nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Microstructure and mechanical properties of Co/Sn-10Bi couple and Co/Sn-10Bi/Co joint

The growth behavior of interfacial intermetallic compounds (IMCs) layer of Co/Sn-10Bi and Co/Sn-10Bi/Co couple has been studied by scanning electron microscope. The critical temperature and shear strength of Co/Sn-10Bi/Co joints were tested by universal testing machine. The results showed that the thickness of CoSn 3 IMCs layer increased as the increase of aging time and temperature. The growth rate of CoSn 3 IMCs layer of Co/Sn-10Bi/Co couple was suppressed and was lower than that of Co/Sn-10Bi couple as the decline in Sn concentration of residual Sn-Bi layer. The critical temperature of Co/Sn-10Bi/Co joint that could hold a load of 1 N changed as the chemical composition of residual Sn-Bi layer changed. The shear strength of Co/Sn-10Bi/Co joints bonded at 240 °C for 20 min, 30 min, 40 min, and 50 min was between 58 MPa and 82 MPa. The shear strength of Co/Sn-10Bi/Co joint bonded at 240 °C for 60 min was only about 17 MPa. The damage in shear strength of Co/Sn-10Bi/Co joint bonded for 60 min was led by the crack in residual Bi layer.

Field of study: Engineering
A Review of In-Canopy and Near-Canopy Sprinkler Irrigation Concepts

The use of in-canopy and near-canopy sprinkler application with mechanical-move systems is prevalent in the U.S. Great Plains. These systems can reduce evaporative losses by nearly 15%, but they introduce a much greater potential for irrigation non-uniformity and other water losses. This article is a review of these application technologies for mechanical-move sprinkler irrigation systems that have been widely adopted in the region, where irrigation capacities are typically less than those required to meet “fully irrigated” crop water demand and there is limited seasonal precipitation. Close attention to the design, installation, management, and operating guidelines for these systems can prevent many of the non-uniformity and water loss issues that reduce system performance and crop water productivity.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Mission, Multiculturalism, and the Liberal Arts College: A Qualitative Investigation

Using qualitative methods, we explore how faculty, administrators and students at a liberal arts college understand the mission of liberal education and its relationship to their institutional goals for multicultural community. Data collected from semistructured interviews suggests that the traditional liberal educational mission of this college—as conceptualized by its faculty and leadership—thwarts the development of multicultural communical aims.

Field of study: Education
Body distribution and in situ evading of phagocytic uptake by macrophages of long-circulating poly (ethylene glycol) cyanoacrylate-co-n-hexadecyl cyanoacrylate nanoparticles

To investigate the body distribution in mice of [14C]-labeled poly methoxyethyleneglycol cyanoacrylate-co-n-hexadecyl cyanoacrylate (PEG-PHDCA) nanoparticles and in situ evading of phagocytic uptake by mouse peritoneal macrophages.PEG-PHDCA copolymers were synthesized by condensation of methoxypolyethylene glycol cyanoacetate with [14C]-hexadecylcyanoacetate. [14C]-nanoparticles were prepared using the nanoprecipitation/solvent diffusion method, while fluorescent nanoparticles were prepared by incorporating rhodamine B. In situ phagocytic uptake was evaluated by flow cytometry. Body distribution in mice was evaluated by determining radioactivity in tissues using a scintillation method.Phagocytic uptake by macrophages can be efficiently evaded by fluorescent PEG-PHDCA nanoparticles. After 48 h, 31% of the radioactivity of the stealth [14C]-PEG-PHDCA nanoparticles after iv injection was still found in blood, whereas non-stealth PHDCA nanoparticles were cleaned up from the bloodstream in a short time. The distribution of stealth PEG-PHDCA nanoparticles and non-stealth PHDCA nanoparticals in mice was poor in lung, kidney, and brain, and a little higher in hearts. Lymphatic accumulation was unusually high for both stealth and non-stealth nanoparticles, typical of lymphatic capture. The accumulation of stealth PEG-PHDCA nanoparticles in the spleen was 1.7 times as much as that of non-stealth PHDCA (P<0.01). But the accumulation of stealth PEG-PHDCA nanoparticles in the liver was 0.8 times as much as that of non-stealth PHDCA (P<0.05).Conclusion:PEGylation leads to long-circulation of nanoparticles in the bloodstream, and splenotropic accumulation opens up the potential for further development of spleen-targeted drug delivery.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Sensitivity to ethanol across development in rats: comparison to [3H]zolpidem binding.

Previous research has suggested that rats tested at 28 to 30 days of age show a marked subsensitivity to the sedative effects of ethanol. In the present study, rats of different ages were tested for aerial righting following acute ethanol (3 g/kg) treatment. These results were compared with the effects of the atypical benzodiazepine zolpidem (3 and 5 mg/kg) and pentobarbital (10 and 15 mg/kg). Animals tested at 25, 28, or 35 days of age were significantly less impaired by ethanol than preweanling rats (age 20 days) or older rats (age 65 to 75 days), whereas animals tested at 25 or 28 days of age were less impaired by the higher dose of zolpidem. With pentobarbital, the most distinct age-related trend was greater impairment in 20-day-old rats. Because ethanol may be active at the same type I GABA(A) receptor site selectively labeled by [3H]zolpidem, levels of [3H]zolpidem binding were determined for rats of different ages. Although some brain regions showed progressive increases in binding of [3H]zolpidem across development, other regions demonstrated increased binding from day 12 or 17 to day 20, then a plateau of binding levels across days 20, 25, and 28, with further increases occurring by day 36 or day 60. This pattern was observed in the cingulate cortex, medial septal nucleus, globus pallidus, inferior colliculus, red nucleus, and cerebellum. Overall, the results indicate that the period of subsensitivity to the sedative effects of ethanol is coincident with a change in the developmental pattern of GABA(A) receptor sites targeted by [3H]zolpidem.

Field of study: Medicine
2,3-Didehydrospartein

Die Reduktion von Lupanin [(+)-6 oder ()-6] mit Diisobutylaluminiumhydrid (DIBAH) liefert in 70% Ausbeute direkt (+)-2,3-Didehydrospartein [(+)-3] bzw. kristallines Racemat (±)-3. Die konjugate Saure von 3 (Iminium-Salz 2) ist relativ stabil und addiert leicht Cyanid zu 2β-Sparteincarbonitril (8). Dagegen reagiert das Enamin 3 unter thermischer 23′-Dimerisierung zu einem Diastereomerengemisch von 7. Die Identitat der Titelverbindung 3 mit dem Hauptmetaboliten von (-)-Spartein (1) wird durch Gaschromatographie/Massenspektrometrie belegt. 
 
 
 
2,3-Didehydrosparteine 
 
 
 
Reduction of lupanine [(+)-6 or ()-6] by use of diisobutylaluminium hydride (DIBAH) directly affords (+)-2,3-didehydrosparteine [(+)-3] and crystalline (±)-3, respectively, in 70% yield. The conjugate acid of 3 (iminium salt 2) is relatively stable and readily adds cyanide to give 2β-sparteinecarbonitrile (8). On the contrary, enamine 3 undergoes thermal 2±3′ dimerisation to give a diastereomeric mixture of 7. The identity of the title compound 3 with the major metabolite of (-)-sparteine (1) has been proven by use of gas chromatography/mass spectrometry.

Field of study: Chemistry
Modeling Newborn Piglet Thermal Interactions with a Surface Energy Balance Model

A mathematical model was developed to describe the radiative and convective thermal interactions between a newborn piglet and it’s surroundings. The model incorporates surface energy balances for each surface in the enclosure. The model was verified with results from a simulated creep area and from published calorimetric studies on newborn pigs. Mathematical results were all within 5.5% of the measured results from a simulated creep-area. Compared with published studies, the mathematical model over-predicts heat loss in high-demand environments and under predicts heat loss in low-demand environments.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Population pharmacokinetics of propofol in Chinese patients.

To analyze population pharmacokinetics of propofol in Chinese surgical patients using a nonlinear mixed-effect model (NONMEM) program and to quantitate the effects of covariance of gender, age, and body weight.



The population pharmacokinetics of propofol was investigated in 76 selective surgical patients (37 males and 39 females aged 19-77 a, weighing 39-86 kg). A total of 1439 blood samples were analyzed using NONMEM (NONMEM Project Group, University of California, San Francisco, CA). Interindividual variability was estimated for clearances and distribution volumes. The effects of age, body weight, and gender were investigated.



The pharmacokinetics of propofol in Chinese patients was best described by a three-compartment pharmacokinetic model. Body weight was found to be a significant factor for the elimination clearance, the two inter-compartmental clearances, and the volume of the central compartment. The volumes of the shallow peripheral compartment and deep peripheral compartment remain constant for all individuals. The estimates of these parameters for a 60-kg adult were 1.56 L/min, 0.737 L/min, 0.360 L/min, 12.1 L, 43 L, and 213 L, respectively. For old patients, the elimination clearance and volume of the central compartment decreased.



The pharmacokinetics of propofol in Chinese patients can be well described by a standard three-compartment pharmacokinetic model. Inclusion of age and body weight as covariances significantly improved the model. Adjusting pharmacokinetics to the individual patients should improve the precision of target-controlled infusion system.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Effects of a Salivary Inhibitor and Facilitator upon Food Intake

This research stems from recent attempts to manipulate directly the fractional anticipatory goal response as manifested by salivation. Lewis, Butler, and Diamond (1958) reported evidence suggesting that oral administrations of pilocarpine, a parasympathetic excitant, and benzocaine, a topical anesthetic, produce differential response strengths. These differences are presumably due to the facilitation of salivation and its response-produced cues by pilocarpine, and a depression or obliteration of these cues by benzocaine. Such findings are commensurate with current theory which holds that during the course of conditioning trials fractions of the total goal responses become anticipatory and that stimuli from the fractional anticipatory goal response become directly conditioned to the instrumental response. In an attempt to determine if the differences observed by Lewis, et al. (1958) could be due to side effects of the drugs used, Lewis and McIntire (1959) found that none of the drugs had a differential effect on activity. There remains, however, the possibility that these drugs, and the bases in which they appear, change the acceptability of food used as a reward, i.e., pilocarpine may enhance the acceptability while benzocaine detracts, or vice versa. The purpose of this study was to determine if these drugs result in significant difference in the amount of food eaten.

Field of study: Psychology
Enhanced bioactivity of transform growth factor-β1 from sulfated chitosan microspheres for in vitro chondrogenesis of mesenchymal stem cells

Transform growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) is an extremely powerful protein to induce the chondrogenesis of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) both in vitro and in vivo. However, due to the short-life of TGF-β1, the direct application of TGF-β1 may deteriorate its bioactivity and thereby the repair effect. In this study, uniform sulfated chitosan microspheres (SCMs) with a mean diameter of ∼ 2 μm were fabricated by membrane emulsification as a carrier for TGF-β1. The in vitro release study showed that TGF-β1 could be sustainedly released from the microspheres up to 16 days. Under the protection of SCMs, about 13 % TGF-β1 was preserved even after stored for 14 days. The microspheres cytotoxicity was evaluated by coculture of MSCs with different concentrations SCMs and no obvious deterioration of cell viability was observed when the concentration of SCMs is lower than 2 μg/1.0 × 104 cells. In comparison with the blank group, the addition of TGF-β1 either in free state or loaded in SCMs inhibited the proliferation trend of MSCs. Quantitative analysis of GAGs production and genes expression of COL II and aggrecan by qRT-PCR revealed that enhanced bioactivity of TGF-β1 was obtained in the group of TGF-β1/SCMs, indicating that SCMs could be functioned as a promising carrier of TGF-β1 for the in vitro chondrogenesis of MSCs.

Field of study: Chemistry
A proof of De Concini-Kac-Procesi conjecture I. Representations of quantum groups at roots of unity and q-W algebras

Let U_q(g) be the standard simply connected version of the Drinfeld-Jumbo quantum group at an odd m-th root of unity q. De Concini, Kac and Proicesi observed that isomorphism classes of irreducible representations of U_q(g) are parameterized by the conjugacy classes in the connected simply connected algebraic group G corresponding to the simple complex Lie algebra g. They also conjectured that the dimension of a representation corresponding to a conjugacy class O is divisible by m^{1/2 dim O}. We show that if O intersects one of special transversal slices S to the set of conjugacy classes in G defined in  then the dimension of every finite-dimensional irreducible representation of U_q(g) corresponding to O is divisible by m^{1/2 codim S}. In the second part of this paper  is shown that for every conjugacy class O in G one can find a transversal slice S such that O intersects S and dim O = codim S. This proves the De Concini-Kac-Procesi conjecture. Our result also implies an equivalence between a category of finite-dimensional U_q(g)-modules and a category of finite-dimensional representations of a q-W algebra which can be regarded as a truncation of the quantized algebra of regular functions on S.

Field of study: Mathematics
Subconsciousness and Tastayefski's Words

People has different attitudes toward subconsciousness for long time. The development of human culture has proved the existence of subconsciousness. This article tries to explain the theory of subconsciousness and take the tragedy of Tastayefski as an example to show the effects of subconsciousness on literature works, so as to know the features and rules of subconscioussness in literature creation.

Field of study: Education
Bayesian analysis of the linear regression model with an edgeworth series prior distribution

The purpose of the present investigation 1s to observe the effect of departure from normahty of the prior distribution of regresslon parameters on the Bayman analysis of a h e a r regresslon model Assuming an Edgeworth serles prior distribution for the regresslon coefficients and gamma prior for the disturbances precision, the expressions for the posterlor distribution, posterlor mean and Bayes risk under a quadratic loss function are obtalned The results of a numerical evaluation are also analyzed

Field of study: Mathematics
A novel fast technique for detecting voiding damage in IC interconnects

A novel technique has been developed, which is sensitive to the degree of voiding damage induced in a wide-line interconnect test structure (Testing of conductors, Preliminary Irish patent application, August 26th, 1998). The technique is based on the measurement of the scattering parameters (S-parameters) of a simple, metal-line test structure over a range of high frequencies. The transmission-line parameter, G (leakage conductance), which is calculated from the S-parameter measurements, is shown to be sensitive to distribute voiding, especially in wider lines. This is significant for the following reasons: (1) the measurement is fast — a few seconds per test structure, (2) it can be performed at wafer level, (3) it does not rely on overstressing of the metallization and (4) it is sensitive to the amount of voiding damage present in wide interconnect lines. Potential applications for this technique are: (a) an in-line statistical reliability control (SRC) test for the detection of stress voids induced during processing, and (b) an in-line SRC test for electromigration when preceded by a suitable current pre-stress step.

Field of study: Engineering
On and off-chip detection of radiation from HTS Josephson junction arrays

We have investigated the mutual phase interaction between a single detector junction and a phase-locked three-junction array of high-T/sub c/ Josephson junctions. The YBCO Josephson junctions were fabricated on a MgO bicrystal substrate. In the array junction structure, the dc bias current was fed to the junction array having parallel geometry with each pair of junctions shunted by a superconducting coplanar microstrip superconducting loop. The configuration of bias leads was a series connection of interlocking dc SQUIDs geometry which enables all junctions to oscillate at the same frequency. We measured the radiation power of a Josephson-junction array using an off-chip coupled to a radiometer and on-chip coupled to a single junction from centimeter- to millimeter-wave ranges. Clear self-induced Shapiro steps were observed in the current-voltage curves of the detector junction. The power transfered to the single detector junction was estimated from the modulation of Shapiro step height. The maximum detected power level was about 7 nW at frequency 150-250 GHz. The Josephson oscillation power excited the resonant mode coupled to the coplanar microstrip loops.

Field of study: Physics
Does ecosystem and evolutionary stability include rare species

The appearance of faunal stability in the fossil record occurs because mainly abundant species are preserved and sampled. The paleontologist does not therefore observe many rare species with high ecological and evolutionary turnover rates. High ecological turnover refers to higher rates of local extinction and recolonization for rare species in the community. There is also evidence that many rare species, because they are trophically or otherwise specialized, are less tightly integrated into ecosystems than abundant species. Higher evolutionary turnover in rare species is seen in their higher rates of extinction and speciation compared to abundant species. A simulation with foraminifera communities shows that high numbers of individuals must be preserved and sampled to properly characterize original community species diversity. Despite the benefit of time-averaging which can often enhance fossil completeness, taphonomic studies indicate that a substantial fraction of the original species in a community are ultimately unsampled in subfossil and young fossils. This problem is probably worse in older (e.g., Paleozoic) fossils. We show how spatial and temporal patterns of abundance are mixed in a community. Because spatio-temporal abundance patterns of species may be linked biologically, with rare species having a patchier (less uniform) distribution in both time and space, the intermixing of spatial and temporal patterns in the record may still provide important data. Rare species thus seem to have greater temporal and spatial abundance variation on both ecological and geological time scales. The biased perception of community stasis may depend on the degree of resolution. Observation of Recent through young fossil communities provides higher resolution that permits perception of individualistic behavior of rare species via higher rates of extinction, speciation and migration. Coarse scales of observation, such as the biofacies, largely filter out the “noise” of rare species community flux and one sees suites of coexisting abundant species, with minor and covariant abundance changes. These co-occurring abundant species are extinguished only by large-scale disturbances. But the perceived coordinated stasis of abundant species may be real. Abundant species tend to be more eurytopic and biotically interconnected, to form the “framework” of the community, with rare species in spatial and temporal flux through this framework.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
The Coping Mechanisms Employed by Grandparent-Headed Families in Addressing Juvenile Delinquency in Hill Crest, Alice Township, Eastern Cape Province

Literature studies have shown that older persons face an array of challenges, among them parenting a delinquent grandchild. This study adopted both a qualitative approach and paradigm, supported by an explorative and a descriptive case study design. The study sampled eleven participants, and data were collected using in-depth interviews and focus group discussions with grandparents, a community committee member, and probation officers. Measures employed by grandparent households in tandem with the Department of Social Development were unearthed. These included, but were not limited to, corporal punishment, seeking assistance from relatives, seeking assistance from social workers, and creating attachment. This article recommends that the government prioritize the grandparents’ vulnerability to the dangers of parenting difficult children, either by freeing them from such a harmful environment, or putting measures in place to manage children in conflict with the law, with special attention to grandparent-headed households.

Field of study: Political science
Landmine-detection rats: an evaluation of reinforcement procedures under simulated operational conditions.

Because the location of landmines is initially unknown, it is impossible to arrange differential reinforcement for accurate detection of landmines by pouched rats working on actual minefields. Therefore, provision must be made for maintenance of accurate responses by an alternative reinforcement strategy. The present experiment evaluated a procedure in which a plastic bag containing 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), the active ingredient in most landmines, was placed in contact with the ground in a disturbed area, then removed, to establish opportunities for reinforcement. Each of five rats continued to accurately detect landmines when extinction was arranged for landmine-detection responses and detections of TNT-contaminated locations were reinforced under a fixed-ratio 1 schedule. The results of this translational research study suggest that the TNT-contamination procedure is a viable option for arranging reinforcement opportunities for rats engaged in actual landmine-detection activities and the viability of this procedure is currently being evaluated on minefields in Angola and Mozambique.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology