nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
A DDC-based capacity controller of a direct expansion (DX) air conditioning (A/C) unit for simultaneous indoor air temperature and humidity control – Part I: Control algorithms and preliminary controllability tests

For residential buildings located in the subtropics, direct expansion (DX) air conditioning (A/C) units are commonly used. Most DX A/C units are currently equipped with single-speed compressors and supply fans, relying on on–off cycling compressors as a low-cost approach to maintain only indoor air dry-bulb temperature, resulting in either space overcooling or an uncontrolled equilibrium indoor relative humidity (RH) level. With the rapid development of A/C industry, the use of variable-speed compressor and supply fan has become more and more prevalent and practical. This paper, the first part of a two-part series, reports on the development of a novel direct digital control (DDC)-based capacity controller for a DX A/C unit having variable-speed compressor and supply fan to simultaneously control indoor air temperature and RH in a conditioned space served by the DX A/C unit. The controller is the first of its kind as a composite parameter, sensible heat ratio (SHR), is used as a controlled parameter. The core element of the capacity controller, a numerical calculation algorithm (NCA) is firstly presented. This is followed by reporting the results of preliminary controllability tests of the DDC-based capacity controller, which suggested that the controller developed could achieve a reasonable control accuracy, but with room for improvement with respect to control sensitivity. Part II of the two-part series reports on the further development of the controller to improve its control sensitivity, and the results of associated controllability tests.

Field of study: Engineering
Potassium salt of nitroacetonitrile in the synthesis of nitrogen heterocycles

Methods of synthesis of 3-nitroazolo[5,1-с][1,2,4]triazin-4-amines, their conversion to [1,2,4]triazolo[5,1-c][1,2,4]triazine-3,4-diamines, and cyclization of one of the latter to 8H-imidazo[4,5-e][1,2,4]triazolo[5,1-c][1,2,4]triazine have been developed with stable potassium salt of nitroacetonitrile.

Field of study: Chemistry
Centered honeycomb NiSe2 nanoribbons, structure and electronic properties

Quasi-one-dimensional nanoribbons are excellent candidates for nanoelectronics and as electrocatalysts in hydrogen evolution reactions; therefore, we investigate by means of density functional theory the structure and electronic properties of a new kind of one-dimensional ribbons, namely, centered honeycomb NiSe2 nanoribbons. Depending on the crystallography and atomic composition of the edges, it is shown that these ribbons can belong to one of six zigzag or two armchair families. In the zigzag families, after edge reconstruction, all the bare ribbons are metallic. Hydrogen passivation produces band gaps in two of the six families by sweeping edge states, corresponding to the stablest nanoribbons. For the armchair nanoribbons, the geometrical reconstruction leads to semiconductors with small band gap, and the hydrogen passivation of the edges increases the band gap up to ∼0.6 eV. The inclusion of the spin–orbit interaction tends to reduce the band gaps, and the systems become metallic in the bulk limit.

Field of study: Physics
Inference for an age-dependent, multitype branching-process model of mast cells

We consider an age-dependent, multitype model for the growth of mast cells in culture. After a colony of cells is established by an initiator type, the two possible types of cells are resting and proliferative. Using novel inferential procedures, we estimate the generation-time distribution and the offspring distribution of proliferative cells, and the waiting-time distribution of resting cells.

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics
Radical, Reformist and Aborted Liberalism: Origins of National Regimes in Central America

During the twentieth century, the countries of Central America were characterised by remarkably different political regimes: military-authoritarianism in Guatemala and El Salvador, progressive democracy in Costa Rica and traditional-authoritarianism in Honduras and Nicaragua. This article explains these contrasting regime outcomes by exploring the agrarian and state-building reforms pursued by political leaders during the nineteenth- and early twentieth-century liberal reform period. Based on differences in the transformation of state and class structures, three types of liberalism are identified: radical liberalism in Guatemala and El Salvador, reformist liberalism in Costa Rica and aborted liberalism in Honduras and Nicaragua. It is argued that these types of liberalism set the Central American countries on contrasting paths of political development, culminating in diverse regime outcomes.

Field of study: Political science
Instrument failure detection and estimation methodology for the nuclear power plant

To detect instrument failures in a nuclear power plant, a failure detection and isolation (FDI) method based on the Kalman filter is developed. Each filter is designed to be insensitive to the failed measurements by decreasing the Kalman gain artificially. Since it is mainly dependent upon the dynamic model and averaged outputs, it can exactly indicate the direction of failures. Even though this concept minimizes the number of filters, it performs the role of analytic redundancy for estimation. As soon as the residual exceeds the predetermined bound, the Kalman filter indicates the possibility of failures. However, since the measurement may show false indication owing to abrupt noises, it must be confirmed several times by the multiple consecutive miscomparison counter, which is strongly dependent on measurement history. Then, if it is not in accordance with other measurements, detailed information on the status of the measurements is provided to help the operator's decision. Various simulations were performed to verify and validate the FDI logic in detecting steam generator and pressurizer instrument failures. It is shown that the FDI technique can detect not only a single failure but also simultaneous common-mode and sequential multiple failures of several direct redundancies. It can correctly estimate the physical states in real time, and the remaining time may be used for control with signal validation.

Field of study: Physics
Genome-Wide Analysis of mRNAs and lncRNAs of Intramuscular Fat Related to Lipid Metabolism in Two Pig Breeds

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) can regulate adipogenesis and lipid accumulation. Intramuscular fat deposition appears to vary in different pig breeds, and the regulation mechanism has not yet been fully elucidated at molecular level. Moreover, little is known about the function and profile of lncRNAs in intramuscular fat deposition and metabolism in pig. The aim of this study was thus to explore the regulatory functions of lncRNAs in intramuscular fat deposition.  In this study, Laiwu (LW) pig and Large White (LY) pig with significant difference in fat deposition were selected for use. RNA-seq technology and bioinformatics methods were used to comparatively analyze the gene expression profiles of intramuscular fat between LW and LY pigs to identify key mRNAs and lncRNAs associated with lipid metabolism and adipogenesis. Real-time fluorescence-based quantitative PCR was applied to verify the expression level of the differentially expressed mRNAs and lncRNAs.  A total of 513 mRNAs and 55 lncRNAs were differentially expressed between two pig breeds. By co-expression network construction as well as cis- and trans-regulated target gene analysis, 31 key lncRNAs were identified. Gene Ontology and KEGG pathway analyses revealed that differentially expressed genes and lncRNAs were mainly involved in the biological processes and pathways related to adipogenesis and lipid metabolism.  XLOC_046142, XLOC_004398 and XLOC_015408 may target MAPKAPK2, NR1D2 and AKR1C4, respectively, and play critical regulatory roles in intramuscular adipogenesis and lipid accumulation in pig. XLOC_064871 and XLOC_011001 may play a role in lipid metabolism-related disease via regulating TRIB3 and BRCA1. This study provides a valuable resource for lncRNA study and improves our understanding of the biological roles of lipid metabolism- related genes and molecular mechanism of intramuscular fat metabolism and deposition.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
[A role of carotid stenoses in the structure of early postoperative cognitive dysfunction in patients underwent coronary artery bypass grafting].

To analyze the structure and severity of early postoperative cognitive dysfunction as well the accompanying spectral electroencephalographic (EEG) changes in patients underwent coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) depending on the presence or absence of small and moderate internal carotid stenosis.



Fifty seven patients, aged from 45 to 70 years, were stratified into two groups: without stenosis (n=35, mean age 54.3±6.4 years) and with internal carotid stenosis (n=22, mean age of 57.5±5.8 years). For all patients planned on-pump CABG was performed.



The frequency and severity of cognitive deficits in the postoperative period were higher in patients with internal carotid stenosis compared to patients without stenosis. Also, the patients with stenosis had more pronounced EEG signs of cortical dysfunction and brain damage after CABG compared to patients without stenosis.



The presence of carotid >50% stenosis increases the severity of cognitive deficits and brain damage in patients underwent on-pump CABG.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Optimal and nonoptimal misfit stress relaxation in a semiconductor heterosystem

Misfit stress relaxation processes in a semiconductor heterosystem are divided into optimal and nonoptimal. Depending on the type of a process and degree of its completeness, four variants of a uniform stress field are established and experimentally detected in the surface layer of an epitaxial film. The interaction between threading dislocations that favors the transformation of nonoptimal relaxation into optimal is investigated.

Field of study: Physics
Oral Health in Kuwait before the Gulf War

The aim of this oral health survey was to determine the oral health status and oral health behavior in the whole population in Kuwait. This survey was part of the Kuwait Health Survey, which was conducted by the Ministry of Public Health. The original data were destroyed during the Gulf War (1990/1991), but the aim of this report is to publish the main findings concerning oral health and related factors.  The data were collected between April 1984 and April 1985. The sample consisted of 3,358 households and 26,530 individuals. The survey consisted of interviews and clinical examinations (>12-year-olds).  (1977) criteria were used for examinations.  Females were more often brushing their teeth at least once a day than males and non-Kuwaitis slightly more often than Kuwaitis. Over one third (39%) had visited a dentist during the previous 12 months. The proportion of subjects with soft deposit was 66%, calculus 45%, intensive gingivitis 46% and advanced periodontitis 18%. The caries experience was prevalent (52%) in primary dentition (<8-year-olds) and in permanent dentition, highest (95%) among the 60- to 64-year-olds.  Preventive programs for periodontal diseases and for dental caries are urgently needed. The coverage of curative care of both diseases also needs to be improved. Health behavior improvement should be targeted by oral health promotion activities.

Field of study: Medicine
Abandonos terapéuticos registrados en el ámbito de la hiperactividad y los trastornos del comportamiento. Influencia de variables individuales y familiares

Throughout this work we are going to analyze the influence 01 the inlantile disorder (delicit attenlion-hyperactivity disorder and oppositional deliant disorder), Ihe methods 01 behavior management used by the parents and their condition in the continuity or therapeutic drop-out on the part 01 the children previously diagnosed. 62 children have participated (5-12 years) in this study. After the diagnosis, the register 01 the presence/ absence 01 patients lo the programmed sessions 01 treatment allowed us to differentiate three groups: a) children who relused the recommended therapy, b) children who, after several sessions, interrupted the treatment and c) patients who ended up the intervention programo The results show the slgnificanl influence 01 the diagnosed disorder and the methods 01 behavioural management adopted by the parents in the therapeutic drop-outs, whose rate is estimated in 37% 01 the cases, similar to the results 01 published investigations on the subject.

Field of study: Mathematics
Wittig rearrangement of allyl furfuryl and allyl thienyl ethers and sulfides and their benzo-derivatives

Treatment of allyl furfuryl ethers and sulfides with butyllithium results in metallation at the free α-position of the heterocycle, with partial Wittig rearrangement to the isomeric alcohols and sulfides and ring opening. With the benzo-derivatives, Wittig rearrangement and ring opening takes place.

Field of study: Chemistry
Effects of cadmium on sediment processing on members of the Capitella species-complex.

The effect of cadmium on sediment processing by laboratory-cultured specimens of Capitella sp I and Capitella sp B was investigated. Specimens were exposed to 0, 60, 90 and 140 microg Cd g(-1) dry weight sediment for a 10 day period (two census days) to observe effects of cadmium on their feeding activity. Under unstressed conditions, Capitella sp I specimens were larger, had higher biomass and produced more fecal pellets than Capitella sp B. Cadmium concentrations had no effect on pellet production and body mass of the studied populations. However, cadmium exposure time significantly affected Capitella sp B pellet production and body mass of both populations following different trends: after 10 days of exposure, the average processed sediment per unit worm mass decreased in Capitella sp I but increased in Capitella sp B. The latter population did not reduce its feeding activity in the presence of cadmium maybe related to the fact that it is derived from a highly polluted environment. This study has shown an unimpaired response of Capitella sp I and Capitella sp B to cadmium in their sediment processing activity, which indicates the potential importance of this species complex in the trophic transfer of metals from sediments to other marine organisms.

Field of study: Environmental science
Is Government Capital Expenditure Productive? Evidence from Nigerian Manufacturing Sector (1971-2012)

This paper investigates the relationship between Nigeria’s capital expenditure and the growth of the manufacturing sector from 1971-2012. The ordinal least square method is used to show the relationship between capital expenditure and manufacturing output. Manufacturing Gross domestic product is taken as dependent variable while exchange rate, interest rate, political stability, recurrent expenditure, money supply, interest rate, index of energy consumption, credit to private sector, degree of openness and rate of growth of GDP as independent variables. All the variables used are integrated of order one except political stability which is a dummy variable. The results suggest that there is a positive relation between rate of growth of GDP, capital expenditure, money supply, openness of the economy, recurrent expenditure and manufacturing output in the country. In the light of the above, the papers recommends, among other things, government should increase the capital expenditure and reduce recurrent expenditure and also make sure that government funds are properly managed in a manner that it will raise the nation’s production capacity and accelerate economic growth.

Field of study: Education, Sociology
Zur Bandenanalyse der an Zn S-Phosphoren durch α-Strahlen erregten Szintillationsspektren

ZusammenfassungEs werden die Spektren der von α-Strahlen an Zn S-Phosphoren bekannter Zusammensetzung erregten Szintillationen einer eingehenden Analyse unter-worfen. Es zeigt sich dabei, da\ sich die Bandenspektren leicht in Einzelbanden auflösen lassen. Weiter wird untersucht, welchen Einflu\ Fremdmetall und Schmelzzusatz auf die spektrale Lichtverteilung haben.

Field of study: Physics
Correlation of sedimentary units from grain-size and mineralogic analyses as a tool for constraining trench interpretations in palaeoseismology

In palaeoseismological trench studies, precise correlation of sedimentary units between fault blocks has an unquestionable value for accurately inferring the amounts of coseismic displacement and hence for assessing seismic hazard. A methodology based on laser analysis of particle size and mineralogic composition by X-ray diffraction is proposed in order to strengthen the correlation of sedimentary units in a trench excavated across the Concud Fault (central Iberian Chain, Spain). The surveyed sediments show sharp and multiple lateral facies changes, as well as inconsistent optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) ages. The results reinforce the correlation based on field inspection of lithologic and sedimentologic features. Moreover, they allow interpretation of rejuvenation of OSL ages of samples in the upthrown fault block, which has been attributed to partial erosion of sedimentary units, as evidenced by their smaller thickness and erosive boundaries. The correlated units are then used to estimate coseismic displacements for three palaeoseismic events.

Field of study: Environmental science
Coping with intergenerational family conflict among Asian American college students

Two coping strategies-problem solving and social support seeking-were hypothesized to differentially moderate the effects of intergenerational family conflict on well-being and adjustment in a college sample of 117 Asian American young adult children. Results indicated that social support served as a protective-stabilizing factor that buffered the effects of family conflict on positive affect and somatic distress. Problem-solving coping served as a protective-reactive factor that had a positive effect on positive affect when family conflict was low and a negative effect when family conflict was high. The potential implications of these findings for counseling and conducting research on Asian American college students are discussed.

Field of study: Psychology
A flexible framework for Future Internet design, assessment, and operation

Many clean-slate approaches for Future Internet architectures aim at replacing the current architecture with just a single new architecture. Network virtualization, however, paves the way for the concurrent support of multiple network architectures. With today's diversity of networked applications, supporting many specialized architectures is a more future-proof solution. Therefore, we propose a flexible framework for the design and development of new architectures and their concurrent operation. In addition, we provide means for assessing competing protocol implementations and for selecting the most suited one for a particular communication task, based on the requirements imposed by applications and users.

Field of study: Computer science
Effects of aging on mnemonic discrimination of emotional information.

Episodic memory loss is one of the hallmarks of age-related cognitive decline and a major symptom of Alzheimer's disease. The persistence and strength of memories is determined by modulatory factors such as emotional arousal. Whether emotional memories are preserved with age or if these memories are just as susceptible to loss and forgetting is not well understood. We have recently shown that emotion alters how similar memories are stored using nonoverlapping representations (i.e., pattern separation) in an emotional mnemonic discrimination task. Here, we extend this work to testing young and older adults at 2 time points (immediately after encoding and 24 hr later). Overall, older adults performed worse than young adults, a memory deficit that was not secondary to perceptual or attentional deficits. When tested immediately, older adults were impaired on neutral target recognition but intact on emotional target recognition. We also found that a pattern we previously reported in young adults (reduced emotional compared to neutral discrimination of similar items) was reversed in older adults. When tested after 24 hr, young adults exhibited less forgetting of emotional targets compared to neutral, while older adults exhibited more forgetting of emotional targets. Finally, discrimination of highly similar positive items was preserved in older adults. These results suggest that emotional modulation of memory interacts with age in a complex manner such that the emotion-induced memory trade-off reported in young adults is reversed in older adults. These findings shed light on how emotion and memory interact in the aging brain.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Chromium-Based Metal-Organic Framework MIL101(Cr)–CdSe Quantum Dot Composites: Synthesis, Morphology, Gas Adsorption and Photoluminescent Properties

Chromium-based metal-organic framework MIL101(Cr)–CdSe quantum dot (QD) composites were synthesized by two different approaches: (a) loading the pre-synthesized CdSe QDs onto the surface of the MIL101(Cr) particles [denoted as CdSe/MIL101(Cr)] and (b) in situ synthesis of CdSe QDs into the pores of MIL101(Cr) (denoted as CdSe@Cr-MIL-101). The effect of synthesis technique on morphology, gas adsorption and photoluminescent properties of the as-prepared MOF-QD composites has been investigated. It was found that the porosity of composite materials strongly depends on the loading amount of CdSe QDs. Interestingly, the incorporation of CdSe QDs into/onto to MIL101(Cr) has enhanced optical absorption of the composites in the visible region (redshift) and therefore has potential applications in photocatalysis or solar cells.

Field of study: Materials science
Immobilization of R-ω-transaminase on MnO2 nanorods for catalyzing the conversion of (R)-1-phenylethylamine.

R-ɷ-transaminases transfer an amino group from an amino donor (e.g. (R)-1-phenylethylamine) onto an amino acceptor (e.g. pyruvate), resulting a co-product (e.g. d-alanine). This work intends to immobilize R-ɷ-Transaminase on MnO2 nanorods to achieve multienzyme catalysis. R-ɷ-Transaminase (RTA) and d-amino acid oxidase (DAAO) have been fused to an elastin-like polypeptide (ELP) separately through genetic engineering of the enzymes. ELP-RTA and ELP-DAAO have been separately immobilized on polydopamine-coated MnO2 nanorods. When the two immobilized enzymes were used together in one pot, the transformation of (R)-1-phenylethylamine was catalyzed by the immobilized ELP-RTA, and the co-product d-alanine was converted back to pyruvate under the catalysis of the immobilized ELP-DAAO, achieving the recycling of pyruvate in situ. Thus pyruvate was maintained at a low concentration in order to reduce its negative effect. On the other hand, the generated H2O2 of ELP-DAAO was decomposed by the MnO2 nanorods, and the evolved oxygen oxidized the reduced cofactors of ELP-DAAO. Forming the circles of hydrogen peroxide→oxygen→hydrogen peroxide accelerated the deamination reaction. The highly efficient conversion of the co-product d-alanine back to pyruvate accelerated the forming of the pyruvate→d-alanine→pyruvate cycle between the two immobilized enzymes. The coordination of the pyruvate→d-alanine→pyruvate and hydrogen peroxide→oxygen→hydrogen peroxide cycles accelerated the transformation of (R)-1-phenylethylamine. As a result, As a result, the immobilized enzymes achieved a conversion of 98±1.8% in comparison to 69.6±1.2% by free enzymes.

Field of study: Biology, Engineering