stronger primed response is most beneficial for longer stress phases, while the faster and earlier responses increase population performance and survival probability under short stresses. Competition increases priming benefits and promotes the early stress response. This dependence on the ecological context highlights the importance of including primed response strategies into microbial stress ecology.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
The structure of plastocyanin from the cyanobacterium Phormidium laminosum.

The crystal structure of the 'blue' copper protein plastocyanin from the cyanobacterium Phormidium laminosum has been solved and refined using 2.8 A X--ray data. P. laminosum plastocyanin crystallizes in space group P43212 with unit-cell dimensions a = 86.57, c = 91.47 A and with three protein molecules per asymmetric unit. The final residual R is 19.9%. The structure was solved using molecular replacement with a search model based on the crystal structure of a close homologue, Anabaena variabilis plastocyanin (66% sequence identity). The molecule of P. laminosum plastocyanin has 105 amino-acid residues. The single Cu atom is coordinated by the same residues - two histidines, a cysteine and a methionine - as in other plastocyanins. In the crystal structure, the three molecules of the asymmetric unit are related by a non-crystallographic threefold axis. A Zn atom lies between each pair of neighbouring molecules in this ensemble, being coordinated by a surface histidine residue of one molecule and by two aspartates of the other.

Field of study: Chemistry