nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The conductivity and ionic transport of doped bismuth titanate pyrochlore Bi1.6МxTi2O7 − δ (М – Mg, Sc, Cu)

Mg-, Sc-, Cu-doped bismuth titanates have been obtained. The results of X-ray powder diffraction structure refinement and the pycnometric density measurement point to the preference of the dopants distribution in the A-sites of the pyrochlore structure. Electric properties were studied for single phase compounds. The mixed electron-ionic conductivity was indicated in these samples. The high temperature ( T  > 300 °C) relaxation process was observed in Bi 1.6 M x Ti 2 O 7 − δ at the range of frequency 10 3 –10 6  Hz. Oxygen mobility and surface reactivity of Bi 1.6 M 0.2 Ti 2 O 7 − δ (M – Sc, Mg and Cu) and Bi 1.4 Mg 0.2 Ti 2 O 7 − δ samples were studied by using temperature programmed isotope exchange (TPIE) with C 18 O 2 in flow and closed reactors. According to TPIE data the regular lattice oxygen is homogeneous from the point of view of its mobility.

Field of study: Materials science
278 : Inflammatory disease and an impaired type I interferon response resulting from a de novo human NEMO hypomorphic mutation

Toll-like receptor 3 and the RIG-I-like family of receptors (RLRs) mediate antiviral signaling through NEMO-dependent activation of transcription factors NF-κB and IRF3, which are recognized for their roles in inflammation and the induction of type I interferon. We identified an individual with Ectodermal Dysplasia, a history of in utero cytomegalovirus exposure, and persistent inflammatory disease. Sanger sequencing revealed a de novo synonymous mutation in IKBKG, which encodes NEMO, the NF-κB essential modulator. The mutation results in an mRNA splicing defect which leads to the production of a mutant protein containing an in-frame deletion of 51 residues, lacking a previously identified TANK (TRAF family member-associated NFKB activator) interaction domain. Co-immunoprecipitation studies revealed that the mutant form of NEMO from patient T cells is unable to recruit the IRF3 kinase TANK-binding kinase-1 (TBK1), due to impaired association with TANK. Patient fibroblasts stimulated with the RLR ligand poly (I:C) led to impaired induction of IRF3 response genes IFNB1, CCL5, CXCL10, IP10, OASL, and DDX58. Consequently, dermal fibroblasts infected with RSV or hPIV3 demonstrated increased virus propagation relative to healthy control cells. Impaired gene expression occurred despite enhanced nuclear translocation of IRF3, suggesting that the mechanism of impaired activation is not a simple defect in nuclear locof the transcription factor. In contrast to the impaired type I IFN response, canonical IKK activation and gene induction in dermal fibroblasts appeared relatively normal following TNF treatment. These results illustrate a novel mechanism of autoinflammatory disease due to aberrant expression of an alternately spliced NEMO and deficient IRF3-mediated response.

Field of study: Medicine
Specific cue reactivity on computer game-related cues in excessive gamers.

It has been posited that excessive computer game playing behavior, referred to as computer game addiction, meets criteria that have been internationally established to define drug addiction. Nevertheless, there have been no psychophysiological investigations of the underlying mechanisms available to support the characterization of excessive computer gaming as behavioral addiction. To investigate whether excessive computer gaming parallels learning processes in development and maintenance (which are assumed to underlie drug addiction), the authors obtained a psychophysiological assessment of the (learned) emotional processing of computer game-relevant and -irrelevant cues. For this purpose, electroencephalographic recordings in excessive and casual computer game players were conducted. Significant between-group differences in event-related potentials evoked by computer game related-cues were found at parietal regions and point to an increased emotional processing of these cues in excessive pathological players compared with casual players. These results are in concordance with the suggestion that addiction is characterized and maintained through sensitization of the mesolimbic dopaminergic system along with incentive salience of specific addiction-associated cues.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Local Estimation in AR Models with Nonparametric ARCH Errors

In this article, we consider the problem of estimating the volatility function of a parametric AR(1) model with nonparametric ARCH(1) errors. Consistency and asymptotic normality of local constant and local log-linear estimators are established. Our simulation study and an application to finance lead to superior performance of the local log-linear estimator compared with the conventional treatments in the literature. A possible extension of the estimation procedure is described.

Field of study: Mathematics
Die Bruchtektonik in den Ostalpen

ZusammenfassungEs wird eine Kurzübersicht über die bruchtektonischen Strukturen der Ostalpen aus der Zeit des alpidischen geosynklinalen, orogenen und kratogenen Stadiums gegeben. Der Überblick läßt erkennen, daß hier eine Bruchtektonik herrscht, die in enger kausaler und zeitlicher Beziehung zur alpinotypen Transversal-Tektonik im Orogen steht.  Studiums der Bruchtektonik der Ostalpen läßt sich durch Abstraktion eine genetische bruchtektonische Zyklenabfolge für das Orogen schlechthin ableiten.AbstractThe author gives a short survey of the fault-systems of the Eastern Alps, which were formed during the geosynclinal, the orogenic and the cratogenic stage of the alpidic era. This review shows that the origin of this fault-system is in a close causative and temporal connection with the formation of the great transversal tectonic structures of alpinotype style during all the phases of the evolution of the orogene. Finally, as a result of the study of the characteristic succession of different fault-systems within the Eastern Alps, it is possible to deduce the general principle of the typical succession of cycles of fault-systems for the orogen.RésuméL'auteur donne un aperçu du système des failles des Alpes orientales, formé pendant l'époque géosynclinale, orogénique et cratogénique de l'ère alpidique. Cette revue montre que la génèse de ce système de failles a des rapports étroits causaux et temporels avec la génèse des structures tectoniques transversales de style alpinotype pendant toutes les phases de l'évolution de l'orogène. Enfin, l'étude de cette succession génétique des differents systèmes de failles dans les Alpes orientales permet de déduire une succession caractéristique des cycles de failles typiques, valable pour l'orogène en général.Краткое содержаниеДается краткий обзор структур тектоники р азломов Восточных Альп во время стадий появлен ия альпийской геосин клинали, орогенного и кратоге нного процессов. Из приведе нных данных следует, ч то в данной области господствовала тект оника разломов, кауза льно и временно тесно связа нная с альпийской трансве рзальной тектоникой в орогене. На основании изучения тектоники р азломов Восточных Ал ьп можно вывести генетическо е чередование циклов т ектоники разломов дл я орогена вообще.

Field of study: Environmental science
Language Attitudes and Kiswahili Language Learning in Primary Schools in Kenya

Kiswahili and English are two important languages taught and examined at the national level in Kenya’s education system. Students’ academic performance in the subjects keeps varying in national examinations. Different from English, however, poor performance in Kiswahili is more often associated with negative attitudes. Nevertheless, empirical validations have in most cases, not been established. The present study explores pupils’ attitudes toward Kiswahili in the context of second language learning in Siaya County of Kenya. The study is anchored on the assumption that although language attitudes play a big role in second language learning and development, primary school pupils have often been neglected in the investigation of language attitudes despite the fact that Kiswahili language learning and teaching begins at that level. A sample size of 360 class eight pupils randomly picked from 18 primary schools of Siaya County participated in the survey. Data collection was by use of attitude questionnaires and, analysed by mixed method approach.  Results showed that primary school pupils had positive attitudes towards Kiswahili. The attitudes were due to the communicative and integrative functions of Kiswahili. Pupils however indicated that English remained instrumental to their academic and future pursuits.  Consequently, Kiswahili was not accorded the same weight as English, which in turn influenced negatively Kiswahili language learning. The study calls for creation of awareness about the instrumental value of Kiswahili language to learners. This be done, from the early stages of their academic development. Moreover, it recommends that the culture of using grammatical language by learners be encouraged, as much as it is possible.  This will serve to improve their Kiswahili language skills and contribute to good performance.  Language attitudes, Kiswahili education, integrative/instrumental attitudes, language use patterns DOI : 10.7176/JEP/11-21-19 Publication date :July 31st 2020

Field of study: Education
X-ray optics and beam characterization using random modulation: experiments.

A parallel paper [Berujon, Cojocaru, Piault, Celestre, Roth, Barrett & Ziegler (2020), ] reviewed theoretically some of the available processing schemes for X-ray wavefront sensing based on random modulation. Shown here are experimental applications of the technique for characterizing both refractive and reflective optical components. These fast and accurate X-ray at-wavelength metrology methods can assist the manufacture of X-ray optics that transport X-ray beams with a minimum amount of wavefront distortion. It is also recalled how such methods can facilitate online optimization of active optics.

Field of study: Physics
Calibration of High Energy Physics Detectors Using Neutrons Generated from Compact Accelerator D-D and D-T Reactions

Neutrons in the energy range 0-14 MeV are easily obtainable from very compact pulsed accelerotors. The fluxes are sufficient to be useful for the calibration of large experiments in high energy physics. We outline a number of methods for the calibration of hadron and e-m calorimeters, and large chamber and counter arrays. We discuss the advantages and problems of such generators over standard radiochemical sources.

Field of study: Physics
The clinical and molecular genetic aspects of the study of hereditary diseases of the nervous system

The results of 30-year work of Neurogenetic Department (Institute of Neurology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences) are summarized in this article. The main conceptions of pathogenesis of extrapyramidal degenerations elaborated in this department were presented. The possibilities of application of molecular genetic approaches in neurogenetics including in search for more effective pathogenetic methods of inherited diseases treatment were demonstrated.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Dietary guidelines for prevention of cancer: are they justified?

Although dietary guidelines for reduction of cancer risk have been issued and well publicized, there is still controversy within the scientific community about whether such guidelines are appropriate. Given that the scientific evidence of a causal role for diet in carcinogenesis is suggestive but not conclusive, is it more responsible to promulgate guidelines that might be ineffective or to delay communicating findings to the public until all the evidence is in-a process that could take decades? Because the public is already familiar with guidelines intended to minimize the risk of cancer, how should they be promoted by health professionals given the strength of the evidence on which they are based?

Field of study: Medicine
"A(nother) Critique of Pure Reason": Toward Civic Virtue in Legal Education

In Patricia Williams' book, The Alchemy of Race and Rights: Diary of a Law Professor, Williams mentions "a constitutional-law exam in which students are given the lengthy text of a hate-filled polemic entitled 'How To Be a Jew-Nigger' and then told to use the First Amendment to defend it."' Williams makes the point that students taking such an exam, in this case especially Jewish and African-American students, are required to write against their own personal knowledge and experience. She notes that a student who refuses to do this will receive a lower grade, and guesses that "everyone, including perhaps the students of color, will rationalize this result away as an inability to 'think like a lawyer.' "2 In this context, the phrase "thinking like a lawyer" means suppressing or denying one's feelings and personal experience while putting forth a "cold" analysis of the "facts." Classical legal education celebrates reason and devalues emotion.3 Seeking to remove legal reasoning both from "the political" and from "the personal," law professors traditionally shun openlyexpressed emotions in the classroom. When classroom discussions raise deeply emotional issues, students who are able to dispassionately discuss

Field of study: Law
A Case of Congenital Brucellosis

There are very few reported cases of congenital brucellosis in the literature. A 3.5-month-old infant had prolonged fever, anemia and hepatosplenomegaly. Brucella melitensis was isolated from the infant’s and her mother’s blood as well as the infant’s bone marrow. The clinical features suggested multiple system involvement with hypersplenism. A combination of drugs was successful in eradicating the bacteria and in preventing complications.

Field of study: Medicine
Effect of freezing storage temperature on properties of zein films

The properties of zein films were effected by freezing storage temperature. The results showed that temperature of freezing storage had influences on the zein films, which led to the changes of mechanical properties, equilibrium moisture content (EMC), water vapor permeability (WVP). Tensile strength (TS) and elongation (E) of zein films decreased with the decreasing of freezing storage temperature; The EMC increased with the decreasing of freezing storage temperature, but then it had a little decrease; With the decreasing of freezing storage temperature, the WVP of zein films showed an increase.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
The Effects of Angelica Sinensis Polysaccharide on Tumor Growth and Iron Metabolism by Regulating Hepcidin in Tumor-Bearing Mice

Iron plays a fundamental role in cell biology and its concentration must be precisely regulated. It is well documented that excess iron burden contributes to the occurrence and progression of cancer. Hepcidin secreted by liver plays an essential role in orchestrating iron metabolism. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the ability of angelica sinensis polysaccharide (ASP) to decrease iron burden in tumor-bearing mice and the mechanism of ASP regulation hepcidin expression.  Western blot, RT-PCR, immunohistochemistry (IHC), and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were used to detect the regulation of hepcidin and related cytokines by ASP. The role of ASP in tumor proliferation was investigated using in vivo assays. Iron depositions and iron concentrations in organs were determined by hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining and atomic absorption spectrophotometer.  We found that ASP could inhibit tumor growth in mice xenografted with 4T1 and H22 cancer cells. In vivo experiments also showed that ASP could potently regulate hepcidin expression in liver and serum and decrease iron burden in liver, spleen and grafted tumors in mouse model. Treatment with ASP in hepatic cell lines reproduced comparable results in decreasing hepcidin as in mouse liver. Furthermore, we found that ASP markedly suppressed the expression of interleukin-6 (IL-6), JAK2, p-STAT3, and p-SMAD1/5/8 in liver, suggesting that JAK/STAT and BMP-SMAD pathways were involved in the regulation of hepcidin expression by ASP. We also found down-regulation of iron-related cytokines in ASP treated mice.  The present study provides new evidence that ASP decreases hepcidin expression, which can reduce iron burden and inhibit tumor proliferation. These findings might aid ASP developed as a potential candidate for cancer treatment in patients with iron overload.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Effects of constant voltage stress on p- and n-type organic thin film transistors with poly(methyl methacrylate) gate dielectric

We performed constant voltage stress on oligothiophene-based p- and n-type organic thin-film-transistors, in the accumulation regime. The stress induced charge trapping, mobility degradation and defect generation. The specific kinetics depends not only on the applied bias value and polarity, but also on the semiconductor type. Stress on PMMA capacitors (without the semiconductor film) revealed that most of the degradation is largely originated by the interaction with the semiconductor layer, which enhances charge injection.

Field of study: Engineering
PETROLOGY OF GRANOPHYRE IN DIABASE NEAR DILLSBURG, PENNSYLVANIA

Small bodies of granophyre occur in the upper part of diabase bodies of Triassic age in southeastern Pennsylvania. One near Harrisburg was penetrated by a diamond-drill. Drill core specimens show a gradation from diabase to granophyre. New data include 10 chemical analyses, spectrographic determinations of trace elements, and the results of petrographic study of specimens from the drill core. The sequence, from diabase to granophyre, includes a chilled zone that represents an original magma of tholeiitic composition, normal diabase, pegmatitic facies of diabase, and granophyric diabase that is intermediate in composition and petrographic characteristics between diabase and granophyre, and finally granophyre. Alkalies and silica increase progressively from diabase to granophyre; iron increases to a maximum in transitional granophyric diabase, then decreases in the granophyre. It is concluded that crystal fractionation in a large sheetlike body of tholeiitic magma yielded a small amount of granophyre. Prior to complete solidification, a residual liquid rich in iron, alkalies, and silica accumulated locally in the upper part of the diabase sheet. In places volatile-rich iron-bearing solutions escaped into the overlying sedimentary rocks and deposited magnetite; the remaining liquid crystallized t o fine-grained granophyre.

Field of study: Geology
High-frequency cycles in the upper Aptian carbonates of the Organyà basin, NE spain

High-frequency cycles in Upper Aptian carbonates have been studied on the carbonate ramp of Organyà (southeastern Pyrenees). The depositional area comprises a shallow marine to deeper marine transect. A detailed facies model is developed subdividing the transect into an inner ramp area (above fairweather wave base), a mid-ramp area (between fairweather wave base and storm wave base) and an outer ramp area (below storm wave base).Based on microfacies analysis a cyclostratigraphic and sequence stratigraphic interpretation is established. Variations of the sedimentary patterns within different sections of the homoclinal ramp are due mainly to sea level changes. Sea level changes of third and fourth order are reflected by the shifting of the shallow subtidal facies belts up and down the ramp. The study of fifth-order sea level changes is based on statistical methods (quantitative facies analysis and principal component analysis). The ratio of the fourth- and fifth-order cycles is very similar to the well-known ratio of the eccentricity (100 ka) and the precession (18.6/22.5 ka). The absolute age values derived from the cyclostratigraphy fit into the biostratigraphic framework. Thus, a global eustatic control is assumed to be responsible for the cycles of higher frequency. The lower frequency third-order sequences, however, were considerably influenced by local tectonic processes.

Field of study: Environmental science
A contemporary conception of insomnia syndrome and its treatments in view of International classification of sleep disorders

: Insomnia is one of the most common and wide-spread sleep disorders. It includes difficulties of sleep initiation, sustaining and daytime impairment. A condition of cerebral hyperarousal plays the most important role in the genesis of insomnia. Cognitive, electrophysiological and metabolic parameters are correlated with hyperarousal state. According to the International classification of sleep disorders (ICSD-3), insomnia is divided into acute, chronic and unclassified. Treatment of insomnia includes specific and nonspecific approaches. Regardless of the origin of insomnia, sleep hygiene and behavioral therapy remain the methods of choice for the treatment.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Stabilizing Endogenous Instability: Proposals for An Institutionalist Reform of Financial Regulation

A major and persistent question behind economic theories and related policies is whether the market can self-regulate without any restrictive exogenous intervention or whether regular and binding public regulation is necessary for ensuring the reproduction of the economic system in a sustainable way over time. This article considers this question with regard to the working of financial markets in a liberalized environment. Drawing upon an institutionalist stance, the article shows why the operation of a financialized capitalist economy usually leads to systemic imbalances and crises. The article then suggests an alternative framework for a consistent financial regulation that could prevent market actors from developing short-sighted strategies and gambling on macro stability.

Field of study: Economics
Anaerobic alkane biodegradation by cultures enriched from oil sands tailings ponds involves multiple species capable of fumarate addition.

A methanogenic short-chain alkane-degrading culture (SCADC) was enriched from oil sands tailings and transferred several times with a mixture of C6, C7, C8 and C10 n-alkanes as the predominant organic carbon source, plus 2-methylpentane, 3-methylpentane and methylcyclopentane as minor components. Cultures produced ∼40% of the maximum theoretical methane during 18 months incubation while depleting the n-alkanes, 2-methylpentane and methylcyclopentane. Substrate depletion correlated with detection of metabolites characteristic of fumarate activation of 2-methylpentane and methylcyclopentane, but not n-alkane metabolites. During active methanogenesis with the mixed alkanes, reverse-transcription PCR confirmed the expression of functional genes (assA and bssA) associated with hydrocarbon addition to fumarate. Pyrosequencing of 16S rRNA genes amplified during active alkane degradation revealed enrichment of Clostridia (particularly Peptococcaceae) and methanogenic Archaea (Methanosaetaceae and Methanomicrobiaceae). Methanogenic cultures transferred into medium containing sulphate produced sulphide, depleted n-alkanes and produced the corresponding succinylated alkane metabolites, but were slow to degrade 2-methylpentane and methylcyclopentane; these cultures were enriched in Deltaproteobacteria rather than Clostridia. 3-Methylpentane was not degraded by any cultures. Thus, nominally methanogenic oil sands tailings harbour dynamic and versatile hydrocarbon-degrading fermentative syntrophs and sulphate reducers capable of degrading n-, iso- and cyclo-alkanes by addition to fumarate.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Zur Frage nach einer oberen Grenze für die Energiedichte

ZusammenfassungEs wird die Annahme betrachtet, daß die Energiedichte dieselbe obere Grenze wie die Dichte der Materie im Atomkern hat. Es werden einige theoretische und experimentelle Tatsachen vorgeführt, welche diese Annahme stützen. Außerdem werden hier, als Folgerung der Existenz einer oberen Grenze für die Energiedichte, die maximalen Werte für die Temperatur und die Frequenz einer Strahlung abgeleitet.

Field of study: Physics