nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Succession and Death: Royal Ceremonies in Colonial Puebla*

On 6 March 1701, the municipal government of Puebla de los Angeles received a cédula commanding the performance of an oath ceremony, or jura del rey, for the new Bourbon monarch, Philip V. Twelve days later, a second cédula arrived, ordering the celebration of royal funerary honors, or exequias reales, for the last Spanish Habsburg king, Charles II. Puebla's municipal leaders, or regidores, attributed great importance to public ceremony and began planning for the events immediately upon receiving Queen Mariana's instructions. Like the political elites of many early modern cities, Puebla's councilmen consistently dedicated a significant share of the city's resources to mount spectacles to commemorate such events as viceregal entrances, patron saints’ days, royal births and marriages, and Spanish military victories. These occasions provided local leaders with opportunities to instruct the populace in the authority of the king's primary representative, the primacy of the Catholic faith, the power of the city's leaders, the importance of hierarchy in colonial society, and the loyalty due the royal family and the Spanish Empire.

Field of study: History
Electrical Impedance Tomography Based on Vibration Excitation in Magnetic Resonance System

Because of low resolution, Electrical Impedance Tomography (EIT) had been criticized by the experts and scholars. Although the resolution of the Magnetic Resonance Electrical Impedance Tomography (MREIT) which is combined EIT with Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) technology and the resolution of the Magneto-Acoustic-Electrical Tomography (MAET) which is combined EIT with ultrasonic technology are improved, there are still existing problems, which are the electrode RF shielding in MREIT, the difficulty of further improving resolution in MAET. Combining the technologies of MRI and MAET for mutual advantage, this paper proposed a new method of Magnetic Resonance Motional-Electrical Tomography (MRMET) based on the principle of MAET. The software Comsol and Matlab were used to establish a two-dimensional simulation model, and the forward problem and inverse problem of MRMET were researched on the simulation works. The simulation results could reflect the conductivity distribution inside the simulation model, and MRMET could solve the problems of the EIT combination technologies.

Field of study: Engineering
Weapons Don't Make War: Policy, Strategy, and Military Technology

Weaponry does not equal strategy, argues Colin Gray, but the two are often confused, resulting in such linguistic errors as "strategic weapons". There may be an interactive relationship between policy, strategy and weaponry but, he contends, policy and strategy always take the front seat. Gray presents in "Weapons Don't Make War", a statement of the interrelations among policy-making, strategic planning and military technology. He argues that policy shapes strategy and gives meaning to weapons (not vice versa); that without clear policy guidance, the weapons-acquisitions process degenerates into political arm-wrestling; that military technology is only one of the many servants of defence policy (and by no means the most important); that the "arms-race" concept creates more confusion than clarity in studying international security; that the pursuit of arms control is seriously flawed by the belief that international conflict can be reduced to a problem of administration and management; that uncertainty is an essential condition of - not simply a problem for - defence policy; and that nuclear-age history confirms much of the accepted wisdom of modern strategic theory. Gray provides a detailed and multi-angled examination of just how policy and weapons influence - or fail to influence - each other. His arguments in this book are not time-bound; they hold regardless of the evolution of Eastern Europe, or of shifts in US policy and strategy. They aim to offer insight into "the basics" of national security not only in the post-Cold War era, but for all time.

Field of study: Political science
Proximity induced room temperature ferromagnetism in graphene probed with spin currents

We present a direct measurement of the exchange interaction in room temperature ferromagnetic graphene. We study the spin transport in exfoliated graphene on an yttrium-iron-garnet substrate where the observed spin precession clearly indicates the presence and strength of an exchange field that is an unambiguous evidence of induced ferromagnetism. We describe the results with a modified Bloch diffusion equation and extract an average exchange field of the order of 0.2 T. Further, we demonstrate that a proximity induced 2D ferromagnet can efficiently modulate a spin current by controlling the direction of the exchange field. These findings can create a building block for magnetic-gate tuneable spin transport in one-atom-thick spintronic devices.

Field of study: Physics
S-Nitrosoglutathione and glutathione act as NMDA receptor agonists in cultured hippocampal neurons

To characterize the effect of combined pre- and postnatal morphine exposure on N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDA) receptor signaling in hippocampal neurons of the offspring of morphine-addicted female rats.Cultured hippocampal neurons and synaptosomes were prepared from neonatal and 2- week-old offspring, respectively, of control or morphine-addicted female rats. The increase in the cytosolic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) of cultured cells was measured using Fura-2, and glutamate release from synaptosomes was measured enzymatically.Both glutamate and NMDA caused a dose-dependent increase in the [Ca2+]i. The nitric oxide (NO) donor, S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO), but not 3-morpholinosydnonimine, sodium nitroprusside, and S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine, also induced a [Ca2+]i increase. GSNO and glutathione caused a dose-dependent increase in the [Ca2+]i with respective EC50 values of 56 and 414 μmol/L. Both effects were inhibited by Mg2+ or an NMDA receptor antagonist and were unaffected by the presence of a glutamate scavenger. The other glutathione derivatives, oxidized glutathione, S-methylglutathione, S-ethylglutathione, S-propylglutathione, and S-butylglutathione, the dipeptides, Glu-Cys and Cys- Gly, and the antioxidants, dithiothreitol and mercaptoethanol, failed to induce a [Ca2+]i increase. In addition, glutathione caused a dose-dependent increase in glutamate release from synaptosomes. The maximal responses and the EC50 values for the glutamate-, NMDA-, GSNO-, and glutathione-induced [Ca2+]i increases and the glutathione-induced glutamate release were indistinguishable in the neurons of the offspring from control and morphine-addicted female rats.GSNO and glutathione act as NMDA receptor agonists and, in contrast to hippocampal brain slice, combined pre- and postnatal morphine exposure does not modulate NMDA receptor signaling in the cultured hippocampal neurons.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Mechanical and Permeability Characteristics of Latex-Modified Pre-Packed Pavement Repair Concrete as a Function of the Rapid-Set Binder Content

We evaluated the strength and durability characteristics of latex-polymer-modified, pre-packed pavement repair concrete (LMPPRC) with a rapid-set binder. The rapid-set binder was a mixture of rapid-set cement and silica sand, where the fluidity was controlled using a latex polymer. The resulting mix exhibited a compressive strength of ≥21 MPa and a flexural strength of ≥3.5 MPa after 4 h of curing (i.e., the traffic opening term for emergency repairs of pavement). The ratio of latex polymer to rapid-set binder material was varied through 0.40, 0.33, 0.29, and 0.25. Mechanical characterization revealed that the mechanical performance, permeability, and impact resistance increased as the ratio of latex polymer to rapid-set binder decreased. The mixture exhibited a compressive strength of ≥21 MPa after 4 h when the ratio of latex polymer to rapid-set binder material was ≤0.29. The mixture exhibited a flexural strength of ≥3.5 MPa after 4 h when the ratio of latex polymer to rapid-set binder material was ≤0.33. The permeability resistance to chloride ions satisfied 2000 C after 7 days of curing for all ratios. The ratio of latex polymer to rapid-set binder material that satisfied all conditions for emergency pavement repair was ≤0.29.

Field of study: Materials science
GeoChip-based analysis of microbial functional gene diversity in a landfill leachate-contaminated aquifer.

The functional gene diversity and structure of microbial communities in a shallow landfill leachate-contaminated aquifer were assessed using a comprehensive functional gene array (GeoChip 3.0). Water samples were obtained from eight wells at the same aquifer depth immediately below a municipal landfill or along the predominant downgradient groundwater flowpath. Functional gene richness and diversity immediately below the landfill and the closest well were considerably lower than those in downgradient wells. Mantel tests and canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) suggested that various geochemical parameters had a significant impact on the subsurface microbial community structure. That is, leachate from the unlined landfill impacted the diversity, composition, structure, and functional potential of groundwater microbial communities as a function of groundwater pH, and concentrations of sulfate, ammonia, and dissolved organic carbon (DOC). Historical geochemical records indicate that all sampled wells chronically received leachate, and the increase in microbial diversity as a function of distance from the landfill is consistent with mitigation of the impact of leachate on the groundwater system by natural attenuation mechanisms.

Field of study: Environmental science
Local probabilistic descriptors for image categorisation

Image categorisation involves the well known difficulties with different visual appearances of a single object, but also introduces the problem of within-category variation. This within-category variation makes highly distinctive local descriptors less appropriate for categorisation. Difficulties because of the within category variation and clutter are tackled by modelling image fragments in a new manner. The authors propose a family of local image descriptors, called probabilistic patch descriptors (PPDs). PPDs encode the appearance of image fragments as well as their variability within a category. PPDs extend the usual local descriptors by also modelling the variance of the descriptors' elements, for example pixels or bins in a histogram. To compare two PPDs, and a PPD with an image, a new similarity measure called PPD matching score is introduced. For each object category, a set of representative PPDs is learnt. Images are represented as feature vectors of the best matching scores obtained for representative PPDs in images. Support vector machine classifiers are then trained on the feature vectors. PPDs are applied to image categorisation using machine learning where the features are the matching scores between images and PPDs. The authors experiment with two variants of PPDs that are based on complementary local descriptors. An interesting observation is that combining the two PPD variants improves the accuracy of categorisation. Experiments indicate that the benefits of modelling the within-category variation give results that are comparable with the state-of-the-art categorisation methods, and show good robustness with respect to noise and occlusions.

Field of study: Computer science
The War Has Brought Peace to Mexico: World War II and the Consolidation of the Post-Revolutionary State by Halbert Jones (review)

“community justice” and his critique of the hegemony of human rights as the dominant language of social change and moral improvement in contemporary Bolivia. In regard to the first, Outlawed reflects his evolving understanding of the different forms that violence takes in peri-urban Cochabamba as a response to chronic insecurity and the wavering presence of what he calls the “phantom state.” Here, his subtle unpacking of the multiple discursive frameworks through which practices like lynching have been constructed in Bolivia make foundational and wide-ranging theoretical contributions that have implications for the understanding of justice-making throughout Latin America and beyond.

Field of study: History
Cumulative Meta-Analysis: A Consideration of Indicators of Sufficiency and Stability

This article considers the application of cumulative meta-analysis, defined as the procedure of performing a (new) meta-analysis at every point during the history of a research domain. Two distinct facets of cumulative knowledge are identified: sufficiency (“Are additional studies needed to establish the existence of the phenomenon?”) and stability (“Will additional studies change the aggregate picture of the phenomenon?”). These two facets of cumulative knowledge define the purpose of the present effort: How can we determine whether a cumulative meta-analytic database has achieved sufficiency and stability? The authors delineate indicators of sufficiency and stability that might be derived from cumulative meta-analyses and explore the use of these indicators in a set of previously published meta-analytic databases. Discussion explores both retrospective and prospective implications of this approach to cumulative knowledge and compares the implications of this approach to cumulative knowledge with alternative views of social psychology as history.

Field of study: Psychology
Analysis of TID Failure Modes in SRAM-Based FPGA Under Gamma-Ray and Focused Synchrotron X-Ray Irradiation

This study investigates the total ionizing dose effect in static random access memory (SRAM)-based field programmable gate array (FPGA). In addition toY ray whole-chip irradiation, focused synchrotron x-ray irradiation with beam size of 20 μm is also used. As a result, the most vulnerable inner circuit in the SRAM-based FPGA is determined directly. Circuit simulation is also executed to understand the failure phenomenon further. The simulated results are consistent with the experimental results.

Field of study: Physics
Growth reductions in cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L.) as a result of SO2 pollution

The effects of exposing Dactylis glomerata L. to 11 pphm SO 2 for four weeks were investigated using a wind tunnel fumigation system. The pollutant was found to cause significant reductions in the numbers of tillers and green leaves, leaf area, root/shoot ratio and all dry weight fractions measured. The percentage yield reductions found for D. glomerata were compared with those previously found for Lolium perenne L. under the same conditions of exposure. It was concluded that D. glomerata may be slightly more sensitive to SO 2 than L. perenne . The magnitudes of the yield reductions found in these experiments are greater than those previously reported and this is discussed in relation to the rate of air movement through the fumigation system. It is concluded that the effects of SO 2 on plants in the field, and subsequent losses in the yields of crops, may have been under-rated in the past.

Field of study: Environmental science
Rapid Determination of Anisatin in Biological Sample by Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography-Triple Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry

A rapid UPLC-MS/MS method was developed for the quantitative determination of anisatin,as a marker of the sesquiterpene lactones in various Illicium species,in plasma,urine,vomit,and plant samples using a triple quadrupolep mass spectrometer.The proposed assay includes multi-function impurity adsorption SPE cleanup procedure for plasma sample,diatomite solid supported liquid/liquid extraction for urine,and tert-butyl methyl ether liquid/liquid extraction for plant sample.The satisfactory recoveries were obtained.Chromatographic separation was performed on an UPLC BEH C18 column(50 mm μ 2.1 mm × 1.7 μ using gradient elution with water-methanol,and detected by the negative electrospray ionization-MS/MS method under multiple reaction monitor mode.The cycle time of each analysis was 5.0 min.The average recoveries were 92.6%-100.3% and 101%-118% with RSDs of 3.8%-11% and 6.4%-17%(n=6) for anisatin in plasma and urine,respectively.The limits of quantitation(S/N=10) were 2 μg/L and 1 μg/L for plasma and urine sample,respectively.The method is simple,selective and sensitive to the determination of anisatin in biological sample for toxicological purposes.

Field of study: Chemistry
STRUCTURAL PARAMETER ESTIMATION WITH UNKNOWN ROTATIONAL RESPONSE

A response curve fitting method is developed to estimate parameters of beam-type members with unknown rotational response. Using a set of orthogonal base functions, the translational response curve is firstly obtained by curve fitting. The rotational response curve is then derived by the differentiation of translational curve with respect to the coordinates of measurement points. In order to deal with error propagation problem in curve fitting, a sample-averaging method is introduced which uses the average values of subsets of total sampling set in parameter estimation procedure. Numerical example shows that the rotational response can be obtained accurately by curve fitting method, and the sample-averaging method can reduce the effect of error propagation in parameter estimation.

Field of study: Engineering
Increased levels of plasma cytokines and correlations to organ failure and 30-day mortality in critically ill Covid-19 patients

The infection caused by SARS CoV-2 has been postulated to induce a cytokine storm syndrome that results in organ failure and even death in a considerable number of patients. However, the inflammatory response in Corona virus disease-19 (Covid-19) and its potential to cause collateral organ damage has not been fully elucidated to date. This study aims to characterize the acute cytokine response in a cohort of critically ill Covid-19 patients.
               
                  Method
                  24 adults with PCR-confirmed Covid-19 were included at time of admission to intensive care a median of eleven days after initial symptoms. Eleven adult patients admitted for elective abdominal surgery with preoperative plasma samples served as controls. All patients were included after informed consent was obtained. 27 cytokines were quantified in plasma. The expression of inflammatory mediators was then related to routine inflammatory markers, SAPS3, SOFA score, organ failure and 30-day mortality.
               
                  Results
                  A general increase in cytokine expression was observed in all Covid-19 patients. A strong correlation between respiratory failure and IL-1ra, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8 and IP-10 expression was observed. Acute kidney injury development correlated well with increased levels of IL-1ra, IL-6, IL-8, IL-17a, IP-10 and MCP-1. Generally, the cohort demonstrated weaker correlations between cytokine expression and 30-day mortality out of which IL-8 showed the strongest signal in terms of mortality.
               
                  Conclusion
                  The present study found that respiratory failure, acute kidney injury and 30-day mortality in critically ill Covid-19 patients are associated with moderate increases of a broad range of inflammatory mediators at time of admission.

Field of study: Medicine
Provenance Selection of Aleurites montana Based on Endogenous Hormone

The seeds of 11 Aleurites Montana provenances in Fujian Province were collected and applied to the field experiments by randomized block designs in Jiaoxi Forestry Farm,Jianyang,Fujian.12 blocks with 11 sample plots in each block were designed and 25 stocks were planted in each sample plot which covered 100 m2.The stock height and root collar diameter of 2-year-old seedlings were measured.GA3,ZR,IAA,ABA in the foliage of the provenances were determined by ELISA and provenance selection was conducted based on projected values of the endogenous hormone by the modified projection pursuit method.The results showed that in terms of the integrated effects of endogenous hormone,Putian and Zhenghe provenances dominated,followed by Zhouning,Youxi,Jianyang,Pingnan,Shaxian,Fuding,Zherong,Jiaocheng and Fu'an provenances.The combination of endogenous hormone with seedling growth provided some theoretical and practical references for the early selection of provenances.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
On Interpersonal Adaptation of Sophomore Phenomenon from a Dialectic Perspective

There is a relative trough of interpersonal adaptation in the second year of colleges and universities,which is often called the sophomore phenomenon.From a dialectic perspective,this text discussed the process of interpersonal adaptation of sophomore students,analyzed the causes of sophomore phenomenon,and proposed remedial measures:cultivating the dialectic thinking,and applying it into interpersonal adaptation,which is beneficial to construct possible ego,appreciate and tolerate contradiction and diversity;is also beneficial to rebalance the disequilibrium between individual and environment.

Field of study: Education
Nonlinear Reduced-Order Models for Thermoelastodynamic Response of Isotropic and Functionally Graded Panels

The focus of this investigation is on the development and validation of thermoelastic reduced-order models for the geometrically nonlinear response and temperature of heated structures. The reduced-order modeling approach is based on a modal-type expansion of both displacements and temperatures in the undeformed, unheated configuration. A set of coupled nonlinear differential equations governing the time-varying generalized coordinates of the response and temperature expansion are derived from finite thermoelasticity using a Galerkin approach. Furthermore, the selection of the basis functions to be used in these reduced-order models is discussed, and the numerical evaluation of the model coefficients is addressed. This approach is first validated on an isotropic beam subjected to both thermal effects and external loads. The thermal effects are large enough to induce a significant buckling of the panel, while the time-varying loads lead to snap-throughs ranging in frequency from infrequent to continuous. Validation to a functionally graded material panel in similar conditions is then performed. In both cases, the reduced-order modeling predicted temperatures and responses are found to very closely match their full finite element counterparts.

Field of study: Physics
On Auslander-Reiten components of string and band complexes for a class of symmetric special biserial algebra

Let $\mathbf{k}$ be an algebraically closed field. In this article we introduced the class of special biserial $\mathbf{k}$-algebras that are of {\it Boundarenko's type}, which contains that of gentle algebras. In particular, if $\Lambda$ is a $\mathbf{k}$-algebra in this class, then string and band complexes (in the sense of V. Bekkert and H. Merklen) are definable over $\Lambda$, which under certain conditions they are indecomposable objects in the category $\mathcal{K}^b(\text{proj-}\Lambda)$ of perfect complexes over $\Lambda$. We prove that if $\Lambda$ is a symmetric special biserial $\mathbf{k}$-algebra of Boudarenko's type, $P^\bullet$ is either a string or a band complex over $\Lambda$ which is also indecomposable in $\mathcal{K}^b(\text{proj-}\Lambda)$, and $\mathfrak{C}$ is the component of the Auslander-Reiten quiver of $\mathcal{K}^b(\text{proj-}\Lambda)$ containing $P^\bullet$, then $P^\bullet$ lies in the rim of $\mathfrak{C}$. In this situation, we also give a full description of the representatives of the Auslander-Reiten translation orbits in $\mathfrak{C}$

Field of study: Mathematics