nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Cipher chaining key re-synchronization in LPWAN IoT network using a deep learning approach

Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) technology enables low power consumption, long range wireless connectivity, and low cost for strengthening the business cases and achieved eminence as the preferred choice for IoT applications as well. Despite these advantages, they have critical limitations such as very restricted payload size and computation power which creates new challenges in their encryption methods including cipher chaining. A resynchronization mechanism is required in the cipher chaining methods, to sync the keys in case of receiving messages out of order due to events such as packet loss (which is very likely in LPWANs). Since current key resynchronization methods consume a part of the transmitting message, they are not applicable in LPWANs considering their very limited payload size. In this paper, a novel mechanism is proposed for key resynchronization using deep learning. The deep learning is used to learn the pattern of messages and recognize whether or not a message is decrypted corruptly. Then, this model is employed as a tool to identify correct key to decrypt messages. The proposed method enables two parties to keep track of their key sequence without having to add any overload to the payload. Various case studies are provided and simulated to exhibit the efficiency of the proposed method. The case studies proved the robustness of the method in different situations such as single and multiple events loss and different lossy networks. Case studies show up to 99.9% accuracy in key resynchronization with the proposed method after message loss.

Field of study: Computer science
Experimental and comparative study of gamma radiation effects on Si-IGBT and SiC-JFET

This paper deals with an experimental study and a comparative study of the effects of total ionising dose of 60 Co gamma radiation on Si-IGBT and SiC-JFET. The response of the threshold voltage and the turn-on switching parameters are reported for both devices. Charge trapping in the gate oxide causes the decrease of the threshold voltage for Si-IGBT. The decrease of this parameter combined with the behaviour of Miller plateau during irradiation results in a decrease of the collector current rise-time, the collector-emitter voltage fall-time, and the turn-on switching energy and in an increase of the peak of the turn-on switching power and of the turn-on overshoot collector current. No changes in these parameters are observed for SiC-JFETs up to 2900 Gy with a dose rate of 2.80 Gy/h. This indicates that those SiC-JFETs have extremely high radiation resistance with respect to the TID effects compared to the Si-IGBTs.

Field of study: Engineering
Effects of original antigenic sin on the immune response to inactivated influenza A virus subtype H5N1 vaccine

To investigate the effects of original antigenic sin caused by previous exposure to influenza A virus subtype H1N1 on the immune response to inactivated H5N1 vaccine. 
 
 
 
In this study, the BALB/c mice were first infected with A/PR8 (H1N1) virus or immunized with inactivated vaccine to induce immune responses against the A/PR8 virus. Then they were injected once with inactivated H5N1 vaccine at dosages of 0.01 μg, 0.1 μg and 1 μg, respectively. The levels of IgG and neutralizing antibodies in serum samples were detected after immunization. Four weeks after immunization, the mice were challenged with a lethal dose of H5N1 virus. Some indicators including the survival rate, body weight loss and residue virus titer in lung were recorded for further evaluation. 
 
 
 
The pre-existing anti-A/PR8 antibodies in mice didn′t alleviate the immune responses to inactivated H5N1 vaccine. 
 
 
 
This study indicates that the original antigenic sin associated with the previous exposure to A/PR8 virus has no significant effect on the immune efficacy of H5N1 vaccine. 
 
 
 
Influenza vaccine; Original antigenic sin; Influenza A virus subtype H5N1

Field of study: Biology
POST-BUCKLING ANALYSIS OF FGM BEAM SUBJECTED TO NON-CONSERVATIVE FORCES

Based on the large deformation theory of extensible elastic rod, nonlinear governing differential equations of removable simply supported functionally graded material (FGM) rod subjected to a uniformly distributed tangential follower force along the central axis are established. By using shooting method, the post-buckling behaviors of FGM rod made of metal and ceramic are analyzed. The post-buckling characteristics curves of FGM rod under the different graded index are plotted, and compared with the properties of metal and ceramic material rods. The influence of the length-to-height ratio of rectangular cross-section on the post-buckling behaviors of FGM rod is discussed.

Field of study: Engineering
Quantum regime of a plasma-wave-pumped free-electron laser in the presence of an axial magnetic field.

The quantum regime of a plasma-whistler-wave-pumped free-electron laser (FEL) in the presence of an axial-guide magnetic field is presented. By quantizing both the plasma whistler field and axial magnetic field, an N-particle three-dimensional Hamiltonian of quantum-FEL (QFEL) has been derived. Employing Heisenberg evolution equations and introducing a new collective operator which controls the vertical motion of electrons, a quantum dispersion relation of the plasma whistler wiggler has been obtained analytically. Numerical results indicate that, by increasing the intrinsic quantum momentum spread and/or increasing the axial magnetic field strength, the bunching and the radiation fields grow exponentially. In addition, a spiking behavior of the spectrum was observed with increasing cyclotron frequency which provides an enormous improvement in the coherence of QFEL radiation even in a limit close-to-classical regime, where an overlapping of these spikes is observed. Also, an upper limit of the intrinsic quantum momentum spread which depends on the value of the cyclotron frequency was found.

Field of study: Physics
The dimensions and topographic setting of Antarctic subglacial lakes and implications for large-scale water storage beneath continental ice sheets

Radio-echo sounding (RES) at 60 MHz has penetrated to the ice-sheet bed on about 400 000 km of flight track covering more than 50% of the 13.5 x 106 km2 Antarctic ice sheet. About 70 subglacial lakes have been identified by characteristic strong, mirror-like, and very flat RES reflectors. Most are located in the ice-sheet interior, where numerical modeling predicts basal melting, and 33% are within 100 km of the ice crest. Mean ice thickness above the lakes is about 3000 m. About 75% of lakes have radio-echo lengths of 30 km. The largest is Vostok Lake, which is 230 km long, 14 000 km2 in area, and has a water volume of about 2000 km3. More than 60% of lakes have maximum local bedrock elevations of <400 m and bed gradients of <0.1 adjacent to their margins. Extrapolating the observed side-slope topography implies water depths from tens to several hundred meters in a few cases. About 20 000 km2 of subglacial lakes are inferred from RES, which can be doubled for the entire ice sheet to yield an estimated total area of about 40 000 km2, excluding Vostok Lake. Assuming average lake depths between 50 and 250 m, and including the 2000 km3 of water stored within Vostok Lake, we calculate an envelope of about 4000 to 12 000 km3 for the likely volume of water stored in modern Antarctic subglacial lakes, equivalent to 10–35 mm of global sea-level rise. In these volume calculations it is assumed that no subglacial lakes the size of Lake Vostok remain to be discovered and that RES length measurements along single transects are representative of overall lake dimensions. Our estimates of the total water volume of Antarctic subglacial lakes, which may be a suitable analogue for full glacial Quaternary ice sheets, do not necessarily conflict with the possible significance of large meltwater floods during the deglaciation of former midlatitude ice sheets.

Field of study: Geology
[Mild cognitive impairment: what's next?]

The concept of mild cognitive impairment is one of the promising directions for studying the predementia stages of different diseases. The feasibility of studying this phenomenon is due not only to a high risk of dementia, but also the potential reversibility of cognitive decline in old age. Long-term follow-up of patients shows different trajectories of cognitive decline in aging. The study of risk factors for the progression of moderate cognitive impairment provided an opportunity to highlight new horizons of prevention of dementia of various etiologies. Despite the insufficient effectiveness of drug therapy in patients with moderate cognitive impairment, exploring the opportunities for possible treatment of their subtypes seems promising from the point of view of improving clinical symptoms and a possible reduction in the rate of disease progression.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Fast response microfiber-optic pH sensor based on a polyaniline sensing layer.

The microfiber-optic interferential sensor based on polyaniline (PANI) sensing layer is efficiently performed in pH detection. The refractive index changes of PANI film can be translated into a significant wavelength shift in the interferometric fringe. We demonstrate the feasibility of PANI attached to the fiber surface in studying the interface polymerization method. The sensing performances of an improved sensitivity in acid solution with -0.54nm/pH and alkaline solution with 0.28 nm/pH are systematically investigated. By taking advantage of its miniature size and mechanical flexibility, the microfiber interferential sensor might make a promising platform for pH measurement.

Field of study: Physics
The role and modulation of CCR6+ Th17 cell populations in rheumatoid arthritis.

The IL-17A producing T-helper-17 (Th17) cell population plays a major role in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) pathogenesis and has gained wide interest as treatment target. IL-17A expressing Th cells are characterized by the expression of the chemokine receptor CCR6 and the transcription factor RORC. In RA, CCR6+ Th cells were identified in peripheral blood, synovial fluid and inflamed synovial tissue. CCR6+ Th cells might drive the progression of an early inflammation towards a persistent arthritis. The CCR6+ Th cell population is heterogeneous and several subpopulations can be distinguished, including Th17, Th22, Th17.1 (also called non-classic Th1 cells), and unclassified or intermediate populations. Interestingly, some of these populations produce low levels of IL-17A but are still very pathogenic. Furthermore, the CCR6+ Th cells phenotype is unstable and plasticity exists between CCR6+ Th cells and T-regulatory (Treg) cells and within the CCR6+ Th cell subpopulations. In this review, characteristics of the different CCR6+ Th cell populations, their plasticity, and their potential impact on rheumatoid arthritis are discussed. Moreover, current approaches to target CCR6+ Th cells and future directions of research to find specific CCR6+ Th cell targets in the treatment of patients with RA and other CCR6+ Th cell mediated autoimmune diseases are highlighted.

Field of study: Medicine
Semiparametric Slepian-Bangs Formula for Complex Elliptically Symmetric Distributions.

This letter aims at deriving a Semiparametric Slepian-Bangs (SSB) formula for Complex Elliptically Symmetric (CES) distributed data vectors. The Semiparametric Cram\'{e}r-Rao Bound (SCRB), related to the proposed SSB formula, provides a lower bound on the Mean Square Error (MSE) of \textit{any} robust estimator of a parameter vector parameterizing the mean vector and the scatter matrix of the given CES-distributed vector in the presence of an unknown, nuisance, density generator.

Field of study: Engineering
Research and Application of Dual-NIC Soft Handoff Scheme in Subway Wireless System

Mobile Mode performs a handoff whenever it moves out of the range of one access point and tries to connect to another one.The delay and losing packets caused by handoff process affect the network QoS.Taking subway wireless communication system as an application scenario,MN was settled double wireless NICs,which are controlled work together to complete data transmission and handoff.The result shows that this scheme can decrease the scan delay effectively,and the packet loss rate can reduced to zero in specific environment,and the extra delay to the network is tolerable.This handoff scheme has been applied to the pre-research project of subway signal systems.

Field of study: Computer science
Exploring Constraints and policy guidelines of Eco-friendly Jute Micro-Enterprises Development in Bangladesh

The study investigates the obstacles face by eco-friendly jute micro-enterprises in Bangladesh. The principal source for collecting data was the face to face survey during February to June 2015. Moreover, a few qualitative interviews were also conducted. The data was collected from 150 jute micro-enterprises located in Dhaka, Norsingdi, Tangail and Rangpur. A principal component analysis approach was used to rank the highest and lowest obstacles factor for doing business in jute micro-enterprises of Bangladesh. Among major obstacles, Human Resource related constraints was ranked highest constrains which items are included such as lack of skilled workers, high labor cost and no appropriate training facilities. In addition, the second highest ranked obstacles were labeled as Financial and resource Constraints. Second component consists of six items such as lack of loan facilities, lack of availability of capital; lack of raw materials, lack of quality fabrics, high price of raw materials, and long process of loan approval. The other obstacles respectively determined by the principal component analysis included “third constraints is labeled as physical resource constraints (utility shortages , lack of supporting factories), fourth is labeled as marketing and policy inputs constraints (lack of foreign customers, lack of incentives for jute diversified products, lack of market information, modern equipments, research and development facilities. Besides from the qualitative study it is found that corruption and long process in getting benefits from government offices incentives and other benefits, Lack of raw materials bank (RMB) in the districts level, High fees in national and local trade fair (Bengali: Mela), lack of training program on diversified designs, lack of knowledge on eco-compliance which also causes of slow growth. Research concludes that the findings of the study will have practical implications for policies makers to overcome major obstacles for the environmental friendly jute microenterprises development in Bangladesh.

Field of study: Business
Pulling the threads together: habitat diversity

The dependence of fungi on host and habitat is emphasized and the reticulate pattern of the interactions explored. Habitat diversity, often defined by the vascular plant element, vertebrate and invertebrate associations, and non-phanerogamic mutualisms are considered. The role of man especially in changes in habitat availability is stressed. Infraspecific variability is mentioned. The diversity of habitats is as much a part of the Rio Convention as molecular, cellular and organismal variation.

Field of study: Environmental science
Inheritance of spatial learning ability in inbred mice: a classical genetic analysis.

The inheritance of spatial learning ability in inbred mice was examined by performance of a classical genetic cross between the 2 inbred strains C57BL/6Ibg and DBA/2Ibg. The inbreds were crossed to produce the 1st filial generation (F1) hybrids. F1 mice were bred to each other and were backcrossed to the parental strains to produce 3 hybrid generations with recombinant genotypes. The animals were tested for spatial learning ability in the Morris water task. All hybrid generations showed greater spatial learning ability than the inbreds, with F1 hybrids showing the greatest degree of spatial learning. The inheritance pattern for spatial learning differed between male and female mice, with males showing a type of inheritance in which dominant genes made the major contribution to the expression of the behavior. Females showed equal contributions of dominance deviation and additive genetic effects. The results are discussed in terms of fitness value to the animals.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
o-Phthalaldehyde as a probe in the active site of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase.

Modification of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase with o-phthalaldehyde (OPA) resulted in rapid and irreversible inactivation exhibiting biphasic reaction kinetics. The kinetic analysis and correlation of spectral changes with activity indicated that inactivation by OPA results from the modification of two lysine and two cysteine residues per subunit of the enzyme. PEP plus Mg2+ offered substantial protection against modification. Some of the effectors also gave appreciable protection against modification indicating that the residues may be located at or close to the active site. Thus, the results indicate formation of two isoindoles showing the proximity of the essential lysine and cysteine residues at the active site.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Physics
Laser Simulation of single event effects in pulse width Modulators

Laser testing assists in identifying the sources of pulse width modulator (PWM) single event effect (SEE) sensitivity and reveals new details of PWM SEE behavior, such as enhanced sensitivity during output switching and delayed onset of latch-up near the single-event latch-up threshold. In combination with analysis to map PWM circuitry in the microchip dies, laser SEE test results provide insights into the mechanisms of the SEE events.

Field of study: Physics
Paleozoic and Mesozoic high-pressure metamorphism at the margin of ancestral North America in central Yukon

Eclogite and blueschist in the Yukon-Tanana and Slide Mountain terranes in the Yukon and Alaska preserve a partial record of middle Paleozoic, late Paleozoic, and early Mesozoic subduction and subsequent unroofing. Near Faro, eclogites are commonly mylonitized and partially retrogressed. The analysis of Fe-Mg exchange between garnet and clinopyroxene suggests temperatures ( T ) in the 400–500 °C range for eclogite, and jadeite (∼40 mol%) + quartz suggest minimum pressures ( P ) of 11–13 kilobar at that temperature range; clinopyroxene-garnet-epidote-quartz suggest pressure near 15 kilobar ( P H 2 O = P S ). Eclogite near Last Peak, which contains brown hornblende, late-stage oligoclase, and biotite, yielded P-T estimates up to 625 °C at a minimum pressure of 14 kilobar. Eclogite near Ross River yielded temperatures near 525 °C and a minimum pressure near 13 kilobar. The previously proposed Permian-Triassic age of high-pressure tectonism for the entire Yukon-Tanana terrane in the Yukon was inferred from isotopic dating of one eclogite and one blueschist in separate localities. In this study, isotopic 40 Ar/ 39 Ar analysis of white mica from eclogite in the Simpson range yielded a date of 344 ± 1 Ma. Eclogite and blueschist from Ross River yielded white mica 40 Ar/ 39 Ar dates of 267 ± 3 Ma and 273 ± 3 Ma, respectively. White mica in eclogite from Faro was dated at 260 ± 3 Ma. White mica in two eclogites from Stewart Lake, about 2 km apart, yielded 40 Ar/ 39 Ar dates of 228 ± 1 Ma and 346 ± 3 Ma. White mica in Last Peak eclogite, for which a concordant U-Pb zircon date is 269 Ma, yielded an integrated date of 236 ± 1 Ma. Overprinting in the blueschist facies and final cooling in some localities predated eclogite metamorphism in others. The cooling ages indicate significant plate convergence as early as Carboniferous time and either the existence of more than one subduction zone or continuous convergence and episodic exhumation above a single zone. When this is considered together with the range of ages of other high-pressure occurrences, the North American Cordillera is seen to be characterized by multiepisodic and diachronous high-pressure metamorphism.

Field of study: Geology
The necessity and feasibility to open a course in sitting Taijiquan in college sports fitness curriculum.

While the course opening rate of college sports fitness curriculum in China is not so ideal, it is also difficult for the teaching contents of the courses opened to meet the needs of as many fitness course taking students as possible, therefore, sitting Taijiquan has a good chance to enter into college sports fitness curriculum. The opening of a course in sitting Taijiquan as an emerging sport in college sports fitness curriculum has more extensive applications, and the significance to ensuring the physical and mental development of fitness course taking students as well as carrying on and forward traditional Chinese culture. Such characteristics of sitting Taijiquan as easy to learn and low requirements for time and space, as well as rich theoretical connotations of Taijiquan itself and universities' existing advantages such as Taijiquan teachers etc, have determined that the opening of a course in sitting Taijiquan in college sports fitness curriculum is extremely feasible. In order to promote the opening and popularizing of sitting Taijiquan in college sports fitness curriculum, we should henceforward strengthen sitting Taijiquan textbook system construction, teacher training and scientific research, and focus on "mental exercise" teaching.

Field of study: Education
The action of certain antibiotics on mitochondrial, erythrocyte and artificial phospholipid membranes. The role of induced proton permeability.

1. The action of the antibiotics enniatin A, valinomycin, the actin homologues, gramicidin, nigericin and dianemycin on mitochondria, erythrocytes and smectic mesophases of lecithin-dicetyl hydrogen phosphate was studied. 2. These antibiotics induced permeability to alkali-metal cations on all three membrane systems. 3. The ion specificity on each membrane system was the same. 4. Enniatin A, valinomycin and the actins did not induce permeability to protons, whereas nigericin and dianemycin rendered all three membrane systems freely permeable to protons. 5. Several differences were noted between permeability induced by nigericin and that induced by gramicidin. 6. The action of all these antibiotics on mitochondrial respiration could be accounted for by changes in passive ion permeability of the mitochondrial membrane similar to those induced in erythrocytes and phospholipid membranes, if it is assumed that a membrane potential is present in respiring mitochondria.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
FAMILIES OF PLAUSIBLE SOLUTIONS TO THE PUZZLE OF BOYAJIAN’S STAR

Good explanations for the unusual light curve of Boyajian's Star have been hard to find. Recent results by Montet & Simon lend strength and plausibility to the conclusion of Schaefer that in addition to short-term dimmings, the star also experiences large, secular decreases in brightness on decadal timescales. This, combined with a lack of long-wavelength excess in the star's spectral energy distribution, strongly constrains scenarios involving circumstellar material, including hypotheses invoking a spherical cloud of artifacts. We show that the timings of the deepest dimmings appear consistent with being randomly distributed, and that the star's reddening and narrow sodium absorption is consistent with the total, long-term dimming observed. Following Montet & Simon's encouragement to generate alternative hypotheses, we attempt to circumscribe the space of possible explanations with a range of plausibilities, including: a cloud in the outer solar system, structure in the interstellar medium (ISM), natural and artificial material orbiting Boyajian's Star, an intervening object with a large disk, and variations in Boyajian's Star itself. We find the ISM and intervening disk models more plausible than the other natural models.

Field of study: Physics