nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Interviewer speech and the success of survey invitations

When potential survey respondents decide whether or not to participate in a telephone interview, they may consider what it would be like to converse with the interviewer who is currently inviting them to respond, e.g. how he or she sounds, speaks and interacts. In the study that is reported here, we examine the effect of three interactional speech behaviours on the outcome of survey invitations: interviewer fillers (e.g. ‘um’ and ‘uh’), householders’ backchannels (e.g. ‘uh huh’ and ‘I see’) and simultaneous speech or ‘overspeech’ between interviewer and householder. We examine how these behaviours are related to householders’ decisions to participate (agree), to decline the invitation (refusal) or to defer the decision (scheduled call-back) in a corpus of 1380 audiorecorded survey invitations (contacts). Agreement was highest when interviewers were moderately disfluent—neither robotic nor so disfluent as to appear incompetent. Further, household members produced more backchannels, a behaviour which is often assumed to reflect a listener's engagement, when they ultimately agreed to participate than when they refused. Finally, there was more simultaneous speech in contacts where householders ultimately refused to participate; however, interviewers interrupted household members more when they ultimately scheduled a call-back, seeming to pre-empt householders’ attempts to refuse. We discuss implications for hiring and training interviewers, as well as the development of automated speech interviewing systems.

Field of study: Mathematics
A comparison of substance use and injury among Mexican American emergency room patients in the United States and Mexicans in Mexico.

Emergency room (ER) studies have found differences in the association of alcohol with injury (intentional and unintentional) across cultures. These differences may be due to differences in drinking patterns across cultures. Few comparative data have been reported on associations of alcohol and injury between Mexican American ER patients and ER patients living in Mexico, and general population studies suggest that Mexican Americans may adopt more frequent heavy drinking patterns after migrating to the United States.



A comparative analysis of drinking, drug use, and injury was performed in probability samples of 550 ER patients from Santa Clara County (San Jose, CA) and 1417 ER patients in Pachuca (Hidalgo), Mexico.



Both injured and uninjured (i.e., medical conditions) patients in Pachuca were less likely to report heavy drinking, drug use, drunkenness, or alcohol-related problems compared with those in Santa Clara. Those scoring high on level of acculturation in Santa Clara were more likely to report both drinking and drug use before the event, and heavy drinking, drug use, and consequences related to drinking in the last year compared with those scoring lower. Those scoring low on acculturation were similar on substance use variables to those in the Pachuca sample.



Findings suggest that alcohol's association with injury may not just reflect typical drinking patterns in a culture. Among Mexican Americans, this association my vary by acculturation, and those migrating to the United States may be at increased risk for alcohol-related injury as their drinking patterns undergo change to those of the dominant culture. The ER, in this context, may take on increasing importance as a site for health services providers to implement intervention and prevention services for alcohol-related consequences in this ethnic group.

Field of study: Medicine
Herstellung und Eigenschaften weitwinkliger optischer Interferenzerscheinungen

ZusammenfassungEs werden genaue Vorschriften angegeben, wie die vom Verfasser im Jahre 1911 beschriebenen weitwinkligen Interferenzerscheinungen herzustellen sind und es werden einige diesbezügliche neue Beobachtungen mitgeteilt. In übereinstimmung it den damaligen Ergebnissen wird bewiesen, daß die elementare Lichtemission in Kugelwellen sich fortpflanzt, deren sämtliche Teile kohärent sind und darüber hinaus wird gezeigt, daß diese Wellen auch bezüglich der Intensitätsverteilung die Merkmale einer Dipolstrahlung besitzen.

Field of study: Physics
Parametrizations, weights, and optimal prediction

The goal of the present paper is to predict the future value based on previously observed time series y0, yn which are correlated with the constant trend, i.e. We show that the construction of the weights of the linear predictor using several stochastic models, is equivalent to predict without error a subspace of of dimension n + 1. The geometry of the latter subspace depends on the model’s covariance matrix. We extract from each parametrization of the Euclidean space a new list of weights which are correlated with the constant trend. Using these weights we define a new list of predictors of We analyze how the parametrization affects the prediction, and provide an optimality criterion for the selection of weights and parametrization. Finally, we illustrate the proposed estimation approach by application to data set on the mean annual temperature of France and Morocco recorded for a period of 115 years (1901 to 2015).

Field of study: Mathematics
The temporal pattern of unconstrained drinking: Rats' responses to inversion and identity constraints.

Rats obtained all of their water by licking a metal tube during a series of daily 1-hour sessions. When the tube was freely available throughout, each rat showed the classic temporal pattern of unconstrained drinking: As the session progressed, drinking bouts generally grew shorter and pauses grew longer. In subsequent sessions the tube was opened and closed independently of the rat's behavior, on a schedule that gave the rat a chance to duplicate the exact inverse of its unconstrained baseline pattern. Thus, as the inversion session progressed, the opportunities to drink generally grew longer and the enforced pauses grew shorter. When the rats were forced away from their unconstrained patterns of drinking and pausing, their total time spent drinking consistently fell short of previous values, but total licks and volumetric intake remained at previous levels. The same results occurred under an identity schedule, a series of openings and closings that duplicated the unconstrained pattern of drinking and pausing. The results have implications for theories that assume that instrumental performance under schedule constraint derives from the animal's defense of a measured set-point.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Biological Control of Root Rot of China Aster

Ten fungi and one bacterium were isolated consistently from the rhizosphere of China aster (cv. Local) plants and their population was gradually increased from seedling to vegetative and vegetative to flowering stages. In vitro screening of rhizosphere microflora, exotic and commercial formulations of fungal and bacterial antagonists against Rhizoctonia solani, Trichoderma viride (Native Tv1), T. harzianum (DOR Th), Pseudomonas fluorescens (ANGRAU Pf1) and Bacillus subtilis (NBAII Bs) were found to be the best among all the isolates tested in inhibiting the growth of the test pathogen. The compatibility of fungal and bacterial antagonists was tested with eight fungicides and it was observed that T. viride (Native Tv1) was compatible with validamycin, T. harzianum (DOR Th) with carbendazim, P. fluorescens (ANGRAU Pf1) with thiophanate methyl and B. subtilis (PDBC Bs) with iprodione+carbendazim (Quintal) at their recommended and half the recommended dosages. The efficacy of potential antagonists (Native Tv1, DOR Th, ANGRAU Pf1 and NBAII Bs) and compatible fungicides (validamycin, carbendazim, thiophanate-methyl and Quintal) alone or in combination as seed treatment or soil application were evaluated for the management of R. solani causing root rot in China aster. The effectiveness of these antagonists increased when used as soil and seed application treatments and also when combined with soil drenching chemicals. Combined soil application of talc based formulation of ANGRAU Pf1 @2g/kg of soil and thiophanate methyl (0.1%) was found to be superior by recording significantly high per cent germination and least root rot incidence of 16.7 per cent. The antagonist P. fluorescens when used singly or combined with fungicide did not significantly affect the root rot incidence.

Field of study: Biology
Kac’s conjecture from Nakajima quiver varieties

We prove a generating function formula for the Betti numbers of Nakajima quiver varieties. We prove that it is a q-deformation of the Weyl-Kac character formula. In particular this implies that the constant term of the polynomial counting the number of absolutely indecomposable representations of a quiver equals the multiplicity of a certain weight in the corresponding Kac-Moody algebra, which was conjectured by Kac in 1982.

Field of study: Mathematics
Density of algebras generated by Toeplitz operators on Bergman spaces

In this paper it is shown that Toeplitz operators on Bergman space form a dense subset of the space of all bounded linear operators, in the strong operator topology, and that their norm closure contains all compact operators. Further, theC*-algebra generated by them does not contain all bounded operators, since all Toeplitz operators belong to the essential commutant of certain shift. The result holds in Bergman spacesA2(Ω) for a wide class of plane domains Ω⊂C, and in Fock spacesA2(CN),N≧1.

Field of study: Mathematics
Inhibition of major histocompatibility complex classIIexpression in endothelial cells by fluvastatin

To study the effect of fluvastatin on interferon(IFN)-γ-induced major histocom-patibility complex classⅡ(MHCⅡ) expression in endothelial cells, and to study the mechanism of the inhibitory effect.  MHCⅡexpression in endothelial cells was detected by flow cytometry. Induction of classⅡtransactivator (CⅡTA) mRNA was detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) and STAT1 phosphorylation were detected by Western blot.  Fluvastatin pretreatment inhibited MHCⅡexpression in endothelial cells induced by IFN-γ. RT-PCR analysis demonstrated that the induction of CⅡTA mRNA was abrogated by fluvastatin. Western blot demonstrated that IFN-γinduced STAT1 phosphorylation was not affected by fluvastatin.  Fluvastatin pretreatment inhibits CⅡTA and consequent MHCⅡexpression inducted by IFN-γin endothelial cell. This inhibitory effect may occurs at the level of transcription and is directed, at least in part, at the CⅡTA promoter. These results explain some of the beneficial effects of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors in transplantation.

Field of study: Biology
[Melatonin in the correction of sleep in post-stroke patients].

To assess an effect of melatonin on quality of life and effectiveness of rehabilitation in patients with ischemic stroke (IS) suffered from insomnia due to sleep initiation disturbance.  Sixty post-stroke patients with insomnia were stratified into two groups matched for characteristics assessed in the study. Patients of the main group received melatonin during 21 days. In the first three days after admission and 21 days after the first examination, we administered the MMSE, the Rankin scale, FOSQ, NIHSS, EuroQol, the Epworth sleepiness scale (ESS) and used instrumental methods of examination (computed and magnetic-resonance tomography, electroencephalography, polysomnography).  After 3 weeks, there was a reduction (p<0.05) in ESS scores in the main group compared to the control group (5.7 and 10 scores, respectively). Significant between-group differences were identified for polysomnographic parameters: latency to sleep was 17.8 min in the main group and 20.5 min in the control group (p<0.05), the number of microactivations was 15 and 18, respectively (p<0.05). There was a trend towards more rapid recovery in the main group (on average 8.4 days) compared to the control group (10.2 days), but the differences did not reach the level of statistical significance p<0.05.  Melatonin reduced sleepiness (measured with the ESS), latency to sleep and number of wakings (microactivations) and was likely to promote the recovery in IS patients with insomnia due to sleep initiation disturbance.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
DNA damage accumulation and TRF2 degradation in atypical Werner syndrome fibroblasts with LMNA mutations

Segmental progeroid syndromes are groups of disorders with multiple features suggestive of accelerated aging. One subset of adult-onset progeroid syndromes, referred to as atypical Werner syndrome, is caused by mutations in the LMNA gene, which encodes a class of nuclear intermediate filaments, lamin A/C. We previously described rapid telomere attrition and accelerated replicative senescence in cultured fibroblasts overexpressing mutant lamin A. In this study, we investigated the cellular phenotypes associated with accelerated telomere shortening in LMNA mutant primary fibroblasts. In early passage primary fibroblasts with R133L or L140R LMNA mutations, shelterin protein components were already reduced while cells still retained telomere lengths comparable to those of controls. There was a significant inverse correlation between the degree of abnormal nuclear morphology and the level of TRF2, a shelterin subunit, suggesting a potential causal relationship. Stabilization of the telomeres via the introduction of the catalytic subunit of human telomerase, hTERT (human telomerase reverse transcriptase), did not prevent degradation of shelterin components, indicating that reduced TRF2 in LMNA mutants is not mediated by short telomeres. Interestingly, γ-H2AX foci (reflecting double strand DNA damage) in early passage LMNA mutant primary fibroblasts and LMNA mutant hTERT fibroblasts were markedly increased in non-telomeric regions of DNA. Our results raise the possibility that mutant lamin A/C causes global genomic instability with accumulation of non-telomeric DNA damage as an early event, followed by TRF2 degradation and telomere shortening.

Field of study: Biology
A DWBA study of the 48Ca($\alpha$,t)49Sc reaction using shallow (molecular), deep non-monotonic, Michel and normal optical potentials

Full finite-range (FFR) distorted wave Born approximation (DWBA) calculations have been performed using four types of optical potentials, namely shallow (molecular), deep non-monotonic, Michel and normal optical potentials to analyze the angular distributions of the 21 transitions in the bound states of the 48Ca($ \alpha$, t)49Sc reaction at 36MeV incident energy. Spectroscopic factors extracted for the levels using all these potentials are compared with those obtained from previous zero range calculations of 48Ca($ \alpha$, t)49Sc reaction using the normal optical potential. The normal optical and deep non-monotonic potentials fit the data satisfactorily but the shallow (molecular) and Michel potentials are not so adequate to reproduce the data for all the levels.

Field of study: Physics
Cylindrical resonator with an internal astigmatic medium

A theoretical analysis is made of a resonator formed by two cylindrical mirrors with mutually orthogonal generators and containing an astigmatic medium. It is shown that elliptic Gaussian beams represent natural oscillation modes of such a cavity resonator. Expressions are obtained for the dimensions of the caustic along characteristic sections of the resonator and these make it possible to solve the problem of synthesis of resonators with the required filling of the active element by the radiation field.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Stress-induced ECM alteration modulates cellular microRNAs that feedback to readjust the extracellular environment and cell behavior

The extracellular environment is a complex entity comprising of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and regulatory molecules. It is highly dynamic and under cell-extrinsic stress, transmits the stressed organism’s state to each individual ECM-connected cell. microRNAs (miRNAs) are regulatory molecules involved in virtually all the processes in the cell, especially under stress. In this review, we analyse how miRNA expression is regulated downstream of various signal transduction pathways induced by changes in the extracellular environment. In particular, we focus on the muscular dystrophy-associated cell adhesion molecule dystroglycan capable of signal transduction. Then we show how exactly the same miRNAs feedback to regulate the extracellular environment. The ultimate goal of this bi-directional signal transduction process is to change cell behavior under cell-extrinsic stress in order to respond to it accordingly.

Field of study: Biology
4-Methoxydalbergione is a potent inhibitor of human astroglioma U87 cells in vitro and in vivo.

Astroglioma is the most common primary tumor in the central nervous system without effective treatment strategies. Temozolomide (TMZ) is a chemotherapeutic drug to treat astroglioma but exhibits low potency and has side effects. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop new compounds to treat astroglioma. Dalbergia sissoo Roxb was the source of Dalbergia odorifera in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and has been clinically used as an anti-tumor medicine. 4-Methoxydalbergione (4MOD) is purified from Dalbergia sissoo Roxb., and shows an inhibitory effect on osteosarcoma, but its effects on astroglioma have not been reported. Here, we evaluate its anti-astroglioma effects on both in vitro and in vivo models. In cultured astroglioma U87 cells, 4MOD inhibited cell proliferation and induced cell apoptosis in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. Compared with TMZ, 4MOD exhibited a tenfold greater potency of anti-astroglioma effects. 4MOD effectively stalled the cell cycle in G2 phase. Transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) showed that 4MOD upregulated 158 genes and downregulated 204 genes that are mainly enriched in cell membrane, cell division, cell cycle, p53, TNF, and MAPK signaling pathways, which may underlie its anti-tumor mechanisms. In a nude mouse xenograft model transplanted with U87 cells, 10 mg/kg 4MOD slowed down tumor growth rate, while at 30 mg/kg dose, it reduced tumor size. Collectively, this study demonstrates that 4MOD is a potent native compound that remarkably inhibits U87 astroglioma growth in both in vitro and in vivo models.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Estradiol or diarylpropionitrile decrease anxiety-like behavior of wildtype, but not estrogen receptor beta knockout, mice.

Clinical and basic studies demonstrate that estrogen (E-sub-2)-based therapies influence anxiety and mood, but the receptor targets (e.g., a or ss isoform of the estrogen receptor, ER) for these effects requires further investigation. To address the specificity of E2's anxiolytic-like effects through ERss, anxiety, motor, and nociceptive behavior of ovariectomized, wildtype (WT), and ERss knockout (ssERKO) mice was examined. Mice were administered oil vehicle or ER agonists, 17ss-E2 (E2; 0.1 mg/kg; similar affinity for ERa and ERss), and a selective ER modulator, diarylpropionitrile (DPN; 0.1 mg/kg; greater affinity for ERss than ERa). Performance of mice in anxiety (open field, elevated plus maze, elevated zero maze, social interaction), motor activity (activity monitor) and nociception (tailflick, pawlick) measures was compared. Results supported our hypothesis that ERss is important in modulation of anxiety-like behavior by E2 in some tasks. Administration of E2 or DPN to WT, but not ssERKO, mice increased open field central entries, plus maze open arm time, zero maze open quadrant time, and social interaction. This pattern was neither seen in motor activity nor pain threshold measures. Thus, actions of ERss may be important for modulating anxiety-like behavior of mice.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Comparing Statistical Significance versus DIC for Selecting Best-Fitting Multivariate Multiple-Membership Random-Effects Model

When selecting a multilevel model to fit to a dataset, it is important to choose both a model that best matches characteristics of the data’s structure, but also to include the appropriate fixed and random effects parameters. For example, when researchers analyze clustered data (e.g., students nested within schools), the multilevel model can be used to address the clustering in the data structure. In addition, if individuals are clustered in more than one cluster (e.g., students attend more than one school), the multiple-membership that results can be handled by use of the multiple-membership random effect model. Finally, if the data being analyzed includes multiple outcomes (e.g., math, science, and reading achievement scores), a multivariate model should be utilized to handle the dependence among multiple outcomes. If the data has both multiple-membership and multivariate outcomes, use of a multivariate multiple-membership random effects model (MV-MMREM, Beretvas, 2015; Park & Beretvas, 2017) could be used.

Field of study: Education
Some convergence theorems of the Mann iteration for monotone α-nonexpansive mappings

In this paper, we introduce the concept of monotone α-nonexpansive mappings in an ordered Banach space E with the partial order ź, which contains monotone nonexpansive mappings as special case. With the help of the Mann iteration, we show some existence theorems of fixed points of monotone α-nonexpansive mappings in uniformly convex ordered Banach space. Also, we prove some weak and strong convergence theorems of the Mann iteration for finding an order fixed point of monotone α-nonexpansive mappings under the condition lim sup n ź ∞ β n ( 1 - β n ) 0 or lim inf n ź ∞ β n ( 1 - β n ) 0 .

Field of study: Mathematics
The effect of the bay-region 12-methyl group on the stereoselective metabolism at the K-region of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene by rat liver microsomes.

The enantiomers of a trans-5,6-dihydrodiol formed in the metabolism of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene by rat liver microsomes (microsomal fractions) were resolved by chiral stationary-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. The major 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene trans-5,6-dihydrodiol enantiomer and its hydrogenation product 5,6,8,9,10,11-hexahydro-trans-5,6-diol were found to have 5S,6S absolute configurations by the exciton chirality c.d. method. The R,R/S,S enantiomer ratios of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene trans-5,6-dihydrodiol formed in the metabolism of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene by liver microsomes from untreated, 3-methylcholanthrene-treated and phenobarbital-treated male Sprague-Dawley rats were found to be 11:89, 6:94, and 5:95 respectively. These findings and those reported previously on the metabolic formations of trans-5,6-dihydrodiols from 7-methylbenz[a]anthracene and 12-methylbenz[a]anthracene suggest that the 12-methyl group in 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene plays an important role in determining the stereoselective metabolism at the K-region 5,6-double bond. Furthermore, the finding that formation of 5S,6S-dihydrodiol as the predominant enantiomer was not significantly affected by the isoenzymic composition of cytochrome P-450 present in microsomes prepared from the livers of the rats pretreated with the different inducing agents indicates that the stereoselectivity depends on the substrate metabolized rather than on the precise nature of the metabolizing-enzyme system.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science