nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Research on Countermeasures to Abnormal Fluctuations of Grain Prices

From 2004 to 2007,our country's grain production has been increasing consecutively,and our domestic grain supply has been comparatively abundant.At the same time,the grain prices have been rising continuously,and it seems very difficult for the macro-regulation measures to achieve great effects rapidly.In addition to the factors like the fluctuations in international grain markets,one of the main reasons is the contradiction between the public welfare orientation of our government's target for macro-regulation of grain markets and the private interest orientation of the entities being regulated in the grain retail market.It means that the grain retail market lacks a service network with a strong function of guidance.The most important thing at present is that we should set up or perfect a new grain retail market service network as a front bastion for our grain security guarantee system,which gives priority to chain operation of state-owned or state-controlled central grain shops with privately-owned grain shops as a supplement.

Field of study: Economics
Marine Shelf Environments of the Upper Devonian Sonyea Group of New York

A sedimentologic and paleontologic study of the Sonyea Group in New York has led to a reconstruction of the environmental history of the marine shelf of the Catskill Delta during part of Upper Devonian time. By comparing the Sonyea sedimentary patterns with those reported from present-day deltas, the following environments have been recognized: open shelf, prodelta, delta platform, delta front sands, distributary mouth bars, channels, estuaries, and marshes. Each of these sedimentary environments is characterized by distinctive patterns of fossil abundance and diversity. Fossils are relatively scarce in environments located in the nearshore and outermost parts of the shelf. Between these zones, principally in the prodelta, delta front sand, and delta platform environments, an abundant shelly benthonic fauna dominated by brachiopods and bivalve mollusks flourished. Four distinctive fossil associations are present in these environments and are believed to represent the preserved remains of four benthonic communities adapted to differing dynamic conditions within the prograding deltaic sediments. The geographic and stratigraphic distribution of the environments indicate that there were two intervals of relatively rapid delta progradation during Sonyea time. Preceding and following each of these were much longer transgressive intervals characterized by low sediment influx and slow accumulation of lutites over the entire spectrum of constructional environments formed during the preceding progradation.

Field of study: Geology
[Comparison of two hemagglutination tests for hepatitis B surface antigen (author's transl)].

: Two commercial reverse passive hemagglutination tests of HBsAg (Organon and Wellcome) were compared and our results showed that both of them had excellent sensitivities. However, Wellcome excelled in specificities. The false positive test should be prevented by pretreatment of the serum. The hemagglutination may be comparable to the radioimmunoassay, if the specimens are adequately pretreated.

Field of study: Biology
Motivation for Gambling as Revealed in the Marketing Methods of the Legitimate Gambling Industry

An analysis of the marketing appeals made by the legal Nevada gambling industry yields three main categories of motive toward which appeals are made: (1) rational-economic motives, (2) recreational motives, and (3) prestige-seeking motives. It was noted that the industry seems loath to exploit motives which may be related to psychopathology, such as the desire to lose in order to alleviate guilt.

Field of study: Psychology
Multivariate analysis of ichnofossil associations in the subsurface Bluesky Formation (Albian, Alberta, Canada)

The quantitative analysis of ichnological associations is in an early stage of development. Several studies of spatial distributions of ichnofossils have provided insight into spatial ecological interactions in modern and ancient environments. This study examines another dimension, the development of paleoecological and paleoenvironmental conditions through time. Ichnological data from diamond drill cores of 22 wells that penetrated the Bluesky Formation of northwestern Alberta were digitised. Q-mode cluster analysis distinguished 8 ichnocoenoses based on associations of ichnofossils and a few diagnostic physical structures. R-mode cluster analysis of these ichnofossil associations distinguished 3 major groups. The control provided by an existing subjective classification of the original facies intervals into trace fossil suites allowed an examination of the efficacy of several different clustering functions. Ward's method utilising Euclidian distance for the similarity coefficients and the error sum of squares for the fusion transformation function appeared to be the optimum technique for this study. Two methods of Markov analysis employed the 8 ichnocoenoses as transition states. These were the Gingerich-Read row-scaling method, using Harper's binomial probabilities as a test of significance, and the Goodman iterative proportional fitting method to expected transition frequencies, using the χ2 statistic and Turk's standardised residuals as a test of significance. The iterative proportional fitting technique showed significant deviation from independence at the 95% confidence limit. Both methods distinguished similar significant biofacies transitions. The resultant ichnocoenosis model for the Bluesky Formation in the study area is that of a nearshore to marginal regressive sequence following a sudden transgression over a coastal plain or swamp environment.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Berechnung des Gleichgewichts axialsymmetrischer toroidaler Plasmen aus der Shafranov-Gleichgewichtsbedingung

two dimensional power series has been useda)to approximate the solution of the elliptic boundary value problem, which corresponds to the Shafranov equilibrium condition for a plasma confined in axisymmetric toroidal geometry, andb)to calculate the physical quantities as plasma pressure, currents, and magnetic field intensities.
The coefficients of the series depend on certain arbitrary parameters. Additional conditions (e.g. plasma pressurep≧0,I2≧0) lead to some restrictions for these parameters.

Field of study: Physics
Effects of melt composition on deep electronic states and compensation ratios inn-type LEC gallium arsenide

In this paper it is shown that the melt composition is a key parameter in the crystal growth of GaAs as it strongly affects the concentration of deep electron levels as well as the electrical activity of the silicon atoms added to the melt in order to get an-type material. Experimental data collected on several samples are included. The correlations between melt stoichiometry and generation/annihilation of point defects as well as electronic properties are discussed considering the existing literature references.

Field of study: Materials science
Translational potential of allosteric modulators targeting the cannabinoid CB1 receptor

The cannabinoid type-1 (CB1) receptor, a G-protein-coupled receptor, is an attractive target for drug discovery due to its involvement in many physiological processes. Historically, drug discovery efforts targeting the CB1 receptor have focused on the development of orthosteric ligands that interact with the active site to which endogenous cannabinoids bind. Research performed over the last several decades has revealed substantial difficulties in translating CB1 orthosteric ligands into druggable candidates. The difficulty is mainly due to the adverse effects associated with orthosteric CB1 ligands. Recent discoveries of allosteric CB1 modulators provide tremendous opportunities to develop CB1 ligands with novel mechanisms of action; these ligands may potentially improve the pharmacological effects and enhance drug safety in treating the disorders by regulating the functions of the CB1 receptor. In this paper, we review and summarize the complex pharmacological profiles of each class of CB1 allosteric modulators, the development of new classes of CB1 allosteric modulators and the results from in vivo assessments of their therapeutic value.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Effect of refrigerant oil additive on R134a and R123 boiling heat transfer performance

This paper investigates the effect that an additive had on the boiling performance of an R134a/polyolester lubricant (POE) mixture and an R123/naphthenic mineral oil mixture on a roughened, horizontal flat surface. Both pool boiling heat transfer data and lubricant excesssurface density data aregiven for the R134a/POE (98% mass fraction/2% mass fraction) mixture before and after use of the additive. A spectrofluorometer was used to measure the lubricant excess density that was established by the boiling of the R134a/POE lubricant mixture before and after use of the additive. The measurements obtained from the spectrofluorometer suggest that the additive increases the total mass of lubricant on the boiling surface. The heat transfer data show that the additive caused an average and a maximum enhancement of the R134a/POE heat flux between 5 kW m � 2 and 22 kW m � 2 of approximately 73% and 95%, respectively. Conversely, for nearly the same heat flux range, the additive caused essentially no change in the pool boiling heat flux of an R123/mineral oil mixture. The lubricant excess surface density and interfacial surface tension measurements of this study were used to form the basis of a hypothesis for predicting when additives will enhance or degrade refrigerant/lubricant pool boiling.

Field of study: Engineering
An Interview with Nettie Lee Benson

N T ETTIE Lee Bensoin was horn in Arcadia, Texas, January 15, 1905. She received a B.A. and an M.A. in History and the Ph.D. in Latin American Studies from the University of Texas at Austin. After teaching in a bilingual institute in Mointerrev, Mexico, and in public schools in Sinton, Hartley, and(I Ingleside, Texas, she became director of the Latin American Collection of the Uiniversity of Texas, Austin. She served for thirty-three years as the director of the Latin American Collection that todav bears her name. She also hel(d professorships in History and Library Science. Her many honiors include the Premio de America (Casa de Cultura Americana,  1972), Presidency of the IVth Congress of Mexican and United States Historians (1972), Presidency of Seminars on the Acquisition of Latin Arnerican Library Materials (1973), designation as Distinguished Alumna by the University of Texas at Austin in the fall of 1981, and receipt of both the Distinguished Service Award of the Confeience oII Latin American History (1976) and the Aguila Azteca, presented by President Jose L6pez Portillo (July 1979). One of the original founders of SALALM, Dr. Benson has served on the editorial board of the Hisp,anic American Historical Review (1972-79) and as a member of the LASA Committee on Scholarly Resources (1965-date), the Committee for the Guide to Archival Resources in the United States (1958-date), and the Organizing Committee for the Vth Congress of Mexican and United States Historians.

Field of study: History
On the Structure of Tetralead(II) Complexes with OH Bridges

Using Hartree-Fock, B3LYP and MP2 treatments, the optimal geometries and corresponding electronic structures of tetrahedral [Pb 4 (μ 3 -OH ) n ] q and [Pb 4 O(μ 3 -OH) n ] q -2 complex cations with total charges q = 8 - n , n = 2, 3, 4, are investigated. After OH - removal, the central oxygen atom in [Pb 4 O(μ 3 -OH) 4 ] 2+ is shifted to the apical position in [Pb 4 O(μ 3 -OH) 3 ] 3+ whereas the [Pb 4 (μ 3 -OH) 2 ] 6+ and [Pb 4 O(μ 3 -OH) 2 ] 4+ complex cations are unstable. Direct Pb-Pb and O-O interactions are weakly antibonding in all the systems under study. The clusters are held together exclusively by relatively weak Pb-O bonds. A higher stability of the complex cations with a larger number of OH - bridges may be confirmed.

Field of study: Chemistry
Ab initio-based approach to reconstruction, adsorption and incorporation on GaN surfaces

Reconstruction, adsorption and incorporation on various GaN surfaces are systematically investigated using an ab initio-based approach that predicts the surface phase diagram as functions of temperature and beam-equivalent pressure (BEP). The calculated results for GaN surface reconstructions with polar (0?0?0?1), nonpolar (1?1??2?0), semipolar (1??1?0?1) and semipolar (1?1??2?2) orientations imply that reconstructions on GaN surfaces with Ga adlayers generally appear on the polar and the semipolar surfaces, while the stable ideal surface without Ga adsorption is found on the nonpolar GaN(1?1??2?0) surface because it satisfies the electron counting rule. The hydrogen adsorption on GaN(0?0?0?1) and GaN(1?1??2?0) realizes several surface structures forming N?H and Ga?NH2 bonds on their surfaces that depend on temperature and Ga BEP during metal-organic vapor-phase epitaxy (MOVPE). In contrast, the stable structures due to hydrogen adsorption on the semipolar GaN(1??1?0?1) and GaN(1?1??2?2) surfaces are not varied over the wide range of temperature and Ga BEP. This implies that the hydrogen adsorbed stable structures are expected to emerge on the semipolar surfaces during MOVPE regardless of the growth conditions. Furthermore, we clarify that Mg incorporation on GaN(1??1?0?1) surfaces is enhanced by hydrogen adsorption consistent with experimental findings.

Field of study: Materials science
Consistent Model Selection for Marginal Generalized Additive Model for Correlated Data

We consider the generalized additive model when responses from the same cluster are correlated. Incorporating correlation in the estimation of nonparametric components for the generalized additive model is important because it improves estimation efficiency and increases statistical power for model selection. In our setting, there is no specified likelihood function for the generalized additive model, because the outcomes could be nonnormal and discrete, which makes estimation and model selection very challenging problems. We propose consistent estimation and model selection that incorporate the correlation structure. We establish an asymptotic property with L2-norm consistency for the nonparametric components, which achieves the optimal rate of convergence. In addition, the proposed model selection strategy is able to select the correct generalized additive model consistently. That is, with probability approaching to 1, the estimators for the zero function components converge to 0 almost surely. We illustrate our method using numerical studies with both continuous and binary responses, along with a real data application of binary periodontal data. Supplemental materials including technical details are available online.

Field of study: Mathematics
Improved Top-Down Techniques in Differential Cryptanalysis

The fundamental problem of differential cryptanalysis is to find the highest entries in the Difference Distribution Table DDT of a given mapping F over n-bit values, and in particular to find the highest diagonal entries which correspond to the best iterative characteristics of F. The standard bottom-up approach to this problem is to consider all the internal components of the mapping along some differential characteristic, and to multiply their transition probabilities. However, this can provide seriously distorted estimates since the various events can be dependent, and there can be a huge number of low probability characteristics contributing to the same high probability entry. In this paper we use a top-down approach which considers the given mapping as a black box, and uses only its input/output relations in order to obtain direct experimental estimates for its DDT entries which are likely to be much more accurate. In particular, we describe three new techniques which reduce the time complexity of three crucial aspects of this problem: Finding the exact values of all the diagonal entries in the DDT for small values of n, approximating all the diagonal entries which correspond to low Hamming weight differences for large values of n, and finding an accurate approximation for any DDT entry whose large value is obtained from many small contributions. To demonstrate the potential contribution of our new techniques, we apply them to the SIMON family of block ciphers, show experimentally that most of the previously published bottom-up estimates of the probabilities of various differentials are off by a significant factor, and describe new differential properties which can cover more rounds with roughly the same probability for several of its members.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Cavity Spintronics: An Early Review of Recent Progress in the Study of Magnon–Photon Level Repulsion

Light–matter interactions lie at the heart of condensed matter physics, providing physical insight into material behavior while enabling the design of new devices. Perhaps this is most evident in the push to develop quantum information and spintronic technologies. On the side of quantum information, engineered light–matter interactions offer a powerful means to access and control quantum states, while at the same time new insights into spin–photon manipulation will benefit the development of spintronic technologies. In this context the recent discovery of hybridization between ferromagnets and cavity photons has ushered in a new era of light–matter exploration at the crossroads of quantum information and spintronics. The key player in this rapidly developing field of cavity spintronics is a quasiparticle, the cavity-magnon-polariton (CMP). In this early review of recent work the fundamental behavior of the CMP is summarized and related to the development of new spintronic applications. In the last few years a comprehensive theoretical framework of spin–photon hybridization has been developed. On an intuitive level many features can be described by a universal model of coupled oscillators; however, the true origin of hybridization is only revealed by considering a more comprehensive electrodynamic framework. Here both approaches are summarized and an outline of a quantum description through the input–output formalism is provided. Based on this foundation, in depth experimental investigations of the coupled spin–photon system have been performed. For example, it has been found that hybridization will influence spin current generated through the spin pumping mechanism, demonstrating a firm link between spin–photon coupling and spintronics. Furthermore several in situ coupling control mechanisms, which offer both physical insight and a means to develop cavity spintronic technologies, have been revealed. The many recent developments within this field represent only the first steps in what appears to be a bright future for cavity spintronics. Hopefully this early review will introduce new explorers to this exciting frontier of condensed matter research, lying at the crossroads of magnetism and cavity quantum electrodynamics.

Field of study: Physics
Genesis of Cryogenian Datangpo manganese deposit: Hydrothermal influence and episodic post-glacial ventilation of Nanhua Basin, South China

Formation of the Nanhua Basin in South China records interglacial sedimentation between the ~ 720–660-Ma Sturtian and ~ 654–635-Ma Marinoan glaciations. The lower part (1st Member) of this formation contains manganese-rich deposits that represent a mixture of two main components, Mn-carbonates and Mn-bearing aluminosilicates (clay minerals). The Mn-carbonate component is characterized by high La/Sc ratios, high initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios, and low initial eNd(t) values, and the siliciclastic component by low La/Sc ratios, low initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios, and high initial eNd(t) values. The likely source of the non-radiogenic siliciclastic material is weathering of Neoproterozoic continental flood basalts on the Yangtze Block. Discriminant plots show that the Mn-ore samples have compositions consistent with at least partial derivation from hydrothermal sources. Mn-carbonate deposition was the result of reactions between aqueous Mn and sedimentary organic matter during early diagenesis that led to elevated Mn2 + concentrations and alkalinity in sediment porewaters. Based on these observations, we propose a new metallogenic model for the Datangpo Formation manganese deposits. During the Sturtian glaciation, the anoxic Nanhua Basin accumulated abundant dissolved Mn, a substantial fraction of which was derived from hydrothermal sources. When glaciation ended and a redox-stratified water column developed in the basin with an oxic surface layer and an anoxic deep layer, the accumulated dissolved Mn precipitated as Mn-oxides on the basin floor during episodic ventilation events. After co-burial with organic-rich sediments, these Mn-oxides were reduced during organic matter oxidation, which led to the formation of secondary Mn-carbonates (rhodochrosite) through increases in sediment porewater Mn2 + and in alkalinity via microbial sulfate reduction and microbially mediated Mn reduction.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Concentrated Poverty: A Critical Analysis

To many observers, it may be almost reflexive to believe that neighborhoods with high levels of poverty naturally breed more poverty. To Herbert Gans, long a poverty specialist, this is a dangerous myth. Moreover, he says, it is one the Obama administration apparently accepts. The result leads to policies to break up neighborhoods rather than getting to the root causes of extreme poverty—not the least of which is the unavailability of jobs.

Field of study: Economics
Co-expression of Four Major Structural Proteins of Bluetongue Virus Can Assemble into Virus-like Particles

In order to develop novel genetically engineered vaccine for bluetongue virus (BTV) and study the relationship between structure and function of BTV proteins, the assembly of virus-like particles of BTV was conducted in this paper. The four major structural proteins of BTV, VP3, VP7, VP2 and VP5, were expressed simultaneously in insect cells. After purification, two kinds of particles could be found: one was similar to the core-like particles (CLPs) (diameter in 60-70nm, the thickness of the capsid is about 10-15nm) as described before, another was just like empty intact BTV virions (diameter in 70-80nm, the thickness of the capsid was about 20-30nm). Further analysis showed that the expressed particles contain VP2/VP3, VP5 and VP7, but no other BTV proteins or any nucleic acids were found. The expressed particles could elicit neutralizing antibodies and showed hemagglutination activities. It indicated that the four structural proteins could be assembled into virus like particles, though the effectiveness of assembly was relatively low than that of CLPs. The results also implied that the domains related to the assembly of BTV VLPs may be conserved, the interaction between the inner and outer capsid proteins and the initiation of the assembly had nothing to do with the high variation region of VP2.

Field of study: Biology
Distinguished subspaces of L-p of maximal dimension

Let (Omega, Sigma, mu) be a measure space and 1 < p < infinity. We show that, under quite general conditions, the set L-p(Omega) - boolean OR(1 <= q<p) L-q(Omega) is maximal spaceable, that is, it contains (except for the null vector) a closed subspace F of L-p(Omega) such that dim (F) = dim (L-p (Omega)) This result is so general that we had to develop a hybridization technique for measure spaces in order to construct a space such that the set L-p(Omega) - L-q (Omega),1 <= q < p, fails to be maximal spaceable. In proving these results we have computed the dimension of L-p(Omega) for arbitrary measure spaces (Omega, Sigma, mu). The aim of the results presented here is, among others, to generalize all the previous work (since the 1960's) related to the linear structure of the sets L-p(Omega) - L-q(Omega) with q < p and L-p(Omega) - boolean OR(1 <= q<p) L-q(Omega).

Field of study: Mathematics