nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Structure of a novel ribosome-inactivating protein from a hemi-parasitic plant inhabiting the northwestern Himalayas.

This is the first report of the structural studies of a novel ribosome-inactivating protein (RIP) obtained from the Himalayan mistletoe (Viscum album) (HmRip). HmRip is a type II heterodimeric protein consisting of a toxic enzyme (A-chain) with an active site for ribosome inactivation and a lectin subunit (B-chain) with well defined sugar-binding sites. The crystal structure of HmRip has been determined at 3.8 A resolution and refined to a crystallographic R factor of 0.228 (R(free) = 0.271). A comparison of this structure with other type II RIPs reveals the presence of distinct structural features in the active site of the A-chain and in the 2gamma sugar-binding site of the B-chain. The conformation of the side chain of Tyr110, which is a conserved active-site residue in the A subunit, is strikingly different from those observed in other mistletoe RIPs, indicating its unique substrate-binding preference. The deletion of two important residues from the kink region after Ala231 in the 2gamma subdomain of the B-chain results in a significantly different conformation of the sugar-binding pocket. A ribosome-recognition site has also been identified in HmRip. The site is a shallow cavity, with the conserved residues Arg51, Asp70, Thr72 and Asn73 involved in the binding. The conformations of the antigenic epitopes of residues 1-20, 85-103 and 206-223 differ from those observed in other type II RIPs, resulting in the distinct antigenicity and pharmacological properties of HmRip.

Field of study: Chemistry
[A comparison analysis of the use of intravenous β-interferon-1a 30 mcg and subcutaneous β-interferon-1a 44 mcg in routine clinical practice of treatment in patients with multiple sclerosis].

to compare the results of treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS) with genfaxon, cinnovex and rebif.



The drugs were used in the treatment of 80 patients of the Moscow West administrative okrug during 2014-2015. Thirty patients were treated with genfaxon, 20 with cinnoVex and 30 with the original drug rebif.



Twenty-five percent of patients treated with cinnoVex were withdrawn from the study due to the non-efficacy (mean frequency of relapses was the same before and after treatment). A significant decrease of relapses was noted in patients treated with genfaxon. The high frequency of side-effects was the major problem in the treatment withgenfaxon. Due to this reason, some patients stopped treatment.A significant decrease of relapses was noted in patients treated with rebif though aversive effects were frequent during the first year of treatment. The effects of biosimilars found in this study are in line with earlier reports. Therefore, the increase of the quality of interferon-beta-1a biosimilars used for MS treatment is needed.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
The SAMI Galaxy Survey: Kinematics of Stars and Gas in Brightest Group Galaxies—The Role of Group Dynamics

We study the stellar and gas kinematics of the brightest group galaxies (BGGs) in dynamically relaxed and unrelaxed galaxy groups for a sample of 154 galaxies in the SAMI galaxy survey. We characterize the dynamical state of the groups using the luminosity gap between the two most luminous galaxies and the BGG offset from the luminosity centroid of the group. We find that the misalignment between the rotation axis of gas and stellar components is more frequent in the BGGs in unrelaxed groups, although with quite low statistical significance. Meanwhile, galaxies whose stellar dynamics would be classified as “regular rotators” based on their kinemetry are more common in relaxed groups. We confirm that this dependency on group dynamical state remains valid at fixed stellar mass and Sérsic index. The observed trend could potentially originate from a differing BGG accretion history in virialized and evolving groups. Among the halo relaxation probes, the group BGG offset appears to play a stronger role than the luminosity gap on the stellar kinematic differences of the BGGs. However, both the group BGG offset and luminosity gap appear to roughly equally drive the misalignment between the gas and stellar component of the BGGs in one direction. This study offers the first evidence that the dynamical state of galaxy groups may influence the BGG's stellar and gas kinematics, and we call for further studies using a larger sample with higher signal-to-noise.

Field of study: Physics
Two distinct secretory ribonucleases from human cerebrum: purification, characterization and relationships to other ribonucleases.

Two RNAases from human cerebrum were purified to an electrophoretically homogeneous state and their molecular masses were 22.0 kDa (tentatively called RNAase HB-1) and 19.0 kDa (RNAase HB-2). Analyses of the amino acid compositions, N-terminal amino acid sequences and catalytic properties of these enzymes provided strong evidence that they were strictly related to the secretory (sec) RNAases, such as the pancreatic enzyme, very similar immunologically to urinary sec RNAase, but clearly distinguishable from urinary non-secretory (nonsec) RNAase. There were several differences between HB-1 and HB-2, namely their immunological reactivities with specific antibodies, heat-stabilities, attached carbohydrate moieties and molecular masses. In particular, HB-2 appeared to be nonglycosylated, in view of its lack of affinity for several conjugated lectins, the absence of hexosamine and no change in electrophoretic mobility before and after peptide:N-glycosidase F digestion, whereas HB-1 and human sec RNAases purified from kidney, pancreas and urine all appeared to be glycosylated, as they moved to the same position as HB-2 when electrophoresed after glycosidase digestion. An antibody against urinary sec RNAase inhibited 75% and 20% of the total activity of the crude cerebral extract against RNA at pH 8.0 and 6.0 respectively, whereas an antibody against urinary nonsec RNAase had no such inhibitory effect. These findings suggest that yet another type(s) of cerebral RNAase, which is unable to cross-react immunologically with sec and nonsec RNAases, may exist. Two RNAases corresponding to HB-1 and HB-2 were identified in fresh cerebrospinal fluid.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Effects of continuous straw return with fertilizer on maize grain filling characteristics, yield and grain quality

In order to investigate the effects of continuous straw return with fertilizer on maize yield and grain quality, an experiment of summer corn cultivar "Zhengdan 958" was carried out during 2008 to 2011 at Mengcheng scientific observation station of crop cultivation in east China, Ministry of Agriculture. Four treatments were designed for no wheat-maize straw return(W0C0F1), maize straw return but not wheat straw return(W0C1F1), wheat straw return but not maize straw return(W1C0F1) and wheat-maize straw return in two seasons(W1C1F1) at randomized complete block designs with N application rate of 300 kg·hm-2. The results show that wheat-maize straw return in two seasons with fertilizer significantly improve the rate of grain filling during gradual increase stage(V1), extend the duration of rapid and slow increasing stage(T2, T3) which can significantly improve grain unit weight and oil content, and also improve the grain weight, protein and starch contents which result in higher grain yield and 1000-grain weight.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Processing and Mechanical Properties of Macro Polyamide Fiber Reinforced Concrete

This study developed a macro-sized polyamide (PA) fiber for concrete reinforcement and investigated the influence of the PA fiber on flexural responses in accordance with ASTM standards. PA fibers are advantageous compared to steel fibers that are corrosive and gravitated. The macro-sized PA fiber significantly improved concrete ductility and toughness. Unlike steel fibers, the PA fibers produced two peak bending strengths. The first-peaks occurred near 0.005 mm of deflection and decreased up to 0.5 mm of deflection. Then the bending strength increased up to second-peaks until the deflections reached between 1.0 and 1.5 mm. The averaged flexural responses revealed that PA fiber content did not significantly influence flexural responses before L/600, but had significant influence thereafter. Toughness performance levels were also determined, and the results indicated more than Level II at L/600 and Level IV at others.

Field of study: Materials science
An image reconstruction algorithm applicable to on-line electrical capacitance tomography

A novel fast algorithm for electrical capacitance tomography (ECT) was presented.The minimum norm solution was improved according to the nature of the inverse problems of ECT, and the stability of the numerical solution for the improvement was proved via the singular value decomposition principle.Some equations for further improvement of the reconstructed image were deduced by numerical optimization.Numerical experiments indicated that the improvement was efficient and the time of image reconstruction was similar to that of linear back-projection (LBP), however, the quality of the reconstructed image is better than other image reconstruction algorithms such as LBP, Tikhonov and Landweber algorithm.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Synthesis of Noria-like Macrocycles Containing Alkoxy Groups based on a Dynamic Covalent Chemistry (DCC) System by the A2 + B4 Condensation

We succeeded in the synthesis of new noria-like macrocycles by condensation of 3-alkoxyphenol as A 2 type monomers, and pentanedial as B 4 type monomer. These condensation reactions were performed using several acids as catalysts in ethanol and CHCl 3 . It was found that these reactions proceeded by DCC to afford soluble polymers, oligomers, and noria-like ladder macrocycles. As the result, the selective synthesis of the targeted noria-like macrocycles was achieved successfully in high yields.

Field of study: Chemistry
Ranchers and Indians on the Southern Isthmus of Tehuantepec: Economic Change and Indigenous Survival in Colonial Mexico

F OR anthropologists and social historians, one of the most intriguing and enigmatic social consequences of the Spanish conquest is the persistence to the present day of large, culturally distinctive Indian populations in mainland Latin America. The greatest part of those populations is to be found within the geographic boundaries once occupied by the so-called "high civilizations" of pre-Columbian Mesoamerica and the Central Andes. Native groups in these areas were spared the rapid extinction suffered by their Antillean cousins, at least in part because of higher aboriginal population densities and the prevalence of socioeconomic structures preadapted to the labor and tribute demands of a European conquest state. In recent years, scholars have drawn attention to the considerable variation that existed among Mesoamerican and Andean populations in the success of their response to both newly introduced pathogens and the colonial institutions which preyed on them. Although demographic losses could be staggeringly high, local social, economic, and ecological factors might alter or exacerbate the course of epidemic disease in different parts of the colonized mainland to create varying patterns of demographic decline.' Among those ethnic groups which did manage to survive the impact

Field of study: History
Calculation of annular beam propagation in beam-converting annular resonator with a fast finite difference method

Beam-converting annular resonator(BCAR) possesses outstanding characteristics of high extraction efficiency and near-diffractive beam quality.But the numerical simulation of BCAR is a hard work,for the thin annular beam propagating calculation will cost much computer work with conventional methods.In this paper a clever finite difference method based on coordinates transform is presented.This method can largely reduce the time for calculating annular beam propagation,it also has higher precision than W.D.Murphy's approximation method does.

Field of study: Physics
Electrostatic discharge directly to the chip surface, caused by automatic post-wafer processing

Up to now, ESD damage is understood to be induced via device pads and to be avoided by means of appropriate protection structures located at these pads. The ESD susceptibility is classified by means of standardized stress tests. This paper shows, that with increasing importance a variety of post-wafer manufacturing and packaging processes may create a new type of evident and latent ESD damage in the device. We define this phenomenon as ESD-from-outside-to-surface (ESDFOS), as charged handlers cause discharges directly from outside into the device surface. Classical ESD tests do not cover this mechanism. The paper describes the phenomenon, its root causes, and gives practical hints for analysis and prevention.

Field of study: Engineering
PbS Quantum Dots Based on Physically Unclonable Function for Ultra High-Density Key Generation

Secure data encryption depends on the one-way functions and copy protection relies on features that are hard to reproduce. Herein, we present the physically unclonable function (PUF) concept based on PbS quantum dots (QDS) for ultra high-density key generation. Compared with existing PUFs, the proposed QDs-based PUF may boost the key density by about an order of magnitude, and also has certain advantages in terms of uniqueness, randomness and spatial characteristics. The proposed PUF passes applicable National Institute of Standards and Technology randomness tests. The area/bit is 14.5 nm2 for PbS QDs-based PUF1, 54.76 nm2 for PbS QDs-based PUF2, respectively. Compared with optical PUF, it improves the key density about 9.6 times and 2.3 times, respectively. Further, PbS QDs-based PUF1 and PbS QDs-based PUF2 demonstrate the larger data spaces and the read data has better spatial characteristics and uniqueness. We anticipate the QDs-based PUF circuit would shed light on future research of circuit design and information security technology.

Field of study: Materials science
Environmental Correlates for Species Richness among Amphibians and Reptiles in a Climate Transition Area

Correlations between environmental factors and the distribution of amphibian and reptile species richness were investigated in a climate transition area, Peneda-Gerês National Park (PNPG), in North-Western Portugal. Using presence-data at a local-scale (1 × 1 km), Ecological-Niche Factor Analysis (ENFA) identified a mixture of climatic (precipitation and number of days with fog), topographical (altitude and relief) and habitat factors (number of watercourses and water surfaces, the type of the largest water surface and tree diversity cover), as accurate predictors of species occurrence. Three factors were common for both taxonomic groups, and consistently presented a positive relation with species occurrence: precipitation, number of water surfaces, and tree diversity cover; suggesting a strong coincidence in the environmental correlates that influence amphibian and reptile species richness. Distribution patterns of observed and predicted species richness were compared using a Geographical Information System. Overall, three high species richness areas were predicted in common for both taxonomic groups and two additional areas for amphibians only. These areas matched with the observed species richness but suggested larger areas of high species richness. The location of the PNPG in a biogeographic crossroad, between Euro-Siberian and Mediterranean provinces, emphasised species richness of amphibians and reptiles and suggests a high priority conservation status for this protected area. Most of Central-Northern Portugal is located in a climatic transition area; therefore, increased species richness should be expected for other areas. Local scale studies for other protected areas should be planned as a framework for the development of multi-scale conservation planning by Portuguese authorities.

Field of study: Environmental science
Novel silacyclohexadienyl chromium and iron complexes bearing a bulky substituent on the central silicon atom

Novel hydrido(silacyclohexadienyl)chromium complexes bearing a bulky substituent, Tbt (2,4,6-tris[bis(trimethylsilyl)methyl]phenyl), were synthesized using formal insertion reactions of Cr(0) into C–H or Si–H bond. When the reactions of 1-silacyclohexa-2,4-dienes bearing a hydroxy or chloro group on the silicon atom with [Cr(CH3CN)3(CO)3] were performed, the corresponding hydrido(1-silacyclohexa-2,4-dienyl) complexes were obtained as the sole product. A similar reaction of a hydrosilane having a similar skeleton with [Cr(CH3CN)3(CO)3] gave an unprecedented type of silacyclohexadienyl complex, hydrido(1-silacyclohexa-1,3-dienyl)chromium bearing a three-center bonding interaction among the silicon, hydrogen, and chromium atoms. These are the first syntheses of silacyclohexadienyl complexes by the formal insertion reaction toward the corresponding silacyclohexadienes. Furthermore, the isolation of the silacyclohexadienyl anion was achieved; it was applied to synthesis of the corresponding sandwich-type iron complex. Structures of the newly obtained complexes were revealed based on their NMR and IR spectroscopic data and X-ray diffraction study.

Field of study: Chemistry
Does the surgical approach change the need for a retrograde pyelogram prior to pyeloplasty?

The opinion on the use of retrograde ureteropyelography (RUPG) prior to routine pyeloplasty for an ureteropelvic (UPJ) obstruction has been divided. This study analyses the efficacy of a preoperative RUPG and determines if a dorsal lumbotomy (DL) approach offers any advantage in this situation.



This is a retrospective analysis of application of RUPG prior to pyeloplasty in children with ages ranging from 42 days to 16.2 years who underwent surgery at the Children's Hospital at Westmead between 2009 and 2013.



We identified a total of 95 children with isolated UPJ obstruction, with 59 (62.1%) boys and 36 (37.8%) girls. Overall, open pyeloplasties were performed in 89 (42 DL: 47 loin incision) and the rest (n = 6) laparoscopically. Preoperative RUPG was performed in 58 (61%) and it provided additional information in 11 (18.9%) patients for whom the surgical approach was modified. Hospital stay, operative time, and time to full diet were shorter with the DL approach (p < 0.05).



The current study suggests that RUPG is avoidable if the approach for pyeloplasty is through the conventional loin incision. The short-term advantages might rationalize the use of RUPG if a DL incision is employed.

Field of study: Medicine
Measuring the lens focal length by laser reflection-confocal technology.

A laser reflection-confocal focal-length measurement (LRCFM) is proposed for the high-accuracy measurement of lens focal length. LRCFM uses the peak points of confocal response curves to precisely identify the lens focus and vertex of the lens last surface. LRCFM then accurately measures the distance between the two positions to determine the lens focal length. LRCFM uses conic fitting, which significantly enhances measurement accuracy by inhibiting the influence of environmental disturbance and system noise on the measurement results. The experimental results indicate that LRCFM has a relative expanded uncertainty of less than 0.0015%. Compared with existing measurement methods, LRCFM has high accuracy and a concise structure. Thus, LRCFM is a feasible method for high-accuracy focal-length measurements.

Field of study: Physics
The Lie algebra of rooted planar trees

We study a natural Lie algebra structure on the free vector space generated by all rooted planar trees as the associated Lie algebra of the nonsymmetric operad (non-$\Sigma$ operad, preoperad) of rooted planar trees. We determine whether the Lie algebra and some related Lie algebras are finitely generated or not, and prove that a natural surjection called the augmentation homomorphism onto the Lie algebra of polynomial vector fields on the line has no splitting preserving the units.

Field of study: Mathematics
DBit: Assessing Statistically Significant Differences in CDN Performance

As the volume of content served by content distribution networks (CDNs) grows, these networks evolve to improve performance. Their performance is difficult to characterize because it depends on a number of factors. In this paper, we develop a methodology called DBit that can determine whether one CDN’s user-perceived performance is statistically different from another. We validate DBit and demonstrate its usefulness on CDNs used for photo delivery. We use PlanetLab to collect HTTP download data for 14.5 million photo fetches and 5 million video fetches and RIPE Atlas nodes hosted in end-user homes in 1470 ASes worldwide to obtain 470,400 photo fetches respectively, from three Photo CDNs and two Video CDNs. We find that DBit can identify significant performance differences not just between CDNs, but also across time and location.

Field of study: Computer science
Coherent tunneling in an AlGaN/AlN/GaN heterojunction captured through an analogy with a MOS contact

Due to their wide band gaps, III-N materials can exhibit behaviors ranging from the semiconductor class to the dielectric class. Through an analogy between a Metal/AlGaN/AlN/GaN diode and a MOS contact, we make use of this dual nature and show a direct path to capture the energy band diagram of the nitride system. We then apply transparency calculations to describe the forward conduction regime of a III-N heterojunction diode and demonstrate it realizes a tunnel diode, in contrast to its regular Schottky Barrier Diode designation. Thermionic emission is ruled out and instead, a coherent electron tunneling scenario allows to account for transport at room temperature and higher.

Field of study: Physics
The Impact of an Institution's Federal Research Grants on the Economy of its State

imparted to students and the broader cultural and scholarly contributions to society in general. Universities also contribute economic benefits to their states by attracting funds from agencies outside the state, particularly the federal government. These funds are used to employ researchers and research support personnel at the university. Further, the spending of these funds distributed as salaries and supply and equipment purchases produces a chain of additional spending that generates income and employment beyond the immediate impacts. The estimation of the total economic impact of various types of university expenditures, including research grants, has been undertaken in a number of  Bourque and Pedersen  argue that certain assumptions, particularly the assumption that goods and services are not imported from other states, can lead to an overstatement of the economic impacts. They also warn that care must be taken in associating institu-

Field of study: Education
Assuming the Position: Fugitivity and Futurity in the Work of Chester Himes

The frequent critical evocation of expatriate novelist Chester Himes as an icon of social realist protest in 20th century African American literature has the customary effect of obliterating exactly those questions of poetic figurality by which his complex themes are able to surface so jarringly. This essay explores several of Himes' writings, investigating operations of tonality and timbre in their linguistic fabric. It argues that the darkly ironic opacity that characterizes much of what is unique about Himes as an artist also performs an unrelentingly sharp critique of the crass racialism, identity gamesmanship and commercialism that so pervasively defines his U.S.— doing so in ways that conceptually outstrip the flatly oppositional idioms of social realism to which his work is so often assigned.

Field of study: Art