nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Retractions and Gorenstein Homological Properties

We associate to a localizable module a left retraction of algebras; it is a homological ring epimorphism that preserves singularity categories. We study the behavior of left retractions with respect to Gorenstein homological properties (for example, being Gorenstein algebras or CM-free algebras). We apply the results to Nakayama algebras. It turns out that for a connected Nakayama algebra A, there exists a connected self-injective Nakayama algebra A′ such that there is a sequence of left retractions linking A to A′; in particular, the singularity category of A is triangle equivalent to the stable category of A′. We classify connected Nakayama algebras with at most three simple modules according to Gorenstein homological properties.

Field of study: Mathematics
Emission factor of ammonia (NH 3 ) from on- road vehicles in China: tunnel tests in urban Guangzhou

Ammonia (NH3) is the primary alkaline gas in the atmosphere that contributes to formation of secondary particles. Emission of NH3 from vehicles, particularly gasoline powered light duty vehicles equipped with three-way catalysts, is regarded as an important source apart from emissions from animal wastes and soils, yet measured emission factors for motor vehicles are still not available in China, where traffic-related emission has become an increasingly important source of air pollutants in urban areas. Here we present our tunnel tests for NH3 from motor vehicles under ‘real world conditions’ in an urban roadway tunnel in Guangzhou, a central city in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region in south China. By attributing all NH3 emissions in the tunnel to light-duty gasoline vehicles, we obtained a fuel-based emission rate of 2.92±0.18 g L �1 and a mileage-based emission factor of 229.5±14.1 mg km �1 . These emission factors were much higher than those measured in the United States while measured NOx emission factors (7.17±0.60 g L �1 or 0.56±0.05 g km �1 ) were contrastingly near or lower than those previously estimated by MOBILE/PART5 or COPERT IV models. Based on the NH3 emission factors from this study, on-road vehicles accounted for 8.1% of NH3 emissions in the PRD region in 2006 instead of 2.5% as estimated in a previous study using emission factors taken from the Emission Inventory Improvement Program (EIIP) in the United States.

Field of study: Environmental science
Hot wall epitaxy of Sb2Te3 layers: coherent hetero-epitaxy on InAs(1?1?1) and Sb substitution in Cu-mediated growth

The growth of Sb2Te3 layers by means of hot wall epitaxy is investigated. While the layers grow coherently on InAs(1 1 1) substrates owing to the small lattice mismatch, the appropriate substrate temperature is restricted to a narrow range and the surface preparations play a critical role for the growth due to the rapid re-evaporation of Sb2Te3. We also examine the growth on various substrates having a pre-deposited Cu layer. The Cu layer retains Sb2Te3 at the surface and thus extends the usable substrate-temperature range. During the substitution of the Sb atoms with the Cu atoms, we encounter an incorporation of the group-III elements to the grown layers when III–V compounds are used as the substrates. We additionally present the low-temperature magnetotransport properties in a layer synthesized by the substitution.

Field of study: Materials science
The Relationship between Alu I Polymorphisms in the Calcitonin Receptor Gene and Fluorosis Endemic to Chongqing, China

This study explored the association between an Alu I polymorphism at position 1,377 of the calcitonin receptor (CTR) gene and endemic fluorosis.  A case-control study of 321 participants was conducted in regions with high fluorosis rates (Wushan and Fengjie counties) and those without high fluorosis rates (Yubei Qu county; termed nonfluorosis areas) in Chongqing, China. The participants were divided into three groups: the fluorosis group (FG) from areas with high fluoride exposure (121), the nonfluorosis group (NFG) from areas with high fluoride exposure (130), and a control group (CG) from areas with no excessive fluoride exposure (70). An Alu I polymorphism in the CTR gene was genotyped using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis.  The genotype distributions within each group were as follows: CC 60.33% (73/121), CT 30.58% (37/121) and TT 9.09% (11/121) for the FG; CC 74.62% (97/130), CT 21.54% (28/130) and TT 3.85% (5/130) for the NFG, and CC 68.57% (48/70), CT 31.43% (22/70) and TT 0% (0/70) for the CG. Significant differences in Alu I genotypes were observed among the groups (χ2 = 12.317, υ = 4, p = 0.015). Allele frequencies of CTR genotypes differed significantly among the groups (χ2 = 8.859, υ = 2, p = 0.012): C 75.62% (183/242) and T 24.38% (59/242) for the FG, C 85.38% (222/260) and T 14.62% (38/260) for the NFG, and C 84.29% (118/140) and T 15.71% (22/140) for the CG.  An association between fluorosis and the Alu I polymorphism in the CTR gene was observed in fluoride-exposed populations.

Field of study: Medicine
Intense Terahertz Laser Fields Induced and Manipulated Pseudospin Polarization in Graphene

We investigate the pseudospin-dependent density-energy relation (whose differential with respect to energy is density of states) of a monolayer graphene under intense terahertz laser field by exactly solving the time-dependent Schr\"{o}dinger equation with help of Floquet's theorem. We find that psedospin polarization can be induced by a circular polarized terahertz laser field. The psedospin polarization in K and K$^{\prime}$ valleys can be exactly opposite sign when the electron densities in these two calleys are equivalent. Further more, we find that the psedospin polarization can be manipulated by the strength, frequency, and especially the polarization orientation of the field.

Field of study: Physics
Design and synthesis of organic sensitizers with enhanced anchoring stability in dye-sensitized solar cells

D-π-A dyes have received a special attention in the field of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). In this kind of molecules, the acceptor group (A) generally acts as an anchor, enabling the adsorption of the dye onto the metal oxide substrate (TiO2) and providing a good electron injection. The search for new anchors represents a critical factor for the development of improved DSSCs and in recent years has been a very active research field. This mini-review focuses especially on our work on pyridine-derived anchoring groups for D-π-A dyes, with a special regard on the preparation and characterization of three different families of dyes and a critical evaluation of their stability and efficiency.

Field of study: Chemistry
Survey of water fluoride and status of dmft and DMFT in elementary and medium school students in Kamiran Town

Oral and dental health and collecting data on the prevalence of dental caries are among the most important aspects of individual health. Thus, it is necessary to determine community’s oral health status. Various epidemiological studies are required at different levels to assess the efficacy of preventive, oral and dental health control programs in a society. Thus, the aims of this study was survey of water fluoride and status of dmft and DMFT in elementary and medium school students in Kamiran Town  This was a descriptive cross-sectional study. Data were collected through interview and dental clinical examination using disposable dental explorer, dental mirror, and a flash light. A total of 217 students aged 6 to 14 years were evaluated for their oral health status in Kamiran Town aspect of dmft and DMFT in 2014. Fluoride concentrations were detected by IC. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 16 software. Ttest test was also used for analysis.  The results of this study showed that the dmft mean in elementary school students for boys and girls were 4.76 and 6.20 respectively. The mean of DMFT for medium school students in boys and girls were 5.40 and 7.95 respectively. Moreover, the results of this study indicated that was significant between number of brush and dmft and DMFT in elementary and medium school students (p < 0.05). The concentration of fluoride in Kamiran Town water was 0.2 mg/l.  The status of dmft and DMFT among elementary and medium school students of Kamiran Town students was higher than the WHO standards and other area. Thus, to improve the current situation, a proper programming seems necessary. Furthermore, more attention must be paid to the education of families about dental and oral health.

Field of study: Medicine
Origin of accretionary lapilli within ground-hugging density currents: Evidence from pyroclastic couplets on Tenerife

Aggregation of airborne particles is an important way in which the atmosphere is cleansed of fine dust particles, such as following explosive eruptions and meteorite impacts. We identify successive stages in the growth history of particle aggregates based upon well-preserved ash aggregate–bearing pyroclastic layers on Tenerife. The layers are persistently organized into couplets made up of a lower ignimbrite layer and an upper, widespread coignimbrite ash-fall layer. The upper part of each ignimbrite contains whole and fragmented concentric-laminated accretionary lapilli, whereas the overlying coignimbrite ash-fall layer lacks accretionary lapilli and is composed of framework-supported smaller and nonlaminated ash pellets, sometimes slightly deformed or partly disaggregated. The pellets resemble the cores of the larger accretionary lapilli in the underlying ignimbrite layer. These field relations are repeated numerous times in several different successions, and they indicate that ash pellets, not accretionary lapilli, form within the coignimbrite ash plumes. Some pellets fell directly to the ground, producing coignimbrite ash-fall layers, but others settled into pyroclastic density currents, where they accreted successive concentric laminations of fine ash as they circulated through the variously turbulent levels of the stratified current, and heat of the lower part of the current dried and partly lithified them into brittle accretionary lapilli. The fully formed whole and broken accretionary lapilli were then deposited from the current along with ash and pumice lapilli. Numerous ignimbrite veneers on Tenerife have the form of ash layers, a few centimeters thick, that drape topography and locally contain matrix-supported accretionary lapilli. Most volcanoes lack laterally continuous field exposure, and such accretionary lapilli–bearing layers might be mistaken for ash-fall deposits. We highlight the value of careful distinction between different types of ash aggregate facies when interpreting the origin of pyroclastic deposits, for example, during hazard assessments.

Field of study: Geology
A strictly ergodic, positive entropy subshift uniformly uncorrelated to the Moebius function

A recent result of Downarowicz and Serafin (DS) shows that there exist positive entropy subshifts satisfying the assertion of Sarnak's conjecture. More precisely, it is proved that if $y=(y_n)_{n\ge 1}$ is a bounded sequence with zero average along every infinite arithmetic progression (the Mobius function is an example of such a \sq\ $y$) then for every $N\ge 2$ there exists a subshift $\Sigma$ over $N$ symbols, with entropy arbitrarily close to $\log N$, uncorrelated to $y$. 
In the present note, we improve the result of (DS). First of all, we observe that the uncorrelation obtained in (DS) is \emph{uniform}, i.e., for any continuous function $f:\Sigma\to {\mathbb R}$ and every $\epsilon>0$ there exists $n_0$ such that for any $n\ge n_0$ and any $x\in\Sigma$ we have $$ \left|\frac1n\sum_{i=1}^{n}f(T^ix)\,y_i\right|<\epsilon. $$ More importantly, by a fine-tuned modification of the construction from (DS) we create a \emph{strictly ergodic} subshift, with all the desired properties of the example in (DS) (uniformly uncorrelated to $y$ and with entropy arbitrarily close to $\log N$). 
The question about these two additional properties (uniformity of uncorrelation and strict ergodicity) has been posed by Mariusz Lemanczyk in the context of the so-called strong MOMO (Mobius Orthogonality on Moving Orbits) property. Our result shows, among other things, that strong MOMO is essentially stronger than uniform uncorrelation, even for strictly ergodic systems.

Field of study: Mathematics
Evolution of Permian conodont provincialism and its significance in global correlation and paleoclimate implication

The main components of Asselian through Artinskian conodont faunas found around the world are basically the same, and the provincialism is indicated only by less common endemic elements such as Gondolelloides and New Genus A Henderson in North Pangea, Sweetognathus bucaramangus around the equator and Vjalovognathus in eastern Gondwana. Provincialism is marked by differences at the species level of Mesogondolella, Neostreptognathodus and Sweetognathus during the Kungurian, and becomes very distinct with differences at the genus level during the Guadalupian and Lopingian. Three provinces of Permian conodonts, referred to as the North Cool Water Province (NCWP), the Equatorial Warm Water Province (EWWP) and the peri-Gondwana Cool Water Province (GCWP), are recognized. The NCWP is marked by Gondolelloides in the early Cisuralian, dominance of Neostreptognathodus and no or rare Sweetognathus in the late Cisuralian, dominance of Merrillina and Mesogondolella and absence of Sweetognathus in the Guadalupian, and dominance of Merrillina and Mesogondolella and absence of Iranognathus in the Lopingian. The EWWP is characterized by the absence of Gondolelloides and Vjalovognathus in the Cisuralian, abundance of Sweetognathus and Pseudosweetognathus in the Kungurian (late Cisuralian), Jinogondolella and Sweetognathus in the Guadalupian, and Clarkina and Iranognathus in the Lopingian. The GCWP is marked by Vjalovognathus, Merrillina in the Cisuralian, Vjalovognathus, Merrillina and Mesogondolella in the Guadalupian, and Vjalovognathus and Merrillina in the Lopingian. Mixed faunas are recognized in regions bordering between the EWWP and GCWP including Western Timor during the Artinskian, Pamirs during the Kungurian and the Salt Range during the Guadalupian and Lopingian.

Three different conodont zonations are proposed, one for each of the three conodont provinces. Four potential horizons for inter-provincial correlation of Permian conodonts are recognized. They are in ascending order: (1) the first appearance of Sweetognathus whitei, which is closely related to the last occurrence of Carboniferous-type conodonts such as Streptognathodus and Adetognathus; (2) the first appearance of Neostreptognathodus pequopensis; (3) the base of the Jinogondolella nankingensis Zone; and (4) the base of the Clarkina postbitteri–Iranognathus erwini Zone.

The spatial and temporal distribution pattern of Permian conodonts suggests that temperature is the primary controlling factor. Evolution of Permian conodont provincialism reveals a glaciation during the Asselian and Sakmarian, a global warming during the Artinskian, a climate cooling in North Pangea during the Kungurian, a continuation of Kungurian climate trends in the Guadalupian, a relatively minor warming during the Wuchiapingian, a returned cooling in the Changhsingian and Lower and Middle Griesbachian, and a global warming in the Late Griesbachian, which ended the Permian conodont lineage.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Size Dependence of the Surface Tension of Nanoparticles

The linear relationship between surface tension γs and radius $$~{{R}_{{\text{s}}}}$$ of small particles (nanoparticles) was derived in the 1960s by Rusanov as $${{{\gamma }}_{{\text{s}}}} = K{{R}_{{\text{s}}}},$$ where K is the coefficient of proportionality. In this work, a more generalized dependence is obtained in the context of Gibbs’ theory of thermodynamics for curved interfaces on the same size scales for a randomly selected interface, including an equimolecular surface with radius $${{R}_{{\text{e}}}}{\text{.}}$$ It is shown that when $${{R}_{0}} \geqslant R \geqslant {\delta }$$ (where $${\delta } = {{R}_{{\text{e}}}} - {{R}_{{\text{s}}}},$$$${{R}_{0}}$$ is a characteristic radius limiting the range of the Rusanov equation’s applicability), linear dependence $${\gamma } = KR$$ should be valid for all $$R \in \left[ {{{R}_{{\text{s}}}},{{R}_{{\text{e}}}}} \right].$$ Parameter $$K~$$ is estimated for metal nanodroplets and solid metal nanoparticles as well.

Field of study: Physics
Visual appearance maintenance of fresh-cut 'Nam Dok Mai' mango fruit by honey dip.

The effects of honey solutions on preventing browning discoloration and maintaining visual appearance in fresh-cut ‘Nam Dok Mai’ mango fruit and the comparison of honey dip and commercially used citric acid and ascorbic acid dips were investigated. The mango cubes were dipped in honey solutions at the concentration of 0, 5, 10, 15, 20 or 25 % (v/v) and the visual appearance and browning intensity (∆OD420/100g FW) were determined after storage for 24 h. The cubes dipped in 25 % honey solution showed the lowest browning intensity and the best visual appearance compared to the others. The 25% honey dip and 1% citric acid dip inhibited the browning of the mango cubes stored at 4oC for 6 days more than 1% ascorbic acid dip and the control. All treatments had no effect on the changes in weight loss, yellowness (b* value), hue angle and chroma over storage. The honey dip showed higher overall acceptance score and L* value and lower colour difference (∆E*) than the others. In conclusion, 25% honey dip showed a potential maintaining visual appearance and inhibiting browning discoloration in fresh-cut ‘Nam Dok Mai’ mango fruit during storage.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Reviewing the quality of awareness support in collaborative applications

We propose a set of design elements that correspond to important awareness functions.We built a checklist for developers to review awareness in collaborative software.The checklist was applied to software, providing insight about missing features. Awareness to users is a valuable feature of a collaborative system. Therefore, the designers of a system of this type may find it useful to receive hints on the awareness support provided by the system when it is under development or evolution. This paper proposes a tool for their use to obtain suggestions on the awareness features provided by the system and those not currently supported by it. The considered kinds of awareness were obtained from a review of a significant number of proposals from the literature. The tool is based on a checklist of design elements related to these awareness types to be applied by the application designer. The construction of this checklist was done as follows. The process started with an analysis of the types of awareness to be provided. This step ended with 54 selected design elements and six awareness types. Experts on the development of collaborative systems used their experience to provide correlations between the design elements and the types of awareness previously identified, thus encapsulating their expertise within the checklist. The proposal was applied to three existing collaborative systems and the results are presented. The obtained results suggest that the checklist is adequate to provide helpful hints that may be used to improve an application's awareness support.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Collaboration or Consultation: Is There a Difference?

For the past several years, the support service professionals (SSPs) in education have been exploring various service delivery models to reach the maximum number of students with optimal effectiveness and efficiency. Repeatedly, educators have turned to consultation as a most promising approach, no doubt owing in part to its humanistic components (what Stringer [1961] refers to as its &dquo;hallmark&dquo; and &dquo;unassailable quality&dquo; characteristics), as well as the face validity of some of its conceptualization which has appeared in print. Newcomer’s article serves to add consultation responsibilities to the role definition of the special teacher, a role which seems to make good, common sense among those of us who consider ourselves to be resource professionals employed by the school system. Yet what we need to examine, beyond the philosophical and theoretical base for the resource professional’s role, is the conceptual framework which the resource professional (&dquo;special educator,&dquo; in this instance) draws upon to implement an &dquo;interaction model.&dquo; Conclusions concerning the impact of such a model will probably be similar to what has been found in the mental health field, i.e., McClung and Stunden (1972) reported discrepancy between the actual behavior of consulting professionals and their reported theoretical principles. We must be clear, therefore, on underlying assumptions as well as the selection of an appropriate indirect service model.

Field of study: Education
A theory for the square guarded hot plate—a solution of the heat conduction equation for a two layer system

A theoretical treatment is given for the action of the guarded hot plate apparatus used for measuring conductivities. The flow of heat through the metal hot plate itself, and the effects of temperature unbalance between hot plate and guard plate are both taken into account. The temperature at any point in the sample or in the heater plate may be determined. The theory is comprehensive and any of the dimensions or controlling parameters may be varied in the calculation.  Although the thermal conductivity of insulating materials has been determined for many years with the guarded hot plate apparatus, it was not until recently that any attempts have been made to assess theoretically the errors associated with the use of this apparatus. Without the benefit of theoretical assessments the standards that have been specified by the ASTM ,  and the British Standards Institution  have from necessity been drawn up relatively arbitrarily. Thus they differ to some extent one from another and in the light of recent theoretical and experimental work, do not appear to be sufficiently stringent for the 1% accuracy often demanded of the guarded hot plate apparatus.  1 illustrates the layout of a typical "guarded hot plate". Essentially, two

Field of study: Mathematics