nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Studies of burial metamorphism in the post-Taconic stage of the Appalachian orogen, southwestern Gaspé

Illite crystallinity and organic matter reflectance techniques are applied to the evaluation of burial metamorphic conditions for lithostratigraphic groups accumulated during the post-Taconic stage of the Appalachian orogen in the southwestern Gas@. The results of this work show that the metamorphic grade of the Paleozoic succession decreases upwards but is anomalously high in the youngest Fortin Group. A model is proposed in which the two parts of the succession were separately buried. The model envisages the lower part (Honorat, Matapedia, and Restigouche groups) being uplifted in the south whilst deposition of the Fortin Group continued in the north in a basin yoked by the Matapedia Fault. Burial is interpreted to have occurred under an average oceanic geothermal gradient in the early Paleozoic basin and under a high geothermal gradient in the Fortin basin.

Field of study: Environmental science
Bose-Einstein condensation in quasi-2D systems: applications to high Tc superconductivity

We describe high-Tc superconductivity in layered materials within a BCS theory as a BEC of massless-like Cooper pairons satisfying a linear dispersion relation, and propagating within quasi-2D layers of finite width defined by the charge distribution about the CuO_2 planes. We obtain a closed formula for the critical temperature, Tc, that depends on the layer width, the binding energy of Cooper's pairs, and the average in-plane penetration depth. This formula reasonably reproduces empirical values of superconducting transition temperatures for several different cuprate materials near the optimal doping regime, as well as for YBCO films with different doping degrees.

Field of study: Physics
The significance of reduced kidney function among hospitalized acute general medical patients.

Inpatient general medical units often look after older patients who have more complex co-morbidity including renal insufficiency. The consequences of renal insufficiency with respect to length of hospital stay (LOS) and mortality have not been well described in hospitalized general medical patients.



To use a general medical inpatient population to evaluate the impact of reduced kidney function.



Retrospective cross-sectional study.



We studied 504 acute medical admissions through an Acute Assessment Unit between February and November 2007. Patients were classified as having chronic kidney disease (CKD), acute kidney injury (AKI), neither (control) or both. LOS, in-hospital mortality and post-discharge survival were evaluated.



Renal impairment was present in 151 patients. Ninety patients had CKD only and 61 had AKI with or without CKD. In-hospital mortality was increased in those with renal impairment compared with controls (9.3 vs. 3.4%; P = 0.006). Within 4 years of admission, 187 (39%) patients had died. Post-discharge mortality was significantly higher in all renal failure populations (hazard ratio: 2.57-4.38; P < 0.01). Adjustment for patient age, gender and Charlson index explained the increased mortality during and after hospital admission but did not explain increased LOS. Only a small proportion (13%) of admitted patients with renal insufficiency had renal disease documented in their discharge summaries.



Many general medical inpatients (30%) have reduced kidney function at the time of admission. This study provides validation of the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease equation as a predictor of poor outcomes. Reduced renal function was associated with increased hospital LOS and mortality. Mortality rose with AKI and was explicable on the basis of the patients' age and co-morbidities. Renal insufficiency is documented infrequently in discharge summaries.

Field of study: Medicine
INFLUÊNCIA DA INGESTÃO DE BEBIDA COM CARBOIDRATO NO DESEMPENHO EM TREINAMENTO RESISTIDO

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the ergogenic effect of carbohydrate supplementation during the resistance training, comparing it to a placebo solution and water. Eight male non-training subjects carried out three trials of resistance training, consuming one of the three fluids each session. After training, the subjects were asked to carry out an exhaustion test (fail on concentric phase) in a single exercise to each muscular group. Comparing the average of repetitions, it was observed a better performance on carbohydrate trial in almost all muscular groups. Concerning the biceps exercise, the number of repetitions in the carbohydrate trial (8.0±4,2) was significantly higher than with the placebo (6.5±4,0), and in the quadriceps exercise, carbohydrate trial (24.4±6,4) was higher when compared with the water trial (19.3±3,8) and placebo trial (21.0±6,0) ( P < 0,05). Therefore, it can be observed the existence of an ergogenic effect on carbohydrate supplementation carried out during high volume resistance training.

Field of study: Education
Research on Industrial Talent Effectiveness in Beijing Region—Enterprise-Level Data Based on Secondary and Tertiary Industries

The paper measures talent performance by decomposing the enterprise income of the secondary and tertiary industries, and comparing talent effectiveness in 17 areas with Principal Component Analysis, and reveals that either within the secondary and tertiary industries, or in a comprehensive comparison of the two types of industry, the talent effectiveness of the urban central areas with relatively high economy levels gives a better performance, while well-educated talents perform better in suburbs (counties) than in the urban central areas. Under such kind of circumstances, an urban and rural talent integration policy is being studied and analyzed by Beijing bureau currently to contribute a more balanced distribution of talents. This essay could be referred to as the reference resources or guidance for different level of bureaus.

Field of study: Business
Silver Production and the Money Supply in England and Wales, 1086-c. 1500

The contribution of English and Welsh lead mines to the silver supplies of mints between Domesday Book and the end of the fifteenth century is assessed in this article, comparing evidence for the size of silver production with mint output data. It is shown that the proposal that northern Pennine mines were the principal source of the silver in the late twelfth-century English currency is untenable. Welsh mines supplied limited amounts of silver to local mints around 1200. Devon silver made a significant but not predominant contribution to mint output at times of bullion scarcity in the 1290s and the mid-fifteenth century. Imported silver was usually a greater source of the metal in the English currency than locally mined silver, and gold coins constituted most of England's money supply from the mid-fourteenth century onwards.

Field of study: Economics, History
Laser-plasma processing of metals at high gas pressures

An analysis is made of the characteristic features of the laser-plasma processing of metals in gases (N2, Ar, CO2, He) at high pressures (1–130 atm). The results are given of an investigation of some characteristics of a plasma bunch formed by the action of 1.06 μ radiation near the surface of a target and of a numerical modeling of the breakdown of a gas (nitrogen) near the surface of a metal. It is reported that local regions on the surfaces of steel plates may be hardened by laser-plasma processing and that some compounds (nitrides, carbides) may be produced by surface synthesis. Prospects for laser-plasma processing of materials by CO2 laser radiation are considered.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Analyzing Social Networks as Stochastic Processes

This article presents a new methodology for studying a social network of interpersonal relationships, based on stochastic modeling of the changes that occur in the network over time. Specifically, we postulate that these changes can be modeled as a continuous-time Markov chain. The transition rates for the chain are dependent on a small set of parameters that measure the importance of various aspects of social structure on the probability of change. We discuss the assumptions of the framework and describe two simple models that are applications of it. We then present, analyze, and interpret several examples, and we outline methods of parameter estimation. The models prove to be quite effective and allow us to better understand the evolution of a network.

Field of study: Mathematics
Wet Oxidation in a Square Sandwich Composite 
of GaAs/AlAs/GaAs

Wet oxidation in a square sandwich composite, GaAs/AlAs/GaAs, with varying thickness of the AlAs layer was investigated in a temperature range of 400°C–480°C. At a given temperature and time, the oxidation depth increases with increasing thickness of the AlAs layer. A model based on the boundary layer diffusion in a sandwich composite is used to interpret the thickness effect, and the theoretical predictions are in good agreement with the measured oxidation data. The theory also predicts a value of 0.53 eV  ± 0.03 eV to be the difference in activation energies of water vapor diffusion in the central layer AlAs and the outer layers GaAs in the temperature range studied. Such a difference remains to be verified experimentally.

Field of study: Materials science
[Doxylamine and melatonin in treatment of sleep disruption in gynecological practice].

Symptoms of sleep disruption are widely prevalent in general population, but they are not necessarily form the full clinical presentation of insomnia. Diagnostic process should consider somatic diseases usually accompanied by sleep disruption. This review presents the data on insomnia symptoms in gynecological diseases: menstrual cycle related disorders, endometriosis, peri- and postmenopausal symptoms.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Investigation of the expression of irisin and some cachectic factors in mice with experimentally induced gastric cancer.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether irisin is secreted by gastric tumor cells experimentally induced in mice, and also if it has any effect on cancer cachexia.



12 out of 60 BALB/c mice were used as a control group, while N-nitroso-N-methylurea (MNU) was administered orally to the remaining 48. After 150 days, the surviving mice were sacrificed by decapitation, blood and stomach, skeletal muscle, brown and white adipose tissue specimens were collected. Following histopathological evaluation of the stomach tissues, it was decided to create four groups, one control group and three consisting of mice administered MNU, no cancer, pre-cancer and cancer. Gene expression analyses of fibronectin type III domain containing protein 5 (FNDC5) and some cachexia-related proteins were performed in tissue samples, while levels of irisin, and various inflammatory and tumor markers together with cachectic factors were determined in serum samples.



The levels of inflammatory, tumor markers and cachectic factors in serum samples were significantly higher in the cancer group compared with the control group. No expression of FNDC5 or zinc-α-2 glycoprotein, a cachectic factor, was observed in gastric tissues from the control and MNU groups, whereas significantly increased FNDC5 expression was determined in the both white and brown adipose tissues from the cancer group.



Increased FNDC5 expression in white and brown adipose tissues may have a cachectic effect in mice with induced cancer. However, it is not possible to explain the mechanism of the relationship between irisin and gastric cancer development on the basis of the results of this study.

Field of study: Medicine
GLUING OF ABELIAN CATEGORIES AND DIFFERENTIAL OPERATORS ON THE BASIC AFFINE SPACE

The notion of gluing of abelian categories was introduced in a paper by Kazhdan and Laumon in 1988 and studied further by Polishchuk. We observe that this notion is a particular case of a general categorical construction. We then apply this general notion to the study of the ring of global differential operators $\mathcal{D}$ on the basic affine space $G/U$ (here $G$ is a semi-simple simply connected algebraic group over $\mathbb{C}$ and $U\subset G$ is a maximal unipotent subgroup). We show that the category of $\mathcal{D}$-modules is glued from $|W|$ copies of the category of $D$-modules on $G/U$ where $W$ is the Weyl group, and the Fourier transform is used to define the gluing data. As an application we prove that the algebra $\mathcal{D}$ is Noetherian, and get some information on its homological properties. AMS 2000

Field of study: Mathematics
Modeling the multiday evolution and aging of secondary organic aerosol during MILAGRO 2006.

In this study, we apply several recently proposed models to the evolution of secondary organic aerosols (SOA) and organic gases advected from downtown Mexico City at an altitude of ∼3.5 km during three days of aging, in a way that is directly comparable to simulations in regional and global models. We constrain the model with and compare its results to available observations. The model SOA formed from oxidation of volatile organic compounds (V-SOA) when using a non-aging SOA parameterization cannot explain the observed SOA concentrations in aged pollution, despite the increasing importance of the low-NO(x) channel. However, when using an aging SOA parameterization, V-SOA alone is similar to the regional aircraft observations, highlighting the wide diversity in current V-SOA formulations. When the SOA formed from oxidation of semivolatile and intermediate volatility organic vapors (SI-SOA) is computed following Robinson et al. (2007) the model matches the observed SOA mass, but its O/C is ∼2× too low. With the parameterization of Grieshop et al. (2009), the total SOA mass is ∼2× too high, but O/C and volatility are closer to the observations. Heating or dilution cause the evaporation of a substantial fraction of the model SOA; this fraction is reduced by aging although differently for heating vs dilution. Lifting of the airmass to the free-troposphere during dry convection substantially increases SOA by condensation of semivolatile vapors; this effect is reduced by aging.

Field of study: Environmental science
Exploring Teachers’ Attitudes towards Teachers’ Learning Community in Government Schools in Kuwait

Teachers’ learning communities (TLC) provide life-long learning experience for teachers to acquire and improve their teaching. One case of TLC in a government school in Kuwait is described and analyzed. Results gained from this research study indicated positive attitudes towards TLCs. However, lack of teachers’ willingness to apply what they learn, and the lack of the school leadership support, and teachers’ autonomy were some of the challenges facing the successful creation of TLC. School leaders should foster the application of TLCs in schools by ensuring teachers’ willingness to participate, encouraging teachers’ interaction, providing effective leadership support, and motivating teachers to apply what they learn in their classrooms.

Field of study: Education, Sociology
Extraction and antioxidant activity of the soluble protein from Lactobacillus rhamnosus broth

In this paper, ammonium sulfate precipitation method was used to obtain the soluble protein from Lactobacillus rhamnosus B10 broth. The different protein components: the peak Ⅰ, peak Ⅱ and peak Ⅲ. It were purified and isolated using dextran gel Sephadex G-100 column. Their scavenging capacity of DPPH·, superoxide radicals (O2-·) and hydroxyl radical (·OH) were analysed. The results showed that the soluble protein, peakⅠ, peak Ⅱ and peak Ⅲ has scavenging effect on DPPH·, and the peakⅠ has more DPPH· scavenging capacity than peakⅡ, Ⅲ, the soluble protein is less than peak Ⅱ, Ⅲ. The O2-· and ·OH scavenging capacity of the peak Ⅰ is the strongest, and it was higher than 5 mmol/L Vc solution. The O2-· and ·OH scavenging capacity of the soluble protein is weak.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Performance investigation on the liquid desiccant regeneration using rotating packed bed

The regenerator which is applied to recover the dilute solution plays a significant role in the liquid desiccant system. Rotating packed bed (RPB) has been demonstrated to heat and mass transfer process intensification, and successfully applied in the field of gas absorption. To validate the application of rotating packed bed in the regeneration of the dilute solution, a counter-flow RPB regenerator was studied in this work. Three groups of performance indices including moisture removal rate, heat and mass transfer coefficients, and regeneration effectiveness, were employed to evaluate the performance of the regenerator. The effects of the high gravity factor, air flux, solution flux, air inlet parameters, and solution inlet parameters on the performance indices were investigated and compared with the conventional regenerator. Correlations of heat and mass transfer coefficients were presented on the basis of the experimental data. The mass transfer coefficients of RPB regenerator locate within 12.5–35.6 kg m−3 s−1 which are higher than those in the conventional regenerators. According to the comparison, the RPB regenerator has superiority in the mass transfer performances.

Field of study: Engineering
Effect of modification of brain serotonin (5-HT) on ethanol tolerance.

The effects of 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine and L-tryptophan treatment on ethanol tolerance in the rat, as measured by the moving-belt test of motor impairment and by hypothermia, were examined in separate studies. A 2 x 2 design was used for all experiments. 5,7-Dihydroxytryptamine (200 microgram in 20 microliter CSF) or vehicle alone was administered once into both lateral ventricles of the rat. Desmethylimipramine was administered intraperitoneally prior to an intraventricular injection of 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine to prevent the destruction of norepinephrine. L-Tryptophan (75 mg/kg p.o. twice daily) or water was administered chronically. Ethanol (4--5 g/kg p.o.) or sucrose was given daily, and the development of tolerance was monitored at 5--7-day intervals. Chronic ethanol treatment produced tolerance to both the motor impairment and hypothermia effects of ethanol. 5,7-Dihydroxytryptamine and L-tryptophan treatment did not alter either the motor impairment or hypothermia produced by the initial dose of ethanol. 5,7-Dihydroxytryptamine produced a 75% depletion of brain 5-HT and slowed the development of tolerance to ethanol in both measurements. In contrast, elevation of 5-HT by L-tryptophan (39% increase by a single dose) facilitated the development of tolerance to ethanol, as seen in both measures. These findings support our hypothesis that brain 5-HT has a modulating role in the development of tolerance to ethanol.

Field of study: Medicine
Association of HLA antigens with myasthenia gravis in Chinese on Taiwan.

HLA phenotypes were studied in 82 Chinese patients with myasthenia gravis (MG) and 202 healthy controls, using standard microcytotoxicity assay. The patients showed significant increase in HLA-Bw46 (46.3% vs 17.3%, chi 2 = 25.7, p less than 0.001), HLA-DR9 (56.1% vs 15%, chi 2 = 35.7, p less than 0.001) and HLA-DQw3 (89% vs 63.6%, chi 2 = 15.9, p less than 0.001). The HLA-DR3 was decreased (2.4% vs 32.7%, chi 2 = 27.0, p less than 0.001). Both HLA-Bw46 and -DR9 were increased in all subgroups except the over 40 at age of onset group. In thymectomised patients, no association with HLA antigen was found in the thymoma group, whereas both involuted and hyperplasic thymus groups had HLA DR9 association and only the hyperplasic thymus group showed HLA Bw46 association. No association with HLA antigens was noted in patients with low antibody titer, however, patients with antibody titers between 0.2 to 2 n mole/1, had an association with HLA Bw46 and DR9. The HLA DQw3 was associated with the group of female MG patients, age onset below 10 and with ocular myasthenia. Finally, the HLA A2, Bw46 and DR9 combination was also significantly increased in patients [24.3% (20/82) vs 7.4% (8/107), chi 2 = 10.5, p less than 0.001], especially in the subgroup of male MG, age onset below 10 and with ocular myasthenia.

Field of study: Biology
Structure of the diaminopimelate epimerase DapF from Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

The meso (or D,L) isomer of diaminopimelic acid (DAP), a precursor of L-lysine, is a key component of the pentapeptide linker in bacterial peptidoglycan. While the peptidoglycan incorporated in the highly complex cell wall of the pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis structurally resembles that of Escherichia coli, it is unique in that it can contain penicillin-resistant meso-DAP-->meso-DAP linkages. The interconversion of L,L-DAP and meso-DAP is catalysed by the DAP epimerase DapF, a gene product that is essential in M. tuberculosis. Here, the crystal structure of the ligand-free form of M. tuberculosis DapF (MtDapF) refined to a resolution of 2.6 A is reported. MtDapF shows small if distinct deviations in secondary structure from the two-domain alpha/beta-fold of the known structures of Haemophilus influenzae DapF and Bacillus anthracis DapF, which are in line with its low sequence identity (<or=27%) to the former. Modelling the present structure onto that of L,L-aziridino-DAP-bound H. influenzae DapF illustrates that a rigid-body movement of domain II and a rearrangement of the B4-A2 loop (residues 80-90) of domain I are likely to accompany the transition from the present inactive form to a catalytically competent enzyme. Despite a highly conserved active-site architecture, the model indicates that stabilization of the DAP backbone occurs in MtDapF through a tyrosine residue that is specific to mycobacterial DAP epimerases.

Field of study: Chemistry
Mathematical model of nitric oxide convection and diffusion in a renal medullary vas rectum

In this study, the generation, convection, diffusion, and consumption of nitric oxide (NO) in and around a single renal medullary descending or ascending vas rectum in rat were modeled using CFD. The vascular lumen (with a core RBC-rich layer and a parietal layer), the endothelium, the pericytes and the interstitium were represented as concentric cylinders. We accounted for the generation of NO by vascular endothelial cells, and that by the epithelial cells of medullary thick ascending limbs (mTALs) and inner medullary collecting ducts (IMCDs), the latter via interstitial boundary conditions. Luminal velocity profiles were obtained by modeling blood flow dynamics. Our results suggest that convection (i.e., blood flow per se) does not significantly affect NO concentrations along the cortico–medullary axis, because the latter are mostly determined by the rate of NO production and that of NO consumption by hemoglobin. However, the shear stress-mediated effects of blood flow on NO generation rates, and therefore NO concentrations, were predicted to be important. Finally, we found that unless epithelial NO generation rates (per unit tubular surface area) are at least 10 times lower than endothelium NO generation rates, NO production by mTALs and IMCDs affects vascular NO concentrations, with possible consequences for medullary blood flow distribution.

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics