nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Erosion and the beaches of Negril

In Negril, beach erosion is a major environmental concern, caused by similar anthropogenic stressors impacting populated coastal areas worldwide. This review recapitulates the environmental circumstances leading to beach erosion in Negril through the lens of global and regional trends, arguing in favor of the ecosystem approach for long term mitigation. Evidence points to depleted coastal ecosystems and services, calling for the restoration of the neglected Negril Environmental Protected Area (NEPA) which contains the entire tidal flow of the beach barrier system. The looming threat of eutrophication adds the reduction of nutrient fluxes to the equation of sustainability, requiring adequate sewage treatment and wetland restoration. Perspectives for restoration and the societal constraints pertaining to protected area management are addressed, concluding that the pressing restoration and management of ecological integrity in Negril needs to be a government, business and local community collaboration, connecting not only habitat but people as allies in the battle against biodiversity loss.

Field of study: Environmental science
Arterial Stiffness May Be Associated with Mitral Annular Calcification Based on Inflammatory Condition

. It can also be affected by atherosclerotic risk factors such as smoking, alcohol consumption, hypercholesterolemia, hypothyroidism and older age  . Furthermore, some medications such as antihypertensive treatment including angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blocker, and statins used may influence arterial stiffness parameters [6] . However, the authors of the present study  did not mention either some other factors affecting arterial stiffness, including alcohol consumption, hypothyroidism, heart failure, cerebrovascular disease and peripheral arterial disease. Equally important is the fact that evaluating arterial stiffness is a noninvasive method to assess endothelial dysfunction in clinical practice and that without other inflammatory markers, arterial stiffness alone may not provide information to clinicians about endothelial inflammation  . It would have been better, if these factors had been included in the paper.  We read the article ‘Mitral Annular Calcification Is Associated with Pulse Wave Velocity but Not with Augmentation Index’ with great interest  . The authors concluded that mitral annular calcification was significantly associated with increased arterial stiffness and that it was an independent determinant of aortic pulse wave velocity. We believe that these findings will be guides for further studies about the effect of inflammation on arterial stiffness parameters in patients with mitral annular calcification. Mitral annular calcification is known as a chronic and degenerative calcification of the surrounding fibrous support of the mitral valve. This process is a frequent finding on echocardiographic examination and progresses with advanced age. Although the exact mechanism is not exactly known, mitral annular calcification seems to be related to cardiovascular risk factors and clinical atherosclerosis, thus giving additional evidence for the hypothesis that annular calcification is a form of vascular calcification. Vascular calcification occurs mainly in the arteries and can play a role in the etiology of atherosclerosis, which is the main cause of cardiovascular disease  . Arterial stiffness indicates the viscoelastic properties of the vessel wall. It represents vascular damage and is a measure of the degree of atherosclerosis  . Arterial stiffness has received increased attention due to its role as an independent prognostic factor for hypertension, chronic kidney disease, diabetes, and heart failure. Increased arterial stiffness is a common indicator of atherosclerotic involvement of the vascular structure indicating coronary artery disease, cerebrovascular disease and peripheral arterial disease Received: March 17,  May 12, 2013

Field of study: Medicine
Spectroscopic set-up for simultaneous UV-Vis/(Q)EXAFS in situ and in operando studies of homogeneous reactions under laboratory conditions.

A novel experimental set-up for in operando studies of homogeneous catalyzed reactions under laboratory conditions has been developed and tested. It combines time-resolved X-ray absorption spectroscopy with UV/Vis spectroscopy. The reaction solution is stirred in a vessel and pumped in a circle by a peristaltic free gear-wheel through a measurement cell. The X-ray and UV/Vis beams probe the same sample volume of the cell orthogonally. Reactants can be added to the reaction mixture in the course of the measurements and a defined gas atmosphere can be adjusted up to a pressure of 10 bar. The in situ reduction of cerium(IV) ammonium nitrate to cerium(III) by isopropanol is studied as a test reaction with quick-XANES and UV/Vis measurements with a time resolution of 60 s and 1 s, respectively.

Field of study: Physics
Soybean complex factors on the middle-aged women over the influence of the serum estradiol and the SOD activity

The study tested the production of soybean industrial complex under the conditions fo functional factors can increase serum estradiol levels in middle-aged women,compared with the control group there were significant differences(p0.01),and will strengthen the SOD activity the serum,the more obvious gender differences(p0.05).Therefore,taking the soybean complex functions daily can delay menopause,anti-oxidant and anti-aging.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Tragic Choices and Collective Decision�?Making: An Empirical Study of Voter Preferences for Alternative Collective Decision�?Making Mechanisms

Central to this paper has been the idea that there might be a demand on the part of the citizens for having specific decision-mechanisms in specific types of situations. This demand cannot be deduced on purely theoretical grounds, but rather should be registered case by case. Theory might help in categorizing classes of situations where decisions can be tackled with the same approach. In any case, the choice of a decision-mechanism should not be left completely at the discretion of the policymaker if the citizen's welfare is to be promoted in a suitable way.

Field of study: Economics
DYNAMIC EFFECT OF STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ELEVATED GUIDEWAY ON MAGLEV SYSTEM

Based on the Maglev train system of Germany (Transrapid), a finite element model of the elevated-beam guideway, a vertical coupling system model of vehicle/guideway and their dynamic differential equations are set up. The present vertical maglev vehicle model is used. The present analysis is focused on the factors which influence the dynamic response of the maglev vehicle/guideway coupling system, such as the elevated-beam type (freely supported beam or continuous beam) of the guideway, the supporting stiffness, the wavelength of irregularity and so on.

Field of study: Engineering
Diastereo- and Enantioselective Synthesis of N-Protected 2-Amino 1,4-Diols by an Oxa Michael Addition/1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition Protocol

An enantioselective synthesis of N-protected amino diols has been accomplished by employing a diastereoselective inter- and intramolecular 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction of optically active nitrile oxides as a key step. The nitro alkane starting materials were obtained by diastereoselective oxa Michael addition of (1R,2S)-(–)-N-formylnorephedrine (1) to aliphatic (E)-nitro alkenes 2, 6a, b (de = 96 – ≥ 98%). Subsequent diastereo- and regioselective cycloaddition reactions to highly substituted 4,5-isoxazolines 5a–e, 8a, b (52-81%) and reductive ring opening led – after cleavage of the auxiliary – to amino diols 13, 14 in good overall yields (27-40%, over five steps) and with excellent diastereomeric and enantiomeric excesses (de,ee ≥ 96%).

Field of study: Chemistry
The influence of undoped GaN surface flatness on the properties of the blue light-emitting diode wafer

We have studied the properties of blue-LED wafers grown on GaN with similar dislocation density and different surface flatness. Results indicate that the smooth surface morphology of the undoped GaN layer leads to better layer periodicity in multiple quantum well (MQW) and smooth surface morphology of LED wafers. The surface flatness of the undoped GaN layer has little effect on the forward voltage and output power of the LED. However, the reverse leakage current and the lifetime of the LED wafer grown on the flatter GaN layer improved evidently. On the other hand, wafers grown on the GaN layer with worse surface flatness show better electrostatic discharge (ESD) characteristics.

Field of study: Materials science
Causal Inference in Hybrid Intervention Trials Involving Treatment Choice

Randomized allocation of treatments is a cornerstone of experimental design but has drawbacks when a limited set of individuals are willing to be randomized, or the act of randomization undermines the success of the treatment. Choice-based experimental designs allow a subset of the participants to choose their treatments. We discuss here causal inferences for hybrid experimental designs in which some participants are randomly allocated to treatments and others receive their treatment preference. This work was motivated by the Women Take Pride (WTP) study, a doubly randomized preference trial (DRPT) that assessed behavioral interventions for women with heart disease. We propose a model for estimating the causal effects in the subpopulations defined by treatment preferences, and thus preference effects. We describe an EM algorithm for computing maximum likelihood estimates of the model parameters. We illustrate the method by analyzing sickness impact profile (SIP) scores and treatment adherence in the WTP data. Our results show some evidence that SIP scores were improved when women received their preferred treatment and strong preference effects on program adherence; that is, women assigned to their preferred treatment were more likely to adhere to the program. We also provide a framework for assessing the DRPT and other hybrid trial designs and discuss some alternative designs from the perspective of the strength of assumptions required to make causal inferences. Please see the supplemental material for a correction to this article.

Field of study: Mathematics
Wellentypen in Helium II-Schichten

In liquid helium two wave modes are possible. Their properties may be analysed by solving the thermohydrodynamical equations under the condition that the tangential component of the normal fluid velocity is vanishing on the walls. In the present paper, these two types of wave propagation are determined for a plane-parallel capillary with the heat conduction and the thermal expansion being neglected and with the width of the capillary being much smaller than the penetration depth of a viscous wave. In particular, the dispersion relations of both, the so called fourth sound and an overdamped mode are calculated. (This overdamped mode may be called fifth wave mode.) The velocity fields can be determined, too, as well as the pressure fields and the temperature fields. It is shown, that pressure and temperature are coupled in both cases.

Field of study: Physics
Study on Formation Process and Models of Linear Fe Cluster Structure on a Si(111)-7 × 7-CH3OH Surface

STM results showed that Fe atoms were deposited on a Si(111)-7 × 7 reconstructed surface, which was saturated with CH3OH molecules. Fe atomic linear structure was composed of stable clusters and in-situ observed by the scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). The aim to improve its application of magnetic memory material, both formation process and models, has been explored in this paper. By combining surface images and mass spectrometer data, an intermediate layer model was established. In terms of thermal stability, the most favorable adsorption sites of CH3OH were further explored. After that, Fe atoms were deposited on the Si(111)-7 × 7-CH3OH surface, forming a linear cluster structure. On the one hand, a new Fe cluster model was put forward in this paper, which was established with height measurement and 3D surface display technology. This model is also affected by the evaporation temperature, which can be consistent with the atomic stacking pattern of face centered cubic structures. On the other hand, the slight height change suggested the stability of linear structures. Even in the condition of thin air introduction, Fe cluster showed a good performance, which suggested the possibility of magnetic memory application in the future. These investigations are believed to have, to a certain extent, increased the probability of forming Fe linear clusters on the surface of silicon substrate, especially according to the models and surface technology we adjusted.

Field of study: Materials science
The use of qualitative approach to detect and assess potential drug‑drug interactions which may decrease the effectiveness of oral contraceptives – pilot study and literature review

The aim of the pilot study was to assess the effectiveness of the tool designed for detecting potential drug-drug interactions of combined oral contraceptives (COCs) with particular emphasis on those which can affect their contraceptive action. A proper study protocol design seems to be essential for further analysis of more data and for establishing correlations between observed interactions and demographic variables.  The cross-sectional descriptive, retrospective study was carried out on Polish females from March to May 2013. Gathered data, including products used concomitantly with contraceptive drugs, were derived electronically by patients and underwent thematic analysis.  Out of 49 respondents who agreed to participate in the study and fi t the inclusion criteria only 15 derived qualitative data about other medicinal products they used. However, some of them sent their monthly report more than once, which gave the total of 158 drugs listed in 25 forms gathered during the whole pilot study. Fifty-three potential drug interactions were found, including 13 (24.53%) which could have decreased the effectiveness of contraceptive drugs.  Continuation of the study in accordance with the study protocol will result in identifi cation of common potential drug-related problems, which may enable development of an educational solution for gynecologists, pharmacists and patients increasing their awareness of the potential risk of contraceptive failures and unintended pregnancies.

Field of study: Medicine
The performance measurement-management divide in public health.

What happens when performance measurement and management (PMM) is applied to public health systems? This review of the experiences of high-income jurisdictions reveals considerable challenges, some familiar from the general public management literature and some more unique to public health. To aid understanding, the PMM ladder, a framework for evaluating PMM systems is developed and applied to 55 public health measurement systems from Australia, Canada, EU, New Zealand, UK and US. Results indicate that: considerable measurement is occurring for informational purposes; measurement focuses more on clinical than on population health measures; and there is relatively little use of measurement results for improving management. Results demonstrate that much public health performance measurement is restricted to population health outcomes and fails to include more proximate activity and output measures that would be more useful for managing public health organizations. There are early signs of the emergence of a new breed of public health performance measurement that attempts to do just this. The PMM ladder proved useful for assessing efforts across a range of jurisdictions. It allows policymakers and managers to easily compare their PMM efforts with others and assists researchers in assessing what happens when PMM is applied to public health.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
A GN model based upon two-temperature generalized thermoelastic theory in an unbounded medium with a spherical cavity

Two-temperature generalized thermoelastic theory in an unbounded medium with a spherical cavity are presented.The eigenvalue approach techniques are used to solve the non-dimensional coupled equations in the domain of Laplace.The graphical results indicate that the two-temperature parameter has significant effects on all the physical quantities. In this paper, a general solution to the field equations of two-temperature generalized thermoelastic theory in an unbounded medium with a spherical cavity has been obtained in the context of Green and Naghdi model. The eigenvalue approach is adopted for the solution of application for unbounded medium with a spherical cavity. The medium is assumed to be initially quiescent. The inner surface of the cavity is taken traction free and subjected to a ramp-type heating. The Laplace transform technique is used. Some comparison have been shown in figures to estimate the effect of the ramp type and two-temperature parameters.

Field of study: Mathematics
Nearest Neighbor Classifier with Optimal Stability

Stability has been of a great concern in statistics: similar statistical conclusions should be drawn based on different data sampled from the same population. In this article, we introduce a general measure of classification instability (CIS) to capture the sampling variability of the predictions made by a classification procedure. The minimax rate of CIS is established for general plug-in classifiers. As a concrete example, we consider the stability of the nearest neighbor classifier. In particular, we derive an asymptotically equivalent form for the CIS of a weighted nearest neighbor classifier. This allows us to develop a novel stabilized nearest neighbor classifier which well balances the trade-off between classification accuracy and stability. The resulting classification procedure is shown to possess the minimax optimal rates in both excess risk and CIS. Extensive experiments demonstrate a significant improvement of CIS over existing nearest neighbor classifiers at an ignorable cost of classification accuracy.

Field of study: Computer science
Twenty years of physics: Structural crystallography

THE INFLUENCE of structural crystallography on physics, chemistry and biology is now far greater than it was 20 years ago. By the late 1930's crystallographic studies had laid the groundwork for interpretations of many phenomena of the solid state by providing detailed information on the metric aspects of simple molecular and crystal structures. But 20 years ago the chemist, let alone the biologist, would not come to the crystallographer for the determination of a complex structure. Structures, some of them complex, were being solved then, but the process was slow, uncertain and arduous. Structures were simply not being solved within the attention span of physicists, chemists and biologists, and there is no reason to suspect that that span was longer in those days than now. For the history of x‐ray diffraction and personal reminiscence see P. P. Ewald, Fifty Years of X‐Ray Diffraction, Utrecht 1962.

Field of study: Physics
A comparison between and an analysis of test indexes specified in the National Student Physical Health Standard before and after adjustment

The author drew a comparison between and did an analysis of test indexes specified in the National Student Physical Health Standard before and after adjustment in terms of index dimension,index structure,item type,item quantity,item weight etc,and revealed the following findings: the determination of test items tends to be more rational,e.g.sports skill is no longer a dimension used to measure physical health;test items tend to be more scientific,e.g.lower grade students in elementary schools are no longer tested for power capacity.The biggest change is that test items are unified nationwide according to learning period,which is convenient for drawing vertical and horizontal comparisons between test results,and more conducive to understanding the trend of changing of physical health of teenage students in China in the next few years and regional differences.

Field of study: Education
RESEARCH ON BEARING CAPACITY OF LONG CONCRETE-FILLED CFRP-STEEL TUBULAR COLUMNS WITH AXIAL COMPRESSION

A new concrete-filled CFRP-steel tubular column system is introduced and the relationship and the difference between the short concrete-filled CFRP-Steel column and the short concrete-filled steel column are investigated.The experiment of the long concrete-filled CFRP-steel tube columns and the concrete-filled steel tube columns under axial compression was carried on.On these basis,the mechanical properties of the long concrete-filled CFRP-steel tube columns under concentrically compressed are studied and the increment ratio of the load bearing capacity due to the CFRP was improved;the influence of the slenderness ratio on the load bearing capacity of the specimens is analyzed;the equation is derived for estimating the stability strengths of the system and the calculated results accorded with the experimental results.

Field of study: Engineering
Thought about economic transition and sports tourism in the areas around Taihu Lake

Studying by means of survey and literature data approaches,the author revealed the following findings: The people in the areas around Taihu Lake did not have a sufficient cognition of sports tourism;the market development system was not sound enough;the planning of the "Sports Circle around Taihu Lake" was not perfect enough;there was a lack of management professionals and featured brands.The author put forward that the system of development and promotion of sports tourism market as well as the "people orientated" management system should be completed,and that the brands for the development of sports tourism in the areas around Taihu Lake as well as the strategy of "introducing professionals to boom the areas" should be established.

Field of study: Education
Polaron hopping in some biomolecular solids and their charge transfer complexes.

The solid state spectroscopy of charge transfer complexes of biomolecules such as fatty acids, tripalmitin, lysozyme. folic acid, beta-carotene, cytochrome c, valinomycin and gramicidin has been carried out. The absorption coefficient is related with electronic conductivity. A half-power beta density is found common among these macromolecular solids, indicating photon-induced polaron hopping or hopping of a charge carrier between two branches of a polariton. Band gap vs full width at half-maximum of the mid-IR peak also reveals a linear relation.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Physics