nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Valuing a managed realignment scheme: what are the drivers of public willingness to pay?

Offering several advantages over traditional “hold the line” flood defences, including increases in the supply of ecosystem services such as carbon sequestration and habitat provision, managed realignment is increasingly being used as a flood defence option. This paper seeks to add to the growing literature on public perceptions of the benefits of managed realignment by examining local resident's knowledge of estuarine management issues and identifying their willingness to pay towards a new managed realignment scheme on the Tay Estuary, Scotland. Results showed that the majority of respondents were not aware of flood risk issues on the estuary or of different flood defence options. Household mean willingness to pay for a specific managed realignment scheme was calculated at £43 per annum. Significant drivers of willingness to pay included respondents perceived flood risk and worries about the state of existing flood defences. There was also spatial heterogeneity with those living closest to the scheme being willing to pay the most. Prior knowledge of flood risk issues were found not to significantly influence willingness to pay.

Field of study: Environmental science
Chemical Transformations of Mono‐ and Bis(buta‐1,3‐dien‐1‐yl)porphyrins: A New Synthetic Approach to Mono‐ and Dibenzoporphyrins

β-Butadienyl- and β,β′-dibutadienylporphyrins were prepared by the Wittig reaction of β-formyl- and β,β′-diformyl-meso-tetraphenylporphyrins with allylic phosphorus ylide. Subsequent treatment of β-butadienylporphyrin with dienophiles afforded the corresponding Diels–Alder adducts. In the absence of dienophiles, β-butadienylporphyrin underwent electrocyclization, followed by oxidation, to give monobenzoporphyrin in good yield. Similarly, adjacent and opposite dibenzoporphyrins were successfully synthesized from adjacent and opposite β,β′-dibutadienylporphyrins, respectively. This is the first report of electrocyclization of β-butadienylporphyrins. The structures of mono- and dibenzoporphyrin nickel complexes, as well as of a Diels–Alder adduct, were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction; a strong distortion from the planarity of the porphyrin core was observed.

Field of study: Chemistry
Impacts of selenium supplementation on soil mercury speciation, and inorganic mercury and methylmercury uptake in rice (Oryza sativa L.).

Rice grain is known to accumulate methylmercury (MeHg) and has been confirmed to be the major pathway of MeHg exposure to residents in mercury (Hg) mining areas in China. Selenium (Se) supplementation has been proven to be effective in mitigating the toxicity of Hg. To understand how Se supplementation influences soil Hg speciation, a wide range of Se (0-500 mg/kg) was applied to Hg polluted paddy soils in this study, which decreased MeHg concentration in soil from 2.95 ± 0.36 to 0.69 ± 0.16 μg/kg (or 77%). After Se addition, humic acid state Hg (F4) was transformed into strong-complexed state Hg (F5), indicating that Hg bound up to the non-sulfur functional groups of humic acid (non-RSH) was released and reabsorbed by strong binding Se functional group (F5). As a result, inorganic Hg (IHg) was reduced by >48%, 18%, and 80% in root, stem, and grain, respectively, however, the reduction was not apparent in leaf. Substantial reductions were also found for MeHg in grain and root, but not in stem and leaf. Soil is suggested to be the main source of both MeHg and IHg in rice grain. Such a finding may provide an idea for improving Hg-polluted paddies through controlling soil IHg and MeHg. Further research on the molecular structure of the strong-complexed Hg in F5 should be conducted to elucidate the mechanism of Hg-Se antagonism.

Field of study: Environmental science
Preclinical investigations into the relationship between adolescent SSRI exposure and aggressive behavior: response to commentary by Rubin and Walkup (2012).

A Commentary published in the October 2012 issue of Behavioral Neuroscience entitled "SSRIs, Adolescents, and Aggression: Tempering Human Implications Regarding SSRI-Induced Aggression in Hamsters: Comment on Ricci and Melloni (2012)", presents an interpretation of findings from our report published in the same issue of Behavioral Neuroscience entitled "Repeated Fluoxetine Administration During Adolescence Stimulates Aggressive Behavior and Alters Serotonin and Vasopressin Neural Development in Hamsters". The commentary was informative, especially in its review of the prescribing demographics for SSRIs in youth and its review of human and animal aggression subtypes, and in several instances offered alternative explanations and interpretations of evidence cited in our report, particularly regarding putative relationships between human and animal models of aggression. In our response, we reply to comments made by the authors regarding the animal model of choice for our studies, the methodologies employed and the greater implication(s) of our published study as well as offer a disparate view of the evidence cited by the authors in their commentary as they pertain to the relevance of the models of aggression used in our study.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Spin-Polarized States of Nuclear Matter*

The equations of state of spin-polarized nuclear matter and pure neutron matter are studied in the framework of the Brueckner–Hartree–Fock theory including a three-body force. The energy per nucleon EA(δ) calculated in the full range of spin polarization for symmetric nuclear matter and pure neutron matter fulfills a parabolic law. In both the cases the spin-symmetry energy is calculated as a function of the baryonic density along with the related quantities such as the magnetic susceptibility and the Landau parameter G0. The main effect of the three-body force is to strongly reduce the degenerate Fermi gas magnetic susceptibility even more than the value with only two-body force. The equation of state is monotonically increasing with the density for all spin-aligned configurations studied here so that no any signature is found for a spontaneous transition to a ferromagnetic state.

Field of study: Physics
Artificial neural network approach for irreversibility performance analysis of domestic refrigerator by utilizing LPG with TiO2–lubricant as replacement of R134a

This paper experimentally investigated irreversibility performance analysis of domestic refrigerator using 40 g, 50 g, 60 g and 70 g of LPG refrigerant with varying concentration of TiO2 nanoparticles dispersed in a mineral oil lubricant as replacement of R134a. The irreversibility performance analysis of the domestic refrigerator investigated with test parameters including irreversibility in the components, total irreversibility, and second law efficiency. Findings showed that under similar operating conditions irreversibilities in condenser, capillary tube, evaporator and compressor of the domestic refrigerator using LPG refrigerant with lubricant TiO2–mineral oil found lower than R134a by 6.05–48.10%, 17.83–46.98%, 2.51–33.17% and 2.21–23.29% respectively. Additionally, total irreversibility and second law efficiency in the domestic refrigerator using LPG refrigerant with TiO2, nanoparticles dispersed in a mineral oil lubricant found lower and higher than R134a by around 0.65–35.97% and 6.23–54.74% respectively. All in all 0.4 g L−1 of TiO2 and 40 g of LPG charge were the attained optimal values of nanoparticle concentration and LPG charge respectively in the domestic refrigerator utilizing LPG as replacement of R134a. Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) approach to delineate total irreversibility and second law efficiency of the domestic refrigerator was additionally applied to develop the models. It found that ANN models predictions concurred well with experimental results and brought out an absolute fraction of variance of (0.989–0.990), root mean square error of (0.831–1.061) and mean absolute percentage error of (1.734–2.056%) respectively with experimental results.

Field of study: Engineering
Experimentelle Methode zur Bestimmung des ballistischen Entmagnetisierungsfaktors

ZusammenfassungIm Laufe unserer magnetischen Messungen zeigte sich immer deutlicher die Notwendigkeit einer genauen Kenntnis des Entmagnetisierungsfaktors. Sämtliche bisherigen Methoden1 zu seiner Bestimmung sind nur für homogene, isotrope Stäbe anwendbar, und gestatten nicht, festzustellen, ob etwa mit einer Strukturänderung (z. B. Kristallisation) eine Änderung desselben verbunden ist. Im Gegensatz dazu wird eine Methode beschrieben, die diese Forderung erfüllt. Sie wurde bereits auf Messunngen an Eisenkristallen2 angewendet und hat sich sehr gut bewährt.

Field of study: Physics
The matrix-tolerance hypothesis: an empirical test with frogs in the Atlantic Forest

The matrix-tolerance hypothesis suggests that the most abundant species in the inter-habitat matrix would be less vulnerable to their habitat fragmentation. This model was tested with leaf-litter frogs in the Atlantic Forest where the fragmentation process is older and more severe than in the Amazon, where the model was first developed. Frog abundance data from the agricultural matrix, forest fragments and continuous forest localities were used. We found an expected negative correlation between the abundance of frogs in the matrix and their vulnerability to fragmentation, however, results varied with fragment size and species traits. Smaller fragments exhibited stronger matrix-vulnerability correlation than intermediate fragments, while no significant relation was observed for large fragments. Moreover, some species that avoid the matrix were not sensitive to a decrease in the patch size, and the opposite was also true, indicating significant differences with that expected from the model. Most of the species that use the matrix were forest species with aquatic larvae development, but those species do not necessarily respond to fragmentation or fragment size, and thus affect more intensively the strengthen of the expected relationship. Therefore, the main relationship expected by the matrix-tolerance hypothesis was observed in the Atlantic Forest; however we noted that the prediction of this hypothesis can be substantially affected by the size of the fragments, and by species traits. We propose that matrix-tolerance model should be broadened to become a more effective model, including other patch characteristics, particularly fragment size, and individual species traits (e.g., reproductive mode and habitat preference).

Field of study: Environmental science
Foraminifera and Mollusca in surface sediments of the southeastern Labrador Shelf and Lake Melville, Canada

The distribution of major species of benthic foraminifera collected from the upper portion of box cores and piston core-tops follows several major trends. Arenaceous assemblages occur in the liquid surface layer of silty mud, which is normally missed by the piston corer. Below this layer, the inner-shelf assemblages are dominated by calcareous species, such as Islandiella helenae Feyling-Hanssen and Buzas and Elphidium excavatum (Terquem) forma alba Feyling-Hanssen. In Lake Melville, the surface and subsurface layers have similar faunas, dominated by Reophax fusiformis (Williamson) and Saccammina atlantica (Cushman).

In comparison with other regions, the assemblages show very close affinity with Hudson Bay and Gulf of St. Lawrence faunas. The depth range of foraminiferal and molluscan species on the Labrador Shelf is greater than elsewhere. For example, in the Labrador Shelf waters, Ammotium cassis (Parker) is common in waters as deep as 360 m. It is considered to be a coastal species along the western North Atlantic to the south, and in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, it is found most commonly in depths of < 10 m. The occurrence of A. cassis in deeper water on the Labrador Shelf is associated with the relatively high content of suspended particulate matter along the bottom of the deeper basins.

Field of study: Geology
Regio‐ und Stereoselektivität der Lactonbildung bei der Hydrolyse der PO‐Olefinierungsprodukte von α,β‐Epoxycyclohexanonen

Bei der PO-Olefinierung der diastereomeren Pulegonepoxide 1 und 2 mit 9a erhalt man (E,Z)-Saureester, und zwar aus 1 uberwiegend (E)-3, aus 2 vorwiegend (Z)-4. (Z)-4 hydrolysiert zum γ- und δ-Lactongemisch 6–8; (Z)-3 hingegen liefert stereoselektiv das δ-Lacton 5. — Das Epoxyketon 12 reagiert mit 9b zum (E,Z)-Saureester 13. (Z)-13 ergibt stereoselektiv das γ-Lacton 14. 
 
 
 
Regio- and Stereoselectivity of the Lactone Formation via Hydrolysis of the PO-Olefination Products of α,β-Epoxycyclohexanones 
 
 
 
PO-Olefination of the diastereomeric pulegone oxides 1 and 2 with 9a leads to (E,Z) esters, 1 affording mainly (E)-3, and 2 predominantly (Z)-4. (Z)-4 hydrolyzes to give a mixture of γ- and δ-lactones 6–8; whereas (Z)-3 yields stereoselectively the δ-lactone 5. — The epoxy ketone 12 reacts with 9b to give the (E,Z) ester 13. (Z)-13 stereoselectively yields the γ-lactone 14.

Field of study: Chemistry
New Injection Scheme at the ZGS

A new scheme of injection into the Zero Gradient Synchrotron (ZGS) from the 50 MeV linac was implemented, and we have obtained a factor of two in the accelerated beam intensity. The new scheme consists of lowering the B during the early acceleration period in order to enlarge the RF bucket area and injection period, tuning the debuncher to achiieve the minimum instantaneous energy spread of ±100 keV, and ramping the debuncher phase so that the instantaneous momentum of the injected beam during the injection period follows the rise of the ring magnetic field strength. By doing so, the betatron amplitude is set close to minimum, and the total energy spread accumulated during the injection period due to the energy ramp by the debuncher phase ramp would fit the RF acceptance. This method has been used for all three operating modes of the ZGS (unpolarized proton, polarized proton, and H- injection).

Field of study: Physics
The Adsorption Capacity of Metal-organic Framework Cu-BTC on N-hexane

The objective of this work was to study the adsorption capacity of metal-organic framework Cu-BTC on n-hexane in terms of flow rate, temperature, and cyclic adsorption. The experiment was carried out under atmospheric pressure by a thermogravimeter analyzer. The experimental temperatures were 303K and 313K, and the n-hexane inlet flow rates were 50 and 100 mL min-1. Four cycles of adsorption and desorption were performed. Thorough cleaning can increase the surface area of Cu-BTC. Adsorption equilibrium time decreases with increasing flow rate. The amount of adsorption is related to temperature and flow rates. The amount of adsorption decreases with increasing temperature and increasing flow. Absorption and desorption rate are almost constant after four cycles.

Field of study: Engineering
The relationship between per capita income and diffusion of medical technologies.

It is commonly known that per capita income is correlated with the level of health care spending and that technology is a major factor in explaining the increase in health care spending. This study examines differences in the rate of diffusion of medical technologies in Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development countries between 1975 and 1995. We find that the importance of income in explaining the long-term availability of a technology generally declines over time and becomes insignificant for some technologies. In other words, more affluent countries are earlier adopters of new technologies, but access to technology becomes less dependent on income over time. The evidence also suggests that the effects of reimbursement incentives are greater for purchases of diagnostic technologies than for lifesaving technologies and that reimbursement incentive effects are less significant for older technologies.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Effects of intravenous infusion of changrolin on cardiac function of patients with arrhythmia

An iv infusion of changrolin, a new anti-arrhythmic drug, was given to 10 patients (3.3 mg/min for uo min). Among the 7 patients with ventricular ectopic oeats(VEB), five had their arrhythmia completely suppressed at about 20 min after beginning of iriieusiofi. In the other 2 patients, the number of VEB was markedly reduced. One patient with atrial fibrillation reverted to sinus thythm after 40 min of infusion. No effect was found in 2 patients witli atrial and nodal premature beats. Hemodynamic changes measured by impedance caraiogram and systolic time interval showed significant decreases in stroke index, stroke power. left ventricular work and Heather index (20,26,16 and 28%, respectively), and prolongation in PEP/LVET (9%) at 60 min. These indices returned to control levels after cessation of infusion. There were no significant changes in cardiac index, heart rate, total peripheral resistance and mean arterial pressure. The results suggest that changrolin is a useful drug in treating arrhythmia in spite of some negative inotropic effects.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
A symmetric two locus model with viability and fertility selection

A two locus deterministic population genetic model is analysed. One locus is under viability selection, the other under fertility selection with both forms of selection completely symmetric. It is shown that linkage equilibrium may occur at two different equilibrium points. For a two-locus polymorphism to be stable, it is necessary that the viability locus be overdominant but not necessary that the fertility locus, considered separately, be able to support a stable polymorphism. The overlaps in stability are not as complex as under two locus symmetric fertilities, but considerably more complex than with symmetric viabilities. Extensions of the analysis for the central linkage equilibrium point with multiple viability and fertility loci are indicated.

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics
Non-Conventional Deformations: Materials and Actuation

This paper reviews materials and structures displaying non-conventional deformations as a response to different actuations (e.g., electricity, heat and mechanical loading). Due to the various kinds of actuation and targeted irregular deformation modes, the approaches in the literature show great diversity. Methods are systematized and tabulated based on the nature of actuation. Electrically and mechanically actuated shape changing concepts are discussed individually for their significance, while systems actuated by heat, pressure, light and chemicals are condensed in a shared section presenting examples and main research trends. Besides scientific research results, this paper features examples of real-world applicability of shape changing materials, highlighting their industrial value.

Field of study: Materials science
Rehabilitation treatment of patients with children cerebral palsy using functional muscle electrostimulation during gait

A technique for investigation of biomechanical and electromyographic parameters of gait in patients with diplegic form of children cerebral palsy (CCP) was described. Peculiarities of biomechanical and innervation structure of locomotor act in such patients were found. Recommendations for muscle electrostimulation during gait were specified. The best therapeutic effect was achieved in the combined four-channel electrostimulation of gluteus maximus muscles in the first half of support phase and of anterior tibial muscles in the end of the support phase and during the transfer phase. The muscle electrostimulation during gait demonstrated a positive effect of the treatment on the process of movement rehabilitation of CCP patients with diplegic form.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Diels-Alder reaction of chiral acrylamide and a convenient synthesis of optically pure methyl (3R, 4R, 6R)-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptene-4-carboxylate

Asymmetric Diels–Alder reaction of the chiral acrylamide 1 proceeds highly diastereoselectively and methanolysis of the adduct 2 gives the optically pure (3R, 4R, 6R)-bicyclo [2. 2. 1]heptene-4-carboxylate.

Field of study: Chemistry
Increase of the particle hit rate in a laser single-particle mass spectrometer by pulse delayed extraction technology

A single-particle mass spectrometer (SPMS) can provide a
wealth of valuable information on chemical and physical parameters of
individual particles in real time. One of the main performance criteria of
the instrument is efficiency of particle detection (hit rate). Most SPMS
instruments use constant electrical field (DC) extraction, where stationary
high voltage is applied to the extraction electrodes. As the aerosol
particles initially carry a certain charge, those with a high amount to
charge can be deflected by this electric field and lost, thus decreasing the
hit rate. We realized that the delayed extraction technique can eliminate the
stochastic dispersion of the particle beam caused by their deflection in the
stationary electric field. As the result, the hit rate of the instrument can
be significantly improved. Also, as the effect of the deflection in the
electric field is mass dependent, it can cause distortion of the measured
size distribution of the particles. Hence, the delayed extraction technique
can bring the recorded distribution closer to the actual one. We found that
the delayed extraction technique provides a mass resolution improvement as well
as increases the hit rate. The gain in the hit rate depends on the type of
particles. It can be 2 orders of magnitude for model particles and up to
2–4 times for ambient particles. In the present work we report experiments
and results showing the effect of the delayed extraction on the beam
divergence caused by particle charge, the hit rate improvement, and the
effect of the delayed extraction on the measured particle size distribution.

Field of study: Environmental science
Immediate early gene expression in the visual cortex of normal and dark reared cats: differences between fos and egr-1.

Northern blotting indicated that the level of induced fos was higher in normal than dark reared cat visual cortex (VC) at 5 weeks of age, comparable at 10 weeks, and higher in dark reared than normal cat visual cortex at 20 weeks. Fos egr-1, induction was higher in dark reared visual cortex at all ages. Thus, dark rearing has similar effects on fos, but not egr-1, expression as it has on physiological neuronal plasticity during the VC critical period.

Field of study: Biology
Weighted Distance Weighted Discrimination and Its Asymptotic Properties

While Distance Weighted Discrimination (DWD) is an appealing approach to classification in high dimensions, it was designed for balanced datasets. In the case of unequal costs, biased sampling, or unbalanced data, there are major improvements available, using appropriately weighted versions of DWD (wDWD). A major contribution of this paper is the development of optimal weighting schemes for various nonstandard classification problems. In addition, we discuss several alternative criteria and propose an adaptive weighting scheme (awDWD) and demonstrate its advantages over nonadaptive weighting schemes under some situations. The second major contribution is a theoretical study of weighted DWD. Both high-dimensional low sample-size asymptotics and Fisher consistency of DWD are studied. The performance of weighted DWD is evaluated using simulated examples and two real data examples. The theoretical results are also confirmed by simulations.

Field of study: Mathematics