nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Effects of Instructional Materials Conflict Management on Student Achievement

This study was carried out to ascertain the Effects of Instructional Materials on Students’ Achievement in Conflict Management in FKIP Universitas Jambi as the case study. The design of the study was quasi experimental. Due to the smallness of the number, no sampling was carried out on the population. However, simple random sampling technique was applied to choose the experimental and control groups. The instrument for data collection was Conflict Management Achievement Test (CMAT) questionnaire. It contained a twenty (20) item multiple choice questions based on the topics selected for the study. The face and content validity of the instrument was ascertained by two experts,  from Administrasi Pendidikan Department Faculty of Education, and one from Pusat Penjaminan Mutu Universitas Jambi.  Kuder Richardson-20 statistic was used to test the reliability of the instrument and it yielded 0.80 which was deemed high enough for the study. The research questions were analyzed using adjusted mean and standard deviation. Test of Mann Whitney (data is not normally distributed) was used to test the null hypotheses. The result revealed that those taught with instructional materials performed significantly better than those taught without instructional materials. Significant cases were assessed using multiple classification analysis to determine contribution of each treatment to the level of significance. Based on this finding, it was recommended that instructional materials should be used in the teaching of Conflict Management since it enhances students’ performance.  Effects, Instructional Materials, Achievement, Conflict Management.

Field of study: Education
Global potential to increase crop production through water management in rainfed agriculture

This modeling study explores—spatially explicitly, for current and projected future climate, and for different management intensity levels—the potential for increasing global crop production through on-farm water management strategies: (a) reducing soil evaporation (‘vapor shift’) and (b) collecting runoff on cropland and using it during dry spells (‘runoff harvesting’). A moderate scenario, implying both a 25% reduction in evaporation and a 25% collection of runoff, suggests that global crop production can be increased by 19%, which is comparable with the effect of current irrigation (17%). Climate change alone (three climate models, SRES A2r emissions and population, constant land use) will reduce global crop production by 9% by 2050, which could be buffered by a vapor shift level of 50% or a water harvesting level of 25%. Even if realization of the beneficial effects of rising atmospheric CO2 concentration upon plants was ensured (by fertilizer use) in tandem with the above moderate water management scenario, the water available on current cropland will not meet the requirements of a world population of 9–10 billion.

Field of study: Environmental science
Cause Analysis on Crack Detection of Unqualified Steel Plate

Sampling from the crack detection of unqualified steel plate,the microstructure of defects was tested.According to the metallographic result,theoretical analysis was carried on in order to find out the primary cause which led to the disqualification.The results show that the central segregation formed in the continuous casting process is the cause of low qualification rate.Central segregation is advantageous to sulfide creating,and the bainite and martensite appears,providing conditions for crack extending,which act as two necessary factors for the cracks and lead to the hydrogen aggregation.All these defects cause the low qualification rate of ultrasonic inspection on line for steel plate.

Field of study: Materials science
Buffering and Amplifying Transcriptional Noise During Cell Fate Specification

The molecular processes that drive gene transcription are inherently noisy. This noise often manifests in the form of transcriptional bursts, producing fluctuations in gene activity over time. During cell fate specification, this noise is often buffered to ensure reproducible developmental outcomes. However, sometimes noise is utilized as a “bet-hedging” mechanism to diversify functional roles across a population of cells. Studies of bacteria, yeast, and cultured cells have provided insights into the nature and roles of noise in transcription, yet we are only beginning to understand the mechanisms by which noise influences the development of multicellular organisms. Here we discuss the sources of transcriptional noise and the mechanisms that either buffer noise to drive reproducible fate choices or amplify noise to randomly specify fates.

Field of study: Biology
Isotopenanalyse an niederenergetischen Teilchen der Elemente Bor, Kohlenstoff, Stickstoff und Sauerstoff aus der kosmischen Strahlung in Plastik-Detektoren

In eight cellulose nitrate sheets of a plastic detector stack flown in 1968 from Ft. Churchill in 1.8 g/cm2 floating altitude stopping heavy cosmic ray particles of about 100 MeV/Nuc were measured. In 0.2 m2 of the 1.6 m2 large stack 30 boron, 190 carbon, 83 nitrogen and 263 oxygen particles were analysed. A resolution of ΔZ=±0.1 charge units and ΔM=±0.7 mass units was obtained. Using oxygen particles for a calibration at16O the mean values of the mass distributions of the other elements are: 10.79±0.17 for boron, 12.22±0.08 for carbon, 14.61±0.12 for nitrogen.

Field of study: Physics
Phase transition temperature of fluorite-type ZrO2Y2O3 solid solutions containing 8–44 mol% Y2O3

The phase transition temperature of fluorite-type ZrO 2 -Y 2 O 3 solid solutions containing 8–44 mol% Y 2 O 3 was determined by analyzing the electrical conductance data obtained from sintered samples. In the composition range of 8–17.5 mol% Y 2 O 3 , the phase transition temperature ( Fss → Tss + Fss and Fss → Mss + Fss ) could be expressed as follows: t = 5196.9184[ ln ( ln X )] 2 − 12538.894[ ln ( ln X )] + 7858.1123, where t is the phase transition temperature (°C), and X is the Y 2 O 3 content (mol%).

Field of study: Materials science
Targeting the Fetal Body and/or Mother–Child Connection: Vital Conflicts and Abortion

Is the “act itself” of separating a pregnant woman and her previable child neither good nor bad morally, considered in the abstract? Recently, Maureen Condic and Donna Harrison have argued that such separation is justified to protect the mother’s life and that it does not constitute an abortion as the aim is not to kill the child. In our article on maternal–fetal conflicts, we agree there need be no such aim to kill (supplementing aims such as to remove). However, we argue that to understand “abortion” as performed only where the death of the child is intended is to define the term too narrowly. Respect for the mother, the fetus, and the bond between them goes well beyond avoiding any such aim. We distinguish between legitimate maternal treatments simply aimed at treating or removing a damaged part of the woman and illegitimate treatments that focus harmfully on the fetal body and its presence within the mother’s body. In obstetrics as elsewhere, not all side effects for one subject of intervention can be outweighed by intended benefits for another. Certain side effects of certain intended interventions are morally conclusive.  How should one respond to “vital conflicts” in pregnancy where the mother’s life or health is at risk? We argue that, in addition to avoiding any aim of ending life, one must avoid the similarly unacceptable aims of evicting the baby pre-viability and invading its body, including its placenta, in a lethally harmful way. Even at the cost of real and important benefits for the mother such as increased safety and protection of fertility, we must manage cases always in a way that respects the inviolable bodily rights of both mother and child and crucially, the unique bond between them.

Field of study: Medicine, Philosophy
Anthropometric and Body Composition Characteristics of Soccer Athletes in Yogyakarta

There is considerable evidence indicating that champions of various sports events differ significantly in their physical and physiological characteristics. It is not only the intersport differences, but also in the same sport, depending upon playing position.  To study anthropometric characteristics and body composition of forwards, half-liners, backs and goalkeepers of soccer athletes in Yogyakarta.  60 soccer athletes in Yogyakarta, aged 17 to 32 year were recruited in the study. Body height and weight, shoulder and pelvic breadth, trunk length, and body fat were measured and compared among subjects of different playing positions. Analysis of variance was used as statistical tests to express the difference between anthropometric characteristics and body composition among forwards, half-liners, backs and goalkeepers.  The result showed that the goalkeepers had the highest score of average height, weight, shoulder and pelvic breadth, trunk length and body fat. There were significant differences of height, weight and body fat among the four subgroups of soccer athletes.  There were similarities of somatotype distributions between Yogyakarta soccer athletes and world soccer athletes.  sport anthropology - soccer athletes - anthropometry - body composition

Field of study: Medicine
Role of alternating redox conditions in the formation of organic-rich interval in the Middle Devonian Marcellus Shale, Appalachian Basin, USA

Geochemical, isotopic and petrographic analyses were performed on a 30-m core of the Marcellus Shale obtained from Greene County, Pennsylvania, to understand the dominant controls on organic matter deposition in the black shale study units. Our study suggests that the regeneration of nutrients, such as nitrogen (N) and phosphorous (P), may have played a key role in the formation of organic carbon (OC)-rich intervals in the Marcellus Shale. The decomposition of organic matter is likely to have released N and P into the water column, and the episodic upward mixing of these nutrient-enriched waters enhanced primary production. The ratios of Corg/Nbulk and Corg/Ptot are significantly higher in the OC-rich zone of the core (i.e., defined as TOC > 4% and located between 2393 and 2406.5 m depth). The high Corg/Ptot and Corg/Nbulk ratios of the preserved organic matter may reflect the release of N and P by microbial processes, indicating the recycling of nutrients during deposition of the OC-rich interval. In addition, our data show a positive relationships between the Corg/Ptot and Corg/Nbulk ratios and the organic carbon content, which indicate that the recycled nutrients may have promoted primary productivity, resulting in higher OC accumulation in some intervals. The geochemical and stable isotopic results also suggest that the alternating redox conditions in the water mass were favorable for nutrient regeneration. Highly variable trace metal concentrations (e.g., U, Mo, and V) in the OC-rich zone and a wide range of δ15N and δ34Spyr values towards the top of the OC-rich zone suggest fluctuations between anoxic and suboxic water conditions. Finally, sedimentary features and agglutinated benthic foraminifera in the OC-rich zone support the existence of short-term fluctuations between suboxic and anoxic conditions near the sediment–water interface. Multiple lines of evidence suggest that nutrient regeneration due to alternating redox conditions may have played an important role in the formation of OC-rich intervals in the Marcellus Shale.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
La cliticización y la condición del último recurso

In this paper, we present an alternative proposal to the cliticization process assumed in Chomsky (1994), taking into account the Last Resort Condition (Chomsky, 1995). Chosmky (1994) supposes that an item can be both X° and an XP in terms of a bare phrase structure theory: clitics. Under Determinant hypothesis, Chomsky assumes that a clitic raises from its theta position and attaches to an inflectional head. In its theta position, the clitic is an XP, and the attachement to a head requires that it be an X°. In this way, Chomsky supposes that a clitic raises by XP-adjuntion until the final step of X°-adjunction, indicating that the movement of clitic does not violate the Head Movement Constraint (HMC). Accepting the DP hypothesis of clitics, we assume that direct object clitics in Spanish, merged with verb in the base, appear to share XP and X° properties in the line of Chomsky (1994). But, we propose that, instead of raising by XP-adjunction, the clitics attach directly to the complex head V +T as CL min/max in the overt syntax because of their affix property. In this derivation, the clitic can check the formal features (Case feature, D feature, specificiy feature and phi-features) of verb, adjoined to T, in the checking domain of V. (We have affirmed that the adjunct position to an XP is not included in the checking domain of a functional head; cf. Chomsky, 1995). In this way, we think that the cliticization does not violate the Last Resort Condition: a step in a derivation is legitimate only if it is necessary for convergence, that is, for the morphological requirement. With respect to the problem of HMC (clitic raises to T°, crossing V°, the closest c-commanding head), we have proposed, in the line of Chomsky (1995), that a trace is immobile, hence, cannot bar raising: only the head of a chain CH enters into the operation Attract/Move. Under this assumption, the trace of a verb does not prevent the attraction of the DO clitic that it c-comma

Field of study: Linguistics
Metabolism of iodomethane in the rat.

1. The LD(50) of iodomethane orally administered to rats is 76mg./kg. body wt. but repeated daily doses of 30-50mg./kg. body wt. are without effect. 2. Oral doses of iodomethane to rats are rapidly converted into S-methylglutathione in the liver, and S-methylglutathione is excreted in the bile. 3. The conjugation process has been reproduced in vitro and shown to be enzymically catalysed. 4. S-Methylglutathione is degraded to S-methylcysteine by kidney homogenates. 5. Only a small proportion of a dose of iodomethane or of S-methylcysteine is excreted as compounds related to methylmercapturic acid. 6. Paper chromatography of extracts of livers from normal and dosed rats supports the view that GSH is the predominant non-protein thiol present.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Unsaturated fatty acids as endogenous inhibitors of tamoxifen binding to anti-oestrogen-binding sites.

It is known that triphenylethylene anti-oestrogens such as tamoxifen bind to specific high-affinity anti-oestrogen-binding sites, which are distinct from oestrogen receptors. These binding sites are widely distributed in human and animal tissues, but their function and endogenous ligands are unknown. By using [3H]tamoxifen and a rat liver microsomal fraction, a radio-ligand-binding assay was developed in an attempt to identify endogenous ligands for the anti-oestrogen-binding sites in the rat. An ether extract of rat serum inhibited [3H]tamoxifen binding to rat liver binding sites in a dose-dependent manner. Identification of the active serum constituents that inhibited [3H]tamoxifen binding was achieved by g.l.c.-mass spectrometry after preliminary purification of a rat serum extract by silica-gel t.l.c. Three unsaturated fatty acids (oleic, linoleic and arachidonic) accounted for about 50% of the total inhibiting activity of the serum extract. The concentrations of these fatty acids required to inhibit [3H]tamoxifen binding were in the range of 10-100 microM, comparable with those found in the rat circulation under physiological conditions. Saturated fatty acids present in rat serum (palmitic and stearic) did not inhibit [3H]tamoxifen binding. A survey of other fatty acids revealed that, in general, unsaturated fatty acids were far more potent than saturated fatty acids in inhibiting [3H]tamoxifen binding. These studies demonstrate that unsaturated fatty acids are quantitatively the most important circulating inhibitors of [3H]tamoxifen binding to the anti-oestrogen-binding sites. The biological significance of their interaction with these sites, however, remains to be clarified.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Bemes vir sukses : produksie

Die aankoop van grond vir uitbreiding is 'n duur proses, daarom moet boere aangeplante weidings oorweeg om hul kuddes te vergroot. Kunsmis is een van die grootste insette vir die verbouing van aangeplante weidings, maar die korrekte bemesting daarvan kan 'n drastiese verhoging in droemateriaalproduksie oplewer. 'n Goeie bemestingsprogram is noodsaaklik vir gevestigde, aangeplante weiding om optimale produksie en gehalte te verseker.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
New Britain, Old England: Heritage Renewed In Atonement

Atonement's depiction of the anachronistic English country house contravenes suppositions that similar spaces nostalgically commemorate an oppressive history. The novel instead explores the house as a historical fiction that continues to structure contemporary English culture. It exposes the way "New Britain" both erases and reproduces many of the more pernicious aspects of English history, commodifying and revising history in much the same way that English Heritage has been accused of doing. The novel reopens the country house as a space that demands both a historical double take and skepticism toward preemptive celebrations of social progress.

Field of study: Art
Cognitive Factors in Transfer of Meaning

In a classical conditioning paradigm, CS syllables were paired with UCS words of positive, negative, or neutral evaluative meaning. An intensive questionnaire followed 8 conditioning trials. Predicted transfer of meaning occurred for aware Ss only. Further, there was a tendency to rate CS syllables in terms of their recalled relationship to UCS words. Most Ss apparently regarded the experiment as a problem-solving task in which they rated syllables as they thought they were expected to.

Field of study: Psychology
Reform and Reaction in the Colombian Catholic Church

In the autumn of 1509 the explorer Alonso de Ojeda landed on the northern coast of South America, near where is today the city of Cartagena, and claimed the region in the name of Spain. As some of the natives appeared inclined to question the acquisitive proclivities of the Crown, Ojeda had read to them the principal articles of the Christian faith, hoping to demonstrate the benign nature of his invasion. Apparently feeling that his obligation to the Church was not yet fulfilled, he then informed the local residents “ especially of the supreme jurisdiction of the pope ” and required that they embrace the Catholic religion. Ojeda barely escaped with his life.

Field of study: History
Preliminary study of prairies forested with Eucalyptus sp. at the northwestern Uruguayan soils.

The land cover change of Uruguayan Forestal Plan provoked biogeochemical changes on horizon Au(1) of Argiudols; in native prairies which were replaced by monoculture Eucalyptus sp. plantation with 20 year rotations as trees. Five fields forested and six natural prairies were compared. The results not only show a statistical significant soil acidification, diminution of soil organic carbon, increase of aliphaticity degree of humic substances, and increase of affinity and capacity of hydrolytic activity from soil microbial communities for forested sites with Eucalyptus sp. but also, a tendency of podzolization and/or mineralization by this kind of land cover changes, with a net soil organic lost of 16.6 tons ha(-1) in the horizon Au(1) of soil under Eucalyptus sp. plantation compared with prairie. Besides, these results point out the necessity of correction of the methodology used by assigned Uruguayan commission to assess the national net emission of greenhouse gases, since the mineralization and/or podzolization process detected in forested soil imply a overestimation of soil organic carbon. The biochemical parameters show a statistical significant correlation between the soil organic carbon status and these parameters which were presented as essential for the correct evaluation of Uruguayan soil carbon sink.

Field of study: Environmental science
Dirac matrices as elements of a superalgebraic matrix algebra

A Clifford extension of the Grassmann algebra is considered in which operators are built from products of Grassmann variables and derivatives with respect to them. It is shown that a subalgebra of operators, isomorphic to the usual matrix algebra, can be separated in this algebra, while the algebra itself is a generalization of the matrix algebra, contains superalgebraic operators expanding the matrix algebra, and produces transformations of supersymmetry.

Field of study: Physics
VDC-Analyst: Design and verification of virtual desktop cloud resource allocations

One of the significant challenges for Cloud Service Providers (CSPs) hosting “virtual desktop cloud” (VDC) infrastructures is to deliver a satisfactory quality of experience (QoE) to the user. In order to maximize the user QoE without expensive resource overprovisioning, there is a need to design and verify resource allocation schemes for a comprehensive set of VDC configurations. In this paper, we present “VDC-Analyst”, a novel tool that can capture critical quality metrics such as Net Utility and Service Response Time, which can be used to quantify VDC platform readiness. This tool allows CSPs, researchers and educators to design and verify various resource allocation schemes using both simulation and emulation in two modes: “Run Simulation” and “Run Experiment”, respectively. The Run Simulation mode allows users to test and visualize resource provisioning and placement schemes on a simulation framework. Run Experiment mode allows testing on a real software-defined network testbed using emulated virtual desktop application traffic to create a realistic environment. Results from using our tool demonstrate that a significant increase in perceived user QoE can be achieved by using a combination of the following techniques incorporated in the tool: (i) optimizing Net Utility through a “Cost-Aware Utility-Maximal Resource Allocation Algorithm”, (ii) estimating values for Service Response Time using a “Multi-stage Queuing Model”, and (iii) appropriate load balancing through software-defined networking adaptations in the VDC testbed.

Field of study: Computer science