nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Handling the 'environmental knowledge paradox' in estuarine and coastal policy making

Knowledge is a key feature in our attempts to achieve sustainable development during environmental decision-making. Particularly complex decision making processes, where integrated economic, social and ecological issues need to be handled, suffer from what could be called the ‘Environmental Knowledge Paradox’ or EKP (having more and more detailed knowledge does not necessarily reduce uncertainty and settle competing truth-claims). We need to make significant changes in the decision-making process itself and the way we use scientific models to support these decisions. Starting from a simple linear decision-making model we explore potential improvements. Supported by recent progress in the environmental as well as the social sciences, we suggest four main procedural and technical adjustments. (1) To reduce the uncertainty in exploratory studies the ‘contra expertise’ approach should be explicitly applied. (2) The ‘uncertainty’ in impact assessments needs to be reduced by combining completely different approaches and model techniques. (3) The discussions during the decision-making process should be led by an independent not discipline-related professional facilitator. (4) Formal and informal actors need to be able to play an explicit and significant role during the decision-making process by contributing to a ‘divergence’ as well as a ‘convergence’ of ideas, options and solutions.

Field of study: Environmental science
Predator–prey system with strong Allee effect in prey

Global bifurcation analysis of a class of general predator–prey models with a strong Allee effect in prey population is given in details. We show the existence of a point-to-point heteroclinic orbit loop, consider the Hopf bifurcation, and prove the existence/uniqueness and the nonexistence of limit cycle for appropriate range of parameters. For a unique parameter value, a threshold curve separates the overexploitation and coexistence (successful invasion of predator) regions of initial conditions. Our rigorous results justify some recent ecological observations, and practical ecological examples are used to demonstrate our theoretical work.

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics
No general edge effects for invertebrates at Afromontane forest/grassland ecotones

The Afromontane region of South Africa is characterised by numerous small, remnant forests in a grassland matrix. The edges, or ecotones between forests and grasslands are usually sharp (typically just over a few metres) and are mainly maintained by both natural and, more recently, anthropogenic fires. We investigated epigaeic amphipod, carabid and ant distribution patterns across Afromontane forest/grassland ecotones and found little evidence to support the biological edge effect. Five of the fifty-two sampled species however, did increase significantly in abundance at the ecotone. Among these was a very distinct edge species, the amphipod Talistroides africana. Overall, carabids were more abundant and species rich in forests while for ants it was in the grasslands. Ants and carabids were both more abundant and species rich in spring and summer than in autumn and winter. More interestingly, the abundance and species richness patterns across the ecotone did not change with the passing of the seasons. We argue that a conservation strategy for the Afromontane forest patches must also incorporate the surrounding grassland. The grassland habitat is often perceived as less valuable than forest and, as a consequence, is subject to many anthropogenic disturbances such as fragmentation, cattle grazing and afforestation. Protecting grasslands around forest patches not only conserves the rich ant diversity, but also conserves the biota in the forests and at the edges, and would therefore be more meaningful in terms of the overall conservation of Afromontane biodiversity.

Field of study: Environmental science
SU‐FF‐T‐134: Automated Quality Assurance Using Treatment Delivery Sinograms

Adaptive image‐guided radiation therapy (IGRT) is a new treatment paradigm where 1.) Patients are positioned daily using CT‐guidance and 2.) The delivery is adjusted daily to compensate for changes in the volume, position, and deformation of anatomy. Because the adaptation is performed while the patient is on the treatment table, it is impossible to perform quality assurance (QA) testing. This goal of this study was to develop new image analysis tools for the purpose of automating patient specific QA for adaptive IGRT.Method and Materials:Detector data in the form of sinograms were acquired during helical tomotherapy delivery using an arc‐shaped detector array that consists of 738 xenon‐gas filled detector cells. A software program was developed that analyzes tomotherapy sinograms by comparing one treatmentdeliverysinogram with a reference treatmentdeliverysinogram. At present, the software offers the following options: 1.) Analysis of ionization chamber entrance doses, 2.) Sinogram exit doseerror detection, and 3.) Sinogram leaf error detection. The first step in validating the QA system was to determine the threshold for error detection.Delivery sequences were modified by inserting MLC errors of known magnitudes. MLC errors that corresponded to 20, 10, 1, 0.1, and 0.01 percent errors in dose for 1 projection (i.e. segment) were purposely inserted into QA delivery sequences. The Automated QA tool was consistently able to detected errors of 0.01 percent or greater from the detector data at all tested data compression ratios. However, automated MLC leaf error detection would only function using uncompressed data.  Multiple techniques have been developed for analyzing sinogramdetector data during, and after tomotherapy treatmentdelivery. A combination of these error detection methods will be used to perform automated quality assurance for conventional and adaptive radiation therapy. Conflict of Interest: Research supported by TomoTherapy, Inc.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
The Cry in The Holy Quran and the effect on the human behavior

This study aims that cry is the ideal way to release the negative emotions distress, sorrow, and sadness. Which sometimes is also a way to express situations of joy and pleasure of humans. The Almighty Allah also said about cry in The Holy Quran. The prophet pbuh also cry for the expressions of reverence and fear of Allah in perhaps the sort of  cry will be granted to the Muslims, will be shade in the shadow of Allah on the judgment day when there’s no shade but His.  The Holy Quran, crying, positive effects .

Field of study: Education
Heterocyclic bioantioxidants 4. Chlorolysis of 3-nitro-4-s-benzylcoumarin

Abstract3-Nitro-4-S-benzylcoumarin reacts with sulfuryl chloride to give an unstable compound, which in turn reacts with p-toluidine to give 3-nitro-4-p-tolylaminocoumarin.

Field of study: Chemistry
A new realization for multiprocessor implementation of 2-D denominator-separable digital filters for real-time processing

An efficient multiprocessor implementation of 2D denominator-separable digital filters for real-time processing is presented. The realization is derived by minimizing the throughput delay and maximizing the parallelism using the basic primitive structure of M.Y. Dabbagh and W.E. Alexander (see ibid. vol.37, no.6, p.872-81, 1989). The proposed realization is as good and efficient as their realizations for the implementation of symmetric fan filters. It is shown that in special cases the proposed realization may be more efficient.

Field of study: Engineering
Neubestimmung der elektrischen Elementarladung

ZusammenfassungDurch Zählung der α-Teilchen eines Poloniumpräparates mit einem Geigerschen Spitzenzähler und Messung der transportierten Ladung wurde die mittlere Ladung des einzelnen α-Teilchens gemessen. Rückstoßatome wurden dabei durch eine auf das Poloniumpräparat thermisch aufgedampfte Nickelfolie zurückgehalten. Unter Berücksichtigung der Umladung der α-Teilchen (aus Messungen anderer Autoren) wurde damit die Größe der elektrischen Elementarladung zu (4,768±0,005)−10−10 CGS mit einem wahrscheinlichen Fehler von l‰ ermittelt.

Field of study: Physics
Growth and survival of Cronobacter species as measured by media performance

Cronobacter sakazakii is an emerging food borne pathogen which has been associated with outbreaks of a rare form of infant meningitis. Although the origin of the microorganism has not been established, several infection cases have been associated with the consumption of contaminated powdered infant formula (PIF). In the present study, growth characteristics of three C. sakazakii strains isolated from PIF samples and C. muytjensii strain ATCC 51329, which was formerly the ATCC PreceptrolTM strain for the quality control of ‘Enterobacter sakazakii’ prior to the taxonomic revision, were investigated in Tryptone Soya broth (TSB) and reconstituted PIF at 4, 10, 25, 37, 45 and 50oC. The viability of heat treated cells of Cronobacter strains was evaluated by plating on Violet Red Bile Glucose agar (VRBGA) and the Druggan-Forsythe-Iversen (DFI) chromogenic agar followed by incubation at 37oC. These strains were also subjected to higher temperatures between 52 to 60oC to measure their thermal tolerance. The mean generation time of all Cronobacter strains were slightly lower in PIF than in TSB. C. muytjensii ATCC 51329 showed lower generation time in all culture media and all temperatures compared to the Cronobacter food isolates, but the results were not significantly different (P>0.05). The results also indicated that combination of PIF: DFI culture media had higher recovery at all temperatures compared to other combinations. Survival study also indicated that C. muytjensii ATCC 51329 had higher D-value compared to food isolates at all incubation temperatures.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
The Soreq Applied Research Accelerator Facility (SARAF): Overview, research programs and future plans

The Soreq Applied Research Accelerator Facility (SARAF) is under construction in the Soreq Nuclear Research Center at Yavne, Israel. When completed at the beginning of the next decade, SARAF will be a user facility for basic and applied nuclear physics, based on a 40 MeV, 5 mA CW proton/deuteron superconducting linear accelerator. Phase I of SARAF (SARAF-I, 4 MeV, 2 mA CW protons, 5 MeV 1 mA CW deuterons) is already in operation, generating scientific results in several fields of interest. The main ongoing program at SARAF-I is the production of 30 keV neutrons and measurement of Maxwellian Averaged Cross Sections (MACS), important for the astrophysical s-process. The world leading Maxwellian epithermal neutron yield at SARAF-I ($5 \times 10^{10}$5×1010 epithermal neutrons/s), generated by a novel Liquid-Lithium Target (LiLiT), enables improved precision of known MACSs, and new measurements of low-abundance and radioactive isotopes. Research plans for SARAF-II span several disciplines: precision studies of beyond-Standard-Model effects by trapping light exotic radioisotopes, such as 6He, 8Li and 18, 19, 23Ne, in unprecedented amounts (including meaningful studies already at SARAF-I); extended nuclear astrophysics research with higher energy neutrons, including generation and studies of exotic neutron-rich isotopes relevant to the rapid (r-) process; nuclear structure of exotic isotopes; high energy neutron cross sections for basic nuclear physics and material science research, including neutron induced radiation damage; neutron based imaging and therapy; and novel radiopharmaceuticals development and production. In this paper we present a technical overview of SARAF-I and II, including a description of the accelerator and its irradiation targets; a survey of existing research programs at SARAF-I; and the research potential at the completed facility (SARAF-II).

Field of study: Physics
Simulation of suspension catalytic distillation column for alkylation of benzene with C_(12) olefins

A dynamic equilibrium stage model of the suspension catalytic distillation process for alkylation of benzene with C_(12)olefins is developed.The prediction for steady-state based on the proposed mathematical model agrees with the steady-state experimental data and simulation results well.The stationary and dynamic models developed are used to simulate the influence of the location of benzene feed stream, disturbances of benzene and mixed hydrocarbon feed flow rates upon the suspension catalytic distillation system.Only one steady-state can exist in the system for the given conditions,and the last stage in reaction section is the optimal location of benzene feed stream.The system is stable for the imposed disturbances,and its anti-disturbance ability is very strong.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Unusual amino acid sequence of fasciatoxin, a weak reversibly acting neurotoxin in the venom of the banded krait, Bungarus fasciatus.

A weak reversibly acting neurotoxin, fasciatoxin, was found in the venom of Bungarus fasciatus. The sequencing was completed by manual and automated Edman analyses of the reduced and carboxymethylated protein and of the peptides obtained from enzyme digestions. It is composed of 63 amino acid residues with four disulphide bonds and a unique sequence at the C-terminal end. According to the criteria set by Ryden, Gabel & Eaker [(1973) ], fasciatoxin lacks all of the five functionally invariant residues of neurotoxins. The hydropathy index indicates that fasciatoxin is devoid of a strong hydrophilicity domain for binding to the receptor site. Structural comparison with some typical neurotoxins also reveals the uniqueness of fasciatoxin in that the extent of similarity is only about 30%.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Neutron Spectrometry With Scintillating Bolometers of LiF and Sapphire

Two scintillating bolometers of LiF (33 g) and Al2O3 (50 g) at 20 mK, inside a lead shielding at the Canfranc Underground Laboratory, were irradiated with neutrons from a source of 252Cf. The analysis of nuclear recoils registered by sapphire and (n, α) captures by 6Li shows the feasibility of these cryogenic devices to measure the spectral flux of a neutron field. Data unfolding was done assuming that the spectral flux is a piecewise constant function defined on six energy groups. It can be solved by using non-negative least squares without additional assumptions on the neutron flux. The model provides consistent results with the spectra of the observed events in bolometers, giving a fast neutron flux of Φ(E > 0.1 MeV) = 0.20 n s-1cm-2 with a 15% uncertainty after 3 hours of live time. After our analysis, it can be concluded that nuclear recoils in sapphire are more useful than (n, α) captures in LiF for spectrometry of fast neutrons.

Field of study: Physics
SAVST-simposiumfokus : verwerking

Die suiwelbedryf is geseend met 'n groot aantal rolspelers wat gereeld hul stemme dik maak. Monique van der Walt het namens The Dairy Mail die 47ste simposium van die Suid-Afrikaanse Vereniging vir Suiweltegnologie (SAVST) bygewoon.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
How to Estimate and Interpret Various Effect Sizes

The present article presents a tutorial on how to estimate and interpret various effect sizes. The 5th edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (2001) described the failure to report effect sizes as a “defect” (p. 5), and 23 journals have published author guidelines requiring effect size reporting. Although dozens of effect size statistics have been available for some time, many researchers were trained at a time when effect sizes were not emphasized, or perhaps even taught. Consequently, some readers may appreciate a review of how to estimate and interpret various effect sizes. In addition to the tutorial, the authors recommend effect size interpretations that emphasize direct and explicit comparisons of effects in a new study with those reported in the prior related literature, with a focus on evaluating result replicability. For decades, statistical significance has been the norm for evaluating results. In fact, little change has occurred since Carver (1993) noted: “A quick perusal of research journals, educational and psychological statistic textbooks, and doctoral dissertations will confirm that tests of statistical significance continue to dominate the interpretation of quantitative data in social science research” (p. 294). Although statistical significance “evaluates the probability or likelihood of the sample results, given the sample size, and assuming that the sample came from a population in which the null hypothesis is exactly true” (Thompson, 2003, p. 7), statistical

Field of study: Psychology
Ambiguity aversion and wealth effects

We study how changes in wealth affect ambiguity attitudes. We define a decision maker as decreasing (resp., increasing) absolute ambiguity averse if he becomes less (resp., more) ambiguity averse as he becomes richer. Our definition is behavioral. We provide different characterizations of these attitudes for a large class of preferences: monotone and continuous preferences which satisfy risk independence. We then specialize our results for different subclasses of preferences. Inter alia, our characterizations provide alternative ways to test experimentally the validity of some of the models of choice under uncertainty.

Field of study: Economics
Diphthamide Biosynthesis 1 is a Novel Oncogene in Colorectal Cancer Cells and is Regulated by MiR-218-5p

This study focused on the oncogenic role of Diphthamide biosynthesis 1 (DPH1) in colorectal cancer (CRC) cells.  The expression of DPH1 was determined by quantitative RT-PCR analysis and western blotting in CRC tissues. The role of DPH1 in CRC cells was investigated via cell viability and invasion assays under the condition of DPH1 silencing or overexpression. Bioinformatics analysis and luciferase reporter analysis were used to identify the upstream microRNA which might regulate DPH1.The inverse correlation between the microRNA and DPH1 was also detected in CRC cells.  We identified an unexpected role for DPH1 as an oncogene in CRC cells. The tumour-suppressive miR-218-5p regulates DPH1 directly and negatively. Loss of miR-218-5p drives the oncogenic role of DPH1 in CRC cells.  The modulation of DPH1 by miR-218-5p may be an important regulatory axis during CRCtumourigenesis.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Boreameryx, an unusual new artiodactyl (Mammalia) from the Pliocene of Arctic Canada and endemism in Arctic fossil mammals

Boreameryx braskerudi, gen. et sp. nov., from Early Pliocene (about 5–4 Ma) deposits of Ellesmere Island, Nunavut, is represented by the posterior portion of a dentary with three molars, a partial calcaneum, unciform, and fragments of long bones and ribs. The incompletely known structure of Boreameryx must leave open the questions of its relationships within the pecoran ruminants. Even its possible affinities with early cervoids and the North American blastomerycines are speculative. We favour the tentative association of Boreameryx within the Cervoidea. Rather than evolving hypsodonty to deal with abrasive northern foods, Boreameryx apparently retained plesiomorphic dental structures—even augmenting those structures in a unique morphological development. We hypothesize, based on recorded relationships and ranges (both geological and geographical) of several Beaver Pond site mammals, including Boreameryx, that they indicate a significant interval of endemic development in a high northern biotic province p...

Field of study: Environmental science
Study on EDM Deposition Process for Metal Micro Supporting Structures

The process conditions of micro EDM deposition were researched. The characteristic of micro deposition unit in each discharge and accumulation forming in multi-discharges was analyzed. The bearing capacity of the deposited micro structure and the microstructure of deposited material were tested. Results show that the deposited material has compact fine texture and good anti-bearing capacity of the compression load. For brass deposited material, the compressive strength can reach 496.8 MPa. And the micro EDM deposition method is suitable for the fabrication of micro metal supporting structure in micro electro-machine system(MEMS).

Field of study: Materials science
Internal and External Optical Feedback Effect in Fiber Linear Lasers

In this paper, models of internal and external optical feedback effect in fiber linear lasers have been presented. The effects of optical feedback could be equivalent to the variation of laser cavity loss, and the output expressions of two models are deduced. According to the simulation results, the optical feedback system in fiber linear lasers has the same phase sensitivity as the traditional self-mixing effect in semiconductor lasers. The experimental results show a good agreement with the simulated results. Comparing the output of internal structure with that of external structure, we can conclude that the internal optical feedback system can get higher output gain and stripe depth, which reveals that the internal feedback structure has better sensing characteristics

Field of study: Computer science
Predicting non-fickian moisture diffusion in EMCs for application in micro-electronic devices

This study made an attempt to predict the temperature-dependent moisture diffusion of an epoxy molding compound with 3 different diffusion models: Fickian, dual stage and Langmuir diffusion. The Langmuir model provided the best prediction of the moisture diffusion when simulating the input experiments. Beyond the temperature range of the input experiments, the Langmuir model was still able to provide a fair prediction. Hence, the Langmuir model also provides better predictions for the moisture distribution in general. This allows for building on existing prediction models, enabling simulations of reliability tests like UHST.

Field of study: Engineering
The Difference Between Thermo- and Pyroelectric Co-Based Rare-Earth (Nd, Y, Gd, Ce) Oxide Composites Measured Using a High Temperature Gradient

The Seebeck voltage US of cobalt-based oxide composites containing rare-earth elements such as Nd, Y, Gd, and Ce was measured under high temperature gradients of up to ΔT = 700 K, as well as its time dependence US(t). The closed-circuit electric current as a function of Seebeck voltage IS(US) or time IS(t) was used for further characterization. While Nd2O3 + CoO and Y2O3 + CoO showed linear n-type US(t) behavior, as it is usual for thermoelectrics, Gd2O3 + CoO exhibited large hysteresis. For both Gd2O3 + CoO and Ce2O3 + CoO, a significant time dependence of the electric current I(t) was measured, indicating pyroelectric material behavior with large capacitance. Both anomalies became smaller when Fe2O3 was added, but became more apparent in Nd2O3 + CoO and Y2O3 + CoO when Al2O3 was added. This behavior can be explained by electron pull-out into the interfacial space-charge region, which is considered as a material phenomenon with great potential for further development.

Field of study: Materials science
Über die Isothermen einiger Gase zwischen +400° und −183°

ZusammenfassungIm Zusammenhang mit neuen Isothermenmessungen an Wasserstoff und Neon wird eine Übersicht gegeben über die bisher bestimmten pv -Werte dieser Gase, sowie des Heliums, des Stickstoffs, der Luft, des Argons und des Sauerstoffs im Bereiche von + 400° bis − 183° bei Drucken bis 100 Atm.

Field of study: Physics
Khinchin inequality and Banach-Saks type properties in rearrangement-invariant spaces

{\it We study the class of all rearrangement-invariant (=r.i.) function spaces $E$ on $[0,1]$ such that there exists $0 0$ does not depend on $n$. We completely characterize all Lorentz spaces having this property and complement classical results of Rodin and Semenov for Orlicz spaces $exp(L_p)$, $p\ge 1$. We further apply our results to the study of Banach-Saks index sets in r.i. spaces.

Field of study: Mathematics