nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Threats to the conifer species found on New Caledonia’s ultramafic massifs and proposals for urgently needed measures to improve their protection

Forty-one endemic conifer species occur on New Caledonia’s ultramafic substrates (known locally as “terrains miniers”), the source of nickel ore deposits being exploited at a rapidly increasing rate. Impacts of the removal of native vegetation and its destruction by the deposition of mine wastes are compounded by fire, which has dramatically reduced and fragmented the original cover. A new threat evaluation of these conifers, now being incorporated into the IUCN Red List, is presented. A conservation action plan is proposed to ensure their long term survival. Four species are classified as Critically Endangered (CR), 13 Endangered (EN), 6 Vulnerable (VU), 7 Nearly Threatened (NT) and 11 Least Concern. Wetland habitats contain two threatened species (i.e., CR, EN or VU), all inadequately protected in a single reserve. High altitude forest and maquis (a characteristic scrub-like vegetation) have four threatened and three NT conifers only partially encompassed in protected areas, some open to mining. Thirteen threatened species are restricted to low- and mid-elevation forests, and another three that can also occur on non-ultramafic substrates have isolated, unprotected populations in small forest remnants. Fire and land clearing for mining threaten two conifer species in low- to mid-elevation maquis along with subpopulations of five primarily forest species. Conserving the threatened conifers on terrains miniers will require coordinated measures including: comprehensive protection of forest remnants by forbidding mine waste stockpiling; establishment of new reserves, especially in key unprotected massifs; effective fire prevention; restoration of forest corridors between forest remnants; and multiplication/transplanting of selected species.

Field of study: Environmental science
A Chromosome-Scale Reference Assembly of a Tibetan Loach, Triplophysa siluroides

Cobitoidea is one of the two superfamilies in Cypriniformes; however, few genomes have been sequenced for Cobitoidea fishes. Here, we obtained a total of 252.90 Gb of short Illumina reads and 31.60 Gb of long PacBio Sequel reads, representing approximate genome coverage of 256× and 50×, respectively. The final assembled genome is about 583.47 Mb with contig N50 sizes of 2.87 Mb, which accounts for 91.44% of the estimated genome size of 638.07 Mb. Using Hi-C–based chromatin contact maps, 99.31% of the genome assembly was placed into 25 chromosomes, and the N50 is 22.3 Mb. The gene annotation completeness was evaluated by BUSCO, and 2,470 of the 2,586 conserved genes (95.5%) could be found in our assembly. Repetitive elements were calculated to reach 33.08% of the whole genome. Moreover, we identified 25,406 protein-coding genes, of which 92.59% have been functionally annotated. This genome assembly will be a valuable genomic resource to understand the biology of the Tibetan loaches and will also set a stage for comparative analysis of the classification, diversification, and adaptation of fishes in Cobitoidea.

Field of study: Biology
Preparation of black soybean protein jelly

Black soybean, which contains high protein and low fat, is a kind of potential plant protein resource. In this research, the 2709 proteinase was used for black soybean protein hydrolysis to produce black soybean polypeptide liquid, which had good acid-solubility and was easy to be digested and absorbed. Crystal jelly powder, black soybean polypeptide liquid, clear apple juice and water were mixed according to the proportion of 1∶8∶1∶2(m/v/v/v) to do black soybean protein jelly. The product has clear appearance, full shape, refreshing taste and nicer sense and edible quality. The content of protein is above 3.5%.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Circuit realization, bifurcations, chaos and hyperchaos in a new 4D system

This paper is devoted to introduce a new four-dimensional hyperchaotic system. Existence and uniqueness of the solution of the proposed system are proved. Continuous dependence on initial conditions of the system’s solution and some stability conditions of system’s equilibrium points are studied. The existence of pitchfork bifurcation is demonstrated by using the center manifold theorem and the local bifurcation theory. The Hopf bifurcation is examined in double parameters bifurcation diagrams along with degenerate types of Hopf bifurcations. The rich dynamical behaviors of the system are explored, then circuit implementation of the system is proposed. Numerical simulations are carried out to verify theoretical analysis.

Field of study: Mathematics
Accuracy control of capsule micro holes in fast ignition based on single point diamond turning

This paper aims at the accuracy control method in the machining of capsule micro holes with single point diamond turning technology. Firstly, a error model of capsule micro holes machining is established and the effect of each error component on micro holes dimension accuracy is theoretically analyzed. Secondly, according to the error analysis results, an accuracy control method is introduced, in which diamond tool step feeding method is adopted for micro holes accuracy control. Finally, GDP capsule micro holes machining experiments are carried out on ultra-precision machine. According to the results, the dimension error and roundness error of micro hole reduce 70.7% and 87.5% separately, which verifies the validity of the accuracy control method in this paper.

Field of study: Physics
Water Diversion Engineering Design from Xinfeng No.2 Water Factory

The method of steel standpipe with pole butterfly valve gravity flow stratified diversion determined by scheme selection in reservoir diversion engineering design of Xinfeng No.2 water factory is a new conceptual diversion method.Comparing with traditional method,this method of water diversion has the advantages of simple structure,low cost,convenient final-period production and operation management and little maintenance.

Field of study: Materials science
Complications arising from intravenous buprenorphine abuse.

Sir,

Following its introduction in the 1980s, buprenorphine (Subutex, Schering Plough) abuse has been reported worldwide.1,,2 Within a year of its introduction to treat opioid dependence in Singapore in 2002, buprenorphine became the second top-selling new pharmaceutical product in 2003, and the fourth best-selling product in 2005.3 This rise in popularity was in turn accompanied by an increase in the number of reported cases …

Field of study: Medicine
Transglutaminase-catalyzed covalent multimerization of Camelidae anti-human TNF single domain antibodies improves neutralizing activity.

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) plays an important role in chronic inflammatory disorders, such as Rheumatoid Arthritis and Crohn's disease. Recently, monoclonal Camelidae variable heavy-chain domain-only antibodies (V(H)H) were developed to antagonize the action of human TNF (hTNF). Here, we show that hTNF-V(H)H does not interfere with hTNF trimerization, but competes with hTNF for hTNF-receptor binding. Moreover, we describe posttranslational dimerization and multimerization of hTNF-V(H)H molecules in vitro catalyzed by microbial transglutaminases (MTG). The ribonuclease S-tag-peptide was shown to act as a peptidyl substrate in covalent protein cross-linking reactions catalyzed by MTG from Streptomyces mobaraensis. The S-tag sequence was C-terminally fused to the hTNF-V(H)H and the fusion protein was expressed and purified from Escherichia coli culture supernatants. hTNF-V(H)H-S-tag fusion proteins were efficiently dimerized and multimerized by MTG whereas hTNF-V(H)H was not susceptible to protein cross-linking. Cell cytotoxicity assays, using hTNF as apoptosis inducing cytokine, revealed that dimerized and multimerized hTNF-V(H)H proteins were much more active than the monomeric hTNF-V(H)H. We hypothesize that improved inhibition by dimeric and multimeric single chain hTNF-V(H)H proteins is caused by avidity effects.

Field of study: Biology, Engineering
Micronutrients for calves and heifers : advertorial

Calves and heifers are the cornerstones of a dairy replacement programme. However, as non-profit producing animals, they often receive substandard nutritional emphasis. Growing animals require adequate quantities of protein, energy, vitamins, macro and trace minerals to meet their needs for growth and development. After the colostrum, calf programmes must include feeding of high quality milk replacer, calf starter and calf grower as calves are born with limited supplies of stored nutrients.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Lonely at the Top

The effect of power- versus nonpower-oriented roles on the exchange of personal information was explored. It was predicted that the form of this exchange would be governed by the role context of the interaction rather than by obligations to reciprocate disclosure. To test this, subject pairs were assigned to a position power, information power, or no power condition in anticipation of a game matrix task. Subjects then chose disclosure topics for themselves and their partners and self-disclosed on these topics, in a pregame getting-acquainted session. Results indicated that high-power subjects offered and requested less intimate information than their low-power counterparts within the position power condition only. However, power-oriented roles did not impinge on actual self-disclosures. These findings point to the existence of role-governed strategies of information exchange, and suggest that reciprocity phenomena based on a principle of equal exchange may be limited to particular relationship contexts.

Field of study: Psychology
Rebels Without a Cause? The Politics of Entrepreneurs in Chihuahua *

On 13 July 1992, the Partido Accion Nacional (PAN) scored an important victory in the northern state of Chihuahua, winning not only the gubernatorial election, but also the most important cities of the state and a majority in the local Congress. As in the previous elections of 1986, one of the characteristics of this electoral process was the overt participation of entrepreneurs in the opposition, particularly small and medium-size entrepreneurs.

Field of study: Political science
Measurement of porcine faecal IgA, IgG and IgM levels by a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

The concentrations of IgG, IgA and IgM were compared in faecal material of healthy and diarrhoeic pigs using a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The relative concentrations of faecal immunoglobulins (Ig) in healthy piglets and adults were significantly different (P less than 0.01). IgA was the most important Ig in adult faeces while IgM was predominant in piglet faeces. IgG appears to be a relatively rare component. No significant differences could be detected between groups of healthy and diarrhoeic piglets. In adult faeces, significant changes (P less than 0.02 to P less than 0.001) in Ig relative concentrations were observed between diarrhoeic and healthy animals.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
An Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay for Detection of Fenoxaprop-p-ethyl

To develop a competitive indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ci-ELISA) for fenoxaprop-p-ethyl,a hapten(fenoxaprop acid) was synthesized.Hapten conjugated to bovine serum albumin(BSA) with the carbodiimide method was used as immunogens and ovalbumin(OVA) with mixed anhydride method was used as the coating antigens.The New Zealand rabbits were immunized by conjugate of Hapten-BSA and titres of anti-fenoxaprop-p-ethyl serum(1.024×105) were determined by non-competitive indirect enzyme-linked assay procedure.After optimization of the ic-ELISA conditions,such as pH values,inonic strengths,concentrations of methanol,pH 7.5,PBS of 0.3 mol/L Na+,and 10% methanol were determined as optimum assay conditions.The IC50 for fenoxaprop-p-ethyl was(0.084±0.012) mg/L,and lower detection limit(LDL) was(0.0064±0.002) mg/L.The cross-reactivities of other aryloxyphenoxypropionic acid herbicides to the antibodies were less than 0.1% in the assays,except metamifop because of its structures.

Field of study: Chemistry
Protein-Assembled Nanocrystal-Based Vertical Flash Memory Devices with Al2O3 Integration

This work presents vertical flash memory devices with protein-assembled PbSe nanocrystals as a floating gate and Al2O3 as a control oxide. The advantage of a vertical structure is that it improves cell density. Protein assembly improves uniformity of nanocrystals, which reduces threshold voltage variation among devices. The introduction of Al2O3 as a control oxide provided lower voltage/faster operation and hence less power consumption compared with the devices fabricated with SiO2. The integration of Al2O3 appeared to be compatible with the protein assembly approach. In conclusion, Al2O3 has the potential to become the high-k control oxide due to its relatively high electron/hole barrier heights, and high permittivity.

Field of study: Materials science
Paley-Wiener theorems for the $\Theta$-spherical transform: an overview

The aim of this article is to give an overview of several types of Paley-Wiener theorems occuring in harmonic analysis related to symmetric spaces. This will serve as a motivation for the introduction of the $\Theta$-spherical functions, the correspondint $\Theta$-spherical Fourier transform, and the Paley-Wiener theorem for this transform. Up to now such a theorem has only been proven in very special cases, and still, its formulation and proof are very technical. In this paper we do not go into details of the proofs, but present an overview which explains the different examples which have inspired and motivated the theory of $\Theta$-spherical functions.

Field of study: Mathematics
‘Que el cielo un soldado en cada hijo te dio …’: Conscription, Recalcitrance and Resistance in Mexico in the 1940s

Conscription and resistance to it can tell us much about state–society relations in Mexico in the 1940s. The state's implementation of conscription was obstructed by limited bureaucratic and coercive capacity, and by the continued political autonomy of the regions. Popular protests and the hundreds of petitions sent to the central government provide a glimpse of popular views of the army, state, nation, notions of respectability, and the family. The extent of both violent and more ‘loyal’ resistance to the draft shows the continued vigorous contestation of state policies by Mexican society at different levels, and it illustrates the limits to the popular legitimacy of the central state.

Field of study: Political science
Selected line difference in the effects of ethanol dependence and withdrawal on allopregnanolone levels and 5alpha-reductase enzyme activity and expression.

Allopregnanolone (ALLO) is a progesterone derivative that rapidly potentiates gamma-aminobutyric acid(A) (GABA(A)) receptor-mediated inhibition and modulates symptoms of ethanol withdrawal. Because clinical and preclinical data indicate that ALLO levels are inversely related to symptoms of withdrawal, the present studies determined whether ethanol dependence and withdrawal differentially altered plasma and cortical ALLO levels in mice selectively bred for differences in ethanol withdrawal severity and determined whether the alterations in ALLO levels corresponded to a concomitant change in activity and expression of the biosynthetic enzyme 5alpha-reductase.



Male Withdrawal Seizure-Prone (WSP) and -Resistant (WSR) mice were exposed to 72 hours ethanol vapor or air and euthanized at select times following removal from the inhalation chambers. Blood was collected for analysis of ALLO and corticosterone levels by radioimmunoassay. Dissected amygdala, hippocampus, midbrain, and cortex as well as adrenals were examined for 5alpha-reductase enzyme activity and expression levels.



Plasma ALLO was decreased significantly only in WSP mice, and this corresponded to a decrease in adrenal 5alpha-reductase expression. Cortical ALLO was decreased up to 54% in WSP mice and up to 46% in WSR mice, with a similar decrease in cortical 5alpha-reductase activity during withdrawal in the lines. While cortical gene expression was significantly decreased during withdrawal in WSP mice, there was a 4-fold increase in expression in the WSR line during withdrawal. Hippocampal 5alpha-reductase activity and gene expression was decreased only in dependent WSP mice.



These results suggest that there are line and brain regional differences in the regulation of the neurosteroid biosynthetic enzyme 5alpha-reductase during ethanol dependence and withdrawal. In conjunction with the finding that WSP mice exhibit reduced sensitivity to ALLO during withdrawal, the present results are consistent with the hypothesis that genetic differences in ethanol withdrawal severity are due, in part, to modulatory effects of GABAergic neurosteroids such as ALLO.

Field of study: Medicine
Qualitative Analysis of Experiences of Members of a Psychoeducational Assertiveness Group

This study describes qualitatively a psychoeducational assertiveness intervention for 20 women's perceptions of positive and negative experiences, undertaken to identify whether therapeutic mechanisms operating in group therapy as described by Yalom might be inferred. There were 14 90-min. weekly sessions organized around educational material. Two groups were conducted with 10 university women each (M = 20.9 yr., SD= 1.9). Qualitative analysis of the 20 interviews identified five of Yalom's therapeutic mechanisms, namely, self-understanding, universality, acceptance, catharsis, and self-disclosure. The positive experiences were group cohesiveness, self-understanding, self-disclosure, positive views about the self and learning, and cognitive benefits. Self-disclosing at the early stages of group development was the most frequently reported negative experience or difficulty in the group. Although participants stated they improved interpersonal communication skills, analysis suggested the cultural context was an important mediator of assertive behavior.

Field of study: Psychology
Facile formation of heteromultimeric potassium channels by expression of cloned human cDNAs.

Complementary DNAs representing three voltage-gated potassium channels of human origin have previously been expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes by injecting RNA transcribed in vitro [Ramaswami, M., Gautam, M., Kamb, A., Rudy, B., Tanouye, M. A. & Mathew, M. K. (1990) ]. We have coinjected RNAs for pairs of K(+)-channel genes into Xenopus oocytes. Analysis of the kinetics of the evoked currents, their voltage dependence and pharmacological sensitivities demonstrate that channels formed on coinjection of RNA pairs have properties distinct from those evoked by either channel type alone. We conclude that these currents arise from heteromultimeric aggregates of the subunits encoded by the individual RNAs. Quantitative analysis of the currents indicate that at least 60% of the current seen can be ascribed to heteromultimeric channels demonstrating their facile formation. Given that there are a large number of primary transcripts present in the nervous system, the demonstration of pharmacologically distinct heteromultimers may complicate the extension of studies on single, cloned K(+)-channels in heterologous systems to neuronal cells.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Physics
Durability Improvement of Granite Residual Soil by Lime

Granite residual soil is a kind of common building material for subgrade in China. However, its stability and durability are not as good as requested by specification. Lime is regarded as an effective modifier for granite residual soil. The influence of lime dosages on stability and durability of granite residual soil are evaluated and its effectiveness is verified and quantified based on lab tests of modulus and strength. It is shown that the performance improvement is obvious. Modified granite residual soil has better support to pavement structure and improves the stability and durability of pavement.

Field of study: Engineering
Face recognition under varying illumination based on adaptive homomorphic eight local directional patterns

This study proposes an illumination-invariant face-recognition method called adaptive homomorphic eight local directional pattern (AH-ELDP). AH-ELDP first uses adaptive homomorphic filtering to reduce the influence of illumination from an input face image. It then applies an interpolative enhancement function to stretch the filtered image. Finally, it produces eight directional edge images using Kirsch compass masks and uses all the directional information to create an illumination-insensitive representation. The author's extensive experiments show that the AH-ELDP technique achieves the best face recognition accuracy of 99.45% for CMU-PIE face images, 96.67% for Yale B face images and 84.42% for Extended Yale B face images using one image per subject for training when compared to seven representative state-of-the-art techniques.

Field of study: Computer science
Hysteresis Effects on Wind Tunnel Measurements of a Two-Element Airfoil

Wind-tunnel tests were conducted on the GA(W)-2 airfoil with 25%-slotted flap at Reynolds number of 2.2x106 and Mach number of 0.13. The tests were made for flap nested and flap deflected cases of 30 and 40 deg with optimum and narrow gaps. Stall characteristics on the airfoil elements were examined through plots of force, moment, and surface pressure data and flow visualisation. Flap deflected configurations indicated a two-stage stall and hysteresis phenomenon. The hysteresis loop appeared to be a function of flap angle, gap geometry, and history of changes in air speed or angle of attack.

Field of study: Physics
The late Quaternary calcareous nannoplankton assemblages from three cores from the Tasman Sea

The composition of the late Quaternary calcareous nannoplankton in three deep-sea cores RC12-113, Z-2108 and GC-3, located along a N-S transect at three different latitudes (25°, 33°, 44°S) in the Tasman Sea, has been investigated. The shift in floral dominance from small Gephyrocapsa to small placoliths (labelled here “Small Placolith”), and then to Emiliania huxleyi is recognized at stage 5 and stage 4, respectively, in cores RC12-113 and Z-2108. However, the occurrence of small Gephyrocapsa and Small Placolith displays a seesaw relationship in core GC-3 which is located today just north of the Subtropical Convergence, east of Tasmania. Gephyrocapsa muellerae and Coccolithus pelagicus increase their abundance geographically southwards and stratigraphically during glacial periods, whereas the percentage abundances of Florisphaera profunda and Umbilicosphaera sibogae demonstrate reverse patterns. The relationships between the percentage abundance of each nannoplankton species and the δ 18 O record for three cores are discussed in detail. A transfer function for estimating past sea-surface temperatures (= TN) is attempted here; it is based on core-top data from the Tasman Sea and provides a good relationship between some calcareous nannoplankton assemblages and modern mean summer sea-surface temperatures. The TN value shows a good correspondence with the δ 18 O record in all three cores. Core GC-3 is much affected by CaCO 3 dissolution in comparison with cores RC12-113 and Z-2108. The calcareous nannoplankton dissolution patterns recognized in the three cores do not show a systematic correspondence with the δ 18 O record. Of interest, however, is the good preservation peaks that are recognized in all three cores at the transitions from glacial to interglacial events.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography