nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Hardware-In-The-Loop Simulations of Hole/Crack Identification in a Composite Plate

The technology of hardware-in-the-loop simulations (HILS) plays an important role in the design of complex systems, for example, the structural health monitoring (SHM) of aircrafts. Due to the high performance of personal computers, HILS can provide practical solutions to many problems in engineering and sciences, especially in the huge systems, giant dams for civil engineering, and aircraft system. This study addresses the HILS in hole/crack identification in composite laminates. The multiple loading modes method is used for hole/crack identification. The signals of strains measured from the data-acquisition (DAQ) devices are accomplished by the graphical software LabVIEW. The results represent the actual responses of multiple loading mode tests of real specimens. A personal computer is employed to execute the identification work according to the strain data from DAQ devices by using a nonlinear optimization approach. When all the criteria are satisfied, the final identification results will be obtained. HILS will achieve real time identification of hole/crack in the composite plate by using the actual response measured from the sensors. Not only the size, but also the location and orientation of the crack/hole in a composite plate are successfully identified herein.

Field of study: Materials science
Key traits in a threatened butterfly and its common sibling: implications for conservation

We ask here which traits predispose one species to extreme rarity and possible extinction while a sympatric sibling is geographically widespread. With background knowledge on the level of habitat specialization of the two species, the population structure and movement of the localized and threatened Orachrysops ariadne were compared to those of the common and highly sympatric O. subravus, using mark-release-recapture. Of a total of 290 marked O. ariadne individuals 42.8% were recaptured, while of 631 O. subravus individuals 49.3% were recaptured. The Jolly-Seber model was used to estimate daily population numbers (Ni), survival rates (ϕi), recruitment rates (Bi), proportion of marked animals in the total population (∝i), and the number of marked animals at risk (Mi). O. ariadne is a remarkably rare animal, averaging only 10 individuals ha−1 within its small, remaining colonies. Average residence times of male adults were generally similar in both species, being just over 5 days. O. ariadne is a strong and rapid back and forth flier, covering mean recapture distances of 157 m, almost twice that of O.subravus, principally in search of scarce nectar sources. In short, the rarity of O. ariadne is not so much to do with behaviour, survivorship or longevity, but rather with limited availability of the specialized habitat patches for both larvae and adults, and, in particular, the extreme scarcity of the host plant. Evidence suggests that there has been very high selection pressure on the key trait of strong flight as a compensation for going down the apparently highly risky path of extreme microhabitat specialization. Of concern for conservation of this rare species is that these rare habitat patches have become increasingly isolated through transformation of the surrounding landscape. Reduction of the barrier effects of agroforestry through creation of linkages between colonies is recommended, especially as O. ariadne is such a strong flier. Such corridors are indeed now being implemented.

Field of study: Environmental science
A STUDY ON THE APPLICATION OF VISCOELASTIC ENERGY DISSIPATIVE BRACE IN LATTICE ROOF STRUCTURE

The viscoelastic energy dissipative brace was applied to lattice roof-structure for seismic control in this paper.The equation to calculate the damping ratio of the structure and the equation to estimate the control effect were established successively according to single mass point model.And the mode decomposition response spectrum method or the time history analysis method was suggested for detailing design.Two specific projects were taken as examples for numerical analysis.The results indicated that the viscoelastic energy dissipative brace can evidently reduce the response induced mainly by horizontal earthquake excitations,including the roof deformation,the node horizontal acceleration and the reaction of column foot.

Field of study: Engineering
Pillage and property

This paper introduces a class of coalitional games, called pillage games, as a model of Hobbesian anarchy. Any coalition can pillage, costlessly and with certainty, any less powerful coalition. Power is endogenous, so a pillage game does not have a characteristic function, but pillage provides a domination concept that defines a stable set, which represents an endogenous balance of power. Every stable set contains only finitely many allocations, and can be represented as a farsighted core. Additional results are obtained for particular games, including the game in which the power of each coalition is determined by its total wealth.

Field of study: Economics
Administrative data and the manitoba centre for health policy: some reflections.

The authors review their 30 years' experience in determining the best research applications for routinely collected data from ministries of health, education and social services. They describe the rich research opportunities afforded by 40 years of data on health - i.e., every patient contact with hospitals, physicians, drugs and more - from the problems encountered in convincing an academic journal that meaningful findings could be culled from information collected on paying bills and tracking patients, through studies on education (enrolment, grades, standardized tests for grades 1 to 12), family characteristics (residential moves, marital formation and breakdown, number and timing of births) and social services (welfare recipients, children taken into care, protection services offered children in the family). They also detail how and why the Manitoba Centre for Health Policy was founded, and how it has continued through multiple ministerial, deputy and government changes.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Study of excellent Chinese weight lifting athlete's muscle quality evaluation system

Basing his study subject on excellent Chinese weigh lifting athletes,and based on single event scoring and giving different weights to various indexes,the author evaluated the muscle quality of excellent weight lifting athletes in China,and revealed the following findings: Chinese weigh lifting athlete’s muscle quality mode consists of training factor and nutrition factor;various factors and various indexes in various factors have different weights,in which the BMI has a relatively big weight;furthermore,physical constituents of excellent heavy weight weight lifting athletes in China can be further optimized,while in the 100-point scoring system,the standard for evaluating the muscle quality of excellent weight lifting athletes in China is scientific,and feasible as well.

Field of study: Education
Effectiveness of Agricultural Spray Oil (E-9267) Against Coccus Viridis Green and its Phyto-toxic Effect on Coorg Mandarin Leaves

Agricultural Spray Oil (E-9267) was evaluated against soft green scale, Coccus viridis Green on Coorg mandarins ot 0.5, 1, 2, 3, and 4% concentrations. Higher concentrations of ASO i.e. 2, 3, and 4% gave 93.20, 97.69 and 100% kill of the pest respectively but unfortunately they caused phototoxicity to the leaves. The mean phototoxicity index was highest (65.18) in the treatment with 4% ASO. Lower concentrations (0.5 and 1%) proved ineffective against this pest. Weather conditions and concentration of ASO appear to be the factors responsible for phytotoxicity. Coorg mandarins seem to be more prone to oil injury.

Field of study: Biology
On the radical idealizer chain of symmetric orders

If Λ is an indecomposable, non-maximal, symmetric order, then the idealizer of the radical Γ:=Id(J(Λ))=J(Λ)# is the dual of the radical. If Γ is hereditary, then Λ has a Brauer tree (under modest additional assumptions). Otherwise Δ:=Id(J(Γ))=(J(Γ)2)#. If Λ=ZpG for a p-group G≠1, then Γ is hereditary iff G≅Cp and otherwise [Δ:Λ]=p2|G/(G′Gp)|. For Abelian groups G, the length of the radical idealizer chain of ZpG is (n−a)(pa−pa−1)+pa−1, where pn is the order and pa the exponent of the Sylow p-subgroup of G.

Field of study: Mathematics
A segmentation technique to determine fat content in NMR images of beef meat

There is a constant need for new methods of meat-quality evaluation. Recent advances in the area of computer and video processing have created new ways to monitor quality in the food industry. In this paper, we describe an image-processing technique to determine fat content in beef meat. To achieve this, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) images of beef meat have been used. The inherent advantages of NMR images are many. Chief among these are unprecedented contrasts between the various structures present in meat, such as muscle, fat, and connective tissue. Moreover, the three-dimensional nature of the NMR method allows the analysis of isolated cross-sectional slices of the meat and the measure of the volumetric content of fat, and it is not limited to measurements of the superficially visible fat. We propose a segmentation algorithm for the detection of fat and a filtering technique to remove intensity inhomogeneities in NMR images, caused by nonuniformities of magnetic field during acquisition. Measurements have been successfully correlated with chemical analysis and digital photography. We also propose a method to quantify the distribution of fat. Our results show that the NMR technique is a promising noninvasive method to determine fat content in meat.

Field of study: Physics
Effective expression and immunogenicity analysis of HIV-1 HXB2 subtype Tat protein deleted the cysteine-rich region in E. coli

Deleting the cysteine-rich region (22-37 amino acids)of HIV-1 HXB2 Tat protein(whole length is 101 amino acids) to improve its stability and expression level in E.coli and to analyze the immunogenicity of Tat protein without the cystein-rich region [Tat(.  Tat DNA deleted the cysteine-rich region (64-111 nucleotides), named as Tat(△C)DNA, was obtained in vitro by PCR and cloned into pET-32a vector. pET-32a-Tat(△C)plasmid and the pET-32a-Tat plasmid were established and transformed into E.coli BL21(DE3) strains respectively to express and purify the protein. Three rabbits were vaccinated with pET-32a-Tat(△C)protein, then testify the reactivity of sera from rabbits by ELISA and Western blot.  The dense of the purified pET-32a-Tat(△C)protein was 7.12 mg/ml,which was greatly more than pET-32a-Tat protein(1.50 mg/ml). Dimer of pET-32a-Tat protein can be observed just after the protein purification and stored at 25℃ and 4℃ for 7 days, but dimer of pET-32a-Tat(△C)protein was not formed at the same condition. Experimental rabbits were immunized with pET-32a-Tat(△C)protein and produced high titre of anti-pET-32a-Tat(△C)serum(1∶320 000), the antibody can react specifically with Tat(△C)protein, Tat protein (1-101 AA)and synthetic Tat(1-86 AA) protein. Deletion mutation of the cysteine-rich region of Tat protein was first performed in the study.  The expression level in E.coli and the stability of Tat protein deleted the cysteine-rich region can be increased greatly, and the protein remains good immunogenicity. The results may provide a novel antigen for further development of HIV-1 Tat vaccine. 
 
 
Human immunodeficiency virus type-1;  Deletion of cysteine-rich region;  Tat protein

Field of study: Biology
Diffusion tensor imaging in the assessment of ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament: a report on preliminary results in 3 cases and review of the literature.

Cervical spondylotic myelopathy due to ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL) is a common neurosurgical disease that carries high morbidity. OPLL and other degenerative processes cause narrowing of the central canal, with subsequent spinal cord injury. Repeated minor trauma and vascular aberrations have been purported to underlie cervical spondylotic myelopathy, although the exact pathophysiological mechanism is unclear. Regardless, detection of early axonal damage may allow more timely surgical intervention and prediction of functional outcome. Diffusion tensor (DT) imaging of the cervical spine is a novel technique with improved sensitivity compared with conventional anatomical MR imaging that is currently available on most clinical scanners. This review describes the theoretical basis, application, and analysis of DT imaging as it pertains to neurosurgery. Particular emphasis is placed on OPLL.

Field of study: Medicine
Does Fintech Help to Improve the Private Enterprises Financing Situation?—— Evidence from the Chinese Market

Financing difficulties have plagued private enterprises for a long time. Emerging Fintech is expected to improve private enterprises’ financing situation by enhancing the risk control in bank loans. This paper constructs the Fintech Policy Index and the Fintech index by text quantitative analysis and factor analysis method respectively. It selects the data of 96 private enterprises in China from 2010 to 2017 as samples, using Time-Varying Parameter State Space Model to explore how Fintech affect private enterprises’ financing situation. The research shows that the elasticity coefficient of Fintech and private enterprises’ financing development develops as W-type and has obvious stage characteristics. At present, the elasticity coefficient of China's Fintech and private enterprise financing is in the upward trend of W-type. Fintech is helping the private enterprises’ financing, which is gradually to be realized.

Field of study: Business
Remote sensing as a tool for diagnosis of water quality in Indonesian seas

Shrimp development in Indonesia, after a decade of strong expansion and intensification, began to be faced with critical problems of mortality. General degradation of coastal waters is likely to be the major reason, and this mainly occurs on sites in the Java Sea which appear as confined seas subjected to high telluric effluent levels and anthropic pressure. Remote sensing provides synoptic vision over large areas. Several scenes were processed for land-use mapping using conventional classification techniques. In this study, this was specifically done to determine water quality. A general empirical relation for the Java Sea, independent of time and place, was found between image and field data, namely pigments and suspended matter. Applying this relation to a new site provides an initial approach to water type and, together with land use mapping, a preliminary assessment of the suitability of the area for shrimp aquaculture development. It also provides guidance for efficient subsequent field sampling. Recommendations are given for use of remote sensing to improve site assessment and monitoring.

Field of study: Environmental science
Protocols for Online Teaching of Thucydides: The 'Final Word' Case Study

This paper sets out to describe and analyze issues relating to the role of new literacies and technologies in the teaching process. More specifically, the article deals with how the educational design process of Ancient Greek changes through the implementation of technology by using online discussion protocols. These were utilized as a tool for active learning and as an alternative proposal for teaching in the text of Thucydides ‘Epitaphios’ (Funeral Oration of Pericles), in the third grade of Lyceum at an Athens school during the 2013-2014 school year. The significance of this teaching proposal based on two facts: it is compatible with the philosophy that governs the New Curriculum for the lesson of Ancient Greek and secondly the need to modernize the teaching methodology of this lesson taking into account the new technological facts in the context of digital literacy. The reference point was the highlighting of the social and political character of this text and their projections in the contemporary era. The evaluation of the students’ activities showed that students collaborated to a satisfactory degree, approached knowledge constructively, structured and restructured it, while generating their own interpretations, comparisons and conclusions.  Ancient Greek literature; teaching methods; literacy; New Technologies

Field of study: Education
Fixed price equilibria in a multifirm model

In a simple temperary equilibrium model with three commodities (labour, goods and money) and two sectors, there are different firms, each having its own production function. There now exist four types of fixed price equilibria (Keynesian, classical, repressed inflation, undercounsumption). In the last type, consumers are not rationed, some producers are rationed on the goods market, and other producers on the labour market. There exist three different aggregate production functions, that have to be applied in Keynesian, classical, and repressed inflation situations respectively. For the fourth case no aggregate production function exists.

Field of study: Economics
Training and rural physicians.

I have just read Dr Roger Strasser’s article1 on training rural physicians. He suggests beginning by aiming our attention at rural high school students and then continuing to support and encourage these students during their undergraduate years. 
 
I then read Cal Gutkin’s article2 on a common first year of postgraduate training (PGY-1) and the Wilson and Cox reports3,4 suggesting that there should be three PGY-1 streams: one for family medicine residents, one for specialists, and one for those who have not yet decided. 
 
I then read the letters to the editor5-12 about extending residency to include a third year—be it an extra year of family practice or a year to focus on a speciality, such as emergency medicine, which has historically caused residents to practise in that area of interest, rather than in family medicine. 
 
Now putting these thoughts all together, should we not be looking at the undergraduate years? In the past, Canada had a 2-year premedical program. Returning to this system would capitalize on Dr Strasser’s suggestion and allow for more help to rural students. If all medical students were in the same undergraduate program, rural students could then receive the extra attention that Dr Strasser considers necessary. 
 
Students currently complain that MD really means “mega debt,” and adding years of study compounds this, as some of the letters to the editor argued. Many medical schools now require a 4-year undergraduate degree before admission to medical school. McMaster’s first class of medical students essentially consisted of PhD students, the second class, Master’s students, and the third and subsequent classes, students with 3-year undergraduate degrees. This implies that less is equally good. 
 
If we went back to a 2-year premedical program, or even if we required a 3-year undergraduate degree, then adding a PGY-3 requirement would not be the hardship that many students currently fear. If we went back to a 2-year premedical program, then attention and help could be given to rural students, and these students could be encouraged to practise family medicine.

Field of study: Medicine
Understanding the instrumental profile of synchrotron radiation X-ray powder diffraction beamlines.

A Monte Carlo algorithm has been developed to calculate the instrumental profile function of a powder diffraction synchrotron beamline. Realistic models of all optical elements are implemented in a ray-tracing software. The proposed approach and the emerging paradigm have been investigated and verified for several existing X-ray powder diffraction beamlines. The results, which can be extended to further facilities, show a new and general way of assessing the contribution of instrumental broadening to synchrotron radiation data, based on ab initio simulations.

Field of study: Physics
Nutrition and health care function of kiwi fruit and its processing technique

Summarize two characters of nuitrition value and health care function of kiwi, Stuied the process and key technolohgy of kiwifruit juice, kiwi essence, kiwifruit ratafee, kiwifruit seed crackers, kiwifruit preserved. Ahalysis the problem and developing fore ground in kiwifruit deeply process.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Synthesis and Application Gold Nanopaticles/Meldola′s Blue Colloids as NADH Biosensors

This study reports a method for facile synthesis of gold nanoparticles/Eastman AQ55D/meldola′s blue(AuNPs/Eastman AQ55D/MDB) colloids.Cation exchange resin Eastman AQ55D can not only immobilize the redox mediator MDB by ion exchange interaction,but also serve as the protectant and stabilizer of AuNPs.Due to remarkable synergistic effect of AuNPs and MDB,the electrode modified with the AuNPs/Eastman AQ55D/MDB colloids apparently reduced the activation energy of Nico tina mide-adenine dinucleotide(NADH) oxidation in the electrode surface.Chronoamperometry on NADH biosensor showed that the linear range for fast detection of NADH was 0.1 to 1.1 mmol/L and the sensitivity was 70 mA/(mol/L).Facile synthesis of AuNPs/Eastman AQ55D/MDB composite films with high stability,high sensitivity and high reproducibility is promising for the reliable and durable NADH biosensors.

Field of study: Chemistry
Blind Schnorr Signatures in the Algebraic Group Model

We study the security of schemes related to Schnorr signatures in the algebraic group model (AGM) proposed by Fuchsbauer, Kiltz, and Loss (CRYPTO 2018), where the adversary can only compute new group elements by applying the group operation. Schnorr signatures can be proved secure in the random oracle model (ROM) under the discrete logarithm assumption (DL) by rewinding the adversary; but this security proof is loose. We start with giving a tight security proof under DL in the combination of the AGM and the ROM. Our main focus are blind Schnorr signatures, whose only known security proof is in the combination of the ROM and the generic group model, under the assumption that the so-called ROS problem is hard. We show that in the AGM+ROM the scheme is secure assuming hardness of the one-more discrete logarithm problem and the ROS problem. As the latter can be solved in sub-exponential time using Wagner’s algorithm, this is not entirely satisfying. Hence, we then propose a very simple modification of the scheme (which leaves key generation and signature verification unchanged) and show that, instead of ROS, its security relies on the hardness of a related problem which appears much harder than ROS. Finally, we give a tight reduction of the CCA2 security of Schnorr-signed ElGamal key encapsulation to DL, again in the AGM+ROM.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Role of many-photon and impact ionization in the breakdown of dielectrics by picosecond laser pulses

An analysis is made of the relative role of the many-photon and impact (avalanche) ionization mechanisms in the breakdown of transparent dielectrics by picosecond laser pulses. It is shown that both mechanisms have to be allowed for in the calculation of the breakdown thresholds. The dependence of the threshold field on the pulse duration is calculated for the nanosecond and picosecond ranges and it is shown to agree with the published experimental data.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Breastfeeding and radiologic procedures.

Recently, some of my patients were instructed not to breastfeed for 24 to 48 hours after magnetic resonance imaging scans. Is this based on scientific evidence?



No. On the contrary, evidence indicates unequivocally that the contrast media used for both magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography scans are excreted into breast milk in such small quantities that there is no concern at all for nursing babies.

Field of study: Medicine