nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Research Progress in Application of 2D Materials in Liquid-Phase Lubrication System

Two-dimensional (2D) materials are ultra-thin crystals with layered structures that have a monolayer and multiple layers of atomic thickness. Due to excellent performance, 2D materials represented by graphene have caused great interest from researchers in various fields, such as nano-electronics, sensors, solar cells, composite materials, and so on. In recent years, when graphite was used for liquid phase lubrication, there have been many disadvantages limiting its lubrication properties, such as stable dispersion, fluidity and so on. Therefore, 2D materials have been used as high-performance liquid-phase lubricant additives, which become a perfect entry point for high-performance nano-lubricants and lubrication applications. This review describes the application of 2D materials as additives in the field of liquid-phase lubrication (such as lubricating oil and water lubrication) in terms of experimental content, lubrication performance, and lubrication mechanism. Finally, the challenges and prospects of 2D materials in the lubrication field were also proposed.

Field of study: Materials science
THE CATEGORY OF NONCROSSING PARTITIONS

In (13), picture groups are introduced and the cohomology of the picture group of type An with straight orientation is computed. In this paper, we give an elementary combinatorial interpretation of the category associated to An and prove that the classifying space of this category is a K(�,1). The objects of the category are the classical noncrossing partitions introduced in (19). The morphisms are binary forests. This paper is independent of the later papers in this series except for the last section in which we compare our category with the one in (9).

Field of study: Mathematics
Zinc supplementation at the time of ethanol exposure ameliorates teratogenicity in mice.

We have previously demonstrated that ethanol teratogenicity in mice is related to the maternal expression of metallothionein (MT), a zinc (Zn)-binding protein. Ethanol induces maternal liver MT, which causes plasma Zn concentrations to decrease as Zn moves into the liver. During pregnancy it is suggested that this change decreases fetal Zn supply and contributes to abnormal development. Here we investigated whether maternal Zn supplementation at the time of ethanol exposure reduces teratogenicity.



Mice were injected with 25% ethanol (0.015 ml/g intraperitoneally at 0 and 4 hr) and ZnSO4 (2.5 microg Zn/g subcutaneously at 0 hr) and were killed over 16 hr to ascertain changes in plasma Zn. Plasma Zn concentrations peaked at 2 hr, where levels were 5-fold normal and then returned toward normal over 14 hr. Pregnant mice were treated in a similar manner on gestation day 8 with saline, saline + Zn, ethanol + Zn, or ethanol alone, and fetal abnormalities were assessed on gestation day 18.



External abnormalities were most prevalent in offspring from dams treated with ethanol. Zn treatment at the time of ethanol exposure reduced the incidence of fetal abnormalities to basal levels. Litters from dams treated with ethanol + Zn contained more fetuses and fewer fetal resorption sites compared with those from ethanol-treated dams.



These findings demonstrate that Zn supplementation at the time of ethanol exposure significantly negates the deleterious effects of ethanol on the fetus.

Field of study: Medicine
Adjusting Fuzzy Similarity Functions for use with standard data mining tools

Data mining is crucial in many areas and there are ongoing efforts to improve its effectiveness in both the scientific and the business world. There is an obvious need to improve the outcomes of mining techniques such as clustering and other classifiers without abandoning the standard mining tools that are popular with researchers and practitioners alike. Currently, however, standard tools do not have the flexibility to control similarity relations between attribute values, a critical feature in improving mining-clustering results. The study presented here introduces the Similarity Adjustment Model (SAM) where adjusted Fuzzy Similarity Functions (FSF) control similarity relations between attribute values and hence ameliorate clustering results obtained with standard data mining tools such as SPSS and SAS. The SAM draws on principles of binary database representation models and employs FSF adjusted via an iterative learning process that yields improved segmentation regardless of the choice of mining-clustering algorithm. The SAM model is illustrated and evaluated on three common datasets with the standard SPSS package. The datasets were run with several clustering algorithms. Comparison of ''Naive'' runs (which used original data) and ''Fuzzy'' runs (which used SAM) shows that the SAM improves segmentation in all cases.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Establishment and evaluation of a bacteriemia model in mice after infection with an isolated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus( MRSA )

To established a bacteriemia model of BALB/c mice after infection with a ST-239 methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus(MRSA) strain, which was isolated and identified from Shanghai Huashan Hospital.  We monitored the clinical signs and gross observations of MRSA-infected mice, and examined the histopathology among different groups.  This isolated MRSA strain ST-239 can induced a typical bacteriemia in BALB/c mice, including the severe mortality and extensive histopathologic injury. However, higher survival rate and slight inflammatory injury were observed in vancomycin-treated mices.  The solid results obatined in this model will benefit us to study the pathogenic characteristics and patholgenesis in MRSA-induced bacteriemia, and propeled us to seek a safety cure approaches in the future. 
 
 
Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus(MRSA); Bacteriemia; Mice model

Field of study: Biology
ID: 20: Optineurin regulates the interferon response in a cell cycle-dependent manner

Viral invasion into a host is initially recognized by the innate immune system, mainly through activation of the intracellular cytosolic signaling pathway and coordinated activation of interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF- κ B) transcription factors that promote type I interferon gene induction. The TANK-binding Kinase 1 (TBK1) phosphorylates and activates IRF3. We now show that Optineurin (Optn) dampens the antiviral innate immune response by targeting the deubiquitinating enzyme CYLD to TBK1 in order to inhibit its enzymatic activity. Importantly, we found that this regulatory mechanism is abolished at the G2/M phase as a consequence of the nuclear translocation of CYLD and Optn. As a result, we observed, at this cell division stage, an increased activity and phosphorylation of TBK1 that lead to its relocalization to mitochondria and to enhanced interferon production, and activation of the antiviral innate immune response before cells enter into mitosis. Overall our study shows that the antiviral immune system is controlled during the cell cycle and that Optineurin-mediated induction of this system might serve to protect cells from infections that eventually occur during cell division.

Field of study: Medicine
The world as a graph: defending metaphysical graphical structuralism

Barker, S. 2009. Dispositional monism, relational constitution and quiddities.  242–50. Bird, A. 2007.  Laws and Properties.  Dipert, R. 1997. The mathematical structure of the world: the world as graph.  Asymmetric graphs. Acta Mathematica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 14: 295–315. Harary, F. 1969. Graph Theory. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company. Lowe, E.J. 2006. The Four- A Metaphysical Foundation for Natural Science.  2011 (in press). No potency without actuality: why graph theory cannot rescue a world of pure powers from the regress/circularity objection. In Contemporary Aristotelian Metaphysics, ed. T. Tahko.   Introduction to Graph Theory, 4th edn. Harlow: Addison Wesley Longman Limited.

Field of study: Philosophy
Structured population dynamics: continuous size and discontinuous stage structures

A nonlinear stochastic model for the dynamics of a population with either a continuous size structure or a discontinuous stage structure is formulated in the Eulerian formalism. It takes into account dispersion effects due to stochastic variability of the development process of the individuals. The discrete equations of the numerical approximation are derived, and an analysis of the existence and stability of the equilibrium states is performed. An application to a copepod population is illustrated; numerical results of Eulerian and Lagrangian models are compared.

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics
ASSOCIAÇÃO ENTRE ESTADO NUTRICIONAL E APTIDÃO FÍSICA RELACIONADA

O presente estudo teve como objetivo analisar a associacao entre estado nutricional e os componentes da aptidao fisica relacionada a saude em estudantes do ensino fundamental II. Participaram 417 estudantes de ambos os generos com idade entre 10 a 13 anos. A classificacao do estado nutricional foi feita atraves do percentil do IMC. A aptidao fisica relacionada a saude foi estimada atraves do FITNESSGRAM. Analise de variância com post-hoc de Tukey foi conduzida para comparacoes entre o estado nutricional e os componentes da aptidao fisica. Meninos e meninas com sobrepeso apresentam menor aptidao cardiorrespiratoria e maior adiposidade corporal que seus pares com peso normal e com baixo peso (p 0,05), exceto com a flexibilidade. O sobrepeso afeta negativamente a aptidao fisica relacionada a saude de criancas, entretanto os efeitos sao mais pronunciados nos meninos.

Field of study: Education
Kinetic modeling and sensitivity analysis of acetone-butanol-ethanol production.

A kinetic simulation model of metabolic pathways that describes the dynamic behaviors of metabolites in acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE) production by Clostridium saccharoperbutylacetonicum N1-4 was proposed using a novel simulator WinBEST-KIT. This model was validated by comparing with experimental time-course data of metabolites in batch cultures over a wide range of initial glucose concentrations (36.1-295 mM). By introducing substrate inhibition, product inhibition of butanol, activation of butyrate and considering the cessation of metabolic reactions in the case of insufficiency of energy after glucose exhaustion, the revised model showed 0.901 of squared correlation coefficient (r(2)) between experimental time-course of metabolites and calculated ones. Thus, the final revised model is assumed to be one of the best candidates for kinetic simulation describing dynamic behavior of metabolites in ABE production. Sensitivity analysis revealed that 5% increase in reaction of reverse pathway of butyrate production (R(17)) and 5% decrease in reaction of CoA transferase for butyrate (R(15)) highly contribute to high production of butanol. These system analyses should be effective in the elucidation which pathway is metabolic bottleneck for high production of butanol.

Field of study: Biology, Engineering
Structure of PduT, a trimeric bacterial microcompartment protein with a 4Fe-4S cluster-binding site.

Propanediol metabolism in Citrobacter freundii occurs within a metabolosome, a subcellular proteinaceous bacterial microcompartment. The propanediol-utilization (Pdu) microcompartment shell is constructed from thousands of hexagonal-shaped protein complexes made from seven different types of protein subunit. Here, the structure of the bacterial microcompartment protein PduT, which has a tandem structural repeat within the subunit and forms trimers with pseudo-hexagonal symmetry, is reported. This trimeric assembly forms a flat approximately hexagonally shaped disc with a central pore that is suitable for a 4Fe-4S cluster. The essentially cubic shaped 4Fe-4S cluster conforms to the threefold symmetry of the trimer with one free iron, the role of which could be to supply electrons to an associated microcompartment enzyme, PduS.

Field of study: Chemistry
Phytoplankton Community Composition and Biodiversity Variation in Laohutan Reservoir

Laohutan Reservoir locates in Huzhou,Zhejiang.Phytoplankton community structure was investigated and analyzed to explain the ecological characters of Laohutan Reservior from June,2011 to May,2012.In the period,a toal of 8 phylum 60 families 96 species were identified,in which,there were 46 species of Chlorophyta,21 species of Bacillariophyta,16 species of Cyanophyta,4 species of Pyrrhophyta,3 species of Cryptophyta,3 species of Euglenophyta,3 species of Xanthophyta.Green algae was dominance in the species composition.Seasonal succession of the dominate species of phytoplank ton was significant different.In spring,the dominate species present to be the Diatom-Blue algae type,and the most species was Achnanthes exigua;and in summer it present to be the Diatom type,the most species was Synedra acusvar;then in autumn,the dominate species present to be the Green-Blue algae type,the most species was Anabaenopsis sp.;fanally in winter the algae type was return to Diatom type,the most dominate species was Melosira granulate.The analysis of biodiversity index showed that,the annual average of Shannon-Wiener Index was 1.87,which indicate the nutrition type of Laohutan Re servior was Mesotropher.

Field of study: Environmental science
Evaluating differences in marine spatial data resolution and robustness: A North Sea case study

Seabed substrates have the capacity to support a variety of marine communities. However, habitats provided by natural substrates are increasingly modified and supplemented by man-made structures. These provide hard surfaces suitable for colonisation by sedentary and/or non-migratory organisms, and may contribute to an interconnected system of benefit to diverse marine populations. Robust assessment of the influence of such structures is, therefore, a necessary consideration for their long-term management. The challenge of compiling and manipulating data for input to two North Sea models is described. Source data were processed and gridded at three different spatial resolutions to investigate the effect of scale on spatial relationships. Choice of grid size was found to exacerbate existing uncertainty in location and extent of features, influencing interpretation of their spatial distributions at the different scales examined. The small spatial footprint of man-made structures, compared with natural substrates, may lead to underestimation of the influence of the former at coarser model scales. Choices must be made between data availability, spatial resolution and accuracy, modelling and analysis requirements, to identify robust approaches to reliable outcomes. Model sensitivity and uncertainty analyses are recommended for application in data-limited situations. Greater openness and cooperation in data-sharing is required for robust scientific modelling to underpin decision-making in the marine environment.

Field of study: Environmental science
[Clinical-genetic analysis of limb-girdle muscular dystrophy 2 type I].

Seventy four patients with clinical presentation of LGMD and probably autosomal-recessive type of inheritance were examined. Five different mutations of FKRP gene responsible for LGMD2 type I were detected in eight (10.8%) patients. Two of them с.341C>G, c.826C>A were described before and three c.229C>T, с.265C>T, с.1078G>C were found for the first time. The significant clinical polymorphism due to the difference in age of manifestation and severity of clinical presentation was identified.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
PROBABILITY MODEL OF THE FLEXURAL RESISTANCE OF REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS STRENGTHENED WITH PRESTRESSED CFRP PLATES

The technique of strengthening concrete structure using prestressed CFRP is one of prime focuses of the strengthening structure with FRP in recent years due to its ability of efficiently utilization of material strength,of which the reliability of the structure strengthened with prestressed CFRP laminate is a key issue.In this paper the statistical character of design variables of reinforced concrete beams strengthened with prestressed CFRP plates is assessed.Accounting for size and stress gradient effects,Weibull distribution is used to describe the probability distribution function.The loss of prestressed loads is analyzed considering the prestressing method.The probability models of the flexural capacity are established for the three failure models,and the influence of variables on the flexural capacity is also studied.The probability model derived in this paper can be used as the theoretical basis of the reliability analysis and safety assessment of the strengthened structure.

Field of study: Engineering
Anisotropy of the photo-induced persistent internal polarization of a semiconductor

A theory is presented for the anisotropy of the persistent internal polarization, i.e. for its dependence on the angle between the applied electric field and thec-axis as it has been observed with Li-doped ZnO crystals. Starting point is a Boltzmann equation with anisotropic collision and capture terms. From it, a relation is derived between the ratios of the polarizations for electric fields perpendicular and parallel to thec-axis and of the effective capture cross sections for photo electrons moving parallel and perpendicular to thec-axis.

Field of study: Physics
High-power silicon P-i-N diode with cathode shorts: The impact of electron irradiation

Large-area silicon P–i–N diodes ( V RRM  = 4.5 kV, I FAV  ≈ 3 kA, A active  ≈ 55 cm 2 ) were processed with cathode shorts in order to conserve the softness under reverse recovery, while employing a 10% thinner silicon wafer for a better technology curve for the static and dynamic losses. Contrarily to existing designs, the cathode shorts have approximately one order of magnitude higher surface concentration of the P + layer than the N + emitter. Except for the implanted N-type buffer, these shorts were processed using the dopant deposition from POCl 3 and H 3 BO 3 . The diodes with and without cathode shorts have been compared for the static parameters. The dynamic behavior has been also compared at reverse recovery of a free-wheeling diode in a standard IGCT circuit. The impact of electron irradiation on the softness of the reverse recovery has been evaluated up to 125 °C.

Field of study: Engineering
The SNPs of chemokine RANTES promoter and the mutation of its' receptor CCR5 in SLE and controls in Han indigenous in Chinese

To evaluate frequency and polymorphism of chemokine RANTES and its′ receptor CCR5, and their effects on SLE in indigenous Han Chinese. Methods 146 defined SLE patients and 159 controls were collected. SNPs of RANTES promoter and polymorphism of CCR5 were performed by PCR/RFLP and confirmed by direct DNA sequencing.  The genotyping frequencies of RANTES-403 G/G, G/A and A/A in SLE were 76.71%, 21.92% and 1.37%, respectively; while the genotyping frequencies of RANTES-403 G/G, G/A and A/A in control were 67.30%, 29.56% and 3.14%, respectively ( P 0.05). There is no significantly difference in the frequency of mutation -403A allele between SLE and controls (12.3% vs 17.9%, P 0.05 ). The genotyping frequencies of RANTES-28 C/C, C/G and G/G in SLE were 76.71%, 21.92% and 1.37% , respectively, which were not significantly different from those in controls as 67.30%, 29.56% and 3.14% ( P 0.05 ). There is no significantly difference in the frequency of mutation -28G allele between SLE and controls ( 12.3% vs 17.9%). The frequency of mutation CCR5△32 was 0 in SLE and 0.3% in controls, which was not significantly different ( P 0.05). The frequency of mutation -403A allele in indigenous Han Chinese was significantly lower than that in North American Blacks and West African Blacks ( P 0.05). The frequency of mutation -28G allele in indigenous Han Chinese was different from that of North American Caucasians, North American Blacks, West African Blacks and North American Hispanics, respectively ( P 0.05).  These results indicate that the SNPs of RANTES promoter and mutation of CCR5△32 are not related to SLE. There are differences of the SNPs of RANTES promoter and the mutation of CCR5△32 in different ethnic populations.

Field of study: Biology
The Community Pharmacist’s Role in Reducing Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Lebanon: A Longitudinal Study

To assess the role of the pharmacist in modifying risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) among Lebanese adults in urban and rural areas.  In a prospective survey, 865 out of 1,000 participants aged ≥45 years, previously interviewed, agreed to be followed at 1 and 2 years time points. Parameters including blood pressure, lipid profile, blood glucose, average number of risk factors, and atherosclerotic CVD (ASCVD) risk were assessed and evaluated at the beginning of the study, then after 1 and 2 years.  During both follow-ups, the mean average body mass index and systolic blood pressure decreased significantly and the lipid profile improved significantly. Further significant improvements in ASCVD risk occurred during the second follow-up. Monitoring parameters revealed significant improvements as well.  This study showed that a plan that includes pharmacists, who regularly monitor and follow-up patients, could improve CVD prevention through the reduction of risk factors.

Field of study: Medicine
Acute administration of recombinant Angiopoietin-1 ameliorates multiple-organ dysfunction syndrome and improves survival in murine sepsis.

Endothelial activation leading to vascular barrier breakdown plays an essential role in the pathophysiology of multiple-organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) in sepsis. Increasing evidence suggests that the function of the vessel-protective factor Angiopoietin-1 (Ang-1), a ligand of the endothelial-specific Tie2 receptor, is inhibited by its antagonist Angiopoietin-2 (Ang-2) during sepsis. In order to reverse the effects of the sepsis-induced suppression of Ang-1 and elevation of Ang-2 we aimed to investigate whether an intravenous injection of recombinant human (rh) Ang-1 protects against MODS in murine sepsis.



Polymicrobiological abdominal sepsis was induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). Mice were treated with either 1 μg of intravenous rhAng-1 or control buffer immediately after CLP induction and every 8h thereafter. Sham-operated animals served as time-matched controls.



Compared to buffer-treated controls, rhAng-1 treated septic mice showed significant improvements in several hematologic and biochemical indicators of MODS. Moreover, rhAng-1 stabilized endothelial barrier function, as evidenced by inhibition of protein leakage from lung capillaries into the alveolar compartment. Histological analysis revealed that rhAng-1 treatment attenuated leukocyte infiltration in lungs and kidneys of septic mice, probably due to reduced endothelial adhesion molecule expression in rhAng-1 treated mice. Finally, the protective effects of rhAng-1 treatment were reflected by an improved survival time in a lethal CLP model.



In a clinically relevant murine sepsis model, intravenous rhAng-1 treatment alone is sufficient to significantly improve a variety of sepsis-associated organ dysfunctions and survival time, most likely by preserving endothelial barrier function. Further studies are needed to pave the road for clinical application of this therapy concept.

Field of study: Medicine