nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The Social Construction of Women and Disordered Eating Patterns.

This investigation examined the impact of the social construction of women on the development of disordered eating. Based on a survey completed by 394 young women from the community, self-silencing of needs and voice, thesuppression of the outward expression of anger, and the internalization of the objectified gaze toward one's own body were found, in multiple regression analyses, to significantly predict scores on eating disorder measures. Together, they explain between 27% and 46% of the variance on these measures. This study supports the need to consider the development of disordered eating within the context of multiple gender-based social constructions.

Field of study: Psychology
Chemiluminescence in solution

Most existing evidence points to the fact that visible chemiluminescent emission from reactions in solution arises from the production ofmolecules in their lowest singlet excited states, such molecules being of types capable of fluorescence. Chemiluminescence is, in fact, fluorescence excited by chemical action. The emitting molecules must have absorption bands in the visible or near ultraviolet region, and the reaction by which they are formed must liberate energy of at least 40-80 kcalfmol. Triplet excited states have lower energies than the corresponding singlet states, but because of their long radiational life they are usually very efficiently quenched by collisions in liquid media before radiating. For enough energy to be located on individual molecules to permit visible radiation to be emitted the reaction must be a very energetic one. Oxidation reactions with molecular oxygen or hydrogen peroxide, or the breakdown of organic hydroperoxides, form practically all types of chemiluminescent reactions. Radical intermediates are involved, and the course of the reaction is usually a matter of speculation only. The identification of the emitter is also a less simple problem than might appear, because fluorescent bands are not always sharply diagnostic. These are the two central problems of chemiluminescence. The chemical structures of molecules primarily involved in luminescence are usually known; even those in living organisms are yielding to intensive attack by organic chemists. Their reaction mechanisms on oxidation, however, arestill in most instances obscure. The bimolecular recombination of radicals such as C6H5 + CsH5 -+ diphenyl does not seem usually to lead to emission. The evolved energy is largely concentrated in the newly-formed bond and is quickly removed by thermal equilibration. A reaction, due to Kurtz, which may have a simple mechanism is as followsl. Dibenzanthrone (R) in chloroform, treated with chlorine, forms the cation R +. When aqueous hydrogen peroxide and alkali are added, and more chlorine passed in, a bright red chemiluminescence is emitted, ap· parently the same as the fluorescence of dibenzanthrone, while scarcely any permanent oxidation of the dye occurs. This could be explained by the reaction, R + + 02--+ R * + 02, followed by R *-+ R + hv. There is no certainty, however, that the actual mechanism takes this course instead of a more complex one. The oxidation of luminol, 3-amino phthalic cyclic hydrazide, because of the brillance of its chemiluminescence, has given rise to a great nurober of investigations, which, however, have mostly served merely to show the complexity of the mechanism. The reaction is usually carried out in

Field of study: Chemistry
The Oligarchy and the Old Regime in Latin America, 1880–1970 by Dennis Gilbert (review)

The book is timely for American readers who have spent the last several months watching a wealthy real estate tycoon attempt to manage the nation as “family enterprise.” In Latin America, beginning in the nineteenth century and continuing until about 1930, important families ruled politically, economically, and socially. Then, events during the first third of the twentieth century (the Mexican Revolution, modern voter laws in Argentina, the Great Depression) ended the oligarchs’ widespread grip on power.

Field of study: History
Ultrasonic Imaging in Layered Objects by Decomposing Spatiotemporal Signals into a Plane Wave Spectrum

A phased array approach to ultrasonic imaging through a set of layers with unknown parameters is considered. The technique is based on decomposing a recorded signal into a spectrum of plane pulsed waves and compensating for their delays in the layers. It is shown that the approach can be used for imaging and measuring the speed of sound by processing the echo from a detached small reflector.

Field of study: Physics
Contrasting W-Mo-Cu and W-Sn-F Skarn Types and Related Granitoids

Tungsten replacement deposits fall into two general types: W-Mo-Cu types occur in oxidized (Fe3+/Fe2+ generally>1.0) skarns whereas W-Sn-F types occur in reduced (Fe3+/Fe2+ generally<1.0) skarns. These are related to the oxidized "I-type" granitoids and the reduced "A-type" granitoids respectively. In W-Mo-Cu skarns, interaction of ore solutions with low fo2 wall rock and/or later hydrous alteration overprints may result in lower Fe3+/Fe2+ but the main metallogenic characteristics of the skarn persist. Most of the world's largest tungsten deposits are W-Mo-Cu type skarns whereas the W-Sn-F skarns are usually of limited extent and commonly related to other styles of W-Sn-F mineralization such as quartz veins and greisens.

Field of study: Geology
Use of confocal microscopes in conoscopy and ellipsometry. 1. Electromagnetic theory.

An optical system consisting of two objective lenses in a confocal arrangement is examined. It is shown that a simple algebraic relation exists between the electric field in the back focal plane of the first objective lens, which focuses the incident light, and the Fourier transform of the electric field in the focal plane of the same lens. The relation holds for high angles. If a thin object is placed in the focal plane it is possible to write the electric field by use of a Fourier transform relation at the exit aperture of the second lens. The theory is generalized for objects that are positioned at oblique angles with respect to the optical axis of the system. This configuration is clearly identical to the setup of a spatially resolving ellipsometer.

Field of study: Physics
Pyrite framboids and their development: a new conceptual mechanism

It has been suggested that the two morphologies of sedimentary pyrite, framboids and euhedra, may reflect two distinct pathways of pyrite formation. Framboids form indirectly via iron monosulphides, whereas euhedra form from direct precipitation from solution. A third pathway which is bridging these two forms is proposed here, namely the continuous growth from a monosulphide globule through framboids to a euhedral single crystal. It is also suggested that framboids probably occur over a range of three orders of magnitude, from the least complex microframboids through framboids to polyframboids.

Field of study: Environmental science
Does Code Quality Affect Pull Request Acceptance? An empirical study

Pull requests are a common practice for contributing and reviewing contributions, and are employed both in open-source and industrial contexts. One of the main goals of code reviews is to find defects in the code, allowing project maintainers to easily integrate external contributions into a project and discuss the code contributions.  The goal of this paper is to understand whether code quality is actually considered when pull requests are accepted. Specifically, we aim at understanding whether code quality issues such as code smells, antipatterns, and coding style violations in the pull request code affect the chance of its acceptance when reviewed by a maintainer of the project.  We conducted a case study among 28 Java open-source projects, analyzing the presence of 4.7 M code quality issues in 36 K pull requests. We analyzed further correlations by applying Logistic Regression and seven machine learning techniques (Decision Tree, Random Forest, Extremely Randomized Trees, AdaBoost, Gradient Boosting, XGBoost).  Unexpectedly, code quality turned out not to affect the acceptance of a pull request at all. As suggested by other works, other factors such as the reputation of the maintainer and the importance of the feature delivered might be more important than code quality in terms of pull request acceptance.  Researchers already investigated the influence of the developers' reputation and the pull request acceptance. This is the first work investigating if quality of the code in pull requests affects the acceptance of the pull request or not. We recommend that researchers further investigate this topic to understand if different measures or different tools could provide some useful measures.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Calcium regulates tertiary structure and enzymatic activity of human endometase/matrilysin-2 and its role in promoting human breast cancer cell invasion.

Human MMP-26 (matrix metalloproteinase-26) (also known as endometase or matrilysin-2) is a putative biomarker for human carcinomas of breast, prostate and other cancers of epithelial origin. Calcium modulates protein structure and function and may act as a molecular signal or switch in cells. The relationship between MMPs and calcium has barely been studied and is absent for MMP-26. We have investigated the calcium-binding sites and the role of calcium in MMP-26. MMP-26 has one high-affinity and one low-affinity calcium binding site. High-affinity calcium binding was restored at physiologically low calcium conditions with a calcium-dissociation constant of 63 nM without inducing secondary and tertiary structural changes. High-affinity calcium binding protects MMP-26 against thermal denaturation. Mutants of this site (D165A or E191A) lose enzymatic activity. Low-affinity calcium binding was restored at relatively high calcium concentrations and showed a K(d2) (low-affinity calcium-dissociation constant) value of 120 microM, which was accompanied with the recovery of enzymatic activity reversibly and tertiary structural changes, but without secondary structural rearrangements. Mutations at the low-affinity calcium-binding site (C3 site), K189E or D114A, induced enhanced affinity for the Ca2+ ion or an irreversible loss of enzymatic activity triggered by low-affinity calcium binding respectively. Mutation at non-calcium-binding site (V184D at C2 site) showed that C2 is not a true calcium-binding site. Observations from homology-modelled mutant structures correlated with these experimental results. A human breast cancer cell line, MDA-MB-231, transfected with wild-type MMP-26 cDNA showed a calcium-dependent invasive potential when compared with controls that were transfected with an inactive form of MMP-26 (E209A). Calcium-independent high invasiveness was observed in the K189E mutant MDA-MB-231 cell line.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Negotiating in the Ottawa process: The new multilateralism

The Ottawa Process is inexplicable in the context of conventional international relations. The process was driven by a nexus of NGO and state ‐ a ‘bottom up’ process compared to the Certain Conventional Weapons (CCW) process and process represented by the Conference on Disarmament (CD). The states pushing the ban campaign were, for the most part, traditional followers rather than global leaders. According to Dolan and Hunt, a more sober assessment of the multilateral negotiation process reveals somewhat more ambiguity than supporters of the so‐called “multilateral innovative process” acknowledge. This ambiguity reflects the schizophrenic nature of multilateralism in the contemporary era. The authors examine the multilateralism underpinning the Ottawa Process and how the negotiations competed with the parallel, existing CCW process and the anti‐personnel mine discussions in the CD, in the months prior to the Oslo Diplomatic Conference in September 1997. Since the Ottawa Process could not have happened unde...

Field of study: Political science
SU-F-303-15: Ion Chamber Dose Response in Magnetic Fields as a Function of Incident Photon Energy

In considering the continued development of synergetic MRI-radiation therapy machines, we seek to quantify the variability of ion chamber response per unit dose in the presence of magnetic fields of varying strength as a function of incident photon beam quality and geometric configuration.  To account for the effect of magnetic fields on the trajectory of charged particles a new algorithm was introduced into the EGSnrc Monte Carlo code. In the egs_chamber user code the dose to the cavity of an NE2571 ion chamber is calculated in two configurations, in 0 to 2 T magnetic fields, with an incoming parallel 10×10 cm2 photon beam with energies ranging between 0.5 MeV and 8 MeV. In the first, the photon beam is incident on the long-axis of the ion chamber (config-1), and in the second the beam is parallel to the long-axis and incident from the conical end of the chamber (config-2). For both, the magnetic field is perpendicular to the direction of the beam and the long axis of the chamber.  The ion chamber response per unit dose to water at the same point is determined as a function of magnetic field and is normalized to the 0T case for each of incoming photon energies. For both configurations, accurate modeling of the ion chamber yielded closer agreement with the experimental results obtained by Meijsing et. al (2009). Config-1 yields a gradual increase in response with increasing field strength to a maximum of 13.4% and 1.4% for 1 MeV and 8 MeV photon beams, respectively. Config-2 produced a decrease in response of up to 6% and 13% for 0.5 MeV and 8 MeV beams, respectively.  These results provide further support for ion chamber calibration in MRI-radiotherapy coupled systems and demonstrates noticeable energy dependence for clinically relevant fields.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Effects of Relationship Motivation, Partner Familiarity, and Alcohol on Women's Risky Sexual Decision Making

This experiment examined the effects of women's relationship motivation, partner familiarity, and alcohol consumption on sexual decision making. Women completed an individual difference measure of relationship motivation and then were randomly assigned to partner familiarity condition (low, high) and to alcohol consumption condition (high dose, low dose, no alcohol, placebo). Then women read and projected themselves into a scenario of a sexual encounter. Relationship motivation and partner familiarity interacted with intoxication to influence primary appraisals of relationship potential. Participants' primary and secondary relationship appraisals mediated the effects of women's relationship motivation, partner familiarity, and intoxication on condom negotiation, sexual decision abdication, and unprotected sex intentions. These findings support a cognitive mediation model of women's sexual decision making and identify how individual and situational factors interact to shape alcohol's influences on cognitive appraisals that lead to risky sexual decisions. This knowledge can inform empirically based risky sex interventions.

Field of study: Psychology
Who is My Neighbor? No to Destructive Embryonic Gene Modification

“Who is my neighbor?” is the question which produced the famous answer of the parable of the Good Samaritan from the lips of Christ. Christ asks us to be vigilant to the signs of the times, aware of the situations around us, and ready to assist our neighbor in need. Recently the BBC proudly announced that scientists in the UK have been given the green light to genetically modify human embryos. How should we receive this news? Is it good news or news we should be cautious about? I would like to show why gene editing and destructive embryo experimentation is not something laudable. Rather it should be roundly denounced as an attack on the dignity of the human embryo. We have no right to experiment on and destroy embryos, and in support of this I will draw on the recent writings of that great defender of the poor and defenseless, Pope Francis himself, as well as share some thoughts and writings of our most recent pontiffs, Pope Emeritus Benedict XVI and Saint John Paul II. First let us outline the basic elements of embryonic gene editing. The system used is called CRISPR/Cas9 (for acronym fans, CRISPR stands for “Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats” and Cas for “CRISPR-associated” genes). It is like a biological “find and replace” tool that can function as “molecular scissors” to pinpoint, cut, modify, insert, or delete parts of the human genome. The initial goal would be to gain a better understanding of the genes involved in embryo growth, with the modified embryos not being implanted but ultimately destroyed. The embryos used for experimentation are “spare” or “leftover” from the technique of IVF (in vitro fertilization). The IVF procedure has its own intrinsic ills such as the massive destruction of human embryos as well as treating the child like a manufacturing product. In his most recent encyclical, Laudato si’, Pope Francis expressed various concerns for the welfare of the human embryo. In section 136 the pontiff writes “There is a tendency to justify transgressing all boundaries when experimentation is carried out on living human embryos. We forget that the inalienable worth of a human being transcends his or her degree of development” (Francis 2015, n. 136). This point is being overlooked by the scientists and researchers and all those who approved this unjust experimentation on human embryos. Pope Francis is strongly supported by previous papal writings. Quoting from the The Linacre Quarterly 83 (3) 2016, 239–241

Field of study: Medicine, Philosophy
ClamR: A statistical evaluation of isotopic and temperature records in sclerochronologic studies

Isotope sclerochronology has been widely used to reconstruct paleoclimate from the hard part remains of a broad range of taxa from many different environmental settings and geological and cultural contexts. Oxygen isotope (δ18O) time series derived from these ultra high-resolution (daily, seasonal, annual) records have been used to estimate annual averages, seasonal ranges, and seasonal extremes. These time series, however, inherently include uncertainties such as unconstrained environmental noise, changes in seasonal growth rates resulting in weighting annual temperature estimates toward seasons of maximum growth, growth cessation, and reliance on the most extreme δ18O values in the time series to estimate seasonal temperature range, etc. To better quantify uncertainties in paleoclimate reconstructions using sclerochronologic data, we developed an open-source R package, ClamR. The ClamR evaluation tool improves upon the previous best-fit sinusoid approach by introducing additional statistical computation and analysis, including Discrete Fourier Transform to initialize parameters for the sinusoidal function, Nelder–Mead method to optimize parameters, jackknife error estimation, and window size calculation for sinusoidal smoothing. It can automatically calculate and plot statistical errors for oxygen isotope or temperature data series and provide statistical estimation of temperature and isotopic variables such as annual averages, seasonal ranges, and seasonal extremes. Moreover, it allows evaluation of the influence of environmental and/or physiological noise added to the climate signal. Therefore, ClamR enables more comprehensive and justified comparison between paleoclimate reconstructions and modern instrument records and ultimately advances our interpretation of seasonal isotope records from biogenic hard parts.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
INFLUENCE OF SPATIAL VARIATION OF SEISMIC GROUND MOTION ON DYNAMIC RESPONSE OF TRAIN-BRIDGE SYSTEM

The influence of spatial variation of seismic ground motion on the dynamic response of a train-bridge system is studied.In term of the site characteristics,non-stationary acceleration time histories of multiple supports are generated by using an unconditional simulation algorithm based on the spectral representation.The high-passing filter in the form of a critically damped oscillator is used to obtain the consistent earthquake record including all factors of spatial variation.Then,the governing equations of motion of the train-bridge system during earthquakes are established in a absolute coordinate system,in which displacement time histories of a seismic excitation are exerted on the bridge supports.Finally,a high-speed train with eight vehicles running over a 3-span steel truss-arch bridge subjected to earthquakes is taken as a case study in the consideration of the wave passage effect and full spatial variation.Numerical results show that the full spatial variation of seismic ground motion should be considered in order to obtain the safe response of a train subsystem at all train speeds.

Field of study: Engineering
Transport in Graphene p-n Junctions in Magnetic Field

Ballistic transport in graphene p-n junctions in the presence of magnetic field exhibits two distinct regimes: At low fields, transport is partially suppressed by the field. When the field exceeds a certain critical value, the junction is pinched off by the Landau level formation. Transmission and conductance are found in the entire range of fields using Lorentz boost and mapping to the Landau-Zener problem. We show that perfect transmission occurs at a field-dependent collimation angle, indicating that the chiral dynamics of massless Dirac fermions persists at a finite magnetic field. A current switch, utilizing field-tunable collimation angle, is proposed. With a generalization of the developed approach we study transmission through p-n junctions in graphene bilayer.

Field of study: Physics
Mapping flat cracks onto penny-shaped cracks, with application to somewhat circular tensile cracks

Consider a three-dimensional homogeneous isotropic elastic solid containing a flat pressurized crack, fi. The problem of finding the resulting stress distribution can be reduced to a hypersingular integral equation over Q for the crack-opening displacement. Here, this equation is transformed into a similar equation over a circular region D, using a conformal mapping between Q and D. This new equation is then regularized analytically by using an appropriate expansion method (Fourier series in the azimuthal direction and series of orthogonal polynomials in the radial direction). Analytical results for regions that are approximately circular are also obtained. The method will generalize to other scalar problems and to vector problems (such as shear loading of the crack).

Field of study: Mathematics
Constraints on the P–T conditions and age of emplacement of the Lizard ophiolite, Cornwall: amphibole–plagioclase thermobarometry and 40Ar/39Ar geochronology of basal amphibolites

The basal slice of the Lizard Complex incorporates strongly foliated amphibolitic metabasites (Lower Landewednack Schists), interpreted as the remnants of a dynamothermal aureole formed beneath the ophiolite during intraoceanic thrusting. Structurally overlying the basal slice and occurring predominantly within the overlying Lizard peridotite is the Kennack Gneiss, a controversial, banded and gneissose unit comprising intimately mixed amphibolitic and granitic components, interpreted to represent commingled melts. Thermobarometry of hornblende–plagioclase pairs indicates that both the Landewednack Schists and the mafic component of the Kennack Gneiss recrystallized synkinematically at ca. 600 °C and 300–400 MPa. Three amphiboles, two from the Kennack Gneiss and one from the Landewednack Schists, yield disturbed 40Ar/39Ar age spectra characterized by low-temperature overprinting, but with good high-temperature plateaux with ages of 366.1 ± 4.2, 364.2 ± 4.8, and 359.8 ± 7.4 Ma, respectively. Theoretical dif...

Field of study: Environmental science