nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
SU-GG-T-391: Electron Beam Dose Modification Using Transverse MRI-Linac B Fields; A Shielding-Delivery Investigation

To examine magnetic field shielding possibilities in order to use the transverse magnetic field generated in MRI‐Linac system with electron beams. Using a magnetic field with electron beams in order to increase the dose in the target organ while sparing the surrounding tissue, was suggested in the past. A transverse B field applied in depth is causing the electrons to spiral and deliver their energy in a smaller volume, generating a pseudo Bragg peak. The MRI‐Linac systems introduce up to 1.5 T transverse fields with respect to the beam direction. In order to facilitate this system for electron beam dose modification, an applicator that can shield the B field between the gantry and the patient is needed. This work estimates the shielding requirements for suggested applicator by using Comsol Multyphysic® to simulate the spatialmagnetic fields. Those field map components are then exported to Fluka, a particle physicstransport package, to transport the electron beam. Static and dynamic shielding concepts can be used. The static shielding is made in several lairs from varying materials (mu‐metal and Carbon steel), while the dynamic uses coils to compensate the field lines. Those high permeability materials have relative low saturation value, and hence their permeability reduces when introduced to high fields, according to their hysteresis curve.  Neglecting several practical issues, this initial research shows up to two fold depth dose increase with respect to the surface dose, for a 25.0 MeV beam. Nevertheless high magnetic field densities were observed from the static applicator simulation that requires further feasibility investigation.  Clinical potential is shown using the transverse B filed with electron beam if proper shielding is achieved. Further investigation is needed to overcome shielding and practical drawbacks in order to facilitate this delivery.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Multidimensional Scaling-Based Localization Algorithm for Wireless Sensor Network with Geometric Correction

Position is an extremely important parameter for each node in most of applications using wireless sensor work (WSN). In this paper, a new distributed localization (DMDS-GC) algorithm is proposed based on the multidimensional scaling (MDS) technique and the geometric correction technique. In DMDS-GC, the entire network is split into several localization clusters (LCs) with sufficient common nodes between neighbor clusters by a heuristic search algorithm. Then, based on the geometric relationships between nodes, the shortest path distance matrix is corrected in each LC. During the computation and optimization of relative local maps for LCs, the SMACOF algorithm, which is an improved version of MDS, is implemented. Finally, with the help of common nodes, the global map of entire network is achieved through coordinate transformation and mergence of LCs. Simulation results show that the DMDS-GC algorithm has better performances on localization precision, communication load, energy efficiency and robustness to range error, which can meet the needs of nodes running in WSN

Field of study: Computer science
Zur Supraleitung des Niobnitrids

ZusammenfassungUntersucht wird die Supraleitung von Niobnitridproben, die durch Erhitzen von Niobdrähten auf 1340 bis 1650° C in Stickstoff dargestellt worden sind. Bei konstanter Drahttemperatur steigt der Stickstoffgehalt des Nitrids mit wachsendem Stickstoffdruck etwa bis auf den dem stöchiometrisch zusammengesetzten NbN entsprechenden Wert von 50 Atom-%. Proben mit einem Stickstoffgehalt von 42 bis 45 Atom-% bestehen zum Teil aus einer Phase mit kubisch-flächenzentriertem Metallatomgitter zum Teil aus dem Gemisch dieser Phase und einer Phase mit tetragonal-flächenzentriertem Metallatomgitter, Proben mit höherem Stickstoffgehalt nur aus der Phase mit kubisch-flächenzentriertem Metallatomgitter. Mit Erhöhung des Stickstoffgehaltes von 42 auf über 46,5 Atom-% steigt der spezifische elektrische Widerstand bei 20° C von 3 auf 10·10−5Ω· cm (in Einzelfällen bis auf 29·10−5Ω· cm), das Verhältnis der Widerstände bei 20,4 und 293° K von 0,25 auf 1,18, die Sprungtemperatur von 11° K auf 14,2 bis 16° K und sinkt das Sprungintervall von 2° auf 0,2 bis 0,3°. Die Sprungtemperatur steigt mit wachsender Gitterkonstante des kubisch-flächenzentrierten Metallatomgitters. Durch Sauerstoffgehalt wird die Sprungtemperatur des Niobnitrids erniedrigt. Ein Hysteresiseffekt wird weder bei reinen noch bei Niobnitridproben mit einem Zusatz von Titan, Zirkon, Tantal und Sauerstoff gefunden.

Field of study: Physics
Recommended reference materials for realization of physicochemical properties. Section: Electrolytic conductivity

Chairman: D. AMBROSE (UK); Vice-Chairman and Secretary: E. BRUNNER (FRG); Members: J. C. G. CALADO (Portugal); J. P. CALl (USA); L. CROVINI (Italy); H. FEUERBERG (FRG); R. P. GRAHAM (Canada); J. H. S. GREEN (UK): E. F. G. HERINGTON (Past Editor, UK); E. JUHASZ (Hungary); H. KIENITZ (FRG); J. E. LANE (Australia); K. N. MARSH (Australia); G. MILAZZO (Italy); A. NEWTON (UK); T. PLEBANSKI (Poland); R. SABBAH (France); S. SAtKI (Japan); 0. SUSCHNY (Austria); J.TERRIEN (France); W. TRABCZYNSKI (Poland); National Representatives: M. MATRKA (Czechoslovakia); G. GIRARD (France); A. B. BISWAS (India); J. N. MUKHERJEE (India); M. MILONE (Italy); Y. MASHIKO (Japan); H. ZIEBLAND (UK).

Field of study: Chemistry
Rhodanine derivatives as novel peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ agonists

To characterize the in vitro bioactivities of rhodanine derivatives as novel peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) γ modulators, based on a hit (SH00012671) identified during high-throughput screening (HTS) of a diverse synthetic compound library, and to preliminarily elucidate the structure-activity relationship of this class of PPARγ agonists. 
 Methods: Full-length PPARγ and retinoid X receptor α (RXRα), biotinylated PPAR response element (PPRE), [3H]BRL49653 (rosiglitazone), and streptavidin-coated FlashPlate or microbeads were used to measure the receptor-binding properties of various compounds based on the scintillation proximity assay (SPA) technology. A recombinant PPRE vector was transiently cotransfected with PPARγ and RXRα plasmids into the African green monkey kidney (CV-1) cells, and the effects of BRL49653 and test compounds on transcription mediated by PPARγ were determined by examining luciferase (reporter) responses. 3T3-L1 cells were employed to determine whether the compounds facilitated adipogenesis upon PPARγ activation. 
 Results: Of the 16 000 samples screened with the SPA method, only 1 compound (SH00012671) displayed a similar binding affinity ( K i =186.7 nmol/L) to PPARγ as BRL49653, but it was inactive in the cell-based assays. A series of rhodanine derivatives were synthesized based on the core structure of SH00012671 and 8 of them showed agonist activities in both cotransfection and pre-adipocyte differentiation assays. To reduce intrinsic cytotoxicities, the sulphur on the rhodanine was changed to oxygen. This alteration led to a decrease in receptor-binding affinities while modified analogues generally maintained agonist efficacies in the cell-based assays. Of the analogues studied, compound 31 exhibited about 70% the efficacy exerted by BRL49653 in both cotransfection and pre-adipocyte differentiation assays. 
  Through minor chemical modifications on the core structure of the initial HTS hit, SH00012671 was transformed to possess both molecular (PPARγ binding) and cellular (adipogenesis) activities. The rhodanine derivatives reported here may represent a new scaffold in further understanding the molecular mechanism of agonism at PPARγ.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Extending Equity s Reach through the Mutual Wills Doctrine

It appears to me that . . . where there are mutual wills, a trust enforceable in equity against the estate of the survivor where the . . . mutual will has been revoked by the survivor can only be established if there is fraud: (1) that such . . . mutual wills were made pursuant to a deElnite agreement or contract not only to make such . . . will but also that the survivor shall not revoke; and (2) such an agreement is found with preciseness and certainty, from all of the evidence; and (3) the survivor has taken advantage of the provisions of the . . . mutual will.

Field of study: Law
On direct iron-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions

A new methodology for the direct cross-coupling reaction between aryl halides and alkyl halides under iron catalysis is described. Unlike conventional protocols, the direct cross-coupling obviates the need for the preformation of stoichiometric amounts of Grignard species and thus exhibits a reduced hazard potential. The underlying one-pot reaction involves iron-catalyzed Grignard formation followed by a rapid cross-coupling step. Mechanistic data on the role of N,N,N',N'-tetramethylethylenediamine (TMEDA) as additive, the concentration of intermediates, and the nature of the catalyst species are discussed.

Field of study: Chemistry
Conversion efficiency of the CsI∶Tl crystal excited by X-ray

The X-ray conversion material in radiophotography system plays a very important role. Its efficiency is a crucial factor to improve the system QDE(quantum detection efficiency). The luminescent efficiency of CsI∶Tl crystal excited by X-ray is analyzed in detail and the efficiency formula of the system adopting CCD camera,CsI∶Tl crystal is derived. The formula shows that the output of such a radiophotography system is proportional to the irradiation flux of incident X-ray. The QDE of such a system can be easily improved by changing the CsI∶Tl crystal thickness. Some experimental data obtained from a 30MeV electron linear accelerator are given to prove the linear relationship.

Field of study: Physics
Affect and Self-Focused Attention Revisited: The Role of Affect Orientation

Research examining the influence of affect on self-focused attention has concentrated exclusively on the valence dimension (i.e., negative-positive) of affect. The authors propose that the dimension of affect orientation (i.e., reflective-social) illuminates consider ably this relation. A reflective orientation refers to atendency for inaction, whereas a social orientation refers to a tendency for action. Two experiments tested the hypothesis that two opposite-valenced but reflective affective states (i.e., sadness and contentment) heighten self-focused attention, whereas two opposite-valenced but social affective states (i.e., thrill and anger) reduce self-focused attention. Affect was induced via an imagination task (Experiment 1) or an imagination task combined with musical selections (Experiment 2). Self-focused attention was assessed through the state version of the Private Self-Consciousness (PSC) scale (Experiment 1) or the state version of the PSC plus a behavioral intention measure (Experiment 2). The results confirmed the hypothesis.

Field of study: Psychology
Viral impacts on bacterial communities in Arctic cryoconite

The surfaces of glaciers are extreme ecosystems dominated by microbial communities. Viruses are found in abundance here, with a high frequency of bacteria displaying visible virus infection. In this study, viral and bacterial production was measured in Arctic cryoconite holes to address the control that viruses play in these highly truncated ecosystems. Mean bacterial carbon production in the sediments of cryoconite holes was found to be 57.8 ± 12.9 ng C g−1 dry wt. h−1, which predicted a mean of 1.89–5.41 × 106 cells g−1 dry wt. h−1 based on a range of conversion factors. Relative to this, virus production was found to be high, up to 8.98 × 107 virus like particles g−1 dry wt. h−1 were produced, which is comparable to virus production in sediments around the globe. The virus burst size was assessed by transmission electron microscopy and found to be amongst the lowest recorded in the literature (mean 2.4). Hence, to account for the measured virus production, the viral induced bacterial mortality was calculated to be more than capable of accounting for the mortality of all bacterial production. The data presented here, therefore, suggests that viral induced mortality is a dominant process for the release and recycling of carbon and nutrients in supraglacial ecosystems.

Field of study: Environmental science
Glowing avalanches from the 1974 eruption of the volcano Fuego, Guatemala

Glowing avalanches from the 1974 eruption of the volcano Fuego, Guatemala, deposited between 0.005 and 0.01 km 3 of nonimbricated, nongraded, nonwelded debris on the southern flanks of the volcano. Avalanches emerged from notches in the crater rim, and traveled some 7 km from the vent at an average speed of 60 km/hr. Each glowing avalanche consisted of two parts, (1) the main mass of moving debris, or underflow, and (2) a superjacent gas and dust cloud. The postdepositional thickness of individual underflows is generally less than 2 m, but successions of glowing avalanches produced deposits as much as 15 m thick in some ravines. The underflows and their superjacent gas and dust clouds followed topographic lows. Where underflows were confined laterally by valley walls, the surface of the underflow was featureless, after deposition. Where underflows were able to spread laterally, they developed a surface morphology of channels, levees, and overbank areas. The coarsest fragments were deposited in the channels. The underflows probably flowed in laminar fashion as high concentration dispersions, similar to normal debris flows. No unequivocal evidence of large-scale gas expansion of the underflows was noted. Gas emission is considered to have occurred during transportation, but it probably played a minor role in fluidization of the underflow. The ability of these glowing avalanches to transport particles as much as 5 m in diameter some 7 km from the crater is considered to be a reflection of the high yield strength of the underflow. Deposits from the 1974 eruption had a mean grain size of −3.00ϕ (8 mm), were extremely poorly sorted (σ 1 = 4.6) strongly fine skewed (SK I = 0.63), and platykurtic (K G = 0.71). All grain size distributions were bimodal with a dominant intermodal low at −1.0ϕ (2 mm). The small percentage of particles in the −1.0ϕ size interval is considered to reflect the inherent mechanical instability of particles of this size. Turbulently flowing gas and dust clouds, as much as 1,000 m high, accompanied each avalanche, and cloud height increased with increasing distance of travel. The fine-grained dust of the superjacent gas and dust clouds was not deposited on top of the underflow. Prevailing winds blew the fine-grained component to the west-southwest.

Field of study: Geology
Placement of proxy-based multicast overlays

Proxy-based multicast is an approach to implementing the multicast function with proxy servers, which has many advantages compared to the IP multicast. When proxy locations are predetermined, many routing algorithms can be used to build a multicast overlay network. On the other hand, the problem of where to place proxies has not been extensively studied yet. A study on the placement problem for proxy-based multicast is presented in this paper. The objectives of proxy placement can be minimization of delay time, minimization of bandwidth consumption, or minimization of both. These performance metrics are studied in this paper and a number of algorithms are proposed for multicast proxy placement. Performance study is presented and practical issues of proxy placement are also discussed.

Field of study: Computer science
Mechanisms Underlying Chronic Binge Alcohol Exposure‐Induced Uterine Artery Dysfunction in Pregnant Rat

A cardinal feature of fetal alcohol syndrome is growth restriction. Maternal uterine artery adaptations to pregnancy correlate with birthweight and survival. We hypothesized that gestational binge alcohol exposure impairs maternal uterine vascular function, affecting endothelial nitric oxide (NO)-mediated vasodilation.



Pregnant rats grouped as pair-fed control or binge alcohol exposed received a once-daily, orogastric gavage of isocaloric maltose-dextrin or alcohol, respectively. On gestational day 20, primary uterine arteries were isolated, cannulated, and connected to a pressure transducer, and functional studies were conducted by dual-chamber arteriography. Uterine arteries maintained at constant intramural pressure (90 mm Hg) were maximally constricted with thromboxane, and a dose-response for acetylcholine (Ach) was recorded.



The alcohol group exhibited significantly impaired endothelium-dependent, Ach-induced uterine artery relaxation (↓∼30%). Subsequently, a dose-response was recorded following inhibition of endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor (apamin and TRAM-34) and prostacyclin (indomethacin). Ach-induced relaxation in the pair-fed control decreased by ~46%, and interestingly, relaxation in alcohol group further decreased by an additional ~48%, demonstrating that gestational binge alcohol impairs the NO system in the primary uterine artery. An endothelium-independent sodium nitroprusside effect was not observed. Immunoblotting indicated that alcohol decreased the level of endothelial excitatory P-Ser1177 endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) (p < 0.05) and total eNOS expression (p < 0.05) compared to both the normal and pair-fed controls. P-Ser1177 eNOS level was also confirmed by immunofluorescence imaging.



This is the first study to demonstrate maternal binge alcohol consumption during pregnancy disrupts uterine artery vascular function via impairment of the eNOS vasodilatory system.

Field of study: Medicine
Inter-imperial Aesthetics: Korean and Korean Diasporic Literature between Empires

Korean culture is a paradigmatic case for studying inter-imperial dynamics as the country’s history has been shaped by the interplay of four competing empires: China, Japan, Russia, and the US. This essay examines Korean diasporic literature and argues, first, that understanding a colonial author’s inter-imperial positionality allows texts to be reinterpreted in light of the matrix of competing forces in the inter-imperial sphere. Second, the essay looks at the distinctive Korean concept of han as a product of the nation’s inter-imperial history to consider how this aesthetic tradition continues to be a hallmark of contemporary diasporic fiction.

Field of study: Art
Changes in β1- and β2-adrenergic receptor mRNA levels in brown adipose tissue and heart of hypothyroid rats

The aim of the present work was to study the effect of hypothyroidism on the expression of the beta-adrenergic receptor (beta-AR) in interscapular brown adipose tissue and heart. The total density of plasma membrane beta-AR per tissue is decreased by 44% in hypothyroid rat interscapular brown adipose tissue and by 55% in hypothyroid rat heart compared with euthyroid controls. The effects of hypothyroidism on the density of both beta 1- and beta 2-AR subtypes were also determined in competition displacement experiments. The densities of beta 1- and beta 2-AR per tissue are decreased by 50% and 48% respectively in interscapular brown adipose tissue and by 52% and 54% in the heart. Northern blot analysis of  RNA from hypothyroid rat interscapular brown adipose tissue demonstrated that the levels of beta 1- and beta 2-AR mRNA per tissue are decreased by 73% and 58% respectively, whereas in hypothyroid heart, only the beta 1-AR mRNA is decreased, by 43%. The effect of hypothyroidism on the beta 1-AR mRNA is significantly more marked in the interscapular brown adipose tissue than in the heart. These results indicate that beta-AR mRNA levels are differentially regulated in rat interscapular brown adipose tissue and heart, and suggest that the decrease in beta-AR number in interscapular brown adipose tissue and heart of hypothyroid animals may in part be explained by a decreased steady-state level of beta-AR mRNA.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
The dynamics of interlocus associations in the three locus hitchhiking model

The dynamical behavior of the three-way linkage disequilibrium function is investigated within deterministic, three locus hitchhiking systems consisting of two neutral loci and one selected locus. The analysis is based on the case in which at least one of the neutral loci is initially in linkage equilibrium with the selected locus. It also applies approximately, whenever the product Dn1sDn2s, is negligible relative to the three-way association, where Dnis denotes the pairwise linkage disequilibrium between the selected locus and neutral locus i. A complete qualitative description of the resulting behavior is given for several selection models as a function of the gene frequency at the selected locus, the strength of selection, the degree of recombination among the loci, and the relative position of the selected locus.A major finding is that, although not functionally equivalent, the dynamics are qualitatively like those found previously for the pairwise association between a neutral locus and a linked, selected locus (Asmussen and Clegg 1981). Ultimately, the three-way linkage disequilibrium will decay at a rate faster than expected for three neutral loci. The range of gene frequencies associated with the accelerated decay steadily expands as selection intensifies, and either grows or shrinks with increasing recombination among the loci, depending upon the mode of selection operating. In the early stages of a trajectory, the triple interaction may increase in magnitude only if the selection intensity exceeds the frequency with which a detectable recombination occurs between the middle and end loci, and a favored allele (at the selected locus) is rare. When it exists, the region of increase first enlarges, then shrinks as selection intensifies, and contracts with increasing recombination among the loci.An interesting position effect is that systems in which the selected locus is to one side of the two neutral loci may have a greater three-way interaction, and hence a greater hitchhiking effect, than equivalent systems in which the selected locus is between the neutral loci.

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics
Über die Richtungsverteilung der Relativgeschwindigkeit der Zerfallsprodukte bei optischer Dissoziation von Jodnatrium

ZusammenfassungBei optischer Dissoziation kann ein Jodnatriummolekül in ein Jodatom und ein angeregtes Natriumatom zerfallen, die mit kinetischer Relativenergie auseinanderfahren. Durch Beobachtung der Dopplerverbreiterung senkrecht und parallel zum anregenden Strahl wird gezeigt, daß die Atome nicht in einer bevorzugten Richtung auseinanderfliegen. Außerdem ist die so erhaltene D-Linienfluoreszenz merklich unpolarisiert.

Field of study: Physics
A Postmodern Renaissance?

The place of the Renaissance in historical narratives of modernity was problematic long before recent bouts of dismissal, denial, or indifference. However, the idea is a hardy survivor and the old phoenix is at it again. Has the Renaissance gained a new, postmodern lease on life? Plurality, discontinuity, and contingency are hallmarks of that protean, much-contested label and of current Renaissance studies, not to mention the Renaissance boom in pop culture. Is this a mirror reflecting only our own preconceptions or a window that discloses a Renaissance that was never convincingly modern in the first place? What are the implications, one way or another, for the present and future of Renaissance studies?

Field of study: History