nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Magnetic moment of the 1,307 keV state in69As

The Larmor precession of the 1,307 keV 2 ns state in69As in an external magnetic field of 2 T has been observed in a time integral perturbed angular distribution experiment. The deducedg-factor ofg=1.05±0.13 confirms the rather pureg9/2 proton structure of this state on which a triaxial rotational aligned band is built.

Field of study: Physics
[Neurophysiological abnormalities in the P300 paradigm as endophenotypes of schizophrenia].

The aim of the study was to discriminate the auditory event-related potentials (ERP) abnormalities in the P300 paradigm as the possible neurophysiological endophenotypes (pathogenetic predisposition markers) of schizophrenia. Deviations of the parameters of different waves of auditory ERP were determined in a sample of patients as compared to the controls, the influence of patient's clinical state (measured by PANSS) upon ERP abnormalities was studied. The comparison of neurophysiological characteristics was carried out also in mentally healthy parents from the families with so-called "sporadic" cases of schizophrenia and in parents from the families, in which the other spouse was either affected with mental disorder or had relatives with schizophrenia. The data obtained suggest that two neurophysiological abnormalities of auditory ERP - the decrease of N100 amplitude in ERP to non-target stimuli and reduction of P300 amplitude, fulfill the "endophenotype" criteria.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Disciplinary location of Managerial science and engineering and its education

The primary characteristic of managerial science and engineering is mainly about 3  the research method,methodology(analytical philosophy) and tool,so as to show the specific example in the relative subject;(2)Emphasizing the technological management,especially the theory and tool,improving the technological platform reform of the relative subjects,especially in the field of IT,and also give the specific examples;(3)Emphasizing the applied field with highly comprehensive characteristic.Comparing to the other managerial disciplines,Managerial science and engineering is the nearest discipline to the science,engineering science and technological science.Therefore,it appears more comprehensive.According to the present state of talent needs,especially in the education of the first class talents of managerial science and technology,it is necessary for us to promote the number and quality of the talents.

Field of study: Education
1H-NMR EVIDENCE FOR η4-DIENE COORDINATION STRUCTURE OF ZrCp2(C4H6) AND HAFNACYCLO-3-PENTENE STRUCTURE OF HfCp2(C4H6) IN SOLUTION

The temperature-variant 1H-NMR study of a 1,3-diene complex, ZrCp2(CH2CHCHCH2), in toluene-d8 showed the η4 -diene coordination structure below −40 °C, while the corresponding Hf complex assumed the metallacyclo-3-pentene structure in the wide temperature range of −90∼80 °C.

Field of study: Chemistry
The blood group activity of human gastric sulphoglycoproteins in patients with gastric cancer and normal controls.

Sulphoglycoproteins, isolated from human gastric juice, were observed to possess blood group activity, compatible with hosts' blood group in eighteen normal subjects and in nine patients with atrophic gastritis. The activities were of comparable magnitude with neutral glycoproteins of gastric juice as measured with haemagglutination inhibition test. The content of neutral glycoproteins is, however, about ten times that of sulphoglycoproteins and, it was thought, this would be the reason why the latter had been previously overlooked. 
 
In cases of gastric cancer, deviations were observed in compatibility with hosts' blood group. Sulphoglycoproteins derived from cancerous gastric juice of all five patients belonging to blood group B, showed A-activity, often with high titre in addition to B- and H-activity. In seven cases belonging to blood group O, four showed A-activity in addition to H-activity, and two cases showed A- and B-activity in their gastric sulphoglycoproteins. Of eleven cancer cases belonging to blood group A, ten showed only compatible A- (and H-) activity, and in one case weak B-activity in the gastric sulphoglycoproteins. The observed differences were thought to be mainly in sulphoglycoproteins of gastric juice.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Direct Coupling of Naphthalene and Sulfonimides Promoted by DDQ and Blue Light

Aromatic C–H amination chemistry has attracted significant attentions as an alternative of conventional amination of aryl halides. Among C–H amination reactions, dehydrogenative coupling of arenes and N–H reagents represents an ideal transformation because prefunctionalization steps of arenes or aminating reagents are not required. Herein, we report direct C–H/N–H coupling between naphthalene and sulfonimides mediated by 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-p-benzoquinone (DDQ) as a photosensitizer under irradiation of blue light.

Field of study: Chemistry
The Chinese and the Economic Development of Northern Baja California, 1889-1929

L ITIT L E more than a century ago, Chinese immigrants began arriving in the Mexican district of Baja California Norte. The district, though poorly developed and scarcely populated, offered many opportunities to the new settlers. Increasing demands for goods and services allowed the Chinese to take part in a wide array of activities. They entered the agricultural and business sectors, not only as laborers but as entrepreneurs. Despite the limitations of a sometimes hostile socioeconomic and political environment, a sizable Chinese population soon provided a considerable portion of the labor, capital, and enterprise required by the developing frontier society. The history of Baja's Chinese community, beyond its narrative appeal, contributes some important insights into the links between regional development, territorial sovereignty, and foreign economic control. How such a group played so decisive an economic role is a central question in exploring the area's transformation through the first decades of this century. Apart from its regional importance, the topic also presents an opportunity to probe the nature of ethnic relations in Porfirian and revolutionary Mexico. While the Chinese frequently faced discrimination and outright persecution in neighboring Sonora, they seldom did in northern Baja. In his study of Sonora, Leo Jacques contends that many Chinese "became prosperous-too prosperous, in fact, for their wealth and success brought them hatred and persecution."' Advancing this idea, Evelyn

Field of study: History
Proceedings of the Fifth Summer Meeting, held at Madison, August 15 and 16, 1893

Session of Tuesday Morning, August 15 The Society met at 10 o’clock a m, in the geological lecture-rooin, Science Hall, University of Wisconsin; First Vice-President T. C. Chamberlin in the chair. Professor C. R. Van Hise welcomed the Society to the city of Madison and to the University of Wisconsin. In acknowledgment of this welcome response was made by the acting President. A communication from the President, Sir J. William Dawson, was read, expressing regret at his enforced absence from the meeting of the Society, through illness. The scientific portion of his communication w a 3 reserved for the scientific program, and placed as the first paper upon the list.  The Secretary announced as the result of the balloting for Fellows that the following persons were elected Fellows of the Society: Sandford Fleming, LL. D., Ottawa, Canada. Civil Engineer; interested especially in Pleistocene geology. Charles Henry Gordon, . . .

Field of study: Geology
Association of membrane-bound amyloid precursor protein APP with the apolipoprotein E receptor LRP.

In order to identify cell surface proteins that interact with the amyloid precursor protein (APP), we biotinylated H4 human neuroglioma cells in culture with a water soluble biotinylating agent, immunoprecipitated APP with an antibody specific to the intracellular domain, and probed the precipitated proteins with anti-biotin. In human neuroglioma cells overexpressing APP751, we found a high molecular weight protein that immunoprecipitated with APP. This band was identified as the low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP) by three criteria: first, the band immunolabeled with anti-LRP antibodies; second, the band bound the LRP receptor associated protein, RAP; and third, this band was present in LRP-expressing fibroblasts, but not LRP-deficient fibroblasts. In complementary experiments, we found that APP co-precipitated with LRP, with a preference for an isoform of APP containing the Kunitz protease inhibitor domain. Interaction of APP and LRP on the surface of living cells was demonstrated by crosslinking APP and LRP with the water-soluble cross-linking agent BS(3). APP and LRP were shown by confocal microscopy to colocalize in perinuclear structures, but to primarily remain separate in vesicles and on the cell surface. We propose that full-length APP can transiently interact with the receptor LRP on the cell surface, affecting the processing and intracellular transport of APP.

Field of study: Biology
Bupivacaine causes cytotoxicity in mouse C2C12 myoblast cells: involvement of ERK and Akt signaling pathways

The adverse effects of local anesthetics (LAs) on wound healing at surgical sites have been suggested, and may be related to their cytotoxicity. This study was aimed to compare the cellular toxicity of bupivacaine and lidocaine (two well-known LAs), and to explore the molecular mechanism(s).Methods:Toxicity of bupivacaine and lidocaine was assessed in cultured mouse C2C12 myoblasts by cell viability and apoptosis assays. Effects of LAs on extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and protein kinase B (Akt) activation, which are essential for cell proliferation and survival, were evaluated by immunoblotting.Both LAs, especially bupivacaine, prevented cell growth and caused cell death in a dose-dependent manner. The half maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50) for bupivacaine and lidocaine were 0.49±0.04 and 3.37±0.53 mmol/L, respectively. When applied at the same dilutions of commercially available preparations, the apoptotic effect induced by bupivacaine was more severe than that of lidocaine in C2C12 cells. Furthermore, bupivacaine significantly diminished the ERK activation, which may underlie its anti-proliferative actions. Both LAs suppressed Akt activation, which correlated with their effects on apoptosis.Our study demonstrated that, when used at the same dilutions from clinically relevant concentrations, bupivacaine is more cytotoxic than lidocaine in vitro. Anti-proliferation and cell death with concomitant apoptosis mediated by bupivacaine may offer an explanation for its adverse effects in vivo (eg slowing wound healing at the surgical sites). A less toxic, long-acting anesthetic may be needed.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Some Statistical Problems in Small Group Research

FOR several years at the Laboratory of Social Relations at Harvard we have been engaged in the development of a method for the recording and analysis of social interaction.' By social interaction we mean the face-to-face conversation or behavior of two or more persons as they communicate with each other. There is a rapidly growing emphasis in several of the social sciences on the microscopic study of social interaction in small face-to-face groups.2 Children at play, classroom and discussion groups, committees, planning groups, work groups, therapy groups, and many others are being studied by direct observation. Researchers face a need for standardized methods of observing, analyzing, and comparing the behavior which goes on in widely different sorts of groups under widely different sorts of conditions. Previously separated lines of research and theorizing now seem to be converging toward a coherent body of techniques and theory. The basis of research and theorizing is less and less in terms of special interest in some concrete type of group, such as a particular interest in planning committees as they operate in administrative organizations, or a particular interest in classroom groups. The conviction is rapidly growing that there can be a generalized theory of small group structure and

Field of study: Mathematics
Dorsal versus ventral surgery for cervical ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament: considerations for approach selection and review of surgical outcomes.

Ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament is a common cause of radiculopathy and myelopathy that often requires surgery to achieve decompression of the neural elements. With the evolution of surgical technique and a greater understanding of the biomechanics of cervical deformity, the criteria for selecting one approach over the other has been the subject of increased study and remains controversial. Ventral approaches typically consist of variations of the cervical corpectomy, whereas dorsal approaches include a wide range of techniques including laminoplasty, laminectomy, and laminectomy with instrumented fusion. Herein, the features and limitations of these approaches are reviewed with an emphasis on complications and outcomes.

Field of study: Medicine
Protective effects of antioxidant enzymes and GSH in vivo on iron mediated lipid peroxidation in gastrointestinal tract of rat.

The protective mechanisms operating in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract to counteract the potential oxidizing effects of excess free iron, was tested in rats fed with excess iron. The activities of some antioxidant enzymes, the levels of GSH and the extent of lipid peroxidation at the site of iron absorption were measured. Based on the amount of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) produced, it could be deduced that the duodenal segment of GI tract is resistant to iron mediated lipid peroxidation. The duodenal function as judged from the activities of marker enzymes, namely, alkaline phosphatase and Lys-Ala-dipeptidyl aminopeptidase was normal. There was depletion of GSH possibly due to the increased activities of Cu, Zn SOD and catalase. However, the activity of Gpx was decreased in the Fe fed group. It was also observed that the ratios of SOD/Gpx and Cat/Gpx had significantly increased in the treated group whereas SOD/Cat remained constant suggesting that antioxidative enzymes play a key role in rendering the intestinal mucosal cells resistant to iron induced oxidative damage in rats.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Physics
Identification of the chemical states of phosphorus in atmospheric aerosols by XANES spectrometry.

Depth selective XAFS spectrometry was applied to determine the chemical states of phosphorus in atmospheric aerosols. Atmospheric aerosols were collected on aluminum foils and polyethylene films using a 4-stage cascade impactor and a 12-stage low pressure Andersen sampler, respectively. Samplings were performed at Uji (urban area) and Sakurajima (near a volcano). We measured X-ray fluorescence yield (XFY) and total electron yield (sample current) simultaneously to obtain the X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectra of the atmospheric aerosols. X-ray absorption in the vicinities of P K-edges was measured on the beamline BL-11B at the Photon Factory, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, Tsukuba, Japan. The Sakurajima aerosol samples showed only a P5+ peak and the peak was remarkable in coarse mode. In case of the Uji samples, the P5+ peak was dominant and a slight P3+ peak was detected for sample current measurement.

Field of study: Physics
Generalized Gorenstein Arf rings.

In this paper we study generalized Gorenstein Arf rings; a class of one-dimensional Cohen-Macaulay local Arf rings that is strictly contained in the class of Gorenstein rings. We obtain new characterizations and examples of Arf rings, and give applications of our argument to numerical semigroup rings and certain idealizations. In particular, we generalize a beautiful result of Barucci and Fr\"oberg concerning Arf numerical semigroup rings.

Field of study: Mathematics
Dimensionality in Compensatory MIRT When Complex Structure Exists: Evaluation of DETECT and NOHARM

This study investigated the effect of complex structure on dimensionality assessment in compensatory multidimensional item response models using DETECT- and NOHARM-based methods. The performance was evaluated via the accuracy of identifying the correct number of dimensions and the ability to accurately recover item groupings using a simple matching similarity (SM) coefficient. The DETECT-based methods yielded higher proportion correct than the NOHARM-based methods in two- and three-dimensional conditions, especially when correlations were ≤.60, data exhibited ≤30% complexity, and sample size was 1,000. As the complexity increased and the sample size decreased, the performance of the methods typically diminished. The NOHARM-based methods were either equally successful or better in recovering item groupings than the DETECT-based methods and were mostly affected by complexity levels. The DETECT-based methods were affected largely by the test length, such that with the increase of the number of items, SM coefficients would decrease substantially.

Field of study: Education
On the possible common nature of the ground state in Cu- and Fe-based HTSCs

A qualitative model describing the ground state and the mechanism of superconducting pairing in Cu- and Fe-based high-temperature superconductors (HTSCs) is suggested. In this model, doping by localized charges (as well as physical or chemical pressure) is supposed to be responsible for transition of Cu- and Fe-based HTSC to new ground state common for both HTSC classes where specific mechanism of superconductivity takes place. The resulting HTSC ground state is strongly correlated insulator with not fully filled exciton-electronic band, where the incoherent electron transport is impossible but coherent superconducting transport is possible because the band is not fully occupied. It is shown also that such electronic system is inherently predisposed to superconductive pairing because each pair of nearest cations acts as a two-atom negative-U center. The nature of Fermi arcs and mechanism of pseudogap are considered. It is shown that both of these features result from d-wave pairing and therefore have to be observed only in cuprates. We believe that the considered ground state is common for various families of HTSCs including cuprates, pnictides, selenides, bismutates and probably some other.

Field of study: Physics
Phanerozoic flysch trace fossil diversity-observations based on an Ordovician flysch ichnofauna from the Aroostook-Matapedia Carbonate Belt of northern New Brunswick

An Ordovician flysch trace fossil assemblage from the Aroostook–Matapedia Carbonate Belt, northern New Brunswick, consists of the following identifiable ichnogenera: Alcyonidiopsis, Asteriacites, Asterosoma, Belorhaphe, Bifasciculus, Buthotrephis, Chondrites, Cochlichnus, Cosmorhaphe, Diplichnites, Fucusopsis, Glockeria, Gyrochorte, Helminthoida, Helminthopsis, Neonereites, Paleodictyon, Planolites, Protopaleodictyon, Scalarituba, Spirodesmos, Spirorhaphe, and Taenidium. The stratigraphic range of six ichnogenera, viz. Glockeria, Gyrochorte, Helminthoida, Spirodesmos, Spirorhaphe, and Taenidium, is, therefore, now extended to rocks of Ordovician age.The diversity exhibited by the assemblage is inconsistent with currently proposed models of Phanerozoic flysch trace fossil diversity. It is suggested that existing models suffer from an inadequacy of sampling and systematic effort per period of geological time, as reflected by the limited number of post-Cambrian/pre-Cretaceous, particularly post-Carboniferous...

Field of study: Environmental science
Hyperon–nucleon interaction within chiral effective field theory revisited

The $$\varLambda N$$ Λ N and $$\varSigma N$$ Σ N interactions are considered at next-to-leading order in SU(3) chiral effective field theory. Different options for the low-energy constants that determine the strength of the contact interactions are explored. Two variants are analysed in detail which yield equivalent results for $$\varLambda N$$ Λ N and $$\varSigma N$$ Σ N scattering observables but differ in the strength of the $$\varLambda N \rightarrow \varSigma N$$ Λ N → Σ N transition potential. The influence of this difference on predictions for light hypernuclei and on the properties of the $$\varLambda $$ Λ and $$\varSigma $$ Σ hyperons in nuclear matter is investigated and discussed. The effect of the variation in the potential strength of the $$\varLambda N$$ Λ N - $$\varSigma N$$ Σ N coupling (also called $$\varLambda -\varSigma $$ Λ - Σ conversion) is found to be moderate for the considered $$^3_\varLambda {{\mathrm{H}}}$$ Λ 3 H and $$^4_\varLambda \mathrm{He}$$ Λ 4 He hypernuclei but sizable in case of the matter properties. Further, the size of three-body forces and their relation to different approaches to hypernuclear interactions is discussed.

Field of study: Physics
Transient expression of FGF-5 mRNA in the rat cerebellar cortex during post-natal development.

Previously, we showed that fibroblast growth factor (FGF) receptor-4 mRNA was transiently expressed in proliferative granule cells of the external granule layer of the rat cerebellar cortex during early post-natal development (A. Miyake et al.,  (1995) 95-100). In this study, we examined the expression of FGF-5 mRNA in the rat brain during post-natal development by in situ hybridization. FGF-5 mRNA was transiently expressed in granule cells of the internal granule layer of the cerebellar cortex during early post-natal development. The temporal sequence of FGF-5 mRNA expression was similar to that of FGFR-4 mRNA expression. As the proliferation of granule cells in the external granule layer and their migration through the molecular layer into the internal granule layer actively occur during these periods, the present findings suggest that FGF-5 as well as FGFR-4 might play important roles in the proliferation and/or migration of granule cells during the post-natal development of the cerebellar cortex.

Field of study: Biology