nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
[Effects of L-valyl-valine anhydride on the blood-perfused canine sinoatrial node and papillary muscle].

Experiments were conducted on the canine sinoatrial node and the papillary muscle preparation perfused with the arterial blood from the donor dog through the cannulated sinus node artery and the anterior septal artery.L-valyl-valine anhydride 0.3,1,3,10 microg ia decreased sinus rate 0.2+/-2,10+/-6,21+/-12 beats/min,the artial muscle contractile force 4+/-5,16+/-20,33+/-8,49+/-9% and papillary muscle contractile force 9+/-4, 12+/-4,17+/-10,32+/-25%, respectively. The coronary blood flow did not change significantly. These antagonistic effects on isoproterenol are similar to those on propranolol. 
Keywords：L-valyl-valine anhydride; propranolol;isoproterenol;sinoatrial node; papillary muscle; myocardial contraction;heart rate

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Growth of block copolymer stabilized metal nanoparticles probed simultaneously by in situ XAS and UV-Vis spectroscopy.

The growth of Au and Pt nanoparticles from their respective chloride precursors using block copolymer-based reducers has been studied by simultaneous in situ measurement of XAS and UV-Vis spectroscopy at the energy-dispersive EXAFS beamline (BL-08) at INDUS-2 SRS at RRCAT, Indore, India. While the XANES spectra of the precursor give real-time information on the reduction process, the EXAFS spectra reveal the structure of the clusters formed at the intermediate stages of growth. The growth kinetics of both types of nanoparticles are found to be almost similar and are found to follow three stages, though the first stage of nucleation takes place earlier in the case of Au than in the case of Pt nanoparticles due to the difference in the reduction potential of the respective precursors. The first two stages of the growth of Au and Pt nanoparticles as obtained by in situ XAS measurements could be corroborated by simultaneous in situ measurement of UV-Vis spectroscopy also.

Field of study: Physics
Flow over a Trailing Flap and Its Asymmetric Wake

Detailed measurements of pressure and velocity characteristics are reported for the attached flow on a trailing flap and in its downstream asymmetric wake. The results indicate that the flow over the flap is subjected to an adverse pressure gradient. Near the trailing edge, an inflection point develops in the streamwise velocity profile and the flow approaches intermittent separation. The wake is asymmetric with a destabilizing curvature on the suction side and a stabilizing curvature on the pressure side. Streamwise variations in the near wake are primarily confined to the inner layer, and further downstream the mean velocity and turbulence quantities attain selfsimilar profiles. Nonequilibrium effects are present in the near wake and imply that mixing length models are not appropriate. Both the pressure gradient term and the cross-stream gradient of the turbulent stresses are found to be important. Streamwise gradients of the turbulent stresses are, however, small. Nomenclature b = width of the upper part (y/d>0) of the wake B = constant in the law of the wall equation c = chord length  cp — pressure coefficient cpw = pressure coefficient along the flap surface cpoo = freestream pressure coefficient k = constant in the law of the wall equation lp = distance from the wake center to the point where the streamwise velocity defect in the pressure side is half the maximum defect /5 = distance from the wake center to the point where the streamwise velocity defect in the suction side is half the maximum defect L = mixing length n = normal distance from the flap surface p = pressure q = kinetic energy of turbulence s = distance along the surface measured from the trip wire ii, u' = mean and fluctuating velocity in the streamwise __ direction u'v' — mean shear stress u'2 =mean normal stress in the streamwise direction uc = mean streamwise velocity at wake center iieu = mean streamwise velocity in the suction-side freestream uel = mean streamwise velocity in the pressure-side freestream Href = mean reference velocity in the streamwise direction v,v' = mean and fluctuating cross-stream velocity v'2 = mean normal stress in the cross-stream direction w'2 =mean normal stress in the spanwise direction Xty = streamwise coordinate in the wake measured from the trailing edge, and cross-stream coordinate <5 = boundary-layer thickness, i.e., the distance from the wall where the velocity reaches 99.5% of the freestream velocity

Field of study: Physics
Regional Differences in Insurance Development Level in China

According to eight economic indicators of China's 30 provinces and cities in 2011,this paper uses SPSS software to carry out principal component analysis and cluster analysis,dividing 30 provinces into 4 categories according to their scores.Research results show that dynamic factor is the chief influencing factor of insurance development level,and the regional difference of insurance development level is obvious,with eastern area more developed and the midwest falling behind.The eastern area should make use of the advantages on capital to cultivate the core technology,promoting the innovation of products and services.The midwest area should speed up economic development and develop some special insurance breeds which can convert potential resource advantage into real competitive advantage.Moreover,regional insurance integration is the new requirement for insurance industry under the background of regional economic integration.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Why coherence is not truth‐conducive

Tomoji Shogenji (1999) argues that beliefs that are more coherent need not thereby be more likely to be true. This would strongly suggest that coherence (in the sense of mutual support) is not truth conducive, i.e., that the traditional philosophical problem of whether coherence implies truth has been given a negative solution. But Shogenji resists this conclusion, maintaining that the notion of truth conduciveness is inadequately captured by the formula ‘more coherence implies a higher likelihood of truth’. Further, he goes on to show that coherence is truth conducive on another, supposedly more adequate, account of the problematic concept. In this paper I shall argue that while Shogenji’s observation of a lack of correlation between coherence and truth is correct, his reasons for not drawing the natural philosophical conclusion are not. Shogenji has drawn attention to the following problem of coherence and specificity. He asks us to imagine ‘an epistemically ultraconservative agent who only holds a few extremely unspecific beliefs say, some rocks are heavier than others; some animals sleep sometimes; and someone is humming some tune somewhere’ (1999: 342). In this case it is, Shogenji writes, ‘very likely that her beliefs are all truth even though they do not hang together’ (ibid.). Meanwhile ‘a huge collection of highly specific beliefs such as the entire body of medical science almost certainly contains errors even though they tightly hang together’ (ibid.). Hence, more coherence does not imply a higher joint likelihood of truth. This informal argument can be made formally precise as follows. Following Shogenji we first define the degree of coherence of a pair, A and B, by

Field of study: Philosophy
Wild and Domestic Differences in Plant Development and Responses to Water Deficit in Cicer

There is growing interest in widening the genetic diversity of domestic crops using wild relatives to break linkage drag and/or introduce new adaptive traits, particularly in narrow crops such as chickpea. To this end, it is important to understand wild and domestic adaptive differences to develop greater insight into how wild traits can be exploited for crop improvement. Here, we study wild and domestic Cicer development and water-use over the lifecycle, measuring responses to reproductive water deficit, a key Mediterranean selection pressure, using mini-lysimeters (33 L round pots) in common gardens under contrasting water regimes. Wild and domestic Cicer were consistently separated by later phenology, greater water extraction and lower water use efficiency (WUE) and harvest index in the former, and much greater yield-responsiveness in the latter. Throughout the lifecycle, there was greater vegetative investment in wild, and greater reproductive investment in domestic Cicer, reflected in root and harvest indices, rates of leaf area, and pod growth. Domestic WUE was consistently greater than wild, suggesting differences in water-use regulation and partitioning. Large wild-domestic differences revealed in this study are indicative of evolution under contrasting selection pressures. Cicer domestication has selected for early phenology, greater early vigor, and reproductive efficiency, attributes well-suited to a time-delimited production system, where the crop is protected from grazing, disease, and competition, circumstances that do not pertain in the wild. Wild Cicer attributes are more competitive: higher peak rates of leaf area growth, greater ad libitum water-use, and extraction under terminal drought associated with greater vegetative dry matter allocation, leading to a lower reproductive capacity and efficiency than in domestic chickpea. These traits strengthen competitive capacity throughout the growing season and are likely to facilitate recovery from grazing, two significant selection pressures faced by wild, rather than domesticated Cicer. While increased water extraction may be useful for improving chickpea drought tolerance, this trait must be evaluated independently of the other associated wild traits. To this end, the wild-domestic populations have been developed.

Field of study: Biology
Development of biodegradable nanosheets as nanoadhesive plaster

Sheet-shaped carriers having both obverse and reverse surfaces (thus, a large contact area for targeting a site and adhesive properties without any chemical cross-linker onto tissue surface) have several advantages as surgical dressings. These advantages include active targeting over spherically shaped carriers, which thus have an extremely small contact area for targeting sites. Here, we propose a novel methodology for preparation of a free-standing, ultra-thin, and biocompatible polymer nanosheet having heterosurfaces, fabricated through macromolecular assembly. In the context of biomedical applications, the targeted properties include injectable sheet-shaped drug carriers having precisely controlled size by exploiting micropatterned substrate, and giant polymer nanosheets composed of biocompatible polysaccharides. A huge aspect ratio, in excess of 106, is particularly applicable for novel surgical dressings. These biocompatible polymer nanosheets having heterosurfaces can thus be regarded as new biomaterials for minimally invasive treatment.

Field of study: Chemistry
Past hydrographic and climatic changes in the Subantarctic Zone of the South Atlantic – The Pleistocene record from ODP Site 1090

Pleistocene summer sea-surface temperatures (SSST) have been reconstructed on a composite core section recovered in the Subantarctic Zone of the Southern Ocean from planktonic foraminifers applying the Modern Analog Technique. The composite consists of Core PS2489-2 and the sections recovered at ODP Site 1090, and documents the last 1.83 Ma. Three distinct climatic periods can be identified that mirror the Pleistocene development of the Southern Ocean hydrography. Cold climatic conditions prevailed at 43°S during glacial as well as during interglacial periods during the early Pleistocene (1.83–0.87 Ma), indicating a northward shift of isotherms that characterize the present-day Polar Front Zone by about 7° of latitude. Evidence shows a strong linkage between Southern Ocean and low latitude climate during that interval time. Between the Mid-Pleistocene Revolution (ca. 0.9 Ma) and the Mid-Brunhes Event (ca. 0.4 Ma), we observe higher amplitude fluctuations in the SSST between glacial and interglacial periods, corresponding to the temperature range between the present Polar Front and Subantarctic Front. These climatic variations have been related to changes in the northern hemisphere ice sheets. The past 0.4 Ma are characterized by strong SSST variations, of up to 8°C, between glacials and interglacials. Only during the climatic optima (stages 11.3, 9.3, 7.5, 7.1, 5.5, and the early Holocene), SSST exceeded present SSST at the core locality (10.2°C). Although the carbonate dissolution record exhibits high variability during the Pleistocene, it can be shown that SSST estimates were not significantly biased. The Mid-Brunhes dissolution cycle as well as the Mid-Pleistocene enhanced carbonate preservation appear to belong to a global long-term variability in carbonate preservation.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
WIND TUNNEL EXPERIMENT OF SAND VELOCITY IN NATURE AEOLIAN SAND TRANSPORT USING PARTICLE IMAGE VELOCIMETRY

Sand velocity in aeolian sand transport is measured using the PIV system(Particle Imaging Velocimetry) in a wind tunnel.The velocity probability distribution of ascending and descending particles,as well the influences of sand ripple on the sand particle motion are analyzed.The results show that velocity distributions of take-off particles and particles during sand movement accord with logarithm normal distribution.The mean incident velocity of sand particles is 1.005-1.4 times higher than take-off ones with different wind speed.It is found that sand ripples play an important role on the sand particles motion,which is a key factor that can not be neglected.

Field of study: Engineering
Analytical treatment of the Earth oblateness and solar radiation pressure effects on an artificial satellite I. The equations of motion

In this paper, the motion of the Earth artificial satellite problem including the solar radiation pressure force has been considered. The geopotential will be expressed in terms of both the zonal and tesseral harmonics up to J"4 and S"4"4 respectively. The solar radiation pressure force will be obtained to enable this effect to contribute in the Hamiltonian function corresponding to the motion of the satellite. The Hamiltonian function is then obtained in terms of the Delauny set of canonical variables, augmented so as to remove the explicit time dependence due to the mean longitude of the Sun and due to the motion of the Earth about its axis.

Field of study: Mathematics
Lessons for International Law from the Gulf War

Politically and militarily, the War in the Gulf remains an unsettled event. Although nearly two years have passed since the War, its political consequences are still evolving. Militarily, the recent reintroduction of allied forces into Iraqi air space suggests that the War continues, though at a much reduced level.1 In the long run, the War will probably be seen as a footnote to the larger political upheavals that marked the start of this decade-noteworthy because it made visible the realignment of the international order that had already occurred. While the War may be merely a footnote from the perspective of political history, it is a major event from the perspective of international law. It marked one of the few occasions on which there was a deliberate invocation of international law to justify military force. For this reason, an examination of the War can teach us much about the reality of, and possibilities for, international law. Given the continuing tumultuous politics of Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union, this legal reconsideration is important. Already, the international-legal machinery deployed in the War has served as a precedent for United Nations Security Council action authorizing military intervention in Bosnia and Hercegovina.2 We are moving rapidly toward a new world order of some sort. While it may be too early to predict the political shape of that order, it is not too early to consider the role that international law may play in it. Before we raise our hopes for a vital future for international law, we need to fully understand the character and power of existing international law. To that end, it is useful to examine international law as it operated, and failed to operate, in the Gulf War.

Field of study: Law
Love Learning And Create Change In Science And Technology Through Effective Mathematics Education At The Upper Basic Education Level In Benue State, Nigeria.

It is obvious that change is the only permanent thing.  This change however, require a pragmatic education to remain; and for this education to become pragmatic requires a change of attitude by learners from negative to positive especially at this era of science and technology.  Science and technology is properly driven with sound mathematics.  Implication of this is that adequate mathematics education is required at the foundational level of education. This paper therefore considered how improving learners’ love (attitude) for learning mathematics could create change in science and technology if mathematics education is properly positioned at the upper basic education level in Nigeria.  This is because the Nigeria nation intends to be one of the twenth economically viable nations in the world by the year 2020.  It is therefore, targeted at empowering both students and teachers at this level of education, for the purpose of actualizing this very import vision of the nation.  The study was carried out in Benue State, Nigeria and covered all the upper basic education level students and their mathematics teachers.  Simple survey design was adopted, while instrument of study was a questionnaire called upper basic education mathematics questionnaire (UBEMQ) with 40 items.  Results collate was analysed using descriptive statistics of mean and standard deviation.  It was found among other things, that learners’ strong love for mathematics is a primary catalyst for actualizing the nations desire for scientific and technological development which is a basic ingredient   for the nation’s vision 20:2020.Recommendations such as improving the capacity of mathematics teachers should be encouraged as well as ensuring that mathematics teachers use instructional materials in their mathematics classroom among others. Adequate conclusion was made.  Love learning, Create change, Science and Technology, Mathematics  education, Upper basic education level

Field of study: Education
Transformation of germanium to fluogermanates

The surface of a single-crystal germanium wafer was transformed to crystals of germanium fluorides and oxides upon exposure to a vapor of HF and HNO3 chemical mixture. Structure analysis indicates that the transformation results in a germanate polycrystalline layer consisting of germanium oxide and ammonium fluogermanate with preferential crystal growth orientation in 〈101〉 direction. Local vibrational mode analysis confirms the presence of N–H and Ge–F vibrational modes in addition to Ge–O stretching modes. Energy dispersive studies reveal the presence of hexagonal α-phase GeO2 crystal clusters and ammonium fluogermanates around these clusters in addition to a surface oxide layer. Electronic band structure as probed by ellipsometry has been associated with the germanium oxide crystals and disorder-induced band tailing effects at the interface of the germanate layer and the bulk Ge wafer. The acid vapor exposure causes Ge surface to emit yellow photoluminescence at room temperature.

Field of study: Physics
Evaluation of the Mechanical, Thermal and Rheological Properties of Recycled Polyolefins Rice-hull Composites

Understanding the properties and flow characteristics of recycled polyolefins in rice hull composite blends is of importance to facilitate process optimization whilst promoting sustainability. The influence of milled rice hull particle size (<0.5 mm and <1 mm) on properties of recycled polyolefins composites was studied with major focus on recycled high-density polyethylene (rHDPE) and polypropylene (rPP) together with added maleated polymer coupling agents. Composites were compounded/extruded using a twin-screw extruder and the thermal, mechanical, and physical properties were analyzed as well as their melt flow, dynamic. and capillary rheology tests. The incorporation of the <0.5 mm rice-hulls particles enhanced the composite properties of viscosity, flexural strength, moduli, water absorption, and thermal stability for both polyolefins with rHDPE composites showing more reliable properties as compared to rPP.

Field of study: Materials science
Primal-dual solution for the linear programming problems using neural networks

In this paper we represent two new methods for the solution of canonical form linear programming problems. In order to solve this linear programming problem we must minimize energy function of the corresponding neural network. Here energy function is considered as a Liapunov function and we use treated Hopfield neural network. First new method finds optimal solution for primal problem, using neural network, while second new method composes primal and dual problem and therefore finds optimal solution for both problems. Numerical results compared with simplex solution, and find that the convergence of two new methods to the correct solution is too fast, even faster than Neguyen's method. The new methods are fully stable.

Field of study: Mathematics
stress Distribution at an Overfall

THE formation and movement of a headcut in an earth emergency spillway often constitutes the major source of damage to the structure. The mechanics of headcut formation and growth are, however, largely unknown. The following paper describes current research in measuring the hydraulic stresses at the boundary of a turbulent overfall. Using a fixed-bed plexiglass model instrumented with hot-film anemometry, the variations in boundary shear stress were measured and are presented for each of four flow rates.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Reconstruction of the Joint State of a Two-Mode Bose-Einstein Condensate

We propose a scheme to reconstruct the state of a two-mode Bose-Einstein condensate, with a given total number of atoms, using an atom interferometer that requires beam splitter, phase shift, and nonideal atom counting operations. The density matrix in the number-state basis can be computed directly from the probabilities of different counts for various phase shifts between the original modes, unless the beam splitter is exactly balanced. Simulated noisy data from a two-mode coherent state are produced and the state is reconstructed, for 49atoms. The error can be estimated from the singular values of the transformation matrix between state and probability data.

Field of study: Physics