nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
COMPACT GROUPS OF GALAXIES WITH COMPLETE SPECTROSCOPIC REDSHIFTS IN THE LOCAL UNIVERSE

Dynamical analysis of compact groups provides important tests of models of compact group formation and evolution. By compiling 2066 redshifts from FLWO/FAST, from the literature, and from SDSS DR12 in the fields of compact groups in McConnachie et al. (2009), we construct the largest sample of compact groups with complete spectroscopic redshifts in the redshift range 0.01 −1 kpc, smaller than the radii typically sampled by members of massive clusters of galaxies. The physical properties of our sample compact groups include size, number density, velocity dispersion, and local environment; these properties slightly differ from those derived for the original Hickson compact groups and for the DPOSS II compact groups. Differences result from subtle differences in the way the group candidates were originally selected. The abundance of the compact groups changes little with redshift over the range covered by this sample. The approximate constancy of the abundance for this sample is a potential constraint on the evolution of compact groups on a few Gigayear timescale .

Field of study: Physics
Lymphocyte migration in malignant disease.

Studies of normal lymphocyte migratory properties in small animals and more recently in man using 111indium oxine labelling techniques are helping the clinician to understand the biology of tumours involving cells of the immune system. However, not enough is known about subset migration to interpret all the various patterns of dissemination observed in lymphoma patients. Such studies are important since they introduce new possibilities for therapy including the use of labelled cells to home a source a radiation preferentially to affected tissue.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Covariance-engaged Classification of Sets via Linear Programming

Set classification aims to classify a set of observations as a whole, as opposed to classifying individual observations separately. To formally understand the unfamiliar concept of binary set classification, we first investigate the optimal decision rule under the normal distribution, which utilizes the empirical covariance of the set to be classified. We show that the number of observations in the set plays a critical role in bounding the Bayes risk. Under this framework, we further propose new methods of set classification. For the case where only a few parameters of the model drive the difference between two classes, we propose a computationally-efficient approach to parameter estimation using linear programming, leading to the Covariance-engaged LInear Programming Set (CLIPS) classifier. Its theoretical properties are investigated for both independent case and various (short-range and long-range dependent) time series structures among observations within each set. The convergence rates of estimation errors and risk of the CLIPS classifier are established to show that having multiple observations in a set leads to faster convergence rates, compared to the standard classification situation in which there is only one observation in the set. The applicable domains in which the CLIPS performs better than competitors are highlighted in a comprehensive simulation study. Finally, we illustrate the usefulness of the proposed methods in classification of real image data in histopathology.

Field of study: Computer science
Mudflat development in Jiangsu Province, China: Practices and experiences

This paper examines resource uses on the coast of Jiangsu Province, China. It focuses on mudflat development and describes and evaluates the diverse resource uses, such as agriculture, fisheries, tourism and nature reserves, harbors and industrial development, and the salt and the chemical industry, that are found there. Continuous population growth and economic demands have resulted in conflicts between the multiple uses and mudflat protection. It is suggested that more attention should be paid to utilization efficiency and high value-added mudflat products. A conceptual framework is presented to guide mudflat development and suitable uses for each county are suggested to support local livelihoods and maintain healthy ecological processes.

Field of study: Environmental science
Preliminary characterization of raw oil products from the thermochemical conversion of swine manure.

In this study, the raw oil products from a thermochemical conversion process of swine manure were characterized 
based on elemental composition, benzene solubles, heating value, and water content. The analytical results of 78 samples 
showed that the raw TCC oil products had an average elemental composition of 71.1% carbon, 8.97% hydrogen, 4.12% 
nitrogen, 0.2% sulfur, and 3.44% ash. The water content of the raw oil varied from 11.3% to 15.8% by weight. The average 
high heating value of the oil products was 34,760 kJ/kg. These properties of the oil products are similar to those of oil products 
from the liquefaction of wood sludge and other biomass. The water content of the raw oil was less dependent on the operating 
parameters of the process. However, the viscosity and benzene solubles of the raw oil were greatly influenced by the TCC 
operating temperature and types of process gases. Further investigation on chemical composition is necessary before the full 
utilization of the oil products can be achieved.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Superconducting TiN films grown by directional reactive evaporation.

We report a novel method of growing strongly-disordered superconducting titanium nitride (TiN) thin films by reactive electron-beam deposition. The normal state sheet resistance and superconducting critical temperature (Tc) can be tuned by controlling the deposition pressure in the range of 1.1*10^-6 to 3.1*10^-5 mbar} and film thickness d from 10nm to 300nm. For 10nm thick films, the sheet resistance reaches 1361 \Omega/\square and T_c = 0.77K, which translates into an estimate for the sheet inductance as large as L_\square = 2.4nH/\square. Benefiting from the directionality of reactive evaporation, we fabricated RF test devices with micron-sized dimensions using a resist mask and a lift-off process, which would be impossible with sputtering or atomic layer deposition methods. The spectroscopic measurements result in consistent sheet inductance values in two different device geometries and the quality factors ranged from Q = 300-2200. The loss is likely due to the presence of titanium oxynitride in the morphological composition of our films. The flexibility of the lift-off process suggest applications of reactively-evaporated TiN for making supporting structures around quantum circuits, such as readout resonators or compact on-chip filters.

Field of study: Physics
Some properties and applications of equicompact sets of operators

Let X and Y be Banach spaces. A subset M of K(X, Y ) (the vector space of all compact operators from X into Y endowed with the operator norm) is said to be equicompact if every bounded sequence (xn) in X has a subsequence (xk(n))n such that (Txk(n))n is uniformly convergent for T ∈ M. We study the relationship between this concept and the notion of uniformly completely continuous set and give some applications. Among other results, we obtain a generalization of the classical Ascoli theorem and a compactness criterion in Mc(F, X), the Banach space of all (finitely additive) vector measures (with compact range) from a field F of sets into X endowed with the semivariation norm.

Field of study: Mathematics
Investigation of Sb/GaSb multilayer structures for potential application as an indirect narrow-bandgap material

In this paper the authors provide the rationale, and a preliminary experimental investigation of, the Sb/GaSb system as a potential indirect narrow-gap superlattice, where spatial quantization effects are proposed to induce a positive valence-conduction band energy gap in the Sb semimetal layers. The experimental study has investigated growth of Sb/GaSb single heterojunctions and elementary multilayer structures using molecular beam epitaxy. Although Sb is rhombohedral and GaSb has the cubic zinc blende structure, the biatomic planar structure of Sb mimics the (111) plane in the zinc blende structure, and registry between the zinc blende and rhombohedral lattice can be preserved if epitaxy is achieved along the (111) direction. The authors show that high-quality Sb layers can be grown epitaxially on GaSb(111) homoepitaxial films, and that GaSb can be subsequently grown on Sb. The epilayer growth and heterojunction structure have been characterized by in situ reflection high-energy electron diffraction, X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Electrical properties of Sb epilayers with thicknesses in the range 150-2500 AA have been determined by temperature-dependent Hall measurements.

Field of study: Materials science
The effect of bark beetle infestation and salvage logging on bat activity in a national park

Salvage logging—the removal of dead trees in disturbed forest stands—has been controversially discussed. We investigated the impact of bark beetle attacks and subsequent salvage logging on insectivorous bats in a temperate mountain forest. We quantified bat activity (25,373 min counts; 32 plots) using batcorders during 221 all-night surveys in stands killed by bark beetles, with dead trees removed or not, and in vital, single- or multi-layered mature forest stands. We analysed the differences in activity of all bats in general and of bats of foraging guilds (open habitat, forest edge, closed habitat) in these habitats using a generalized linear Poisson mixed model, with plot and observation as random factors, and temperature and habitat as fixed factors. Only open-habitat foragers were slightly more active in salvage-logged stands than in bark-beetle-affected stands; they generally benefited from an open forest canopy, whereas closed-habitat foragers did not. Our results indicated that: (1) bats are less affected by salvage logging after a disturbance of a magnitude typical for European forests, probably because enough roosts are present in surrounding areas, (2) habitats for open foragers are improved by bark beetle infestation and (3) bats are poor bioindicators of negative impacts of salvage logging after natural disturbance in forests with a composition typical for Central Europe.

Field of study: Environmental science
Is there a role for mannan/mannose‐binding lectin (MBL) in defence against infection following chemotherapy for cancer?

It is now nearly 4 decades since the relationship between the degree of neutropenia and the risk of bacterial and fungal infections was first recognized in patients treated for cancer . Bodey et al.  made the observation that as granulocyte counts fell, the frequency, duration and severity of infections dramatically increased. Infections were noted to be worse during relapse of the underlying disease and the failure of leucocytes to recover following an infection carried a very poor prognosis. It is now clear that this is largely determined by both the underlying disease and potency of chemotherapy. Interestingly, however, it is now also apparent that patients differ in their susceptibility to infection in the context of neutropenia. This indicates that other factors are operating to protect patients from infection in this immunocompromised state.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
A systematic literature review of model-driven security engineering for cyber-physical systems

The last years have elevated the importance of cyber–physical systems like IoT applications, smart cars, or industrial control systems, and, therefore, these systems have also come into the focus of attackers. In contrast to software products running on PCs or smartphones, updating and maintaining cyber–physical systems presents a major challenge. This challenge, combined with the often decades-long lifetime of cyber–physical systems, and with their deployment in often safety-critical contexts, makes it particularly important to consider their security already at design time. When aiming to obtain a provably secure design, model-driven security approaches are key, as they allow to identify and mitigate threats in early phases of the development. As attacks may exploit both code-level as well as physical vulnerabilities, such approaches must consider not just the cyber layer but the physical layer as well. To find out which model-driven security approaches for cyber–physical systems exist considering both layers, we conducted a systematic literature review. From a set of 1160 initial papers, we extracted 69 relevant publications describing 17 candidate approaches. We found seven approaches specifically developed for cyber–physical systems. We provide a comprehensive description of these approaches, discuss them in particular detail, and determine their limitations. We found out that model-driven security is a relevant research area but most approaches focus only on specific security properties and even for CPS-specific approaches the platform is only rarely taken into account.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Organizational Identity Safety Cue Transfers

Traditionally, researchers have focused on identity-congruent safety cues such as the effect of gender diversity awards on women’s sense of inclusion in organizations. The present studies investigate, for the first time, whether identity safety cues (e.g., organizational diversity structures) aimed at one stigmatized group transfer via perceptions of the organization’s ideology (social dominance orientation), resulting in identity safety for individuals with stigmatized identities incongruent with the cue. Across four studies, we demonstrate that White women experience identity safety from organizational diversity structures aimed at racial minorities (Studies 1 and 2), and men of color experience identity safety from organizational diversity structures aimed at women (Study 3). Furthermore, while White men similarly perceive the organization’s ideology, this does not promote identity safety (Study 4). Thus, we argue that individuals view organizations commended for diversity as promoting more egalitarian attitudes broadly, resulting in the transference of identity safety cues for stigmatized individuals.

Field of study: Psychology
Mathematical review of literature to assess alternative electron transports and interphotosystem excitation partitioning of steady-state C3 photosynthesis under limiting light.

Linear whole-chain electron (e(-)) transport plays a dominant role in generating NADPH and ATP required for carbon fixation in chloroplasts. However, other e(-) pathways may be present to contribute to the flexibility of e(-) transport in meeting demands by various downstream metabolic processes. The estimation of the fluxes of these alternative pathways in vivo is difficult, as they are not amenable to direct experimental measurement. A recently developed model based on the generalized stoichiometry for the chloroplast e(-) transport pathways makes it possible to indirectly but quantitatively assess the fractions of e(-) that follow the alternative pathways. This model approach is used to review data from the literature on concurrent measurements of gas exchange and chlorophyll (Chl) fluorescence under steady-state, limiting light, non-photorespiratory conditions. The review suggests possible in vivo occurrence of cyclic e(-) transport (CET) under such conditions. About 10% of e(-) from the reduced ferredoxin follow the pseudocyclic mode, notably in support of nitrate reduction. The estimated fraction of e(-) from the reduced plastoquinone that follows the Q-cycle ( f(Q)) depends on the number of protons required per ATP synthesis. Our model approach also allows the excitation partitioning to photosystem II (PSII) to be assessed quantitatively. Most important, the model helps assess the limit value to uncertain physiological parameters and answer the 'what-if' question with regard to the effect of non-measured processes or measurement uncertainties on the estimations of alternative e(-) transports.

Field of study: Environmental science
Increased expression and secretion of r-Gsp protein, rat counterpart of complement C1s precursor, during cyclic AMP-induced differentiation in rat C6 glioma cells.

The gene, termed r-gsp, was originally isolated during identification of differentiation-associated molecules in rat C6 glial cells. Its mRNA expression was markedly increased during cAMP-induced glial cell differentiation. The deduced amino acid sequence of r-gsp was homologous to those of complement C1s precursors of hamsters and humans. In the present study, we raised anti-peptide antibody against r-Gsp protein and analyzed its change during cAMP-induced differentiation. The 90-kDa r-Gsp protein increased time-dependently and reached the maximal level ( approximately 7.6-fold increase) at 24 h in response to dibutyryl cyclic AMP (dbcAMP) and theophylline. Moreover, it was secreted into the medium and then was cleaved to form disulfide-linked fragments, one of which was 30 kDa, similar to C1s, suggesting its processing in the extracellular space. In fact, the partially purified r-Gsp from culture medium was cleaved by active human C1r to form a 30-kDa polypeptide. Moreover, secreted r-Gsp protein cleaved human C4alpha to yield C4alpha' and associated with human serum C1-esterase inhibitor, strongly suggesting that r-Gsp protein is rat C1s. However, in C6 cells overexpressing r-Gsp, their morphology and proliferation rate were similar to those in parent C6 cells. These results suggest that r-Gsp protein could not induce glial differentiation alone, and suggest that r-Gsp protein was secreted as a proenzyme and processed in culture medium. Its possible role in glial cell differentiation will be discussed.

Field of study: Biology
Design of Dynamic Password Electronic Lock Based on STM8L MCU

Lock security problem is increasingly valued, but the existing electronic locks mostly use static password mode, which has security risk of password being missed or theft. In order to solve this problem, designs a dynamic password electronic lock system. This system is composed of two core modules: intelligent equipment to generate dynamic password and electronic lock controlled by MCU. Studies the lock system, designs an overall design of the system. Uses STM8 L microcontroller to realize special low-power control in the hardware design.Realizes "one password at a time" through matching and distinguishing dynamic password in the software design. The system can reach the expected target by test and verification, with special low-power control and with great practical value.

Field of study: Computer science
Physical exercise prevents the exacerbation of oxidative stress parameters in chronic kidney disease.

Reactive oxygen species play an important role in the pathogenesis of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Physical exercise was suggested as a useful approach to diminish impaired oxidative defense mechanisms. This study sought to observe the effects of physical training before the induction of renal lesions on oxidative stress parameters in animals induced for CKD.



Twenty-four male Wistar rats were divided into four groups (n = 6): sham, sham plus exercise, CKD, and CKD plus exercise. Exercise groups performed physical training on a treadmill for 8 weeks (up to 1 km/h for 50 min/day, 5 days/week). Forty-eight hours after the final exercise session, a surgical reduction of renal mass was performed (5/6 nephrectomized). Thirty days later, blood samples were collected to determine serum creatinine and urea concentrations, and the right kidney was surgically removed and stored at -70 degrees C for later analysis of superoxide production, antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase and catalase), and oxidative damage of lipids (thiobarbituric acid reactive susbstances level) and proteins (carbonyl groups and sulfhydryl content).



A significant increase occurred in creatinine and urea levels, superoxide production, antioxidant enzymes, and oxidative damage in the CKD group, compared with sham-treated animals (P < .05). Physical training prevented superoxide production, and decreased the oxidative damage in the CKD group (P < .05), but did not increase the effect of antioxidants.



Physical training before induction of a renal lesion is capable of improving oxidative damage parameters and oxidant production, without altering renal function and the antioxidant defense system.

Field of study: Medicine
Does Transformational Leadership Style effect on Employee Commitment in the Aviation Industry

The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between perceived transformational leadership style and employee commitment in Royal Jordanian Airlines (RJA). Leadership plays a significant role in all fields of life, including the public, private, and non-profit sectors. The effectiveness of a given leadership style can be appreciated and evaluated based on the level of commitment displayed by followers. Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) is the research methodology employed in the RJA’s study. The study utilizes Free Online Surveys link which included the transformational leadership questionnaires part from the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaires (MLQ) and the Three Components Models (TCM) Questionnaires. Results of this study showed a significant relationship between the affective and continuance commitments with the transformational leadership style and insignificant relationship between the normative commitment and the transformational leadership style.

Field of study: Business