nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Effect of air velocity on kinetics of thin layer carrot pomace drying

Carrot pomace is a by-product obtained during carrot juice processing. Thin layer carrot pomace drying was performed in a laboratory scale hot air forced convective dryer. The drying experiments were carried out at the air velocity of 0.5, 0.7 and 1.0 m/s at air temperatures from 60 to 75 °C. It was observed that whole drying process of carrot pomace took place in a falling rate period except a very short accelerating period at the beginning. Mathematical models were tested to fit drying data of carrot pomace. The best fit model was observed on the basis of R2, Chi-square and RMSE values. R2 values for all the selected models were above 0.9783. The average values of effective diffusivity ranged from 2.61 × 10−9 to 3.64 × 10−9 m2/s.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Self‐locating belief and the Sleeping Beauty problem

The Sleeping Beauty problem:1 Some researchers are going to put you to sleep. During the two days that your sleep will last, they will briefly wake you up either once or twice, depending on the toss of a fair coin (Heads: once; Tails: twice). After each waking, they will put you to back to sleep with a drug that makes you forget that waking.2 When you are first awakened, to what degree ought you believe that the outcome of the coin toss is Heads? 1So named by Robert Stalnaker (who first learned of examples of this kind in unpublished work by Arnold Zuboff). This problem appears as Example 5 of Piccione 1997, which motivates two distinct answers but suspends judgment as to which answer is correct (1997:12–14). Aumann 1997 uses a fair lottery approach to analyse a similar problem. Adapted to the Sleeping Beauty problem, that analysis yields the same answer as the one I will defend in section 2. However, unlike the argument in Aumann 1997, my argument does not depend on betting considerations. 2The precise effect of the drug is to reset your belief-state to what it was just before you were put to sleep at the beginning of the experiment. If the existence of such a drug seems fanciful, note that it is possible to pose the problem without it — all that matters is that the person put to sleep believes that the setup is as I have described it.

Field of study: Philosophy
Identification of Unsteady Aerodynamic Forces from Forced Motion Wind Tunnel Experiments

The Active Aeroelastic Test Bench is used for the study of low subsonic unsteady aerodynamics through forced motion experiments of rigid wings in pitch and plunge. The use of highly dynamic electric linear actuators allows for arbitrary motion in both the pitch and plunge degrees of freedom. In this paper, we discuss the forces measured on a constant section NACA 0018 wing subjected to isolated single and multisine motion in pitch or plunge. A data-driven approach is used, in which the importance of filtering and averaging of the noisy wind tunnel data is discussed. It is concluded from the forced motion experiments that a good agreement between the single and multisine experiments exists. However, only the pitch experiments agree with predictions from Theodorsen’s unsteady aerodynamics theory. The plunge experiments show the presence of major nonlinear contributions in the measured force response. Because of friction in the linear bearings of the setup, it cannot be excluded that these are generated by t...

Field of study: Physics
Entering the Atomic Power Race: Science, Industry, and Government

On 6 September 1954, a grinning President Dwight D. Eisenhower stood in Denver, Colorado and waved a neutron wand, setting in motion an unmanned steam shovel over 2,000 miles away in Shippingport, Pennsylvania. Thus, in a celebration appropriate to the age of high technology, the ground was broken for the nation's first commercial nuclear power plant. In the words of Lewis Strauss, chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC), the Shippingport reactor was a "pioneer venture," more significant for America's industrial progress than the first railroad to the West.' This inauguration of the nuclear power industry puzzled a reporter for the New York Times. The reactor was being built in a part of Pennsylvania rich in coal, he pointed out, and moreover, Duquesne Light, the utility that would own and operate the plant, actually owned coal mines itself. The reporter deemed these facts significant but did not explore the implications. Today, in light of the questions that have been raised about the safety and economic soundness of nuclear power, the paradox pointed out by the Times is worth studying. Why did a nuclear power industry arise in the 1950s, a time when by all accounts conventional fuels were cheap and in virtually limitless supply in the United States? Little has been written about the origins of the nuclear power industry. The recent literature that does examine the early years (the 1940s and 1950s) points

Field of study: Political science
Societal benefits of illiquid bonds

In this paper, I provide a possible explanation of why nominally risk-free bonds are essential in monetary economies. I argue that the role of nominal bonds is to enable agents to engage in intertemporal exchanges of money. I show that bonds can only serve this role if they are illiquid (costly to exchange for goods). Finally, I argue that in economies in which nominal bonds are essential, it is optimal for monetary policy to respond to changes in the distribution of liquidity needs.

Field of study: Economics
Lewis Acid Induced [2+2] Cycloadditions of Silyl Enol Ethers with α,β‐Unsaturated Esters: A DFT Analysis

The Lewis acid (LA) induced cycloaddition of trimethysilyl vinyl ether with methyl acrylate has been studied by DFT methods at the B3LYP/6-31G* level. In the absence of an LA, a [4+2] cycloaddition between the silyl enol ether and methyl acrylate in the s-cis conformation takes place through an asynchronous, concerted bond-formation process. This cycloaddition presents a large activation enthalpy of 21.1 kcal mol–1. Coordination of the LA AlCl3 to the carbonyl oxygen atom of methyl acrylate yields a change of molecular mechanism from a concerted to a two-step mechanism and produces a drastic reduction of the activation energy. This stepwise mechanism is initialized by the nucleophilic attack of the enol ether at the β-position of methyl acrylate in a Michael-type addition. The very low activation energy (7.1 kcal mol–1)associated with this nucleophilic attack can be related to the increase of the electrophilicity of the LA-coordinated α,β-unsaturated ester, which favors the cycloaddition through a polar process. The subsequent ring-closure allows the formation of the corresponding [2+2] and [4+2] cycloadducts. While the [4+2] cycloadduct is formed by kinetic control, the [2+2] cycloadducts are formed by thermodynamic control. The energetic results provide an explanation for the conversion of [4+2] cycloadducts into the thermodynamically more stable [2+2] ones. The cis/trans ratio found for the catalytic [2+2] process is in agreement with the experimental outcome.

Field of study: Chemistry
Modeling the computer memory based on the ferromagnet/superconductor multilayers

A model of superconducting computer memory exploiting the orthogonal spin transfer (OST) in the pseudospin valve (PS) that is controlled by the three-terminal Josephson superconducting-ferromagnetic transistor (SFT) is developed. The building blocks of the memory are hybrid PS and SFT structures. The memory model is formulated in terms of the equation-defined PS and SFT devices integrated into the PS/SFT memory cell (MC) circuit. Logical units "0" and "1" are associated with the two PS states respectively characterized by two different values of resistance. Elementary logical operations comprising the read/write processes occur when a word pulse applied to the SFT's injector coincides with the respective bit pulse acting on MC. Physically, a word pulse triggers SFT to a resistive state, causing the PS switching between the logical "0" and "1" states. Thus, the whole switching dynamics of MC depends on the non-equilibrium and nonstationary properties of PS and SFT. Modeling the single MC as well as the larger MC-based circuits comprising respectively twelve and thirty elements suggest that such the memory cells can undergo ultrafast switching (sub-ns) and low energy consumption per operation (sub-100 fJ). The suggested model allows studying the influence of noises, punch-through effect, crosstalk, parasitic, etc. The obtained results suggest that the hybrid PS/SFT structures are well-suited to superconducting computing circuits as they are built of magnetic and non-magnetic transition metals and therefore have low impedances (1-30 Ohm).

Field of study: Physics
Impact of a phytoplankton bloom on the diversity of the active bacterial community in the southern North Sea as revealed by metatranscriptomic approaches.

Despite their importance for ecosystem functioning, little is known about the composition of active marine bacterioplankton communities. Hence, this study was focused on assessing the diversity of these communities in the southern North Sea and examining the impact of a phytoplankton spring bloom on the ambient bacterioplankton community. Community composition in and outside the bloom was assessed in 14 samples by pyrosequencing-based analysis of 16S rRNA gene amplicons generated from environmental RNA. The data set comprised of 211 769 16S rRNA gene sequences. Proteobacteria were the predominant phylogenetic group with Alphaproteobacteria and Gammaproteobacteria as the most abundant classes. Actinobacteria and Bacteroidetes were identified in minor abundances. Active bacterial communities were dominated by few lineages such as the Roseobacter RCA cluster and the SAR92 clade. Community structures of three selected samples were also assessed by direct sequencing of cDNA generated from rRNA-depleted environmental RNA. Generated data sets comprised of 988 202 sequences. Taxonomic assignment of the reads confirmed the predominance of Proteobacteria. The examined phytoplankton spring bloom affected the bacterioplankton community structures significantly. Bacterial richness was reduced in the bloom area, and the abundance of certain bacterial groups was affected by bloom presence. The SAR92 clade and the Roseobacter RCA cluster were significantly more abundant and active in the bloom. Functions affected by the bloom include photosynthesis, protein metabolism, and DNA metabolism.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Zero-Base Budgeting: The Texas Experience

The history of public budgeting in the United States has been short and controversial. Prior to the early 1900s, there was little if anything written about the public budgeting process. In 1934 a pioneering work of A. E. Buck, entitled The Budget of Government Today, was the first real attempt to pull the process together and present discussion of the process in published form . In 1940, V. O. Key of Johns Hopkins University addressed the lack of budgeting theory. In an article written for the American Political Science Review  "On the most significant aspect of public budgeting, i.e., the allocation of expenditures among different purposes so as to achieve the greatest return, American budgetary literature is singularly arid" [3, pp. 1137-44]. In the 1960s, Aaron Wildavsky wrote on the budgeting process, the problems of the budgeting technique known as Planning Programming and Budgeting (PPB), cost benefit analysis in program budgeting, and an attempt to implement Zero Base Budgeting (ZBB) in the Department of Agriculture [11, 12, 13, 14]. The agriculture study was the first attempt to evaluate the zero-base concept in an actual situation of application.

Field of study: Education
Influence of the Jahn-Teller effect on the structural, magnetic, and electrical properties of lightly doped manganites

Features of the structural, magnetic and electric properties in lightly doped La1−xSrxMnO3 (0.12 < x < 0.18) manganites are studied. Agreement between the types of orbital ordering and the local cooperative Jahn-Teller distortion octahedra is established. The interaction between the Jahn-Teller effect and magnetic ordering is described.

Field of study: Physics
SEISMIC WAVE PASSAGE EFFECT'S INFLUENCES ON LONGITUDINAL SEISMIC POUNDING RESPONSE FOR CONTINUOUS GIRDER BRIDGES

In multiple continuous girders with piers of the same height,although natural periods of adjacent segments at expansion joints are the same,pounding between adjacent segments at expansion joints can be induced by seismic wave passage effect.In this paper,the seismic pounding responses between adjacent girder decks at expansion joints of continuous girder bridges due to seismic wave passage effect were investigated by the nonlinear time history analysis method.In analysis,contact element is used to model pounding and damper is used to describe the energy dissipation during collision.The results show that seismic wave propagation effect can cause relative displacements between adjacent bridge decks enough large to induce impact at expansion joints.The magnitude of pounding force depends on apparent velocity of seismic wave.Pounding can amplify relative displacements between adjacent bridge decks or piers and decks,which may even cause bridge decks to drop from piers and collapse.Therefore,influences of seismic wave passage effect on longitudinal seismic pounding response should be emphasized in seismic design and assessment for continuous girder bridges.

Field of study: Engineering
DGAT1 inhibitors protect pancreatic β-cells from palmitic acid-induced apoptosis

Previous studies demonstrated that prolonged exposure to elevated levels of free fatty acids (FFA), especially saturated fatty acids, could lead to pancreatic β-cell apoptosis, which plays an important role in the progression of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1), an enzyme that catalyzes the final step of triglyceride (TG) synthesis, has been reported as a novel target for the treatment of multiple metabolic diseases. In this study we evaluated the potential beneficial effects of DGAT1 inhibitors on pancreatic β-cells, and further verified their antidiabetic effects in db / db mice. We showed that DGAT1 inhibitors ( 4a and LCQ908) at the concentration of 1 μM significantly ameliorated palmitic acid (PA)-induced apoptosis in MIN6 pancreatic β-cells and primary cultured mouse islets; oral administration of a DGAT1 inhibitor ( 4a ) (100 mg/kg) for 4 weeks significantly reduced the apoptosis of pancreatic islets in db / db mice. Meanwhile, 4a administration significantly decreased fasting blood glucose and TG levels, and improved glucose tolerance and insulin tolerance in db / db mice. Furthermore, we revealed that pretreatment with 4a (1 μM) significantly alleviated PA-induced intracellular lipid accumulation, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and proinflammatory responses in MIN6 cells, which might contribute to the protective effects of DGAT1 inhibitors on pancreatic β-cells. These findings provided a better understanding of the antidiabetic effects of DGAT1 inhibitors.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Synthesis and properties of azoles and their derivatives. 32. Synthesis and some transformations of hydrochlorides of imido esters of indolecarboxylic acids

The Pinner reaction with the nitriles of indole-3-carboxylic and 3-indolylacetic acids was studied. The hydrochlorides of the imido esters of these acids, which were converted to the free bases, amides, and esters, were synthesized. Imid-azolines, benzimidazoles, and benzoxazoles that contain indole substituents were obtained by condensation of the hydrochlorides of the imido esters of the indolecarboxylic acids with ethylenediamine, o-phenylenediamine, and o-aminophenol.

Field of study: Chemistry
Surrounding Robots - A Discrete Localized Solution for the Intruder Problem -

Decentralized algorithms are often used in the cooperative robotics field, especially by large swarm systems. We present a distributed algorithm for a problem in which a group of autonomous mobile robots must surround a given target. These robots are oblivious, i.e., they have no memory of the past. They use only local sensing and need no dedicated communication among themselves. We introduce, then solve the problem in which the group of autonomous mobile robots must surround a given target – we call it the “discrete multiorbit target surrounding problem” (DMTSP). We evaluate our solution using simulation and prove that our solution invariably ensures that robots enclose the target in finite time.

Field of study: Computer science
Cooperating in time of crisis: war, commons, and inequality in Renaissance Lombardy

This article addresses the question of how exogenous shocks led to economic redistribution at a local rural community level in the preâ€ industrial period, and how inequality can be limited (or not) by institutions and endogenous social structures within the community itself. This article presents a microâ€ analytical study conducted mainly on unpublished sources, focusing on a boundary area (the Geradadda) disputed by Milan and Venice during the long period of the Italian Wars (1494â€“1559) in a broad European perspective. To understand the impact of wars, the management of local commons and communal assets is analysed in the more general context of the management of local finances. This research shows how local communities organized cooperative behaviours for the defence of local resources, developing innovative credit systems and encouraging a process of redistribution. Before other important factorsâ€”such as the distribution of wealth or of local political and social powerâ€”cooperation between social groups and the role played by elites were the keystones to limiting the increase in inequality.

Field of study: Economics, History
Mechanism-based medication development for the treatment of nicotine dependence

Tobacco use is a global problem with serious health consequences. Though some treatment options exist, there remains a great need for new effective pharmacotherapies to aid smokers in maintaining long-term abstinence. In the present article, we first discuss the neural mechanisms underlying nicotine reward, and then review various mechanism-based pharmacological agents for the treatment of nicotine dependence. An oversimplified hypothesis of addiction to tobacco is that nicotine is the major addictive component of tobacco. Nicotine binds to α4β2 and α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) located on dopaminergic, glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons in the mesolimbic dopamine (DA) system, which causes an increase in extracellular DA in the nucleus accumbens (NAc). That increase in DA reinforces tobacco use, particularly during the acquisition phase. Enhanced glutamate transmission to DA neurons in the ventral tegmental area appears to play an important role in this process. In addition, chronic nicotine treatment increases endocannabinoid levels in the mesolimbic DA system, which indirectly modulates NAc DA release and nicotine reward. Accordingly, pharmacological agents that target brain acetylcholine, DA, glutamate, GABA, or endocannabonoid signaling systems have been proposed to interrupt nicotine action. Furthermore, pharmacokinetic strategies that alter plasma nicotine availability, metabolism and clearance also significantly alter nicotine's action in the brain. Progress using these pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic agents is reviewed. For drugs in each category, we discuss the mechanistic rationale for their potential anti-nicotine efficacy, major findings in preclinical and clinical studies, and future research directions.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Pyrolysis GC-MS Study of Natural Rubber for Different Preparative Processes

The natural rubber(NR)samples,prepared by acetic acid coagulation of fresh latex,microbial rapad coagulation of fresh latex,microbial coagulation of fresh latex mixed with ethanolamine and natural coagulation of fresh latex with protease,referred to as NR-1,NR-2,NR-3 and NR-4 raw rubbers,were analyzed using a py-GC/MS method.The results showed that the major degradation product of the four NR raw rubber samples was 1-methyl-4-(methylethenyl)cyclohexene along with 1,3-pentadiene,(E)-(monomer)and groupings of compounds containing 15 and 20 carbon atoms(three and four monomers) units in the pyrolysate at 550 ℃.In addition,NR-1 raw rubber also generated 2-methyl-1,3-butadiene(monomer);NR-3 and NR-1 raw rubbers both contained a small amount of heterocyclic with nitrogen atom,hydroxyl and carbonyl oxygen;the structure of NR-2 was relatively simple;while NR-4 contained chloroformyloxy-and carbonyl oxygen,and so on.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
WISC-R Full Scale Mean IQs for Both Black and White Children, Aged 6 through 15 and Having Difficulty in School

Differences in WISC-R Full Scale mean IQs by age for 931 lower-class English-speaking Southern children were reported. Black children and white children tended to have similar mean IQs at Age 6 (t = —0.55). By Age 9 the differences in mean IQ became distinct and increased with age. The mean IQ of the black children declined after Age 8 while the mean IQ of the white children remained about the same or increased after Age 8.

Field of study: Psychology
Stereotypes as Dynamic Constructs: Women and Men of the Past, Present, and Future

Dynamic stereotypes characterize social groups that are thought to have changed from the attributes they manifested in the past and even to continue to change in the future. According to social role theory’s assumption that the role behavior of group members shapes their stereotype, groups should have dynamic stereotypes to the extent that their typical social roles are perceived to change over time. Applied to men and women, this theory makes two predictions about perceived change: (a) perceivers should think that sex differences are eroding because of increasing similarity of the roles of men and women and (b) the female stereotype should be particularly dynamic because of greater change in the roles of women than of men. This theory was tested and confirmed in five experiments that examined perceptions of the roles and the personality, cognitive, and physical attributes of men and women of the past, present, and future.

Field of study: Psychology
Radiation and optical techniques in the visual examination of paintings.

Employing highly sophisticated chemical, physical, and optical techniques, scientists analyze and even date materials in works of art. The art conservator, however, in his routine examination of a painting has at his disposal simple, nondestructive, visual methods for investigating its construction and the extent of deterioration and alteration. Using various kinds of visible radiation, low power stereoscopic magnification, uv, ir, and x rays, he may uncover evidence indicative of either a genuine or fraudulent provenance. Illustrations of successful applications of the techniques are given, but it is emphasized that often no information of immediate significance to authenticity is forthcoming.

Field of study: Physics
The Effects of Solid-State Aging on the Intermetallic Compounds of Sn-Ag-Bi-In Solders on Cu Substrates

The growth behavior of the intermetallic compounds that formed at the interfaces between Sn-Ag-Bi-In solders and Cu substrates during solid-state aging is investigated. The compositions of the intermetallic compounds are Cu3(Sn,In) near the Cu substrates and Cu6(Sn,In)5 near the solders; very little Bi or Ag was dissolved in the compounds. The aging temperatures were 120°C, 150°C, and 180°C for 5 days, 10 days, 20 days, and 40 days. The change in the morphology of Cu6(Sn,In)5 from scallop type to layer type was prominent at the aging temperature of 180°C. The thickness of the compound layers did not vary much at the lower aging temperatures but followed the diffusion- controlled mechanism at 180°C. Massive Kirkendall voids were observed in Cu3(Sn,In) layers at the aging temperature of 180°C.

Field of study: Materials science