nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Do Normative Transgressions Affect Punitive Judgments? An Empirical Test of the Psychoanalytic Scapegoat Hypothesis

According to psychoanalytic theory, punitiveness is based on a projection of one’s own immoral desires and the moral conflict they cause (scapegoat hypothesis). This hypothesis implies that transgressors impose harsher punishment onto comparable wrongdoers. This effect should be amplified by strength of decision conflict. An alternative hypothesis based on blameavoidance motivation is derived. Participants (N = 291) were asked to indicate whether they would commit an unlawful act in a moral temptation situation and how conflicted they felt in making their decision. Later, they had to judge convicts in criminal cases that were similar to the previous temptation situations. Authoritarianism was assessed as covariate. In contrast to the scapegoat but consistent with the blame-avoidance interpretation, transgressors were more lenient than nontransgressors. Authoritarianism had main effects on punitiveness. Decision conflict was neither directly nor indirectly related to punitiveness. The findings challenge the validity of the scapegoat hypothesis.

Field of study: Psychology
Spatial Distribution of Spray Deposition from an Air-Carrier Sprayer

An air-carrier, orchard sprayer was modified by segmenting the nozzle manifolds on each side into three sub-manifolds. Each sub-manifold represented the top, middle or bottom portion of the sprayer outlet. Spray deposition from each sub-manifold was quantified using water sensitive cards placed on vertical poles. Tests were conducted in both the presence and absence of tree foliage. The presence of tree foliage was found to substantially alter the deposition patterns from those found in the non-foliage tests. Overall, greatest spray deposition was achieved by the bottom manifold. At locations greater than 1.5 m outward from the sprayer and below 2 m in height, spray deposition from the top manifold was extremely poor.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
CRISPR-Cas9 system: a genome-editing tool with endless possibilities.

The discovery of CRISPR: Cas9 and its application as a powerful gene-editing tool has transformed the world of basic and applied science, especially the molecular biology dome. Also, the smooth, quick, flexible, and very efficient nature of this technology has enabled the biologists to alter the genome of prokaryotes to complex eukaryotic systems, including plants and animals. Using CRISPR and associated tools, investigation, control, and modification of significant biological events have been more accessible than before. These biological scissors are now being used to accelerate breeding programs of crop and livestock, engineer new antimicrobials, and control disease-carrying pathogens. However, like other techniques, these cutters emerged as a double-edged sword and put several challenges to the scientific society. Here in this review article, we summarized the beneficial application of the CRISPR: Cas9 system and unsafe perception to the society if handled carelessly. We also discussed the limitations and ethical issues related to CRISPR- Cas9 technology.

Field of study: Biology, Engineering
Potential of legume lectins as antagonistic biomolecules to root knot nematode, meloidogyne incognita in tomato

Lectins from pigeonpea, and chickpea were extracted from their mature seeds and evaluated their potential use as biomolecules antagonistic to root knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita on tomato in a phytotron providing 25°C day and 20°C night temperature with 12h photoperiod. Exposure of egg masses of M. incognita to a concentration of 100 ?g/ml lectin protein of chickpea and pigeonpea, haemagglutination activity of 5 and 12 units respectively, reduced hatching of second stage juveniles by 15 to 29%, adversely affected mobility of the hatched juveniles and restricted their invasion into roots by 78 to 81%. The fecundity and the soil and root population density of M. incognita were also adversely affected as recorded at day 90, ultimately reducing the hazard indices measured in terms of root galling of tomato. Analysis of lectins in different wild relatives of pigeonpea showed genotypic differences in the levels at different stages of pod development.

Field of study: Biology
The FLK Zinj paleolandscape: Reconstruction of a 1.84 Ma wooded habitat in the FLK Zinj-AMK-PTK-DS archaeological complex, Middle Bed I (Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania)

We have analyzed the phytolith content of 37 samples from the paleosol capped by Tuff IC dated 1.84 Ma within Middle Bed I at Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania. Samples were obtained from different trenches sampling an area of about 25 ha to document the paleovegetation associated with the abundant faunal remains and hominin artifacts in FLK, AMK, PTK and DS sites. The analysis reveals the abundance of globular granulate and forest indicator phytoliths (from 3% to 86% relative to the total number of phytoliths in the assemblages) attributed to woody plants, and of short cell grass phytoliths (up to 22%). The presence of palm phytoliths (up to 57%) attests for meso-haline soils in the area in agreement with the presence of the saline/alkaline Olduvai paleolake and one (or more) groundwater discharge areas (freshwater springs and/or wetland). Phytoliths provide botanical evidence for a mixed paleovegetation dominated by forest and woodland with patches of open-spaces occupied by grasses, prior to the deposition of Tuff IC. The presence of fern phytoliths in some assemblages suggest shaded and humid habitat, which supports the presence of freshwater (watercourses or springs) that might have attracted hominins and other animals. Yet, we have found that our phytolith extractions (residues) also include micrometric zeolites (chabazite, clinoptilolite, phillipsite), which attest that the phytolith signal in the Zinj paleosols is certainly affected by dissolution. This study completes the spatial analysis of the area and reveals that the wooded area extends north, south, and west of FLK Zinj, with palm trees preferentially located in the periphery, like the Zinj, AMK, and DS sites. The phytolith-inferred distribution of plants does not support the hypothesis that topography was influential in the location of these sites, particularly given that trees and/or shrubs were dominant all over. Rather, it is the presence of freshwater ponds that seem to have been the attractive factor for hominins at this particular place and time.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Large all-pay auctions with IPV bidders

This note analyzes different types of all-pay auctions when the number of bidders becomes large. We compute the distributions of the highest bids for the first-price all pay auction and we show that the expected payment made by the winning bidder converges to half of the total payments. In the second-price all-pay auction (the war of attrition), the highest bid amounts to about 35.5% of the total revenues. We also compute the payments for all-pay auctions with multiple prizes.

Field of study: Economics
Proceedings of the Fourth Summer Meeting, held at Rochester, August 15 and 16, 1892

Session of Monday, August 15 The Society met at 2.30 o’clock p m, in the geological lecture-room, Sibley Hall, University of Rochester; the President in the chair, and about twenty-five members present. The President, Mr G. K. Gilbert, opened the meeting with appropriate introductory remarks.  The Secretary announced as the result of the balloting for the election of Fellows that the following persons were elected Fellows of the Society: Alfred E. Barlow, B A, M A, Geological Survey, Ottawa, Ont. Field Geologist; now engaged in stratigraphical geology and working on the Archean rocks north of lake Huron. Henry Peareth Hawdon Brumell, Geological Survey, Ottawa, Ont. Assistant,  Mineral Statistics and Mines; now engaged in mining geology and geology of natural gas and oil. Marius Robison Campbell, U. S. Geological Survey, Washington, D. C. Geologist; now engaged in stratigraphy and structure of the Paleozoic rocks of the Appalachian . . .

Field of study: Geology
Numerical Simulation of Ventilation Efficiencies of Naturally Ventilated Multi-Span Greenhouses in Korea

In this study, the ventilation efficiencies of naturally ventilated multi-span greenhouses typically used in Korea were analyzed considering structural types and natural climate factors such as wind direction. It was critical to set up identical, stable climate conditions for fair analysis and comparison of ventilation efficiencies in regards to different configurations. However, these ideal conditions do not exist in reality. Therefore, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation, which is able to visualize the airflow quantitatively and qualitatively, was used in this study to reduce the effect of variations between greenhouses and locations. The CFD model used in this study had an established ±6.7% error. In addition, the tracer gas decay (TGD) method was used to analyze ventilation efficiencies quantitatively to overcome the limitations of traditional ventilation analysis. The TGD results were then connected to the CFD model using user-defined function (UDF) tools. The ventilation rates computed by the TGD method showed a 16.7% average difference compared to rates determined using a conventional method. When the wind direction was perpendicular to the greenhouse side vent with 2 m s-1 wind speed at 10 m height, overall ventilation rates computed by TGD were 1.30, 1.23, 1.02, and 0.74 AC (air exchange) min-1 in summer conditions for widespan, 1-2W, widewidth, and venlo type greenhouses, respectively. The average ventilation rates with the wind parallel to the side vent were respectively 32%, 52%, 30%, and 75% lower than when perpendicular to the side vent, and respectively 50%, 89%, 47% and 94% lower than with the wind 45° to the side vent. The results indicate that 1-2W and venlo type greenhouses were less influenced by wind direction, likely due to the effect of roof openings.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Estimating the parameters of general frequency modulated signals

A general frequency modulated (GFM) signal characterizes the vibrations produced by compressors, turbines, propellers, gears, and other rotating machines in a dynamic environment. A GFM signal is defined as the composition of a real or complex, periodic, or almost-periodic carrier function with a real, differentiable modulation function. A GFM signal therefore contains sinusoids whose frequencies are (possibly nonintegral) multiples of a fundamental; to distinguish a GFM signal from a set of unrelated sinusoids, it is necessary to track them as a group. This paper develops the general frequency modulation tracker (GFMT) for one or more GFM signals in noise using the expectation/conditional maximization (ECM) algorithm that is an extension of the expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm. Three advantages of this approach are that the ratios (harmonic numbers) of the carrier functions do not need to be known a priori, that the parameters of multiple signals are estimated simultaneously, and that the GFMT algorithm exploits knowledge of the noise spectrum so that a separate normalization procedure is not required. Several simulated examples are presented to illustrate the algorithm's performance.

Field of study: Engineering
Flow-level performance of proportional fairness with hierarchical modulation in OFDMA-based networks

Proportional Fairness (PF) is known to achieve a good trade-off between efficiency and fairness by an opportunistic allocation of resources to users with good radio conditions, without sacrificing fairness towards the other users of the system who have worse radio conditions. On the other hand, Hierarchical Modulation (HM) is a means to increase the spectral efficiency of a given system by superposing an additional information stream over a basic one, by means of embedded constellations. This, in turn, results in a high resource utilization and hence overall system throughput. In this work, we model the system performance, obtained by jointly using PF with HM, for a realistic dynamic setting where users come to the system at random time epochs and leave it after a finite duration, upon the completion of their data transfers. We show that, in the presence of HM, a simple cyclic service, such as round robin, yields a better performance than PF, along with less complex implementation.

Field of study: Computer science
Fracture phase separation.

Here we report novel phase-separation behavior accompanying mechanical fracture ("fracture phase separation"), which is observed in polymer solutions. Surprisingly, mechanical fracture becomes a dominant coarsening process of the phase separation. The transition from viscoelastic to fracture phase separation corresponds to the "ductile-to-brittle transition" in fracture of materials under shear deformation. The only difference between fracture phase separation and material fracture is whether the deformation is induced internally by phase separation itself or externally by loading. This suggests a general physical scenario of mechanical selection of the kinetic pathway of inhomogeneization of materials under stress.

Field of study: Physics
Research Progress on Environmental Exposure Levels and Environmental Fate of Veterinary Antibiotics

Veterinary antibiotics are widely used in livestock and poultry industry as therapeutic drugs and feed additives.Based on the usage comparison of four types of antibiotics such as tetracyclines,sulfonamides,quinolones,macrolides commonly used in veterinary medicine worldwide,the usage was ranked as China(Asia) United States(North America)South Korea(Asia) European countries(Denmark,England) Kenya(Africa) New Zealand(Oceania),and the proportion of antibiotics for different kinds of use varied in different countries. Contamination levels of four kinds of veterinary antibiotics in various environmental media were reviewed,and main factors on environmental exposure levels of veterinary antibiotics considering their environmental behavior in different exposure matrices were summarized. At present,veterinary antibiotic exposure researches mainly focuse on one single environmental media,and more attentions are needed on the intrinsic link between mechanism of the environment vertical exposed chain and actual measured data,for seeking an approach to reduce veterinary antibiotic environmental pollution.

Field of study: Environmental science
BRIEF COMMUNICATIONS: Single-mode low-loss W-type fiber waveguide

A single-mode W-type fiber waveguide was made and investigated experimentally for the first time. The higher-mode cutoff wavelength was 1.04 μ when the core diameter was 13.5 μ. The minimum losses were 3.2 dB/km in the 1.2 μ range. This waveguide should be very useful for data transmission in long-distance wideband communication lines.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Phased translation function revisited: structure solution of the cofilin-homology domain from yeast actin-binding protein 1 using six-dimensional searches.

A modified molecular-replacement method is described that makes use of six-dimensional searches and the phased translation function, providing a systematic examination of all possible search-model orientations in an experimental electron-density map. As an example, the structure solution of the cofilin-homology domain of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae actin-binding protein 1 (ABP1) is presented in detail. Additional examples are presented in which these tools have significantly aided structure solutions in a variety of contexts. These results suggest that this approach might be of widespread utility for challenging structures involving weak phase information, complex asymmetric units and search models with weak structural homology. Furthermore, this approach supports an exhaustive molecular-replacement strategy in cases where an appropriate search model cannot readily be identified on the basis of sequence homology. The fully automated web-based implementation of this phased translation function is described.

Field of study: Chemistry
Phase transition and proton conductivity of CsHSO4-WPA composites prepared by mechanical milling

A typical solid acid of CsHSO 4 and phosphotungstic acid (H 3 PW 12 O 40 6H 2 O: WPA6H 2 O) were mechanically milled, and non-humidified proton conductivity of the obtained composite was investigated. The 90CsHSO 4 10WPA (mol%) composite showed high proton conductivities of 10 − 2 –10 − 4  S/cm from 160 to 30 °C under dry nitrogen atmosphere, while the conductivity of pure CsHSO 4 dropped abruptly at around 145 °C due to the phase transition from superprotonic CsHSO 4 (I) phase to CsHSO 4 (II) phase. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy measurements were performed at various temperatures to study the phase transition behaviour as well as hydrogen bonding structure. The phase transition was not observed for the 90CsHSO 4 10WPA composite. FTIR measurements revealed that a peak for OH stretching shifted to a higher wavenumber with increasing temperature. The O–H•••O hydrogen bond distance was calculated from the OH band wavenumber. The proton conductivities in dry conditions were related to the bonding distance.

Field of study: Materials science
Hirzebruch-Riemann-Roch and Lefschetz type formulas for finite dimensional algebras

The Hirzebuch-Riemann-Roch (HRR) and Lefschetz type formulas for finite dimensional elementary algebras of finite global dimension are explicitly given. They have cohomological, homological, Hochschild cohomological and Hochschild homological four versions, and module, bimodule, module complex and bimodule complex four levels. For this, the dimension matrix of a bimodule (complex) and the trace matrix of a bimodule (complex) endomorphism are introduced. It is shown that Shklyarov pairing, Chern character and Hattori-Stallings trace can be concretely expressed by Cartan matrix, dimension vector and trace vector in this situation. Furthermore, the HRR and Lefschetz type formulas for finite dimensional elementary algebras of finite global dimension and dg algebras are compared.

Field of study: Mathematics
Citizens (Even) in Prison

In nineteen of the states contracted to the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), citizens serving terms of imprisonment retain the right to vote; in seven, serving prisoners are barred from voting; in twenty-one, some may lose the right to vote.1 In some American states those who serve prison terms for felonies lose the right to vote not only while in prison, but for life. The Netherlands is one of the states that permits selective disenfranchisement of prisoners (a provision that is applied, sparingly, by judges in passing sentence); Britain is one of the states that denies the vote to all prisoners.

Field of study: Philosophy
Structural brain correlates of delay of gratification in the elderly.

Delay of gratification (DoG) refers to the ability to postpone immediate rewards in favor of later and better rewards. A successful DoG in children/adolescents is subject to the maturation of the lateral and medial prefrontal cortex, which is more prone to normal age-related atrophy compared with other brain regions. Therefore, we investigated morphological brain correlates of DoG using structural MRI surface-based morphometry as well as determined whether dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) atrophy is related to DoG in the elderly. We used the behavioral Delay of Gratification Test for Adults to measure DoG in 40 healthy older adults aged between 63 and 93 years. When simultaneously controlling for age and intracranial volume, high DoG significantly positively correlated with cortical surface area of the left DLPFC. At a more liberal statistical threshold, we found positive correlations between DoG and cortical thickness of the left and right DLPFC, left and right ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, and left midanterior cingulate cortex. Additionally, cortical surface area in the left DLPFC correlated positively with DoG as well as with the volume of the left caudate nucleus. The results suggest that the DLPFC, medial prefrontal cortex, and the caudate nucleus play a crucial role in DoG in the elderly supporting studies in related constructs such as delay discounting and impulsivity. Further, the study shows that age-related prefrontal atrophy is associated with DoG performance. The findings are in line with concepts of "willpower" that postulate a central role of frontostriatal connectivity in self-regulation and self-control.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Textural and rheological properties of stevia ice cream

Ice cream contains high sugar content and therefore it is in contradiction with the concept of healthy diet. The objective of this study is to determine the suitability of using stevia as an alternative natural sweetener in making ice cream. In-house ice cream formulation (as the 
control) and three different concentrations of stevia ice cream formulations of (A, B and C) were used. Physical properties of the ice cream such as the overrun, total soluble solid, meltdown rate, rheology, and textural properties were evaluated. All ice cream samples exhibited a non-Newtonian flow with pseudoplastic behavior. Stevia ice cream has a lower melting rate and has a higher sustainability. The power law also showed that apparent viscosities of stevia ice cream were higher. Therefore, stevia can be used as a natural sugar substitute in ice cream production.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
The Little Ice Age glacier advance in the Central Andes (35°S), Argentina.

This paper documents the occurrence of the Little Ice Age (LIA) in the El Azufre and El Penon glaciers at 35°S and in the Las Choicas and Las Damas glaciers at 34°55′S in the headwaters of the Rio Grande basin in the Central Andes of Argentina. Moraine morphology, stratigraphic relationships, radiocarbon ages obtained from peat on these glacial deposits and the proximity to the active glaciers enabled us to reconstruct the LIA advance in this area. The LIA maximum advance occurred between cal. yr 1550 and 1720 AD, and a readvance occurred around cal. yr 1830 AD. In addition, glacier fluctuations of the Las Vacas and Gussfeltd glaciers (33°S) and El Penon and El Azufre glaciers were documented from the end of the 19th century to the present based on historical and aerial photographs, and satellite images. The glaciers showed a marked retreat during 1894–2007. Minor readvances occurred in the 1980s and 1990s, which could be related with strong warm ENSO events during these decades. Our results are consistent with observations made by other authors in the region.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Tunneling anisotropic magnetoresistance in single-molecule magnet junctions

We theoretically investigate quantum transport through single-molecule magnet (SMM) junctions with ferromagnetic and normal-metal leads in the sequential regime. The current obtained by means of the rate-equation gives rise to the tunneling anisotropic magnetoresistance (TAMR), which varies with the angle between the magnetization direction of ferromagnetic lead and the easy axis of SMM. The angular dependence of TAMR can serve as a probe to determine experimentally the easy axis of SMM. Moreover, it is demonstrated that both the magnitude and the sign of TAMR are tunable by the bias voltage, suggesting a new spin-valve device with only one magnetic electrode in molecular spintronics.

Field of study: Physics