nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Talkin’ in the company of my sistas: The counterlanguages and deliberate silences of Black female students in teacher education

In this article, the author draws on critical race theory to examine Black female preservice teachers’ perspectives on their racial identity in relation to how they are positioned inside and outside the context of a traditional teacher education program in the United States. The author shares findings generated from a year-long ethnographic and sociolinguistic study of the discursive practices of Black female preservice teachers, all nonstandard language and dialect speakers, across three settings, including the university classroom, the K-12 practicum teaching classroom, and a social setting. Critical race theories and conversational analysis proved useful for revealing the deliberate decisions that these preservice teachers made about social and personal engagement and how these choices positioned themselves and each other as insiders within and beyond the dominant context of teacher education.

Field of study: Education, Linguistics
Rapid psychological change

Rescher, N. 2001.  Their Roots, Range, and Resolution. Chicago and LaSalle: Open Court. Russell, B. 1908. Mathematical logic as based on the theory of types, repr. Russell, Logic and Knowledge: Essays 1901-1950, ed. R. C. Marsh, 59-102.  George Allen and Unwin, 1956. Russell, B. 1938. The Principles of Mathematics, 2nd ed.,  The doctrine of types, 523-28.  Principia Mathematica, 2nd ed.,  Chapter II The theory of logical types, 37-65.

Field of study: Philosophy
A Functional Circuit for the Retrieval of Remote Cued Fear Memory

Although the retrosplenial cortex (RSC) is necessary for the retrieval of remotely acquired fear to a discrete auditory cue, it is not necessary for the retrieval of recently acquired cued-fear memories. Thus, the RSC’s role in memory retrieval for discrete cues is time-dependent. The purpose of the current experiment was to identify the larger cortical circuit involved in the retrieval of remotely-acquired auditory fear memories. One candidate circuit involves the RSC and secondary auditory cortex; the secondary auditory cortex is also necessary for the retrieval of remotely acquired auditory fear memories (Sacco & Sacchetti, 2010), and sends direct projections to the RSC. To test this possibility, we assessed retrieval of remote memory following functional disconnection of the RSC and secondary auditory cortex. Complete disconnection of these regions produced a larger impairment in fear expression to a remotely acquired auditory cue compared to partial disconnection of these regions. These results are consistent with the notion that RSC and secondary auditory cortex form a functional circuit involved in the retrieval of remotely acquired fear to a discrete auditory cue.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Metaboliese siektes (deel 2) : melkkoors : die koeidokter se dagboek : tegnologie

Metaboliese siektes is 'n sindroom wat in wese veroorsaak word deur 'n beduidende wanbalans tussen die voedingstowwe deur die dieet ingeneem en die uitset in produksie. Een van die belangrikste metaboliese siektes is 'n wanbalans tussen die inname en benutting van kalsium, naamlik melkkoors (hipokalsemie).

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Reliable Decision Support using Counterfactual Models

Decision-makers are faced with the challenge of estimating what is likely to happen when they take an action. For instance, if I choose not to treat this patient, are they likely to die? Practitioners commonly use supervised learning algorithms to fit predictive models that help decision-makers reason about likely future outcomes, but we show that this approach is unreliable, and sometimes even dangerous. The key issue is that supervised learning algorithms are highly sensitive to the policy used to choose actions in the training data, which causes the model to capture relationships that do not generalize. We propose using a different learning objective that predicts counterfactuals instead of predicting outcomes under an existing action policy as in supervised learning. To support decision-making in temporal settings, we introduce the Counterfactual Gaussian Process (CGP) to predict the counterfactual future progression of continuous-time trajectories under sequences of future actions. We demonstrate the benefits of the CGP on two important decision-support tasks: risk prediction and “what if?” reasoning for individualized treatment planning.

Field of study: Computer science
Resonance $d^{*}$ in $^{3}G_{3}$ partial wave of nucleon-nucleon scattering

Inspired by the recent results of the WASA-at-COSY Collaboration, in which they found a resonance pole in the coupled $^{3}D_{3}$ - $^{3}G_{3}$ partial waves as expected from the $d^{*}$ resonance hypothesis, we calculated the resonance structure in the coupled $^{3}D_{3}$ - $^{3}G_{3}$ partial wave phase shifts of nucleon-nucleon scattering in the framework of two constituent quark models: the quark delocalization color screening model and the chiral quark model. Our results show that there is a resonance $^{7}S_{3}^{\Delta\Delta}$ in the coupled $^{3}D_{3}^{NN}$ and $^{3}G_{3}^{NN}$ partial waves in both of these two models, which is in accordance with the expectation from the $d^{*}$ resonance structure. The resonance shape in the $^{3}D_{3}^{NN}$ partial wave is remarkable, whereas in the $^{3}G_{3}^{NN}$ phase shifts there is a small rise around the resonance energy. This result is in agreement with the recent experimental observations of WASA-at-COSY Collaboration.

Field of study: Physics
Large area YBCO-coated stainless steel tapes with high critical currents

Recent progress in developing large area HTS-coated stainless steel tapes is reported. YBCO films have been grown on IBAD-YSZ buffered 0.1 mm-thick steel tapes using a high-rate pulsed-laser-deposition technique which allows a deposition rate up to 70 nm /spl middot/ m/sup 2//h. The coated conductors (CC) are provided with an optimized shunt layer and current contacts which reduce the generation of Joule's heat. An advanced technique for critical current I/sub c/ measurements was developed. The effects of self-field and time relaxation of current in helically wound tapes are analyzed. In long tapes of 10 m /spl times/ 4 mm, the highest I/sub c/ of 78 A at 77 K was observed. Critical currents of 67-75 A were reproducibly achieved in (8-10) m /spl times/ 4 mm coated tapes. For shorter tapes with a length of 0.2-1 m, critical currents of 317-391 A/cm width of the tape were observed. Fifteen wider CC tapes of 0.6 m /spl times/ 43 mm with I/sub c/ = 700 A have been manufactured and employed in newly developed fault current limiters with a nominal current of 3 kA. Critical current densities J/sub c/ = (1.3-2.5) MA/cm/sup 2/ at 77 K were observed in YBCO films. The CC tapes exhibit favorable behavior under axial stress and sufficiently small ac losses.

Field of study: Physics
Controlled Release of Gossyplure for Use in Control of Cotton Pink Bollworm

A theoretical model has been developed to predict the release of gossyplure from a gossyplure-filled fiber sealed at one end. The vapor pressure and diffusivity of gossyplure, key parameters in the above model, have been experimentaly determined for the temperature range of 15 to 50 °C. The predicted release of gossyplure is a complex function of temperature and half-power function of time. The model is capable of predicting gossyplure release at a constant temperature and in a diurnal-temperature-cycle environment similar to that encountered in a cotton field in Imperial Valley, CA dur-ing August. The gossyplure releases predicted by the model have been experimentally verified by measuring the displacement of liquid-meniscus level in gossyplure-filled fiber placed in an environmental simulation chamber.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Pu Sorption to Activated Conglomerate Anaerobic Bacteria

The sorption of Pu to the anaerobic bacteria activated under specific conditions of temperature, pH and depleted nutrients after long dormant period was investigated. After 4 h at neutral pH, the distribution coefficient (Kd) between bacteria and aqueous phase at 308 and 278 K had around 103 to 104. After over 5 days, however, the Kd at only 308 K had increased to over 105. Sterilized (dead) and dormant anaerobic bacteria adsorbed Pu to the same extent.

Field of study: Chemistry
Development of Laser-Based Powder Bed Fusion Process Parameters and Scanning Strategy for New Metal Alloy Grades: A Holistic Method Formulation

In spite of the fast growth of laser-based powder bed fusion (L-PBF) processes as a part of everyday industrial practice, achieving consistent production is hampered by the scarce repeatability of performance that is often encountered across different additive manufacturing (AM) machines. In addition, the development of novel feedstock materials, which is fundamental to the future growth of AM, is limited by the absence of established methodologies for their successful exploitation. This paper proposes a structured procedure with a complete test plan, which defines step-by-step the standardized actions that should be taken to optimize the processing parameters and scanning strategy in L-PBF of new alloy grades. The method is holistic, since it considers all the laser/material interactions in different local geometries of the build, and suggests, for each possible interaction, a specific geometry for test specimens, standard energy parameters to be analyzed through a design of experiment, and measurable key performance indicators. The proposed procedure therefore represents a sound and robust aid to the development of novel alloy grades for L-PBF and to the definition of the most appropriate processing conditions for them, independent of the specific AM machine applied.

Field of study: Materials science
Automatic Emergency Information Classification Based on Rules and Maximum Entropy Model

Text classification is the basic work of researching on the evolution of emergencies. While, in emergency information management systems, most of the emergency information is currently expressed in a text form and always manually classified, which might result in poor efficiency and low accuracy. To deal with it, this paper proposes an automatic emergency text classification method based on rules and Maximum Entropy Model (MEM). First, according to the Public Safety Triangular Framework (PSTF) theory, an emergency information constitution mechanism is established. Then, based on it, the corresponding feature words base is built and is used for constructing the Event Rules Base (ERB). ERB acts as classification basis and is input into MEM for training to generate the emergency text classifier. Experiment results on real data demonstrate that the proposed classification method is able to yield good performance.

Field of study: Engineering
SU-E-I-64: X-Ray Coherent Scatter Mammography Simulation.

Conventional mammography has poor contrast between healthy and cancerous tissues due to the small difference in attenuation properties. Coherent scatter potentially provides more information because interference of coherently scattered radiation depends on the average intermolecular spacing, and can be used to characterize tissue types. However, typical coherent scatter analysis techniques are not compatible with rapid low dose screening modalities. Coherent scatter slot scan imaging is a novel imaging technique which provides new information with higher contrast. In this work a simulation was performed of coherent scatter slot scan imaging to assess its performance and provide system optimization.



In coherent scatter imaging, the coherent scatter is exploited using a conventional slot scan mammography system with anti-scatter grids tilted at the characteristic angle of cancerous tissues. A Monte Carlo simulation was used to simulate the coherent scatter imaging. System optimization was performed across several parameters, including source voltage and filtration, tilt angle, source and grid distances, grid ratio, and shielding geometry.



The contrast was high and increased as the grid tilt angle was increased beyond the characteristic angle for the modeled carcinoma, and as the source voltage increased. Source filtration did not have a significant effect on contrast. Increasing grid ratio improved contrast at the expense of decreasing the signal to noise ratio (SNR). As the tumor size is decreased, additional shields to block the fat signal are necessary in order to detect the cancer signal.



Coherent scatter analysis using a wide slot setup is promising as an enhancement for screening mammography. This work was supported by National Institutes of Health,

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Trends and Issues in Serving Culturally Diverse Families of Children with Disabilities

The emphasis on cultural issues affecting families of children with disabilities is quite new and should be viewed in the context of the way parental roles have been conceptualized by professionals over the past 3 decades. Prior to the 1970s, the emphasis was on psychoanalytic approaches to parents, particularly mothers, an approach that for the most part presented the mother as a victim or patient in severe psychological crisis who needed to go through certain stages of reaction before a point of “acceptance” could be reached. This line of literature focused almost totally on White, middle-class families who could access the kinds of services offered by the psychoanalytic model. While some of the central tenets of that line of thought, such as the notion of the parent’s mourning for an ideal child, seem to be a part of most parents’ experience, the literature had two dominant limitations: the promotion of a pathological view of families of children with disabilities and total omission of the impact of differential cultural beliefs and practices on family reactions. The 1970s saw the advent of the “parent as teacher” approach, which sought to promote positive parental involvement through behavioral training programs. The successes of that approach were reported to be variable, with clear evidence of greater success with middleclass and White families, whose life circumstances, childrearing practices, and personal interaction styles were more consonant with the approaches presented by that model. The advent of P.L. 99-457 in 1986 introduced the current phase, a line of literature that reflects an ideal of the parent as partner or collaborator with professionals. As this ideal evolved into a vision of family-centered practice, issues of diverse family beliefs and practices became a crucial focus.

Field of study: Education
News of the Society

Harold D. Smith, president of the American Society for Public Administration in 1941, whose career in government included work with municipal, state, federal, and international agencies, died suddenly of a heart attack on January 23. With his death, the country loses one of its ablest public servants, and one who had taken a leading part in developing administration as a science and as a governmental career. Mr. Smith, who at the time of his death was acting president of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, served for seven years as director of the budget. He was called to head the Budget Bureau when it was transferred from the Treasury Department to the Executive Office of the President. He built it up to meet the severe demands of the national defense emergency and the World War, putting new emphasis on its work in the fields of administrative management and the development of international organizations. Mr. Smith came to the federal service from the state of Michigan where he was budget director from 1937 to 1939. Earlier he had been director of the Michigan Municipal League and, in 1933-34, president of the American Municipal Association. Before that time he had worked with the Detroit Bureau of Governmental Research, the League of Kansas Municipalities, and the Michigan Municipal League. He held a Master's degree in public administration from the University of Michigan.

Field of study: Psychology
Modeling the Physiological Growth of Swine Part II: Validation of Model Logic and Growth Concepts

This is the second report in a three-part series on development and validation of the NCPIG computer model. For the model describing the physiological growth of swine, three simulation experiments were conducted to mimic experimental treatments (control, medium, high growth) for contemporary crossbred swine. For the two controlled growth experiments, the model adequately simulated liveweight growth (± 1 kg), but was unable to achieve the liveweight growth rate of 1 kg/day of the experimental animals in the high growth treatment. The simulated values for the empty body components of fat, protein, water and ash were within ± 1.0% (empty body weight basis) of the observed values for the control and medium growth rate treatments, but for the high growth treatment, the model was less accurate in fat and water retention (–3% for fat; + 2.7% for water on empty body basis). Simulated feed intake ranged from + 4.1% to –3.5% of the average experimental intake for the three treatments. Feed to gain ratios were higher than those found for the experimental pigs. The results indicate that the NCPIG model adequately simulates controlled intake conditions, but improved model logic is needed to more accurately simulate an ad-lib growth situation where the animal is fed a high energy diet.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Research Progress in Effect of Additional Carbon Source on Water with Heterotrophic Denitrification

In recent years, nitrate pollution has attracted wide attention in the world, and the method of biological denitrification is more economic and practical in consideration of the removal of nitrate and reduction of nitrogen removal cost. At present, the denitrification process is mainly realized by heterotrophic denitrification, and carbon source is a major factor affecting the denitrification process as electron donor. When carbon nitrogen ratio in sewage is low, the additional carbon source is needed to improve heterotrophic denitrification rate, to give a guarantee of the normal process of denitrification. Main carbon sources and their influence on denitrification were discussed, which would provide reference for the future to find more economical, effective carbon source.

Field of study: Environmental science
Investigation of  ${\hbox {ZnWO}}_{4}$ Crystals as Scintillating Absorbers for Direct Dark Matter Search Experiments

A high light yield at low temperatures is one of the key criteria in the choice of scintillating target crystals for the CRESST-II dark matter search. We perform a feasibility study on ZnWO4 crystals as scintillating targets for the CRESST-II experiment. The light yield and the quenching factors of at mK temperatures are given for the first time.

Field of study: Physics
Conservation and Utilisation of Abies guatemalensis Rehder (Pinaceae) – An Endangered Endemic Conifer in Central America

This is the first review on taxonomy, morphology, ecology, conservation and utilisation of Abies guatemalensis, an endangered endemic conifer in Central America. The species became recently split up in seven varieties with a distinct geographic pattern. A number of morphological traits separate the species from the co-occurring A. hickelii and A. religiosa. The species is used for charcoal production, as valuable timber and (more recently) as highly priced greenery. However, utilisation is not sustainable and may lead to regional extinction within few decades. Protection of the species seems to be most efficient if based on community forest management. As a new conservation tool we suggest establishment of Christmas tree and greenery plantations which could generate significant income for the local farmers. The existing knowledge on A. guatemalensis should be used to steer utilisation, to generate livelihood improvements for the local Maya communities, and to optimise regional and national conservation efforts. Conservation of the species is urgent because it occurs in endangered highland forests which provide significant ecosystem services including erosion control and supply of drinking water. Inconsistencies in description of the species and gaps in knowledge are highlighted and future research directions suggested.

Field of study: Environmental science
The Evolution of Australia's Intergovernmental Financial Relations Framework (澳大利亚政府间财政关系框架的演变)

The paper discusses the evolution of Australia's intergovernmental financial relations framework, including developments under Australia's Constitution, and analyses intergovernmental financial transactions under the framework. The methods used to address vertical fiscal imbalance (VFI) and horizontal equity in Australia are discussed and quantitative data on spending across Australian Governments are presented. VFI and horizontal equity are also examined from a historical viewpoint. Finally, some current issues and potential future developments impacting on the distribution of revenue between Australian governments are briefly canvassed. 
 
 
 
本文讨论了澳大利亚政府间财政关系框架的演变过程，包括在澳大利亚宪法下此框架的发展情况，并分析了在此框架内的政府间金融交易情况。同时对用于解决澳大利亚纵向财政不平衡（VFI）和横向财政平衡问题的方法进行了讨论，并列出了澳大利亚各级政府的支出数据。本文还从历史角度对VFI和横向财政平衡问题进行了研究。最后，本文还对可能影响澳大利亚政府间财政收入分配的一些现存问题和未来可能的发展方向进行了简要探讨。

Field of study: Political science
Precision timing of PSR J1012+5307 and strong-field GR tests

We report on the high precision timing analysis of the pulsar-white dwarf binary PSR J1012+5307. Using 15 years of multi-telescope data from the European Pulsar Timing Array (EPTA) network, a significant measurement of the variation of the orbital period is obtained. Using this ideal strong-field gravity laboratory we derive theory independent limits for both the dipole radiation and the variation of the gravitational constant.

Field of study: Physics
Solution structure of paramagnetic metalloproteins

Paramagnetism causes broadening of the NMR lines and therefore makes difficult the detection of the constraints (NOEs and 3 J) which are necessary for the determination of solution structures. The broadening is due to the fast nuclear relaxation rates, which are induced by the coupling of the nucleus with the unpaired electrons. Nevertheless, an NMR methodology has been developed, allowing the detection of classical constraints. This has allowed us to solve the first solution structure of a paramagnetic metalloprotein in 1994. Since then, several solution structures of paramagnetic proteins have appeared. In addition, para- magnetism has been exploited in order to obtain new, nonclassical constraints. First, the nuclear relaxation has been exploited to obtain metal-proton distances. The position of nuclei with respect to the magnetic susceptibility tensor axes has been determined by the use of pseudocontact shifts. The contact shifts have been used as constraints after discovering or confirming the shift dependence on dihedral angles. Paramagnetic molecules can be strongly magnetically anisotropic and therefore display partial orientation in strong external magnetic fields. These orientational effects result in dipolar contributions to the 15 N- 1 H 1 J coupling. Such contributions can yield powerful structural constraints. In summary, the solution structure of many paramagnetic metalloproteins has been solved and described, and several new strategies have been developed for such solution structure determinations.

Field of study: Chemistry