nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Insects in biodiversity conservation: some perspectives and directives

The Insecta is the most speciose class in the Animal Kingdom. The insect-plant relationship is the dominant biotic interaction, yet plants have many times the biomass of all animals together. The functional significance of insects is enormous, owing to the large numbers of individuals and great intra-and interspecific variety. Lack of human appreciation of importance, coupled with the general disregard and dislike of insects, is an enormous perception impediment to their conservation. This impediment coupled with the taxonomic impediment (at most only about 7–10% of insects are scientifically described) must be overcome for realistic biodiversity conservation. As it is not possible to know all the species relative to the rate at which they are becoming extinet, it is essential to conserve as many biotopes and landscapes as possible. These would be for typical species and communities, as well as for endemic sinks. It is also essential to preserve speciesdynamo areas as an insurance for future biodiversity. Preserved areas must also be linked by movement and gene-flow corridors as much as possible. Recognition, functional importance, taxic uniqueness, typicalness, genetic variation and important behavioural traits place much more emphasis on qualitative biodiversity conservation than on quantitative approaches. Ecological entomologists play a significant double role, suppressing noxious populations on crops, livestock and other products, while at the same time identifying and using beneficial species. There are well-known inherent and environmental risks with many traditional control methods and high risks with the use of genetically engineered biopesticide baculoviruses. Preservation technologies, where individuals are held in suspended animation, must be developed soon. However, such technologies, as with restoration activities such as site restoration, captive breeding, reintroductions and translocations, all require considerable knowledge and economic iput to be predictably successful. Ecological restoration involves so many biotic and abiotic interactions in even the simplest of communities, that predictiveness under all potential conditions is virtually unattainable. Instead, there should be strong focus on the preservation and conservation of as many, and as large as possible, pristine and near-pristine unique and typical landscapes as soon as possible.

Field of study: Environmental science
Subdivisions of inferior temporal cortex in squirrel monkeys make dissociable contributions to visual learning and memory.

Inferior temporal cortex of squirrel monkeys consists of caudal (ITC), intermediate (ITI), and rostral (ITR) subdivisions, possibly homologous to TEO, posterior TE, and anterior TE of macaque monkeys. The present study compared visual learning in squirrel monkeys with ablations of ITC; ITI and ITR (group ITRd); or ITI, ITR, and more ventral cortex, including perirhinal cortex (group ITR+), with visual learning in unoperated controls. The ITC monkeys had significant impairments on pattern discriminations and milder deficits on delayed non-matching to sample (DNMS) of objects. The ITRd monkeys had deficits on some pattern discriminations but not on DNMS. The ITRd monkeys were significantly impaired on DNMS and some pattern discriminations. These results are similar to those found in macaques and support the proposed homologies.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Like Life Itself

AN EDUCATIONAL workshop, like any other genuine workshop, is a place where useful commodities are produced. Those who participate learn to use tools. They also learn how to work cooperatively, as a crew or team. From the very beginning, attention is centered upon a product. The test of success or failure is the product, the end result. Hence no artificial examinations are needed; no deceptive or fictitious incentives are required. A true workshop is an educational experience which is like life itself. The Graduate Workshop in Education conducted at Lewis and Clark College during the summer of I952 was a genuine workshop. Its participants set for themselves the task of producing two commodities, namely, a factual study of the recreational opportunities, resources, and needs of a near-by community, and a factual analysis of vocational counseling in the same community. For these purposes the principal tools utilized by the participants were:

Field of study: Education
A specific PCR assay and a nested PCR assay for the screening of ovine pulmonary adenomatosis

Ovine pulmonary adenomatosis (OPA) is a naturally occurring contagious lung tumor of sheep which was caused by an exogenous retrovirus of sheep, jaagsiekte retrovirus (JSRV). Although no specific circulating antibodies against the virus coud be detected in infected sheep, exogenous JSRV proviral DNA sequences (exJSRV) and JSRV RNA transcripts could be detected in lung tumors, lymphoreticular system and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from sheep affected by OPA. The sheep genome carried 15 to 20 copies of endogenous retrovirus loci (enJSRV) that were similar to JSRV in structural genes but the divergene in U3. Therefore, primers specific for the U3 sequences of exJSRV were designed for the specific PCR and nested PCR (n-PCR). Sensitivity between specific PCR assay and n-PCR assay was compared by using serial dilutions of positive plasmid pJSRV-LTR in a background of 700ng sheep genome DNA. Sensitivity of n-PCR was ten-fold higher than specific PCR. The n-PCR was only available in blood test for detection of JSRV infected sheep and might be useful in epidemiological studies and disease control of OPA.

Field of study: Biology
The Greatness of Quranic Legislation in Maintaining the Five Necessities

This study aimed to investigate some of the aspects of Quranic legislation in maintaining the five necessities. To achieve this objective, the study attempted to answer the following questions:1) What does greatness of “Holy Quran” and “legislation” mean? 2) What are the most important aspects of the Holy Quran greatness in maintaining the five necessities in terms of legislating or forbidding? The descriptive analytical method was employed. The study concluded that the greatness of the Holy Quran legislation lies in maintaining the five necessities in terms of legislating or forbidding. The results also revealed that the inclusiveness of the Holy Quran method lies in approaching all the ways and methods of protecting and maintaining these necessities. The study recommended further investigation and studies on the greatness of the Holy Quran legislation and on all Quran chapters, and even on various life aspects since Quran is an approach of life.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Phenolics, flavonoids content and antioxidant activities of 4 Malaysian herbal plants.

Water and ethanolic extracts of four Malaysian local herbs, Tenggek burung (Melicope Iunuankenda), Kesum (Polygonum minus), Curry leave (Murraya Koenigii) and Salam (Eugenia polyantha) were investigated for their total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoids content (TFC) and antioxidant activities (AA). Total phenolic content (TPC) of the herbs was determined using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent assay while the total flavonoid content (TFC) was determined based on aluminium chloride-flavonoid assay. The determination of AA was done using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activitiy and β-carotene bleaching assays (BCB). Different extraction solvents significantly affected the TPC, TFC and AA of all herbs studied (p < 0.05). Both Tenggek burung and Kesum showed highest TPC, TFC and AA regardless of extraction solvents compared to Curry leave and Salam. All herbs showed strong positive correlation between TPC and DPPH assay. However, negative and low correlation between TFC and AA were obtained for all herbs studied. This showed that phenolic compounds of certain structures were responsible for the AA of all the herbs in this study. In conclusion, all herbs in this study except curry leave could be inexpensive sources of good natural antioxidants with nutraceutical potential in food industry.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Antiproliferative activity of Origanum compactum extract on lung cancer and hepatoma cells

Natural products have been shown to present interesting biological and pharmacological activities and are used as cancer preventive and therapeutic agents. Plants have historically been used in treating cancer and are recognized for their ability to produce secondary metabolites. Origanum compactum Benth. (Lamiaceae) is a well-known Moroccan plant with cancer-related ethnobotanical use. Previously, we demonstrated that ethyl acetate extract of O. compactum had antiproliferative potential on human breast tumor MCF-7 cells. The purpose of this study was to investigate if the antiproliferative effect of this extract was similar for diverse human cancer cell lines such as A549 lung cancer and SMMC-7721 hepatoma cells. Furthermore, this study essentially focused on the intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway. Antiproliferative activity was evaluated by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide on A549 and SMMC-7721 cells. The characterization of the mechanisms involved in this effect was determined by lactate dehydrogenase test, apoptosis assays and protein expression analyses. Our present work has shown that this extract remarkably inhibited proliferation of A549 (IC50: 198 ± 12 μg/ml) and SMMC-7721 (IC50: 266 ± 14 μg/ml) cells. The characterization of antiproliferative activity demonstrated that this extract was an apoptosis inducer in both cell lines tested. The results of protein expression analyses have shown in A549 cells that this extract activated caspase signaling triggered by the modulation of Bcl-2 family proteins. These results suggest that these natural extract-induced effects may have novel therapeutic applications for the treatment of various cancer types.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Experimental investigation of heat transfer in a horizontal tube falling film absorber with aqueous solutions of LiBr with and without surfactants

To learn about the physical background of the absorption process, the accompanying heat transfer was studied experimentally. A horizontal tube heat exchanger, similar to commercial absorbers, was built. Two different types of tubes were tested, one with a plain, the other with a knurled surface. The solution volume flow, the temperatures of the cooling water and of the solution, and the concentration of the solution were varied to search for correlations of the heat-transfer coefficient with the physical properties of the solution. The heat-transfer coefficients decrease with increasing viscosity and augmenting surface tension. They also depend on the fluid regime of the solution film, i.e. they increase with growing solution volume flow. The influence of two surfactants — 1-octanol and 2-ethyl-1-hexanol in various concentrations — on the absorption process was examined quantitatively. An increase of 60–140% was measured for the heat-transfer coe coefficients.

Field of study: Engineering
Development of a rotating X-ray shutter for coronary angiography using synchrotron radiation.

The first clinical examination using a two-dimensional imaging system of coronary angiography with monochromated synchrotron radiation was carried out at the National Laboratory for High Energy Physics in May 1996. A rotating X-ray shutter was developed to produce a pulsed X-ray beam with 2-6 ms of beam spill to suppress image blurring, at a frequency of 30 Hz. A performance test of the X-ray shutter using synchrotron radiation was carried out, and it was verified that the shutter had satisfactory specifications for clinical applications. With this X-ray shutter the monitored radiation dose in clinical examinations was consistent with theoretical expectations and kept within a reasonable level of radiation protection.

Field of study: Physics
Building a collaborative peer-to-peer wiki system on a structured overlay

The ever growing request for digital information raises the need for content distribution architectures providing high storage capacity, data availability and good performance. While many simple solutions for scalable distribution of quasi-static content exist, there are still no approaches that can ensure both scalability and consistency for the case of highly dynamic content, such as the data managed inside wikis. We propose a peer-to-peer solution for distributing and managing dynamic content, that combines two widely studied technologies: Distributed Hash Tables (DHT) and optimistic replication. In our ''universal wiki'' engine architecture (UniWiki), on top of a reliable, inexpensive and consistent DHT-based storage, any number of front-ends can be added, ensuring both read and write scalability, as well as suitability for large-scale scenarios. The implementation is based on Damon, a distributed AOP middleware, thus separating distribution, replication, and consistency responsibilities, and also making our system transparently usable by third party wiki engines. Finally, UniWiki has been proved viable and fairly efficient in large-scale scenarios.

Field of study: Computer science
Immunophenotypic characterization of peripheral T lymphocytes in Mycobacterium

 tuberculosis infection and disease

The cellular immune response probably plays a pivotal role in determining the clinical outcome after exposure to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. We used multi‐parameter flow‐cytometry to evaluate the distribution of T‐lymphocyte subsets during infection and disease caused by M. tuberculosis. Samples were obtained from 71 volunteers to identify the T CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocyte numbers, and the activation plus memory/naïve phenotypes, as defined by CD38, HLA‐DR, CD45RA and CD27 markers. Subjects were divided into 18 healthy volunteers without detectable reaction to purified protein derivative (PPD−), 18 health care workers with a recent conversion to PPD, 20 patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis (TBC) and 15 patients with treated TBC at 6 months of therapy. By multiple‐comparison analyses, the T CD4+ lymphocyte number of the TBC group was lower than the PPD– group (P < 0·05). This difference was apparently lost after treatment. The higher and the lower number of naïve T CD4+ cells was observed in the PPD– and TBC group, respectively. CD8+ T lymphocytes were also statistically different among the four groups (P = 0·0002), lower in the TBC group (P < 0·05). CD8+ T lymphocyte activation was evaluated by the CD38 and HLA‐DR surface expression. The percentage distribution of these markers was statistically different between the four groups (P = 0·0055). TBC patients had a higher percentage of CD38+ cells and mean fluorescence index, suggesting an overall increase of cell activation. These results suggest that peripheral T lymphocytes reflect cellular activation during TBC, along with possible redistribution of naïve, memory/effector and late differentiated memory/effector phenotypes in the peripheral blood after infection and disease caused by M. tuberculosis.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Designing Materials for Aqueous Catalysis: Ionic Liquid Gel and Silica Sphere Entrapped Iron-TAML Catalysts for Oxidative Degradation of Dyes.

Materials have been developed that encapsulate a homogeneous catalyst and enable it to operate as a heterogeneous catalyst in water. A hydrophobic ionic liquid within the material was used to dissolve Fe-TAML and keep it from leaching into the aqueous phase. One-pot processes were used to entrap Fe-TAML in basic ionic liquid gels, and ionic liquid gel spheres structured via a modified Stöber synthesis forming SiO2 particles of uniform size. Catalytic activity was demonstrated via the oxidative degradation of dyes. Fe-TAML entrapped in a basic ionic liquid gel exhibited consistent activity in five recycles. This discovery of heterogenized H2O2 activators prepared by sol-gel and Stöber processes opens new possibilities for the creation of engineered catalytic materials for water purification.

Field of study: Environmental science
Surface acoustic wave modulation of single photon emission from GaN/InGaN nanowire quantum dots

On-chip quantum information processing requires controllable quantum light sources that can be operated on-demand at high-speeds and with the possibility of in-situ control of the photon emission wavelength and its optical polarization properties. Here, we report on the dynamic control of the optical emission from core-shell GaN/InGaN nanowire (NW) heterostructures using radio frequency surface acoustic waves (SAWs). The SAWs are excited on the surface of a piezoelectric lithium niobate crystal equipped with a SAW delay line onto which the NWs were mechanically transferred. Luminescent quantum dot (QD)-like exciton localization centers induced by compositional fluctuations within the InGaN nanoshell were identified using stroboscopic micro-photoluminescence (micro-PL) spectroscopy. They exhibit narrow and almost fully linearly polarized emission lines in the micro-PL spectra and a pronounced anti-bunching signature of single photon emission in the photon correlation experiments. When the nanowire is perturbed by the propagating SAW, the embedded QD is periodically strained and its excitonic transitions are modulated by the acousto-mechanical coupling, giving rise to a spectral fine-tuning within a ~1.5 meV bandwidth at the acoustic frequency of ~330 MHz. This outcome can be further combined with spectral detection filtering for temporal control of the emitted photons. The effect of the SAW piezoelectric field on the QD charge population and on the optical polarization degree is also observed. The advantage of the acousto-optoelectric over other control schemes is that it allows in-situ manipulation of the optical emission properties over a wide frequency range (up to GHz frequencies).

Field of study: Physics
Holocene volcanism of the upper McKenzie River catchment, central Oregon Cascades, USA

To assess the complexity of eruptive activity within mafic volcanic fields, we present a detailed geologic investigation of Holocene volcanism in the upper McKenzie River catchment in the central Oregon Cascades, United States. We focus on the Sand Mountain volcanic field, which covers 76 km 2 and consists of 23 vents, associated tephra deposits, and lava fields. We find that the Sand Mountain volcanic field was active for a few decades around 3 ka and involved at least 13 eruptive units. Despite the small total volume erupted (∼1 km 3 dense rock equivalent [DRE]), Sand Mountain volcanic field lava geochemistry indicates that erupted magmas were derived from at least two, and likely three, different magma sources. Single units erupted from one or more vents, and field data provide evidence of both vent migration and reoccupation. Overall, our study shows that mafic volcanism was clustered in space and time, involved both explosive and effusive behavior, and tapped several magma sources. These observations provide important insights on possible future hazards from mafic volcanism in the central Oregon Cascades.

Field of study: Geology
Facilitation of human tobacco self-administration by ethanol: a behavioral analysis.

The effect of ethanol on the cigarette smoking of alcoholic subjects was studied in a residential laboratory. During daily 6-hr sessions, cigarettes were obtained either by request to the ward staff or by operation of a lever (fixed-ratio 5 or 10). In a mixed sequence across days, sessions involved ingestion of either vehicle (orange juice or vehicle plus ethanol (133.7 g). During ethanol sessions, the rate of cigarette smoking increased from 26% to 117% of vehicle levels. A series of control studies eliminated a number of potential behavorial mechanisms for the observed effect and indicated that the ethanol-induced increase in cigarette smoking occurred under a variety of experimental conditions: (1) when smoking could not occur concurrently with ethanol or vehicle consumption; (2) when subjects were not allowed to socialize; (3) when ingestion of ethanol or vehicle was scheduled for a number of consecutive days; (4) when various doses of ethanol were administered under blind conditions. In control experiments, weighing unsmoked tobacco and counting the number of puffs per cigarette indicated the effect was not due to smoking less of each cigarette. The effect was not limited to the experimental sessions alone, since total daily smoking was higher on ethanol days than vehicle days.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Late Triassic charcoal from Petrified Forest National Park, Arizona, USA

Fossil charcoal has been found in the Late Triassic Chinle Formation in Petrified Forest National Park, a location that is world famous for its silicified tree trunks. The material consists of charcoalified secondary wood, and has sufficiently well preserved plant anatomy to show it may be described as ‘araucarian type’, although it does display some minor differences from the anatomies described for the silicified gymnosperm trunks in the park. The presence of the charcoal proves that on occasion natural wildfires, most probably ignited by lightning, must have occurred in the Chinle Triassic palaeoenvironments, with resulting impacts on the biota of those times. It is currently impossible to estimate how often these fires occurred, as the incidence of charcoal here and in the whole fossil record apart from the frequency of ancient fires also reflects the preservation and burial conditions of the material. There is scant mention of Triassic charcoal in the literature, a notable absence given the abundance of charcoal that has been recorded in the Carboniferous, Jurassic, and Cretaceous periods. This lack of charcoal may support the theory that atmospheric oxygen levels were lower during the Triassic than in the Carboniferous.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
On the prediction of multivariate arma processes with a time dependent covariance structure

The general m-variate ARMA model with time dependent coefficient matrices is considered to describe a process with time-dependent variance. A set of suitable AR and MA regularity conditions is given to ensure existence and uniqueness of second-order solutions of the model. A simple form of the above solution is expressed as a one sided moving average, in terms of one sided Green's matrices associated with the AR operator. Using these results we solve the prediction problem. A few examples are added to illustrate the general results.

Field of study: Mathematics
Application of Image Stitching in the Scene Investigation of Traffic Accident

Image stitching technology is to stitch some picture into a whole seamless view with no loss of resolution. In order to meet the random objective conditions and the characteristics of high real-time demand in traffic accident scene image stitching, an improved Harris corner algorithm has been proposed in this paper. The algorithm reduces the impact from parameter setting itself on extracting corners. And can complete image registration accurately, by using a smooth transition of fusion algorithm, the algorithm achieve a seamless image.

Field of study: Engineering
Challenge and Countermeasure:the Internet Socialization and the Youths Moral Training

Depending on the fast information tr ansfer and the large information resource,the internet push-es the world into a new times.With the new times coming,the youths sociali zation will have a new pattern,the internet socializa tion.Undoubtedly,the internet socialization challenges the traditional moral training seriously.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences