nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Molecular Environment and an X-Ray Spectroscopy of Supernova Remnant Kesteven 78

We investigate the molecular environment of the Galactic supernova remnant (SNR) Kesteven 78 and perform an XMM-Newton X-ray spectroscopic study for the northeastern edge of the remnant. SNR Kes 78 is found to interact with the molecular clouds (MCs) at a systemic local standard of rest velocity of 81 km s–1. At around this velocity, the SNR appears to contact a long molecular strip in the northeast and a large cloud in the east as revealed in the 13CO line, which may be responsible for the radio brightness peak and the OH maser, respectively. The 12CO-line bright region morphologically matches the eastern bright radio shell in general, and the SNR is consistent in extent with a CO cavity. Broadened 12CO-line profiles discerned in the eastern maser region and the western clumpy molecular arc and the elevated 12CO (J = 2-1)/(J = 1-0) ratios along the SNR boundary may be signatures of shock perturbation in the molecular gas. The SNR-MC association places the SNR at a kinematic distance of 4.8 kpc. The X-rays arising from the northeastern radio shell are emitted by underionized hot (~1.5 keV), low-density (~0.1 cm–3) plasma with solar abundance, and the plasma may be of intercloud origin. The age of the remnant is inferred to be about 6 kyr. The size of the molecular cavity in Kes 78 implies an initial mass around 22 M ☉ for the progenitor.

Field of study: Physics
Architecture of distributed data base systems

Research and development over the last twenty years has culminated in the widespread use of data base management system (DBMS) software. As usage has grown, the desire to link and integrate separate data bases has resulted in substantial effort being directed towards the design of distributed data base systems. This paper presents the major architectures which have emerged for distributed data base systems. The architectures are compared and evaluated. Sixteen distributed data base management system (DDBMS) projects have been surveyed and classified according to the architectures. The various projects represent widely differing stages of effort: academic research, industrial testbeds, and commercial prototypes. The survey reviews important features of the DDBMSs. It does not attempt a qualitative performance comparison. The focus is instead on identification of overall architectural characteristics. The usefulness of the survey lies in the summary information which it imparts on current research, and in the classification scheme for generic distributed data base architectures which it provides.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Chapter 14 Adhesive proteins and their cellular receptors

Many, and perhaps most, important cell adhesion receptors and ligands have been identified and characterized. The reagents, systems, and technologies are therefore available for a “reductionist” approach to the roles of cell adhesion in processes such as the interaction of blood with biomedical materials. Key to the success of this approach is the recognition that the same molecules or families of molecules are responsible for many different processes in organisms that have evolved over hundreds of millions of years. For instance, the α IIb β 3 integrin receptor that mediates platelet adhesion and aggregation and is defective in Glanzmann thrombasthenia in humans is very similar to the receptor that mediates muscle attachment and is defective in fruitflies with the myospheriod phenotype. The challenges to the field of cell adhesion are to understand the events that control the activities of adhesion receptors and ligands, the signals that emanate from ligated receptors, and how the signals are processed to influence behavior when cells encounter surfaces or other cells. To exemplify these issues, this chapter focuses on the α v β 3 integrin receptor, an adhesive ligand for the receptor, vitronectin; and modulation of cellular adhesion to vitronectin by high-molecular-weight kininogen. Platelet adhesion to biomaterials is contrasted with the more complex phenomenon of neutrophil adhesion to vascular endothelial cells.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Preceding winter La Niña reduces Indian summer monsoon rainfall

Leaving out the strong El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) years, our understanding in the interannual variation of the Indian summer monsoon rainfall (ISMR) stands poor for the rest. This study quantifies the role of ENSO in the preceding winter on ISMR with a particular emphasis on ENSO-neutral summer and La Nina winter. Results show that, unlike the simultaneous ENSO-ISMR relationship, La Nina of previous winter reduces mean rainfall over the country by about 4% even during ENSO neutral summer. Moreover, when ENSO changes phase from La Nina in winter to El Nino in summer, ISMR is anomalously lower than during persisting El Nino years (−14.5% and −5.3%, respectively), increasing the probability of severe drought. This suppression effect of La Nina of the preceding winter on summer monsoon precipitation over India is mostly experienced in its western and southern parts. Principal component analysis of the zonal propagation of surface pressure anomalies from winter to summer along Northern Hemisphere subtropics decomposes interannual variations of seasonally persisting anomalies from zonal propagations. The dominant modes are associated with the seasonal transition of the ENSO phase, and are well correlated with date of onset and seasonal mean rainfall of monsoon over India. These results improve our understanding of the interannual variations of ISMR and could be used for diagnostics of general circulation models.

Field of study: Environmental science
Consumer Choice and Competition Policy: a Study of UK Energy Markets a

Consumer choice is increasingly recognised as a crucial factor in competition policy. To illustrate the implications of such choice we present an investment model of the switching choice in the UK residential natural gas market and examine responses to a specially commissioned survey of nearly seven hundred consumers, identifying search and switching costs. Through an assessment of the savings which consumers say they require to switch supplier, together with an evaluation of consumer switching behaviour, we deduce that the incumbent retained considerable market power, suggesting that some continued regulation may be necessary.

Field of study: Economics
Novel 16-substituted bifunctional derivatives of huperzine B: multifunctional cholinesterase inhibitors

To design novel bifunctional derivatives of huperzine B (HupB) based on the concept of dual binding site of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and evaluate their pharmacological activities for seeking new drug candidates against Alzheimer's disease (AD).Methods:Novel 16-substituted bifunctional derivatives of HupB were synthesized through chemical reactions. The inhibitory activities of the derivatives toward AChE and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) were determined in vitro by modified Ellman's method. Cell viability was quantified by the reduction of MTT.Results:A new preparative method was developed for the generation of 16-substituted derivatives of HupB, and pharmacological trials indicated that the derivatives were multifunctional cholinesterase inhibitors targeting both AChE and BuChE. Among the derivatives tested, 9c, 9e, 9f, and 9i were 480 to 1360 times more potent as AChE inhibitors and 370 to 1560 times more potent as BuChE inhibitors than the parent HupB. Further preliminary pharmacological trials of derivatives 9c and 9i were performed, including examining the mechanism of AChE inhibition, the substrate kinetics of the enzyme inhibition, and protection against hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced cytotoxicity in PC12 cells.Preliminary pharmacological evaluation indicated that 16-substituted derivatives of HupB, particularly 9c and 9i, would be potentially valuable new drug candidates for AD therapy, and further exploration is needed to evaluate their pharmacological and clinical efficacies.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Methane profiles from GOSAT thermal infrared spectra

This paper discusses the retrieval of atmospheric methane profiles from the
thermal infrared band of the Japanese Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite
(GOSAT) between 1210 and 1310 cm−1 , using the RemoTeC analysis
software. Approximately one degree of information on the vertical methane
distribution is inferred from the measurements, with the main sensitivity at
about 9 km altitude but little sensitivity to methane in the lower
troposphere. For verification, we compare the GOSAT-TIR methane profile
retrieval results with profiles from model fields provided by the Monitoring
Atmospheric Composition and Climate (MACC) project, scaled to the total
column measurements of the Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON) at
ground-based measurement sites. Without any radiometric corrections of GOSAT
observations, differences between both data sets can be as large as 10 %. To
mitigate these differences, we developed a correction scheme using a
principal component analysis of spectral fit residuals and airborne
observations of methane during the HIAPER pole-to-pole observations (HIPPO)
campaign II and III. When the correction scheme is applied, the bias in the
methane profile can be reduced to less than 2 % over the whole altitude range
with respect to MACC model methane fields. Furthermore, we show that, with
this correction, the retrievals result in smooth methane fields over land and
ocean crossings and no differences can be discerned between daytime and
nighttime measurements. Finally, a cloud filter is developed for the
nighttime and ocean measurements. This filter is rooted in the GOSAT-TIR
(thermal infrared) measurements and its performance, in terms of biases, is consistent with the
cloud filter based on the GOSAT-SWIR (shortwave infrared) measurements. The TIR filter shows a
higher acceptance rate of observations than the SWIR filter, at the cost of a
higher uncertainty in the retrieved methane profiles.

Field of study: Environmental science
James Joyce the Regionalist: The Irish Homestead, Dubliners, and Modernism's Regional Affect

This essay reads James Joyce as a regionalist: as a writer who deliberately represented his region with scrupulous attention to detail, and whose writing illustrates the complex and mutually informing relationship between the local and the global. Reading Joyce's stories in the context of the Irish Homestead (1895–1923), the journal of Ireland's agricultural cooperative movement, reveals how his stories borrow the regionalism of the journal's editorials and fiction but are distinguished by the use of modernist narrative techniques. This regional affect defines Joyce's modernism as grounded in the local ecology, history, and culture of his city.

Field of study: Art
Regularization Effect of Fast Gradient Sign Method and its Generalization

Fast Gradient Sign Method (FGSM) is a popular method to generate adversarial examples that make neural network models robust against perturbations. Despite its empirical success, its theoretical property is not well understood. This paper develops theory to explain the regularization effect of Generalized FGSM, a class of methods to generate adversarial examples. Motivated from the relationship between FGSM and LASSO penalty, the asymptotic properties of Generalized FGSM are derived in the Generalized Linear Model setting, which is essentially the 1-layer neural network setting with certain activation functions. In such simple neural network models, I prove that Generalized FGSM estimation is root n-consistent and weakly oracle under proper conditions. The asymptotic results are also highly similar to penalized likelihood estimation. Nevertheless, Generalized FGSM introduces additional bias when data sampling is not sign neutral, a concept I introduce to describe the balance-ness of the noise signs. Although the theory in this paper is developed under simple neural network settings, I argue that it may give insights and justification for FGSM in deep neural network settings as well.

Field of study: Computer science
The effect of gravity on surface temperatures of plant leaves.

A fundamental study was conducted to develop a facility having an adequate air circulation system for growing healthy plants over a long-term under microgravity conditions in space. To clarify the effects of gravity on heat exchange between plant leaves and the ambient air, surface temperatures of sweet potato and barley leaves and replica leaves made of wet paper and copper were evaluated at gravity levels of 0.01, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 g for 20 s each during parabolic aeroplane flights. Thermal images were captured using infrared thermography at an air temperature of 26 degrees C, a relative humidity of 18% and an irradiance of 260 W m-2. Mean leaf temperatures increased by 0.9-1.0 degrees C with decreasing gravity levels from 1.0 to 0.01 g and decreased by 0.5 degrees C with increasing gravity levels from 1.0 to 2.0 g. The increase in leaf temperatures was at most 1.9 degrees C for sweet potato leaves over 20 s as gravity decreased from 1.0 to 0.01 g. The boundary layer conductance to sensible heat exchange decreased by 5% when the gravity decreased from 1.0 to 0.01 g at the air velocity of 0.2 m s-1. The decrease in the boundary layer conductance with decrease in the gravity levels was more significant in a lower air velocity. Heat exchange between leaves and the ambient air was more retarded at lower gravity levels because of less sensible and latent heat transfers with less heat convection.

Field of study: Environmental science
Dynamics in a poly(ethylene oxide)-based nanocomposite polymer electrolyte probed by solid state NMR

Novel nanocomposite polymer electrolytes have been synthesized by intercalation of poly(ethylene oxide) into various layered silicates. In this work we use solid state NMR to probe dynamics associated with both the cations and the polymer over a broad temperature range. Spin-lattice relaxation studies reveal the influence of the polymer backbone dynamics on the 7 Li + T 1 , and we discuss why such measurements need to be interpreted with care. Cation dynamics are separated from that of the polymer by an analysis of the temperature dependence of the 7 Li spectrum in the presence of paramagnetic impurities fixed in the silicate lattice. The intercalated polymer shows no evidence for either glass or melt transitions, and over the same temperature range exhibits thermally-activated polymer reorientation. Over the same broad temperature range, Li + cations prove to be mobile with the same activation energy. Such measurements appear to indicate that cation diffusion is much slower than polymer reorientation in these systems.

Field of study: Materials science
Prevalence of postnatal psychiatric morbidity in mothers and fathers.

In the first study to systematically examine postnatal depression in fathers, we examined depression in 200 postnatal couples, using a two-stage design. The prevalence of depression ascertained by the 13-item Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), using a cut-off score for 'caseness' of 13 or more in an unselected postnatal sample, was 27.5% in mothers at six weeks postpartum, 25.7% in mothers at six months postpartum, 9.0% in fathers at six weeks postpartum, and 5.4% in fathers at six months postpartum. The prevalence did not differ significantly in either mothers or fathers from a control group of parents with children between three and five years of age. As expected, mothers had a significantly higher prevalence of psychiatric 'caseness' at both six weeks and six months postpartum than fathers. Fathers were significantly more likely to be cases if their partners were also cases. The hypothesis that different aetiological factors would be important in brief and persistent disorders in mothers was upheld.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
A note on the propagation of the bulk of a disturbance for a hyperbolic equation

Our arguments can be extended to other linear hyperbolic equations with nonconstant coefficients but, for the sake of brevity, we consider here only the damped wave equation (I)If the initial data correspond to a disturbance that is confined, in the sense that / and g have compact support, then we can ask at what rate the disturbance propagates. The conventional answer is that the disturbance propagates at unit speed, i.e., in such a way that the distance travelled equals the time elapsed. The ground for this assertion is, of course, the entirely correct one that if the supports of / and g are contained within the compact interval a < x < (3 then, for each t > 0, the support of u{x, t) is contained within the interval a — t < x < (3 +1. Our purpose is to point out that the conventional answer nonetheless fails to tell us how the bulk of the disturbance propagates and that, in fact, the bulk propagates in such a way that the distance travelled is proportional to the square root of the time elapsed, as is the case for the parabolic heat equation. . See also the discussion of what happens for the Fokker-Planck equation with periodic coefficients in Day and Saccomandi .

Field of study: Mathematics
Finding reachable states of finite-state concurrent systems

We present detailed algorithms for finding, for a given finitestate concurrent software system, all states reachable from a given set of possible initial states. Our systems consist of processes that send and receive messages through links of bounded capacity. Input to the algorithm is a software system, described in a modeling notation that resembles a programming language. Of particular interest are the techniques for modeling the effects of concurrency and nondeterminism, for detecting infinite loops, and for selecting a set of particularly significant states to report to the user. We discuss performance of the algorithms and provide data from implementations.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Probability of reinforcement and the development of stimulus control.

Pigeons were trained with a successive discrimination procedure in which responding during the negative stimulus was never reinforced and responding during the positive stimulus was reinforced according to one of four probability values. This discrimination training followed extensive training with a single, neutral stimulus and the same temporal distribution of reinforcements. The development of stimulus control was studied by tracing the difference in rate of responding between the positive and negative stimuli over the course of discrimination training. Response rate during the positive stimulus remained constant, while that during the negative stimulus decreased to zero. The probability of reinforcement associated with the positive stimulus affected both the total number of responses emitted during the negative stimulus and the number of negative stimulus presentations during which responding occurred. However, the number of reinforcements during the positive stimulus preceding the attainment of various degrees of stimulus control was similar for all probability values.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Reaction of 2-(1-aryl-5-phenylpyrazol-4-yl)-1H-benzimidazoles with the dimethylacetal of DMF

Previously  we assigned the structure 2a,b to the products of the reaction of 2-(1-aryl5-phenylpyrazol-4-yl)-1H-benzimidzoles 1a,b with the dimethylacetal of DMF. This conclusion did not contradict the H NMR spectral data, the elemental analysis, and information  on the existence of polycondensation of heterocyclic systems of this type. The result appeared to be unusual on the background of known [3-5] properties of the dimethylacetal of DMF.

Field of study: Chemistry
Acquired undescended testis and possibly associated testicular torsion in children with cerebral palsy or neuromuscular disease.

Torsion of an undescended testis (UDT) associated with cerebral palsy (CP) and neuromuscular disease (NMD) is an uncommon condition that is not well recognized by primary care physicians or healthcare providers.



The objective of this study was to highlight the clinical importance of torsion of a UDT in children with CP and NMD.



Eleven children with testicular torsion of a UDT operated on at the study institute between 1991 and 2015 were identified. The records of seven children (63.6%) associated with CP or NMD were retrospectively reviewed. Clinical findings of testicular torsion were assessed along with the treatment outcome and testicular salvageability.



All seven children were not identified with a UDT by public health checkup for infant and young children. No children with CP or NMD had torsion of a descended testis during the present study period. Median age at surgery was 15 years (range, 1-20 years). The testis location was at the external inguinal ring in five patients, in the inguinal canal in one, and in the superficial inguinal pouch in one. Of the contralateral testes, four were a UDT, one was a retractile testis, and two were descended testes. Orchiectomy was performed in six patients (85.7%). In the remaining patients, the testis was preserved but became atrophic.



This study demonstrated that children with CP or NMD may be affected with torsion of a UDT with peak at around puberty with the poor salvage rate, even if the testes appear descended in infancy and young children. Shortcomings of this study were the retrospective design and a small series of children undergoing surgery for torsion of a UDT.



Pediatric urologists need to educate primary care physicians and healthcare providers in the recognition of acquired UDTs and possibly associated testicular torsion in children with CP and NMD. Genital examination should be continued regularly until adolescence in these children to detect acquired UDT. These children should be referred to pediatric urologists to promote surgery as soon as the diagnosis of acquired UDT is carried out. It is believed that it is perhaps the best approach to prevent loss of the testis in children with CP and NMD.

Field of study: Medicine
Performance enhancement of adsorption beds with silica-gel particles packed in aluminum foams

Effective thermal conductivity of a silica-gel/water adsorption packed bed is significantly enhanced by placing silica-gel particles in a high-porosity aluminum foam. The enhancement leads to several folds increase in the specific cooling power (SCP), cooling capacity per unit volume (CPv) and coefficient of performance (COP) of an adsorption cooling (AD) chiller. The thermal response and adsorption kinetics of various silica-gel/aluminum foam beds under typical operating conditions are investigated experimentally and numerically. Effect of pores per inch (PPI) of the foam, silica-gel particle size, bed height and adsorption isotherm of different types of silica-gel on the bed performance are investigated. Based on the results, aluminum foam with 20 PPI is recommended for adsorption cooling applications due to its high surface area and small cell size. 20 PPI aluminum foam can deliver a SCP of 827 W/kg, a CPv of 517 W/m3 and a COP of 0.75.

Field of study: Engineering
Software fault prediction

Cost-effective and timely software development methods are essential today as software costs and backlogs escalate while applications are developed in rapidly changing environments. Focusing testing efforts on those portions of the code with the largest number of faults can reduce development costs and time, but requires prediction of the potential location of faults. This study is an attempt to determine whether these predictions can be made by applying neural networks to predict faults in several National Aeronautics and Space Administration software development projects. We found that neither code size nor subjective factors describing the problem, schedule, personnel, process, product, and development environment provided enough information with which to predict the total number of faults in highly fault-prone modules. However, if faults tend to cluster, then identification of fault-prone modules through initial testing could guide subsequent testing efforts that focus on these modules.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering