nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
[Anti-ophidic toxin action of Agkistrodon acutus serum].

The lethal effect of the venom of was protected by its serum. The serum alleviated the tissue necrosis and protected the blood system of rabbits when given a lethal dose of the snake venom. 
 In mice the LD of snake serum>2.5 g/kg. In anesthetized dogs iv the snake serum 200 mg/kg caused no influence on respiration, blood pressure, ECG，peripheral blood picture, hepatic and renal functions. No pathologic changes were found after 7 d. 
 By ammonium sulfate fractional precipitation, DEAE-Sephadex A-50 column chromatography, CM-Celluloses C-32 column chromatography and polyacrylamide gel plate electrophoresis, an an-titoxin factor was purified from the snake serum. Its isoelectric pt=4.0 and its mol wt=c 70,000. The activity of this factor against venom was increased by 10 times. 
Complement fixation tests and agar immunodiffusion tests proved that the antitoxic action of serum manifested no antigen-antibody reaction.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Small Representations of Finite Classical Groups

Finite group theorists have established many formulas that express interesting properties of a finite group in terms of sums of characters of the group. An obstacle to applying these formulas is lack of control over the dimensions of representations of the group. In particular, the representations of small dimensions tend to contribute the largest terms to these sums, so a systematic knowledge of these small representations could lead to proofs of important conjectures which are currently out of reach. Despite the classification by Lusztig of the irreducible representations of finite groups of Lie type, it seems that this aspect remains obscure. In this note we develop a language which seems to be adequate for the description of the “small” representations of finite classical groups and puts in the forefront the notion of rank of a representation. We describe a method, the “eta correspondence”, to construct small representations, and we conjecture that our construction is exhaustive. We also give a strong estimate on the dimension of small representations in terms of their rank. For the sake of clarity, in this note we describe in detail only the case of the finite symplectic groups.

Field of study: Mathematics
Air-side performance of a parallel-flow parallel-fin (PF2) heat exchanger in sequential frosting

The thermal-hydraulic performance in periodic frosting conditions is experimentally studied for the parallel-flow parallel-fin heat exchanger, henceforth referred to as a PF2 heat exchanger, a new style of heat exchanger that uses louvered bent fins on flat tubes to enhance water drainage when the flat tubes are horizontal. Typically, it takes a few frosting/defrosting cycles to come to repeatable conditions. The criterion for the initiation of defrost and a sufficiently long defrost period are determined for the test PF2 heat exchanger and test condition. The effects of blower operation on the pressure drop, frost accumulation, water retention, and capacity in time are compared under the conditions of 15 sequential frosting cycles. Pressure drop across the heat exchanger and overall heat transfer coefficient are quantified under frost conditions as functions of the air humidity and air face velocity. The performances of two types of flat-tube heat exchangers, PF2 heat exchanger and conventional parallel-flow serpentine-fin (PFSF) heat exchanger, are compared and the results obtained are presented.

Field of study: Engineering
Cold adaptation and replicable microbial community development during long-term low-temperature anaerobic digestion treatment of synthetic sewage

The development and activity of a cold‐adapting microbial community was monitored during low‐temperature anaerobic digestion (LtAD) treatment of wastewater. Two replicate hybrid anaerobic sludge bed‐fixed‐film reactors treated a synthetic sewage wastewater at 12°C, at organic loading rates of 0.25‐1.0 kg chemical oxygen demand (COD) m−3 d−1, over 889 days. The inoculum was obtained from a full‐scale anaerobic digestion reactor, which was operated at 37°C. Both LtAD reactors readily degraded the influent with COD removal efficiencies regularly exceeding 78% for both the total and soluble COD fractions. The biomass from both reactors was sampled temporally and tested for activity against hydrolytic and methanogenic substrates at 12°C and 37°C. Data indicated that significantly enhanced low‐temperature hydrolytic and methanogenic activity developed in both systems. For example, the hydrolysis rate constant (k) at 12°C had increased 20‐30‐fold by comparison to the inoculum by day 500. Substrate affinity also increased for hydrolytic substrates at low temperature. Next generation sequencing demonstrated that a shift in a community structure occurred over the trial, involving a 1‐log‐fold change in 25 SEQS (OTU‐free approach) from the inoculum. Microbial community structure changes and process performance were replicable in the LtAD reactors.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
The single foot static balancing ability of people suffering from single side functional ankle joint instability

In order to probe into the characteristics of the single foot static balancing ability of people suffering from single side functional ankle joint instability, the authors used a WIN-POD balancing instrument to test the static balancing ability of 15 people suffering from single side functional ankle joint instability and 15 normal people in eyes opened and shut single foot standing conditions for 10, and revealed the following findings: 1) in an eyes opened left foot standing condition, the differences in envelop area and axis Y shaking amplitude between the people in the experiment group and the people in the control group were statistically significant(P0.05); in an eyes shut standing condition, except axes X and Y shaking speeds, the differences in other indexes between the people in the experiment group and people in the control group were statistically significant(P0.05); 2) in an eyes shut right foot standing condition, the differences in envelop area and axis Y shaking amplitude between the people in the experiment group and the people in the control group were statistically significant(P0.05); 3) for the people in the experiment group, in an eyes opened standing condition, the difference in envelop area between the ill foot and the healthy one was statistically significant(P0.05), in an eyes shut standing condition, the differences in envelop area and average axis Y shaking amplitude between the ill foot and the healthy one were statistically significant(P0.05); 4) for the people in the control group, in an eyes shut standing condition, except axes X and Y shaking speeds, the differences in other indexes between the left foot and the right one were all statistically significant(P0.05). The said findings indicate the followings: for people suffering from single side functional ankle joint instability, the balancing ability of the ill foot is slightly weaker than that of the corresponding foot of normal people, and also weaker than that of the healthy foot, while the balancing ability of the healthy foot has a certain compensation function due to the lack of balancing ability of the ill foot, which results in that its balancing ability tends to be slightly better that of the corresponding foot of normal people.

Field of study: Education
Effect of miR-21 on Apoptosis in Lung Cancer Cell Through Inhibiting the PI3K/ Akt/NF-κB Signaling Pathway in Vitro and in Vivo

Lung cancer is one of the most common malignancies in the world. Apoptosis-stimulating protein of p53 (ASPP2), a tumorigenesis related protein, plays a critical role in the initiation and development of various types of cancers. However, the effect of ASPP2 on lung cancer remains unknown. The purpose of this study aims to investigate the mechanism of ASPP2 regulated by miR-21 in lung cancer in vitro and in vivo.  In the study, migration and invasion assays, apoptosis assay, caspase activity assay, TUNEL staining, real time PCR and western blot were used to investigate the mechanism of ASPP2 regulated by miR-21 in lung cancer in vitro and in vivo.  We demonstrated that the miR-21 inhibitor induced apoptosis through inhibiting the PI3K/Akt/NF-κB signaling pathway in non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC). Moreover, ASPP2 was directly targeted by miR-21 in NSCLC cells. Down-regulation of miR-21 suppressed cell migration and invasion, as well as the EMT signaling pathway in NSCLC cells. Furthermore, the miR-21 inhibitor induced cell apoptosis via the caspase dependent pathway in NSCLC cells. The miR-21 inhibitor enhanced caspase-3, 8, 9 activity in NSCLC cells. In addition, the caspase inhibitor significantly reduced the apoptosis induced by the miR-21 inhibitor in NSCLC cells.  Our results revealed that the miR-21 inhibitor could induce apoptosis through inhibiting the PI3K/Akt/NF-κB signaling pathway in human NSCLC cells, and might serve as a therapeutic strategy to treat NSCLC.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Cloning and characterization of mouse homolog of the CXC chemokine receptor CXCR1.

CXCR2/IL-8RB was the only receptor previously reported in mice for ELR+ CXC chemokines, whereas the receptors for these chemokines in human include both CXCR1 and CXCR2. In this study, we cloned the full length cDNA of the mouse CXCR1 (mCXCR1) gene. The deduced amino acid of mCXCR1 was 77% and 58% identical to the rat and human CXCR1, respectively. RT-PCR and Northern blot analysis showed that mCXCR1 mRNA was expressed in lung, spleen, thymus, peripheral blood leukocytes, as well as in the isolated neutrophils. In a mouse respiratory inflammation model induced by lipopolysaccharide, a large number of neutrophils infiltrated into the lung and, meanwhile, the mCXCR1 expression was significantly increased in the recruited neutrophils, suggesting that mCXCR1 may mediate the recruitment of neutrophils to the inflammation site under certain infections.

Field of study: Medicine
Numerical Simulation of Dross Formation Inside a Zinc Pot

The location of zinc dross forming was predicted based on FLUENT which is a kind of computational fluid dynamics software. The way of enhancing the temperature of ingots when they were sent to the zinc pot was given to reduce the dross formation. The results show that this way can reduce formatted dross effectively, and increase the temperaturing of ingots will not do harm to the mechanical properties of steel strip.

Field of study: Materials science
Deep Temporal Sigmoid Belief Networks for Sequence Modeling

Deep dynamic generative models are developed to learn sequential dependencies in time-series data. The multi-layered model is designed by constructing a hierarchy of temporal sigmoid belief networks (TSBNs), defined as a sequential stack of sigmoid belief networks (SBNs). Each SBN has a contextual hidden state, inherited from the previous SBNs in the sequence, and is used to regulate its hidden bias. Scalable learning and inference algorithms are derived by introducing a recognition model that yields fast sampling from the variational posterior. This recognition model is trained jointly with the generative model, by maximizing its variational lower bound on the log-likelihood. Experimental results on bouncing balls, polyphonic music, motion capture, and text streams show that the proposed approach achieves state-of-the-art predictive performance, and has the capacity to synthesize various sequences.

Field of study: Computer science
Evaluation and validation of two different chromatographic methods (HPLC and LC-MS/MS) for the determination and confirmation of ochratoxin A in pig tissues

This study was undertaken to compare two different analytical methods for the determination and confirmation of ochratoxin A (OTA) in blood serum, kidney and liver of pigs. Sample clean-up was based on liquid-liquid phase extraction. The detection of OTA was accomplished with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) combined either with fluorescence detection (FL) or electro spray ionization (ESI+) tandem mass spectrometry (MS–MS). Comparative method evaluation was based on the investigation of 90 samples of blood serum, kidney and liver per animal originating from different regions of Serbia. The analytical results are discussed in view of the respective method validation data and the corresponding experimental protocols. In general, analytical data obtained with (LC–MS–MS) liquid chromatography electro spray tandem mass spectro metry detection offered comparable good results at the sub-ppb concentration level. The results indicate that the liquid chromatography electro spray tandem mass spectrometric (LC-MS/MS) method was more specific and sensitive for the analysis and confirmation of ochratoxin A in pig tissues then high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) method after methylation of OTA.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Self-Focused Attention and Mood During Everyday Social Interactions

This study examined the association of dispositional self-focused attention to mood rated at the time of a negative social interaction in 100 employed, middle-age adults using experience sampling methodology. Results revealed that a self-focusing style was associated with higher negative mood and lower positive mood at the time of a negative social interaction during 3 days of everyday activities. Women who were chronically self-focused were particularly vulnerable to these negative social interactions in the daily environment; they were more likely than men to report lower positive mood during the interaction. In addition, 30 minutes after the negative social interaction, self-focused individuals with higher preexisting levels of depressive symptoms continued to report higher levels of negative mood and lower levels of positive mood relative to individuals who were not self-focused and did not report higher depressive symptoms. These results provide support for the role of self-focused attention in the etiology and maintenance of negative moods.

Field of study: Psychology
Conductivity/Electrochemical Study of Polyvinyl pyrrolidone-Poly(vinyl alcohol)/I3− Thin Film Electrolyte for Integrated Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells and Supercapacitors

The current era focuses not only on producing solar energy but also preserving it for future use. Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC) and supercapacitors (SC) are such energy-based devices. DSSCs capture the solar energy and SCs store this captured energy. A natural anthocyanin dye extracted from Garcinia indica (kokum fruit) was used in the DSSCs. SnO2, one of the promising electrode materials for DSSC, was synthesized via a microwave technique. Blend polymer electrolytes (BPE) were prepared through a solution casting technique. A polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) blend with varying concentrations of potassium iodide, along with iodine dopant, was prepared as a BPE electrolyte composition. The best of the PVA-PVP/KI composition was chosen using Nyquist plots of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Varying the temperature, the dielectric and conductivity study of the chosen composition was studied in detail. A fast/single-step synthesis technique, namely a laser-engraved approach, was used for few-layer graphene synthesis. This graphene serves as a common platform for the DSSC-SC integrated device: as a counter electrode in DSSC and graphene-graphene symmetric electrode in SC. A DSSC-SC integrated device was fabricated and characterized using various analytical and microscopy techniques. The integrated device showed a 0.42 fill factor and 0.56% efficiency. The discharge time for integrated DSSC-SC cells was found to be increased threefold.

Field of study: Materials science
Mammalian Bite Injuries to the Hand and Their Management

Bite wounds are a common form of hand injury with the potential to lead to severe local and systemic sequelae and permanent functional impairment. Mammalian bite wounds may be caused by a variety of animal class and species; injuries resulting from dogs, cats and humans are the most widely discussed and reported in the literature. Bite wounds may be contaminated with aggressive pathogens and the anatomical vulnerability of structures within the hand means that without early recognition and treatment with irrigation and antibiotics, alongside a low index of suspicion for deep structural involvement requiring formal surgical exploration and washout, the consequences of such injuries can be disastrous. We review the literature and discuss the epidemiology, pathophysiology and microbiology relating to these injuries, as well as clinical aspects including signs, symptoms, and management.

Field of study: Medicine
CLASSIFICATION OF THE TERTIARY SYSTEM IN NEBRASKA

This paper presents the results of almost continuous research by the Nebraska State Geological Survey on Tertiary stratigraphy in Nebraska during a period of more than 10 years, with special attention to the present acceptable stratigraphie nomenclature. Cogent reasons are presented for the retention of such well-known names as White River, Arikaree, and Ogallala, all now redefined and elevated to group ranking. “Loup Fork”, “Loup River”, “Nebraska beds”, and “Republican River” are considered obsolete. The application of fossil seed zones to problems of correlation is noted. The table of Tertiary formations of Nebraska summarizes the Tertiary stratigraphy in Nebraska.

Field of study: Geology
Targeting Glutamine Synthesis Inhibits Stem Cell Adipogenesis in Vitro.

Glutamine is the most abundant amino acid in the body and has a metabolic role as a precursor for protein, amino sugar and nucleotide synthesis. After glucose, glutamine is the main source of energy in cells and has recently been shown to be an important carbon source for de novo lipogenesis. Glutamine is synthesized by the enzyme glutamine synthetase, a mitochondrial enzyme that is active during adipocyte differentiation suggesting a regulatory role in this process. The aim of our study was therefore to investigate whether glutamine status impacts on the differentiation of adipocytes and lipid droplet accumulation.



Mouse mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were submitted to glutamine deprivation (i.e. glutamine-free adipogenic medium in conjunction with irreversible glutamine synthetase inhibitor, methionine sulfoximine - MSO) during differentiation and their response was compared with MSCs differentiated in glutamine-supplemented medium (5, 10 and 20 mM). Differentiated MSCs were assessed for lipid content using Oil Red O (ORO) staining and gene expression was analysed by qPCR. Intracellular glutamine levels were determined using a colorimetric assay, while extracellular glutamine was measured using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS).



Glutamine deprivation largely abolished adipogenic differentiation and lipid droplet formation. This was accompanied with a reduction in intracellular glutamine concentration, and downregulation of gene expression for classical adipogenic markers including PPARγ. Furthermore, glutamine restriction suppressed isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) gene expression, an enzyme which produces citrate for lipid synthesis. In contrast, glutamine supplementation promoted adipogenic differentiation in a dose-dependent manner.



These results suggest that the glutamine pathway may have a previously over-looked role in adipogenesis. The underlying mechanism involved the glutamine-IDH1 pathway and could represent a potential therapeutic strategy to treat excessive lipid accumulation and thus obesity.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Inhibition of Src Homology 2 Domain-Containing Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase-2 Facilitates CD31hiEndomucinhi Blood Vessel and Bone Formation in Ovariectomized Mice

Recently, we and others showed that the relative abundance of a specific vessel subtype, strongly positive for CD31 and Endomucin (CD31hiEmcnhi), is associated with bone formation and bone loss, and platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB) secreted by preosteoclasts induces the formation of the specific vessels and thereby stimulates osteogenesis. Inhibition of Src homology 2 domain-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase-2 (SHP-2) has been shown to block the fusion of preosteoclasts into mature osteoclasts. However, it is unclear whether inhibition of SHP-2 could promote preosteoclast-induced angiogenesis and then enhance bone formation. This study aimed to determine the effects of a specific SHP-2 inhibitor (NSC-87877) on CD31 hiEmcnhi vessel and bone formation.  3-month-old C57BL/6 mice were subjected to either ovariectomy (OVX) or sham operation. OVX mice were intraperitoneally injected with NSC-87877 and the control (sham) mice were treated with an equal volume of diluents (PBS). Two months later, bone samples from mice were collected for µCT, histological, immunohistochemical and immunofluorescent analyses to assess bone mass, osteogenic and osteoclastic acitivities, as well as the densities of CD31hiEmcnhi vessels. A series of angiogenesis- related assays were performed to test the effects of NSC-87877 on the pro-angiogenic activities of preosteoclasts in vitro.  We found that NSC-87877 is sufficient to induce bone-sparing effects in OVX-induced osteoporotic mouse model. We also found that NSC-87877 induces higher numbers of preosteoclasts and CD31hiEmcnhi vessels and higher levels of PDGF-BB in bone marrow of osteoporotic mice. In vitro assays showed that NSC-87877 prevents preosteoclast fusion, increases PDGF-BB production, and augments the pro-angiogenic abilities of preosteoclasts.  Our results suggest that NSC-87877 can be used as a promising therapeutic agent for osteoporosis by inhibiting osteoclast formation and promoting preosteoclast-induced angiogenesis.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Evidence for multiple deformation during the Penokean Orogeny in the Middle Precambrian Thomson Formation, Minnesota

The Penokean Orogeny, a major event that occurred at 1850–1900 Ma in the Great Lakes region, involved deformation, metamorphism, and igneous activity. In Minnesota, the effects of the Penokean deformation are most clearly seen in the Thomson Formation. Here, two main Penokean deformational events are recognized. The first involved isoclinal recumbent folds (F1) with a well developed axial-planar foliation (S1). The second deformation involved open, upright and subhorizontal folds (F2) which folded bedding (S0) and the first foliation (S1), and refolded the early folds. A crenulation cleavage (S2) developed axial planar to the F2 folds. Post-Penokean structural features include joints, kink bands, and basalt dikes.Evidence for the first Penokean deformation is found in the southern region of Thomson Formation outcrop, whereas the features associated with the second Penokean deformation are found throughout its outcrop area. Thus, the only Penokean-age structural features seen at the type locality of the Th...

Field of study: Environmental science