nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Compressor driven metal hydride cooling systems—mathematical model and operating characteristics

A detailed mathematical model of a compressor driven metal hydride (CDMH) cooling system is presented. The model takes into account the transient characteristics of the coupled metal hydride reactors with external fins, reciprocating compressor and conditioned space. The model can be used for predicting the system performance during the initial pull-down as well as the stable cycling periods. Results are obtained for a 1 kW capacity air conditioning system using optimized reactors packed with Zr 0.9 Ti 0.1 Cr 0.55 Fe 1.45 hydride. The COP's obtained are in the range of 1.7–2.2 depending on operating conditions while the specific cooling power obtained is about 600 kJ kg alloy −1  h −1 . It is shown that in order to make these systems commercially viable it is important to select suitable materials with fast reaction kinetics. Since, system performance parameters can be predicted more effectively, the model can be used for design of optimized systems.

Field of study: Engineering
Basic principles of nonlinguistic teaching in speciality in PEC

In order to improve teaching quality of specialized subject in PEC, the author makes good use of several approaches such as documental-material, invisigating-visit and logical-argumentation method to analysis the basic principles of non-linguistic teaching in the field of speciality teaching in PEC. At last, five basic principles have been turned out after a careful study which will greatly contribute to better teaching effect in speciality.

Field of study: Education
Reflection coefficient of nanofiltration membranes in single electrolyte solution

The space-charge(SC)model and Teorell-Meyer-Sievers(TMS)model combined with irreversible thermodynamics model are applied to predict the transport coefficients of nanofiltration membranes in single electrolyte solution.The reflection coefficient has been numerically calculated by the SC model and analytically calculated by TMS model.The results show that the reflection coefficient approaches unit in the range of low-concentration regime and approaches zero in the range of high-concentration.While the diffusion coefficients ratio of co-ion over counterion is less than 1.0,the reflection coefficient is positive over the whole concentration range.When the ratio is larger than 1.0,the reflection coefficient is negative in a certain intermediate concentration region.And the increase of the surface charge density and the decrease of the pore radius cause the increase in the reflection coefficient.The SC model and TMS model show good agreement in the calculation of the reflection coefficient when the dimensionless potential gradient in the pore surfaces is less than 1.0 and the pore radius is less than 5.0 nm.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
The formation of globular clusters through minihalo-minihalo mergers

We propose a novel scenario for the formation of Globular Clusters (GCs) based on the merger of two or more atomic cooling halos at high-redshift (z>6). The model naturally fulfills several key observational constraints on GCs that have emerged in the last decade. Specifically, absolute and relative ages, widespread presence of multiple stellar populations, spatial distribution around host galaxies, and correlations between galactocentric radius and metallicity. In our framework, the oldest globular clusters form the first generation stars as an intense burst in the center of a minihalo that grows above the threshold for hydrogen cooling (halo mass M_h~1e8 Msun) and undergoes a major merger within the cooling timescale (~150 Myr). Subsequent minor mergers and sustained gas infall bring new supply of pristine gas at the halo center, diluting AGB ejecta, and triggering additional bursts of star formation which form multiple generation of stars in the majority of the clusters. The DM halo around the GC is then stripped during assembly of the host galaxy halo. Our modeling is based on the merging history of dark-matter halos, and thus has no free adjustable parameters within the concordance LCDM cosmology. As a first application, based on a high-resolution cosmological simulation, we make quantitative predictions for the age distribution of the old GC population (Age=13.0+/-0.2 Gyr). We suggest that a similar merging mechanism is responsible for forming the sequence of younger and progressively metal richer clusters, through subhalo-subhalo merging in the later stages of massive halo assembly.

Field of study: Physics
Detailed Ge(Li)-Ge(Li) coincidence studies of levels in152Sm and152Gd

The decay of 12.4 y152Eu to152Sm and152Gd was studied in a high resolution singles measurement and two 4096×2048 Ge(Li)-Ge(Li) coincidence studies. Forty-five gates were analyzed in order to confirm or establish the placement of the γ rays as well as to accurately determine the intensities of the 12 doublets, which included several not previously reported. A new γ-β interband transition, 4γ+→2β+ (561.4 keV), a possible 3γ+→2β+ (423.7 keV) transition, and a new 330.9 keV transition between the 4γ+ level and theIπK=3−0 octupole level were established from coincidence data. Levels at 1757.0 keV in152Sm and 1282.5, 1318.7, and 1692.2 keV in152Gd are now established on the basis of coincidence data. These data also establish for the first time the population in the152Eu decay levels at 1680.0 and 1047.9 keV in152Sm and152Gd, respectively, as well as a new level at 1700.8 keV in152Sm.

Field of study: Physics
Effect of Cold Forging Technology for Spur Gears Based on Radial Divided-flow

The great forming load exists in the cold forging of spur gears,the application of this process in industry was restricted.Taking friction coefficient,fillet radius of die tooth root,diameter of divided hole and forming speed as process parameters,based on the theory of radial divided-flow and the process of floating-die,the cold forging of spur gears was numerically simulated,the rule that the process parameters affected the forming load was got.The simulation results show that the effects of friction coefficient and diameter of divided hole on the load are greater,while the effects of fillet radius of die tooth root and forming speed aren't evident.

Field of study: Materials science
Elevated [CO2 ] alleviates the impacts of water deficit on xylem anatomy and hydraulic properties of maize stems.

Plants can modify xylem anatomy and hydraulic properties to adjust to water status. Elevated [CO2 ] can increase plant water potential via reduced stomatal conductance and water loss. This raises the question of whether elevated [CO2 ], which thus improves plant water status, will reduce the impacts of soil water deficit on xylem anatomy and hydraulic properties of plants? To analyze the impacts of water and [CO2 ] on maize stem xylem anatomy and hydraulic properties, we exposed potted maize plants to varying [CO2 ] levels (400, 700, 900, 1200 ppm) and water levels (full irrigation, deficit irrigation). Results showed that at current [CO2 ], vessel diameter, vessel roundness, stem cross-section area, specific hydraulic conductivity and vulnerability to embolism decreased under deficit irrigation; yet, these impacts of deficit irrigation were reduced at elevated [CO2 ]. Across all treatments, midday stem water potential was tightly correlated with xylem traits and displayed similar responses. A distinct trade-off between efficiency and safety in stem xylem water transportation in response to water deficit was observed at current [CO2 ], but not observed at elevated [CO2 ]. The results of this study enhance our knowledge of plant hydraulic acclimation under future climate environments and provide insights into trade-offs in xylem structure and function.

Field of study: Environmental science
Ten years after the Rx-to-OTC switch of nicotine replacement therapy: what have we learned about the benefits and risks of non-prescription availability?

Review the history of the Rx-to-OTC switch of nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) in the US, outlining concerns expressed before the switch, discussing how concerns were addressed, and presenting data on the actual experience in the decade following the switch.



Literature review of studies examining trends in NRT utilization pre- and post-switch, the efficacy and safety of NRT in the OTC setting, and patterns of OTC NRT use.



OTC availability of NRT increased access to and utilization of treatment. Studies show that OTC NRT has been used safely and effectively, without substantial misuse or abuse, and with continued physician engagement and wide access to proven behavioral treatment.



With other medications that challenge the traditional OTC paradigm being proposed for OTC switch, the NRT case study serves as a useful example in highlighting the potential role that Rx-to-OTC switch can play in addressing public health challenges. The NRT experience suggests that advance identification and analysis of concerns, implementation of plans to manage concerns, including appropriate marketing and post-marketing surveillance, can ensure that OTC switch of medications for behavior change and disease prevention can help minimize risks and maximize public health benefits.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Proceedings of the Twelfth Annual Meeting, held at Washington, D. C., December 27, 28, 29, and 30, 1899, including Proceedings of First Annual Meeting of the Cordilleran Section, held at San Francisco, December 29 and 30, 1899

Session of Wednesday, December 27 The twelfth winter meeting of the Society was called to order at 10 o’clock in the Lecture hall of Columbian University, where all the sessions were held. The President, Professor Benjamin K. Emerson, occupied the chair throughout the meeting. Mr G. K. Gilbert, in behalf of the Fellows resident in Washington and the scientific societies of the city, made a brief address of welcome, to which the President responded. The first item of administrative business was the report of the Council, including the annual reports of the officers, which the Secretary submitted in print, without reading, as follows: REPORT OF THE COUNCIL To the Geological Society of America, in Twelfth Annual Meeting Assembled: During the past year the Council has held its stated meetings in connection with Society meetings, the attendance at Columbus being one Less than a quorum. The affairs of the Society are . . .

Field of study: Geology
An Optimal-Dimensionality Sampling Scheme on the Sphere With Fast Spherical Harmonic Transforms

We develop a sampling scheme on the sphere that permits accurate computation of the spherical harmonic transform and its inverse for signals band-limited at L using only L2 samples. We obtain the optimal number of samples given by the degrees of freedom of the signal in harmonic space. The number of samples required in our scheme is a factor of two or four fewer than existing techniques, which require either 2L2 or 4L2 samples. We note, however, that we do not recover a sampling theorem on the sphere, where spherical harmonic transforms are theoretically exact. Nevertheless, we achieve high accuracy even for very large band-limits. For our optimal-dimensionality sampling scheme, we develop a fast and accurate algorithm to compute the spherical harmonic transform (and inverse), with computational complexity comparable with existing schemes in practice. We conduct numerical experiments to study in detail the stability, accuracy and computational complexity of the proposed transforms. We also highlight the advantages of the proposed sampling scheme and associated transforms in the context of potential applications.

Field of study: Engineering
Le mythe antique dans l'oeuvre de Pontus de Tyard (review)

Thomas Sébillet’s idiosyncratic use of diastole to signify what will ultimately be called diérèse because the former term is confined to the realm of physiological terminology (Jean-Charles Monferran). While the essays focus on twelve particular terminological issues, readers with a more general interest in early modern metaliterary discourse will find the indices of proper names and critical notions at the end of the volume useful for exploring broader themes and reconstitute the dominant role of certain poéticiens for this period. For example, the poetics of Sébillet, Du Bellay, Ronsard, and Peletier du Mans are treated throughout the volume, and roughly 250 critical terms are discussed in the context of the twelve case studies. A selective bibliography and a list of online resources complement the collection, making it a practical manual for those who wish to study early modern French literary criticism. In their introduction, the editors outline the challenges that the history of this discourse poses because it does not emanate from a well-defined discipline like medicine or mathematics. Instead, it overlaps with other fields (such as classical rhetoric) and borrows from several disciplines and their specialized terminologies, themselves undergoing substantial changes (such as agriculture, astronomy, and anatomy). The development of a critical vocabulary describing literature is not linear nor methodological, but, as the editors point out, it reveals the historical consciousness of the authors who contribute to its formation and betrays their pedagogical and ideological predilections. More importantly, the case studies show that the historiographical preconception of a linguistically proliferating sixteenth century and a domesticating and regulating seventeenth century does not hold true for the case of metaliterary discourse. This revision is one of the reasons M. Jourde and J.-C. Monferran mention for their deliberate choice to assemble essays covering and often bridging the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. The debate on literary terminology during this period is further unified by the complex interplay of Latin and French nomenclatures and punctuated by quarrels over ancient and modern designations. This volume constitutes an important contribution to the study of metaliterary discourse in early modern France while affording precious insights into the animated debate about the delineation of literature as an object of critical inquiry. It also makes a convincing case for the further softening of our disciplinary boundary between sixteenthand seventeenth-century French literary studies. MARCUS KELLER University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

Field of study: History
Homologous desensitization of substance-P-induced inositol polyphosphate formation in rat parotid acinar cells.

Maximal concentrations of substance P and methacholine induced a rapid increase in [3H]inositol trisphosphate ([3H]IP3) formation. After about 1 min, the [3H]IP3 in the substance-P-treated cells ceased to increase further, whereas in the methacholine-treated cells [3H]IP3 continued to increase. Addition of methacholine to the substance-P-treated cells caused a rapid increase in [3H]IP3, whereas a second addition of a 10-fold excess of substance P had no effect. Pretreatment of cells with substance P, followed by removal of the substance P by washing, resulted in a decreased response to a second application of substance P. A similar protocol involving pretreatment with methacholine had no effect on subsequent responsiveness to substance P. Analysis of [3H]substance P binding to substance-P-treated cells indicated that the number of receptors for substance P was decreased, but the affinity of the receptors for substance P was unaffected. After substance P pretreatment, a prolonged incubation (2 h) restored responsiveness of the cells to substance P, measured as [3H]IP3 formation, and restored the number of binding sites to control values. These findings indicate that, in the rat parotid gland, substance P induces a homologous desensitization of its receptor, which involves a slowly reversible down-regulation or sequestration of substance-P-binding sites.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Structural characterization and biological activities of SC4, an acidic polysaccharide from Salvia chinensis.

To study the chemical characterization and some biological activities of an acidic polysaccharide, named SC4 from Salvia chinensis.



Chemical and spectral methods were employed to identify the structural characterization of SC4. Effect of SC4 on the proliferation of T- and B-lymphocytes both in vivo and in vitro was measured at various concentrations, and the protective effects of SC4 on PC12 cells against H2O2-induced injury was observed.



SC4 was a highly branched polysaccharide with mean molecular weight of 4.5 10(5), composed of Rha, Xyl, Ser, Gal, and GalA in the molar ratio of 1.0 7.0 5.3 1.2 4.2. Methylation analysis and NMR identified the linkages of the residues of SC4. SC4 increased the B-lymphocyte proliferation and spleen weight remarkably while no obvious changes were examined in T-lymphocyte proliferation, thymus weight, and the level of IgG and C3 in blood of mice. Moreover, SC4 enhanced the PC12 cells viability after H2O2 treatment.



SC4, the acidic polysaccharide with complicated structure, was a B-lymphocyte stimulator and protected PC12 cells at the concentration of 20 mg/L against H2O2-induced injury.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
First Implementation of the CLIQ Quench Protection System on a Full-Scale Accelerator Quadrupole Magnet

The coupling-loss induced quench system (CLIQ) is an innovative method for the protection of high-field superconducting magnets. With respect to the conventional method based on quench heaters, it offers significant advantages in terms of electrical robustness and energy-deposition velocity. Its effective intrawire heating mechanism targets a fast and homogeneous transition to the normal state of the winding pack, hence assuring a quick magnet discharge and avoiding overheating of the coil's hot spot. Furthermore, it is possible to implement CLIQ as a time- and cost-effective repair solution for the protection of existing magnets with broken quench heaters. After being successfully tested on model magnets of different geometries and made of different types of superconductor, CLIQ is now applied for the first time for the protection of a full-scale quadrupole magnet at the CERN magnet test facility. One aperture of a 3.4-m-long LHC matching quadrupole magnet is equipped with dedicated terminals to allow the connection of a CLIQ system. Experimental results convincingly show that CLIQ can protect this coil over the entire range of operating conditions. The complex electrothermal transients during a CLIQ discharge are successfully reproduced by means of a 2-D model. The test is part of the R&D program of CLIQ quench protection systems, which has convincingly demonstrated the maturity of this technology and its effectiveness also for large-scale magnet systems. The proposed CLIQ-based solution for the quench protection of the LHC matching quadrupole magnet is now ready to be implemented in the LHC machine if needed.

Field of study: Physics
Forecasting aggregate period-specific birth rates: the time series properties of a microdynamic neoclassical model of fertility.

This article demonstrates the value of microdata for understanding the effect of wages on life cycle fertility dynamics. Conventional estimates of neoclassical economic fertility models obtained from linear aggregate time series regressions are widely criticized for being nonrobust when adjusted for serial correlation. Moreover, the forecasting power of these aggregative neoclassical models has been shown to be inferior when compared with conventional time series models that assign no role to wages. This article demonstrates, that when neoclassical models of fertility are estimated on microdata using methods that incorporate key demographic restrictions and when they are properly aggregated, they have considerable forecasting power.

Field of study: Mathematics
Nuclear magnetic relaxation study of protonic motion in hydronium beta″-aluminas

The temperature dependence of proton T 1 and T 2 was measured at 20 MHz for polycrystalline hydronium beta″-alumina, its partially dehydrated phase, and potassium-hydronium beta″-aluminas. The protonic diffusion was recognized by motional narrowing of T 2 data for all samples. The activation energies of the diffusion are 19 and 24.5 kJ/mol for the fully hydrated and partially dehydrated hydronium beta″-alumina, respectively, indicating that the protonic translation becomes slower on dehydration. The proton relaxational behavior in potassium-hydronium beta″-alumina is similar to that of the hydronium analog, but its large activation energy (24 kJ/mol), suggests that the potassium ion on the conduction plane decreases the proton conductivity by acting as a blocking ion.

Field of study: Materials science
Frutexites from microbial/metazoan bioconstructions of recent and Pleistocene marine caves (Sicily, Italy)

Frutexites-like structures were recorded in small bioconstructions from Recent and Pleistocene marine caves. The skeletal/microbialite frameworks hosting Frutexites form in cryptic environments characterized by poor light availability and reduced water circulation leading to confinement, oligotrophic conditions and the development of typical cave communities. Biostalactites and biotic crusts develop in the more confined parts of the both Recent and Pleistocene caves. They are composed of skeletal organisms engulfed in fine micrite sediments deposited in situ via microbial metabolic activity. The Frutexites, composed of Iron and Manganese oxides, are confined to microcavities or microfractures of the bioconstructions. They grow from an original discontinuity surface into the surrounding consolidated micritic sediments. A model based on the increase of the microporosity of micritic sediments due to the dissolution of the original material and precipitation of ferromanganesiferous compounds was proposed. This process occurs during the syndepositional diagenetic stage due to the intrusion in the bioconstruction framework of acidic continental water rich in Iron and Manganese. Mesophilic Fe–Mn autotrophic and chemoheterotrophic bacteria flourish on the microcavities and induce the precipitation of Fe and Mn oxides.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Responses to ozone of insects feeding on a crop and a weed species.

The influence of ozone on insect herbivore growth and population development was investigated. Fumigation of both pea (Pisum sativum L.) and dock (Rumex obtusifolius L.) at a range of O(3) concentrations between 21-206 nl litre(-1) produced changes in mean relative growth rates of the aphids Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris and Aphis rumicis L. of between 24 and -6% relative to controls. However, there was no evidence of a dose-related response to O(3) fumigation and no clear differences in aphid response when fumigated with the plant on prefumigated or previously unfumigated plant material. It is suggested that this may, in part, be due to the presence of NO contamination during O(3) fumigation. However, the MRGR of dock aphids was found to be greater on new compared to old leaves as well as the increase on the new growth and decrease on the old growth of fumigated plants relative to unfumigated controls. The size of egg batches of the chrysomelid beetle Gastrophysa viridula Degeer were found to be larger, survival and productivity of larvae was higher, and the food consumption lower on R. obtusifolius fumigated with 70 nl litre(-1) O(3) compared with unfumigated controls. This meant that these beetle larvae consumed less leaf area per mg of production on fumigated leaves probably because of their better nutritional quality and/or reduced leaf defences. However, the rate of development of larvae was similar on fumigated and control plants.

Field of study: Environmental science