nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Fisheries development strategy for developing Pacific Island Countries: Case study of Tuvalu

Fisheries are valuable resources for developing Pacific Island Countries. It is critical for these countries to establish a strategy for the development of coastal (artisanal) and offshore fisheries (access agreements). Tuvalu, a Pacific island microstate, consists of nine coral atolls with 26 km 2 of land and 0.9 million km 2 of exclusive economic zones. Fishing access fees are the second largest source of capital for the government. This study reviews the development history of Tuvalu's coastal fisheries and focuses on the political, social and economic impacts on Tuvalu of fisheries access agreements. A strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT) analysis was performed to develop a strategy by which Tuvalu can maximize its revenues from fisheries. To develop its coastal fisheries, Tuvalu should consult with local communities and make good use of fisheries access fees to invest in coastal fisheries. To maximize the benefit of access agreements, limitation in the number of fishing vessels, tuna prices, information sharing with other Pacific Island Countries should be considered to help with negotiation. In addition, more conservation regulations and monitoring actions should be taken to strengthen the management system to ensure marine resources sustainability.

Field of study: Environmental science
Giant condyloma with demise secondary to meningococcemia in an infant boy.

Human papilloma virus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted disease among adults in the USA; however, the presence of HPV in infants is rare. Condyloma acuminata, a cutaneous, fungating lesion caused by HPV, has a generally mild course that often resolves spontaneously or can be managed both medically and surgically. Typical treatments for condyloma include imiquimoid cream, podofilox gel, podophyllin resin, cryotherapy, laser surgery, tangential shave excision, and electrocautery. Rapidly progressing condyloma acuminata followed by a fatal course of Neisseria meningitis in an infant is an extremely rare presentation that merits further investigation into possible immunologic etiology. A 7-month-old circumcised Caucasian boy presented with a rapidly progressing giant penile condyloma acuminatum. This is the youngest documented case of this type. Refractory to medical and surgical treatments, this otherwise apparently healthy child was referred to pediatric immunology. Normal complete blood count led to deferment, suggesting further medical and surgical treatment. Five days after such treatment, the baby presented with progressive systemic rash, fever and tachycardia. The patient died from meningococcemia. This case serves as a warning concerning the course of condyloma in infants. Immunologic investigation may be critically important in young patients refractory to designated treatments for condyloma.

Field of study: Medicine
Office treatment of hemorrhoids.

The author holds that the weight of evidence from experience with 20,000 patients indicates overwhelmingly that the office treatment of hemorrhoids by means of ligation and the cryosurgical technique described is the treatment of choice. He gives 10 reasons, most of which are to the benefit of the patient, but some of which also benefit the doctor. The cost saving amounts to millions of dollars, a factor that should be of interest to government and insurers. The author suggests that operative hospital hemorrhoidectomy should no longer be performed.

Field of study: Medicine
Instrumental variable approach to array processing in spatially correlated noise fields

High-performance signal parameter estimation from sensor array data is a problem which has received much attention. A number of so-called eigenvector (EV) techniques such as MUSIC, ESPRIT, WSF, and MODE have been proposed in the literature. The EV techniques for array processing require knowledge of the spatial noise correlation matrix that constitutes a significant drawback. A novel instrumental variable (IV) approach to the sensor array problem is proposed. The IV technique relies on the same basic geometric properties as the EV methods to obtain parameter estimates. However, by exploiting the temporal correlation of the source signals, no knowledge of the spatial noise covariance is required. The asymptotic properties of the IV estimator are examined and an optimal IV method is derived. Computer simulations are presented to study the properties of the IV estimators in samples of practical length. The proposed algorithm is also shown to perform better than MUSIC on a full-scale passive sonar experiment.

Field of study: Engineering
The History of Doping and Anti-doping and Its Moral Enlightenments

Using doping improves sports performance,violates the Olympic spirit,and is a behavior that seriously goes against sports moral.On the basis of literature review,the paper illustrates the development of doping from its original forms to the forms of various chemical synthesis preparations due to the development of science and technology,and summarizes the anti-doping history that at the beginning people did not take action against using drugs,nowadays people have recognized its harmfulness,and WADA,all countries,regions and all international sports federations have united together to fight against the use of doping.The unique role of moral restraint in the anti-doping process is also demonstrated.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Propagation of a partially coherent focused X-ray beam within a planar X-ray waveguide

A linear-transmission Fresnel-zone-plate lens is used for coupling a monochromatic X-ray beam of 13.2 keV into a planar X-ray waveguide. The zone plate focuses the beam parallel to the entrance of the waveguide, by which means a flux enhancement of a factor of 54 inside the waveguide is obtained. This substantially enlarges the range of X-ray diffraction experiments that can be performed on samples confined within the waveguide. The coherent properties of the beam, as obtained at a third-generation synchrotron facility, are investigated by comparing the experimental data with numerical calculations in which partial coherence is taken into account by propagation of the mutual intensity function. The conditions for which the X-rays travelling through the waveguide are coherent are discussed.

Field of study: Physics
Thermally induced alterations of minerals during measurements of the temperature dependence of magnetic susceptibility: a case study from the hydrothermally altered Soultz-sous-Forêts granite, France

Identification of magnetic minerals using the temperature dependence of magnetic susceptibility in low field (κ–T) combined with optical microscopy, microprobe, X-ray diffraction, and chemical analysis provided new constraints on the alteration of Fe-bearing minerals of the magnetite-bearing Soultz-sous-Forêts granite from the EPS-1 borehole (upper Rhine Graben, France). While relatively fresh granite shows largely reversible κ–T curves typical of magnetite, the altered granite revealed a wide variety of irreversible heating and cooling curves, which allowed an assignment to different alteration stages under specific geochemical conditions. Though paramagnetic minerals like Fe-bearing carbonates, pyrite, or antiferromagnetic hematite could not be detected according to their Curie or Neél temperature, they were identified due to reactions to new ferrimagnetic phases during the heating/cooling experiments at specific temperatures. Mineral reactions were proved by measurements of the single mineral phases hematite, Fe-carbonates, and illite. Our mineralogical results combined with the thermomagnetic measurements imply that first faulting of the granite occurred already during cooling of the magma, which caused a first magnetite oxidation event. During uplift of the granitic body and exposure to a paleo-erosion surface, strongly acidic fluids, emerged from pyrite oxidation, caused a decomposition of Fe-bearing minerals like martite (hematite derived from magnetite oxidation) and Fe-carbonates and an ongoing transformation of magnetite to martite. Subsequently, precipitation of fine-grained hematite was restricted only to the upper part of the pluton. In the deeper part of the borehole, pyrite was preserved from oxidation. In an active fault, zone martite was reduced back to magnetite, which can be explained with the occurrence of organic matter transported by fluids.

Field of study: Environmental science
The John-Nirenberg type inequality for non-doubling measures

X. Tolsa defined a space of BMO type for positive Radon measures satisfy- ing some growth condition on R d . This new BMO space is very suitable for the Calderon- Zygmund theory with non-doubling measures. Especially, the John-Nirenberg type in- equality can be recovered. In the present paper we introduce a localized and weighted version of this inequality and, as applications, we obtain some vector-valued inequalities and weighted inequalities for Morrey spaces.

Field of study: Mathematics
Succinct Predicate and Online-Offline Multi-Input Inner Product Encryptions under Standard Static Assumptions

This paper presents expressive predicate encryption ( PE ) systems, namely non-zero inner-product-predicate encryption ( NIPPE ) and attribute-based encryption ( ABE ) supporting monotone span programs achieving best known parameters among existing similar schemes under well-studied static complexity assumptions. Both the constructions are built in composite order bilinear group setting and involve only 2 group elements in the ciphertexts. More interestingly, our NIPPE scheme, which additionally features only 1 group element in the decryption keys, is the first to attain succinct ciphertexts and decryption keys simultaneously. For proving selective security of these constructions under the Subgroup Decision assumptions, which are the most standard static assumptions in composite order bilinear group setting, we apply the extended version of the elegant Deja Q framework, which was originally proposed as a general technique for reducing the q -type complexity assumptions to their static counter parts. Our work thus demonstrates the power of this framework in overcoming the need of q -type assumptions, which are vulnerable to serious practical attacks, for deriving security of highly expressive PE systems with compact parameters. We further introduce the concept of online-offline multi-input functional encryption ( OO-MIFE ), which is a crucial advancement towards realizing this highly promising but computationally intensive cryptographic primitive in resource bounded and power constrained devices. We also instantiate our notion of OO-MIFE by constructing such a scheme for the multi-input analog of the inner product functionality, which has a wide range of application in practice. Our OO-MIFE scheme for multi-input inner products is built in asymmetric bilinear groups of prime order and is proven selectively secure under the well-studied k-Linear ( k -LIN ) assumption.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Production and characterization of monoclonal antibody against Mycobacterium tuberculosis RpfB domain.

RpfB, one of the five resuscitation-promoting factors (Rpfs) produced by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), plays an important role in the resuscitation and growth of the dormant MTB. RpfB is likely the target antigen recognized by the host immune system. Studies have shown that Rpf genes exist in many bacteria and their encoded proteins all contain Rpf-like domain. It is likely that this domain has biological characteristics and immunogenicity similar to that of the complete Rpf protein. Therefore, RpfB domain protein from M. tuberculosis was selected for this study. Mice were subcutaneously immunized three times over 2-week intervals. Mice splenocytes were then isolated and fused with SP20 cells. Hybridoma colonies were screened for monoclonal antibody (MAb) against RpfB domain. ELISA was used to examine the titer, specificity, and relative affinity of the antibody. The ability of produced anti-RpfB monoclonal antibody to recognize other proteins in the Rpf family and to inhibit the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Micrococcus luteus was examined. Our results showed that three anti-RpfB MAbs were successfully generated. All three MAbs can recognize RpfB domain specifically and can effectively inhibit the promoting effect of RpfB domain on the growth of MTB H37Ra strain and M. luteus at 1:1000 dilution, indicating that anti-RpfB domain MAbs may inhibit the reactivation of dormant or latent MTB in vivo. Therefore, they may be able to prevent the recurrence of the occult infection. The production of anti-RpfB domain MAbs provides a powerful experimental tool to further study the biological and immunological characteristics of the RpfB domain and to evaluate the possibility of using RpfB domain as a candidate component for tuberculosis subunit vaccine.

Field of study: Biology
Fully Electrical Modeling of Thermoelectric Generators with Contact Thermal Resistance Under Different Operating Conditions

The Seebeck effect is used in thermoelectric generators (TEGs) to supply electronic circuits by converting the waste thermal into electrical energy. This generated electrical power is directly proportional to the temperature difference between the TEG module’s hot and cold sides. Depending on the applications, TEGs can be used either under constant temperature gradient between heat reservoirs or constant heat flow conditions. Moreover, the generated electrical power of a TEG depends not only on these operating conditions, but also on the contact thermal resistance. The influence of the contact thermal resistance on the generated electrical power have already been extensively reported in the literature. However, as reported in Park et al.  2014) and Montecucco and Knox ( 2015), while designing TEG-powered circuit and systems, a TEG module is mostly modeled with a Thévenin equivalent circuit whose resistance is constant and voltage proportional to the temperature gradient applied to the TEG’s terminals. This widely used simplified electrical TEG model is inaccurate and not suitable under constant heat flow conditions or when the contact thermal resistance is considered. Moreover, it does not provide realistic behaviour corresponding to the physical phenomena taking place in a TEG. Therefore, from the circuit designer’s point of view, faithful and fully electrical TEG models under different operating conditions are needed. Such models are mainly necessary to design and evaluate the power conditioning electronic stages and the maximum power point tracking algorithms of a TEG power supply. In this study, these fully electrical models with the contact thermal resistance taken into account are presented and the analytical expressions of the Thévenin equivalent circuit parameters are provided.

Field of study: Materials science
New Evidence and New Methods to Measure Human Capital Inequality Before and During the Industrial Revolution: France and the US in the Seventeenth to Nineteenth Centuries

We explore pre- and early industrial inequality of numeracy using the age heaping method and anthropometric strategies. For France, we map differential numeracy between the upper and lower segments of a sample population for 26 regions during the seventeenth century. For the US, inequality of numeracy is estimated for 25 states during the 19th century. Testing the hypothesis of a negative impact of inequality on welfare growth, we find evidence that lower inequality increased industrial development in the US, whereas for France such an effect was only evident in interactions with political variables such as proximity to central government.

Field of study: Economics, History
On the application of phase relationships to complex structures. XXXV. Some experiments with 2-Zn insulin.

The direct-methods program SAYTAN has been applied to the known structure of 2-Zn insulin with 806 atoms, excluding solvent, in the asymmetric unit. Useful sets of phases can be obtained and selected by figures of merit for data resolutions between 1.5 and 2.25 A and these can be extended by SAYTAN to give mean phase errors of 68 degrees for more than 2000 reflections. A feature of the phases so found is that the phase errors decrease with increasing resolution - which is the opposite of the situation when phases are found by isomorphous-replacement techniques.

Field of study: Chemistry
Quantifying redox heterogeneity in single-crystalline LiCoO2 cathode particles.

Active cathode particles are fundamental architectural units for the composite electrode of Li-ion batteries. The microstructure of the particles has a profound impact on their behavior and, consequently, on the cell-level electrochemical performance. LiCoO2 (LCO, a dominant cathode material) is often in the form of well-shaped particles, a few micrometres in size, with good crystallinity. In contrast to secondary particles (an agglomeration of many fine primary grains), which are the other common form of battery particles populated with structural and chemical defects, it is often anticipated that good particle crystallinity leads to superior mechanical robustness and suppressed charge heterogeneity. Yet, sub-particle level charge inhomogeneity in LCO particles has been widely reported in the literature, posing a frontier challenge in this field. Herein, this topic is revisited and it is demonstrated that X-ray absorption spectra on single-crystalline particles with highly anisotropic lattice structures are sensitive to the polarization configuration of the incident X-rays, causing some degree of ambiguity in analyzing the local spectroscopic fingerprint. To tackle this issue, a methodology is developed that extracts the white-line peak energy in the X-ray absorption near-edge structure spectra as a key data attribute for representing the local state of charge in the LCO crystal. This method demonstrates significantly improved accuracy and reveals the mesoscale chemical complexity in LCO particles with better fidelity. In addition to the implications on the importance of particle engineering for LCO cathodes, the method developed herein also has significant impact on spectro-microscopic studies of single-crystalline materials at synchrotron facilities, which is broadly applicable to a wide range of scientific disciplines well beyond battery research.

Field of study: Physics
Structural insight to mutated Y116S transthyretin by molecular dynamics simulation.

Familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy (FAP) is strictly associated with point mutations of transthyretin (TTR) protein. The Tyr116-->Ser (Y116S) mutant TTR is an important amyloidogenic variant responsible for FAP. Structural dynamics of monomeric TR and its mutant (Y116S) may give some clue relating to amyloid formation. In this study, molecular dynamic simulation at 310 K has been performed on wild-type and mutant (Y116S) 'ITR monomer, which can provide the molecular insight of structural transition in the inner and outer strand of the protein. Results show that mutation in the H-strand (Tyr116-->Ser) leads to disruption of secondary structure and H-bonding pattern of some important parts of the inner DAGH-sheet of the protein. Especially, the residues T106, A108, L110 of G-strand, S117 and T119 of H-strand are affected, which are involved in the binding of thyroxin hormone. This unfolding of mutant structure during dynamics may cause instability in the protein and thus induce amyloidgenesis.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Physics
Endovascular treatment of a tentorial dural arteriovenous fistula.

Tentorial dural arteriovenous fistulae are rare intracranial fistulae, in which the fistula pocket is present within the leaves of tentorium cerebelli. These tentorial fistulae can be rarely present near the galenic complex, where they can engorge the deep venous system and cause symptoms of venous hypertension. We present an interesting case of endovascular treatment of a galenic tentorial dural arteriovenous fistula in a patient with headaches and imbalance. The fistula was accessed through the artery of Davidoff and Schecter from the posterior cerebral artery supplying the fistula. The fistula was completely embolized using Onyx and with preservation of vein of Galen. The video can be found here: http://youtu.be/igX2X5tfvrg .

Field of study: Medicine
Bird communities and wind farms: a phylogenetic and morphological approach

The undeniable environmental benefits of wind energy are undermined by the negative effects of wind farms on bird populations through mortality by collision with the energy-generating structures. Studies have documented morphological, ecological, and behavioral traits associated with vulnerability to wind turbines. However, practically all studies have concentrated on the effects on particular populations, and community-level analyses are lacking. Here we assess the susceptibility of species on the basis of their morphology, and examine the effect of selective mortality on the topology and dispersion of phylogenies, and on the structure and volume of the ecological morphospace of bird assemblages. Using an extensive database of bird occurrences and fatalities in a wind farm located in southern Mexico, and performing null models to establish statistical significance, we compared sets of affected and unaffected species in terms of their wing morphology and position in a phylogeny. We found that birds more likely to fly in the risk zone tend to be smaller, with longer wings, and with heavier wing loadings. Within this group, species more likely to collide with blades and die are smaller, with short wings, and supporting lighter wing loadings. These patterns determine that the set of species less affected distribute in morphospace leaving noticeable holes (morphologies not represented). Birds flying in the risk zone tend to be related to each other, but species that actually collide with turbines belong to several separate clades. These differential effects on morphology and phylogenetic diversity pose important and complex challenges to the conservation of birds in areas where wind farms are being established.

Field of study: Environmental science
Selection of nutrient solutions for soilless cultivation of Begonia semperflorens

In order to select the best formulations of nutrient solution for soilless cultivation of Begonia semperflorens,four formulations were selected to carry out hydroponic experiments of B.semperflorens.Several main growth characteristics including leaf number,plant height,crown diameter,inflorescence number,floret number,staminate flower diameter,growth amount were studied in this paper.The results showed that there were significant differences in leaf number,plant height,crown diameter,growth amount,inflorescence number,floret number between formulations of Hoagland and Snyde(1938)(T4) and B.massoniana formulation(T1),while there were not obvious differences in staminate flower diameter.There were obvious differences in inflorescence number,floret number,staminate flower diameter,plant height,crown diameter between Japanese YuanShi formulation(T7) and T1,while there were not obvious differences in leaf number.However,no obvious differences in growth were found between Begonia×argenteo-guttata formulation(T2) and T1.We suggests that T4 was selected to promote nutritional growth and T7 was selected to promote reproductive growth when B.semperflorens were cultured soilless.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences