nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Specificity of mouse hybridoma antibodies to DNA. III. Antigenic determinants of nucleic acids recognized by poly(dG) specific monoclonal antibodies.

Immunochemical properties of monoclonal autoantibodies to single stranded DNA (ssDNA), which were derived from systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) prone mice and were specific for poly(dG), were studied using a hapten inhibition assay with oligo- and mononucleotides. Deoxyguanosine monophosphate (dGMP) completely inhibited the ssDNA binding of poly(dG) specific monoclonal antibodies. The affinity to deoxyguanosine was approximately 70% of dGMP, and to guanosine monophosphate (GMP) and to guanosine was 38% and 24%, respectively. In contrast, other purine monomers such as deoxyadenosine monophosphate (dAMP), adenosine monophosphate (AMP) and adenosine exhibited virtually no inhibitory effect on the ssDNA binding of these monoclonal hybridoma autoantibodies. By the same competitive inhibition enzyme immunoassay using deoxyguanosine oligonucleotides of various chain lengths, the minimal antigenic size of ssDNA encompassed by the combining site of the Fab portion of anti-ssDNA monoclonal autoantibodies was determined to be the tetra- or pentanucleotide.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Poverty Traps, Indeterminacy, and the Wealth Distribution

We consider a one-sector growth model in continuous time with a production externality and endogenous labor supply. There is a continuum of households who have identical preferences but differ with respect to their initial wealth. We show that there exist economies such that an indeterminate steady state exists for some wealth distribution but not for others. A second result is that a redistribution of wealth may drive the economy from a steady state with strictly positive output to a poverty trap in which output converges asymptotically to zero. These results indicate that differences in the wealth distribution may be responsible for drastic differences in the long-run standard of living. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers: D31, D50, O41.

Field of study: Economics
Developing chiral phosphorus ligands for asymmetric hydrogenations

Chiral rigid and electron-donating phosphocyclic phosphine ligands and modular atropisomeric biaryl phosphine ligands were designed and synthesized. The performance of these chiral ligands in the asymmetric hydrogenations of prochiral dehydroamino acid derivatives, enamides, imines, keto esters, and ketones has been demonstrated to be excellent.

Field of study: Chemistry
A numerical exact solution of the Bose-Hubbard model

Physikalisches Institut, Universit¨at Bonn, Nusallee 12, D-53115 Bonn, Germany(February 1, 2008)In this paper we report results from a systematic strong-coupling expansion of the Bose-Hubbardmodel in one and two spatial dimensions. We obtain numerically exact results for the structurefactor and the spectrum of single particle and single hole excitations in the Mott insulator. Thisenables the determination of the zero-temperature phase diagram and the location of the criticalendpoints of the Mott lobes. In one dimension we conﬁrm the occurrence of reentrance behaviorfrom the compressible to the insulating phase in a region close to the critical point.PACS numbers: 05.30.Jp, 05.70.Jk, 67.40.DbI.

Field of study: Physics
Genetic and Clinical Analyses of 13 Chinese Families With Cystine Urolithiasis and Identification of 15 Novel Pathogenic Variants in SLC3A1 and SLC7A9

Cystinuria is a rare genetic disorder characterized by defective renal reabsorption of cystine, ornithine, arginine, and lysine. The increased urinary excretion of cystine results in the development of cystine urolithiasis (CU). The mutated SLC3A1 and SLC7A9 genes are the cause of CU, a global disorder. Its frequency and mutation spectrum vary between different populations. In Asia, the data for CU are limited.  Urinary stones were collected from patients of a single center over a five-year period and analyzed via Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Genomic DNA was isolated from 13 patients with CU and their parents and from 26 controls affected by calcium oxalate dihydrate stones. The coding regions and the exon–intron boundaries of SLC3A1 and SLC7A9 were subjected to PCR amplification and then sequenced via traditional Sanger sequencing. Genetic variants were functionally annotated using the InterVar, ClinVar, gnom AD, and HGMD databases.  From the 232 samples of urinary stones, we identified 13 patients with CU (10 males and 3 females). The onset age was from 7 months to 9 years. The CU stones varied from 0.26 cm3 to 18.67 cm3. Sanger sequencing detected a total of 14 SLC3A1 (nine were novel) and 10 SLC7A9 (six were novel) rare variants from the 13 CU families. All variants, including 15 novel variants, were pathogenic, disease-causing, or damaging.  All 13 pediatric CU families harbored SLC3A1 or/and SLC7A9 rare variants. A total of 15 novel pathogenic variants in SLC3A1 and SLC7A9 were identified. This study expanded the known mutational spectrum of CU in the Chinese population.

Field of study: Biology
The queen conch fishery on Pedro Bank, Jamaica: discovery, development, management

The history, methods, problems and regulation of fishing of the last remaining large queen conch resource in the world, located on a Jamaican fishing bank, are examined. The fishery activities for the queen conch, Strombus gigas Linnaeus are briefly described with the main activities in the industrial sector which produce the bulk of the harvest, which is exported. There are a few large producers harvesting the single major fishing ground of Pedro Bank, southwest of Kingston. These fishers harvested at least 1500 t annually between 1992 and 1998. Management is by licensing, individual quotas and a close season from July to October. Regulations related to CITES are thought to greatly assist in making licensed harvesters provide catch data to the Fisheries Division. The industrial operators have provided funding to undertake stock assessment studies in 1994 and again in 1997. We highlight the focus on management on a participatory consensual approach with meetings with all players in the industry. The conch fishery is thought to be one of the few areas of the Jamaica fishery where there is close and successful collaboration between fishers and the Fisheries Division. It provides an example of how rapid, precautionary, participatory action can provide an adequate basis for management until more definitive scientific information becomes available. The status of the conch fishery is thought to be sustainable at present, once reductions are made to the annual quota.

Field of study: Environmental science
Computational model of flexible membrane wings in steady laminar flow

A computational procedure is presented that models the interaction of a two-dimensional flexible membrane wing and laminar, high-Reynolds-number fluid flow. The membrane wing model is derived by combining a spatial-coordinate-based finite difference formulation of the equilibrium statement for an elastic membrane with a pressure-based control volume formulation of the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations written in general curvilinear body-fitted coordinates. The model is applied to initially flat membrane wings of both vanishing and finite material stiffness as well as to flexible inextensible wings with excess length. Computational results are presented for Reynolds numbers between 2 x 10 3 and 10 4 . The results from the viscous-flow-based membrane wing model are compared with predictions using a potential-flow-based model as well as with experimental data for membrane wings in turbulent flow. Although the assumption of laminar flow precludes a quantitative comparison with the available experimental data, the solutions obtained capture many of the significant features of the aeroelastic interaction that are unaccounted for with a potential flow description of the fluid dynamics.

Field of study: Physics
Ventricular expansion in wild-type Wistar rats after alcohol exposure by vapor chamber.

Structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) reveals widespread brain damage manifest as tissue shrinkage and complementary ventriculomegaly in human alcoholism. For an animal model to parallel the human condition, high alcohol exposure should produce similar radiologically detectable neuropathology. Our previous structural MRI study demonstrated only modest brain dysmorphology of the alcohol-preferring (P) rat with average blood alcohol levels(BALs) of 125 mg/dl achieved with voluntary consumption. Here, we tested the hypothesis that wild-type Wistar rats, exposed to vaporized alcohol ensuring higher BALs than typically achieved with voluntary consumption in rodents, would model MRI findings in the brains of humans with chronic alcoholism.



The longitudinal effects of vaporized alcohol exposure on the brains of 10 wild-type Wistar rats compared with 10 sibling controls were investigated with structural MRI, conducted before (MRI 1) and after (MRI 2) 16 of alcohol exposure and after an additional 8 weeks at a higher concentration of alcohol (MRI 3).



Two rats in the alcohol group died prior to MRI 2. The remaining vapor-exposed rats(n = 8) achieved BALs of 293 mg/dl by MRI 2 and 445 mg/dl by MRI 3. Whereas the controls gained 17% of their body weight from MRI 1 to MRI 3, the alcohol-exposed group lost 6%.MRI, quantified with atlas-based parcellation, revealed a profile of significant ventricular expansion,after alcohol vapor exposure, in 9 contiguous slices, extending from the dorsolateral to ventrolateral ventricles. In particular, from MRI 1 to MRI 2, this ventricular volume expanded by an average of 6.5% in the controls and by 27.1% in the alcohol-exposed rats but only an additional 1.5% in controls and 2.4% in alcohol-exposed rats from MRI 2 to MRI 3. The midsagittal volume of the full anterior-to-posterior extent of the corpus callosum grew between the first 2 MRIs in both groups followed by regression in the alcohol group by MRI 3. Although group differences were statistically significant, among animals there was substantial variability of the effects of alcohol exposure on brain morphology; some animals showed profound effects, whereas others were essentially unaffected.



The ventricular dilatation and callosal shrinkage produced in wild-type rats following involuntary alcohol exposure yielded a modestly successful model of neurodysmorphology phenotypes of human alcoholism. As is the case for the human condition, however, in which some individuals express greater alcoholism-related neuropathology than others, some rats maybe more susceptible than others to extreme alcohol exposure.

Field of study: Medicine
Process of dispersion copolymerization of styrene and acrylonitrile in polyether

The dispersion copolymerization process of styrene (St) and acrylonitrile (AN) in polyether was studied by dynamic light scattering,liquid chromatography and UV. The results showed that in the process,in appropriate polymerization condition, the nucleation mechanism was dominated by the agglomeration nucleation of graft polymers, and then the stable dispersion system could be prepared.After the nucleation period,the number of particles kept constant and particles swelled by the action of monomers and grew by the polymerization of monomers in the dispersed phase and kept stable by adsorbing graft polymers formed in the continuous phase.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Effective pattern-driven concurrency bug detection for operating systems

Highlights? We identified characteristics of concurrency bugs in Linux kernel by reviewing ChangeLog bug reports. ? We developed a pattern-driven COncurrency Bug dETector (COBET) that utilizes composite bug patterns with semantic conditions to detect complex bugs. ? TWe defined four concurrency bug patterns and detected ten new bugs in Linux kernel. As multi-core hardware has become more popular, concurrent programming is being more widely adopted in software. In particular, operating systems such as Linux utilize multi-threaded techniques heavily to enhance performance. However, current analysis techniques and tools for validating concurrent programs often fail to detect concurrency bugs in operating systems (OSes) due to the complex characteristics of OSes. To detect concurrency bugs in OSes in a practical manner, we have developed the COncurrency Bug dETector (COBET) framework based on composite bug patterns augmented with semantic conditions. The effectiveness, efficiency, and applicability of COBET were demonstrated by detecting 10 new bugs in file systems, device drivers, and network modules of Linux 2.6.30.4 as confirmed by the Linux maintainers.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
The Successful Beginning of English Paragraph Writing:Writing an Effective Topic Sentence and Supporting Sentences

Successful English writing is not easy for target language learners,whi ch requires them to master certain me thods of writing basic paragraphs.Good para graph writing means good essay writing.The article mainly explores successful paragraph writing beginning with a t opic sentence and supporting senten ces to draw target language learners' atten-tion and concern.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Payments discourage coordination in ecosystem services provision: evidence from behavioral experiments in Southeast Asia

The contribution of synthetic pesticides to closing yield gaps around the world is undeniable; however, their use is also a classic double-edged sword. Beyond the well-recognized social costs (e.g., pollution to soil and water, and health effects both on consumers and other species) there are also private costs on farmers beyond the direct costs of inputs, associated with elevated risks of both acute and chronic damage to farmers' health, and with the destruction of populations of beneficial organisms. Managing agricultural land use to enhance natural pest control services (also called mobile agent-based ecosystem services or MABES) holds promise to reduce this growing reliance on pesticides, though it too carries costs. In particular, uncertainty in crop yield due to pest damages, as well as the need to coordinate pesticide use with neighboring farms, can be important obstacles to establishing the longer-term public good of natural pest regulation. Current thinking on promoting ecosystem services suggests that payments or other economic incentives are a good fit for the promotion of public good ecosystem services such as MABES. We undertook a framed field experiment to examine the role of subsidies for non-crop habitat in improving insect-based ecosystem services in two separate samples in Southeast Asia—Cambodia and Vietnam. Our central finding is that these two contexts are not poised equally to benefit from incentives promoting MABES, and in fact may be left worse off by payments schemes. As the study and practice of payments for ecosystem services programs grows, this finding provides an important qualifier on recent theory supporting the use of payments to promote public good ecosystem services—where the nature of the coordination problem is complex and nonlinear, farm systems can be made worse off by being encouraged to attempt it.

Field of study: Environmental science
A Metabonomics Study of Atherosclerosis by Rapid Resolution Liquid Chromatography Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry

A rapid resolution liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometric( RRLCQTOF / MS) method was used to profile the metabolites of urine samples from atherosclerosis( AS) patients and healthy controls and find the differential metabolites which could provide the scientific evidence to explain the pathogenesis and early disease diagnose. In the study,15 AS patients( age46. 84 ± 2. 41 years) and 15 healthy controls( age45. 72 ± 1. 93 years) was screened out by Va Sera VS-1000. The urine samples were analyzed by RRLC-QTOF / MS and the resulting data matrices were analyzed by multivariate statistical analysis( Principal Component Analysis,PCA) to find the potential biomarkers. The results showed that the urine samples of AS patients were successfully distinguished from those of healthy controls. Besides,a total of two significantly changed metabolites,uric acid and Guanidineacetic acid,had been found and identified as potential biomarkers,which suggested that the disorder of purine metabolism and amino acid metabolism played an important role in the mechanism of AS.

Field of study: Chemistry
$ \alpha$ -nucleus elastic scattering in the energy range 25-70 MeV/nucleon

Working within the framework of the Coulomb-modified Glauber model for nucleus-nucleus collisions, we analyse the elastic scattering of $ \alpha$ -particles on 4He at 25, 30, 35, 40, 50, and 70MeV/nucleon. Emphasis has been put on the parametrization of the basic (input) NN amplitude that preserves the low-q behavior at the desired energy, whereas the higher momentum transfer components are treated phenomenologically. The analysis also considers the medium modification of the NN amplitude due to Pauli blocking. Using the realistic form factors for colliding nuclei, it is found that the data are reproduced satisfactorily well up to the fairly large value of momentum transfer. We also discuss the suitability of the extracted NN amplitude for other target nuclei in the energy range under consideration. Our analysis suggests that the proper account of the higher momentum transfer components of the NN amplitude may push down the Glauber model to lower energies, and increase its validity in the region of relatively large momentum transfers.

Field of study: Physics
When Can Conflicts be Resolved? A Critique of Ripeness

The idea that conflicts cannot be resolved until they are ‘ripe’ has been influential in conflict resolution literature in recent years. This article critiques the theoretical underpinnings of ripeness using the Northern Ireland peace process as a case study. It highlights the problems that results from the subjectiveness of both the theory itself and the information needed to apply it. By critically examining William Zartman's six ‘propositions’ of ripeness, the inadequacy of the approach is highlighted and claims that the theory can help predict when conflicts are ripe for resolution are shown to be unsustainable. It advocates a more dynamic approach to conflict resolution than ripeness suggests that parties and mediators adopt.

Field of study: History, Sociology
Assessing the Risks of Fax Confirmations

ASSESSING THE RISKS OF FAX CONFIRMATIONS Should a FAX be used as audit evidence? David B. Pearson, CPA, a partner of Ernst & Young, New York, and Douglas P. Sauter, CPA, a technical manager in the American Institute of CPAs auditing standards division, New York, discuss the potential risks of using this new technology. Ernst & Young Canada contributed to this article. Facsimile, or FAX, machines appear firmly established as a means of communication in the business world. Some auditors, in an attempt to improve response rates and times to confirmation requests, have used the FAX machine as an alternative to traditional mail services. Other auditors have expressed skepticism. Here's an overview of the risks associated with FAX confirmations and some precautions auditors may wish to take when using them. FACTS ABOUT FAX A facsimile terminal is like a photocopier with a telephone connection. The sending machine converts a document into electrical signals and transmits them over standard telephone lines to the receiving machine, which prints a copy of the original document. The two major concerns about using a FAX as audit evidence are 1. Ascertaining the source of the FAX. 2. The vulnerability of the FAX to deterioration. The auditor can minimize--and in some situations eliminate--these concerns by taking a number of precautions.  Good auditing practice dictates the auditor maintain control over confirmation requests and returned confirmations. In short, the confirmation process includes * Selecting the items for which confirmation is to be requested.  Communicating the requests to third parties.  Obtaining the responses directly from the third parties.  Evaluating the responses. To lose control at any point jeopardizes both the reliability of the entire process and the acceptability of a confirmation as evidence. One way the auditor could lose control would be for the confirmation to come from a party other than the one indicated on the response. Facsimile machines maintain a log of documents sent and received. Each entry on the log is reprinted on the applicable page of the transmitted document. The entry usually includes the name and FAX number of the sender, date and time of the transmission and number of pages in the document. At first glance, the logging procedure appears to be a useful control to ascertain the FAX's source, but it isn't foolproof. Transmitting FAX machines can be reprogrammed with a false FAX number and name.

Field of study: Business
Effect of scopoletin on PC3 cell proliferation and apoptosis.

To investigate the effect of scopoletin on cell proliferation and apoptosis of PC3 cells.



Cell growth curve, MTT assay, and acid phosphatase activity (ACP) were used to determine cell proliferation. Coomassie brilliant blue assay was used to measure the content of protein in cells. Light microscope, transmission electronmicroscope, and fluorescence microscope were used to observe scopoletin-induced morphological changes. Apoptosis rate and cell cycle distribution were determined by flow cytometry.



The IC50 of scopoletin for inhibiting PC3, PAA, and Hela cell proliferation was (157 +/- 25), (154 +/- 51), and (294 +/- 100) mg/L, respectively. Scopoletin induced a marked time- and concentration-dependent inhibition of PC3 cell proliferation. Scopoletin reduced the protein content and decreased the ACP level in PC3 cells in a concentration-dependent manner. Cells treated by scopoletin showed typical morphologic changes of apoptosis by light microscope, fluorescence microscope, and transmission electronmicroscope. Apoptosis rate was 0.3 %, 2.1 %, 9.3 % and 35 % for scopoletin 0, 100, 200, and 400 mg/L, respectively, and cells in G2 phase decreased markedly after being treated with scopoletin.



Scopoletin inhibited PC3 proliferation by inducing apoptosis of PC3 cells.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Impacts of Aluminum and Cadmium Pollution on Latosol Soil Microbial and Soil Respiration

A pot experiment was conducted to study the impacts of aluminum(Al) and cadmium(Cd) pollution on the soil microbes and soil respiration. The results indicated that the pollution effects of Al and Cd on the biochemistry processes were different, The lower concentration of Al, ≤100 mg/kg and ≤50 mg/kg could promote the growth of bacteria and actinomycete, but the higher concentrations of Al could reducd bacteria and actinomycetes number. The number of fungi was gradually reducing with the increasing of the concentration of Al.While, the influence degree of Cd on the soil microbe and soil respiration was weaker than that of Al. The influence of Cd on bacteria fluctuated very much, and the Cd under the concentration of 5-100 mg/kg promoted the fungi growth, and inhibited the growth of the actinomycetes. The Al inhibition on the soil respiration was according to the concentration of Al. However, the influence of Cd on soil respiration was less than that of Al.Synergistic effect on the population of bacteria and fungi under the compound pollution of Al and Cd, and antagonistic effect on the population of actinomycete.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences