nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Unusually large $^{12}$C/$^{13}$C carbon isotope effect in the quasi one-dimensional superconductor Sc$_3$CoC$_4$

The substitution series of the quasi one-dimensional superconductor Sc$_3$Co($^{12}$C$_{1-x}$$^{13}$C$_x$)$_4$ with $x$ = 0 $-$ 1 was synthesized by arc melting. The sample homogeneity is confirmed by powder X-ray diffraction and $^{13}$C solid-state NMR spectroscopy. An unusually large $^{12}$C/$^{13}$C carbon isotope shift of the superconducting onset temperature, $T_{\rm c}^{\rm onset}$, is observed in the temperature dependent volume susceptibility, ${\chi}$($T$), and the electrical resistivity, ${\rho}$($T$), of poly (pc)- and single crystalline (sc) samples. The obtained isotope coefficients, ${\alpha_{\chi,pc}}$ = 6.2(7), ${\alpha_{\rho,pc}}$ = 7.5(6) and ${\alpha_{\rho,sc}}$ = 7.0(6), represent the highest positive values observed so far.

Field of study: Physics
Adequações tecnológicas no processamento da carne de caranguejo

Frozen mangrove crab (Ucides cordatus) meat may be purchased from a number of supermarkets or seafood retailers in Fortaleza (Northeastern Brazil). The present study proposes an improvement to crab meat processing, in the form of a crustacean immobilization and execution apparatus (SIAC), as a more sanitary and less traumatizing alternative for slaughtering and extracting the meat of mangrove crabs. The device stuns and/or executes the animals using controlled electrical pulses. The effects of pasteurization on crab meat extracted artisanally and in the laboratory were evaluated in order to minimize health risks to consumers. The two extraction techniques presented different yields: 18.9  versus 25.1%, respectively, in relation to the weight of the live animal. The corresponding figures in relation to the weight of whole cooked crabs were 21.2 and 28.3%. The meat of crabs stunned with the apparatus (SIAC) was easier to remove from the carapace. Pasteurization was shown to be an efficient means of eliminating fecal and total coliforms, as well as of reducing total bacterial count.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Creating the Ethical Academy: A Systems Approach to Understanding Misconduct and Empowering Change in Higher Education (review)

Tricia Bertram Gallant is a prolific writer and passionate advocate for the importance of academic integrity in higher education. In addition to her numerous journal articles, conference and seminar papers, readers will be familiar with her previous books including: Academic integrity in the twenty-first century (ASHE, 2008) and Cheating in schools: What we know and what we can do (with Stephen Davis and Patrick Drinan, Wiley 2009). For a review of the latter, please see IJEI Volume 5(1), 2009.

Field of study: Education
Development of the capacity for isoprene emission in kudzu

Isoprene is a biogenic hydrocarbon that has significant effects on tropospheric chemistry. It is emitted by a number of plant species, including kudzu, a leguminous vine that grows profusely in the south-eastern United States. This study investigated development of the capacity for isoprene emission in kudzu. Previous studies examined isoprene emission during leaf development, but a molecular explanation for the observed developmental delay in emission was lacking. This study found that kudzu leaves grown at a high temperature could emit isoprene at least a week before they were fully expanded and 1 d after becoming photosynthetically competent. When grown at low temperature, however, leaves did not emit isoprene until 1 week after they became fully expanded and 2 weeks after the onset of photosynthetic competence. Levels of mRNA and protein for isoprene synthase, which catalyses the final step in isoprene biosynthesis, were investigated; it was found that transcription and translation of this gene began at the same developmental stage as onset of emission in both growth conditions. Therefore, plant growth conditions, not leaf developmental stage, have primary control over expression of isoprene synthase and onset of kudzu isoprene emission. This finding may be useful in modelling early season isoprene emission rates.

Field of study: Environmental science
Rearrangements of diphosphine oxides and anhydrides of phosphorus acids. Phosphorotropic tautomerism

Ihe effects of electronic and structural properties of substituents on the relative theruLodynaxnic stability of dipho sphine inonoxides R2P(A)-.PR'2 and. isomeric compounds R2P-P(A)R '2 or R2P..A.-PR '2 (A=O, S,NX) have been demonstra.ted. Ihe irreversible and reversible (tautomeric) re.. arrangements have been found for these types of compounds. First data on phosphorotropic aM germanotropic tautome-. rism related. with the change of phosphorus coordination nuiiber are given. the relative stability of isomers con-. taming the three-. or four—coordinate phosphorus was dis-. cussed.

Field of study: Chemistry
Stable rank and real rank of compact transformation group C*-algebras

Let (G, X) be a transformation group, where X is a locally compact Hausdorff space and G is a compact group. We investigate the stable rank and the real rank of the transformation group C∗-algebra C0(X) ⋊ G. Explicit formulae are given in the case where X and G are second countable and X is locally of finite G-orbit type. As a consequence, we calculate the ranks of the group C∗-algebra C(R ⋊ G), where G is a connected closed subgroup of SO(n) acting on R by rotation.  For a C∗-algebra A, the stable rank sr(A) was introduced by Rieffel [24] with a view to applications in K-theory. In particular, the condition that sr(A) ≤ 2 is relevant for cancellation in K0(A) [2, 25]. The real rank RR(A), defined by Brown and Pedersen , is somewhat related to the stable rank but also has some different properties. There are some large classes of C∗-algebras with real rank zero (see, e.g., [5, Section V.7]). Both the stable rank and the real rank (in particular, the condition RR(A) = 0) have played a significant role in the classification theory of C∗-algebras [14, 26]. For unital A, the stable rank sr(A) is either ∞ or the smallest possible integer n such that each n-tuple in A can be approximated in norm by n-tuples (b1, . . . , bn) such that ∑n i=1 b ∗ i bi is invertible. Similarly, the real rank RR(A) is either ∞ or the smallest non-negative integer n such that each (n + 1)-tuple of self-adjoint elements in An+1 can be approximated in norm by (n+1)-tuples (b0, b1, . . . , bn) of self-adjoint elements such that ∑n i=0 b 2 i is invertible. For non-unital A, these ranks are defined to be those of the unitization of A. For the algebra of continuous functions on a compact Hausdorff 2000

Field of study: Mathematics
HIV, hepatitis C and risk behaviour in a Canadian medium-security federal penitentiary. Queen's University HIV Prison Study Group.

In a voluntary anonymous HIV and hepatitis C serology screen in a Canadian male medium security federal penitentiary, 68% of 520 prisoners volunteered a blood sample and 99% of those giving a blood sample completed a risk behaviour questionnaire which was linked numerically to the blood sample. Compared to previous screenings for HIV (4 years earlier), and hepatitis C (3 years earlier) in the same institution, HIV seroprevalence had risen from 1% to 2% and hepatitis C seroprevalence from 28% to 33%. The overwhelming risk association for hepatitis C was with drug use outside prison, although there was a small group of men who had only ever injected drugs inside prison, over half of whom had been infected with hepatitis C. The proportion of prisoners who had injected drugs in prison rose from 12% in 1995 to 24% in 1998. The proportion of surveyed individuals sharing injection equipment at some time in prison was 19%, and while HIV rates in the prison are currently low, HIV prevalence amongst Canadian street i.v. drug users is rising rapidly, underlining the need for urgent preventative measures in prisons.

Field of study: Medicine
Direct Electrochemical Behavior of Cytochrome C Immobilized on 4,5-Diazafluorene-9-one Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode

The direct electrochemical behavior of cytochrome C(Cyt C) immobilized on 4,5-diazafluorene-9-one(dafo) modified glassy carbon electrode was investigated by cyclic voltammetry(CV).The results show that a pair of well-defined quasi-reversible redox peaks of Cyt C was obtained at Cyt C/dafo/GCE based enzyme electrode by the direct electron transfer between the protein and the electrode.The peak current was linearly dependent on the scan rate,which indicated that the direct electrochemical characteristics of Cyt C in that case was a surface-controlled process.The immobilized Cyt C could retain bioactivity and catalyze the reduction of glucose in air-saturated solution with the apparent Michaelis-Menten constant KappM of 1.07 mmol/L,the response is fast and sensitive(10 s),and the ampere response has a linear relationship with concentration of H2O2 in the range of 5.0×10-6～-3.0×10-4 mol/L,and detection limit is 2.5×10-6 mol/L.These indicated that 4,5-diazafluorene-9-one was a good candidate material for the direct electrochemical reaction of the redox-active enzyme and the construction of the related enzyme biosensors.

Field of study: Chemistry
Ethanol intake of chickens treated with fenfluramine, fluoxetine, and dietary tryptophan.

Male, white leghorn chickens fed a standard diet with or without tryptophan supplementation were treated with single injections of 8 mg/kg fenfluramine in one series of experiments, or 8 mg/kg fluoxetine in another series. The birds had been food- and water-deprived prior to injection. They were offered, following the drug or saline injection, water, a 5% ethanol solution, or an isocaloric sucrose solution (8.75%) for 1 hr. Both fluoxetine and fenfluramine significantly reduced consumption of the ethanol solution, an effect exacerbated by tryptophan supplementation. Water or sucrose solution intake was also significantly reduced, but significantly less so than ethanol after fenfluramine injection. Since the birds drank significantly more of the sucrose solution after saline injection than of water, the consumption decrease caused by fenfluramine resulted, nevertheless, in a higher intake than that of either water or ethanol. Body temperature was decreased by ethanol intake and/or fluoxetine injection. Fenfluramine injection had an opposite, body temperature-increasing effect. It appears that both fenfluramine and fluoxetine decrease ethanol intake in a manner more specific than for water or sucrose, and that this effect is amplified by dietary tryptophan supplementation.

Field of study: Medicine
Oncoids from the river Alz (southern Germany): Tiny ecosystems in a phosphorus-limited environment

Spectacular modern freshwater oncoids from the river Alz (Bavaria, Southern Germany) grow in-situ, without being regularly overturned. In order to understand growth processes, properties of Alz river waters such as nutrient balance and pH were analysed and monitored, and the biotic composition of the oncoids was examined. Key features for the understanding of the growth of the Alz oncoids include (1) the presence of subconcentric calcareous laminae; (2) the existence of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) within the enveloping biofilm that are produced by cyanobacteria and diatoms and cover the entire oncoid except for the contact area with riverbed sediments; (3) a stratified, ‘telescoping’ pattern of cyanobacteria living both intertwined within the soft outer biofilm and in radial arrangement within the partially calcified cortex below; (4) the calcification pattern of individual cyanobacterial colonies; (5) the presence of an oncoidal food web; (6) the occurrence of destructive processes such as boring by endolithic cyanobacteria and EPS-burrowing of animals; (7) a lack of multicellular algae and higher plants owing to pronounced phosphate limitation. Organismic interactions important in the extant Alz oncoids are believed to be important for a more complete understanding of fossil oncoids.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
CATALYSIS BY IRON-POLYPHTHALOCYANINE. REDUCTIVE DEHALOGENATION OF α-CHLORODEOXYBENZOIN WITH 1-BENZYL-1,4-DIHYDRONICOTINAMIDE

Iron-polyphthalocyanine catalyzed the reductive dehalogenation of α-chlorodeoxybenzoin with 1-benzyl-1,4-dihydronicotinamide in benzene or 80 vol% aqueous methanol. The accelerating activity of the iron-polyphthalocyanine became larger as compared with those of various iron complexes under the similar condition.

Field of study: Chemistry
The ADMM Algorithm for Distributed Quadratic Problems: Parameter Selection and Constraint Preconditioning

This paper presents optimal parameter selection and preconditioning of the alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM) algorithm for a class of distributed quadratic problems, which can be formulated as equality-constrained quadratic programming problems. The parameter selection focuses on the ADMM step-size and relaxation parameter, while the preconditioning corresponds to selecting the edge weights of the underlying communication graph. We optimize these parameters to yield the smallest convergence factor of the iterates. Explicit expressions are derived for the step-size and relaxation parameter, as well as for the corresponding convergence factor. Numerical simulations justify our results and highlight the benefits of optimal parameter selection and preconditioning for the ADMM algorithm.

Field of study: Engineering
Lilienfeld Radiation Brought to Light

Presently, the term transition radiation tends to denote a somewhat different physical phenomenon than the original transition radiation discovered by J. E. Lilienfeld in 1919, and re-employed in different forms again in 1953 and 1971. Lilienfeld transition radiation is a subtle kind of radiation with distinctive properties that may often be unexpected in prospect, yet is intuitive and readily understood in retrospect. This paper distinguishes in clear terms between the different kinds of transition radiation, and shows its link to modern apparatus such as possible applications in the area of x-ray microscopy, microholography, and the free electron laser .

Field of study: Physics
An introduction to the FY3 GNOS instrument and mountain-top tests

The FY3 (Feng-Yun-3) GNOS (GNSS Occultation Sounder) mission is a GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) radio occultation mission of China for remote sensing of Earth's neutral atmosphere and the ionosphere. GNOS will use both the global positioning system (GPS) and the Beidou navigation satellite systems on the China Feng-Yun-3 (FY3) series satellites. The first FY3-C was launched at 03:07 UTC on 23 September 2013. GNOS was developed by the Center for Space Science and Applied Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CSSAR). It will provide vertical profiles of atmospheric temperature, pressure, and humidity, as well as ionospheric electron density profiles on a global basis. These data will be used for numerical weather prediction, climate research, and ionospheric research and space weather. This paper describes the FY3 GNOS mission and the GNOS instrument characteristics. It presents simulation results of the number and distribution of GNOS occultation events with the regional Beidou constellation and the full GPS constellation, under the limitation of the GNOS instrument occultation channel number. This paper presents the instrument performance as derived from analysis of measurement data in laboratory and mountain-based occultation validation experiments at Mt. Wuling in Hebei Province. The mountain-based GNSS occultation validation tests show that GNOS can acquire or track low-elevation radio signal for rising or setting occultation events. The refractivity profiles of GNOS obtained during the mountain-based experiment were compared with those from radiosondes. The results show that the refractivity profiles obtained by GNOS are consistent with those from the radiosonde. The rms of the differences between the GNOS and radiosonde refractivities is less than 3%.

Field of study: Environmental science
Generic construction for secure and efficient handoff authentication schemes in EAP-based wireless networks

As a promising application scenario of wireless technologies, roaming communication initiates the demand for secure and efficient handoff authentication schemes. However, it seems that no existing scheme can simultaneously provide provable security and enjoy desirable efficiency. In this paper, we first utilize the double-trapdoor chameleon hash family to develop a generic method for secure and efficient handoff authentication in EAP-based wireless networks. The main idea is that the verification information, deduced from the one-time trapdoor, provides an authenticated transient Diffie-Hellman key exchange only between a mobile node and an access point. Moreover, we present an instantiation of the generic method based on a special double-trapdoor chameleon hashing. The proposed scheme not only provides robust security, but also enjoys desirable efficiency. To be specific, our scheme is proved to be secure in the random oracle model based on the computational Diffie-Hellman assumption and the unforgeability of an elliptic curve digital signature. Furthermore, formal verification by using the AVISPA tool shows that our scheme resists various malicious attacks. Finally, we evaluate the latency performance by the theoretical analysis and simulation. The results indicate that the proposed scheme achieves desirable efficiency in terms of the computation cost, the communication overhead and the storage requirement.

Field of study: Computer science
Determianion of Spirodiclofen Residue in Nine Fruits by Gas Chromatography-Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry with Dispersive Solid Phase Extraction

An internal standard method was developed for the determination of spirodiclofen residue in nine fruits by gas chromatography-quadrupole mass spectrometry with dispersive solid phase extraction.Spirodiclofen was vortex extracted with acetonitrile and cleaned-up with mixture of two sorbents primary secondary amine(PSA) and octadecyl bonded silica(ODS)-C18,the effects of the clean-up were satisfied.Spirodiclofen was detected in selected ion mode(SIM),the temperatures of inlet,MS quadrupole,MS source and transferline were 280,150,230 and 280 ℃,respectively.The recoveries of spirodiclofen in eight matrices except almond were all between 76.79% and 99.10%,and the correlation coefficients were between 0.6% and 3.9%.The limit of detection concentration and amount of this method were 0.02 mg/Kg and 1×10-10 g,respectively.Triphenyl phosphate(TPP) was used as an internal standard.The matrix effect of spirodiclofen in 9 fruits was studied and the cleavage mechanism of spirodiclofen characteristic fragment ions was also interpreted.

Field of study: Chemistry
Molecular characterization of a new member of the protein 4.1 family (brain 4.1) in rat brain.

In addition to the well-known erythroid 4.1 gene, two human genes (KIAA0338 and 4.1G) have recently been identified as members of the protein 4.1 family of genes. We compared the expression levels of these three genes and found that the KIAA0338 gene was predominantly expressed in human brain. To further characterize this novel protein 4.1, called brain 4.1, we isolated rat brain 4.1 cDNA and analyzed its gene products in rat brain. The results indicated that the mRNA and protein products of the brain 4.1 gene were more abundant in brain compared to any other tissues examined. The brain 4.1 mRNA appeared as multiple bands with estimated sizes of 3.9 kb, 6.2 kb and 8.7 kb on RNA blotting analysis, and was found to consist of various alternative forms as reported previously for the erythroid 4. 1 gene. As for the brain 4.1 gene product, many isoforms discernible by immunoblotting analysis were also observed depending on the tissue type and the brain region. The existence of multiple forms of the brain 4.1 implies that it has multiple and diverse functions like the erythroid 4.1 gene product.

Field of study: Biology
Household-level disparities in cancer risks from vehicular air pollution in Miami

Environmental justice (EJ) research has relied on ecological analyses of socio-demographic data from areal units to determine if particular populations are disproportionately burdened by toxic risks. This article advances quantitative EJ research by (a) examining whether statistical associations found for geographic units translate to relationships at the household level; (b) testing alternative explanations for distributional injustices never before investigated; and (c) applying a novel statistical technique appropriate for geographically-clustered data. Our study makes these advances by using generalized estimating equations to examine distributive environmental inequities in the Miami (Florida) metropolitan area, based on primary household-level survey data and census block-level cancer risk estimates of hazardous air pollutant (HAP) exposure from on-road mobile emission sources. In addition to modeling determinants of on-road HAP cancer risk among all survey participants, two subgroup models are estimated to examine whether determinants of risk differ based on disadvantaged minority (Hispanic and non-Hispanic Black) versus non-Hispanic white racial/ethnic status. Results reveal multiple determinants of risk exposure disparities. In the model including all survey participants, renter-occupancy, Hispanic and non-Hispanic black race/ethnicity, the desire to live close to work/urban services or public transportation, and higher risk perception are associated with greater on-road HAP cancer risk; the desire to live in an amenity-rich environment is associated with less risk. Divergent subgroup model results shed light on the previously unexamined role of racial/ethnic status in shaping determinants of risk exposures. While lower socioeconomic status and higher risk perception predict significantly greater on-road HAP cancer risk among disadvantaged minorities, the desire to live near work/urban services or public transport predict significantly greater risk among non-Hispanic whites. Findings have important implications for EJ research and practice in Miami and elsewhere.

Field of study: Environmental science
The Contingent Use of Trading Stamps in Reducing Truancy: A Case Report.

A contingency contract procedure was used to reduce truancy in a 13-year-old learning-disabled subject. The subject received a daily amount of trading stamps contingent on school attendance. Results showed a significant decrease in truancy from three to four days per week to less than one per week. A reversal design indicated that truancy could be controlled by the contingency procedure.

Field of study: Education
Local XOR Unification: Definitions, Algorithms and Application to Cryptography

Unification techniques have been proven to be useful for formal analysis of cryptographic systems. In this paper, we introduce a new unification problem called local XOR unification, motivated by formal analysis of security of modes of operation. The goal in local XOR unification is to find a substitution making two terms equivalent modulo the theory of exclusive-or, but each variable is only allowed to be mapped to a term from a given set of terms. We present two versions of the local XOR unification problem, and give algorithms to solve them, proving soundness, completeness and termination.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
The Andean Group: Institutional Evolution, Intraregional Trade, and Economic Development

A simple statement motivates this paper: "1996 stands as the year of institutional reform." The statement comes from Monica Rosell (2002) of the General Secretariat of the Andean Community. She referred to recent reforms of the Cartagena Agreement and the economic integration group it instituted in 1969, the Andean Group.! The Trujillo Protocol, signed in 1996 and implemented in 1997, is the source of the reform. To discuss this reform and see whether the Andean countries have moved toward meeting their joint goals during the early years of reform is the goal of this paper.

Field of study: Economics