nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Significance of Layer-Parallel Slip During Folding of Layered Sedimentary Rocks

The Greenport Center syncline is an asymmetric fold with a half wave length of about 40 m developed in the Devonian Becraft and Alsen Limestones on Becraft Mountain, New York. Twinning strains have been measured in 19 samples distributed so as to sample all of the structurally significant regions of the fold. The orientation and relative magnitudes of the observed strains are consistent with those expected from the buckling of a thick isotropic layer, but the observed magnitudes are too small by a factor of more than four. Local and nonsystematic variations in strain are much larger than those expected in the buckling of a continuous layer, and the Greenport Center syncline also contains abundant geologic evidence that slip between beds was important.

A theoretical model of the folding of a free, anisotropic, linearly viscous layer of appropriate wave length/thickness ratio is analyzed. Although the smoothly distributed bedding-parallel shear of the model does not adequately represent the process of bedding slip in the real fold, it does permit the estimate of the degree of anisotropy necessary to produce observed limb dips with observed bending strains. If the viscosity coefficient for shear parallel to bedding is 0.03 times that for bending, the bending strains are reduced to the observed value; the required bedding slip could be produced by slip surfaces spaced about 30 cm apart if the average displacement on a slip surface were about 23 cm. The model of inherited asymmetry is both appropriate for the Greenport Center syncline and treatable within the present theoretical framework. Inherited asymmetry is shown to be possible for an anisotropic layer though not for an isotropic one.

Field of study: Geology
Numerical and Experimental Analysis of Normal Zone Propagation on 2G HTS Wires

In this paper we analyse numerically and experimentally the quench behavior of Cu-stabilized second-generation high temperature superconducting (2G HTS) wires at self-field and in adiabatic conditions. The electric field profiles along the superconductor after applying an energy pulse to the conductor have been obtained together with the parameters characterizing the quench: minimum quench energy (MQE) and the normal zone propagation velocity (NZPV). The analysis has been performed at different temperatures, T, between 72 K and 77 K, and at different applied currents, I/Ic(T) <; 1, Ic being the critical current. Our analysis shows that the numerical results obtained by finite element method (FEM) are closer to the experimental MQE values when the contribution of the thermal mass of the heater is taken into account.

Field of study: Physics
Application of SiO x -coated poly (ε-caprolactone) film for preservation of cherry tomato

The poly(ε-caprolactone)/silicon oxide (PCL/SiO x )-coated film was prepared by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition of SiO x . The result showed that the PCL/SiO x film presented increased elongation at break and appropriate gas permeability and CO2/O2 permselectivity. The PCL/SiO x film was further used for window packing container of equilibrium-modified atmosphere packaging of fresh cherry tomato. The gas composition within containers depended on the permeability of PCL/SiO x film and respiration of cherry tomato, which finally reached steady states that 4–6% CO2 and 11–13% O2 at room temperature and 2–3% CO2 and 17–19% O2 at 5°C, respectively. High sensory score, firmness, soluble solid concentration, ascorbic acid content, lower weight loss, and retarded respiration climacteric could be found for the cherry tomato packaged by PCL/SiO x film, indicating that delayed ripening, higher nutrient content, and extended shelf life were achieved.

Field of study: Materials science
Subjective Experience Versus Content of Information in the Construction of Attitude Judgments

Experienced ease of thought generation was found to affect the impact of thought valence on attitude judgments. Participants generated either three or seven arguments that were either in favor or opposed to a specific issue. After generating three arguments, which was experienced as easy, participants' reported attitudes reflected the implications of their arguments, but this was not the case after generating seven arguments, which was experienced as difficult. In contrast, yoked participants who had read the arguments generated by the first group and consequently had lacked the subjective experience in thought generation were influenced more strongly by having been exposed to seven arguments rather than three. The results suggest that individuals use their subjective experience that accompany thought generation for the construction of their attitudes.

Field of study: Psychology
Impact of the fear effect in a prey-predator model incorporating a prey refuge

In this paper, we investigate the influence of anti-predator behaviour due to the fear of predators with a Holling-type-II prey-predator model incorporating a prey refuge. We first provide the existence and stability of equilibria of the model. Next, we give the existence of Hopf bifurcation and limit cycle. In addition, we study the impact of the fear effect on the model analytically and numerically, and find that the fear effect can not only reduce the population density of predator at the positive equilibrium, but also stabilize the system by excluding the existence of periodic solutions. Moreover, we also find that prey refuge has great impact on the persistence of the predator.

Field of study: Mathematics
Characteristics of Bi(Pb)SrCaCuO superconducting ceramics samples properties by method of dynamic magnetic susceptibility measurements

Literature and experimental data about practical determination of phase composition and structure of BiHTSC ceramics from results of measurements of temperature dependence of magnetic susceptibility are presented. It is shown that Bi2223 to Bi2212 phases ratio, calculated by XRD-analysis results, does not correlate precisely with magnetic susceptibility - temperature dependence. Phase, which is present in smaller amount, especially Bi2212 phase with lower critical temperature, appears less pronouncedly at the magnetic susceptibility - temperature dependence. Besides, limiting parts of Meissner effect manifestation are peculiarities of contacts of superconducting grains. Different kinds of such contacts lead to lowering the critical temperature together with conservation of narrow transition interval, to division of transition into stages, and to increasing of transition interval. Among negative consequences of this influence there are hindrances in realization of grain oriented Bi ceramics synthesis scheme which imply powdering of samples consisting of chaotically evolved grains of Bi2223 phase, ordered placement of obtained plate grains of this phase - for example, through vibration compacting, and sintering.

Field of study: Physics
Nature of Chiral Transition in QCD and Sigma Meson

After showing the characteristic features of the chiral transition in QCD at finite temperature $T$, we note the significance of the sigma-mesonic mode in the chiral transition : Sigma meson may be regarded as the "Higgs particle" in QCD, though the existence of such a mode in the real world is still unclear. We show the properties of the sigma meson in hot and/or hadronic matter, from which we propose experiments to reveal the existence the sigma meson clearly; the experiments include relativistic heavy-ion collisions to create hot hadronic matter, and electro-production in heavy nuclei.

Field of study: Physics
Are decisions motive-perpetuating?

How should we understand the relation between decision-making and motivation? Thomas Pink has recently argued (Pink 1996) that decisions perpetuate pre-existing motives, and that whatever motivated the formation of a decision should, after that decision is taken, also motivate the action. In this article I argue that this view has certain problems, and that these problems can be solved if we assume instead that decisions are motive-generating. Pink's concern with this issue derives from his view that our ordinary conception of freedom presupposes that our will, which he understands as our capacity to make decisions, has two important features. First, that taking a particular decision to act counts as an action itself, as something which one deliberately does, and in doing which one may exercise future action control (146). Since actions in general are justified by the likelihood they would lead to a desirable end, this means he endorses the principle: ACTION Any justification at t for then deciding or intending to do A consists in the likelihood at t that so deciding or intending would further a desirable end E (145).

Field of study: Philosophy
Pathway engineering and medium optimization for α-farnesene biosynthesis in oleaginous yeast Yarrowia lipolytica.

Farnesene is a typical sesquiterpene with applications as fragrance, flavor and precursor for the synthesis of vitamin E/K1. In this study, a series of strategies were employed to facilitate α-farnesene accumulation in Yarrowia lipolytica. Among them, the promoter optimization of OptFSLERG20, Sc-tHMG1 and IDI resulted in more than 62% increase in α-farnesene production. Together with the overexpression of Yl-HMGR and ERG19, α-farnesene content was significantly improved by more than 3.5 times. The best metabolic engineered strain obtained was therefore used for a uniform design in shake flasks to determine the optimal medium compositions. Furthermore, a maximum α-farnesene production of approximately 2.57 g/L (34 mg/g DCW) was obtained in fed-batch fermentation where glycerol was supplemented as the feeding carbon source when initial glucose was depleted. This study has laid a good foundation for the development of Y. lipolytica as a promising chassis microbial cell for heterologous biosynthesis of α-farnesene and other sesquiterpenes.

Field of study: Biology, Engineering
Malondialdehyde-Modified LDL IgG Antibody Levels and Indices of Cardiac Function in Valvular Heart and Coronary Artery Disease Patients

To compare the changes in anti-malondialdehyde-modified low-density lipoprotein (MDA-LDL) IgG levels among patients undergoing off-pump and on-pump coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) or valvuloplasty.  A total of 38, 39 and 34 patients who underwent off-pump CABG, on-pump CABG and valvuloplasty, respectively, were enrolled in this study. Serum anti-MDA-LDL IgG values were measured 24 h before and after the operative procedures and at discharge. Echocardiography was also done before surgery and before discharge. The results were compared with values from 50 healthy controls.  In all patients, a reduction in antibody titers was observed post-operatively. However, the decrease was significant only in the off-pump CABG - before surgery: 42.33 (25.83-58.51), after surgery: 30.86 (16.36-51.33) and at discharge: 10.96 (6.82-23.57; p = 0.027). There was a significant positive association between anti-MDA-LDL IgG levels and ejection fraction (r = 0.248, p = 0.036) and a negative association with E/E', a marker of pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, in the coronary patients (r = -0.345, p = 0.012), but no significant associations were found in patients with valvular heart disease.  Serum anti-MDA-LDL IgG levels were associated with cardiac function indices in coronary patients undergoing CABG.

Field of study: Medicine
The Effect of Organizational Culture and Job Satisfaction on Employee Performance Emergency Installation

This research aimed to describe and analyze: 1) the effect of the organizational culture toward the performance of emergency department employees, 2) the effect of the job satisfaction toward the performance of emergency department employees, and 3) the effect of the organizational culture and the job satisfaction simultaneously toward the performance of emergency department employees.Survey method was implemented with qualitative approach. Population unit were 167 teachers. Research sample were 63 teachers which randomly selected from 167. Questionnaire with Likert scale was the technique used to collect the data. Testing the hypothesis were using simple and multiple correlation analysis.The result of data analysis showed that: 1) there was effect of the organizational culture toward the performance of emergency department employees, 2) there was effect of the job satisfaction toward the performance of emergency department employees, and 3) there was effect of the organizational culture and the job satisfaction toward the performance of emergency department employees, RSUP Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandow Manado.Based on these conclusion, it could be recommended that: 1) organizational culture should get attention from all institutional devices, such as; the leaders of hospitals, doctors, administrative staff, laboratory personnel, and the community, 2) the efforts to improve employee performance, it is expected that hospital leaders need to pay attention to policies, such as; job satisfaction for employees.  Organizational Culture, Job Satisfaction, Employees performance.

Field of study: Education
Growth or Stagnation? Farming in England, 1200–1800

Estimates of English income in Broadberry etÂ al.â€™s British economic growth, 1270â€“1870 are founded upon a fourfold growth of farm output, and output per farm worker, over this interval. This article shows, using four separate tests, that farm output growth must have been much more limited. The tests are, first, whether in 1300 there was enough work at harvest to employ all the labour force; second, whether the value of output per worker in agriculture was greater than the annual earnings of workers; third, whether the implied relative outputs per acre of arable versus pasture were reasonable; and fourth, whether a much shorter medieval work year was possible. An alternative index of farm output consistent with the labour supply, wages, and farm rents is derived. This shows much less growth during the period 1270â€“1800. Overall economic growth in England during these years must consequently have been far less than Broadberry etÂ al. estimate.

Field of study: Economics, History
Xampling: Signal Acquisition and Processing in Union of Subspaces

We introduce Xampling, a unified framework for signal acquisition and processing of signals in a union of subspaces. The main functions of this framework are two: Analog compression that narrows down the input bandwidth prior to sampling with commercial devices followed by a nonlinear algorithm that detects the input subspace prior to conventional signal processing. A representative union model of spectrally sparse signals serves as a test-case to study these Xampling functions. We adopt three metrics for the choice of analog compression: robustness to model mismatch, required hardware accuracy, and software complexities. We conduct a comprehensive comparison between two sub-Nyquist acquisition strategies for spectrally sparse signals, the random demodulator and the modulated wideband converter (MWC), in terms of these metrics and draw operative conclusions regarding the choice of analog compression. We then address lowrate signal processing and develop an algorithm for that purpose that enables convenient signal processing at sub-Nyquist rates from samples obtained by the MWC. We conclude by showing that a variety of other sampling approaches for different union classes fit nicely into our framework.

Field of study: Engineering
Comparison of effect of different running processes of membrane bioreactor

Two pilot-scale membrane bioreactors with different running processes were studied in treating domestic wastewater under the same conditions.The results showed that both systems had good ability for CODCr and ammonia nitrogen removal.Membrane sequencing batch reactor(MSBR) showed higher removal efficiency than aerobic membrane bioreactor(AMBR) for total nitrogen.But the high dissolved oxygen(DO),low C/N and lack of mechanical agitation of MSBR limited further increase of the TN removal efficiency.The membrane fouling of AMBR was more serious than that of MSBR.The increase rates of TMP versus CODCr rejected by unit membrane area were 0.065 kPa·g-1·m2 and 0.037 kPa·g-1·m2 respectively for MSBR and AMBR.Detailed analysis was made to explain this phenomenon.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Rival Carceralities: Legitimising Discourses of Prison Regime Formations in Bolivarian Venezuela

Venezuela has two types of prisons: a prison regime ruled by a hierarchical organisation of armed inmates and the securitised ‘New Regime’ system under the control of the Ministry of Penitentiary Services. This article uses a comparative approach to examine how legitimacy is constructed in these competing yet co-existing prison regime formations in Venezuela. Both the Venezuelan state and the prisons under ‘carceral self-rule’ legitimate their respective carceral orders through discourses of left-wing emancipation that correspond with different phases of the Bolivarian project. Yet contradictions emerge from these legitimising discourses and neither regime conforms to its respective discourse of participation or socialism. In the state-abandoned, violent and hierarchical prisons under carceral self-rule, prisoners are only partially empowered, while in the New Regime prison types predation at the hands of one's fellow inmates is replaced by the violence of the ‘humanising’ state.

Field of study: Political science
Countering the concept-drift problems in big data by an incrementally optimized stream mining model

The paper investigates the performance of incremental decision trees for concept drift, including VFDT, ADWIN, and iOVFDT.The computer simulation results show that iOVFDT has higher accuracy and less memory consumption than the original VFDT.The proposed method is useful and significant in fields of big data mining especially when concept-drift problem arises. Mining the potential value hidden behind big data has been a popular research topic around the world. For an infinite big data scenario, the underlying data distribution of newly arrived data may be appeared differently from the old one in the real world. This phenomenon is so-called the concept-drift problem that exists commonly in the scenario of big data mining. In the past decade, decision tree inductions use multi-tree learning to detect the drift using alternative trees as a solution. However, multi-tree algorithms consume more computing resources than the singletree. This paper proposes a singletree with an optimized node-splitting mechanism to detect the drift in a test-then-training tree-building process. In the experiment, we compare the performance of the new method to some state-of-art singletree and multi-tree algorithms. Result shows that the new algorithm performs with good accuracy while a more compact model size and less use of memory than the others.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Heterocyclic derivatives of purines. 5. Nucleophilic substitution in series of imidazo[1,2-f]purine derivatives

The chlorination of 1,8-dimethyl-7-phenylimidazo[1,2-f]xanthine with an equimolar amount of PCl5 in POCl3 leads to 2,4-dichloro-8-methyl-7-phenylimidazo[1,2-f]-purine. The possibility of substitution of the halogen atoms in reactions with nucleophilic reagents to give various 4-amino and 2,4-diamino derivatives was studied.

Field of study: Chemistry
The potential of diffuse reflectance spectroscopy for the determination of carbon inventories in soils.

Investigations have shown that near- and mid-infrared reflectance spectroscopy can accurately determine organic-C in soil. Efforts have also demonstrated that both can differentiate between organic and inorganic-C in soils, but the mid-infrared produces more accurate calibrations. Nevertheless, the greatest benefit would come with in situ determinations where factors such as particle size, sample heterogeneity and moisture can be important. While the variations in large (> 20 mesh) particle size can adversely effect calibration accuracy, efforts have demonstrated that the scanning of larger amounts of sample can overcome this, but the effects of moisture have not been fully explored. While under in situ conditions C distribution and sample heterogeneity are a problem for any analytical method, the rapid analysis possible with spectroscopic techniques will allow many more samples to be analyzed. In conclusion, near- and mid-infrared spectroscopy have great potential for providing the C values needed for C sequestration studies.

Field of study: Environmental science
Gesture Identification Using Sensors

Over the years from entertainment to gaming market, Gesture recognition is becoming the most powerful invention to interact with the machines especially smart phones , it is the most bright and proficient border between humans and machines. This technology is used in Smartphone’s to identify the gestures made by the user and act accordingly. The paper explains how the smart phone recognizes human gestures. It also explains types of sensors. The author has also discussed sensors used for gesture identification in Smartphone.

Field of study: Engineering
A new eighth-order iterative method for solving nonlinear equations

In this paper we present an improvement of the fourth-order Newton-type method for solving a nonlinear equation. The new Newton-type method is shown to converge of the order eight. Per iteration the new method requires three evaluations of the function and one evaluation of its first derivative and therefore the new method has the efficiency index of 8 4 , which is better than the well known Newton-type methods of lower order. We shall examine the effectiveness of the new eighth-order Newton-type method by approximating the simple root of a given nonlinear equation. Numerical comparisons are made with several other existing methods to show the performance of the presented method.

Field of study: Mathematics
Cycloaddition reactions of 1,3-diphenylthiazolo(3,4-a)benzimidazole with fulvene and tropone systems.

1,3-Diphenylthiazolo[3,4-a]benzimidazole (1) containing tetravalent sulfur reacts as a thiocarbonyl ylide dipole with 6,6-diphenylfulvene to give a mixture of two regioisomeric exo-[4 + 2] adducts and endo-[4 + 2] adduct. The reaction of 1 with tropone and 8,8-dicyanoheptafulvene proceeds via a [4 + 2] cycloaddition to the C4–C5and C1–C2 bond of the addend to afford the exo-adduct and desulfurized compound respectively.

Field of study: Chemistry
Polarität und piezoelektrische Erregbarkeit

ZusammenfassungDie von Giebe und Scheibe am Pentaerythrit nachgewiesene piezoelektrische Erregbarkeit sagt nichts aus über die Polarität der tetragonalen Hauptachse. Ihre Methode entscheidet lediglich über das Vorhandensein bzw. Nichtvorhandensein eines Symmetriezentrums. Das scheinbare Versagen bei der Bariumnitratgruppe deutet auf deren Zugehörigkeit zu einer Klasse mit Symmetriezentrum hin, wie letzteres schon früher bei Aufstelluug der diesbezüglichen Raumgitter angenommen wurde.

Field of study: Physics