nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Effects of UCS intensity and duration of exposure of nonreinforced CS on conditioned electrodermal responses: an experimental analysis of the incubation theory of anxiety.

Eysenck's incubation theory of fear or anxiety was examined in a human Pavlovian conditioning experiment with skin-conductance responses as the dependent variable. The conditioned stimuli (CSs) were fear-relevant slides (snakes and spiders) and the unconditioned stimuli (UCSs) were aversive tones. Different groups of subjects were presented two tone intensities during the acquisition phase and three durations of nonreinforced CS (extinction phase) in a delay differential conditioning paradigm. Resistance to extinction of conditioned skin-conductance responses (conditioned fear responses) exhibited was largest for high intensity of tone and short presentations of the nonreinforced CS (CS+presented alone). The result tends to support Eysenck's incubation theory of anxiety.

Field of study: Psychology
EFFECTS OF GROUND MOTION DURATION ON DAMPING REDUCTION FACTOR

Damping reduction factor is one of the important parameters to determine the design earthquake force for building’s structural seismic design. Employing the displacement response spectra of single-degree-of freedom systems with different levels of damping ratios, the present study investigates the effects of the effective ground motion duration on damping reduction factor. The ground motion durations are associated with 25 Chi-chi earthquake records and harmonic sine wave. The study shows that damping reduction factor decreases with the increasing of the effective duration of the ground motion and the number of cycles of harmonic excitation. A nonlinear multiple regression analysis based on the statistical mean value of the present study is employed, and a modified damping reduction factor considering the effects of ground motion duration is suggested.

Field of study: Engineering
The Three Faces of Thinking.

Just how important are the humanities in the education of our youth? Aren't they really just frosting on the caketasty, to be sure, but certainly less essential than the more rigorous disciplines? If the humanities are really that important, then why have "the teachers of the humanities lost their confidence and sense of mission?" Why have the humanities become "bureaucratized, interest groups defending their turf, rather than a force for deepening our understanding of human values" [14, pp. 234-35]? In fact, do music and art really matter? Do the poets somehow say it better? Do Moby Dick and The Brothers Karamazov advance our understanding of ourselves in some unique sense? Can't the lessons of history be adequately summarized by the modern social sciences? And of what possible relevance is Aristotle to our modern era?1 Most of us continue to pay lip service to the humanities. Some of us believe that, when properly taught, they provide unique insights and perspectives, refinement and intellectual growth. In particular, some of us believe that there is a profound link between a humanistic

Field of study: Education
Synthesis, Structure, and Properties of a Dibenzo-ortho-terphenoquinone. The First o-Terphenoquinone Derivative

A dibenzo-ortho-terphenoquinone derivative, the first o-terquinone derivative, is largely deviated from coplanarity, is in a slight equilibrium with its diradical form, displays an easy rotation of the exocyclic double bonds, and shows photoresponsive switching property traceable by ESR spectroscopy.

Field of study: Chemistry
[Mental development of children in condition of chronic physical abuse: methodical aspect].

Mental dysfunction of 130 children aged 0-14 years with a history of family physical abuse was studied using a number of known methods adapted for early aged children including an original scale of mental dysfunction assessment, which has been elaborated in Mental Health Research Center (Moscow). A battery of clinico-psychopathological and clinico-psychological methods allowed comprehensive assessment of mental state, with 95% cases of mental dysfunction being found in the group studied. The most pronounced were depression spectrum disorders.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Effects of Welding Temperature on the Structure and Property of Welding-mend Zone of Grey Iron

The effects of a variet welding temperature on the structure and property of welding mend zone of grey iron (HT250) plank is tested under produce condition using mutti alloying cast iron homogeneous are cold welding electrode.The results shows that on chill welding mend zone can be obtained by the biger welding electric current and continuous welding at 200℃.The structure of welding zone is composed of pealite and a few ferrite and fine flake graphit the hardness is 176 HB for the welding zone and 198 HB for the semimelting zone.Moreove the welding mend zone has high resistance of crack and exellent machinability and be satisfied with welding cylinder typical iron casting.

Field of study: Materials science
Detection of heavy metal ions in drinking water using a high-resolution differential surface plasmon resonance sensor.

We have built a high-resolution differential surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor for heavy metal ion detection. The sensor surface is divided into a reference and sensing areas, and the difference in the SPR angles from the two areas is detected with a quadrant cell photodetector as a differential signal. In the presence of metal ions, the differential signal changes due to specific binding of the metal ions onto the sensing area coated with properly selected peptides, which provides an accurate real-time measurement and quantification of the metal ions. Selective detection of Cu2+ and Ni2+ in the ppt-ppb range was achieved by coating the sensing surface with peptides NH2-Gly-Gly-His-COOH and NH2-(His)6-COOH. Cu2+ in drinking water was tested using this sensor.

Field of study: Environmental science
264 : Production and extreme RNA editing of defective interfering particles is associated with interferon induction by human metapneumovirus

Type I interferon (IFN) production is the hallmark for host innate immune responses upon virus infection. While most respiratory viruses carry antagonists of this response, reports on HMPV have been contradictive. Here we demonstrate that HMPV accumulates defective interfering particles (DIs) rapidly upon in vitro passage and that the presence of DIs is associated with IFN production. While low passage recombinant HMPV did not induce IFN, the same virus passaged at high multiplicity of infection (moi) caused high IFN production. Using 454-sequencing, we show that upon high moi passage, each virus particle contained >100 DIs, a number unprecedented for any virus, to our knowledge. This was confirmed by Northern Blot analyses. We identified >40 different DIs in a single virus stock that varied in length and sequence, but all appeared to be generated via the “snap-back” mechanism, and all were formed at the trailer end. Importantly, each of the DIs was edited extensively – presumably by host RNA-editing enzymes such as ADAR – as evidenced by the fact that up to 45% of original Adenosine and Cytodine residues had mutated to Guanidine or Thymidine respectively. Real time PCR and Western blot assays demonstrated the upregulation of ADAR in HMPV-DI infected cells.These data indicate that HMPV has an unusual propensity to generate DIs, and that these DIs are edited at an unprecedented high frequency. These data further indicate that the contradiction in published data on HMPV IFN induction and antagonism may be due to the presence or absence of DIs in virus stocks. The interaction of HMPV DIs with the RNA editing machinery and IFN responses warrants further investigations.

Field of study: Medicine
A sulfur isotopic study of alabandites from some manganese ore deposits in Japan

Alabandites from Pretertiary beddedand Tertiary vein-type manganese deposits in Japan have been examined for their sulfur isotopic composition. ƒÂ34S (CDT) value ranges widely from -31 to +1.1•ñ in 12 specimens taken from 10 bedded type deposits. While the mineral is no more than a minor constituent in most of the deposits, the isotopic features clearly indicate that these alabandites are of bacteriogenic sedimentary origin, thus raising an important constraint for the genesis of this group of deposits. A cluster of ƒÂ34S around -30•ñ implies an open-system, steady-state reduction (SCHWARCZ and BURNIE, 1973) from a source SO42with the isotopic level of ca. +20•ñ. The inferred source is likely to have been in the Triassic sea. Current conjectures upon the age of host sedimentary rocks of the deposits concerned are in favor of this view. Alabandites from the Tertiary (Miocene) vein type deposits show only a minor variation in ƒÂ34S, +4 to +5•ñ. The data are very similar to the average isotopic composition of sulfides of the Miocene, "Green Tuff", mineralization represented by the kuroko type deposits. The remarkable consistency in sulfur isotopic composi tion of the Green Tuff mineralization over an extensive area may require a huge, common reservoir of sulfur in some form, which still remains an enigma.

Field of study: Geology
Perspectives on the Guaranteed Income, Part II

Freedom and Security: An Introduction to the Basic Income Debate. By Tony Fitzpatrick.  Between the Lines, 1999. The Stakeholder Society. By Bruce Ackerman and Anne Alstott.   Stumbling Towards Basic Income: The Politics for Tax-Benefit Integration. By Bill Jordan, Phil Agulnik, Duncan Burbidge, and Stuart Duffin.  The Citizens' Income Study Centre, 2000. Healing Politics: Citizen Policies and the Pursuit ofHappiness. By Steve Shafarman. Princeton, N.J.: Xlibris, 2000. Basic Income on the Agenda: Policy Objectives and Political Chances. Edited by Loek Groot and Robert Jan van der Veen.   Bread, the Story of Jasper's Box. By Stephen C. Clark.  Jasper's Box , 2001. What's Wrong with a Free Lunch? Edited by Joel Rogers and Joshua Cohen.

Field of study: Economics
Firms’ Innovation in Waste Management and Land Fertilizers within the Triad

In this paper we investigate agricultural innovation in three economic areas: the USA, Japan and Europe, taking into account simultaneously both the spatial and technological dimensions. In particular, we introduce a theoretical framework and an empirical analysis based upon a dataset composed of worldwide R&D-intensive firms to discuss the role of spillover components in the waste management efficiency at firm level. The technological relatedness between the firms is computed through an original Mahalanobis Environmental industry weight matrix, based on the construction of technological vectors for each firm. Methodologically, from one hand, we explore the extent to which knowledge spillovers are important through spatial analysis procedure and from the other hand, we measure the effects of technology spillovers on firms’ productivity through econometric methods to handle heterogeneity and endogenous explanatory variables. The findings show a positive impact of Jacobian R&D spillovers on firms’ productivity and environmental performance and this result can be relevant repercussions in terms of policy implications.

Field of study: Business
Effects of ondansetron in early- versus late-onset alcoholics: a prospective, open-label study.

Early-onset alcoholics (EOAs) have a greater familial loading for alcoholism, more severe progression of the disorder, a greater severity of comorbid psychopathology, and a poorer response to treatment than late-onset alcoholics (LOAs). Ondansetron, a 5-hydroxytryptamine-3 antagonist, was found to be superior to placebo in the treatment of EOAs, but not of LOAs. This study compared the tolerability and potential efficacy of an oral solution of ondansetron in EOAs versus LOAs.



Forty outpatients with alcohol dependence (67.5% male; 87.5% European American; 20 EOAs; 20 LOAs) received an oral solution of ondansetron at a dosage of 4 microg/kg twice daily for 8 weeks, together with weekly relapse-prevention therapy.



EOAs had a significantly greater decrease in drinks per day, drinks per drinking day, and alcohol-related problems than LOAs. Changes in the level of carbohydrate-deficient transferrin were consistent with changes in self-reported drinking behavior.



An oral solution of ondansetron seems suitable for the treatment of alcohol dependence, yielding findings consistent with evidence from a placebo-controlled trial that ondansetron, at a dosage of 4 microg/kg twice daily, is of value in the treatment of EOAs.

Field of study: Medicine
Multivariate Analysis-Inference About Two Vectors of Means.

This paper provides the computational formulas necessary for testing the significance of the difference between mean values of two bivariate normal populations by Hotelling’s T2. The T2 statistic has been presented as a function of the univariate “Student’s” t-ratios and within group correlation coefficient. A numerical example has been worked out to help understand the mechanics of this multivariate test procedure.

Field of study: Education
Development of 220 V/300 A Class Non-Inductive Winding Type Fault Current Limiter Using 2G HTS Wire

As a part of the 21st Century Frontier R&D Program in Korea being performed from 2004, a non-inductive winding type superconducting fault current limiter (SFCL) is being developed. The target of the second year in phase II of the program is to develop a 220 V/300 A class non-inductive winding type SFCL as a prototype for a 13.2 kV/630 A class, the final goal of phase II. This SFCL has three solenoid type non-inductively wound coils in series using a 2G high temperature superconducting (HTS) wire and it was tested in sub-cooled nitrogen of 65 K, 1 atm. A coil which is composed of four parallel windings in a bobbin and winding directions are opposite to have non-inductive characteristics. Three coils were connected in series and the total length of 108 m of 2G HTS wire was used. Short-circuit tests were performed at applied voltage of 220 V and the SFCL limited the fault current to a few kA extents at the tests. Recovery time of the SFCL was measured after short-circuit tests.

Field of study: Physics
Teaching the Skill of Contextualizing in History

Contextualization, the act of placing events in a proper context, allows teachers to weave a rich, dynamic portrait of a historical period for their students. As teachers strive to identify enduring themes and patterns, they must teach students to appreciate the particular policies, institutions, worldviews, and circumstances that shape a given moment in time. However, contextualized historical thinking runs counter to the narratives and frameworks that many students bring to class. Not only have many young people internalized timeless, psychologized notions of why people behaved as they did in the past, but they have also absorbed powerful stories through popular culture. Challenging long-standing historical frameworks takes time, and educators must give students multiple opportunities to practice and apply their new knowledge and skills. In this article, the authors describe three activities that help students think contextually as they read historical documents: (1) providing background knowledge, (2) asking guiding questions, and (3) explicitly modeling contextualized thinking.

Field of study: Sociology
A novel post-processing algorithm for Halo Doppler lidars

Commercially available Doppler lidars have now been
proven to be efficient tools for studying winds and turbulence in the
planetary boundary layer. However, in many cases low signal-to-noise ratio
is still a limiting factor for utilising measurements by these devices.
Here, we present a novel post-processing algorithm for Halo Stream Line
Doppler lidars, which enables an improvement in sensitivity of a factor of
5 or more. This algorithm is based on improving the accuracy of the
instrumental noise floor and it enables longer integration times or
averaging of high temporal resolution data to be used to obtain signals down to −32  dB.
While this algorithm does not affect the measured radial velocity, it
improves the accuracy of radial velocity uncertainty estimates and
consequently the accuracy of retrieved turbulent properties. Field
measurements using three different Halo Doppler lidars deployed in Finland,
Greece and South Africa demonstrate how the new post-processing algorithm
increases data availability for turbulent retrievals in the planetary
boundary layer, improves detection of high-altitude cirrus clouds and
enables the observation of elevated aerosol layers.

Field of study: Environmental science
Fractional Josephson vortices at YBa$_2$Cu$_3$O$_{7-x}$ grain boundaries

We report numerical simulations of magnetic flux patterns in asymmetric 45$^{\circ}$ [001]-tilt grain boundaries in YBa$_2$Cu$_3$O$_{7-x}$ superconducting films. The grain boundaries are treated as Josephson junctions with the critical current density $j_c(x)$ alternating along the junctions. We demonstrate the existence of Josephson vortices with fractional flux quanta for both periodic and random $j_c(x)$. A method is proposed to extract fractional vortices from experimental flux patterns.

Field of study: Physics
Impact of Bicarbonate, Ammonium Chloride, and Acetazolamide on Hepatic and Renal SLC26A4 Expression

SLC26A4 encodes pendrin, a transporter exchanging anions such as chloride, bicarbonate, and iodide. Loss of function mutations of SLC26A4 cause Pendred syndrome characterized by hearing loss and enlarged vestibular aqueducts as well as variable hypothyroidism and goiter. In the kidney, pendrin is expressed in the distal nephron and accomplishes HCO3- secretion and Cl- reabsorption. Renal pendrin expression is regulated by acid-base balance. The liver contributes to acid-base regulation by producing or consuming glutamine, which is utilized by the kidney for generation and excretion of NH4+, paralleled by HCO3- formation. Little is known about the regulation of pendrin in liver. The present study thus examined the expression of Slc26a4 in liver and kidney of mice drinking tap water without or with NaHCO3 (150 mM), NH4Cl (280 mM) or acetazolamide (3.6 mM) for seven days. As compared to Gapdh transcript levels, Slc26a4 transcript levels were moderately lower in liver than in renal tissue. Slc26a4 transcript levels were not significantly affected by NaHCO3 in liver, but significantly increased by NaHCO3 in kidney. Pendrin protein expression was significantly enhanced in kidney and reduced in liver by NaHCO3. Slc26a4 transcript levels were significantly increased by NH4Cl and acetazolamide in liver, and significantly decreased by NH4Cl and by acetazolamide in kidney. NH4Cl and acetazolamide reduced pendrin protein expression significantly in kidney, but did not significantly modify pendrin protein expression in liver. The observations point to expression of pendrin in the liver and to opposite effects of acidosis on pendrin transcription in liver and kidney.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Spatiotemporal processing of gated cardiac SPECT images using deformable mesh modeling.

In this paper we present a spatiotemporal processing approach, based on deformable mesh modeling, for noise reduction in gated cardiac single-photon emission computed tomography images. Because of the partial volume effect (PVE), clinical cardiac-gated perfusion images exhibit a phenomenon known as brightening-the myocardium appears to become brighter as the heart wall thickens. Although brightening is an artifact, it serves as an important diagnostic feature for assessment of wall thickening in clinical practice. Our proposed processing algorithm aims to preserve this important diagnostic feature while reducing the noise level in the images. The proposed algorithm is based on the use of a deformable mesh for modeling the cardiac motion in a gated cardiac sequence, based on which the images are processed by smoothing along space-time trajectories of object points while taking into account the PVE. Our experiments demonstrate that the proposed algorithm can yield significantly more-accurate results than several existing methods.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Third world states and fluid sovereignty: development options and the politics of sustainable ocean management

As land resources become exhausted or less valuable, Third World states are integrating coastal and marine regions into their development strategies. Given current industrial practice, increased development in these regions have negative environmental consequences, and there is increasing pressure to address these. Third World states’ management of their marine and coastal areas is shaped by factors such as fugitive resources, changing or indeterminate marine boundaries, economic vulnerability and evolving environmental regimes. These factors contribute to fluid sovereignty and affect states’ ability to exercise authority, autonomy and control. This paper uses the case of the Wider Caribbean Region to illustrate that the net result of fluid sovereignty is diminished ability to sustainably manage ocean and coastal resources.

Field of study: Environmental science
SU-E-T-533: Evaluation of Dose Calculation Accuracy for Small Elongated Targets On the Edge Linac.

To evaluate output factors and dose calculation accuracy on a novel SRS linear accelerator, the Edge (Varian), for treatments of small, elongated targets using flattening filter free (FFF) beam.



Total scatter/output factors (OF's) for 24 elongated, small, high definition multi-leaf collimator (HDMLC)-defined fields were measured on the Edge machine using 6X FFF beam. 3 detectors were used in water tank: CC01 ion chamber (active volume 10cc), stereotactic photon diode (SFD) (active diameter 0.6mm, active thickness 0.06mm), Edge detector (active volume 0.0019cc). The 24 MLC apertures have widths ranging from 5 to 20mm and length/width ratio from 0.25 to 5. Readings were cross calibrated with CC04 at field size 3×3 cm. A beam model was developed using commissioning measurements for treatment planning in Eclipse (AAA, version 11). One representative patient case (IMRT, target volume 0.2cc, 4×4×14mm) was calculated using AAA 11 and delivered on the Edge.



Due to volume averaging effects, CC01 readings were 11.2±0.9% lower than SFD readings for 5mm field sizes. The Edge diode showed a uniform over-response of 2.6±0.7% compared to SFD. Calculation using AAA v11 showed the best agreement with SFD measurements (2.4±1.7% lower than SFD). The largest difference between AAA v11 and SFD occurs at 5mm field sizes. For the patient plan, dose delivered on Edge was measured to be 2.2% higher than AAA v11 calculation.



Cross-calibrated SFD output measurements presented the best agreement with commissioned AAA v11 beam model. Field sizes smaller than 1cm posed challenges to both the detectors and the calculation algorithm. For the representative patient with small elongated target, AAA v11 and measurements agreed within ~2% on the Edge linac. Although encouraging, a more comprehensive study is required to validate the overall algorithmic accuracy.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics