nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The chemoattractant activity of rheumatoid synovial fluid for human lymphocytes is due to multiple cytokines

The majority of synovial fluids from 29 rheumatoid arthritis patients were strongly attractive for normal blood lymphocytes judged by assays of polarization and collagen gel invasion. While rheumatoid synovial fluids contained IL‐15, IL‐8, monocyte chemotactic protein‐1 (MCP‐1) and macrophage inflammatory protein‐1α (MIP‐1α) at levels sufficient to attract lymphocytes, inhibition of the activity of any single cytokine using specific antibody did not abolish the activity of the fluid. However combinations of anti‐cytokine antibodies used together (; anti‐IL‐8+anti‐MCP‐1 or +anti‐MIP‐1α) inhibited most of the activity, suggesting that attraction of lymphocytes by the fluids is due to a combination of attractants. Blood lymphocytes required activation by overnight culture to respond optimally, while rheumatoid synovial tissue lymphocytes responded to synovial fluids without a requirement for a period of culture. Lymphocytes derived from rheumatoid synovial fluids were poorly responsive to locomotor stimulants. Most of the responding cells from blood mononuclear cell fractions were T lymphocytes of the CD45RO isotype. Incubation in the presence of cyclosporin A or corticosteroids inhibited the response of lymphocytes to the fluids, but the presence of non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and other agents used in therapy of the patients from whom the fluids were taken had no inhibitory effect.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
War Powers, Bosnia, and the 104th Congress

The question of who has the constitutional authority to use U.S. troops in armed conflict has been controversial since the founding of the Republic. As shown after the deaths of eighteen U.S. Army Rangers in Somalia in 1993, the struggle between the president and Congress over war powers remains in U.S. foreign policy. The issue has grown increasingly complex as U.S. presidents have used United Nations Security Council resolutions as legal justification for their deployments abroad. Since World War II, Congress has deferred to the president in foreign affairs, especially in the decision to use force.' Analysts contend that Congress does not want to take political responsibility for use of force abroad,2 and that during the cold war Congress did not want to publicly challenge the president on constitutional grounds in the struggle against communism.' Yet, in 1995 a number of conditions existed for the potential reassertion of congressional war powers. An assertive and highly ideological Republican majority in the 104th Congress was very skeptical of U.S. participation in UN deployments. The president was perceived by many as weak in

Field of study: Political science
Monoclonal antibodies against cardiac myosin heavy chain.

Three mouse IgG1 monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), named FA1, FA2, and FA3, against cardiac myosin heavy chain (MHC) with high specificity have been obtained. The immunogen used to generate these MAbs was the high-salt- and detergent-insoluble fraction of adult rat myocardial tissue. Western blots showed that these MAbs reacted with a 200 kD protein band, which comigrated with the heavy chain of purified rat cardiac myosin in SDS-PAGE. Immunofluorescence microscopy revealed that the antigen recognized by these MAbs was localized at the A-band of isolated myofibrils. The tissue-, species-, and isoform-specificities of these MAbs were examined by Western blots on various muscle samples. FA2 recognized fish, frog, chicken, rabbit, bovine, mouse and rat cardiac MHC, as well as rabbit skeletal and rat aorta smooth muscle MHC. This antibody reacted equally well with both alpha- and beta-isoforms of MHC. FA1 did not crossreact with any MHC tested so far but with rat cardiac MHC. It appeared to react only with alpha-isoform of MHC. FA3 recognized only rat, bovine and rabbit cardiac MHC with the specificity to bovine and rabbit atrial MHC. Elisa competition assay revealed that different epitopes on the antigen molecules were recognized by these three MAbs, although there was a partial overlap between the epitopes for FA1 and FA2. These anti-MHC MAbs will be most useful in investigating the expression of MHC during myocardial development.

Field of study: Biology
Lithological characters of the Virginia Granites

The general excellence of the Virginia granites as a building and monumental stone is well established in the commercial world. Notwith-standing this fact no published account of the geology of these rocks has been made, so far as the writer is aware. A part of two seasons has been devoted by the writer to a study of the Virginia granites in the field and in the laboratory, and it is with the hope of contributing to the knowledge of the geology of these rocks that prompted the preparation of this paper. The Virginia Piedmont Region GEOLOGY The Piedmont province in Virginia forms a part of the eastern crystalline area which extends southwestward from New York to northern central Alabama. It extends eastward from the Blue ridge to the western margin of the Coastal plain, and it widens southward. Lack of systematic study of the Virginia Piedmont region forbids more . . .

Field of study: Geology
Experimental study of singlet delta oxygen generator by RF discharge

Experimental of singlet delta oxygen generation by RF discharge under conditions of using pure oxygen and its mixtures with argon were studied. It was discussed in detail the dependence of singlet delta oxygen yield on oxygen flow rate, the ratio of oxygen over argon and gas pressure. The experimental results show that singlet delta oxygen yield decreases with gas pressure increases. The experimental conditions were: the radio frequency was 13.56MHz, the RF power was up to 500W, the oxygen partial pressure was 133.0～399.0Pa, the flow rate of oxygen and argon was 0～1.4mmol/s and 0～2.1mmol/s, respectively. Singlet delta oxygen yield up to 17.5% was achieved.

Field of study: Physics
Reactivation of latent Kaposi′s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus in human umbilical vein endothelial cells by HIV-1-related inflammatory cytokines

To determine whether HIV-1-related inflammatory cytokines can activate lytic cycle replication of Kaposi′s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV) in human umbilical vein endothelial cells(HUVEC) and to investigate its potential role in Rta promoter of KSHV involved in reactivation.  Using an in vitro model system, we examined the effect of recombinant human cytokines that were similar to that produced by HIV-1-infected T cells on KSHV replication in latently infected HUVEC. KSHV reactivation was analyzed with Northern blot analysis and quantitative PCR for ORF26 mRNA expression, a gene encoding the KSHV minor capsid protein was only activated during reactivation. The results were extended and confirmed using a luciferase reporter construct driven by the KSHV Rta(replication and transcription activator) promoter, the first promoter activated during KSHV replication.  Recombinant cytokines, such as gamma interferon(IFN-γ), hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor (HGF/SF), and oncostatin M(OSM) not only induce KSHV lytic cycle replication, but also stimulate Rta promoter activity in latently infected HUVECs.  HIV-1-related inflammatory cytokines are responsible for the induction of KSHV lytic cycle replication in HUVEC and the induction may be, at least in part, mediated by Rta promoter of KSHV.

Field of study: Biology
Variability in the oxygen isotope compositions of modern rodent tooth carbonate: Implications for palaeoclimate reconstructions

The stable oxygen isotope values (δ18O) of small mammal teeth can potentially provide important palaeoclimate records for Quaternary sequences, due to the abundance of these remains in various depositional environments. However, the application of this proxy to Quaternary climate reconstructions has hitherto been limited, due to 1) uncertainties in the relationship between the δ18O of small mammal teeth and the δ18O of meteoric water, and 2) a lack of understanding regarding the importance of isotopic variability in influencing this relationship. The oxygen isotope values of 145 modern short-tailed field vole teeth ( Microtus agrestis [L.]), collected from four UK sites, were analysed to address these uncertainties. The results demonstrate that in general, there are no significant δ18O offsets between molars and incisors from the same rodent population. Conversely, isotope variability between different individuals within a population is significant. Thus, when investigating the δ18O compositions of rodent teeth in modern and past environments, analyses must ideally be undertaken on 7–10 molars or incisors from the same site or sedimentary unit. This is in order to obtain reliable mean δ18O values at ≥90% statistical confidence. It is also demonstrated that statistically significant differences in the mean δ18O values of rodent teeth occur between lowland sites in the UK. The spatial trend in the mean δ18O of rodent tooth carbonate is shown to follow a linear relationship with the mean δ18O of local meteoric water. This relationship approximately parallels published calibrations for the δ18O of rodent tooth phosphate in Europe. The results additionally indicate that complex hydrological conditions in northern and highland areas can lead to a mismatch between the measured δ18O values of meteoric water and rodent teeth. A detailed understanding of the environmental controls on the δ18O values of water sources and rodents in these regions is therefore needed.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Observation of hydrogen in commercial Czochralski-grown silicon wafers

Commercially available, Czochralski-grown (CZ), phosphorus- and boron-doped (100) silicon wafers have been characterized by capacitance-voltage and deep-level transient spectroscopy measurements of Schottky diodes. Two electron traps labelled A1 (Ec-0.10 eV) and A2 (Ec-0.13 eV) are commonly observed in n-type wafers with a concentration around 1011 cm-3. These correspond to the hydrogen-related complexes previously reported. A decrease of carrier concentration occurs near the surface in p-type wafers. This is ascribed to the passivation of boron acceptors by hydrogen. These results indicate that hydrogen is incorporated near the surface in commercial CZ silicon wafers.

Field of study: Materials science
Regioselective additions to P -allyl metal complexes

Highly regioselective additions to allylic acetates, catalyzed by palladium (0), can be achieved by incorporation of a thioether or tertiary amine on the substrate. Reactions with malonate anion are highly selective for the terminus of the allyl moiety proximal to the heteroatom. Palladium catalyzed allylations of stabilized nucleophiles is a well-established procedure which has been shown to be of great synthetic utility.1,2>3 Substitutions of 1- or 3-substituted allylic acetates tend to be selective for the less substituted terminus (Scheme 1).2 Reactions of 1,3-disubstituted allylic acetates can lead to a mixture of regioisomeric substitution products. The problems associated with substitution selectivity have been partially addressed in several ways. Polarizing functional groups such as carbony44 a~etate,~ alkoxide,6 or alcohol7 adjacent to the rr-ally1 complex promote addition distal to that group. Steric hindrance at one terminus of allyl moiety can direct the substitution away from that In addition, enhanced control over the position of substitution has been achieved by the use of catalysts bearing sterically hindered bidentate ligands.10,ll In spite of these efforts the problem has not been completely solved.

Field of study: Chemistry
SU‐FF‐J‐32: Use of Internal Body‐Area as a Metric for Retrospective 4D CT Gating

Current 4D CT acquisition techniques require the use of an external breathing metric, which adds time, cost and complexity to the procedure. If the use of the metric is not required after the imaging session, an internal metric may be adequate. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the use of the cross-sectional body area as an imaging-based internal metric for breathing motion using CT images acquired during free breathing.  A 16-slice CT scanner (Philips Brilliance) was operated in cine mode to acquire 25 scans consecutively at each couch position while patients underwent simultaneous quantitative spirometry. The cross-sectional body area was computed by automated image segmentation. The body areas for the 16 slices within each 2.4 cm-thick couch position were summed and compared to the corresponding tidal volume. The correlation between tidal volume and body area were examined to evaluate the quality of body area as a metric.  Three patients were analyzed. The body area consistently show a high correlation with the tidal volume in the abdomen (correlation coefficients > 0.8, and residual error < 10% of the total tidal volume). In the upper lung region, the correlation coefficients varied in a range of 0.2 to 0.99, and the residual errors were 5% to 30%. For each patient there was a transition region near the mid sternum where the correlation degraded dramatically.  For imaging of the upper abdomen, the body area appears to be a good breathing metric for generating 4D imaging studies. One method for improving this process may be to overlap successive couch positions by one slice location, thereby providing a CT slice with overlapping body-area measurements.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Investigation and Application of High Silicon Abrasion Resistant Cast Steel Hammers

A new high silicon cast steel hammer whose main composition was inexpensive silicon alloy was designed to overcome the shortcomings of high manganese steel, white cast iron and low alloy cast steel. High manganese steel hamper had low hardness and poor working-hardening, white cast iron hammer had low toughness and was easy to fracture and low alloy cast steel hamper had low hardenability. The manufacture process of high silicon cast steel hammer was particularly introduced. The filtrating process of motel steel, pre-quenching treatment and compound heat treatment that used to improve hardenability were thorough investigated. The servicing property of high silicon cast steel hammer is more excellent than that of traditional hammer materials. When high silicon cast steel hammer is used, the production rate of crusher can increase, and the crushing cost of raw material decreases. There is a good economic benefit.

Field of study: Materials science
The Production-Line College

O UR effort to apply productionline methods to a function which must of its nature be individual has been a major cause of our failure in higher education. Under the combined pressures of an expanding enrollment and of a curriculum which became every year more complex as our fund of scientific information increased and as other agencies sloughed off more and more responsibility onto the school, we have attempted to organize our schools and colleges upon a basis analogous to that of the industrial production line. Standardization of institutions and of curriculums, strict departmentalization of subject-matter, teaching periods all of rigidly prescribed identical length regardless of the subject to be taught-these are some of the devices which are adopted by the educational production line. The history instructor teaches his fifty minutes, the bell clangs, and the student closes his notebook upon the last half-written note. The instructor dare not, in many cases, attempt to bespeak his class for so much as fifteen seconds after the bell has rung, since this might result in their being late to someone else's lecture. Nor may his discourse occupy fewer than its prescribed fifty minutes, lest if the instructor fail to fill in every second the students might move on into a classroom not yet emptied to receive them. One day the instructor in mathematics may complete his work in half a period, on another he finds a theorem half-expounded when his time is up. Dare he teach English, or chemistry, or history in the time which remains over and above? Interdepartmental courtesy usually requires that he keep silent, except on mathematics, even if his training may have made him competent in some other field. Such teachers and such tactics are perhaps reasonably efficient for the teaching of the various subjectmatters. But can they be employed in the teaching of people? If you were to ask the average college teacher to what extent he believes he is influencing the intellectual growth of his students, he would probably say many brave things about the knowledges and the skills they are acquiring, and the interest in his subject shown in their discussions; but he will, if honest, tell also of discussions interrupted at the peak of interest and of vain efforts twenty-four hours or even a week later to revive them, of students unable to integrate their work in his field with that in other subjects,

Field of study: Education
The principle of alternate possibilities and "ought' implies 'can'

In a widely discussed article (Frankfurt 1969), Harry Frankfurt argued against, and claimed to have refuted, PAP. But he denied (1988: 95-96) that his rejection of PAP commits him to rejecting OIC. Presumably his position would appear less attractive if it were perceived as opposing not only the intuitions behind PAP, but also those behind OIC. David Widerker (1991), however, argued that OIC entails a component part of PAP (i.e. the part concerning blameworthiness), and that since Frankfurt's argument, if sound, would refute this component of PAP, Frankfurt is logically committed to rejecting OIC. Gideon Yaffe (1999) has come to Frankfurt's defence, claiming that OIC does not entail PAP, and arguing that Widerker's attempt to derive (part of) PAP from OIC is fallacious.

Field of study: Philosophy
Laser air-breathing jet engine

A report is given of a theoretical and experimental study of the problem of vehicle propulsion in the earth's atmosphere under the action of shock waves produced as a result of CO2-laser-induced optical breakdown of air. It is shown that there are certain optimal conditions for the transfer of pressure impulses to receivers. Conical and parabolic receivers are used as an example to show that there are maximum values of the specific impulse (also known as the coupling coefficient). The experimentally obtained specific impulse values ~500 μNsecJ–1 are close to the maximum values deduced from the point explosion theory. Realization of motion of a parabolic reflector in a glass tube is reported for a pulse-periodic regime of laser emission with an average power of ~25W. The thrust obtained is reported.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Structural and kinetic insights into the mechanism of 5-hydroxyisourate hydrolase from Klebsiella pneumoniae.

The stereospecific oxidative degradation of uric acid to (S)-allantoin has recently been demonstrated to proceed via two unstable intermediates and requires three separate enzymatic reactions. The second step of this reaction, the conversion of 5-hydroxyisourate (HIU) to 2-oxo-4-hydroxy-4-carboxy-5-ureidoimidazoline, is catalyzed by HIU hydrolase (HIUH). The high-resolution crystal structure of HIUH from the opportunistic pathogen Klebsiella pneumoniae (KpHIUH) has been determined. KpHIUH is a homotetrameric protein that, based on sequence and structural similarity, belongs to the transthyretin-related protein family. In addition, the steady-state kinetic parameters for this enzyme and four active-site mutants have been measured. These data provide valuable insight into the functional roles of the active-site residues. Based upon the structural and kinetic data, a mechanism is proposed for the KpHIUH-catalyzed reaction.

Field of study: Chemistry
Taxonomy and classification of automatic monitoring of program security vulnerability exploitations

Software applications (programs) are implemented in a wide variety of languages and run on different execution environments. Programs contain vulnerabilities which can be detected before their deployment. Nevertheless, there exist some program vulnerabilities, which do not surface until a program is operational. No matter how much effort has been put during the development phases, building large vulnerability-free programs has proven extremely difficult in practice. Given that, it is very important to have a tool that can be used for online monitoring of programs in the operational stage. The tool can help to mitigate the consequences of some vulnerability exploitations, by early detection of attacks at runtime. Currently, many monitoring approaches have been proposed and applied in practice. However, there is no classification of these approaches to understand their common characteristics and limitations. In this paper, we present a taxonomy and classification of the state of the art approaches employed for monitoring program vulnerability exploitations (or attacks). We first classify the existing approaches based on a set of characteristics which are common in online attack detection approaches. Then, we present a taxonomy by classifying the approaches based on monitoring aspects that primarily differentiate among the approaches. We also discuss open issues and future research direction in the area of program vulnerability exploitation monitoring. The study will enable practitioners and researchers to differentiate among existing monitoring approaches. It will provide a guideline to consider the desired characteristics while developing monitoring approaches.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Stimulated emission kinetics of an N2 laser under pulseperiodic conditions. I. Theory

An analysis is made of a theoretical model of the mechanism for the drop in the stimulated emission pulse power of a nitrogen laser at high pump pulse repetition frequencies. It is shown that the output power drop is cause by a decrease in the gain of the lasing transition. The dependence of the gain on the discharge plasma parameters (the vibrational and translational temperatures, and the density of the N2 molecules in the ground electronic state) is determined and estimates are made of the range of variation of these parameters for a sealed longitudinally pumped N2 laser. It is shown that relaxation of the vibrationally excited nitrogen atoms should play a major part in the mechanism under study.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Geographic Information Systems in Weather, Climate, and Impacts

The National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) held its first workshop on the Geographic Information System (GIS) in atmospheric sciences, “GIS in Weather, Climate and Impacts.” The meeting was a forum for researchers, engineers, providers of weather and climate data and services, commercial GIS vendors, and educators to discuss the benefits and limitations of current GIS technology, develop strategies for incorporating GIS into atmospheric science research, and improve understanding of the value of spatial data and geographic methods of spatial analysis in meteorology and climatology. The workshop presentations and discussions centered upon scientific applications of GIS; state-of-theart GIS and remote sensing technology; and topics involving data, visualization, and interoperability. More than 70 workshop participants developed a coherent set of recommendations and addressed the issue of partnerships in GIS between academia, the government, and the private sector. National Center for Atmo...

Field of study: Environmental science
MAD phasing: probabilistic estimate of [F (oa)].

The method of the joint probability distribution function is applied in order to estimate the structure-factor moduli of the anomalous scatterer substructure. The two-wavelength case is examined: the prior knowledge of the moduli [F(1)(+)], [F(1)(-)], [F(2)(+)], [F(2)(-)] is used to predict the value of [F(oa)] arising from the normal scattering of the anomalous scatterers. The conclusive formula is applied to ideal and to real cases: evidence of the usefulness of the approach is obtained.

Field of study: Chemistry