nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Protocol Analysis and Synthesis by Structured Partitions

Protocols can be viewed as predefined sequences of message exchanges between machines for performing network control functions and for providing network services. One way of modeling protocols is by using communicating finite state machines. The interaction between finite state machines can be very involved, even for machines with few states. To counteract the complexity for protocol analysis and synthesis, we propose a partitioning method based on protocol subgraphs. We found that if there are ‘cross interactions’ involving the entire protocol graph, then the protocol is not decomposable by our technique and must be analyzed or synthesized as a whole. However, if there are subunits of message exchanges within the protocol graph that are self-contained, in other words, if there are no ‘cross interactions’ between protocol subgraphs, then the protocol is decomposable. For protocols that are decomposable, we show that it is only necessary to examine a subspace of the entire reachability space to understand the behavior of the protocol and to guarantee its progress properties. This allows us to analyze and synthesize protocols based on these subgraphs.

Field of study: Computer science
Interval Estimation for Linear Combinations of Means

The simultaneous interval estimation for a given set of linear combinations of means whose estimates are jointly normally distributed is treated. In order to give the exact confidence intervals, t 2 M , the maximum of several quasi-independent t 2-statistics, is introduced. Using the inclusion-exclusion formula, a procedure and tables are given for obtaining a good approximation to the exact upper percentage point of t 2 M . As illustrative examples, the procedure is applied to the interval estimations for parameters in the model of a randomized block design and for coefficients in a normal regression equation.

Field of study: Mathematics
Development of Saturated Iron Core HTS Fault Current Limiters

We have been carrying out a saturable iron core reactive type superconducting fault current limiter (SFCL) development program since 2002. The major two disadvantages that people used to be foretold for a saturable iron core reactive type SFCL are the massive use of iron (resulting in large size, heavy weight, and high cost) and the high induced voltage hazard to the dc superconducting coil (this may damage the current supply of the dc bias) as a fault takes place. We have found the ways to deal with these two problems, making such kind of equipment reliable and cost effective. In this paper, we will report the technical data and testing results of a 3 phase lab testing model. Some key design parameters of the 35 kV/100 MVA prototype will also be presented.

Field of study: Physics
Characterization of exopolysaccharides produced by 19 halophilic strains of the species Halomonas eurihalina

The formation, chemical composition and rheological properties of the exopolysaccharides (EPS) produced by 19 strains belonging to Halomonas eurihalina have been compared in two different culture media. Our aim was to screen several strains isolated from saline soils to select those producing maximum EPS yield and good rheological properties. We found that MY medium was best for the production of EPS in all the strains studied. Maximum EPS production was 1.6 g l 1 with strain H212 grown in this medium. The pattern of the chemical composition of the polysaccharides was affected by the strain in question and by the culture medium. All EPS studied had an unusually high sulphate content. Furthermore, the exopolymer from strain H96 contained significant amounts of uronic acid. EPS from strain H96, cultivated in defined NH medium, behaved in an interesting way rheologically; when the pH of the polymer solution was decreased to 3.0 a gel with a viscosity of 30 000 cP formed.

Field of study: Biology, Engineering
Tauroursodeoxycholate Protects Rat Hepatocytes from Bile Acid-Induced Apoptosis via β1-Integrin- and Protein Kinase A-Dependent Mechanisms

Ursodeoxycholic acid, which in vivo is rapidly converted into its taurine conjugate, is frequently used for the treatment of cholestatic liver disease. Apart from its choleretic effects, tauroursodeoxycholate (TUDC) can protect hepatocytes from bile acid-induced apoptosis, but the mechanisms underlying its anti-apoptotic effects are poorly understood.  These mechanisms were investigated in perfused rat liver and isolated rat hepatocytes.  It was found that TUDC inhibited the glycochenodeoxycholate (GCDC)-induced activation of the CD95 death receptor at the level of association between CD95 and the epidermal growth factor receptor. This was due to a rapid TUDC-induced β1-integrin-dependent cyclic AMP (cAMP) signal with induction of the dual specificity mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase phosphatase 1 (MKP-1), which prevented GCDC-induced phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 4 (MKK4) and c-jun-NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) activation. Furthermore, TUDC induced a protein kinase A (PKA)-mediated serine/threonine phosphorylation of the CD95, which was recently identified as an internalization signal for CD95. Furthermore, TUDC inhibited GCDC-induced CD95 targeting to the plasma membrane in a β1-integrin-and PKA-dependent manner. In line with this, the β1-integrin siRNA knockdown in sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (Ntcp)-transfected HepG2 cells abolished the protective effect of TUDC against GCDC-induced apoptosis.  TUDC exerts its anti-apoptotic effect via a β1-integrin-mediated formation of cAMP, which prevents CD95 activation by hydrophobic bile acids at the levels of JNK activation and CD95 serine/threonine phosphorylation.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Perception of the economic value of primary care services: a Willingness to Pay study.

Identify the economic value the user attributes to the visit to the family physician, in a setting of a National Health System, by the Willingness to Pay (WTP) expressed.



Economic evaluation study, by the contingent valuation method. Questions were asked about WTP using a payment card format. Interviews were conducted with 451 subjects, in areas with different socioeconomic characteristics. An ordered probit was used to evaluate model's validity.



Median WTP expressed was euro18 (interquartile range euro8-28), not including "zero-answers" of thirty-four subjects (7.5%). This value represents 2% of average adjusted family incomes. Patients with higher incomes or with chronic illnesses presented a probability of 5-14 percentage points of expressing a high WTP. For every point of increase of patient satisfaction, the probability of presenting a WTP in the lowest range decreases 7.0 percentage points. Subjects with a low education level and those older than 65 expressed a lower WTP. Accessibility, risk perception, nationality and having private insurance were not related to the WTP expressed.



Users of primary care have a clear perception of the economic value of care received from the family physician, even in a framework of providing services financed by taxes and without cost at the moment of use. This value increases in subjects with higher incomes, with greater need for care, or more satisfied.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Test Results of the 36 T, 1 ppm Series-Connected Hybrid Magnet System at the NHMFL

The National High Magnetic Field Laboratory (NHMFL) has completed testing and commissioning of a unique ultrahigh field magnet that provides 36 T in a 32 mm bore with field inhomogeneity and stability better than 1 ppm over a cylinder of 1 cm diameter and length and a duration up to a few hours. While the magnet meets all its primary performance goals, there were some unexpected observations during the testing and commissioning activities. Primarily, while the magnet reaches full current and field, we are unable to charge the magnet as quickly as was anticipated. Also, the magnet occasionally quenches for no apparent reason. Charging the magnet at slower rates reduces the probability of quenches.

Field of study: Physics
An exploratory study on the aerosol height retrieval from OMI measurements of the 477 nmO 2 O 2 spectral band using a neural network approach

This paper presents an exploratory study on the aerosol layer height (ALH) retrieval from the OMI 477nm O2 O2 spectral band. We have developed algorithms based on the multilayer perceptron (MLP) neural network (NN) approach and applied them to 3-year (2005-2007) OMI cloud-free scenes over north-east Asia, collocated with MODIS Aqua aerosol product. In addition to the importance of aerosol altitude for climate and air quality objectives, our long-term motivation is to evaluate the possibility of retrieving ALH for potential future improvements of trace gas retrievals (e.g. NO2, HCHO, SO2) from UV-visible air quality satellite measurements over scenes including high aerosol concentrations. This study presents a first step of this long-term objective and evaluates, from a statistic point of view, an ensemble of OMI ALH retrievals over a long time period of 3 years covering a large industrialized continental region. This ALH retrieval relies on the analysis of the O2 O2 slant column density (SCD) and requires an accurate knowledge of the aerosol optical thickness,. Using MODIS Aqua(550nm) as a prior information, absolute seasonal differences between the LIdar climatology of vertical Aerosol Structure for space-based lidar simulation (LIVAS) and average OMI ALH, over scenes with MODIS(550nm) ≥ 1. 0, are in the range of 260-800m (assuming single scattering albedo 0 Combining double low line 0. 95) and 180-310m (assuming 0 Combining double low line 0. 9). OMI ALH retrievals depend on the assumed aerosol single scattering albedo (sensitivity up to 660 m) and the chosen surface albedo (variation less than 200 m between OMLER and MODIS black-sky albedo). Scenes with ≤ 0. 5 are expected to show too large biases due to the little impact of particles on the O2 O2 SCD changes. In addition, NN algorithms also enable aerosol optical thickness retrieval by exploring the OMI reflectance in the continuum. Comparisons with collocated MODIS Aqua show agreements between 0. 02 ± 0. 45 and 0. 18 ± g 0. 24, depending on the season. Improvements may be obtained from a better knowledge of the surface albedo and higher accuracy of the aerosol model. Following the previous work over ocean of Park et al.(2016), our study shows the first encouraging aerosol layer height retrieval results over land from satellite observations of the 477 nm O2 gO2 absorption spectral band.

Field of study: Environmental science
Epidemiological characteristics of measles in Jinshan District of Shanghai from 2004 to 2015

To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of measles in Jinshan District of Shanghai from 2004 to 2015 in order to provide guidelines for measles control. 
 
 
 
A descriptive epidemiological analysis was conducted on measles cases reported in Jinshan District during 2004 to 2015. Epidemiological data of those cases were collected from surveillance system of infectious disease, Measles Surveillance System (MSS) and case study records. 
 
 
 
A total of 225 confirmed measles cases were analyzed in this study with an annual incidence of 2.66/100 000. The highest incidence was 11.27/100 000 in 2005 and the lowest incidence was 0.14/100 000 in 2011, taking on a descending trend (Z=-6.689, P<0.000 1). The number of cases from March to May accounted for 65.33%. The incidence of measles in floating population (4.00/100 000) was higher than that in resident population (2.18/100 000) (χ2=20.467, P<0.000 1). The measles cases mainly concentrated in age groups of ≥20 years and <5 years. Workers, scattered children, domestic workers, farmers and fishermen had high incidences of measles. Measles vaccine immunization history was clear in nine cases. 
 
 
 
The incidence of measles in Jinshan District shows a general trend of decline in this decade with time and population clusters in occurrence, suggesting that the occurrence of measles in Jinshan is under control. It is necessary to strengthen measles surveillance, regular immunization among children and supplementary immunization among adults, especially in floating population, in order to maintain high levels of immune protection. 
 
 
 
Measles; Incidence; Epidemiological characteristic

Field of study: Biology
Controls of point and diffuse sources lowered riverine nutrient concentrations asynchronously, thereby warping molar N:P ratios

The input of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) into rivers has been reduced in recent decades in many regions of the world to mitigate adverse eutrophication effects. However, legislation focused first on the reduction of nutrient loads from point sources and only later on diffuse sources. These reduction strategies have implications on riverine N:P stoichiometry, which potentially alter patterns of algal nutrient limitation and the functions or community structure of aquatic ecosystems. Here, we use a dataset spanning four decades of water quality for the Ruhr River (Germany) to show that the asynchronous implementation of point- and diffuse-source mitigation measures combined with time lags of catchment transport processes caused a temporally asynchronous reduction in dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) and total phosphorus (TP) concentrations. This asynchronous reduction increased the molar N:P ratios from around 30 to 100 in the river sections dominated by point sources, reducing the probability of nitrogen limitation of algae in favor of phosphorus limitation. The Ruhr River catchment and the environmental policies implemented here illustrate the unintended effects of nutrient-control strategies on the ecological stoichiometry at the catchment scale. We urge to assess systematically, whether unintentionally warped macronutrient ratios are observable in other managed river systems and to evaluate their environmental impacts.

Field of study: Environmental science
Radiographic gapometry score: A simple predictor for surgical approach in pediatric traumatic posterior urethral strictures.

Post-traumatic posterior urethral injuries in children are rare events. Their management algorithms are extrapolations from adult literature and they continue to pose a difficult challenge for pediatric urologists. Not much data for age-related feasibility of an end-to-end urethroplasty are available.



This study was designed to validate a simple preoperative radiographic score to predict the type of surgical repair for traumatic posterior urethral strictures in children.



This retrospective study was conducted in a tertiary care center in northern India between 2000 and 2015. All patients under 15 years with traumatic bulboprostatic stricture disease were included. Preoperative voiding cystourethrogam (VCUG) and retrograde urethrogram (RGU) films were used to calculate the gapometry index (G/U index), defined as the length of urethral gap divided by the bulbar urethral length. This index was then analyzed for two patient groups based on the anatomical approach employed for achieving an end-to-end urethroplasty: group 1, who underwent a simple perineal approach, and group 2, who needed a more elaborate procedure. Statistical analysis was performed with the two-tailed t-test with SPSS version 18.



A total of 38 patients met the inclusion criteria. The age distribution and G/U index for both groups are detailed in the table. The difference in mean length of the urethral gap for both groups was statistically significant (2.1 cm in group 1 vs. 3.6 cm in group 2). There was a direct correlation between the complexity of surgical procedure required to bridge the urethral gap and the G/U index. The overall success for urethroplasty in either group was between 92.3% and 94.6%.



Urethral extensibility is more suitable for younger children. This challenges the traditional viewpoint that the transpubic approach for urethroplasty is more favorable in children. No previous study has been cited in literature correlating the gapometry index with the surgical approach for posterior urethral defects. Our results reflect that a preoperative G/U index of 0.44 correlate with a simple perineal repair, whereas an index of above 0.87 indicates the likelihood of needing a more elaborate transpubic approach.



Preoperative assessment of G/U index in children with traumatic posterior urethral injuries can successfully predict the operative approach and may therefore aid in better management of these patients.

Field of study: Medicine
Relationship between Performance and Preference Measures of Cognitive Laterality

This study examined the relationship between two methods of assessing cognitive laterality, one by responses on a preference inventory and the other by assessing asymmetry of hemispheric performance on tests associated with processing in the left or right cerebral hemispheres. 87 graduate students were administered both instruments. Analysis showed negative or no relations between the preference and performance measures. The performance tests associated with left- and right-hemisphere functions were taken directly or adapted from tests showing left- or right-hemisphere superiority in unilateral lesioned patients, brain-divided patients, and normal subjects. The preference inventories were constructed on the basis of the same research but have not been validly related to brain functions. The results of this study suggest that the two types of instruments do not measure the same thing.

Field of study: Psychology
An approach to health system strengthening in the Union of Myanmar.

In 2007 and 2008, Myanmar developed a health system strengthening (HSS) strategy and proposal through funding support from the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization (GAVI). The aim of this paper is to identify critical success factors in the development of the HSS strategy in Myanmar.



The main source of information for this review includes international and national literature, and participant observation by the authors in the health systems analysis and HSS strategy development in Myanmar between 2007 and 2009.



Critical success factors in the development of the HSS strategy included evidence-based development of the strategy through a sector analysis, and a long-term approach to strategy development with wide stakeholder participation. This contributed to important strategy breakthroughs in the areas of health planning, health financing, human resource management and civil society partnerships.



Implementation of the HSS strategy in Myanmar should position the MOH and partners well to implement challenging system reforms in the areas of health planning, financing and human resource management in the coming years, as well as support more coordinated efforts for relief and recovery effort following the Nargis natural disaster in 2008. These innovations in Myanmar, with evidence of similar breakthroughs in other countries of the Asian region including North Korea, Cambodia, Nepal and Sri Lanka, provides promising evidence of the potential of the HSS approach as an emerging health development paradigm, particularly in relation to responding to the issue of "within country" inequities in access to health care.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
The Chilean Revolution of 1891 and Its Historiography1

ISCUSSION OF THE Chilean revolution of 1891 has been in progress for almost three-quarters of a century, yet, despite this considerable period of investigation and interpretation, the origins, character and consequences of the revolution and the figure of Jose Manuel Balmaceda, protagonist of the revolutionary drama, are still subjects of much dispute among historians.2 This article is in part a study of the historiography of the revolution and in part a contribution to it: it assumes a knowledge of the main outlines of events in Chile during Balmaceda's presidency, 1886-1891, and of the subsequent history of the republic. Historians differ primarily on the question of responsibility for the revolution, but whereas the great majority see the struggle between Balmaceda and his Congress as a battle of political principles in which the contestants were activated by genuine conviction, others, who see the springs of political action primarily in social and economic circumstances, consider the basic issues in the conflict to have been about the economic organization and development of the republic. It is, therefore, possible and, indeed, convenient to speak of a dichotomy in the historiography of the revolution between "constitutional" historians on the one hand and economice" historians on the other. These terms are not always mutually exclusive, but while the "constitutional" historian may not altogether ignore social and economic factors in the genesis of the revolution he does consider them relatively unimportant, whereas the "economic" historian may grant some validity to constitutional factors while still regarding them largely as a veneer.

Field of study: History
Interactions of aroyl-and heteroaroyltrifluoroacetones with thiobenzoylhydrazine

The interaction of aroyl(heteroaroyl)trifluoroacetones with thiobenzoylhydrazine may occur at both carbonyl groups. Reaction at the trifluoroacetyl group is facilitated by terminal substituents in the 1,3-dicarbonyl part, which leads can effectively conjugate with the adjacent carbonyl group. The products of condensation at the trifluoroacetyl group are 2-[2-aryl(heteroaroyl)-2-oxoethyl]-5-phenyl-2-trifluoromethyl-2,3-dihydro-1,3,4-thiadiazoles, while condensation at the aroyl(heteroaroyl)group gave 3-aryl(heteroaryl)-5-hydroxy-1-thiobenzoyl-5-trifluoromethyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazoles, which are not prone to tautomeric transformations in solution.

Field of study: Chemistry
A Novel Asymmetric Supercapacitor Designed with Mn3O4@Multi-wall Carbon Nanotube Nanocomposite 
and Reduced Graphene Oxide Electrodes

We demonstrate a straightforward process for the synthesis and fabrication of a hybrid-type asymmetric supercapacitor (ASC) by combining Mn3O4 nanoparticle-supported multi-wall carbon nanotube (Mn3O4@MWCNT) composite as positive and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) as negative electrodes. A controlled hydrothermal synthesis of Mn3O4 in the presence of MWCNT resulted in a well-distributed Mn3O4 nanoparticles on the MWCNT backbone in the Mn3O4@MWCNT composite. The structure and morphology of the as-prepared materials have been investigated by x-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, field-emission scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller analysis and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements. The electrochemical characterizations were carried out in terms of cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge–discharge (GCD) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy analysis. The constructed ASC with 1 M KOH-supporting electrolyte was able to provide high-specificity capacitance of 173.36 F/g at 2 mV/s scan rate and high-energy density of 26.8 Wh/kg accompanied by high cycle stability with 79.3% capacitance retention over 3000 GCD cycles.

Field of study: Materials science
Cloning and Bioinformatics Analysis of MLP2 Gene from the Leaves of in vitro Plantlets of Fortunella crassifolia

The Fc-MLP2 cDNA sequence was cloned from the leaves of Fortunella crassifolia cv.Youxijingan using RT-PCR and RACE techniques.The accession number was JX310276 in GenBank.The cDNA sequence consisted of 908 bp with an intact open reading frame of 669 bp,encoding a polypeptide of 223 amino acids.Bioinformatics analysis showed that the protein was a hydrophobic secretory protein located in extracellular position,with two functional sites,13 phosphorylation sites and a signal peptide.The secondary structure was made of alpha helixes,beta sheets,beta turns and coils.Phylogenetic analysis also indicated that the Fc-MLP2 was close to RlemMLP2 of Citrus jambhiri in genetic relationship.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences