nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Experimental and theoretical investigations of the spontaneous infrared radiation fluctuations of a high-pressure, high-current argon discharge.

The equations describing the spontaneous fluctuations of photon radiation are given by the Bose-Einstein statistics. These equations are applied to calculate the statistical fluctuations of photon radiation emitted by a nonhomogeneous plasma. By using a photodetector, the radiation fluctuations are transformed into corresponding output current fluctuations. The detector must have special properties as to sensitivity, noise, frequency response, and transmission characteristics. The InSb photodetector described here has the required properties. As a radiation source, the plasma of a stationary argon arc discharge at high pressure was used. By measuring and calculating the continuous photon radiation, it is possible to determine the temperature distribution in the plasma. Investigations of the electrical conductivity confirm the temperature distributions. Because of the high temperatures, as well as the sufficient optical thickness in the infrared spectral range, determination of the fluctuation factors is made possible. Considering the experimental difficulties, the agreement between measured and calculated factors is good. Instabilities in the plasma have been considered and eliminated in the experimental procedure.

Field of study: Physics
NCEP Forecasts of the El Niño of 1997–98 and Its U.S. Impacts

The strong El Nino of 1997-98 provided a unique opportunity for National Weather Service, National Centers for Environmental Prediction, Climate Prediction Center (CPC) forecasters to apply several years of accumulated new knowledge of the U.S. impacts of El Nino to their long-lead seasonal forecasts with more clarity and confidence than ever previously. This paper examines the performance of CPC's official forecasts, and its individual component forecast tools, during this event. Heavy winter precipitation across California and the southern plains-Gulf coast region was accurately forecast with at least six months of lead time. Dryness was also correctly forecast in Montana and in the southwestern Ohio Valley. The warmth across the northern half of the country was correctly forecast, but extended farther south and east than predicted. As the winter approached, forecaster confidence in the forecast pattern increased, and the probability anomalies that were assigned reached unprecedented levels in ...

Field of study: Environmental science
A Note on Lack-of-Fit Tests for Linear Models Without Replication

A class of three tests—overall lack-of-fit test, between-cluster lack-of-fit test, and within-cluster lack-of-fit test—are proposed for testing the lack of fit of a linear regression model applied to experiments without replicates. The power of the proposed tests is significantly higher than those of the known tests under the situations considered here. The proposed tests are capable of detecting which type of lack of fit is dominant when both between-cluster and within-cluster lack of fit are present.

Field of study: Mathematics
Design and Implementation of an SFQ-Based Single-Chip FFT Processor

We have been working on the development of a high-speed fast Fourier transform (FFT) processor using single-flux-quantum (SFQ) logic circuits. In our previous studies, we designed and demonstrated a 4-bit butterfly processor, a data-shuffling circuit, and a twiddle factor ROM for 4-bit 8-point FFT using the AIST 10 kA/cm2  Nb advanced process 2 at maximum frequencies of 51.6, 59.5, and 51.5, respectively. In this study, to complete the FFT processor design, we designed and demonstrated residual component circuits called a rounding circuit and a data buffer at a target frequency of 50 GHz. We also designed and experimentally confirmed the operation of an SFQ-based single-chip FFT processor integrating all the component circuits.

Field of study: Physics
Research on strategy of seminar teaching pattern

Seminar teaching pattern is a kind of process that students participating in teaching initiative with the direction of teacher, whose aim is to make student understand well some issues by discussing and communication between them and improve their ability of analyzing and solving problems. The significance of seminar teaching lies in creating a kind of harmonious teaching circumstance that enrich teaching methods, improving the intercommunication between students and building up a bridge between theory and practice, which would obtain the teaching that benefits teachers as well as students.

Field of study: Education
Investigation on hydrobios resource evolution in Bohu lake ecosystem restoration area

The investigation on hydrobios resource evolution in 4 000 hm2 Bohu lake ecosystem restoration area was conducted from 16th,August 2007 to 3rd-5th,August 2010 in Susong county.The result showed that after three years,phytoplankton in the area increased by 3 genera 6 species which were 52.24×104 L-1 in cell numbers and 0.3708 mg?L-1 in biomass.Zooplankton in the area increased by 11 genera 22 species which were 11.031 mg?L-1 in biomass.Zoobenthos increased by 4 families 11 genera 13 species and the density increased by 21.2 ind?m-2.Because the average density and biomass of snails decreased by 89% and 90.5% respectively,the total biomass of Zoobenthos dropped by 94.8%.The average biomass of submerged plant increased slightly only at Cross section I,but decreased at Cross section II and III.In summary,the raising of water level in Bohu lake eco-system restoration area was the main reason of the significant change on population structure and resource of hy-drobios.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Knowledge about Hypertension and Antihypertensive Medication Compliance in a Jordanian Community Sample

Hypertension is a common health problem requires patients' compliance to medication. Non-compliance is the failure of patients to follow health instructions. The purpose of this cross sectional study was to investigate what factors influence the elders' knowledge about hypertension and elders' compliance to antihypertensive medications.    Elders' knowledge about hypertension and their compliance levels were satisfactory. There was a significant relationship between knowledge and compliance. It was found that elders who reported high scores on hypertension disease knowledge were elders who earned more than 300 JD/month, who remembered name of their medications and who received adequate information about their disease. Knowledge about hypertension and medication were basic perquisites for elders' compliance to take antihypertensive medications. Nurses and other health care personnel have a key role in improving elders' compliance to their medication through appropriate evidence based interventions.  Compliance, Elders, Hypertension, Jordan

Field of study: Education
Universal Extension Classes for GL2

In this note we give a new existence proof for the universal extension classes for GL2 previously constructed by Friedlander and Suslin via the theory of strict polynomial functors. The key tool in our approach is a calculation of Parker showing that, for suitable choices of coefficient modules, the Lyndon–Hochschild–Serre spectral sequence for SL2 relative to its first Frobenius kernel stabilizes at the E2-page. Consequently, we obtain a new proof that if G is an infinitesimal subgroup scheme of GL2, then the cohomology ring H∙(G,k) of G is a finitely-generated noetherian k-algebra.

Field of study: Mathematics
Characterization of acid-tolerant H/CO-utilizing methanogenic enrichment cultures from an acidic peat bog in New York State.

Two methanogenic cultures were enriched from acidic peat soil using a growth medium buffered to c. pH 5. One culture, 6A, was obtained from peat after incubation with H(2)/CO(2), whereas culture NTA was derived from a 10(-4) dilution of untreated peat into a modified medium. 16S rRNA gene clone libraries from each culture contained one methanogen and two bacterial sequences. The methanogen 16S rRNA gene sequences were 99% identical with each other and belonged to the novel "R-10/Fen cluster" family of the Methanomicrobiales, whereas their mcrA sequences were 96% identical. One bacterial 16S rRNA gene sequence from culture 6A belonged to the Bacteroidetes and showed 99% identity with sequences from methanogenic enrichments from German and Russian bogs. The other sequence belonged to the Firmicutes and was identical to a thick rod-shaped citrate-utilizing organism isolated from culture 6A, the numbers of which decreased when the Ti (III) chelator was switched from citrate to nitrilotriacetate. Bacterial clones from the NTA culture clustered in the Delta- and Betaproteobacteria. Both cultures contained thin rods, presumably the methanogens, as the predominant morphotype, and represent a significant advance in characterization of the novel acidiphilic R-10 family methanogens.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Crystallographic study of azurin from Pseudomonas putida.

Azurin from Pseudomonas putida is a blue copper protein which functions as an electron carrier. Two crystal forms of azurin were grown, one in the presence and the other in the absence of zinc acetate; each belongs to space group P21 and contains two molecules per asymmetric unit. The zinc-free crystals have cell dimensions a = 43.25, b = 50.65, c = 54.60 A, beta = 107.79 degrees, while the crystals grown from zinc-containing solution have cell dimensions a = 40.76, b = 51.22, c = 54.96 A, beta = 103.12 degrees. The latter crystals were found to have four zinc ions incorporated into the crystal lattice. Both crystal structures were solved by the molecular-replacement method using the program MERLOT. The search model was the structure of azurin from Alcaligenes denitrificans. The crystallographic R factor for native azurin is 0.169 (Rfree = 0. 257) from 8 to 1.92 A resolution, while that for zinc azurin is 0. 181 (Rfree = 0.248) from 10 to 1.6 A resolution; for each structure the root-mean-square deviation in bond lengths from ideal values is 0.007 A. In both crystal structures the Cu atom forms three strong bonds in the equatorial plane, two with Ndelta1 from His46 and His117, and one with the thiolate S atom of Cys112. Two longer axial approaches are made by the Sgamma from Met121 and the carbonyl O atom from Gly45. This results in a distorted trigonal bipyramidal co-ordination around the Cu atom. It further confirms the presence of a weak fifth bond to the copper in P. putida azurin, as with other azurin structures described at high resolution. The Ndelta1 atom of His35 is protonated, as it is in the low-pH form of azurin from Pseudomonas aeruginosa but unlike the low-pH form of the azurins from Alcaligenes denitrificans or Alcaligenes xylosoxidans. In each crystal form the two molecules of azurin in the asymmetric unit are related by a local twofold axis and form a dimer stabilized by the interaction of a pair of hydrophobic patches surrounding the partially exposed His117 side chain. In the other known azurin crystal structures, analogous dimer formation is observed, but with different relative orientations of the molecules. The four zinc ions introduced during crystallization of zinc azurin are bound to the protein and participate in five- and sixfold ligand coordination with no affect on the copper binding site. The zinc ligands are Ndelta from His, carboxylate O atoms from Asp and Glu, Ogamma from Ser and water molecules. One of the zinc ions, located on a non-crystallographic twofold axis, links the dimers of the asymmetric unit into continuous chains parallel to the crystallographic (-101) direction and is primarily responsible for the altered unit-cell parameters. Two of the other zinc ions bind to His83, one in each molecule.

Field of study: Chemistry
Are Chinese Correlative Conjunctions Psychologically Real? An Investigation of the Combination Frequency Effect

The present study used an online grammaticality judgment task to examine whether Chinese discontinuous correlative conjunctions are psychologically real in mental lexicon. High- and low-frequency discontinuous correlative conjunctions were compared with random combinations differing in combination frequencies but matched for constituent word frequency. Forty graduate students participated in the study. Results showed that responses were faster and more accurate for high-frequency correlative conjunctions than low-frequency ones, but the effects were absent for random combinations. The results indicate that Chinese discontinuous correlative conjunctions have psychological reality in mental lexicon in addition to the representation of their constituent words, and that grammatical functions of correlative conjunctions may be a critical factor for the formation of such holistic representations.

Field of study: Psychology
Stratigraphy and Paleogeography of Mabou Group and Related Middle Carboniferous Facies, Nova Scotia, Canada

Marine and nonmarine facies in Nova Scotia, Canada, of Visean through Westphalian A (middle Carboniferous) age are closely related to a tectonic framework that consists of a narrow region of highly mobile blocks surrounded by a broad region of stable blocks. Defining and mapping new lithogenetic units and a more precise method of time control (fossil microspores) supports this hypothesis. Middle Carboniferous units of previous workers, the Windsor, Canso, and Riversdale “groups,” are time-stratigraphic and hence inadequate for defining facies. New lithogenetic units of group rank were defined in a previous report (Belt, 1964) to include strata represented by those time-stratigraphic units. The new units are termed the Windsor Group (restricted Windsor “group”), the Mabou Group (previously a formation), and the Coarse Fluvial Facies (an informal term). Existing formations have, wherever possible, been regrouped into these new units. A new formation (Emery Brook Formation) and a tongue (Glengarry tongue of the Pomquet Formation) are herein proposed. Windsor, Canso, and Riversdale time-stratigraphic units are redefined as Windsorian, Cansoan and Riversdalian Stages. The term Mabou Group is applied to fine-grained “red” and “gray” fluvial and lacustrine strata that succeed the widespread marine and evaporite deposits of the Windsor Group. The Mabou facies represent basin-fill sediments that underlie and also are laterally equivalent to coarse marginal deposits of the Coarse Fluvial Facies. The major zone of mobility during middle Carboniferous time, the Fundy Basin, was irregular in shape and not entirely a region of subsidence. The Caledonia and Cobequid arches, narrow upthrown blocks within the basin, supplied much of the sediment. The New Brunswick and Meguma platforms, bordering the Fundy Basin on the northwest and south, respectively, do not represent a major source of sediment, although much sediment moved across them from outside the Maritime region. The platforms are distinguished from the basins by a thin veneer of relatively undeformed strata; they alternated between gentle uplift and gentle subsidence. In contrast, the subsiding portions of the Fundy Basin received up to 20,000 feet of middle Carboniferous sediment that was subsequently highly folded and faulted and locally mildly metamorphosed. The margin of the Fundy Basin is interpreted as a region of high-angle faults because the thickness of Carboniferous sediment decreases abruptly from the basin onto the platform, Mabou facies grade laterally from “gray” (lacustrine) to “red” (fluvial) facies toward the margin of the basin, and coarse alluvial fans were deposited on the basin side of long, sinuous faults. The margin is believed to parallel the area of long faults that today separate the area of pre-Carboniferous platform, with its thin, slightly deformed Carboniferous cover, from the area of the basin, with its thick, highly deformed Carboniferous strata.

Field of study: Geology
A host/plasmid system that is not dependent on antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes for stable plasmid maintenance in Escherichia coli.

Uneven distribution of plasmid-based expression vectors to daughter cells during bacterial cell division results in an increasing proportion of plasmid free cells during growth. This is a major industrial problem leading to reduction of product yields and increased production costs during large-scale cultivation of vector-carrying bacteria. For this reason, a selection must be provided that kills the plasmid free cells. The most conventional method to obtain this desired selection is to insert some gene for antibiotic resistance in the plasmid and then grow the bacteria in the presence of the corresponding antibiotic. We describe here a host/plasmid Escherichia coli system with a totally stable plasmid that can be maintained without the use of antibiotic selection. The plasmid is maintained, since it carries the small essential gene infA (coding for translation initiation factor 1, IF1) in an E. coli strain that has been deleted for its chromosomal infA gene. As a result only plasmid carrying cells can grow, making the strain totally dependent on the maintenance of the plasmid. A selection based on antibiotics is thus not necessary during cultivation, and no antibiotic-resistance genes are present neither in the final strain nor in the final plasmid. Plasmid-free cells do not accumulate even after an extended period of continuous growth. Growth rates of the control and the plasmid harboring strains are indistinguishable from each other in both LB and defined media. The indicated approach can be used to modify existing production strains and plasmids to the described concept. The infA based plasmid stability system should eliminate industrial cultivation problems caused by the loss of expression vector and use of antibiotics in the cultivation medium. Also environmental problems caused by release of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes, that potentially can give horizontal gene transfer between bacterial populations, are eliminated.

Field of study: Biology, Engineering
Economic evaluations of maintaining patient safety systems in teaching hospitals.

The aim of this study was to assess the status and the cost of hospital patient safety systems.



We conducted a national questionnaire survey of all the 1039 teaching hospitals in Japan. The study was constructed to evaluate the costs of the systems for patient safety focused on staff assignment, meetings and conferences, internal audit, staff education and training, incident reporting, infection surveillance, infectious disposal, management of medication use, clinical engineering, and patient counseling.



The status to maintain patient safety systems might be at least as decent. The mean estimated total cost of systems for patient safety was US$ 20,449 (95% confidence interval [CI], 19,632-21,266) per 100 bed-months or US$ 8.52 (95% CI, 8.18-8.86) per inpatient-day. The ratio of costs to revenue was 1.68% (95% CI, 1.61-1.75). The annual necessary costs occurring in hospitals where the costs of patient safety were under the average level across all the 1032 teaching hospitals in Japan was US$ 259.7 million.



Our results show that hospital-wide activities for patient safety pose significant costs to hospitals and national healthcare systems. Our data may provide financial information for designing and improving patient safety systems.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Nonparametric Reduced Rank Regression

We propose an approach to multivariate nonparametric regression that generalizes reduced rank regression for linear models. An additive model is estimated for each dimension of a q-dimensional response, with a shared p-dimensional predictor variable. To control the complexity of the model, we employ a functional form of the Ky-Fan or nuclear norm, resulting in a set of function estimates that have low rank. Backfitting algorithms are derived and justified using a nonparametric form of the nuclear norm subdifferential. Oracle inequalities on excess risk are derived that exhibit the scaling behavior of the procedure in the high dimensional setting. The methods are illustrated on gene expression data.

Field of study: Computer science
Effect of boiling on dietary phosphate and nitrogen intake.

Dietary phosphate restriction is one of the means of phosphatemia control in dialysis patients. To limit dietary phosphate intake, appropriate food choices are recommended, but this often creates a conflict with the high-normal protein requirement of dialysis patients. Although food processing by boiling may be a safe tool for eliminating many minerals, this method poses a risk for loss of important nutrients, including proteins. The goal of this study was to assess the effect of boiling on phosphate and protein nitrogen changes in commonly used foods that contain proteins of high biological value.



We evaluated the true retention values of dry matter, crude protein, and total phosphorus in fresh beef and chicken breast before and after 10, 20, and 30 minutes of boiling; the reported values represent the average of five determinations.



Compared with crude raw samples, dry matter retention in cooked beef was reduced up to 92% +/- 6%, crude protein retention was reduced up to 87% +/- 10%, and phosphorous retention was reduced up to 42% +/- 13%; similar data were obtained when boiling the chicken breast, 93% +/- 3%, 81% +/- 4%, and 63% +/- 6%, respectively.



Our results show that consuming boiled foods can significantly reduce dietary phosphate while preserving protein intake, namely reducing the effective phosphate intake per gram of dietary protein. This can represent additional advice to the patient for limiting the dietary phosphorus load at the same protein intake, leading to a better control of phosphate balance together with a lower risk of protein malnutrition.

Field of study: Medicine
A survey of the current situation of construction of high performance sports teams in common institutes of higher learning in Shaanxi province

The authors analyzed the current situation of construction of 14 high performance sports teams in common institutes of higher learning in Shanxi province,and revealed the following findings: Through nearly 20 years of construction and development,high performance sports teams in common institutes of higher learning in Shanxi province have gained ample experiences and made satisfying achievements in such aspects as athlete recruitment,student record management,sports training and contest system,which has established a solid foundation for further expediting the construction of high performance sports teams;it is an inevitable way to the sustainable development of construction of high performance sports teams in common institutes of higher learning in Shanxi province to define the objectives and orientation clearly,to strengthen cooperation and communication,to boost the "combination of sport and education" essentially,to setup events rationally,to increase fund input,and to develop advantageous events ahead of others.

Field of study: Education
Monte-Carlo study of the nonstationary transport in Si-SiGe HJBTs

The authors report a study by Monte-Carlo simulation of an npn HBT with a Si1-xGex base. The injection of ballistic electrons over an abrupt emitter-base heterojunction allowed the base transit time to decrease to 0.2 ps. However, the interest of this ballistic transport was limited by the following two-dimensional phenomena: the defocalization of the emitter current and the Kirk effect.

Field of study: Materials science