nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Screening and identification of dengue virus-specific antigens and the establishment of ELISA detection method for dengue antibody

To screen and identify the dengue virus-specific antigens,then establish the ELISA detection method for dengue virus antibody. Using bioinformatic software DNAStar and ANTHEPROT to analyze the hydrophilicity,flexibility,surface probability and antigenicity of dengue virus type 1-4,Japanese encephalitis virus and Yellow fever virus M,E and NSI protein amino acid sequence and also consider the influence of secondary structure.Then in accordance with epitopes localion and amino acid sequence similarity,forecast the share and specific epitopes.Reference the sequence information of different dengue virus strains in GenBank to analyze the epitopes conservative.Based on the results of bioinformatic analysis,5 specific epitopes were amplified and inserted into prokaryotic expression vector pMAL-C2x or pET32a.Then the vectors was transferred into E.coli Rosetta( DE3 ).lsopropyl-β-D-thiogalactoside(IPTG) was used to induce the expression of gene segments.SDS-PAGE were used to identify the expression proteins,and the antigenicity were tested using Western blot.Using the antigen selected by Western blot,ELISA method for dengue virus antibody detection was established. Eighty shared epitopes and 25 specific epitopes were forecasted,and 5 antigenic fragments encloude analyzed epitopes from dengue virus type 2 and 3 were expressed in E.coli successfully.One dengue virus type 1-4 shared antigens (Den-Ag5),one dengue virus type 2 and 4 shared antigens( DenAg3),one dengue virus type 1-3 shared antigens(Den-Ag2) and two dengue virus type 1,2 and 4 shared antigens( Den-Ag1,Den-Ag4)were conformed using Western blot.Using antigens Den-Ag5,Den-Ag1 and DenAg2,the ELISA method for dengue virus antibody detection were established. Based on the bioinformatic analysis and Western blot verification,5 dengue virus specific antigen were conformed,and the ELISA detection method for dengue virus antibody were established. 
 
 
Dengue virus;  Protein epitopes;  Prokaryotic expression;

Field of study: Biology
Climate and landscape reconstruction of the Arroyo Chijuillita Member of the Nacimiento Formation, San Juan Basin, New Mexico: Providing environmental context to early Paleocene mammal evolution

The sedimentologic, stratigraphic, and paleopedologic attributes of a laterally continuous outcrop exposure of the basal portion of the lower Paleocene Arroyo Chijuillita Member of the Nacimiento Formation located in the Bisti/De-Na-Zin Wilderness Area was examined to provide paleoenvironmental context for the Puercan North American Land Mammal Age (NALMA) terrestrial ecosystems of the San Juan Basin, New Mexico. The studied outcrop spans the middle and late Puercan (Pu2-Pu3) NALMA, and thus is an ideal location to assess the potential causes of faunal turnover between Pu2 and Pu3. The stratal succession consists of fluvial channel and laterally continuous sandstone and associated fine-grained floodplain deposits, including paleosols that document variability in drainage and maturity. Quantitative and qualitative reconstructions of paleoclimate from paleosols, supplemented by analyses of fossil floras, indicate no change in climate through the studied interval. Further, there is no evidence that regional tectonics relate to changes in depositional environments. Given the lack of evidence for climate change or regional tectonics, and the characteristics of the fluvial facies and the paleosols across the study locality, we interpret the spatial and temporal variability in paleopedologic and sedimentologic characteristics to be the result of autocyclic channel avulsion and migration. Additionally, the stable climatic conditions and lack of tectonic influence between the Pu2 and Pu3 biozones suggest that mammalian turnover is unlikely to have been caused by extrinsic environmental changes (i.e. climate or tectonics) and is instead probably the result of rapid evolution following the K-Pg boundary and/or competition from the migration of new mammalian species into the basin.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Mechanochemical reactions in Na2CO3–M2O5 (M = V, Nb, Ta) powder mixtures: Influence of transition-metal oxide on reaction rate

We have studied the mechanochemical reactions between Na 2 CO 3 and the transition-metal oxides M 2 O 5 (M = V, Nb, Ta), giving special attention to the course of the individual reaction and to the influence of the transition-metal oxide on the reaction rate. A common mechanism links the studied reactions and is characterized by the formation of an intermediate amorphous carbonato complex, in which the CO 3 2– ions that are present initially in the Na 2 CO 3 , coordinate to the transition-metal cation. In a subsequent milling stage the carbonato complex decomposes, leading to the formation of the final binary compounds, i.e., NaVO 3 , NaNbO 3 and NaTaO 3 . Quantitative experimental results, based on the Rietveld refinement method and thermogravimetric analyses, showed that the reaction rate follows the order Na 2 CO 3  + V 2 O 5  > Na 2 CO 3  + Ta 2 O 5  > Na 2 CO 3  + Nb 2 O 5 . By analyzing the acid–base properties of the participating reagents, we found that the experimental observations agree with the acid–base interaction mechanism, which means that the larger the acidity of the transition-metal cation involved, the faster and more complete the mechanochemical reaction. Finally, it was found that only partial decomposition of the carbonato complex, even after a prolonged mechanochemical treatment, can be expected in reactions characterized by lower acid–base potential.

Field of study: Materials science
ECGD SENDS AIRBUS REELING

IN ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT MOVES FOR THE EXPORT FINANCE COMMUNITY IN MORE THAN A DECADE, THE UK'S ECGD HAS ACTED UNILATERALLY TO THROW OUT LASU. ALEXANDRA LENNANE CANVASSES VIEWS FROM INSIDERS WHO, BECAUSE OF THE UK ELECTION CAMPAIGN, WOULD ONLY SPEAK OFF THE RECORD.

Field of study: Business
2D and 3D Numerical Models of Inductive SFCL

The Superconducting Fault Current Limiter (SFCL) can be used to limit the short-circuit current level in electrical networks. The inductive SFCL works like a transformer with shorted secondary HTS winding. Because of the iron core, the inductive SFCL is not axially symmetrical and should be modeled in 3D geometry. On the other hand, the 2D modeling gives much more computational advantage, in comparison with 3D modeling. The paper explains in what case the 3D modeling of inductive SFCL can be replaced by much simpler 2D modeling.

Field of study: Physics
When will Chinese universities be able to become world-class——Forecasting from GDP perspective

The building of world-class universities is closely related to the economic, political and culture development of their countries/regions. Based on the analysis of Gross National Product (GDP) and GDP per capita of countries/regions which have world-known (Top 500) universities, it was found that the basic requirement for world-famous (Top 200) universities is 300 billion US dollar of total GDP for a country/region, and that for world-class (Top 100) universities is 25000 US dollar of GDP per capita for a country/region. The GDP of developed Chinese regions such as Shanghai and Beijing is expected to exceed 300 billion US dollar and their GDP per capita is expected to be around 25000 US dollar in 2020. In addition, Chinese government is expected to continuously support the key universities. Therefore, Tsinghua University, Peking University, Fudan University and Shanghai Jiao Tong University should be able to become world-class in 2020.

Field of study: Education
Teaching Medication Adherence in US Colleges and Schools of Pharmacy

To determine and describe the nature and extent of medication adherence education in US colleges and schools of pharmacy.  A mixed-methods research study was conducted that included a national survey of pharmacy faculty members, a national survey of pharmacy students, and phone interviews of 3 faculty members and 6 preceptors.  The majority of faculty members and students agreed that background concepts in medication adherence are well covered in pharmacy curricula. Approximately 40% to 65% of the students sampled were not familiar with several adherence interventions. The 6 preceptors who were interviewed felt they were not well-informed on adherence interventions, unclear on what students knew about adherence, and challenged to provide adherence-related activities for students during practice experiences because of practice time constraints.  Intermediate and advanced concepts in medication adherence, such as conducting interventions, are not adequately covered in pharmacy curriculums; therefore stakeholders in pharmacy education must develop national standards and tools to ensure consistent and adequate medication adherence education.

Field of study: Education, Medicine
Research on the Performance of Water Lubricated Bearing when Bad Ship Shafting Alignment Based on ADINA

Establish the CSD model of water lubricated rubber bearing's normal working and bad alignment condition by using the finite element software ADINA, analyze the difference of the bearing load and the deformation. And conduct tribology test at shrinkage ratio test-bed, and compare the difference of friction coefficient and vibration at bearing's normal working and the horizontal offset condition. The research results show that: when the water lubricated bearing is in bad alignment condition, the force and the deformation increase locally, and the wear of the bearing and the vibration also increase, which is bad for the bearing capacity , wear resistance, shock absorption and so on.

Field of study: Engineering
Isotope stratigraphy, sedimentation rates, deep circulation, and carbonate events in the Labrador Sea during the last ~ 200 ka

High-resolution stable-isotope and accelerator mass spectrometry 14C measurements in 25 box and piston cores from the Labrador Sea allow the reconstruction of major paleoceanographical changes during the last ~ 200 ka in this basin and also document the links between the interior of the Laurentide Ice Sheet and the North Atlantic Ocean during this interval. Two deep circulation regimes are indicated by contrasting sedimentation rates on the slopes: (i) the modern situation is characterized by a gyre of the North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) components into the basin, which is responsible for the high-energy Western Boundary Undercurrent; this regime also prevailed during the former "true" interglacials and possibly during shorter "warm" intervals (e.g., Bolling-Allerod); (ii) a more frequent NADW-free situation during glacial and interstadial intervals is marked by the presence of a vertically homogeneous water mass in the basin. Sedimentological records also indicate that carbonate events (i.e., pulses of ...

Field of study: Environmental science
Transfer of baseline reject control to transitivity trials and its effect on equivalence class formation.

This study explored the role of baseline reject control on transitivity responding. In Experiment 1, participants learned to respond to a baseline of arbitrary AB and AC conditional relations, and then they were exposed to transitivity-like BC and CB trials in which the correct comparison stimulus was replaced by a novel stimulus (D). Five of 10 participants selected stimulus D, but only 1 showed expansion of the baseline stimulus classes to include the D stimuli. In Experiment 2, the emergence of symmetry and transitivity from baseline relations was assessed before participants were exposed to the transitivity-like trials. Six of 8 participants who showed emergence of equivalence relations selected the D stimuli on transitivity-like trials and provided evidence that baseline classes expanded to include these stimuli. In Experiment 3, these 6 participants selected novel stimuli (E) in additional transitivity-like trials, and all showed that the E stimuli had become members of the previously established classes, which now comprised 5 members. A route for the emergence of transitivity by way of the transfer of baseline between-classes reject control is discussed.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Subvalvular left ventricular aneurysms.

Subvalvular left ventricular aneurysms can be subaortic or submitral with variable etiology. This is a retrospective study of 19 subvalvular aneurysms seen in 16 cases. There were 12 isolated subaortic aneurysms, 3 isolated submitral aneurysms, and in 1 case with multiple subaortic and submitral aneurysms. Subaortic aneurysms were associated with infective endocarditis, while there seems to be a strong association between submitral aneurysms and tuberculosis. Five cases of subvalvular aneurysm has associated aneurysm sinus of Valsalva-this association suggests a congenital weakness in the attachment of aortic and mitral annuli to the underlying myocardium. Cardio Pathol 2000;9:267-271

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Implementing a public project and distributing its cost

We provide a game form which undertakes a public project exactly when the total benefit of the project to individuals in a society outweights its cost. The game form is simple, balanced, and individually rational. It can be adjusted to distribute cost according to a wide class of rules. For example it can distribute cost so that each individual pays a share of the cost which is proportional to his or her benefit. We discuss the informational limitations of our work and the relation of this work to the literature on mechanism design and public goods.

Field of study: Economics
Determination of Imidacloprid and Acetamiprid in Leek by Reversed Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography with Microwave Treatment and Convenient Reverse Solid Phase Dispersion Clean-up

A rapid method has been developed for the determination of two neonicotinoid insecticide residues including imidacloprid and acetamiprid in leek.The samples of leek were treated with microwave to make the enzyme inactive and to eliminate the matrix interferences.Then the pretreated samples were extracted with acetonitrile,further cleaned up by reverse solid phase dispersion,and analyzed by reversed phase HPLC with diode array detector(DAD).Average recoveries of imidacloprid and acetamiprid were found in the range of 95.2%-105.3% and 97.4%-108.8% at three spiking levels from 0.05 mg/kg to 2.0 mg/kg with relative standard deviations of 0.8%-7.8% and 1.3%-8.3%,respectively.Limit of detections of imidacloprid and acetamiprid were 0.0078 mg/kg and 0.0075 mg/kg,while limit of quantifications were 0.026 mg/kg and 0.025 mg/kg,respectively.

Field of study: Chemistry
On the verifiability of universal empirical statements

THE claim that it is logically possible to verify universal empirical statements (UE-statements) requires no indirect demonstration. It is patently established by the fact that we do actually verify such statements-as our well-confirmed scientific laws will attest to. Any theoretical analysis that seeks to show this verifiability must therefore be regarded as an explanation of it rather than as necessary for it. The explanation would then constitute a test of the verification principle or of the manner of applying it, or perhaps even of some manner of explicating what we understand by a UE-statement. It would not constitute a test of the verifiability itself. In what follows, it is not our aim to argue for or against the verifiability of UE-statements, but rather to give some consideration to Mr. S. Malinovich's interesting account of such verifiability (ANALYSIS, June 1965) and to the independent but similar treatment of a closely related topic by Mr. F. I. Dretske ('Counting to Infinity', ANALYSIS, January 1965). Mr. Malinovich states that, '. .. for the human race to verify a universal empirical proposition involving an infinite number of instances would in fact be impossible'. He goes on, however, to urge that the logical possibility of such verification may nevertheless be maintained. Apparently, the locution, 'would in fact be impossible', means: would be factually (i.e., physically) impossible, rather than would in fact be logically impossible. The question however immediately arises as to how one would know of this physical impossibility. The suggested answer seems to be that such verification necessitates the eternal existence of the human race and that the realization of this requirement would be contrary to what we know regarding the future of humanity. But the argument goes further to indicate that it is in principle quite possible that human existence will continue without end. This latter possibility, at first deemed necessary for the logical possibility of actually realizing an infinite class of confirmations, is then readily taken as also sufficient to guarantee it.

Field of study: Philosophy
Modelling bias in combining small area prevalence estimates from multiple surveys

Combining information from multiple surveys can improve the quality of small area estimates. Customary approaches, such as the multiple-frame and statistical matching methods, require individual level data, whereas in practice often only multiple aggregate estimates are available. Commercial surveys usually produce such estimates without clear description of the methodology that is used. In this context, bias modelling is crucial, and we propose a series of Bayesian hierarchical models which allow for additive biases. Some of these models can also be fitted in a classical context, by using a mixed effects framework. We apply these methods to obtain estimates of smoking prevalence in local authorities across the east of England from seven surveys. All the surveys provide smoking prevalence estimates and confidence intervals at the local authority level, but they vary by time, sample size and transparency of methodology. Our models adjust for the biases in commercial surveys but incorporate information from all the sources to provide more accurate and precise estimates.

Field of study: Mathematics
Graphite under uniaxial compression along c-axis: out-of-plane strain shifts in-plane phonon frequency

Stacking graphene sheets forms graphite. Two in-plane vibrational modes of graphite, E1u and E2g(2), are derived from graphene E2g mode, the shifts of which under compression are all considered as results of in-plane bond shortening. Values of Gruneisen parameter have been reported to quantify such relation. However, the reason why the shift rates of these three modes with pressure differ is unclear. In this work, we quantify the contribution of out-of-plane strain to the in-plane vibrational frequencies, suggesting that the compression of pi-electrons plays a non negligible role in studies of graphite or graphene under strain.

Field of study: Physics
Psychological Treatment of Factitious Disorder Imposed on Another/Munchausen by Proxy Abuse

The purpose of this article is to propose management and treatment protocols for family members impacted by MBP abuse. A brief review of psychopathology, co-morbidities, MBP risk level, treatment outcomes, and rationale for treatment is presented, followed by detailed guidance regarding psychological treatment and management. We propose five components of psychotherapy for abusers, best remembered by using the acronym of ACCEPTS: ACknowledgement, Coping, Empathy, Parenting, Taking charge, and Support. Guidance for the treatment of spouses/partners of the abuser, other involved family members/friends, and child victims are also provided.

Field of study: Psychology
Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic and healing effects of walnut leaves Juglans regia L. aqueous extract.

As a part of the valorisation of medicinal plants of the Algerian flora, we have undertaken a study of plant extract ( Juglans regia L.) growing in the Blida region, Algeria. The main objective of this work is to evaluate the in vivo pharmacological effects, namely the anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic and healing effects of common walnuts’s leaves aqueous extracts and ointment. The Carrageenan-induced paw edema test is used for screening of anti-inflammatory activity on 4 batches of mice (control batch, treated batch with Diclofenac® , treated batches with the aqueous extract at 5 and 10%), the analgesic effect was conducted using Acetic acid-induced endogenous spasm test, and the healing effect was conducted on rabbits. The anti-inflammatory test performed on laboratory mice, revealed a remarkable anti-inflammatory effect of the aqueous extract comparing with chosen standard pharmaceutical molecule (Diclofenac®), with a reduction percentage of 25 and 31.72 % for the aqueous extract and Diclofenac® respectively. The results for the analgesic effect was revealed to be significant comparing with those obtained with the reference product Spasfon. Finally, the healing effect was performed on rabbits, revealing high healing power comparing with those obtained with pharmaceutical healing paste ‘MADICASSOL” used as a reference. The ointment prepared using walnut leaves has shown more effectiveness with delay of healing less than a week compared to the ointment of reference which took almost 10 days for total healing effect. The obtained results confirm some information obtained during the ethnobotanical survey in a previous study; and that Juglans regia L. is endowed with an anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic and healing properties.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Organochlorines in polar bears (Ursus maritimus) at Svalbard.

A comprehensive survey on organochlorine (OC) contaminants in polar bears at Svalbard has been undertaken. Subcutaneous tissue, blood and milk have been sampled from anesthetized free-ranging bears of both sexes and different ages in the period from 1990 to 1994. A number of sexually mature females have been fitted with satellite transmitters which make it possible to follow their reproductive behaviour pattern. We report on contamination levels and pattern of PCB congeners, chlordanes, DDT-compounds, HCB and HCH-isomers in the various tissues. The relation of age, sex and reproductive status to OC contamination has been described, and the capacity of polar bears in metabolising OCs has been discussed from the isomer/metabolite composition of residues. Finally, the possible association between OC contamination and reproduction success has been assessed. The PCB levels present in polar bears at Svalbard are extremely high. Especially high levels of higher chlorinated PCBs are found, and they accumulate with age, particularly in males. With females, considerable amounts of OCs are transferred to the offspring via milk. However, more efficient OC transfer between subcutaneous depot lipid and circulatory lipids than from the circulatory system to milk is found particularly for the most lipophilic compounds. The OC pattern in suckling yearlings reflects the low transfer of the highest chlorinated PCBs into maternal milk. The levels of most other OCs, however, are higher in depot lipid of yearlings than in that of their mothers. The polar bears have high capacity to metabolise several OCs. This may protect them against toxic action of the contaminants. No relation between OC levels in females and their ability to get pregnant is found in this preliminary investigation on OC effects on the polar bears at Svalbard.

Field of study: Environmental science