nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Thresholding Classifiers to Maximize F1 Score

This paper provides new insight into maximizing F1 scores in the context of binary classification and also in the context of multilabel classification. The harmonic mean of precision and recall, F1 score is widely used to measure the success of a binary classifier when one class is rare. Micro average, macro average, and per instance average F1 scores are used in multilabel classification. For any classifier that produces a real-valued output, we derive the relationship between the best achievable F1 score and the decision-making threshold that achieves this optimum. As a special case, if the classifier outputs are well-calibrated conditional probabilities, then the optimal threshold is half the optimal F1 score. As another special case, if the classifier is completely uninformative, then the optimal behavior is to classify all examples as positive. Since the actual prevalence of positive examples typically is low, this behavior can be considered undesirable. As a case study, we discuss the results, which can be surprising, of applying this procedure when predicting 26,853 labels for Medline documents.

Field of study: Computer science
Characterization of unknown brominated disinfection byproducts during chlorination using ultrahigh resolution mass spectrometry.

Brominated disinfection byproducts (Br-DBPs), formed from the reaction of disinfectant(s) with natural organic matter in the presence of bromide in raw water, are generally more cytotoxic and genotoxic than their chlorinated analogues. To date, only a few Br-DBPs in drinking water have been identified, while a significant portion of Br-DBPs in drinking water is still unknown. In this study, negative ion electrospray ionization ultrahigh resolution Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (ESI FT-ICR MS) was used to characterize unknown Br-DBPs in artificial drinking water. In total, 441 formulas for one-bromine-containing products and 37 formulas for two-bromine-containing products, most of which had not been previously reported, were detected in the chlorinated sample. Most Br-DBPs have corresponding chlorine-containing analogues with identical CHO composition. In addition, on-resonance collision-induced dissociation (CID) of single ultrahigh resolved bromine containing mass peaks was performed in the ICR cell to isolate single bromine-containing components in a very complex natural organic matter spectrum and provide structure information. Relatively abundant neutral loss of CO2 was observed in MS-MS spectra, indicating that the unknown Br-DBPs are rich in carboxyl groups. The results demonstrate that the ESI FT-ICR MS method could provide valuable molecular composition and structure information on unknown Br-DBPs.

Field of study: Environmental science
A Study on Tactics in Using Talents

In various cases of using talents, the tactics in using talents win special attentions and stresses of politicians, thinkers, militarists, strategists, scholars and even common people in generations. This paper has put forward the system of tactics in using talents, and generalized the core content to nine aspects, namely self-using, observation, selection and recommendation, integrated using, borrowing strength, inspiration, ruling, retaining, train and education. This paper has analyzed the nine aspects compactly, and pointed out the purpose and meaning in studying and researching these tactics.

Field of study: Business
Effects of surface compression strengthening on properties of indium tin oxide films deposited on automobile glass.

Indium tin oxide (ITO) films were deposited onto automobile glass substrates with dc reactive sputtering and ion-assisted e-beam-gun evaporation processes. The ITO-coated glass samples were then strengthened through a surface compression strengthening process that included heating the glass at 650 °C for 5 min and rapidly cooling the exterior of the hot glass with air jets. The deterioration of electrical and optical properties of the ITO films on automobile safety glass was found during the heating stage of the strengthening process. When a layer of SiO(2) barrier was added, the property deterioration could be significantly reduced. The most effective barrier thickness was found near 60 nm, which resulted in no appreciable property loss.

Field of study: Physics
The ABCD and ABCD2 as predictors of stroke in transient ischemic attack clinic outpatients: a retrospective cohort study over 14 years.

The ABCD and ABCD2 scores have been validated for use as predictors of stroke in community populations up to 90 days after a transient ischemic attack (TIA). TIA outpatient clinics may see a selective group of patients who have not had an early stroke but may be at raised risk in the medium to long term and therefore benefit from preventive treatment.



To describe the prognostic values of the ABCD and ABCD2 scores on long-term stroke risk.



Retrospective cohort study of TIA clinic outpatients followed for up to 14 years.



Absolute and relative stroke risks, Kaplan-Meier survival curves and cumulative stroke incidence were calculated. Receiver Operating Characteristic curves (ROCs) and areas under the curve were calculated for both scores.



Seven hundred and ninety-five patients were included and 138 (17.3%) experienced a stroke within 13.8 years follow-up after first TIA clinic visit, a crude risk of 26.3 per 1000 person-years. Compared with baseline scores of 0-2, risk ratios for ABCD of 3-4 were 2.95 (95% CI 1.52-6.40), and for 5-6 were 3.42 (95% CI 1.72-7.54); for the ABCD2, risk ratios for 3-4 were 2.68 (95% CI 1.37-5.84), and for 5-7 were 3.55 (95% CI 1.80-7.79). Scores of > or = 3 for either ABCD or ABCD2 predicted raised stroke risks at 90 days, 1, 5 and 10 years. Areas under the curve were 0.619 (95% CI 0.571-0.668) and 0.630 (95% CI 0.582-0.677) for the ABCD and ABCD2 scores, respectively.



ABCD and ABCD2 scores of > or = 3 may be clinically useful in identifying TIA outpatients at raised risk of stroke in the medium to long term.

Field of study: Medicine
Tetrazoles. 33. New method for obtaining functionally substituted tetrazoles

The interaction of 5-methylsulfonyl-1-phenyltetrazole with C-, N-, and O-nucleophiles at 18–20°C gives high yields of 1-phenyltetrazoles that are functionally substituted on the carbon atom of the heteroring. Prospects are examined for the use of 5-methylsulfonyl-1-phenyltetrazole as a universal synthon in the synthesis of tetrazoles with various types of structure.

Field of study: Chemistry
Influence of Lint Cleaning on Fine Trash Levels

Two experiments were conducted to investigate whether saw-type lint cleaners create more fine trash in the lint than they remove. Results indicated that the lint cleaner was reasonably efficient in reducing trash levels for all size ranges investigated. The amount of cleaning accomplished, however, depended on trash particle size. The lint cleaner removed about one-half of the particles smaller than 0.25 mm (equivalent diameter) and virtually all of the particles larger than 4 mm in diameter. While these results tended to exonerate the saw-type lint cleaner of charges of creating fine trash, there was some indication that the saw gin stand increased the amount of small and medium size trash in the lint.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
They Might Be Giants: An Efficient Color-based Selection of Red Giant Stars

We present a color-based method for identifying red giants based on Pan-STARRS grz and WISE W1 and W2 photometry. We utilize a subsample of bright stars with precise parallaxes from Gaia DR2 to verify that the color-based selection reliably separates dwarfs from giants. The selection is conservative in the sense that contamination is small (~30%) but not all giants are included (the selection primarily identifies K giants). The color-based selection can be applied to stars brighter than $W1\approx16$, more than two magnitudes fainter than techniques relying on shallower 2MASS photometry. Many streams and clouds are visible in the resulting sky maps, especially when binned by Gaia DR2 proper motions, including the Sagittarius stream, the Hercules-Aquila Cloud, the Eastern Banded Structure, Monoceros, and the Virgo Overdensity. In addition to the characterization of new and known stellar streams, we expect that this method for selecting red giants will enable detailed analysis of the diffuse stellar halo to distances exceeding 100 kpc.

Field of study: Physics
Expression of c-fos, jun D and pp60c-src+ mRNAs in the developing and grafted rat striatum.

Expression of the mRNAs of the proto-oncogenes pp60c-src+, c-fos and jun D were studied using in-situ hybridisation histochemistry in the developing striatum and in striatal grafts. The temporal patterns of mRNA expression were monitored in the striatum of the normal developing rat from the 12th day of gestation (E12) to 10 days postnatally, and were compared to the changes in gene expression observed in E13-E14 primordial striatal tissue grafts 7, 15 and 30 days after implantation in the ibotenic acid-lesioned striatum of adult rats. During development, all three proto-oncogenes were most highly expressed just before birth, at E19. Striatal expression of all three proto-oncogenes was markedly reduced after birth and remained at a low level through to adulthood. A different mode of expression was observed in the transplanted striatum which was unique to each particular gene. jun D and pp60c-src+ were expressed for a longer time period in the grafted primordial cells than in normal development, whereas no c-fos expression could be detected in the grafts. These results suggest that transplantation of embryonic neural cells into the host brain may affect the normal developmental regulation of such cells and their expression of some proto-oncogenes.

Field of study: Biology
Pair-correlation in Bose-Einstein Condensate and Fermi Superfluid of Atomic Gases

We describe pair-correlation inherent in the structure of many-particle ground state of quantum gases, namely, Bose Einstein condensate and Cooper-paired Fermi superfluid of atomic gases. We make a comparative study on the pair-correlation properties of these two systems. We discuss how to probe this pair-correlation by stimulated light scattering. This intrinsic pair-correlation may serve as a resource for many-particle entanglement.

Field of study: Physics
Structure of ribosomal protein TL5 complexed with RNA provides new insights into the CTC family of stress proteins.

The crystal structure of Thermus thermophilus ribosomal protein TL5 in complex with a fragment of Escherichia coli 5S rRNA has been determined at 2.3 A resolution. The protein consists of two domains. The structure of the N-terminal domain is close to the structure of E. coli ribosomal protein L25, but the C-terminal domain represents a new fold composed of seven beta-strands connected by long loops. TL5 binds to the RNA through its N-terminal domain, whereas the C-terminal domain is not included in this interaction. Cd(2+) ions, the presence of which improved the crystal quality significantly, bind only to the protein component of the complex and stabilize the protein molecule itself and the interactions between the two molecules in the asymmetric unit of the crystal. The TL5 sequence reveals homology to the so-called general stress protein CTC. The hydrophobic cores which stabilize both TL5 domains are highly conserved in CTC proteins. Thus, all CTC proteins may fold with a topology close to that of TL5.

Field of study: Chemistry
Middle Miocene palaeoenvironments of the Niger Delta

In order to recognize the palaeoenvironments of the deltaic sequence of the Middle Miocene oil-bearing E2.0 Reservoir in the Kolo Creek field, investigations of sediment grain size, textures, structures, trace fossils, mineralogical composition, diagenetic imprints, palynodebris types, palynomorphs and foraminifera have been carried out on materials from two boreholes. Using this multidisciplinary approach the following have been identified in the reservoir: ten lithofacies, two palynofacies associations, a total of 103 palynomorph taxa and a low diversity assemblage of benthic foraminifera. These criteria have provided information on the positions of the deposits relative to the palaeocoastline as well as the physical and ecological conditions within the delta. The overall depositional conditions were found to be broadly similar to those in the present-day Niger delta, although the climatic conditions were somewhat drier in the Middle Miocene, as reflected in the abundance of the grass pollen Graminidites . Seven, or possibly eight, deltaic sub-environments of deposition have been recognized based on an interpretation of gamma ray and resistivity log profiles as well as sedimentological and microfossil data from cores of two boreholes in the field. These depositional settings are the distributary channel-fill, tidal channel-fill (?), lagoon/tidal flat, lagoonal delta, flood-tidal delta in the lower delta plain, the coastal barrier, and the delta fringe and prodelta in the outer delta. The two palynofacies associations A/C and B/D which emerged from average linkage cluster analysis of the palynodebris are environmentally significant.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
[Pharmacodynamics of luteolin-histamine and receptors response].

The isolated guinea pig ileum were used to investigate the pharmacodynamics of the relationship between luteolin and histamine dose response. The pharmacodynamics parameters were estimated by various methods. The values of the pA2, the slope and the pD'2 were 5.6, 0.6 and 4.4, respectively. The dissociation constants and the maximal response were estimated by the Lineweaver-Burk, Hanes-Woolf, Scatchard or Woolf methods. The estimated values of the parameters were: EAmax not equal to EABmax, KA not equal to alpha KA, KB not equal to alpha KB. The linear intersecting points of the plotting by the Lineweaver-Burk method were above X axis (2nd or 1st quadrant), by the Hanes-Woolf method were below X axis (3rd quadrant), by the Scatchard method were below X axis (4th quadrant) and by the Woolf method were to the left of Y axis (2nd quadrant). The antagonistic action of luteolin is assumed to be noncompetitive and competitive in combination. The estimated Hill coefficient approached to 1 which is accorded with the M-M formula. Although any one of the four linear transformation method of the M-M equation could be used to estimate the dissociation constants and the maximal responses, there exists difference between them. The values of the parameters obtained by the Lineweaver-Burk method were excessively large (eg, EAB2max = 360.3, KAB2 = 28.4), even negative (eg, alpha KB1 = -7.9, alpha KB2 = -14.6), and so it is inferior to the other three methods, as reported in the literature.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Mid-turonian anoxic event in Israel — a multidisciplinary approach

Bituminous marls of the Daliyya Formation with up to 2% total organic carbon content, from the Galame quarry, Mount Carmel, northern Israel were studied. A great part of the organic matter is composed of exceptionally abundant dinoflagellate cysts. These sapropelic sediments were deposited in oxygen-depleted, quiet waters in a shelf basin. The massive encystment and good preservation of the cysts, chitinous test linings of foraminifers and the occurrence of pyrite also indicate reducing environments. Primary production was stimulated by upwelling of nutrient-rich oceanic waters, influx of fresh-water and derivates from the Mount Carmel volcanism. A middle Turonian age was determined on the basis of planktonic foraminifers ( Helvetoglobotruncana helvetica zone) and ostracodes ( Cythereis rawashensis kenaanensis zone). The anoxic event in the studied area post-dated the main phase of the global Late Cenomanian-Early Turonian anoxic event OAE-2, due to a pre-existing structural high in this region.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Graduate and Undergraduate Faculty Collaboration Utilizing Peer Observation to Enhance Educational Opportunities for Students and Faculty: A Case Example

While evidence supports the use of cadavers to facilitate the teaching and learning of human anatomy, cadaver-based teaching may not be present at the undergraduate level at many institutions due to limited laboratory access, financial constraints, and the lack of qualified faculty trained to teach in this type of setting. The following case example outlines a unique program designed to provide cadaver-based instruction to undergraduate students, while simultaneously training undergraduate faculty to teach in this setting through peer observational methods. More specifically, the following teaching collaboration was designed with the intent to achieve the following: 1) expose undergraduate anatomy students to cadaver-based learning; 2) provide education and training to undergraduate faculty so they are better qualified to teach human anatomy in the context of a cadaver laboratory; 3) provide graduate physical therapy students additional opportunities to dissect and reinforce their anatomy knowledge; and 4) demonstrate the value of interdisciplinary collaboration. Eighty-one undergraduate students were exposed to the cadaver laboratory for four educational sessions throughout the semester. Course evaluations revealed that 93% of the undergraduate students reported that their experiences in the cadaver laboratory served to enhance their learning, and 97% reported that the use of human cadavers should be continued in future courses. This interdisciplinary collaboration allowed anatomy instruction to be expanded to previously unserved student groups as well as provided a mechanism for professional development of undergraduate anatomy faculty. This collaborative model may serve as a template to promote new program development to enhance faculty and student learning, while simultaneously encouraging interdisciplinary collaboration across the university.

Field of study: Education
Telephone-based nurse-delivered interpersonal psychotherapy for postpartum depression: nationwide randomised controlled trial

Postpartum depression and anxiety are under-addressed public health problems with numerous treatment access barriers, including insufficiently available mental health specialist providers.  To examine the effectiveness of nurse-delivered telephone interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) for postpartum depression.  Postpartum women (n = 241) with major depression (on the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID-I)) from 36 Canadian public health regions in rural and urban settings were randomly assigned to 12 weekly 60 min nurse-delivered telephone-IPT sessions or standard locally available care. The primary outcome was the proportion of women clinically depressed at 12 weeks post-randomisation, with masked intention-to-treat analysis. Secondary outcomes examined included comorbid anxiety, self-reported attachment and partner relationship quality.  At 12 weeks, 10.6% of women in the IPT group (11/104) and 35% in the control group (35/100) remained depressed (OR = 0.22, 95% CI 0.10–0.46), with the IPT group 4.5 times less likely to be clinically depressed (SCID); 21.2% in the IPT group and 51% in the control group had an Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) score >12 (OR = 0.26, 95% CI 0.14–0.48), and attachment avoidance decreased more in the IPT group than in the control group (P = 0.02). Significant differences favoured the IPT group for comorbid anxiety and partner relationship quality at all time points, with no differences in health service or antidepressant use. None of the IPT responders relapsed by 36 weeks. Between-group SCID differences were sustained at 24 weeks, but not at 36 weeks.  Nurse-delivered telephone IPT is an effective treatment for diverse urban and rural women with postpartum depression and anxiety that can improve treatment access disparities.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Basal ganglia neuronal nitric oxide synthase mRNA expression in Parkinson's disease.

Expression of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) mRNA in post mortem brain was studied in putamen, globus pallidus and subthalamic nucleus (STN) of neurologically normal control subjects and patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) using in situ hybridization histochemistry. In PD, a significant increase in NOS mRNA expression was observed in the dorsal two-thirds of the STN with respect to the ventral one-third of the STN. A significant increase in NOS mRNA expression per cell in the medial medullary lamina of the globus pallidus was also observed in PD. NOS mRNA expression was significantly reduced in PD putamen. These findings provide evidence of increased activity of STN neurotransmitter systems in PD and demonstrate for the first time in any species that basal ganglia nitric oxide systems can be selectively regulated in response to changes in dopaminergic input.

Field of study: Biology
Hot-electron energy relaxation in GaAs/GaAlAs two-dimensional structures: importance of two-phonon processes

The energy relaxation of hot electrons has been studied in GaAs/GaAlAs two-dimensional structures with emphasis on the role of two-phonon processes for the first time. An expression for the power loss due to electron-two-zone edge transverse acoustic (TA) phonon interaction is derived using the effective carrier-two-phonon interaction Hamiltonian. Numerical calculations for the power loss are presented over a wide electron temperature range by incorporating the electron-two-zone edge TA phonon interaction besides the usual one-phonon scattering. The hot phonon effect for the polar optical phonon scattering has also been included. The very good agreement between the calculations and the experimental data in the GaAs/GaAlAs systems demonstrates the importance of electron-two-phonon scattering processes in power loss from hot electrons.

Field of study: Materials science
La seduccion de un orden: Las elites y la construccion de Chile en las polemicas culturales y politicas del siglo XIX (review)

discussion of the difference between Fiat and U.S.-owned auto firms and how they responded to unionization. It is interesting to learn that most autoworkers were 21 to 25 years old and had recently migrated to Córdoba. Unions became concerned with making Perón’s return from exile as speedy as possible. But the author disappoints by saying very little about the dramatic cordobazao events of 1969, which became a turning point in post-Peronist Argentina. Strangely, no reference is made to Brennan’s 1994 study of labor wars in Córdoba. In summary, this is a helpful collection of studies that indicates that regional research in Argentina still requires much more work.

Field of study: History
Absolute strain measurements made with fiber bragg grating sensors.

A strain sensor system based on optical fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) is proposed with a new matched-filter design. The strain variation on the sensor FBG is continuously followed and matched by a filter FBG by use of a feedback control loop that produces an identical strain condition on the filter FBG. The matched strain on the filter FBG is then determined from the resonance vibration of the fiber piece embedding the filter FBG. The implementation and the performance of the proposed system are described. It is demonstrated that the proposed system can distinguish strain variation on the sensor FBG with resolution of one microstrain.

Field of study: Physics
Analysis and Simulation of Angle Difference of 600 MW Thermal Unit Auxiliary Supply

For 600MW thermal power unit,there is generally a larger angle difference than other thermal unit during unit auxiliary supply switching.To ensure a reliable switching and the equipment safety,such factors as grid structure,operation mode and system voltage level are discussed in this paper.As a example simulation on No.3 Yangluo thermal power plant is also presented.The analysis ard simulation can be used for reference on design and operation of 600MW thermal power unit auxiliary supply.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics