nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Satellite retrieval of aerosol microphysical and optical parameters using neural networks: a new methodology applied to the Sahara desert dust peak

In order to exploit the full-earth viewing potential of satellite instruments to globally characterise aerosols, new algorithms are required to deduce key microphysical parameters like the particle size distribution and optical parameters associated with scattering and absorption from space remote sensing data. Here, a methodology based on neural networks is developed to retrieve such parameters from satellite inputs and to validate them with ground-based remote sensing data. For key combinations of input variables available from the MODerate resolution Imaging Spectro-radiometer (MODIS) and the Ozone Measuring Instrument (OMI) Level 3 data sets, a grid of 100 feed-forward neural network architectures is produced, each having a different number of neurons and training proportion. The networks are trained with principal components accounting for 98% of the variance of the inputs together with principal components formed from 38 AErosol RObotic NETwork (AERONET)  retrieved parameters as outputs. Daily averaged, co-located and synchronous data drawn from a cluster of AERONET sites centred on the peak of dust extinction in Northern Africa is used for network training and validation, and the optimal network architecture for each input parameter combination is identified with reference to the lowest mean squared error. The trained networks are then fed with unseen data at the coastal dust site Dakar to test their simulation performance. A neural network (NN), trained with co-located and synchronous satellite inputs comprising three aerosol optical depth measurements at 470, 550 and 660 nm, plus the columnar water vapour (from MODIS) and the modelled absorption aerosol optical depth at 500 nm (from OMI), was able to simultaneously retrieve the daily averaged size distribution, the coarse mode volume, the imaginary part of the complex refractive index, and the spectral single scattering albedo – with moderate precision: correlation coefficients in the range 0.368 ≤ R ≤ 0.514. The network failed to recover the spectral behaviour of the real part of the complex refractive index. This new methodological approach appears to offer some potential for moderately accurate daily retrieval of the total volume concentration of the coarse mode of aerosol at the Saharan dust peak in the area of Northern Africa.

Field of study: Environmental science
Effect of voltage gradient on ohmic thawing characteristics of sour cherry juice concentrates for the temperature range of −18℃ to +4℃

Frozen sour cherry juice concentrates having 15%, 30%, 40% and 50% total soluble solid (TSS) contents were thawed by ohmic thawing (OT; 10 V/cm, 15 V/cm and 20 V/cm) and conventional thawing (CT; at 4 ℃). To enhance the electrode-sample contact during OT, the thawing cell was custom-designed. Thawing times were shortened about 90% by OT. Thermal images were taken to determine temperature homogeneity. As OT proceeded, a small amount of frozen sample having a relatively lower density raised up to the surface of the sample. It resulted in temperature heterogeneity in the surface due to relatively rapid temperature increment in thawed regions during OT. The change of effective electrical conductivity (EEC) in the temperature range of −18 ℃ and 4 ℃ was determined and it varied between 0.005 and 0.25 s/m. For the same temperature, EEC increased as TSS increased up to 40% (p<0.05). EEC–temperature relations were characterized by a polynomial model.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Primary undifferentiated sarcoma of the pericardium.

A 60-year-old woman was found to have a pericardial mass on two-dimensional echocardiography and computerized tomography. At autopsy, there was a large tumor arising from the epicardial surface of the left ventricle. The tumor encircled the great arteries and invaded the wall of the pulmonary artery. Microscopic examination showed features of an undifferentiated sarcoma.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Effects of college students’ exercising attitude on self body description

By adopting the stratified sampling method,the authors sampled college students currently studying in institutes of higher learning in Hefei city,Anhui province,trying to probe into the effects of college students’ exercising attitude on self body description.By applying the regression analysis method,the authors revealed the following findings: college students’ exercising behavior is quite consistent with their exercising attitude;there is a direct effect of their behavior habit,emotional experience and behavior control on self body description;there is an indirect effect of their behavior intention,behavior attitude,subjective standard,behavior recognition and objective attitude on self body description.

Field of study: Education
Synthesis of polyarylates with allylic side groups. Part 4. Polyarylates based on chalcones

Several UV sensitive polyarylates based on chalcones with allylic groups side chains for potential use as photosensitive polymers were obtained by interfacial polycondensation. The structure of the UV-sensitive monomers and polymers obtained has been confirmed using IR, 1H NMR and UV spectroscopies. Their physical, chemical and mechanical properties have also been determined. The investigations show that some of the new polymers bearing allylic groups as photosensitive side chains conjugated with benzylideno-acetophenone groups exhibit different behaviour under UV light exposure from the polyarylates based only on bisbenzylideneketone bisphenols, presented in our previous work.

Field of study: Materials science
From natural driving to artificial intervention: Changes of the Yellow River estuary and delta development

The estuarine delta of the Yellow River is a region of strong land-ocean-human interactions that undergoes a unique evolutionary process. In this paper, we combined historical data and remote sensing images to better understand the evolution of the Yellow River delta. Changes in the Yellow River estuarine flow path from natural swing to artificial diversion were first studied to understand the rules and mechanism of the delta formation. The complex geomorphic structural system of the Yellow River delta is constituted by contemporary and modern deltas and their sub-deltas. Remote sensing images and measured data indicate that variations in runoff and sediment load in the Yellow River estuary will affect the deltaic erosion and siltation. The natural and artificial factors that cause runoff and sediment changes include climate change, soil erosion control in the middle reaches, building reservoirs along the Yellow River, which are used as water supply for local cities and farmland irrigation, as well as the water and sediment regulation experiment in the Xiaolangdi reservoir. Furthermore, artificial intervention of diversion channels has contributed to the maintained stability of the Yellow River estuary environment, so as to have regional development and prosperity of the Yellow River delta.

Field of study: Environmental science
Protoclastic border of the Colville batholith

In the Okanogan Highlands of Washington a complex plutonic mass called the Colville batholith intrudes folded and dynamometamorphosed sedimentary and volcanic rocks of late Paleozoic and Triassic age. Along the sharply discordant contact the wall rocks are much fractured and granulated, but contact metamorphism is slight or absent. The batholith is remarkably heterogeneous both structurally and petrographically. A central mass of structureless granodiorite grades outward into a belt of foliated igneous rock which commonly shows intricate swirling of the foliation. These swirled rocks grade into a peripheral belt of variable but well-foliated migmatitic gneisses characterized by severe granulation of the constituent minerals. Over broad zones this rock is a mylonite; locally recrystallization has produced types resembling metamorphic granulites. That the crushing was protoclastic and not due to dynamic metamorphism following batholithic solidification, is proved by the relations with the wall rocks and by the widespread cementation of the broken materials by films and stringers of undeformed quartz and microcline. Along the contact between the approximately contemporaneous Osoyoos and Colville batholiths occurs a narrow belt of heterogeneous syenite with highly complicated internal structure. This is believed to be a hybrid rock formed by the action of magmas and emanations from both batholiths upon a thin wall rock septum. Deep erosion revealed the Colville rocks over wide areas. Flows of spilite and keratophyre were poured out, and after another erosion interval were covered by Tertiary sediments and volcanics. These were then folded and deeply eroded. Ice sheets covered the area during the Pleistocene.

Field of study: Geology
Salinity reduces bacterial diversity, but increases network complexity in Tibetan Plateau lakes.

Salinity is one of the most important environmental factors influencing bacterial plankton communities in lake waters, while its influence on bacterial interactions has been less explored. Here, we investigated the influence of salinity on the bacterial diversity, interactions and community structure in Tibetan Plateau lakes. Our results revealed that saline lakes (salinity between 0.5 and 50 g/L) harboured similar or even higher bacterial diversity compared to freshwater lakes (< 0.5 g/L), while hyper-saline lakes (> 50 g/L) exhibited the lowest diversity. Network analysis demonstrated that hyper-saline lakes exhibited the highest network complexity, with higher total correlation numbers (particularly the negative correlations), but lower network module numbers than freshwater and saline lakes. Furthermore, salinity dominantly explained the bacterial community structure variations in saline lakes, while those in freshwater and hyper-saline lakes were predominately explained by water temperature and geospatial distance, respectively. The core operational taxonomic units (OTUs), which were ubiquitously present in all lakes, were less sensitive to enhancing salinity than the indicative OTUs whose presence was dependent on lake type. Our findings offer a new understanding on how salinity influences bacterial community in plateau lakes.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
A survey on the computation offloading approaches in mobile edge computing: A machine learning-based perspective

With the rapid developments in emerging mobile technologies, utilizing resource-hungry mobile applications such as media processing, online Gaming, Augmented Reality (AR), and Virtual Reality (VR) play an essential role in both businesses and entertainments. To soften the burden of such complexities incurred by fast developments of such serving technologies, distributed Mobile Edge Computing (MEC) has been developed, aimed at bringing the computation environments near the end-users, usually in one hop, to reach predefined requirements. In the literature, offloading approaches are developed to connect the computation environments to mobile devices by transferring resource-hungry tasks to the near servers. Because of some rising problems such as inherent software and hardware heterogeneity, restrictions, dynamism, and stochastic behavior of the ecosystem, the computation offloading issues consider as the essential challenging problems in the MEC environment. However, to the best of the author's knowledge, in spite of its significance, in machine learning-based (ML-based) computation offloading mechanisms, there is not any systematic, comprehensive, and detailed survey in the MEC environment. In this paper, we provide a review on the ML-based computation offloading mechanisms in the MEC environment in the form of a classical taxonomy to identify the contemporary mechanisms on this crucial topic and to offer open issues as well. The proposed taxonomy is classified into three main fields: Reinforcement learning-based mechanisms, supervised learning-based mechanisms, and unsupervised learning-based mechanisms. Next, these classes are compared with each other based on the essential features such as performance metrics, case studies, utilized techniques, and evaluation tools, and their advantages and weaknesses are discussed, as well. Finally, open issues and uncovered or inadequately covered future research challenges are argued, and the survey is concluded.

Field of study: Computer science
Socio-economic determinants of mortality in Taiwan: combining individual and aggregate data.

There is a very large literature that examines the relationship between health and income. Two main hypotheses have been investigated: the income inequality hypothesis and the absolute income hypothesis. Most of previous studies that used mortality data have been criticized for estimating an aggregate model that does not account for non-linear links between health and income at the individual level. In this paper we follow a novel approach to avoid this bias, combining aggregate mortality data with individual-level data on socio-economic characteristics. We test the income inequality and absolute income hypotheses using county-level mortality data from Life Statistic of Department of Health and individual-level data from Taiwan census Family Income and Expenditure Survey (FIES) for 1976-2004. We find the evidence to support the absolute income hypothesis but not income inequality hypothesis in the case of the general population. We also find strong evidence that education does have significant effects on individuals' health and the estimates are not sensitive to income equivalent scales.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Stability conditions for preprojective algebras and root systems of Kac-Moody Lie algebras

The aim of this paper is to study the space of stability conditions on the bounded derived category of nilpotent modules over the preprojective algebra associated with a quiver without loops. We describe this space as a covering space of some open set determined by the root system of the Kac-Moody Lie algebra associated with the quiver.

Field of study: Mathematics
Impact of secondary care financial incentives on the quality of physical healthcare for people with psychosis: a longitudinal controlled study

Concerns have repeatedly been expressed about the quality of physical healthcare that people with psychosis receive.  To examine whether the introduction of a financial incentive for secondary care services led to improvements in the quality of physical healthcare for people with psychosis.  Longitudinal data were collected over an 8-year period on the quality of physical healthcare that people with psychosis received from 56 trusts in England before and after the introduction of the financial incentive. Control data were also collected from six health boards in Wales where a financial incentive was not introduced. We calculated the proportion of patients whose clinical records indicated that they had been screened for seven key aspects of physical health and whether they were offered interventions for problems identified during screening.  Data from 17 947 people collected prior to (2011 and 2013) and following (2017) the introduction of the financial incentive in 2014 showed that the proportion of patients who received high-quality physical healthcare in England rose from 12.85% to 31.65% (difference 18.80, 95% CI 17.37–20.21). The proportion of patients who received high-quality physical healthcare in Wales during this period rose from 8.40% to 13.96% (difference 5.56, 95% CI 1.33–10.10).  The results of this study suggest that financial incentives for secondary care mental health services are associated with marked improvements in the quality of care that patients receive. Further research is needed to examine their impact on aspects of care that are not incentivised.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
A fundamental equation of state for cis-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (R-1234ze(Z))

A fundamental equation of state is presented for cis-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (R-1234ze(Z)). The equation of state is expressed explicitly in the Helmholtz energy with independent variables of temperature and density. The equation of state is based on experimental data for the critical parameters, vapor pressures, densities of the liquid and vapor phases, and sound speeds in the vapor phase. All thermodynamic properties can be derived as derivatives of the Helmholtz energy. The equation is valid for temperatures from 273 K to 430 K and for pressures up to 6 MPa. The estimated uncertainties of properties calculated from the equation are 0.15% in vapor pressures, 0.4% in vapor densities, 0.2% in liquid densities, and 0.05% in the vapor phase sound speeds. The equation exhibits reasonable extrapolation behavior in regions away from the experimental data.

Field of study: Engineering
Parametric spectral correlations in disordered and chaotic structures.

We explore the influence of external perturbations on the energy levels of a Hamiltonian drawn at random from the Gaussian unitary distribution of Hermitian matrices. By deriving the joint distribution function of eigenvalues, we obtain the (n,m)-point parametric correlation function of the initial and the final density of states for perturbations of arbitrary rank and strength. A further generalization of these results allows for the incorporation of short-range spatial correlations in diffusive as well as ballistic chaotic structures.

Field of study: Physics
Detecting Nonlinear Causality in Multivariate Time Series with Sparse Additive Models

We propose a nonparametric method for detecting nonlinear causal relationship within a set of multidimensional discrete time series, by using sparse additive models (SpAMs). We show that, when the input to the SpAM is a $\beta$-mixing time series, the model can be fitted by first approximating each unknown function with a linear combination of a set of B-spline bases, and then solving a group-lasso-type optimization problem with nonconvex regularization. Theoretically, we characterize the oracle statistical properties of the proposed sparse estimator in function estimation and model selection. Numerically, we propose an efficient pathwise iterative shrinkage thresholding algorithm (PISTA), which tames the nonconvexity and guarantees linear convergence towards the desired sparse estimator with high probability.

Field of study: Computer science
Prophetic Character Transformation for Development of Peace Culture in the School in Indonesia

The model of schooling that formalism, pragmatism and transnational’s, proved less effective for the formation of a strong national character and dignity. Many of the less commendable behavior shown by the learners as well as the behavior of the various levels of society and the profession. As the largest Muslim nation in the world and known religious, Indonesian nation should have a strong character both soft skills and life skill Prophet Muhammad as a character that is honest, responsible, intelligent and integrity. The main character of the Prophet Muhammad should be regarded as the values ??that live in the school and serve as a mission-focused, vision-directed, Philosophy- Driven and Value-Based Institution in the program and the educational process. This research-based paper aims for the development of educational programs and learning that makes the main qualities of the Prophet as the values ??in everyday life, especially in developing a culture of peace in schools.

Field of study: Education
Antibiotic resistance and molecular epidemiology profile of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

To investigate antibiotic resistance and molecular epidemiology profile of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) at Peking Union Medical College Hospital in Beijing.  Antibiotic resistance of 165 MRSA strains isolated from clinical specimen recovered in 2002 was determined by agar dilution and agar diffusion. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) was used to type the chromosome DNA of MRSA isolates at intensive care unit (ICU) and respiratory care unit (RCU) wards.  All of MRSA isolates were susceptible to vancomycin and teicoplanin. The resistance to levofloxacin, tetracycline and erythromycin among 165 strains of MRSA was 98.2%, 96.3% and 93.9%, respectively. The sensitivity to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and chloramphenicol were 95.8% and 98.8%, respectively. Five different PFGE patterns (A-E) were found among 65 MRSA strains at ICU and RCU wards. Most of MRSA in two wards were A pulsotype (56 strains). A pulsotype included A1 subtype (55 strains) and A2 subtype (1 strain).  Hospital acquired MRSA is multi-resistant to antibiotics. A1 subtype MRSA outbreak occured at ICU and RCU wards in 2002.

Field of study: Biology
Shape Optimization and Leakage Analysis of the Oil Cavity of Hydrostatic Sliding Table in Down-pressing Board of the Ultra-large Tonnage Compression Shear Tester

This paper proposes a method to reduce the oil leakage of the hydrostatic slide table. The method reduces the friction loss of the oil cavity through structural optimization, and derives the optimal ratio of the length and width of the oil cavity sealing oil edge in the oil cavity size. The clearance seal design is added around the down-pressing board, and the advantage of the extremely small thickness of the oil film is combined with an appropriate edge width and an oil-saving groove to ultimately reduce the leakage of oil. The theoretical calculations show that this method can better solve the oil in the down-pressing board problems with leaks.

Field of study: Engineering
Intraoperative neuromonitoring techniques in the surgical management of acoustic neuromas.

Unfavorable outcomes such as facial paralysis and deafness were once unfortunate probable complications following resection of acoustic neuromas. However, the implementation of intraoperative neuromonitoring during acoustic neuroma surgery has demonstrated placing more emphasis on quality of life and preserving neurological function. A modern review demonstrates a great degree of recent success in this regard. In facial nerve monitoring, the use of modern electromyography along with improvements in microneurosurgery has significantly improved preservation. Recent studies have evaluated the use of video monitoring as an adjunctive tool to further improve outcomes for patients undergoing surgery. Vestibulocochlear nerve monitoring has also been extensively studied, with the most popular techniques including brainstem auditory evoked potential monitoring, electrocochleography, and direct compound nerve action potential monitoring. Among them, direct recording remains the most promising and preferred monitoring method for functional acoustic preservation. However, when compared with postoperative facial nerve function, the hearing preservation is only maintained at a lower rate. Here, the authors analyze the major intraoperative neuromonitoring techniques available for acoustic neuroma resection.

Field of study: Medicine