nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
[Cloning and Sequence Analyses of Genome of Swine Hepatitis E Virus(HEV) HN-JY40 Strains Isolated from Henan Province].

In the present study, the genomic sequence characteristics of HN-JY40 strains of the hepatitis E virus (HEV) isolated from pigs in Henan Province, China, were analyzed and the evolutionary relationship between HN-JY40 and other sequenced strains examined. The whole genome of HN-JY40 was sequenced and analyzed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, 3' rapid amplification of cDNA ends (3' RACE) and 5' RACE. Bioinformatic analyses were carried out with Megalign, Expasy, clustal x, and MEGA 4 software. The genome of HN-JY40 was 7 223 bp in size upon removal of polyA sequences. Sizes were 9 bp and 69 bp at 5' and 3' noncoding regions, respectively. The genome of HN-JY40 was predicted to contain three open reading frames (ORFs): ORF1 (5 124 bp) encoding 1 707 amino acids; ORF2 (2 025 bp) encoding 674 amino acids; ORF3 (345 bp) encoding 114 amino acids. Phylogenetic-tree analyses indicated that HN-JY40 is a typical type-IV virus that belongs to a new subgenotype of HEV genotype 4. We sequenced and analyzed the whole genome of HN-JY40. This strategy elicited the genomic characteristics of the HEV isolated from pigs in Henan Province as well as the evolutionary relationships between HN- JY40 and other HEV isolates from pigs. We revealed that the ORF1 of HN-JY40 (153-432 nt) and human HK 104-2004 had high similarity, which offers molecular evidence for uncovering the interspecies transmission of the HEV.

Field of study: Biology
Microscopic origin of subthermal magnons and the spin Seebeck effect

Recent experimental evidence points to low-energy magnons as the primary contributors to the spin Seebeck effect. This spectral dependence is puzzling since it is not observed on other thermocurrents in the same material. Here, we argue that the physical origin of this behavior is the magnon–magnon scattering mediated by phonons, in a process which conserves the number of magnons. To assess the importance and features of this kind of scattering, we derive the effective magnon–phonon interaction from a microscopic model, including band energy, a screened electron–electron interaction and the electron–phonon interaction. Unlike higher order magnon-only scattering, we find that the coupling with phonons induce a scattering which is very small for low-energy (or subthermal) magnons but increases sharply above a certain energy—rendering magnons above this energy poor spin-current transporters.

Field of study: Physics
Application of Cement on the Advanced Treament of TN in Landfill Leachate Treated by Biological Processes

Through the fungicide selection,the cement shows the best result for removing TN in landfill leachate treated by biological processes on its capability of surface adsorption and hydration reaction.In lab scale,the removal rate of TN can reach 55%.Lower ratio of water/cement led to lower removal rate of TN.The treatment effect of high water cement ratio can be improved to some degree by adding Fe2O3、MgO and polymerized silicate containing magnesium salt,even in a low ratio of water/cement.

Field of study: Materials science
Leaders' Bases of Social Power and Anticipation of Targets' Resistance as Predictors of Transactional and Transformational Leadership

This paper examines the value of power and resistance for predicting transactional and transformational leadership. A sample of 232 leader-follower dyads was used to examine these relationships using Hinkin and Schriesheim's 1989 measure of power, Barbuto's 2000 measure of resistance, and Bass' 1985 measure of transformational leadership. Analysis yielded a significant negative relationship between leaders' Reward Power and their use of Individualized Consideration.

Field of study: Psychology
Metal localization in water hyacinth roots from an urban wetland

Metal localization within and around roots of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) growing in a wetland receiving urban run-off was studied by energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis of sections from freeze-substituted roots. Sampling randomly from an order of magnitude gradient in metal concentrations (Cu and Pb) allowed us the opportunity to identify general patterns of metal localization. Iron was present at high levels at the root surface, and this may have been a root plaque as described for wetland plants with roots anchored in flooded soils. Iron levels decreased centripetally across the root and were higher in cell walls than within cells. Trace metals (Cu, Zn and Pb) were not localized at the root surface. In contrast with iron, trace metal levels increased centripetally across the root, tended to be higher inside cells and were highest within cells in the stele. Variability of localization was high for all metals analysed. Multivariate statistical analyses (principal components analysis and multidimensional scaling) were useful for identifying overall patterns in elemental distribution.

Field of study: Environmental science
One-Bit Distributed Sensing and Coding for Field Estimation in Sensor Networks

This paper formulates and studies a general distributed field reconstruction problem using a dense network of noisy one-bit randomized scalar quantizers in the presence of additive observation noise of unknown distribution. A constructive quantization, coding, and field reconstruction scheme is developed and an upper-bound to the associated mean squared error (MSE) at any point and any snapshot is derived in terms of the local spatio-temporal smoothness properties of the underlying field. It is shown that when the noise, sensor placement pattern, and the sensor schedule satisfy certain weak technical requirements, it is possible to drive the MSE to zero with increasing sensor density at points of field continuity while ensuring that the per-sensor bit rate and sensing-related network overhead rate simultaneously go to zero. A general condition for the optimization of the rate of decay of the MSE upper-bound with sensor density is derived. Specific MSE versus sensor density decay rates are illustrated for the constant and Lipschitz-1 fields with the former attaining order-optimal scaling behavior.

Field of study: Engineering
MCI·(TCNQ) 2 电荷转移复合物分子晶体的电子能带结构及其与导电性能关系的研究

本文对1-MCI·(TCNQ) 2 (Ⅰ)及2-MCI·(TCNQ) 2 (Ⅱ)两种电荷转移复合物分子晶体的电子能带、电荷分布及电荷转移量进行了研究,指出:(1)晶体中TCNQ分子柱对导电起主要作用,载流子是电子。(2)导电主要是采取载流子在格点间跳跃(hopping)的方式进行。(3)晶体(Ⅰ),(Ⅱ)电导率的显著差别是由于载流子浓度, n AⅠ c =0.9988-| e |/cell, n AⅠⅠ =0.0340-| e |/cell;能带宽度△ E LU AI =0.088eV,△ E LU AII =0.040eV;( dE / dk ) LU kFAI =0.27eV·A ,( dE/dk ) LU kFAII =0.0048eV·A以及载流子在格点间跳跃的势垒 E 11 - E 1 =2.5-8.8 kJ/mol等显著差别所致。

Field of study: Chemistry
Telling Incest: Narratives of Dangerous Remembering from Stein to Sapphire (review)

we've done to our women. All our revolutions and utopias have been carried on their backs. And they were the only ones who paid the full price." It is also striking that this novel, set against the backdrop of the 1967 war, should have been published against that of the Israeli invasion of Lebanon (1982), and that the discussion of a massacre of Palestinians should have appeared in a novel published in the same year as Sabra and Shatila. These obvious and presumably vital contemporary resonances do not emerge in Cleary's treatment. Though this is a book that might have covered much more ground in terms of the texts examined, which probably ought to have moved beyond the single genre of fiction (despite the one film— it would have been marvelous to see a reading of the connections between, say, poets Mahmud Darwish and John Montague), and which could have more fully integrated the readings it does offer, it is a groundbreaking study. Comparative literary and cultural criticism, which crosses regional, linguistic, and national barriers, is by far the most difficult kind to pull off.

Field of study: Art
Analysis and Improvement of Chord Routing Fairness

The distribution and retrieval routings in P2P system accounted for the majority of the routing spending,so derives the factors that affect the fairness of the routing,through the fairness parameter and then according to the conclusion,improves Chord finger selection algorithm without any additional load,assesses the fairness of Chord before and after improvement by the fairness parameter and simulation,the performance result shows that the EChord has been greatly improved.

Field of study: Computer science
Zur Konzentrationsabhängigkeit der Elektronenspin-Relaxationszeiten von Diphenyl-Picryl-Hydrazyl in fester Phase

The influence of exchange and dipol interaction on the EPR-relaxation timesT1 andT2 of DPPH has been measured in theX-band between 295 and 2°K. The spinconcentration has been varied between 1.5·1021 spins/cm3 (single crystals) and 1.5·1018 spins/cm3 (solid solution in polystyrene). The EPR absorption was saturated stationarily. This gave the productT1T2 from the saturation curve and the timeT2 from saturation broadening of the absorption spectrum.

Field of study: Physics
Identification of a liver growth factor as an albumin-bilirubin complex.

We have reported the purification and characterization of a protein that behaves as a liver growth factor, showing activity either in vivo or in vitro [Díaz-Gil et al. (1986) ]. In the present paper, we identify this liver growth factor (LGF) as an albumin-bilirubin complex. This conclusion is supported by the results of chemical and spectroscopic characterization of this protein as well as by experiments in vivo. Incubation of albumin isolated from normal rats with bilirubin/albumin molar ratios (r) resulted (when r = 1 or 2) in a complex with liver DNA synthesis promoter activity identical with that of LGF. The exact amount of bilirubin bound to albumin was assessed by fluorescence and c.d. spectra. This albumin-bilirubin complex showed the same dose-dependence profile as LGF either at low or high dose of protein injected per mouse. Both LGF and albumin-bilirubin complex produced similar increases in the mitotic index of mouse hepatocytes in vivo. A new mechanism for the onset of the hepatic regenerative process is proposed.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Mid–late Holocene monsoonal variations from mainland Gujarat, India: A multi-proxy study for evaluating climate culture relationship

A multi-proxy study involving palynology, phytoliths, sedimentology, clay mineralogy, carbon isotopes and magnetic mineralogy was carried out on Wadhwana Lake sediments from sub-humid zone of mainland Gujarat to determine the mid-Holocene climatic fluctuations, and its possible impact on the Harappan culture. The 1.03 m sediment profile of Wadhwana Lake shows five paleoclimatic phases. The study reveals high lake stand during Phase I (~ 7500-5560 cal yr BP). A considerable cool and moist climatic condition during Phase I is inferred due to the presence of pollen belonging to wet evergreen taxa and high phytolith climatic index 'Ic'. Later part of Phase I show gradual replacement of evergreen to deciduous pollen taxa, decrease in Ic value and dominance of smectite over kaolinite, indicating a reduction in wet climatic condition due to decline in the precipitation and prevalence of seasonally dry climate. However, a large variety of Madhuca, Meliaceae, Asteraceae pollen taxa, abundant fresh-water algae Chrozophora and Ceralia pollen in this period provides evidence of intensified arboriculture and agricultural activity. Low lake level and dry climate have been documented during Phase II (5560 to ~ 4255 cal yr BP) and are synchronous with the lake records of western Indian region. High values of phytolith aridity index Iph, high primary minerals, increase in the I´13C values provide evidence for excessive dry climatic conditions at ~ 4255 cal yr BP. Phase III shows a gradual strengthening of SW monsoon after ~ 3500 cal yr BP. Phase IV shows a short pulse of dry climatic conditions (~ 3238 to ~ 2709 cal yr BP) followed by somewhat similar to present day climate for Phase V. The study concludes that onset of dry climate after 5500 cal yr BP is a regionally spread synchronous event that has been documented in several lake records of western India. It is surmised that the urbanization in Harappan civilization in North West India was coincident with the initial phase of declining rainfall of mid-Holocene. The emergence of cultural complexity of Harappan civilization should be seen as an initial adaptation to earliest phase of environmental deterioration and its subsequent decline is probably linked with the changing seasonality pattern and excessive dry climate of later phase (~ 4200-4255 cal yr BP) of mid-Holocene.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Инфляция и денежно-кредитная политика в апреле 2013

В апреле 2013 г. индекс потребительских цен составил 0,5% (0,3% в апреле 2012 г.), что на 0,2 п.п. выше, чем в марте текущего года. В мае инфляция также росла: по итогам 20 дней месяца ИПЦ достиг 0,4%. В результате инфляция в годовом выражении превысила 7,2%. В I квартале 2013 г., по предварительной оценке Банка России, чистый отток капитала из страны равнялся 25,8 млрд долл., что на 7,8 млрд долл. меньше аналогичного показателя 2012 г.

Field of study: Economics
Metathesis Approach to Linkage of Two Tetraplatinum Cluster Units: Synthesis, Characterization, and Dimerization of [Pt4(μ-OCOCH3)7(μ-OCO(CH2)nCH=CH2)] (n = 0–3)

Reaction of [Pt 4 (μ-OCOCH 3 ) 8 ] (1) with 1 equiv of acrylic acid led to the selective monosubstitution of one of the four in-plane acetates in 1, affording [Pt 4 (μ-OCOCH 3 ) 7 (μ-OCOCH=CH 2 )] (2a), whereas treatment with excess amounts of acrylic acid resulted in a full-substitution of four in-plane acetates, yielding [Pt4(μ-OCOCH3)4(μ-OCOCH=CH2) 4 ] (3). Similarly, monosubstituted heptaacetate complexes [Pt 4 (μ-OCOCH3) 7 {μ-OCO(CH) n CH=CH 2 }] (2b-2d: n = 1-3) were prepared. Catalytic intermolecular coupling reactions of 2c and 2d assisted by Grubbs' catalysts gave the desired dimers [{Pt 4 -(μ-OCOCH 3 ) 7 } 2 {μ-OCO(CH 2 ),,CH=CH(CH2) n (μ-OCO)} (6c: n = 2; 6d: n = 3).

Field of study: Chemistry
Heteroscedasticity-Adjusted Ranking and Thresholding for Large-Scale Multiple Testing

Standardization has been a widely adopted practice in multiple testing, for it takes into account the variability in sampling and makes the test statistics comparable across different study units. However, despite conventional wisdom to the contrary, we show that there can be a significant loss in information from basing hypothesis tests on standardized statistics rather than the full data. We develop a new class of heteroscedasticity--adjusted ranking and thresholding (HART) rules that aim to improve existing methods by simultaneously exploiting commonalities and adjusting heterogeneities among the study units. The main idea of HART is to bypass standardization by directly incorporating both the summary statistic and its variance into the testing procedure. A key message is that the variance structure of the alternative distribution, which is subsumed under standardized statistics, is highly informative and can be exploited to achieve higher power. The proposed HART procedure is shown to be asymptotically valid and optimal for false discovery rate (FDR) control. Our simulation results demonstrate that HART achieves substantial power gain over existing methods at the same FDR level. We illustrate the implementation through a microarray analysis of myeloma.

Field of study: Mathematics
Analysis of Refractive Index Distributions in Cylindrical, Graded-Index Glass Rods (GRIN Rods) Used as Image Relays.

Cylindrical transparent media whose refractive index decreases with increasing cylinder radius have been investigated in connection with coherent light propagation in gas waveguides. Recently, graded index glass rods (trade named SELFOC rods) have been used as imaging devices. We report here on a geometrical optical study of graded index systems used for relaying images at unit magnification. We have found that two index distributions previously studied result in large image aberrations when the presence of skew rays is taken into account. We have derived an index distribution which is "ideal" for helical skew rays. Using ray tracing methods we have examined image aberrations for various index distributions and for various rod geometries. We find that (1) no one refractive index distribution can be "ideal" for both meridional and skew rays, (2) image resolution is generally low, reaching about 1000 spots per field, and (3) the optimal index distribution varies with the ratio of rod length to radius and the relative aperture and is intermediate between the helically ideal and the meridionally ideal distributions.

Field of study: Physics
Study on decortication and detoxification of bitter almond and decolorization of almond oil

Using orthogonal experiment methods to study almond decortication, detoxification of bitter and almond oil decoloring, then get the best technics parameters. The results of the almond decortication is better by soaking in the boiling alkaline liquor (pH value 9) for 5min. And it may completely remove the bitter of almond oil by soaking in the acid liquor(pH value 4, 35℃) for 36 hours. Using self-made to decolor the rough almond oil , the ratio of rough almond oil to decolorant is 20∶1,stirring for 5min at 85℃ and filting it, then may obtain the light yellow transparent decolorization almond oil.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Quasimonoenergetic proton beam acceleration from intense laser interaction with a double cone target

A new double cone target for accelerating quasimonoenergetic proton beam is proposed in this paper. Using two-dimensional PIC (particle-in-cell) simulation, the physical process of accelerating protons and the quality of proton beam from interaction of intense laser with the double cone target are investigated. In the case of same laser parameters, the peak energy and divergence angle of proton beams accelerated by the double cone target are superior to those by the single cone or planar target. Especially, compared to the planar target, the peak proton energy in the double cone target is increased by more than five times and quasimonoenergy can be well maintained. The critical density of the inner cone of the double cone target can increase the laser absorption efficiency. Moreover, the larger quasistatic magnetic field inside the double cone target can confine and guide more fast electrons to transport through the cone tip, which may enhance the sheath field for proton acceleration.

Field of study: Physics
50 Years of NPSIA: reflections from directors

Following World War II, Canada enjoyed an international standing unprecedented in the young nation’s history. Canada’s involvement in the foundation of the International Monetary Fund, and its contribution to the Marshall Plan and the engineering of the United Nations Emergency AQ5 Force, demanded new generations of specialized and skilled foreign policy-minded civil servants. With a donation from Senator Norman Paterson, the Norman Paterson School of International Affairs (NPSIA) was founded to address the issues of the post-war global environment. As a professional school of international affairs located in Canada’s capital, the School has emerged as an integral part of the nation’s international affairs community. To celebrate NPSIA’s 50th anniversary, the Canadian Foreign Policy Journal, in partnership with its policy outreach platform iAffairs, asked past and present Directors of the School about their views on its evolution throughout the years. The following is a brief compilation of transcripts from interviews with Christopher Maule, NPSIA’s Director from 1988 to 1993; Maureen Molot, Director from 1993 to 2002; Fen Hampson, Director from 2002 to 2012; and the present Director, Dane Rowlands, whose tenure began in 2012. The objective of the excerpts is to enrich our understanding of NPSIA’s past and future role as a professional school in the training of Canadian entrepreneurs, advisors, analysts, diplomats and policymakers.

Field of study: Political science
Crystallization and characterization of the dehydrogenase domain from rat peroxisomal multifunctional enzyme type 1.

Peroxisomal multifunctional enzyme type 1 from rat (perMFE-1) is a monomeric multidomain protein shown to have 2-enoyl-CoA hydratase/Delta(3)-Delta(2)-enoyl-CoA isomerase and (3S)-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase domains followed by a C-terminal extension of 130 amino acids with unknown function apart from being a carrier of the peroxisomal targeting signal type 1. The truncated perMFE-1 without the N-terminal hydratase/isomerase domain (perMFE-1DH; residues 260-722) was overexpressed as an enzymatically active recombinant protein, purified and characterized. Using (3S)-hydroxydecanoyl-CoA as a substrate, the specific enzymatic activity of perMFE-1DH was determined to be 2.2 micromol min(-1) mg(-1), comparable with that of perMFE-1 purified from rat liver (2.8 micromol min(-1) mg(-1)). The protein was crystallized in the apo form by the hanging-drop method and a complete data set to 2.45 A resolution was collected using a rotating-anode X-ray source. The crystals have primitive tetragonal symmetry, with unit-cell parameters a = b = 125.9, c = 60.2 A.

Field of study: Chemistry
[Stiff-person syndrome: a clinical observation].

Stiff-person syndrome (SPS) is a rare chronic neurological disease characterized by progressing muscle rigidity and painful muscle spasms. The signs of SPS are pain and stiffness in spinal, abdominal and cervical muscles, increased muscle tonus in extensor muscles of extremities, constant stiffness of paravertebral and abdominal muscles and muscle spasms. A clinical case of a SPS patient T., aged 23 years, is presented. The peculiarity of this case is additional left-sided peripheral upper extremity monoparesis, which is most likely associated with the development of left-sided compression-ischemic brachial plexopathy resulted from profound muscular tonic syndrome in the neck and shoulder girdles.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Climatic changes in Eastern Asia as indicated by fossil floras. I. Early cretaceous

The most important data for the reconstruction of Mesozoic cliseres are the life-form statistics, the phytosociological criteria and the dynamic criteria (i.e., the displacements of isoflores, the altitudinal migrations, etc.). The succession of fossil-plant assemblages in South Primorye as well as in the Bureja basin indicates a rise of temperature during the Late Jurassic Epoch up to Berriasian time, the cooling from Valanginian to Barremian and the amelioration of climate in the Aptian followed by the fall of temperatures in Albian time.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Smallpox and Nutritional Status in England, 1770‐1873: On the Difficulties of Estimating Historical Heights

I n a recent issue of this journal, Voth and Leunig (V&L) analysed the impact of smallpox on physical stature in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries and drew far-reaching conclusions about the correlation between the incidence of smallpox and the development of human stature in England.2 Using a sample of lower-class boys recruited into the Marine Society,3 they estimated that the disease had a strong negative impact of about 1 inch on height. We argue below that their methodology is inappropriate and that their results are flawed for at least three reasons. The Marine Society was a charitable institution that took poor boys from the streets of London and educated them as servants and apprentices for the navy. However, the admission of the boys was controlled by minimum height requirements, which changed frequently over time, and increased substantially after the Napoleonic wars. In practice they were enforced with varying degrees of stringency. Hence, some observations below the height standard are also included in the sample, a phenomenon called

Field of study: Economics, History