nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Ring ORAM: Closing the Gap Between Small and Large Client Storage Oblivious RAM

We present Ring ORAM, a simple and low-latency ORAM construction that can be parameterized for either small or large client storage. Simply by tuning parameters, Ring ORAM matches or exceeds the performance of the best-known small and large client storage schemes and can achieve a constant factor online bandwidth overhead over insecure systems. We evaluate Ring ORAM in theory and in practice. On the theory side, we prove that Ring ORAM matches the asymptotic bandwidth and client storage of Path ORAM, the prior-art scheme for small client storage. Tuning parameters for small client storage, Ring ORAM reduces overall bandwidth relative to Path ORAM by a factor of 2.7× and reduces online bandwidth to constant (a 57× improvement over Path ORAM given realistic parameters). Tuning parameters for large client storage, Ring ORAM outperforms Path ORAM (which is given equal storage) by 4.5× and SSS ORAM, the prior-art scheme for large client storage, by 16-33%. Using secure processors as a case study for small client storage, Ring ORAM on average reduces ORAM response time by nearly 5× and improves workload completion time by 2.75×, relative to Path ORAM. In the large storage setting, running an enterprise file system trace with bursty requests, Ring ORAM adds negligible overhead to response time given a > 100 Mbps network bandwidth. By comparison, Burst ORAM incurs large overheads in response time unless network bandwidth > 350 Mbps. These results suggest that Ring ORAM is a compelling construction in both large client storage (e.g., file server) and small client storage (e.g., remote secure processor) settings.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Phase transitions of liquid-crystal films on an air-water interface.

Surface-balance, ellipsometry, and optical second-harmonic-generation techniques are employed to investigate the phase transitions of liquid-crystal 4'-n-octyl-4-cyanobiphenyl films on an air-water interface. We have found, for the first time, a distinctive first-order phase transition between a stable monolayer phase and a stable 3-layer phase of the liquid-crystal film

Field of study: Physics
Application of artificial neural networks in food safety pre-warning system

Artificial neural networks as a method of quick response,low cost and solving complicated nonlinear problem that plays an important role in the food safety pre-warning system.This paper reviews the artificial neural networks in the food safety pre-warning system construction of risk assessment,information source and warning analysis.Also,it specifically introduces the application progress status of artificial neural networks on environmental hazards assessment,biological chemical hazards assessment,food security risk assessment,and microbial pollution,food additives,food poisonous and harmful substances,fake products information source inspection.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Herbicidal pollution—pollen damage due to herbicides

The maximisation of agricultural yields has been related to the utilisation of pesticides and, as a result, herbicidal control of weeds has gathered momentum. In spite of the greater selectivity and minimum damage aimed at, herbicides have now been proved to act as ecological narcotics. In earlier works a damaging effect of 2,4-D with specific reference to brinjals was reported; the present paper deals with the variation in the susceptibility of pollens of a local variety of brinjal ( Solanum melongena Willd.) to four herbicides belonging to different chemical groups.

Field of study: Environmental science
Effect of Ionic Radius and Resultant Two-Dimensionality 
of Phonons on Thermal Conductivity in MxCoO2 (M = Li, Na, K) by Perturbed Molecular Dynamics

Phonon thermal conductivity calculations for LixCoO2, NaxCoO2, and KxCoO2 (x = 1, 0.5) have been carried out by perturbed molecular dynamics to clarify the dependence of thermal conductivity on alkali-metal vacancy concentration in these materials. While thermal conductivity decreased for all compounds upon introduction of alkali-metal vacancies, the magnitude of the decrease is strongly dependent on the size of the alkali-metal ion. Further numerical analyses using fictitious physical parameters reveal that, with increasing ionic radius, the two-dimensionality of the phonons in the CoO2 layers, which are responsible for overall thermal conductivity, is enhanced, resulting in lower thermal conductivity in vacancy-free compounds as well as ineffectiveness of alkali-metal vacancies in lowering thermal conductivity. In contrast, for systems with smaller alkali-metal ionic radius, even though higher thermal conductivity is predicted when no vacancies are present, vacancies are quite effective in significantly lowering thermal conductivity by modifying phonon states in the CoO2 layers, more so than in systems with larger alkali-metal vacancies.

Field of study: Materials science
Enzymatic Synthesis of ω-Hydroxyalkyl and n-Alkyl β-D-Galactopyranosides by the Transglycosylation Reaction of β-Galactosidase

ω-Hydroxyalkyl and n-alkyl β-D-galactopyranosides were directly prepared in high yield from 1,8-octanediol, 1,10-decanediol, 1-octanol and 1-decanol by the transglycosylation reaction of o-nitrophenyl β-D-galactopyranoside (ONPG) or lactose using β-galactosidase.

Field of study: Chemistry
A method of data rectification based on Bayesian network

A precise mass balance model is the basis of data rectification.However, the streams of material in industrial processes change dynamically due to frequently occurring scheduling events.A new method was proposed to update the mass balance model in view of application.Bayesian network was used, its structure was selected according to expert’s experiences and its variables were trained by historical data.Consequently, scheduling events were identified based on diagnostic function of Bayesian network, and an updated simplified model was finally established.In this way, the feasibility of data rectification was enhanced.And simulation results demonstrated the efficiency of the proposed method.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Correction of the Closed Orbit and Vertical Dispersion and the Tuning and Field Correction System in ISABELLE

Each ring in ISABELLE will have 10 separately powered systematic field correction coils to make required corrections which are the same in corresponding magnets around the ring. These corrections include changing the ¿-value, shaping the working line in ¿-space, correction of field errors due to iron saturation effects, the conductor arrangements, the construction of the coil ends, diamagnetic effects in the superconductor and to rate-dependent induced currents. The twelve insertion quadrupoles in the insertion surrounding each crossing point will each have a quadrupole trim coil. The closed orbit will be controlled by a system of 84 horizontal dipole coils and 90 vertical dipole coils in each ring, each coil being separately powered. This system of dipole coils will also be used to correct the vertical dispersion at the crossing points. Two families of skew quadrupoles per ring will be provided for correction of the coupling between the horizontal and vertical motions. Altogether there will be 258 separately powered correction coils in each ring.

Field of study: Physics
O JOGO E A ARTE COMO ESTRATÉGIAS PARA A EDUCAÇÃO AMBIENTAL NO CONTEXTO ESCOLAR

The present qualitative study aimed at contributing for the reflection on the Environmental Education process in school context, focusing the importance of aesthetic and playfull elements as sensitizing and awareness factors, considering their positive influence on favoring a possible change in values and attitudes, and stimulating the diffusion of conservationists and more human postures.

Field of study: Education
Effects of Rice-Vegetable Rotation Regime on the Form Distribution and Bioavailability of Soil Cd

Rice-Vegetable Rotation regime(RVRr), which has been proposed by Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, was a highly effective farming model and advance soil environment. We carried out a field experiment in Dongguan to explore the impacts of RVRr on heavy metal cadmium(Cd)in farmland soil. In comparison with Vegetable Continuous Cropping regime(VCCr)and Rice Continuous Cropping regime(RCCr), we aimed to get the distributional characteristics and migration rules of various Cd occurrence modes in soil, as well as accumulative laws of Cd in edible parts of crops under RVRr. The results showed that RVRr and VCCr had no significant influence on the contents of total Cd and its various occurrence modes. However, RCCr could significantly reduce the contents of exchangeable, oxidizable, residual form and the total Cd in soil. Cd was dominated in the high activity fractions in soil, and followed the order of exchangeable reducible oxidizable residual. Additionally, reducible form could transform with oxidizable and residual form. Rice had more cumulative capacity of Cd than vegetables, so that the risk of excessive Cd in rice should be carefully considered before extending RVRr.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Acquisition and maintenance of trusting behavior.

This study determined whether a two-person exchange situation contained natural contingencies for trusting behavior or whether external contingencies were necessary. Pairs of college students worked matching-to-sample problems for money. On each trial there was one problem and the subjects determined which of them would solve it. Trusting behavior was defined as an increase in the number of consecutive problems each subject allowed his partner to work during sessions that also ended with an equitable distribution. Simply, trust was a temporary deviation from equity. A subject could give the problem to the other person (cooperate), or not respond and let the other person take the problem (share). Other possibilities were for both subjects to try to take the problem (complete), or for neither subject to respond and thereby let the person who worked the last problem also work the next one (passive trust). When only four lever pulls were required to distribute a problem (no external contingencies to reach either equity or trust) subjects reached equity, but only minimal trust (strict alternation of single problems) developed in 18 sessions. When 30 or 60 lever pulls were required to distribute a problem (smaller response requirement for passive trust and therefore a contingency for trust), trusting behavior developed after a few sessions (fixed ratio 30) or after several trials of the first session (fixed ratio 60) and it ordinarily expanded gradually to 10 to 15 consecutive problems through passive trust. The aversiveness of the inequity involved in trusting appears to necessitate a contingency for acquisition. Once trust develops, however, this aversiveness is reduced as subjects learn the inequity is only temporary (e.g., once trust was acquired at fixed ratio 60 it was maintained at fixed ratio 4, which would not initially produce it), and the direction of the inequity appears to become of questionable importance (e.g., being behind was alternated over rather than within sessions and usually not in a systematic manner).

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Evolutionary Analysis of Software Structure Based on Software Networks

Evolution is one of the essential characteristics of software system. Understanding their evolutions can lead to better software engineering practices. The existing work usually concerns on the simple statistics such as number of versions, software scale and the number of modules, neglecting the analysis of the evolutionary characteristics of software systems as a whole. This paper introduces the theory and methodology in complex networks to analyze the evolution of object-oriented (OO) software from a whole perspective. It uses the software class network to represent the OO software, and analyzes the evolutionary laws of OO software from the number of nodes and edges, average degree, degree distribution and small-world phenomenon. Empirical results on real-world OO software systems uncover some underlying evolution characteristics which give a better understanding of the complexity of the evolution of object-oriented software systems and are also important inspirations to software evolution modeling.

Field of study: Engineering
Advancing Rock Glaciers in the Lake Louise Area, Banff National Park, Alberta

Study of aerial and ground photographs shows that three rock glaciers in the vicinity of Lake Louise in Banff National Park, Alberta have been advancing during the last 70 years. They are now overriding a lateral moraine of the Victoria glacier. Lichenometry and rate/length calculations indicate that the rock glaciers originated within the last several centuries. Rates of advance between 1947 and 1974 average 0.3 to 0.6 m/y.

Field of study: Environmental science
Research and Implementation of Automatic Answering System Based on IM

According to automatic answering system research,correlative theory and technology,designs and realizes a automatic answering system based on IM.The system analyses sentences on the basis of ICTCLAS,and revises the open source instant messaging Pidgin(GAIM) to achieve automatic answering of IM.The system is for distance education and other needs answering system,has a certain value.

Field of study: Computer science
State Transition Diagram of Petri Net

The state transition diagram model of Petri net is given.It is a tool for analyzing behavior of Petri net.The structural characteristics of the repetitive firing sequence of Petri net in state transition diagram is analyzed,and the relations between the firing sequence and marked path are given.An algorithm for computing fundamental repetitive firing sequence is given.Dependence of repetitive firing sequences is defined and the structural properties which a language of Petri net is synchronous operation between regular languages expression and α-closure of repetitive sequences is given.

Field of study: Computer science
Dark plasmons in hot spot generation and polarization in interelectrode nanoscale junctions.

Nanoscale gaps between adjacent metallic nanostructures give rise to extraordinarily large field enhancements, known as "hot spots", upon illumination. Incident light with the electric field polarized across the gap (along the interparticle axis) is generally known to induce the strongest surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) enhancements. However, here we show that, for a nanogap located within a nanowire linking extended Au electrodes, the greatest enhancement and resulting SERS emission occurs when the electric field of the incident light is polarized along the gap (transverse to the interelectrode axis). This surprising and counterintuitive polarization dependence results from a strong dipolar plasmon mode that resonates transversely across the nanowire, coupling with dark multipolar modes arising from subtle intrinsic asymmetries in the nanogap. These modes give rise to highly reproducible SERS enhancements at least an order of magnitude larger than the longitudinal modes in these structures.

Field of study: Physics
SU‐E‐T‐510: Interplay Between Spots Sizes, Spot / Line Spacing and Motion in Spot Scanning Proton Therapy

In proton beam configuration for spot scanning proton therapy (SSPT), one can define the spacing between spots and lines of scanning as a ratio of given spot size. If the spacing increases, the number of spots decreases which can potentially decrease scan time, and so can whole treatment time, and vice versa. However, if the spacing is too large, the uniformity of scanned field decreases. Also, the field uniformity can be affected by motion during SSPT beam delivery. In the present study, the interplay between spot/ line spacing and motion is investigated.  We used four Gaussian-shape spot sizes with 0.5cm, 1.0cm, 1.5cm, and 2.0cm FWHM, three spot/line spacing that creates uniform field profile which are 1/3*FWHM, σ/3*FWHM and 2/3*FWHM, and three random motion amplitudes within, +/−0.3mm, +/−0.5mm, and +/−1.0mm. We planned with 2Gy uniform single layer of 10×10cm2 and 20×20cm2 fields. Then, mean dose within 80% area of given field size, contrubuting MU per each spot assuming 1cGy/MU calibration for all spot sizes, number of spots and uniformity were calculated.  The plans with spot/line spacing equal to or smaller than 2/3*FWHM without motion create ∼100% uniformity. However, it was found that the uniformity decreases with increased spacing, and it is more pronounced with smaller spot sizes, but is not affected by scanned field sizes.  It was found that the motion during proton beam delivery can alter the dose uniformity and the amount of alteration changes with spot size which changes with energy and spot/line spacing. Currently, robust evaluation in TPS (e.g. Eclipse system) performs range uncertainty evaluation using isocenter shift and CT calibration error. Based on presented study, it is recommended to add interplay effect evaluation to robust evaluation process. For future study, the additional interplay between the energy layers and motion is expected to present volumetric effect.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
High-precision laser spectrometer for multiple greenhouse gas analysis in 1 mL air from ice core samples

The record of past greenhouse gas composition from ice cores is crucial for our understanding of global climate change. Future ice core projects will aim to extend both the temporal coverage (extending the timescale to 1.5 Myr) and the temporal resolution of existing records. This implies a strongly limited sample availability, increasing demands on analytical accuracy and precision, and the need to reuse air samples extracted from ice cores for multiple gas analyses. To meet these requirements, we designed and developed a new analytical system that combines direct absorption laser spectroscopy in the mid-infrared (mid-IR) with a quantitative sublimation extraction method. Here, we focus on a high-precision dual-laser spectrometer for the simultaneous measurement of CH4 , N2O , and CO2 concentrations, as well as δ13C(CO2) .
Flow-through experiments at 5 mbar gas pressure demonstrate an analytical precision (1  σ ) of 0.006  ppm for CO2 , 0.02  ‰ for δ13C(CO2) , 0.4  ppb for CH4 , and 0.1  ppb for N2O , obtained after an integration time of 100  s. Sample–standard repeatabilities (1  σ ) of discrete samples of 1 mL STP (Standard Temperature and Pressure) amount to 0.03  ppm, 2.2  ppb, 1 ppb, and 0.04  ‰ for CO2 , CH4 , N2O , and δ13C(CO2) , respectively. The key elements to achieve this performance are a custom-developed multipass absorption cell, custom-made high-performance data acquisition and laser driving electronics, and a robust calibration approach involving multiple reference gases.
The assessment of the spectrometer capabilities in repeated measurement cycles of discrete air samples – mimicking the procedure for external samples such as air samples from ice cores – was found to fully meet our performance criteria for future ice core analysis. Finally, this non-consumptive method allows the reuse of the precious gas samples for further analysis, which creates new opportunities in ice core science.

Field of study: Environmental science
Air pollution and mental health: the moderator effect of health behaviors

Increasing incidents of regional pollution in China have threatened the well-being and physical and mental health of individuals. Therefore, the potential impact of air pollution on mental health must be assessed. This study examined the relationship between air pollution and mental health, as well as the regulatory effects of health behaviors. Air pollution was measured using the concentration of particulates with a diameter less than 2.5 μm (PM2.5), and mental health was measured using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) scale. Using the China Family Panel Studies 2010 and 2014 data sets, the panel data regression model was employed to discuss the associations between air pollution and mental health and the interaction between air pollution and health behaviors on mental health. In total, 52 568 observations were collected. When the concentration of PM2.5 increased by 1 μg m−3, the CES-D scale scores decreased by 0.012 (95% CI: −0.021 to −0.003). Smoking was the only health behavior that made this effect more pronounced, its regulatory effect on the CES-D scale scores was −0.011 (95% CI: −0.021 to −0.002). The mental health of low-income individuals was also more vulnerable to the adverse effects of air pollution. This study highlights the potential impact of air pollution on mental health and the importance of health behaviors; it also provides suggestions for maintaining mental health and formulating policies based on changing air quality in the future.

Field of study: Environmental science
Continuity and Change: The Harvest of Late-Medieval and Reformation History: Essays Presented to Heiko A. Oberman on His 70th Birthday. Robert J. Bast , Andrew C. Gow

use for their preachments, e.g., sermo, praedicatio, homilia, oratio, contio, or even lectio. Second, in many parts of Europe by the early decades of the seventeenth century preaching according to "conceits" {concetti) was, though controversial, much in vogue. It is a subject not much treated in Anglophone studies outside strictly literary circles, but it is an important one. Third, the claim made for originality for certain Protestant reformers in that they "preached" on a daily basis from a continuous text of Scripture (e.g., John's Gospel) needs to be examined against the latemedieval practice of "sacred lectures," which did the same thing. JOHN W. O'MALLEY Weston Jesuit School of Theology, Cambridge, MA

Field of study: History
Critical factors influencing the voltage robustness of AlGaN/GaN HEMTs

The influence of the electric field on the reliability of AlGaN/GaN HEMTs is investigated in this work. We first demonstrate that at a certain electric field strength at the gate edge the gate characteristics of the device changes. This degradation is irreversible and is strongly influenced by growth parameter. A drain-voltage step-stress method is applied to the devices for investigating different layouts, and a consequent application enabled us to assign parameters mitigating the peak field strength and improve reliability.

Field of study: Engineering
Private Learning and Regularized Optimal Transport

Private data are valuable either by remaining private (for instance if they are sensitive) or, on the other hand, by being used publicly to increase some utility. These two objectives are antagonistic and leaking data might be more rewarding than concealing them. Unlike classical concepts of privacy that focus on the first point, we consider instead agents that optimize a natural trade-off between both objectives. We formalize this as an optimization problem where the objective mapping is regularized by the amount of information leaked by the agent into the system (measured as a divergence between the prior and posterior on the private data). Quite surprisingly, when combined with the entropic regularization, the Sinkhorn divergence naturally emerges in the optimization objective, making it efficiently solvable. We apply these techniques to preserve some privacy in online repeated auctions.

Field of study: Computer science