nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Bemerkungen über die Beziehung der Aberrationserscheinungen zur Relativitätstheorie

ZusammenfassungDie Planetenaberration und die Fixsternaberration sind prinzipiell voneinander nicht verschieden. Sie stellen kein Problem der Wellenphysik dar, sondern ein rein kinematisches, wie der Dopplereffekt. Dessen relativistische und klassische Theorie werden einander gegenübergestellt. Folgerungen für Doppelsterne und veränderliche Sterne. Folgerungen aus der Annahme, daß die Lichtgeschwindigkeit nicht überall im Weltraume denselben Wert hätte.

Field of study: Physics
Effect of transition metal additives on electrical conductivity for La-excess-type lanthanum silicate

Influences on electrical property and phase relationship of oxyapatite-type solid electrolytes based on lanthanum silicate (LSO) were investigated by addition of a small amount of transition metal elements. It was revealed that a very small amount of 3d-transition metal additives into the La-excess-type, i.e., oxygen-excess-type Al-doped LSO, La10(Si5.8Al0.2)O26.9, changed its electrical conductivity. Some metals such as iron and chromium showed a positive effect for an increase in conductivity. The specimen with a nominal composition of 0.995{La10(Si5.8Al0.2)O26.9}–0.005(FeOγ), showed the maximum electrical conductivity among the specimens measured in this study. Formed phases of oxygen-excess-type Al-doped LSO based materials were found to be altered even by addition of a small amount of transition metal oxides. La-rich impurity phases such as La(OH)3 and La2SiO5 are usually detected in the oxygen-excess-type LSO, whereas no formation of La-rich impurity phases was confirmed in the case of iron addition. These results suggest that the enhancement of electrical conductivity by iron addition is due to a disappearance of the La-rich impurity phases as insulators and/or an increase in the concentration of oxygen interstitial carriers within the LSO phase.

Field of study: Materials science
SEISMIC EXPLORATIONS ON THE FLOOR OF YOSEMITE VALLEY, CALIFORNIA

The depth and configuration of the bedrock floor beneath Yosemite Valley were determined by seismic surveys in 1935 and 1937. Seismic velocities of roughly 1.7, 2.5, 3.0, and 5.2 km/sec, and good to excellent reflections delineate at least three distinct layers within the valley fill resting on granitic bedrock. 
 
The upper layer with a maximum thickness of about 150 m extends from Mirror Lake to the Wisconsin end moraines near Bridalveil Meadow. It is thought to be primarily deltaic lake deposits of Wisconsin age. The intermediate and basal layers have maximum thicknesses of 220 and 300 m respectively, and the intermediate layer lies in a U-shaped trough seemingly gouged out of the basal layer. Both layers are thought to be remnants of earlier lake fillings, and at least the basal layer is pre-Wisconsin. The greatest thickness of fill, about 600 m, is near the head of the valley between Ahwahnee Hotel and Camp Curry. 
 
The bedrock floor of Yosemite Valley is an undulating surface with three separate basins and a total bedrock closure of at least 400 m, possibly approaching 500 m. The bedrock floor slopes steeply from the head of the valley to its deepest point, 600 m above sea level, between Ahwahnee Hotel and Camp Curry. Down-valley it rises rapidly about 300 m across a broad sill opposite Rocky Point. The second basin, 800 m above sea level, is opposite Cathedral Spires. From here the floor rises gradually down-valley to at least 1000 m above sea level opposite Artist Creek. It may rise another 100 m before the drop into a small basin more than 100 m deep at the Cascades. The amount of glacial excavation on the bedrock floor, essentially double the 450 m previously estimated, is attributed wholly to pre-Wisconsin glaciation. The greatest depth of excavation is in massive granitic rocks, and it is suggested that thick ice, exfoliation sheeting developed by pressure relief, and compressive flow in the glacier combined at this point to produce exceptionally effective erosion.

Field of study: Geology
Non-Formal Education and Technical Capacity-Building and Self-Reliance Development among Youth in Ogun State, Nigeria

The paper examined the relevance of non-formal education technical capacity building on self-reliance development among youth in Ogun State, Nigeria. The descriptive survey research method was adopted for the study. From a population of over 2000 target youth, sample sizes of 898 were selected through the stratified random sampling technique. A self-structured questionnaire tagged “Technical Capacity Building and Self-Reliance Development Scale” (TCBBSRDS), with r = .74 was used for data collection. Data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistical methods. Results showed that non-formal education enhances youth technical capacity in trade, craft, fabrication, and many other employments fit life skills. There was a significant impact of the technical capacity-building of non-formal education programmes on self-reliance development among the youth F (11,886)= 312.426: p<0.05). Relatively, non-formal education technical-capacity building enhanced youth ability to work together, take on independent responsibilities, confront local challenges, build cultural movement, and other variants of self-reliance development. It was concluded that non-formal education has positive influence in promoting life skills among youth for self-reliance development.  Self-Reliance; Non-formal Education; Technical-Capacity-Building; Life Skills;

Field of study: Education
Development of (Nb,Ta)/sub 3/Sn multifilamentary superconductors using Osprey bronze with high tin content

In this work we present the properties of three multifilamentary (Nb,Ta)/sub 3/Sn wires, using a new Osprey processed bronze with 15.4 wt.% tin content and Nb7.5 wt.%Ta as core material. Wires were produced by hot hydrostatic extrusion and subsequent cold drawing with a few intermediate anneals. Two experimental wires with a wire length less than 100 m each were produced and the process parameters were successfully applied on an industrially manufactured wire with a total length of 8 km. Critical current density (J/sub c/) measurements were performed up to 25 T at 4.2 K on all three wires heat treated by two different reaction anneals. High values of J/sub c/ (non copper, 10 /spl mu/Vm/sup -1/) and n were obtained for the conductor with a matrix/filament ratio 3.0: J/sub c/=184 Amm/sup -2/ and n=36 at 18 T and 4.2 K, which are results comparable to nowadays commercially available wires. Microstructure analysis (i.e. the amount of reacted layer and the residual tin content of the bronze) tries to explain the differences in J/sub c/ values. Only small influences of the matrix/filament ratio and reaction parameters on the irreversibility field B/sub c2/ (estimated by the Kramer extrapolation) and critical temperature T/sub c/ (measured by SQUID) have been observed.

Field of study: Physics
'Rules of thumb' or reflective practice? Understanding senior physicians' decision-making about anti-thrombotic usage in atrial fibrillation.

The recently published Atrial Fibrillation (AF) Guidelines from the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) highlight the importance of assessing stroke risk and using appropriate anti-thrombotic therapy.



To improve understanding of physicians' behaviour and attitudes in respect to decision-making in AF and the use of anti-thrombotics.



Semi-qualitative, questionnaire- and interview-based study.



Five clinical vignettes relating to treatment choices for AF and stroke prevention illustrating a range of risk and benefit were examined by 14 senior physicians (consultants or specialist registrars) in Cardiology, General Medicine and Geriatric Medicine, who then recommended anti-thrombotic treatment. A semi-structured interview explored their decision-making and prescribing in AF, with qualitative analysis of interview transcripts using grounded theory.



There was marked variation in the choice of anti-thrombotic treatment. Respondents were more likely to prescribe warfarin to patients with a previous intracerebral haemorrhage than to a patient with a history of falls. A key theme on qualitative analysis revealed that decision-making in AF is often associated with uncertainty and concerns about knowledge of risk and benefit.



In this study, doctors rarely agreed on the choice of anti-thrombotics in AF, and their perceptions of stroke and bleeding risk showed considerable variation. Uncertainty, doubt, concerns about knowledge and varied approach to the role of patients in decision-making are all significant themes in the considerable variability in anti-thrombotic prescribing.

Field of study: Medicine
A classification of tetravalent half-arc-transitive metacirculants of 2-power orders

Metacirculants were introduced by Alspach and Parsons in 1982 and have been a rich source of various topics since then. A graph is half-arc-transitive if its full automorphism group acts transitively on vertices and edges, but not on arcs. In Feng et al. (2007), the first infinite families of tetravalent half-arc-transitive metacirculants of order 2-powers were introduced. In this paper, a complete classification is given of tetravalent half-arc-transitive metacirculants of order 2-powers.

Field of study: Mathematics
Comparison of refrigerants

Resume On examine les frigorigenes pour trouver des fluides convenant a des pompes a chaleur fonctionnant a une temperature superieure a 90°C et aussi pour resoudre le probleme ozone-frigorigenes chlorofluores. On etudie d'abord les proprietes thermophysiques, en montrant l'importance d'une chaleur latente elevee, d'une pente moderee de la courbe de pression de vapeur et d'un faible volume massique de la vapeur. La temperature critique doit etre tres superieure a la temperature de condensation exigee, tandis que la pression a l'evaporateur doit etre superieure a la pression atmospherique. Le choix s'est limite au R 12B1, au R 133a et au R 142b, ainsi qu'a une solution de trifluorethanol (85 moles %) dans de l'eau (15 moles %) denommee ‘Fluorinol-85’ (temperature normale d'ebullition de 76°C, temperature critique de 233°C).  3 donne les tensions de vapeur de ces frigorigenes, la figure 4 les chaleurs latentes de vaporisation et la figure 5 les volumes massiques de la vapeur. Pour les pompes a chaleur on presente a la figure 6 le coefficient de performance et les taux de compression pour une serie de fonctionnemen's pour l'eau (R 718) et le F-85, il apparait que ce dernier semble presenter d'excellentes proprietes pour des temperatures de rejet de chaleur de 120 a 180°C. On donne le diagramme de Mollier pour le F-85.

Field of study: Engineering
The Effect of Dopamine versus Norepinephrine on the Outcome of Pediatric Septic Shock

Septic shock is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity among children all over the world. Vasoactive therapy must be initiated in patients who have not improved after fluid resuscitation.  The aim of this study was to compare the effect of dopamine versus norepinephrine on the outcome of pediatric septic shock.  The study was a prospective observational study that was conducted on 40 children aged from 1 month to 12 years who were admitted to the emergency department. They were assigned by the treating physicians to two groups: 1) Group A: 20 patients who received dopamine (5-20 mcg/kg/min). 2) Group B: 20 patients who received norepinephrine (1-1.5 mcg/kg/min). Clinical, hemodynamic, and laboratory data were recorded and compared using appropriate statistical tests.  Baseline characteristics for the 40 children enrolled were nearly similar. There was a significantly higher mortality rate in the dopamine group compared with the norepinephrine one (P < 0.05). As in the dopamine group, 15 patients died out of 20 patients, while in the norepinephrine group 8 patients died out of 20 patients, (75% vs. 40%, p=0.025). Stepwise logistic regression analysis revealed that PRISM-24 (p=0.001), drug (p=0.019), and MODS (p=0.003) could independently predict the mortality in septic shock patients.  Norepinephrine was associated with an increased response to treatment and decreased risk of death in children with septic shock as compared to dopamine. Dopamine, PRISM-24, and MODS could independently predict the mortality in children with septic shock.

Field of study: Medicine
Orthoquartzite pebbles in Archean conglomerate, North Spirit Lake, northwestern Ontario

An Archean conglomerate in the North Spirit Lake area of northwestern Ontario contains rare orthoquartzite pebbles. Detailed study of these pebbles shows that mineralogically they are very mature, consisting of as much as 99.8 percent quartz and a heavy mineral suite of zircon, tourmaline, and apatite. Textures are typically bimodal, characterized by rounded sand-sized quartz grains set in a 'matrix-cement' of thoroughly recrystallized finer quartz grains. These orthoquartzite pebbles provide the first definite evidence for local tectonic stability of the Canadian Shield before deposition of the immature sedimentary rocks that form part of an Archean (>2.6 Ga) greenstone belt of the Superior Province.

Field of study: Environmental science
Stem Cell and Cloning Research in Farm Animals: A Special Focus on Buffalo

Embryonic stem (ES) cell lines constitute a special class of cell lines derived from the inner cell masses of preimplantation embryos. They are special owing to their unique capability of self renewal and differentiation and propagation in culture for indefinite periods of time. Unlike cancerous cells, they main t ain stable chromosomal content and have potential to diffe r entiate into any of the 200 cell type, under appropriate culture conditions. Embryonic stem cell research has gained a tremendous momentum owing to their promises and hopes in regenerative medicine, stem cell therapy, biopharming, and usefulness as in vitro models for studying embryonic develop m ent and differen t iation. ES cell research in farm animals provides strong incentives for precise genetic mani p ulation for better health, increased disease resistance, increased milk production and desired composition, increased growth rate with improved carcass composition, enhanced reproductive perfor m ance and prolificacy. The potential benefits of using ES cells as donor cells in somatic cell nuclear transfer would boost transgenic animal production. However, with all the promises and hopes, need for more rigorous research and evidence-based therapy is the need of the time, before we could successfully embark on exploitation of ES cells in regenerative medicine. In the current review, establishment, charac t erization, applications and future challenges of farm animal ES cells are discussed in detail with a special focus on bubaline ES cell lines.

Field of study: Medicine
Multiple Comparisons with Control Under Stochastic Ordering: Controlling FDR

Multiple comparisons of the effects of several treatments with a control (MCC) has been a central problem in medicine and other areas. Nearly all of existing papers are devoted to comparing means of the effects. To study medical problems more deeply, one needs more information than mean relationship from the given data. It can be expected to get more useful and deeper conclusion by comparing the probability distributions, i.e., by comparison under stochastic orders. This paper presents a likelihood ratio testing procedure to compare effects under stochastic order for MCC problems, controlling the false discovery rate (FDR). Setting a test controlling FDR under stochastic order faces several non trivial problems. These problems are analyzed and solved in this paper. To facilitate the test more easily, the asymptotic p values for the test are used and their distributions are derived. It is shown that controllability of FDR for this comparison procedure can be guaranteed. A real data example is used to illustrate how to apply this testing procedure and what the test can tell. Simulation results show that this testing procedure works quite well, better than some other tests.

Field of study: Mathematics
OsAUX1 controls lateral root initiation in rice (Oryza sativa L.).

Polar auxin transport, mediated by influx and efflux transporters, controls many aspects of plant growth and development. The auxin influx carriers in Arabidopsis have been shown to control lateral root development and gravitropism, but little is known about these proteins in rice. This paper reports on the functional characterization of OsAUX1. Three OsAUX1 T-DNA insertion mutants and RNAi knockdown transgenic plants reduced lateral root initiation compared with wild-type (WT) plants. OsAUX1 overexpression plants exhibited increased lateral root initiation and OsAUX1 was highly expressed in lateral roots and lateral root primordia. Similarly, the auxin reporter, DR5-GUS, was expressed at lower levels in osaux1 than in the WT plants, which indicated that the auxin levels in the mutant roots had decreased. Exogenous 1-naphthylacetic acid (NAA) treatment rescued the defective phenotype in osaux1-1 plants, whereas indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and 2,4-D could not, which suggested that OsAUX1 was a putative auxin influx carrier. The transcript levels of several auxin signalling genes and cell cycle genes significantly declined in osaux1, hinting that the regulatory role of OsAUX1 may be mediated by auxin signalling and cell cycle genes. Overall, our results indicated that OsAUX1 was involved in polar auxin transport and functioned to control auxin-mediated lateral root initiation in rice.

Field of study: Environmental science
On inverse protocols of Post Quantum Cryptography based on pairs of noncommutative multivariate platforms used in tandem

Non-commutative cryptography studies cryptographic primitives and systems which are based on algebraic structures like groups, semigroups and noncommutative rings. We continue to investigate inverse protocols of Non-commutative cryptography defined in terms of subsemigroups of Affine Cremona Semigroups over finite fields or arithmetic rings Zm and homomorphic images of these semigroups as possible instruments of Post Quantum Cryptography. This approach allows to construct cryptosystems which are not public keys, as outputs of the protocol correspondents receive mutually inverse transformations on affine space K or variety (K*) where K is a field or an arithmetic ring. The security of such inverse protocol rests on the complexity of word problem to decompose element of Affine Cremona Semigroup given in its standard form into composition of given generators. We discuss the idea of the usage of combinations of two cryptosystems with cipherspaces (K*) and K to form a new cryptosystem with the plainspace (K*), ciphertext K and nonbijective highly nonlinear encryption map.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
The Reformation and the Towns in England: Politics and Political Culture, c. 1540-1640. Robert TittlerThe Country and the City Revisited: England and the Politics of Culture, 1550-1850. Gerald MacLean , Donna Landry , Joseph P. Ward

writing, and we merely court frustration when our political agenda demands that we look for what is seldom to be found.  Wiseman writes fascinatingly on the "semi-subjective voice of echo" in Renaissance poems, which "can become another personality, even a disorderly personality, inhabiting the poem"; in cases of female echoes of male poetic voices, echo achieves what Renaissance women so often tried to negotiate: "the power of a female voice to reply while claiming silence" (221, 230). And Ros Ballaster writes of Margaret Cavendish and Katherine Philips, who as Royalist sympathizers wished for the restoration of the monarchy, but "as women . . . had experienced new agency and power in the Civil War and Commonwealth years," and wanted to keep it (234). Both of these collections brim with useful and thought-provoking essays, and make good additions to one's Renaissance library. LINDA WOODBRIDGE Pennsylvania State University

Field of study: History
Vertical versus horizontal growth strategies of coral frameworks (Tulamben, Bali, Indonesia)

Two different coral framework structures located in a shallow subtidal area on the east coast of Bali are described in this study. One structure is a typical coral carpet with a distinct internal succession of coral taxa and growth forms. It starts with a variety of coral species exhibiting massive, tabular, branching, and platy growth forms settling on volcanic boulders and cobbles. The main body of the coral carpet is composed almost monospecifically of Acropora cf. vaughani, which has filled all accommodating spaces up to the low-water sea level. Mostof this carpet died during the bleaching event of 1998 and the resultant dead Acropora framework is now capped by a platy Montipora assemblage. Some of the Acropora branches within the dead carpet, however, are still alive and display active growth. The Montipora cover protects the dead Acropora framework against mechanical and biological destruction. The few still growing Acropora branches may also contribute to the strength of the framework. The second coral framework is made up almost monogenerically of Montipora. One species of Montipora is of a laminar growth form and produces whorl-like colonies. Within this framework, only part of the Montipora colonies are dead; however, these are intensively fragmented. The fragments have been rapidly settled by a platy Montipora species, which has stabilized the fragments. In this case, the fragment shedding of the Montipora offers the opportunity for progradation of the framework on these fragments. Concerning the Acropora carpet, similar examples from the fossil record of the Miocene era of Spain and Austria have been reported.

Field of study: Environmental science
Phonon transmission in III–V semiconductor superlattices and alloys

We have used the transfer matrix approach to investigate the LA phonon transmission along the [0 0 1] growth direction in GaAs/GaAlAs superlattices and in Ga1−xAlxAs alloys. Our calculated minigap in the phonon dispersion induced by the zone folding matches reasonably to the phonon filtering experiment. However, in the regime of phonon ballistic transport, we found insignificant effect of zone folding on phonon thermal conductance. On the other hand, the alloy scatterings largely suppress the phonon transmission probability and so lower the phonon thermal conductance of alloys.

Field of study: Materials science
[Anhedonia, depression, anxiety, and craving in opioid dependent patients stabilized on oral naltrexone or naltrexone implant].

To assess the relationship between long-term naltrexone treatment and anxiety, depression and craving in opioid dependent individuals.



Opioid dependent patients (n=306) were enrolled in a three cell (102ss/cell) randomized, double blind, double dummy, placebo-controlled 6-month trial comparing extended release implantable naltrexone with oral naltrexone and placebo (oral and implant). Monthly assessments of affective responses used a Visual Analog Scale for opioid craving, the Beck Depression Inventory, Spielberger Anxiety Inventory, and the Ferguson and Chapman Anhedonia Scales. Between-group outcomes were analyzed using mixed model analysis of variance (Mixed ANOVA) and repeated measures and the post hoc Tukey test.



Anhedonia, depression, anxiety, and craving for opiates were elevated at baseline but gradually reduced to normal within the first 1-2 months for patients who remained in treatment and did not relapse. There were no significant between-group differences prior to treatment dropout as well as between those who relapsed and who continued on naltrexone.



These data do not support concerns that naltrexone treatment of opioid dependence precipitates anhedonia, depression, anxiety or craving for opiates.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology