nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Volcanic rocks of the Blake River Group, Abitibi Greenstone Belt, Ontario, and their sulfur content

Six hundred and ninety samples of volcanic rocks from the Blake River Group of the Abitibi Greenstone Belt have analysed for sulfur on a Leco sulfur analyser. Basaltic rocks have been subdivided into komatiites, Fe-rich tholeiites, Al-rich basalts, and intermediate basalts with more than 1% TiO2 and with less than 1% TiO2. Andesites have been subdivided into Fe-rich types, Al-rich types, and others. All dacites are grouped together as are all rhyolites. Rocks of many of these subdivisions occur at more than one level within the Blake River stratigraphy. Within a given rock subdivision, the sulfur content is distributed log normally. When the geometric mean of the sulfur content of each of the subdivisions outlined above is plotted against the arithmetic mean of the FeO content, a smooth curve is obtained, with sulfur increasing markedly with increase in FeO. The data give no indication of any change in sulfur content of a given rock subdivision with stratigraphic height. The arithmetic mean of the sulfur ...

Field of study: Environmental science
Exploring the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) in relation to a halal food scandal: The Malaysia Cadbury chocolate case

The aim of this paper is to revisit the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) in relation to the halal food market, specifically in the context of the Cadbury scandal. The present survey (with 132 respondents) replicates the original study of TPB in the context of halal food, done before the scandal, and the results are compared. We rationalize the differences, and assess the impact of the halal scandal on consumer purchasing behaviour. In doing so, we validate the impact of a food scandal in terms of the purchasing intentions of halal customers under a new (postscandal) condition of uncertainty. The results provide in-depth insights into halal purchasing behaviour and are intended to be used: (a) to increase the understanding of the impact of a food scandal on purchasing behaviour, (b) to clarify whether a food scandal has a real effect on customers, and (c) to ascertain whether the determinants of purchasing intention are similar before and after a food scandal.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Demonstration of X-ray linear dichroism imaging with hard X-rays.

X-ray polarization-contrast images resulting from X-ray linear dichroism (XLD) in the hard X-ray region have been successfully recorded for the first time. The apparatus used consisted of an X-ray polarizer, double X-ray phase retarders and a high-spatial-resolution X-ray charge-coupled device (CCD) detector. The sample used was a hexagonal close packed (h.c.p.) cobalt single-crystal foil of thickness about 12 microm. The experiment was performed at X-ray energies of 23 and 29 eV above the cobalt K edge (7709 eV), at which the maximum linear dichroisms (approximately 3%) were observed, with their signs reversed, in the XLD spectrum measured with quadruple X-ray phase retarders. The contrasts in the images at the two X-ray energies were reversed as a result of the XLD in the sample. Furthermore, the values of the contrast in the images arising from the linear dichroism (approximately 3%) were in good agreement with those yielded by the XLD spectrum.

Field of study: Physics
Towards mixed criticality task scheduling in cyber physical systems: Challenges and perspectives

are a fast-evolving technology based on a strong synergy between heterogeneous sensing, networking, computation and control modules. When coping with critical applications that require real-time performance and autonomous operation in uncertain conditions, the design of such complex systems is still facing significant difficulties. A particular challenge in this respect derives from the software intensive nature of these systems - the need to develop flexible and specifically tailored task scheduling techniques. In our view, an appropriate line of thinking is to take advantage of mixed criticality concepts following the lessons learned from avionics and automotive domains, where complexity, safety, determinism and real-time constraints are extreme. From this perspective, our work aims at facilitating the integration of mixed criticality systems-based strategy in cyber physical systems by identifying the particularities of the latter and their influence on scheduling mechanisms, by describing the standard mixed-criticality task model in the cyber physical systems context, and by analyzing and proposing the most suitable scheduling algorithms to be implemented in cyber physical systems. Moreover, the perspectives on future developments in this area are discussed, as new horizons in research arise with the integration of mixed criticality concepts in the cyber physical systems context.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
CALCULATION AND ANALYSIS ON FLEXURAL CAPACITY OF PRESTRESSED COMPOSITE BOX GIRDER

The prestressed steel and concrete composite beams having been widely used in engineering as a new transverse bearing component.The bending capacity is one of the most fundamental and important behaviors.The calculation formulas of elastic bearing capacity and deflection were derived considering the slip at the steel-concrete interface and the stress increments of prestressed tendons on the base of the elastic theory;and on the premise of plane section and complete composite action,the expressions of prestressed composite beam's ultimate plastic capability which consider the stress increments of prestressed tendons were deduced,based on the simplified plastic theory.These foumulas can reflect the characteristics of the prestressed composite box girder.It turns out that the calculation values are in good agreement with the experimental results,which meet the engineering accuracy.

Field of study: Engineering
Versican localizes to the nucleus in proliferating mesenchymal cells.

Versican is a versatile and highly interactive chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan that is found in the extracellular matrix (ECM) of many tissues and is a major component of developing and developed lesions in atherosclerotic vascular disease. In this paper, we present data to indicate that versican may have important intracellular functions in addition to its better known roles in the ECM.



Rat aortic smooth muscle cells were fixed and immunostained for versican and images of fluorescently labeled cells were obtained by confocal microscopy. Intracellular versican was detected in the nucleus and cytosol of vascular smooth muscle cells. The use of a synthetic neutralizing peptide eliminated versican immunostaining, demonstrating the specificity of the antibody used in this study. Western blot of pure nuclear extracts confirmed the presence of versican in the nucleus, and multifluorescent immunostaining showed strong colocalization of versican and nucleolin, suggesting a nucleolar localization of versican in nondividing cells. In dividing valve interstitial cells, a strong signal for versican was observed in and around the condensed chromosomes during the various stages of mitosis. Multifluorescent immunostaining for versican and tubulin revealed versican aggregated at opposing poles of the mitotic spindle during metaphase. Knockdown of versican expression using siRNA disrupted the organization of the mitotic spindle and led to the formation of multipolar spindles during metaphase.



Collectively, these data suggest an intracellular function for versican in vascular cells where it appears to play a role in mitotic spindle organization during cell division. These observations open a new avenue for studies of versican, suggesting even more diverse roles in vascular health and disease.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Variable-weight topology-transparent scheduling

In this paper, topology-transparent scheduling for mobile multi-hop wireless networks is extended from constant-weight to variable-weight schedules. A construction of variable-weight topology-transparent schedules – the first of its kind – is provided based on transversal designs from the finite field. The schedules are integrated into the VWATT medium access control (MAC) protocol, enabling nodes to dynamically select their schedule weights to accommodate both their local traffic load and local topology while maintaining a guarantee on maximum delay. Simulations show VWATT to increase throughput compared to constant-weight topology-transparent schedules, to reduce both maximum and expected delay relative to schedules whose weights are not constrained to the set of weights, and to adapt rapidly to changes in topology and traffic load. The results suggest variable-weight topology-transparent scheduling as a viable approach to medium access control when a bound on delay is required.

Field of study: Computer science
Versatility of β-lactams in synthesis. Studies directed toward the synthesis of complex nucleoside antibiotics and some macrocyclic peptides

The diastereoselective [2+2] cycloaddition of α-hydroxyketene equivalents with chiral α,ω-oxyaldehyde-derived imines followed by the 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyl-1-oxyl (TEMPO)-promoted ring expansion of the resulting α-hydroxy β-lactam adducts provides an unconventional and short route to α-amino acid N-carboxy anhydrides (NCAs). The required enantiopure α,ω-oxyaldehydes were obtained either from the chiral pool or through the Sharpless AD methodology. Following the present strategy, several nonproteinogenic NCAs were synthesized, which were further coupled with α-amino acid esters giving rise to key fragments of some nucleoside antibiotics and macrocyclic peptides.

Field of study: Chemistry
Sediment-Mediated Reduction of 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene and Fate of the Resulting Aromatic (Poly)amines

2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene is a major surface and subsurface contaminant found at numerous munitions production and storage facilities. The reductive transformation of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) to aromatic (poly)amines and the consequent fate of these products were studied in anaerobic and aerobic sediment−water systems. Reduction of TNT was rapid under both anaerobic and aerobic conditions. Nitro-reduction was regioselective, leading to the preferential formation of 4-amino-2,6-dinitrotoluene (4-ADNT) and 2,4-diamino-6-nitrotoluene (2,4-DANT). Subsequent sorption of 2,4-DANT was rapid under aerobic conditions and resulted in nearly complete, irreversible retention by the sediment phase. Under anaerobic conditions, the rapidly formed 2,4-DANT displayed little affinity for the sediment phase. Instead, 2,4-DANT was further transformed to products that remained in the aqueous phase. Sorption studies in nontransforming sediments indicated increased irreversible sorption with replacement of nitro groups with amin...

Field of study: Environmental science
Coexistence of Diamagnetism and Vanishingly Small Electrical Resistance at Ambient Temperature and Pressure in Nanostructures

The great practical utility has motivated extensive efforts to discover ultra-low resistance electrical conductors and superconductors in ambience. Here we report the observation of vanishingly small electrical resistance at the ambient temperature and pressure conditions in films and pellets of a nanostructured material that is composed of silver particles embedded into a gold matrix. Upon cooling below a sample-specific temperature scale ($T_{C}$) as high as $286$ K, the film resistance drops below $\sim 2\mu\Omega$, being limited by measurement uncertainty. The corresponding resistivity ($\sim 10^{-12}$ $\Omega$.m) is at least four orders of magnitude below that of elemental noble metals, such as gold, silver or copper. Furthermore, the samples become strongly diamagnetic below $T_{C}$, with volume susceptibilities as low as -0.056. We additionally describe methods to tune $T_{C}$ to temperatures much higher than room temperature.

Field of study: Physics
REACTION OF 1-ETHOXY-2,3-DI- tert -BUTYLCYCLOPROPENIUM FLUOROBORATE WITH SODIUM TETRACHIOROCYCLOPENTADIENIDE: FORMATION OF A DIHYDROPENTALENONE DERIVATIVE

Reaction.of 1-ethoxy-2.3-di-tert-butylcyclopropenium fluoroborate with sodium tetrachlorocyclopentadienide in methylene chloride gives 1,2-dihydro-2,3-di-tert-butyl-4,5,6-trichloropentalen-1-one along with 1,2,3,4-tetrachloro-5,6-di-tert-butylcalicene.

Field of study: Chemistry
Plusieurs advis et conseils traduits d'italien en français par Antoine de Laval. Francesco Guicciardini. Ed. Maria Elena Severini. Textes de la Renaissance 208. Paris: Classiques Garnier, 2017. 186 pp. €35.

states that consuetudo is not fixed but develops: “non . . . necessitate constare sed . . . provenire” becomes “habit is established not by . . . necessity but comes about.” “Is established” misses the point, however; “consists of” would be correct. On pages 266–67, “libentius” is rendered as “more freely” instead of “preferably” or “prefers to.” In book 4, Ficino argues against the transmigration of souls, saying (300–02) it is not the case that bad people have no human mind—which makes it so that their souls can move into animal bodies—they are simply distracted by senses and fancies: “Non enim rationis acumen otium penitus agit in pravis, immo negotiatur assidue, quamvis circa spectacula sensus et imaginationis obiecta vel comparand[a] vel devitanda plurimum diversetur.” The translation reads, “For among wicked people the acuity of reason never acts quietly within. On the contrary it is constantly involved in business, as though going far out of its way to either attain or evade the sights of sense and the objects of imagination.” The segments in italics would be better phrased as “does not idle wholly” and “albeit distracted in order to.” These are some of the errors. One may ask whether it helps the reader to translate Latin simpliciter consistently with “simpliciter” (passim), or adventitius with “adventitious” (18–19). But to see influxus translated as “emanation[s]” (32–33, 66–67, 72–73) is surprising, especially in a Neoplatonic context. Ficino argues about astrology, and “influxus” means the influence of stars on earthly bodies—“influence” being the term of art. “Emanation” does not belong to astrology; rather, it denotes the “outflow” of the lower hypostases from the One, a staple of Neoplatonic metaphysics. Indeed, the translator uses the terms “emanative continuity” and “emanate” in this metaphysical meaning (xxx, xxxvii, clxii). A problem of interpretation arises on the very first pages: Ficino establishes the Platonist principle that in the eternal, being is act and act is being. The translation always renders “actio est esse” as “action is its being” (16–18, 17–19), leaving open to what “its” is referring. StephenGersh added an “Analytical Study” of over two hundred pages, which discusses the relation between Plotinus’s and Ficino’s thought. It is not an introduction for beginners, andwoulddeserve publication as a separatemonograph, followedby a separate review.

Field of study: History
Enhanced Room Temperature Ferromagnetism by Fe Doping 
in Zn0.96Cu0.04O Diluted Magnetic Semiconductors

Zn0.96−xCu0.04FexO (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.04) nanoparticles synthesized via the sol–gel technique had a hexagonal wurtzite ZnO structure without any Fe/Cu-related secondary phases. The crystallite size was reduced from Fe = 0% (23 nm) to Fe = 4% (16 nm) due to the suppression of grain surface growth by foreign impurities. Doping of higher Fe concentrations into Zn-Cu-O suppressed the ultra-violet (UV) emission band and balanced the defect-related visible emissions. The decrease of the UV and green emission intensity ratio (IUV/Igreen) and the UV and blue emission intensity ratio (IUV/Iblue) in photoluminescence spectra implied an increase of defect states with the increase of Fe concentrations. All the samples showed clear room temperature ferromagnetism. The saturation magnetization was increased by Fe co-doping which was attributed to the interaction between Fe-Fe ions. X-ray photoelectron spectra confirmed the absence of secondary phases like Fe3O4.

Field of study: Materials science
Death by a Thousand Cuts: Financial Innovation and Income Inequality

Financial innovations come in a spectrum of sizes and complexities. This paper deals with the sorts of small-scale, noncomplex innovations that are frequently used by low and lower middle class individuals. These come in many versions, and a given individual may use five or ten. While no single one of these innovation likely makes a significant difference in income inequality, cumulatively they may cost a household thousands of dollars a year. When taken across millions of households, the effect is to materially increase inequality. Small-scale financial innovations are not just a case of making the less well-off even worse off. Money moves up the ladder.

Field of study: Economics
Estimation of reliability of mobile handsets using Cox-proportional hazard model

To improve the design reliability of a mobile handset, this paper not only estimates the reliability of mobile handset of two leading makes but also makes a comparative study between the sets. The paper analyzes the causes of failure and the failure rate through Cox proportional hazard model. Baseline life distribution has been studied using the Weibull form and mean lives have been estimated under both absence of the causal variables and presence of the causal variables at their respective mean values.

Field of study: Engineering
Online Data Thinning via Multi-Subspace Tracking

In an era of ubiquitous large-scale streaming data, the availability of data far exceeds the capacity of expert human analysts. In many settings, such data is either discarded or stored unprocessed in data centers. This paper proposes a method of online data thinning, in which large-scale streaming datasets are winnowed to preserve unique, anomalous, or salient elements for timely expert analysis. At the heart of this proposed approach is an online anomaly detection method based on dynamic, low-rank Gaussian mixture models. Specifically, the high-dimensional covariance matrices associated with the Gaussian components are associated with low-rank models. According to this model, most observations lie near a union of subspaces. The low-rank modeling mitigates the curse of dimensionality associated with anomaly detection for high-dimensional data, and recent advances in subspace clustering and subspace tracking allow the proposed method to adapt to dynamic environments. Furthermore, the proposed method allows subsampling, is robust to missing data, and uses a mini-batch online optimization approach. The resulting algorithms are scalable, efficient, and are capable of operating in real time. Experiments on wide-area motion imagery and e-mail databases illustrate the efficacy of the proposed approach.

Field of study: Computer science
Determining economical TBHQ doses for corn oil stability

Corn oil obtained from a Brazilian industry, free from antioxidants and citric acid, added of different tertiary butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) concentrations, was submitted to accelerated oxidation in the Schaal oven test at 63°C for 120 hours and for 168 hours in a photooxidation chamber. Peroxide and absorptivity values at 232nm and 270nm were determined for this oil. From the Schaal oven test results, the best and the economical TBHQ doses were determined to this oil. Afterwards, a shelf life experiment was conducted and confirmed 115mg.kg-1 TBHQ as the best and economical dose for that oil.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Social networks for eHealth solutions on cloud

Traditional experimentation based healthcare solutions are constrained by limited data that can confirm or refute the initial hypothesis. Big medical data in individual Electronic Health Records, labs, imaging systems, physician notes, medical correspondence and claims, provides a resource for extracting complementary information that can enhance the data available from traditional approaches based on experimentation. Datamining algorithms are being used to analyze data to get a more insightful understanding of human health, both preventive and clinical. But despite their sophistication, they are far from flawless. One way to solve the problem is crowdsourcing citizens connected in a social network, who can provide data, get it analyzed, and consume data for preventive health insights (Swan, 2009). Several challenges come along with it, for instance: performance, scalability, speed, storage, and power, which we believe could be addressed by cloud-enabled social networks for eHealth services. Such services could be composed of many other services, for instance, user authentication, email, payroll management, calendars, tele-consultation, e-Prescribing, e-Referral, e-Reimbursement, and alerting services, aiming to change the way big medical data in social networking web sites could be used making it actionable to save lives. 
 
This paper aims to explore the opportunities and challenges for realization of cloud-enabled social networks for eHealth solutions, by examining efforts already underway, and recommending solutions to improve it. We discuss a three-tier ecosystem to advance this key field leveraging the Cloud computing technologies. In Tier-1 is “Build Sustainable eHealth System” to create a foundation that facilitates secure creation, storage, exchange, and analysis of data between actors. In Tier-2 is “Crowdsourced Social Networks for eHealth Services” to utilize the power of crowdsourcing. In Tier-3 is “Increasing Access to eHealth” to minimize risk and improve patient outcome. Failure to address these issues is believed to result in inefficient use of big medical data toward preventive healthcare.

Field of study: Biology
[A method for determining the mental development of children up to 3 years old--the Schedule for the Neuropsychological Examination of Infants].

GNOM--is standard method of estimation of health state in babies and infants with determination of coefficient of mental development. 's basis appears to be tasks and tests allowing to evaluate (in scores) the state of the main neuropsychiatric spheres, namely: sensory, motor, emotional, cognitive and social-communicative. Method exists both in ordinary and computer variations. It was approved in process of observation of 500 children. GNOM permits to perform the screening of children in big children's contingents. It may be used by either the physicians or other medical personnel as well as by the parents too.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Why Callable Bonds Are not Called When the Market Price Reaches the Call Price: A Duration Argument

It is a fact that firms do not call callable bonds when bond prices reach for the first time the call price. This paper provides an original explanation for this behavior by resorting to duration analysis. It is known that, ceteris paribus, a bond with a higher coupon, or a higher yield, has a lower duration that a bond with a lower coupon, or a lower yield. This implies that the bond that is to be called has a lower duration than the bond that replaces it. A lower duration signifies a lower interest rate risk. The firm with a callable bond will wait for market interest rates to fall further in order to equalize durations and bear the same risk. The underlying assumption is that by equalizing durations the firm keeps facing the same financial risk. In this case, it is the same amount of interest rate risk. Consequently, there are no changes in the capital structure, no redistribution effects on other debt claims, and financial leverage is unaffected. The paper provides illustrations on this active law by considering four callable bonds, with different remaining maturities, and each one with a set of two different call prices.

Field of study: Business