nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Reaction of methyl-substituted pyrylium salts with tertiary amines

Abstract2,4,6-Trimethylpyrylium perchlorate reacts with heterocyclic compounds containing apyridine nitrogen atom and having basicities higher than 9 pKa units (in acetonitrile) through a step involving the formation of a methylenepyran. 4-Methyl-2,6-diphenyl- and 2-methyl-4,6-diphenylpyrylium perchlorates react with benzimidazole to give 1,2-ethanediylidenebispyrans. Methyl-substituted pyrylium salts react with 2,6-diphenylpyrylium and flavylium perchlorates in the presence of benzimidazole to give methylidynecyanines and with acetic anhydride to give trimethylidynecyanines.

Field of study: Chemistry
Sparse Gaussian ICA

Independent component analysis (ICA) is a cornerstone of modern data analysis. Its goal is to recover a latent random vector S with independent components from samples of X=AS where A is an unknown mixing matrix. Critically, all existing methods for ICA rely on and exploit strongly the assumption that S is not Gaussian as otherwise A becomes unidentifiable. In this paper, we show that in fact one can handle the case of Gaussian components by imposing structure on the matrix A. Specifically, we assume that A is sparse and generic in the sense that it is generated from a sparse Bernoulli-Gaussian ensemble. Under this condition, we give an efficient algorithm to recover the columns of A given only the covariance matrix of X as input even when S has several Gaussian components.

Field of study: Computer science
Multi-grid solution of three-dimensional problems with discontinuous coefficients

A three-dimensional multi-grid algorithm is developed and compared to an efficient three-dimensional Incomplete Cholesky Conjugate Gradient (ICCG) algorithm on a suite of test problems with discontinouous and/or anisotropic coefficients. The multi-grid algorithm used plane relaxation and a definition of coarse grid operators which is an extension of that used for two-dimensional problems with discontinuous coefficients. Numerical results show that the three dimensional results are not nearly as good as the two dimensional results on similar problems.

Field of study: Mathematics
Late Miocene vegetation of the Pannonian Basin

The Pannonian Basin system provides sufficient data to study local and regional vegetation in the context of palaeoclimate and palaeogeography. The present study attempts to make use of the latest results in stratigraphy and track vegetation change throughout the Late Miocene. Vegetation layers are reconstructed for five time slices, from 10.8 Ma to 6.5 Ma, and placed in a palaeogeographic context. Plant functional types and their distribution, frequently applied in ecological studies and biome modelling, serve as a tool for reconstructing palaeovegetation units. A classification system is introduced considering non-zonal elements as well, in order to represent the Neogene floral record. The PFT spectra obtained from fossil leaf assemblages indicate the presence of mainly broadleaved deciduous vegetation throughout the regarded time span, with variable diversities of conifers and broadleaved evergreen vegetation components. During the Late Miocene, the lowland vegetation of the Pannonian realm seemed to be more homogeneous than reported in other reconstructions, which is in line with the persistence of overall warm and humid climate conditions. The existence of distinctly dry periods as partly suggested by other proxies is not supported. At the same time, data suggest the coeval declining trend of the broadleaved evergreen component in the study area, and its final complete disappearance from the north of the Pannonian Basin. In the younger time slices, constantly humid conditions might have existed along the northern border of the lake, possibly connected to uplift pulses of the Alps and Carpathians.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Efficacy of Insecticides in the Management of Podfly Melanagromyza obtusa on Pigeonpea

Two field experiments conducted during Kharif, 2010 and 2011 to evaluate the efficacy of insecticides against podfly, Melanagromyza obtusa Malloch on pigeonpea showed that the grain damage due to podfly was the lowest in fipronil 20 SC (13.3%) and dimethoate (14.0%), followed by thiamethoxam 25% WG (16.6%) with 69.7, 68.1 and 62.1 per cent reduction over control, respectively. The untreated plot recorded maximum damage of 43.8%. Highest grain yield was recorded in fipronil treated plots (444.9 kg/ha), followed by thiacloprid (417.0 kg/ha) and dimethoate (395.6 kg/ha) with 47.5, 38.3 and 31.2 per cent increase over control, respectively as against the minimum yield of 301.6 kg/ha in the untreated check. Though the yields were more in fipronil and thiacloprid treatments, the ICBR was highest in thiamethoxam (1: 7.79) and dimethoate (1: 6.16), followed by acetamiprid (1:4.11) and thiacloprid (1:3.41).

Field of study: Biology
SU-E-T-361: Three Dimensional Dose Verification in Proton Therapy Using EBT2 Film Array

The purpose of this study was to determine whether a three dimensional (3D) film based quality assurance verifies patient‐specific characteristics such as dose distribution, beam range and compensator all together for the passively scattered and uniform scanning proton beams.  Three passively scattered and one uniform scanning proton beams were irradiated to a 3D phantom based on 5 mm thick acrylic slabs with Gafchromic EBT films. The measured 3D dose distributions with proton beam range data were compared with data provided by a protontreatment planning system (TPS).  For passively scattered and uniform scanning proton beams, the gamma index for the dose‐distribution comparison for treatment fields was less than 1.0 for 97.2% and 98.1% of total pixels for a 3% dose tolerance and 3 mm distance‐to‐dose agreement, respectively. The experimental proton beam ranges based on 3D film measurement also shows good agreement with the calculated beam ranges from TPS.  Our results show that both the dose distribution and the proton range based on 3D EBT film measurement are well matched with planned data. These results indirectly show that 3D film data can be also used for the quality assurance method for physically manufactured proton range compensators.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Total laparoscopic correction of transverse testicular ectopia.

Transverse testicular ectopia is a well-described, rare congenital abnormality of testicular maldescent, in which both testes descend through one inguinal canal. There have been few reports on the laparoscopic diagnosis and laparoscopy-assisted management of this condition. We present a case of a 5-year-old boy who underwent laparoscopy for a right impalpable testis. During the procedure, the right testis was identified at the left internal ring. The common investing meso-orchium was divided and the right testis was brought down through the right inguinal canal laparoscopically. As far as we are aware, this is the first case of transverse testicular ectopia managed entirely laparoscopically.

Field of study: Medicine
Indian Petitioners for Freedom

As touchstones of colonial reality and claimants to something better, diasporic indigenous slaves in sixteenth-century Spain forced conversations about imperialism into the open. Their pursuit of freedom highlights the grasping geographical extent of early modern European imperialism and “some of the more insidious aspects of colonial governance” (227), including self-serving paternalism, the desire for possession, the assumption of power over others, and an adherence to “papereality” (128) that justified abuse as often as it protected the weak.

Field of study: History
Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor-supplemented hibernation of fetal ventral mesencephalic neurons for transplantation in Parkinson disease: long-term storage.

OBJECT
Transplantation of fetal dopaminergic tissue is being investigated in animal models and clinical trials for its potential as a treatment for advanced Parkinson disease. At the same time, the availability of fetal tissue is limited, making its storage time prior to transplantation a key practical issue. Although it results in a smaller percentage of surviving cells. a longer storage time enables fetal tissue obtained over several days to be pooled for transplantation in a recipient. Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) has been shown to improve survival of human dopaminergic tissue that has been stored prior to transplantation. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects on fetal dopaminergic tissue of GDNF-supplemented hibernation for extended periods of 6 to 15 days.



The ventral mesencephalon (VM) was harvested in a total of 27 14-day-old rat fetuses, and three VMs were cultured immediately (fresh control group). The remaining 24 VMs were divided sagittally along the midline to yield 48 equal pieces of hemimesencephalon. Twenty-four pieces were stored with GDNF-supplemented hibernation medium for 6, 9, 12, or 15 days, and the 24 "partner" hemimesencephalon pieces were stored in control hibernation medium for the same periods of time. Tissue was cultured for 48 hours and processed for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunoreactivity and double-stained with cresyl violet. Cell counts for all cultures and the percentage of TH-immunoreactive cells were obtained. The percentage of TH-immunoreactive cells for the fresh control group was 6.3 +/- 0.5%. The percentage of TH-immunoreactive cells in cultures derived from tissue stored in GDNF-supplemented medium was significantly increased at 6 and 9 days posthibernation compared with the fresh control group and the "partner" groups stored in hibernation medium only. No significant increase in the percentage of TH-immunoreactive cells was observed in the 12- and 15-day groups.



In this study the authors have demonstrated that fetal dopaminergic tissue can be safely stored for up to 9 days in GDNF-supplemented hibernation medium. Furthermore, the percentage of TH-immunoreactive cells is significantly increased after 6 and 9 days of storage in this medium, improving the yield of TH-immunoreactive cells prior to transplantation. These observations have practical clinical implications for collecting fetal dopaminergic cells and improving their survival after transplantation.

Field of study: Medicine
Novel nano-hydroxyapatite-silica–added glass ionomer cement for dental application: Evaluation of surface roughness and sol-sorption

The aim of this study was to synthesize and characterize nano-hydroxyapatite-silica (nano-HA-Si) particle, followed by the evaluation of surface roughness and sol-sorption property of conventional glass ionomer cement (cGIC) with the addition of nano-HA-Si. Nano-HA-Si was synthesized by one-pot sol–gel technique. It was then characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, and transmission electron microscope. Experimental nano-HA-Si–added GIC (nano-HA-Si-GIC) was prepared by adding 10% by weight ratio of nano-HA-Si to cGIC powder. The surface roughness of the samples was analyzed using tactile profilometer. Mass stabilization techniques were used to assess sol-sorption. The 10% nano-HA-Si-GIC samples were successfully fabricated. Nano-HA-Si-GIC reported lower surface roughness (0.13 ± 0.01 μm) as compared to cGIC (0.16 ± 0.03 μm). Nano-HA-Si-GIC reported an increase in sol-sorption when compared to cGIC. Incorporation of nano-HA-Si into the formulation of cGIC enhances their physical properties and with slight increase in sol-sorption property. Nano-HA-Si-GIC has the ability to enhance the characteristics of glass ionomer dental restorative materials. Hence, it can be suggested as a potential future restorative material in dentistry.

Field of study: Materials science
Existence of six-$\alpha$ linear structure

The stable existence of a six-$\alpha$ linear structure in highly excited states of $^{24}$Mg is studied based on a systematic Cranked Hartree-Fock calculation with various Skyrme-type interactions. Its stability is examined by allowing the transition of the cluster structure to the shell-model like structure. Especially, the six-$\alpha$ linear state is exposed to two major instabilities: the bending motion, which is the main path for the transition to low-lying states, and the spin-orbit interaction, which is the driving force to break the $\alpha$ clusters and enhance the independent motion of the nucleons. The linear structure with large angular momentum is obtained as a meta-stable stationary state.

Field of study: Physics
稀土元素异硫氰酸盐水合物,RE(NCS) 3 ·nH 2 O的低温热容和热力学性质的研究——II.Pr(NCS) 3 ·7H 2 O;Nd(NCS) 3 ·7H 2 O 和Nd(NCS) 3 ·7H 2 O

用全自动绝热量热计测定了Pr(NCS) 3 ·7H 2 O;Nd(NCS) 3 ·7H 2 O 和Nd(NCS) 3 ·7H 2 O 13～300K温区热容,发现Pr(NCS) 3 ·7H 2 O在50K以下具有Schottky反常热容。根据实验热容数据用最小二乘拟合方法得出了计算这两种化合物13～300K温区内热容值的多项式方程。13K以下的热容用Debye-Einstein热容函数和Schottky热容函数进行了估算。根据热容数据计算出了这两种物种0～300K温区的标准热力学函数,并结合文献数据计算出了标准生成熵和标准生成Gibbs能。

Field of study: Chemistry
Seff-Handicapping and Interpersonal Trade-Offs: The Effects of Claimed Self-Handicaps on Observers' Performance Evaluations and Feedback

Male subjects evaluated the performance of targets who, prior to and during the performance, offered no excuse, claimed intended low effort, claimed anxiety, or claimed drug impairment. Cross-cutting the excuse manipulation was the publicity of the feedback; half the subjects believed their evaluations were private, and half believed they would have to communicate their evaluations to the target. Subjects evaluated objectively equivalent performances more negatively if they came from an excuse-making target than a no-excuse target. Subjects provided less favorable feedback to targets claiming low effort or drug impairment than to those citing anxiety or no excuse. Depending on the handicap claimed, observers either discounted ability (claimed low effort) or inferred lower ability from perceived poorer performance (claimed anxiety or claimed drug impairment). Implications for the interpersonal consequences of self-handicapping and the self-perpetuating nature of such strategies are discussed.

Field of study: Psychology
Pteroyl- and tetrahydropteroylpolyglutamate effects on the catalytic activity of thymidylate synthase from Lactobacillus leichmannii: a novel method for determining gamma-glutamyl chain lengths of the folylpolyglutamates.

Tetrahydropteroylpolyglutamates with longer gamma-glutamyl chain lengths have been found to act as better cofactors than the corresponding monoglutamates for the activity of thymidylate synthase, (5, 10-CH2H4PteGlu: dUMP C-methyltransferase, EC 2.1.1.45) purified from Lactobacillus leichmannii. Contrarily, the pteroylpolyglutamates (unreduced forms) with longer gamma-glutamyl chain lengths act as powerful inhibitors of the same enzyme, the I50 being 2 microM for the tetraglutamate, and inhibition is competitive. The Km and Ki values for the synthetic folylpolyglutamates are identical to those obtained for the natural folylpolyglutamyl forms isolated from Torula yeast (Candida utilis) by the author earlier. A rapid novel method is suggested that could be conveniently used to determine the gamma-glutamyl chain lengths of the folylpolyglutamates employing the direct or indirect linear proportionality relationship observed between the number of gamma-glutamyl residues linked and the Ki and Km values of the enzyme considering the state of oxidation/reduction of the pteridine moiety and the 1-C substituents attached.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Physics
Influence of an acceptor on multiphoton dissociation of CF3Br molecules in strong infrared field of a pulsed CO2 laser

A significant increase in the dissociation yield, compared with pure CF3Br, was achieved when a buffer N2 and an acceptor NO were added. The frequency dependences of the dissociation yield, absorbed energy, and quantum efficiency of the dissociation of CF3Br were determined. The isotopic shift was found for the 12CF3Br and 13CF3Br molecules.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Risk bounds when learning infinitely many response functions by ordinary linear regression

Consider the problem of learning a large number of response functions simultaneously based on the same input variables. The training data consist of a single independent random sample of the input variables drawn from a common distribution together with the associated responses. The input variables are mapped into a high-dimensional linear space, called the feature space, and the response functions are modelled as linear functionals of the mapped features, with coefficients calibrated via ordinary least squares. We provide convergence guarantees on the worst-case excess prediction risk by controlling the convergence rate of the excess risk uniformly in the response function. The dimension of the feature map is allowed to tend to infinity with the sample size. The collection of response functions, although potentiallyinfinite, is supposed to have a finite Vapnik-Chervonenkis dimension. The bound derived can be applied when building multiple surrogate models in a reasonable computing time.

Field of study: Computer science
Isolation and Identification of Endophytic Bacterium Strain BEB99 from Banana and Evaluation of Its Antagonistic Activity and Growth-promoting Ability

Strain BEB99,an endophytic bacterium exhibited strong inhibitory activity in vitro against banana wilt fungus,was isolated from the root of Musa AAA,cv.Baxi.This strain was identified as Ralstonia sp.based on its morphological,physiological and biochemical characteristics and its 16S rDNA sequences analysis.Strain BEB99 could produce siderophore and significantly promoted the growth of banana.Pot experiments indicated that the strain could suppress Fusarium wilt disease,with an inhibitory rate of 62.52%.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Rejection and valuations

Timothy Smiley’s wonderful paper ‘Rejection’ (1996) is still perhaps not as well known or well understood as it should be. This note first gives a quick presentation of themes from that paper, though done in our own way, and then considers a putative line of objection – recently advanced by Julien Murzi and Ole Hjortland (2009) – to one of Smiley’s key claims. Along the way, we consider the prospects for an intuitionistic approach to some of the issues discussed in Smiley’s paper.

Field of study: Philosophy
[Ethnoterritorial heterogeneity of alcohol dependence formation in the native population of Siberia].

Clinical-dynamic parameters of heterogeneity of alcohol dependence in 155 tuvinian and russian patients with lucid and psychotic forms of the disease have been studied. A highly progressive form of alcoholism with late onset of systematic consumption of alcohol has been identified in tuvinians as compared with russians. The formation of withdrawal syndrome occurs at later age than in russians (37.7 and 29.6 years; p=0.00004), but its development is more rapid - in average 2-2.5 years of systematic alcohol consumption. Psychotic forms of alcoholism are more frequent in tuvinians with the earlier onset of systematic consumption of alcohol and manifestation of basic disease syndromes (by 7 and 5 years, respectively) than in those with lucid alcoholism. In conclusion, treatment and rehabilitation of patients of different ethnic groups should be based on clinical and social features of the disease.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Notes on the cluster multiplication formulas for 2-Calabi-Yau categories

Y. Palu has generalized the cluster multiplication formulas to 2-Calabi-Yau categories with cluster tilting objects (\cite{Palu2}). The aim of this note is to construct a variant of Y. Palu's formula and deduce a new version of the cluster multiplication formula (\cite{XiaoXu}) for acyclic quivers in the context of cluster categories.

Field of study: Mathematics
Weighted subspace fitting for general array error models

Model error sensitivity is an issue common to all high-resolution direction-of-arrival estimators. Much attention has been directed to the design of algorithms for minimum variance estimation taking only finite sample errors into account. Approaches to reduce the sensitivity due to array calibration errors have also appeared in the literature. Herein, one such approach is adopted that assumes that the errors due to finite samples and model errors are of comparable size. A weighted subspace fitting method for very general array perturbation models is derived. This method provides minimum variance estimates under the assumption that the prior distribution of the perturbation model is known. Interestingly, the method reduces to the WSF (MODE) estimator if no model errors are present. Vice versa, assuming that model errors dominate, the method specializes to the corresponding "model-errors-only subspace fitting method." Unlike previous techniques for model errors, the estimator can be implemented using a two-step procedure if the nominal array is uniform and linear, and it is also consistent even if the signals are fully correlated. The paper also contains a large sample analysis of one of the alternative methods, namely, MAPprox. It is shown that MAPprox also provides minimum variance estimates under reasonable assumptions.

Field of study: Engineering
Electronic inhomogeneity and band structure in superstructural 
CuO2
 planes of infinite-layer 
Sr0.94La0.06CuO2+y
 films

Scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy are utilized to study the atomic-scale structure and electronic properties of infinite-layer ${\mathrm{Sr}}_{0.94}{\mathrm{La}}_{0.06}\mathrm{Cu}{\mathrm{O}}_{2+y}$ films prepared on $\mathrm{Sr}\mathrm{Ru}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$-buffered $\mathrm{Sr}\mathrm{Ti}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$(001) substrate by ozone-assisted molecular beam epitaxy. Incommensurate structural supermodulation with a period of 24.5 $\text{\AA{}}$ is identified on the $\mathrm{Cu}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$-terminated surface, leading to characteristic stripes running along the ${45}^{\text{o}}$ direction with respect to the Cu-O-Cu bonds. Spatially resolved tunneling spectra reveal substantial inhomogeneity on a nanometer-length scale and emergence of in-gap states at sufficient doping. Despite the Fermi level shifting up to 0.7 eV, the charge-transfer energy gap of the $\mathrm{Cu}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ planes remains fundamentally unchanged at different doping levels. The occurrence of the $\mathrm{Cu}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ superstructure is constrained in the surface region and its formation is found to link with oxygen intake that serves as the doping agent of holes in the epitaxial films.

Field of study: Physics
NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF REMEDIATION OF ORGANIC CHEMICALS-CONTAMINATED SOIL BY VERTICAL WELL SVE

Numerical simulations with the Galerkin's finite element method are made to study steady state flow under different simulation conditions at a vertical well site of soil vapor extraction (SVE) Flow field simulation shows that radial pressure gradient goes down fast and air flowrate is nearly directly proportional to the well vacuum and the soil permeability coefficient It also indicates that stop off coating will play an important role in SVE This axisymmetric 2D flow model can predict vacuum distribution, which gives a much better fit to field data by contrast to 1D model The numerical modeling process for SVE remediation is achieved after a steady alternant direction implicit (ADI) finite difference format is developed In this paper, as an example, the 60 days remediation under 4 different conditions is simulated, which proves that the clear up result is mainly governed by soil permeability This work will be used as a tool for engineering design and prediction for SVE remediation

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science