nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Simon Patten's Contributions to the Institutionalist View of Abundance

This article highlights Simon Patten's contributions to the institutionalist method and view of abundance. It illustrates Patten's role in the cross-fertilization between early institutionalists and the German Historicists. Patten's views on the societal transition to abundance, the method of social inquiry, and the role of social scientists are re-examined in light of the current exigencies of a climate-constrained, post-industrial economy. The policy implications that emerge from Patten's rejection of the presumption of scarcity are examined in a contemporary context. The article suggests that the historical and evolutionary approach that Patten fostered among institutionalists is essential to the identification and implementation of the socio-economic reform requisite of an age of abundance.

Field of study: Economics
13C CHEMICAL SHIFTS OF SOLID (1→4)-α-D-GLUCANS BY CROSS POLARIZATION/MAGIC ANGLE SPINNING (CP/MAS) NMR SPECTROSCOPY. CONFORMATION-DEPENDENT 13C CHEMICAL SHIFT AS A REFERENCE IN DETERMINING CONFORMATION IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION

13C chemical shifts of linear and cyclic amyloses in solid state were measured by cross polarization/magic angle spinning (CP/MAS) NMR spectroscopy. It is found that rapid conformational isomerism occurs in aqueous solution for amylose and its linear oligomer with lifetime <10−3s with reference to the conformation-dependent 13C chemical shifts obtained in solid state.

Field of study: Chemistry
Application of Touch Screen Technology on the Stream Inoculation Equipment Control System

The touch screen technology used in the stream inoculation equipment control system can directly display of parameters, make easy operation, and enhance the flexibility of human-computer interaction. Operation personnel could ensure the real-time control casting process by using this technology. This technology is helpful for improving the inoculation performance and has a good effect on casting quality. It can be application to the market.

Field of study: Materials science
QoS Solution to NGN IP Carrying Network of Petro China

In order to optimize and manage the network resources,this document presents the core network and access network QoS several means to solve the problem.And approved the backbone layer,the convergence layer and the network access layer three different levels to the different technical means to achieve NGN bearer network QoS strategy that final adoption in the business side of access,network QoS strategy side of the core network business services quality assurance.

Field of study: Engineering
Determinants of price negotiations for new drugs. The experience of the Italian Medicines Agency.

The aim of this paper is to investigate the determinants of the difference between the price proposal submitted by the industry and the final negotiated price. We used Italy as a case-study.



Data were gathered through the information system used by Italian Medicines Agency. The time-frame for this analysis is 2013-2017. Factors influencing the delta price were analyzed through a regression analysis.



44 orphan drugs and 89 new other molecular entities obtained reimbursement in the last five years. Following the negotiation process, prices were lowered by 25.1% and 28.6% on average for orphan drugs and other molecules respectively. The price reduction was higher for innovative drugs (-32.2%). Statistically significant determinants associated to higher price reduction were: i) the implementation of a product specific monitoring registry, ii) the negotiation of a financial-based Managed Entry Agreement, iii) a target population larger than 20,000 patients, iv) an expected National Health Service expenditure larger than €200 million.



The impact of some variables on the delta price was predictable (e.g. for drugs with an expected higher budget impact and a larger population target), others were more surprising (e.g. a significant price reduction for "innovative" drugs). The implementation of financial-based agreements, which often rely on confidential arrangements, was one of the determinants with higher impact on price reduction.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Technical Note: Thermoacoustic imaging of hemorrhagic stroke: A feasibility study with a human skull

To study the possibility of thermoacoustic imaging (TAI) toward hemorrhagic stroke detection.  A single‐transducer circular‐scanning TAI system was used for data collection. An agar powder‐based, tissue‐mimicking phantom enclosed by a human skull was applied to simulate the brain for thermoacoustic imaging of hemorrhagic stroke.  Several phantom experiments mimicking hemorrhagic stroke detection were conducted, and the results showed that “hemorrhagic” targets as small as 0.9 mm in diameter could be detected.  This study suggests that TAI has the potential to be used for noninvasive hemorrhagic stroke detection and identification of hemorrhagic from ischemic stroke.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
In search of the best local habitat drivers for saproxylic beetle diversity in temperate deciduous forests

Deadwood-associated species are increasingly targeted in forest biodiversity conservation. In order to improve structural biodiversity indicators and sustainable management guidelines, we need to elucidate ecological and anthropogenic drivers of saproxylic diversity. Herein we aim to disentangle the effects of local habitat attributes which presumably drive saproxylic beetle communities in temperate lowland deciduous forests. We collected data on saproxylic beetles in 104 oak and 49 beech stands in seven French lowland forests and used deadwood, microhabitat and stand features (large trees, openness) as predictor variables to describe local forest conditions. Deadwood diversity and stand openness were consistent key habitat features for species richness and composition in deciduous forests. Large downed deadwood volume was a significant predictor of beetle species richness in oak forests only. In addition, the density of cavity- and fungus-bearing trees had weak but significant effects. We recommend that forest managers favor the local diversification of deadwood types, especially the number of combinations of deadwood positions and tree species, the retention of large downed deadwood and microhabitat-bearing trees in order to maximize the saproxylic beetle diversity at the stand scale in deciduous forests. To improve our understanding of deadwood-biodiversity relationships, further research should be based on targeted surveys on species-microhabitat relationships and should investigate the role of landscape-scale deadwood resources and of historical gaps in continuity of key features availability at the local scale.

Field of study: Environmental science
Developments in Undergraduate Education

T THE Senate of the University of Chicago recently approved an administrative reorganization of the work in arts, literature, and science which is significant, not because it changes administrative details, but because it is designed to facilitate projected educational developments. We are thoroughly aware that the administrative machinery of an educational institution is not an end in itself, and vindicates its existence only to the extent that it promotes, and does not impede, educational achievement. Though the educational developments which are in prospect run the gamut of our whole educational program from the admission of Freshmen to the award of the Ph.D. degree, I shall confine my discussion to the undergraduate work. The administrative reorganization recently approved was proposed and sponsored by President Hutchins, most opportunely, to facilitate the achievement of educational objectives with which he is in thorough accord, and upon which a Senate committee and two college boards have been at work during the last three years. The details of the plans now being devised center around a complete change in educational measurements. At the present time our quantity, quality, distribution, and concentration requirements for the Bachelor's degree are stated and measured in terms of quarter course-credits and grade-points. A few institutions have recently superimposed a comprehensive examination in the student's field of concentration in the senior college upon the universal requirements expressed in course-credits or semesterhours. We propose to permit the student to pass from general to specialized education, from the junior to the senior college, and to graduate with the Bachelor's degree, not at all on the basis of course-credits, but entirely on the basis of comprehensive examinations. We have two primary objectives in mind. First, we desire to protect the superior student against unreasonable lock-step, perfunctory, and time-serving requirements, and to make it possible for him to progress as rapidly in his educational development as his capacity will permit. Second, we desire to set up at least a minimum standard of educational achievement, which is not provided in the routine course-credit system, to be measured by comprehensive examinations which some inferior students, who now acquire a degree through course-credits, cannot pass. We desire to give meaning to the Bachelor's degree, that the student has passed through a stage of real educational development, and has really achieved intellectually, that he

Field of study: Education
Double affine Hecke algebras and Calogero-Moser spaces

In this paper we prove that the spherical subalgebra $eH_{1,\tau}e$ of the double affine Hecke algebra $H_{1,\tau}$ is an integral Cohen-Macaulay algebra isomorphic to the center $Z$ of $H_{1,\tau}$, and $H_{1,\tau}e$ is a Cohen-Macaulay $eH_{1,\tau}e$-module with the property $H_{1,\tau}=End_{eH_{1,\tau}e}(H_{1,\tau}e)$. In the case of the root system $A_{n-1}$ the variety $Spec(Z)$ is smooth and coincides with the completion of the configuration space of the relativistic analog of the trigomonetric Calogero-Moser system. This implies the result of Cherednik that the module $eH_{1,\tau}$ is projective and all irreducible finite dimensional representations of $H_{1,\tau}$ are regular representation of the finite Hecke algebra.

Field of study: Mathematics
Investigating auditory processing of syntactic gaps with L2 speakers using pupillometry

According to the Shallow Structure Hypothesis (SSH), second language (L2) speakers, unlike native speakers, build shallow syntactic representations during sentence processing. In order to test the SSH, this study investigated the processing of a syntactic movement in both native speakers of English and proficient late L2 speakers of English using pupillometry to measure processing cost. Of particular interest were constructions where movement resulted in an intermediate gap between clauses. Pupil diameter was recorded during auditory presentation of complex syntactic constructions. Two factors were manipulated: syntactic movement (such that some conditions contained movement while others did not), as well as syntactic movement type (either causing an intermediate gap or not). Grammaticality judgments revealed no differences between the two groups, suggesting both were capable of comprehending these constructions. Pupil change slope measurements revealed a potential sensitivity to intermediate gaps for only native speakers, however, both native and late L2 speakers showed similar facilitation during processing of the second gap site. Acoustic analysis revealed potential acoustic cues that may have facilitated the processing of these constructions. This suggests that, contrary to the predictions of the SSH, late L2 speakers are capable of constructing rich syntactic representations during the processing of intermediate gap constructions in spoken language.

Field of study: Linguistics
Studies on non-isothermal kinetic of solid state decomposition of polymethyl methacrylate

Non-isothermal kinetics of solid-state decomposition of Polymethyl Methacrylate [PMMA Mw: 1.5iÂ´104] has been investigated under nitrogen atmosphere. Thermal data deduced through simultaneous thermogravimetric-differential thermal analysis -differential thermo gravimetric [TG-DTA-DTG] was used for calculations of thermodynamic parameters through Horowitz-Metzger and coats-Redfern methods along with kinetics and mechanism of degradations.

Field of study: Materials science
Non-prescription medicines for pain and fever--a comparison of recommendations and counseling from staff in pharmacy and general sales stores.

The purpose of this study is to map and analyze the content and quality of the encounter when customers buy non-prescription medicines for pain and fever.



297 pharmacies and 801 general sales stores (GSS) in Sweden were selected. A "Mystery shopper" exercise was conducted. Three scenarios were used and a total of 366 units were selected for each scenario. There were in total 625 observers: 208 in the child with fever scenario, 225 in the Reliv scenario, and 192 in the painkiller during pregnancy scenario.



21st September to 20th November 2011.



In two out of three visits to GSS, the staff proposed a medicine for a heavily pregnant woman. The staff suggested in 9% of the visits a medicine that is inappropriate in late pregnancy. The corresponding percentage in pharmacies was 1%. Both pharmacies and GSS proposed, in 6% a medicine that is inappropriate for babies to a feverish child. Only 16% of the pharmacists and 14% of the staff in GSS asked for the age of the child. General sales staff recommended in 10% ibuprofen and in 4% an acetylsalicylic acid product when an acetaminophen preparation was requested. The corresponding percentage in the pharmacy were 4% ibuprofen, 2% diclofenac, and 1% an acetylsalicylic acid product.



The staff in GSS and pharmacies do not pay sufficient attention to the heterogeneity of painkillers, which lead to inappropriate recommendations.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Development and Evaluation of On-line Eluent Generator

Electrodialytic eluent generator, one of the key components of ion chromatography system, was fabricated and evaluated. The data achieved indicated that its performance could be comparable to that of commercial one. The maximal operation pressure was over 20 MPa, the generated KOH concentration was up to 100 mM, and the designed usage lifetime was about 354 day (take 8 h working time per day). This device will be helpful to the improvement of domestic instruments of ion chromatography.

Field of study: Chemistry
Pneumococcal bacteraemia--a continuing challenge.

In a retrospective study of pneumococcal bacteraemia in a large district hospital over an eight-year period 103 cases were identified. Although all age groups were represented, an unexpectedly large number of cases occurred among elderly males. The overall case fatality rate was 34 per cent, ranging from 13 per cent in children to 42 per cent in the elderly. Most children had preexisting disease and did have pneumonia. Pre-existing diseases were of three main types: (i) disorders of the respiratory system; (ii) disorders of metabolism; (iii) disorders of the immune system. Six patients had no spleen. Almost all patients received appropriate antibiotics. Most deaths occurred during the first 48 h of treatment. The prospects for the prevention of fatal pneumococcal bacteraemia are reviewed in the light of these findings.

Field of study: Medicine
Key role of ethanol-derived acetaldehyde in the motivational properties induced by intragastric ethanol: a conditioned place preference study in the rat.

Acetaldehyde (ACD), the first metabolite of ethanol (EtOH), is produced peripherally by gastric and hepatic alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and centrally by brain catalase. In spite of the aversive properties classically ascribed to ACD, it has recently been suggested that ACD might mediate some of the motivational effects of EtOH. Accordingly, the relative role of ACD in the positive motivational properties of EtOH ingested is increasingly becoming the matter of debate. Thus, we studied the ability of intragastrically administered EtOH, ACD and EtOH-derived ACD to induce conditioned place preference (cpp) in rats.



Wistar rats were pretreated intraperitoneally with saline, the peripheral competitive inhibitor of ADH, 4-methylpyrazole (4-MP, 22.5, 45 or 67.5 mg/kg) or with the selective ACD-sequestrating agent, d-penicillamine (DP, 25 or 50 mg/kg), before the intragastric administration of saline, EtOH (0.5, 1 or 2 g/kg) or ACD (10, 20, or 40 mg/kg). The specificity of 4-MP and DP effects was addressed using morphine-induced cpp (2.5 mg/kg).



Both, EtOH and ACD dose-dependently induced cpp; further, while EtOH-induced cpp was prevented by the administration of 4-MP and by DP, ACD-induced cpp was unaltered by 4-MP administration and prevented by DP. Both pretreatments did not interfere with morphine-induced cpp indicating that 4-MP and DP specifically modulate the motivational properties of EtOH and ACD.



The ability of 4-MP and DP to decrease EtOH-induced cpp suggests that a reduction of ACD levels is crucial in depriving EtOH from its motivational properties as indexed by the cpp procedure. In addition, this conclusion is supported by the inefficacy of 4-MP in preventing ACD-induced cpp, and by its blockade observed after administration of the selective ACD sequestrating agent DP. The present results underscore the role of EtOH-derived ACD in EtOH-induced motivational properties as well as its abuse liability.

Field of study: Medicine
Assisting reachability verification of network configurations updates with NUV

Configuring a network is always difficult and error-prone because of low-level configuration languages and complex routing mechanisms. Most network outages occur when network the configuration is updated. Thus, it is important to proactively verify network configurations. Unfortunately, there are two practical obstacles that inhibit the performance of existing configuration verification tools: (i) Lack of knowledge. Network users often do not know which input verification queries need to be verified. (ii) Limited scalability. Even the state-of-the-art tool (i.e., Minesweeper ) takes approximately 500 seconds to complete a single reachability query for a network with tens of routers. Considering the total number of queries that must be verified, real networks often make such techniques impractical. In this paper, we propose NUV, a framework for performing network configuration update verification. NUV outputs verification queries for only the endpoints whose forwarding behavior has changed under the updated network configuration. Based on the network forwarding model, NUV infers the potential traffic impact and eliminates endpoints whose forwarding behavior is equivalent in both the original network configuration and the updated configuration. The NUV outputs can be used as input to a rich collection of existing configuration verification tools. Evaluations on a series of benchmark networks show that NUV can solve the lack of knowledge problem, and it enables query verification to execute at speeds orders of magnitude faster than existing tools; thus, it also improves verification scalability.

Field of study: Computer science
40  GHz narrow linewidth frequency-switched microwave signal generation based on a single-longitudinal-mode double-Brillouin-frequency spaced Brillouin fiber laser.

A novel approach to generating 40 GHz narrow linewidth frequency-switched microwave signals is proposed and demonstrated. In this scheme, a single-longitudinal-mode (SLM) double-Brillouin-frequency spaced Brillouin fiber laser with dual-ring configuration and unpumped erbium-doped fiber (EDF) is used to generate dual-wavelength lasers, and a fiber Bragg grating is used to select the laser for different Brillouin frequency spacings. Dual-ring configuration and unpumped EDF are designed to select the mode for the SLM laser. Dual-wavelength lasers are inserted into a photodetector, and microwave signals at 10.66, 21.39, 32.12, or 42.85 GHz can be obtained. The linewidth of the generated microwave signals is less than 69 kHz. The frequency drift at each frequency is less than 0.83 MHz. The frequency noise and linewidth of Stokes signals are measured, and the linewidth broadening effect of microwave signals is analyzed.

Field of study: Physics
An improved variant of the conventional Harmony Search algorithm

The Harmony Search algorithm (HS) has been used for optimization in different fields, and despite the relative short time it has been around, it already has many variants. This article presents a new modification of HS, based on variable parameters, which is able to yield better results than previously reported data, and with the additional benefit of not requiring prior knowledge of the maximum number of iterations. In this research, a comparison is made with the original HS algorithm, and with its improved version (i.e. IHS), finding that the proposed variants not only reduce convergence time of the algorithm, but they also increase its precision. Some commonly used benchmark functions were used as a testing scenario, and the performance of the novel approach is evaluated for an objective function in up to 1000D, where it was found to converge appropriately. These findings are important since they indicate that the proposed version could be used for different kinds of optimization problems, thus allowing a broader use of the HS algorithm.

Field of study: Mathematics
CFD simulation and experimental validation of ethanol adsorption onto activated carbon packed heat exchanger

Experimental validation of simulated adsorber/desorber beds for sorption cooling applications is essential to obtain reliable results. We have conducted rigorous simulation of the adsorption process occurring in a finned tube adsorber utilizing 2D-axisymmetric geometry. The adsorber uses activated carbon–ethanol as adsorbent–refrigerant pair. It is cooled with water at nearly 30 °C and experiencing a sharp pressure increase of ethanol from 0.95 kPa initially to 6 kPa. The simulated temperatures at adsorbent thicknesses of 0, 1, 5 and 10 mm from tube outer diameter showed an increase in adsorbent temperature up to 20 °C from its initial temperature. They were slightly higher at start of adsorption and were consistent with experimental data at higher flow time. The validated CFD model will serve as a base for evaluating and optimizing activated carbon–ethanol adsorption cooling cycle. It can be extended also to different adsorber designs and other adsorbent–adsorbate pairs.

Field of study: Engineering
Origin and paleoecology of post-Lake Agassiz raised beaches in Manitoba

Post-Lake Agassiz raised beaches have been identified 6 m above the present level of Lake Winnipegosis. The level, termed the Dawson level, is radiocarbon dated at 4870 ± 80 years BP (GSC-4138) and 4900 ± 70 years BP (GSC-4139) at Dawson Bay and at 5050 ± 100 years BP (BGS-1126) at Denbeigh Point. The dates are estimated to be 350 years too old due to the hard-water effect and the Dawson level is believed to have formed about 4550 years ago. The 6 m drop in the level of the northern part of Lake Winnipegosis is attributed to isostatic tilting. The fossil assemblages of the beaches are the same and are dominated by the extinct gastropod Marstonia gelida. Two marine invertebrates, the foraminifer Elphidium gunteri and the ostracod Cytheromorpha fuscata, are present in the samples. These marine animals are believed to have been brought into the area by migrating waterfowl and to have survived because of the high salinity of the lake.

Field of study: Environmental science