nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Purification and kinetic mechanism of S-adenosylmethionine: myelin basic protein methyltransferase from bovine brain.

The enzyme S-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet): myelin basic protein (MBP) methyltransferase was purified 250-fold from bovine brain with an overall yield of 130%, relative to crude supernatant. The purification involves acid-base and (NH4)2SO4 precipitation, chromatography over Sephadex G-100 and DEAE-cellulose, followed by preparative isoelectric focusing. The enzyme has a pI of 5.60 +/- 0.05, and the Mr is estimated to be between 71,000 (from SDS/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis) and 74,500 (from gel filtration). The enzyme is stable at 37 degrees C for over 2 h, is stable frozen and does not require metal ions or reductants. The enzyme shows a high specificity for MBP and does not accept polyarginine as a substrate; F1 histone is methylated at 37% of the rate of MBP. Methylation occurs on an arginine residue in a single h.p.l.c.-resolvable peptide from the tryptic cleavage of MBP. Simple saturation kinetics are observed with respect to both substrates, with Km values of 18 microM and 32 microM for MBP and AdoMet respectively. The simplest kinetic mechanism that is consistent with the data requires ordered rapid-equilibrium binding, with AdoMet as the first substrate. The enzyme isolated in this work is different, both physically and kinetically, from the histone-specific arginine methyltransferases described by other workers. A new, simple, assay system for the methylation of MBP is described.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Cost of allogeneic bone marrow transplantation in four diseases.

The cost of bone-marrow transplantation is compared in 4 diseases: acute myelogenous leukaemia, severe combined immunodeficiency, severe aplastic anaemia and chronic granulocytic leukaemia. Hospital cost components directly related to the clinical protocols applied are valorized. Results confirm the well-known fact that bone-marrow transplantation is a costly technique. The unit cost of a transplantation can vary from 1 to 2 between departments for the sole reason that patients treated are not suffering from the same illness. For one disease, the unit cost may vary from 1 to 2.7 when post-graft complications arise. Furthermore, in the health-care sector, as well as in every other economic sector, costs do not remain stable: they vary in time most especially when treatment protocols evolve. This type of cost information is the basis for management control systems without which physicians, hospital managers and health-care authorities cannot communicate effectively. In countries where health care is largely financed by the community, what is at stake is the future of advanced technologies in medicine.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Polyphasic carbonate precipitation in the shallow subsurface: Insights from microbially-formed authigenic carbonate beds in upper Miocene sediments of the Tertiary Piedmont Basin (NW Italy)

article i nfo Authigenic methane-derived carbonates hosted in upper Miocene slope sediments of the Tertiary Piedmont Basin (NW Italy) are studied by a multidisciplinary approach including petrography, stable oxygen and car- bon isotopes of carbonates, as well as lipid biomarkers in order to explore the relationship between microbial activity and carbonate precipitation in the shallow subsurface. The studied rocks show a bed parallel geom- etry and are characterized by dolomitic intergranular cement, which is typified by positive δ 13 C values as high as +6.2‰ VPDB. A striking feature of some dolomite beds is an intricate network of septarian-like cracks filled with both injected sediments and polyphasic carbonate cements. Prokaryotic molecular fossils in the dolomite beds comprise archaeol (δ 13 C: �40‰ VPDB) and various bacterial dialkyl glycerol diethers (DAGEs; δ 13 C: �30‰ VPDB), strongly suggesting that dolomite precipitation took place at the interface of the zones of archaeal methanogenesis and bacterial sulphate reduction. In contrast, extremely negative δ 13 C values of carbonate cements (as low as �56.3‰ VPDB) and various archaeal and bacterial molecular fossils (e.g. pentamethylicosane (PMI): �106‰ VPDB) are recorded in the crack-filling carbonate cements. These cements precipitated due to anaerobic oxidation of methane coupled to sulphate reduction. We pro- pose a scenario for the formation of the diagenetic beds, suggesting that carbonate precipitation was the re- sult of three microbially-driven processes (sulphate reduction, methanogenesis, and, finally, anaerobic oxidation of methane). This unusual sequence was a consequence of a dynamic change of environmental geo- chemical conditions and fluid circulation patterns that prevailed in the ancient subseafloor during early dia- genesis of the unconsolidated sediments. Anaerobic oxidation of methane, which usually predates methanogenesis during increasing burial, postdates methanogenesis in case of the septarian-like beds after the beds were affected by crack formation induced by overcritical pore pressure, allowing the ingress of sulphate-rich water from above and methane-rich water from below.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Naming and categorization in young children: vocal tact training.

In three experiments, 2- to 4-year-old children, following pretraining with everyday objects, were presented with arbitrary stimuli of differing shapes. In Experiment 1A, 9 subjects were trained one common tact response, "zag," to three of these and a second tact, "vek," to another three. In category match-to-sample Test 1, 4 subjects sorted accurately when required only to look at the sample before selecting from five comparisons. The remaining 5 subjects succeeded in Test 2, in which they were required to tact the sample before selecting comparisons. Experiment 1B showed, for 2 of these subjects, that tact training with 12 arbitrary stimuli established two six-member classes that were still intact 6 weeks later. In Experiment 2, 3 new subjects participated in a common tact training procedure that ensured that none of the exemplars from the same class were presented together prior to the test for three-member classes. Two subjects passed category Test 1 and the third passed Test 2. Tests showed subjects' listener behavior in response to hearing /zog/ and /vek/ to be in place. These experiments indicate that common naming is effective in establishing arbitrary stimulus classes and that category match-to-sample testing provides a robust measure of categorization.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Characteristics of main forest community in Xiaokeng,Anhui Province

Based on the survey data from 26 square samples and 5 linear samples,the forest vegetation of Xiaokeng,Anhui Province was divided into 3 vegetation types,8 formations and 10 associations.Meanwhile,all of community characteristics such as species composition,species diversity and community evenness were described in the paper.The sequence of species diversity from high to low is as the follows:Quercus phillyraeoides communityCyclobalanopsis glaucaCastanopsis eyreiCastanopsis sclerophllaSassafras tsumuLithocarpus harlandiiLiquidambar formosana;In additions,evergreen species of Fagaceae were the major dominant species of community composition.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Apathy in Dementia: Systematic Review of Recent Evidence on Pharmacological Treatments

Increasing recognition that apathy is one of the most prevalent behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia and causes substantial caregiver distress has led to trials evaluating psychosocial and pharmacological treatments of apathy in dementia. We evaluated evidence of the efficacy of pharmacotherapies for apathy in dementia from studies since 2013. Previously reported benefits of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and memantine were not replicated in recent studies. Antidepressants had mixed results with positive effects for apathy shown only for agomelatine, while stimulants, analgesics, and oxytocin study results were inconclusive. For some approaches, such as antipsychotic review, positive effects were found only in combination with nonpharmacological approaches. Relatively few studies assessed apathy outcomes specifically, complicating interpretation of potentially positive treatment effects; none dissected outcomes for emotional, motivational and behavioral components of apathy. Better trial design and more detailed analysis are needed in order to evaluate outcomes of pharmacological treatments for apathy.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Photonuclear reaction yields from59Co at 35 MeV and 54 MeV

From measurements of gamma ray activities, induced by irradiating59Co with 35 and 54 MeV bremsstrahlung, the yields of the reactions (γ, 2n), (γ, 3n), (γ, 4n and (γ, ϰ)56Mn relative to the yield of the reaction (γ, n) were determined. At both these energies the same value of 0.57±0.02 was measured for the isomeric yield ratioYm/(Ym+ Yg) of58Co. Absolute yields were obtained by reference to cross section data for the12C (γ, n) process. At high excitation energies only the reaction (γ, 2n) was found to contribute appreciably to the photodisintegration of59Co.

Field of study: Physics
What's Money Got to Do with It? Fostering Productive Discussions about Campaign Finance

Schools throughout the United States provide instruction on democracy, voting, and major institutions of government, but often excluded from the curriculum is a central reality of our political system: the role of money in elections. This article provides background information and pedagogical strategies to help teachers foster productive discussions on this issue. First, we summarize recent increases in U.S. election spending and five schools of thought on how to address this trend. Then we present various classroom discussion and assessment strategies for supporting students’ learning about our current campaign finance system and its potential alternatives. These processes can facilitate students’ development of important civic knowledge and skills and also fulfill a variety of state and national standards.

Field of study: Sociology
Accelerating Scalar Conversion for Koblitz Curve Cryptoprocessors on Hardware Platforms

Koblitz curves are a class of computationally efficient elliptic curves where scalar multiplications can be accelerated using τNAF representations of scalars. However, conversion from an integer scalar to a short τNAF is a costly operation. In this paper, we improve the recently proposed scalar conversion scheme based on division by τ2. We apply two levels of optimizations in the scalar conversion architecture. First, we reduce the number of long integer subtractions during the scalar conversion. This optimization reduces the computation cost and also simplifies the critical paths present in the conversion architecture. Then we implement pipelines in the architecture. The pipeline splitting increases the operating frequency without increasing the number of cycles. We have provided detailed experimental results to support our claims made in this paper.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
LncRNA HOTAIR is a Prognostic Biomarker for the Proliferation and Chemoresistance of Colorectal Cancer via MiR-203a-3p-Mediated Wnt/ß-Catenin Signaling Pathway

HOX transcript antisense RNA (HOTAIR) plays a vital role in carcinogenesis. However, its functional and regulatory roles remain unclear. In this study, we aimed to investigate its biological function and clinical significance in human colorectal cancer (CRC).  We examined the expression levels of lncRNA HOTAIR and miR-203a-3p in CRC tissues and CRC cell lines by qRT-PCR. Gain and loss-of-function assays were performed to examine the effects of HOTAIR and miR-203a-3p on the proliferation and chemoresistance of CRC cells. The possible mechanisms of HOTAIR were also explored by fluorescence reporter assay and Western blot.  The expressions of HOTAIR were upregulated in CRC tissue tissues compared to adjacent control tissues. We also found HOTAIR was downregulated by miR-203a-3p in CRC cell lines. Both HOTAIR knockdown and miR-203a-3p overexpression in CRC cell lines led to inhibited cell proliferation and reduced chemoresistance. We also determined that β-catenin and GRG5 were inhibitory targets of miR-203a-3p, and that Wnt/β-catenin signaling was inhibited by both HOTAIR knockdown and miR-203a-3p overexpression. Significantly, we found that increased expression of miR-203a-3p is essential for cell proliferation repression, chemoresistance reduction, and Wnt/β-catenin signaling inhibition induced by HOTAIR knockdown.  Our study demonstrated that the lncRNA HOTAIR could regulate the progression and chemoresistance of CRC via modulating the expression levels of miR-203a-3p and the activity of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Carleson measures for the generalized Bergman spaces via a T(1)-type theorem

In this paper, we give a new characterization of Carleson measures for the generalized Bergman spaces. We show first that this problem is equivalent to a T(1)-type problem. Using an idea of Verdera (see [V]), we introduce a sort of curvature in the unit ball adapted to our kernel. We establish a good λ inequality which then yields the solution of this T(1)-type problem.

Field of study: Mathematics
Clinicopathological and Prognostic Significance of Cancer Stem Cell Markers in Ovarian Cancer Patients: Evidence from 52 Studies

Relevant markers of cancer stem cells (CSCs) may serve as commonly used biomarkers of ovarian cancer (OC). However, their actual clinicopathological and prognostic significance remains inconclusive. Thus, we conducted a meta-analysis to quantitatively evaluate the association between the expression of CSC-relevant markers (ALDH1, CD117, CD133, and CD44) and OC.  We used an odds ratio (OR) and a hazard ratio (HR) with a 95% confidence interval (CI) to estimate the effects by analyzing 52 studies from a literature search. Heterogeneity and sensitivity were evaluated, as well. Publication bias was assessed using funnel plots and Egger tests.  ALDH1 expression was statistically associated with FIGO stage (OR=1.872, 95%CI=1.14-3.076, P=0.013) and lymph invasion (OR=2.78, 95%CI=1.08-7.152, P=0.034). CD117 expression was significantly associated with FIGO stage (OR=2.01, 95%CI=1.35-2.98, P=0.001). CD133 expression was correlated with FIGO stage (OR=3.410, 95%CI=2.196-5.294, P< 0.001) and differentiation grade (OR=2.672, 95%CI=1.354-5.272, P=0.005). CD44s was related to chemotherapy resistance (OR=3.218, 95%CI=1.148-9.016, P=0.026). Furthermore, overexpression of ALDH1 (HR=1.494, 95%CI=1.207-1.849, P< 0.001), CD117 (HR=1.395, 95%CI=1.025-1.898, P=0.034) or CD44s (HR=1.725, 95%CI=1.135-2.623, P=0.011) was associated with poor OS. Further, overexpression of both ALDH1 (HR=1.524, 95%CI=1.158-2.007, P=0.003) and CD44s (HR=2.12, 95%CI=1.692-2.657, P< 0.001) was correlated with worse DFS.  CSC markers are useful predictive or prognostic biomarkers for OC in clinical assessments. Combined detection of CSC marker expression may be a powerful tool for prognostic predictions in clinical practice for patients with OC.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Secure key agreement protocols: Pure biometrics and cancelable biometrics

In this paper, we propose two novel biometrics-based secure key agreement protocols, namely Secure Key Agreement-Pure Biometrics (SKA-PB) and Secure Key Agreement-Cancelable Biometrics (SKA-CB). Each of our protocols uses biometrics with unordered features. SKA-PB protocol provides symmetric cryptographic key agreement between the user and the server. This key is generated by utilizing only the feature points of the user’s biometrics. In other words, SKA-PB protocol does not generate the key randomly or it does not use any random data in the key itself. On the other hand, SKA-CB protocol integrates the cancelability property into SKA-PB protocol by the use of a device-specific binary string. In SKA-CB protocol, biometric templates can be canceled at any time as a precaution to template compromise. As a proof of concept, we implement these protocols using fingerprints and employ multi-criteria security and complexity analyses for both of them. These security analyses show that the generated keys possess sufficient randomness according to Shannon’s entropy. Additionally, these keys are distinct from each other, as measured by Hamming distance metric. Our protocols are also robust against brute-force, replay and impersonation attacks, proven by high attack complexity and low error rates.

Field of study: Computer science
Late Cenozoic volcanic rocks of the southern Sierra Nevada, California: I. Geology and petrology: Summary

Small isolated late Cenozoic basaltic lava flows, dikes, and plugs are widely distributed on the west slope of the Sierra Nevada (Figs. 1 and 2). More voluminous basalt, commonly associated with rhyolite, is present along the east escarpment of the Sierra Nevada and farther east within the Basin and Range Province. All of these basaltic rocks are alkalic in composition. The most alkalic volcanic rocks, which predominate west of the Sierra Nevada crest, are highly potassic and include leucite-bearing varieties. The recent discovery of leucite-bearing rocks at nine new localities demonstrates that this region, principally the west slope of the Sierra Nevada, is an important province of mafic, potassic-alkalic magmatism. The presence of potassium-rich volcanic rocks in the Sierra Nevada was documented by Nockolds and Allen (1954). Hamilton and Neuerburg (1956) described potassic lavas in the Huntington Lake area and attributed their origin to assimilation of the granitic rocks. Moore (1962) demonstrated that this potassic suite is restricted to a region of low Bouguer gravity and thick crust. Nash and Nelson (1964) and Tidy (1970) described leucite-bearing rocks from Deep Spring Valley, and Peck (1976) reported similar rocks in the San Joaquin River drainage of the western Sierra Nevada. Van Kooten and Peck (1977) and Van Kooten (1980) suggested that the potassic lavas could have been produced by deep-seated incongruent melting of a phlogopite-bearing ultramafic source. Moore (1978) mapped small occurrences of leucite phonolite in the Marion Peak quadrangle, and Moore and Dodge (1977) described potassic lavas in the Kings River drainage of the western Sierra Nevada and compared them to other occurrences within the Sierra Nevada. In this study, we describe the geographic distribution and composition of volcanic rocks of the southern Sierra Nevada and the extreme western Basin and Range Province and explore the origin of the highly potassic basalt. We also examine the petrology and distribution of rock types and, in a companion paper (Dodge and Moore, in prep.), we consider the variations in their major and minor chemical constituents.

Field of study: Geology
[Effect of praziquantel on ATP uptake and metabolism of Schistosoma japonicum (author's transl)].

When Schistosoma japonicum was exposed to culture medium containing [3H]ATP and praziquantel 0.1, 1 or 10μg/ml for 1—4 h, the [3H]ATP uptake decreased significantly in male worms, but not in females. If male schistosomes were exposed to praziquantel 1 or 10μg/ml for 1—4 h and then transferred to drug-free culture medium, the [3H]ATP uptake recovered to normal only in lower drug concentration group. The [3H]ATP uptake of male worms markedly decreased 1 h after intragastric gavage of praziquantel100 mg/kg to infected mice and recovered to normal 4 h later. However, [3H]ATP uptake of male worms was steadily inhibited 24 h after 300 mg/kg to infected mice. No effect on [3H]ATP uptake of female worms was seen. 
 Praziquantel promoted the transformation of [3H]ATP uptaken by male worms to [3H]AMP, while the incorporation of [3H]ATP to RNA of male worms was markedly inhibited. No apparent changes were observed in female worms.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Very first tests on SOLEIL regarding the Zn environment in pathological calcifications made of apatite determined by X-ray absorption spectroscopy.

This very first report of an X-ray absorption spectroscopy experiment at Synchrotron SOLEIL is part of a long-term study dedicated to pathological calcifications. Such biological entities composed of various inorganic and/or organic compounds also contain trace elements. In the case of urinary calculi, different papers already published have pointed out that these oligo-elements may promote or inhibit crystal nucleation as well as growth of mineral. Use of this analytical tool specific to synchrotron radiation, allowing the determination of the local environment of oligo-elements and thus their occupation site, contributes to the understanding of the role of trace elements in pathological calcifications.

Field of study: Physics
The Time-resolved and Extreme-conditions XAS (TEXAS) facility at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility: the energy-dispersive X-ray absorption spectroscopy beamline ID24

The new energy-dispersive XAS beamline at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility is presented. A technical description of the beamline (optical scheme, detection, sample environments) is provided and its performance is illustrated with a few recent examples of experiments by different user groups.

Field of study: Physics
[Mutagenicity and teratogenicity of furapyrimidone].

Furapyrimidone, a new effective antifilarial agent. was studied in Salmonella/microsome system for mutagenicity and in rats for teratogenicity. The mutagenic effect was quantitativejy assayed on 5 histidine-requiring strains of Salmonella typhimurium with and without activation by rat liver microsomes. The concentrations tested were 0.01-10 Vg/plate. In teratogenicity assay. the drug was given p0 140. 210. 280 mg/kg. qd x 5 d beginning on d 7 0f gestation.The results showed that furapyrimidone exhibited a potent mutagenic effect on TA 100 and TA 98 at 0.1 and I Vg/plate, respectively. The drug increased the number of dead fetuses and the rate of incomplete ossification of fetal sternum.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
ECOBIOLOGICAL STUDY ON BURROWING MUD LOBSTER THALASSINA ANOMALA (HERBST, 1804) (DECAPODA : THALASSINIDEA) IN THE INTERTIDAL MANGROVE MUDFLAT OF DELTAIC SUNDARBANS

Populations of mud lobster Thalassina anomala were studied on tidal flats in the Sagar island of Indian Sundarbans. Ecologically they are recognized as the 'friends of mangrove' and a 'Biological Marvel' of the system. They turn up the deep soil to the surface by regular night shift burrowing exercise and help to import aerated tidal water in the burrows 2 to 2.5 meter deep. They have extra ordinary morphological adaptation and structural changes and completely resort to detritivore diet. Being thigmotactic it seldom exposes to atmospheric oxygen and forms its palace underground with a central chamber having 5 to 6 radiated tunnels opening to the surface covered with earth mounds. It displays its engineering skill of bioturbation in tunneling. During tunneling the shrimp feeds on the mud packed with detritus and derived its required micronutrients. Being mud dwelling and mud eating habits, it's respiratory and food manipulating apparatus underwent transformations which demands intensive investigation. Thalassinid burrow associates comprising mieo and microorganisms also provide good subject of study of species specific interaction, exchanging of materials between associate partners.

Field of study: Biology
Based on ERM the Factor Construction of Enterprise IS Internal Control

The traditional enterprise internal control already did not adapt the information age request,the modern internal control moved towards the opening from the seal,moves towards from the ossification is nimble,is dynamic.Distinguishes promptly and appraised the IT process the related risk,analyzes the reason which it produces,the perfect information system internal control system,is the IS internal control key.This article plans through the ERM frame and the COBIT frame comparison,instills into the ERM idea to the IT management practice,realizes between the standard fusion and docking.

Field of study: Economics