nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Swimming the Christian Atlantic: Judeoconversos, Afroiberians and Amerindians in the Seventeenth Century

The growth of academic interest in the ‘Iberian Atlantic World’ during the last decade has also witnessed the expansion of scholarship on the presence of, and role played in it by, Judeoconversos (or ‘New Christians’): the descendants of Jews who were converted (often by force) to Christianity in the 14th and 15th centuries. Amongst the most notable works to have appeared in print on this subject have been the collection of edited articles gathered in The Jews and the Expansion of Europe to the West, 1400–1800, edited by P. Bernardini and N. Fiering; A Nation upon the Ocean Sea: Portugal's Atlantic Diaspora and the Crisis of the Spanish Empire, 1492–1640, authored by Daviken Studnicki-Gizbert and the edited articles assembled in Atlantic Diasporas: Jews, Conversos, and Crypto-Jews in the Age of Mercantilism, 1500–1800, edited by Richard L. Kagan and Philip D. Morgan.(1)

Field of study: History
Zur Bestimmung regulärer äquivalenter Nukleon-Nukleon-Potentiale und induzierter Mehrkörperkräfte in Vielteilchensystemen

The local nucleon-nucleon potential, which contains a hard-core, is transformed into a nonlocal, but regular, equivalent potential. The canonical transformations used are restricted to the group of point transformations with infinitesimal generators which depend linearly on the momentum operators of the particles and which preserve the invariance properties. An especially simple one-parametric class of such isometric transformations is chosen, and the method is then applied to the many body problem. A formal expression is given for the induced many body forces. It is pointed out that in the “linear” and asymptotic” approximation there is only an induced static three body force and its form is given explicitly.

Field of study: Physics
Automated volume analysis of head and neck lesions on CT scans using 3D level set segmentation.

The authors have developed a semiautomatic system for segmentation of a diverse set of lesions in head and neck CT scans. The system takes as input an approximate bounding box, and uses a multistage level set to perform the final segmentation. A data set consisting of 69 lesions marked on 33 scans from 23 patients was used to evaluate the performance of the system. The contours from automatic segmentation were compared to both 2D and 3D gold standard contours manually drawn by three experienced radiologists. Three performance metric measures were used for the comparison. In addition, a radiologist provided quality ratings on a 1 to 10 scale for all of the automatic segmentations. For this pilot study, the authors observed that the differences between the automatic and gold standard contours were larger than the interobserver differences. However, the system performed comparably to the radiologists, achieving an average area intersection ratio of 85.4% compared to an average of 91.2% between two radiologists. The average absolute area error was 21.1% compared to 10.8%, and the average 2D distance was 1.38 mm compared to 0.84 mm between the radiologists. In addition, the quality rating data showed that, despite the very lax assumptions made on the lesion characteristics in designing the system, the automatic contours approximated many of the lesions very well.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Liberalism in the Bedroom: Quarreling Spouses in Nineteenth-Century Lima (review)

This important book delivers much more than the title implies. Whereas most research on "quarreling spouses" is drawn primarily from cases of ecclesiastical divorce, Hiinefeldt has mined over one thousand conjugal suits that include petitions for dispensations of impediments to marriage, cases of dissension, and annulments in addition to divorces, and has followed the disputes over alimony and marital property in the civil courts. Furthermore, she has supplemented these sources with examinations of requests for marriage licenses and wills, which lend themselves to quantitative analysis. For example, she uses wills to trace rates of fertility, illegitimacy, and re-marriage over the course of the century. Her thorough and meticulous archival research has resulted in a wealth of information about couples and families in the Archbishopric of Lima throughout the nineteenth century, a period in which Peru passed through the wars of independence, a mid-century export boom based on guano fertilizer, and the War of the Pacific.

Field of study: History
Mesozoic-Cenozoic paleomagnetism of the Intermontane and Yukon-Tanana terranes, Canadian Cordillera

Lithoprobe Slave  Northern Cordillera Lithospheric Evolution (SNORCLE) transect support enabled 24 paleomagnetic collections (536 sites, 6547 specimens) to be made in the northern Cordillera. Paleopoles from 16 studies are integrated with other published paleopoles to present a tectonic synthesis for the Intermontane Belt (IMB) and YukonTanana (YT) terranes since 215 Ma. It shows that the YT terrane has been parautochthonous with the North American craton at least since the Early Jurassic. Since 54 Ma the IMB terranes have rotated steadily clockwise at 0.29° ± 0.11°/Ma on top of the YT terrane and craton or by 16° ± 6° clockwise. Between 102 ± 14 and 54 Ma, the IMB terranes rotated another 35° ± 14° clockwise, probably during Paleocene collision with the craton, and were translated 8.3° ± 7.0° (2σ) (915 ± 775 km) northward, probably during the Late Cretaceous on the Kula plate. The 915 km estimate is much less than most paleomagnetic estimates for "Baja BC" but agrees with the geological evidence. These...

Field of study: Environmental science
[Genetic Characterization of Hemagglutinin on Measles Virus Epidemic Strain Genotype H1a in Liaoning Province (China) from 1997 to 2014].

To wished to characterize the hemagglutinin (H) gene of the measles virus epidemic strain H1a in Liaoning Province (China) from 1997-2014 to provide a basis for the control and elimination of measles. All 63 measles virus strains were the H1a genotype. Fragments of the H gene (1854 nucleotides) and nucleoprotein (N) gene (450 nucleotides) were amplified by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and the PCR products sequenced and analyzed. Phylogenetic-trees were constructed with reference strains of the genotype-H measles virus downloaded from GenBank, including Chinese measles virus strains isolated in 1993-1994 and the vaccine reference strains S-191 and C-47. Sixty-three strains of the measles virus in 1997-2014 belonged to genotype H1a. The mean evolutionary rate for gene N-450 was higher than that for the H gene. All 63 strains of the measles virus were mutated from: serine (Ser S) to asparagine (Asn N) in the 240th amino acid; arginine (Arg R) to glycine (Gly G) in the 243th; and tyrosine (Tyr Y) to Asn N in the 481th amino acid. All measles virus strains in cluster 2 were mutated from proline (Pro P) to leucine (Leu L) in the 397th amino acid. The other neutralization sites showed no apparent difference when comparing the nucleotides/amino acids of the H gene of S191 vaccine strains.

Field of study: Biology
Inelastic scattering of microwave radiation in the Coulomb blockade: Microwave absorption, amplification, and squeezing by inelastic Cooper-pair tunneling

We study scattering of propagating microwave fields by a DC-voltage-biased Josephson junction. At sub-gap voltages, a small Josephson junction works merely as a non-linear boundary that can absorb, amplify, and diversely convert propagating microwaves. We find that in the leading-order perturbation theory of the Josephson coupling energy, the spectral density and quadrature fluctuations of scattered thermal and coherent radiation can be described in terms of the well-known $P(E)$ function. Applying this, we show how thermal and coherent radiation can be absorbed and amplified in a circuit with a resonance frequency. We also show when a coherent input can create a two-mode squeezed output. In addition, we evaluate scattering amplitudes between arbitrary photon-number (Fock) states, describing individual photon multiplication and absorption processes occuring at the junction.

Field of study: Physics
Characterizing Research About Interprofessional Education Within Pharmacy

To determine how pharmacy interprofessional education (IPE) has been studied, namely which disciplines have engaged in pharmacy IPE research initiatives, the research methodologies that have been used to study pharmacy IPE, and journals that have published pharmacy IPE studies.  In the 145 IPE studies included in the review, the authors represented 13 different disciplines (3.2 ±1.5 disciplines/study). Pharmacy authors most commonly published with co-authors from nursing, medicine, and health management and support and most frequently served as first author and as last author. IPE activities involved 4.0 ± 1.9 student disciplines with 211.8 ± 280.1 students, most commonly involving nursing (n = 104, 71.7%), medicine (n = 102, 70.3%), and health management and support students (n = 50, 34.5%). Most studies did not include an author from each student discipline involved in the IPE (n = 88, 60.7%). Further a majority of studies used non-randomized groupings (n=103, 71.0%) with quantitative data (n = 74, 51.0%) and most were published in an interprofessional journal (n = 65, 44.8%) or pharmacy-specific journal (n = 45, 31.0%).  This review summarizes how pharmacy IPE has been studied and highlights opportunities for advancing IPE research and practice.

Field of study: Education, Medicine
Production of D-tagatose and bioethanol from onion waste by an intergrating bioprocess.

The rapid increase of agricultural waste is becoming a burgeoning problem and considerable efforts are being made by numerous researchers to convert it into a high-value resource material. Onion waste is one of the biggest issues in a world of dwindling resource. In this study, the potential of onion juice residue (OJR) for producing valuable rare sugar or bioethanol was evaluated. Purified Paenibacillus polymyxaL-arabinose isomerase (PPAI) has a molecular weight of approximately 53kDa, and exhibits maximal activity at 30°C and pH 7.5 in the presence of 0.8mM Mn2+. PPAI can produce 0.99g D-tagatose from 10g OJR. In order to present another application for OJR, we produced 1.56g bioethanol from 10g OJR through a bioconversion and fermentation process. These results indicate that PPAI can be used for producing rare sugars in an industrial setting, and OJR can be converted to D-tagatose and bioethanol.

Field of study: Biology, Engineering
Adenovirus proteinase: crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction studies to atomic resolution.

Adenovirus proteinase (AVP) is required for the synthesis of infectious virus and is a target for antiviral therapy. The enzyme requires two viral cofactors for activation: pVIc, an 11-amino acid peptide, and the viral DNA. The structure of the enzyme in the absence of cofactors has not been observed. Single crystals of AVP were obtained via microseeding using the hanging-drop vapour-diffusion method with sodium acetate and sodium citrate as precipitants. At the National Synchrotron Light Source at Brookhaven National Laboratory, the native crystal diffracted to a resolution of 0.98 A and an isomorphous heavy-atom derivative diffracted to 1.9 A. Comparison of the structure of AVP with that of the AVP-pVIc complex should reveal the structural basis of activation of the enzyme by pVIc.

Field of study: Chemistry
The evolution of surgical management for craniosynostosis.

Craniosynostosis, the premature closure of cranial sutures, has been known to exist for centuries, but modern surgical management has only emerged and evolved over the past 100 years. The success of surgery for this condition has been based on the recognition of scientific principles that dictate brain and cranial growth in early infancy and childhood. The evolution of strip craniectomies and suturectomies to extensive calvarial remodeling and endoscopic suturectomies has been driven by a growing understanding of how a prematurely fused cranial suture can affect the growth and shape of the entire skull. In this review, the authors discuss the early descriptions of craniosynostosis, describe the scientific principles upon which surgical intervention was based, and briefly summarize the eras of surgical management and their evolution to present day.

Field of study: Medicine
A Profession in Transition? — Lawyers, The Market and Significant Others

There is an ever increasing literature on the changing nature of the professions' and middle class work.2 Accompanying this, is a growing interest amongst academics about the future of professionalism within law.3 This paper seeks to address certain aspects of these debates by concentrating on the emergence of two relatively independent sets of firms. It will analyse the possible transformation of the legal profession into two spheres within the area of commercial law and, by implication, the profession more generally. The paper suggests that this transformation is important as it threatens the striking degree of homogeneity which was found in the profession for much of the fifty years after 1930.4 In the past where fragmentation existed it was largely based around spatial location.5 However, it will be argued that today's transition and, possibly fragmentation, is not solely based on spatial location (although this is obviously an element within this change) but on three inter-related factors:

Field of study: Law
Up-Conversion Luminescence of Er3+/Pr3+/Yb3+ Co-doped LaNbO4 Phosphors

Er3+–Pr3+–Yb3+ co-doped LaNbO4 (LNO) phosphors were obtained by solid-state reaction and their up-conversion properties have been studied. The x-ray diffraction and Rietveld’s refinement revealed no evidence of significant structural changes or secondary phases in the synthesized materials. According to the up-conversion measurements, the observed emissions are due to Er3+ ions which are present as unintentional contaminant in the Pr3+ doped and Pr3+–Yb3+ co-doped systems. The intensity of all the bands was enhanced with increasing Yb3+ concentration, and at 8%Yb3+ a significant decrease of the green and red emissions was found due to the presence of cross-relaxation process between Er3+ and Pr3+ ions, mainly for green emissions because of the back energy transfer mechanisms from Er3+ to Yb3+. The Commission Internationale de l’éclairage color coordinates of almost all samples were located in the green region, while for the LNO: Pr 0.1%–Yb8% phosphor they were located in the blue region. Blue phosphors were obtained from LaNbO4: Pr3+/Er3+/Yb3+ systems using the pair of activators Pr3+/Er3+ which is not commonly investigated in the literature.

Field of study: Materials science
LYAPUNOV AND DIFFUSION TIMESCALES IN THE SOLAR NEIGHBORHOOD

We estimate the Lyapunov times (characteristic times of predictability of motion) in Quillen's models for the dynamics in the solar neighborhood. These models take into account perturbations due to the Galactic bar and spiral arms. For estimating the Lyapunov times, an approach based on the separatrix map theory is used. The Lyapunov times turn out to be typically of the order of 10 Galactic years. We show that only in a narrow range of possible values of the problem parameters the Galactic chaos is adiabatic; usually it is not slow. We also estimate the characteristic diffusion times in the chaotic domain. In a number of models, the diffusion times turn out to be small enough to permit migration of the Sun from the inner regions of the Milky Way to its current location. Moreover, due to the possibility of ballistic flights inside the chaotic layer, the chaotic mixing might be even far more effective and quicker than in the case of normal diffusion. This confirms the dynamical possibility of Minchev and Famaey's migration concept.

Field of study: Physics
SU‐EE‐A3‐06: An Efficient Algorithm for Image‐Based Dose Deformation and Accumulation

Construction of the accumulated dose distribution for fractionated radiation delivery in deforming organs based on automated image segmentation and deformable registration of primary and secondary CT datasets.  Femur heads, bladder, rectum and prostate were automatically segmented in CTimage pairs with 3D deformable triangular surface models. A displacement vector was estimated for each voxel using deformable point‐based registration. The vertices of corresponding adapted surface meshes provided corresponding anatomical landmarks, and the deformation between the surfaces was interpolated to every voxel according to a physics‐based deformation model. The deformation vector field was applied to warp the primary to the secondary CT, and to warp the dose distributions of the simulated treatments to the original treatment plan. The performance of the registration algorithm to match surfaces was evaluated by warping the bladder and the rectum from one patient to a second patient and measuringsurface distances between the warped and target structures. The performance for dose warping was assessed by visually comparing the planned dose in the secondary image to the dose warped from the primary to the secondary image. The surface difference between the warped and target bladder (rectum) was 0.65±0.12 mm (1.80±0.97 mm) in 26 patients. The quality of the dose distribution and the variation of dose volume histograms between warped and un‐warped plans appeared reasonable on visual inspection. Efficient image resampling techniques enable visual evaluation of the warping result at interactive speed on standard hardware. The surface warp took 2 seconds, plus 5 seconds for warping the 79×60×35 dose grid.  The work indicates the potential for efficient dose re‐planning based on secondary CTimaging during treatment and automated image‐processing. Validation work is necessary to assess the effect of different volumetric deformation models on the resulting dose distribution.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Petrologic, paleomagnetic, and structural evidence of a Paleozoic rift system in Oklahoma, New Mexico, Colorado, and Utah

A west-northwest–trending dike swarm consisting of at least 50 mafic dikes cuts Precambrian basement rocks in the area in and south of the Black Canyon of the Gunnison, Colorado, and in Unaweap Canyon near the Colorado-Utah border. The dikes have been studied petrographically, petrochemically, and paleomagnetically, and they have been radiometrically dated. Lithologically, the dike rocks are very similar, consisting of tholeiitic diabase composed primarily of labradorite, augite, and granophyric intergrowths of quartz and alkali feldspar. A Rb-Sr isochron based on mineral separates from one dike yields an age of 495 ±15 m.y. which is statistically identical with a previously reported Rb-Sr date. Pooling the age data for these two dikes gives an age of 497 ± 16 m.y. Whole-rock K-Ar dates on four of the dikes are scattered around the Rb-Sr date and indicate that the dikes have been relatively unaffected by reheating or hydrothermal activity since emplacement. Paleomagnetic directional data from nine of the dikes are well grouped and consistent after both alternating-field (AF) and thermal demagnetization. Several lines of evidence indicate that the remanence reflects the dipolar geomagnetic field direction at the time the dikes were emplaced. Paleopoles corresponding to the mean directions are located at 37.0°N, 101.0°E, δp = 8.6°, δm = 16.4° (AF demagnetization) and 37.0°N, 102.3°E, δp = 4.9°, δm = 9.4° (thermal demagnetization). The consistency of the paleomagnetic data corroborates the idea that the dike swarm is the result of one short pulse of mantle-derived magmatic activity. The dike swarm and other Cambro-Ordovician igneous rocks in Colorado (Powderhorn alkalic complex, Wet Mountains alkalic complexes and dikes) are aligned along a linear west-northwest trend. Cambrian diabase dikes in northeastern New Mexico and a bimodal suite (basalt–gabbro-rhyolite–granite) in southern Oklahoma (Wichita and Arbuckle Mountains, Anadarko Basin) are on line with this trend. Petrologically, all of these Cambrian and Cambro-Ordovician igneous rocks represent types that are typically associated with extensional tectonic regimes. From these data and consideration of documented Paleozoic tectonic activity along the trend of the plutons, it is concluded that throughout the Paleozoic, a west-northwest–trending tectonic zone extended from southeastern Oklahoma, through northeastern New Mexico and Colorado, and into southeastern Utah. Bimodal (basalt-rhyolite) and alkalic igneous activity was restricted to the Cambrian and Cambro-Ordovician, but tectonic activity occurred intermittently along the zone throughout the Paleozoic.

Field of study: Geology
On Challenges Facing WTO Law and It's Improvement

WTO law is a sere of important rules governing international trade which makes important contributions in free trade.With the rapid development of international economy,new problems coming,such as increase of regional trade agreements,higher standers of global environmental protection and developing countries(including lest-developed countries) are not satisfied about the restrictive measures as well as higher threshold raised by developed countries give enormous challenges to WTO law.Facing such challenges,WTO law should coordinate relations between its multilateral trading system and regional trade agreements and deal with relationship between green trade measures and free trade.What's more,WTO law should promote the development of developing countries in creating a favorable outer-environment and conditions.

Field of study: Economics
Family Interviews in Redefining a “Sick” Child's Role in the Family Problem

That the emotionally "sick" child is a spokesman of a family problem is increasingly recognized in child guidance. However much the child himself is now seriously impaired in his functioning, and however much he himself now contributes to perpetuating the roles that have evolved around him, the larger problem indicated by his disturbance is in the network of family relationships, as indeed are the larger resources for significant change. While the traditional child guidance model is intended to correlate helping efforts for the child and his parents, more ofcen than not even its successes involve a considerable undoing of the inherent communication in the treatment model: whereas the child is offered psychotherapy, the parents are seen in casework (the latter not always deemed "treaunenc" in the professional semantics of some instirutions) as if around understanding the chikfs problem. Nor is chis communication entirely undone by various clinical procedures intended to bridge the gap between the child and his helper and the parents and their helpers, e.g., joint interviews of parents by therapist and caseworker. The present preliminary report is intended to propose the usefulness of the newer treatment model of family therapy for leading the family more rapidly to a definition of its incegral problem which releases the child from his scapegoat role and dissolves parental defenses against involvement for themselves. In our experience, bringing the child and his parents (and occasionally siblings) together at che outset of treatrnenc iniciaces the following processes. 1. It is the family as a group that is accorded "patient" scams as child and parents together hear the treatment invitation for each of them to bring rheir suppressed needs in living with each other into the open. 2. The communicative meaning of the child's symptoms is invariably heightened and especially as the therapist shows regard for their intent as expressions of needs not being met in the family (e.g., Hal's "psychotic" talk about H-bombs is accepted as an expression of his anger at that time). 3. In their emergence as interactional responses to ongoing parental behaviors, the child's symptoms are also experienced as magnified replications of like parenral characceristics which signify the same fundamental dynamic

Field of study: Psychology