nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Promoting behavior change from alcohol use through mobile technology: the future of ecological momentary assessment.

Interactive and mobile technologies (i.e., smartphones such as Blackberries, iPhones, and palm-top computers) show promise as an efficacious and cost-effective means of communicating health-behavior risks, improving public health outcomes, and accelerating behavior change. The present study was conducted as a "needs assessment" to examine the current available mobile smartphone applications (e.g., apps) that utilize principles of ecological momentary assessment (EMA)-daily self-monitoring or near real-time self-assessment of alcohol-use behavior-to promote positive behavior change, alcohol harm reduction, psycho-education about alcohol use, or abstinence from alcohol.



Data were collected and analyzed from iTunes for Apple iPhone(©) . An inventory assessed the number of available apps that directly addressed alcohol use and consumption, alcohol treatment, or recovery, and whether these apps incorporated empirically based components of alcohol treatment.



Findings showed that few apps addressed alcohol-use behavior change or recovery. Aside from tracking drinking consumption, a minority utilized empirically based components of alcohol treatment. Some apps claimed they could serve as an intervention; however, no empirical evidence was provided.



More studies are needed to examine the efficacy of mobile technology in alcohol intervention studies. The large gap between availability of mobile apps and their use in alcohol treatment programs indicates several important future directions for research.

Field of study: Medicine
Applying machine learning methods to better understand, model and estimate mass concentrations of traffic-related pollutants at a typical street canyon

Narrow city streets surrounded by tall buildings are favorable to inducing a general effect of a “canyon” in which pollutants strongly accumulate in a relatively small area because of weak or inexistent ventilation. In this study, levels of nitrogen-oxide (NO2), elemental carbon (EC) and organic carbon (OC) mass concentrations in PM10 particles were determined to compare between seasons and different years. Daily samples were collected at one such street canyon location in the center of Zagreb in 2011, 2012 and 2013. By applying machine learning methods we showed seasonal and yearly variations of mass concentrations for carbon species in PM10 and NO2, as well as their covariations and relationships. Furthermore, we compared the predictive capabilities of five regressors (Lasso, Random Forest, AdaBoost, Support Vector Machine and Partials Least squares) with Lasso regression being the overall best performing algorithm. By showing the feature importance for each model, we revealed true predictors per target. These measurements and application of machine learning of pollutants were done for the first time at a street canyon site in the city of Zagreb,

Field of study: Environmental science
The canadianization movement and its influence on the higher education system of Canada

The canadianization movement has been a form of academic and cultural nationalism expressed by Canadian academics since the late 1960's.It has experienced a tortuous course and has had a multi-faceted development from its early emergence at Carleton University in 1968 to its enduring educational reforms of the 1970s and its achievement of a new national immigration policy in 1981.It has had a profound influence on teaching and research in the social sciences and humanities,on the development of Canada's higher education system,and on the formation of the country's national identity.It also has had continuing impact on university curricula and on the employment policies and practices of Canadian universities.

Field of study: Education
Multiscale trends and precipitation extremes in the Central American Midsummer Drought

Anecdotal evidence suggests that the timing and intensity of the Central American Midsummer Drought (MSD) may be changing, while observations from limited meteorological station data and paleoclimate reconstructions show neither significant nor consistent trends in seasonal rainfall. Climate model simulations project robust future drying across the region, but internal variability is expected to dominate until the end of the century. Here we use a high resolution gridded precipitation dataset to investigate these apparent discrepancies and to quantify the spatiotemporal complexities of the MSD. We detect spatially variable trends in MSD timing, the amount of rainy season precipitation, the number of consecutive and total dry days, and extreme wet events at the local scale. At the regional scale, we find a positive trend in the duration, but not the magnitude of the MSD, which is dominated by spatially heterogeneous trends and interannual variability linked to large-scale modes of ocean-atmosphere circulation. Although the current climate still reflects predominantly internal variability, some Central American communities are already experiencing significant changes in local characteristics of the MSD. A detailed spatiotemporal understanding of MSD trends and variability can contribute to evidence-based adaptation planning and help reduce the vulnerability of Central American communities to both natural rainfall variability and anthropogenic change.

Field of study: Environmental science
A dementing illness associated with a novel insertion in the prion protein gene.

Following our previous report of an 144-bp insertion in the open reading frame of the prion protein (PrP) gene, we have now identified a larger, 216-bp, insertion in the gene. The insertion which is in frame encodes 9 extra octapeptide repeat sequences in addition to the 5 repeats normally present and represents the largest insertion so far detected in the PrP gene.

Field of study: Biology
[Isolation and identification of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) hemorrhage reovirus].

By using cell culture and virus infection methods, a new reovirus had been isolated from channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) suffered with severe hemorrhage and had been identified as channel catfish reovirus (CCRV) after artificial infection in fish, electron microscopy observation, physical-chemical tests, genomic SDS-PAGE analysis and sequencing. In artificial infection test, the typical symptoms of channel catfish hemorrhage as naturally occurred could be reproduced. The isolated virus could cause typical cytopathic effect in CCO and CCK cell lines. Electron microscopy observation of ultra-thin section samples of CCRV infected CCO and CCK cells revealed that the virus replicated in cytoplasm, arrayed in crystalline, and had a non-enveloped double capsid with a diameter of 60-70 nm. Frozen-thawed, 56 degrees C 1 h, chloroform and ether had no significant effects on CCRV titer, 65 degrees C 1 h could significantly inactivated the viral infectivity. The CCRV genome SDS-PAGE analysis and nuclease sensitivity test showed that the virus genome was the same as that of viruses in Aquareovirudae and consisted of 11 segments of dsRNA assigned into three classes L1, L2, L3; M1, M2, M3 and S1, S2, S3, S4, S5 with a range of size from 0.9 to 4.4 kb. The Cloning and sequencing of the CCRV S4 segment indicated the nucleic acid number of CCRV S4 was 909 bp in length, which was exactly the same as that of GCRV S4 (AF403396) and GSRV S4 (AF403407) segments. The BLAST of CCRV S4 sequence in NCBI GenBank showed that it had a 99% and 90% similarity in sequence to the GCRV S4 and GSRV S4 segments, respectively.

Field of study: Biology
SSR and SRAP Analysis of Genetic Diversity of Stylosanthes

SSR and SRAP molecular markers were used to study genetic diversity among 20 Stylosanthes cultivars.41 of 113 SSR and 25 of 224 SRAP pairs of primer were employed. 229 SSR and 359 SRAP markers were obtained respectively, with polymorphism 76.86% and 74.65%, respectively. The genetic similarity coefficients were0.65~0.90. It indicated that Stylosanthes had an abundant genetic polymorphism in different cultivars. In addition,using UPGMA-clustering analysis, the materials could be divided into three groups, and groups I could be further divided into four sub-groups.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Effects of Moisture and Hydrogen Exposure on Radiation-Induced MOS Device Degradation and Its Implications for Long-Term Aging

Transistors and ICs built in several different captive and commercial facilities were exposed to moisture, irradiated, and annealed. The moisture exposures were performed using highly accelerated stress test (HAST) at 130degC and 85% relative humidity. Irradiation of n-channel transistors exposed to HAST followed by a long-term anneal resulted in some increase in interface-trap and oxide-trapped charge buildup. However, exposing p-channel transistors to HAST preirradiation resulted in extremely large and unexpected voltage shifts immediately following irradiation. They were observed for devices with either doped oxide or nitride final chip passivation. Because of this, nitride passivation may not be sufficient to prevent H2O from causing enhanced radiation-induced degradation over long time periods in some devices (e.g., commercial devices with nitride final chip passivation packaged in plastic packages). The smaller voltage shifts for the n-channel transistors may be related to the formation of phosphosilicate glass (PSG) overlying the sources and drains of the n-channel transistors impeding the diffusion of moisture to the gate oxides. It is shown that, the large radiation-induced voltage shifts for the p-channel transistors can lead to enhanced IC parametric degradation and functional failure at lower radiation levels. Large increases in radiation-induced field oxide leakage current were also observed for transistors exposed to HAST preirradiation. Transistors were also annealed (prior to irradiation) and irradiated in H2. Approximately the same level of radiation-induced degradation was observed for n- and p-channel transistors suggesting that the diffusion kinetics for H2 diffusion are considerably different than for H2O diffusion. These results raise the concern that exposure of devices to moisture or hydrogen can lead to long-term radiation-induced aging effects.

Field of study: Physics
Applied efficiency of pre-lift section in heavy oil riser pipe of catalytic cracking unit

The new type of pre-lift section is added in heavy oil riser pipe in the upgrade and reformation of catalytic cracking unit(Ⅱ)in Luoyang Branch Company based on the practical requirement.The aim of the reformation is to improve the density and velocity distribution of the regenerate catalyst,mix the regenerate and un-regenerate catalysts sufficiently to make the oil mist of raw material and catalyst touch well and increase the ratio of catalyst to oil.The calibration of the unit before and after the reformation is made and the results show that after the reformation,the yield of dry gas reduces,light liquid yield increases, coke reduces,and the catalyst consumption is only about 38%of that before.The effect is obvious.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Display of aggregation-prone ligand binding domain of human PPAR gamma on surface of bacteriophage lambda

To display the aggregation-prone ligand binding domain (LBD) of the human peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) on the surface of bacteriophages to establish an easy screening assay for the identification of PPARγ ligands.Plasmids were constructed for the expression of the PPARγ LBD as a fusion to the N-terminus of the g3p protein of filamentous phage or the C-terminus of the capsid protein D (pD) of phage lambda. The fusion proteins were expressed in E coli and solubility characteristics were compared. Polyclonal antibodies against the LBD as well as the pD protein were prepared for Western blot analysis and phage capture assay.The pD-LBD fusion protein was partially soluble, whereas the LBD-g3p fusion protein was detected only in the insoluble fraction. The pD-LBD fusion protein was efficiently incorporated in phage particles. Furthermore, the LBD was shown to be displayed on the surface of bacteriophage lambda. On average, the pD-LBD fusion protein accounted for 28% of the total pD protein in the lambda head capsid.The hydro-phobic PPARγ LBD was expressed as a soluble form of fusion protein in E coli and displayed on the surface of bacteriophage lambda when it was fused to the lambda pD protein. The lambda pD fusion system could be used for improving the solubility of proteins that tend to form inclusion bodies when expressed in E coli. The lambda phage particles displaying the LBD of PPARγ may be of great value for the identification of novel PPARγ ligands.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Trading Water: Market Extension, Social Improvement, or What?

This article reviews neoclassical, environmentalist, and institutionalist perspectives on the emerging institutional adjustments commonly referred to as water trading or water marketing. Although a holistic analysis of these emerging institutional reforms would be far more comprehensive and detailed, this article seeks only to provide an institutionalist perspective that may benefit more comprehensive research. As such, analysis of new sources of water supply, of specific water conservation measures, and of attitudes regarding water are largely neglected. Water trading is merely assessed in the context of the evolving legal structure and the existing, limited water supply in the American West, particularly California. The conclusion is that water trading, if properly administered, can generally benefit involved parties without widespread social costs and without jeopardizing social control. Generally, "water trading" or "water marketing" refers to water transfers between users, whether by lease or outright sale of water entitlements. Water is traded when one party foregoes (part of) its allocation in exchange for payment by a second party, which in turn receives additional water through a diversion system. Water is marketed when one party's conserved or recycled water is sold to a second party. The distinction is a minor one: the party selling the water foregoes "up

Field of study: Economics
Transonic Flow about a Thick Circular-Arc Airfoil

An experimental and theoretical study of transonic flow over a thick airfoil, prompted by a need for adequately documented experiments that could provide rigorous verification of viscous flow simulation computer codes, is reported. Special attention is given to the shock-induced separation phenomenon in the turbulent regime. Measurements presented include surface pressures, streamline and flow separation patterns, and shadowgraphs. For a limited range of free-stream Mach numbers the airfoil flow field is found to be unsteady. Dynamic pressure measurements and high-speed shadowgraph movies were taken to investigate this phenomenon. Comparisons of experimentally determined and numerically simulated steady flows using a new viscous-turbulent code are also included. The comparisons show the importance of including an accurate turbulence model. When the shock-boundary layer interaction is weak the turbulence model employed appears adequate, but when the interaction is strong, and extensive regions of separation are present, the model is inadequate and needs further development.

Field of study: Physics
In whose interest? An exploratory analysis of stakeholders in Norwegian coastal zone planning

In Norway, coastal zone management is formally structured in a way that involves stakeholders in the planning processes—in the anticipation that participation will make the process more democratic and hence legitimate. Whether this is also the actual outcome is an empirical question, depending on which stakeholders are most active and effective in the management decision-making process, and to what extent they are able to sort out their differences and conflicting aspirations. In this paper we present findings of an exploratory study of the coastal zone planning process in 27 Norwegian municipalities. We focus on stakeholder composition and key attributes. Who seems to make a real impact in the planning process? Who are the most powerful among the various parties involved? Whose interests and concerns are considered to be the most urgent and justifiable, as seen from the perspective of the administrators who are the key co-ordinators in the planning process?

Field of study: Environmental science
Understanding the Development of Student Thinking in the College Classroom

mutually acceptable compromises;” most faculty do not have the luxury of “fair” negotiation with their institutions. My point is justifiable if one notes that there is an increasing number of untenured and nontenurable faculty at most public institutions, secular private institutions, community colleges, religious colleges, and historically Black institutions. Indeed, Poskanzer presumes the model of the research university, stating on page 105 about service to the institution that a professor’s “conduct as an institutional citizen, while of genuine importance and value to a college or university, is not as essential to the work of the institution as his or her teaching and scholarship.” This presumptive statement evidences a bias toward particular kinds of institutions and particular kinds of faculty work. Poskanzer’s presumption about the centrality of particular kinds of faculty work and the predominance of the research-university model also accounts for his statement on page 70 that “faculty have little to fear from extra-institutional challenges to their teaching.” Those of us in schools of education will find this statement problematic, as federal and state governments, corporations, and private foundations clearly exert direct or indirect pressure on faculty to teach in ways that are assumed to lead ultimately to better test scores in children. Many schools of education faculty (nay, many faculty everywhere) are pressured to succumb to a vocationalist, mercantile understanding of teaching and learning. So, indeed, faculty, especially in schools of education, have very much to fear from extra-institutional challenges to their teaching. In making the point about extra-institutional challenges to teaching, however, Poskanzer points out that institutional challenges to faculty work are clearly problematic for faculty autonomy. There can be no question about this point, but one must also find problematic the somewhat false dichotomy set up here. Faculty and their institutions, while distinct entities, are mutually constitutive of each other. Institutions are not disembodied things. They require the action of individuals to remain institutions as such. Institutions certainly constrain faculty choices, but faculty are an essential part of what make up institutions. Thus, faculty may be complicit in the constraints they seek to challenge. In this sense the legal distinction between the institutions and its faculty is false: Faculty behavior may actually be institutional behavior. All in all, however, these disagreements are more philosophical than technical. Poskanzer’s Higher Education Law: The Faculty is an interesting, informative, and very useful book that works both as a teaching tool and as a guide to understanding the legal land mines that are part and parcel of what we as faculty believe we do.

Field of study: Education
Adaptive Chosen-Ciphertext Attack on Secure Arithmetic Coding

The paper ldquosecure arithmetic codingrdquo (in 2272, May 2007) presented a novel encryption scheme called the secure arithmetic coding (SAC) based on the interval splitting arithmetic coding (ISAC) and a series of permutations. In the current work, we study the security of the SAC under an adaptive chosen-ciphertext attack. It is shown that the key vectors used in the codeword permutation step can be recovered with complexity O(N), where N is the symbol sequence length. After getting these key vectors, we can remove the codeword permutation step, and the resulting system has already been shown to be insecure in the original paper. This implies that the SAC is not suitable for the applications where the attacker can have access to the decoder. In addition, we discuss a method to jointly enhance the security and the performance of the SAC.

Field of study: Engineering
Development of New Electronic Conductivity Measurement Method for Lithium-ion Battery Electrode–Slurry

The electrode–slurry preparation process plays an important role to obtain the maximum performance from lithium-ion batteries. A new electronic conductivity measurement method for the electrode–slurry using alternative current impedance measurement was proposed. Electronic conductivity of the electrode–slurry decreased with increasing the electronic conductive additives. It was found that the proposed method is quite useful to characterize the electrode–slurry.

Field of study: Chemistry
Heat Flow and Continuous Seismic Profiles in the Cayman Trough and Yucatan Basin

The average of 8 heat-flow measurements in the western half of the Cayman Trough is 2.07 ± 0.25 HFU, markedly higher than the averages of 1.46 ± 0.19 HFU (n = 9) and 1.38 ± 0.19 HFU (n = 3) obtained on the Yucatan Basin and Cayman Ridge, respectively. There is a tendency for the highest heat-flow values to be situated in the deepest areas of the trough. No systematic variation of heat flow with distance along the trough was observed. The existence of a long, narrow zone of uniformly high heat flow along the floor of the Cayman Trough, along with other geophysical data, suggest a tectonic origin for the trough by extension normal to the axis of the trough and/or by strike-slip faulting related to the eastward movement of the Caribbean lithospheric plate relative to the Atlantic plate. The mean heat flows through the Yucatan Basin and Cayman Ridge are nearly equal to the average world heat flow. Seismic profiler data and piston cores from the Cayman Trough and Ridge and in the Yucatan Basin show that the Cayman Trough is a geologically young feature, probably having originated since the early Tertiary, when the trough and adjacent ridge developed simultaneously. Subsequently, the western end of the trough has received terrigenous sediment from a source located near the Gulf of Honduras, rather than from the Yucatan Basin or Honduras. The central and eastern parts of the trough have been and remain isolated from any major sediment sources. Tectonic activity in the trough has been largely restricted to the margins, as evidenced by the location of the deepest basins, fault structures, and seismicity along the southern margin of the trough west of 83° W. and along the base of the Cayman Ridge east of 81° W.

Field of study: Geology
Mini-channel evaporator/heat pipe assembly for a chip cooling vapor compression refrigeration system

We investigate a novel evaporator design for a small-scale refrigeration system whose function is to assist the existing heat pipe technology currently used in chip cooling of portable computers. A heat transfer model for the evaporator/heat pipe assembly was devised specifically for sizing the evaporator in order to keep the chip surface temperature below a certain value. A prototype was tested with R-600a at saturation temperatures of 45 and 55 °C, mass flow rates between 0.5 and 1.5 kg h −1 and heat transfer rates between 30 and 60 W. The experimental results demonstrated that the average refrigerant-side heat transfer coefficient is more sensitive to a change in the refrigerant mass flux than to changes in the saturation temperature and heat transfer rate. The agreement between the calculated heat transfer coefficient and the data was within ±10% for the conditions evaluated.

Field of study: Engineering