nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Epidermal growth factor-stimulated parathyroid hormone-related protein expression involves increased gene transcription and mRNA stability.

Epidermal growth factor (EGF) produced rapid and striking effects on parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) gene expression in the immortalized human keratinocyte cell line, HaCaT. Steady-state levels of PTHrP mRNA and secreted PTHrP were increased 10-fold by maximally effective concentrations of EGF. EGF increased both PTHrP gene transcription and PTHrP mRNA stability. Nuclear run-on assays demonstrated a 4-fold increase in transcriptional rate in EGF-stimulated cells while transient transfection analysis indicated that the action of EGF on transcription involved both the GC-rich promoter, P2, and the downstream TATA promoter, P3, but apparently not the upstream TATA promoter, P1. In experiments where EGF treatment produced more stable PTHrP transcripts, the half-life of c-fos mRNA was unaltered, suggesting a relatively specific effect of EGF. Moreover, only those species of PTHrP mRNA containing two of the alternative 3' exons (exons VII and VIII) were stable, those containing exon IX were not. Reverse-transcription PCR demonstrated that EGF produced differential increases in the abundance of PTHrP mRNA species initiated by the three PTHrP promoters. The major effect was seen on the abundance of transcripts initiated by P1 and P2, with less marked regulation of P3-initiated transcripts. Thus EGF regulation of PTHrP gene expression in HaCaT cells is multifactorial and the combination of its actions at the 5' and 3' ends of the gene favours the accumulation of subpopulations of PTHrP mRNA containing exons I, VII and VIII.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Quality of life patients after surgical treatment of laryngeal cancer

The assessment of the quality of life in cancer patients requires a multidisciplinary approach and an evaluation of emotional, social and physical conditions.  The aim of the study was to analyze the quality of life patients after surgical treatment of laryngeal cancer but before the next stage of therapy, i.e. radiotherapy.  The study group comprised 60 patients aged 44–82 years, with laryngeal cancer treated at the Radiotherapy Wards of Wielkopolskie Centrum Onkologii, Poznan, Poland. The Polish versions of the QLQ C-30 and the cancer‑specific EORTC QLQ H&N35 questionnaires were used.  Mean score for the general health status (QLQ C-30) was 56.81. Mean values for the physical, role, cognitive, social and emotional functioning were 81.11, 80.83, 75.28, 70.00 and 54.72, respectively. The following constituted the main problems for laryngectomees: difficulty gaining weight (75.00), necessity to take nutritional supplements (58.33), sense of smell and taste problems (57.78), weight loss (56.67), articulation problems (56.67). A statistically significant difference (p = 0.002) was observed with regard to emotional functioning, with mean values of 28.83 and 60.51 for women and men, respectively. Also, a statistically significant difference (p = 0.01) was observed with regard to social functioning, with mean values of 45.53 and 75.51 for women and men, respectively.  There exists a definite need to investigate the quality of life by means of patient self‑evaluation of the symptoms in order to monitor patient status and establish an individual therapeutic, care and psychological approach.

Field of study: Medicine
Keine diluviale Eiszeit in Japan

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Field of study: Environmental science
Energy deposit spectrum of the EAS electromagnetic component at the PRISMA-32 array

The results from a 29-month investigation into the EAS electromagnetic component using the PRISMA-32 array are presented, notably for the central density spectrum and energy deposit spectrum. The array consists of 32 en-detectors in which specialized inorganic scintillators (SL6-5 phosphorus composition) based on silver-activated zinc sulfide (ZnS) with LiF enriched to 90% 6Li (ZnS(Ag) + 6LiF) are used as detecting layers. The possibility of detecting the electromagnetic component using a thin scintillation neutron detector with the multiple passage of charged particles is shown. The experimental data are compared to the results from simulations.

Field of study: Physics
TREINAR JOVENS: COMPLEXIDADE, EXIGÊNCIA E RESPONSABILIDADE

This bibliographic study aimed at analyzing the role of the coach concerning the sportive education process of young people. Initially, the responsibilities of the coach who trains young people were evidenced by a survey on the main functions: the practitioner personal development, development of the sportive qualities and the elaboration of the fundaments of a long sportive career. In this process, the main reasons for the prolonged development of the sportive practice and the disregard of the sportive practice by the young people are discussed. To conclude, the text makes the role of the coach as a manager of the activity evident, the person who needs to search the equilibrium between the practitioner’s intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. Therefore, we can conclude: training young people emphasizes the transcendent characteristics of the role of the coach during the first stages of the practitioner’s career, period when the functions are complex, demanding and require responsibility. In this sense, the work concerning this period of age can not be understood as the first stage of the coach’s career, but expert coaches must act as tutors, since this phase demands specific competencies that must be carefully acquired and examined by a reflective experience in a continuous process of education.

Field of study: Education
Characterization and In Vitro and In Vivo Assessment of a Novel Cellulose Acetate-Coated Mg-Based Alloy for Orthopedic Applications

Despite their good biocompatibility and adequate mechanical behavior, the main limitation of Mg alloys might be their high degradation rates in a physiological environment. In this study, a novel Mg-based alloy exhibiting an elastic modulus E = 42 GPa, Mg-1Ca-0.2Mn-0.6Zr, was synthesized and thermo-mechanically processed. In order to improve its performance as a temporary bone implant, a coating based on cellulose acetate (CA) was realized by using the dipping method. The formation of the polymer coating was demonstrated by FT-IR, XPS, SEM and corrosion behavior comparative analyses of both uncoated and CA-coated alloys. The potentiodynamic polarization test revealed that the CA coating significantly improved the corrosion resistance of the Mg alloy. Using a series of in vitro and in vivo experiments, the biocompatibility of both groups of biomaterials was assessed. In vitro experiments demonstrated that the media containing their extracts showed good cytocompatibility on MC3T3-E1 pre-osteoblasts in terms of cell adhesion and spreading, viability, proliferation and osteogenic differentiation. In vivo studies conducted in rats revealed that the intramedullary coated implant for fixation of femur fracture was more efficient in inducing bone regeneration than the uncoated one. In this manner, the present study suggests that the CA-coated Mg-based alloy holds promise for orthopedic aplications.

Field of study: Materials science
CB1 cannabinoid receptor: cellular regulation and distribution in N18TG2 neuroblastoma cells.

In order to characterize cellular regulation of CB1 cannabinoid receptors, synthesis and turnover studies were performed. Metabolic labeling of N18TG2 cells with 35S-labeled amino acids was followed by immunoprecipitation from cell lysates using an affinity-purified antibody generated to the N-terminal 14-amino-acid segment of the CB1 receptor. During a 2 h labeling period, CB1 receptors were rapidly and constitutively synthesized (rate: 0.86%/min). The majority of newly synthesized CB1 cannabinoid receptors (70%) was degraded rapidly by a first-order process (t1/2=4.8 h). The remaining nascent receptors, which were degraded slowly , may represent the pool of potentially functional receptors. Trypsin treatment of intact confluent cells, designed to cleave the extracellular antibody recognition site, did not alter the recovery of metabolically labeled immunoprecipitated CB1 receptors. This suggests that a large percentage of newly synthesized receptors was inaccessible to the protease and is probably intracellular. Immunocytochemistry revealed CB1 cannabinoid immunoreactivity both intracellularly and on the cell surface. Subcellular membrane fractions exhibited receptor binding activity on plasma membranes and nuclear-associated membranes. Only low-affinity binding was seen in the chromatin fraction. An hypothesis has been developed to explain these results and form the basis for future studies.

Field of study: Biology
Use of carbon‐11 in Populus shows that exogenous jasmonic acid increases biosynthesis of isoprene from recently fixed carbon

A new approach for pulse labelling of plants using the short-lived positron emitting radioisotope carbon-11 (halflife: 20.4 min) as 11 CO 2 is reported together with its application to measuring [ 11 C]isoprene emissions from intact leaves capturing information associated with: (1) rate of emission; (2) the relative contribution of recently fixed carbon to isoprene biosynthesis; and (3) the transit time for tracer movement through the leaf and biochemical pathways associated with isoprene biosynthesis. This approach was applied to study the response of certain Populus species to exogenous treatments of jasmonic acid (JA), a plant hormone implicated in signal transduction linked to defence response against herbivory. Twelve hours after treatment of single intact leaves of aspen ( Populus tremuloides ) with a 1 m M JA spray, isoprene emissions from those leaves increased 1.5 times the controls from 35.4 ± 2.2 to 53.1 ± 4.8 nmol m - 2 s - 1 . [ 11 C]Isoprene emissions from the same leaves, reflecting the isoprene that was derived from recently fixed carbon, increased much more, to 2.2 times the controls. This increase coincided with a change in emitted [ 11 C]isoprene from 0.31 to 0.68% of 11 C fixed in the leaf tissue, while the tracer transit time remained constant at 12.5 min. These results suggest that JA had no effect on enzyme kinetics involved in isoprene biosynthesis, but did impact the source of recent carbon feeding that pathway. Studies with poplar ( Populus nigra clone NC 5271) showed similar trends in systemic emissions (from an untreated leaf on the same plant).

Field of study: Environmental science
Compact silicon-based polarization-independent directional coupler using subwavelength gratings.

A compact and high extinction ratio polarization-independent directional coupler (PIDC) using silicon-based subwavelength gratings (SWGs) is proposed and analyzed in detail, where the SWG structures are located between the two input/output strip waveguides together with input/output SWG-based transitions. The introduced SWG-based structures can effectively enhance the coupling strength for the TE mode, while that for the TM mode is hardly affected. According to the coupled-mode theory, by carefully choosing the structural parameters, the coupling length for both polarizations can be identical; thus a PIDC is realized. Results show that a PIDC with a coupling length of 9.2 μm is achieved, and the extinction ratio, insertion loss, and reflection loss are 33.25/31.41 dB, 0.224/0.121 dB, and -23.11/-26.31  dB, respectively, for the TE/TM mode. In addition, fabrication tolerances to the key structural parameters are analyzed in detail, and field evolution through the present device is also presented.

Field of study: Physics
Deletion of phoQ gene decreases the resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to aminoglycoside antibiot-ics

To analyze the sequences of two component signaling system PhoP/PhoQ encoding genes of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains sensitive or resistant to aminoglycoside antibiotics and to determine the correlation between the PhoQ/PhoP and the resistance.  The segments of entire pimQ and phoP genes of P. aeruginosa were obtained by PCR and then sequenced after T-A cloning. Two prokaryotic expression systems of phoQ and phoP genes were constructed and the target recombinant expres-sion products rPhoQ and rPhoP were extracted by Ni-NTA chromatography. Rabbits were intracutaneoualy immunized with rPhoQ and rPhoP to obtain antisera and double immunodiffusion test was used to detect the titers of antisera. The phoQ genes of aminloglycoside antibiotics-resistant P. aeruginosa strains were knocked out by using Red recombination system, and phoQ mutants were identified by PCR plus sequencing and Western blot assay. Tube dilution method was applied to determine MIC values of wild and mutant strains of P. aeruginosa to four different aminoglycoside antibiotics.  In comparison with the corresponding sequences in GenBank, the similarities of nueleotide and putative amino acid sequences of the cloned phop and phoQ genes were 98.7%-99.6% and 98.7%-100% , and 98.4%-99.8% and 99.1%-100%, respec-tively. Both rPhoQ and rPhoP were successfully expressed using pET-42a and E. coil BL21 DE3 system, and their rabbit antisera with 1 : 4 and 1 : 8 double immunodiffusion titers were also obtained. The deletion of phoQ genes and absence of the products in the two phoQ mutants were confirmed by PCR, sequencing and West-ern blot assay. MIC values of the four different aminoglycoside antibiotics to the two mutants were 1/512-1/2048 as those of their wild strains.  PboQ/PhoP is a sequence conserved two component sig-naling system of P. aeruginosa, and this system mediates resistance of the microbe to aminoglycoside antibiotics. 
 
 
Pseudomonas aeruginosa; phoQ/phoP genes; Gene knock out; Aminoglycoside anti-biotics

Field of study: Biology
KNICKPOINT BEHAVIOR IN NONCOHESIVE MATERIAL: A LABORATORY STUDY

Short oversteepened reaches were molded in the beds of model channels formed in well-sorted, noncohesive sands 0.67 mm and 2 mm in diameter. In each run of the experiment a fall of 0.1 foot in a length of 1.0 foot was provided. The over-all slopes of the channels upstream and downstream from the oversteepened reach were made equivalent and ranged from 0.0012 to 0.0088. The abrupt break in the profile at the head of the over-steepened segment constituted a knickpoint. Progressive changes in the position of the knickpoint and in the slope of the oversteepened reach were measured during runs in which discharge, over-all slope, and particle size were varied independently. I n every run, the slope of the water surface and the slope of the bed below the knickpoint decreased with time. As the knickpoint moved upstream, the channel directly above the knickpoint first steepened and narrowed. Following the initial steepening, the slope became progressively less. At the lower end of the oversteepened reach, sediment eroded from above was deposited as a dune, which advanced downstream and caused the channel to widen and locally to steepen. Following the passage of the dune, the slope again flattened. For runs with identical initial (over-all) slopes, discharge, and widths, the slope below the knickpoint decreased faster in the channel of finer sand. The rate of change of slope in the oversteepened reach below the knickpoint depends upon the magnitude and the rate of change of erosion along this reach which, in turn, depends upon the magnitude and the rate of change of the sediment transport along the reach. If the rate of transport is great, the oversteepened slope below the knickpoint is reduced rapidly. Analysis of the data indicates that the higher the ratio of the oversteepened slope to the average slope the more rapid the rate of decrease of the oversteepened slope. These results are comparable to changes observed in natural stream channels following meander cutoffs. The laboratory experiment confirms the observation that upstream migration of knickpoints accompanied by undiminished slopes does not occur in noncohesive, homogeneous bed material. Several hypothetical cases are discussed in which it is assumed that resistant material is present in the channel profile.

Field of study: Geology
Fatal hyponatremia in a 7-year-old girl with cloacal exstrophy after cystoscopy for a bladder stone.

A case of fatal hyponatremia in a 7-year-old girl following a percutaneous cystolithotomy is presented. Stone removal by percutaneous cystolithotomy is considered a safe and effective procedure, but this may depend on the type of solution used for irrigation. In this case less than 2L of sterile water was used as irrigation in an augmented bladder causing a drop in sodium to 120 mmol/L in 30 min. The result was a massive shift of water into the cerebral tissue, cerebral edema and death.

Field of study: Medicine
Design and analysis of feedforward symbol timing estimators based on the conditional maximum likelihood principle

This paper presents a general feedforward symbol-timing estimation framework based on the conditional maximum likelihood principle. The proposed timing estimator presents reduced implementation complexity and is obtained by performing an approximation on the Fourier series expansion of the conditional maximum likelihood function. The proposed algorithm is applied to linear modulations and two commonly used continuous phase modulations: minimum shift keying (MSK) and Gaussian MSK (GMSK). For the linear modulations, it is shown both analytically and via simulations that the performance of the proposed estimator is very close to the conditional CRB and modified CRB for signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) in the range SNR /spl les/ 30 dB. Furthermore, the proposed estimator is shown to be asymptotically equivalent to the classic square-law nonlinearity estimator under certain conditions. In the case of MSK and GMSK modulations, although the proposed algorithm reaches the conditional CRB at certain SNRs, however, the conditional CRB is quite far away from the modified CRB, and there exists an alternative algorithm whose performance comes closer to the modified CRB. Therefore, the proposed estimator is more suitable for linear modulations than for MSK and GMSK modulations.

Field of study: Engineering
Dichotomy of two CD8+ lymphocyte subsets in HIV infection. Depletion of CD8+ CD3‐ and expansion of CD8+ CD3+ subsets: consequence on the CD4/CD8 ratio

In order to highlight the underlying mechanism(s) of the CD8 lymphocyte expansion in the HIV infection, two distinct CD8 subsets were analysed: T CD8bright+ CD3+ with MHC‐restricted activity, and non‐T CD8dim+ CD3‐, which performs natural killer (NK) activity. It consists of a cross‐sectional study including 168 HIV‐infected patients (74 CDC stage II, 48 CDC stage III and 46 CDC stage IV) compared among them and to 60 healthy individuals. We observed an expansion of CD8+CD3+ cells which masks a depletion of CD8+CD3‐. The comparative study showed that the expansion of the CD8+CD3+ is relatively higher than that of total CD8+ lymphocytes and that the depletion of the CD8+ CD3‐ subset is severe, begins early and remains constant through the HIV progression. The comparison of CD4/CD8 and CD4/CD8+ CD3+ ratios showed that the latter could possibly be a better indicator in the HIV infection. The mechanism of inverted CD4/CD8 ratio in healthy individuals was also clarified. The CD8+CD3+, CD8+CD3‐ and CD4/CD8+CD3+ parameters would be more specific markers than total CD8 and CD4/CD8 ratio especially in therapy trials.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Psychological Concepts for Gifted Preadolescents: Pilot Study

Pressey ( 1 ) suggested that "precocity in psychology .rhoz~ld be especially feasible" with gifted preadolescents. Providing an organized background in psychology should enable them to "make distinctive contributions to knowledge of that [adolescent] period." Providing gifted preadolescents with experiences which increase their understanding of behavior patterns and adjustment mechanisms is the purpose of this study. Fifteen high-achieving sixth grade preadolescents (Stanford-Binet IQ, 132 to 158) were included. The group met 3 hr. daily for 5 wk. during the summer of 1962. Characters and situations from lirerarure were used as the basis for identifying psychological concepts for which the children used idiomatic expressions, i.e., "scared," "he picks on me," and "being a bully." The introduction of psychological terminology enabled them to re-examine and categorize the expressions which they had formerly employed. This then led to involvement in activities designed to conceprualize specific psychological terms in a scientific as well as social context, i.e., learning experiments in animal laboratory, review of contemporary research on suggestibility, and reports on the implication of adults' responses to a standardized social greeting. Having examined characters and situations in literature, learned psychological terminology to describe behavior, and become involved in research accivities, Ss were then evaluated in terms of their ability to identify behavior mechanisms, verbalize these mechanisms, using psychological terms, and engage in role-playing situations demonstrating their insight into the operation in a social situation of chese mechanisms. The final study will include formal criterion measures such as: written analyses of behavior compared with control group, objective college level general psychology tests, objective measures of adjustment and anecdotal follow-up records. The results of the pilot study suggest mental giftedness does extend to precocity in understanding of psychology. This precocity can be further developed by providing psychological terminology and accivities at a level earlier than has been done previously. Ss' ability to grasp these concepts and relace them to their own interpersonal problems at [he preadolescent level should allow researchers to gain valuable information about the adolescent period from young people who have previously had psychological training.

Field of study: Psychology