nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of nutritional habits and the body mass index (bmi) of students of the University of the Third Age at the Koszalin University of Technology

Nutrition plays an important role in the elderly stage of life. A proper proportion of the individual nutritional ingredients in a diet may positively impact the ageing body. This positive influence consists in slowing down the undesired and unfavourable physiological alterations leading inevitably to the general weakness of the body.  The aim of the study was to evaluate the nutritional habits and body mass indexes (BMI) of students of the University of the Third Age at the Koszalin University of Technology.  A total of 189 people (34 men and 155 women) took part in the study in 2014, which involved a diagnostic survey and an evaluation of the nutritional state based on BMI.  Approximately 3/4 of the respondents were found to be overweight or obese. A large majority of them viewed their health status as good. The majority (70%) declared regularly eating 3–4 meals. Half of the respondents admitted eating snacks between meals. The majority of the respondents did not control the amount of calories consumed, but they reduced the consumption of cholesterol. About 3/4 of the respondents ate wholemeal bread and spread butter over it. They mainly used all‑purpose oil for frying. About half of the respondents ate unprocessed fruit and vegetables every day and only 1/3 of them consumed milk and dairy products every day. About 3/4 of the respondents ate fish once a week. About 1/3 of the males and nearly half of the females ate vitamin and/or mineral supplements. About 3/4 of the respondents performed some physical exercise several times a week. Male and female respondents reported eating snacks between meals to a different extent. It was also found that the educational background significantly differentiated the amount of fruit and vegetables consumed as well as the time of the last meal of the day. The place of residence also significantly differentiates the number of meals and the extent to which the consumption of cholesterol is reduced. The respondents’ financial situation was also found to differentiate the form in which fruit are eaten.  The findings suggest increased control of the amount of calories consumed, increased consumption of fruit and vegetables, dairy products and fish as well as the need for nutritional education.

Field of study: Medicine
The Design and Development of Broadcast with Sound in a WebSite

This paper introduces two method how to design and devel opment of broadcast with sound in a Website. The first method play a Real Player Object'play list file which has created automatically by ASP program. The second method is Use Flash Object,this Objec t can use it's Linkage Property to link a sound database files to a Flash Script,then select the correspo nding sound file to play.

Field of study: Computer science
Adaptive blind source separation for virtually any source probability density function

Blind source separation (BSS) aims to recover a set of statistically independent source signals from a set of linear mixtures of the same sources. In the noiseless real-mixture two-source two-sensor scenario, once the observations are whitened (decorrelated and normalized), only a Givens rotation matrix remains to be identified in order to achieve the source separation. In this paper an adaptive estimator of the angle that characterizes such a rotation is derived. It is shown to converge to a stable valid separation solution with the only condition that the sum of source kurtosis be distinct from zero. An asymptotic performance analysis is carried out, resulting in a closed-form expression for the asymptotic probability density function of the proposed estimator. It is shown how the estimator can be incorporated into a complete adaptive source separation system by combining it with an adaptive prewhitening strategy and how it can be useful in a general BSS scenario of more than two signals by means of a pairwise approach. A variety of simulations assess the accuracy of the asymptotic results, display the properties of the estimator (such as its robust fast convergence), and compare this on-line BSS implementation with other adaptive BSS procedures.

Field of study: Engineering
Interleukin‐1 β enhances and interferon‐γ suppresses activin A actions by reciprocally regulating activin A and follistatin secretion from bone marrow stromal fibroblasts

Activin A is a multi‐functional cytokine with a potent stimulation on erythroid cell differentiation in the bone marrow. The actions of activin A are determined by a balance of the levels of activin A and its inhibitor, follistatin (FS). However, the regulation of its actions in the bone marrow has been unclear. Here we show that bone marrow‐derived stromal fibroblasts are the major source of activin A and FS in the bone marrow, and that the production of activin A is enhanced by interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), whereas interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ) inhibits the secretion of activin A by stromal fibroblasts. Concomitantly, IL‐1β as well as LPS inhibits and IFN‐γ stimulates FS secretion from stromal fibroblasts. Thus, these cytokines potently regulate activin A actions by reciprocal modulation of activin A and FS secretion from stromal fibroblasts. Because activin A exhibits anti‐inflammatory effects in various tissues, up‐regulation of activin A actions by IL‐1β and endotoxin in the bone marrow may play a protective role against inflammatory processes as well as anaemia. The present results also suggest that the inhibitory effect of IFN‐γ on erythropoiesis is mediated at least in part by a suppression of activin A actions in bone marrow.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Preparation of microsized atorvastatin calcium by antisolvent precipitation

The microsized atorvastatin calcium was prepared via the antisolvent precipitation process.The effects of the type of surfactants,drug concentration,precipitation temperature and drying method on particle morphology and particle size were investigated,and the optimum conditions were obtained.The as-prepared microsized atorvastatin calcium and the raw atorvastatin calcium were well characterized by scanning electron microscopy(SEM),powder X-ray diffraction(XRD),Fourier transform infrared spectrometry(FT-IR)and surface area analyzer.The results indicated that methyl cellulose(MC20)was a suitable surfactant to control the particle morphology of atorvastatin calcium.Adjusting drug concentration and system temperature can easily control the particle size and distribution.The spray dried powder with a mean diameter of about 1 μm had a narrow particle size distribution and showed the morphology of granular aggregates composed of smaller spheres.The microsized atorvastatin calcium powder was amorphous,and the specific surface area of the microsized product was higher than the raw atorvastatin calcium.In addition,the possible formation mechanism of granular aggregates composed of smaller spheres was presented.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Estimation of a Hedonic Price Equation for Bordeaux Wine: Does Quality Matter?

In this paper, the hedonic price technique is applied to Bordeaux wine. In the hedonic function, the authors include not only the 'objective' characteristics appearing on the label of the bottle but also the sensory characteristics of the wine. Their data come from an experimental study in which juries have evaluated and graded a sample of Bordeaux wines. The estimation of the hedonic price equation shows that the market price is essentially determined by the objective characteristics. The estimation of a jury grade equation shows that quality, unlike the market price, is essentially determined by the sensory characteristics.

Field of study: Economics
Parallel Processing of the Probabilistic Transfer Matrix Based Circuits Reliability Calculation

Probabilistic transfer matrix (PTM) is an efficient approach to estimate the effects of soft errors for moderate scale circuits at gate level.This paper researches a parallel method base on PTM and proposes a circuit partition algorithm.The considered gate level circuit is partitioned into modules first,and the probabilistic model for each module is built. Then all of the PTMs of modules are calculated in parallel,and they are combined to get the reliability of the whole circuit.The algebraic decision diagram is employed to compress the matrixes.The primary experimental results show that the decrement of the average time overhead of the parallel method is 21.46%.

Field of study: Computer science
An Experiment in the Teaching of English Composition

For the past four years the English De partment, Frankford High School, Philadel phia, has been engaged in constructing and administering a series of objective tests an alyzing and measuring the achievement in English composition of its four thousand stu dents. (We use the term composition to dif ferentiate the elements of written and oral expression from those included in the term literature; the term involves, therefore, not only the mechanics of spelling, grammar, punctuation and paragraph structure, but also correct diction and effective oral expression.) During the first two years we gave tests based upon as many objective elements in our course of study as we could find. We gave these tests, together with a vocabulary test, to all students regardless of grade. The re sults indicated that approximately ten per cent of our ninth grade pupils in these tests made marks equal to or higher than the median of the twelfth grade students. We found that about five per cent of the twelfth grade students made marks decidedly below the medians for the ninth grade students. The same dispersion of marks existed for every grade level in the school. In addition to these objective tests, we had the students throughout all the grades write compositions on the same assigned topic. Here again some ninth grade students produced papers which, from any viewpoint, were superior to many of the twelfth grade papers. The department then considered these facts, which, although not startlingly new, assumed more vivid form as a result of the specific testing program. It asked itself the question: "Can any solution be found to the problems presented by this heterogeneous grouping of students?"

Field of study: Education
Disassembly of an excited nuclear aggregate through sequential decay

The disassembly of an excited nuclear aggregate is described as a time-dependent decay process in which clusters are continuously and sequentially emitted by the primitive aggregate and those which have already been formed at a given time. The dynamics describe the rate at which the different species are generated as well as the rate at which the system de-excites and expands isotropically in space. The model is applied to the study of sequentially decaying40Ar as a function of the initial excitation energy.

Field of study: Physics
The Relation Between Norm Accessibility, Pornography Use, and Parental Mediation Among Emerging Adults

Widespread access to and use of pornography has led to concern about the potentially negative effects of exposure to pornography on emerging adults—its largest user group. Past research shows that salient social norms can influence subsequent behavior. This study, therefore, explored the relationship between salient pornography-related norms and pornography use among emerging adults, as well as the relationship between parental mediation of pornography during adolescence and emerging adults’ salient pornography-related norms. Results revealed that emerging adults are more likely to view pornography when they hold a salient belief (norm) that their peers both approve of viewing and regularly view pornography. The study also found that parents’ provision of rules about viewing pornography during adolescence may reduce future pornography use by instilling the salient belief that the parent disapproves of viewing pornography. These findings suggest that the effect of rules in the home about adolescents’ use of pornography may persist into emerging adulthood.

Field of study: Psychology
Analysis and optimal control of an HIV model based on CD4 count.

A non-linear mechanistic model for the transmission dynamics of HIV/AIDS is developed and analyzed. The model classified the infected individuals based on their CD4 count level. Furthermore, education campaign, voluntary testing and counseling and treatment are considered as intervention strategies for controlling the disease. The analysis of the model reveals that imperfect public enlightenment campaign can induce backward bifurcation. It has been shown that when public enlightenment campaign is  see text] effective, the disease free equilibrium is globally asymptotically stable for  see text], whereas for  see text] the global stability of the endemic equilibrium is proved only in a special case. Time dependent controls of the intervention strategies mentioned above are incorporated into the model and the optimal control strategies with minimal implementation cost are identified. In addition, cost effectiveness analysis in the form of incremental cost effectiveness ratio is carried-out to identify the most cost effective strategies. The results suggest that out of the three non dominated strategies, the strategy of educating the newly entrants only or combination of newly entrants and susceptible individuals is very cost effective using per capita GDP of Nigeria as at 2018. However, the choice of which strategy to implement depends on budgetary allocation and resource availability.

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics
Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Diamantlagerstätten an der Oranjemündung in Südwestafrika

ZusammenfassungEs wurde ein Überblick über die Lagerungsverhältnisse der diamantführenden Strandwälle an der Oranjemündung gegeben, die sich über weite Entfernungen hin als bauwürdig erwiesen haben. Neben kurzen Bemerkungen über die Art der angewandten Schürfarbeiten behandelt der Aufsatz im wesentlichen die Entstehungsgeschichte der Lagerstätte. Für den Transport des in den Strandwällen aufbereiteten Materials ist die eigentümliche Entwicklungsgeschichte des Oranjeflusses verantwortlich zu machen, die ihrerseits wiederum von der klimatischen Entwicklung des Landes seit dem Ende der Kreidezeit abhängig ist. Daneben spielt auch die etwa zur selben Zeit beginnende Heraushebung des afrikanischen Randwulstes, dessen durch das heutige Eskarpment (Rogersstufe) gekennzeichneter Scheitel nur wenig über 100 km von der Lagerstätte entfernt liegt, eine große Rolle, indem er den Fluß zwang, mit seinem Einschneiden Schritt zu halten und so eine große Menge verschiedensten Materials aufzubereiten.Die Bildungsgeschichte der Küste selbst wird, soweit sie uns durch alte Strandwälle Einblicke erlaubt, kurz geschildert, besonders bemerkenswerte dieser Strandwälle im Profil gezeigt und näher erläutert, wobei auch auf ihre speziellen Bildungsbedingungen, auf die Wind- und Strömungsverhältnisse an der alten und heutigen Küste eingegangen wird.Außer manchem in einer etwas verstreuten Literatur Enthaltenen wird auch einiges Neue über diese relativ jungen und erst einige Jahre bekannten Diamantlagerstätten gebracht.

Field of study: Environmental science
Paleocene to Pliocene low-latitude, high-elevation basins of southern Tibet: implications for tectonic models of India-Asia collision, Cenozoic climate, and geochemical weathering

The elevation history of the Tibetan Plateau promises insight into the mechanisms and dynamics that develop and sustain high topography over tens of millions of years. We present the first nearly continuous Cenozoic elevation history from two sedimentary basins on the southern Tibetan Plateau within the latest Cretaceous to Eocene Gangdese arc. Oxygen-isotope and Δ47 clumped-isotope compositions of nonmarine carbonates allow us to constrain carbonate formation temperature and reconstruct the paleoprecipitation record of the Eocene to Pliocene Oiyug Basin and Paleocene to Eocene Penbo Basin. We exploit the systematic decrease of surface temperature and meteoric water δ18O values with elevation to derive paleoelevation estimates for these basins. Minimally altered and unaltered pedogenic and lacustrine carbonates from the Oiyug Basin yield Δ47, CDES (relative to the carbon dioxide equilibrium scale [CDES]) values of 0.625‰ to 0.755‰, which correspond to temperatures of 1−30 °C using a Δ47 thermometer for low-temperature carbonates. Similarly, the Penbo Basin yielded Δ47, CDES values of 0.701‰ to 0.726‰, corresponding to temperatures of 6−12 °C. The apparent evidence for survival of primary clumped-isotope values in the face of substantial burial and heating is an important result for the field of carbonate clumped-isotope thermometry.

Our paleoelevation estimates for the Eocene to Pliocene Oiyug Basin (∼6.5−4.1 km) support previous evidence that high elevations were attained in southern Tibet by at least ca. 30 Ma. Stable-isotope results allow for the possibility of significant topographic subsidence during the Miocene as a result of regional extension. In the Penbo Basin, our paleoelevation estimates for the Paleocene to Eocene Nianbo Formation (4.4 +1.3/−1.7 km) and Eocene Pana Formation (4.1 +1.2/−1.6 km) extend the altitude record of the southern Tibetan Plateau to pre−India-Asia collision. These results support the “Lhasaplano” model of an Andean-type continental margin tectonic system.

The rise of the Himalayas and Tibet is often invoked to understand isotopic proxies for global chemical weathering in the Cenozoic and has constrained the debate on the nature of CO2−climate−weathering feedbacks. The nature of the Tibetan paleoelevations from pre- to postcollision, as presented here, indicates that high relief at low latitude prevailed on the Asian margin much earlier than previously thought. Thus, high topography alone at low latitude is not sufficient to account for the Cenozoic weathering proxy record.

Field of study: Geology
Landed Society in New Spain: A View from the South

W ^tIm GOOD REASON, great landed estates hold the attention of many students of modern Latin America. Landholding in wide areas of the subcontinent to the south is inseparable from latifundios. Great estates were especially conspicuous in the century after Independence, often dominating local economies and political power. The size and traditional functions of these rural estates have also made them obvious targets of those who demand modernization, nationalism, and social justice in the twentieth century. Political and social reformers have naturally concentrated their attention on the land regime, not only because of its economic and political power but also because nowhere in Latin America have landed barons given up their privileged position voluntarily. Rural estates with colonial beginnings continue to dominate regional economies and societies in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Guatemala. In Mexico, where traditional latifundios have declined in the last fifty years, concentration of land in a few hands was once an even more important issue. Mexico's Revolution of 1g9o, and its fulfillment under Lazaro Cardenas in the 1930s, reacted against a colonial heritage that was symbolized by haciendas and a landed aristocracy. If large estates have a conspicuous place in the rural landscape of Indoand Mestizo America, their functions and socioeconomic effects also have brought them under attack, as values changed in the direction of economic efficiency or social justice. Whether operated primarily for profit or prestige, the large, labor-intensive rural estates perpetuate income inequalities and authoritarian-paternalistic rule. Even when large estates have declined, they leave behind a residue of values and attitudes that resists change. Like a gnarled old oak, the latifundio's roots reach well beyond its visible boundaries into personal and psychological relationships, such as the patron-servant posture or

Field of study: History
Prediction of tacrolimus metabolism and dosage requirements based on CYP3A4 phenotype and CYP3A5*3 genotype in Chinese renal transplant recipients

To examine how the endogenous CYP3A4 phenotype and CYP3A5*3 genotype of Chinese renal transplant recipients influenced the dose-corrected trough concentration (C0/D) and weight-corrected daily dose (D/W) of tacrolimus.A total of 101 medically stable kidney transplant recipients were enrolled, and their blood and urine samples were gathered. The endogenous CYP3A4 phenotype was assessed by the ratio of 6β-hydroxycortisol and 6β-hydroxycortisone to cortisol and cortisone in urine. CYP3A5*3 genotype was determined using PCR-RELP.Results:In overall renal transplant recipients, a multiple regression analysis including the endogenous CYP3A4 phenotype, CYP3A5*3 genotype and post-operative period accounted for 60.1% of the variability in C0/D ratio; a regression equation consisting of the endogenous CYP3A4 phenotype, post-operative period, body mass index, CYP3A5*3 genotype, gender, total bilirubin and age explained 61.0% of the variability in D/W ratio. In CYP3A5*3/*3 subjects, a combination of the endogenous CYP3A4 phenotype, post-operative period and age was responsible for 65.3% of the variability in C0/D ratio; a predictive equation including the endogenous CYP3A4 phenotype, post-operative period, body mass index, gender and age explained 61.2% of the variability in the D/W ratio. Base on desired target range of tacrolimus trough concentrations, individual daily dosage regimen was calculated, and all the observed daily doses were within the predicted range.This study provides the equations to predict tacrolimus metabolism and dosage requirements based on the endogenous CYP3A4 phenotype, CYP3A5*3 genotype and other non-genetic variables.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
The Cauchy kernel for cones

A new representation of the Cauchy kernel KΓ for an arbitrary acute convex cone Γ in R is found. The domain of holomorphy ofKΓ is described. An estimation of the growth of KΓ near the singularities is given.  The n-dimensional Cauchy kernel is a holomorphic function on (C \ {0})n defined by (C \ {0}) 3 (z1, . . . , zn) 7→ 1 z1 . . . zn . This function can be regarded as the Laplace transform of the characteristic function of R+: 1 z1 . . . zn = (−1) R+ e〈y,z〉 dy for −Re z ∈ R+ := (R+). Generalizing this formula, S. Bochner defined in  the Cauchy kernel KΓ for an arbitrary cone Γ ⊂ Rn by KΓ (z) := (−1) Γ ∗ e〈y,z〉 dy for Re z ∈ − Int(Γ ∗), (0.1) where Γ ∗ is the dual cone to Γ . V. Vladimirov found and studied in [4]–[6] another representation of the Cauchy kernel, KΓ (z) = (n− 1)! Γ ∗∩Sn−1 dσ 〈z, σ〉n , (0.2) and he proved that KΓ has a holomorphic continuation to the set ΩΓ := ⋂ σ∈Γ ∗∩Sn−1 .

Field of study: Mathematics