nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Immunogenicity and safety of a booster dose of live attenuated measles-mumps-rubella vaccine for 4-year-old children

To evaluate the immunogenicity and safety of a booster dose of live attenuated measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine for 4-year-old children and to provide references for reasonable arrangement of MMR immunization schedule. 
 
 
 
Children aged 4 years (54-60 months) old were recruited and divided into three groups as follows: Group 8 months MR [receiving live attenuated measles and rubella (MR) vaccination at 8 months and MMR vaccination at 18 months], Group 8 months MMR (receiving MMR vaccination at both 8 and 18 months) and Group 12 months MMR (receiving MMR vaccination at both 12 and 22 months). Active follow-up was conducted for safety evaluation after immunization of all subjects with the booster dose of MMR vaccine. Blood samples were collected before and 35 days after vaccination and analyzed by ELISA to detect serum antibodies to measles, mumps and rubella. 
 
 
 
A total of 514 subjects were enrolled in this study of safety evaluation and 469 of them received serologic detection of antibodies twice. The rate of adverse reactions following vaccination was 17.12% (general reactions accounted for 94.21%) and no severe adverse reactions were reported. No significant difference in the rates of adverse reactions was found among the three groups (χ2=4.82, P=0.090). Subjects who were seropositive for measles, mumps and rubella increased after immunization with MMR vaccine, accounting for 100%, 99.79% and 99.79%, respectively. Geometric mean concentrations (GMC) against measles, mumps and rubella in all subjects were 1.35, 3.05 and 2.13 times higher than what they were before the immunization. Levels of antibodies to measles, mumps and rubella were all increased significantly in the three groups after immunization with the booster dose of MMR vaccine (Fisher Exact Test, P=0.000). 
 
 
 
The booster dose of MMR vaccine increases the levels of serum antibodies in children aged 4 years old with high safety. It suggests that two doses of MMR vaccine should be encouraged in the immunization program in China. 
 
 
 
MMR vaccine; Immunogenicity; Safety

Field of study: Biology
Early Pleistocene volcanism and glaciation in central Yukon: a new chronology from field studies and paleomagnetism

The paleomagnetism of the Selkirk Volcanics and nearby stratified Pleistocene sediments was investigated to resolve the chronology of Early Pleistocene glaciations in central Yukon. Radiometric dates on these low-K basalts have proven to be erroneously old. Most sampled sediments and all basalts accurately record the paleofield and true reversals. The valley-filling phase of the Selkirk Volcanics was in part coeval with the younger pre-Reid glaciation. It was erupted during the Matuyarna Chron, either post-Cobb Mountain Subchron or post-Jararnillo Subchron, over a period too brief to average secular variation. The older pre-Reid glaciation occurred after ca. 1.60 Ma and prior to the eruption of the Fort Selkirk tephra (pre-Jaramillo or pre-Cobb Mountain). Sediments investigated at Revenue Creek and Braden's Canyon are normally magnetized. The assigned Brunhes age is compatible with their occurrence in valleys that were cut or deepened sometime after the pre-Reid glaciations.

Field of study: Environmental science
Personal and Temporary Hyper Bridges: 2-D Interface for Undefined Topics

It is not always obvious for people how important new topics, which appear and disappear dynamically on the WWW. are for themselves because one does not have concrete or enough vocabulary for new topics. This paper presents an interface Personal and Temporal Hyper Bridges (PTHB) for a user vaguely interested in new topics, but can not express one's own interest for oneself. PTHB supplies a Web-site reading plan, which leads the user to concrete comprehension of the topics.

Field of study: Computer science
Characteristics of potentially pathogenic vibrios from subtropical Mozambique compared with isolates from tropical India and boreal Sweden.

Reported outbreaks of Vibrio parahaemolyticus have increased worldwide, particularly in regions of high seafood consumption. In Mozambique, seafood constitutes an important food resource and diarrheal diseases are common among its inhabitants. Edible clams were collected in Maputo Bay during both the dry and rainy seasons, with the results showing the number of viable counts of vibrios in clams to peak during the latter. Vibrio parahaemolyticus was the predominant species identified among the isolated strains. Although only one of 109 total strains carried the tdh virulence gene, 69% of isolates showed evidence of hemolytic capacity when subjected to a functional test. Similar virulence patterns and biochemical properties were found in strains isolated from Indian and Swedish marine waters. Antibiotic resistance was, however, more pronounced in strains isolated from these latter two environments.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
ASSESSING SEASONAL CLIMATIC IMPACT ON WATER RESOURCES AND CROP PRODUCTION USING CLIGEN AND WEPP MODELS

Physically based response models are useful tools for assessing climatic impact on water resources and crop 
productivity. Most response models require daily weather, which is often synthesized using stochastic daily weather 
generators. Synthesis of climate scenarios using weather generators provides an effective means for making impact 
assessments. The objectives were to evaluate the ability of the CLIGEN model to generate various climate scenarios and to 
assess further the hydrological and crop productivity responses using the WEPP model. The CLIGEN model was evaluated 
at four Oklahoma weather stations with mean annual precipitation ranging from 420 to 1150 mm and was then used to 
generate typical climate scenarios that represent wet, dry, and average conditions for Chandler, Oklahoma. The WEPP model 
was used to simulate hydrologic and grain yield responses to the generated climate scenarios. Results show that CLIGEN 
simulated daily and monthly precipitation reasonably well. CLIGEN was capable of preserving statistics of monthly 
precipitation as well as reproducing seasonal precipitation patterns for the dry, average, and wet year conditions. Simulated 
surface runoff, deep percolation, and plant transpiration increased as precipitation increased, but the rates of the increase 
varied with initial soil moisture levels and total precipitation. Predicted percent increase of wheat grain yield per 1% increase 
of growing–season precipitation, which was a function of initial soil moisture and total precipitation, ranged from 0.5% to 
0.75%. Overall results indicate that CLIGEN is capable of translating monthly climate forecasts into daily weather series 
while preserving statistics of the forecasts. This study demonstrates that CLIGEN, when used in conjunction with response 
models such as WEPP, provides a useful tool for assessing the impact of seasonal climate variations or forecasts on water 
resources and crop production.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Published Tests—Which Ones Do Special Education Teachers Perceive as Useful?

Three hundred eighty-two special education teachers from 92 school districts in 42 states completed questionnaires in which they listed the published tests they perceive as useful in making diagnostic and placement decisions. The perceived usefulness of many tests varied as a function of the exceptionality served and the geographical region in which the respondents worked. Those tests most frequently listed were not necessarily the most psychometrically sound, but they tended to be attractive and easy to administer.

Field of study: Education
Identification of 7-hydroperoxycholesterol in human liver by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.

A liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry with an atmospheric chemical ionization interface has been developed to identify simultaneously various oxygenated cholesterols in lipid extracts from alcoholic fatty liver.



We collected human liver tissues from alcoholic and control subjects at autopsy. We purified the lipid extracts with solid phase extraction and injected them onto a spherisorb ODS column, by using methanol that contained 10 mM ammonium acetate as a mobile phase and a flow rate of 0.7 ml/min.



We found the presence of 7-hydroperoxycholesterol and other oxysterols (5-cholesten-3beta-ol-7-one, cholest-5-ene-3beta, 7-diol, and 5, 6beta-epoxy-5beta-cholestan-3beta-ol) in alcoholic fatty liver tissues.



We assume that long-term ethanol ingestion leads to excessive oxidative stress and to the accumulation of cholesterol-derived hydroperoxides and oxysterols in alcoholic fatty liver.

Field of study: Medicine
AP-2β represses D1A dopamine receptor gene transcription in Neuro2a cells

Expression of the D 1A dopamine receptor in brain is restricted to specific neuronal populations. To investigate the mechanism of this selective expression, we localized a silencer upstream of the human D 1A gene and identified its binding transcription factor in the D 1A -negative neural cell line Neuro2a. Using deletion CAT analysis, we narrowed this silencer to the region between nucleotides −561 and −532 relative to the CAP site. This 30-bp region, designated D1AS1, contains a sequence homologous to the AP-2 binding site and binds to a factor that also interacts with the AP-2 consensus sequence. In gel supershift assays, this factor is recognized by anti-AP-2β antibody. Co-transfection of Neuro2a cells with an AP-2β expression vector repressed the basal CAT activity of D 1A promoter–reporter plasmids in a D1AS1-dependent manner. RT-PCR analysis indicated that, among AP-2 family members, Neuro2a cells express only AP-2β. Furthermore, co-transfection of these cells with decoy oligonucleotides corresponding to the D1AS1 sequence de-repressed the D 1A gene promoter. Unlike in Neuro2a cells, AP-2β could not repress the D 1A promoter in the D 1A -positive neural cell line, NS20Y. In addition, the expression of AP-2β in different brain regions does not inversely correlate with that of D 1A dopamine receptor. These observations taken together indicate that AP-2β is a repressive transcription factor that acts on the D1AS1 silencer of the D 1A dopamine receptor gene via some cell-specific mechanism(s) in Neuro2a.

Field of study: Biology
Contribution to mathematical modelling of charging and discharging of the seasonal heat storage tank

The seasonal heat storage tank is the most important component of the SDH system, which allows significant increase in the share of solar energy in heat supply in comparison with conventional solar systems with short-term accumulation of heat. The adverse impact of their investment sophistication on competitiveness may be compensated by the increased use. For example: Administrative cooperation with heat pump allows increasing the accumulation capacity of the seasonal heat storage tank. Such cooperetion causes the direct use of heating energy and the accumulation of cooling energy produced by heat punp in the final stage of the heating period. It can be used to remote cooling supplied buildings. Experimentation on mathematical models is possible to obtain valuable insights about the dynamics of the processes of charging and discharging in the seasonal storage tank and subsequently used in the design, implementation and operation.

Field of study: Engineering
Symetries of modules of differential operators on $S^{1|1}$

Let $\frak F_{\l}$ be the space of tensor densities of degree $\lambda$ on the supercircle $S^{1|1}$. We consider the space $\mathfrak{D}_{\lambda,\mu}^k$ of k-th order linear differential operators from $\frak F_{\l}$ to $\frak F_{\mu}$ as $\mathfrak{osp}(1|2)$-module and we determine the space $\mathfrak{I}_{\lambda,\mu}^k$ of linear maps on $\mathfrak{D}_{\lambda,\mu}^k$ commuting with the $\mathfrak{osp}(1|2)$-action.

Field of study: Mathematics
Stratiform precipitation in regions of convection : A meteorological paradox ?

It was once generally thought that stratiform precipitation was something occurring primarily, if not exclusively, in middle latitudes—in baroclinic cyclones and fronts. Early radar observations in the Tropics, however, showed large radar echoes composed of convective rain alongside stratiform precipitation, with the stratiform echoes covering great areas and accounting for a large portion of the tropical rainfall. These observations seemed paradoxical, since stratiform precipitation should not have been occurring in the Tropics, where baroclinic cyclones do not occur. Instead it was falling from convection-generated clouds, generally thought to be too violent to be compatible with the layered, gently settling behavior of stratiform precipitation. In meteorology, convection is a dynamic concept; specifically, it is the rapid, efficient, vigorous overturning of the atmosphere required to neutralize an unstable vertical distribution of moist static energy. Most clouds in the Tropics are convection-generated...

Field of study: Environmental science
Analysis of a microwave-heated planar propagating hydrogen plasma

The heating of a gas to high temperatures by absorption of microwave radiation has been proposed as a potential electrothermal rocket propulsion system. One possible mode of microwave energy absorption is by means of a planar plasma region propagating toward the source of the microwave radiation. Such a planar propagating plasma can be spatially stabilized by a gas stream flowing in the same direction as the microwave radiation with a velocity equal to the plasma propagation velocity. A one-dimensional analysis of the microwave-heated planar propagating plasma for hydrogen gas was developed to predict maximum gas temperatures and propagation velocities. The governing electromagnetic and energy equations were numerically integrated with temperature-dependent thermodynamic properties of equilibrium hydrogen. The propagation velocity eigenvalue was solved by means of an iterative technique. Temperature distribution in the gas, propagation velocities, and percent power absorbed, reflected and transmitted, were obtained as a function of incident microwave power at a frequency of 2.45 GHza for hydrogen gas pressures of 1 and 10 atm. 19 references.

Field of study: Physics
Solid state nucleation in the Ti-Si ultrathin film system

We have observed phase nucleation in ultrathin Ti films deposited. upon Si substrates using transmission electron diffraction (TED). After subjecting the samples to vacuum annealing at various temperatures, we find that the first compound phase formed is a metastable super structure of the Si lattice. We present evidence that this phase is the same one seen previously in thicker films which was labeled as “TiSi”.

Field of study: Materials science
The therapeutic use of local heat and cold.

Thermotherapy and cryotherapy are often valuable in the treatment of pain, inflammation and muscle spasm. Safe use of available modalities depends on specific knowledge of their contraindications. The choice of method requires an understanding of the physiological effects of heat and cold. The choice of any individual thermal modality depends on several factors including size of the area to be treated, ease of application, affordability, duration of application and depth of penetration.

Field of study: Medicine
Impact of electrokinetic remediation on microbial communities within PCP contaminated soil.

Electrokinetic techniques have been used to stimulate the removal of organic pollutants within soil, by directing contaminant migration to where remediation may be more easily achieved. The effect of this and other physical remediation techniques on the health of soil microbial communities has been poorly studied and indeed, largely ignored. This study reports the impact on soil microbial communities during the application of an electric field within ex situ laboratory soil microcosms contaminated with pentachlorophenol (PCP; 100mg kg(-1) oven dry soil). Electrokinetics reduced counts of culturable bacteria and fungi, soil microbial respiration and carbon substrate utilisation, especially close to the acidic anode where PCP accumulated (36d), perhaps exacerbated by the greater toxicity of PCP at lower soil pH. There is little doubt that a better awareness of the interactions between soil electrokinetic processes and microbial communities is key to improving the efficacy and sustainability of this remediation strategy.

Field of study: Environmental science
Modeling biodegradation and kinetics of glyphosate by artificial neural network

An artificial neural network (ANN) model was developed to simulate the biodegradation of herbicide glyphosate [2-(Phosphonomethylamino) acetic acid] in a solution with varying parameters pH, inoculum size and initial glyphosate concentration. The predictive ability of ANN model was also compared with Monod model. The result showed that ANN model was able to accurately predict the experimental results. A low ratio of self-inhibition and half saturation constants of Haldane equations (< 8) exhibited the inhibitory effect of glyphosate on bacteria growth. The value of Ki/Ks increased when the mixed inoculum size was increased from 104 to 106 bacteria/mL. It was found that the percentage of glyphosate degradation reached a maximum value of 99% at an optimum pH 6-7 while for pH values higher than 9 or lower than 4, no degradation was observed.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
MO‐F‐214‐08: A New Method for Linear Accelerator Characterization for VMAT Using Cine‐EPID

A cine‐EPID based method to separately measure the mechanical motioncharacteristics of gantry, jaws and multi‐leaf collimator as a function of gantry angle during VMAT has been developed.  Irradiations were performed using 6 MV beams of a Varian Trilogy linear accelerator with an aS1000 EPID.Images were acquired using 360 MU irradiations at 600 MU/min in cine acquisition mode at 2 Hz frame‐rate. To establish the gantry isocentre, a Winston‐Lutz technique was used with a circular collimator rigidly attached to the gantry head. The displacement of the centre of a fixed tungsten ball at isocentre from the field centre was determined on each image with a sub‐pixel thresholding technique. EPID coordinates were transformed to room coordinates. Jaw and MLC sag relative to the gantry head were determined from the displacement of a gantry‐mounted tungsten ball relative to static jaw and MLC positions. MLC speed constancy was determined by segmenting MLC positions on each image for a constant leaf‐speed test pattern. Gantry speed constancy was assessed with an independent liquid‐based inclinometer and the linac gantry angle potentiometer.  The gantry isocentre was ∼ 1 mm amplitude with changes in isocentre occuring over time suggesting frequent measurement is required. Jaw sag was found to be very small ∼ 0.2 mm amplitude, with MLC sag ∼ 0.6 mm. Average leaf speed was found to be consistent for the MLC leaves however the variation in speed varied systematically across the leaf bank which requires further investigation. Gantry speed was consistent although the inclinometer was found to lag ∼ 2 degrees in reading from the potentiometer.  The cine‐EPID based method quantifies the mechanical motioncharacteristics of the linac as a function of gantry angle during arc‐therapy with improved precision and efficiency of quality assurance over previous methods. This work supported by NHMRC Grant 569211

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Increased levels of reactive oxygen species and expression of a cytoplasmic aconitase/iron regulatory protein 1 homolog during the early response of maize pulvini to gravistimulation.

The maize (Zea mays L.) stem pulvinus is a disc of tissue located apical to each node that functions to return a tipped stem to a more upright position via increased cell elongation on its lower side. We investigated the possibility that reactive oxygen species (ROS) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), in particular, are involved in the gravitropic response of the pulvinus prior to initiation of the growth response by employing the cytochemical stain 3,3'-diaminobenzidine (DAB). DAB polymers were found in the bundle sheath cells of gravistimulated pulvini in association with amyloplasts after 1 min of gravistimulation, and the signal spread throughout the cytosol of these cells by 30 min. Furthermore, treatment of maize stem explants containing pulvini with 1 mm H2O2 on their upper sides caused reversal of bending polarity. Similar, though less dramatic, results were obtained via application of 1 mm ascorbic acid to the lower side of the explants. In addition, we determined that a maize cytoplasmic aconitase/iron regulatory protein 1 (IRP1) homolog is up-regulated in the pulvinus bundle sheath cells after gravistimulation using suppressive subtractive hybridization PCR (SSH PCR), real-time RT-PCR and in situ hybridization. Although we do not yet know the role of the IRP1 homolog in the pulvinus, the protein is known to be a redox sensor in other systems. Collectively, our results point to an increase in ROS quite early in the gravitropic signalling pathway and its possible role in determining the direction of bending of the pulvini. We speculate that an ROS burst may serve to link the physical phenomenon of amyloplast sedimentation to the changes in cellular biochemistry and gene expression that facilitate directional growth.

Field of study: Environmental science
Performance Analysis and Simulation of a New Ultra-Wideband Correlation Receiver Based on Transmitted-Reference

By extending the idea of transmitted~-reference to multiple signals in a frame,this paper presents a new Ultra-Wideband(UWB) differential correlation receiver.This receiver was analyzed in theory and simulated in the indoor UWB multipath channels.The results show that its performance is better than traditional autocorrelation receiver,especially at 0-4m distance.It also has low complexity and easy to realize.

Field of study: Engineering
Periodic solutions of degenerate differential equations in vector-valued function spaces

Let A and M be closed linear operators defined on a complex Banach space X. Using operator-valued Fourier multipliers theorems, we obtain necessary and sufficient conditions to guarantee existence and uniqueness of periodic solutions to the equation d dt (Mu(t)) = Au(t) + f(t), in terms of either boundedness or R-boundedness of the modified resolvent operator determined by the equation. Our results are obtained in the scales of periodic Besov and periodic Lebesgue vector-valued spaces.

Field of study: Mathematics
Tissue- and developmental-stage-specific methylation in the two kidney promoters of the rat gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase gene.

We have investigated, using DNA methylation patterning, the site-specific methylation of promoters I and II of the rat gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase gene. This analysis was done in fetal, newborn and adult rat kidney, in which promoters I and II are progressively active during development, as well as in rat liver, which never expresses mRNAs from these two promoters. During kidney development, a progressive demethylation occurs in the promoter I and II region, specially at the level of the most proximal MspI site of promoter II. A progressive reorganization of the methylated sites within the 5' end of the gene also occurs during liver development.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
How safe are reactor emergency cooling systems

The need to increase the nation's electrical energy resources during the coming decades will place heavy demands upon the nuclear power industry. Nuclear power plants, both old and new, must meet Atomic Energy Commission regulations, which include the requirement for an emergency‐core‐cooling system to control the damage that might result from a loss‐of‐coolant accident (a “LOCA”). In this article, we will discuss emergency provisions for such accidents, the development and verification of appropriate mathematical models for the processes involved, related experimental programs, and we will assess the progress of the AEC's program in these areas.

Field of study: Physics