nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Molecule capture by olfactory antennules: Mantis shrimp

A critical step in the process of olfaction is the movement of odorant molecules from the environment to the surface of a chemosensory structure. Many marine crustaceans capture odorant molecules with arrays of chemosensory sensilla (aesthetascs) on antennules that they flick through the water. We developed a model to calculate molecule flux to the surfaces of aesthetascs in order to study how the size, aesthetasc spacing, and flick kinematics of olfactory antennules affect their performance in capturing molecules from the surrounding water. Since the three-dimensional geometry of an aesthetasc-bearing antennule is complex, dynamically-scaled physical models can often provide an efficient method of determining the fluid velocity field through the array. Here we present a method to optimize the incorporation of such measured velocity vector fields into a numerical simulation of the advection and diffusion of odorants to aesthetasc surfaces. Furthermore, unlike earlier models of odorant interception by antennae, our model incorporates odorant concentration distributions that have been measured in turbulent ambient flows. By applying our model to the example of the olfactory antennules of mantis shrimp, we learned that flicking velocity can have profound effects on odorant flux to the aesthetascs if they operate in the speed range in which the leakiness of the gaps between the aesthetascs to fluid movement is sensitive to velocity. This sensitivity creates an asymmetry in molecule fluxes between outstroke and return stroke, which results in an antennule taking discrete samples in space and time, i.e. “sniffing”. As stomatopods grow and their aesthetasc Reynolds number increases, the aesthetasc arrangement on the antennule changes in a way that maintains these asymmetries in leakiness and molecule flux between the outstroke and return stroke, allowing the individual to continue to take discrete samples as it develops.

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics
Loutsenko and roubtsov reply:

The extended version of our reply to Comment on ``Critical Velocities in Exciton Superfluidity'' by S. G. Tikhodeev ( (2000), 3502 or from this http URL) is presented here. The principal question is discussed: does the moving exciton-phonon packet contain the coherent `nucleus', or the exciton-phonon condensate?

Field of study: Physics
Introverted Personality Traits of Leaders and Organization Citizenship Behaviour of Followers: A Moderating Effect of Leader-Member Relationship

Research on the relationship between personality and leadership supports the notion that individual differences may be the predictors of leadership effectiveness in contemporary organizations. Extant studies stress that each of the Big-Five broad personality dimensions is related to leader criteria. In general, the main differences between effective leaders and less effective ones are that effective leaders describe themselves from their personality traits and the relationship building with followers. However, relatively few studies have tested how and why a leader’s personality traits relate to follower behaviors, and if so, the mechanisms through which a leader’s personality traits relate to follower behaviors. Accordingly, the main aims of the present study are to examine whether the introverted personality traits of leaders affect the organizational citizenship behavior of followers and to examine the role of leader-member relationship as a moderator in social exchange process in the relationship between leader personality and organizational citizenship behavior of followers. To advance the understanding of these, simple regression analysis and moderator regression were used to test hypotheses in the present study with the sample size of 98introvert managers as leaders and 196 subordinates as their followers. The study found that there is no positive direct effect of introverted traits of leaders on organizational citizenship behavior of followers. Yet, leader-member relationship moderates the relationship between introverted personality traits of leaders and organizational citizenship behavior of followers. The present study makes several theoretical and managerial contributions to make organizations success.

Field of study: Business
SU‐GG‐T‐380: Design and Shielding Considerations for the World's First Compact Synchrocyclotron Proton Therapy Unit

Our institution will soon take delivery of the Monarch 250 Compact Proton Therapy Unit (Still River Systems). We performed facility shielding calculations that accounted for the produced neutron flux.  Workload assumptions (80Gy/day) yielded the number of protons produced per day. The vendor did not provide extraction efficiency, neutron yields from the treatment field shaping system, or neutron yield estimates from the synchrocyclotron. To provide a conservative neutron yield we assumed; the largest scatteredfield size and complete portal blocking, conservatively low cyclotron production efficiency (25%), and a high quality factor (20) for neutron dose equivalent calculations. Neutrons were assumed to be produced at the isocenter location, by stopping the SOBP protons in a Cu target. The room design includes a sub‐floor to allow rotation of the accelerator below the sub‐floor level. Classical analytical methods were used to calculate required barrier thicknesses based on neutron yields, accounting for angular dependences, and based on concrete (standard or high density (HD)), earth, and steel. Maze calculations used analytical approaches, heavily influenced by the number of bounce paths, and maze area. Conservative use and occupancy factors were used.  The shielding calculations resulted in barrier thicknesses similar to existing proton facilities; from 4ft to 6.25ft of HD concrete. Some design features included; reducing the maze ceiling height to reduce the source area of scatteredneutrons, adding an additional leg at the door entrance to allow for an unshielded door, and adding steel to surround unavoidable barrier voids. To reduce cost, the barriers that did not shield occupy‐able space, used standard concrete.  The neutron yield from the Monarch 250 is unknown, so conservative values were used in the shielding calculations. Vault design strategies were developed to reduce overall construction cost. We allow for contingencies if we underestimated any barrier thickness.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Empirical study of the organizational culture and organizational effectiveness of sports teams in China

By using a questionnaire regarding organizational culture and organizational effectiveness,the author investigated 304 athletes in 12 sports teams in Hubei and Hunan provinces,examined the current state of organizational culture of competitive sports organizations,compared the differences in organizational culture and organizational effectives between competitive sports organization personnel of different backgrounds,and the relations between organizational culture and organizational effectives,and revealed the following findings: the scores of competitive sports organizations for various dimensions of organizational culture and organizational effectiveness were in equilibrium,organizational culture was highly consistent with organization effectiveness;there was a significant difference in most remarks of athletes of different backgrounds on organizational culture,in which the effects of age,sports rating,educational level,backbone or replacement and years trained on organizational culture reached a significant level;all the 4 dimensions of organizational culture could effectively predict various indexes of organizational effectiveness,in which the effects of prediction of organizational effectiveness by development culture and consensus culture were the best.

Field of study: Education
Optimal Priority-based Call Admission Control Scheme For QoS Provisioning in Heterogeneous Wireless Networks

Next generation wireless networks will support a diverse set of access technologies. And the demanding breed of multimedia applications will even more considerably require Quality of Service (QoS) support. This paper proposes an optimal prority-based Call Admission Control (CAC) scheme in heterogeneous wireless networks, i.e., the generalized semi-Markov Decision Process based CAC (GCAC). Considering the limitations of the traditional Markov decision process for optimal CAC policy, we characterize the CAC problem through a GSMDP formulation that characterize s the network behaviors in the heterogeneous system more exactly. And the proposed scheme can guarantee the QoS constrains both in the physical and network layer. Numerical examples illustrate that the performance in the GCAC scheme is significantly better than that in the conventioinal GC scheme and an optimal CAC schme based on MDP.

Field of study: Computer science
Cholinergic regulation of tachykinin- and enkephalin-gene expression in the rat striatum.

Ninety-five percent of the neurons in the corpus striatum of the rat are medium spiny projection neurons, which contain tachykinins such as substance P, neurokinin A, and neurokinin B and the opiate peptides, enkephalin and dynorphin. The remaining 5% consist of interneurons, of which a small but significant proportion are cholinergic. The influence of these cholinergic interneurons on the neuropeptidergic projection systems in the striatum is poorly understood at this time. The present study explores the relationship between cholinergic receptor activation or muscarinic blockade on striatal neuropeptide gene expression. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were treated chronically either with a cholinergic agonist (physostigmine: 0.5 mg/kg/3 x day), a muscarinic antagonist (scopolamine HCl: 0.4 mg/kg/3 x day), or vehicle (PBS: 0.1 ml/100 g) administered for 6 days (s.c.). In situ hybridization was performed with probes directed against mRNAs for beta-preprotachykinin (a transcript containing substance P, neurokinin A, and other tachykinins), neurokinin B and preproenkephalin. Physostigmine administration resulted in a 12% decrease in the dorsolateral caudate-putamen and a 27% increase in the core of the nucleus accumbens in substance P/neurokinin A mRNA; and a 29% increase in the caudate-putamen and an 11% increase in the core of the nucleus accumbens in preproenkephalin mRNA levels. Scopolamine treatment resulted in a 28% and 48% decrease, respectively, in the caudate-putamen and in the shell of the nucleus accumbens in substance P/neurokinin A mRNA levels. Neurokinin B mRNA levels were increased by 50% in the shell of the accumbens after scopolamine. Preproenkephalin mRNA levels increased by 24% in the caudate-putamen and decreased by 20% in the core of the nucleus accumbens. From these results we tentatively conclude that cholinoceptive neuropeptidergic neurons are segregated along dorsoventral and mediolateral axes in the striatum, thus giving rise to non-homogenous responses upon cholinergic receptor activation or muscarinic blockade.

Field of study: Biology
Depth-related change in archaeal community structure in a freshwater lake sediment as determined with denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis of amplified 16S rRNA genes and reversely transcribed rRNA fragments.

Vertical changes in archaeal community structure in mesophilic freshwater lake sediment were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis of amplified 16S rRNA genes and reversely transcribed 16S rRNA fragments. Electrophoretic band pattern of archaeal community did not drastically change with depth. The archaeal 16S rRNA-based denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis band pattern was very similar to the 16S rDNA-based pattern. These results indicate that archaeal community structure does not drastically change throughout the 0-20 cm in depth, and most archaeal populations in the sediment retain extractable rRNA. Phylogenetic analysis of seven sequences retrieved from both DNA- and RNA-based denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis revealed that these sequences were divided into four major lineages; the kingdom Crenarchaeota, the order Methanomicrobiales, the family Methanosaetaceae, and an uncultured cluster within Euryarchaeota. The order Methanomicrobiales and the family Methanosaetaceae were the dominant methane-producing archaea in this profundal freshwater lake sediment. Moreover, we found Euryarchaeota that are not related to methanogens, and non-thermophilic Crenarchaeota. This suggests that archaeal populations other than methanogens in low-temperature sediment have been previously underestimated.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Seasonal rhythmites from a lower pleistocene lake in northeastern Spain

Chemical, sedimentological, ostracod and palynological data were obtained in order to investigate the rhythmic alternation of grey and beige silty layers, with the occasional presence of sandy layers, from a small lacustrine deposits in Catalonia. The deposit was formed in a shallow meromictic and slightly saline lake. Occasional floods from a nearby river brought in detritic material. The alternation of the silty layers is seasonal: pollen and ostracods demonstrate that the beige layers were deposited during spring and the grey layers towards the end of spring and after it, until the next spring. Graded bedding, bioturbation structures and iron nodules found in the deposit are also examined for further information on the formation of the deposit. Pollen suggests an age for the deposit ranging between the Senezian I (probably representing the Waalian Stage, after Elhai, 1969) and the Granada Interstadial (which is believed to correspond to the Holsteinian Stage by Florschutz et al., 1971).

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
SCALING PROPERTIES OF THE TRANSVERSE MASS SPECTRA.

Motivated from the formation of an initial state of gluon-saturated matter, we discuss scaling relations for the transverse mass spectra at BNL's Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collider (RHIC). We show on linear plots, that the transverse mass spectra for various hadrons can be described by an universal function in m{sub t}. The transverse mass spectra for different centralities can be rescaled into each other. Finally, we demonstrate that m{sub t}-scaling is also present in proton-antiproton collider data and compare it to m{sub t}-scaling at RHIC.

Field of study: Physics
On the Practice and Violation of Artistic Conception Theory by Wang Guo-wei in his Poems of the Human World

Poetic Remarks of the Human World by Wang Guo-wei is a collection of his thoughts on literature creation, while the poems in his Poems of the Human World are his practices of these thoughts,especially his theory of artistic conception. Starting with his theory,the present paper delves into the reflections of artistic conception theory in Poems of the Human World,pointing out both cases of the observing and violating of the theory.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
A 13C NMR Study of 1,4-Diphenyl- and 1,1,4,4-Tetraphenyl-1,3-butadiene Dianions

Lithium, sodium, and potassium salts of the title dianions were investigated by means of 13C NMR spectroscopy in THF or DME at room temperature. The structures of the butadiene carbon skeleton and especially the behaviors of the α- and β-carbons caused by the conversion of the precursors into the dianions were reported together with the counter-cation effects.

Field of study: Chemistry
Generating ultralow-emittance ion beams in a storage ring.

Laser cooling of heavy-ion beams in a storage ring is systematically studied with a multiparticle simulation code where not only exact lattice characteristics and space-charge forces but also realistic laser-ion interactions can be incorporated. The resonant coupling method is applied in order to extend the powerful longitudinal photon pressure to the transverse degrees of freedom. It is shown that, in spite of a space-charge-induced tune shift, the synchrobetatron resonance mechanism required for fast damping of transverse oscillations operates throughout the cooling process. Extremely efficient three-dimensional cooling of stored ion beams is thus feasible. It is demonstrated that, at low line density, normalized root-mean-squared emittances of the order of 10(-12) m.rad can be reached in all three directions by employing only existing technologies.

Field of study: Physics
Epidemiology of Orthopaedic Trauma Admissions Over One Year in a District General Hospital in England

Admission to district general hospitals in England has undergone change in recent years due to both an aging population and the reconfiguration of the major trauma network throughout the United Kingdom.  We utilised a retrospective cohort study to analyse the epidemiology over a 12-month period at a district general hospital. Data was collected and divided into groups: upper limb, lower limb, vertebral disc disease, vertebral fracture, cellulitis without bone involvement and deep infection including metalwork.  2817 patients were admitted over the 12-month period. There were 893 upper limb fractures, 1511 lower limb fractures, 126 vertebral disc disease, 55 vertebral fractures, 108 cellulitis without bone involvement and 124 deep infections with 19 admissions not specified due to coding. AN average of 242 patients were admitted each month with the majority admitted during the summer months.  Although fractures make up the majority of the reason for which a person is admitted, there are also many other injuries/morbidities, which may necessitate admission. There is an increasing incidence of elderly osteoporotic fractures in females, which is balancing out the previously more common fractures seen in younger adults and adolescents.

Field of study: Medicine
Brief Communications: Mode Selection in a Resonator with Electrooptic and Piezooptic Control

A study was made of electrooptic control of a single-mode laser (the Q factor was switched on slowly and this was combined with a positive feedback between the Q factor of the resonator and the radiation generated in it). The longitudinal modes were selected by a resonant reflector whereas the transverse modes were selected using the spatial distribution of the transmission of a light switch which was established by the excitation of piezooptic vibrations in a crystal.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Runoff Treatment from a Turkey Production Facility

RUNOFF flow from exposed, paved exercise yards at a west-central Wisconsin turkey-growing operation was directed through a network of grassed waterways. Partial treatment of wastes through dilution, settling, plant and microbial assimilation, adsorption, percolation, volatilization and denitrification resulted. The mass of nitrogen (N) removed by runoff from the site was 10% of the estimated total N available for transport, giving the waterway a 90% N removal efficiency. Despite these relatively low percentages of N in surface water runoff, high N and COD concentrations represented a potential for shock-loading to receiving surface waters. Nitrogen inputs, outputs, pools and fluxes in the grassed waterway system were determined.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Analysis of composite plates using moving least squares differential quadrature method

In this work, the moving least squares differential quadrature method (MLSDQM) is employed to analyze bending problems of composite plates. Based on a transverse shear theory, the governing equations of the problem are derived. The transverse deflection and two rotations of the plate are independently approximated with MLS approximations. The weighting coefficients used in the MLSDQ approximation are obtained through the fast computation of the MLS shape functions and their partial derivatives. The obtained results are compared with the previous analytical and numerical ones. Further a parametric study is introduced to investigate the effects of elastic and geometric characteristics on the values of transverse deflection of the plate.

Field of study: Mathematics
The Effectiveness of Future Problem-Solving Program (FPSP) in Developing Creative Thinking Skills Among Gifted Students: Experimental Study

The study aimed at developing an enrichment program based on Future Problem Solving Program (FPSP), and revealing its impact on the development of creative thinking skills among 1 st secondary grade gifted students in Al-Baha region. The experimental approach was used and a sample consisted of (24) students was selected. They were divided randomly into two groups: the experimental sample (14 students) and the control sample (10 students). The researchers developed the current study program based on the future problem-solving program (FPSP) and a creative thinking skills scale. The tool validity and reliability were extracted and checked. Results showed significant differences in the performance between the two groups (experimental and control) on the post-test in favor of the experimental group. There were also significant differences between the performance of the experimental group in the pre- posttest, in favor of the post-test on the scale and its different dimensions. This indicates the effectiveness of the enrichment program presented in the current study and its advantage in developing the creative thinking skills for gifted students in regular classroom. In addition, there was a significant difference between the performance of the experimental group in the post- follow-up test, in favor of the follow-up performance on the scale as a whole and its different dimensions.  effective studies, future Problem-Solving Program (FPSP), special gifted class, creative thinking. DOI: 10.7176/JEP/11-9-16 Publication date: March 31 st 2020

Field of study: Education
Zum Mechanismus der Nenitzescu‐Reaktion, IV.Synthese von Benzindol‐Derivaten

2-Acetoxy-1,4-naphthochinon (4a) wird mit den Enaminen 2a-f zu 5-Acetoxy-4-hydroxy-benzo[g]indol-Derivaten 5a-e, k umgesetzt. Als Nebenprodukte werden das 5-Hydroxy-benzo[g]indol 9 und das Benzo[f]indol 10 isoliert. Naphtho[1,2-b]furan 8 und Naphtho[2,3-b]-furan 7 werden als weitere Nebenprodukte nachgewiesen. Mit Hilfe der Massen- und 1H-NMR-Spektroskopie sowie der Dunnschichtchromatographie ist fur die Acylwanderung bei der Bildung von 5 der Nachweis eines teilweise intermolekularen Verlaufs unter Beteiligung der als Losungsmittel verwendeten Carbonsaure gelungen. 
 
 
 
Mechanism of the Nenitzescu Reaction, IV. — Synthesis of Benzindole Derivatives 
 
 
 
2-Acetoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone (4a) reacts with enamines 2a-f to yield 5-acetoxy-4-hydroxy-benzo[g]indole derivatives 5a-e, k. 5-Hydroxybenzo[g]indole 9 and benzo[f]indole 10 are isolated as by-products. Naphtho[1,2-b]furan 8 and naphtho[2,3-b]furan 7 proved to be further by-products. Formation of 5-acetoxyindoles 5 is a result of acyl migration, the course of which is demonstrated by mass and 1H-NMR spectroscopy as well as thin layer chromatography, to be partially intermolecular with participation of the carboxylic acid used as solvent.

Field of study: Chemistry