nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The Global Finance Function: Five Focal Points

Finance teams at large multinational companies can expect more and increasingly sophisticated tasks to come their way. The majority of those teams will have to perform those tasks with the same or fewer resources. Companies are focusing more on reducing overhead costs and improving operating margins, cash flow, and customer satisfaction. At the same time, demand for business services--finance, human resources, IT, and procurement--continues to rise as companies of all sizes expand into new markets and establish operations worldwide, according to a survey by business strategy consultant the Hackett Group. For finance teams, that means they probably need to become more productive.  Outsourcing more services to vendors or shared services centers is one solution, especially for smaller companies. In the United States, payroll is already outsourced 46% of the time and tax 30% of the time, according to a benchmarking report by professional staffing firm Robert Half and the Financial Executives Research Foundation. Accounts payable, meanwhile, is emerging as a candidate for additional outsourcing. German consumer and industrial products company Henkel, for instance, established a global shared services unit with about 1,500 employees that works with finance, HR, IT, and procurement, as well as with individual business units, an EY report noted. The unit runs three captive centers, one each in Slovakia, the Philippines, and Mexico, and an outsourced center in India. The unit is in charge of routine tasks but also market research, customer service, and supply chain activities. "We are more efficient and flexible in reacting to changing market conditions and customer demands thanks to the standardization and simplification of our business processes on a global scale," Kasper Rorsted, chairman of Henkel's management board, wrote in the company's 2012 annual report. Finance executives at large multinational companies expect to have to deal with budget restrictions for a while, the Hackett survey found. With uncertainty and risk remaining in the global economy, they also expect to have to remain flexible and quickly respond to changing business conditions. To prepare for quick action, they prioritize planning more comprehensive approaches, according to the Hackett survey: Data analysis. External and internal data and analysis of the data were the most crucial to derive value and come up with actionable strategies. Seventy-four percent of respondents to the Hackett survey said improving the quality of the finance function's data analysis and reporting capabilities was important, and 72 % named improving analytical, modeling, and forecasting capabilities. …

Field of study: Business
Versuch einer Skizze der paläogeographischen Beziehungen Südamerikas

ZusammenfassungIn der im vorhergehenden auseinandergesetzten Weise glaubt Verf. die Hypothese eines bis Südamerika von Osten her reichenden Gondwanalandes durch eine annehmbarere ersetzt zu haben. Die hier aufgestellte Annahme einer Verbindung Südamerikas mit SO-Asien durch die australische Region erklärt nicht nur die auffallenden Verhältnisse der Landfaunen, sondern ist auch durch eine große Menge von geologischen Ereignissen und Zuständen gestützt, die nicht Hypothesen, sondern Tatsachen sind. Am Schluß des Paläozoikums ist der hier nicht genauer aufgeführte Parallelismus der geologischen Geschehnisse in Südafrika und in Südamerika ein auffallender, er reicht auch noch ins Mesozoikum hinein. Faunistische Beziehungen sind durch die Mesosaurier unleugbar gegeben, aber im Mesozoikum fehlen sie schon fast ganz. Im Laufe des Mesozoikums tritt ein ebenso starker Parallelismus des geologischen Geschehens zwischen Australasien und Südamerika ein. Aber die Erforschung der Lebewelt sowohl Südamerikas in vergangener Zeit als auch Australasiens besonders muß noch große Fortschritte machen, bis ein volles Bild dieser Vorgänge vor uns liegt; bis jetzt besteht es fast nur aus einer Reihe von Lücken. Diese Zeilen wollen neue Arbeit wecken, die Kenntnis zu erhöhen.

Field of study: Environmental science
Crystallization and X-ray diffraction data for a new form of concanavalin A.

A new crystal form of concanavalin A, a well studied lectin from the jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis) is reported. These crystals, with the symmetry of orthorhombic space group C222(1), grow as large roughly equi-dimensional blocks. Unit-cell parameters at 120 K are a = 118.67 (12), b = 101.36 (13), c = 111.94 (9) A. On density considerations for two molecules per asymmetric unit, the water content is approximately 60%. Data to a nominal resolution of 1.5 A were collected.

Field of study: Chemistry
On the use of cosmic muons to assess the local attenuation of terrestrial cosmic neutrons in real-time SEB testing of power devices

Real-time lifetime tests to define the survivability to terrestrial cosmic rays of power devices require characterizing the local flux of cosmic neutrons, which depends among others on the absorption by the local building and structural materials of the laboratory. Traditional neutron spectrometers are voluminous and prone to mechanical shocks. Therefore, they are not well-suited for this scope, especially for mobile applications. The proposed solution exploits the fact that the detection probability of cosmic muons in the energy range of interest is four orders of magnitude higher than for neutrons. For this scope, an original spectrometer for cosmic muons has been designed and implemented, which uses a solid-state semiconductor detector. Thanks to its ruggedness, the reduced size and the fact that it can be battery-powered, the spectrometer can be employed both in stationary, as well as in mobile tests (e.g. electric vehicles). According to the proposed procedure, the muon flux measured outdoors is compared with the flux measured indoors to extract the thickness of the shielding material. Finally, the local flux of cosmic neutrons is inferred from the thickness of the shielding material based either on tabulated correlation functions, or on Monte Carlo simulations. The paper presents an application of the proposed technique as well, as a detailed description of the dedicated semiconductor spectrometer.

Field of study: Engineering
The 5' translation-enhancing region of the Semliki forest virus (SFV) capsid protein gene improves antigen expression and immunogenicity of SFV replicon-based HIV Gag DNA vaccine

目的 研究塞姆利基森林病毒(Semliki forest virus, SFV)衣壳蛋白5'翻译增强区对基于该病毒复制子的HIV Gag DNA疫苗抗原表达水平和免疫原性的影响. 方法将SFV衣壳蛋白(capsid, C蛋白)基因的5'端102 bp翻译增强区插入到SFV复制子DNA疫苗载体pCMV-Rep的SFV亚基因启动子下游,得到DNA疫苗载体pCMV-RepC.将删除ATG的HIV-1 gag基因插入pCMV-RepC,使gag编码区与翻译增强区融合,得到DNA疫苗质粒pCMV-RepC-gag.同时,构建携带未融合翻译增强序列的DNA疫苗质粒pCMV-Rep-gag.Western blot检测翻译增强序列对Gag表达水平的影响.用上述两种DNA疫苗分别免疫BALB/c雌性小鼠,ELISA检测Gag特异的抗体反应,ELISPOT和细胞内因子染色技术检测细胞免疫应答. 结果衣壳蛋白5'翻译增强区增强了Gag表达水平,对体液免疫应答没有显著影响,但显著增强了特异性细胞免疫应答水平.结论 SFV C蛋白翻译增强区能显著提高SFV复制子DNA疫苗的抗原表达和抗原特异性细胞免疫反应。

Field of study: Biology
Optical diagnostics of random phase objects.

Possibilities of optical noncontact diagnostics of random phase objects are studied, based on measurements of transverse coherence function, scintillation index, and amplitude and phase dispersion of the field resulting from interaction with the object. The advantages of these methods are increased speed and accuracy compared with commonly used methods. Interference measurements of second-and higher-order correlation parameters of the field phase is demonstrated which can be used to find the corresponding probability density distribution function for objects with phase statistics differing from Gaussian. The sensitivity threshold of the methods is estimated to be ~0.005 microm when measuring surfaces with slight roughness.

Field of study: Physics
Approximate and $L^{p}$ Peano derivatives of nonintegral order

|α|≤n fα(x)h /α! is O(h) in the approximate (resp. L) sense as h → 0. Suppose f is u-times Peano bounded in either the approximate or L sense at each point of a bounded measurable set E. Then for every ε > 0 there is a perfect set Π ⊂ E and a smooth function g such that the Lebesgue measure of E \ Π is less than ε and f = g on Π. The function g may be chosen to be in C when u is integral, and, in any case, to have for every j of order ≤ n a bounded jth partial derivative that is Lipschitz of order u − |j|. Pointwise boundedness of order u in the L sense does not imply pointwise boundedness of the same order in the approximate sense. A classical extension theorem of Calderón and Zygmund is confirmed.

Field of study: Mathematics
Spatial coordination of aluminium uptake, production of reactive oxygen species, callose production and wall rigidification in maize roots.

Aluminium (Al) toxicity associated with acid soils represents one of the biggest limitations to crop production worldwide. Although Al specifically inhibits the elongation of root cells, the exact mechanism by which this growth reduction occurs remains controversial. The aim of this study was to investigate the spatial and temporal dynamics of Al migration into roots of maize (Zea mays L.) and the production of the stress response compound callose. Using the Al-specific fluorescent probe morin, we demonstrate the gradual penetration of AI into roots. Al readily accumulates in the root's epidermal and outer cortical cell layers but does not readily penetrate into the inner cortex. After prolonged exposure times (12-24 h), Al had entered all areas of the root apex. The spatial and temporal accumulation of Al within the root is similarly matched by the production of the cell wall polymer callose, which is also highly localized to the epidermis and outer cortical region. Exposure to Al induced the rapid production of reactive oxygen species and induced a significant rigidification of the cell wall. Our results suggest that Al-induced root inhibition in maize occurs by rigidification of the epidermal layers.

Field of study: Environmental science
Exploiting random projections and sparsity with random forests and gradient boosting methods - Application to multi-label and multi-output learning, random forest model compression and leveraging input sparsity

Within machine learning, the supervised learning field aims at modeling the input-output relationship of a system, from past observations of its behavior. Decision trees characterize the input-output relationship through a series of nested $if-then-else$ questions, the testing nodes, leading to a set of predictions, the leaf nodes. Several of such trees are often combined together for state-of-the-art performance: random forest ensembles average the predictions of randomized decision trees trained independently in parallel, while tree boosting ensembles train decision trees sequentially to refine the predictions made by the previous ones. The emergence of new applications requires scalable supervised learning algorithms in terms of computational power and memory space with respect to the number of inputs, outputs, and observations without sacrificing accuracy. In this thesis, we identify three main areas where decision tree methods could be improved for which we provide and evaluate original algorithmic solutions: (i) learning over high dimensional output spaces, (ii) learning with large sample datasets and stringent memory constraints at prediction time and (iii) learning over high dimensional sparse input spaces.

Field of study: Computer science
Effects of different fertilizers on pests and diseases, weeds and paddy yield

Different fertilizers were applied in the paddy field (variety F-2000) to observe their effect on diseases and insect pests, weeds and paddy yield. The six fertilizer treatments (urea, N-P-K complex, BB-Si fertilizer, organic manure, organic manure + urea, and animal manure) were designed with a control (no fertilizer) and the paddy field was applied with 195 kg pure nitrogen per hectare as basal dressing at one time before transplanting. The results showed that rice leafroller (Cnaphalocrocis medinalis) was better controlled in the treatments of BB-Si fertilizer and animal manure as compared with urea, indicating no remarkable differences from the control. The densities of weeds were remarkably decreased in paddy fields applied with animal manure and N-P-K complex as compared with the organic manure, the organic manure + urea and the control. All fertilizer treatments increased the paddy yield substantially as against the control.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Upper-mantle origin of the Yellowstone hotspot

Fundamental features of the geology and tectonic setting of the northeast-propagating Yellowstone hotspot are not explained by a simple deep-mantle plume hypothesis and, within that framework, must be attributed to coincidence or be explained by auxiliary hypotheses. These features include the persistence of basaltic magmatism along the hotspot track, the origin of the hotspot during a regional middle Miocene tectonic reorganization, a similar and coeval zone of northwestward magmatic propagation, the occurrence of both zones of magmatic propagation along a first-order tectonic boundary, and control of the hotspot track by preexisting structures. Seismic imaging provides no evidence for, and several contraindications of, a vertically extensive plume-like structure beneath Yellowstone or a broad trailing plume head beneath the eastern Snake River Plain. The high helium isotope ratios observed at Yellowstone and other hotspots are commonly assumed to arise from the lower mantle, but upper-mantle processes can explain the observations. The available evidence thus renders an upper-mantle origin for the Yellowstone system the preferred model; there is no evidence that the system extends deeper than ∼200 km, and some evidence that it does not. A model whereby the Yellowstone system reflects feedback between upper-mantle convection and regional lithospheric tectonics is able to explain the observations better than a deep-mantle plume hypothesis.

Field of study: Geology
Noradrenergic system interacts with genital reflexes induced by cocaine in paradoxical sleep-deprived male rats.

Different doses of alpha-1, alpha-2, beta-1, and beta-2 adrenoceptor agonists or antagonists were administered to paradoxical sleep-deprived (PSD) rats prior to cocaine administration. Methoxamine reduced the percentage of rats displaying erection, whereas prazosin did not. Yohimbine significantly decreased this percentage. For beta-1 adrenoceptor drugs, both compounds reduced the percentage of rats displaying erection at the highest dose; beta-2 adrenoceptor drugs had no effect. Except for clonidine, all drugs significantly reduced the frequency of erection. Ejaculation was significantly decreased following yohimbine and beta-1 drugs, whereas it was completely abolished by prazosin. The results showed that noradrenergic drugs inhibited genital reflexes in PSD rats, with distinct responses in relation to their respective action over the adrenoceptor.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Age-Specific Reference Ranges of Prostate-Specific Antigen among Saudi Men as a Representation of the Arab Population

To describe the reference ranges of serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in Saudi men.  Saudi males, aged 30 and above, were invited to participate in the study. Blood samples were taken from each subject to determine serum levels of PSA. Blood sugar levels, lipid profile, and anthropometric measurements were also obtained.  Our cohort consisted of 7,814 men; their mean PSA level was 1.24 ng/mL. The majority (90.5%) had PSA values between 0 and 2.5 ng/mL. The median PSA and the 95th percentile increased steadily with age. There was a sharp increase in the 95th percentile, from 3.8 ng/mL in men between 60 and 70 years old to 6.9 ng/mL in men over 71 years old. The 95th percentiles of PSA serum levels were lower in Saudi men than in the general population.  PSA serum levels in Saudi men are lower than in other communities. Creating age-specific reference ranges could improve the sensitivity of the PSA tests by allowing the detection of treatable tumors in younger men if the threshold of 4.0 ng/mL is lowered. Furthermore, unnecessary biopsies among older men may be avoided if the threshold is increased.

Field of study: Medicine
A Model-Based Method to Design an Application Common Platform for Enterprise Information Systems

This paper presents a model-based method to design a software platform, called an application common platform for developments of enterprise information systems. This application common platform(ACP) wraps existing reusable software assets to hide their details from application developers and provide domain level application programming interfaces, so that reusability of software assets and productivity of application improve. In this paper, we present a software architecture which organizes applications, ACP, and software assets and illustrate a development process of ACP. Especially, we show design rules to derive ACP design models from application design models and software assets design models. We also define metrics of reusability and productivity and evaluate the proposed method through real developments of enterprise information systems. As a result, the proposed method reduced 20% of development cost compared to estimation cost.

Field of study: Computer science
HAMILTONIAN SOLUTION SYSTEM FOR THICK PLATES AND ITS VARIATIONAL PRINCIPLE AND ORTHOGONALITY RELATIONSHIP

The Hamiltonian solution system is generalized to the Reissner-Mindlin thick plate problems. The Hamiltonian dual differential equations for thick plates are derived and the functional expressions of Hamiltonian variational principle are obtained using the variable substitution and multiplier method. Two orthogonality relationships of the thick plate theory are proposed and demonstrated. The Hamiltonian solution system for thick plates provides a new effective tool for the development of analytical solutions and finite element solutions of thick plates.

Field of study: Engineering
Revision of "Leptite-gneisses" in the Menderes Massif: a supracrustal metasedimentary origin

The Pan-African basement of the Menderes Massif comprises a regular lithological succession that reaches a thickness of 8 km, the oldest units of which are, in ascending order, so-called leptite-gneisses, a quartzite-sequence transition zone and mica schists. New findings suggest that the protoliths for the leptite-gneisses, proposed to be of volcanic origin in previous studies, were predominantly clastic sediments of litharenitic composition. Geochemical data indicate that the protoliths for the leptite-gneisses were of cratonic provenance. Because they have undergone Pan-African polymetamorphism and are intruded by approximately 550 Ma gneisses of granitic origin, it is believed that the time of deposition of their protoliths was Late Proterozoic. Relict parageneses indicate that the Pan-African metamorphism reached granulite-facies conditions in the leptite-gneisses. Supracrustal sedimentary origin of these rocks require that these rocks, formerly termed leptite and/or leptite-gneiss, should be renamed sillimanite–garnet gneiss and/or paragneiss.

Field of study: Environmental science
Model‐based county level crop estimates incorporating auxiliary sources of information

In 2011, USDA’s National Agricultural Statistics Service started the complete implementation of the County Agricultural Production Survey (CAPS). CAPS is an annual survey to provide accurate county-level acreage and production estimates of approved federal and state crop commodities. The current top-down method of producing official county-level estimates that satisfy the countydistrict-state benchmarking constraint is an expert assessment incorporating multiple sources of information. We propose a model-based method that combines the CAPS survey acreage data with auxiliary data and improves county-level survey estimation, while providing measures of uncertainty for the county-level acreage estimates. Auxiliary sources of information include remote sensing, weather data, and planted acreage administrative data from other USDA agencies. A novel hierarchical Bayesian subarea-level model is proposed and implemented, with an additional hierarchical level for the sampling variances. County-level model-based acreage estimates have lower coefficients of variation than the corresponding county-level survey acreage estimates. Top-down benchmarking methods are investigated and the final acreage estimates satisfy the county-districtstate benchmarking constraint.

Field of study: Mathematics
A note on some recent methods for solving nonlinear equations

In this note we present some comments on the recent results concerning iterative methods for solving nonlinear equations. In the first part we compare a new method [N. Ujevic, A method for solving nonlinear equations,  (2006) 1416–1426] with the Newton and Ostrowski method, including an extensive analysis of numerical results together with the choice of initial approximations, and the computational efficiency of the considered methods. In the second part we give a list of recently derived root-finding methods and we study the question of priority; namely, we find out that all reviewed methods were already derived at the beginning of the 60s of the last century, one of them dates from the 18th century. Some remarks on the comparison analysis and the application of iteration methods are included.

Field of study: Mathematics
Polarization degrees-of-freedom in electronuclear hadron production from finite nuclei

The polarization degrees-of-freedom in electronuclear two-nucleon knockout reactions are discussed. Model calculations for the unpolarized O(e,epp) cross sections at (| q |,ω)=(210 MeV,300 MeV/c) are compared to recently obtained data. Predictions for the polarization observables in electronuclear two-nucleon knockout are presented. It is stressed that detailed studies of two-nucleon emission processes permit to constrain the contribution from two-nucleon mechanisms (like meson-exchange and isobar effects) to the single-nucleon knockout channel (e,e′p).

Field of study: Physics
Decreasing aversion under ambiguity

Under which condition does the set of desirable uncertain prospects expand when wealth increases? We show that the decreasing concavity (DC) of the utility function u is necessary and sufficient in the α-maxmin expected utility model. In the smooth ambiguity aversion model with the ambiguity valuation function ϕ, the DC of u and of ϕ∘u is necessary and sufficient. An alternative classical definition of decreasing aversion is based on the hypothesis that the investment in a risky asset is increasing in wealth. We show that this hypothesis does not hold in general under ambiguity aversion, and that one needs to constrain the structure of ambiguity to obtain unambiguous results.

Field of study: Economics
Ordovician geology of Akpatok Island, Ungava Bay, District of Franklin

The Paleozoic sequence of Akpatok Island consists of a least 800 ft (3244 m) of exposed limestone, underlain by 1098 ft (334.7 m) of limestone, shale, and sandstone, as recognized in Premium Homestead Akpatok L-26 drill hole located on the west-central coast. The exposed carbonate rocks contain a megafaunal sequence and a limited conodont fauna ranging in age from late Middle (Barneveld) to early Upper (Maysvillian) Ordovician; a similar sequence is present within the upper Bad Cache Rapids - Churchill River Groups of Southampton Island, Hudson Bay. A conodont fauna present in the core 119 to 231 ft (36.3-70.4 m) above the Precambrian is of early Middle (Whiterockian) Ordovician age; a similar fauna is reported from the upper Ship Point Formation of Foxe Basin. One new species of the colonial coral Crenulites from the Maysvillian exposures and two new species of conodonts from the subsurface Whiterockian carbonate interbeds are erected.

Field of study: Environmental science