nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Evaluating stranger policies in P2P file-sharing systems with reciprocity mechanisms

How to deal with strangers efficiently is a big challenge for designing P2P systems, as ineffective stranger policies will cause the degradation of system performance and fairness. In this work, we focus on an open P2P file-sharing environment with reciprocity incentive mechanisms, and we evaluate the impact of different stranger policies to system performance and fairness using both numerical analyses and agent-based simulations. The results reveal that there exist tradeoffs between system performance and fairness; the optimal performance and fairness of the system cannot be reached simultaneously; free-riders will survive when system performance is optimal. The accuracy of this evaluation is verified through the analysis of stranger policies in BitTorrent and eMule/eDonkey. Therefore, this evaluation can effectively help P2P designers select appropriate stranger policies according to their individual design goals.

Field of study: Computer science
Experimental comparison of coarse-grained concepts in UML, OML, and TOS

Object-oriented approaches offer coarse-grained modeling concepts to structure complex application systems consisting of hundreds or even thousands of classes. This paper analyses such concepts by using a software engineering experiment. Two factors are controlled: Factor A consists of three object-oriented approaches (unified modeling language (UML), OPEN modeling language (OML), and taxonomic objectsystem (TOS)), and factor B consists of two application systems (a database-oriented application and a process-oriented application). The results show that the coarse-grained concepts of the object-oriented approaches OML and TOS are superior to those of UML when modeling a database-oriented application. From the results it can be concluded that the coarse-grained concepts of UML should be improved in further releases. The data were analysed by using advanced statistical methods.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Experimental study on one-stage magnetic pulse compression system

A magnetic pulse compression system which does not contain external remagnetization circuits commonly used in magnetic compressors is presented.Principle of operation for the compressor is described.Simulation of pulse compressor working on a 500 Ω resistive load illustrates that in order to realize the desired pulse,6 μs and 500 ns magnetization period would be re-quired for cores of saturable pulse transformer and magnetic switch,respectively.The one-stage compression system delivers a-18.5 kV,70 ns pulse width across a 200 Ω load with a fall time of 40 ns and a repetition rate up to 500 Hz.To improve the matching,the inductor in parallel with load is replaced with a fast-recovering HV diode.The experiment shows that the pulse voltage reverse amplitude and damped oscillation duration are reduced drastically.

Field of study: Physics
294: Study the anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory properties of Rose Bengal in vitro

Rose Bengal (RB) has been used as a safe agent in clinical diagnosis. In addition, it is used as a photodynamic sensitizer for removing microorganisms and cancer cells. Recently, its preferential toxicity after direct exposure to cancer cells was proven. The present study focuses on anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory activities of RB. Toxicity of RB was studied against AGS gastric cancer and NIH 3T3 fibroblast cell lines using MTT assay. The pattern of cell death was defined using annexin-V and PI staining method. Moreover, the effect of treatment with RB on nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E 2 (PGE 2 ) production induced by lipopolysaccharide in J774A.1 macrophages was determined. Its modulation on inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxegenase-2 (COX-2) expressions was evaluated using western blot analysis. AGS cells exhibited significant concentration-dependent decrease of growth in response to RB however it showed lower growth inhibition in non-malignant cells suggesting that its anti-cancer activity might be tumor cell specific. Moreover, AGS cells exposed to RB presented a significant increase in apoptosis. RB caused a remarkable decrease in the production of NO and expression of iNOS without any significant modulation of PGE 2 production and COX-2 expression. This study suggests that RB preferentially suppress gastric cancer cell growth through the induction of apoptosis, mitigating the further examination of RB in animal models of gastric cancer. In this study, for the first time, we also showed anti-inflammatory effect of RB.

Field of study: Medicine
Middle and Late Albian geography, oceanography, and climate and the setting of the Kirchrode I and II borehole sites

The paper reviews the literature on the geography, oceanography, and climate belts during the Middle and Late Albian. Emphasis is placed on the northern hemisphere and the Lower Saxony basin. The Middle and Late Albian represents a time with a greenhouse climate. The N–S temperature gradient and the temperature gradient between the shallow and deep waters of the oceans were lower than at present, meaning higher temperatures especially at middle and high latitudes, a more sluggish ocean circulation than today, and the absence of polar ice caps. Warming from the Early to Late Albian is documented in the marine sediments by oxygen isotope studies and the poleward expansion of rudist-dominated carbonate platforms. In the terrigenous sediments of the northern hemisphere it is documented by northward migration of low-latitude, relatively arid flora. The opening North Atlantic was still narrow at the beginning of the Albian. It widened and deepened through the Albian. A shallow seaway between the South Atlantic and the western Tethys developed during the Late Albian. Wide shelf seas existed on the continental plates. With rising sea level the basins of the western epicontinental seas of Eurasia became increasingly connected and sedimentation gradually became more calcareous. Nevertheless, these basins received a large clastic input from the land, documenting the weathering conditions on the surrounding land masses. They received also a considerable biogenic particle flux from the surface waters, documenting productivity of the marine plankton. Because of these different origins of the sediment components, as well as the connections with neighbouring seas, the sediments in these shelf basins were expected to document changes in climate as well as palaeo-oceanographic changes. Earlier interpretations based on ammonite studies that indicate changing connections between the Arctic Ocean and the Tethys during the Albian can thus be tested. The Lower Saxony basin was a shelf sea in the southern part of the warm, humid climate belt at mid-latitudes in the northern hemisphere in which thick deposits of hemipelagic sediments accumulated. Mapping previous to our study indicated that a complete, undisturbed Albian basinal sequence ca. 400 m thick is present below a thin Quaternary cover in a sub-basin between the NNE–SSW-trending Benthe and Lehrte salt structures in the central part of the Lower Saxony basin. The boreholes at the Kirchrode I and II sites (52°22.35′N, 9°49.87′E, and 52°22.16′N, 9°49.12′E, respectively, in Hannover) were drilled into this sub-basin. The high sedimentation rates known for the Albian of the Lower Saxony basin are ideal for studying climatic changes with a cyclicity of a few ten thousand to a few hundred thousand years (Milankovitch cyclicity).

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Precise SPICE macromodel applied to high-voltage power MOSFET

A macromodel for precise spice simulations of high-voltage power MOSFET is presented. The macromodel takes into account basic features of these devices as higher value of the resistance between channel and drain and lower current level though the body diode compared to low-voltage power MOSFET. It also considers that high-voltage power MOSFET work mostly in saturation regime. All required parameters are extracted from direct electrical measurements. Simulations using this and previous macromodels are compared with experimental DC and AC characteristics to demonstrate a much better correspondence with experiment of the macromodel presented.

Field of study: Engineering
Inbred mouse strains differ in the regulation of startle and prepulse inhibition of the startle response.

The startle response and adaptability of the startle response (prepulse inhibition and habituation) have been observed in animals. The studies reported here screened 8 inbred mouse strains to determine whether genetic factors influence these behaviors. Strain differences were found in both the sensitivity to acoustic startle and the magnitude of both the auditory and tactile startle as well as the magnitude of prepulse inhibition (PPI) of both tactile and acoustic startle. Neither the 2 startle responses nor the 2 forms of PPI were significantly correlated with one another, suggesting that different genes regulate these 2 forms of startle and PPI. Acoustic-acoustic PPI was significantly correlated, however, with hippocampal auditory gating (TC ratio) suggesting an overlap in the genes that regulate these 2 forms of sensory gating.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Petrology of a series of igneous dikes in central western Virginia

Although the Great Valley region, extending from Pennsylvania to Alabama, inclusive, and lying immediately northwest of the eastern crystalline province, has been the subject of serious study by many geologists, the essential though not entire absence of igneous rocks in general is noteworthy. There are very few recorded occurrences of igneous rocks found within the limits of this vast areal extent and thickness of Paleozoic sediments. Naturally, therefore, the discovery of new occurrences of igneous rocks within this region, although of common types, is of importance; but when igneous rocks, belonging to types hitherto unknown to the region and by no means common elsewhere, are found, their geologic occurrence and petrologic character become of still greater scientific interest and importance. The occurrence of igneous rocks as dikes in the Paleozoic sediments of middle western Virginia, west of the Blue Eidge, has been known for many years. Fontaine, 2 John L. . . .

Field of study: Geology
Just for the record: the problem-oriented approach.

Epilepsy in its various forms affects approximately one percent of the population. There are still many prejudices and restrictions imposed on the epileptic by a poorly enlightened public. In this article, an overview of the world of the epileptic is attempted with some comments on types of seizures, their acute and chronic treatment, and the general management of an epileptic patient. Comments are made on various aspects of epilepsy including personality traits, employability, education, car driving, insurance, marriage and child-bearing.

Field of study: Medicine
Structural studies on the folded domain of the human prion protein bound to the Fab fragment of the antibody POM1.

Prion diseases are neurodegenerative diseases characterized by the conversion of the cellular prion protein PrP(c) into a pathogenic isoform PrP(sc). Passive immunization with antiprion monoclonal antibodies can arrest the progression of prion diseases. Here, the crystal structure of the Fab fragment of an antiprion monoclonal antibody, POM1, in complex with human prion protein (huPrP(c)) has been determined to 2.4 Å resolution. The prion epitope of POM1 is in close proximity to the epitope recognized by the purportedly therapeutic antibody fragment ICSM18 Fab in complex with huPrP(c). POM1 Fab forms a 1:1 complex with huPrP(c) and the measured K(d) of 4.5 × 10(-7) M reveals moderately strong binding between them. Structural comparisons have been made among three prion-antibody complexes: POM1 Fab-huPrP(c), ICSM18 Fab-huPrP(c) and VRQ14 Fab-ovPrP(c). The prion epitopes recognized by ICSM18 Fab and VRQ14 Fab are adjacent to a prion glycosylation site, indicating possible steric hindrance and/or an altered binding mode to the glycosylated prion protein in vivo. However, both of the glycosylation sites on huPrP(c) are positioned away from the POM1 Fab binding epitope; thus, the binding mode observed in this crystal structure and the binding affinity measured for this antibody are most likely to be the same as those for the native prion protein in vivo.

Field of study: Chemistry
Hydrogen Plasma Treatment of Aligned Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotube Arrays for Improvement of Field Emission Properties

Vertically aligned carbon nanotube (CNT) arrays show potential for the development of planar low-voltage emission cathodes. The characteristics of cathodes can be improved by modifying their surface, e.g., by hydrogen plasma treatment, as was performed in this work. The surface of multi-walled CNT arrays grown on silicon substrates from toluene and ferrocene using catalytic chemical vapor deposition was treated in a high-pressure (~104 Pa) microwave reactor. The structure, composition, and current-voltage characteristics of the arrays were studied before and after hydrogen plasma treatment at various power values and durations. CNT tips were destroyed and catalytic iron was released from the CNT channels. The etching rate was influenced by iron particles that formed on the array surface. The lower emission threshold in the plasma-treated arrays than in the initial sample is explained by the amplification factor of the local electric field increasing due to graphene structures of unfolded nanotube layers that formed at the CNT tips.

Field of study: Materials science
Quantitative Analysis of Targeted Proteins in Complex Sample Using Novel Data Independent Acquisition

Data Independent Acquisition (DIA) is a novel mass spectrometry (MS) scan mode for quantitative proteomics, acquiring all precursors as well as fragments without losing the low abundant ions. This method overcome the limitation of product ion quantification by high-resolution MS. We developed three DIA methods on Q-qIT-OT Tribrid MS, classic DIA, novel Wide isolation window SIM scan DIA (WiSIM-DIA) and Full MS-DIA. WiSIM-DIA utilizes ultra-high resolution SIM scan for quantification, complementary with classic DIA. Quantitative analysis of 10 low abundant peptides spiked in Hela digest was performed by these three methods for linearity, reproducibility and sensitivity evaluation. The results showed that the LOQs reached amol level (14−435 amol) with good linearity and effective MS/MS confirmation. The isolation window of Full MS-DIA was as low as 3 amu, and the data can be directly used for database searching. This method realized the integration of Data dependent acquisition (DDA) and DIA, and thus overcoming the limitation of using spectra library.

Field of study: Chemistry
Asymptotic expansion for weighted least squares in linear regression models

A studentized weighted least squares estimator in a linear regression model is given, this statistic is proved to be asymptotically normal and can be used in applications, also an asymptotic expansion for the distribution of a standardized weighted least square with weights estimated by replication is given and we will comment on the asymptotic expansion for a studentized weighted least square, these expansions are useful in proving the validity of other procedures.

Field of study: Mathematics
Water in the interstellar media of galaxies

Water is a key constituent of interstellar matter, with a great influence on the formation of stars, planets, and life.The rotational and vibrational transitions of H2O are useful tracers of physical and chemical conditions in a broad range of astrophysical objects.This talk reviews recent observations of water in Galactic interstellar clouds and star-forming regions, as well as nearby galaxies and distant starbursts and AGN.Results are presented from several Herschel key programs, and prospects are outlined for future observations with ALMA and beyond.

Field of study: Physics
The Neutralization of Fritz Mandl: Notes on Wartime Journalism, the Arms Trade, and Anglo-American Rivalry in Argentina during World War II

Tp o followers of the North American tabloid press toward the end of World War II, Fritz Mandl of Buenos Aires was one of the era's best-known mystery men. An inveterate pursuer of glamor and show girls, Mandl, a multimillionaire, had bought into a small Hollywood company, Gloria Pictures, and was an investor in the fledgling Argentine film industry. His notoriety owed much to the fact that his second wife had been the film actress Hedy Kiesling, then approaching the height of her Hollywood career as Hedy Lamarr. A frisson rippled through caf6 society when it learned that Mandl's entourage in Buenos Aires included, among other moonlit ruins of the old Middle European nobility, Count Riidiger von Starhemberg and Rudy's wife Nora Gregor, formerly of the Burgtheatre in Vienna. But Mandl's prominence owed even more to the accusation, endlessly embroidered in the columns and radio broadcasts of Winchell, Heatter, Pearson, and their like, that he had brought his trade with him to Argentina: that of "Merchant of Death." The opening of British and American archives in the 1970S nlow makes it possible to reconstruct Mandl's world; perhaps even to do him modest justice. Further, a biographical essay offers glimpses of as-yet poorly mapped historiographical terrain: European and American participation in Latin America's new industrialization of the 1930s; emergence of the Argentine steel and arms industries; Nazi Germany's intentions and connections in Latin America; contention during wartime between Great

Field of study: History
Basic theoretical sports issues in the realms of language,meaning and history

Studying basic theoretical sports issues without the "realm" will not only render the study invalid,but also make the study a mess on the contrary,because this kind of exploration of sports humanistic sociological issues will subject to the restriction of the realm of the issues discussed without exception.By focusing on the characteris-tics of existence of sport,the authors probed into the nature,functions and origin of sport in three "entangled" realms,namely,"realm of language","realm of meaning" and "realm of time",and paid attention to the "mutual constitution and joint development" between human beings and the cultural works they have created.Perhaps,such a kind of thinking manner is the way to the methodology that substantially settles basic difficult issues in the area of sports humanistic sociology.

Field of study: Education
Differential effects of training intertrial interval on acquisition of trace and long-delay fear conditioning in rats.

Many factors govern conditioning effectiveness, including the intertrial interval (ITI) used during training. The present study systematically varied the training ITI during both trace and long-delay fear conditioning. Rats were trained using one of six different ITIs and subsequently tested for conditioning to the white noise conditioned stimulus (CS) and the training context. After trace conditioning, percent freezing to the CS was positively correlated with training ITI, whereas percent freezing to the context was negatively correlated with training ITI. In contrast, when rats were trained using a long-delay paradigm, freezing during the CS test session did not vary as a function of training ITI; rats exhibited robust freezing at all ITIs. The long-delay conditioned rats exhibited relatively low levels of freezing during the context test. Thus, trace is more sensitive than long-delay fear conditioning to variations in the training ITI. These data suggest that training ITI is an important variable to consider when evaluating age or treatment effects, where the optimal ITI may vary with advancing age or pharmacological treatment.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
The uptake of inorganic carbon by freshwater plants

The uptake of bicarbonate for photosynthetic assimilation by charophyte plants uses a chemiosmotic mechanism involving primary outward active transport of H+ in ‘acid zones’ of the membrane, and passive H+ re-entry in spatially separate ‘alkaline’ zones. In the process large electric currents circulate in the medium, and large local pH changes occur; bicarbonate ions, diffusing inwards across the unstirred layer of medium, encounter a number of competing mechanisms for the transfer of the carbon across the membrane. These are: 
 
i.transport of H2CO3 by diffusion 
ii.transport of CO2 by diffusion; or 
iii.co-transport of HCO3 and H+. 
 
 
The decision amongst these mechanisms is not yet possible. There are parallels between the charophytes and aquatic angiosperms that are indicated, and contrasts with the chlorophytes.

Field of study: Environmental science
Low-cost Actuator Controller Design for UAV Airborne Guided Missile Based on STC MCU

As the servo actuator, the actuator system is of great significance in the guided missile. Its performance plays a key role in the hit accuracy of the guided missile. For the simple reason that the guided missile is a one-time military device, low cost and high stability is the top concern in the design of guided missile. In order to meet the requirement above, the actuator controller based on STC MCU is designed in this paper. The hardware design is introduced in details one circuit by one circuit. Meanwhile, the software design is presented too. The controller designed is highly stable and relatively cheap. Several flight tests prove that it is a reasonable choice for the low-cost actuator system in the guided missile.

Field of study: Engineering
Diversity of temperature field self-organization structures and occurring critical values in chemical reaction systems

It is very important for reactor design and control to choose and control the temperature throughout the reaction process.The linear stability analysis showed that control parameters contained in a nonlinear kinetic system of equations resulted in the diversity of temperature self-organization structures and occurring critical values in Lindemann uni-molecular chemical reaction-diffusion-heat conduction systems.The results of numerical simulations also showed that the differences of occurring critical values of Turing bifurcation led to multiple wave number values of spatially periodic structures of temperature field.Without doubt,these significant results should be considered in order to reasonably design,correctly choose the reactor type and optimally control chemical reactors.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science