nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The basalt pipes of the Tunguska Basin (Siberia, Russia): High temperature processes and volatile degassing into the end-Permian atmosphere

A number of mechanisms have been proposed to explain the end-Permian crisis. Many of them explore the link between this catastrophe and the Siberian Traps. We test the hypothesis that eruption of thermogenic gas generated in contact aureoles around igneous sills intruded into evaporite sequences of the Tunguska Basin triggered the crisis. In particular, we test the idea that the aspect that breccia pipes represent conduits for voluminous gas migration from the deep basins to the atmosphere. This contribution sheds new light on the pipe formation based on new field and borehole observations and electron microscopy analyses. Of more than three hundred mapped magnetite-bearing basalt pipes, 43 are classified as diatremes. The diatremes are usually circular or elliptical, with multiple zones of brecciation reaching the surface, sometimes with preserved in-filled crater lakes. The pipe diameter on the surface varies from a few tens of meters for small single diatremes to about a kilometer. The largest crater lake area is 2.7 km 2 . We have conducted a detailed study of the breccias in the Sholokhovsk basalt pipe located within the Nepa potash deposit in the Tunguska Basin, Siberia, Russia (about N 59° and E 107°) and find that the breccias are cemented by carbonate matrix (calcite, dolomite) and halite. Breccia clasts are altered at various temperatures, evidenced by growth of albite and garnet from basaltic glass, and diopside, garnet, magnetite and chlorine-bearing amphibole (up to 1.8% Cl) in altered magmatic clasts. These mineral assemblages suggest high temperature interactions with evaporites within the pipe conduits. The large number of pipes support that degassing of halogen-rich volatiles was a widespread and violent process with implications for the end-Permian crisis.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Effect of different drying methods on the antioxidant properties of Vitex negundo Linn. tea.

This study was done to determine the effects of different thermal drying methods (sun drying, microwave drying and hot air oven drying) on the total phenolic content (TPC), total anthocyanin content and the antioxidant properties of Vitex negundo (VN) tea. Significant decline (P < 0.05) in antioxidant properties of hot air oven drying shows that this method is not the best method to preserve antioxidant compounds in VN tea. As a conclusion, microwave drying has been found to be a good method for maintain the TPC, anthocyanin content and AEAC in dried sample of VN tea.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Obesidade infantil em crianças da rede pública de ensino: prevalência e conseqüências para o desempenho físico doi: 10.4025/reveducfis.v23i4.13991

A prevalencia da obesidade tem crescido de forma significativa nos ultimos anos transformando-se em um grave problema de Saude Publica. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo analisar a prevalencia de sobrepeso e obesidade em criancas na faixa etaria de seis a dez anos nas escolas publicas de Formiga-MG, verificando se o excesso de peso interfere no desempenho fisico, comparando-as com criancas eutroficas. A pesquisa foi realizada em tres escolas publicas e 357 alunos constituiram a amostra. Os dados coletados para a realizacao de testes fisicos foram classificados como: corrida de 50 metros, salto horizontal parado e teste de flexibilidade. De acordo com os dados obtidos 76,19% dos alunos foram classificados como eutroficos, 11,48% classificados como obesos e 6,44% como sobrepeso. Nao houve diferenca significativa entre o sexo feminino e masculino no estado nutricional. Os resultados indicam que as criancas com sobrepeso e obesidade apresentaram desempenho inferior em relacao as criancas eutroficas, com possiveis comprometimentos nas atividades ludicas e desportivas, alem dos prejuizos para a saude de modo geral.

Field of study: Education
Long-term functional outcome following transient middle cerebral artery occlusion in the rat: correlation between brain damage and behavioral impairment.

The assessment of both histological and functional long-term outcomes after cerebral ischemia is increasingly recommended for preclinical studies. Whereas correlations between behavioral impairments and primary ischemic lesion are documented, little is known about their relationships with remote nonischemic regions that undergo secondary degeneration, such as the thalamus. Anesthetized rats were subjected to mild (30 min) or severe (60 min) occlusion of the middle cerebral artery. Two months after ischemia, sensorimotor behavior was assessed according to the neurological score, limb-placing, adhesive-removal, and staircase tests; the final histological lesion was measured after this assessment. Cortical damage was correlated to all transient and long-lasting sensorimotor deficits, whereas striatal lesion was more consistently reflected by the forelimb-placing reflexes and adhesive-removal motor deficits. By contrast, the thalamic atrophy was not correlated to early neurological impairment, but rather to the late sensory deficit at the adhesive-removal test and to the skilled forepaw reaching alteration at the staircase test. This suggests that thalamus contributes, albeit moderately, to the ischemia-induced long-lasting sensorimotor deficits, some of which represent relevant targets for therapeutic interventions.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Etch induced microwave losses in titanium nitride superconducting resonators

We have investigated the correlation between the microwave loss and patterning method for coplanar waveguide titanium nitride resonators fabricated on silicon wafers. Three different methods were investigated: fluorine- and chlorine-based reactive ion etches and an argon-ion mill. At high microwave probe powers, the reactive etched resonators showed low internal loss, whereas the ion-milled samples showed dramatically higher loss. At single-photon powers, we found that the fluorine-etched resonators exhibited substantially lower loss than the chlorine-etched ones. We interpret the results by use of numerically calculated filling factors and find that the silicon surface exhibits a higher loss when chlorine-etched than when fluorine-etched. We also find from microscopy that re-deposition of silicon onto the photoresist and side walls is the probable cause for the high loss observed for the ion-milled resonators.

Field of study: Physics
Modeling undesirable factors in data envelopment analysis

Data envelopment analysis is a mathematical programming technique for identifying efficient frontiers for peer decision making units with multiple inputs and multiple outputs. These performance factors (inputs and outputs) are classified into two groups: desirable and undesirable. Obviously, undesirable factors in production process should be reduced to improve the performance. In the current paper, we present a data envelopment analysis (DEA) model in which can be used to improve the relative performance via increasing undesirable inputs and decreasing undesirable outputs.

Field of study: Mathematics
Monitoring techniques for an online neuro-adaptive controller

The appeal of biologically inspired soft computing systems such as neural networks in complex systems comes from their ability to cope with a changing environment. Unfortunately, adaptability induces uncertainty that limits the applicability of static analysis to such systems. This is particularly true for systems with multiple adaptive components or systems with multiple types of learning operation. This work builds a paradigm of dynamic analysis for a neuro-adaptive controller where different types of learning are to be employed for its online neural networks. We use support vector data description as the novelty detector to detect unforeseen patterns that may cause abrupt system functionality changes. It differentiates transients from failures based on the duration and degree of novelties. Further, for incremental learning, we utilize Lyapunov functions to assess real-time performance of the online neural networks. For quasi-online learning, we define a confidence measure, the validity index, to be associated with each network output. Our study on the NASA F-15 Intelligent Flight Control System demonstrates that our novelty detection tool effectively filters out transients and detects failures; and our light-weight monitoring techniques supply sufficient evidence for an insightful validation.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Molecular-beam-epitaxy-grown ZnSe/ZnTe high-reflectivity distributed Bragg reflectors

A series of distributed Bragg reflectors (DBRs) with different numbers of periods were fabricated by molecular beam epitaxy using ZnSe and ZnTe layers grown on GaAs substrates. The ZnSe/ZnTe combination manifests over 7% lattice mismatch, which leads to a deterioration of multilayer stacks with large numbers of periods. However, even with the deposition of only eight periods we have obtained ZnSe/ZnTe DBR structures which yield reflectivities in excess of 85%. Furthermore, these DBRs show wide stop-bands - an additional advantage of using the ZnSe/ZnTe combination. By varying the number of periods in these structures, we have also studied how the reflectivity changes with the number of periods in this materials combination. The reflectivity obtained by depositing four ZnSe/ZnTe periods was 66.5%, while by depositing 15 periods we obtained 91% reflectivity.

Field of study: Materials science
Risks for the Black Sea marine environment as perceived by Ukrainian stakeholders: A fuzzy cognitive mapping application

Scientific modelling and socioeconomic approaches are increasingly combined, promising a more effective and reliable approach towards sustainable use of marine resources. Presently several integrated approaches to marine governance are designed and tested within international research consortia. However it is plausible to assume that present societal understanding of environmental goods and services is fuzzy and lacks articulation. Bottom up decision-making needs to integrate this societal understanding of goods and services succeeding through public participation better compliance of environmental policies. Fuzzy Cognitive Mapping (FCM) was employed as the proper methodology to reveal Ukrainian laypeople perceptions on the Black Sea ecosystem resilience, risk factors and future perspectives. Therefore, a generic model for environmental management was constructed by augmenting the individual FCMs drawn by 29 laypeople. The graph theoretical indices were calculated and the collective cognitive map produced by augmentation. At the condensed FCM, after the initial 52 concepts clustering, a total of 26 concepts with 145 connections among concepts were obtained. The most central concept in the collective map was the Municipal Solid Waste and the most mentioned variable was Coastal Development. Stakeholders do perceive circular systemic processes regulating the system’s behaviour. A number of scenarios were run using the FCM inference process. Results document that simple policy interventions aiming at controlling only one or maximum two parameters of the system are perceived as having no impact at all at the final state of Black Sea ecosystem.

Field of study: Environmental science
NONLINEAR OPTICAL EFFECTS AND DEVICES: Self-induced distributed feedback under stimulated Brillouin scattering conditions

It was found experimentally that 90° stimulated Brillouin scattering (STBS) with decay of the pump wave into two opposite Stokes waves may have features similar to those observed in stimulated Raman scattering and can differ qualitatively from stimulated Brillouin backscattering. These features are attributed to a self-induced distributed feedback that occurs between the opposite Stokes waves in 90° STBS.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Terahertz phonon spectroscopy of doped superconducting cuprates

Facts are presented evidencing a strong electron-phonon interaction in doped BSCCO superconductors. A pronounced fine structure in dI/dV characteristics of Josephson junctions has been observed which is caused by interaction of AC Josephson current with Raman-active optical phonon modes. “Quantization” of the “gap” voltage for natural nanosteps on the cryogenically cleaved surfaces of BSCCO proves the existence of the intrinsic Josephson effect. A sharp extra structure in the current-voltage characteristics of nanosteps is attributed to the presence of the extended van Hove singularity.

Field of study: Physics
The PILATUS 1M detector.

The PILATUS 1M detector is a hybrid pixel array detector with over one million pixels that operate in single photon counting mode. The detector, designed for macromolecular crystallography, is the largest pixel array detector currently in use at a synchrotron. It is a modular system consisting of 18 multichip modules covering an area of 21 cm x 24 cm. The design of the components as well as the manufacturing of the detector including the bump-bonding was performed at the Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI). The use of a single photon counting detector for protein crystallography requires detailed studies of the charge collection properties of the silicon sensor. The 18 modules are read out in parallel, leading to a full frame readout-time of 6.7 ms. This allows crystallographic data to be acquired in fine-varphi-slicing mode with continuous rotation of the sample. The detector was tested in several experiments at the protein crystallography beamline X06SA at the Swiss Light Source at PSI. Data were collected both in conventional oscillation mode using the shutter, as well as in a fine-varphi-slicing mode. After applying all the necessary corrections to data from a thaumatin crystal, the processing of the conventional data led to satisfactory merging R-factors of the order of 8.5%. This allows, for the first time, determination of a refined electron density map of a macromolecular biological crystal using a silicon pixel detector.

Field of study: Physics
Testing an Online Spread Pattern Determination Sensor on a Broadcast Fertilizer Spreader

An alternative method for fertilizer spread pattern determination was developed based on predicting where individual fertilizer particles land on the ground, in contrast to the traditional method of collecting the particles in bins (ASAE Standard S341.2). A small broadcast granular fertilizer spreader (Lowery 300) was equipped with an optical sensor designed to measure the velocity and diameter of individual fertilizer particles shortly after they leave the impeller disc. The measured velocity and diameter of individual particles were input into a ballistic model that predicted where particles land on the ground. A total of over 1000 landing spots revealed the spread pattern. The results have shown that the optical sensor is capable of automatically determining the spread pattern of a fertilizer spreader on the fly. The sensor could be a key component in the development of uniformity-controlled fertilizer application systems.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
IONIC EQUILIBRIA IN MIXED SOLVENTS. IX. THE AUTOPROTOLYSIS CONSTANTS OF MIXTURES OF WATER AND AN AMPHIPROTIC SOLVENT

A thermodynamic consideration is made for the autoprotolysis constant of a mixture of water and an amphiprotic solvent on the basis of equilibria of hydronium-lyonium and hydroxyl-lyate ions. The autoprotolysis constants of various water-methanol solutions are calculated and compared with those in literature. The calculated values of autoprotolysis constants of water-ethanol and water-n-propanol solutions are presented.

Field of study: Chemistry
Fades, topography, and sedimentary processes in the Catskill Sea (Devonian), New York and Pennsylvania

Topography of the floor of the sea bordering the Catskill Delta (referred to here as the Catskill Sea) differed markedly from modern continental-margin configurations. Data from exposures in New York and Pennsylvania indicate that the Catskill Sea floor was a subdued surface with three topographic subdivisions. Nearest the shore was the basin margin , a low-gradient, shelf-like surface. Seaward, this gave way to the clinoform , the gradient of which was not much greater. The clinoform merged seaward into the basin floor. A sandstone and shale sequence with abundant fauna developed on the basin margin; thin turbidites and gray, silty shales with both transported and pelagic fauna were deposited on the clinoform and silt-stones and black shales with pelagic fauna formed on the basin floor. Boundaries between facies and between the inferred topographic subdivisions on which they formed reflect the different sedimentary processes active on the sea floor and not geophysical discontinuities. The basin margin was affected mainly by deltaic processes, waves, tides, and, perhaps, internal waves. Turbidity currents deposited the majority of clinoform sediments with a lesser contribution from pelagic sedimentation. Pelagic deposits dominate on the basin floor.

Field of study: Geology
An Assessment of Habitat Diversity and Transformation on La Réunion Island (Mascarene Islands, Indian Ocean) as a Basis for Identifying Broad-scale Conservation Priorities

Most natural habitat in the Mascarene Islands (Mauritius, La Réunion and Rodrigues) has been transformed. Although urbanisation, agriculture and alien plant invasions have transformed large areas in La Réunion, the island has by far the greatest area of intact habitats in the Mascarenes, but remaining natural areas are under threat. We propose a protocol for defining a system of habitat types and for using these to provide a preliminary assessment of conservation priorities for La Réunion. The protocol draws on existing data and expert knowledge to map habitat types, assesses the extent of habitat transformation, and quantifies heterogeneity between habitat types based on climate, topography and geology. The pattern of habitat transformation was uneven among the nineteen habitat types identified. While three habitats have lost > 95% of their original area, four still retain> 80% of their original extent. Habitat types could be grouped into the following categories: (i) transformed habitats with low levels of plant endemism, (ii) habitats confined to homogenous geology with high levels of plantendemism, and (iii) species-rich heterogeneous habitats on diverse geological types. Priority habitats were also identified using municipalities as a basis for implementation. Urgent action is required for several habitat types where a large part of the original extent has been transformed. Three municipalities which contain more than 10 habitat types should receive conservation priority. The analysis provides the basis for setting conservation priorities in La Réunion at the regional and local scale. Implications of the results are discussed with reference to requirements for finer-scale conservation planning.

Field of study: Environmental science
Activation of CaMKIIδA promotes Ca2+ leak from the sarcoplasmic reticulum in cardiomyocytes of chronic heart failure rats

Activation of the Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II isoform δA (CaMKIIδA) disturbs intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis in cardiomyocytes during chronic heart failure (CHF). We hypothesized that upregulation of CaMKIIδA in cardiomyocytes might enhance Ca2+ leak from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) via activation of phosphorylated ryanodine receptor type 2 (P-RyR2) and decrease Ca2+ uptake by inhibition of SR calcium ATPase 2a (SERCA2a). In this study, CHF was induced in rats by ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery. We found that CHF caused an increase in the expression of CaMKIIδA and P-RyR2 in the left ventricle (LV). The role of CaMKIIδA in regulation of P-RyR2 was elucidated in cardiomyocytes isolated from neonatal rats in vitro. Hypoxia induced upregulation of CaMKIIδA and activation of P-RyR2 in the cardiomyocytes, which both were attenuated by knockdown of CaMKIIδA. Furthermore, we showed that knockdown of CaMKIIδA significantly decreased the Ca2+ leak from the SR elicited by hypoxia in the cardiomyocytes. In addition, CHF also induced a downregulation of SERCA2a in the LV of CHF rats. Knockdown of CaMKIIδA normalized hypoxia-induced downregulation of SERCA2a in cardiomyocytes in vitro. The results demonstrate that the inhibition of CaMKIIδA may improve cardiac function by preventing SR Ca2+ leak through downregulation of P-RyR2 and upregulation of SERCA2a expression in cardiomyocytes in CHF.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
QoS-Classifier for VPN and Non-VPN traffic based on time-related features

The Quality of Service (QoS) is a continuous challenge issue in the telecommunication industry, mainly for having an impact on telco services provision. Traffic Classification, Traffic Marking, and Policing are general stages of QoS managing. Different approaches have focused on Traffic Classification and Traffic Marking, which machine learning algorithms arise as promising techniques ones. However, Traffic Marking overtime-related features is not widely explored, especially for Virtual Private Network (VPN) traffic. Hence, a specific QoS classifier for VPN traffic based on per-hop behavior (PHB) for a specific domain was proposed. To this end, a baseline QoS-Marked dataset was generated from a characterized VPN traffic; to which some machine learning algorithms were compared and a T-Tester was performed. As a result, Bagging-based learning model has the best behavior for all scenarios in which the higher value achieved was a 94,42% accuracy. Consequently, a QoS classifier is an effective approach for traffic treatment on Differentiated Services (DiffServ) networks.

Field of study: Computer science
Our Case Debut: A Case Presentation from the Association of Psychologists in Academic Health Centers

This ‘‘Case Debut’’ was accidentally left out of the June 2007 issue. We are pleased to lead this new and innovative case presentation series with the work of Drs. Macht, Pasqualini and Taba concerning the use of cognitive behavioral strategies for Parkinson’s disease. For some time, the editors of the Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings, the official journal of the Association of Psychologists in Academic Health Centers have planned to develop a case presentation series that illustrates the important advances, contributions and clinical thinking which psychologists have brought to their work in medical and health care settings. The feature patterns itself after the case presentations in the New England Journal of Medicine in which cases are discussed by various clinicians with appropriate medical, laboratory, radiographic and pathology data included along with psychological and neuropsychological tests. We believe that the practice of psychology in these health settings has reached a level of sophistication and maturity that a case series of this type is warranted for this specialization. There are many experienced and senior medical/ health psychologists who can contribute substantially to this literature by illustrating their cases and perspectives. These are not traditional case presentations in which a case and a specific intervention are given but instead the clinical process, diagnosis, prognosis and decision-making of several clinicians are shared. Education and discussion are the primary goals for the series rather than ‘‘the correct diagnosis or correct intervention.’’ We hope by developing this series and bringing it to the attention of health and medical psychologists that it will serve to be a teaching tool for students and a platform for discussion and continuing education for experienced and senior psychological clinicians. We are excited and thrilled about this series and present in this issue of JCPMS the initial case presentation. The time has come for medical and health psychologists to share their clinical wisdom, experience and contributions to patient care.

Field of study: Psychology