nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Use of a dielectric type hygrometer to study the vapour pressure of frozen meat

Resume La sonde Vaisala est un instrument sensible pour la mesure de l'humidite relative au-dessous de 0°C, mais l'influence de la temperature est grande et altere la sensibilite de cet instrument (mais non son zero). L'etalonnage de l'instrument est stable pendant des periodes breves (environ un mois), mais a la saturation ou a un etat voisin de la saturation le detecteur doit etre re-etalonne. La sensibilite a la temperature varie nettement sur de longues periodes, de sorte que l'instrument doit etre etalonne periodiquement. Aux temperatures inferieures a 0°C, l'humidite relative d'equilibre de l'agneau est egale a celle de la glace.

Field of study: Engineering
Factoring Algorithm Based on Parameterized Newton Method

Given a non-square n = p q, since p, q are two roots of x2−θx+n = 0, where θ = p + q is unknown, one can pick the initial values l, r and use Newton method to construct A(θ, l, k), B(θ, r, k) approximating to p, q, respectively, where k is the iteration depth. Solve A(θ, l, k)B(θ, r, k) = n ∧ θ > 2 √ n ∧ l < A(θ, l, k) < √ n < B(θ, r, k) < r to obtain the approximations of θ. Accumulate and sort the approximations for different initial values. Then pivot these approximations to search for the target θ such that θ2 − 4n is a square. The success probability of this algorithm depends on the choice of initial values, the iteration depth, and the search scope around the pivots. The algorithm can be easily parallelized, and its complexity can be restricted to O(log n).

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Principal and nonprincipal solutions of impulsive differential equations with applications

We introduce the concept of principal and nonprincipal solutions for second order differential equations having fixed moments of impulse actions is obtained. The arguments are based on Polya and Trench factorizations as in non-impulsive differential equations, so we first establish these factorizations. Making use of the existence of nonprincipal solutions we also establish new oscillation criteria for nonhomogeneous impulsive differential equations. Examples are provided with numerical simulations to illustrate the relevance of the results.

Field of study: Mathematics
A Computational Study of a Heterostructure Tunneling Carbon Nanotube Field-Effect Transistor

In this paper a heterostructure tunneling carbon nanotube field-effect transistor, namely H-T-CNTFET, is introduced. In the proposed structure, a carbon nanotube with a different chirality is used for the drain side compared to the source and the channel region. Characteristics of the proposed structure are numerically simulated by a mode-space non-equilibrium Green’s function formulism in the ballistic limit. Simulation results show that, compared to a conventional tunneling carbon nanotube field-effect transistor, the proposed structure has higher ON-current, better ambipolar behavior and better switching characteristics. In addition, the analog characteristics of the device, such as the transconductance (gm) and unity-gain frequency (fT), are also improved.

Field of study: Materials science
Preparation of Ag2Al intermetallic compound nanoparticles by flow-levitation method

Ag2Al intermetallic compound nanoparticles were synthesized by the flow-levitation method. The morphologies, granularity and phase structure were investigated by transmission electron microscope, X-ray diffractometer, and energy dispersive spectrometer. The results indicate that the prepared nanoparticles are regular spheres, with the grain size ranging from 20 to 110 nm. The nanoparticles are mainly composed of Ag2Al, including a little Al. The data of chemistry elementary analysis indicate that the atomic ratio of Ag to Al in the nanoparticles is about 66.5∶33.5. The grain size of Ag2Al in the prepared nanoparticles is about 33 nm, and that of Al is about 21 nm.

Field of study: Physics
Home range of greater and lesser rhea in Argentina : relevance to conservation

In this work we report results of radiotracking studies on the movements and home range sizes of two near-threatened species, the greater rhea (Rhea americana) and the lesser rhea (Pterocnemia pennata pennata) in relation to different land use regimes. We radiomonitored greater and lesser rheas for 3 years in their respective habitats: the Pampas and the Patagonia regions. We chose two study areas in each habitat with similar agricultural activities and different hunting control. We did not find significant differences in movements and home range size between study areas of each species. This suggests that disturbance caused by human presence in the areas did not affect rhea spacing behaviors. Moreover, lesser rheas showed larger home range and movements than greater rheas, showing that the home range size is not an immutable property of body mass, and that abundance and distribution of food appears to be the main factor that influences the movements and home range size of these birds.

Field of study: Environmental science
Health Beliefs and Illness Perceptions as Related to Mammography Uptake in Randomly Selected Women in Greece

Previous research has shown that, although routine mammography screening can reduce mortality from breast cancer, the use of annual mammography screening remains well under 65%. In an effort to determine the factors that are associated with women’s mammography behaviors, this study used the health belief model and the common-sense model of self-regulation as the theoretical frameworks to explore health beliefs, illness representations, and women’s mammography practice. Data were obtained from a nationally representative sample of 408 Greek women, 40 years of age or older, with no personal history of cancer. Three dependent variables were considered: recent mammography, repeat mammography, and no mammogram during lifetime. Predictors included socio-demographic and medical variables, perceived benefits of mammography screening, perceived barriers to mammography screening, self-efficacy, as well as illness perceptions. Multivariate analyzes indicated that never having had a mammogram was more likely for women who perceived fewer benefits and more barriers to mammography screening, had more negative emotional representations of breast cancer, and had no private health insurance coverage. Factors associated with recent mammography were younger age, a good knowledge of the recommended mammography screening interval, a family history of breast cancer, and use of patient reminders for next mammogram. Adequate knowledge about the recommended mammography screening interval and higher values for breast cancer worry were associated with an increased number of repeat lifetime mammograms. Implications of the results and suggestions for future research are outlined.

Field of study: Psychology
Magmatic contrasts in the Winnipesaukee region, New Hampshire

In the Winnipesaukee area of central New Hampshire two groups of igneous rocks are strikingly different. The New Hampshire magma series is probably late Devonian, and the White Mountain magma series is probably Mississippian. The contrasting characteristics of these two magma series are tabulated. The New Hampshire magma series here consists of large partially concordant intrusions of Meredith porphyritic granite and Winnipesaukee quartz diorite and small intrusions of hornblende gabbro and Concord granite. Conclusive evidence of the origin of this series is lacking, but some evidence indicates that it has been derived by melting of sial. The White Mountain magma series includes a great variety of extrusive and intrusive rocks in the Ossipee Mountains, the Belknap Mountains, and Red Hill. Cauldron subsidence is an important method of intrusion. The order of intrusion, from oldest to youngest, is generally gabbro, diorite, monzodiorite, syenite, quartz syenite, granite. Calculations indicate the nature of the materials which could be subtracted or added, to cause the changes shown by this sequence. These calculations suggest that neither subtraction, in the form of crystal fractionation, nor addition, in the form of assimilation or pure melting, is the sole explanation, but that both played a part. Crystal fractionation probably dominated up to the stage of syenite, and assimilation probably assumed increased importance in the change from syenite to granite.

Field of study: Geology
Katherine Mansfield: A Study of the Short Fiction (review)

After a long period in which Katherine Manfield's writing attracted no special critical attention, the last decade has seen both Mansfield's centenary (1988) and a considerable resurgence of interest in her fiction from, among others, feminists and literary theorists. Professor J. F. Kobler's book in the Twayne Studies of Short Fiction series is eclectic in its approach with a bias towards reader response theory. Following the format of the series, it is divided into three parts dealing with the short fiction, the writer, and the critics, followed by a chronology, a fairly comprehensive bibliography of primary and secondary works, and an index. The study offers an interesting, carefully argued introduction to the writer (whom Kobler places firmly in the tradition of the English Romantic poets) and her oeuvre. Perhaps the unusual aspect of this new consideration of Katherine Mansfield's achievement is the relatively little space that is devoted to the famous New Zealand stories that, in their often nostalgic recollection of past times and distant places, are among Manfield's most "romantic." But while a major work like "At the Bay" is touched on only in passing, as it were, and one of Mansfield's most accomplished stories, "The Man Without a Temperament," is omitted altogether (along with the problematic "A Married Man's Story"), less important pieces such as "The Swing of the Pendulum," "A Cup of Tea," and "The Young Girl" receive sustained analysis. If Kobler is a trifle idiosyncratic in his emphasis, however, his discussion is peppered with illuminating observations and comparisons. He sees echoes of D. H. Lawrence's Sons and Lovers in the excursion of the two young lovers to the woods in "Something Childish But Very natural," for example. And he draws attention to the parallels between "Je ne parle pas franÃ§ais" and to T. S. Eliot's "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock." Kobler contends that although Mansfield's cry of despair in her story may echo Eliot's in "Prufrock," the emotional power of "Je ne parle pas franÃ§ais" exceeds that of The Waste Land.

Field of study: Art
Synthesis and Structure of meso‐Substituted Dibenzihomoporphyrins

Bench‐stable meso‐substituted di(p/m‐benzi)homoporphyrins were synthesized through acid‐catalyzed condensation of dipyrrole derivatives with aryl aldehydes. The insertion of a 1,1,2,2‐tetraphenylethene (TPE) or but‐2‐ene‐2,3‐diyldibenzene unit in the porphyrin framework results in the formation of dibenzihomoporphyrins, merging the features of hydrocarbons and porphyrins. Single crystal X‐ray analyses established the non‐planar structure of these molecules, with the phenylene rings out of the mean plane, as defined by the dipyrromethene moiety and the two meso‐carbon atoms. Spectroscopic and structural investigations show that the macrocycles exhibit characteristics of both TPE or but‐2‐ene‐2,3‐diyldibenzene and dipyrromethene units indicating the non‐aromatic characteristics of the compounds synthesized. Additionally, the dibenzihomoporphyrins were found to generate singlet oxygen, potentially allowing their use as photosensitizers.

Field of study: Chemistry
Impact of Universal Health Care Coverage on patient demand for health care services in Thailand.

Fully implemented in Thailand in 2002, the Universal Health Care Coverage (UC) Program aimed to provide cheap access to health care services, for 30 baht (less than 1 U.S. dollar) per visit, to all uninsured Thais. In this paper, we studied the impact of the UC in Thailand on the demand for health care services using hospital level data. We found that the UC program was successful in increasing outpatient demand for health care, particularly the demand from the elderly and the poor. However, outpatient demand for health care dramatically increased during the first year of the program and faded away quickly in subsequent years. In contrast to outpatient demand, the number of inpatient visits and the number of days for which the inpatients were admitted at hospitals declined after the UC program was launched. In this paper, we offer our explanation of these phenomena, highlight problems associated with the UC program, and provide policy recommendations to improve the program.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Strategies for governments to help close the coastal adaptation funding gap

Coastal protection refers to measures that seek to reduce damage to coastal land and assets from natural hazards such as erosion and inundation. Coastal population growth and projected climate change impacts will expose more people, land and assets to erosion and inundation increasing demand for coastal protection. Established coastal protection funding approaches, such as general taxation, intergovernmental transfers (grants with no obligation for repayment), and private investment to protect private property are constrained in meeting the funding required for future coastal protection needs in many areas. The coastal adaptation funding gap is the difference between current funding and future demand, a problem for governments that requires the identification of alternative approaches to funding coastal protection. This article presents four case studies of alternative funding approaches used to deliver coastal protection projects in Australia. These cases we analysed to identify strategies governments can adopt to reduce the coastal adaptation funding gap: i) use statutory powers to coerce funding from private beneficiaries thereby ensuring that public funds are focused on public goods, where opportunities for private funding is limited; ii) seek standardisation of design of coastal protection and adopt a coordinating role to reduce costs for coastal protection across the project lifecycle; iii) include opportunities for income generation within the design stage of coastal protection projects to extend public funds; and; iv) use debt finance to align the timing of project costs to local benefits and reduce the time to obtain the required capital. In each of the cases, the combination of political imperative to act and the absence of access to established funding approaches appear to have motivated the use of alternative approaches. The findings provide important lessons for climate adaptation finance and coastal protection governance where identification of alternative funding approaches is necessary.

Field of study: Environmental science
Discriminating ecological and evolutionary controls during the Ediacaran–Cambrian transition: Trace fossils from the Soltanieh Formation of northern Iran

The nature of the Cambrian Explosion, one of the most critical events in Earth history, has been a major topic of discussion. The trend of increasing morphological complexity and taxonomic diversity of trace fossils within this interval has been used as evidence of the true evolutionary nature of the Cambrian Explosion. However, the distribution of trace fossils is controlled by a complex interplay between evolutionary and ecological constraints. The pre-trilobite Soltanieh Formation of northern Iran displays a significant vertical facies recurrence, allowing comparison of identical environments through time; therefore, its study provides a test case for evaluating the role of evolutionary and ecological controls on lower Cambrian trace-fossil distribution. An integrated study of sedimentary facies, small shelly fossil zones, sequence stratigraphy, and distribution of associated trace fossils indicates a complex interplay of these two sets of factors. The distribution and preservation of diagnostic early Cambrian trace fossils in the Lower Shale Member of the Soltanieh Formation is very likely to have been controlled by facies, especially within storm-generated siltstone-shale intercalations providing better preservation potential for interfacial trace fossils, therefore delaying the stratigraphic occurrence of Treptichnus pedum. In contrast, evolutionary innovations exerted the primary control on trace-fossil distribution in the Upper Shale Member, where the vertical distribution of trace fossils strongly matches that observed worldwide. This result suggests that, although trace fossils provide a valid means of global correlation, placing trace fossil assemblages within a paleoenvironmental and sequence-stratigraphic framework is a prerequisite of any sound evaluation of the evolutionary and biostratigraphic implications of trace fossils.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Morphology and Photocatalytic Properties of γ-Bi2MoO6 
Tuned by Stirring and Surfactant EDTA Assistant

Visible light-driven photocatalyst γ-Bi2MoO6 was prepared by a hydrothermal process, with stirring in the preparation process, and surfactant ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) addition in precursors. The obtained samples were characterized by x-ray diffraction technique, scanning electron microscopy, technology electron microscopy, and ultraviolet–visible diffraction reflectance spectra. The obtained results suggest that the stirring and EDTA addition have one strong influence on the morphology. Meanwhile, the formation mechanism of γ-Bi2MoO6 with different morphologies was also discussed. The catalytic activation of γ-Bi2MoO6 photocatalysts was evaluated by methyl blue under visible light irradiation. It was found that the photocatalytic properties change largely with surfactant assistant.

Field of study: Materials science
Photon-number selective group delay in cavity induced transparency.

We show that the group velocity of a probe pulse in an ensemble of Λ-type atoms driven by a quantized cavity mode depends on the quantum state-of-the input probe pulse. In the strong-coupling regime of the atom-cavity system the probe group delay is photon-number selective. This can be used to spatially separate the single photon from higher photon-number components of a few-photon probe pulse and thus create a deterministic single-photon source.

Field of study: Physics
Phytotoxicity and antioxidative enzymes of green microalga (Desmodesmus subspicatus) and duckweed (Lemna minor) exposed to herbicides MCPA, chloridazon and their mixtures

In this study, we evaluate the toxicity of MCPA (auxin-like growth inhibitor), chloridazon (CHD) (PSII-inhibitor) and their mixtures to floating plants and planktonic algae. Toxicity of MCPA (4-chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetic acid) and CHD (5-amino-4-chloro-2-phenyl-3(2H)-pyridazinone) was first assessed in two growth inhibition tests with Lemna minor (ISO/DIS 20079) and Desmodesmus subspicatus (ISO 8692). Next, herbicide mixtures at concentrations corresponding to the EC values were used to assess their interactive effects, and the biomarkers were: for duckweed fresh weight, frond area, chlorophyll content and number of fronds, and for algae cell count and cell volume. The 3d EC10 and EC50 values using cell counts of D. subspicatus were 142.7 and 529.1 mg/L for MCPA and 1.7 and 5.1 mg/L for CHD. The 7d EC10 and EC50 values using frond number of L. minor amounted to 0.8 and 5.4 mg/L for MCPA and 0.7 and 10.4 mg/L for CHD. Higher sensitivity of reproductive (number of cells/fronds) than growth processes (cell volume/frond area) to herbicides applied individually and in mixtures was especially pronounced in the responses of Desmodesmus. Herbicide interactions were assessed by the two-way ANOVA and Abbott's formula. Generally, an antagonistic interaction with Lemna was revealed by MCPA and chloridazon, whereas additive effect of both herbicides was observed for Desmodesmus. A significant stimulation of SOD and APX activity by binary mixtures was noted in algal cells mainly after 24 and 48 hours of exposure. The extremely high stimulation of the activity of both enzymes was induced by the combination EC10CHD + EC50MCPA (48 h). Presumably due to oxidative stress, the treatment with CHD at concentration EC50 after 72h was lethal for algae grown in aerated cultures, in contrast to standardized test conditions. Taking into account the consequences of risk assessment for herbicide mixtures we can state that a relatively low toxicity, as well as the lack of significant synergy between MCPA and CHD to non-target plants appears to be the most important result.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Enhanced photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange by porous graphene/ZnO nanocomposite.

Degrading aquatic organic pollutants efficiently is very important but strongly relied on the design of photocatalysts. Porous graphene could increase photocatalytic performance of ZnO nanoparticles by promoting the effective charge separation of electron-hole pairs if they can be composited. Herein, porous graphene, ZnO nanoparticles and porous graphene/ZnO nanocomposite were prepared by fine tuning of partial combustion, which graphene oxide imperfectly covered by the layered Zn salt was combusted under muffle furnace within few minutes. Resulting ZnO nanoparticles (32-72 nm) are dispersed uniformly on the surface of graphene sheets, the pore sizes of porous graphene are in the range from ∼3 to ∼52 nm. The synthesized porous graphene/ZnO nanocomposite was confirmed to show enhanced efficiency under natural sunlight irradiation compared with pure ZnO nanoparticles. Using porous graphene/ZnO nanocomposite, 100% degradation of methyl orange can be achieved within 150 min. The synergetic effect of photocatalysis and adsorption is main reason for excellent MO degradation of PG/ZnO nanocomposite. This work may offer a new route to accurately prepare porous graphene-based nanocomposite and open a door of their applications.

Field of study: Environmental science
Location-aware multimedia proxy handoff over the IPv6 mobile network environment

In a server-proxy-client 3-tier networking architecture that is executed in the mobile network, proxies should be dynamically assigned to serve mobile hosts according to geographical dependency and the network situation. The goal of proxy handoff is to allow a mobile host still can receive packets from the corresponding server while its serving proxy is switched from the current one to another one. Once proxy handoff occurs, a proper proxy should be selected based on the load balance concern and the network situation concern. In this paper, a 3-tier Multimedia Mobile Transmission Platform, called MMTP, is proposed to solve the proxy handoff problem in the IPv6-based mobile network. A proxy handoff scheme based on the application-layer anycasting technique is proposed in MMTP. A proper proxy is selected from a number of candidate proxies by using the application-layer anycast. An experimental environment based on MMTP is also built to analyze the performance metrics of MMTP, including load balance among proxies and handoff latency.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering