nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Temporal pulse precisely sculpted millijoule-level fiber laser injection system for high-power laser driver.

A fiber laser injection system used as a seeder for a high-power laser facility of inertial confinement fusion was designed to meet stringent requirements. Herein, we demonstrate the fiber laser injection system, whose output single-pulse energy reaches the millijoule class. With two-stage amplitude modulators, the system produces a pulse with a higher pulse shaping capability. In addition, amplifying the pulse with large-mode-area fiber and single polarization, large-mode-area photonic crystal fiber (PCF) ensures a good beam quality output. In this proof-of-principle experiment, the long-term stability of FM-to-AM modulation and pulse energy is demonstrated. The successful demonstration of this laser injection system holds great significance for future high-power laser drivers.

Field of study: Physics
Monocyte‐derived cytokines in multiple sclerosis

MS is an inflammatory, presumably autoimmune, disease mediated by the activation of T cells, B cells and monocytes (MO). Inflammation is thought to occur early during the relapsing‐remitting phase of MS (RRMS), whereas in the later phases of MS such as secondary progressive MS (SPMS), inflammation tends to diminish. Our objective was to compare the types and amounts of proinflammatory and regulatory cytokines produced by MO from relapsing–remitting patients with or without treatment with IFN‐β (RRMS+ therapy, RRMS− therapy), respectively, from secondary progressive patients (SPMS) and from healthy controls (HC). MO were isolated by a density‐gradient technique and three different techniques (RNase protection assay, ELISA and intracellular cytokine staining) were used to assess cytokine levels. An increase in IL6, IL12 and TNF‐α was observed by all three methods for RRMS– therapy and for SPMS patients compared to HC and RRMS+ therapy patients. We conclude that proinflammatory and regulatory monokines can be derived from MO of MS patients and that these levels are modulated by IFN‐β therapy. Although it is believed that inflammation tends to diminish in SPMS patients, our data show that inflammatory cytokines continue to be released at high levels, suggesting that IFN‐β or IL10 treatment may be beneficial for this group.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Design and analysis of industrial experiments

Design and analysis of industrial experiments This paper is based on a lecture on the “Design and Analysis of Industrial Experiments” given by Dr O. L. Davies on the 8th of May 1954 to the Industrial Section of the “Vereniging voor Statistiek”. Production, formulation, and testing are distinguished as three separate fields of chemical activity where experimental designs can be applied, and various numerical examples of such experiments are discussed in detail. They consist of a 23factorial design, a 24half replicate and a 25quarter replicate fractional factorial design, and a three‐way classification. In a final section the recent designs developed by Box for the exploration of response surfaces are briefly considered.

Field of study: Mathematics
The autotrophic growth of Micrococcus denitrificans on Methanol.

Ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase is present at a high specific activity in extracts of methanol-grown Microccus denitrificans. Enzymic and physiological evidence indicates that, during growth on methanol, the ribulose bisphosphate cycle is the route of carbon assimilation.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Linearer Stark-Effekt desR-Zentrums in LiF

A linear Stark effect of theR center is observed by studying theR2 zero-phonon line in X-irradiated LiF crystals in high electric fields. A detailed description of the experimental equipment is given. The Stark effect is investigated under various conditions of field direction, field strength and temperature. The changes of theR2 zero-phonon line, caused by the electric field, are analysed by means of the method of moments. The results are consistent with the theory forE→A transitions in a center withC3v-symmetry. By cooling the samples from 4.2 to 1.7 °K the zero-field splitting of theR center ground state was found to be <2 cm−1.

Field of study: Physics
CeO2/CoPc Nanocomposite for Potential Applications in Electronics

This study reports the influence of cobalt phthalocyanine on the dielectric properties and electrical conductivity of CeO2 nanoparticles, at various temperatures. A CeO2/CoPc nanocomposite was synthesized using a standard procedure and characterized by x-ray diffraction. The surface morphology of the sintered samples was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. The dielectric constant was calculated from the observed capacitance values in the frequency range of 100 Hz–10 MHz. It is found that the dielectric constant and dielectric loss vary as a function of frequency and have a strong dielectric response at low frequency. The occurrence of relaxation peaks in the electric modulus plot (Mll versus logf) indicates that this nanocomposite sample is an ionic conductor. The a.c. conductivity of the nanocomposite increases with frequency. The desired structural and dielectric properties make it as a good candidate for potential applications in molecular electronics and high-frequency applications.

Field of study: Materials science
Disseminated Penicillium marneffei Infection with Fungemia and Endobronchial Disease in an AIDS Patient in China

To present a rare Chinese case ofdisseminated Penicilliummarneffei infection with fungemia and endobronchial disease in an AIDS patient.  A 26-year-old policeman who had resided in Guangxi Province, China, for 3 years presented to his county hospital with a 2-month history of high fever and cough. A provisional diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) was made. Accordingly, the patient was treated with anti-TB drugs for 1 month but with no clinical improvement; he was then referred toWest China Hospital. Blood and bone marrow cultures as well as a bronchoscopic biopsy were positive for P. marneffei. A confirmatory serologic test for HIV was positive. A combination therapy with amphotericin B and itraconazole was instituted, and the patient responded well to treatment.  This case showsendobronchial involvement caused by an emerging fungal microorganism. HIV-positive patients with a history of residence in or travel to southern China and a clinical presentation suggestive of TB but responding poorly to anti-TB treatment may have P. marneffei infection.

Field of study: Medicine
On the behavior of information theoretic criteria for model order selection

The Akaike (1974) information criterion (AIC) and the minimum description length (MDL) are two well-known criteria for model order selection in the additive white noise case. Our aim is to study the influence on their behavior of a large gap between the signal and the noise eigenvalues and of the noise eigenvalue dispersion. Our results are mostly qualitative and serve to explain the behavior of the AIC and the MDL in some cases of great practical importance. We show that when the noise eigenvalues are not clustered sufficiently closely, then the AIC and the MDL may lead to overmodeling by ignoring an arbitrarily large gap between the signal and the noise eigenvalues. For fixed number of data samples, overmodeling becomes more likely for increasing the dispersion of the noise eigenvalues. For fixed dispersion, overmodeling becomes more likely for increasing the number of data samples. Undermodeling may happen in the cases where the signal and the noise eigenvalues are not well separated and the noise eigenvalues are clustered sufficiently closely. We illustrate our results by using simulations from the effective channel order determination area.

Field of study: Engineering
[Distribution of pancreas imaging agents with 11C-amino acids in mice].

11CO and 11CO2 were prepared through 11B(P,n)11C reaction and catalyzed to form Na11CN, from which [11C] valine,[ 11C] leucine and [11C] cycloleucine were synthesized. These 3 amino acids were injected iv 10 μCi/mouse of ICR strain. At 30 min the uptake rate was highest in pancreas which was3-10 times that of other organs.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
No. 41784. International Bank for Reconstruction and Development and China

Loan Agreement (Hunan Urban Development Project) between the People’s Republic of China and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (with schedules and General Conditions Applicable to Loan and Guarantee Agreements for Single Currency Loans dated 30 May 1995, as amended through 6 October 1999). Beijing, 18 October 2004

Field of study: Political science
电感耦合等离子体质谱法分析小鼠组织中以及和DNA结合的贫铀浓度与~（235）U/~（238）U

在DU染毒动物模型基础上,采用ICP-MS技术同时测定各组织中铀浓度和235U/238U比值,分析DU在体内的分布和代谢规律;提取纯化肝肾组织中的基因组DNA,ICP-MS检测与DNA结合的DU浓度和235U/238U。以Pt为内标元素,补偿基体效应,组织中铀的检出限为0.0019～0.0981μg/kg;精密度（RSD）为0.92%～2.13%,回收率在100%±10%内。ICP-MS对贫铀气溶胶中235U/238U检测结果与经典的α谱仪检测结果相吻合。DNA样品采用中性溶液稀释,DNA中铀元素检出限为0.0016μg/kg DNA,回收率为98.3%±7.3%。样本测定结果显示,肾脏和骨骼对贫铀的蓄积能力最强,脑组织几乎不受贫铀影响,其它组织的DU蓄积能力介于二者之间。在肾、肝组织中,DU可以与DNA发生结合,与肾DNA结合更持久。组织中235U/238U随染毒铀同位素组成和浓度发生规律性改变。铀浓度与235U/238U均可以作为衡量核素污染类型和程度的敏感指标。

Field of study: Chemistry
Characterization of particulate matter emissions from a current technology natural gas engine.

Experiments were conducted to characterize the particulate matter (PM)-size distribution, number concentration, and chemical composition emitted from transit buses powered by a USEPA 2010 compliant, stoichiometric heavy-duty natural gas engine equipped with a three-way catalyst (TWC). Results of the particle-size distribution showed a predominant nucleation mode centered close to 10 nm. PM mass in the size range of 6.04 to 25.5 nm correlated strongly with mass of lubrication-oil-derived elemental species detected in the gravimetric PM sample. Results from oil analysis indicated an elemental composition that was similar to that detected in the PM samples. The source of elemental species in the oil sample can be attributed to additives and engine wear. Chemical speciation of particulate matter (PM) showed that lubrication-oil-based additives and wear metals were a major fraction of the PM mass emitted from the buses. The results of the study indicate the possible existence of nanoparticles below 25 nm formed as a result of lubrication oil passage through the combustion chamber. Furthermore, the results of oxidative stress (OS) analysis on the PM samples indicated strong correlations with both the PM mass calculated in the nanoparticle-size bin and the mass of elemental species that can be linked to lubrication oil as the source.

Field of study: Environmental science
The Artis Grammaticae Opusculum of Bartolomeo Sulmonese: A Newly Discovered Latin Grammar of the Quattrocento

N the course of collecting manuscript copies of the Latin grammar of Guarino Veronese (1376-1460) I recently chanced to examine Codex Palatinus Latinus 1760, which according to the inventory in the Vatican Library contains a copy of Guarino's grammar.1 The inventory is correct: this manuscript does indeed contain the work in question, but as I quickly discovered, it also contains another grammatical work, unnoticed by the compiler of the inventory. This is a manuscript of eighty-two leaves, of which the text of Guarino's grammar occupies the first thirty-two (fols. 1-32), and the second work the remainder (fols. 33-82), with a blank page (fol. 32v) between the two. Both works are written in the same careful humanistic book hand. There are elaborate ornamental initials on the two first

Field of study: History
An Analysis of Contemporary Undergraduates’ Safety Consciousness

Contemporary undergraduates are in a period of social transition, and as young people they have unique physical and psychological characteristics, so security issues are particularly prominent. This paper first introduces the status of undergraduates’safety awareness and analyze many factors that caused the problems with safety consciousness of undergraduates, and then puts forward some measures for carrying out life and safety education for undergraduates to enhance undergraduates' sense of security awareness and their ability of safety and protection with a viewof making them growup safe and sound.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Modification and application of an emission microscope for continuous wavelength spectroscopy

A simple, cost effective, and highly sensitive spectroscopic technique for photon emission microscopy is proposed (SPEMMI). In contrast to earlier reported systems, this new system uses only one detector for both conventional failure localisation and spectral analysis. To demonstrate the functionality of the SPEMMI, emission spectra from forward and reversed biased diodes, and from a poly-Si resistor are presented. In addition, it is shown that the instrument allows fast determination, with μm resolution, of the temperature profile of devices.

Field of study: Engineering
Prediction of Thermal Conductivities of Fibre Reinforced Composites using a Thermal-Electrical Analogy

An approach for predicting the effective thermal conductivities of fibre reinforced composites has been developed, based on a thermal-electrical analogy. In the voxelization method, the unit cell of the laminate composites is divided into a number of volume elements, and the material properties considering the local variations of fibre orientation have been given to each element. By constructing a series-parallel thermal resistance network, the thermal conductivities of a fibre reinforced composite in both in-plane and out-of-plane directions have been predicted. The reported thermal conductivities of a graphite/epoxy composite of a balanced plain weave laminate were used for the comparison with the predicted values of the model, and good agreement was found.

Field of study: Materials science
cai se duo pu le chao sheng zhen duan ru xian ai de jia zhi ping jia

目的 探讨彩色多普勒超声诊断乳腺癌的诊断价值.方法 2010年5月至2012年5月期间,我院超声诊断的40例乳腺癌患者,使用PHILIPS-Envisor-HD型彩色多普勒超声诊断仪,进行乳腺扫查,记录病变部位、数目、大小,对彩色多普勒血流信号进行分级,并观察肿块内部回声情况,以及病灶内血管的血供情况等,并与手术病理诊断结果相比较.结果 40例超声诊断的乳腺癌患者中,其中34例被手术病理证实,...

Field of study: Medicine
Operational profiling of temperature using ground-based microwave radiometry at Payerne: prospects and challenges

The motivation of this study is to verify theoretical expectations placed on ground-based microwave radiometer (MWR) techniques and to confirm whether they are suitable for supporting key missions of national weather services, such as timely and accurate weather advisories and warnings. We evaluate reliability and accuracy of atmospheric temperature profiles retrieved continuously by the microwave profiler system HATPRO (Humidity And Temperature PROfiler) operated at the aerological station of Payerne (MeteoSwiss) in the time period August 2006–December 2009. Assessment is performed by comparing temperatures from the radiometer against temperature measurements from a radiosonde accounting for a total of 2107 quality-controlled all-season cases. In the evaluated time period, the MWR delivered reliable temperature profiles in 86% of all-weather conditions on a temporal resolution of 12–13 min. Random differences between MWR and radiosonde are down to 0.5 K in the lower boundary layer and increase to 1.7 K at 4 km height. The differences observed between MWR and radiosonde in the lower boundary layer are similar to the differences observed between the radiosonde and another in-situ sensor located on a close-by 30 m tower. Temperature retrievals from above 4 km contain less than 5% of the total information content of the measurements, which makes clear that this technique is mainly suited for continuous observations in the boundary layer. Systematic temperature differences are also observed throughout the retrieved profile and can account for up to ±0.5 K. These errors are due to offsets in the measurements of the microwave radiances that have been corrected for in data post-processing and lead to nearly bias-free overall temperature retrievals. Different reasons for the radiance offsets are discussed, but cannot be unambiguously determined retrospectively. Monitoring and, if necessary, corrections for radiance offsets as well as a real-time rigorous automated data quality control are mandatory for microwave profiler systems that are designated for operational temperature profiling. In the analysis of a subset of different atmospheric situations, it is shown that lifted inversions and data quality during precipitation present the largest challenges for operational MWR temperature profiling.

Field of study: Environmental science
The Use of Abstract Trait Knowledge and Behavioral Exemplars in Causal Explanations of Behavior

Both classic and contemporary models of causal reasoning suggest that we retrieve examples of an actor's past behavior from memory when explaining his or her current behavior. A variety of other research suggests that we rely on abstract trait knowledge rather than on behavioral exemplars when making such judgments. The authors conducted three experiments that examined which type of information (abstract trait knowledge or behavioral exemplars) was spontaneously used during causal reasoning when both types of information were available. Results indicated that although abstract trait knowledge generally served as the basis for causal judgments, behavioral exemplars were used if they were easily accessible and participants were motivated to engage in effortful processing. The authors discuss how the use of abstract traits versus behavioral exemplars may serve to maintain or alter existing person impressions.

Field of study: Psychology
Annealing effect on phase stability of doped zirconia using experimental and computational studies

The effects of annealing at 600 °C and 800 °C up to 2000 h on the phase stabilities of doped stabilized zirconia, (Zr 0.85 Y 0.15 )O 2 − δ (8YSZ) and (Zr 0.81 Sc 0.18 Ce 0.01 )O 2 − δ (10SSZ), were investigated by Rietveld refinements with synchrotron X-ray diffraction (SR–XRD) and first-principle density functional theory (DFT) calculations. No marked change in the SR–XRD patterns was observed for the annealed samples of 8YSZ, and the amount of Y 2 O 3 phases was less than 0.01 mol% as estimated by comparison of the observed and simulated patterns in the annealed 8YSZ samples. Whereas the CeO 2 phase was visible in the SR–XRD patterns of the annealed 10SSZ samples, the peaks of the mother doped zirconia host structure did not change, and other phases were not detected. The CeO 2 content (under 0.12 mol%) was estimated quantitatively from the Rietveld refinements. Furthermore, the phase separations from the doped zirconia to the oxides, viz. , Y 2 O 3 ,Sc 2 O 3 , and CeO 2 , were investigated by the molar solution energy ( ΔE sol. ) calculated using the DFT calculations. ΔE sol. for the phase separation to each oxide indicated that the CeO 2 phase in 10SSZ would form more easily than the Y 2 O 3 and Sc 2 O 3 phases in 8YSZ and 10SSZ.

Field of study: Materials science
Study of magneto-transport properties and quantum oscillations in PbSe single crystals

PbSe is a low-gap semiconductor with excellent infrared photo-detection properties. Here we report our high magnetic field and low temperature electrical properties measurement performed on a moderately doped PbSe single crystals with p-type bulk carrier density of around $1\times10^{18}$ cm$^{-3}$. Longitudinal resistance (R$_{xx}$) and Hall resistance (R$_{xy}$) were simultaneously measured between 0 T--18 T at several temperatures between 0.8 K--25 K. These transport measurements start showing oscillatory behavior around and above 6 T of magnetic field. The quantum oscillation frequency is ~15 T, giving an estimate for the carrier density of each L pocket in the BZ participating in these oscillations. The effective mass of the free carriers is estimated from the temperature dependence of oscillation amplitudes. Measurements as the magnetic fields is rotated reveal the magneto-transport properties of a 3D-like fermi surface. Free carrier scattering rate from the transport data has been estimated which also gave an estimation of Dingle temperature in PbSe. Room temperature optical measurements has been conducted and other optical properties has been estimated. The Drude-Lorentz model fit has been performed which show a low frequency phonon mode around 45 cm$^{-1}$ and bandgap of around 0.2 eV along with other interband electronic transitions. Some of the optical and transport results has been compared against other members of class IV-VI chalcogenides.

Field of study: Physics
Windward Cooling: An Overlooked Factor in the Calculation of Wind Chill

Wind chill equivalent temperatures calculated from a recent vertical cylinder model of wind chill are several degrees colder than those calculated from a facial cooling model. The latter was based on experiments with a heated model of a face in a wind tunnel. Wind chill has sometimes been modeled as the overall heat transfer from the surface of a cylinder in cross flow, but such models average the cooling over the whole surface and thus minimize the effect of local cooling on the upwind side, particularly at low wind speeds. In this paper, a vertical cylinder model of wind chill has been modified so that just the cooling of its windward side is considered. Wind chill equivalent temperatures calculated with this new model compare favorably with those calculated by the facial cooling model.

Field of study: Environmental science
The New Economic History and the Burdens of the Navigation Acts

AT a recent meeting of the American Economic Association, Peter McClelland presented a paper on the economic costs to America of British imperial policy.2 An important part of his paper is the sharply worded criticism of the studies by Harper3 and Thomas.4 McClelland attempts to "show that the conceptual framework of both Thomas and Harper is so defective that their final results were virtually meaningless",5 and he offers "an alternative upper-bound measure of the cost to America of the British Acts of Trade".6 Harper must have received somewhat uneasily the news that much of his life's work is virtually meaningless. Fortunately for him, Jonathan Hughes, one of the discussants at the economic history session, eloquently and persuasively defended Harper's conclusions.7 Unfortunately for Thomas, a similar voice on his behalf was not heard; likewise for McClelland, much doubt was expressed about the positive contribution of his alternative upper-bound measure. As Hughes expressed it, "I'm glad we made the trip, but we could have stayed home comfortably with Lawrence Harper,"8 and Herman Krooss, the other discussant, added: "Since before Beer and after Harper, historians and economists of great talent

Field of study: Economics, History