nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Modulation of the activity of human 17 alpha-hydroxylase-17,20-lyase (CYP17) by cytochrome b5: endocrinological and mechanistic implications.

Using NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase as electron donor the homogeneous pig 17 alpha-hydroxylase-17,20-lyase (CYP17) was shown to catalyse the conversion of delta 5, as well as delta 4, steroids (pregnenolone and progesterone respectively) predominantly into the corresponding 17 alpha-hydroxylated products. The latter were then cleaved by the lyase (desmolase) activity of the enzyme into androgens. Cytochrome b5 stimulated both these activities, but its most noticeable effect was on the formation of delta 16-steroids, which compulsorily required the presence of cytochrome b5. These results on the pig enzyme confirm the original findings [Nakajin, Takahashi, Shinoda and Hall (1985) ]. The human CYP17 expressed in Escherichia coli [Imai, Globerman, Gertner, Kagawa and Waterman (1993) ] was also purified to homogeneity and was found to catalyse the hydroxylation of pregnenolone and progesterone without requiring cytochrome b5. Like the pig CYP17, the human CYP17 also catalysed the cytochrome b5-dependent direct cleavage of pregnenolone into the delta 5,16-steroid, but unlike it the human enzyme did not cleave progesterone at all. 17 alpha-Hydroxypregnenolone was, however, cleaved into the corresponding androgen but only in the presence of cytochrome b5. 17 alpha-Hydroxyprogesterone was a poor substrate for the human CYP17; although it was converted into androstenedione in the presence of cytochrome b5 its K(m) was 5 times higher and Vmax. 2.6 times lower than those for the hydroxylation of progesterone. The endocrinological and mechanistic implications of these results are discussed.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
The Barremian-Aptian arid phase in western Europe

Evidence is presented from nine areas in western Europe (Speeton, Yorkshire; southern North Sea; Channel and Weald Basins, southern England; Jeanne d'Arc, Lusitanian and Aquitanian Basins of the North Atlantic continental margins; Lower Saxony Basin, north Germany; the Paris Basin and southern France) for a phase of aridity which began during the Hauterivian-middle Barremian and continued to dominate the climate of the region until the mid-Aptian, although conditions during this period were not uniformly dry throughout. Criteria for recognising arid environments include the occurrence of evaporites, abundances of carbonate-rich sediments, red beds, firmgrounds, carbonate nodules and pyrite concretions, depletion of kaolinite, spore assemblages of limited morphological diversity, and the presence of numerous coniferalean and cheirolepidiacean pollen grains. The change from generally humid to dry climates during the Barremian is thought to have been linked to a lowering of sea-level. The arid phase clearly falls within the time span of the first Cretaceous Oceanic Anoxic Event.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Structure of ADC-68, a novel carbapenem-hydrolyzing class C extended-spectrum β-lactamase isolated from Acinetobacter baumannii.

Outbreaks of multidrug-resistant bacterial infections have become more frequent worldwide owing to the emergence of several different classes of β-lactamases. In this study, the molecular, biochemical and structural characteristics of an Acinetobacter-derived cephalosporinase (ADC)-type class C β-lactamase, ADC-68, isolated from the carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii D015 were investigated. The blaADC-68 gene which encodes ADC-68 was confirmed to exist on the chromosome via Southern blot analysis and draft genome sequencing. The catalytic kinetics of β-lactams and their MICs (minimum inhibitory concentrations) for A. baumannii D015 and purified ADC-68 (a carbapenemase obtained from this strain) were assessed: the strain was resistant to penicillins, narrow-spectrum and extended-spectrum cephalosporins, and carbapenems, which were hydrolyzed by ADC-68. The crystal structure of ADC-68 was determined at a resolution of 1.8 Å. The structure of ADC-68 was compared with that of ADC-1 (a non-carbapenemase); differences were found in the central part of the Ω-loop and the C-loop constituting the edge of the R1 and R2 subsites and are close to the catalytic serine residue Ser66. The ADC-68 C-loop was stabilized in the open conformation of the upper R2 subsite and could better accommodate carbapenems with larger R2 side chains. Furthermore, a wide-open conformation of the R2-loop allowed ADC-68 to bind to and hydrolyze extended-spectrum cephalosporins. Therefore, ADC-68 had enhanced catalytic efficiency against these clinically important β-lactams (extended-spectrum cephalosporins and carbapenems). ADC-68 is the first reported enzyme among the chromosomal class C β-lactamases to possess class C extended-spectrum β-lactamase and carbapenemase activities.

Field of study: Chemistry
Recurrent eruption and subsidence at the Platoro caldera complex, southeastern San Juan volcanic field, Colorado: New tales from old tuffs

Reinterpretation of a voluminous regional ash-flow sheet (Masonic Park Tuff) as two separate tuff sheets of similar phenocryst-rich dacite erupted from separate source calderas has important implications for evolution of the multicyclic Platoro caldera complex and for caldera-forming processes generally. Masonic Park Tuff in central parts of the San Juan field, including the type area, was erupted from a concealed source at 28.6 Ma, but widespread tuff previously mapped as Masonic Park Tuff in the southeastern San Juan Mountains is the product of the youngest large-volume eruption of the Platoro caldera complex at 28.4 Ma. This large unit, newly named the “Chiquito Peak Tuff,” is the last-erupted tuff of the Treasure Mountain Group, which consists of at least 20 separate ash-flow sheets of dacite to low-silica rhyolite erupted from the Platoro complex during a 1 m.y. interval (29.5−28.4 Ma). Two Treasure Mountain tuff sheets have volumes in excess of 1000 km 3 each, and five more have volumes of 50–150 km 3 . The total volume of ash-flow tuff exceeds 2500 km 3 , and caldera-related lavas of dominantly andesitic composition make up 250-500 km 3 more. A much greater volume of intermediate-composition magma must have solidified in subcaldera magma chambers. Most preserved features of the Platoro complex-including postcollapse asymmetrical trap-door resurgent uplift of the ponded intracaldera tuff and concurrent infilling by andesitic lava flows-postdate eruption of the Chiquito Peak Tuff. The numerous large-volume pre-Chiquito Peak ash-flow tuffs document multiple eruptions accompanied by recurrent subsidence; early-formed caldera walls nearly coincide with margins of the later Chiquito Peak collapse. Repeated syneruptive collapse at the Platoro complex requires cumulative subsidence of at least 10 km. The rapid regeneration of silicic magmas requires the sustained presence of an andesitic subcaldera magma reservoir, or its rapid replenishment, during the 1 m.y. life span of the Platoro complex. Either case implies large-scale stoping and assimilative recycling of the Tertiary section, including intracaldera tuffs.

Field of study: Geology
RELATING UNIT AND SUB-UNIT IRRIGATION PERFORMANCE

The relationship between on-farm and district-wide irrigation efficiency is not well understood. No analytical 
method exists to describe the relationship between performance parameter values for different geographic scales. Often 
on-farm efficiencies have different numerical values than district-wide or region-wide efficiencies. The ambiguous 
relationship between irrigation performance at differing scales is a frequent source of confusion, leading potentially to 
erroneous assumptions or policy decisions. A major item influencing irrigation performance over different geographic 
scales is the fact that tailwater (runoff) or drainage from one field may be reused on another, at least to the extent that the 
water quality of these flows is not limiting. Such reuse complicates the quantification of consumptive or beneficial uses of 
water. This article presents analytical expressions relating irrigation performance values for a unit and its constituent 
sub-units, when tailwater or drainage from one sub-unit may be reused on another. A simple numerical approximation to 
the exact relationship is also offered. Two irrigation performance parameters are considered: Irrigation Consumptive Use 
Coefficient (ICUC) and Irrigation Efficiency (IE). Expressions are presented for two cases: when there is a terminal subunit 
from which no further reuse is possible, and when non-consumed water from any sub-unit may be reused on some 
other sub-unit. Application of the theory is discussed.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Lidar reflectance from snow at 2.05  μm wavelength as measured by the JPL Airborne Laser Absorption Spectrometer.

We report airborne measurements of lidar directional reflectance (backscatter) from land surfaces at a wavelength in the 2.05 μm CO₂ absorption band, with emphasis on snow-covered surfaces in various natural environments. Lidar backscatter measurements using this instrument provide insight into the capabilities of lidar for both airborne and future global-scale CO₂ measurements from low Earth orbit pertinent to the NASA Active Sensing of CO₂ Emissions over Nights, Days, and Seasons mission. Lidar measurement capability is particularly useful when the use of solar scattering spectroscopy is not feasible for high-accuracy atmospheric CO₂ measurements. Consequently, performance in high-latitude and winter season environments is an emphasis. Snow-covered surfaces are known to be dark in the CO₂ band spectral regions. The quantitative backscatter data from these field measurements help to elucidate the range of backscatter values that can be expected in natural environments.

Field of study: Physics
Evelyn Waugh During the Pinfold Years

On a trip to Ceylon in January and February 1954, Evelyn Waugh suffered the hallucinations that form the basis of The Ordeal of Gilbert Pinfold.1 Like the protagonist of his novel, Waugh believed he was being persecuted by a group of psychologists using some sort of electronic telepathy to listen in on his private thoughts and to tease, torment, and vilify him about his private life and his public reputation. It is clear both in the novel and in biographical accounts of the incident that Waugh's and Pinfold's ordeals were caused by the cumulative effects of chloral hydrate and bromide, combined with liberal doses of  Yet the paramount importance of the episode in Waugh's life is that he fictionalizes it as an artistic crisisÂ—a thorough shaking of confidence in his imaginative powers. Pinfold emerges victorious from his ordeal first by maintaining his belief that the "voices" were realÂ—real to him at any rateÂ—and then by establishing control over his imagination through writing his own Ordeal of Gilbert Pinfold. Waugh himself regains control by laying to rest many

Field of study: Art
Model for failure rate curves

The failure rate of electronic components is determined by the initial distribution of the critical parameters and by the nature of the degradation mechanism. Assuming the mechanism to be determined by a first order differential equation with respect to time it turns out that a simple relation exists between the life histories of components with different initial conditions. 
 
With only one failure mechanism and a (truncated) normal distribution function, with average μ and standard deviation σ, it is shown that the shape of the failure rate curve is determined by a dimensionless characteristic parameter b = n(σ/μ)2, in which n is typical for the underlying failure mechanism. For b 14 the failure rate decreases continuously as a function of time. 
 
By considering the complete failure rate curve, including the rejects during testing, a relation between yield and failure rate can be indicated. 
 
A prediction about the temperature-dependence of the failure rate curve is given. The effect of stress testing at elevated temperature can be made quantitative by a simple scaling rule.

Field of study: Engineering
Evaluation of Poetic Mood with the Semantic Differential

The “isoprinciple,” which requires the classification of poems by mood, is the generally accepted criterion for the selection of poems used in therapy. The semantic differential was used to identify the general mood (positive or negative) of 10 poems. Data from 30 subjects representing 3 populations yielded no significant rating differences between groups. The validity of the scales was confirmed. Areas for further investigation are discussed.

Field of study: Psychology
Cognition, behavior, and the experimental analysis of behavior.

A case history illustrates how one research program in the experimental analysis of behavior evolved somewhat differently from the modal research program represented in this journal. A chief issue that seems to be responsible for this difference is the role attributed to theory in behavioral research: Skinner's views on the nature and function of theory and on the nature of observation combine to produce a certain kind of picture of behavior. The classic conception of reinforcement contingencies is tied to this particular picture. But this picture may be incompatible with, and certainly is different from, other possible pictures. Reinforcement contingencies that place greater emphasis on the local temporal patterning of behavior seem tied to some of these alternative pictures of what behavior is. These other pictures encourage a wide range of theoretical approaches, including cognitive ones, various kinds of mathematical analyses, and computer-simulation methods to characterize entire behavior streams. In the future, perhaps the experimental analysis of behavior will accept a somewhat different range of views on the nature and function of theory, a correspondingly different set of experimental methods, and alternative ways of talking about behavior.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
The Dilemma of University Organization's Reform and Its Countermeasures

Today universities have to face continuing challenges for effective agents.How to respond to the pressure of changes in university organization has become a global problem.The inefficient dilemma of university organizational reform first originates from the university organization's low technology itself.And multiple goals conflict as well as system mandatory reform led by the government are inefficient causes and origins.The transformation is the normal state of university organization.As a form of cultural existence designed and maintained by human being,countermeasures to get out from the low efficiency dilemma should be selected,which includes university's management by special educator,teaching process reengineering,reconstructing relationship of government-university-market and creating learning organization.

Field of study: Education
Rio 2016 Olympic Park Master Plan Competition

The city of Rio is determined to capi­ talize on the opportunity to host the Olympic and Paralympic Games in 2016. It aims to deliver a memorable and picturesque event while leaving a strong, sustainable, environmental, architectural, cultural and economic legacy for city’s development. The successful hosting of the Games, set with the backdrop of Rio’s stunning beaches, mountains, and forests, will help draw the attention to the city’s coming of age and its prominent position in Brazil’s eco­ nomic resurgence.

Field of study: Medicine
An efficient routing algorithm based on segment routing in software-defined networking

Software-defined networking (SDN) is an emerging architecture that offers advantages over traditional network architecture. Segment routing (SR) defines the path of information through the network via an ordered list of multi-protocol label switching (MPLS) mechanisms on the packet headers at the ingress device, and this system makes SDN routing management more simple and efficient. SR can also solve some scalability issues in SDN. In this paper, we propose a routing algorithm for SDN with SR that can meet the bandwidth requirements of routing requests. Our algorithm considers the balance of traffic load and reduces the extra cost of packet header size in a network. Simulation results show that the performance of our algorithm is better than that of previously developed algorithms in terms of the average network throughput and the average rejection rate of routing requests.

Field of study: Computer science
Pilgrimage and Narrative in the French Renaissance: The Undiscovered Country. Wes Williams

Of the three treatises here, one is translated from Latin and is aimed at other Christians who might curtail Nobili's labors because of certain views about Indian Brahmins. Highly argumentative and peppered with quotations from Christian and Indian religious texts, Nobili's "Customs of the Indian Nation," held that most Brahmins were not priests, that the so-called "sacred thread" worn by them was a mark of social status and not superstitious religious practice, and that the practice of shaving the head to a hair tuft and utilizing sandal paste on the forehead were also not religious in nature. Nobili sorted out those in the Brahmin caste, locating those most likely to be open to conversion to Christianity because of views of the deity closest to his own. These Brahmins, or wise men, then became the focus of his efforts at the salvation of the Indian nation; thus the title of the book, Preaching Wisdom to the Wise. In order not to be classified as a beef-eating foreigner ordinarily grouped with the untouchables, Nobili temporarily cut off open contact with almost all Europeans, changed his diet, and assumed the guise of a holy man beyond caste. Achieving some success in this effort, he made the first converts from among the upper castes, including Brahmins in south India in the seventeenth century. He hoped that by converting upper caste Indians he would then be able to convert large numbers of those from the lower castes. To make a long and fascinating story short, he had some limited success, but after his death most conversions were from the lower and untouchable castes, and the Christian salvation of India was not achieved. The other two treatises, "The Dialogue on Eternal Life," and "Inquiry into the Meaning of 'God'," are translated from Tamil and were addressed to potential Indian converts. The first is more dense and theological, the second direct and simple. Both required the potential convert to follow Nobili in utilizing his reason and then take a leap of faith to reach Christian liberation and salvation. As the editors, especially Anand Amaladass, make clear, Nobili, for all his subtle understanding of Indian society, retained his antagonism to Hinduism, even as he saw that some of its "wise men" shared the views of the deity that he and his mentor, Aquinas, held. LEONARD A. GORDON Brooklyn College, The City University of New York

Field of study: History
Deflationism and the Meaningless Strategy

Armstrong, D. M. 1997. A World of States of Affairs.  The Reality of Numbers.  Events and propositions. . Lewis, D. 1999. A world of truthmakers? In his Papers in Metaphysics and Epistemology.  Lewis, D. Forthcoming. Things qua truthmakers (with a postscript by G. Rosen and D. Lewis).  Essays in Honour of D. H. Mellor,  Lillehammer and G. Rodriguez-Pereyra.  Routledge. Mellor, D. H. 1995. The Facts of Causation.  Routledge. Wittgenstein, L. 1922. Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus, translated by C. K. Ogden and E P. Ramsey.  Routledge and Kegan Paul. BRADLEY ARMOUR-GARB

Field of study: Philosophy
On the track of natural transformation in soil

The understanding of microbial gene transfer including how bacteria acquire and disseminate genes in natural environments will provide data on the role of horizontal transfer in evolution. This understanding has been stimulated in recent years by concern about the impact of genetically engineered microorganisms on natural environments. This prospect has increased interest in determining the regulatory mechanisms of indigenous microbial populations as well as detecting genetic interactions between bacteria introduced into soil and the indigenous microflora. This paper will review the strategies developed to demonstrate whether the different steps required by natural bacterial transformation (the uptake of naked DNA by competent bacteria) could actually occur in soil. This will include a review on the release of DNA from microbial cells by passive or active mechanisms, its persistence by adsorption of extracellular DNA onto major soil components such as sand or clay minerals and the uptake of DNA by competent bacteria.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Study on the Role of Corporate in Shareholder's Derivative Suit

Shareholder's derivative suit aims at the perfecting of corporate governance,through efficient supervision of owners to their agencies,and depends on the design of both relevant substantive and procedural regulations.The current Corporate Law of China provides generally fiduciary duty of directors,supervisors and senior managers towards the corporate,as well as the outline of the Suit.However,the neglect of relevant procedural regulations,which will inevitably result in inconvenience and ambiguity in the implementation,abates its feasibility.This paper intends to design a feasible and efficient role of corporate to act in the Suit.

Field of study: Economics
The Role of a Polariton Bath in the Emission Spectrum of an Open Nanocavity-Quantum Dot System

We investigate the effect of a polariton bath on the photoluminescence (PL) spectrum of the elementary excitations for a confined nanocavity-quantum dot (nC-QD) system. We modeled the nC-QD system as a two-level exciton in strong coupling with a single photonic cavity mode interacting with its environment. The non-hamiltonian processes induced by the environment are taken into account via a Born-Markov master equation which includes: gain and loss of excitons and photons into/out of the cavity, a dephasing mechanism produced by phonon scattering in the semiconductor lattice and gain and loss of polaritons due to the already mentioned polariton bath. In order to validate our phenomenological model, we fit an experimental spectrum to extract the values of all parameters appearing in the master equation. Our results show that polariton pumping and loss rates are comparable to the other parameters and therefore we have a first evidence that the polariton bath we proposed has a significant role in the dynamics of a nC-QD system.

Field of study: Physics
Matrix metalloproteinases regulate extracellular levels of SDF-1/CXCL12, IL-6 and VEGF in hydrogen peroxide-stimulated human periodontal ligament fibroblasts.

Periodontitis is a highly prevalent infectious disease characterized by the progressive inflammatory destruction of tooth-supporting structures, leading to tooth loss. The underling molecular mechanisms of the disease are incompletely understood, precluding the development of more efficient screening, diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. We investigated the interrelation of three known effector mechanisms of the cellular response to periodontal infection, namely reactive oxygen species (ROS), matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and cytokines in primary cell cultures of human periodontal ligament fibroblast (hPDLF). We demonstrated that ROS increase the activity/levels of gelatinolytic MMPs, and stimulate cytokine secretion in hPDLF. Additionally, we proved that MMPs possesses immune modulatory capacity, regulating the secreted levels of cytokines in ROS-stimulated hPDLF cultures. This evidence provides further insight in the molecular pathogenesis of periodontitis, contributing to the future development of more effective therapies.

Field of study: Medicine