nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Reduction of uranium(VI) by mixed iron(II)/iron(III) hydroxide (green rust): formation of UO2 nanoparticles.

Green rusts, which are mixed ferrous/ferric hydroxides, are found in many suboxic environments and are believed to play a central role in the biogeochemistry of Fe. Analysis by U LIII-edge X-ray absorption near edge spectroscopy of aqueous green rust suspensions spiked with uranyl (U(VI)) showed that U(VI) was readily reduced to U(IV) by green rust The extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) date for uranium reduced by green rust indicate the formation of a UO2 phase. A theoretical model based on the crystal structure of UO2 was generated by using FEFF7 and fitted to the data for the UO2 standard and the uranium in the green rust samples. The model fits indicate that the number of nearest-neighbor uranium atoms decreases from 12 for the UO2 structure to 5.4 forthe uranium-green rust sample. With an assumed four near-neighbor uranium atoms per uranium atom on the surface of UO2, the best-fit value for the average number of uranium atoms indicates UO2 particles with an average diameter of 1.7 +/- 0.6 nm. The formation of nanometer-scale particles of UO2, suggested by the modeling of the EXAFS data, was confirmed by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, which showed discrete particles (approximately 2-9 nm in diameter) of crystalline UO2. Our results clearly indicate that U(VI) (as soluble uranyl ion) is readily reduced by green rust to U(IV) in the form of relatively insoluble UO2 nanoparticles, suggesting that the presence of green rusts in the subsurface may have significant effects on the mobility of uranium, particularly under iron-reducing conditions.

Field of study: Environmental science
Scattering properties analysis of high power microwave at rough ground with FDTD method

High power microwave (HPM) subaerial propagation is simulated with finite difference time domain (FDTD) method. In the simulation,a mixed absorbing boundary is presented by combining perfectly matched layer (PML) with generalized perfectly matched layer (GPML).The correctness of the model is verified by contrasting the numerical value with the analytic value at level ground,and the scattering properties of HPM is analyzed by the numerical values at rough ground.Theoretical analyses and simulation results show that,diffraction phenomena arising from the edge can be restrained by using this method. The scattering coefficient curve of rough surface is similar to that at level ground in overall trend,however,it has no Brewster angle.

Field of study: Physics
Photoluminescence properties of N–B Co-doped fluorescent SiC

N–B co-doped SiC, as an excellent candidate for white LEDs, were prepared by the physical vapor transport growth method. Doping type and concentrations of fluorescent SiC crystals were examined by Raman spectroscopy and secondary ion mass spectroscopy measurements. The band-to-band excitation mechanism of donor and acceptor pairs (DAPs) luminescence in f-SiC has been clarified based on excitation spectroscopic measurements. The luminescence intensity of DAPs decreases with the increase of excitation source energy due to the absorption when excitation source energy is greater than 3.7 eV. Moreover, the threshold energy and the optimal excitation wavelength did not change with the carrier concentration, while the photoluminescence emission intensity increased with the decrease of carrier concentration. When the excitation power increased from 2 to 44 mW, the luminescence intensity can be well fitted by the power dependence I = aP γ , the higher the B doping concentration, that is, the lower the carrier concentration, the intensity is more sensitive to the excitation power change. At same time, the luminescence peaks of high doping concentration samples shift to the high energy with high excitation power. The shifts and the underlying mechanism have been discussed.

Field of study: Materials science
Building Nemo, a system to monitor IP routing and traffic paths in real time

Efficiently operating and quickly troubleshooting Internet backbones require timely and accurate information about the routing system, their traffic demands, and how they are routed. Unfortunately, the dynamism and complexity of routing protocols, their lack of monitoring features and intricate interaction, together with the volume of routing state make their monitoring network-wide (e.g. across an AS or ISP) hard; while the narrow scope of traffic data provided by existent measurement tools and scalability issues make it difficult to infer the spatial distribution of the traffic. We present the design of a Network Monitoring tool (Nemo) conceived to offer two critical functions: first, monitoring nodes’ routing and forwarding state in nearly real time; second, the ability to derive forwarding paths, which can permit obtaining spatial representations of the traffic when combined with traffic measurement data. We discuss the hardest challenges to overcome to support these functions, how we addressed them, and show preliminary results obtained in two operational networks to illustrate the feasibility and utility of the tool. Nemo was conceived to work with legacy equipment, relying only on standard, widely-supported functions. Nevertheless, we identify downsides of recent monitoring features and suggest simple modifications to router behavior that could greatly ease monitoring the routing system.

Field of study: Computer science
[Distribution of muscarinic receptors of different affinities in smooth muscle of human stomach].

Muscarinic receptors of high and low affinity were found in the fundus and the body of human stomach through the contraction experiment combined with ligand method in vitro. The 2 types of muscarinic receptors with different affinity regulated respectively the contractions of the longitudinal and the circular muscle of human gastric fundus and gastric body. However, in the antrum exists only one kind of muscarinic receptors of high affinity, which regulated the contractions of the longitudinal and the circular muscles of human stomach. The contractile force of the longitudinal muscle induced by exogenous ACh in the fundus and that in the body of human stomach were found to be similar to each other. The contractile force of the circular muscle in the body was found to be the strongest, and the contractile force of both longitudinal and circular muscles in antrum was weaker.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Effect of Microwaves on the Current-Phase-Relation in SNS Josephson Junctions

We investigate the current-phase-relation (CPR) of long diffusive superconductor-normal metal-superconductor (SNS) Josephson junctions in thermodynamic equilibrium and under microwave irradiation. While in equilibrium good agreement with the predictions of quasi-classical theory is found, we observe that the shape of the CPR can be strongly affected by microwave irradiation. Close to a Josephson-phase difference of pi, the supercurrent can be strongly suppressed when increasing the rf-power. Our results can be understood in terms of microwave excitation of low-lying Andreev bound states across the mini-gap in the junction. In the frequency interval studied, this mechanism becomes important when the mini-gap closes at a phase difference of pi.

Field of study: Physics
Effects of Water Stress on Photosynthetic Characteristics of Cassava Seedlings

The seedling photosynthetic characteristics of two cassava cultivars South China 205(SC205)and South China 8(SC8)under water stress were studied by pot experiment.Three water level treatments were designed:normal supply,mild stress and severe stress.The results showed that under water stress condition,the maximum net photosynthetic rate(Pmax),apparent quantum yield(AQY)and light saturation point(LSP)of SC8 were significantly higher or not lower than that of SC205.The light compensation point(LCP)was not significantly different between the two species.With the severity of drought stress,Pmax,AQY,and LSP decreased,but LCP increased;When PAR was raised from 0 to 2 000 μmol/(m2.s),net photosynthetic rate(Pn),transpiration rate(Tr)and stomatal conductance(Gs)of the two cassava cultivar leaves increased rapidly at the beginning,then intercellular CO2(Ci) decreased rapidly,and consequently all of them changed gently.The water use efficiency(WUE)increased initially and then decreased,indicating that the decline of Pn was considered as a result of stomata restriction under water stress.In conclusion,the photosynthetic characteristics of the two cultivars were generally inhibited under water stress condition.The photosynthetic characteristics and drought resistance of SC8 were better than that of SC205 when water stress existing.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Strong seedling recruitment does not limit mangrove vulnerability to harvest

Ecological studies on the impacts of timber harvesting contributed to inform sustainablemanagement strategies of tropical forests. However, these studies rely strongly on twomajor assumptions: (i) strong seedlings recruitment predispose for positive population dynamics, and (ii)more adult trees is a guarantee for a strong reproductive capability of the population. These assumptions are applied without accounting for the life history of the harvested species. Here, we revisit these assumptions in light of the life history theory, which predicts different responses of shortand long-lived species to perturbation.Wepredict that harvesting adults, rather than reducing seedling recruitment of longlived species, would have greater impact on population dynamics.We tested our prediction on three mangrove species in SouthAfrica. First, we reconstructed the projectionmatrices for threemangrove species in theMngazana Estuary of EasternCape province of SouthAfrica. Next, we simulated a range of harvest intensities for different life stages and explored howharvesting influences population dynamics. Finally, we examined the age-specificmortality trajectories for all three species.We found that populations of all three species were closer to their stable stage distribution. Contrary to popular belief, we found that changes in seedling recruitment will haveminimal effects onmangrove longtermpopulation dynamics, afinding consistent with the life history theory. However, contrary to expectation, simulating harvest of adults hadminimal effect on population dynamics. This is due to low reproductive values for these late stages. Our analysis of age-specificmortality trajectories further provided evidence for positive senescence particularly forAvicenniawhichwas the least resilient to harvest. Ourfindings cast doubt on the traditional forestmanagement strategies that rely strongly on seedling density as ametric of sustainability and forbid unquestionably harvesting large individuals. We call for cautionwhile generalizing forestmanagement strategies irrespective of the life history of the species at hand.

Field of study: Environmental science
Searching for Global Literacy: Oregon's Essential Skills Movement and the Challenges of Transformation

In January 2007, the Oregon State Board of Education mandated a new Oregon diploma that strengthened high school graduation requirements with the aim of improving student readiness for college and career. Among the major changes was a requirement that students demonstrate proficiency in nine “essential skills” that included the expectation that students must “demonstrate global literacy.” This article examines the process through which Oregon developed and plans to implement the essential skills and compares its conceptualization of global literacy with alternate models of global education in other states and nations. The authors identify political and institutional factors influencing the shape and direction of those efforts and offer recommendations regarding a potential framework for defining, implementing, and assessing global literacy in Oregon high schools.

Field of study: Sociology
Exploring the Role of Methodological Factors in Publishing Turkish and Foreign Journals

The purpose of this study was to analyze and compare recent research papers on foreign language education in Turkish context with those published in international context to shed light on researchers and policy makers for future studies. This study filled a gap in this field and also aimed to increase the rate of acceptance of research papers submitted by Turkish authors in foreign journals. Content Analysis method was used in this study. This study focused on recent 188 research papers published in 8 prestigious journals indexed in Social Sciences Citation Index in Turkey and in the world and they were analyzed in terms of research design, data collection tools, samples, sample size and data analysis method. The results of the study revealed that quantitative research design was predominantly used in Turkish journals while qualitative research design was mainly preferred by foreign journals. In addition, undergraduates were the focus of attention as sample group particularly in Turkish journals.  This study suggested that qualitative research design should be given priority and alternative instruments like concept maps and portfolio should be used in this type of studies including observation and interviews.  Moreover, experimental studies should be more focus of attention rather than administrating only one questionnaire in quantitative studies.  publishing in journals, ELT journals, methodology in journals, content analysis in journals

Field of study: Education
Perfect sampling for the wavelet reconstruction of signals

The coupling from the past (CFTP) procedure is a protocol for finite-state Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods whereby the algorithm itself can determine the necessary runtime to convergence. In this paper, we demonstrate how this protocol can be applied to the problem of signal reconstruction using Bayesian wavelet analysis where the dimensionality of the wavelet basis set is unknown, and the observations are distorted by Gaussian white noise of unknown variance. MCMC simulation is used to account for model uncertainty by drawing samples of wavelet bases for approximating integrals (or summations) on the model space that are either too complex or too computationally demanding to perform analytically. We extend the CFTP protocol by making use of the central limit theorem to show how the algorithm can also monitor its own approximation error induced by MCMC. In this way, we can assess the number of MCMC samples needed to approximate the integral to within a user specified tolerance level. Hence, the method automatically ensures convergence and determines the necessary number of iterations needed to meet the error criteria.

Field of study: Engineering
Automatic deformation analysis by a TV speckle interferometer using a laser diode.

A phase-shifting TV speckle interferometer is developed by using the frequency modulation capability of a laser diode and is applied to automatic deformation measurements. Temperature modulation is used for generating the frequency shift of a laser diode. We store four speckle interferograms with relative phase differences of pi/2 in a frame grabber by monitoring a phase-shift signal, which is obtained by integrating the fringe intensity over a local window. The optimum size of the local window is examined experimentally. Then, the optimum processing conditions for reducing the speckle noise in interferograms,including an averaging window size, are found. Experimental results of the automatic deformation analysis indicate a displacement accuracy of better than lambda/30.

Field of study: Physics
The Importance of Local Corporate Taxes in Business Location Decisions: Evidence from French Micro Data

Determinants of businesses locations are known to be multiple. Locations of partners and competitors are crucial, as well as the territory's local characteristics. To consider the importance of local taxes we build a Poisson model to explain the number of business creations observed in a given municipality. First results suggest that there are unobserved factors driving firm creation that are positively correlated with the level of local taxes. To deal with this potential source of endogeneity, we present an approach close to Regression Discontinuity Design. We find that, everything else being equal, higher local taxes actually tend to deter firms from setting up in a given zone but the effect is weak.

Field of study: Economics
The reliability modelling of RAM/ROM fault tolerant memories

This paper defines two classes of RAM/ROM chip-pin failures which are then taken into consideration in the reliability analysis of single error correcting random access memories (SEC-RAMs), designed with memory chips having a specified word-length. The analysis is based on three memory-chip failure models which take into account the impact of memory-cell failures on the bit, sub-array and chip-array levels. The analytical expression developed are used in the reliability analysis of various memory designs with single-error correcting capabilities.

Field of study: Engineering
The Italian Renaissance Imagery of Inspiration: Metaphors of Sex, Sleep, and Dreams (review)

Gere, Keepers of the Drawings at the British Museum. Listed are the 253 figural and ornamental drawings that can presently be identified from the hand of Ligorio; excluded are his archaeological or topographical drawings and, with one exception, those in bound manuscripts. The list is organized by country of location or, where the present location is not known, former location. The list also includes twentyeight entries of unsure or dubious attribution, a distinction based on whether the evidence is insufficient to judge attribution (unsure) or whether Coffin is unconvinced by the opinion of others including other scholars (dubious). In piecing together Ligorio’s life, Coffin critically presents in chronological order his major works as a painter, designer, and architect. The sweep of Ligoro’s life shows the change in his professional standing over time. He came to Rome from Naples as a craftsman who painted the facades of houses. He died in Ferrara as the salaried archeologist and court intellectual for Duke Alfonso II. The transition from manual artisan to humanist intellectual was effected through Ligorio’s front-line role in collecting and in some ways defining the cultural resources of ancient Rome since, in meeting the need of the time for a full record of the classical ideal, Ligorio completed some of the partial inscriptions he found. Drama comes to this biography in the person of Giorgio Vasari who omitted Ligorio from his Vite, presumably because Ligorio competed for papal employment with Michelangelo, whom Vasari favored. Vasari’s is the background voice casting aspersions on Ligorio’s actions and work then explained by Coffin as, if not always noble, at least reasonable. Coffin notes that “there has never been an extensive or even adequate biography” of Ligorio (1). That is no longer true. Coffin’s work will not end debate on specific attributions or the quality of Ligorio’s artistic work, but this biography should serve as the foundation for any further studies of the artist. ROBERT E. ROEMER Loyola University Chicago

Field of study: History
Susceptibility of avian mycoplasmas isolated in Taiwan to 21 antimicrobial agents.

: Twenty-one antimicrobial agents were incorporated individually into Frey's agar to evaluate their inhibitory activities against 86 isolates of avian mycoplasmas recently detected in Taiwan. Among them, 45 and 37 isolates were found positive with Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma synoviae fluorescent antibody conjugate, respectively. Twenty-one other isolates were unable to be identified by the above 2 conjugates. All of the field isolates were highly sensitive (with MIC50 32 micrograms/ml) to apramycin, chlortetracycline (CTC), erythromycin (ER), flumequine (FI), nalidixic acid (NA), oxolinic acid (OA), oxytetracycline (OTC) and spiramycin (SP). The inhibitory activities of the antibiotics which possessed an MIC90 of 50 micrograms/ml or less against local isolates were, in decreasing order, enrofloxacin (< 0.004 microgram/ml), gentamicin (1.53 micrograms/ml), tiamutin (1.81 micrograms/ml), tylosin (3.2 micrograms/ml), streptomycin (SM; 12.0 micrograms/ml), colistin (13.1 micrograms/ml), chloramphenicol (14.0 micrograms/ml), spectinomycin (15.0 micrograms/ml), myplabin (16.0 micrograms/ml), spiramycin (30.0 micrograms/ml), minocycline (32.0 micrograms/ml). The MIC90 of OA, CTC, SM, FI, SP, OTC, ER or NA was greater than 50 micrograms/ml; which work poorly in the control of mycoplasmoses. Since the antibiotic control policy is quite loose in Taiwan, many antimicrobial agents are often freely used in clinics, with a resulting gradual decrease in the inhibitory activity to the avian mycoplasmas.

Field of study: Biology
Finite Element Simulation of Residual Stress in Pre-stretching Thick-plates of 7075 Aluminum Alloy After Quenching

A quenching process for 7075 aluminum plates was simulated by MSC.MARC—a powerful FEA program.With FEA based on quenched stress,supposing the clamp region of jaw is ideal stiffness,according to material mechanics,plastic deformation of metal and so on,making use of the method of finite element simulation,the stretching model under above-mentioned was built.The effect of different pre-stretching volume and different pre-stretching velocity on reducing residual stress in workpiece was simulated and the cutting region was calculated.The results show that,when the pre-stretched volume is about 3%,the residual stress is about 96%,and the cutting region is about 21.6%.All these quantities agree well with the manufacturing techniques of aviation aluminum alloy thick-plate.

Field of study: Materials science
A Proximal Method for Dictionary Updating in Sparse Representations

In this paper, we propose a new dictionary updating method for sparse dictionary learning. Our method imposes the ℓ0 norm constraint on coefficients as well as a proximity regularization on the distance of dictionary modifications in the dictionary updating process. We show that the derived dictionary updating rule is a generalization of the K-SVD method. We study the convergence and the complexity of the proposed method. We also compare its performance with that of other methods.

Field of study: Engineering
Bone healing and spinal fusion.

Bone is a tissue that constantly undergoes deposition, resorption of stromal matrix, and remodeling. These processes may be altered by a variety of chemical, mechanical, cellular, and pathological mechanisms. Understanding the physiology of bone healing and the mechanisms affecting this process is important not only when evaluating normal skeletal development but also when initiating fracture repair. Because the ultimate success of spinal fusions involves creation of an osseous union, we focus this review on the anatomy and physiology of bone under physiological conditions, normal bone healing and mechanisms that alter it, and available adjuvant therapies that may enhance healing potential in a clinical setting.

Field of study: Medicine