nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
An Improved Inverse Filtering Method for Parametric Spectral Estimation

For a wide-sense stationary process x(k), it is well-known  that its power spectral spectrum Pxx(f) can be estimated by whitening the data with the inverse filter, V(z)=1/H(z), of the assumed minimum-phase rational model H(z) associated with x(k). However, the initial conditions for computing the output e(k) of the recursive filter V(z) are unknown and must be preassigned. In this paper, we propose an improved inverse filtering method which simultaneously estimates the coefficients of V(z) as well as the initial conditions. By simulation, the resultant power spectral estimator with the initial conditions being estimated is demonstrated to have much smaller variance as well as much smaller bias than that with the initial conditions wrongly set to be zero as the time constant of V(z) is comparable to the number of data.

Field of study: Engineering
State dependence and trait stability of perfectionism: A short-term longitudinal study.

The authors examined state dependency on depression, trait stability, and state-trait characteristics of perfectionism in a short-term longitudinal study of university students. Relative stability of perfectionism was assessed with test-retest correlations across 3 time points, and results showed higher rank order and relative stability for perfectionism scores compared with depression scores. Regression and path analyses to disentangle directions of effects revealed that initial maladaptive perfectionism scores remained robust predictors of later perfectionism scores, even after the authors controlled for prior and concurrent depression and other dimensions of perfectionism. Perfectionism proved to be quite stable and was a significant predictor of later depression. Perfectionism was also not meaningfully altered by state changes in depression. The overall findings indicate that perfectionism appears to have substantial relative stability, and perfectionistic discrepancy in particular is a clear vulnerability factor for depression.

Field of study: Psychology
The Late Neoproterozoic magmatism in the Ediacaran series of the Eastern Pyrenees: new ages and isotope geochemistry

Geochronological U–Pb (LA-ICP-MS), geochemical and isotopic data from metavolcanic felsic rocks of the Canigó and Cap de Creus massifs in the Eastern Pyrenees provide evidence of an Ediacaran magmatic event lasting 30 Ma in NE Iberia. These data also constrain the age of the Late Neoproterozoic succession in the Cap de Creus massif, where depositional ages range from 577 to 558 Ma, and in the Canigó massif, where the data (575–568 Ma) represent minimum ages. The geochemistry of the felsic rocks indicates that they were formed in a back-arc environment and they record a fragment of a long-lived subduction-related magmatic arc (620–520 Ma) in the active northern Gondwana margin. The homogeneity shown by all these crustal fragments along this margin suggests that the individualization of the Pyrenean basement from the Iberian Massif started later, probably during its transition from an active to a passive margin in Cambro–Ordovician times.

Field of study: Environmental science
An Analysis of Current Situation of Intermediate Strate in Hefei

Since reform and opening- up over the past more than 20year,the social structure of our country changed deeply,a remarkable characteristic among them is the developing and strengthening of the intermediate strata.The study on this phenomenon has its theoretical and realistic significauce.On the basis of existing investigation,the article analyses the current situation of intermediate strata in Hefei,pointing out its special cause of formation and proposing some suggestions about how to consolidate and expand the intermediate strata.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Autophagy is Required for the Maintenance of Liver Progenitor Cell Functionality

Liver progenitor cells (LPCs) are bipotent stem cells existing in the adult liver, which could be activated upon massive liver injury and contribute to liver regeneration. However, mechanisms of maintenance of LPC functionality remain poorly understood. Previous studies found that autophagy was required for the self-renewal and differentiation of several tissue stem cells.  The study compared the level of autophagic activity in LPCs and differentiated hepatocytes. Then, autophagic activity was inhibited in LPCs by lentivirus-mediated autophagy-related gene 5 or Beclin 1 knockdown. Clonogenic assay, cell viability assays, hepatic differentiation assay, and senescence analysis were conducted to assess the role of autophagy in regulating self-renewal, hepatic differentiation and senescence of LPCs.  We observed high autophagic activity in LPCs compared with differentiated hepatocytes. We found that inhibition of autophagy impaired the self-renewal, proliferation, and hepatic differentiation capability of LPCs under normal cultural condition, but had little impact on cell viability. Interestingly, while wild-type LPCs remained rarely affected by the toxin, etoposide, inhibition of autophagy induced the senescent phenotype of LPCs. Overexpression of Beclin 1 in Beclin 1-knockdown LPCs restored the functionality of stem cells.  Our findings indicate that autophagy may function as a critical regulator of LPC functionality under both physiological and pathological condition.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
A Differential and Linear Analysis of the Inversion Mapping in Odd-Characteristic Finite Fields

Substitution boxes (S-boxes) based on the inversion mapping (S[x] = x) in even-characteristic finite fields are widely used components in the design of cryptographic primitives such as block ciphers (notably the AES cipher). This report focuses on the inversion mapping in finite fields GF(pn) where p is a (small) odd prime and n is a (small) integer. We compare the differential and linear profiles of S-boxes over oddand even-characteristic fields, which also motivates the design and analysis of AES variants operating in fields of odd characteristic. Even for GF(2n), the study of S-boxes which are APN permutations (odd-valued n) already shows resistance to differential and linear cryptanalysis after three rounds.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Study on the Valve Transfer Characters of Valve Management in Homemade 300 MW Units

Some advanced functions of valve management were adopted to realize two distribute steam mode between sequence valve and single valve conveniently, including valve transfer in no load undulation case, by use of governor driven by independent servo valve and servomotor in modern large turbine units governing system. Some experimental studies were carried out on the valve transfer characters in a homemade 300 MW unit. The result shows prominent discrepancy exists between two distribute steam mode,in expand difference cylinder metals temperature, HP-IP cylinder exit steam temperature and the characters of vibration.It point out that the efficiency and the safety of unit running characters must be considered together to adapt developing electric power market

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Enantioselective toxic effects of cyproconazole enantiomers against Rana nigromaculata.

The environmental contaminant, especially pesticides, threatened the amphibian population. In this assay, the enantioselective behavior of cyproconazole on Rana nigromaculata was studied. We found LC50 (lethal concentration causing 50% mortality) of 4-enantiomers was nearly twice as 3-enantiomers in 96 h acute toxicity test. Besides, the significant considerable variation of oxidative stress and LDH (lactic dehydrogenase) induced by the four enantiomers indicated that cyproconazole could enantioselectively affect enzymes in tadpoles. Bioaccumulation experiments showed the order of cyproconazole in the tadpoles was 4-enantiomers>3- enantiomers>2- enantiomers>1- enantiomers during the exposure for 28d. In tissue distribution test, cyproconazole was formed and accumulated in order of 4-enantiomers>2-enantiomers>3- enantiomers>1- enantiomers, except that in the gut. During the elimination experiment, cyproconazole was rapidly eliminated by 95% within the only 24 h. These results suggested that the influence of enantioselective behavior should consider when assessing ecological risk of chiral pesticides to amphibians.

Field of study: Environmental science
Deep-Sea Fan-Valleys, Past and Present

Comparison of ancient and modern marine sedimentary environments can yield better interpretations of both. Extensive exposures of modern sediments are not available, but detailed time correlation over large areas and much environmental data are absent from ancient sediments. The development of deep sea fan-valleys and the processes leading to their eventual filling have been studied through detailed comparison of two contemporary fan-valleys with one of Miocene age now exposed on land. Results from narrow-beam near-bottom echo soundings and seismic reflection profiles from a deep-towed instrument package were coordinated with information from bottom sampling on La Jolla and San Lucas fans, off southern California and Baja California respectively. A Miocene fan-valley exposed in sea cliffs near Dana Point, southern California, was used for the comparison. In all three cases, a fan-valley has been cut into horizontally bedded muds and silts of the surrounding fan. Terraces form on resistent horizons cropping out on the valley walls. Irregularly bedded sands with mudlumps and conglomerates in some sections fill the main parts of channels. Later deposits within channels are finer grained and more regularly bedded. La Jolla fan is cut by a single fan-valley; San Lucas fan has a braided system of valleys. These two different patterns may result either from differences in the rate of deposition and grade of sediment or from different amounts of incision in the feeding canyons following the post-Pleistocene rise in sea level.

Field of study: Geology
Studies on the adrenocortical function in dairy cows with cystic ovaries.

卵胞嚢腫牛の副腎皮質機能を検討するため,昭和44年8月から45年5年月までの間に,帯広畜産大学附属第1農場ならびに十勝管内音更町,更別村の一般農家に飼育されている乳牛についてACTH負荷試験,DEMOORの神戸川変法による血清11-OHCS値を測定した結果,次のような結論を得た。1. 天然ACTH負荷により,5頭の対照牛では,著明な血清11-0HCS値と白血球数の増加ならびに好酸球数の減少が見られたが,8頭の卵胞嚢腫牛では,これらの変化は明瞭でなかった。2. 25頭の卵胞嚢腫牛に対する迅速ACTHテストの結果は,5頭のみが血清11-0HCS増加量5.6μg/dl以上で,これらはすべて治癒したが,20頭は血清11-OHCS増加量5.6μg/dl以下で,このうち治癒は10頭にとどまった。3. 午前9時から12時までの間に採血した黄体期の24頭の対照牛の血清11-OHCS値5.3~9.1μg/dlを中等値とし,これ以上を高値,以下を低値として,64頭の卵胞嚢腫牛の血清11-OHCS値を分類し,治癒i率との関係を調べたところ,高値群では17例中17例(100%)中値群では22例中17例(77%),低値群では25例中11例(44%)が治癒した。

Field of study: Biology
Reindeer use of low Arctic tundra correlates with landscape structure

Rapid climate change in Arctic regions is linked to the expansion of woody taxa (shrubification), and an increase in biomass as tundra becomes greener. Reindeer and caribou (Rangifer tarandus) are considered able to suppress vegetative greening through grazing and trampling. Quantifying reindeer use of different land cover types can help us understand their impact on the growth and recruitment of deciduous shrubs, many of which serve as fodder (e.g. Salix spp.), in favourable habitats, such as naturally denuded landslides in permafrost areas. Understanding the spatial distribution of reindeer pressure on vegetation is important to project future patterns of greening, albedo, snow capture, active layer development, and the overall resilience of tundra rangelands under ongoing climate change. Here we quantify reindeer habitat use within the low Arctic tundra zone of Yamal, West Siberia estimated from pellet-group counts, and also how active layer thickness (ALT) relates to reindeer use. Our results confirm intensive use by reindeer of terrain with high June-July time integrated normalised difference vegetation index, steeper slopes, ridges, upper slopes and valleys, and a preference for low erect shrub tundra. These sites also seem to have a shallower ALT compared to sites less used by reindeer, although we did not find any direct relationship between ALT and reindeer use. Low use of tall Salix habitats indicated that reindeer are unlikely to suppress the growth of already tall-erect woody taxa, while they exert maximum pressure in areas where shrubs are already low in stature, e.g. ridgetops. Reindeer ability to suppress the regrowth and expansion of woody taxa in landslide areas (i.e. concavities) seems limited, as these types were less used. Our results suggest that reindeer use of the landscape and hence their effects on the landscape correlates with the landscape structure. Future research is needed to evaluate the role and efficiency of reindeer as ecosystem engineers capable of mediating the effects of climate change.

Field of study: Environmental science
Crystallization of a calcium-binding EGF-like domain.

Crystals of a calcium-binding epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like domain of human clotting factor IX suitable for X-ray diffraction analysis have been obtained by vapour diffusion (sitting drop) against 48% PEG 400. The crystals belong to the tetragonal space group P4(3)2(1)2, with unit-cell dimensions a = b = 40.3, c = 98.2 A. The crystals diffract beyond 1.5 A resolution and are relatively stable in the X-ray beam. This is the first reported crystallization of a calcium-binding EGF-like domain.

Field of study: Chemistry
Does compliance status predict clinical status in patients undergoing endoscopic management of vesico-ureteral reflux?

Previous studies of endoscopic management of vesico-ureteral reflux (VUR) have had non-compliance rates around 50%. We examined success rates of patients non-compliant with a delayed follow up protocol after endoscopic injection for VUR.



Patients undergoing Double HIT, dextranomer/hyaluronic acid copolymer endoscopic injection for VUR were enrolled in a 1-year, delayed voiding cysto-urethrogram (VCUG) study. All patients non-compliant with the VCUG were contacted and information on their clinical status was collected. Non-compliant patients were re-scheduled for a VCUG.



49/54 (91%) patients underwent endoscopic injection for VUR and completed the 6-week ultrasound. At 1-year 49% (24/49) were non-compliant with a VCUG; 75% (18/24) were contacted and provided clinical information. All but one patient agreed to the VCUG. Patients compliant with the 1-year VCUG showed 96% (24/25) clinical and 92% (23/25) radiologic success rates. Non-compliant patients had an 89% (16/18) clinical success rate; 5 (21%) non-compliant patients underwent VCUGs with a 100% success rate.



Long-term compliance remains an issue for patients treated endoscopically for VUR, but compliance does not predict clinical status as both groups have favorable clinical outcomes. The repeat VCUG is a barrier to long-term follow up as only 21% of patients underwent the study.

Field of study: Medicine
A Meta-Analysis and Review of Sight Word Research and Its Implications for Teaching Functional Reading to Individuals with Moderate and Severe Disabilities

We conducted a comprehensive review of sight word research with individuals with disabilities since 1980 with the aim of determining the overall effectiveness of sight word research and its specific impact on individuals with moderate and severe disabilities. The review also identified innovations in instructional strategies developed since prior reviews. A total of 48 studies was reviewed. Most studies were conducted with individuals with moderate mental retardation, and the overall mean IQ for research participants was 55; however, other disability groups and levels were represented. Most studies were conducted with elementary school students, but a wide age range was represented, including adults. A meta-analysis using the percentage of nonoverlapping data points (PND) revealed that sight word instruction has been highly effective across individuals for people with moderate and severe disabilities. New strategies have included giving instructive feedback for additional learning, applying constant time delay in group formats, and using more elaborate feedback procedures in a postresponse prompting format. These innovations also included teaching sight words in the context of the community and in general education classes using either heterogeneous groups or peer tutoring. A persistent limitation of sight word research is the failure to measure functional use, which requires both stimulus and response generalization. In the absence of this comprehension measure, sight word research may provide strong demonstrations of teaching students to name words, but falls short of demonstrating that students understand these words or apply them to their daily routines.

Field of study: Education
A mean extrapolation technique for high reliability analysis

A mean extrapolation method is proposed to estimate the high reliability with acceptable computational cost. In this method, the high reliability index is evaluated by extrapolating the obtained low reliability indexes due to the fact that the lower reliability indexes can be estimated with less samples. Eventually the computational cost for calculating the high reliability index is alleviated markedly. Two kinds of extrapolation models are presented on the asymptotic behavior of the failure probability with respect to the standard deviation of the random variables in the independent and identically distributed Gaussian space. The coefficients of all extrapolation models are calculated by the least-square fit method using the obtained lower reliability indexes. Then, the mean of all the extrapolation models is selected to calculate the high reliability index. The computational cost involved in the original extrapolation method is still not afforded due to the fact that several lower reliability indexes are required. In order to overcome this difficulty, a technique reusing the samples is also introduced. Several examples demonstrate the proposed method. The results show that no single extrapolation model is preferable. However, the mean extrapolation model is always stable and is very close to the exact result. Only tens of thousands of samples are required for obtaining a result with reasonable accuracy for high reliability index.

Field of study: Mathematics
Forty five nanoseconds superconducting delay lines

The authors report on the design, simulation, fabrication, and measurement of very long superconducting coplanar waveguide delay lines on 3-in-diameter LaAlO/sub 3/ substrates. Variations of the design involving the addition of a ground plane on the backside of the substrate and for the use of gold wire-bond bridges to electrically connect the in-plane ground planes were investigated. A delay of 45 ns was measured for a line length of 4.3 m. The best response was obtained with wire-bond connections and no backside ground plane. A resonance-free insertion loss of less than 0.01 dB/ns was obtained with a 1.7-GHz bandwidth for NbN at 4.2 K. This is to be compared with a loss of 0.1 dB/ns for a 50-ns 0.141-in OD. (outer diameter) copper coaxial delay line that weighs 1.5 lb and 0.02 dB/ns for a 60-ns 1-in OD copper coaxial delay line that weighs 45 lb.<<ETX>>

Field of study: Physics
The Influence of Hipólito Unanue on Peruvian Medical Science, 1789-1820: A Reappraisal

S HORTLY before General Jose San Martin thrust independence upon Peru, the leading doctors of Lima were congratulating themselves for having just effected a revolution of their own in Peruvian medical science. Their boundless optimism rested mainly on the remarkable achievements of Hip6olito Unanue during the years from 1789 to 1813. Unanue shocked Peruvian medicine out of its routine existence and gave it new, exciting goals, many of which were realized through his persistent and extraordinary labor. By publicizing developments in nearly all fields of contemporary science, he gave his colleagues more assurance about their capacity in an age of great change. His own wide-ranging essays in the Mercurio Peruuano (1791-1794) and his ambitious Observations on the Climate of Lima (1806, and revised 1815) set an example for them and won among foreigners a reputation respectable enough to help Peruvians forget their previous lack of accomplishment. His teaching attracted enough students to give the impression that, for the first time, medicine might begin to compete with law and theology for professional popularity. Finally, Unanue freely designed and brought into operation a reformed college of medicine that seemed to guarantee a brilliant future. But instead of progressing in the orderly fashion that Unanue had indicated and reaching the rarefied heights that his studenlts expected, Peruvian medical science fell into a decline for some thirty years. Because the falling off came so soon after Unanue's retirement in 1813, and because the previous gains had owed so much to his work, anyone studying the progress of medicine in Lima and its subsequent stagnation must understand the complex career of Hip6lito Unanue. At first glance that career presents a paradox, for letters, not medicine, brought Unanue 's rapid advancement to the rank of savant.

Field of study: History
APEX FEEDLOT WATER QUALITY SIMULATION

A manure erosion equation was developed and added to the APEX model for use in estimating nutrient losses from 
feedlots and manure application fields. The modified APEX was validated with data from feedlots near Bushland, Texas, and 
Carrington, North Dakota. The model was used to investigate feedlot management options on a hypothetical feedlot with 
realistic data. Vegetative filter strip (VFS) characteristics including 10%, 25%, 50%, and 100% FLRs (flow length ratios, 
i.e., filter flow length/feedlot flow length) and slopes of 1%, 5%, and 10% were considered. Combinations of these VFS 
characteristics were compared on two soil types: clay loam and fine sandy loam. Management options included three stocking 
rates (10, 15, and 20 m2 head-1) and two clean-out intervals (90 and 180 d). Additionally, two climatic conditions 
(precipitation of 440 and 825 mm year-1) were simulated. Results from 50-year simulations indicate that a VFS downslope 
of the feedlot can greatly reduce nutrient loads. All three VFS characteristics (FLR, slope, and soil) were important in 
controlling organic N and P losses. The best organic N and P control was obtained from a VFS with maximum FLR (100%), 
minimum slope (1%), and a sandy loam soil. Results were similar for soluble N and P control except that VFS slope had little 
effect. The simulated management options (clean-out interval and stocking rate) were also effective in controlling nutrient 
losses. The climatic variable (annual precipitation) gave higher nutrient losses from the feedlot and the VFS with 825 mm 
than with 440 mm. Nutrient control efficiencies, CEs, 100.* (1.0 - nutrient loss from VFS / nutrient loss from feedlot) were 
calculated for all scenarios considered. The VFSs on sandy loam soil with FLRs equal to or greater than 50% gave the highest 
CEs for both soluble and organic nutrients. Other factors including VFS slope, clean-out interval, and stocking rate had 
marginal impacts on CE. For soluble nutrients, CE is inversely related to annual precipitation. Thus, it is important to locate 
feedlots in areas with low precipitation and to provide a well designed VFS. The APEX model with the new manure erosion 
equation provides a tool for designing VFSs for controlling nutrient losses from feedlots.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences