nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
A long-form α-neurotoxin from cobra venom produces potent opioid-independent analgesia

In light of the antinociceptive activity of the short-chain neurotoxin, cobrotoxin, and other acetylcholine antagonists, the antinociceptive activity and mechanisms of cobratoxin (CTX), a long-chain postsynaptic α-neurotoxin, was investigated in rodent pain models.CTX was administered intraperitoneally (30, 45, 68 μg/kg), intra-cerebral ventricularly (4.5 μg/kg) or microinjected into periaqueductal gray (PAG; 4.5 μg/kg). The antinociceptive action was tested using the hot-plate and acetic acid writhing tests in mice and rats. The involvement of the cholinergic system and opioid system in CTX-induced analgesia was examined by pretreatment of animals with atropine (0.5 mg/kg, im; or 10 mg/kg, ip) or naloxone (1 and 5 mg/kg, ip). The effect of CTX on motor activity was tested using the Animex test.CTX exhibited a dose-dependent analgesic action in mice as determined by both the hot-plate and acetic acid writhing tests. The peak effect of analgesia was seen 3 h after administration. In the mouse acetic acid writhing test, the intra-cerebral ventricular administration of CTX at 4.5 μg/kg (1/12th of a systemic dose)produced marked analgesic effects. Microinjection of CTX (4.5 μg/kg) into the PAG region did not elicit an analgesic action in rats in the hot-plate test. Atropine at 0.5 mg/kg (im) and naloxone at 1 and 5 mg/kg (ip) both failed to block the analgesic effects of CTX, but atropine at 10 mg/kg (ip) did antagonize the analgesia mediated by CTX in the mouse acetic acid writhing test. Acetylsalicylic acid (300 mg/kg) did not enhance the analgesic effects of CTX. At the highest effective dose of 68 μg/kg the neurotoxin did not change the spontaneous mobility of mice.CTX has analgesic effects, which are mediated in the central nervous system though not through the PAG. The central cholinergic system but not opioid system appears to be involved in the antinociceptive action of CTX.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
DieL-, M- undN-Absorption im ultraweichen Röntgengebiet

ZusammenfassungEs wurden einige LII III- und MIV V-Kanten nach der Plangittermethode photographisch registriert (Tabelle 1). Die hieraus abgeleiteten Niveauwerte stimmen im allgemeinen mit den aus Messungen im härteren Gebiet berechneten gut überein. Eine Ausnahme bildet das MIV V-Niveau bei 52 Sn, 48 Cd und 47 Ag. Die Abweichung liegt hier im selben Sinne und ist von derselben Größenordnung, wie sie schon früher bei den Elementen 74 W bis 90 Th gefunden worden ist. Bei 83 Bi wurde vergeblich nach einer NVI VII-und NIV V-Kante gesucht.

Field of study: Physics
Interaction of gaseous elemental mercury with snow surfaces: laboratory investigation

The interaction of elemental mercury with ice surfaces based on the migration behaviour at sub-ppt concentrations in a packed bed flow tube is discussed. Analysis shows that elemental mercury interacts only weakly with ice surfaces and suggests an adsorption enthalpy of −28 ± 2k J mol −1 . The experiments further reveal an adsorption equilibrium constant, which quantifies the partitioning of elemental mercury between the surface and the gas phase, with a value of 12 cm at 140 K. Extrapolation to environmental conditions gives a range for the equilibrium constant of 3 × 10 −4 to 4 × 10 −3 cm at 230 K. S Supplementary data are available from stacks.iop.org/ERL/3/045009

Field of study: Environmental science
Theoretical study on a frost-free household refrigerator-freezer

This study deals with a frost-free household refrigerator-freezer, in which frosting can be retarded by dehumidifying the air before it enters the evaporator of the refrigerator-freezer via a desiccant-coated heat exchanger. Because the desiccant can be regenerated via the condensation heat of the refrigerant (which is exhausted into ambient air in conventional household refrigerator-freezers), the proposed system can achieve high energy efficiency. Calculations show that the coefficient of performance of this system (COP) is within the range 1.5–2.5 at an ambient temperature of 15–35 °C. Moreover, it is found that the relative humidity of the refrigerator air (RHRA) and the temperature of freezer air (TFA) have a significant effect on COP: COP decreases by about 13% when RHRA varies from 0.4 to 0.8 and by 10% when TFA runs from −18 to −23 °C.

Field of study: Engineering
Minimizing bend loss by removing material inside the caustic in bent single-mode fibers.

By removing the cladding on the outside of a bent single-mode optical fiber and exposing a surface at a radius smaller than that of the radiation caustic, the leaky nature of the propagating mode is almost suppressed, and bend loss is effectively eliminated. The practical realization of this effect is described, and a loop with a bend radius of 0.50 mm on standard telecommunications fiber is demonstrated with negligible loss.

Field of study: Physics
Path towards Business Excellence the Mauritian Experience

This paper highlights the preliminary findings of a doctoral research being carried out on the business excellence model used in Mauritius during the past six years. The paper brings out important analysis of unique and o riginal data so much cherished by researchers. It is also a stepping stone for both custodians to improve the organization of business excellence awards and for enterprises to improve areas of business through the adoption of a proper business model.  The paper adopts a mixed method. First, the unique primary data available for six years on participants of the competition is examined quantitatively. Then qualitative content analysis technique is used to probe into the lessons learned from such an essential exercise.  Some important findings emerged from the analysis of the original data and the lessons learned in the organization of the MBEA competition.  This study will help the four stakeholders, namely, custodians, government institutions, support institutions and enterprises in any country to implement a BE framework with the organization of an Award competition.  The data is original and genuine. It helps to better understand and organize a BE programme in a country. It is the first in Mauritius to address such an issue.

Field of study: Business
STUDY ON RESTRAINING STIFFNESS OF DOUBLE RECTANGULAR TUBE ASSEMBLED BUCKLING-RESTRAINED BRACE

The external restraining members of an assembled buckling-restrained brace are held together by high-strength bolts, which should be considered in the calculation of external member restraining stiffness, as the discrete layout of the connection bolts has adverse impact on the integral restraining stiffness of the external restraining members. This study puts forward the calculating method for external restraining stiffness of double rectangular tube assembled BRB. In the theoretical derivation, the external member is assumed as a vierendeel truss to consider the discrete bolt connection and then the "continuous link method" is applied to consider the bolt connection continuously, so as to quantify the adverse effect due to discrete bolts. By investigating the deformation character of the vierendeel truss, the stiffness reduction of the external restraining member is obtained, and the link stiffness between external members is finally reached by analyzing the mechanical mechanism of external members and by fitting numerical results, thus the stiffness calculation theory of external restraining members is refined. The research results are verified by the numerical analysis.

Field of study: Engineering
Spatial autoregressive structure in meander evolution

The migration of a river bend depends in part on the high flow velocities that characteristically impinge on its outside bank. Recent models have treated this in terms of a spatial convolution, whereby local bend migration is mathematically a weighted aggregate of up-stream curvature and bed topography. The convolution model can be tested using river migration data after it is discretized and recast into a finite autoregressive form. Published isochrones marking former positions of bends on the Beatton River, Canada, support the hypothesis that rates of bend migration follow a convolutional relation. In addition, a comparison of the underlying flow model with published flume experiments involving constant-curvature bends illustrates how it predicts the near-bank depth-averaged velocity associated with a forced-bar topography in absence of free bars. The autoregressive form of the model is equivalent to a stochastic linear-difference equation; this allows bend curvature to be treated as a random process. Cast in the frequency domain, the convolution model predicts that big bends tend to grow at the expense of little bends and curvature irregularities in complex trains; there exists no tendency for preferential growth of an intermediate bend size. The model also predicts the well-known shift of maximum migration rates to positions down-stream of curvature apexes and implies that the magnitude of this shift increases with decreasing bend size. Predicted shifts compare well with published, measured shifts on the Nishnabotna River, Iowa. The sensitivity of the meandering process to initial bend geometries and entrance flow conditions ensures that diverse bend shapes arise along freely migrating rivers independently of factors such as unsteady flow and nonuniform erodibility. No single geometrical form serves as an asymptotic, evolutionary state for individual bends.

Field of study: Geology
Noninvasive blood flow tests in vascular disease.

Noninvasive testing is now routine for assessing vascular conditions. Many noninvasive tests are available for obtaining physiologic and anatomic information that is both precise and reproducible. This paper discusses noninvasive testing with plethysmography, Doppler ultrasonography, and duplex scanning for carotid artery occlusive disease, deep venous thrombosis, and peripheral arterial occlusive disease.

Field of study: Medicine
Indigenous Community Formation

apparitions to convert local populations and harness non-Catholic devotion. She argues that in the Canary Islands and New Spain the spiritual conquest had a bifurcated attack that first delegitimized and marginalized pre-Contact devotions and then superimposed Catholic symbols over local deities. To establish this idea, Garciá Soormally builds on Stafford Poole’s discussion of the Iberian “apparition genre:” the trend of the Virgin Mary appearing to poor non-Catholics. She follows this phenomenon from the Canary Islands to Mexico City and proposes that the Mexican cult of Guadalupe developed during Archbishop Alonso de Montúfar’s tenure (1551–72). She argues that Montúfar approved of the Virgen de Guadalupe’s veneration, which faced reproach by notable Franciscan friars, so that he could appease the indigenous populations who had been banned from worshipping Tonantzin and curtail the importance of regular orders. With hopes of curbing “idolatry,” the cult of Guadalupe masked and encouraged heterodoxy.

Field of study: History
The Physiological Property Variation of Early Allopolyploidy Generations in Arachis Interspecific Hybridization

To study the mechanisms of genetic variation on physiological property of Arachis allopolyploidization,the variation characteristics of physiological and biochemical indexes related to disease/stress resistance(POD activity, Proline, MDA, soluble sugar and chlorophyll content) was studied using the progenitors, F1 hybrid and early polyploidy generations(S0to S3) of the hybridization between tetraploid cultivated peanut and diploid wild peanut A. doigoi as materials. The results indicated that:(1)All the five physiological property indexes of F1 hybrid were higher than their progenitors, which showed obviously heterosis;(2)After chromosome doubling, POD activity,Proline and chlorophyll content of S0~S1were higher than F1hybrid;(3)All the five physiological property indexes of S1~S3declined along with the self-cross course but higher than their progenitors, which indicated that allopolyploidy had better environment suitability and resistance capability to disease resistance and drought tolerance.This study provided useful important information for revealing the mechanism of peanut allopolyploidy evolution.Additional, it had vital significance to guide the peanut interspecific hybridization breeding.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Reverse-phase HPLC method for measuring polarity distributions of natural organic matter.

A reverse-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method was developed to measure the polarity distribution of natural organic matter (NOM) samples. The polarity distribution is obtained by calibrating an octadecyl bonded silica phase column and polar eluent with compounds of known octanol-water partition coefficient (Kow) and using this calibration curve to transform NOM retention times into an equivalent Kow. Polarity distributions treat the NOM samples as a complex mixture rather than summarizing the polarity in a single number. The method is sensitive, with UV detection allowing quantitation of samples with <5 mg of C/L. Individual chromatograms are acquired in <20 min, allowing much faster analysis on smaller samples than XAD resin separation or 13C NMR. Polarity distributions of 10 representative NOM isolates and 2 whole water samples indicate that NOM is generally hydrophilic in nature (log Kow < 2), although XAD-8 isolates are more hydrophobic than RO isolates from the same source. Hydrophilicity, as indicated by recovery from the HPLC column, is correlated to the elemental oxygen/carbon ratio but does not correlate strongly with molecular weight or 13C NMR aromaticity.

Field of study: Environmental science
Modification of Akhieser mechanism in Si nanomembranes and thermal conductivity dependence of the Q-factor of high frequency nanoresonators

We present and validate a reformulated Akhieser model that takes into account the reduction of thermal conductivity due to the impact of boundary scattering on the thermal phonons' lifetime. We consider silicon nanomembranes with mechanical mode frequencies in the GHz range as textbook examples of nanoresonators. The model successfully accounts for the measured shortening of the mechanical mode lifetime. Moreover, the thermal conductivity is extracted from the measured lifetime of the mechanical modes in the high-frequency regime, thereby demonstrating that the Q-factor can be used as an indication of the thermal conductivity and/or diffusivity of a mechanical resonator.

Field of study: Materials science
Compositional adjustment of concurrent programs to satisfy temporal logic constraints in MENDELS ZONE

In this paper, we examine “program adjustment”, a formal and practical approach to developing correct concurrent programs, by automatically adjusting an imperfect program to satisfy given constraints. A concurrent program is modeled by a finite state process, and program adjustment to satisfy temporal logic constraints is formalized as the synthesis of an arbiter process which partially serializes target (i.e., imperfect) processes to remove harmful nondeterministic behaviors. Compositional adjustment is also proposed for large-scale compound target processes, using process equivalence theory. We have developed a computer-aided programming environment on the parallel computer Multi-PSI, called MENDELS ZONE, that adopts this compositional adjustment. Adjusted programs can be compiled into the kernel language (KL1) and executed on Multi-PSI.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Role of Social-Cognitive Expectations in High School Students' Mathematics-Related Interest and Performance.

This study tested path models of academic interest and performance that were derived from social-cognitive theory. Two samples of high school students took part in the study: 151 geometry students and 145 advanced algebra students. Measures of objective math ability, perceived sources of efficacy information, outcome expectations, course-specific self-efficacy, interest in mathematics and science activities, and math course grades were obtained. Results were generally consistent with causal models in which (a) several types of direct and vicarious experience give rise to math self-efficacy percepts, (b) self-efficacy and outcome expectations predict subject matter interest, and (c) self-efficacy partially mediates the effect of ability on course grades. Implications for the further extension of social-cognitive theory to career and educational research and practice are discussed.

Field of study: Psychology
X-ray and nmr spectroscopic study of substituted 2-alkylidene-7-diethylaminobenzopyrans

The structures of 4-methyl-7-diethylamino-2-(acetylcarbethoxymethylene)- and 4-methyl-7-diethylamino-2-(cyanocarbethoxymethylene) benzopyran were investigated by X-ray structural analysis. It was shown that the crystalline compounds have strong intramolecular charge separation and a single conformation in which the largely acceptor substituent, exomethylene, is near atom 3-H of the benzopyran fragment. Based on low temperature NMR spectra, it was concluded that an analogous conformation predominates in solution.

Field of study: Chemistry
Enhancement of Kondo Effect in Multilevel Quantum Dots

We theoretically study enhancement mechanisms of the Kondo effect in multilevel quantum dots. In quantum dots fabricated on semiconductors, the energy difference between discrete levels Δ is tunable by applying a magnetic field. With two orbitals and spin 1/2 in the quantum dots, we evaluate the Kondo temperature T K as a function of Δ, using the scaling method. T K is maximal around Δ=0 and decreases with increasing |Δ|, following a power law, T K (Δ)= T K (0)·( T K (0)/|Δ| ) γ , which is understood as a crossover from SU(4) to SU(2) Kondo effect. The exponents on both sides of a level crossing, γ L and γ R , satisfy a relation of γ L ·γ R =1. We compare this enhanced Kondo effect with that by spin-singlet–triplet degeneracy for an even number of electrons, to explain recent experimental results using vertical quantum dots.

Field of study: Physics
SU‐FF‐T‐443: Measurement of Lateral Dose Distributions Using GafChromic EBT Films and PTW Starcheck 2‐D Array

One‐dimensional in‐air scans have been proposed for accurate Monte Carlo commissioning of clinically linacbeams. The purpose of this work was to extend the measurement of such electron and photon dose distributions to two dimensions, in order to confirm the circular symmetry assumption of the 1‐D case and investigate differences previously reported between ion chamber scans and EGSnrc calculations.  Two systems were investigated ‐ GafChromic EBT film and the PTW Stacheck device ‐ and dose profiles were obtained for electron and photonbeams from a Vickers research accelerator. A range of scattering foils (electron beams) and target materials (photonbeams ) were investigated for a 20 MeV beam. Prior to the investigation, both systems were accurately commissioned in beams from an Elekta Precise clinical linac. All results were compared with previously published 1‐D ion chamber and Monte Carlo data.  The EBT film measurements confirmed the circular symmetry of both electron and photonbeams for all scatter foils and targets. Electron relative dose profiles measured using film were consistently narrower than Monte Carlo simulations, while ion chamber scans were broader than simulation. For X‐rays, relative dose profiles measured using film generally agree better with Monte Carlo than ion chamber profiles. X‐ray profiles measured by the Starcheck also show better agreement with Monte Carlo than 1‐D ion chamber scan. In comparing the two 2‐D systems, EBT film shows a lower uncertainty and smoother uniformity response than the Starcheck. Absolute X‐ray dose measurements using film and Starcheck showed significant target‐dependent differences of up to 5%.  Both EBT film and Starcheck can be used to obtain relative dose profiles with uncertainties at the 2% level. The systematic difference between absolute dose measurement with the two systems suggests that the Starcheck is more sensitive to changes in X‐ray spectra.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
MODULES FOR A SHEAF OF LIE ALGEBRAS ON LOOP MANIFOLDS

We consider a semidirect product of the sheaf of vector fields on a manifold ℂ* × X with a central extension of the sheaf of Lie algebras of maps from ℂ* × X into a finite-dimensional simple Lie algebra, viewed as sheaves on X. Using vertex algebra methods we construct sheaves of modules for this sheaf of Lie algebras. Our results extend the work of Malikov–Schechtman–Vaintrob on the chiral de Rham complex.

Field of study: Mathematics
Programmable mobile networks

Existing mobile systems (e.g., mobile IP, mobile ATM and third generation cellular systems) lack the intrinsic architectural flexibility to deal with the complexity of supporting adaptive mobile applications in wireless and mobile environments. We believe that there is a need to develop alternative network architectures from the existing ones to deal with the demands placed on underlying mobile signalling, adaptation management and wireless transport systems in support of new mobile services, e.g. interactive multimedia and web access. In this paper we present the design, implementation and evaluation of mobiware, a middleware technology that enables the introduction of new services in mobile networks. Mobiware provides a toolkit that service providers can utilize to build services that can dynamically exploit the intrinsic scalable properties of mobile multimedia applications in response to time-varying mobile network conditions. Based on an open programmable networking paradigm, mobiware runs on mobile devices, wireless access points and mobile-capable switch/routers providing a set of open programmable interfaces and distributed objects for adaptive mobile networking. Mobiware is software-intensive and is built on CORBA and Java distributed object technologies. The source code for mobiware v1.0 is freely available (comet.columbia.edu/mobiware) for experimentation.

Field of study: Computer science
Sequencing of the S1 and Prn genes of three pertussis strains for the preparation of vaccine in China

目的 了解我国百日咳疫苗生产株百日咳毒素S1和外膜蛋白(Prn)的基因特征.方法分别克隆疫苗株的S1和Prn基因至PGEM-T easy载体、进行测序,并与GenBank中收录的百日咳杆菌S1和Prn蛋白基因序列进行比较、分析.结果完成了3株疫苗生产株S1和Prn基因的扩增、克隆和序列测定.序列分析显示3疫苗株间的S1和Prn基因核苷酸序列和氨基酸序列同源性均在99%以上,基因进化树显示与其他菌株的同源性也较高.结论对我国3株疫苗生产株S1和Prn基因序列进行了详细地分析,为我国百日咳流行病学的研究和疫苗的质量控制、研制奠定了基础。

Field of study: Biology
Molecular dynamics modeling the Li-PolystyreneTFSI/PEO blend

Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulation studies of the single-ion conductor lithium poly(4-styrenesulfonyl(trifluorosulfonyl)imide) (PSTFSI) are for the first time presented here. The polymer electrolyte system comprises anions which are covalently bonded to a polymer backbone, thus rendering very high positive transport numbers. The studies here include a quantum chemistry based force field generation for this system and MD simulations of PSTFSI and a blend between PSTFSI and poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO). The simulations show that PEO acts as a very good solvent for the Li-ions, and that the transport properties are similar to Li-salt/PEO electrolytes at room temperature conditions, while pure PSTFSI has very little Li mobility at all. Realistic Li diffusion coefficients of ~ 1 × 10 − 13  m 2  s − 1 were generated for the PSTFSI/PEO blend.

Field of study: Materials science
Formal semantics for rule-based systems

The existence of a formal description of any language is a prerequisite to any rigorous methods of proof, validation, or verification. This article develops a formal semantics in the denotational style for rule-based production systems. Primarily, a formal description of a generalized, hypothetical language for rule-based expert systems is developed as a base. Building on this base, it is possible to specify in detail the variations that distinguish individual real-world systems in a usable way.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering