nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Simulation on Effect of Shape of Interior Cavity in Heavy Forgings on Closure

The cavity closure during upsetting in different ingots with different cavity shapes was simulated by finite element analysis.The stress state around the hole were studied.The results show that the greater the ratio of horizontal and vertical axis,the more ideal of cavity closure can be obtained.A new method for estimating the cavity closure can be presented according to the process of stress tracking analysis results.

Field of study: Materials science
Mathematical foundations of the dendritic growth models

At present two growth models describe successfully the distribution of size and topological complexity in populations of dendritic trees with considerable accuracy and simplicity, the BE model (Van Pelt et al. ) and the S model (Van Pelt and Verwer ). This paper discusses the mathematical basis of these models and analyzes quantitatively the relationship between the BE model and the S model assumed in the literature by developing a new explicit equation describing the BES model (a dendritic growth model integrating the features of both preceding models; Van Pelt et al. ). In numerous studies it is implicitly presupposed that the S model is conditionally linked to the BE model (Granato and Van Pelt in Brain Res.  2003; Uylings and Van Pelt in Network 13:397–14, 2002; Van Pelt, Dityatev and Uylings in J. Comp. Neurol. 387:325–40, 1997; Van Pelt and Schierwagen  2004; Van Pelt and Uylings in Network.  2002; Van Pelt, Van Ooyen and Uylings in Modeling Dendritic Geometry and the Development of Nerve Connections, pp 179, 2000). In this paper we prove the non-exactness of this assumption, quantify involved errors and determine the conditions under which the BE and S models can be separately used instead of the BES model, which is more exact but considerably more difficult to apply. This study leads to a novel expression describing the BE model in an analytical closed form, much more efficient than the traditional iterative equation (Van Pelt et al. ) in many neuronal classes. Finally we propose a new algorithm in order to obtain the values of the parameters of the BE model when this growth model is matched to experimental data, and discuss its advantages and improvements over the more commonly used procedures.

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics
An Investigation into the Participation of Graduate Students of Local Agricultural Universities into Academic Activities——Taking Anhui Agricultural University as an Example

With a number of graduate students in Anhui Agricultural University as subjects,the article makes an empirical analysis of the problems existing in the participation of graduate students of local agricultural universities into academic activities.Accordingly some solution measures are put forward:firstly,colleges should guide and encourage post graduates to take part in academic activities initiatively through strengthening publicity,treating them differently and holding more universal academic activities;secondly,colleges should enrich the contents and forms of academic activities through network communication,standardizing dissertation proposal and defense,as well as carrying out intercollegiate academic exchanges;thirdly,colleges should perfect the mechanism of graduate's participation into academic activities,strengthen the construction of academic environment and improve graduates' academic levels through perfecting postgraduate training system and graduate students' BBS system and building effective academic activity participating platform,etc.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Tradeoff study among traffic egression schemes and member allocation optimization for link aggregation groups in integrated switching systems

An integrated switching system (ISS) is an integration of individual switching devices with newly developed control and management protocols, in an integration topology that interconnects the switching devices. It scales the capacity of individual switching devices while functions still as a single switching facility to the outside network. In an ISS, a link aggregation group (LAG) has flexibility to allocate its member links across different switching devices, often as an attempt to spread risk of failure to individual switching devices. Due to existence of the integration topology, traffic admitted into the ISS and destined to egress out of the LAG interface may need to travel a number of hops before leaving the ISS. This lays a bandwidth burden on the integration links of the ISS. Local biasing and designated forwarding have been proposed as LAG egression options to relieve the bandwidth pressure on integration links. They bias traffic egression to be from the neighborhood of the switching device where the traffic ingresses, if the traffic is destined to the LAG interface and a LAG member link is present in the neighborhood. Those enhanced LAG egression schemes are in contrast to the regular LAG egression scheme, in which the traffic will be split and evenly distributed across all LAG members, regardless of their topological distance to the switching device where it ingresses. Although the enhanced egression schemes help to reduce the bandwidth demand on the integration links, there comes a price that load balance across LAG members may be sacrificed and eventually stable LAG capacity could be compromised. In this paper, we study such performance tradeoff and investigate impact factors on LAG performance. In the end, we formulate an optimization problem that optimizes LAG member allocation via pursuing the best tradeoff between integration bandwidth utilization and stable LAG capacity. The solution can be treated as a guideline to deploy LAGs in an ISS. The results show, with optimized LAG member allocation, the potential of integration bandwidth saving and stable LAG capacity maintenance can be maximally explored.

Field of study: Computer science
Global climate change: Lessons from the past – policy for the future

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) recently published its second scientific assessment of climate change. Central to the findings of this study is the statement that “the balance of evidence suggests a discernible human influence on global climate”. This statement arose from recent studies which compared the observational record over the last century with the results from numerical modelling simulations of the climatic response to increasing greenhouse gases and anthropogenic sulphate aerosols. It has profound implications for policy makers as it is the first time that IPCC has stated that global warming has been detected in the observational record. Recent modelling studies reported in the IPCC second assessment also suggest “best estimates” of 2°C warming and 50 cm sea level rise by the year 2100, relative to 1990, with amplification of the warming at high latitudes and over the interior of continents. Similar IPCC “best estimates” of emission scenarios suggest that the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide will continue to increase over the next few centuries. Stabilization of atmospheric carbon dioxide levels, even as high as three times the present, require emission levels significantly below those of 1990. In this paper, the observational record is briefly reviewed as are the recent modelling results which have lead to the statements above. Particular emphasis is given to the role of the oceans in climate change and climate variability. By appealing to the paleoclimatic record for analogies of a climate warmed through anthropogenic greenhouse gases, a discussion of potential climatic swings and regime changes is presented. The policy implications of this work are also addressed.

Field of study: Environmental science
Cyclic plasma IL-6 levels during normal menstrual cycle.

Steroid hormones including sex hormones are known to influence cytokine production by cells in vitro. We investigated whether there are differences in cytokine production in vivo and ex vivo during the menstrual cycle in five ovulating women compared with five pregnant women and nine males. Interleukin 6 (IL-6) in plasma changed periodically during 12 of 13 cycles in five women. The IL-6 levels were lowest in the luteal phase when progesterone levels were elevated and highest preovulatory when progesterone levels were low (P < 0.009). This phenomenon was unrelated to changes in haematocrit or albumin and independent of cortisone, growth hormone, luteinizing or follicle stimulating hormone and testosterone. In contrast to IL-6, the soluble IL-6 receptor did not vary significantly during the menstrual cycle. In comparison, nine males and five pregnant women had low plasma IL-6 levels comparable with women during the luteal phase. In addition, levels of IL-6, IL-10 and TNF were determined after whole blood stimulation with lipopolysaccharide ex vivo during a menstrual cycle. Neither the number of CD-14++ or CD14/CD16+ cells nor the amounts of IL-6, IL-10 and TNF after stimulation showed cyclic changes. We suggest that sex hormones, especially oestrogen and progesterone, may influence immune responses by decreasing basal IL-6 levels in vivo.

Field of study: Medicine
Committed to the Image: Contemporary Black Photography (review)

S o t h e o p t i o n i s s t i l l t h e a l l b l a c k s u r v e y , i n t o w h i c h a s m u c h w o r k h a s t o b e c r a m m e d a s p o s s i b l e . T h a t b e i n g t h e c a s e , w e h a v e e v e r y r e a s o n t o b e g r a t e f u l f o r " C o m m i t t e d t o t h e I m a g e . " S u r e , a n o t h e r s e t o f c u r a t o r s m i g h t h a v e p u t t o g e t h e r a t o u g h e r , s n a p p i e r s h o w , b u t t h i s o n e i s a c a r e f u l l y t h o u g h t o u t , l o v i n g l y p r o d u c e d e d i t i o n o f t h e m o d e l a t h a n d . I t ' s i m p o r t a n t t o r e m e m b e r , t h o u g h , t h a t o t h e r m o d e l s a r e p o s s i b l e , a n d t h e y ' r e w o r t h p u s h i n g h a r d f o r . Roland L. Freeman, Quilter, Annie Dennis, 1976. Ernest Withers, Martin Luther King Junior confronted by the Police at Medgar Ever's Funeral, Jackson MS, 1963. Holland Cotter is an art critic who works for the New York

Field of study: Art
HIGH- AND LOW-MASS STAR-FORMING REGIONS FROM HIERARCHICAL GRAVITATIONAL FRAGMENTATION. HIGH LOCAL STAR FORMATION RATES WITH LOW GLOBAL EFFICIENCIES

We investigate the properties of star-forming regions in a previously published numerical simulation of molecular cloud formation out of compressive motions in the warm neutral atomic interstellar medium, neglecting magnetic fields and stellar feedback. We study the properties (density, total gas + stars mass, stellar mass, velocity dispersion, and star formation rate (SFR)) of the cloud hosting the first local, isolated star formation event and compare them with those of the cloud formed by the central, global collapse event. In this simulation, the velocity dispersions at all scales are caused primarily by infall motions rather than by random turbulence. We suggest that the small-scale isolated collapses may be representative of low- to intermediate-mass star-forming regions, with gas masses (M gas) of hundreds of solar masses, velocity dispersions σ v ~ 0.7 km s–1, and SFRs ~3 × 10–5 M ☉ yr–1, while the large-scale, massive ones may be representative of massive star-forming regions, with M gas of thousands of solar masses, σ v ~ a few km s–1, and SFRs ~3 × 10–4 M ☉ yr–1. We also compare the statistical distributions of the physical properties of the dense cores appearing in the central region of massive collapse with those from a recent survey of the massive star-forming region in the Cygnus X molecular cloud, finding that the observed and simulated distributions are in general very similar. However, we find that the star formation efficiency per free-fall time (SFEff) of the high mass region, similar to that of OMC-1, is low, ~0.04. In the simulated cloud, this is not a consequence of a slow SFR in a nearly hydrostatic cloud supported by turbulence, but rather of the region accreting mass at a high rate. Thus, we find that measuring a low SFEff may be incorrectly interpreted as implying a lifetime much longer than the core's local free-fall time, and an SFR much slower than that given by the free-fall rate, if the accretion is not accounted for. We suggest that rather than requiring a low value of the SFEff everywhere in the Galaxy, attaining a globally low specific SFR requires star formation to be a spatially intermittent process, so that most of the mass in a giant molecular cloud (GMC) is not participating in the SF process at any given time. Locally, the specific SFR of a star-forming region can be much larger than the global GMC's average.

Field of study: Physics
The Lysine Demethylase dKDM2 Is Non-essential for Viability, but Regulates Circadian Rhythms in Drosophila

Post-translational modification of histones, such as histone methylation controlled by specific methyltransferases and demethylases, play critical roles in modulating chromatin dynamics and transcription in eukaryotes. Misregulation of histone methylation can lead to aberrant gene expression, thereby contributing to abnormal development and diseases such as cancer. As such, the mammalian lysine-specific demethylase 2 (KDM2) homologs, KDM2A and KDM2B, are either oncogenic or tumor suppressive depending on specific pathological contexts. However, the role of KDM2 proteins during development remains poorly understood. Unlike vertebrates, Drosophila has only one KDM2 homolog (dKDM2), but its functions in vivo remain elusive due to the complexities of the existing mutant alleles. To address this problem, we have generated two dKdm2 null alleles using the CRISPR/Cas9 technique. These dKdm2 homozygous mutants are fully viable and fertile, with no developmental defects observed under laboratory conditions. However, the dKdm2 null mutant adults display defects in circadian rhythms. Most of the dKdm2 mutants become arrhythmic under constant darkness, while the circadian period of the rhythmic mutant flies is approximately 1 h shorter than the control. Interestingly, lengthened circadian periods are observed when dKDM2 is overexpressed in circadian pacemaker neurons. Taken together, these results demonstrate that dKdm2 is not essential for viability; instead, dKDM2 protein plays important roles in regulating circadian rhythms in Drosophila. Further analyses of the molecular mechanisms of dKDM2 and its orthologs in vertebrates regarding the regulation of circadian rhythms will advance our understanding of the epigenetic regulations of circadian clocks.

Field of study: Biology
2-[2-(Dimethylamino)vinyl]-6-pentafluorophenyl-4-phenylpyrylium perchlorate and its hydrolysis products: Synthesis and isomerism

Abstract2-(2-(Dimethylamino)vinyll-6 pentafluorophenyl-4-phenylpyryliunt perchlorate has been synthesized and it was shown that it is readily converted into 2-fornrylntethylene-6-pentafluorophenyl-4-phenyl-2H-pyran on chromatography on alkaline Al2O3. The stereoisornerism of the synthesized compounds has been studied by PMR spectroscopy.

Field of study: Chemistry
Niveles de mercurio en sedimentos de la zona costera de El Oro, Ecuador

The total content of Hg was evaluated in surface sediments at three localities in the coastal area of the province of El Oro, Ecuador. In each locality nine area of sampling were established, in which the total solids (ST), humidity (H), organic matter (MO) and Hg was analyzed. The Hg concentration was determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry, by hydride generation with atomization in a quartz cell. The concentrations of Hg showed signifi cant differences between localities, with the largest concentration in the Huayla estuary (range: 6,57-7,61 mg kg-1) and the lowest in Bajo Alto (range: 3,46-4,83 mg kg-1). The levels of Hg in sediments suggest a clear anthropic incorporation in the three localities of the coastal profi le of the province of El Oro, which represent a risk to the biota and human health.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
A high-throughput-compatible assay to measure the degradation of endogenous Huntingtin proteins

The accumulation of disease-causing proteins is a common hallmark of many neurodegenerative disorders. Measuring the degradation of such proteins using high-throughput-compatible assays is highly desired for the identification of genetic and chemical modulators of degradation. For example, Huntington's disease (HD) is an incurable hereditary neurodegenerative disorder caused by the cytotoxicity of mutant huntingtin protein (mHTT). The high-throughput measurement of mHTT degradation is important in HD drug discovery and research. Existing methods for such purposes have limitations due to their dependence on protein tags or pan protein synthesis inhibitors. Here, we report a high-throughput-compatible pulse-chase method (CH-chase) for the measurement of endogenous tag-free huntingtin protein (HTT) degradation based on Click chemistry and Homogeneous Time Resolved Fluorescence (HTRF) technologies.The pulsed-labeled proteins were conjugated with biotin using the click reaction strain-promoted alkyne-azide cycloaddition (SPAAC), and the chase signals were calculated by measuring the reduction percentage of the HTT HTRF signals after pull-down with streptavidin beads.We validated that the signals were within the linear detection range and were HTT-specific. We successfully measured the degradation of endogenous HTT in a high-throughput-compatible format using 96-well plates. The predicted changes of HTT degradation by known modifiers were observed, which confirmed that the assay is suitable for the identification of HTT degradation modifiers.We have established the first high-throughput-compatible assay capable of measuring endogenous, tag-free HTT degradation, providing a valuable tool for HD research and drug discovery. The method could be applied to other proteins and can facilitate research on other neurodegenerative disorders and proteinopathies.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
101 : Characterization of the interferon alpha inducible protein LY6E

Ly6E is a member of the Ly family of proteins whose genes are clustered on Chromosome 8. In micro array experiments performed by both our lab and others has shown the Ly6E is highly up regulated in response to Interferon Alpha (IFNa). Despite the identification of Ly6E as an IFNa inducible gene, the protein has not been characterized. Using computer modeling we propose that Ly6E is a spherical protein that is connected to the cell membrane through a GPI anchor. Ly6E is defined by a number of disulfide bonds. Through the modeling and sequence alignment we created a rabbit monoclonal antibody to a unique region of Ly6E. We validated the antibody both through Western Blot (WB) and Flow Cytometric (FC) analysis. Using FC and WB we found that the cell line A549 expressed Ly6E constitutively, independent of IFNa. Furthermore, basic biochemical analysis has found that the protein is highly unstable in a wide variety of storage conditions, and cannot be recovered readily after being dissociated from the cell. Our preliminary studies indicate that Ly6E alters Adenovirus 5 infection of diploid cells. Together these data show that Ly6E is a dynamic protein that can lend insights into Interferon Stimulated Genes and the antiviral response.

Field of study: Medicine
A survey on physical layer impairments aware routing and wavelength assignment algorithms in optical networks

Optical networks are moving from opaque and translucent architectures towards all-optical (transparent) architectures. In translucent architectures a small amount of regeneration (e.g. optical-electronic-optical conversion) is available in the network. The incorporation of the physical impairments in the routing and wavelength assignment (RWA) problem in transparent optical networks has recently received some attention from the research communities. This work compiles a comprehensive survey of the proposed algorithms that address this issue. The physical layer impairments and related classification in optical networks are initially presented followed by physical layer impairments (PLI) constrained and aware RWA algorithms. Algorithmic approach, current PLI-RWA proposals, impact of wavelength conversion on these algorithms, protection and resilience considerations, and proposed extensions to control planes are covered in this work. Further research topics are presented in this study.

Field of study: Computer science
Performance of a semi-hermetic reciprocating compressor with propane and mineral oil

The experimental performance of a semi-hermetic reciprocating compressor working with propane as the refrigerant is reported in the present paper. Tests have been performed both with and without an internal heat exchanger between the vapour suction line and the liquid line, at different settings of the expansion valve. The suction vapour superheating is shown to improve volumetric efficiency and, therefore, global compression efficiency. Experimental results are discussed and explained by means of the high solubility of propane in the mineral oil used as the lubricant, which can cause an excessive reduction of the refrigerant–oil mixture viscosity at low suction superheating. Besides, the possibility of condensation on a cold spot inside the cylinder has also been considered.  for the prediction of volumetric and global compression efficiencies is proposed for propane.

Field of study: Engineering
A Comparative Study of Students’ Access to and Utilization of Learning Resources in Selected Public and Private Universities in Southwest, Nigeria

The study investigated students’ access to and utilization of some learning resources in selected public and private universities in southwest Nigeria. Stratified random sampling technique was used to select 585 (295 public and 290 private) students from 12 (six public and six private) universities in southwest Nigeria. Two instruments-Cost and Quality of University Education Questionnaire (CQUEQS) with a reliability coefficient of 0, 87 and Availability of Learning Resources Observation Schedule (ALROS) which had been used in a previous study-were used to collect data for the study. Frequency counts and simple percentages were used to analyse the data while t-test was used to test the hypotheses at 0.05 level of significance. The findings revealed a significant difference between public and private universities in terms of access to learning resources while there was no significant difference between public and private universities in the utilization of some learning resources. It was recommended that public universities should endeavour to provide more learning resources in their institutions while university authorities should ensure that learning resources that are provided are adequately utilised by students.  Accessibility, utilization, learning resources, public and private  universities, southwest Nigeria.

Field of study: Education
Which Basic Rules Underlie Social Judgments? Agency Follows a Zero-Sum Principle and Communion Follows a Non-Zero-Sum Principle

How are people who generally see others positively evaluated themselves? We propose that the answer to this question crucially hinges on the content domain: We hypothesize that Agency follows a “zero-sum principle” and therefore people who see others as high in Agency are perceived as low in Agency themselves. In contrast, we hypothesize that Communion follows a “non-zero-sum principle” and therefore people who see others as high in Communion are perceived as high in Communion themselves. We tested these hypotheses in a round-robin and a half-block study. Perceiving others as agentic was indeed linked to being perceived as low in Agency. To the contrary, perceiving others as communal was linked to being perceived as high in Communion, but only when people directly interacted with each other. These results help to clarify the nature of Agency and Communion and offer explanations for divergent findings in the literature.

Field of study: Psychology