nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
VII. Sino-Indian Relations: Security Dilemma, Ideological Polarization, or Cooperation Based on 'Comprehensive Security'?

Geopolitics in Central Asia are not wholly determined by its giant neighbors China, India, and Russia, but the strategic approaches adopted by these three countries have a major impact on the dynamics of Central Asia. This contribution aims to throw more light on the nature of the strategic and security discourse between China and India as one way to increase our understanding of the context in which Central Asian states operate. Despite globalization, Asian governments tend to cling to static approaches. China in particular emphasizes the role of "large powers" (daguo) in determining the global structure, and regards itself as one of those large powers. Cooperation with other powers demands a minimum level of agreement on common goals for the future global system, but recent emphasis on moral, and thus ideological elements in US global strategies has the potential to reimpose ideological polarization on the global system. Countries in Southeast or Central Asia tend to adopt policies of diversification by strengthening their links with all major global powers, including the United States, hoping to avoid polarization while at the same time staying clear of bandwagoning. This is one of the reasons why the New Great Game cannot simply be described in terms of Great Powers that engage among themselves in maneuvers of bandwagoning and balancing. Sharing concepts such as "comprehensive security" may provide greater leeway for policymakers who do not wish to become prisoners of man-made dilemmas. Nineteenth-century concepts of balance of power seem no shining beacon for policymakers of Eurasia and the United States in the twenty-first century.

Field of study: Political science
Christoffel Words and Markoff Triples: An Algebraic Approach

We introduce a family of modules, called Markoff modules, generated by a cluster-mutation-like iterative process. We show that these modules are combinatorially similar to Christoffel words. Furthermore, we construct a bijective map between the set of Markoff module triples and the set of proper Markoff triples. This allows us to interpret the uniqueness conjecture for Markoff numbers within an algebraic framework.

Field of study: Mathematics
Uniform persistence in a prey–predator model with a diseased predator

Following the well-extablished mathematical approach to persistence and its developments contained in Rebelo et al. ( 2014) we give a rigorous theoretical explanation to the numerical results obtained in Bate and Hilker ( 2013) on a prey–predator Rosenzweig–MacArthur model with functional response of Holling type II, resulting in a cyclic system that is locally unstable, equipped with an infectious disease in the predator population. The proof relies on some repelling conditions that can be applied in an iterative way on a suitable decomposition of the boundary. A full stability analysis is developed, showing how the “invasion condition” for the disease is derived. Some in-depth conclusions and possible further investigations are discussed.

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics
The effect of fat on the coherent-to-Compton scattering ratio in the calcaneus: a computational analysis.

The coherent-to-Compton scattering ratio (CCSR) is a technique that has been proposed for measuring trabecular bone mineral density (TBMD). This paper investigates the effect of fat on the CCSR and its correlation to the error in TBMD measurements. It is a computational study to determine the relationship between the magnitude of fat error and the momentum-transfer variable chi, which represents the incident photon energy and the scattering angle. Variation in fat content contributes significantly to the error in CCSR measurements. When employing a typical 241Am source (E gamma = 59.45 keV), the resulting error decreases with increasing momentum-transfer variable or angle. For example, the error ranges from +14 mg/cc at an angle of 45 degrees (chi = 18.3) to +3 mg/cc at an angle of 135 degrees (chi = 44.3) for an osteoporotic trabecular region (100 mg/cc mineral) of a calcaneus that contains 6% less fat than a calibration standard. The error is about 0.3-1.2 mg/cc less for regions containing 2-3X more bone mineral and is reduced and opposite in sign for regions containing about 7% more fat than the calibration standards (e.g., -9 mg/cc at 45 degrees and -1.5 mg/cc at 135 degrees). Others have shown that the intrinsic sensitivity of the CCSR method for measuring TBMD at a given photon energy generally increases with increasing detector angle. Thus large angles are advantageous both for reduced sensitivity to fat variation and increased sensitivity to bone mineral variation. The primary disadvantage is reduced count rates that degrade precision unless long counting lines are employed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Determination of Four Purines in Meat by High Performance Liquid Chromatography

A high-performance liquid chromatographic method was developed for the determination of purines in meat.The food was hydrolyzed with mixture of trifluoroacetic acid∶formid acid∶water(5∶5∶1)at 90 ℃ for 12 min.After the hydrolysate was concentrated and filtrated with membrane,the chromatographic separation was achieved using 0.02 mol/L KH2PO4(pH=3.8)as mobile phase with a flow rate of 1 mL/min at 30 ℃ under DAD detector with 254 nm and a injection volume 10 μL.The peak area of purines and concentration achieved good linear relation ranged from 0.4 to 40 mg/L,r0.9999.Basing on the experiment of hydrolyzing,at 90 ℃ for 12 min the purines could be hydrolyzed completely,and could not be destroyed.The RSD was 16.0%.The method can be applied for rapid determination of four major purines in meat.

Field of study: Chemistry
Transitional Growth and Trade with Frictions: A Structural Estimation Framework

We build and estimate a structural model of transitional growth and trade in a many-country world. The gravity model of trade is combined with a capital accumulation mechanism driving transition between steady states. Trade affects growth through changes in consumer and producer prices. Simultaneously, capital accumulation affects trade directly through changes in country size and indirectly through changes in the incidence of trade costs. Theory maps to an econometric system that identifies the parameters of the model and establishes causal links between trade, capital accumulation and income. Counterfactual trade liberalisation magnifies static gains by a dynamic path multiplier of 1.8.

Field of study: Economics
Anti-Fouling Performance of Ag/TiO_2-PVA Modified Non-woven Fabric

Ag/TiO 2-PVA composite membrane was prepared,which with inexpensive non-woven fabric as support membrane was used in an experimental MBR for studying the anti-fouling performance of the membrane.XRD special graph of Ag/TiO 2-PVA composite membrane indicated that there were TiO 2 nano-particles and Ag on the membrane surface.The experiment with the MBR treating wastewater samples showed the trans-membrane pressure of the composite membrane was remarkably low,which indicated its good anti-fouling performance.Besides,photo-catalysis of Ag/TiO 2-PVA composite membrane could help degrade organic pollutants in the wastewater.

Field of study: Environmental science
Constant-psi constant-delta contour maps: applications to ellipsometry and to reflection-type optical devices.

Constant-psi constant-delta contour maps in the reduced angle-of-incidence-film-thickness plane that are useful in ellipsometry and in design of reflection-type optical devices are discussed. As a specific example, a contour map is given for the SiO(2)-Si film-substrate system at the 6328-A He-Ne laser wavelength.

Field of study: Physics
BRIEF COMMUNICATIONS: Resonance interaction of a strong monochromatic wave with excited ions in a magnetic field

A theoretical analysis is made of the influecne of a magnetic field on the gain of a monochromatic traveling-wave field in a medium composed of charged two-level particles (ions). An expression is obtained for the traveling-wave gain, allowing for the drift of ions and weak saturation. It is shown that the drift results in the asymmetry of the gain profile.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Advance in the Research of Complex Network:Model and Application

As an common tool for studying various complex systems,complex network has made deeply effect on many discipline,and has attracted wide attentions.Various important statistical properties of complex network and dominant network models are addressed.Moreover,we analyse some real-life networks such as language networks,WWW and Internet that are of interest in computer science,and show the application of theory and methods of complex network to these fields.

Field of study: Computer science
Structural chemistry and membrane modifying activity of the fungal polypeptides zervamicins, antiamoebins and efrapeptins

The fungal polypeptides zervamicins, antiamoebins and efrapeptins have been fractionated into several polypeptide components by HPLC. A zervamicin fraction lacking tryptophan has been characterized and shown to possess an N-terminal leucine residue. The conformations of zervamicin IIA and a synthetic analog in solution are compared with those determined for the related peptide, antiamoebin. The results are consistent with a completely helical structure for the apolar analog of zervamicin in chloroform, with partial unfolding in dimethylsulfoxide. A similar conformation has been determined for natural zervamicin IIB. A synthetic analog of efrapeptin forms a continuous helix in apolar solvents while, partial unfolding is seen in polar solvents. Natural zervamicin is an effective uncoupler of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. Significant differences in membrane modifying activity are noted for the natural peptide and the synthetic apolar analog of zervamicin.

Field of study: Chemistry
Quality assurance and training procedures for computer-aided detection and diagnosis systems in clinical use.

Computer-aided detection/diagnosis (CAD) is increasingly used for decision support by clinicians for detection and interpretation of diseases. However, there are no quality assurance (QA) requirements for CAD in clinical use at present. QA of CAD is important so that end users can be made aware of changes in CAD performance both due to intentional or unintentional causes. In addition, end-user training is critical to prevent improper use of CAD, which could potentially result in lower overall clinical performance. Research on QA of CAD and user training are limited to date. The purpose of this paper is to bring attention to these issues, inform the readers of the opinions of the members of the American Association of Physicists in Medicine (AAPM) CAD subcommittee, and thus stimulate further discussion in the CAD community on these topics. The recommendations in this paper are intended to be work items for AAPM task groups that will be formed to address QA and user training issues on CAD in the future. The work items may serve as a framework for the discussion and eventual design of detailed QA and training procedures for physicists and users of CAD. Some of the recommendations are considered by the subcommittee to be reasonably easy and practical and can be implemented immediately by the end users; others are considered to be "best practice" approaches, which may require significant effort, additional tools, and proper training to implement. The eventual standardization of the requirements of QA procedures for CAD will have to be determined through consensus from members of the CAD community, and user training may require support of professional societies. It is expected that high-quality CAD and proper use of CAD could allow these systems to achieve their true potential, thus benefiting both the patients and the clinicians, and may bring about more widespread clinical use of CAD for many other diseases and applications. It is hoped that the awareness of the need for appropriate CAD QA and user training will stimulate new ideas and approaches for implementing such procedures efficiently and effectively as well as funding opportunities to fulfill such critical efforts.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Nonlinear Behavior of Sandwich Panels with a Transversely Flexible Core

Nonlinear behavior of sandwich panels with a transversely flexible core is presented. The study is based on a highorder nonlinear formulation that includes the influence of the transverse flexibility and shear resistance of the core on the panel behavior, thus allowing for interaction between the facings through the core thickness. The solutions obtained are general and are not based on decoupling of the local and global responses as commonly used in the literature. The governing equations along with the appropriate boundary and continuity conditions are presented, and the solution approach is outlined. The path-following algorithm devised is based on the natural parameter and the arc-length continuation techniques. The example problems discussed include a concentrated line load exerted at midspan of the panel, couples applied at the panel edges, and compression of an asymmetric sandwich panel. Mode interaction observed in the panel behavior is shown to be a result of the flexibility of the "soft" core. Variations in the boundary conditions of the sandwich panel as well as in the layout of the compressive longitudinal loads are also shown to shift its response from an imperfection-sensitive to an imperfection-nonsensitive one and vice versa.

Field of study: Physics
Observation of anomalous non-Ohmic transport in current-driven nanostructures.

Sufficiently large electric current applied to metallic nanostructures can bring them far out-of-equilibrium, resulting in non-Ohmic behaviors characterized by current-dependent resistance. We experimentally demonstrate a linear dependence of resistance on current in microscopic thin-film metallic wires at cryogenic temperatures, and show that our results are inconsistent with common non-Ohmic mechanisms such as Joule heating. As the temperature is increased, the linear dependence becomes smoothed out, resulting in the crossover to behaviors consistent with Joule heating. A plausible explanation for the observed behaviors is the strongly non-equilibrium distribution of phonons generated by the current. Analysis based on this interpretation suggests that the observed anomalous current-dependent resistance can provide information about phonon transport and electron-phonon interaction at nanoscale. The ability to control the properties of phonons generated by current can lead to new routes for the optimization of thermal properties of electronic nanodevices.

Field of study: Physics
Software Testing Process Management Method Based on CMM

To improve the quality and efficiency of software testing, aimming at characteristics of software testing, gives a detailed explanation of four phases in software testing process and puts forward the software testing process management method based on CMM. Expatiates on the demands of requirements management, project planning, project monitoring and control, quality assurance and configuration management comprised in this method, which provides standardization of software testing process management and improves management level of testing.

Field of study: Computer science
Severe combined immunodeficiency disease: a model of T-cell dysfunction.

Studies in three patients with severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID) and normal adenosine deaminase demonstrated that the combined defect of both T- and B-lymphocyte function may reflect the lack of normal maturation of thymic epithelial cells. This results in the failure of initiation of T-cell differentiation and consequent failure of T-cell dependent maturation of B-lymphocytes to an antibody-secreting stage. SCID B lymphocytes were shown to be capable of generating a specific IgM-antibody response to two T-cell-dependent antigens in vitro under either of the following conditions: (a) provision of autologous T-helper cells which were induced following incubation of precursor cells on monolayers of cultured human thymic epithelium or (b) in the presence of allogeneic T-helper cells. Specific IgM anti-ovalbumin (OA) responses were also generated in the absence of provided T-helper cells when the antigen was insolubilized (Sepharose-OA). The antibody-secreting cells and their circulating precursors carried surface IgM, HLA and Ia-like determinants and proliferated in response to antigen. Identification of this form of SCID may be important when considering therapy and provides an excellent model for the study of the T-cell-dependent acquisition and expression of B-cell immunity.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Late Quaternary changes of level in western and southern Newfoundland

Emerged Quaternary marine features are numerous along the west coast of Newfoundland, although their distribution is patchy. They include wave-cut benches and cliffs, localized constructional forms such as beach ridges, bars, and deltas, and a discontinuous blanket of fossil-bearing marine sediments. These features reach progressively higher elevations toward the north; their positions in long east-west bays indicate a westerly component in the northward rise. The highest marine limit is very indistinctly recorded, but a lower strand line, cutting the latest glacial deposits, and rising northwestward, is well marked by wave-cut benches on weak rocks. Strand lines in intermediate positions are very weak, but wave-cut benches are well developed at present sea level. These facts indicate upwarping following deglaciation, the movement having been interrupted by one long pause and followed by another pause at present sea level. No unequivocal evidence of emergence was found along the western half of the south coast, although emergence may be recorded farther east. The northwestward rise of the marine features along the west coast is consistent with (though it does not prove) the hypothesis that part or all of Newfoundland was invaded by the Labrador ice sheet during the latest (presumably Wisconsin) glacial age and that the warping was caused principally by unloading of the crust by the Labrador ice sheet during the same glacial age. Evidence in two districts on the west coast indicates that at least part of the postglacial eustatic rise of sea level occurred while glacier ice was still actively present, and prior to at least part of the crustal warping.

Field of study: Geology
Development and storage stability of aseptically processed ashgourd-mint leaves juice.

Ashgourd-Mint leaves juice was formulated using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and the storage stability of the juice was investigated. The juice was aseptically processed, sterilized at 95°C for 30 second and packed in 6 layer laminated packet under sterilized environment. The physicochemical, microbiological and sensory characteristics of the juice was evaluated during 8 months storage at room temperature (28oC + 2oC).The changes in pH, total soluble solids, total acidity (as citric acid) and sensory score of the juice were not remarkable during storage. Loss of vitamin C and β-carotene in the juice samples were 70.2% and 59.1% respectively after 8 months of storage. The result indicated that the juice was acceptable upto 8 months of storage under ambient temperature (280C + 2oC).

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Free Fatty Acids and Sterols in Swine Manure

Free fatty acids and sterols were assessed in fresh manure and anaerobic lagoon sludge from swine production facilities in North Carolina. Eight free fatty acids and five sterols were identified and quantified in both manure and sludge samples. Compound identification was performed by gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy (GC-MS), and compound quantities were determined by gas chromatography after solid phase extraction with a 50:50 mixture of diethyl ether and hexane. The free fatty acids occurring in greatest abundance in both fresh manure and lagoon sludge were palmitic, oleic, and stearic. Free fatty acid content in fresh manure ranged from approximately 3 μ g g−1 dry weight (dw) to over 45 μ g g−1 dw. In lagoon sludge, free fatty acid content ranged from about 0.8 μ g g−1 dw to nearly 4 μ g g−1 dw. Coprostanol and epicoprostanol were the sterols in largest concentrations in fresh manure and lagoon sludge samples. Total sterol content ranged from approximately 0.5 μ g g−1 dw to around 11 μ g g−1 dw in fresh manure and from 3.5 μ g g−1 dw to almost 9 μ g g−1 dw in lagoon sludge. Fresh manure and lagoon sludge both had high levels of inorganic cations (e.g., Ca, Mg, Fe) capable of binding free fatty acids and forming insoluble complexes, thereby potentially reducing fatty acid biodegradation. In anaerobic lagoons, sterols are an organic fraction of sludge that are resistant to bacterial degradation. In the case of fresh manure, fatty acids could represent a potential source of energy via the manufacture of biodiesel fuel, if efficient means for their extraction and transesterification can be devised.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Investigation of AlGaN-Based Near-Ultraviolet Light-Emitting Diodes with a Trapezoidal Electron Blocking Layer

To improve performance of AlGaN-based ultraviolet light-emitting diodes (UV-LEDs), an LED with a special trapezoidal electron blocking layer (EBL) is investigated numerically. The results show the optimized structure has better photoelectric performance than conventional structure. The light output power of the new structure was enhanced by a factor of 26% compared with the reference conventional LED. The reasons for these improvements are that the special trapezoidal EBL can increase the hole injection efficiency and suppress electron overflow, thus enhancing the radiative recombination rate. Consequently the light output power and the internal quantum efficiency are improved.

Field of study: Materials science
Molecular Characterization of UL6 Gene of Duck Enteritis Virus

Previous report has indicated that UL6 protein of herpes simplex virus 1(HSV-1) is essential for the cleavage and packaging of the viral genome.To identify the features of DEV UL6,the "targeted gene walking PCR" was used to amplify the UL6 open reading frame(ORF) of the DEV Clone-03,and a 2,534 bp DNA fragment was obtained,which covers the entire DEV UL6 gene of the DEV Clone-03 genome.The UL6 ORF of DEV Clone-03 was composed of 2373 nucleotides encoding for a polypeptide of 790 amino acid residues.Sequence comparison of UL6 homologies among DEV Clone-03 and 14 reference herpesvirus strains showed that DEV Clone-03 was more homologous to alphaherpesviruses than to betaherpesviruses or gammaherpesviruses.A clustered alignment of amino acid sequences showed that the UL6 of DEV Clone03 had five conserved regions as that among alphaherpesviruses.Phylogenetic analysis showed that DEV Clone-03 was clustered into the group of alphaherpesvirus and was more similar to Marek's disease herpesvirus(MDV) than to others.Furthermore,homology analysis of deduced amino acid sequences of UL6 homologous genes showed that although there were a range of amino acid deletions among the reference alphaherpesviruses at positions 201-222 and 425-441,these residues were well conserved in DEV Clone-03.

Field of study: Biology