nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Getting Students “Partially” Involved in Note-Taking Using Graphic Organizers

Encoding benefits (DiVesta & Gray, 1972) of graphic-organizer and outline note-taking using spaced study and review (Robinson, Katayama, Dubois, & DeVaney, 1998) were investigated. In 2 40-min periods separated by 2 days, 117 undergraduates studied a chapter-length text along with a set of complete, partial, or skeletal graphic organizers or outlines. Two days later, the students reviewed their materials for 10 min and then completed factual and application tests. On the factual test, there was no effect for either study notes or amount of information. However, on the application test, graphic organizers were better than outlines and partial notes were better than complete notes. Having students take notes using partial graphic organizers may be preferable to giving them complete notes because of encoding benefits.

Field of study: Education
Watermarking PRFs under Standard Assumptions: Public Marking and Security with Extraction Queries

A software watermarking scheme can embed some information called a mark into a program while preserving its functionality. No adversary can remove the mark without damaging the functionality of the program. Cohen et al.  gave the first positive results for watermarking, showing how to watermark certain pseudorandom function (PRF) families using indistinguishability obfuscation (iO). Their scheme has a secret marking procedure to embed marks in programs and a public extraction procedure to extract the marks from programs; security holds even against an attacker that has access to a marking oracle. Kim and Wu (CRYPTO ’17) later constructed a PRF watermarking scheme under only the LWE assumption. In their scheme, both the marking and extraction procedures are secret, but security only holds against an attacker with access to a marking oracle but not an extraction oracle. In fact, it is possible to completely break the security of the latter scheme using extraction queries, which is a significant limitation in any foreseeable application.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Viscous dissipation pattern in incompressible Newtonian simple shear zones: an analytical model

An analytical model of shear heating in an inclined simple shear zone with Newtonian rheology under a reverse shear sense and an upward resultant pressure gradient is presented. Neglecting a number of secondary factors, the shear heat is expressed as a function of the total slip rates at the boundaries, pressure gradient, dip and thickness of the shear zone, and density, viscosity, and thermal conductivity of the rock. A quartic temperature profile develops with a point of maximum temperature near the bottom part of the shear zone in general. The profile is parabolic if pressure gradient vanishes leading to a Couette flow. The profile attains a bell shape if there is no slip at the boundaries, i.e., a true Pouseille flow. The present model of shear heating is more applicable in subduction channels and some extruding salt diapirs where the rheology is Newtonian viscous and pressure gradient drives extrusion.

Field of study: Environmental science
Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy in Saudi Arabia: analysis of 6386 procedures.

Fibreoptic endoscopy is now established in the investigation of upper gastrointestinal disease. We report our findings in a large series of endoscopic procedures (6386) mostly in Middle Eastern Arabs, and compare the results obtained in Western patients. We find fibreoptic endoscopy to be feasible, safe, acceptable and effective.

Field of study: Medicine
Optimization of Technological Factors On QSn6. 5-0.1 in Horizontal Continuous Casting

There are some micro-shrinkage porosity/dendrite segregation and inverse-segregation in the strip billet of horizontal continuous casting, which are the main reasons for rejected castings during mill machining. Through the orthogonal experiment of the technical factors in the casting process, the mapping model of artifical nedral networks have been established using the data obtained in the experiments. With the help of this model, the optimal casting conditions have been studied by simulating/GA optimizations method and real experiments. The results show that micro-structure of castings are improved and ratio of accepted products are enhanced.

Field of study: Materials science
Experimental analysis of the electromagnetic instruction skip fault model and consequences for software countermeasures

Microcontrollers storing valuable data or using security functions are vulnerable to fault injection attacks. Among the various types of faults, instruction skips induced at runtime proved to be effective against identification routines or encryption algorithms. Until recently, most research works assessed a fault model that consists in a single instruction skip, i.e. the ability to prevent one chosen instruction in a program from being executed. We question this fault model for EM fault injection on experimental basis and report the possibility to induce several consecutive instructions skips. Such an extended fault model proved to be effective against a duplication-based software countermeasure as our experiments revealed.

Field of study: Engineering
Architecture of the Chugach accretionary complex as revealed by detrital zircon ages and lithologic variations: Evidence for Mesozoic subduction erosion in south-central Alaska

Subduction erosion is an important process at convergent margins but evidence in the geologic record is scarce because the involved materials are typically lost into the mantle. Detrital zircon dating of accretionary complex sediment allows us to document episodic growth that can be linked to possible triggers. Detrital zircons (n = 2508) from the Mesozoic Chugach accretionary complex, southern Alaska, have U-Pb ages that record progressive subduction accretion punctuated by two periods of tectonic erosion. Lithology and maximum depositional ages permit division of the Chugach accretionary complex into four main units. The oldest, the blueschist-greenschist unit, represents partially subducted sediment associated with a Jurassic oceanic arc, with subduction erosion from 180 to 170 Ma. The end of this erosion period is dated by the oldest maximum depositional age of the Potter Creek assemblage, a <156–169 Ma unit consisting of chert, argillite, and volcanic rocks. A trondhjemite pluton that intrudes the forearc was caused by ridge subduction at 125 Ma and resulted in a second period of subduction erosion lasting until 104 Ma.

The end of Aptian–Albian erosion was marked by deposition of massive sandstone and conglomerate of the 101–91 Ma McHugh Creek assemblage. This influx of clastic sediment is interpreted to have occurred in response to the collision of Wrangellia with North America. This event and the erosional event preceding it steepened the forearc region, allowing mass wasting of forearc crust into the trench, filling it by 89 Ma, the oldest maximum depositional age of the Valdez Group flysch. Clasts in conglomerate include granodiorite from the basement of the Talkeetna arc dated from 199 ± 3 Ma to 179 ± 3 Ma, and sandstone clasts with maximum depositional ages of 100 Ma. From 89 Ma to at least 72 Ma, the Valdez Group flysch was deposited via turbidite fans onto the oceanic crust beyond the trench and accreted as imbricate thrust slices that retained coherent bedding.

The source for detrital zircons in the Potter Creek assemblage is likely a Middle–Late Jurassic oceanic arc, possibly the Talkeetna arc. The abundance of zircons from ash fall tuffs is consistent with easterly winds and suggests the Chugach accretionary complex was south of latitude 25°N in the Late Jurassic. The dominant source for the Albian McHugh Creek assemblage and the Upper Cretaceous Valdez Group flysch was likely the arc associated with the Coast Mountains batholith. Jurassic (ca. 165 Ma) zircons in the McHugh Creek assemblage could have been derived from exhumed plutons, or may be second-cycle zircons derived from the Potter Creek assemblage. The first appearance of Proterozoic and Archean zircons in the Valdez Group records the breakdown of topographic barriers formed by the accreted arc terranes as rivers encroached into continental North America by the middle Late Cretaceous.

Field of study: Geology
An empirical correlation mechanism of economic growth and marine pollution: A case study of 11 coastal provinces and cities in China

The purpose of this study is to comprehensively measure the periodicity of the internal correlation mechanism of economic growth and marine pollution in coastal provinces and cities in China. In this paper, we constructed a model to measure the economic growth and marine pollution system. The characteristics of the system in various provinces and cities were calculated using the nonlinear Markov growth regime switching model. This model can successfully eliminate an infeasibility problem encountered in the traditional vector autoregression model. The empirical results demonstrate nonlinear characteristics of the economic growth and marine pollution system. The system contains two different growth regimes: the low-speed and high-speed growth regimes. Moreover, each coastal province or city under study demonstrates nonlinear periodic variations, with some regions showing more frequent shifts and others showing more stable. Finally, different coastal provinces and cities demonstrate various attributes when shifting between growth regimes. The transfer attribute shows that coastal provinces and cities tend to evolve toward coordinated and symbiotic development in economy and marine ecological environment. The findings highlight the need to further strengthen coastal provinces' and cities’ policy recommendations on differentiated sustainable development.

Field of study: Environmental science
Conceptions of Chronological Age as a Function of Chronological Age

I t is commonly believed that a person's conception of how "old" a particular chronological age appears to be is related to that person's own chronological age. Thus a.6-yr.-old may consider 20 "old," while a 50-yr.-old may consider it "young." The present study was designed as a crude preliminary attempt to see whether this relation does indeed hold. A questionnaire consisting of six questions, like "What is the oldest a person can be, and still be 'very young'?," "What ages limit the range, 'neither old nor young'?," ecc., was administered to a group of 19 Ss, haphazardly selected from an academic population. Ss' ages ranged from 26 to 73, with a mean of 38.2 and an SD of 13.0. The sum of all the ages given in answer to the six questions was correlated with S's own chronological age, with the expectation that older Ss would yield a higher total, the latter serving as a rough index of S's conception of "how old is old." The r obtained was +.54, significant at about the .02 level; the rank-difference correlation ( r h o ) , however, was only +.25. That the former was so much higher than the latter was probably due in past to the fact that the two oldest Ss, in their seventies, gave very high rotals; the next oldest Ss were in their forties, and gave substantially lower totals. A replication was undertaken three years later, primarily under the impetus of a very recent study by Kogan (1960), who reported that when Ss are asked to judge the chronological age of photographed stimulus persons, higher age estimates tended to be made by older Ss. Ten Ss, aged 19 to 36, with a mean of 27.6 and an SD of 5.4, were selected from the same population. The correlation coefficients obtained this time were T = + .35 and rho = + .36, which are not significantly different from zero with this small an N, but clearly in the same direction as before. That the replication r was smaller than the initial one is probably due in part to the younger mean age of the replication Ss, .and largely to the restricted age range of this sample as compared with the first (the respective ranges were 26 to 73 and 19 to 36; the SDs being 13.0 and 5.4, respectively). Incidentally, it may be interesting to note that the total of one S who was common to both samples did increase from the first to the second administration. These findings lend modest support to the hypothesis that conceptions of chronological age do indeed appear to change with chronological age.

Field of study: Psychology
Trehalose-6-phosphate synthase as an intrinsic selection marker for plant transformation.

Insertion of foreign DNA into plant genomes occurs randomly and with low frequency. Hence, a selectable marker is generally required to identify transgenic plants. Until now, all selection systems have been based on the use of non-plant genes, derived from microorganisms and usually conferring antibiotic or herbicide resistance. The use of microorganism-derived genes however has raised biosafety concerns. We have developed a novel selection system based on enhancing the expression of a plant-intrinsic gene and the use of a harmless selection agent. Selection takes advantage of the reduced glucose sensitivity of seedlings with enhanced expression of AtTPS1, a gene encoding trehalose-6-P synthase. As a result, transformants can be identified as developing green seedlings amongst the background of small, pale non-transformed plantlets on high glucose medium. In addition, vegetative regeneration of tobacco leaf explants is very sensitive to high external glucose. Overexpression of AtTPS1 in tobacco allows selecting glucose insensitive transgenic shoots.

Field of study: Biology, Engineering
Foundations of Despotism: Peasants, the Trujillo Regime and Modernity in Dominican History (review)

conditions, most of the land planted in sugar was either controlled by a small number of large colonos and centralistas or by a large number of smallholders. According to Ayala, Puerto Rico had far more smallholders who worked their lands with the help of family labor (p. 141). Following the model created by Mintz, Ayala begins to describe the colonato in terms of small farms or minifundia. Ayala’s evidence—based on extensive primary and secondary source materials—shows the overwhelming importance and power of the Cuban sugar industry. Documentation of investment levels, size of farms, output of centrales, and so on, supports this claim without rejecting the importance of Puerto Rico and the Dominican Republic for the industry. This is a splendid book that explores a side of the encounter between the U.S. and the Spanish Caribbean during the twentieth century, making it a valuable reference to those interested in comparative colonialism and empire building.

Field of study: History
The initiation of the consciousness of educational philosophy and the self-consciousness of the daily educational life

Educational philosophy as an activity,is the educational practitioners' consciousness of their daily educational life.The fundamental approach to the consciousness of their daily educational life,lies in imparting the daily educational life with an intrinsic value order,which maintains necessary tension between intermediate values and the ultimate values,and between values that could be sought and values that are worthy of pursuing.Then the fundamental approach would facilitate the generation of man's wholeness from our daily educational life,realizing the paramount object of education.The initiation of the consciousness of educational philosophy needs stepping off worship of practice,and keeping the practitioners' openness to educational ideal,to avoid the self-containment of educational practice.Meanwhile,it is necessary to get out of worship of theory,to prevent educational theorists from the vantage of theories.In a word,the improvement of the quality of educational practice entails a constructive dialogue between theory and practice in education.

Field of study: Education
SYNTHESIS OF NEW 3,4-DISUBSTITUTED FURAZANS

A series of new 3,4-substituted furazans was synthesized on the basis of the mutual transformations of the functional groups in halogenomethyl and bisacyl derivatives of furazan.  O. A. Ivanova, E. B. Averina, T. S. Kuznetsova, and N. S. Zefirov. English Translation in Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds , 2000, 36 (9), pp 1091-1096

Field of study: Chemistry
Different effect of unfractionated heparin and enoxaparin on circulating proangiogenic factors during hemodialysis: A cross-over study.

We aimed to compare the effect of unfractionated heparin (UFH) and enoxaparin used as anticoagulants during hemodialysis (HD) on circulating levels of heparin-binding, endothelial-derived, proangiogenic factors-vascular endothelial (VEGF(165)) and basic fibroblast (bFGF) growth factor.



We enrolled 22 chronic HD patients, who were randomly assigned to either enoxaparin (n=11) or UFH (n=11) anticoagulation, and followed prospectively for 12 weeks before crossing over to the alternate therapy for further 12 weeks. The cytokines were measured by immunoassay at the start, at 10 and 180min of HD.



The baseline VEGF(165) and bFGF levels were comparable during enoxaparin and UFH treatment. VEGF(165) significantly decreased during both enoxaparin (chi(2) ANOVA=33.0, P<10(-6)) and UFH (chi(2) ANOVA=27.2, P<10(-6)) anticoagulated HD, while over-HD bFGF remained stable regardless of the type of heparin. The switch from enoxaparin to UFH treatment was connected with 34% VEGF(165) decrease after 180min of HD and had no impact on bFGF. During UFH-anticoagulated HD 75% VEGF(165) decrease after 10min was negatively associated with heparin dosage and was more profound in patients with ischemic heart disease.



The traditional UFH regimen, in contrast to enoxaparin treatment, is connected with dose-depended VEGF(165) decrease during HD procedure. The biological and possible clinical relevance of this observation requires further investigations.

Field of study: Medicine
Tomographic imaging of macroscopic biomedical objects in high resolution and three dimensions using orthogonal-plane fluorescence optical sectioning.

A new optical-fluorescence microscopy technique, called HR-OPFOS, is discussed and situated among similar OPFOS-implementations. OPFOS stands for orthogonal-plane fluorescence optical sectioning and thus is categorized as a laser light sheet based fluorescence microscopy method. HR-OPFOS is used to make tomographic recordings of macroscopic biomedical specimens in high resolution. It delivers cross sections through the object under study with semi-histological detail, which can be used to create three-dimensional computer models for finite-element modeling or anatomical studies. The general innovation of this class of microscopy setup consists of the separation of the illumination and observation axes, but now in our setup combined with focal line scanning to improve sectioning resolution. HR-OPFOS is demonstrated on gerbil hearing organs and on mouse and bird brains. The necessary specimen preparation is discussed.

Field of study: Physics
Exploring E-Payment Adoption in Vietnam and Taiwan

The purpose of this paper is to analyze how related factors influence customers' e-payment adoption in Vietnam and Taiwan. A conceptual model is proposed with four factors: perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness (from technology acceptance model), perceived risk and information, which impact e-payment use. Beyond these factors, the adaptor's personal innovativeness in technology is used as a key moderator. The sample consists of 676 Vietnamese and Taiwanese banking services users accessed through a survey. Results confirm the effects of the above determinants on customers' choices for e-payment use and reveal the role of personal innovativeness as a moderator. Practical guidelines are provided to bank managers on how to push up the process of adopting or adapting technology in new market. A comparison between Vietnamese and Taiwanese customers' perception brings a valuable reflection for investors or managers when targeting Vietnam or Taiwan market.

Field of study: Computer science
Role of pregnancy and female sex steroids on aneurysm formation, growth, and rupture: a systematic review of the literature.

Women have been shown to have a higher risk of cerebral aneurysm formation, growth, and rupture than men. The authors present a review of the recently published neurosurgical literature that studies the role of pregnancy and female sex steroids, to provide a conceptual framework with which to understand the various risk factors associated with cerebral aneurysms in women at different stages in their lives.



The PubMed database was searched for "("intracranial" OR "cerebral") AND "aneurysm" AND ("pregnancy" OR "estrogen" OR "progesterone")" between January 1980 and February 2019. A total of 392 articles were initially identified, and after applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, 20 papers were selected for review and analysis. These papers were then divided into two categories: 1) epidemiological studies about the formation, growth, rupture, and management of cerebral aneurysms in pregnancy; and 2) investigations on female sex steroids and cerebral aneurysms (animal studies and epidemiological studies).



The 20 articles presented in this study include 7 epidemiological articles on pregnancy and cerebral aneurysms, 3 articles reporting case series of cerebral aneurysms treated by endovascular therapies in pregnancy, 3 epidemiological articles reporting the relationship between female sex steroids and cerebral aneurysms through retrospective case-control studies, and 7 experimental studies using animal and/or cell models to understand the relationship between female sex steroids and cerebral aneurysms. The studies in this review report similar risk of aneurysm rupture in pregnant women compared to the general population. Most ruptured aneurysms in pregnancy occur during the 3rd trimester, and most pregnant women who present with cerebral aneurysm have caesarean section deliveries. Endovascular treatment of cerebral aneurysms in pregnancy is shown to provide a new and safe form of therapy for these cases. Epidemiological studies of postmenopausal women show that estrogen hormone therapy and later age at menopause are associated with a lower risk of cerebral aneurysm than in matched controls. Experimental studies in animal models corroborate this epidemiological finding; estrogen deficiency causes endothelial dysfunction and inflammation, which may predispose to the formation and rupture of cerebral aneurysms, while exogenous estrogen treatment in this population may lower this risk.



The aim of this work is to equip the neurosurgical and obstetrical/gynecological readership with the tools to better understand, critique, and apply findings from research on sex differences in cerebral aneurysms.

Field of study: Medicine
Study on synthesis and antimicrobial activities of new food preservative methyl-furfuryl fumarate

In this article a new asymmetrical ester containing α,β-unsaturated carbonyl group structure was prepared, and its antimicrobial activity was studied. The results showed that it could inhibit the growth of milk spoilage bacteria remarkably. And it could effectively prolong adaptive phase of bacteria, reduce growth quantity, shorten stable phase and significantly induce the autolysis of bacteria. Furthermore its antimicrobial activity was better than sodium benzoate. These suggested it was a new preservative worth of developing and applying largely.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences