nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Diversity and status of sea turtle species in the Gulf of Guinea islands

In West Africa, the Gulf of Guinea islands are important nesting places for four sea turtle species. The Green turtle (Chelonia mydas), the Hawksbill (Eretmochelys imbricata), the Olive Ridley (Lepidochelys olivacea) and the Leatherback (Dermochelys coriacea) turtles nest on Bioko's southern beaches. The Green, Hawksbill and Leatherback turtles breed on Príncipe and São Tomé. The Leatherback turtle nests, at least, on Annobón. The Leatherback turtle is reported on the four islands for the first time, and the Olive Ridley turtle for Bioko. Bioko is probably the most important island in terms of number of species and nesting individuals; the Green turtle being the most abundant species. However, the nesting places are at present restricted to barely 20 km along the coastline. On Príncipe and São Tomé, the most common species is the Hawksbill turtle. Sea turtle nesting populations are being severely depleted on the four islands. The main causes of cverexploitation are the meat and egg trade on Bioko and the Hawksbill shell-craft trade on São Tomé and Príncipe.

Field of study: Environmental science
The significance of the pre‐challenge immune status of mice for development of retrovirus‐induced immunodeficiency syndrome (MAIDS)

The effects of vaccination with RNA‐free viral pseudoparticles, preinfection with non‐pathogenic ecotropic virus, and induction of tolerance to viral proteins in newborns on the outcome of murine immunodeficiency syndrome (MAIDS) were studied. The parameters used to follow disease progression were: lymphopenia, circulating B and T8 cells, serum IgG and IgM levels, lymphoproliferation and skin graft rejection, [minimization with RNA‐free viral pseudoparticles had no effect on any of these parameters. Preinfection of adults with ecotropic virus and the induction of tolerance in newborns to virus antigens both attenuated the early symptoms of viral infection and delayed the onset of immunodeficiency and lympho‐proliferation in some mice, but did not significantly alter the number of deaths due to MAIDS. Failure of immune‐based therapy to produce successful protection against MAIDS suggests that immune destruction caused by the persistent virus rather than hyper immune activity is the main pathogenic factor in this disease.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Comparison of Tunneling Rates of Fractional Charges and Electrons across a Quantum Hall Strip

The fundamental mechanism of current dissipation in a Hall strip is investigated by searching for the fastest process of charge relaxation between the edges. The tunneling rate of the fractional charge across a n ­ 1y3 Laughlin state of width Y on the cylinder is found to fit t1y3 ~ expf2aY 2y12l2g, where l is the Landau length, and a . 1.0. This rate is exponentially larger than the electron tunneling rate, and can be interpreted by analogy to the tunneling of a vortex through a superfluid. Fractional charge tunneling dominates current relaxation. It determines the Aharonov-Bohm oscillation period, and the magnitude of quantum shot-noise. [S0031-9007(97)05065-5]

Field of study: Physics
Applying Bayesian Optimization Algorithm with Tabu Search to Electric Equipments Design Problems in a Power Plant

This paper addresses electric equipments configuration problems in a electric power plants. These equipments include ventilators, conveyance devices, electromotive valves, and so on. The problems are intrinsically large-scale combinatorial optimization problems with various constraints. The objective of the problems are to minimize both total cable lengths and their operating costs. These objectives may be contradictious. Furthermore, we would like to have multiple candidate solutions. Thus, to solve them, we must develop novel evolutionary algorithms. In this paper, we apply Bayesian Optimization Algorithm with Tabu search (Tabu-BOA) to the problems. From intensive experiments, the proposed method has shown the effectiveness to practical problems.

Field of study: Computer science
Sex ratio in mice of some strains of the dd group

著者ら(1974)1)は10系統のマウスの第二次性比について報告した。これに続くものとして,今回はddグループに属する4系統(DDD, DDY, ddY, DSD)の総子数13,280頭について性比をしらべた.その結果は次のようである。総性比においては,1系統で雄へのかたよりがみられた。4系統合計では,性比のかたよりはみられなかった。産子性比のかたより(以下単に"かたより"とする)を示す個体の率は,父親では1.4~4.5%,母親では3.3~6.0%であった。世代では,1系統でかたよりがみられた。産次及び一腹子数では,2系統でかたよりがみられた。しかし,従来報告されているような,産次や一腹子数と平行する性比の変化はみられなかった。季節におけるかたよりは2系統でみられ,1系統では季節の性比間に有意差がみられたが,季節と性比との間に特殊な関連があるとはいえない。両親の月齢についてみると,2系統でかたよりがみられた(ddY系統では父月齢のみ)。 ddY系統以外の系統では,全部雄へかたよった。両親の月齢差では,かたよりはみられなかった(ddY系統)。初交配時の母月齢でも,かたよりはみられなかった。年度におけるかたより(雄へ)は2系統でみられた。

Field of study: Biology
Calculation of the degree of parity nonconservation in the spin-rotational spectrum of the PbF molecule

Recent calculations for the PbF molecule are used to obtain the level energies of the rotational and hyperfine structures of the ground electronic–vibrational state of the molecule. The degree of parity nonconservation in magnetic-dipole transitions between these levels are also computed. It is shown that, apart from the predicted parametric enhancement of parity nonconservation in diatomic radicals, additional amplification due to details of the spectrum also occurs for some transitions. The degree of parity nonconservation may exceed 10− 3. The parity nonconservation in the spin-rotational spectrum of the PbF molecule is related to the as yet unmeasured constant of a parity-nonconserving electron–nuclear neutral current and to the anapole moment of the lead nucleus.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Neo-yoke repair for severe hypospadias: A simple modification for better outcome.

Although staged repair for reconstructing severe hypospadias is more popular, various one-stage repairs have been attempted. Koyanagi repair (parameatal-based and fully extended circumferential foreskin flap urethroplasty) has enabled correction of severe hypospadias in one stage. However, its un-acceptably high incidence of complications has initiated a series of technical modifications, including the "yoke" repair.



To retrospectively analyze the outcome of a proposed modification of the originally described yoke repair, for patients with severe hypospadias. This modification was developed to reduce complications.



Over 4 years (between Jan 2011 and Jan 2015), all cases of severe hypospadias were included in this study; except those with prior attempts at repair, circumcised cases, and cases with severe hypogonadism - because of partial androgen insensitivity - not responding to hormonal manipulations. The make-up of the neo-urethra in this modification is the urethral plate with its spongiosal tissue proximally, a circum-coronal preputial pedicled flap in the middle, and an incorporated part of the augmented preputial flap and the preserved V-shaped glanular urethra, distally. Close postoperative follow-up was conducted to investigate the outcome.



Thirty-one children with a median age of 32.48 months had repair of severe hypospadias using the neo-yoke technique. After a median follow-up of 26.7 months, the overall complication rate was 16.1%. Four children developed urethrocutaneous fistula (12.9%). Meatal drop-back occurred in one case (3.2%). No meatal stenosis or urethral sacculation was detected during follow-up of the studied group. Almost all cases had cosmetically appealing outlook. Single-staged repair of severe hypospadias using parameatal foreskin-based urethroplasty has passed through different modifications, all aimed at optimizing the outcome (Table).



Neo-yoke repair for severe hypospadias is a natural development of established one-stage techniques, which resulted in better mid-term outcomes. However, an extended study is needed to declare the long-term results.

Field of study: Medicine
Minority Rights and the Exclusivity Principle: Conflict under the NLRA

OF THE UNITED STATES 249 (94th ed. 1971). 14. 419 F.2d at 221. 15. See Vaca v. Sipes, 386 U.S. 177 (1967); Miranda Fuel Co., 140 N.L.R.B. 181, 47 L.R.R.M. 2178 (1962), enforcement denied, 326 F.2d (2d Cir. 1963). These decisions have stood for the proposition that a union acting as exclusive bargaining agent for its members had a statutory duty to fairly represent all employees. A failure of this duty can result in an unfair labor practice.  The majority of a union that elects its officials and representatives is justified in believing that these officials will keep the majority's interest in mind when dealing with union matters. If a minority group is pursuing a goal of more jobs for minorities, the interests of the majority are involved. More jobs for minorities invariably mean fewer jobs for the ma-

Field of study: Law
Understanding productivity growth in the industrial revolution
 †

Recent research relating to productivity growth during the British industrial revolution is reviewed. This confirms that there was a gradual acceleration rather than a ‘take‐off’. The explanation for the speeding‐up of technological progress remains controversial but the evidence base has improved considerably. In the face of a surge in population growth, slow growth of real wages during the industrial revolution may be seen as a good outcome which was underpinned by improved growth potential. Slow total factor productivity growth from the 1870s suggests that British technological capabilities at the end of the industrial revolution were still quite limited.

Field of study: Economics, History
Preparation and conductivity of ternary scandia-stabilised zirconia

Cubic scandia-stabilised zirconia (ScSZ) has a very high oxygen ion conductivity, significantly higher than the more common yttria-stabilised zirconia (YSZ). However, its practical use is hindered by an ordered rhomboedric phase being present at low temperature which is unique for zirconias. The occurrence of this phase can be suppressed by co-doping scandia-stabilised with ternary metal oxides. It is the aim of this study to investigate the influence of co-doping with various cations on the ionic conductivity, and on the phase transition towards lower temperatures. To do that, we prepared scandia-stabilised zirconia containing 10 mol% Sc 2 O 3 and up to 1.0 mol% Gd 2 O 3 , CaO, or CeO 2 , respectively, using a sol–gel method starting with nitrates of the metals. Powders were sintered at 1500 °C to obtain dense material with grain sizes in the range of 0.5 to 1.0 μm. An addition of more than 0.5 mol% Gd 2 O 3 significantly decreased the transition temperature of the phase transition between cubic and rhombohedral. The low temperature AC conductivity, measured in the range of 400 to 950 °C, was highest for ScSZ containing 1 mol% CeO 2 . The Arrhenius plot was strongly curved, indicating association or ordering of oxygen vacancies, which were explained with literature models.

Field of study: Materials science
Association of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interferon gamma gene polymorphisms and their plasma levels in leprosy, HIV and other peripheral neuropathies.

Mycobacterium leprae and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) are causative agents known to be involved in nerve damage in leprosy and HIV-peripheral neuropathy (HIV-PN) respectively. Among other peripheral neuropathies the most common is diabetic neuropathy, which is metabolically induced. The proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IFN-γ have been implicated in the pathogenesis of peripheral neuropathy. The association between the plasma levels of these cytokines and their single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were investigated in leprosy neuropathy (LN), HIV-PN and other peripheral neuropathies (OPN).



Eighty-eight individuals with LN (PB=36; MB=52), 39 with HIV-PN, 52 patients with OPN, 101 HIV positive individuals without neuropathy (HIV) and 113 healthy subjects (HS) were included in the study. Plasma cytokine levels were measured by sandwich ELISA and one way ANOVA was carried out among the groups. SNPs of TNF-α- 308 G/A, -238 G/A and IFN-γ +874 T/A were investigated by amplification refractory mutation system polymerase chain reaction (ARMS-PCR). Their frequencies were compared between groups by Pearson's chi squared test.



Plasma TNF-α and IFN-γ was significantly increased in LN (p<0.05), HIV-PN (p<0.05) and OPN (p<0.05) as compared to HS. A significant association was found between IFN-γ +874 A/A genotype in LN (p<0.05; OR=7.9), HIV-PN (p<0.05; OR=8.9) and OPN (p<0.05; OR=8.9) as compared to HS.



Elevated levels of plasma TNF-α and IFN-γ and the association of IFN-γ +874 A/A genotype SNP in LN, HIV-PN and OPN suggests a common involvement of these cytokines in susceptibility/pathogenesis of peripheral neuropathy.

Field of study: Medicine
Proceedings of the Thirty-second Annual Meeting of the Geological Society of America, held at Boston, Massachusetts, December 29–31, 1919

Session of Monday, December 29 The Thirty-second Annual Meeting of the Geological Society was held December 29–31, 1919, in Boston, Massachusetts, by invitation of the Geological Society of Boston; the business and scientific sessions were held in the Rogers Building of, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology; the annual subscription dinner took place at the Hotel Yen dome. The first general session of the meeting was called to order at 9.30 o’clock a. m. by President John C. Merriam, and the annual report of the Council was called for. This was presented as follows: Report of the Council To the Geological Society of America, in thirty-second annual meeting assembled: The regular annual meeting of the Council was held at Baltimore, Maryland, in connection with the meeting of the Society, December 27–28, 1918. A special meeting was held in New York City, April 7, 1919. The details of administration for the thirty-first year of the . . .

Field of study: Geology
Continuous production of lignin peroxidase by immobilized Phanerochaete chrysosporium in a pilot scale bioreactor

Lignin peroxidase was continuously produced by nylon-web or polyurethane immobilized Phanerochaete chrysosporium ATCC 24725 in a modified Biostate E® bioreactor, agitated either with the air and oxygen flow alone or in combination with a mechanical stirrer. Lignin peroxidase production started rapidly, and activities as high as ∼600 U l −1 were reached as early as in 3 days. At best a total activity yield of ∼10 000 U was obtained during one week's continuous production with the maximum activity of ∼750 U l −1 with nylon-web immobilized fungus, veratryl alcohol as an activator, and 2,2-dimethylsuccinate as buffer, although the relatively inexpensive benzyl alcohol and sodium tartrate peformed satisfactorily as the activator and buffer, respectively.

Field of study: Biology, Engineering
NetView: Towards on-demand network-wide telemetry in the data center

Network telemetry is to collect information (e.g., hop latency, throughput) from network devices. Network-wide telemetry is critical for operators to understand the quality of network performance and to diagnose on-going failures. The state-of-the-art telemetry approaches are far from ideal as they are unable to fully satisfy diverse requirements of operators, specifically for on-demand, full coverage, and scalable telemetry. In this paper, we provide a new framework of network telemetry for data center networks, called NetView. NetView can support various telemetry applications and telemetry frequencies on demand, monitoring each device via proactively sending dedicated probes while only one vantage server is required. Technically, NetView divides the probe into a forwarding stack and a telemetry stack, which are respectively responsible for flexible forwarding and network status monitoring, achieving full coverage and visibility. Besides, a series of probe generation algorithms and update algorithms largely reduce probe number, providing high scalability. The evaluation shows that NetView reduces the bandwidth occupancy by more than two orders of magnitude compared with Pingmesh and INT-path, and conducts network-wide telemetry for the data center network with thousands of switches using only one vantage server, without bringing about resources bottleneck.

Field of study: Computer science
Image enhancement for multilayer information retrieval by using full-field optical coherence tomography.

When a full-field optical coherence tomography (OCT) system is used to extract tomographic images from a multilayer information carrier, the resulting images may suffer from interlayer modulations and parasitic patterns derived from interference fringes. We describe and analyze these negative influences that degrade the quality of extracted tomographic images and propose practical algorithms and methods to minimize them. The emphasis of the discussion will be the removal of the parasitic fringes produced by the imperfection of a CCD camera. The simulative and experimental results of image enhancement for multilayer tomography extraction using full-field OCT are provided.

Field of study: Physics
5-HT2A receptor blockade in patients with schizophrenia treated with risperidone or clozapine. A SPET study using the novel 5-HT2A ligand 123I-5-I-R-91150.

5-HT2A receptor antagonism may be crucial to the action of atypical antipsychotics. Previous work has related 5-HT2A receptor blockade to clinical efficacy and protection from extrapyramidal side-effects.



We developed a SPET imaging protocol for assessing 5-HT2A receptor binding using the selective ligand 123I-5-I-R91150. Six healthy volunteers, five clozapine- and five risperidone-treated subjects with DSM-IV schizophrenia were studied. Multi-slice SPET was performed on each subject.



Cortex:cerebellum ratios were significantly lower in both clozapine- and risperidone-treated subjects compared with the healthy volunteers in all cortical regions. There was no difference in occupancy between the two drug-treated groups. No correlation was found between the percentage change in the Global Assessment Scale (GAS) and 5-HT2A receptor binding indices in the drug-treated groups.



Clozapine and risperidone potently block 5-HT2A receptors in vivo. The lack of relationship between receptor binding indices and change in GAS suggests that 5-HT2A receptor blockade may be unrelated to clinical improvement. Future studies will substantiate this finding by studying 5-HT2A receptor binding in large groups of patients treated with both typical and novel atypical antipsychotics.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
ESR Study of Disulfide Neutral Radical of α-Keratin Present in Dried White Human Hair Exposed to Near-UV Radiation

ESR spectrum attributed to a α-keratin-derived disulfide neutral radical, which is formulated to be RSSHR• (g1 = 2.060, g2 = 2.026, g3 = 2.000, and A2 = 0.8 mT), is observed for completely dried wh...

Field of study: Chemistry
A dedicated small-angle X-ray scattering beamline with a superconducting wiggler source at the NSRRC.

At the National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center (NSRRC), which operates a 1.5 GeV storage ring, a dedicated small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) beamline has been installed with an in-achromat superconducting wiggler insertion device of peak magnetic field 3.1 T. The vertical beam divergence from the X-ray source is reduced significantly by a collimating mirror. Subsequently the beam is selectively monochromated by a double Si(111) crystal monochromator with high energy resolution (DeltaE/E approximately 2 x 10(-4)) in the energy range 5-23 keV, or by a double Mo/B4C multilayer monochromator for 10-30 times higher flux ( approximately 10(11) photons s(-1)) in the 6-15 keV range. These two monochromators are incorporated into one rotating cradle for fast exchange. The monochromated beam is focused by a toroidal mirror with 1:1 focusing for a small beam divergence and a beam size of approximately 0.9 mm x 0.3 mm (horizontal x vertical) at the focus point located 26.5 m from the radiation source. A plane mirror installed after the toroidal mirror is selectively used to deflect the beam downwards for grazing-incidence SAXS (GISAXS) from liquid surfaces. Two online beam-position monitors separated by 8 m provide an efficient feedback control for an overall beam-position stability in the 10 microm range. The beam features measured, including the flux density, energy resolution, size and divergence, are consistent with those calculated using the ray-tracing program SHADOW. With the deflectable beam of relatively high energy resolution and high flux, the new beamline meets the requirements for a wide range of SAXS applications, including anomalous SAXS for multiphase nanoparticles (e.g. semiconductor core-shell quantum dots) and GISAXS from liquid surfaces.

Field of study: Physics
UG or not UG, that is the question: a reply to Clahsen and Muysken

In a recent paper, Clahsen and Muysken (1986) argue that adult second lan guage (L2) learners no longer have access to Universal Grammar (UG) and acquire the L2 by means of learning strategies and ad hoc rules. They use evidence from adult L2 acquisition of German word order to argue that the rules that adults use are not natural language rules. In this paper, we argue that this is not the case. We explain properties of Germanic word order in terms of three parameters (to do with head position, proper government and adjunc tion). We reanalyse Clahsen and Muysken's data in terms of these parameters and show that the stages that adult learners go through, the errors that they make and the rules that they adopt are perfectly consistent with a UG incor porating such parameters. We suggest that errors are the result of some of the parameters being set inappropriately for German. The settings chosen are nevertheless those of existing natural languages. We also discuss additional data, from our own research on the acquisition of German and Afrikaans, which support our analysis of adult L2 acquisition of Germanic languages.

Field of study: Linguistics
Beach boundary layer: a framework for addressing recreational water quality impairment at enclosed beaches.

Nearshore waters in bays, harbors, and estuaries are frequently contaminated with human pathogens and fecal indicator bacteria. Tracking down and mitigating this contamination is complicated by the many point and nonpoint sources of fecal pollution that can degrade water quality along the shore. From a survey of the published literature, we propose a conceptual and mathematical framework, the "beach boundary layer model", for understanding and quantifying the relative impact of beach-side and bay-side sources of fecal pollution on nearshore water quality. In the model, bacterial concentration in ankle depth water C(ankle) [bacteria L(-3)] depends on the flux m'' [bacteria L(-2) T(-1)] of fecal bacteria from beach-side sources (bather shedding, bird and dog feces, tidal washing of sediments, decaying vegetation, runoff from small drains, and shallow groundwater discharge), a cross-shore mass transfer velocity k [L T(-1)] that accounts for the physics of nearshore transport and mixing, and a background concentration C(bay) [bacteria L(-3)] attributable to bay-side sources of pollution that impact water quality over large regions (sewage outfalls, creeks and rivers): C(ankle) = m''/k + C(bay). We demonstrate the utility of the model for identifying risk factors and pollution sources likely to impact shoreline water quality, and evaluate the model's underlying assumptions using computational fluid dynamic simulations of flow, turbulence, and mass transport in a trapezoidal channel.

Field of study: Environmental science
Effects of joints on single-mode single-polarization optical fiber links.

Single-mode single-polarization fibers appear as an interesting medium for high-capacity long-haul transmission systems. Nevertheless the presence of imperfect joints may lead to undesired effects, such as an excess overall attenuation or a reduction in the signal-to-noise ratio due to intersymbol interference. The exact electromagnetic model of a joint is carried out. A statistical simulation of the behavior of several cascaded fibers separated by joints is presented, showing the importance of some construction and installation parameters.

Field of study: Physics