nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Supercurrent Interference in Few-Mode Nanowire Josephson Junctions.

Junctions created by coupling two superconductors via a semiconductor nanowire in the presence of high magnetic fields are the basis for the potential detection, fusion, and braiding of Majorana bound states. We study NbTiN/InSb nanowire/NbTiN Josephson junctions and find that the dependence of the critical current on the magnetic field exhibits gate-tunable nodes. This is in contrast with a well-known Fraunhofer effect, under which critical current nodes form a regular pattern with a period fixed by the junction area. Based on a realistic numerical model we conclude that the Zeeman effect induced by the magnetic field and the spin-orbit interaction in the nanowire are insufficient to explain the observed evolution of the Josephson effect. We find the interference between the few occupied one-dimensional modes in the nanowire to be the dominant mechanism responsible for the critical current behavior. We also report a strong suppression of critical currents at finite magnetic fields that should be taken into account when designing circuits based on Majorana bound states.

Field of study: Physics
Fetal Alcohol Exposure Alters BOLD Activation Patterns in Brain Regions Mediating the Interpretation of Facial Affect.

Although deficits in the interpretation of affective facial expressions have been described clinically and in behavioral studies of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD), effects of prenatal alcohol exposure on the neural networks that mediate affective appraisal have not previously been examined.



We administered a nonverbal event-related fMRI affective appraisal paradigm to 64 children (mean age=12.5 yr; 18 with fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) or partial FAS (PFAS), 18 non-syndromal heavily exposed (HE), and 28 controls). Happy, sad, angry, fearful, and neutral faces and pixelated control images were presented sequentially in a randomized order. The child indicated whether the currently displayed face showed the same or different affect as the previous one.



Data from whole brain analyses showed that all groups activated the appropriate face processing neural networks. Region of interest analyses indicated that, compared to HE and control children, the FAS/PFAS group exhibited greater blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) signal changes when processing neutral faces than pixelated images in two regions that form part of the visual-sensory social brain network, which plays an important role in the initial processing of facial affect. By contrast, BOLD signal when processing angry faces was smaller for the FAS/PFAS group in a region involved in the processing of facial identity and facial expressions and in a region involved in the recognition and selection of behavioral responses to aggressive behavior.



These findings of greater BOLD signal in the FAS/PFAS group in response to neutral faces suggest less efficient neural processing of more difficult to interpret emotions, and the weaker BOLD response to angry faces suggests altered processing of angry stimuli. Although behavioral performance did not differ in this relatively simple affective appraisal task, these data suggest that in children with FAS and PFAS the appraisal of neutral affect and anger is likely to be more effortful in more challenging and dynamic social contexts.

Field of study: Medicine
A Bayesian spatiotemporal model to estimate long‐term exposure to outdoor air pollution at coarser administrative geographies in England and Wales

Estimation of longâ€ term exposure to air pollution levels over a large spatial domain, such as the mainland UK, entails a challenging modelling task since exposure data are often only observed by a network of sparse monitoring sites with variable amounts of missing data. The paper develops and compares several flexible nonâ€ stationary hierarchical Bayesian models for the four most harmful air pollutants, nitrogen dioxide and ozone, and PM10 and PM2.5 particulate matter, in England and Wales during the 5â€ year period 2007â€“2011. The models make use of observed data from the UK's automatic urban and rural network as well as output of an atmospheric air quality dispersion model developed recently especially for the UK. Land use information, incorporated as a predictor in the model, further enhances the accuracy of the model. Using daily data for all four pollutants over the 5â€ year period we obtain empirically verified maps which are the most accurate among the competition. Monte Carlo integration methods for spatial aggregation are developed and these enable us to obtain predictions, and their uncertainties, at the level of a given administrative geography. These estimates for local authority areas can readily be used for many purposes such as modelling of aggregated health outcome data and are made publicly available alongside this paper.

Field of study: Mathematics
Application of Fission Tactic in Optimization of Discernibility Matrix

The discernibility matrix using fission tactic is proposed based on the research of discernibility in existence. It corrects the deficiency of Skowron′s discernibility matrix, and further improves algorithm for more concision, understandable, reducing complexity effectively, comparing with other improving algorithm, further improving the efficiency of algorithm. So it has some importance in practical research.

Field of study: Computer science
Laser healing of thermally induced optical damage and its relationship with the spectral characteristics of neodymium-doped lithium niobate

An investigation was made of the polarization dependence of the kinetics of laser healing of thermally induced optical damage (TIOD) in LiNbO3:Nd crystals and its relationship with the polarized absorption spectra. It was observed that the kinetics of healing of TIOD differed when the crystal was illuminated by extraordinarily and ordinarily polarized beams. The nature of the healing of TIOD is discussed. Some features of the polarization-dependent absorption spectra of crystals with and without optical inhomogeneities are considered.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Mung-bean Protein Hydrolysates Obtained with Alcalase Exhibit Angiotensin I-converting Enzyme Inhibitory Activity

Mung-bean protein isolates were hydrolysed by two proteases alcalase and neutrase commercially available for food industry use, and the angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activities of the enzymatic hydrolysates were measured at different hydrolysis times. The non-hydrolysed protein showed no inhibitory activity. Hydrolysates generated with neutrase displayed very low ACE inhibitory activity, while those obtained with alcalase exhibited high inhibitory activity. The highest ACE inhibitory activity with the IC50 value of 0.64 mg protein/mL was found in the hydrolysate obtained with alcalase at 2h of hydrolysis time. These results indicated that mung-bean protein is a good protein source of ACE inhibitory peptides when hydrolysed with the protease alcalase. The mung-bean protein hydrolysates prepared with alcalase might be utilised for physiologically functional foods with antihypertensive activity.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
An HPSG Approach to English Comparative Inversion

It has been analyzed that the word order of English comparative inversion is analogous to that of other subject-auxiliary inversions in that only a finite auxiliary verb can be followed by the subject. However, English comparative inversion should be distinguished from other inversions because the subject can be located between a cluster of auxiliary verbs and the non-auxiliary verb phrase in English comparative inversion. Existing analyses on subject-auxiliary inversion cannot account for this special kind of inversion. This paper proposes a new phrase type for English comparative inversion within the construction-based HPSG. In addition, I suggest that constraints on properties of lexemes participating in the new phrase type are governed by the construction-based approach, while the word order of English comparative inversion is determined by rules that the word order domain approach adopts. Also, it will be shown that these proposals can capture the word order of nor-inversion, as-inversion, and soinversion as well as that of comparative inversion.

Field of study: Linguistics
Essential Attributes for the Community Pharmacist as Care Provider

To identify skills and attributes that pharmacy students need upon graduation if planning to pursue a career path as a community pharmacy practice care provider.  In-depth interviews with community pharmacy stakeholders were conducted, audio-recorded, and transcribed. Interview transcripts were thematically analyzed to identify the skills and attributes pharmacy students need upon graduation to be prepared to practice as a community pharmacy-based care provider.  Forty-two participants were interviewed. Identified attributes that were deemed transformative for community pharmacy practice included three behaviors, five skills, and two knowledge areas. Behavioral attributes needed by future community pharmacists were an approach to practice that is forward thinking and patient-centric, and having a provider mentality. The most commonly mentioned skill was the ability to provide direct patient care, with other skills being organizational competence, communication, building relationships, and management and leadership. Critical knowledge areas were treatment guidelines and drug knowledge, and regulatory and payer requirements. Additional skills needed by community pharmacy-based providers included identification and treatment of acute self-limiting illnesses and monitoring activities for chronic health conditions.  Essential attributes of community pharmacists that will allow practice transformation to take place include behaving in a forward-thinking, patient-centric manner; displaying a provider mentality through use of effective communication to build relationships with patients and other providers, and learning how to meet regulatory and payer requirements for prescribers. These attributes should be fostered during the student’s experiential curriculum.

Field of study: Education, Medicine
Fast Finite-Time Consensus Tracking of First-Order Multi-Agent Systems with a Virtual Leader

This paper proposes a novel finite-time consensus tracking protocol for guaranteeing first-order multi-agent systems with a virtual leader to achieve the fast finite-time consensus tracking. The Lyapunov function method, algebra graph theory, homogeneity with dilation and some other techniques are employed to prove that first-order multi-agent systems with a virtual leader applying the proposed protocol can reach the finite-time consensus tracking. Furthermore, theoretical analysis and numerical simulations show that compared with the traditional finite-time consensus tracking protocols, the proposed protocol can accelerate the convergence speed of achieving the finite-time consensus tracking.

Field of study: Computer science
Comparative cheap talk

When are comparative statements credible? We show that simple complementarity conditions ensure that an expert with private information about multiple issues can credibly rank the issues for a decision maker. By restricting the expert's ability to exaggerate, multidimensional cheap talk of this form permits communication when it would not be credible in a single dimension. The communication gains can be substantial with even a couple of dimensions, and the complete ranking is asymptotically equivalent to full revelation as the number of issues becomes large. Nevertheless, partial rankings are sometimes more credible and/or more profitable for the expert than the complete ranking. Comparative cheap talk is robust to asymmetries that are not too large. Consequently, for sufficiently many independent issues, there are always some issues sufficiently symmetric to permit comparative cheap talk.

Field of study: Economics
A NON-INTERCEPTIVE MEASUREMENT METHOD OF BEAM INTENSITY

This paper introduces one non interceptive beam intensity measurement by using a cylindrically capacitive which is originally used for the measurements of beam bunch length and central phase. The induced signal from the probe now is used for measuring simultaneously all the three beam characteristics for around μA heavy ions at HIRFL accelerator complex. The measurement principle for beam intensity and the system structure are presented. Applying the technique of virtual instruments to the system is described briefly. The preliminary experimental results are also given.

Field of study: Physics
Local response-rate constancy on concurrent variable-interval schedules of reinforcement.

Concurrent variable-interval schedules were arranged with a main key that alternated in color and schedule assignment, along with a changeover key on which a small fixed ratio was required to changeover. Acceptable matching was observed with pigeons in two replications, but there was a tendency toward overmatching. Local response rates were found to differ for unequal schedules of a concurrent pair: local response rate was greater for the variable-interval schedule with the smaller average interreinforcement interval, but qualifications based on an interresponse-time analysis were discussed. In a second experiment, two 3-minute variable-interval schedules were arranged concurrently, and the experimental variable was the changeover procedure: either a changeover delay was incurred by each changeover or a small fixed ratio on a changeover key was required to complete a changeover. Changeover delays of 2 and 5 seconds were compared with a fixed-ratio changeover of five responses. The response output on the main key (associated with the variable-interval schedules) was greater when a changeover delay was arranged than when a fixed ratio was required to changeover. A detailed analysis of stripchart records showed that a 2-second delay generated an increased response rate for 3 seconds after a changeover, while the fixed-ratio requirement generated an increased rate during the first second only, followed by a depressed response rate for 2 seconds.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Equivalence of Smoothing Parameter Selectors in Density and Intensity Estimation

Kernel smoothing is an attractive method for the nonparametric estimation of either a probability density function or the intensity function of a nonstationary Poisson process. In each case the amount of smoothing, controlled by the bandwidth, that is, smoothing parameter, is crucial to the performance of the estimator. Bandwidth selection by cross-validation has been widely studied in the context of density estimation. A bandwidth selector in the intensity estimation case has been proposed that minimizes an estimate of the mean squared error under the assumption that the data are generated by a stationary Cox process. This article shows that these two methods each select the same bandwidth, even though they are motivated in much different ways. In addition to providing further justification of each method, this equivalence of smoothing parameter selectors yields new insights for both density and intensity estimation. A benefit for intensity estimation is that this equivalence makes it clear how ...

Field of study: Mathematics
Engineered nanomaterials and human health: Part 1. Preparation, functionalization and characterization (IUPAC Technical Report)

Nanotechnology is a rapidly evolving field, as evidenced by the large number of publications on the synthesis, characterization, and biological/environmental effects of new nano-sized materials. The unique, size-dependent properties of nanomaterials have been exploited in a diverse range of applications and in many examples of nano-enabled consumer products. In this account we focus on Engineered Nanomaterials (ENM), a class of deliberately designed and constructed nano-sized materials. Due to the large volume of publications, we separated the preparation and characterisation of ENM from applications and toxicity into two interconnected documents. Part 1 summarizes nanomaterial terminology and provides an overview of the best practices for their preparation, surface functionalization, and analytical characterization. Part 2 (this issue,  2018; 90(8): 1325–1356) focuses on ENM that are used in products that are expected to come in close contact with consumers. It reviews nanomaterials used in therapeutics, diagnostics, and consumer goods and summarizes current nanotoxicology challenges and the current state of nanomaterial regulation, providing insight on the growing public debate on whether the environmental and social costs of nanotechnology outweigh its potential benefits.

Field of study: Chemistry
BLENDING GROUND BEEF TO CONTROL FAT CONTENT USING SIMULATED ON–LINE SPECTROSCOPIC MEASUREMENTS

Simulation was used to demonstrate that on–line visible/near–infrared spectroscopic measurements of fat content 
in the streams of ground beef from grinders can be used effectively to achieve a target fat content in a final blender, eliminating 
the conventional intermediate blending step. Sample–to–sample measurements were simulated using an autoregressive 
moving average time series model while lot–to–lot, block–to–block, and measurement–to–actual variation was treated as 
random. More than 10,000 spectra from 31 blocks of frozen beef, in addition to historical processing plant data, were used 
to develop the model. Test conditions were for a nominal 15% fat stream to be blended with a nominal 50% fat stream to create 
final blends of 30%, 35%, and 40% fat. Three styles of control limits were tested for the model: constant limit, tapered limit, 
and funnel limit. These styles describe the fat content limits that control whether one or both streams will be added to the 
blender at a particular moment and how these limits change as the blender fills. The control styles that minimized the time 
to fill the blender were tapered, funnel, and tapered for 30%, 35%, and 40% fat content targets, respectively. For all three, 
the target fat content was achieved within a tolerance of .0.75% fat 99.7% of the time.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Evaluating the Outcome of a New Functional Brace for the Management of Humeral Shaft Fractures

Patients were initially managed with a U-Slab for an average of 26 days. Patients were followed up for an average of 70 days post brace application. 5 patients were lost to follow up. The remaining 11 patients had the brace on for an average of 73 days. In the last follow up, 15 patients had an acceptable anterior/posterior angulation of less than 20 (1 patient 22), varus/valgus angulation less than 20, and less than 3cm of shortening. 12 patients had radiological evidence of union, with the other 4 demonstrating significant callus. 4 patients were recruited for prospective analysis with DASH, SPADI and CONSTANT shoulder scores, and demonstrated minimal loss of function. There were no complications of bracing treatment.

Field of study: Medicine
The family feud: turning off Sp1 by Sp1-like KLF proteins.

Sp1 is one of the best characterized transcriptional activators. The biological importance of Sp1 is underscored by the fact that several hundreds of genes are thought to be regulated by this protein. However, during the last 5 years, a more extended family of Sp1-like transcription factors has been identified and characterized by the presence of a conserved DNA-binding domain comprising three Krüppel-like zinc fingers. Each distinct family member differs in its ability to regulate transcription, and, as a consequence, to influence cellular processes. Specific activation and repression domains located within the N-terminal regions of these proteins are responsible for these differences by facilitating interactions with various co-activators and co-repressors. The present review primarily focuses on discussing the structural, biochemical and biological functions of the repressor members of this family of transcription factors. The existence of these transcriptional repressors provides a tightly regulated mechanism for silencing a large number of genes that are already known to be activated by Sp1.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Ambient odors influence the amplitude and time course of visual distraction.

Behavioral performance was examined in a task of attentional capture by luminance under conditions of ambient odors (phenyl ethyl alcohol [PEA], olfactory stimulus, and allyl isothiocyanate [AIC], mixed olfactory/trigeminal stimulus). The AIC increased the amplitude and duration of capture, whereas the presence of PEA led capture to disappear. Furthermore, the PEA caused a general slowing in the speed of information processing. The amplitude and time course of capture were correlated to the irritating components of these odorants, whereas a control experiment showed that the general slowing caused by the PEA was correlated to a drop-off of the subjects' arousal level. These results suggest that ambient odors may exert differential influence of visual-attentional processes and that this influence may depend on the odor's properties.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Structure and morphology of X-ray selected AGN hosts at 1

We analyze morphologies of the host galaxies of 35 X-ray selected active galactic nucleus (AGNs) at $z\sim2$ in the Cosmic Evolution Survey (COSMOS) field using Hubble Space Telescope/WFC3 imaging taken from the Cosmic Assembly Near-infrared Deep Extragalactic Legacy Survey (CANDELS). We build a control sample of 350 galaxies in total, by selecting ten non-active galaxies drawn from the same field with the similar stellar mass and redshift for each AGN host. By performing two dimensional fitting with GALFIT on the surface brightness profile, we find that the distribution of S$\`e$rsic index (n) of AGN hosts does not show a statistical difference from that of the control sample. We measure the nonparametric morphological parameters (the asymmetry index A, the Gini coefficient G, the concentration index C and the M20 index) based on point source subtracted images. All the distributions of these morphological parameters of AGN hosts are consistent with those of the control sample. We finally investigate the fraction of distorted morphologies in both samples by visual classification. Only $\sim$15% of the AGN hosts have highly distorted morphologies, possibly due to a major merger or interaction. We find there is no significant difference in the distortion fractions between the AGN host sample and control sample. We conclude that the morphologies of X-ray selected AGN hosts are similar to those of nonactive galaxies and most AGN activity is not triggered by major merger.

Field of study: Physics
High Temperature Oxidation Behavior of Ti811 Alloy

The oxide scale of Ti811 alloy sheet in static air at 700～900 ℃ for different times was investigated by Scanning Electron Microscope(SEM) and Optical Microscope techniques.The influences of oxidation time and temperature on oxidation kinetics of alloys were analyzed.The results show that the isothermal oxidation kinetic curves of composites mainly follow parabolic rate law.When the alloys oxidized at low temperature for short time,the thermodynamic advantage of aluminum is dominant.While the alloys oxidized at high temperature for long time,the thermodynamic advantage of titanium is predominant.The differences among the difference between oxide scale and the metals oxidized and the structures differnce between different layers and the difference of phase structures in the complex mix-type oxidized scales will generate internal stress on the interfaces.When the internal stress reaches the ultimate strength of scales,it will generate cracks and desquamation.

Field of study: Materials science