nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The Northwest Pacific—the UNEP action plan facing the sub-polar Asian seas

The countries surrounding the Northwest Pacific marginal seas have different levels of economic development and different political systems. With the rapid economic development in the region, the marine environment received high pressure, which requires high attention of the governments concerned, and urgent actions. As the Northwest Pacific marginal seas shared by several countries, regional co-operation and co-ordination are the effective means to address the marine environmental problems in the region. The Northwest Pacific Action Plan, the Northeast Asian Regional GOOS are providing the intergovernmental mechanism to facilitate the regional co-operation and co-ordination. Effective implementation of these projects is a critical task facing to all countries in the region.

Field of study: Environmental science
Experiments using high-Tc/low-Tc Josephson contacts

Remarkably rich physics is involved in the behavior of hybrid Josephson junctions, connecting high-Tc and low-Tc superconductors. This relates in particular to the different order parameter symmetries underlying the formation of the superconducting states in these materials. Experiments on high-Tc/low-Tc contacts have also played a crucial role in settling the decade-long d-wave versus s-wave debate in cuprate superconductors. Recently, such hybrid junctions have enabled more detailed pairing symmetry tests. Furthermore, with these junctions, complex arrays of pi-rings have been realized, enabling studies on spontaneously generated fractional flux quanta and their mutual interactions. Steps toward novel superconducting electronic devices are taken, utilizing the phase-shifts inherent to the d-wave superconducting order parameter. This paper is intended to reflect the current status of experiments using high-Tc and low-Tc Josephson contacts.

Field of study: Physics
THE CRACK ARREST EFFECT IN A THIN CURRENT- CARRYING PLATE UNDER THE ACTION OF A STEPPED ASCENDING CURRENT

This paper is concerned with the crack arrest in a current-current-carrying infinite thin plate. A stepped ascending current perpendicular to the crack surface is switched on The electromagnetic field and the temperature field around the tips of a crack of finite length are studied, and the expression of the temperature at the crack tips is obtained. It is shown that the crack tips will melt and welded joints ton be formed if the magnitude of the stepped ascending current and its ascending times are adjusted properly. As a result the propogation of crack can be arrested.

Field of study: Engineering
Vaginoplasty in the female exstrophy population: Outcomes and complications.

Vaginal stenosis is a common sequela in adolescents who have undergone reconstruction for classic bladder exstrophy in infancy. We sought to determine the incidence of vaginal stenosis in our patient population and the outcome of treatment in the first three decades of life.



An institutional review board approved bladder exstrophy database was used to identify and retrospectively review classic female bladder exstrophy patients aged 12-30 years treated at the authors' institution. Patients who underwent vaginoplasty were identified and the following outcomes were measured: age at surgery, method used for the reconstruction, complications and incidence of re-stenosis.



Ninety-one female classic bladder exstrophy patients were identified. Twenty-nine patients (31.8%) underwent vaginoplasty because of vaginal stenosis at a mean (SD) age of 15 (3) years. Twenty-four patients underwent perineal flap vaginoplasty, three posterior cut-back vaginoplasty and two YV vaginoplasty. One patient developed wound infection and dehiscence which required reoperation (3.4%). No patient experienced vaginal re-stenosis.



vaginal stenosis is common after reconstruction of female classic bladder exstrophy. Vaginoplasty is highly successful in the exstrophy population when performed in the second or third decade of life with a low risk of complications.

Field of study: Medicine
Role of cholesterol synthesis and esterification in the growth of CEM and MOLT4 lymphoblastic cells.

CEM and MOLT4 are human T-cell lines isolated from patients with acute cell leukaemia. In culture they show important differences in cholesterol metabolism, CEM being less efficient at synthesizing cholesterol and having a lower activity of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMGCoA) reductase. To investigate further the relationship between regulation of intracellular cholesterol metabolism at various steps and rate of cell growth, cholesterol synthesis, esterification and efflux were evaluated in CEM and MOLT4 cells at different times during exponential and stationary growth in vitro. It was shown that, although CEM cells have a lower rate of cholesterol synthesis, they grow at a faster rate than MOLT4 cells. However, CEM cells exhibit an increased capacity to esterify cholesterol associated with a decreased efflux of newly synthesized cholesterol into the medium. These results provide evidence for an association between the capability to synthesize and retain cell cholesterol esters and the growth rate potential.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
The relationship between alcohol symptoms and consumption among older drinkers.

The present study assessed the relationship between current alcohol symptoms and consumption levels in a heterogeneous sample of older adults. The sample consisted of 443 participants over age 55 who reported drinking within the past year, including social drinkers, alcoholics in treatment, and alcoholics not in treatment. Symptoms for the past year were assessed using the Diagnostic interview Schedule (DIS-III-R) alcohol section, and subjects were subsequently assigned to two groups (symptom-free and symptomatic), depending on whether they experienced any DSM-III-R alcohol symptoms in the last year. For both men and women, average daily consumption and the frequency of heavy drinking contributed to whether participants had experienced any alcohol symptoms. The results indicate that the consumption levels of men and women differed only for symptomatic drinkers. The findings support recommendations that consumption limits for older adults should be lower than those recommended in the literature for younger adults. Furthermore, the results suggest that, in addition to limiting average daily consumption to no more than one drink per day, eliminating episodes of heavy drinking (consuming five or more drinks) could further reduce the risk of alcohol-related symptoms for older adults.

Field of study: Medicine
Organosulfates in atmospheric aerosol: synthesis and quantitative analysis of PM 2.5 from Xi'an, northwestern China

The sources, formation mechanism and amount of organosulfates (OS) in
atmospheric aerosol are not yet well understood, partly due to the lack of
authentic standards for quantification. In this study, we report an improved
robust procedure for the synthesis of organosulfates with different
functional groups. Nine authentic organosulfate standards were synthesized
and four standards (benzyl sulfate, phenyl sulfate, glycolic acid sulfate,
and hydroxyacetone sulfate) were used to quantify their ambient
concentrations. The authentic standards and ambient aerosol samples were
analyzed using an optimized ultra performance liquid
chromatography–electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometric method
(UPLC–ESI–MS/MS). The recovery ranged from 80.4 to 93.2 %, the limits
of detection and limits of quantification obtained were 1.1–16.7 and
3.4–55.6 pg m −3 , respectively. Measurements of ambient aerosol
particle samples collected in winter 2013/2014 in urban Xi'an, northwestern
China, show that glycolic acid sulfate (77.3  ±  49.2 ng m −3) is
the most abundant species of the identified organosulfates followed by
hydroxyacetone sulfate (1.3  ±  0.5 ng m −3) , phenyl sulfate
(0.14  ±  0.09 ng m −3) , and benzyl sulfate
(0.04  ±  0.01 ng m −3) . Except for hydroxyacetone sulfate, which
seems to form mainly from biogenic emissions in this region, the
organosulfates quantified during winter in Xi'an show an increasing trend
with an increase in the mass concentrations of organic carbon indicating
their anthropogenic origin.

Field of study: Environmental science
Effect of NO₂ concentration on dimethylnitronaphthalene yields and isomer distribution patterns from the gas-phase OH radical-initiated reactions of selected dimethylnaphthalenes.

Dimethylnitronaphthalene (DMNN) formation yields from the reactions of 1,7- and 2,7- dimethylnaphthalene (DMN) with OH radicals were measured over the NO(2) concentration range 0.04-1.4 ppmv. The measured DMNN formation yields under conditions that the OH-DMN adducts reacted solely with NO(2) were 0.252 ± 0.094% for Σ1,7-DMNNs and 0.010 ± 0.005% for Σ2,7-DMNNs. 1,7-DM-5-NN was the major isomer formed, with a limiting high-NO(2) concentration yield of 0.212 ± 0.080% and with equal reactions of the adduct with NO(2) and O(2) occurring in air at 60 ± 39 ppbv of NO(2). The reactions of the OH-DMN adducts with NO(2) must therefore result in products other than DMNNs. Although the yields of the DMNNs are low, ≤0.3%, the DMNN (and ethylnitronaphthalene) profiles from chamber experiments match well with those observed in polluted urban areas under conditions where OH radical-initiated chemistry is dominant. Daytime OH radical and nighttime NO(3) radical reactions appear to account for the alkylnitronaphthalenes formed and their observed profiles under most urban atmospheric conditions, with profiles reflecting daytime OH chemistry modified by contributions from isomers formed by any NO(3) radical chemistry that had occurred. Since the formation yields and NO(2) dependencies for the formation of a number of alkylnitronaphthalenes have now been measured, the effect of NO(x) emissions control strategies on their atmospheric formation can be quantitatively assessed, and the decrease in formation of these genotoxic species may provide a previously unrecognized health benefit of NO(x) control.

Field of study: Environmental science
Technology in Social Entrepreneurship Studies: A Bibliometric Analysis (1990-2019)

This paper presents a bibliometric analysis of the academic studies focused on technology in social entrepreneurship, published from 1990 to 2019 and indexed in WoS database. Quantitative evidence supports the idea that this topic has gained increasing attention of scholars, especially recently. However, there are rooms for further studies oriented to analyse social enterprises’ ability to adopt technologies to be sustainable and competitive in a hyper-turbulent market in which technology represents a key component. The descriptive statistical analysis identifies the most prolific authors, journals, countries and institutions that have contributed to the development of this topic; and the citation trends reveal a significant consolidation of this field of research that reflects the development of other theories regarding the role that technology has in social entrepreneurship.

Field of study: Business
Multiple Motives and Persuasive Communication: Creative Elaboration as a Result of Impression Motivation and Accuracy Motivation

The authors examined the influence of impression motivation (Experiments 1 and 2) and the combined effects of accuracy motivation and impression motivation (Experiment 3) on the elaboration of persuasive messages as reflected in attitude change and cognitive responses. Intermediate levels of impression motivation led to elaboration of message arguments but high levels of impression motivation did not. The authors argue that the latter finding reflects the operation of creative processing of messages, whereby receivers draw on their own arguments. However, this pattern of results only occurred when individuals also were motivated to hold valid attitudes. When accuracy concerns were lower, high impression motivation was necessary to motivate elaboration of message content. Thus, it was the combined impact of accuracy motivation and high impression motivation that stimulated participants to go beyond the information provided. Implications of these findings are discussed.

Field of study: Psychology
Preparation and Properties of Alkali Activated Metakaolin-Based Geopolymer

The effective activation and utilization of metakaolin as an alkali activated geopolymer precursor and its use in concrete surface protection is of great interest. In this paper, the formula of alkali activated metakaolin-based geopolymers was studied using an orthogonal experimental design. It was found that the optimal geopolymer was prepared with metakaolin, sodium hydroxide, sodium silicate and water, with the molar ratio of SiO2:Al2O3:Na2O:NaOH:H2O being 3.4:1.1:0.5:1.0:11.8. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) were adopted to investigate the influence of curing conditions on the mechanical properties and microstructures of the geopolymers. The best curing condition was 60 °C for 168 h, and this alkali activated metakaolin-based geopolymer showed the highest compression strength at 52.26 MPa. In addition, hollow micro-sphere glass beads were mixed with metakaolin particles to improve the thermal insulation properties of the alkali activated metakaolin-based geopolymer. These results suggest that a suitable volume ratio of metakaolin to hollow micro-sphere glass beads in alkali activated metakaolin-based geopolymers was 6:1, which achieved a thermal conductivity of 0.37 W/mK and compressive strength of 50 MPa. By adjusting to a milder curing condition, as-prepared alkali activated metakaolin-based geopolymers could find widespread applications in concrete thermal protection.

Field of study: Materials science
Conversations Surrounding the Use of DNA Tests in the Family Reunification of Migrants Separated at the United States-Mexico Border in 2018

In April 2018, the U.S. implemented a “zero-tolerance” immigration policy that would lead to the separation of more than 2,000 migrant families over the following months. By that summer, the policy and resultant family separations had generated a media storm that swept up the public. In early June, the government announced its consideration of DNA testing to aid in the detection of human trafficking in immigration contexts. Later that month, as the government retracted the child separation policy, the public began questioning how children and adults would be reunited and discussing the potential usefulness of DNA testing for those reunifications. Then in early July, the government announced that DNA testing was indeed being used, and by mid-month the public’s outrage over the use of DNA was strong. We set out to examine the public dialogue on DNA testing—including misunderstandings and miscommunications—both in newspaper coverage and on Twitter in the 2-month summer period of 2018, at the height of public discussion of migrant family separations and then reunifications. We performed database searches identifying 263 newspaper articles and used Twitter’s advanced search function identifying 153 Tweets containing discussion of the use of DNA for migrant family reunification. Upon the resulting sources, we performed content analysis, analyzing for slant on the immigration policy and the use of DNA tests using a combination of open and closed codes. Our analysis showed that perspectives on the use of DNA diverged in connection with perspectives on the immigration policy, and that there was a contrast among the cohorts in the stated utility of DNA testing. These findings offer insight into a) how DNA testing in a highly politicized immigration context was represented in media coverage and b) the public’s understanding of the role that DNA testing could or should play in immigration. By detailing the role that comments from experts, stakeholders, and the public played in these discussions, we hope to provide lessons for communications with the public about future non-medical applications of genetic technologies.

Field of study: Biology
The stochastic Liouville equation and the approach to thermal equilibrium

Some aspects of behaviour of spins in the presence of random molecular motions are discussed. Various theories which deal with the approach of the spin system to thermal equilibrium are reviewed. It is emphasized that two types of description are used. One is the 'p(t) formalism', where the spin behaviour of one randomly moving molecule is considered. The other is the 'p(Q) formalism', where the average behaviour of all the spins which are momentarily in the same environment is described. The conventional relaxation theories make use of the p(t) formalism, whereas the stochastic Liouville method for line shape calculations uses the p(Q) formalism. In the first type the approach to equilibrium has beendealt with for a long time. In the second type the approach to the thermal equilibrium state of p(Q) was formulated only recently in the form of the modified stochastic Liouville equation. It is pointed out that this equation has important implications for both line shape calculations and for relaxation theory. I. SEMI-CLASSICAL THEORY A. The density matrix p(Q) This paper deals with spins which are in random motion. The simplest example of such a type of motion is that of spins which jump back and forth among a number of sites with different chemical or magnetic environment. W e Iabel the si tes wi th the n um bers v = 1, 2, ... , n and define the distribution vector pv(t) as the vector of the probabilities of finding Bpins in the sites v at the time t. Another example is the case of translational motion. The position of a spin is then characterized by the spatial coordinate r and the distribution function is p(r, t). The case of rotatory motion of molecules is very common. The orientation of the molecules is then defined by the Eulerian angles, Q. Weshall treat all these cases in one formalism and choose Q as the notation of the random coordinate. Thus the function p(Q, t) will denote the probability density of finding spins in the environment characterized by a particular Q. We shall sometimes call this parameter 'position' or 'orientation', but this should be considered as a general term which also stands for 'site', 'conformation', etc. Tobegin with, let us assume that the spins can satisfactorily be described in terms of elementary magnets m, which can differ in direction but not in magnitude Im I· The state of the whole spin system is then given by the combined probability density P(Q, m), which we taketobe normalized:

Field of study: Chemistry
Effect of Fertilizer Application on the Activities of Soil Urease in Rubber Plantations

An analysis was made of the distribution of the soil urease activities in rubber plantations and its relationship with fertilizer application. The soil urease was found higher in the 0~20 cm soil layer than in the 20~40 cm soil layer notably irrespective of rhizosphere soil or non-rhizosphere soil, and the rhizosphere soil contained higher urease than the non-rhizosphere soil in the same layer. Fertilizer treatments at different levels to the soil gave short-term obvious influence to the urease activities of rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soil in 0~20 cm layer of the soil without fertilizer application, but not to the urease activities in 20~40 cm soil layer. The urease activities of the soil under different fertilizer treatments were in the order of the soil applied with organic and non-organic fertilizersoil without fertilizersoil applied with only chemical fertilizersoil at the bottom of hole applied with green manure. The soil urease activities decreased with the increase of soil depth. The urease activities of the soil having been applied with fertilizer or manure of years increased remarkably.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
On the restriction of cross characteristic representations of 2F4(q) to proper subgroups

We prove that the restriction of any nontrivial representation of the Ree groups 2F4(q), q = 22n+1 ≥ 8 in odd characteristic to any proper subgroup is reducible. We also determine all triples (K, V, H) such that $${K \in \{^2F_4(2), ^2F_4(2)'\} }$$ , H is a proper subgroup of K, and V is a representation of K in odd characteristic restricting absolutely irreducibly to H.

Field of study: Mathematics
Theoretical simulation for identical bands

The frequency of occurrence of identical bands in superdeformed and normal-deformed nuclei is studied by carrying out a statistical analysis of a large number of rotational bands, which are generated with the reflection asymmetric shell model. The frequency of occurrence and the behaviors of identical bands revealed in the statistical analysis of the experimental bands were generally reproduced by the present theoretical simulation. This would indicate that the nuclear mean-field approximation plus the beyond mean-field one, like angular-momentum and parity projections, can explain the phenomena of identical bands even though there is no available theory that can reach the accuracy of identity between the specific identical bands. Furthermore, the octupole effect on the identical bands is discussed. The present theoretical simulation shows that more correlations may lead to more identical bands.

Field of study: Physics
H2O ≠ CO2: framing and responding to the global water crisis

Our planet is in the midst of what is often described as a global water crisis. Water has been near the top of the list of the World Economic Forum’s Global Risk Report since 2013. We are not on track to meet the global ambitions of the UN 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, whose main water targets are enshrined in Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 6 (to ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all) (UN 2018). Meanwhile freshwater biodiversity is declining twice as rapidly as its terrestrial and marine counterparts (Tickner et al 2020). Freshwater ecosystems, like our global atmospheric commons, have been exploited and neglected for too long, and this is reflected in both water and a stable climate being undervalued by economic markets (Garrick et al 2020). Climate change will likely exacerbate water crises and further threaten human security, particularly in developing countries (UNESCO/UN-Water 2020). Indeed, there are numerous overlaps between climate change and water insecurity, arguably the two most important environmental crises the world must face in the coming decades. However, we argue that borrowing from the climate change mitigation playbook will not work for water and may distract from more effective solutions. The water crisis is multi-dimensional—the same place can suffer from too much or too little water in the same year, and scarcity is a function of not just physical water quantity, but also quality, timing, and access. Threats to freshwater biodiversity are more complex and in some places are being exacerbated by attempts to improve human water security. Therefore, applications of concepts such as planetary boundaries, footprints, and offsets in the water context can bias actions and investment into proposed solutions that are poorly matched with the actual problems on the ground.We explore thesemismatches and propose an alternate framing that puts context-based freshwater health at the center of water security. 2. Planetary boundaries and global goals

Field of study: Environmental science