nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Role of lysosomal and cytosolic pH in the regulation of macrophage lysosomal enzyme secretion.

Rapid and parallel secretion of lysosomal beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase and preloaded fluorescein-labelled dextran was initiated in macrophages by agents affecting intracellular pH (methylamine, chlorpromazine, and the ionophores monensin and nigericin). In order to evaluate the relative role of changes in lysosomal and cytosolic pH, these parameters were monitored by using pH-sensitive fluorescent probes [fluorescein-labelled dextran or 2',7'-bis(carboxyethyl)-5(6)-carboxyfluorescein]. All agents except chlorpromazine caused large increases in lysosomal pH under conditions where they induced secretion. By varying extracellular pH and ion composition, the changes in lysosomal and cytosolic pH could be dissociated. Secretion was then found to be significantly modulated by changes in cytosolic pH, being enhanced by alkalinization and severely inhibited by cytosolic acidification. However, changes in cytosolic pH in the absence of stimulus were unable to initiate secretion. Dissociation of the effects on lysosomal and cytosolic pH was also achieved by combining stimuli with either nigericin or acetate. Further support for a role of intracellular pH in the control of lysosomal enzyme secretion was provided by experiments where bicarbonate was included in the medium. The present study demonstrates that an increase in lysosomal pH is sufficient to initiate lysosomal enzyme secretion in macrophages and provides evidence for a significant regulatory role of cytosolic pH.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Geographic development of northern Pennsylvania and southern New York

The surface features of northern Pennsylvania and southern New York consist in a broad way of an elevated plateau so extensively dissected that only small remnants remain here and there of what appears to have been once a fairly even surface. Although this country is readily accessible, and is familiar to many of our leading physiographers, no attempt so far has been made to unravel its physiographic history. Beyond a brief reference by Davis† and Tarr‡ of the surface of this plateau to the Cretaceous peneplain, nothing has been done in the way of establishing the dates of origin of the topographic features of the region. Doubtless this lack of attention in the past was due to the absence of adequate maps, but in a large measure these are being supplied, and now it is possible, by the aid of the topographic sheets at hand, to study . . .

Field of study: Geology
Use of a catalyst layer for propane partial oxidation in solid oxide fuel cells

In most solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) designs the Ni-based anode acts as an effective catalyst for internal reforming. However, there are some SOFCs, e.g. segmented-in-series cells or ceramic anode cells, in which the anode may be less effective for internal reforming. In order to test this case, we have studied SOFCs supported on a thick ceramic layer. While these cells worked well with hydrogen fuel, the performance with propane-air mixtures was poor. The addition of a Ru-CeO 2 catalyst layer to the support surface yielded much better performance in propane-air. The catalyst promoted propane partial oxidation at temperatures ≥500 °C without carbon formation. Gas diffusion limitations for the reformed fuel limited the performance at high temperature, e.g., ≈0.5 W/cm 2 at 750 °C. The results are discussed based on calculated gas diffusion rates for different possible reaction pathways.

Field of study: Materials science
Was Keynes a Corporatist?: Keynes’s Radical Views on Industrial Policy and Macro Policy in the 1920s

Keynes's main purpose in writing The Economic Consequences of the Peace (1919) was to issue a dire warning that if the provisions of the Treaty of Versailles were implemented, the world would face the prospect of economic stagnation, financial crisis, social and political unrest, and, in some countries, possible revolution. But he also used the book to express his belief that Europe stood between two epochs of economic history. World War I accelerated the dissolution of the old order to be sure, and the Treaty threatened to make a peaceful and smooth transition to a new socioeconomic regime impossible, but Keynes believed that the old order was destined to crumble anyway. Keynes argued that the conditions that made possible the high growth rate in Europe and North America between 1870 and World War I were inherently transitory. In the second sentence of the book, he states that "very few of us realize with conviction the intensely unusual, unstable, complicated, unreliable, temporary nature of the economic organization by which Western Europe has lived for the last half century" [Keynes 1971a, 2:1]. Toward the book's end, he drew the following conclusion:

Field of study: Economics
Modelled nearshore sediment transport in open-water conditions, central north shore of Prince Edward Island, Canada

The central north shore of Prince Edward Island comprises embayments separated by subtle headlands that may constrain nearshore sediment transport. The study area includes two such embayments informally known as Brackley and Tracadie bights, both of which are sand-rich onshore and sand-starved between 20 and 50 m water depth. Storm winds and waves from the northwest and northeast are common in autumn and winter. The hydrodynamic model Delft3D is used to simulate waves, currents, water levels, and sediment transport in Brackley and Tracadie bights during 23 autumn seasons between 1955 and 2005. When compared with wave and current measurements from a field experiment in the autumn of 1999, the model successfully simulates conditions during storms and fair-weather periods. Results from the simulations show that, in autumn, the weighted mean direction of transport is to the southeast (133°). Bedload transport is directed onshore to the south (170°), and suspended load is directed offshore to the northeast (67...

Field of study: Environmental science
On the Elimination of Systematic Errors Due to Grouping

In the calculation of the moments of a frequency distribution it is often desirable, or even necessary, to consider not the distribution itself but another derived from it by certain groupings. As a first approximation to the moments of the original distribution we take the corresponding moment of the grouped distribution. But this first app)roximation is, not satisfactory, anld it is necessary to obtain some miiethod for the'elimination of part of the error committed in replacing the moments of the original distribution by the corresponding noments of the grouped distribution. This problem was first discussed by W. F. Sheppard in a paper: Ot the Calculation of the mnost Probable Valte of Frequency-Constants, for Data arranged according to Equidistant Divisions of a Scale.' If we denote the' n-th moment of the original distribution by a,u1 and the n-th moment of the grouped distribution by 7/ we will have Sheppard's corrections in the form:

Field of study: Mathematics
Characteristics of patients presenting to a cardiac clinic with palpitation.

Palpitation is a very common presenting symptom in primary care and in cardiac clinics, associated with marked disability. Although serious arrhythmias are uncommon causes, treatment of persistent palpitation is difficult.



To describe the cardiological, behavioural and psychological characteristics of consecutive patients presenting to a cardiac clinic with the main complaint of palpitation.



Prospective evaluation of consecutive out-patients.



Participants were 184 consecutive patients with the complaint of palpitation referred to an out-patient cardiac clinic. Three assessments were used. Three to four weeks prior to clinic attendance, measures of symptoms, distress and disability were gathered, and a heart rate perception test was conducted. At the out-patient clinic, a routine clinical assessment was made. Three months later, patients received a questionnaire which included baseline measures of symptoms, distress and disability.



Palpitation was associated with arrhythmias in 62 patients (34%), extrasystoles in 75 patients (41%) and awareness of sinus rhythm in 47 patients (26%). Distress and disability were common and persistent. There were significant differences in the characteristics of the three groups.



Most patients presenting to secondary care with palpitation do not have serious underlying cardiovascular conditions. Concurrent psychological problems are common and persistent. Aetiology may be seen as an interaction of pathology, awareness of normal physiology, and psychological variables. Few patients require specialist cardiological treatment, but simple reassurance is of limited effectiveness. A stepped care approach may improve outcomes and needs rigorous evaluation.

Field of study: Medicine
Review of the RF Economic Legislation In December 2013

In December, the following amendments were introduced into the legislation: amendments were introduced into Article 855 of Part II of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation as regards the priority of debiting of cash funds in case of insufficient account balances for the purpose of meeting all the claims made; from January 1, 2014, the new minimum monthly pay was established; The Government of the Russian Federation approved a new Resolution Statute on the Procedure for Assignment of Academic Degrees.

Field of study: Economics
Design and Implement of Intelligent Home Speech Remote Control System

Speech recognition technology is one of the most significant technologies in the last ten years. Nowadays, the majority of families are using the proper remote controller, that controlled by a distinct microprocessor chip, for each of the electric equipment. Intelligent home speech remote control system is a compositive embedded system, which based on the non-contact recognition technology, it can control the electric equipments by using the speech of users.

Field of study: Computer science
Acidification-induced chemical changes in coniferous forest soils in southern Sweden 1988-1999.

Thirty-two Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) stands in southern Sweden were studied for a period of 12 years to evaluate acidification-induced chemical changes in the soil. Soil, at 20-30 cm depth in the mineral layer, was sampled three times during this period (1988, 1993 and 1999). The results show that pH(BaCl2) in mineral soil decreased by, on average, 0.17 units between 1988 and 1999, accompanied by an increase in aluminium (Al) concentration and a decrease in base saturation in the soil. In 1999, the base saturation was below 5% in 58% of the 32 sites compared with 16% in 1988 and 7% in 1993. Concentrations of calcium (Ca), potassium (K) and magnesium (Mg) are low and decreasing. Based on C/N ratios in humus, 45% of the sites may be subjected to leaching of considerable amounts of nitrate. The results show that the acidification of coniferous forest soils in southern Sweden is continuing, and that the negative effects on the nutrient status in soil are extensive. The results are compared with reference values for productive, long-term sustainably managed boreal coniferous or mixed forest soils and implications for long-term sustainability are discussed.

Field of study: Environmental science
Dual-detector X-ray fluorescence imaging of ancient artifacts with surface relief.

Interpretation of X-ray fluorescence images of archeological artifacts is complicated by the presence of surface relief and roughness. Using two symmetrically arranged fluorescence detectors in a back-reflection geometry, the proper X-ray fluorescence yield can be distinguished from intensity variations caused by surface topography. This technique has been applied to the study of Roman inscriptions on marble.

Field of study: Physics
Learning a non-linear combination of Mahalanobis distances using statistical inference for similarity measure

In this study, the authors learn a similarity measure that discriminates between inter-class and intra-class samples based on a statistical inference perspective. A non-linear combination of Mahalanobis is proposed to reflect the properties of a likelihood ratio test. Since an object's appearance is influenced by the identity of the object and variations in the capturing process, the authors represent the feature vector, which is the difference between two samples in the differences space, as a sample that is drawn from a mixture of many distributions. This mixture consists of the identities distribution and other distributions of the variations in the capturing process, in case of dissimilar samples. However, in the case of similar samples, the mixture consists of the variations in the capturing process distributions only. Using this representation, the proposed similarity measure accurately discriminates between inter-class and intra-class samples. To highlight the good performance of the proposed similarity measure, it is tested on different computer vision applications: face verification and person re-identification. To illustrate how the proposed learning method can easily be used on large scale datasets, experiments are conducted on different challenging datasets: labelled faces in the wild (LFW), public figures face database, ETHZ and VIPeR. Moreover, in these experiments, the authors evaluate different stages, for example, features detector, descriptor type and descriptor dimension, which constitute the face verification pipeline. The experimental results confirm that the learning method outperforms the state-of-the-art.

Field of study: Computer science
Generation of a mouse monoclonal antibody against chicken interleukin-6.

A monoclonal antibody (MAb) specific for chicken interleukin-6 (chIL-6) was generated by using Balb/c mice immunized with recombinant chIL-6 (rchIL-6). On Western blot analysis, the MAb, designated E3, reacted with rchIL-6 but not with recombinant murine IL-6 (rmIL-6). The MAb E3 also reacted with supernatant of the chicken macrophage-like cell line HD11 stimulated with lipopolysaccaride. The rchIL-6-induced phosphorylation of STAT3 in a chicken hybridoma cell line was inhibited by addition of MAb E3 in a dose-dependent manner. These results indicate that the MAb E3 specific for chIL-6 is useful for detection and functional analysis of chIL-6.

Field of study: Biology
Y-Ba-Cu-O/Au/Nb ramp-type Josephson junctions

Ramp-type junctions connecting the d-wave superconductor YBa/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub 7-/spl delta// and the s-wave superconductor niobium are fabricated using a thin gold layer as a chemical barrier. High critical current densities exceeding 5 kA/cm/sup 2/ are obtained. The normal state resistivity (R/sub n/A) values of the junctions are of the order of 0.1 /spl mu//spl Omega/ cm/sup 2/. The magnetic field behavior of the critical current of junctions oriented in the [10l]- and in the [11l]-direction of the YBa/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub 7-/spl delta// is explained in terms of a predominant d(x/sup 2/-y/sup 2/) order parameter in the high-T/sub c/ superconductor.

Field of study: Physics
Cure, Mechanical and Solvent Transport Behaviour of Filled Poly(Ethylene-Co-Vinyl Acetate) Composites

The role of fillers such as clay, talc and ZnO on the physical properties of Poly(Ethylene-co-Vinyl Acetate) E VA has been examined. Mechanical properties such as tensile strength and hardness were observed to be the highest for clay filled system followed by talc and ZnO-filled composites. Abrasion resistance of the composites was found to be of the order: clay > ZnO > talc. Among the composites, the clay-filled system showed the lowest solvent uptake and the ZnO-reinforced system the highest. The dielectric constant of the composites was found to be increasing with filler loading. The overall thermal stability of the composites was found to be higher than that of gum EVA.

Field of study: Materials science
Unified quantitative observation of coexisting volcanic sulfur dioxide and sulfate aerosols using ground-based Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

We developed an optimal-estimation algorithm to simultaneously retrieve, for the first time, coexisting volcanic gaseous SO2 and sulfate aerosols (SA) from ground-based Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) observations. These effluents, both linked to magmatic degassing process and subsequent atmospheric evolution processes, have overlapping spectral signatures leading to mutual potential interferences when retrieving one species without considering the other. We show that significant overestimations may be introduced in SO2 retrievals if the radiative impact of coexistent SA is not accounted for, which may have impacted existing SO2 long-term series, e.g. from satellite platforms. The method was applied to proximal observations at Masaya volcano, where SO2 and SA concentrations, and SA acidity, were retrieved. A gas-to-particle sulfur partitioning of 400 and a strong SA acidity (sulfuric acid concentration: 65 %) were found, consistent with past in situ observations at this volcano. This method is easily exportable to other volcanoes to monitor magma extraction processes and the atmospheric sulfur cycle in the case of ash-free plumes.

Field of study: Environmental science
Engaging policy makers in road safety research in Malaysia: a theoretical and contextual analysis.

Road traffic injuries (RTIs) are a growing public health problem that must be addressed through evidence-based interventions including policy-level changes such as the enactment of legislation to mandate specific behaviors and practices. Policy makers need to be engaged in road safety research to ensure that road safety policies are grounded in scientific evidence. This paper examines the strategies used to engage policy makers and other stakeholder groups and discusses the challenges that result from a multi-disciplinary, inter-sectoral collaboration. A framework for engaging policy makers in research was developed and applied to describe an example of collective road safety research in Malaysia. Key components of this framework include readiness, assessment, planning, implementation/evaluation, and policy development/sustainability. The case study of a collaborative intervention trial for the prevention of motorcycle crashes and deaths in Malaysia serves as a model for policy engagement by road safety and injury researchers. The analytic description of this research process in Malaysia demonstrates that the framework, through its five stages, can be used as a tool to guide the integration of needed research evidence into policy for road safety and injury prevention.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
药物离子选择性电极响应规律的系统研究——VII.串联型微电极性能及其理论探讨

本文研制出具有较强实用性的串联型微电极(MCCS,Microcells Connected in Series),并将其用于高价态药物链霉索的测定,测定灵敏度与准确度显著提高。依据正态分布函数的卷积原理,提出了MCCS电极的误差模型,修正了文献[1]的疏漏片面之处,用Monte Carlo实验进行了验证。

Field of study: Chemistry
Guillain-Barré Syndrome in a Patient with Hereditary Spastic Paraparesis

To report the unusual occurrence of Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) in a case of hereditary spastic paraparesis (HSP) and describe its effect on the preexisting clinical picture as well as the importance of early recognition and treatment.  A 41-year-old man known to have HSP developed an acute and rapid deterioration of muscle power associated with paresthesia in both upper and lower limbs. Clinical examination revealed flaccid quadriparesis with areflexia. Nerve conduction studies were suggestive of demyelinating polyneuropathy and CSF analysis showed increased protein but no cells. The diagnosis of GBS was made in addition to HSP. The patient received intravenous immunoglobulins 20 mg/kg body weight/day for 5 days. He responded very well to the treatment clinically and neurophysiologically and thereafter, he reverted to the preexisting spastic picture of HSP.  The peripheral demyelination with GBS was severe enough to obscure the preexisting clinical picture, but fortunately it responded very well to treatment. The clinical associations with HSP are widely variable, therefore it is very important to recognize acquired treatable causes of weakness in such patients in order to prevent an increase in disability.

Field of study: Medicine
COMPUTATIONAL ANALYSIS FOR STEEL-PLATE SHEAR WALL BASED ON THE NODE CONNECTION CHARACTERISTICS

Based on the study of a new semi-rigid composite frame with a steel-plate shear wall system,the structural bearing capacity of different wall forms,the stress and deformation development history are analyze using ANSYS program,and the effects on the bearing capacity of a hinged connection,a rigid connection and a semi-rigid connection are compared.The results show that the yield limitation of the frame is increased about 20%,and the ultimate bearing capacity is increased about 10% after setting stiffeners.For a bending-frame steel-plate shear-wall structure,the beam and the column are combined through the rigid connection with wall to form a double lateral force resisting system,and the ultimate bearing capacity of a rigid node is increased about 15% than that of a hinged one.There is about 5% difference for the ultimate bearing capacity between a semi rigid node and a hinged one,which is only a single lateral force resisting system.The research provides a basis for the new structural system and its theoretical analysis.

Field of study: Engineering
Aeroelastic Modeling Using Geometrically Nonlinear Solid-Shell Elements

An aeroelastic model is developed by using multivariable solid-shell elements. Geometrical nonlinearity and the elimination of corresponding locking phenomena are considered accurately in the modeling. Unsteady aerodynamic forces are addressed by solving Euler flow dynamic equations. The computational-structural-dynamics solver is loosely coupled to the computational-fluid-dynamics solver, and the full match of the computational structural dynamics and computational fluid dynamics interfaces is achieved by three-dimensional modeling. An interpolation method using finite-element shape functions is developed to transform forces from aerodynamic grids to structural grids. The aerodynamic mesh deformation is obtained by using radial basis functions combined with the transfinite interpolation method. The aeroelastic model is validated through the study of the flutter and the limit cycle oscillation of a cropped delta wing in transonic flow. Moreover, the establishment of the aeroelastic model using multivariab...

Field of study: Physics
Role of Education in Promoting Gender Equality and Women Empowerment: Implication for Social Justice and Development in Nigeria

Equal educational opportunities for all have been the major concern of well-meaning individuals all over the world.  As a result, governments and non-governmental agencies are poised to propagate the gospel through policy provision, advocacy, etc., which encourage participants to appreciate the need to receive functional education at different levels of education.  In Nigeria, efforts that will encourage better participation and invariably lead to national development was put in place through the review of the Nigeria’s National Policy on Education (FGN 2013).  The changes in this policy document became imperative as a result of the demands from international bodies such as United Nations Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), Education for All (EFA), and other interested citizens, etc.  This study examined the role of education in promoting gender equality and women empowerment using critical indicators such as enrolment and graduation rate at the primary, secondary and open and distance learning in Nigeria.  The paper contends that the attainment of gender equality and women empowerment are sine qua non to effective education policy implementation and monitoring.  It was therefore concluded that the obvious implication for social justice and development in Nigeria can be sustained through well articulated education for all.  Gender equality, Women empowerment, social justice, Nigeria, development.

Field of study: Education