nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Achievement Rank Affects Performance and Major Choices in College

This paper studies how a student's ordinal achievement rank affects performance and specialization choices in university. We exploit data from a setting where students are randomly assigned to teaching sections and find that students with a higher rank in their section achieve higher grades, become more likely to graduate, and are more likely to choose related follow-up courses and majors. These effects are stronger for men who, in contrast to women, respond to a higher rank with an increase in their study effort. Our results highlight that social comparisons with peers can have lasting effects on students' careers.

Field of study: Economics
Global cerebral ischemia activates nuclear factor-κB prior to evidence of DNA fragmentation

The oxidative stress responsive transcription factor nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) consists of a p50 (50 kDa) and p65/RelA (65 kDa) component and can be activated in vitro by TNFα, IL1β, hydrogen peroxide and oxygen radicals. All of the above factors are also known to be elevated at certain times after transient global ischemia. The present study was performed to determine if NF-κB was activated in vivo by transient global forebrain ischemia. Adult male rats were subjected to 30 min of 4-vessel occlusion (4-VO) and sacrificed at selected post-ischemic time points. Levels of NF-κB p50 and p65 subunits were determined by immunocytochemistry, Western blot and electrophoretic mobility-shift analysis. The enhancer complex was also confirmed by immuno-gel-shift analysis. Specific labeling of DNA strand breaks and DNA fragmentation was examined in situ by means of the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) method. Western blot analysis of hippocampus showed induction of p50 and p65. A time course of NF-κB induction in hippocampus showed a p50-specific band at 6 h that increased in intensity over 12, 48 h and then decreased by 96 h post-ischemia. Immunocytochemistry revealed at 24 h post-ischemia that p65 and p50 immunoreactivity was present in neuronal nuclei of hippocampal CA1 neurons as well as all other hippocampal regions and several other forebrain regions which were not vulnerable to transient forebrain ischemia. At 72 h post-ischemia, nuclear NF-κB immunoreactivity had disappeared in all brain areas except in hippocampal CA1 neurons which were degenerating. No evidence for DNA fragmentation as revealed by TUNEL staining could be observed at 24 h. However, at 72 h, hippocampal CA1 neurons were heavily labeled. The results of this study demonstrate that global forebrain ischemia causes a transient activation of NF-κB in many forebrain regions. NF-κB remains persistently activated in the vulnerable hippocampal CA1 sector. Because of the persistent activation of NF-κB in these neurons, the possibility exists that NF-κB has a role in programmed cell death in hippocampal CA1 neurons.

Field of study: Biology
Calculation analyzing power in the elastic scattering of protons on 15C and 15N nuclei in the diffraction theory

Shell-model wave functions are used to calculate the vector analyzing power in the elastic scattering of 0.2, 0.6, and 1 GeV protons on 15C and 15N nuclei within the Glauber diffraction theory. Single and double collisions are allowed for upon the decomposition of multiple scattering. It is shown that the number of oscillations and the amplitude of the analyzing power increase with rising energy in the same angular range.

Field of study: Physics
Fragmentation and time aware algorithms in spectrum and spatial assignment for space division multiplexed elastic optical networks (SDM-EON)

Multiplexing with Elastic Optical Networks (SDM-EON) is one of the newest networks to improve transmission capacity and prepare more flexibility compared to conventional EON networks. In SDM-EON, arriving connection demands could be setup efficiently. We consider a multi-core fiber (MCF)-enabled elastic optical network. We introduce two novel metrics as holding time metric (HTM) and coefficient of variant metric (CVM). Based on these metrics, three novel algorithms are introduced to resolve the fragmentation problem and improve blocking probability in SDM-EON; called Coefficient of Variant Metric (CVM); Holding Time Metric (HTM); and Moderate Coefficient of Variant Metric and Holding Time Metric (Mod_CVM_HTM) algorithms. According to our performance evaluation results, our proposed algorithms can reduce blocking probability (BP).

Field of study: Computer science
Controls on gravel termination in seven distributary channels of the Selenga River Delta, Baikal Rift basin, Russia

The Selenga River Delta, Lake Baikal, Russia, is ∼600 km2 in size and contains multiple distributary channels that receive varying amounts of water and sediment discharge. The delta is positioned along the deep-water (∼1600 m) margin of Lake Baikal, a half-graben–styled rift basin, qualifying it as a modern analogue of a shelf-edge delta system. This study provides a detailed field survey of channel bed sediment composition, channel geometry, and water discharge. The data and analyses presented here indicate that the Selenga Delta exhibits downstream sediment fining over tens of kilometers, ranging from predominantly gravel (coarse pebble) and sand near its apex to silt and sand at the delta-lake interface. We developed an analytical framework to evaluate the downstream elimination of gravel within the multiple distributary channels. The findings include the following. (1) The Selenga River Delta consists of at least eight orders of distributary channels. (2) With increasing channel order downstream, channel cross-sectional area, width-depth ratio, water discharge, boundary shear stress, and sediment flux systematically decrease. (3) The downstream elimination of gravel in distributary channels is caused by declining boundary shear stress as a result of water discharge partitioning among the bifurcating channels. (4) Over longer time scales, gravel is contained on the delta topset due to frequent and discrete seismic events that produce subsidence and accommodation, so that coarse sediment cannot be transported to the axis of the Baikal Rift basin. The distribution of sediment grain size in deltaic channels, as related to hydrodynamics and sediment transport, plays a critical role in influencing stratigraphy, because the sustained tectonism leads to high preservation potential of the delta topset sedimentary deposits. Therefore, the Selenga River Delta provides an opportunity to explore the interactions between modern deltaic sedimentation processes and tectonics that affect the production of basin stratigraphy.

Field of study: Geology
X-Ray Characteristics of Materials for Modeling Human Torso Phantoms

Materials for human torso phantom are selected for testing software in developing systems of intra-operational navigation based on 3D modeling with the technology of augmented reality. According to the Hounsfield scale, the X-ray density of the selected equivalent tissues lies in the range corresponding to certain groups of biological tissues. The reliability of the investigation is demonstrated by comparing 3D models of a real patient and a phantom made from the given material.

Field of study: Physics
Bioaccumulation of heavy metal ions and their effect on certain biochemical parameters of water hyacinth weevil Neochetina eichhorniae (Warner)

Water hyacinth plants treated for a week with varying concentrations (10–50 ppm) of soluble Cd, Mn and Zn were taken and fed to the phytophagous weevils Neochetina eichhorniae (Warner), which were subsequently examined for the toxic effects and other parameters. These insects were processed for biochemical accumulation of metal ions and their effect on protein, DNA and RNA. Cd and Mn ions interfered with the protein synthesis as was evident with a lower value of RNA and DNA content compared to control, whereas zinc demonstrated the opposite effect i.e., increase in RNA and DNA content and also significant increase in protein synthesis. The possible mechanism of these variations are discussed in the light of the bioaccumulated metal ions in the living system.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Effect of dark exposure in the middle of the day on Period1, Period2, and arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase mRNA levels in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus and pineal gland.

The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the mammalian hypothalamus contains a central circadian pacemaker, which adjusts circadian rhythms within the body to environmental light-dark cycles. It has been shown that dark exposure in the day causes phase shifts in circadian rhythms, but it does not induce changes in the melatonin levels in the pineal gland. In this study, we examined the effect of dark exposure on two "circadian clock" genes Period1 and Period2 mRNA levels in the rat SCN, and on Period1, Period2, and arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase (Aa-Nat, the rate-limiting enzyme in melatonin synthesis) gene expression in the pineal gland. Period1 and Period2 mRNA levels were significantly decreased in the SCN after 0.5 and 2 h, respectively, therefore suggesting that changes in those mRNA levels may be the part of the mechanisms of dark-induced phase shifts. Period1 and Aa-Nat mRNA levels in the pineal gland were not affected by darkness, but Period2 was moderately affected. Since Period1 and Aa-Nat mRNA levels in the pineal gland did not respond to dark stimulation, we further examined whether the pineal gland itself is capable of responding to adrenergic stimulation at this time of the day. Isoproterenol significantly induced Period1 and Aa-Nat mRNA levels; however, it did not affect Period2. Although previous studies have reported that during the day the SCN "gates" the dark information reaching the pineal, our data demonstrate that dark information may reach the pineal during the daytime.

Field of study: Biology
A General Construction of Tweakable Block Ciphers and Different Modes of Operations

This work builds on earlier work by Rogaway at Asiacrypt 2004 on tweakable block cipher (TBC) and modes of operations. Our first contribution is to generalize Rogaway's TBC construction by working over a ring and by the use of a masking sequence of functions. The ring can be instantiated as either GF or as . Further, over GF, efficient instantiations of the masking sequence of functions can be done using either a binary linear feedback shift register (LFSR); a powering construction; a cellular automata map; or by using a word-oriented LFSR. Rogaway's TBC construction was built from the powering construction over GF. Our second contribution is to use the general TBC construction to instantiate constructions of various modes of operations including authenticated encryption (AE) and message authentication code (MAC). In particular, this gives rise to a family of efficient one-pass AE modes of operation. Out of these, the mode of operation obtained by the use of word-oriented LFSR promises to provide a masking method which is more efficient than the one used in the well known AE protocol called OCB1.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
[Peculiarities of polymorphism in gene of serotonin transporter in men from different ethnic groups with acute alcoholic psychoses].

Analysis of polymorphism in locus of the gene of serotonin transporter (hSERT) was performed in men of Russian and Tatar nationalities with acute alcoholic psychoses by polymerase chain reaction. An absence of the differences in the distribution of the frequences of genotypes and alleles of hSERT gene was observed between populations examined, that corresponded to such values in Caucasians. An association was found between the allelic variations with 9 units of the repetitions of hSERT gene and an early onset of chronic alcoholization and development of acute alcoholic psychosis. Among the men, who developed acute alcoholic psychosis at the age over 35 there were significant differences in distribution of frequences of genotype of hSERT-gene between the populations. Genetic heterogeneity of such pathology in Russians and Tatars and impact of hSERT in the development of the disease in Tatars, are suggested.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Toxicity of cadmium chloride and lead nitrate to Chironomus tentans larvae

Chironomid larvae form an important link in aquatic food chains. Effluents from textile and pulp mills contain cadmium and lead salts which are dangerous to chironomid larvae, an important fish food. Toxicities of cadmium chloride and lead nitrate were studied under experimental conditions and the mean survival time and LD 100 values were calculated. Results suggest that following poisoning by CdCl 2 the total protein contents of the chironomid larvae decrease. This may diminish the nutritive value of these larvae as fish food. Qualitative analysis of larvae following exposure to CdCl 2 and Pb(NO 3 ) 2 showed that these heavy metals were taken up by the chironomids.

Field of study: Environmental science
Evaluation of the Antibacterial Activity of a Sizable Set of Essential Oils

Health issues related to bacterial infections, and the rise of bacterial resistance, have pushed the need for improved control options. Recently there has been a renewed interest in testing essential oils as antimicrobials, and combinatorial therapy combining conventional antibiotics and essential oils is ongoing. The popularity of essential oils as homeopathic remedies has increased in recent years due to the thought that natural products might prove safer than ingredients currently in consumer products. Several scientific reports exist relating to the efficacy of essential oils in controlling microbes, however most of these publications are either microbe centric, or are specific to one particular essential oil or oil constituent. This work was undertaken to develop a more comprehensive picture of the antibacterial effects of essential oils by evaluating the effectiveness of a large panel of essential oils against four diverse strains of bacteria (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus luteus, and Serratia marcescens). Of the essential oils tested, cinnamon bark, lemongrass, oregano, and thyme oils were the most potent, and had activity comparable to a concentration of a penicillin-streptomycin solution commonly used to inhibit bacterial growth. This study supports the idea that certain essential oils could play an important role in the development of antimicrobial products.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Bargaining in a network of buyers and sellers

We analyze bargaining between buyers and sellers who are connected by an exogenously given network. Players can make repeated alternating public offers that may be accepted by any of the responders linked to each specific proposer. Our purpose is to find the conditions of the network which drive the price distribution in equilibrium. This paper uses graph theory tools to provide necessary and sufficient conditions regarding the architecture of networks for the subgame perfect equilibrium of the bargaining game to coincide with the Walrasian outcome.

Field of study: Economics
Thermodynamic evaluation of hot brine stimulation for natural gas hydrate dissociation

In order to evaluate the efficiency of producing gas from natural gas hydrate (NGH), NGH dissociation under thermal stimulation is treated as a moving-boundary problem.Based on a mathematical model assuming that dissociation of hydrate in the porous media takes place in constant temperature boundary condition,the analytical temperature distributions in dissociated and undissociated zones were solved, and thermal efficiency and energy efficiency were derived.A comparison of hot water injection case and brine injection case for the same heat injection rate showed higher thermal and energy efficiency for the brine case than the hot water case.Thermal efficiency was commonly 40%—70%. During dissociation of hydrate by injecting 300—450 K, 0—15%(mass) hot brine,energy efficiency varied between 7.4% and 11.3%. From this point of view, hot brine injection is a feasible and economical way of NGH production.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
EFFICIENT NUMERICAL COMPUTATION OF THE STEADY-STATE RESPONSE AND STABILITY ANALYSIS OF THE ROTOR SYSTEMS WITH SQUEEZE FILM DAMPERS

The aim of this paper is to demonstrate capabilities of the created numerical procedure, which is based on harmonic balance method. Furthermore, the procedure incorporates the alternating frequency-time domain technique and the arc-length parameterization to solve the steady-state response of nonlinear systems in efficient manner, including unstable branches. The stability of the motion was assessed by two methods: the 2n-pass method and Hill’s method. The procedure was verified on an example from literature to prove its sufficient accuracy and subsequently, the procedure was applied on the finite element model of the rotor system mounted on the squeeze film dampers. The carried out computational simulations confirmed that the created procedure is efficient for the strongly nonlinear response and it gives similar results as the time integration.

Field of study: Engineering
Note. Preparation and Characterisation of Cake Rusks by Using Red Palm Oil Fortified Shortening

Cake rusks were prepared by using different combinations of normal and red palm oil fortified shortening to explore the possibility of red palm oil (RPO) fortified shortening to enhance the vitamin A status in human dietary intake. The replacement of normal shortening with RPO up to 50% level was the most acceptable, however, the use of RPO shortening beyond this limit showed a somewhat oily after taste. Carotenoid contents in flour, normal shortening, RPO shortening and egg were 3.57 ppm, 5.85ppm, 405.39 ppm and 5.13 ppm, respectively. Moisture content increased from 3.11% to 3.22% after 28 days of storage. During baking, loss of carotenoid contents ranged from 12.07% to 14.91%. A minimum carotenoid content of 7.19 ppm were found in the cake rusks (T1) prepared with 100% normal shortening (NS) while a maximum of 105.64 ppm was observed in (T5) 100% RPO in the freshly prepared product. The mean carotenoid content in T3 (50% RPO 50% NS) was 57.80ppm however it ranged from 6.94ppm (T1) to 102.34 ppm in (T5). A gradual decrease (7–10%) in carotenoid contents during 28 days’ storage was observed. There was significant increase (0.04–0.08 mg malonaldehyde/kg) in thiobarbituric acid number during storage. Results regarding sensory attributes reflect that T3 comprising of 50% RPO and 50% NS got the highest score. Furthermore consumer response in the acceptability study also showed that T3 treatment of cake rusk is suitable for commercialisation.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Differential Gene Regulation under Altered Gravity Conditions in Follicular Thyroid Cancer Cells: Relationship between the Extracellular Matrix and the Cytoskeleton

Extracellular matrix proteins, adhesion molecules, and cytoskeletal proteins form a dynamic network interacting with signalling molecules as an adaptive response to altered gravity. An important issue is the exact differentiation between real microgravity responses of the cells or cellular reactions to hypergravity and/or vibrations. To determine the effects of real microgravity on human cells, we used four DLR parabolic flight campaigns and focused on the effects of short-term microgravity (22 s), hypergravity (1.8 g), and vibrations on ML-1 thyroid cancer cells. No signs of apoptosis or necrosis were detectable. Gene array analysis revealed 2430 significantly changed transcripts. After 22 s microgravity, the F-actin and cytokeratin cytoskeleton was altered, and ACTB and KRT80 mRNAs were significantly upregulated after the first and thirty-first parabolas. The COL4A5 mRNA was downregulated under microgravity, whereas OPN and FN were significantly upregulated. Hypergravity and vibrations did not change ACTB, KRT-80 or COL4A5 mRNA. MTSS1 and LIMA1 mRNAs were downregulated/slightly upregulated under microgravity, upregulated in hypergravity and unchanged by vibrations. These data indicate that the graviresponse of ML-1 cells occurred very early, within the first few seconds. Downregulated MTSS1 and upregulated LIMA1 may be an adaptive mechanism of human cells for stabilizing the cytoskeleton under microgravity conditions.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Dynamics of stellar and HI streams in the Milky Way halo

Stellar streams are key players in many aspects of Milky Way studies and, in particular, studying their orbital dynamics is crucial for furthering our understanding of the Milky Way's gravitational potential. Although this is not a trivial task when faced with incomplete dynamical phase-space information, transverse motions of streams can nevertheless be comprehended by harnessing the information contained within their radial velocity gradients. Such methods are not only applicable to stellar streams, but also to HI streams residing in the Milky Way halo. Here, I present the results of two studies that use radial velocity gradients to determine the system's orbit: for Hercules, one of the 'ultra-faint' dwarf galaxies exhibiting a large ellipticity and located at a distance of 140kpc, showing that it may in fact be a stellar stream, and for a string of high-velocity HI clouds belonging to the GCN complex, indicating its likelihood for being a gaseous stream at a distance of approximately 20kpc.

Field of study: Physics
A differentiated services architecture for multimedia streaming in next generation Internet

This paper presents a DiAerentiated Services (DiAserv or DS) architecture for multimedia streaming applications. Specifically, we define two types of services in the context of Assured Forwarding (AF) per hop behavior (PHB) that are diAerentiated in terms of reliability of packet delivery: the High Reliable (HR) service and the Less Assured (LA) service. We propose a novel node mechanism called Selective Pushout with Random Early Detection (SPRED) that is capable of simultaneously achieving the following four objectives: (1) a core router does not maintain any state information for each flow (i.e., core-stateless); (2) the packet sequence within each flow is not re-ordered at a node; (3) packets from HR service are delivered more reliably than packets from LA service at a node during congestion; and (4) packets from TCP traAc are dropped randomly to avoid global synchronization during congestion. We show that SPRED is a generalized buAer management algorithm of both tail-dropping and Random Early Detection (RED), and combines the best features of pushout (PO), RED and RED with In/Out (RIO) mechanisms. Simulation results demonstrate that under the same link speed and network topology, network nodes employing our DiAserv architecture have substantial performance improvement over the current Best EAort (BE) Internet architecture for multimedia streaming applications. ” 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Field of study: Computer science
Various Kinds of Freeness in the Categories of Krasner Hypermodules

The purpose of this paper is to study the concept of freeness in the categories of Krasner hypermodules over a Krasner hyperring. In this regards first we construct various kinds of categories of hypermodules based on various kinds of homomorphisms of hypermodules, such as homomorphisms, good homomorphisms, multivalued homomorphisms and etc. Then we investigate the notion of free hypermodule in these categories. This leads us to introduce different types of free, week free, ∗-free and fundamental free hypermodules and obtain the relationship among them.

Field of study: Mathematics