nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Verification of JNWP-Unit Hurricane and Typhoon Forecasts for 19591

During the 1959 season for tropical storms in the Northern Hemisphere, Joint Numerical Weather Prediction (JNWP) Unit computed operationally one or more forecast tracks for 11 hurricanes and tropical storms and 11 typhoons. The 500-mb barotropic forecast flow with the tropical vortex eliminated from the initial 500-mb analysis was employed as the steering current in obtaining these forecasts. A summary of 1959 forecasts and a table of verification of JNWP hurricane forecasts for the years 1956 through 1959 are presented. The improvement and deterioration in forecasts from one year to the next are discussed in terms of sample size, operational changes, and analysis and forecasting techniques specifically designed for forecasting trajectories of tropical cyclones.

Field of study: Environmental science
Research on High Speed Superplastic Torming Technology of Aluminum Alloy Automotive Panel

High speed superplastic forming is a new technology,which combines hot stamping and superplastic gas bulging.It uses the high speed of hot stamping and good formability of superplasticity to solve the difficulties of forming aluminum alloy in stamping and low speed of superplasticity.On the basis of research of the properties of 5083 aluminum alloy,the forming of a car engine cover was experimented by using this technology.The results show that this technology is feasible and the production efficiency is high.

Field of study: Materials science
δ13C and δ18O values of Triassic brachiopods and carbonate rocks as proxies for coeval seawater and palaeotemperature

A dataset of 160 isotope δ13C and δ18O values from Anisian, Ladinian, Carnian and Rhaetian articulate brachiopod shells, complemented by 158 carbon and oxygen isotope values from whole rock carbonates, define the first continuous stable isotope baseline trends for the Triassic seawater. The carbon isotope data suggest the existence of several short-term high amplitude excursions in the Early Triassic, followed by a predominance of values around 0.5 ± 1‰ during the Middle Triassic, a rise to ∼ 3.5‰ during the Carnian, plateau at this level during the Late Carnian to Early Norian, and a 1.5‰ decline in the Middle Norian to values around 2‰ during the Late Norian–Rhaetian interval. The causation scenarios for these rapid oscillations are at present equivocal, but may in part reflect a biological instability of the carbon cycle following the recovery from the end-Permian extinction event and/or an input of “mantle”-derived CO2 from enhanced volcanic activity. The δ18O values from well-preserved brachiopods from the Tethyan realm range from − 3.9 to − 0.6‰ V-PDB. These values require open marine Triassic seawater δ18O values close to 0‰ V-SMOW for the calculated temperatures to be within the range of tolerance of the coexisting reef-building corals. A 2‰ δ18O increase within the uppermost Cordevolian and early Julian suggests either a distinct temperature decline in the Southern Alps during that time interval, an increase in seawater salinity, or their combination. Oxygen isotope values for the Muschelkalk brachiopods range between − 6.2 and − 2.0‰ and likely reflect a strong influx of meteoric waters into the Germanic Basin that shifted the oxygen isotopes to more negative values.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Effect of cholesterol and 7beta-hydroxycholesterol on glutathione status and expression of Hsp70 in cultured murine peritoneal macrophages.

Using cultured murine peritoneal macrophages, the change in redox ratio (oxidized/reduced glutathione) was studied at different incubation intervals (6, 12, 18 and 24 hr) with different concentrations (2.5, 5 and 7.5 microg/ml) of cholesterol and 7beta-hydroxycholesterol (7beta-OH), using fluorimeter. The changes in the levels of heat shock protein, hsp70 was determined using ELISA. Both cholesterol/7beta-OH caused a decrease in hsp70 protein levels at all the incubation intervals in dose dependent manner but the decrease was significantly higher with 7beta-OH. Treatment with 7beta-OH also resulted in significantly increased levels of oxidized glutathione (GSSG) and decreased reduced glutathione (GSH) while cholesterol showed no effect on GSSG levels. Moreover, GSH levels were lowered only at the highest concentration (7.5 microg/ml) at longer incubation intervals (18 and 24 hr) with cholesterol exposure. This altered the redox status in both cholesterol/7beta-OH treated macrophages. These results suggest that cholesterol and more likely 7beta-OH may exert their pro-atherogenic effects by lowering hsp70 protein production and inhibiting glutathione synthesis by macrophages present in the arterial wall.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Physics
Efeito agudo de diferentes rotinas de alongamento estático sobre o salto com contramovimento.

O objetivo foi observar o efeito de duas rotinas de alongamento estatico de mesmo volume sobre amplitude de movimento (ADM) de flexao (FJ) e extensao de joelho (EJ) e sobre a altura do salto com contramovimento. Dez voluntarios do sexo masculino foram submetidos aleatoriamente as rotinas de alongamento fracionado (AL-10), continuo (AL-30) e a condicao controle (CC). A altura do salto foi obtida imediatamente apos as intervencoes atraves de um tapete de contato. A ADM foi medida atraves da fotogrametria pre e apos intervencao. A ANOVA de medidas repetidas seguida do teste post hoc de Bonferroni identificou um aumento significativo na ADM na FJ ( P =0,004) e EJ ( P =0,001) apos AL-30 e aumento significativo na altura do salto em AL-10 comparados a CC ( P =0,005). Conclui-se que rotinas continuas de alongamento estatico aumentam a ADM sem prejuizo no desempenho, enquanto rotinas fracionadas nao alteram a ADM, entretanto melhoram a altura do salto.

Field of study: Education
Drugs availability at districs level and the quality of prescribing in primary health care

An excessive use of drugs in primary health care is commonly unavoidable. This in part due to the limited knowledge of prescribers who are mostly paramedics and whose pharmacotherapeutic knowldges are limited. More than 90% patients with acute respiratory infection (ARI) and diarrhea received antibiotics and similar percentage of patients with muscle ache received injection unecessarily.  To improve the availability of drugs at district level and to improve the quality of prescribing at primary health centers (PHCs).  Quasi experimental with pre and post test analysis and using a control group for comparison. An interactive, problem-based training intervention was carried out within 2 days period involving all PHCs and district's warehouses in three provinces, i.e West Kalimantan, West Sumater, and West Nusa Tenggara. Monitoring, supervision and feedback were carried out regularly upon completion of the inter- vention. This study involves 18 districts and 118 PHCs.  11 .995 prescriptions were collected at baseline, 6 months and 1 year after intervention. An average number of drugs per prescription decreased significantly 1 year after intervention (p<0.05), while no improvement was found in the control group. The use of antibiotics for ARI decreased consis- tently and significantly 6 months and 1 year after intervention (p<0.05). The use of injection for muscle ache also significantly decreased 1 year after intervention (p<0.05). Drug availability at district level could be maintained at an ideal level (1 2-18 months) and no stock out was detected 1 year after the intervention.  Interactive, problem-based training on rational use of drugs and training on managing drug supply could improve the quality of prescribing and drug availability at district level.  drug availability - stock out - problem-based training - acute respiratory infection - diarrhea

Field of study: Medicine
Efeito da secagem em leito de jorro bidimensional sobre as propriedades físicas e tecnológicas do feijão preto (Phaseolus vulgaris, L.)

A two-dimensional spouted bed dryer was used to study the drying process of black beans (Phaseolus vulgaris, L). The equipment dimensions were: height of 100 cm, width of 10 cm and length of 40 cm. A blower of 7 cv was used to supply the air necessary for the spout formation on the apparatus and no additional heat was necessary. The temperature at the air inlet was around 50o C. The experiments were carried out according to factorial planning, with a complementary experiment set. In this work the effects of the drying time, and the apparatus air velocity were evaluated in relation to mass grain capacity of each batch as well as cooking time, water absorption, particle diameter and particle density. It also fitted the acquired data from experimental runs into the correlations based on the variables: drying time, air velocity and mass of particulated material used in the dryer. The drying rate was studied. The experimental results led to the conclusion that the conditions process studied did not significantly affected the physical and technological properties of beans and reduced the grain moisture content to 40 % of the initial value.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
There Might Be Nothing: The Subtraction Argument Improved

1 . The nihilist thesis that it is metaphysically possible that there is nothing, in the sense that there are no concrete objects, has been denied by philosophers like Armstrong (1989), Lewis (1986) and Lowe (1996). Van Inwagen (1996), although he has not denied it, has argued that it is as improbable as anything may be. In a recent paper Thomas Baldwin (1996) presents and defends what he calls the subtraction argument , designed to establish the nihilist thesis. When defending the first premiss of his argument, Baldwin introduces failure to satisfy the identity of indiscernibles as the ‘mark of concreteness’. He uses this to disqualify as concrete sets whose members or ur-elements are concrete. Such disqualification must be made somehow; otherwise, as will be made clear below, the first premiss of Baldwin’s argument collapses. But, as I shall argue below, Baldwin’s first premiss does indeed collapse. I shall then present another version of the subtraction argument which is free from difficulties, and whose premisses stand firm. But let me start by summarizing Baldwin’s argument.

Field of study: Philosophy
[Analysis of the amino acid changes of the hemagglutinin of H5 avian influenza virus].

We introduced 38 single-point amino acid changes into the hemagglutinin (HA) protein of the reassortmented A/Duck/Mongolia/54/01 (H5N2) strain by a PCR random mutation method. The percentage of amino acid changes on the HA domain that did not abrogate hemadsorption activity was calculated to be 89%. Changes in the amino acids of the HA2 domain were observed to be about half of those in the HA1 domain of these mutants. We assumed that amino acid changes in the HA1 domain afforded more flexibility in maintaining the functions of the HA protein than did those in the HA2 domain. Changes at two positions allowed the mutants to have same characteristics with respect to HA function despite the difference in the substituted amino acid. The results suggested that the effect on hemadsorption activity of an amino acid change on the HA protein primarily depends on the position rather than the species of substituted amino acid. An amino acid change at residue 122 from Trp to Arg and 179 from His to Arg resulted in the loss of hemadsorption activity of the HA protein. Site 122 is near the antibody binding site A, and site 179 is in the receptor binding domain (RBD) of HSHA. So that we suggest residue position 179 or 122 is very important to maintain the structure of RBD or antigenic site of H5HA. Position 4 in HA1 changed from Cys to Arg and position 148 in HA2 changed from Cys to Tyr also resulted in the loss of hemadsorption activity of the HA protein. Cys plays an important role in maintaining the structure of HA protein by means of S-S bonds. 3 potential glycosylation sites (Asn-X-Ser/Thr) were lost in our experiment that did not lose the hemadsorption activity of HA. Some interesting positions need to be analyzed more finely. Some amino acid changes identified in vitro experiment may serve as molecular markers for assessing the pandemic potential of H5N1 field isolates.

Field of study: Biology
Effect of political risk shocks on tourism revenue in South Africa: time series analysis

Although political risk has an impact on all types of businesses, political risk affects tourism business performance in terms of tourist arrivals and tourism revenue because tourists are very sensitive to political risk in host countries. This study analysed the effect of political risk on revenue from the tourism industry in South Africa. The sample period of 108 months from January 2007 to December 2015 was used based on the availability of data. The political risk were measured by the country’s political risk index; whilst tourism revenue was measured by the total monthly income from the entire tourism industry in South Africa. The autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model was used to test the short-run and long-run relationships between political risk and tourism revenue. Results showed that political risks have a long-run effect on real revenue from the tourism industry but there was no empirical evidence supporting the short-run relationship. Findings of this study suggest that it takes time for the political shocks to be manifested in tourism revenue. This study showed that the South African tourism revenue continued to grow, even during the period of increasing political risk and hence a further analysis of how different dimensions of political risk affect different categories of tourism revenue, was recommended.

Field of study: Business
ALMA observations of the massive molecular outflow G331.512-0.103

The object of this study is one of the most energetic and luminous molecular outflows known in the Galaxy, G331.512-0.103. Observations with ALMA Band 7 (350 GHz; 0.86 mm) reveal a very compact, extremely young bipolar outflow and a more symmetric outflowing shocked shell surrounding a very small region of ionized gas. The velocities of the bipolar outflow are about 70 km s^{-1} on either side of the systemic velocity. The expansion velocity of the shocked shell is ~24 km s^{-1}, implying a crossing time of about 2000 yrs. Along the symmetry axis of the outflow, there is a velocity feature, which could be a molecular "bullet" of high-velocity dense material. The source is one of the youngest examples of massive molecular outflow found associated with a high-mass star.

Field of study: Physics
Interpretable Classification Models for Recidivism Prediction

We investigate a long-debated question, which is how to create predictive models of recidivism that are sufficiently accurate, transparent, and interpretable to use for decision-making. This question is complicated as these models are used to support different decisions, from sentencing, to determining release on probation, to allocating preventative social services. Each use case might have an objective other than classification accuracy, such as a desired true positive rate (TPR) or false positive rate (FPR). Each (TPR, FPR) pair is a point on the receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve. We use popular machine learning methods to create models along the full ROC curve on a wide range of recidivism prediction problems. We show that many methods (SVM, Ridge Regression) produce equally accurate models along the full ROC curve. However, methods that designed for interpretability (CART, C5.0) cannot be tuned to produce models that are accurate and/or interpretable. To handle this shortcoming, we use a new method known as SLIM (Supersparse Linear Integer Models) to produce accurate, transparent, and interpretable models along the full ROC curve. These models can be used for decision-making for many different use cases, since they are just as accurate as the most powerful black-box machine learning models, but completely transparent, and highly interpretable.

Field of study: Mathematics
Paleoecology of some molluscan assemblages from the badenian (Miocene) marine sandy facies of Poland

Three molluscan assemblages from the Badenian (Miocene) marine sandy facies of Poland are described in terms of their taxonomic composition, diversity, and trophic structure. The structural variation between the molluscan assemblages seems to be largely controlled by a gradient in water energy which in turn results in gradients in substrate mobility and organic content of bottom sediments. Together with a subordinate factor of local sedimentation rate, these gradients control the distribution of lucinoid mucus tube feeders vs. deep burrowing siphonate suspension feeders, of browsers, and of deposit feeders vs. suspension feeders. Some structural features of the molluscan assemblages are regarded as related to biotic factors. The graphs of cumulative species frequencies vs. the logarithm of cumulative individual frequencies are used as a measure of community organization. These graphs indicate distinct differences in ecological maturity between the molluscan assemblages. On this basis, two different stages of ecological succession in an offshore sandy bottom environment are recognized. The evidence from the comparison of the Miocene molluscan assemblages with their recent counterparts may support the view that the evolutionary stability of species populations of a given community, and long-term stability of the community structure are independent. High environmental variability and stress seem to be correlated with evolutionary stability of species populations rather than with long-term permanence of community structure.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
A note on small income effects

This note provides an alternative sufficient condition for the small income effect result that is first shown by Vives [Small income effects: a Marshallian theory of consumer surplus and downward sloping demand, Rev. Econ. Stud. 54(1) (1987) 87-103]. The condition is stated by ordinal terms only, whereas Vives assumes cardinal properties of utility representation. Second, as its application, we provide a sufficient condition for the preference being asymptotically quasi-linear, in a two good economy where the second good is a composition of a large number of goods.

Field of study: Economics
Computer-automated tuning of semiconductor double quantum dots into the single-electron regime

We report the computer-automated tuning of gate-defined semiconductor double quantum dots in GaAs heterostructures. We benchmark the algorithm by creating three double quantum dots inside a linear array of four quantum dots. The algorithm sets the correct gate voltages for all the gates to tune the double quantum dots into the single-electron regime. The algorithm only requires (1) prior knowledge of the gate design and (2) the pinch-off value of the single gate T that is shared by all the quantum dots. This work significantly alleviates the user effort required to tune multiple quantum dot devices.

Field of study: Physics
Transition-metal clusters as catalysts for chemoselective transesterification of alcohols in the presence of amines

Acylation is one of the most abundant organic transformations of alcohols (esterification) and amines (amidation). Because of the greater nucleophilicity of the amino group compared to the hydroxyl group and the stability of amides compared to esters, N-acylation occurs predominantly in organic synthetic reactions. We reported that the μ-oxo-tetranuclear zinc cluster Zn4(OCOCF3)6O efficiently catalyzes highly chemoselective acylation of hydroxyl groups in the presence of primary and secondary alkyl amino groups to afford the corresponding esters in high yields. Not only zinc carboxylate complexes but also various carboxylate complexes of first-row late transition metals, such as Mn, Fe, Co, and Cu, become catalysts for such the hydroxy group-selective acylation in the presence of amines. Among these carboxylate compounds, we found that the combination of an octanuclear cobalt carboxylate cluster [Co4(OCOR)6O]2 (R = CF3, CH3, and tBu) with nitrogen-containing ligands such as 2,2′-bipyridine show sufficient catalytic activity toward O-selective transesterification. Notably, an alkoxide-bridged dinuclear complex, Co2(OCOtBu)2(bpy)2(μ2-OCH2-C6H4-4-CH3)2, was successfully isolated as a key intermediate that proceeds with Michaelis–Menten behavior through an ordered ternary complex mechanism similar to dinuclear metallo-enzymes, suggesting that the formation of alkoxides, followed by coordination of the ester, is responsible for the unique O-selective acylation.

Field of study: Chemistry
Efficient Job Creation in LDCs Requires a Tax on Employment

This paper argues that, contrary to the views of most development economists, policies that raise the cost of labor relative to capital are in the collective and individual interest of LDCs. The reason is that low wages mean that the attractiveness of an LDC production location is positively correlated with labor intensity. A labor tax combined with a capital subsidy consequently hits hardest the processes willing to pay the most to produce in an LDC. Even if employment is a concern, the policy is still beneficial if elasticities of substitution are in the empirically relevant range.

Field of study: Economics
Modeling of NBTI saturation effect and its impact on electric field dependence of the lifetime

It is shown that degradation tends to saturate and the dependence of lifetime on electric field (Eox) is expressed as a power-law of Eox. We propose new empirical and kinetic models. The Eox dependence of the lifetime described by the power-law is derived from our empirical model describing the saturation of degradation. Moreover, our kinetic model explains the saturation behavior.

Field of study: Engineering
Energy-aware IP traffic engineering with shortest path routing

Internet energy consumption is rapidly becoming a critical issue due to the exponential traffic growth and the rapid expansion of communication infrastructures worldwide. We address the problem of energy-aware intra-domain traffic engineering in networks operated with a shortest path routing protocol. We consider the problem of switching off (putting in sleep mode) network elements (links and routers) and of adjusting the link weights so as to minimize the energy consumption as well as a network congestion measure. To tackle this multi-objective optimization problem with priority (first minimize the energy consumption and then the network congestion), we propose a Mixed Integer Linear Programming based algorithm for Energy-aware Weights Optimization (MILP-EWO). Our heuristic exploits the Interior Gateway Protocol Weight Optimization (IGP-WO) algorithm for optimizing the OSPF link weights so as to minimize the total cost of link utilization. The computational results obtained for eight real network topologies and different types of traffic matrices show that it is possible to switch off a substantial number of nodes and links during low and moderate traffic periods, while guaranteeing that network congestion is low enough to ensure service quality. The proposed approach is also validated on two networks of emulated Linux routers.

Field of study: Computer science