nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Warm-electron transport in a two-dimensional semiconductor system

Warm-electron transport is studied for a two-dimensional electron gas coupled to LO phonons. The authors found that the mobility can be expanded as mu (F)/ mu 0=(1+ gamma mod F mod + beta F2) with F the electric field. The warm-electron transport coefficients, gamma and beta , are calculated within: (1) the diffusion-to-streaming transition model, (2) the Monte Carlo simulation method and (3) the momentum-balance equation. For a non-degenerate electron gas they found gamma >0 and beta <0.

Field of study: Materials science
Reading Native American Literature by Joseph L. Coulombe (review)

offered more than simply cynicism in its thinking over history, and to see the postmodern elements of Kingston's work as undermining her political project seems short-sighted. The limits of realism—those points of disruption in Lee's chosen texts—are the limitations with which postmodernism seeks to critically engage. (This dismissive attitude to postmodernism, which is mentioned only once in the index, is a shame, although perhaps not wholly unexpected in a book whose construction of the relationship between historical reality and aesthetics is indebted to Lukács, Adorno, and Jameson.) Nevertheless, despite this lacuna, The Semblance of Identity has a bold and original argument. Lee's conclusion that "the pressing task is to scrupulously expose the dangers of identity politics while recognizing its critical potential" is surely one that will prove influential in Asian American studies and in ethnic studies more generally (152).

Field of study: Art
Commodore David Porter and the Mexican Navy

COMMODORE DAVID PORTER, hero of the war with the Barbary Pirates and the War of 1812, had reached a crossroads in his career early in 1826.1He had been in commanld of a squadron sent to the West Indies to eliminate piracy. One of his officers, pursuing a pirate, landed at the port of Fajardo (Foxardo) in Puerto Rico, and was arrested and detained by the Spanish authorities. Porter, acting on his own responsibility, invaded the port and forced the authorities to apologize. Spain protested; Porter was recalled, court-martialed, and suspended for six monthsa decision which infuriated him and irritated many of his fellow Americans.2 Although the verdict was not severe, Porter felt that his career in the United States Navy had been blighted and determined to seek employment elsewhere, preferably in the Western hemisphere.

Field of study: History
Changes in the expression of MCP-1 receptors on monocytic THP-1 cells following differentiation to macrophages with phorbol myristate acetate.

Human monocytic THP-1 cells were differentiated to macrophages by incubation with 1.0 microM phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) for 1 to 18 h; cells were then assayed for the ability to migrate to MCP-1. In comparison to undifferentiated monocytes, the chemotactic response of PMA-differentiated cells to MCP-1 decreased with treatment time. This loss of the chemotactic response to MCP-1 correlated with increased in cellular enzymes characteristic of differentiated macrophages. Receptors binding assays demonstrated a parallel decrease in specific binding of MCP-1 with increased incubation with PMA. Undifferentiated monocytes had 1175 +/- 387 receptors per cell with a Kd of 1.53 +/- 0.35 nM. Cells differentiated to macrophages with PMA rapidly lost the ability to bind MCP-1, with a significant decrease apparent following 3 h incubation with PMA. The reduction in specific binding of MCP-1 by M phi-THP-1 cells was due to a decrease in both receptor number and affinity; receptor number was reduced to 481 +/- 106 receptors/cells with a Kd of 3.16 +/- 0.7 nM on cells treated for 3 h with PMA. The demonstrated changes in receptor affinity and expression with differentiation may be a mechanism of controlling macrophage responsiveness to chemokines in inflammatory foci.

Field of study: Medicine
Optical microscopy via spectral modifications of a nanoantenna.

The existing optical microscopes form an image by collecting photons emitted from an object. Here we report on the experimental realization of microscopy without the need for direct optical communication with the sample. To achieve this, we have scanned a single gold nanoparticle acting as a nanoantenna in the near field of a sample and have studied the modification of its intrinsic radiative properties by monitoring its plasmon spectrum.

Field of study: Physics
Fast and Provable Algorithms for Learning Two-Layer Polynomial Neural Networks

In this paper, we bridge the problem of (provably) learning shallow neural networks with the well-studied problem of low-rank matrix estimation. In particular, we consider two-layer networks with quadratic activations, and focus on the under-parameterized regime where the number of neurons in the hidden layer is smaller than the dimension of the input. Our main approach is to “lift” the learning problem into a higher dimension, which enables us to borrow algorithmic techniques from low-rank matrix estimation. Using this intuition, we propose three novel, non-convex training algorithms. We support our algorithms with rigorous theoretical analysis, and show that all three enjoy a linear convergence, fast running time per iteration, and near-optimal sample complexity. Finally, we complement our theoretical results with numerical experiments.

Field of study: Engineering
A new crystal form of penicillin acylase from Escherichia coli.

A new crystal form of penicillin acylase (penicillin amidohydrolase, E.C. 3.5.1.11) from Escherichia coli W (ATCC 11105) is reported. The crystals were grown using a combination of hanging-drop and streak-seeding methods. The crystals are in the monoclinic space group P2(1) with cell dimensions a = 51.52, b = 131.95, c = 64.43 A, beta = 106.12 degrees. There is one heterodimer in the asymmetric unit (V(m) = 2.45 A(3) Da(-1)) and the solvent content is 49%. Preliminary data have been collected to d(min) = 2.7 A using a MAR Research image plate and a rotating-anode X-ray source. Subsequent experiments show diffraction beyond 1.3 A at a synchrotron radiation source.

Field of study: Chemistry
Institutional Logics and Their Influence on Enterprise Architecture Adoption

Enterprise architecture adoption (EAA), often ironically known as “ineffective adoption,” is frequently marked by poor utilization and signals of failure. To date, comprehensive examinations of which factors influence EAA are lacking. This study aims to address this knowledge gap. The paper uses an interpretive multiple case-study approach using an institutional theory lens to conduct the research. The findings show that three institutional logics dominate EAA: managerialism, professionalism, and user logic. These logics drive stakeholder activities and behaviors and ultimately influence EAA processes and outcomes. The paper contributes to the literature by explaining how these three logics influence the adoption process. Practitioners will be able to use the logics discussed in this study to assess and prevent potential challenges to adoption by carefully examining the stakeholder behaviors and activities embedded in these logics.

Field of study: Computer science
Observation of Higher-Order Yoneda Resonances in the Diffuse X-ray Scattering from Structured Surfaces

The characteristic diffuse scatter contributions from periodic nanostructures were studied with grazing incidence small angle X-ray scattering. Yoneda resonant enhanced scattering and waveguide effects are well known for layer (vertically structured) systems. We show that similar effects appear on laterally structured surfaces. The waveguide effect can be directly used for structure density determination of the grating effective layer. Here, we observe also higher order Yoneda bands which appear as additional sharp bended lines in the diffuse scattering background. This can be explained with dynamic scattering, combining Yoneda enhanced surface scattering with diffraction from a grating. Resonant diffuse diffraction causes a palm like diffuse scattering pattern.

Field of study: Physics
Numerical investigation of thermal and hydraulic performances of a condenser coil with oblique-shaped tubes

High efficiency condenser coil providing higher heat removal capacity with lower air-side pressure drop is desirable. However, coil designs with different fin patterns for higher heat transfer incur large air-side pressure drop and thus consume more energy. In this study, the thermal and hydraulic performances of the condenser coil design with plain fin, corrugated fin, and novel oblique-shaped tube are evaluated numerically with a 3-fin and 3-tube model in comparison with a conventional circular tube coil. This novel oblique-shaped tube design features smaller air recirculation zone behind the tube so as to increase effective heat transfer area and to lower air-side pressure drop. The numerical results show that, for the plain fin configuration, the shape of the oblique tube is important in reducing the recirculation zone on the fin, thus increasing effective heat transfer area and heat transfer amount up to 14% and reducing the air-side pressure drop up to 14% at the same inlet air velocity as compared with the circular tube coil. With corrugated fin guiding and promoting air speed, causing more flow separation zones, it is detrimental to the thermal-hydraulic performance of the oblique tube coil. The discussion of choice of materials for tube and fin, such as copper, brass, and aluminium, is provided with possible manufacturing processes required for realizing potential high performance coil design. Parametric optimisation on the best performing plain fin oblique tube design shows that, for the design of condenser coil with oblique tube, there is no optimal FPI, but it is recommended to keep the ratio of tube pitch to tube frontal length/diameter to about 3 to 3.5.

Field of study: Engineering
Interaction of polyamines and light on biochemical processes involved in leaf senescence

The rapid senescence of detached oat leaves in darkness is first manifested by a sharp rise in RNase activity (about 50% within 1 h), then by a rise in protease activity (indicated by an increase in non-protein α-amino nitrogen within 6 h) and ultimately by chlorophyll degradation (beginning after 18 h). These degradative changes are delayed or prevented by low concentrations (1–10 mM) of the naturally-occurring polyamines cadaverine, putrescine, spermidine and spermine. The tetraamine spermine is generally more active than the triamine spermidine, which is in turn more active than the diamines putrescine and cadaverine. All the polyamines are more active than kinetin or cycloheximide. As little as 10 min of exposure to 1 mM spermine, especially at the beginning of the dark period, produces a marked retardation of chlorophyll degradation over a 48 h period, and 60 min of exposure saturates the effect. 
 
In the light, all polyamines promote, rather than retard, the disappearance of chlorophyll but, as in the dark, they inhibit the rise in RNase and non-protein α-amino nitrogen. The photobleaching of chlorophyll in the presence of polyamines is proportional to the duration of exposure to high irradiance (16.5 Wm−2) fluorescent light. Such light is more effective toward the end of the 48 h post-excision test period than at the beginning. 
 
Calcium ion (1–10 mM) supplied together with the polyamines diminishes their action in dark and light, indicating probable involvement of an initial ionic attachment mechanism. 
 
The loss of chlorophyll from the leaves of four species of dicotyledonous plants (pea, bean, rape, tobacco) in the darkness is similarly retarded by 1–10 mM polyamines. In rape, the most rapidly senescing species, 1 mM spermine almost completely arrests chlorophyll degradation over a 96 h period. It is suggested that polyamine metabolism in plants may be related to normal physiological control mechanisms as in microorganisms and animals, and that polyamines could find use as anti-senescence agents for plants.

Field of study: Environmental science
Chemical and Hydrologic Factors in the Excavation of Limestone Caves

Various hydrologic and chemical processes have been investigated in an attempt to explain the development of caves in the region just beneath the water table (shallow-phreatic zone). Special attention was paid to the differences between the Darcy flow of granular aquifers and the laminar or turbulent flow of limestone aquifers, and to the ways in which water in the limestone aquifer may become undersaturated with respect to calcite. The pattern of flow in a limestone aquifer, although dependent on the boundary conditions, is similar under Darcy, laminar, or turbulent flow, provided the aquifer is wide relative to its depth and the permeability distribution is homogeneous. Although the vadose water which supplies an aquifer is often saturated or supersaturated with respect to calcite, such water may become undersaturated by being cooled or by being mixed with water which is in equilibrium with a lower P co 2 . The water of surface streams may be undersaturated with respect to calcite and may enter the aquifer by capture or by backflooding from effluent streams. The supply of vadose water to a limestone aquifer is commonly irregular. In an area where no water crosses the water table, flow in the aquifer will be nearly horizontal and water from sources adjacent to the area will follow shallow flow-paths. If such water is undersaturated with respect to calcite, caves will be excavated. Mammoth Cave, Kentucky, was probably formed by undersaturated water spilling from an impermeable bed. After reaching the water table, this water followed shallow-phreatic paths in the area beneath the impermeable bed. Backflooding from the Green River may have aided in the excavation of the cave.

Field of study: Geology
Current Account Solvency and the Feldstein--Horioka Puzzle

In this paper, the authors suggest an alternative explanation of the high cross-section association between shares of saving and investment in GDP which M. Feldstein and C. Horioka (1980) interpret as evidence of low capital mobility. In OECD countries, saving and investment shares appear to be integrated of order one. The authors show that a solvency constraint implies that the current balance is stationary and, thus, that saving and investment cointegrate with a unit coefficient irrespective of the degree of capital mobility. It is this long-run relation that the Feldstein-Horioka cross-section regression captures. Econometric results for twenty-three OECD countries over the 1960-92 period are consistent with this explanation.

Field of study: Economics
Immunology of membranous nephropathy: from animal models to humans

Membranous nephropathy (MN), the leading cause of nephrotic syndrome in adults, is characterized by the deposition of subepithelial immune deposits that consist mainly of immunoglobulin (Ig)G and complement. Most of the cases are primary or idiopathic (iMN), while only approximately 25% of the cases are secondary to some known disease such as systemic lupus erythematosus, hepatitis B, drugs and malignancies. Most of our knowledge on the pathogenesis of iMN has relied upon old experimental models (i.e. Heymann nephritis) that have shown that immune deposits are formed in situ by the reaction of autoantibodies against the respective podocyte antigen. Recent findings indicate that podocyte proteins also act as an autoantigen in human iMN. The M‐type phospholipase A2 receptor (PLA2R) has been identified as the main target antigen, as it can be found in approximately 70% of iMN patients but only rarely in other glomerulonephritides. Podocytes damage in the experimental model of Heymann nephritis is complement‐mediated. In humans, the presence of complement within the subepithelial deposits is well established, but IgG4, which does not activate complement by classical or alternative pathways, represents the predominant subclass of IgG anti‐PLA2R. Some evidence suggests that IgG4 anti‐PLA2R autoantibodies can bind mannan‐binding lectin (MBL) and activate the lectin complement pathway. A genetic background for iMN has been demonstrated by genome‐wide association studies that have shown highly significant associations of the PLA2R1 and the human leucocyte antigen (HLA)‐DQA1 loci with iMN. In addition to their diagnostic value, anti‐PLA2R antibodies may be useful to monitor disease activity and predict response to treatment.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
K-conversion coefficient of the 53.3 keV transition and
$$\frac{K}{{L + M}}$$
-ratio of the 13.34 keV transition in73Ge

AbstractTheK-conversion coefficient of the 53.3 keV transition in73Ge was measured by coincidence techniques to be αk1=7.1 ± 0.6 indicating very good agreement with heory forM2-radiation. The
$$\frac{K}{{L + M}}$$
-ratio of the 13.34 keV transition to the ground state was determined using the same techniques. The resulting value
$$\left( {\frac{K}{{L + M}}} \right)_2 $$
=0.36 ± 0.03 supports theE2-character of this radiation and therefore a spin assignment of
$$\frac{5}{2}$$
 for the 13.34 keV level. The measured lifetime of this transition (T1,2=(2.95 ± 0.05) μsec) corresponds to a factor of 15 greater than the Weisskopf estimation for a pureE2-transition. A short discussion of a possible transfer of the collectivity of the72Ge-nucleus to the73Ge-nucleus is given.

Field of study: Physics
Follow you or follow me? Examining therapist responsiveness to client and responsiveness to self, using differential equations model and multilevel data disaggregation from an interpersonal theory framework.

This study examined the effects of therapist interpersonal responsiveness on client-rated working alliance in their first psychotherapy session using the ordinary differential equations (ODE) model and multilevel data disaggregation. Responsiveness was operationally defined in this study as therapists adjusting their subsequent level of control/affiliation based on their clients' and their own current level of control/affiliation. Every 2-min segment of 111 first psychotherapy sessions for 111 clients nested within 38 therapists was rated by 11 trained raters on therapist and client levels of control and affiliation. An ODE model produced dynamic coefficients capturing therapists' responsiveness to clients and to themselves in that session, which were then disaggregated into between-therapist and within-therapist components. Hierarchical linear modeling revealed that for the control dimension, at the between-therapist level, therapist responsiveness to the client significantly predicted client-rated working alliance: Client-rated working alliance was (a) highest for therapists who generally increased their level of dominance/submission when their client was more dominant/submissive in the previous turn, and (b) lowest for therapists who generally increased their level of dominance/submission when their client was more submissive/dominant in the previous turn. None of the other associations were significant. Theoretical, methodological, and practical implications are discussed.

Field of study: Psychology
Recommendations for coastal planning and beach management in Caribbean insular states during and after the COVID-19 pandemic

The COVID-19 pandemic has implications for coastal planning and management. Rules for isolation and physical distancing, among other measures for human life protection, have led to the closure of most beaches around the world. The present critical situation has raised the following question: How can some recommendations be designed in sun, sea, and sand tourism-dependent-insular countries to face “the COVID-19 new normality?” We used the content analysis technique to analyze representative publications on a global level to ascertain information on best management practices. A survey of 58 experts provided additional information. We used inferential statistics for sample selection and produced a list of 43 practices and beach planning and management actions to face the COVID-19 pandemic. This led to 27 new recommendations designed for beach planning and management within insular contexts, some of which were tested in the Republic of Cuba. Recommendations aim to guarantee a culture of safety and improvement within the field of beach or coastal planning and management. These recommendations should prove useful for other insular countries, during the COVID-19 period, in the new normality that follows, and in other post-pandemic scenarios.

Field of study: Environmental science
Quantitative determination of specific IgE antibodies to schistosome antigens and serum IgE levels in patients with schistosomiasis (S. mansoni or S. haematobium)

Serum IgE concentrations were determined in 156 patients with S. mansoni schistosomiasis. IgE levels were increased in 77·5% of the individuals, 21·8% having IgE concentrations over 5000 i.u./ml. IgG levels were also elevated in 68·5% of the subjects. No significant difference was observed in IgE concentration between patients with asymptomatic, intestinal or hepatosplenic bilharziasis. IgE antibodies to schistosomal antigens were quantitatively measured for the first time, by the use of an immunosorbent technique. Significantly elevated IgE antibody levels were demonstrated in twenty-four out of thirty-four patients. No correlation was observed with the clinical course of the infection or serological findings. Levels of IgE antibodies however correlated with overall serum IgE. Specific IgE antibodies were also demonstrated in eleven out of twenty-one individuals with urinary bilharziasis.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Experimental Program Impact on Attitudes of School Personnel.

The effectiveness of an experimental program (EP) in modifying attitudes of principals, teachers, and teacher aides was investigated. Teachers participating in the EP displayed sizable and statistically significant differences in attitudes from those of conventional teachers. These differences reflected EP teachers' adoption of the EP's optimism and environmentalists philosophy regarding the education of disadvantaged children. At titudes of school principals wherein EP classes were conducted were not systematically influenced. Teacher aides demonstrated significant decrement in attitudinal levels during participation in the EP.

Field of study: Education