nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Research on Imitating a Forewarning System of Shipping Navigation based on MapBasic and Visual C

MapInfo Professional is the famous top of a table GIS software of the whole world, and is used very simply. As a secondary exploitation tool of MapInfo Professional. MapBasci has the strong ability to judge topological relation of graphs and the list processing function, and it can stride the terrace to be mixed compile with VB and VC. Imitating a forewarning system of shipping navigation, MapBasic can solve problems of judging topological relation of graphs, displaying graph, the renewal of graph and etc, then it can transfer the file of dynamic link libraries compiled by Visual C++ at MapBasic to broadcast forewarning sound.

Field of study: Computer science
Architecture-based regulatory compliance argumentation

We model regulation such that architecture-based compliance arguments can be made.We evaluate the approach on the migration of a telemedicine platform to the cloud.The approach has the potential to simplify compliance argumentation. Standards and regulations are difficult to understand and map to software, which makes compliance with them challenging to argue for software products and development process. This is problematic since lack of compliance may lead to issues with security, safety, and even to economic sanctions. An increasing number of applications (for example in healthcare) are expected to have to live up to regulatory requirements in the future, which will lead to more software development projects having to deal with such requirements. We present an approach that models regulations such that compliance arguments can be made in a principled way based on architectural requirements and architectural decisions. In particular, we discuss how one can form architectural requirements which are linked to regulatory texts. We then argue for completeness and correctness of this bi-directional link. We evaluate the approach on the migration of the telemedicine platform Net4Care to the cloud, where certain regulations (for example privacy) should be concerned. The approach has the potential to support simpler compliance argumentation with the eventual promise of safer and more secure applications.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
[Muscle-skeletal pain].

The paper is devoted to the most complicated aspects of low back pain. The differences between specific and nonspecific low back pain using the "red flags" system is highlighted. The authors consider the causes of pain chronification (the "yellow flags" system) and the necessity of using a biopsychosocial model. Main pathogenetic mechanisms of chronic muscle/skeletal pain are considered and the possible involvement of several mechanism in the pathogenesis of chronic pain as well as the use of complex therapy is discussed. The high efficacy and safety of ketorolac in treatment of nonspecific muscle/skeletal pain is demonstrated.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
EXPLORING ATTENDEES’ PERCEPTIONS ON SERVICE QUALITY PROVIDED AT THE VAAL RIVER CARNIVAL IN SOUTH AFRICA

There is growing evidence globally that the majority of attendees’ at carnival events complain about the service quality with regard to management, planning and organisation of facilities utilised at these events. South Africa is no exception and the complaints include the environment, security, client services, parking space, food accessibility and cultural activities. However, there is a lack of evidence in studies examining this issue, especially in developing countries like South Africa. Hence, the purpose of the study is to explore attendees’ perceptions of the quality of services provided at the Vaal River Carnival in South Africa. Considering the situational factors and the event environment, a non-probability sampling procedure was adopted. In this regard, a cross-sectional survey approach for collecting data from a conveniently selected sample of 335 attendees at the festival was undertaken. An exploratory factor procedure revealed seven factors namely facility access, location, food service, information, visitors interaction, valence and entertainment dimensions of carnival service quality construct. For practitioners and academics, the study presents a list of factors they may wish to consider in attempting to generate a greater degree of service quality among carnival settings.

Field of study: Business
A Comparison of Economic and Social Implications of Rapid Urbanization in Lima and Santiago de Chile

Peru and Chile have experienced an economic boom in recent decades that has transformed the urban form of their respective capital cities of Lima and Santiago. According to United Nations data, Lima and Santiago numbered just over one million inhabitants each in 1950. From 1950 to 2010 Lima’s population grew 740 percent and Santiago 351 percent, to 8.95 million inhabitants in Lima and 5.96 million in Santiago, part of a corresponding migration from rural to urban areas throughout Latin America. In this period, the urban form of each city was modified to accommodate growth. Urban development has been typified by densification of the core, agricultural land conversion, and a rise in informal settlements ( barriadas or pueblos jovenes in Lima and callampas in Santiago). In both Lima and Santiago, fragmented, polycentric growth has had transformative effects. The paper compares social, economic, and urban form indicators of urban sub-units in each city to understand the spatial and social connotations of growth and centrality in two South American cities. Given the largely unimpeded growth and resultant urban form, is decentralization a means for increasing access to amenities and citizen participation or is the lack of regional planning detrimental to vulnerable populations?

Field of study: Political science
Evaluation of an enclosure method for measuring emissions of volatile organic compounds from quiescent liquid surfaces

An enclosure method for direct measurement of volatile organic emissions from quiescent liquid surfaces was investigated under simulated conditions in the laboratory and in the field at two hazardous waste treatment facilities. In the laboratory study, accuracy and precision of the method was estimated under a variety of environmental and operational conditions including level of emission rates, emission composition, solar intensity, and enclosure sweep flow rate. Precision of the method was determined in the field studies at two sites under a range of environmental conditions including winter versus summer, full sun versus shade, low emission rate versus high emission rate, and polar and nonpolar compounds. The results of the laboratory study show that precision for a single-component emission rate was 3.0% or less measured as pooled relative standard deviation with a sweep flow rate of 5 L/min or above. A consistent negative bias of approximately 50% was found, which was independent of emission rate, solar intensity, or sweep flow rate at or above 5 L/min. The bias was found to vary with compound and between single-compound and multicompound emissions. Precision in the field was found to be approximately 20% expressed as relative standard deviation.

Field of study: Environmental science
An investigation of coping styles and gender differences with farmers in career transition

This study examined the role of career-related variables (vocational identity, career barriers) and coping variables (problem-solving appraisal and coping style) in predicting (a) depressive symptomatology and (b) perceived stress, control, and progress in the career transition of a farm population in crisis. The sample for this study consisted of 44 male and 35 female farmers with respective mean ages of 39.2 and 41.6 years

Field of study: Psychology
Silurian and Devonian coral zones in the Great Basin, Nevada and California

Charles W. Merriam studied Paleozoic stratigraphy and paleontology of Great Basin rocks for four decades. This culminated in 1973–1974 with the publication of four important monographs on the systematics and biostratigraphy of Silurian and Devonian rugose corals in the area. Merriam died in 1974 before completing work on the Late Devonian corals and without attempting to relate his coral zones to zones based on other biologic groups.

Merriam described the rugose corals of 12 coral zones and based his age assignments almost entirely on a comparison of the Great Basin corals with those known from other areas of the world. Analysis of associated invertebrate fossils shows that some of Merriam's age assignments were in error. In this paper, we discuss the relationships of the coral zones to those based on brachiopods, conodonts, and graptolites; we assign three of Merriam's zones to the Silurian, six to the Early Devonian, and three to the Middle Devonian. Merriam designated two additional (higher) zones, but he did not describe the included corals. These two zones are noted, and lists of Great Basin rugose coral genera of Late Devonian age are presented herein to complete this review of the coral succession in a major North American area.

Field of study: Geology
Design of a plate-type evaporator for heat pumps

Resume L'utilisation d'eau particulierement froide et/ou polluee comme source de chaleur des pompes a chaleur pose des exigences speciales pour la conception de l'evaporateur. L'evaporateur a plaques est probablement le type le plus approprie. ll est facile a nettoyer et la formation de la glace ne le deteriore pas. On obtient un grand rendement des plaques en realisant des canaux verticaux etroits pour la circulation de frigorigene. Du cote de l'eau l'eaecoulement pelliculaire descendant est recommande. Dans ces conditions des coefficients k de l'evaporateur atteignant environ 1 400 et 1 200 W m−2K−1 ont ete obtenus dans des essais de laboratoire en utilisant, respectivement, le R 22 et le R 12. Les experiences ont montre que l'on pouvait utiliser des temperatures d'eau de 2°C ou moins. Cela permet d'utiliser des sources de chaleur abondantes qui ne pourraient probablement pas etre exploitees de facon economique avec d'autres types d'evaporateur.

Field of study: Engineering
Evidence that the upper critical field of Nb3Sn is independent of whether it is cubic or tetragonal

Although 2011 marks the 50th anniversary of Nb3Sn as the first high field superconductor, real understanding of its upper critical field behavior Hc2 is incomplete. Here, we show surprising Hc2 data on highly homogeneous bulk samples that exhibit identical upper critical field Hc2(0.3 K) ∼ 29 ± 0.2 T with or without undergoing the cubic-to-tetragonal transition, a result in strong contrast to widely used multiple-source data compilations that show a strong depression of Hc2(0 K) from 29 T to 21.4 T in the tetragonal state.

Field of study: Physics
The medical and legal risks of the electronic fetal monitor.

Electronic fetal heart monitoring (EFM) is the most widely used method of monitoring the fetal heartbeat for possible signs of distress during delivery. Soon after its development in the 1960s, EFM replaced intermittent auscultation as the standard of care in the obstetrical community. However, Margaret Lent argues that the widespread use of EFM is both medically and legally unsound. Lent points to a series of clinical trials that demonstrate that EFM does not reduce fetal mortality, morbidity, or cerebral palsy rates. These studies suggest that EFM has a very high false positive rate, and that EFM usage correlates strongly with a rise in cesarean section rates. Similarly, EFM provides no protection in the courtroom. Though obstetricians believe that they should use EFM because its status as the standard of care will protect them from liability, Lent argues that it may in fact expose them to liability given its failings. Instead, she argues that auscultation is equally, if not more, safe and effective, and is more likely to protect physicians from liability. Lent concludes that obstetricians have an obligation to their patients and to themselves to adopt auscultation as the new standard of care.

Field of study: Law
Bhattacharyya distance-based irregular pyramid method for image segmentation

This paper proposes a new unsupervised image segmentation method by using Bhattacharyya distance-based irregular pyramid, termed as ‘BDIP’ algorithm. The proposed BDIP algorithm obtains a suboptimal labelling solution under the condition that the number of segments is not manually given. It hierarchically builds each level of the irregular pyramid, with the result that the final segments emerge as they are represented by single nodes at certain levels. The BDIP algorithm employs Bhattacharyya distance to estimate the intra-level similarity at higher pyramidal levels so as to improve the accuracy and robustness to noise. Furthermore, an adaptive neighbour search method is proposed such that the BDIP algorithm can self-determine the number of segments. This method considers not only the graphic constraint, but also the similarity constraint in the sense that a candidate node is selected as a neighbour of the centre node if there is no boundary evidence between these two nodes. With the pyramidal accumulation, this evaluation is aggregated into the approximately global evidence, based on which the number of segments can be self-determined. Experimental results have shown that this proposed BDIP algorithm outperforms other benchmark segmentation algorithms in terms of segmentation accuracy, labelling cost and robustness to noise.

Field of study: Computer science
Evidence for Quaternary Movement on the McKinley Strand of the Denali Fault in the Delta River Area, Alaska

Offset Holocene alluvial fans and drainages along the McKinley strand of the Denali fault near the Delta River in the east-central Alaska Range indicate as much as 50 to 60 m of right-lateral displacement during the last 10,000 yrs. Vertical movement of 6 to 10 m during the same time interval is reflected by south-facing scarps along the trace of the fault. All but possibly 1 m of the lateral movement is thought to predate the 1830 neoglacial ice advance. Older drainages have been offset in a right-lateral sense since early Wisconsin or Illinoian time by as much as 6.5 km or, alternatively, by as little as 1 km.

Field of study: Geology
The Future of Inflation Targeting

As an academic economist, the current chairman of the Federal Reserve, Ben Bernanke, was a leading advocate of inflation targeting. But as chairman he has been more flexible, tolerating higher inflation temporarily to reduce the risks of severe recession and a credit crisis. We speak to a leading monetary economist and one of Bernanke's research colleagues on the theory of inflation targeting today. He argues that there are indeed good reasons to be more flexible about inflation under some circumstances and that the theory of inflation targeting is evolving.

Field of study: Economics
Coherent and noncoherent double diffractive production of $Q \bar{Q}$ pairs in collisions of heavy ions at high-energies

The double coherent and non-coherent diffractive production of heavy quark - antiquark pairs ($Q \bar{Q}$) in heavy ion scattering at high energies (LHC) is considered. The total and differential cross sections of these processes with the formation of $c \bar{c}$ and $b \bar{b}$ pairs in $pp$, $CaCa$ and $PbPb$ collisions are evaluated. The contribution of the considered mechanisms is a few per cent of the number of heavy quark - antiquark pairs obtained in the processes of hard (QCD) scattering, and it will be taken into account in the registration of $c$, $b$ quarks or, for instance, in the study of the heavy quarkonia suppression effects in Quark - Gluon Plasma, in the search for intermediate mass Higgs bosons and so on. It is shown that the cross section of the coherent scattering process is great enough. This makes it suitable for studying collective effects in nuclear interactions at high energies. An example of such effects is given: large values of the invariant mass of a $Q \bar{Q}$pair, $M_{Q \bar{Q}} \gsim 100$ GeV, in association with a large rapidity gap between diffractive jets $\Delta \eta > 5$.

Field of study: Physics
Development of context-specific tolerance to morphine: support for a dual-process interpretation.

Four experiments were concerned with the development in rats of context-specific tolerance to the sedating and analgesic effects of morphine. Experiment 1 was conducted to assess the temporal course of activity changes and analgesia consequent to acute morphine administration. Experiments 2, 3, and 4 were conducted to assess the development of context-specific morphine tolerance in the two measures under different conditions of pairing of morphine with a distinctive environment. In support of a dual-process model (postulating both a general tendency for conditioned diminution of unconditioned responding and a more restricted influence of the development of specific conditioned compensatory responses), tolerance was observed in both measures, but evidence of conditioned compensatory response was found only in the activity measure. The differential evidence of conditioned compensatory response in the two measures was interpreted as consistent with the fact that the activity measure showed a biphasic unconditioned response in Experiment 1 whereas the analgesic measure did not.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Why Study Positive Emotions in the Context of Eating Disorders?

Experimental research, supported by systematic reviews, establishes that people with eating disorders have emotional difficulties in terms of recognising, regulating and expressing their emotions. These emotional difficulties contribute to poor social functioning and problems with relationships. The existing literature includes a broad range of studies, many of which have utilised self-report measures, but experimental studies of emotions in eating disorders are still limited. The primary aim of this paper is to highlight gaps in the clinical research on emotions in eating disorders, focusing on experimental investigations from our lab and highlighting potentially useful future directions for further basic research and its translation into new developments in treatment and prevention. Recent findings using experimental paradigms to study the expression of emotions along with neuroimaging research exploring differences in facial emotion processing are discussed, and clinical implications are presented.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Oxide ionic conductivity in Pr2(Ni, Cu, Ga)O4 + δ–(Ce, Sm)O2–δ laminated film estimated with the Hebb–Wagner method

Oxide ionic conductivity in multilayer nano-thickness film consisting of Cu- and Ga-doped Pr 2 NiO 4 + δ (PNCG) and Sm-doped CeO 2 (SDC) was measured using an ion blocking technique. It was found that oxide ionic conductivity in laminated films along the in-plane direction was higher than that of the SDC bulk, and that electronic hole conductivity was suppressed compared with the PNCG bulk. The estimated activation energy for oxide ionic conductivity in the PNCG/SDC multilayer film was 0.52 eV, a value that is much smaller than those in conventional oxide ionic conductors such as yttria-doped zirconia. The transport number of oxide ionic conductivity ( t i , P O2  = 0.21) was 0.99 to 0.61 at a temperature region from 1073 K to 673 K, suggesting that the main carriers in the PNCG/SDC laminated film were oxide ions.

Field of study: Materials science
Robust extraction of baseline signal of atmospheric trace species using local regression

The identification of atmospheric trace species measurements that are representative of well-mixed background air masses is required for monitoring atmospheric composition change at background sites. We present a statistical method based on robust local regression that is well suited for the selection of background measurements and the estimation of associated baseline curves. The bootstrap technique is applied to calculate the uncertainty in the resulting baseline curve. The non-parametric nature of the proposed approach makes it a very flexible data filtering method. Application to carbon monoxide (CO) measured from 1996 to 2009 at the high-alpine site Jungfraujoch (Switzerland, 3580 m a.s.l.), and to measurements of 1,1-difluoroethane (HFC-152a) from Jungfraujoch (2000 to 2009) and Mace Head (Ireland, 1995 to 2009) demonstrates the feasibility and usefulness of the proposed approach. The determined average annual change of CO at Jungfraujoch for the 1996 to 2009 period as estimated from filtered annual mean CO concentrations is −2.2 ± 1.1 ppb yr−1. For comparison, the linear trend of unfiltered CO measurements at Jungfraujoch for this time period is −2.9 ± 1.3 ppb yr−1.

Field of study: Environmental science
Modular Architecture for Efficient Generation and Correlation of Complementary Set of Sequences

Golay sequences and complementary sets of sequences have been long studied for their application in multisensor and communication systems. The feasibility of these systems strongly depends on the design of an efficient generator and correlator with the aim of reducing the computational load and hardware complexity. Recursive algorithms, which allow efficient architectures, are available in the case of complementary pairs of sequences and complementary sets of four sequences. This work presents a generalization of these algorithms with the purpose of obtaining complementary sets of M sequences with length L, the number of sequences M being a power of two (M=2m), and the length L a power of M (L=2mN) with m,Nisin N-{0}. This fact allows an ideal Kroumlnecker delta function of weight MmiddotL in the addition of the autocorrelation functions of the M sequences of the set. Furthermore, the generation of M different mutually orthogonal sets can be obtained. This fact makes their application suitable in simultaneous multiemission systems. With the proposed algorithm, an effective reduction in the number of operations necessary to implement the correlator can be obtained, if it is compared with the straightforward implementation. Also, a regular structure is provided that allows implementation of the generator and/or the correlator for complementary sets of M sequences, based on the structure for complementary sets of M/2 sequences The sequence length can also be easily extended to any multiple of M. Finally, the generation and correlation of M different mutually orthogonal complementary sets of M sequences can be immediately derived

Field of study: Engineering
Scheme for Performance Improvement of P2P Live Video Streaming on LANs

With the quick development of Peer-to-Peer Live Video Streaming(P2PLVS),the traffic of streaming media has taken a great part of Internet traffic,which severely impacts those ISP′s ordinary service.Currently,there is few method which can relieve the traffic stress brought by P2PLVS applications without impacting playback performance of users.In this paper,we first analyze the common working mechanism of Mesh based P2PLVS,and then present an application-level protocol based scheme to improve the overall performance of P2PLVS for LAN users.The scheme can effectively reduce the ISP′s streaming media traffic brought by the P2PLVS peers within the LAN,and meanwhile improve their playback performance in terms of download efficiency and playback delay.Prototype System based experiments prove that for program-concentrated P2PLVS in LAN,this scheme is reliable and effective.

Field of study: Computer science