nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Simulation of Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Dairy Farms to Assess Greenhouse Gas Reduction Strategies

Farming practices can have a large impact on the soil carbon cycle and the resulting net emission of greenhouse gases including carbon dioxide (CO2), methane, and nitrous oxide. Primary sources of CO2 emission on dairy farms are soil, plant, and animal respiration, with smaller contributions from microbial respiration in manure. Strategies designed to reduce emissions from one source can cause an increase in emissions from another source. Therefore, a comprehensive whole-farm evaluation is needed, which can be cost-effectively met through computer simulation. The Integrated Farm System Model (IFSM), a process-based whole-farm model, was extended to simulate the carbon cycle. Relationships were added to represent photosynthetic fixation, soil and plant respiration, animal respiration, and emissions from manure storage and barn floors. The new module was verified to predict the mass of carbon present in soil pools at the end of annual simulations and to predict CO2 emissions within expected emission ranges for both specific sources and overall farm emissions. A farm-level carbon balance was used to further verify that predicted emissions were reasonable across a variety of production strategies. Farm simulations illustrated that changes in cropping practices affected emissions from all farm sources, with a primary effect on the assimilation of CO2 in feed production. For a representative farm in central Pennsylvania, use of more alfalfa in place of corn production caused a 6% increase in net farm greenhouse gas emission in CO2-equivalent units, while replacing non-permanent grassland with corn production reduced the net emission by 16%. Changing from a Holstein herd to Jersey animals with animal numbers increased to produce the same amount of milk affected most emission sources, with a net impact of increasing the net greenhouse gas emission by 20%. Incorporation of greenhouse gas emission modules in IFSM provides a more comprehensive tool for evaluating the overall farm-level environmental and economic impacts of management scenarios used to reduce emissions.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Ferric chloride-catalyzed synthesis of indoles using the intramolecular amination of aryl bromides

The great progress in the synthesis of heterocyclic compounds has been achieved due to the use of various transition metals as catalysts [1, 2]. Palladium catalysts are most often used among the transition metal catalysts for the synthesis of heterocyclic compounds [3-6]. However, despite the obvious advantages of such palladium catalysts, they also have a number of considerable disadvantages related to the high cost and toxicity of both palladium itself and the phosphine ligands often used in these reactions. The rapid recent development of methods using copper catalysts for various cross-coupling reactions can be attributed specifically to these disadvantages. Over the past decade, the "renewed" Ulmann reaction has become an important synthetic method for the creation of C–C and C-X bonds (X = N, O, S) . However, iron catalysts are even more promising relative to cost and "green" chemistry. The feasibility of using such catalysts for cross-coupling reactions has recently been demonstrated [8-11]. The use of the bimetallic Fe/Cu catalyst system sometimes proves effective [12, 13]. Recently, Bonnamour and Bolm  have described the synthesis of 2-substituted benzoxazoles from the corresponding 2-haloacetanilides. The key step of this synthesis is intramolecular O-arylation using FeCl3–2,2,6,6tetramethylheptane-3,5-dione as the catalyst system. An additional example of a ferric chloride-catalyzed intramolecular O-arylation is the cyclization of methyl esters of 2-(2-bromophenyl)-3-oxopropionic acid, leading to the corresponding benzofurans [15]. In light of the advantages of using iron catalysts, we undertook a study of the feasibility of replacing copper catalysts in a synthetic strategy, which we previously employed for the preparation of N-substituted methyl esters of indole-3-carboxylic acids [16] and methyl esters of 1-aminoindole-3-carboxylic acids , with a catalyst containing ferric salts.

Field of study: Chemistry
Evaluation of Seismic Risk for Bridges using F-R-M Method: A Combination of Finite Element Method and Neural Network Model

Earthquake action in the design of the bridge belongs to the accidental action. Earthquake is difficult to predict, so the frequency of its occurrence is very small when the structure is in use. Once it occurs, the seismic value is very large and destructive, therefore the risk assessment of the damage caused by the earthquake to the bridge structure becomes the main problem of bridge engineering design. Our country is an earthquake-prone area, and bridges built there have relatively large adjacent spans, of which the quality and stiffness distribution is uneven, due to the limitation of terrain and construction conditions. The existing seismic codes are not applicable to the seismic risk assessment method of the bridge; therefore, it is very important and meaningful to study the seismic risk assessment method. In this paper, a new method for estimating seismic risk probability of bridge seismic risk in earthquake-prone area, which is a combination of neural network simulation and probabilistic finite element method (F-R-M) is established. In the method, firstly, the multiple seismic wave of bridge history analysis and get corresponding seismic response to the structure of the bridge, then RBF neural network is established, with numerical field type, seismic wave energy, seismic wave peak number, the pier moment as input parameters, to train and test the network of RBF. After the success of the training, the Monte Carlo method can be adopted to generate a large number of random numbers with the simulation of neural network to get bridge structures data subjected to random seismic response, and the structure failure probability can be calculated.

Field of study: Engineering
Nutrition-related cardiovascular risk factors in hemodialysis patients.

This study sought to determine nutrition-related cardiovascular risk factors in hemodialysis patients.



This was a cross-sectional study.



This study included outpatients from the Hemodialysis Unit of Baskent University Ankara Hospital.



This study was conducted on 93 endstage chronic renal-failure patients (50 male and 43 female) aged between 18 and 65 years. Patients undergoing hemodialysis three times weekly with 4 hours of standardized bicarbonate hemodialysis were included. Patients with cardiovascular disease were excluded.



A questionnaire was administered to patients regarding demographic and disease information. The nutritional status of patients was determined by a food-frequency questionnaire, a 3-day, 24-hour dietary record, and subjective global assessment. Several biochemical parameters were analyzed, and body weight was measured.



Percentages of patients' serum total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglyceride, and total cholesterol/low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels that were higher than National Kidney Foundation (NKF) and National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP/ATP III) criteria amounted to 7.5%, 4.3%, 43%, and 10.8%, respectively. The percentage of patients' serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels that were lower than NKF and NCEP/ATP III criteria reached 41.9%. According to serum albumin levels, 44.1% of patients were malnourished. In terms of patients' dietary total fat intake, 98.9% were higher than NKF and NCEP/ATP III criteria, and all patients' dietary saturated fatty acids intake were higher than recommended. For 87.1% of patients, the dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids/saturated fatty acids ratio was <1. Moreover, in terms of NKF recommendations, the percentages of patients with insufficient dietary folate and vitamin B(12) intake reached 100% and 61.3%, respectively.



Hemodialysis patients should be considered at high risk for developing cardiovascular disease. Therefore, when planning diets of endstage renal disease patients, it is important to consider nutrition-related cardiovascular-disease risk factors for the sake of quality of life and survival.

Field of study: Medicine
Distinct actions of ancestral vinclozolin and juvenile stress on neural gene expression in the male rat

Exposure to the endocrine disrupting chemical vinclozolin during gestation of an F0 generation and/or chronic restraint stress during adolescence of the F3 descendants affects behavior, physiology, and gene expression in the brain. Genes related to the networks of growth factors, signaling peptides, and receptors, steroid hormone receptors and enzymes, and epigenetic related factors were measured using quantitative polymerase chain reaction via Taqman low density arrays targeting 48 genes in the central amygdaloid nucleus, medial amygdaloid nucleus, medial preoptic area (mPOA), lateral hypothalamus (LH), and the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus. We found that growth factors are particularly vulnerable to ancestral exposure in the central and medial amygdala; restraint stress during adolescence affected neural growth factors in the medial amygdala. Signaling peptides were affected by both ancestral exposure and stress during adolescence primarily in hypothalamic nuclei. Steroid hormone receptors and enzymes were strongly affected by restraint stress in the mPOA. Epigenetic related genes were affected by stress in the ventromedial nucleus and by both ancestral exposure and stress during adolescence independently in the central amygdala. It is noteworthy that the LH showed no effects of either manipulation. Gene expression is discussed in the context of behavioral and physiological measures previously published.

Field of study: Biology
Research on QoS-assured Service Routing Algorithm in Distributed Service Network

Service composition can make up new services by combining some services in the network.For the problem of service path selection in service composition,a QoS-assured service routing algorithm in distributed service network is proposed.The content includes a function F which aggregates multiple QoS constraints by calculating the length of vector and a bottle-neck selection algorithm BNS.BNS sorts the services sequence by bottle-neck and make special filtration to minish the search graph and improve the search efficiency.The simulation shows that the algorithm can achieve good success ratio and balance of service network.

Field of study: Computer science
Squaring the Virtuous Circle: Exploring the Potential of the ‘Five Cs’

During his May 2014 visit to Australia Pascal Lamy, former Director General of the World Trade Organization, urged ‘public institutions, civil society, and global businesses’ to forge ‘creative coalitions’ for the purpose of engaging constructively and positively with the complex problems standing in the way of achieving social and economic sustainability. Lamy's visit was but the first of several occasions during 2014 in which intense public discussion erupted about the need for government, business, and civil society to pool their capacities in boundary-spanning efforts to address complex policy problems. This article investigates whether the public discussion portends a heightened policy focus on the ‘five Cs’: co-production, co-design, corporate social responsibility, collective impact, and Lamy's creative coalitions.

Field of study: Political science
Comments on Shimp's (1983) double dissociation between knowledge and tacit knowledge.

Shimp (1983) found in five pigeons "double dissociation" between the distribution of pairs of long and short reinforced interresponse times and "self-reports," obtained by symbolic matching to sample, concerning these interresponse times. This result can be explained by assuming that the birds used a fixed temporal interval as matching criterion, independently of which pattern of interresponse times was reinforced.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
ANALYTICAL SOLUTION TO EXPANSION OF CAWITY IN STRAIN-SOFTENING MATERIALS

On the basis of experiment resuls, a simplified geomaterial behavior model is given. By using elasto-plastic theory the analytical solution to the expanson of cavities is presented. The solution takes the strain-softening and shear dilation into consideration Through volume-balance equation. the limit expansion pressure and plastic zone are presented in this paper as well. The effect of softening and shear dilation on expansion are examined, It is shown that the results in this paper are in good agreement with other availabe data.

Field of study: Engineering
Nicotine Produces a High-Approach, Low-Avoidance Phenotype in Response to Alcohol-Associated Cues in Male Rats.

Nicotine and alcohol use are highly comorbid. Modulation of drug-paired extrinsic and intrinsic cues likely plays a role in this interaction, as cues can acquire motivational properties and augment drug seeking. The motivational properties of cues can be measured through Pavlovian conditioning paradigms, in which cues either elicit approach following pairing with the reinforcing properties of alcohol or elicit avoidance following pairing with the aversive consequences of alcohol. The present experiments tested whether nicotine would enhance the incentive properties of an appetitive ethanol (EtOH) cue and diminish the avoidance of an aversive EtOH cue in Pavlovian paradigms.



In experiment 1, male Long-Evans rats with or without prior chronic intermittent access to EtOH were administered nicotine or saline injections prior to Pavlovian conditioned approach (PavCA) sessions, during which conditioned approach to the cue ("sign-tracking") or the EtOH delivery location ("goal-tracking") was measured. In experiment 2, male Long-Evans rats were administered nicotine or saline injections prior to pairing a flavor cue with increasing doses of EtOH (i.p.) in an adaptation of the conditioned taste avoidance (CTA) paradigm.



Results from PavCA indicate that, regardless of EtOH exposure, nicotine enhanced responding elicited by EtOH-paired cues with no effect on a similar cue not explicitly paired with EtOH. Furthermore, nicotine reduced sensitivity to EtOH-induced CTA, as indicated by a rightward shift in the dose-response curve of passively administered EtOH. The ED50 , or the dose of EtOH that produced a 50% reduction in intake relative to baseline, was significantly higher in nicotine-treated rats compared to saline-treated rats.



We conclude that nicotine increases the approach and diminishes the avoidance elicited by Pavlovian cues paired, respectively, with the reinforcing and aversive properties of EtOH consumption in male rats. As such, nicotine may enhance alcoholism liability by engendering an attentional bias toward cues that predict the reinforcing outcomes of drinking.

Field of study: Medicine
Reducing error rates in straintronic multiferroic dipole-coupled nanomagnetic logic by pulse shaping

Dipole-coupled nanomagnetic logic (NML), where nanomagnets with bistable magnetization states act as binary switches and information is transferred between them via dipole- coupling and Bennett clocking, is a potential replacement for con- ventional transistor logic since magnets dissipate less energy than transistors when they switch in response to the clock. However, dipole-coupled NML is much more error-prone than transistor logic because thermal noise can easily disrupt magnetization dynamics. Here, we study a particularly energy-efficient version of dipole-coupled NML known as straintronic multiferroic logic (SML) where magnets are clocked/switched with electrically generated mechanical strain. By appropriately 'shaping' the voltage pulse that generates strain, the error rate in SML can be reduced to tolerable limits. In this paper, we describe the error probabilities associated with various stress pulse shapes and discuss the trade-off between error rate and switching speed in SML.

Field of study: Physics
Biogenic volatile emissions from the soil.

Volatile compounds are usually associated with an appearance/presence in the atmosphere. Recent advances, however, indicated that the soil is a huge reservoir and source of biogenic volatile organic compounds (bVOCs), which are formed from decomposing litter and dead organic material or are synthesized by underground living organism or organs and tissues of plants. This review summarizes the scarce available data on the exchange of VOCs between soil and atmosphere and the features of the soil and particle structure allowing diffusion of volatiles in the soil, which is the prerequisite for biological VOC-based interactions. In fact, soil may function either as a sink or as a source of bVOCs. Soil VOC emissions to the atmosphere are often 1-2 (0-3) orders of magnitude lower than those from aboveground vegetation. Microorganisms and the plant root system are the major sources for bVOCs. The current methodology to detect belowground volatiles is described as well as the metabolic capabilities resulting in the wealth of microbial and root VOC emissions. Furthermore, VOC profiles are discussed as non-destructive fingerprints for the detection of organisms. In the last chapter, belowground volatile-based bi- and multi-trophic interactions between microorganisms, plants and invertebrates in the soil are discussed.

Field of study: Environmental science
Prepubertal depression: Diagnostic and therapeutic dilemmas

Childhood depression is underrecognized. Longitudinal studies have found that depression is a chronic and relapsing disorder in children aged 6 years and older. Now there is evidence that a depressive syndrome can occur in preschool children. De.ning depressive syndromes in preschool and elementary-school children has been a challenge. Children should be seen in the context of their social environment (ie, family and peer group) and their larger physical and cultural surroundings. A developmental perspective is important in diagnosing psychopathology in children. Evaluation should include a complete medical assessment to rule out underlying medical causes. A structured clinical interview and rating scales are helpful in determining whether a child or adolescent is depressed. Evidence-based treatment guidelines are limited. The diagnosis of depression in young children remains an active area of debate and study. Clearly more research is needed.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Electrochemical properties of sulfur as cathode materials in a solid-state lithium battery with inorganic solid electrolytes

Sulfur was investigated as positive electrode materials for all-solid-state lithium batteries with an inorganic solid electrolyte a-60Li 2 S·40SiS 2 (mol%). The sulfur (54 mass%) was ball-milled with metallic copper (42.8 mass%) and acetylene black (3.2 mass%) for 10 h and the obtained composite was used as the positive electrode materials of the solid-state battery. The composite worked as reversible positive electrode materials with a large electrochemical capacity. The capacity that was calculated on the base of the weight of sulfur was larger than 980 mAhg −1 . The all-solid-state lithium cell showed a successive reversibility with the large specific capacity.

Field of study: Materials science
The electrical properties of Ga/nGaAs(110) interfaces

The electrical properties of moderately doped Ga/nGaAs(110) Schottky diodes, fabricated on both the clean cleaved and on the cleaved and air exposed GaAs(110) surface, have been studied. The current-voltage characteristics of both interfaces have an extremely large electron-hole recombination current. It is argued that this is produced by a disordered GaAs interfacial layer. Additionally, the capacitance-voltage characteristics of Ga/nGaAs(110) diodes, fabricated on the clean cleaved surface, are non-ideal and they preclude conventional analysis. The aging behaviour of these interfaces has also been studied in detail. The electrical characteristics and the changes in the electrical characteristics with time are discussed in terms of the available microscopic theories of Schottky barrier formation.

Field of study: Materials science
Facies and geochemistry across the Early–Middle Frasnian transition (Late Devonian) on South China carbonate shelf: Comparison with the Polish reference succession

Dongcun and Longmen are two important reference sections for the study of the Frasnian carbonate platform of Guangxi (southern South China). At the Dongcun section, conodonts recovered in the present study provide a robust biostratigraphic framework for the Lower–Middle Frasnian interval. The studied interval (uppermost Givetian to Middle Frasnian basal Palmatolepis hassi Zone) is characterized by repeated shallower and deeper water deposits, but the cyclic depositional trend was mainly deepening upward. Carbon isotopic investigation of bulk samples recognizes a major, four-step perturbation across the Lower–Middle Frasnian boundary, which is also evident in the Holy Cross Mountains (Poland). The pattern is reinforced by correlative organic carbon isotopic secular trends from the reference Polish sections: a prominent long-lasting increase in δ13Ccarb up to 4.5‰ (event III) is evident in the Palmatolepis punctata Zone, but is preceded and followed by rapid negative shifts (events II and IV, respectively) to ca. 0‰; a weak incipient positive excursion (event I) is recognized in carbonate carbon only in the upper part of the Palmatolepis transitans Zone. In Chinese sections, different background isotopic values indicate decoupled, isotopically dissimilar, hydrothermally affected and mostly oxygenated water masses over the carbonate shelf, as shown by trace and rare earth elements. The shallower water, upslope, diagenetically unaltered Dongcun succession reveals lighter carbon isotopic ratios, on the order of 2‰, while the less densely sampled and less certainly dated, mostly muddy-siliceous Longmen downslope succession shows δ13Ccarb levels similar to those recorded worldwide. The onset of the bipartite event III is marked by 13C enrichment of 4.3‰ at Dongcun. Event IV, a light carbon excursion, is especially well recorded in the shallow-water facies by a 2.5‰ negative shift. The event I excursion in the transitans Zone is obscured, as in some Polish successions, but is probably recorded in organic carbon trends. Slight differences in timing and magnitude of the δ13Ccarb oscillations may originate from geochemical decoupling between the open ocean and the tectonically active, morphologically differentiated epeiric basins. Nevertheless, a global extent for this major punctata Event is clear from the similar biogeochemical signals recorded on the distantly separated south Laurussian and South China shelves.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Relationship between heavy metals pollution and genetic diversity in Mediterranean populations of the sandhopper Talitrus saltator (Montagu) (Crustacea, Amphipoda).

Trace metals are one of the groups of pollutants that reduce genetic variability in natural populations, causing the phenomenon known as "genetic erosion". In this study we evaluate the relationship between trace metals contamination (Hg, Cd and Cu) and genetic variability, assessed using fluorescent Inter-Simple Sequence Repeats (fISSRs). We used eight populations of a well-established biomonitor of trace metals on sandy beaches: the amphipod Talitrus saltator. The trace metals analysis confirmed the ability of sandhoppers to accumulate Hg, Cd and Cu. Moreover, populations from sites with high Hg availability had the lowest values of genetic diversity. Our results validate the use of fISSR markers in genetic studies in sandhoppers and support the "genetic erosion" hypothesis by showing the negative influence of Hg contamination on sandhopper genetic diversity. Therefore, genetic variability assessed with fISSR markers could be successfully employed as a biomarker of Hg exposure.

Field of study: Environmental science