nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
To Melt 40 Cr Steel in Intermediate Frequency Induction Furnace with Bearing Steel’s Scrap

To preheat the steel’s scrap trough study on chemical composition control and smelting technique of 40Cr steel smelted in intermediate frequency induction furnace and using bearing steel’s scrap, it is proved that the combination of lowering carbon, degasification, reverted iron is useful to use waste steel’s scrap.

Field of study: Materials science
Lift-off moraines: markers of last ice-flow directions on the Scotian Shelf

Lift-off moraines are acoustically incoherent, subparallel ridges observed on sidescan sonograms and high-resolution reflection seismic profiles on the southeastern continental margin of Canada. They are up to 3 m high, 2080 m wide, and are commonly overlain by stratified proglacial sediments. Although little is known about them, detailed study of high-resolution seismic profiles from the Emerald Basin and the LaHave Basin, on the Scotian Shelf, show that their height:width ratio varies with the sounderseabed separation, suggesting that the ridges may be narrower than they appear. Their morphology is similar to DeGeer moraines or cross-valley moraines, which form perpendicular to ice-flow direction. As their orientations can be estimated at the intersection of seismic lines, they can be used to estimate ice-flow directions. Since proglacial sediments are draped directly over top of them, they are assumed to record the direction of last ice flow. This directional data suggests that ice retreated not only...

Field of study: Environmental science
Glacial and nonglacial events in the eastern James Bay lowlands, Canada

Marine and continental records indicate that the Laurentide Ice Sheet (LIS) was highly dynamic throughout the last glacial cycle, with significant reorganizations of its ice divide system. The extensive depositional record of the Hudson Bay lowlands (HBL) is particularly important for the study of ice sheet dynamics because this region was once located near two important ice domes of the LIS. However, important stratigraphic issues remain in the HBL, notably regarding the chronology of nonglacial units and the direction and extent of the ice-flow events recognized. Here we focus on the northeastern sector of the LIS by documenting the provenance of tills and dating nonglacial deposits in sedimentary sequences east of James Bay. Our investigations indicate that the regional stratigraphy comprises at least five distinct tills and an important unit of glaciolacustrine rhythmites. This glacial sequence lies on massive lacustrine clay and fluvial sand containing abundant organic debris and wood fragments. The ...

Field of study: Environmental science
On the principles of equipresence and unification

In 1960, Truesdell and Toupin  proposed that in formulating constitutive equations for phenomenological theories in which there is more than one constitutive equation, the following principle, which they named the Principle of Equipresence, must be satisfied: A variable present as an independent variable in one constitutive equation should be so present in all. In explaining the application of this principle, they state “Let it not be thought that this principle would invalidate the classical separate theories in the cases for which they are intended, or that no separation of effects remains possible.  The various principles of invariance, stated above, when brought to bear upon a general constitutive equation have the effect of restricting the manner in which a particular variable, such as the spin tensor or the temperature gradient, may occur. The classical separations may always be expected, in one form or another, for small changes—not as assumptions, but as proven consequences of invariance requirements. The principle of equipresence states, in effect, that no restrictions beyond those of invariance are to be imposed in constitutive equations”.

Field of study: Mathematics
Calibrated representations of affine Yokonuma-Hecke algebras

Inspired by the work [Ra1], we directly give a complete classification of irreducible calibrated representations of affine Yokonuma-Hecke algebras $\widehat{Y}_{r,n}(q)$ over $\mathbb{C},$ which are indexed by $r$-tuples of placed skew shapes. We then develop several applications of this result. In the appendix, inspired by [Ru], we classify and construct irreducible completely splittable representations of degenerate affine Yokonuma-Hecke algebras $D_{r,n}$ and the wreath product $(\mathbb{Z}/r\mathbb{Z})\wr \mathfrak{S}_{n}$ over an algebraically closed field of characteristic $p> 0$ such that $p$ does not divide $r$.

Field of study: Mathematics
Human brain creatine kinase binding to immobilized cibacron blue F3GA: characterization and use in purification of the enzyme.

Creatine kinase (ATP: creatine N-phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.3.2) from adult human brain grey matter was purified by cibacron blue F3GA-Sepharose affinity chromatography. By gel electrophoresis of the purified enzyme under non-denaturing conditions a single protein band was observed. The dye-bound enzyme was eluted using its substrate, ATP. Reversibility of the binding of purified creatine kinase to blue Sepharose by ATP in a concentration-dependent manner indicated that the cibacron blue molecule which structurally mimics nucleotides occupied the substrate binding site of the enzyme. Also the marked dependence of enzyme binding to blue Sepharose on Mg2+ concentration suggested that Mg2+ ion is capable of combining with the dye moiety to form a site-specific binding complex that is similar to the physiological substrate of creatine kinase, namely Mg(2+)-ATP or Mg(2+)-ADP.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Physics
New Approach Combining Branch and Price with Metaheuristics to Solve Nurse Scheduling Problem

This paper presents a new approach combining Branch and Price (B&P) with metaheuristics to derive various high-quality schedules as solutions to a nurse scheduling problem (nurse rostering problem). There are two main features of our approach. The first is the combination of B&P and metaheuristics, and the second is the implementation of an efficient B&P algorithm. Through applying our approach to widely used benchmark instances, the effectiveness of our approach is determined.

Field of study: Computer science
Periodic solutions: a robust numerical method for an S-I-R model of epidemics

We describe and analyze a numerical method for an S-I-R type epidemic model. We prove that it is unconditionally convergent and that solutions it produces share many qualitative and quantitative properties of the solution of the differential problem being approximated. Finally, we establish explicit sufficient conditions for the unique endemic steady state of the system to be unstable and we use our numerical algorithm to approximate the solution in such cases and discover that it can be periodic, just as suggested by the instability of the endemic steady state.

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics
Effects of habitat fragmentation on the movement patterns and dispersal ability of the brown spiny rat (Maxomys rajah) in the Planted Forest Zone of Sarawak, Eastern Malaysia

Brown spiny rats (Maxomys rajah) were translocated from continuous secondary forest to small isolated patches of remnant native forest embedded within Acacia mangium plantation in the Planted Forest Zone of Sarawak, East Malaysia, and fitted with tracking spools to monitor behaviours in novel environments and to record responses to a range of habitat edge features. Forest roads, large clearings and acacia plantation compartments were found to pose barriers to dispersal of brown spiny rats over short temporal scales, whereas old regenerating haul trails were readily crossed on 50% of the encounters. Downed woody debris accounted for a greater proportion of the travel route compared with brown spiny rats tracked in secondary and primary forest in Sabah, which may represent heightened predator avoidance in new environments. Provision of downed woody debris within plantation compartments may improve the dispersal ability of brown spiny rats in this modified landscape, and thus promote metapopulation dynamics and colonisation of vacant habitat patches.

Field of study: Environmental science
Attitude towards Euthanasia in Relation to Death Anxiety among a Sample of 343 Nurses in India

Scores on Attitude towards Euthanasia were correlated with scores on Death Anxiety among 343 female nurses in India using Templer's Death Anxiety Scale and the authors' 24-item attitude scale. No significant correlation was found between the two sets of scores (r = −.09) or a nonlinear score on relation. Age of nurses was not significantly related to Attitude towards Euthanasia (r = .07) or Death Anxiety (r = .11). As measured, death anxiety has no bearing on attitude about euthanasia.

Field of study: Psychology
[Lysogenic properties of variants of bacteria with modified cell wall on a model of spheroplasts and L-forms].

The results testified that the process of L-form formation does not contribute to the removal of prophage in the lysogenic cultures studied by us. The preservation of prophage in L-forms, established on the basis of spontaneous and inductive production of phage, indicates that the interrelationship between prophage and the chromosome in L-forms is not disrupted, and that the sectors of the chromosome where prophage is localized does not undergo noticeable changes during the process of L-form formation. The preservation of lysogenicity in L- forms is an additional criterion of their genetic nature, and it also creates the prerequisites for studying their intimate genetic structure.

Field of study: Medicine
Demonstration of a dual-channel two-dimensional reflection grating filter.

A dual-channel two-dimensional (2D) reflection grating filter operating around the 1.55 µm wavelength region is demonstrated, exhibiting dual-channel reflection peaks at 1.492 µm and 1.647 µm. The sidebands intrinsic to this kind of grating are suppressed by appropriately designed antireflective thin films, and this can be proved by equivalent medium theory. Using the modal analysis method, the excitation modes of the dual-channel reflection peaks are determined to be the TM0 (1.490 µm) and TE0 (1.638 µm) modes. The estimated relative errors in the wavelength determination of these modes are less than 1%. This is found to be in accord with analyses of the reflectivity spectra and electromagnetic fields. The dual-channel reflection peaks are sensitive to the background refractive index and may be useful in biosensing applications.

Field of study: Physics
Generation of Fock states of the electromagnetic field in a high-Q cavity through the Anderson localization.

We investigate a high-Q cavity partially filled by a medium with ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\chi}}}^{3}$ nonlinear susceptibility with a coherent signal having the form of a series of short pulses injected into it. We show that the electromagnetic field which builds up in the cavity has strong nonclassical features. For appropriate parameters Anderson localization occurs leading to the generation of states with a narrow photon-number probability distribution. We demonstrate that by adiabatic changing of the size of the cavity one may generate from the vacuum a nearly perfect Fock state of a chosen mode.

Field of study: Physics
A model for predicting the transmission rate of malaria from serological data

A model is developed to estimate the duration for which malaria antibody levels in the blood remain high in a closed population. This estimate can be used to calculate the transmission rate within a region, in conjunction with the serological information contained in the population. The model is used on data obtained from a study of malaria in the Philippines and shows excellent agreement. It is subsequently utilised for predictions and seems to be an appropriate vehicle for this purpose.

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics
Frequency and value both matter in the suboptimal choice procedure.

Pigeons chose between two options on a concurrent-chains task with a single response requirement in the initial link. The suboptimal option ended with food 20% of the time whereas the optimal option ended with food 80% of the time. During a Sig-Both condition, terminal-link stimuli on both options signaled whether or not food would occur. During a Sig-Sub condition, terminal-link stimuli on the suboptimal option provided differential signals, but stimuli on the optimal option did not differentially signal the food and no food outcomes. Initial-link choices revealed a clear preference for the optimal option in the Sig-Both condition, but preference shifted toward suboptimality in the Sig-Sub condition. These findings show that pigeon suboptimal choice is not singularly driven by signal value, as has been suggested, but also by reinforcer frequency.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Ant biodiversity and its relationship to ecosystem functioning: a review

Ants are important components of ecosystems not only because they constitute a great part of the animal biomass but also because they act as ecosystem engineers. Ant biodiversity is incredibly high and these organisms are highly responsive to human impact, which obviously reduces its richness. However, it is not clear how such disturbance damages the maintenance of ant services to the ecosystem. Ants are important in below ground processes through the alteration of the physical and chemical environment and through their effects on plants, microorganisms, and other soil organisms. This review summarizes the information available on ant biodiversity patterns, how it can be quantified, and how biodiversity is affected by human impacts such as land use change, pollution, invasions, and climate change. The role of ants in ecosystems is discussed, mainly from the perspective of the effects of ground-dwelling ants on soil processes and function, emphasizing their role as ecosystem engineers. Some lines of research are suggested after demonstrating the gaps in our current information on ant-soil interactions.

Field of study: Environmental science
Phénomènes géologiques dans la catazone profonde

ZusammenfassungDer Verfasser erklärt zunächst, was er unter der Geologie eines Tiefenraums und einer Zone der Erdkruste versteht.Folgende Probleme und Befunde werden erwähnt und kurz besprochen:a)Der Ausgangspunkt jeder Tiefenzone (heute an der Oberfläche) besteht immer aus einem suprakrustalen Akt. Die geologische Differenzierung beginnt später. Die Prinzipien einer vergleichenden Geologie müssen aus monozyklischen und, so weit als möglich, monofaziellen Gebieten abgeleitet werden.b)In schiefrigen und vergneisten Gesteinen ist die in Betracht kommende Mineralfazies, diese, welche durch die mit der plastischen Deformation erster Ordnung dynamische Textur getragen ist.c)Jedes „magmatische“ Gestein (in weiterem Sinne), wenn nicht gänzlich umkristallisiert, trägt auch Kennzeichen seiner Intrusionstiefe. Im Laufe des tektonischen Vorganges ist die Erstarrungsperiode eine so kurze, da\ die regionalen geophysikalischen Bedingungen und vornehmlich der hydrostatische Druck annäherungsweise als konstant angenommen werden können.d)Der hydrostatische Druck in den tiefen Zonen kann nur unmittelbar aus dem tektonischen Gesamtbild abgeleitet werden. Die Voraussetzungen dieser überlegungen sind: der Begriff der Fastebene und die auf dieser gefundene Mineralfazies in Verbindung mit dem plastischen Deformationstypus (Synanti-clinorial-Typus, Liegendfaltentypus).Der Verfasser stellt die tief-katazonale Mineralfazies (Mangerit-Fazies) auf, deren Temperatur auf der Basis eines typomorphen Feldspats (Mesoperthite) sich zu mehr als 660‡ ergibt.Die folgenden Erscheinungen der tief-katazonalen Gebiete Süd-Norwegens (Rogaland) werden besprochen: Die suprakrustalen Gesteine und die mit ihnen verbundenen endomigmatitischen Gesteine;Die plastische Deformation erster Ordnung, die wesentlich aus mit verschiedenen Richtungen übereinandergreifenden liegenden Falten besteht;Die synkinematischen katazonalen basischen magmatischen Gesteine (Anorthosit-Norit-Mangerit-Zweig);Die Entstehung des Plagioklas-Magmas;Die leukonoritische Anatexis;Die paraanatektische und metasomatische Anorthositisierung; Die übereinandergreifenden Perioden der basischen Intrusionen und der Granitisations-Vorgänge.In der Schlu\folgerung stellt der Verfasser die Tiefen-Abhängigkeit des Verhältnisses zwischen initialem Magmatismus und Granitisationsvorgängen heraus.

Field of study: Environmental science
Taste aversion learning in fyn mutant mice.

Conditioned taste aversion (CTA) learning is a robust form of classical conditioning in which animals rapidly associate a flavor with aversive internal symptoms. The present study assessed CTA learning in transgenic mice deficient in a specific nonreceptor tyrosine kinase (the fyn mutant). Fyn mutants show impaired long-term potentiation and marked deficits in acquisition of spatial learning tasks. To assess whether they are also impaired in CTA learning, fyn mutant and wild-type mice received 2 conditioning trials consisting of access to a flavored solution followed by administration of LiCl. Fyn mutant mice acquired significant CTAs following a single conditioning trial and these aversions were comparable to those seen in wild-type mice. These results indicate that the fyn mutation does not interfere with the acquisition of CTAs and hence that this mutation is not associated with a global learning deficit.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
A defence of the Via Negativa argument for physicalism

Given this premiss, and assuming the implausibility of systematic causal overdetermination, it follows that everything that has a physical effect must itself be physical. However, what does 'physical' mean in this context? Defenders of CP face Hempel's Dilemma: if 'physical' means what is recognized by current physics, then CP is likely to be false, for historical form suggests that future research will substantially correct the ontology of current physics; on the other hand, if 'physical' is understood to refer to some future, ideal physics, then CP is irredeemably vague, since we cannot predict what future physics will bring (Hempel 1980). David Spurrett and David Papineau (1999) have suggested that physicalists can respond by equating 'physical' with 'non-mental', thus converting the Completeness of Physics (CP) into the Completeness of the Non-Mental (CNM), and ending up with physicalism as the thesis that everything that has a non-mental effect must itself be non-mental. Carl Gillett and Gene Witmer (2001) argue that this definitional manoeuvre does not help. In particular, they maintain that Hempel's Dilemma bites just as strongly against the 'via negativa' reading of 'phys-

Field of study: Philosophy
Research on Numerical Simulation of Rotated Mold Filling

One of the crux of the simulation of rotated mold filling is how to describe the changes of the mold position and the velocity of the fluid in the mold. In this paper a method of coordinate rotation was put forward and a mathematical model was set up. By means of making corresponding codes, an insitu filling process was simulated. The simulation result is in good agreement to the actual filling process.

Field of study: Materials science
Study of Total-Ionizing-Dose Effects on a Single-Event-Hardened Phase-Locked Loop

The sensitivity of total-ionizing-dose (TID) response on a single-event hardened phase-locked loop (PLL) fabricated in a 130-nm silicon-on-insulator process is investigated. Based on the study of device parameter degradation under radiation exposure, the changes of dc and RF performance of the PLL have been presented. TID experiments on the PLL show that the power-down current increases by 1.5 times, and the tuning range drops by 11.5%. At 600 MHz and up to 500 krad(Si), the integrated phase noise increases by 29.2%, and the reference spur increases by 3.4 dB. Finally, the mechanism underlying impact of TID on the phase noise and reference spur has been discussed comprehensively, which combined measured observations with circuit modeling and simulations.

Field of study: Physics
Interleukin 15 activates Akt to protect astrocytes from oxygen glucose deprivation‐induced cell death

HIGHLIGHTSAstrocytes increase expression of the IL‐15/IL‐15R&agr; complex under conditions of oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD).Akt, but not PKC&agr;/&bgr;I, is essential for astrocyte survival in OGD‐induced cell death.IL‐15 activates Akt to protect astrocytes from OGD‐induced cell death.  Astrocytes play a pivotal role in neuronal survival under the condition of post‐ischemic brain inflammation, but the relevant astrocyte‐derived mediators of ischemic brain injury remain to be defined. IL‐15 supports survival of multiple lymphocyte lineages in the peripheral immune system, but the role of IL‐15 in inflammatory disease of the central nervous system is not well defined. Recent research has shown an increase of IL‐15‐expressing astrocytes in the ischemic brain. Since astrocytes promote neuron survival under cerebral ischemia by buffering excess extracellular glutamate and producing growth factors, recovery of astrocyte function could be of benefit for stroke therapy. Here, we report that IL‐15 is the pro‐survival cytokine that prevents astrocyte death from oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD)‐induced damage. Astrocytes up‐regulate expression of the IL‐15/IL‐15R&agr; complex under OGD, whereas OGD down‐regulates the levels of pSTAT5 and pAkt in astrocytes. IL‐15 treatment ameliorates the decline of pAkt, decreases the percentage of annexin V+ cells, inhibits the activation of caspase‐3, and activates the Akt pathway to promote astrocyte survival in response to OGD. We further identified that activation of Akt, but not PKC&agr;/&bgr;I, is essential for astrocyte survival under OGD. Taken together, this study reveals the function of IL‐15 in astrocyte survival via Akt phosphorylation in response to OGD‐induced damage.

Field of study: Medicine
Pamperlang jou skouprinses : technology

Dis 'n ysige oggend wat die skougangers by vanjaar se Bloemskou begroet en by die koei stalle wasem die wolkies al van vroeg uit soos die verskillende kuddes se spanne werk om hulle koeie en verse reg te kry vir die oggend se beoordeling.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
The first record of dinosaur eggshell from the Horseshoe Canyon Formation (Maastrichtian) of Alberta, Canada

Eggs and eggshell are generally rare in the Upper Cretaceous rocks of Alberta, despite being relatively abundant nearby in Montana. Palaeontologists and other people have been prospecting the Horseshoe Canyon Formation for more than a 130 years, but eggshell fragments have only just been recovered. The fragments are unornamented with angusticanaliculate pores and three structural layers. Numerous features support their referral to Prismatoolithus levis, and they confirm the presence of a bird-like external layer in this ootaxon. The fragments, which likely belonged to Albertavenator curriei, are from a site with abundant troodontid teeth and perinate material from hadrosaurs, ceratopsians, and theropods. The discovery of eggshell challenges the notion that the Horseshoe Canyon Formation is too heavily sideritized to preserve eggshell. Resume— Les œufs et la coquille d'œuf sont generalement rares dans les roches du Cretace superieur de l'Alberta, mais ils sont relativement abondants en Montana. De...

Field of study: Environmental science