nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Sequence stratigraphy of the ANDRILL AND-2A drillcore, Antarctica: A long-term, ice-proximal record of Early to Mid-Miocene climate, sea-level and glacial dynamism

Present understanding of Antarctic climate change during the Early to Mid-Miocene, including major cycles of glacial expansion and contraction, relies in large part on stable isotope proxies from deep sea core drilling. Here, we summarize the lithostratigraphy of the ANDRILL Southern McMurdo Sound Project drillcore AND-2A. This core offers a hitherto unavailable ice-proximal stratigraphic archive from a high-accommodation continental margin setting, and provides clear evidence of repeated fluctuations in climate, ice expansion/contraction and attendant sea-level change over the period c. 20.2–14.2 Ma, with a more fragmentary record of Late Miocene and Pliocene time. The core is divided into seventy-four high-frequency (fourth- or fifth-order) glacimarine sequences recording repeated advances and retreats of glaciers into and out of the Victoria Land Basin. The section can be resolved into thirteen longer-term, composite (third-order) sequences, which comprise packages of higher frequency sequences that show a consistent stratigraphic stacking pattern (Stratigraphic Motif). The distribution of the six recognized motifs indicates intervals of less and more ice-proximal, and temperate to subpolar/polar climate, through the Miocene period. The core demonstrates a dynamic climate regime throughout the Early to Mid-Miocene that may be correlated to some previously-recognized events such as the Mid-Miocene Climatic Optimum, and provides a detailed reference point from which to evaluate stable isotope proxy records from the deep-sea.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
New size sorting technology for superconducting powders

A new technique is being developed to make it possible to achieve defect-free particle size sorting of the precursor powders for multi-filament superconductors, Nb/sub 3/Sn, Bi-2212 and Bi-2223. Sharp cutoff is critical in the effort to achieve small filament size in multi-filament composites of Nb/sub 3/Sn, Bi-2212 and Bi-2223. Accelerator Technology Corp. (ATC) has developed an approach using a slot-geometry virtual impactor to critically remove the coarse particles. Representative Fe/sub 2/O/sub 3/ and Bi-2212 powders were chosen to evaluate its performance. The results show that a sharp cutoff /spl sim/3 microns separation has achieved in both two powders.

Field of study: Physics
Synthesis of substituted 5H-pyridazino[3, 4-b]-1, 4-benzoxazines (3,4-diazaph enoxazines)

A number of 2,10-substituted 3,4-diazaphenoxazines were obtained by the condensation of 2-chloro-3,4-diazaphenoxazine and its 10-substituted derivatives with cyclic amines.

Field of study: Chemistry
A new crystalline LiPON electrolyte: Synthesis, properties, and electronic structure

The new crystalline compound, Li2PO2N, was synthesized using high temperature solid state methods starting with a stoichiometric mixture of Li2O, P2O5, and P3N5. Its crystal structure was determined ab initio from powder X-ray diffraction. The compound crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Cmc21 (# 36) with lattice constants a = 9.0692(4) A, b = 5.3999(2) A, and c = 4.6856(2) A. The crystal structure of SD-Li2PO2N consists of parallel arrangements of anionic chains formed of corner sharing (PO2N2) tetrahedra. The chains are held together by Li+ cations. The structure of the synthesized material is similar to that predicted by Du and Holzwarth on the basis of first principles calculations ( (2010)). The compound is chemically and structurally stable in air up to 600 °C and in vacuum up to 1050 °C. The Arrhenius activation energy of SD-Li2PO2N in pressed pellet form was determined from electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements to be 0.6 eV, comparable to that of the glassy electrolyte LiPON developed at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. The minimum activation energies for Li ion vacancy and interstitial migrations are computed to be 0.4 eV and 0.8 eV, respectively. First principles calculations estimate the band gap of SD-Li2PO2N to be larger than 6 eV.

Field of study: Materials science
The vasorelaxing effect of hydrogen sulfide on isolated rat aortic rings versus pulmonary artery rings

To compare the vasorelaxing effects of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) on isolated aortic and pulmonary artery rings and to determine their action mechanisms.H2S-induced vasorelaxation of isolated rat aortic versus pulmonary artery rings under 95% O2 and 5% CO2 was analyzed. The expression of cystathinonine gamma-lyase (CSE), cystathionine beta synthase (CBS), 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase (3MST), SUR2B and Kir6.1 was examined.NaHS caused vasorelaxation of rat aortic and pulmonary artery rings in a dose-dependent manner. NaHS dilated aortic rings to a greater extent (16.4%, 38.4%, 64.1%, 84.3%, and 95.9% at concentrations of 50, 100, 200, 500, and 1000 μmol/L, respectively) than pulmonary artery rings (10.1%, 22.2%, 50.6%, 73.6%, and 84.6% at concentrations of 50, 100, 200, 500 and 1000 μmol/L, respectively). The EC50 of the vasorelaxant effect for aortic rings was 152.17 μmol/L, whereas the EC50 for pulmonary artery rings was 233.65 μmol/L. The vasorelaxing effect of H2S was markedly blocked b y cellular and mitochondrial membrane KATP channel blockers in aortic rings (P<0.01). In contrast, only the cellular membrane KATP channel blocker inhibited H2S-induced vasorelaxation in pulmonary artery rings. SUR2B mRNA and protein expression was higher in aortic rings than in pulmonary artery rings. Cystathinonine gamma-lyase (CSE) but not cystathionine beta synthase (CBS) expression in aortic rings was higher than in pulmonary artery rings. 3-Mercapto pyruvate sulfurtransferase (3MST) mRNA was lower in aortic rings than in pulmonary artery rings.The vasorelaxing effect of H2S on isolated aortic rings was more pronounced than the effect on pulmonary artery rings at specific concentrations, which might be associated with increased expression of the KATP channel subunit SUR2B.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Market wage or discrimination? The remuneration of male and female wool spinners in the seventeenth-century Dutch Republic1

In the historical debate, the gender wage gap is usually attributed either to productivity differences or to gender discrimination. By analysing a newly constructed series of spinning wages in the seventeenth-century Dutch Republic, the wages of male and female textile workers for the same work could be investigated. At first sight, the evidence on equal piece rates for spinning men and women seems to rule out wage discrimination. Nevertheless, more deeply rooted gender discrimination resulting from the segmented seventeenth-century labour market restricted women's access to many professions. Exactly this segmentation determined differences in wage earning capacities between men and women.

Field of study: Economics, History
Tectonic evolution from subduction to arc-continent collision of the Junggar ocean: Constraints from U-Pb dating and Hf isotopes of detrital zircons from the North Tianshan belt, NW China

The Junggar ocean, once situated north (present coordinate) of the Yili and Central Tianshan blocks during early Paleozoic to late Carboniferous time, was a major southern branch of the Paleo–Asian Ocean, the opening, expansion, and final closure of which led to the development of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt between Eastern Europe–Siberia and Tarim–North China. However, the detailed evolution of the Junggar ocean has not been well constrained. This paper reports U-Pb and Lu-Hf isotopic data of detrital zircons from sandstones in the North Tianshan belt, which can provide new insights into understanding the Paleozoic development of the Junggar ocean. Most detrital zircons exhibit oscillatory zoning and high Th/U ratios, typical of igneous origin. The predominant Paleozoic zircons yield major age populations at ca. 294, 313–327, 338–375, 440–455, and 474–502 Ma and are interpreted to have been derived from the long-lived volcanic- and island-arc systems formed by the southward subduction of the Junggar ocean and subsequent collisional and postcollisional magmatism. The minor Precambrian zircons yield ages scattering at ca. 550, 680–765, 890, 970–990, 1160–1250, 1500, 1690–1750, 1840–1970, 2440–2500, and 2615–2700 Ma, which are nearly, but not fully, congruent with those from the adjacent Beishan and Kuluketage Precambrian terranes. Therefore, our results indicate that the Central Tianshan block was once part of the Tarim block during Precambrian time. Most of the 541–440 Ma zircons possess low negative eHf(t) values, while the <440–300 Ma zircons exhibit dominantly positive eHf(t) values, which can be linked to the Junggar oceanic slab rollback since ca. 440 Ma. This event, subsequently, gave rise to the opening of the South Tianshan back-arc basin/ocean between the Central Tianshan and Tarim blocks, exhumation of high-pressure granulites, and formation of a series of island arcs in the Junggar ocean. Combined with previous studies, we suggest that the Junggar ocean was probably closed at ca. 300 Ma in association with arc-continent collision, followed by postcollisional magmatism. It deserves mentioning that the ca. 0.5 and 1.4–1.5 Ga (detrital) zircons and contemporaneous magmatic rocks only occur in the Central Tianshan block, not in the Tarim block. Therefore, more detailed investigations are needed to better elucidate the origin and Precambrian evolution of the Central Tianshan block.

Field of study: Geology
Controlling Bias in Adaptive Data Analysis Using Information Theory

Modern data is messy and high-dimensional, and it is often not clear a priori what are the right questions to ask. Instead, the analyst typically needs to use the data to search for interesting analyses to perform and hypotheses to test. This is an adaptive process, where the choice of analysis to be performed next depends on the results of the previous analyses on the same data. It's widely recognized that this process, even if well-intentioned, can lead to biases and false discoveries, contributing to the crisis of reproducibility in science. But while adaptivity renders standard statistical theory invalid, folklore and experience suggest that not all types of adaptive analysis are equally at risk for false discoveries. In this paper, we propose a general information-theoretic framework to quantify and provably bound the bias and other statistics of an arbitrary adaptive analysis process. We prove that our mutual information based bound is tight in natural models, and then use it to give rigorous insights into when commonly used procedures do or do not lead to substantially biased estimation. We first consider several popular feature selection protocols, like rank selection or variance-based selection. We then consider the practice of adding random noise to the observations or to the reported statistics, which is advocated by related ideas from differential privacy and blinded data analysis. We discuss the connections between these techniques and our framework, and supplement our results with illustrative simulations.

Field of study: Computer science
Yang-Baxter basis of Hecke algebra and Casselman's problem (extended abstract)

We generalize the definition of Yang-Baxter basis of type A Hecke algebra introduced by A.Lascoux, B.Leclerc and J.Y.Thibon (Letters  (1997), 75–90) to all the Lie types and prove their duality. As an application we give a solution to Casselman's problem on Iwahori fixed vectors of principal series representation of p-adic groups.

Field of study: Mathematics
Phylogenetic diversity of non-nodulating Rhizobium associated with pine ectomycorrhizae.

Most Rhizobium species described are symbionts that form nodules on legume roots; however, non-nodulating strains of Rhizobium are also widespread in nature. Unfortunately, knowledge of non-nodulating Rhizobium is quite limited compared with nodulating Rhizobium. Here, we studied the phylogenetic diversity of Rhizobium species that inhabit Japanese red pine roots (Pinus densiflora). Because fine roots of pine trees are usually colonized by ectomycorrhizal fungi in nature, we mainly used ectomycorrhizal root tips for bacterial isolation. Out of 1195 bacteria isolated from 75 independent root samples from the field and greenhouse experiments, 102 isolates were confirmed to be Rhizobium following partial 16S rRNA gene analysis. Rhizobium species were occasionally dominant in culturable bacterial communities, whereas no Rhizobium species were isolated from the soil itself. Molecular phylogenetic analyses using 16S rRNA, atpD, and recA gene sequences revealed that isolated Rhizobium strains were phylogenetically diverse and that several were distantly related to known Rhizobium species. Considering that a single species of pine is associated with unique and phylogenetically diverse Rhizobium populations, we should pay more attention to non-nodulating strains to better understand the diversity, ecology, and evolution of the genus Rhizobium and plant-Rhizobium associations.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
The Minimal Chain Principle and Parsing Korean

De Vincenzi's (1991, 2000) Minimal Chain Principle (MCP) is a good example of economy in parsing. It combines Superstrategy and the Active Filler Hypothesis (AFH). In this paper, the Korean data involving topicalized phrases and (scrambled) dative noun phrases are tested to examine the validity of the MCP. The processing difficulty observed from topicalized complements suggests that the parser considers syntactic movement as a last resort. The preferred readings in the sentences containing scrambled dative phrases also suggest that the parser prefers a singleton chain. Meanwhile, if there is evidence for the existence of a chain, the parser completes chain computation as soon as possible. Altogether, the core data from Korean can be well explained by the MCP.

Field of study: Linguistics
Palaeovegetation changes recorded in Palaeolake Olduvai OGCP Core 2A (2.09–2.12 Ma) Naibor Soit Formation Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania

For five decades Olduvai Gorge has been a key site to reconstruct and understand the relationship between environmental and landscape conditions and use of affordances by early African hominin populations. Following the first Olduvai Gorge Coring project (OGCP) during 2014, a multiproxy microbiological analysis, which includes phytoliths, pollen, diatoms, sponge spicules and chrysophyte cysts, was undertaken on samples collected from various borehole cores. The aim of the study is to better understand palaeoenvironmental and palaeovegetation conditions and changes through time and their relationship to hominin presence and evolution. This study details the first palaeobotanical and palaeoenvironmental study of Borehole 2A at Olduvai Gorge. It represents the as yet oldest known sedimentary sequence in the Olduvai Basin for a portion of the pre-Bed I Naibor Soit Formation; this is a unit that is not accessible in any natural exposures in Olduvai Gorge, and has only recently been encountered by drilling. Here we present the results from a particularly phytolith-prone portion between ~2.09 Ma and 2.12 Ma. Phytolith results indicate a savannah environment dominated by grasses, where Poaceae were a key component and where the C3 Pooideae grasses were mostly dominant, alternating with C4 grasses. Oscillations between grass subfamilies, C3 Pooideae, C4 Chloridoideae, and C4 Panicoideae to lesser degrees, indicate five substantial climatic shifts, varying between more humid and arid conditions. Associated with phytoliths, freshwater indicators such as diatoms, sponge spicules and chrysophyte cysts were also identified, suggesting the presence of wetlands in the lake catchment area. Pollen is extremely rare in the sediments but when present, comprises fungal spores and Poaceae pollen, thus supporting the wetland and grassland reconstructions, respectively. These results offer for the first time, a whole picture of the palaeovegetation and associated palaeoenvironments for this pre-Bed I period. Together with previous results from other areas and chronological periods, they improve our understanding of the evolution and adaptation of early hominins and their close relationship to the surrounding landscape.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Leer by 'n meester

Daar is 14 toekennings van die Vrystaatse Meestersuiwelboere-vereniging teen dr Kobus Hendriks se kantoormuur en vanjaar is die nasionale wentitel as 2012 Meestersuiwelboer ook by die versameling gevoeg. The Dairy Mail het by dr Hendriks gaan inloer om meer oor sy boerdery en sy suiwelboer-wenresep te leer.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Legislative and Policy Developments and Imperatives for Advancing the Primary Care Behavioral Health (PCBH) Model

The Primary Care Behavioral Health (PCBH) practice model continues to gain converts among primary care and behavioral health professionals as the evidence supporting its effectiveness continues to accumulate. Despite a growing number of practices and organizations using the model effectively, widespread implementation has been hampered by outmoded policies and regulatory barriers. As policymakers and legislators begin to recognize the contributions that PCBH model services make to the care of complex patients and the expansion of access to those in need of behavioral health interventions, some encouraging policy initiatives are emerging and the policy environment is becoming more favorable to implementation of the PCBH model. This article outlines the necessity for policy change, exposing the policy issues and barriers that serve to limit the practice of the PCBH model; highlights innovative approaches some states are taking to foster integrated practice; and discusses the compatibility of the PCBH model with the nation’s health care reform agenda. Psychologists have emerged as leaders in the design and implementation of PCBH model integration and are encouraged to continue to advance the model through the demonstration of efficient and effective clinical practice, participation in the expansion of an appropriately trained workforce, and advocacy for the inclusion of this practice model in emerging healthcare systems and value-based payment methodologies.

Field of study: Psychology
Comparative Analysis of Genomic Island Prediction Tools

Tools for genomic island prediction use strategies for genomic comparison analysis and sequence composition analysis. The goal of comparative analysis is to identify unique regions in the genomes of related organisms, whereas sequence composition analysis evaluates and relates the composition of specific regions with other regions in the genome. The goal of this study was to qualitatively and quantitatively evaluate extant genomic island predictors. We chose tools reported to produce significant results using sequence composition prediction, comparative genomics, and hybrid genomics methods. To maintain diversity, the tools were applied to eight complete genomes of organisms with distinct characteristics and belonging to different families. Escherichia coli CFT073 was used as a control and considered as the gold standard because its islands were previously curated in vitro. The results of predictions with the gold standard were manually curated, and the content and characteristics of each predicted island were analyzed. For other organisms, we created GenBank (GBK) files using Artemis software for each predicted island. We copied only the amino acid sequences from the coding sequence and constructed a multi-FASTA file for each predictor. We used BLASTp to compare all results and generate hits to evaluate similarities and differences among the predictions. Comparison of the results with the gold standard revealed that GIPSy produced the best results, covering ~91% of the composition and regions of the islands, followed by Alien Hunter (81%), IslandViewer (47.8%), Predict Bias (31%), GI Hunter (17%), and Zisland Explorer (16%). The tools with the best results in the analyzes of the set of organisms were the same ones that presented better performance in the tests with the gold standard.

Field of study: Biology
Pharmacy Education in Zimbabwe

Zimbabwe is a country of approximately eleven million people located in south central Africa. In some respects, pharmacy education at the University of Zimbabwe is similar to that in the United States; the development of communication skills and the role of the pharmacist as the drug expert are both emphasized. Compounding continues to be a major focus of study since bulk compounding is more economical than purchasing pre-packaged drugs from a manufacturer for a developing country. The pharmacy curriculum at the University of Zimbabwe has an emphasis on pharmacy practice in rural settings. As in the U.S., attracting health care workers to rural areas remains problematic. Curricula designed to provide exposure to practice in rural settings early during their education may influence some students to practice in underserved locations following graduation or at some point in their careers.

Field of study: Education, Medicine
Research on Microstructure of Ni-20.3Cr-4.6Co-2.1Al As-deposited State Sheet Prepared by EB-PVD

The microstructure of Ni-20.3Cr-4.6Co-2.1Al sheet prepared by Electron Beam Physical Vapor Deposition(EB-PVD) in the as-deposited state was studied.The results showthat the phase in the as-deposited state is γ-Ni solid solution and there is no second-phase.As the effect of macro-stress,micro-stress and grain refinement during the preparation of the alloy results in interaction of diffraction peaks,subsequently the diffraction peaks are broadened and asymmetry The results analyzed by OM and SEM that the microstructure is dense and has refined grains,and intergranular corrosion resistance is different;TEM results shows that strain stripe exists in mcrostructure and substructure are mainly twins.AFM three-dimensional morphology shows that grains are slick without prism.It indicates that superalloy vapour changes from vapour phase→liquid phase→solid phase when it crystallize.

Field of study: Materials science