nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Preparation and properties of methyl-situ-modified sol-gel hydrophobic anti-reflective SiO_2 coating

Methyl-situ-modified silica sols were obtained by hydrolysis and co-condensation reactions occurred in base-catalyzed system by carefully controlling the sol-gel process of Methyltriethoxysilane(MTES) and Tetraethoxysilane(TEOS).Hydrophobic-antireflective silica film was then prepared by dipping-coating technique from the modified sols.As a result,the hydrophobicity of antireflective coating was highly improved.The properties of the films were characterized with atomic force microscope(AFM),ultraviolet-visible spectrum(UV-Vis) and contact angle analyzer measurement.

Field of study: Physics
A Pest in the Land: New World Epidemics in a Global Perspective (review)

six years in limbo, the "intrepid four" still remained steadfast in their desire to reach Panuco. Both Krieger and Hallenbeck did their research on the ground, and were critical of certain of their predecessors, as armchair scholars who relied only on maps. But it is Hallenbeck who is the focus of Krieger's strongest invective and personal criticism. The two men were near contemporaries; it is regrettable that a fiftyyear lag in publication of Krieger's manuscript deprived Hallenbeck of the opportunity for a rejoinder.

Field of study: History
Lahar facies of the Mount Dutton Formation (Oligocene-Miocene) in the Marysvale Volcanic Field, southwestern Utah

Lahar facies of the Mount Dutton Formation (Oligocene-Miocene; Marysvale Volcanic Field, Utah) differ in clast-size gradation, presence or absence of a self- supporting clast framework, and, to a lesser extent, thickness. The two most common of these fades (matrix supported and either inversely graded [facies 1A] or nongraded [1B]) are absent from the closest modem analog, Mount St. Helens (MSH), Washington, as are three others (matrix supported normally graded , clast supported, inversely graded [5], and clast supported, nongraded [7A]). One common Mount Dutton fades (matrix supported, inversely to normally graded [4]) is the peak-flow overbank and transition lahar fades at MSH. One less common Mount Dutton lahar fades (clast supported, inversely to normally graded [6]) is the sole facies or channel facies at MSH. Mount Dutton facies 2 (thin, matrix supported, nongraded) is present at MSH as the lahar runout facies. Plots of maximum particle size (MPS) versus bed thickness (BTh) show significant positive correlations for seven fades, as expected of debris-flow deposits. Analogy with MSH lahars suggests that Mount Dutton lahars were cohesionless debris flows (grainflows) that formed when turbulent floods or pyroclastic surges "bulked" by eroding material from their bed. Dispersive pressure produced inverse grading where shearing occurred; inverse grading throughout beds is inherited from transient shearing episodes. Normal grading may be inherited from graded suspensions developed during bulking of turbulent flows or may reflect progressive deposition, rather than frictional or cohesive freezing, of a laterally graded flow. Slopes and intercepts of correlation lines for individual facies on an MPS-BTh plot form natural groups. Three groups, comprising facies 5 and 7A, 1A and 1B, and 3 and 4, differ chiefly in the intercept of the correlation line with the MPS axis. This intercept indicates thickness-independent strength, the result of cohesion and possibly other factors. All three groups are stronger in this respect, by a factor of 2 to 100, than a sampling of ancient nonvolcanic debris flows. These three groups correspond to diamictite subfacies of nonvolcanic debris flows from the Permian of Colorado. Facies 6 is unlike other fades of the Mount Dutton Formation but similar to ancient nonvolcanic debris flows in its strength properties. It resembles whaleback bars that formed during nonuniform flow in the North Fork lahars at MSH. Two Mount Dutton fades (2 and 7B [clast supported, normally graded]) do not have a significant positive correlation of MPS and BTh. They are probably deposits of hyper-concentrated fluids, not lahars in the strict sense.

Field of study: Geology
The role of ecosystems in coastal protection: Adapting to climate change and coastal hazards

Coastal ecosystems, particularly intertidal wetlands and reefs (coral and shellfish), can play a critical role in reducing the vulnerability of coastal communities to rising seas and coastal hazards, through their multiple roles in wave attenuation, sediment capture, vertical accretion, erosion reduction and the mitigation of storm surge and debris movement. There is growing understanding of the array of factors that affect the strength or efficacy of these ecosystem services in different locations, as well as management interventions which may restore or enhance such values. Improved understanding and application of such knowledge will form a critical part of coastal adaptation planning, likely reducing the need for expensive engineering options in some locations, and providing a complementary tool in hybrid engineering design. Irrespective of future climate change, coastal hazards already impact countless communities and the appropriate use of ecosystem-based adaptation strategies offers a valuable and effective tool for present-day management. Maintaining and enhancing coastal systems will also support the continued provision of other coastal services, including the provision of food and maintenance of coastal resource dependent livelihoods.

Field of study: Environmental science
Effects of leptin on Th17 cells and the possible mechanism

To investigate the effects of leptin on Th17 cells and the possible mechanism. 
 
 
 
The leptin-deficient (ob/ob) mice and their homologous wild-type mice were used in the study. The percentages of Th17 cells in peripheral blood samples, spleen tissues and lymph nodes were measured by flow cytometry (FCM) analysis. The splenic CD4+ T cells, separated from the ob/ob mice and the wild-type mice by using magnetic beads, were respectively cultured with leptin at various concentrations and with anti-leptin neutralization antibody to evaluate the effects of leptin on Th17 cells. The quantitative real-time PCR was performed to analyze Th17 cell-related cytokines at transcriptional levels. The levels of IL-6 and IL-17A in the supernatants of CD4+ T cell culture were measured with Luminex technology. 
 
 
 
Compared with the wild-type mice, the ob/ob mice showed lower percentages of Th17 cells in both peripheral blood samples and spleen tissues (0.49%±0.03% vs 1.29%±0.1%, 1.56%±0.22% vs 2.47%±0.11%). There was a decrease in the percentages of Th17 cells upon the in vitro treatment of CD4+ T cells from wild-type mice with anti-leptin antibody. The percentages of Th17 cells were increased in a dose-dependent manner upon the in vitro treatment of CD4+ T cells from ob/ob mice with leptin. Moreover, the levels of IL-17A and IL-6 and the transcriptional levels of RORγt, IL-17A and IL-6 in leptin deficiency group were lower than those of wild-type group, but were increased upon the treatment with leptin. No significant difference with the transcriptional levels of TGF-β and IL-23 was observed between the two groups with and without intervention. 
 
 
 
Leptin deficiency seriously hampered the generation of Th17 cells in mice and resulted in a decreased expression of RORγt, IL-17A and IL-6 at mRNA level. The treatment of CD4 T cells with leptin might promote the generation of Th17 cells through up-regulating the transcription of RORγt and IL-6. 
 
 
 
Leptin; Th17 cell; IL-17; RORγt

Field of study: Biology
Differential effects on effort discounting induced by inactivations of the nucleus accumbens core or shell.

The authors investigated the contribution of the nucleus accumbens (NAc) core and shell to effort-based decision making using a discounting procedure. Selection of 1 lever delivered a smaller, 2-pellet reward immediately, whereas the other lever delivered a 4-pellet reward after a fixed ratio of presses (2, 5, 10, or 20) that increased over 4 blocks of 10 discrete choice trials. Subsequent testing employed an equivalent delays procedure, whereby the relative delay to reward delivery after selection of either option was equalized. In well-trained rats, inactivation of the core, but not the shell, via infusion of GABA A/B agonists muscimol/baclofen reduced preference for the high-effort option under standard conditions and also when rats were tested using an equivalent delays procedure. However, inactivation of the core did not alter preference for 4-pellet versus 2-pellet rewards when the relative costs of each option were the same (1 press). Thus, the NAc core, but not the shell, appears to be part of a neural circuit that biases choice toward larger rewards associated with a greater effort cost. Furthermore, the contributions by the NAc core to this form of decision making can be dissociated from its role in delay discounting.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
PUMMERER REACTIONS OF THIOPYRAN DERIVATIVES AS A METHOD FOR THE PREPARATION OF TRIFLUOROMETHYL-SUBSTITUTED THIOLANES WITH ANTIVIRAL ACTIVITY

2-( p -Tolylsulfanyl)-2-trifluoromethyl-3,6-dihydro-2 Н -thiopyran 1-oxides undergo a vinylogous Pummerer reaction upon interaction with trifluoroacetic anhydride, forming 2-( p -tolylsulfanyl)-4-trifluoroacetoxy-2-trifluoromethyl-3,4-dihydro-2 Н -thiopyrans. The hydrolysis, acetylation, and free radical desulfanylation of these compounds with a subsequent oxidation of the sulfur atom leads to 4-acetoxy-2‑trifluoromethyl-3,4-dihydro-2 Н -thiopyran 1-oxides. The Pummerer addition reaction of the latter with acetic anhydride and boron trifluoride etherate results in a ring contraction and formation of 3-acet-oxy-2-diacetoxymethyl-5-(trifluoromethyl)thiolanes, which could be converted with sodium borohydride to 3-hydroxy-2‑hydroxymethyl-5-(trifluoromethyl)thiolanes having antiviral activity.

Field of study: Chemistry
Ordered Families of Distributions

A comparison is made of several definitions of ordered sets of distributions, some of which were introduced earlier by the author [7],  and by Rubin [10]. These definitions attempt to make precise the intuitive notion that large values of the parameter which labels the distributions go together with large values of the random variables themselves. Of the various definitions discussed the combination of two, (B) and (C) of Section 2, appears to be statistically most meaningful. In Section 3 it is shown that this ordering implies monotonicity for the power function of sequential probability ratio tests. In Section 4 the results are applied to obtaining tests that give a certain guaranteed power with a minimum number of observations. Finally, in Section 5, certain consequences are derived regarding the comparability of experiments in the sense of Blackwell .

Field of study: Mathematics
A search-based framework for automatic testing of MATLAB/Simulink models

Search-based test-data generation has proved successful for code-level testing but almost no search-based work has been carried out at higher levels of abstraction. In this paper the application of such approaches at the higher levels of abstraction offered by MATLAB/Simulink models is investigated and a wide-ranging framework for test-data generation and management is presented. Model-level analogues of code-level structural coverage criteria are presented and search-based approaches to achieving them are described. The paper also describes the first search-based approach to the generation of mutant-killing test data, addressing a fundamental limitation of mutation testing. Some problems remain whatever the level of abstraction considered. In particular, complexity introduced by the presence of persistent state when generating test sequences is as much a challenge at the Simulink model level as it has been found to be at the code level. The framework addresses this problem. Finally, a flexible approach to test sub-set extraction is presented, allowing testing resources to be deployed effectively and efficiently.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Study on the main anatomical characteristics of Bambusa rigida

In order to improve higher value-added processing and utilizing levels for sympodial bamboo, the main anatomical characteristics of Bambusa rigida were studied with the microscopic image analysis method. The results show the proportion of parenchyma, fiber, vessel and sieve tube account for 45.5%, 32.3%, 7.0% and 2.2%, respectively. The width, double wall thickness, lumen diameter, length, length-width ratio, double wall thickness-lumen diameter ratio and lumen diameter-width ratio of fiber are 20.271 μm, 16.178 μm, 4.092 μm, 1 901.775 μm, 103.913, 5.715 and 0.193, and the radial width, tangential width and frequency of vascular bundle are 762.978 μm, 640.210 μm and 1.686 N·mm-2, respectively.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Microwave absorption performance enhancement using glass fiber-reinforced polymer nanocomposites containing dielectric fillers in X-band

Microwave absorption properties of radar absorbing structures in X-band frequency have been investigated using carbon-based dielectric filler materials. These structures are composed of E-glass/epoxy laminates filled with various wt% (0–2.5 with an increment of 0.5) of graphene and multiwalled carbon nanotubes individually. Composite fabrication has been done using high-pressure resin transfer molding (HPRTM). The pertinent electromagnetic (EM) parameters of composite structures are measured using the waveguide measurement technique in X-band. From the results, a single-layered polymer composite with 2.5% graphene contains better absorption than others. Among multilayered structures, the 11-layered composite structure has shown the best absorption performance (reflection loss (RL) = −21 dB) which is equal to 99.9% of incident EM radiation absorption in X-band. It is found that the single-layered structure has shown ineffective absorption performance compared to the multilayered structure under low weight concentrations. Moreover, a mathematical model to predict RL of different combinations of multilayered structures based on EM wave theory is proposed for the calculation of optimum layer combination for minimizing time and money. The predictions of the mathematical model are validated for the 11-layered structure using experimentation.

Field of study: Materials science
Multiproxy analysis of a Lateglacial-Holocene sedimentary section in the Fuegian steppe (northern Tierra del Fuego, Argentina): Implications for coastal landscape evolution in relation to climatic variability and sea-level fluctuations

We report the sedimentology, palynology, geochemistry, and diatom assemblages of a well-dated succession at Laguna Las Vueltas (LV) on the Atlantic coast of the Fuegian steppe in southern Argentina. The multiproxy analysis offers a unique opportunity to study the evolution of this coastal landscape in relation to past sea level and climate changes in the southern high latitudes. After ca. 19,000 cal yr BP, the sediments were subjected to subaerial exposure and oxidation linked to a low sea level. The Sr/Ba ratio (a paleosalinity geochemical parameter) indicates variations in the water body level, and diatoms imply the existence of an ephemeral and brackish-freshwater body subject to desiccation under arid conditions. Between ca. 11,600 and 8500 cal yr BP, a shrubby steppe vegetation, mainly composed of Asteraceae subf. Asteroideae, spread over the coastal area associated with a shallow freshwater body and the deposition of fine-grained sediments in low-energy environments, all indicative of low effective moisture and warm climate conditions. Between ca. 8500 and 8100 cal yr BP, salt carpet vegetation, dominated by Chenopodiaceae, developed around a coastal lagoon in response to the Holocene marine transgression. The record of dinocysts and geochemical data indicate marine influence at this time. Between ca. 8100 and 7000 cal yr BP, salt marshes colonized the coastal area. A coastal lagoon with a more restricted connection to the sea and minor freshwater input are inferred, linked to the beginning of a regressive phase. After ca. 7000 cal yr BP, grassland vegetation and an open shrub stratum developed along with a shallow lake (pan) that was disconnected from the sea, following a fall in the sea level and regression. Fluctuations in the water level of the pan and changes in the physical-chemical conditions, as indicated by fluctuations in Mn/Fe, Ti/Ca, Rb/Sr, Ca, TIC and TOC, suggest abrupt events of desiccation and flooding. Between ca. 4500 and 2000 cal yr BP a drier phase is indicated by changes in vegetation, algal content and geochemistry of the pan. A grassland vegetation and a shallow lake with seasonal water level variations characterized the last 2000 years. Our results from LLV area match well with Andean forest fluctuations and regional climatic conditions recorded from Tierra del Fuego and Chilean southwest.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Removal of glycosaminoglycans from cultures of human skin fibroblasts.

Early-passage human skin fibroblasts were grown as monolayers for 2-3 days in minimum essential medium containing [35S]sulphate, [3H]glucosamine, [3H]fucose, [3H]proline or [3H]leucine to label proteoglycans, glycoproteins or collagen and other proteins. A crude enzyme preparation obtained from a supernatant from sonicated freeze-dried Flavobacter heparinum was added to the cell monolayers. This treatment removed most of the 35S-labelled glycosaminoglycans, with no appreciable removal of the 3H-labelled proteins or 3H-labelled glycoproteins. The cells remained attached and viable as a monolayer. The formation of 35S-labelled glycosaminoglycans was examined after pretreating cultures with crude F. heparinum enzyme, followed by addition of fresh growth medium containing [35S]sulphate. The F. heparinum enzyme did not significantly alter the amount or type of 35S-labelled glycosaminoglycans produced. Thus F. heparinum enzyme can be used to provide cultured-cell monolayers depleted of surface glycosaminoglycans. These cells remain attached, viable and subsequently synthesize normal amounts and type of glycosaminoglycans.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Acidosis in a patient with cholera: a need to redefine concepts.

A patient presented with cholera and a severe degree of ECF volume contraction. Despite large losses of bicarbonate (HCO3-)-containing diarrhoeal fluid, laboratory acid-base values were remarkably close to normal. A detailed analysis emphasizing principles of physiology and a quantitative approach provided new insights and eventually better definitions of metabolic and respiratory acidosis. A shift in focus from HCO3- concentration to HCO3- content in the extracellular fluid (ECF) compartment revealed the presence of metabolic acidosis. Central to this analysis was an emphasis on the haematocrit to enable a more accurate estimate of the degree of ECF volume contraction. The latter also revealed 'contraction' metabolic alkalosis, which masked the underlying metabolic acidosis. The presence of a respiratory acidosis of the tissue type was evident from the raised venous PCO2, which was not surprising once the magnitude of the ECF contraction had been appreciated. 'Bad buffering', as defined by Professor McCance, was the immediate danger and prompted swift action to restore an effective circulation. The haematocrit and the venous PCO2 also contribute valuable information to monitor the response to therapy. Nevertheless, there were still dangers to be discovered when an in-depth analysis suggested that the administration of isotonic saline would introduce an unanticipated danger for the patient.

Field of study: Medicine
Surface-bound humic acid increased Pb²⁺ sorption on carbon nanotubes.

Solid humic acid (HA) particles were dissolved and subsequently coated on a type of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). Pb(2+) sorption from water by the solid HA, the MWCNTs and the obtained HA-MWCNT complexes was compared. The underlying mechanism of the difference in the sorption was discussed with the data at different pHs, results of desorption in the presence and absence of Ca(2+) and the characterizations using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, X-ray energy dispersion spectroscopy and X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy. The effect of MWCNT-contained impurities on the sorption was also examined. It was shown that the surface-bound HA introduced oxygen-containing functional groups and negative charges on the MWCNTs, thus greatly increasing Pb(2+) sorption on the MWCNTs. Pb(2+) could be electrostatically attracted into outer-sphere of the electric double layer of the HA-MWCNT complexes, a fraction of which would form coordination complexes with carboxyl groups in the inner- and/or outer-sphere.

Field of study: Environmental science
Impossibility of Order-Revealing Encryption in Idealized Models

An Order-Revealing Encryption (ORE) scheme gives a public procedure by which two ciphertexts can be compared to reveal the order of their underlying plaintexts. The ideal security notion for ORE is that only the order is revealed—anything else, such as the distance between plaintexts, is hidden. The only known constructions of ORE achieving such ideal security are based on cryptographic multilinear maps and are currently too impractical for real-world applications.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Existence and uniqueness of radial solutions for fresh/salt water interface equation in a confined aquifer

We prove existence and uniqueness of radial weak solutions of the doubly nonlinear parabolic equation u t = div [ D ( u ) ϕ ( ∇ u ) ] , where D and ϕ satisfy some hypothesis. This cover the particular case where D ( s ) = s ( 1 - s ) and ϕ ( p ) ≔ p / ( 1 + | p | 2 ) which is the hydrological case. Numerical simulations are provided also.

Field of study: Mathematics
The Influence of the Usage of Indonesian Language Text-Book Based on Active Learning Students Against Ability in Writing Academic Paper

Indonesian language proficiency for students is reflected through good thinking, administration said, grammar, and a code of conduct in Indonesian language in academic or academic context. In fact, among the teachers, lecturer, and students, culture was still far from expectations. In addition, the key to the development of science is the research and writings. Indonesian Language textbook based Active Learning aims to facilitate students in academic writing.  Evaluation of the usage of Indonesian language textbook based on active learning students agains ability in writing academic papers of students in three universities (STAIN Salatiga, IAIN Walisongo, UIN Sunan Kalijaga) will be performed with anova statistics tools. This tool assumes the data invariant, then to make sure that they do testing form of distribution with kolmogrov. The test results late data distribution value students get STAIN Salatiga koefesien k-s = 0.0837 with probability (p) of 0.200. The acquisition of p >0.05 indicates the data invariant. The test results on the value end of the student UIN Sunan Kalijaga and IAIN Walisongo also get p >0.05, indicates the invariant. Kolmogorov probability value of the test results of more than 0.05, indicating all invariant values. Respondents research comes from a variety of different 3 PTAIN. Heterogenitasnya is expected to still be tolerated so that it can be viewed as a unity of the population, while also fulfilling much of its homogeneity assumption in order for the test results anova is not biased. Variansi the test results get F hitung with p > 0.05 on final value and all aspects of its use. The acquisition of p >0.05 marked the third variansi of the College belonging in homogeneous. Means test is performed to evaluate the anova results, to get the final value F hitung = 150,025 with probability (p) = 0,00. The acquisition of p <0.05 indicates a significant difference between the means, the end of writing student papers STAIN Salatiga, IAIN Walisongo, and UIN Sunan Kalijaga meaningful or it can be said significant.  textbook, academic writing, Indonesian Courses, Active Learning, lecturer, students.

Field of study: Education