nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Simulation Analysis in Gear Meshing Process Based on ANSYS Software

Based on finite element analysis theory, the finite element model of gear dynamic meshing process is established by ANSYS finite element software. Through the loading analysis, results obtained the stress nephogram of gear meshing process. The results show that the maximum stress in gear meshing process is concentrated in the meshing area, and the maximum stress increases with loading time. The stress fatigue zone mainly concentrates on the pinion gear, and the stress-time curve of stress dangerous point is obtained.

Field of study: Engineering
Carbon@NiCoO2-CoOOH Double-Shelled Hollow Burr Nanospheres as Anode Material for Lithium-Ion Batteries

With SiO2 spheres as the template and PPy as carbon precursor, a layer of amorphous carbon has been tightly coated on NiCoO2-CoOOH hollow burr nanospheres, forming a unique double-shelled hollow burr nanospheres structure. Carbon@NiCoO2-CoOOH presents a high discharge capacity (1334 mAh g−1 at a current density of 100 mA g−1), a stable cycling performance (912 mAh g−1 at the 600th cycle at 200 mA g−1), and a desirable rate capability when used as anode material for lithium-ion batteries. The outstanding electrochemical performance results from the synergy effect of the hollow burr nanosphere and the amorphous carbon shell. The hollow burr nanosphere endows NiCoO2 and CoOOH with a high electrochemical activity and a good accommodation capability to volume change. The amorphous carbon shell remarkably reinforces the structure stability and electronic conductivity of NiCoO2 and CoOOH.

Field of study: Materials science
Mobilization of the iron centre in IscA for the iron-sulphur cluster assembly in IscU.

The biogenesis of iron-sulphur clusters requires the co-ordinated delivery of both iron and sulphur. It is now clear that sulphur in iron-sulphur clusters is derived from L-cysteine by cysteine desulphurases. However, the iron donor for the iron-sulphur cluster assembly still remains elusive. Our previous studies indicated that Escherichia coli IscA, a member of the iron-sulphur cluster assembly machinery, is an iron-binding protein that can provide iron for the iron-sulphur cluster assembly in a proposed scaffold IscU. To determine how the iron centre in IscA is transferred for the iron-sulphur cluster assembly in IscU, we explore the mobility of the iron centre in IscA. The UV-visible and EPR measurements show that L-cysteine, but not IscU, is able to mobilize the iron centre in IscA and make the iron available for the iron-sulphur cluster assembly in IscU. Other related biological thiols such as N-acetyl-L-cysteine or reduced glutathione have no effect on the iron centre of IscA, suggesting that L-cysteine is unique in mobilizing the iron centre of IscA. Nevertheless, L-cysteine alone is not sufficient to transfer the iron from IscA to IscU. Both L-cysteine and cysteine desulphurase (IscS) are required for the IscA-mediated assembly of iron-sulphur clusters in IscU. The results suggest that L-cysteine may have two distinct functions in the biogenesis of iron-sulphur clusters: to mobilize the iron centre in IscA and to provide sulphur via cysteine desulphurase (IscS) for the iron-sulphur cluster assembly in IscU.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
A functional and integrated approach of methods for the management of protected marine areas in the Mexican Coastal Zone

The management of the Marine Protected Areas in the Coastal Zone (MPACZ) is an endeavor that requires a comprehensive approach. Given the complexity of these areas, their management calls for the integration of methodologies directed to achieve their conservation. We examine several of the methodologies that have been proposed for the MPACZ management and propose a comprehensive and tactical methodology for the development of strategic management procedures. The resulting method encompasses several concepts; the presence of planning and regulation zones, the analysis of the MPACZ using different scales (macro, meso, and local), and the inclusion of the people involved in the uses and regulation.

Field of study: Environmental science
Miniature vector magnetometer for scanning SQUID microscopy

We have demonstrated a miniature vector magnetometer for imaging three orthogonal components of the magnetic field in close proximity to a planar sample. This magnetometer consists of three separate SQUIDs fabricated adjacent to each other on a planar substrate using a planarized, three-level-of-metal low-Tc process with features as small as 0.8 /spl mu/m. The z-axis SQUID has a conventional single square pick-up loop, approximately 10 /spl mu/m in size, that connects to remotely located tunnel junctions via a totally enclosed planar coaxial lead structure. The x- and y-axis SQUIDs are of similar design except that the pick-up structures are in the form of multiple-turn planar solenoids about 10 /spl mu/m in size. In this paper we will discuss the design, fabrication, and characterization of the devices along with initial results of the imaging of individual trapped flux quanta.

Field of study: Physics
Study on extraction process of banana polysaccharides

Purpose search for high-purity banana polysaccharide purification method.From mature bananas,heat extraction,ethanol alcohol,and then vacuum drying,to obtain banana polysaccharide,these banana polysaccharide were dissolved,CTAB precipitation solution,and finally obtained by vacuum drying of banana essence polysaccharide.Extraction solvent was water,extracted twice number,water for the first was 12-fold,and the second was 8-fold,extraction time for the first was three hours,and the second was two hours,decompression filtrate concentrated to the original 50%,the concentration of ethanol precipitation was 70%,final concentration CTAB solution was 1.5%,decompression drying method for drying.Test results show that the high purity of the polysaccharides extracted from the banana to technology is feasible

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Partnership and Profit in the Early Andean Trade: The Experiences of Quito Merchants, 1580–1610

Quito was an international trading city in the late sixteenth century. It was one of several commercial centers strung along the Andes that aided in the adaptation of Old World economic techniques to New World resources. By the i58os, agricultural and manufacturing surpluses had helped Quito emerge as a dominant trading center in western South America, second only to Lima and Potosi. Quito's bustling commercial life was sound testimony to the skills of Spanish merchants who had so carefully fashioned an elaborate Andean and trans-Atlantic trading network. The network remained an essential feature of the Quito economy until the late eighteenth century. This article evaluates four aspects of the commercial life of Quito from I580 to 16Io: the conditions which influenced commercial success, the organization of merchant enterprises, the profits earned from trade, and the way merchants disposed of their profits. These are complex dimensions of the economic life of Quito. The purpose here is to make some preliminary observations and, where possible, to provide information from the Quito experience which may have value for a comparative understanding of the economic history of the New World.

Field of study: Political science
Some chemistry of hindered organoboranes

Boron stabilised carbanions can be ma& through the use of highly hindered diarylboranes. Some reactions of the anions so produced are discussed. A spin-off of this work is the production of some stable mono and diarylboranes which hold great promise as reagents of general application. In a similar fashion, highly hindered and very stable alkyldiarylhydroborates are now available for selective reductions.

Field of study: Chemistry
Three physiological parameters capture variation in leaf respiration of Eucalyptus grandis, as elicited by short-term changes in ambient temperature, and differing nitrogen supply.

We used instantaneous temperature responses of CO2 -respiration to explore temperature acclimation dynamics for Eucalyptus grandis grown with differing nitrogen supply. A reduction in ambient temperature from 23 to 19 °C reduced light-saturated photosynthesis by 25% but increased respiratory capacity by 30%. Changes in respiratory capacity were not reversed after temperatures were subsequently increased to 27 °C. Temperature sensitivity of respiration measured at prevalent ambient temperature varied little between temperature treatments but was significantly reduced from ~105 kJ mol-1 when supply of N was weak, to ~70 kJ mol-1 when it was strong. Temperature sensitivity of respiration measured across a broader temperature range (20-40 °C) could be fully described by 2 exponent parameters of an Arrhenius-type model (i.e., activation energy of respiration at low reference temperature and a parameter describing the temperature dependence of activation energy). These 2 parameters were strongly correlated, statistically explaining 74% of observed variation. Residual variation was linked to treatment-induced changes in respiration at low reference temperature or respiratory capacity. Leaf contents of starch and soluble sugars suggest that respiratory capacity varies with source-sink imbalances in carbohydrate utilization, which in combination with shifts in carbon-flux mode, serve to maintain homeostasis of respiratory temperature sensitivity at prevalent growth temperature.

Field of study: Environmental science
An economic history of the Middle East and North Africa

Abbreviations and Symbols viii Preface xi I Challenge and Response, 1800-1980 1 Impact II Expansion of Foreign Trade 17 III Development of Transport 44 IV The Influx of Foreign Capital 62 V Migration and Minorities 77 Response VI Population, Level of Living, and Social Development 93 VII Agricultural Expansion 118 VIII Deindustrialization and Reindustrialization 150 IX Institutions and Policy, Money and Prices, Savings and Investment 170 X  Transformation or Exposion? 194 XI The Balance Sheet 210 Statistical Appendix 229 Notes 239 Selected Bibliography 265 Subject Index 299 Index of Principal Names and Places 301

Field of study: Economics, History
Suppression of an opposite wave in pumping a four-wave wavefront-reversing mirror by a CO2 laser with an unstable resonator

An experimental investigation was made of optical systems in which polarizers eliminated the influence of an opposite wave on the angular characteristics of the radiation emitted by a laser with a telescopic resonator. The feasibility and advantages of the use of an unstable resonator were analyzed for a generator of reference waves in systems for a degenerate four-wave interaction at the wavelength of 10.6μ.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Impact of peripheral glucoregulation on memory.

Impaired glucoregulation is associated with neuropsychological deficits, particularly for tests that measure verbal declarative memory performance in older diabetic patients. The performances of 74 undergraduate students (mean age = 21 years) on several verbal declarative measures, including immediate and delayed paragraph recall, verbal free recall, and order reconstruction tasks, were correlated with glucoregulatory indices. The indices were obtained from glucose and insulin levels after a 75-g glucose load. In general, higher blood glucose levels were associated with poorer performance on all memory tests. Glucose ingestion did not interact with performance except on the most difficult task. Subjects with poorer glucoregulation showed higher evoked glucose and insulin, suggestive of a mild glucose intolerance accompanied by mild insulin insensitivity. Results suggest that poor peripheral glucoregulation has an impact on central nervous system functions.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Physarum nitric oxide synthases: genomic structures and enzymology of recombinant proteins

Physarum polycephalum expresses two closely related, calcium-independent NOSs (nitric oxide synthases). In our previous work, we showed that both NOSs are induced during starvation and apparently play a functional role in sporulation. In the present study, we characterized the genomic structures of both Physarum NOSs, expressed both enzymes recombinantly in bacteria and characterized their biochemical properties. Whereas the overall genomic organization of Physarum NOS genes is comparable with various animal NOSs, none of the exon–intron boundaries are conserved. Recombinant expression of clones with various N-termini identified N-terminal amino acids essential for enzyme activity, but not required for haem binding or dimerization, and suggests the usage of non-AUG start codons for Physarum NOSs. Biochemical characterization of the two Physarum isoenzymes revealed different affinities for L-arginine, FMN and 6R-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-L-biopterin.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Feeding behavior of giant trilobites from the Penha Garcia Ichnological Park (UNESCO Naturtejo Global Geopark, Portugal)

1 UNESCO Naturtejo Global Geopark‐Geology Office of the Municipality of Idanha‐a‐Nova, Centro Cultural Raiano, Idanha‐a‐Nova, Portugal 2 Instituto D. Luiz, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal 3 DISTAV, University of Genova, Genoa, Italy 4 Department of Earth Sciences, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), Zanjan, Iran 5 Geo‐environment and Geoheritage Group, Geology Department, Faculty of Sciences, Ibn Zohr University, Agadir, Morocco 6 “Monachus” Group of Scientific Research and Ecological Education, Constanta, Romania The Ichnological Park of Penha Garcia located in central east Portugal, near the border with Extremadura (Spain), is a reference geosite for the Naturtejo UNESCO Global Geopark. The extremely abundant and well‐preserved trace fossil record is characteristic of the Armorican Quartzite facies across northwestern Gondwana which are composed of mixed‐influenced asymmetrical deltaic deposits from the southern margin of the Rheic Ocean, developed during its drifting stage. The protected section in the Ponsul river gorge covers an area of 1 km2 and its paleontological record dates from Lower‐to‐Middle Ordovician (Floian–Darriwilian). It was first studied in the 1850s (Baucon et al. 2012), becoming a worldwide reference for understanding the intrastratal pres‐ ervation and foraging ethology of the ichnogenus Cruziana, the archetypical form of the Cruziana Ichnofacies (Goldring 1985; Neto de Carvalho 2006; Seilacher 2007). The sedi‐ mentary succession is over 300 m thick. Detailed analysis of the geometry and internal architecture of the depositional phases along the depositional strike showed that the deposi‐ tion of the Penha Garcia Formation likely took place under an increase in the rate of accommodation, due to long‐term relative sea‐level rise and high subsidence rates, coupled with an increase in sediment supply, which could have been locally amplified by compaction of the prodelta‐related pelitic beds. The highest bioturbation intensities and ichnodiversity occur in storm‐dominated delta front facies associations. So far, 21 ichnogenera and 36 ichnospecies have been identified at Penha Garcia. These ichnotaxa reflect a wide spectrum of behaviors, ascribed to trilobites, bivalves, phyllocarid crustaceans and other endobenthic arthropods, anemones, protobranch bivalves, sessile and vagile worms (Neto de Carvalho et al. 2014). Several aspects make Penha Garcia a reference site of ichnological international importance: (1) the abundance of trace fossils of the Cruziana rugosa group, represented by thousands of trace fossils disrupting over 100

Field of study: Environmental science
Factors in College Students' Drinking

Associations of age, membership in a sorority or fraternity, and whether a family member had an alcohol-related problem with the number of alcohol-related problem behaviors were examined by asking 160 people on campuses and one Board of Education in the northeastern United States to complete anonymously a 17-item questionnaire reporting the number of drinking-related problem behaviors. A 2×2×3 factorial analysis of variance with unequal ns yielded significance for age, type of family membership, and the interaction between age and membership in a sorority or fraternity. Younger subjects reported more alcohol-related drinking behaviors as did those with members of their family having drinking problems. Finally, younger members of a Greek organization reported the greatest number of problem behaviors.

Field of study: Psychology
Impacts of human activities on coastal ecological environment during the rapid urbanization process in Shenzhen, China

How human activities impact on coastal ecosystem during rapid urbanization is one of the hot spots in the coastal management study. In this paper, we comparatively evaluate changes in the positive and the negative ecological elements of Shenzhen's coastal zone in the rapid urbanization process to understand impacts of human activities. The positive and the negative ecological elements divided by built of classification based on extracted land uses from multi-source remote sensing images and land-use degree index. Then landscape indexes such as AWMSI, ED, PSSD, PSCOV at the class level and CONNECT, SHEI at both class level and landscape level were used to reveal spatial and temporal differentiation of impacts of human activities on ecological elements. Results revealed that impacts of human activities on coastal ecosystem were stronger in west coast than that in east coast, and environmental protection awareness of government began to enhance from 2000, whereas the ecosystem health didn't become better. Future urbanization plans about coastal zones need to consider the ecological benefit of the landscape pattern from both a local and global point of view. This method can contribute to the sustainable management of other coastal zones.

Field of study: Environmental science
On the Jacquet Conjecture on the Local Converse Problem for p-adic GL_n

Based on previous results of Jiang, Nien and the third author, we prove that any two minimax unitarizable supercuspidals of GL_N that have the same depth and central character admit a special pair of Whittaker functions. This result gives a new reduction towards a final proof of Jacquet's conjecture on the local converse problem for GL_N. As a corollary of our result, we prove Jacquet's conjecture for GL_N, when N is prime.

Field of study: Mathematics
Evidence that changes in antimicrobial peptides during tuberculosis are related to disease severity, clinical presentation, specific therapy and levels of immune-endocrine mediators.

Given the role of host defense peptides (HDPs) in the defensive response against mycobacteria, we analyzed the circulating levels of LL-37, β-defensin-2 and -3 in newly diagnosed patients with pulmonary (PTB) or pleural tuberculosis (PLTB) in whom measurements of pleural fluids were also performed. Severe PTB patients displayed higher circulating amounts of β-defensin-3, statistically different from controls, further decreasing upon antimycobacterial treatment. LL-37 concentrations appeared within the normal range at diagnosis, but tended to increase during treatment, becoming statistically upon its completion in moderate cases. PLTB patients revealed decreased levels of β-defensin-2 in presence of increased amounts of β-defensin-3 and LL-37; in their plasma or pleural fluids. Considering the immune-endocrine dysregulation of tuberculosis, we also performed correlation analysis detecting positive associations between levels of cortisol, IL-6 and β-defensin-3 in plasma from untreated severe patients as did their dehydroepiandrosterone and LL-37 values. Increased presence of β-defensins, may represent an attempt to improve defensive mechanisms; which also take part in the inflammatory reaction accompanying TB, reinforced by the association with immune-endocrine mediators. The divergent profile of PLTB patients, decreased β-defensin-2 but increased β-defensin-3 and LL-37 levels, suggests a differential role of these HDPs in a situation characterized for its better protective response.

Field of study: Medicine
Transport in graphene antidot barriers and tunneling devices

Periodic arrays of antidots, i.e., nanoscale perforations, in graphene enable tight confinement of carriers and efficient transport barriers. Such barriers evade the Klein tunneling mechanism by being of the mass rather than electrostatic type. While all graphene antidot lattices (GALs) may support directional barriers, we show, however, that a full transport gap exists only for certain orientations of the GAL. Moreover, we assess the applicability of gapped graphene and the Dirac continuum approach as simplified models of various antidot structures showing that, in particular, the former is an excellent approximation for transport in GALs supporting a bulk band gap. Finally, the transport properties of a GAL based resonant tunneling diode are analyzed indicating that such advanced graphene based devices may, indeed, be realized using GAL structures.

Field of study: Physics
LPS Exposure in Early Life Protects Against Mucus Hypersecretion in Ovalbumin-Induced Asthma by Down-Regulation of the IL-13 and JAK-STAT6 Pathways

Previous studies have shown that lipopolysaccharide (LPS) exposure may have a protective effect on asthma by reducing airway hyper-responsiveness, airway inflammation and serum IgE levels. However, there are few studies investigating the effect of LPS on mucous secretion in asthma. In this study, we evaluate the relationship between LPS pre-treatment in infant mice and airway mucus hypersecretion in an OVA (ovalbumin)-induced asthma model, and further explore the mechanisms behind this effect.  Mice were pre-treated with LPS by intranasal instillation (i.n.) from the 3rd day of life for 10 consecutive days before the OVA-induced asthma model was established. In order to detect mucus secretion, periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining was carried out, and the expression of Muc5ac was detected. The IL-13 levels in Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and lung tissue were also detected. In vitro, the expression of Muc5ac mRNA and protein was quantified in IL-13-stimulated 16HBE cells with or without LPS pre-treatment. In addition, proteins in the JAK2/STAT6 pathway, transcription factors (forkhead box transcription factor A2 (FOXA2), activation protein-1(AP-1), NF-κB), and the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were also measured in vivo and in vitro.  LPS pre-treatment reduced mucus secretion, as demonstrated by decreased PAS staining and muc5ac expression. Further exploration of the underlying mechanisms of this phenomenon revealed that LPS pre-treatment decreased the production of IL-13, IL-13 induced ROS synthesis was reduced, and the JAK2/STAT6 pathway was inhibited. Decreased stat6 increased transcription factor FOXA2, and the relatively increased FOXA2 further decreased the level of Muc5ac and mucous hypersecretion in OVA-induced asthma.  LPS pre-treatment ameliorated mucus hypersecretion in an OVA-induced asthma model by inhibition of IL-13 production and by further inhibiting the JAK2/STAT6 pathway and ROS activity, and up-regulating expression of FOXA2.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry