nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Characterization of novel murine monoclonal antibodies directed against the extracellular domain of human HER2 tyrosine kinase receptor.

HER2 proto-oncogene encodes a transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinase overexpressed in a variety of solid tumors. Several mouse monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) have been developed that recognize the extracellular part of HER2; of them two MAbs were humanized and employed for targeted immunotherapy. In this study we aimed to produce murine MAbs that specifically recognize the extracellular domain of human HER2. BALB/c mice were first primed with HER2-transfected NIH-3T3 cells and then boosted with recombinant extracellular part of HER2. Splenocytes from hyperimmunized mice were fused with myeloma cells and growing hybridomas were selected and screened for HER2 reactivity by an indirect ELISA. HER2-specific hybridomas were selected, cloned by limiting dilution assay, and further characterized by Western blotting and flow cytometry techniques. All clones showed positive reactivity to HER2 with binding affinity, ranging from 1.9×10(8) to 5×10(9), and stained HER2-transfected cells and malignant cells overexpressing HER2. None of the MAbs inhibited the binding of trastuzumab (Herceptin(®)) to HER2, indicating recognition of distinct epitopes by these MAbs. Based on these findings, our MAbs could be potentially used for selective targeting of HER2-expressing malignancies.

Field of study: Biology
Partnerships, lemons, and efficient trade

We analyze the possibility of efficient trade with informationally interdependent valuations and with a dispersed ownership. A crucial role is played by the sign of the derivatives that measure how valuation functions depend on others’ signals. If valuations are increasing functions of other agents’ signals, it is more difficult to achieve efficient trade with interdependent values than with private values (where the respective derivatives are zero.) In contrast, if valuations are decreasing functions of other agents’ signals, it is easier to achieve efficient trade with interdependent values. Our results unify and generalize the insights of Cramton et al. [1987], Myerson and Satterthwaite [1983], and Akerlof [1970].

Field of study: Economics
Constructing a College P.E.Education Mode with Outward Bound Introduced

Through document literature,interviews,questionnaire survey and statistical analysis,the study investigates the status quo of outward bound in some colleges and universities of Anhui Province,finding that its development lags in some colleges and universities.It is argued that various conditions should be created to serve college outward bound curriculum,including the construction of a diversified system of P.E.services by both faculties and communities,the improving of services,and the optimization of the guarantee system.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
A systematic study on the influence of nuclear surface tension and temperature upon the parameterization of the fusion dynamics

For the first time the influence of the surface energy coefficient $\gamma$γ and temperature T on the parameterization of the fusion barriers is systematically analyzed within the framework of the proximity formalism, namely proximity 1977, proximity 1988 and proximity 2010 models. A total of 114 fusion reactions with the condition $39 \leq Z_{1} Z_{2} \leq 1520$39≤Z1Z2≤1520 for the charge product of their participant nuclei have been studied. We present $\gamma$γ-dependent and T -dependent pocket formulas which reproduce the theoretical and empirical data of the fusion barrier height and position for our considered reactions with good accuracy. It is shown that the quality of the $\gamma$γ-dependent formula enhances by increasing the strength of the surface energy coefficient. Moreover, the obtained results confirm that imposing the thermal effects improves the agreement between the parameterized and empirical data of the barrier characteristics.

Field of study: Physics
SU‐GG‐I‐147: Can Compressive Sensing Improve Low‐Contrast Object Detectability in Accelerated MRI Applications?

Compressive Sensing (CS) methods can reduce image artifacts when reconstructing undersampled data sets. Most MRI applications of CS, however, have focused on high contrast objects such as gadolinium‐enhanced vessels, rather than on low‐contrast object detectability (LCOD). Using a novel computational framework, we rigorously examine whether CS reconstruction can improve the LCOD performance of several standard techniques for undersamped MRIreconstruction — across a variety of undersampling rates and strategies.  The American College of Radiology (ACR) quality control (QC) phantom was imaged on a GE 14.0 1.5T MRI using our routine quality assurance protocol and an 8‐channel head coil. The raw k‐space data corresponding to the 5.1% contrast detectability plane was retrospectively undersampled along the phase‐encoded direction at 10 different rates (10–100%) and, for each, using 3 different distribution strategies: 1) low‐frequency band only; 2) uniform sampling; 3) random sampling (Poisson Disk). For the latter case, 5 sampling instances were generated at each rate. Each undersampled data set was reconstructed using 3 different strategies: 1) zero‐filling with root sum‐of‐squares combination; 2) Tikhonov‐SENSE; and 3) Compressive Sensing (L1‐minimization, finite difference sparsity). Reconstruction results were then analyzed with our in‐house developed QC software to automatically determine the fraction of complete visually detectable spokes which, is a measure of LCOD performance.  Across all sampling rates and under all sampling strategies, the LCOD score for CS reconstructions was consistently equal to or higher than that of the other two reconstruction methods. The CS advantage was especially pronounced at very low sampling rates (≤30%).  Although most CS work to date has focused on high‐contrast objects, CS reconstructions consistently improved LCOD compared to several standard MRIreconstruction techniques for undersampled data. These results suggest that CS reconstruction is useful not only for undersampled high contrast objects, but can improve LCOD as well.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
390 days, 7 hours, 9 minutes and counting ...

I have had the opportunity over the past few weeks to attend two national events that explored the implications of the implementation of the next stage of the European Working Time Directive (EWTD) when the maximum number of hours worked by doctors in training will be reduced from 56 h currently to 48 h. The previous reduction in junior doctors' hours in 2004 to 58 h/week was largely achieved by means of a number of initiatives that included employment of more doctors, radical rota design and service reconfiguration. However, the most significant issue from the point of view of doctors in training was the almost universal implementation of shifts. While this change in working pattern did enable compliance with the Directive, there were other consequences. The first of these was the sudden …

Field of study: Medicine
Attitude Detection Method of Nano Satellite HIT-SAT by Fluctuation of Received Signal Strength

In recent years, many universities have already launched small satellite on-orbit. Attitude information is important for satellite operation. However, many nano-satellite communication systems used amateur radio by narrow bandwidth frequency segment. Therefore, down-link of attitude information is expected to require substantial time. In this paper, we propose establishment of the attitude estimation method by means of the received radio power. And, satellite attitude information being estimated from the fluctuation of the received power. Then, comparison of satellite data obtained from on-board sensors with ground experiment. One major problem in this approach is the effect of Earth's ionosphere. As the radio signal passes through the ionosphere, the polarization angle is rotated by the Faraday Effect. The detection of attitude by the radiation pattern has been assumed that inaccurate. However, we are get data the spin satellite of liner polarization antenna. As a result, we can estimate 0.12rad/s accuracy of angular velocity measurement. This method can be applied to the attitude detection of many small satellites.

Field of study: Computer science
Thermal conductivity of graphene in corbino membrane geometry.

Local laser excitation and temperature readout from the intensity ratio of Stokes to anti-Stokes Raman scattering signals are employed to study the thermal properties of a large graphene membrane. The concluded value of the heat conductivity coefficient kappa approximately 600 W/(m.K) is smaller than previously reported but still validates the conclusion that graphene is a very good thermal conductor.

Field of study: Physics
A Direct Algorithm for Nonorthogonal Approximate Joint Diagonalization

While a pair of N × N matrices can almost always be exactly and simultaneously diagonalized by a generalized eigendecomposition, no exact solution exists in the case of a set with more than two matrices. This problem, termed approximate joint diagonalization (AJD), is instrumental in blind signal processing. When the set of matrices to be jointly diagonalized includes at least N linearly independent matrices, we propose a suboptimal but closed-form solution for AJD in the direct least-squares sense. The corresponding non-iterative algorithm is given the acronym DIEM (DIagonalization using Equivalent Matrices). Extensive numerical simulations show that DIEM is both fast and accurate compared to the state-of-the-art iterative AJD algorithms.

Field of study: Engineering
PI3K and Akt as molecular targets for cancer therapy: current clinical outcomes

The PI3K-Akt pathway is a vital regulator of cell proliferation and survival. Alterations in the PIK3CA gene that lead to enhanced PI3K kinase activity have been reported in many human cancer types, including cancers of the colon, breast, brain, liver, stomach and lung. Deregulation of PI3K causes aberrant Akt activity. Therefore targeting this pathway could have implications for cancer treatment. The first generation PI3K-Akt inhibitors were proven to be highly effective with a low IC50, but later, they were shown to have toxic side effects and poor pharmacological properties and selectivity. Thus, these inhibitors were only effective in preclinical models. However, derivatives of these first generation inhibitors are much more selective and are quite effective in targeting the PI3K-Akt pathway, either alone or in combination. These second-generation inhibitors are essentially a specific chemical moiety that helps to form a strong hydrogen bond interaction with the PI3K/Akt molecule. The goal of this review is to delineate the current efforts that have been undertaken to inhibit the various components of the PI3K and Akt pathway in different types of cancer both in vitro and in vivo. Our focus here is on these novel therapies and their inhibitory effects that depend upon their chemical nature, as well as their development towards clinical trials.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Synthesis of perhydro-1,5-dioxa-3-azepine derivatives

N-Acyl-, N-alkoxycarbonyl-, and N-benzenesulfonylperhydro-1,5-dioxa-3-azepine derivatives were obtained in 9–20% yields by condensation of ethylene glycol with unsubstituted amides, urethanes, and formaldehyde in refluxing xylene in the presence of a catalyst (concentrated HCl).

Field of study: Chemistry
Model for describing the production of Centauro events and strangelets in heavy-ion collisions

A phenomenological model for describing the production of Centauro events in relativistic heavy-ion collisions is discussed. The model provides quantitative predictions for kinematical variables, for the baryon number, and for the masses of a Centauro fireball and of its decay products. A Centauro fireball decays predominantly into nucleons, strange hyperons, and possibly strangelets. Centauro events in Pb + Pb collisions at the LHC energy are simulated for the CASTOR detector. The signatures of these events are discussed in detail.

Field of study: Physics
Natural and Spurious Children in Brazilian Inheritance Law From Colony to Empire: A Methodological Essay 1

This discussion takes its historical cue from a piece of recent urban folk wisdom in Brazil, one claiming that children born outside wedlock historically have enjoyed equal inheritance rights with their legitimate half-siblings. This notion attained wide circulation in the final years of the great debate over divorce that ended in 1976. As the defenders of the status quo , opponents of divorce usually failed to point out that Brazilian succession law had historically distinguished not just between individuals of legitimate and illegitimate birth but also among those of illegitimate birth. Of course, most Brazilians, like most North Americans, remained unaware of the vast differences prevailing between their two legal systems of inheritance. They usually assumed that the legal precept contained in the Statute of Merton (1235) still served as a rule of thumb for the Anglo-American experience: “Once a bastard, always a bastard.” On the other hand, what appealed to Brazilians' sense of fairness was the flexibility their national system of succession offered. The notion that inheritance rights should be restricted to those of legitimate birth was one they proudly rejected. In leaving the door open to the possibility that civil law could equip those born to unmarried parents with the potential for equal inheritance rights with legitimate heirs, Brazil's system of succession provided that so-called bastardy could be converted into legitimacy.

Field of study: History
Schizophrenia in a boy of 11 years.

1. A case of schizophrenia with mutism in a child of ii years is described and the differential diagnosis is considered.

2. A positive family history of mental abnormality and a morbid pre psychotic personality were outstanding features in the case.

3. The symptomatology was anomalous, and illustrates the difficulty of diagnosis at this age, except in the light of the development of the illness over a long period.

4. There was no response to any form of treatment.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Aerobic rice: crop performance and water use efficiency

Rice (Oryza sativa) production largely depends on traditional flooded rice systems whose sustainability is threatened by a progressive decrease in water availability and a constant increase in rice demand due to strong demographic boom in world population. 
A newly developed water-saving rice system is aerobic rice in which rice grows in nonflooded and unsaturated soil. From 2001, at the International Rice Research Institute in the Philippines, this system has been monitored to identify potentially promising varieties of rice able to grow as an irrigated upland crop and quantify yield potential and water use efficiency. This study reports on the results of cultivating the upland rice variety Apo under different water conditions in 2004-2005 at the IRRI farm in both the dry and wet seasons. The water treatments considered were: aerobic and flooded conditions, alternated flooded and aerobic conditions and aerobic after fallow. Yield and water productivity were 
compared between aerobic and flooded treatment in both seasons, with the objective of analysing the differences between water treatments. In the experiment the effect of 
different nitrogen (N) application is also considered. The results indicate that the aerobic rice yield was lower than rice production under flood treatment, confirming that observed 
over past years. Nevertheless, when the aerobic condition is alternated with the anaerobic condition, or a fallow period, the production under aerobic treatment provides good yields 
(respectively 4.2 and 4.4 ha-1). The fallow period was introduced to observe the response of rice grown under this management. Water productivity was higher in aerobic fields, 
especially after fallow (0.88 g kg-1). The nitrogen application induced an increase in yield and water productivity, partially compensating for the lack of water in aerobic fields.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
The effect of natural gas supply on US renewable energy and CO 2 emissions

Increased use of natural gas has been promoted as a means of decarbonizing the US power sector, because of superior generator efficiency and lower CO2 emissions per unit of electricity than coal. We model the effect of different gas supplies on the US power sector and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Across a range of climate policies, we find that abundant natural gas decreases use of both coal and renewable energy technologies in the future. Without a climate policy, overall electricity use also increases as the gas supply increases. With reduced deployment of lower-carbon renewable energies and increased electricity consumption, the effect of higher gas supplies on GHG emissions is small: cumulative emissions 2013–55 in our high gas supply scenario are 2% less than in our low gas supply scenario, when there are no new climate policies and a methane leakage rate of 1.5% is assumed. Assuming leakage rates of 0 or 3% does not substantially alter this finding. In our results, only climate policies bring about a significant reduction in future CO2 emissions within the US electricity sector. Our results suggest that without strong limits on GHG emissions or policies that explicitly encourage renewable electricity, abundant natural gas may actually slow the process of decarbonization, primarily by delaying deployment of renewable energy technologies. S Online supplementary data available from stacks.iop.org/ERL/9/094008/mmedia

Field of study: Environmental science
Substrate selectivities differ for hepatic mitochondrial and peroxisomal beta-oxidation in an Antarctic fish, Notothenia gibberifrons.

Hepatic mitochondrial and peroxisomal beta-oxidation were examined in an Antarctic marine teleost, Notothenia gibberifrons. Enzymic profiles and rates of beta-oxidation by intact organelles were determined by using a range of fatty acyl-CoA substrates to evaluate substrate preferences. Partitioning of beta-oxidation between organelles was estimated. Substrate selectivities are broader for peroxisomal beta-oxidation than for mitochondrial beta-oxidation. Mitochondria show marked preference for the oxidation of a monounsaturated substrate, palmitoleoyl-CoA (C16:1), and two polyunsaturates, eicosapentaenoyl-CoA (C20:5) and docosahexaenoyl-CoA (C22:6). Carnitine palmitoyltransferase activities with palmitoleoyl-CoA (C16:1) are 2.4-fold higher than activities with palmitoyl-CoA (C16:0). Most polyunsaturated acyl-CoA esters measured appear to inhibit by over 40% the oxidation of palmitoyl-CoA by peroxisomes. Our findings suggest that the polyunsaturates, eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5) and docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6), found in high concentrations in Antarctic fishes [Lund and Sidell (1992) Mar. Biol. 112, 377-382], are utilized as fuels to support aerobic energy metabolism. Metabolic capacities of rate-limiting enzymes and beta-oxidation rates by intact organelles indicate that up to 30% of hepatic beta-oxidation in N. gibberifrons can be initiated by the peroxisomal pathway.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Effects of Heat Treatment Parameters on Drawing Properties of Thin Diameter Stainless Steel Flux-cored Wire

The reasons for deformation of thin diameter stainless steel FCW was analysed.The effects of heat treatment parameters on drawing properties of FCW was investigated,and the optimum heat treatment parameters:950℃×3 mim was obtained.In addition,the effects of heat treatment parameters on FCW's microstructure and effects of the microstructure on FCW's drawing properties owere analysed.

Field of study: Materials science
A proof of extension conjecture

Extension conjecture states that if a simple module over an artin algebra has nonzero first self-extension group then it has nonzero i-th self-extension group for infinitely many positive integers i. It is shown by recollement of triangulated categories and differential graded homological algebra approach that extension conjecture is true for finite-dimensional elementary algebras over a field, particularly, for finite-dimensional algebras over an algebraically closed field. Moreover, bimodule approach is introduced to strong no loop conjecture, which provides two new proofs of Igusa-Liu-Paquette theorem.

Field of study: Mathematics
A simple method to eliminate shielding currents for magnetization perpendicular to superconducting tapes wound into coils

Application of an external AC magnetic field parallel to superconducting tapes helps in eliminating the magnetization caused by the shielding current induced in the flat faces of the tapes. This method helps in realizing a magnet system with high-temperature superconducting tapes for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) applications. The effectiveness of the proposed method is validated by numerical calculations carried out using the finite-element method and experiments performed using a commercially available superconducting tape. The field uniformity for a single-layer solenoid coil after the application of an AC field is also estimated by a theoretical consideration.

Field of study: Physics
Palynofacies and stable C and N isotopes of Holocene sediments from Lake Macuco (Linhares, Espirito Santo, southeastern Brazil): Depositional settings and palaeoenvironmental evolution

Particulate organic matter in sediments constitutes a valuable proxy for paleoenvironmental reconstructions. A 192 cm lacustrine sediment core (~ 7521 cal yr. B.P.) from the northern coast of the State of Espirito Santo, southeastern Brazil, was radiocarbon dated and then analyzed for palynofacies, stable isotopes (C and N), and grain size. The values for total organic carbon – TOC (1.91% to 20.89%), total nitrogen – TN (0.08% to 1.1%), δ13C (− 27.10‰ to − 29.01‰), δ15N (1.92‰ to 5.09‰) and C/N (12.87 to 50.11) suggest predominance of C3 plants and changing mixtures of terrestrial and aquatic organic matter in the sediments. Palynofacies and cluster analyses were used to identify four palynofacies associations that reflect different phases in the Lake Macuco evolution. Palynofacies 1 (192 to 106 cm, ~ 7521 cal yr. B.P. to ~ 7054 cal yr. B.P.—interpolated age) is characterized mainly by amorphous organic matter (AOM), non-opaque phytoclasts (NOPs), mangrove pollen grains (Rhizophora sp. L. 1753 and Avicennia sp. L. 1753), and foraminiferal test linings. Palynofacies 2 (106 to 65 cm, ~ 7054 cal yr. B.P.—interpolated age to ~ 4847 cal yr. B.P.) is dominated by NOPs and AOM, with an increase in the values of mangrove pollen grains relative to Palynofacies 1. Both palynofacies reflect marine and fluvial influences in a depositional environment related to the development of an estuarine system during the mid-Holocene transgressive stage. Palynofacies 3 (65 to 27 cm, ~ 4847 cal yr. B.P. to ~ 3800 cal yr. B.P.—interpolated age) comprises high abundances of fluvial elements (NOP and opaque phytoclasts—OP) and low values of AOM. The depositional environment is interpreted as being an estuary during the marine regression, with the displacement of the estuarine basin and mangroves towards the sea. Palynofacies 4 (27 to 0 cm, < ~ 3800 cal yr. B.P.) is characterized by the predominance of AOM and NOP, increase in the values of freshwater algae, and no evidence of marine influence. This last phase reflects the beginning of the establishment of Lake Macuco and floodplain of the Barra Seca River under conditions similar to the present-day.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography