nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The Price of Power: Power Seeking and Backlash Against Female Politicians

Two experimental studies examined the effect of power-seeking intentions on backlash toward women in political office. It was hypothesized that a female politician’s career progress may be hindered by the belief that she seeks power, as this desire may violate prescribed communal expectations for women and thereby elicit interpersonal penalties. Results suggested that voting preferences for female candidates were negatively influenced by her power-seeking intentions (actual or perceived) but that preferences for male candidates were unaffected by power-seeking intentions. These differential reactions were partly explained by the perceived lack of communality implied by women’s power-seeking intentions, resulting in lower perceived competence and feelings of moral outrage. The presence of moral-emotional reactions suggests that backlash arises from the violation of communal prescriptions rather than normative deviations more generally. These findings illuminate one potential source of gender bias in politics.

Field of study: Psychology
Modeling of subsonic flow through a compact offset inlet diffuser

This paper presents a comparison of computational and experimental results that were obtained during an investigation of compressible flow through a compact, highly offset diffuser. Entrance values for the Mach number and the Reynolds number were 0.341 and 5.75(10)5, respectively. Strong curvature of the diffuser centerline produced extensive separation along one wall, which resulted in an exhaust flow with highly complex crossflow patterns and spatial nonuniformities. Our objective was to evaluate the use of an existing thin-layer Navier-Stokes code (ARC3D) to predict effects of diffuser shape and inlet flow properties on pressure recovery and exit flow quality. Comparisons are shown between computed and measured flow velocity components and wall pressure distributions. Agreement was satisfactory except in regions of separated flow. The Baldwin-Lomax algebraic turbulence model used in the code does not appear to represent adequately this complex separated region. We present preliminary results of computations made with a one-half-equation turbulence model, which accounts for some of the history effects in computing the turbulence length scale. The computed results show that the details of the axial velocity distribution in the separated flow region were quite different for the two turbulence models, but other features of the flow, such as the static pressure distributions, were only slightly affected.

Field of study: Physics
A CT assisted method for absolute quantitation of internal radioactivity.

A method is described for the determination of radioactivity (microCi or MBq) at an organ site within an object or patient. Using both anatomic image data (CT or MRI scans) and planar gamma camera images, activity at depth is determined using a matrix inversion method based on least squares. The result of the inversion analysis was the unknown set of n linear (uniform) activity densities representative of each organ within the phantom or patient. The problem was overdetermined since the number of unknown activity densities (microCi/cm) was much less than the number of analysis points (N) within the nuclear image. This method, defined as the CT assisted matrix inversion (CAMI) technique, was accurate to within 15% for a three "organ" plastic phantom, wherein the organs were right circular cylinders having activities of 74 to 508 microCi (or 2.74 MBq to 18.8 MBq). This accuracy included image quantitation effects, particularly assumptions concerning attenuation correction. The average absolute percent error of the estimated activity in four distinct radioactive volumes in the phantom was 9.8%. It was found that the background activity within the phantom was estimated to be too high if sampling regions near strong sources were used in the analysis (scatter effect). This was minimized by going at least 2 cm away from such sources. By applying the method to a monoclonal antibody clinical study, activities within the patient's major organs such as liver, spleen, and kidney could be estimated, even in cases where the organ could not be visualized. Here, the CAMI algorithm gave internally consistent results for the patient's left and right lung linear activity concentrations. The CAMI technique resolves the problem of tissue superimposition using depth information from 3-D CT and is applicable in cases where a number of organs overlap in the gamma camera image. Thus, the method should be generally useful to nuclear image quantitation and the estimation of absorbed radiation doses in patients. One particular application is the estimation of radiation doses in radioimmunotherapy (RIT).

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Research into the education economics of higher vocational technology education

Education can not only raise the labor productivity by improving people's knowledge and skill, but also affect the labor productivity by influencing the labourer's subjective efforts degree, because the impacts on labor productivity are different for the same level with different kinds of education. Higher vocational technology education and ordinary higher education are two different kinds of education, so their impacts on labor productivity are different. To the present actual condition, higher education of our country should adjust, the reform and development of higher vocational technology education must follow its law of development and run its characteristics.

Field of study: Education
Configuration of Digital Hearing Aid Easily Handled over Warped Frequency Axis in Fitting Process

Recently, the digital and LSI based miniaturization technologies drastically have changed the hearing aids from the conventional single function of amplification to multiple functions. However, since the conventional hearing aids mostly control the flat gain at the center of a frequency band divided every octave to recover the auditory loss of users, so that the discontinuous gain tends to deteriorate the hearing quality due to the unnatural saw-teeth figured error. This paper proposes a solution of digital hearing aid which can be independently controlled at each audiogram test frequency and provide superb voice quality with less noise due to continuous variable gain characteristics in a wide dynamic range. The simulation results show the outstanding effect of the proposed scheme in the voice quality improvement which potential hearing aid users have considered to be a key to satisfy them.

Field of study: Computer science
Nobles de papel: identidades oscilantes y genealogías borrosas en los descendientes de la realeza inca by Rocío Quispe-Agnoli (review)

De la lectura de este nuevo libro emerge a cada instante su decidida protagonista: doña María Joaquina Uchu Inca Túpac Yupanqui y Huayna Capac, vecina de la ciudad de México en la segunda mitad del siglo XVIII. Se trata de una mujer que intenta sobrevivir en condiciones adversas, construyendo un relato de sí misma que echa mano de un historial de hidalguía que solo existe en su memoria obstinada y en el papel. Doña María Joaquina se juega su dignidad en la tinta, con la cual teje estrategias retóricas que conjugan sus expectativas genealógicas y la vergüenza que le ocasiona su modesto devenir.

Field of study: History
噬菌体ψ297切除酶（xis）基因的克隆和序列分析

目的:克隆噬菌体Ψ297切除酶(xis)基因,并对其进行遗传与变异研究.H7菌株EH297染色体DNA,采用步移PCR方法寻找目的基因,并通过克隆、亚克隆、DNA测序等分子生物学方法获得切除酶基因,通过序列分析软件对此基因进行分析.

Field of study: Biology
Cognitive radio system for interference reduction in BANETs focused on epilepsy diagnosis

Epilepsy is considered a disorder in which a person has episodes of disturbed brain activity characterized by increased and abnormal synchronization of electrical neuronal activity and this electrical behavior is manifested with physical changes in the overall behavior of the body. As such, epilepsy can be diagnosed analyzing the electroencephalographic changes and their effects monitoring the other body signals. There are different clinical tools that allow monitoring physiological signals associated with a possible epileptic episode. However, they require wired connections and therefore monitoring is restricted to factors such as limited physical movements and loss of information when sensors are disconnected. This work proposes and designs a body area network (BANET) for continuous monitoring and event detection and we study the system behavior for different parameters associated with the transmission of information. The continuous monitoring signals are form the electroencephalogram ( EEG ) and electrocardiogram ( ECG ) sensors since these signals provide the most important data for the epilepsy detection while the event detection system is composed mainly by the electrogastrogram ( EGG ) sensors but other sensors are also considered. Also, we propose a system to reduce interference and energy consumption by making a more efficient use of the channels using a cognitive radio system. This system is mathematically studied.

Field of study: Computer science
The evolving story of AtzT, a periplasmic binding protein

The structure of AtzT, which is thought to be involved in atrazine uptake in bacteria, was solved by SAD phasing using an ethylmercury phosphate derivative. Density in the binding site was subsequently found to be guanine that was retained by the protein throughout the purification process. Replacing the guanine with 2-hydroxyatrazine allowed the manner of binding of this substrate to be determined and its comparison with what appears to be the original ligand for this protein.

Field of study: Chemistry
Spectral energy transfer and dissipation of magnetic energy from fluid to kinetic scales.

We investigate the magnetic energy transfer from the fluid to kinetic scales and dissipation processes using three-dimensional fully kinetic particle-in-cell plasma simulations. The nonlinear evolution of a sheet pinch is studied where we show that it exhibits both fluid scale global relaxation and kinetic scale collisionless reconnection at multiple resonant surfaces. The interactions among collisionless tearing modes destroy the original flux surfaces and produce stochastic fields, along with generating sheets and filaments of intensified currents. In addition, the magnetic energy is transferred from the original shear length scale both to the large scales due to the global relaxation and to the smaller, kinetic scales for dissipation. The dissipation is dominated by the thermal or pressure effect in the generalized Ohm's law, and electrons are preferentially accelerated.

Field of study: Physics
Research progress of application of simulated moving bed chromatography

Simulated moving bed chromatography is an efficient modern separation technology.There are many advantages in this technology,such as strong separation ability,small volume equipment,low costs,low environmental pollution,and easy to realize automatic control,particularly benefit the separation of heat-sensitive and the materials difficult to separate.In recent years,it attracts more and more attention of industrial field and the researchers,with the deep research of this technology,the application fields also expand unceasingly.Some new progress in research and application are summarized about simulated moving bed chromatography in petrochemical,food and pharmaceutical fields,in order to provide reference for the related research.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Embryo cryopreservation and transfer in Mustelidae: Approaches to ex situ conservation of the endangered European mink

Successful cryopreservation of Mustelidae embryos was proved by development of frozen–thawed farmed European polecat (model species) embryos both in vitro and in vivo. Intra- and interspecies embryo transfer was performed between the endangered European mink ( Mustela lutreola ) and related Mustelidae species: European polecats ( Mustela putorius ) and domestic ferrets ( Mustela putorius furo ). Intraspecies embryo transfer was successful if more than two embryos were transferred. However, straightforward interspecies embryo transfers between different Mustelidae species have not resulted in term kits. Nonetheless, this paper demonstrates the possibility to overcome interspecies pregnancy failure by using European polecat/European mink hybrid females (called honoriks or nohoriks) as recipients for European mink embryos. Integrated package of reproductive technologies, i.e. production of polecat/mink hybrids, cryopreservation and subsequent transfer of European mink embryos into uterine horns of hybrid females is recommended as an option for ex situ conservation of the European mink.

Field of study: Engineering
Genotypic diversity of Sinorhizobium (formerly Rhizobium) meliloti strains isolated directly from a soil and from nodules of alfalfa (Medicago sativa) grown in the same soil

The genetic structure of a population of Sinorhizobium meliloti (formerly Rhizobium meliloti) isolated from nodules of alfalfa (Medicago sativa cv. Europe) or isolated directly from the soil using an elective medium and colony hybridization was assessed by three molecular methods. Sixty-seven S. meliloti isolates were obtained from alfalfa nodules and 61 directly from soil. Plasmid profiles of S. meliloti isolates were analyzed as well as insertion sequence (IS) fingerprints using probes corresponding to the two indigenous IS elements:  The presence of a gene involved in nodule forming efficiency (nfeA gene) was also determined by PCR using specific primers, among S. meliloti isolates. Plasmid profile analysis revealed the presence of 23 distinct plasmid types among the 128 isolates tested and the distribution of plasmid types was significantly different between isolates obtained from nodules and isolates obtained from soil. The distributions of plasmid types among S. meliloti nodule isolates were similar to those in a collection of nodule isolates obtained from the same field 8 years previously. We have thus demonstrated that the distribution of plasmid types in alfalfa nodules has not varied over long periods in the absence of the host plant. IS fingerprinting was more discriminative than plasmid profiling as a total of 65 distinct IS genotypes were found among the same isolates. The distribution of IS genotypes was different between isolates obtained from nodules and those isolated from soil. These results suggest that sampling S. meliloti populations using the host plant may not be representative of existing soil populations. Genes like nfeA were detected in neither the nodule nor soil isolates. The dominant plasmid type in nodule isolates (30% of the population), carrying a large plasmid of 230 kb, is poorly represented among soil isolates (8%). This result suggests that this plasmid might be involved in the competitiveness of S. meliloti strains.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Conference: Rethinking Paraguayan History

From June 11 through June 15, 2012, the Universidad de Montevideo hosted the Terceras Jornadas Internacionales de Historia del Paraguay. This year’s conference, which mirrored the success of the previous meetings on Paraguayan history held in Montevideo in 2008 and 2010, included over 40 participants who came to the capital from the United States, Italy, Great Britain, Spain, Germany, Brazil, Paraguay, and Argentina to join their Uruguayan hosts. The conference was attended by over 100 observers, including some 50 history students from the Universidad Católica Nuestra Señora de la Asunción and the Universidad Nacional de Asunción. The conference saw the participation of many first-time participants, including Julia Sarreal of Arizona State University, who spoke on cacique leadership in the missions of Santa Ana y Corpus Christi; Carla Giaudrone (Rutgers University), who gave a timely piece on the portrayal of Indians during the centennial celebrations of 1911; Peter Lambert (University of Bath), who discussed nationalism and political violence in twentiethcentury Paraguay; and Javier Uriarte of the State University of New York at Stony Brook, who offered a unique perspective on the work of Augusto Roa Bastos. Las Jornadas also benefited from the participation of Ignacio Telesca of CONICET/Universitaet zu Köln, who discussed recent historiographical interpretations of the Jesuit missions, and Francisco Doratioto of the Universidade de Brasilia, who explained how visiting Brazilian diplomats helped dictator Alfredo Stroessner consolidate power. Other participants included the founding members of Las Jornadas: Thomas Whigham (University of Georgia), who gave a paper concerning the use of observation balloons during the War of the Triple Alliance; Bridget Chesterton (Buffalo State College), who offered new insight into Paraguayan environmental history in the early twentieth century; Liliana Brezzo (CONICET/Universidad Católica de Rosario), who examined Juan E. O’Leary’s contributions to Paraguayan intellectual history; and Juan Manuel Casal (Universidad de Montevideo), who traced Uruguayan perceptions of Paraguayan politics during the mid-twentieth century. The various talks are due to be published next year by Editorial Tiempo de Historia in Asunción. Organizers are already making plans for a fourth conference in 2014, also to be held in Montevideo.

Field of study: History
Streptococcus pneumoniae-induced purpura fulminans.

A 60-year-old man presented to the emergency department owing to a 2-day history of frequent vomiting and diarrhea, and fever. He had not undergone abdominal surgery, did not have an immunocompromised status, and had not received vaccination against pneumococcus. Clinical examination revealed high-grade fever, tachycardia, low blood pressure and systemic purpura lesions on the skin (Figure 1A). Laboratory analysis results indicated leukocytosis (white cell count, 22 …

Field of study: Medicine
Tensile Behaviors and Ratcheting Effects of Partially Sintered Chip-Attachment Films of a Nanoscale Silver Paste

The mechanical behaviors of partially sintered thick films of a nanoscale silver paste used for attaching semiconductor chips are studied. The films, about 150 μm thick, were made by repeatedly stencil-printing the paste on a ceramic substrate and sintering by a recommended heating profile suitable for device attachment. The partially sintered films were lifted off the substrate, and their tensile behaviors, i.e., stress–strain curves, were measured at temperatures between −60°C and 300°C using a dynamic mechanical analyzer (DMA). The elastic modulus and tensile strength of the sintered silver films decreased with increasing temperature. Ratcheting behaviors of the films under cyclic tension at 150°C were also tested by using the DMA by examining the effects of loading rate, mean stress, and stress amplitude. The ratcheting strain grew with increasing mean stress or stress amplitude and with decreasing loading rate.

Field of study: Materials science
Proton capture by 14N at astrophysical energies

Calculations are reported for low energy, proton capture by 14N with the recoil corrected continuum shell model. An interaction from a fit to Cohen and Kurath (6–16) p-shell matrix elements and Reid soft-core g-matrix elements is employed. The prediction for 14N(p, γ)15O, based on this model and available data, is that S(0) equals 1.676 and S(30) is 1.666 keV b. Good agreement with available cross section data support this result. No evidence is found for significant contributions from the subthreshold resonance.

Field of study: Physics
Effects of delta 9-THC on marijuana smoking, dose choice, and verbal report of drug liking.

The effects of delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol content of marijuana on cigarette smoking, dose choice, and verbal report of drug "liking" by adult males living in a residential laboratory were investigated. Marijuana cigarettes were available during programmed intervals while subjects were engaged in recreational activities. The tetrahydrocannabinol content of the cigarettes remained constant each day, but was changed across days. Subjects provided written ratings of drug liking at the end of each day. In the first study, placebo or active (2.3% delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol) marijuana cigarettes were available for 1-, 2-, or 3-day intervals at varying times of day. The number of cigarettes smoked was unrelated to tetrahydrocannabinol content, although verbal reports of drug liking were consistently higher when marijuana cigarettes containing tetrahydrocannabinol were smoked. In a second study, a choice procedure, consisting of four 3-day blocks of 2 sample days and 1 choice day, was used. On sampling days, subjects smoked cigarettes varying in tetrahydrocannabinol content (0.0, 2.0, and 3.5%, w/w); on choice days they were allowed to choose between the two previously sampled doses. The number of cigarettes was not consistently related to tetrahydrocannabinol content. Ratings of drug liking were increased when marijuana cigarettes contained tetrahydrocannabinol, but ratings of marijuana containing 2.0% and 3.5% of the compound were similar. In contrast, subjects consistently chose the 3.5% dose over either the 0.0% or 2.0% dose. Dose choice was more sensitive to tetrahydrocannabinol content than either reports of drug liking or numbers of cigarettes smoked.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Un-Rectifying Non-Linear Networks for Signal Representation

We consider deep neural networks with rectifier activations and max-pooling from a signal representation perspective. In this view, such representations mark the transition from using a single linear representation for all signals to utilizing a large collection of affine linear representations that are tailored to particular regions of the signal space. We propose a novel technique to “un-rectify” the nonlinear activations into data-dependent linear equations and constraints, from which we derive explicit expressions for the affine linear operators, their domains and ranges in terms of the network parameters. We show how increasing the depth of the network refines the domain partitioning and derive atomic decompositions for the corresponding affine mappings that process data belonging to the same partitioning region. In each atomic decomposition the connections over all hidden network layers are summarized and interpreted in a single matrix. We apply the decompositions to study the Lipschitz regularity of the networks and give sufficient conditions for network-depth-independent stability of the representation, drawing a connection to compressible weight distributions. Such analyses may facilitate and promote further theoretical insight and exchange from both the signal processing and machine learning communities.

Field of study: Engineering
Integrated sub-MM wave receivers

The concept of a fully integrated superconducting receiver looks very attractive for sub-mm space astronomy where low weight, power consumption and volume are required. The possibility to integrate on a few chips the different planar components: a SIS mixer, a superconducting local oscillator (LO), an intermediate frequency amplifier followed by superconducting circuits for digitizing and processing of down converted signals, is discussed. A first implementation of a real integrated quasioptical receiver for frequencies up to 500 GHz is described. The one-chip receiver comprises a double dipole antenna, parallel biased SIS array mixer and Josephson Flux Flow Oscillator (FFO) with matching circuits. The results of extensive investigations of the integrated receiver as well as design and investigation of novel superconducting elements are presented.<<ETX>>

Field of study: Physics