nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Structural Evolution Following Spinodal Decomposition 
of the Pseudoternary Compound (Pb0.3Sn0.1Ge0.6)Te

Pseudoternary (Ge,Sn,Pb)Te compounds display favorable thermoelectric properties. Spinodal decomposition in the quasiternary (Ge,Sn,Pb)Te system is at the origin of a wide solubility gap at low Sn concentrations. The structural evolution of the spinodal decomposition was investigated as a function of aging time at 500°C, using x-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. The evolution of the structure at 500°C consists initially of a short diffusion-controlled demixing stage into Pb- and Ge-rich coherent areas, with compositions corresponding to the inflection points of the free-energy curve. The Pb-rich areas adopt configurations associated with the directions of the soft elastic moduli of the cubic compound. Both the Pb- and Ge-rich areas are supersaturated and undergo in a second stage a nucleation and growth process and give rise to a biphased structure with equilibrium compositions corresponding to the boundaries of the miscibility gap. The resulting Pb-rich areas display a relatively stable microstructure suggesting the presence of long-range interactions between the Pb-rich precipitates in the Ge-rich matrix.

Field of study: Materials science
Maternal blood vascular architecture of the dog placenta during the second half of pregnancy.

The maternal vascular architecture of the dog girdle placenta from 30 to 63 (full term) days of pregnancy was investigated on corrosion casts by means of scanning electron microscopy.Each zone in the zonary girdle of the dog placenta was supplied by the radial arteries which were emitted from the arcuate arteries. The radial arteries branched three to five times giving off arterioles in the middle of the labyrinth which reached the allantochorionic side of the labyrinth. Subsequently, the arterioles emitted capillaries which formed a network in the labyrinthine zone. The capillary network was oriented in feto-maternal direction. Venules originating from the network converged into the radial veins near the junctional zone. Finally the radial veins joined the arcuate veins.At 30 days of pregnancy, the capillary network of the labyrinthine zone had a basic architecture. It developed remarkably in quantity from 30 to 45 days of pregnancy, with prominent development from 40 to 45 days. Though the network continuously developed from 45 days onward, the rate of development was lower than before. In the placenta of 45 days, the capillary network of the labyrinthine zone completed its development as well as its arrangement.

Field of study: Biology
Distribution of trace element pollutants in a contaminated grassland ecosystem established on metalliferous fluorspar tailings. 1: lead.

Concentrations of lead in vegetation, invertebrates and small mammals in a grassland ecosystem evolved from a mine waste revegetation scheme indicated the high concentration of lead in the original tailings. Lead levels in invertebrates reflected dietary concentrations and feeding strategy, a pattern also true of the indigenous small mammals. Total body and tissue concentrations of lead in the herbivorous Microtus agrestis L. (field vole) and insectivorous Sorex araneus L. (common shrew) were significantly higher in the contaminated grassland than in an uncontaminated area, but concentration ratios (body:diet) were less than unity and there was no evidence of age-dependent accumulation of lead.

Field of study: Environmental science
Parallel finite automata for modeling concurrent software systems

The class of parallel finite automata (PFAs) is described that naturally expresses the interleaving parallelism inherent in Petri net notation without admitting the possibility of an infinite state space. The equivalence of this class to deterministic finite automata (DFAs) is demonstrated via an algorithm for generating an equivalent nondeterministic finite automaton (NFA) from a PFA. A composition rule is given for constructing a PFA from a regular expression with the interleaving operator. Finally, the languages generated by this class are related to known classes of Petri net languages. Though class PFA is equivalent in recognition power to class DFA, the fact that DFAs are a structural subset of PFAs makes the PFA representation preferable for many applications requiring finite automata models. As an example, we discuss the usefulness of PFA notation as a structural model for hypertex and nonlinear interactive information networks in general.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Physique and event specific physical capacities of young female volleyball athletes in China

By studying the physique and event specific physical capacities of 97 athletes participating in nationwide young female volleyball athletes training in 2006,the authors revealed the following findings:There is a significant difference in physique indexes such as statue,finger length and body weight between young female volleyball ath-letes and adult athletes in China,especially there is a lack of tall athletes in China;the level of physical capacities,such as running assisted jump touch and continuous jump touch,should be further uplifted.

Field of study: Education
Genome-Wide Searches for Bipolar Disorder Genes

Whole-genome linkage and association studies of bipolar disorder are beginning to provide some compelling evidence for the involvement of several chromosomal regions and susceptibility genes in the pathogenesis of bipolar disorder. Developments in genotyping technology and efforts to combine data from different studies have helped in identifying chromosomes 6q16-q25, 13q, and 16p12 as probable susceptibility loci for bipolar disorder and confirmed CACNA1C and ANK3 as susceptibility genes for bipolar disorder. However, a lack of replication is still apparent in the literature. New studies focusing on copy number variants as well as new analytical approaches utilizing pathway analysis offer a new direction in the study of the genetics of bipolar disorder.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Efficient Inter-Datacenter Bulk Transfers with Mixed Completion Time Objectives

Bulk transfers from one to multiple datacenters can have many different completion time objectives ranging from quickly replicating some $k$ copies to minimizing the time by which the last destination receives a full replica. We design an SDN-style wide-area traffic scheduler that optimizes different completion time objectives for various requests. The scheduler builds, for each bulk transfer, one or more multicast forwarding trees which preferentially use lightly loaded network links. Multiple multicast trees are used per bulk transfer to insulate destinations that have higher available bandwidth and can hence finish quickly from congested destinations. These decisions--how many trees to construct and which receivers to serve using a given tree--result from an optimization problem that minimizes a weighted sum of transfers' completion time objectives and their bandwidth consumption. Results from simulations and emulations on Mininet show that our scheduler, Iris, can improve different completion time objectives by about $2.5\times$.

Field of study: Computer science
BIAS REDUCTION AND ELIMINATION WITH KERNEL ESTIMATORS

A great deal of research has focused on improving the bias properties of kernel estimators. One proposal involves removing the restriction of non-negativity on the kernel to construct “higher-order” kernels that eliminate additional terms in the Taylor's series expansion of the bias. This paper considers an alternative that uses a local approach to bandwidth selection to not only reduce the bias, but to eliminate it entirely. These so-called “zero-bias bandwidths” are shown to exist for univariate and multivariate kernel density estimation as well as kernel regression. Implications of the existence of such bandwidths are discussed. An estimation strategy is presented, and the extent of the reduction or elimination of bias in practice is studied through simulation and example.

Field of study: Mathematics
QUANTITATIVE CLASSIFICATION OF OVERALL SAFETY OF OPEN WHARFS ON PILES

Open wharfs on piles are an important structure form, and are widely used throughout the nation. Due to their structural complexity, safety issues associated with open wharfs have always received the attention of engineers. By assessing a series of standards for structural reliability analysis both at home and abroad, and examining previous research on structural safety classifications, the present study developed a quantitative classficiation system for the overall safety evaluation of open wharfs on piles. The ultimate bearing capacity was used to represente structural resistance, and structural reliability indices were calculated. Relevant standards were referred to when retrospectively calculating the objective reliability indices. In addition, the classification system was further examined under variable loadings, with a view to gaining greater insight into safety evaluation processes of such structures. A case example was also used in this study, applying the developed classification system, and the results were backed up by the knowledge gained from engineering practice.

Field of study: Engineering
Confirmatory Factor Analysis of Dospert Scale with Chinese University Students

The factor structure of the 30-item Domain Specific Risk Taking Attitude (DOSPERT) scale (Blais & Weber, 2006) was examined with a convenience sample of 205 Chinese undergraduate students from Macao. A comparison of five competing models via confirmatory factor analysis yielded empirical support for the perspective that risk-taking attitude was content-dependent. After removing the items in the Financial subscale of the DOSPERT scale and some post hoc modifications, a reasonably good fit to the four-correlated-factor model was achieved, in concordance with the theoretical framework. However, items in some scales needed further revision to purify their factor structure so that the DOSPERT scale would be a more psychometrically sound measure for investigating one's risk-taking attitudes in different life domains.

Field of study: Psychology
Maintaining aerobic stability : strategies to turn down the heat in silage : advertorial

Well-preserved silages are generally characterised by low pH and high ratio of lactic acid to other volatile fatty acids (principally acetic acid and propionic acid) : A low pH (dependent on dry matter levels within the crop) gives rise to chemical stability, but is no indication or guide as to the aerobic stability of the silage.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Effectivity of alkaline water on the clinical improvement in laryngopharyngeal reflux

Laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) is the reflux of gastric acid through the upper oesophageal sphincter causing mucosal damage of the larynx, the gastrointestinal tract, and the upper airway. Alkaline water has the ability to withstand acidic conditions in the body, the formation of carbonic anhydrase, and reepithelization. This study aimed to investigate the effect of alkaline water on the clinical improvement in LPR patients. A randomized control trial with pre-test and post-test control group design on LPR patients aged 18 to 60 y.o. was conducted at the ENT-HS outpatient clinic of Dr Kariadi Central Hospital, Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia. Thirty subjects were recruited and divided into two group with 15 subjects in each group. In the control group, the subjects were given standard therapy and mineral water. In the treatment group, the subjects were given standard therapy and alkaline water. The diagnosis of LPR was made if the reflux scoring index (RSI) was ≥13, and the reflux finding score (RFS) was >7. ,After two weeks of intervention, the clinical improvements were evaluated by reassessing the RSI score. The data were analyzed using the Shapiro-Wilk test and independent t-test. The results showed that the most common main complaint was throat clearing [11 subjects (37%)]. Based on the RSI score, there were clinical improvements in both the control (p <0.001) and the treatment groups (p <0.001). However, there was no significant difference in the RSI score before and after the intervention in the control (p = 0.058) and the treatment groups (p = 0.322). In conclusion,tbe d there is an effect of alkaline water on the clinical improvement of LPR patients. However, there is no significant difference in the clinical improvement between the control and the treatment groups.

Field of study: Medicine
Effect of a $\Lambda$ impurity in doubly magic nuclei

We study the effect of a $\Lambda$ hyperon immersed in the doubly magic nuclei, $^{16}$O, $^{40}$Ca, $^{48}$Ca, and $^{208}$Pb, as well as the neutron magic nucleus $^{90}$Zr. For a $\Lambda$ in the $1s$ and $1p$ states in $^{17}_{\Lambda}$O, $^{41}_{\Lambda}$Ca, $^{49}_{\Lambda}$Ca, $^{91}_{\Lambda}$Zr, and $^{209}_{\Lambda}$Pb, we compare the single-particle energies and density distributions of the core nucleons with those of the nuclei without the $\Lambda$, as well as the point proton and neutron radii. A remarkable finding is that the bound $\Lambda$ induces a significant asymmetry in the proton-neutron density distributions in the core nucleus. This in turn gives rise to an appreciable, iso-vector mean field. As a consequence, the neutrons in the core are more attracted to the center of the nucleus, while the protons are pushed away, in comparison with those in the corresponding nucleus without the $\Lambda$.

Field of study: Physics
Predators or Protectors? Military Corruption as a Pillar of Regime Survival in Uganda

When he came to power in 1986, Uganda’s President Yoweri Museveni promised to establish a professional, disciplined and all-inclusive national army. More than three decades later, the Ugandan army under his leadership has constantly been entangled in record corruption scandals. Based on extensive field research, this article explores the nature of corruption in Uganda’s defence sector and shows how corruption is tolerated and sometimes encouraged by the regime leader because it serves as an instrument of political control. The article highlights pervasive corruption in the Ugandan army, the political use of corruption by the regime and the impact it has had more generally.

Field of study: History, Sociology
Global existence to the Cauchy problem for hyperbolic conservation laws with an isolated umbilic point

In this paper the existence of global weak solutions for a 2 × 2 system of non-strictly hyperbolic non-linear conservation laws is established for data in L∞. The result is proven by means of viscous approximation and application of the compensated compactness method. The presence of a degeneracy in the hyperbolicity of the system requires a careful analysis of the entropy functions, whose regularity is necessary to obtain an existence result. For this purpose we combine the classical techniques referring to a singular EulerPoisson-Darboux equation with the compensated compactness method.

Field of study: Mathematics
High-performance Mesoporous Ni/γ-Al2O3–RE (RE = La, Ce) Catalysts and Promotion Effect of Rare Earth Oxides for Carbon Dioxide Reforming of Methane

Mesoporous Ni/γ-Al2O3–RE (RE = La, Ce) catalysts through one-pot hydrolysis of nitrate salts show high activity and superior long-term stability for CO2 reforming of CH4 (CRM). Addition of RE not only significantly enhances the intrinsic activity of Ni/γ-MA but also inhibits phase transformation of γ-Al2O3 and coke deposition for CRM.

Field of study: Chemistry
Three-Dimensional Finite-Element Simulation 
for a Thermoelectric Generator Module

A three-dimensional closed-circuit numerical model of a thermoelectric generator (TEG) module has been constructed with COMSOL® Multiphysics to verify a module test system. The Seebeck, Peltier, and Thomson effects and Joule heating are included in the thermoelectric conversion model. The TEG model is employed to simulate the operation of a 16-leg TEG module based on bismuth telluride with temperature-dependent material properties. The module is mounted on a test platform, and simulated by combining the heat conduction process and thermoelectric conversion process. Simulation results are obtained for the terminal voltage, output power, heat flow, and efficiency as functions of the electric current; the results are compared with measurement data. The Joule and Thomson heats in all the thermoelectric legs, as functions of the electric current, are calculated by finite-element volume integration over the entire legs. The Peltier heat being pumped at the hot side and released at the cold side of the module are also presented in relation to the electric current. The energy balance relations between heat and electricity are verified to support the simulation.

Field of study: Materials science
Unprecedented drought in South India and recent water scarcity

Peninsular Indian agriculture and drinking water availability are critically reliant on seasonal winter rainfall occurring from October to December, associated with the northeastern monsoon (NEM). Over 2016–2018, moderate-to-exceptionally low NEM rainfall gave rise to severe drought conditions over much of southern India and exacerbated water scarcity. The magnitude and dynamics of this drought remain unexplored. Here, we quantify the severity of this event and explore causal mechanisms of drought conditions over South India. Our findings indicate that the 3-year cumulative rainfall totals of NEM rainfall during this event faced a deficit of more than 40%—the driest 3-year period in ∼150 years according to the observational record. We demonstrate that drought conditions linked to the NEM across South India are associated with cool phases in the equatorial Indian and Pacific Oceans. Future changes in these teleconnections will add to the challenges of drought prediction.

Field of study: Environmental science
‘Doing Gender’ After the War: Dealing with Gender Mainstreaming and Sexual Exploitation and Abuse in UN Peace Support Operations in Liberia and Sierra Leone

Although recommendations for gender mainstreaming and the prevention of sexual exploitation and abuse in United Nations peace support operations have increased in recent years, a comparative analysis of different approaches towards these policy objectives remains wanting. As a result, the effectiveness of the UN guidelines for gender mainstreaming as expressed in Security Council Resolution 1325 has not yet been evaluated and debated academically. By comparing UN missions in Sierra Leone and Liberia, this article provides a summary of the current literature on UN policies on gender mainstreaming and sexual misconduct. Relying on interviews with mission staff, the article argues that although the effects of 1325 look promising, efforts to integrate gender perspectives and prevent sexual exploitation still suffer from staff, funding and enforcement deficiencies. More importantly, it reveals how urgently further field research and an active scholarly debate on UN policies on gender awareness and sexual misconduct are needed.

Field of study: History, Sociology
Content accessibility preference approach for improving service optimality in internet of vehicles

The Internet of Vehicles (IoV) is an application of Internet of Things that provides a solution for traffic and safety management in technology-dependent cities. The most competent resource for IoV functionalities is the distributed Information System (IS). Services outsourced from the IS are not sustained over a long period of time, owing to unpredictable network dynamics and localization errors. Considering that the IS is the backbone for the IoV, this manuscript proposes a low-delay information accessing technique for improving the service optimality of vehicle-assisted smart applications. The vehicles for gaining access to information by selecting optimal gateways exploit the benefits of epidemic spread routing (ESR). The greedy behavior of ESR is confined by designing a content accessibility preference (CAP) model that facilitates precise vehicle selection. This selection relies on the information relevance, granted by the neighboring vehicles to deliver improved service optimality. The reliability of the vehicle with regard to the relevance and information retrieval time is verified by the cooperative on-demand relationship between the service requesting on-board unit and the roadside unit. Both gateway selection and neighbor vehicle selection are assimilated for providing better service via distributed information access and relevant information retrieval. The performance of the proposed CAP model is evaluated using the following metrics: throughput, access delay, vehicle service ratio, and optimality ratio. The results show the proficiency of the proposed CAP method.

Field of study: Computer science
Exact Single-Electron Approach to the Dynamics of Molecules in Strong Laser Fields.

We present an exact single-electron picture that describes the correlated electron dynamics in strong laser fields. Our approach is based on the factorization of the electronic wave function as a product of a marginal and a conditional amplitude. The marginal amplitude, which depends only on one electronic coordinate and yields the exact one-electron density and current density, obeys a time-dependent Schrödinger equation with an effective time-dependent potential. The exact equations are used to derive an approximation that is a step towards general and feasible ab initio single-electron calculations for molecules. The derivation also sheds new light on the usual interpretation of the single-active electron approximation. From the study of model systems, we find that the exact and approximate single-electron potentials for processes with negligible two-electron ionization lead to qualitatively similar dynamics, but that the ionization barrier in the exact single-electron potential may be explicitly time dependent.

Field of study: Physics
Supervision and Control of Construction Quality of Borehole Cast-in-place Concrete Pile

The borehole cast-in-place concrete pile is a concealed work provided with much piling operation. Because accident is easy to happen during construction operation, the supervisors must pay great attention to the quality control in the whole construction operation. The paper discusses and analyzes the quality supervision procedures and the key-point quality control methods of preparation work, borehole process, cast-in-place of under water concrete and settlement of accident, etc. during the borehole cast-in-place concrete pile construction and puts forward the supervision and control measures of quality assurance of borehole cast-in-place concrete pile construction.

Field of study: Materials science