nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Development and Assessment of a Computerized Index of Clinical Disease Activity in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Five centres in Great Britain and the Republic of Ireland nave collaborated to produce a computerized index of clinical disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus, based on the principle of the physician's intention to treat. The index assesses separately eight organ-based systems. The index has proved quick and easy to use despite a comprehensive database and compares favourably with two other indices of disease activity. It has great potential for use in multicentre studies of disease outcome and new therapies in systemic lupus erythematosus.

Field of study: Medicine
Raw Material Procurement Cost and Inventory Control

Based on an analysis on main points,means and methods of raw material cost control and taking into account the relation between raw material procurement and inventory control and objective of raw material inventory,the paper discusses on how to adjust the level of inventory as per market price variation so as to minimize capital spending and maximize purchase and sale profit,with the truth that financial expense is raised by inventory capital occupation and procurement cost minimized by batch procurement.

Field of study: Materials science
Pulse Shaping by Triple Differentiation in Nuclear Pulse Amplifiers

Pulse shaping by triple differentiation is described as a technique for reducing the recovery time following heavily overloading signals in nuclear pulse amplifiers. Tests performed on a low-noise pulse amplifier containing triple RC differentiation show recovery to the amplifier noise level in two nonoverloaded pulse widths following a 4,000X pulse amplitude overload. Experimental data is presented to show that the noise level when compared with single RC operation is worse by 1.6X to 3X, depending on the number of low-pass filter sections used in the shaping networks and the type of noise being observed.

Field of study: Physics
Cellular expression of the immediate early transcription factors Nurr1 and NGFI-B suggests a gene regulatory role in several brain regions including the nigrostriatal dopamine system.

Nurr1 and NGFI-B are closely related orphan members of the steroid-thyroid hormone receptor family involved in immediate early responses to stimuli such as growth factors. In-situ hybridization in the developing and adult mouse and rat demonstrated Nurr1 mRNA in several regions during early central nervous system (CNS) development. Expression persisted through the pre- and postnatal periods and was also found in several areas in the adult CNS. Positive areas include the olfactory bulb, parts of the cortex, the hippocampal formation and substantia nigra where Nurr1 and tyrosine hydroxylase mRNAs were co-expressed. 6-Hydroxydopamine-induced degeneration of mesencephalic dopamine neurons led to a corresponding loss of Nurr1 mRNA, demonstrating a link between Nurr1 and dopaminergic neurons. NGFI-B mRNA was not found in the prenatal CNS but was highly expressed in the adult brain in many areas including the olfactory bulb, cortex, basal ganglia and hippocampus. The spatiotemporal distribution of Nurr1 and NGFI-B mRNAs suggests that these transcription factors are involved in the development and maturation of specific sets of CNS neurons. The experimental data imply that one of these functions may be to control gene regulatory events important for development and function of those neurons that degenerate in patients with Parkinson's disease.

Field of study: Biology
Crystallization and preliminary crystallographic study of an extremophile cytochrome c4 from Thiobacillus ferrooxidans.

Soluble periplasmic dihaemic cytochrome c(4), of 21 293 Da molecular mass, has been characterized from Thiobacillus ferrooxidans, an acidophilic bacteria. The native cytochrome has been purified from the bacteria using ion-exchange chromatography and crystallized using solution 27 of the Hampton Research Crystal Screen II. The crystals belong to the hexagonal space group P6(2)22 or P6(4)22, with unit-cell parameters a = 101.59, b = 101.59, c = 151.59 A. Frozen crystals diffract to 2.17 A resolution. The MAD method is currently being used (four Fe atoms per asymmetric unit) to solve the protein structure.

Field of study: Chemistry
Synchronization dynamics in the presence of coupling delays and phase shifts.

In systems of coupled oscillators, the effects of complex signaling can be captured by time delays and phase shifts. Here, we show how time delays and phase shifts lead to different oscillator dynamics and how synchronization rates can be regulated by substituting time delays by phase shifts at a constant collective frequency. For spatially extended systems with time delays, we show that the fastest synchronization can occur for intermediate wavelengths, giving rise to novel synchronization scenarios.

Field of study: Physics
Effect of secreting type and transmembrane type of tumor necrosis factor-α on the biological functions of neutrophils

To compare the effect of transmembrane type tumor necrosis factor α (TM TNF α) and secreting type TNF α (S TNF α) on the biological functions of neutrophils so as to explore the role of the both type of TNF α in inflammation.  Effect of the two type of TNF α on the functions of neutrophils was examined by phagocytosis, respiratory burst and in situ hybridization assay.  S TNF α was found to be able to promote neutrophil phagocytosis markedly ( P 0.001), induce a striking respiratory burst ( P 0.005) and enhance the expression of IL 1β mRNA in neutrophils, while TM TNF α showed little influence on them. TM TNF α caused a two fold increase in NO production by neutrophils ( P 0.001) while S TNF α in a wide dosage range(10 1?000U) failed to exert any effect on NO production.  These results suggested that the mechanisms of two type of TNF α may be explained as that S TNF α promotes the inflammation in early phase, while TM TNF α plays an important role in the regulation of inflammation.

Field of study: Biology
Social Desirability and Mexican American counselor preferences : Statistical control for a potential confound

Mexican American college students (N = 90) were shown photographs and written descriptions of a Mexican American counselor and a European American counselor. Consistent with previous research, participants identified as low, medium, or high in acculturation expressed a strong preference for an ethnically similar over an ethnically dissimilar counselor as a helper for both an academic and a personal concern. However, statistical removal of variance attributed to social desirability as measured by the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale (M-C SDS) canceled the counselor ethnicity effect. In 1 of 2 covariate analyses computed, the M-C SDS was effective in depressing the counselor ethnicity effect for only medium and high, but not for low, acculturation participants, raising interesting issues about the relationship between social desirability anal level of acculturation among Mexican Americans. Research and counseling implications are discussed.

Field of study: Psychology
Trust-group Based Resource Allocation Mechanism in Grid Market Enviorment

There may be malicious nodes and selfish nodes in grid market.Those nodes may disrupt the regular system,or only consume resources but not provider resources,which discreases the performence of the system.This paper presents a resource allocation mechanism based on trust-group (TGRAM) in grid market.Source nodes (resources providers) would take three issues in account when they allocate their resources:resources′ price,trust value of competing nodes (resources consumers),and trust value of trust group which the competing nodes belong to.To use the source nodes′ resources efficiently and allocate resources fairly among competing nodes,admission control was incorporated in TGRAM,which control the competing nodes′ resources demand according to the trust value of the competing nodes and the number of resources of source nodes.Analysis and simulation results show that TGRAM can improve success-rate of transactions,utilization of resources and improve utilization of the two trade partners.

Field of study: Computer science
Tree-ring and varve scales combined, c. 13500 B.C. to A.D. 1977

Varve chronologies are of several kinds but glacial varves respond to summer temperature and fluvial varves to summer rainfall. Tree-ring chronologies near the timberline respond to summer temperature but European oak chronologies respond to summer rainfall. Certain global features of the weather of the summer season, notably the Biennial Index, are therefore parameters that can be used for cross-dating both varves and tree-rings in different continents. Characteristic curves for different parameters in the Late Glacial (Zones Ia, Ib and II) and in the past thousand years are presented. A moisture curve is given for the North European Plain (200 B.C.–A.D. 1100). A conversion chart for tree-rings and radiocarbon dates is extended back into the Late Glacial on the tentative assumption that the radiocarbon error was about 950 years at the beginning of the Holocene (III/IV), i.e. that 10300 b.p. should be 11250 B.P. or 9300 B.C. Supplementary sources of information useful in obtaining approximate dates include: (a) palaeomagnetism; (b) tephrochronology and X-ray analysis; (c) cycle analysis; (d) climatic peculiarities associated with specific radiocarbon centuries; (e) X-ray analysis of specific varves; and (f) new methods of varve-analysis. The varve-series used for the Late Glacial, if the author's cross-dating between North America and Scandinavia is acceptable, constitute a floating chronology of about 4000 years. Given approximate 14 C dates for any long series of varves or tree-rings in one part of the world, it is now possible to obtain cross-dating with any other long series in another part of the world, and it will be easy to replace the tentative ‘950-year’ error by a precise figure determined from a combined varve and tree-ring scale extending back from the present day to (say) the zero of Sauramo's scale for varves in Finland. In the meantime the ‘950’ is mnemonically convenient, as this would make the year on the B.C. scale one thousand less than the year on the b.p. scale.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Comparison of performance between the Traditional Oral Examination (TOE) and OSCE among Undergraduate Medical Students

Examination (OSCE) is a tool of assessing the clinical school often used in the education system of the healthcare system. Traditional Oral Examination (TOE) is also a clinical examination where students are being tested by an examiner panel (1 or 2 members) on their clinical activities and knowledge. It is designed to objectively test competence in skills such as history taking, clinical examination, communication and clinical procedures. The Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences of Universiti Malaysia Sabah (UMS) also use OSCE for assessing clinical students. The aim of this study was to compare the performance between the traditional oral examination (TOE) and OSCE among undergraduate medical students. Study populations were the 3rd year MBBS students of the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences of Universiti Malaysia Sabah (UMS). Number of students was 87. All students underwent traditional oral examination after finishing a 2 months module. The same students participated in the OSCE on the same day evening. Scores of each student were collected. Mean of the scores were calculated. P value was measured by Student’s t test to evaluate the significant difference between both the variables (traditional examination mean and OSCE mean) at 5% confidence interval (CI). P-value was 0.00015 in 5% confidence level in two tailed hypotheses. As the value was less than 0.05 so null hypothesis was rejected and alternate hypothesis was accepted. There was significant difference Borneo Journal of Medical Sciences (2017) 11 (1): 3 - 10 4 between the means of both the examinations. So it could be concluded that students’ performance was significantly better in the OSCE over the traditional oral examination.

Field of study: Medicine
An Economic Analysis of Tie-In Sales: Re-Examining the Leverage Theory

The seller of one good, with market power in that good, often chooses to require that a buyer purchase from him all of his requirements for some second good. The first good is commonly called the tying good, and the second good (that the purchaser is required to buy from him to get the tying good) is called the tied good. American law has been quite hostile to tie-ins, fearing that a monopolist may be able to extend his monopoly into another market.1 Economists have offered other explanations for this practice, although none is definitive. These explanations include evasion of government price controls,2 charging customers who use the tying good more intensely a higher price by exploiting the tied good as a metering device,3 raising profits when various customers value the two goods differently ("price discrimination"),4 preventing customers from substituting a less expensive good for the high-priced tying good,5 and risk sharing.6 This note reviews the historical developments of tying law and examines each of these explanations using economic theory. The analysis focuses on social welfare as defined by economists.7 It does not examine other rationales for forbidding tie-in sales such as protection of competitors, distaste for price discrimination, or a public

Field of study: Law
Adapting systematic conservation planning for climate change

With the high rate of ecosystem change, effective systematic conservation planning must account for ongoing and imminent threats to biodiversity to ensure its persistence. Accordingly, guidance on appropriate conservation actions in the face of climate change has been accumulating. We review this guidance and bring together the key recommendations needed to successfully account for climate change impacts, relevant to the scale at which natural resource management is carried out. We discuss how the traditional conservation tools of protection and restoration need to be adjusted to be effective in the face of climate change. We highlight the conservation innovations such as moveable and temporary reserves, and Targeted Gene Flow. We build on recent work to provide critical advice for considering climate change in conservation planning. In particular, we discuss how stating explicit objectives related to climate change adaptation, quantifying uncertainty, and exploring trade-offs will better place conservation plans to meet objectives for multiple goals such as protection of species, ecosystems, geophysical diversity and ecological processes.

Field of study: Environmental science
Influence of dicing damages on the thermo-mechanical reliability of bare-chip assemblies

Increased demands for the integration density of electronics initiate a turnaround in packaging technologies, away from packaged constructions towards bare-chip-assemblies. A particular challenge of using bare-chips is the avoidance of chip fracture during processing and subsequent use. In this study a comprehensive portfolio of methods to predict the risk of chip fracture for bare-chips is shown. The basis is an investigation on the influences of different dicing techniques on the breaking strength of silicon chips. The stress resistivity of the chips shows huge differences, for instance 110 MPa after diamond-scribing up to 1473 MPa after thermal-laser-separation. Additionally, damages induced by the dicing were studied using scanning electron microscopy. The analysis of the size effect of diced silicon chips enabled to calculate the scaling parameter which is a size and stress independent strength value. All obtained results were used to develop a probabilistic reliability model for bare-chip-assemblies which describes the risk of chip fracture during the die attachment.

Field of study: Engineering
Littelmann path model for geometric crystals

We construct a path model for geometric crystals in the sense of Berenstein and Kazhdan. Our model is in every way similar to Littelmann's and tropicalizes to his path model. This paper lays the foundational material for a subsequent work where we examine the measure induced on geometric crystals by Brownian motion. 
If we call Berenstein and Kazhdan's realization of geometric crystals the group picture, we prove that the path model projects onto the group picture thanks to a morphism of crystals that restricts to an isomorphism on connected components. This projection is in fact the geometric analogue of the Robinson-Schensted correspondence and involves solving a left-invariant differential equation on the Borel subgroup. 
Moreover, we identify the geometric Pitman transform $\mathcal{T}_{w_0}$ introduced by Biane, Bougerol and O'Connell as the transform giving the path with highest weight, in the geometric crystal path model. This allows to prove a geometric version of Littelmann's independence theorem. The geometric Robinson-Schensted correspondence is detailed in a special section, because of its importance. 
Finally, we exhibit the Kashiwara and Sch\"utzenberger involutions in both the group picture and the path model. 
In an appendix, we explain how the left-invariant flow is related to the image of the Casimir element in Kostant's Whittaker model.

Field of study: Mathematics
Tissue Culture and Micropropagation of Superior Families of Cinnamomum camphora(L.)Presl.

Two newly-selected superior families of Cinnamomum camphora were used for tissue culture and micropropagation.C.camphora explants displayed the optimum initial growth on the primary media,including improved basic DCR(DCRI)supplemented with 6-BA 0.3 mg/L and NAA 0.05 mg/L.Family X5 showed the highest shoot proliferation rate of 2.69 times on subculture DCRI+6-BA 0.6 mg/L+NAA 0.05 mg/L and family X9 exhibited the highest rate of 3.25 times on subculture DCRI+6-BA 1.0 mg/L+IAA 0.2 mg/L+NAA 0.05 mg/L.An optimization experiment revealed one common rooting medium: 1/2MS+IBA 2.0 mg/L+IAA 1.7 mg/L+6-BA 0.1 mg/L+NAA 0.05 mg/L,for two families.The rooting rate was 96.30%.Suitable techniques and procedures were identified for acclimatization,transplantation and later-period management of tissue-cultured plantlets.The survival rates of two families were 85.2% and 89.7%,respectively.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Setting national priorities : budget choices for the next century

This book will serve as a guide for understanding and evaluating proposals of the next Congress and the Clinton administration. Edited by Robert D. Reischauer, one of the nation's most noted budget experts, the book covers such critical issues as whether any measures to stimulate economic growth can also reduce the budget deficit, how to reduce domestic discretionary spending, how to restructure medicare, how much to lower the safety net, how to reshape national security for the post-cold war world, whether to transform the tax system, and how to prepare for the retirement of the baby boom generation. This book will be extremely useful for citizens eager to make sense out of the post-election rhetoric, journalists attempting to explain the issues at play, and students of public policy, public health, political science, and economics.

Field of study: Political science
Intraplate volcanism in the Danube Basin of NW Hungary: 3D geophysical modelling of the Late Miocene Pásztori volcano

Three-dimensional geophysical modelling of the early Late Miocene Pásztori volcano (ca. 11–10 Ma) and adjacent area in the Little Hungarian Plain Volcanic Field of the Danube Basin was carried out to get an insight into the most prominent intra-crustal structures here. We have used gridded gravity and magnetic data, interpreted seismic reflection sections and borehole data combined with re-evaluated geological constraints. Based on petrological analysis of core samples from available six exploration boreholes, the volcanic rocks consist of a series of alkaline trachytic and trachyandesitic volcanoclastic and effusive rocks. The measured magnetic susceptibilities of these samples are generally very low suggesting a deeper magnetic source. The age of the modelled Pásztori volcano, buried beneath a 2 km-thick Late Miocene-to-Quaternary sedimentary sequence, is 10.4 +/− 0.3 Ma belonging to the dominantly normal C5 chron. Our model includes crustal domains with different effective induced magnetizations and densities: uppermost 0.3–1.8 km thick layer of volcanoclastics underlain by a trachytic-trachyandesitic coherent and volcanoclastic rock units of a maximum 2 km thickness, with a top situated at minimal depth of 2.3 km, and a deeper magmatic pluton in a depth range of 5–15 km. The 3D model of the Danube Basin is consistent with observed high ΔZ magnetic anomalies above the volcano, while the observed Bouguer gravity anomalies correlate better with the crystalline basement depth. Our analysis contributes to deeper understanding of the crustal architecture and the evolution of the basin accompanied by alkaline intraplate volcanism.

Field of study: Environmental science
Investigation of the adsorption in zeolites at zero filling

The experimental determination of the thermodynamic characteristics of adsorption (TCA) at low filling and at different temperatures is considered. The data for a few reference systems (low alkanes in types X and Y zeolites) have been used to improve the atom—ion potentials of molecule—zeolite intermolecular interaction. The possibility of using these potentials in the molecular statistical calculations of TCA of other alkanes and nonstrained çyclanes has been investigated. For polar molecules the point moment approximation has been additionally used. Quadrupole moment of cyclopropane was calculated by the chromatoscopic method.

Field of study: Chemistry
Angular structure of radiation scattered by monolayers of particles: experimental study.

An experimental study has been made of the angular structure of radiation scattered by monolayers of large nonabsorbing particles. We have investigated three media exhibiting different light-scattering properties: monodisperse polyvinyl toluene latex particles of 3.75-mum diameter suspended in water, polydisperse rice starch particles with a mean diameter of 6.4 mum suspended in water, and a mixture of ethyl and benzoic alcohols. It is shown that for large particles the structure of scattered radiation can be described in a single-scattering approximation. Analysis of the influence of polydispersity and the relative refractive index of particles on the intensity scattered by the monolayer has been performed.

Field of study: Physics
Effect of Ca Doping on the Thermoelectric Performance of Yb14MnSb11

Complex Zintl phases possess low thermal conductivity and can be easily doped to modify the transport properties. Therefore, these phases have the potential to be good thermoelectric materials by simply controlling carrier concentration. Yb14MnSb11 is a Zintl phase that has shown promise as a p-type thermoelectric material for high-temperature power generation. A Sn-flux synthetic route was used to make the new phase, Yb13CaMnSb11. The high-temperature thermoelectric properties were measured on polycrystalline hot-pressed pellets and compared with Yb14MnSb11. Substitution of the lighter isovalent Ca for Yb should reduce the lattice thermal conductivity by mass disorder scattering, and a noticeable reduction is seen in thermal diffusivity measurements at high temperature. There may also be a carrier concentration effect by employing the more electropositive Ca.

Field of study: Materials science