nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Valorisation of Clementine peels for the recovery of minerals and antioxidants: evaluation and characterisation by LC-DAD-MS of solvent extracts.

Six peel samples of Clementine fruits and one sample of Mandarin cultivar peel were studied. Mineral analysis showed that all the fruit peels were good sources of K, Ca, Na and Fe. Phenolic and flavonoid contents presented values between 9686±144 and 11934±312 mg gallic acid equivalents /100 g dw and between 702±68 and 1047±54 mg Catechin equivalents /100 g dw respectively, and in both cases the highest amount was found in Cadoux cv. and the lowest in St Martin cv. whereas for carotenoid contents, the amount varied from 52±1 to 76±1 mg β-carotene equivalents /100g dw and Rocamora cv. was the richest fruit. The LC-DAD-MS analysis of phenolic compounds showed that hesperidin was the major flavonoid, and for the first time natsudaidain derivative is reported. All Clementine peels exhibited DPPH scavenging activity and reducing power, the Cadoux cv. being the most active one while Rocamora and Merme cv. were the weakest in both tests, respectively.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Prediction of the occurrence of slope instability phenomenal through GIS-based hazard zonation

Slope instability hazard assessment is based on the analysis of the terrain conditions at sites where slope failures occurred in the past. For the analysis of the causative factors the application of geographic information systems (GIS) is an essential tool in the data analysis and subsequent hazard assessment. Three scale levels of hazard mapping are defined. A direct experience-driven mapping at reconnaissance level, a statistical approach to determine the causative factors in a quantitative susceptibility mapping and a methodology at large-scale making using of deterministic models.

Field of study: Environmental science
Determination of the range in binding-site densities of rat skin heparin chains with high binding affinities for antithrombin.

Rat skin heparin proteoglycans vary markedly in the proportions of their constituent polysaccharide chains that have high binding affinity for antithrombin. As the proportion of such chains in a proteoglycan rises, their degree of affinity for antithrombin also increases [Horner (1987) ]. The antithrombin-binding-site densities of such chains have now been determined, by measuring heparin-induced enhancement of the intrinsic fluorescence of antithrombin and by chemical analysis for the disaccharide sequence glucuronosyl-N-sulphoglucosaminyl (3,6-di-O-sulphate), which is unique to this site in heparin [Lindahl, Bäckström, Thunberg & Leder (1980) -6555]. Antithrombin-binding-site density ranged from one to five sites per chain.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Charge pumping in monolayer graphene driven by a series of time-periodic potentials

We applied the Floquet scattering-matrix formalism to studying the electronic transport properties in a mesoscopic Dirac system. Using the method, we investigate theoretically quantum pumping driven by a series of time-periodic potentials in graphene monolayer both in the adiabatic and non-adiabatic regimes. Our numerical results demonstrate that adding harmonic modulated potentials can break the time reversal symmetry when no voltage bias is applied to the graphene monolayer. Thus, when the system is pumped with proper dynamic parameters, these scatterers can produce a nonzero dc pumped current. We also find that the transmission is anisotropic as the incident angle is changed.

Field of study: Physics
Installation and use of ballast water treatment systems – Implications for compliance and enforcement

Convention entered into force in September 2017. In the convention, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) required two options: ballast water exchange (BWE) standard D-1, and ballast water performance standard D-2 which required ballast water treatment systems (BWTSs). We explored the impact of policy on the utilization of BWTSs by examining IMO Type Approval records and country-level databases in the United States and Australia. In December 2018, 65 BWTSs had IMO Type Approval and 13 had US Coast Guard approval. The majority of vessels with BWTSs had either electrolytic or UV treatment systems (Australia, 84%; USA, 89%). From 2016 to 2017, both countries experienced an increase in the percentage of vessels with BWTS, vessels utilizing BWTS, and total ballast discharge treated with BWTS. Based on this analysis, shipowners appear to primarily rely on two treatment technologies in Australia and the United States to meet compliance.

Field of study: Environmental science
Lym 7.3: new murine specificity defining third allele of the Ly 7 locus.

A new antigenic specificity, designated Lym 7.3, defines a third allele of the Ly 7 locus. The monoclonal antibody recognizing this determinant was produced by a hybridoma derived from immunization of B10.D2 Ign mice against a (BALB/c X NZB) F1 murine B lymphoma cell line (WEHI-5). Previously, we reported that another antibody (BD5-334.5) from this fusion reacted with an alloantigen similar or identical to the Ly 7.2 antigen originally described by McKenzie and coworkers. The Lym 7.3 specificity is qualitatively and quantitatively identical to the Lym 7.2 determinant in tissue distribution. Both antibodies react with a majority of splenocytes, peripheral blood lymphocytes, lymph node cells, and mitogen activated blasts from positive strains, but do not react with kidney, liver, or brain tissues by absorption analysis. B lymphocytes expressed significantly higher cell surface density of Lym 7.2 and Lym 7.3 than T lymphocytes. However, these antibodies clearly could be distinguished on the basis of inbred and congenic strain distribution. Three distinct phenotypes were presented: (1) Lym 7.2+ Lym 7.3+; (2) Lym 7.2+ Lym 7.3-; and (3) Lym 7.2- Lym 7.3-. Genetic studies suggested both specificities were encoded by a single locus.

Field of study: Biology
Apelin-13 Regulates Vasopressin-Induced Aquaporin-2 Expression and Trafficking in Kidney Collecting Duct Cells.

Apelin and its G protein-coupled receptor APJ (gene symbol Aplnr) are strongly expressed in magnocellular vasopressinergic neurons suggesting that the apelin/APJ system plays a key role at the central level in regulating salt and water balance by counteracting the antiduretic action of vasopressin (AVP). Likewise, recent studies revealed that apelin exerts opposite effects to those of vasopressin induced on water reabsorption via a direct action on the kidney collecting duct. However, the underlying mechanisms of the peripheral action of apelin are not clearly understood. Here, we thus investigated the role of the apelin/APJ system in the regulation of water balance in the kidney, and more specifically its involvement in modulating the function of aquaporin-2 (AQP2) in the collecting duct.



Mouse cortical collecting duct cells (mpkCCD) were incubated in the presence of dDAVP and treated with or without apelin-13. Changes in AQP2 expression and localization were determined by immunoblotting and confocal immunofluorescence staining.



Herein, we showed that the APJ was present in mpkCCD cells. Treatment of mpkCCD with apelin-13 reduced the cAMP production and antagonized the AVP-induced increase in AQP2 mRNA and protein expressions. Immunofluorescent experiments also revealed that the AVP-induced apical cell surface expression of AQP2, and notably its phosphorylated isoform AQP2-pS269, was considerably reduced following apelin-13 application to mpkCCD cells.



Our data reinforce the aquaretic role of the apelin/APJ system in the fine regulation of body fluid homeostasis at the kidney level and its physiological opposite action to the antiduretic activity of AVP.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Estimating onset time from longitudinal and cross-sectional data with an application to estimating gestational age from longitudinal maternal anthropometry during pregnancy and neonatal anthropometry at birth.

Determining the date of conception is important for estimating gestational age and monitoring whether the fetus and mother are on track in their development and pregnancy. Various methods based on ultrasound have been proposed for dating a pregnancy in high resource countries. However, such techniques may not be available in under-resourced countries. We develop a shared random parameter model for estimating the date of conception using longitudinal assessment of multiple maternal anthropometry and cross-sectional neonatal anthropometry. The methodology is evaluated with a training-test set paradigm as well as with simulations to examine the robustness of the method to model misspecification. We illustrate this new methodology with data from the NICHD Fetal Growth Studies.

Field of study: Mathematics
Stimulating Effect of a Newly Synthesized Sulfonamido-Basedgallate on Articular Chondrocytes in Vitro

The phenotype of chondrocyte is easy to be lost when expanded in vitro by a process defined “dedifferentiation”. Traditional growth factors such as transforming growth factor (TGF-β1) are effective in preventing of dedifferentiation, but high costs and loss of activity limited their use. It is of significance to find substitutes which can reduce dedifferentiation and preserve chondrocytes phenotype to ensure sufficient differentiated cells for further study.  We synthesized new type of sulfonamido-based gallates named ZXHA-C and investigated its effect on primary articular chondrocytes of rats. After preliminary screening by cytotoxicity test, ZXHA-C of 1.06 × 10-8, 1.06 × 10-7 and 1.06 × 10-6M were chosen for further studies. Cell proliferation, morphology, viability, GAG synthesis and cartilage specific gene expression were detected. Also the effects of ZXHA-C on Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway were investigated.  ZXHA-C could significantly promote chondrocytes growth. And it could enhance ECM synthesis by up-regulating expression levels of cartilage specific markers like aggrecan, collagen II and Sox9. Expression of collagen I which marked chondrocytes dedifferentiation was also significantly down-regulated after treated by ZXHA-C. Further exploration of the molecular mechanism indicated that ZXHA-C activated the Wnt/β-catenin signal pathway in chondrocytes, as evidenced by up-regulated gene expression of β-catenin, Wnt-4, cyclin D1 and Frizzled-2 and decreased glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK-3β). Among the various concentrations, ZXHA-C of 1.06 × 10-7 M showed the best performance, which was close to positive control (group with TGF-β1).  ZXHA-C might be potential a novel agent for the maintenances of chondrocytes phenotype.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Stomatal behaviour in a beech canopy : an analysis of Bowen ratio measurements compared with porometer data

On the basis of measurements of stand transpiration and microclimate, the bulk stomatal or bulk leaf conductance (g L ) of a beech forest in northern Germany was calculated for periods in which leaves were fully expanded and the canopy was dry. This conductance depends strongly on light and humidity conditions above the forest. During periods with photosynthetic photon flux densities Q > 1200 μmol m -2 s -1 , g L was reduced from 1500 mmol m -2 s -1 at a vapour pressure deficit D = 0.5 kPa to 500 mmol m -2 s -1 at D = 2 kPa. Light saturation of g L was not reached until Q = 1200 μmol m -2 s -1 at low D, or until even higher Q at higher D. The dependence of g L on Q and D was described mathematically by a non-linear equation that requires two empirical parameters. Values for g L as simulated by this equation provided a satisfactory agreement with independent porometer data collected on single leaves and scaled up to the canopy. A comparison of stomatal and aerodynamic conductances showed a strong coupling between the forest canopy and the atmosphere, indicating that transpiration of the beech forest is controlled mainly by the stomata.

Field of study: Environmental science
Radiation therapy and clinical physics practices in the midwest (1982-1986).

As a part of an on-site physics review procedure, the Midwest Center for Radiological Physics (MWCRP) interviewed midwest clinical radiotherapy physicists and radiation therapists in institutions that participated in federally funded Cancer Control Programs. Information from 77 institutions was compiled regarding types of megavoltage units, daily patient load, radiotherapy personnel, treatment planning responsibilities, dosimetric practices, and treatment planning computers. Even though some practices, such as frequency of patient charge checks, were consistent throughout the midwest, other practices varied considerably such as patient load with the number of megavoltage units. This information may be useful either for planning a new facility, considering the needs for staff, or for comparing existing practices and responsibilities.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
TWO FAST STRATEGIES FOR HIGH-RISE BUILDING CONSTRUCTION SIMULATION

Construction simulation is an approach that reflects level-by-level construction of high-rise buildings.Based on building construction process,two fast strategies for construction simulation are proposed by amending the existing skyline and preconditioned-conjugate-gradient(PCG)solvers.It is shown that the two strategies proposed can greatly increase the speed of analysis,and they are applicable to practical problems.

Field of study: Engineering
Automatic Generation of Meta Classifiers with Large Levels for Distributed Computing and Networking

This paper is devoted to a case study of a new construction of classifiers. These classifiers are called automatically generated multi-level meta classifiers, AGMLMC. The construction combines diverse meta classifiers in a new way to create a unified system. This original construction can be generated automatically producing classifiers with large levels. Different meta classifiers are incorporated as low-level integral parts of another meta classifier at the top level. It is intended for the distributed computing and networking. The AGMLMC classifiers are unified classifiers with many parts that can operate in parallel. This make it easy to adopt them in distributed applications. This paper introduces new construction of classifiers and undertakes an experimental study of their performance. We look at a case study of their effectiveness in the special case of the detection and filtering of phishing emails. This is a possible important application area for such large and distributed classification systems. Our experiments investigate the effectiveness of combining diverse meta classifiers into one AGMLMC classifier in the case study of detection and filtering of phishing emails. The results show that new classifiers with large levels achieved better performance compared to the base classifiers and simple meta classifiers classifiers. This demonstrates that the new technique can be applied to increase the performance if diverse meta classifiers are included in the system.

Field of study: Computer science
Cell-type non-selective transcription of mouse and human genes encoding neural-restrictive silencer factor.

Neural-restrictive silencer (NRS) has been identified in at least twenty neuron-specific genes, and its nuclear DNA-binding factor, NRSF (also known as RE1-silencing transcription factor (REST)), has been cloned from human and rat, and was shown to repress transcription by recruiting corepressors mSin3 and/or CoREST via its N- and C-terminal domains, leading to chromatin reorganization by mSin3-associated histone deacetylase, HDAC. However, it is largely unknown how NRSF gene expression is regulated. To elucidate the mechanisms for gene expression of NRSF, we isolated the transcriptional unit of the NRSF gene from mouse and human, identified three 5'-non-coding exons in addition to three coding exons, determined transcription start sites, and identified two basal promoter activities in the upstream of the first two non-coding exons. Both promoters functioned equally in neuronal and non-neuronal cells, suggesting that levels of initial transcripts of NRSF gene are similar in neuronal and non-neuronal cells. These results suggest that the level of NRSF gene expression is not determined by transcription per se, and rather is modulated at the post-transcriptional level, e.g. splicing, mRNA stability, and/or post-translational modifications, in a cell-specific manner. Consistent with this idea, NRSF protein was apparently present even in neuronal cells and tissues, but was unable to bind to the NRS element, suggesting that NRSF is regulated at least in part post-translationally.

Field of study: Biology
Interleukin-23 (IL-23) deficiency disrupts Th17 and Th1-related defenses against Streptococcus pneumoniae infection.

Resolution of acute of infection caused by capsular Streptococcus pneumoniae infection in the absence of effective antibiotic therapy requires tight regulation of immune and inflammatory responses. To provide new mechanistic insight of the requirements needed for innate host defenses against acute S. pneumoniae infection, we examined how IL-23 deficiency mediated acute pulmonary resistance. We found that IL-23 deficient mice were more susceptible to bacterial colonization in the lungs corresponding with greater bacterial dissemination. The lack of IL-23 was found to decrease IL-6 and IL-12p70 cytokine levels in bronchiolar lavage within the initial day after infection. Pulmonary leukocytes isolated from infected IL-23 deficient mice demonstrated a dramatic decrease in IL-17A and IFN-γ in response to heat-killed organisms. These findings corresponded with significant abrogation of neutrophilic infiltrate in the lungs compared to IL-23 competent mice. Whereas previous studies have shown opposing influences of IL-12/IL-23 regulation, our findings suggest a concordant dependency of IL-23 expression on Th1 and Th17-related responses.

Field of study: Medicine
Using Corpus for Investigating the English Translations of a Chinese Common Word "Shi"

The paper reexamines the various English translations of a Chinese common wor"Shi"by using a new and efficient tool - the EC parallel corpus. Based on the data from the EC parallel corpus developed by Beijing Foreign Studies University and the online EC parallel corpus developed by Chinese Academy of Sciences, by analyzing and classifying the data containing the Chinese word "Shi", we obtain six new translation methods of "Shi". The new method based on parallel corpus offers more comprehensive and objective findings than the traditional subjective analysis.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Checklist assessment tool to evaluate suitability and success of neonatal clamp circumcision: A prospective study.

The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) Task Force on Circumcision has called for the development of standards of trainee proficiency in regards to evaluation and technique for neonatal clamp circumcision (NCC). At the present time, there is no standardized or general consensus on patient selection for NCC. An improved method to evaluate newborns for NCC is an important first step in this process. Therefore, the authors collaborated to identify criteria useful in the evaluation of newborns for suitability for NCC, and for assessment of success after NCC and have named it "Checklist Assessment for Neonatal Clamp Circumcision Suitability."



A national multi-institutional collaboration was created to obtain consensus on objective criteria for use in determining patient suitability for NCC, and for assessing post-circumcision success outcomes. Criteria included elements from detailed medical history, bedside physical examination, and post-circumcision follow-up. Patients desiring NCC were enrolled consecutively and prospectively. The Checklist was followed to determine which newborns were suited to NCC, and NCC was done in those cases. The patients' caretakers were given post-circumcision care instructions and a follow-up appointment. Post circumcision, the Checklist was followed to determine if the procedure resulted in a successful circumcision or if there were complications.



A total of 193 cases were enrolled prospectively and consecutively from January 2014 through October 2014. The mean age was 15 days (1-30 days). Of those 193 patients, 129 (67%) were deemed suitable for circumcision and underwent NCC. Post-circumcision assessment showed a 100% success rate with no complications. A total of 64 (23%) cases were deemed unsuitable for NCC because at least one checklist criterion was not satisfied, most commonly: penile torsion (n = 25), chordee (n = 19), and penoscrotal webbing (n = 19).



Use of the Checklist in the present study has demonstrated a method of patient screening resulting in a 100% success rate with no complications. A high proportion of patients (33%) was identified as unsuited for NCC; however, the patient population consisted of newborn males referred to pediatric urology, and thus does not represent the general population, which is expected to have a lower proportion of unsuited patients. Regardless, the Checklist has the potential to enhance the decision-making process for both urologic and non-urologic care providers.



The use of the "Checklist Assessment for Neonatal Clamp Circumcision Suitability" assessment tool improves identification of patients unsuited for NCC and thereby potentially decreases the likelihood of circumcision-related complications.

Field of study: Medicine
In silico analysis of the structure and interaction of COP1 protein of Arabidopsis thaliana.

Previous studies have shown that COP1 (constitutive photomorphogenic 1) protein of Arabidopsis thaliana plays a crucial role in different aspects of photomorphogenesis. Interaction of COP1 with SPA1 (suppressor of phytochrome A) and other regulatory proteins actively affect light regulatory gene expression in diverse directions. Though several studies have explained the function of COP1 protein, method of its interaction with SPA1 and cryptochromes are still not explained in detail. In this study, in silico analysis was followed to predict the tertiary structure, active site residues, functionally important regions and regular expressions of COP1 protein. Its ease of its interaction with SPA1 and seven other regulatory proteins, namely bZIP transcription factor 56 (HY5), transcription factor HY5-like (HYH), serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 7 (AtPP7), protein long hypocotyl in FAR-RED 1 (HFR1), OBP3-responsive protein 1 (OBP3), transcription factor MYC2 (MYC2/ZBF1) and Z-box binding factor 2 protein (GBF1/ZBF2) was measured using protein-protein docking. Interaction with MYC2 was found to be stronger than with others with a global energy value of -22.46. It was also found that COP1 shared three regions of regular expression with SPA1, the last expression also being present in MYC2/ZBF1 and OBP3. Taken together, the insight into structural and functional properties of COP1 protein presented in this study would be helpful in determining the role of COP1 in unknown mechanisms of photomorphogenesis.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Physics