nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Deconvolution of Microfluorometric Histograms with B Splines

We consider the problem of estimating a probability density from observations from that density which are further contaminated by random errors. We propose a method of estimation using spline functions, discuss the numerical implementation of the method, and prove its consistency. The problem is motivated by the analysis of DNA content obtained by microfluorometry, and an example of such an analysis is included.

Field of study: Mathematics
Improving Thermo-Oxidative Stability of Nitrile Rubber Composites by Functional Graphene Oxide

Graphene oxide (GO), modified with anti-aging agent p-phenylenediamine (PPD), was added into nitrile rubber (NBR) in order to improve the thermo-oxidative stability of NBR. The modification of GO and the transformation of functional groups were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman, and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Mechanical performances of NBR composites before and after the thermo-oxidative aging were recorded. The results of dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) show an increased storage modulus (G’) and a decreased value of area of tan δ peak after introducing modified GO into NBR. It indicates that filler particles show positive interaction with molecular chains. The thermo-oxidative stability of composites was investigated by thermogravimetric analysis (TG) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Then, the thermo-oxidative aging kinetic parameters were obtained by the Flynn–Wall–Ozawa (FWO) equation. The results of aging tests show that the thermo-oxidative stability of rubber matrix increases obviously after introducing GO–PPD. In addition, mechanical properties (tensile strength and elongation at break) of both before and after aged NBR/GO–PPD composites were superior to that of NBR. This work provides meaningful guidance for achieving multifunction thermo-oxidative aging resistance rubber composites.

Field of study: Materials science
On the determination of the quasiparticle scattering rate in unconventional superconductors by microwave surface impedance

As found from numerous microwave experiments on the unconventional Fe-based superconductors, the temperature dependence of the quasiparticle scattering rate τ−1 cannot be accurately described within the framework of standard Drude module in the popular approximation of ωτ ≪ 1, where ω is the signal frequency. To account for the discrepancy, we have extended the classical Drude model for the case of arbitrary values of ωτ, and obtained the expression for τ−1 as a function of experimentally measurable quantities, namely the real and imaginary parts of the microwave surface impedance. We then show the temperature dependence of τ−1 in superconducting Ba(Fe1-xCox)2As2 single crystal pnictide derived from the Ka-band surface impedance measurements within the framework of the modified expression. The measurements indicate the extent to which assumption of ωτ ≪ 1 gives results different from those obtained without this restriction, i.e., incorrect results.

Field of study: Physics
Soil amendments reduce trace element solubility in a contaminated soil and allow regrowth of natural vegetation.

We tested the effects of three amendments (a biosolid compost, a sugar beet lime, and a combination of leonardite plus sugar beet lime) on trace element stabilisation and spontaneous revegetation of a trace element contaminated soil. Soil properties were analysed before and after amendment application. Spontaneous vegetation growing on the experimental plot was studied by three surveys in terms of number of taxa colonising, percentage vegetation cover and plant biomass. Macronutrients and trace element concentrations of the five most frequent species were analysed. The results showed a positive effect of the amendments both on soil chemical properties and vegetation. All amendments increased soil pH and TOC content and reduced CaCl(2)-soluble-trace element concentrations. Colonisation by wild plants was enhanced in all amended treatments. The nutritional status of the five species studied was improved in some cases, while a general reduction in trace element concentrations of the aboveground parts was observed in all treated plots. The results obtained show that natural assisted remediation has potential for success on a field scale reducing trace element entry in the food chain.

Field of study: Environmental science
Leadership Skills among Technical and Vocational Educators.

The purpose of leadership skills among technical and vocational educator are to prepare them towards effective organization. Effective leadership is widely accepted as being a key constituent in achieving organization improvement and to examine. This study aimed to gauge the leadership skills among technical and vocational educators effectiveness by using Katzenmeyer and Moller dimensions which are developmental focus, recognition, autonomy, collegiality, participation, open communication and positive environment. This study also indicated the difference between leadership skills and technical and vocational educator experience. A quantitative study using survey exploration was carried out on 30 vocational and technical educators. The respondent was selected by using random sampling technique among technical and vocational educators and the analysis using SPSS 16.0 through descriptive statistic and t-test. The result indicated that the level of leadership skills were at highest in the collegiality dimension and this analysis show that the data variation is not equal and the analysis show there are no significant relationship between effective leadership of educator and gender. This study is hoped to be used by organization as to increase leadership skill among educators and could increase critical thinking skills, insight, intuition and interpersonal communication including listening and positive impact for an improvement in an organization.  Leadership Skills, Staff, Educators, Professional evelopment

Field of study: Education
Spin-phonon coupling of Al2O3:V3+ by quantitative spectroscopy with phonons

Superconducting tunnel junctions were used as tunable monochromatic phonon sources by selecting a narrow band of bremsstrahlung phonons by modulation. For quantitative spectroscopy, the line shape of the modulated band was calculated. Using this, the experimental results on Al2O3: V3+ were analyzed in terms of the spinphonon Hamiltonian including rotational coupling. In contrast with the theory, the coupling with theL mode along the trigonal axis was not forbidden and, furthermore, exhibited an unexplained narrowing. The analysis of the other modes yieldedG44=+0.4 cm−1 andG41=− 8.1 cm−1. The observation of “resonance fluorescence” is also reported.

Field of study: Physics
Jamesian Aspects of Misattribution Research

James's (1884) emotion theory was a precursor of Schachter's (1964) theoretical stance, the viewpoint that formed the basis of subsequent misattribution research. Schachter accepted the Jamesian notion that emotional experience depends on the perception of one's own bodily changes, but he differed from James in assuming that physiological reactions do not inform the individual of hedonic quality. However, several misattribution researchers have implied that hedonic tone can derive immediately from bodily reactions, thereby mixing Jamesian assumptions with Schachter's standpoint. Several pertinent studies are discussed and accommodated within a modified version of Schachter's theory, one which assumes that internal arousal can provide information concerning both the intensity and evaluative quality of affective experience, and that such internal arousal can precede misattribution. Thus, the proposed modification integrates the views of James and Schachter.

Field of study: Psychology
The use of dioxin isomer group ratios to identify sources and define background levels of dioxins in the environment.

Environmental samples containing a mixture of dioxins of which there are seventy‐five isomers, show a characteristic composition indicative of their source and the destruction reactions taking place in the environment. Expressed in terms of isomer group ratios, the study shows that thermochemical reactions rearrange the isomer content to form specific ratios characteristic of the source itself, and upon release to the environment a shift in the ratios to a new and constant set of ratios characteristic of the environment into which they are released. The observed shift is easily modeled, independent of the source, and presumably caused by oxidation reactions in the atmosphere. The reduction/oxidation reactions needed to account for such an observation is demonstrated in a laboratory unit where a single type of dioxin (octachlorodibenzo‐p‐dioxin) is transformed into all isomer group species during incineration

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Comment on the Paper Entitled ‘Erythropoietin Ameliorates Oxidative Stress and Tissue Injury following Renal Ischemia/Reperfusion in Rat Kidney and Lung’

ing the free iron and reducing the oxidative brain injury. Thus, it improves the long-term brain healing after an insult by providing an increased oxygen-carrying capacity through erythropoiesis and angiogenesis and by increasing neurogenesis. The net effect of the acute actions of Epo is a decrease in apoptosis. Schelshorn et al .  found that neurons could specifically express hemoglobin in response to either hypoxia or Epo, and that neuronal hemoglobin expression may be neuroprotective by facilitating oxygen uptake in neurons and serving as an oxygen capacitator molecule. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that the combined use of hypothermia and Epo has more expressed neuroprotective effects than the sole use of hypothermia after perinatal asphyxia in newborns  . We therefore recommend that Epo be included in the treatment guidelines as an adjunctive therapy to therapeutic hypothermia for neuroprotection following a hypoxic-ischemic insult in newborn infants.

Field of study: Medicine
Paleosol caliche in the New Haven Arkose, Newark Group, Connecticut

The New Haven Arkose is a 1500–2500 m sequence of fluvial red beds of Late Triassic and probably Early Jurassic age that accumulated in a tropical rift valley. Streams flowing from highlands along the valley deposited braided channel sand interbedded with overbank mud. At most outcrops in Connecticut, some of the beds of red mudstone and sandstone contain paleosol caliche with densely packed root casts and rhizoconcretions. These calcified mudstones and sandstones commonly show the initial stages of calcification where subspherical to vertically elongate calcite nodules with crystic plasmic (microspar) fabric replace up to 50% of the host rock. In more mature paleosols, coalescing calcite nodules replace 50–95% of the rock, accompanied by paleosol mosaics of pedotubules, peds, and laminated crystallaria. The best developed caliche profiles are capped by thin (0–10 cm) layers of nearly pure limestone with complex fabrics of nodules, microspar, veins, caliche clasts, laminae, and calcite cement. The caliche profiles accumulated when rates of sedimentation were low. Much of the time the tropical paleoclimate was semiarid, perhaps with 100–500 mm of seasonal rain and a long dry season.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Continuous Directional Water Delivery on the 3D-Printed Arrowhead Microstructure Array

Unidirectional transport is attracting increasing attention in the field of microfluidics, because it does not require an external energy supply. However, most of the current self-driving structures are still plagued with persistent problems that restrict their practical applications. These include low transport velocity, short transport distance, and complex structure. This work reports the design of a new arrowhead microstructure array, on which liquid transport can reach speeds of 23 mm/s and the ratio of transport length to channel width (L/R) can reach up to approximately 40. This structure drives liquid through a unique arrow conformation, which can induce capillary force and arrest the reverse motion of the liquid simultaneously. By means of theory, simulation, and experiment, we have studied the mechanism of liquid transport on this structure. We provide a detailed discussion of the relationship between the velocity of liquid transport and the microstructural dimensions. The findings may inspire the design of novel, unidirectional, liquid-spreading surfaces.

Field of study: Materials science
Arrhythmias: antiarrhythmic agents.

Arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death resulting from ventricular tachycardia/fibrillation are important public health issues of this decade. Complexities surrounding the subject, plus a relatively experimental and toxic therapeutic armamentarium with poorly defined end points, have largely limited the field to the specialized cardiologist. Recent studies, however, have served to identify those at risk as a result of their dysrhythmia,, and given the improved methods for detection and monitoring and a host of potent new antiarrhythmic drugs, interest in the area is certain to broaden. Inasmuch as initial presentation and follow-up often lie within the realm of the family physician or generalist, an understanding and update of this important subject is in order.

Field of study: Medicine
miRNA-125b Regulates Osteogenic Differentiation of Periodontal Ligament Cells Through NKIRAS2/NF-κB Pathway

Osteogenesis of periodontal ligament cells (PDLCS) is essential for alveolar bone repair. Varieties of factors have been found involved in the regulation of PDLCs osteoblast differentiation. Aim of this study was to identify microRNA as a regulator of the os-teogenic differentiation of PDLCs.  The CD markers were analyzed by flow cytometry analysis. Osteoblast differentiation of PDLCs was induced by treatment with dexamethasone, β-glycerol phosphate and α-ascorbic acid. The expression of osteoblastic phenotype was evaluated after the induction by simultaneous monitoring of alkaline phosphatase activity, the expression of genes involved in osteoblastic differentiation by RT-qPCR and Western Blot, and mineralization at the same time. MicroRNA and NKIRAS2 expression was determined by RT-qPCR. Luciferase reporter assays were performed to test whether miR-125b is capable of interacting with the 3’UTR sequence of NKIRAS2. The possible signaling pathway was determined by Western Blot.  In this study, we found that the expression of miR-125b was down regulated during the process of ostoblast differentiation of PDLCs. When the expression of miR-125b was up regulated, the osteogenic differentiation of PDLCs was inhibited. During this process, the over-expressed miR-125b led to the activation of NF-κB. NF-κB inhibitor interacting RAS-like 2 (NKIRAS2) is one of target gene of miR-125b, and it is a regulator of NF-κB signaling that plays various roles in osteoblastic differentiation. We demonstrate thatmiR-125b is involved in osteogenic differentiation of PDLCs.  Our data support the hypothesis that that miR-125b attenuates PDLCs osteoblastic differentiation by targeting NKIRAS2 and enhancing NF-κB signaling.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Phase-Imaging Ion-Cyclotron-Resonance technique at the JYFLTRAP double Penning trap mass spectrometer

The Phase-Imaging Ion-Cyclotron-Resonance (PI-ICR) technique has been commissioned at the JYFLTRAP double Penning trap mass spectrometer. This technique is based on projecting the ion motion in the Penning trap onto a position-sensitive multichannel-plate ion detector. Mass measurements of stable 85 Rb $ ^{+}$+ and 87 Rb $ ^{+}$+ ions with well-known mass values show that relative uncertainties $ \Delta m/m \leq 7\cdot 10^{-10}$Δm/m≤7·10-10 are possible to reach with the PI-ICR technique at JYFLTRAP. The significant improvement both in resolving power and in precision compared to the conventional Time-of-Flight Ion Cyclotron Resonance technique will enable measurements of close-lying isomeric states and of more exotic isotopes as well as ultra-high precision measurements required, e.g., for neutrino physics. In addition, a new phase-dependent cleaning method based on the differences in the accumulated cyclotron motion phases has been demonstrated with short-lived 127 In $ ^{+}$+ and 127m In $ ^{+}$+ ions.

Field of study: Physics
Mammalian miRNA curation through next-generation sequencing

Characteristic small RNA biogenesis processing patterns are used for the discovery of novel microRNAs (miRNAs) from next-generation sequencing data. Here, we highlight and discuss key criteria for mammalian – specifically human – miRNA database curation based on small RNA sequencing data. Sequence reads obtained from small RNA cDNA libraries are aligned to reference genomic regions, and miRNA genes are revealed by their distinct read length and bimodal read frequency distribution, the predicted secondary structure of the deduced miRNA stem-loop precursor molecule, and, to a lesser degree, based on evolutionary conservation of small RNAs from other vertebrates. Properly curated miRNA databases are an important resource for investigators interested in miRNA biology, diagnostics, and therapeutics.

Field of study: Biology
Robust H∞ Disturbance Attenuation for Uncertain Systems with Time Varying Delay

This paper discusses robust H∞ disturbance attenuation for an uncertain system with time varying delay. An appropriate Lyapunov functional, which takes into account the range of time-delay and its derivative, is introduced to investigate robust H∞ disturbance attenuation. Less conservative results are obtained by such a Lyapunov functional with model transformation method and free weighting matrix method. Numerical examples are given to show the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Field of study: Computer science
State-Making and Labor Movements: France and the United States, 1876-1914

Furubotn, Eirik G., and Rudolph Richter. Institutions in Economic Theory: The Contribution of the New Institutional Economics.  Why the Leaming Economy is not the End of History. London and New York: Routledge, 1999. Milgrom, Paul R., and John Roberts. Economics, Organisation, and Management. Englewood Cliffs, N.J., and London: Prentice-Hall, 1992. Paque, Karl-Heinz. " Firms, Markets,  Macmillan, 1985.

Field of study: Economics
Petrology of the Flora Lake Stock, Lake of the Woods Region, Ontario, Canada: Reply

The Flora Lake stock is a concordant plug of granitic rocks that was emplaced in a steeply dipping sequence of typical Precambrian “greenstones.” It occupies about 51/2 square miles and is roughly elliptical. The long axis of the ellipse strikes northeast-southwest parallel to the regional strike. Near the stock, the country rocks are mostly pillow and massive mafic volcanic rocks which have been regionally metamorphosed (almandine-amphibolite facies). In order of decreasing age, the stock consists of an outer ring of monzodiorite, an incomplete inner ring of monzonite, and a core of granite. Small bodies of metapyroxenire occur within the monzodiorite at the northeast end of the mass. The three major rock zones are characterized by primary flow structures (planar parallelism of minerals) which form strike patterns integral to each zone. Such structures are particularly pronounced in the monzodiorite and monzonite. In all cases they dip steeply, commonly outward. Chemically and mineralogically, each major rock unit is moderately uniform. Spectrographic, X-ray, and petrographic studies of plagioclase feldspar, biotite, pyroxene, and amphibole indicate that the chemistry of the major minerals in the intrusive sequence varies systematically. The Flora Lake stock may have evolved by anatexis and mobilization of basement rock at deeper levels in the crust. The profound distortion of the regional structural trend in adjacent “greenstones” suggests the stock was forcefully emplaced. The general absence of contact (thermal) metamorphic effects indicates emplacement under pressure-temperature conditions compatible with those of the almandine-amphibolite facies of the regional metamorphic terrain. The monzodiorite and monzonite were emplaced as viscous, crystal-liquid mushes. Well-developed flow structure, absence of chilled contacts, paucity of monzodiorite and monzonite dikes, and numerous evidences of strain in mineral grains in these rocks are compatible with the idea that the intruding material consisted of a high proportion of crystals to liquid. Late in the sequence of intrusion, granitic material must have become mobile, essentially completely magmatic, or granite magma was sweated out of more mafic material at depth. It moved upward and pushed its way into the monzodiorite and monzonite, completing the main intrusive activity in the stock.

Field of study: Geology
Anthropogenic currents and shoreline water quality in Avalon Bay, California.

Shoreline concentrations of fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) and fecal indicator viruses (FIV) in Avalon Bay (Catalina Island, California) display a marked diurnal pattern (higher at night and lower during the day) previously attributed to the tidal flux of sewage-contaminated groundwater and the tidal washing of contaminated sediments, coupled with light and dark die-off of FIB and FIV (Boehm, et al.,  2009, 43, 8046-8052). In this paper we document the existence of strong (peak velocities between 20 to 40 cm/s) transient currents in the nearshore waters of Avalon Bay that occur between 07:00 and 20:00 each day. These currents, which have a significant onshore component, are generated by anthropogenic activities in the Bay, including prop wash from local boat traffic and the docking practices of large passenger ferries. A budget analysis carried out on simultaneous measurements of FIB at two cross-shore locations indicates that anthropogenic currents contribute to the diurnal cycling of FIB concentrations along the shoreline, by transporting relatively unpolluted water from offshore toward the beach. The data and analysis presented in this paper support the idea that anthropogenic currents represent a significant, and previously overlooked, source of variability in shoreline water quality.

Field of study: Environmental science
Lightweight Implementation of the KLEIN Block Cipher for ATtiny Devices

With the rapid development of wireless sensor networks and RFID applications,the related information security problems are more and more concerned.According to the low-resource requirement,lightw eight block ciphers are w idely focused in the applications of resource-constrained environments.At RFIDSec 2011,Gong et al.proposed a new lightw eight block cipher,w hich is named KLEIN,for the softw are implementation in resource-constrained environments.In this paper,w e propose a lightw eight implementation of the KLEIN block cipher in AVR ASM based on the properties of ATtiny microcontrollers.In the implementation,lookup tables and logical operations are combined for reducing the computational costs in the MixNibbles step,w hich obtain a better balance betw een the algorithm's speed and storage.Compares to the traditional methods,the performance results show our optimization has advantages on both of the speed and memory costs.

Field of study: Computer science
Coloring random graphs

We study the graph coloring problem over random graphs of finite average connectivity c. Given a number q of available colors, we find that graphs with low connectivity admit almost always a proper coloring, whereas graphs with high connectivity are uncolorable. Depending on q, we find the precise value of the critical average connectivity c(q). Moreover, we show that below c(q) there exists a clustering phase c in [c(d),c(q)] in which ground states spontaneously divide into an exponential number of clusters and where the proliferation of metastable states is responsible for the onset of complexity in local search algorithms.

Field of study: Physics