nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Big Business and Small States: Unilever and Norway in the Interwar Years

In 1930, Unilever tried to take control of Lilleborg, Norway's most important producer of soap and vegetable oil, with the aim of wiping out most of Norway's independent margarine and soap industry. However, as the purchase was dependent on government concession, Unilever became embroiled in a power struggle with the Norwegian political authorities. The company was strongly criticized by Norwegian nationalists. The question of whether or not to let Unilever go forward became one of the most contested questions in Norwegian politics in the period. In the end, Unilever was allowed to go ahead with the purchase, but in return the company was forced to make substantial concessions. Expanding on Jones's framework for understanding the balance of power between multinationals and host governments, in this article it is argued that we must look beyond firm specific assets and a cost‐benefit oriented analysis of the relationship between multinationals and host countries to understand the end result. In this case, nationalism had a decisive impact. Unilever's acquisition of Lilleborg and the Norwegian response thus contributes to our understanding of the nature of multinational enterprise in the interwar period and of the political economy of foreign direct investment in general.

Field of study: Economics, History
A review: acute and chronic effects of ethanol and alcoholic beverages on the pancreatic exocrine secretion in vivo and in vitro.

Whereas oral or intraduodenal ethanol causes a moderate stimulation of pancreatic bicarbonate and enzyme output, intravenous ethanol inhibits basal and hormonally stimulated pancreatic exocrine secretion in humans, dogs, cats, pigs, rabbits, and rats. This inhibition could be mediated by inhibitory cholinergic mechanisms or be the result of a direct cellular effect of ethanol. In vitro investigations have specified several signaling molecules that may be involved in the action of ethanol on stimulus-secretion coupling in the exocrine pancreas, including cyclic adenosine monophosphate, intracellular calcium, and cholecystokinin and somatostatin receptors. In difference to pure ethanol solutions and distilled spirits, beer strongly stimulates pancreatic enzyme output, probably by nonalcoholic fermentation products. During chronic alcoholism, the ethanol-induced inhibition is replaced by an enhanced enzyme output that causes intraductal protein precipitation. In vitro investigations suggest that this increase is reversible after alcohol withdrawal. The occurrence of protein precipitates is considered to be a crucial step in the development of chronic alcoholic pancreatitis in humans. Other ethanol-induced secretory alterations that may contribute to the development of alcoholic pancreatitis are a decreased secretion of trypsin inhibitor, an increased cholinergic tone, and changes in the concentration of lithostathine.

Field of study: Medicine
Responsive Characteristics of IL-7 and TGF-β1 in thymus during Exercise-induced Immunosuppression

To investigate the regulatory mechanism of thymocyte development during exercise-induced immuno-suppression,IL-7 and TGF-β1 as well as their mRNA of rats in thymus were tested.A total of 128 Sprague–Dawle male rats,aged 8 weeks,were divided into Control Group and Exercise Group.Incremental ergomitry Exercise pro-tocol(10 m?min-1 in week1,20 min week2,5 m?min-1 increased per week,successive 6 weeks,6 d per week,30 min per day).Samples were taken in week 0,week 2,week 4 and week 6 before exercise,just after exercise and 3 h after exercise,respectively.IL-7 and TGF-β1 as well as their mRNA of rats in thymus were calculated by ELISA and FQ-RT-PCR.Results:1) During six weeks incremental exercise: The responsive tendency of IL-7 and its mRNA presented the shape of "V" letter during week 0 and week2,while there was no distinguished changes during week4,and last decreased in week6.TGF-β1 and its mRNA presented that of inversed "V" letter during every week,except its mRNA was no prominent change in week0.Conclusion: The decrease of IL-7 and increase of TGF-β1 during Exercise-induced immunosuppression could be resulted the disorder of thymic microenvironment which effected thymocyte development.

Field of study: Education
Psychological Stress and Gastric Emptying in Normal Subjects

Gastric emptying half-time was measured in 10 healthy volunteers on two different occasions over a one-week interval, with an identical test meal. The first was the control evaluation, and at the second assessment, psychological stress was induced by the technique of dichotomous listening. Psychological and physiological parameters were assessed before and during the test period. No significant or consistent modifications of gastric-emptying time were induced by the stress procedure. Looking at individual subjects instead of mean values, gastric emptying was unchanged in 5 subjects, slower in 3, and faster in the remaining 2. These 3 groups had different mean values on two subscales of the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire.

Field of study: Psychology
Determination of the nucleon structure by means of the weak neutral current.

An experimental determination of the neutral-current structure functions of the nucleon is obtained by measuring the ratio of the neutral-current x distribution to the charged-current x distribution. The analysis is based on deep-inelastic neutrino-nucleon scattering data gathered in a massive fine-grained neutrino detector exposed to a narrow-band neutrino beam at Fermilab.

Field of study: Physics
The effect of colloidal silver nanoparticles on histopathology of zebra fish (Danio rerio) gill

Nowadays, due to the wide applications of silver nanoparticles increased them into the environment. In this context, the arrival of these nanomaterials to the environment has the potential to impact on living organisms, including fish. Therefore, the purpose of this study was the effect of silver nanoparticles on gill histological of zebra fish

Field of study: Medicine
FINANCIAL MARKET IN September 2013

Crude oil prices advanced late in August 2013 and pushed up the MICEX index by 5.52% during the first decade in September 2013. As of September 26, 2013, the MICEX index advanced by 8.6% since the beginning of the month and reached 1485 points.  Sberbank stocks grew up by 14.39% during 26 days in September, showing maximum growth among blue chips. Stock market (MICEX) capitalization reached Rb 25.09 trillion (40.09% of GDP) by September 26, 2013. Domestic corporate bond market indicators such as market capacity, corporate bond market index, average weighted yield, activity of issuers and investors (especially in the financial segment) showed a positive trend. However, a few technical and real defaults were declared.

Field of study: Economics
Synthesis and Structure Elucidation of 1-Aryl-substituted Tetrahydropyridone Derivatives

A series of 1-aryl-1,4,5,6-tetrahydro-4(1H)-pyridones having substituents in 2,3- and 2,3,5-positions was prepared from N-aryl-β-alanines and ethyl acetoacetate or 2,4-pentanedione. Twelve tentative biologically active compounds were identified by the combination of 1H, 13C and 1H/13C NMR spectroscopy. The extensive interest has been focused on the influence of substituents as well as on the number, attachment position, and the nature of the substituents. The unknown shielding of the heterocyclic ring on the aromatic carbon atoms was determined and the averaged chemical shift increments were successfully used for the assignment of the aromatic moiety of the studied compounds. The presence of two chiral elements in compounds 16, 17, 20–21 resulted in the mixture of diastereomers and double sets of the resonances in NMR spectra.

Field of study: Chemistry
Online derivatization for hourly measurements of gas- and particle-phase semi-volatile oxygenated organic compounds by thermal desorption aerosol gas chromatography (SV-TAG)

Laboratory oxidation studies have identified a large number of oxygenated organic compounds that can be used as tracers to understand sources and oxidation chemistry of atmospheric particulate matter. Quantification of these compounds in ambient environments has traditionally relied on low-time-resolution collection of filter samples followed by offline sample treatment with a derivatizing agent to allow analysis by gas chromatography of otherwise non-elutable organic chemicals with hydroxyl groups. We present here an automated in situ instrument for the measurement of highly polar organic semi-volatile and low-volatility compounds in both the gas- and particle-phase with hourly quantification of mass concentrations and gas–particle partitioning. The dual-cell semi-volatile thermal desorption aerosol gas chromatograph (SV-TAG) with derivatization collects particle-only and combined particle-plus-vapor samples on two parallel sampling cells that are analyzed in series by thermal desorption into helium saturated with derivatizing agent. Introduction of MSTFA (N-methyl-N-(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide), a silylating agent, yields complete derivatization of all tested compounds, including alkanoic acids, polyols, diacids, sugars, and multifunctional compounds. In laboratory tests, derivatization is found to be highly reproducible (

Field of study: Environmental science
Towards Deep Learning Models Resistant to Large Perturbations

Adversarial robustness has proven to be a required property of machine learning algorithms. A key and often overlooked aspect of this problem is to try to make the adversarial noise magnitude as large as possible to enhance the benefits of the model robustness. We show that the well-established algorithm called "adversarial training" fails to train a deep neural network given a large, but reasonable, perturbation magnitude. In this paper, we propose a simple yet effective initialization of the network weights that makes learning on higher levels of noise possible. We next evaluate this idea rigorously on MNIST ($\epsilon$ up to $\approx 0.40$) and CIFAR10 ($\epsilon$ up to $\approx 32/255$) datasets assuming the $\ell_{\infty}$ attack model. Additionally, in order to establish the limits of $\epsilon$ in which the learning is feasible, we study the optimal robust classifier assuming full access to the joint data and label distribution. Then, we provide some theoretical results on the adversarial accuracy for a simple multi-dimensional Bernoulli distribution, which yields some insights on the range of feasible perturbations for the MNIST dataset.

Field of study: Computer science
Vervollständigung der Analyse der CH-Banden

ZusammenfassungIm Laufe einer eingehenden Untersuchung der Prädissoziationserscheinungen im CH-Bandenspektrum bei verschiedensten Anregungsbedingungen wurde die Analyse der schon bekannten Banden auf höhere Rotationsquantenzahlen ausgedehnt und die Rotationsanalyse der (2, 2)-Bande des 4300 ÅA2Δ — X2Π-Systems hinzugefügt. In allen Banden desA2Δ} X2Π-Systems brechen die Rotationstermfolgen derjenigen Λ -Dublettkomponenten desA2Δ-Terms, die die gleiche Symmetrie wie derB2Σ+-Term haben, bei wesentlich kleineren Rotationsquantenzahlen ab. Rotationskonstanten, Nullstellen und Spindublettaufspaltungen werden angegeben auch für die beiden2Σ-Terme, für die bis jetzt keine Zahlenangaben vorlagen.

Field of study: Physics
Sentencing Facts: Travesties of Real-Offense Sentencing

I. REAL-OFFENSE SENTENCING, VARIANTS, AND ALTERNATIVES 526 A. Real-Offense Jurisdictions ......... 528 1. Williams v. New York 528 2. Prior acquittals 531 3. Pleas and dismissed charges 533 B. Conviction-Offense States 535 1. Conviction-offense practice. 536 2. Deviations from conviction-offense theory 538 3. Systemic impacts 540 II. THE ABSENCE OF CONSTITUTIONAL CONSTRAINTS ....... 542 A. Real-Offense Sentencing in General . .. 542 B. The Constitution and Prior Acquittals . . 546 III. POLICY CHOICES 547 A. An Argumentfor Conviction-Offense Sentencing ........ 548 1. The affirmative case 548 2. Confronting the theoretical bases for real-offense sentencing 553 B. Future Evolution of Conviction-Offense Sentencing ..... . 565 1. Beginning theories of "conviction facts" and "sentencing facts" 565 2. A second rule of exclusion 568 3. Areas of grey 570 4. Process in conviction-offense systems 571 CONCLUSION 573

Field of study: Law
Differential effects of alcohol consumption on eukaryotic elongation factors in heart, skeletal muscle, and liver.

Acute and chronic alcohol administration diminishes rates of protein synthesis in a variety of tissues including skeletal muscle, heart, and liver, through a diminished translational efficiency rather than a reduction in the number of ribosomes.



The purpose of the present study was to examine the effect of chronic alcohol exposure (8, 12, or 16 weeks) on elongation factors (eEF) as a potential mechanism for controlling mRNA translation in psoas, soleus, heart, and liver. The cellular content of eEF1A and eEF2 and the phosphorylation state of eEF2 in each tissue was measured using immunoblot techniques.



The protein content of eEF1A was reduced in psoas, heart, and liver (but not soleus) from rats fed a diet containing alcohol for 16 weeks, but not for 8 or 12 weeks, compared with time-matched pair-fed controls. eEF2 content was only reduced in myocardium after feeding rats an alcohol-containing diet for 16 weeks. In other tissues, no change in eEF2 content was observed. The decreases in eEF protein content were not associated with a concomitant reduction in the mRNA abundance for eEF1A or eEF2. The phosphorylation state of eEF2 was not affected by chronic alcohol consumption in the skeletal muscle or heart. In contrast, the level of eEF2 phosphorylation in the liver was reduced after 8, 12, and 16 weeks of feeding rats an alcohol-containing diet. In contrast, acute alcohol intoxication failed to modulate the content of eEF1A or eEF2 in any of the tissues examined. The phosphorylation state of eEF2 was reduced in psoas following acute alcohol intoxication.



A decreased eEF1A protein content could account, in part, for the inhibition of translational efficiency following chronic (16 weeks) alcohol feeding but not the response to acute alcohol intoxication.

Field of study: Medicine
Nerve growth factor-induced neuronal differentiation is accompanied by differential splicing of beta-amyloid precursor mRNAs in the PC12 cell line.

The effect of the neurotrophic factor nerve growth factor (NGF) on the expression of the beta-amyloid gene has been studied in the clonal nerve cell line PC12. The neuronal differentiation of PC12 cells in the presence of NGF was accompanied by a shift in the ratio of beta-amyloid precursor protein (APP) transcripts. In particular there was reduced expression of the transcript coding for the longest precursor form (APP770) and a concomitant increase in the shortest (APP695) transcript following NGF treatment.

Field of study: Biology
Improved slant column density retrieval of nitrogen dioxide and formaldehyde for OMI and GOME-2A from QA4ECV: intercomparison, uncertainty characterisation, and trends

Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and formaldehyde (HCHO) column data from satellite instruments are used for air quality and climate studies. Both NO2 and HCHO have been identified as precursors to the ozone (O3) and aerosol essential climate variables, and it is essential to quantify and characterise their uncertainties. Here we present an intercomparison of NO2 and HCHO slant column density (SCD) retrievals from four different research groups (BIRA-IASB, IUP Bremen, and KNMI as part of the Quality Assurance for Essential Climate Variables (QA4ECV) project consortium, and NASA) and from the OMI and GOME-2A instruments. Our evaluation is motivated by recent improvements in differential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS) fitting techniques and by the desire to provide a fully traceable uncertainty budget for the climate data record generated within QA4ECV. The improved NO2 and HCHO SCD values are in close agreement but with substantial differences in the reported uncertainties between groups and instruments. To check the DOAS uncertainties, we use an independent estimate based on the spatial variability of the SCDs within a remote region. For NO2, we find the smallest uncertainties from the new QA4ECV retrieval (0.8  ×  1015 molec. cm−2 for both instruments over their mission lifetimes). Relative to earlier approaches, the QA4ECV NO2 retrieval shows better agreement between DOAS and statistical uncertainty estimates, suggesting that the improved QA4ECV NO2 retrieval has reduced but not altogether eliminated systematic errors in the fitting approach. For HCHO, we reach similar conclusions (QA4ECV uncertainties of 8–12  ×  1015 molec. cm−2), but the closeness between the DOAS and statistical uncertainty estimates suggests that HCHO uncertainties are indeed dominated by random noise from the satellite's level 1 data. We find that SCD uncertainties are smallest for high top-of-atmosphere reflectance levels with high measurement signal-to-noise ratios. From 2005 to 2015, OMI NO2 SCD uncertainties increase by 1–2 % year−1, which is related to detector degradation and stripes, but OMI HCHO SCD uncertainties are remarkably stable (increase stripe effects . Averaging over multiple pixels in space and/or time can significantly reduce the SCD uncertainties. This suggests that trend detection in OMI, GOME-2 NO2, and HCHO time series is not limited by the spectral fitting but rather by the adequacy of assumptions on the atmospheric state in the later air mass factor (AMF) calculation step.

Field of study: Environmental science
Pregnancy after uterine artery embolization for fibroids.

Pron G, Mocarski E, Bennett J, Vilos G, Common A, Vanderburgh L; for the Ontario UFE Collaborative Group. Pregnancy after uterine artery embolization for leiomyomata: the Ontario multicentre trial. Obstet Gynecol 2005;105(1):67–76.

What are the outcomes for women who become pregnant after uterine

Field of study: Medicine
High-Quality GaN heteroepitaxial films grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition

In this paper, we describe the growth and characterization of high-quality GaN heteroepitaxial films grown on basal-plane sapphire substrates using metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. The quality of these films is analyzed by a variety of methods, including high-resolution x-ray diffraction, optical transmission spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), room temperature photoluminescence, and room-temperature Hall measurements. The x-ray diffraction full width at half maximum value of ΔΘ ∼37 arc s is the narrowest reported to date for any III-V nitride film on any substrate. The x-ray rocking curves for ∼0.48 μm thick GaN/Al2O3 heteroepitaxial layers exhibit Pendellösung fringes, indicating that even relatively thin films can be of high quality. High-resolution TEM lattice images further attest to the excellent structural quality, showing the films to be completely free of stacking faults. Furthermore, no evidence of columnar growth is observed.

Field of study: Materials science
Nonequilibrium superconductivity in Y1−xPrxBa2Cu3O7 thin films

We have measured the picosecond conductivity dynamics in Y1−xPrxBa2Cu3O7 thin films from 0.3– 2.0 THz . Our experimental technique measures the complex conductivity σre(ω)+iσim(ω) permitting the simultaneous observation of superconducting pair and quasiparticle dynamics. We emphasize aspects of the conductivity dynamics which extend our previous results ( (2001) 140502(R)). In particular, the recovery of σre is faster than σim, and the recovery of σim decreases with increasing frequency. This suggests another carrier relaxation pathway, in addition to superconducting pair recovery, following optical excitation.

Field of study: Physics
Photon scalar irradiance.

Photon scalar irradiance h is defined as the total number of photons per unit time and area arriving at a point from all directions about the point when all directions are weighted evenly. Reasons for considering photon scalar irradiance an optimum measure of radiant energy available for photosynthesis are briefly reviewed. A new technique for the measurement of h and considerations for calibrating an underwater photon scalar irradiance collector on an absolute basis are outlined.

Field of study: Physics
Lottery choice: incentives, complexity and decision time

This paper reports the results of an experiment on lottery choice in which decision cost is measured as decision making time. A simple decision cost model motivates this measurement and the experiment, and predicts relationships between incentive mechanism manipulations and decision making time which are borne out in the experiment. The decision cost model also suggests that decisions will change in the face of the incentive manipulations in the experiment. This suggestion is borne out in a complex decision-making environment, but not in a simple one. Specification tests demonstrate that observed changes in subjects' behavior are not merely due to changes in subject-specific error variance. One may conclude from this that the 'payoff dominance'problem is a real issue in complex decision making experiments.

Field of study: Economics
E-Commerce Adoption Factors in Saudi Arabia

Some sectors in Saudi Arabia are slow in adopting eCommerce technologies for running their businesstransactions, and that is due to an internal set of factors (related to organizations) or an external set of factors(related to infrastructure and governmental support). We have noticed that most of the studies in this subjectcovered either internal factors or external factors, but not both. Moreover, most of the papers that studiedeCommerce adoption factors in developing economies center on the environmental, infrastructural andgovernmental areas only, and overlook the organizational factors, while the focus of the subject studied andresearched on developed economies was organizational (SMEs and large enterprises) related adoption factors byconsidering the technology infrastructure and government support as taken for granted, which is not the case indeveloping economies.The objectives of this study are 1) to find out the level of eCommerce adoption in Saudi Arabia, and 2) toidentify the factors that affect the adoption of eCommerce. By this, the output of the study can help the policymaker of ICT (Information and Communication Technology) in Saudi Arabia to direct the related activitiestoward the most effective local factors that will enable and leverage eCommerce potential and usage on one hand,and on the other hand the study will identify the promising local opportunities for eCommerce infrastructureproviders (local banks, system integrators, IT solution providers, and major telecom operators) by discoveringthe distinctive eCommerce adoption factors.

Field of study: Business