nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Estimating the Evolution of Urban Mining Resources in Hong Kong, Up to the Year 2050.

Rapid urban metabolism is causing many resources to flow from consumption to waste. But many of these wastes could be secondary resources, and cities could become urban mines and an increasing supply of future resources. Hong Kong, one of the most developed and populated cities in the world, has demonstrated a completely metabolic evolution to be an urban mine, since the 1970s. Covering 14 types of e-waste and eight types of end-of-life vehicles, this study first investigates Hong Kong's evolution as an urban mine. The potential output weight of the urban mine quickly grew from 117 kt in 2000 to 368 kt in 2014, and it is estimated to remain in the range of 300-350 kt over the years 2015-2050, with 40-50 kg/cap/year. The economic potential of urban mining, for 18 metals, plastic, glass, and rubber tires, will be approximately US$2 billion annually, mainly contributed by precious and rare metals. All the obtained results contribute to Hong Kong's waste management and promise to have positive impact on urban mining and circular economy for other, less-developed cities or regions.

Field of study: Environmental science
Dry deposition of pollutant and marker particles onto live mouse airway surfaces enhances monitoring of individual particle mucociliary transit behaviour.

Particles suspended in the air are inhaled during normal respiration and unless cleared by airway defences, such as the mucociliary transit (MCT) system, they can remain and affect lung and airway health. Synchrotron phase-contrast X-ray imaging (PCXI) methods have been developed to non-invasively monitor the behaviour of individual particles in live mouse airways and in previous studies the MCT behaviour of particles and fibres in the airways of live mice after deposition in a saline carrier fluid have been examined. In this study a range of common respirable pollutant particles (lead dust, quarry dust and fibreglass fibres) as well as marker particles (hollow glass micro-spheres) were delivered into the trachea of live mice using a dry powder insufflator to more accurately mimic normal environmental particulate exposure and deposition via inhalation. The behaviour of the particles once delivered onto the airway surface was tracked over a five minute period via PCXI. All particles were visible after deposition. Fibreglass fibres remained stationary throughout while all other particle types transited the tracheal surface throughout the imaging period. In all cases the majority of the particle deposition and any airway surface activity was located close to the dorsal tracheal wall. Both the individual and bulk motions of the glass bead marker particles were visible and their behaviour enabled otherwise hidden MCT patterns to be revealed. This study verified the value of PCXI for examining the post-deposition particulate MCT behaviour in the mouse trachea and highlighted that MCT is not a uniform process as suggested by radiolabel studies. It also directly revealed the advantages of dry particle delivery for establishing adequate particulate presence for visualizing MCT behaviour. The MCT behaviour and rate seen after dry particle delivery was different from that in previous carrier-fluid studies. It is proposed that dry particle delivery is essential for producing environmentally realistic particle deposition and studying how living airway surfaces handle different types of inhaled particles by MCT processes.

Field of study: Physics
Fracture of the Body of the Hamate With Dorsal Dislocation of the 4th and 5th Metacarpals: A Case Report

Solitary fractures of the body of the hamate are rare. Their diagnosis is difficult and requires a high clinical suspicion and a proper radiological examination.  We present a case of a 36-year-old male patient who sustained an intraarticular fracture of the body of the hamate along with dorsal dislocation of the 4th and 5th metacarpals on his right dominant hand. Through a dorsal surgical approach, he underwent ORIF of the hamate with screws and stabilization of the dislocated 4th and 5th metacarpals with KW. At his last follow-up appointment, 18 months postoperatively, he had no pain, almost full range of motion on his fingers and a Mayo Wrist score of 90 points.  Hamate fractures are rare entities that can cause significant patient morbidity if not recognized and treated appropriately.

Field of study: Medicine
The late Quaternary history of Greely Fiord and its tributaries, west-central Ellesmere Island

Moraines and meltwater channels mark the limit of the last glaciation that interfingered with the sea around the perimeter of Greely Fiord and its tributaries. The extent of this ice advance was dictated predominantly by its proximity to the sea. Consequently, the large tidewater glaciers at the fiord heads today were so constrained by calving that they advanced only 5–10 km. Similarly, grounding-line deposits from widespread plateau ice caps also terminate just below marine limit. The most extensive outlet glaciers, which advanced 20–35 km beyond present margins, are simply those that had access to the most extensive terrain above marine limit, i.e., the northwest margin of the Agassiz Ice Cap.Forty-one new 14C dates are presented. The onset of the last ice advance must predate marine shells collected from sediments overlying a former grounding line when sea level was 122 m higher than present. At this site, the lowermost shells collected from glaciomarine silts dated 38 070 ± 410 BP, whereas a surface s...

Field of study: Environmental science
Registration of Low-Intensity Alpha–Gamma Transitions in the Chain of 226Ra Decay

The results are presented from an experiment to measure the probabilities of γ-quanta emission from the first excited states of daughter nuclei formed in α-decay chain of the 226Ra nucleus. The use of fast temporal digitizers of the shape of the signal from a semiconductor α-detector and a germanium γ-detector of large volume allows the probabilities of the decay of the first excited states to be estimated at the level of 10–5 from the main mode of decay.

Field of study: Physics
Cointegration Test of Rural Credit on Farmers' Revenue

Using Cointegration Test,ECM and Granger Causality Test,this paper analyzes the relationship between rural credit and per capita net income of farmers during 1980-2005 periods and indicates that the increasing of rural credit has distinct positive effect on farmer revenue and income gap.On the basis of that,this paper gives some advices on how to improve economic effect of our country's rural credit.

Field of study: Economics
Applications of isotope differentiation for metabolic studies with di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate.

The pervasiveness of the plasticizer di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) in the environment and especially in the laboratory results in a background that may cause severe interference with analytical studies. Animal-to-animal variability in the distribution of DEHP metabolites in excreta normally makes it necessary to use large groups of animals when different treatments are compared. Finally, radioactive tracers are usually considered undesirable for metabolic studies involving human subjects. All of these problems can be overcome through the use of multiple isotopic labels, especially 12C/13C/14C. Examples are given involving rats and monkeys, and applicability to humans is discussed. The principles involved are not limited to any particular class of test compounds. In rats, the competing pathways for metabolism of phthalate esters produce a different distribution of metabolites from a small intravenous dose of DEHP than from a large oral dose.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
A new molecular approach based on qPCR for the quantification of fecal bacteria in contaminated marine sediments.

Harbour sediments are periodically subjected to dredging operations and their management is mainly based on the assessment of the chemical contamination levels, but the potential risks posed by the presence of pathogenic microorganisms have been largely neglected. Here we first developed new molecular protocols based on the use of Real Time Quantitative PCR (qPCR), targeting both bacterial DNA and the transcription product (rRNA), for the identification and quantification of bacteria of fecal origin (Escherichia coli, Enterococcus spp. and Salmonella spp.) in contaminated harbour sediments. Then, we assessed the effects of bioremediation treatments, conventionally utilized for abating the hydrocarbon contamination in the sediment, on the abundance of fecal bacteria (FB). The qPCR technique was highly specific, sensitive and reproducible, and detected a number of fecal bacteria significantly higher than the classical cultivation techniques. Sediments subjected to bioremediation experiments by biostimulation with inorganic nutrients at different temperatures displayed a significant increase of the abundance of E. coli and Enterococcus spp. These findings suggest the risk of a potential increase of the contamination by pathogenic microorganisms of fecal origin during bioremediation and, as such, highlight the importance of careful monitoring this biological component in harbour sediments when subjected to bio-treatments.

Field of study: Biology, Engineering
Structure of hexagonal turkey egg-white lysozyme at 1.65A resolution.

The structure of hexagonal turkey egg-white lysozyme (TEWL) has been determined and refined at 1.65 A resolution. The crystals were grown from a 150 mM potassium thiocyanate solution at pH 4.5 and belong to space group P6(1)22 with unit-cell dimensions a = b = 70.96, c = 83.01 A alpha = beta = 90, gamma = 120 degrees. The crystals were isomorphous with those of hexagonal pH 8.0 TEWL. The coordinates of PDB entry code 3LZ2 were therefore used as the initial model and subjected to rigid-body refinement, simulated annealing and least-squares refinement to a final residual of 0.20. The root-mean-square deviations from the ideal bond distances and angles were 0.016 A and 2.2 degrees, respectively. During the refinement, 86 water molecules and one thiocyanate ion were located in the structure. The thiocyanate ion lies close to the interface between two symmetry-related molecules. The S atom of the ion forms two direct intermolecular contacts with Argl4 and interacts indirectly via a network of water molecules to Arg5 of a symmetry-related molecule. The structure provides direct evidence for the mode of thiocyanate binding to arginine residues and suggests a possible mechanism for the efficiency of thiocyanate in crystallizing basic proteins.

Field of study: Chemistry
MO-D-141-02: Evaluation of Optimal Gating Respiratory Motion Management Technique On PET Quantification.

To evaluate the uncertainty of PET quantification resulting from irregular breathing patterns when optimal gating (HD-Chest) acquisition is performed on a Siemens Biograph PET-CT scanner.



A NEMA phantom containing spherical VOIs (Volumes-of-Interest) with diameters of 28, 22, 17, 13, and 10 mm was scanned on a moving platform. Seven breathing traces that were previously recorded optically from lung PET patients and one synthetic regular trace were used to drive the platform. Motion amplitudes for individual traces were 5∼20 mm peak-to-peak with intra-traces amplitude variances ranging between 1.6 mm to 10.3 mm. For each trace, the average (SUVavg) and maximum (SUVmax) standard uptake values within the VOIs were calculated. VOIs volumes were also evaluated at a threshold equal to 10% of SUVmax. Relative percent deviations of these parameters from ground truth values derived from a static acquisition were calculated.



The average deviations for all patient breathing patterns were 10.5% (SD=5.9%), 11% (SD=7.9%), and 9% (SD=9.3%) for volume, SUVavg, and SUVmax, respectively. The average deviations for the regular breathing pattern were 3.8%, 5.2%, and 6.6% for volume, SUVavg, and SUVmax, respectively. VOI size significantly affected the uncertainty. For the 28 mm VOI the average deviations were 6.9%, 6.6%, and 2.7% for volume, SUVavg, and SUVmax, respectively while for the 10 mm VOI these were 11.8%, 15.1%, and 19.3% for volume, SUVavg, and SUVmax, respectively. Without any breathing motion management technique in place, the average deviations for the regular breathing pattern were 16.6%, 42.8%, and 42.4% for volume, SUVavg, and SUVmax, respectively.



The optimal gating (HD-Chest) technique improved the PET quantification. However, one needs to take the residual deviations for regular and for all irregular breathing patterns into account for PET quantification. M. Casey and R. Rajaram are the employees of Siemens Medical Solutions.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Alcohol-related problems in Taiwan with particular emphasis on alcoholic liver diseases

Socioeconomic development has led to a progressive increase of alcohol consumption in Taiwan, with an accompanying increase in alcohol-related psychiatric problems, traffic accidents, and liver disease. The prevalent rates of alcohol dependence for Han Chinese and Fornosan aborigines were 0.1% and 1%, respectively in 1950. The rate of alcohol dependence increased to 23% for aborigines in 1995. The number of cases of death and serious injuries due to alcohol-related traffic accident has decreased, and the number of fatalities resulting from these accidents has decreased from third to eighth since the inception of a program of random traffic stops with alcohol breath test in 1997. Alcohol liver disease (ALD) was defined as daily alcohol consumption of 60 g, for a duration of longer than 5 years. We classified ALD patients into two groups: (1) those whose average daily consumption of alcohol exceeded 120 g for duration longer than 15 years (group A); and (2) all other patients (group B). The case records of 33 cases of biopsy-confirmed ALD were obtained for study. The average of daily alcohol consumption in these cases was 160 g. All but one of these patients were male, age ranged from 26 to 69 years, with an average of 43.1. Clinically, ill-defined gastrointestinal symptoms were the most common presentation (61%), and hepatomegaly was the main physical sign (73%). The average mean corpuscular volume values of ALD and non-ALD patients were 102.3 ± 10.94 and 94.5 ± 8.1, respectively < 0.01). The mean corpuscular volume values of group A and group B were 102.9 ± 9.7 vs. 96.5 ± 9.11 (p < 0.05). Result from serum SGOT/SGPT and γ-glutamyltransferase/alkaline phosphatase for ALD and non-ALD revealed statistically significant differences between these groups. Using the avidin-biotin complex technique, tissue IgA deposition for ALD patients was found to be different from that of non-ALD patients. Ten of 13 ALD patients vs. 2 of 3 non-ALD patients had continuous-form IgA deposition. Histologically, 45.5% of ALD patients had alcoholic cirrhosis, whereas alcoholic hepatitis was present in only 9.1% of patients. Overall, 88% of cases showed various severity of fatty metamorphosis.

Field of study: Medicine
Analysis of the impact of removing mucolytics and expectorants from the list of reimbursable drugs on prescription rates: a time-series analysis for France 1998-2010.

After a comprehensive review of the therapeutic advantage of all drugs reimbursed by the French Public Health Insurance, a large number of drugs were removed from the list of reimbursable drugs, among them mucolytics and expectorants (ATC Class R05C) in March 2006. The aim of this study is to evaluate the impact of this measure on the mucolytic and expectorant class, on the prescription of possible substitute drugs (other bronchodilators, antitussives and antibacterials) and on the costs for Public Health Insurance.



Prescription data were taken from a 850 French physicians sample surveyed by the IMS-Health Permanent Survey on Medical Prescription from 1998 to 2010. We performed linear segmented regression to determine changes in the level and slope of the prescription rates and to estimate the budget impact.



Following their removal from the list of reimbursable drugs, the prescription rate for mucolytics declined significantly and we recorded an increase in the prescription rates for antitussives and bronchodilators. The medically unexpected increase in antitussives can be viewed as a negative side-effect of the policy. Four years after the reform, total savings for Public Health Insurance were estimated at EUR 32.1 million.



Further removals from the list of reimbursable drugs should take into account the possibility of negative impact on public health and potential savings.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
An Analysis on the Counterplan to the Negative Effect of the Virtual Economy

There is a necessity that the development of the virtual economy originates from the need of the real economy.The development of the virtual economy benefits to promote the development of the real economy. But the virtual economy is a double blade sword,having the negative effect to the real economy at the same time,can produce the breakage function with development to the normal movement of the entity economy.The thesis analyses the negative effect of the virtual economy,and the bubble risk of which we must keep our's eye on the ball in the course of our country developing the virtual economy.Then it brings forward the strategic countermeasures in our country to reply the negative effect of the virtual economy,with even more promoting the development of the real economy.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Treatment of sewage by electrons and gammas

The use of high‐energy electrons in the treatment of sewage sludge for return to the land as fertilizer is undergoing technical and economic assessment under actual conditions in Boston. The project constitutes a joint effort by MIT's High‐Voltage Research Laboratory, High‐Voltage Engineering Corp (suppliers of the electron accelerator) and the State and municipal commissions in charge of the treatment plant. Another program, conducted at Sandia Laboratories in Albuquerque, N.M., is concerned with the scientific practicality of decontaminating sewage wastes by exposure to radioactive cesium.

Field of study: Physics
Electron transport in a short As/GaAs superlattice

We report an experimental and theoretical study of electron transport in short ( nm) As/GaAs n-type superlattices. In order to make the results of this investigation relevant to quantum-well infrared photodetectors, our devices had wide barriers at the contacts to reduce dark current. Transport involved both thermal and tunnelling components, in general, throughout the temperature range 77-300 K. At a critical high current superlattice domain formation associated with tunnelling negative differential resistance was observed in some of our devices. Standard theoretical expressions were used for the thermal and tunnelling components in each section of the device. At higher biases Fowler-Nordheim tunnelling was used to explain the rapid increase in current with voltage. The critical roles of well capture, confined level broadening and built-in voltages were identified. Satisfactory agreement between theory and experiment was obtained and this allowed an estimate of level broadening to be made.

Field of study: Materials science
Bandlimited Spaces on Some 2-step Nilpotent Lie Groups with One Parseval Frame Generator

Let N be a step two connected and simply connected non commutative nilpotent Lie group which is square-integrable modulo the center. Let Z be the center of N. Assume that N = P ⋊M such that P, and M are simply connected, connected abelian Lie groups, M acts non-trivially on P by automorphisms and dimP/Z = dimM. We study band-limited subspaces of L 2 (N) which admit Parseval frames generated by discrete translates of a single function. We also find characteristics of band-limited subspaces of L 2 (N) which do not admit a single Parseval frame. We also provide some conditions under which continuous wavelets transforms related to the left regular representation admit discretization, by some discrete set ⊂ N. Finally, we show some explicit examples in the last section.

Field of study: Mathematics
Calculating the dual Gabor window for general sampling sets

Methods for the calculation of the so-called dual Gabor window for general sampling sets are developed. First, we consider the standard situation where the time-frequency plane (TF-plane) is (over)sampled on a grid, i.e., a rectangular lattice is considered with more points than the dimension of the signal space. Second, we show that the proposed method can be easily extended to general subgroups of the TF-plane. One typical example of such a sampling set is the so called quincunx-lattice.

Field of study: Engineering
Quantification of drug choice with the generalized matching law in rhesus monkeys.

The generalized matching law provides precise descriptions of choice, but has not been used to characterize choice between different doses of drugs or different classes of drugs. The current study examined rhesus monkeys' drug self-administration choices between identical drug doses, different doses, different drugs (cocaine, remifentanil, and methohexital), and between drug and drug-paired stimuli. The bias parameter of the generalized matching law was used to quantify preference for one reinforcer over another. Choice between identical drug doses yielded undermatching. Choices between 0.3 microg/kg/injection remifentanil and either 0.1 microg/kg/injection remifentanil or saline plus drug-paired stimuli revealed bias for the 0.3 microg/kg/injection dose. Choice was relatively insensitive to differences in random interval schedule value when one reinforcer was replaced with drug-paired stimulus presentations. Bias for 0.3 microg/kg/injection remifentanil over 10 microg/kg/injection cocaine was seen in one subject, and indifference was generally observed between 0.1 microg/kg/injection remifentanil and 56 microg/kg/injection cocaine and between 30 microg/kg/injection cocaine and 320 microg/kg/injection methohexital. These findings suggest the bias parameter may be useful in quantitatively measuring level of preference, which would be an advantage over concurrent FR procedures that often result in exclusive choice.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Evolution of the freshwater ecosystem: The fossil record

The freshwater ecosystem may be as old as most life. Although freshwater life is taxonomically impoverished in comparison with marine and terrestrial biotas and ultimately derived from them, it cannot be assumed that freshwater communities have necessarily been less complex in the geologic past than they are today, although it is clear they have undergone a number of major changes. Freshwaters contain not only their own ancient and peculiar groups, some with ancestries as far back as the Middle Paleozoic, but they have been a theater for adaptive radiation of more recent immigrants from the land or sea, and a way-station for still other groups that passed through, both from sea to land and the reverse. This review summarizes first fossil records in freshwaters for many of these organisms, and examines the question of the changing complexity of the freshwater ecosystem through time by looking at the fossil record of continental aquatic habitats.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography