nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Thermal history of the Sonnblick Dome, south-east Tauern Window, Austria: Implications for heterogeneous uplift within the Pennine basement

The Sonnblick Dome is one of several domal structures affecting the interface between basement and cover within the Pennine Zone of the Tauern Window in the eastern Alps. Rb-Sr isotopic data, comprising 19 biotite and 22 white mica ages from variably deformed granitic gneisses, provide new evidence of the thermal and tectonic history of the dome and its relationships with other parts of the south-east Tauern Window. White mica ages generally cluster between 26 and 30 Ma although there are values up to 82 Ma, which appear to reflect incomplete equilibration during Tertiary metamorphism under low amphibolite facies conditions; six closely spaced samples from an intensely sheared ‘gneiss lamella’ are more tightly grouped between 26 and 27.6 Ma and provide the best estimate of the age of syntectonic crystallization. Biotite ages are systematically younger, ranging from 19 to 23.5 Ma, reflecting closure during post-metamorphic cooling. Sonnblick Dome and the Hochalm Dome approximately 20 km further east, where closure of Rb-Sr in biotite did not occur until 16.5 Ma; the metamorphic peak here is also probably younger, possibly as late as 22 Ma. The Sonnblick Dome was formed before 27 Ma and the deformation style had changed to extension before biotite closure by 19 Ma. In contrast, rapid updoming in the Hochalm Dome was previously dated at 16.5 Ma and the differences in thermal history can be linked to differences in deformation history. Overall the geochronological data from the south-east Tauern Window demonstrate the heterogeneity of thermal history on a geographical scale of 10 km and emphasize the importance of tectonic displacements in controlling temperature within orogenic belts.

Field of study: Environmental science
Characterization of five monoclonal antibodies obtained after immunization in vitro with a synthetic 19-amino acid peptide of thyroglobulin.

A 19-amino acid synthetic peptide representing the highly conserved amino terminus of thyroglobulin was used for the production of monoclonal antibodies after immunization of splenocytes in vitro. The properties of five of the antibodies were studied. One reacted only with the synthetic peptide. The others reacted with both the synthetic peptide and with thyroglobulin from all species tested so far, confirming that the amino terminus of thyroglobulin is highly conserved. Two of the five antibodies showed a positive reaction when tested on frozen sections of thyroid tissue, but with different reaction patterns. Monoclonal antibody F4 gave a positive reaction in the colloid, which contains mainly 19S thyroglobulin. In contrast, monoclonal antibody G4 gave a positive reaction only in the follicular cells. Monoclonal antibody G4 binds primarily to low molecular weight compounds in thyroglobulin preparations, possibly representing breakdown products of the protein.

Field of study: Biology
GM's General Auditor Looks Back

Eugene H. Flegm, CPA, is general auditor of General Motors. After 28 years at GM, including more than a decade as assistant comptroller overseeing financial accounting, he plans to retire this year. Below, he reflects on the changes he's seen.  What is the major change you've witnessed during your career in the auto industry?  Technology, of course. Financial accounting was done manually when I came here. Over the years, we moved first to batch processing on mainframes and now we're using personal computers (PCs) and wide area networks. As GM's general auditor, I oversee some 200 auditors .worldwide who carry laptop computers and Can access corporate databases. We have a data-retrieval system allowing payments for the entire corporation to be checked by key dates. On the other hand, technology has exacerbated internal control issues. With the access PCs provide, management has to be more conscious of potential problems and work harder at maintaining control.  Have accounting procedures changed? Flegm: Interestingly enough, everything changes and nothing changes. Technology hasn't changed the basic theory of double-entry accounting. We still have to keep track of vehicles produced and sold, manage cash and control costs. Perhaps the most significant change in procedures is the advent of activity-based costing (ABC). We now track product cost by measuring the cost drivers rather than by allocating volume-based relationships such as direct labor hours. GM has fully implemented ABC as a statistical analysis system for product costing. Another innovation is the movement to "common systems" for scheduling, payables, receivables, purchasing and so on, allowing divisions access to shared data. We were very divisionalized 28 years ago. Much of the accounting functions have been consolidated. For example, at one time we had a different general ledger system for each division, and the systems ran in isolation without "talking" to each other. Each system generated balance sheets and income statements that were sent to corporate headquarters, where we put them together on large sheets and added up the figures. We went to a central general ledger system starting about 10 years ago, finally extending it throughout all sites in the United States and Canada about 3 years ago. There's only one general ledger system now, and all our plants have access to it through a remote journal entry system. We've also "commonized" our central purchasing and receivables systems through the entire corporation. At one time Chevrolet had its own billing system, Pontiac had another one and Buick still another. Now we have just one that's common to all the divisions. Everybody uses the same one and the terminals at each division can all talk to one another. This has allowed us to build and access a broad database. When we're auditing, for example, we can audit all the vendors. Twenty-eight years ago we had to ask each of the 40 divisions, Did you sell to XYZ company? Now we can go into the computer and say, List all the purchases made from XYZ company. …

Field of study: Business
Food court hygiene assessment and food safety knowledge, attitudes and practices of food handlers in Putrajaya.

This cross sectional study aimed to explored the pattern of socio-demographic distribution, to assess the level of KAP of food safety; and the relationship with the level of premise cleanliness in the food courts at Putrajaya. Distribution of food handlers socio-demographic profile was Malaysian (62.0%), male (70.4%), working experienced in food industry (82.0%) and attended food handler training (85.0%). The mean age was 28.7 years and 85.4% having income not less than RM 1,500 monthly. 78.5% of the food handlers at educational level were found as primary/secondary school. 15.0% of the respondents had not attended the food sanitation training. The findings reveal that food handlers' KAP were high with a mean percentage score more than 79.0%.The majority of the food courts in Putrajaya had consistently moderate level of cleanliness (63.5%) with the mean of 83.03%. Only 27.4% of the food courts were in the level of clean situation (>89% of premise cleanliness score) and 9.1% were not in the clean condition (<70% of premise cleanliness score).

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Forest fragmentation does not matter to invasions by Hovenia dulcis

Testing whether biological invasions can be facilitated by habitat fragmentation can provide important insights for the study of invasion ecology. Hovenia dulcis is considered an aggressive non-native species in subtropical Atlantic forest ecosystems and following the assumptions of invasion ecology we hypothesized it would occur mainly in smaller forest remnants, which are more susceptible to edge effects compared to larger ones. In this study, we verified the relationships between H. dulcis invasion on forest remnants and the current habitat fragmentation and tested whether both occurrence and abundance of this species are driven by landscape and habitat variables. We selected 30 forest fragments in initial, middle or late successional stages and verified the occurrence and abundance of trees and saplings of H. dulcis. We evaluated spatial autocorrelation and the influence of landscape and habitat metrics on occurrence and abundance of such species and the influence of fruiting trees (adults) on the abundance of non-adult individuals. We found that H. dulcis distribution was not related to geographic distance among remnants. The occurrence of adult H. dulcis was directly associated to closed-canopy areas and remnant shape and, contrary our initial hypothesis, not related to remnant size. The occurrence of adult trees increased H. dulcis regeneration leading to higher sapling abundance. High abundance of H. dulcis saplings close to adult trees pointed out the successful colonization of recently invaded Atlantic forest remnants. We showed that this invasive tree species successfully invades closed-canopy forest fragments, which highlight undisturbed subtropical Atlantic forest habitats are as susceptible to biological invasions as disturbed ones.

Field of study: Environmental science
Origin of hepatic very-low-density lipoprotein triacylglycerol: the contribution of cellular phospholipid.

When rat hepatocytes were cultured for 24 h in the absence of exogenous fatty acid, the amount of very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) triacylglycerol (TAG) secreted (114 +/- 14 micrograms/mg of cell protein) could not be accounted for by the mass of TAG lost from the cells (29 +/- 6.1 micrograms/mg of cell protein) during this period (n = 12). Of the balance (85 +/- 14 micrograms/mg; 94 +/- 15 nmol/mg), a maximum of only 37 nmol/mg of cell protein of TAG could be accounted for by fatty acids synthesized de novo. When labelled exogenous oleate (initial concentration, 0.75 nM) was present in the culture medium, the net gain in cellular plus VLDL TAG (253 +/- 38 micrograms/mg of cell protein per 24 h) was greater than that contributed by the exogenous fatty acid (155 +/- 18.2 micrograms/mg of cell protein, n = 5). Again, the balance (98.8 +/- 18.2 micrograms/mg of cell protein per 24 h) was too great to be accounted for by fatty acid synthesis de novo. In experiments in which cellular glycerolipids were prelabelled with [9, 10(n)-3H]oleic acid, following removal of the labelled fatty acid, there was a net increase in labelled cellular plus VLDL TAG over the next 24 h. That cellular phospholipids are the source of a substantial part of the excess TAG synthesized is supported by the following evidence. (1) The loss of prelabelled cellular phospholipid during culture was greater than could be accounted for by secretion into the medium. (2) During culture of cells prelabelled with 1,2-di-[l-14C]palmitoyl phosphatidylcholine, a substantial amount of label was secreted as VLDL TAG. (3) In pulse-chase experiments, the kinetics of labelled phospholipid turnover were consistent with conversion into a non-phospholipid pool. The enzymology involved in the transfer of phospholipid fatty acids into TAG is probably complex, but the present results suggest that this pathway may represent an important route by which extracellular fatty acids are channelled into VLDL TAG.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Development of Microstructure of Interface Between Mo Coating and Ti Alloys at Elevated Temperature

In order to improve the poor scouring resistant and oxidation resistant abilities of titanium alloys at elevated temperature, the halide-activated pack molybdenum cementation process was applied to prepare the protecting coating for titanium alloys. The morphology, microstructure, element distribution of the coating were investigated by OM,SEM and EDS and XRD analysis, respectively. The Mo diffusion coating was formed on titanium substrate above 900℃.The thickness of coating increases with increasing temperature. When it is heated at 1050℃ for 6 hours, the thickness of diffusion layer is about 370μm.The crack between the coating and the substrate is dispelled. The coating consists of Mo、β(Ti)、α"(Ti) and α′(Ti), which distribute from outside to inside. The phase composition and microstructure of the surface of titanium alloys are changed. The poor performance of resisting elevated oxidation is improved to a certain extent.

Field of study: Materials science
Thieno[3,2- b ]benzofuran - Synthesis and Reactions

Thieno[3,2-b]benzofuran was synthesized starting from benzo[b]furan-3(2H)-one or benzo[b]furan-2-carbaldehyde. Electrophilic substitution reactions such as bromination, formylation, acetylation or nitration, take place in position 2. An electron donating group in position 2 directs further electrophilic substitution into positions 3 and 6, whereas compounds with an electron acceptor in position 2 are substituted exclusively in position 6. Metallation with butyllithium took place in position 2. The 1H and 13C NMR signals of the title compound were fully assigned.

Field of study: Chemistry
Roundoff error for floating point representation of real data

In the present paper we define aprobabilistic model for the study ofthe relative roundoff error in the floating point representation ofreal data. In particular, starting from the assumption that real data is uniformly distributed in the interval (0,1), each floating point is assigned aprobability value corresponding to the proportion of real data assigned this floating point value. For each real number x∼ U(0,1), we compute the relative roundoff error in the floating point representation and we calculate i t s expected value and variance.

Field of study: Mathematics
Unemployment Duration and the Restart Effect: Some Experimental Evidence

In this paper, the authors analyze the effect of the Restart program in the United Kingdom. This program consists of an interview of the long-term unemployed to counsel them on effective job search. Failure to attend the interview carries the threat of the cessation of unemployment benefits. The results, using experimental data, indicate that the program has a significant effect of reducing unemployment duration. Estimation of an independent competing risks model distinguishing between exits from unemployment to a job, a training placement, or to signing-off unemployment benefit shows that the channels through which Restart works differs according to exit type.

Field of study: Economics
Eine vereinfachte Synthese von N‐Hydroxy‐thioharnstoffen

Die Umsetzung von Cyclohexyl- und aromatischen Hydroxylaminen mit Schwefelkohlenstoff fuhrt zu N-Hydroxy-thioharnstoffen (2). 
 
 
 
A Simplified Synthesis of N-Hydroxythioureas 
 
 
 
Reaction of cyclohexyl- and aromatic hydroxylamines with carbon disulfide furnishes N-hydroxythioureas (2).

Field of study: Chemistry
Dielectric Characteristics of PPLP With Various Pressures and Intervals Between Butt Gap

Superconducting cables are one of the most promising applications among several high voltage superconducting power apparatuses owing to its low energy loss and high power capacities. Superconducting cables system consists of four parts: the termination, the joint box, the core, and the cooling system. The core is responsible for power transport, and is insulated with polypropylene laminated paper (PPLP) to ensure a high dielectric strength in the presence of liquid nitrogen (LN2). The insulation layer of the core is fabricated by winding PPLP in multiple layers. It is inevitable that butt gap filled with LN2 is generated in this process. Currently, many studies on the dielectric characteristics of PPLP according to various intervals between butt gap under 0.1 MPa and those with fixed butt gap according to various pressures have been conducted. A study on determining a proper interval between butt gap according to pressure in order to develop reliable superconducting cables under high pressure should be performed because superconducting cables system in power grid is operated under high pressure. This study focuses on the evaluation of the dielectric characteristics of PPLP with interval between butt gap at various pressures. In addition, dielectric experiments on V–t characteristics for a mini-model cable are conducted and experimental results are analyzed by the inverse power model.

Field of study: Physics
Internal structure and emplacement of the Papoose Flat pluton: An integrated structural, petrographic, and magnetic susceptibility study

The Papoose Flat pluton of eastern California is commonly cited in the geologic literature as a classic example of a “forcibly” emplaced pluton, although the relative importance attributed to magmatic versus tectonic processes in controlling the structural evolution of the pluton has been controversial. Reexamination of this Late Cretaceous (83 Ma) pluton, using a combination of new structural, petrographic, microstructural, and anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) data on the pluton–wall-rock system, has shown that the pluton is an inclined and internally zoned tabular structure, assembled by forcible intrusion of successive pulses of magma at a crustal depth of 12–15 km. Initial pluton formation involved magma ascent in a vertical west- northwest–striking feeder dike, which was arrested at a stratigraphically controlled mechanical discontinuity in the overlying Cambrian metasedimentary rocks, leading to formation of a southwest-dipping sill. Subsequent sill inflation, accompanied by horizontal infilling from the feeder dike at the base of the sill, resulted in deformation and vertical translation of previously emplaced magma pulses and local raising of the sill roof, facilitated by thermal weakening as the wall-rock temperatures progressively rose during emplacement of successive magma pulses. Cooling from the roof of the pluton downward resulted in cessation of vertical inflation on the west side of the pluton and promoted lateral expansion toward the northeast and floor depression below the eastern part of the pluton. We have been unable to document any regional-scale structures (e.g., of equivalence to similar-age synplutonic strike-slip shear zones in the Sierra Nevada batholith to the west) that may have controlled emplacement of the Papoose Flat pluton. However, this fact does not preclude the likelihood that the country rocks were subjected to a regional deviatoric stress field at this time; indeed, tectonic overpressuring was probably essential for producing sufficiently high magma pressures for laccolith formation at this midcrustal level. Simple thermal modeling, using microstructural and thermobarometric data, indicates that the total duration of emplacement of the pluton did not exceed 30 000 yr. This rapid emplacement rate may explain why the pluton appears to be anorogenic even though it was emplaced during a period of regional- scale deformation.

Field of study: Geology
Immersion freezing by natural dust based on a soccer ball model with the Community Atmospheric Model version 5: climate effects

We introduce a simplified version of the soccer ball model (SBM) developed by Niedermeier et al (2014 ) into the Community Atmospheric Model version 5 (CAM5). It is the first time that SBM is used in an atmospheric model to parameterize the heterogeneous ice nucleation. The SBM, which was simplified for its suitable application in atmospheric models, uses the classical nucleation theory to describe the immersion/condensation freezing by dust in the mixed-phase cloud regime. Uncertain parameters (mean contact angle, standard deviation of contact angle probability distribution, and number of surface sites) in the SBM are constrained by fitting them to recent natural dust (Saharan dust) datasets. With the SBM in CAM5, we investigate the sensitivity of modeled cloud properties to the SBM parameters, and find significant seasonal and regional differences in the sensitivity among the three SBM parameters. Changes of mean contact angle and the number of surface sites lead to changes of cloud properties in Arctic in spring, which could be attributed to the transport of dust ice nuclei to this region. In winter, significant changes of cloud properties induced by these two parameters mainly occur in northern hemispheric mid-latitudes (e.g., East Asia). In comparison, no obvious changes of cloud properties caused by changes of standard deviation can be found in all the seasons. These results are valuable for understanding the heterogeneous ice nucleation behavior, and useful for guiding the future model developments.

Field of study: Environmental science
[Why the diagnosis of Lennox-Gastaut syndrome is a rare one?]

The review addresses the problem of the diagnosis of Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, a severe epileptic encephalopathy. Despite the presence of a vivid clinical and encephalographic picture, classical Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, which meets all of its diagnostic criteria, is quite rare. Many authors believe that the diagnosis of the syndrome is possible if the patient has tonic seizures and typical ictal and interictal patterns on the electroencephalogram (EEG). The diagnosis of the syndrome is considered probable if there are typical EEG patterns of wakefulness and sleep, but no tonic seizures are recorded. Diagnosis of the syndrome is complicated by its polyetiology (clinical and EEG manifestations can vary significantly), the evolution of seizure types and EEG characteristics as the patient matures, the presence of other epileptic syndromes similar to Lennox-Gastaut syndrome.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
ProximiTEE: Hardened SGX Attestation and Trusted Path through Proximity Verification

Intel’s Software Guard Extensions (SGX) enables isolated execution environments, called enclaves, on untrusted operating systems (OS), and thus it can improve the security for various applications and online services. However, SGX has also well-known limitations. First, its remote attestation mechanism is vulnerable to relay attacks that allow the attacker to redirect attestation and the following provisioning of secrets to an unintended platform. Second, attestation keys have been shown to leak thus enabling attackers to fake the secure attested environment by emulating it. Third, there exists no secure way to let enclaves communicate with the I/O devices and as a consequence the user. To address these shortcomings, we propose a hardened variant of SGX attestation using proximity verification. We design and implement a system called PROXIMITEE, where a simple embedded device with a low TCB is attached to the target platform. The embedded device verifies the proximity of the attested enclave by using distance bounding and secure boot-time initialization, thus allowing secure attestation regardless of a compromised OS or leaked attestation keys. Our boot-time initialization can be seen as a novel variant of “trust on first use” (TOFU) that makes deployment of secure attestation easier, reduces the system’s attack surface and enables secure revocation. We further leverage the embedded device to build a trusted I/O path between peripherals (e.g., keyboards, displays) and enclaves, by letting it securely mediate every I/O communication between them. Our prototype implementation shows that such proximity verification is reliable in practice.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Stochastic Crame/spl acute/r-Rao bound for noncircular signals with application to DOA estimation

After providing an extension of the Slepian-Bangs formula for general noncircular complex Gaussian distributions, this paper focuses on the stochastic Crame/spl acute/r-Rao bound (CRB) on direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation accuracy for noncircular sources. We derive an explicit expression of the CRB for DOA parameters alone in the case of noncircular complex Gaussian sources by two different methods. One of them consists of computing the asymptotic covariance matrix of the maximum likelihood (ML) estimator, and the other is obtained directly from our extended Slepian-Bangs formula. Some properties of this CRB are proved, and finally, it is numerically compared with the CRBs under circular complex Gaussian and complex discrete distributions of sources.

Field of study: Engineering