nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Physiochemical characteristics and formation mechanism of inhalable particulate matter in coal combustion process

By using low pressure impactor, fly ash was sampled at the inlet and outlet of ESP in 50 MW and 100 MW utility boilers separately. The composition, mass size distribution and microstructure of fly ash were measured by using X-ray fluorescence, 0.001 mg precision microbalance and scanning electron microscope (SEM). A similar bimodal distribution of PM10 was obtained in both boilers studied, the small and large modes were formed at 0.1 μm and 4 μm, respectively. The chemical composition of the size-segregated ash showed that the ash particles smaller than 0.377 μm were formed via nucleation of vaporized ash components, and the primary chemical components were the oxides and sulfates of alkali metal and alkali earth metal in submicron-size ash. The microstructure measurements showed that the supermicron-size ash was formed by coagulation and coalescence of the submicron-size ash, and fragmentation and coalescence of mineral matter. Refractory oxides were the major composition of supermicron-size ash.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Do not forget to include testicular torsion in differential diagnosis of lower acute abdominal pain in young males.

Management and outcomes of pediatric patients with testicular torsion initially presenting as acute abdominal pain were evaluated.



The case records of 84 children operated on for testicular torsion from January 1999 through May 2012 were retrospectively reviewed. Of the total number of operated patients, 9 presented with abdominal pain but without initial scrotal pain, and only they were included in the study. The diagnosis of testicular torsion was made clinically and confirmed by Doppler ultrasound and scrotal exploration.



The most common presenting symptoms were abdominal pain and vomiting. The patient's scrotum and testicles were not examined during the first evaluation in 6 cases, while in 3 cases the testicles were examined during the first physical examination. At surgery, 4 testes were salvaged, while 5 have been lost because of testicular necrosis. The mean duration of symptoms was 4 h in the group of salvaged testes and 39 h in the orchidectomy group. There were no major complications.



Testicular torsion should always be included in differential diagnosis when evaluating lower abdominal pain in young males. The external genital organs should be examined in every child or adolescent with acute abdominal pain.

Field of study: Medicine
LATE HOLOCENE TEMPERATURE DEPRESSION IN THE VENEZUELAN ANDES: PALYNOLOGICAL EVIDENCE

Pollen analysis of a peat bog at 4080 m elevation from the Paramo de Peidras Blancas has provided information on the climatic history of the last 1300 years. Before 1230 ± 80 14C yr B.P. until ca. 940 yr B.P. (Phase I) the palynomorph assemblage indicates a climate similar to the present day but the site was drier than today. From 900 to 740 yr B.P. (Phase II) temperature and humidity increased. From 700 to 380 yr B.P. (Phase III) there is a decrease in the abundance of all pollen grains and pteridophyte spores, besides the absence of arboreal pollen, indicating a retreat of the forest to lower elevations, and a very spores, besides the absence of arboreal pollen, indicating a retreat of site during this phase, and the climate was very cold. The pollen assemblage from 340 yr B.P. onwards (Phase IV) suggests an increase of humidity and probably a gradual rise of temperature. Correlation of this section with another peat core at a lower elevation in the same mountains is made. In general terms, the climate oscillations detected at Piedras Blancas find agreement in other parts of the world.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
The Will of Nuño de Guzmán; President, Governor and Captain General of New Spain and the Province of Pánuco, 1558

For several years the life and times of Nuno Beltran de Guzman has occupied my scholarly interests. On two occasions I have carried out extended periods of research in Spanish archives. In the notary archive of Valladolid I spent three weeks in a fruitless search for Guzman's will. I reluctantly concluded that the document was not where it ought to be and accepted the likelihood that it would never be found—if indeed it was extant. I was therefore astonised to see the will advertised in 1973 as an item for sale in Catalogue No. 490 of the firm of Hellmut Schumann AG (Zurich, Switzerland). The asking price was an astronomical 11,000 Swiss Francs for eighteen folios. At that time the equivalent value in U. S. dollars was nearly $4,000.00.

Field of study: History
A Framework for Practical Universally Composable Zero-Knowledge Protocols

Zero-knowledge proofs of knowledge (ZK-PoK) for discrete logarithms and related problems are indispensable for practical cryptographic protocols. Recently, Camenisch, Kiayias, and Yung provided a specification language (the CKY-language) for such protocols which allows for a modular design and protocol analysis: for every zero-knowledge proof specified in this language, protocol designers are ensured that there exists an efficient protocol which indeed proves the specified statement. 
 
However, the protocols resulting from their compilation techniques only satisfy the classical notion of ZK-PoK, which is not retained are when they used as building blocks for higher-level applications or composed with other protocols. This problem can be tackled by moving to the Universal Composability (UC) framework, which guarantees retention of security when composing protocols in arbitrary ways. While there exist generic transformations from $#931;-protocols to UC-secure protocols, these transformation are often too inefficient for practice. 
 
In this paper we introduce a specification language akin to the CKY-language and a compiler such that the resulting protocols are UC-secure and efficient. To this end, we propose an extension of the UC-framework addressing the issue that UC-secure zero-knowledge proofs are by definition proofs of knowledge, and state a special composition theorem which allows one to use the weaker --- but more efficient and often sufficient --- notion of proofs of membership in the UC-framework. We believe that our contributions enable the design of practically efficient protocols that are UC-secure and thus themselves can be used as building blocks.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Electrical properties of heterovalently doped apatite-like oxosilicates

Oxygen-ion-conductive apatite-like oxosilicate and silicophosphate ceramics has been prepared by sintering sol-gel synthesis products at temperatures 200°C below those of solid-phase synthesis. The electrical properties of the ceramics obtained have been studied by impedance spectroscopy in the range 400–1000°C. A positive effect of heterovalent substitutions in the silicon sublattice on the bulk and intergrain conductivities is established. The increase in the oxygen-ion conductivity in La9.6Si5.7Mg0.3O26.1 in comparison with the other studied oxosilicates by more than two orders of magnitude is related to the formation of additional interstitial positions for oxygen ions as a result of partial substitution of the silicon ion, tetrahedrally coordinated by oxygen, with the Mg ion having a characteristic octahedral coordinatio

Field of study: Physics
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON DYNAMIC COMPRESSIVE PROPERTIES OF 3D FOUR DIRECTIONAL BRIADED COMPOSITES

The mechanical properties of the 3D four-directional braided composites were investigated by using split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) in transverse direction. The stress-strain curves for the composites along transverse direction were obtained at strain rates ranging from 900/s to 1500/s, and compared with the quasi-static compression test results. The effect of strain rate on compressive strength and modulus was discussed. Based on the SHPB hypothesis as well as pulse shaping technique, the specimen was made in equivalent stress and constant strain rate over the course of experiment. The results show that the compressive strength and modulus are sensitive to strain rate. The dynamic strength and modulus of the composites exhibit considerable increase as compared with the quasi-static values. The effect of strain rate on the failure mode was also analyzed.

Field of study: Engineering
Influence of Cultural Belief and Values on Secondary School Students' Understanding of Atmospheric Related Physics Concepts.

The study identified the different cultural concepts that secondary school students’ believe in and determined the believe and idea of students about the cultural concepts. It also investigated students’ source of information about the cultural concepts and determined the influence of these cultural believes on students’ academic performance in Physics. The study employed the use of descriptive survey research design. The sample consisted of 940 secondary school students who were randomly selected from 25 public and private secondary schools in the southwestern region of Nigeria using stratified and simple random techniques. The instruments used for data collection are questionnaires titled ”Cultural Belief and Atmospheric-related Physics Concepts Questionnaire” (CBAPCQ) and “Cultural Belief Misconceptions in Physics Achievement Test” (CBMPAT). Data collected were analyzed using inferential and descriptive statistics. Result revealed that among the different cultural concepts held by students, high percentage of them believe that rain falling and sun shining means lion is giving birth. Also, majority of the students claimed that the different believes of student about the cultural concepts were superstition and lies. The study identified students’ major source of information about the cultural concepts to be grandparents, parents and story books. Also, it was found that cultural beliefs of students have negative influence on the academic performance of students in Physics. The study concluded that students held different misconceptions about cultural belief and values which they take into classroom. It therefore recommends that science teachers should intensify on the teaching of scientific concepts that give better explanation to most of these concepts.  Cultural belief, Atmospheric concepts, Misconceptions, Physics,

Field of study: Education
Seasonal forcing and multi-year cycles in interacting populations: lessons from a predator–prey model

Many natural systems are subject to seasonal environmental change. As a consequence many species exhibit seasonal changes in their life history parameters—such as a peak in the birth rate in spring. It is important to understand how this seasonal forcing affects the population dynamics. The main way in which seasonal models have been studied is through a two dimensional bifurcation approach. We augment this bifurcation approach with extensive simulation in order to understand the potential solution behaviours for a predator–prey system with a seasonally forced prey growth rate. We consider separately how forcing influences the system when the unforced dynamics have either monotonic decay to the coexistence steady state, or oscillatory decay, or stable limit cycles. The range of behaviour the system can exhibit includes multi-year cycles of different periodicities, parameter ranges with coexisting multi-year cycles of the same or different period as well as quasi-periodicity and chaos. We show that the level of oscillation in the unforced system has a large effect on the range of behaviour when the system is seasonally forced. We discuss how the methods could be extended to understand the dynamics of a wide range of ecological and epidemiological systems that are subject to seasonal changes.

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics
Von Neumann-Morgenstern stable sets, discounting, and Nash bargaining

We establish a link between von Neumann–Morgenstern stable set and the Nash solution in a general n-player utility set. The stable set-solution is defined with respect to a dominance relation: payoff vector u dominates v if one player prefers u even with one period delay. We show that a stable set exists and, if the utility set has a smooth surface, any stable set converges to the Nash bargaining solution when the length of the period goes to zero.

Field of study: Economics
Religion as an Exchange System: The Interchangeability of God and Government in a Provider Role

An exchange model of religion implies that if a secular entity such as government provides what people need, they will be less likely to seek help from supernatural entities. Controlling for quality of life and income inequality (Gini), we found that better government services were related to lower religiosity among countries (Study 1) and states in the United States (Study 2). Study 2 also showed that during 2008-2013, better government services in a specific year predicted lower religiosity 1 to 2 years later. In both studies, a combination of better government services and quality of life was related to a particularly low level of religiosity. Among countries, government services moderated the relation between religiosity and two measures of well-being, such that religiosity was related to greater well-being only when government services were low. We discuss the relation between the exchange model and other theoretical approaches to religion.

Field of study: Psychology
Protective Mechanism of Adipose-Derived Stem Cells in Remodelling of the Skin Stem Cell Niche During Photoaging

Skin photoaging is primarily caused by the functional attrition of skin stem cells. The skin stem cell niche plays an important role in maintaining stem cell survival and behaviour. In our study, we hypothesized that UVB irradiation induces skin photoaging by changing skin stem cell niches and that transferred adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) can remodel the niches by affecting the BMP signalling pathway and transdifferentiating into skin stem cells.  Sixty-four C57BL/6J mice were divided into the following groups: a control group, the UVB group and the UVB+ADSCs group. Western blot assays, immunofluorescence analysis and real-time PCR were used to measure differences in the expression of niche components among the three groups. Furthermore, we tested whether transplanted ADSCs express skin stem cell markers, such as p63, α6-integrin and CD34.  The expression levels of Bmp4, its downstream factors Smad1 and MAPK1 and a regulatory factor of the niche, i.e., NFATc1, were lower in the UVB group than were those in the control group (P< 0.05) but higher in the UVB+ADSCs group than were those in the UVB group (P< 0.05). Compared with Bmp4, Nanog (a downstream factor of Bmp4), and MMP13 (a regulatory factor of the niche), ICAM-1 (a proinflammatory gene), p63 (a basal transcription factor), β1-integrin, Mtnr1a and Tyr (melanogenesis-related factors) showed the opposite expression trends (P< 0.05). Bmp2 and Collagen IV levels did not significantly change among the three groups (P> 0.05). Skin stem cell markers, such as p63, α6-integrin and CD34, were coexpressed in the ADSCs, which suggested the ADSCs may transdifferentiate into skin stem cells.  We found that UVB irradiation results in typical photoaging signs by altering skin stem cell niches and that Bmp4 was a key factor in BMP signalling in hair follicles. ADSCs reversed these typical photoaging signs by remodelling skin stem cell niches through BMP4 pathway modulation and transdifferentiation into skin stem cells.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
FILTERING SUBCATEGORIES OF MODULES OF AN ARTINIAN ALGEBRA

Let A be an artinian algebra, and letC be a subcategory of modA that is closed under extensions. When C is closed under kernels of epimor- phisms (or closed under cokernels of monomorphisms), we describe the small- est class of modules that lters C. As a consequence, we obtain sucient conditions for the nitistic dimension of an algebra over a eld to be nite. We also apply our results to the torsion pairs. In particular, when a torsion pair is induced by a tilting module, we show that the smallest classes of mod- ules that lter the torsion and torsion-free classes are completely compatible with the quasi-equivalences of Brenner and Butler.

Field of study: Mathematics
Stanford linear collider scheduled to operate in 1986

Construction of the Stanford Linear Collider is well under way. The SLC is the crucial testing ground of a new accelerator technology, widely thought to be indispensible if we are to push electron–positron collision energies much beyond what LEP will make available. LEP, the Large Electron–Positron storage ring under construction at CERN, near Geneva, is scheduled to provide e+e− collision energies of 100 GeV by the beginning of 1989. But this gargantuan $400‐million ring, 27 km in circumference, is regarded by many as the largest practicable e+e− collider one can base on the well‐tried storage‐ring technology. Significantly higher e+e− energies, it is believed, will require linear colliders.

Field of study: Physics
Simple-shear conjugate rift margins of the Argentine Precordillera and the Ouachita embayment of Laurentia

The Argentine Precordillera was rifted from the Ouachita embayment of Laurentia during Cambrian time. The Ouachita rifted margin along the Texas promontory of Laurentia exhibits a narrow zone of transitional crust, a lack of synrift rocks, and a thin passive-margin succession, indicating slow and limited postrift subsidence. In contrast, data from the western margin of the Precordillera suggest more extensive synrift sediment accumulations and document a thick passive-margin succession, indicating more rapid and relatively greater postrift subsidence than along the Ouachita margin of Laurentia. Passive-margin deposition began in latest Early Cambrian time around the Precordillera, but it did not begin before latest Middle Cambrian time around the Ouachita embayment. The contrasts in structure and stratigraphy are best explained by an asymmetric rift system in the context of simple-shear, low-angle–detachment models for continental rifting. Differences in subsidence rates and inferred crustal structure suggest that the rifted margin of the Ouachita embayment represents an upper-plate configuration, whereas the conjugate margin on the western Precordillera represents a lower-plate configuration.

Field of study: Geology
University and Political Awareness among Students: A Study in the Role of University in Promoting Political Awareness

This research work has aimed at investigating the level of political awareness among the Al Ain University students and the role of the university in boosting it by using the descriptive survey method. Indeed, this study has relied upon the questionnaire and the interview as research tools, as well as on the intentional sample where 10 teaching team members were interviewed to answer the third question, and on the random sample where the questionnaire was distributed among 980 students- males and females to answer the first and second questions. The findings of this study revealed that there was a considerably high level of political awareness among the university students. It was also found that there were differences in the level of political awareness among students depending on the faculty, which favoured the students belonging to faculties of humanities. The differences also favoured male students when the variable was gender and 4th year students when the variable was the year of study. In addition, the study showed that the university played 15 important roles in developing political awareness as was unanimously agreed by the members of the sample. These roles were identified by using recurrences and percentages ranging between 50 and 90%, while those with percentages lower than 50% were not taken into account. 
  
 17 December 2020  26 January 2021 / Published: 5 March 2021

Field of study: Education, Sociology
Production of reactive nitrogen intermediates by bone marrow‐derived macrophages on treatment with cisplatin in vitro

L929 culture medium (a source of macrophage colony stimulating factor (M‐CSF) or recombinant granulocyte‐macrophage colony stimulating factor (rGM‐CSF)‐derived bone marrow macrophages treated with cisplatin or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (10 μ/ml) were effective in the production of L‐arginine‐dependent reactive nitrogen intermediates (RNI) and generation of tumouricidal activity. The abilities of RNI secretion and related tumouricidal activity against P 815 mastocytoma cells were compared. These parameters were found to be closely correlated in various experiments, RNI secretion and generation of bone marrow macrophage‐mediated tumouricidal activity were significantly inhibited by L‐N‐monomethyl arginine (L‐NMMA), a specific inhibitor of the L‐arginine pathway, but L‐NMMA did not inhibit macrophage‐mediated killing of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)‐sensitive Wehi cells, suggesting that activated macrophages exhibit at least two cytolytic mechanisms, one by L‐arginine‐dependent nitric oxide pathway and another by TNF‐mediated killing. The present findings suggest that the mechanism of tumour cell killing by activated macrophages may differ, depending on the tumour cell type, and reactive nitrogen intermediates play a major role in cisplatin‐mediated activation of bone marrow‐derived macrophages.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Design of Practice Teaching Mode for the Major of Computer Science and Technology

In view of the actual situation of increasing requirements for human abilities of practice and innovation for the major of computer science and technology at present,presents the reformation and design of teaching mode in the practice teaching of experiment,course design,field practice,innovative practice and graduation project.And applies the diversified practice teaching modes for different practice sessions in this pattern.It can foster the students' information literacy,improve their practice ability,activate their innovational consciousness,promote their self-learning abilities,strengthen their innovation and team-work consciousness in practical teaching.

Field of study: Computer science
Secondary subtropical Atlantic forests shelter a surprising number of rare tree species: outcomes of an assessment using spatially unbiased data

There is an increasing interest in secondary forests due to their potential to shelter a substantial amount of tree species. Hence, this study sought to assess the rarity form of 646 arborescent species occurring in secondary stands of three forest types within the Brazilian subtropical Atlantic Forest biodiversity hotspot. The species were classified into one of seven rarity forms encompassing population size, habitat preference, and geographical distribution. Data gathered within 418 systematically distributed 0.4 ha sample plots were used. Among all recorded species (dbh ≥ 10 cm), 67% were classified into one of the seven rarity forms at least in one forest type. Approximately 50% of the species found in each forest type were rare. Myrtaceae was the family with the greatest number of rare species, followed by Fabaceae, Lauraceae, and Melastomataceae. Yet, rare species represented a diminished portion of the ~ 90,000 sampled individuals: less than 5% of the trees in each forest type. Rare species with scarce populations—i.e., forms 1, 3 and 7—represented more than 40% of the total species richness recorded in each forest type. The sample plots located in old-growth forests, ecotone areas, or areas with specific environmental conditions (e.g., hydromorphic soils), often showed larger proportions of rare species. Public protected areas appeared to be important for conservation as some species were observed exclusively in these areas and were singletons. Quadratic plateau regression models brought up evidence that the mean proportion of recorded rare species did not increase substantially in sample size classes greater than 70–80% of the reference samples.

Field of study: Environmental science