nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Firms and Consumers in the Financial Crisis - Effects, Reactions, and Outlooks

In order to shed light on the consequences of the ongoing financial crisis, ETLA conducted two surveys at the end of October 2008. The firm survey targeted firms employing at least 10 persons in Finland (2,017 observations with a response rate of 33%) and the consumer survey targeted 1574-year-old Finns (2,025 observations with a response rate of 37%). More than half of the firms say that their sales/orders are down due to the financial crisis. In virtually all dimensions manufacturing fares worse than services. In part this is due to the fact that business-to-business and foreign markets seem to be experiencing more problems than consumer and domestic markets. If the situation continues, the problems will undoubt-edly spread. Our observations suggest that in the Finnish case the demand-induced effects will be more several than those directly attributable to problems in attracting external finance. Unless the October 2008 deepening in the crisis, which is now felt by all firms and consumers, is reversed shortly, the effects will accumulate and lead to a recession.

Field of study: Economics
Research on the Status-quo and Countermeasures of Agro-Informationization Construction in Anhui Province

As a big eastern agricultural province, the agricultural information infrastructures in Anhui in recent years have been rapidly developed, however, there are still many problems. Based on the actual development of agricultural and rural informationization in Anhui province, along with the current domestic and international agricultural development process, this study focused on analysis of the great significance of agricultural informationization and the modernization of agriculture, and proposed the developmental measures to boost the construction of Anhui's agricultural informationization. Agricultural informationization is the key to open the "Digital Anhui" project, and can promote the transformation of traditional agriculture and the modernization of agricultural technology and management, thus improve the agricultural economic benefits, and vigorously promote the pace of the development of agriculture industrialization.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
“Sublime Luxuries” of the Gothic Edifice: Immersive Aesthetics and Kantian Freedom in the Novels of Ann Radcliffe

This article explores the variable meanings and effects of gothic architecture across Ann Radcliffe’s three most important novels —The Romance of the Forest (1791), The Mysteries of Udolpho (1794), and The Italian (1797). With her variable portrayal of the gothic edifice, Radcliffe presents a distinctively immersive version of the sublime that significantly challenges the aesthetic philosophies of Edmund Burke and Immanuel Kant in its capacity to coexist with real, immediate fear. Radcliffe presents and encourages a markedly democratic aesthetic of terror designed to empower even disenfranchised individuals. This article argues that Radcliffe’s novels teach readers how to achieve the sublime in the most difficult circumstances, thus making widely available both the sublime and also what the sublime represents—freedom. Within the walls of the gothic edifice, Radliffe demonstrates that individuals have the potential for, and indeed the right to, the power to define and pursue the fulfilment of their own desires, even when such desires run counter to the tyrannies of patriarchal history and tradition.

Field of study: Philosophy
Els Altres Arquitectes (The Other Architects), and: Zoomorphic Architecture: New Animal Architecture (review)

Maurice Methot’s 20 quiet songs are full of ephemeral references to Erik Satie, Claude Debussy and other French or “impressionistic”-sounding piano works. Methot’s trick, however, is that this sweet and meditative CD was derived and shaped all on a computer, not on a piano. The liner notes barely mention the music, however. Instead they concentrate on the MIDI interface, the computer and the technical way it was created. But don’t let me give the wrong impression here—the songs, despite being made from samples of a real piano, are soft and a little moody, which I like. But the audience for this seems unclear. Is it for other so-called digital composers who like to experiment with new software? Is it for those who like “all things French”? I think this is a fair question, because people who are drawn to “all things French” are also drawn to ideas such as passion, beauty, nobility of cause and the exaltation of desire that is often associated with Frenchness. So I am not sure what to make of the quiet music on this CD. At first I think of the difference between the tension contained in the pause of a piano player and the simulated tension made on a computer. Whereas live music could be seen as a conversation partly with the audience and partly between the musician and the instrument, what happens when the music is completely derived from a program? What becomes of the conversation that makes a piano player’s skill affect people emotionally? Jean Cocteau is not mentioned in the liner notes and so I am also not sure what connection he or his work has to Methot’s work. So I wonder if this is informed by the nowclassic image of Baudrillard’s “simulacra,” where the map is considered more important than the landscape it describes? The landscape we are dealing with here is music. Even though the meditative sounds in Vingt Chansons pour Jean Cocteau are nice to listen to, its process and lack of clear audience bring up a lot of artistic issues, especially those of authorship and inspiration. I feel a little let down, because the liner notes give little sense of the composer’s perspective or purpose. It is intriguing to think of a group of compositions dedicated to Cocteau, but I want to know what the connection is. Did he meet Cocteau as a child? Was Methot influenced by certain works of Cocteau, or is he simply trying to evoke the music of an era long gone and just using Cocteau’s name to create context? Rather, this appears to be a kind of experiment or one-off idea. Music, like other art, needs a context, and it is unclear what that is on this CD.

Field of study: Art
When the Spirit is Dead

[Certa in art occupies an intercultural space... with] a double coding, which brings it always the threat of co-opt ion or mis-appropr iat ion, yet also the potential to quicken the process by which the repressed underground images of popular culture are restored to the present and disturb the peace... and de compose [the] politics of conf o r m i s m and redempt ion which aestheticizes difference and neutralizes m e m o r y . It opens up the possibility for a radical faith in the vitality of mytho logy as the text of popular culture and mag ic as its technique of empowe rme nt . Char les Merewether (Merewether, 1 9 9 1 )

Field of study: Art
"If the mother does not know, there is no way she can tell the adolescent to go for drugs": Challenges in promoting health and preventing transmission among pregnant and parenting Kenyan adolescents living with HIV.

Adolescents living with HIV (ALHIV) who are pregnant, or parenting, are an important but understudied group. This study explores the challenges in promoting the health of these adolescents and preventing onward transmission. We used existing semi-structured interview data from a 2014 study conducted among Kenyan ALHIV (ages 15-19), their family members, and local health staff to examine adolescent HIV-testing, disclosure, and treatment engagement, focusing on participants who were pregnant, had given birth, or had fathered a child. A total of 28 participant interviews were analyzed, including those conducted with nine ALHIV, four family members, and 15 HIV providers. Four adolescent participants were not in care at the time of their interview. Our analysis also included a transcript from a stakeholder meeting involving HIV providers and associated administrators, held to disseminate and garner feedback on, preliminary findings from the original study. Based on our analysis, adolescents frequently reported being alone during testing, experiencing fear and denial on receiving their results, and delaying disclosure to family and linkage to treatment. They also mentioned a lack of contraceptive counseling, with some reporting multiple pregnancies. Providers voiced misgivings and uncertainty about disclosing HIV diagnoses to minor adolescents without a family member present and reported severe shortages of personnel and resources to adequately serve ALHIV in rural clinics. These findings highlight gaps in services that limit adolescent engagement in HIV treatment prior to sexual debut and conceiving a child, and in PMTCT during and after pregnancy. Greater research attention is needed to address ALHIV reproductive health needs, improve linkage to HIV treatment, and prevent onward sexual transmission. Empirical ethics studies of current adolescent disclosure policies are also warranted to examine cultural and developmental appropriateness, and effectiveness in fostering support and engagement in HIV services.

Field of study: Medicine, Sociology
A magnificent addition to our collections': the Trie-Château window at the Victoria and Albert Museum

A note on the provenance of a triple window in limestone, acquired by the Victoria and Albert Museum, London, in 1937, and now on display in its new suite of rooms dedicated to the Middle Ages and Renaissance. Originally forming part of a house at Trie-Château near Oise, France, the window probably dates from 1160 to 1170, and is a notable and rare example of Romanesque non-ecclesiastical architectural sculpture. The extensive correspondence and memoranda on the official acquisition file at the Victoria and Albert Museum offer a great deal of insight into the issues and complications surrounding a major purchase in the late 1930s, and they are also particularly revealing of the central role plated by the National Art-Collections Fund and the dynamics of the English and French art establishments at the time.

Field of study: Art
Picking The Winner: Measuring Urban

This study provides a snapshot of the sustainability of selected Indian cities by employing 57 indicators in four dimensions to develop an overall city sustainability index. In recent years, its complexity has made 'urban sustainability' a prominent concept. Urban areas propel growth and at the same time pose a lot of ecological, social and infrastructural problems and risks. High population density and continuous in-migration among developing countries created the highest risk in natural and man-made disasters. These issues and the inability of policy-makers in providing basic services make the cities unsustainable. The objective of the paper is to develop a city performance index (CPI) to measure and evaluate the urban regions in terms of sustainable performance.

Field of study: Environmental science
The opportunity cost of time modulates cognitive effort

A spate of recent work demonstrates that humans seek to avoid the expenditure of cognitive effort, much like physical effort or economic resources. Less is clear, however, about the circumstances dictating how and when people decide to expend cognitive effort. Here we adopt a popular theory of opportunity costs and response vigor and to elucidate this question. This account, grounded in Reinforcement Learning, formalizes a trade-off between two costs: the harder work assumed necessary to emit faster actions and the opportunity cost inherent in acting more slowly (i.e., the delay that results to the next reward and subsequent rewards). Recent work reveals that the opportunity cost of time—operationalized as the average reward rate per unit time, theorized to be signaled by tonic dopamine levels, modulates the speed with which a person responds in a simple discrimination tasks. We extend this framework to cognitive effort in a diverse range of cognitive tasks, for which 1) the amount of cognitive effort demanded from the task varies from trial to trial and 2) the putative expenditure of cognitive effort holds measureable consequences in terms of accuracy and response time. In the domains of cognitive control, perceptual decision-making, and task-switching, we found that subjects tuned their level of effort exertion in accordance with the experienced average reward rate: when the opportunity cost of time was high, subjects made more errors and responded more quickly, which we interpret as a withdrawal of cognitive effort. That is, expenditure of cognitive effort appeared to be modulated by the opportunity cost of time. Further, and consistent with our account, the strength of this modulation was predicted by individual differences in efficacy of cognitive control. Taken together, our results elucidate the circumstances dictating how and when people expend cognitive effort.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Substructure synthesis and its iterative improvement for large nonconservative vibratory systems

A general synthesis method is developed for the dynamic analysis of nonconservati ve vibratory systems composed of substructures . The idea of the synthesis is to represent each substructure by a reduced-order model and to couple the substructure models together to act as the whole system. For general nonconservative systems, a state space formulation is adopted for each substructure. Reduced-order substructure models are obtained by approximating each state vector as a linear combination of a small number of real trial vectors. The accuracy with which the synthesized model represents the whole system depends on the choices of trial vectors and the number of vectors used. A procedure is developed for increasing the accuracy by iteratively generating improved substructure trial state vectors.

Field of study: Physics
Numerical Analysis of Mechanical Properties of Chopped Basalt Fiber Reinforced Concrete

In order to study the influence of the blending of chopped basalt fiber on the mechanical properties of concrete, this paper uses basalt fiber content as a variable to simulate the basalt fiber concrete. Simulate its cubic compression, axial compression, splitting tensile, flexural test and working performance, and compare the simulation results with other people's physical and mechanical test data. The results show that the addition of basalt fiber has a great influence on the crack resistance and mechanical properties of concrete.

Field of study: Materials science
Hydrological Responses to the Future Climate Change in a Data Scarce Region, Northwest China: Application of Machine Learning Models

Forecasting the potential hydrological response to future climate change is an effective way of assessing the adverse effects of future climate change on water resources. Data-driven models based on machine learning algorithms have great application prospects for hydrological response forecasting as they require less developmental time, minimal input, and are relatively simple compared to dynamic or physical models, especially for data scarce regions. In this study, we employed an ensemble of eight General Circulation Models (GCMs) and two artificial intelligence-based methods (Support Vector Regression, SVR, and Extreme Learning Machine, ELM) to establish the historical streamflow response to climate change and to forecast the future response under Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) scenarios 4.5 and 8.5 in a mountainous watershed in northwest China. We found that the artificial-intelligence-based SVR and ELM methods showed very good performances in the projection of future hydrological responses. The ensemble of GCM outputs derived very close historical hydrological hindcasts but had great uncertainty in future hydrological projections. Using the variables of GCM outputs as inputs to SVR can reduce intermediate downscaling links between variables and decrease the cumulative effect of bias in projecting future hydrological responses. Future precipitation in the study area will increase in the future under both scenarios, and this increasing trend is more significant under RCP 8.5 than under scenario 4.5. The results also indicate the streamflow change will be more sensitive to temperature (precipitation) under the RCP 8.5 (4.5) scenario. The findings and approach have important implications for hydrological response studies and the evaluation of impacts on localized regions similar to the mountainous watershed in this study.

Field of study: Computer science, Environmental science, Geography
A Lateral Double-Diffusion Metal Oxide Semiconductor Device with a Gradient Charge Compensation Layer

In order to better shield the substrate-assisted depletion (SAD) effect and improve the breakdown voltage of super-junction (SJ) devices, an SJ lateral double-diffusion metal oxide semiconductor device with a gradient charge compensation layer (gradient device) is proposed. The main feature of this structure is to introduce a gradient charge compensation layer between the SJ layer of a conventional device and the substrate. The depth of the gradient charge compensation layer increases gradually from the source to the drain. The charge distribution in the drift region is optimized by reducing the compensation charge on the side near the source and increasing the compensation charge on the side near the drain. Introduction of the layer improves shielding of the SAD effect, and the electric field on the surface of the structure is an approximately rectangular distribution, thus the breakdown voltage is improved. The simulation results show that the gradient device has 409-V breakdown voltage and a 9.5-MW cm−2 figure of merit with a drift region length of 21 μm. Compared with the conventional SJ structure (conventional device) with the same drift length, the breakdown voltage and figure of merit of the gradient device are increased by 57.3% and 137.5%, respectively.

Field of study: Materials science
Tissue-autonomous immune response regulates stress signalling during hypertrophy

Postmitotic tissues are incapable of replacing damaged cells through proliferation, but need to rely on buffering mechanisms to prevent tissue disintegration. By constitutively activating the Ras/MAPK-pathway via RasV12-overexpression in the postmitotic salivary glands of Drosophila larvae, we overrode the glands adaptability to growth signals, induced hypertrophy and stress accumulation. This allowed us to decipher a novel, spatio-temporally regulated interaction between the JNK-stress response and a genuine tissue-autonomous immune response. Central to this interaction is the direct inhibition of JNK-signalling by the antimicrobial peptide Drosomycin, which blocks programmed cell death and prevents recognition of the stressed tissue by the systemic immune response. While this mechanism might allow growing salivary glands to cope with temporary stress, continuous expression of Drosomycin favors survival of unrestricted, hypertrophic RasV12-glands. Our findings indicate the necessity for refined therapeutic approaches that fundamentally acknowledge detrimental effects that stimulated immune responses have on tissues coping with damage and stress.

Field of study: Biology
Synthesis and biological evaluation of acylated oligorhamnoside derivatives structurally related to mezzettiaside-6 with cytotoxic activity.

Two partially acylated oligorhamnoside derivatives 1 and 2 structurally related to the natural product mezzettiaside-6 were synthesized via a '2 + 1 + 1' convergent strategy. The bioassay results showed that the introduction of the acetyl groups to the 2-position of the terminal l-rhamnose was helpful to improve in vitro cytotoxicity. Compound 1 showed both extensive in vitro cytotoxicity in tumor cell lines and potential antimultidrug resistance capability. Preliminary mechanistic studies demonstrated that compound 1 could inhibit cell growth by inducing apoptosis, arresting cell cycle progression at the S phase in K562 cells.

Field of study: Biology
Medusa: A C++ Library for solving PDEs using Strong Form Mesh-Free methods

Medusa, a novel library for implementation of strong form mesh-free methods, is described. We identify and present common parts and patterns among many such methods reported in the literature, such as node positioning, stencil selection and stencil weight computation. Many different algorithms exist for each part and the possible combinations offer a plethora of possibilities for improvements of solution procedures that are far from fully understood. As a consequence there are still many unanswered questions in mesh-free community resulting in vivid ongoing research in the field. Medusa implements the core mesh-free elements as independent blocks, which offers users great flexibility in experimenting with the method they are developing, as well as easily comparing it with other existing methods. The paper describes the chosen abstractions and their usage, illustrates aspects of the philosophy and design, offers some executions time benchmarks and demonstrates the application of the library on cases from linear elasticity and fluid flow in irregular 2D and 3D domains.

Field of study: Computer science
A conceptual model for a cyber-social-technological-cognitive smart medium-size port

The medium port currently investigated is incorporating the concept of smart port into decision-making and operational activities. To determine the critical factors that show the existing gaps with those working with Industry 4.0, a systemic conceptual model for a smart medium-size port is designed for a hyperspace containing cyber-social-technological-cognitive domains (CSTC), where are related ideas, perceptions, information and knowledge that should have a highly automated port for efficient management and optimization of logistics processes. A sample of high-level executive experts from three medium ports made it possible to diagnose the CSTC development levels of Chilean ports in each of their domains, detecting gaps with respect to a smart port, identifying opportunities and giving recommendations to reach Industry 4.0 in the near future.

Field of study: Computer science