nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
On strategic planning in Australian universities and its inspiration

Australia universities regard strategic planning as an important measure in university management.Explanation on strategic planning concerned influenced the management practice of university.Five characteristics of the strategic planning in Australia universities: based on the apprehension of the organizational characteristics of university,monitoring the relevant environment of university,leaving university make strategic plan alone,attracting sections concerned in planmaking and showing their own characteristics,are useful for reference to university planning.Orientation of university and analysis of the moving power should be the first step in strategicplanmaking for universities in China.

Field of study: Education
The New Alchemy: Veblen’s Theory of Crisis and the 1974 British Property and Secondary Banking Crisis

Historically, the British banking system has been characterized by a much lower level of financial crises and bank failures than most other developed countries. The most severe crisis experienced by the system during this century occurred in 1974, when heavy lending to the property sector led to the failure of a number of secondary banks and threatened the liquidity of the entire banking system. There have been a number of accounts of this crisis, written from the perspective of the Marxist theory of crisis [Massey and Catalano 1978; Smyth 19851 and focussing on declining profit rates in the British economy. This article reassesses the causes of the property crash in the light of the theory of crisis presented in Veblen's The Theory of Business Enterprise [1904], arguing that Veblen's discussion of the causes of business crises provides a more convincing explanation of the underlying factors precipitating the crisis.

Field of study: Economics
Evaluation of quality parameters and chromatographic, spectroscopic, and thermogravimetric profile of Patauá oil (Oenocarpus bataua)

The composition of fatty materials varies according to the extraction technique applied. Thus, their physicochemical, nutritional, functional, thermal, oxidative, and spectroscopic properties may undergo considerable changes during extraction and storage. Their fatty acid profile and antioxidant composition are directly related to their oxidative stability (Cuvelier & Maillard, 2012; Orshad et al., 2015; Pereira et al., 2019; Carrillo et al., 2018).

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Uptake and effects of the cypermethrin-containing sea lice treatment Excis in the marine mussel, Mytilus edulis.

Wild and farmed mussels, Mytilus edulis, coexist with salmon farms in Scottish sea lochs. A synthetic pyrethroid, cypermethrin, is licensed for use on fish farms to control sea lice infestations as a formulation called Excis. In this study, uptake of cypermethrin from Excis exposure is investigated through the use of gas chromatography with mass-spectrometry. The effects of Excis on mussels are also examined by measuring the neutral red retention time of lysosomes, aerial survival and shell closure. The isomeric ratios of cis:trans cypermethrin measured in mussels are around 80:20; a marked increase from 40:60 to which the mussels were exposed. This is most likely due to preferential metabolism of trans-isomers, as the same response is seen in vertebrates. There is a pronounced behavioural effect of shell closure, where mussels exposed to 1000 microg/l cypermethrin shut their shells within an hour of exposure. Arguments are presented for this effect being either a voluntary response on recognition of cypermethrin, or an effect arising from an involuntary action of cypermethrin on the adductor muscle. Even at 1000 microg/l cypermethrin, neutral red retention time and aerial survival are not affected. The data suggest that the responses of mussels shown here are unlikely to occur in the field, even at the concentrations of cypermethrin used in fish cages, for the treatment of sea lice.

Field of study: Environmental science
A SOLUTION PROCEDURE FOR THE EQUATIONS THAT GOVERN THREE-DIMENSIONAL FREE CONVECTION IN BULK STORED GRAINS

This article presents a mathematical formulation of the physical laws that govern the behavior of free convection and diffusion processes that occur in grain bulks. The analysis applies to the transient behavior of three-dimensional systems, and this represents a significant improvement on previous analyses. The momentum equation is based on Darcy’s law, and a one concentration equation is proffered to describe the convection and diffusion of fumigants through the interstitial air and grain kernels. The momentum equation is expressed in terms of a vector potential that ensures mass is conserved. The governing equations are discretised on both uniform and non-uniform grids and solved using an alternating direction implicit method. During each real-time step, the components of the vector potential are evaluated by solving a parabolic equation by means of a false transient method. The walls and roof of the grain store have been taken as being isothermal, while the floor is assumed to be adiabatic. Numerical experiments have been performed to investigate the effects of the false transient parameter, the grid size, and non-uniformity. It is shown that a 31¥31¥31 non-uniform grid yields accurate solutions to the partial differential equations. Graphical results are presented for the temperature, vector potential, grain moisture content, dry matter loss, and pesticide decay and fumigant concentration at selected cross-sections of a grain store with a simple geometry.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Implementation of Modeling of AOP Thinking with UML Extension

Object-oriented programming(OOP) technology is mainly used to solve the problem of code reuse and reduce the development costs.Aspect-oriented programming(AOP) is the further development of object-oriented programming(OOP),which is good at solving the problem of crosscutting concerns seperated in different module of application systems,and further improve code reuse.At present,there have been many aspect-oriented programming language,such as AspectJ,AspectC,AspectC++,etc.,but the relevant research of aspect-oriented modeling is still in its infancy.

Field of study: Computer science
Study of an inclined, segmented cantilever with tip load

The problem of a tip-loaded TV-segment cantilever with torsion springs at the joints is formulated through nonlinear difference equations. The solutions are obtained by both numerical and perturbation methods. As the base is rotated the cantilever shows nonlinear behavior such as nonuniqueness, hysteresis, and catastrophic changes. A stability criterion is proposed.  Load-bearing segmented rods occur in many situations involving both strength and flexibility. For example, the human limbs and the spine have been modelled as connected rigid rods. Partial rigidity of the system is attained by adequate support at the joints through the tendons. The mechanical analog is represented by the cantilever arm. Of great interest is the configuration of the arm under loading, since exact displacements of the tip are essential in design. The paper is a theoretical study of a very simple model of an "arm" or cantilever. We assume there are N identical rigid segments linked end to end in a plane. In the unloaded state the linked segments, with one end attached to a base, resemble a straight cantilever. There are N linear torsion springs at the joints to produce a certain amount of stiffness to the system. Under a tip weight the cantilever bends as shown in Fig. 1(a). We are interested in the configuration of the cantilever as the base is rotated. The motion is assumed to be slow enough so that dynamics can be ignored.  Let 6n be the angle of the nth segment with the vertical (Fig. 1(b)). Let the resisting torque of the joints be proportional to the angle differences between adjacent segments with A as the spring constant. A moment balance gives F'esmen + wn+l-dn) = wn-dn_l), (i) where F' is the tip load and £ is the length of the segment. Normalize F' by kf£ and drop primes. Equation (1) yields the nonlinear difference equation 0*+. 2en + en-i + Fsin K = 0. « = 1 t0 N(2) Received September 9, 1992.

Field of study: Mathematics
Dubious Value of Affirmative Action, with Emphasis on Making up for past Discrimination

A report by Woody, et al. (1996) raises the issue of making up for past discrimination by granting special treatment to women now. The ideological basis of this view is analyzed. It is a feminist argument based on (1) assumptions of affirmative action for “protected” groups, (2) an argument for “group rights” instead of equal opportunity “individual rights,” and (3) the identification by the person with the “victim's” role. These points question the value of affirmative action and the claim for group rights especially when based on past discrimination.

Field of study: Psychology
Tanshinone IIA inhibits endothelin-1 production in TNF-α-induced brain microvascular endothelial cells through suppression of endothelin-converting enzyme-1 synthesis

To investigate the effects of tanshinone IIA (Tan IIA) on the regulation of the production of endothelin (ET)-1 (including large ET-1), mRNA levels of ET-1, endothelin-converting enzyme-1 (ECE-1), endothelin-A receptor (ETA) and endothelin-B receptor (ETB) induced by TNF-α in rat brain microvascular endothelial cells (The ET-1 release (including large ET-1) into the culture medium was determined by enzyme immunoassay. The levels of ET-1, ECE-1, ETA, and ETB mRNA were measured by RT-PCR. Endothelin receptor binding was also tested.The induction of ET-1 release by TNF-α from cultured BMVEC was dose-dependently reduced by Tan IIA, but large ET-1 levels progressively increased in response to Tan IIA; the mRNA expression of ET-1 was unaffected. Tan IIA also caused a decrease in ETA receptor mRNA and ECE-1 expression in a dose-dependent manner. Endothelin receptor binding was unaltered in BMVEC stimulated with TNF-α alone or a combination of TNF-α and Tan IIA.Conclusion:These findings suggest that Tan IIA may inhibit ET-1 production in TNF-α-induced BMVEC through the suppression of ECE-1 synthesis.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Quaternary interglacial environmental stability in San Salvador Island (Bahamas): A land snail isotopic approach

The 13C/12C and 18O/16O ratios of modern and fossil shells of two ecologically-distinct land snail taxa (Cerionidae and Annularidae) from San Salvador Island were analyzed to estimate the interglacial Pleistocene and Holocene paleoenvironmental conditions in the Bahamas. The average δ13C value of Cerion was − 5.0 ± 1.8‰ for modern (~ 0–0.1 ka) specimens, − 4.3 ± 0.7‰ for late Holocene (~ 2–4.6 ka) individuals, − 3.4 ± 1.6‰ for middle Holocene (~ 5–6.3 ka) shells, − 4.0 ± 1.5‰ for ~ 85 or ~ 110 ka specimens, and − 3.6 ± 0.4‰ for individuals that grew during OIS 5e (~ 125 ka). Annularidae specimens displayed average δ13C values of − 6.3 ± 2.5‰, − 6.1 ± 1.0‰, − 2.4 ± 1.0‰, − 4.4 ± 1.1‰, and − 5.0 ± 2.9‰, respectively. These results suggest that snails consumed C3 and C4 plants arbitrarily through time, however, higher proportion of C4 plants may have been consumed in the past compared to the present. Cerion was ~ 1‰ higher in average δ13C value than Annularidae specimens for some time-intervals, indicating greater C4 plant consumption and/or higher ingestion of carbonate-rich sediments. The average δ18O value of Cerion was − 0.5 ± 0.8‰ for modern individuals, − 0.5 ± 0.5‰ for late Holocene specimens, − 0.8 ± 0.2‰ for middle Holocene shells, − 0.4 ± 0.6‰ for ~ 85 or ~ 110 ka specimens, and − 0.3 ± 0.6‰ for OIS 5e individuals. Annularidae individuals exhibited average δ18O values of − 0.7 ± 0.8‰, − 0.5 ± 0.9‰, − 0.9 ± 0.3‰, − 0.3 ± 0.6‰, and − 0.9 ± 0.9‰, respectively. These results point to similar atmospheric conditions over time-intervals when shell was deposited. The shell δ18O values did not significantly differ between species despite the apparent differences in lifestyle. Calculations from a snail evaporative steady-state flux balance model and proxy data suggest that modern individuals deposited shell at air temperatures of ~ 24–25 °C, ambient water δ18O values between − 4.5‰ and − 3.5‰ (SMOW), and relative humidity of ~ 87–89%. Late to middle Holocene and interglacial late Pleistocene shells appear to have precipitated under a similar environmental setting. Overall, atmospheric conditions during these Quaternary interglacial time-intervals at coastal sites of San Salvador were largely comparable to the present. This apparent environmental similarity is consistent with the relatively comparable snail richness and diversity observed at those same locales and time-intervals.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Guanine nucleotide regulation of agonist binding to muscarinic cholinergic receptors. Relation to efficacy of agonists for stimulation of phosphoinositide breakdown and Ca2+ mobilization.

The efficacies of a series of six muscarinic cholinergic receptor agonists for stimulation of phosphoinositide breakdown and unidirectional efflux of 45Ca2+ in 1321N1 human astrocytoma cells were compared with the relative capacity of these agonists for formation of a GTP-sensitive high-affinity binding state in washed membranes. Carbachol and methacholine were 'full' agonists as regards phosphoinositide breakdown and Ca2+ mobilization, whereas bethanechol, arecoline and oxotremorine were 'partial' agonists for these two responses. Pilocarpine was the least efficacious of the six drugs tested. Except for pilocarpine, competition curves generated with the agonists and [3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate did not follow the Law of Mass Action for ligand interaction at a single site. Non-linear regression analyses of these data indicated that the data significantly better fit a two-, rather than a single-, site model with a high- and a low-affinity binding component. Competition curves generated in the presence of GTP were shifted to the right, and the extent of receptors in the high-affinity agonist-binding state was decreased. The relative efficacies of the six agonists for stimulation of phosphoinositide breakdown and Ca2+ mobilization were significantly correlated with the difference in affinities (KL/KH) between the two affinity states for each agonist. The relative efficacy of the agonists for stimulation of Ca2+ mobilization also was significantly correlated with the extent of receptors in the high-affinity state (%H) for each agonist. The results suggest that interaction with an as-yet unidentified guanine nucleotide regulatory protein is important in the mechanism whereby muscarinic receptors stimulate phosphoinositide breakdown in 1321N1 astrocytoma cells.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Effect by Diamond Surface Modification on Biomolecular Adhesion

Diamond, as material, show very attractive properties. They include superior electronic properties (when doped), chemical inertness, controllable surface termination, and biocompatibility. It is thus clear that surface termination is very important for those applications where the implant material is based on diamond. The present theoretical work has focused on the effect of diamond surface termination, in combination with type of surface plane, on the adhesion of important biomolecules for vascularization and bone regeneration. These biomolecules include Arginine-Glycine-Aspartic acid (RGD), Chitosan, Heparin, Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2 (BMP2), Angiopoietin 1 (AGP1), Fibronectin and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF). The various surface planes are diamond diamond (100)-2x1 and (111). The theoretical results show that the non-covalent binding of these biomolecules is in proportion with their molecular weights. Moreover, three groups of biomolecules were observed for both types of surface planes. The most strongly binding biomolecule was the BMP2 molecule. The smaller polypeptides (RGD, Chitosan and Heparin) formed a less strongly binding group. Finally, the biomolecules VEGF, Fibronectin and Angiopoietin showed bond strengths numerically in between the other two groups (thereby forming a third group). Moreover, the (111) surface was generally observed to display a stronger bonding of the biomolecules, as compared with the (100)-2x1 surface.

Field of study: Materials science
Tl/sub 2/Ba/sub 2/CaCu/sub 2/O/sub 8/ and YBa/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub 7/ films on large area MgO and sapphire substrates for high power microwave and rf applications

This paper describes recent work at DuPont to extend the high power microwave performance of YBa/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub 7/ and Tl/sub 2/Ba/sub 2/CaCu/sub 2/O/sub 8/ high T/sub c/ superconducting (HTS) films on 2 inch diameter MgO and sapphire substrates. The YBa/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub 7/ films were produced by in-situ off-axis sputtering with radiant substrate heating. The Tl/sub 2/Ba/sub 2/CaCu/sub 2/O/sub 8/ films were produced by off-axis sputtering followed by annealing in oxygen and Tl/sub 2/O vapor. The microwave surface resistance and power handling of these films was measured over a wide range of temperature (20 K to 85 K) using an HTS-sapphire resonator technique. At 70 K, the surface resistance of YBa/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub 7/ films on sapphire remained below 250 /spl mu//spl Omega/ (@8.1 GHz) for microwave surface current densities up to 1.7/spl times/10/sup 6/ A/cm/sup 2/. At 70 K, the surface resistance of Tl/sub 2/Ba/sub 2/CaCu/sub 2/O/sub 8/ films on MgO remained below 230 /spl mu//spl Omega/ (@8.1 GHz) with microwave current densities up to 2/spl times/10/sup 6/ A/cm/sup 2/.

Field of study: Physics
How Ant Nests Increase Soil Biota Richness and Abundance: A Field Experiment

Although many studies have shown that ant nests tend to increase soil nutrient concentrations, only a few have examined ant impact on soil biota. To date, no one has examined the mechanism behind this complex ‘ant effect.’ In this study, we employed a 2 × 2 complete factorial design (water × food) in the field to mimic the effects of harvester ant nests (Messor andrei) on soil. We hypothesized that, in the absence of ants, addition of moisture and food (seeds and insects) would interact to produce conditions found in ant nests. Our results indicated that the addition of food to the soil (regardless of water addition) best mimicked the conditions found inside M. andrei nests. Both food-treated and ant-nest soils supported higher numbers of bacteria, nematodes, miscellaneous eukaryotes, and microarthropods compared to the other soil treatments. Microbial richness was also highest in ant and food-treated samples. Moreover, the ant effect in our experiment occurred in just two months. Because ants are a widespread, abundant group with many long-lived species, they could substantially influence soil properties and belowground food webs and may have important restoration/conservation implications for terrestrial communities.

Field of study: Environmental science
A Critical Look at Issues of Conflict in Academic Staff Promotion in Ghanaian Public Universities

Sound management practice requires that administrative decisions affecting academic staff promotions reflect systematic, uniformly applied, fair, and valid evaluations of performance. To meet these requirements, a performance evaluation criteria and procedures must be put in place to reflect two decision elements: what will be evaluated, and how the evaluation will be made. This paper reviews literature regarding the three main criteria (Teaching, Research and Publication and Service to the Community) for academic staff promotion evaluation and how the modalities and procedures of academic staff promotions could create fertile ground for conflict to erupt. The paper reveals that academic staff face their evaluation with anxiety. However, the implementation and processing of academic staff promotions are interfaced with challenges. It is concluded that both faculty and administration should cherish the ideal methods and purposes of faculty assessment. Among other things, the paper recommends that administration/management should institute a data-based academic staff performance evaluation programme; specifically oriented toward such administrative actions as promotions. As a sequel, management/administration should robustly enlighten academic staff on their promotion modalities and procedures.

Field of study: Education
Processing tense/aspect-agreement violations on-line in the second language: A self-paced reading study with French and German L2 learners of English

In this article, we report the results of a self-paced reading experiment designed to investigate the question of whether or not advanced French and German learners of English as a second language (L2) are sensitive to tense/aspect mismatches between a fronted temporal adverbial and the inflected verb that follows (e.g. *Last week, James has gone swimming every day) in their on-line comprehension. The L2 learners were equally able to distinguish correctly the past simple from the present perfect as measured by a traditional cloze test production task. They were also both able to assess the mismatch items as less acceptable than the match items in an off-line judgment task. Using a self-paced reading task, we investigated whether they could access this knowledge during real-time processing. Despite performing similarly in the explicit tasks, the two learner groups processed the experimental items differently from each other in real time. On-line, only the French L2 learners were sensitive to the mismatch conditions in both the past simple and the present perfect contexts, whereas the German L2 learners did not show a processing cost at all for either mismatch type. We suggest that the performance differences between the L2 groups can be explained by influences from the learners’ first language (L1): namely, only those whose L1 has grammaticized aspect (French) were sensitive to the tense/aspect violations on-line, and thus could be argued to have implicit knowledge of English tense/aspect distinctions.

Field of study: Linguistics
Nonsteady flame spreading in two-dimensional ducts

Nonsteady behavior of a flame stabilized at the center of a two-dimensional duct is studied using an integral technique. An exact representation of the irrotational flow field upstream of the flame is obtained by utilizing a suitable distribution of sources on the duct axis. Time-dependent solutions exhibit traveling wave patterns with significant amplification along the flame region. These solutions enable the calculation of the acoustic transmission and reflection properties of the flame region. HE control and elimination of combustion instability in systems of practical interest and the rational interpretation of subscale experiments require an understanding of the fundamental mechanism. In many instances response of the combustion processes to local pressure and velocity fluctuations is an important factor that feeds considerable energy into the system to sustain the oscillations. When the frequency is less than a few hundred hertz, the chemical reaction time delay is relatively unimportant, rather, the fluid mechanical adjustments of the flame region play the dominant role governing the detailed response of the system. As a result of fast chemical kinetics, flame fronts are usually very thin compared to length scales associated with combustion devices of practical interest. Therefore, in problems where detailed calculations of flame structure are not important, one often considers the flame front as a surface of discontinuity separating the cold fuel oxidizer mixture and hot combustion products. The flowfields on either side of the flame front are matched by relations analogous to the jump conditions across the shock discontinuities. Nonsteady behavior of a flame stabilized at the center of a two-dimensional duct is studied as a specific but typical example of the low-frequency behavior. Steady-state flame spreading of the confined premixed flames in two

Field of study: Physics