nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Processing of form stimuli presented unilaterally in humans, chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), and monkeys (Macaca mulatta).

Visual forms were unilaterally presented using a video-task paradigm to 10 humans, 3 chimpanzees, and 2 rhesus monkeys to determine whether hemispheric advantages existed in the processing of these stimuli. Both accuracy and reaction time served as dependent measures. For the chimpanzees, a significant right hemisphere advantage was found within the first 3 test sessions. The humans and monkeys failed to show a hemispheric advantage as determined by accuracy scores. Analysis of reaction time data revealed a significant left hemisphere advantage for the monkeys. A Visual Half-Field x Block interaction was found for the chimpanzees, with a significant left visual field advantage in Block 2, whereas a right visual field advantage was found in Block 4. In the human subjects, a left visual field advantage was found in Block 3 when they used their right hands to respond. The results are discussed in relation to recent reports of hemispheric advantages for nonhuman primates.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Syntheses and X-Ray Crystal Structures of Platinum(II) Complexes Bearing Two and Three Phosphorus-Bridged [1]Ferrocenophanes, cis-[PtCl2(fcpp)2] and [PtCl(fcpp)3]BF4

Platinum complexes having two and three (1,1′-ferrocenediyl)phenylphosphine (fcpp) groups, cis-[PtCl2(fcpp)2] and [PtCl(fcpp)3]BF4, were prepared and their molecular structures were determined by X-ray analysis.

Field of study: Chemistry
High hexokinase activity in tomato fruit perturbs carbon and energy metabolism and reduces fruit and seed size

Tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum var MP-1) plants overexpressing Arabidopsis hexokinase 1 (AtHXK1) exhibited high hexokinase (HXK) activity in correlation with drastic phenotypic modifications in fruit. Transgenic fruit and seeds were reduced in size. Reduction in fruit size was due to decreased cell expansion, which could not be corrected by perfusion with sucrose (Suc). Neither could wild type (WT) fruit and seed size be obtained by grafting of transgenic flowers onto WT shoots. Starch and hexose contents were lower but organic and amino acids were higher in transgenic fruit. Lower respiratory rates measured in vitro accompanied by even lower ATP levels and ATP/ADP ratios indicated metabolic perturbations that may explain, in part, reduced fruit and seed size.

Field of study: Environmental science
The sports,cultural and social functions of Yao national tambourin dance and the development of its resources

Yao national tambourin dance is an important constituent part of Yao national culture,and one of the typical representatives of Yao national culture.From the perspective of sport and culture,tambourin dance has not only high values in keep-fit,entertainment and artistic aesthetics,but also various social functions,such as inheriting national culture,enhancing national cohesion,and uplifting economic standard.The authors also probed into the development and utilization of cultural resources of tambourin dance while revealing the sports,cultural and social functions of tambourin dance.

Field of study: Education
A survey on the roles of Bloom Filter in implementation of the Named Data Networking

Today is the era of smart devices. Through smart devices, people remain connected with each other across the globe. But, it led the current Internet towards scalability issues. Therefore, leaving IP-based Internet behind, the world is moving to the Future Internet Architecture, called Named Data Networking (NDN). Currently, the number of nodes connected to the Internet is in the billions. Coupled with, the number of requests sent is in millions per second. NDN handles such huge numbers by modifying the existing IP architecture to meet the current requirements. NDN is scalable, generates less traffic, saves bandwidth, efficiently utilizes multiple network interfaces, provides high-level security, etc., which are essential for current communication technology. Correspondingly, Bloom Filter is a simple data structure capable of enhancing the performance of NDN. It is a probabilistic data structure for the membership query. Bloom Filter is deployed in various modules of NDN to handle the enormous number of packets. This article presents a detailed discussion on the role of Bloom Filter in implementing NDN. Moreover, the article includes a detailed discussion about Bloom Filter and the NDN architecture’s main components: Packet, Content Store, Forwarding Information Base, and Pending Interest Table. The article also provides many tables to increase the understanding of the topics.

Field of study: Computer science
The chemical structure of the cell wall of Gram-positive bacteria

In the past, the role of organic chemistry has been to establish the structure of natural products, to duplicate these products, and synthesize infinite variations of them for the amelioration of our standard of living. Recently, however, organic chemistry, together with its derived disciplines biochemistry and molecular biology, has broadened in scope and has started to give us basic knowledge about biological processes. This knowledge is valid, however, only when it is based on chemical structures, the identification of which has been made by rigorous methods and eventually supported by synthetic proofs. This knowledge is valid, in other words, only when it is based on the same foundation as the chemistry of natural products has been based in the past. Most developments in the field of molecular biology have concerned proteins and nucleic acids. There are, however, biological phenomena (for example, the immunological protection of the cell, the duplication of the bacterial cell, and its penetration by viruses) in which carbohydrate structures play a major role. When we come to know the chemical structure of the rigid and insoluble component that gives form and protection to bacteria, we will better understand some important biological phenomena at the molecular level. To take two particularly interesting examples, we will be able to explain in chemical terms the penetration of viruses into the bacterial cell and also the action of antibiotics, such as penicillin, which block the formation of the cell wall. Only recently, moreover, has the spatial structure of egg-white lysozyme, one of the enzymes that cause the lysis of bacteria, been elucidated'. When we know completely the chemical structure of the lysozyme substrate, we will be in a position to explain the mechanism of enzyme action. In recent years, methods have been developed for the preparation of cell wall material devoid of cytoplasmic or membrane material, so that chemical methods may be applied to the purified material. Cell walls of grampositive bacteria were found to have, in general, a simpler composition than do cell walls of gram-negative bacteria, which have complex protein— lipopolysaccharidic antigens. We have to thank Salton, Work, Cummings, and Westphal, among others, for the pioneering work which determined the composition of bacterial cell walls. One of the first cell-wall structures to be studied was that of Micrococcus lysodeilcticus, which is the substrate traditionally used for the study of egg-white lysozyme. Taking advantage of the solubilization of the cell wall by the

Field of study: Chemistry
Empirical Study on the Spillover Effect of FDI in the Egyptian and Polish Manufacturing Sector

This Paper has attempted to address the spillover effect of FDI on productivity in the Egyptian and Polish manufacturing sector. Empirical analysis has been implemented to determine the factors that influence productivity. In explaining the spillover effect of FDI, the study will apply a two stage least squares technique using the data panel between 2006 and 2014 across 9 sub sectors of the Egyptian and Polish manufacturing sector. A Cobb Douglas production function was used where productivity is established as a function of capital, labor, foreign direct investment, exports, imports, and technology gap.The results from the production function suggest that physical capital and labor force are the main factors in determining the manufacturing productivity that accordingly enhance the fact that both physical capital and labor inputs are important to the productivity of manufacturing sector. It is also found that the foreign presence enhance productivity in the Egyptian and Polish manufacturing sector. We view the positive effect of FDI on productivity as evidence which indicates that the FDI inflow is not merely a source of capital; it is also a conduit for technology transfer. On the other hand, both imports, and technology gap exert a negative and significant effect on productivity. This is due to high protection, high tariffs in Egypt , and the technology of foreign firms is too advanced for domestic firms to adjust and absorb. In addition exports have a negative but insignificant effect as exports are mainly low-skill products.

Field of study: Business
Magnetische Suszeptibilität einiger Seltener-Erd-Doppelnitrate

ZusammenfassungDie magnetische Suszeptibilität von Lanthan-, Cer-, Praseodym- und Neodym-Magnesium-Nitrat wurde für die beiden Hauptachsen im Temperaturbereich von 4,4 bis 300 °K durch die Kraft im inhomogenen Magnetfeld gemessen.

Field of study: Physics
First-Order Methods for Fast Feasibility Pursuit of Non-convex QCQPs

Quadratically constrained quadratic programming (QCQP) is NP-hard in its general non-convex form, yet it frequently arises in various engineering applications. Several polynomial-time approximation algorithms exist for non-convex QCQP problems (QCQPs), but their success hinges upon the ability to find at least one feasible point—which is also hard for a general problem instance. In this paper, we present a heuristic framework for computing feasible points of general non-convex QCQPs using simple first-order methods. Our approach features low computational and memory requirements, which makes it well suited for application to large-scale problems. While a priori it may appear that these benefits come at the expense of technical sophistication, rendering our approach too simple to even merit consideration for a non-convex and NP-hard problem, we provide compelling empirical evidence to the contrary. Experiments on synthetic as well as real-world instances of non-convex QCQPs reveal the surprising effectiveness of first-order methods compared to more established and sophisticated alternatives.

Field of study: Engineering
[Cognitive rehabilitation of patients with focal brain damage].

One of the important problems of modern neurology is the cognitive impairment caused by focal brain damage in stroke and traumatic brain injury. Cognitive deficit has a negative impact on the quality of life of the patient and his environment, to a large extent hindering the possibility of a full social and professional recovery. Such patients need a comprehensive rehabilitation treatment, including cognitive rehabilitation, motor rehabilitation and drug correction. The use of cerebrolysin, the effectiveness of which in patients after stroke and head injury is confirmed by many studies, is discussed.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Influence on aromatic compounds of blueberry wine by different yeast fermentation

The aromatic compound of blueberry wines fermented by three yeast strains were analyzed by HS-SPME coupled to GC-MS.Twenty-nine aromatic compounds were identified in three type of wines together.Twenty aromatic compounds were identified in wine fermented with yeast Y4 and the main aromatic compound was 1-buten-ol-3-methyl with content of 39.2%.Twenty two aromatic compounds were identified in wine fermented with Saccharomyces cerevisia AS2.316 and the main aromatic compound was 1-buten-ol-3-methyl with content of 51.92%.Twenty aromatic compounds were identified in wine fermented with Angel RA-4 and the main aromatic compound was 1-buten-ol-2-methyl and 1-buten-ol-3-methyl,with relative contents of 34.57% and 22.97%,respectively.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Fishers-based watershed management in Lake Saroma, Japan

This article delineates an evolutionary perspective of fishers-based watershed management from the viewpoint of sustainable fish production in lagoon fisheries. A case study of Lake Saroma, Japan is presented showcasing the innovative efforts of fishers on the wise use of fishery resources and mainstreaming environmental conservation at the watershed level. Innovative efforts include the introduction of cultured scallop allowance limits, fishers’ aforestation activities and multi-level collaborative partnership building. The study highlights a wider realization of lagoon fisheries management at multiple scales, where the role of the coordinator is key in sharing the concept of integrated lagoon fisheries management among relevant stakeholders. Based on the Lake Saroma experience, this article contributes to the development of nested collaborative partnerships among stakeholders toward fishers-based integrated lagoon fisheries management.

Field of study: Environmental science
Transcripts encoding a neural membrane CD26 peptidase-like protein are stimulated by synaptic activity.

We isolated a cDNA clone, named BSPL, that encodes a brain-specific dipeptidyl peptidase-like protein with 30% identity and 50% similarity to CD26, a lymphocyte membrane antigen involved in T-cell activation. BSPL lacks, however, the catalytic residue responsible for peptidase activity. The expression of BSPL is widespread throughout the CNS but restricted to neurons under normal conditions. Twenty-four hours after injection of kainic acid into the hippocampus, a dramatic increase in the concentration of BSPL mRNA was detected by in situ hybridization in the CA3 region of the injected hemisphere as compared with the contralateral hemisphere or sham-injected animals. An increase in the steady-state level of BSPL mRNA concentration was also found following tetanic stimulation of the perforant path to produce LTP in granule cells of the dentate gyrus. Hybridization signals could be detected in dendritic processes of pyramidal neurons and in some glial cells upon either type of stimulation. These data suggest that BSPL may be involved in synaptic plasticity.

Field of study: Biology
The Spontaneous Freezing Temperatures of Melted Snow and of Small Water Drops

The spontaneous freezing temperatures of samples of melted snow collected at hourly intervals during several storms are reported. The freezing temperatures were found to range from −8.3 to −16.8°C. In most cases the freezing temperature remained fairly constant over periods of several hours. Gross variations in the pollution of the lower atmosphere caused no obvious effect on the observed freezing temperatures. It is suggested that the observed freezing temperatures represent the temperatures of initial formation of the snow crystals. A few experiments on the freezing temperatures of small drops were made with a technique such that all drops were formed from the same bulk sample without any danger of contamination. In all cases the freezing temperatures of the drops were well below that of the bulk water. The freezing temperature decreased with decreasing drop size but there was a relatively large variation for a given drop size.

Field of study: Environmental science
Age- and race-dependence of the fibroglandular breast density analyzed on 3D MRI.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the age- and race-dependence of the breast fibroglandular tissue density based on three-dimensional breast MRI.



The normal breasts of 321 consecutive patients including Caucasians, Asians, and Hispanics were studied. The subjects were separated into three age groups: Younger than 45, between 45 and 55, and older than 55. Computer algorithms based on body landmarks were used to segment the breast, and fuzzy c-means algorithm was used to segment the fibroglandular tissue. Linear regression analysis was applied to compare mean differences among different age groups and race/ethnicity groups. The obtained parameters were not normally distributed, and the transformed data, natural log (ln) for the fibroglandular tissue volume, and the square root for the percent density were used for statistical analysis.



On the average, the transformed fibroglandular tissue volume and percent density decreased significantly with age. Racial differences in mean transformed percent density were found among women older than 45, but not among women younger than 45. Mean percent density was higher in Asians compared to Caucasians and Hispanics; the difference remained significant after adjustment for age, but not significant after adjusted for both age and breast volume. There was no significant difference in the density between the Caucasians and the Hispanics.



The results analyzed using the MRI-based method show age- and race-dependence, which is consistent with literature using mammography-based methods.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Average Competence, Variability in Individual Competence, and Accuracy of Statistically Pooled Group Decisions

We correct propositions advanced by Sattler in 1966 on the accuracy of group judgments as a function of the mean competence and distribution of competence of group members. We provide the special distributions which, for fixed total group competence, minimize/maximize group majority rule accuracy. We also show how group majority competence can be above/below that of group mean competence.

Field of study: Psychology
Cell-free microRNAs: potential biomarkers in need of standardized reporting

MicroRNAs are abundantly present and surprisingly stable in multiple biological fluids. These findings have been followed by numerous reverse transcription real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR)-based reports revealing the clinical potential of using microRNA levels in body fluids as a biomarker of disease. Despite a rapidly increasing body of literature, the field has failed to adopt a set of standardized criteria for reporting the methodology used in the quantification of cell-free microRNAs. Not only do many studies based on RT-qPCR fail to address the Minimum Information for Publication of Quantitative Real-Time PCR Experiments (MIQE) criteria but frequently there is also a distinct lack of detail in descriptions of sample source and RNA isolation. As a direct result, it is often impossible to compare the results of different studies, which in turn, hinders progress in the field. To address this point, we propose a simple set of criteria to be used in conjunction with MIQE to reveal the true potential of cell-free microRNAs as biomarkers.

Field of study: Biology
Zur Rolle der kinetischen Elektronenenergie für die zwischenatomaren Kräfte

ZusammenfassungMan kann die Valenzkräfte zwischen Atomen deuten als Änderung der mittleren kinetischen Energie der Elektronen. Die Aufteilung der gesamten Störungsenergie erster Näherung in kinetische und potentielle bleibt in der Störungsrechnung willkürlich. Aus dem Virialsatz wird eine allgemeine Beziehung zwischen kinetischer, potentieller und Gesamtenergie für ein System von Atomen bei festgehaltenen Kernen abgeleitet.

Field of study: Physics
A Bayesian model to correct underestimated 3-D wind speeds from sonic anemometers increases turbulent components of the surface energy balance

Sonic anemometers are the principal instruments in micrometeorological studies of turbulence and ecosystem fluxes. Common designs underestimate vertical wind measurements because they lack a correction for transducer shadowing, with no consensus on a suitable correction. We reanalyze a subset of data collected during field experiments in 2011 and 2013 featuring two or four CSAT3 sonic anemometers. We introduce a Bayesian analysis to resolve the three-dimensional correction by optimizing differences between anemometers mounted both vertically and horizontally. A grid of 512 points (∼ ±5° resolution in wind location) is defined on a sphere around the sonic anemometer, from which the shadow correction for each transducer pair is derived from a set of 138 unique state variables describing the quadrants and borders. Using the Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method, the Bayesian model proposes new values for each state variable, recalculates the fast-response data set, summarizes the 5 min wind statistics, and accepts the proposed new values based on the probability that they make measurements from vertical and horizontal anemometers more equivalent. MCMC chains were constructed for three different prior distributions describing the state variables: no shadow correction, the Kaimal correction for transducer shadowing, and double the Kaimal correction, all initialized with 10 % uncertainty. The final posterior correction did not depend on the prior distribution and revealed both self- and cross-shadowing effects from all transducers. After correction, the vertical wind velocity and sensible heat flux increased  ∼ 10 % with  ∼ 2 % uncertainty, which was significantly higher than the Kaimal correction. We applied the posterior correction to eddy-covariance data from various sites across North America and found that the turbulent components of the energy balance (sensible plus latent heat flux) increased on average between 8 and 12 %, with an average 95 % credible interval between 6 and 14 %. Considering this is the most common sonic anemometer in the AmeriFlux network and is found widely within FLUXNET, these results provide a mechanistic explanation for much of the energy imbalance at these sites where all terrestrial/atmospheric fluxes of mass and energy are likely underestimated.

Field of study: Environmental science
Magnetic flux diffusion through HTS shields

Slow field leakage in a polycrystalline superconducting cupshield placed in an external axial field (H/sub ext/) much weaker than H/sub C1/ shows a diffusive time dependence with a time scale of 10/sup 2/ s. As the field strength increases but is still less than H/sub C1/, a logarithmic time dependence of 10/sup 2/ s time scale is observed. It is shown that this logarithmic time dependence is a result of flux line diffusion between superconducting grains rather than fluxoid avalanches or flux bundle creep.

Field of study: Physics
Hot-carrier generation and extraction in InAs/GaAs quantum dot superlattice solar cells

We demonstrate hot-carrier (HC) generation and extraction processes in InAs/GaAs quantum dot superlattice (QDSL) solar cells with the excitation energy tuned below the GaAs band edge at 15 K. The short-circuit current density and the open-circuit voltage originated from the HC extraction are enhanced by increasing the number of the QDSL layers owing to the increased absorptivity in the QDSLs. The short-circuit current density demonstrates an almost linear dependence with increasing excitation density and increases with increasing excitation energy, which reflects the absorption coefficient in the QDSLs. Conversely, the open-circuit voltage tends to saturate to the same value independently from the excitation energy, indicating that the hot electrons extracted to the conduction band edge of GaAs are retrapped at the open-circuit condition due to a low built-in electric field of ~1.3 kV cm−1.

Field of study: Materials science
[Characteristics of cognitive and behavioral disturbances in patients with semantic dementia with a prevalent atrophy of the right- or left hemisphere].

Semantic dementia (SD) is one of the main clinical forms of frontotemporal degeneration. The authors describe clinical and neuropsychological characteristics of two patients with SD with the atrophy of frontal regions of temporal lobes of the right and left hemispheres. The disturbance of the semantic structure of speech caused by the lesion of the left hemisphere and the prevalence of prosopagnosia and behavioral disturbances related to the atrophy of the right hemisphere have been identified.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology