nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Preparation and Characterization of Biphenylene Bridged Hybrid Monolithic Column for Capillary Electrochromatography

Biphenylene-Bridged Hybrid monolithic column was synthesized for the capillary electrochromatography by a two-step acid/base-catalyzed hydrolysis/co-condensation of phenyltriethoxysilane(PTES) and 1,4-bis(triethoxysilyl)benzene(BTEB) using hydrochloric acid and dodecylamine as catalysts,respectively.The influences of determining factors in the sol-gel process such as the monomer ratio,pH and the water content on the monolith formation were systematically investigated.The structure and pore size distribution of the monolithic column were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, IR spectroscopy and mercury porosimetry,respectively.The median pore diameter of the monolith was around 3.4 m with pore volume of 3.5 cm3/g.Chromatographic characteristics of the monolithic column prepared with the optimized fabrication condition were studied.Alkylbenzenes,polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs),anilines and positional isomers of phenols were successfully separated on the functionalized silica monolithic column.Run-to-run,and column-to-column reproducibilities of the monolithic columns were investigated in terms of t0 and the retention time and capacity factor of six alkylbenzenes.It was observed that the RSDs were less than 0.6% and 0.3%(n=8)for run-to-run,and the RSDs were less than 7.2% and 5.6%(n=3)for column-to-column,respectively.These results indicated that the reproducibility of the monolithic columns was quite satisfactory.

Field of study: Chemistry
Chief Justice William H. Rehnquist: Prizing People, Place, and History

Which two Civil War battles were fought west of the Mississippi River? Chief Justice William Rehnquist knew the answer, as he knew a myriad of often obscure (but never unimportant) historical and geographical facts, salting many of them into his Supreme Court opinions and books and using others in informal wagers with friends, family, and law clerks. The answer, found in the Chiefs opinion in Leo Sheep Co. v. United States} is the Battle of Glorieta Pass (at a strategic location near Santa Fe, New Mexico, on March 26-28, 1862) and the subsequent Battle of Picacho Pass (fought on April 15, 1862, near Tucson, Arizona). Both battles, as the Chief emphasized, were more skirmishes than full-drawn engagements, but they helped illustrate the value to the United States of building a transcontinental railroad that could transport troops when needed to protect the western states and territories. The Confederate army hoped to create an outlet to the Pacific but was effectively stopped by the Union victory at the Battle of Glorieta Pass.2 The Confederates, however, did not give up easily. When the Union forces at the Battle of Glorieta Pass asked the Confederates to surrender, one Southern commander responded memorably (and perhaps apocryphally), "We will fight first and surrender afterwards!"3

Field of study: Law
Characterizing the weak organic acids used in low solids fluxes

The elimination of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and other chlorinated cleaning solvents due to their long-term environmental impact has lead electronic assemblers to examine soldering fluxes that reduce or eliminate the need for post-solder cleaning. Today, low solids fluxes are replacing more traditional rosin-based and water-soluble fluxes because many of them can be used in a no-clean process. Most low solids fluxes use weak organic acids as active ingredient. It has been reported that some of these weak organic acids leave behind residues that are corrosive to copper. Surface Insulation Resistance (SIR) measurements of flux-processed comb patterns have been the main test method used to determine the corrosivity of flux residues. This test has been performed with test samples exposed to accelerated temperature and humidity conditions of 85°C and 85%RH and a 50 V bias. Recent data on some weak organic acids suggests that they slowly disappear at this temperature and a lower test temperature of 65°C has been introduced into the new Bellco Standard. In Europe, this test is normally performed at 40°C and 93% RH. This paper reports on the application of SIR tests to study the corrosive behavior of three carboxylic acids (succinic, glutaric, and adipic acids) that are commonly used as the active ingredients in soldering fluxes. Coupons treated with equi-molar solutions of the acids were either exposed to reflow-soldering conditions or wave soldered face-up to create partially heated residues. Both tests were run under two different accelerating conditions, 85°C/85%RH for 7 days or 40°C/93%RH for 20 days. This latter condition is being considered for inclusion in an IPC standard. At the end of the test period, both corrosion and SIR test samples were examined under a microscope and any residues or dendritic growth were documented. SEM and EDX characterization was also performed to determine the residue and dendrite composition.

Field of study: Materials science
Resonant alteration of propagation in guiding structures with complex Robin parameter and its magnetic-field-induced restoration

Solutions of the scalar Helmholtz wave equation are derived for the analysis of the transport and thermodynamic properties of the two-dimensional disk and three-dimensional infinitely long straight wire in the external uniform longitudinal magnetic field $\bf B$ under the assumption that the Robin boundary condition contains extrapolation length $\Lambda$ with nonzero imaginary part $\Lambda_i$. As a result of this complexity, the self-adjointness of the Hamiltonian is lost, its eigenvalues $E$ become complex too and the discrete bound states of the disk characteristic for the real $\Lambda$ turn into the corresponding quasibound states with their lifetime defined by the eigenenergies imaginary parts $E_i$. Accordingly, the longitudinal flux undergoes an alteration as it flows along the wire with its attenuation/amplification being $E_i$-dependent too. It is shown that, for zero magnetic field, the component $E_i$ as a function of the Robin imaginary part exhibits a pronounced sharp extremum with its magnitude being the largest for the zero real part $\Lambda_r$ of the extrapolation length. Increasing magnitude of $\Lambda_r$ quenches the $E_i-\Lambda_i$ resonance and at very large $\Lambda_r$ the eigenenergies $E$ approach the asymptotic real values independent of $\Lambda_i$. The extremum is also wiped out by the magnetic field when, for the large $B$, the energies tend to the Landau levels. Mathematical and physical interpretations of the obtained results are provided; in particular, it is shown that the finite lifetime of the disk quasibound states stems from the $\Lambda_i$-induced currents flowing through the sample boundary. Possible experimental tests of the calculated effect are discussed; namely, it is argued that it can be observed in superconductors by applying to them the external electric field $\cal E$ normal to the surface.

Field of study: Physics
Building legitimacy of the recreational fishing sector in mixed commercial–recreational fisheries

To become legitimate fishery stakeholders alongside government and commercial interests, recreational fisheries must operate in accordance with the rules, principles, or standards established for sustainable fisheries. These rules fall within the following fisheries management processes: (i) assessment of stock status relative to target or reference points, (ii) control of either total fishing effort (input control) or total harvest (output control), and (iii) allocation of the harvest amongst stakeholders. Unfortunately, recreational fisheries are rarely subjected to the same standards as commercial fisheries. Aside from personal conservation ethics, there are no incentives for recreational fishers to meet any standards of catch reporting and assessment, limits on total fishery catch, and accounting for allocated catches. In contrast, commercial fisheries are often required to follow strict standards in each of the three management processes. This paper demonstrates how such differences often contribute to a series of “legitimacy gaps” when compared to commercial fisheries that limit the scope of harvest rights attainable by the recreational sector. We use an urban, recreational-commercial fishery for Dungeness crab (Cancer magister) in British Columbia, Canada, as a case study to demonstrate how discrepancies in requirements and responsibilities between the recreational and commercial sectors limit the scope of harvest rights attainable by the recreational sector. Reducing these discrepancies would help justify the changes to the management framework required to increase recreational access.

Field of study: Environmental science
Monoclonal anti-TNF-α suppresses graft vs host disease reactions in an in vitro human skin model

Graft vs host disease (GVHD) following allogeneic marrow transplant in humans is known to be mediated in part by cytokines. Tumour necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and gamma interferon (IFN-γ) are considered to be critical in the mechanism. A commercially produced antibody to TNF-α (CB0006) was tested in vitro to assess its ability to suppress mixed lymphocyte reactions (MLR). Peripheral blood mononuclear cells treated and untreated with CB0006 were also tested for their ability to elicit a graft vs host reaction (GVHR) in vitro in a human skin-explant model for GVHD. The results showed that CB0006 could inhibit mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) proliferative responses and that in vitro antibody treated responder cells were less effective in causing GVHR in vitro skin-explant assays. CB0006 was also shown to inhibit MLC supernatant induced GVHR.

Field of study: Medicine
Strategic L2 lexical innovation: case study of a university-level ab initio learner of German

The article is a case study of one learner's use of lexical innovation. She is a university-level ab initio learner of German, and a subject in the Trinity College, Dublin, Modern Languages Research Project. In the target language production tasks performed over a two-year period, she exhibits a particular tendency towards lexical innovation as a strategy to cope with lack of TL lexical knowledge. From her introspective reports there is evidence to suggest that this type of strategic behaviour is related to her conscious approach towards vocabulary learning.

Field of study: Linguistics
In-Group Favoritism and Perceived Similarity: A Look at Russians' Perceptions in the Post-Soviet Era

Using social identity theory, belief congruence theory, and optimal distinctiveness theory as frameworks, the authors examined whether perceived threat would moderate the relationship between perceived out-group similarity and group evaluations. Russian undergraduates evaluated Russians, Ukrainians, Moldavians, and Georgians on a number of dimensions. It was expected that when an out-group was seen as a severe threat, perceived similarity would result in in-group bias. However, when an out-group was viewed as nonthreatening, perceived similarity was expected to be negatively related to in-group bias. As hypothesized, although perceived similarity and in-group bias were negatively related for those who felt unthreatened by Georgians, a nonsignificant positive relationship existed for those feeling threatened.

Field of study: Psychology
A surveillance study of antimicrobial resistance of gram-positive cocci strains isolated from 16 teaching hospitals in China in 2012

To investigate antimicrobial resistance among gram-positive cocci strains in China in 2012.Methods From June 2012 to December 2012,1790 consecutive and non-repetitive grampositive cocci strains were collected from 16 teaching hospitals.The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of antibacterial drugs were determined by agar dilution method.A retrospective study was conducted on the rates of resistance to antimicrobial agents.Data was analyzed using chi-square test. The prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus(MRSA) and methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative Staphylococci (MRCoNS) were 43.6％ (264/605) and 75.7％ (227/300),respectively.The prevalence of MRSA ranged from 20.5％ to 60.9％ in different regions.About 54.4％ (106/195) of Staphylococcus aureus from respiratory tract specimens,43.6％ (58/133) of Staphylococcus aureus from blood samples,and 29.8％ (56/188) of Staphylococcus aureus from wound and pus were resistant to methicillin.The prevalence of MRSA in elder patient group (53.9％,110/204) was higher than that in the younger adult patients (41.4％,149/360) (P＜0.05).The susceptible rates of MRSA to chloramphenicol and SXT were 92.4％(244/264) and 89.8％ (237/264),respectively.Susceptibility of MRSA to gentamycin,erythromycin,clindamycin,tetracyclines,rifampicin and quinolones were ranged from 12.5％ to 51.9％.One vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus (VISA) was found in this study.All Staphylococci isolates were susceptible to teicoplanin,vancomycin,linezolid,daptomycin and tigecycline.The prevalence of penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae (PRSP) in children below 3 years-old (61.2％,49/80) was higher than that in adult patients (40.2％,90/224) (P＜0.05).About 93.6％ (292/312) and 86.2％ (269/312) of S.pneumonia were resistant to erythromycin and clindamycin,respectively.Penicillin still showed a very high activity against Streptococcus spp.β-Hemolytic group,but more than 60％ of Streptococcus spp.β-hemolytic group were resistant to erythromycin,clindamycin and tetracyclines.Four vancomycin-resistant enterococcus (VRE) strains were found in this study.All Enterococcus isolates were susceptible to daptomycin and tigecycline,and 96.9％ (157/162) of E.faecalis and 99.3％ (150/151) of E.faecium were susceptible to line()dd.About 51.9％ (84/162) of E.faecalis and 61.6％ (93/151) of E.faecium were resistant to high concentration gentamycin.The susceptibility of E.faecalis to all antibiotics except chleramphenicol and tetracycline was higher than that of E.faecium. The rates of antimicrobial resistance of Gram-positive cocci are different among strains isolated from different age groups or regions.Teicoplanin,vancomycin,linezolid,tigecycline and daptomycin showed very high activity against Gram-positive cocci. 
 
 
Antimicrobial resistance;  Anti-bacterial drugs;  Gram-positive cocci

Field of study: Biology
Tectono-stratigraphic evolution and architecture of the Miocene Rio del Rey basin (Cameroon margin, Gulf of Guinea)

The Rio Del Rey basin located in the Gulf of Guinea is one of the two basins lining the Cameroonian coast. It evolved since the Cenozoic in a tectono-magmatic and seismic complex setting. During the Miocene, this evolution was controlled by tectonics, relative sea level changes, basin filling and mantle dynamics. Two deposit megasequences of second order, MS1 and MS2, were pointed out. MS1 (lower Miocene), aggradational and corresponding to the Isongo turbidites deposited during a period of relative sea level drop registered two sequences of third order differentiated by the degree of channel incision: S1a (Aquitanian–Burdigalian), hardly incised and S1b (Serravallian), moderately incised. A double extension along N–S (Burdigalian) and NE–SW (Serravallian) directions responsible for a set of horsts and grabens, high subsidence and depocentres trending NW–SE affected these sequences. MS2 (middle to upper Miocene), progradational and corresponding to deltaic alternations deposited during a period of creation of available space were controlled by the tilting, wrenching, a second stretching phase and low sedimentary filling. MS2 recorded three cycles of 3rd order: S2a (lower Tortonian), S2b (upper Tortonian) and S2c (Messinian) differentiated by their morphology in ramp for S2a and S2b and slope for S2c. The formation of grabens and horsts and the tilting of the margin coincide with the high activity of the Cameroon volcanic line interpreted as a result of deep mantle dynamics affecting the inner Congo craton lithosphere. This architecture, which differs from those of the other basins of the Gulf of Guinea, partly explains the low oil production of this basin.

Field of study: Environmental science
Gender Differences in Mathematics Achievement: Findings From the National Education Longitudinal Study of 1988

Data from the National Education Longitudinal Study of 1988 (NELS:88) national samples were used to investigate gender differences in mathematics achievement. Gender differences were not found when total-group means were compared. When the high end of math score distributions was examined, however, noteworthy gender differences favoring male students emerged. These differences became larger from the 8th grade to the 12th grade and were more prominent at more extreme score ranges. The trends were consistent for Whites, Asians, and Hispanics, but not for African Americans. The observed gender differences for students at the high end of the math score distributions are important because these students are likely to consider pursuing careers in science, mathematics, and engineering. Gender differences at the high end of the math score distributions are likely to be one reason for the gender imbalance in the flow of new students into science and engineering careers.

Field of study: Education
Using Neural Architecture Search for Improving Software Flaw Detection in Multimodal Deep Learning Models

Software flaw detection using multimodal deep learning models has been demonstrated as a very competitive approach on benchmark problems. In this work, we demonstrate that even better performance can be achieved using neural architecture search (NAS) combined with multimodal learning models. We adapt a NAS framework aimed at investigating image classification to the problem of software flaw detection and demonstrate improved results on the Juliet Test Suite, a popular benchmarking data set for measuring performance of machine learning models in this problem domain.

Field of study: Computer science
Higher-Order Numerical Solutions Using Cubic Splines

The cubic spline collocation procedure for the numerical solution of partial differential equations was reformulated so that the accuracy of the second-derivative approximation is improved and parallels that previously obtained for lower derivative terms. The final result is a numerical procedure having overall third-order accuracy for a nonuniform mesh and overall fourth-order accuracy for a uniform mesh. Application of the technique was made to the Burger's equation, to the flow around a linear corner, to the potential flow over a circular cylinder, and to boundary layer problems. The results confirmed the higher-order accuracy of the spline method and suggest that accurate solutions for more practical flow problems can be obtained with relatively coarse nonuniform meshes.

Field of study: Physics
Warm and Homely or Cold and Beautiful? Sex Differences in Trading Off Traits in Mate Selection

Prior research and theory suggest that people use three main sets of criteria in mate selection: warmth/trustworthiness, attractiveness/vitality, and status/resources. In two studies, men and women made mating choices between pairs of hypothetical potential partners and were forced to make trade-offs among these three criteria (e.g., warm and homely vs. cold and attractive). As predicted, women (relative to men) placed greater importance on warmth/trustworthiness and status/resources in a potential mate but less importance on attractiveness/vitality. In addition, as expected (a) ratings of ideal standards partly mediated the link between sex and mate choices, (b) ideal standards declined in importance from long-term to short-term relationships, with the exception of attractiveness/vitality, and unexpectedly, (c) sex differences were higher for long-term (compared to short-term) mate choice. Explanations and implications are discussed.

Field of study: Psychology
Rhizosphere bacterial community composition responds to arbuscular mycorrhiza, but not to reductions in microbial activity induced by foliar cutting.

Differences in bacterial community composition (BCC) between bulk and rhizosphere soil and between rhizospheres of different plant species are assumed to be strongly governed by quantitative and qualitative rhizodeposit differences. However, data on the relationship between rhizodeposit amounts and BCC are lacking. Other soil microorganisms, e.g. arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), may also influence BCC. We simulated foliar herbivory (cutting) to reduce belowground carbon allocation and rhizodeposition of pea plants grown either with or without AMF. This reduced soil respiration, rhizosphere microbial biomass and bacteriovorous protozoan abundance, whereas none of these were affected by AMF. After labelling plants with (13)CO(2), root and rhizosphere soil (13)C enrichment of cut plants were reduced to a higher extent (24-46%) than shoot (13)C enrichment (10-24%). AMF did not affect (13)C enrichment. Despite these clear indications of reduced rhizosphere carbon-input, denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) of 16S rRNA genes PCR-amplified targeting DNA and RNA from rhizosphere soil did not reveal any effects of cutting on banding patterns. In contrast, AMF induced consistent differences in both DNA- and RNA-based DGGE profiles. These results show that a reduction in rhizosphere microbial activity is not necessarily accompanied by changes in BCC, whereas AMF presence inhibits proliferation of some bacterial taxa while stimulating others.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
How aid, trade, and development affect migration

This article reviews the current literature on the effects of aid, trade, and development on international migration. It begins with a quantitative and qualitative snapshot of international migration, which is used to identify patterns and trends as well as gaps in the current statistics. The descriptive section is followed by an outline of the general theories of international migration. The article then examines the evidence on how government policies as well as the rela tive levels of development in source countries affect the magnitude and structure of emigration. The effects of aid, trade, and investment on migration are then evaluated from the perspective of their indirect effects on development as well as their potential direct effects. Examples from specific cases are used throughout to illustrate the complexities of migration determinants. A final section examines the policy implications, draws general conclusions, and suggests areas for further research.

Field of study: Political science
A Foundation for Pareto Aggregation

A social welfare function ƒ maps the family of profiles of economic preferences into the set of continuous and quasitransitive relations on the space of allocations of public and/or private goods. If ƒ satisfies Arrow′s independence axiom and an extremely mild responsiveness condition, then ƒ must be oligarchical. However, Pareto aggregation is the only oligarchical rule that does not completely exclude someone from consideration or invert someone′s preference ordering before incorporating it into the group preference.

Field of study: Economics
A direct comparison of CVD-grown and exfoliated MoS2 using optical spectroscopy

MoS2 is a highly interesting material, which exhibits a crossover from an indirect band gap in the bulk crystal to a direct gap for single layers. Here, we perform a direct comparison between large-area MoS2 films grown by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and MoS2 flakes prepared by mechanical exfoliation from mineral bulk crystal. Raman spectroscopy measurements show differences between the in-plane and out-of-plane phonon mode positions in CVD-grown and exfoliated MoS2. Photoluminescence (PL) mapping reveals large regions in the CVD-grown films that emit strong PL at room-temperature, and low-temperature PL scans demonstrate a large spectral shift of the A exciton emission as a function of position. Polarization-resolved PL measurements under near-resonant excitation conditions show a strong circular polarization of the PL, corresponding to a valley polarization.

Field of study: Materials science