nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
SHADOZ—A TROPICAL OZONESONDE–RADIOSONDE NETWORK FOR THE ATMOSPHERIC COMMUNITY

This article describes the Southern Hemisphere Additional Ozonesondes (SHADOZ) network of ozonesonde-radiosonde stations in the southern Tropics and subtropics. SHADOZ was initiated in 1998 by NASA, NOAA, and a team of international meteorological services and space agencies to remedy a paucity of ozone profile data in a region of intense natural variability and anthropogenic change. SHADOZ augments launches at selected sites and provides a public archive of ozonesonde and radiosonde data (see additional information online at http://croc.gsfc.nasa.gov/shadoz). Ozone is important because of its role as an atmospheric UV shield, surface pollutant, oxidant, and greenhouse gas. Ozone profile data are essential for the detection of ozone trends and for verification of satellite ozone retrievals. Instrumentation, data, and a summary of the first scientific findings from SHADOZ are presented. A zonal view shows that troposphere ozone accumulates over the south tropical Atlantic and adjacent continents throughout...

Field of study: Environmental science
Designing Industrial Networks Using Ecological Food Web Metrics.

Biologically Inspired Design (biomimicry) and Industrial Ecology both look to natural systems to enhance the sustainability and performance of engineered products, systems and industries. Bioinspired design (BID) traditionally has focused on a unit operation and single product level. In contrast, this paper describes how principles of network organization derived from analysis of ecosystem properties can be applied to industrial system networks. Specifically, this paper examines the applicability of particular food web matrix properties as design rules for economically and biologically sustainable industrial networks, using an optimization model developed for a carpet recycling network. Carpet recycling network designs based on traditional cost and emissions based optimization are compared to designs obtained using optimizations based solely on ecological food web metrics. The analysis suggests that networks optimized using food web metrics also were superior from a traditional cost and emissions perspective; correlations between optimization using ecological metrics and traditional optimization ranged generally from 0.70 to 0.96, with flow-based metrics being superior to structural parameters. Four structural food parameters provided correlations nearly the same as that obtained using all structural parameters, but individual structural parameters provided much less satisfactory correlations. The analysis indicates that bioinspired design principles from ecosystems can lead to both environmentally and economically sustainable industrial resource networks, and represent guidelines for designing sustainable industry networks.

Field of study: Environmental science
Kinetics of production and characterization of the fucose-containing exopolysaccharide from Enterobacter A47.

A fucose-containing exopolysaccharide (EPS) was produced by the bacterium Enterobacter A47 using glycerol byproduct from the biodiesel industry. The analysis of kinetic data suggested a partially growth associated EPS synthesis model. Although the EPS was composed of fucose, galactose and glucose at all cultivation stages, their relative proportion has varied considerably during the run. At the beginning (24h), glucose was the main component (82.4 wt.%), being fucose and galactose minor components (5.0 wt.% and 10.9 wt.%, respectively), while at the end (96 h) it was composed of 26.0 wt.% fucose, 28.9 wt.% galactose and 43.7 wt.% glucose. The acyl groups content and composition have also changed, reaching their maximum content (19.2wt.%) at the end of the run. Moreover, the molecular weight has increased linearly during the run (from 8×10(5) to 5×10(6)). The changes observed in EPS composition and molecular weight have also had an impact upon the polymer's intrinsic viscosity, as shown by its linear increase from 3.95 to 10.72 dL g(-1). The results suggest that the culture might have synthesized at least two distinct EPS, with different sugar composition and average molecular weight, which predominated at different cultivation stages.

Field of study: Biology, Engineering
EVERYTHING THAT RISES MUST CONVERGE

THE CUETO FAMILY HAS JUGGLED THE ASSETS OF LANCHILE TO BUILD LATIN AMERICA'S THIRD-LARGEST AIRLINE GROUP: DOUG CAMERON REPORTS FROM SANTIAGO ON THE CARRIER'S UNCOMPROMISING STAND WITH THE FINANCIAL COMMUNITY WHICH HAS ALLOWED LANCHILE TO MOVE BACK TO PROFIT AND BUILD UP ITS ALLIANCE FAMILY AFTER DITCHING IBERIA.

Field of study: Business
Das Verhalten von Oxazolinonen‐(5) und Thiazolinonen‐(5) gegen N‐Phenyl‐hydroxylamin und Phenylhydrazin

Die 2-Phenyl-4-alkyliden-oxazolinone-(5) 1a–f reagieren mit N-Phenyl-hydroxylamin wahrscheinlich zu den 1.2.5-Oxadiazinonen-(3) 5a–f. Deren exocyclische Doppelbindung addiert aromatische Mercaptane und Amine zu 10 und 11. 2-Phenyl-4-benzyliden-thiazolinon-(5) (12a) reagiert mit N-Phenyl-hydroxylamin unter Ringoffnung zu 13a. – 1a bildet mit Phenylhydrazin in Alkohol das Phenylhydrazid 14b, in Eisessig das Imidazolinon 17a. 12a reagiert mit Phenylhydrazin unter Spaltung der exocyclischen Doppelbindung und des Hetero-Ringes. Es entsteht das Phenylhydrazon des Benzaldehyds und das Phenylhydrazid von N-Thiobenzoyl-glycin (19a). Die IR-Spektren bestatigen die Struktur der Verbindungen.

Field of study: Chemistry
Application of an Improved Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm in QoS Anycast Routing

QoS anycast routing problem is a nonlinear combination optimization problem,which is proved to be a NP complete problem. Based on improved particle swarm optimization algorithm,a QoS anycast routing algorithm is proposed. This algorithm uses a special add operator to make the worst path learning from the better path in order to approach to global optimal path. To guarantee the diversity of particles and increase the algorithm's ability to skip out of local optimal solution quickly,a random mutation operator is designed to mutate global optima randomly. The experimental results illustrate that the algorithm is feasible and effective,and it can satisfy the need of the user for bandwidth and delay on the basic of resource reservation.

Field of study: Computer science
Preliminary verification for application of a support vector machine-based cloud detection method to GOSAT-2 CAI-2

The Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite (GOSAT) was launched in 2009 to measure global atmospheric CO 2 and CH 4 concentrations. GOSAT is equipped with two sensors: the thermal and near-infrared sensor for carbon observation (TANSO)-Fourier transform spectrometer (FTS) and TANSO-cloud and aerosol imager (CAI). The presence of clouds in the instantaneous field of view of the FTS leads to incorrect estimates of the concentrations. Thus, the FTS data suspected to have cloud contamination must be identified by a CAI cloud discrimination algorithm and rejected. Conversely, overestimating clouds reduces the amount of FTS data that can be used to estimate greenhouse gases concentrations. This is a serious problem in tropical rainforest regions, such as the Amazon, where the amount of useable FTS data is small because of cloud cover. Preparations are continuing for the launch of the GOSAT-2 in fiscal year 2018. To improve the accuracy of the estimates of greenhouse gases concentrations, we need to refine the existing CAI cloud discrimination algorithm: Cloud and Aerosol Unbiased Decision Intellectual Algorithm (CLAUDIA1). A new cloud discrimination algorithm using a support vector machine (CLAUDIA3) was developed and presented in another paper. Visual inspection can use the locally optimized standards for judging, although CLAUDIA1 and CLAUDIA3 use common thresholds all over the world. Thus, the accuracy of visual inspection is better than that of these algorithms in most regions, with the exception of snow and ice covered surfaces, where there is not enough spectral contrast to distinguish cloud. For the reason visual inspection can be used for the truth metric for the verification exercise. In this study, we compared between CLAUDIA1-CAI and CLAUDIA3-CAI for various land cover types, and evaluated the accuracy of CLAUDIA3-CAI by comparing the both of CLAUDIA1-CAI and CLAUDIA3-CAI against visual inspection of the same CAI images in tropical rainforests. Comparative results between CLAUDIA1-CAI and CLAUDIA3-CAI for various land cover types indicated that CLAUDIA3-CAI had tendency to identify bright surface and optically thin clouds, however, misjudge the edges of clouds as compared with CLAUDIA1-CAI. The accuracy of CLAUDIA3-CAI was approximately 89.5 % in tropical rainforests, which is greater than that of CLAUDIA1-CAI (85.9 %) for the test cases presented here.

Field of study: Environmental science
A new neutron-deficient isotope, 235Am

The new transuranium neutron-deficient isotope 235Am was produced by bombarding of 238Pu with 35-MeV protons beam via the (p,4n) reaction. The reaction products were transported by a helium-jet system. A rapid radiochemical method was employed for separating the americium isotopes from the complex products. From the observed Kx-rays of Np, γ-ray of 235Pu and x-γ coincidence measurements, the new neutron-deficient isotope 235Am with a half-life 15±5min was definitely identified for the first time.

Field of study: Physics
Antifibrotic effects of matrine on in vitro and in vivo models of liver fibrosis in rats.

To study the antifibrotic effects of matrine in vitro a nd in vivo.



Rat hepatic stellate cell HSC-T6 and mouse fibroblast cell NIH3T3 proliferation stimulated with serum and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) was measured b y crystal violet staining assay. Collagen synthesis stimulated with serum and transforming growth factor beta1 (TGF-beta1) was determined by [3H]proline incorporation. Liver fibrosis was induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) in rats an d evaluated with plasma hyaluranic acid level and hepatic hydroxyproline content.



Matrine (1-2 mmol/L) markedly reduced serum-driven proliferation and collagen synthesis of HSC-T6 cells as well as NIH3T3 cells. PDGF-driven proliferative activity and TGF-beta1-driven collagen synthesis in HSC-T6 cel ls were attenuated by matrine (0.25-2 mmol/L) in a concentration-dependent manner. In vivo matrine (50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg) significantly decreased serum hyaluranic acid levels and hepatic hydroxyproline contents in rats treated with CCl4.



Inhibition of PDGF and TGF-beta1 actions on hepatic stellate cell by matrine might provide a possible mechanism of its antifibrotic activities.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Sympathy and Positional Faithfulness

It has been observed in the literature that certain positions and segment types - which may be considered perceptually prominent - are more resistant to phonological changes, compared to less prominent counterparts. For instance, prevocalic consonants are rarely targeted in place assimilation, compared to preconsonantal ones. For a formal analysis of such asymmetries within the framework of Optimality Theory, Positional Faithfulness has been invoked as a main mechanism. In the present study, based on the discussion of consonant deletion typology, I will first show that the perceptibility differences motivating the projection of Positional Faithfulness constraints cannot be captured in the standard Positional Faithfulness approach, regardless of whether the constraints refer to the output or input. I will then propose an alternative approach based on the one adopting the formal mechanism of Sympathy Theory (McCarthy 1998, 1999).

Field of study: Linguistics
Microcrystalline Cellulose from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches as Filler in Polylactic Acid

Acid hydrolysis method was used to isolate microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) from oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB) total chlorine free bleached pulp. The derived MCC was incorporated into polylactic acid (PLA) using solution casting technique in order to produce PLA/MCC composites. The chemical structure of the cellulose fragments remains unaltered as demonstrated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy despite acid hydrolysis. X-ray diffraction showed that the MCC has a cellulose I polymorph with 87% crystallinity index. The addition of MCC into PLA enhanced not only the thermal stability but also the Young's modulus of the PLA/MCC composites by approximately 30% at 5 phr MCC contents compared to pure PLA. However a decrease in tensile strength and elongation at break of the PLA/MCC composites were observed due to the poor dispersion of MCC in the PLA matrix

Field of study: Materials science
[Clinical features of post stroke apathy].

An aim of the study was to evaluate clinical features and risk factors of post stroke apathy. The study included 209 patients with first-time stroke. Assessments of neurological and mental status were carried out on the 1st, 7th day, after 2 weeks, 1 month, 3, 6 and 12 months after stroke. The frequency of apathy was 28.2%. Three types of apathy were singled out: classical, depressive, and combined. Apathy was significantly associated with the older age of patients, right-sided brain lesion and worst recovery of neurological deficit. Patients with depressive apathy were significantly older than patients without apathy, classic apathy was more common in men, and depressive apathy - in women. Depressive apathy was significantly associated with small lesions, while classic or combined apathy was significantly associated with the average volume of lesions.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Sorption kinetics of ofloxacin in soils and mineral particles.

The environmental behavior of antibiotics is not well known and the precise environmental risk assessment is not practical. This study investigated the sorption kinetics of ofloxacin, a widely used antibiotics, on soil particles with different organic carbon contents as well as soil components (a humic acid, ferric oxide and kaolinite). Two-compartment sorption kinetics were mathematically recognized (except ferric oxide because of its very fast sorption). The apparent sorption rate and the contribution of fast sorption compartment decreased with the increased organic carbon content with the exception of humic acid, suggesting that the slow sorption sites were partially located in organo-mineral complex. The OFL concentration-dependent sorption kinetics suggested that the slow sorption compartment was not controlled by diffusion process as indicated by slower sorption at higher OFL loading. The difference between OFL sorption kinetics and those of hydrophobic organic contaminants was discussed and possible mechanism of OFL two-compartment sorption was proposed.

Field of study: Environmental science
A Study on the Machinability of Steels and Alloys to Develop Recommendations for Setting Tool Performance Characteristics and Belt Grinding Modes

This article presents a methodology for designing belt grinding operations with grinding and lapping machines. It provides the results of a study on the machinability of various steels and alloys with belt grinding, which are then classified according to an indicator that we have developed. Namely, cast aluminum alloys, structural alloy steels, structural carbon steels, corrosion-resistant and heat-resistant stainless steels, and heat-resistant nickel alloys have been investigated. The machinability index is the ratio of the performance indicators of the grinding belt and the depth of cut to the indicators of grade 45 structural carbon steels (similar to steel AISI 1045) and similar steels and alloys. The performance indicators of the grinding belt are chosen from a set of calculated and estimated indicators. Experimentally determining the dependences of the performance indicators on the belt grinding modes and conditions, taking into account the established levels of machinability, allowed us to develop recommendations for designing belt grinding operations with grinding and lapping machines. The proposed methodology for designing belt grinding operations guarantees optimal performance and ensures that the necessary quality of the machinable surfaces is achieved. At the same time, it takes into account variable machining conditions, which change within specified limits.

Field of study: Materials science
Stereochemical aspects of flavour biogeneration through baker's yeast mediated reduction of carbonyl-activated double bonds

The baker's yeast mediated reduction of the unsaturated carbonyl compounds 4, 5 and 6 has been studied in the context of the generation of the natural forms of the flavour materials 1, 2 and 3. The stereochemical aspects of these processes and of those regarding the reduction of the structurally related enones 18, 19, 3, 31 and 32 have been elucidated also by means of deuterium labelling experiments. Among the 6.000 chemically defined molecules identified up to now in trace amounts in food, whose function is aromatic rather than nutritional, nearly 1.OOO are used by industry in formulations. About 85% of the industrially needed flavour materials are obtained by chemical synthesis, whereas the reminder are mainly obtained by extractive manipulation of plant materials or by fermentation. Recently there has been legislative discrimination (1) between chemically identical food constituents of synthetic origin and those derived from natural sources. It has, therefore, become desirable to produce quantities of these flavour agents required from the food flavour industry and not available by extraction through enzymolysis (1) of natural products, using either isolated enzymes or whole cells.(2) Increased value is indeed added upon the aroma components produced through these means, because they can be labelled 'natural' thus receiving consumer preferences. This circumstance offered new challenging possibilities of application of enzymes in organic synthesis. There is, however, a peculiarity which makes this research more stimulating. At variance with usual organic transformations, where enzymes can be used as alternative to well established a-biological techniques, in the production of 'natural' flavours from natural precursors the involvement of enzymes becomes compulsory. Moreover, a major problem faced in this field concerns the steric outcome of the transformations, due to the dependence of the sensory response of chiral flavours materials from the enantiomeric composition. Since our interest concerned principally the mode of formation of C-6--C-12 y and 6lactones(3) we planned the biogeneration of 6-decanolide 1 and y-nonanolide 2, two compounds of key importance in fruit aroma formulations occurring in Nature in trace amounts in many fruits, and of 4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-butan-2-one (raspberry ketone) 3, the impact flavour of raspberry fruit,(4) from the corresponding unsaturated compounds 4, 5 and 6, respectively, by means of baker's yeast mediated saturation of the carbonylactivated double bond. Indeed, the unsaturated lactones 4 and 5 are obtained by extraction from Cryptocuriu massoiu(5) and from Dipteryx odorutu Willd.

Field of study: Chemistry
The late Neogene Sahabi rivers of the Sahara and the hamadas of the eastern Libya–Chad border area

This paper contributes to the concept that during the late Tortonian, Messinian and early Pliocene ( c. 7.5–4.6 Ma) in addition to the Nile the Sahabi rivers also crossed the Sahara, having originated from tropical Neogene Lake Chad. Examination of two hamadas lying just to the north of the Libya–Chad border using Landsat images and SRTM topographic data enables one of them, Hamada Ibn Battutah West, to be recognised as an uplifted palaeosurface which preserves late Miocene/early Pliocene fluvial activity. This surface is referred to as the Yangara Palaeosurface. Of particular interest on the hamada are two long ( c. 50 km), wide ( c. 4 km) channels, a 50 km 2 relic landscape and a short well defined 5 km channel about 1 km wide. The location of Hamada Ibn Battutah West is significant because the hamada provides evidence of extensive fluvial activity part way between the place of origin of the Sahabi rivers and their preserved record at the Gulf of Sirt. The Yangara Palaeosurface is considered to extend southwards to the adjacent hamada in northeastern Chad. The total palaeosurface extends 165 km in an approximate north–south direction and averages 45 km in width. It lies in the central part of an area of complex post-Miocene uplift involving four hamadas at the Libya–Chad border.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Comparison of quantitative Y-90 SPECT and non-time-of-flight PET imaging in post-therapy radioembolization of liver cancer.

Radioembolization with yttrium-90 microspheres may be optimized with patient-specific pretherapy treatment planning. Dose verification and validation of treatment planning methods require quantitative imaging of the post-therapy distribution of yttrium-90 (Y-90). Methods for quantitative imaging of Y-90 using both bremsstrahlung SPECT and PET have previously been described. The purpose of this study was to compare the two modalities quantitatively in humans.



Calibration correction factors for both quantitative Y-90 bremsstrahlung SPECT and a non-time-of-flight PET system without compensation for prompt coincidences were developed by imaging three phantoms. The consistency of these calibration correction factors for the different phantoms was evaluated. Post-therapy images from both modalities were obtained from 15 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma who underwent hepatic radioembolization using Y-90 glass microspheres. Quantitative SPECT and PET images were rigidly registered and the total liver activities and activity distributions estimated for each modality were compared. The activity distributions were compared using profiles, voxel-by-voxel correlation and Bland-Altman analyses, and activity-volume histograms.



The mean ± standard deviation of difference in the total activity in the liver between the two modalities was 0% ± 9% (range -21%-18%). Voxel-by-voxel comparisons showed a good agreement in regions corresponding roughly to treated tumor and treated normal liver; the agreement was poorer in regions with low or no expected activity, where PET appeared to overestimate the activity. The correlation coefficients between intrahepatic voxel pairs for the two modalities ranged from 0.86 to 0.94. Cumulative activity volume histograms were in good agreement.



These data indicate that, with appropriate reconstruction methods and measured calibration correction factors, either Y-90 SPECT/CT or Y-90 PET/CT can be used for quantitative post-therapy monitoring of Y-90 activity distribution following hepatic radioembolization.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Time-resolved precessional dynamics of arrays of nanomagnets with varying areal density

We present the experimental study of precessional dynamics in planar arrays of magnetostatically coupled square Ni81Fe19 (permalloy) elements with systematically varying areal density by an all-optical time-resolved magneto-optical Kerr effect measurement. The observation is interpreted with the aid of micromagnetic simulations. The dynamics shows a single uniform collective mode at very high areal density, which broadens and splits up into a number of non-uniform modes with the reduction of areal density. At very low density the collective dynamics disappears and modes of the individual elements become dominant. The observations are important for applications of arrays of nanomagnets in patterned magnetic media and magnonic crystals.

Field of study: Physics