nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Design of a Prioritized Error Control Scheme based on Load Differentiation for Time Sensitive Traffic on the Wireless LAN

This paper proposes and analyzes the performance of a prioritized error control scheme for time sensitive application on the wireless sensor network. As a modified version of IEEE 802.11 WLAN, the proposed scheme further divides DCF into H-DCF and L-DCF without changing PCF, aiming at maximizing the successful retransmission of a packet that carries critical data. While channel estimation elminates the unnecessary polls to the sensor node currently unreachable during PCF, two DCF subperiods enable prioritized error recovery by making only the high priority packet be retransmitted via H-DCF. A good chop value, which distributes the retransmission to each period, can maximize recovered weight, or criticality, minimizing the possible degradation of network throughput. The simulation results show that the proposed scheme can improve recovered weight by 8% while showing 97% successful transmission at maximum for the given simulation parameter.

Field of study: Computer science
How Young Children Construe Pain Experienced by Self and Others: A Case of Naive Theory

We investigated young children's construal of pain in relation to (a) the self, (b) other humans, and (c) animals, plants, and objects, to elucidate children's cognitive understanding of this complex, abstract, subjective concept. We interviewed 17 Kindergarten students using a variety of non-painful stimuli and procedures to prompt discussion of pain's causes, consequences, intensity, contagion, and treatment. Findings suggest that young children use naive theory to describe pain that only partly agree with canonic knowledge and were cognizance of the need to treat pain and cope with it. Awareness of children's construal of pain may promote caregivers' and teachers' ability to effectively treat pain-related situations and contribute to the design of a relevant curriculum for enhancing their knowledge about pain.

Field of study: Education
A quality comparison of protein crystals grown under containerless conditions generated by diamagnetic levitation, silicone oil and agarose gel.

High-quality crystals are key to obtaining accurate three-dimensional structures of proteins using X-ray diffraction techniques. However, obtaining such protein crystals is often a challenge. Several containerless crystallization techniques have been reported to have the ability to improve crystal quality, but it is unknown which is the most favourable way to grow high-quality protein crystals. In this paper, a quality comparison of protein crystals which were grown under three containerless conditions provided by diamagnetic levitation, silicone oil and agarose gel was conducted. A control experiment on a vessel wall was also simultaneously carried out. Seven different proteins were crystallized under the four conditions, and the crystal quality was assessed in terms of the resolution limit, the mosaicity and the R-merge. It was found that the crystals grown under the three containerless conditions demonstrated better morphology than those of the control. X-ray diffraction data indicated that the quality of the crystals grown under the three containerless conditions was better than that of the control. Of the three containerless crystallization techniques, the diamagnetic levitation technique exhibited the best performance in enhancing crystal quality. This paper is to our knowledge the first report of improvement of crystal quality using a diamagnetic levitation technique. Crystals obtained from agarose gel demonstrated the second best improvement in crystal quality. The study indicated that the diamagnetic levitation technique is indeed a favourable method for growing high-quality protein crystals, and its utilization is thus potentially useful in practical efforts to obtain well diffracting protein crystals.

Field of study: Chemistry
Simulation of the development of karst aquifers: role of the epikarst

The evolution of a karst aquifer is modelled taking into account the karst groundwater flow as well as the dissolution kinetics of calcite. In particular, infiltration of water from the epikarst is simulated which controls the temporal and spatial distribution of recharge to the phreatic zone. The results show that the evolution of karst conduits is initiated in the spring. The existence of preferential flow paths leads to the evolution of highly conductive so-called dendritic cave systems, i.e., single passages which concentrate the flow and drain the catchment. With time, the amount of undersaturated water flowing directly into the conduit system is increased leading to an acceleration of the conduits enlargement. Three phases are identified for the evolution of karst aquifers: (a) an initiation stage; (b) an enlargement stage; and (c) a stagnation phase.

Field of study: Environmental science
Prophylactic effects of taurine and diltiazem, alone or combined, on reperfusion arrhythmias in rats.

To study the effects of taurine (Tau) and diltiazem (Dil), alone or in combination, on reperfusion arrhythmias in anesthetized rats.



The arrhythmias were produced by coronary artery ligation for 15 min followed by reperfusion. Malondialdehyde (MDA) content and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity were measured by thiobarbituric acid fluorescence assay and colorimetric determination.



Tau 70 mg.kg-1 in combination with Dil 1 mg.kg-1 were more effective on prevention of the reperfusion arrhythmias than each drug alone. The combination of both drugs not only decreased the content of MDA, but also increased the activity of SOD in reperfusion myocardium.



The inhibition of lipoperoxides formation as well as the inhibition of the calcium influx was involved in the anti-arrhythmic effect of both Tau and Dil.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Differential production of monoclonal antibodies to carbohydrate moiety or peptides moiety of glycoproteins by different routes of immunization.

The administration of ABO blood group active glycoproteins via the rear footpads of BALB/c mice with subsequent fusion of popliteal lymph node lymphocytes produced hybridomas differentially secreting antibodies to the peptide moiety of antigens. On the other hand, conventional intraperitoneal immunization of the same antigens and intraperitoneal boost followed by splenic lymphocyte fusion produced hybridomas differentially secreting antibodies to the carbohydrate moiety of antigens. Similar results were obtained in the production of monoclonal antibodies to erythrocyte membranes. Almost all hybridomas obtained by rear foodpad immunization secreted antibodies to the peptide moiety of erythrocyte membrane proteins, and those obtained by intraperitoneal immunization secreted antibodies to both peptide and carbohydrate moieties of erythrocyte membrane components. These results suggest the possibility of differential production of monoclonal antibodies to the carbohydrate moiety and the peptide moiety of some glycoproteins by different immunization routes.

Field of study: Biology
Ab Initio Description of Open-Shell Nuclei: Merging No-Core Shell Model and In-Medium Similarity Renormalization Group.

We merge two successful ab initio nuclear-structure methods, the no-core shell model (NCSM) and the multireference in-medium similarity renormalization group (IM-SRG) to define a new many-body approach for the comprehensive description of ground and excited states of closed and open-shell nuclei. Building on the key advantages of the two methods-the decoupling of excitations at the many-body level in the IM-SRG and the access to arbitrary nuclei, eigenstates, and observables in the NCSM-their combination enables fully converged no-core calculations for an unprecedented range of nuclei and observables at moderate computational cost. We present applications in the carbon and oxygen isotopic chains, where conventional NCSM calculations are still feasible and provide an important benchmark. The efficiency and rapid convergence of the new approach make it ideally suited for ab initio studies of the complete spectroscopy of nuclei up into the medium-mass regime.

Field of study: Physics
Electronic structure and exotic exchange splitting in spin-density-wave states of BaFe$_2$As$_2$

The magnetic properties in the parent compounds are often intimately related to the microscopic mechanism of superconductivity. Here we report the first direct measurements on the electronic structure of a parent compound of the newly discovered iron-based superconductor, BaFe$_2$As$_2$, which provides a foundation for further studies. We show that the energy of the spin density wave (SDW) in BaFe$_2$As$_2$ is lowered through exotic exchange splitting of the band structure, rather than Fermi surface nesting of itinerant electrons. This clearly demonstrates that a metallic SDW state could be solely induced by interactions of local magnetic moments, resembling the nature of antiferromagnetic order in cuprate parent compounds.

Field of study: Physics
Burning and boiling of modern deer bone: Effects on crystallinity and oxygen isotope composition of bioapatite phosphate

The extent of preservation of stable isotope compositions in biomaterials exposed to burial and weathering continues to be a topic of some debate. Changes in the isotopic composition of archaeological bones and teeth during recrystallization are often suspected, but difficult to prove. Here, we examined the effects of heating (burning, boiling) on the isotopic composition of phosphate oxygen ( δ 18 O p ) in bone bioapatite from two modern White-Tailed deer ( Odocoileus virginianus ). Our experiments simulated cooking and refuse disposal practices, which have affected many archaeological samples. Original values for δ 18 O p were preserved at δ 18 O p above 300 °C. Original values for δ 18 O p were preserved only at FTIR CI ≤ 2.5–2.7. XRD CI values were not sensitive to changes in δ 18 O p below ∼ 625 °C.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Sudden death due to myocardial metastasis of lingual squamous cell carcinoma.

Cardiac metastases are rare events encountered in pathological practice but with often dramatic fatal outcome. Among malignancies associated with cardiac involvement, we would like to draw the attention of clinicians about lingual squamous cell carcinoma by reporting a sudden cardiac death in a 57-year-old woman without prior symptom and considered in remission 1 month before her death. The forensic autopsy led to the diagnosis emphasizing its role in epidemiology and public health.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Methods of synthesis of natural indoloquinolines isolated from Cryptolepis sanguinolenta

The review summarizes the approaches to the synthesis of natural biologically active indoloquinoline systems isolated from Cryptolepis sanguinolenta published over the past twenty years. The classification of the existing methods was carried out according to the principle of building of the heterocyclic system: annulation to an already existing indole or quinoline ring or tandem formation of both rings.

Field of study: Chemistry
A model of merchants

I propose a simple model of merchants who are specialized in buying and selling a homogeneous good. Facing the same frictions as in the buyer-seller direct trades, merchants can make profits with an ability to buy and sell many units of the good. They set the price to compete in the market and provide buyers with a strong likelihood of obtaining the good. This paper establishes a turnover equilibrium where some agents choose to become merchants endogenously. An interesting multiplicity can emerge.

Field of study: Economics
Extravasation of plasma proteins can confound interpretation of proteomic studies of brain: a lesson from apo A-I in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy.

Apolipoprotein A-I (apo A-I), a major component of high density lipoproteins, has been shown to be involved in lipid metabolism, cholesterol homeostasis and degeneration/regeneration of brain tissues and was proposed as a useful marker for the extent and severity of CNS injury. We searched for aberrant protein expression in hippocampus from patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE) by an analytical method based on two-dimensional gel electrophoresis coupled with mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF/TOF) and unambiguously identified 2 spots as apolipoprotein A-I forms in brain of MTLE patients with 7.5-fold increased levels (controls: 0.046 +/- 0.046; MTLE patients: 0.343 +/- 0.154, mean +/- SD, P = 0.003). Western blot analysis confirmed increased apo A-I levels in MTLE. Immunohistochemistry detected staining for apo A-I extracellularly in perivasal brain parenchyma, neuropil and areas with increased glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression as well as some pyramidal neurons and subpial astrocytes. These findings indicate that the increase of apo A-I in MTLE was possibly not reflecting a pathogenetic role but was rather due to extravasates, bleedings or increase of microvascular endothelial cells known to synthesize apo A-I. Care has to be taken when protein expressional findings are to be interpreted in the presence of plasma proteins, including apo A-I, thus clearly representing a confounding factor.

Field of study: Biology
Exploring the Limits of Common Coins Using Frontier Analysis of Protocols

In 2-party secure computation, access to common, trusted randomness is a fundamental primitive. It is widely employed in the setting of computationally bounded players (under various complexity assumptions) to great advantage. In this work we seek to understand the power of trusted randomness, primarily in the computationally unbounded (or information theoretic) setting. We show that a source of common randomness does not add any additional power for secure evaluation of deterministic functions, even when one of the parties has arbitrary influence over the distribution of the common randomness. Further, common randomness helps only in a trivial sense for realizing randomized functions too (namely, it only allows for sampling from publicly fixed distributions), if UC security is required. 
 
To obtain these impossibility results, we employ a recently developed protocol analysis technique, which we call the frontier analysis. This involves analyzing carefully defined "frontiers" in a weighted tree induced by the protocol's execution (or executions, with various inputs), and establishing various properties regarding one or more such frontiers. We demonstrate the versatility of this technique by employing carefully chosen frontiers to derive the different results. To analyze randomized functionalities we introduce a frontier argument that involves a geometric analysis of the space of probability distributions. 
 
Finally, we relate our results to computational intractability questions. We give an equivalent formulation of the "cryptomania assumption" (that there is a semi-honest or standalone secure oblivious transfer protocol) in terms of UC-secure reduction among randomized functionalities. Also, we provide an unconditional result on the uselessness of common randomness, even in the computationally bounded setting. Our results make significant progress towards understanding the exact power of shared randomness in cryptography. To the best of our knowledge, our results are the first to comprehensively characterize the power of large classes of randomized functionalities.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Optimization of citric acid production from Candida lipolytica Y-1095 using n-paraffin.

Currently, the majority of worldwide microbial production of citric acid utilizes Aspergillus niger in a carbohydrate based submerged fermentation. Due to their high carbon content, hydrocarbons also have the potential of producing high concentrations of citric acid. Initial lab experiments conducted using 1875 ml batch fermentations with n-paraffin found that Candida lipolytica NRRL-Y-1095 assimilated the feedstock and had a citric acid productivity of 47 mg l(-1) h(-1). To determine the optimum level of initial biomass concentration, n-paraffin concentration, iron concentration and temperature for the production of citric acid, a central composite design was developed using 200 ml batch fermentations. The design involved conducting 31 batch fermentations under various combinations of high and low values of these four parameters. From this investigation empirical models were developed describing the interactions between the experimental parameters and citric acid production. It was found that the maximum concentration of citric acid produced was 9.8 g l(-1) and the optimum levels of each parameter for citric acid production were, 10--12% volume for initial biomass concentration, 10--15% volume for n-paraffin concentration, 10 mg l(-1) for ferric nitrate concentration, and 26--30 degrees C for temperature.

Field of study: Biology, Engineering
Bacterioplankton community in response to biological filters (clam, biofilm, and macrophytes) in an integrated aquaculture wastewater bioremediation system.

Integrated systems with appropriate bio-filters can be used to treat aquaculture effluents. However, the information on bio-filters that alters the ecological functions of the bacterioplankton community (BC) in biodegradation of the aquaculture effluents remains controversial. In this study, we implemented a comprehensive restoration technology combined with bio-filters [biofilm, clam (Tegillarca granosa), and macrophytes (Spartina anglica)] to investigate their influence on the stability of the BC and nutrient removal. We found that the diversity of BC was linked with biogeochemical factors in processing and upcycling nitrogen-rich effluents into high-value biomass. The BC exhibited significant distinct patterns in the bio-filter areas. Potential biomarkers for constrained harmfully algae-bacteria (Nitriliruptoraceae, Bacillales, and Rhodobacteraceae) and nutrient removal were significantly higher in the bio-filters areas. The bio-filters significantly promoted the restoration effects of N and P balance by reducing 82.34% of total nitrogen (TN) and 81.64% of total phosphorus (TP) loads at the water interface. The main mechanisms for TN and TP removal and nutrient transformation were achieved by assimilation and absorption by the emergent macrophytes (Spartina anglica). The bio-filters significantly influenced the biodegradability and resolvability of particulate organic matter through ammonification, nitrification, and denitrification of microbes, which meliorated the nutrient removal. Beside bio-filter effects, the BC was significantly controlled by abiotic factors [nitrate (NO3--N), dissolved oxygen (DO), total nitrogen (TN), and water temperature (WT)], and biotic factors (chlorophyll ɑ and green algae). Our study revealed that the co-existence system with bio-filters may greatly improve our understanding on the ecological functions of the BC in aquaculture systems. Overall, combined bio-filters provide an opportunity for the development of efficient and optimized aquaculture wastewater treatment technology.

Field of study: Environmental science
The early universe and high‐energy physics

15 billion years ago, an experiment was carried out that related to the interaction between cosmology and particle physics and the unification of physics in general. This is the experiment that we call the Big Bang. It resulted in about 1090 bits of data spread out over 1028 cm3. We know the original apparatus had about 1019 GeV , but, unfortunately, the graduate student who designed this equipment is no longer around, and, as a result, she can't tell us exactly what she did. So we have to try to piece together the data on our own to see if we can understand what happened in this experiment. From some of the data that we've been able to assemble—for example, from observing the 3‐K background radiation—we know the early universe was hot and dense. We also know that about one‐quarter of the isotope helium‐4. This figure is really rather amazing. The sum total of all the other heavier elements (carbon, oxygen, iron and so on) makes up less than 2 percent of the mass of the Universe. Stars make ...

Field of study: Physics
A Physical Interpretation of Particle Swarm Optimization

The Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) method is one of the most powerful methods available for solving both unconstrained and constrained global optimization problems. However, knowledge about how the PSO method works or finds a globally optimal solution of a global optimization problem is as yet limited. This paper deals with a physical interpretation of the PSO method in order to obtain strategies about how to tune its parameters. The results of this study will contribute to a reduction of labor for tuning the parameters of PSO.

Field of study: Computer science
Quantum dot sensitized solar cells: Effect of nanocrystal size on the efficiency

Bandgap of the CdSe nanocrystals was tailored using low temperature synthesis and these nanocyrstals were used to fabricate ZnO based Quantum Dot Sensitized SolarCell (QDSSC).CdSe nanocrystal size varied from0.85 to 2.25 nmwith increase in synthesis temperature from225 to 255oC. Bandgap of CdSe nanocrystals decreased from 3.50 to 1.97 eV with increase in size from 0.85 to 2.25 nm, resulting in the absorbance of a broader spectrum of visible light in the range 350 to 700 nm. QDSSCs were fabricated by using individual nanocrystals of different size and a blend of all the nanocrystals. As the size of the nanocrystal increased from 0.85 to 2.25 nm, efficiency of QDSSCwas found to decrease from2.06 to 0.25%. The efficiency of colloidal QDSSC cell was obtained to be 3.6%atAM1.5.

Field of study: Materials science
Predator migration in response to prey density: What are the consequences?

A predator-prey metapopulation model with two identical patches and only migration of the predator is investigated. Local predator-prey interaction is described by the so-called Rosenzweig-MacArthur model, while the migration term of the predator is put in a nonlinear form, which is derived by extending the Holling time budget argument to migration. In particular, a dimensionless parameter θ is introduced to quantify the migration tendency of predators while they are handling their prey, which gives rise to a family of models connecting two extremes: predators have no inclination to migrate while handling prey (θ = 0) and standard diffusion (θ = 1). Various aspects of the model, including changes in the number and the stability of equilibria and limit cycles, are investigated. We then focus on the key question: “Does spatial structure lead to a substantial damping of the violent oscillations exhibited by many predator-prey models?”. It is known that the answer is “yes” if one adopts standard diffusion (θ = 1). However, we present substantial evidence that the answer is “no” if one takes θ = 0. We conclude that the migration submodel is an important constituent of a spatial predator-prey model and that the issue deserves scrutiny, both experimentally and theoretically.

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics