nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Execution of natural language requirements using State Machines synthesised from Behavior Trees

This paper defines a transformation from Behavior Tree models to UML state machines. Behavior Trees are a graphical modelling notation for capturing and formalising dynamic system behaviour described in natural language requirements. But state machines are more widely used in software development, and are required for use with many tools, such as test case generators. Combining the two approaches provides a formal path from natural language requirements to an executable model of the system. This in turn facilitates requirements validation and transition to model-driven software development methods. The approach is demonstrated by defining a mapping from Behavior Trees to UML state machines using the ATLAS Transformation Language (ATL) in the Eclipse Modeling Framework. A security-alarm system case study is used to illustrate the use of Behavior Trees and execution to debug requirements.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Is Sustainable Capitalism an Oxymoron

All economists recognize that market transactions can involve "externalities" - costs (or benefits) not paid for by transacting parties. According to Hawken and the Lovins', the first step in rectifying these defects is to eliminate the perverse incentives now in place. The second step is to impose resource and pollution taxes to reflect the true costs of "natural capital". Such a future is possible if we harness the creative energy of capitalism and let the markets work. This chapter argues that sustainable capitalism is an oxymoron if "sustainable" means more than the survival of the human species, with perhaps a relatively small global middle class continuing to live in relative comfort and affluence behind the walls of desperate multitude. Neither "the market" nor "the corporation" nor "the entrepreneur" is the fundamental structural barrier to ecological and social sanity. A sensible socialism will be an "ecosocialism". It will also be a market socialism.  Hunter Lovins; market socialism; market transactions; natural capitalism; Paul Hawken; sustainable capitalism

Field of study: Political science
Transnasal odontoid resection: is there an anatomic explanation for differing swallowing outcomes?

Swallowing dysfunction is common following transoral (TO) odontoidectomy. Preliminary experience with newer endoscopic transnasal (TN) approaches suggests that dysphagia may be reduced with this alternative. However, the reasons for this are unclear. The authors hypothesized that the TN approach results in less disruption of the pharyngeal plexus and anatomical structures associated with swallowing. The authors investigate the histological and gross surgical anatomical relationship between pharyngeal plexus innervation of the upper aerodigestive tract and the surgical approaches used (TN and TO). They also review the TN literature to evaluate swallowing outcomes following this approach.



Seven cadaveric specimens were used for histological (n = 3) and gross anatomical (n = 4) examination of the pharyngeal plexus with the TO and TN surgical approaches. Particular attention was given to identifying the location of cranial nerves (CNs) IX and X and the sympathetic chain and their contributions to the pharyngeal plexus. S100 staining was performed to assess for the presence of neural tissue in proximity to the midline, and fiber density counts were performed within 1 cm of midline. The relationship between the pharyngeal plexus, clivus, and upper cervical spine (C1-3) was defined.



Histological analysis revealed the presence of pharyngeal plexus fibers in the midline and a significant reduction in paramedian fiber density from C-2 to the lower clivus (p < 0.001). None of these paramedian fibers, however, could be visualized with gross inspection or layer-by-layer dissection. Laterally based primary pharyngeal plexus nerves were identified by tracing their origins from CNs IX and X and the sympathetic chain at the skull base and following them to the pharyngeal musculature. In addition, the authors found 15 studies presenting 52 patients undergoing TN odontoidectomy. Of these patients, only 48 had been swallowing preoperatively. When looking only at this population, 83% (40 of 48) were swallowing by Day 3 and 92% (44 of 48) were swallowing by Day 7.



Despite the midline approach, both TO and TN approaches may injure a portion of the pharyngeal plexus. By limiting the TN incision to above the palatal plane, the surgeon avoids the high-density neural plexus found in the oropharyngeal wall and limits injury to oropharyngeal musculature involved in swallowing. This may explain the decreased incidence of postoperative dysphagia seen in TN approaches. However, further clinical investigation is warranted.

Field of study: Medicine
Chiral symmetry and resonances in QCD

We study the formation of resonances in terms of the chiral SU(3) Lagrangian. At leading order parameter-free predictions are obtained for the scattering of Goldstone bosons off any hadron once we insist on approximate crossing symmetry of the unitarized scattering amplitude. A wealth of empirically established resonances are recovered and so far unseen resonances are predicted. Here we review in some detail the properties of light axial-vector mesons.

Field of study: Physics
Performance Research for Multiple Access in DS-PAM UWB System

The DS-PAM UWB signal and the bit error rate formula of DS-PAM UWB system multiple access based on Gaussian approximation method is introduced over the Additive White Gaussian Noise channel and Multiple Access Interference,then the factors of affected DS-PAM UWB multiple access performance is analyzed,the results indicate that,along with the increasing bit rate of user and number of users,the Bit Error Rate of the system will be increased,but increasing the length of repetition code can decrease the system BER.

Field of study: Engineering
In-Situ X-ray Imaging of Sublimating Spin-Frozen Solutions

Spin-freeze-drying is a promising technique to enable long-term storage of pharmaceutical unit doses of aqueous drug solutions. To investigate the sublimation of the ice during the primary phase of freeze-drying, X-ray imaging can yield crucial temporally resolved information on the local dynamics. In this paper, we describe a methodology to investigate the sublimation front during single unit-dose freeze-drying using 4D in-situ X-ray imaging. Three spin-frozen samples of different solutions were imaged using this methodology and the process characteristics were analysed and reduced to two-dimensional feature maps.

Field of study: Materials science
Enantiomeric Resolution of Chiral 1,8-Anthrylene Cyclic Tetramers with Acetylene and Diacetylene Linkers

A macrocyclic anthracene-acetylene oligomer with a chiral structure was synthesized by metal-catalyzed coupling reactions. X-ray analysis revealed that the molecule had a distorted diamond prism structure of D 2 symmetry. This compound underwent spontaneous resolution upon crystallization, and the chiroptical properties of enantiopure samples were investigated by CD spectroscopy.

Field of study: Chemistry
Diversity and Moral Reasoning: How Negative Diverse Peer Interactions Affect the Development of Moral Reasoning in Undergraduate Students

How do interactions with diverse peers affect moral reasoning development? Results from a longitudinal study of 171 students enrolled in an Intergroup Dialogue or Introduction to Sociology course indicate that students who experience more negative interactions with diverse peers report lower developmental gains in moral reasoning, although the effects are differentially manifested within each of the courses.

Field of study: Education
Opposing responses to ecological gradients structure amphibian and reptile communities across a temperate grassland–savanna–forest landscape

Temperate savannas are threatened across the globe. If we prioritize savanna restoration, we should ask how savanna animal communities differ from communities in related open habitats and forests. We documented distribution of amphibian and reptile species across an open-savanna–forest gradient in the Midwest U.S. to determine how fire history and habitat structure affected herpetofaunal community composition. The transition from open habitats to forests was a transition from higher reptile abundance to higher amphibian abundance and the intermediate savanna landscape supported the most species overall. These differences warn against assuming that amphibian and reptile communities will have similar ecological responses to habitat structure. Richness and abundance also often responded in opposite directions to some habitat characteristics, such as cover of bare ground or litter. Herpetofaunal community species composition changed along a fire gradient from infrequent and recent fires to frequent but less recent fires. Nearby (200-m) wetland cover was relatively unimportant in predicting overall herpetofaunal community composition while fire history and fire-related canopy and ground cover were more important predictors of composition, diversity, and abundance. Increased developed cover was negatively related to richness and abundance. This indicates the importance of fire history and fire related landscape characteristics, and the negative effects of development, in shaping the upland herpetofaunal community along the native grassland–forest continuum.

Field of study: Environmental science
Impact of preoperative endovascular embolization on immediate meningioma resection outcomes.

Preoperative embolization of meningiomas can facilitate their resection when they are difficult to remove. The optimal use and timing of such a procedure remains controversial given the risk of embolization-linked morbidity in select clinical settings. In this work, the authors used a large national database to study the impact of immediate preoperative embolization on the immediate outcomes of meningioma resection.  Meningioma patients who had undergone elective resection were identified in the National (Nationwide) Inpatient Sample (NIS) for the period 2002-2014. Patients who had undergone preoperative embolization were propensity score matched to those who had not, adjusting for patient and hospital characteristics. Associations between preoperative embolization and morbidity, mortality, and nonroutine discharge were investigated.  Overall, 27,008 admissions met the inclusion criteria, and 633 patients (2.34%) had undergone preoperative embolization and 26,375 (97.66%) had not. The embolization group was younger (55.17 vs 57.69 years, p < 0.001) with a lower proportion of females (63.5% vs 69.1%, p = 0.003), higher Charlson Comorbidity Index (p = 0.002), and higher disease severity (p < 0.001). Propensity score matching retained 413 embolization and 413 nonembolization patients. In the matched cohort, preoperative embolization was associated with increased rates of cerebral edema (25.2% vs 17.7%, p = 0.009), posthemorrhagic anemia or transfusion (21.8% vs 13.8%, p = 0.003), and nonroutine discharge (42.8% vs 35.7%, p = 0.039). There was no difference in mortality (≤ 2.4% vs ≤ 2.4%, p = 0.82). Among the embolization patients, the mean interval from embolization to resection was 1.49 days. On multivariate analysis, a longer interval was significantly associated with nonroutine discharge (OR 1.33, p = 0.004) but not with complications or mortality.  Relative to meningioma patients who do not undergo preoperative embolization in the same admission, those who do have higher rates of cerebral edema and nonroutine discharge but not higher rates of stroke or death. Thus, meningiomas requiring preoperative embolization represent a distinct clinical entity that requires prolonged, more complex care. Further, among embolization patients, the timing of resection did not affect the risk of in-hospital complications, suggesting that the timing of surgery can be determined according to surgeon discretion.

Field of study: Medicine
Hot Polarons with Trapped Excitons and Octahedra‐Twist Phonons in CH3NH3PbBr3 Hybrid Perovskite Nanowires

Hybrid Perovskites have shown a great potential for applications in photovoltaics and light-emitting devices with high efficiency. Interaction between defect-induced trapped excitons and phonons plays an important role in understanding the emerging phenomena for such an excellent figure-of-merit. Here we demonstrate hot polarons with narrow linewidth in $\mathrm{CH_{3}NH_{3}PbBr_{3}}$ nanowires, which originate from the interaction between trapped excitons and octahedra-twist phonons. The observation of hot polarons in photoluminescence without gain methods indicates the large interaction strength between excitons and phonons. The multiple hot polarons are further confirmed by magneto-optical spectra with a Zeeman splitting of the trapped excitons and a phonon energy increase with diamagnetic effect. Furthermore, the phonons participating in the interaction are demonstrated to be the octahedra-twist vibrations which are transverse optical phonons, while the interaction between trapped excitons and longitudinal optical phonons is weak. Our work demonstrates that trapped excitons in perovskites prefer to interact with transverse rather than longitudinal optical phonons. Since bulk materials usually interact with longitudinal optical phonons, this result provides a physical explanation of the high tolerance of defects in perovskites.

Field of study: Physics
Performance analysis of Energy Efficient Ethernet on video streaming servers

Current trends on traffic growth oversee a steady increase of video streaming services, and the subsequent development of the associated infrastructure to allocate and distribute such contents. One of the operational costs associated to this infrastructure is the power bill. Therefore any mechanism used to decrease it, reducing also the carbon footprint associated to it, is welcome. In this work we investigate the suitability of the recently standardized IEEE 802.3az Energy Efficient Ethernet (EEE) for video traffic generated by video-streaming servers. The conclusion of the analysis is positive about the achievable energy savings, due to the inherent features of traffic patterns of video-streaming servers which help reducing the number of transitions between active and low-power modes in EEE.

Field of study: Computer science
Forest dynamics during the transition from the Oldest Dryas to the Bølling–Allerød at Gerzensee—a simulation study

The aim of this study was to explore potential causes and mechanisms for the sequence and temporal pattern of tree taxa, specifically for the shift from shrub-tundra to birch–juniper woodland during and after the transition from the Oldest Dryas to the Bolling–Allerod in the region surrounding the lake Gerzensee in southern Central Europe. We tested the influence of climate, forest dynamics, community dynamics compared to other causes for delays. 
 
For this aim temperature reconstructed from a δ18O-record was used as input driving the multi-species forest-landscape model TreeMig. In a stepwise scenario analysis, population dynamics along with pollen production and transport were simulated and compared with pollen-influx data, according to scenarios of different δ18O/temperature sensitivities, different precipitation levels, with/without inter-specific competition, and with/without prescribed arrival of species. In the best-fitting scenarios, the effects on competitive relationships, pollen production, spatial forest structure, albedo, and surface roughness were examined in more detail. 
 
The appearance of most taxa in the data could only be explained by the coldest temperature scenario with a sensitivity of 0.3‰/°C, corresponding to an anomaly of − 15 °C. Once the taxa were present, their temporal pattern was shaped by competition. The later arrival of Pinus could not be explained even by the coldest temperatures, and its timing had to be prescribed by first observations in the pollen record. After the arrival into the simulation area, the expansion of Pinus was further influenced by competitors and minor climate oscillations. The rapid change in the simulated species composition went along with a drastic change in forest structure, leaf area, albedo, and surface roughness. Pollen increased only shortly after biomass. 
 
Based on our simulations, two alternative potential scenarios for the pollen pattern can be given: either very cold climate suppressed most species in the Oldest Dryas, or they were delayed by soil formation or migration. One taxon, Pinus, was delayed by migration and then additionally hindered by competition. Community dynamics affected the pattern in two ways: potentially by facilitation, i.e. by nitrogen-fixing pioneer species at the onset, whereas the later pattern was clearly shaped by competition. The simulated structural changes illustrate how vegetation on a larger scale could feed back to the climate system. 
 
For a better understanding, a more integrated simulation approach covering also the immigration from refugia would be necessary, for this combines climate-driven population dynamics, migration, individual pollen production and transport, soil dynamics, and physiology of individual pollen production.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
An RFID-Based Automated Individual Perching Monitoring System for Group-Housed Poultry

Perching is a natural behavior of poultry. Considerable research has been done to explore the relationship between group overall perch usage and well-being of laying hens. To quantify the potential cause-effect relationship on individual hens with different health or well-being status (e.g., keel bone deformation, foot pad lesion, social ranking) in a group, it is necessary to identify perching behavior of the individual birds. However, continuously monitoring individual birds in a group poses considerable challenge. To enable such research and potential commercial application, this study developed and validated a radio frequency identification (RFID)-based automated perching monitoring system (APMS) for characterizing individual perching behaviors of group-housed poultry. The APMS consisted of a RFID module, a load cell module, and a round wooden perch. The RFID module was comprised of a high-frequency RFID reader, three customized rectangular antennas placed under the perch, and RFID transponders attached to the birds. The load cell module was comprised of a data acquisition system and two load cells supporting both ends of the perch. Daily number of perch visits (PV) and perching duration (PD) of individual birds were used to delineate perching behavior. Three identical experimental pens, five hens per pen, were equipped with the monitoring system. Two RFID transponders were attached to each hen (one per leg) and a distinct color was marked on the bird’s head for video or visual identification/validation. Performance of the APMS was validated by comparing the system outputs with manual observation/labeling over an entire day. Sensitivity and specificity of the system were shown to improve from 97.77% and 99.88% when using only the RFID module to 99.83% and 99.93% when incorporating weight information from the load cell module, respectively. Using this system, we conducted a preliminary trial on the relationship of perching behavior vs. body weight of laying hens, which revealed little effect of body weight but considerable variability in perching behavior among the individual hens. The study demonstrated that the APMS has an excellent performance in measuring perching behaviors of individual birds in a group. The APMS offers great potentials for delineating individual differences in perching behavior among hens with different social status or health conditions in a group setting.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
How to predict changes in solvolysis mechanisms

Stopped-flow and laser flash techniques have been employed to investigate the individual steps of the solvolysis reactions of benzhydryl (diarylmethyl) halides and carboxylates. In this way, absolute rate constants for the ionization (k1), recombination of the carbocation with the leaving group (k-1), and subsequent reaction with the solvent (kSolvOH) have been determined. As the stabilization of the carbocations increases, the mechanism changes from (a) SN1 reactions with irreversible ionization through (b) SN1 reactions with common-ion return and (c) SN2C+ reactions, where the intermediate carbocations accumulate, to (d) the formation of persistent carbocations which do not undergo subsequent reactions under the selected solvolysis conditions. The correlation equation log k = s(N + E), where the carbocations are characterized by the electrophilicity parameter E, and leaving groups and solvents are characterized by the nucleophile-specific parameters s and N can be employed to predict the changes of mechanism.

Field of study: Chemistry
Anna O and the 'talking cure'.

‘At the time of her falling ill (in 1880) Fraulein Anna O was twenty-one years old’. Thus begins one of the most famous of all case  Its author was Dr Josef Breuer. A kind, cultivated and generous man, Breuer was one of the most distinguished physicians of his time, and he counted the great surgeon Theodor Billroth among his patients. He was also an eminent neurophysiologist and discovered the action of the vagus nerve on respiration, as well as the function of the semicircular canals. For some years he engaged a young man named Sigmund Freud to work in his laboratory at the university of Vienna, and it was Freud who eventually managed to persuade him to publish the details of Anna's illness and treatment.

Anna, according to Breuer, ‘had hitherto been consistently healthy and had shown no signs of neurosis during her period of growth. She was markedly intelligent, with an astonishingly quick grasp of things and penetrating intuition. She had great poetic gifts, which were under the control of a sharp and critical common sense.’ In spite of these attributes, Breuer reported, Anna fell prey, during her father's final illness and in the months after his death, to the most appalling symptoms of hysterical paralysis and anaesthesia in three out of her four limbs, together with a succession of other distressing psychiatric symptoms. At different times these included weakness, inability to turn her head, diplopia, a nervous cough, loss of appetite, hallucinations, agitation, mood swings, abusive and destructive behaviour, …

Field of study: Medicine
Die Intensität innerhalb Fraunhoferscher Linien

ZusammenfassungEs werden Messungen an der WasserstofflinieHα und an der Calciumlinie K beschrieben. Die Resultate werden mit den Messungen von Klübers verglichen, und die Ursache der Unterschiede wird diskutiert. Für schwächere Linien wird die gesamte Oberfläche der Intensitätskurve gemessen und als Maß für die Linienstärke benutzt. Es wird gezeigt, daü eine Theorie der Fraunhoferschen Linien auf der einfachen Grundlage von Absorption, Emission und Dispersion nicht zum Ziele führt.

Field of study: Physics
Availability analysis for the design of distributed processing networks

This paper presents an analytical model for evaluating the availability of distributed processing systems. The model, which is based on a well-known probability formula, has been implemented in FORTRAN and used for the design of a real-time distributed processing system that requires high availability. It is applied to a sample distributed processing system to illustrate its usefulness and to provide good insight into the design of highly available distributed processing systems. Effects of homogeneous/heterogeneous clustering and standby spare are illustrated. The concept of availability threshold where the distributed system may gain or lose availability over the individual processor availability is introduced. It has proven to be a valuable tool for the tradeoffs in the allocation of system requirements. The concluding remarks summarize the lessons learned and suggest cost-effective ways to achieve higher availability for the design of distributed processing systems.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering