nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Isotopic and geochemical evidence of palaeoclimate changes in Salton Basin, California, during the past 20 kyr: 1. δ18O and δ13C records in lake tufa deposits

Investigation of δ 18 O and salt content of surface waters in the Salton Basin, California, shows that there is a strongly positive correlation between δ 18 O values and salt contents and that the δ 18 O of Salton Sea is much heavier than that of its input waters due to strong evaporation. Using a steady-state δ 18 O model, we have discussed the δ 18 O of Lake Cahuilla, an ancient lake in the basin, under through-flowed, closed and overflowed situations. An AMS- 14 C-dated stable-isotope record of a 60-cm lake tufa slice (LC-1) from the ancient shoreline of Lake Cahuilla indicates that the lake experienced closed and/or overflowed conditions between 1,300 and 20,500 yr BP. The variations in δ 18 O and δ 13 C values of LC-1 ranging from − 8.52‰ to − 2.50‰ (PDB) and from 0.8‰ to 3.76‰, respectively, reflect changes in the relative humidity in Salton Basin and variations in the Colorado River inflow and hence climatic conditions in the Colorado River drainage basin. The tufa record exhibits palaeoclimates of Salton Basin as follows. (1) Relatively dry climate between 20 and 18 kyr BP was followed by a wet climate between 18 and 17 kyr BP. (2) Decreasing effective moisture (precipitation–evaporation) from 17 to 16 kyr BP corresponded to Heinrich-1 event, whereas effective moisture increased at ca.15.5 kyr BP during the Trans-US Wet Period. Contrasting patterns between the LC-1 record and the Greenland ice-core and Chinese speleothem records during the Bolling–Allerod interstadial from 15.2 to 11.7 kyr BP may be caused by age uncertainty of the LC-1 record. Further study of this interval is needed. (3) Wet/warm early Holocene corresponding to the Maximum Effective Moisture Period perhaps brought about by the strengthening of North American monsoon. (4) Toward 2 kyr BP, the climate became dryer, apparently resulting from weakening of the monsoons, especially around 6.2 and 2.5 kyr BP. (5) A wet regime occurred in the basin during the Medieval Warm Period.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Kuhnian Scientific Revolutions and the Keynesian Revolution

"The most obvious way in which sciences advance is by new departures, that is, by the discovery of new facts, or new aspects of old facts, or new relations between facts. . . . But there is another way. When we use the concepts and theorems that we have inherited from our predecessors . . . [w]e add here and correct there and so this apparatus slowly develops into a different one."' It is the thrust of this article that the history of science paradigm provided by Thomas S. Kuhn is a useful framework for understanding the two developmental paths to which Joseph Schumpeter  In this view, the gradual development of the apparatus or paradigm is seen as a process of articulation, of exhausting the potential of that paradigm. In the process, the way is cleared for a new departure or scientific revolution-the installation of a new paradigm. The procedure is to demonstrate the applicability of the Kuhnian paradigm to the new departure called the Keynesian revolution. To do so, the basic Kuhnian model is reviewed and compared with phenomena leading to and flowing from the watershed appearance of Keynes's General Theory.

Field of study: Economics
Radcliffe Bailey (review)

Radcliffe Bailey, Stories for Olivia, 2000. Acrylic, resin, photo on paper, 70 x 58 ". T h e r e i s a c o m m o n l y h e l d b e l i e f t h a t i n o r d e r t o u n d e r s t a n d y o u r p l a c e i n t h e u n i v e r s e , y o u m u s t f i r s t u n d e r s t a n d w h o y o u a r e . T h i s k n o w l e d g e r e q u i r e s n o t o n l y l o o k i n g i n s i d e y o u r s e l f , b u t a l s o l o o k i n g t o t h e p a s t f r o m w h e n c e y o u c a m e . O n l y t h e n c a n y o u t u r n y o u r g a z e o u t w a r d t o e x a m i n e y o u r p l a c e i n t h e w o r l d .

Field of study: Art
Theoretic analysis on self-organized coherence of fiber laser array

Elementary theoretical investigation on self-organized fiber laser array was carried out in this paper.The simplest case for the fiber laser array,i.e.,the phase-locking course of two fiber lasers was modeled and analyzed theoretically and numerically.The effect of detuning frequency and coupling coefficient to the phase-locking course was analyzed.For the case that there was no frequency detuning,the array was always in out-ofphase mode.Otherwise,the condition of frequency detuning for phase locking was deduced,and the method for weakening the condition was analyzed in short.

Field of study: Physics
Influence of dry ice inlet and outlet positions on cooling characteristics of high heat flux chip

Based on the cooling characteristics of dry ice on high heat flux chip, a variety of radiator models with different dry ice inlet and outlet positions are proposed in the present study. The influence of these radiator models on temperature field, velocity field, dry ice distribution and chip cooling time are analyzed. The results demonstrate that when the diameter of inlet and outlet is 12 mm and the chip power P0 = 95W, the average temperature of all models' chip bottom has reached below 50 °C when t = 70 s. The inlet of Model g is located in the center of the upper surface of the radiator and the outlet is located in the center of the side surface, the chip overall temperature of Model g is the most uniform distribution with 90% of the area temperature at 25 °C. Model g combines the advantages of the phase change heat transfer and the jet impingement heat transfer, which can realize the optimal coupling of the flow rate and the heat transfer, ensuring the safety and reliability of the chip more effectively. Moreover, the results of simulation and optimization are in good agreement with the relevant experiments, laying a foundation for further optimization of the structural scale of the radiator and better coupling of the heat flow field of the dry ice cooling system.

Field of study: Engineering
Serum deprivation elevates the levels of microvesicles with different size distributions and selectively enriched proteins in human myeloma cells in vitro

To investigate the effects of serum deprivation (SD) on microvesicles (MVs) secreted from human myeloma cells and the implications for disease progression.RPMI 8226, U266, and KM3 human myeloma cells were incubated in medium containing 10% (non-SD) or 1% fetal bovine serum (SD) and MVs were isolated. The levels and size distribution of MVs were analyzed with flow cytometry. The protein profiles of MVs were studied using 2D SDS-PAGE, MALDI-TOF-MS, and Western blotting. NF-κB activation was analyzed using EMSA. Angiogenesis was examined in Eahy926 endothelial cells.Exposure of RPMI 8226 cells to SD for 24 h did not alter the number of apoptotic cells. However, SD increased the number of MVs from RPMI 8226, U266, and KM3 cells to 2.5-, 4.3-, and 3.8-fold, respectively. The size distribution of SD MVs was also significantly different from that of non-SD MVs. Three proteins ZNF224, SARM, and COBL in SD MVs were found to be up-regulated, which were involved in cell cycle regulation, signal transduction and metabolism, respectively. Co-culture of SD MVs and RPMI 8226 cells increased NF-κB activation in the target RPMI 8226 cells. Furthermore, SD MVs from RPMI 8226 cells significantly increased the microtubule formation capacity of Eahy926 endothelial cells compared with non-SD MVs.SD elevates the levels of microvesicles with different size distribution and selectively enriched proteins in human myeloma cells in vitro. The selectively enriched proteins, especially ZNF224, may play key roles in regulation of myeloma cells, allowing better adaptation to SD.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Management of Learning Technique on Lesson Termodinamika on Department Mechanical Engineering Maritime Inonesia Academy Medan

This research is a development research to develop the design of the right learning technique in the process of learning on the subject of Thermodynamics at the Department of Mechanical Engineering Academy of Indonesia Maritime Medan. The population in this study is all students in the Department of Mechanical Engineering, while the research sample used is the students who are active in taking thermodynamics courses that is as much as 4 classes (100 people) in the second half (even) Academic Year 2017/2018. The method used in this research is the method of Research and Development, while the techniques in data retrieval used is through observation, documentation, interviews, and questionnaires. All the techniques in data collection in this class are used to see the success in the learning process. From the results of research and discussion conducted, learning techniques show that student learning outcomes tend to be high. The average value of student learning outcomes is 87.71. As many as 100% of students can pass the threshold for thermodynamics course that is ≥ 60. There are 2% of students are categorized enough, 6% of students are categorized capable and 92% of students are categorized as very capable.   Management Learning Technique, Thermodynamics and Learning Outcomes DOI : 10.7176/JEP/10-2-06

Field of study: Education
Localization of oxidized nocotinamide--adenine dinucleotide glycohydrolase in the mouse liver nuclear envelope.

NAD+ glycohydrolase activity located in the nuclear envelope was maximally solubilized by treatment with 0.1--0.2% Triton X-100. The residual activity largely represents the chromatin-associated NAD+ glycohydrolase. Under these conditions the phospholipids were extensively solubilized (over 90%) while leaving the nuclei physically stable, although the nuclear membranes were removed, as shown by electron microscopy. After Triton X-100 treatment, deoxyribonuclease I did not significantly affect the residual NAD+ glycohydrolase activity, although the DNA was completely broken down. This enzyme activity can be released from the nuclear pellet by incubation with phospholipase C. For comparative studies, the glucose 6-phosphatase activity, known to be present in the nuclear envelope, was investigated. Treatment with 0.01% Triton X-100 released 10--20% of the phospholipids, but without solubilizing either glucose 6-phosphatase or NAD+ glycohydrolase. Higher Triton X-100 concentrations (0.1--1.0%) inhibited glucose 6-phosphatase, but not NAD+ glycohydrolase activity. NAD+ glycohydrolase is apparently present in a latent form in the nuclear envelope. Glucose 6-phosphatase, However, shows no such latency.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Cell Size Selection for Site-specific Crop Management

For site-specific crop management (SSCM), fields are viewed as collections of small regions (cells) in which soil properties are nearly uniform. Inputs to the field are adjusted on a cell-by-cell basis. The selection of cell size is an important step in SSCM. In this article, a mean correlation distance (MCD) is developed by geostatistical analysis. The MCD can be used as the upper limit of cell size. A lower limit of cell size is also considered. A sample MCD determination for soil moisture and nitrate of one particular field is included.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Extraction-chromatographic separation of boron on a column with stationary solution of 2,3-naphthalenediol and diphenylguanidine

A new method has been developed for the separation of boron from interfering anions (F~ and NO J) for its photometric determination with quinalizarine. Boron (in the form of boric acid) is held on a column packed with teflon impregnated with a solution of 2,3-naphthale nediol and diphenylguanidin e in isoamyl alcohol. With the aqueous phase fluorides and nitrates and, in addition, phosphates and chlorides are washed out, and boron is eluted with 01 M sulfuric acid. The separation was successful even with a 50-fold excess of nitrates and a 20-fold excess of fluorides. The error for the separation of 20— 50 |ig of boron was 2 to 7%. For a photometric separation of boric acid, boron must be usually separated from interfering anions. During experimental tests of the various methods of determination of small amounts of boric acid, particularly in plant materials (photometric determination with curcumine, quercetin carminic acid, and quinalizarine, fluorimetric determination with benzoin), the quinalizarine method proved to be the most suitable. With this method of determination , however, the presence of fluoride and nitrate ions interferes 1. For an analytical separation of small amounts of inorganic components, their extraction proved to be of advantage. If, however, such a system, where the recovery is quantitative, is not known, and if none of the properties of the extract can be employed for the determination of the component separated, it is more convenient for quantitative analysis to apply extraction chromatography (reversed phase partition chromatography) than a multiple extraction and successive reextraction of the component determined from the combined extracts into the aqueous phase. In our previous works we selected solution of 2,3-naphthale nediol (ND) and diphenylguanidin e (DPG) in n-butanol as the best system for the isolation of boric acid 2, and examined the effect of the various factors on the recovery 3. We found that with the organic phase obtained by dissolving 5 . 10~ 2 mol. 1 ~1 of ND and 5 . 10 -2 mol.l -1 of DPG in n-butanol, 97% of boron can be extracted (for V0[a = Vaq).

Field of study: Chemistry
Early Toarcian (Early Jurassic) oceanic anoxic event recorded in the shelf deposits in the northwestern Panthalassa: Evidence from the Nishinakayama Formation in the Toyora area, west Japan

The early Toarcian oceanic anoxic event (T-OAE) was marked by the worldwide burial of organic-rich black shales and a coincident pronounced negative carbon-isotope excursion of carbonates, organic matter, and fossil wood. This characteristic carbon-isotope perturbation and other geochemical records have been recognized in many sections in the European domain and in selected sections in the central and eastern Panthalassa, but not in the western Panthalassa. We present herein, for the first time, data of carbon isotope ratios of organic carbon, total organic carbon (TOC) contents, and sedimentary fabrics from the uppermost Pliensbachian to the lower Toarcian sequence in the Sakuraguchi-dani Valley, Toyora area, west Japan, that was deposited in the shelf basin of the northwestern Panthalassa. The carbon-isotope profile displays a similar trend to those in contemporaneous strata in the Tethys and in the eastern and central Panthalassic regions, which is characterized by a distinct negative excursion around the Tenuicostatum/Falciferum Zone boundary in the early Toarcian. This evidence suggests that the widely recognized negative carbon-isotope excursion represents a nature of the global carbon-cycle perturbation. Analyses of total organic carbon contents and sedimentary fabrics in the study section reveal that accumulation of organic carbon occurred and anoxic bottom-water was prevalent during the early Toarcian. The most organic-rich strata and bottom-water anoxia described in the study section, however, exist in the interval showing the carbon-isotope positive recovery after the abrupt negative shift, and this fact suggests that the accumulation of organic matters and development of marine anoxia were globally diachronous, even though the negative CIE was interpreted as a synchronous event. Our study also demonstrates that the early Toarcian anoxia in the northwestern Panthalassic basin was not a single and continuous anoxic event but was interrupted by episodic short-term oxygenation events.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Genetics: Hereditary colorectal cancer.

One in 16 Canadians will develop colorectal cancer (CRC). Increasing age is the main risk factor—fewer than 10% of CRC cases are hereditary. However, hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) can cause up to an 80% lifetime risk of CRC and substantially increases the risk of endometrial, ovarian, and stomach cancers.

Field of study: Medicine
A Klein-tunneling transistor with ballistic graphene

Today, the availability of high mobility graphene up to room temperature makes ballistic transport in nanodevices achievable. In particular, p-n-p transistors in the ballistic regime give access to Klein tunneling physics and allow the realization of devices exploiting the optics-like behavior of Dirac Fermions (DFs) as in the Veselago lens or the Fabry–Perot cavity. Here we propose a Klein tunneling transistor based on the geometrical optics of DFs. We consider the case of a prismatic active region delimited by a triangular gate, where total internal reflection may occur, which leads to the tunable suppression of transistor transmission. We calculate the transmission and the current by means of scattering theory and the finite bias properties using non-equilibrium Greenʼs function (NEGF) simulation.

Field of study: Physics
Predicting the Spectrum of UGC 2885, Rubin’s Galaxy with Machine Learning

Wu & Peek predict SDSS-quality spectra based on Pan-STARRS broadband grizy images using machine learning (ML). In this article, we test their prediction for a unique object, UGC 2885 (“Rubin’s galaxy”), the largest and most massive, isolated disk galaxy in the local universe (D < 100 Mpc). After obtaining the ML predicted spectrum, we compare it to all existing spectroscopic information that is comparable to an SDSS spectrum of the central region: two archival spectra, one extracted from the VIRUS-P observations of this galaxy, and a new, targeted MMT/Binospec observation. Agreement is qualitatively good, though the ML prediction prefers line ratios slightly more toward those of an active galactic nucleus (AGN), compared to archival and VIRUS-P observed values. The MMT/Binospec nuclear spectrum unequivocally shows strong emission lines except Hβ, the ratios of which are consistent with AGN activity. The ML approach to galaxy spectra may be a viable way to identify AGN supplementing NIR colors. How such a massive disk galaxy (M* = 1011 M ⊙), which uncharacteristically shows no sign of interaction or mergers, manages to fuel its central AGN remains to be investigated.

Field of study: Physics
Introduction: Endovascular neurosurgery video supplement.

It is with great pride that we present this Neurosurgical Focus video supplement on endovascular neurosurgery. We were privileged to view a multitude of outstanding quality videos demonstrating the current state-of-the-art in endovascular neurosurgery. Careful and critical review was required to narrow down the videos to a workable volume for this supplement, though there were many more that we would have liked to have included. This issue consists of several videos that represent modern neuroendovascular techniques for the treatment of cerebrovascular disease. The videos demonstrate the cutting-edge as well as standard endovascular therapies, which will be valuable to both the novice and the expert endovascular neurosurgeons. We are greatly honored to be involved with this project, and are very proud of its content and expert authors. We confidently believe you will enjoy the video content of this supplement.

Field of study: Medicine
Sports participation by people of low strata in China: current situation, restriction factors and promotion strategies.

Promoting the sports participation by people of low strata in China is conducive to promoting their physical health,boosting national human capital reserve,and relieving stratum conflict,enhancing social harmony,as well as enriching the cultural life of people of low strata,increasing the degree of social civilization.However,as restricted by factors such as economy,awareness,organization and speech right,the current situation of sports participation by people of low strata in China is not so optimistic as we might think.In order to break these restrictions to promote the sports participation by people of low strata,the authors propose to further increase government investment,improve conditions for the sports participation by people of low strata,increase publicity,enhance the sports participation awareness of people of low strata,actively build unclogged,ordered channels for people of low strata to express their sports participation right,hear the sports participation needs of people of low strata in forms such as public hearing,reform association/organization registration system in China as soon as possible,and provide powerful organizational support for the sports participation right of people of low strata.

Field of study: Education
Academic Achievement Motivation as a Function of Classroom Responsiveness

A government-funded educational program, the Responsive Environment Model, developed by Far West Laboratory, has several components believed to enhance motivational development. As a means of evaluating the degree to which a given classroom has implemented the techniques and procedures of the model, Far West developed the Responsive Classroom Observation Schedule. This instrument was used in five first grade classes implementing the program to determine the most responsive classroom and the least responsive classroom. The instrument, titled “Animal Crackers: A Test of Motivation to Achieve,” was individually administered to the 52 children in the two classes. Variables known to influence the measure of achievement motivation were found to be constant between the two groups. Results indicate that the children in the responsive classroom were more highly motivated than the children in the nonresponsive classroom t(50) = 3.39, p <.01.

Field of study: Education
Learning Theory for Estimation of Animal Motion Submanifolds

This paper describes the formulation and experimental testing of a method to estimate submanifold models of animal motion. It is assumed that the animal motion is supported on a configuration manifold, Q, and that the manifold is homeomorphic to a known smooth, Riemannian manifold, S. Estimation of the configuration submanifold is achieved by approximating an unknown mapping, γ, from S to Q. The overall problem is cast as a distribution-free learning problem over the manifold of measurements. This paper introduces linear approximation spaces in $L_\mu ^2\left(S\right)$ that contain approximations of γ corresponding to those known for classical distribution-free learning theory over Euclidean space. This paper concludes with a study and discussion of the performance of the proposed method using samples from recent reptile motion studies.

Field of study: Computer science