nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Microstructure of Sb_2Se_3 Thermoelectric Material Prepared by Vacuum Melting and Hot-pressing

High pure Sb and Se sealed in a vacuum quartz tube were smelted at 800℃ for 8 h.Sb2Se3 powders were fabricated by grinding the ingot.Sb2Se3 bulk materials were prepared by hot-press sintering at 470 ℃ under 60 MPa for 0.5 h in vacuum.The phase structure and microscopic topography of the samples were characterized by XRD and SEM.The results show that the diffraction peaks of powders alloyed and bulk materials by hot-press sintering mainly corresponding to the standard Sb2Se3 reference code(01-072-1184).The bulk samples of Sb2Se3 by hot-press sintering have a plenty of sheet layer structures on the cross section perpendicularing and paralleling the hot-press direction.Preferentially,the oriented sheet layer structures were obtained on the cross section paralleling to the hot-press direction.However,the sheet layer structures on the cross section perpendicularing to the hot-press direction distributes more homogeneously and has fully crystallization than that on the cross section paralleling to the hot-press direction.The atomic percentage of element Sb and Se is 40.68% and 59.32% respectively,approaching to 2 ∶ 3.

Field of study: Materials science
SU‐FF‐I‐96: Motion Adaptation for Registering Daily Online CBCT Images to Planning CT Images

Perform online image guidance (IGRT) and motion assessment using deformable registration by adapting patient liver motion models.  4DCT and daily 4DCBCT images were obtained for 15 patients treated under a stereotactic‐body radiotherapy protocol. Finite element models of patient liver respiratory motion were generated using a biomechanical‐model based platform, MORFEUS from 4DCT images. Motion was assessed using a Navigator channels (NC) technique. Five NCs, rectangular regions of interest, were placed on two images at corresponding spatial locations to define left (LR), anterior‐posterior (AP), and superior‐inferior (SI) liver edges. To determine interfraction liver/tumour positioning, the 4DCT exhale and daily 4DCBCT exhale images were used, while intrafraction liver/ tumour motion used exhale and inhale 4DCBCT images. The NC determines the 1D displacement between both images. This 1D motion adapts the MORFEUS‐based liver motion model. NC adaptation accuracy was evaluated by comparing the results with MORFEUS registration.  NC refinement has been performed on 8 patients to date in less than 2 mins each. Inter‐fraction motion of the liver exceeded 1 cm. Inter‐fraction NC technique accuracy (absolute mean (SD)) was 0.15 (0.11), 0.16 (0.10), and 0.15 (0.09) cm, in the LR, AP, and SI directions, respectively. Intra‐fraction motion exceeded 1.5cm. NC technique accuracy was 0.14 (0.10), 0.15 (0.08), and 0.18 (0.09) cm, in the LR, AP, and SI directions, respectively. The accuracy of the NC technique to identify the center of mass shift of the tumour for intra‐fraction motion was 0.16 (0.15), 0.14 (0.12), and 0.15 (0.10) cm, in the LR, AP, and SI directions, respectively.  NC adaptation technique can accurately and efficiently integrate deformable registration into the IGRT process to account for inter and intra‐fraction motion. Research sponsored by the National Cancer Institute of Canada‐Terry Fox Foundation, Elekta Oncology Systems, and NIH 5RO1CA124714‐02.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Chiral invariant phase space event generator

The Geant4 CHIPS model simulates both decay and nuclear capture of negative muons. In hadron level models the muon is captured by a proton, p(μ,νμ)n , and the neutron transfers to the nucleus only 5MeV, which is not enough to split a nucleon from the nucleus, while the measured spectra of emitted nucleons reach 80MeV. In CHIPS, which considers asymptotically free quark-partons, the muon can be captured by a quark, u(μ,νμ)d , and transfers 52MeV to the nucleus. This capture mechanism fits the main part of the nucleon spectra, while the high-energy part of the spectra is not fitted. A precise fit of the high-energy part of the nucleon spectra can be made if the muon decay μ → d¯νμ is taken into account.

Field of study: Physics
Optimal designs for estimating a choice hierarchy by a general nested multinomial logit model

In choice experiments the process of decision-making can be more complex than the proposed by the Multinomial Logit Model (MNL). In these scenarios, models such as the Nested Multinomial Logit Model (NMNL) are often employed to model a more complex decision-making. Understanding the decision-making process is important in some fields such as marketing. Achieving a precise estimation of the models is crucial to the understanding of this process. To do this, optimal experimental designs are required. To construct an optimal design, information matrix is key. A previous research by others has developed the expression for the information matrix of the two-level NMNL model with two nests: Alternatives nest (J alternatives) and No-Choice nest (1 alternative). In this paper, we developed the likelihood function for a two-stage NMNL model for M nests and we present the expression for the information matrix for 2 nests with any amount of alternatives in them. We also show alternative D-optimal designs for No-Choice scenarios with similar relative efficiency but with less complex alternatives which can help to obtain more reliable answers and one application of these designs.

Field of study: Mathematics
A Tribute to the Late Dr. John Bergin

Jack Bergin was well known to many Australian doctors and to the pro-life movement around the world. He was a keynote speaker at the first conference held by St. Vincent's Bioethics Centre at Mannix College in 1985. He was commissioned to present a paper on the nature and role of the Catholic Physician which proved to be a most illuminating study. He submitted the paper for publication to the Linacre Quarterly, the journal of the American Federation of Catholic Physicians. It eventually won the annual prize for the best article published that year in the journal. In a way, that paper and that award summed up the life and person of Jack Bergin. He was born in Stratford, New Zealand in 1921, studied medicine at the Otago University and graduated in 1943. He served with the N.Z. Medical Corps in the Middle East, Italy and Japan. He married Lorna Stark in 1947 and did postgraduate studies in neurology in London. He returned to New Zealand where in 1956 he was appointed head of neurology at the Wellington Hospital. There he developed a modern neurological department with neuroradiology, neurophysiology and neurosurgery. His reputation as an outstanding neurologist spread throughout the country and the neighbouring Pacific Islands. At the same time, he was active in the life of the Catholic Church. He was an active member of the Catholic Doctors' Guild of Ss Luke, Comas and Damian and served as its Master. He was a main organiser of their national conferences and for many years was the Oceania delegate to the International Federation of Catholic Doctors. He and his wife Lorna were appointed by Pope John Paul II to the Pontifical Council for the Family in 1982, partly in recognition no doubt that they had a strong family structure with eight children. I remember having dinner with them one Sunday night when the scripture readings for the day were reflected upon at the end of the meal. He played an important role in the development of the pro-life movement in New Zealand and was consulted by his Australian counterparts when a similar

Field of study: Medicine, Philosophy
Functionality Determination of Hydroxyl-Terminated Brepolymers

Present methods to determine functionality of prepolymers are based upon a network theory proposed by Stockmayer. However, the Stockmayer functionality is weighted and becomes ambiguous for prepolymer mixtures with species of varying functionality. The number average functionality allows better prediction of the cure behavior of prepolymers. This paper presents a simple theory to obtain the number average functionality from gelation test data. This theory is shown to hold for pure compounds as well as for a mixture of prepolymers. The validity of the calculated functionality data is shown with well-characterized compounds.

Field of study: Physics
Reduced-order observer design for a class of generalized Lipschitz nonlinear systems with time-varying delay

This paper investigates the H∞ reduced-order observer design problem for a class of nonlinear systems with interval time-varying delay which satisfies the quadratically inner-bounded condition and encompasses the family of Lipschitz systems. A novel reduced-order observer design methodology for nonlinear systems is proposed. By utilizing a newly extended reciprocal convexity inequality, free-weighting matrix technique, and quadratically inner-bounded condition, the less conservative existence conditions of the proposed nonlinear H∞ observer are derived. The new sufficient conditions in terms of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs) guarantee asymptotic stability of the estimation error dynamics with a prescribed performance γ. Two numerical examples are given to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.

Field of study: Mathematics
Early Paleogene biosiliceous sedimentation in the Atlantic Ocean: Testing the inorganic origin hypothesis for Paleocene and Eocene chert and porcellanite

The widespread occurrence of lower Eocene chert and porcellanite has been viewed as a major paleoceanographic issue since the advent of ocean drilling, and both biotic and abiotic forcings have been proposed to explain it. We present a reconstruction of indurated siliceous sediment (ISS) and preserved biosiliceous sediment (PBS) occurrences in the Atlantic Ocean through the Paleocene and Eocene (~66 through 34 Ma). ISS and PBS distributions reveal dissimilar temporal trends, with the peak of ISS occurrences coinciding with the Early Eocene Climatic Optimum, in line with previous studies. PBS occurrences show a generally increasing trend culminating between 44 and 43 Ma. The common co-occurrence of ISS and PBS, and their coherent geographic distribution lends strong support to the biogenic origin of the precursor to the widespread Paleogene ISS, and argues against an inorganic mode of early Cenozoic chert and porcellanite precipitation. Weight per cent biogenic opal records and trends in linear sedimentation rates indicate two plausible modes of silicification: 1) silicification due to prolonged exposure of biogenic opal-rich sediments to corrosive bottom waters; and 2) silicification due to elevated pressures and temperatures caused by rapid burial of biogenic opal-rich deposits. The confinement of ISS and PBS to proximal sites along continental margins points to the reliance of siliceous sedimentation through the Paleocene and Eocene on terrestrial supply of dissolved silicon. Consistent with this, quantitative siliceous microfossil assemblage records from the Blake Nose in the NW Atlantic indicate that the nutrient-rich marginal rather than oligotrophic pelagic settings hosted the majority of siliceous plankton production through the early Paleogene. The inorganic SiO2 precipitation model is unlikely to have been the dominant mechanism responsible for ubiquitous occurrences of early Paleogene ISS. We favor the biogenic ISS precursor scenario and reconcile it with the low-productivity early Cenozoic oceans by showing that large volumes of biogenic silica were supplied to the western North Atlantic Ocean from the North American margin through the Paleocene and Eocene. Dissolution of this surplus silica was facilitated by an early southwestward flow of young, SiO2-depleted waters from the North Atlantic. All these factors contributed to ISS and PBS focusing in the western North Atlantic through the early Paleogene.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Curved Crystal Transmission Optics for Energy-Dispersive X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy.

The development of a curved crystal monochromator of the Laue type for energy-dispersive X-ray absorption spectroscopy is presented. The quality of the X-ray absorption spectra at high photon energies is compared with spectra measured with silicon crystals in the more frequently used Bragg geometry. In the Bragg case, an asymmetric broadening of the reflectivity profile leads to strong distortions of the near-edge fine structure and to a reduction in spectral resolution. The reflectivity profiles of fiat and curved crystals for Laue and Bragg geometry have been calculated using dynamical theory and are compared with experimental data. The new optics have been used for in situ time-resolved X-ray absorption spectroscopy. An example of the application of the technique for the characterization of a Pd catalyst is given. The X-ray absorption fine structure at the Pd K-edge has been measured during the activation and during the heterogeneous catalytic oxidation of carbon monoxide.

Field of study: Physics
Combining Results from Distinct MicroRNA Target Prediction Tools Enhances the Performance of Analyses

Target prediction is generally the first step toward recognition of bona fide microRNA (miRNA)-target interactions in living cells. Several target prediction tools are now available, which use distinct criteria and stringency to provide the best set of candidate targets for a single miRNA or a subset of miRNAs. However, there are many false-negative predictions, and consensus about the optimum strategy to select and use the output information provided by the target prediction tools is lacking. We compared the performance of four tools cited in literature—TargetScan (TS), miRanda-mirSVR (MR), Pita, and RNA22 (R22), and we determined the most effective approach for analyzing target prediction data (individual, union, or intersection). For this purpose, we calculated the sensitivity, specificity, precision, and correlation of these approaches using 10 miRNAs (miR-1-3p, miR-17-5p, miR-21-5p, miR-24-3p, miR-29a-3p, miR-34a-5p, miR-124-3p, miR-125b-5p, miR-145-5p, and miR-155-5p) and 1,400 genes (700 validated and 700 non-validated) as targets of these miRNAs. The four tools provided a subset of high-quality predictions and returned few false-positive predictions; however, they could not identify several known true targets. We demonstrate that union of TS/MR and TS/MR/R22 enhanced the quality of in silico prediction analysis of miRNA targets. We conclude that the union rather than the intersection of the aforementioned tools is the best strategy for maximizing performance while minimizing the loss of time and resources in subsequent in vivo and in vitro experiments for functional validation of miRNA-target interactions.

Field of study: Biology
Indications for Cutaneous Diversion in Modern Paediatric Urology

The aim of this study was to describe patient demographics of children undergoing cutaneous diversion, the types of surgery performed, the indications and complications.  A retrospective cohort study was performed from 1995 to 2007. Our Hospital Trust database, Nurse Specialist records and the Spina Bifida registry identified children having undergone cutaneous diversion. Case note review was carried out to identify patient demographics, type of operation and indications for surgery and complications.  Thirty-nine patients were identified; 22(56%) male and 17(44%) female. Underlying medical conditions were neuropathic bladder 29 (74%)); bladder exstrophy 5 (13%)) and bladder outlet obstruction 5 (13%)). Median age at operation was 7 years with a range of 4 days to 19.75 years. Thirty children (77%) underwent ileal conduit formation. Ureterostomy and sigmoid conduits were formed in 6 (15%) and 2 (5%) respectively. The table below shows indications for surgery. One patient died in the immediate peri-operative period. Two patients required major re-operative surgery for bowel obstruction and nephro-enteric fistula. Twenty per cent of patients experienced difficulties using appliances. Table 1 . Social Psychological Improved quality of life Failure of previous surgery Deteriorating renal function Reconstructive surgery not possible 5 10 5 4 13 1 Conclusions Cutaneous diversion continues to be a useful strategy in the management of selected patient groups with urinary problems.

Field of study: Medicine
A scattering filter for energy-dispersive optics.

A filtering technique to remove parasitic scattering from X-ray absorption spectra that are acquired in energy-dispersive mode has been developed and tested at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility. The improved set-up removes small-angle scattering of the sample or the windows of sample cells which may spoil the energy resolution or reduce the intensity of prominent features in the absorption spectrum, such as the white line at the Pt L(III) edge. The sample is placed behind the curved monochromator and between two plane perfect crystals in the Bonse-Hart configuration. The dispersion of the Bonse-Hart double-crystal camera is matched to the dispersion of the curved monochromator by inclining the scattering planes of the two optical elements against each other.

Field of study: Physics
Enumerating the preventive youth health care workforce: Size, composition and regional variation in the Netherlands.

The progress in workforce planning in preventive youth health care (YHC) is hampered by a lack of data on the current workforce. This study aimed to enumerate the Dutch YHC workforce. To understand regional variations in workforce capacity we compared these with the workforce capacity and the number of children and indicators of YHC need per region. A national survey was conducted using online questionnaires based on WHO essential public health operations among all YHC workers. Respondents (n=3220) were recruited through organisations involved in YHC (participation: 88%). The YHC workforce is multi-disciplinary, 62% had >10 years working experience within YHC and only small regional variations in composition existed. The number of children per YHC professional varied between regions (range 688-1007). All essential public health operations were provided and could be clustered in an operational or policy profile. The operational profile prevailed in all regions. Regional differences in the number of children per YHC professional were unrelated to the indicators of YHC need. The essential public health operations provided by the YHC workforce and the regional variations in children per YHC professional were not in line with indicators of YHC needs, indicating room for improvement of YHC workforce planning. The methodology applied in this study is probably relevant for use in other countries.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Air conditioning for Brazil's textile industry☆

The objective of textile air conditioning are to ensure proper functioning and high productivity of the machine inventory and to provide comfortable working conditions for the personnel. The main parameters to be controlled are humidity, temperature, and the purity of the air. Outdoor and indoor conditions are discussed, and the application limits of simple humidification plants established. After a general description of the basic lay-out of a textile air conditioning plant, the specific characteristics of its principal components are discussed: air washer, heaters, fans, filtration systems, air outlets and the room air flow conditions.

Field of study: Engineering
Historical Traditions in Philadelphia and in the Middle Atlantic Area: An Editorial

THERE are plenty of epics in Pennsylvania, but there is no one tradition that binds all its people with a sense of common background and achievement. There is one story in Philadelphia, another in Lancaster, and a third in Pittsburgh. Nor is there any tradition common to the Middle Atlantic area, of which Pennsylvania is a part. Quite different is the situation in other regions, where both state and sectional consciousness are more apparent. Citizens of Norfolk and Roanoke share the same memories of Old Virginia. And they are something more than Virginians—they are all Southerners. In like manner, those who hail from such points as New Haven and Portsmouth will identify themselves as New Englanders. From Ohio to Kansas, men declare themselves Middle Westerners. But who ever heard citizens of New York, Philadelphia, and Wilmington in joyous affirmation of their common origin as

Field of study: History
The influence of carbon exchange of a large lake on regional tracer-transport inversions: results from Lake Superior

Large lakes may constitute a significant component of regional surface–atmosphere fluxes, but few efforts have been made to quantify these fluxes. Tracer-transport inverse models that infer the CO2 flux from the atmospheric concentration typically assume that the influence from large lakes is negligible. CO2 observations from a tall tower in Wisconsin segregated by wind direction suggested a CO2 signature from Lake Superior. To further investigate this difference, source–receptor influence functions derived using a mesoscale transport model were applied and results revealed that air masses sampled by the tower have a transit time over the lake, primarily in winter when the total lake influence on the tower can exceed 20% of the total influence of the regional domain. When the influence functions were convolved with air–lake fluxes estimated from a physical–biogeochemical lake model, the overall total contribution of lake fluxes to the tall tower CO2 were mostly negligible, but potentially detectable in certain periods of fall and winter when lake carbon exchange can be strong and land carbon efflux weak. These findings suggest that large oligotrophic lakes would not significantly influence inverse models that incorporate tall tower CO2.

Field of study: Environmental science
A new method for estimating the demographic history from DNA sequences: an importance sampling approach

The effective population size over time (demographic history) can be retraced from a sample of contemporary DNA sequences. In this paper, we propose a novel methodology based on importance sampling (IS) for exploring such demographic histories. Our starting point is the generalized skyline plot with the main difference being that our procedure, skywis plot, uses a large number of genealogies. The information provided by these genealogies is combined according to the IS weights. Thus, we compute a weighted average of the effective population sizes on specific time intervals (epochs), where the genealogies that agree more with the data are given more weight. We illustrate by a simulation study that the skywis plot correctly reconstructs the recent demographic history under the scenarios most commonly considered in the literature. In particular, our method can capture a change point in the effective population size, and its overall performance is comparable with the one of the bayesian skyline plot. We also introduce the case of serially sampled sequences and illustrate that it is possible to improve the performance of the skywis plot in the case of an exponential expansion of the effective population size.

Field of study: Biology