nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Late Miocene to Pliocene palaeogeography of Viti Levu, Fiji Islands

The island of Viti Levu is located on the Fiji Platform in an area that has been tectonically active since at least the Late Eocene. The geological history of Viti Levu during this time is one of the competing influence of tectonics, volcanism and eustatic sea-level change in shaping the preserved stratigraphic, and therefore palaeogeographic record. The focus of this paper is the palaeogeographic evolution of Viti Levu from the period following the deformation of the Tuva Group and all older rock units of the Vityaz arc (around 7.5 Ma) to the present. Initial sedimentation during following the deformational event was influenced by the sinistral oblique-slip deformation associated with anticlockwise rotation of the platform. This tectonically dominated period of island evolution saw the establishment of a number of sedimentary basins, many of which continued to receive sediments through until at least the earliest Pliocene. From 6.5 Ma onward, volcanic activity became the main influence on the stratigraphic record, although evidence for major eustatic events (Miocene–Pliocene boundary) are recorded in some sequences. Toward the end of the Early Pliocene, tectonic uplift of Viti Levu resulted in a poor geological record for this time. The Quaternary stratigraphic record reflects relatively minor, mostly eustatic events in coastal areas around major river systems.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Why formal objections to the error theory fail

Many philosophers argue that the error theory should be rejected because it is incompatible with standard deontic logic and semantics. We argue that such formal objections to the theory fail. Our discussion has two upshots. First, it increases the dialectical weight that must be borne by objections to the error theory that target its content rather than its form. Second, it shows that standard deontic logic and semantics should be revised.

Field of study: Philosophy
Application of Soft Computing in Mathematical Modelling and Parameter Optimization of Welding

Welding is a physical process with highly nonlinearity and massive stochastic uncertainty,so it is difficult to evaluate the problem comprehensively by using traditional mathematical method and regression analysis.As a new developed intelligent method,the soft computing techniques were widely used in modeling and optimization of welding industry,due to the advantages of high fault tolerance,self learning ability and parallel processing.The present research situation and application prospects of soft computing techniques in different aspects of welding was illustrated based on the extensive investigation.

Field of study: Materials science
Distribution of Solar Proton Event Fluences Measured near the Earth over the Heliolongitude of Their Sources

Distribution of energetic proton fluences in solar proton events during solar cycles 19–24 over the heliolongitude of their sources have been considered. It has been shown, that the major contribution into the total value of the fluence of protons with energies >30 MeV registered in the Earth’s orbit during the whole period of observations was given by the events, which sources were located near the central solar meridian.

Field of study: Physics
Distribution of interpolation points

We show that interpolation to a function, analytic on a compact setE in the complex plane, can yield maximal convergence only if a subsequence of the interpolation points converges to the equilibrium distribution onE in the weak sense. Furthermore, we will derive a converse theorem for the case when the measure associated with the interpolation points converges to a measure onE, which may be different from the equilibrium measure.

Field of study: Mathematics
Potentiality of different isolates of wilt fungus Fusarium oxysporum collected from rhizosphere of tomato against root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita

This investigation was undertaken to determine the effect of culture filtrates of different isolates of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici on mortality of Meloidogyne incognita juveniles and egg hatching. It was observed that different concentrations including standard extract (S.E), 1:10 and 1:100 dilutions of all fungal filtrates inhibited egg hatch when compared with control. Minimum mortality and maximum hatching was observed in BRT (showing least mortality) isolate of F. oxysporum, while maximum mortality and minimum egg hatching was recorded in BGT (showing maximum mortality) isolate. Larval mortality was decreased with a decrease in concentration and the least mortality was observed in 1:100 when compared with SE and 1:10. The potentiality of both the isolates (BRT and BGT) against root-knot nematode M. incognita was confirmed by the pathogenicity test on tomato. These observations confirmed that F. oxysporumisolates possesses variability in pathogenicity ranging from pathogenic to bio-control agent. The plants inoculated with BRT isolate failed to show wilt symptoms while plants inoculated with BGT isolate showed wilt indices.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Structural and bioinformatic characterization of an Acinetobacter baumannii type II carrier protein.

Microorganisms produce a variety of natural products via secondary metabolic biosynthetic pathways. Two of these types of synthetic systems, the nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs) and polyketide synthases (PKSs), use large modular enzymes containing multiple catalytic domains in a single protein. These multidomain enzymes use an integrated carrier protein domain to transport the growing, covalently bound natural product to the neighboring catalytic domains for each step in the synthesis. Interestingly, some PKS and NRPS clusters contain free-standing domains that interact intermolecularly with other proteins. Being expressed outside the architecture of a multi-domain protein, these so-called type II proteins present challenges to understand the precise role they play. Additional structures of individual and multi-domain components of the NRPS enzymes will therefore provide a better understanding of the features that govern the domain interactions in these interesting enzyme systems. The high-resolution crystal structure of a free-standing carrier protein from Acinetobacter baumannii that belongs to a larger NRPS-containing operon, encoded by the ABBFA_003406-ABBFA_003399 genes of A. baumannii strain AB307-0294, that has been implicated in A. baumannii motility, quorum sensing and biofilm formation, is presented here. Comparison with the closest structural homologs of other carrier proteins identifies the requirements for a conserved glycine residue and additional important sequence and structural requirements within the regions that interact with partner proteins.

Field of study: Chemistry
From Penitence to Charity: Pious Women and the Catholic Reformation in Paris (review)

Débat is a “false debate” since folie and amour cannot live without each other. Moreover, in her other essay, this critic sees a close bond between Labé’s poésie and her satirical Débat: in all these works many facets of love are depicted and debated to reveal a close relationship between love and writing. In the same way, Marie Madeleine Fontaine invites her readers to look at Labé’s politics in both her poetry and in the Débat. To her, Labé’s goal is a secret understanding and mutual exchange of rapports between women and men in both matters of love and in the observance of society’s rules. Two essays follow, one on the judicial eloquence of expression by the protagonists of the Débat, authored by Christiane Lauvergnat Gagnière, and an examination of the impact of the Débat, by Marie Rose Logan, who considers it to be merely “a verbal jousting.” This review had to be selective and could not mention all of the eighteen essays in the book. Overall, scholars and students will find that it is a thoughtful selection of Labé criticism with special emphasis on her feminist views. The collection goes a long way toward fulfilling the editors’ objective that it “serves as a guide” to study, discover, and appreciate the works of Louise Labé, whose voice, first heard in the sixteenth century, still appeals to us in this new millennium. ANNE-MARIE BOURBON Queensborough Community College, CUNY

Field of study: History
Geochemistry and isotope hydrogeology of the Mount Edziza – Mess Creek geothermal area

The Mount Edziza volcanic complex, a Recent volcano within British Columbia's northern Intermontane Belt, and the adjacent Mess Creek valley are investigated to evaluate the origin, geothermal history, and age of associated thermal waters. Samples of thermal and cold groundwaters, runoff, and glacier ice were collected for chemical and environmental isotope (18O/2H, 3H, , ) analysis.Mount Edziza thermal waters, discharging at 36 and 46 °C from extensive travertine formations at the base of the volcanic pile, originate as glacier meltwater on the summit of the complex. Their Na(Ca,Mg)–HCO3 chemistry is a product of alteration reactions with alkali basalts under a high CO2 partial pressure. Chemical and isotopic geothermometers suggest that subsurface temperatures are less than about 100 °C. Carbon-13 data show that the high carbon dioxide contents (close to 1 bar (100 kPa) pressure) likely originate through high-temperature decarbonation of marine carbonates at depth, and manifest a deep geothermal compone...

Field of study: Environmental science
Design and evaluation of a novel MAC layer handoff protocol for IEEE 802.11 wireless networks

In recent years, the IEEE 802.11 wireless network family has become one of the most important set of standards in the wireless communications industry. IEEE 802.11 compliant devices are inexpensive and easier to configure and deploy than other wireless technologies. In an IEEE 802.11 wireless network, wireless terminals can move freely. As a result, when the wireless terminal moves away from its current access point, it must switch to another access point to maintain the active connection. This is known as the MAC layer handoff process. MAC layer handoff latency should be minimized to support real-time applications and to provide mobile devices with seamless roaming in IEEE 802.11 wireless networks. This paper proposes a novel MAC layer handoff protocol over IEEE 802.11 wireless networks by introducing advertisement messages sent from other mobile nodes and from which wireless terminals are able to receive the information of access points in their neighborhood. A mobile node can try to associate with access points based on the prediction before starting the probe process. The experimental results demonstrate that our solution can reduce MAC layer handoff latency to meet the requirements of real-time applications.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Black-Box Constructions of Bounded-Concurrent Secure Computation

We construct a general purpose secure multiparty computation protocol which remains secure under (a-priori) bounded-concurrent composition and makes only black-box use of cryptographic primitives. Prior to our work, constructions of such protocols required non-black-box usage of cryptographic primitives; alternatively, black-box constructions could only be achieved for super-polynomial simulation based notions of security which offer incomparable security guarantees. Our protocol has a constant number of rounds and relies on standard polynomial-hardness assumptions, namely, the existence of semi-honest oblivious transfers and collision-resistant hash functions. Previously, such protocols were not known even under sub-exponential assumptions.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Effects of the intrinsic layer width on the band-to-band tunneling current in p-i-n GaN-based avalanche photodiodes

Dark current is critical for GaN-based avalanche photodiodes because it significantly increases the noise current and limits the multiplication factor. It has been found that the band-to-band tunneling current is the dominant origin of the dark current for avalanche photodiodes at the onset of breakdown voltage. Experimentally, for GaN-based avalanche photodiodes with a thinner intrinsic layer, the dark current increases nearly exponentially with the applied voltage even at a lower bias voltage. In this paper, the intrinsic layer (i-layer) width of GaN-based avalanche photodiodes has been varied to study its effect on the band-to-band tunneling current. A widely used equation was used to calculate the band-to-band tunneling current of avalanche photodiodes with different i-layer widths (i-layer 0.1 μm, 0.2 μm and 0.4 μm). At −40 V, the band-to-band tunneling current significantly reduces by a magnitude of 10 −15 A with an increase in the i-layer width from 0.1 μ mt o 0.2μm, and a magnitude of 10 −29 A with an increase in the i-layer width from 0.2 μ mt o 0.4μm. Then, GaN-based avalanche photodiodes (i-layer 0.1 μm, 0.2 μm and 0.4 μm) with different-sized mesa were fabricated. Also, the measurement of dark current of all three different structures was performed, and their multiplication factors were given.

Field of study: Materials science
Invasion of non-native grasses causes a drop in soil carbon storage in California grasslands

Vegetation change can affect the magnitude and direction of global climate change via its effect on carbon cycling among plants, the soil and the atmosphere. The invasion of non-native plants is a major cause of land cover change, of biodiversity loss, and of other changes in ecosystem structure and function. In California, annual grasses from Mediterranean Europe have nearly displaced native perennial grasses across the coastal hillsides and terraces of the state. Our study examines the impact of this invasion on carbon cycling and storage at two sites in northern coastal California. The results suggest that annual grass invasion has caused an average drop in soil carbon storage of 40 Mg/ha in the top half meter of soil, although additional mechanisms may also contribute to soil carbon losses. We attribute the reduction in soil carbon storage to low rates of net primary production in non-native annuals relative to perennial grasses, a shift in rooting depth and water use to primarily shallow sources, and soil respiratory losses in non-native grass soils that exceed production rates. These results indicate that even seemingly subtle land cover changes can significantly impact ecosystem functions in general, and carbon storage in particular.

Field of study: Environmental science
Markov Chain Analysis of Computer-Simulated Limestone Sequences

In the hopes of proving that the Markov property of a marine stratigraphic sequence is controlled by its position relative to basin margins, a computer-simulated sequence was generated and tested. The computer manufactures a sequence of 1,000 sedimentation units (beds), each positioned by a sea-level transgression-regression subroutine that may be systematic, random, or systematic-random. The facies-distribution pattern at each sea-level stand is controlled by the variation of five facies components (micrite, spar, fossils, coated grains, and oolites). At each of 200 points along the sea floor, the proportion of each of these components is calculated, and a facies identification number is assigned to that point. The result is a data array of 1,000 rows (beds) by 200 columns (columnar sections). Each columnar section is then analyzed for its Markov property, and a test value is computed. The test value is then plotted as a function of relative shoreline position. The major conclusion is that there is no relationship between the Markov property of a stratigraphic sequence and its position relative to basin margins.

Field of study: Geology
Formation and early years of the AAPM.

This vignette recites significant steps leading to the formation of the AAPM and transpiring in the developments of the first decade, approximately. Persons involved, dates, and places are recognized. A table summarizes the progression of events. This recitation ends with the term of Kereiakes, the last President to be elected by the Board of Directors from its own membership, and with the move of the annual meeting time to mid-summer.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Three-dimensional Ginzburg-Landau simulation of a vortex line displaced by a zigzag of pinning spheres

A vortex line is shaped by a zigzag of pinning centers and we study here how far the stretched vortex line is able to follow this path. The pinning center is described by an insulating sphere of coherence length size such that in its surface the de Gennes boundary condition applies. We calculate the free energy density of this system in the framework of the Ginzburg-Landau theory and study the critical displacement beyond which the vortex line is detached from the pinning center.

Field of study: Physics
NSF one year later

A year and a month ago one of these Washington Reports was devoted to an interview with Dr. Alan T. Waterman, Director of the then newly‐established National Science Foundation. In that interview Dr. Waterman outlined the general long‐range program of the Foundation as he and the National Science Board visualized it at that time and described in some detail the several specific areas of activity which he planned to emphasize in the initial phase of the work. It is appropriate at this time—the approximate close of the first complete fiscal year of NSF's operation—to summarize the very substantial accomplishments to date of this organization which can mean so much to the future of science in this country and, therefore, to the future of the nation itself.

Field of study: Physics
ANÁLISE CRITICA DO CURRÍCULO DAS DISCIPLINAS PRÁTICAS DO CURSO DE EDUCAÇÃO FÍSICA DA UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DE MARINGÁ

The objective of this study was to analyse the education, sport and class that are made possible for the social interaction proportioned during the curriculum development of practical disciplines from Physical Education course of the Universidade Estadual de Maringa, and their consequences. The metodology we had used was: classes observation and the filming of one class from each discipline (teacher), an interview with the students who act as subjects and with the teachers from each discipline, and a biographical study from these teachers. After that, trainee classes were observed during practical development of the period of training and an interview with them. For the classes analysis: constitutive and regulative rules, movement functions, didactical conceptions and social interaction. Through this study one can see the education as a process which transmits and spread knowledge in the especific area, the class as a training session where one aplies especific methods and sport only as a performance one something thar must be learned and reproduced inside its limitations.

Field of study: Education
Functional Outcome of Arthroscopic Reconstruction of Single Bundle Anterior Cruciate Ligament with 5 Strand Hamstring Autograft

Most commonly reconstructed ligament of knee is Anterior Cruciate Ligament that aims to halt or minimise the number of instability episodes 1. Testing with biomechanical parameters has shown that there is correlation between graft cross-sectional area and maximum load to failure 2. This study attempts to analyse the functional outcome of ACL reconstruction with 5 strands of hamstring autograft.  This study is based on hypothesis that larger graft will be stronger, stiffer providing better functional outcome.  Patients having ACL injury were treated at a tertiary care hospital; using a 5-strand hamstring graft, fixed with suspensory fixation at femoral side and aperture fixation at the tibial side. Cases were diagnosed with ACL on clinical examination & MRI. Tegner-lyshom score and International Knee Documentation Committee - Orthopaedic Scores (IKDC) is used post-operatively to grade the functional outcome of an ACL reconstruction.  Male predominance was observed in study subjects than female with left side slightly more commonly involved than right. Laterality didn’t influenced outcome. Graft diameter observed is 9mm in 68.6%, 8 mm and 10 mm was observed in 11.4% and 20% respectively. Lysholm score at baseline was 41.63 which increased progressively to 93.45 at the end of 9 months. The IKDC score at baseline was 32.5 which increased progressively to 83.45 at the end of 12 months. Superficial infections was seen in 8.6% while complaint of knee pain was given by 2.9% cases. Lachman test was positive in 2 (5.7%) cases.  Five-strand graft offers very high strength and more length than the 4ST. It is useful in patients with ligamentous laxity, small tendons, or other stability risk factors.

Field of study: Medicine
Slow Progress in Parliament: The Eighth Report of the Committee on Standards in Public Life

The House of Commons is at the heart of our democracy. The standards of conduct observed by its members are crucially important to the political well-being of the nation ... It is vital for the quality of Government, for the effective scrutiny of Government, and for the democratic process, that Members of Parliament should maintain the highest standards of propriety in discharging their obligations to the public which elects them. It is also essential for public confidence that they should be seen to do so.1

Field of study: Law
The Declining Role of Latin America in Global Agricultural Trade, 1963–2000

In the second half of the twentieth century, Latin American countries lost a substantial part of their importance in worldwide exports of agricultural and food products. Given this context, the objective of this article is to analyse the determinants of the evolution of agricultural exports from Latin America, paying special attention to the influence of regional processes of economic integration on exports and to their degree of participation in intra-industrial trade. We propose a gravity model with a data panel of total exports and product groups for six Latin American countries towards 39 destinations between 1963 and 2000. Spanish abstract En la segunda mitad del siglo XX, los países latinoamericanos han perdido una parte sustancial de su importancia en las exportaciones mundiales de productos agrarios y alimentos. En este contexto, nuestro trabajo tiene como objetivo analizar los determinantes de la evolución de las exportaciones agrarias de América Latina, prestando especial atención a la influencia en ellas de los procesos regionales de integración económica y a su grado de participación en el comercio intra-industrial. Se plantea un modelo de gravedad con un panel de datos de las exportaciones totales y por grupos de productos, de seis países latinoamericanos hacia 39 destinos, entre 1963 y 2000. Portuguese abstract Na segunda metade do século XX, países latino-americanos perderam uma parte substancial de sua importância nas exportações mundiais de produtos agrícolas e alimentícios. Dado este contexto, o objetivo de nossa pesquisa é analisar os fatores determinantes da evolução das exportações de produtos agrícolas oriundos da América Latina, focando especialmente na influência de processos regionais de integração econômica nas exportações e na participação destas no comércio intra-industrial. Propomos um modelo gravitacional com um painel de dados com o total das exportações e grupos de produtos exportados por seis países latino-americanos para 39 destinos diferentes entre 1963

Field of study: Political science
The asymptotic speed of propagation of the deterministic non-reducible n-type epidemic

A model has been formulated in [7] to describe the spatial spread of an epidemic involving n types of individuals, when triggered by the introduction of infectives from outside. Wave solutions for such a model have been investigated in  and  and have been shown only to exist at certain speeds. This paper establishes that the asymptotic speed of propagation, as denned in Aronson and Weinberger , of such an epidemic is in fact c0, the minimum speed at which wave solutions exist. This extends the known result for the one-type and host-vector epidemics.

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics