nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Performance Evaluation System Using Queueing Network Theory

When we make a design of a computer network system, it is necessary to investigate the performance of the system at steady state. In the early stage of computer system design, we have many choices and use simulations for performance analysis. We can not, however, examine system performance satisfactorily, because it takes much time to analyze all of the choices for large scale systems. In this paper, we will present a development of a performance evaluation system "MELMATE" which use a queueing network theory. MELMATE can give us the results of analysis more than ten times faster than conventional event driven simulations. Also, MELMATE is bundled with GUI (Graphical User Interface) which makes model construction and modification much more easier. That is, we can check up every possible design of the system in a very short time and select the best one comparing with the obtained performance results. The methodology of a performance evaluation system and an example of usage will be described.

Field of study: Computer science
Provenance, age, and tectonic evolution of Variscan flysch, southeastern France and northeastern Spain, based on zircon geochronology

Small basins filled with Early Carboniferous (Mississippian) flysch in the Variscan chain in southwestern Europe formed as ocean basins between Laurussia and Gondwana closed and deformation was transferred into Gondwanan crust. To identify flysch source areas and the spatial distribution and timing of deformation as continental collision progressed, sensitive high-resolution ion microprobe (SHRIMP) U-Pb ages were determined for (1) detrital zircon and zircon in orthogneiss cobbles from flysch sediments in basins along a 300 km transect from the Montagne Noire in southeastern France across the Catalonian Massif to Minorca in northeastern Spain; (2) monazite from a potential source area; and (3) undeformed granite that crosscuts flysch sediments. A remarkable feature of flysch conglomerates all along the transect south of the Montagne Noire is that they contain pebbles and cobbles of deformed leucocratic granite, gneiss, and pegmatite, felsic volcanic porphyritic rocks, schist, and slate that resemble rocks exposed in massifs adjacent to the flysch basins. Age distributions of detrital zircon populations from 13 basins show that most grains are Neoproterozoic (younger than 850 Ma), Cambrian–Ordovician, and Early Carboniferous (Mississippian). Fewer Devonian zircons are all post-Emsian, and most are Frasnian–Famennian (Late Devonian); i.e., between ca. 359 and 385 Ma. A younger zircon population is composed mostly of igneous grains that are Early Carboniferous, in the range 360–325 Ma. In several basins, the youngest detrital zircon age group is Tournaisian; in others, it is Visean (345–330 Ma), only a few million years older than the age of flysch deposition based on biostratigraphy. The youngest zircon age group in flysch from the Canoves Basin along the Catalonian Massif has an age of 327 ± 4 Ma; this age overlaps the biostratigraphic age of Canoves flysch and coincides with monazite ages determined from a high-grade pelitic gneiss exposed in the Guilleries massif ~30 km away along strike. An orthogneiss cobble from Canoves has a crystallization age of 489 ± 5 Ma, matching the age of bedrock orthogneiss from Guilleries. These data suggest that Variscan deformation of Gondwanan crust began during the late Visean and that individual flysch basins developed in front of a series of uplifted thrust wedges where midcrustal igneous and metamorphic rocks were rapidly exhumed and eroded. A slaty cleavage is developed in all of the flysch basins, and undeformed granites that intrude four flysch basins have ages that range between 305 and 295 Ma.

Field of study: Geology
When an Adversary is Caught Telling the Truth: Reciprocal Cooperation Versus Self-Interest in Distributive Bargaining

In the present research, the authors examined a distributive bargaining situation in which the participant’s counterpart either did or did not make an unambiguously cooperative move at the outset of the negotiation. Participants’ bargaining roles were written such that they had a clear alternative of their own as well as accurate inside information about the other party’s no-agreement alternative. A confederate posing as a participant assumed the opposite role and followed a script. The script was varied such that the confederate either did or did not disclose his or her alternative at the outset of the negotiation. Results indicated that even though cooperation ran counter to their self-interest, participants were more cooperative in the disclosure conditions. That is, they made less demanding offers, disclosed more truthful information, and settled for less profit. Implications of these results and future research directions are discussed.

Field of study: Psychology
Bioactive compounds in the peel of camu camu genotypes from Embrapa's active germplasm bank.

Our objective in this work was to evaluate the contents of the major bioactive compounds in the peel of three genotypes of camu camu at different maturity stages. The genotypes had high concentration of ascorbic acid in the peel ranging from 13.73% to 24.02%. In the ripe maturity stage the genotypes 17 and 44 presented the highest concentration of phenolics (3,299.97 mg GAE.100 g-1) and anthocyanins (165.91 g.100 g-1). Flavonols and carotenoids showed a distinct and statistically different behavior in each genotype. Genotype 44 in the ripe stage had the highest content of carotenoids (105.88 mg.100 g-1). The high contents of vitamin C and phenolic compounds make the residue of camu camu fruit processing a rich source of antioxidants to the food and/or pharmaceutical industries.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Hypertension, arterial haemodynamics and left ventricular disease: historical observations.

The importance of arterial stiffening in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease has been gaining acceptance in recent years but is still widely overlooked, with the present preoccupation being atherothrombosis.1,2 Arteriosclerosis is a result of a combination of endothelial dysfunction and structural abnormalities of the media of conduit arteries (in contrast to atherosclerosis which is an intimal disease) including increased collagen content, calcification and hypertrophy of vascular smooth muscle cells.3,4 Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is known to confer an elevated risk of cardiovascular disease with an inverse graded relationship with glomerular filtration rates (GFR) independent of other risk factors.3 It is now widely accepted that the major driver of premature cardiovascular death and disease in CKD is left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) and fibrosis rather than occlusive arterial disease.4

Arterial stiffening is best understood as a disturbance of one of the major functions of the arterial system, namely buffering of oscillatory changes in blood pressure that result from intermittent ventricular ejection. The highly distensible arterial system ensures that most tissues receive near steady flow with no exposure to peak systolic pressures. This mechanism is so efficient that there is almost no drop in diastolic pressure from ascending aorta to peripheral arteries.5 Loss of arterial distensibility results in a more rigid aorta that is less able to accommodate the volume of blood ejected by the left ventricle, resulting in greater pressure augmentation in systole and higher pulse  As arterial stiffness increases, the myocardium, brain and kidneys are exposed to higher systolic pressures and greater pressure fluctuations resulting in microvascular damage.7 The increased impedance results in LVH. Furthermore, the effects on the left ventricle are exacerbated by lower diastolic pressure which reduces diastolic coronary perfusion, promoting subendocardial ischaemia and myocardial fibrosis.8 …

Field of study: Medicine
ON THE RADIO POLARIZATION SIGNATURE OF EFFICIENT AND INEFFICIENT PARTICLE ACCELERATION IN SUPERNOVA REMNANT SN 1006

Radio polarization observations provide essential information on the degree of order and orientation of magnetic fields, which themselves play a key role in the particle acceleration processes that take place in supernova remnants (SNRs). Here we present a radio polarization study of SN 1006, based on combined Very Large Array and Australia Telescope Compact Array observations at 20 cm that resulted in sensitive images with an angular resolution of 10 arcsec. The fractional polarization in the two bright radio and X-ray lobes of the SNR is measured to be 0.17, while in the southeastern sector, where the radio and non-thermal X-ray emission are much weaker, the polarization fraction reaches a value of 0.6 ± 0.2, close to the theoretical limit of 0.7. We interpret this result as evidence of a disordered, turbulent magnetic field in the lobes, where particle acceleration is believed to be efficient, and a highly ordered field in the southeast, where the acceleration efficiency has been shown to be very low. Utilizing the frequency coverage of our observations, an average rotation measure of ~12 rad m–2 is determined from the combined data set, which is then used to obtain the intrinsic direction of the magnetic field vectors. While the orientation of magnetic field vectors across the SNR shell appear to be radial, a large fraction of the magnetic vectors lie parallel to the Galactic plane. Along the highly polarized southeastern rim, the field is aligned tangent to the shock, and therefore also nearly parallel to the Galactic plane. These results strongly suggest that the ambient field surrounding SN 1006 is aligned with this direction (i.e., from northeast to southwest) and that the bright lobes are due to a polar cap geometry. Our study establishes that the most efficient particle acceleration and generation of magnetic turbulence in SN 1006 is attained for shocks in which the magnetic field direction and shock normal are quasi-parallel, while inefficient acceleration and little to no generation of magnetic turbulence are obtained for the quasi-perpendicular case.

Field of study: Physics
4D ensemble Kalman filtering for assimilation of asynchronous observations

A 4-dimensional ensemble Kalman filter method (4DEnKF), which adapts ensemble Kalman filtering to the assimilation of observations that are asynchronous with the analysis cycle, is discussed. In the ideal case of linear dynamics between consecutive analyses, the algorithm is equivalent to Kalman filtering assimilation at each observation time. Tests of 4DEnKF on the Lorenz 40 variable model are conducted.

Field of study: Environmental science
Phase decomposition of La2NiO4+δ under Cr-and Si-poisoning conditions

The influence of simultaneous Cr- and Si-poisoning on the oxygen exchange kinetics of La2NiO4+δ was studied at 800 °C in dry and humid O2/Ar atmospheres over a period of 4000 h by means of dc-conductivity relaxation measurements. Chemical and morphological changes of the La2NiO4+δ surface exposed to increasingly harsh ambient conditions were investigated using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) depth profiling, scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDXS) and high-resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray and electron energy loss spectroscopy (HR-STEM EDXS/EELS). In the presence of Cr/Si-sources and under dry conditions, La2NiO4+δ shows good stability for more than 1000 h. However, as soon as humidity is introduced into the system a strong decline of the oxygen exchange activity is observed. Post-test analyses reveal newly formed partially blocking Cr- and Si-rich secondary phases on the surface of La2NiO4+δ which impede the surface exchange of oxygen.

Field of study: Materials science
Repeated exposure to moderate doses of alcohol in the rat fetus: evidence of sensitization to toxic and chemosensory aspects of alcohol.

Two experiments tested responsiveness of the rat fetus to alcohol on gestational day (GD) 20 after previous maternal administration of low-to-moderate doses of alcohol (1 or 2 g/kg during GDs 17 to 19). Maternal alcohol intoxication on GD 20 resulted in substantial suppression of spontaneous fetal motor activity. The analysis of mouthing movements showed that this suppression of movement was further enhanced by exposure to alcohol during the previous 3 days of gestation (GDs 17 to 19). A second experiment indicated that this same exposure to alcohol during GDs 17 to 19 induced fetuses on GD 20 to emit more mouthing movements in response to intraoral infusions of alcohol. A moderate amount of prenatal alcohol exposure apparently sensitizes the fetus to the pharmacological and orosensory effects of alcohol.

Field of study: Medicine
Assessment of spatial and temporal variations of high water mark indicators

The high water mark (HWM) is commonly used as a boundary for coastal management and planning. Due to the dynamic nature of the coastal environment, the determination of HWM can be difficult and may vary based on the indicators unique to the location. Using remote-sensing image analysis techniques, this study evaluates the spatial and temporal variation of HWM based on several indicators. These include vegetation lines, frontal dune toe, mean high water spring (MHWS)/mean higher high water (MHHW), and high water lines (HWL). Other linear boundaries defined by agencies for various applications are also used as indicators. For improved coastal property management, this study also uses an enhanced Spatial Continuity of the Swash Probability (SCSP) model as a HWM indicator by excluding the runup parameter regarding the Spatial Continuity of Tide Probability (SCTP). In order to better account for sudden shape changes, the extended instead of the simple Hausdorff distance has been used to measure the seasonal variation of HWM position. Monte Carlo simulation of DEM data and Fractal Dimension (FD) techniques were used to examine spatial uncertainties due to both the precision of input data and the processing techniques used. Two case study areas in Western Australia with varying coastal conditions have been selected to evaluate the approach. These are Coogee Beach in South Fremantle and Cooke Point in Port Hedland. Results for both study areas indicate that spatial variations of HWM due to seasonal changes are about one order of magnitude larger than variations due to uncertainties in the input data. This behaviour, while present at both study areas, is more significant at Coogee Beach having a sandy beach with high wave energy.

Field of study: Environmental science
Analysis of Logic Legitimacy of Socialized Punishment

Socialized punishment is inclined to popularize in China.Through comparisons among several typical concepts of socialized punishment at present,the paper holds that the socialized punishment is a supplement to the imprisoned punishment,which manifests the spirit of the integration of person value and socity value that is ensured by modern criminal law.Those criminals whose conditions adapt to non-imprisoning can be educated and reformed in society.It makes the society to the largest extent participate in the cause of criminal remold so that the criminal punishment will be simultaneous with social development,and therefore it will act as the catalysis for the criminals to return to society.The paper then analyzes the logic legitimacy to socialize punishment from three aspects including objective,posibility and reasonableness.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Indirect Detection Method of Melted Metal Surface of Electroslag Casting of Crankshaft

A method of measuring weight with microcomputer is designed to indirectly detect the surface of melted metal of electroslag casting, according to the technological extrusion characteristic of USEC (Uniform Step Electroslag Casting) process. As a result, it overcomes the limitation of traditional sensors that are influenced by many factors, its detection precision is high and capability of anti-interfere is strong.

Field of study: Materials science
Preparation of Trimethoprim Molecularly Imprinted Stir Bar Sorptive Extraction and Its Application for Trace Analysis of Trimethoprim and Sulfonamides in Complex Samples

Trimethoprim molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) was prepared as the coating of stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE) and applied to the trace analysis of trimethoprim and three sulfonamides in complex samples. The MIP-coating was about 21.5 μm thickness with the relative standard deviations (RSD) of 5.9% ( n = 10). It was homogeneous and dense with good thermal and chemical stability. The extraction capability of the MIP-coating was 1.7 times over that of the non-imprinted polymer (NIP) coating. The MIP-coating exhibited selective adsorption ability to sulfonamides, triazines and methotrexate besides antibacterial synergists. The methods for the determination of trimethoprim and three sulfonamides by MIP-coated stir bar sorptive extraction coupled with HPLC were developed. It was successfully applied to the trace trimethoprim analysis in spiked urine and plasma samples. The linear range was 5-200 μg L −1 and the detection limit was 1.6 μg L −1 . The recoveries in urine and plasma samples were 84.5% to 91.7% with RSDs of 2.9%–4.4%, 71.9% to 85.1% with RSDs of 3.0%–7.3%, respectively. The trimethoprim MIP-coated stir bar was also applied to the trace sulfonamides analysis in spiked milk sample. The linear range was 10–200 μg L −1 , the detection limit was within the range of 4.5–6.1 μg L −1 , and the recovery was 83.2%–110.2% with RSDs of 4.1%–8.0%.

Field of study: Chemistry
New Educational Trends Connected with the Development of Media and Innovative Technologies – A Few Reflections on the Future Perspectives on Learning and Teaching

The article traverses the new trends, selected methods and directions that are present in school and out of school education. The author analyzes the Polish examples and tries to relate them to the reality of the world education. Today's society is called 'information society', 'knowledge society' and but also 'network society'. The development of the media and new technologies has caused that today's teacher and student of all ages can enjoy a variety of tools to improve communication, gathering information and learning. The purpose of reflection is to identify what are the coming major trends in e-learning and education generally that will make an impact upon education in Poland (key issues: mobile learning; use of transmedia storytelling and WebQuest in education; gamification; new assessment tools such as e-portfolios and badges; blended learning as a method of learning; TED and Khan Academy as an educational sources; MOOC; OER; flipped classroom; The Learning Analitics). DOI: 10.5901/jesr.2014.v4n4p232

Field of study: Education, Sociology
Autoregressive Energy Machines

Neural density estimators are flexible families of parametric models which have seen widespread use in unsupervised machine learning in recent years. Maximum-likelihood training typically dictates that these models be constrained to specify an explicit density. However, this limitation can be overcome by instead using a neural network to specify an energy function, or unnormalized density, which can subsequently be normalized to obtain a valid distribution. The challenge with this approach lies in accurately estimating the normalizing constant of the high-dimensional energy function. We propose the Autoregressive Energy Machine, an energy-based model which simultaneously learns an unnormalized density and computes an importance-sampling estimate of the normalizing constant for each conditional in an autoregressive decomposition. The Autoregressive Energy Machine achieves state-of-the-art performance on a suite of density-estimation tasks.

Field of study: Computer science
Activities of polysaccharides in combination with aluminum adjuvant in varicella-zoster subunit vaccines

To evaluate the immunostimulatory effects of polysaccharides, including Lycium barbarum polysaccharides (LBP), Angelica polysaccharides (AP), Licorice polysaccharides (LP) and Inulin polysaccharides (IP), used alone or in combination with aluminum adjuvant on the recombinant protein of varicella-zoster virus (VZV) glycoprotein (gE) as an immunogen in mice. 
 
 
 
BALB/c mice were randomly divided into 11 groups with five in each group. Intramuscular injection was given at Days 0 and 14. Serum samples were collected at weeks 0, 2, 3, 4 and detected for total anti-gE IgG titers and antibody subtypes by indirect ELISA. The mice were sacrificed at week 4 to collect spleen lymphocytes aseptically. CCK-8 method was used to evaluate the proliferation of spleen lymphocytes. The levels of IFN-γ and IL-4 were measured by ELISA. The percentages of CD3+ CD4+ and CD3+ CD8+ T cell subsets were determined by flow cytometry. 
 
 
 
The four plant-derived polysaccharides in combination with aluminum adjuvant showed good adjuvant activities. LP combined with aluminum adjuvant effectively increased the titer of IgG2, promote the proliferation of splenocytes and enhanced the secretion of IFN-γ and IL-4. Furthermore, it also induced CD3+ CD4+ and CD3+ CD8+ T cell proliferation in vivo. 
 
 
 
The four plant-derived polysaccharides in combination with aluminum adjuvant could all enhance antibody production. LP combined with aluminum adjuvant could induce cell-mediated immune responses, suggesting that it might be a promising adjuvant for varicella-zoster subunit vaccines. 
 
 
 
Varicella-zoster virus; Vaccine; Plant-derived polysaccharide; Aluminum adjuvant; Immunostimulatory effect

Field of study: Biology
Finite Element Analysis of Reaction Vessel for Measuring the Solubility of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide

The thermal-structural coupling analysis of the pressure vessel arecarried out by the finite element method to verify its safety, and the stress section are linearized. The results show that the analysis value of the temperature value of the vessel cavity are basically consistent with the change trend of the measured value, and the steady state error are only 2.7%; there is a large stress concentration at the opening of the upper window, and the maximum coupled stress value of the internal surface is 176.2 MPa. The maximum stress path is evaluated based on the analytical design standard JB4732-1995, and the structure satisfies the strength requirement.

Field of study: Engineering