nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Isovalent and aliovalent substitution effects on redox chemistry of Sr2MgMoO6 − δ SOFC-anode material

An SOFC-anode material, Sr 2 MgMoO 6 −  δ , is investigated for both isovalent and aliovalent substitution effects at its redox-active cation site. Isovalent W VI -for-Mo VI substitution has little effect on crystal and redox chemistry of the phase, whereas aliovalent Nb V -for-Mo VI substitution lowers the degree of cation order and, rather importantly, creates oxygen vacancies in the lattice. The increased oxygen-vacancy concentration should be a positive factor regarding the SOFC-anode performance, but a disadvantage is that electrical conductivity is slightly depressed in Sr 2 Mg(Mo,Nb)O 6 −  δ with increasing Nb content. The two systems, Sr 2 Mg(Mo,W)O 6 −  δ and Sr 2 Mg(Mo,Nb)O 6 −  δ , are found stable (up to 1000 °C or higher) in both reductive (5% H 2 /Ar) and oxidative (air) atmospheres, the range of oxygen-content variation upon such redox-cycling getting narrower with increasing substitution level. XANES data at the L edges of Mo, W and Nb reveal that in Sr 2 Mg(Mo,W)O 6 −  δ both Mo and W show variable oxidation states whereas in Sr 2 Mg(Mo,Nb)O 6 −  δ Nb is more redox-active than Mo.

Field of study: Materials science
Distinct roles for extracellular-signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK) mitogen-activated protein kinases and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase in the regulation of Mcl-1 synthesis.

Alterations in the expression of various Bcl-2 family members may act as one means by which a cell's survival may be regulated. The mechanism by which cytokines regulate expression of Bcl-2 family members was examined in the haemopoietic cell line TF-1. Cytokine-induced Mcl-1 protein expression was shown to be controlled through a pathway dependent upon phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase). The cytokine-induced increase in mRNA transcription was not dependent upon PI 3-kinase, thus dissociating the immediate-early transcription factors responsible for Mcl-1 transcription from the PI 3-kinase signalling pathway. In contrast, Mcl-1 mRNA levels were dependent upon MEK [mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/extracellular-signal-regulated protein kinase kinase] activation, suggesting a role for the Ras/MEK/MAPK pathway in Mcl-1 transcription. Activation of PI 3-kinase was shown to be necessary to stimulate Mcl-1 protein translation. This was not due to any effect on prolonging the half-life of the protein. Finally, the lipid second messenger ceramide was shown to cause a reduction in Mcl-1 protein translation, probably via its ability to inhibit protein kinase B activation, providing further clues regarding the death-inducing effect of this lipid.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Differences in hydraulic architecture account for near‐isohydric and anisohydric behaviour of two field‐grown Vitis vinifera L. cultivars during drought

A comparative study on stomatal control under water deficit was conducted on grapevines of the cultivars Grenache, of Mediterranean origin, and Syrah of mesic origin, grown near Montpellier, France and Geisenheim, Germany. Syrah maintained similar maximum stomatal conductance (gmax) and maximum leaf photosynthesis (Amax) values than Grenache at lower predawn leaf water potentials, Ψleaf, throughout the season. The Ψleaf of Syrah decreased strongly during the day and was lower in stressed than in watered plants, showing anisohydric stomatal behaviour. In contrast, Grenache showed isohydric stomatal behaviour in which Ψleaf did not drop significantly below the minimum Ψleaf of watered plants. When g was plotted versus leaf specific hydraulic conductance, Kl, incorporating leaf transpiration rate and whole-plant water potential gradients, previous differences between varieties disappeared both on a seasonal and diurnal scale. This suggested that isohydric and anisohydric behaviour could be regulated by hydraulic conductance. Pressure-flow measurements on excised organs from plants not previously stressed revealed that Grenache had a two- to three-fold larger hydraulic conductance per unit path length (Kh) and a four- to six-fold larger leaf area specific conductivity (LSC) in leaf petioles than Syrah. Differences between internodes were only apparent for LSC and were much smaller. Cavitation detected as ultrasound acoustic emissions on air-dried shoots showed higher rates for Grenache than Syrah during the early phases of the dry-down. It is hypothesized that the differences in water-conducting capacity of stems and especially petioles may be at the origin of the near-isohydric and anisohydric behaviour of g.

Field of study: Environmental science
Research with Cfx Software on Frame Mould Temperature Field Simulation in Autoclave Process

For autoclave technology in large complex structure manufacturing of composite materials, temperature distribution is the most important factor in process control. Previous researchers have mainly focused on composite exothermic curing reaction and exterior temperature coupling. For the exterior temperature field (especially mould temperature field), a simplified approach of uniformity was also conventionally adopted in those researches. Actually, moulds commonly utilised in autoclave processes have a frame structure and their temperature field variation is a combined heat transfer mechanism involving solid heat conduction, air heat conduction and forced convection. Hence in any phase of an autoclave process, the mould temperature field is non-uniform in the spatial domain. This non-uniform distribution of mould temperature has an important impact on the curing degree distribution and leads to residual stress. In this work, using ANSYS CFX computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software, simulation methodology for frame mould temperature field in autoclave process has been established, and its effectiveness has been verified experimentally. On this basis, a series of frame mould simulation examples has been developed and the impact of mould design parameters on the temperature field was achieved. The results will be of value in frame mould design and manufacturing defect control of composite structures.

Field of study: Materials science
SYNTHESIS OF PYRROLO[1,2- a ][1,6]BENZODIAZONINES FROM PYRROLO[1,2- a ][1,4]BENZODIAZEPINES AND ALKYNES CONTAINING ELECTRON-ACCEPTOR SUBSTITUENTS

It has been established that the reaction of pyrrolo[1,2-a][1,4]benzodiazepines with activated alkynes gives pyrrolo[1,2-a][1,6]benzodiazonines as the products of diazepine ring expansion. In the case of pyrrolo[1,2-a][1,4]benzodiazepine, substituted with formyl group at the pyrrole ring, both expansion and cleavage of the diazepine fragment can occur. Authors: L. G. Voskressensky, T. N. Borisova, M. I. Babakhanov, T. M. Chervyakova, A. A. Titov, A. V. Butin, T. A. Nevolina, V. N. Khrustalev, and A. V. Varlamov. English Translation in Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds , 2013, 49 (7), pp 1024-1032 http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10593-013-1340-z

Field of study: Chemistry
A Procedure for the Analysis of Time-Series Designs.

A multivariate procedure, based on the procedure outlined by Campbell and Stanely, is developed for inferring a treatment effect in the single-group, quasi-experimental time-series design. This procedure, which takes into account the dependent nature of the observations in the time-series experiment, is particularly suitable when the data exhibit linear trends. It is shown that the test statistic has a F distribution, and the procedure is illustrated with an example.

Field of study: Education
[A specific form of headache with neuralgia-like manifestations (SUNCT-syndrome)].

A recently described SUNCT is a rare head ache syndrome characterized by shortlasting, unilateral, neuralgia-like headache attack with conjunctival injection and tearing; 26 cases of SUNCT-syndrome have been reported in medical literature. The authors observed the described symptoms in 3 cases (among 86 patients with trigeminal paroxysmal manifestations). Clinical features of SUNCT-syndrome are presented. In addition, the authors discuss possible etiologic factors and treatment as well as a differential diagnosis of SUNCT-syndrome, from trigeminal neuralgia, cluster headache, chronic paroxysmal hemicrania and combined syndromes.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Threshold voltage instability of MOS field effect transistors

This paper presents the results of accelerated life tests performed on p-channel enhancement mode MOSFETs, the test conditions being storage at 140°C, with and without gate bias. It is observed that with positive gate bias, | VT | drifts upwards, and with negative gate bias also, the | VT | drift is upwards at least after a hundred hours. In the latter case, the augmentation of positive ion density in the oxide regions near the oxide-semiconductor interface is postulated, and the results presented are explained in terms of this postulation.

Field of study: Engineering
Adaptive region matching for region-based image retrieval by constructing region importance index

This study deals with the problem of similarity matching in region-based image retrieval (RBIR). A novel visual similarity measurement called adaptive region matching (ARM) has been developed. For decreasing negative influence of interference regions and important information loss simultaneously, a region importance index is constructed and semantic meaningful region (SMR) is introduced. Moreover, ARM automatically performs SMR-to-image matching or image-to-image matching. Extensive experiments on Corel-1000, Caltech-256 and University of Washington (UW) databases demonstrate the authors proposed ARM is more flexible and more efficient than the existing visual similarity measurements that were originally developed for RBIR.

Field of study: Computer science
Sedimentary PGE signatures in the Late Triassic ejecta deposits from Japan: Implications for the identification of impactor

Positive platinum group element (PGE) concentration and negative Os isotope anomalies reported from a claystone layer in the Upper Triassic bedded chert succession of the Sakahogi section, Mino Belt, central Japan, are thought to have been derived from an impact event. Stratigraphic variations and concentrations of PGE were examined in the Sakahogi section to determine the type of the impactor. Upper Triassic claystone layers, where PGE anomalies have been newly discovered in bedded chert successions in southwest Japan, were also examined. These include (i) the Unuma section in the Inuyama area, Mino Belt; (ii) the Hisuikyo section in the Kamiaso area, Mino Belt; and (iii) the Enoura section in the Tsukumi area, Chichibu Belt. Radiolarian and conodont biostratigraphic data indicate that these claystone layers are of upper–middle Norian age. Reconstruction of bedded chert in these sections suggests that they originate from open-ocean pelagic deep-sea sediments deposited in the Panthalassa Ocean. The relatively flat CI chondrite-normalized patterns of the least mobile PGEs (Ir, Ru, and Rh) and the Ru/Ir ratio determined by linear regression analysis suggest that a chondritic impactor is the source of the PGE anomalies preserved in claystone samples from the study sections. Although Ru/Ir ratios cannot conclusively distinguish chondrites from iron meteorites, the Cr/Ir ratios of the claystone layers range from 10 4 to 10 5 , clearly indicating contribution from chondritic materials. The chondritic impactor of the suggested size (3.3–7.8 km in diameter) implies that a large amount of debris and/or climatically active gasses (e.g., sulfur oxides) would have been released from the impactor, which would have had a marked effect on the environment.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Beiträge zur Paläo-ethnobotanik von Europa: (Contributions to the Palaeo-Ethnology of Europe). K. E. Behre, H. Lorenzen and U. Willerding. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart, New York, N.Y., 1978, 204 pp., 60 text-figures and 38 tables, DM 54.00


Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
The Generation of Transgenic Mice with Fat1 and Fad2 Genes that have their own Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Biosynthetic Pathway

Microorganisms and higher plants possess their own omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFAs) biosynthetic pathways. The n-6 fatty acid desaturase gene fad-2 codes for the n-6 desaturase enzyme that coverts oleic acid (OA 18:1 n-9) into linoleic acid (LA 18:2 n-6). The n-3 fatty acid desaturase gene fat-1 codes for the n-3 desaturase enzyme that converts n-6 PUFAs into n-3 PUFAs. Mammals lack n-3 and n-6 desaturase enzymes; therefore, they must obtain their omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids by consuming plants or seafood. The beneficial effects of n-3 and n-6 PUFAs on human development and cardiovascular health have been well documented.  Here, we generated fat-1 and fad-2 transgenic mice by introducing mammal expression vectors containing the fat-1 and fad-2 genes via microinjection.  Seven transgenic mice were obtained that expressed functional n-3 and n-6 desaturase enzymes. Analysis of the fatty acid contents of transgenic mouse livers revealed that n-6 and n-3 PUFA levels were greatly increased in the transgenic mice compared to wild-type mice. The use ratios of n-9 PUFAs (18:1 n-9) and n-6 PUFAs were both greater in the transgenic mice than in the wild-type controls.  These transgenic mice were capable of producing their own omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids. They have the same fatty acid metabolic pathways as higher plants and microbes.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Effects of particle shape, size and interfacial adhesion on the fracture strength of silica-filled epoxy resin

The effects of particle shape, size and interfacial adhesion on the fracture strength of a particle-filled epoxy resin were investigated. For this purpose, various types of spherical and irregular-shaped silica particles having different mean sizes in the range from 2 to 30 μm were used. The particle content was 50% by weight. In order to prepare well and poorly adhered interfaces, surface treatment of the particles was carried out using silane coupling and decoupling agents. Surface treated particle-filled resins were compared with untreated particle-filled resin. The flexural strength increased with a decrease in particle size in both the untreated and the well adhered systems, whereas it was independent of size in the poorly adhered system. The flexural strength was higher in the order: well adhered > poorly adhered > untreated systems for spherical particles, but, well adhered > the untreated > poorly adhered systems for the irregular-shaped ones. According to a scanning electron microscopic observation of fractured surfaces, the fracture strength of particle-filled brittle polymers was affected by the number, size and sharpness of the defects in the material derived from particle fracture or interfacial debonding.

Field of study: Materials science
STOCHASTIC ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURE VIBRATION INDUCED BY SIMPLE SUPPORTED HIGHWAY BRIDGE

An analytical method for calculating the power spectral density(PSD) of the traffic-induced force acting on the ground,ground vibration,and dynamic response of building induced by the viaduct systems is presented.The vehicle is modeled as a two-DOF system with linear suspensions and tire flexibility,the bridge as a continuous Euler-Bernoulli beam simple supported at both ends,and the ground as an elastic half space.The effect of road surface roughness is also considered.The theory of a stationary random process is used to obtain expressions for the PSD of traffic-induced force,ground vibration and building vibration,when the PSD of road surface roughness is given.The obtained numerical results show that the PSD of a traffic-induced force has three peak values,the vehicle determines the first two peak values and the vertical stiffness of pier determines the third one.The amplitude of the PSD of a ground vibration decreases as the distance between the loading position and response point increases,and this reduction is obvious particularly in the high frequency region.In addition,the influence of structural properties on the propagation of an environmental vibration inside building is obvious.

Field of study: Engineering
Structural optimization pre-distributor in gas-liquid-solid circulating fluidized bed heat exchanger

In this study, two types of pre-distributors (nonuniform-pores and dual-baffle)for the combined solids-liquid distributor in gas-liquid-solid circulating fluidized bed heat exchanger, were designed and the characteristics of particles distribution was compared. In the experiments, the sampling method was used to measure local solids flux and a U shape pipe was used to measure static pressure drop in the lower pipe box.The effects of different superficial liquid velocities and liquid viscosities on the parameters mentioned above were investigated.The degree of distribution of local solids flux in exchanger pipe was evaluated by the non-uniformity function.The results showed that the two types of pre-distributors were both suitable for gas-liquid-solid circulating fluidized bed heat exchanger at a lower static pressure drop in the lower pipe box.Compared with the nonuniform-pores pre-distributor, the dual-baffle pre-distributor showed better performance.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Evolutionary optimization and neural network models of behavior

One of the main challenges to the adaptionist program in general and the use of optimization models in behavioral and evolutionary ecology, in particular, is that organisms are so constrained' by ontogeny and phylogeny that they may not be able to attain optimal solutions, however those are defined. This paper responds to the challenge through the comparison of optimality and neural network models for the behavior of an individual polychaete worm. The evolutionary optimization model is used to compute behaviors (movement in and out of a tube) that maximize a measure of Darwinian fitness based on individual survival and reproduction. The neural network involves motor, sensory, energetic reserve and clock neuronal groups. Ontogeny of the neural network is the change of connections of a single individual in response to its experiences in the environment. Evolution of the neural network is the natural selection of initial values of connections between groups and learning rules for changing connections. Taken together, these can be viewed as “design parameters”. The best neural networks have fitnesses between 85% and 99% of the fitness of the evolutionary optimization model. More complicated models for polychaete worms are discussed. Formulation of a neural network model for host acceptance decisions by tephritid fruit flies leads to predictions about the neurobiology of the flies. The general conclusion is that neural networks appear to be sufficiently rich and plastic that even weak evolution of design parameters may be sufficient for organisms to achieve behaviors that give fitnesses close to the evolutionary optimal fitness, particularly if the behaviors are relatively simple.

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics
Purification and characterization of interleukin 1 beta from human plantar stratum corneum. Evidence of interleukin 1 beta processing in vivo not involving interleukin 1 beta convertase.

The major interleukin 1 beta (IL-1 beta) species from human plantar stratum corneum was purified and found to have an N-terminal amino acid sequence homologous to a stretch of the human IL-1 beta precursor, starting with His115. Whereas SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis followed by immunoblotting revealed only one component in plantar stratum corneum with IL-1 beta-like immunoreactivity, and with an apparent molecular mass around 18 kDa, isoelectric focusing under non-denaturing conditions showed one major component with isoelectric point around 6.1 and two minor components isoelectric at pH 6.3 and 6.9, respectively. Digestion of recombinant human IL-1 beta precursor with chymotrypsin, producing a C-terminal fragment with N-terminal Yal114, yielded a component with IL-1 beta-like immunoreactivity isoelectric at pH 6.3. Recombinant bacterial variants of human IL-1 beta with N-terminal amino acids corresponding to Val114, His115 and Ala117 were isoelectric at pH 6.3, 6.1 and 6.9, respectively. Cloning and subsequent nucleotide sequencing of IL-1 beta precursor cDNA from a human keratinocyte line showed total identify with the sequence previously published for the human monocyte IL-1 beta precursor. The authors conclude that the IL-1 beta species present in plantar stratum corneum have isoelectric points determined by their respective amino acid sequences, and that there is a mechanism for IL-1 beta activation in human epidermis not involving interleukin 1 beta convertase.

Field of study: Medicine
Alpha-Mangostin Suppresses the Metastasis of Human Renal Carcinoma Cells by Targeting MEK/ERK Expression and MMP-9 Transcription Activity

α-mangostin has anti-carcinogenic effects against several cancers. We investigated the molecular mechanism of this compound on the metastasis of human renal carcinoma cells.  Cell viability was measured using the MTT assay, and cell cycle distribution using flow cytometry. A Matrigel-based assay was used to measure in vitro cell migration and invasion. MAPK-related proteins and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 and MMP-2 expression were measured by western blotting, and MMP2/-9 activities were determined by gelatin zymography. RT-qPCR and a luciferase assay were used to examine the transcriptional activity of MMP-9.  α-mangostin inhibited the migration and invasion of RCC cells in a dose-dependent manner, but had no evident cytotoxic effects. Treatment of 786-O cells with α-mangostin inhibited activation of MEK and ERK. Treatment with a specific MEK inhibitor (U0126) enhanced the inhibitory effects of α-mangostin on cell migration and invasion, and the phosphorylation of ERK and MEK. Moreover, α-mangostin inhibited the expression of the MMP-9 mRNA levels as well as the activity of MMP-9 promoter, and these suppressive effects were further enhanced by U0126.  Our results suggest that α-mangostin suppresses cell migration and invasion via MEK/ERK/MMP9 pathway, and might be a promising anti-metastatic agent against human renal cell carcinoma.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Low-Lying Quasiparticle Excitations around a Vortex Core in Quantum Limit

Focusing on a quantum-limit behavior, we study a single vortex in a clean s-wave type-II superconductor by self-consistently solving the Bogoliubov-de Gennes equation. The discrete energy levels of the vortex bound states in the quantum limit is discussed. The vortex core radius shrinks monotonically up to an atomic-scale length on lowering the temperature T, and the shrinkage stops to saturate at a lower T. The pair potential, supercurrent, and local density of states around the vortex exhibit Friedel-like oscillations. The local density of states has particle-hole asymmetry induced by the vortex. These are potentially observed directly by STM.

Field of study: Physics