nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Paths to Innovate Business Models in an Economic Downturn

Innovation is critical in sustaining business competitiveness and in improving productivity. In today’s fast-changing business environment, constant innovation is the key to survival. The long-term viability and prosperity of an organization has a great dependence on its ability to innovate. The current scenario of economic downturn can be seen as the right moment to implement an innovation strategy and to reformulate the business strategy of a company. This article presents nine ways to change the actual business models of companies in order to attend new business opportunities and to increase their flexibility to market changes. The role of innovation in the business model framework is explored, revealing that the business model component will be a greater source of competitive advantage compared to products and services. Additionally, the role of technology on these changes is analyzed, and the increased importance of information technology in the enterprise’s organization is explored.

Field of study: Business
Single cell approaches to address adipose tissue stromal cell heterogeneity.

A central function of adipose tissue is in the management of systemic energy homeostasis that is achieved through the co-ordinated regulation of energy storage and mobilization, adipokine release, and immune functions. With the dramatic increase in the prevalence of obesity and obesity-related metabolic disease over the past 30 years, there has been extensive interest in targeting adipose tissue for therapeutic benefit. However, in order for this goal to be achieved it is essential to establish a comprehensive atlas of adipose tissue cellular composition and define mechanisms of intercellular communication that mediate pathologic and therapeutic responses. While traditional methods, such as fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) and genetic lineage tracing, have greatly advanced the field, these approaches are inherently limited by the choice of markers and the ability to comprehensively identify and characterize dynamic interactions among stromal cells within the tissue microenvironment. Single cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq) has emerged as a powerful tool for deconvolving cellular heterogeneity and holds promise for understanding the development and plasticity of adipose tissue under normal and pathological conditions. scRNAseq has recently been used to characterize adipose stem cell (ASC) populations and has provided new insights into subpopulations of macrophages that arise during anabolic and catabolic remodeling in white adipose tissue. The current review summarizes recent findings that use this technology to explore adipose tissue heterogeneity and plasticity.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Testing the difference between two independent regression models

In some situations, for example, in biology or psychology studies, we wish to determine whether the linear relationship between response variable and predictor variables differs in two populations. The analysis of the covariance (ANCOVA) or, equivalently, the partial F-test approaches are the commonly used methods. In this study, the asymptotic distribution for the difference between two independent regression coefficients was established. The proposed method was used to derive the asymptotic confidence set for the difference between coefficients and hypothesis testing for the equality of the two regression models. Then a simulation study was conducted to compare the proposed method with the partial F method. The performance of the new method was comparable with that of the partial F method.

Field of study: Mathematics
Vibrational spectra of disordered oxyfluoride (NH4)3WO3F3

Comparative analysis of the IR absorption and Raman scattering spectra of a polycrystalline sample of perovskite-type oxyfluoride (NH4)3WO3F3 has been performed in the frequency range 370–4000 cm−1 at temperatures from 92 to 303 K, including the transition between the orientationally disordered cubic and low-symmetry phases. The conformation of WO3F3 octahedral groups is established and transitional anomalies of the internal modes of these groups and ammonium ions are revealed. Comparative analysis of the IR and Raman spectra suggests that the phase transition under study is mainly related to the ordering of octahedral groups and formation of W-O…H-N hydrogen bonds.

Field of study: Physics
The efficient catalytic asymmetric aldol-type reaction

A wide variety of aldehydes including aromatic, aliphatic and α,β-unsaturated aldehydes react with silyl enol ether of S-ethyl propanethioate in propionitrile to afford the corresponding aldol-type adducts with high relative and absolute stereochemical control by use of chiral diamine coordinated tin(II) triflate as a catalyst.

Field of study: Chemistry
NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF WINDAGE YAW OF 500KV UHV TRANSMISSION LINES

The windage yaw of a 500kV ultra-high voltage(UHV) overhead transmission line under the action of stochastic wind load is numerically investigated.A multi-body model consisting of bundle conductors,suspension insulator strings,clamp and spacers of a typical 500 kV line section is set up based on the characteristics of the structure and the motion of the overhead transmission line.Fluctuating wind speeds based on Kaimal spectrum,which reflects the change of wind speed with height above ground,and the Davenport coherence function,are numerically simulated by means of WAWS.Based upon the statistic results of the windage yaw of the suspension insulator string,obtained by the transient response analysis of the numerical model,the shortcoming of the calculation method of the windage yaw in the current design code is discussed,and it is concluded that a dynamic load factor should be introduced in the calculation of wind load acting on the conductors and insulators to accurately determine the windage yaw of the suspension insulator string.

Field of study: Engineering
On the Development of Translation Criterion

In this article,the author reviews t he development of translation crite rion,and cliscusses the general idea about the term"translation criterion".Advantages and deficiencies of dif ferent criteria have been analyzed.And then,the au-thor' s opinion has been put forward.That i s:various criteria should co -exist,and the highest criterion and the lo w-est criterion should be distinguish ed.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Cryptanalysis of Grigoriev-Shpilrain Physical Asymmetric Scheme With Capacitors

Few days ago Grigoriev and Shpilrain have proposed to build a system for transmission of information without a shared secret, or essentially a sort of public key cryptosystem, based on properties of physical systems . In this paper we show that their second scheme based on capacitors is insecure and extremely easy to break in practice.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Tests for normality in stable laws

A question of considerable interest is whether a stable distribution is Gaussian or has infinite variance. Three statistics, the kurtosis, the ratio of one half the range to the sample stan-dard deviation, and a regression-type estimator of the characteristic exponent α are compared in a Monte Carlo power study. In addition, the asymptotic distribution of the third statistic is examined and the powers obtained by using approximate normal theory are compared to the Monte Carlo findings in large samples.

Field of study: Mathematics
Chile’s Electricity Market Construction and Its Enlightenment

Chile is the first country in the world to implement electric sector reform, and is a country with more advanced renewable energy development in South American countries. This paper introduces Chile's electricity market reform procedure and market model, as well as the power crisis, and summarizes the relevant mechanisms and policies for Chile to stimulate renewable energy development. Finally, the enlightenment of Chile's electricity market reform to China is analyzed.

Field of study: Engineering
Some Chemical Conversions of 3,3,5-Trichloro-2-hydroxytetrahydropyran

A series of chemical conversions of 3,3,5-trichloro-2-hydroxytetrahydropyran has been carried proceeding both with ring opening and with its retention. Alkylation, acylation, and sulfonylation of the hydroxyl group of the initial ring have been carried out.

Field of study: Chemistry
Near-Infrared Spectroscopy of SN 2017eaw in 2017: Carbon Monoxide and Dust Formation in a Type II-P Supernova

The origin of dust in the early Universe has been the subject of considerable debate. Core-collapse supernovae (ccSNe), which occur several million years after their massive progenitors form, could be a major source of that dust, as in the local universe several ccSNe have been observed to be copious dust producers. Here we report nine near-infrared (0.8 - 2.5 micron) spectra of the Type II-P SN 2017eaw in NGC 6946, spanning the time interval 22 - 205 days after discovery. The specta show the onset of CO formation and continuum emission at wavelengths greater than 2.1 micron from newly-formed hot dust, in addition to numerous lines of hydrogen and metals, which reveal the change in ionization as the density of much of the ejecta decreases. The observed CO masses estimated from an LTE model are typically 10^{-4} Msun during days 124 - 205, but could be an order of magnitude larger if non-LTE conditions are present in the emitting region. The timing of the appearance of CO is remarkably consistent with chemically controlled dust models of Sarangi & Cherchneff.

Field of study: Physics
THE WORK OF A PSYCHIATRIC EMERGENCY CLINIC.

The majority of patients attending The Maudsley Hospital Emergency Clinic do not differ significantly in diagnostic groups or behaviour from those attending routine outpatients. It is suggested that the most useful functions of the Clinic are the assessment of the need for admission or other urgent treatment, the correct allocation of patients to available services, and the prompt assumption of clinical responsibility for the patient. Attention is drawn to a group of patients who, for a variety of reasons, fail to consult their family doctor and refer themselves spontaneously to the clinic instead.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Static and dynamic headspace analysis of volatile organic compounds in soils

Dynamic headspace analysis, or purge and trap, is widely used in the United States for volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in soil because several Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) methods specify this approach. In this study, alternative methods based on static headspace analysis were developed and compared to purge and trap. Analyte recovery and method precision were quantified for nine VOCs, including both halogenated aliphatics and nonhalogenated aromatics, and five dissimilar soils. Direct headspace analysis of a soil sample/water slurry with equilibration for 1 h at 95 o C was found to provide recovery and precision superior to that obtained with purge and trap for most soil/analyts combinations.

Field of study: Environmental science
The mouse homeodomain protein OTX2 regulates NCAM promoter activity.

The homeodomain transcription factor OTX2 is involved in defining regional identities in developing rostral brain. It appears to participate in morphogenetic processes leading to the formation of boundaries and substrates for early axon growth, processes which are in the end largely based on site-specific expression of cell adhesion molecules. Here, we present evidence that a candidate target of OTX2 is the gene encoding the neural cell adhesion molecule, NCAM. When Otx2 is transfected into NIH3T3 cells, NCAM protein expression is upregulated. Moreover, while mock-transfected cells display only the 140 kDa-isoform of NCAM, Otx2 transfected cells express also the two other major isoforms (NCAM-120 and -180), in agreement with the presence of the corresponding transcripts in Northern blots. In addition, transient expression of Otx2 in COS7 cells is able to dramatically enhance the transcriptional activity of the NCAM promoter. Taken together, our results argue for a regulation of NCAM expression by OTX2.

Field of study: Biology
Cognitive Distortion as Predictor of In-school Adolescents’ Depressive Symptoms and Academic Performance in South-South, Nigeria

The purpose of this study was to ascertain how cognitive distortion could predict in-school adolescents’ depressive symptoms and academic performance in the South-South Nigeria. The study adopted a correlation design with a sample of in-school adolescents who showed evidence of cognitive distortion (N=798). In-School Adolescents’ Cognitive Distortion Questionnaire (ISACDQ), In-School Adolescents’ Depression Inventory (ISADI) and Academic Performance Scale (APS) were used for data collection while linear regression statistics procedure was adopted to analyse the data. Results show that cognitive distortion predicts in-school adolescents’ depressive symptoms to a low degree while it predicts academic performance to a high degree. Based on the findings, conclusion, implication and limitations were drawn.  Cognitive Distortion, in-school Adolescents, Depressive Symptoms, Academic performance.

Field of study: Education
Are Descriptions of the Self more Complex than Descriptions of Others?

Five studies compared the complexity of explicit semantic knowledge of self and others. In Study 1, students rated targets on unipolar and bipolar trait scales. In Study 2, they used trait checklists to describe targets in various roles. Study 3 replicated Study 2 except participants generated a unique set of roles for each target. In Studies 4 and 5, judges coded the complexity of openended descriptions of each target. Self-other differences in complexity were found in both directions and depended on such factors as the valence of the descriptors and the closeness of the target. For example, compared to self-descriptions, descriptions of disliked others contained fewer roles and more negative traits, whereas descriptions of liked others (although generally similar to the self) contained fewer negative traits and more roles. Overall, the results contradict the common belief that people think more complexly about the self than others.

Field of study: Psychology
Long-term trends and a risk analysis of cetacean entanglements and bycatch in fisheries gear in Australian waters

Assessments of fisheries interactions with non-target species are crucial for quantifying anthropogenic threatening processes and informing management action. We perform the first multi-jurisdictional analysis of spatial and temporal trends, data gaps and risk assessment of cetacean interactions with fisheries gear for the entire Australian Exclusive Economic Zone. Bycatch and entanglement records dating from 1887 to 2016 were collected from across Australia (n = 1987). Since 2000 there has been a substantial increase in reported bycatch and entanglements and this is likely the result of improved monitoring or recording by some jurisdictions and fisheries as well as changing fishing effort, combined with continuing recovery of baleen whale populations after cessation of commercial whaling. A minimum of 27 cetacean species were recorded entangled, with over 30% of records involving interactions with threatened, vulnerable or endangered species. Three times the number of dolphins and toothed whales were recorded entangled compared to baleen whales. Inshore dolphins were assessed as most vulnerable to population decline as a result of entanglements, though humpback whales, common bottlenose dolphins, and short-beaked common dolphins were the most frequently caught. Only one-quarter of animals were reported to have survived entanglement, either through intervention or self-release from fishing gear. Spatial mapping of the records highlighted entanglement hotspots along the east and west coast of the continent, regions where high human population density, high fishing effort, and high density of migrating humpback whales all occur, augmented by high captures of dolphins in shark control gear along the east coast. Areas of few entanglements were more remote, highlighting substantial bias in entanglement reporting. Our gap analysis identified discrepancies in data quality and recording consistency both within and between jurisdictions. Disparities in the types of fisheries data provided for the analysis by different state agencies limited our ability to compile bycatch data in a representative and systematic way. This research highlights the need for improved standardised data recording and reporting by all agencies, and compulsory sharing of detailed fisheries interaction and effort data, as this would increase the value of entanglement and bycatch data as a conservation and management tool.

Field of study: Environmental science
Deformed Hartree-Fock calculation of proton-rich nuclei

We perform Hartree-Fock+BCS calculations for even-even nuclei with 2 ≤ Z ≤ 82 and N ranging from outside the proton drip line to the experimental frontier on the neutron-rich side. The ground state solutions are obtained for 737 nuclei, together with shape-coexistence solutions for 480 nuclei. Our method features the Cartesian-mesh representation of single-particle wavefunctions, which is advantageous in treating nucleon skins and exotic shapes. The results are compared with those of the finite-range droplet model of Moller et al. as well as the experimental values.

Field of study: Physics
Tensile Properties of Z-pins Reinforced Laminates

The delamination toughness of Z-pins reinforced laminates could be improved significantly and in-plane mechanical properties of the laminates were degraded with a few of Z-pins inserted in the through-thickness direction. The influence of Z-pin inserted parameters and moisture absorption condition on the tensile properties of the laminates was experimentally studied. The results showed that Z-pins can change microstructure and the original stress-strain state of the Z-pinned laminates, and the tensile strength and modulus of the laminates were obviously influenced. The tensile modulus of the Z-pinned laminates decreased with the increasing of Z-pins’ diameter and volume content, while it increased with that of Z-pins’ angle. The moisture absorption rate and balanced moisture content of Z-pinned laminates increased due to Z-pin inserted, which eventually resulted in accelerating degradation of performance of composites laminates.

Field of study: Materials science
The Structure of Selo and Its Implication for Binding Theory

I suggest that selo' in Korean has a complex structure [pro selo] and that [pro selo] is a pronominal in terms of binding theory. This can give a natural account for long distance dependency, split antecedence and the lack of requirement for the c-commanding antecedent of selo, and its asymmetry of readings in local and nonlocal domains in terms of binding theory as reported here.

Field of study: Linguistics
Role of lymphocyte activation products (LAP) in cell-mediated immunity. II. Effects of lymphocyte activation products on lymph node architecture and evidence for peripheral release of LAP following antigenic stimulation.

The experiments reported here were concerned with determining the effects of lymphocyte activation products (LAP) on lymph node architecture, and with assaying afferent lymph for evidence of the peripheral release of LAP during the induction of an immune response. 
 
Intralymphatic inoculation of purified homologous LAP into guinea-pigs resulted in increased weight and cellular content of the draining node. Histologically these nodes showed paracortical distension and dense aggregations of lymphoid cells or `cellular plugs' in the paracortical sinuses. It was suggested that one effect of LAP may be to cause cellular retention in the paracortex of lymph nodes by regulating the rate of cell exit via the sinuses of the node. 
 
The peripheral lymph of rabbits was assayed for its ability to inhibit macrophage migration and to accelerate lymphocyte DNA synthesis after stimulation with three different antigens. The antigens were chosen to give a spectrum which ranged from a primarily humoral response (erythrocyte stimulation) through a mixed humoral and cell-mediated response (diphtheria toxoid stimulation) to a predominantly cell-mediated type of response (skin contact sensitization to fluorodinitrobenzene–FDNB). Paracortical distension with lymphoid cell sinus plugging, similar to that observed in the guinea-pig nodes following intralymphatic injection of LAP, were common features of both the diphtheria toxoid and FDNB responses. It was concluded that the development of this type of sinus plugging and paracortical distension might be related to multiple activities of LAP generated and released either at the peripheral antigen depot or within the draining node.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Reconstruction of late Pleistocene climate in the Valsequillo Basin (Central Mexico) through isotopic analysis of terrestrial and freshwater snails

We aim to reconstruct the climatic and environmental conditions in the Valsequillo Basin during the deposition of the Valsequillo gravels between c. 40,000 and 8000 years ago, when large mega-fauna and potentially humans occupied the basin. Fossil freshwater (Fossaria sp. and Sphaeriidae (Family)) and terrestrial (Polygyra couloni, Holospira sp. and Cerionidae (Family)) snail shells from sections within the Barranca Caulapan were collected for oxygen and carbon stable isotope analysis. Oxygen and carbon isotopes in terrestrial and freshwater snail shells relate to local climatic parameters and environmental conditions prevailing during the lifetime of the snail. Whole shell isotope analysis showed that c. 35,000 years ago climate in the Valsequillo Basin was similar to the present day. Between c. 35,000 and 20,000 BP conditions became increasingly dry, after which conditions became wetter again, although this record is truncated. Intra-shell isotopic analyses show that the amount of precipitation varied seasonally during the late Pleistocene. If people did reach this part of the Americas in the late Pleistocene they would have experienced changing long-term and seasonal climatic conditions and would have had to adapt their life strategies accordingly.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Malaria incidence in rural Benin: does economics matter in endemic area?

Malaria represents a major health problem with over 1 million annual deaths in Africa alone. There are a limited number of policies tackling the health problems of people at greater risk, namely the poor and rural communities. This is partly due to the lack of evidence available on the range of factors affecting their health status. Despite endemic malarial situations, there is still little understanding of the relative importance of economic factors that contribute to people acquiring malaria. This paper examines the socio-economic and economic factors that affect the incidence of malaria in rural community households in Benin, where malaria is endemic. A sample of 1585 households was determined to collect information on socio-economic characteristics and the presence of malaria symptoms. Probit estimation techniques were used to assess the impact of socio-demographic and socio-economic factors on the incidence of malaria, comparing households with and without malaria patients. Predisposing characteristics of the household head such as age, knowledge of malaria, education and the size of the household significantly affect the incidence of malaria as anticipated by economic theory. Enabling factors reflecting higher economic status, measured by monthly expenditure and a socio-economic index, have a statistically significant and positive impact on the incidence of malaria. This could reflect that better-off have improved case reporting and are likely to seek treatment. Variations in socio-economic and economic characteristics are significant in explaining the incidence of malaria, even in an endemic malarial setting.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science