nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The Selection of Prospective Teachers

C URRENT interest in the problem of the selection of prospective teachers has resulted directly from the numerical imbalance between the supply of teachers and the demand for them. Statements regarding teacher surplus, most of them rather unreliable, have led to the natural and sensible conclusion that one of the best ways to limit production is to raise the quality of the product. More careful study of the supply of teachers now shows the truth to be probably about one-half to one-tenth as severe as the alleged numerical surplusage seemed to imply. Furthermore, such surplus as has existed has been, on the whole, of rather poor quality. In Michigan, for example, reports from 365 school administrators and several teacherplacement bureaus indicate that less than 25 per cent of those available for placement can be recommended. Conditions of this sort impress upon us, on one hand, the insignificance of mere numerical statements regarding surplus and, on the other hand, the absolute necessity of damming up the flow of misfits into the profession. Recent experiences have convinced executive officers that in the interests of both professional and educational welfare, every effort must be exerted to turn out a teacher product that can stand the test of the increasingly critical consumer. How is the quality of the product to be raised? The space at my disposal does not permit a complete consideration of this complex problem; at best only a rough sketch of the subject can be presented. A thorough and detailed treatment of the question has been prepared by President Baker, of Milwaukee State Teachers College.' Although I find it impossible to subscribe to every view expressed therein, I suggest that the chapter by Mr. Baker be studied carefully by those interested in the problem. I shall not report to you the method of teacher selection employed in the institution which I represent because at best I could only say that we are attempting to develop a plan that will work. A number of educators from the Middle West have been meeting frequently at the University of Chicago to study and to develop co-operatively some

Field of study: Education
Nutritional status affects the absorption and whole-body and organ retention of cadmium in rats fed rice-based diets.

Staple grains such as rice, wheat and maize consumed by different societal groups differ greatly in their concentrations and bioavailability of the cadmium (Cd) antagonists, zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), and calcium (Ca). We hypothesized thatthe low nutritional status of rice consumers, which results from an inadequate supply of these minerals from rice, could contribute significantly to a higher apparent susceptibility to soil Cd contamination from rice than the higher nutritional status of those who consume other grains with higher mineral content. To test this hypothesis, a 2 x 2 x 2 factorial study was conducted. Rats were fed diets with adequate or marginal amounts of dietary Zn, Fe, or Ca. The basal diets contained 40% unenriched, milled rice fortified with 0.62 mg of Cd/kg as CdCl2 (0.25 mg of Cd/kg diet). Rat consumed the diets for 5 weeks and then were fed 1 g of a similar diet containing 10(9)Cd-labeled rice. After 2 weeks, whole-body (WB) retention of 109Cd was determine. Rats then were killed, and the organs were removed for total Cd determinations. Rats fed marginal concentrations of dietary Zn had slightly but significantly more WB retention of 109Cd than controls; however, rats fed marginal Fe or Ca had as much as 3-fold higher retention of the label. Rats fed marginal amounts of Zn, Fe, and Ca combined retained as much as 8 times more 109Cd than rats fed adequate minerals. The effects on Cd concentrations in liver and kidney were similar to the effects on 109Cd retention. These results support the hypothesis that populations exposed to dietary sources of Cd and subsisting on marginal mineral intakes could be at greater risk than well-nourished populations exposed to similar amounts of dietary Cd. Thus, different food crops can cause unequal Cd risk at equal Cd concentration if diets containing the food are not balanced to provide adequate interacting mineral concentrations.

Field of study: Environmental science
US Land Policy and the Commodification of Arid Land (1862-1920)

In 1923 my paternal grandmother, Elise Saxe Krall, "proved up" (gained title) on a 160-acre homestead in southwestern Wyoming. My grandfather, William Krall, had taken out the claim in May of 1918, one month after the birth of my father. My grandmother was delayed in her ability to prove up because in the summer of 1920 my grandfather was shot in an altercation with his neighbor over water and subsequently died of gas gangrene from the wound. In part the problem for my grandfather was that he had access to the land but couldn't gain access to the water. My grandmother was ultimately given title to the land because she grazed two cows and hayed twenty acres. But the truth was she couldn't make a living on twenty acres of hay and two cows. She subsequently moved to town and started a boarding house. Twenty years later she sold the property to my grandfather's brother for $800.00, and the land became part of a much larger ranch. This story, while dramatizing the difficulties a homesteader might face, was not the exception but rather the rule insofar as most homesteaders west of the one hundredth meridian found that US government land policies were inadequately formulated to provide them any assurance of a decent livelihood on the land. The experience of my grandparents and of government land policy in the West cannot be understood unless one is clear about the underlying forces which disconnected the rhetoric or stated purpose of land policy, which was clearly agrarian (i.e., small independent farmers), from the outcome of that policy. Although historians of land policy have long recognized that the outcome of land policy differed from the stated purpose, their interpretation of this divergence has been ad hoc and inadequately formulated, leaving one unclear about the systematic forces at work.

Field of study: Economics
An improved multi-objective evolutionary algorithm for detecting communities in complex networks with graphlet measure

In the past few years, community detection has garnered much attention due to its significant role in analysing the structures and functions of complex networks. Despite many efforts to design an effective community structure formula, the definition is still general, depends solely on the intra- and inter-connections of the individual nodes, and lacks complete reflection of inherent topological properties. In this paper, we continue the research line in solving community detection problem by improving the evolutionary algorithm's predictive power to address community detection challenges and transcend the limitations in earlier studies thru exploiting of strong-theoretically grounded topological properties derived from a network like graphlet measure, in terms of graphlet degree signatures and signature similarities, in method's main components. To this end, the contribution of this study is summarised in two-fold. Firstly, redefining the community detection issue as a Multi-Objective Optimisation (MOO) model, which can optimise the neighbourhood relationships along with the signature similarity measure. Secondly, proposing a new heuristic mutation operator to guide the search after considering the intra- and inter-neighbourhood topological similarity scores of the community structure, in an attempt to offer a positive collaboration with the MOO model. The systematic experiments on two benchmark networks and ten real-world networks have demonstrated the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed model in defining community structure compared with other state-of-the-art models. Furthermore, the results show that the proposed heuristic mutation operator can also improve the predictive power of the competitor MOO models in terms of convergence reliability and convergence velocity.

Field of study: Computer science
Insight into the Mechanisms of Combined Toxicity of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes and Nickel Ions in Macrophages: Role of P2X7 Receptor.

Coexistence of nanomaterials and environmental pollutants requires in-depth understanding of combined toxicity and underlying mechanism. In this work, we found that coexposure to the mixture of noncytotoxic level of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) (10 μg/mL) and Ni2+ (20 μM) induced significant cytotoxicity in macrophages. However, almost equal amount of intracellular Ni2+ was detected after Ni2+/SWCNT coexposure or Ni2+ single exposure, indicating no enhanced cellular uptake of Ni2+ occurred. SDS-PAGE analysis revealed 50% more SWCNTs retained in Ni2+/SWCNT exposed cells than that with SWCNT exposure alone, regardless of the exposure sequence (coexposure, Ni2+ pre- or post-treatment), suggesting inhibited SWCNT exocytosis by Ni2+. The increased cellular dose of SWCNTs could quantitatively account for the elevated toxicity of Ni2+/SWCNT mixture to cells. It was then found that agonist (ATP) and antagonist (o-ATP) of P2X7R could regulate intracellular SWCNT amount and the cytotoxicity accordingly. In addition, inhibition of P2X7R by P2X7-targeting siRNA diminished the inhibitory effect of Ni2+. It was therefore concluded that Ni2+ impeded SWCNT exocytosis by inhibiting P2X7R, leading to higher intracellular retention of SWCNTs and elevated cytotoxicity. Our work identified exocytosis inhibition as an important mechanism for SWCNT/Ni2+ toxicity, and revealed the crucial role of P2X7R in mediating such inhibitory effect.

Field of study: Environmental science
Rectifying the Course of Rectification

In Daventry District Council v Daventry & District Housing Ltd [2011]  Civ 1153, the majority of the Court of Appeal held that a contract should be rectified because of a common mistake. This note discusses that decision and recent developments in the law of rectification. It is argued that the approach of the majority in Daventry is unsatisfactory, and that an emphasis upon ascertaining whether the parties have objectively made a common mistake may be inappropriate: rectification should only be granted in order to reflect the parties’ subjective intentions. Such an approach might help to distinguish common mistake rectification from unilateral mistake rectification.

Field of study: Law
Limestone and chert in tectonic blocks from the Esk Head subterrane, South Island, New Zealand

The Esk Head subterrane is a continuous belt, generally 10-20 km wide, of tectonic melange and broken formation on the South Island of New Zealand. This subterrane separates older and younger parts of the Torlesse terrane which is an extensive accretionary prism composed mostly of quartzo-feldspathic, submarine-fan deposits ranging from Permian to Early Cretaceous in age. The Torlesse is the most Pacific-ward of several Permian and Mesozoic accreted terranes in New Zealand that record tectonic amalgamation and ultimate accretion against the Pacific-facing Gondwana margin. The Esk Head subterrane of the Torlesse is especially informative because it includes within it conspicuous tectonic blocks of submarine basalt and a variety of basalt-associated seamount and sea-floor limestones and cherty rocks thought to be representative of the subducted plate. Limestones in tectonic blocks are of Late Triassic and probably Jurassic ages and include (1) submarine-cemented, pelagic-bivalve, geopetal packstone-grainstone; (2) brachiopod-bryozoan encrinite; and (3) radiolarian, pelagic lime mudstone. Most of the Triassic blocks have been dated using conodonts which have remarkably low color alteration index (CAI) values ( Paleogeographic inferences drawn from megafossils, bioclasts, and radiolarians, as well as from carbonate cements, indicate deposition of the oceanic sedimentary rocks at paleolatitudes somewhat lower than that of the New Zealand part of the Gondwana margin, but higher than paleoequatorial latitudes. These oceanic sediments and their basaltic substrates were evidently emplaced in the Torlesse accretionary prism following off-scraping from an extensive subducting oceanic plate, probably the Phoenix plate, which was obliquely convergent with the northwest-trending Gondwana margin during Late Jurassic and/or Early Cretaceous time.

Field of study: Geology
Effect of Al on the Mocrotructure and Properties of Wear Resistance High Chromium Cast Iron

The experiment results show that with the increase of Al content,Al prefers to be oxidated and form dense oxidation film on the surface,thus increases oxidation resistance obviously and improves hardness and wear resistance in the cast iron containing 26% Cr.The good combination of high hardness,excellent wear resistance and good oxidation resistance can be obtained when the carbon equivalent is less than 2.3% and Al is about 4%.The as-cast structure is α-Fe+M7C3 and the grain is fine and well-distributed.If the Al content is increased further,oxidation resistance increases slightly,but the impact toughness devreases sharply.

Field of study: Materials science
Long term metal release and acid generation in abandoned mine wastes containing metal-sulphides.

The sulphide-rich mine wastes accumulated in tailing dumps of La Concordia Mine (Puna of Argentina) have been exposed to the weathering action for more than 30 years. Since then, a series of redox reactions have triggered the generation of a highly acidic drainage -rich in dissolved metals-that drains into the La Concordia creek. The extent of metal and acid release in the site was analysed through field surveys and laboratory experiments. Static tests were conducted in order to predict the potential of the sulphidic wastes to produce acid, while Cu-, Zn-, Fe- and Pb-bearing phases present in the wastes were identified by XRD, SEM/EDS analysis and sequential extraction procedures. Finally, the release of these metals during sediment-water interaction was assessed in batch experiments carried out in a period of nearly two years. Field surveys indicate that the prolonged alteration of the mine wastes led to elevated electrical conductivity, pH values lower than 4 and metal concentrations that exceed the guide values for drinking water in the La Concordia stream regardless of the dominating hydrological conditions. The highly soluble Fe and Mg (hydrous)sulphates that form salt crusts on the tailings surfaces and the riverbed sediments play an important role in the control of metal mobility, as they rapidly dissolve in contact with water releasing Fe, but also Cu and Zn which are scavenged by such minerals. Another important proportion of the analysed metals is adsorbed onto Fe (hydr)oxides or form less soluble hydroxysulfates. Metals present in these phases are released to water more slowly, thus representing a potential long term source of heavy metal pollution. The obtained results are a contribution to the understanding of long term metal transformations and mobility in mine waste-impacted sites.

Field of study: Environmental science
Empirical Likelihood Method for Censored Median Regression Models

Based on the semiparametric median regression analysis for the right-censored data developed by Ying et al. (1995), an empirical likelihood based inferential procedure for the regression coefficients is proposed. The limiting distribution of the proposed log-empirical likelihood ratio test statistic follows a chi-squared distribution, which corresponds to the standard asymptotic results of the empirical likelihood method. The inference about the subsets of the entire regression coefficients vector is discussed. The proposed method is illustrated by some simulation studies.

Field of study: Mathematics
Mapping data between sample and detector conjugated spaces in Bragg coherent diffraction imaging.

Bragg coherent X-ray diffraction imaging (BCDI) is a non-destructive, lensless method for 3D-resolved, nanoscale strain imaging in micro-crystals. A challenge, particularly for new users of the technique, is accurate mapping of experimental data, collected in the detector reciprocal space coordinate frame, to more convenient orthogonal coordinates, e.g. attached to the sample. This is particularly the case since different coordinate conventions are used at every BCDI beamline. The reconstruction algorithms and mapping scripts composed for individual beamlines are not readily interchangeable. To overcome this, a BCDI experiment simulation with a plugin script that converts all beamline angles to a universal, right-handed coordinate frame is introduced, making it possible to condense any beamline geometry into three rotation matrices. The simulation translates a user-specified 3D complex object to different BCDI-related coordinate frames. It also allows the generation of synthetic coherent diffraction data that can be inserted into any BCDI reconstruction algorithm to reconstruct the original user-specified object. Scripts are provided to map from sample space to detector conjugated space, detector conjugated space to sample space and detector conjugated space to detector conjugated space for a different reflection. This provides the reader with the basis for a flexible simulation tool kit that is easily adapted to different geometries. It is anticipated that this will find use in the generation of tailor-made supports for phasing of challenging data and exploration of novel geometries or data collection modalities.

Field of study: Physics
Numerical study on heat transfer performance of micro-channel gas coolers for automobile CO2 heat pump systems

This study aims to investigate the supercritical heat transfer characteristics of compact micro-channel gas coolers applied in automobile CO2 heat pump systems. A simulation model of automobile gas cooler was developed by using segment-by-segment method, and validated by experimental results. Using this model, under the typical heat pump operation conditions, the temperature distributions along the CO2 refrigerant flow path were predicted, and the variation of heat transfer coefficient was analyzed. Furthermore, the impacts of operation conditions such as refrigerant inlet pressure and temperature, as well as configuration parameters such as depth and pass number on the heating performance were discussed. Results show that the established model has a good prediction accuracy for heating capacity of gas cooler. It is found that there is unfavorable air temperature inhomogeneity on the airside outlet surface of gas cooler.

Field of study: Engineering
Impulsivity and Academic Cheating

The authors examined the relations between academic cheating and impulsivity in a large sample of adolescents enrolled in high school health education classes. Results indicated that impulsivity predicts academic cheating for students who report extensive involvement in cheating. However, students who engage in extensive cheating are less likely to report cheating when they perceive a mastery goal structure. In addition, both moderate and extensive cheaters report less cheating when they perceive the teacher as being credible.

Field of study: Education
Effect of a Nanodimensional Polyethylenimine Layer on Current–Voltage Characteristics of Hybrid Structures Based on Single-Crystal Silicon

In this paper the study of the tunneling current–voltage (I–V) characteristics of silicon surfaces with n- and p-type conductivity as a function of roughness in the presence of an adsorbed insulating layer of polyethylenimine (PEI) is presented. A new approach is proposed for analysis of the tunnel current–voltage characteristics of a metal–insulator–semiconductor structure based on the combination of two models (Simmons and Schottky). Such joint analysis demonstrates the effect of surface states and evaluates changes in the band bending and electron affinity after the deposition of the polyelectrolyte layer on the semiconductor surface. As a result, we are able to differentiate between the equilibrium tunnel barrier (qφ0) and the barrier height (qφB). It is shown that the deposition of the polymer leads to an increase of the equilibrium tunnel barrier by more than 250 meV, irrespective of the roughness and the conductivity type of the silicon substrate. The PEI deposition also leads to changes in the barrier height (less than 25 meV) that are smaller than the equilibrium tunnel barrier changes, indicating pinning of the Fermi level by the electron surface states that are energetically close to it. These surface states can trap charge carriers, a process leading to the formation of a depletion region and band bending on the semiconductor surface. Moreover, the change in the barrier height qΔφB depends on the conductivity type of the semiconductor, being positive for n-type and negative for p-type, in contrast to qΔφ0, which is positive for all substrates. The change is explained by capture of electrons preferably from the semiconductor space-charge region in the presence of a cationic polyelectrolyte, e.g., PEI.

Field of study: Materials science
Plasma Glycated Albumin Levels Clearly Detect Hearing Loss and Atherosclerosis in Patients with Impaired Fasting Glucose

To describe the relationship between atherosclerosis and hearing thresholds in prediabetic patients with impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and to determine the efficacy of glycated albumin in predicting carotid artery atherosclerosis in patients with isolated IFG.  The study included 82 patients (aged 53.73-80 years) divided into two groups based on fasting glucose levels, the IFG group: 59 patients (32 females, 54.2%), and the normal fasting plasma glucose level group: 23 patients (12 females, 52.2%). Patients underwent audiological testing to determine hearing thresholds, and carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) was measured using carotid artery Doppler sonography. Multivariate analyses were performed to determine whether or not the plasma glycated albumin levels could predict hearing loss and CIMT.  Patients in the IFG group (mean age: 59.8 ± 9.5 years) had higher hearing thresholds and pure-tone average scores (PTA) than those in the group with normal glucose levels (mean age: 56.2 ± 10.1 years) (left ear: 27.65 ± 8.85 vs. 25.75 ± 21.96 dB, p = 0.021; right ear: 29.22 ± 8.51 vs. 22.39 ± 6.99 dB, p = 0.001). The CIMT was significantly higher in the IFG group than the control group (0.75 ± 0.26 vs. 0.56 ± 0.16 mm, p < 0.001 for the left and 0.74 ± 0.26 vs. 0.51 ± 0.19 mm, p < 0.001 for the right carotid arteries). Glycated albumin levels were independently related with increased CIMT (left CIMT: r = 0.32, p = 0.003; right CIMT: r = 0.42, p < 0.001), and serum glycated albumin levels were significantly associated with PTA (left ear: r = 0.28, p = 0.01; right ear: r = 0.30, p = 0.006).  Sensorineural hearing loss was more common in patients with IFG. Plasma glycated albumin levels were strongly correlated with CIMT and carotid plaques as a marker of atherosclerosis and with hearing impairment thought to develop due to atherosclerosis in patients with IFG.

Field of study: Medicine
Approximation Reverse k-nearest Neighbor Queries in Road Network

Current work which focuses on R-tree in Euclidean space for reverse nearest neighbor queries cannot be applied to road network environment,so the R-tree index is replaced by the M-tree index which is capable of indexing data in any metric space for reverse nearest neighbor queries in road network.However,network distance in road network would cause large computation cost,it is too slow to allow the M-Tree to operate efficiently on reverse k-nearest neighbor queries.The road network embedding maps the network into a higher dimensional space where L∞ metric can be used to efficiently compute an accurate approximation of network distance.Based on it,the approximation reverse k-nearest neighbor queries algorithm in road network is presented,furthermore,the quality of the distance approximations、the effectiveness of k-center clustering algorithm to select the reference point and the efficiency of ARkNN algorithm are proved by experiments.

Field of study: Computer science