nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Biointervention makes leather processing greener: an integrated cleansing and tanning system.

The do-undo methods adopted in conventional leather processing generate huge amounts of pollutants. In other words, conventional methods employed in leather processing subject the skin/hide to wide variations in pH. Pretanning and tanning processes alone contribute more than 90% of the total pollution from leather processing. Included in this is a great deal of solid wastes such as lime and chrome sludge. In the approach described here, the hair and flesh removal as well as fiber opening have been achieved using biocatalysts at pH 8.0 for cow hides. This was followed by a pickle-free chrome tanning, which does not require a basification step. Hence, this tanning technique involves primarily three steps, namely, dehairing, fiber opening, and tanning. It has been found that the extent of hair removal, opening up of fiber bundles, and penetration and distribution of chromium are comparable to that produced by traditional methods. This has been substantiated through scanning electron microscopic, stratigraphic chrome distribution analysis, and softness measurements. Performance of the leathers is shown to be on par with conventionally processed leathers through physical and hand evaluation. Importantly, softness of the leathers is numerically proven to be comparable with that of control. The process also demonstrates reduction in chemical oxygen demand load by 80%, total solids load by 85%, and chromium load by 80% as compared to the conventional process, thereby leading toward zero discharge. The input-output audit shows that the biocatalytic three-step tanning process employs a very low amount of chemicals, thereby reducing the discharge by 90% as compared to the conventional multistep processing. Furthermore, it is also demonstrated that the process is technoeconomically viable.

Field of study: Environmental science
Management of American serpentine leaf miner, Liriomyza trifolii using entomopathogenic nematodes

Pot culture and field evaluations were carried out at the Department of Agricultural Entomology, College of Horticulture, Kerala Agricultural University, Vellanikkara during 2011-2013 to assess the efficacy of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) against leaf miner, Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess). Pot culture study was conducted to compare the potential of soil isolated EPNs, Steinernema carpocapsae Isolate-1, 2, 3 and 4 with other treatments, viz., Azadiractin1 EC at 0.005%, Beauveria bassiana at 1×107spores/ ml. Azadirachtin 1 EC at 0.005% was observed as the most effective and caused 84.51 per cent mortality to the maggots of L. trifolii. This was followed by the foliar application of Heterorhabditis indica at 32 infective juveniles (IJs)/ maggot, which caused 18.98 per cent mortality. Application of B. bassiana was not found to be effective. In the field evaluation, fipronil 5 SC at 0.002% was found to be the best treatment for the management of L. trifolii followed by azadirachtin 1 EC at 0.005%.

Field of study: Biology
The Kaufman-Rickert inequality governs Rademacher sums

The geometric ideas present in the Kaufman-Rickert inequality published 1966, as augmented by Kakutani and later by Kaijser, are powerful enough to completely determine the Sidon constant of the Rademacher system. This seems to have been overlooked in the standard literature; an unjust fate which is to be mended in this small article. Since the Kaufman-Rickert inequality is discussed in the standard reference by Hewitt and Ross , this lack of natural attention is surprising. The standard version of the Kaufman-Rickert inequality says that

Field of study: Philosophy
Predictors of First-Year Sultan Qaboos University Students' Grade Point Average

This study investigated predictors of first-year university grade point average (GPA) using academic and nonacademic variables. Data were collected from 1511 Omani students selected conveniently from the population of students entering Sultan Qaboos University (SQU) in Fall 2010. Variables considered in the analysis were general education diploma average score, university readiness, critical thinking skills, motivational traits, learning strategies, gender, type of school education, type of first admitted college, and overall performance on the foundation placement tests. Results of the stepwise multiple linear regression analysis indicated that the final full model included general education diploma average score, gender, overall performance on the foundation placement tests, type of college, extrinsic goal orientation, university readiness, and critical thinking as collectively statistically significant predictors of the grade point average; accounting for 26.8% of the variance in the grade point average. Research and practical implications for the study of university student success are discussed.

Field of study: Education
Dynamical evolution of star clusters with top-heavy IMF

Several observational and theoretical studies suggest that the initial mass function (IMF) slope for massive stars in globular clusters (GCs) depends on the initial cloud density and metallicity, such that the IMF becomes increasingly top-heavy with decreasing metallicity and increasing the gas density of the forming object. Using N-body simulations of GCs starting with a top-heavy IMF and undergo early gas expulsion within a Milky Way-like potential, we show how such a cluster would evolve. By varying the degree of top-heaviness, we calculate the dissolution time and the minimum cluster mass needed for the cluster to survive after 12 Gyr of evolution.

Field of study: Physics
Impedance spectroscopy studies of electrode-electrolyte systems

Impedance spectra have been recorded for three different electrode systems (Pt, Pt/SrCeO 3 : Yb and Pt/CaTiO 3 ) with ZrO 2 :8Y 2 O 3 as a common electrolyte. The systems have been investigated as a function of temperature (650–875°C) and oxygen partial pressure (10 −5 −1 atm). The measured impedance spectra have been deconvoluted by means of an NLLS program and are well described by a Randles type equivalent circuit, in which the electrode resistance is the sum of a charge transfer resistance and a diffusion resistance. The cathodic reaction is apparently limiting in all three systems. In all three systems the presence of a PtO x compound is suggested.

Field of study: Materials science
Male rats that differ in novelty exploration demonstrate distinct patterns of sexual behavior.

High- versus low-novelty exploration predicts a variety of behavioral differences. For example, rats selectively bred for high-novelty exploration (bred-high responders, bHR) exhibit exaggerated aggression, impulsivity, and proclivity to addictive behaviors compared with low-novelty reactive rats (bred-low responders, bLRs), which are characterized by a high anxiety/depressive-like phenotype. Since bHR/bLR rats exhibit differences in dopaminergic circuitry and differential response to rewarding stimuli (i.e., psychostimulants, food), the present study examined whether they also differ in another key hedonic behavior-sex. Thus, adult bHR/bLR males were given five 30-min opportunities to engage in sexual activity with a receptive female. Sexual behavior and motivation were examined and compared between the groups. The bHR/bLR phenotype affected both sexual motivation and behavior, with bLR males demonstrating reduced motivation for sex compared with bHR males (i.e., fewer animals copulated, longer latency to engage in sex). The bHR males required more intromissions at a faster pace per ejaculation than did bLR males. Thus, neurobiological differences that affect motivation for drugs of abuse, aggression, and impulsivity in rats also affect sexual motivation and performance.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Two units connected in series with general bulk service and random breakdown in unit 2

We study a queueing model consisting of two units 1 and 2 connected in series with a finite intermediate waiting room. The customers in the buffer are served according to a general bulk service rule with exponential times. Unit 2 is in the up state for a random interval of time following an exponential distribution with parameter α and the distribution of time spent in the down state is exponential with parameter β. Here we obtain the steady state probability vector for the number of customers in the queue.

Field of study: Engineering
Electric multipole response of the halo nucleus 6He

The role of different continuum components in the weakly bound nucleus 6 He is studied by coupling unbound spd -waves of 5 He by means of simple pairing contact-delta interaction. The results of our previous investigations in a model space containing only p -waves showed the collective nature of the ground state and allowed the calculation of the electric quadrupole transitions. We extend this simple model by including also sd -continuum neutron states and we investigate the electric monopole, dipole and octupole response of the system for transitions to the continuum, discussing the contribution of different configurations.

Field of study: Physics
Low-Voltage Low-Power Second-Generation Current Conveyors

第二 世代 カレン トコンベ ア(Second-Generation Current Conveyor; CCII)(1)は フ ローテ ィング インダ クタや単位利 得周 波数 可変 のMOS積 分器,電 圧設 定 回路 の 実現(3)-(4) など におい て極め て有用 な アナ ログビルレデ ィングブ ロ ック の一 つであ る。近 年,携 帯電 子機器 の普 及や集 積回路 素子 の耐圧 低下 に伴 い,低 電 源電圧駆 動 の アナ ログ集積 回路 の 実現が望 まれてお り, CCIIに おいて も例外で はない。従 来 のCCIIと して,差 動増 幅 回路 とカ レン トミラー回路か ら なる簡単 な構 造の 回路 が提 案 されてい る。 しか し,こ の回 路 は,差 動 増幅 回路 部 分におい てMOSFETが3段 縦積 み とな る とい う問題点 とカレン トミラー回路が 無信 号時 にお いて も電力 を消費 し,ま た出力電 流 を制 限す る とい う問 題 点 を有 してい る。 本論 文で は,従 来 のCCIIを 改 良す る ことに よ り,低 電 源電圧 駆動,低 消費 電力のCCIIを 提 案 す る。提 案 回路 は, 電源 問にMOSFETを2個 だけ縦積 み と してお り,低 電 源 電圧で の使用 に適 して いる。 また,電 流 出力段 として用 い られて いた カ レン トミラー回路 の代 わ りに相補 動作 す るカ レン トミラ ー回路 を用い る こ とに よ り,入 力 に応 じて一部 の電 流出 力回路 だけ を動作 させ る こ とで消 費電力 の 大幅 な 低 減を実現 す る。 さらに,回 路特 性 を劣 化 させ る大 きな 要 因であ るMOSFETの チ ャネル長変 調効 果の影 響 を低 減す る手法 も併 せて提 案す る。最 後 に計算機 シ ミュ レー シ ョン に より提 案 回路の 有効性 を示 す。 2.従 来 の 第 二世 代 カ レ ン トコ ンベ ア

Field of study: Computer science
Phylogenetic characterization of bacteria in the gut of house flies (Musca domestica L.).

House flies (Musca domestica L.) are cosmopolitan, ubiquitous, synanthropic insects that serve as mechanical or biological vectors for various microorganisms. To fully assess the role of house flies in the epidemiology of human diseases, it is essential to understand the diversity of microbiota harbored by natural fly populations. This study aimed to identify the diversity of house fly gut bacteria by both culture-dependent and culture-independent approaches. A total of 102 bacterial strains were isolated from the gut of 65 house flies collected from various public places including a garden, public park, garbage/dump area, public toilet, hospital, restaurant/canteen, mutton shop/market, and house/human habitation. Molecular phylogenetic analyses placed these isolates into 22 different genera. The majority of bacteria identified were known potential pathogens of the genera Klebsiella, Aeromonas, Shigella, Morganella, Providencia, and Staphylococcus. Culture-independent methods involved the construction of a 16S rRNA gene clone library, and sequence analyses supported culture recovery results. However, additional bacterial taxa not determined via culture recovery were revealed using this methodology and included members of the classes Alphaproteobacteria, Deltaproteobacteria, and the phylum Bacteroidetes. Here, we show that the house fly gut is an environmental reservoir for a vast number of bacterial species, which may have impacts on vector potential and pathogen transmission.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
NONLINEAR DYNAMICAL BEHAVIORS OF AXIALLY MOVING LARGE DEFLECTION PLATES

The stability and bifurcations of axially moving plates with large transverse deflections are investigated.The governing equations of an axially moving plate are derived through the D'Alembert's principle based on von Karman's nonlinear plate theory.The Galerkin metod is employed to discretize the governing partial differential equations into a set of ordinary differential equations.By a numerical method,the bifurcation diagrams are presented with respect to some parameters such as transport speed,amplitude of exciting,the ratio of the length to the width of plates and the longitudinal tension.The dynamical behaviors are identified based on the Poincare map and the Largest Lyapunov Exponent.Periodic,quasi-periodic and even chaotic motions are located in the bifurcation diagram for the transverse vibration of the axially moving plate.

Field of study: Engineering
Failure Characteristics of PZT Ceramic During Cyclic Loading

Failure characteristics of PbZrTiO3 (PZT) ceramic plates are investigated under cyclic loading with rods of different diameters, i.e., different contact areas (0–20 mm). The voltage generated under loading by the rod with the smallest diameter (contact area) is higher than those for the larger contact areas. This is due to the high strain induced in the PZT ceramic. However, the opposite trend is seen when the loading exceeds 60 N, i.e., the voltage obtained for the smallest contact area is lower. This is caused by failure of the PZT ceramic. The voltage generated under cyclic loading by the 5-mm, 10-mm, 15-mm, and 20-mm rods drops by about 10% in the early cyclic loading stage, but then remains constant until 10,000 cycles. The reduction in voltage is influenced mainly by 90° domain switching. In this case, many grains (about 15% of the total) are switched: a random domain orientation is switched to the 100\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\left\langle {100} \right\rangle$$\end{document} direction perpendicular to the ceramic plate, i.e., a crystalline texture is formed. In contrast, there is significant reduction in voltage under loading by the 0-mm rod (point contact). As the extent of domain switching for the 0-mm rod is similar to that for the other rods, the reduction in electrical generation can be attributed to crack generation resulting from the high deformation.

Field of study: Materials science
Evaluation of a Situational Judgement Test to Develop Non-Academic Skills in Pharmacy Students

To design, implement, and psychometrically evaluate a situational judgement test (SJT) to use as a formative assessment of pharmacy students’ non-academic skills in an Australian-based university.  An SJT was developed using a previously validated design process including involvement of subject matter experts. The first phase included design of a blueprint through stakeholder consultation and the development of bespoke attribute definitions and a tool specification. Following on from this, SJT items were developed through subject matter expert interviews and in-depth review process.  Students (702) from four different cohorts (first through fourth years) of a Bachelor of Pharmacy degree program completed the situational judgment test. Data from 648 students was eligible for inclusion in the analysis. The SJT demonstrated good reliability, appropriateness for use (difficulty and quality), fairness, and face validity. The variability in students’ scores suggested that the SJT may be a useful metric to identify students most in need of additional support.  Evaluation of the SJT demonstrated that the tool was valid, reliable, fair and appropriate to use as a formative assessment. Through implementing an SJT such as this, pharmacy students are provided the opportunity to receive feedback on their non-academic skills and consider how to approach challenging or unfamiliar situations before entering the profession.

Field of study: Education, Medicine
Non‐Newtonian phenomena in simple fluids

Almost a hundred years ago, Osborne Reynolds carried out a simple experiment. He filled a leather bag with marbles, topped it with water and then twisted it, thereby inducing a shear. The water level drops because the close packing of the marbles is disrupted as layers of marbles slide over each other during the twisting motion; as a result the marbles are further apart on average, creating space that the water has to fill.

Field of study: Physics
DNA Repair Repertoire of the Enigmatic Hydra

Since its discovery by Abraham Trembley in 1744, hydra has been a popular research organism. Features like spectacular regeneration capacity, peculiar tissue dynamics, continuous pattern formation, unique evolutionary position, and an apparent lack of organismal senescence make hydra an intriguing animal to study. While a large body of work has taken place, particularly in the domain of evolutionary developmental biology of hydra, in recent years, the focus has shifted to molecular mechanisms underlying various phenomena. DNA repair is a fundamental cellular process that helps to maintain integrity of the genome through multiple repair pathways found across taxa, from archaea to higher animals. DNA repair capacity and senescence are known to be closely associated, with mutations in several repair pathways leading to premature ageing phenotypes. Analysis of DNA repair in an animal like hydra could offer clues into several aspects including hydra’s purported lack of organismal ageing, evolution of DNA repair systems in metazoa, and alternative functions of repair proteins. We review here the different DNA repair mechanisms known so far in hydra. Hydra genes from various DNA repair pathways show very high similarity with their vertebrate orthologues, indicating conservation at the level of sequence, structure, and function. Notably, most hydra repair genes are more similar to deuterostome counterparts than to common model invertebrates, hinting at ancient evolutionary origins of repair pathways and further highlighting the relevance of organisms like hydra as model systems. It appears that hydra has the full repertoire of DNA repair pathways, which are employed in stress as well as normal physiological conditions and may have a link with its observed lack of senescence. The close correspondence of hydra repair genes with higher vertebrates further demonstrates the need for deeper studies of various repair components, their interconnections, and functions in this early metazoan.

Field of study: Biology
Synthesis and reactions of new phosphine - boranes

Synthesis and reactions of new phosphine-boranes have been studied. Diastereomerically pure menthyloxyphenylphosphine-boranes were prepared from dichlorophenylphosphine. These secondary phosphine-boranes underwent stereospecific alkylation and arylation reactions. It is noted that the stereochemistry of palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions was largely affected by the solvent and the base used. Thus, the reaction in acetonitrile proceeded with net retention of configuration. In sharp contrast, the reaction in THF in the presence of K2CO3 occurred with inversion of configuration with high degree of stereospecificity. The phosphorus-oxygen bond of the resulting phosphine-boranes was reductively cleaved at -78 "C by lithium naphthalenide or lithium in liquid ammonia in almost quantitative yields with an excellent degree of stereospecificity. On the other hand, the reactions at elevated temperatures provided the products with almost complete racemization. This racemization was proved to occur via pyramidal inversion of the anionic tricoordinate phosphorus species. Based on these results, we developed new methods for the synthesis of bidentate phosphine ligands with homochiral phosphine centers. Optically pure bisphosphinoethanes and bisphosphinobutanes possessing phenyl, t-butyl, cyclohexyl, emethomhenyl, methyl, or 2methoxyethyl group were prepared via phosphine-boranes. Functionalizations of the boranato group of phosphine-boranes have been investigated. Trimethylphosphine-borane reacted with methanesulfonic acid with evolution of hydrogen. The resulting trimethylphosphine-methylsulfonyloxyborane was subjected to nucleophilic substitution reaction on the boron atom with arenthiols or secondary phosphine-boranes. A new phosphine-borane having a P-B-P-B-P-B-P-B bond linkage was synthesized. Novel boron anion species were generated by the reaction of phosphine-monoiodoboranes with lithium 4,4'-dit -butylbiphenylide.

Field of study: Chemistry
Tidal radii of main sequence stars -- II. Simulation methodology and the character of full tidal disruptions

This is the second in a series of papers presenting the results of fully general relativistic simulations of stellar tidal disruptions in which the stars' initial states are realistic main-sequence models. We consider eight different stellar masses, from $0.15~{\rm M}_\odot$ to $10~{\rm M}_\odot$. In the first paper (Ryu et al. 2019a), we gave an overview of this program and discussed the principal observational implications of our work. Here we describe our calculational method and provide details about the outcomes of full disruptions. We find that, relative to the traditional order-of-magnitude estimate $r_{\rm t}$, the physical tidal radius of low-mass stars is larger by tens of percent, while for high-mass stars ($M_{\star} \gtrsim1~ {\rm M}_\odot$) it is smaller by a factor $2-2.5$. The traditional estimate of the range of energies found in the debris is approximately accurate for low-mass stars, but is a factor $\sim 2$ too small for high-mass stars; in addition, the energy distribution for high-mass stars has significant wings. For all stars undergoing tidal encounters, we find that mass-loss continues for a long time because the ${\it instantaneous}$ tidal radius, the distance out to which the black hole's tidal gravity competes with the instantaneous stellar gravity at the star's surface, stays comparable to the distance to the black hole until the star has reached $O(10)~r_{\rm t}$. These findings indicate significant failings in the popular "frozen-in" approximation.

Field of study: Physics