nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Local Bubble. Extinction within 55 pc

In the mapping of the local ISM it is of some interest to know where the first indications of the boundary of the Local Bubble can be measured. The Hipparcos distances combined to B-V photometry and some sort of spectral classification permit mapping of the spatial extinction distribution. Photometry is available for almost the complete Hipparcos sample and Michigan Classification is available for brighter stars south of delta = +5 deg (1900). For the northern and fainter stars spectral types, e.g. the HD types, are given but a luminosity class is often missing. The B-V photometry and the parallax do, however, permit a dwarf/giant separation due to the value of the slope of the reddening vector compared to the gradient of the main sequence in a color magnitude diagram, in the form: B-V vs. M_V+A_V = V+5(1+log(pi)), together with the rather shallow extinction present in the Hipparcos sample. We present the distribution of median A_V(l, b) for stars with Hipparcos 2 distances less than 55 pc. The northern part of the first and second quadrant has most extinction, up to 0.2 mag and the southern part of the third and fourth quadrant the slightest extinction, 0.05 mag. The boundary of the extinction minimum appears rather coherent on an angular resolution of a few degrees

Field of study: Physics
Emitter Discharge Evaluation of Subsurface Trickle Irrigation Systems

This paper presents a procedure to evaluate subsurface trickle irrigation systems. The procedure allows determination of the reduction in emitter flow rates due to plugging and other aging factors, even if the original flow capacity of the system was not measured. The procedure uses a computer model to determine discharge of a system, as installed, and compares results with measured values after a period of use. The model also can be used to simulate the effects of hydraulic and manufacturer's variation on the uniformity of trickle applications for a wide range of trickle set configurations.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Pivagabine-induced increases in the abundance of CRF mRNA in the cerebral cortex and hypothalamus of rats.

The effect of treatment of rats with pivagabine (4-[(2,2-dimethyl-1-oxopropyl) amino] butanoic acid) for 4 days on the abundance of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) mRNA in the brain was investigated. Such treatment resulted in dose-dependent (100-300 mg/kg, i.p.) increases in the amount of CRF mRNA in both the hypothalamus and cerebral cortex. The maximal increases were thus apparent with the dose of 300 mg/kg in the hypothalamus (+108%) and cerebral cortex (+49%) 30 or 60 min, respectively, after the last drug injection. Foot-shock stress administered 30 min after the final drug injection had no effect on the pivagabine-induced increases in the abundance of CRF mRNA in the hypothalamus or cerebral cortex. Such stress also had no effect on the amounts of CRF mRNA in these brain regions of vehicle-treated rats. These results demonstrate that pivagabine increases the amount of CRF mRNA in both the hypothalamus and cerebral cortex of rats, effects that might be relevant to the action of this drug in preventing the stress-induced changes in CRF hypothalamic concentration.

Field of study: Biology
Pulse-periodic iodine photodissociation laser with a high output energy

A description is given of a pulse-periodic iodine laser pumped by high-power nonmagnetic plasma-dynamic flashlamps and incorporating a thermal closed circulation system for the active medium (n-C4F9I–C6F14 mixture) based on a condensation–evaporation cycle. An investigation was made of the energy balance and the output characteristics of the laser under single-pulse and pulse-periodic conditions at a repetition frequency of 17–50 mHz. The laser output energy was ~ 0.5 kJ, the pulse duration was 35–40 μs, the angular divergence was ~ 0.56 mrad, and the efficiency in terms of the electrical energy deposited in the pumping system was ~ 1 %. Stimulated emission during the complete laser pulse was achieved at the frequency of the unperturbed F' = 3 →F = 4 electronic transition in the hyperfine structure of the iodine atom.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Acclimation of snow gum (Eucalyptus pauciflora) leaf respiration to seasonal and diurnal variations in temperature: the importance of changes in the capacity and temperature sensitivity of respiration

We investigated the relationship between daily and seasonal temperature variation and dark respiratory CO(2) release by leaves of snow gum (Eucalyptus pauciflora Sieb. ex Spreng) that were grown in their natural habitat or under controlled-environment conditions. The open grassland field site in SE Australia was characterized by large seasonal and diurnal changes in air temperature. On each measurement day, leaf respiration rates in darkness were measurement in situ at 2-3 h intervals over a 24 h period, with measurements being conducted at the ambient leaf temperature. The rate of respiration at a set measuring temperature (i.e. apparent 'respiratory capacity') was greater in seedlings grown under low average daily temperatures (i.e. acclimation occurred), both in the field and under controlled-environment conditions. The sensitivity of leaf respiration to diurnal changes in temperature (i.e. the Q(10) of leaf respiration) exhibited little seasonal variation over much of the year. However, Q(10) values were significantly greater on cold winter days (i.e. when daily average and minimum air temperatures were below 6 degrees and -1 degree C, respectively). These differences in Q(10) values were not due to biasarizing from the contrasting daily temperature amplitudes in winter and summer, as the Q(10) of leaf respiration was constant over a wide temperature range in short-term experiments. Due to higher Q(10) values in winter, there was less difference between winter and summer leaf respiration rates measured at 5 degrees C than at 25 degrees C. The net result of these changes was that there was relatively little difference in total daily leaf respiratory CO(2) release per unit leaf dry mass in winter and summer. Under controlled-environment conditions, acclimation of respiration to growth temperature occurred in as little as 1-3 d. Acclimation was associated with a change in the concentration of soluble sugars under controlled conditions, but not in the field. Our data suggest that acclimation in the field may be associated with the onset of cold-induced photo-inhibition. We conclude that cold-acclimation of dark respiration in snow gum leaves is characterized by changes in both the temperature sensitivity and apparent 'capacity' of the respiratory apparatus, and that such changes will have an important impact on the carbon economy of snow gum plants.

Field of study: Environmental science
Comparing Democratic Maturity Test Scores for German and American College Freshman

The study sought to compare scores on The Democratic Maturity Test between German and American college freshman students. The test is designed to measure two things: (1) personal maturity, and (2) social integration. The American students were significantly superior in personal maturity, and the German students were significantly superior in social integration. The German students were significantlty older than the American ones. The new democratic way of living in America seeks to guarantee freedom to all, but in the process has generated the largest prison population of any civilized country in the world. The Democratic Maturity Test (DEMO) seeks to assess the degree to which an individual is prepared to live successfully in a democracy. It is based on the theory described by John Dewey, that "a democracy is the interdependence of independent individuals." It has 200 true/false type items, with half of them (four part scores) seeking to measure the independence of an individual in terms of personal maturity. The other half of the items (four part scores) seeks to measure the interdependence factor - the ability to get along with all kinds of people in terms of social integration. Groups Involved There were 60 incoming psychology majors at the University of Koblenz-Landau, Germany ranging in age from 19 to 35, with a mean age of 22.27 and a standard deviation of 1.02 years. It included 45 females and 15 males. The second group included 68 freshmen from a state university near Commerce, Texas. They ranged in age from 18 to 22 with a mean age of 15.46 and with a standard deviation of 0.78 year. It included 35 females and 33 male students. Group Differences A t-statistic was computed for the difference on all mean scores for The Democratic Maturity Test (DEMO) as depicted in Table 1 below. Based on the "Sign Test," with every one of the PER MAT (personal maturity) scores favoring the American student, they were significantly better than the German ones. In terms of personal maturity there was no significant difference on the LOC score (locus of control), however. Table 1 Comparing DEMO Mean Scores by use of a t-Statistic (N=60 German, and N=68 American) Mean German American t- Scores Freshmen Freshmen Difference statistic Probability 1. Self-esteem - EST: M 67.40 70.12 2.72 -1.22 n.s. SD 11.99 13.01 2. Coping Skills - COP: M 65.93 70.77 4.84 -2.11 0.04 SD 11.21 14.31 3. Assertiveness - ASS: M 48.67 57.71 9.04 -4.35 0.00 SD 9.86 13.17 4. Locus of Control - LOC: M 56.60 60.24 3.64 -1.65 n.s. SD 9.13 14.74 5. Personal Maturity - PERMAT: M 238.60 260.29 21.69 -3.85 0.00 SD 26.02 26.02 6. Conformity - CFM: M 62.07 56.35 -5.72 -2.42 0.02 SD 11.25 14.93 7. Sympathy - SYM: M 59.73 58.18 -1.55 -0.69 n.s. SD 10.31 14.93 8. Self-efficacy - EFF: M 61.80 53.24 -8.56 -4.05 0.00 SD 8.70 8.70 9. Caring- CAR: M 76.90 53.47 -23. …

Field of study: Education
Schistosity and Penetrative Mineral Lineation as Indicators of Paleostrain Directions

Field evidence indicates that the progressive deformation of most schistose rocks consists of two principal phases: (1) the anisotropy-creating phase, during which schistosity and mineral lineation develop and (2) the anisotropic phase, during which numerous translational-slip surfaces are generated parallel to schistosity. This discontinuous deformation may be regarded as simple shear on a scale that is much larger than the average spacing of neighboring slip surfaces.Schistosity and mineral lineation can be produced normal to the direction of greatest finite shortening and parallel to the direction of greatest finite extension, respectively. Subsequent simple shearing tends to change this relationship such that both structural features become oblique to the principal directions of finite strain, although the mineral lineation remains parallel to the major axis of the finite-strain ellipse on the schistosity plane. Thus the lineation rather than the schistosity may be a reliable indicator of a (non-principal) direction of total strain, for a given period of progressive deformation.

Field of study: Environmental science
American Military Government and the Education of a New German Leadership

American policy plans and directives for the postwar occupation of Germany consistently envisioned a peaceful, democratic German society.' Nevertheless, neither the two major policy directives to the Military Governor nor the latter's interpretation of them shows how Americans planned to assist German democratic elements in recruiting and maintaining a new democratic leadership. Joint Chiefs of Staff directive 1067, issued in April 1945, discouraged fraternization with German officials as well as with the general population. It made only an innocuous reference to the eventual reconstruction of German political life on a democratic basis. JCS directive 1779, issued in July 1947, though more specific on democratic political reconstruction, envisioned a tranquil political arena marked by parties as voluntary associations, equal in privilege, competing regularly for the electorate's preferment. It directed the Military Governor not to discriminate between authorized parties and to seek uniform treatment for all parties.2 General Lucius D. Clay's interpretation of his mandate,

Field of study: Political science
BRIEF COMMUNICATIONS: Optical waveguides formed by ion irradiation of fused quartz

A report is given of the properties and parameters of waveguides formed by irradiation of fused quartz with H2+, He+, Ar+, and Xe+ ions of energies up to 3 MeV and doses up to 5×1016 cm–2. The lowest losses (~3 dB/cm) are reported for waveguides prepared by irradiation with Xe+ ions; subsequent annealing (up to 500°C) can reduce these losses to 0.3 dB/cm. The implantation of H2+ is not recommended because waveguides prepared in this way exhibit spontaneous annealing.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
How Effective are Lateral Wedge Orthotics in Treating Medial Compartment Osteoarthritis of the Knee? A Systematic Review of the Recent Literature

Lateral wedges were originally proposed to manage medial compartment osteoarthritis of the knee but recent reviews suggest that lateral wedges do not affect disease progression. We performed a systematic review to analyse the recent literature and define how effective, if at all, lateral wedges are in the management of medial compartment osteoarthritis of the knee. The inclusion criteria were defined as any study published within the last decade, using a sample size of at least twenty patients, and investigating the effect of insoles or wedges on either unilateral or bilateral knee varus osteoarthritis. The standardised keyword term ‘lateral*wedge*OR insole*OR orthotic* OR medial compartment OR varus OR osteoarthri* OR knee*’ was used. We identified 10 studies that fitted our inclusion criteria. Although there is not enough evidence in the literature to prove that lateral wedge orthotics are an effective treatment for varus osteoarthritis of the knee, there is some evidence to suggest that they do have some symptomatic effect. Patients with early osteoarthritis and higher BMI may benefit to a greater extent than those with a greater extent of degenerative changes and lower BMI. The literature is unclear as to what the optimal duration for the use of lateral wedges is, but does support the prolonged use of the wedges as the benefits at one month are maintained at one year. Future studies should be randomised controlled trials with a large sample size with long follow-up, and use objective clinical, biomechanical and radiological outcome measures.

Field of study: Medicine
Leinert sets and complemented ideals in Fourier algebras

Let $G$ be a locally compact group. We show how complemented ideals in the Fourier algebra $A(G)$ of $G$ arise naturally from a class of thin sets known as Leinert sets. Moreover, we also present an explicit example of a closed ideal in $A(\mathbb{F}_{N})$, the free group on $N \ge 2$ generators, that is complemented in $A(\mathbb{F}_{N})$ but it is not completely complemented. Then by establishing an appropriate extension result for restriction algebras arising from Leinert sets, we show that any almost connected group $G$ for which every complemented ideal in $A(G)$ is also completely complemented must be amenable.

Field of study: Mathematics
THE RELEVANCE OF COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT TO SOCIAL WELFARE AND PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

: Citizen involvement is regarded as a desirable component of public policy making, particularly policy in the social welfare field. This paper examines different conceptions of social welfare and different conceptions of citizen participation. Participation is a term with many shades of meaning, and policy makers should distinguish between sociotherapy, market research and citizen power, all of which come under the rubric “citizen participation”. Different conceptions of participation are appropriate in different policy circumstances and these circumstances are examined with reference to two recent Australian participatory programs in the welfare field. The paper concludes with an examination of the applicability of participation, leadership and expertise to public administration, and argues that these three values exist in a dialectical relationship and that social justice and the effectiveness of programs will be limited if too much reliance is placed on any one of these values.

Field of study: Political science
Prüfung der Theorie von R. W. Gurney an den Heliumlinien der Chromosphäre

ZusammenfassungDie Sonnenstrahlen üben auf die Ca++-Atome nur einen sehr geringen Strahlungsdruck aus, der viel zu klein ist, um die Gravitationswirkung aufzuwiegen. Wenn also in der Chromosphäre Ca++-Atome entstehen, müssen sie, der Schwerkraft gehorchend, niederfallen, wobei sie relativ große Geschwindigkeiten erhalten. R. W. Gurney stellt nun die Hypothese auf, daß der Stoß solcher herabfallenden Atome eine merkliche Rolle bei der Anregung (bzw. Ionisation) der Chromosphärengase spielen kann. In der vorliegenden Untersuchung wird die Theorie von R. W. Gurney an der Heliumlinie λ 5876 und an der dem ionisierten Helium angehörenden Linie λ 4686 geprüft. Es zeigt sich nun, daß die Höhen, bis zu welchen diese Linien in der Chromosphäre zu sehen sind, sich mit Gurneys Theorie (unter gewissen Voraussetzungen) in guter quantitativer Übereinstimmung befinden. Jedenfalls ließe sich das Auftreten der Linie λ 4686 in der Chromosphäre sehr schwer erklären, wenn man Gurney s Theorie verwerfen wollte.

Field of study: Physics
Influence of nonlinear adhesive behavior on analysis of cracked adhesively bonded structures

References Baruch, M. and Bar-Itzhack, I. Y., "Optimal Weighted Orthogonaliztion of Measured Modes," AIAA Journal, Vol. 16, April 1978, pp. 346-351. Baruch, M., "Optimization Procedure to Correct Stiffness and Flexibility Matrices Using Vibration Tests," AIAA Journal, Vol. 16, Nov. 1978, pp. 8-10. Baruch, M., "Selective Optimal Orthogonalization of Measured Modes, 'M/,4,4 Journal, Vol. 17, Jan. 1979, pp. 120-121 Baruch, M., private communication, Sept. 1979.

Field of study: Physics
The radiadion on the cow dry quality improvement and maintains freshness

This experiment focused on the problem of the cow dry quality and freshness which existed, we can add the improving reagent by the base of the traditional process in order to improve the cow dry quality. With the difference of the quota on the nutrition, the physics and chemistry, the microorganism which existed on the exposured cow dry and the unexposured. We can understand the influence of the radiation to them. Then we could judge whether the radiation technology can lengthen the quality life.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Glycosaminoglycans inhibit formation of the 140 kDa insulin-like growth factor-binding protein complex.

The 140 kDa insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-binding protein complex in human serum consists of three subunits: an acid-labile, non-IGF-binding glycoprotein (alpha-subunit), an IGF-binding glycoprotein known as BP-53 or IGFBP-3 (beta-subunit), and IGF-I or IGF-II (gamma-subunit). This study investigates the regulation, by salt and glycosaminoglycans, of ternary (alpha-beta-gamma) complex formation, measured by incubating radioiodinated alpha-subunit with a mixture of IGF-I and IGFBP-3 and precipitating bound radioactivity with an anti-IGFBP-3 antiserum. Increasing NaCl concentrations progressively decreased ternary complex formation without any effect on binary (beta-gamma) complex formation. In 0.15 M-NaCl, the association constant for the ternary complex was 0.318 +/- 0.092 nM-1, 100-fold lower than that for the binary complex. Glycosaminoglycans also inhibited ternary complex formation without affecting the binary complex. Heparin [50% inhibition at 0.27 +/- 0.08 units/ml (1.5 +/- 0.4 micrograms/ml)] was more potent than heparan sulphate (50% inhibition at 15 +/- 7 micrograms/ml), with chondroitin sulphate even less potent. The inhibition by heparin was due principally to a decrease in binding affinity, from 0.604 +/- 0.125 to 0.151 +/- 0.024 nM-1 in the presence of 0.25 units of heparin/ml, with a slight decrease in the number of apparent binding sites from 1.05 +/- 0.08 to 0.85 +/- 0.15 mol of alpha-subunit bound/mol of beta-subunit. Since the ternary IGF-binding protein complex cannot cross the capillary barrier, it is proposed that a decrease in the affinity of the complex, mediated by circulating or cell-associated glycosaminoglycans, may be important in the passage of IGFs and IGFBP-3 to the tissues.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Bayesian Compressed Regression

As an alternative to variable selection or shrinkage in high-dimensional regression, we propose to randomly compress the predictors prior to analysis. This dramatically reduces storage and computational bottlenecks, performing well when the predictors can be projected to a low-dimensional linear subspace with minimal loss of information about the response. As opposed to existing Bayesian dimensionality reduction approaches, the exact posterior distribution conditional on the compressed data is available analytically, speeding up computation by many orders of magnitude while also bypassing robustness issues due to convergence and mixing problems with MCMC. Model averaging is used to reduce sensitivity to the random projection matrix, while accommodating uncertainty in the subspace dimension. Strong theoretical support is provided for the approach by showing near parametric convergence rates for the predictive density in the large p small n asymptotic paradigm. Practical performance relative to competitors is illustrated in simulations and real data applications.

Field of study: Computer science
WE-G-BRE-07: Proton Therapy Enhanced by Tumor-Targeting Gold Nanoparticles: A Pilot in Vivo Experiment at The Proton Therapy Center at MD Anderson Cancer Center.

Assess tumor-growth delay and survival in a mouse model of prostate cancer treated with tumor-targeting gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and proton therapy.



We first examined the accumulation of targeting nanoparticles within prostate tumors by imaging AuNPs with ultrasound-guided photoacoustics at 24h after the intravenous administration of goserelin-conjugated AuNPs (gAuNP) in three mice. Nanoparticles were also imaged at the cellular level with TEM in PC3 cells incubated with gAuNP for 24h. Pegylated AuNPs (pAuNP) were also imaged in vivo and in vitro for comparison. PC3 cells were then implanted subcutaneously in nude mice; 51mice with 8-10mm tumors were included. AuNPs were injected intravenously at 0.2%w/w final gold concentration 24h before irradiation. A special jig was designed to facilitate tumor irradiation perpendicular to the proton beam. Proton energy was set to 180MeV, the radiation field was 18×18cm2 , and 9cm or 13.5cm thick solid-water compensators were used to position the tumors at either the beam entrance (BE) or the SOBP. Physical doses of 5Gy were delivered to all tumors on a patient beam line at MD Anderson's Proton Therapy Center.



The photoacoustic experiment reveled that our nanoparticles leak from the tumor-feeding vasculature and accumulate within the tumor volume over time. Additionally, TEM images showed gAuNP are internalized in cancer cells, accumulating within the cytoplasm, whereas pAuNP are not. Tumor-growth was delayed by 11 or 32days in mice receiving gAuNP irradiated at the BE or the SOBP, relative to proton radiation alone. Survival curves (ongoing experiment) reveal that gAuNPs improved survival by 36% or 74% for tumors irradiated at the BE or SOBP.



These important, albeit preliminary, in vivo findings reveal nanoparticles to be potent sensitizers to proton therapy. Further, conjugation of AuNPs to tumor-specific antigens that promote enhanced cellular internalization improved both tumor-growth delay and survival of mice after proton therapy.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics