nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
LPE crystal growth and magnetophonon resonance recombination of Hg1-x-yCdxMnyTe

Hg1-x-yCdxMnyTe crystals have been successfully grown on CdTe substrates for the first time by the LPE method from Hg-rich solutions (x<or=0.4, y<or=0.1). LPE layers exhibit high electron Hall mobilities and excellent compositional uniformity both in the plane and along the growth direction. Such a fact has not been reported for Hg1-xCdxTe. Using the high-quality crystals grown by this method, a new type of magnetophonon effect associated with a recombination process with the emission of two TA phonons was studied in Hg1-x-yCdxMnyTe. From the analysis of experimental results of magnetophonon resonance (MPR) recombination, the band parameters near the band edge are determined precisely. Furthermore, the MPR recombination transitions associated with the impurity level were also detected. An energy gap dependence of the resonant acceptor state has been deduced for a wide range of zero-gap regions.

Field of study: Materials science
On Laplace--Carleson embeddings, and $L^p$-mapping properties of the Fourier transform

We investigate so-called Laplace--Carleson embeddings for large exponents. In particular, we extend some results by Jacob, Partington, and Pott. We also discuss some related results for Sobolev- and Besov spaces, and mapping properties of the Fourier transform. These variants of the Hausdorff--Young theorem appear difficult to find in the literature. We conclude the paper with an example related to an open problem.

Field of study: Mathematics
Cost of preventing workplace heat-related illness through worker breaks and the benefit of climate-change mitigation

The exposure of workers to hot environments is expected to increase as a result of climate change. In order to prevent heat-related illness, it is recommended that workers take breaks during working hours. However, this would lead to reductions in worktime and labor productivity. In this study, we estimate the economic cost of heat-related illness prevention through worker breaks associated with climate change under a wide range of climatic and socioeconomic conditions. We calculate the worktime reduction based on the recommendation of work/rest ratio and the estimated future wet bulb glove temperature, which is an index of heat stresses. Corresponding GDP losses (cost of heat-related illness prevention through worker breaks) are estimated using a computable general equilibrium model throughout this century. Under the highest emission scenario, GDP losses in 2100 will range from 2.6 to 4.0% compared to the current climate conditions. On the other hand, GDP losses will be less than 0.5% if the 2.0 °C goal is achieved. The benefit of climate-change mitigation for avoiding worktime loss is comparable to the cost of mitigation (cost of the greenhouse gas emission reduction) under the 2.0 °C goal. The relationship between the cost of heat-related illness prevention through worker breaks and global average temperature rise is approximately linear, and the difference in economic loss between the 1.5 °C goal and the 2.0 °C goal is expected to be approximately 0.3% of global GDP in 2100. Although climate mitigation and socioeconomic development can limit the vulnerable regions and sectors, particularly in developing countries, outdoor work is still expected to be affected. The effectiveness of some adaptation measures such as additional installation of air conditioning devices or shifting the time of day for working are also suggested. In order to reduce the economic impacts, adaptation measures should also be implemented as well as pursing ambitious climate change mitigation targets.

Field of study: Environmental science
Near-Optimal Secret Sharing and Error Correcting Codes in AC0

We study the question of minimizing the computational complexity of (robust) secret sharing schemes and error correcting codes. In standard instances of these objects, both encoding and decoding involve linear algebra, and thus cannot be implemented in the class AC. The feasibility of non-trivial secret sharing schemes in AC was recently shown by Bogdanov et al. (Crypto 2016) and that of (locally) decoding errors in AC by Goldwasser et al. . In this paper, we show that by allowing some slight relaxation such as a small error probability, we can construct much better secret sharing schemes and error correcting codes in the class AC. In some cases, our parameters are close to optimal and would be impossible to achieve without the relaxation. Our results significantly improve previous constructions in various parameters. Our constructions combine several ingredients in pseudorandomness and combinatorics in an innovative way. Specifically, we develop a general technique to simultaneously amplify security threshold and reduce alphabet size, using a two-level concatenation of protocols together with a random permutation. We demonstrate the broader usefulness of this technique by applying it in the context of a variant of secure broadcast. ∗kcheng17@jhu.edu. Department of Computer Science, Johns Hopkins University. †yuvali@cs.technion.ac.il. Department of Computer Science, Technion and UCLA. ‡lixints@cs.jhu.edu. Department of Computer Science, Johns Hopkins University.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Simulation and experiment on Cusp gun for second harmonic Gyro-TWT

The Cusp electron gun for second harmonic Gyro-TWT is simulated by the three dimensional PIC software and Ukrainion electronic optical software TAU,and the electronic 3D velocity value is extracted to calculate the velocity ratio of the transverse velocity and longitudinal velocity.With the anode voltage and the cathode current changing,the variational process of the electron velocity ratio and spread is simulated,and the results of the average velocity ratio 1.1 and spread 9.5% are obtained.Based on the mean radius of the electron beam and the relationship between the radius and the transverse,longitudinal relocity,an experimental method of measuring the electron velocity ratio is put forward.When the electron holding some energy shock at a fluorescence glass,the light spot induced in the fluorescence glass is caught by a camera,then the mean radius of the light spot is measured by some graphics soft.On the basis of the mean radius of the light spot,the electron velocity ratio is calculated.The error is about 15% compared with the simulation result.

Field of study: Physics
Validation of a Brief Structured Interview: The Children’s Interview for Psychiatric Syndromes (ChIPS)

Evidence-based assessment is important in the treatment of childhood psychopathology. While researchers and clinicians frequently use structured diagnostic interviews to ensure reliability, the most commonly used instrument, the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School Aged Children (K-SADS) is too long for most clinical applications. The Children’s Interview for Psychiatric Syndromes (ChIPS/P-ChIPS) is a highly-structured brief diagnostic interview. The present study compared K-SADS and ChIPS/P-ChIPS diagnoses in an outpatient clinical sample of 50 parent–child pairs aged 7–14. Agreement between most diagnoses was moderate to high between the instruments and with consensus clinical diagnoses. ChIPS was significantly briefer to administer than the K-SADS. Interviewer experience level and participant demographics did not appear to affect agreement. Results provide further evidence for the validity of the ChIPS and support its use in clinical and research settings.

Field of study: Psychology
Similar consumption and responding across single and multiple sources of drug.

Two experiments were conducted to assess whether total response output and total consumption would be similar when drugs are available from single and multiple sources of reinforcement, as predicted by behavioral economics. In Experiment 1, cigarette-deprived smokers were exposed to a concurrent-chains schedule in which equal fixed-ratio schedules served as the initial links, and different reinforcer magnitudes (i.e., number of cigarette puffs) were arranged across alternatives. After the session, obtained unit price was calculated and imposed in the next session when a different number of puffs was available according to a single fixed-ratio schedule. Thus, the unit price at which cigarette puffs could be earned was yoked within subjects across the single and concurrent-chains schedules. When plotted as a function of unit price, similar consumption and response rates were usually obtained across these schedules. Experiment 2 addressed a weakness of Experiment 1, namely, that responding was allocated exclusively to the larger reinforcer magnitude in concurrent-chains conditions, and therefore this schedule may have functioned as a single schedule. In Experiment 2, subjects were instructed to alternate responding between the two alternative schedules. Instructions produced approximately equal response allocation between the two alternatives. Again, similar consumption and response rates were observed across the single and instructed concurrent-chains schedules. These findings are discussed in the context of direct effects and behavioral economics perspectives of drug self-administration.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Photorespiratory serine hydroxymethyltransferase 1 activity impacts abiotic stress tolerance and stomatal closure.

The photorespiratory cycle is a crucial pathway in photosynthetic organisms because it removes toxic 2-phosphoglycolate made by the oxygenase activity of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase and retrieves its carbon as 3-phosphoglycerate. Mitochondrial serine hydroxymethyltransferase 1 (SHMT1) is an essential photorespiratory enzyme converting glycine to serine. SHMT1 regulation remains poorly understood although it could involve the phosphorylation of serine 31. Here, we report the complementation of Arabidopsis thaliana shm1-1 by SHMT1 wild-type, phosphorylation-mimetic (S31D) or nonphophorylatable (S31A) forms. All SHMT1 forms could almost fully complement the photorespiratory growth phenotype of shm1-1; however, each transgenic line had only 50% of normal SHMT activity. In response to either a salt or drought stress, Compl-S31D lines showed a more severe growth deficiency compared with the other transgenic lines. This sensitivity to salt appeared to reflect reduced SHMT1-S31D protein amounts and a lower activity that impacted leaf metabolism leading to proline underaccumulation and overaccumulation of polyamines. The S31D mutation in SHMT1 also led to a reduction in salt-induced and ABA-induced stomatal closure. Taken together, our results highlight the importance of maintaining photorespiratory SHMT1 activity in salt and drought stress conditions and indicate that SHMT1 S31 phosphorylation could be involved in modulating SHMT1 protein stability.

Field of study: Environmental science
The magnetochronology of Barstovian mammals in southwestern Montana and implications for the initiation of Neogene crustal extension in the northern Rocky Mountains

Magnetostratigraphic and biostratigraphic data have been used to construct a chronologic framework for the deposition of the Hepburn9s Mesa Formation in the Yellow-stone Valley of southwestern Montana. Deposition spanned an interval from ∼16.8 Ma to at least 14.3 Ma, and possibly to 13.8 Ma. The magnetic data help to constrain the Barstovian land-mammal age in the northern Rocky Mountains, as well as two interval zones defined within it. The major faunal boundary ages determined here are indistin-guishable from ages for these same boundaries at the Barstovian type locality in southern California. Consequently, observed differences in generic and species composition between these regions are likely to reflect biogeographic and ecological variability, rather than temporal separation. When used in conjunction with biostratigraphic data from Jackson Hole, Wyoming, these new dates improve the time constraints that can be placed on the duration (∼1 m.y.) of the "mid-Tertiary unconformity" in the northern Rockies and on the inception at ∼17 Ma of the interval of crustal extension that led to extensive intermontane-basin development during the Neogene.

Field of study: Geology
Clinicopathological profile of primary gastric lymphoma: A single-center experience of 45 patients in Benghazi, Libya

Gastric lymphoma can be primary or secondary, and it comprises <5% of all patients with gastric primary neoplasms. The presenting symptoms of primary gastric lymphoma (PGL) are usually nonspecific and are similar to common upper gastrointestinal disease symptoms. Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most common subtype, followed by marginal zone B-cell lymphoma of the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT). The present study aims to describe the clinicopathological characteristics of PGL.  This was a cross-sectional and retrospective study of patients with PGL who were diagnosed in the Department of Oncology/Haematology, Benghazi Medical Centre, from January 2010 to December 2017.  A total of 45 cases of PGL were diagnosed. The mean age was 54 years, ranging from 17 to 83 years. The number of male and female patients was 26 (57.5%) and 19 (42.5%), respectively. Abdominal pain was the most common presenting symptom. The gastric antrum was the most common anatomical site of involvement (28 [62%]). DLBCL was the predominant histological subtype (28 [62%]). Serum Helicobacter pylori immunoglobulin G antibodies were raised in 19 (42.2%) patients. Half of the patients were in stage II1 at presentation (according to Lugano staging system).  DLBCL and MALT lymphoma were the most common subtypes, and H. pylori infection was found in most of the patients with MALT lymphoma. Despite the clinical presentation being usually nonspecific, most of our patients were diagnosed with stage I or II disease.

Field of study: Medicine
Search for new antifungal compounds from higher plants

The increasing occumnce of opportunistic systemic mycoses associated with the use of immunosuppressive drugs and AIDS has led to new efforts in the search for novel antifungal compounds. At the same time, there is continuing interest in the discovery of antifungal agents which are effective against plant pathogenic fungi. Since the plant kingdom provides a useful source of lead compounds of novel structure, a wide-scale investigation of species from the tropics has been undertaken. TLC bioautography allows the screening of plant material and subsequent bioassay-guided fractionation and isolation.

Field of study: Chemistry
Software Requirements Semantics' Interoperability Extending for Service Computing

Interaction and collaboration of networked software requirements for service computing is one bound semantic interoperability issue.Towards the issue,one approach to requirements semantic interoperability extending based on connecting ontologies(CO)is put forward.Formal definition and creating algorithm of CO is given for requirements modeling under the condition of services resource aggregation for loosely coupling and difference domain in network and an automated integrating environment based CO is also designed for facilitating requirements semantic matching and reusing.

Field of study: Computer science
Revisions in Economic History: XIII. The Development of Central Banking after Bagehot

C O NONSIDERING that it is the outstanding theme in the monetary history of the nineteenth century, it is surprising that the development of central banking principles by the Bank of England has not yet been traced in a really satisfactory way. Parts of the story have, it is true, been convincingly expounded: for example, Sir John Clapham1 and -Prof. Viner2 have left little more to be said about the restriction period, and articles by Mr Horsefield3 and the late Prof. Whale4 cover much of the pre-1844 period. The later part oof the century, on the other hand, has received much less systematic and much less profound treatment. Important light has been thrown upon it, of course, by Clapham's official history of the Bank; and Prof. Hawtrey's Century of Bank Rate, published a few years before Clapham, made a great contribution, especially by his analysis of gold movements. Mr Wilfrid King's book5 and Prof. Victor Morgan's book6 had earlier covered the whole century, but they did not have the advantage of Clapham's access to the Bank's records.7 The period that cries aloud for further attention is the post-Bagehot period the generation following 1873. But, though the literature includes no systematic discussion, entirely new research would not be appropriate at this stage. It is more appropriate to take full advantage of Clapham, Hawtrey and the others, and to review the period from the single standpoint of the development of central banking. That is the purpose of this essay. The period to be covered begins at the publication of Bagehot's Lombard Street, in 1873. The appearance of this book is the appropriate starting-point because it closes one chapter and opens another-or at least, points out that another has opened. It settles once and for all the question of how the Bank should behave in a crisis. Though Thomson Hankey (who provoked Bagehot to write Lombard Street) remained in the directorate of the Bank for another two decades, no one could again put forward the doctrine of 1844 in all its nakedness. After Bagehot the Bank's special position is taken for granted. It is not 'just like any other bank'; it is the holder of the single reserve, the ultimate source of support for the country's financial structure in times of difficulty. What does this responsibility involve, and how can the Bank best shoulder the burden? That is Bagehot's

Field of study: Economics, History
The effects of boundary conditions on postbuckling of compressed, Symmetrically, laminated, thick plates

The present work uses a shear deformable plate finite element of Reissner Mindlin type. Nonlinearites of von Karman type are included(large rotations, large strains, and material nonlinearities are not considered). To obtain low bandwith of FEM stiffnesses matrices, the simple four node plate element Q4 is employed

Field of study: Physics
Die Lichtabsorption in trockenem Chlor

ZusammenfassungDas Absorptionsspektrum weitgehend getrockneten Chlors wurde mit einem großen Rowlandschen Konkavgitter aufgenommen. Die Bandenkonvergenzstelle liegt ianerhalb der Fehlergrenzen bei der gleichen Wellenlänge wie bei nicht getrocknetem Chlor: demnach erfolgt die Dissoziation, unabhängig von der Trocknung, durch Strahlung der gleichen Wellenlänge. Als Kriterium der Trocknung diente das Ausbleiben der Chlorwasserstoffbildung bei Bestrahlung mit blauem Licht; die Quantenausheute bei Bestrahlung mit ultraviolettem Licht wurde erneut festgestellt.

Field of study: Physics
Serological study of an allergic agranulocytosis due to noramidopyrine.

An allergic agranulocytosis induced by amidopyrine and triggered by noramidopyrine was studied. Leucoagglutinating and leucocytotoxic antibody, active only in the presence of the drug, was demonstrated. The antibody was stable, giving a titre from 1·34 to 1·62 and was present in the IgM (19S globulin) and in the IgG (7S globulin) serum fractions. The site of drug fixation was studied by use of iodoantipyrine labelled with 131I; a stable fixation was demonstrated on to the IgM and IgG globulins. Special emphasis is given to cross-reaction with compounds related to amidopyrine.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
The Contribution of Noninstructional Activities to College Classroom Teacher Effectiveness.

The contribution of noninstructional activities to classroom teacher effectiveness was investigated by administering a questionnaire to 52 university faculty members. The criterion for classroom effectiveness was a student evaluation of each teacher. A simple correlation analysis and the multiple regression technique were used to evaluate the results of this study. A significant result of the study was the failure of noninstructional activities to have predictive value when student-perceived teacher effectiveness is used as the criterion. A second significant result was the negative effect that time spent in consulting had upon classroom teacher effectiveness. Implications for further research are discussed, including the suggestion that a reevaluation of the responsibility of the university to the community, and of education to society, may be necessary.

Field of study: Education
Up‐regulated β1‐integrin expression in autoimmune thyroid disorders

Lymphocytic infiltration of the thyroid gland in autoimmune thyroid disorders requires, as a first step, their attachment to endothelial cells (EC) and, subsequently, interaction with thyrocytes and extracellular matrix proteins. Recent studies have focused on the pathophysiologic role of β1‐integrins as adhesion receptors for extracellular matrix proteins and as cell‐to‐cell adhesion receptors. In this study, we examine by flow cytometry and immunohistochemical techniques the differences in expression of β1‐integrins in thyrocytes and EC between normal thyroids and thyroid glands from patients with Graves’ disease (GD) and Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT). Remarkably, we found an up‐regulated de novo expression of very late antigen (VLA)‐α6 subunit in thyrocytes in close proximity to lymphocyte infiltrates in GD and HT thyroid glands, with no reactivity in control thyroids. Moreover, interferon‐gamma (IFN‐γ), tumour necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α) and IL‐1β produced a significant enhancement of VLA‐α6 expression in vitro in thyrocytes in culture. In addition, an up‐regulated expression of VLA‐α5 and β1 subunits was found in thyrocytes from GD and HT glands, specifically in those areas more severely inflamed. VLA‐α2 was basally expressed in middle size and large vessels in control glands, with an increased expression in vessels of all sizes in HT and GD glands. Dendritic cells in thyroid lymphoid follicles were also positive for VLA‐β1, α2 and α6 subunits. These results indicate the existence of an up‐regulatory process in the expression of β1‐integrins, particularly the α6 subunit, in several cell types from inflamed GD and HT thyroid glands, suggesting that these integrins could play a relevant role in localizing and perpetuating the autoimmune response in the thyroid gland in autoimmune thyroid disorders.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
The high-resolution diffraction beamline P08 at PETRA III.

The new third-generation synchrotron radiation source PETRA III located at the Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY in Hamburg, Germany, has been operational since the second half of 2009. PETRA III is designed to deliver hard X-ray beams with very high brilliance. As one of the first beamlines of PETRA III the high-resolution diffraction beamline P08 is fully operational. P08 is specialized in X-ray scattering and diffraction experiments on solids and liquids where extreme high resolution in reciprocal space is required. The resolving power results in the high-quality PETRA III beam and unique optical elements such as a large-offset monochromator and beryllium lens changers. A high-precision six-circle diffractometer for solid samples and a specially designed liquid diffractometer are installed in the experimental hutch. Regular users have been accepted since summer 2010.

Field of study: Physics