nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Time, trace, memory.

Objections to a trace hypothesis for interval timing do not apply to the multiple-time-scale (MTS) theory, which incorporates a dynamic trace tuned by the system history and can easily accommodate interval timing over a 1,000:1 range. The MTS model can also account for Weber's law as well as systematic deviations from it. Contrary to our critics, we contend that patterns of variance in interval timing experiments are not fully described by scalar expectancy theory, and that attempting to understand timing by assigning variance to different elements of a flexible model that lacks inductive support is a flawed strategy, because the attempt may be successful even if the model is wrong. We further argue that biological plausibility is an unreliable guide to the development of behavioral theory, that prediction is not the same as test, that induction should precede deduction, and that a rat is not a clock.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
COMPONENTS AND PARAMETERS OF LASER SYSTEMS: Passive mode locking in dye lasers with different resonator configurations

A study was made of the relationship between the pulse duration, on the one hand, and the nature of self-modulation of the amplification and absorption (which occurs in a dye laser resonator in the case of passive mode locking), on the other. A formula was obtained for relating the energy density of a pulse in the active medium to the gain G encountered by the pulse in the round trip through the resonator. The main parameters governing the duration of the output pulses were the energy density of a pulse in an amplifier or an absorber and the ratio of their characteristic saturation energies. A pulse duration of 200 fsec was achieved without compensation of phase modulation.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Human embryonic stem cells: a potential source of transplantable neural progenitor cells.

The primary therapeutic goal of embryonic stem cell (ESC) research is cell replacement therapy. During the last decade, great strides have been made in developing in vitro protocols for differentiating human ESCs into neuroepithelial progenitors. More recent progress has been made in further directing them into becoming cells with specialized regional and neurotransmitter identities, such as midbrain dopaminergic and spinal motor neurons. Along with directed differentiation, other current efforts are aimed at efficient enrichment, avoidance of immune rejection, demonstration of functional integration, genetic modification to regulate neurotransmitter and factor release, directed axon growth, in vivo cell tracking, and measures to ensure safety. This review will focus on the potential of ESCs as a source of transplantable cells for use in cell replacement therapy.

Field of study: Medicine
Dimension reduction boosting

L2Boosting is an effective method for constructing model. In the case of high-dimensional setting, Bühlmann and Yu (2003) proposed the componentwise L2Boosting, but componentwise L2Boosting can only fit a special limited model. In this paper, by combining a boosting and sufficient dimension reduction method, e.g., sliced inverse regression (SIR), we propose a new method for regression, called dimension reduction boosting (DRBoosting). Compared with L2Boosting, the computation of DRBoosting is less intensive and its prediction is better, especially for high-dimensional data. Simulations confirm the advantage of the new method.

Field of study: Mathematics
Role of Accelerators in Uniform Identification of Thermal Neutrons

Control of nuclear reactors power output is centrally dependent on the level response of thermal neutrons flux as well as on their dynamic and kinetic spectra. This paper presents a set of uniform para metric properties for delayed neutrons based on accelerator experiments conducted at the Brimingham Radiation Centre. Calculations have established several patterns linking energies of accelerated incident neutrons with respect to continuous spectra of delayed neutrons, mean yield of neutrons per fission, time response of neutorn lethargy and energy spectra and delayed neutrons. Also mathematical models are secured for neutrons yeild and spectra in the time domain with respect to U235 and Pu239 material targets. Results secured in this paper are important in accelerator selectivity application as well as in the planned control of nuclear thermal reactors, for ensuring adequate compatibility between power level and reactor reactivity trajectories.

Field of study: Physics
Scalar-meson production in nucleon-nucleon collisions near threshold

We establish the model-independent spin structure of the matrix elements for the near-threshold scalar-meson production in pp and np collisions, when the final particles are emitted in S-state. Polarization phenomena are derived in a general form. The properties of the t-channel dynamics, which is based on different meson exchanges, are studied in terms of the s-channel parametrization of the matrix element. The predictions of a model, based on $\pi + \sigma$ exchanges are also presented.

Field of study: Physics
Stratal order in Pennsylvanian cyclothems: Discussion

The attempt by [Wilkinson et al. (2003)][1] to quantitatively assess the presence or absence of “high-frequency” cyclic depositional patterns in the Pennsylvanian cyclothems described by [Wanless (1957)][2] is welcomed for the very reasons that are stated in their thought-provoking paper.

Field of study: Geology
kNN Regression Algorithm Based on LPP and Lasso

This paper proposed a newnearest neighbor algorithm based LPP and Lasso,for solving the fixed k value problem and correlation among the samples wasn' t considered of k NN algorithms. The proposed algorithm combined Locality Preserving Projections( LPP) with sparse coding( e.g.,Lasso) to restructure test samples with the training data.During the reconstruction process,LPP was used to preserve the local structures of the data and the l1-norm was used to learn different k value for various samples.Experiments results on UCI datasets showed that the proposed methods were superior to traditional k NN algorithm in terms of regression performance.

Field of study: Computer science
Challenges for Open and Distance learning (ODL) Students: Experiences from Students of the Zimbabwe Open University

The purpose of this study was to investigate the ch allenges facing Open and Distance Learning students at the Zimbabwe Open University (ZOU). The study was conducted at ZOU Masvingo Regional Campus. The study employed both qualitative and quantitative ap proaches. The main data collection techniques were questionnaires and structured interviews, supplemen ted by documentary review. Tables, frequencies and percentages were the key descriptive statistics use d to analyze and present the findings. The results showed that ODL learners were challenged with a range of obstacles in their course of studies. The most reported c hallenges were lack of sufficient time for study, difficultie s in access and use of ICT, ineffective feedback an d lack of study materials. It was recommended that ZOU should strive to achieve effective and balanced teaching and learning system that satisfies the desire of the le arners to the extent that they would wish to come b ack to the institution for further studies and feel proud to r ecommend the institution to others who are seeking for knowledge.

Field of study: Education
P2P consistency support for large-scale interactive applications

Peer-to-Peer (P2P) systems have been widely used by networked interactive applications to relieve the drawback and reduce the reliance on well-provisioned servers. A core challenge is to provide consistency maintenance for a massive number of users in a P2P manner. This requires propagating updates on time by only using the uplink bandwidth from individual users instead of relying on dedicated servers. In this paper, we present a P2P system called PPAct to provide consistency maintenance for large-scale fast-interactive applications. We use massive multi-player online games as example applications to illustrate PPAct. The design can be directly applied to other interactive applications. We adopt the Area-of-Interest (AOI) filtering method, which is proposed in prior works , to reduce bandwidth consumption of update delivery. We solve the AOI's critical problem of bandwidth shortage in hot regions by dynamically balancing the workload of each region in a distributed way. We separate the roles of view discovery from consistency maintenance by assigning players as ''region hosts'' and ''object holders.'' A region host is responsible for tracking objects and players within a region, and an object holder is responsible for sending updates about an object to interested players. Lookup queries for view discovery are processed by region hosts, while consistency maintenance of objects is taken by object holders. Separating the roles not only alleviates the workload overflow in hot regions, but also speeds up view discovery and update delivery. Another key idea is that peers contribute spare bandwidth in a fully distributed way to forwarding updates about objects of interest. Thus popular, high-demand objects will have more peers forward updates. We also present how to select capable and reliable players for region hosts and object holders. A P2P network simulator is developed to evaluate PPAct on two major types of online games: role-playing games (RPGs) and first-person shooter (FPS) games. The results demonstrate that PPAct successfully supports 10,000 players in RPGs and 1500 players in FPS games. PPAct outperforms SimMud  in RPGs and Donnybrook  in FPS games by 40% and 30% higher successful update rates respectively.

Field of study: Computer science
Effect of the Temperature of Megaplastic Deformation in a Bridgman Chamber on the Formation of Structures and the Physicochemical Properties of Titanium (BT1-0)

The formation of regions corresponding to deformational fragments and dynamically recrystallized grains in the structure of the α-phase after torsion under high hydrostatical pressure at room and cryogenic temperatures is determined by means of transmission electron microscopy. Its applicability to describing defective structures of a two-phase mixture model is shown. In optimizing the results from mechanical and corrosion tests, it is found that two rounds of torsion treatment under hydrostatic pressure is sufficient to obtain the best possible properties.

Field of study: Physics
Changes of oxidation indicators and fatty acid composition of six kinds of fats and soybean meal,rapeseed meal

In the artificial oxidation conditions,we measured acid value,iodine value,peroxide value,MDA and fatty acids of lard,soybean oil,soybean meal,rapeseed oil,rapeseed meal,cottonseed oil from Jiangsu and Xinjiang,and tilapia oil.The results indicate: ①Changes of measured oxidation indicators of tilapia oil were more obvious than other oil with the worst oxidation stability;②The indicator(POV) of lard,tilapia oil,cottonseed oil,rapeseed oil and soybean oil significantly changed in the oxidation process,therefore it should become the common evaluation indicators;③Changes of the oxidation indicators of soybean meal and rapeseed meal were the smallest,and the oxidative stability was significantly better than their corresponding oil;④ During the 70 hours period,with the extention of oxidation time,the fatty acid composition of the oil were not significantly changed.In the oxidation process,sensitive indicators of different types of fat are different.To evaluate oil oxidation,the indicators should be selected according to each type of fat.In the early stage of oil oxidation,it is not obvious to characterize the quality of the oil with the change of fatty acid composition.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Regulation of transforming growth factor-beta secretion by human peritoneal mesothelial and ovarian carcinoma cells.

This study was conducted to compare the secretion of TGF-beta isoforms by human ovarian carcinoma (OVCA) cell lines (n=12) and human peritoneal mesothelial cells (HPMC;n=6) and to examine the regulation of their production by inflammatory cytokines. TGF-beta isoforms were furthermore analysed in OVCA-associated ascitic fluids. HPMC constitutively produced considerable amounts of TGF-beta1 (median 42 pg/10(5)cells; range 7-98) but only minimal amounts of TGF-beta2 (median 0.8 pg/10(5)cells; range 0-1.5). Treatment of HPMC with IL-1beta (10 ng/ml) resulted in a significant elevation of the secretion of both TGF-beta1 (median 187 pg/10(5)cells; range 71-264;P<0.001) and TGF-beta2 (median 1.8 pg/10(5)cells; range 0-13;P<0.01). In OVCA TGF-beta1 and TGF-beta2 were detected in 7/12 and 11/12 of the cell lines, respectively. The levels detected varied widely for TGF-beta1 (median 25 pg/10(5)cells; range 0-410) as well as for TGF-beta2 (median 14 pg/10(5)cells; range 0-419) and there was no correlation between the two isoforms. In contrast to HPMC, TGF-beta secretion by OVCA was not affected by any of the inflammatory cytokines tested. TGF-beta3 could not be detected in supernatants, neither in OVCA nor in HPMC. In ascitic fluids the median level of TGF-beta1 (median 5443 pg/ml; range 737-14687) was 10-fold higher than the level of TGF-beta2 (median 545 pg/ml; range 172-3537). The present data provide a model for the analysis of the molecular mechanisms of aberrant TGF-beta production by OVCA and support the hypothesis that HPMC are an important source of ascitic TGF-beta.

Field of study: Medicine
Octameric structure of Staphylococcus aureus enolase in complex with phosphoenolpyruvate

Non-ligand-bound and PEP-bound structures of S. aureus enolase (Sa_enolase) were solved, and catalytic loop 1 in the PEP-bound structure was found to show both ‘open’ and ‘closed’ conformations. Structural and biochemical results indicate that octamerization is required for substrate binding and catalysis by Sa_enolase.

Field of study: Chemistry
The role of analytical chemistry in the ferrous metal industry

In the ferrous metal industry analytical chemistry has always played a special role because of the economic importance of this industry. Nowadays, high speed analytical systems for the determination of multicomponent mixtures such as iron based alloys, ores or slags raise new problems. Therefore, this paper deals with the requirements of raw material analysis, process control methods, product analysis, and special analytical procedures or topological tests. It is divided into two parts: the state of development and unsolved problems.

Field of study: Chemistry
Prospects for effective treatment of AL amyloidosis?

Systemic amyloidosis is a condition characterized by the extracellular deposition of insoluble fibrillar proteins, leading to organ dysfunction. Its various forms are classified according to the nature of the precursor protein constituent of the fibril for example: immunoglobulin light chains in AL amyloidosis, heavy chains in AH amyloid, serum amyloid A protein, (a component of the acute‐phase response) in AA amyloid, and a heterogeneous group of abnormal proteins in the familial amyloidoses (reviewed in reference 1) (Figure 1). AL amyloidosis is at present considered an incurable disease, with 8 months median survival from the time of diagnosis. The prognosis depends on the dominant organ system affected: patients with cardiac involvement have a median survival of 6 months, compared to 21 months in those with renal disease.

Although there is no treatment which will lead to the resolution of amyloid, regression and clinical improvement have been achieved in those forms of amyloid for which treatment of the underlying disorder is available. This is important, for the presence of amyloid does not preclude supportive and substitution treatment, e.g. dialysis for renal failure. It is now possible to demonstrate this reduction in the amyloid load using 123I‐SAP scintigraphy. This novel technique relies on the fact that all amyloid contains a glycoprotein—amyloid P component—which is in dynamic equilibrium with serum amyloid P (SAP).  SAP injected intravenously into normal human subjects is catabolized and cleared with a half‐life of 24 h. In patients with amyloid, the labelled SAP is taken up by deposits, and scintigraphic imaging combined with clearance studies gives an indication of the amyloid load and its distribution.2

There is now good evidence of regression of AA amyloidosis in patients with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis treated with chlorambucil. Proteinuria diminishes, the amyloid load detected by 123I‐SAP scintigraphy is reduced, and survival …

Field of study: Medicine
The Degree of Administrative Empowerment at Private Higher Education Institutions in Saudi Arabia

The study aims to specify the actual level of administrative empowerment of the academic Heads of Departments available in Saudi private higher education institutions. It also aims to find out the obstacles faced by the academic heads during the processing of administration empowerment in Saudi private higher education institutions based on their views. The study uses “the questionnaire” as it is the most effective and suitable way to collect the data of this study.  Higher education. Private colleges and universities. Administration of education. Administrative empowerment.

Field of study: Education
Anomalous scaling of the D'yakonov-Perel' spin relaxation with the momentum relaxation in semiconductor quantum wells under strong magnetic field in Voigt configuration

We report an anomalous scaling of the D'yakonov-Perel' spin relaxation with the momentum relaxation in semiconductor quantum wells under a strong magnetic field in the Voigt configuration. We focus on the case that the external magnetic field is perpendicular to the spin-orbit-coupling--induced effective magnetic field and its magnitude is much larger than the later one. It is found that the longitudinal spin relaxation time is proportional to the momentum relaxation time even in the strong scattering limit, indicating that the D'yakonov-Perel' spin relaxation shows the Elliott-Yafet-like behaviour. Moreover, the transverse spin relaxation time is inversely proportional (proportional) to the momentum relaxation time in the weak (strong) scattering limit, both in the opposite trends against the well-established conventional D'yakonov-Perel' spin relaxation behaviours. We further demonstrate that all the above anomalous scaling relations come from the unique form of the effective inhomogeneous broadening.

Field of study: Physics
Stimulus generalization of behavioral history.

Undergraduates responded under a variable-ratio 30 schedule in the presence of a 25-mm long line and on a differential-reinforcement-of-low-rate 6-s schedule when a 13-mm long line was present. Following this, a line-length continuum generalization test was administered under a fixed-interval 6-s schedule (Experiment 1) or extinction (Experiment 2). In both experiments, obtained generalization gradients conformed to typical postdiscrimination gradients. Responses were frequent under stimuli physically similar to the 25-mm line and infrequent under stimuli physically similar to the 13-mm line. The generalization gradients were generally asymmetric with peak response rates occurring at line lengths greater than 25 mm.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Metal poisoning: threat and management.

Exposure to toxic metals remains a wide spread occupational and environmental problems in world. Due to their widespread use in human activities such as industry, agriculture and even as medicine numerous health risks may be associated with exposure to these substances. Lead, arsenic and cadmium generally interferes with a number of body functions such as the haematopoietic system, central nervous system (CNS), liver and kidneys. Over the past few decades there have been growing awareness and concern that the toxic biochemical and functional effects are occurring at lower level of metal exposure than those that produce overt clinical and pathological signs and symptoms. Despite many years of research we are still far from an effective treatment of chronic heavy metal poisoning. The main therapeutic option for chronic metal poisoning relies in chelation therapy. Chelating agents are capable of linking together metal ions to form complex structures which can be easily excreted from the body. They have been used clinically as antidotes for acute and chronic poisoning. 2, 3-dimercaprol (BAL) has long been the mainstay of chelation therapy of lead or arsenic poisoning. Meso 2, 3, -dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) has been tried successfully in animals as well as in few cases of human lead or arsenic poisoning. However, one of the major disadvantages of chelation with DMSA has been its inability to remove heavy metal from the intracellular sites because of its lipophobic nature. Further, it does not provide protection in terms of clinical/ biochemical recovery. A new trend in chelation therapy has emerged to use combined treatment. This includes use of structurally different chelating agents or a combination of an antioxidant and a chelator to provide better clinical/biochemical recovery in addition to mobilization of heavy metal form intracellular sites. The present review article attempts to provide update information about the current strategies being adopted for a safe, effective and specific treatment for toxic metals/ metalloid (lead, arsenic and cadmium).

Field of study: Medicine
Parallel Proceedings in Investor-State Treaty Arbitration: Responses for Treaty-Drafters, Arbitrators and Parties

Parallel investment treaty arbitrations present a demonstrated risk of inconsistent awards. This article examines several ameliorative responses to parallel investment treaty proceedings, executable by treaty-drafters, arbitrators and parties themselves. The unique jurisdiction mechanics and applicable law in investment treaty disputes frames the responses available. Despite the unique context within which parallel investment arbitrations occur, the challenges they pose to party interests, to principles including legal fairness and to the effective pursuit of dispute resolution closely resemble those posed by parallel proceedings in other domestic and international legal fora.

Field of study: Law
On the Issues of Structural Optimization of Agricultural Planting Industry of Anhui Province in the New Age

With the progressing of industrialization and urbanization and the outflow of rural labor force,agricultural planting structure is undergoing a new round of adjustment.The planting structure adjustment in Anhui from 1998 to 2009 has the following consequences: the total crop planting area was relatively stable;the planting areas of grain crops overall had increased;and the internal structure of food crops had changed.It is found that four factors impact on structure adjustment of planting industry,including the pulling power of science and technology,various government subsidies,labor,and irrigation facilities.Therefore,to promote the structural adjustment of agricultural cropping,we must take measures as follows: allocating the structure of agricultural production properly,strengthening the power of science and technology,bringing the preferential agricultural policies of the government into full play,intensifying the development of irrigation and conservancy projects and so on.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Single Beam Instabilities in PETRA

One of the most important questions during the study and the construction period of PETRA was connected with the high particle intensity effects. Therefore the first high current experiments at PETRA were performed to study average current limitations, higher order mode losses, bunchlengthening, single bunch instabilities and single bunch current limitations. The first results show, that the strength of the observed effects remain within estimated limits, so that the currents are not limited below the design values.

Field of study: Physics