nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
I-131-Lipiodol therapy in liver neoplasms.

Twelve patients with liver neoplasms [10 HCC, 1 CCC, 1 multiple breast cancer metastases (BCM)] were treated by transarterial I-131-Lipiodol. Computed tomography (CT) and single photon emission CT (SPECT) showed pronounced I-131-Lipiodol accumulation in the tumor tissue in all cases. In three patients with HCC a reduction of tumor size was achieved after the first treatment. The remaining patients had big tumor masses; 5 of these (4 HCC, 1 CCC) had stable disease after the first treatment, and 2 HCC were progressive. One patient died immediately after therapy due to other reasons. The BCM proved significant reduction in number and size. Eighteen-FDG-PET (positron emission tomography with fluor-18-deoxy-glucose) and CT controls showed in part different results with pretherapeutic PET proving high interindividual variability in tumor activity. Side effects were tolerable. In summary, the therapy procedure with transarterial I-131-Lipiodol is safe and effective in tumors with moderate tumor mass.

Field of study: Biology
Optimization of ReLU Neural Networks using Quotient Stochastic Gradient Descent

It has been well known that neural networks with rectified linear hidden units (ReLU) as activation functions are positively scale invariant, which results in severe redundancy in their weight space (i.e., many ReLU networks with different weights are actually equivalent). In this paper, we formally characterize this redundancy/equivalence using the language of \emph{quotient space} and discuss its negative impact on the optimization of ReLU neural networks. Specifically, we show that all equivalent ReLU networks correspond to the same vector in the quotient space, and each such vector can be characterized by the so-called skeleton paths in the ReLU networks. With this, we prove that the dimensionality of the quotient space is $\#$weight$-\#$(hidden nodes), indicating that the redundancy of the weight space is huge. In this paper, we propose to optimize ReLU neural networks directly in the quotient space, instead of the original weight space. We represent the loss function in the quotient space and design a new stochastic gradient descent algorithm to iteratively learn the model, which we call \emph{Quotient stochastic gradient descent } (abbreviated as Quotient SGD). We also develop efficient tricks to ensure that the implementation of Quotient SGD almost requires no extra computations as compared to standard SGD. According to the experiments on benchmark datasets, our proposed Quotient SGD can significantly improve the accuracy of the learned model.

Field of study: Computer science
Comparative Analysis of the Discussion and Constructivism Methods of Teaching Adult Learners in Adult Education

Adult learners unlike the child learners, possesses several characteristics that makes them unique and leave their instructor with no choice than to treat adult learners as objects rather than subjects. Consequently, there is the need for democratic methods of teaching adults. This paper examined the rationale for the use of the discussion and constructivism methods as democratic teaching methods; description effects of the methods when used and suggestions for the improved usage of these methods for adult learners in adult education. The paper concludes that the discussion and constructivism methods of teaching adults in adult education programmes are some of the methods of teaching adults that when properly utilized could give adult learners a sense of belonging. Moreover, it could promote learners confidence and participation in the adult learning programme. It suggests that adult education practitioners involved with teaching adults to adopt these democratic methods so as to promote a conducive learning environment that would sustain and promote learning outcomes evident in adult learners in adult education programmes globally.

Field of study: Education
Chitin promotes Mycobacterium ulcerans growth.

Mycobacterium ulcerans(MU) is the causative agent of Buruli ulcer, an emerging human infectious disease. However, both the ecology and life cycle of MU are poorly understood. The occurrence of MU has been linked to the aquatic environment, notably water bodies affected by human activities. It has been hypothesized that one or a combination of environmental factor(s) connected to human activities could favour growth of MU in aquatic systems. Here, we testedin vitrothe growth effect of two ubiquitous polysaccharides and five chemical components on MU at concentration ranges shown to occur in endemic regions. Real-time PCR showed that chitin increased MU growth significantly providing a nutrient source or environmental support for thebacillus, thereby, providing a focus on the association between MU and aquatic arthropods. Aquatic environments with elevated population of arthropods provide increased chitin availability and, thereby, enhanced multiplication of MU. If calcium very slightly enhanced MU growth, iron, zinc, sulphate and phosphate did not stimulate MU growth, and at the concentration ranges of this study would limit MU population in natural ecosystems.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
There are asymmetric minimizers for the one-dimensional Ginzburg-Landau model of superconductivity

We study a boundary value problem associated with a system of two second-order differential equations with cubic nonlinearity which model a film of superconductor material subjected to a tangential magnetic field. We show that for an appropriate range of parameters there are asymmetric solutions and only trivial symmetric solutions. We then correct an error of the authors in [Nonlinear Problems in Applied Mathematics, SIAM, Philadelphia, PA, 1996, pp. 150--158] and show that the associated energy function is negative for the asymmetric solutions. Since the energy is zero for the trivial symmetric solution, it follows that a global minimizer of the energy is asymmetric. This property resolves a conjecture of Marcus

Field of study: Physics
Liberty, Tyranny, and Ethnicity: The German Reformed "Free Synod" Schism (1819-1823) and th eAmericanization of an Ethnic Church

Reading, Pennsylvania, for the annual synodical meeting of the German Reformed Church.' The atmosphere was tense. The normal routine of orderly business-licensing and ordaining ministers, listening to sermons, and transacting ecclesiastical correspondence-would not dominate the agenda. Instead, the group faced the prospect of schism. A proposal to establish an American-style theological seminary threatened to tear the synod apart. As the day progressed discussion became more animated and angry "until the feelings of several were wrought up to a high state of exasperation." Participants denounced one another and one synod member publicly insulted a visiting Dutch Reformed clergyman-observer who symbolized the distant, ecumenical influences rocking the synodA By the end of the day, threats and counterthreats bad filled the air, and within several months the synod had divided. What had caused the "reverend synod" to lose its decorous composure

Field of study: History
Asymptotic behavior analysis of Markovian switching neutral-type stochastic time-delay systems

A new integral inequality method is put forward to analyze the general decay stability for Markovian switching neutral stochastic functional differential systems. At first, in order to get around the dynamic analyses difficulty induced by the coinstantaneous presence of neutral term, Markovian switching and Brownian motion noise, an new integral inequality as a powerful tool is gained. Then, based on the integral inequality, general decay stability in the sense of p th( p > 0 ) moment and the almost sure can be taken out by utilizing the nonnegative semimartingale convergence theorem and Lyapunov stability theory. The obtained results can be especially applied to two special types of neutral stochastic differential systems that have been studied in the literature. Finally, an example has been performed to verify the obtained analytical results.

Field of study: Mathematics
Recursive Least Squares Dictionary Learning Algorithm

We present the recursive least squares dictionary learning algorithm, RLS-DLA, which can be used for learning overcomplete dictionaries for sparse signal representation. Most DLAs presented earlier, for example ILS-DLA and K-SVD, update the dictionary after a batch of training vectors has been processed, usually using the whole set of training vectors as one batch. The training set is used iteratively to gradually improve the dictionary. The approach in RLS-DLA is a continuous update of the dictionary as each training vector is being processed. The core of the algorithm is compact and can be effectively implemented. The algorithm is derived very much along the same path as the recursive least squares (RLS) algorithm for adaptive filtering. Thus, as in RLS, a forgetting factor ¿ can be introduced and easily implemented in the algorithm. Adjusting ¿ in an appropriate way makes the algorithm less dependent on the initial dictionary and it improves both convergence properties of RLS-DLA as well as the representation ability of the resulting dictionary. Two sets of experiments are done to test different methods for learning dictionaries. The goal of the first set is to explore some basic properties of the algorithm in a simple setup, and for the second set it is the reconstruction of a true underlying dictionary. The first experiment confirms the conjectural properties from the derivation part, while the second demonstrates excellent performance.

Field of study: Engineering
ALTIS: A Fast and Automatic Lung and Trachea CT-Image Segmentation Method.

The automated segmentation of each lung and trachea in CT scans is commonly taken as a solved problem. Indeed, existing approaches may easily fail in the presence of some abnormalities caused by a disease, trauma, or previous surgery. For robustness, we present ALTISa - a fast Automatic Lung and Trachea CT-Image Segmentation method that relies on image features and relative shape- and intensity-based characteristics less affected by most appearance variations of abnormal lungs and trachea.



ALTIS consists of a sequence of Image Foresting Transforms (IFTs) organized in three main steps, (i) lung-and-trachea extraction, (ii) seed estimation inside background, trachea, left lung, and right lung, and (iii) their delineation such that each object is defined by an optimum-path forest rooted at its internal seeds. We compare ALTIS with two methods based on shape models (SOSM-S and MALF), and one algorithm based on seeded region growing (PTK).



The experiments involve the highest number of scans found in literature - 1255 scans, from multiple public datasets containing many anomalous cases, being only 50 normal scans used for training and 1205 scans used for testing the methods. Quantitative experiments are based on two metrics, DICE and ASSD. Furthermore, we also demonstrate the robustness of ALTIS in seed estimation. Considering the test set, the proposed method achieves an average DICE of 0:987 for both lungs and 0:898 for the trachea, whereas an average ASSD of 0:938 for the right lung, 0:856 for the left lung, and 1:316 for the trachea. These results indicate that ALTIS is statistically more accurate and considerably faster than the compared methods, being able to complete segmentation in a few seconds on modern PCs.



ALTIS is the most effective and effcient choice among the compared methods to segment left lung, right lung, and trachea in anomalous CT scans for subsequent detection, segmentation, and quantitative analysis of abnormal structures in the lung parenchyma and pleural space. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
The Causes for the Bacterial Growing in Polymer Quenchants and Its Remedy Solutions

Polymer quenchants have been found increasingly wide application.However,the bacterial growing in its system not only accelerates the degradation of the quenchants and instablize the cooling rate and quenching quality,but also is apt to rust and bad odor.This paper firstly analyses the possible causes for the bacterial growing and then discusses the corresponding remedy solutions for the problem.

Field of study: Materials science
The sports behaviors of urban residents before and after SARS

The authors surveyed and analyzed the sports behaviors of urban residents before and after SARS,and revealed the following findings: There are 4 typical types of change of the sports behaviors of urban residents before and after SARS,namely,lifetime type,consequential lifetime type,wavy type,and dissociative type;the change of the sports behaviors of urban residents has obvious characteristics of occupation,age,educational level and gender.

Field of study: Education
Orbital-ordering-driven multiferroicity and magnetoelectric coupling in GeV₄S₈.

We report here the discovery of multiferroicity and large magnetoelectric coupling in the type I orbital order system GeV₄S₈. Our study demonstrates that this clustered compound displays a para-ferroelectric transition at 32 K. This transition originates from an orbital ordering which reorganizes the charge within the transition metal clusters. Below the antiferromagnetic transition at 17 K, the application of a magnetic field significantly affects the ferroelectric polarization, revealing thus a large magnetoelectric coupling. Our study suggests that the application of a magnetic field induces a metamagnetic transition which significantly affects the ferroelectric polarization thanks to an exchange striction phenomenon.

Field of study: Physics
Structure and origin of the Dun Mountain ultramafic massif, New Zealand

Dun Mountain, the type locality of dunite, forms part of a major belt of predominantly mafic and ultramafic rocks in South Island, New Zealand. The core of the mountain consists of unserpentinized dunite and harzburgite tectonite. Foliations in the ultramafic rocks strike approximately northeast-southwest, parallel to the elongation of the crestal plateau. Lineations are horizontal and northeast-southwest. Texture is usually porphyroclastic, with olivine elongated parallel to lineations. Petrofabric analyses show strong preferred orientations of olivine a crystallographic axes subparallel to foliations and lineations. Shear senses within the ultramafic are dextral, indicating that the northern portion of Dun Mountain has been displaced to the east relative to the southern portion. Undulatory extinction of olivine, resulting from kinking and associated slip on (010) [100] and {Ok1} [100] slip systems, is interpreted as originating within the upper mantle beneath oceanic crust that formed at a spreading ridge or in a marginal basin. Seismic anisotropy of the Dun Mountain ultramafic is similar to observed anisotropy in the upper oceanic mantle.

Field of study: Geology
Sports participation: price or priorities?

Heavily subsidized entrance charges for public sport and recreation facilities are a central component of public leisure policy. This policy is based on the assumption that the cost of entrance represents a major obstacle to participation for a range of social groups. This article reports on a study (sponsored by the Scottish Sports Council) which examined the impact of increased entrance charges at a number of sports centres. Drawing on user and household surveys it suggests that, at current levels, the cost of entrance is an absolute barrier for a small number of people. However among committed participants it may act as a relative barrier by reducing the frequency of their participation. The data suggests that compared with other forms of leisure, sports participation is relatively cheap and that constraints on participation are more likely to be related to cultural attitudes underlying a lack of interest or life-style factors which limit free time available for sports and physical recreation.

Field of study: Sociology
LETTERS TO THE EDITOR: Efficient four-wave mixing near vibrational resonances in ozone

Generation of the sum frequency 2ν1 + ν2 by vibrational–rotational transitions of molecules in the gaseous phase was achieved for the first time. The pump sources were a CO2 laser and the nonlinear medium was ozone. A high conversion efficiency, of the order of 0.1% on the energy scale, was attained.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Development of Recombinant Antigen of Human T-lymphotropic Virus and Double-antigen Sandwich ELISA

For development of a sensitive and specific diagnostic kit of the human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV), a chimeric envelope gene of the HTLV-Ⅰ and HTLV-Ⅱ was expressed in E. coli. The recombinant antigen, ENV168 (reacted good with anti-HTLV and was used as peroxidase conjugated antigen), together with another recombinant antigen was developed as a double-antigen sandwich ELISA(dsELISA). The dsELISA could detect out all the 31 HTLV-Ⅰ positive sera and 19 HTLV-Ⅱ positive sera, and the sensitivity of the assay on 5,065 negative sera was 99.94%. A parallel detection of 18 HTLV-Ⅰ positive sera, 17 HTLV-Ⅱ positive sera and 1,024 donors′ sera using dsELISA and a commercial kit (GeneLabs kit) was performed. The results showed that both the sensitivity and specificity of the dsELISA were 100%, and the reactivity (mean s/co value) to HTLV-Ⅰ samples was similar as to HTLV-Ⅱ samples, both were significantly higher than those of GeneLabs kit. For GeneLabs kit, the reactivity with HTLV-Ⅰ samples was significantly higher than that with HTLV-Ⅱ samples. The specificity of dsELISA was significantly higher than GeneLabs kit. These results suggest that the dsELISA kit is useful on the diagnosis of the HTLV-Ⅰ infection as well as HTLV-Ⅱ infection.

Field of study: Biology
Culturas encontradas: Cuba y los Estados Unidos (review)

freedom were stained by selective but recurrent repression of academics. The book's lack of such assessment enhances the perception of Canada's ability to act as protagonist with regard to Cuba. Too much of Canada's constructive engagement policy was built on wishful thinking about a role to which Canada aspired but did not have—and of a "better Cuba," one that the Canadian government imagined even if it did not exist.

Field of study: History
Structure, processing and performance of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (IUPAC Technical Report). Part 2: crystallinity and supra molecular structure

Test methods including OM, SEM, TEM, DSC, SAXS, WAXS, and IR were used to characterise supra-molecular structure in three batches of polyethylene (PE), which had weight-average relative molar masses M¯w ${\overline{M}}_{\text{w}}$of approximately 0.6 × 106, 5 × 106, and 9 × 106. They were applied to compression mouldings made by the polymer manufacturer. Electron microscopy showed that powders formed in the polymerization reactor consisted of irregularly shaped grains between 50 and 250 μm in diameter. Higher magnification revealed that each grain was an aggregate, composed of particles between 0.4 and 0.8 μm in diameter, which were connected by long, thin fibrils. In compression mouldings, lamellar thicknesses ranged from 7 to 23 nm. Crystallinity varied between 70 and 75 % in reactor powder, but was lower in compression mouldings. Melting peak temperatures ranged from 138 to 145 °C, depending on processing history. DMTA showed that the glass transition temperature θg was −120 °C for all three grades of polyethylene. IR spectroscopy found negligibly small levels of oxidation and thermal degradation in mouldings. Optical microscopy revealed the presence of visible fusion defects at grain boundaries. It is concluded that relatively weak defects can be characterized using optical microscopy, but there is a need for improved methods that can detect less obvious fusion defects.

Field of study: Chemistry
Inactivation of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli O157:H7 on fresh kashar cheese with pulsed ultraviolet light

Pulsed ultraviolet light is a potential postprocessing decontamination method which is able to reduce pathogens on solid food surfaces. Cheese surfaces may become easily contaminated with pathogens due to improper handling or contact with unhygienic surfaces during or after processing. In this study, the effects of pulsed ultraviolet light on Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli O157:H7 on fresh kashar cheese were investigated. Pulsed ultraviolet light was applied to kashar cheese for different times (5, 15, 30, 45, 60 s) at 5, 8, and 13 cm from the quartz window in a pulsed ultraviolet light system. Based on the inactivation level, time, and visual evaluation, the most favorable treatment was determined as the 45 s–13 cm treatment (∼44 J/cm2). This treatment yielded about 1.62 and 3.02 log10 reductions (cfu/cm2) for S. aureus and E. coli O157:H7, respectively, while did not alter (p>0.05) the pH, lipid oxidation, and moisture content of kashar cheese, except the color parameters. When 0.5 cm thick kashar cheese was treated with pulsed ultraviolet light at a distance of 5 cm from the quartz window, the highest energy transmittance was found to be about 9.16%. These findings demonstrate that pulsed ultraviolet light has the potential for postprocessing decontamination of semi-hard cheese surfaces.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
A song turned sideways would sound as sweet

Markosian (2020) presents an argument against certain theories of time based on the aesthetic value of music. He argues that turning a piece of music sideways in time destroys its intrinsic value, which would not be possible if the Spacetime Thesis were true. In this paper I show that sideways music poses no problems for any theory of time by demonstrating that turning a piece of music sideways does not affect its intrinsic value. I do this by appealing to spatial analogies that highlight the similarities between spatial and temporal rotations.

Field of study: Philosophy
Transurethral needle biopsy: a novel technique for pathologic diagnosis of bladder tumors in children.

Although rare, both benign and malignant bladder tumors are occasionally encountered in the pediatric population. In the present article, the technique of transurethral needle biopsy, which utilizes an 18-gauge core biopsy instrument inserted through a 9.5 French offset pediatric cystoscope to obtain diagnostic biopsies, is described. This technique has been used successfully in two patients, both of whom had an inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor on biopsy and on final pathology from partial cystectomy. This provides an alternative technique, which may be used when a pediatric resectoscope is not available or in patients with a small caliber urethra.

Field of study: Medicine
Use of an unmanned aircraft system to quantify NO x emissions from a natural gas boiler.

Aerial emission sampling of four natural gas boiler stack plumes was conducted using an unmanned aerial system (UAS) equipped with a lightweight sensor-sampling system (the "Kolibri") for measurement of nitrogen oxide (NO), and nitrogen dioxide (NO2), carbon dioxide (CO2), and carbon monoxide (CO). Flights (n=22) ranged from 11 to 24min in duration at two different sites. The UAS was maneuvered into the plumes with the aid of real-time CO2 telemetry to the ground operators and, at one location, a second UAS equipped with an infrared-visible camera. Concentrations were collected and recorded at 1Hz. The maximum CO2, CO, NO, and NO2 concentrations in the plume measured were 10000, 7, 27, and 1.5 ppm, respectively. Comparison of the NO x emissions between the stack continuous emission monitoring systems and the UAS-Kolibri for three boiler sets showed an average of 5.6% and 3.5% relative difference for the run-weighted and carbon-weighted average emissions, respectively. To our knowledge, this is the first evidence of the accuracy performance of UAS-based emission factors against a source of known strength.

Field of study: Environmental science