nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Electromagnetic Design of a 16–9 T High Field Double Superconducting Magnets System for Nuclear Demagnetization Refrigerator

A double superconducting magnets system with a high-temperature superconductor (HTS) magnet and a low-temperature superconductor (LTS) magnet is designed for a nuclear demagnetization refrigerator for experimental study on quantum physics. The HTS magnet will generate 16 T field for physical experiments and the LTS magnet will generate 9 T field for nuclear demagnetization refrigeration. Electromagnetic design steps, including linear programming, nonlinear optimization, and current density gradation for both HTS and LTS magnets, are introduced in detail. Results show that the field requirements are satisfied. Current margin and stress are well considered for Yttrium Barium Copper Oxide conductor, Nb3Sn wire, and NbTi wire used in the magnets.

Field of study: Physics
Subcloning, crystallization and preliminary X-ray analysis of the signal receiver domain of ETR1, an ethylene receptor from Arabidopsis thaliana.

The signal receiver domain of ETR1, an ethylene receptor from Arabidopsis thaliana, has been subcloned and expressed in E. coli and purified by affinity chromatography. Crystals of both native and a selenomethionine-substituted form of the receiver domain have been obtained. Native crystals grew in 1.6 M Li2SO4 and 0.1 M HEPES pH 7. 5 and once flash-frozen diffract to 2.1 A resolution. They belong to space group P41212 with unit-cell dimensions a = b = 48.4, c = 112.3 A.

Field of study: Chemistry
SU-E-J-62: Comparison of Brainlab ExacTrac, AlignRT, and CBCT Positional Accuracy for SRS Set-Up on a TrueBeam STx.

To compare the ability of Brainlab ExacTrac (Brainlab AG, Feldkirchen, Germany) x-ray (XRAY), Brainlab infrared array (IR), cone beam CT (CBCT), and AlignRT (VisionRT Ltd., London, UK) to accurately measure patient displacement during stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) on a Varian TrueBeam STx (Varian Inc, Palo Alto, CA).



A CT scan was obtained for a custom skull phantom placed in a Brainlab frameless SRS immobilization system with the Brainlab CT localizer box attached. A generic plan was created in Brainlab iPlan and sent to Brainlab ExacTrac, to AlignRT, and to the TrueBeam. The skull phantom was set-up on the TrueBeam and positioned to isocenter using XRAY. Next, CBCT and IR were acquired and evaluated to determine baseline positions for these methods. A new AlignRT reference surface was acquired as baseline. The phantom was then displaced 2 mm in the vertical, lateral, and longitudinal dimensions using the TrueBeam couch (the couch tolerance is 0.1 mm in each dimension). New XRAY, IR, CBCT, and AlignRT data was acquired in this position.



Initially, all methods found that the phantom was positioned with < 0.3 mm accuracy. After the shiftes, XRAY suggested shifts were 2.0, 2,1, 1.8 mm in the vertical, longitudinal, and lateral dimensions, respectively. The IR shifts were 1.7, 2.6, 2.1 mm. The CBCT shifts were 1.8, 1.8, 2.1 mm. The AlignRT shifts were 2.2, 1.6, 1.4 mm.



The internal XRAY and CBCT methods produced slightly better agreement with the table shifts. The external IR and AlignRT methods were less accurate, but still gave agreement of <= 0.6 mm. Note, the AlignRT cameras did not produce a clean surface off of the phantom. Improved accuracy is expected from a skin surface. This is preliminary work, more extensive study is needed to evaluate these methods.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Students' Perceptions of Their Self-Regulatory and other-Directed Study Strategies: A Factor Analysis

Edited items on the 24-item Self-efficacy for Self-regulated Learning Scale were combined with 7 items on external regulation developed in 1992 by Vermunt. The inventory was administered to 244 entering freshmen enrolled in a university orientation course. 19 students with incomplete responses were excluded from analysis. Exploratory factor analysis with promax rotation indicated the five factors of general organization and planning, external regulation, typical study strategies, environmental restructuring, and recall. Coefficients alpha were .87, .68, .74, .74, and .73, respectively.

Field of study: Psychology
Magnitude and timing of nictitating membrane movements during classical conditioning of the rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus).

A trial-by-trial, subject-by-subject analysis was conducted to determine whether generation of the conditioned response (CR) occurs on a continuous or all-or-none basis. Three groups of rabbits were trained on different partial reinforcement schedules with the conditioned stimulus presented alone on 10%, 30%, or 50%, respectively, of all trials. Plots of each rabbit's nictitating membrane movements revealed that their magnitude rose in a continuous fashion. Response growth during acquisition followed a sigmoidal curve, and the timing of CR-sized movements was largely stable throughout the experiment. The results are discussed with respect to alternative models of CR generation.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Semicarbazide-functionalized resin as a new scavenger for in situ recovery of 3-hydroxypropionaldehyde during biotransformation of glycerol by Lactobacillus reuteri.

3-Hydroxypropionaldehyde (3HPA), a potential C3-platform chemical for a biobased industry, is produced from glycerol using Lactobacillus reuteri through its glycerol dehydratase activity. However, the process is characterized by low yield and productivity due to toxic effects of 3HPA on the biocatalyst activity. In this study, a semicarbazide-functionalized resin was prepared, evaluated for adsorption and in situ recovery of 3HPA during biotransformation of glycerol. Adsorption of 3HPA onto the resin was characterized as “S-curve model”, increasing with increasing initial 3HPA concentration, and reached a maximum of 9.48 mmol/g(resin) at 71.54 mM 3HPA used. Desorption of 3HPA was evaluated using water and different acids, and was enhanced by acetic acid with organic modifiers. Repeated adsorption–desorption of 3HPA in batch resulted in elution of 13–66.5% of the bound 3HPA during at least three sequential cycles using water and acetic acid, respectively as eluants. Using the resin for in situ product removal led to more than 2 times higher productivity of 3HPA.

Field of study: Biology, Engineering
Death of the sole doctor at Takano Hospital 6 years after the Fukushima nuclear crisis-who is responsible for health care delivery in the Fukushima disaster zone?

Death of the sole doctor at Takano Hospital 6 years after the Fukushima nuclear crisis—who is responsible for health care delivery in the Fukushima disaster zone? A. Ozaki, Y. Shimada, K. Yamamoto, A. Hori, T. Sawano, T. Morita, C. Leppold, T. Tanimoto and M. Tsubokura From the Department of Surgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Minamisoma Municipal General Hospital, Fukushima 975-0033, Hori Mental Clinic, Fukushima 979-2335, Department of Internal Medicine, Soma Central Hospital, Fukushima 976-0016, Japan, Global Public Health Unit, School of Social and Political Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9LD, UK and Department of Internal Medicine, Jyoban Hospital of Tokiwa Foundation, Fukushima 972-8322, Japan

Field of study: Medicine
Synthesis and properties of high oil-absorbing resin

Lauryl acrylate is made by direct esterification of acrylic acid and lauryl alcohol,then used lauryl acrylate and butyl acrylate as monomers,N,N-methylenedi acrylamide as crosslinking agen,benzoyl peroxide as initiator,gelatin as dispersant and water as dispersion medium,the swelling high oil-absorbing resin is prepared by suspension polymerization.The best programmer is got by the orthogonal test,while its absorption dlynamics is also studied.The results show that n_(lauryl acrylate): n_(butyl acrylate)=1:2,the dosage of initiator is 3.0%,the dosage of cross linker is 2.2%,the dosage of disperse is 2.8%,the water -oil ratio is 8:1,reaction time is 5 h and reaction temperature is 80℃.At above conditions,the performance of the oil-absorbing resin is the best.The oil absorption rate of toluene reaches to 16.5 g/g,absorption rate to toluene and carbon tetrachloride are both above 10 g/g,the oil-absorbing resin basically reaches to saturation state in 3 h.At the same time the oil-keep rate reaches to more than 90%.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
The Accuracy of Computation with Approximate Numbers

1. General Considerations. The number of figures necessarily free from error in the result of a piece of computation may be determined by studying the relation between the number of digits in the result and the number of digits in the maximum error of the computation. It is the purpose of this essay to derive rules for the determination of the, number of digits which are certain to be correct in computations based on measurement, but it must be understood that these rules state the minimum number of correct digits so that the resuk of a specific piece of computation may be accurate for more places than the rules indicate. 2. Notation. Since the location of the decimal point has no connection with significant figures in a given number, it is assumed that the decimal point follows the last significant figure in each of the original numbers, the argument being somewhat simplified by this assumption. Accordingly the greatest error in the statement of the original numbers is ? 0.5. Let / and .B be the true values of two numbers such that A tQ /Oand B5i . , where m and n are positive incegers and where 0.1 < a < 1.0 and where 0.1 & < 1.0. Then by the convention adopted above, the number of significant figures in A and B are m and no respectively, and the observed values are not less than A 0.5 and B0.5 and not more than

Field of study: Mathematics
Observation of two distinct superconducting domes under pressure in tetragonal FeS

As the simplest iron-based superconductor, FeSe forms a tetragonal structure with transition temperature Tc ~ 8 K. With assistance of pressure, or other techniques, Tc can be greatly enhanced, even to above liquid nitrogen temperature. The newly discovered superconducting tetragonal FeS (Tc ~ 4.5 K), a sulfide counterpart of FeSe, promotes us on its high pressure investigation. The transport and structure evolution of FeS with pressure have been studied. A rapid suppression of Tc and vanishing of superconductivity at 4.0 GPa are observed, followed by a second superconducting dome with a 30% enhancement in maximum Tc. An onsite tetragonal to hexagonal phase transition occurs around 7.0 GPa, followed by a broad pressure range of phase coexistence. The residual deformed tetragonal phase is considered as the source of second superconducting dome. The observation of two superconducting domes in iron-based superconductors poses great challenges for understanding their pairing mechanism.

Field of study: Physics
Shock-induced hyperalgesia: III. Role of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and amygdaloid nuclei.

Rats exposed to a few moderately intense (1 mA) shocks subsequently exhibit lower vocalization thresholds to shock and thermal stimuli. They also exhibit facilitated learning in a Pavlovian conditioning paradigm. Together, these results suggest that shock exposure can enhance pain (hyperalgesia). The present study examined the role of the amygdala and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST), 2 systems that have been implicated in the induction and maintenance of negative affective states. Experiment 1 showed that lesions of the central, but not the basolateral, amygdala eliminate shock-induced hyperalgesia as measured by a decrease in vocalization thresholds to shock. Experiment 2 revealed that central nucleus lesions also prevent shock-induced sensitization of the vocalization response to heat. Anterior, but not posterior, BNST lesions had a similar effect.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Development of Students Worksheets Based on Discovery Learning in Thematic Learning for 4th Grader Elementary School

This study aims to develop teaching materials in the form of students worksheet based on discovery learning in thematic learning of fourth grader elementary school. The type of research used is research and development (R & D) that refers to the theory of Borg & Gall. The population of this study is all fourth grade elementary school students in Langkapura sub-district. Sample were taken by using random sampling technique as many as 56 students of SD Negeri 2 Langkapura. Data were collected through questionnaires and test questions. Questionnaire is used to measure the feasibility of students worksheets and test questions to measure the improvement of student learning outcomes. The results showed that students worksheet based on discovery learning were developed feasible and effective for learning. This is proved from the results of the acquisition of questionnaires by experts and teachers who stated that the development products are feasible based on didactic, construction and technical requirements. As well as the results of the calculation of effectiveness tests that obtain an average gain value of 0.365 which proves that students worksheet based on discovery learning are effective in improving student learning outcomes.  Student worksheets, Discovery learning, Learning outcomes

Field of study: Education
The flow of solutions of sodium alkybenzene sulphonate through porous media

The hydraulic conductivity of columns of coarse sand, silica gel or soil aggregates has been found to be greatly reduced when water is followed by solutions of a commercial detergent containing a range of homologues of sodium alkylbenzene sulphonate (ABS c ). There was no reduction when either pure C 12 homologues of ABS were used, or pure quartz and ABS c , and the reduction was temporary in the case of sand and silica gel. The concentration of ABS c required to reduce flow through sand was 120–250 ppm. The upper limit corresponded approximately to the measured critical micelle concentration. ABS c was precipitated at lower calcium concentrations than some C 12 homologues and was also more strongly absorbed. Gel filtration indicated that about 20% of ABS c consisted of homologues higher than C 12 . It is suggested that the reduction in flow rate was due to partial blockage of the porous medium by a gel of calcium ABS c , the calcium being derived from the matrix by ion exchange. With continued flow, the exchangeable calcium was depleted and the gel started to dissolve. Simultaneously the flow rate increased, unless ion exchange in itself had caused irreversible swelling of the matrix.

Field of study: Environmental science
Balancing Value Bracketing with the Integration of Moral Values in Psychotherapy: Evaluation of a Clinical Practice from the Perspective of Catholic Moral Theology

Value bracketing is a clinical practice proposed by graduate-level mental health counseling educators to help therapists-in-training learn how to avoid imposing their private values on clients as well as how to manage value conflicts with clients that emerge during the course of therapy. With value bracketing during professional work, a therapist does not refer to his or her private values so as not to influence a client’s decision-making process. When some academic writers describe this practice, however, they risk overemphasizing the distinction made between a therapist’s private values and the professional values that regulate his or her clinical work. This overemphasis is especially apparent in the assertion that a therapist’s religious morality must be entirely separated from the ethics of professional practice. In contrast with this viewpoint, I maintain that a Catholic therapist can both avoid imposing values on clients while at the same time balance value bracketing with the integration of religious morality into professional work. I approach this integration in two ways. First, I approach therapy from the perspective of the intellectual tradition from which value bracketing originates (the tradition of qualitative research involving phenomenological interviewing). From this perspective, I agree that bracketing is methodologically necessary during the stage of clinical interviewing but not necessarily during the stage of treatment planning (when both therapist and client consent to seek particular treatment goals). Second, I outline moral criteria derived from the Catholic intellectual tradition that can help therapists exercise practical wisdom when discerning their professional involvement in how clients will apply treatment outcomes outside of the therapy.  The goal of the foregoing discussion has been to explore how therapists might balance the clinical practice of value bracketing with a supplemental practice of value integration. Ways were sought for Catholic therapists to adopt the practice of value bracketing without it requiring the professional affirmation (in thought, word, or deed) of client decisions and behaviors that contradict the therapist’s private value system. An integration strategy to professional acculturation was explored where students and professionals seek to balance value bracketing with value integration. This balance is primarily to be located in the collaborative work of the therapist and the client when formulating a treatment plan together. At this stage of clinical work, a Catholic therapist consents to seek goals not only as a professional but also as a follower of Christ.

Field of study: Medicine, Philosophy
Scholarly Views on Theory: Its Nature, Practical Application, and Relation to World View in Business Research

Understanding theory, its practical application, and how to select a theoretical framework for research studies is often a challenging problem for new graduate and doctoral business students. As these students explore theory use in various fields and the general academic body of knowledge, this task can become even more daunting and confusing. There does not appear to be a common definition of theory across or within different disciplines. Further, scholars disagree on the value of theory and its practical application. This paper explores the scholarly nature of theory, its application, and its relationship to world view. Examples and a discussion are provided to better help students absorb this important yet ambiguous topic.

Field of study: Business
The Application of Multi-Center Governance Theory in the Governance of Meishe River in Haikou City

As a non-exclusive and competitive article, the river belongs to a typical public pond resource. People use the entire resource of the system together but enjoy the public resources of the resource unit. In this environment of use, individual rationality can easily lead to collective irrationality. In other words, rational individuals may cause congestion or degradation of resources. For rivers, it is a series of problems such as water quality deterioration and water pollution. This paper will introduce the polycentric governance theory of Ostrom and analyze the governance of Meishe River in Meilan District of Haikou City

Field of study: Engineering
Allosteric activation mechanism of the cys-loop receptors

Binding of a neurotransmitter to its ionotropic receptor opens a distantly located ion channel, a process termed allosteric activation. Here we review recent advances in the molecular mechanism by which the cys-loop receptors are activated with emphasis on the best studied nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). With a combination of affinity labeling, mutagenesis, electrophysiology, kinetic modeling, electron microscopy (EM), and crystal structure analysis, the allosteric activation mechanism is emerging. Specifically, the binding domain and gating domain are interconnected by an allosteric activation network. Agonist binding induces conformational changes, resulting in the rotation of a β sheet of amino-terminal domain and outward movement of loop 2, loop F, and cys-loop, which are coupled to the M2–M3 linker to pull the channel to open. However, there are still some controversies about the movement of the channel-lining domain M2. Nine angstrom resolution EM structure of a nAChR imaged in the open state suggests that channel opening is the result of rotation of the M2 domain. In contrast, recent crystal structures of bacterial homologues of the cys-loop receptor family in apparently open state have implied an M2 tilting model with pore dilation and quaternary twist of the whole pentameric receptor. An elegant study of the nAChR using protonation scanning of M2 domain supports a similar pore dilation activation mechanism with minimal rotation of M2. This remains to be validated with other approaches including high resolution structure determination of the mammalian cys-loop receptors in the open state.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
The Influence of the Heat-Affected Zone Mechanical Properties on the Behaviour of the Welding in Transverse Plate-to-Tube Joints

Eurocode 3 establishes the component method to analytically characterize the structural joints between beam and columns. When one of the members involved in the joint is a hollow section (i.e., a tube) there is a lack of information for the specific components present in the joint. There are two different ways to bridge the gap: experimental testing on the actual beam column joints involving tubular sections; or numerical modelization, typically by means of finite element analysis. For this second option, it is necessary to know the actual mechanical properties of the material. As long as the joint implies a welding process, there is a concern related to how the mechanical properties in the heat-affected zone (HAZ) influence the behavior of the joint. In this work, some coupons were extracted from the HAZ of the beam-column joint. The coupons were tested and the results were implemented in the numerical model of the joint, in an attempt to bring it closer to the experimental results of the tested joints.

Field of study: Materials science
Thermodynamic Stabilities of Phenonium Ions in the Gas Phase

Gas phase stabilities of substituted phenonium (ethylenearenium) ions have been determined based on bromide transfer equilibria. The phenonium ion has been found to be stable even more than t-butyl cation, and the substituent effect on its stability has been analyzed based on the LArSR Eq., giving a ρ value of −17.5 and an r of 0.60.

Field of study: Chemistry
Structured Stochastic Linear Bandits

The stochastic linear bandit problem proceeds in rounds where at each round the algorithm selects a vector from a decision set after which it receives a noisy linear loss parameterized by an unknown vector. The goal in such a problem is to minimize the (pseudo) regret which is the difference between the total expected loss of the algorithm and the total expected loss of the best fixed vector in hindsight. In this paper, we consider settings where the unknown parameter has structure, e.g., sparse, group sparse, low-rank, which can be captured by a norm, e.g., $L_1$, $L_{(1,2)}$, nuclear norm. We focus on constructing confidence ellipsoids which contain the unknown parameter across all rounds with high-probability. We show the radius of such ellipsoids depend on the Gaussian width of sets associated with the norm capturing the structure. Such characterization leads to tighter confidence ellipsoids and, therefore, sharper regret bounds compared to bounds in the existing literature which are based on the ambient dimensionality.

Field of study: Computer science
Scientific Posters: A Plea from a Conference Attendee

Conferences provide lots of opportunities to learn and poster sessions are supposed to be one of these venues. However, it seems most posters are not designed considering the reader or the venue; they are designed to reflect a potential manuscript. In this commentary, I provide a rationale why posters should be an illustrated abstract and provide some design tips to make the poster more reader friendly based on available research.

Field of study: Education, Medicine