nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
A Versatile Route to syn‐ and anti‐α‐Amino β‐Hydroxy Esters from β‐Keto Esters by Dynamic Kinetic Resolution with Ru‐SYNPHOS® Catalyst

A general and practical synthesis of both syn- and anti-α-amino β-hydroxy esters with high levels of selectivity by the use of Ru-SYNPHOS® catalysts is reported. The key transformations include asymmetric hydrogenations of α-N-substituted β-keto esters protected as α-amido or α-amino hydrochloride derivatives, respectively. The RuII-catalyzed hydrogenation of α-amino β-keto ester hydrochlorides affords the corresponding anti-α-amino β-hydroxy esters with high diastereoselectivities (up to 99%) and enantioselectivities (up to 97%) through dynamic kinetic resolution (DKR).

Field of study: Chemistry
A Novel Secondary Structure to Research on Dynamic Longitudinal Edge Effect of a Short-Primary HTS Linear Induction Motor for Subway Transportation

In this paper, a novel secondary structure has been proposed to analyze the dynamic longitudinal edge effect (DLEE) of high temperature superconducting (HTS) linear induction motor (LIM). Taking a 3.5 kW short-primary HTS LIM for example, the back iron of secondary plate was cut into various numeral pieces to verify the validity of the model for reducing the influence of the DLEE. According to the basic principle and electromagnetic field theory, the flux density distributions, the electromagnetic thrust, and the harmonic analysis of an effective three-dimensional (3-D) analysis model were implemented by 3-D finite element method in different configurations and parameters. The optimal numeral pieces of back iron were presented. A useful conclusion has been drawn that, with the construction of the novel secondary back iron, influence of the DLEE could be reduced greatly. It provides a good way for optimizing the motor structure and industrial application in subway transportation.

Field of study: Physics
Importance of the liquid to solid weight ratio in the powdered solid-liquid reactions

It seems justified to wonder if the chemical processes which have been evidenced from diluted stirred suspensions are or are not in accordance with those involved in a stagnant paste. The present paper is aimed at clarifying this question which is in connection with the problem of the so called ‘dormant period’ or ‘induction period’ at the beginning of the hydration of Portland cement.

Field of study: Materials science
Labellum Colors of Oncidium Alliance and Their Flavonoid Composition

The labellum colors of Oncidium alliance were measured by a spectrophotometer,and the relationship between the color parameters and the flavonoid contents were discussed.The flavonoid composition in flowers were analyzed using a high performance liquid chromatography combined with mass spectrometry.The results showed that the labellum colors of Oncidium alliance were mainly distributed in purple and yellow region.The total anthocyanin and flavonoid contents were negatively correlated with lightness L*,and chromatic component b*.Furthermore,there were 5 anthocyanins(were cyanidin and peonidin glycosides) and 23 flavonoid glycosides(the aglycones were luteolin,quercetin,kaempferol,isorhamnetin,and chrysoeriol) were tentatively identified.These flavonoids were not detected in yellow and orange labellum,and they were contributed to the coloration of other Oncidium alliance except for yellow and orange parts.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Recovering defective Landsat 7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus images via multiple linear regression model

Since 2003, the scan line corrector (SLC) of the Landsat 7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) sensor has failed permanently, inhibiting the retrieval or scanning of 22% of the pixels in each Landsat 7 SLC-off image. This utter failure has seriously limited the scientific applications and usability of ETM+ data. Precise and complete recovery of the missing pixels for the Landsat 7 SLC-off images is a challenging issue and developing an efficient gap-fill algorithm with improved ETM+ data usability has been ever-demanding. In this study, a new gap filling method has been introduced to reconstruct the SLC-off images via multi-temporal SLC-off auxiliary fill images. A correlation is established between the corresponding pixels in the target SLC-off image and two auxiliary fill images in parallel using the multiple linear regressions model. Both simulated and actual defective Landsat 7 images were tested to assess the performance of the proposed model by comparing with two multi-temporal data based methods, the local linear histogram matching method and Neighbourhood Similar Pixel Interpolator method. The quantitative evaluations indicate that the proposed method makes an accurate estimate of the missing values even for more temporally distant fill images.

Field of study: Computer science
Atmospheric measurements on Mars - The Viking meteorology experiment

The Viking Meteorology Experiment is one of nine experiments to be carried out on the surface of Mars by each of two Viking Landers positioned at different latitudes and longitudes in the Northern Hemisphere. The meteorology experiment will measure pressure, temperature, wind speed, and wind direction at 1½ h intervals throughout the Martian day. The duration of each measurement period, the interval between data samples for a measurement period, and the time at which the measurement period is started will be varied throughout the mission. The scientific investigation and the sensors and electronics used for making the atmospheric measurement are discussed.

Field of study: Environmental science
Cellular Effects of the Antiepileptic Drug Valproic Acid in Glioblastoma

Valproic acid (VPA), an anticonvulsant and mood-stabilizing drug is used to treat epileptic seizure of glioblastoma patients. Besides its antiepileptic activity, VPA has been attributed further functions that improve the clinical outcome of glioblastoma patients. Those comprise the inhibition of some histone deacetylase (HDAC) isoforms which reportedly may result in radiosensitization. Retrospective analysis of patient data, however, could not unequivocally confirm a prolonged survival of glioblastoma patients receiving VPA. The present study aimed to identify potential VPA targets at the cellular level.  To this end, the effect of VPA on metabolism, Ca2+-, biochemical and electro-signaling, cell-cycling, clonogenic survival and transfilter migration was analyzed in three human glioblastoma lines (T98G, U-87MG, U251) by MTT assay, Ca2+ imaging, immunoblotting, patch-clamp recording, flow cytometry, delayed plating colony formation and modified Boyden chamber assays, respectively. In addition, the effect of VPA on clonogenic survival of primary glioblastoma spheroid cultures treated with temozolomide and fractionated radiation was assessed by limited dilution assay.  In 2 of 3 glioblastoma lines, clinical relevant concentrations of VPA slightly slowed down cell cycle progression and decreased clonogenic survival. Furthermore, VPA induced Ca2+ signaling which was accompanied by pronounced K+ channel activity and transfilter cell migration. VPA did not affect metabolic NAD(P)H formation or radioresistance of the glioblastoma lines. Finally, VPA did not impair clonogenic survival or radioresistance of temozolomide-treated primary spheroid cultures.  Combined, our in vitro data do not propose a general use of VPA as a radiosensitizer in anti-glioblastoma therapy.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
EricAlston, Lee J.Alston, BernardoMueller, and TomasNonnemacher, Institutional and organizational analysis: concepts and applications (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018. Pp. vii+393. 19 figs. 2 tabs. ISBN 978110708637 Hbk. £71.99; ISBN 9781107451254 Pbk. £24.99)


Field of study: Economics, History
Bestimmung der Kerndipolmomente von171Yb und173Yb durch optisches Pumpen

The nuclear Zeeman levels of the odd isotopes of Ytterbium (171Yb,171I=1/2;173Yb,173I=5/2) were polarized in the atomic ground state (6s21S0) by means of optical pumping with the resonance line (6s21S0 ↔ 6s6p1P1,λ=3988 å). The magnetic moments, calculated from the nuclear Hf-Zeeman transitions in a magnetic field of 228 Gauss are171ΜI=0.49188 (2)ΜK173ΜI=0,67755 (3)ΜK (with diamagnetic correction applied).

Field of study: Physics
A systematic literature review of stakeholder identification methods in requirements elicitation

This paper presents a systematic review of relevant published studies related to topics in Requirements Engineering, specifically, concerning stakeholder identification methods in requirements elicitation, dated from 1984 to 2011. Addressing four specific research questions, this systematic literature review shows the following evidence gathered from these studies: current status of stakeholder identification in software requirement elicitation, the best practices recommended for its performance, consequences of incorrect identification in requirements quality, and, aspects which need to be improved. Our findings suggest that the analyzed approaches still have serious limitations in terms of covering all aspects of stakeholder identification as an important part of requirements elicitation. However, through correctly identifying and understanding the stakeholders, it is possible to develop high quality software.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Enumeration of amino acid fermenting bacteria in the human large intestine: effects of pH and starch on peptide metabolism and dissimilation of amino acids

Proteins and trichloroacetic acid-soluble peptides were present in high concentrations in human intestinal contents and faeces. Free amino acids were also detected in millimolar amounts in proximal and distal colon contents, with hydroxyproline, alanine, lysine and valine predominating, showing that a wide variety of organic N-containing compounds was available for fermentation by intestinal bacteria. Measurements of products of dissimilatory amino acid metabolism (ammonia, branched chain fatty acids) demonstrated that these substances occurred in all regions of the large bowel. Amino acid fermenting populations were enumerated in faeces obtained from five healthy donors by most probable number analysis. Counts ranged from 1010 to 1011 per gram dry weight faeces. Acetate, propionate and butyrate were the principal fermentation acids in the most probable number tubes. Bacteria forming branched chain fatty acids as major end products of metabolism ranged from 0.6% (isovalerate/2-methylbutyrate) to 40% (isobutyrate) of total peptide and amino fermenting populations. Plate counts also gave high values for peptide fermenting communities in the region of 1011 per gram dry weight faeces, though considerably lower numbers of organisms grew on plates containing either single amino acids or Stickland pairs. Clostridia and anaerobic Gram-positive cocci were the predominant isolates in these studies. Physiological investigations on the effects of pH and carbohydrate availability on peptide and amino acid fermentation by intestinal bacteria showed that two environmental characteristics of the proximal colon (low pH, high carbohydrate availability), reduced the rate and net ammonia production from peptides, while carbohydrate (starch) was more important in this respect in amino acid fermentation vessels. Starch reduced initial rates of production of branched chain fatty acids by approximately 35% in peptide fermentations, however, culture pH was a more significant determinant affecting formation of these metabolites. Comparisons of branched chain fatty acid formation by faecal bacteria at pH 6.8 and 5.5 showed that their production was reduced by over 60% in pH 5.5 cultures. These data demonstrate that by increasing bacterial requirements for organic N-containing compounds for use in biosynthetic reactions, and through fermentation acid production, carbohydrate availability plays a major role in regulating dissimilatory metabolism of peptides and amino acids in the human large intestine.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
The pattern of infection of the nervous system in Riyadh: a review of 121 cases.

Analysis of 121 consecutive cases with infection of the nervous system showed that the majority were the granulomatous infections, tuberculosis and brucellosis (53 cases (44 per cent)). Thirty-nine patients had tuberculosis and 14 had brucellosis. The clinical and microbiological pattern of infection differs from that frequently reported from Western countries. Tuberculosis lesions presented with features of intracranial space occupying lesions (14), spinal cord compression (13) and lumbosacral root compression (1 child). Ten adults and one child had tuberculous meningitis. Pyogenic meningitis present in 38 cases (31 per cent), was most common in children. The infecting organism was identified in 26 patients; Gram-positive cocci in 17, Haemophilus influenzae in four and other Gram-negative organisms in five. Eleven patients had brain abscesses, caused by bacterial infection in eight, fungal infection in two and Toxoplasma gondii in one. Nineteen patients had clinical and pathological features of viral meningitis. Fourteen patients (12 per cent) died including six children with pyogenic meningitis.

Field of study: Medicine
Determination of parameters of valence states by using XANES.

A new approach for the parametrization of valence states of atoms in molecules and solids, facilitating the deciphering of experimental XANES spectra, is proposed. It is shown that energies and half-widths of XANES maxima of the one-electron origin depend mainly on the arrangement of atoms and energies and mean radii of atomic valence states. Just these quantities having distinct physical meaning must be determined above all from experiment. A procedure for such a determination is developed. Values of energies and mean radii of the nitrogen and oxygen atoms in some molecules are obtained.

Field of study: Physics
Substituent Effects on the Reactivity of the 2,4,6-Tridehydropyridinium Cation, an Aromatic σ,σ,σ-Triradical.

2,4,6-Tridehydropyridinium cation (7) undergoes three consecutive atom or atom group abstractions from reagent molecules in the gas phase. By placing a π-electron-donating hydroxyl group between two radical sites, their reactivity can be quenched by enhancing their through-space coupling via a favorable resonance structure. Indeed, 3-hydroxy-2,4,6-tridehydropyridinium cation (8) abstracts only one atom or group of atoms from reagents. On the other hand, an electron-withdrawing cyano group between two of the radical sites (9) destabilizes the analogous resonance structure and diminishes through-space coupling between the radical sites, resulting in abstraction of three atoms, just like 7. However, the cyano-substituent also increases acidity to the point that 9 reacts pre-dominantly via proton transfer instead of undergoing radical reactions. Therefore, acidic triradicals may undergo nonradical, barrierless proton transfer reactions faster than radical reactions, which are usually accompanied by barriers. Examination of the analogous cyano-substituted mono-and biradicals revealed behavior similar to that of the corresponding unsubstituted species, with the exception of substantially greater reactivities due to their greater (calculated) vertical electron affinities. Finally, the 3-cyano-2,6-didehydropyridinium cation with a singlet ground state (S-T splitting: -11.9 kcal mol-1) was found to react exclusively from the lowest-energy triplet state by fast proton transfer reactions.

Field of study: Chemistry
Neighbourhood Peacekeeping: The Inter-American Development Bank's Violence Reduction Programs in Colombia and Uruguay

The Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) incorporated, nearly a decade ago, violence prevention in its lending portfolio. Since the first citizen security project loan was approved, the IDB has accumulated valuable experience on the design and implementation of violence prevention operations, placing the Bank at the forefront of this type of lending in the region. To date, the IDB has financed more than US$150 million for six citizen security loans, technical cooperation projects, and international seminars and meetings. In addition, several other citizen security projects are in advanced stages of design. This report overviews the Bank's work in this area, analysing, based on available data from completed projects, what works and the challenges that remain in reducing and preventing crime and violence. For example, Colombia (Bogotá) and Uruguay have completed their operations with success in the areas of community policing, institutional strengthening, community mediation units, domestic and youth violence prevention, and social awareness campaigns. This report also presents recommendations to maximise benefits and increase the effectiveness of the interventions in future project loans. Despite the accomplishments in this area, it is important to emphasise that crime and violence prevention is not a ‘one shot deal’ but a process that ought to be sustained over time and governments in the region must fully commit to combat it.

Field of study: History, Sociology
Sideline and ringside evaluation for brain and spinal injuries.

Participation in contact and collision sports carries an inherent risk of injury to the athlete, with damage to the nervous system producing the most potential for significant morbidity and death. Neurological injuries suffered during athletic competition must be treated promptly and correctly to optimize outcome, and differentiation between minor and serious damage is the foundation of sideline/ringside management of the injury. In this article the authors present a guide to the sideline or ringside identification and management of head and spinal injuries.

Field of study: Medicine
“Isn’t It Fun to Get the Respect That We’re Going to Deserve?” Narcissism, Social Rejection, and Aggression

Across four studies, narcissists were more angry and aggressive after experiencing a social rejection than were nonnarcissists. In Study 1, narcissism was positively correlated with feelings of anger and negatively correlated with more internalized negative emotions in a self-reported, past episode of social rejection. Study 2 replicated this effect for a concurrent lab manipulation of social rejection. In Study 3, narcissists aggressed more against someone who rejected them (i.e., direct aggression). In Study 4, narcissists were also more aggressive toward an innocent third party after experiencing social rejection (i.e., displaced aggression). Narcissists were not more aggressive after social acceptance. Self-esteem plays little role in predicting aggression in response to rejection. These results suggest that the combination of narcissism and social rejection is a powerful predictor of aggressive behavior.

Field of study: Psychology
Role of Adaptive Machine Learning in Educational Environment.

Adaptive learning is playing very vital role in educational models. It represent as computer based online education system that modifies study material presentation based on performance of students. This is intelligent technique of digital learning, where it captures each and every decision made by students and then on the learning experiences of student provides summative and formative data to be understood. Recently adaptive learning technology is used for simulation training in NASA, safety model in US army for educating soldiers in warfare. It has greatest potential in educational model from KG to higher education.  Machine Learning, Adaptive Learning. I.  TO MACHINE LEARNING Machine Learning is branch of artificial intelligence which is able to design programs that can learn rules from data, system becomes adaptable to changes, and enhance performance by taking experience. This is the technology that can fulfil dreams of Computer Science, Machine Learning solves complex problems has becomes more popular and integrated into our daily lives. Coding of computer program means writing sequence of instructions which can be executed millions times faster than human being. Yet many of the problems we now want computers to solve are no longer tasks we know the method of explaining to computer how to do task. Consider the application like identifying faces in images, driving autonomously in the desert, searching relevant documents from large database or detecting irrelevant ones, like spam email), recognizing patterns in large volumes of scientific or applicative data, and controlling parameters of systems to increase performance. We know, we can directly identify people in photographs, but we can"t explain it directly to computer. For this, need methods that take input as labeled training data (images labeled by identity of person, or email labeled by spam or non -spam). After that learning appropriate rules from such data. This is the best approaches for finding solution to these problems. So, we require a systems that may be adaptable to changing environment, can be self- modifiable, self-monitoring and that can increase performance massively over time.

Field of study: Engineering
Exact solutions of two semi-infinite collinear cracks in a strip of one dimensional hexagonal quasicrystal

Two semi-infinite collinear cracks in a strip of one dimensional hexagonal quasicrystal is considered. With the help of conformal transformation, exact solutions are constructed by means of complex variable method. The stress intensity factors for the phonon field and the phason field are obtained respectively, which are very useful in the field of fracture mechanics and engineering.

Field of study: Mathematics
Porcine coronary artery organ culture: A model for the study of angioplasty injury.

The pathogenesis of coronary artery restenosis following angioplasty is not well understood. In order to carry out studies on the pathogenesis of restenosis, we developed and characterized an organ culture system using the porcine epicardial left anterior descending and circumflex coronary arteries. In nonangioplasty cultures at two weeks there was neointimal formation with intimal smooth muscle cells present within a loose matrix. All the neointimal cells beneath the endothelium stained positive for smooth muscle cell actin with α-SM1 antibody. Smooth muscle cell proliferation was maximum between four and eight days. Angioplasty, carried out by local balloon inflation at the onset of culture, resulted in an augmentation of the neointimal thickness and a further increase in smooth muscle cell proliferation. Endothelial cells, however, were absent from the angioplasty site, having been damaged and lost at the time of angioplasty. Because there is a response to angioplasty in this organ culture model, it will be a useful way of studying many of the factors likely to be important in the regulation of restenosis following angioplasty.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Bayesian Networks for Variable Groups

Bayesian networks, and especially their structures, are powerful tools for representing conditional independencies and dependencies between random variables. In applications where related variables form a priori known groups, chosen to represent different “views” to or aspects of the same entities, one may be more interested in modeling dependencies between groups of variables rather than between individual variables. Motivated by this, we study prospects of representing relationships between variable groups using Bayesian network structures. We show that for dependency structures between groups to be expressible exactly, the data have to satisfy the so-called groupwise faithfulness assumption. We also show that one cannot learn causal relations between groups using only groupwise conditional independencies, but also variable-wise relations are needed. Additionally, we present algorithms for finding the groupwise dependency structures.

Field of study: Computer science