nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Investigation of falling-film plate wettability characteristics under dehumidification and regeneration conditions using LiCl-H2O.

Liquid desiccant air conditioning system has unique advantages and prospects in both humidity control and low-grade heat driven cooling. The liquid film wettability is one of the significant factors governing the efficiency of dehumidification/regeneration processes in the system. In this paper, the effect of the LiCl solution properties on falling-film plate wettability characteristic is studied using a VOF method. This paper analyzes the dehumidification and regeneration processes respectively and gets the recommended amount of spray, which was 0.619 m3/(m·h) for dehumidification and 0.662 m3/(m·h) for regeneration. The recommended amount of spray can not only ensure the full-film flow, but also avoid the excessive solution flow rate which may increase the possibility of droplets entrainment. Since the wettability is determined by the coupled effects of the solution density, viscosity and surface tension, the effects of dynamic properties of liquid desiccant on the wettability are studied to explain the influence of the solution temperature and concentration on the wettability. Finally, least squares method is used to fit a formula to describe the effect of solution properties on falling-film plate wettability, which can guide the control of the amount of spray in actual operation.

Field of study: Engineering
An IBBCEAS system for atmospheric measurements of glyoxal and methylglyoxal in the presence of high NO 2 concentrations

A system based on incoherent broadband cavity-enhanced
absorption spectroscopy (IBBCEAS) has been developed for simultaneous
measurement of nitrogen dioxide ( NO2 ), glyoxal (GLY), and methylglyoxal
(MGLY). In this system, the measured light absorption at around 460 nm is
spectrally resolved. The concentration of absorbers is determined from a
multicomponent fit. At an integration time of 100 s, the measurement
sensitivity ( 2σ ) for NO2 , GLY, and MGLY is 18, 30, and
100 ppt, respectively. The measurement uncertainty, which mainly originates
from path length calibration, sampling loss, and uncertainty of absorption
cross sections is estimated to be 8 % for NO2 , 8 % for GLY, and
16 % for MGLY. When deploying the instrument during field observations, we
found significant influence of NO2 on the spectra fitting for
retrieving GLY and MGLY concentrations, which is caused by the fact that
 NO2 has a higher absorption cross section and higher ambient
concentration. In order to minimize such an effect, a NO2 photolytic
convertor (NPC), which removes sampled NO2 at an efficiency of 76 %,
was integrated on the IBBCEAS system. Since sampled GLY and MGLY are mostly
( ≥95  %) conserved after passing through the NPC, the quality of the
spectra fitting and the measurement accuracy of ambient GLY and MGLY under
 NO2 -rich environments could be improved.

Field of study: Environmental science
Organic Superconductors: When Correlations and Magnetism Walk in

This survey provides a brief account for the start of organic superconductivity motivated by the quest for high Tc superconductors and its development since the 1980s. Besides superconductivity found in 1D organics in 1980, progresses in this field of research have contributed to better understand the physics of low-dimensional conductors highlighted by the wealth of new remarkable properties. Correlations conspire to govern the low-temperature properties of the metallic phase. The contribution of antiferromagnetic fluctuations to the interchain Cooper pairing proposed by the theory is borne out by experimental investigations and supports superconductivity emerging from a non-Fermi-liquid background. Quasi-one-dimensional organic superconductors can therefore be considered as simple prototype systems for the more complex high Tc materials.

Field of study: Physics
Distinguishing Optical Behavior of Oxygen States and Native Deep Level Emission in ZnTe

The introduction of oxygen in ZnTe provides an isoelectronic radiative defect that can form an intermediate band attractive for optoelectronic applications. ZnTe also exhibits native deep level emission in close spectral proximity to oxygen emission, which can obscure the understanding of these electronic states. The photoluminescence characteristics of ZnTe epitaxial layers on GaAs are studied with the intentional introduction of oxygen and native deep levels. Native deep level emission at 1.8 eV demonstrates a reduced quenching in emission at increasing temperature and dominates at room temperature. However, the overall radiative emission of oxygen states at 1.9 eV in ZnTeO is reduced in samples in which native deep level emission is present. Despite the radiative nature and weak temperature dependence of luminescence efficiency, oxygen incorporation demonstrates significantly higher radiative emission that is maximized with the reduction of the native deep level emission.

Field of study: Materials science
Sport administration system reform in China from the perspective of organization objectives

From the perspective of the organization objective theory,the author analyzed that the theoretical criteria for sport administration system reform in China are the objectives of sport in China and the objectives of sport administration in China,and based on such an analysis the author concluded that the overall objectives of sport administration system reform in China are to establish a job-doing efficient,running coordinated and behavior standardized sports association management system with Chinese features,and by intensifying the reform,to realize the fundamental changes for the governmental functions of sport administrative organizations to create good environments for sport development,to provide quality public sports services,and to maintain sport fairness and justice,for the establishment of sport administrative organizations and personnel to become scientific,standardized and legally systemized,and for sport administration running mechanisms and management modes to become orderly,transparent and efficient,and put forward specific objective tasks for sport administration system reform in China in order to realize such three fundamental changes.

Field of study: Education
Classification Cancels Corporate Accountability

In the wake of the corporate scandals of the past several months, ISS often receives inquiries as to our views on the two or three key governance changes that-if adopted by all issuers-would help investors to avoid similar market meltdowns in the future.1 Unquestionably, the item on our wish list that draws the blankest stares from corporate America is the call for annual elections of all members of corporate boards. These visceral responses are not surprising given the recent degeneration of the staggered terms versus annual election debate.2 Few governance issues produce the same "Shareholders Are from Mars, Executives Are from Venus" level of disconnect. Simply put, executives and investors view the boardelection timing issue from different perspectives. As is often the case with such genetic-level disagreements, where each group stands is dictated by where its members sit.

Field of study: Law
Orthogonal polynomials for complex Gaussian processes

Power amplifiers are the major source of nonlinearity in communications systems. Such nonlinearity causes spectral regrowth as well as in-band distortion, which leads to adjacent channel interference and increased bit error rate. Polynomials are often used to model the nonlinear power amplifier or its predistortion linearizer. In this paper, we present a novel set of orthogonal polynomials for baseband Gaussian input to replace the conventional polynomials and show how they alleviate the numerical instability problem associated with the conventional polynomials. The orthogonal polynomials also provide an intuitive means of spectral regrowth analysis.

Field of study: Engineering
The transmogrification of a posteriori knowledge: reply to Brueckner

Brown,  Anti-individualism and agnosticism.  213–24. Brown,  The incompatibility of anti-individualism and privileged access. Analysis 55: 149–56. Brueckner, A. 2002. Anti-individualism and analyticity.  Falvey, K. 2000. The compatibility of anti-individualism and privileged access. Analysis 60: 137–42. McKinsey, M. 1991. Anti-individualism and privileged access.  9–16. McLaughlin, B. and M. Tye 1998. Externalism, twin earth, and self-knowledge. In Knowing Our Own Minds, ed. C. Wright, B. Smith and C. Macdonald.  Outsmarting the McKinsey-Brown argument?

Field of study: Philosophy
A new reasoning and learning model for Cognitive Wireless Sensor Networks based on Bayesian networks and learning automata cooperation

Adding cognition to existing Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) with a cognitive networking approach, which deals with using cognition to the entire network protocol stack to achieve end-to-end goals, brings about many benefits. However cognitive networking may be confused with cognitive radio or cross-layer design, it is a different concept; cognitive radios applies cognition only at the physical layer to overcome the problem of spectrum scarcity, and cross layer design usually focuses on linking at least two non-consecutive specific layers, to achieve a particular goal. Indeed, it can be said that the cognitive radio and the cross layer design are two effective methods in cognitive networking. To the best of our knowledge, almost all of the existing researches on the Cognitive Wireless Sensor Networks (CWSNs) have focused on spectrum allocation and interference reduction in the physical layer. In this paper, we propose a new reasoning and learning model for CWSNs, in which firstly, a team of learning automata is employed to construct a Bayesian Network (BN) model of the parameters of the network protocol stack, and then the constructed BN is used to tune the controllable parameters. The BN represents the dependency relationships between the parameters of the network protocol stack, and the BN-based reasoning is an efficient tool for cross-layer optimization, in order to maximize the perceived network performance. Simulations have been done to evaluate the performance of the proposed model. The results of the simulations show that the proposed model successively adds cognition to a WSN and improves the performance of the communication network.

Field of study: Computer science
An Evaluation of Ten Pairwise Multiple Comparison Procedures by Monte Carlo Methods

Computer simulation techniques were used to study the Type I and Type III error rates and the correct decision rates for ten pairwise multiple comparison procedures. Results indicated that Scheffe's test, Tukey's test, and the Student-Newman-Keuls test are less appropriate than either the least significant difference with the restriction that the analysis of variance F value be significant at α = .05, two Bayesian modifications of the least significant difference, or Duncan's multiple range test. Because of its ease of application, many researchers may prefer the restricted least significant difference.

Field of study: Mathematics
Climatic and local effects on stalagmite δ13C values at Lianhua Cave, China

Carbon isotopes in speleothems may serve as indicators of vegetative change, climatic conditions, and karst processes. In many recent studies of Chinese stalagmites, however, carbon isotopes have often been neglected or underutilized in interpreting paleoenvironments. Here, we present a continuous decadal-scale δ 13 C record (819 measurements) of the mid- to late-Holocene from a precisely-dated (10 230 Th dates) aragonite stalagmite from Lianhua Cave, Hunan Province, China. Compared to coeval stalagmites from other Chinese caves, the average δ 13 C value (− 3.6‰) of stalagmite A1 is higher by ~ 2–7‰. Variations in the δ 13 C values (0.1‰ to − 6.0‰) reflect changes in both vegetative productivity and inorganic processes, which respond to climatic processes. The δ 13 C record of stalagmite A1 can be subdivided into three intervals: 1) warm–humid stage (6.6 to 3.8 ka); 2) transitional stage (3.8 to 1.6 ka); and 3) cool–arid stage (1.6 ka to present). Comparisons with other stalagmite and paleoclimatic records demonstrate that these intervals are generally consistent with changes in regional vegetation and climatic conditions.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
THE BEHAVIOUR OF LEGISLATORS AND BUREAUCRATS AND POLICING EXPENDITURES: A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK AND SOME EMPIRICAL RESULTS

: This paper is concerned with an analysis of legislation, public administration and government expenditure decisions on policing activities. These three dimensions of government can be used as mechanisms of social control. Whether they are or not is an empirical question that has to be determined in each case. It is shown that there are no strict relationships between the three dimensions of government activity: separate decision-making is undertaken for each of the three dimensions. It is indicated that there are eight possible combinations of the three dimensions, assuming that the three dimensions of government activity are bivariate and discrete. The empirical analysis relates to the state of Queensland and it is concluded that Queensland can be described as a case consisting of authoritarian legislation, public administration contrary to the rule of law, and low policing expenditures.

Field of study: Political science
Long Non-coding RNA ST8SIA6-AS1 Promotes Lung Adenocarcinoma Progression Through Sponging miR-125a-3p

Emerging evidence suggests that long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) plays a critical role in human disease progression. Recently, a novel lncRNA ST8SIA6-AS1 was shown as an important driver in various cancer types. Nevertheless, its contribution to lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) remains undocumented. Herein, we found that ST8SIA6-AS1 was frequently overexpressed in LUAD cell lines, tissues, and plasma. Depletion of ST8SIA6-AS1 significantly inhibited LUAD cell proliferation and invasion in vitro and tumor growth in vivo. In term of mechanism, ST8SIA6-AS1 was transcriptionally repressed by tumor suppressor p53, and ST8SIA6-AS1 was mainly located in the cytoplasm and could abundantly sponge miR-125a-3p to increase nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT) expression, thereby facilitating LUAD malignant progression. Clinically, high ST8SIA6-AS1 was positively correlated with larger tumor size, lymph node metastasis, and later TNM stage. Moreover, ST8SIA6-AS1 was identified as an excellent indicator for MM diagnosis and prognosis. Collectively, our data demonstrate that ST8SIA6-AS1 is a carcinogenic lncRNA in LUAD, and targeting the axis of ST8SIA6-AS1/miR-125a-3p/NNMT may be a promising treatment for LUAD patients.

Field of study: Biology
CYCLOPROPYLATION OF HETEROCYCLIC CORES USING CYCLOPROPYLBORONIC DERIVATIVES

Methods for cyclopropane ring incorporation into various heterocyclic cores using cyclopropylsubstituted organoboron compounds are surveyed. In particular, Suzuki–Miyaura and Chan–Lam reactions, recent coupling processes involving organotrifluoroborates, as well as C–H activation of heterocyclic substrates are discussed.

Field of study: Chemistry
The Distribution of Polarized Radio Sources >15 μJy in GOODS-N

We present deep Very Large Array observations of the polarization of radio sources in the GOODS-N field at 1.4 GHz at resolutions of 1.''6 and 10''. At 1.''6, we find that the peak flux cumulative number count distribution is N(> p) ~ 45*(p/30 μJy)–0.6 per square degree above a detection threshold of 14.5 μJy. This represents a break from the steeper slopes at higher flux densities, resulting in fewer sources predicted for future surveys with the Square Kilometer Array and its precursors. It provides a significant challenge for using background rotation measures (RMs) to study clusters of galaxies or individual galaxies. Most of the polarized sources are well above our detection limit, and they are also radio galaxies that are well-resolved even at 10'', with redshifts from ~0.2-1.9. We determined a total polarized flux for each source by integrating the 10'' polarized intensity maps, as will be done by upcoming surveys such as POSSUM. These total polarized fluxes are a factor of two higher, on average, than the peak polarized flux at 1.''6; this would increase the number counts by ~50% at a fixed flux level. The detected sources have RMs with a characteristic rms scatter of ~11 rad m–2 around the local Galactic value, after eliminating likely outliers. The median fractional polarization from all total intensity sources does not continue the trend of increasing at lower flux densities, as seen for stronger sources. The changes in the polarization characteristics seen at these low fluxes likely represent the increasing dominance of star-forming galaxies.

Field of study: Physics
Strain compensation by relieving defects in SiGe channel for FinFET technologies

Current generations of FinFET devices are incorporating SiGe alloys as stressor material in chan- nel regions in order to enhance hole mobility, drive current and channel conductivity. However, the presence of SiGe gives rise to new issues to be controlled during the device fabrication process, such as the strain retention or defectivity control, since they may seriously impact the quality of the strained SiGe channel and so the final device performance. The present work addresses the study of defect formation during the optimized integration of SiGe FinFETs for 10 nm technology nodes, aimed at determining the Ge threshold content for the nucleation of defects. Due to the relevance of atomistic models in determining the mechanisms and nature of defect formation, Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations have been performed to emulate the FinFET fabrication process. The channel region is generated by removing a portion of the total volume of the Si substrate, further refilled with Si1-xGex alloy to form the co-integrated FinFETs. After deposition, the presence of Ge induces a lattice distortion which is expected to be relived by defect formation. Samples are annealing varying the Ge fraction, allowing to determine that threshold Ge content for the nucleation of defects is x=0.27. MD provides also the nature of the formed defects, which have been determined to be twinning developed at {111} planes and 60o misfit dislocations. Simulation results have been compared to experimental observations, both in good agreement.

Field of study: Materials science
A family of polynomials related to generic degrees

A family of polynomials parameterized by the conjugacy classes of a finite Coxeter group is investigated. These polynomials, together with the character table of the group, determine the associated generic degrees. The polynomials are described completely for classes that meet a parabolic subgroup whose components are of type A or are dihedral, and for the class of Coxeter elements.

Field of study: Mathematics
Regulation by ABA of osmotic‐stress‐induced changes in protein synthesis in tomato roots

Polypeptide synthesis and accumulation were examined in the roots of tomato seedlings exposed to a polyethylene glycol-imposed water deficit stress. In these roots, the synthesis of a number of polypeptides was induced, while that of several others was enhanced or repressed. To examine the role played by abscisic acid (ABA) in co-ordinating the accumulation of these proteins, water-deficit-stress-responsive polypeptide synthesis was investigated in the roots of the ABA-deficient mutant flacca. In the roots of this mutant, the ability to accumulate a complete set of water-deficit-stress-responsive polypeptides was impaired, indicating that ABA is required for their synthesis. The role of ABA was further examined by exposing the roots of both genotypes to exogenous ABA, which, with one exception, elicited the accumulation of all water-deficit-stress-responsive proteins. Polyethylene glycol-induced polypeptide accumulation was accompanied by a 1.6-fold increase in the level of endogenous ABA in the roots of wild-type plants and a 5-fold increase in the roots of flc. Thus, although the absolute level was lower than that of the wild-type, flc has the capacity to accumulate ABA in its roots. When fluridone was used to prevent the biosynthesis of ABA, the accumulation of several water-deficit-stress-responsive polypeptides was reduced further. The synthesis of polypeptides was also examined in the roots of salt-treated seedlings. Salt altered the accumulation of several polypeptides, all of which were previously observed in water-deficit-stressed roots, indicating that their synthesis was the result of the osmotic component of the salt stress. However, the accumulation of these polypeptides was not impaired in flc roots, indicating that the role played by ABA in regulating their accumulation in salt-and polyethylene glycol-treated roots differs. As such, salt- and water-deficit-stress-induced changes in gene expression may be effected by different mechanisms, at least at the level of polypeptide accumulation.

Field of study: Environmental science
Young stars and ionized nebulae in M83: comparing chemical abundances at high metallicity

We present spectra of 14 A-type supergiants in the metal-rich spiral galaxy M83. We derive stellar parameters and metallicities and measure a spectroscopic distance modulus mu = 28.47 +/- 0.10 (4.9 +/- 0.2 Mpc), in agreement with other methods. We use the stellar characteristic metallicity of M83 and other systems to discuss a version of the galaxy mass-metallicity relation that is independent of the analysis of nebular emission lines and the associated systematic uncertainties. We reproduce the radial metallicity gradient of M83, which flattens at large radii, with a chemical evolution model, constraining gas inflow and outflow processes. We carry out a comparative analysis of the metallicities we derive from the stellar spectra and published H II region line fluxes, utilizing both the direct, T-e-based method and different strong-line abundance diagnostics. The direct abundances are in relatively good agreement with the stellar metallicities, once we apply a modest correction to the nebular oxygen abundance due to depletion onto dust. Popular empirically calibrated strong-line diagnostics tend to provide nebular abundances that underestimate the stellar metallicities above the solar value by similar to 0.2 dex. This result could be related to difficulties in selecting calibration samples at high metallicity. The O3N2 method calibrated by Pettini and Pagel gives the best agreement with our stellar metallicities. We confirm that metal recombination lines yield nebular abundances that agree with the stellar abundances for high-metallicity systems, but find evidence that in more metal-poor environments they tend to underestimate the stellar metallicities by a significant amount, opposite to the behavior of the direct method.

Field of study: Physics