nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
SILURIAN AND DEVONIAN BIOGEOGRAPHY OF CHINA

Integration of newly available Chinese data for the biogeography of the Silurian and Devonian makes possible a number of globally sigificant advances. The Early Silurian, the Llandoverian, can now be shown to have been moderately provincial rather than cosmopolitan, as considered earlier. The Uralian-Cordilleran Region defined previously for the Late Silurian can now be shown with Chinese information to have been in existence with a co-occurring North Atlantic Region since the beginnings of the Silurian and to have been somewhat more provincial than the Late Silurian. The view of Late Silurian provincialism with two major regions is further substantiated with the help of Chinese data. For the Early Devonian, it is now possible to define a South China Region that includes the bulk of the Yangtze Platform Region of South China plus adjacent Tonkin in North Vietnam. The boundary of the South China Region is present in central Yunnan and extends in an approximately north-south direction. The South China Region is still prominent during the lower, Eifelian half of the Middle Devonian. Relatively cosmopolitan Devonian conditions affect China by the latter, Givetian half of the Middle Devonian, as is also the case in most other parts of the world except for eastern North America and the Southern Hemisphere Malvinokaffric Realm. The Chinese Upper Devonian is cosmopolitan in a manner similar to that of the rest of the World. It is notable during the Lower Devonian that the nonmarine vertebrate fauna is unusually provincial and very distinct from faunas known in Europe and North America, as well as from those present in northern Asia. It is suggested that previous distinctions between Lower Devonian Uralian and Mongolo-Okhotsk Regions are more likely provincial or even subprovincial. The presence of the atrypacean genus Tuvaella in the Silurian of east-central Asia is shown to represent the restricted occurrence of a single genus, rather than being indicative of a major biogeographic unit. However, it may indicate the presence of a subprovincial unit or of an endemic center.

Field of study: Geology
A versatile and reproducible automatic injection system for liquid standard introduction: application to in-situ calibration

The quantitation of trace organic compounds in ambient organic aerosol is difficult due to the chemical complexity of these mixtures, but is needed to provide insight into their sources and formation processes. Compound-level characterization of organic aerosols is typically performed through sample collection followed by gas or liquid chromatography. With these methods, introduction of liquid standards has long been used as an effective means of quantifying trace compounds, but automating this technique for use with in-situ instrumentation has not previously been achieved. Here we develop an automatic injection system (AutoInject) for the introduction of liquids into a custom collection and analysis cell for improved quantitation in chromatographic measurements. The system consists of chilled reservoirs containing liquid standards from which a sample loop is loaded and then injected into the cell. The AutoInject is shown to be reproducible over 106 injections with a relative standard deviation of 1.5%, and have negligible injection-to-injection carryover. A 6-port selector allows injection of different liquid standards separately or simultaneously. Additionally, automatic injection of multiple sample loops is shown to generate a linear multi-point calibration curve. Tests conducted in this work focus on use with the Thermal desorption Aerosol Gas chromatograph (TAG), but the flexibility of the system allows it to be used for a variety of applications.

Field of study: Environmental science
Research Of A Small World Architecture And Frangibility For P2P Networks

P2P networks were new stars of 21 century and they were widely used in nowadays networks.It was factually an overlay network for distributed object store,search and sharing. But P2P networks frequently lacked of dependability, some peer nodes could be easily lost.So it was very important to study the architecture and frangibility of p2p networks and know the characteristics when nodes invalidated or suffered intentionally attacked which would be good used in future. In this paper, we presented a small world architecture for P2P networks for information discovery, peer nodes freely linked to each other in intergroups and not every peer node needed to be connected to remote groups and also could easily find the information in remote peer node via some leader peer nodes. And analyzed the frangibility of Gnutella networks, including suffered random failure, degree attack and betweenness attack. And fully study the frangibility of p2p networks base on small world architecture (SWAN),From our analysis and simulation, the small world architecture for p2p networks had the same characters as small world networks, and could achieve good performance in both static and dynamic environments.And the SWAN was best fault tolerance when suffered randomly attack, but worst fault tolerance when suffered hostility attack compared with the ER model. And also the frangibility of p2p networks base on small world architecture was analyzed theoretically and a closed-form solution for average size of clusters was given which before the largest size of cluster had appeared.

Field of study: Computer science
Electromagnetic transition rates and vibrational modes in34S

States in34S up to 6 MeV excitation energy, populated by the reaction31P(α, pγ), have been investigated by Doppler shift and line shape analysis andpγ andγγ angular correlation measurements. The strengths of electromagnetic transitions between even parity levels are compared with theoretical predictions of the weak coupling unified model and the many-particle shell model. The experimental evidence for a weak coupling of the single particle motion to vibrational modes is discussed.

Field of study: Physics
Preliminary X‐ray analysis of a human VH fragment at 1.8 Å resolution

Small antibody fragments are more useful than full-size antibodies for achieving efficient biodistribution. As a first step towards the design of a clinically desirable antibody fragment, the crystallization of a human V(H) fragment has been achieved. The fragment was derived from the single-chain antibody scFvM12, which recognizes a cancer-specific hypoglycosylated form of mucin. The V(H) fragment was obtained by in-drop digestion of the scFvM12 with a low concentration of the broad-spectrum protease subtilisin Carlsberg. The crystal belongs to the monoclinic space group C2. The crystal diffracted to 1.8 A resolution when analysed at 100 K using a rotating-anode X-ray generator.

Field of study: Chemistry
Cultural Differences in Values as Self-Guides

Three studies tested whether individualism–collectivism moderates the extent to which values are endorsed as ideal self-guides and ought self-guides, and the consequences for regulatory focus and emotion. Across Studies 1 and 2, individualists endorsed values that are relatively central to the self as stronger ideals than oughts, whereas collectivists endorsed them as ideals and oughts to a similar degree. Study 2 found that individualists justified central values using reasons that were more promotion focused than prevention focused, whereas collectivists used similar amount of prevention-focused and promotion-focused reasons. In Study 3, individualists felt more dejected after violating a central (vs. peripheral) value and more agitated after violating a peripheral (vs. central) value. Collectivists felt a similar amount of dejection regardless of values centrality and more agitation after violating central (vs. peripheral) values. Overall, culture has important implications for how we regulate values that are central or peripheral to our self-concept.

Field of study: Psychology
Ohmic contact electromigration

In this paper olimic contact electromigration is briefly reviewed. After a short introduction on the main contact failure mechanisms and technological solutions, the effect of contact scaling on electromigration is considered. Then, guidelines on test structures and lifetest set-up for contact electromigration studies are given, with particular reference to the thermal characterization needed to extract reliable data from lifetest experiments. Finally, the most recent experimental results obtained with both aluminum based metallizations and contacts making use of silicides or barrier layers are reviewed and compared.

Field of study: Engineering
Determinants of Profitability of China's Domestically Listed Commercial Banks: Panel Evidence for the Period between 2007-2012

The purpose of this study is to explore the determinants of 16 China domestically listed commercial banks' profitability over period 2007-2012. This research selects the net interest margin, profit margin and Tobin's q as proxies of the bank profitability, which are measured by three categories: internal determinants, industry-specific determinants and macroeconomic determinants. Panel data model was used to analyze how the determinants affecting the bank's profitability and some recommendations of improving the bank's profitability are provided. Commercial Banks, Profitability, Fixed Effect Model, Panel Data, Tobin’s q

Field of study: Business
Analysis of Global Cloud Imagery from Multiple Satellites

Synoptic images of the global cloud field have been created from infrared measurements taken aboard tour geostationary and two polar-orbiting platforms simultaneously observing the earth. A series of spatial and temporal interpolations together with data reliability criteria are used to composite data from the individual satellites into synoptic images of the global cloud pattern. The composite Global Cloud Imagery (GCI) have a horizontal resolution of about half a degree and a temporal resolution of 3 h, providing an unprecedented view of the earth's cloud field. Each composite image represents a nearly instantaneous snapshot of the global cloud pattern. Collectively, the composite imagery resolve, on a global basis, most of the variability associated with organized convection, including several harmonies of the diurnal cycle. The dense and 3-dimensional nature of the GCI make them a formidable volume of information to treat in a practical and efficient manner. To facilitate analysis of global c...

Field of study: Environmental science
Acute Transient Cerebral Toxicity Associated with Administration of High-Dose Methotrexate

To report the first case of transient central nervous system toxicity after administration of high-dose methotrexate (HDMTX) in the Middle East.  A 10-year-old boy was diagnosed with osteosarcoma of the proximal end of the left tibia. He underwent primary amputation and was started on adjuvant chemotherapy, which included administration of HDMTX. He developed acute cerebral toxicity after the 5th dose of HDMTX in the form of diplopia, seizures and disorientation. He recovered completely without any complication or neurological sequelae.  The acute cerebral toxicity associated with HDMTX was completely reversible and without any sequelae.

Field of study: Medicine
Current Problems and Future Needs in Plant Protection in Rice

After the onset of green revolution in rice there was considerable accentuation of insect pest and disease problems. Although the extent of losses may vary and depend on several factors, the instances of complete loss of the crop due to one or two pests have been increasingly reported. As individual methods of pest control like chemical control, host plant resistance, biocontrol, cultural methods and insect sex pheromones have their own limitations, the concept of integrated pest management is gaining importance. Different approaches to Integrated Pest Management (IPM), such as philosophical approach, ecosystems approach and participative approach have been discussed, along with important practices to be adopted for effective pest and disease management in rice. Among the future directions for effective pest management in rice, the role of multiple resistant varieties to insect pests and diseases and utilization of genetic engineering and biotechnological tools have been emphasized. The biorational methods such as effective use of naturally existing biocontrol, avoidance of resurgence of insect pests and slow replacement of traditional insecticides by plant products, biopesticides and insect sex pheromones must be complementary to IPM programmes. Agroecosystem analysis and its use in development of location specific IPM programmes is discussed. The concept of “participative” or “bottom-up” approach rather than “prescriptive” or “top-down” approach has been emphasized for IPM programmes involving effective information dissiminations and human resource development.

Field of study: Biology
Origin of the X-ray magnetic circular dichroism at the L-edges of the rare-earths in RxR(1-x)'Al2 systems.

An X-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD) study performed at the rare-earth L(2,3)-edges in the R(x)R(1-x)'Al(2) compounds is presented. It is shown that both R and R' atoms contribute to the XMCD recorded at the L-edges of the selected rare-earth, either R or R'. The amplitude of the XMCD signal is not directly correlated to the magnetization or to the value of the individual (R, R') magnetic moments, but it is related to the molecular field acting on the rare-earth tuned in the photoabsorption process. This result closes a longstanding study of the origin of the XMCD at the L-edge of the rare-earths in multi-component systems, allowing a full understanding of the exact nature of these signals.

Field of study: Physics
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF SURFACE TO SURFACE MISSILE

The main purpose of the project is to propose that the obsolete and old surface to air missiles can be used as surface to surface missiles because old missiles can’t follow complex trajectory of the present highly maneuverable target. Hence they can be used to hit a stationary target which is on ground with sufficient accuracy. This is the best way to use these old missiles than abandoning them. In this project, a 50 Km range surface to surface missile is designed based on old existing surface to air missile. The aerodynamic theory has been adopted to evolve the airframe of missile. The dimensions of surface to surface missile taken from old existing surface to air missile are plotted in CATIA V5R20. We simulate a flow of Mach 4 over the 3D model of missile using the software CFX. We find out the pressure, velocity, density and temperature variations. Finally we plot the trajectory in mat lab and obtain the following graphs: Range vs. Time, Altitude vs. Time and Velocity vs. Time.

Field of study: Engineering
Potassium-Argon Retention Ages from the Basement Complex and Associated Precambrian Metasedimentary Rocks of Uganda

Thirty-one new potassium-argon age determinations from the Archean basement gneisses and overlying metasedimentary sequences define more precisely the effects of the Pan-African episode in Uganda. The majority of mica retention ages from the basement complex gneisses (650 to 540 m.y.) reflect a widespread late Precambrian-early Paleozoic thermal event, which partially or completely overprints the isotopic record of the earlier events. Relict K-Ar biotite ages of up to 2,860 m.y., obtained from granite and granite-gneisses near Soroti, within the basement complex in central Uganda, are indicative of a much earlier period of plutonic activity.

Low-grade metasediments of the Buganda-Toro System, overlying the basement gneisses to the south, were not affected by the Pan-African event, and retain whole-rock K-Ar ages of up to 1,860 m.y. Granite gneisses near Iganga in southern Uganda, also unaffected by the Pan-African event, yield concordant K-Ar biotite ages of 1,840 m.y., but low-grade meta-sediments of the Bulugwe Series, near the Kenya border (correlatives of the Nyanzian of Kenya), yield significantly older whole-rock K-Ar ages of up to 2,375 m.y.

Field of study: Geology
Screening of Dye-decolorizing Microbe and Conditions of Dye Decolorization

14 bacteria strains which were isolated through enrichment and culture from wastewater of a dyeing workshop in Nanchang had different dye-decolorization ability on directly red dye.There were 12 strains with decolorization rate above 50%,accounting for 85.7%of total number.Above 70%were 8 strains whose ratio was 57.1%and above 80%were 4 strains which were 28.6%of total number.The decolorization capability of strain Z03 was 84.2%,which was the strongest.Decolorization conditions of the strain Z03 were studied,with decolorization rate up to 89.6%under the optimum dye decolorization conditions obtained by orthogonal experiment which were 35℃,pH 7 and 40mL/250mL.

Field of study: Environmental science
Simulation Studies of the Effects of Mineral Admixtures on the Cement Paste-Aggregate Interfacial Zone (SP-105)

This paper presents a 3-d microstructural model for simulating the interfacial zone in concrete, including the incorporation of inert and pozzolanic mineral admixtures. The model is used to obtain the cementitious-material phase distributions as a function of distance from the aggreagate surface to quantitatively characterize the interfacial zone. Pozzolanic admixtures, such as silica fume and fly ash, are found to increase the homogeneity of the interfacial region, with the most important enhancement proposed to be the improved homogeneity of the calcium-silicate-hydrate phase. The effects of mineral admixture particle size and reactivity are also computed via simulations.

Field of study: Materials science
DC-SQUIDs and flux transformers in YBa/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub 7/ magnetometers at 77 K

For biomagnetic applications magnetometer devices are prepared in a multilayer process based on KrF-excimer laser deposition of superconductor and insulator layers as well as semiconducting barriers. For patterning conventional photolithography and argon-ion etching are used. In the DC-SQUIDs we employ Josephson junctions with artificial barriers of PrBa/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub 7/ in a ramp-type geometry. As insulating layers in the flux transformers we use SrTiO/sub 3/. Both, the DC-SQUIDs and the input-coils operate up to temperatures of 86 K. The characterisation of the devices is made by electrical transport and by noise measurements. For the use as sensitive magnetometers the DC SQUIDs are either used in inductively shunted magnetometers with galvanic coupling to a large pick-up coil or are coupled to flux transformers in a flip-chip arrangement.<<ETX>>

Field of study: Physics
Kinetics and mechanism of DNA repair: an automated programmable apparatus for fast time-resolved studies of the repair of mammalian DNA after u.v. irradiation.

An automated apparatus, designed and constructed for use in fast time-resolved studies of mammalian DNA repair after u.v. irradiation, is described. The methodology makes use of caged DNA-break-trapping reagents, e.g. [alpha-32P]dideoxyadenosine triphosphate [see Meldrum, Shall, Trentham and Wharton (1990)  and the apparatus incorporates excimer lasers both for the delivery of u.v. damage and for the photoactivation of the caged reagents. The design is based on a sample-changing turntable which permits the sequential irradiation and quenching of samples. A maximum of eight samples can be processed in a single experiment, the sequence of events being programmed on a microcomputer, which permits a very generalized experimental sequence. Pipettes for addition of cells, nucleotides and quenching agent are driven pneumatically. A pair of pneumatically operated platinum electrodes allows electroporation of cells for loading of negatively charged reagents prior to irradiation. The time resolution of the apparatus is dependent upon the experimental scheme used and can be very short (e.g. 1 ms) when caged reagents are used; a more usual period is 1 s for the shortest incubation.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Classes of measures closed under mixing and convolution. Weak stability

For a random vector X with a fixed distribution μ we construct a class of distributions M(μ) = {μ ◦ λ : λ ∈ P}, which is the class of all distributions of random vectors XΘ, where Θ is independent of X and has distribution λ. The problem is to characterize the distributions μ for whichM(μ) is closed under convolution. This is equivalent to the characterization of the random vectors X such that for all random variables Θ1, Θ2 independent of X,X ′ there exists a random variable Θ independent of X such that

Field of study: Mathematics
Preliminary Report of Steeps from Insect Resistant TransgenicCotton for Controlling Clostera anastomosis

By rinsing, airing, comminuting, soaking, squeezing and filtrating the leaves, stems, roots and seeds from insect resistant transgenic cotton, the steeps were prepared.Experiments for controlling 3~(rd) instar larvae of Clostera anastomosis were conducted.The results showed that the steeps from 100 g fresh leaves dregs with 60 mL water and 30 g dry leaves powder with 60 mL water had good results on Clostera anastomosis control with mortalities of 93.3 % and 100%, respectively, in 2 hours. The mortalities of Clostera anastomosis were 76 % and 88%, respectively, in 5 days by the field willow treated with the steeps from 1000 g dry leaves powder with 5000 mL water and 1000g seed powder with 5000 mL water, respectively.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Some Sufficiency Criteria for Hurwitz Stability of Real Polynomials

It is pointed out that some new sufficient conditions for Hurwitz stability of real polynomials are obtainable as an immediate consequence of combining certain known sufficient conditions. The targeted polynomials are those of degree more than or equal to five, for which exact analytical stability conditions are practically un available due to their intricate forms. In contrast, the obtained conditions simply comprise a set of quadratic inequalities and a pair of cubic ones with respect to the polynomial coefficients. The results are expected to make up for the pausity of existent sufficiency criteria for Hurwitz stability of polynomials.

Field of study: Computer science