nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and Electrochemical Properties of ZnO 3D Nanostructures

Uniform flower-like ZnO 3D nanostructures were successfully synthesized by a common hydrothermal method using KNO 3 as inorganic mineralizer. The electrochemical properties of as-synthesized ZnO 3D nanostructures were studied by galvanostatic tests, indicating that the ZnO 3D nanostructured products may be good choice for anode materials in the Li ion batteries.

Field of study: Chemistry
EXTRACTION EQUILIBRIUM OFp-AMINOPHENOL WITH TRPO

Extraction equilibrium behavior of p-aminophenol is studied by using TRPO as extractant,and n-octanol or heptane as diluent.The distribution coefficient,D,is measured at various pH values.Mathematics models are proposed to describe the equilibrium behavior based on the physical extraction and reactive extraction of solvent.Results show that neutral p-aminophenol is hydrogen bonded and solvated to TRPO into the organic phase,and D value depends on the fraction of neutral p-aminophenol and TRPO concentration,but does not depend on the diluents apparently.The apparent reactive extraction constant,K,is almost constant in various solvents (about 10 with 10% deviation) except for 20%TRPO/n-octanol condition.The physical distribution constant,m,increased with TRPO concentration,and equivalent to additive of the physical extraction ability of diluent and TRPO.p-Aminophenol can be extracted with both acidic and basic extractants efficiently,the extraction ability shows the order of di(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acidTRPOAlamine 336,and their efficient pH region is 2-3,4-5, and 6.5-7.5 respectively.When extraction method is used to separate p-aminophenol solution,the extractant should be selected based on pH value of the practical solution to avoid the adverse effect of salt produced from adjusting pH.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
A biorthogonal transform with overlapping and non-overlapping basis functions for image coding

The paper presents a novel design method of a biorthogonal lapped transform that consists of long (overlapping) and short (nonoverlapping) basis functions (VLLBT, variable-length function lapped biorthogonal transform), which can reduce annoying blocking artifacts and ringing. We formulate the VLLBT by extending conventional lapped transforms. Then, we provide the theory of the Karhunen-Loeve transform in a subspace (SKLT). Using the theory of the SKLT, we show that given the biorthogonal long basis functions of the VLLBT, the optimal short basis functions in the energy compaction sense are derived by solving an eigenvalue problem without iterative searching techniques. This leads to a desirable feature from a parameter optimization point of view since the degree of freedom for the VLLBT can be theoretically reduced by means of the SKLT. Moreover, the SKLT easily enables us to construct a two-dimensional (2D) VLLBT with nonseparable short basis functions. Experimental results show that, compared to the case where all parameters are optimized, the reduction of free parameters by using the SKLT causes no decline in coding gain for the AR(1) process, and the proposed transform provides promising performance in the efficiency of image coding.

Field of study: Engineering
Kraft und Feld an der Kathode einer elektrischen Glimmentladung

ZusammenfassungDie Ergebnisse meiner Arbeit möchte ich dahin zusammenfassen:1.Es wird gezeigt, daß die Kraft, die auf die Kathode einer elektrischen Glimmentladung ausgeübt wird, sich zusammensetzt aus einer elektrischen Kraft, die der Feldstärke an der Kathode entspricht, und einer aerodynamischen Kraft, die von den durch die Entladung erzeugten Druckunterschieden im Gas und Gasströmungen stammt.2.Es wird eine Methode angegeben, die gestattet, die aerodynamische Kraft zu eliminieren und die elektrische Kraft allein zu messen.3.Aus der elektrischen Kraft wird der Wert der Feldstärke an der Kathode berechnet.4.Für den Fall normaler Stromdichte wird für eine Kupferkathode in Luft Stromdichte, Kraft und Feldstärke in Funktion des Druckes bestimmt. Die Kraft ergibt sich bei verschiedenen Drucken der normalen Stromdichte proportional.5.Aus dem normalen Kathodenfall wird die mittlere Feldstärke im Dunkelraum bestimmt und mit der Feldstärke an der Kathode verglichen. Letztere ist stets größer als erstere.6.Für den Fall größerer als normale Stromdichte wird bei konstantem Druck die Abhängigkeit der Kraft von der Stromdichte bestimmt. Die Kraft steigt in diesem Fall langsamer als proportional mit der Stromdichte, und zwar um so langsamer, je niederer der Druck ist. Bei höheren Drucken wird die Kraft wieder der Stromdichte proportional.
Zum Schlusse möchte ich mir erlauben, Herrn Prof. Regener für die Anregung zu dieser Arbeit und für seine Unterstützung meinen herzlichen Dank auszusprechen.

Field of study: Physics
Psychological Aspects of Political Tolerance among Adolescents

This study concerns 273 Spanish adolescents, aged between 14 and 17, 125 boys and 148 girls. The measured variables were political tolerance, liking for several groups, political experience, cognitive moral reasoning, support for democratic norms, support for violent groups, identification with a group of friends, identification with a religious group, and identification with a soccer team. The objectives of this work were (a) to establish groups of adolescents based on the relationship between their willingness to extend rights to several groups and their liking of these groups, (b) to know the personality characteristics of tolerant and intolerant adolescents, and (c) to set up correlations between age and total tolerance, total liking, and the variables correlated with tolerance. The main findings are that older and younger adolescents belong to different groups, with respect to tolerance, and something similar can be said about boys and girls. Intolerant adolescents perceive themselves as anxious, insecure, solitary, and obstinate. Significant positive correlations between age and political experience, rated support for democratic norms and ratings for identification with a group of friends were found. On the contrary, there were significant negative correlations between age and rated support for violent groups, identification with a religious group, and identification with a soccer team.

Field of study: Psychology
Late Aptian Radiolitidae (rudist bivalves) from the Mediterranean and Southwest Asiatic regions: taxonomic, biostratigraphic and palaeobiogeographic aspects

The onset of the Radiolitidae in the mid-Aptian was subsequently followed by a diversification and a geographic spreading of the group during the late Aptian. From the Mediterranean and Southwest Asian regions are recorded four species of Eoradiolites and one species of Praeradiolites, all well defined. Moreover at least two species of Eoradiolites and two species of Praeradiolites, with a poorly defined taxonomic status, are also present. The geographic distribution of the Mediterranean faunas runs from Southern France, Spain, Italy, Bosnia, East Serbia, Lebanon to Algeria. The southwest Asian faunas are documented from Western China, North India, Pakistan, Afghanistan and Iran. The age of the radiolitid-bearing localities is discussed and/or documented after micropalaeontological assemblages. Mediterranean and Southwest Asian faunas are remarkably different: the former group is dominated by typical cellular shelled forms (Eoradiolites katzeri-E. plicatus being the cardinal taxa) whereas the latter is dominated by acellular forms (Eoradiolites gilgitensis being the cardinal taxon). Palaeogeographic reconstruction of the late Aptian palaeoenvironments place the Mediterranean fauna on the northern and the southern margin of the “Mediterranean Seuil” without any significant dissimilarities in composition, while the southwest Asian faunas are restricted to the northern margin of Tethys. These two bioprovinces are both located in the tropical domain of the northern hemisphere. The existence in southern Russia of a wide marine embayment connected to high latitude cool waters suggests a possible thermal barrier between the Southwest Asian and Mediterranean faunas, close to the Caucasus. The corresponding faunal groups, with common origin, could have derived from isolation of founder populations coupled with some adaptive divergence during the rapid dispersion of the family at an early stage of evolutionary maturity.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Colorization of Gray Images Based on Histogram Mapping and Image Layers

We propose a fast algorithm named HisT for colorizing gray images by transferring colors from a source, color image to a destination, gray image. Instead of choosing RGB color space, we process images in lαβ color space, which minimizes correlation between channels. As gray image varies only along luminance, colors based on the luminance histograms of the two images are transferred as follows. In the first step, we match luminance histogram scales between images, and transfer the mean of chromatic information from the source to the target, where we get the transition image. Secondly, we split the color image and transition image into layers, and impose improved color transfer equations onto each pixel in the transition image, which is used for color transfer between corresponding layers from color image to transition image. The experimental results prove that the HisT algorithm proposed herein is a fast algorithm with little human interactivity.

Field of study: Computer science
Biopsied Oral Soft Tissue Lesions in Kuwait: A Six-Year Retrospective Analysis

The aim of this study was to determine the relative frequency of biopsied oral soft tissue lesions in Kuwait.  Biopsy records and microscopic sections of all oral soft tissue biopsies seen in the Department of Histopathology at Al-Amiri Hospital, Kuwait, between January 2004 and December 2009 were reviewed. The biopsies were divided into two major groups; group 1: nonneoplastic lesions, and group 2: neoplastic lesions. Group 1 was subdivided into reactive, inflammatory, cyst/cyst-like, dysplastic, and pigmented lesions. Group 2 was subdivided into epithelial and mesenchymal lesions, and also into benign and malignant lesions.  Of the 858 biopsies, 732 (85.3%) were nonneoplastic while the remaining 126 (14.7%) were neoplastic. In group 1, more than half of the lesions were within the reactive subgroup (n = 386; 52.7%) while in group 2, 94 (74.6%) lesions were epithelial in origin and 32 (25.4%) were mesenchymal. In addition, 70 (55.6%) lesions were malignant and 56 (44.4%) were benign. Of the 858 biopsies, the most common lesions were fibrous hyperplasias: 178 (20.7%); mucoceles: 110 (12.8%); pyogenic granulomas: 94 (11.0%); squamous cell carcinomas: 56 (6.5%), and lichenoid mucositis: 49 (5.7%).  The majority of the lesions were nonneoplastic and were related to local irritation or trauma. Most neoplastic lesions were epithelial in origin. Oral squamous cell carcinoma was one of the most prevalent oral lesions highlighting the importance of prevention, early detection and diagnosis of oral cancer.

Field of study: Medicine
Implications of genomic signatures in the differential vulnerability to fetal alcohol exposure in C57BL/6 and DBA/2 mice

Maternal alcohol consumption inflicts a multitude of phenotypic consequences that range from undetectable changes to severe dysmorphology. Using tightly controlled murine studies that deliver precise amounts of alcohol at discrete developmental stages, our group and other labs demonstrated in prior studies that the C57BL/6 and DBA/2 inbred mouse strains display differential susceptibility to the teratogenic effects of alcohol. Since the phenotypic diversity extends beyond the amount, dosage and timing of alcohol exposure, it is likely that an individual's genetic background contributes to the phenotypic spectrum. To identify the genomic signatures associated with these observed differences in alcohol-induced dysmorphology, we conducted a microarray-based transcriptome study that also interrogated the genomic signatures between these two lines based on genetic background and alcohol exposure. This approach is called a gene x environment (GxE) analysis; one example of a GxE interaction would be a gene whose expression level increases in C57BL/6, but decreases in DBA/2 embryos, following alcohol exposure. We identified 35 candidate genes exhibiting GxE interactions. To identify cis-acting factors that mediated these interactions, we interrogated the proximal promoters of these 35 candidates and found 241 single nucleotide variants (SNVs) in 16 promoters. Further investigation indicated that 186 SNVs (15 promoters) are predicted to alter transcription factor binding. In addition, 62 SNVs created, removed or altered the placement of a CpG dinucleotide in 13 of the proximal promoters, 53 of which overlapped putative transcription factor binding sites. These 53 SNVs are also our top candidates for future studies aimed at examining the effects of alcohol on epigenetic gene regulation.

Field of study: Biology
Would you swop beds with your cows? : technology

A clean, dry and well-bedded surface and effective bedding management ensures that teats contact a clean area, each time a cow lies down, and will contribute to pleasant cow comfort for animals. This influences most other aspects such as feed intake, cow health, social activities, breeding, milk quality/quantity to mention only a few! Can you afford the losses when using cubicle or under roof housing systems?

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Generation of spikes in ultrafine particle emissions from a gasoline direct injection vehicle during on-road emission tests.

This study explores the generation of ultrafine particle emissions, measured in particle number (PN), based on a portable emissions measurement system (PEMS) in the City of Toronto between October and December 2019. Two driving routes were designed to include busy arterial roads and highways. All measurements were conducted between 10 a.m. and 4 p.m. Altogether, emissions from 31 drives were collected, leading to approximately 200,000 s of data. A spike detection algorithm was employed to isolate PN spikes in time series data. A sensitivity analysis was also conducted to identify the most optimum method for spike detection. The results indicate that the average emission rate during a PN spike is approximately 8 times the emission rate along the rest of the drive. In each test trip, about 25% of the duration was attributed to spike events, contributing 75% of total PN emissions. A Pearson correlation of 0.45 was estimated between the number of PN spikes and the number of sharp accelerations (above 8.5 km/h/s). The Pearson correlation between the occurrence of high engine torque (above 65.0 Nm) and the number of PN spikes was estimated at 0.80. The number of PN spikes was highest on arterial roads where the vehicle speed was relatively low, but with high variability, and including a high number of sharp accelerations. This pattern of UFP emissions leads to high UFP concentrations along arterial roads in the inner city core.

Field of study: Environmental science
Weakly monotonic solutions for cooperative games

The principle of weak monotonicity for cooperative games states that if a game changes so that the worth of the grand coalition and some player's marginal contribution to all coalitions increase or stay the same, then this player's payoff should not decrease. We investigate the class of values that satisfy efficiency, symmetry, and weak monotonicity. It turns out that this class coincides with the class of egalitarian Shapley values. Thus, weak monotonicity reflects the nature of the egalitarian Shapley values in the same vein as strong monotonicity reflects the nature of the Shapley value. An egalitarian Shapley value redistributes the Shapley payoffs as follows: First, the Shapley payoffs are taxed proportionally at a fixed rate. Second, the total tax revenue is distributed equally among all players.

Field of study: Economics
Evidence for a mesoscale thermal circulation over dry salt lakes

Because of albedo and thermal conductivity effects, dry salt lakes in central Australia exhibit a characteristics thermal “signature” within the overall landscape, having much cooler daytime surface temperatures and warmer nocturnal temperatures than the surrounding environment. Various aspects of a possible mesoscale thermal circulation arising from such a thermal differentiation have been investigated for The Salt Lake, a moderately sized (70 km 2 ) dry salt lake in northwestern New South Wales (30° 05′S, 142° 08′E). Surface temperatures across The Salt Lake and surrounding landscape determined by field and polar orbiting (NOAA-9) satellite observations show marked variation, with the salt crust remaining up to 16 K cooler than the surrounding sand country during the day and up to 8 K warmer at night. That this thermal forcing can provide a horizontal pressure gradient sufficiently strong to induce air motion is confirmed by analysis of hourly output from a network of anemographs which were established around the perimeter of The Salt Lake during a five-month autumn and winter period. An extremely regular pattern of nocturnal near-surface convergence (lake warm) and daytime divergence (lake cool) is shown, a pattern which is enhanced when data are stratified for anticyclonic conditions with a weak pressure gradient (∼24% of total observations). Wind roses produced for a number of sites around the lake show a distinct diurnal reversal in near-surface airflow, with generally onshore flow by day and offshore flow at night. Confirmation that a diurnally reversing thermal circulation does operate under certain conditions at The Salt Lake is provided by pilot balloon analysis of winds aloft and by preliminary mesoscale modelling of airflow. This circulation, which has not previously been described in the literature, may have important environmental and climatic implications in the Australian context.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
A Model of Invulnerability Evaluation Based on Routing-topology

Invulnerability is the main research area of network reliability study. In this paper, a method of invulnerability evaluation is provided based on routing-topology. A new definition of invulnerability based on communication ability is given by means of constructing routing-topology and establishing vital link set evaluation model. This method gives more accurate evaluation of invulnerability compared with previous algorithms. A heuristic algorithm accounting for selecting vital link set is proposed and simulation results show that this algorithm performs effectively.

Field of study: Computer science
Maternal and fetal risk factors associated with severity of hypospadias: a comparison of mild and severe cases.

To determine maternal and fetal demographic factors which predict the risk of increasing severity of hypospadias.



A population-based study using the Nova Scotia Atlee Perinatal Database was performed. Demographic variables of mothers and boys with hypospadias were obtained from 1980 to 2007 inclusive. Hypospadias was graded by the position of the urinary meatus as glanular, coronal, shaft, or proximal to shaft. Maternal and fetal risk factors for hypospadias severity were compared using logistic regression.



The total number of male pregnancy and birth records during the study period was 130,796. The total number of cases of hypospadias was 995, yielding an incidence of 0.76%. The severity of hypospadias was graded as glanular in 428 (77.8%); coronal in 77 (14%); penile shaft in 34 (6.2%); and proximal to the penile shaft in 12 (2.2%). The severity of hypospadias was not graded in 445 cases. Low birth weight, low gestational age and maternal age were associated with increased severity of hypospadias, but only maternal age (P<0.03) when logistic regression was performed. Limitations included self-reporting for some parameters, such as smoking, and lack of data, such as for the use of assisted reproductive technologies.



Advanced maternal age was associated with increased severity of hypospadias in our population.

Field of study: Medicine
WE-H-207A-07: Image-Based Versus Atlas-Based Internal Dosimetry.

Monte Carlo (MC) simulation is known as the gold standard method for internal dosimetry. It requires radionuclide distribution from PET or SPECT and body structure from CT for accurate dose calculation. The manual or semi-automatic segmentation of organs from CT images is a major obstacle. The aim of this study is to compare the dosimetry results based on patient's own CT and a digital humanoid phantom as an atlas with pre-specified organs.



SPECT-CT images of a 50 year old woman who underwent bone pain palliation with Samarium-153 EDTMP for osseous metastases from breast cancer were used. The anatomical date and attenuation map were extracted from SPECT/CT and three XCAT digital phantoms with different BMIs (i.e. matched (38.8) and unmatched (35.5 and 36.7) with patient's BMI that was 38.3). Segmentation of patient's organs in CT image was performed using itk-SNAP software. GATE MC Simulator was used for dose calculation. Specific absorbed fractions (SAFs) and S-values were calculated for the segmented organs.



The differences between SAFs and S-values are high using different anatomical data and range from -13% to 39% for SAF values and -109% to 79% for S-values in different organs. In the spine, the clinically important target organ for Samarium Therapy, the differences in the S-values and SAF values are higher between XCAT phantom and CT when the phantom with identical BMI is employed (53.8% relative difference in S-value and 26.8% difference in SAF). However, the whole body dose values were the same between the calculations based on the CT and XCAT with different BMIs.



The results indicated that atlas-based dosimetry using XCAT phantom even with matched BMI for patient leads to considerable errors as compared to image-based dosimetry that uses the patient's own CT Patient-specific dosimetry using CT image is essential for accurate results.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Urod algebras and Translation of W-algebras

In this work, we introduce Urod algebras associated to simply-laced Lie algebras as well as the concept of translation of W-algebras. Both results are achieved by showing that the quantum Hamiltonian reduction commutes with tensoring with integrable representations, that is, for $V$ and $L$ an affine vertex algebra and an integrable affine vertex algebra associated with $\mathfrak{g}$, we have the vertex algebra isomorphism $H_{DS,f}^0(V\otimes L)\cong H_{DS,f}^0(V)\otimes L$, where in the left-hand-side the Drinfeld-Sokolov reduction is taken with respect to the diagonal action of $\widehat{\mathfrak{g}}$ on $V\otimes L$. The proof is based on some new constructionof automorphisms of vertex algebras, which may be of independent interest. As corollaries we get fusion categories of modules of many exceptional W-algebras and we can construct various corner vertex algebras. A major motivation for this work is that Urod algebras of type $A$ provide a representation theoretic interpretation of the celebrated Nakajima-Yoshioka blowup equations for the moduli space of framed torsion free sheaves on $\mathbb{CP}^2$ of an arbitrary rank.

Field of study: Mathematics