nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
A Description of Local Material Properties Close to a Butt Weld

The paper presents a methodology for the lifetime assessment of welded polymer pipes. A fracture mechanics analysis of a butt-welded joint is performed by simulating radial crack growth in the nonhomogenous region of the pipe weld. It was found that the presence of material nonhomogeneity in the pipe weld caused by the welding procedure leads to an increase in the stress intensity factor of the radial crack and changes the usual failure mode of the pipe system. This can lead to a significant reduction in the lifetime of the pipe system.

Field of study: Materials science
Some Exploitation Properties of Wood Plastic Composites Based on Polypropylene and Plywood Production Waste

Three types of birch wood plywood by-products: plywood sanding dust (PSD), plywood sawdust (PSWD) and refined plywood scrap fibres (RPSF) and polypropylene composites exploitation properties (tensile, flexural modulus), microhardness water resistance and fluidity of composite melts, were evaluated. These investigations showed possibility of usage as excellent reinforcements for polypropylene presented by-products. For example tensile modulus increase up to 5 times, but flexural modulus till 2.3 times. Optimal content of PSD in polypropylene composites is 40 wt%, but in the cases of PSWD and RPSF 50 wt%.

Field of study: Materials science
Forming Mechanism of Composite Abrasive Grains in Oxide Film on ELID Wheel and its Microstructure

In this paper we analyze the forming mechanism of composite abrasive grains in oxide film on ELID grinding wheel surface, By using composition information and by taking advantage of microscale structure, we have investigated that abrasive grains surface is covered by a layer of oxide film and the fresh oxide film is loose and porous like turtle shaped crack when crushed and dried. The elements of oxide film consist of α-Fe2O3 with sphere grain of 5-50nm. This phenomena is demonstrated that the composite abrasive grains in oxide film is a compound structure which is centered by abrasive grains, with α-Fe2O3,Fe (OH)3 surrounded.

Field of study: Materials science
Rare-earth, metal, and phosphorite ores of Caradocian stage, northeast portion of Central Kazakhstan

High concentration of a number of metals, associated with feeder reservoir rocks emplaced at shallow depths, and the volcanic rocks which these produced, is discussed. The intruded feeder reservoirs tend to occupy faults which branch out from regional master faults at high angles (nearly 90° in the usual case). The enrichment of the intrusives, country rocks, and extrusives is taken to be consequent upon segregation processes in larger reservoirs situated considerably deeper in the crust. The combination of intrusive and extrusive processes leads to high concentrations of lead, zinc, molybdenum, and other metals in granite porphyries and in contact-metamorphic zones. It is noted that the concentrations of lead and zinc vary in opposite senses in acid extrusives. M. E. Burgunker.

Field of study: Geology
Bentonites as a basic material for technical base liners and site encapsulation cut-off walls

Bentonites and bentonite containing sealing materials are used for many years for sealing purposes in foundation, dike construction, hydraulic engineering and landfill construction, especially for encapsulation of old waste deposits. Because of their exceptional physical, structural and chemical properties, bentonites are offering manifold possibilities to protect the environment against the negative effects of dumping grounds. Often the observance of legal regulations for waste dumping or for the encapsulation of contaminated areas is possible only by using bentonite containing sealing systems. The different techniques of making horizontal technical base liners and vertical cut-off walls are illustrated as well as the essential properties of the bentonite with respect to the bentonite containing building materials. For horizontal technical base liners the adsorption ability, the ion exchange capacity and the swelling behavior of bentonite is important. For cut-off walls bentonite controls the rheological behavior of the slurry and is responsible for the low permeability of the hardened bentonite-cement-wall. The composition and properties of mineral sealing mixtures are illustrated by examples of usage as well as the application in the building practice. Results of recent developments for improving the material properties of bentonite containing mineral sealing mixtures, e.g. ready mixtures of bentonite/cement, are presented followed by a conclusive outlook to the further possible developments.

Field of study: Materials science
Land Use, Congestion and Urban Management

In this paper we discuss the role that different instruments of pricing policy could play in promoting an efficient use of land, that is becoming a more and more scarce good through time. The main area where pricing instruments should be employed is the transport sector, particularly in urban areas. A growing experience has been accumulated during the last years and pricing for the use of roads, either through parking fees or through electronic road pricing, has been experimented in many countries with results that seem encouraging. One important conclusion that emerges from our analysis is that, notwithstanding these positive results, pricing policy for the use of roads is a necessary condition for getting efficient results, but by itself is not sufficient. Equally important is the need to integrate pricing mechanisms within land use planning, but both theory and practice are lacking on a wide range of issues related to the land use impacts of road pricing.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
The Hidden Agendas in Writing across the Curriculum.

I first began thinking about the hidden agendas in writing across the curriculum when a physics teacher accused me of having one. I was presenting a workshop for secondary teachers in Grand Junction, Colorado, and after a session on ways of making content-area assignments, the physics teacher came up to me. "I figured out your hidden agenda," he said. "What?" (Like most of us, I try to be up front with my students about what is planned and what's intended.) "You're not just asking me to add more writing to my course," he explained, "You're asking me to change my whole style of teaching." He went on to paraphrase some of my remarks in the session. I had stressed that good content writing assignments should allow students to synthesize their understanding and to focus it for an audience, real, if possible. I had made some uncomplimentary remarks about the "typical" regurgitation-type essay exam and had deprecated textbook study questions as purposeless and audience-less.

Field of study: Education
The New Parochialism: The Implications of the Beltway Case for Arguments Concerning Informal Social Control1

This article presents a five‐year ethnographic study of informal social control in the Chicago neighborhood “Beltway,” where controls at the private and what has traditionally been known as the parochial level are weaker and less important than heretofore assumed. In addition, the parochial and the public arenas are inseparable from each other, not independent as others have argued. Instead, informal social control in Beltway is characterized by what the author calls the “new parochialism,” where diminished private and traditionally parochial forms of social control are replaced by a combination of parochial and public controls. The new parochialism is occasioned by wider societal and local changes, and the concept is shown to have theoretical and empirical implications.

Field of study: Sociology
Galileo and the Interpretation of the Bible

Galileo's understanding of the relationship between science and the Bible has frequently been celebrated as anticipating a modern distinction between the essentially religious nature of scripture and the claims of the natural sciences. Galileo's reference to the remarks of Cardinal Baronius, that the Bible teaches one how to go to heaven and not how the heavens go, has been seem as emblematic of his commitment to the distinction between the Book of Nature and the Book of Scripture. This essay argues that, contrary to the common view, Galileo shares with the theologians of the Inquisition the same fundamental principles of biblical interpretation: principles which include traditional scriptural hermeneutics enunciated by Augustine and Aquinas, as well as those characteristic of Counter-Reformation Catholicism. Although Galileo argues that one should not begin with biblical passages in order to discover truths about nature, he does think that the Bible contains scientific truths and that it is the function of wise interpreters to discover these truths. The dispute with the theologians of the Inquisition occurred because they thought that it was obviously true scientifically that the earth did not move and, on the basis of this view, they read the Bible as revealing the same thing. They reached this conclusion because, like Galileo, they thought that the Bible contained truths about nature. Of course, what these theologians accepted as scientifically true, Galileo denied.

Field of study: Philosophy
Fallibilism and the Use of History in Mathematics Education

The use of history in mathematics teaching depends, either implicitly or explicitly, on some view of the rationale of mathematical development. We suppose that changes in mathematics are made for good reasons, which are simultaneously clarified and tested in the process. Therefore, philosophically comprehended accounts of historical developments are relevant means of conveying to learners the rationale of mathematical concepts and precepts. As a case in point, it will be shown how the genesis and development of complex numbers can be explained on - hence supports - a fallibilist model of ‘trials and tests’. The educational implications of this ‘quasi-experimental’ approach are briefly discussed.

Field of study: Education, Mathematics
Getting to Know Me in Theory and Practice: Negotiated Truth and Mourning in Autobiographically Based Fiction (J. G. Ballard, Virginia Woolf, Katherine Mansfield, Jack Kerouac, Louisa May Alcott and me)

Despite recent controversies over ‘faked’ memoirs, most readers of life writing continue to trust in the autobiographical pact: they believe that memoirs are a source of personal truth, a writer’s outlet for laying bare the past. But some argue that the codes and conventions of memoir inscribe a distance between self and subject. Before writers are able to tell the truth to their readers, moreover, they have to confront and process that truth themselves over and over again. Writers of autobiographically-based fiction (or autofiction, autobiografiction) have long known that the work of truth-telling must start well before publication: the practice of writing in this form demands repeated self-revelation and intimacy with the truth of one’s own life history in a way that memoir may not. In this essay, I embrace the self-reflective methodologies of life-writing practice in order to identify and interrogate the ways in which writers of autobiographically-based fiction, including myself, process the truth of their pasts in order to reanimate and rewrite that past via a variety of imagined potentialities. I use a self-reflective analysis of the trajectory of truth-telling in my own writing over time and then turn to examine the work of JG Ballard, Virginia Woolf, Katherine Mansfield, Jack Kerouac, and Louisa May Alcott using the revelations in their life writings to produce alternative readings of their fictions. By doing so, I will propose a practical tool for examining that most elusive textual artefact: the writer’s imagination. While the life writing of these writers reveal a single, nominalist, reading of the facts of their lives, that is, their novels demonstrate the power of fiction to unfold hidden potentialities, and further, multiplying facets of truth around those facts. I hope to demonstrate, moreover, the usefulness of the practice-based insights that life writing practitioners can bring to textual analysis as I examine the process of writing autobiographically-based fiction from the inside out.

Field of study: Philosophy
Confronting the State, the Corporation, and the Academy: The Influence of Institutional Targets on Social Movement Repertoires1

Analysts have shown increased interest in how social movements use tactical repertoires strategically. While the state is most often the guarantor of new benefits, many movements—from labor to the environmental movement—target corporate, educational, and other institutions. Employing a unique data set of protests reported in the New York Times (1960–90), this research examines how repertoires are, in part, contingent on the institutional target a movement selects. In particular, the authors consider the role of each target's vulnerabilities and its capacities for response—repression, facilitation, and routinization—as explanations for the degree of transgressive protest each target faces. The results provide strong evidence for considering targets as a central factor in shaping forms of social protest.

Field of study: Law, Sociology
Exploring the Possibilities and Limitations of Service-Learning: A Critical Analysis of College Student Narratives About HIV/AIDS

This article reports the results of a study that explored the possibilities and limitations of service-learning by deconstructing the narratives about HIV/AIDS that emerged from five college students who participated in an alternative spring break program. Employing a critical (Rhoads, 1997) and anti-foundational (Butin, 2010) approach to inquiry, results suggest that perspective transformation and analysis of root causes will not occur automatically for most students.  This article reports the results of a study that explored the possibilities and limitations of service-learning by deconstructing the narratives about HIV/AIDS that emerged from five college students who participated in an alternative spring break program. Employing a critical (Rhoads, 1997) and anti-foundational (Butin, 2010) approach to inquiry, results suggest that perspective transformation and analysis of root causes will not occur automatically for most students.

Field of study: Sociology
Auditory and linguistic processing of cues for place of articulation by infants

Two- and 3-month-old infants were found to discriminate the acoustic cues for the phonetic feature of place of articulation in a categorical manner; that is, evidence for the discriminability of two synthetic speech patterns was present only when the stimuli signaled a change in the phonetic feature of place. No evidence of discriminability was found when two stimuli, separated by the same acoustic difference, signaled acoustic variations of the same phonetic feature. Discrimination of the same acoustic cues in a nonspeech context was found, in contrast, to be noncategorical or continuous. The results were discussed in terms of infants’ ability to process acoustic events in either an auditory or a linguistic mode.

Field of study: Linguistics
Collective Action and Adaptive Socioecological Cycles in Premodern States

Resiliency theorists propose that ecological transformations result when ecosystems collapse and then are reorganized through a process they call adaptive cycles. This article investigates the degree to which the dynamic properties of adaptive cycles reflect, in part, the influence of political factors associated with collective action in state formation. The author evaluates this possibility using historical and archaeological data coded as part of a comparative study of 30 premodern states. From these data, the author investigates the socionatural consequences of various regime-building strategies, and the author concludes that collective action political process will be an important factor to consider in future studies of socioecological resilience and transformation.

Field of study: Geology, Sociology
Collected Essays Volume Two: "The American Novel" and "Reflections on the European Novel", and: Just Looking: Consumer Culture in Dreiser, Gissing, and Zola (review)

literary circle and not open enough to the very texts he is praising. After disposing of the deconstructionists, Boyers turns on Irving Howe, whose classic Politics and the Novel (1957) the younger critic finds hopelessly out-of-date: "No theory of the political novel that installs Orwell or Koestler as a representative figure is likely to know what to make of TAe Tin Drum or Autumn of the Patriarch." And for Boyers, Animal Farm and 1984 (published in 1945 and 1949 respectively) are no longer relevant to a discussion of the political novel since 1945, and the critic, in Minitrue style, drops them from history (maybe this is the "Atrocity and Amnesia" of his title?). In his second chapter, "Time, Presence, Ethics: Imagining a Shared Reality," Boyers sets up his amazingly complex critical apparatus. When, in the following chapters, the critic settles down to discuss the political novels of Naipaul, Greene, Solzhenitsyn, and Gordimer (a chapter each), he makes many excellent points, but the reader is struckÂ—dare he say itÂ—by how old-fashioned the analysis often is: Boyers discusses the plots, themes, characters, language, etc. of his novels in a manner very similar to his bÃate-noir, Irving Howe. Boyers is particularly good on Solzhenitsyn, and the critic's meat-and-potatoes approach perfectly matches the Russian's traditional fiction.

Field of study: Art
Student-Father Attitudes toward Contemporary Social Issues

Differences in attitudes between a group of college freshmen and a group of fathers were determined by a sample survey for such issues as: family roles, societal values, college, Blacks, religion, ecology, and marijuana. Group data from 90 students and 90 fathers indicated a substantial generation gap and a failure by both groups to perceive that gap. Clustering of attitudes were similar for students and fathers, but students generally conformed more closely to student stereotypes.

Field of study: Psychology
Beyond the Liberal-Conservative Divide: Assessing the Relationship Between Religious Denominations and Their Associated LGBT Organizations

Emerging research suggests that existing culture, including religious culture, serves to constrain and enable the rhetoric and claims of social actors in situations of conflict and change. Given that religious institutions continue to have significant authority in framing moral debates in the United States, we hypothesize that groups connected to each other through a religious tradition will share similar orientations towards the moral order, shaping the kinds of rhetoric they use and the kinds of claims they can make. To test this, we compare the official rhetoric of the 25 largest religious denominations on gay and lesbian issues, as well as their orientation towards the moral order more broadly, with the rhetoric of each denomination’s respective movement for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender inclusion, affirmation, or rights. We use Kniss’ heuristic map of the moral order to analyze and theorize about the patterns that emerge from these comparisons. Ultimately, we find that the existing rhetoric of the parent denomination on gay and lesbian issues, along with the broader moral stances they take, do appear to shape the rhetoric and ideologies of associated pro-LGBT organizations. This provides support for the notion that existing culture, belief, and rhetoric shape the trajectories of conflict and change.

Field of study: Sociology
The strategic implementation process: evoking strategic consensus through communication

Effective strategy implementation is predicated on the assumption that functional areas within the firm have a basic understanding of the strategy. Termed strategic consensus, this concept refers to the extent to which intraorganizational perceptions converge on shared understandings of strategic priorities. The present study provides an initial exploration of consensus, supporting the viability of frequent vertical communication as a means by which strategic consensus may be enhanced. The performance implications of vertical communication and consensus reaffirm the important roles that frequent communication and shared understandings play in the implementation process. Specifically, when vertical communication is frequent, strategic consensus is enhanced and organizational performance improves, as evidenced by higher levels of net operating income, gross revenues, and growth in net revenues. And, in firms where the marketing executive's interpretation of strategy aligns with the chief executive officer's (CEO) perspective (i.e., strategic consensus), organizations are rewarded with higher levels of both marketing and organizational performance.

Field of study: Business
Law, Honor, and Impunity in Spanish America: The Debate over Dueling, 1870–1920

One day in late February 1873, the comisario of section 10 in Buenos Aires arrived at the home of Jacobo Varela to investigate reports that Varela had been involved in a duel with another young man, Julio Benites. Varela's brother met the policeman at the door and reported that, lamentably, Jacobo was ill and could not see him. When asked if he knew anything about a duel, the brother replied that he most certainly did not. Yes, Jacobo was bedridden because of a sword wound, but that was an accident: he had slipped while playing with the weapon and had fallen on top of it, the blade entering his right side below the shoulder and passing through his body. The additional wounds on his hands came when he attempted to pull the sword out.

Field of study: History, Law
Emergent L2 German writing ability in a curricular context: A longitudinal study of grammatical metaphor

The paper reports on a study of emergent adult instructed L2 German writing ability in a college-level program that developed an explicit curriculum-based approach to supporting L2 writing. It uses systemic-functional linguistics (SFL) as its theoretical framework and traces writing development through a central construct in the theory, the meaning-making resource of grammatical metaphor. The study observes the writing development of 14 writers longitudinally over three consecutive curricular levels, using both quantitative measures and in-depth qualitative observations regarding one learner's evolving abilities. The paper concludes with general observations about how an approach to L2 writing development that is informed by SFL can contribute to richer theoretical, empirical, and educational practices in support of learners’ literacy development.

Field of study: Education, Linguistics
Flags and Forgiveness

In the context of the events on and immediately following September 11, it is fruitful to explore the relationship between response and identity. How does the way individuals and nations have responded re ect who they are and what holds meaning for them? We can consider two responses, in particular. The  rst one is evident: the American  ag. This response seems to answer the question, “do you know and care about the events of September 11?” The second response is more theoretical. It answers questions such as, “what do we do to respond, how do we feel about these events and those who have caused them, and what consequences will our actions today have for who we will become as individuals and nations in the future?” In other words, how does what we do to respond now and in what spirit, re ect, and shape not only who we are—our identities today—but also who we want to become—our identities tomorrow? To answer these questions, I will argue that the idea of forgiveness is fundamental.

Field of study: Sociology