nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Determining the best classifier for predicting the value of a boolean field on a blood donor database

Thanks to digitization, we often have access to large databases, consisting of various fields of information, ranging from numbers to texts and even boolean values. Such databases lend themselves especially well to machine learning, classification and big data analysis tasks. We are able to train classifiers, using already existing data and use them for predicting the values of a certain field, given that we have information regarding the other fields. Most specifically, in this study, we look at the Electronic Health Records (EHRs) that are compiled by hospitals. These EHRs are convenient means of accessing data of individual patients, but there processing as a whole still remains a task. However, EHRs that are composed of coherent, well-tabulated structures lend themselves quite well to the application to machine language, via the usage of classifiers. In this study, we look at a Blood Transfusion Service Center Data Set (Data taken from the Blood Transfusion Service Center in Hsin-Chu City in Taiwan). We used scikit-learn machine learning in python. From Support Vector Machines(SVM), we use Support Vector Classification(SVC), from the linear model we import Perceptron. We also used the K.neighborsclassifier and the decision tree classifiers. We segmented the database into the 2 parts. Using the first, we trained the classifiers and the next part was used to verify if the classifier prediction matched that of the actual values. 
Contact: ritabratamaiti@hiretrex.com

Field of study: Computer science
EQUALITY OF MORE THAN TWO VARIANCES AND OF MORE THAN TWO DISPERSION MATRICES AGAINST CERTAIN ALTERNATIVES

0.  In this paper, using the heuristic union-intersection principle [4], two tests are proposed, and the associated simultaneous confidence bounds on parametric functions which are measures of a certain type of departure from the respective null hypotheses are obtained. The first test is for the equality of (k + 1) variances (k > 2) of (k + 1) univariate normal populations, wherein we choose one of the variances as a standard (of course, unknown), and compare the other k variances with it. The alternative to the hypothesis is that not all the k variances are equal to the standard one. The proposed test may be called the simultaneous variance ratios test. The wellknown Hartley's Fmax test  for the case of equal sample sizes is not equivalent to the present test even when all samples are of the same size since the alternatives in the two cases are different. In the alternative in Hartley's test, aside from the inequality of the k variances to the standard one, the mutual inequality of the k variances also plays an important role. The second test proposed in this paper, is a multivariate extension of the first. This paper also considers the distribution problems that arise in connection with both the tests: The nonavailability of tables at the moment makes the immediate practical application of the tests and the associated confidence bounds not possible. Sections 1, 2, and 3 deal with the univariate problem and Sections 4 and 5 deal with the multivariate extensions. 1. The simultaneous variance ratios test. For (k + 1) univariate normal populations we want to test the composite hypothesis Ho :2 = a2 = = 2 2

Field of study: Mathematics
From substrate to VLSI

SOI is a promising technique to achieve both high-speed and high-level hardened VLSI-ULSI circuits. However, such aims still need a full demonstration. The purpose of this paper is to present a SOI technology with a hardened variant, and to focus on some of the weakest points that could impede the progress of SOI towards high speed hardened VLSI. The peculiarities of the devices described here are: the LOCOS isolation method instead of the commonly used MESA, and the use of a thin active silicon layer, on which no epitaxy takes place. Dose and dose rate tests have been performed on both technologies and on various circuits and special-purpose devices. An analysis of the circuits sensitivity to SEU has been performed and a hardness limitation coming from ion-induced transient caused by substrate-related phenomenon was found. Dose, dose rate and SEU behaviours are related to the structure peculiarities mentioned above.

Field of study: Physics
From Apprentice to Journeyman to Partner: Benjamin Franklin's Workers and the Growth of the Early American Printing Trade

M ANY APPRENTICES IN THE EARLY American printing trade must have felt as Chaucer's fabled craftsman did. Beginning at a young age, they commonly spent up to seven years as contractually bound, unpaid laborers. They usually had to promise not to gamble, fornicate, frequent taverns, marry, and buy or sell or divulge secrets of the business. Apprentices worked long hours, often performed menial tasks, and were subjected to beatings—all without pay. Yet apprentices endured the arduous existence because it held for them the promise of eventual self-employment. Their goal was to learn a craft they could practice when their apprenticeship expired. The apprenticeship system was essential to the growth of the early American press. Apprenticeships to printers were a means of vocational education that replenished and augmented the craft's practitioners, thus insuring a sufficient supply of skilled labor through which the "art" (special skill) and the "mystery" (special knowledge) of printing

Field of study: History
Enhanced transfection of a bacterial plasmid into hybridoma cells by electroporation: application for the selection of hybrid hybridoma (quadroma) cell lines.

A procedure was investigated to transduce a bacterial plasmid containing a specific drug resistance marker (pSV2-neo), into a hybridoma cell line using electroporation. The effect of several buffers and the form of plasmid DNA (circular or linearized) on the stable transfection frequency were examined. When complete cell culture medium (DMEM) was used as electroporation buffer, we observed a two-fold increase in post-pulse viability and a ten- to thirty-fold increase in the transfection frequency of pSV2-neo, as compared with HEPES buffered 0.15 M sodium chloride. Supplementing DMEM with fetal bovine serum (DMEM + FBS) had some beneficial effect on post-pulse viability of the cells after electroporation, but did not markedly increase stable transfection frequency as compared with DMEM alone. Furthermore, with DMEM + FBS, the intact plasmid was transfected as effectively as linearized PSV2-neo. However, when using HEPES buffered saline, the transfection frequency of pSV2-neo increased two-fold after linearization as compared with intact plasmid. The drug resistance was used successfully as a marker for the selection of hybrid hybridoma (quadroma) cell lines after fusing two different hybridoma cell lines, producing anti-fibrin and anti-plasminogen activator antibodies respectively. The quadroma cells produced bispecific antibodies that are capable of accumulating plasminogen activator on a fibrin surface.

Field of study: Biology
Challenging factors for enuresis treatment: Psychological problems and non-adherence.

The evidence for organic pathogenetic factors in enuresis and the discovery of effective therapies targeting the bladder and/or nocturnal diuresis have overwhelmed every potential role of psychological factors in pathogenesis and treatment. However, psychopathology is still important in enuresis because according to the document of the International Children's Continence Society (ICCS) 20-30% of the children with enuresis have at least one psychological/psychiatric disorder at rates two times higher than non-wetting children. The most common comorbid disorder with enuresis is attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. The aim of this review is to translate the existing evidence on the importance of a psychological screening into daily clinical practice of the medical practitioner. The use of the minimal psychological screening tool should be considered mandatory in each primary setting. If psychological problems are indicated, referral of the patient to a multidisciplinary setting should be considered, not only to allow psychological assessment to screen for a possible psychopathology, but also since therapy resistance might be expected. This review concentrates on two items from psychopathology/psychotherapy that might predict insufficient treatment response: the psychological comorbidities as described according to the DSM-5 criteria and the underestimated importance of therapy adherence. Adherence is a cornerstone of effective therapy in enuresis. It is a problem involving the doctor, the patient, and the parents. Increasing adherence takes effort and is time-consuming. But it is worthwhile knowing that several studies have demonstrated that high adherence is associated with high therapy success of enuresis. Eventually, this is the ultimate goal of treatment.

Field of study: Medicine
An algorithm for dual-channel noiseless signal reconstruction and its performance analysis

We present an algorithm for estimating a two-input two-output system and recovering its inputs from noise-free observations of its outputs. The algorithm involves minimization of a set of cross-correlations between the reconstructed signals and a nonlinear function of these signals. A performance analysis of the algorithm is presented. It is shown that for the optimal choice of the nonlinear function, the performance of the algorithm is close to the Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRLB). Other choices of the function provide insights into the performance of moment/cumulant-based deconvolution techniques.

Field of study: Engineering
When Prosperity Breeds Intergroup Hostility: The Effects of Relative Deprivation and Relative Gratification on Prejudice

In previous theory and research dealing with relative deprivation (RD), the role of relative gratification (RG), the opposite of RD, was relatively overlooked. Two experiments (N = 245) tested the impact of both RD and RG on prejudice toward socially significant outgroups. Experiment 1 manipulated temporal RD and RG by confronting participants to declining (RD) or improving (RG) job opportunities and found no effect of RD on prejudice but reliable effects of RG. Experiment 2 manipulated group RD and RG and found increased levels of generalized prejudice in both conditions while participants in the group RG condition showed, in addition, increased ingroup bias, greater willingness to support and act in favor of restrictive immigration policies, and higher social dominance orientation than the control group. These findings confirm the role of group RD and establish RG as an equally important, if not more central, variable in the psychology of intergroup relations.

Field of study: Psychology
Measuring Changes in Inductance With Microstrip Resonators

We measure the frequency dependence of a niobium microstrip resonator as a function of temperature from 1.4 to 8.4 K. In a 2-micrometer-wide half-wave resonator, we find the frequency of resonance changes by a factor of 7 over this temperature range. From the resonant frequencies, we extract inductance per unit length, characteristic impedance, and propagation velocity (group velocity). We discuss how these results relate to superconducting electronics. Over the 2 K to 6 K temperature range where superconducting electronic circuits operate, inductance shows a 19% change and both impedance and propagation velocity show an 11% change.

Field of study: Physics
Two Targets Optimization Design Method for Lorry Parts Substitutions of Forging for Casting Based on Collaborative Simulation Technology

The structural mechanics of product was analyzed by finite element analysis software ANSYS.From the provided stress data,the safety factor was calculated according to the failure theory.The product structure was optimized by mechanics criterion.And the plastic forming simulation software DEFORM was employed to simulate the forging process,forecast the defects,analyze the forming quality and provide the evidences for process optimization.A comprehensive optimization design was done to improve the safety factor and forming quality.The influence of product structure on mechanics performance and forming process was considered to optimize the design of product.

Field of study: Materials science
Rathke cleft cysts in pediatric patients: presentation, surgical management, and postoperative outcomes.

OBJECT
Rathke cleft cysts (RCC) are benign sellar lesions most often found in adults, and more infrequently in children. They are generally asymptomatic but sometimes require surgical treatment through a transsphenoidal corridor. The purpose of this study was to compare adult versus pediatric cases of RCC.



The authors retrospectively reviewed presenting symptoms, MR imaging findings, laboratory study results, and pathological findings in 147 adult and 14 pediatric patients who underwent surgery for treatment of RCCs at the University of Californial at San Francisco between 1996 and 2008.



In both the adult and pediatric groups, most patients were female (78% of adults, 79% of pediatric patients, p = 0.9). Headache was the most common symptom in both groups (reported by 50% of pediatric patients and 33% of adults, p = 0.2). Preoperative hypopituitarism occurred in 41% of adults and 45% of pediatric patients (p = 0.8). Growth delay, a uniquely pediatric finding, was a presenting sign in 29% of pediatric patients. Visual complaints were a presenting symptom in 16% of adult and 7% of pediatric patients (p = 0.4). There was no difference between median cyst size in adults versus pediatric patients (1.2 cm in both, p = 0.7). Temporary or permanent postoperative diabetes insipidus occurred in 12% of adults and 21% of pediatric patients (p = 0.4). Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed an 8% RCC recurrence rate at 2 years for each group (p = 0.5).



The incidence of RCCs is much lower in the pediatric population; however, symptoms, imaging findings, and outcomes are similar, suggesting that pediatric RCCs arise from growth of remnants of the embryonic Rathke pouch earlier in life than adult RCCs but do not differ in any other way. It is important to consider RCCs in the differential diagnosis when pediatric patients present with visual impairment, unexplained headache, or hypopituitarism including growth delay. Although the average RCC size was similar in our pediatric and adult patient groups, the smaller size of the pituitary gland in pediatric patients suggests an increased relative RCC size.

Field of study: Medicine
Experimental investigation of displacer rod diameter effect on pulse tube cryocooler

Displacer type pulse tube refrigerator has been the emphasis of research in refrigeration due to its high theoretical efficiency and wide refrigeration temperature range from 77 K to near room temperature. A pulse tube refrigerator with displacer as phase shifter was built and tested. According to the results, there is an optimum displacer rod diameter for getting high efficiency when the parameters of the mass-spring-damper system in displacers almost keep constant. The results also indicated that the cooling power 120 W was obtained at 178.8 K with the input power 684.6 W, which leaded to an efficiency of 11.2% of Carnot, about 25% higher when the inertance tube phase shifter was replaced by displacer.

Field of study: Engineering
Annulments: the Good of the Spouses, the Family, and the Church

As my title suggests, I propose to look at several aspects connected with the topic of annulments, none of which has to do directly with canonical procedures. But a prior word may not be out of place on two questions that I am at times asked. One is, if I am in favor of or against annulments? Perhaps a somewhat na'lve question, since naturally I am in favor; very strongly so, when a proper judicial process shows that a declaration of nullity corresponds to the facts. Then one is dealing with a matter of justice, of the upholding of ecclesial rights. Naturally, another question that not infrequently comes my way is: are there too many annulments? My most precise answer is that I do not know. I could only tell by examining each case one by one. According to my rough calculations, some 60% of the cases coming to us on appeal at the Rota receive a Negative decision that the nullity has not been proved; and 40% an Affirmative. Regarding cases where the grounds of nullity proposed are those of consensual incapacity, under canon 1095 (and this would include practically all the cases coming from the United States), Negative decisions are notably higher. So in that sense we find a certain excess of what appear to us to be unjustified declarations of nullity. Is that getting around the question? Perhaps; then let me get around it in another way. Of course there are too many annulments just as there are too many divorces, just as there are too many marriage breakdowns. We are all aware of this latter fact. Yet it is a fact to be stated, no more.

Field of study: Medicine, Philosophy
Properties of light atomic nuclei in the potential cluster model

Monograph includes the results of the scientific work of the author for approximately 10 years and it is dedicated to theoretical studies of the structure of light atomic nuclei on the basis of potential cluster model with the forbidden states. Are examined questions of the single-valued construction of the intercluster potentials, which contain the forbidden states and simultaneously applied in the continuous and discrete spectra for the light nuclear systems with a mass of from 2 to 16. Is presented the mathematical apparatus and some calculation methods, utilized in the cluster model. Many questions, until now, considered here did not be reflected in the monographic literature. The book can represent interest for the students of elder courses, probationers, graduate students and scientific workers, who work in the field of theoretical nuclear physics. This Book is written in Russian, but will perhaps present certain interest.

Field of study: Physics
Are climate-related changes to the character of global-mean precipitation predictable?

The physical basis for the change in global-mean precipitation projected to occur with the warming associated with increased greenhouse gases is discussed. The expected increases to column water vapor W control the rate of increase of global precipitation accumulation through its affect on the planet's energy balance. The key role played by changes to downward longwave radiation controlled by this changing water vapor is emphasized. The basic properties of molecular absorption by water vapor dictate that the fractional rate of increase of global-mean precipitation must be significantly less that the fractional rate of increase in water vapor and it is further argued that this reduced rate of precipitation increase implies that the timescale for water re-cycling is increased in the global mean. This further implies less frequent precipitation over a fixed period of time, and the intensity of these less frequent precipitating events must subsequently increase in the mean to realize the increased global accumulation. These changes to the character of global-mean precipitation, predictable consequences of equally predictable changes to W, apply only to the global-mean state and not to the regional or local scale changes in precipitation.

Field of study: Environmental science
Influence of radiative losses on the hydrodynamics of a laser plasma corona

A theoretical study is made of the steady-state flow of a laser plasma formed by the irradiation of a solid calcium target with q~1012–1013 W/cm2. In the range p>pcr the self-consistent hydrodynamic problem is solved numerically, with allowance for the electronic thermal conduction, the ionization, and the plasma radiation in the soft x-ray range. In that range, 5–30% of the laser energy may be reemitted from p>pcr; the conversion efficiency depends on the saturated heat flux. It is shown that radiative energy losses together with saturation of the heat flux carried by the electrons cause a subsonic plasma flow in the supercritical part of the corona, leading to a rarefaction jump at the critical surface, a large difference between the electron temperature and the ion and ionization temperatures, elimination of the electronic thermal conduction by ionacoustic waves, and formation of satellites of the resonance helium-like ion line in ions with a lower degree of ionization, including the Ka line.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
The differential effects of full-time and part-time work status on breastfeeding.

Return to work is associated with diminished breastfeeding. Although more mothers breastfeed after returning to work compared to a decade ago, research has not documented the variations in breastfeeding initiation and duration based on full-time and part-time (less than 35h/week) work status. In this study, we clarify these differences.



Longitudinal data from the Infant Feeding Practices Study II, collected between 2005 and 2007, for over 1400 mothers are used. In analyzing initiation, mother's work status was categorized by the expected number of hours she planned to work postpartum. In the duration model, work status was categorized based on the actual number of hours worked upon mother's return to employment after controlling for baby's age when she returned to work. Covariates in logistic and censored regressions included demographics, maternity leave, parity, past breastfeeding experience, hospital experience, and social support.



Compared with expecting not to work, expecting to work <35h/week was not associated with breastfeeding initiation while expecting to work full-time decreased breastfeeding initiation. Compared with breastfeeding mothers who did not work, returning to work within 12 weeks regardless of work status and returning to work after 12 weeks while working more than 34h/week were associated with significantly shorter breastfeeding duration.



Part-time work and increased amount of leave taken promote breastfeeding initiation and duration.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science