nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Initiation of SHS processes

Results of experimental and theoretical studies on combustion initiation in SHS systems reported in literature and carried out by the author with his colleges for recent 20 years are reviewed. Different procedures of initiation of the process in SHS systems such as radiant flux ignition, laser induction, ignition by combustion wave, spark and hypergolic ignition, etc. are considered. Mathematical models used in different works for description of transition processes taking place in initiation of SHS are discussed. The most interesting theoretical and experimental data are presented. Qualitative and quantitative fitting of calculated data with experimental results is analyzed.

Field of study: Chemistry
Determining Kosovo's final status: the viability of ongoing administration

Since June 1999 Kosovo has been under UN administration pending the determination of its final status. Following the province-wide riots in March 2004 the international administration acknowledged that the ‘standards before status’ policy then being pursued was undermining stability and inter-communal dialogue. Thereafter various ostensibly new initiatives have been implemented to accelerate the process towards final status and the removal of the international administration. This article, however, will demonstrate the continuities between the old and new policies. It will additionally argue that the policies advanced by the Eide Report, the International Commission on the Balkans and the recent Ahtisaari Proposals, regarding the extension of the international administration and the (inconclusive) status of Kosovo threaten stability in the region and do little to resolve the underlying problem.

Field of study: History, Sociology
Oxygen Abundance Measurements of SHIELD Galaxies

We have derived oxygen abundances for eight galaxies from the Survey for H I in Extremely Low-mass Dwarfs (SHIELD). The SHIELD survey is an ongoing study of very-low-mass galaxies, with between 106.5 and 107.5 M ☉, that were detected by the Arecibo Legacy Fast ALFA survey. Hα images from the WIYN 3.5 m telescope show that these eight SHIELD galaxies each possess one or two active star-forming regions, which were targeted with long-slit spectral observations using the Mayall 4 m telescope at Kitt Peak National Observatory. We obtained a direct measurement of the electron temperature by detection of the weak [O III]  λ4363 line in two of the H II regions. Oxygen abundances for the other H II regions were estimated using a strong-line method. When the SHIELD galaxies are plotted on a B-band L-Z diagram, they appear to suggest a slightly shallower slope to the relationship than normally seen. However, that offset is systematically reduced when the near-infrared luminosity is used instead. This indicates a different mass-to-light ratio for the galaxies in this sample and we suggest that this may be indicative of differing star formation histories in the lowest luminosity and surface brightness dwarf irregulars.

Field of study: Physics
THREE DIMENSIONAL NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF HEAT TRANSFER BY FORCED CONVECTION THROUGH HEAT SINK WITH RECTANGULAR RIBS

1 student Mechanical, MIT College 2 Assistant professor Mechanical, MIT College Abstract— Numerical simulation of heat transfer in the rectangular fin type of heat sink has been made under various operating conditions. Commercially available software package Ansys Fluent is used for the purpose. The methodology is validated by analyzing the flow through rectangular channel with heat transfer. The computed result is compared with the standard available data and it is concluded that „k-ω‟ turbulence model gives best element in case of turbulence flow. In the present study the methodology has been validated by CFD then it is used to analyse the heat transfer characteristics of plate fins with rectangular ribs. Analysis have been made for various dimensions and spacing of the ribs. It is observed that the introduction ribs enhance the heat transfer capabilities. They effect of flow velocities on Nusselt number at various rib length(0.2mm,0.3mm,0.4mm, and 0.5mm) as well as diagonal pitches(1.25mm,1.5mm,1.75mm, and 2mm) have been quantitevely analyzed. The analysis shown that rib length 0.5mm and diagonal pitch 1.25mm gives the highest enhancement in the heat transfer. The provisional of ribs also result in increases in the pressure drop through the passage. Hence it is necessary to optimize both heat transfer co-efficient and pressure drop simultaneously. CFD, Rectangular ribs, pressure drop, Nusselt number, Friction factor.

Field of study: Engineering
Assessment and Treatment of Combat-Related PTSD in Returning War Veterans

Over the past 9 years approximately 2 million U.S. military personnel have deployed in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom in Iraq and Operation Enduring Freedom in and around Afghanistan. It has been estimated that 5–17% of service members returning from these deployments are at significant risk for combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Many of these returning war veterans will seek medical and mental health care in academic health centers. This paper reviews the unique stressors that are related to the development of combat-related PTSD. It also reviews evidence-based approaches to the assessment and treatment of PTSD, research needed to evaluate treatments for combat-related PTSD, and opportunities and challenges for clinical psychologists working in academic health centers.

Field of study: Psychology
Optical constants of fused silica and sapphire from 0.3 to 25 microm.

We have measured the optical constants of fused silica and sapphire in regions where they are transparent and where they are opaque—from 0.3 to 50 μm. The technique we used was the Kramers-Kronig method whereby the complex re­ flectivity (reflectance) was measured at normal incidence over the entire spectrum. Three different instruments were used: a Perkin-Elmer model 450 spectrometer from 0.3 to 3 μm; a Perkin-Elmer model 137 from 2 to 15 μm; a Beckman model IR 12 from 15 to 40 μm; and a Beckman IR 11 from 40 to 50 μm. Freshly evaporated aluminum was used as a reference Fig. 1. Optical constants of fused silica. The ordinate represents either n or k.

Field of study: Physics
Fairness: Effect on Temporary and Equilibrium Prices in Posted-Offer Markets

Questionnaire studies suggest that perceptions of fairness cause people to resist price increases following abrupt changes in conditions with no cost justification. This hypothesis is examined in posted-offer markets extending previous work. Consistent with the hypothesis, in the profit-disclosure (fairness) treatment prices are initially below those in the cost and the no-disclosure treatments. But over time prices in all treatments converge to the competitive surplus maximizing equilibrium. Thus 'fairness' is interpreted as being the result of expectations that are not sustainable. Expectations adapt as the market converges to the standard competitive equilibrium prediction. Coauthors are Praveen Kujal, Roland Michelitsch, Vernon Smith, and Gang Deng.

Field of study: Economics
Mammals from the Upper Cretaceous Oldman Formation, Alberta. V. Eodelphis Matthew, and the evolution of the Stagodontidae (Marsupialia)

The Judithian (Late Cretaceous) stagodontid marsupial Eodelphis Matthew is known from two closely related species, E. cutleri and E. browni, which differ in size and proportions of P3 and robustness of the molars. P1 is shown to be two-rooted in both species and not only in E. cutleri, as previously believed. Known upper molars of Eodelphis lack a stylar cusp D, indicating that neither E. cutleri nor E. browni can be a part of the direct (species) ancestry of the later Cretaceous stagodontid Didelphodon. Evolution of the Stagodontidae probably included derivation of an E. cutleri-like radicle having robust premolars and molars from E. browni-like ancestors, present in North America by Aquilan time; development by the Edmontonian of specialized crushing premolars in primitive species of Didelphodon, descended from ancestors that were similar to E. cutleri in size but had a prominent stylar cusp D on the upper molars; and subsequent increase in size leading to Lancian D. vorax and D. padanicus. Contrary to ...

Field of study: Environmental science
Bone health. New role for vitamin K?

To assess growing evidence that vitamin K (phylloquinone) plays an important role in bone health and, subsequently, in prevention of osteoporotic fractures.



We searched MEDLINE from January 1972 to December 2002 using the key words vitamin K and bone health. We reviewed 30 articles that seemed relevant or had a human focus. All evidence can be categorized as level II.


MAIN MESSAGE
Evidence suggests that dietary phylloquinone intake of <100 microg daily might not be optimal for bone health. Low intake of vitamin K could contribute to osteoporosis and subsequent fracture due to the undercarboxylation of osteocalcin.



Family physicians need to be aware of the importance of encouraging adequate vitamin K intake, particularly among institutionalized elderly people, to prevent increased bone resorption. Further study is needed to determine the exact role of vitamin K in bone metabolism, and methods of assessing vitamin K requirements need to be standardized.

Field of study: Medicine
The Study on the GSM Network Facsimile Communication Technology

As a new data service the GSM facsimile is widely used in many fields,such as news interview,traffic transportation,moving work,police suppress smuggling.The GSM fax changes the situation of the past sending and receiving fax images fixed.This paper describes the simulation of fax transmission,and it is based on the platform of pc and the central part in this system is the GSM Modem Card.In this paper we take the simulation of fax sending as an example and discuss the protocol of GSM fax transmission.

Field of study: Engineering
MILD AND EFFICIENT ADDITION OF CARBON NUCLEOPHILES TO CONDENSED PYRIDINES: INFLUENCE OF STRUCTURE AND LIMITS OF APPLICABILITY

A number of azolo- and azinopyridines with varying substituents and annulated heterocycles were synthesized and examined in dearomatization reactions with carbon nucleophiles. Depending on the structure, the resulting covalent σ-adducts were formed either under basefree conditions or in Et3N-promoted process to give functionalized condensed dihydropyridines. Quantum-chemical calculations of the global electrophilicity index derived from FMO energies of azolopyridine series were performed to explain reactivity toward neutral and anionic C-nucleophiles. These values may be useful for qualitative prediction of particular reactivity pattern.

Field of study: Chemistry
Influence of total organic carbon and UV-B radiation on zinc toxicity and bioaccumulation in aquatic communities.

The effects of total organic carbon (TOC) and UV-B radiation on Zn toxicity and bioaccumulation in a Rocky Mountain stream community were assessed in a 10-d microcosm experiment. We predicted that TOC would mitigate Zn toxicity and that the combined effects of Zn and UV-B would be greater than Zn alone. However, TOC did not mitigate Zn toxicity in this study. In fact, treatments with TOC plus Zn had significantly lower community respiration as compared with the controls and Zn concentrations associated with the periphyton increased in the presence of TOC. UV-B had no additive effect on periphyton Zn accumulation or community respiration. Heptageniid mayflies (Ephemeroptera) were particularly sensitive to Zn, and reduced abundances were observed in all Zn treatments. UV-B did not additionally impact Heptageniid abundances; however UV-B did have a greater effect on macroinvertebrate drift than Zn alone. Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera (groups typically classified as sensitive to disturbance) were found in highest numbers in the drift of UV-B + Zn treatments. Measures of Zn accumulation in the caddisfly Arctopsyche grandis, periphyton biomass, and total macroinvertebrate abundance were not sufficiently sensitive to differentiate effects of TOC, UV-B, and Zn. These results indicate that UV-B and TOC affect Zn bioavailability and toxicity by impacting species abundance, behavior, and ecosystem processes.

Field of study: Environmental science
Dependence of the Photoluminescence of Hydrophilic CuInS2 Colloidal Quantum Dots on Cu-to-In Molar Ratios

Copper indium sulfide (CIS) quantum dots (QDs) are attractive as potential optoelectronic devices, since they have large absorption coefficients across a broad spectral range, size- and composition-tunable photoluminescence from the visible to the near-infrared, and low toxicity. However, CIS QDs should be hydrophilic in certain applications. In this present work, hydrophilic CIS and CIS/ZnS colloidal QDs were synthesized by a one-pot environmentally-friendly route employing N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) as the solvent and in situ generated H2S as the sulphur precursor. The effect of stoichiometry was investigated by varying the feeding molar ratios of Cu/In, which did not affect the crystalline structure of the CIS colloidal QDs, while the optical property was influenced significantly. With the decrease of the feeding molar ratios of Cu/In, the band gap of the resulting CIS colloidal QDs had blue-shifts and relative photoluminescence quantum yield of the corresponding CIS/ZnS colloidal QDs increased monotonically.

Field of study: Materials science
Airborne emissions from biomass based power generation systems

Generating electricity from biomass generates airborne pollution from the thermal conversion facility, but also from the upstream activities required to produce, process and provide the biomass. It is important that this is recognized in environmental evaluations of biomass power plants. Previous work had shown that off-site emissions could be significant for at least two particular bioenergy plants, but had not examined the extent to which this was likely to be generally applicable for a range of technologies and feedstocks; nor identified which steps were most likely to cause significant pollution. A number of bioenergy systems were modelled over whole life cycle to evaluate direct airborne emissions for short rotation coppice and miscanthus energy crops. This showed that CO and hydrocarbon emissions arise predominantly at the thermal conversion plant but up to 44% of NOx and 70% of particulate emissions could be released upstream. Transportation is a minor contributor; with harvesting and tractor transport potentially most significant.

Field of study: Environmental science
On the Economic Rationale of Estimating the Hidden Economy

The estimation of the hidden economy may be considered as a human passion for knowing the unknown. Although a large literature on the hidden economy exists, the subject is still controversial at a very basic level. There are disagreements about: (1) the definition of the hidden activities; (2) the terms used to describe these activities; (3) the estimation or measurement procedures; and finally, (4) on the use of these estimates in economic analysis. In this paper we will only consider the issues related to estimation, economic and econometric analysis of the hidden economy. Thus we implicitly accept the term hidden economy and explicitly state the definition before entering into the main discussions. For a comprehensive study of past literature readers are referred to Feige (1989), Gaertner and Wenig (1985) and Tanzi (1982) and the large number of references in these books. The use of the hidden economy estimates for economic and econometric analysis can be classified into three potentially distinct but interrelated categories: (a) the derivation of economic theory and/or its implication for the existing theories; (b) the formulation of economic policies; and (c) econometric modelling. If we consider that the tax evaded income is the only constituent of the hidden economy then the issues are almost obvious for all three categories. However, as we will see later, such a simple interpretation of the hidden economy estimates is generally not possible. For example, in this paper we define the hidden economy as the unrecorded national income. The unrecorded national income is calculated as the difference between the 'potential' national income for the given currency in circulation and the recorded national income. This definition of the hidden economy suggests that, in principle, it is larger than the tax evaded income. The empirical illustrations are taken from the studies conducted in the United Kingdom and India where this is a workable definition. However, for many other countries such an approach is totally inadequate as a measure of unrecorded national income, since the method of estimating the hidden economy is constrained by the structure of the economy. In this paper we shall present a brief description of a general method of estimating the hidden economy and appraise the applicability and limitation of the method. Due to space constraint we shall discuss very briefly the importance of the hidden economy on economic theory and on the empirical

Field of study: Economics
Fission fragment anisotropies for 19F +209Bi system

The fission fragment angular distributions have been measured for the system 19F +209Bi over a range of bombarding energies from 88.0 MeV to 125.6 MeV. The measured fission fragment anisotropies are in agreement with the saddle point statistical model calculations in the above energy range. Combining these data with those available for 11B, 12C, 14N, 16O and 18O +209Bi, 208Pb systems, it is concluded that the spherical target plus projectile systems behave “normal” from near- to above – barrier energies. This observation is in contrast to the “anomalous” anisotropies exhibited by the deformed actinide target – projectile systems at near – barrier energies.

Field of study: Physics
Computing discrete logarithms in the Jacobian of high-genus hyperelliptic curves over even characteristic finite fields

We describe improved versions of index-calculus algorithms for solving discrete logarithm problems in Jacobians of high-genus hyperelliptic curves de ned over even characteristic elds. Our rst improvement is to incorporate several ideas for the low-genus case by Gaudry and Theriault, including the large prime variant and using a smaller factor base, into the large-genus algorithm of Enge and Gaudry. We extend the analysis in  to our new algorithm, allowing us to predict accurately the number of random walk steps required to nd all relations, and to select optimal degree bounds for the factor base. Our second improvement is the adaptation of sieving techniques from Flassenberg and Paulus, and Jacobson to our setting. The new algorithms are applied to concrete problem instances arising from the Weil descent attack methodology for solving the elliptic curve discrete logarithm problem, demonstrating signi cant improvements in practice.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
A Certificateless Multiple-key Agreement Protocol Based on Bilinear Pairings

Certificateless cryptosystems were proposed by Al-Riyami and Paterson in 2003  to solve problems of public key cryptosystems based on PKI and based on identity. Up to now, various types of certificateless cryptographic primitives as encryption functions, signature schemes, key agreement protocols and etc, have been designed. But to the best of our knowledge, multiple-key agreement protocols have not been proposed based on certificateless cryptosystem yet. So in this paper we propose a certificateless authenticated multiple-key agreement protocol with bilinear pairings. Certificateless; Cryptosystem; Multiple-key Agreement Protocol; Signature Schemes; Bilinear Pairing

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Blockade of ethanol-induced behavioral sensitization by sodium butyrate: descriptive analysis of gene regulations in the striatum.

Behavioral sensitization induced by repeated ethanol (EtOH) exposure may play a critical role in the development of alcohol dependence. Because recent data demonstrate that histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi) may be of interest in the treatment of addiction, we explored the effect of the HDACi sodium butyrate (NaB) on EtOH-induced behavioral sensitization (EIBS) in DBA/2J mice. We also investigated gene regulations in the striatum of sensitized mice using epigenetic- and signal transduction-related PCR arrays.



Mice were injected with saline or EtOH (0.5 to 2.5 g/kg) once a day for 10 days. Mice received NaB (200 to 600 mg/kg) 30 minutes before each injection (prevention protocol) or once daily between days 11 and 16 (reversal protocol). At day 17, brains were removed 30 minutes after a saline or EtOH challenge to assess gene and proteins levels.



Only the intermediate EtOH doses (1.0 and 2.0 g/kg) were effective in inducing EIBS, and both doses were associated with specific gene regulations in the striatum. The induction of sensitization by 1.0 g/kg (but not 2.0 g/kg) EtOH was dose-dependently prevented or reversed by NaB. Among the 168 studied genes, EIBS blockade was associated with specific gene regulations (bcl-2, bdnf, hdac4, pak1, penk, tacr1, vip…) and changes in brain-derived neurotrophic factor in both striatum and prefrontal cortex.



These results indicate that EIBS is associated with specific gene regulations in the striatum depending on the EtOH dose and that NaB can be useful in blocking some long-lasting neuro-adaptations to repeated EtOH administrations.

Field of study: Medicine
The Extremely Wet March of 2017 in Peru

Peru’s rainy season falls in the first quarter of the year, often dubbed the “landslide season,” with the direst downpours typically occurring in March (Lavado Casimiro et al. 2012). The rains of March 2017, however, were deadlier than usual and wreaked unprecedented havoc, leaving half of the country in a state of emergency. Widespread flooding and landslides affected 1.7 million people, while the death toll reached 177 and an estimated total damage of $3.1 billion was reported (EM-DAT 2017). Anomalously warm sea surface temperatures (SSTs) in the region, characteristic of El Niño conditions, favor extreme rainfall (Sanabria et al. 2018). Although a marked SST anomaly was present off the Peruvian coast at the time of the event , the strong global El Niño of 2015–16 had already come to an end, as demonstrated in the time series of the Southern Oscillation index (SOI; CPC 2017) shown in Fig. 1b. The ocean at the peak of the March rains was warmer than during the preceding El Niño (Fraser 2017), creating conditions that are commonly referred to as a “local” or “coastal” El Niño, also reflected in the anomalously high value of the Niño 1 + 2 index in March (Trenberth et al. 2016). A possible atmospheric triggering mechanism of the 2017 coastal warming was proposed by Garreaud (2018). While the presence of a warm SST anomaly increases the likelihood of extreme rainfall in the region, anthropogenic climate change may also make a contribution, for example, via a long-term warming of the ocean (Rhein et al. 2013) that could intensify the local El Niño. A similarly catastrophic event associated with the El Niño of 1998 amassed more rainfall in the region, but, as reported in the media, what made March 2017 distinct was the fact that heavier rainfall fell in shorter periods. This study employs a well-established probabilistic event attribution methodology (Stott et al. 2016) to examine the effect of man-made climate change on extreme rainfall events in Peru similar to 2017, over the entire month of March, as well as on shorter, submonthly time scales.

Field of study: Environmental science