nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Fine-grain analysis of common coupling and its application to a Linux case study

Common coupling (sharing global variables across modules) is widely accepted as a measure of software quality and maintainability; a low level of common coupling is necessary (but not sufficient) to ensure maintainability. But when the global variables in question are large multi-field data structures, one must decide whether to consider such data structures as single units, or examine each of their fields individually. We explore this issue by re-analyzing a case study based on the Linux operating system. We determine the common coupling at the level of granularity of the component fields of large, complex data structures, rather than at the level of the data structures themselves, as in previous work. We claim that this is the appropriate level of analysis based on how such data structures are used in practice, and also that such a study is required due to concern that coarse-grained analysis leads to false coupling. We find that, for this case study, the granularity does not have a decisive effect on the results. In particular, our results for coupling based on individual fields are similar in spirit to the results reported previously (by others) based on using complete data structures. In both cases, the coupling indicates that the system kernel is vulnerable to modifications in peripheral modules of the system.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Algebraic Expression Calculation System Based on Plane Dynamic Geometry System

At present many Dynamic Geometry Systems (DGS) have been used widely in school and colleges all over the world, at the same time analytic geometry is a very important module in middle school, but the functions on analytic geometry module is not rich and the operation is not efficiency in these DGS. A new system which integrate the analytic geometry module into the plane DGS enrich the functions and improve the operation efficiency of plan DGS. In this system geometry objects are represented as its algebraic attributes by analyzing its algebraic equations, while the relationship between geometry objects is expressed as an algebraic expression with parameter. Then by studying the analytic method and calculation method for an algebraic expression the algebraic expression calculation system based on plane DGS is built. The result show that the DGS with algebraic expression calculation system can calculate any elementary algebraic expression with parameters which help the DGS to realize the dynamic change more efficiently when the position of a geometry object change or the relationship between geometry objects change and which can combine the analytical geometry module to dynamic geometry very well. The obtained results can be applied to enrich functions of DGS and extend the DGS applications.

Field of study: Engineering
Effect of Rap1 binding on DNA distortion and potassium permanganate hypersensitivity.

Repressor activator protein 1 (Rap1) is an essential factor involved in transcription and telomere stability in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Its interaction with DNA causes hypersensitivity to potassium permanganate, suggesting local DNA melting and/or distortion. In this study, various Rap1-DNA crystal forms were obtained using specifically designed crystal screens. Analysis of the DNA conformation showed that its distortion was not sufficient to explain the permanganate reactivity. However, anomalous data collected at the Mn edge using a Rap1-DNA crystal soaked in potassium permanganate solution indicated that the DNA conformation in the crystal was compatible with interaction with permanganate ions. Sequence-conservation analysis revealed that double-Myb-containing Rap1 proteins all carry a fully conserved Arg580 at a position that may favour interaction with permanganate ions, although it is not involved in the hypersensitive cytosine distortion. Permanganate reactivity assays with wild-type Rap1 and the Rap1[R580A] mutant demonstrated that Arg580 is essential for hypersensitivity. AFM experiments showed that wild-type Rap1 and the Rap1[R580A] mutant interact with DNA over 16 successive binding sites, leading to local DNA stiffening but not to accumulation of the observed local distortion. Therefore, Rap1 may cause permanganate hypersensitivity of DNA by forming a pocket between the reactive cytosine and Arg580, driving the permanganate ion towards the C5-C6 bond of the cytosine.

Field of study: Chemistry
On the performances of IEEE 802.16(d) mesh CDS-mode networks using Single-Switched-Beam Antennas

The IEEE 802.16(d) mesh coordinated distributed scheduling (CDS) mode is a novel technology for future fixed wireless backbone networks and designed for the use of omnidirectional antennas. The use of Single-Switched-Beam Antennas (SSBAs) may have great potential to increase network capacity due to the antenna directivity. However, a network designed for omnidirectional antennas usually cannot operate well or achieve good performance with the presence of antenna directivity. In this paper, we review the designs of the IEEE 802.16 mesh CDS-mode network, study the issues of this network with the use of Single-Switched-Beam Antennas (SSBAs), and propose a complete solution to solve these issues. The performances of our proposed scheme is evaluated using simulations. The simulation results show that our proposed scheme can effectively solve the issues of using SSBAs in the IEEE 802.16 mesh CDS-mode network and greatly increase its network capacity.

Field of study: Computer science
Von Vergebung der Sünden Dialogus de christianismo Lazaruspredigt. Valentin Weigel. Ed. Horst Pfefferl. Valentin Weigel: Sämtliche Schriften 13. Stuttgart: Frommann-Holzboog, 2015. xxxviii + 166 pp. €386.Sämtliche Schriften: Neue Edition Erschließungs- und Registerband. Valentin Weigel. Ed. Horst Pf


Field of study: History
Development of the Innovation Infrastructure of Modern Education in the Republic of Tatarstan

The formation of a new efficient education based on knowledge, the development of innovation, the creation of innovation infrastructure, high-tech sectors of the education, small education as the main conductor of mass innovations are becoming priority areas of innovation policy in the Republic of Tatarstan. The article discusses the development of innovative infrastructure of the Republic of Tatarstan. The characteristic of the innovation infrastructure of the Republic of Tatarstan in the modern development of the Modern education is given. Development of innovation infrastructure in the region on the basis of the cluster approach is shown. Some comparative indicators of the innovative development of the Republic of Tatarstan with the regions of the Volga Federal District are given. Management recommendations for the development of innovation at the regional level are developed.

Field of study: Education, Sociology
Comparison of immunogenicity beween an attenuated Shigella flexneri 2a T32 strain co-expressing CFA/I and CS6 of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) and a mixture of two attenuated Shigella flexneri 2a T32 strains expressing CFA/I and CS6 re

To select and develop an effective and safe attenuated vaccine against ETEC.  A recombinant attenuated Shigella flexneri 2a T32 deleted asd gene strain FWL01(pZCF16) carries a plasmid co expressing colonization factor antigen Ⅰ(CFA/Ⅰ) and coli surface antigen 6(CS6) of ETEC, two mixed recombinant strains FWL01(pZHY21) expressing CFA/Ⅰ and FWL01(pZLG6) expressing CS6 were compared and evaluated their immune responses.  Animals immunized with above strains developed specific serum antibodies and secretory immunoglobulin A(sIgA) aganist CFA/Ⅰ and CS6 of ETEC. The antibody titers of the group only immunized with attenuated Shigella flexneri strain FWL01(pZCF16) are similar or higher than the group immunized with the mixture of two strains FWL01(pZHY21) and FWL01(pZLG6).  These results show the feasibility of a multivalent vaccine expressing different fimbriae antigens in a live carrier.

Field of study: Biology
Mechanical Analysis of MgB2 Based Full Body MRI Coils Under Different Winding Conditions

The winding of composite superconducting wire around a mandrel is one of the first stages of manufacturing processes of a superconducting magnet. Depending on the method of mechanical support conditions during winding, the strain development at the final stage in a superconducting magnet may vary significantly. Therefore, proper selection of the winding process is important to increase the feasibility for a conduction cooled full body MRI magnet based on magnesium diboride (MgB2), a strain sensitive high-temperature superconductor. A multiscale multiphysics finite element analysis) model of an 18 filament MgB2 wire is developed for strain estimation. The computationally homogenized representative volume element of the composite wire is used in the coil bundle in place of the actual MgB2 wire. The simulation considers winding, thermal cool-down and electromagnetic charging to estimate total strain developed at the final step—electromagnetic charging. Four different types of support conditions are studied and strain development is reported. Results suggest that a combination of radial and axial support at the inner radial surface and outermost axial surfaces of the mandrel, respectively, is the most favorable winding condition with a minimum strain development of 0.021%, which is half in comparison to no mandrel support.

Field of study: Physics
The operational cloud retrieval algorithms from TROPOMI on board Sentinel-5 Precursor

This paper presents the operational cloud retrieval algorithms for
the TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) on board the European Space
Agency Sentinel-5 Precursor (S5P) mission scheduled for launch in 2017. Two algorithms working in tandem are used for retrieving cloud properties:
OCRA (Optical Cloud Recognition Algorithm) and ROCINN (Retrieval of Cloud
Information using Neural Networks). OCRA retrieves the cloud fraction using
TROPOMI measurements in the ultraviolet (UV) and visible (VIS) spectral regions, and ROCINN retrieves the
cloud top height (pressure) and optical thickness (albedo) using TROPOMI
measurements in and around the oxygen A -band in the near infrared (NIR). Cloud parameters from TROPOMI/S5P will be used not only for enhancing the
accuracy of trace gas retrievals but also for extending the satellite data
record of cloud information derived from oxygen A -band measurements, a record
initiated with the Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME) on board the second European Remote-Sensing Satellite (ERS-2) over 20 years ago. The OCRA and ROCINN algorithms are integrated in the S5P operational
processor UPAS (Universal Processor for UV/VIS/NIR Atmospheric
Spectrometers), and we present here UPAS cloud results using the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) and GOME-2
measurements. In addition, we examine anticipated challenges for the
TROPOMI/S5P cloud retrieval algorithms, and we discuss the future validation
needs for OCRA and ROCINN.

Field of study: Environmental science
Rate adaptive shaping for the efficient transport of data traffic in diffserv networks

In this paper, we introduce the need for traffic shaping for the efficient transport of aggregate Internetworking traffic over Differentiated Services (DiffServ) networks. We propose a family of rate adaptive shapers (RASs) that aim at reducing the traffic burstiness. Although RASs can be used in either pure Best-Effort or any QoS enabled networks, our study is focused on their use in DiffServ networks where the traffic is subject to traffic control consisting of marking the packets according to a pre-negotiated traffic conditioning specification. RASs aim to increase the ratio of packets that are assigned the highest level of forwarding treatment by buffering and appropriate scheduling of packets before applying traffic control functions. The key ideas that motivate RASs design are introduced and evaluated by means of extensive simulations. Some additional enhancements are also discussed.

Field of study: Computer science
Who will collect and name them?

Extinction of species before they could be named surely continues and in this regards the article by Richling and Bouchet (2013) is noteworthy. While on one hand this highlights the importance of field surveys, on the other, it also points to the plight of the field based studies. Today, unfortunately, we have less students willing to work in the forests (Lindenmayer and Likens 2011). With reports of almost 80–90 % of the species yet to be collected, recorded and named (Mora et al. 2011), the area of bioresource surveys has much to offer, perhaps much more than we can imagine. Top it up with the fact that recent discoveries of new species, in many cases, are specimens that had been collected some 20–30 years back (Bebber et al. 2010). It is just that they have been recently studied and named. Thus, there are opportunities and yet the situation is dismal. A pertinent question, therefore, that pops up is, where are we heading for and what are the reasons for this manpower shortfall in survey based studies. Surely, it seems, we are not on the right path. Our inability to attract students towards survey based studies and adapt to the changing times must be amongst the reasons for this shortfall. But the charm of new subjects, today, appears to be much more (Gupta 2012). Even a stroll down the lane leaves most of us panting for fresh air, what to say of wandering in the forests, crossing peaks and streams. One would therefore ask, has it something to do with our lifestyle and mindset also? Another big question is, are we recognizing people in this field properly? Though, recognition at higher levels is desired, it is at the budding stage where it matters the most. A researcher looks for a niche during this phase and then channelizes his energy and resources. Instant gratification, in relative words, is not something that applies to field sciences. Out there in the forests, many things are dependent on external factors and the students find themselves at a disadvantageous position. The divide seems far more prominent in

Field of study: Environmental science
Über dieU-Effekte von H. Amagat und P. Weiss

ZusammenfassungEs wird 1. die VolumenabweichungΔν=ν-Rψ/p auf Grund der allgemeinen Differentialgleichung für den Joule-Thomson-Effekt in der Verbindung mit dem Auswahltheorem und den Grenzbedingungen (μJ)p=0=0 und (μU)p=0=0 berechnet; 2. der erhalteneΔ v-Ausdruck zur Ableitung der Zustandsgleichung angewandt und daraus 3. die allgemeine und einheitliche Auffassung des zuerst von Amagat 1894 im Hochdruckgebiet experimental entdeckten und neuerdings von Weiss, Roebuck, Osterberg u. a. bei hohen Temperaturen rechnerisch nachgewiesenen „U-Effektes“ gegeben.

Field of study: Physics
Messung der Schallgeschwindigkeit in anisotropen Medien, insbesondere in Quarz mittels piezoelektrischer Erregung

ZusammenfassungEs wird gezeigt, daß die Schallgeschwindigkeiten in anisotropen, unendlich ausgedehnten piezoelektrischen Medien bestimmbar sind durch Messung der Eigenschwingungen piezoelektrisch angeregter Platten. Im allgemeinen treten bei anisotropen Medien drei verschiedene Schallgeschwindigkeiten auf, deren Werte jeweils von der Portpflanzungsrichtung abhängen. Speziell in Quarz werden die Schallgeschwindigkeiten für verschiedene Eichtungen aus den Eigenschwingungen geeignet orientierter Platten gemessen, wobei sich eine befriedigende Übereinstimmung zwischen Rechnung und Beobachtung ergibt.

Field of study: Physics
Corn dry milling as influenced by harvest and drying conditions

SUBLOTS from a single variety of corn were harvested with moisture contents ranging from 17 to 32 percent, and with the picker-sheller set to yield shelled grain with high or low damage. Each sublot was then dried to 11 to 14 percent moisture at air temperatures ranging from —1 to 150 °C. Yields of prime products (low-fat grits and meal) from the dry milling of the lots increased and germ (source of corn oil) fraction yield decreased as corn dry-ing temperatures were lowered. Fat content of prime products showed no trend, while fat in the germ in-creased with lowering drying temperatures. Harvest moisture content and picker-sheller damage had minimal effect on product yields or on fat content. Recoverable oil was lowered by drying at 150 °C. The variables studied produced minimal effects on the brewers extract determination, which is a guide to the amount of carbohydrate in the product available for en-zymatic converison to sugars. The data indicate that corn harvested at 25 percent or less moisture and dried at 82 °C or lower air temperatures will yield optimum dry milling results with respect to product recovery and quality. This research is the first to show the effect of harvest moisture and sheller damage on the dry milling of corn, and it corroborates the effects of excessive drying tem-peratures on products obtained from dry milling.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Properties of Bi-doped PbTe layers grown by liquid phase epitaxy under controlled Te vapor pressure

Effects of Bi doping in PbTe liquid-phase epitaxial layers grown by the temperature difference method under controlled vapor pressure (TDM-CVP) are investigated. For Bi concentrations in the solution, xBi, lower than 0.2 at.%, an excess deep-donor level (activation energy Ed≈0.03–0.04 eV) appears, and Hall mobility is low. In contrast, for xBi>0.2 at.%, Hall mobility becomes very high, while carrier concentration is in the range of 1017 cm−3. Inductive coupled plasma (ICP) emission analysis shows that, for xBi=1 at.%, Bi concentration in the epitaxial layer is as high as NBi=2.3–2.7 × 1019 cm−3. These results indicate that Bi behaves not only as a donor but also as an acceptor, and the nearest neighbor or very near donor-acceptor (D-A) pairs are formed, so that strong self-compensation of Bi takes place. Carrier concentration for highly Bi-doped layers shows a minimum at a Te vapor pressure of 2.2 × 10−5 torr for growth temperature 470°C, which is coincident with that of the undoped PbTe.

Field of study: Materials science
Effects of cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitors on biological traits of nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells.

To investigate effects of cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) inhibitors on nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) cells and on angiogenesis in vitro.



Human NPC cell lines (CNE1, CNE2 and SUNE) were treated with nimesulide or celecoxib. MTT assay and colony formation assay were performed to observe antiproliferation activity of COX-2 inhibitors to NPC cell lines. Cell cycle arrest and apoptosis of NPC cell strains were tested by flow cytometry assay, microscopic morphology observation, and DNA fragmentation assay. The effect of COX-2 inhibitor on angiogenesis was tested by chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) model.



Nimesulide (Nim) and celecoxib (Cel) could antiproliferate NPC cell lines with IC50 182 micromol/L(Nim-SUNE), 78 micromol/L(Nim-CNE1), 175 micromol/L(Nim-CNE2), 7.2 micromol/L(Cel-SUNE), 8.1 micromol/L(Cel-CNE1), and 7.6 micromol/L(Cel-CNE2). The antiproliferation presented dose-dependent (Nim 5-400 micromol/L, Cel 0.5-80 micromol/L) and time-dependent manner (Nim IC50 562 micromol/L(24 h), 316 micromol/L(48 h), 50.1 micromol/L(240 h)). Nim and Cel arrested SUNE and CNE1 cell cycle at phase G2/M (cell aggregation rate 28.9%-45.1%(Nim 25-200 micromol-12 h-SUNE), 18.9%-26.2%(Nim 25-200 micromol-24 h-SUNE), 28.8%-35.6%(Nim 25-200 micromol-48 h-SUNE), 30.4%-16.4%(Cel 25-100 micromol-12 h-SUNE), 21.2%-19.7%(Cel 25-100 micromol-24 h-SUNE), 31.1%-19.9%(Cel 25-100 micromol-24 h-SUNE), 20.5%-34.1%(Nim25-200 micromol-12 h-CNE1), 25.2%-26.9%(Nim 25-200 micromol-24 h-CNE1), 11.5%-7.1% (Nim 25-200 micromol-48 h-CNE1)). Apoptosis shape and apoptosis strap displayed in NPC cells after treatment with Nim and Cel. Nim had a feature of anti-angiogenesis on CAM model.



Nim and Cel could suppress proliferation of squamous epithelium NPC cell (SUNE, CNE1 and CNE2) through blocking cell cycle and inducing cell apoptosis. Nim could apparently suppress CAM angiogenesis induced by SUNE cell.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Katherine Mansfield's Animal Aesthetics

I dont [sic] think S. W. [Sydney Waterlow] brought it off with George Eliot. He never gets under way. The cartwheels want oiling. I think, too, he is ungenerous. She was a deal more than that. Her English, warm, ruddy quality is hardly mentioned. . . . But think of some of her pictures of country life—the breadth—the sense of sun lying on long barns—great warm kitchens at twilight when the men came home from the fields—the feeling of beasts horses and cows—the peculiar passion she has for horses (when Maggie Tullivers [sic] lover walks with her up & down the lane & asks her to marry, he leads his great red horse and the beast is foaming—it has been hard ridden and there are dark streaks of sweat on its flanks—the beast is the man one feels SHE feels in some queer inarticulate way)—Oh, I think he ought really to have been more generous.

Field of study: Art
Hospital-admitted injury attributable to alcohol.

Primary data collection has established that alcohol causes injuries treated in the emergency department. No comparable data exist for injuries admitted to hospital. Data on the injury risks of heavy drinkers relative to other drinkers also are sparse.



We estimated (i) whether regular heavy drinkers have higher hospitalized injury risks than other people when alcohol-negative and (ii) how much hospitalized injury risk of regular heavy drinkers and other drinkers rises when alcohol-positive. We combined national alcohol consumption data with alcohol metabolism rates to estimate hours spent alcohol-positive versus alcohol-negative during a year for heavy drinkers versus other people. A literature review provided hospitalized nonfatal injury rates for these groups by alcohol involvement.



Relative to other alcohol-negative people aged 18 and older, heavy drinkers have an estimated relative risk of hospitalized injury of 1.4 when alcohol-negative and 4.3 when alcohol-positive. Others have an estimated relative risk of 1.0 when alcohol-negative and 6.8 when alcohol-positive. Thus, alcohol greatly raises injury risk. The excess risk patterns persist for a wide range of sensitivity analysis values. Of hospitalized injuries, an estimated 21% are alcohol-attributable including 36% of assaults.



Drinking alcohol is a major cause of hospitalized injury. Heavy drinkers lead risky lifestyles. They tolerate alcohol better than most drinkers, but their injury risks still triple when they drink. Our approach to attribution is a valuable complement to more costly, more precise approaches that rely heavily on primary data collection. It works for any severity of injury. Applying it only requires an existing alcohol consumption survey plus data on alcohol involvement in targeted injuries.

Field of study: Medicine
Cytokines enhance nitric oxide production from human BT325 astrocytoma cells.

To study the effects of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and pre-inflammatory cytokines on nitric oxide (NO) production from cultured astrocytes.



Nitrites in supernatants were measured with Griess assay.



The NO production from cultured human BT325 astrocytoma cells started when cultured for 4 h, reached the peak concentration (15.0 mumol.L-1) at 12 h, maintained a high level (15.0-17.5 mumol.L-1) up to 72 h, and was enhanced by LPS 1 mg.L-1, interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) 100 kU.L-1, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) 100 kU.L-1, interleukin (IL)-1 100 kU.L-1, or IL-2 100 kU.L-1. The enhancements of TNF-alpha, IL-1, IL-2, or the mixture of the above four cytokines were higher.



Stimulants and pre-inflammatory cytokines enhance astrocytes producing NO.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine