nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Segmentation of the Wassuk Range normal fault system, Nevada (USA): Implications for earthquake rupture and Walker Lane dynamics

Normal faults are commonly segmented along strike, with segments that localize strain and influence propagation of slip during earthquakes.  Although geometry of segments can be constrained by fault mapping, it is challenging to determine seismically relevant segments along a fault zone. Because slip histories, geometries, and strength of linkages between normal fault segments fundamentally control the propagation of rupture during earthquakes, and differences in segment slip rates result in differential uplift of adjacent footwalls, we use along‐ strike changes in footwall morphology to detect fault segments and the relative strength of the mechanical links between them. We apply a new geomorphic analysis protocol to the Wassuk Range fault, Nevada, within the actively deforming Walker Lane.  The protocol examines characteristics of footwall morphology, including range‐crest continuity, bedrock‐channel long profiles, catchment area variability, and footwall relief, to detect changes in strike‐parallel footwall characteristics. Results reveal six domains with significant differences in morphology that we use to identify seismically‐relevant fault segments and segment boundaries.   We integrate our results with previous studies to determine relative strength of links between the six segments, informing seismic hazard assessment.  When combined with recent geodetic studies, our results have implications for the future evolution of the Walker Lane, suggesting changes in the accommodation of strain across the region.  Our analysis demonstrates the power of this method to efficiently detect along‐strike changes in footwall morphology related to fault behavior, permitting future researchers to perform reconnaissance assessment of normal fault segmentation worldwide.

Field of study: Geology
Struggling First-Grade Readers

First-grade struggling readers' oral reading was observed during primary reading instructional time. Participants were 65 first-graders experiencing difficulties in beginning reading and nominated by their teacher as at risk for reading failure. Each participant was observed three times over a 12-week period in the spring of the first-grade year. Observers collected frequency data on participants' oral reading at three levels of complexity: letter-sound, word-word part, and sentence-paragraph. Measures of student reading progress were also collected throughout the observation period. The findings revealed that most instruction for struggling readers may not be aligned with recent research on preventing reading difficulties, and even struggling readers receiving reading instruction aligned with best practices may be only making minimal progress.

Field of study: Education
La répartition géographique des mollusques bivalves du Paléozoïque (Cambrien à Dévonien): une revue

Paleozoic bivalves have long been neglected in faunal studies. The reasons for this are considered, and the conclusion reached that this neglect has no real foundation. Recent and growing interest in Paleozoic bivalve faunas has accentuated their potential importance in paleogeographic faunal reconstructions. Current knowledge of bivalve faunas from the Cambrian to Devonian is reviewed in a framework of global plate tectonics.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Implementation of direct Chip junction temperature measurement in high power IGBT module in operation - Railway traction converter

Reliability and lifetime of high power IGBT multichip modules used in railway traction converters is key for traction manufacturers to meet operators requirements. High power IGBT multichip modules used today in railway traction are (sub) systems containing a (large) number of paralleled chips. Temperature distribution between paralleled chips in the module may induce predominant effects on performances and operational reliability. This paper presents an experimental set-up based on optical fibers to measure individual chip temperatures of a 6500 V – 750 A IGBT module during converter operation in real conditions of power and voltage. This set-up was used to study chip temperature distribution within high power IGBT multichip modules during different phases of converter operation and cooling conditions. It is also used to evaluate and validate different approaches of condition and health monitoring advanced functions based on indirect temperature measurements coupled with electro-thermal models.

Field of study: Engineering
The Multi-user Security of Double Encryption

It is widely known that double encryption does not substantially increase the security of a block cipher. Indeed, the classical meet-in-the middle attack recovers the 2k-bit secret key at the cost of roughly \(2^k\) off-line enciphering operations, in addition to very few known plaintext-ciphertext pairs. Thus, essentially as efficiently as for the underlying cipher with a k-bit key.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Zum inneren lichtelektrischen Effekt (Quantensprungabsorption) im Alkalimetall Kalium

The results of new measurements of the optical constantsn andk of the alkali metalK, performed in ultrahigh vacuum on mirrorlike surfaces free of any contamination and distortion in the wavelength region from 0·365 μ to 2 μ at temperatures between −183° C and +85° C permit to separate the absorption due to interband transitions (photoexcitation of valency electrons) from the “classical absorption” solely considered in Drude's theory of the optical constants of metals. Thus, it is possible to determine the “internal photoelectric effect” of the alkali metal potassium as a function of wavelength, espically its threshold frequency which corresponds to a wavelengthλth=2·1 μ (hνth=0·59 eV).

Field of study: Physics
Capacitor-less memory cell fabricated on nano-scale strained Si on a relaxed SiGe layer-on-insulator

We investigated the combined effect of the strained Si channel and hole confinement on the memory margin enhancement for a capacitor-less memory cell fabricated on nano-scale strained Si on a relaxed SiGe layer-on-insulator (e-Si SGOI). The memory margin for the e-Si SGOI capacitor-less memory cell was higher than that of the memory cell fabricated on an unstrained Si-on-insulator (SOI) and increased with increasing Ge concentration of the relaxed SiGe layer; i.e. the memory margin for the e-Si SGOI capacitor-less memory cell (138.6 µA) at a 32 at% Ge concentration was 3.3 times higher than the SOI capacitor-less memory cell (43 µA).

Field of study: Materials science
The Role of Y-Box Binding Protein 1 in Kidney Injury: Friend or Foe?

Y-box-binding protein 1 (YB-1) is a multifunctional protein involved in various cellular processes via the transcriptional and translational regulation of target gene expression. YB-1 promotes acute or chronic kidney injury through multiple molecular pathways; however, accumulating evidence suggests that significantly increased YB-1 levels are of great importance in renoprotection. In addition, YB-1 may contribute to obesity-related kidney disease by promoting adipogenesis. Thus, the role of YB-1 in kidney injury is complicated, and no comprehensive review is currently available. In this review, we summarise recent progress in our understanding of the function of YB-1 in kidney injury and provide an overview of the dual role of YB-1 in kidney disease. Moreover, we propose that YB-1 is a potential therapeutic target to restrict kidney disease.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Discriminative-stimulus effects of triazolam in light and moderate drinkers.

The results of previous laboratory experiments with humans suggest that light and moderate drinkers respond differentially to the effects of benzodiazepines. The aim of this study was to further assess the behavioral effects of a benzodiazepine in light and moderate drinkers.



To accomplish this aim, 12 volunteers (6 light drinkers and 6 moderate drinkers) learned to discriminate 0.375 mg of triazolam, a triazolobenzodiazepine hypnotic. After they learned this discrimination, a test-of-novel-doses phase was conducted in which a range of doses of triazolam (0, 0.06, 0.125, 0.25, and 0.375 mg) was tested in both groups of volunteers. The subject-rated and performance-impairing effects of triazolam were assessed concurrently.



There was not a significant difference between the groups in terms of the number of trials needed to learn the discrimination, nor did the proportion of light and moderate drinkers who learned to accurately discriminate 0.375 mg of triazolam differ significantly. The discriminative-stimulus, subject-rated, and performance-impairing effects of triazolam were an orderly function of dose but did not differ across the light and moderate drinkers.



Future studies should examine the discriminative-stimulus effects of a lower dose of triazolam (e.g., 0.25 mg) in light and moderate drinks or use a fading procedure to determine differences in terms of the lowest discriminable dose.

Field of study: Medicine
[A new method of treatment of Korsakoff's (amnestic) psychosis: neurostimulation-correction of the sympathetic nervous system].

To provide a rationale for a new method of neurostimulation - correction of the sympathetic nervous system based on the evolution of the electrical stimulation of the brain as a component of neurorehabilitation.



Authors treated 16 patients with Korsakoff's (amnestic) psychosis using this method.



Positive results were obtained in all patients. A typical case is described.



The proposed method has a high therapeutic potential.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Opiates and play dominance in juvenile rats.

Social play between pairs of individually housed juvenile rats was studied by measuring pinning frequencies occurring during rough-and-tumble play. Low doses of morphine increased play, and opioid blockade with naloxone reduced play. Dominance, as measured by which pinned which most, was markedly reduced by naloxone and slightly increased by morphine. These effects were most apparent when animals were treated with these drugs continuously from the beginning of play testing. Although the respective drugs tended to reverse established dominance patterns (i.e., naloxone made dominant animals more submissive, and morphine made submissive animals more dominant), it was apparent that previously established social learning limited the effectiveness of these manipulations. In general, the results are consistent with the proposition that brain opioids are important in controlling the vigor of social relations.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
A new paradigm for macromolecular crystallography beamlines derived from high-pressure methodology and results

Macromolecular crystallography at high pressure (HPMX) is a mature technique. Shorter X-ray wavelengths increase data collection efficiency on cryocooled crystals. Extending applications and exploiting spin-off of HPMX will require dedicated synchrotron radiation beamlines based on a new paradigm.

Field of study: Physics
Sacred and Sexual Motifs in All's Well That Ends Well

W ~hatever scholars may think of its value as a work of poetic literature, Shakespeare's All's Well That Ends Well is remarkably entertaining in the theater. Perhaps this is so because it fulfills the fundamental generic responsibility of comedy; it overcomes the death of the fathers through a bawdy emphasis on youthful sexuality and love, and it manipulates mythical plot elements that are subconsciously familiar to any audience in Western civilization. The play skillfully diverts our attention from death and burial to the "little death" of sexual orgasm, from age, illness, and the destruction of war to marriage and thejoy of new life. Above all, it is not so much a "problem play" in the Shavian sense as it is a typical work of Renaissance comic art that attempts to unite both the physical and the spiritual elements of human existence within a single structure of the imagination. In this essay, I shall examine certain intertextual relations concerned with the subject of matrimony that may help to shed some light on the play's meaning or meanings to a Renaissance audience. Specifically, I shall compare certain aspects of All's Well with: (I) the so-called "Greek Epithalamium" by Catullus; (2) the colloquy "Proci et Puellae" by Erasmus; (3) the text of the I 5 59 marriage liturgy we may presume was used in the offstage wedding of Helena and Bertram; (4) an important scriptural use of the bed-trick to fulfill the obligations of the marriage contract; and (5) a sermon by a leading Anglican divine of the period. Of course, I am not concerned here with proving that any of these texts was a direct source for the comedy. All of them were familiar to literate men and women of the English Renaissance; they all formed part of a common cultural context for thework of William Shakespeare and other creative artists of the period.

Field of study: History
[The assessment of the efficacy of citicoline in the early and recovery stages of stroke].

The review presents data on the evaluation of the efficacy of citicoline in ischemic stroke. It presents research findings about the effect of citicoline to reduce infarct volume in animal models of cerebral ischemia. Long-term treatment of CDP-choline initiated 24 hours after stroke contributes to the increased plasticity of neurons in intact brain areas (functionally associated with the damaged areas) and accelerated functional recovery. The oral administration of citicoline within the first 24 hours after the onset of symptoms in moderate and severe stroke increases the probability of complete recovery in 3 months. A neuroprotective effect of citicoline in acute and early restorative stages of stroke accompanied by cognitive impairment was shown. According to the results of clinical trials of the dosage regimen, citicoline administered in the dose of 1000 mg/day for 8 weeks accelerates the regression of hemiplegia; the intravenous injection in the dose of 750 mg/day for 10 days, starting with the first 48 hours of stroke onset symptoms, promotes the recovery of motor and cognitive functions; the intravenous injection in the dose of 1 g within 14 days improves the recovery of consciousness, general condition and functional status.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Propagation of Salacca zalacca by Air Layering

In order to develop air layering technique of Salacca zalacca,three factors,namely rooting powder,media and amount of leaves left,were studied for their effects on the rooting performance of S.zalacca suckers air layered.The results showed that ABT#1 rooting powder concentrations from 500 to 1 000 mg/L had significantly positive effect on rooting,and the layers applied with ABT #1 rooting powder of different concentrations from 500 to 1 000 mg/L all rooted,the layers applied with ABT #1 rooting powder of 750 mg/L produced the most roots of 6.2.Cuttings had a higher rooting performance nursed in the mixed media of latosol with coir than in the media of latosol only.Four leaves should be left retained in air layering of S.zalacca.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
DTR Bandit: Learning to Make Response-Adaptive Decisions With Low Regret

Dynamic treatment regimes (DTRs) are personalized, adaptive, multi-stage treatment plans that adapt treatment decisions both to an individual's initial features and to intermediate outcomes and features at each subsequent stage, which are affected by decisions in prior stages. Examples include personalized first- and second-line treatments of chronic conditions like diabetes, cancer, and depression, which adapt to patient response to first-line treatment, disease progression, and individual characteristics. While existing literature mostly focuses on estimating the optimal DTR from offline data such as from sequentially randomized trials, we study the problem of developing the optimal DTR in an online manner, where the interaction with each individual affect both our cumulative reward and our data collection for future learning. We term this the DTR bandit problem. We propose a novel algorithm that, by carefully balancing exploration and exploitation, is guaranteed to achieve rate-optimal regret when the transition and reward models are linear. We demonstrate our algorithm and its benefits both in synthetic experiments and in a case study of adaptive treatment of major depressive disorder using real-world data.

Field of study: Computer science
Never Trust a Bunny

"Lapin" is a new RFID authentication protocol proposed at FSE 2012. "Ring-LPN" (Ring-Learning-Parity-with-Noise) is a new computational problem proposed in the same paper; there is a proof relating the security of Lapin to the difficulty of Ring-LPN. This paper presents an attack against Ring-LPN-512 and Lapin-512. The attack is not practical but nevertheless violates specific security claims in the FSE 2012 paper.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Design and Implementation of a Model to Train Students to Operate an Intelligent Scalpel

In order to effectively enhance the effect of scalpel training, reduce the environmental requirements for training, and change the limited experimental teaching methods, we designed a new model for intelligent scalpel operation training. For this model we created a simulated anatomical work scene that can intelligently recognize scalpel hold and scalpel knife action. The proposed model was able to perceive the scalpel holding angle, force, insertion and extraction, and the direction, speed, and distance of scalpel operation. Through scalpel training plans, the proposed model could complete the whole teaching process, including scalpel training, voice guidance, and evaluating training results. The experiment showed that the model could greatly enhance the effect of scalpel training. Therefore, it is a worthy medical experimental teaching aid.

Field of study: Engineering
‘Substantial and Radical Change’: A New Dawn for Scottish Criminal Procedure?

This paper discusses the recommendations of the Carloway Review, which was established to review law and practice in criminal cases following the introduction in Scotland of a right to legal assistance during detention. A number of recommendations are made in the Review, including the introduction of stricter time limits governing the detention of suspects, the removal of the corroboration requirement, the rejection of adverse inference provisions, and a change in the manner in which the appeal court deals with cases referred to it by the Scottish Criminal Cases Review Commission. It is argued that while some of these recommendations are to be applauded, others are poorly reasoned and some may lead to a dangerous reduction in protection against wrongful conviction.

Field of study: Law
Rectal impalement presenting as bladder stones: delayed and unusual presentation.

Anorectal impalement is an uncommon mode of injury in children, with only a few case reports in the pediatric literature. No report describes a clinical presentation with bladder stones in a child, as in our case. This case highlights the need to maintain a high index of suspicion in all cases of rectal impalement, and the need for thorough clinical examination even in the most trivial of the injuries.

Field of study: Medicine
Remote sensing of ice crystal asymmetry parameter using multi-directional polarization measurements – Part 1: Methodology and evaluation with simulated measurements

We present a new remote sensing technique to infer the average asymmetry parameter of ice crystals near cloud top from multi-directional polarization measurements. The method is based on previous findings that (a) complex aggregates of hexagonal crystals generally have scattering phase matrices resembling those of their components; and (b) scattering phase matrices systematically vary with aspect ratios of crystals and their degree of microscale surface roughness. Ice cloud asymmetry parameters are inferred from multi-directional polarized reflectance measurements by searching for the closest fit in a look-up table of simulated polarized reflectances computed for cloud layers that contain individual, randomly oriented hexagonal columns and plates with varying aspect ratios and roughness values. The asymmetry parameter of the hexagonal particle that leads to the best fit with the measurements is considered the retrieved value. For clouds with optical thickness less than 5, the cloud optical thickness must be retrieved simultaneously with the asymmetry parameter, while for optically thicker clouds the asymmetry parameter retrieval is independent of cloud optical thickness. Evaluation of the technique using simulated measurements based on the optical properties of a number of complex particles and their mixtures shows that the ice crystal asymmetry parameters are generally retrieved to within 5%, or about 0.04 in absolute terms. The retrieval scheme is largely independent of calibration errors, range and sampling density of scattering angles and random noise in the measurements. The approach can be applied to measurements of past, current and future airborne and satellite instruments that measure multi-directional polarized reflectances of ice-topped clouds.

Field of study: Environmental science
Clinical heterogeneity in children with gonadal dysgenesis associated with non-mosaic 46,XY karyotype.

Gonadal dysgenesis is unique in disorders of sex development (DSD), in that it can be associated with 46,XX, 46,XY or mosaic 45,X/46,XY karyotypes. Gonadal dysgenesis can be partial or complete. Gonadal dysgenesis associated with the Y-chromosome has increased risk of gonadal germ cell neoplasms. Most of the literature focus on 45,X/46,XY gonadal dysgenesis, while there are scanty data on the condition when the karyotype is non-mosaic 46,XY.



To investigate the diversity of clinical pictures of children presenting with 46,XY DSD due to gonadal dysgenesis.



A retrospective study on consecutive patients diagnosed with 46,XY gonadal dysgenesis at age ≤18 years in a tertiary center from 1985 to 2015. The clinical presentations, phenotypes, gonadal features and associated anomalies were investigated.



Twenty-eight patients with Y-chromosome gonadal dysgenesis were identified during the study period and six (21.4%) had non-mosaic 46,XY karyotype. Three had complete gonadal dysgenesis (CGD) with normal female phenotype, while the other three had partial gonadal dysgenesis (PGD). Of the three patients with CGD, two presented with the classical Swyer syndrome at adolescence, while the third presented at birth with multiple congenital anomalies. The three PGD patients presented with ambiguous genitalia at birth (n = 2), and isolated hypospadias (n = 1), which was associated with Frasier syndrome. Three patients had germ cell neoplasms: bilateral gonadoblastoma (n = 1), bilateral intratubular germ cell neoplasia unclassified (n = 1), and dysgerminoma + gonadoblastoma (n = 1). Two patients had global developmental delay with other congenital anomalies, and another patient had learning difficulties with borderline intelligence (Table).



The findings suggest that 46,XY gonadal dysgenesis is much rarer than 45,X/46,XY gonadal dysgenesis. Patients differed in their clinical presentations and well-established syndromes happened in half of them. Overall, the risk of germ cell neoplasms and the association with other somatic anomalies appeared to be high. The study was limited by: its small number, single-center experience, and the possibility of missing the diagnosis in some male patients with mild undervirilization.



Heterogeneity was noted in the clinical, phenotypic and gonadal features among pediatric patients with 46,XY gonadal dysgenesis.

Field of study: Medicine