nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Epigenomics of Ovarian Cancer and Its Chemoprevention

Ovarian cancer is a major cause of death among gynecological cancers and its etiology is still unclear. Currently, the two principle obstacles in treating this life threatening disease are lack of effective biomarkers for early detection and drug resistance after initial chemotherapy. Similar to other cancers, the initiation and development of ovarian cancer is characterized by disruption of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes by both genetic and epigenetic mechanisms. While it is well known that it is challenging to treat ovarian cancer through a genetic strategy due in part to its heterogeneity, the reversibility of epigenetic mechanisms involved in ovarian cancer opens exciting new avenues for treatment. The epigenomics of ovarian cancer has therefore become a rapidly expanding field leading to intense investigation. A review on the current status of the field is thus warranted. In this analysis, we will evaluate the current status of epigenomics of ovarian cancer and will include epigenetic mechanisms involved in ovarian cancer development such as DNA methylation, histone modifications, and non-coding microRNA. Development of biomarkers, the epigenetic basis for drug resistance and improved chemotherapy for ovarian cancer will also be assessed. In addition, the potential use of natural compounds as epigenetic modulators in chemotherapy shows promise in moving to the forefront of ovarian cancer treatment strategies.

Field of study: Biology
Silicon diode array vidicons at the telescope: observational experience.

We have used silicon vidicon tubes in a two-dimensional integrating imaging device at the telescope to obtain photometric images of astronomical objects. In this article we report on the performance of the imaging system we have experienced under actual observing conditions. The imaging system and the procedures we have devised to use it are described. Exposures reproduce to better than 0.05% of full scale intensity for each picture element. The response of the entire imaging system is linear with gamma = 1 for at least nearly 5 orders of magnitude to within at least 0.44% of full scale intensity and probably much better. Images made through the telescope of extended sources agree photometrically with photomultiplier measurements to about 1%. Photometry of stars reproduces to better than 0.5%.

Field of study: Physics
Impact of NBTI and HCI on PMOSFET threshold voltage drift

Negative bias temperature instability (NBTI) induced PMOSFET parameter degradation is a serious reliability concern in advanced analog and mixed signal technologies. In this paper, Vt-mismatch shift due to NBTI in a cascode current mirror is examined. The impact of NBTI and hot-carrier injection (HCI) on threshold voltage degradation and subsequent damage recovery during annealing is also studied. Finally the influence of channel length, gate voltage, drain voltage and damage recovery on conventional NBTI and HCI DC lifetime extrapolation is characterized with the impact on analog applications highlighted.

Field of study: Engineering
Effect of Resistance Exercises on the Indicators of Muscle Reserves and Handgrip Strength in Adult Patients on Hemodialysis.

Although resistance exercise has been associated with improvement in the muscle reserves, muscle strength and quality of life in end-stage renal disease patients, the objective of this paper is to evaluate the effect of resistance exercise performed during hemodialysis sessions on the anthropometric indicators of muscle reserve and handgrip strength in sedentary malnourished patients with end-stage renal disease.



Patients were randomized to perform resistance exercise during hemodialysis sessions with ankle weights and resistance bands. The exercises were performed twice a week over the course of 12 weeks. The control group underwent a hemodialysis session alone. The outcomes measures were the following anthropometric measurements: arm muscle circumference and arm muscle area. Dynamometry was used to measure the handgrip strength.



Sixty-one sedentary patients with a median age of 29 years (interquartile range [IQR] 21-39 years), and 83% presenting with some grade of malnutrition were equally randomized to either the intervention or control group. In the resistance exercise group, there was an increase in the arm muscle circumference from 233.6 (IQR 202-254) mm to 241.4 (IQR 203-264) mm (P= .001), arm muscle area from 35.9 (26-41) cm(2) to 36.6 (IQR 26-46) cm(2) (P= .002), and handgrip strength from 19.6 (IQR 11-28) kg to 21.2 (IQR 13-32) kg between the basal and final measurements (P < .05). The tolerance to exercise was adequate, and no adverse events were reported during the practical exercise.



Resistance exercise at least twice a week is safe and represents an opportunity for improving the muscle mass and strength in adult patients who are on hemodialysis, including in those with malnutrition.

Field of study: Medicine
Persistence of the herbicide butachlor in soil after repeated applications and its effects on soil microbial functional diversity

Effects of repeated applications of the herbicide butachlor (N-(butoxymethyl)-2-chloro -N-2′,6′-dimethyl acetanilide) in soil on its persistence and soil microbial functional diversity were investigated under laboratory conditions. The degradation half-lives of butachlor at the recommended dosage in soil were calculated to be 12.5, 4.5, and 3.2 days for the first, second, and third applications, respectively. Throughout this study, no significant inhibition of the Shannon-Wiener index H′ was observed. However, the Simpson index 1/D and McIntosh index U were significantly reduced (P ≤ 0.05) during the initial 3 days after the first application of butachlor, and thereafter gradually recovered to a similar level to that of the control soil. A similar variation but faster recovery in 1/D and U was observed after the second and third Butachlor applications. Therefore, repeated applications of butachlor led to more rapid degradation of the herbicide, and more rapid recovery of soil microorganisms. It is concluded that repeated butachlor applications in soil had a temporary or short-term inhibitory effect on soil microbial communities.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Adsorption von Gasen an festen Oberflächen bei niedrigen Drucken

ZusammenfassungEs wurden Absorptionsisothermen aufgenommen für N2 und Ar an Glimmer und Glas bei 10−5 −5. 10−4mm Hg zwischen 77,7 und 40,2° abs. Bei kleineren Drucken als 1,5 bis 3. 10−4mm Hg ist die von Langmuir geforderte Proportionalität zwischen Druck und adsorbierter Menge nicht mehr vorhanden. Das wird auf das Vorhandensein besonders rege adsorbierender „aktiver Zentren“ zurückgeführt, die bei diesen Drucken schon gesättigt sind. Für diese werden Adsorptionsisothermen aufgestellt.

Field of study: Physics
Physical Continuity and Trait Inference: A Test of Mischel's Hypothesis

An experiment was conducted to test Mischel's (1968) hypo thesis that peoples' persistent beliefs in behavioral consistency and traits is facilitated by the fact of constancy in physical character istics. Sixty subjects were presented with a description about and photographs of a stimulus person. In one condition, the set of pic tures depicted physical continuity, and in a second condition, the pictures illustrated discontinuity in physical appearance. Results supported Mischel's hypothesis: Subjects viewing stability in appear ance rated the stimulus person as more consistent in his behavior and ascribed more traits to him than subjects in the discontinuity condi tion.

Field of study: Psychology
[Genetic variation in VP7 gene of rotavirus serotype G3 predominated in Changchun, China].

Group A rotavirus (RV) is the most important etiologic agent of severe gastroenteritis among children and the development of an effective vaccine becomes the top public health priority. Since survey of RV serotypes circulating in local community is important for introduction or development of RV vaccine, RV serotype G3 had proved as the predominant strain in Changchun from 2001 to 2005. Stool specimens collected from children with acute diarrhea were tested for group A rotavirus by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and RV isolates were typed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using serotype-specific primers. The complete VP7 gene segments of 31 rotavirus strains selected in Changchun from 1999 to 2005 were amplified with RT-PCR. Amplicons were cloned and sequenced. Comparative analysis of the VP7 sequences showed that there were no obvious differences among 31 RV strains. There was similar genetic variation among VP7 genes during the same RV season. The nucleotide sequence of VP7 gene of six G3 RV strains had one base deletion at nt1038 in 2003 RV season. The nucleotide mutations in regions A, B and C of VP7 gene took place at the same position or position near-by. Increase of nucleotide mutation in non- high variation region may benefit maintenance of serotype G3 as pre dominant strain after 2002. Increase of non continuous variation in non-high variation regions was notable.

Field of study: Biology
TH‐F‐211‐02: Evaluation of a Proton Pencil Beam Alogirithm for Dose Calculations in Heterogeneous Media

To develop an improved nuclear halo dose model of a pencil beam algorithm (PBA) for dose calculation of proton beams in heterogeneous media.  The proton PBA consisted of a central axis term and an off axis term. The central axis term was determined from a central axis depth dose of a proton beam in water and was scaled by the mass stopping power ratio to account for other materials. The off axis term was determined from Fermi‐Eyges scattering theory with material‐dependent scattering powers to calculate the spread of the proton beam in heterogeneous media. The nuclear halo dose arising from large angle and non‐elastic scatter was modeled using two terms: a Gaussian and a Cauchy‐Lorentz distribution. Depth‐dependent widths and amplitudes of each distribution were determined by fitting a simulated 1‐mm × 1‐mm pencil beam in water. The PBA was evaluated in approximately 30 test phantoms containing bone and/or air heterogeneities for 4 energies and 2 field sizes. Agreement between PBA and Monte Carlo simulations of the test conditions was quantified by computing the percentage of points within 2 percent dose difference or 1 mm distance to agreement.  With the improved nuclear halo model, PBA calculations showed better than of 97% of dose points within 2%/1 mm of MC distributions for all geometries examined. For phantoms containing laterally infinite heterogeneities, agreement between PBA and MC distributions was 100% at 2%/1mm. For phantoms containing laterally finite heterogeneities, agreement was at least 97%. The points failing were due to the central axis approximation of the PBA in regions not influenced by the nuclear halo model.  The halo model developed in this work improves the agreement of the PBA with MC simulations in heterogeneous phantoms, particularly in low‐dose regions that can be important for scanned‐beam proton therapy. “This research was supported by contract W81XWH‐10‐1‐0005 awarded by The U.S. Army Research Acquisition Activity, 820 Chandler Street, Fort Detrick, MD 21702‐5014. This report does not necessarily reflect the position or policy of the Government, and no official endorsement should be inferred.”

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Characteristics of and inspirations from US Springfield College and its physical education teaching

By participating in a semester of physical education teaching practice in Springfield College in the United States in the winter of 2006,the author summarized the characteristics of Springfield College distinctive in its physical education teaching,and sorted out the following teaching characteristics of Springfield College:Its teach-ing objectives are oriented for the creation of student's learning ability,being highly operational;in its teaching process,it is advocated to discuss learning experiences and to base teaching group as a unit,and more attention is paid to enhancing student's ability to analyze and solve problems than to evaluating the teaching process. There are differences in physical education between institutes of higher learning in China and the United States in terms of development scale,guiding ideology and independent education management.

Field of study: Education
Perceptions of Undereaters: A Matter of Perspective?

We assume that people, to convey positive impressions of themselves, use the amounts eaten by others as limits beyond which their eating may be deemed excessive. One should, therefore, prefer eating partners who eat a lot because others' large intake renders one's own eating nonexcessive. Two studies were conducted to test this hypothesis. As predicted, participants liked confederates who ate more than they did better than those who ate less than they did, and they also rated their own intake as more appropriate when it had been exceeded by confederates than they did when it had been undercut by confederates. Noneating observers, instead, did not display a preference for eaters who ate more. Both noneating observers and active participants, however, rated eaters who ate less more positively than eaters who ate more on self-control—related items. We conclude that the nature of the behavior-impression association depends critically on the perspective of the rater.

Field of study: Psychology
Ag-Coated Heterostructures of ZnO-TiO2/Delaminated Montmorillonite as Solar Photocatalysts

Heterostructures based on ZnO-TiO2/delaminated montmorillonite coated with Ag have been prepared by sol–gel and photoreduction procedures, varying the Ag and ZnO contents. They have been thoroughly characterized by XRD, WDXRF, UV–Vis, and XPS spectroscopies, and N2 adsorption, SEM, and TEM. In all cases, the montmorillonite was effectively delaminated with the formation of TiO2 anatase particles anchored on the clay layer’s surface, yielding porous materials with high surface areas. The structural and textural properties of the heterostructures synthesized were unaffected by the ZnO incorporated. The photoreduction led to solids with Ag nanoparticles decorating the surface. These materials were tested as photocatalysts for the degradation of several emerging contaminants with different nitrogen-bearing chemical structures under solar light. The catalysts yielded high rates of disappearance of the starting pollutants and showed quite stable performance upon successive applications.

Field of study: Materials science
Preparation and Reactivity of N-Substituted S,S,S-Triphenyliminosulfonium Salts

N-Substituted S,S,S-triphenyliminosulfonium salts were prepared by the reaction of S,S,S-triphenylthiazyne with several electrophiles. The molecular structure of N-methyl-S,S,S-triphenyliminosulfonium perchlorate was determined by the X-ray crystallographic analysis. Furthermore, their reactivities were investigated.

Field of study: Chemistry
New Clustering Algorithm for Sliding Window Model Data stream

The article introduces a new clustering similarity based on the constructive neural networks.The conceptions of average cover and over cover are defined to meet the need of sliding windows model data stream clustering,and then a clustering algorithm for sliding windows model data stream is present based on the constructive neural networks.It can be found that the calculation can be lessened and the speed of clustering can be faster with the use of this algorithm.The experimental results of large-scale communication datasets demonstrate its efficiency.

Field of study: Computer science
Detecting biodiversity hotspots using species–area and endemics–area relationships: the case of butterflies

Using data of the Red Data Book of European Butterflies we establish the species–area relationship (S = 8.5 A0.23) and the endemics–area relationship (S = 0.5 A0.18) of European butterflies. Applying confidence limits as tools for the identification of hotspot countries we show that in the case of butterflies hotspots of endemism and hotspots of overall species richness do not coincide. We introduce plots of residuals from species–area relationships shifted upwards by the 95% confidence limits of the intercept (α-values) as a new tool for identifying and ranking of hotspots.

Field of study: Environmental science
A Scheduling and Ordering Algorithm for THP with Lower Complexity in Multiuser Multi-antenna Systems

In this paper,we propose a novel THP scheduling and ordering algorithm with lower complexity in the downlink multiuser multi-antenna systems.This algorithm combines the scheduling and ordering together according to the characteristics of THP and symbol error ratio.Simulation results show that the algorithm can approach the average symbol error ratio performance of greedy scheduling best-first ordering algorithm with much lower complexity.The novel algorithm is promising in the practical systems.

Field of study: Engineering
Studying the mechanisms of steel sheet perforation by the radiation of a continuous-wave fiber laser

Aspects of steel sheet perforation are studied experimentally. Calculations show that the mechanisms of thin sheet perforation change as the focal spot size is increased at a constant laser power. If the spot is small, the melt is removed and the film is disrupted by steel boiling in the spot center. With larger spots, the melt is removed by the force of gravity. The hole diameter grows along with the focal spot size and sheet thickness and is reduced upon an increase in laser power.

Field of study: Physics
Relation of monocyte and neutrophil oxidative metabolism to skin and oral lesions in carriers of chronic granulomatous disease.

Out of fifteen carriers of X-linked chronic granulomatous disease five had discoid lupus erythematosus-like skin lesions together with recurrent aphthous-like stomatitis, another five had only recurrent aphthous-like stomatitis, and the remainder were symptom-free. In individual carriers monocytes and neutrophils were equally reduced in their capacity for superoxide production, [1-14C]glucose oxidation and antibody-dependent cytotoxicity; but within he group of carriers a broad spectrum of depression was found. The degree of depression was closely related to the manifestations of clinical disease. It is suggested that the defective oxygen-dependent metabolism might play an aetiological role in the development of inflammatory diseases in carriers of chronic granulomatous disease. Two out of 10 unselected females with discoid lupus erythematosus were shown to be carriers of X-linked chronic granulomatous disease. Screening for this carrier state might therefore be of importance in these patients.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Comments on the paper: Waves produced by a pulsating source travelling beneath a free surface

There appears to be an error in the analysis performed in the subject paper by Dr. Tan , which has led to erroneous conclusions in regard to the character of the resulting wave pattern and the asymptotic conditions at infinity that are used to arrive at a unique solution. Other treatments of this same problem have been carried out by Becker , Kaplan [3], and Wu , and they have arrived at different conclusions from those of Tan. Their results show two harmonic wave trains on the downstream side of the source when r > j, corresponding to the roots K:t and Ki , in agreement with the results of Tan. However, when 0 < r < }, Tan indicated that four harmonic wave trains were on the downstream side, with no disturbance found to propagate to infinity upstream. This led to his conclusion that the imposition of an asymptotic upstream condition of "vanishing disturbance at infinity" is sufficient to render his solution unique. The results of Becker, Kaplan and Wu were all in agreement, and showed that when 0 < r < J there were three harmonic wave trains on the downstream side, and one harmonic wave train on the upstream side. It can be shown that the wave in the upstream side corresponds to the root K2 and that the error in Tan's analysis was not recognizing the fact that, in the notation of ,

Field of study: Mathematics
Strategies for diagnosing HIV-1 infection in atypical Western blots.

The Western blot (WB) has long been used to confirm positive ELISAs for diagnosing HIV-1 infections. However, some WB patterns may result in "indeterminate" or controversial reports thus impeding early diagnoses or accurate diagnoses. The interpretation of HIV-1 WB has no "gold standard" criterion. Incomplete antibody profiles on WB strips can be interpreted as positive or indeterminate according to different criteria. The possibility of HIV-2 infection was further checked in these serum samples. However, no reactivity to synthetic peptide of HIV-2 gp36 had been found. Serial WB analyses are important for attaining early diagnoses of HIV-1 infections as well as for evaluating clinical stages. Temporal changes on WB patterns of serial serum samples provide the evidence of seroconversion in individuals with risk behaviours and indeterminate WB. In late stage of HIV-1 infection, the reactivity to gag, pol and env antigen groups may decrease and result in indeterminate WB. We propose to diagnose HIV-1 infection and to differentiate the infection of HIV-1 from HIV-2 in these cases by using nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to demonstrate the presence of HIV-1 specific vpu gene.

Field of study: Biology
Insect colonisation of fruiting bodies of the wood-decaying fungus Fomitopsis pinicola at different distances from an old-growth forest

We studied the colonisation rate of insects inhabiting fruiting bodies of the wood-decaying fungus Fomitopsis pinicola both within and at different distances (up to 1610 m) from an old-growth forest reserve. The colonisation rate of most species was not affected by the distance from the reserve, and none of the species were affected by the size of local sources of fruiting bodies in the managed forest. We suggest that many insect species inhabiting fruiting bodies of wood-decaying fungi can colonise fruiting bodies at a high enough rate to persist in managed forests of Fennoscandia. However, the colonisation rates of the fungivorous beetle Cis quadridens and the predatory fly Medetera apicalis were negatively affected by distance from the reserve. Cis quadridens is rare in many managed forests, but often quite common at sites with high substrate densities. The rarity of this species may therefore be due to weak ability to colonize distant patches. The same may also be true for M. apicalis, but less is known about the biology of this species. Medetera apicalis was the most common insect predator in the old-growth forest, but it was rare at the largest distances from it in the managed forest. Therefore, it seems likely that the overall pressure from natural enemies significantly declined with distance from the reserve.

Field of study: Environmental science