nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Persistence of extra-pyramidal disorders and psychiatric relapse after withdrawal of long-term phenothiazine therapy.

Sixty-two chronic schizophrenics in hospital were studied. There were 32 male and 30 female patients; their mean ages were 53.6 years and 60.4 years respectively. They had all been on regular phenothiazines, principally trifluoperazine, for a mean of 9.4 years.

Placebo capsules were substituted randomly for 32 patients. Within the 16 drug-free weeks that followed, 9 (28 per cent) patients relapsed sufficiently to require reinstatement on active phenothiazines. The mean drug-free period for those 9 patients was 5 weeks. They were significantly younger, had consumed larger quantities of phenothiazines over the years, and were originally receiving larger daily doses of trifluoperazine than the 23 patients who did not relapse.

The patients were rated for the three main extra-pyramidal syndromes—motor restlessness parkinsonian rigidity and tremor and oral dyskinesia-tremor, before and after trifluoperazine was withdrawn. The mean drug-free period was 16 weeks. Comparisons were made between before and after ratings, as well as between placebo and control trifluoperazine groups. Parkinsonian rigidity and tremor, and oral-dyskinesia-tremor did not appreciably change in the placebo or control groups. Motor restlessness worsened significantly in the placebo, but not the trifluoperazine group. Of the 23 placebo patients who were without trifluoperazine for 16 weeks, 8 remained free from motor restlessness, 1 patient continued unchanged, 3 patients improved, 6 patients became worse, and 5 patients developed the disorder for the first time. There was no significant difference in any of the variables tested between the patients who deteriorated and those who remained the same or improved.

Trifluoperazine withdrawal, in this study, was therefore followed by a psychiatric relapse in 28 per cent of the patients, persistence of parkinsonian rigidity and tremor and oral dyskinesia-tremor, and worsening of motor restlessness. The implications of these findings are discussed.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
FDI Location Decision: Evidence from Firms Investing in China

By relying on an extensive set of firm data for foreign affiliates in China, the paper investigates the determinants of FDI location choice for multinational firm subsidiaries located in different special economic and investment zones. Using a logit estimation, the results suggest that various factors explain the location choice of FDI in China, and vary according to the country of origin and the sector of activity. Overall, the results show that the protection of intellectual rights, the agglomeration economies, the investments in education and the GDP of the region affect the location choice of FDI. Implications can be drawn for policy-makers to divert FDI from coastal to inland regions. Finally, the last part of the paper derives, from the obtained results, implications for future research and theory building.

Field of study: Business
Multiple-Baseline and Multiple-Probe Designs: Practical Alternatives for Special Education Assessment and Evaluation

At a time when the emphasis on accountability has never been greater, single-case designs can provide invaluable assistance to those caring for the developmentally disabled. While there are many types of single-case designs that can be used to collect accurate information regarding the quality of services, the present article is restricted to a consideration of multiple-baseline and multiple-probe designs. Although certain assessment and evaluation conditions might make different single-case designs more appropriate, the inherent flexibility of multiple-baseline and multiple-probe designs gives them greater potential for educational and treatment settings. Both designs are described, illustrated, and discussed. Practical and statistical criteria for assessing the significance of changes in behavior are presented.

Field of study: Education
Metabolic engineering of Pseudomonas fluorescens for the production of vanillin from ferulic acid.

Vanillin is one of the most important flavors in the food industry and there is great interest in its production through biotechnological processes starting from natural substrates such as ferulic acid. Among bacteria, recombinant Escherichia coli strains are the most efficient vanillin producers, whereas Pseudomonas spp. strains, although possessing a broader metabolic versatility, rapidly metabolize various phenolic compounds including vanillin. In order to develop a robust Pseudomonas strain that can produce vanillin in high yields and at high productivity, the vanillin dehydrogenase (vdh)-encoding gene of Pseudomonas fluorescens BF13 strain was inactivated via targeted mutagenesis. The results demonstrated that engineered derivatives of strain BF13 accumulate vanillin if inactivation of vdh is associated with concurrent expression of structural genes for feruloyl-CoA synthetase (fcs) and hydratase/aldolase (ech) from a low-copy plasmid. The conversion of ferulic acid to vanillin was enhanced by optimization of growth conditions, growth phase and parameters of the bioconversion process. The developed strain produced up to 8.41 mM vanillin, which is the highest final titer of vanillin produced by a Pseudomonas strain to date and opens new perspectives in the use of bacterial biocatalysts for biotechnological production of vanillin from agro-industrial wastes which contain ferulic acid.

Field of study: Biology, Engineering
The Research on Driver's Attention Recovery Based on Various Driving Conditions

To study the effect of subliminal vibration to recover young drivers' attention, fifteen subjects were selected to carry out simulated driving experiments. Focusing on driving (single driving), distracted driving, dominant vibration warning driving and subliminal vibration warning driving were carried out respectively. ECG signal and driving performance of subjects were recorded under these four kinds of driving conditions. ECG signal was analyzed using MATLAB.The results indicate that compared with ECG data of single driving the increasing amplitude of subliminal vibration warning is lower than those of the other warming methods, and the driving performance of subliminal vibration warning is better than those of other warning methods. Therefore, subliminal vibration warning can effectively recover the driver's attention. It also provides a reference for the future research on the road traffic safety system.

Field of study: Engineering
Die (γ,p)-Reaktion an einigen leichten und mittelschweren Kernen

Photoproton spectra have been obtained from gaseous18O,20Ne,22Ne,36Ar,40Ar,84Kr, Kr and Xe and from foils of23Na and K irradiated with bremsstrahlung from 24 to 32.5 MeV endpoint energy. The charged particles have been detected at 90° to theγ-beam by a Cs I(Tl)-spectrometer with pulse shape discrimination. Yields and lower limits for the integrated cross sections are given. For argon and the heavier nuclei, the results are compared with statistical-model calculations.ZusammenfassungAn einer Reihe von Kernen in dersd-Schale, dazu am Kr und Xe, wurde mit der gleichen Methode und teilweise zum ersten Male der (γ, p)-Prozeß durch Messung des Energiespektrums der Photoprotonen untersucht. Bei den leichten Kernen mit Massenzahlen kleiner als 24 zeigen sich mehr oder weniger ausgeprägte, für jeden Kern charakteristische Strukturen in den Energieverteilungen. Es wurde die Regel bestätigt gefunden, daß leichte Kerne ungerader Protonenzahl wesentlich größere Anteile von Nichtgrundzustandsübergängen aufweisen als solche mit gerader Ordnungszahl. Für Massenzahlen größer als 35 scheint der Verdampfungsprozeß den größten Teil unter den verschiedenen Reaktionsmechanismen aufzuweisen, wobei mit steigender Massenzahl der Beitrag des direkten Prozesses zunimmt. Die Absolutausbeute ist viel größer als nach dem statistischen Modell zu erwarten ist. Die unter der Annahme ausschließlicher Grundzustandsübergänge berechneten integrierten Wirkungsquerschnitte dürften für18O und Ne dem richtigen Wert etwa entsprechen, für die schwereren Kerne stellen sie nur ungünstig abgeschätzte untere Grenzen dar.

Field of study: Physics
Faunal turnover at the end of the Cretaceous in the North Pacific region: Implications from combined magnetostratigraphy and biostratigraphy of the Maastrichtian Senpohshi Formation in the eastern Hokkaido Island, northern Japan

A combined magnetostratigraphic and biostratigraphic study has been performed on the Maastrichtian Senpohshi Formation in eastern Hokkaido Island, northern Japan, which is an approximately 1300 m thick section mainly composed of hemipelagic mudstone. The identification of magnetic polarity was possible at 51 horizons, whereby four magnetozones were recognized. These magnetozones were correlatable to geomagnetic polarity chrons C31r to C30n, suggesting that the age of the Senpohshi Formation is spanning from middle to upper part of the Maastrichtian (ca. 69–67 Ma). The magnetostratigraphy of the Senpohshi Formation established in this study enables a direct age correlation to the Maastrichtian successions in other regions. Thus, this detailed chronology of the formation contributes to paleontological studies of the Maastrichtian in the North Pacific region. For instance, this magnetostratigraphic age assessment implies the following: (1) the stratigraphic range of the ammonite Pachydiscus flexuosus contains polarity chrons from the lower part of C31r to the lower part of C31n, (2) the first occurrence (FO) of the calcareous nannofossil Nephrolithus frequens in the North Pacific region is correlatable to polarity chron C30n or below, and (3) the FO of the bivalve “Inoceramus” awajiensis is located within polarity chrons from C31r to the upper part of C31n. This suggests that the inoceramid extinction event in the North Pacific region might have occurred during polarity chrons from C31r to the upper part of C31n (ca. 70.5–67.8 Ma), which is 2.3–5.0 Myr prior to the Cretaceous/Paleogene boundary. The trend of the Maastrichtian faunal turnover in the North Pacific is well consistent with those of other regions, brings a new evidence for understanding the global faunal turnover in the Maastrichtian, just before Cretaceous/Paleogene mass extinction.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Pietro Bembo: Lover, Linguist, Cardinal (review)

analysis of the theoretical arguments and in their scrupulous attention to sources. Together they stand as a well-conceived guide to material that was not easily classified or theorized. I must add that María José Vega’s sensitive introduction does more than introduce the volume; it offers a comprehensive overview of the early modern lyric and draws our attention, above all, to the importance of the precepts on style by Hermogenes and Demetrius and to the lyric as a social and cultural event, intimately linked as it was to music and recitation at court. The volume has a useful index and a current bibliography.

Field of study: History
Identification of Key Candidate Genes in Dairy Cow in Response to Escherichia coli Mastitis by Bioinformatical Analysis

At present, bovine mastitis is one of the most costly diseases affecting animal health and welfare. Escherichia coli (E. coli) is considered to be one of the main pathogens causing mastitis with clinical signs in dairy cattle. However, the cure rate of E. coli mastitis is low, and the pathogenesis of E. coli mastitis is not completely known. In order to develop new strategies for the rapid detection of E. coli mastitis, a comprehensive molecular investigation of E. coli mastitis is necessary. Hence, this study integrated three microarray data sets to identify the potential key candidate genes in dairy cow in response to E. coli mastitis. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were screened in mammary gland tissues with live E. coli infection. Furthermore, the pathways enrichment of DEGs were analyzed, and the protein–protein interaction (PPI) network was performed. In total, 105 shared DEGs were identified from the three data sets. The DEGs were significantly enriched in biological processes mainly involved in immunity. The PPI network of DEGs was constructed with 102 nodes and 546 edges. The module with the highest score through MCODE analysis was filtered from PPI; 18 central node genes were identified. However, in addition to immune-related pathways, some of the 18 DEGs were involved in signaling pathways triggered by other diseases. Considering the specificity of biomarkers for rapid detection, IL8RB, CXCL6, and MMP9 were identified as the most potential biomarker for E. coli mastitis. In conclusion, the novel DEGs and pathways identified in this study can help to improve the diagnosis and treatment strategies for E. coli mastitis in cattle.

Field of study: Biology
Intelligent Management of Multiple Access Schemes in Wireless Body Area Network

Wireless Body Area Network is a novel technology to provide efficient, convenient and safe health, medical and personal entertainment services but it still faces longstanding challenges in the application. A smart communication standard is essential to solve some problems in wireless data transmission and optimize system performance. This paper proposes an intelligent management of multiple access schemes for contention access and contention free access with game theory. The strategies are determined by requirements of applications and channel status. Nodes in a network choose various strategies for best payoff according to different conditions including normal status, packets-oriented services, emergent situation and bad link states with specific utility functions. The novel management model supports flexible resource allocation and enhances the system performance, which are evaluated by simulations of Castalia under various conditions.

Field of study: Computer science
Measuring high-energy γ-ray emission accompanying the spontaneous fission of 252Cf nuclei

The probability of high-energy γ-ray emission accompanying the spontaneous fission of 252Cf nuclei in the energy range of 5–60 MeV was measured experimentally. The γ rays were detected by a BGO detector with a size of ∅7.6 × 7.6 cm in coincidence with neutrons detected by an organic polystyrene-based scintillator with a size of ∅6.0 × 2.0 cm. To reject events associated with the cosmic background, we propose an original method that combines rapid digitizing of the pulse shape and the time-of-flight method.

Field of study: Physics
Geologic Evolution of the Beartooth Mountains, Montana and Wyoming. Part 7. Structural Homogeneity of Gneisses in the Lonesome Mountain Area

The Beartooth Mountains represent an elongate block of Archean crystalline rocks (metamorphism dated at 2.7 b.y. by Rb-Sr) which was uplifted during the Laramide Revolution. The Lonesome Mountain area in the heart of the range consists mainly of folded tonalitic to granitic gneisses, migmatites, and ortho-amphibolites with minor metasedimentary rocks, small pegmatites, and orbicular granitoid rocks. Mafic intrusions were emplaced during at least four periods from the Archean to the Tertiary; two of these later underwent metamorphism.

Analysis of compositional and mineral foliations, small fold axes, and mineral lineations in gneisses and migmatites defines statistical folds at stations and subdomains. These accurately reflect the geometry of large folds outlined by amphibolite sheets and axial trends constructed from field data. Presence of this pervasive fold system in heterogeneous migmatites and gneisses raises the question of whether the rocks had an intrusive or metasomatic origin.

Independent studies of folds and fabric in the nearby Gardner Lake area by Harris, the Southern Beartooth Mountains area by Wise, the Line Creek area by Casella, and the Quad Creek-Wyoming Creek-Line Creek area by Rowan and Larsen where metasedimentary rocks are common show that mapped large folds and statistical large folds are coincident. Small folds in the Quad Creek-Wyoming Creek-Line Creek area are older than or formed simultaneously with the open, flexural large folds and were formed during metamorphism-metasomatism. Mesoscopic compositional foliations at stations there are not homogeneous with respect to the statistical large fold axis as they are in the Lonesome Mountain area.

The geometry of large folds in the Lonesome Mountain area indicates dominant passive flow rather than flexural-flow and flexural-slip. Homogeneity of gneisses and migmatites on the mesoscopic scale is best explained by this mechanism of folding. Earlier structures would have been destroyed or transposed. Evidences for intrusive structures are measurable in inches or up to a few feet only, but phacolithic intrusion in the catazone cannot be ruled out by present criteria.

Field of study: Geology
Trans Individuals’ Facilitative Coping: An Analysis of Internal and External Processes

Existing research on trans individuals has primarily focused on their negative experiences and has disproportionately examined coming-out processes and identity development stages. Using a grounded theory approach, this qualitative study sought to examine facilitative coping processes among trans-identified individuals. Facilitative coping was operationalized as processes whereby individuals seek social support, learn new skills, change behaviors to positively adapt, and find alternative means to seek personal growth and acceptance. The sample included 15 participants who self-identified with a gender identity that was different from their assigned sex at birth.  yielded a total of nine overarching themes: Accepting Support from Others, Actions to Increase Protection, Active Engagement Throughout the Transition Process, Actively Seeking Social Interactions, Engaging in Exploration, Internal Processes Leading to Self-Acceptance, Self-Efficacy, Shifts Leading to Embracing Change and Flexibility, and Utilization of Agency. Based on the analysis, a theoretical model emerged that highlighted the importance of internal and external coping processes in facilitating gender identity development and navigating stressors among trans individuals. Clinical implications focusing on how to implement facilitative coping processes are discussed.

Field of study: Psychology
Local structure and electrochemistry of lithium cobalt oxides and their doped compounds

We present the structural and electrochemical properties of LiCoO 2 and doped LiCo 1− y M y O 2 (M=Ni, Al, B, Mg) oxides prepared by various methods, i.e. solid-state reaction, wet chemistry and film deposition techniques. The local structure studied by resonance spectroscopy (Raman and FTIR) is reported. It is shown that synthesis procedures of LiCoO 2 cathode materials greatly affect the electrochemistry and cycle life characteristics of their layered structure.

Field of study: Materials science
How Will Alcohol Research be Impacted by Future Reduction in Nicotine Content in Cigarettes?

The United States (US) Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is taking unprecedented steps to regulate tobacco products in order to improve public health. The FDA recently announced its intention to set product standards to reduce the nicotine content in cigarettes available in the US to a minimally- or non-addictive level through an advance notice of proposed rulemaking (ANPRM) (Gottlieb and Zeller, 2017). Because of the strong connection of cigarette smoking to alcohol drinking, there is compelling reason for alcohol-focused researchers to consider how future mandated market-wide reductions of nicotine levels in cigarettes would have downstream impact on drinking behavior. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Field of study: Medicine
Correlation energy functional and potential from time-dependent exact-exchange theory.

In this work we studied a new functional for the correlation energy obtained from the exact-exchange (EXX) approximation within time-dependent density functional theory. Correlation energies have been calculated for a number of different atoms showing excellent agreement with results from more sophisticated methods. These results lose little accuracy by approximating the EXX kernel by its static value, a procedure which enormously simplifies the calculations. The correlation potential, obtained by taking the functional derivative with respect to the density, turns out to be remarkably accurate for all atoms studied. This potential has been used to calculate ionization potentials, static polarizabilities, and van der Waals coefficients with results in close agreement with experiment.

Field of study: Physics
Comparative biodegradation of all chlorinated phenols by the microalga Scenedesmus obliquus - The biodegradation strategy of microalgae.

This work presents the comparative biodegradation of all chlorinated phenolic compounds by the green alga Scenedesmus obliquus and determines the microalgal bioenergetic strategy. The microalga manages its energy reserves rationally by investing them, either on growth or on the biodegradation of the toxic compound. The microalga seems to follow two distinct detoxification strategies. In the first one, when microalgae are surrounded by relatively low toxic phenolic compounds (phenol, monochlorophenols, 2,4-dichlorophenol and 2,6-dichlorophenol), they use all, or at least more of their energy reserves to increase the biomass production and not the biodegradation. In the second one, when surrounded by higher toxic chlorophenols (meta-substituted dichlorophenols, trichlorophenols, tetrachlorophenols and pentachlorophenol) the microalgae invest more, or all of their energy reserves directly in the biodegradation of the toxic compounds, while less or no energy is invested in biomass increase. The microalga biodegraded in five days approximately 9% of the lower toxic phenol and 90% of the higher toxic pentachlorophenol. Considering our ability to interfere with microalgae energy reserves, which define their stress tolerance in the toxic environment, and knowing the microalgal bioenergetic strategy, we could easily use microalgae to biodegrade toxic wastes in the frame of a rational biotechnological approach in the near future.

Field of study: Biology, Engineering
Cournot-Walras and locally consistent equilibria

A kth-order locally consistent equilibrium (k-LCE) is an imperfectly competitive general equilibrium allocation at which firms perceive only a kth-order Taylor expansion of their true demand curves. It is shown that, under simple regularity conditions, the set of kth-order locally consistent equilibrium strategies coincides with the set of Cournot-Walras equilibria as soon as k ⩾ 1. In addition, a characterization of the set of Negishi equilibria (or 0-LCEs) and an existence result for 1-LCEs in private ownership economies are provided.

Field of study: Economics
Quench Behavior of 2G HTS Coils With Polyimide Film and MIT Material Under Over Pulse-Current

This paper presents the quench behavior of second-generation (2G) high-temperature superconducting (HTS) coil insulated with a Kapton polyimide film or metal–insulator transition (MIT) materials, which could enhance the thermal stability and magnetic field-control performance of a 2G HTS magnet. For the quench test, overcurrent experiments using pulse-current shooting were conducted to investigate the thermal quench behavior and thermal stabilities of two HTS coils co-wound by polyimide or MIT materials against a large overcurrent pulse. The experimental results of the two insulation materials were compared to verify the superior thermal performance of the MIT material as the turn-to-turn insulation. Further, the applicability of the MIT material on a 2G HTS magnet system was discussed according to the experimental results.

Field of study: Physics