nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Soil Environmental Quality in Changle, Shandong Province

In Changle County collected 315 topsoil samples, analyzed the content of As, Pb, Zn, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg and Ni eight kinds of heavy metals, using single factor index and Nemerow index to evaluate the soil environmental quality. The evaluation results of single factor soil environmental quality showed that the overall condition of soil environmental quality in Changle County in good condition, elements other than nickel, other seven heavy metals indicators are clean, which reached grade I soil environmental quality standards of soil area are accounted for 99.46% . Soil environment of nickel content in high-risk, primarily related to geological background, contaminated areas are concentrated in the Neogene basalts distribution area in Changle County central area, mainly basalt lithology clip conglomerate, claystone and diatomite. Nemerow pollution index evaluation showed that the quality of the soil environment in Changle County mainly to grade Iof soil environmental quality standards, ratio of 53.83%, followed by grade II, III level, accounting for 22.62% and 19.04 % of throughout the domain area; IV and V grade followed, accounting for 3.91% and 0.60 % of throughout the domain area. Among them, the nickel content is high, belong to the most polluted factor, for Nemerow index evaluation results affect more prominent, while the remaining seven indicators of heavy metals are clean. 1 1 Yifan Li, College of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Weifang University, Shandong, China Hongkui Li, Shandong Geological Sciences Institute; Key Laboratory of Gold Mineralization Processes and Resources Utilization, the Ministry of Land and Resources; Shandong China Correspondence author: Hongkui Li (1962-), Male, Ph.D., researcher, mainly engaged in geological surveys, mineral resources exploration and mineral research work.

Field of study: Engineering
In Situ and Ex Situ Designed Hydroxyapatite: Bacterial Cellulose Materials with Biomedical Applications

Hydroxyapatite (HAp) and bacterial cellulose (BC) composite materials represent a promising approach for tissue engineering due to their excellent biocompatibility and bioactivity. This paper presents the synthesis and characterization of two types of materials based on HAp and BC, with antibacterial properties provided by silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). The composite materials were obtained following two routes: (1) HAp was obtained in situ directly in the BC matrix containing different amounts of AgNPs by the coprecipitation method, and (2) HAp was first obtained separately using the coprecipitation method, then combined with BC containing different amounts of AgNPs by ultrasound exposure. The obtained materials were characterized by means of XRD, SEM, and FT-IR, while their antimicrobial effect was evaluated against Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli), Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus), and yeast (Candida albicans). The results demonstrated that the obtained composite materials were characterized by a homogenous porous structure and high water absorption capacity (more than 1000% w/w). These materials also possessed low degradation rates (<5% in simulated body fluid (SBF) at 37 °C) and considerable antimicrobial effect due to silver nanoparticles (10–70 nm) embedded in the polymer matrix. These properties could be finetuned by adjusting the content of AgNPs and the synthesis route. The samples prepared using the in situ route had a wider porosity range and better homogeneity.

Field of study: Materials science
Process of the instant Chaozhou style beef balls

Based on conventional Chaozhou style beef ball formula,the formula and process of instant beef balls were investigated with organoleptic investigation.The results indicated that the optimal formula for the instant Chaozhou style beef balls was consisted of beef 1 kg,sweet potato flour 100 g,compound phosphate 8 g,salt 25 g,trehalose 30 g,monosodium glutamate 4 g,five spices power 1 g,black pepper powder 8 g,prickly ash powder 1 g,ginger juice 20 mL,garlic juice 20 mL,and water 200 mL.The optimal process of the beef balls was grinding meat,whisking and mixing supplementary materials,sizing balls,removing the excessive water of balls,vacuum-packing the balls with aluminium foil compound bag,and sterilization at 121 ℃ for 15 min.The instant beef balls could maintain the original flavour for six month under the condition of normal temperature (25 ℃ to 35 ℃).

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Soil microbial diversity patterns of a lowland spring environment.

The Po river plain lowland springs represent unique paradigms of managed environments. Their current locations used to be swamps that were drained 6-7 centuries ago, and they have been in constant use ever since. Our aims were to identify the effects of land use on the microbial communities of these soils, look for associated diversity drivers, and assess the applicability of ecology theories with respect to identified patterns. We screened the microbial diversity across a land use transect via high-throughput sequencing of partial 16S rrRNA gene amplicons. Land use had a major effect on soil properties and microbial community structures. Total organic carbon and pH were major diversity drivers for Bacteria, and pH was important for Archaea. We identified the potential contribution of soil amendments to the indigenous microbial communities, and also gained insights into potential roles of taxa in the organic carbon turnover. Verrucomicrobia coincided with the higher values of the recalcitrant organic carbon. Actinobacteria and Acidobacteria correlated with the more labile organic carbon. Finally, the higher diversity found in the soils less enzymatically active and relatively poorer in nutrients, may be explained to an extent by niche-based theories such as the resource heterogeneity hypothesis and Connell's intermediate disturbance hypothesis.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Influence of Structured Group Experience on Moral Judgments of Preschoolers

Moral judgment stories were read to preschoolers who were either in day care or nursery school (n = 20) or at home, not attending any formal program (n = 15). The group-care children focused more on intention in contexts involving injury to another person but tended to be more consequence-based in contexts involving personal property damage than the group at home. These data suggest the influence of the social environment on moral judgments.

Field of study: Psychology
Technical Note: Performance Comparison of Ultra-High-Resolution Scan Modes of Two Clinical Computed Tomography Systems.

Two ultra-high-resolution (UHR) CT scanners are clinically available. One is achieved by a CT system with a 0.25 mm × 160 row detector (Detector-UHR), while the other is with a 0.6 mm × 32 row detector with in-plane comb filtering in a dual source CT (Comb-UHR). We compared radiation dose efficiencies of the two UHR modes to that of a routine scan mode (RS), using physical image quality measures for an assumed condition of abdominal CT angiography (CTA).



A wire phantom, a 300-mm cylindrical water bath phantom, and a micro-disk phantom were used for measuring the modulation transfer function (MTF), noise power spectrum (NPS), and slice sensitivity profiles (SSP), respectively, at CTDIvol of 20 mGy. Images with minimal slice thicknesses were reconstructed by filtered back projection methods. System performance functions SPF2 based on the pre-whitening theorem were calculated by dividing MTF2 by NPS measurements. The ideal observer's detectability index (d'2 ) was also estimated for a task corresponding to a 1-mm diameter vessel. Furthermore, a bar-pattern phantom placed in a water phantom resembling an adult abdomen was scanned, and the visibility of the bars was observed.



SPF2 results showed that Comb-UHR has a 70% dose efficiency compared to RS and provides better than 2-fold SPF2 compared to Detector-UHR. The d'2 values of Detector-UHR, Comb-UHR, and RS were 6.5, 14.7, and 16.0, respectively. Though the bar-pattern phantom images were consistent with the SPF results, bar widths < 1.0 mm for Detector-UHR and < 0.75 mm for Comb-UHR and RS were not resolved.



Though both the UHR modes exhibited system performances extending to 2.6 cycles/mm, they appeared not to be advantageous compared to RS in the conditions applicable to abdominal CTA, because of their insufficient dose efficiencies.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Using a Concept-Grounded, Curriculum-Based Measure in Mathematics to Predict Statewide Test Scores for Middle School Students with LD

From a larger sample of field-tested mathematics production response items, 11 were selected that individually (a) differentiated between high and low achievers on a general math achievement test, (b) measured a mathematical concept rather than a procedure, and (c) were conducive to the creation of alternate forms of the items. This math concept curriculum-based measure (CBM) was administered to 171 students in eighth grade. Scores were correlated with scores from a computer adaptive test (CAT) designed in conjunction with the state to approximate the official statewide mathematics achievement test. Correlations for general education students (r = .80; n = 90) and students with learning disabilities (r = .61; n = 81) were high. Regression analysis showed that relatively few of the 11 items were needed to predict CAT scores. Implications for students with learning disabilities, who traditionally receive little instruction in conceptual understanding, are discussed.

Field of study: Education
Selective STAT3-α or -β expression reveals spliceform-specific phosphorylation kinetics, nuclear retention and distinct gene expression outcomes

Phosphorylation of STAT3 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 3) is critical for its nuclear import and transcriptional activity. Although a shorter STAT3β spliceform was initially described as a negative regulator of STAT3α, gene knockout studies have revealed that both forms play critical roles. We have expressed STAT3α and STAT3β at comparable levels to facilitate a direct comparison of their functional effects, and have shown their different cytokine-stimulated kinetics of phosphorylation and nuclear translocation. Notably, the sustained nuclear translocation and phosphorylation of STAT3β following cytokine exposure contrasted with a transient nuclear translocation and phosphorylation of STAT3α. Importantly, co-expression of the spliceforms revealed that STAT3β enhanced and prolonged the phosphorylation and nuclear retention of STAT3α, but a STAT3β R609L mutant, with a disrupted SH2 (Src homology 2) domain, was not tyrosine phosphorylated following cytokine stimulation and could not cross-regulate STAT3α. The physiological importance of prolonged phosphorylation and nuclear retention was indicated by transcriptome profiling of STAT3−/− cells expressing either STAT3α or STAT3β, revealing the complexity of genes that are up- and down-regulated by the STAT3 spliceforms, including a distinct set of STAT3β-specific genes regulated under basal conditions and after cytokine stimulation. These results highlight STAT3β as a significant transcriptional regulator in its own right, with additional actions to cross-regulate STAT3α phosphorylation and nuclear retention after cytokine stimulation.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Altitude Training: Strong Bounds for Single-Layer Dropout

Dropout training, originally designed for deep neural networks, has been successful on high-dimensional single-layer natural language tasks. This paper proposes a theoretical explanation for this phenomenon: we show that, under a generative Poisson topic model with long documents, dropout training improves the exponent in the generalization bound for empirical risk minimization. Dropout achieves this gain much like a marathon runner who practices at altitude: once a classifier learns to perform reasonably well on training examples that have been artificially corrupted by dropout, it will do very well on the uncorrupted test set. We also show that, under similar conditions, dropout preserves the Bayes decision boundary and should therefore induce minimal bias in high dimensions.

Field of study: Computer science
DavidMitch and GabrieleCappelli, eds., Globalization and the rise of mass education (Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, 2019. Pp. xx+338. 40 figs. 22 tabs. ISBN 9783030254179 e‐Book. £79.50; ISBN 9783030254162 Hbk. £99.99; ISBN 9783030254193 Pbk. £69.99)


Field of study: Economics, History
A formal solution to a classical initial-boundary value problem in groundwater hydraulics

Classical descriptions, dating to the early 1950s, of the fully saturated Darcian flow of pumped groundwater through layered, confined geological media with leaky interfaces have avoided what has been recently described as an ''analytically intractable'' problem (Freeze and Cherry). The main results due to the work of Hantush, Jacob, Neuman, and Witherspoon, reported during the past 20+years, have circumvented the ''intractability'' by using various clever averaging procedures to take account of the leaky interfaces, and have obtained closed form solutions to problems which, in effect, have averaged away certain complications due to inhomogeneous driving terms. For many applications, these solutions have been quite sufficient. The work here describes a Green's kernel which integrates with the boundary leakage inhomogeneity in the original initial-boundary value problem, thus supplying a computable Fourier expansion for the solution in each layer which avoids modifying the original differential equations as performed in the classical methods. It is seen that the indicated kernel arises from a consideration of a two point boundary value problem for a linear, inhomogeneous ordinary differential equation, B"0[u] = f on (0, ~), where B"0 is the modified Bessel operator of order zero. The condition as r -> + ~ involves a somewhat different manipulation which eventually takes account of the leaky boundary contribution over the entire interface. The specific integral equations obtained here are soluable from the practical standpoint, and the author has obtained useful physical information not available from earlier works.

Field of study: Mathematics
Functional gene surveys from ocean drilling expeditions - a review and perspective.

The vast majority of microbes inhabiting the subseafloor remain uncultivated and their energy sources unknown. Thus, a focus of ocean drilling expeditions over the past decade has been to characterize the distribution of microbes associated with specific metabolic reactions. An important question has been whether microbes involved in key microbial processes, such as sulfate reduction and methanogenesis, differ fundamentally from their counterparts in surface environments. To this end, functional genes of anaerobic methane cycling (mcrA), sulfate reduction (dsrAB), acetogenesis (fhs), and dehalorespiration (rdhA) have been examined. A compilation of existing functional gene data suggests that subseafloor microbes involved in anaerobic methane cycling, sulfate reduction, acetogenesis, and dehalorespiration are not fundamentally different from their counterparts in the surface world. Moreover, quantifications of mcrA and dsrAB suggest that, unless the majority of subseafloor microbes involved in methane cycling and sulfate reduction are too genetically divergent to be detected with conventional methods, these processes only support a small fraction (< 1%) of total microbial biomass in the deep biosphere. Ecological explanations for the observed trends, target processes and methods for future investigations, and strategies for tackling the unresolved issue of microbial contamination in samples obtained by ocean drilling are discussed.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Determination of approperiate time of storage of some wheat varieties for increasing baking quality

هديكچ  مدنگ درآ هب زاين تلع هب ، رارق هدافتسا دروم تشادرب زا سپ اعيرس قطانم زا يخرب رد لوصحم نيا يم  رد نيا و دريگ تيلايس تلع هب رظن دروم مدنگ هك تسا يلاح دشاب يمن هدافتسا هدامآ نتولگ ، بجوم رما نيا يم  ناـن و درآ هك دوش دوش هتخير رود نآ زا لصاح نان زا يا هدمع تمسق و هتشادن ار مزلا تيفيك نآ زا هدش هيهت . هـك هژورپ نيا يط رد يرادرس ماقرا لماش مدنگ مقر جنپ يور رب ، رذآ 2 ، هتشاك ميد تروص هب هك يم زد ماقرا و دنوش ، اوش رد هـك راتسا و تشك ريسمرگ يحاون يم دندرگ ، تدم يارب ماقرا نيا يرادهگن هك ديدرگ صخشم تفرگ ماجنا 50 يلا 65 سپ زور صخاش رد راد ينعم دوبهب ثعاب تشادرب زا اه يـنلز ددـع هلمج زا نان ديلوت تهج مدنگ يتيفيك ي ، نتوـلگ سيدـنا ،  ريمخ تمافتسا ، يرتميرلاو شزرا ، ج نازيم ذ جح و بآ ب نآ زا لصاح نان م يم  دوش .

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Life Roles and College Life: Exploring Experiences of International Female Students in Higher Education

Studies have identified that women enter higher learning institutions for personal enrichment and lifelong education. In spite of these benefits, societal perception and traditional roles affect women’s participation in formal education. This qualitative study sought to explore the experiences of female students on how they deal with their lifecycle roles as they access higher education outside their home countries. The study was conducted in a Kenyan university using seven graduate international female students. These participants were purposively selected for face-to-face interviews. Content analysis was used to analyse data based on similarities and differences. It was revealed that the female faced challenges such as psychological stress, financial problems and time constraints. They managed these roles through support from family and friends as well as the use of self-motivation strategies. It was therefore recommended that interventions geared towards the needs of these female students are developed by institutions who admit international students.

Field of study: Education, Sociology
Effects of Compression and Filler Particle Coating 
on the Electrical Conductivity of Thermoplastic Elastomer Composites

Elastomeric polymers can be filled with metallic micro- or nanoparticles to obtain electrical conductivity, in which the conductivity is largely determined by the intrinsic conductivity of and contact resistance between the particles. Electrons will flow through the material effectively when the percolation threshold for near-neighbor contacts is exceeded and sufficiently close contacts between the filler particles are realized for electron tunneling to occur. Silver-coated glass microparticles of two types (fibers and spheres) were used as fillers in a thermoplastic elastomer composite based on styrene–ethylene–butylene–styrene copolymer, and the direct-current (DC) resistance and radiofrequency impedance were significantly reduced by coating the filler particles with octadecylmercaptan. Not only was the resistance reduced but also the atypical positive piezoresistivity effect observed in these elastomers was strongly reduced, such that resistivity values below 0.01 Ω cm were obtained for compression ratios up to 20%. In the DC measurements, an additional decrease of resistivity was obtained by inclusion of π-extended aromatic compounds, such as diphenylhexatriene. Some qualitative theories are presented to illuminate the possible mechanisms of action of these surface coatings on the piezoresistivity.

Field of study: Materials science
[Clinical efficacy of neurometabolic therapy of dissomical disorders in asthenic syndrome].

To analyze the efficacy of cytoflavin in the complex treatment of sleep disorders in asthenic syndrome.



One hundred patients with sleep disorders and asthenic syndrome of various etiology and severity were studied. The patients were divided into three groups depending on the type of therapy: the first group received intravenous infusions of cytoflavin for 10 days; the second group, in addition to cytoflavin, received per os melatonin (3 mg or 5 mg) at bedtime; the third group in addition to cytoflavin received per os zopiclone (7.5 mg) at bedtime.



On the 14th day of the study, a decrease in severity or complete relief of asthenia manifestations (according to the SHAS scale) and, accordingly, improvement or normalization of sleep in 97% of patients was found. At the same time, during polysomnographic study, the data obtained are characteristic for improving the quality of sleep phases mainly in the first and second groups of patients and, to a lesser extent, in the third group.



Cytoflavin effectively suppresses the main manifestations of asthenic syndrome, including sleep disorders.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Correcting Method of the Effect in Radar Range-rate Measurement by 6 DOF Movement of Sea-based TT&C Platform

In order to solve the issue that the range rate measurements of the sea-based tracking radar cannot be used effectively in the orbit determination of space targets, a new correction method is proposed based on the investigation of error sources and the traditional methods. Numerical results using mission tracking data show that the proposed method can suppress the random and system errors of the range rate measurements effectively. The precision and accuracy of the corrected measurements sent to the control center are greatly improved.

Field of study: Engineering
Dynamically Tagged Groups of Very Metal-poor Halo Stars from the HK and Hamburg/ESO Surveys

We analyze the dynamical properties of ∼1500 very metal-poor (VMP; [Fe/H] ≲ −2.0) halo stars, based primarily on medium-resolution spectroscopic data from the HK and Hamburg/ESO surveys. These data, collected over the past 30 yr, are supplemented by a number of calibration stars and other small samples, along with astrometric information from Gaia DR2. We apply a clustering algorithm to the 4D energy-action space of the sample, and identify a set of 38 dynamically tagged groups (DTGs), containing between 5 and 30 member stars. Many of these DTGs can be associated with previously known prominent substructures such as Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), Sequoia, Helmi Stream (HStr), and Thamnos. Others are associated with previously identified smaller dynamical groups of stars and streams. We identify 10 new DTGs as well, many of which have strongly retrograde orbits. We also investigate possible connections between our DTGs and ∼300 individual r-process-enhanced (RPE) stars from a recent literature compilation. We find that several of these objects have similar dynamical properties to GSE (5), the HStr (4), Sequoia (1), and Rg5 (1), indicating that their progenitors might have been important sources of RPE stars in the Galaxy. Additionally, a number of our newly identified DTGs are shown to be associated with at least two RPE stars each (DTG-2: 3, DTG-7: 2; DTG-27: 2). Taken as a whole, these results are consistent with ultra-faint and/or dwarf spheroidal galaxies as birth environments in which r-process nucleosynthesis took place, and then were disrupted by the Milky Way.

Field of study: Physics
29Si and 13C NMR spectra of trimethylsiloxy and hydroxy adamantanes reinvestigated at low concentration in deuteriochloroform solutions

29 Si and 13 C NMR chemical shifts are reported for mono- and bis(trimethylsiloxy)adamantanes as well as for mono- and dihydroxyadamantanes dissolved in deuteriochloroform. The chloroform induced changes in 29 Si and 13 C chemical shifts can be qualitatively accounted for by hydrogenbonding considering basicity and solvent accessibility of oxygen atoms in the solute molecules. The steric effects observed on the 29 Si shifts are not due to an interaction of the terminal hydrogen atoms of the trimethylsilyl groups but are due to proximity of two oxygen atoms on one cyclohexane ring of the adamantane skeleton

Field of study: Chemistry