nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Hydrosilylation of allyl esters of monosaccharides

By hydrosilylation of 1-O-allyl-2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-β-D-glucopyranose and 1-O-allyl-2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-β-D-galactopyranose with 1,3-bis(dimethylsilyl)-2,2,4,4-tetramethylcyclodisilazane in the presence of the catalyst Co2(CO)8, we have obtained 1,3-di[3-(2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-β-D-glucopyranosyloxy)propyldimethylsilyl]-2,2,4,4-tetramethylcyclodisilazane and 1,3-di[3-(2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-β-D-galactopyranosyloxy)propyldimethylsilyl]-2,2,4,4-tetramethylcyclodisilazane. By deacetylation, we obtained 1,3-di[3-(β-D-glucopyranosyloxy)propyldimethylsilyl]-2,2,4,4-tetramethylcyclodisilazane.

Field of study: Chemistry
[The optimization of using levodopa in patients with Parkinson's disease: results of the OPTIMA study].

The objective of this multicenter observational study "Optimization levodopa therapy for patients with Parkinson's disease" (OPTIMA) was to evaluate the current practice of prescribing levodopa to patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) by general practitioners and specialists in the treatment of extrapyramidal disorders in Russia. The study included 763 patients with PD, stages from I to V according to Hoehn and Yahr staging of PD. Patients were randomized into three groups. Group I included 230 patients not previously treated with levodopa who needed treatment with this drug due to the motor deficit progression. Group 2 consisted of 262 patients treated with levodopa/carbidopa (nakom) who needed higher doses or the dose redistribution. Group 3 included 271 patients treated earlier with other levodopa preparations and currently needed treatment with levodopa/carbidopa (nakom). Primary symptoms of parkinsonism, motor deficit (motor fluctuations, dyskinesia) and non-motor symptoms (depression) were reduced after the beginning of treatment as well as after the increase in doses. The results revealed that the addition of levodopa/carbidopa can improve daily activities with the low risk of side-effects.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Traction Efficiency of 4WD Tractors: A Model Study

A scale model was used to investigate traction ef-ficiency and weight transfer in a 4WD agricultural tractor. Three static weight distributions, three drawbar positions, and three front-to-rear axle angular velocity ratios were tested. Traction efficiency, for a given draw-bar load, can be optimized by proper selection of the listed variables.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
SQUID systems for non-destructive testing by AC field mapping

The authors describe a low-temperature liquid-helium superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) system with high spatial resolution and a wider bandwidth than usual for an all-metal cryostat and which also provides access for a mechanism to balance the pick-up coils. They discuss the effects of these properties on AC field measurement and present experimental results from small slits which mimic growing fatigue cracks. Related work on high-temperature superconducting devices indicates that they will offer important advantages over low-temperature SQUIDs, particularly in terms of cryogenic design which has been so restrictive in low-temperature systems. The authors suggest that even relatively poor high-temperature-superconductor SQUID performance will be acceptable if these advantages can be exploited.<<ETX>>

Field of study: Physics
Nitric Oxide and the Release of Lipoprotein Lipase from White Adipose Tissue

Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) is the main enzyme responsible for the distribution of circulating triacylglycerides in tissues. Its regulation via release from active sites in the vascular endothelium is poorly understood. In a previous study we reported that in response to acute immobilization (IMMO), LPL activity rapidly increases in plasma and decreases in white adipose tissue (WAT) in rats. In other stress situations IMMO triggers a generalized increase in nitric oxide (NO) production.  Here we demonstrate that in rats: 1) in vivo acute IMMO rapidly increases NO concentrations in plasma 2) during acute IMMO the WAT probably produces NO via the endothelial isoform of nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) from vessels, and 3) epididymal WAT perfused in situ with an NO donor rapidly releases LPL from the endothelium.  We propose the following chain of events: stress stimulus / rapid increase of NO production in WAT (by eNOS) / release of LPL from the endothelium in WAT vessels. This chain of events could be a new mechanism that promotes the rapid decrease of WAT LPL activity in response to a physiological stimulus.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
20 shi ji 60 nian dai wei qiu gui lv lie hua cui hua ji yan fa guo cheng de hui gu hui gu li shi , zhi yin wei lai

一、前言20世纪60年代,世界上最先进的炼油工艺是流化催化裂化工艺。在一个密相的催化剂流化床层中,重油被裂化成汽油、柴油和液化气,同时,催化剂上积炭,然后输送到一个再生器中烧去积炭,再返回反应器。1960年,大庆油田开发后,我国

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Polymorphisms of VEGFA gene and susceptibility to hemorrhage risk of brain arteriovenous malformations in a Chinese population

To evaluate the influence of the vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) polymorphisms on risk of presentation with intracerebral hemorrhage (Nine selected VEGFA single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were genotyped in 311 patients with brain arteriovenous malformations (BAVM) in a Chinese population. Associations between individual SNPs/haplotypes and the hemorrhage risk of BAVMs were evaluated using logistic regression analysis.In the single-locus analysis, rs1547651 was associated with increased risk of ICH (adjusted OR=2.11, 95% CI=1.01–4.42 compared with the AA genotype). In particular, an increased risk for ICH was associated with this variant in female patients (adjusted OR=3.21, and 95% CI=0.99–10.36). Haplotype-based analyses revealed that haplotype 'GC' in block 1 and haplotype 'ACC' in block 2 were associated with a 30%–38% reduction in the risk of ICH in patients with BAVMs compared to the most common haplotype (Psim=0.033 and Psim=0.005, respectively). The protective effect of haplotype 'ACC' in block 2 was more evident in male patients and subjects with BAVMs of a size ≥3 cm (adjusted OR=0.57, 95% CI=0.34–0.97 and adjusted OR=0.57, 95% CI=0.31–0.86, respectively).Conclusion:The results suggest that VEGFA gene variants may contribute to ICH risk of BAVM.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Modification of the amaranth 11S globulin storage protein to produce an inhibitory peptide of the angiotensin I converting enzyme, and its expression in Escherichia coli.

Amarantin is the predominant seed storage protein from amaranth. It shows a high content of essential amino acids, making this protein important from a nutritional viewpoint. The protein has two disulfide linked subunits: acidic and basic. Acidic subunit has the potential as a functional and nutraceutical protein, and it is structurally a good candidate for modification. In order to improve its functionality, the primary structure was modified in the third variable region of globulins 11S, by inserting four Val-Tyr antihypertensive peptides in tandem. The designed plasmid was expressed in Escherichia coli Origami (DE3) and then the expressed protein was purified. Mass spectrometry analysis was used to corroborate the identity of the protein by peptide mass fingerprinting; also, the modified peptide was fragmented and sequenced by mass spectrometry, corroborating thus the inserted residues. The hydrolyzed protein showed a high inhibitory activity of the angiotensin converting enzyme (IC(50) 0.064 mg ml(-1)); it was nearly eightfold more active than the nonmodified protein. In spite that the nonmodified subunit is less active, its activity is comparable with other hydrolyzed proteins reported as high active inhibitors. The expressed and purified subunit after its engineered modification, may be useful for preventing hypertension and for other medical purposes.

Field of study: Biology, Engineering
Restoration of discrete “star” images

1. General formulation. We shall discuss in this paper the restoration of images from observations under the assumption that the distortions are caused by random elastic fields of a given type. The pure (undistorted) images are taken to be points lying on straight lines. Let these points have coordinates z = (x, y) e R2, and let them be taken into the deformed images by the transformation z-> z + w(z) or (x, y)-> (x, y) + [u(x, >■), v(x, >')] (1) where the displacements u(x, y), v(x, y) satisfy Navier's equations for elastic deformations

Field of study: Mathematics
Augmentative biocontrol when natural enemies are subject to Allee effects

Intraspecific interactions such as Allee effects are key properties that can guide population management. This contribution considers component Allee effects that are elementary mechanisms leading to declines of fitness at the population scale, i.e. demographic Allee effects. It especially focuses on the consequences of such properties in predator populations, and investigates their repercussions in a biological control context. A modelling framework able to account for reproductive and/or foraging component Allee effects is proposed. From this, four models of augmentative biological control, corresponding to the periodic introduction of natural enemies, have been investigated. This is done using semi-discrete models: ordinary differential equations are used to depict predator–prey dynamics and a discrete equation describes the abrupt augmentation of predators at periodic intervals. In that context, stability of a prey-free solution corresponding to pest eradication has been analyzed. It has been found that rare but large introductions should be preferred over frequent and small ones, when Allee effects influence predator populations. In particular, the occurrence of foraging, rather than reproducing, Allee effects significantly hinders pest eradication. Cases where the pest-free solution is locally, but not globally, stable were also observed and were shown to be favored by the occurrence of reproductive Allee effects among predators.

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics
The Relation of Reading Comprehension and Retention to Hearing Comprehension and Retention

This investigation was undertaken to pro vide data pertinent to the answering of the following major issue: What is the relation of comprehension and retention in reading to comprehension and retention in hearing? It was thought that data pertinent to this question would also prove helpful in answer ing a second: To what extent is reading abil ity a result of good language comprehension? The problem of this study is of fundamen tal importance, for its solution should imply the correct reading procedures both for first teaching and remedial work; for example: Should the pupil who is deficient in silent reading ability be given thought-getting train ing and language exercises or should he be given drills to facilitate the various phases of eye movements? Are the mechanical factors of the reading activity such as the duration of eye fixation pauses, the number of eye fix ation pauses a line, the return sweep of the eyes from the end of one line to the beginning of the next, and the like, to be attacked or taught directly, or are they in the large to be acquired as a result of language and reading growth? As can be seen from a review of studies in this field (particularly Yoakam's study),2 it is known that children get very little from a single silent reading. The small returns from a silent reading may be due primarily to low language comprehension on the part of the pupils or primarily to their lack of such proficiencies as are peculiar to the act of read ing the printed page. Some of these pro ficiencies may be connected with the mechan ical or motor skills. No one yet has given a clear picture of the abilities needed in reading over and above those comprehended in lan guage efficiency. How much do pupils who get very little from an unassisted silent reading obtain from an oral teacher presentation? This question the experimenter determined to answer. Even though the returns from a teacher oral presentation might prove to be small, quite as small as those found in other studies for the silent reading, definite conclusions would be dependent upon the scores being comparable. Hence, it was decided to con duct again the experiment of finding the effect of a silent reading and to conduct this experi ment with the same cases and the same read ing materials at approximately the same time to ascertain the comparative effects of differ ent modes of presenting various types of content.

Field of study: Education
Delineation of 3D dose-time-toxicity in human pulmonary epithelial Beas-2B cells induced by decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE209).

Due to frequent detection in environment as well as in the human body, the adverse effects of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE209) have been extensively studied in the past few years. However, information regarding the inhalation toxicity of BDE209 to humans is currently limited. In this study, the cytotoxicity, cell damage, and inflammation markers including IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α in the Beas-2B cell line induced by BDE209 were measured using a central composite design. Results showed that as BDE209 concentrations (5-65 μg mL-1) and exposure time (6-30 h) were increased, cell viability sharply decreased from 99.7% to 29.7% and LDH activity increased from 0.1% to 13.1%. Furthermore, expression of IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α transcripts were enhanced from 4.7 to 29.1 fold, 3.4-68.9 fold, and 2.8-47.0 fold, respectively, and the concentration of IL-6 and IL-8 proteins increased from 5.4 to 16.7 pg mL-1 and 71.0-550.0 pg mL-1, respectively. Results indicate that BDE209 exposure can inhibit cell viability, increase LDH leakage, and upregulate the transcript (mRNA) and protein levels of inflammatory markers of IL-6 and IL-8 in Beas-2B cells. Moreover, these effects were both dose- and time-dependent, and dose and time had a synergistic effect - enhancing toxicity when in combination. Cell density affected both LDH activity and IL-8 release but had little effect on cell activity and IL-6 release in the Beas-2B cells. In contrast, TNF-α protein was not detected but its mRNA expression level was upregulated. This study will provide a reference for human health risk assessment, especially for the toxic damage that BDE209 exposure can elicit in the respiratory tract.

Field of study: Environmental science
Natural and disease-specific autoantibodies in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Autoimmunity may contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Studies have identified disease‐specific autoantibodies (DSAAbs) in COPD patients, but natural autoantibodies (NAAbs) may also play a role. Previous studies have concentrated on circulating autoantibodies, but lung‐associated autoantibodies may be most important. Our aim was to investigate NAAbs and DSAAbs in the circulation and lungs of COPD smoking (CS) patients compared to smokers (S) without airway obstruction and subjects who have never smoked (NS). Immunoglobulin (Ig)G antibodies that bind to lung tissue components were significantly lower in the circulation of CS patients than NS (with intermediate levels in S), as detected by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The levels of antibodies to collagen‐1 (the major lung collagen) detected by ELISA were also reduced significantly in CS patients’ sera compared to NS. The detection of these antibodies in NS subjects indicates that they are NAAbs. The occurrence of DSAAbs in some CS patients and S subjects was indicated by high levels of serum IgG antibodies to cytokeratin‐18 and collagen‐5; furthermore, antibodies to collagen‐5 eluted from homogenized lung tissue exposed to low pH (0·1 M glycine, pH 2·8) were raised significantly in CS compared to S and NS. Thus, this study supports a role in COPD for both NAAbs and DSAAbs.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
[The progress of congenital cytomegalovirus infection and detection methods].

Cytomegalovirus infection is extremely common in the population, especially for newborns. Congenital CMV infection may cause central nervous system damage and other related diseases, thus potentially harmful. At home and abroad, some related research had been carried out on the incidence of disease, and a variety of detection methods had been developed. In this paper, the current situation of congenital cytomegalovirus infection and detection method is reviewed.

Field of study: Biology
Structural evolution of a section along the base of the St. Anthony Complex, northwest Newfoundland

The basal portion of the St. Anthony Complex is made up of structural slices 10–30 m thick, with unknown amounts of relative movement between them. The lowest rocks are variably deformed pillow lavas and related rocks with one pervasive foliation. These rocks are overlain by greenschists, phyllonites, and mylonites with up to three planar structural elements developed. At least one of these latter surfaces (the earliest) had formed before the schists were thrust over the underlying pillow lavas. The overthrusting event resulted in deformation of underlying pillow lavas. All deformation occurred under lower greenschist facies conditions. Fold axes in the least deformed rocks have variable orientations, and this variation decreases up-section until axes are parallel and plunge gently eastwards, parallel to the stretching lineation. Parallelism between fold axes and stretching lineation implies rotation of fold axes during progressive deformation and is consistent with the rocks being part of a high-strain z...

Field of study: Environmental science
A simple HPLC method for determination of permethrin residues in wine

An isocratic High Performance Liquid Chromatographic (HPLC) method was optimized for 3-phenoxybenzyl (1RS)-cis-trans-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethyl-cyclopropanecarboxylate (permethrin) residues identification and quantification in wine matrix. Analytical reverse phase (RP) C-18 column was used (25 cm × 4 mm i.d., 5 μ m) with mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile and water in ratio 70 %/30 % (v v−1), flow-rate 2.0 mL min−1, UV-detection at 215 nm and controlled oven temperature at 25°C. The peaks of isomers were identified with the retention times as compared to standard cis-/trans- mixture and confirmed with characteristic spectra using photodiode array detector. Under these conditions, permethrin isomers were well separated with resolution 2.8 and no interference with the naturally present wine compounds was observed. The method was validated for linearity, precision, accuracy, limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ). Linear regression analysis data proved a good linear relationship (correlation coefficients, r2, for cis- and trans-isomer are: 0.9995 and 0.9997, respectively) between response of the detector and concentration of permethrin isomers over a wide concentration range for both isomers (0.55 mg L−1 −4.40 mg L−1). Experimental data showed mean recoveries between 93.95% and 96.58% with RSD values in range: 0.89% −3.69%. The effect of ethanol content in the solvent on permethrin isomers peak areas was also studied and 60% v v−1 ethanol was found to be optimal for sample preparation. The method was successfully tested on 20 commercial wine samples from the market in which no permethrin was detected. Thus, it was proved that it is suitable for routine permethrin residues analysis. The proposed method is suitable for routine analysis because of the simple sample preparation, acceptable run-time, low cost and its applicability with conventional instruments.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Circulating MiR-146a May be a Potential Biomarker of Coronary Heart Disease in Patients with Subclinical Hypothyroidism

Subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) plays a crucial role in the development and progression of coronary heart disease (CHD). However, any associated changes in the circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) levels and slightly elevated thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) levels in CHD patients are unknown. miR-146a is a well known miRNA associated with inflammatory autoimmune diseases. Here, we evaluated miR-146a expression in patients, with the goal of re-evaluating the effect of SCH on CHD.  A total of 192 study subjects who underwent coronary angiography for either suspected or confirmed CHD were enrolled in 3 groups: CHD with SCH, CHD alone, and healthy controls. The circulating levels of miR-146a were quantified using qRT-PCR.  Levels of miR-146a were positively correlated with CHD severity, as indicated by the Gensini score (r=0.354). The relative expression of miR-146a in the CHD+SCH, CHD and healthy control groups was 2.223±0.827, 1.588±0.726 and 0.632±0.309, respectively. Plasma TSH levels were positively correlated with miR-146a levels (r=0.321). According to multivariate logistic regression analyses, miR-146a levels were associated with the incidence of CHD in patients with SCH. For diagnosing CHD, the area under the ROC curve (AUC) of miR-146a and TSH was 0.779 and 0.752, respectively. When the TSH and miR-146a levels were combined to form a composite panel, the AUC of the panel was 0.858.  Plasma miR-146a levels correlated with the severity of coronary atherosclerosis and increased with TSH slightly elevated in patients with CHD. Thus, miR-146a may have good predictive value for CHD among individuals with elevated TSH levels.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Forest loss maps from regional satellite monitoring systematically underestimate deforestation in two rapidly changing parts of the Amazon

Accurate, consistent reporting of changing forest area, stratified by forest type, is required for all countries under their commitments to the Paris Agreement (UNFCCC 2015 Adoption of the Paris Agreement (Paris: UNFCCC)). Such change reporting may directly impact on payments through comparisons to national Reference (Emissions) Levels under the Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation (REDD+) framework. The emergence of global, satellite-based forest monitoring systems, including Global Forest Watch (GFW) and FORMA, have great potential in aiding this endeavour. However, the accuracy of these systems has been questioned and their uncertainties are poorly constrained, both in terms of the spatial extent of forest loss and timing of change. Here, using annual time series of 5 m optical imagery at two sites in the Brazilian Amazon, we demonstrate that GFW more accurately detects forest loss than the coarser-resolution FORMA or Brazil's national-level PRODES product, though all underestimate the rate of loss. We conclude GFW provides robust indicators of forest loss, at least for larger-scale forest change, but under-predicts losses driven by small-scale disturbances (< 2 ha), even though these are much larger than its minimum mapping unit (0.09 ha).

Field of study: Environmental science
Intracranial meningiomas: an overview of diagnosis and treatment.

Meningiomas are extraaxial central nervous system tumors most often discovered in middle to late adult life, and are more often seen in women. Ninety percent of meningiomas are benign, 6% are atypical, and 2% are malignant. Most patients in whom a meningioma is diagnosed undergo resection to relieve neurological symptoms. Complete resection is often curative. For the majority of incompletely resected or recurrent tumors not previously irradiated, radiotherapy is administered. Radiotherapy may be administered as either conventional external-beam radiation therapy or stereotactically by linear accelerator, Leksell Gamma Knife, or Cyberknife radiosurgery. Advocates of stereo-tactic radiotherapy have suggested this therapy in lieu of surgery particularly in high-risk patients, those with meningiomas in eloquent or surgically inaccessible locations, and elderly patients. When the meningioma is unresectable or all other treatments (surgery and radiotherapy) have failed, hormonal therapy or chemotherapy may be considered. Notwithstanding limited data, hydroxyurea has been modestly successful in patients with recurrent meningiomas.

Field of study: Medicine