nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Nelson's syndrome post-bilateral adrenalectomy.

Rapid Nelson’s syndrome development after bilateral adrenalectomy is a rare event. A 34-year-old man was referred in 2012 with suspected Cushing's syndrome (CS). Hormonal investigations showed hypercortisolism [serum cortisol 49.2 μg/dl (normal range, NR: 5–25); 24 h urinary-free cortisol, UFC 1903 μg/24 h (NR: <140); serum cortisol after 1 mg dexametasone 23:00 h, 42.1 μg/dl ( N  < 1.8)] with increased plasma ACTH concentration (120 pg/ml; NR: 5–46)]. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the pituitary gland was normal (Figure 1A). Inferior petrosal sinus sampling (IPSS) with plasma ACTH quantification before and after 100 μg of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) showed no gradient of central/peripheral plasma ACTH both baseline (IPS:peripheral ratio < 2) and post-CRH (IPS:peripheral ratio <3) suggesting ectopic ACTH secretion (EAS). Localizing studies by chest radiography, …

Field of study: Medicine
MECHANISM OF MOISTURE WARPING AND DEFORMATION CALCULATIONS IN CONCRETE PAVEMENTS

The upward lift due to moisture gradient,which couples with joint loading,can cause early-age transverse cracking in jointed concrete pavements.Though the importance of moisture effect on concrete pavement has been widely recognized,usually moisture deformations and stresses were ignored in pavement analysis because of a lack of comprehensive understanding on moisture transport properties and the difficulties in characterizing their magnitudes.This paper discusses three moisture transport processes and their effects on internal relative humidity distributions which are thought to be the major factors affecting concrete pavement deformations and stresses.In this study,the mechanism of moisture warping in concrete pavement is revealed and a new methodology is proposed for characterizing moisture-related deformations in slab on ground based on a relationship of shrinkage versus relative pore humidity for concrete.The proposed methodology provides for a simple post-processing of moisture-related deformations and stresses in concrete pavement.

Field of study: Engineering
A garden ripe for weeding: a reply to Lantolf

One confession deserves another: in my heart of hearts, I doubted that Lantolf was a practising postmodernist. For one thing, it was often too easy to figure out what he was saying. Still, his exposition of the postmodernist position would satisfy committed post-modernists, which is to say it gets things wrong in the same way they do.

Field of study: Linguistics
Information Retrieval and Processing in Sensor Networks: Deterministic Scheduling Versus Random Access

We investigate the effect of medium-access control (MAC) used in information retrieval by a mobile access point (AP) on information processing in large-scale sensor network, where sensors are unreliable and subject to outage. We focus on a 1-D sensor network and assume that the location information is available locally at each sensor and unavailable to the AP. For a fixed collection interval, two types of MAC schemes are considered: the deterministic scheduling, which collects data from predetermined sensors locations, and random access, which collects data from random locations. We compare the signal estimation performance of the two MACs, using the expected maximum distortion as the performance measure. For large sensor networks with fixed density, we show that there is a critical threshold on the sensor outage probability Pout-For _Pout < e-lambda(1+o(1)), where lambda is the throughput of the random access protocol, the deterministic scheduling provides better reconstruction performance. However, for Pout > e-lambda(1+o(1)), the performance degradation from missing data samples due to sensor outage does not justify the effort of scheduling; simple random access outperforms the optimal scheduling.

Field of study: Engineering
Geophysical Study of the Easternmost Walvis Ridge, South Atlantic: Morphology and Shallow Structure

The landward termination of Walvis Ridge consists of two east-trending basement ridges of probable basaltic composition enclosing a relatively important sedimentary basin. East of long. 10° E., the southern ridge disappears under the sediments of the continental margin. The trends of the basement ridges are in good agreement with the inferred direction of initial opening. Since its formation, the Walvis Ridge has probably dammed sediment coming from the south. The proposed identification of layer A, a very strong horizon over which the reflectors are nearly undisturbed, may indicate that no major tectonic phase has affected this area since the shift of the pole of opening for the south Atlantic in Late Cretaceous-early Tertiary time.

Field of study: Geology
Simultaneous determination of nine neonicotinoids in human urine using isotope-dilution ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.

Neonicotinoids (neonics), a class of systemic insecticides, have been frequently detected in pollen, vegetables, and fruits. Recently, an increasing concern has been aroused for human exposure to neonics. However, biological monitoring for quantifying body burden of neonics has rarely been reported. In this study, we developed an isotope-dilution ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method to simultaneously quantify nine neonics, including acetamiprid (ACE), thiamethoxam (THIAM), imidacloprid (IMIP), clothianidin (CLO), flonicamid (FLO), thiacloprid (THIAC), dinotefuran (DIN), nitenpyram (NIT), and imidaclothiz (IMIT) in urine. The limits of quantification were 0.1 μg/L for ACE, FLO, DIN, NIT and IMIT, and 0.2 μg/L for THIAM, IMIP, CLO, and THIAC. The overall recoveries were 80.8-103%, 81.5-91.7% and 83.0-92.3% for QA/QC samples fortifying at 1, 25, and 100 μg/L levels, respectively. UPLC/MS/MS method was used to analyze urine samples obtained from 10 children in Hangzhou, China. The detection frequencies were 80% for ACE and IMIP, 70% for THIAM and CLO, 20% for DIN and IMIT and 10% for THIAC. FLO and NIT were not detected in those urine samples. The data provided here will be helpful for conducting biological monitoring of neonics exposure in the future.

Field of study: Environmental science
Multiple Testing of General Contrasts Using Logical Constraints and Correlations

Use of logical constraints among hypotheses and correlations among test statistics can greatly improve the power of step-down tests. An algorithm for uncovering these logically constrained subsets in a given dataset is described. The multiple testing results are summarized using adjusted p values, which incorporate the relevant dependence structures and logical constraints. These adjusted p values are computed consistently and efficiently using a generalized least squares hybrid of simple and control-variate Monte Carlo methods, and the results are compared to alternative stepwise testing procedures.

Field of study: Mathematics
Characteristics of InAS(0.8)Sb(0.2) photodetectors on GaAs substrates

As an alternative to HgCdTe, InAsxSb1−x is an important alloy providing bandgaps suitable for infrared detection in both 3–5 and 8–12 μm atmospheric windows. There has been interest in high-quality growth of this material on GaAs and Si substrates. This paper reports the fabrication and characteristics of mid-infrared InAs0.8Sb0.2 photodetectors grown on GaAs substrates by molecular beam epitaxy. Peak detectivities of 1.4 × 1010 and 7.5 × 108 cm Hz1/2 W−1 were measured at 77 K and 240 K, respectively, showing that the alloy is promising as an alternative to thermal detectors for near room temperature operation. A detailed analysis of the dark current showed that the reverse-bias differential resistance was limited by trap-assisted tunneling in a wide temperature range up to 150 K under low and moderately large reverse bias voltages. Noise measurements have shown that trap assisted tunneling is the source of 1/f noise which is increased with the addition of band to band tunneling under large reverse bias. Our observations on InAs0.8Sb0.2 photodiodes show resemblance to those reported for HgCdTe detectors. The results are encouraging for the development of mid-infrared large area focal plane arrays on GaAs substrates.

Field of study: Materials science
Crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction studies of the bacteriophage Qbeta.

Crystals of bacteriophage Qbeta have been obtained by the vapor-diffusion technique. The crystals diffract to at least 3.5 A resolution. The crystal space group is C222(1) with the unit-cell parameters a = 478, b = 296, c = 477 A, alpha = beta = gamma = 90 degrees. The unit cell contains four virus particles. A pattern of systematic extinctions has been used to deduce the packing of the particles in the cell. A limited data set to 3.9 A resolution has been collected, and the predicted position has been confirmed by the self-rotation and the Patterson functions.

Field of study: Chemistry
AnyQuery: a Service-based Distributed Query Processing System in the Grid

This paper proposed AnyQuery, a service-based distributed query processing system to solve the problem of accessing and integrating multiple relational databases in the grid. All the modules of the system are implemented as grid services, which communicate with each other through standard interfaces. XML is used as the data representing and exchanging format. The interfaces and implementations are totally separated in this system. AnyQuery provides a uniform virtual data view above multiple relational databases in the grid. Grid users can issue their queries based on the virtual view. A distributed query processing algorithm is presented to deal with dynamically changed grid environment, which can make the query plan according to the varied grid computing and communicating capacities and support join query across multiple relational databases. A prototype is developed and the performance evaluation demonstrates its effectiveness, especially for complicated computing-intensive query.

Field of study: Computer science
Media Exposure and Exemplar Accessibility

This study investigated the relation between television exposure and the ease with which individuals can retrieve examples of social events. Ninety-six college students were prompted to think of examples of constructs, some of which are frequently portrayed on television. Perceived ease of retrieving the examples and the source of the examples were measured. Media examples were more frequently recalled for events portrayed often in the media but infrequently experienced personally (e.g., courtroom trial, murder). Personal experiences were the most easily retrieved for events encountered frequently in real life, even when these events are also frequently portrayed on television (e.g., highway accidents, dates). Ease of retrieving media examples was related to hours of TV viewing, but only for viewing of television programs in which the events were common and when the direct experience with the events was likely to be low. Results are discussed with respect to media's influence on social judgment and heuristic processing.

Field of study: Psychology
Pinning of spiral fluxons by giant screw dislocations in YBa2Cu3O7 − δ single crystals: Josephson analog of the fishtail effect

By using a highly sensitive homemade AC magnetic susceptibility technique, the magnetic flux penetration has been measured in YBa2Cu3O7 − δ single crystals with giant screw dislocations (having the structure of the Archimedean spirals) exhibiting a = 3 spiral turnings, the pitch b = 18.7 μm and the step height c = 1.2 nm (the last parameter is responsible for creation of extended weak-link structure around the giant defects). The magnetic field applied parallel to the surface enters winding around the weak-link regions of the screw in the form of the so-called spiral Josephson fluxons characterized by the temperature dependent pitch bf(T). For a given temperature, a stabilization of the fluxon structure occurs when bf(T) matches b (meaning an optimal pinning by the screw dislocations) and manifests itself as a pronounced low-field peak in the dependence of the susceptibility on magnetic field (applied normally to the surface) in the form resembling the high-field (Abrikosov) fishtail effect.

Field of study: Physics
Discrimination of response-reinforcer and response-stimulus contingencies in pigeons.

For three pigeons (Experiment 1), the presentation of a red response key ended with a food presentation either following two responses separated by at least 10 seconds (a DRL contingency) or following a 10-second response-free period (a DRO contingency). For three other birds (Experiment 2), a brief stimulus presentation terminated the DRL and DRO contingencies. A white side key was presented next and ended with response-dependent food following one contingency and a timeout following the other. Since the contingency on the red key was unsignaled, differential responding on the white side key could indicate that the two response-reinforcer relations had been discriminated. In Experiment 1, the red-key duration and number of responses influenced white-key responding following the contingency that predicted the timeout. A response-initiated DRO was instated, and the influence of red-key duration and response number on white-key responding was diminished. In both experiments, the 10-second time criterion in both contingencies was varied from 0.34 second to 10 seconds. Even at short time intervals the DRO and DRL contingencies were readily discriminated. Pigeons tended to class the two contingencies according to a rule that did not involve simply stimulus duration, numbers of responses, or even the time between a response and its consequence.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Microbial communities in streambed sediments recovering from desiccation.

Climate change affects running waters not only by increasing temperatures but also by increasing discharge variability as more frequent and severe floods and more frequent and longer droughts occur, especially in upper reaches. Mediterranean streams are known to experience droughts, but Central European headwaters are also beginning to be affected. The development of bacterial communities (abundance, composition) and the recovery of microbial functions (bacterial production, extracellular enzyme activity) were explored after rewetting desiccated streambed sediments via a sediment core perfusion technique. The bacterial community composition changed only slightly in the sediments from the Central European stream Breitenbach (Germany), but distinctly in the Mediterranean Mulargia River (Sardinia, Italy) during 4 days of experimental rewetting. Breitenbach sediments probably enabled survival of bacterial communities more similar to indigenous streambed communities, because they were less dry. High activity of enzymes involved in polymer degradation at the beginning of rewetting in both sediments indicated the persistence of extracellular enzymes during drought. After 4 days, nearly all microbial activities reached a level similar to unaffected sediments for the Breitenbach, but not for Mulargia. Here, much more intense drying resulted in a more distinct change and reduction of the microbial community, responsible for slower recovery of structure and functions.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Status of MBE technology for the flexible manufacturing of HgCdTe focal plane arrays

A robust process has been developed for the reproducible growth of in-situ doped Hg1−xCdxTe:As alloys by molecular beam epitaxy. Net hole concentrations in excess of 5 x 1017 cm−3, with peak mobilities >200 cm2/Vs were measured in Hg0.74Cd0.26Te:As films. The p-type layers were twin-free and consistently exhibit narrow x-ray rocking curves (<40 arc sec). The reproducible growth of small lots of p-on-n LWIR detector structures has been established. For a typical lot consisting of 13 layers, the average x-value of the n-type base layer was 0.226 with a standard deviation of 0.003. The lateral compositional uniformity across a 2.5 cm × 2.5 cm wafer was × = +- 0.0006. High performance p-on-n LWIR diodes were fabricated that exhibited RoAo values (0-fov at 78K) as large as 350 Q cm2 at 10.4 µm.

Field of study: Materials science
Study on extraction of peanut protein hydrolysate by alcalase

The extraction of peanut protein hydrolysate from cold pressed peanut cake by Alcalase.The effects of temperature,pH value,enzyme/substrate,liquid-material ratio and hydrolysis time on extraction efficiency of peanut protein hydrolysate were studied.The optimum parameters of the extraction were established by the orthogonal test.The results were as follows: temperature 55 ℃,pH9.0,enzyme/substrate 0.8%,hydrolysis time 3 h and liquid-material ratio 7:1.On this conditions,the extraction efficiency of peanut protein hydrolysate was 81.32%.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Alkenyl- and aryl[2-(hydroxymethyl)phenyl]dimethylsilanes: Tetraorganosilanes for the practical cross-coupling reaction

Readily accessible and highly stable alkenyl- and aryl[2-(hydroxymethyl)phenyl]dimethylsilanes cross-couple with various aryl and alkenyl halides under mild reaction conditions employing K2CO3 as a base at 35-80 °C. The reaction tolerates a diverse range of functional groups including silyl protections. The silicon residue, cyclic silyl ether, is readily recovered and reused on a gram-scale synthesis. Intramolecular coordination of a proximal hydroxyl group is considered to efficiently form pentacoordinated silicates having a transferable group at an axial position.

Field of study: Chemistry
Dielectric retardation and relaxation in Bi0.5La0.5MnO3 ceramic at 80 K

Low-temperature (80 K) measurements are made of the frequency dependences of the real and imaginary parts of the complex dielectric constant and complex electric modulus of bismuth lanthanum manganite Bi0.5La0.5MnO3 ceramic. The presence of two (low- and high-frequency) regions of dielectric retardation and relaxation is revealed. A considerable difference between the average rates of retardation and relaxation and the Debye value in the high frequency region is revealed and explained.

Field of study: Physics
Deformation measurement with object-induced dynamic phase shifting.

A simple, yet powerful, means of computing the phase of fringe patterns depicting dynamic phenomena is presented. It is shown that the basic principle of the phase-shifting methods can be extended to the case of dynamic situations. The crux is to recognize that the phenomenon under examination can itself provide the necessary incremental phase shifts. This new method possesses a very wide range of applications in the field of deformation measurement.

Field of study: Physics
Side-Channel Analysis of Six SHA-3 Candidates

In this paper we study six 2nd round SHA-3 candidates from a side-channel cryptanalysis point of view. For each of them, we give the exact procedure and appropriate choice of selection functions to perform the attack. Depending on their inherent structure and the internal primitives used (Sbox, addition or XOR), some schemes are more prone to side channel analysis than others, as shown by our simulations.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Psycho-Social Factors Causing Stress: A Study of Teacher Educators

The present investigation was planned to determine the influence of type of personality, gender, age, qualification and experience causing stress among teacher educators at work. A sample of 100 subjects from male and female teachers teaching in teacher training colleges, Delhi, India was drawn randomly. The data was collected by applying the following tools: (i) Organizational Role Stress Scale (ORS) by Udai Pareek (1993). This tool measures role space and role set conflict. Test carries 50 items which are rated at five point scale. (ii) R-R introversion-Extroversion Scale by Dr. R.N.Singh and Dr. R.B.Tripathi (2010). This tool measures the personality in terms of Highly Extrovert, Predominantly Extrovert, Balanced Ambivert, Predominantly Introvert and Highly Introvert. This tool consists of 50 items with ‘yes’ and ‘no’ alternative responsesResults: The results revealed that (i) Female teacher educators are more likely to experience stress as compared t o male teacher educator s. (ii) Younger teacher educators are more likely to experience stress as compared to older teacher educators . (iii) Less qualified teacher educators are more likely to experience stress as compared to highly qualified teacher educators. (iv) Less experienced teacher educators are more likely to experience stress as compared to highly experienced teacher educators. (v) Introvert type of teacher educators are more likely to experience stress as compared to Extrovert teacher educators.  Demographic and psychological factors, Organizational role stress

Field of study: Education
Impulse Buying Behaviour of Generation Y in Fashion Retail

Since the past two decades, Generation Y consumers have become global marketers’ interest due to their spending power and high likely to engage in impulse buying behaviour. Very little research investigates the impulse buying behaviour of Generation Y and existing research do not look into the possible factors of impulse buying behaviour as an integrative approach. The main objective of the research is to integrate all the possible factors with its dimensions and examine its simultaneous relationship with impulse buying behaviour. A survey questionnaire was administered to convenient sample of 250 Generation Y consumers of fashion apparel. The results show that demographic factor (gender) has the strongest impact on impulse buying behaviour, followed by situational and personal factors. Interesting finding is that demographic factor (income); situational factor (social influence) and personal factor (extraversion) do not stimulate impulse buying behaviour of Generation Y.  These findings may enable global marketers to develop an effective market segmentation strategy.

Field of study: Business
The Moral Obligation of Nutrition and Hydration in the Tradition and Magisterium of the Catholic Church

The recent publication of the fifth edition of the Ethical and Religious Directives for Catholic Health Care Services on November 17, 2009, by mandate of the United States bishops, witnessed the eruption of a controversy in the U.S. with regard to nutrition and hydration for the seriously ill and dying. 1 Among the major philosophical and moral thinkers in the field, there are some on the one hand who—out of respect for the wishes of the patient as expressed in normal situations—see no need for nutrition and hydration if such are the patient's wishes, even though they may have been expressed before the patient became ill. On the other hand, there are those who—out of respect for human dignity and with the understanding that any act of euthanasia is morally unacceptable—do not see how the interruption of life support can be acceptable unless it comes to be a burden and no longer a benefit under end-of-life conditions. In light of all this, the present article aims to provide reflections on the nature of assisted nutrition and hydration (ANH) and the obligation to use it in cases where clinical evidence requires it, with a particular focus on the ongoing bioethical debate in the U.S.

Field of study: Medicine, Philosophy