nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Anomaly-free component adaptation with class overriding

Software components can be implemented and distributed as collections of classes, then adapted to the needs of specific applications by means of subclassing. Unfortunately, subclassing in collections of related classes may require re-implementation of otherwise valid classes just because they utilize outdated parent classes, a phenomenon that is referred to as the subclassing anomaly. The subclassing anomaly is a serious problem since it can void the benefits of component-based programming altogether. We propose a code adaptation language mechanism called class overriding that is intended to overcome the subclassing anomaly. Class overriding does not create new and isolated derived classes as subclassing does, but rather extends and updates existing classes across collections of related classes. If adopted in new languages for component-based programming, or in existing compiled languages such as C# and Java, class overriding can help maintain the integrity of evolving collections of related classes and thus enhance software component adaptability.While other techniques such as reflection and binary code adaptation can be used to reduce the magnitude of the subclassing anomaly, class overriding has the advantage of being easy-to-use and efficient.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Rock magnetism and geochemistry of two plio-pleistocene Chinese loess-palaeosol sequences—implications for quantitative palaeoprecipitation reconstruction

Stratigraphic and spatial variations in the magnetic properties of Chinese loess are widely accepted as reflecting changes in the intensity of soil forming processes over time and space. Recently, several workers have used statistical correlations between the magnetic susceptibility and related parameters of modern loess plateau soils and modern climate to generate transfer functions to reconstruct past temporal and spatial trends in precipitation. Here we try to assess the viability of this approach by conducting magnetic and geochemical measurements of two long (∼2.5 My) loess–palaeosol sequences from different locations on the modern precipitation gradient across the loess plateau. One site, Duanjiapo, is located on the southern humid margin of the plateau; and the other site, Luochuan, is located in a drier modern environment some 160 km further north. Our results indicate discrepancies between magnetic and geochemical indicators of weathering and soil forming intensity and that any attempt to predict palaeoprecipitation at Duanjiapo using published approaches would be significantly in error. Overall our results indicate a complex response of magnetic mineral transformations to climate, including the production of both ferrimagnetic and antiferromagnetic minerals within the same climatic interval, together with the destruction of magnetic material within some of the palaeosols. Therefore we suggest considerable caution should be exercised in generating quantitative climatic reconstructions from a single magnetic parameter.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Geochemical investigation of the taphonomy, stratigraphy, and palaeoecology of the mammals from the Ouled Abdoun Basin (Paleocene-Eocene of Morocco)

We performed different geochemical analyses of Paleogene terrestrial mammal remains to establish their taphonomy, stratigraphic provenance, and palaeoenvironmental conditions. Rare earth element (REE) results indicate a similar diagenetic history to that of previously investigated marine taxa from these beds. Therefore, the mammal remains were initially deposited in a marine setting, and probably not long after the death of the animals their bodies were washed into the sea. The Ce/Ce* and Pr/Pr* ratios for the mammal fossils were compared with the background dataset from the phosphate mines, which varies with time. This allowed us to characterize the stratigraphic levels bearing the fossils. The provenances of fossils with known origins were confirmed, while remains with unknown origins could be assigned to certain stratigraphic horizons that are compatible with previously proposed phylogenic relationships. Marine diagenesis affected the various skeletal tissues differently, with the largest alteration in the bone and the least or none in the enamel. This is mostly demonstrated by the high F concentration, high Ca/P, and seawater related 87 Sr/ 86 Sr in the bone/dentine samples. Enamel shows the opposite, and retained the most pristine terrestrial values. The δ 18 O PO4 and δ C results from mammal enamel revealed warm (>20°C mean annual temperature-MAT) and dry (<500mm mean annual precipitation) conditions for Paleocene-Eocene period in the region. From the early to mid-Ypresian about +5°C ∆MAT is recorded that might be linked to the Early Eocene Climatic Optimum. Furthermore, the 87 Sr/ 86 Sr ratios derived from shark tooth enameloid fit the global open ocean Sr-isotope record during the latest Paleocene and early Eocene providing further evidence for the age of these phosphate beds in the Ouled Abdoun Basin. However, older marine fossils yielded higher ratios than the global Sr-isotope curve, reflecting an alteration and/or somewhat restricted conditions in the Moroccan coastal basins, possibly triggered by global sea-level changes.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
n 元 n +2相体系稳定平衡 p-T 相图的计算-自动成图

本文根据化学热力学原理导出下式:△ r G m ( p,T )=△ r G m ( p i ,T i )-△ r S m ( T-T i )+△ r V m ( P-P i ) (1)作为符号函数矩阵介稳线判别法(SFM法)的普适性热力学理论依据,并于无变度点温压条件下应用Clapeyron方程或采用曲线反拟合技术求解各单变度曲线在无变度点处的斜率( ∂p/∂T ),从而在文献[1]的基础上将SFM法的应用范围由定性描述扩展到了定量描写,建立起了一种自动绘制定量的 n 元 n +2相体系稳定平衡p-T相图的简易方法。

Field of study: Chemistry
Students’ Perceptions on a Business Plan Assignment for an Ambulatory Care Pharmacy Elective

To evaluate a business-centered assignment implemented in a pharmacy elective course at two different institutions and analyze student perceptions of the delivery platforms used and the value and utility of the assignment.  The ambulatory care electives at Butler University and Samford University introduce students to the expanding role of the ambulatory care pharmacist, emphasizing business plan development for new ambulatory care pharmacy services. As part of the elective, students are asked to work in groups to complete a business plan for a new ambulatory care service of their choosing. A survey was conducted to assess student perceptions on the assignment.  Of the 58 students who completed the business plan assignment, 49 completed the survey and were included in the data analysis. Overall, 100% of Samford students and 97% of Butler students either strongly agreed or agreed that the business plan was an innovative assignment unlike others completed in the curriculum. Samford students strongly agreed (100%) that if asked by a future employer to develop a new pharmacy service, concepts learned from this assignment would be useful, compared to 59% of Butler students who felt this way. While both the web and written delivery platforms had identical learning outcomes, the written business plan was the approach that the majority of students were more comfortable using.  The business plan assignment was used as a method to familiarize students with the process of developing new ambulatory care pharmacy services. Based on survey results, the students perceived this to be an innovative assignment that allowed them to feel confident in developing and communicating ambulatory care business plans. As the practice of ambulatory care pharmacy expands, assignments such as this can be included in the pharmacy curriculum to meet the need for teaching effective business strategies to future pharmacists.

Field of study: Education, Medicine
Biomaterial functionalized cerium nanocomposite for removal of fluoride using central composite design optimization study.

Excess fluoride concentration in drinking water is a global issue, as this has an adverse effect on human health. Several adsorbents have been synthesized from natural raw material to remove fluoride from water. Reported adsorbents have some problems with the leaching of metal ions, fewer adsorption sites, and low adsorption capacity. Therefore, to address this, an effective biomaterial derived from the Luffa cylindrica (LC), containing many active sites, was integrated with a nano form of cerium oxide to form a robust, biocompatible, highly porous, and reusable LC-Ce adsorbent. This synthesized biosorbent offers better interaction between the active sites of LC-Ce and fluoride, resulting in higher adsorption capacity. Several factors, influence the adsorption process, were studied by a central composite design (CCD) model of statistical analysis. Langmuir's and Freundlich's models well describe the adsorption and kinetics governed by the pseudo-second-order model. The maximum monolayer adsorption capacity was found to be 212 and 52.63 mg/g for LC-Ce and LC, respectively determined by the Langmuir model. Detailed XPS and FTIR analyses revealed the underlying mechanism of fluoride adsorption via ion-exchange, electrostatic interaction, H-bonding, and ion-pair formation. All the results indicate that LC-Ce could serve as a suitable adsorbent for efficient fluoride removal (80-85%).

Field of study: Environmental science
Presence without Being Present: Reflection and Action in a Community of Practice.

Reflection and Communities of Practice are common constructs in teacher education. Co-teaching is often seen as beneficial, yet teacher education students rarely have experiences being co-taught. Thus, reflection, communities of practice, and co-teaching, deserve careful consideration in designing teacher education learning experiences. Based on experiences co-teaching, we argue that unexamined assumptions of university education and university structures can influence how future teachers learn through and about these constructs. We apply sociocultural perspectives to reflexively analyze our co-teaching in order to unpack meanings of: reflection in and on action and communities of practice. Through our analysis we raise questions about how structures of educational systems affect learning. Our goal is to consider issues related to the goals of teacher education and the structures that enable meeting those goals.

Field of study: Education
Geology and petrogenesis of lavas from San Cristobal Island, Galapagos Archipelago

Volcanism became emergent on San Cristobal Island 2.3 m.y. B.P. in the eruption of floods of alkaline basalt. Volcanism then coalesced in a central shield volcano, which erupted continually until 0.6 m.y. B.P. At 0.9 m.y. B.P., activity began to jump to the northeast, and the style of volcanism changed to fissure-fed eruptions that have continued almost to historical time. Three distinct magma series occur on San Cristobal: an alkaline series, a series of MORB-like tholeiites, and a series of incompatible-element–enriched tholeiites that are typical of oceanic islands. Each series is represented by very primitive basalts that have been little modified since segregation from their sources. Each series also has more-evolved lavas, which range from low-Mg basalts to hawaiites and icelandites. These evolved lavas are the result of simple fractional crystallization of magmas which produces major- and compatible-element compositions similar to those of observed primitive lavas. The isotope and trace-element data suggest that the different series are generated by different degrees of partial melting and mixing of both a depleted and an enriched source. The first source is thought to be the depleted asthenosphere which generates the MORB9s of the Galapagos Spreading Center, and the enriched source is the mantle plume associated with the Galapagos hotspot.

Field of study: Geology
Structural mechanisms underlying sequence-dependent variations in GAG affinities of decorin binding protein A, a Borrelia burgdorferi adhesin.

Decorin-binding protein A (DBPA) is an important surface adhesin of the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent of Lyme disease. DBPA facilitates the bacteria's colonization of human tissue by adhering to glycosaminoglycan (GAG), a sulfated polysaccharide. Interestingly, DBPA sequence variation among different strains of Borrelia spirochetes is high, resulting in significant differences in their GAG affinities. However, the structural mechanisms contributing to these differences are unknown. We determined the solution structures of DBPAs from strain N40 of B. burgdorferi and strain PBr of Borrelia garinii, two DBPA variants whose GAG affinities deviate significantly from strain B31, the best characterized version of DBPA. Our structures revealed that significant differences exist between PBr DBPA and B31/N40 DBPAs. In particular, the C-terminus of PBr DBPA, unlike C-termini from B31 and N40 DBPAs, is positioned away from the GAG-binding pocket and the linker between helices one and two of PBr DBPA is highly structured and retracted from the GAG-binding pocket. The repositioning of the C-terminus allowed the formation of an extra GAG-binding epitope in PBr DBPA and the retracted linker gave GAG ligands more access to the GAG-binding epitopes than other DBPAs. Characterization of GAG ligands' interactions with wild-type (WT) PBr and mutants confirmed the importance of the second major GAG-binding epitope and established the fact that the two epitopes are independent of one another and the new epitope is as important to GAG binding as the traditional epitope.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
ESR Spin Trapping Study of Sodium and Tetramethylammonium Mercaptoundecahydro- closo -dodecaborates(2-) and Sodium Tetraborate Aqueous Solutions Irradiated by UV Light at Room Temperature

The superoxide anion radicals O 2 -• were identified and determined in aqueous solutions of sodium and tetramethylammonium salts of mercaptoundecahydro- closo -dodecaborate(2-) (mercaptoborate), and sodium tetraborate, irradiated by high pressure mercury discharge lamp at room temperature by the of ESR spin trapping method. The quantity of the generated O 2 -. depends on the initial oxygen concentration in the irradiated solutions. The radical generation can play a crucial role in the application of mercaptoborate in boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) of brain tumours.

Field of study: Chemistry
Student Financial Aid and Persistence in College.

Student financial aid programs have become an increasingly important component of the financing of higher education. The National Task Force on Student Aid Problems has noted that the total amount of financial assistance to students in postsecondary education has increased sixty-six times in the past twenty years. In addition, the National Commission on the Financing of Postsecondary Education stated that "student financial aid appears to be the fastest growing form of federal support for postsecondary education" [18, p. 114]. The total appropriation for student aid in the 1978 fiscal year was in excess of $3.7 billion . In order to assess the effects of student aid, a brief overview of the policy goals of aid programs will be useful. While the goals of student aid programs have not always been well specified, there have been significant changes in the apparent goals during the development of aid programs. At their inception the primary purpose was manpower development in the area of teaching. During the War on Poverty era, goals changed to emphasize the reduction of financial barriers to college entrance for students from low income backgrounds as an avenue

Field of study: Education
A Time and Place for Qualitative and Mixed Methods in Counseling Psychology Research

Fordham University-Lincoln CenterWe are pleased to present this special issue of the Journal ofCounseling Psychology (JCP ) on qualitative and mixed methodsresearch. The major goal of the special issue is to introduce avariety of qualitative and mixed methods approaches to counselingpsychologists and to encourage their increased application in re-search. Qualitative and mixed methods have been underutilized incounseling research, as most counseling psychologists weretrained in the postpositivist research paradigm and associatedquantitative methods (McLeod, 2001; Morrow & Smith, 2000).However, the debate over the credibility of qualitative methods hasbegun to shift toward greater acceptance of such designs (Camic,Rhodes, & Yardley, 2003). We welcome these signs of change.Our position as guest editors, and the position of the many authorscontributing to this special issue, is that the field of counselingpsychology will be enhanced significantly by the increased use ofqualitative and mixed methods research designs rooted in diversephilosophical paradigms.Though counseling psychologists have long endorsed the con-cept of methodological pluralism and have made repeated calls forincreased openness to qualitative research (e.g., Hoshmand, 1989;Howard, 1983; Kopala & Suzuki, 1999; Polkinghorne, 1984), thefield has been slow to expand the research paradigms from whichit operates and the research methodologies it uses (McLeod, 2001).At present, only a minority of published research in psychology,including counseling psychology, is qualitative in nature (Rennie,Watson, & Monteiro, 2002), and only 10% of U.S.-based counsel-ing psychology training programs require a qualitative researchcourse of its doctoral students (Ponterotto, 2005). Gergen (2001)has expressed concern that our reluctance to engage in a postmod-ern dialogue has resulted in a conception of psychological sciencethat is historically frozen and is endangered by its isolation fromthe major intellectual and global transformations of the past halfcentury (p. 803).McMullen (2002) has also described the lack of dialogue be-tween proponents of quantitative and qualitative methods. She hasexpressed concern that we are at risk of bifurcation in appliedpsychological research between researchers conversant with alter-native paradigms and their associated ontological and epistemo-logical bases and those who remain grounded within the traditionalmethodologies, with little interest in or knowledge of alternativemethodologies. The risks of such bifurcation are not insignificant;they involve more than a debate over a defensible choice for onesown research. As McMullen pointed out,

Field of study: Psychology
Quadratic-Reconstruction Finite Volume Scheme for Compressible Flows on Unstructured Adaptive Grids

A second-order ® nite volume cell-centered technique for computing steady-state solutions of the full Euler and Navier± Stokes equations on unstructured meshes is presented. The scheme is designed such that its accuracy is very weakly sensitive to grid distortions. An original quadratic reconstruction with a ® xed stencil and a high- orderux integration by the Gauss quadrature rule is employed to compute the advective term of the equations. Time evolution is presently performed with an explicit multistep Runge± Kutta scheme. A very general adaptation procedure based on h-re® nement and coarsening is developed to improve the resolution of complexow features. The accuracy of the method is demonstrated for a linear equation and for inviscid and viscousow computations withrespecttoconstantandlinearreconstructionschemes.TheinviscidowovertheNACA0012airfoiliscomputed atvariousMachnumbers.Thesecalculationsillustratetheeffectivenessoftheadaptationprocedure.Weinvestigate the supersonicow over a compression ramp to validate the Navier± Stokes solver by using a hybrid grid.

Field of study: Physics
Medicine as a Moral Art: The Hippocratic Philosophy of Herbert Ratner, M.D.

It may smack of quackery to claim that the medical profession can protect itself against attacks from within and without simply by returning to Hippocrates, Father of Western medicine, yet that is the thesis of this · little study. I propose to support it by examining the philosophy and life's work of Herbert Ratner, a physician who until his death at 90, on December 6, 1997, devoted well over half a century to practicing and promoting Hippocratic medicine. The claim that Hippocrates can defend the profession from all attacks will seem all the more extreme when one considers their gravity. They fall under three broad and somewhat overlapping headings. Probably the most pressing concern among physicians today is subservience to big business, with threats from government not far behind. Many see not just their income in jeopardy-that may be the least of their concerns-but above all their freedom to follow their professional judgment. If the doctor is not at liberty to prescribe the

Field of study: Medicine, Philosophy
Design and Implementation of Hanoi Tower Algorithm Animation System

Puts forward the four basic features of a prefect algorithm animation system,which contain representation, principle,interaction and interest.Takes "Hanoi Tower" as an example,studies the design scheme and critical technology and realizes the whole system completely.The system provides animation and game models,and supports functions such as single step,code tracking, state monitoring and game operation.Practice shows the system achieves expectant target and gains favorable teaching effect.

Field of study: Computer science
Optically enhanced emission of localized excitons in InxGa1-xN films by coupling to plasmons in a gold nanoparticle.

We report on strong site-selective enhancement of the emission of localized excitons in an InxGa1-xN film, induced by resonant coupling to a single plasmon confined in a gold nanoparticle. The particle was attached to an atomic-force-microscope probe and placed at the near-field distance of the surface. The observation is explained by the enhancement of the spontaneous emission recombination rate of the excitons due to the local increase in the photonic mode density near the metal particle. The interpretation is consistent with the intensity increase and lifetime shortening of the emission observed in the same film with deposited Au clusters. We show that the nanoscale roughness of the film is an important prerequisite of the efficient plasmonic enhancement.

Field of study: Physics
Effects of the DRG-based prospective payment system operated by the voluntarily participating providers on the cesarean section rates in Korea.

This study explored the effects of the diagnosis-related group (DRG)-based prospective payment system (PPS) operated by voluntarily participating organizations on the cesarean section (CS) rates, and analyzed whether the participating health care organizations had similar CS rates despite the varied participation periods. The study sample included delivery claims data from the Korean national health insurance program for the year 2003. Risk factors were identified and used in the adjustment model to distinguish the main reason for CS. Their risk-adjusted CS rates were compared by the reimbursement methods, and the organizations' internal and external environments were controlled. The final risk-adjustment model for the CS rates meets the criteria for an effective model. There were no significant differences of CS rates between providers in the DRG and fee-for-service system after controlling for organizational variables. The CS rates did not vary significantly depending on the providers' DRG participation periods. The results provide evidence that the DRG payment system operated by volunteering health care organizations had no impact on the CS rates, which can lower the quality of care. Although the providers joined the DRG system in different years, there were no differences in the CS rates among the DRG providers. These results support the future expansion of the DRG-based PPS plan to all health care services in Korea.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science