nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
SU-C-204-05: Simulations of a Portal Imaging System for Conformal and Intensity Modulated Fast Neutron Therapy

The University of Washington Medical Center offers neutron therapy for the palliative and definitive treatment of selected cancers. In vivo field verification has the potential to improve the safe and effective delivery of neutron therapy. We propose a portal imaging method that relies on the creation of positron emitting isotopes (11C and 15O) through (n, 2n) reactions with a PMMA plate placed below the patient. After field delivery, the plate is retrieved from the vault and imaged using a reader that detects annihilation photons. The spatial pattern of activity produced in the PMMA plate provides information to reconstruct the neutron fluence map needed to confirm treatment delivery.  We used MCNP to simulate the accumulation of 11C activity in a slab of PMMA 2 mm thick, and GATE was used to simulate the sensitivity and spatial resolution of a prototype imaging system. BGO crystal thicknesses of 1 cm, 2 cm and 3 cm were simulated with detector separations of 2 cm. Crystal pitches of 2 mm and 4 mm were evaluated. Back-projection of the events was used to create a planar image. The spatial resolution was taken to be the FWHM of the reconstructed point source image.  Themore » system sensitivity for a point source in the center of the field of view was found to range from 58% for 1 cm thick BGO with 2 mm crystal pitch to 74% for the 3 cm thick BGO crystals with 4 mm crystal pitch. The spatial resolution at the center of the field of view was found to be 1.5 mm for the system with 2 mm crystal pitch and 2.8 mm for the system with the 4 mm crystal pitch.  BGO crystals with 4 mm crystal pitch and 3 cm length would offer the best sensitivity reader.« less

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
The influence of relaxation and nondipole effects on the intensity of X-ray photoelectron spectra

The photoionization cross sections; dipole and nondipole parameters of the angular distribution of photoelectrons; and the spectroscopic factors for the main X-ray photoelectron lines, which are used in quantitative analysis of the surface and most of atoms, have been calculated. It is shown that consideration of nondipole effects leads to a significant (up to 10%) change in the photoelectron angular distribution. Therefore, neglect of nondipole transitions may lead to an error above 10% when MgKα and AlKα X-ray lines are used for surface analysis. Consideration of the spectroscopic factors leads to a decrease in the absolute line intensity by about 20%. Calculations showed that this value weakly depends on the atomic number and quantum shell numbers.

Field of study: Physics
Prahara Di Kerajaan Gelgel : Studi Kasus Pembrontakan I Gusti Agung Maruti terhadap Dalem Dimade Tahun 1651

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui latar belakang terjadinya pembrontakan yang dilakukan ole I Gusti Agung Maruti, dan jalannya pembrontakan tersebut. Data dikumpulkan dengan studi kepustakaan. Data kemudian verifikasi dengan kritik sejarah. Berdasarkan fakta-fakta yang ditemukan, diadakan interpretasi sehingga menampakan keterkaiatn antara fakta yang satu dengan fakta yang lainnya. Berdasarkan interpretasi data dibuatlah cerita sejarah. I Gusti Agung Maruti melakukan pembrontakan melihat lemahnya kepemimpinan Dalem Dimade dan merasakan dirinya lebih berhak menjadi raja. Dalam pembrontakan, kraton dikepung, raja ditawan, sehingga I Gusti Agung Maruti berhasil menjadi raja

Field of study: Sociology
A study on effect of mobile phone radiation on human health.

A study was conducted in and around North-East Kolkata, West Bengal, India to find out the effect of Electro-Magnetic Radiation emitted by Global System for Mobile (GSM) and Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) Mobile Phones on blood pressure, heart rate, pulse rate, respiration rate and body temperature on 20 healthy people (10 male and 10 female), age group within 21 to 60 years. In silent and calling mode, rapid and arrhythmic heart rate, rapid and irregular pulse rate were noted in 5% male in the age group of 21–40 years after 30 minutes exposure, when handset placed in ear closure to brain. Same observations were found only in 5% male after 15 minutes exposure and in 5% female &10% male after 30 minutes exposure,when handset placed on chest closure to heart in the age group of 41–60 years.

Field of study: Biology
An efficient tree-based algorithm for mining sequential patterns with multiple minimum supports

Sequential pattern mining (SPM) is an important technique for determining time-related behavior in sequence databases. In real-life applications, the frequencies for various items in a sequence database are not exactly equal. If all items are set with the same minimum support, the rare item problem may result, meaning that we are unable to effectively retrieve interesting patterns regardless of whether minsup is set too high or too low. Liu (2006) first included the concept of multiple minimum supports (MMSs) to SPM. It allows users to specify the minimum item support (MIS) for each item according to its natural frequency. A generalized sequential pattern-based algorithm, named Multiple Supports - Generalized Sequential Pattern (MS-GSP), was also developed to mine complete set of sequential patterns. However, the MS-GSP adopts candidate generate-and-test approach, which has been recognized as a costly and time-consuming method in pattern discovery. For the efficient mining of sequential patterns with MMSs, this study first proposes a compact data structure, called a Preorder Linked Multiple Supports tree (PLMS-tree), to store and compress the entire sequence database. Based on a PLMS-tree, we develop an efficient algorithm, Multiple Supports - Conditional Pattern growth (MSCP-growth), to discover the complete set of patterns. The experimental result shows that the proposed approach achieves more preferable findings than the MS-GSP and the conventional SPM.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
LIMNOLOGY AND THE EOCENE LAKES OF THE ROCKY MOUNTAIN REGION

Principles of limnology (science of lakes) and their application to the development of the oil-shale-containing lakes of the Green River formation are given. Because of changes in the density of water over a relatively short temperature range, bodies of water tend to become heterogeneous and thermally stratified into layers called epilimnion and hypolimnion. The latter rests on the bottom of the lake and becomes deficient in oxygen but with an abundance of carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide. At the end of Upper Cretaceous time, the Rocky Mountain ranges were upfolded and the intermontane basins formed. Inside these basins, streams eroded new mountains and filled the basins with various mineral deposits. A predominance of mineral carbonates is explained by the fact that the streams draining into the lakes crossed upturned limestones or limy formations. Vast quantities of organic material were deposited in this formation by various methods in amounts from trace to more than 80 percent by volume. The organic material was preserved under stagnant conditions at the bottom of the lake, where oxygen was scarce or absent and hydrogen sulfide was abundant. A stratified condition existed during most of the period of oil-shale formation and preserved the organic material frommore » complete oxidation.« less

Field of study: Geology
Stage transformation and staging disorder in graphite intercalation compounds.

Stage purity and staging transitions of potassium-graphite intercalation compounds have been investigated in situ by high-resolution x-ray scattering. The positions and profiles of (00L) Bragg reflections indicate staging disorder in thermal equilibrium for all compounds larger than stage 2, which increases with increasing stage number. The transition region between stages exhibits a miscibility gap for stage mixing whose size decreases with higher stages. The results are compared with recent theories on the staging of graphite intercalation compounds.

Field of study: Physics
Estimation of uncertainty of sample preparation for the analysis of pesticide residues

The sampling constant and testing method proposed by Ingamells and Switzer, and Wallace and Kratochvil were used for estimating the uncertainty of sample preparation of apples and head‐cabbages. The sampling constants of about 1.6 kg and 10–20 kg were determined for cabbage and apple, respectively. Consequently about 64 g cabbage and 440–880 g apples should be extracted for holding the uncertainty of sample preparation

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
The treatment of cavernous sinus meningiomas: evolution of a modern approach.

Cavernous sinus meningiomas (CSMs) are challenging lesions for the skull base neurosurgeon to manage given their close association with cranial nerves II-VI and the internal carotid artery. In the 1980s and early 1990s, with advancements in microsurgical techniques, increasing knowledge of the relevant microsurgical neuroanatomy, and the advent of advanced skull base surgical approaches, the treatment of CSMs involved attempts at gross-total resection (GTR). Initial fervor for a surgical cure waned, however, as skull base neurosurgeons demonstrated the limits of complete resection in this region, the ongoing issue of potential tumor recurrences, and the unacceptably high cranial nerve and vascular morbidity associated with this strategy. The advent of radiosurgery and its documented success for tumor growth control and limited morbidity in cavernous lesions has helped to shift the treatment goals for CSMs from GTR to tumor control and symptom relief while minimizing treatment- and lesion-associated morbidity. The authors review the relevant microanatomy of the cavernous sinus with anatomical and radiographic correlates, as well as the various treatment options. A modernized, multimodality treatment algorithm to guide management of these lesions is proposed.

Field of study: Medicine
Conversation with Raymond Carver (review)

both a threat and a home, a punishment and an education. Massey does not sugar-coat his material; these novels are full of graphic violence, shocking incidents, broken dreams, and failed lives. But the author also consistently isolates the strange, reciprocal bonds between individual and institution, between convict and jailer. Through the art-truth of the novel, Massey shows that American prisons have been more than either "schools for crime" or means of rehabilitation. Most often they have been authentic subcultures that also reflect and inform the larger American institutions that surround them. Although the special novels it discusses will not be for all readers, Doing Time in American Prisons is a necessary window to a world both frightening and fascinating.

Field of study: Art
Evaluating the Quality of Health Care Services in the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the quality of health care services provided in the Hashemite Kingdom ofJordan. An instrument of the quality of health service was developed in order to achieve the purpose of this study.The instrument consisted of (31) items, distributed on five dimensions: tangibles, reliability, responsiveness,assurance and empathy. The indications of validity and reliability were confirmed.The sample of this study consisted of (556) patients admitted in hospitals located in three regions within Jordan,north, center and south. The study was conducted in July 2010 and relied on analytical descriptive approach.Adequate statistical methods were performed in order to answer the study questions and test hypotheses.The results showed that the level of quality health services provided to patients of Jordanian hospital wasmoderate, and the dimensions of the service quality were also moderate except responsiveness and assurancevariables that were high. The responsiveness came at the first rank while the reliability ranked lastly. There wereno significant differences in the level of quality health services provided to patients of Jordanian hospitalregarding social status variable. Furthermore, the results indicated significant differences in the level of qualityhealth services provided to patients of Jordanian hospitals regarding variables of gender, age and region.

Field of study: Business
Modeling and Analyzing the Distribution of Number of User Interactive Requests in Video-on-Demand

Current study on modeling of user behavior in video on demand system only investigate the distribution of number of user interactive requests per session.The modeling and analysis of distribution of number of interactive requests per video were proposed.The distribution of number of interactive requests has been observed to appear to heavy tailed.Statistical analysis on a real workload showed that the common power law model may not be suitable to characterize the distribution.The stretched exponential model was proposed.Numerical studies on the real workload in different time scales indicated that the stretched exponential model well characterized the distribution of number of user interactive requests.The shape parameter of the stretched exponential model characterizes the volatility of user interactive requests and the scale parameter characterizes the aging effect of user interactive request.

Field of study: Computer science
Psychological Treatment of Depression in Primary Care: Recent Developments

We give an overview of recent developments on psychological treatments of depression in primary care. In recent years, it has become clear that psychotherapies can effectively be delivered through e-health applications. Furthermore, several studies in low and middle income countries have shown that lay health counselors can effectively deliver psychological therapies. Behavioral activation, a relatively simple form of therapy, has been found to be as effective as cognitive behavior therapy. Treatment of subthreshold depression has been found to not only reduce depressive symptoms but also prevent the onset of major depression. In addition, therapies are effective in older adults, patients with general medical disorders and in perinatal depression. Psychological therapies are effective in the treatment of depression in primary care, have longer lasting effects than drugs, are preferred by the majority of patients, and can be applied flexibly with different formats and across different target groups.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
A solvable continuous time dynamic principal-agent model

I study the provision of incentives in a continuous time dynamic moral hazard model with hidden actions and hidden states. I consider a principal–agent model with linear production and exponential utility, whose explicit solution allows me to show how allocations are distorted for incentive reasons, and how access to hidden savings further alters allocations. I solve the model by applying a stochastic maximum principle, where the co-state variables from the agent's optimization problem become state variables for the principal's problem of choosing an optimal contract. I show that the main effect of moral hazard is a distortion on the effort margin, with a smaller effect on the intertemporal consumption allocation. Access to hidden savings shuts down the intertemporal distortions and increases the effort distortion. I also show how the optimal contracts can be implemented via a constant equity share, a constant flow payment, and a constant tax on savings.

Field of study: Economics
Strategies, Ideas, and Lessons Learned While Engaging in SoTL Without Formal Training

Most pharmacy faculty members are more confident in their foundation as research scientists or clinical pharmacists than with the scholarship of teaching and learning (SoTL). However, many wish to enter this rewarding field of scholarship in order to test pedagogical innovations, measure teaching effectiveness, and share success with the Academy. This commentary provides general advice for those who wish to explore SoTL but lack formal education and training in this area. Four opportunities are highlighted: educational research, small activities and projects, course redesign, and longitudinal assessment and evaluation.

Field of study: Education, Medicine
The optical absorption spectra of certain transition metal ions in muscovite, lepidolite, and fuchsite

The unpolarized optical absorption spectra of the sheet silicate minerals muscovite, lepidolite, and fuchsite have been examined. The spectra, interpreted on the basis of ligand field theory, indicate that all three minerals contain Fe3+ and possibly Ti3+ in octahedral sites. In addition, muscovite is shown to contain octahedrally coordinated Fe2+, lepidolite octahedral Fe2+ and Mn2+, and fuchsite octahedral Cr3+. No evidence was found for transition metals in tetrahedral sites.Some comments are made on the similarity of the spectra of certain of the transition metal ions in several classes of minerals. This leads to the speculation that the cations Fe3+, Mn2+, and Cr3+ may tend to 'mold' their immediate surroundings.

Field of study: Environmental science
Teachers’ Perceptions of Organizational Climate and Expectations of Successful Change

Teachers' perceptions of organizational climate were hypothesized to be related to their expectations that successful change would occur in their schools. Successful change was defined as the extent to which the probability of desirable change exceeds that of undesirable change. Correlations were computed between perceived climate, and eight sub-dimensions of climate on the one hand, and expectations for successful change on the other. Significant relationships were found for dimen sions of climate that dealt with principal-teacher relations but not for those that dealt with teacher-teacher rela tions. It was speculated that teachers see themselves as having limited impact on change in schools.

Field of study: Education
Approximation by complex genuine Durrmeyer type polynomials in compact disks

In this paper, the order of simultaneous approximation and Voronovskaja kind results with quantitative estimate for the complex genuine Durrmeyer polynomials attached to analytic functions on compact disks are obtained. In this way, we put in evidence the overconvergence phenomenon for the genuine Durrmeyer polynomials, namely the extensions of the approximation properties (with quantitative estimates) from real intervals to compact disks in the complex plane.

Field of study: Mathematics
Tracking the spin properties of single nitrogen-vacancy centers in nanodiamonds in aqueous buffer solutions

We report on the sensing stability of quantum nanosensors in aqueous buffer solutions for the two detection schemes of quantum decoherence spectroscopy and nanoscale thermometry. The electron spin properties of single nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in 25-nm-sized nanodiamonds have been characterized by tracking individual nanodiamonds during a continuous change in pH from 4 to 11. We have determined the stability of the NV quantum sensors during the pH change, which provides the fluctuations of $\pm$13\% and $\pm$0.3 MHz for $T_2$ and $\omega_0$ of their mean values. The observed fluctuations are significant when performing quantum decoherence spectroscopy and thermometry in various biological contexts. We discuss how the present observation affects the measurement scheme of nanodiamond-based NV quantum sensing.

Field of study: Physics
Classification and assessment of retrieved electron density maps in coherent X-ray diffraction imaging using multivariate analysis.

Coherent X-ray diffraction imaging (CXDI) is one of the techniques used to visualize structures of non-crystalline particles of micrometer to submicrometer size from materials and biological science. In the structural analysis of CXDI, the electron density map of a sample particle can theoretically be reconstructed from a diffraction pattern by using phase-retrieval (PR) algorithms. However, in practice, the reconstruction is difficult because diffraction patterns are affected by Poisson noise and miss data in small-angle regions due to the beam stop and the saturation of detector pixels. In contrast to X-ray protein crystallography, in which the phases of diffracted waves are experimentally estimated, phase retrieval in CXDI relies entirely on the computational procedure driven by the PR algorithms. Thus, objective criteria and methods to assess the accuracy of retrieved electron density maps are necessary in addition to conventional parameters monitoring the convergence of PR calculations. Here, a data analysis scheme, named ASURA, is proposed which selects the most probable electron density maps from a set of maps retrieved from 1000 different random seeds for a diffraction pattern. Each electron density map composed of J pixels is expressed as a point in a J-dimensional space. Principal component analysis is applied to describe characteristics in the distribution of the maps in the J-dimensional space. When the distribution is characterized by a small number of principal components, the distribution is classified using the k-means clustering method. The classified maps are evaluated by several parameters to assess the quality of the maps. Using the proposed scheme, structure analysis of a diffraction pattern from a non-crystalline particle is conducted in two stages: estimation of the overall shape and determination of the fine structure inside the support shape. In each stage, the most accurate and probable density maps are objectively selected. The validity of the proposed scheme is examined by application to diffraction data that were obtained from an aggregate of metal particles and a biological specimen at the XFEL facility SACLA using custom-made diffraction apparatus.

Field of study: Physics
Self-Relevant Scenarios as an Indirect Means of Attitude Change

Two experiments with college students are reported that examined the effects of imagining detailed scenarios depicting events happening to self. Experiment I established that students who read and imagined a scenario depicting their involvement in an automobile accident had elevated expectancies for the occurrence of an automobile accident, compared with control condition students. Experiment 2 extended the effects of imagined scenarios to include cognitions tangential to those directly depicted in the scenario. Subjects who imagined having automobile accidents were found, in a separate context minimizing demand characteristics, to be more favorably disposed toward legislation related to traffic safety (e.g., requiring motorists to wear seat belts). The results are discussed in relation to research on attitudes.

Field of study: Psychology
Mechanical Energy and Its Relationship with Some Kinematical Variables and Scoring Accuracy Indicator in Youth Soccer Players

The research aimed at identifying the mechanical, motor, and potential energy values as well as for kinematical variables, scoring accuracy indicator values in youth soccer players. In addition to that, the research aimed at identifying the relationship between the mechanical, motor, and potential energy values, kinematical variables, scoring accuracy indicator values in youth soccer players. The researcher used the descriptive method on (7) youth players from Newroz youth soccer club. He used (2) specialized video cameras for analyses and programing using Kinovea. He also conducted scoring accuracy to collect the data that was treated using SPSS. Five views were used from a total of six makings (35) for analyzing mechanical variables and scoring accuracy to conclude a relationship between mechanical, motor, and potential energy with many variables. Finally, he recommended that coaches should pay attention to mechanical and motion energy for their direct relationship with working muscle group development.

Field of study: Education