nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Self-adapting load balancing for DNS

The Domain Name System belongs to the core services of the Internet infrastructure. Hence, DNS availability and performance is essential for the operation of the Internet and replication and load balancing is used for the root and top level name servers. This paper proposes an architecture for credit based server load balancing (SLB) for DNS. Compared to traditional load balancing algorithms like round robin or least connection, the benefit of credit based SLB is that the load balancer can adapt more easily to heterogeneous load requests and heterogeneous back end server capacities. The challenge of this approach is the definition of a suited credit metric. While this was done before for TCP based services like HTTP, the problem was not solved for UDP based services like DNS. This paper presents an approach to define credits also for UDP based services. This UDP/DNS approach is implemented within the credit based SLB implementation salbnet. The presented measurements confirm the benefit of the self-adapting credit based SLB approach.

Field of study: Computer science
Polarographic Reduction of Aldehydes and Ketones. IV. Linear Free Energy Treatment of Substituted Benzophenones

Reduction of thirty nine meta- and para-substituted benzophenones at the dropping mercury electrode was investigated. Substituent effects on half-wave potentials were determined for the one-electron wave of the protonized form in acidic media, for the two-electron wave at pH 9·3 and for the wave in sodium hydroxide solutions that corresponds predominantly to a one-electron reduction. For correlations the Hammett equation and an equation relating meta with corresponding para values derived earlier were used. The deviations from the latter equation as well as the use of constants \(\sigma _{p - x}^ - \) in the Hammett plot has enabled some conclusions to be drawn about the electronic structure of the radicals involved. Even when the correlations of the half-wave potentials with Hammett substituent constants show only a limited precision, they allow the conclusion that half-wave potentials are controlled by substituent I and M effects transmitted through the benzene nucleus.

Field of study: Chemistry
Some memorable lectures

The Chairman welcomes you to the plenary session and extols the quality of the speakers he has selected; among these are three Americans from top universities and a Nobel Laureate to close the programme. He then introduces the first speaker, Professor X from Harvard (or Yale). The professor starts by dropping the names of the top scientists he has previously worked with, and what an honour it is to be invited to speak at this exciting and rewarding conference. He then jumps straight onto his bandwagon. How he discovered the ‘citrulline-carnitine’ cycle in the eighties; its vital importance for the survival of the Inuit in Lapland (although they do not realize it). He embroiders the cycle and adds some finishing touches. He struts his stuff through the lecture like a peacock. But his thoughts do come out crystal clear sweeping away some mental cobwebs, so perhaps the applause he gets at the end is deserved. He does not stay for the rest of this exciting meeting but stumps off to catch a plane to give, no doubt, the same lecture at another exciting conference somewhere else.

The second speaker is from Osaka (or …

Field of study: Medicine
Imaging with multi-spectral mosaic-array cameras.

The emerging class of multi-spectral mosaic-array cameras combines opportunities of spectral data processing and full-motion video color display. We explore capabilities of such sensors and propose the novel demosaicking algorithm capable of enhancing resolution of equally sampled multi-spectral mosaic imagery. We present experimental results of the proposed processing using the imagery acquired with a nine-band short-wave infrared mosaic-array camera.

Field of study: Physics
QoS management specification support for multimedia middleware

Middleware technologies are now widely used in order to provide support for the interaction of systems relying on different hardware and operating systems. At present middleware platforms, however, do not provide enough support for both the configuration and reconfiguration of quality of service (QoS) management aspects of real-time applications such as distributed multimedia systems. That is, current middleware only provides support for the low-level specification of QoS properties. This paper presents an architecture description language (ADL) called Xelha For the high-level specification of QoS management in multimedia middleware whereas lower-level aspects can be tuned by using an aspect-oriented suite of languages referred to as resource configuration description language (RCDL). Tool support is also provided for the interpretation of the Xelha and RCDL languages.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Rising methane emissions in response to climate change in Northern Eurasia during the 21st century

We used a biogeochemistry model, the Terrestrial Ecosystem Model (TEM), to examine the methane (CH4) exchanges between terrestrial ecosystems and the atmosphere in Northern Eurasia from 1971 to 2100. Multiple model simulations using various wetland extent datasets and climate change scenarios were conducted to assess the uncertainty of CH4 fluxes, including emissions and consumption. On the basis of these simulations we estimate the current net emissions in the region to be 20–24 Tg CH4 yr − 1 (1 Tg = 1012 g), two-thirds of which are emitted during the summer. In response to climate change over the 21st century, the annual CH4 emissions in the region are projected to increase at a rate of 0.06 Tg CH4 yr − 1, which is an order of magnitude greater than that of annual CH4 consumption. Further, the annual net CH4 emissions are projected to increase by 6–51% under various wetland extent datasets and climate scenarios by the end of the 21st century, relative to present conditions. Spatial patterns of net CH4 emissions were determined by wetland extent. Net CH4 emissions were dominated by wetlands within boreal forests, grasslands and wet tundra areas in the region. Correlation analyses indicated that water table depth and soil temperature were the two most important environmental controls on both CH4 emissions and consumption in the region. Our uncertainty analyses indicated that the uncertainty in wetland extent had a larger effect on future CH4 emissions than the uncertainty in future climate. This study suggests that better characterization of the spatial distribution and the natural diversity of wetlands should be a research priority for quantifying CH4 fluxes in this region.

Field of study: Environmental science
Long-term abstinent alcoholics have normal memory.

It is generally believed that many non-Korsakoff alcoholics have subtle defects in memory. To determine whether such defects vary as a function of length of abstinence (LOA), we performed extensive memory testing with: (1) recently detoxified (n = 31; LOA-29 days); (2) intermediate-term abstinent (n = 28; LOA = 1.9 years); (3) long-term abstinent (n = 32; LOA-7.0 years) alcoholics; and (4) nonalcoholic controls (n = 37). All subjects were matched on age and education. Alcoholics were matched on years of alcoholic drinking. Memory measures were divided into the following domains: verbal learning, verbal recall, visual learning, visual recall, and paired associate learning. A series of MANOVAs were conducted that revealed a significant relationship between visual learning and length of abstinence, and a significant interaction between age and length of abstinence on visual recall. Long-term abstinent subjects were not significantly different from controls on any test. We conclude that memory disturbance demonstrable among recently detoxified alcoholics in the early weeks of their abstinence is not evident in demographically matched long-term abstinent alcoholics with similar drinking histories.

Field of study: Medicine
Image of Self, Schoolmates, Parents, and Adults among Wolof Adolescents

This study investigated 695 Wolof secondary school students' (176 girls, 519 boys, age range from 17 to 20 yr.) perception of self, family, comrades and adults in general by a questionnaire. (a) Subjects were twice less worried about their physical appearance than about their psychological makeup. (b) Subjects' criticisms were levelled mainly at adults in general and less at themselves. (c) There was a greater concern for the family's poverty and a preference for perfect harmony at home. (d) Kindness was the most appreciated quality in comrades.  Concerning adults, opinion was evenly divided. Some appreciate their advice and kindness, others hate their vices and intolerance; however, when requested to choose between a status of adolescence or of adulthood, subjects anticipated fear of the heavy responsibilities of adults often coupled with a thirst for independence, a desire to keep up their families, and have their own families as well.

Field of study: Psychology
Oligocene and Miocene paleogeography of central California and displacement along the San Andreas fault

Recently completed sedimentologic and petrologic studies of Oligocene and Miocene strata in the Temblor Range (San Joaquin basin) and Santa Cruz Mountains (La Honda basin) permit detailed reconstructions of paleogeography, as well as new estimates of displacement along the San Andreas fault. During the Oligocene and Miocene, the San Joaquin and La Honda basins were contiguous. The southwestern margin of the San Joaquin-La Honda basin was tectonically unstable and paleogeographically complex, with several small deep-sea fans fed by sediment derived from nearby subaerial uplifts of Franciscan and granitic basement. One of these deep-sea fans, represented by the Temblor Formation of the southern Temblor Range and the Vaqueros Sandstone of the central Santa Cruz Mountains, apparently has been displaced about 315 to 320 km by post-early Miocene (post-Zemorrian, about 23 Ma) right-lateral slip along the San Andreas fault. This new estimate of displacement places an additional constraint on interpretations of San Andreas slip history, but ambiguities remain. The time of initiation of San Andreas displacement is poorly known, and available data do not permit discrimination between a history of relatively continuous slip versus a history of episodic slip.

Field of study: Geology
Expression, purification and preliminary crystallographic analysis of human sorbitol dehydrogenase.

Human sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH) was expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 cells and purified using ammonium sulfate precipitation and anion-exchange and dye-affinity chromatography. Purified SDH was crystallized from polyethylene glycol solutions using the hanging-drop vapour-diffusion method. X-ray data were collected to 2.75 A resolution. The crystals belong to the monoclinic C2 space group, with unit-cell parameters a = 145.9, b = 52.3, c = 169.0 A, beta = 101.8 degrees. This is the first crystallization report of human sorbitol dehydrogenase.

Field of study: Chemistry
Pulsed laser deposition of nanocrystalline ZnSe:N thin films

We have grown nanocrystalline ZnSe thin films on GaAs(100) substrates by pulsed laser deposition using a KrF excimer laser. Atomic force microscopy shows that the ZnSe thin films grown on GaAs(100) at 10−1 Torr are flat and dense and are composed of crystallites with an average roughness of 1–2 nm. X-ray diffraction results indicate that crystallites of these ZnSe thin films are of (100) crystalline orientation with an average size of about 10–30 nm. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy indicates that the as-deposited thin films contain 5–7% [N], and nitrogen with N–Zn bondings includes about 40–60% of the total contained nitrogen. Photoluminescence measurements show a donor-to-acceptor pair recombination emission, which reveals the activation of [N] atoms as shallow acceptors in nanocrystalline ZnSe.

Field of study: Materials science
Catalytic alkylation of benzofurans

The alkylation of benzofuran by isobutylene and tert-butyl alcohol in an autoclave in a flow system on ZnCl2 applied to Al2O3 was studied. The major reaction products are 2- and 3-tert-tert-butylbenzofurans, the ratio of which depends on the conditions used to carry out the reaction. The product yield depends on the acidity of the catalyst used. The predominant formation of 2-tert-butylbenzofuran in the flow system is explained by the isomerization of 3-tert-butylbenzofuran via an intermolecular mechanism.

Field of study: Chemistry
An analysis and the further development of the nationwide sports system

The nationwide system has ever increasingly become a controversial hot topic debated by Chinese people.By rationally analyzing the formation and historical merits of and major problems existing in the nationwide system,the author clarified the future development of the nationwide system: correct concept misunderstandings;innovate system design;build a government supported,market guided socialized sport running system;actively develop professional competitive sports;increase the proportion of college students in athletes;fundamentally resolve the problem of re-employment after retirement of athletes;realize the truly harmonious development of competitive sports and mass sports.

Field of study: Education
Disorders of awareness in neuropsychiatric syndromes: An update

Impaired awareness has been reported in a number of neuropsychiatric disorders. The purpose of this review is to provide an update on the current understanding of impaired awareness in neuropsychiatric syndromes, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), Huntington’s disease (HD), traumatic brain injury (TBI), schizophrenia, mood disorders, and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Unawareness of illness or deficits can have important diagnostic, treatment, and functional implications, and further understanding of its clinical and neural correlates will be extremely helpful in mediating its impact. Nevertheless, the area of unawareness has received relatively little attention as compared with other manifestations of neuropsychiatric illness. Evidence supporting a role for the involvement of frontal and parietal lobes across disorders is presented. Although most research has used neuropsychologic measures to assess brain functioning, more recent, limited literature in AD and schizophrenia has begun to examine neural correlates of unawareness using structural and functional imaging.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Prohibition in Puerto Rico,1917–1933

With the passage of the Jones Act (1917), the United States expanded Puerto Rican autonomy, made Puerto Ricans citizens of the USA, and gave the island prohibition of alcohol. The Puerto Rican people overwhelmingly ratified prohibition in a referendum in July 1917. Prohibition won because it was emotionally linked to patriotism and morality. Prohibition enforcement was almost impossible, compounded by the colonial status of the island. It was that status which brought an immediate end to prohibition in Puerto Rico with the demise of prohibition in the United States in 1933.

Field of study: Political science
The Effect of Changing Fly Ash Content on the Modulus of Compression of Stabilized Soil

Adding a curing agent can enhance the mechanical properties of soil including its compressive strength. However, few studies have quantitatively analyzed the compressive strength and microstructure of soils to explore the impact of changes in the microstructure on compressive strength. In addition, the cost of curing agents is too high to be widely used. In this study, curing agents with different proportions of fly ash were added to dredger fill to reduce the amount of curing agents needed. The quantitative analysis of the relationships between the modulus of compression Es and microstructures of stabilized soil samples is presented. The modulus of compression Es was gauged from compression tests. Microscopic images acquired using a scanning electron microscope were processed using the Image-Pro Plus (IPP) image processing software. The microscopic parameters, obtained using IPP, included the average equivalent particle size Dp, the average equivalent aperture size Db, and the plane pore ratio e. This research demonstrated that the fly ash added to the curing agent achieved the same effect as the curing agent, and the amount of curing agent required was reduced. Therefore, the modulus of compression for stabilized soil can be improved. This is due to the hydration products (i.e., calcium silicate hydrate, calcium hydroxide, and ettringite), produced by the hydration reaction, and which adhere to the surface of the particles and fill the spaces among them. Thus, the change in the pore structure and the compactness of the particles helps to increase the modulus of compression. In addition, there was a good linear relationship between the modulus of compression and the microscopic parameters. Using the mathematical relationships between the macroscopic and microscopic parameters, correlations can be built for macro–microscopic research.

Field of study: Materials science
Finitistic Dimension of Faithfully Flat Weak Hopf-Galois Extension

Let $H$ be a finite-dimensional weak Hopf algebra over a field $k$ and $A/B$ be a right faithfully flat weak $H$-Galois extension. We prove that if the finitistic dimension of $B$ is finite, then it is less than or equal to that of $A$. Moreover, suppose that $H$ is semisimple. If the finitistic dimension conjecture holds, then the finitistic dimension of $B$ is equal to that of $A$.

Field of study: Mathematics
Experimental validation of a prototype ejector designed to reduce throttling losses encountered in transcritical R744 system operation

This study presents experimental results obtained from a transcritical R744 system using a refrigerant ejector. The results were compared to that of a conventional system with an expansion valve. For the test conditions considered, the cooling capacity and COP simultaneously improved by up to 8% and 7%, respectively. Experiments were analyzed to quantitatively assess the effects on system performance as a result of changes in basic ejector dimensions such as motive nozzle and diffuser sizing. Small angles of 5° yielded best results for the static pressure recovery of the high-speed two-phase flow entering the diffuser. Experiments confirmed that like in a conventional transcritical R744 system with expansion valve, the high-side pressure control integrated into the ejector could be used to maximize the system performance. Numerical simulation results helped identifying this basic trend. Due to difficulties in the ejector throat pressure measurements, a more practical performance metric was introduced in order to quantify overall ejector efficiencies. According to this definition, the prototype ejector was able to recover up to 14.5% of the throttling losses.

Field of study: Engineering
Distinguishing universals from particulars

Beall, Jc. 2001. A priestly recipe for explosive curry. Logical Studies 7: 1-15. Belnap, N. D. 1962. Tonk, plonk and plink.  130-34. Curry, H. B. 1942. The inconsistency of certain formal logics. Journal of Symbolic Logic 7: 115-17. Everett, A. 1994. Absorbing dialetheia?  Curry's paradox.  True contradictions. Canadian Journal of Philosophy 20: 335-54. Priest, G. 1987.  A Study of the Transconsistent.  Boolean negation and all that. Journal of Philosophical Logic 19: 20215.

Field of study: Philosophy
Development of in-house ELISA for detection of chloramphenicol in bovine milk with subsequent confirmatory analysis by LC-MS/MS

This study was undertaken to develop and validate direct competitive ELISA for the determination of chloramphenicol residues in bovine milk. Antisera and an enzyme-tracer for chloramphenicol were prepared and used to develop an ELISA with inhibition concentrations, IC20 and IC50, of 0.09 and 0.44 ng mL−1, respectively. Milk samples were spiked with standards equivalent to 0, 0.2, 0.3, 0.5, 1.0 & 1.5 ng mL−1 and extracted in methanol. The mean recoveries were found to be 73–100% with coefficient of variance 7–11%. The decision limit (CCα) and detection capability (CCβ) were calculated as 0.10 and 0.12 ng mL−1, respectively. The results were found comparable with the commercial ELISA, having recoveries of 87 to 100%, CCα 0.09 ng mL−1 and CCβ 0.12 ng mL−1. As per Commission Decision 2002/657/EC, in-house ELISA was further validated by using LC-MS/MS. Mass spectral acquisition was done by using electrospray ionization in the negative ion mode applying single reaction monitoring of the diagnostic transition reaction for CAP (m/z 152, 194 and 257). The calibration curve showed good linearity in concentrations from 0.025 to 1.6 ng mL−1 with correction coefficient 0.9902. The mean recoveries were found to be 88 to 100%. The CCα was calculated as 0.057 ng mL−1 and CCβ 0.10 ng mL−1. Since CCα and CCβ are less than half of the MRPL (0.15 ng mL−1), the test was found suitable for screening and quantification of CAP residues in bovine milk samples. Results of surveillance studies indicated that out of 31 analyzed milk samples, 12.9% samples were found with CAP residues but only 3.2% samples were declared positive with maximum concentration 0.31 ng mL−1, slightly above the MRPL.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Brazier Effect in Multibay Airfoil Sections

Although it has long been recognized that all long thin-walled hollow structures exhibit a nonlinear response to bending moments, the majority of analytical research has focused on circular cross sections. A method of predicting the nonlinear behavior of multibay airfoil sections is presented. Although the approach is simple, the algebraic complexity lends itself toward a solution using algebraic manipulation software. Comparison of the analytical models with finite element analysis shows good correlation and demonstrates the ability of the model in predicting the nonlinear bending response of smooth orthotropic two-bay airfoils. Nomenclature [a ]= shell in-plane compliance matrix C = overall curvature [D ]= shell bending stiffness matrix E =Y oung’s modulus G = shear modulus h = height I = second moment of area l = section Y dimension M = longitudinal bending moment m = cross-sectional bending moment p = cross-sectional reaction force S =w all length U = energy w = cross-section displacement z α = cos(β) β = horizontal wall angles to midplane e = strain κ = cross-sectional curvature λ = element length correction factor µ = I correction factor ν = Poisson’s ratio ψ = distributed Brazier crushing force I.

Field of study: Physics
Surface immunoglobulins of leukaemic cells.

We have examined leukaemia cells from twenty-eight patients for the presence of surface immunoglobulins by a migration-inhibition technique. Immunoglobulins were identified on the cells of fourteen out of nineteen patients with chronic lymphatic leukaemia but were not present on cells from patients with chronic myeloid leukaemia or acute leukaemia. The results obtained with the migration technique were confirmed by identification of immunoglobulins in eluates and lysates of the leukaemia cells. Serial elution and lysis studies indicated that in some cases the immunoglobulins were produced by the leukaemia cells at a low but steady rate, possibly indicating a relationship between those cells and `B' cells. In other cases the immunoglobulins were readily removed from the cells and were present only in the initial eluates from the cells, suggesting that they had been adsorbed and might possibly be specific antibody. The immunoglobulin negative chronic lymphatic leukaemia cells may be related to `T' cells, a possibility supported by a high level of phytohaemagglutinin induced transformation in one case examined by this technique.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine