nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Mesotelioma pleural en Costa Rica

El mesotelioma es una neoplasia originada en las membranas serosas que tapizan las cavidades celomicas y recubren las visceras que contienen, cuyo desarrollo se ha relacionado con la exposicion al asbesto. El presente estudio describe las caracteristicas de los casos de Mesotelioma pleural diagnosticados en los 3 hospitales nacionales de adultos de Costa Rica. Se revisaron los archivos de patologia de los 3 hospitales nacionales generales del Seguro Social de Costa Rica y se encontraron 29 casos reportados de mesotelioma pleural, durante el periodo comprendido entre 1972 y 2002. Se estimo una tasa para 2002, de 1 caso por cada 2 millones de habitantes. Quince casos estudiados fueron mujeres y 14, hombres, con una edad promedio de 54 anos. La presentacion clinica fue, en 20 casos, derrame pleural, y los sintomas mas frecuentes fueron disnea, dolor toracico, tos, fiebre y deterioro del estado general. La enfermedad se detecto en todos los pacientes por radiografia de torax y el metodo para obtener la muestra para diagnostico histologico, en 15 casos, fue la toracotomia; en 8, la biopsia pleural; en 4, la toracoscopia, y en 2, la autopsia. En 5 casos la biopsia pleural fue reportada inicialmente como adenocarcinoma. El diagnostico histologico fue de mesoteliomas fibrosos en 16, (10 malignos y 6 benignos); 11 mesoteliomas epiteliales, todos malignos, y 2 mesoteliomas mixtos malignos. El tratamiento en los casos benignos fue cirugia y ninguno recidivo. Dos casos de mesoteliomas malignos se resecaron, uno de ellos con una neumonectomia extrapleural con pericardiectomia y reseccion del diafragma, pero la supervivencia no fue mejor que del resto de los malignos, ya que ningun caso supero los 6 meses. La quimioterapia y la radioterapia tampoco demostraron mejorar significativamente la evolucion de la enfermedad.

Field of study: Mathematics
Governmentality and the Analytics of Development

AbstractIn this article, I discuss the extension of Foucault’s work on governmentality into the fields of global studies in general and development studies in particular. Drawing on insights from postdevelopment theory and critical race theory, I present an adaptation of governmentality—labeled developmentality—that is intended to bridge the gap between those studies dealing with the regulatory aspects of development in the global South and those dealing with construction of ethical identities in the North.

Field of study: Political science
A thorough investigation of MOSFETs NBTI degradation

An overview of evolution of transistor parameters under negative bias temperature instability stress conditions commonly observed in p-MOSFETs in recent technologies is presented. The physical mechanisms of the degradation as well as the different defects involved have been discussed according to a systematic set of experiments with different stress conditions. According to our findings, a physical model is proposed which could be used to more accurately predict the transistor degradation. Finally, the influence of different process splits as the gate oxide nitridation, the nitrogen content, the source/drain implant and poly doping level on the NBTI degradation is investigated and discussed with our present understanding.

Field of study: Engineering
Preparation of ferroelectric PLZT thin films

Transparent ferroelectric PLZT thin films were prepared on fused-quartz substrates by rf sputtering using a powder target of pulverized ceramic PLZT. The substrate temperature was kept above 550° C to obtain the film. Excess PbO in the target may act as a sort of flux for crystal growth. The dielectric constant of the film was 500 at room temperature and the film showed a ferroelectric hysteresis curve. By an appropriate annealing, the transparency of the film became improved. The electrooptic effects of the film was measured for the first time. The light intensity reflected from the film was changed strongly by application of the electric field. With light incident at 70° , an intensity change of 33% was obtained at the electric field of 12.5kV/cm.

Field of study: Materials science
DEVELOPMENT OF FEA MODELS OF RC SLABS AND SHEAR WALLS CONSIDERING DAMAGE ACCUMULATION UNDER REVERSE CYCLIC LOADING

The constitutive models of concrete and steel are very important for investigating the behavior of loading capacity-deformation of reinforced concrete structures.The purpose of this paper is to develop material constitutive models for two-dimensional nonlinear finite element analysis of RC panels and shear walls subjected to reverse cyclic loading.The method for considering damage accumulation of concrete under cyclic loading is presented and two-dimensional nonlinear finite element analyses of RC panels and shear walls are carried out.Based on the comparison between analysis results and test results,it is concluded that the nonlinear behavior of RC panels and shear walls subjected to reverse cyclic loading can be simulated well with the two-dimensional finite element models provided in this paper,which considers damage accumulation.

Field of study: Engineering
FACTORS INFLUENCING ORGANIZATIONAL DEVELOPMENT: A LITERATURE REVIEW

This paper reviewed extant literature on the factors that influence organizational development. Organizations are social systems that are vulnerable to environmental vagaries and one of the ways to manage these dynamics is through organizational development which is the deliberate effort in growing the capacity of the firm in order to bring about successful performance. The leaders can do this through deliberate efforts in effective leadership and good corporate governance, create an innovative organization, corporate communication, knowledge sharing and inter-functional coordination, strategic management, resource leveraging, total quality management, information and communication technology (ICT) in corporation among others. Â It is recommended in this paper that management pays serious attention to these salient factors in order to take the organization to the desired destination.

Field of study: Business
Palindrome-Mediated Translocations in Humans: A New Mechanistic Model for Gross Chromosomal Rearrangements

Palindromic DNA sequences, which can form secondary structures, are widely distributed in the human genome. Although the nature of the secondary structure—single-stranded “hairpin” or double-stranded “cruciform”—has been extensively investigated in vitro, the existence of such unusual non-B DNA in vivo remains controversial. Here, we review palindrome-mediated gross chromosomal rearrangements possibly induced by non-B DNA in humans. Recent advances in next-generation sequencing have not yet overcome the difficulty of palindromic sequence analysis. However, a dozen palindromic AT-rich repeat (PATRR) sequences have been identified at the breakpoints of recurrent or non-recurrent chromosomal translocations in humans. The breakages always occur at the center of the palindrome. Analyses of polymorphisms within the palindromes indicate that the symmetry and length of the palindrome affect the frequency of the de novo occurrence of these palindrome-mediated translocations, suggesting the involvement of non-B DNA. Indeed, experiments using a plasmid-based model system showed that the formation of non-B DNA is likely the key to palindrome-mediated genomic rearrangements. Some evidence implies a new mechanism that cruciform DNAs may come close together first in nucleus and illegitimately joined. Analysis of PATRR-mediated translocations in humans will provide further understanding of gross chromosomal rearrangements in many organisms.

Field of study: Biology
Semi-analytical method of analyzing quadrupole field in eletron optics

Semi-analytical method,a new solution to calculate electromagnetic field,is applied to analyze three kinds of quadrupole field of shape-varied electrodes in electron optics.Positions of polar points can be determined precisely,simply and efficiently by equivalent source filling according to the different shape of electrodes.Since the general solution of this method is analytic series of scalar potential,electric field intensity could be obtained by first derivation.Calculation relative errors are almost 10-3 for quadrupole fields of curved cylindrical electrodes and plat plate electrodes,while 0.001% for field of prominence cylindrical electrodes.

Field of study: Physics
Finite type multiple flag varieties of exceptional groups

Consider a simple complex Lie group $G$ acting diagonally on a triple flag variety $G/P_1\times G/P_2\times G/P_3$, where $P_i$ is parabolic subgroup of $G$. We provide an algorithm for systematically checking when this action has finitely many orbits. We then use this method to give a complete classification for when $G$ is of type $F_4$. The $E_6, E_7,$ and $E_8$ cases will be treated in a subsequent paper.

Field of study: Mathematics
Comparative efficacy of synthetic insecticides and plant products against the incidence of pigeonpea pod borers

Field trials on the study of comparative efficacy of synthetic insecticides and plant products against the incidence of pigeonpea pod borers were conducted during 1994-1995 and 1995-1996 Kharif seasons in the Central Agriculture Research Station at Bhubaneswar. The study revealed the superiority of endosulfan 35% E.C. followed by acephate 75% S.P. and triazophos 40% E.C. each @ 0.5 kg a.i./ha in controlling the pod borers. Lower larval population was maintained in endosulfan (0.28. 08/plant), acephate, (0.91-3.61/ plant) and triazophos (0.28-3.08/plant), acephate, (0.91-3.61/plant) and triazophos (0.96-3.70/plant) treatments in comparison to other test insecticides and untreated control (1.09-26.73/plant). The effective control of pod borers was manifested with the marked increase in seed yields which were 1087.2, 878.0 and 805.8 kg/ha in endosulfan, acephate and triazophos treatments respectively as against 277.8 kg/ha in untreated control. The extent of yield increase in these three treatments were 190.1 to 291.4% over control.

Field of study: Biology
The Effect of Colored Filters Method on Treating Dyslexia Among Learning Difficulty Students

The purpose of this study was to identify the effect of colored filters on treating dyslexia among students with learning difficulty in Jarash. Participants were 30 male and female students and were assigned to experimental and control groups aging (6-12) years. Results revealed statistically significant differences in favor of the experimental group on the posttest regarding the effect of colored filters method on treating dyslexia. However, no statistically significant differences were found attributed to age and sex. The researchers recommend holding awareness raising workshop on the importance of colored filters method on treating reading difficulty.  Colored Filters, Dyslexia, Learning Difficulties

Field of study: Education
Measurements of the species concentration in flow field with the technique of spontaneous Raman imaging(II)

A spontaneous Raman imaging system which can monitor the concentrations of major species in flow field in real time is described. The results of the low pressure O 2 are presented and the lowest pressure we measured is 133Pa. This technique can be calibrated in real time by an introduction of a known amount of N 2. The error is less than 8%. The measurement precision of O 2(a 1Δ) concentration will be improved largely when this technique is applied to monitor chemical oxygen-iodine laser singlet oxygen generator performance.

Field of study: Physics
Forest fire emissions in Portugal: a contribution to global warming?

A forecast of expected evolution of carbon dioxide (CO(2)) emissions in Portugal between 1988 and 2010 is presented. Predictions show that CO(2) emissions will almost double in the next twenty years. The equivalent potential CO(2) emissions from nitrogen oxides (NO(x)) and volatile organic compounds (VOC), for a time horizon of 20 years, is also presented. NO(x) and VOC emissions seem to make a significant contribution to the global warming potential of Portuguese emissions. Estimates of CO(2) emissions due to forest fires have been made, oriented towards the study of the Portuguese contribution to the global warming. If the burned area exceeds 100 000 ha this contribution could reach 7% of the total Portuguese CO(2) emissions. The global warming potential of Portuguese forest emissions were also calculated. The climate change predicted to Portugal could be responsible for an increase in the forest fires and consequently for a greater contribution of its emissions to the total values. It was concluded that it is important to quantify emissions of the greenhouse gases, including the contribution of forest fire emissions, not only in Portugal, but in all the Southern European countries.

Field of study: Environmental science
Coccolithen-Diagenese in Malm-Kalken (Solnhofen/Frankenalb, Oberalm/Salzburg)

ZusammenfassungRasterelektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen der Solnhofener Plattenkalke (Lagunensediment) und der Oberalmer Kalke (bathyale Sedimente) zeigen weitgehend ähnliche diagenetische Veränderungen der Coccolithen-Morphologie. Die Vielfalt der während der Sedimentation, am Meersboden und im Sediment möglichen Lösungs- und Abscheidungsvorgänge (siehe Abb. 1) erscheinen in den beiden, aus unterschiedlichen paläogeographischen Bereichen stammenden Malm-Kalken homogenisiert.AbstractAccording to Stereoscan Electron Microscope Studies of the Upper Jurassic (Tithonian) Solnhofen limestone (Southern Franconia) and of the Oberalm limestone (Northern Calcareous Alps) similar diagenetic criteria can be recognized in the alterations of the coccolith morphology. In contrast to the various solution- and precipitation patterns formed during the sedimentation of the ultraplancton, on the sea-floor or in the sediment (see fig. 1) no differentiation can be made with regard to the submicroscopic criteria caused by diagenetic processes in different environments (Solnhofen: subtidal lagoon with alternating hypersaline conditions with growth of blue-green-algal mats and normal marine water conditions with the sedimentation of ultraplancton. — Oberalm: bathyal basin with strongly burrowed soft bottoms and common sedimentation of ultraplancton).RésuméLes études par S.E.M. des calcaires en minces bancs de Solenhofen (sédiment lagunaire) et des calcaires d'Oberalm (sédiment bathyal) montrent des transformations diagénétiques sensiblement les mÊmes dans la morphologie des coccolithes. La multiplicité des processus de dissolution et de précipitation pouvant intervenir au cours de la sédimentation sur le fond de la mer et dans le sédiment, apparaissent comme s'homogénéisant dans ces deux calcaires du Mahn provenant de domaines paléogéographiques différents.кРАткОЕ сОДЕРжАНИЕпРИ ИсслЕДОВАНИИ сОл ьНгОФскИх слОИстых И жВЕстНькОВ (лАгУННАь ОсАДОЧНАь п ОРОДА) И ВЕРхНЕАльМскИх ИжВЕ стНькОВ (глУБОкОВОДН ыЕ ИжВЕстНькИ) с пОМОЩьУ ЁлЕктРОННОИ МИкРОск ОпИИ УстАНОВИлИ жНАЧИтЕл ьНыЕ схОДстВА ДИАгЕН ЕтИЧЕскИх ИжМЕНЕНИИ стРОЕНИь к ОккОлИтОВ. НЕсМОтРь НА МНОгООБР АжИЕ ВОжМОжНых пРОцЕ ссОВ РАстВОРЕНИь И ВыпАДЕ НИь (РИс. 1) ВО ВРЕМь ОсАДкОНАкОп лЕНИь НА ДНЕ МОРь И В сА МОМ сЕДИМЕНтЕ, ЁтИ ИжВЕст НькИ,  Иж РАжлИЧНых пАлЕОгЕОг РАФИЧЕскИх ОБлАстЕИ, с пОМОЩьУ ДАННОгО МЕтОДА НЕ РЕж лИЧАУтсь И кАжУтсь гОМОгЕННыМ И.

Field of study: Environmental science
Identification of Long-Chain Unsaturated Fatty Acids in Deep-Sea Fish Oil by Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry/Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization

A method for the identification of long-chain unsaturated fatty acids in deep-sea fish oil using 1,2-benzo-3,4-dihydrocarbazole-9-ethyl-benzenesulfonate (BDEBS) as pre-column derivatization reagent by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS) has been developed. To avoid the migration of double bond in the fatty acid chain, fish oil samples are saponificated and derivatized under nitrogen circumstance. The derivatized solution was extracted with hexane and dried under a stream of nitrogen; the residue was re-dissolved with acetonitrile prior to LC analysis. MS analysis of the fatty acid derivatives exhibited regular information regarding the position of the double bond in the fatty acid chain. With molecular ion mass at m/z [MH] + and specific fragment ions obtained with MS analysis, the position of the double bond in fatty acid chain was located (or calculated) by means of several established formulae. According to the analysis of HPLC/MS/APCI, 23 fatty acids were identified. The main fatty acids in deep-sea fish oil are C 12 –C 22 and 67.08% (area percent) of them are polyunsaturated fatty acids. The main components of the unsaturated fatty acids are C 16:1 : 9-hexadecenoic acid, 11.7%; C 16:4 : 4,7,10,13-hexadecatetraenoic acid, 2.91%; C 18:1 : 12-octadecenoic acid, 11.1%; C 18:4 : 6,9,12,15-octadecatetraenoic acid, 3.62%; C 20:1 : 13-eicosenoic acid, 1.21%; C 20:5 : 5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid, 16.71%; C 22:6 : 2,5,8,11,14,17-docosahexenoic acid, 10.53%. The established method provides a new technical tool for the location of double bond positions in the polyunsaturated fatty acids.

Field of study: Chemistry
An Analysis of the NIST SP 800-90A Standard

We conduct a multi-faceted investigation of the security properties of the three deterministic random bit generator (DRBG) mechanisms recommended in the NIST SP 800-90A standard . This standard received a considerable amount of negative attention, due to the host of controversy and problems with the now retracted DualEC-DRBG, which was included in earlier revisions. Perhaps because of the attention paid to the DualEC, the other algorithms in the standard have received surprisingly patchy analysis to date, despite widespread deployment. This paper provides an analysis of the remaining DRBG algorithms in NIST SP 800-90A. We uncover a mix of positive and less than positive results, emphasizing and addressing the gap between theoretical models, and the NIST DRBGs as specified and used. As an initial positive result, we verify claims in the standard by proving (with a few caveats) the forward security of all three DRBGs. However, digging deeper into flexibility in implementation and usage choices permitted by the standard, we uncover some undesirable properties of these standardized DRBGs. Specifically, we argue that these DRBGs have the property that leaking certain parts of the state may lead to catastrophic failure of the algorithm. Furthermore, we show that flexibility in the specification allows implementers and users of these algorithms to make choices that considerably weaken the algorithms in these scenarios.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Characterization of a Broad-spectrum Neutralization Monoclonal Antibody against Haemagglutinin of H5 Subtype Avian Influenza Virus

The monoclonal antibody (McAb) 8H5 against the haemagglutinin of the H5 subtype avian influenza virus (AIV) was developed by fusing SP2/0 myeloma cells with the spleen cells of BALB/c mice immunized with Ck/HK/Yu22/02(H5N1). McAb 8H5 was nonreactive to H5-HA by indirect immune fluorescence test and hemagglutinin inhibition test (HI) with 13 strains of non-H5 standard AIV. McAb 8H5 showed high reacitivity with 33 strains of H5N1 virus isolated from 2002 to 2006 in different areas and hosts by HI test and neutralization test (NT). These results suggested that McAb 8H5 is a special broad-spectrum neutralization monoclonal antibody against haemagglutinin of H5 subtype AIV and recognizes a very conserved epitope in HA. Based on McAb 8H5, a diagnostic assay for H5N1 viruses was developed and the results suggested that McAb 8H5 will be of great use in diagnosing H5N1 viruses.

Field of study: Biology
Environmental drivers of soil microbial community distribution at the Koiliaris Critical Zone Observatory.

Data on soil microbial community distribution at large scales are limited despite the important information that could be drawn with regard to their function and the influence of environmental factors on nutrient cycling and ecosystem services. This study investigates the distribution of Archaea, Bacteria and Fungi as well as the dominant bacterial phyla (Acidobacteria, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes), and classes of Proteobacteria (Alpha- and Betaproteobacteria) across the Koiliaris watershed by qPCR and associate them with environmental variables. Predictive maps of microorganisms distribution at watershed scale were generated by co-kriging, using the most significant predictors. Our findings showed that 31-79% of the spatial variation in microbial taxa abundance could be explained by the parameters measured, with total organic carbon and pH being identified as the most important. Moreover, strong correlations were set between microbial groups and their inclusion on variance explanation improved the prediction power of the models. The spatial autocorrelation of microbial groups ranged from 309 to 2.226 m, and geographic distance, by itself, could explain a high proportion of their variation. Our findings shed light on the factors shaping microbial communities at a high taxonomic level and provide evidence for ecological coherence and syntrophic interactions at the watershed scale.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
A simple and efficient estimator for hyperbolic location

An effective technique in locating a source based on intersections of hyperbolic curves defined by the time differences of arrival of a signal received at a number of sensors is proposed. The approach is noniterative and gives an explicit solution. It is an approximate realization of the maximum-likelihood estimator and is shown to attain the Cramer-Rao lower bound near the small error region. Comparisons of performance with existing techniques of beamformer, spherical-interpolation, divide and conquer, and iterative Taylor-series methods are made. The proposed technique performs significantly better than spherical-interpolation, and has a higher noise threshold than divide and conquer before performance breaks away from the Cramer-Rao lower bound. It provides an explicit solution form that is not available in the beamforming and Taylor-series methods. Computational complexity is comparable to spherical-interpolation but substantially less than the Taylor-series method.

Field of study: Engineering
Apparent Tensorial Conductivity of Layered Composites

A lamination theory is proposed to treat a multilayered composite material as an anisotropic but homogeneous equivalent material. The conductivity tensor and the governing differential equations of the equivalent material are derived. A sample heat conduction problem for a laminated cylindrical body is solved by the present approach and results compared favorably with the exact solution. Nomenclature K = conductivity KLj — conductivity tensor qi = heat flux in the direction of x, Rij = resistivity tensor T — temperature V = volume fraction 4> = dimensionless temperature defined in Eq.

Field of study: Physics
Asymmetries in price and quantity adjustments by the competitive firm

Focusing on the crucial role of inventory carry-overs in the production and sales decision, we describe the profit maximizing behavior of a dynamic competitive firm facing random prices. Each firm’s behavior is incorporated into a stochastic equilibrium model of the competitive industry with uncertain demand. The industry model exhibits asymmetric cyclical fluctuations of the “Keynesian” sort: when demand is weak, output contracts while price holds at a fixed floor; when demand is strong, price increases as output is constrained by a ceiling. Even in a pure world of constant returns, without increasing costs, the inability to instantaneously coordinate production and sales along with the existence of inventories is sufficient to yield a “backward I,” shaped supply curve for the short run.

Field of study: Economics