nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Expected Utility of Uncertain Ventures

This article develops a simple model of economic decisions under uncertainty and applies it to several hypothetical decision problems. The main applications are to betting, since this context can be explained without much economics background and the analysis of betting has some practical implications for economic analysis, as well as posing some interesting intellectual problems. Statisticians have long used gambling situations as checks on the reasonableness of tentative conclusions and as sources of hints for further useful developments. This article conveys some of the flavor of economic applications to statisticians and possibly stimulates additional interchanges with economists. For economists, present model's principal addition to discussions in the current literature is that the decision maker is permitted to start with a random prospect rather than with fixed initial wealth and his current prospect may or may not be independent of the random ventures he contemplates.

Field of study: Mathematics
Conditionality, Restructuring, and the Reperipherization of Latin America

During recent decades, many Latin American nations have undertaken marketoriented economic reform programs. These reforms have arisen in response to perceived failures of the structuralist-inspired import substitution approach to development of prior decades. Structuralist policies were designed with hopes of narrowing the economic gap between the developed nations at the center of the world trading system and the less developed nations at the periphery. In a sense, neo-liberal reformers promise the same thing. The purpose here is to ask whether neo-liberal reform has fulfilled its promise or whether it has instead ushered in an era of reperipherization in Latin America. The paper begins with a review of the center-periphery distinction and briefly outlines the forces driving the neo-liberal reform efforts.

Field of study: Economics
Nitrate reductase in Zea mays L. under salinity

Young maize seedlings (Zea mays L. cv.Giza 2) were exposed to moderate salinity in hydroponic culture. NADH-nitrate reductase (NR) activity (E.C. 1·6.6·1), NR activation state, NR-mRNA-steady state levels and major solute contents in leaves and roots were investigated. With increasing external salt concentration, Na + ,C l - , sugars, amino acids and quarternary ammonium compounds accumulated in leaves and roots, with concentrations in leaves exceeding those in roots. The nitrate content of leaves decreased, but increased in roots. The diurnal pattern of NR activity and of NR-mRNA was also changed under salinity, but the NR activation state was not affected. In the first light phase, maximum NR activity increased rapidly in leaves of control plants, but was much slower in leaves from salinized plants. Thus, integrated over the whole day, the NR activity of salt-stressed plants was lower than in control plants. NR transcript levels of control plants were low in the early night phase, started to increase in the second night phase, followed by a distinct peak at 2 h into the light period. This large ‘early morning peak’ of NR-mRNA was hardly affected by salinity, whereas the initial slow increase of m-RNA levels in the early night phase was almost absent in salinized plants. This is considered as one reason for the low NR activity of salinized plants in the first half of the day. It is also suggested that nitrate is a major signal affecting NR expression and activity under salinity. Sugars and amino acids appeared less important.

Field of study: Environmental science
Multi-Omics Analysis Reveals Novel Subtypes and Driver Genes in Glioblastoma

Glioblastoma is the most lethal malignant primary brain tumor; nevertheless, there remains a lack of accurate prognostic markers and drug targets. In this study, we analyzed 117 primary glioblastoma patients’ data that contained SNP, DNA copy, DNA methylation, mRNA expression, and clinical information. After the quality of control examination, we conducted the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis, copy number variation (CNV) analysis, and infiltrated immune cells estimate. And moreover, by using the cluster of cluster analysis (CoCA) methods, we finally divided these GBM patients into two novel subtypes, HX-1 (Cluster 1) and HX-2 (Cluster 2), which could be co-characterized by 3 methylation variable positions [cg16957313(DUSP1), cg17783509(PHOX2B), cg23432345(HOXA7)] and 15 (PCDH1, CYP27B1, LPIN3, GPR32, BCL6, OR4Q3, MAGI3, SKIV2L, PCSK5, AKAP12, UBE3B, MAP4, TP53BP1, F5, RHOBTB1) gene mutations pattern. Compared to HX-1 subtype, the HX-2 subtype was identified with higher gene co-occurring events, tumor mutation burden (TBM), and poor median overall survival [231.5 days (HX-2) vs. 445 days (HX-1), P-value = 0.00053]. We believe that HX-1 and HX-2 subtypes may make sense as the potential prognostic biomarkers for patients with glioblastoma.

Field of study: Biology
Radial part calculations for affine sl2 and the Heun KZB-heat equation

In the present paper we determine the radial part of the Casimir element for the Lie algebra affine sl2 with respect to the Chevalley involution. The resulting operator is identified with a blend of the Inozemtsev Hamiltonian and the KZB-heat equation in dimension one. Moreover, it is shown how the corresponding zonal spherical functions give rise to symmetric theta functions and convergence is discussed. The paper takes guidance from previous work by Etingof and Kirillov on the diagonal case.

Field of study: Mathematics
The Corsica–Sardinia Massif as source area for the early northern Apennines foredeep system: evidence from debris flows in the "Macigno costiero" (Late Oligocene, Italy)

Large isolated gravity flows (debrites) are widely present in the stratigraphic record of the northern Apennines foreland-basin system. These strata may be useful for provenance signals and dispersal pathways during foreland evolution. This paper examines a cohesive debris flow bed interbedded with turbidite strata of the Macigno Formation (Late Oligocene, Tuscany, Italy), in order to obtain new data on the provenance of the clastic material. Clasts in the debris flow are predominantly plutonic (granodiorite, tonalite, and S-granite) and subordinately metamorphic (gneiss and schist) and sedimentary calcareous clasts. The composition of the clasts within the debris flow is similar to the clastic composition of the interbedded turbidite sandstones of the "Macigno costiero." The depositional features of the debris flow suggest that it traveled for a short distance within the basin before it was deposited not far from the slope. The absence of a high-pressure/low-temperature (HP/LT) paragenesis in the plutonic and metamorphic clasts of the debris flow indicates a provenance from a crystalline basement not involved in the high-pressure phases of the Alpine Orogenesis. Previous studies have indicated the Central-Western Alps as potential source areas for the Macigno Formation sediments. The lack of HP/LT metamorphic signatures in our studied samples excludes the Pennidic and Austroalpine nappes of the Western Alps as possible sources for the debris flows of the "Macigno costiero." These new data (sedimentological, petrographical, and microstructural) suggest that the Corsica-Sardinia Hercynian basement, lacking a HP/LT paragenesis, is the more accredited source area of the debris flow and of the related turbidite sandstones of the "Macigno costiero" succession. These foredeep-feeding sediments were probably before deposited within an episutural basin developed close to the northern Apennines orogenic wedge.

Field of study: Environmental science
Stochastic dynamics of multiple scattering and energy losses of channeled particles

A system of equations describing the evolution of the mean-square quantum fluctuations of the transverse coordinate and momentum operators and the evolution of the mean-square fluctuations of the transverse coordinate and momentum with respect to the classical trajectory of channeled particle is constructed using linearized Heisenberg equations. The energy losses of channeled particles on crystal electrons and the mean-square fluctuations of the transverse coordinate and momentum are calculated within the same formalism.

Field of study: Physics
Observation of Yamaji magic angles in bismuth surfaces

Bismuth consist of bismuth bilayers that are two-dimensional topological insulators and correspondingly, the surface is an array of edge states. Moreover, topological models, including second order topologic order, predict an interlayer electrical coupling mediated by hinge states. Here we report that angle dependent magnetoresistance measurements of small diameter single-crystal bismuth nanowires exhibit the sequence of magnetoresistance (MR) peaks at Yamaji magic angles and a peak for B//bilayer, indicating coherent transport between layers, and showing that the Fermi surface of surface electrons is a warped cylinder. The MR peaks are associated with magnetic field induced flat bands that are reminiscent of the well-known flat bands in bilayer graphene. Coherent transport across layers is interpreted in term of transport by topological hinge states.

Field of study: Physics
Do microbial numbers count? Quantifying the regulation of biogeochemical fluxes by population size and cellular activity.

In order to enhance understanding of the interrelationships among community members and between them and their environment, the concept of regulation analysis is extended from biochemistry into microbial ecology. Ecological regulation analysis quantifies how biogeochemical fluxes are regulated by the microorganisms performing the process; the degree to which changes in fluxes are due to changes in population size and to changes in activity cell(-1) (cellular activity). Regulation analysis requires data on biogeochemical fluxes and the numbers of cells through which these fluxes run. Its application to five biogeochemical processes (aerobic methane oxidation, aerobic nitrite oxidation, methanogenesis, sulfate reduction and reductive dehalogenation) revealed that in general, but not always, flux was primarily regulated by cellular activity, i.e. by changes in the size and properties of the enzyme pool and in the concentrations of substrates and metabolites. Thus, it is often not sufficient to count the numbers of cells performing a particular step in a biogeochemical process in order to estimate its flux. Ecological regulation analysis can be extended to address which aspects of cellular activity require quantification in order to describe biogeochemical fluxes better. Its application is discussed in the context of the complexity of microbial communities (e.g. functional redundancy) and their functioning.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
촛불시위의 정치학: 미시적 분석, 거시적 주장, 다층적 비교연구

본 논문은 2016 촛불시위에 관한 기존 연구를 비판적으로 검토해 후속 연구 아젠다를 제안하고자 한다. 2016 촛불시위에 관한 기존 연구는 시위 참여자들의 특성을 파악하고자 한 미시적 연구와 촛불집회의 역사적 배경과 구조적 조건을 규명하고자 한 거시적 연구로 구분할 수 있다. 미시적 연구는 설문자료를 이용해 촛불시위에 누가, 왜 참여했는지 실증분석하는 성과를 쌓았다. 거시적 연구는 한국 민주주의 역사에서 2016 촛불시위가 가진 의미와 이를 가능케 한정치·경제적 조건을 규명했다. 그러나 단일 분석수준에 입각한 연구는 촛불시위가 던진 중요한 질문들에 대해 논리적으로 충분히 설득력 있는 해답을 제공하지 못하거나 실증적으로 뒷받침되지 못하는 주장을 하는 한계를 보였다.
따라서 본 논문은 두 가지 방향의 후속 연구를 제안한다. 하나는 미시적 차원과 거시적 차원을 모두 포괄하는 다층적 연구이다. 또 하나는 2016 촛불시위를 관련된 학문 분야의 이론에 접목해 다른 사례들과 비교연구하는 것이다. 즉, 본 논문은 2016 촛불시위가 던진 다층적 비교연구 주제들을 규명해 후속 연구 활성화를 도모하기 위한 제언이다.

Field of study: Political science
Particles to Partial Differential Equations Parsimoniously

Equations governing physico-chemical processes are usually known at microscopic spatial scales, yet one suspects that there exist equations, e.g., in the form of partial differential equations (PDEs), that can explain the system evolution at much coarser, meso-, or macroscopic length scales. Discovering those coarse-grained effective PDEs can lead to considerable savings in computation-intensive tasks like prediction or control. We propose a framework combining artificial neural networks with multiscale computation, in the form of equation-free numerics, for the efficient discovery of such macro-scale PDEs directly from microscopic simulations. Gathering sufficient microscopic data for training neural networks can be computationally prohibitive; equation-free numerics enable a more parsimonious collection of training data by only operating in a sparse subset of the space-time domain. We also propose using a data-driven approach, based on manifold learning (including one using the notion of unnormalized optimal transport of distributions and one based on moment-based description of the distributions), to identify macro-scale dependent variable(s) suitable for the data-driven discovery of said PDEs. This approach can corroborate physically motivated candidate variables or introduce new data-driven variables, in terms of which the coarse-grained effective PDE can be formulated. We illustrate our approach by extracting coarse-grained evolution equations from particle-based simulations with a priori unknown macro-scale variable(s) while significantly reducing the requisite data collection computational effort.

Field of study: Computer science
Revisiting the Statewide Climate Extremes for the United States: Evaluating Existing Extremes, Archived Data, and New Observations

New all-time extreme climate records have been set in several states over the past few years. These records highlighted a need to review the existing statewide climate extremes tables maintained by the NOAA National Climatic Data Center (NCDC). Also, since these tables were last up-dated, NCDC has greatly extended its digital data record into the past for many locations and has applied improved quality assurance processes to its archived data, revealing several potential new record values. To ensure the records maintained in the statewide climate extremes tables accurately reflect the most current and valid data available, the records were reevaluated. The all-time maximum and minimum temperature, all-time greatest 24-h precipitation and snowfall, and all-time greatest snow depth for each of the 50 states, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands were manually examined to determine their validity, accuracy, accessibility, and provenance. NCDC's data holdings were scoured for values that might exceed estab...

Field of study: Environmental science
The complicated dynamics of heavy rigid bodies attached to deformable rods

We study the motion in space of light nonlinearly elastic and viscoelastic rods with heavy rigid attachments. The rods, which can suffer flexure, extension, torsion, and shear, are described by a general geometrically exact theory. We pay particular attention to the leading term of the asymptotic expansion of the governing equations as the inertia of the rod goes to zero. When the rods are elastic and weightless, and when they have appropriate initial conditions, they move irregularly through a family of equilibrium states parametrized by time; the motion of the rigid body is governed by an interesting family of multivalued ordinary differential equations. These ordinary differential equations for a heavy mass point attached to an elastica undergoing planar motion are explicitly treated. These problems illuminate such phenomena as snap-buckling. On the other hand, when the rods are viscoelastic and weightless, the rigid body is typically not governed by ordinary differential equations, but, as we show, the motion of the system is well-defined for arbitrary initial conditions. This analysis relies critically on the careful use of our properly invariant constitutive hypotheses.

Field of study: Mathematics
Cloning of a serine proteinase inhibitor from bovine brain: expression in the brain and characterization of its target proteinases.

A cDNA encoding of the serine proteinase inhibitor (serpin), B-43, was cloned from the cDNA library of the bovine brain. It encoded 378 amino acids, and the MW of the protein was estimated to be 42.6 kDa, which is consistent with that of the native B-43 purified from the bovine brain. The homology search revealed that B-43 belongs to the ovalbumin branch of the serpin superfamily. Among them, B-43 was most homologous to human placental thrombin inhibitor (PI-6) and its murine counterpart, with the amino acid identity of 76% and 71%, respectively. Northern blot analysis showed that the size of the transcript was 1.4 kb, and that the expression of B-43 in the bovine brain varied depending on the brain regions, i.e. a lower level of expression was observed in the cerebral cortex and the hippocampus compared to the level of expression that was observed in the medulla oblongata. [35S]-labeled B-43 protein was synthesized in vitro by using a rabbit reticulocyte lysate system, which formed complexes with proteinases such as thrombin, trypsin, alpha-chymotrypsin, and 7S nerve growth factor (NGF), but not with urokinase or plasmin. These results, together with the immunohistochemical localization of B-43 in astrocytes and in some neurons which was observed in the previous study suggest that B-43 may be involved in the regulation of serine proteinases present in the brain or extravasated from the blood.

Field of study: Biology
Structural study of the complex between human pepsin and a phosphorus-containing peptidic -transition-state analog.

The refined crystal structure of the complex between human pepsin and a synthetic phosphonate inhibitor, Iva-Val-Val-Leu(P)-(O)Phe-Ala-Ala-OMe [Iva = isovaleryl, Leu(P) = the phosphinic acid analog of L-leucine, (O)Phe = L-3-phenyllactic acid, OMe = methyl ester], is presented. The structure was refined using diffraction data between 30 and 1.96 A resolution to a final R factor ( summation operator| |F(o)| - |F(c)| | / summation operator|F(o)|, where |F(o)| and |F(c)| are the observed and calculated structure-factor amplitudes, respectively) of 20.0%. The interactions of the inhibitor with the enzyme show the locations of the binding sites on the enzyme from S4 to S3'. Modeling of the inhibitor binding to porcine pepsin shows very similar binding sites, except at S4. Comparison of the complex structure with the structures of related inhibitors bound to penicillopepsin helps to rationalize the observed differences in the binding constants. The convergence of reaction mechanisms and geometries in different families of proteinases is also discussed.

Field of study: Chemistry
Preparation of Pd-doped carbon aerogel powder with radiation method

Pd-doped carbon aerogel powder is prepared with radiation method in 100, 200 and 500 kGy radiation doses, which has been confirmed by XRD, SEM and energy spectrum test. The SEM images show that Pd is well distributed in all the surface of aerogel particles. The nitrogen adsorption data analysis shows that the specific surface area, average pore diameter and total pore volume of carbon aerogel powder all decrease obviously after Pd doping. As the reduced metal mostly decorates the outer surface of the carbon aerogel powder, the textural parameters of doped carbon aerogel powder in different radiation doses are close to each other.

Field of study: Physics
Structural learning of neural networks for analysis and knowledge extraction

This paper presents structure of a neural network for analysis and knowledge extraction from continuous valued problems and a training method for the structure. The proposed neural network consists of two types of hidden units. One type of hidden units has weights connected to only a group of input units. Another one has weights connected to all input units. The former type of hidden units allows to analyze each relation between a certain input data and corresponding output data. The latter type of hidden units ensures performance of the neural network as same as conventional neural networks. While the neural network is been training, needless hidden units are pruned automatically by the superposed energy function, the structure learning with forgetting, and the compact structuring algorithm. Therefore, it is easy to analyze the neural network and extract knowledge. The effectiveness of the proposed method is shown by function approximation, peak load forecasting of electric power and water flow forecasting into the dam.

Field of study: Computer science
Does Personality Matter?: Applying Holland’s Typology to Analyze Students’ Self-Selection into Science, Technology Engineering, and Mathematics Majors

This study utilized John Holland’s personality typology and the Social Cognitive Career Theory (SCCT) to examine the factors that may affect students’ self-selection into science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) majors. Results indicated that gender, race/ethnicity, high school achievement, and personality type were statistically significant factors in increasing or decreasing a student’s odds of enrolling in a STEM major. Specifically, students with a strong investigative personality were more likely to enroll in STEM majors, while those with a strong artistic personality or enterprising personality were less likely to do so. Males with a strong social personality also tended not to choose STEM majors, though social personality had a positive effect on whether females chose STEM majors. Implications of the findings for policymakers, educators, and administrators were explored.

Field of study: Education
A typology of sub-clinical senescent cognitive disorder.

Cognitive impairment without dementia is commonly observed in ageing populations. The present study aims to describe types of impairment and evolution over a one-year period.



Three hundred and ninety-seven normal French elderly persons demonstrating recent, observable change in cognitive performance were examined annually using a computerised cognitive examination.



Five subtypes were differentiated by cluster analysis. Two of the groups were predicted by logistic regression to be at high risk of senile dementia. Of 16 incident cases of senile dementia diagnosed in the following year, 13 were found to have derived from these two groups. The typology was also found to be useful in the description of age-associated memory impairment.



Subclinical cognitive impairment was found to not constitute a unitary phenomenon and heterogeneous subgroups could be differentiated. The concept of 'normality' in elderly cohorts is reconsidered in the light of these findings.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Conodonts and corals in kimberlite xenoliths confirm a Devonian seaway in central Ontario and Quebec

Eighteen samples containing sedimentary rock xenoliths were obtained from cores drilled into eight Mesozoic kimberlite pipes in the Kirkland Lake area, Ontario, and in Ontario and Quebec near Lake Timiskaming. Nine samples from five pipes contained fossils that were used for age determinations. These fossils are Middle or Late Ordovician graptolites, inarticulate brachiopods, and conodonts; Silurian and (or) Devonian conodonts; Early Devonian colonial corals; a Devonian stromatoporoid; and Early to Middle Devonian conodonts. Regionally, conodonts are unaltered (conodont colour alteration index, CAI 1). Conodont CAI values from the xenoliths are elevated (CAI 2), and a few conodonts have surface colour changes, suggesting hydrothermal alteration. Age determinations allow stratigraphic correlation between xenoliths and Paleozoic outcrops. For the Ordovician and Silurian samples, correlations are made to exposures in the nearby Lake Timiskaming outlier. For the Devonian samples, the closest possible correlat...

Field of study: Environmental science