nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Relationship Between Intrinsic Motivation and Goal Orientation among College Students In Pakistani Context

Research in motivation has recognized a lot of motivational factors together with intrinsic motivation andÂ  goal orientation that have impact on students learning .Intrinsic motivation is a kind of motivation that approach from individual factors within a person rather than merely from some outside motives. Intrinsic motivation shows learners commitment in learning for its personal interest. The goal orientation theory emphasizes the reasons learners perceive for and pursue their achievement. Conclusions of the research studies support that intrinsic motivation and learning goals are influential facilitators for learning and academic success. Conversely, Performance goal is demonstrated by contrasting with others, anxious with others insight, a wish for community acknowledgment for learner and a requirement to seem capable. Learning goal orientation represents a stress on sympathetic, mastery, solution of problems and increasing new abilities. The study was therefore; designed as relationship between intrinsic motivation and learning goal orientation of students belonging to province Punjab, Pakistan. The main objectives of the study were, to find out differences in intrinsic motivation and goal orientation, to find out the relationship among intrinsic motivation and goal orientation. The population of the study comprised of 600 male and female students studying in govt. degree colleges of Punjab, Pakistan. The sample consisted of 300 male and 300 female students selected through multistage sampling procedure. In order to measure intrinsic motivation of students, an adapted version of Harter's (1981) intrinsic motivation scale was used. The scale to be used to measure goal orientation was adapted from the achievement goal questionnaire (AGQ) developed by Elliot and Church (1997. The scores on each variable were calculated and summarized through mean and standard deviation scores. The population parameters were inferred from sample statistics by determining standard error of mean. The significance of difference between mean scores of male and female and BA and B.Sc students on the study variables were calculated by t-test (two-tailed). The relationship between variables and academic achievement was computed. The results of the study revealed no gender difference in all the aspects of motivation. Both male and female were found to be equal in intrinsic motivation, goal orientation. The results of the study supported the literature that significant correlation exists between intrinsic motivation and goal orientation.  intrinsic Motivation, extrinsic motivation, goal orientation, learning goal, performance Goal

Field of study: Education
Argentina 1976–1982: Labour Leadership and Military Government

Argentina's labour leaders make up one of the most powerful social groups in the nation's society. Their power is based on the unions' economic resources as well as on their capacity to mobilise rank-and-file workers. However, the group has developed a tendency towards bureaucratisation. On the one hand they are representative of their fellow-workers which is why they are continuously re-elected. At the same time, they have acquired technical and bureaucratic skills which ease their handling of the trade union structure. ‘As long as permanence at the head of the union becomes prolonged, the labour leader draws further away from the cultural and economic criteria of the workers who form the rank-and-file.’ 1 This tendency towards self-perpetuation in office maintains the acquired social status. In addition, the separation from the rank-and-file increases in order to have a relative autonomy and play the role of intermediary between the worker and the employer. In this sense, the corporativism and verticalism inherent in the Peronist doctrine, as a form of selecting leaders, increases the tendency towards bureaucratisation in the trade union leaders, marking a breach with the historical tendency of the Argentine labour movement previous to 1946–7.

Field of study: Political science
Gaussian Process Classification with Privileged Information by Soft-to-Hard Labeling Transfer

Learning using privileged information is an attractive problem setting that helps many learning scenarios in the real world. A state-of-the-art method of Gaussian process classification (GPC) with privileged information is GPC+, which incorporates privileged information into a noise term of the likelihood. A drawback of GPC+ is that it requires numerical quadrature to calculate the posterior distribution of the latent function, which is extremely time-consuming. To overcome this limitation, we propose a novel classification method with privileged information based on Gaussian processes, called "soft-label-transferred Gaussian process (SLT-GP)." Our basic idea is that we construct another learning task of predicting soft labels (continuous values) obtained from privileged information and we perform transfer learning from this task to the target task of predicting hard labels. We derive a PAC-Bayesian bound of our proposed method, which justifies optimizing hyperparameters by the empirical Bayes method. We also experimentally show the usefulness of our proposed method compared with GPC and GPC+.

Field of study: Computer science
ValLigURL: a server for ligand-structure comparison and validation.

A new web-based tool called ValLigURL is described. It can be used by practising crystallographers to validate the geometry of a ligand and to compare the conformation of a ligand with all instances of that ligand in the structural database (wwPDB). In addition, it can be used by structural bioinformaticians to survey the quality or conformational diversity of any ligand across the entire structural database. The server is freely accessible at the URL http://eds.bmc.uu.se/eds/valligurl.php.

Field of study: Chemistry
On a Criterion for the Rejection of Observations and the Distribution of the Ratio of Deviation to Sample Standard Deviation

Criteria for the rejection of outlying observations may be designed to reject a given fraction of all observations, or a proportion varying with the size of the sample. Irwin' has discussed several criteria based on sampling from a normal population which had been used previously, as well as one which he proposed. This is based on the principal of fixing the expectation of rejecting an observation from a sample independently of the aggregate number, N, of the sample. The criterion, X, is b/a times the interval between successive observations in ascending order of magnitude, where a is the standard deviation of the sampled population. In the same paper he gave, for different values of N, a table of P1(X) and P2(X), respectively probabffities of exceeding given values of X for the first or second such interval from either end. In actual use, however, a is estimated from the sample standard deviation, and we are left to decide whether observations in question are to be included or not in estimating the standard deviation as also whether or not to modify this by addition or subtraction of an estimate of its probable error. The object of the present communication is to develop a criterion free from defects of this nature, depending only on the assumption of random sampling from a normal universe. For this purpose we develop the distribution of T defined by

Field of study: Mathematics
Bryophyte species richness and composition in young forests regenerated after clear-cut logging versus after wildfire and spruce budworm outbreak

The disturbance regime in mixed-wood forests of eastern Canada is characterized by both natural disturbances including wildfires and insect outbreaks as well as forestry. The understanding of how understorey plant assemblages respond to different disturbances is mostly limited to short-term wildfire-logging comparisons of vascular plants. Here, we compare patterns of species richness and composition of four bryophyte guilds in young forests (approx. 40 years old) regenerating after clear-cut logging, wildfire, and spruce budworm outbreak. In addition, young forests were compared with mature spruce-fir dominated stands (approx. 90 years old). Although similar in overall species richness at the scale of 1,000 m2 all young forest types were compositionally distinct with fewer species than mature forests. Stands developed after spruce budworm outbreaks had the highest canopy cover values and the highest surface area of coarse woody debris. These stands had similar numbers of woody debris species as mature forests and were closest to mature forests in species composition. Wildfire-disturbed sites were dominated by deciduous trees and a high number of treebase species. Finally, young managed forest had the highest number of forest floor bryophytes at the scale of 100 m2 among the three young forest types, but was compositionally far from mature forests in their woody debris flora. In conclusion, young forests regenerating after natural disturbances are distinctly different from young forests regenerated after clear-cutting and if natural disturbances are eliminated certain species (e.g., epixylic and treebase species) might become more restricted to older stands in the landscape.

Field of study: Environmental science
Research on a Scheduling Algorithm Based on Task Duplication

The problem of scheduling parallel program task s on network of work station is known to be NP complete.The scheduling algorithms are classified into two categories: one is to include task duplication;the other is non-task duplication.Drawbacks of the custom TDS algorithm were discussed and a modified TDS algorithm called as MTDS was presented.This algorithm was based on the characters of the HC and the dynamical DAG,which would shorten the makespan of the whole tasks;and also avoided that some certain tasks that were in one execution list occupy the computing resources too much time so as to delay execution time of the whole programs.

Field of study: Computer science
Synthesis of methyl-substituted pyrano-thiapyrano-, and selenapyrano[2,3-b]pyridines

Abstract2H-Pyrano-, 2H-thiapyrano-, and 2H-selenapyrano[2,3-b]pyridines containing a methyl group in the α position of the pyridine ring were synthesized by Claisen condensation of the ethyl esters of, respectively, 2-ethoxy-, 2-ethylthio-, and 2-ethylseleno-6-methylpyridine-3-carboxylic acids with ethyl acetate, reduction of the resulting ethyl esters of 2-ethoxy-, 2-ethylthio-, and 2-ethylseleno-6-methylnicotinoylacetic acids with lithium aluminum hydride, and heating of the resulting 2-substituted 3-(α,γ -dihydroxypropyl)-6-methylpyridines with 48% hydrobromic acid.

Field of study: Chemistry
The Current State of Cluster Formation Simulations

Numerical simulations of star cluster formation have advanced greatly during the past decade, covering increasingly massive gas clouds while accounting for more and more complex physics. In this review, I discuss the present state of the field, paying particular attention to the key physics that need to be included in cluster formation simulations. The main numerical techniques are summarized for a broad audience, before evaluating their application to the problem of cluster formation. A faithful reproduction of the observed characteristics of cluster formation can presently be achieved in numerical simulations. Ideally, this requires turbulent initial conditions to be combined with radiative feedback, protostellar outflows, and magnetic fields. With the exciting prospect in mind that our understanding of cluster formation will soon be revolutionized by facilities like ALMA, JWST, and the EVLA, this review also identifies a number of areas that would particularly benefit from a joint observational and theoretical effort.

Field of study: Physics
Zonation of glycogen and glucose syntheses, but not glycolysis, in rat liver.

We have investigated the cause of defective glycogen synthesis in hepatocyte preparations enriched with cells from the periportal or perivenous zones obtained by the methods of Lindros & Penttila [ (1985) 228, 757-760] and of Quistorff [ (1985) 229, 221-226]. A modified procedure which yields hepatocytes capable of consistent rates of glycogen synthesis is described, and the rates of glucose and glycogen syntheses and of glycolysis in hepatocytes from the two zones are compared. Glycogen synthesis in cells was greatly impaired by very low concentrations (0.01-0.05 mg/ml) of digitonin, which had little effect on glucose and protein syntheses and Trypan Blue exclusion. Cells exposed to such low concentrations of digitonin lose all their synthetic capacity and ability to exclude Trypan Blue when incubated with EGTA, which does not affect cells not exposed to digitonin. With a modified procedure based on this phenomenon, our study reveals that hepatocyte preparations enriched with cells from the periportal zone synthesized glucose from lactate and alanine at rates twice those by cells from the perivenous zone, whereas the rate of glycogen synthesis from C3 precursors in periportal cells was 4 times that in the perivenous preparations. With substrates entering the pathway at the triose phosphate level, gluconeogenesis in periportal-cell preparations was 20% higher, and glycogen synthesis was twice that in perivenous preparations. Glycolysis was studied by the formation of 3HOH from [2-3H]glucose, the yield of lactate, and the conversion of [14C]glucose into [14C]lactate. In cell preparations from both zones glycolysis by all criteria was negligible at 10 mM-glucose, but was substantial at higher concentrations. However, there was no difference between the zones. We confirm that the capacities for glucose and glycogen syntheses in periportal cells are higher than in perivenous cells, but that at physiological glucose concentrations there is negligible glycolysis in liver parenchyma in both zones. The metabolic pattern in the perivenous cells is not glycolytic.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
A novel defrosting control method based on the degree of refrigerant superheat for air source heat pumps

When an air source heat pump (ASHP) unit operates for space heating at a frosting environment, periodic defrosting is necessary to maintain a high system performance. To defrost efficiently, it is necessary to find an effective defrosting control method. In this paper, an experiment was carried out on an ASHP unit with a capillary tube as a throttle device, under simulated frosting and defrosting conditions using time control defrosting method, and the experimental results are firstly presented. Secondly, a novel defrosting control method based on the degree of refrigerant superheat (DS) is reported. To validate the novel defrosting control method, a further experiment was conducted on another ASHP unit with an electronic expansion valve (EEV) as a throttle device, under simulated frosting and defrosting conditions. The experimental results demonstrated that when applying the novel defrosting control method, defrosting was initiated before the operating performances of ASHP unit rapidly deteriorated, which was more reasonable.

Field of study: Engineering
Invariant states on the wreath product

Let $\mathfrak{S}_\infty$ be the infinity permutation group and $\Gamma$ be a separable topological group. 
The wreath product $\Gamma\wr \mathfrak{S}_\infty$ is the semidirect product $\Gamma^\infty_e \rtimes \mathfrak{S}_\infty$ for the usual permutation action of $\mathfrak{S}_\infty$ on $\Gamma^\infty_e=\{[\gamma_i]_{i=1}^\infty : \gamma_i\in \Gamma,\textit{only finitely many}\gamma_i\neq e\}$. In this paper we obtain the full description of indecomposable states $\varphi$ on the group $\Gamma\wr\mathfrak{S}_\infty,$ satisfying the condition: \varphi(sgs^{-1})= 
\varphi(g)\text{for each}g\in \Gamma\wr \mathfrak{S}_\infty,s\in\mathfrak{S}_\infty.

Field of study: Mathematics
Supercondensation effect in diffusion evaporation of a water aerosol in radiation field

The effects resulting from the thermal and diffusion interaction of drops in the evaporation of a polydisperse water aerosol by CO2 laser radiation are considered. It is shown that allowance for the Supercondensation effect does not alter the conditions of transmission of 10.6 μ radiation through atmospheric clouds and mists, compared with the conditions predicted on the assumption of independent evaporation of drops.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
An existence and uniqueness theorem for incremental viscoelasticity

The equations governing small deformations superposed on a large deformation for a body composed of viscoelastic material were established by Pipkin and Rivlin , Recently Iesan  has presented equations for small thermoelastic deformations superposed on a general nonlinear thermomechanical deformation and an existence and uniqueness theorem for these equations was proven by Navarro and Quintanilla . In this paper equations are developed which describe motions of a viscoelastic body which are incremental in the sense that they are close to a nonequilibrium nonlinear deformation of the body and an existence and uniqueness theorem for these equations with Dirichlet boundary conditions is proved. The paper is concluded with the remark that the Dirichlet problem of incremental viscoelasticity is well posed.

Field of study: Mathematics
Seismotectonic range-front segmentation and mountain-belt growth in the Pamir-Alai region, Kyrgyzstan (India-Eurasia collision zone)

The Trans Alai Range along the northern perimeter of the Pamir region of Kyrgyzstan is at the northern edge of the India-Eurasia collision zone. The range defines a section of Main Pamir thrust, which is divided into eastern, central, and western segments that record differential absorption of plate convergence. The 50-km-long, east-west–striking, central fault segment of the Main Pamir thrust has dip-slip thrust fault offsets (with a minimum Holocene dip-slip rate of ∼6 mm/yr) and is linked to the other segments via northwest-striking dextral transfer. The western transfer faults are well characterized geomorphically, and the westernmost records the predominant transition to north-vergent thrusting along the western segment via north-vergent, low-angle thrust faults rooted in a steeply south-dipping dextral shear zone. In contrast, the eastern segment deformation is widely distributed and geomorphically less evident, but the transfer also takes place in a structurally complex zone. Asymmetric offset of a regionally correlated terrace, geomorphic zonation, and the distribution of historic earthquakes suggest that the central segment is mechanically linked with the western segment, but not with the eastern segment. The progressive closure of the Alai Valley by the northward advance of thrusting exemplifies the annihilation of an intramontane basin. If the high surface uplift rates implied by these geologic observations have been maintained for the last few million years, they attest to the high level of tectonic activity and the recency of construction of the Trans Alai Range.

Field of study: Geology
Altered expression of interstitial cells of Cajal in primary obstructive megaureter.

A marked decrease in the density of interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) has been shown in patients with ureteropelvic junction obstruction. ICC may also play a role in primary obstructive megaureter (POM). An immunohistochemical study was conducted to investigate the density of ICC in ureterovesical junction (UVJ) segments resected from patients with POM and from control autopsy specimens.



Resected UVJ segments from 11 patients operated for POM comprised the study group. Control UVJs were obtained from autopsy specimens of 7 children who died from causes other than urogenital pathology. The UVJs including the narrowest parts were studied using immunohistochemical staining for C-kit positive cells.



The number of ICC was significantly lower in the UVJs of the POM compared to the control group. The UVJs of the POM group had 1.75 ± 1.14 ICC (mean ± 1SD), whereas the control group had 5.76 ± 2.99 ICC (mean ± 1SD).



The number of ICC was decreased in the UVJs of the patients with POM compared to the normal control group. As dilation of the ureter during fetal life is a common condition and ureteral dilation is often self limiting, we hypothesize that ureteral peristalsis is a maturational event including the maturational development of ICC.

Field of study: Medicine
First synthesis of chloroformylphosphane complexes

An approach to novel P-functional chloroformylphosphane complexes is described using the synthetic potential of lithium/halogeno phosphinidenoid tungsten(0) complexes. Similarly to transition-metal-free chloroformylphosphanes, the obtained complexes tend to eliminate CO via P–C bond cleavage to give the corresponding P-chlorophosphane complex derivatives. Nevertheless, this method allowed the isolation of the first complex derivatives, which will open new synthetic perspectives in organophosphorus chemistry.

Field of study: Chemistry
Recruitment of Th1 effector cells in human tuberculosis: hierarchy of chemokine receptor(s) and their ligands.

Selective recruitment of IFN-γ biased Th1 effector cells at the pathologic site(s) determines the local immunity of tuberculosis (TB). We observed the enrichment of CXCR3, CCR5 and CD11a(high) T cells in the peripheral blood, pleural fluid and bronchoalveolar lavage of TB pleural effusion (TB-PE) and miliary tuberculosis (MTB) patients respectively. CXCR3(+)CCR5(+) T cells were significantly high at the local disease site(s) in both the forms of TB and their frequency was highest among activated lymphocytes in TB-PE. Interestingly, all CCR5(+) cells were invariably positive for CXCR3 but all CXCR3(+) cells did not co-express CCR5 in pleural fluid whereas the situation was reverse in bronchoalveolar lavage. These CXCR3(+)CCR5(+) cells dominantly produced IFN-γ in response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigen. In vitro chemotaxis assay indicates dominant role of RANTES and IP-10 in the selective recruitment of CXCR3(+)CCR5(+)cells at the tubercular pathologic sites.

Field of study: Medicine
Growth and carbonate production by Adeonellopsis (Bryozoa: Cheilostomata) in Doubtful Sound, New Zealand

The erect arborescent bryozoan Adeonellopsis sp. is an important component of the attached fauna on rock faces in Doubtful Sound, New Zealand. A program of marking and harvesting, radiocarbon dating, and morphometric study was undertaken to determine age, growth rate, and carbonate production rate of these colonies. Data from 40 branches on each of five colonies show a growth rate of 6.9 mm/yr in branch length. Colony growth rate varied, with 71% of growth (5 mm per branch) occurring from mid-summer and to mid-winter, and 29% (2 mm per branch) from midwinter to late summer. Since proximal secondary thickening is common in adeoniform species, and occurs in Adeonellopsis, additional carbonate may be precipitated annually by this means. The largest colonies found in Doubtful Sound, some up to 30 cm in diameter, may be as much as 20 yr old, and precipitate calcium carbonate at a rate of 24 g CaCO3/yr. At Bauza Island, where our study was carried out, population densities of one large colony/m produced carbonate at a rate of 24 g CaCO3/m 2 /yr; maximum theoretical density could produce carbonate at 1042 g CaCO3/m 2 / yr. Carbonate produced at these rates would accumulate in sediments at 4^174 cm/kyr, reasonable rates for temperate carbonates. Adeonellopsis provides substrate for epizoa and hiding places for motile organisms. They form a potentially important fiord microhabitat, and their longevity allows both more ephemeral organisms and young longer-lived colonies to grow under their protection. fl 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography