nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Analytical solution to the optical transfer function of a scattering medium with large particles.

A new analytical expression for the optical transfer function of multiple-scattering media such as clouds, mists, and dust aerosols is given in terms of their microphysical characteristics. The geometrical optics approximation is used to find local optical parameters of a scattering medium, including the simple approximation of the phase function, which is the key to the solution of the problem considered here. The optical transfer function is taken within a small-angle approximation of the radiative transfer theory. A comparison with Monte Carlo data shows a fairly satisfactory accuracy of our analytic formulas.

Field of study: Physics
Conditional Pareto optimality of stationary equilibrium in a stochastic overlapping generations model

In this paper, I describe and analyze a pure exchange overlapping generations model in which endowments and the dividends of an asset in fixed supply are exogeneous and random; they follow a finite state Markov process. It is shown that no stationary allocation is Pareto superior to any stationary equilibrium allocation, where Pareto superiority is defined in terms of the conditional expected utilities agents maximize in the competitive setting. The main contribution of the paper is the optimality proof.

Field of study: Economics
Creep properties of eutectic Sn-3.5Ag solder joints reinforced with mechanically incorporated Ni particles

The creep deformation behavior of eutectic Sn-3.5Ag based Ni particle rein forced composite solder joints was investigated. The Ni particle reinforced composite solder was prepared by mechanically dispersing 15 vol.% of Ni particles into eutectic Sn-3.5Ag solder paste. Static-loading creep tests were carried out on solder joint specimens at 25 C, 65 C, and 105 C, representing homologous temperatures ranging from 0.6 to 0.78. A novel-design, miniature creep-testing frame was utilized in this study. Various creep parameters such as the global and localized creep strain, steady-state creep rate, onset of tertiary creep and the activation energy for creep were quantified by mapping the distorted laser ablation pattern imprinted on the solder joint prior to testing. The Ni-reinforced composite solder joint showed improved creep resistance compared to the results previously reported for eutectic Sn-3.5Ag solder, Sn-4.0Ag-0.5Cu solder alloys, and for eutectic Sn-3.5Ag solder reinforced with Cu or Ag particle reinforcements. The activation energy for creep was ∼0.52 eV for Sn-3.5Ag and Sn-4Ag-0.5Cu solder alloys. The activation energies ranged from 0.55–0.64 eV for Cu, Ag, and Ni reinforced composite solder joints, respectively. Most often, creep fracture occurred closer to one side of the solder joint within the solder matrix.

Field of study: Materials science
Comparison of galE gene of Campylobacter jejuni strains associated Guillain-Barré syndrome

To investigate the Camtrylobacterjejuni's risk factors which were associated with the development of Guillain-Barre syndrome( GBS), the galE gene of C. jejuni strains were sequenced and the sequencing results were compared with other C. jejuni strains.  Selecting three GBS-asso-ciated C.jejuni strains isolated from stools of GBS patients who had been diagnosed as AMAN pattern by clin-ical and electrophysiological test from Hebei province, China. After sequencing galE gene, the results were spliced and assembled into a complete sequence by the terminals overlapped each other. The sequences of galE gene were compared with the corresponding sequences in GenBank to find the mutation and constructed the phylogenetic tree.  The variation frequency of galE sequences of GBS-associated C. jejuni were higher than that of non-GBS-associated C. jejuni. The phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that each of the three C. jejuni strains was separately genetically closed to three strains which sequences have published in GenBank. The alignment with the related sequence of NCTC11168 shows that there are 4 same mutations in the galE gene of the three C. jejuni strains. The phylogenic tree reflected the regional feature of C. jejuni.  The probability of sequence variation of galE of GBS-associated C.jejuni is significantly higher than non-GBS-associated C. jejuni strains, the relation between the variation and GBS-pathogenesis remains to be further confirmed. The mutations found in the three C. jejuni strains established the foundation for ex-ploring the biologically characteristic of GBS-associated C. jejuni strains. 
 
 
Guillain-Barre syndrome;  Campylobacter jejuni;  galE gene;  Sequence analysis

Field of study: Biology
A Temperley–Lieb Analogue for the BMW Algebra

The Temperley–Lieb algebra may be thought of as a quotient of the Hecke algebra of type A, acting on tensor space as the commutant of the usual action of quantum \({\mathfrak{s}\mathfrak{l}}_{2}\) on \({(\mathbb{C}{(q)}^{2})}^{\otimes n}\). We define and study a quotient of the Birman–Wenzl–Murakami algebra, which plays an analogous role for the three-dimensional representation of quantum \({\mathfrak{s}\mathfrak{l}}_{2}\). In the course of the discussion, we prove some general results about the radical of a cellular algebra, which may be of independent interest.

Field of study: Mathematics
Single Strip Diffraction: Comparison Between Kirchhoff Theory and Keller's Geometrical Theory in the Limit of Small Glancing Angle and Width.

A comparison is made between the approximate theories of Kirchhoff and Keller, and the exact solution of Maxwell's equations for the case of Fraunhofer diffraction of electromagnetic radiation incident upon a long, thin conducting strip with the electric field vector polarized parallel to the strip axis. Strip widths from approximately 0.3lambda to 3lambda are considered with angles of incidence ranging from 4 degrees to 84 degrees . The predieted intensities are compared as a function of angle in the region on the same side of the strip as the incident radiation. It is found that in the limits of small glancing angle or small strip width, where both approximate theories are of questionable validity, Keller's geometrical theory more closely agrees with the exact solution.

Field of study: Physics
Co-crystallization of human inositol monophosphatase with the lithium mimetic L-690,330.

Lithium, which is still the gold standard in the treatment of bipolar disorder, has been proposed to inhibit inositol monophosphatase (IMPase) and is hypothesized to exert its therapeutic effects by attenuating phosphatidylinositol (PI) cell signalling. Drug-discovery efforts have focused on small-molecule lithium mimetics that would specifically inhibit IMPase without exhibiting the undesired side effects of lithium. L-690,330 is a potent bisphosphonate substrate-based inhibitor developed by Merck Sharp & Dohme. To aid future structure-based inhibitor design, determination of the exact binding mechanism of L-690,330 to IMPase was of interest. Here, the high-resolution X-ray structure of human IMPase in complex with L690,330 and manganese ions determined at 1.39 Å resolution is reported.

Field of study: Chemistry
Anti‐CD40 ligand monoclonal antibody delays the progression of murine autoimmune cholangitis

While there have been significant advances in our understanding of the autoimmune responses and the molecular nature of the target autoantigens in primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC), unfortunately these data have yet to be translated into new therapeutic agents. We have taken advantage of a unique murine model of autoimmune cholangitis in which mice expressing a dominant negative form of transforming growth factor β receptor II (dnTGFβRII), under the control of the CD4 promoter, develop an intense autoimmune cholangitis associated with serological features similar to human PBC. CD40‐CD40 ligand (CD40L) is a major receptor–ligand pair that provides key signals between cells of the adaptive immune system, prompting us to determine the therapeutic potential of treating autoimmune cholangitis with anti‐CD40L antibody (anti‐CD40L; MR‐1). Four‐week‐old dnTGFβRII mice were injected intraperitoneally with either anti‐CD40L or control immunoglobulin (Ig)G at days 0, 2, 4 and 7 and then weekly until 12 or 24 weeks of age and monitored for the progress of serological and histological features of PBC, including rigorous definition of liver cellular infiltrates and cytokine production. Administration of anti‐CD40L reduced liver inflammation significantly to 12 weeks of age. In addition, anti‐CD40L initially lowered the levels of anti‐mitochondrial autoantibodies (AMA), but these reductions were not sustained. These data indicate that anti‐CD40L delays autoimmune cholangitis, but the effect wanes over time. Further dissection of the mechanisms involved, and defining the events that lead to the reduction in therapeutic effectiveness will be critical to determining whether such efforts can be applied to PBC.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
BEAVERHEAD FORMATION, A LARAMIDE DEPOSIT IN BEAVERHEAD COUNTY, MONTANA

The name Beaverhead formation is proposed for a thick sequence of conglomerate, sandstone, siltstone, and limestone that crops out over an area of at least 400 square miles in Beaverhead County, Montana, extends southward across the Montana-Idaho boundary, and may extend eastward into Madison County. These rocks are clearly sedimentary by-products of the Laramide orogeny and probably range from late Cretaceous to early Eocene.

The Beaverhead formations consists predominantly of conglomerate. In part of the area, an upper and a lower conglomerate member are separated by a middle member of limestone. Where the limestone member is inconspicuous or absent, the upper and lower conglomerate members cannot be differentiated. The most nearly complete and best-exposed known section of the Beaverhead formation, designated the type section, is near the mouth of McKnight Canyon, 6 miles west of Dell, Montana. Here the formation can be divided into four mappable units; elsewhere no more than three units can be recognized. In the McKnight Canyon section, the top and bottom members are dominantly conglomerate, composed of pebbles, cobbles, and subordinate boulders set in a sandy matrix cemented by calcite; breccia beds occur locally. This coarse debris was derived from rocks of Precambrian, Paleozoic, and Mesozoic age and consists largely of limestone and quartzite. The intermediate member consists of two mappable units: a lower thick, massive limestone, locally concretionary, and an upper sequence of interbedded siltstone, sandstone, arkose, limestone, and subordinate conglomerate. At McKnight Canyon, where the base and the top of the formation have been faulted and eroded, the exposed thickness of the section is approximately 9700 feet.

The Beaverhead formation rests unconformably on rocks as young as the Colorado group and as old as early Paleozoic, and it probably rests unconformably upon rocks as young as the Montana group and as old as Precambrian. It is unconformably overlain by vertebrate-bearing fluviatile or lacustrine tuffaceous beds of Eocene and Oligocene age. The coarse debris that composes the formation was eroded from nearby mountains that were uplifted in Late Cretaceous, Paleocene, and early Eocene time, and was deposited in basins adjacent to these mountains. The resulting rocks, a product of Laramide orogeny, were later folded and displaced by overthrusting and block faulting. In places, these rocks are overlain by thrust sheets of Paleozoic rocks.

Field of study: Geology
Extending the ancient margin outboard in the Canadian Cordillera: record of Proterozoic crust and Paleocene regional metamorphism in the Nicola horst, southern British Columbia

The Nicola horst exposes plutonic and amphibolite-grade metamorphic rocks and is surrounded by low-grade arc rocks of the Late Triassic Nicola Group. We present new geological mapping and U–Pb, Nd, and metamorphic data for the Nicola horst near Bob Lake, ∼40 km south of Kamloops, British Columbia. The Bob Lake assemblage includes felsic to intermediate metavolcaniclastic rocks, metaconglomerate, schist, phyllite, and other rock types. From U–Pb zircon analysis, a felsic metaporphyry clast in metaconglomerate is 1.04 Ga old. The oldest detrital zircons in metaconglomerate and schist are also near 1 Ga. The Bob Lake assemblage was intruded by 230 Ma tonalite, 219 Ma diorite, and 64 Ma leucogranite and includes 161 Ma felsic porphyry and 157 Ma rhyodacite. Amphibolite-grade metamorphism and ductile flattening and stretching affected all rocks except crosscutting Paleocene granite and granodiorite. The high-grade rocks may be exposed as a result of latest Cretaceous – Eocene extensional ductile flow beneath a thin brittle upper crust. A thickness of ∼20 km of juvenile crust beneath the proposed Quesnel terrane is inconsistent with the evidence of Proterozoic source rocks at surface. We infer that most of the crustal lithosphere in this part of the Intermontane Belt is continental, which does not preclude possibly thick arc rocks in other parts. The local thinness of the Nicola Group, however, is inconsistent with emplacement as a regional allochthon and thus with their inclusion in a Quesnel “terrane.” The Nicola arc succession appears to have been built on the ancient continental margin.

Field of study: Environmental science
Statistical Analysis in Climate Research

1.  2. Probability theory 3. Distributions of climate variables 4. Concepts in statistical inference 5. Estimation Part II. Confirmation and Analysis: 6. The statistical test of a hypothesis 7. Analysis of atmospheric circulation problems Part III. Fitting Statistical Models: 8. Regression 9. Analysis of variance Part IV.  Time series and stochastic processes 11. Parameters of univariate and bivariate time series 12. Estimating covariance functions and spectra Part V. Eigen Techniques: 13. Empirical orthogonal functions 14. Canonical correlation analysis 15. POP analysis 16. Complex eigentechniques Part VI.  Specific statistical concepts in climate research 18. Forecast quality evaluation Part VII.

Field of study: Mathematics
Description of a new specimen of Ianthasaurus hardestiorum (Eupelycosauria: Edaphosauridae) and a re-evaluation of edaphosaurid phylogeny

Ianthasaurus hardestiorum, a basal edaphosaurid from the Upper Pennsylvanian of Garnett, Kansas, has been described on the basis of two incomplete, juvenile specimens and a series of disarticulated vertebral elements. New skeletal material of this poorly known species includes previously unknown cranial elements, increasing our knowledge of the anatomy and variation in this taxon. The complete ossification of the neural arches and the overall larger size of the vertebrae relative to those previously described indicate that they were part of an adult individual, and marginal tooth morphology resembles more closely that seen in the genus Edaphosaurus. Phylogenetic analysis of edaphosaurid synapsids confirms the hypothesis that Ianthasaurus is a sister-taxon of all other members of the clade. However, the incomplete fossil record of other putative edaphosaurids, such as Lupeosaurus and Glaucosaurus, makes full resolution of their phylogenetic interrelationships difficult to assess.

Field of study: Environmental science
Morphological, dielectric and transport properties of garnet-type Li6.25+yAl0.25La3Zr2-yMnyO12 (y = 0, 0.05, 0.1, and 0.2)

Garnet-type solid Li ion conductor Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZO) has received considerable attention due to its high total (bulk + grain boundary) ionic conductivity at room temperature and its chemical stability with Li metal. To improve the ionic conductivity of LLZO, the hetrovalent doping at Zr-site and Al-doping at Li site was done for the optimization of Li concentration in LLZO. Thus, considering prominent role of various dopant in ionic and/or electronic conduction of LLZO, the effect of Mn-doping at Zr-site in the Al-doped Li6.25+yAl0.25La3Zr2-yMnyO12 (y = 0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2) on the microstructure, dielectric and transport properties is studied. The Mn-doping at Zr-site in Al-LLZO is confirmed by electron paramagnetic resonance and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy techniques. A correlation between structure, microstructure and the Li+ ion conduction is established. Amongst all investigated compounds, Li6.35Al0.25La3Zr1.9Mn0.1O12 exhibit highest total ionic conductivity of 0.34 × 10−4 Scm−1 at 25 °C. Further, the electrochemical window and stability of Mn doped-LLZO with Li metal is examined by cyclic voltammetry.

Field of study: Materials science
Continuously Non-malleable Codes with Split-State Refresh

Non-malleable codes for the split-state model allow to encode a message into two parts, such that arbitrary independent tampering on each part, and subsequent decoding of the corresponding modified codeword, yields either the same as the original message, or a completely unrelated value. Continuously non-malleable codes further allow to tolerate an unbounded (polynomial) number of tampering attempts, until a decoding error happens. The drawback is that, after an error happens, the system must self-destruct and stop working, otherwise generic attacks become possible.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Investigation of a CPG-array CdZnTe γ-ray imaging detector with single collecting electrodes readout.

The single-electrode readout method has been applied to a coplanar grid (CPG) array CdZnTe detector in order to halve the number of preamplifiers previously needed and to facilitate imaging applications of CPG detectors. A method of predetermining the width of the optimum collecting electrodes has also been proposed, using the calculated optimum relative gain factor G. Meanwhile, a detailed process for calculating the charge induction efficiency (CIE) is presented. To simplify the calculation process, the computational formula of the CIE was deduced through the integration of the weighting potential. For performance evaluation, a 2 × 2 CPG-array CdZnTe detector was elaborately designed and tested with (137)Cs at 662 keV. Experimental results showed the capability of using the CPG-array CdZnTe detector with single collecting electrode readout for γ-ray imaging applications, with the same complexity of associated readout electronics as that of the pixelated CdZnTe detectors.

Field of study: Physics
FRICTION-INDUCED SELF-EXCITED VIBRATION AND CONTROL OF A BRAKE SYSTEM

The non-linear dynamics and control of friction-induced vibration in a brake system are investigated.Adopting the LuGre friction model,the dynamical equations of a 2-DOF disc brake system are derived by considering the friction force between the disc and the pad.The critical speed of Hopf bifurcation of the equilibrium is obtained through stability analysis.The design method based on differential geometry and linear quadratic optimal control for SISO nonlinear system controller is used to reduce the chatter phenomena during deceleration-type braking by postponing the critical speed of Hopf bifurcation.At last,the influences of the controller and the system parameters are analyzed.The simulation result shows that the method based on differential geometry and linear quadratic optimal is effective to control the self-excited vibration.

Field of study: Engineering
Electrical Stimulation, Endorphins, and the Practice of Clinical Psychology

Recent studies have demonstrated an alternative to drug treatment for patients presenting with anxiety disorders. This new technique involves electrical stimulation of the peripheral nervous system to induce chemical changes in the brain that can support and promote healing. This method was developed in part from studies of ancient Chinese acupuncture, but it is noninvasive and does not require needles, and it does not depend on prescientific rituals or metaphysical theories. Endorphins, natural neuropeptides active in basal brain structures, act upon anxiolytic μ receptors. Solid evidence from fMRI and neurochemical studies show that a simple office procedure involving electrical stimulation can stimulate the expression of endorphins in the brain. Patients have demonstrated symptom relief from this simple adjunctive treatment with a concomitant reduction in dependency on psychotropic medications.

Field of study: Psychology
After popular culture: hyperreality and leisure

For at least the last ten years social theory and philosophy has been dominated by the debate on modernity and postmodernity. However, the influence of this debate in leisure studies has been uneven. Postmodern arguments have exerted an influence but they have often been misrepresented by the rhetoric of traditions of collectivist thought. This paper argues that postmodernism should be regarded as one of three ‘moments’ in the development of leisure studies: the moment of functionalism; the moment of politicization; and the moment of postmodernism. An attempt is made to assess critically one of the leading representatives of the collectivist tradition: cultural studies. The arguments of this position are contrasted with those of postmodernism and an important division within cultural studies is identified.

Field of study: Sociology
Measurement-induced entanglement of two transmon qubits by a single photon

On-demand creation of entanglement between distant qubits is a necessary ingredient for distributed quantum computation. We propose an entanglement scheme that allows for single-shot deterministic entanglement creation by detecting a single photon passing through a Mach–Zehnder interferometer with one transmon qubit in each arm. The entanglement production essentially relies on the fact that superconducting microwave structures allow one to achieve strong coupling between the qubit and the photon. By detecting the photon via a photon counter, a parity measurement is implemented and the wave function of the two qubits is projected onto a maximally entangled state. Most importantly, the entanglement generation is heralded such that our protocol is not susceptible to photon loss due to the indivisible nature of single photons.

Field of study: Physics
Information Fusion for Face Recognition Using Fuzzy Integral

This paper proposes a face recognition approach to combine the global feature and local feature of human face and aggregate the resulting individual classifiers using fuzzy integral. The present face recognition system is not accurate enough to acclimatize itself to the uncontrolled environments. First, the paper produces essential facial features such as eyes, nose, and mouth, so the cropped image and local facial features are obtained. In the sequel, fisherface method is used to extract the features and reduce the dimensionalities of those features. Then three classifiers based upon local facial images and a single classifier based upon global face images are constructed. Finally, the information fusion of the individual classifier is realized through the Choquet fuzzy integral.Experimental results show the proposed system obtains complementary results and improves recognition performance substantially.

Field of study: Computer science
p-Type PbTe Thermoelectric Bulk Materials with Nanograins Fabricated by Attrition Milling and Spark Plasma Sintering

This work reports a manufacturing process that combines attrition milling and spark plasma sintering (SPS) in the preparation of PbTe bulk materials with nanosize grains. The process involves milling raw PbTe ingots into nanocrystalline powders and subsequent compacting of these powders into dense bulk materials by spark plasma sintering. Sintered samples with relative densities of over 95% and grain sizes as small as 80 nm to 1 μm were obtained through this process. The thermoelectric properties of the samples were measured and compared with those of raw ingots at temperatures from 300 K to 400 K to demonstrate the influence of grain size on thermoelectric properties. The results reveal that reducing the grain size improved thermoelectric performance.

Field of study: Materials science