nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Laminar boundary layer with hydrogen injection including multicomponent diffusion

There is treated a laminar flow which is simple from the fluid mechanical and chemical points of view but which involves multi-component diffusion and relatively accurate transport properties. Thus a similar boundary layer with hydrogen injection and with chemical behavior idealized according to the flame sheet model is considered. On the basis of several numerical examples it is found that there is predicted by the present analysis boundary layer behavior significantly different from that given by analyses with simple transport; e.g., the velocity profiles with hydrogen injection resemble suction profiles because of the reduction in the rho mu product. Accordingly, the accuracy of existing analyses involving species with a spectrum of molecular weights and employing the assumption of simple transport properties would appear doubtful.

Field of study: Physics
Insights Into de novo Mutation Variation in Lithuanian Exome

In the last decade, one of the biggest challenges in genomics research has been to distinguish definitive pathogenic variants from all likely pathogenic variants identified by next-generation sequencing. This task is particularly complex because of our lack of knowledge regarding overall genome variation and pathogenicity of the variants. Therefore, obtaining sufficient information about genome variants in the general population is necessary as such data could be used for the interpretation of de novo mutations (DNMs) in the context of patient’s phenotype in cases of sporadic genetic disease. In this study, data from whole-exome sequencing of the general population in Lithuania were directly examined. In total, 84 (VarScan) and 95 (VarSeqTM) DNMs were identified and validated using different algorithms. Thirty-nine of these mutations were considered likely to be pathogenic based on gene function, evolutionary conservation, and mutation impact. The mutation rate estimated per position pair per generation was 2.74 × 10-8 [95% CI: 2.24 × 10-8–3.35 × 10-8] (VarScan) and 2.4 × 10-8 [95% CI: 1.96 × 10-8–2.99 × 10-8] (VarSeqTM), with 1.77 × 10-8 [95% CI: 6.03 × 10-9–5.2 × 10-8] de novo indels per position per generation. The rate of germline DNMs in the Lithuanian population and the effects of the genomic and epigenetic context on DNM formation were calculated for the first time in this study, providing a basis for further analysis of DNMs in individuals with genetic diseases. Considering these findings, additional studies in patient groups with genetic diseases with unclear etiology may facilitate our ability to distinguish certain pathogenic or adaptive DNMs from tolerated background DNMs and to reliably identify disease-causing DNMs by their properties through direct observation.

Field of study: Biology
Fully biodegradable hybrid poly(vinyl alcohol)-based composites reinforced with flax/cotton fabric and modified with a waste filler: Thermomechanical properties

The object of the research was biodegradable hybrid composites based on poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), reinforced with cotton/flax woven fabric and 5–30 phr of chestnut shell powder, a waste filler. The influence of the lignocellulosic particles on mechanical, thermal, and thermomechanical properties of the composites determined in static tensile test, thermogravimetric analysis, and dynamic mechanical thermal analysis and evaluated in reference to the materials’ structures assessed by means of optical microscopy. The analysis was complemented with evaluation of physical properties of the composites, such as density and moisture content. It was found that the hybrid composites present favorable properties and addition of the waste filler does not cause a deterioration of the thermomechanical characteristics of the materials. Utilization of the waste filler for production of the PVA-based composites is consistent with the idea of Circular Economy and also allows to obtain materials with properties comparable with the ones of conventional polymers.

Field of study: Materials science
A Research on Financial Decentralization and Financial Administrative System of Compulsory Education

China is one of the countries that can carry out successfully financial division of powers. Compulsory education carry out division of powers either. However, our country enormous compulsory education is undertaken by countries or villages' finance. It may be called "Try to put out a burning cartload of faggots with a cup of water-an utterly inadequate measure". That children are not go to school is very common in poor rural areas. From this we can draw a conclusion that excessive division of powers in compulsory educational system is restricting the development of Chinese compulsory education.

Field of study: Economics
Stress-activated bioluminescent Escherichia coli sensors for antimicrobial agents detection.

A DNA cartridge encoding Photinus pyralis luciferase (luc), lacZ homology extensions and an excisable marker was constructed to facilitate the conversion of Escherichia coli lacZ fusions to luc fusions by lambda Red-mediated recombination. This tool was used to transform a cspA::lacZ strain into a luminescent biosensor for C-group translational inhibitors. Comparison of cspA::lacZ and cspA::luc cells showed native firefly luciferase to be a more rapid and sensitive reporter than beta-galactosidase for chloramphenicol detection. To evaluate the usefulness of a red-shifted variant of P. pyralis luciferase (LucR1) for biosensor development, a single copy translational fusion between the SOS-inducible sulA promoter and the lucR1 gene was inserted at the malP site of the E. coli chromosome. The sulA::lucR1 fusion allowed high signal detection of the quinolone ofloxacin to levels as low as 15% of the minimum inhibitory concentration and could be combined with a cspA::lacZ fusion to yield a biosensor suitable for the independent and dual detection of chloramphenicol and ofloxacin.

Field of study: Biology, Engineering
Intramyocardial bronchogenic cyst: histological appearance and a review of the literature.

We report histological appearance of a bronchogenic cyst that was incidentally found in a 78-year-old man who died from drowning related to a traumatic accident. The cyst was found in the posterior edge of the interventricular septum and was monolocular with a 5-mm diameter. The cystic wall was not associated with cartilage or the smooth muscle layer, and was lined by ciliated respiratory epithelium. Immunohistochemistry showed that many of these epithelial cells were positive for cytokeratin 7 and thyroid transcription factor-1. A few of the cells were positive for CA19-9, chromogranin A, synaptophysin, and S-100. No cells were positive for cytokeratin 20, p63, bcl-2 and napsin A. This feature was compatible with bronchogenic cyst, and is not common compared with previously reported immunohistochemical features of cystic tumors of the atrioventricular node. A low prevalence of p53, single strand-DNA, and Ki-67 indicated modest cell turnover in the epithelial cells of present case. Our survey of the English literature showed 23 cases of intramyocardial bronchogenic cyst. Although asymptomatic cases were dominant in the literature, some intramyocardial bronchogenic cysts showed life-threatening arrhythmia, which could cause sudden unexpected death.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Majority of German citizens, US citizens and climate scientists support policy advocacy by climate researchers and expect greater political engagement

Scientists’ role in outreach and advocacy has been debated extensively, but empirical evidence on its perceived legitimacy is scarce. We contacted scientists researching climate change to investigate scientists’ engagement levels, as well as expectations regarding political and public engagement. We then compared how scientists (N = 1107) and German and US citizens (N = 884) view scientists’ engagement and how scientists’ advocacy affects their credibility. We find that perceptions differ across countries, with scientists perceiving more strongly than the public that scientists should politically and publicly engage. However, the public agrees that scientists should engage, and that they should increase these efforts. The majority of citizens agrees that scientists should advocate for climate-related policies and work closely with policymakers but refrain from endorsing climate protests. Further, openly supporting climate policies does not adversely affect scientists’ perceived trustworthiness or honesty, while it negatively affects perceptions of scientists’ objectivity. Our study provides empirical evidence that can help climate change researchers to better understand the public’s demand for, and perceived legitimacy of, different engagement activities.

Field of study: Environmental science
Uncertainty quantification and falsification of chiral nuclear potentials

Are chiral theories at present describing experimental NN scattering data satisfactorily? Will the chiral approach offer a framework where fitting and selecting the existing np and pp data can be done without theoretical bias? While predictive power in theoretical nuclear physics has been a major concern in the study of nuclear structure and reactions, the Effective Field Theory (EFT) based on chiral expansions has emerged after Weinberg as a model-independent hierarchy for many-body forces and much progress has been achieved over the last decades. We review some of the issues involved which point to being close to the solution, but also that work remains still to be done to validate the theory. We analyze several examples including zero energy NN scattering and perturbative counter-term-free peripheral scattering where one would expect these methods to work best and unveil relevant systematic discrepancies when a fair comparison to the Granada-2013 NN-database and partial wave analysis based on coarse graining the interaction is undertaken.

Field of study: Physics
Modulation of γ-actin and α1-tubulin expression by corticosterone during neuronal plasticity in the hippocampus

Evidence is given for altered gene expression of γ-actin in the hippocampus in response to entorhinal cortex lesion (ECL). Time course analysis reveals a progressive repression of γ-actin expression between 4 and 14 days post-lesion, coinciding with the early and middle phases of the hippocampal reinnervation process. RNA prevalence returns to near control values at 30 days post-lesion. Corticosterone administration, which is known to impair the reinnervation process in ECL rats, prevents the lesion-induced reduction in γ-actin expression and blocks the induction of α1-tubulin in the deafferented hippocampus. The timing of response of γ-actin to ECL and its modulation by glucocorticoid administration support suggestions that γ-actin has an important role to play in neuronal cytoarchitecture remodelling during hippocampal reinnervation.

Field of study: Biology
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF THE STRENGTH OF ROCKS

An experimental investigation of the homogeneous Solenhofen limestone and a number of other rocks was made to determine their their strengths while under moderate hydrostatic pressure at room temperature. The other rocks were fossiliferous limestone, shaly limestone, marble, granite, diabase quartzite, slate, soapstone, verde antique, and sandstone. The minerals tested were pyrite, quartz, microcline, and fluorite. Three types of experimental procedures were used: compression of solid cylinders, crushing of hollow cylinders, and punching of disks. The specimens were all carefully shaped right circular cylinders, and during the tests were jacketed to prevent penetration by the pressure fluid. The hydrostatic pressures ranged from 1 atmosphere to 4000 kg/cm 2 . Measurements were made to obtain strains and stresses developed in each specimen for deformation to the point of rupture or into the plastic range; the duration of the tests was 1–8 hours. All rock specimens exhibited a range of elastic linearity of stress with strain. Under moderate hydrostatic pressures, the limestones and marbles could be made to flow plastically to large deformations, and some heating experiments on limestone demonstrated an increase of plasticity with heating. None of the silicate rocks and minerals exhibited any plastic behavior. The experimental data were examined with reference to various criteria of failure. The maximum shear-stress criterion was found to be reliable in predicting the yield point for the limestones, and was found to be an approximate guide to failure of limestone by rupture. The silicate rocks failed by rupture, and their rupture strength was increased by hydrostatic pressure. A rough, empirical criterion of failure was found for rupture of silicate rocks, namely, linearity of maximum shear stress with mean stress.

Field of study: Geology
Development of Sustained-Release Ophthalmic Formulation Based on Tranilast Solid Nanoparticles

Eye drops containing Tranilast (TL), N-(3,4-dimethoxycinnamoyl) anthramilic acid, are used as an anti-allergic conjunctivitis drug in the ophthalmic field. Traditional eye drops are very patient compliant, although the bioavailability (BA) of most eye drops is low since eye drops cannot be instilled beyond the capacity of the conjunctival sac due to its limited volume. Thus, traditional eye drops have low BA and a short duration of the drug on the ocular surface, so solutions to these problems are highly anticipated. In this study, we designed a sustained-release drug-delivery system (DDS) for TL nanoparticles. TL nanoparticles were prepared by bead mill treatment, and the gel formulations containing TL nanoparticles (TL-NPs-Gel, particle size 50 nm–100 nm) were provided by carboxypolymethylene. The crystal structure of TL with and without bead mill treatment is the same, but the TL solubility in formulations containing nanoparticles was 5.3-fold higher compared with gel formulations containing TL microparticles (TL-MPs-Gel). The photo and thermal stabilities of TL-NPs-Gel are also higher than those of dissolved TL. Moreover, when TL-NPs-Gel is applied to the upper eyelid skin (outside), the TL is released as nanoparticles, and delivered to the lacrimal fluid through the meibomian glands. In addition, the TL release profile for TL-NPs-Gel was sustained over 180 min after the treatment. These findings can be used to develop a sustained-release DDS in the ophthalmic field.

Field of study: Materials science
Syntheses of Chiral Ferrocenophanes and Their Application to Asymmetric Catalysis

N-Substituted 2-aza-[3]-ferrocenophanes were easily synthesized from 1,1′-ferrocenedicarbaldehyde and aliphatic amines in high yields. One of the ferrocenophanes served as a ligand for the copper-catalyzed oxidative coupling of 2-naphthol derivatives to give the products in good yields with up to 92 % ee, and it also efficiently catalyzed the asymmetric Michael addition reaction as an organocatalyst.

Field of study: Chemistry
Teaching strategies in physical education: a confrontation between directive and indirective styles in volleyball learning

Although Physical Education has historically been based on teaching strategies predominantly directives, it is possible speculate that less directive methodologies might contribute more effectively to learning. The aim of this study was to compare the possible implications of using different teaching styles for learning volleyball game. Thus end, 27 teenagers divided into three groups (Directive Group; Indirective group and control group) took part for an intervention program of eight meetings aimed at teaching procedural volleyball contents. Overall, the results suggest that indirective teaching styles contribute more effectively to participation decision, which causes a reflection on the need to revisit the teaching strategies used by teachers and the need for a more systemic approach to teaching games.

Field of study: Education
Water Management and Water Purification in Iron and Steel Works

Iron and steel works, from the viewpoint of water management, can still roughly be classified into "wet" and "dry" works. In the first category, usable water is available in unlimited quantities, which means that, dependent upon the quality of the water, the consumption may approach the usage, the latter amounting to 150—200 m3/t of ingot steel, excluding power generation, for a modern integrated works. "Wet" works can only be found alongside rivers and freshwater lakes, being the only situations affording a "once-through" waterhousehold. "Dry" works have to re-use their water to a very high degree, resulting in a water consumption of only 2.5-3 m3/t of ingot steel, being roughly 2% of the usage needed. In extreme cases, these figures may be even lower. Many intermediate situations occur. Coastal works, for instance, still often apply seawater of brackish water for once-through cooling or gaswashing in cases where the resulting corrosion problems can be mastered at acceptable costs. There is, however, a clearly recognizable trend towards re-use of cooling water and process water in the steel industry. The main reason for this development arises from the need for environmental care. As in all process industries, decrease of water usage and water consumption improves the technical and economical possibilities for cleanup of the water and favours reduction of the thermal load. Under the pressure of national and international regulations against water pollution, an economical balance has to be struck. It seems logical that the outcome tends to decreasing differences in methods of water management between "wet" and "dry" works. Neither river basins and lakes, nor even sea basins and coastal waters offer the possibility of accepting the contamination caused by human activities unlimited. Although the iron and steel industry does not belong to the biggest water-polluters among the process industries, there are some typical contaminants needing attention; cyanides, oil and some non ferrous metals being the most important. Zero pollution of surface water is technically not feasible in the iron and steel industry. It can, however, be approached to an extent that does not seriously impede with ecological conditions in the receiving water. Waste technology has to be further developed to treat the various sludges resultingfromwastewater purification in order to create economic feasibility as well.

Field of study: Chemistry
Research on MPPT Algorithm for PV Array Under Partially Shaded Conditions

Conventional maximum power pointing tracking(mppt) methods are effective under uniform solar irradiance.However,PV models can be partially shaded under some conditions,and the output-current curve will have several local maximum power points,and that makes conventional algorithms fail to track.Analyses I-V and P-V characteristics of the PV modules under partially shaded conditions,and proposes a novel MPPT method capable of tracking real MPPT.

Field of study: Computer science
Induction of receptive field plasticity in the auditory cortex of the guinea pig during instrumental avoidance conditioning.

Classical tone conditioning shifts frequency tuning in the auditory cortex to favor processing of the conditioned stimulus (CS) frequency versus other frequencies. This receptive field (RF) plasticity is associative, highly specific, rapidly acquired, and indefinitely retained-all important characteristics of memory. The investigators determined whether RF plasticity also develops during instrumental learning. RFs were obtained before and up to 24 hr after 1 session of successful 1-tone avoidance conditioning in guinea pigs. Long-term RF plasticity developed in all subjects (N = 6). Two-tone discrimination training also produced RF plasticity, like classical conditioning. Because avoidance responses prevent full elicitation of fear by the CS, long-term RF plasticity does not require the continual evocation of fear, suggesting that neural substrates of fear expression are not essential to RF plasticity.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
On the Sources and Countermeasures of China's Rural Environmental Problem——Based on the Consideration of Factors of Power and Rights

Nowadays,China's rural area is facing increasingly serious environmental problems,and the main cause of these problems lies in the imbalance between the power of rural environmental management and farmer's environmental rights.In the respect of public power,the problem lies in the unclear environmental responsibilities,the unavailability of environmental information and the abuse of public power;In the respect of rights,the problem lies in the scarcity of farmer's environmental awareness,and capacities and channels of ensuring their rights.Therefore,we should strengthen the limitation imposed on the power of rural environmental management,emphasize its responsibilities,guarantee the farmers' environmental rights and improve the instruction on farmers' agricultural production.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Automatic processing of atmospheric CO 2 and CH 4 mole fractions atthe ICOS Atmosphere Thematic Centre

The Integrated Carbon Observation System Atmosphere Thematic Centre (ICOS ATC) automatically processes atmospheric greenhouse gases mole fractions of data coming from sites of the ICOS network. Daily transferred raw data files are automatically processed and archived. Data are stored in the ICOS atmospheric database, the backbone of the system, which has been developed with an emphasis on the traceability of the data processing. Many data products, updated daily, explore the data through different angles to support the quality control of the dataset performed by the principal operators in charge of the instruments. The automatic processing includes calibration and water vapor corrections as described in the paper. The mole fractions calculated in near-real time (NRT) are automatically revaluated as soon as a new instrument calibration is processed or when the station supervisors perform quality control. By analyzing data from 11 sites, we determined that the average calibration corrections are equal to 1.7 ± 0.3 µmol mol−1 for CO2 and 2.8 ± 3 nmol mol−1 for CH4. These biases are important to correct to avoid artificial gradients between stations that could lead to error in flux estimates when using atmospheric inversion techniques. We also calculated that the average drift between two successive calibrations separated by 15 days amounts to ±0.05 µmol mol−1 and ±0.7 nmol mol−1 for CO2 and CH4, respectively. Outliers are generally due to errors in the instrument configuration and can be readily detected thanks to the data products provided by the ATC. Several developments are still ongoing to improve the processing, including automated spike detection and calculation of time-varying uncertainties.

Field of study: Environmental science