nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The Role of Quench-Back in the Passive Quench Protection of Long Solenoids With Coil Sub-Division

This paper describes how a passive quench protection system can be applied to long superconducting solenoid magnets. When a solenoid coil is long compared to its thickness, the magnet quench process will be dominated by the time needed for quench propagation along the magnet length. Quench-back will permit a long magnet to quench more rapidly in a passive way. Quench-back from a conductive (low resistivity) mandrel is essential for spreading the quench along the length of a magnet. The mandrel must be inductively coupled to the magnet circuit that is being quenched. Current induced in the mandrel by di/dt in the magnet produces heat in the mandrel, which in turn causes the superconducting coil wound on the mandrel to quench. Sub-division is often employed to reduce the voltages to ground within the coil. This paper explores when it is possible for quench-back to be employed for passive quench protection. The role of sub-division of the coil is discussed for long magnets.

Field of study: Physics
Is the t Test Really Conservative When the Parent Distribution is Long-Tailed?

It is generally believed that the t test is conservative for a sample from a long-tailed symmetric distribution. Yet the probability inequalities expressing this property have not been proved. The inequalities are explored here using various criteria for long-tailedness and leaning on the geometrical interpretation of the t test. It is proved that the t test is conservative but only for large enough critical values. Examples of a liberal t test for lower values are given. The results are used to explain some curiosities in the asymptotic distribution of the t statistic and to study its behavior when the parent distribution is skewed.

Field of study: Mathematics
Geochemical environment of the Coniacian–Santonian western tropical Atlantic at Demerara Rise

Organic carbon-rich shales deposited during the Coniacian–Santonian Oceanic Anoxic Event 3 were drilled during ODP Leg 207 at Demerara Rise. We present integrated high-resolution geochemical records of core intervals from ODP Sites 1259 and 1261 both from nannofossil biozone CC14. Our results reveal systematic variations in marine and detrital sediment contribution, depositional processes, and bottom water redox conditions during black shale formation at two locations on Demerara Rise in different paleo-water depths. A combination of redox proxies (Fe/S, P/Al, C/P, redox-sensitive/sulfide-forming trace metals Mn, Cd, Mo, Ni, V, Zn) and other analytical approaches (bulk sediment composition, P speciation, electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction) evidence anoxic to sulfidic bottom water and sediment conditions throughout the deposition of black shale. These extreme redox conditions persisted and were periodically punctuated by short-termed periods with less reducing bottom waters irrespective of paleo-water depth. Sediment supply at both sites was generally dominated by marine material (carbonate, organic matter, opal) although relationships of detrital proxies as well as glauconitic horizons support some influence of turbidites, winnowing bottom currents and/or variable detritus sources, along with less reducing bottom water at the proposed shallower location (ODP Site 1259). At Site 1261, located at greater paleo-depth, redox fluctuations were more regular, and steady hemipelagic sedimentation sustained the development of mostly undisturbed lamination in the sedimentary record. Strong similarities of the studied deposits exist with the stratigraphic older Cenomanian–Turonian OAE2 black shale sections at Demerara Rise, suggesting that the primary mechanisms controlling continental supply and ocean redox state were time-invariant and kept the western equatorial Atlantic margin widely anoxic over millions of years.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Vision loss after spine surgery: review of the literature and recommendations.

In recent studies spinal surgery has replaced cardiac surgery as a leading cause of postoperative vision loss (POVL). Estimates of the incidence of POVL after spinal surgery range from 0.028 to 0.2%, but with advances in complex spinal instrumentation and the rise in annual spinal operations, POVL may see an ominous increase in its incidence. Postoperative vision loss is an uncommon but devastating complication, with unknown origin and pathogenesis. The authors undertook a literature review and summarize the current understanding of its pathophysiology, highlight the limitations of existing knowledge, and recommend practical guidelines for avoiding this devastating outcome.

Field of study: Medicine
Pliocene-Pleistocene History of the Perris Block, Southern California

The Perris Block, 30 to 90 mi southeast of Los Angeles, is an eroded mass of Cretaceous and older crystalline rock, sculptured by six erosion surfaces. Two are narrow valley systems and the other four nearly horizontal planes or remnants thereof. The oldest surface is a bowl and narrow valley system with its base at an elevation of 1,100 to 1,400 ft; it is partially filled with alluvium which has yielded a lower Pliocene (Clarendonian) mammalian fauna. It was probably warped slightly before any of the younger surfaces were cut. The nearly horizontal erosion surfaces, listed in the proposed order of their formation, are now at elevations of approximately 1,700, 2,500, 2,100, and 1,500 ft and are thought to be in quasi equilibrium with the present major drainage systems. The second narrow valley system has a base near sea level; it was probably formed just after the 1,700 ft horizontal surface. The Perris Block lies between the Los Angeles Basin and the lofty San Jacinto Mountains. The latter are marked by an elevated, low-gradient valley system. During Pliocene and Pleistocene time the Los Angeles Basin sank many thousands of feet, the San Jacinto Mountains rose considerably, and the Perris Block oscillated vertically. The vertical tectonics must have been governed by deep horizontal flow, isostatic in nature, and related to the somewhat greater flow-couple indicated by right-lateral strike-slip faulting on the San Jacinto fault system.

Field of study: Geology
Contact with Students with Hearing Impairments and the Evaluation of Speech Intelligibility and Personal Qualities

This study examined the effect of contact with mainstreamed high school students with hearing impairments on hearing students' evaluations of personal qualities of speakers with three different levels of speech intelligibility (SI) and on their attitudes toward deafness (ATD). Seventy high school students who studied with classmates with hearing impairments (group with contact) and 70 students who did not study with classmates with hearing impairments (group without contact) listened to recordings of three speakers with good, moderate, and poor SI and evaluated the speakers' personal qualities using a semantic differential scale that included emotional-behavioral and cognitive factors. In addition, the participants evaluated the speakers' SI and filled out a questionnaire regarding their ATD. In general, better SI was associated with the attribution of more positive personal qualities. However, students with contact expressed more positive evaluations (than the students without contact) of the speaker with the poor SI on both the emotional-behavioral and the cognitive factors of the personal qualities questionnaire. These evaluations were similar to evaluations of the speaker with moderate SI. Students without contact expressed more positive evaluations of the speaker with the moderate SI on the cognitive factor than did students with contact. Finally, a positive relation was found between ATD and evaluation of personal qualities of the speaker with the poor SI on the cognitive and emotional-behavioral factors.

Field of study: Education
On the New Model of Non-Fermi Liquid for High Temperature Superconductivity

The importance of introducing the SO(5) singlet into the new novel model of non-Fermi liquid proposed by LeClair and collaborators is pointed out. This SO(5) singlet order parameter leads to a phase transition between the normal metal and the pseudogap region in the phase diagram for the anti-ferromagnetic (AF) phase and the (d-wave) superconducting (SC) phase. A non-zero value for this order can increase substantially the critical temperature of the SC transition.

Field of study: Physics
Flexible SiInZnO thin film transistor with organic/inorganic hybrid gate dielectric processed at 150 °C

Silicon indium zinc oxide (SIZO) thin film transistors (TFTs) have been fabricated on a flexible polyimide (PI) substrate by using organic/inorganic hybrid gate dielectrics of poly-4vinyl phenol (PVP) and Al2O3. To improve the mechanical stability, Al2O3 has been used as a buffer layer on the flexible substrate. The Al2O3 layer of hybrid gate dielectrics protected the organic gate dielectric and improved mechanical flexibility. The different surface roughness of the gate dielectrics is investigated. The performance of the device with smooth surface roughness was significantly improved. Finally, the electrical characteristics of the TFTs with hybrid gate dielectrics were measured as well as the promising electrical endurance characteristics at the bending radius of 5 mm.

Field of study: Materials science
Keeping Peace or Spurring Violence? Unintended Effects of Peace Operations on Violence against Civilians

Are peace operations effective in managing violence against civilians in civil wars? I examine the short-term effects of peace operations on the intensity of violence against the civilian population in internal conflicts. Missions are often sent to ongoing conflicts, where the warring parties have not yet managed to settle their dispute through the use of military means. I propose three mechanisms through which the presence of a third party may increase the parties' incentives to target civilians. A quantitative assessment of all intrastate armed conflicts, 1989–2006, shows that while the presence of a peace operation does not have a clear effect on government violence, it is associated with higher levels of violence by rebel groups. Only UN peace operations with an explicit mandate to protect civilians significantly reduce violence against civilians by rebels.

Field of study: History, Sociology
Quantitative analysis of inflammatory cells in aortic atherosclerosis of young adults.

Cellular analysis of aortic atherosclerotic lesions has been pursued extensively in recent years, although most of these investigations have involved the detection of inflammatory cells in chronically diseased tissue or artificially induced atherosclerosis in an animal model. Few studies have attempted to quantify accurately, using computer analysis systems, the degree of cellular infiltration in a statistically significant number of samples, in tissue from young adults. In this study, segments of human aortae were collected at autopsy from 29 individuals ranging in age from 15 to 35 years. The tissue was embedded in paraffin and stained using routine histological and automated immunohistochemical staining techniques. The sections were evaluated using advanced image analysis techniques to investigate the differences in cellular composition and cell activation between the dorsal and ventral aspects of the human aorta and to correlate these findings to the age of the subjects. These regions have been previously shown to have a high (dorsal) and low (ventral) probability of developing sudanophilic lesions. Our data demonstrated that statistically different cell populations exist in the dorsal and ventral regions of each vessel. The dorsal aspect (i.e., high-probability region) had a greater number of HAM56(+) (36.9% increase,p = 0.0002) and HLA-DRα(+) cells (44.2% increase,p = 0.0035) than did the ventral surface (i.e., low-probability region), although there were no significant differences in the number of CD43(+) lymphocytes. When grouped according to age, results showed significant increases in the dorsal region when considering HAM56(+) and HLA-DRα(+) cells (p = 0033 and 0.046, respectively). Morphologically, a greater number of foam cell aggregates were found to occur in the dorsal region of the vessel than in the ventral portion. Our results indicate that the microarchitecture and cellular composition of the dorsal and ventral aorta are significantly different, with these variations becoming more marked with age.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Consumer handling of chilled foods: temperature performance.

Chilled foods are stored for periods of between a few hours and many days in domestic refrigerators. However, there are little published data on the temperature performance of domestic refrigerators within the home. A survey has been taken in 252 households in the UK and some of the results are presented in this paper. The refrigerators investigated in the survey were found to have an overall mean temperature of approximately 6°C, which ranged from 11.4 to −0.9°C. Temperature ranges over the whole refrigerator varied from 4.5 to 30.5°C with 3.7% of the total being warmer than 20°C. On average 29.9% of refrigerators operated below 5°C and 66.7% operated below 7°C. Few refrigerators (7.3%) ran, on average, above 9°C. No refrigerator characteristic (apart from type) could be related to temperatures or temperature distribution in the refrigerators investigated.

Field of study: Engineering
Multi-channel MAC Protocol in Cognitive Radio Networks

Since cognitive wireless network (CRN) has the characteristic of secondary use, it can enable the device to dynamically access available spectrum without interference to primary users (PUs), which can effectively alleviate contradiction between the lack of spectrum resources and the growing demand for wireless access. However, Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol as CRN core components, can achieve competition access of the licensed spectrum and coordination control, which will maximize spectrum utilization efficiency and network throughput. The contribution of this survey is threefold. First, we analyze the characteristics of the existed multi- channel MAC protocol in CRN; Second, according to the different ways of spectrum access in CRNs, the multi-channel MAC protocols are classified into time-slotted based MAC protocol, control channel based MAC protocol and hybrid MAC protocol, and the paper emphatically analyzed the advantages and disadvantages of these multi-channel MAC protocols; Finally, the paper explores the difficulties and the challenges of multi-channel MAC protocols design in cognitive wireless network.

Field of study: Computer science
Age-related differences in impulsivity among adolescent and adult Sprague-Dawley rats.

Adolescence is an ontogenetic period characterized by numerous hormonal, neural, and behavioral changes. In animal models, adolescents exhibit greater levels of novelty-seeking behavior and risk-taking relative to adults, behaviors associated in humans with increases in impulsivity and elevated propensities to engage in drug and alcohol seeking behaviors. The current series of experiments sought to explore possible age-related differences in impulsivity when indexed using delay discounting in adolescent (postnatal day [P] 25-27) and adult (P68-71) female (Experiment 1) and male (Experiment 2) Sprague-Dawley rats. In both experiments, adolescents exhibited significantly greater levels of impulsive-like behavior in this test relative to adults-even when data were adjusted to account for baseline differences in activity levels (i.e., general nose-poking behavior) across age. Taken together, these results extend to both sexes previous findings of adolescent-associated elevations in impulsivity observed among male mice using delay discounting, as well as among male rats using other procedures to index impulsivity. That these age differences were observed among both male and female rats suggests that impulsivity may be a pervasive feature of adolescence, and contributes to the expression of risky behaviors during this ontogenetic period.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Comment: Please May We Join the Veblen Club? - A Response to John Hall

We are grateful to John Hall (2011) for his review published in this journal of our book Darwin’s Conjecture (Hodgson and Knudsen 2010). Hall summarises our work in one paragraph, and then proceeds to raise issues without any direct reference, or quotation from, our book. The foundation of his critique, he admits, is “based on what appears absent.” He accuses us of “subtle efforts to omit Veblen‟s contribution.” He concludes that our book takes “social science thinking further and further away from its foundational Veblenian roots.” But he provides no evidence for this. In fact, we refer to Veblen on no less than twenty pages in our book. Hall claims that we raise Veblen and then his thinking is “glibly dropped.” In fact, our references to Veblen extend to later chapters of the book. Our bibliography cites several of Veblen‟s works, including three of his books.

Field of study: Economics
Geometry of laccolith margins: 2D and 3D models of the Late Paleozoic Halle Volcanic Complex (Germany)

Well data and core samples from the Late Paleozoic Halle Volcanic Complex (HVC) have been used to describe the geometry of the rhyolitic porphyritic laccoliths and their margins. The HVC formed between 301 and 292 Ma in the intramontane Saale basin, and it comprises mainly rhyolitic subvolcanic bodies (~300 km3) as well as minor lava flows and volcaniclastic deposits. The major HVC laccolith units display aspect ratios ranging between 0.04 and 0.07, and they are separated by tilted and deformed Carboniferous–Permian host sediments. For the margin of the Landsberg laccolith, a major coarsely porphyritic unit of the HVC, an exceptional data set of 63 wells concentrated in an area of 10 km2 reaching to depth of 710 m exists. It was used to explore the 3D geometry and textures, and to deduce an intrusion model. For a 3D visualization of the Landsberg laccolith margin, Geological Object Computer Aided Design; Paradigm® software (GOCAD) was used. Curve objects have been derived from the intrusion–host contacts. Automated GOCAD® methods for 3D modelling failed. As a result, manual refinement was essential. A major finding of the 3D modelling is the presence of prolate sediment rafts, up to 1,400 m in length and up to 500 m in thickness, surrounded by Landsberg rhyolite. The sedimentary rafts dip away from the laccolith centre. The engulfing laccolith sheets reach thickness of 100–300 m. For other HVC laccolith units (Löbejün, Petersberg, Brachstedt), well data reveal vertical rhyolite/sediment contacts or magma lobes fingering into the host sediments. HVC laccolith contact textures include small-scale shearing of the intruding magma and of the host sediment. In addition, internal shear zones have been detected inside the rhyolite bodies. The present study suggests that the emplacement of successive magma sheets was an important process during laccolith growth in the HVC.

Field of study: Environmental science
Proton-neutron interaction at N≅Z — First observation of the Tz=1 nucleus4694Pd48 in-beam

The neutron deficient nucleus94Pd was identified and studied for the first time by in-beam spectroscopy. An Iπ=(14+) isomer with t1/2=0.8 (2) μs was observed in a recoil catcher setup inside the multi-detector γ-array OSIRIS. Filter detectors for neutrons and charged particles were used to identify the (2p2n) exit channel of the reaction58Ni+40Ca, populated with only 0.06% of the total evaporation residue cross section. The structure of the isomer is discussed within the frame work of shell model calculations in the (p1/2,g9/2) model space with emphasis on the g92/2 T=0, I=1,9 ”pairing” two-body matrix elements.

Field of study: Physics
A simple nutrition screening tool for hemodialysis nurses.

To assess the reliability of a nurse-performed nutrition screening tool (NST) for hemodialysis (HD) patients to identify nutritionally at-risk patients.



Tool reliability assessment.



The setting was nine non-hospital private (n = 3) and public (n = 6) HD units in Australia (two rural and seven metropolitan). Participants were 112 HD patients.



A total of 112 HD patients (male = 65, female = 47) from 9 non-hospital HD units in Australia (seven metropolitan and two rural) were screened with the NST and the outcome of dietitian referral compared with Standard Dietitians Assessment. The mean age of patients was 57.6 years. Overall, the NST showed a sensitivity of 0.84 (range, 0.71 to 0.94; P < .05) and a specificity of 0.9 (range, 0.82 to 0.98; P < .05). The NST was more sensitive (sensitivity, 0.93 [range, 0.87 to 0.99; P < .05]) and was more specific for men (specificity, 0.92 [range, 0.85 to 0.99; P < .05]). Specificity was very strong in metropolitan patients (specificity, 0.94 [range, 0.87 to 1.01; P < .05]).



The tool was more sensitive and specific than the NST previously reported by the same investigators. The tool is particularly specific in that it screens those patients not requiring dietitian intervention. The use of this tool may benefit HD units that do not have on-site or regular dietetic support to prioritize patients needing dietitian intervention.

Field of study: Medicine
Physicochemical and microbiological evaluation of corrientes artisanal cheese during ripening

The aim of this study was to evaluate some physical and chemical parameters (total solids, pH, acidity, fat, acid degree value of fat, salt, protein and nitrogen fractions) and their effects on the beneficial (lactic acid bacteria: LAB) and undesirable microbial populations (coliforms, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, moulds, and yeast) during ripening of Artisanal Corrientes Cheese, an Argentinian cow’s milk variety, to determine whether a longer ripening period than usual improve its hygienic-sanitary quality. The protein content was much higher than that of other cow’s milk cheeses with similar values of fat. The larger peptides showed values three times higher in the 30 day-old cheese than those obtained in the beginning of the process. Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli were detected (3.04 ± 1.48 log 10 cfu/g of cheese, 2.21 ± 0.84 log 10 MPN/g of cheese) even at 15 and 30 days of ripening, respectively. The distribution of three hundred LAB strains classified to the genus level (lactococci:lactobacilli:leuconostocs) was maintained during the ripening period. The high number of LAB in rennet may have contributed to the fermentation as a natural whey starter, unknown source of LAB for this specific cheese so far. The physicochemical changes that occur during ripening were not big enough to inhibit the growth of undesirable microorganisms.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Perceptions and Metaperceptions of Leadership: Components, Accuracy, and Dispositional Correlates

This research examined the components of leadership perceptions and metaperceptions in mixed-sex, problem-solving groups. A social relations analysis indicated that leadership perceptions were highly consensual. Perceivers similarly differentiated targets' leadership using similar behavioral cues and observable characteristics. Approximately 91% of the variance in perceivers' consensual judgments of targets' leadership was explained by quantity of targets' speech, quality of ideas, and friendliness. Leadership perceptions correlated reliably with targets'selfperceptions on leadership and revealed target accuracy. Also, targets knew how perceivers, in general, judged their leadership, yielding evidence of accurate metaperception. Perceptions and metaperceptions were correlated zLith target gender and endorsement of stereotypic masculine andfeminine traits. These data were consistent with a social role model which assumes that differential gnder expectancies affect behavior, perceivers'judgments of targets, and targets' metaperceptions. The advantages of the componential approach to research on leadership perception were discussed.

Field of study: Psychology