nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Analysis of ethylene biosynthesis and perception during postharvest cold storage of Marsh and Star Ruby grapefruits

Grapefruits are among the citrus species more sensitive to cold and develop chilling injury symptoms during prolonged postharvest storage at temperatures lower than 8 ℃–10 ℃. The plant hormone ethylene has been described either to protect or potentiate chilling injury development in citrus whereas little is known about transcriptional regulation of ethylene biosynthesis, perception and response during cold storage and how the hormone is regulating its own perception and signaling cascade. Then, the objective of the present study was to explore the transcriptional changes in the expression of ethylene biosynthesis, receptors and response genes during cold storage of the white Marsh and the red Star Ruby grapefruits. The effect of the ethylene action inhibitor, 1-MCP, was evaluated to investigate the involvement of ethylene in the regulation of the genes of its own biosynthesis and perception pathway. Ethylene production was very low at the harvest time in fruits of both varieties and experienced only minor changes during storage. By contrast, inhibition of ethylene perception by 1-MCP markedly induced ethylene production, and this increase was highly stimulated during shelf-life at 20 ℃, as well as transcription of ACS and ACO. These results support the auto-inhibitory regulation of ethylene in grapefruits, which acts mainly at the transcriptional level of ACS and ACO genes. Moreover, ethylene receptor1 and ethylene receptor3 were induced by cold while no clear role of ethylene was observed in the induction of ethylene receptors. However, ethylene appears to be implicated in the transcriptional regulation of ERFs both under cold storage and shelf-life.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Processing and Properties of Zirconia-Toughened Alumina Prepared by Gelcasting

Zirconia-toughened alumina (ZTA) using yttria-stabilised zirconia is a good option for ceramic-ceramic bearing couples for hip joint replacement. Gelcasting is a colloidal processing technique capable of producing complex products with a range of dimensions and materials by a relatively low-cost production process. Using gelcasting, ZTA samples were prepared, optimising the stages of fabrication, including slurry preparation with varying solid loadings, moulding and de-moulding, drying and sintering. Density, hardness, fracture toughness, flexural strength and grain size were observed relative to slurry solid loadings between 58 and 62 vol. %, as well as sintering temperatures of 1550 °C and 1650 °C. Optimal conditions found were plastic mould, 4000 g/mol PEG with 30 vol. % concentration, 61% solid loading and Ts = 1550 °C. ZTA samples of high density (maximum 99.1%), high hardness (maximum 1902 HV), high fracture toughness (maximum 5.43 MPa m1/2) and high flexural strength (maximum 618 MPa) were successfully prepared by gelcasting and pressureless sintering.

Field of study: Materials science
Cultural Equivalence of Adult Attachment Across Four Ethnic Groups: Factor Structure, Structured Means, and Associations With Negative Mood

This study examined factorial invariance, structured means, and association with negative mood of adult attachment across 4 ethnic groups. Online survey data (N 831) were collected from African American,  Results indicated that the factor structure of the Experiences in Close Relationship Scale did not vary across the 4 groups. Asian Americans and perhaps also ( p .051) Hispanic Americans reported greater attachment anxiety, whereas African Americans and Asian Americans reported greater attachment avoidance than did their Caucasian peers. Attachment anxiety was significantly associated with negative mood in every group, although Asian Americans reported a stronger association than their African American and Caucasian peers. The magnitude of the association between attachment avoidance and negative mood was invariant across the groups. In recent years, two sharply differing positions have emerged in a vigorous debate about the cultural universality of attachment theory constructs. Claims for the cultural universality of attachment theory have been made since its early beginnings. Ainsworth conducted her first groundbreaking observational studies of infant– caregiver attachment in Baltimore and rural Uganda (Ainsworth, 1967, 1989; Ainsworth, Blehar, Waters, & Wall, 1978). Similar patterns she observed in both settings became the basis for the claim that attachment theory constructs are culturally universal. Proponents of the cultural universality position emphasize Bowlby’s (1969) assertion that for millions of years, the caregiver– infant attachment system has been crucial for the survival of relatively helpless human offspring, and therefore the attachment system is part of the biological makeup of every member of the

Field of study: Psychology
MEASUREMENT OF THERMAL CONDUCTIVITIES OF NANOFLUIDS

The transient hot-wire method is used to measure the thermal conductivities of nanofluids.The experimental results show that nanofluids have remarkably higher thermal conductivities than those of conventional pure fluids.The thermal conductivities of nanofluids are not only influenced by the volume fraction of nanoparticles, but also by other factors such as properties and dimensions of nanoparticles.By analyzing the experimental results, a correlation of thermal conductivity of nanofluid is presented.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
History in Ousmane Sembène's Guelwaar and Ceddo

The legendary Senegalese filmmaker Ousmane Sembène, who once likened an African filmmaker to the "griot," a sort of public historian cum social critic, engaged Africa's precolonial past and its neocolonial present to visualize the possibility of a "transcendental subjectivity." Departing from binary paradigms in which Africa is "traditional," Europe "modern," and imperialism "modernizing," Sembène saw his society as a space imbued with plural modernities; his historical narratives not only contest the usual representations of colonial Africa but also demystify all fundamentalist historical narratives. Sembène's films imagine alternatives to the recorded past and become a resource for continuous reinvention: Guelwaar inscribes a path out of divisive ethnoreligious essentialisms into a unified vox populi, and Ceddo uses the imagery and rhetoric of slavery to expose concentric layers of subordination, pointing to the instability of social identities and the possibility of subversion.

Field of study: Art
Berriasian drowning of the Plassen carbonate platform at the type-locality and its bearing on the early Eoalpine orogenic dynamics in the Northern Calcareous Alps (Austria)

The Plassen carbonate platform (Kimmeridgian to Early Berriasian) developed above the Callovian to Tithonian carbonate clastic radiolaritic flysch basins of the Northern Calcareous Alps during a tectonically active period in a convergent regime. Remnants of the drowning sequence of the Plassen Formation have been discovered at Mount Plassen in the Austrian Salzkammergut. It is represented by calpionellid-radiolaria wacke- to packstones that, due to the occurrence of Calpionellopsis oblonga (Cadisch), are of Late Berriasian age (oblonga Subzone). Thus, the Plassen Formation at its type-locality shows the most complete profile presently known, documenting the carbonate platform evolution from the initial shallowing upward evolution in the Kimmeridgian until the final Berriasian drowning. The shift from neritic to pelagic sedimentation took place during Berriasian times. A siliciclastic-influenced drowning sequence sealed the highly differentiated Plassen carbonate platform. The former interpretation of a Late Jurassic carbonate platform formed under conditions of tectonic quiescence cannot be confirmed. The onset, evolution and drowning of the Plassen carbonate platform took place at an active continental margin. The tectonic evolution of the Northern Calcareous Alps during the Kimmeridgian to Berriasian time span and the reasons for the final drowning of the Plassen carbonate platform are to be seen in connection with further tectonic shortening after the closure of the Tethys Ocean.

Field of study: Environmental science
Illegal wildlife trade in the Himalayan region of China

The Himalayan region of China, with its rich biodiversity, used to be important for hunting and collecting of medicinal plants. In the past decades, conservation attitudes and legislation for wildlife conservation have developed rapidly in China. Increasing numbers of species are listed in the state protection list and local protection lists. In the Himalayan region, the area of natural reserves is high accounting for 70% of total area of natural reserves in China. However, wildlife in Himalayan region is suffering from illegal hunting and trade even after China has enforced the China Wildlife Protection Law (CWPL). The illegal wildlife trade and smuggling across Sino-neighbouring country borders and illegal wildlife trade related to domestic use flourish in the region. Although domestic illegal trade has declined in the past ten years, international illegal trade and smuggling continue, and are even expanding, thereby threatening survival of many endangered species such as the Tibetan antelope (Pantholops hodgsoni), Giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) and Saker Falcon (Falco cherrug). Illegal wildlife trade in the region is attributed to four factors. First, the CWPL is still imperfect, especially concerning illegal trade and smuggling across borders. Second, CWPL is not fully enforced. Third, infrastructure in many nature reserves is undeveloped and human resources are lacking. Fourth, protection is hampered by differences in the laws of neighbouring countries, differences in penalties and in degrees of protection. Furthermore, national legislation is often not fully enforced in areas that are inhabited mainly by tribal and minority communities.

Field of study: Environmental science
Using Historical Films to Promote Gender Equity in the History Curriculum

Teaching with film is viewed as a pedagogical best practice, especially when teaching historical or social studies content. Many of the most popular films used to teach history topics leave women's voices out of the narrative. Women's history is generally left out of traditionally male-dominated history curriculum; when it is included, it is usually in the margins or in sidebars. This article promotes the use of historical films that have a female presence. How women are portrayed in film and how to choose films that meet the criteria of the Bechdel Test for women in film are also examined.

Field of study: Sociology
FINAL STATE INTERACTION IN NEUTRON DEUTERON CHARGE EXCHANGE REACTION AT SMALL TRANSFER MOMENTUM

Analysis of the nd → p(nn) reaction in a Gev-energy region is performed in the framework based on the multiple-scattering theory for the few nucleon system. The special kinematic condition, when momentum transfer from neutron beam to final proton closes to zero, is considered. The possibility to extract the spin-flip term of the elementary np → pn amplitude from nd-breakup process is investigated. The √

Field of study: Physics
Online Nonparametric Regression with General Loss Functions

This paper establishes minimax rates for online regression with arbitrary classes of functions and general losses. 1 We show that below a certain threshold for the complexity of the function class, the minimax rates dependon both thecurvatureof the lossfunction andthe sequentialcomplexities of theclass. Abovethis threshold, the curvatureof the loss does not affect the rates. Furthermore,for the case of square loss, our results point to the interesting phenomenon: whenever sequential and i.i.d. empirical entropies match, the rates for statistical and online learning are the same. In addition to the study of minimax regret, we derive a generic forecaster that enjoys the established optimal rates. We also provide a recipe for designing online prediction algorithms that can be computationally efficient for certain problems. We illustrate the techniques by deriving existing and new forecasters for the case of finite experts and for online linear regression.

Field of study: Computer science
Structural Equation Modeling to Explore Patient to Staff Ratios as an Explanatory Factor for Variation in Dialysis Facility Outcomes.

Patient to staff ratios vary based on facility characteristics, and therefore have been proposed as an explanatory factor for the variation in dialysis facility outcomes. This analysis tested that hypothesis.



Observational study using Dialysis Facility Report data. Reported staff numbers from the Annual Facility Survey were converted to full time equivalents (FTE). Subsequently, ratios were created for patients per FTE registered dietitian (RD), social worker, nurse, and patient care technician. Bivariate associations and structural equation modeling (SEM) were used to explore relationships between these ratios and patient outcomes: standardized mortality ratio and standardized hospitalization rate, when also considering the impact of non-modifiable facility characteristics (region, chain, profit status). Our focus was on RD staffing; therefore we also included serum phosphorus and normalized protein catabolic ratio in the model, and also conducted a sub-analysis of the 198 facilities that exceeded the KDOQI maximum of 150 patients:FTE RD.



Dialysis centers in the US with at least 30 adult patients and no pediatric patients. 4035 facilities had complete data for the proposed variables.



Standardized mortality ratio and standardized hospitalization rate were the primary outcomes.



The mean and standard deviation for patients per FTE staff were 90.0 ± 34.0, 88.7 ± 32.8, 17.1 ± 20.5 and 11.9 ± 7.0 for RDs, social workers, nurses, and technicians, respectively. Facility characteristics impacted staffing in bivariate analyses and SEM. The only significant paths from staffing ratio to outcomes were for patient:FTE social worker to SMR (standardized beta = -0.09, 95% CI -0.13, -0.04) and Patients:FTE RD to SHR Days (standardized beta = 0.04, 95% CI 0.001, 0.09). In the sub-analysis, there were no significant paths from staffing to outcomes.



This study did not provide evidence that patient per staff ratios explain variation in dialysis facility outcomes. While there are some important bivariate relationships, these disappear in more complex models. Future research should investigate the impacts of staffing ratios on individual patients, to overcome the possible ecological fallacy.

Field of study: Medicine
Determination of Chloroform in Extraction Raffinate by Distillation-Spectrophotometric Method

When spectrophotometric method was applied to determine the concentration of chloroform of raffinate left by extraction of N,N-dimethylformamide(DMF) from an leather manufacturing industrial waste water with chloroform as an extractant,the DMF in wastewater seriously interferes in the Fujiwara coloured reaction.This interference can be obviously eliminated by distillation pretreatment of sample before spectrophotometry detection.So,the distillation-spectrophotometric method was utilized for the determination of chloroform concentration in extraction raffinate,and was proved to be very efficient,and the effects of DMF concentration of the samples and of the distils,the percent vaporization of the samples were investigated,and a distillation-spectrophotometric analysis procedure or method were developed.The experimental results showed that a linear calibration plot(R=0.9983) for the distillation-spectrophotometric method was obtained within a chloroform concentration range of 0-0.75 g/L,and this method is an accurate one for determination of chloroform concentration in DMF containing wastewater or extraction raffinate with relative errors of 2.1% and 1.2% for initial chloroform concentration 5 g/L and 0.16 g/L respectively by comparison with static head-space gas chromatography and relative standard deviation of 6.6% in repeated determination chloroform concentration of 0.575 g/L by 7 times.The results of determination of chloroform concentration in wastewater containing [DMF]15 g/L were satisfactory.

Field of study: Chemistry
Social Psychology and History: A Symposium

some unhappiness and confusion in the house of social psychology, for there have in recent years been numerous critiques of the field. Some have been disappointed by a recognition that despite the hard work of the past decades, we have not produced much in the way of practical knowledge to help in the solution of pressing social problems. Other critics have been concerned that our field may indeed have practical implications, but that they are most likely to be realized by people in positions of power, who may use our research (&dquo;pure&dquo; or otherwise) to stabilize and enhance their personal well-being at the expense of the less powerful. In a more parochial vein, apart from the matter of applicability, some writers have focused on the dominant research trends of the times. Thus, the ethics and intellectual content of the &dquo;fun-and’games&dquo; approach to research, in which elaborate deceptions may be mounted in the interest of &dquo;scientific progress,&dquo; have been widely criticized. (Can a serious in-

Field of study: Psychology
Estimation of path lengths for diffusion of organic compounds through leaf cuticles

The effect of waxes on the mobilities of organic solutes in isolated leaf cuticular membranes (CM) of six species was investigated using compounds with molar volumes ranging from 99 cm3 mol–1 (salicylic acid) to 349 cm3 mol–1 (cholesterol). When log(solute mobility) was plotted versus molar volumes straight lines were obtained for all plant species showing that the mobilities decreased exponentially with increasing molar volumes of solutes. The slopes of these graphs represent the size selectivity of the CM. Extracting waxes from the CM using chloroform–methanol had no effect on size selectivity, but absolute values of mobilities increased by 28-fold (Citrus grandis L. and Camellia assamica L.) to 759-fold (Ilex paraguariensis St.-Hil). Since the removal of waxes did not affect size selectivity it is argued that extraction reduced the path lengths and these values are a measure for tortuosity, that is the ratio of path lengths in CM and MX. Mobilities in the polymer matrix of extracted cuticles did not differ much among species with the exception of C. assamica. Although the mobilities in CM of I. paraguariensis and C. assamica were similar, the mobilities in the polymer matrix of C. assamica were almost 40-fold lower than in I. paraguariensis. Neither the mobilities in CM and MX nor the tortuosity were correlated with thickness of CM or amounts of wax.

Field of study: Environmental science
Olive Oil-Supplemented Lipid Emulsion Induces CELF1 Expression and Promotes Apoptosis in Caco-2 Cells

Parenterally-administered lipid emulsion (LE) is a key cause of enterocyte apoptosis under total parenteral nutrition, yet the pathogenesis has not been fully understood. CUGBP, Elav-like family member 1 (CELF1) has been recently identified as a crucial modulator of apoptosis, and thus this study sought to investigate its role in the LE-induced apoptosis in vitro.  Caco-2 cells were used as an in vitro model. The cells were treated with varying LEs derived from soybean oil, olive oil or fish oil, and changes in the apoptosis and CELF1 expression were assessed. Rescue study was performed using transient knockdown of CELF1 with specific siRNA prior to LE treatment. Regulation of CELF1 by LE treatment was studied using quantitative real-time PCR and Western blotting.  All the LEs up-regulated CELF1expression and induced apoptosis, but only olive oil-supplemented lipid emulsion (OOLE)-induced apoptosis was attenuated by depletion of CELF1. Up-regulation of apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) was involved in OOLE-induced CELF1 dependent apoptosis. The protein expression of CELF1 was up-regulated by OOLE in a dose- and time-dependent manner, but the mRNA expression of CELF1 was unchanged. Analysis by polysomal profiling and nascent protein synthesis revealed that the regulation of CELF1 by OOLE treatment was mediated by directly accelerating its protein translation.  OOLE-induces apoptosis in Caco-2 cells partially through up-regulation of CELF1.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Disproportionate magnitude of climate change in United States national parks

Anthropogenic climate change is altering ecological and human systems globally, including inUnited States (US)national parks, which conserve unique biodiversity and resources. Yet, themagnitude and spatial patterns of climate change across all the parks have been unknown.Here, in thefirst spatial analysis of historical and projected temperature and precipitation across all 417USnational parks, we show that climate change exposes the national park areamore than theUS as awhole. This occurs because extensive parts of the national park area are in the Arctic, at high elevations, or in the arid southwesternUS. Between 1895 and 2010,mean annual temperature of the national park area increased 1.0 °C±0.2 °Ccentury (mean±standard error), double theUS rate. Temperature has increasedmost in Alaska and its extensive national parks. Annual precipitation of the national park area declined significantly on 12%of national park area, compared to 3%of theUS.Higher temperatures due to climate change have coincidedwith low precipitation in the southwesternUS, intensifying droughts in the region. Physical and ecological changes have been detected and attributed mainly to anthropogenic climate change in areas of significant temperature increases inUS national parks. From2000 to 2100, under the highest emissions scenario (representative concentration pathway [RCP] 8.5), park temperatures would increase 3 °C–9 °C,with climate velocities outpacing dispersal capabilities ofmany plant and animal species. Even under the scenario of reduced emissions (RCP2.6), temperature increases could exceed 2 °C for 58%of national park area, compared to 22%of theUS.Nevertheless, greenhouse gas emissions reductions could reduce projected temperature increases in national parks by one-half to two-thirds.

Field of study: Environmental science
Magnetization control in S/F/S junctions on a 3D topological insulator

Strong dependence of the Josephson energy on the magnetization orientation in Josephson junctions with ferromagnetic interlayers and spin-orbit coupling opens a way to control magnetization by Josephson current or Josephson phase. Here we investigate the perspectives of magnetization control in S/F/S Josephson junctions on the surface of a 3D topological insulator hosting Dirac quasiparticles. Due to the spin-momentum locking of these Dirac quasiparticles a strong dependence of the Josephson current-phase relation on the magnetization orientation is realized. It is demonstrated that this can lead to splitting of the ferromagnet's easy-axis in the voltage driven regime. We show that such a splitting can lead to stabilization of an unconventional four-fold degenerate ferromagnetic state.

Field of study: Physics
α-α交联的Fe-Co杂化血红蛋白的 1 H NMR和EPR研究

用人血红蛋白(HbA)和HbC首次制备了 α 1 99 Lys- α 2 99 Lys交联的Fe(Ⅱ)-Co(Ⅱ)杂化血红蛋白:[α(Fe)β(Co)] A [α(Co)β(Co)] C XL,[α(Co)β(Fe)] A [α(Co)·β(Co)] C XL等。在500 MHz 1 H NMR和EPR谱仪上研究了它们在载氧、去氧和一氧化碳(CO)配位(无IHP或有IHP存在)时的三级和四级结构的变化。由样品的 1 HNMR谱的T态和R态标志峰的变化,证明了在氧的配位过程中,氧分子首先结合在 α (Fe)亚基上,而不是 β (

Field of study: Chemistry