nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Development, validation and application of a method to analyze phenols in water samples by solid phase micro extraction-gas chromatography-flame ionization detector

In this work the development, validation and application of method using Solid Phase Microexctration (SPME) for the analyses of five pollutants (phenol, 2-nitrophenol, 2,4-dimethylphenol, 2,4-dichlorophenol and 4-chloro, 3-methyl phenol) in supplying water, using gas chromatography (GC) with flame ionization detector (FID) is described. The optimal conditions obtained for SPME were: fiber type: Poliacrylate (PA); extraction time: 40 minutes; extraction temperature: 70°C; amount of salt added to sample (NaCl): 15%; desorption temperature: 8 minutes. The parameters studied in the method validation were: limit of detection (0.3 and 3.5 μ g.L− 1); precision, measured by the variation coefficient (between 2.1 and 8.8%); calibration curve and linearity, by using the external standardization method (between 1 and 50 50 μ g.L− 1). After the methodology development, samples of water collected in Atibaia River (São Paulo - Brazil) were analyzed, using the optimized methodology. Three water samples collected in the rain season showed a peak with retention time close to 4-chloro, 3 methyl phenol further analyzed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry for the identity confirmation. In spite of the fact that none target compounds were found in the river water samples analyzed, the presence of two phenols different from those investigated (p-terc butyl phenol; butylated hydroxytoluene) were detected. These results together with the results of the limit of detection (that showed to be lower than the maximum concentration of phenols demanded by different environment control agencies), and the results of the validation, indicate the applicability of this method for the analysis of selected phenols in river water samples.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Assessment of cumulative human pressures on a coastal area: Integrating information for MPA planning and management

As recently reinforced in the EU Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD), knowledge on the location and intensity of human impacts on marine ecosystems is critical for effective marine management and conservation. Human interaction with ecosystems has to be accounted for in order to efficiently implement marine management strategies. In the present study, the main human activities occurring along the mainland Portuguese coast were identified and mapped. The cumulative impact of these activities was calculated in order to assess impacts in different zones, namely in Marine Protected Areas (MPA) and their boundaries. Higher impact values were obtained near the coast, where all the analysed MPAs are located. Furthermore, most MPAs are sorrounded by areas with very high impacts, near the largest urban settlements and the most industrialized coastal sections. These results are the first assessment of cumulative human pressures in this study area as a whole (and with this level of resolution) and might be of great usefulness to overcome the current challenges of sustainable management in marine ecosystems. Knowledge provided by this study strengthens the need for a more integrative approach to design and manage MPAs and can be useful to support the requirements of the MSFD. The approach here developed is also a powerful tool to apply in several contexts of sustainable marine management and can be developed in any geographic area.

Field of study: Environmental science
Single-Event Upset Tolerance Study of a Low-Voltage 13T Radiation-Hardened SRAM Bitcell

The 13T static random-access memory (SRAM) cell was designed as a low-voltage single-event upset (SEU)-tolerant device for ultralow power space applications, showing full read and write functionality down to the subthreshold voltage of 300 mV. In order to assess the SEU hardness of the device experimentally, it was tested under heavy-ion beams at the Cyclotron Resource Center, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium. After irradiation, bit upsets from “1” to “0” were observed, whereas bit upsets from “0” to “1” were extremely rare. Since multiple upsets occurred within addresses, we assume that in addition to random ion hits on the memory cells, the reason for the high SEU rate is ions impinging on the nonhardened peripheral circuitry. Furthermore, heavy-ion experiments and Monte Carlo simulations were performed in order to clarify the upset mechanism.

Field of study: Physics
A comparison of the effects of chlordane and PCB on the growth, photosynthesis, and cell size of estuarine phytoplankton☆

Daily additions of 10μg chlordane (a chlorinated insecticide, C10H6Cl8) or 5 or 10μg Aroclor 1254 (polychlorinated biphenyls, PCB) to 1 litre of dialysis culture consisting of mixed species of estuarine phytoplankton, reduced algal growth rate and 14C-uptake per unit of chlorophyll a. Inhibition by chlordane lasted 24 to 48 h, and the community cell-size distribution was not substantially altered. PCB, however, caused longer-term effects, inhibiting the growth of phytoplankton larger than 8 μm in equivalent spherical diameter (i.e. large centric diatoms) more strongly than that of smaller forms (pennate diatoms and microflagellates), so that the community composition shifted in favour of small-size algae.

Field of study: Environmental science
Sudden unexpected death in early Parkinson's disease: neurogenic or cardiac death?

We present two cases of sudden unexpected death (SUD) in elderly individuals in whom autopsy unexpectedly showed Lewy pathology, a hallmark of Parkinson's disease. Both individuals were 68-year-old men who were found dead in their homes without lethal trauma or poisoning. Inquests into their deaths suggested that nonmotor cardiovascular signs of Parkinson's disease might have appeared just before their deaths, although few typical motor signs were present. Autopsy showed Lewy pathology in the heart and peripheral autonomic nervous system in addition to lesser involvement of the brainstem that was consistent with Braak stage 3. In case 1, an atrial septal defect of the secundum type with advanced fibrosis of the atrium was present. In case 2, severe stenosis of the atrioventricular node artery with some microscars and diffuse interstitial fibrosis of the basilar ventricular septum were found. These two cases show some premotor Parkinson's disease with a symptom suggestive of autonomic dysregulation which may be a risk of SUD. In addition, coexistence of structural change of the heart with possibly arrhytthmogenic potential may increase the risk of SUD with Parkinson's disease. Present two cases showed neuropathological examination to detect Lewy pathology in the peripheral nervous system may be important for revealing the cause of some cases of SUD in the elderly, even if typical motor signs were not evident before death.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
A Recommended Specific Definition of “Resolution”

1991 b: Surface airtemperature response to increasing gJobal industrial productivity: A beneficial greenhouse effect? a: Effects of two and a half years of atmospheric CO2 enrichment on the root density distribution of three-year-oldsourorangetrees. The annual variation of atmospheric CO2 concentration observed in the northern hemisphere.  Accumulation of organic matter in a chronosequence of soils developed on wihd-blown sand in New Zealand.  Root restriction as a factor in photosynthetic acclimation of cotton seedlings groWn in elevated carbon dioxide. The term, "resolution," has been used in a wide variety of peer-reviewed publications to refer to the grid increment used in a model. For example, general circulation models (GCMs) are said to have a resolution of about 400 km by 400 km, when that scale more appropriately refers to the horizontal grid mesh. From sampling theory, it is well known, however, that at least two grid increments are required to represent data. Real information at scales smaller than two grid increments are erroneously aliased to larger scales. An illustration of this is presented in Pielke (1984, . Models such as GCMs, however, require additional grid resolution to adequately simulate meteorological processes as a result of serious computational inaccuracies at scales less than four grid increments (e.g., see Table 10.1, 10.2, and 10.3 in Pielke 1984). Some investigators suggest even more grid increments are needed for adequate simulations. Using these clarifications, resolution within a numerical model should refer to at least four times the grid interval. For instance, a GCM with 400 km by 400 km horizontal grid increments would have a resolution of no less than 1600 km by 1600 km. Diagnostic data (e.g., terrain) with sampling ata400-km interval would have a resolution of no better than 800 km.

Field of study: Environmental science
On the Complexity of the Sphere Decoder for Frequency-Selective MIMO Channels

This paper compares the complexity of the sphere decoder (SD) and a previously proposed detection scheme, denoted here as block SD (BSD), when they are applied to the detection of multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems in frequency-selective channels. The complexity of both algorithms depends on their preprocessing and tree search stages. Although the BSD was proposed as a means of greatly reducing the complexity of the preprocessing stage of the SD, no study was done on how the complexity of the tree search stage could be affected by that reduced preprocessing stage. This paper shows, both analytically and through simulation, that the reduction in preprocessing complexity provided by the BSD has the side effect of increasing the complexity of its tree search stage compared to that of the SD, independent of the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In addition, this paper shows how sorting the columns of the frequency-selective channel matrix in the SD does not reduce the complexity of the tree search stage, contrary to what occurs in frequency-flat channels.

Field of study: Engineering
Tree Diversity in Western Kenya: Using Profiles to Characterise Richness and Evenness

Species diversity is a function of the number of species and the evenness in the abundance of the component species. We calculated diversity and evenness profiles, which allowed comparing the diversity and evenness of communities. We applied the methodology to investigate differences in diversity among the main functions of trees on western Kenyan farms. Many use-groups (all trees and species that provide a specific use) could not be ranked in diversity or evenness. No use-group had perfectly even distributions. Evenness could especially be enhanced for construction materials, fruit, ornamental, firewood, timber and medicine, which included some of the most species-rich groups of the investigated landscape. When considering only the evenness in the distribution of the dominant species, timber, medicine, fruit and beverage ranked lowest (> 60% of trees belonged to the dominant species of these groups). These are also use-groups that are mainly grown by farmers to provide cash through sales. Since not all communities can be ranked in diversity, studies that attempt to order communities in diversity should not base the ordering on a single index, or even a combination of several indices, but use techniques developed for diversity ordering such as the Rényi diversity profile. The rarefaction of diversity profiles described in this article could be used in studies that compare results from surveys with different sample sizes.

Field of study: Environmental science
Instructor Response to Uncivil Behaviors in the Classroom: An Application of Politeness Theory

We investigated student perceptions of instructor responses to classroom incivility with a 2 (passive or active student incivility) x 2 (instructor avoidance or bald-on-record response) experimental design. Undergraduate students (n = 281) were randomly assigned to view one of four videos of an incivility incident. They then evaluated the instructor’s behavior with respect to her credibility (competence, caring, and trustworthiness) and effectiveness, as well as how motivating the instructor was. Results indicated that when students in the video engaged in active incivility, bald-on-record responses in comparison to avoidance were considered to be more motivating and effective, and resulted in higher perceptions of instructor caring and trustworthiness. In the passive incivility condition, instructor response did not predict any outcome variable except trustworthiness.

Field of study: Education
Co-design of dynamic scheduling and H-infinity control for networked control systems

A novel co-design scheme of TOD dynamic scheduling strategy and the robust H-infinity controller for a class of networked control systems (NCSs) with communication constraints and random time delay is proposed in this paper. The NCSs with communication constraints and random time delay is modeled as a discrete-time switched system with parameter uncertainties, and a procedure for robust H-infinity controller design under TOD scheduling strategy based on the Lyapunov function and switched system theory is proposed to guarantee the asymptotic stability of close-loop system. Finally, a simulation example demonstrates the efficiency of the proposed method.

Field of study: Mathematics
Impact of injection noise on locked starting of fiber lasers

It is reported that the mode-locking starting is achieved more quicker by injecting pulses noise into figureof-eight Yb3+-doped fiber laser.A detailed investigation about this phenomenon is presented in this paper.Analyzing the process of the mode-locking in the cavity,we discover the noise in the cavity does affect the mode-locking starting process of the fiber laser.During the experiment,when the pump power is 214.75 mW,the figure-of-eight Yb3+-doped fiber laser without injecting noise can generate locked-pulse in 30～50 seconds;while the pulses with duration of 30 ns,10 kHz repetition frequency,and 0.2 mW is injected into the cavity,the fiber laser can generate locked-pulse in 1~2 seconds.

Field of study: Physics
Transcriptome analysis of differential responses of diploid and haploid yeast to ethanol stress.

Diploid and haploid strains often exhibit different tolerances to variety of stresses, which facilitates the comparative studies to understand the mechanism of the tolerances to stresses. Gene expression profiles of a diploid strain and two homologous haploid strains in the presence of ethanol at different concentrations were investigated by microarray and the data were validated with quantitative real-time PCR. In all the three strains, upregulated genes in the presence of ethanol were involved in regulation of lipid synthesis and ribosomal biogenesis, while downregulated genes in the presence of ethanol were involved in synthesis of several amino acids, metabolism of biotin and folic acid. In addition, differentially expressed genes in different ploidy strains, which showed less responsive to ethanol, were involved in pheromone response or mating, energy, stress response, metal transport and cell wall. Furthermore, our data also revealed significant differences between transcriptome shift after ethanol acclimation and transcriptome response to short-term ethanol shock. Taken together, these results provide molecular insights into tolerance difference of haploid and diploid yeast strains and molecular information to further understand ethanol tolerance mechanism in yeast.

Field of study: Biology, Engineering
Usefulness of carbohydrate-deficient transferrin in alcoholic patients with normal gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase.

The biological diagnosis of alcoholism is conducted routinely by assay of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT) and mean corpuscular volume (MCV). However, their low specificity and sensitivity have prompted research to find other more reliable parameters. Stibler showed an increase in desialylated transferrin [carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (CDT)] in alcoholic patients. The normal value of the serum CDT concentration is under 60 mg/liter; a value between 60 and 100 mg/liter indicates probable alcoholism, and a value > 100 mg/liter indicates a very high probability of alcoholism (specificity: 99%). Its sensitivity ranges from 60 to 91%, and its specificity ranges from 92 to 100%. Its half-life is 17 +/- 4 days. CDT is thus a useful laboratory marker, but its assay is costlier and more complex than that of GGT. This study concerns 31 alcohol-dependent patients as defined by DSM-IV, with GGT levels in the normal range. It evaluates CDT at day 0 and its time course after 15 days withdrawal. GGT and MCV were assayed concomitantly. Remarkably, the results show a sensitivity of 83.9 (26 positives of 31) in this particular population and a specificity of 92.2. The fall in CDT after 15 days withdrawal was 36%. CDT is thus a particularly useful marker for the diagnosis and follow-up of alcoholics with normal GGT levels.

Field of study: Medicine
Tectonics of the Neogene Cascadia forearc basin: Investigations of a deformed late Miocene unconformity

The continental shelf and upper slope of the Oregon Cascadia margin are underlain by an elongate late Cenozoic forearc basin, correlative to the Eel River basin of northern California. Basin stratigraphy includes a regional late Miocene unconformity that may coincide with a worldwide hiatus ca. 7.5–6 Ma (NH6). The unconformity is angular and probably subaerially eroded on the inner and middle shelf, whereas the seaward correlative disconformity may have been produced by submarine erosion; alternatively, this horizon may be conformable. Tectonic uplift resulting in subaerial erosion may have been driven by a change in Pacific and Juan de Fuca plate motion. A structure contour map of the deformed unconformity and correlated seaward reflector from seismic reflection data clearly outlines deformation into major synclines and uplifted submarine banks. Regional marginparallel variations in uplift rates of the shelf unconformity show agreement with coastal geodetic rates. The shelf basin is bounded to the west by a north-south–trending outer arc high. Rapid uplift and possible eustatic sea-level fall resulted in the formation of the late Miocene unconformity. Basin subsidence and outer arc high uplift effectively trapped sediments within the basin, which resulted in a relatively starved abyssal floor and narrower Pliocene accretionary wedge, particularly during sealevel highstands. During the Pleistocene, the outer arc high was breached, possibly contributing to Astoria Canyon incision, the primary downslope conduit of Columbia River sediments. This event may have caused a change in sediment provenance on the abyssal plain ca.

Field of study: Geology
PATIENT EDUCATION. Advance Care Planning: The Dietitian's Role.

THIS IS THE first article in a 2-part series, which is intended to promote an appreciation and advocacy of Advance Care Planning (ACP) for Registered Dietitian Nutritionists (RDNs) in nephrology practice. The first articlewill describe the utilization of palliative care and hospice care among end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients. The second article in this series will describe the RDN’s role as a key advocate of the interdisciplinary team in the ESRD setting at this critical and sensitive stage of patient care. Elderly patients with ESRD often have significant comorbidities and other deficits that affect their quality of life. An increasing awareness of the burden and impact of ESRD on patients and families is stimulating the development of a framework for ACP in ESRD care. The goal of ACP is to encourage more open discussions involving the complex decisions that relate to the initiation and the withdrawal of dialysis; and the Renal Physicians Association (RPA) has produced valuable resources including guidelines and tools for addressing the complexities of end-of-life decision-making in ESRD patients.

Field of study: Medicine
Student Perceptions of the Effects of Test Delays

research and study about what to test, how to test, and what testing does to college students (e.g., test anxiety), very liule research addresses the effect of test delays on college students. In fact, a review of the literature on testing delays turned up topics of procrastinators and testing (Rothblum, Solomon, & Murakami, 1986), placing an intentional delay between teaching and testing (Hobbs, 1976; Ouo & Rarick, 1968), and even the effects of delaying entrance into college, i.e., the nontraditional student (Brawer, 1973; Faming & Borden, 1978). The present article addresses the effects of unintentional test delays from the students' perspective. On two occasions my midterm examination (in different classes) had to be canceled and rescheduled in some way due an unforeseeable event. During the spring 1989 semester I taught Introduction to Psychology at Southern Illinois University-Carbondale. With over 1000 students in this freshman level course, half were enrolled in my lecture sections, and 514 students completed the end of semester evaluation. On the evening of the midterm examination, a bomb threat was received by campus police and the exam was STUDENT PERCEPTIONS OF THE EFFECTS . OF TEST DELAYS

Field of study: Education
Pain Assessment in Pediatric Sickle Cell Disease

The unpredictability of pain occurrence and the subjectivity of sickle cell pain create unique challenges in the assessment of pediatric sickle cell disease. A description and critique of current pain assessment measures, including verbal, motoric, and physiological-medical indices, and their applications with this population are provided. Pain assessment measures and corresponding research with pediatric sickle cell disease patients were found to be somewhat lacking, especially when compared with assessment of other pediatric problems. Major methodological concerns were revealed in that assessment has frequently relied on a single informant and pain measures often have been extended to a population beyond those on which they were normed. Findings emphasize the need for a multimodal approach to pain assessment, the use of pain ratings from multiple informants, and further development of more reliable and valid measures in order to provide adequate assessment and more effective pain management of pediatric sickle cell disease.

Field of study: Psychology
単眼カメラと慣性センサ (複合センサ) に基づくエピポーラ線の算出

This paper is concerned with the calculation of the epipolar line based on the time series images of a moving monocular camera. The purpose of our research is to present a simple method to calculate the epipolar line with sufficient accuracy for matching between the time series images. In this paper we propose an useful method which allows as to calculate the epipolar line by using the compound sensor that combined a monocular camera and an inertial sensor. The inertial sensor gives us the rotation angles and the accelerated velocity vectors of the camera. First, a pair of camera-images is changed into the relation of parallel stereo vision, by the use of the rotation angles. And the baseline between the parallel images is determined by using the rotation data and the acceleration data. Next, the epipolar line of a targeted point is obtained. Moreover, we show the validity of this method which used the combined sensor that can be applied even when a camera carries out movement of 6 degrees of freedom, by the experiment using the camera images and the inertial sensor’s data.

Field of study: Computer science