nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Improved water vapour spectroscopy in the 4174-4300 cm-1 region and its impact on SCIAMACHY HDO/H2O measurements

The relative abundance of the heavy water isotopologue HDO provides a deeper insight into the atmospheric hydrological cycle. The SCanning Imaging Absorption spectroMeter for Atmospheric CartograpHY (SCIAMACHY) allows for global retrievals of the ratio HDO/H2O in the 2.3 micron wavelength range. However, the spectroscopy of water lines in this region remains a large source of uncertainty for these retrievals. We therefore evaluate and improve the water spectroscopy in the range 4174–4300 cm−1 and test if this reduces systematic uncertainties in the SCIAMACHY retrievals of HDO/H2O. We use a laboratory spectrum of water vapour to fit line intensity, air broadening and wavelength shift parameters. The improved spectroscopy is tested on a series of ground-based high resolution FTS spectra as well as on SCIAMACHY retrievals of H2O and the ratio HDO/H2O. We find that the improved spectroscopy leads to lower residuals in the FTS spectra compared to HITRAN 2008 and Jenouvrier et al. (2007) spectroscopy, and the retrievals become more robust against changes in the retrieval window. For both the FTS and SCIAMACHY measurements, the retrieved total H2O columns decrease by 2–4% and we find a negative shift of the HDO/H2O ratio, which for SCIAMACHY is partly compensated by changes in the retrieval setup and calibration software. The updated SCIAMACHY HDO/H2O product shows somewhat steeper latitudinal and temporal gradients and a steeper Rayleigh distillation curve, strengthening previous conclusions that current isotope-enabled general circulation models underestimate the variability in the near-surface HDO/H2O ratio.

Field of study: Environmental science
Computation of the number of neutrino events which can be registered in Borexino detector from the Sun neutrinos flux with energy $E_\nu = 0.862 MeV$

This paper gives an estimation of the number of neutrinos which can be registered in Borexino detector from the Sun neutrinos generated in reaction $^{7}Be + e^{-} \to ^{7}Li + \nu_e$ with energy $E_{\nu_e} = 0.862 MeV$ in the absence of neutrino oscillations. This number is supposed be between $ N^{theor} = 86.45 \div 96.52 \frac{counters}{(day\cdot 100\quad ton)}$ in dependence on primary neutrino fluxes. Then ratios between number of neutrinos $N^{exper}$ registered in Borexino detector and counted numbers $N^{theor}$, are $\frac{N^{exper}}{N^{theor}} = 0.49 \div 0.54$. This value is close enough to the same value obtained in $^{71}Ga - ^{71}Ge$ experiments in the close energy regions. The value $\frac{N^{exper}}{N^{theor}}$ obtained at supposition that $\theta_{1 3} \approx 0$ and absence of the resonance effect approximately equal to $\simeq 0.67$ and it is noticeably greater than the above value. Probably it means that the supposition that $\theta_{1 3} \approx 0$ is not justified and there can be a definite deposit of $\tau$ neutrinos.

Field of study: Physics
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON ALL-BOLTS AND DIAPHRAGM-THROUGH JOINT'S ASEISMIC BEHAVIOR OF CONCRETE-FILLED STEEL TUBULAR STRUCTURE

As the research object is all-bolts and the diaphragm-through joint between a concrete-filled square-steel tubular-column and an H-section beam, two full-scale specimens SJ1 and SJ2 with different eccentricities were subjected to a low-reversed cyclic load to obtain the failure mechanism and aseismic performance. The failure mechanism, hysteretic curve, skeleton curve, ductility factor, energy-dissipating capacity and the change rule of rigidity were obtained through the test data processing and analysis; the failure mechanism is also verified through the strain analysis of the partition. The result of the experiment shows that the type of a joint is characterized by a good aseismic behavior, high bearing capacity, a full hysteretic curve, a large ductility coefficient, and strong energy dissipation capacity; the deformation mainly takes place in a plastic hinge area, the end of the beam, and stress focus phenomena were easily seen at the connection of the partition and the beam. The anti-seismic requirements had been taken into consideration during the design of the two specimens. Both of the failure modes are basically same, which was mainly buckling failure of the beam flange edge at the end of the partition and web buckling. However, as a steel beam with eccentricity, specimen SJ2 was tore by the effect of loading at the connection of a bottom partition and a column.

Field of study: Engineering
The Novosibirsk Free-Electron Laser Facility

The Novosibirsk FEL facility has three FELs installed on the first, second, and fourth orbits of the multiturn energy recovery linac (ERL). The first FEL covers the 90–240 μm range of wavelengths at an average radiation power of 0.5 kW with a pulse repetition rate of 5.6 or 11.2 MHz and a peak power of 1 MW. The second FEL operates in the 40–80 μm range of wavelengths at an average radiation power of 0.5 kW with a pulse-repetition rate of 7.5 MHz and a peak power of around 1 MW. These two FELs are the world’s most powerful (in terms of average power) sources of coherent narrow-band (less than 1%) radiation in their wavelength ranges. The third FEL was commissioned in 2015 to cover the 5–20 μm range of wavelengths. The Novosibirsk ERL is the world’s first and only multiturn ERL. Its distinctive features include a normally-conductive 180 MHz accelerating system, a direct current (DC) electrostatic electron gun with a control grid and thermionic cathode, three operating modes of the magnetic system, and a compact (6 × 40 m) design. The Novosibirsk FEL facility has been in operation for users of terahertz radiation since 2004.

Field of study: Physics
Sedimentationsprobleme in der Germanischen Senke zur Perm- und Triaszeit

Zusammenfassung1.Die Permische Abrasionsfläche kann weder nach v.Richthofen noch nachStriegel erklärt werden.2.Der Buntsandstein läßt sich weder als marine noch als fluviatile Bildung auffassen.3.Die Entstehung der Salzlagerstätten ist bisher problematisch geblieben. Die Theorien vonOchsenius, Walther undFulda können der Kritik nicht standhalten.4.Die MonsunhypotheseZimmermanns wird zur Großflutenhypothese ausgebaut.5.Die Großflutenhypothese erklärt:Die Entstehung der Permischen Abrasionsfläche — die gestrichene Ausfüllung der Geosynklinalen — das Fehlen der Geantiklinalen —die flächenhafte Aufschüttung des Buntsandsteins und Keupers —die Probleme des Kupferschiefers — den Aufbau der Salzlagerstätten — die Entstehung der Kalksedimente im Zechstein und Muschelkalk — die Erscheinungen des Trockenlaufens und der Sedimentbewegungen im Muschelkalk.

Field of study: Environmental science
On Low-Power Droplet Manipulator Employing High-Frequency Surface Acoustic Waves

A droplet manipulator working with low driving power was developed by using the surface acoustic wave (SAW) technology. The manipulator was driven at a relatively high frequency of 350MHz to increase the SAW power density. First, a single phase unidirectional transducer (SPUDT) was designed. Because of its low insertion loss of 1.5 dB and high directivity of 10 dB, the SPUDT successfully conveyed a 100 nl water droplet with RF input power of 18 dBm (60 mW). Second, the SPUDT design was extended to a curved transducer to focus and launch the SAW energy into the narrow waveguide. Owing to the increased SAW power density, the required SAW power was reduced to 15 dBm (30 mW) for the 100 nl droplet manipulation. In addition, fabrication of liquid injectors was discussed for the formation of tiny droplet.

Field of study: Computer science
Spectral properties of the polarizing devices at SRRC.

User requirements at SRRC for high-brilliance synchrotron light in various polarization states will be fulfilled in the near future by the implementation of two types of polarizing devices in the storage ring: the elliptically polarizing undulator (EPU) and the elliptically polarized bending magnet (EPBM). The EPBM provides a broadband polarized spectrum up to the soft X-ray range with rapid alternation of the left and right helicities. The EPU, which has a magnetic period length of 56 mm, generates a high-brilliance harmonic spectral intensity in the range 80-1400 eV with abundant polarization states, including circular ones. The optimal merit flux is evaluated for the operation of these two polarizing devices in the SRRC 1.5 GeV storage ring. The available polarization states are also surveyed.

Field of study: Physics
Can re-establishment of cattle grazing restore bryophyte diversity in abandoned mesic semi-natural grasslands?

Changes of agricultural practices have led to decline of semi-natural habitats sustained by traditional animal husbandry in many European regions. The abandonment of semi-natural pastures leads to increase of vascular plant biomass and subsequent decline of weak competitors such as bryophytes. Re-establishing traditional animal husbandry may potentially restore biodiversity but the success of such measures remains insufficiently known. In this study, we asked if re-establishing cattle grazing on previously abandoned grasslands will restore their bryophyte communities. The effect of cattle grazing on bryophyte communities of mesic semi-natural grasslands was studied in south-western Finland in a comparison of (i) continuously grazed pastures, (ii) previously abandoned pastures where grazing was re-established during 1990s, and (iii) abandoned pastures, where grazing had ceased during late 1960s to early 1980s. The average cover, species richness, species density and species diversity of bryophytes were significantly higher in the continuously grazed than in the abandoned grasslands. Ordination analyses revealed clear differences also in community structure between the management classes. Re-established grasslands were ecologically heterogeneous and situated in between the continuously grazed and abandoned grasslands in all characteristics, indicating variable effect of the restoration measure. Seventeen bryophyte species were recognized as significant indicators of the three grassland classes, four of which could be used as indicators of valuable grassland habitats. Although there was variation in the consequences of re-introduction of grazing, the results give evidence of positive effect of grazing on regaining bryophyte diversity of abandoned grasslands.

Field of study: Environmental science
Reliability and degradation behaviors of semi-insulating fe-doped InP buried hetero structure lasers fabricated by MOVPE and dry etching technique

We clarified the degradation behavior of semi-insulating buried heterostructure lasers in which mesa structures were fabricated by RIE and then buried by MOVPE. The degradation rate and mode correlated with the quality of the BH interface. Based on the correlation, a condition for highly stable SIBH lasers was demonstrated and confirmed experimentally and statistically.

Field of study: Engineering
Children's experience with daytime and nighttime urinary incontinence - A qualitative exploration.

Much of our knowledge about the impact of urinary incontinence (UI) on children is derived from surveys. While these studies provide an overview of the UI experience, personal interviews may offer additional nuances and a more detailed perspective of what the experience of UI is for children.  To conduct interviews and use qualitative analysis to explore the experiences of children with UI, with a particular focus on (1) the impact of UI on participants' lives, (2) which coping strategies children with UI use, and (3) the emotional effects of UI.



Semi-structured interviews of children with non-neurogenic and non-anatomic UI recruited from a pediatric urology clinic were audio recorded and verbatim transcribed.  Conventional content analysis was performed to identify themes directly from the transcripts. Coders independently and iteratively coded transcripts (intercoder reliability >0.85) until inductive thematic saturation was achieved.



There were substantial practical and emotional impacts on the 30 (14 males, 16 females) children (median age 11.5 years) with UI. Participants relayed significant interference with social activities like sports and sleepovers, which often lead to avoidant behavior of these activities. By contrast, most stated that UI did not impair school performance. The most strongly and consistently expressed emotions were embarrassment and anxiety. Nevertheless, children described a wide variety of adaptations, including behavioral and cognitive, to manage their incontinence and its effects on their lives (.



This is the first qualitative study that describes the experiences and perspectives of children with UI. Surveys of this population suggest a lower health-related quality of life, particularly in emotional well-being, self-esteem and relationships. This work augments this body of literature and shows how UI interferes with their daily life and is a major source of embarrassment and anxiety. Despite this, children with UI display strong resilience and adapt to their condition. The study was limited in that the sample was biased to those presenting to a urology clinic and was not designed to compare differences in UI experience between ages, genders, or treatment types.



This study, the first qualitative exploration of the emotional responses and coping behaviors of children with UI, shows significant social impact and negative emotional responses but marked resiliency. These findings should be considered when developing a comprehensive treatment strategy for children with UI.

Field of study: Medicine
Design and Test of a Superconducting Power Supply With YBCO Coated Conductor Load

This paper deals with the design and test of a high temperature superconducting (HTS) power supply with YBCO coated conductor (CC) pancake load, also presents its operational characteristics through experiments. HTS power supply consists of two heaters, an electromagnet, a solenoid, and a pancake load of about 0.73 mH. The solenoid and pancake load were fabricated by using YBCO CC. The timing sequential control of two heaters and an electromagnet is an important factor to generate pumping-current in the pancake load. The heat transfer analysis of heater triggering parts of the YBCO CC solenoid according to the heater input was carried out. Based upon the analysis, the 3 A electromagnet current and the 0.55 A dc heater current were optimally derived, and 4 s, 8 s and 16 s for the pumping period were selected in this experiment. A region of the superconducting tape with a buried heating coil can be switched by means of its temperature change. In order to measure the pumping-current with respect to the magnet flux changes, a hall sensor was installed at the center of the YBCO CC pancake load. In the experiment, the maximum pumping current reached about 20 A.

Field of study: Physics
ISOTOPIC COMPOSITION AND DISTRIBUTION OF LEAD, URANIUM, AND THORIUM IN A PRECAMBRIAN GRANITE

The isotopic compositions and concentrations of lead and uranium have been determined in some separated minerals and the composite of a granite from Monmouth township, Haliburton County, Ontario. The chemical and mass spectrometric methods that were used are described. The age of the zircon from the granite is 1050 million years. Much of the lead, uranium, and thorium exists in chemically unstable and presumably interstitial phases of the granite. A comparison of the observed amounts of uranium, thorium, and lead in the various minerals with those amounts that should have been present, had these three elements existed within the minerals as closed systems, shows a non-balance of these elements in every case. It appears that the granite as a whole has closely approximated a closed system since it was formed with respect to uranium and its decay products, but has been an open system with respect to thorium and its decay products. Interpretations concerning the relationship of these data to lead ores are discussed.

Field of study: Geology
Round table on Canada‐US free trade: Is it time for round two? A virtual round table

Canada and the United States enjoy the most intense bilateral trade and investment relationship in the world. Geographic proximity, comparable consumer tastes and preferences, and similarity in business and other institutions have acted as powerful magnets drawing the two economies together. For Canada, the smaller of the two partners, the need to manage the relationship to its benefit has always been a major foreign policy preoccupation. The Canada‐US Free Trade Agreement has acted both to deepen integration between the two economies and to strengthen governance of the bilateral relationship. Ten years after its entry into force, however, new and old issues on the agenda suggest that the time may have come to consider the need for further bilateral efforts to remove barriers to trade and investment and to strengthen the basis for managing bilateral relations. To discuss the prospect for such negotiations, Canadian Foreign Policy invited Michael Hart, Simon Reisman professor of trade policy in Carleton's Norman Paterson School of International Affairs and a member of the team that negotiated the Canada‐US Free Trade Agreement, to organize a virtual roundtable devoted to these issues.

Field of study: Political science
Kinematics and time of emplacement of the Upper Allochthon of the Rhodope Metamorphic Complex: evidence from the Rila Mountains, Bulgaria

The Rhodope Metamorphic Complex is a nappe pile of four large allochthonous megaunits, referred to as Lower, Middle, Upper, and Uppermost allochthons. These were originally derived from different paleogeographic provinces and were stacked on top of each other in the course of convergent processes along the European continental margin between the Late Jurassic and the Late Eocene. The direction and age of thrusting as well as the degree and age of Alpine metamorphism vary between individual allochthons and are altogether controversial. The affiliation of individual tectonic units to allochthons is often unclear. However, for the area of the Eastern Rhodope Mountains, there is agreement that the thrusting of the Upper Allochthon onto the Middle Allochthon happened before ca. 68–70 Ma, since Upper Cretaceous magmatic bodies crosscut the metamorphic fabric of the rocks. For the northwestern parts of the Rhodope Metamorphic Complex (Rila Mountains), the age of thrusting was considered to predate the Late Cretaceous. Here, we present the results of mapping, structural observations, and LA-ICP-MS dating of zircons and monazites from the Northwest Rila Mountains and revise the tectonic architecture and history of the area. There the boundary between the Upper and Middle allochthons is the Dodov-vrah Shear Zone. This regional-scale structure represents a top-to-the-southeast amphibolite-facies thrust, along which numerous syn-kinematic intrusive bodies were emplaced. U–Pb LA-ICP-MS zircon and monazite dating of the latter, as well as dating of pre- and post-kinematic plutonic rocks from the study area showed that the time of activity of the Dodov-vrah Shear Zone can be bracketed between ca. 58 Ma and 50–48 Ma. Thus, at least for the northwestern parts of the Rhodope Metamorphic Complex, the thrusting of the Upper onto the Middle Allochthon happened after the latest Palaeocene and before the end of the Lower Eocene.

Field of study: Environmental science
Inside dynamics for stage-structured integrodifference equations

A stage-structured model of integrodifference equations is used to study the asymptotic neutral genetic structure of populations undergoing range expansion. That is, we study the inside dynamics of solutions to stage-structured integrodifference equations. To analyze the genetic consequences for long term population spread, we decompose the solution into neutral genetic components called neutral fractions. The inside dynamics are then given by the spatiotemporal evolution of these neutral fractions. We show that, under some mild assumptions on the dispersal kernels and population projection matrix, the spread is dominated by individuals at the leading edge of the expansion. This result is consistent with the founder effect. In the case where there are multiple neutral fractions at the leading edge we are able to explicitly calculate the asymptotic proportion of these fractions found in the long-term population spread. This formula is simple and depends only on the right and left eigenvectors of the population projection matrix evaluated at zero and the initial proportion of each neutral fraction at the leading edge of the range expansion. In the absence of a strong Allee effect, multiple neutral fractions can drive the long-term population spread, a situation not possible with the scalar model.

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics
Synergistic induction of neurotensin gene transcription in PC12 cells parallels changes in AP-1 activity.

A consensus AP-1 site in the promoter of the rat neurotensin/neuromedin N (NT/N) gene is a critical regulatory element required for synergistic regulation by combinations of nerve growth factor (NGF), lithium, glucocorticoids, and adenylate cyclase activators. A rapid RNase protection assay was developed to examine the kinetics of NT/N gene activation and to determine whether activation requires newly synthesized proteins. Either NGF or lithium in combination with dexamethasone and forskolin transiently activated NT/N gene expression, but with distinct kinetics. Protein synthesis was not required for activation when NGF was used as the permissive inducer, but was required for the rapid down-regulation of the response. In contrast, lithium responses were attenuated in the absence of protein synthesis, consistent with a requirement for newly synthesized AP-1 complexes in activation. In all cases, increases in NT/N gene expression closely paralleled increases in AP-1 binding activity. Lithium in combination with other inducers caused delayed increases in both AP-1 binding activity and c-jun, c-fos and fra-1 gene expression. These results indicate that NGF and lithium exert their effects on NT/N gene expression through distinct pathways. The lithium pathway is active in neuronally-differentiated PC12 cells and could potentially be involved in the regulation of NT/N gene expression in the nervous system.

Field of study: Biology
Effect of Weld Thermal Cycles on Second Phase Particles in X-60 Pipe line Steel

By using carbon extraction replica technology and welding therma l simulation, the second phase particles in parent metal,weld metal and simulate d CGHAZ of Ti-Nb-V microalloyed steel were investigated. Experiment results and analysis show that the particles in the steel are less than 100 nm, irregular in shape , and have a slight size-dependence in that the relative content of Ti in crease with the increase of particle size. A large quantity of carbonnitride par ticles are still in CGHAZ after welding cycle , the shape of remaining particles change from irregular shape to cubicle one, all the particle in CGHAZ was rich in Ti.

Field of study: Materials science
Reducing possibilities to language

The view that possible worlds should be identified with linguistic entities has a long and respectable history: Carnap (1947), Jeffrey (1965) and Hintikka (1969) are but a few philosophers who have supported some version of linguistic ersatzism. For the linguistic ersatzer, each possible world is identified with a set of sentences of some worldmaking language. This worldmaking language could be very different from English. For instance, it could contain an infinite number of names and predicates, or it might permit infinitary blocks of quantifiers and infinite conjunctions (see

Field of study: Philosophy