nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Can cultural festivals function as counterspaces for migrants and refugees? The case of the New Beginnings Festival in Sydney

Despite the recognised benefits of cultural festivals, it is still unclear how they may assist marginalised groups in mitigating the adverse effects of marginalisation. Informed by the Counterspace Framework, this paper seeks to address the gap at the nexus of leisure, events and marginalisation by considering the case of the New Beginnings Festival in Sydney. Using hybrid thematic analysis and based on data collected through participant observation, semi-structured interviews, and document analysis, we argue that the festival operates as a counterspace for attendees through the processes of narrative identity work, acts of resistance, and direct relational transactions. First, the festival validated experiences of rejection and marginalisation by attendees, and at the same time celebrated migrants and refugees by showcasing their capabilities/achievements. This lead to attendees’ sense of affirmation and acceptance. Second, the freedom to express themselves in culturally meaningful ways helped bolster the attendees’ self-concept. Third, social and institutional support, and leadership roles such as mentoring and volunteering were made possible at the festival, which enhanced attendees’ social capital in empowering ways. In addition, we highlight the importance of location for events as counterspaces. Our findings contribute to both the critical event studies and the counterspace literature.

Field of study: Sociology
Proceedings of the Eighth Annual Meeting of the Paleontological Society, held at Albany, New York, December 27, 28, and 29, 1916

Session of Wednesday, December 27 The general session of the Society was called to order by President Rudolf Ruedemann at 2.30 p. m., December 27, in the west Archeology Mezzanine of the State Education Building. After welcoming the members to the new State Museum, Doctor Ruedemann spoke of the great and beneficent influence that has been exerted on the science by the paleontologists who have lived and worked at Albany and by others who received their training there and made honored places for themselves elsewhere. President Ruedemann then called for the report of the Council as the first matter of business. REPORT OF THE COUNCIL To the Paleontological Society in eighth annual meeting assembled: The first regular meeting of this year’s Council was held at Washington, D. C., December 30, 1916, on the adjournment of the Society. Between this and the second meeting of the Council, just before the present session, the business of the . . .

Field of study: Geology
The Kinematics and Morphology of PNe with close binary nuclei

We have obtained images and long-slit, spatially resolved echelle spectra for twenty four planetary nebulae (PNe) that have confirmed close binary nuclei. The sample shows a variety of morphologies, however toroids or dense equatorial density enhancements are identified, both in the imagery and the spectra, as the common structural component. These toroids are thought to be the remnant fingerprints of the post common envelope phase. Based on the characteristics of the present sample we suggest a list of additional PNe that are likely to host close binary nuclei

Field of study: Physics
Effects of cyclosporin A by aerosol on airway hyperresponsiveness and inflammation in guinea pigs.

To study cyclosporin A (CsA) by aerosol for anti-asthmatic effects in guinea pigs.



PC200 changes of lung resistance (RL) in the antigen-challenged sensitized guinea pig induced by acetylcholine (ACh) or histamine, and eosinophils changes in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and pulmonary histologic section induced by antigen in vivo in sensitized guinea pigs were investigated.



Pretreatment with CsA 10 g/L and 20 g/L by aerosol but not with CsA 5 g/L, dexamethasone (DXM) 0.5 mg/kg by ip increased PC200 value and prevented ACh or histamine-induced airway hyperresponsiveness. However, CsA 5 g/L also prevented histamine-induced airway hyperresponsiveness. CsA 10 g/L, 20 g/L and DXM 0.5 mg/kg reduced markedly eosinophil accumulation in BALF. The lymphocyte accumulation induced by antigen was not changed significantly by CsA and DXM tested. DXM 0.5 mg/kg increased number of neutrophil in the BALF. There was a statistical significance comparison with CsA groups. In the pulmonary histological studies, CsA 20 g/L and DXM 0.5 mg/kg also inhibited eosinophil infiltration in the epithelium and subepithelial connective tissue of bronchi and bronchioles.



Anti-inflammation and anti-hyperresponsiveness of CsA by aerosol in animal model offered an experimental evidence for airway inhalation of CsA in the treatment of asthma.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Synthesis and Two-Photon Properties of Multi-Branched Fluorophores Composed of Ladder-Type Conjugated Cores and Functionalized Diquinoxalinylamino Peripheries

Two multipolar fluorophores using ladder-type oligo-(p-phenylene) units as the central π-bridges and functionalized diquinoxalinylamino moieties as the peripheral groups have been synthesized and experimentally shown to manifest strong two-photon absorption (2PA) and medium-high up-converted emission properties in the near-IR (NIR) spectral region under the irradiation of femtosecond laser pulses. Tentative analysis of the structure–2PA property revealed that in the presented structural combination, diquinoxalinylamino units are useful 2PA-enhancing subunits when properly incorporated. The π-conjugation length of the central oligo-(p-phenylene) components was also found to be one of the key parameters that relates to the magnitude of the overall molecular 2PA properties in the studied molecular system, and this structural motif provides access to highly efficient two-photon absorbers with large two-photon action cross-section values.

Field of study: Chemistry
On interval enclosures using slope arithmetic

This paper describes how a combination of interval derivative arithmetic and interval slope arithmetic can be used with the programming language Pascal-SC to obtain an enclosure of the range of a factorable function @?:R^n -> R^1 with @? @? C^2 (D) which is often narrower than that which is obtained by using slope arithmetic alone and which is always narrower than that which is obtained by using interval derivative arithmetic alone.

Field of study: Mathematics
Long-Term Diabetes

We have examined 92 patients who have had diabetes mellitus for 40 years or longer. Their average age at diagnosis was 19 and most had attended the clinic at King's College Hospital for more than 30 years.

Absence of severe complications was striking. Over a third of the patients showed no retinopathy; in 16 there were proliferative changes but only six patients were blind. Of other complications, two patients were in early renal failure and two had symptomatic neuropathy. Clinical or E.C.G. evidence of ischaemic heart disease was found in one-third of the group—more often in women than in men. More than half the patients had no evidence of peripheral vascular disease. Few were overweight and none hypertensive.

Accurate assessment of diabetic control over 40 years is impossible but, as far as could be judged, there was no correlation between control and the incidence of complications.

We conclude that long-standing diabetes is compatible with good health, diabetic complications are not inevitable and, when present, their progress may be slow and unpredictable; furthermore they are often not of great significance.

Apart from normal weight and blood-pressure, we were not able to identify reasons for these patients having fared so well.

Field of study: Medicine
High-resolution trace element and stable/radiogenic isotope profiles of late Pleistocene to Holocene speleothems from Dim Cave, SW Turkey

Multiple climate-sensitive trace element/Ca and stable isotope (O and C) profiles derived from Dim Cave speleothems (S-SW Turkey) provide evidence of climatic changes and define a series of palaeohydrological conditions for the period ~10–90 kyr. Dim Cave speleothem Mg/Ca, Sr/Ca, U/Ca, Ba/Ca, and Y/Ca ratios demonstrate similar patterns over glacial–interglacial scales, in agreement with δ18O and δ13C records. Three episodes of more positive moisture balance (71–63 kyr, 51–40 kyr, and 18–10 kyr) were observed based on Y/Ca (and to a lesser extent Zr/Ca), 87Sr/86Sr ratios, calcite micromorphology, and growth rates. Increasing concentrations of Y, Zr (and U) and elevated 87Sr/86Sr ratios are attributed to enhanced levels of terrestrial input during these periods. Correlations between δ13C, δ18O and Mg/Ca during 40–18 kyr (corresponding with the lowest growth rate of ~ 0.8 mm/kyr), 63–51, and 80–71 kyr (relatively low growth rates), as well as co-varying and enhanced Mg/Ca, Sr/Ca, and to a lesser extent Ba/Ca, ratios point to the prior calcite precipitation, wall rock interaction, and preferential dolomite dissolution over calcite in the host dolomitic limestone during these periods. This relationship suggests that water–rock interactions are maximised during episodes of slower drip rates of water through the karst under drier conditions. Chondrite-normalised rare earth element and yttrium (REY) patterns of the stalagmites reveal seawater signatures closely linked to the dolomitic limestone. Excluding the aragonite formation during ~80–75 kyr, which is an autogenic effect, trace element/Ca ratios appear to respond to millennial scale global cooling periods such as Heinrich events.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Crystallization and preliminary X-ray crystallographic analysis of DFPase from Loligo vulgaris.

'Squid-type' diisopropylfluorophosphatases (DFPases), a subclass of the phosphotriesterases, are enzymes capable of hydrolysing organophosphorus nerve agents. To date, no three-dimensional structure of a 'squid-type' DFPase is known. Here, the crystallization of the DFPase originally isolated from head ganglion of the squid Loligo vulgaris is reported. The protein has been heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli, purified to homogeneity and subsequently crystallized. The protein crystals belong to space group P2(1)2(1)2(1), with unit-cell parameters a = 43.1, b = 82.1, c = 86.6 A and one monomer per asymmetric unit. Under cryoconditions (120 K) the crystals diffracted beyond 2.0 A using a Cu rotating-anode X-ray generator.

Field of study: Chemistry
Balancing security, resilience, and sustainability of urban water supply systems in a desirable operating space

The security, resilience, and sustainability of urban water supply systems (UWSS) are challenged by global change pressures, including climate and land use changes, rapid urbanization, and population growth. Building on prior work on UWSS security and resilience, we quantify the sustainability of UWSS based on the performance of local sustainable governance and the size of global water and ecological footprints. We develop a new framework that integrates security, resilience, and sustainability to investigate trade-offs between these three distinct and inter-related dimensions. Security refers to the level of services, resilience is the system's ability to respond to and recover from shocks, and sustainability refers to local and global impacts, and to the long-term viability of system services. Security and resilience are both relevant at local scale (city and surroundings), while for sustainability cross-scale and -sectoral feedbacks are important. We apply the new framework to seven cities selected from diverse hydro-climatic and socio-economic settings on four continents. We find that UWSS security, resilience, and local sustainability coevolve, while global sustainability correlates negatively with security. Approaching these interdependent goals requires governance strategies that balance the three dimensions within desirable and viable operating spaces. Cities outside these boundaries risk system failure in the short-term, due to lack of security and resilience, or face long-term consequences of unsustainable governance strategies. We discuss these risks in the context of poverty and rigidity traps. Our findings have strong implications for policy-making, strategic management, and for designing systems to operate sustainably at local and global scales.

Field of study: Environmental science
Deuterium-deuterium nuclear cross-sections in insulator and metallic environments

The three-dimensional Thomas-Fermi (TF) model is used to simulate the variation of the d + d → t + p cross-section at low impact energies, when the target deuterium nucleus is embedded in metallic or insulator environments. The comparison of the computational results to recent experiments demonstrates that even though the TF model can explain some increase in the low-energy cross-section for metallic host, a full explanation of the experimental results is still lacking. Possible reasons for the disagreement are discussed.

Field of study: Physics
Assessment of Avoidable Field Losses in Cotton Yield Due to Sucking Pests and Bollworms

A field trial was conducted to assess the avoidable field losses in yield of seed cotton due to sucking pests and boll worms for three years during 1980 to 1983 at Punjabrao Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola. The pooled results indicated that minimum losses were caused by sucking pests (4.6%), while maximum losses were caused by bollworms (51.3%). However, the total losses (52.9%) due to both the types of pests were more or less equal to the losses caused by bollworms only.

Field of study: Biology
Effect of Chemical Composition on the Inner Crack Healing in Structural Steel

Inner crack is prepared in the materials by compressing drilled hole,and then the samples are heated at different temperature for different time and cooled in air.Microscope and SEM was employed to examine the effect of crack healing.The effect of chemical composition on the inner crack healing in 20 steel、 45 steel and 20CrMnTi steel is studied.The results indicate that the effect of crack healing depends mainly on the heating temperature rather than the heat retaining time.A critical temperature exists in the crack healing.The critical temperature should be higher than the recrystallization temperature of the material.the inner crack healing in 20 steel、 45 steel、 20CrMnTi steel at the different heat treatment is studied.The results.

Field of study: Materials science
The Role of Trade Unions in Poland

In the traditional view of American trade union leaders, a labor union without bargaining power over the wages of its members is analogous to a `1984" nonperson. At best, such an organization of workers would be a mockery; at worst, it could not exist for very long and hope to retain the loyalty of its membership. It is, therefore, rather difficult for those whose knowledge of the labor movement has been limited to unions operating in a free enterprise system to accept the legitimacy of socialist trade unions in a controlled economy. And yet, in at least one Communist nation-Poland-a powerful and influential labor structure offers job protection, administers a vast program of worker housing, provides for cultural and recreational needs, cooperates with state medical programs, and even "bargains" to a limited extent on certain types of monetary issues. Granting that the CRZZ (the Polish counterpart of our AFL-CIO) is an instrument of state planning and recognizing that strikes are anathema to Communist thinking, it would be a mistake for the industrial relations scholar to ignore the functions, structure, and philosophy of a labor movement which enrolls about 95 percent of the working people in Poland, or about 10.5 million members in a population of 33 million. Structurally, a chart illustrating the Polish labor union system would closely resemble Figure i.

Field of study: Political science
On the Aetiology of the Fugue States

The paper embodies the results of a study into states of compulsive wandering (fugue states ; porimania). The principal object of this study was to ascertain if these states had common aetiological features irrespective of any co-existing mental disorder. Of the 25 cases investigated, 10 were related in some way to epilepsy, 1 was a schizophrenic, and the remainder were typical manic-depressives, hysterics and psychopaths.

A feature common to the great majority of the cases was the tendency to periodical changes of mood.

Another consistent feature was represented by the disturbance of environmental conditions in childhood. The great majority of the individuals subject to compulsive wandering were found to be persons during whose development there had occurred a serious disturbance in the child-parents relationship, usually of such a nature that relationship to one or both parents was either completely lacking or only partially developed. In the majority of patients the relationship to the parent of the opposite sex was disturbed. In some the normal development of the child-parents relation had been interrupted by the absence of one of the parents from home during the patient's early years. The importance of disturbed child-parents relationship was sometimes manifested by daydreams and fantasies, in which the absent parent had a significant role. Such fantasies also occurred in connection with fugue states.

A considerable proportion of the patients exhibited as a character feature the tendency to compulsive pseudologia. In their lies the parental descent was prominent.

It has been shown that the state of compulsive wandering bears characteristics of a symbolic act.

There appear, therefore, to be three essential conditions without which fugue states do not develop: the tendency to indulge in periodic changes of mood, a disturbance of home conditions in childhood, and a tendency towards the production of twilight states, the last factor being most prominent in epileptics.

Certain types of behaviour akin to wandering states occur in children in whom there is a disturbance of home conditions similar to what has been noted in this paper.

A tendency towards rationalization and sublimation indicates in some cases the effort to oppose the irrational urge. The ultimate behaviour of the patient can often be interpreted as the result of a compromise between the opposing forces. In this case material, male patients only seemed to achieve success in this respect. In female subjects, compulsive wandering was often associated with a short period of loss of sexual control.

The biological and sociological significance of fugue states has been discussed.

Attention has been drawn to the bearing which the findings recorded in this paper have on two problems of special interest under the present war conditions; the first problem is that of the possible consequences of the break-up of the family life on children; the second problem is that of the psychological background of certain cases of desertion from military service.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Structure, biological activity of the upstream regulatory sequence, and conserved domains of a middle molecular mass neurofilament gene of Xenopus laevis.

During development, the molecular compositions of neurofilaments (NFs) undergo progressive modifications that correlate with successive stages of axonal outgrowth. Because NFs are the most abundant component of the axonal cytoskeleton, understanding how these modifications are regulated is essential for knowing how axons control their structural properties during growth. In vertebrates ranging from lamprey to mammal, orthologs of the middle molecular mass NF protein (NF-M) share similar patterns of expression during axonal outgrowth, which suggests that these NF-M genes may share conserved regulatory elements. These elements might be identified by comparing the sequences and activities of regulatory domains among the vertebrate NF-M genes. The frog, Xenopus laevis, is a good choice for such studies, because its early neural development can be observed readily and because transgenic embryos can be made easily. To begin such studies, we isolated genomic clones of Xenopus NF-M(2), tested the activity of its upstream regulatory sequence (URS) in transgenic embryos, and then compared sequences of regulatory regions among vertebrate NF-M genes to search for conserved elements. Studies with reporter genes in transgenic embryos found that the 1. 5 kb URS lacked the elements sufficient for neuron-specific gene expression but identified conserved regions with basal regulatory activity. These studies further demonstrated that the NF-M 1.5 kb URS was highly susceptible to positional effects, a property that may be relevant to the highly variant, tissue-specific expression that is seen among members of the intermediate filament gene family. Non-coding regions of vertebrate NF-M genes contained several conserved elements. The region of highest conservation fell within the 3' untranslated region, a region that has been shown to regulate expression of another NF gene, NF-L. Transgenic Xenopus may thus prove useful for testing further the activity of conserved elements during axonal development and regeneration.

Field of study: Biology
Identification of Metabolites from the Biological Transformation of the Nonionic Surfactant Residue Octylphenoxyacetic Acid and Its Brominated Analog

The aerobic biological transformation of octylphenoxyacetic acid (OP1EC) and its brominated analog (BrOP1EC) by groundwater enrichment cultures was studied, and persistent metabolites were identified by GC/MS. OP1EC is a representative of the class of alkylphenol ethoxycarboxylates (APEC), formed from alkylphenol polyethoxylate nonionic surfactants during sewage treatment. BrOP1EC is a byproduct formed during chlorine disinfection in the presence of bromide. The metabolite 2,4,4-trimethyl-2-pentanol was detected in stoichiometric quantities in OP1EC-metabolizing enrichment cultures, representing the intact alkyl side chain as a tertiary alcohol. BrOP1EC was transformed by the OP1EC-utilizing cultures only if OP1EC was simultaneously metabolized, suggesting a cometabolic mechanism of transformation. Brominated intermediates were also detected:  brominated octylphenol and a compound tentatively identified as 2-aminomethoxy-3-bromo-5-(1,1,3,3-tetra- methylbutyl)phenol.

Field of study: Environmental science
Characteristic of injection-seeding Q-switch laser

According to the optimization principle for diode-pumped laser, one kind of mini diode-pumped laser for seed-injection is designed. Using the numerical method, the optimized design is presented laser gain media, coupling system and resonant cavity. The seed laser beam from mini diode-pumped laser was injected into Q-switched laser and output characteristics of Q-switched laser were studied. The experiment results show that this laser is stable, with high beam quality and small light beam divergence. The light-light efficiency is 17.4% and slope efficiency is 24%. The output power of this laser is about 80mW. The buildup time of laser pulse in power oscillator decreases by 40ns and the injected-seed laser field improve the distribution of output laser field.

Field of study: Physics
Determining the elementary steps of surface reactions by isotope exchange

A novel method, using isotope exchange is discussed for determining the elementary steps in surface reactions. The method is presented using oxygen exchange with oxides as a working example. We apply the method to a series of possible exchange reactions and show how to differentiate between them. The slow step and possible fast reversible steps preceding the slow one can be identified. We pay attention to the role of oxygen vacancies in the dissociation of oxygen molecules on oxides. The experimental requirements are that the amount of 16 O 18 O molecules desorbed from the oxide is monitored with time while two parameters are changed: the oxygen partial pressure in the experiment and the concentration of acceptors in the oxide. The most suitable experimental method to provide the necessary data is the pulse-response 16 O 18 O isotope exchange (PIE) technique.

Field of study: Materials science