nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Genetic diversity of bacteria associated with the hindgut of the terrestrial crustacean Porcellio scaber (Crustacea: Isopoda).

Molecular approaches were used to examine the genetic diversity of bacteria associated with the gut wall of the terrestrial isopod Porcellio scaber and to determine whether an autochthonous microflora exists in the P. scaber hindgut. 16S ribosomal genes were amplified from the total DNA isolated from thoroughly washed papillate regions of the hindgut, where the highest concentrations of bacteria are commonly found. The amplified genes were cloned, sequenced and phylogenetically analysed. The results implied an unexpectedly large diversity of microflora associated with the cuticle of the hindgut. Almost half of the retrieved sequences were found to be less than 80% homologous with any of the known sequences available at DNA data banks. Most of these sequences were clustered in one of three groups, and were clearly distant from the sequences of other bacterial taxa, indicating that they could represent novel bacterial species or even genera. More than two thirds of the sequences were found to be phylogenetically related to sequences from bacteria typically isolated from human and animal intestines, e.g. streptococci, enterococci, and members of the genus Bacteroides. The majority of the remaining sequences were most closely related to typical soil bacteria, e.g. bacilli and pseudomonads. The facts that a large proportion of the retrieved sequences was related to the sequences of bacteria, which are autochthonous to intestinal ecosystems, and that bacteria, specifically attached to the cuticular spines, were observed, indicate that truly autochthonous bacteria may well be present in the hindgut of P. scaber.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Kinetic Node-Pair Formulation for Two-Dimensional Flows from Continuum to Transitional Regime

A hybrid finite-element/finite-volume node-pair discretization of conservation laws is reformulated in terms of a Bhatnagar–Gross–Krook kinetic scheme to address flows from the continuum up to the transitional regime in a seamless fashion. Integrals of the particle distribution function from the kinetic theory of gases are adopted to compute the numerical fluxes along the boundary of each control volume. Flow features typical of the transitional regime like velocity and temperature slip condition at solid walls are automatically assured by the kinetic formulation of the node-pair boundary conditions. Exemplary two-dimensional numerical experiments ranging from continuum flows up to the transitional regime are presented.

Field of study: Physics
Seismotectonics of the Arthur's Pass region, South Island, New Zealand

The spatial distribution of the seismicity of the Arthur's Pass region in South Island, New Zealand, shows that earthquakes occur within the crust in definite subparallel zones, each with an east-northeast trend. Composite focal mechanism solutions indicate that the compressive axis is oriented approximately west-northwest, with an average slip direction of N72°E. Comparisons between the 1973 study described here and one conducted in 1972 reveal no differences in the spatial and temporal distributions of the seismicity. Tectonically, the region can be considered as one in which transference of motion between the Alpine fault and the Hikurangi Trench is occurring. This tectonic situation, coupled with the shoaling of the Benioff zone associated with a southward migration of the Hikurangi Trench, suggests that the deformation in the Arthur's Pass region has occurred within the past 2 m.y. This region has marked similarities with the Transverse Ranges area of the San Andreas fault zone in southern California. Both regions are located where two different tectonic and seismic “styles” merge – namely, where a master fault, with its associated seismic activity consisting of infrequent great earthquakes separated by long periods of quiescence, branches into a system of splay faults having a moderate to high level of continuous activity, with the occurrence of large earthquakes. The regions do differ, however, in that the long quiet zone on the Alpine fault is oblique to the slip vector between plates, whereas similar zones of the San Andreas fault are both parallel and nonparallel to the slip vector. This suggests that long quiet zones of strike-slip faults are not a consequence solely of the orientation of a fault with respect to the direction of relative motion between plates.

Field of study: Geology
Some remarks on the dynamics of deformable bodies.

factor of 2 appear in the nonequilibrium region, thus illustrating the uncertainties regarding the behavior of species other than CN. Except for their equilibrium levels, the curves for N and NO are omitted from the figure for clarity, but their behavior in time and magnitude is similar to that of 0 and CN, respectively, and in good agreement with the 16-reaction system. It is also shown in Ref. 1 that both the experimental data and the computed results follow binary scaling laws in the nonequilibrium region. Hence, the effects of varying ambient density are accurately reproduced, and it is only necessary to compare results obtained with the two chemical models at other shock speeds and gas mixtures. For these comparisons, the magnitude and time of the peak intensity are indicative of the adequacy of the 9-reaction system, and if they agree with the data, the remainder of the intensity profile is also found to be matched. The variation of the peak CN intensity over the range of shock speeds considered was computed using the 9-reaction system of Table 1 and is compared with computations using the 16-reaction system and experimental data  The results show the predictions made with the 9and 16-reaction systems to be similar in the speed range from 5.8 to 7.0 km/sec, which is that of primary interest for Mars entry. The computed and experimental times to peak CN intensity are shown in Fig. 3. Again, the results for both reaction systems are similar and provide a good approximation to the experimental data. The foregoing results indicate that the predictions based on the simplified chemical model of 9 reactions presented in Table 1 are adequate for estimating the nonequilibrium radiant emission of CN in shock-heated mixtures of C02 and N2 for the range of speeds of current interest for entry into the Martian atmosphere.

Field of study: Physics
Methanol utilization in defined mixed cultures of thermophilic anaerobes in the presence of sulfate.

We studied thermophilic sulfate reduction with methanol as electron donor in continuous cultures. Mixed cultures of selected microorganisms were used, representing different methanol degrading pathways followed by various trophic groups of microorganisms. Our results show that direct competition for methanol between a homoacetogen, Moorella thermoautotrophica, and a sulfate reducer, Desulfotomaculum kuznetsovii, is in favour of the sulfate reducer due to its affinity for methanol. Methanogenesis as a result of interspecies hydrogen transfer between D. kuznetsovii and a hydrogen-consuming methanogenic archaeon, Methanothermobacter thermoautotrophicus occurred only below 5 mM total sulfide. A similar result was obtained when M. thermoautotrophica was grown on methanol in the presence of Mb. thermoautotrophicus. Interestingly, D. kuznetsovii could coexist with a non-methanol-utilizing sulfate reducer (Thermodesulfovibrio species). Our data show that it is possible to maintain a dominant sulfate-reducing process with methanol as electron donor at 60 degrees C in mixed continuous cultures.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Variability in Impression Formation: Investigating the Role of Motivation, Capacity, and the Categorization Process

Current theory and research suggests that stereotyping is inversely related to the allocation of attentional resources. For example, motivational factors (e.g., interdependence, accuracy goals) are argued to increase attentional investment and encourage individuation. Within this model, a neglected feature of the impression formation process is the role of the perceivers’ own self-definition. Based on self-categorization theory, it is argued that whether the salient self-other categorization is defined in interpersonal or group terms, respectively, will determine whether impressions will be more individuated or stereotypic. Two experiments are reported where the effect of interdependence (Experiment 1) and accuracy goals (Experiment 2) as well as the salient comparative context (interpersonal, intergroup) on impression formation were investigated. The results suggest that the nature of self-other categorizations does play a significant role in explaining variability in impression formation.

Field of study: Psychology
LightChain: A DHT-based Blockchain for Resource Constrained Environments

As an append-only distributed database, blockchain is utilized in a vast variety of applications including the cryptocurrency and Internet-of-Things (IoT). The existing blockchain solutions have downsides in communication and storage efficiency, convergence to centralization, and consistency problems. In this paper, we propose LightChain, which is the first blockchain architecture that operates over a Distributed Hash Table (DHT) of participating peers. LightChain is a permissionless blockchain that provides addressable blocks and transactions within the network, which makes them efficiently accessible by all the peers. Each block and transaction is replicated within the DHT of peers and is retrieved in an on-demand manner. Hence, peers in LightChain are not required to retrieve or keep the entire blockchain. LightChain is fair as all of the participating peers have a uniform chance of being involved in the consensus regardless of their influence such as hashing power or stake. LightChain provides a deterministic fork-resolving strategy as well as a blacklisting mechanism, and it is secure against colluding adversarial peers attacking the availability and integrity of the system. We provide mathematical analysis and experimental results on scenarios involving 10K nodes to demonstrate the security and fairness of LightChain.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Multiple Interval Mapping for Quantitative Trait Loci via EM Algorithm in the Presence of Crossover Interference

The rapid advance in molecular biology has made feasible systematic studies of mapping quantitative trait loci (QTL) in experiment organisms. The method of multiple interval mapping provides an appropriate way for mapping QTL using genetic makers. However, crossover interference has not been considered sufficiently in the current QTL mapping in which no crossover interference is assumed, and the length of maker interval is always kept fixed. In this article, we consider the issue of statistical inference in multiple interval mapping for QTL when crossover interference is present. The marker interval can be chosen appropriately in our method without keeping the maker interval lengths fixed in advance, and the asymptotic variance–covariance matrix of the MLEs is also derived. Two simulations are performed to evaluate the proposed method and show the impact of crossover interference to QTL mapping.

Field of study: Mathematics
Inclusion of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation-Basic Life Support Training in the Pharmacy Curriculum

This study was performed to explore the appropriateness of inclusion of cardiopulmonary resuscitation-basic life support (CPR-BLS) in the pharmacy curriculum. Specifically, we designed our study to determine the number and types of professional pharmacy degree programs which require CPR-BLS and whether the skills taught by the CPR-BLS program are applicable to the practice of pharmacy. Data were collected via two surveys: (i) U.S. colleges of pharmacy, and (ii) graduates (1986-1990) of the University of Michigan (UM) College of Pharmacy. Responses were received from 62 of the 73 U.S. Colleges of Pharmacy (86 percent); 160 of the 197 (81 percent) surveys mailed to UM pharmacy graduates were returned. CPR-BLS certification was a requirement for graduation at 29 (46 percent) of the colleges and was more likely to be required for the PharmD as the first professional degree programs (17 of 31 programs; 55 percent). Despite the fact that basic life support skills are rarely utilized by pharmacists, most graduates (77 percent) felt that CPR-BLS certification should continue to be a requirement in the pharmacy curriculum. Pharmacy faculty will need to consider both the attitudes of graduates and the applicability of curricular content to practice to determine whether CPR-BLS should be a required component of the pharmacy curriculum.

Field of study: Education, Medicine
Conservation of the sequence of the Alzheimer's disease amyloid peptide in dog, polar bear and five other mammals by cross-species polymerase chain reaction analysis.

Neuritic plaque and cerebrovascular amyloid deposits have been detected in the aged monkey, dog, and polar bear and have rarely been found in aged rodents (Biochem. Biophy.  (1984) 885-890;  (1985) 4245-4249). To determine if the primary structure of the 42-43 residue amyloid peptide is conserved in species that accumulate plaques, the region of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) cDNA that encodes the peptide region was amplified by the polymerase chain reaction and sequenced. The deduced amino acid sequence was compared to those species where amyloid accumulation has not been detected. The DNA sequences of dog, polar bear, rabbit, cow, sheep, pig and guinea pig were compared and a phylogenetic tree was generated. We conclude that the amino acid sequence of dog and polar bear and other mammals which may form amyloid plaques is conserved and the species where amyloid has not been detected (mouse, rat) may be evolutionarily a distinct group. In addition, the predicted secondary structure of mouse and rat amyloid that differs from that of amyloid bearing species is its lack of propensity to form a beta sheeted structure. Thus, a cross-species examination of the amyloid peptide may suggest what is essential for amyloid deposition.

Field of study: Biology
Aboveground carbon loss in natural and managed tropical forests from 2000 to 2012

Tropical forests provide global climate regulation ecosystem services and their clearing is a significant source of anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and resultant radiative forcing of climate change. However, consensus on pan-tropical forest carbon dynamics is lacking. We present a new estimate that employs recommended good practices to quantify gross tropical forest aboveground carbon (AGC) loss from 2000 to 2012 through the integration of Landsat-derived tree canopy cover, height, intactness and forest cover loss and GLAS-lidar derived forest biomass. An unbiased estimate of forest loss area is produced using a stratified random sample with strata derived from a wall-to-wall 30 m forest cover loss map. Our sample-based results separate the gross loss of forest AGC into losses from natural forests (0.59 PgC yr−1) and losses from managed forests (0.43 PgC yr−1) including plantations, agroforestry systems and subsistence agriculture. Latin America accounts for 43% of gross AGC loss and 54% of natural forest AGC loss, with Brazil experiencing the highest AGC loss for both categories at national scales. We estimate gross tropical forest AGC loss and natural forest loss to account for 11% and 6% of global year 2012 CO2 emissions, respectively. Given recent trends, natural forests will likely constitute an increasingly smaller proportion of tropical forest GHG emissions and of global emissions as fossil fuel consumption increases, with implications for the valuation of co-benefits in tropical forest conservation.

Field of study: Environmental science
Simultaneous Direct Determination of Magnolol and Honokiol by Second Order Derivative Synchronous Fluorimetry

The second order derivative synchronous fluorescence spectra of magnolol,honokiol and their mixture in 0.08%-0.16% methanol solution were studied.The experiment results indicate that their second order derivative synchronous fluorescence spectra were separated Absolutely,which eliminated the disturbance between them.A novel method was developed for the simultaneous direct determination of magnolol and honokiol in mixed solution by second order derivative synchronous fluorescence.For magnolol and honokiol,the linear ranges are 2.8-500.0 μg/L and 4.3-560.0 μg/L,the detection limits are 0.84 μg/L and 1.30 μg/L,and the recoveries are 94.65%-105.58% and 95.09%-104.51%,respectively,the relative standard deviations(RSD) are all under 4.1%.This method has been successfully used to direct determine magnolol and honokiol in the magnolia bark and their supercritical fluid extract simultaneously.

Field of study: Chemistry
Internal versus external locations of the South China Craton within Rodinia during the Cryogenian: Provenance history of the Nanhua Basin

Contrasting models for internal versus external locations of the South China Craton (SCC) in the supercontinent Rodinia and associated mantle plume or ocean subduction dominated tectonic processes can be resolved by detrital zircon U-Pb dating and Lu-Hf isotopic analyses on the Cryogenian Nanhua Supergroup in the central SCC. Our results show that samples from the lower Liantuo, Tiesi’ao, and Datangpo formations of the Nanhua Supergroup show three age peaks at 2.50 Ga, 2.05 Ga, and 0.85 Ga, and those of the upper Nantuo Formation yield four peaks at 2.50 Ga, 2.05 Ga, 0.85 Ga, and 0.65 Ga. The Archean and Paleoproterozoic (1.80–2.10 Ga) zircons have εHf(t) values of −16.3 to +4.7 and −23.0 to +4.2, and may be sourced from the Kongling and Douling complexes and Paleoproterozoic intrusions in the northern Yangtze Block, respectively. Early Neoproterozoic (0.70–0.96 Ga) zircon grains show variable εHf(t) values of −20.0 to +15.0. In combination with the absence of Mesoproterozoic detrital zircons in the Nanhua Supergroup, huge volumes of Neoproterozoic granitic intrusions in the northern Yangtze Block are the potential sources for the 0.70–0.96 Ga detrital zircons. Only the siltstone of the Nantuo Formation has late Neoproterozoic (0.63–0.69 Ga) detrital zircons with high and positive εHf(t) values (+7.9 to +9.4). Several granitoid intrusions (0.63–0.68 Ga) in the Wudang and Ankang uplift of the South Qinling belt in the northern Yangtze Block provide the late Neoproterozoic detrital zircons of the Nantuo Formation. These provenance analyses of the Nanhua Supergroup indicate an interior source from the SCC, rather than an exterior source from the Laurentia and Australia cratons. The Neoproterozoic rift basins and magmatic rocks in the SCC were produced by secular episodic subductions and back-arc extensions, rather than a Neoproterozoic super-mantle plume. The SCC occupied a peripheral position adjacent to northern India in Rodinia during the Neoproterozoic. These conclusions will promote our understanding of genetic mechanism and distribution prediction of the several Cryogenian–Cambrian black-shale layers and excellent source rocks in the SCC.

Field of study: Geology
Antimicrobial activities and biological characteristics of endophytic fungi T4 from Ginkgo biloba L.

Twenty-five endophyte isolates were obtained from healthy roots,stems and leaves of Ginkgo biloba L.The results of preliminary test exhibited 16 endophyte isolates significantly antagonized six plant patho-gens,especially the endophyte T4 strain.The results of mycelium growth rate showed the ferment broth of T4 had strong antagonistic action against Fusarium oxysporum,Cytospora mandshurica,Colletotrichum gloeosporioides,Venturia pirina and Fusarium graminearum,especially against Cytospora mandshurica with 92.31% inhibitory rate.The study on the biological characteristics exhibited that the proper growth temperature of the strain was 28-32℃,and suitable carbon sources were glucose and maltose while the optimal nitrogen source was tryptone.In addition,the strain T4 was preliminarily identified as Fusarium sp.based on morphological characteristics.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Meteorologists' Views About Global Warming: A Survey of American Meteorological Society Professional Members

Meteorologists and other atmospheric science experts are playing important roles in helping society respond to climate change. However, members of this professional community are not unanimous in their views of climate change, and there has been tension among members of the American Meteorological Society (AMS) who hold different views on the topic. In response, AMS created the Committee to Improve Climate Change Communication to explore and, to the extent possible, resolve these tensions. To support this committee, in January 2012 we surveyed all AMS members with known e-mail addresses, achieving a 26.3% response rate (n = 1,854). In this paper we tested four hypotheses—1) perceived conflict about global warming will be negatively associated, and 2) climate expertise, 3) liberal political ideology, and 4) perceived scientific consensus will be positively associated—with 1) higher personal certainty that global warming is happening, 2) viewing the global warming observed over the past 150 years as mostly ...

Field of study: Environmental science
Spectral linewidths of two mode lasers

By application of quasilinear response theory the spectral linewidths of two mode lasers near their threshold are calculated. Use is made of an adaequate fluctuation-dissipation relation. The laser is described by a fluctuation Hamiltonian with intensity and phase coupling of the modes. Incidentally the two modes' intensity fluctuation linewidths (given earlier) are rederived, and a formerly given result on the detuned single mode laser is corrected. For the phase coupled two mode laser we find a third threshold between the photon thresholds and, for large pumping, a linewidth factor 1/2.

Field of study: Physics
Multilateral Bargaining With Imperfect Information

We study a multilateral procedure in which responders are told only their own shares. The proposal becomes common knowledge after the response stage and responders have optimistic beliefs after off-equilibrium offers. When discounting is high, the set of equilibrium agreements is a singleton; when it is low, there is a large multiplicity of equilibrium payoffs. In contrast to earlier work, our multiple equilibria are constructed by using strategy profiles in which a responder rejects any offer that reduces his or her own share.

Field of study: Economics
Performance Analysis of Time-Reversal MUSIC

In this paper, we study the performance of multiple signal classification (MUSIC) in computational time-reversal (TR) applications. The analysis builds upon classical results on first-order perturbation of singular value decomposition. The closed form of mean-squared error (MSE) matrix of TR-MUSIC is derived for the single-frequency case in both multistatic co-located and non co-located scenarios. The proposed analysis is compared with Cramér-Rao lower-bound (CRLB), and it is exploited for comparison of TR-MUSIC when linear and (nonlinear) multiple-scattering is present. Finally, a numerical analysis is provided to confirm the theoretical findings.

Field of study: Engineering
Regular Educators' Modification Preferences For Mainstreaming Mildly Handicapped Children

A questionnaire designed to solicit information on types of modifications facilitative of regular class teachers' acceptance of elementary-age exceptional children into their classrooms drew responses from 100 regular education teachers. Data indicated that regular educators' participation in the mainstreaming process, rather than availability of specific classroom modifications, was an important factor in their accepting handicapped students. While no significant differences were noted in number of modifications as a function of diagnostic label, teachers did indicate that preferences for mainstreaming modifications differed from their current situation. The data are discussed relative to mainstreaming and current educational trends.

Field of study: Education