nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Erythroid Toxicity of Azathioprine

In a population of 70 stable renal allograft recipients receiving azathioprine, macrocytosis was present in a majority and its severity was related to azathioprine dosage. There were associated megaloblastoid marrow changes which could not be related to serum folate or vitamin B12 concentrations.

Two cases of selective red cell hypoplasia in renal allograft recipients are described; in each patient, azathioprine was incriminated and the effect dose-related.

These observations indicate that the erythroid effects of azathioprine may precede, and be independent of, its effects on the myeloid series.

Field of study: Medicine
Association between multiple sclerosis and HLA class II and antigen processing genes in a Shanghai population

Association between multiple sclerosis and HLA class II and antigenprocessing genes in a Shanghai population$$$$ ZHANG Yong*, ZHU Xiaochun, SHEN Fanxia et al.*Shanghai Second Medical University, Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai 200025 【  To investigate the possible association between multiple sclerosis(MS) and HLA class Ⅱ genes as well as antigenprocessing genes.  Twenty one patients with MS and 89 normal individuals, all randomly selected, were genotyped for HLA class Ⅱ (HLADRB1, DQA1, DQB1) and antigenprocessing genes(TAP1, TAP2, and LMP2) with PCRSSO and PCRRFLP methods.  Compared with the healthy controls, in the patient group the allelic frequencies of DRB1*0405(P0.05), DQA1*0601(P=0.047 7) and DQB1*0502 (P= 0.0025) were significantly increased and DQA1*0201(P=0.020), DPB1*0201(P=0.0170) and DRB1*07(P=0.025) were significantly decreased. In addition, the frequency of haplotype DRB1*0405DQA1*0301DQB1*0401 was also significantly increased in the patient group. However, only DQB1*0502 remained significant after the P values were corrected for the number of comparisons. No difference was found in the distribution of antigenprocessing genes between the normal controls and the MS patients.  In this Shanghai population the pattern of association between HLA class Ⅱ and MS are different not only from those obtained from Northern European Caucasians but also from those from the Hongkong Chinese population. 2) No association was found between MS and the antigenprocessing genes studied. 【 Subject words 】 Multiple sclerosis HLA class Ⅱ Antigenprocessing genes

Field of study: Biology
Spinning Their Wheels: A Reply to Jane Humphries and Benjamin Schneider

Jane Humphries and Benjamin Schneider have assembled several large data bases of spinnersâ€™ production and wages that they believe disprove my view that high wages led to mechanization in eighteenth century England. This paper examines their data and shows that they have little value in understanding the incentives to mechanize. They collected thousands of observations of the earnings of women, but they do not know how many hours the spinners worked, so the data fail to establish whether their wage per hour (the relevant variable) was high or low. Another large sample of evidence concerned the production per day of spinners, but this information was mainly derived from schools and charity programs whose participants were selected because they were unproductiveâ€“so valid inferences about the productivity of women in general cannot be derived from these data. In addition, I present new evidence that substantiates my earlierestimates of productivity and earnings. The High Wage Hypothesis is unimpaired by the critique of Humphries and Schneider.

Field of study: Economics, History
The cost theory of higher education development

The problem cost can not be avoidable in the process of higher education development.That is to say,the history of higher education development is a history of progressive history prepared at cost in essence.The interactive conflict among the cultural value objects,the unreasonable arrangements of systems and the unbalanced input which are the external resource that produce the external cost. The time and space structure,the element structure and order structure of higher education development are gradually analyzed and reconstructed that produce the inner cost.Only through the avoidable before and compensation later,can we reduce the cost extremely and realize the healthy and sustainable development of higher education.

Field of study: Education
Le tourisme des cellules souches et les médecins de famille canadiens

L’offre de traitements non eprouves a base de cellules souches dans divers pays du monde - un phenomene qu’on appelle aussi le tourisme cellulaire - est une tendance grandissante qui a des repercussions sur la pratique de la medecine familiale, ainsi que sur la sante et la securite de

Field of study: Medicine
Paleozoic fluidization, folding, and peperite formation, northern Sierra Nevada, California

Recognition of peperite is important in establishing broad contemporaneity of magmatism and sedimentation. At an occurrence of peperite discovered recently among late Paleozoic island-arc deposits in the northern Sierra Nevada, it is possible to reconstruct the peperite-forming process largely from field observations alone. The generally concordant, upper margin of a basalt intrusion adjoins thinly laminated basaltic tuff in the Taylor Formation that was water saturated and unlithified at the time of intrusion. The water-saturated ash initially was heated by the intrusion at approximately constant, essentially hydrostatic pressure. Concurrently, the top of the intrusion was quenched and divided by shrinkage fractures. Pressure momentarily approached zero as the shrinkage fractures opened abruptly, causing vaporization of the pore water and substantial expansion and fluidizing flow of the resulting steam. The unlithified ash was swept into the shrinkage fractures, and, where the downward-propagating fractu...

Field of study: Environmental science
Study and Production of Automobile Brake Drum with Improved Properties

Through analyzing the specimen of the failure automotive brake drums, it was found that the brake drums of common cast iron had frequently serious wear or thermal fatigue crack, which could not satisfy today's automotive requirements in high load and high speed. By virtue of the high thermal conductivity of graphite, the high-carbon cast iron has better thermal fatigue resistance, but increasing the graphite reduces the strength. Therefore, adding Cr, Mo, Cu, Sn in high-carbon gray iron, a balance is obtained between strength and thermal fatigue resistance. The service life of automobile brake drum can largely prolong.

Field of study: Materials science
über das Quadrupolmonent des Atomkerns73181Ta

ZusammenfassungAus Messungen der Hyperfeinstruktur der Terme 5d3 6s2,4F3/2, 5/2, 9/2,4P3/2 des Ta I-Spektrums wird das Quadrupolmoment des73181Ta-Kerns zu etwa +6·10−24 abgeschätzt.

Field of study: Physics
One- and two-body dissipation in peripheral heavy ion collisions

For peripheral collisions of heavy ions we solve the many-body Schrödinger equation in second order time-dependent perturbation theory. The two nuclei interact via a two-body interaction of finite range. With controllable approximations we get to a sensible comparison between 1p−1h excitations caused by the coherent Hartree part and direct 2p−2h excitations both created by the same two-body interaction. The results of the calculation show that for peripheral collisions almost all excitation energy originates from one-body dissipation. Furthermore we encounter large virtual excitations during the collision indicating a non Markovian process.

Field of study: Physics
Ecological integrity assessment as a metric of biodiversity: are we measuring what we say we are?

As the recognition of the importance of biological diversity in biological conservation grows, an ongoing challenge is to develop metrics that can be used for effective conservation and management. The ecological integrity assessment has been proposed as such a metric. It is held by some to measure species composition, diversity, and habitat quality, as well as ecosystem structure, composition, and function. The methodology relies on proxy variables that include data on landscape characteristics such as patch size, abiotic factors such as hydrology, and some features of vegetation structure and composition. We suggest that the measure is flawed on four levels. First, its putative representation of general ecological form and function, and its lack of specific detail about how it actually represents those attributes, leaves the metric without the focus needed to be useful for measuring ecological features on the ground and testing associated hypotheses and predictions. Second, the proxy variables used to represent biological diversity, such as habitat (vegetation) metrics and vascular plant species diversity, are not empirically correlated with diversity of a range of taxa or of other components of the biota. Third, like other ecological indices that integrate many distinct features, the ecological integrity index is subject to the loss of information in its condensation of multi-dimensional variability into a one-dimensional index, and it may be subject to systematic bias from the conversion of raw data into categorical scores. Fourth, the sampling protocols are at risk of sampling bias, observer bias, and measurement error, any of which can confound the estimation of conservation value. In terms of biological diversity, the methodology produces an unreliable estimate of the number of vascular plant species and their relative percentages of occurrence, and an absence of any protocols for taxa other than plants. For these reasons we believe that ecological integrity assessment is currently of limited value as a measure of site-specific biological diversity and its change over time. A considerable amount of investigation is needed in order to have confidence in the results of an ecological integrity assessment, especially if it is to be used for regulatory purposes. We suggest further refinements and discuss alternative measures of biological diversity that provide reliable metrics for assessing change. A thoughtful choice among measures can help to identify the most appropriate assessment for conservation decisions.

Field of study: Environmental science
A renal transplantation advanced pharmacy practice experience.

To establish and evaluate an ambulatory care renal transplantation clinic advanced pharmacy practice experience (APPE).



Students spend 5 weeks performing pharmaceutical care activities for renal transplant patients, presenting health-related topics, and conducting research. A paired t test was used to determine differences between students' pre- and post-APPE test scores. Standardized evaluations completed by the preceptor and the students were used to evaluate learning and the APPE.


ASSESSMENT
Posttest scores were significantly higher than pretest scores (n = 17; 88.2 +/- 7.3 vs 55.9 +/- 22.4; p < 0.001). Overall, students found this APPE enjoyable and believed that it increased their knowledge concerning transplant medicine and patient care.



With the recommendation that all transplant programs have clinical pharmacy services, it is imperative to train students to care for transplant patients. Information in this manuscript can be used as a guide for utilizing the combined resources from schools of pharmacy and transplantation centers to implement a renal transplant ambulatory care APPE.

Field of study: Education, Medicine
BRIEF COMMUNICATIONS: Optimization of the parameters of active elements of miniature lasers utilizing concentrated Li-Nd-La phosphate glass

A description is given of a method for selection of the diameter of an active element in a laser utilizing concentrated Li–Nd–La phosphate glass. It is shown that the diameter of the active element with a high neodymium concentration has to be small in the Q-switching regime when the output energy is fairly low. Numerical estimates are obtained of the dimensions of the active element and of the neodymium concentration necessary to achieve an output energy of 20 mJ. The results are given of an experimental investigation of a laser with a 2-mm-diameter active element made of concentrated Li–Nd–La phosphate glass operating under conditions of free running, active Q switching, and passive Q switching.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
There Are Plenty of Fish in the Sea: The Effects of Choice Overload and Reversibility on Online Daters’ Satisfaction With Selected Partners

Online dating is often lauded for improving the dating experience by giving singles large pools of potential partners from whom to choose. This experiment investigates how the number of choices online daters are given, and whether these choices are reversible, affects romantic outcomes. Drawing on the choice overload and decision reversibility theoretical frameworks, we show that, a week after making their selection, online daters who chose from a large set of potential partners (i.e., 24) were less satisfied with their choice than those who selected from a small set (i.e., 6), and were more likely to change their selection. While choice reversibility did not affect daters’ satisfaction, those who selected from a large pool and had the ability to reverse their choice were the least satisfied with their selected partner after one week. The results advance understanding of how media features related to choice affect interpersonal evaluations.

Field of study: Psychology
A comparison of two algorithms for electron-density map improvement by introduction of atomicity: skeletonization, and map sorting followed by refinement.

A comparison has been made of two methods for electron-density map improvement by the introduction of atomicity, namely the iterative skeletonization procedure of the CCP4 program DM [Cowtan & Main (1993). ] and the pseudo-atom introduction followed by the refinement protocol in the program suite DEMON/ANGEL [Vellieux, Hunt, Roy & Read (1995). . Tests carried out using the 3.0 A resolution electron density resulting from iterative 12-fold non-crystallographic symmetry averaging and solvent flattening for the Pseudomonas aeruginosa ornithine transcarbamoylase [Villeret, Tricot, Stalon & Dideberg (1995). 10766] indicate that pseudo-atom introduction followed by refinement performs much better than iterative skeletonization: with the former method, a phase improvement of 15.3 degrees is obtained with respect to the initial density modification phases. With iterative skeletonization a phase degradation of 0.4 degrees is obtained. Consequently, the electron-density maps obtained using pseudo-atom phases or pseudo-atom phases combined with density-modification phases are much easier to interpret. These tests also show that for ornithine transcarbamoylase, where 12-fold non-crystallographic symmetry is present in the P1 crystals, G-function coupling leads to the simultaneous decrease of the conventional R factor and of the free R factor, a phenomenon which is not observed when non-crystallographic symmetry is absent from the crystal. The method is far less effective in such a case, and the results obtained suggest that the map sorting followed by refinement stage should be by-passed to obtain interpretable electron-density distributions.

Field of study: Chemistry
Service Extension Opportunities Checklist

This checklist will help CPA firms identify opportunities for additional services when an engagement is completed. One should be turned in to the partner in charge on completion of each, yearend engagement. Client name Prepared by Date Approved by Date Check one of the three columns for each service listed below. C = Current service P = Potential service N/A = Not applicable TAX SERVICES Responsible employee C P N/A [] [] [] Yearend tax preparation [] [] [] Quarterly payroll tax preparation [] [] [] Change of form of entity or yearend [] [] [] Estate planning (wills, trusts or gifts) [] [] [] Internal Revenue Service examinations [] [] [] Life insurance analysis [] [] [] Retirement and fringe-benefit plans [] [] [] Incorporation [] [] [] Multistate taxation [] [] [] Personal financial planning [] [] [] Reorganization or liquidation of the business [] [] [] S vs. C corporation [] [] [] Sales or exchanges of business property [] [] [] Shareholder distributions or transfers [] [] [] Tax savings [] [] [] Section 401(k) plan design [] [] [] Pension plan administrative accounting [] [] [] Section 125 plans [] [] [] Individual tax return of chief executive officer [] [] ] [] [] Acquisition review [] [] [] Business valuation [] [] [] Computer systems consultation [] [] [] Costing systems [] [] [] Feasibility studies [] [] [] Financing, restructuring or reorganization [] [] [] General business planning or budgeting [] [] [] Employee manual [] [] [] Compensation and benefits program [] [] [] Strategic planning [] [] [] Inventory or production controls [] [] [] Job search [] [] [] Litigation support [] [] [] Management review [] [] [] Market research or competitor analysis [] [] [] Operations review [] [] [] Personal consulting [] [] [] Third-party review of electronic data processing [] [] [] Cash flow projection [] [] [] Industry comparison [] [] [] Other GENERAL BUSINESS AND COMPUTER SERVICES Responsible employee C P N/A [] [] [] Accounts payable check writing [] [] [] Payroll check writing [] [] [] Accounts receivable or customer billing [] [] [] Automated general ledger [] [] [] Bookkeeping services [] [] [] Spreadsheet applications [] [] [] Timekeeping services [] [] [] Depreciation schedules [] [] [] Programming services [] [] [] Health care reporting [] [] [] Personal computer software [] [] [] Database development [] [] ] [] [] Accounting system review [] [] [] Audit [] [] [] Compilation [] [] [] Review [] [] [] Lease vs. …

Field of study: Business
The Utopian Vision of Edward Bellamy and Thorstein Veblen

Many scholars have commented on the similarity between the ideas of Thorstein Veblen and Edward Bellamy. Generally, they emphasize Bellamy's influence on Veblen or observe significant parallels in their work. Indeed, Joseph Dorfman, Veblen's biographer, has written that shortly after it was published, "the Veblens read together Edward Bellamy's sensational socialist utopia Looking Backward. 'I believe that this was the turning point in our lives,' Ellen [Veblen's wife] wrote.... She thought her emphasis on this aspect of her husband's interests may have helped to turn the balance at that 'critical period before his life work began.' "1 Dorfman's position, shared by many others, is that Bellamy had a strong, direct influence on Veblen.2 Indeed, Arthur Lipow's comprehensive study of Bellamy's ideology correctly states that Veblen "was deeply influenced by Looking Backward" and "was one of Bellamy's intellectual heirs,"3 although Lipow does not tell how. In an even more recent study, John L. Thomas finds marked similarities between Bellamy and

Field of study: Economics
Modeling, Experimentation, Verification and Validation: Closing the Feedback Loop

SYSTEM simulation as applied to crop systems is defined and explained in connection with the prediction of crop growth and yield. Experimental procedures and facilities for obtaining the data base pe-culiar to process-level models are also dilineated. The ab-solute need for model verification and validation before use is also discussed. Finally, the interrelation of the four preceding processes in a positive feedback manner which results in an amplificaiton of the research process is also discussed.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Joint channel and carrier offset estimation in CDMA communications

This paper addresses the problem of CDMA multiuser detection in the presence of unknown multipath channels and residual carriers. An analytic algorithm which provides closed-form channel and carrier offset estimates is proposed. The algorithm first converts the multiuser estimation problem into single-user problems, and then analytically solves the resulting nonlinear multivariate optimization problems utilizing a polynomial matrix projection property. The performance of the proposed algorithm is investigated through first-order perturbation analysis. We also calculate the Cramer-Rao bound to illustrate the efficiency of the new algorithm. The analyses are supported by computer simulations.

Field of study: Engineering
深圳地区HIV阳性人群中HPV感染状况研究

为了揭示HIV感染对人乳头瘤病毒(HPV)感染影响的情况,在深圳地区采集了一批病人标本样品,通过逆转录PCR(RT-PCR)和荧光定量PCR对80例筛选标本进行HIV感染者和非HIV感染者的HPV感染情况和病毒载量关系比较。

Field of study: Biology
The effect of elevated UV-B (280-320 nm) radiation levels on Silene vulgaris: a comparison between a highland and a lowland population.

Highland (altitude 1600 m above sea level) and lowland (altitude -2 m below sea level) populations of the perennial herb Silene vulgaris (Moench) Garcke, were tested on their response to elevated levels of UV-B radiation. Highland populations typically receive high natural UV-B fluxes, whereas lowland populations receive a lower natural UV-B dose. Adaptation to high UV-B levels of the highland population is to be expected. Experimental comparison of growth rates, gas exchange rates, transpiration and biochemical parameters using adult plants as well as seedlings did not show a difference in the response to elevated UV-B levels between the two populations. Individuals of both populations were relatively insensitive to elevated UV-B radiation. The response of alpine and lowland populations of Silene vulgaris is discussed in relation to the dispersal of this species after the last ice age.

Field of study: Environmental science
A Critical Appraisal of the Right of a Child to Compulsory, Free Universal Basic Education in Nigeria

The need to enlighten the world on the legal basis and the boundaries of the right of a child to compulsory, free universal basic education, in Nigeria, was what provoked this research. The research adopts a doctrinal method in order to arrive at some findings. Findings in the research reveal some strange provisions and lacunae in the Act that grants the right to compulsory, free universal basic education and these strange provisions and lacunae have the effect of ultimately negating the said right of a child or defeating the fundamental aim of the legislation that provides for the said right.  Right, child, free, education ,universal,  basic ,,Nigeria

Field of study: Education
Hollowing Out of the Middle Class: Growth of Income and Its Distribution in the U.S., 1979–2013

Measuring the growth of incomes is more complex than most people realize. The author thoroughly examines the issue in what amounts to an important tutorial on the subject of income inequality in America. Like others, however, he finds that the incomes of the top 1 percent are soaring, while those in the middle are growing at substandard historical rates. He reiterates the view that the middle class is being hollowed out in America. The poor continue to barely survive.

Field of study: Economics