nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
WE‐D‐L100F‐02: Parallel Magnetic Resonance Imaging (or, Scanners, Cell Phones, and the Surprising Guises of Modern Tomography)

Today, parallel data acquisition approaches are used widely in MRI, both for clinical diagnostic imaging and for research applications. Whereas in a traditional sequential MRI scan, data are collected one point and one line at a time in the presence of varying magnetic field gradients, parallel MRI uses spatial information from arrays of radiofrequency detector coils to acquire multiple data points simultaneously, thereby circumventing basic limits on imaging speed and efficiency associated with traditional sequential approaches. The use of RF coil information in combination with the traditional Fourier information available from field gradients increases the complexity of image reconstruction. In fact, parallel MRimage reconstruction may be represented as a generalized linear inverse problem. This formulation highlights connections with other modalities as well as shedding light on both the potential and the limitations of parallel imaging. In this talk, the fundamentals of parallel MR image acquisition and reconstruction will be reviewed. Analogies with X‐ray computed tomography, MIMO wireless communication, and magnetoencephalography will be explored, and some future directions in parallel MRreconstruction algorithms, hardware design, and clinical applications will be surveyed.  1. Understand the basic physical principles of parallel MRdata acquisition and the basic mathematical principles of parallel MRimage reconstruction. 2. Recognize analogies with other imaging modalities and communication technologies. 3. Identify fundamental physical (electrodynamic) limits of performance of parallel MRI systems. 4. Appreciate some of the most common current and the most promising future clinical applications of parallel MRI.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
The Rapeseed Oil Based Organofunctional Silane for Stainless Steel Protective Coatings

The earlier obtained organosilicon derivatives of rapeseed oil were used for the production of coatings protecting steel surface against corrosion. Vegetable oils have been hitherto used for temporary protection of metals against corrosion, while thanks to the synthesis of appropriate organosilicon derivatives, it is now possible to create durable protective coatings. Due to the presence of alkoxysilyl groups and the use of the sol-gel process, the coatings obtained were bonded to the steel surface. The effectiveness of the coatings was checked by electrochemical methods and steel surface analysis.

Field of study: Materials science
Characterization and Photodegradation of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers in Car Seat Fabrics from End-of-Life Vehicles.

In this study, we examined the photodegradation of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) on the surface of car seat covers from end-of-life vehicles (ELVs). Samples were collected at two car dismantling facilities in Sweden and cover car models from 1989 to 1998. The content of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in nine real samples (fabric and polyurethane foam) was first characterized. Fabric samples that did not contain BDE-209 were then spiked with BDE-209 and irradiated in the laboratory and under sunlight. Photoproducts were identified using high performance liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization mass spectrometer (HPLC-ESI-Orbitrap-MS), whereas volatile products were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Similar photodegradation rates and oxidation products were observed in fabric samples irradiated in the laboratory and those collected from ELVs. Estimated half-life of BDE-209 on fabric inside vehicles ranged from 3 to 6 years. Thirteen major photoproducts were identified as lower brominated products, hydroxylated BDEs, brominated and hydroxylated dibenzofurans (PBDFs) and dioxins (PBDDs). Furthermore, several photoproducts were found to be transferable into water, particularly bromophenols and hydroxylated BDEs, and others into gas phase, such as bromomethanol and 1,2-dibromoethane. This should be taken into consideration for better estimating exposure to PBDEs and to develop strategies for ELV recycling.

Field of study: Environmental science
Analyze antigenic homogeneous properties of outer membrane protein from Salmonella spp

To analyze antigenic homogeneous properties of outer membrane protein(OMP) from Salmonella spp.Methods OMPs from cells of Salmonella spp and other enterobacteria and Serratia marces- cens were extracted using 2% Laurylsarcosine sodium salt.The OMP of Salmonella paratyphi A was bonded with Freunds adjuvant,immunized Japan large-ear rabbit in the muscle,celiac,hypodermic,and repeated several times.With immunological double-diffusing method and ELISA,the titer of anti-S,paratyphi A OMP serum was acquired.The antigenic homogeneous properties of OMP from Salmonella spp was identified by Western blot and crass-reaction of rabbit's anti-S,paratyphi A OMP antibody serum about Salmonella paratyphi A by Dot blot- ELISA.Results Rabbit's anti-S,paratyphi A OMP antibody serum can react with OMP deriving from Salmonella spp but not with those of other Gram negative and Gram positive bacteria,even not with fungi. There is high homogeneous properties of OMP antigen among Salmonella spp.So it can be used for differentiation diagno- sis in laboratory.

Field of study: Biology
Enzymatic extraction of protein from the head and bone of silver carp by papain

In the present study,papain was used as a catalyst to extract protein from the head and bone of silver carp(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix).In addition,the effects of papain concentration,substrate concentration,extraction temperature and time on the degree of hydrolysis(DH)were studied,and the extraction conditions were optimized by orthogonal experiment.The results showed that DH values increased with increasing papain concentration,temperature and time while too much or too little amount of substrate was unfavorable to protein extraction from the raw material.The best levels of the concentrations of papain and substrate,extraction temperature and time were 2%(w/w,based on the protein content),1:1.4(w/v),55℃ and 7h,respectively.Under this optimal hydrolysis condition,DH value was 12.07% and the hydrolysate obtained was little bitter.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Some Prerequisites for Becoming a "Really" Applied, Non-Academic Social Psychologist

Stimulated by recent calls for a more applied orientation and the dearth of academic jobs in social psychology, this study investigated the requirements for becoming an applied, nonacademic social psychologist. Survey data were collected from both applied researchers (N=30) and employers (N=30) regarding the necessity of 26 areas of knowledge and skill for doing applied work in "real world" settings. Both groups rated communication skills the highest, strongly emphasized the importance of jobrelated experience, and placed low value on traditional skills (e.g., laboratory research). The rank order of importance of skills was similar for the two groups although psychologists rated various research methods more highly while organizations favored various business skills. These ratings along with open-ended responses may be useful in planning graduate programs, and also inspire some optimism regarding non-academic employment opportunities for social psychologists.

Field of study: Psychology
Indole derivatives

The influence of dehydrogenating dehydrating (deaminating) additives on the composition and yield on the products of the cyclization of N-(Β-hydroxyethyl)aniline and N,N′-diphenylethylenediamine has been studied. The closure of the indole and pyrrole rings takes place through the dehydration and deamination, respectively, of the starting material on oxide catalysts. A reaction scheme explaining the formation of all the products observed has been suggested.

Field of study: Chemistry
Nanocomposites Derived from Polymers and Inorganic Nanoparticles

Polymers are considered to be good hosting matrices for composite materials because they can easily be tailored to yield a variety of bulk physical properties. Moreover, organic polymers generally have long-term stability and good processability. Inorganic nanoparticles possess outstanding optical, catalytic, electronic and magnetic properties, which are significantly different their bulk states. By combining the attractive functionalities of both components, nanocomposites derived from organic polymers and inorganic nanoparticles are expected to display synergistically improved properties. The potential applications of the resultant nanocomposites are various, e.g. automotive, aerospace, opto-electronics, etc. Here, we review recent progress in polymer-based inorganic nanoparticle composites.

Field of study: Materials science
Examining the Disconnect Between Communities of Practice Learning Theory and Educational Practices in the PharmD Program in Qatar

To examine the Qatar University Doctor of Pharmacy (PharmD) program for evidence of incorporation of communities of practice (CoP) learning theory.  A developed CoP framework was used as a theoretical instrument to analyze the evidence of CoP theory in QU PharmD program, utilizing a case study research approach.  The research suggests that the evidence of the CoP framework in the PharmD program falls into three categories. The first category represents elements of CoP that were fully evident, such as knowledge recontextualization, social and professional acceptance, and effective assessment measures. The second category represents elements that were partially evident, such as the formation of a co-development team, informal learning, mentoring strategies, and preceptors’ orientation to assessment. The third category represents elements that were not evident, such as collaboration between faculty and preceptors and ensuring the reliability and validity of assessment tools. In cases where elements of CoP were implemented, this was an implicit rather than explicit application of CoP theory. Therefore, it was theorized that the disconnect between CoP learning theory and educational practices is at the “implicit disconnect” level.  This research indicates that the CoP framework facilitated the identification of areas for future quality improvement and suggests that the theoretical CoP framework could be used by other programs to identify areas for improvements. We theorize that a full and explicit implementation of learning theory into educational practices is crucial, which calls for the collaboration of academic, practice, accreditation, and governmental sectors in pharmacy educational reform initiatives.

Field of study: Education, Medicine
Antiparallel d-stable traces and a stronger version of ore problem

In 2013 a novel self-assembly strategy for polypeptide nanostructure design which could lead to significant developments in biotechnology was presented in Gradišar et al. ( 2013). It was since observed that a polyhedron P can be realized by interlocking pairs of polypeptide chains if its corresponding graph G(P) admits a strong trace. It was since also demonstrated that a similar strategy can also be expanded to self-assembly of designed DNA (Kočar,  2016). In this direction, in the present paper we characterize graphs which admit closed walk which traverses every edge exactly once in each direction and for every vertex v, there is no subset N of its neighbors, with $$1 \le |N| \le d$$1≤|N|≤d, such that every time the walk enters v from N, it also exits to a vertex in N. This extends Thomassen’s characterization (Thomassen,  1990) for the case $$d = 1$$d=1.

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics
Hydrogen Peroxide Biosensor Based on Cytochrome c/Nano-ZnO

A nanoporous ZnO film(Nano-ZnO) was prepared by physical vapor deposited on the indium tin oxide(ITO)-coated glass plate and a new type of H2O2biosensor(cytochrome C(Cyt.c)/Nano-ZnO/ITO/CME) based on the direct electron transfer was constructed by modifying Cytochrome C on the Nano-ZnO/ITO. The XRD spectrum indicates that the Nano-ZnO has a polycrystalline hexagonal wurtzite structure; The SEM imagines shows the Nano-ZnO particles with the diameter ranging from 50 to 100 nm are mostly aggregated into larger porous form. The UV-Vis spectrum shows the absorption peak of the Nano-ZnO is at 368 nm which corresponds to the bulk value of the band gap(3.37 eV). Cyt.c was firmly absorbed on the Nano-ZnO surface and kept its activity which was confirmed by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS) and UV-Vis spectrum. The cyclic voltammetry of the Cyt.c/Nano-ZnO/ITO/CME shows the direct electron transfer between the Cyt.c and the electrod. The H2O2 biosensor shows a specific response to H2O2 in the range of 3×10-5-5×10-3 mol/L,and its sensitivity,detection limit,response time are 7.2×10-3 A·cm-2·mol/L,4×10-5 mol/L and 3 s respectively.

Field of study: Chemistry
Implementation of Problem-Based Learning Method in Geography Education at the University of Cape Coast: The Educator’s Lens on Factors

Problem-based learning (PBL) is one of the innovative pedagogical methods used by universities in teaching geography courses. However, works on PBL as a method of instruction in geography education appears to dwell much on its benefits with less emphasis on factors limiting its effective implementation. This paper intends to bridge this gap by assessing the factors affecting effective implementation of PBL method in geography education at the University of Cape Coast (UCC), Ghana. The pragmatist research paradigm (Mixed method) mainly the Convergent parallel design was employed for the study. Census and purposive sampling techniques were employed whilst questionnaire and interview guides constituted the research instruments used in the study. The study found that large class size, loaded nature of the geography curriculum, traditional assessment (examination) system among others negatively affect the effective implementation of PBL method in geography education. In view of this, it is recommended that the Department of Geography and Regional Planning and the Department of Business and Social Sciences Education should provide support and guidance to students and instructors by setting up a fund where students can be levied as part of their fees or the departments can also use their internally generated funds to support the PBL implementation process.  Geography Education, Problem-based learning (PBL), Factors, Constructivism,

Field of study: Education
Origin of the extreme polymetallic enrichment (Cd, Cr, Mo, Ni, U, V, Zn) of the Late Cretaceous–Early Tertiary Belqa Group, central Jordan

The sedimentary formations of the Late Cretaceous to Early Tertiary Belqa Group correspond to pure to slightly clayey limestones and minor black shales characterized by a remarkable enrichment in phosphorous and various redox sensitive elements (Cd, Cr, Mo, Ni, U, V, Zn). Phosphorous enrichment is related to the great phosphorite deposition event that has occurred at the southern margin of the Tethys Ocean during this period. The very low organic matter contents in the limestones, despite their strong enrichment in redox sensitive elements, is attributed to a deposition in anoxic water but under shallow water conditions permitting the bacterial degradation of a large part of the organic matter. Most of the elements constituting the Belqa Group sediments have been deposited from the sea water either directly by chemical precipitation (most Ca and redox sensitive elements) or indirectly through biogenic activity (P, part of Ca and U), except for the minor detritial contribution presents in some limestones and more significantly in the shales. Such an origin is also supported by the REE patterns of the limestones which are similar to that of the present sea water. The anomalously high concentrations of some redox sensitive trace metals (Cr, Ni and probably Cd) compared to worldwide black shales is explained by an exogenic metal flux, corresponding to the leaching of the huge amounts of ophiolites obducted during the collision between the African-Arabian and Eurasian plates at the same time as the deposition of the Belqa Group sediments. Uranium is substituted for calcium in biogenic apatite in the limestones, but was also directly precipitated from sea water in the black shales in relation with the suboxic environment with the periodic anoxia developed during their deposition in restricted deeper basins. The pyrometamorphism resulting from the burning of organic-rich levels in clayey limestones has created a further enrichment of redox sensitive elements in the resulting marbles by a volume loss resulting from decarbonatation reactions and the combustion of the organic matter.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids for the Management of Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease.

THE IRISH PLAYWRIGHT George Bernard Shaw (1856-1950) once wrote: ‘‘No diet will remove all the fat from your body because the brain is entirely fat. Without a brain, you might look good, but all you could do is run for public office.’’ He was not right in one thing: the brain is just about 60% fat. And of that percentage, the biggest portion comes from n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). n-3 PUFA constitutes a family of healthy dietary fats predominantly found in fatty fish (eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid) but also present, for instance, in walnuts, canola, or flax seeds (a-linolenic acid [ALA]). ALA is an essential fatty acid that cannot be synthesized endogenously by mammals and must be derived from the diet. Both eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid can be synthesized from dietary ALA via elongation and desaturation endogenously, but the efficiency of this conversion is very poor and must be considered essential as well. The evidence that n-3 PUFA intake can reduce coronary heart disease mortality and to a lesser extent stroke mortality in the general population is consistent. Mechanisms behind this effect may involve the capacity of n-3 PUFA of reducing triglycerides and cholesterol levels, inhibiting platelet aggregation, as well as anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative and vasodilatory properties by reducing the availability of arachidonic acid, leukotriene, and cytokine production as well as increasing prostaglandin-I3 production.  The importance of dietary fat in a healthy and balanced diet is well recognized by current cardiovascular prevention guidelines; the American Heart Association recommends total fat not to exceed 30% of dietary energy, and the European Society of Cardiology lowers that threshold down to 10%. Both guidelines recommend progressively replacing saturated fat by PUFA, via limiting the intake of meat and fast foods and

Field of study: Medicine
Stratigraphy of the Upper Ordovician upper Vaureal and Ellis Bay formations, eastern Anticosti Island, Quebec

Marked facies changes occur in Late Ordovician strata, assigned to the uppermost Vaureal and Ellis Bay formations (Ashgill: Rawtheyan–Hirnantian) on Anticosti Island, Quebec. Western Anticosti features shales and carbonates, whereas outcrops along the eastern coast contain prominent, discontinuous, mixed siliciclastic–carbonate units. Detailed section measurement along the northeast coast allows, for the first time, accurate definition of seven new members within this uninterrupted sequence. Sands present in the upper Vaureal and lower Ellis Bay formations in the east appear to have deterred the growth of muddy-bottom brachiopod communities comparable to those in the western and central regions of Anticosti. Sand units within the upper Vaureal Formation contain 1 m diameter colonies of Paleofavosites; coeval small coral patch reefs are found in the central part of the island, where sands are absent. The uppermost Ellis Bay Formation of northeast Anticosti is marked by a shallow, subtidal, coral–algal onco...

Field of study: Environmental science
Geochronology of augen gneiss and related rocks, Yukon-Tanana terrane, east-central Alaska

Using several isotopic techniques, we have determined the ages of selected metamorphic rocks in the Yukon-Tanana terrane (YTT) of east-central Alaska. U-Pb zircon data from an augen gneiss body in the Big Delta quadrangle indicate that the granitoid protolith of the gneiss was intruded 341 ± 3 m.y. ago (lower intercept age). An upper intercept age of 2,136 ± 31 m.y. indicates an inherited early Proterozoic component in these zircons. This inheritance age is substantiated by a Sm-Nd whole-rock model age of 2.09 ± 0.08 b.y. from the Big Delta augen gneiss body. Detrital zircons from quartzitic wall rocks to this body were also derived from an early Proterozoic (∼2.1 to 2.3 b.y. old) crustal source(s). Zircons from three other augen gneisses occurring in an east-west belt which extends into the southern Yukon Territory, Canada, have similar Mississippian and early Proterozoic intercept ages. A Rb-Sr whole-rock isochron from widely separated bodies of augen gneiss has an age of 333 ± 26 m.y. and an initial 87 Sr/ 86 Sr ratio of 0.728 ± 0.002, confirming the Mississippian intrusive age for the protolith. The high initial 87 Sr/ 86 Sr ratio further indicates an old crustal component in these rocks. A Rb-Sr mineral isochron (115 ± 4 m.y.), K-Ar data from hornblende and micas (128 to 107 m.y.), and U-Pb data from sphene (134. m.y.) from augen gneiss and related rocks are similar to many K-Ar ages in this region and confirm the occurrence of an early Cretaceous thermal event. U-Pb ages of zircons from three metavolcanic units in the YTT suggest that extrusion of the protoliths of these rocks occurred 360–380 m.y. ago. Scatter in the data is caused by ubiquitous inheritance and multiple lead-loss events. Significant Devonian-Mississippian igneous activity (380-340 m.y.) took place in the YTT, followed by one, or possibly two, metamorphic episodes (Mississippian? and Cretaceous). As yet, no early Proterozoic source rocks for the Paleozoic magmas have been identified in the YTT, but rocks of similar early Proterozoic ages occur to the east and south in the Northwest Territories and British Columbia, Canada.

Field of study: Geology
Istaroxime Inhibits Motility and Down-Regulates Orai1 Expression, SOCE and FAK Phosphorylation in Prostate Cancer Cells

Istaroxime is a validated inotropic Na+/K+ ATPase inhibitor currently in development for the treatment of various cardiac conditions. Recent findings established that this steroidal drug exhibits potent apoptotic responses in prostate tumors in vitro and in vivo, by affecting key signaling orchestrating proliferation and apoptosis, such as c-Myc and caspase 3, Rho GTPases and actin cytoskeleton dynamics. In the present study we examined whether istaroxime is affecting cell motility and analyzed the underlying mechanism in prostate tumor cells.  Migration was assessed by transwell and wound healing assays, Orai1 and Stim1 abundance by RT-PCR and confocal immunofluorescence microscopy, Fura-2 fluorescence was utilized to determine intracellular Ca2+ and Western blotting for FAK/pFAK measurements.  We observed strong inhibition of cell migration in istaroxime treated DU-145 prostate cancer cells. Istaroxime further decreased Orai1 and Stim1 transcript levels and downregulated Orai1 protein expression. Moreover, SOCE was significantly decreased upon istaroxime treatment. Furthermore, istaroxime strikingly diminished phosphorylated FAK levels. Interestingly, the efficacy of istaroxime on the inhibition of DU-145 cell migration was further enhanced by blocking Orai1 with 2-APB and FAK with the specific inhibitor PF-00562271. These results provide strong evidence that istaroxime prevents cell migration and motility of DU-145 prostate tumor cells, an effect at least partially attributed to Orai1 downregulation and FAK de-activation.  Collectively our results indicate that this enzyme inhibitor, besides its pro-apoptotic action, affects motility of cancer cells, supporting its potential role as a strong candidate for further clinical cancer drug development.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry