nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Age, Marriage, and Politics in Fifteenth-Century Ragusa. David Rheubottom

Mediterranean. His perspective on the trajectory of the Florentine economy between 1350 and 1500 therefore calls into question the view that the economic contraction was a generalized and monolithic phenomenon throughout Europe. As such, his complex portrayal of the European economy after 1350 — one in which economic sectors in some areas flourished while other sectors in other regions declined — is presciently consistent with the rich and complicated image that historians accept today. In conclusion, readers have much to gain from these essays. Even so, they might also want to supplement them with up-to-date research on the late medieval economy (S. R. Epstein), the cloth industry (Franco Franceschi), and fulling mills (John Muendel). GEORGE DAMERON St. Michael's College (Colchester, Vermont)

Field of study: History
Disjunction of the Feminine Oedipus

The article discusses what the value of a woman is today and also what is it that a woman values the most today.The fiction of Yuko Tsushirna (Women running in the mountains) is a carrier of truth in describing to us the rupture for a woman of the One of the Freudian Eros. Here we see the child with an ideal fantasmatic father on one side, the jouissance of the drive with the father of the trauma elsewhere, and love with a wounded father on still another side.

Field of study: Philosophy
أثر تمارين الإيروبكس، في تطوير القوة العضلية، وتحسين توازن الهرمون (T3-T4-TSH)، ومعدل الأيض الأساس في الجسم ، لدى السيدات المصابات في قصور عمل الغدة الدرقية

تبرز أهمية البحث، في وضع منهج تدريبي للإيروبكس، يعالج حال قصور الغدة الدرقية، واستخدام هذه البرامج كونها وقاية وعلاجا للإمراض التي يعاني منها الإفراد، للحد من أثرها السلبي في الصحة، وقد لاحظت الباحثة مشكلة البحث، في تعرض السيدات في أعمارهن المختلفة، إلى الإصابة باضطراب عمل الغدة الدرقية وخمولها، مما يؤثر في الجسم بصورة سلبية، مع ظهور مشكلات عدة، مثل نقص مستوى القوة وتراجعها، وضعف العضلات، وعدم القدرة على الحركة بسهولة، مع وجود تقلصات عضلية، وزيادة في الوزن، وقد استخدمت الباحثة المنهج التجريبي ليلائم طبيعة المشكلة، أما عينة البحث، فقد اختيرت بطريقة العمد، من منتسبات في الجامعة التكنولوجية، وتكونت عينة البحث من (12) منتسبة، وفي عمر من (40-50) سنة، وقسمت بالتساوي على مجموعتين، مجموعة تجريبية، ومجموعة ضابطة، ومن خلال رأي الخبراء.... وضعت الباحثة الاختبارات الخاصة بالبحث، وإعداد المنهج التدريبي وتقنينه، وتم استخدام الحقيبة الإحصائية (SPSS) لمعالجة البيانات، وقد توصلت الباحثة إلى إن هناك أثرا ايجابيا في تدريبات الإيروبكس، في تحسين مستوى الهرمون (T3-T4-TSH)، فضلا عن أثرها الفاعل في تحسين معدل الأيض الأساس في الجسم، كذلك أوصت الباحثة اعتماد تمارين الإيروبكس، كونها تمارين علاجية في معالجة بعض الأحوال المرضية، وتحت إشراف الأطباء، وتقنين الشد التدريبي بصورة علمية، يتفق مع حال العينة أولا، والمتغيرات البحثية ثانيا.

Field of study: Education
Electronic spectra and structure of methyl derivatives of 4-nitropyridine N-oxide

The UV spectra of seven methyl derivatives of 4-nitropyridine N-oxide in ethanol have been examined. The electronic spectra were calculated by a modified INDO method. Transition energies, intensities and assignments were compared with UV spectra. Spectroscopic manifestations of intramolecular interaction indicate that methyl groups modify the electronic interaction between the N-oxide and NO2 groups mainly through a steric strain.

Field of study: Chemistry
Alflutinib (AST2818), primarily metabolized by CYP3A4, is a potent CYP3A4 inducer

Alflutinib (AST2818) is a third-generation epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitor that inhibits both EGFR-sensitive mutations and T790M mutations. Previous study has shown that after multiple dosages, alflutinib exhibits nonlinear pharmacokinetics and displays a time- and dose-dependent increase in the apparent clearance, probably due to its self-induction of cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzyme. In this study, we investigated the CYP isozymes involved in the metabolism of alflutinib and evaluated the enzyme inhibition and induction potential of alflutinib and its metabolites. The data showed that alflutinib in human liver microsomes (HLMs) was metabolized mainly by CYP3A4, which could catalyze the formation of AST5902. Alflutinib did not inhibit CYP isozymes in HLMs but could induce CYP3A4 in human hepatocytes. Rifampin is a known strong CYP3A4 inducer and is recommended by the FDA as a positive control in the CYP3A4 induction assay. We found that the induction potential of alflutinib was comparable to that of rifampin. The E max of CYP3A4 induction by alflutinib in three lots of human hepatocytes were 9.24-, 11.2-, and 10.4-fold, while the fold-induction of rifampin (10 μM) were 7.22-, 19.4- and 9.46-fold, respectively. The EC 50 of alflutinib-induced CYP3A4 mRNA expression was 0.25 μM, which was similar to that of rifampin. In addition, AST5902 exhibited much weak CYP3A4 induction potential compared to alflutinib. Given the plasma exposure of alflutinib and AST5902, both are likely to affect the pharmacokinetics of CYP3A4 substrates. Considering that alflutinib is a CYP3A4 substrate and a potent CYP3A4 inducer, drug–drug interactions are expected during alflutinib treatment.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
From proxy data to paleoclimate interpretation: the mid-Holocene paradox of the Atacama Desert, northern Chile

The question whether the mid-Holocene climate (between ca. 9 and 4 cal kyr B.P.) in the Atacama Desert and the Central Andes in general was humid or dry has wide implications with regard to the understanding of long-term climate variability in South America. Paleosols, regional groundwater tables, abiotic proxy data and pollen of aquatic plants in lake sediments show a marked and rapid shift from very humid late-glacial/early Holocene climatic conditions (between ca. 14 and 9.5 kyr B.P.) to extremely dry mid-Holocene conditions (more arid than today between ca. 9 and 4 kyr B.P.). An exception during this hyperarid period is a century-scale more humid interval around ca. 5.5–6 kyr B.P. that appears systematically in lake sediment archives. In contrast, pollen for most terrestrial plants preserved in lake sediments do not show major changes during the Holocene, whereas more humid mid-Holocene conditions (compared with late Holocene conditions) were inferred from plant macrofossils in rodent middens. Is the reason for this disagreement to be attributed to misinterpretation of the paleoenvironments or of the proxy records themselves, or to incomplete paleoclimatic interpretation of the paleoenvironments? We argue that these different paleoclimate archives record different aspects and facets of ‘climate’. While paleosols and groundwater in the Atacama Desert record low-frequency climate variability at century to millennium scales, lake sediments on the Altiplano record decade- to century-scale variability. Terrestrial vegetation responds to shorter high-frequency climate variability at seasonal to inter-annual scales and preferably to humid years. Vegetation remains in ‘hibernation’ or does not germinate during arid years. Thus information from these three types of archives is not a priori comparable and requires careful site-specific, archive-specific and time-scale-specific evaluation. What is natural in modern climatology is also true for paleoclimatology: a comprehensive assessment must account for the complex daily and seasonal cycles, for the range of climate variability and trends at different scales in space and time, for impacts of short-term extreme events, and for specific, often non-linear responses of individual bio-geo-physical archives to any of the numerous aspects of ‘climate’.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Research on Multi-hop Secure Routing Protocol Based on LEACH

There are a lot of simple structure and energy limited terminal nodes and equipments in the Internet of things, and to ensure the security of the equipment and data is very important for the Internet of things. LEACH routing protocol is one of the earliest hierarchical routing protocols which is connected with the terminal nodes. It has good performance in energy consumption and ad hoc networks. In order to improve the security of LEACH protocol, a multi hop routing protocol based LEACH is proposed, which using the Dijkstra algorithm to find the shortest route. By using the method of preset shared key, the authentication of the nodes is carried out by the base station. At the same time according to the generated network structure, the communication key between the nodes is generated automatically. The detailed design and safety performance of the improved routing protocol are given.

Field of study: Engineering
Intrinsic Spatial Resolution and Parallax Correction Using Depth-Encoding PET Detector Modules Based on Position-Sensitive APD Readout

We are developing PET detectors with depth of interaction (DOI) capability based on lutetium oxyorthosilicate (LSO) scintillator arrays coupled at both ends to position-sensitive avalanche photodiodes (PSAPDs). The detector module consists of a 5x5 block of LSO crystals (1.5times1.5times20 mm3) coupled to 8times8 mm2  PSAPDs at both ends. We present the intrinsic spatial resolution for two complete modules and the radial resolution component obtained with and without parallax correction using DOI information. DOI resolution was measured to be ~3 mm. Intrinsic spatial resolution (FWHM) averaged 1.15 mm for opposing crystal pairs. The detectors were then rotated and moved closer together consistent with a 16 cm diameter cylindrical geometry scanner. Resolution was measured at positions corresponding to a radial offset of 4.7 cm and 7 cm, with the annihilation photons incident on the detector surface at 30deg and 52deg respectively. At an angle of 52deg the intrinsic spatial resolution was degraded to 7.7 mm. By incorporating DOI information, the measured spatial resolution (FWHM) was improved to 1.8 mm. This demonstrates that approximately 90% of the resolution degradation due to the parallax error can be removed using these depth-encoding detectors for a field of view with a diameter that is 87.5% of the detector separation

Field of study: Physics
Cardio-pulmonary function of congested lungs.

Investigation of the cardio-pulmonary function of six patients in chronic renal failure who required regular haemodialysis showed that their lungs continued to transfer gas to the arterial blood normally even when they contained a fourfold increase in their water content, though hypoxaemia developed whenever cardiac failure supervened. At the time of study (by multiple indicator-dilution techniques using radioactive labelled albumen, sodium, and water) all of them had excess blood (Vc.) and excess water (P.E.V.W.v) in their lung capillary bed though the latter decreased after exercise in four subjects. There was a fair correlation (r = 0.9 and 0.8) between the two components of the carbon monoxide transfer factor (Vc. and Dm) and the amount of extravascular water (P.E.V.W.v). When the lungs were overloaded with fluid they actually increased their ability to transfer gas during exercise. But the gas exchange deteriorated because of ventilation/perfusion imbalance when heart failure supervened with an impaired exercise output. In all cases the minute ventilation (VE) and ventilatory equivalent (VO2/VE) for oxygen were increased at rest and during exercise. The sodium (24Na) exchange between the blood and extravascular lung tissue decreased when the blood flow through the lungs was augmented but the reverse occurred when cardiac function was poor. The arteriovenous oxygen content difference CaO2-CvO2 was less than normal at rest but reached maximal values during exercise.

Field of study: Medicine
The Politics of Clientelism: Democracy and the State in Colombia

In Latin America the state is the prime regulator, coordinator, and pace-setter of the entire national system, the apex of the pyramid from which patronage, wealth, power, and programs flow. The state bears responsibility for the realization of civic needs, providing goods and services to each citizen. Doing so requires the exercise and maintenance of social and political control. It is John Martz's contention that clientelism underlines the fundamental character of Latin American social and political life. As the modernizing bureaucratic state has developed in Latin America, there has been a concurrent shifting away from clientelistic relationships. Yet in one form or another, political clientelism still remains central. Clientelism occurs when large numbers of low-status individuals, such as those in the slums of rural and underdeveloped areas, are protected by a powerful patron who defends their interests in return for deference or material reward. In Colombia the rural patron has become a member of the higher clientelistic system as well; he is dependent on a patron who operates at the national level. This enables urban elites to mobilize low-status clients for such acts as mass demonstrations of political loyalty to the regime. Thus, traditional clientelism has been modified through the process of modernization. Part One of The Politics of Clientelism examines Colombian politics, focusing on the incarnation and traditional forms of clientelism. Part Two explores the policies of Colombian governance, from the administrations of Lleras Camargo through Julio Cesar Turbay Ayala. Part Three discusses the modernization and restructuring of Colombia in recent decades under Belisario Betancur, Virgilio Barco, and Cesar Gaviria. As the modernizing bureaucratic state has unfolded, there has been a similar shift in many clientelistic relationships. Martz argues that, whether corporate clientelism remains or more democratic organization develops, Colombia is unlikely to shed its basic clientelistic impulses. Reforms will determine whether or not the state can construct a system in which the citizenry affects the course of national politics. The Politics of Clientelism provides a well-developed theory linking regime and governmental process to policy formulation and performance in Colombia. It will be engrossing reading for economists, sociologists, political scientists, and other researchers interested in Latin America.

Field of study: History
Non-uniform triggering of gg-nMOSt investigated by combined emission microscopy and transmission line pulsing

The triggering of grounded-gate nMOS transistors and field-oxide devices, essential for optimized protection design, is addressed by transmission line pulser (TLP)-pulsed emission microscopy. Current non-uniformity and instability effects in snapback operation under DC and TLP conditions are demonstrated. The comprehensive correlation of emission and electrical behavior allows an improved interpretation of device operation. Technological influences on the trigger uniformity are discussed.

Field of study: Engineering
Kernelized Bayesian Matrix Factorization

We extend kernelized matrix factorization with a full-Bayesian treatment and with an ability to work with multiple side information sources expressed as different kernels. Kernels have been introduced to integrate side information about the rows and columns, which is necessary for making out-of-matrix predictions. We discuss specifically binary output matrices but extensions to realvalued matrices are straightforward. We extend the state of the art in two key aspects: (i) A full-conjugate probabilistic formulation of the kernelized matrix factorization enables an efficient variational approximation, whereas full-Bayesian treatments are not computationally feasible in the earlier approaches. (ii) Multiple side information sources are included, treated as different kernels in multiple kernel learning which additionally reveals which side sources are informative. We then show that the framework can also be used for supervised and semi-supervised multilabel classification and multi-output regression, by considering samples and outputs as the domains where matrix factorization operates. Our method outperforms alternatives in predicting drug-protein interactions on two data sets. On multilabel classification, our algorithm obtains the lowest Hamming losses on 10 out of 14 data sets compared to five state-of-the-art multilabel classification algorithms. We finally show that the proposed approach outperforms alternatives in multi-output regression experiments on a yeast cell cycle data set.

Field of study: Computer science
PKCα-Mediated Downregulation of RhoA Activity in Depolarized Vascular Smooth Muscle: Synergistic Vasorelaxant Effect of PKCα and ROCK Inhibition.

Protein kinase C (PKC)- and RhoA/Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) play important roles in arterial sustained contraction. Although depolarization-elicited RhoA/ROCK activation is accepted, the role of PKC in depolarized vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) is a subject of controversy. Our aim was to study the role of PKC in arterial contraction and its interaction with RhoA/ROCK.



Mass spectrometry was used to identify the PKC isoenzymes. PKCα levels and RhoA activity were analyzed by western blot and G-LISA, respectively, and isometric force was measured in arterial rings.



In depolarized VSMCs RhoA and PKCα were translocated to the plasma membrane, where they colocalize and coimmunoprecipitate. Interestingly, depolarization-induced RhoA activation was downregulated by PKCα, effect reverted by PKCα inhibition. Phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate (PDBu) induced the translocation of PKCα to the plasma membrane, increased the level of RhoA in the cytosol and reduced RhoA/ROCK activity. These effects were reverted when PKC was inhibited. Pharmacological or siRNA inhibition of PKCα synergistically potentiated the vasorelaxant effect of RhoA/ROCK inhibition.



The present study provides the first evidence that RhoA activity is downregulated by PKCα in depolarized and PDBu treated freshly isolated VSMCs and arteries, with an important physiological role on arterial contractility.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Geological exploration history of the Eastern Sahara

The major contributions to our knowledge of the geological history of the East Saharan countries are described. Much work has been published on the history and progress of geographical, socioeconomic and archaeological exploration in North Africa. Little attention, however, has been paid to the question of how our knowledge of the geology of this vast area was developed. Thus, even though progress in geology is vital to the development of Saharan countries, little has been recorded of this progress. Without an understanding of regional geology and without a good knowledge of groundwater, mineral and petroleum potentials, these countries would be in very different situations today. The author has, over the last 35 years, been involved in scientific research and exploration of petroleum, mineral and groundwater resources in Libya, Egypt, Sudan and Chad.

Field of study: Environmental science
The Writing Skill in the Contemporary Society: The Kenyan Perspective.

This paper is an overview of the writing skill in the lower levels of learning in the contemporary society. The following areas of writing are highlighted: the writing programme and its goals, the basic methodology for writing tasks, broad groups of writing skills, the teaching of the writing skills in pre-primary and primary schools where controlled and guided composition writing are seen as the main types of composition and lastly the punctuation, testing and marking of written tasks.  writing skills, basic skills, writing programme

Field of study: Education
A high flux source of energetic oxygen atoms for material degradation studies

A novel technique for generation of a high flux of energetic (nominal ~5 eV) oxygen atoms has been demonstrated in the laboratory. The generation technique involves a laser-induced breakdown of molecular oxygen followed by a rapid expansion of the recombining plasma, resulting in the production of a flux of nearly monoenergetic oxygen atoms. We have developed consistently high velocity streams of oxygen atoms in an evacuated hypersonic nozzle. The oxygen flow is introduced into the nozzle through the mediation of a fast (~ 100 IJLS) pulsing valve and broken down with a CO2 laser. We have measured average oxygen atom velocities of ~ 5 to 13 km/s with an estimated total production of 10 18 atoms per pulse over pulse durations of several jis. Although these were single pulse measurements, scaling to a repetitively pulsed device appears straightforward. The O-atom source was used to irradiate sample targets, including Al, Fe, and polyethylene, and target-materialspecific radiation was observed above the target surfaces, indicating energetic O-atom induced mass removal.

Field of study: Physics
Study of Intermetallic Growth and Kinetics in Fine-Pitch 
Lead-Free Solder Bumps for Next-Generation 
Flip-Chip Assemblies

With continued advances in microelectronics, it is anticipated that next-generation microelectronic assemblies will require a reduction of the flip-chip solder bump pitch to 100 μm or less from the current industrial practice of 130 μm to 150 μm. With this reduction in pitch size, and thus in bump height and diameter, the interaction between die pad metallurgy and substrate pad metallurgy becomes more critical due to the shorter diffusion path and greater stress. Existing literature has not addressed such metallurgical interaction in actual fine-pitch flip-chip assemblies. This work studies intermetallic growth and kinetics in fine-pitch lead-free solder bumps through thermal aging of flip-chip assemblies. Based on this study, it is seen that Ni from the die pad diffuses to the substrate pad region and Cu from the substrate pad diffuses to the die pad region, thus the resulting intermetallic compounds at the die and substrate pad regions are influenced by the other pad as well. Such cross-pad interaction is much stronger in fine-pitch solder bumps with smaller standoff height. It is seen that the die pad region contains Ni3P and (Cu,Ni)6Sn5 after thermal aging, while the substrate pad region contains Cu3Sn and (Cu,Ni)6Sn5. By digitally measuring the thickness of the interfacial phases, the kinetics parameters and the activation energy were calculated for the growth of (Cu,Ni)6Sn5 on the substrate side. The Cu diffusion coefficient through the intermetallic compound (IMC) layer was found to be 0.03370 μm2/h, 0.1423 μm2/h, and 0.4463 μm2/h at 100°C, 125°C, and 150°C, respectively, and the apparent activation energy for the growth of compound layers was 67.89 kJ/mol.

Field of study: Materials science
Mean Squared Error Analysis of Quantizers With Error Feedback

Quantization is a fundamental process in digital signal processing. <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX"> $\Delta \Sigma$</tex-math></inline-formula> modulators are often utilized for quantization, which can be easily implemented with static uniform quantizers and error feedback filters. In this paper, we analyze the mean squared quantization error of the quantizer with error feedback including the <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX"> $\Delta \Sigma$</tex-math></inline-formula> modulators. First, we study the quantizer with an ideal optimal error feedback filter that minimizes the mean squared error (MSE) of quantization. We show that the amplitude response of the optimal error feedback filter can be parameterized by one parameter. This parameterization enables us to find the optimal error feedback filter numerically. Second, the relationship between the number of bits used for the quantizer and the achievable MSE is clarified by using the optimal error feedback filter. This makes it possible to investigate the efficiency of the quantizer with the optimal error feedback filter in terms of MSE. Then, ideal optimal error feedback filters are approximated by practically implementable filters using the Yule-Walker method and the linear matrix inequality-based method. Numerical examples are provided for demonstrating our analysis and synthesis.

Field of study: Engineering