nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Service invocation admission control algorithm for multi-domain IP environments

One approach to solve the end to end (E2E) quality of services (QoS) problem of multimedia services delivery over multi-domain IP heterogeneous network infrastructures in a scaleable manner is the establishment of long term QoS enabled aggregated pipes. To allow dynamism, the actual service invocation of these pipes can be made as a separate action from the pipes subscription. This paper proposes a service invocation admission control algorithm that can be applied to aggregated IP pipes taking into account new service requests and the actual utilization of the domain resources of the subscribed pipes.

Field of study: Computer science
Population Change in Eighteenth-Century England. A Reinterpretation

here have been two traditional explanations of the acceleration in population growth which occurred during the middle of the eighteenth century: (i) the Malthusian view that it was a consequence of the Industrial and Agricultural Revolutions through an improved standard of life; (2) that it was the result of various medical innovations independent of these Revolutions. The problem posed by these competing interpretations is central to English economic and social history: did the Industrial and Agricultural Revolutions create their own future labour force and expanding numbers of consumers, or were they themselves children of a Population Revolution which preceded them? Economic historians have attempted to answer this question by estimating population, birthand death-rates at decennial intervals throughout the eighteenth century. Professor Krause, however, has questioned the validity of the traditional method for the period before I78i when aggregate statistics of Anglican baptisms and burials are available only for every tenth year from 1700 to I 780. He has pointed out that the use of one conventional assumption about English demographic data with reference to Sweden would exaggerate the amount of actual increase of population in that country between 1750 and 1780 by over 6i per  Krause has attempted to use the statistics of annual baptisms and burials from 1780 onwards by making certain questionable assumptions about changes in the baptism/birth and burial/death ratios during the period 178i-i850. He concluded that a rise in the birth-rate rather than a fall in the death-rate was 'the major variable in English demography'.2 This has led the medical historians McKeown and Record to state that 'the data (on mortality and natality) are so treacherous that they can be interpreted to fit any hypothesis, and it seems preferable to rely on assessment of the sensitivity of the birth-rate and death-rate, and their relative effectiveness, in a period when both rates were high'.3 This they had done in their own work and after reviewing the history of all the major diseases and preventive measures taken against them, concluded that the 'fall in the death-rate during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries was not the result of medical treatment as Griffiths and others had supposed. Only in the case of vaccination against smallpox is there any clear evidence that specific therapy had a substantial

Field of study: Economics, History
Twelve-year trail of clues leads to impact crater from the K-T boundary

The search started with a hypothesis that was literally out of this world: Could a massive comet or asteroid, perhaps 10 km in diameter, have struck the Earth about 65 million years ago, changing the climate so drastically that the dinosaurs and other creatures could no longer survive? That question was raised in 1980 by Luis Alvarez, his son Walter, Frank Asaro and Helen Michel of the University of California, Berkeley. Their evidence at the time was scanty: only an anomalous concentration of iridium at the geological stratum corresponding to the era when the giant reptiles became extinct and supposedly delivered by the extraterrestrial projectile.  But the suggestion triggered a massive hunt, and geological sleuths soon gathered much substantiating evidence. The telltale crater, however, remained elusive.

Field of study: Physics
The Determination of the Rate of Technical Progress

It is clear from almost all approaches to what determines an economy’s equilibrium rate of growth that the rate of technical progress will have a dominant influence upon it. The rate of technical progress will also be a major factor in the determination of an economy’s capital-output ratio, its rate of profit and its distribution of incomes. How the rate of technical progress is determined will therefore be a matter of the utmost importance.

Field of study: Economics
Hard X-ray View of HCG 16 (Arp 318)

We report the hard X-ray (3-50 keV) view of the compact group HCG 16 (Arp 318) observed with Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array (NuSTAR). NGC 838 and NGC 839 are undetected at energies above 8 keV, showing no evidence of heavily obscured active galactic nuclei (AGNs). This confirms that these are starburst-dominant galaxies as previously suggested. We perform a comprehensive broadband (0.3-50 keV) X-ray spectral analysis of the interacting galaxies NGC 833 and NGC 835, using data of NuSTAR, Chandra, and XMM-Newton observed on multiple epochs from 2000 to 2015. NuSTAR detects the transmitted continua of low-luminosity active galactic nuclei (LLAGNs) in NGC 833 and NGC 835 with line-of-sight column densities of $\approx 3 \times10^{23}$ cm$^{-2}$ and intrinsic 2-10 keV luminosities of $\approx 3\times10^{41}$ erg s$^{-1}$. The iron-K$\alpha$ to hard X-ray luminosity ratios of NGC 833 and NGC 835 suggest that their tori are moderately developed, which may have been triggered by the galaxy interactions. We find that NGC 835 underwent long-term variability in both intrinsic luminosity (by a factor of 5) and absorption (by $\Delta N_{\rm H} \approx 2\times10^{23}$ cm$^{-2}$). We discuss the relation between the X-ray and total infrared luminosities in local LLAGNs hosted by spiral galaxies. The large diversity in their ratios is consistent with the the general idea that the mass accretion process in the nucleus and the star forming activity in the disk are not strongly coupled, regardless of the galaxy environment.

Field of study: Physics
The role of mitochondria in modifying the cellular ionic environment. Calcium-induced respiratory activities in mitochondria isolated from various tumour cells.

Cyclic stimulation by Ca(2+) of respiration in mitochondria isolated from Ehrlich ascites-tumour cells occurs only when low phosphate concentrations (approx. 0.5mm) are also included in the incubation system. Under these circumstances the extra oxygen consumed is related stoicheiometrically to the amount of Ca(2+) taken up by the mitochondria; the values are similar to those obtained with mitochondria from rat liver in the absence of added phosphate. In contrast with liver mitochondria, up to 280nmol of Ca(2+)/mg of protein can be added to ascites mitochondria without causing any deleterious effect. Respiration in mitochondria isolated from the Yoshida ascites hepatoma (HA 130) and from the Morris hepatomas 5123C and 9618A is also stimulated by Ca(2+) in a cyclic manner. However, that in mitochondria from regenerating rat liver responds to Ca(2+) in the same way as those from normal rat liver. ADP-stimulated respiration in mitochondria from Ehrlich ascites tumour cells, but not from rat liver, is inhibited by low amounts of Ca(2+).

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Bismuth-doping effect on structural properties and proton conductivity of pyrochlore-type antimonic acid

Bismuth-doped pyrochlore-type antimonic acids H 1−3 x Bi x SbO 3 · n H 2 O (0≤ x ≤0.28, n =0.5) were prepared by solution processing using the reaction of an aqueous H 2 O 2 solution with antimony and bismuth alkoxides, and their structural properties and proton conductivity were investigated. It was found that the Bi atoms are located in an interstitial 16d (1/2, 1/2, 1/2) site in the structure and that the proton conductivity of the doped material ( x =0.081) is enhanced by about two orders of magnitude compared to that of the pure material. The relationship between the proton conductivity and structural properties is discussed.

Field of study: Materials science
Diversity and habitat relationships of hypogeous fungi. II. Factors influencing the occurrence and number of taxa

Fruit-bodies of hypogeous fungi were sampled over two seasons across 136 forested study sites representing a stratified sample of the climatic, geological and topographic features of far south-eastern mainland Australia. Two hundred and nine species, over three-quarters being undescribed, were recorded. Statistical models based on various environmental attributes measured for each site were developed for the occurrence of several common taxa. At a landscape scale, climatic factors such as mean minimum temperature of the coldest month and annual mean moisture index were important explanatory variables for most taxa examined, but the type of response varied. More locally, topographic position, soil fertility, time since last fire and micro-habitat structures such as the leaf litter layer and number of large fallen trees also influenced the distribution of taxa in different ways. A model was then developed for the number of fungal species occurring at each site. Important explanatory variables were type of substrate, topography and diversity of potential host eucalypt species. The utility of each model constructed needs evaluation by further sampling of hypogeous fungi. Possible implications of our findings for forest management are discussed. Further analyses of our existing data are also identified.

Field of study: Environmental science
Real gas effects on shock-tube flow nonuniformity

3 Dernetriades, A., "An Experimental Investigation of the Stability of the Hypersonic Laminar Boundary Layer," Memo 43, 1958, Guggenheim Aeronautical Lab., California Institute of Technology. 4 Potter, J. L. and Whitfield, J. D., "Effects of Unit Reynolds Number, Nose Bluntness, and Roughness on Boundary Layer Transition," TR-60-5, 1960, Arnold Engineering Development Center. 5 Nagamatsu, H. T., Graber, B. C., and Sheer, R. E., Jr., "Critical Layer Concept Relative to Hypersonic Boundary Layer Stability/' Rept. 66-C-192, 1966, General Electric Co. 6 Maddalon, D. V. and Henderson, A., Jr., "Boundary-Layer Transition on Sharp Cones at Hypersonic Mach Numbers," AIAA Journal, Vol. 6, No. 3, March 1968, pp. 424-431. 7 Softley, E. J. and Graber, B. C., "Experimental Observation of Transition of the Hypersonic Boundary Layer," AIAA Journal, Vol. 7, No. 2, Feb. 1969, pp. 257-263. 8 Deem, R. E. and Murphy, J. S., "Flat Plate Boundary Layer Transition at Hypersonic Speeds," AIAA Paper 65-128, New York, 1965. 9 Sanator, R. J., DeCarlo, J. P., and Torrillo, D. T., "Hypersonic Boundary-Layer Transition Data for a Cold-Wall Slender Cone," AIAA Journal, Vol. 3, No. 4, April 1965, pp. 758-760. 10 Rouse, H., "A General Stability Index for Flow Near Plane Boundaries," Journal of the Aeronautical Sciences, Vol. 12, No. 4, Oct. 1945, pp. 429-431. 11 Rouse, H., Elementary Mechanics of Fluids, Wiley, New York, 1946, p. 172. 12 Cohen, N. B., "Boundary Layer Similar Solutions and Correlation Equations for Laminar Heat-Transfer Distributions in Equilibrium Air at Velocities up to 41,000 Feet Per Second," TR R-118,1961, NASA. 13 van Driest, D. R. and Blumer, C. B., "Boundary Layer Transition: Freestream Turbulence and Pressure Gradient Effects," AIAA Journal, Vol. 1, No. 6, June 1963, A Local Reynolds Number to Predict Transition from Laminar to Turbulent Flow," Heat Transfer Thermodynamics and Education, McGraw-Hill, New York, pp. 207-212. BOUNDARY LAYER

Field of study: Physics
Crustal structure beneath the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin: constraints from gravity and magnetic modelling

Regional gravity and magnetic anomalies that originate from crystalline basement rocks extend over many parts of the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin. Although these potential-field anomalies provide a basis for tectonic subdivisions of the basement crust, most previous interpretations of these features have been largely qualitative in nature. This study focuses on numerical simulation and quantitative interpretation of five regional potential-field anomalies in Alberta, Canada, for which independent constraints on crustal structure are available from Lithoprobe seismic and electromagnetic studies. The Kimiwan High (~55°N, 116°W) is a roughly 250 km long linear magnetic high. Seismic profiles across this anomaly provide evidence for a crustal-scale extensional fault system that offsets the Winagami reflection sequence, a series of mid-crustal sills. We find that the magnetic anomaly can be modelled as either a 1540 km wide zone of moderate positive susceptibility (4.5 × 103 SI units) in the hanging wall...

Field of study: Environmental science
Simultaneous prediction intervals for multinomial logistic regression models

Fomby and Pierce(1986) used a two step procedure to find confidence intervals for the multinomial logistic response probabilities. In the first step the distribution of the estimated parameters is derived. Then, the distribution of response probabilities is computed in the second step. We use special properties of mulitinomial logistic models to derive simultaneous confidence intervals using only the distribution of estimated parameters, which yield more accurate estimates.

Field of study: Mathematics
Generation and characterization of monoclonal antibodies to mTOR kinase.

Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a serine/threonine kinase that plays a critical role in the regulation of basic cellular functions, including cellular growth and proliferation. In this study we describe the generation and characterization of novel monoclonal antibodies directed against mTOR protein kinase. A GST-tagged fragment of mTOR expressed in bacteria was used as an antigen. Antibody-producing hybridoma cells were obtained by fusing SP2/0 myeloma cells with splenocytes from immunized mice. Anti-mTOR antibody-producing hybridoma cell lines were first identified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and then subcloned by limiting dilution. Antibodies produced by selected clones were further tested for their reactivity towards the GST/mTOR 1334-1504 recombinant protein. Furthermore, antibody produced by F11 clone was shown to recognize specifically mTOR in different tissues and cell lines in Western blotting, immunoprecipitation, and immunohistochemistry. In addition, mTOR F11 antibody was suitable for immunoprecipitating and testing mTOR activity in in vitro kinase assay. In summary, generated antibodies will be useful for investigating mTOR signaling complexes in normal and pathological states.

Field of study: Biology
Assessment of pain and hemodynamic response in older children undergoing circumcision: comparison of eutectic lidocaine/prilocaine cream and dorsal penile nerve block.

To evaluate whether dorsal penile nerve block (DPNB) or local topical anesthesia (LT) provided better postoperative analgesia and less hemodynamic stimulation during and after circumcision surgery with Plastibell in older children.



Forty-one subjects (age: 2-13 years) undergoing circumcision with Plastibell were randomly divided into LT and DPNB groups. Inhalation induction was performed with an 8% end-tidal sevoflurane concentration. In the LT group, a eutectic ointment of 5% lidocaine and 5% prilocaine was applied to the foreskin 1 h before surgery. At 10 min after anesthesia induction, the end-tidal sevoflurane concentration was decreased to 2%. In the other group, a DPNB was performed with 0.5% bupivacaine (1 mg/kg). Heart rate (HR), respiratory rate, mean arterial pressure (MAP), and involuntary movements were evaluated at anesthesia induction (T0), 1 min after DPNB (T1), 1 min after incision (T2), and 1 min after surgery (T3). Pain was evaluated at 1 and 24 h after surgery, and complications were evaluated at 24 h after surgery.



The groups were homogeneous with respect to age, weight, glans diameter, penile length, Kayaba classification, and surgical duration. The LT group showed increased HR (p = 0.073) and MAP (p = 0.046) at T2 as compared to T0. No hemodynamic changes were observed in the HPDB group. The LT group showed a higher pain score at 1 h after surgery than the DPNB group, whereas the DPNB group had a higher incidence of hematoma (p = 0.02) at 24 h after surgery.



Anesthesia with 5% lidocaine and 5% prilocaine cream during circumcision of older children with Plastibell under general anesthesia with sevoflurane does not provide satisfactory perioperative hemodynamic stability or postoperative analgesia.

Field of study: Medicine
Elaborating Procedural Fairness: Justice Becomes Both Simpler and more Complex

Past research has indicated the importance of disputant voice in determining the fairness of conflict resolution procedures, but some conflicting data have called the role of voice into question. The authors review the role of voice in procedural fairness and conclude that some of those negative results were due to a confounded research design. In three studies, this problem was corrected, and additional data were collected. Contrary to the earlier findings, results show that when other factors are equated, participants prefer the conflict resolution procedures that offer the most voice. The authors further note, however, that factors such as the role of the decision maker are also important in determining fairness.

Field of study: Psychology
Using historical accounts to set conservation baselines: the case of Lynx species in Spain

The knowledge of the historical range of organisms is necessary to understand distribution dynamics and their drivers as well as to set reference conditions and conservation goals. We reviewed written sources documenting the presence of lynxes in Spain between the sixteenth and nineteenth centuries, trying to infer whether Lynx records referred to the Iberian (Lynx pardinus) or the Eurasian (Lynx lynx) species. We compiled 151 spatially specific, non-redundant Lynx records, dating between 1572 and 1897. Records appeared split in two neatly separated areas, North and South. Arguably, all historical records from the South area correspond to Iberian lynx, since almost all of them fall within the estimated range of the species in the 1950s. This suggests that the core distribution area of the species remained relatively stable for centuries, until the second half of the twentieth century. The reported range in the 1950s is thus an appropriate scenario to set conservation goals for this critically endangered species. The North area extended from Galicia and northern Portugal to the Mediterranean, mainly occupying the Atlantic-climate area of northern Iberia. Reported direct measurements and the accumulation of indirect evidences suggest that most, if not all, northern Lynx records refer to the Eurasian lynx, which had been previously detected in archaeological sites of the area. This species was apparently present in the Iberian Peninsula until the early-nineteenth century. Our results provide an objective, baseline distribution of Lynx species in Spain useful to guide conservation efforts both at the Iberian and European levels.

Field of study: Environmental science
Petrology of Andesitic, Spilitic, and Keratophyric Flow Rock, North-Central Puerto Rico

Chemical, mineralogical, and petro-graphical variations in a thick accumulation of andesitic, spilitic, and keratophyric flow rock result mainly from compositional differences and crystallization history. Together, the clinopyroxene-rich and plagioclase-rich andesitic rocks (1) range from andesitic basalt to dacite, (2) show a calc-alkalic chemical trend, (3) contain plagioclase and clinopyroxene rich in Ca, (4) generally contain no olivine, and (5) show no Fe enrichment. Their origin is attributed to partial fusion under hydrous conditions: magmas of plagioclase-rich rocks formed at depths where basaltic phases existed; magmas of clinopyroxene-rich rocks where eclogitic phases existed. Plagioclase-rich spilitic rocks generally differ from their andesitic counterparts in having (1) higher Na and K, and lower Ca, Mg, and Al; (2) lower phenocryst content; (3) greater alteration; (4) greater cloudiness of plagioclase; (5) slightly lower inferred Ca content in some clinopyroxenes; and (6) no actinolite. Clinopyroxene-rich rocks show the same differences but are more variable chemically. High-K andesitic rocks otherwise resemble normal andesitic rocks. Spilitic rocks resemble andesitic rocks in matrix textures and in apparent simultaneous crystallization of plagioclase and clinopyroxene. Calcic plagioclase is relict in some spilitic rocks, and Ca-rich secondary minerals occur in both. The spilitic rocks are interpreted as having formed from andesitic rocks during the late-magmatic or deuteric stage, although they may have resulted from postconsolidation metasomatism. Keratophyric rocks occur only in plagioclase-rich associations. Quartz content suggests that most keratophyres are felsic magmatic rocks; other felsic rocks in the map area contain excess quartz and are products of hydrothermal silicification.

Field of study: Geology
Relaxation times in cyclotron resonance in metals

The relation between an effective relaxation time τ in cyclotron resonance, mass anisotropy and magnetic field tipping is studied and a true relaxation time τ0 is extracted by comparison with measurements.It is found that for copper τ has a maximum value in a slightly tipped magnetic field and that in potassium τ decreases monotonically with increasing tip angle. This is explained in terms of the Fermi surfaces of these metals.

Field of study: Physics
LOSS MEASUREMENT OF KDP CRYSTALS USING HARMONIC GENERATION IN CAVITY

A special designation is reported to measure the loss together of absorption and deflectionin NLO crystals in the cavity. The method has characters of high sensitivity to about 10-4 and fast responsetime up to 100 nanoseconds. We consider it extensible to be applied in the studies of nondestructive and quickdestructive detection of NLO crystals related to the irradiation of high peek power laser. The results of KTP.KDP.KD P crystals in our experiment and also the comparison to others is shown.

Field of study: Physics
Fixing Position Scientifically, Enhancing Characters and Promoting the Core Competitive Power of Higher Professional Colleges

In the new century and new era our country will build up a comfortable society. It is necessary to cultivate more and more qualified workers, more and more professional personnel and more and more innovatory talents. As a leaders in professional colleges they should practise the important thought of the "Three Representatives", insist reformation, bring forth new ideas, enhance its researches, set up new educational ideas and put forward new thought to run the colleges. So we should find the correct position of the colleges, enhance the educational character, and promote the teaching quality.

Field of study: Education
Verhältnis von Faltentektonik und Metamorphose alter Eisenerzlager zu ihrer Eigenmagnetisierung

ZusammenfassungBei geomagnetischen Untersuchungsarbeiten an silurischen und algonkischen Eisenerzlagerstätten in Nordwest-Spanien und in Oberägypten wurden regional einheitlich ausgerichtete remanente Magnetisierungen festgestellt. Die Eisenerze sind sedimentären Ursprungs. Ihre Faltentektonik und der wechselnde Grad der Metamorphose weisen keine Beziehungen zu den remanenten Magnetisierungsrichtungen auf. Es wird deshalb angenommen, daß diese Eigenmagnetisierungen nach der Faltung auf dem Wege der Thermoremanenz bei der Intrusion benachbarter Granitmassive entstanden sind.Die Inklinationen der remanenten Magnetisierungen weichen nach ersten orientierenden Meßergebnissen in beiden Untersuchungsgebieten nur unwesentlich von der rezenten Inklination des Erdfeldes ab.Die Frage, ob hier Erdfeldrichtungen der geologischen Vergangenheit überliefert worden sind, kann auf Grund der bisher durchgeführten physikalischen Untersuchungen noch nicht endgültig beantwortet werden.

Field of study: Environmental science