nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Characterization of Air Profiles Impeded by Plant Canopies for a Variable-Rate Air-Assisted Sprayer

The preferential design for variable-rate orchard and nursery sprayers requires that the sprayers are able to control the liquid and air flow rates based on the canopy structure in real time. Demand for this advanced feature has increased rapidly with the public demand for reductions in pesticide use. A variable-rate, air-assisted, five-port sprayer had been in development to achieve variable discharge rates of both liquid and air. To verify the capability of varying the airflow rate by changing the fan inlet diameter of the sprayer, air jet velocities impeded by plant canopies were measured at various locations inside tree canopies of three different sizes and foliage densities. Air jet velocities were adjusted by changing the sprayer fan inlet diameter with an airflow regulator and measured with a constant-temperature anemometer coupled with hot-wire probes. Peak air velocity and airflow pressure decreased with foliage density and canopy depth. For the 0.34 m fan inlet diameter, the airflow pressure ratio of the front portion to the back portion of the canopies was 2.45 for a 1.65 m tall and 13.4 leaf area index (LAI) Tsuga canadensis (Tree 1), 1.43 for a 2.35 m tall and 2.5 LAI Ficus benjamina (Tree 2), and 1.64 for a 3.0 m tall and 1.5 LAI Acer rubrum (Tree 3). Similarly, the front-to-back peak air velocity ratios were 8.55, 1.59, and 1.89 for Tree 1, Tree 2, and Tree 3, respectively. Variations were significant for peak air velocities and airflow pressures among the three different tree volumes and foliage densities. Increasing the fan inlet diameter from 0.13 to 0.34 m increased average airflow pressure from 2.84 to 4.01 kg m -2 , from 3.88 to 5.82 kg m -2 , and from 2.46 to 3.75 kg m -2 inside the canopies of Tree 1, Tree 2, and Tree 3, respectively, while it also increased average peak air velocity from 2.6 to 4.5 m s -1 , from 5.5 to 9.1 m s -1 , and from 3.0 to 5.2 m s -1 inside the three tree canopies. Therefore, the new sprayer design with an airflow regulator to alter the fan inlet diameter was able to provide variable airflow for different canopy sizes and foliage densities and offered a potentially effective approach to discharge uniform airflow profiles to carry droplets with efficient spray penetration into plant canopies.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Studying the pathogenicity of TBEV to human neuroblastoma tumor cells

To identify the infection and the replication of Tick-borne encephalitis virus(TBEV) in human neuroblastoma cells. After being inffected with TBEV,the cell culture supernatant of human neuroblastoma cell line SK-N-SH was collected and assayed at different time points.Byusing real-time RT-PCR and plaque assay to measure the titer of virus in the supernatant,the replication andproliferation of TBEV in human neuroblastoma cell was identified.Meanwhile,the morphological change of SK-N-SH after TBEV infection was also visualized by observation under microscope and immunmquorescenceassay. Real-time RT-PCR and plaque assay both demonstrated that TBEV could replicate effectively in SK-N-SH cells,the peak titer could reach 2.92× 107 PFU/ml on 3 days post-inoculation.And significant morphological change occured on infected SK-N-SH cells after 2 days post inoculation.By immunofluorescence assay,the virus particles could be detected and visualized. TBEV can replicate andproliferate effcctively and cause significant cell morphological changes in human neuroblastoma cell SK-N-SH,which demonstrated that SK-N-SH could be a suitable cell model for TBEV culture. 
 
 
Tick-borne encephalitis virus; Neuroblastoma tumor cells; Pathogenicity

Field of study: Biology
Bifurcation techniques and positive solutions of discrete Lidstone boundary value problems

Let n ⩾ 1, T ⩾ n + 5 be two positive integers and T n = { n , n + 1 , … , T } . We consider the existence of solutions of the discrete Lidstone boundary value problem.  n Δ 2 n u ( t - n ) = f ( t , u ( t ) , Δ 2 u ( t - 1 ) , … , Δ 2 n - 2 u ( t - n + 1 ) ) , t ∈ T n , Δ 2 i u ( n - i - 1 ) = Δ 2 i u ( T - i + 1 ) = 0 , i = 0 , 1 , … , n - 1 , where f : T n × R n → R is continuous.

Field of study: Mathematics
Development of a water calorimetry-based standard for absorbed dose to water in HDR 192Ir brachytherapy.

The aim of this article is to develop and evaluate a primary standard for HDR 192Ir brachytherapy based on 4 degrees C stagnant water calorimetry.



The absolute absorbed dose to water was directly measured for several different Nucletron microSelectron 192Ir sources of air kerma strength ranging between 21,000 and 38,000 U and for source-to-detector separations ranging between 25 and 70 mm. The COMSOL MULTIPHYSICS software was used to accurately calculate the heat transport in a detailed model geometry. Through a coupling of the "conduction and convection" module with the "Navier-Stokes incompressible fluid" module in the software, both the conductive and convective effects were modeled.



A detailed uncertainty analysis resulted in an overall uncertainty in the absorbed dose of 1.90% (1 sigma). However, this includes a 1.5% uncertainty associated with a nonlinear predrift correction which can be substantially reduced if sufficient time is provided for the system to come to a new equilibrium in between successive calorimetric runs, an opportunity not available to the authors in their clinical setting due to time constraints on the machine. An average normalized dose rate of 361 +/- 7 microGy/(h U) at a source-to-detector separation of 55 mm was measured for the microSelectron 192Ir source based on water calorimetry. The measured absorbed dose per air kerma strength agreed to better than 0.8% (1 sigma) with independent ionization chamber and EBT-1 Gafchromic film reference dosimetry as well as with the currently accepted AAPM TG-43 protocol measurements.



This work paves the way toward a primary absorbed dose to water standard in 192Ir brachytherapy.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
On the theory of chemisorption

A solution of the Anderson model for chemisorption including correlation effects is presented. The solution becomes exact in three limiting cases (largeU, smallU i.e. Hartree-Fock and the so-called symmetric strong coupling limit) of the intra atomic Coulomb repulsionU and the hopping termV. Excellent agreement of our approximation with Schrieffer's exact numerical results for the binding energy of a small model system is found. Our results for the binding energy and the charge of the adsorbate show a significant improvement over the Hartree-Fock approximation. The single particle spectral density of the H-F approximation turns out to be even qualitatively wrong in the largeU strong coupling limit.

Field of study: Physics
Optimally Robust Linear Estimators of Location

Efficiency-robust linear estimation as outlined in Birnbaum and Laska (JASA, 62 (1967) ) is applied, determining maximin-efficient linear unbiased estimators (MLUEs), and their efficiencies, for ordered samples of sizes 5 (5) 20 from a family of nine distributions. The results are compactly summarized because of the tendency of these distributions to admit simple orderings such that the MLUE over any subset of the distributions is just the MLUE over the extreme pair in the ordered subset. Relations to other methods are discussed.

Field of study: Mathematics
Foetomaternal relationships of serum bile acid pattern estimated by high-pressure liquid chromatography.

The bile acid patterns in the maternal and umbilical vein and artery serum samples were analysed by a two-step chromatographic method involving group separation by piperidinohydroxypropyl-Sephadex LH-20 and high-pressure liquid chromatography using immobilized 3 alpha-hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase. Glycochenodeoxycholate predominates in the maternal blood and taurochenodeoxycholate in the umbilical blood. In cases where a free bile acid was detected in the maternal blood, the same bile acid was also demonstrated in the corresponding cord blood. The concentrations of taurocholate and taurochenodeoxycholate were found to be significantly higher in the umbilical artery than in the corresponding umbilical vein. Our data suggest that there is a bidirectional placental transfer of free bile acids and that there is a transfer of taurine-conjugated primary bile acids from the foetus to the mother.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance-based Metabonomic Studies on Urine and Serum from Pr(NO_3)_3-treated Rats

The acute biochemical effects of Pr(NO3)3 were studied by NMR-based metabonomic approach on rats urine and serum.Male Wistar rats were administrated intraperitoneally with Pr(NO3)3 at doses of 2,10 and 50 mg/kg body weight.Urine was collected over a 168 h period after dosing and serum was collected at 48,96 and 168 h period.1H NMR spectra of biofluids(urine and serum) were analyzed by principal components analysis.The results revealed that Pr(NO3)3 caused acute damages on rats liver and kidney,mainly in the liver,and showed a significant dose-dependent relationship.The liver and kidney injury induced by Pr(NO3)3 was characterized by the variations of many endogenous metabolites,such as citrate,succinate,α-ketoglutarate,creatinine,N-trimethyl dioxide,amino acids,lactate,taurine and glucose.

Field of study: Chemistry
Microstructure and mechanical properties evolution of intermetallics between Cu and Sn-3.5Ag solder doped by Ni-Co additives

The evolution of intermetallic compounds (IMCs) generated between Sn-3.5Ag solder doped by additive couples (namely, 0.2mass%Co and 0.1mass%Ni) and Cu substrate was characterized. After soldering, the additive couples, Co-Ni, were all detected at the intermetallic region. The microstructure of intermetallic was identified as (Cu, Ni, Co)6Sn5 by electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) and x-ray diffraction (XRD). However, the morphology of (Cu, Ni, Co)6Sn5 was converted to columnar like and was not as dense as the typical scallop-like Cu6Sn5. A duplex structure of (Cu, Ni, Co)6Sn5, namely, two distinct regions bearing different concentrations of Ni and Co, was observed. Much higher Ni and Co concentrations were probed in the outer intermetallic region adjacent to the solder matrix, while lower concentration at the inner region was verified. After aging, the intermetallic (Cu, Ni, Co)6Sn5 tended to be dense, while the growth rate was depressed at the early stage. In addition, the Cu3Sn phase was not detected after aging at 110°C, while it appeared at 130°C and 150°C for 504 h. Using the nanoindentation technique, some mechanical properties of (Cu, Ni, Co)6Sn5 were investigated. The lower hardness and Young’s modulus of the outer intermetallic region was revealed. After aging treatment, both the hardness and Young’s modulus values were elevated.

Field of study: Materials science
Preparation and characterization of textured polycrystalline Na and K-β″β-aluminas

Polycrystalline samples of Na, K-β″ β -aluminas with a c0-textured microstructure have been successfully produced. Very fine, high-aspect-ratio, freeze-dried powder was pressed into thin disks and sintered. The high degree of preferential orientation in the resultant ceramics was revealed by XRD and SEM examination. A significant difference of electric conductivity between directions perpendicular and parallel to the pressing direction was determined by ac impedance spectroscopy, i.e., 2.7×10−6Ω−1 cm−1 and 2.2×10−4Ω−1 cm−1 respectively at 25°C for K-β″ β -aluminas.

Field of study: Materials science
Rereading Doris Lessing: Narrative Patterns of Doubling and Repetition, and: The Theme of Enclosure in Selected Works of Doris Lessing (review)

Central to Claire Sprague's rereading of Lessing's novels is the figure of the double (or to do justice to the multiplicity that Sprague finds in Lessing's work, the doubles). Sprague maintains that "Lessing's extraordinary gallery of doubles and multiples overturns prior models"; the models referred to are primarily in nineteenth-century fiction. My disagreement is with the verb "overturns." Lessing extends the complexity of the nineteenthand twentieth-century use of character divisions, but she hardly overturns that model. Although doubling is the chief strategy that Sprague attends to, she also pays significant attention to Lessing's use of numerology, naming, setting, and narrative as strategies in the service of her "profoundly dialectical consciousness." Sprague's own narrative strategy is an interesting one: "For my meditations about her repetitions and her contraries, a pattern of juxtaposition that looks at Lessing whole, without overall chronological armor, seemed most suitable." Such a strategy allows Sprague to range over a number of Lessing's texts and shape a very comprehensive essay "Mothers and Daughters/Aging and Dying" in Chapter Six. It also allows her to be selective about which novels get special attention. Expectedly, The Golden Notebook and The Four-Gated City are analyzed. What is unexpected is the analysis of the out-of-print Retreat to Innocence (1956); therein Sprague argues that "the novel isn't great or good, but it is extremely interesting for Lessing students," but the entire analysis seems too much about too little. That space might better have been given to The Good Terrorist (1985). The inclusion of a chapter on A Ripple from the Storm (1958) is both unexpected and effective. Sprague's reading of that oft-underestimated novel makes a convincing case for its consequence; she rightly argues that "the politics of race and sex are in fact anatomized in this novel as they are nowhere else in Lessing's novels."

Field of study: Art
The kinetic and thermodynamic sorption and stabilization of multiwalled carbon nanotubes in natural organic matter surrogate solutions: the effect of surrogate molecular weight.

Styrene sulfonate (SS) and polystyrene sulfonates (PSSs) were used as surrogates of natural organic matter to study the effect of molecular weight (from 206.2 to 70,000 Da) on their sorption by a multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) and an activated carbon (AC) and on their stabilization of MWCNT suspension. Results indicate that surface-diffusion through the liquid-sorbent boundary was the rate-controlling step of the kinetic sorption of both MWCNTs and AC, and surface-occupying and pore-filling mechanisms respectively dominated the thermodynamic sorption of MWCNTs and AC. Sorption rates and capacities of MWCNTs and AC in molecular concentration of SS and PSS decreased with increasing molecular weight. The PSSs but not SS facilitated the stabilization of MWCNT suspension because of the increased electrosteric repulsion. The PSSs with more monomers had greater capabilities to stabilize the MWCNT suspension, but the capabilities were comparable after being normalized by the total monomer number.

Field of study: Environmental science
Homomorphic-Policy Attribute-Based Key Encapsulation Mechanisms

Attribute-Based Encryption (ABE) allows to target the recipients of a message according to a policy expressed as a predicate among some attributes. Ciphertext-policy ABE schemes can choose the policy at the encryption time, contrarily to key-policy ABE schemes that specify the policy at the key generation time, for each user. In this paper, we define a new property for ABE, on top of a ciphertext-policy ABE scheme: homomorphic-policy. A combiner is able to (publicly) combine ciphertexts under different policies into a ciphertext under a combined policy (AND or OR). This allows to specify even much later the policy for a specific ciphertext: the sender encrypts, and the combiner specifies the policy, without knowing the plaintext. More precisely, using linear secret sharing schemes (LSSS), we design Attribute-Based Key Encapsulation Mechanisms (ABKEM) with our new Homomorphic-Policy property. Technically, by exploiting a specific property in the structure of LSSS matrix, we can show that, given several en-capsulations of the same keys under various policies, anyone can derive an encapsulation of the same key under any combination of the policies. As a consequence, from encapsulations under many single attributes, one can build an encapsulation under a complex policy over the attributes. Similarly to the case of encryption with homomorphic properties, where malleability weakens confidentiality, homomorphic-policy ABE also weakens the security of an ABE when the combiner colludes with legitimate users. On the other hand, homomorphic-policy provides additional flexibility and nice features when one targets some practical application: in Pay-TV, this allows to separate the content providers that can generate the encapsulations of a session key under every attributes, this key being used to encrypt the payload, and the service providers that build the decryption policies according to the subscriptions. The advantage is that the aggregation of the encapsulations by the service providers does not contain any secret information.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Is there a hadron spin-flip contribution to the Coulomb-hadron interference at small momentum transfer and high energies?

The analysing power AN is examined in the range of the Coulomb-hadron interference on the basis of the experimental data from pL = 6 GeV/c up to 200 GeV/c taking account of a phenomenological analysis at pL = 6 GeV/c and a dynamic high-energy spin model. The results are compared with the new RHIC data at pL = 100 GeV/c. The new experimental data obtained at RHIC indicate small contributions of the hadron spin-flip amplitude.

Field of study: Physics
Conventional radiograph V/S CT for evaluation of sagittal fracture of mandibular condyle: A Case report

Condylar fractures of mandible are not very easy to diagnose radiographicaly. If fracture is vertical, it would be much more difficult to diagnose. Since treatment depends on type of fracture, CT scan is advised rather than conventional radiographs to diagnose condylar fractures.The cases reporting to the hospital during the period of July 2019 to April 2020 were enrolled, of which 2 cases have been reported here. It was observed that there are chances of missing the diagnosis of the condylar fracture if only the conventional radiographs are used. CT along with conventional radiographs should be considered for better treatment and management of the patients with maxillofacial injuries.

Field of study: Medicine
Determination of affinities and antigenic epitopes of recombinant human tumor necrosis factor-α with monoclonal antibodies by biosensor

To determine the affinities of 10 monoclonal antibodies specific for recombinant human tumor necrosis factor α and 5 monoclonal antibodies recognizing antigenic epitopes of TNF α.  By using biosensor the affinities were measured by means of kinetic analysis, and the antigenic epitopes were determined subsequently.  It was shown that the affinity constants of the antibodies ranged from 10 5 to 10 7M 1 and the antigenic epitopes could be categorized into 3 groups.  The biosensor is a ideal and powerful tool to facilitate the kinetic analysis of interaction between antigen and antibody and for prediction of conformational distribution of antigenic epitopes.

Field of study: Biology
Influence of ZrO2 Addition on Structural and Biological Activity of Phosphate Glasses for Bone Regeneration

Zirconium doped calcium phosphate-based bioglasses are the most prominent bioactive materials for bone and dental repair and regeneration implants. In the present study, a 8ZnO–22Na2O–(24 − x)CaO–46P2O5–xZrO2 (0.1 ≤ x ≤ 0.7, all are in mol%) bioglass system was synthesized by the conventional melt-quenching process at 1100 °C. The glass-forming ability and thermal stability of the glasses were determined by measuring the glass transition temperature (Tg), crystallization temperature (Tc), and melting temperature (Tm), using differential thermal analysis (DTA). The biological activity of the prepared samples was identified by analyzing X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectra (SEM-EDS), before and after immersion in simulated body fluid (SBF) for various intervals of 0, 1 and 5 days, along with the magnitude of pH and the degradation of glasses also evaluated. The obtained results revealed that the glass-forming ability and thermal stability of glasses increased with the increase in zirconia mol%. The XRD, FTIR, and SEM-EDS data confirmed a thin hydroxyapatite (HAp) layer over the sample surface after incubation in SBF for 1 and 5 days. Furthermore, the development of layer found to be increased with the increase of incubation time. The degradation of the glasses in SBF increased with incubation time and decreased gradually with the increase content of ZrO2 mol% in the host glass matrix. A sudden rise in initial pH values of residual SBF for 1 day owing to ion leaching and increase of Ca2+ and PO43− ions and then decreased. These findings confirmed the suitability of choosing material for bone-related applications.

Field of study: Materials science
Availability of Teaching Facilities in Business Education Departments in Colleges of Education North-West Nigeria

This research sets out to find the availability of teaching facilities in departments of business education in Colleges of Education North-West Nigeria. Business Education aims at skills acquisition to make graduates employable, self-employed and self-reliant or employer of labour. One research question and one null hypotheses tested at 0.05 level of significance guided the study.  The population for the study consisted of all business education lecturers and students in Colleges of Education North-West Nigeria.  The proportionate stratified and purposive sampling techniques were employed to selected sample size of 432 respondents, made up of 345 students and 87 lecturers of business education in 13 Colleges of Education North-West Nigeria.  A structured questionnaire was used as instrument for data collection, which was face validated by three experts.  Cronbach Alpha Reliability Coefficient of 0.86 was obtained for the study.  It was found that teaching facilities in departments of business education in Colleges of Education North-West Nigeria were available to an average level.  It was therefore recommended that management of Colleges of Education in North-West Nigeria should ensure that teaching facilities are very much available in departments of business education.  Availability, teaching facilities, Business Education, Colleges of Education.

Field of study: Education
Using service-level indices to manage the quality of computing services: A case study

This article shows how utility and 1 decision theory is applied to develop a service-level index (SLI) to judge the quality of delivered computing service. The SLI integrates objectively measurable systems performance data with customer value judgements. Hidden assumptions and implicit tradeoffs among service attributes are made explicit in the process. An objective discussion of critical service issues between the computing service provider and the customer is supported. The SLI development process is discussed, and results obtained in a software development environment are presented. Also shown is how the SLI helped to evaluate computing service quality and guide system tuning and load balancing efforts in a mainframe computing environment under the UNIX ® operating system.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering