nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Reconsideration of the planetary boundary for phosphorus

Phosphorus (P) is a critical factor for food production, yet surface freshwaters and some coastal waters are highly sensitive to eutrophication by excess P. A planetary boundary, or upper tolerable limit, for P discharge to the oceans is thought to be ten times the pre-industrial rate, or more than three times the current rate. However this boundary does not take account of freshwater eutrophication. We analyzed the global P cycle to estimate planetary boundaries for freshwater eutrophication. Planetary boundaries were computed for the input of P to freshwaters, the input of P to terrestrial soil, and the mass of P in soil. Each boundary was computed for two water quality targets, 24  mg P m − 3, a typical target for lakes and reservoirs, and 160  mg m − 3, the approximate pre-industrial P concentration in the world's rivers. Planetary boundaries were also computed using three published estimates of current P flow to the sea. Current conditions exceed all planetary boundaries for P. Substantial differences between current conditions and planetary boundaries demonstrate the contrast between large amounts of P needed for food production and the high sensitivity of freshwaters to pollution by P runoff. At the same time, some regions of the world are P-deficient, and there are some indications that a global P shortage is possible in coming decades. More efficient recycling and retention of P within agricultural ecosystems could maintain or increase food production while reducing P pollution and improving water quality. Spatial heterogeneity in the global P cycle suggests that recycling of P in regions of excess and transfer of P to regions of deficiency could mitigate eutrophication, increase agricultural yield, and delay or avoid global P shortage.

Field of study: Environmental science
Digital passband processing of wideband-modulated optical signals for enhanced underwater imaging.

Radar modulation, demodulation, and signal processing techniques have been merged with laser imaging to enhance visibility in murky underwater environments. The modulation provides a way to reject multiple scattered light that would otherwise reduce image contrast and resolution. Recent work has focused on the use of wideband modulation schemes and digital passband processing to resolve range details of an underwater scene. Use of the CLEAN algorithm has also been investigated to extract object features that are obscured by scattered light. Results from controlled laboratory experiments show an improvement in the range resolution and accuracy of underwater imagery relative to data collected with a conventional short pulse system.

Field of study: Physics
The Mexican Hacienda between the Insurgency and the Revolution: Maize Production and Commercial Triumph on the Temporal

When Andres Molina Enriquez wrote his polemical attack on the Mexican hacienda, published on the eve of the Revolution, he was particularly scathing about the cereal estates of the mesa central.l According to his arguments, these were the properties most typically 'feudal', and thus he characterized them as vast tracts of land, under-used and undercapitalized, serving only to legitimize the seigneurial status of an elite class of rentier landowners. The proprietors were similarly castigated for preferring the low-risk security of irrigated crops, and for their withdrawal from the uncertainties of maize production on the temporal lands. As a result of these policies the routine supply of maize, the food grain of the nation, was, or

Field of study: Political science
Small-Angle X-ray Diffraction of Muscle Using Undulator Radiation from the Tristan Main Ring at KEK.

Time-resolved X-ray diffraction of muscle has demanded ever-increasing flux into small sample volumes with low beam divergence. Results are reported of static and time-resolved small-angle X-ray diffraction studies on muscle fibers using a hard X-ray undulator installed in the Tristan main ring at KEK, Tsukuba, Japan, as an innovative source of synchrotron radiation more intense and better collimated than that available with the Photon Factory bending-magnet beamline. Static studies used the low divergence of the source to obtain detailed high-quality diffraction patterns of stable muscle states. The diffraction patterns from live skeletal muscles showed the numerous (over 100) meridional reflections. The well collimated beam from the undulator made it possible to clearly resolve, with an angular resolution of ca 700 nm, the closely spaced diffraction peaks arising from the two halves of the thick filaments centred on the M lines in a sarcomere, in addition, the diffraction peaks from the thin filaments on opposite sides of the Z bands could be resolved with an angular resolution of ca 1000 nm. The detailed structure of the meridional pattern defines the nature of the molecular packing in the thick and thin filaments. Time-resolved experiments using a focusing mirror aimed to prove cross-bridge states in striated muscle fibers by collecting X-ray diffraction data at a 0.185 ms time resolution from sinusoidally oscillating chemically skinned rabbit muscle fibers during active contraction and in rigor. When sinusoidal length changes at 500 Hz with a peak-to-peak amplitude of 0.6% of the muscle length were applied to a small fiber bundle, the tension showed a simple elastic response during the length oscillation. In the active muscle the intensity of the 14.5 nm myosin-based meridional reflection changed out of phase with the tension change during the oscillating length change. In contrast, in the rigor muscle it occurred in phase with the tension change. The high time-resolved experiments provide an insight into the coupling between conformational changes and force generation of the actomyosin cross-bridges. These studies provide a preview of the expected gains for muscle studies from the more widespread use of undulator radiation at third-generation synchrotron sources.

Field of study: Physics
A statistical approach to quantify uncertainty in carbon monoxide measurements at the Izaña global GAW station: 2008–2011

Atmospheric CO in situ measurements are carried out at the Izana (Tenerife) global GAW (Global Atmosphere Watch Programme of the World Meteorological Organization – WMO) mountain station using a Reduction Gas Analyser (RGA). In situ measurements at Izana are representative of the subtropical Northeast Atlantic free troposphere, especially during nighttime. We present the measurement system configuration, the response function, the calibration scheme, the data processing, the Izana 2008–2011 CO nocturnal time series, and the mean diurnal cycle by months. We have developed a rigorous uncertainty analysis for carbon monoxide measurements carried out at the Izana station, which could be applied to other GAW stations. We determine the combined standard measurement uncertainty taking into consideration four contributing components: uncertainty of the WMO standard gases interpolated over the range of measurement, the uncertainty that takes into account the agreement between the standard gases and the response function used, the uncertainty due to the repeatability of the injections, and the propagated uncertainty related to the temporal consistency of the response function parameters (which also takes into account the covariance between the parameters). The mean value of the combined standard uncertainty decreased significantly after March 2009, from 2.37 nmol mol−1 to 1.66 nmol mol−1, due to improvements in the measurement system. A fifth type of uncertainty we call representation uncertainty is considered when some of the data necessary to compute the temporal mean are absent. Any computed mean has also a propagated uncertainty arising from the uncertainties of the data used to compute the mean. The law of propagation depends on the type of uncertainty component (random or systematic). In situ hourly means are compared with simultaneous and collocated NOAA flask samples. The uncertainty of the differences is computed and used to determine whether the differences are significant. For 2009–2011, only 24.5% of the differences are significant, and 68% of the differences are between −2.39 and 2.5 nmol mol−1. Total and annual mean differences are computed using conventional expressions but also expressions with weights based on the minimum variance method. The annual mean differences for 2009–2011 are well within the p2 nmol mol−1 compatibility goal of GAW.

Field of study: Environmental science
Community participation in the recycling of derelict land and buildings for social and cultural purposes

This article considers the relationship between the initiatives of local cultural groups — the ‘free’ cultural scene — and the formal cultural administration of local authorities. Three case studies of the social and political tensions involved in the development of new cultural uses for old industrial and urban facilities are presented. These are the use of old industrial facilities in Dortmund; the use of a former chocolate factory in Cologne; and the use of an old jute-spinning mill in Bonn. General conclusions arising from the case studies illustrate that urban redevelopment is characterized by a tension between the needs of local cultural groups and initiatives, and the thrust of urban economic development.

Field of study: Sociology
Elite and Cadres in Bourbon Chile

IN RECENT YEARS historians have begun to question the traditional belief that colonial Latin American government was autocratic and centralized. In the process of this reevaluation features such as corruption, which had previously been treated as weaknesses of the political system, have come to be regarded as hidden strengths. Today theoretical articles emphasize that the "corruption" of the administration provided the local population with an opportunity for political influence. Colonial officials are presented, therefore, as having been responsive to local pressures, and having enjoyed considerable autonomy from central authorities.' Such arguments conclude that corruption was a safety valve for the empires. The creole who surreptitiously wielded influence, it is argued, was not likely to demand formal control of the government. These theoretical discussions have been confirmed by regional studies. The predominant tendency has been to argue that the roots of corruption were to be found in an informal structure of primary interpersonal relations established between members of the elite and royal officials. While the formal structure of government placed the Indies in a classic colonial position by forcing administrators to be loyal to outside authorities, "the informal structure allowed colonial interest groups to treat magistrates as simply another source of power subject to alliance and cooptation.

Field of study: History
Changes and Prognostic Value of Serum Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor in Patients with Differentiated Thyroid Cancer

To evaluate the changes and the prognostic value of serum vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC).  A total of 79 patients with DTC and 30 healthy individuals were divided into four groups: (1) a healthy control group (n = 30); (2) DTC without recurrence (n = 35; 23 papillary, 12 follicular); (3) DTC with local recurrence (n = 24; 15 papillary, 9 follicular), and (4) DTC with lung metastasis (n = 20; 13 papillary, 7 follicular). Serum VEGF and thyroglobulin levels were measured in all patients.  Serum levels of VEGF were significantly higher in the lung metastasis group than in the other three groups (p < 0.05). Serum thyroglobulin concentration positively correlated with VEGF expression (r = 0.8678, p < 0.001) in patients with thyroid cancer recurrence. Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that clinical staging (OR = 1.851, 95% CI 1.04–3.47; p = 0.038), noncompliance with postoperative thyroxin replacement therapy (OR = 1.935, 95% CI 1.03–3.65; p = 0.042) and postoperative levels of thyroglobulin (OR = 1.892, 95% CI 1.01–3.56, p = 0.032) were independent predictors for thyroid cancer recurrence. Every additional 100 ng/l of serum VEGF levels increased the risk of thyroid cancer recurrence by 20.3%; but this did not reach statistical significance (OR = 1.203, 95% CI 0.95–1.52; p = 0.125).  Serum VEGF increased in patients with recurrent thyroid cancer following surgical therapies. The predictive value of serum VEGF requires further investigation.

Field of study: Medicine
Scenarios of Rajamangala University of Technology Isan as A Professional and Technology University

This research was conducted using the Ethnographic Delphi Futures Research Technique and aimed to examine scenarios of Professional and Technology University: Rajamangala University of Technology Isan. The samples were 71 specialists and instructors from five campuses, Nakhon Ratchasima Center, Khon Kaen Campus, Surin Campus, Kalasin campus, Sakon Nakhon Campus. Interviews and content analysis were divided into three rounds. Round one was interview, rounds two and three used a five-point rating scale questionnaire. Eleven entrepreneurs and five experts used in-depth, naturalistic, structural interviews as well as panel discussion.  The results showed that organization of learning and instruction should be more hands-on training course and English for communication Information technology ethics and personality development. Research was found the sources of funding outside agencies to conduct research. Networking research, especially the Mekong region. Academic service, adding manpower for supporting the instructors in Rajamangala University of Technology Isan. Maintaining art and culture should contribute and provide local information technology in the community. Therefore, those involved can appropriately use the results of this study in Rajamangala University of Technology Isan step towards a Professional and Technology University. Keyword: scenarios, Rajamangala University of Technology Isan, professional and technology university

Field of study: Education
A dependent partition-valued process for multitask clustering and time evolving network modelling

The fundamental aim of clustering algorithms is to partition data points. We consider tasks where the discovered partition is allowed to vary with some covariate such as space or time. One approach would be to use fragmentation-coagulation processes, but these, being Markov processes, are restricted to linear or tree structured covariate spaces. We define a partition-valued process on an arbitrary covariate space using Gaussian processes. We use the process to construct a multitask clustering model which partitions datapoints in a similar way across multiple data sources, and a time series model of network data which allows cluster assignments to vary over time. We describe sampling algorithms for inference and apply our method to defining cancer subtypes based on different types of cellular characteristics, finding regulatory modules from gene expression data from multiple human populations, and discovering time varying community structure in a social network.

Field of study: Computer science
Factors Influencing Parental Use of Booster Seats for Their Children

Given that injuries sustained in motor vehicle crashes are the primary health threat to children today and children between the ages of four and eight years are the most susceptible to injury because they are the least likely to be restrained appropriately, the purpose of this study was to examine the factors associated with booster seat use using the Theory of Planned Behavior as a model. Results demonstrated that intention to use booster seats significantly predicted self-reported use of booster seats, and attitudes, but not subjective norms or perceived control, predicted the intention to use booster seats. The present study was an initial attempt to add to a limited body of research in the area of child passenger safety. Further research is needed in order to gain a deeper understanding of the factors associated with booster seat use in order to reduce injury in this vulnerable age group.

Field of study: Psychology
Geochemistry of North Shore Hypabyssal dikes and sills in the Midcontinent Rift of Minnesota: an example the 47th Avenue sill

This study presents geochemical data for several of the numerous small to large dikes and sills, including the 47th Avenue sill, exposed along the shore of Lake Superior in and north of Duluth, Minnesota. These intrusions are late magmatic features of the Proterozoic Midcontinent Rift System and together form the North Shore Hypabyssal Group. The dikes are geochemically distinct from the sills, and, when the two are exposed together, the younger dike intrudes the older sill. Dikes are primitive with Mg# up to 68, have positive eNd values, and are oriented approximately northsouth with steep westerly or near vertical dips. The older sills are more evolved, usually have eNd values near or below 0, and have the same gentle easterly dip as the thick sequence of North Shore Volcanic Group flows they intrude. Dike compositions correlate best with a mixture of widespread basalt compositions types 4 and 5, with primitive geochemistry and positive eNd values, whereas sill compositions are similar to widespread ba...

Field of study: Environmental science
Investigation into the selection of viewing configurations for three-component planar Doppler velocimetry measurements.

A method for the calculation of three orthogonal velocity components in planar Doppler velocimetry (PDV) using four or more measured velocity components (to the three typically used) is presented. The advantages and disadvantages are assessed by use of a Monte Carlo simulation and experimental measurements of the velocity field of a rotating disk. The addition of a fourth velocity component has been shown to lead to reductions in the final errors of up to 25%. The selection of viewing configurations for experiments is discussed by simulation of the level of errors in measured velocity components and investigation of the final level of errors in the orthogonal velocity components. Experimental measurements of the velocity field of a rotating disk are presented, demonstrating the effect of the viewing configuration on the final level of error.

Field of study: Physics
A VLSI architecture for lifting-based forward and inverse wavelet transform

We propose an architecture that performs the forward and inverse discrete wavelet transform (DWT) using a lifting-based scheme for the set of seven filters proposed in JPEG2000. The architecture consists of two row processors, two column processors, and two memory modules. Each processor contains two adders, one multiplier, and one shifter. The precision of the multipliers and adders has been determined using extensive simulation. Each memory module consists of four banks in order to support the high computational bandwidth. The architecture has been designed to generate an output every cycle for the JPEG2000 default filters. The schedules have been generated by hand and the corresponding timings listed. Finally, the architecture has been implemented in behavioral VHDL. The estimated area of the proposed architecture in 0.18-/spl mu/ technology is 2.8 nun square, and the estimated frequency of operation is 200 MHz.

Field of study: Engineering
Application of gestagen depot and PMS. Arti-ficial induction of estrus and ovulation in goats

1.非繁殖期の山羊4頭を用い持続性黄体ホルモン(130mg)を1回筋肉内に注射した後7日目(A区)と10日目(B区)にPMS(1,0001U)を応用して発情および排卵を誘起させる実験を行った。2.A区は2頭中1頭が発情したが,種付した結果は不受胎となった。B区は2頭中1頭が発情し,不発情の1頭はPMSを20日間隔で注射したところ発情した。種付した結果は2頭共受胎し,正産した。3.発情徴候の発現度はいずれも自然発情に比べて弱い傾向が見られた。そのため交配の適期を逸するおそれがあるので,発情の強化策を考究する必要がある。4.本実験の結果から持続性黄体ホルモンとPMSの併用によって季節外繁殖の可能なことが知られた。

Field of study: Biology
An analysis of the characteristics of performances of excellent women decathletes in the world

By using the methods of literature data analysis,mathematical statistics and comparative analysis,the author analyzed the characteristics of performances of excellent women decathletes,probed into the patterns of development of women decathlon event,and revealed the following findings: Women decathlon was still at the initial stage,the distribution of strong and weak events was different for individual athletes,their capabilities varied remarkably,thus their performances and scores in various events varied remarkably;they had relatively higher scores in sprint,hurdles and high jump events,while they had relatively poor performances in throws,1 500 m race and vault events,showing an unbalanced development in the events;the proportions of scores in various categories were listed in the order of sprint/hurdles categoryjumps categorythrows categoryendurance category;their scoring rate on the second day was higher than that on the first day.

Field of study: Education
Auslander–Reiten conjecture for symmetric algebras of polynomial growth

This paper studies self-injective algebras of polynomial growth. We prove that two indecomposable weakly symmetric algebras of domestic type are derived equivalent if and only if they are stably equivalent. Furthermore we prove that for indecomposable weakly symmetric non-domestic algebras of polynomial growth, up to some scalar problems, the derived equivalence classification coincides with the classification up to stable equivalences of Morita type. As a consequence, we get the validity of the Auslander–Reiten conjecture for stable equivalences between weakly symmetric algebras of domestic type and for stable equivalences of Morita type between weakly symmetric algebras of polynomial growth.

Field of study: Mathematics
Study of the Stiffness of the Bitumen Emulsion Based Cold Recycling Mixes for Road Base Courses

The benefits of the use of cold recycling mixtures (CRMs) in pavement rehabilitation are associated with both the reduction of natural resource consumption by replacing them with recycled materials and the reduction of energy consumption during their production and paving. The evolution of the stiffness of CRMs in road construction and the fatigue life of pavements with CRM base layers are still being investigated. In this paper, CRMs with 1% cement content, called bitumen-stabilized materials with bitumen emulsion (BSM-Es), were examined. Mixtures that were differentiated in terms of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) content, as well as the amount and type of bitumen emulsions, were subjected to indirect tensile stiffness modulus (ITSM) tests at 5 °C, 13 °C, and 20 °C. The thermal sensitivities of the BSM-E mixtures were analyzed. BSM-E mixture stiffness modulus levels at various temperatures were determined using a statistical approach. On the basis of the results obtained, a discussion on the mechanistic-empirical design of flexible pavements with BSM-E base layers is presented. The potential benefits of using BSM-E materials in road construction in certain aspects of pavement life are indicated.

Field of study: Materials science
A stepwise illustration of the translabyrinthine approach to a large cystic vestibular schwannoma.

Of the presigmoid approaches, the translabyrinthine approach is often used when a large exposure is needed to gain access to the cerebellopontine angle but when hearing preservation is not a concern. At the authors' institution, this approach is done with the aid of ENT/otolaryngology for temporal bone drilling and exposure. In the present article and video, the authors demonstrate the use of the translabyrinthine approach for resection of a large cystic vestibular schwannoma, delineating the steps of positioning, opening, temporal bone drilling, tumor resection, and closure. Gross-total resection was achieved in the featured case. The patient's postoperative facial function was House-Brackmann Grade II on the side ipsilateral to the tumor, although function improved with time. The translabyrinthine route to the cerebellopontine angle is an excellent approach for masses that extend toward the midline or anterior to the pons. Although hearing is sacrificed, facial nerve function is generally spared.

Field of study: Medicine