nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Analyzing of segregation in mixtures of 3-methylpyridine and heavy water by dynamic neutron radiography (II)

In 3-methylpyridine-heavy water mixture, the segregation in the closed-loop phase diagram in relation to the temperature and heavy water concentration was studied by dynamic neutron radiography (DNR) at the 10 MW VVR-SM Research Reactor in Budapest, Hungary. On the pixel properties of the DNR images, taken from the phase separation process by Iman 2/spl beta/ v. image analyzing program, polynomial fitting, 3-D intensity histograms were applied. For modeling the segregation process, a two-variable segregation model: S=f(T,D) was set up. From the partial differentiation of the function f with respect to the temperature it was established that the highest rate changes in the segregation take place in the region of 50-55/spl deg/C and are modified by 3-methylpyridine concentration. The increase in the segregation process progresses up to 93-96/spl deg/C, then declines.

Field of study: Physics
Tiffany A. Sippial, Prostitution, Modernity, and the Making of the Cuban Republic, 1840–1920 (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2013), pp. xii+237, $69.95, $29.95 pb.

the letter of Iberian laws, but on the initiatives of countless slaves who, for centuries, had tried to transform abstract legal provisions into personal rights. The free womb laws widened opportunities for claims-making, but many such practices had deep historical roots. The author frequently stresses that claims and arguments took on ‘new resonance’ (p. ) in the s, or that they reflected ‘changing ideas’ about women, maternity, pity and charity (p. ). In order to assess the scope of these changes, however, it is essential that serious research about these issues be carried out across longer periods of time, an invitation that historians should seriously consider. Deeply researched and richly argued, Conceiving Freedom is a major contribution to the study of slavery, gender, emancipation and the law in Latin America.

Field of study: Political science
Altered brain sodium channel transcript levels in human epilepsy.

Normal, and perhaps pathological, characteristics of neuronal excitability are related to the distribution and density of voltage-gated ion channels such as the sodium channel. We studied normal and epileptic human brain using the ligase detection reaction to measure the relative quantities of mRNAs encoding sodium channel subtypes 1 and 2. Normal brains exhibited characteristic 1:2 ratios which varied by brain region, but the ratios were invariate among individuals. These normal values were altered as much as threefold in anatomically corresponding regions of epileptic brain tissues. Changes of this magnitude in such a highly conserved value support a potential role for sodium channels in the pathophysiology of epilepsy.

Field of study: Biology
A Comment on the Exclusiveness of Protection in Chilean Economics at Mid-Nineteenth Century

IN A RECENT article entitled "The Introduction of Classical Economics Into Chile " (HAHR, XLIV, No. 1 [February, 1964]-, 1-21), Professor Robert M. Will asserted that during the late 1840's protection was the vogue in Chilean economic thinking. He stated that "the pros and cons of free trade were still being debated in the press and in learned circles, but the balance of the argument, as earlier, weighed heavily in favor of protection and against any suggestion that Chile should adopt a more liberal commercial policy."' But this is only part of the story, for Professor Will has focused his attention primarily upon tariff legislation, an 1847 thesis presented to the University of Chile's Faculty of Law and Political Science, the views of Cristobal Valdes, a self-styled economist, and a message presented by the Minister of Hacienda to Congress in 1848, to the exclusion of other attitudes relating to commerce which in fact embodied the concept of free trade.2 The free-trade sentiment became vocal around the issue of foreign participation in the nation's coastal trade.

Field of study: History
Magnetooptics and magnetic ordering in ferrite nanoparticles in glass doped with iron and rare-earth elements

Magnetic circular dichroism and X-ray diffraction were used to investigate the structure and magnetooptical properties of nanoparticles formed in potassium-aluminum-germanium-boron glass doped with iron and rare-earth elements. It is demonstrated that in thermally processed glass, the main magnetic phase of the formed nanoparticles is γ-Fe2O3 maghemite.

Field of study: Physics
Glucocorticoids and the expression of mRNAs for neurotrophins, their receptors and GAP-43 in the rat hippocampus.

The genes encoding brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), neurotrophin-3 (NT-3), and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) are all expressed in the adult rat hippocampus. The colocalization of the these factors with the receptors to which they bind, namely trkB, trkC and the bFGF receptor, respectively, suggests that in the hippocampus they may exert their putative protective and trophic effects through an autocrine mechanism. The morphology and survival of hippocampal neurons are also affected by glucocorticoids, which can act as transcriptional activators of gene expression. In this study we have used in situ hybridization to investigate the adrenal steroid regulation of the mRNAs encoding the neurotrophic factors BDNF, NT-3, and bFGF, their respective receptors, and the growth-associated protein GAP-43. After 7 days of adrenalectomy (ADX), there was an increase in the level of GAP-43 mRNA expression in the CA1 and CA3 pyramidal cell layers of the hippocampus, that was prevented by corticosterone replacement to the ADX animals. In the CA2 subregion, adrenalectomy resulted in a decrease in bFGF mRNA expression, that was reversed by steroid treatment. There was evidence for glucocorticoid modulation of the BDNF and NT-3 mRNAs in pyramidal cell layers and in the dentate gyrus, but not of the mRNAs encoding the trkB, trk C or bFGF receptors.

Field of study: Biology
Direct Numerical Simulation of Wave Packets in Hypersonic Compression-Corner Flow

Direct numerical simulations of a three-dimensional wave packet propagating over a 5.5 deg compression corner at the freestream Mach number 5.373 are carried out. The Navier–Stokes equations are integrated using an implicit finite volume shock-capturing method with the second-order approximation in space and time. After computing the laminar flowfield, unsteady disturbances are imposed onto the steady solution via local suction blowing on the wall surface. The undisturbed boundary layer separates upstream of the corner and reattaches downstream, forming a shallow separation bubble. The suction-blowing pulse generates a three-dimensional wave packet propagating downstream. If the pulse is produced near the leading edge, the wave packet is dominated by oblique waves relevant to the first mode, whereas plane waves of the second mode are relatively small. At sufficiently strong forcing, the nonlinear effects destabilize the wave packet in the separation region and lead to its nonlinear breakdown downstream of...

Field of study: Physics
지역균열의 유지와 변화: 제19대 대선의 경험적 분석

이 연구는 사회구조와 정치 그리고 유권자 행태를 통합적으로 이해하려는 균열이론에 기반하여, 지역균열의 현 실태와 진화 양상을 제19대 대선을 기점으로 파악하고자 한다. 이 연구는 또한, 균열의 유권자 행태에 대한 함의에 초점을 맞춰 선행연구의 거시 수준 연구 편향을 극복하려 한다.
연구 결과, 영호남 지역균열은 ‘사회구조-규범-조직’을 필요불가결한 본질적 세 요소로 갖춘 유일한 완전한 균열로 유지되는 것으로 보인다. 다만, 영남 출신의 경우 부산/울산/경남과 대구/경북 출신 간의 정치행태 분화가 드러나 영호남 지역균열이 호남과 대구/경북 간 지역균열로 재편되는 양상도 보인다.
경험적 근거는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 호남과 대구/경북 출신 유권자는 지역에 배타적인 지지기반이 있는 정치세력과 연계된 정치이념에 정렬되어 대조적 진보-보수 자기평가가 뚜렷했다. 둘째, 배타적 지역 지지 정치세력의 이념적 구분에 강하게 연계된 대북 및 통일 정책에 대해 호남과 대구/경북 출신의 선호 차이가 분명하게 드러났다. 셋째, 호남과 대구/경북 출신의 경우 과반수가 서로 다른 정당을 가깝게 느끼고 있었고, 내집단 정당과 정당 후보에 대한 편애 및 외집단 정당과 정당 후보에 대한 반감도 명확하게 드러냈다. 넷째, 호남 출신은 다른 지역 출신에 비해 가장 낮은 교차압력에 놓여 있지만, 영남 출신은 더 높은 교차압력에 놓여 있으며 그 분포도 넓게 나타났다. 다섯째, 맥파든 투표선택 모형 분석에 의하면, 여전히 호남과 대구/경북 출신 유권자들은 지역균열의 강한 제약하에 놓여있는 것으로 드러났다. 이 같은 관찰에서, 부산/울산/경남 출신은 호남 출신의 정치행태와 뚜렷하게 대조적이지 않거나 오히려 비슷한 선호를 드러내기도 했다. 마지막으로 현재 지역균열 구조에 대한 경험적 분석 결과의 함의를 생각하며 글을 맺는다.

Field of study: Political science
Development of Quantitative Methylation-Specific Droplet Digital PCR (ddMSP) for Assessment of Natural Tregs

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) suppress immune responses in vivo in an antigen-specific manner. Of clinical relevance, Tregs can be isolated and expanded in vitro while maintaining immunoregulatory function. Tregs are classified as CD4+CD25highCD127low FOXP3+ cells. Demethylation of the Treg-specific demethylation region (TSDR) of FOXP3 is found in natural Tregs (nTregs). We report a method for the characterization of the differential methylation pattern of the FOXP3 TSDR in patient-derived and expanded nTregs. Human TSDR sequences from nTregs (unmethylated sequence) and pancreatic (methylated sequence) cells were amplified and cloned into plasmids. A droplet digital TaqMan probe-based qPCR (ddPCR) assay using methylation-specific primers and probes was employed to quantify unmethylated and methylated sequences. The methylation-specific droplet digital PCR (ddMSP) assay was specific and selective for unmethylated DNA in mixtures with methylated DNA in the range of 5000 copies/μL to less than 1 copy/μL (R2 = 0.99) even in the presence of non-selective gDNAs. CD4+CD25highCD127lowFOXP3+ human nTregs, in the presence of Dynabeads or activators, were expanded for 21 days. There was a decrease in the unmethylated ratio of Tregs after expansion with essentially the same ratio at days 10, 14, and 17. However, the activator expanded group showed a significant decrease in unmethylated targets at day 21. The suppression activity of activator-expanded nTregs at day 21 was decreased compared to cells expanded with Dynabeads. These data suggest that the ddMSP can quantitatively monitor nTreg expansion in vitro. These data also indicate that the assay is sensitive and specific at differentiating nTregs from other cells and may be useful for rapid screening of nTregs in clinical protocols.

Field of study: Biology
Biopolymer filtration in corrugated nanochannels.

We examine pressure-driven nonequilibrium transport of linear, circular, and star polymers through a nanochannel containing a rectangular pit with full hydrodynamic interactions and thermal fluctuations. We demonstrate that with sufficiently small pressure differences, there is contour length-dependent entropic trapping of the polymer in the pit when the pit and the polymer sizes are compatible. This is due to competition between flow and chain relaxation in the pit, which leads to a nonmonotonic dependence of the polymer mobility on its size and should aid in the design of nanofiltration devices based on the polymer size and shape.

Field of study: Physics
Trans-interaction of nephrin and Neph1/Neph3 induces cell adhesion that associates with decreased tyrosine phosphorylation of nephrin.

Slit diaphragms are specialized junctions between glomerular epithelial cells (podocytes) that are crucial for glomerular ultrafiltration. The Ig superfamily members nephrin and Neph1 are essential components of the slit diaphragm, whereas the role of Neph1 homologue Neph3 in the slit diaphragm is unknown. In the present paper we show that Neph3 homodimerizes and heterodimerizes with nephrin and Neph1. We further investigated whether these interactions play a role in cell adhesion by using mouse L fibroblasts that lack endogenous cell-adhesion activity and found that Neph1 and Neph3 are able to induce cell adhesion alone, whereas nephrin needs to trans-interact with Neph1 or Neph3 in order to promote formation of cell-cell contacts. Tyrosine phosphorylation of nephrin was down-regulated after nephrin trans-interacted with either Neph1 or Neph3 leading to formation of cell-cell contacts. We further found that the expression of Neph3 was increased in nephrin-deficient mouse podocytes. The findings of the present paper show that nephrin and Neph1 or Neph3 trans-interactions promote cell-contact formation, suggesting that they may also function together in slit diaphragm assembly.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Culture and disability.

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Field of study: Medicine
Localization of inhibitory antibodies to the biotin domain of human pyruvate carboxylase.

Pyruvate carboxylase [EC 6.4.1.1] plays an important anaplerotic role in many species by catalyzing the carboxylation of pyruvate to oxaloacetate. To extend our understanding about the structure and function of pyruvate carboxylase (PC), a series of monoclonal antibodies were raised against sheep liver PC and those displaying inhibitory activity were further characterized. The binding epitopes of two monoclonal antibodies that displayed strong inhibitory activity were mapped. Six overlapping fragments of the human enzyme were expressed as thioredoxin fusion proteins in Escherichia coli and subjected to Western blot analysis. Both monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) recognized fragments encompassing the enzyme's C-terminal region, known to contain the structured biotin domain. Through deletion analysis, this domain was determined to be a minimal size of 80 amino acids. Further deletions that disrupted the conformation of the domain abolished antibody binding, indicating these antibodies recognized discontinuous epitopes. To further define the critical residues required for antibody recognition, a model of the domain was produced and an alanine scan performed on selected surface-exposed residues. Our results show that residues encompassing the biotin attachment site, but not biotin itself, are critical for the binding of both antibodies. These data provide a mechanism to explain the inhibitory activity of the antibodies.

Field of study: Biology
Die Änderung der Elektronenstruktur des Nickels durch Wasserstoffbeladung

TheK-absorption spectrum of nickel charged with hydrogen has been investigated using a Bragg spectrograph with photographic registration. The fine structure of the absorption edge of the nickel hydride as compared with that of nickel shows that the electrons of the dissolved hydrogen fill up the empty 3d- and 4s-states of the conduction band of the metal.

Field of study: Physics
EDUCAÇÃO FÍSICA: EDUCAÇÃO E SAÚDE?

Com o objetivo de discutir o papel da educacao fisica enquanto educacao e/ou saude, o presente artigo procura trazer algumas reflexoes a fim de estimular criticas que possibilitem o crescimento e permitam dialogos sobre o papel social da educacao fisica. Os seguintes pontos foram eixos de discussoes do estudo: 1 - Educacao fisica como educacao e saude: a perda de sua identidade; 2 - Uma educacao fisica reducionista e mecanicista: um fruto de sua historia; 3 - A nossa pratica cotidiana: sera educacao e saude? Enquanto consideracoes finais, pode-se dizer que ha a necessidade de abandonar o modelo cartesiano, atomista, mecanicista e reducionista, que a ciencia biologica emprestou a educacao fisica, para uma visao de totalidade e de transdisciplinariedade.

Field of study: Education
Dopamine and preparatory behavior: I. Effects of pimozide.

The involvement of dopaminergic systems in appetitive and ingestive feeding behaviors was investigated in two experiments. Conditioned preparatory responses to a conditional stimulus (CS+) signaling delivery of a meal were attenuated in rats by doses of 0.4 and 0.6 mg/kg of the dopamine receptor antagonist pimozide. In contrast, animals responded in a normal fashion following the delivery of food. Similarly, in a separate study, the 20-min free-feeding intake of liquid diet by rats that had been deprived of food for 23 hr was unaffected by doses of pimozide as high as 0.6 mg/kg. These findings are consistent with the involvement of dopamine in the production of preparatory behaviors elicited by incentive stimuli.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
X‐ray scatter correction for multi‐source interior computed tomography

The schemes of multi‐source interior computed tomography (CT) have shown promise for ultra‐fast, organ‐oriented, and low‐dose dynamic imaging. Besides forward scattering, x‐ray cross scattering from multiple x‐ray sources activated simultaneously can further degrade image quality. Here, we investigate the overall x‐ray scattering artifact in a recently proposed multi‐source interior CT architecture, and present two methods for scatter correction.  Compared to single‐source global CT, scattering in multi‐source interior CT architecture is affected by two new factors: cross scattering from simultaneously activated multiple x‐ray sources and region‐of‐interest (ROI) oriented interior CT mode. The scatter artifact in the multi‐source interior CT architecture was evaluated through both numerical simulation and physical experimentation, and compared to that from conventional single‐source global CT. Monte Carlo simulation was conducted with a modified numerical CATphan® 600 phantom. Physical experiments were performed in an in‐house developed CT imaging platform with a custom‐built phantom. The simulation and experiments were carried out on the single‐source CT architecture and the multi‐source CT architecture, respectively in the global CT mode and the interior CT mode for comparison. To correct the scattering artifact, two new methods were presented. The first is a beam‐stopper‐array (BSA)‐based method, which enables an online correction of forward scattering and cross scattering simultaneously. The second is a source‐trigger‐sequence (STS)‐based method dedicated to cross‐scatter correction. It enables on‐the‐fly measurements of the cross scattering signals at a few pre‐selected views. The CT image quality was quantitatively evaluated in terms of contrast‐to‐noise ratio (CNR) and CT number deviation before and after the scatter correction.  X‐ray cross scattering degraded image quality in both the simulation and experiments. Before the scatter correction, the multi‐source interior CT mode yielded a reduction of CNR at the ROIs by up to 68.5% and 50.7% in the simulation and experiments, respectively. The stationary BSA‐based method significantly improved CNR and CT number accuracy in the images from multi‐source interior CT mode, by reducing the negative effects from both forward scattering and cross scattering. The STS‐based method enabled multi‐source interior CT mode to provide comparable image quality to that with the single‐source interior CT mode, by correcting the artifact from cross scattering. The remaining forward scattering artifact can be corrected with the fast adaptive scatter kernel superposition (FASKS) technique. With the proposed scatter correction methods, the CT number error at the ROIs was reduced to less than 37 HU in both simulation and experiments, respectively.  Cross scattering, in addition to forward scattering, can cause significant image quality degradation in the multi‐source interior CT architecture. However, image quality can be significantly improved with the proposed scatter correction methods.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Screening for acyclovir-resistant herpes simplex virus isolates from clinical samples.

: The ID90 or ID50 values of acyclovir for the herpes simplex virus strains isolated in VGH-Taipei were determined by plaque reduction method. Twenty HSV isolates of 1980's (1980-1985) and thirty of 1990's (1990-1995) were subjected to plaque reduction assay for susceptibility test to acyclovir. There were fifteen HSV isolates of 1990's whose ID90 were higher than those of 1980's, indicating a trend of more acyclovir resistant isolates in 1990's.

Field of study: Biology
Reason for and benefits from the joint hosting of the 2nd-4th Olympic Games and World Expo.

At the early stage the Olympic Game went through a special stage at which the Olympic Games were hosted jointly with the World Expo. The reason for the joint hosting of the Olympic Games and the World Expo was to boost the development of the Olympic movement by utilizing the influence and rallying power of the World Expo as well as the governmental financial power, organizational power and urban attraction of the hosting country. The benefits from the joint hosting are as follows: the tenet, content and culture of the Olympic Games were quickly accepted by western countries and mainstream cultures; events and rules were quickly systemized; the scale was rapidly expanded; some major issues were improved because of the World Expo: female and group events and mass sports got into the Olympic Games for the first time. By applying methods in the science of comparison, the author probed into the interaction between the Olympic Games and the World Expo, and formed such a judgment as that the Olympic Game will become ever increasingly powerful while the World Expo will become relatively weaker.

Field of study: Education
Semantic errors in SQL queries: A quite complete list

We investigate classes of SQL queries which are syntactically correct, but certainly not intended, no matter for which task the query was written. For instance, queries that are contradictory, i.e. always return the empty set, are obviously not intended. However, current database management systems (DBMS) execute such queries without any warning. In this paper, we give an extensive list of conditions that are strong indications of semantic errors. Of course, questions like the satisfiability are in general undecidable, but a significant subset of SQL queries can actually be checked. We believe that future DBMS will perform such checks and that the generated warnings will help to develop application programs with fewer bugs in less time.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
SOLID-STATE AND LIQUID LASERS: Compact GSGG:Cr3+:Nd3+ laser with passive Q switching

An experimental investigation was made of a compact gadolinium scandium gallium garnet (GSGG) laser activated with Cr3+ and Nd3+, and containing phototropic centers. The active element of this laser performed the function of a passive Q switch. Lasers of this kind were demonstrated to be capable of generating nanosecond pulses with an energy of up to 5 mJ per pulse.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Drastic and selective hyperinnervation of central serotonergic neurons in a lethal neurodevelopmental mouse mutant, Anorexia (anx).

The autosomal recessive lethal anorexia mutation in mice (anx/anx) causes starvation in preweanlings. In addition, this murine neurodevelopmental mutant shows other distinct phenotypic characteristics and dysfunctional behaviors. Previous studies strongly suggested that the mutation results in elevated serotonergic stimulation, because these traits are characteristic of such overstimulation and because brain serotonin is believed to have an inhibitory effect on feeding behavior. In this report, we show extensive serotonergic hyperinnervation in normal target fields (hippocampus, cortex, olfactory bulb and cerebellum) of mutant mice. Despite the extensive hyperinnervation, the normal laminar organization of the brain was retained. The specificity of the mutation to the serotonergic system was confirmed by demonstration of normal catecholaminergic innervation in the central nervous system (CNS), and this specificity was especially striking in a common target field, the cerebellum. Serotonergic hyperinnervation in these mutant preweanling mice may represent the underlying etiology of increased serotonergic stimulation which leads to anorexic starvation, abnormal behavior, and premature death.

Field of study: Biology