nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Dyson-Schwinger approach to color superconductivity at finite temperature and density

We investigate the phases of dense QCD matter at finite temperature with Dyson-Schwinger equations for the quark propagator for Nf = 2 + 1 flavors. For the gluon propagator we take a fit to quenched lattice data and add quark-loop effects perturbatively in a hard-thermal-loop-hard-dense-loop approximation. We consider 2SC and CFL-like pairing with chiral up and down quarks and massive strange quarks and present results for the condensates and the phase diagram. We find a dominant CFL phase at chemical potentials larger than 500-600MeV. At lower values of the chemical potential we find a 2SC phase, which also exists in a small band at higher temperatures for larger chemical potentials. With values of 20–30 MeV, the critical temperatures to the normal phase turn out to be quite small.

Field of study: Physics
Optimized Conditions of Protein Prestained with Reactive Dye in Native Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis

Reactive dyes are introduced to label bovine serum albumin (BSA) before native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.The results show that blue KN-R is the best dye in protein staining and the optimum reaction conditions are pH 10.0,60 ℃,50 min.The excellent reproducibility and stoichiometry within the test scope were obtained and the detection limit to BSA was 200 ng.The method is sensitive,simple,direct and convenient to be observed by naked eyes in real-time style and has good application prospects for the use as protein label agent.

Field of study: Chemistry
Hyperfeinstruktur und Kernmomente des Kryptons

ZusammenfassungEs konnten aus einer Reihe von Linien des Kr I-Spektrums die Hyperfeinstrukturaufspaltungen von sieben Termen ermittelt und in ein einheitliches Termschema gebracht werden, aus dem sich ergibt, daß das mechanische Moment des Kr 83 den WertI≧7/2 besitzt. Aus der verkehrten Termordnung von sechs dieser Terme wird auf ein negatives magnetisches Moment des Kr 83 geschlossen. Die Komponenten der geraden Isotopen (78, 80, 82, 84, 86) fallen zusammen und in den Schwerpunkt des Kr 83.

Field of study: Physics
Degradation of 3-hydroxybenzoic acid by a Bacillus species.

A Bacillus sp. isolated by 4-hydroxybenzoate enrichment culture technique is capable of utilizing 3-hydroxybenzoate as the sole source of carbon and energy. The organism degraded 3-hydroxybenzoic acid through the intermediate formation of protocatechuic acid. 3-Hydroxybenzoate 4-hydroxylase, protocatechuate 3,4-dioxygenase and protocatechuate 4,5-dioxygenase activities were shown in cell-free extracts. The formed protocatechuate is metabolized through both the ortho and meta cleavage pathway.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Physics
Symbiosis of conulariids with trepostome bryozoans in the Upper Ordovician of Estonia (Baltica)

The trepostome bryozoans Diplotrypa abnormis, D. bicornis, D. petropolitana, Esthoniopora communis, E. subsphaerica, Mesotrypa excentrica, M. expressa, M. raritabulata, and Monotrypa jewensis have symbiotic associations with the conulariid Climacoconus bottnicus in the Upper Ordovician of Estonia. All bryoimmured conulariids are very small and oriented perpendicular (or nearly so) to the growth surface of the host trepostome colony. Muddy seafloors may have promoted this symbiosis between conulariids and bryozoans because the former required a hard substrate for attachment. It is possible that the numerous smaller specimens among endobiotic conulariids usually died as juveniles together with their bryozoan host, or alternatively, the smaller endobiotic conulariids may have been Lilliput forms of free-living conulariids that died at a mature age. Conulariid-trepostome associations were likely not a result of accidental intergrowth of two organisms. Additional protection against predators provided by the calcitic bryozoan skeleton may have been among the benefits for the conulariid symbionts. Usually trepostomes with conulariid symbionts do not contain other invertebrates, but in the Katian in some cases they also hosted Anoigmaichnus bioclaustrations. The exact type of symbiosis between trepostomes and conulariids remains unresolved, but most likely the associations were slightly parasitic or commensal. The available data suggest that bryozoans preferred cnidarians over the other invertebrates as symbionts.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Diagnostic criteria of atypical benign partial epilepsy syndrome in childhood

The paper presents an analysis of clinical-neuropsychological peculiarities of the syndrome of atypical benign partial childhood epilepsy (pseudolennox syndrome) of 6 patients (3 boys, 3 girls). An age of the onset of the disease was between 1.5-4 years. There was polymorphism of paroxysms, their high frequency with an obligate presence of hemifacial fits and atypical absences. Night generalized tonic-clonic attacks and the falling attacks were found in 67% of the patients. Spectrum of the neurological disorders included disorders of speech and a slight cerebella symptomatology. Regional "rolandic" activity and diffuse epileptiformed disorders, increasing into a phase of a slow sleep, were registered by EEG. Resistance to anticonvulsive therapy was revealed. The authors had demonstrated a nosologic independence of pseudolennox syndrome and had considered worth while to pick it out in a group of cryptogenic partial forms of epilepsy together with the epileptic aphasia of Landu-Kleffner and an epilepsy with the continuous peak-waves during the slow sleep.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Do we understand the incompressibility of neutron-rich matter?

The 'breathing mode' of neutron-rich nuclei is our window into the incompressibility of neutron-rich matter. After much confusion on the interpretation of the experimental data, consistency was finally reached between different models that predicted both the distribution of isoscalar monopole strength in finite nuclei and the compression modulus of infinite matter. However, a very recent experiment on tin isotopes at the Research Center for Nuclear Physics (RCNP) in Japan has again muddied the waters. Self-consistent models that were successful in reproducing the energy of the giant monopole resonance (GMR) in nuclei with various nucleon asymmetries (such as 90Zr, 144Sm and 208Pb) overestimate the GMR energies in the tin isotopes. Just as important, the discrepancy between theory and experiment appears to grow with neutron excess. This is particularly problematic as models artificially tuned to reproduce the rapid softening of the GMR in the tin isotopes become inconsistent with the behavior of dilute neutron matter. Thus, we regard the question of 'why is tin so soft?' as an important open problem in nuclear structure.

Field of study: Physics
Influence of plate tectonics on the distribution of late Palaeogene to early neogene larger foraminiferids in the Australasian region

The distribution of late Palaeogene to early Neogene larger Foraminiferida in the Australian—Pacific region is related to climate and the interaction of tectonic plates. Biostratigraphic studies suggest that Cycloclypeus, Miogypsina and Lepidocyclina (Nephrolepidina) invaded the region during the Middle Oligocene. At this time the northern margin of Australia (New Guinea) was close enough to the Indonesian region and was warm enough to permit the larger foraminiferids to invade the Australian, New Zealand and the Solomon—Fiji Islands chain. Climatic and oceanic current factors had little influence on the larger foraminiferal distribution within the north Australian region, but strongly influenced the faunal distribution in Southern Australia and New Zealand. Of these three important genera Lepidocyclina (Nephrolepidina) shows the greatest amount of evolutionary differentiation; by the latest Early Miocene three distinct lineages can be recognised. The difference between the Australian and New Zealand faunas is reflected from biometric studies, although the non-biometric characteristics of the equatorial chambers indicate a close relationship. The equatorial chambers of the lineage from the Solomon—Fiji Islands chain indicate a more distant genetic relationship to the two other lineages. Plate reconstructions show that the island groups were well separated from the rest of Australasia; and that the presence of the Tasman Sea effectively isolated New Zealand stocks from the others.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Optical characterization of Si-rich silicon nitride films prepared by low pressure chemical vapor deposition

An investigation of the optical properties of Si-rich silicon nitride films prepared by low pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD) from dichlorosilane (SiH2Cl2, DCS) and ammonia (NH3) mixtures has been performed. From TEM analysis, it was found that the excess Si forms nanocrystals the size of which depends on the temperature. The real and the imaginary part of the refractive index of the films were calculated using spectroscopic ellipsometry by fitting the ellipsometric data in the range 1000–250 nm using the Tauc–Lorentz model. It was found that the optical constants of the films mainly depend on their chemical composition which can be controlled by the DCS/NH3 flow ratio. Annealing at temperatures up to 1100 °C for 4 h does not considerably affect the refractive index of the films. Depending on their stoichiometry and the annealing conditions applied after growth, some of the films emitted light in the visible at room temperature. This was attributed to the quantum confinement of carriers in the Si nanocrystals contained in the films.

Field of study: Engineering
Detection of multiplicative noise in stationary random processes using second- and higher order statistics

This paper addresses the problem of detecting the presence of colored multiplicative noise, when the information process can be modeled as a parametric ARMA process. For the case of zero-mean multiplicative noise, a cumulant based suboptimal detector is studied. This detector tests the nullity of a specific cumulant slice. A second detector is developed when the multiplicative noise is nonzero mean. This detector consists of filtering the data by an estimated AR filter. Cumulants of the residual data are then shown to be well suited to the detection problem. Theoretical expressions for the asymptotic probability of detection are given. Simulation-derived finite-sample ROC curves are shown for different sets of model parameters.

Field of study: Engineering
Construction of OsRus1 Yeast Two-Hybrid Bait Vectors and Detection of Their Self-activated Activity

Four fragments of rice(Oryza sativa L)ROOT UV-B SENSITIVE 1(OsRUS1),OsRUS1(1-1782),OsRUS1(1-504),OsRUS1(510-1282),OsRUS1(1188-1782),were amplified by PCR from cloned OsRUS1,and were ligated with pMD18-T-Simple,then transformed to E.coli TOP10 competent cell.The positive clones were selected and sequenced.The confirmed fragments were subcloned to bait vector pGBKT7.The four constructed pGBKT7 bait vectors were further confirmed by enzyme digestion and sequencing.The confirmed pGBKT7 bait vectors were transformed to Y187 yeast competent cell.The self-activation and toxicity of the plasmids to host yeast Y187 by LacZ and MEL1 activity assays and culturing in auxotroph medium SD-Trp-DO.Results showed that the four constructed plasmids had no self-transcriptional activity and not toxicity to yeast strain Y187.The four bait vectors constructed could be used in yeast two hybrid system,which laid the foundation for screening interactional proteins of OsRUS1 from rice cDNA library.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
THE GEOLOGICAL HISTORY OF THE ANTILLEAN REGION.

In selecting a subject for the address of the retiring Vice-President of Section E, I have taken the most interesting but least known portion of one in which I have been very much interested during the past twenty years and more, namely, the paleogeography of North America. The portion dealt with on this occasion is the known geological development of the greater Antillean region—that is, the seas and lands bounded by the perimeters of the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean mediterranean. The deciphering of the geological development of this greater Antillean region began with the versatile and philosophical Alexander von Humboldt. In June, 1799, he and the botanist Bonpland set out for Central and South America to study their physical geography and tropical botany. Humboldt first studied Venezuela and the Orinoco country, and later traveled more than a year in Cuba. After visiting western South America, he . . .

Field of study: Geology
A role for protein kinase PKR in the mediation of Epstein-Barr virus latent membrane protein-1-induced IL-6 and IL-10 expression.

Expression of Epstein-Barr virus-encoded oncogenic latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) has been substantially associated with tumorigenic transformation in the virus-infected cells. The pathogenic complexity of LMP1 is partly due to the cytokine dysregulation including IL-6 and IL-10 in perturbing the host immune responses. Here we have identified an important signaling event mediated by a dsRNA-dependent serine/threonine protein kinase, PKR, in regulating LMP1-induced IL-6 and IL-10 expression. We first demonstrated that PKR plays a significant role in mediating LMP1-induced cytokine expression by using a PKR inhibitor 2-aminopurine, and the specific role of PKR involved was confirmed by the use of siRNA oligos targeting PKR and/or a dominant-negative PKR mutant. We next revealed that PKR activity mediates LMP1-enhanced NF-kappaB nuclear translocation resulting in cytokine induction. We further demonstrated at the chromatin level that LMP1 can significantly elevate the phosphorylation of histone H3 on serine 10 (Ser 10), and the process was dependent on PKR activity. Our findings thus suggest that PKR plays an important role in mediating the cytokine gene expression induced by LMP1 through NF-kappaB activation and histone H3 Ser 10 phosphorylation.

Field of study: Medicine
Differential amplitude scanning optical microscope: theory and applications.

A differential amplitude scanning optical microscope is described. The operation of the system depends on the sinusoidal interrogation of the sample, at any scan coordinate, by moving the beam through a fraction of the focal spot on the object surface. The technique is capable of detecting variations in sample reflectivity down to 3 x10(-7) in a 10-Hz bandwidth. The image formation mechanism of the microscope is presented and applied to a number of important structures. Experimental results on grain structure of metals, surface integrity of polished diamond, and doped silicon wafers are presented. The microscope is well suited to the accurate measurement of linewidths. Theoretical and experimental results are presented to demonstrate this capability. It is further shown that the main limitations in providing accurate linewidth measurements are due to the accuracy of the scan coordinates rather than the optical aspects of the system.

Field of study: Physics
Minimally invasive treatment for intracerebral hemorrhage.

Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage is a serious public health problem and is fatal in 30%-50% of all occurrences. The role of open surgical management of supratentorial intracerebral hemorrhage is still unresolved. A recent consensus conference sponsored by the National Institutes of Health suggests that minimally invasive techniques to evacuate clots appear to be a promising area and warrant further investigation. In this paper the authors review past, current, and potential future methods of treating intraparenchymal hemorrhages with minimally invasive techniques and review new data regarding the role of stereotactically placed catheters and thrombolytics.

Field of study: Medicine
Diversity patterns of soil macro-Coleoptera in Mexican shaded and unshaded coffee agroecosystems: an indication of habitat perturbation

The soil Coleoptera community was sampled with pitfall traps in shaded and unshaded coffee agroecosystems in Veracruz, Mexico. The insect collection resulted in a total of 31 species which belong to nine families. The most frequent families collected in this study (in terms of species and number of organisms) were Scarabaeidae and Carabidae.Species diversity was measured using the Hill's family of diversity numbers. The Coleoptera community was more diverse in shaded than in unshaded coffee. Also, the collected organisms were more evenly distributed between species in shaded coffee.The diversity of the scarab beetles was shown to be strongly affected by the degree of forest perturbation. The richness and evenness of scarab beetles was correlated with the diversity of shade trees present in coffee agro-ecosystems; scarab richness drops from 19 species collected in virgin tropical rain-forests, to five species in polyspecific shade (more than ten species of shade trees) and six species in monogeneric shade (three species of shade trees) coffee agro-ecosystems, and to three scarab species in unshaded coffee. Evenness in scarab beetles follows a similar pattern: a single species tends to gradually become dominant as more shade trees are removed from the agro-ecosystem. It is suggested that some shade trees should be preserved within the agro-ecosystem during the intensification of coffee production in Mexico.

Field of study: Environmental science
Structural, Morphological and Thermal Properties of Cellulose Nanofibers from Napier fiber (Pennisetum purpureum)

The purpose of the study is to investigate the utilisation of Napier fiber (Pennisetum purpureum) as a source for the fabrication of cellulose nanofibers (CNF). In this study, cellulose nanofibers (CNF) from Napier fiber were isolated via ball-milling assisted by acid hydrolysis. Acid hydrolysis with different molarities (1.0, 3.8 and 5.6 M) was performed efficiently facilitate cellulose fiber size reduction. The resulting CNFs were characterised through Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), particle size analyser (PSA), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The FTIR results demonstrated that there were no obvious changes observed between the spectra of the CNFs with different molarities of acid hydrolysis. With 5.6 M acid hydrolysis, the XRD analysis displayed the highest degree of CNF crystallinity at 70.67%. In a thermal analysis by TGA and DTG, cellulose nanofiber with 5.6 M acid hydrolysis tended to produce cellulose nanofibers with higher thermal stability. As evidenced by the structural morphologies, a fibrous network nanostructure was obtained under TEM and AFM analysis, while a compact structure was observed under FESEM analysis. In conclusion, the isolated CNFs from Napier-derived cellulose are expected to yield potential to be used as a suitable source for nanocomposite production in various applications, including pharmaceutical, food packaging and biomedical fields.

Field of study: Materials science
Microscopic and macroscopic aspects of epidemics

We consider spatial epidemics, where the population is divided into clusters of size g @? 1. Microscopically, the interacting population is viewed as a stochastic cellular automaton; this induces macroscopic interactions between and within clusters. It is shown that for medium-sized epidemics the final size of the population depends on the initial dispersion of the infectives. We see for example that a sparse initial configuration is more severe than a clustered one, and give a way to quantify the magnitude of this effect.

Field of study: Mathematics
Options for Pharmacological Treatment of Refractory Bipolar Depression

Bipolar disorders of types I and II, even when treated by currently standard options, show a marked excess of depressive morbidity. Treated, type I patients in mid-course or from the onset of illness are ill, overall, 50 % of weeks of follow-up, and 75 % of that unresolved morbidity is depressive. Currently widely held impressions are that bipolar depression typically is poorly responsive to antidepressants, that treatment-resistant depression (TRD) is characteristic of the disorder, and that risk of mania with antidepressant treatment is very high. However, none of these views is supported consistently by available research. TRD may be more prevalent in bipolar than unipolar mood disorders. Relatively intense research attention is directed toward characteristics and treatments of TRD in unipolar depression, but studies of bipolar TRD are uncommon. We found only five controlled trials, plus 10 uncontrolled trials, providing data on a total of 13 drug treatments, all of which involved one or two trials, in 87 % as add-ons to complex, uncontrolled regimens. In two controlled trials, ketamine was superior to placebo but it is short-acting and not orally active; pramipexole was weakly superior to placebo in one controlled trial; three other drugs failed to outperform controls. Other pharmacotherapies are inadequately evaluated and nonpharmacological options are virtually untested in bipolar TRD. The available research supports the view that antidepressants may be effective in bipolar depression provided that currently agitated patients are excluded, that risk of mania with antidepressants is only moderately greater than risk of spontaneous mania, and that bipolar TRD is not necessarily resistant to all treatments.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
The Comparative Influence of Two Testing Techniques on Achievement in Science and Critical Thinking Ability1

SUGGESTIONS FOR improving classroom exam inations typically include an analysis of item statis tics. Unfortunately, as Flanagan (7) noted some time ago, this technique is useful primarily in the case of secure examinations or standardized tests and is of little practical value to the teacher? Har ris' (10) recent review of the status of educational testing, laments the lack of new principles for the development of achievement tests. He summarizes his position rather succinctly by saying "We are in the doldrums. " This same point of view is reflect ed in the writings of Or ata (11) as he avers that de spite the assertion of progressive outlooks and the like, the same old techniques are used in testing. He concludes by saying that what we need in evalua tion is new approaches, not merely new questions handled in the old way. The present influx of students at all educational levels and the rather awesome trends in enrollment point to the need for developing new evaluative d e vices which are both economical and effective. In the search for improved methods of assessing pupil performance, scoring procedures need to be viewed as concommitants of "improvement". Dual-pur pose achievement tests m ig ht be designed which would serve simultaneously to expedite the learning process and yield maximum discrimination power. Such an instrument would possess a "double-barrel" potency. It is the task of this study to determine the extent to which one such instrument is successful in attaining these rather ambitious goals.

Field of study: Education
Stochastic models for software science

The current development of software measures is the result of treating software construction as a deterministic process. In this article, stochastic models for the software construction process are developed. The models are based on absorbing Markov chains and can be used to estimate standard software measures and their variability. The focus is on the length measure. The predictive properties of the models are investigated in an empirical study based on data from PASCAL and C language software.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering