nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Study on beam characteristics of a double anode magnetron injection gun

This paper presents the design and initial operation of a double anode magnetron injection gun (MIG) for a 34GHz basic wave gyro-klystron. To accurately determine the beam characteristics of MIG, a theory model with cathode emission is built. A new computer program is employed to simulate electron and cathode emission. Simulation and measurement results indicate that magnetic field influences the beam current of MIG, and the beam current of the MIG depends on the cathode temperature and space charge effect.

Field of study: Physics
Conversion of myrcene by submerged cultured basidiomycetes

Among 15 species screened, strains of Ganoderma applanatum, Pleurotus flabellatus and Pleurotus sajor-caju were found to be most suitable for the production of volatile, oxygenated metabolites from myrcene. Myrcenol and further acyclic monoterpenes as well as monocyclic compounds were identified as a result of hydroxylation at allylic positions, oxygenation and hydration of double bonds, oxidation of alcohols to carbonyl compounds, and formation of carbon-carbon bonds. Types and concentrations of the products depended on strain and conditions of incubation. The low conversion yields were supposedly due to the limited water solubility of the terpenoid precursor substrate.

Field of study: Biology, Engineering
Angiotensin-converting enzyme gene polymorphism in North-west Indian children with posterior urethral valves.

To investigate the association of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism and other risk factors with renal scarring in patients with posterior urethral valves (PUV).



Forty consecutive patients from North-west India were treated for PUV in 1997-2004. The patients were divided into group 1 (no renal scarring, n=12) and group 2 (renal scars present, n=28) based on dimercato-succinic acid scans. ACE I/D polymorphism was determined by polymerase chain reaction in PUV patients and unrelated healthy controls (n=100).



Mean age at presentation was 23.7+/-37.2 months and mean follow up was 4.8+/-1.5 years. Preoperative mean serum creatinine levels for group 1 (non-scarred) and group 2 (scarred) were 1.1+/-1.6 mg/dl and 1.7+/-1.6 mg/dl, respectively. One year after treatment, the serum creatinine levels had decreased to 0.6+/-0.1 mg/dl and 0.8+/-0.3 mg/dl in group 1 and group 2, respectively. ACE genotype distribution in children with PUV was no different from that of controls. The occurrence of D allele was significantly (p=0.04) higher in patients of group 2. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that D allele had a significant impact on renal scar formation, introducing a 4.6-fold risk (odds ratio 4.6, 95% confidence interval 1.03-20.38, p=0.04). A highly significant correlation between the occurrence of renal scarring and presence of breakthrough urinary tract infection (odds ratio=7.5, 95% confidence interval 1.60-35.07, p=0.006) and serum creatinine at follow up (odds ratio=0.6, 95% confidence interval 0.47-0.81, p=0.03) was observed. The mean values for glomerular filtration rate (GFR) after 1 year of treatment (p=0.006) and at follow up (p=0.027) were significantly different between the patients with II genotype and ID/DD genotype. Hypertension was observed in 13 patients and proteinuria in nine patients with no significant difference between the patients having II/I D/DD genotypes.



The presence of D allele is associated with progression of renal scarring and reduced GFR in PUV patients.

Field of study: Medicine
Diversity of plant uses in two Caiçara communities from the Atlantic Forest coast, Brazil

Caiçaras are native inhabitants of the Atlantic coast on southeastern Brazil, whose subsistence is based especially on agriculture and artisanal fishing. Because of their knowledge about the environment acquired through generations, Caiçara people can play an important role in Atlantic Forest conservation. An ethnobotanical study was conducted within two Caiçara communities (Ponta do Almada and Camburí beach, São Paulo State, Brazil), focusing on plant uses. In 102 interviews, 227 plant ethnospecies were quoted, mainly for food, medicine, handicraft and construction of houses and canoes. People from studied communities depend on the native vegetation for more than a half of the species known and used. Using diversity indices, plant uses are compared between studied communities and between gender and age categories within each community. We found quantitative differences in the knowledge about plants between gender categories for each kind of use (medicinal, food and handicrafts). Older and younger informants also have different knowledge about plants for handicraft and medicine, but not for edible plants.

Field of study: Environmental science
Transformation of Hevea Suspension Cells by Electroporation

The uniform design coupled with Partial Least-squares(PLS)regression synthetical was utilized to evaluate the comprehensive test indices as transformation efficiency(Y1)and cell survival rate(Y2)by analyzing Hevea Rubber Hybrid B1(H.brasiliensis×H.nitida)suspension cells.Regression modeling of two test indices were built to optimize the maximum value of the dependent variable.The results showed that under the electric shock conditions of 10 μF,2 kn,1 300 V/cm,a final concentration of 90 μg/mL linear plasmid CaMV35S-EGFP-NOS in 0.4 mol/L sucrose electroporation solution and one minute of 600 mbar vacuum-pumping,logarithmic phase suspended cells,cultured 3 d,could reach an instant expression efficiency and survival rate in 0.648 1% and 56.984 7%,respectively.This study established a system that was applicable to a stable electric shock of Hevea rubber suspension cells and provided an effective method for the research of Hevea rubber suspension cells transgene by optimizing some correlative factors during electroporation.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Thermal Expansion Characteristic of MWCNTs/AZ80 Composite Prepared by Friction Stir Processing

AZ80 based composite reinforced with multi-walled nanotubes was prepared by friction stir processing.The thermal expansion characteristic of MWCNTs/AZ80 composite was investigated.The results show that the composite has smaller thermal expansion coefficients compared with annealed AZ80 matrix materials and the FSPed AZ80 samples,which indicates that the addition of MWCNTs can effectively decrease the thermal expansion coefficient of the matrix.The thermal expansion coefficients of MWCNTs/AZ80 composite decrease along with the increase of volume fraction of MWCNTs.The heat treatment has a positive effect on the thermal expansion coefficients of the composite,and the annealing or solution+aging treatments can decrease the thermal expansion coefficients of the composite.

Field of study: Materials science
Dynamics of population of the A3?u+ nitrogen metastable state in a self-sustained volume discharge of a pulsed CO2 laser

Intracavity laser spectroscopy was used to study the dynamics of population of the ν = 2–8 vibrational levels of the A3∑u+ state in order to establish the possible influence of multistage ionization on the evolution of instability in a self-sustained volume discharge in CO2 laser active mixtures. The populations of the nitrogen vibrational levels Nν were calculated taking into account the real output pulse profile of a dye laser. It was found that multistage ionization can only influence the duration of stable operation of a self-sustained volume discharge by increasing the rate of growth of the spark channel in the discharge gap. This is why the addition of readily ionized substances to the gas that reduce the electron energy and therefore lower Nν can substantially improve the stability of the volume discharge and increase the active volume and output energy of a CO2 laser.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
抑癌基因Maspin在胃癌及癌前病变组织中的表达研究

胃癌是我国常见的恶性肿瘤之一，其发生是一个多阶段多因素参与的复杂过程，其确切机制尚不清楚。 Maspin 基因是采用杂交消减技术在正常乳腺上皮细胞中分离出的一种抑癌基因。本文通过研究不同胃黏膜病变中Maspin蛋白的表达，探讨其在胃癌发生发展、转移中的作用及其与预后的关系。 选取胃镜检查和胃癌手术切除石蜡标本204例，包括正常胃黏膜67例，癌前病变58例，胃癌79例。男性115例，女性89例。采用免疫组化S-P法检测不同胃黏膜组织Maspin蛋白表达，用免疫组化半定量积分法判断结果。采用SPSS13.0软件处理数据，率的比较采用χ2检验或四格表确切概率法， P＜0.05为差异有统计学意义。

Field of study: Biology
Magnetic moments of the octet baryons in a chiral quark potential model

In quark potential models, two-body current contributions to baryon magnetic moments arise necessarily to satisfy the continuity equation for the electromagnetic current. On the other hand, the naive additive quark model predicts the experimental octet magnetic moments to within 5%. We demonstrate that consistently derived two-body current contributions to the octet baryon magnetic moments are individually large, but tend to cancel each other globally.

Field of study: Physics
Modeling of the I-V characteristics of high-field stressed MOS structures using a Fowler-Nordheim-type tunneling expression

The gate current–voltage characteristic of a high-field stressed metal-oxide-semiconductor structure with trapped charge within the insulator barrier is consistent with a Fowler–Nordheim-type tunneling expression. Instead of considering a correction for the cathode electric field as usual, we use an effective local electric field that takes into account the distortion of the oxide conduction band profile caused by the trapped charge. An energy level at the injecting interface, introduced as an optimization parameter of the model, controls the tunneling distance used for calculating the effective field. Trap generation in the oxide is induced by high-field constant current stress and subsequent electron trapping at different injection levels is monitored by measuring the associated flat band voltage shift. The model applies for positive gate injection regardless the stress polarity and the involved parameters are obtained by fitting the experimental data without invoking any particular theoretical model for the trapping dynamics. In addition, it is shown how the presented model accounts for consistently both the current–voltage and voltage–current characteristics as a function of the injected charge through the oxide.

Field of study: Engineering
High-T/sub c/ SQUIDS with local oxygen-ion irradiated weak links

High-T/sub c/ S-N-S RF superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs) were successfully made from single-layer high-quality epitaxial YBCO films. These SQUIDS operate at liquid nitrogen temperature using local oxygen-ion irradiated microbridges. Device yields of about 70% have been obtained with preamplifier limited noise properties. Microbridges of this type can be used as active devices also for other electronic applications because only standard integrated circuit techniques are needed. The magnetic field sensitivity of the 1.4-mm*1.4-mm SQUID is 2 pT Hz/sup -1/2/ at 10 Hz. A parallel connected 8-mm*8-mm pick-up loop improves the sensitivity of 0.7 pT Hz/sup -1/2/.<<ETX>>

Field of study: Physics
Teaching Global Studies to All Undergraduates: A Required First-Year Course

Global studies is an area that is foundational for a twenty-first century college degree. At Elon University, all first-year students take an interdisciplinary course called “The Global Experience” (GST 110) to set the tone for a globally-engaged liberal arts education. Personal and social responsibilities, which are goals of Elon’s core curriculum, provide the context for the course. Students analyze and evaluate the relationships that both connect and obstruct human interaction in an increasingly connected, technological, and rapidly changing world. In this article we explain the opportunities and challenges of delivering a course that has proved its flexibility and durability over many years.

Field of study: Political science
Numerical simulations of the spread of floating passive tracer released at the Old Harry prospect

The Gulf of St Lawrence is under immediate pressure for oil and gas exploration, particularly at the Old Harry prospect. A synthesis of the regulatory process that has taken place over the last few years indicates that important societal decisions soon to be made by various ministries and environmental groups are going to be based on numerous disagreements between the private sector and government agencies. The review also shows that the regulatory process has taken place with a complete lack of independent oceanographic research. Yet, the Gulf of St Lawrence is a complex environment that has never been specifically studied for oil and gas exploitation. Motivated by this knowledge gap, preliminary numerical experiments are carried out where the spreading of a passive floating tracer released at Old Harry is examined. Results indicate that the tracer released at Old Harry may follow preferentially two main paths. The first path is northward along the French Shore of Newfoundland, and the second path is along the main axis of the Laurentian Channel. The most probable coastlines to be touched by water flowing through Old Harry are Cape Breton and the southern portion of the French Shore, especially Cape Anguille and the Port au Port Peninsula. The Magdalen Islands are less susceptible to being affected than those regions but the probability is not negligible. These preliminary results provide guidance for future more in-depth and complete multidisciplinary studies from which informed decision-making scenarios could eventually be made regarding the exploration and development of oil and gas at the Old Harry prospect in particular and, more generally, in the Gulf of St Lawrence.

Field of study: Environmental science
Application of a neural network in high-throughput protein crystallography.

High-throughput protein crystallography requires the automation of multiple steps used in the protein structure determination. One crucial step is to find and monitor the crystal quality on the basis of its diffraction pattern. It is often time-consuming to scan protein crystals when selecting a good candidate for exposure. The use of neural networks for this purpose is explored. A dynamic neural network algorithm to achieve a fast convergence and high-speed image recognition has been developed. On the test set a 96% success rate in identifying properly the quality of the crystal has been achieved.

Field of study: Physics
Design Codes in England - New Urbanist Inspiration?

,n this article ,vor 6amuels, one of FOC86’s most constant collaborators, discusses the growing use of design codes in (ngland and the inÁuence of 1ew 8rbanism. +e does so by e[amining Fairfield Park and 8pton, two recent successful development schemes, as well as a design code for the :est (nd, O[ford which he coauthored. +e concludes by discussing the feasibility of design codes as well as the Tualities they should abide by.

Field of study: Medicine
Potentiometric and economic analysis of using air and water-side economizers for data center cooling based on various weather conditions.

In this study, a thermo-economic analysis was carried out for using Air-Side Economizer (ASE), Water-Side Economizer (WSE) and Combined Air or Water Economizer (CAWE) operation mode in order to cool a data center in ten cities of Iran with various weather conditions. The energy and cost saving potentials in Mashhad municipality's data center was studied as a case study and the findings were generalized for all cities during a year. The results showed that there are energy and cost savings potential by employing CAWE operation mode for all cities except coastal cities. In addition, the Power Usage Effectiveness (PUE) of the data center can be improved by a range from 10% to 12% using CAWE cooling mode for most cities. Finally, it was found that economic index of relative net present value (RNPV) for ASE, WSE and CAWE will be positive if their relative annual potential (RAP) are higher than 12%, 23% and 35%, respectively.

Field of study: Engineering
Conditions for the causality of nonlinear operators defined on a function space

This note considers nonlinear operators T with both range and domain subsets of the space of complex n-vector-valued functions of the real variable t for — co <t< oo. Conditions, in which energy-type quantities play a key role, are presented under which T is causal in the following sense: Let 33(T) denote the domain of T and let t0 = sup {<' | for all / t D(T), jit) = 0 for almost all t < t'}. Then T is causal if for an arbitrary 8 > t„, Tj = Tg a.e. on (t0, 5) whenever f and g belong to SD(7') and / = g a.e. on (t0 , S). 1. Notation. Let 3C„ denote the space of complex measurable n-vector-valued functions of the real variable t for — oo < t < co. The complex-conjugate transpose of an arbitrary / e 3C„ is written as /*. With g and h arbitrary elements of 3C„ , and x either an arbitrary real number or let (g, h; x) denote

Field of study: Mathematics
The Effect of Biofeedback Therapy on the Residual Urine Volume in Children With Dysfunctional Voiding

To evaluate the effect of biofeedback therapy on the residual urine volume in children with dysfunctional voiding.  This prospective study was conducted in children with dysfunctional voiding associated with abnormal postvoid residual urine (PVR) from June 2002 to 2007. The children were divided randomly into 2 groups. Group 1 was treated with standard urotherapy combined with biofeedback therapy and group 2 was treated with only standard urotherapy. The outcomes of uroflowelectromyography pattern, urinary tract infection (UTI), and PVR were recorded before and at the end of sixth month of treatment.  A total of 94 patients were enrolled in this study. Groups 1 and 2 consisted of 62 and 32 patients, respectively. The voiding pattern became normal in 80.6% (50/62) and 56.2% (18/32) of patients in groups 1 and 2, respectively. The PVR resolved in 40 of 62 (64.5%) patients in group 1 and in 11 of 32 (34.4%) children in group 2. Before the treatment, UTI was noted in 22.5% of patients (14/62) in group 1 and 21.8% of patients (7/32) in group 2. After the treatment, UTI was observed in 3.2% of patients (2/62) and in 9.3% (3/32) of patients in groups 1 and 2, respectively. Although both treatment modalities changed the voiding pattern, rate of febrile UTI, and PVR positively, these outcomes were better in a combination group.  The combination of standard urotherapy with the biofeedback therapy improved the results significantly.

Field of study: Medicine
Phycobiliprotein fluorescence of Nostoc punctiforme changes during the life cycle and chromatic adaptation: characterization by spectral confocal laser scanning microscopy and spectral unmixing

Many cyanobacteria are highly adaptable to light quality, and many species undergo a complex life cycle. In this study we show that adaptive changes in the photosynthetic apparatus of cyanobacteria are not only caused by environmental, but also by developmental factors. Spectral confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) was used to analyse in vivo the fluorescence spectra of the photosynthetic pigments chlorophyll a (Chl a), allophycocyanin (APC), phycocyanin (PC) and phycoerythrin (PE) of two Nostoc punctiforme strains. Changes in pigment fluorescence emission occurred in different developmental stages. Strain 1:1-26 showed an emission maximum at 674 nm in motile hormogonia stages, whereas vegetative stages showed maxima at 658 and 575 nm. These changes were not caused by chromatic adaptation. In contrast, the second strain (1:1-26lg) showed distinct fluorescence spectra, pigment localization and clear chromatic adaptation in red light. When these properties are known, both strains can be easily distinguished by the spectral CLSM method, which also allows the localization of the pigments within single cells. To calculate the contribution of individual phycobiliproteins to the observed changes, fluorescence spectra were analysed by spectral unmixing. This allowed the mathematical estimation of fluorescence shares for the individual phycobiliproteins in different developmental stages and both before and after chromatic adaptation. It is concluded that care should be taken when characterizing cyanobacteria by differences in pigment fluorescence, because these differences are influenced not only by chromatic adaptation, but also developmental stages. Spectral CLSM offers a powerful method to study the phycobiliprotein composition in vivo.

Field of study: Environmental science
Independent contributions of threat and popularity to conservation translocations

Species translocations are popular tools in conservation, but may be increasingly motivated by species’ popularity, rather than their threat status. We analyzed relative contributions of threat status (a surrogate for extinction risk) and popularity (an estimate of the degree of public knowledge, awareness or notoriety) to the likelihood of developing translocation projects for a representative whole regional fauna (174 conservation translocations during the last two decades for 82 out of the 527 species of Spanish terrestrial vertebrates). Three measures of threat status were obtained from technical (IUCN) and legal sources. Popularity estimates were obtained from body size data and two different Internet search protocols. All combinations of the three factors used to estimate threat status were correlated, as were the three indicators of species popularity (internet popularity indexes and body mass). Selected estimates unbiasedly captured differences in both threat and popularity among species. Threat and popularity were only weakly correlated, as expected when considering faunas as a whole rather than the better-studied subsets. Threat status and popularity had significant and equivalent contributions to explain the development of conservation translocations. Popularity, or lack thereof, partly explained the development of projects for non-threatened but popular species, as well as the lack of projects for several highly endangered species unknown by the public. Observed mismatches between technical and social criteria can be prevented by (a) strict separation of conservation translocations from translocations directed to cover other social demands or (b) development of explicit, quantitative decision-making criteria aimed at rigorous ex-ante evaluations of translocations.

Field of study: Environmental science
Interdiffusion and Growth of the Superconductor Nb3Sn 
in Nb/Cu(Sn) Diffusion Couples

The confusion over the growth rate of the Nb3Sn superconductor compound following the bronze technique is addressed. Furthermore, a possible explanation for the corrugated structure of the product phase in the multifilamentary structure is discussed. Kirkendall marker experiments are conducted to study the relative mobilities of the species, which also explains the reason for finding pores in the product phase layer. The movement of the markers after interdiffusion reflects that Sn is the faster diffusing species. Furthermore, different concentrations of Sn in the bronze alloy are considered to study the effect of Sn content on the growth rate. Based on the parabolic growth constant at different temperatures, the activation energy for the growth is determined.

Field of study: Materials science
Their Way of Writing: Scripts, Signs, and Pictographies in Pre-Columbian America ed. by Elizabeth Hill Boone and Gary Urton (review)

As the product of a 2008 symposium at Dumbarton Oaks that brought together scholars studying various types of writing and recording systems from both Mesoamerica and the Andes, this edited volume lays the groundwork for a methodological approach that respects the uniqueness of cultural tradition but also recognizes important common patterns that can help to enhance our ability to decipher and understand these diverse systems.

Field of study: History