nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Hypoglycemic action of Murraya koenigii (curry leaf) and Brassica juncea (mustard): mechanism of action.

Effect of Murraya koenigii and Brassica juncea on carbohydrate metabolism has been studied using rats as experimental animals. Both showed significant hypoglycemic action. There was increase in the concentration of hepatic glycogen and glycogenesis, as evident from the increased activity of glycogen synthetase, and decrease in glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis as evident from the decreased activity of glycogen phosphorylase and gluconeogenic enzymes.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Physics
Construction of Fuzzy OWL Ontologies Using Fuzzy Relational Databases

Classical OWL ontologies can not directly represent and process fuzzy knowledge that is widespread in many Semantic Web applications.Considering the advantage of fuzzy relational databases in the representation and management of fuzzy data,construction of fuzzy ontologies by making use of fuzzy relational databases is proposed.The RDF data types are fuzzy extended and the OWL is extended from the aspect of fuzzy data types,which can solve the problem of representing fuzzy OWL ontologies.On this basis,a method of constructing fuzzy OWL ontologies using fuzzy relational databases as data source is studied,which provides an efficient solution to the construction of fuzzy ontologies in the Semantic Web.

Field of study: Computer science
Possibilities of neurotrophic therapy in early recovery after stroke

The high prevalence and disability of patients with ischemic stroke make the further development of the rehabilitation system relevant. The implementation of neuroplasticity mechanisms is largely provided by neurotrophic factors. One of the most well-known neurotrophic drugs is cerebrolysin, the efficacy of which in patients with stroke has been confirmed in many clinical studies. A recent meta-analysis included 9 randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical studies of using cerebrolysin in 1879 patients with hemispheric ischemic stroke, where it was administered at a dose of 30-50 ml for at least 1 week (10-21 days) and therapy was started during 72 hours after stroke. Cerebrolysin has been shown to give patients a 60% chance of better outcomes after a stroke, improves early recovery and increases the likelihood of better recovery.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
The Pliocene climatic and environmental evolution of southeastern Australia: evidence from the marine and terrestrial realm

During the Pliocene the global climate fluctuated markedly with the expansion and contraction of the Northern and Southern Hemisphere ice sheets. The signals of this change are well preserved in the thick (up to 1 km) Seaspray Group cool-water carbonate sediments in the Gippsland region and associated thin terrestrial deposits in southeastern Australia. This study uses seismic, facies, foraminiferal proxy data and palaeobotanical data to chart the Pliocene climate and environmental change in the marine and terrestrial realms of southeastern Australia. Complex submarine canyoning occurred at the shelf/upper bathyal transition during the Pliocene in Gippsland. Low-energy pelagic marl (wackestone/packstone) characterise canyon and inter-canyon environments in the earliest Pliocene, depositing plankton oozes with interbedded calciturbidites. From upper Early Pliocene to Late Pliocene time high-energy limestone (grainstone) facies infilled these submarine canyons associated with progradation of the succession from outer to middle shelf palaeoenvironments. Plankton proxy data suggest cool conditions in the basal part of Early Pliocene. Relatively stable warmer marine conditions prevailed throughout most of the Early Pliocene, corresponding to a period of globally low δ18O values in the oceans associated with minor Antarctic ice sheet expansion. From middle to Late Pliocene time marked fluctuations in the abundance of cool and warmer water plankton taxa occurred, corresponding to a time of global marine δ18O fluctuations and generally heavier δ18O values associated with the expansion of the Antarctic ice and Northern Hemisphere ice sheets. Upwelling is interpreted to have occurred throughout much of the warmer Early Pliocene, caused by a more northerly (compared to today) positioned and weaker Subtropical Front. Upwelling was prevalent in the outer shelf to upper slope facies at the ‘palaeo’ Bass Canyon and the Subtropical Front migrated northwards to Gippsland during Late Pliocene glacial periods. Terrestrial palaeobotanical records indicate a shift from widespread Araucarian forests and rainforest, including ‘tropical’ taxa now extinct in the region, to a landscape by the end of the Late Pliocene similar to that of the present day with a mosaic of Eucalyptus–Acacia–Casuarinaceae sclerophyllous forests and open vegetation, with local areas of Nothofagus-dominated cool temperate rainforests. Palaeobotanical proxy data indicate that regional climate oscillated between warm–wet and cool–dry phases, with an overall cooling–drying trend through the Pliocene. Earliest Pliocene climates in southeast Australia were warm–wet with a summer rainfall peak (mean annual temperature, MAT, 2–4°C higher than present, mean annual precipitation, MAP, 50–70% higher than present), whereas terminal Late Pliocene climates were drier–cooler with a winter rainfall peak (MAT 0–2°C higher than present, MAP 0–30% higher than present).

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
The study on the application of the model instruction of study by the mselives and cooperate to the P.E profession in college physical educaton

The target of physical education is on the path from the test education to the quality education. When importing basic knowledge and skill to students,teachers should pay more attention to fostering students' innovation sense, abilities to compose,study by themselves and cooperate with others. In the teaching practice of body-building exercises for ten years,the author has made a suit of representative model instruction, remarkable results were achieved in fostering the students such abilities.

Field of study: Education
Distinctive sedimentary features of cold-climate eolian deposits, North Park, Colorado

Cold-climate eolianites contain diagnostic sedimentary features that contrast with the sedimentary features of warm-climate eolianites. Distinctive tensional, compressional, and dissipation sedimentary structures related to freezing, thawing and snow melting characterize eolian dune-sand deposits in North Park, Colorado. The North Park dunes have few of the characteristics considered to be diagnostic eolian indicators. A significant difference is the heterogeneous texture and composition of the sand. The migration rate of these active dunes is slow (⩽1.7 m/year) due to freezing of moisture in the sand or to burial of the sand by snow during half of the year, even though the dunes occur in a unimodal, high-energy wind environment. Bioturbation is common in both active and inactive dunes, although the dunes occur at a high elevation (∽ 2500m) in a cold climate (3.0°C mean annual temperature). The distinctive sedimentary features observed in this cold-climate (snow-related) dune field should aid in the interpretation of eolianites and the paleoclimates in which they formed.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Review and update on the geometry modeling of single-screw machines with emphasis on expanders

has been widely used in the vapor compression industry for decades. More recently, such machines have been proposed as volumetric expanders in organic Rankine cycle (ORC) for low-grade waste heat recovery applications because of a number of advantages compared to other volumetric machines, e.g., twin-screw, scroll, rotary, reciprocating, such as balanced loading of the main screw, long working life, high volumetric efficiency, low leakages, low noise, low vibration, and a simplified configuration. In this paper, a thorough literature review is proposed to cover the available single-screw geometry models, which are mainly applied to single-screw compressors (SSC). Thus, the geometry model is extended to single-screw expanders (SSE). The validity of the analytic and numerical solutions for the calculation of the volume curves is discussed. The geometry model is applied to a 11 kW single-screw expander and both the profile generation and geometry calculations are validated.

Field of study: Engineering
Microphysiography and Possible Iceberg Grooves on the Floor of Western Lake Superior

The floor of Lake Superior northwest of the Keweenaw Peninsula has three zones of small-scale relief based on echogram character. The zones are roughly depth dependent. Zone A, located between the shore to about a 54-m depth, is generally smooth on the echogram and consists mainly of sand and boulder gravel deposits. Zone B, between about 54 and 165 m, has microroughness features with a 2- to 5-m relief and a 90- to 300-m spacing; the bottom consists of glacial till and lacustrine clay. Zone C, below depths of about 165 m, has narrow troughs with depths to 12 m and separation of 60 to 600 m; the bottom consists of lacustrine clay. The microrelief of Zone B consists of an intersecting network of grooves having widths of 5 to 75 m and lengths of as much as 1,950 m. Regular parallel features 15 to 30 m apart are also found in scattered areas of Zone B and the deepest parts of Zone A. Sand and boulder gravel deposits of Zone A may be beach and dune material of lower glacial-lake stages, and the border with Zone B may mark the lowest shoreline during the sequence of glacial lakes in the Superior basin. The grooves of Zone B were probably formed by scouring by icebergs during an earlier lake stage. Relief in Zone C probably was formed by a lacustrine process.

Field of study: Geology
Room temperature coherent control of spin defects in hexagonal boron nitride

Atomic defects in 2D materials show excellent spin coherence time and become promising contenders for quantum applications. Optically active spin defects are promising candidates for solid-state quantum information and sensing applications. To use these defects in quantum applications coherent manipulation of their spin state is required. Here, we realize coherent control of ensembles of boron vacancy centers in hexagonal boron nitride (hBN). Specifically, by applying pulsed spin resonance protocols, we measure a spin-lattice relaxation time of 18 microseconds and a spin coherence time of 2 microseconds at room temperature. The spin-lattice relaxation time increases by three orders of magnitude at cryogenic temperature. By applying a method to decouple the spin state from its inhomogeneous nuclear environment the optically detected magnetic resonance linewidth is substantially reduced to several tens of kilohertz. Our results are important for the employment of van der Waals materials for quantum technologies, specifically in the context of high resolution quantum sensing of two-dimensional heterostructures, nanoscale devices, and emerging atomically thin magnets.

Field of study: Physics
Range shifts and global warming: ecological responses of Empetrum nigrum L. to experimental warming at its northern (high Arctic) and southern (Atlantic) geographical range margin

Global change is expected to lead to range shifts of plant species. The ecological mechanisms underpinning these shifts are currently not well understood. Here, we compared ecological responses possibly underlying southern range contraction and northern range expansion of Empetrum nigrum, a key species in northern heathlands, which may be related to global change. We hypothesized a negative response to warming in the ‘south’ (i.e. the Netherlands) and a positive response at the northern range margin (the tundra on Svalbard). Open top chambers (OTCs) were used to simulate global warming. In the ‘south’, OTC warming caused enhanced shoot growth and growth rate, biomass increment, advanced phenology, larger and heavier berries of Empetrum, while its growing season was extended by 75 days. Under OTC warming co-occurring Calluna vulgaris also showed an increased growing season length (by 98 days) as well as increased shoot growth rate and biomass growth, plant cover and height. Still, we found no evidence for increased competitiveness relative to Empetrum. In the ‘north’, Empetrum responded with increased shoot and biomass growth, enhanced berry development and ripening to warming. These responses exceeded those of co-occurring Cassiope tetragona with the exception of its biomass response. The direct and indirect ecological responses found do not readily explain the observed northward retreat of Empetrum at the southern range margin. The direct ecological responses found at its northern range margin are, on the other hand, in line with the increased occurrences of this species on Svalbard.

Field of study: Environmental science
Approximating exponential family models (not single distributions) with a two-network architecture

Recently much attention has been paid to deep generative models, since they have been used to great success for variational inference, generation of complex data types, and more. In most all of these settings, the goal has been to find a particular member of that model family: optimized parameters index a distribution that is close (via a divergence or classification metric) to a target distribution. Much less attention, however, has been paid to the problem of learning a model itself. Here we introduce a two-network architecture and optimization procedure for learning intractable exponential family models (not a single distribution from those models). These exponential families are learned accurately, allowing operations like posterior inference to be executed directly and generically with an input choice of natural parameters, rather than performing inference via optimization for each particular distribution within that model.

Field of study: Computer science
Time, Uncertainty, and Individual Differences in Decisions to Cooperate in Resource Dilemmas

Many environmental problems are resource dilemmas that contain two components–social and temporal–that encourage individuals not to act in the best interest of the group. Most research has focused on the social component. The authors examined the importance of the temporal component in two resource dilemma tasks. Participants (N = 112) reported their willingness to limit resource consumption in response to hypothetical dilemmas and forfeited extra credit points in response to a real dilemma. Cooperation rates were higher when the temporal dilemma was diminished, when uncertainty about environmental impacts was low, and for women. Individuals high in both proenvironmentalism and consideration of future consequences sustained high levels of cooperation even in the face of strong temporal dilemmas.

Field of study: Psychology
The supercuspidal representations of p-adic classical groups

Let G be a unitary, symplectic or special orthogonal group over a locally compact non-archimedean local field of odd residual characteristic. We construct many new supercuspidal representations of G, and Bushnell–Kutzko types for these representations. Moreover, we prove that every irreducible supercuspidal representation of G arises from our constructions.

Field of study: Mathematics
A Gathering of Fugitives: American Political Expatriates in Mexico, 1948-1965 (review)

The vast majority of Americas who traveled to Mexico during the 1950s went for short stints as tourists. For them, Mexico was a land at once exotic yet equipped with the comforts of modern living. For a different, much smaller group of Americans during this same period, Mexico was not a tourist destination but an option of political flight. With McCarthyism and the ensuing anti-communist witch-hunts in full swing in the United States, Mexico had also become a land of exile. Diana Anhalt offers a lively and intimate portrait of these involuntary expatriates. In turn, she reminds us that Mexico invoked a multitude of images for North Americans beyond that of a mere vacationland.

Field of study: History
Amygdala and Prefrontal Cortex Activity Varies With Individual Differences in the Emotional Response to Psychosocial Stress

Stress elicits a variety of psychophysiological responses that show large interindividual variability. Determining the neural mechanisms that mediate individual differences in the emotional response to stress would provide new insight that would have important implications for understanding stress-related disorders. Therefore, the present study examined individual differences in the relationship between brain activity and the emotional response to stress. In the largest stress study to date, 239 participants completed the Montreal Imaging Stress Task (MIST) while heart rate, skin conductance response (SCR), cortisol, self-reported stress, and blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) functional MRI (fMRI) signal responses were measured. The relationship between differential responses (heart rate, SCR, cortisol, and self-reported stress) and differential BOLD fMRI data was analyzed. Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (PFC), dorsomedial PFC, ventromedial PFC, and amygdala activity varied with the behavioral response (i.e., SCR and self-reported stress). These results suggest the PFC and amygdala support processes that are important for the expression and regulation of the emotional response to stress, and that stress-related PFC and amygdala activity underlie interindividual variability in peripheral physiologic measures of the stress response.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Effects of Rumex patientia L. extract on some drug-metabolizing enzymes in rat liver.

The effect of aqueous extract from the roots of Rumex patientia L. (Polygonaceae) (D-1), a traditional Turkish medicine used as a laxative and cholagogue, on drug-metabolizing enzymes, such as cytochrome P4502E1, NADPH cytochrome c reductase, NADH cytochrome b5 reductase and glutathione-S-transferase (GST); and serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) were studied in male Wistar albino rat liver. A significant increase was observed in cytochrome P4502E1 and GST activities, but not in NADPH-cytochrome c reductase and NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase activities. Serum AST and ALT activities were found within the normal laboratory range values. The results demonstrated that the aqueous extract of R. patientia triggers induction of cytochrome P4502E1 in liver and cytosolic GST activity.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Physics
Unlikely Transitions to Uncertain Regimes? Democracy without Compromise in the Dominican Republic and Ecuador

Charting the historical paths to democracy has been a long-standing concern of political sociology. 1 With the demise of authoritarian rule in Latin America over the last decade, a classic question of the genre has resurfaced: are there certain developmental sequences that are more likely to produce successful transitions to democracy? If there is any conclusion to be drawn from recent experiences, the answer is no. Highly heterogeneous circumstances have produced Latin America's most recent wave of democratisation. From the Caribbean to the Southern Cone, countries at different levels of economic development, with distinctive authoritarian legacies and divergent class structures, all underwent transitions to elected civilian governments in the last decade.

Field of study: Political science
Problems relevant to quality conformance inspection of semiconductor electronic parts

The reliability of electronic parts is mainly determined from two quantities: from the quality pertaining to the applied technology and from the conformation to the uniformity of the production characteristics which the manufacturer had attained and specified. An acceptance inspection must take both quantities into account. The following contribution deals with: Evaluation of inspection results with the aid of statistical analysis; Definitions of supply quality and AQL (acceptable quality level) as well as methods for assuring reliability; Influence of the assembly techniques (case, internal connection method) on reliability.

Field of study: Engineering
iLearning: The Future of Higher Education? Student Perceptions on Learning with Mobile Tablets

The growing use of mobile technology on college campuses suggests the future of the classroom, including learning activities, research, and even student faculty communications, will rely heavily on mobile technology. Since Fall 2010, an interdisciplinary team of faculty from Indiana University – Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) has experimented with the use of iPads in the classroom. This paper includes the preliminary results of a study on student impressions of mobile technology in the classroom. The paper will report both opportunities and limitations for incorporating mobile technologies in learning environments.

Field of study: Education
An Exploration of University Students Mental Health Education under the Circumstance of the Credit System

The credit system,conforming to the social requirements for person of ability,is the tendency of student education and the direction of higher education of China.The implementation of the credit system has had a huge impact on student education and management in operation,since Chinese university students have adapted to the exam-oriented education and the academic year teaching system.Thus in the credit system circumstance they suffer under greater psychological pressure.Therefore it is necessary to create an efficient mental health education system.The paper provides countermeasures and advices to cope with the problems.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Synthesis of polyarylates with allylic side groups. Part 3. Polyarylates based on 1,3-bis(3-allyl-4-hydroxybenzylidene) acetone

Several UV-sensitive polyarylates based on 1,3-bis(3-allyl-4-hydroxybenzylidene)acetone were obtained by interfacial poly-condensation for use as potential photo-sensitive polymers. The structures of the UV-sensitive monomers and polymers obtained were confirmed using 1 R, 1 HNMR and UV spectroscopies. Their physical, chemical and mechanical properties were determined. The investigations show that some of the new polymers possessing allylic groups as photosensitive side chains conjugated with bisbenzylideneketone groups exhibit different behaviour under UV light exposure from polyarylates based only on bisbenzylideneketone bisphenols presented in our previous work.

Field of study: Materials science
Quantum interference mapping of Rashba-split Bloch states in Bi/Ag(111).

We report on low-temperature scanning tunneling spectroscopy investigations of the (sqrt[3]×sqrt[3]) Bi/Ag(111)R30° surface alloy which provides a giant Rashba-type spin splitting. We observed spectroscopic features that are assigned to two Rashba-split bands. Quantum interference mapping shows that backscattering is not only allowed below but also above the Rashba energy. We argue that the observed behavior can be understood within the Bloch picture where k refers to the crystal momentum and the velocity of an electronic state is defined as v(n)(E) = 1/ℏ ∇(k)E(n)(k). The analysis of the energy dispersion of scattering channels reveals a conventional Rashba splitting for the unoccupied Rashba bands, while hybridization is observed in the occupied states.

Field of study: Physics
Corrigendum to "Generalized risk-dominance and asymmetric dynamics" [J. Econ. Theory 145 (1) (2010) 216-248]

The authors regret that the above referenced paper imprecisely discusses the connection to the previous literature. That paper proposes two equilibrium refinements (cardinal and ordinal GR-dominance) that are related to Harsanyi–Selten’s risk-dominance  and that turn out to be useful in extending the previously known results about evolutionary equilibrium selection to larger class of games, including games on networks. In the same time, the paper contains two informal claims that are incorrect. Specifically,

Field of study: Economics