nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Effective field theory description of halo nuclei

Nuclear halos emerge as new degrees of freedom near the neutron and proton driplines. They consist of a core and one or a few nucleons which spend most of their time in the classically-forbidden region outside the range of the interaction. Individual nucleons inside the core are thus unresolved in the halo configuration, and the low-energy effective interactions are short-range forces between the core and the valence nucleons. Similar phenomena occur in clusters of (4)He atoms, cold atomic gases near a Feshbach resonance, and some exotic hadrons. In these weakly-bound quantum systems universal scaling laws for s-wave binding emerge that are independent of the details of the interaction. Effective field theory (EFT) exposes these correlations and permits the calculation of non-universal corrections to them due to short-distance effects, as well as the extension of these ideas to systems involving the Coulomb interaction and/or binding in higher angular-momentum channels. Halo nuclei exhibit all these features.  EFT, the EFT for halo nuclei, has been used to compute the properties of single-neutron, two-neutron, and single-proton halos of s-wave and p-wave type. This review summarizes these results for halo binding energies, radii, Coulomb dissociation, and radiative capture, as well as the connection of these properties to scattering parameters, thereby elucidating the universal correlations between all these observables. We also discuss how Halo EFT's encoding of the long-distance physics of halo nuclei can be used to check and extend ab initio calculations that include detailed modeling of their short-distance dynamics.

Field of study: Physics
Armoured sponge spicules from Panarea Island (Italy): Implications for their fossil preservation

A variety of calcareous and siliceous skeletal components are associated with exceptional, still active deposits of modern iron ooids off Panarea, one of the volcanic islands of the Aeolian Arc (Tyrrhenian Sea, Italy). Both ooids and skeletal components occur as loose sediments influenced by submarine hydrothermal fluid vents. Whereas iron ooids are exclusively made of goethite laminae primarily nucleated on volcaniclastic material, sponge spicules – that represent most of the siliceous skeletal component – develop laminated coatings (concretions) of varying sizes. This partial or total coating consists of regularly banded Fe‒rich layers exhibiting the same textural features and mineralogical composition (goethite) of the ooid cortex developed around inorganic cores. Spicules did not reveal any obvious attaching structure or interfingering with the surrounding coating and did not undergo bioerosion or any other evidence of biological intervention during their development. A hydrothermal origin, compatible with the general setting, is therefore proposed for these armoured sponge spicules. We believe that this unique modern case of iron concretions produced on siliceous spicules can contribute to explain other known fossil cases as well as to understand the taphonomy of this type of biogenic silica that seems rarely to have been preserved in such an extreme habitat.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Pilot biomonitoring of adults and children following use of chlorpyrifos shampoo and flea collars on dogs

Pesticide handlers and pet owners who use products such as shampoos and dips and insecticide-impregnated collars to treat and control fleas on companion animals are exposed to a variety of active ingredients. Chlorpyrifos exposures of adults and children were measured using urine biomonitoring following use of over-the-counter products on dogs. Age and gender-specific measurements of urinary 3, 5, 6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCPy) revealed modest elevations of biomarker excretion following shampoo/dips. Smaller TCPy increments were measured following application of impregnated dog collars. The extent of indoor activity and potential pet contact were important determinants of urine biomarker level. Children without direct pet contact excreted more TCPy following collar application. Pet collars may be a source of indoor surface contamination and human exposure. Children excreted up to 4 times more TCPy than adults when urine volumes were adjusted using age-specific creatinine excretion levels. Although chlorpyrifos is no longer used in the United States in pet care products, results of this research provide perspective on the extent of human exposure from similar pet care products. These pilot studies demonstrated that pet care products such as insecticidal shampoos and dips and impregnated collars may expose family members to low levels of insecticide relative to toxic levels of concern.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Design and Implementation of Data Resource Management Platform Based on SSM

In order to improve the efficiency of resource management of existing e-book reading websites, optimize the quality of e-book resources and reduce the management threshold of operation and maintenance staff. This paper focuses on the design and implementation of data resource management. Through the integration of the current commonly used development framework Spring, SpringMVC, Mybatis (SSM framework) to achieve the establishment of the background management system. The third party library epublib and JCE encryption and decryption tools are introduced to realize data library resource production encryption and export and other management functions. The test proves that the implementation meets the design requirements and can be used in the actual operation process.

Field of study: Engineering
Tailored fieldwork design to increase representative household survey response: an experiment in the Survey of Consumer Satisfaction

We used a tailored survey design to obtain a more representative response. Paradata from previous consumer sentiments surveys and register information were used to stratify the sample into groups that differed in contact and co-operation propensity. We approached an experimental sample of 3000 households with a Web–mail–computer-assisted telephone interviewing sequential mixed mode strategy. The choice of initial mode and the subsequent computer-assisted telephone interviewing approach were tailored to the expected contact and co-operation propensities of the sample units. In the computer-assisted telephone interviewing follow-up of non-respondents, co-operation was manipulated by assigning specific interviewers to specific sample units. Contact was manipulated by timing, spacing and prioritizing calls. The tailored fieldwork strategy was successful in significantly increasing representativeness, while maintaining the level of response and costs. Representativeness was determined by R-indicators.

Field of study: Mathematics
A Bayesian Analysis of Nonresponse in Dichotomous Processes

A Bayesian treatment is given of a two-phase sampling problem when sampling is from a double dichotomy, losses are quadratic, and sampling costs are linear. The motivating question is: how does one determine an optimal first phase sample from a dichotomous population given that an optimal follow-up sample of nonrespondents in the first phase is to be taken?

Field of study: Mathematics
Ripple-marks and cross-bedding

Giant Ripples of the Medina The Medina formation consists chiefly of red shale. In the type district, about Medina, New York, the thickness is about 800 feet, and there are beds of sandstone in the upper hundred feet. Most of the sandstones are argillaceous and soft, but there are a few lenses comparatively free from clay. These are usually white or gray, and afford a strong, durable stone, extensively quarried for structural purposes. From some quarries flags and blocks of large dimensions can be obtained, but others yield only small and irregular blocks, because the rock is traversed by cross-bedding. The oblique structure is of a peculiarly intricate type, often exhibiting dips toward all points of the compass in the same quarry, and associated with it are m any unconformities. There are places in the floor of the Whitmore quarry at Lockport where the strike of a dipping layer can . . .

Field of study: Geology
Higher-Order Spectral Clustering under Superimposed Stochastic Block Model

Higher-order motif structures and multi-vertex interactions are becoming increasingly important in studies that aim to improve our understanding of functionalities and evolution patterns of networks. To elucidate the role of higher-order structures in community detection problems over complex networks, we introduce the notion of a Superimposed Stochastic Block Model (SupSBM). The model is based on a random graph framework in which certain higher-order structures or subgraphs are generated through an independent hyperedge generation process, and are then replaced with graphs that are superimposed with directed or undirected edges generated by an inhomogeneous random graph model. Consequently, the model introduces controlled dependencies between edges which allow for capturing more realistic network phenomena, namely strong local clustering in a sparse network, short average path length, and community structure. We proceed to rigorously analyze the performance of a number of recently proposed higher-order spectral clustering methods on the SupSBM. In particular, we prove non-asymptotic upper bounds on the misclustering error of spectral community detection for a SupSBM setting in which triangles or 3-uniform hyperedges are superimposed with undirected edges. As part of our analysis, we also derive new bounds on the misclustering error of higher-order spectral clustering methods for the standard SBM and the 3-uniform hypergraph SBM. Furthermore, for a non-uniform hypergraph SBM model in which one directly observes both edges and 3-uniform hyperedges, we obtain a criterion that describes when to perform spectral clustering based on edges and when on hyperedges, based on a function of hyperedge density and observation quality.

Field of study: Computer science
SCALING IN MANY-BODY SYSTEMS AND PROTON STRUCTURE FUNCTION

The observation of scaling in processes in which a weakly interacting probe delivers large momentum q to a many-body system simply reflects the dominance of incoherent scattering off target constituents. While a suitably defined scaling function may provide rich information on the internal dynamics of the target, in general its extraction from the measured cross section requires careful consideration of the nature of the interaction driving the scattering process. The analysis of deep inelastic electron-proton scattering in the target rest frame within standard many-body theory naturally leads to the emergence of a scaling function that, unlike the commonly used structure functions F1 and F2, can be directly identified with the intrinsic proton response.

Field of study: Physics
Die Unterkruste vom Standpunkt des Petrographen

ZusammenfassungAus dem nachweisbaren Aufstieg der sialischen Bauklötze der Erde wird die Konsequenz gezogen, da\ die stoffliche Entmischung der äu\eren Sphären der Erde während der ganzen geologischen Geschichte weiterverlaufen sind.Am Beispiel der Kimberlite und der eruptiven Karbonatite wird darauf hingewiesen, da\ auch Austauschvorgänge auf tieferen Zonen zur Erdoberfläche statthaben und da\ der Stoffbestand der sog. „Peridotitschale“ wesentlich komplexer sein mu\ als es meist angenommen wird.

Field of study: Environmental science
Asymmetric coexistence curves in an exactly-solvable model of binary liquid mixtures

An exactly-solvable lattice-gas model for binary liquid mixtures is proposed which describes not only complex miscibility effects, such as closed-loop phase diagrams, but also asymmetry in the coexistence curves. A key feature of the model is the inclusion of lattice vacancies, allowing density fluctuations in the system. In fact, density fluctuations are found to be essential if the asymmetries in the underlying microscopic interactions to be expressed in the coexistence curves. The phase diagrams that result from this model are in accord with the qualitative features observed experimentally, and also indicate that other more novel forms of the coexistence curves await discovery. i where Si = fl, the first sum is over all nearest neighbors on the lattice, and the second sum is over all lattice sites. With the usual mixture-magnet correspondence the two values of Si are identified with the two components, A and B, of the mixture, KI represents the difference in van der Waals interaction between like and unlike molecules, and HI is directly related to the chemical potential difference between the components. Note that with this model the energy of interaction for an AA nearest-neighbor pair (Si = +1, s' - +1) is the same as that for a BB nearest-neighbor pair (Si = - 1, Sj = -l), so that the two types of molecules are handled symmetrically. To produce an asymmetric model it would seem only natural that one simply let the two energies mentioned above be different; that is, define EM to be different from EBB. In terms of the model, this is accomplished by including an additional magnetic field, H, with a nonzero value. The problem is that to obtain coexistence it is necessary that the total magnetic field in the system be zero, thus one must set HI = -H. This completely undoes the asymmetry inherent originally in EM # EBB, and the resultant phase diagram is symmetric as before. The net effect has simply been a shift in the coexistence condition from HI = 0 to HI = -H.

Field of study: Chemistry
Meaningful Teaching Tool and/or 'Cool Factor'? Instructors' Perceptions of Using Film and Video within Teaching and Learning.

This study builds upon previous research that explores the pedagogical use of film and video by explicitly asking instructors about their attitudes towards and motivations for employing such texts in their teaching, as well as the challenges they face in the process. Data were gathered through an anonymous, online survey of instructors across disciplines at seven Ontario universities. Commonalities were found amongst participants in the purposes cited for using film and video as well as in the challenges that accompany use of this pedagogical tool. For example, instructors in four of our six Faculty groupings commonly noted drawing on film and video to engage student attention, and the two most frequently selected challenges in five of our six Faculty groupings were ‘technical difficulties screening films’ and ‘problems finding appropriate materials’. We consider the implications of these findings for teaching and learning and suggest areas for future research.

Field of study: Education
Increase of seawater Mo inventory and ocean oxygenation during the early Cambrian

The early Cambrian radiation of macroscopic animals, commonly referred as the ‘Cambrian Explosion’, is one of the most important biological innovations in Earth history. Because oxygen is a requirement for complex animal life, it is generally accepted that ocean oxygenation may have been the environmental trigger for animal evolution, but direct geochemical evidence supporting oxygen increase prior to the ‘Cambrian Explosion’ remains sparse and insufficient. To better understand the casual relationship between ocean oxygenation and animal evolution, we have carried out a systematic analysis of redox sensitive trace element (RSTE) concentrations, total organic carbon (TOC) contents and pyrite morphology for the early Cambrian Niutitang Formation of the Hejiapu section, northeastern Guizhou Province, South China. The new data, in combination with previously published data from other sections, show strong Mo enrichments (average of 88 ppm) and high Mo/TOC ratios (average of 14 ppm/wt.%) in the euxinic black shales of the lower Niutitang Formation (~ 520 Ma), indicating increase of the oceanic Mo reservoir. In the light of the positive correlation between sediment Mo/TOC and aqueous Mo in modern basins, the early Cambrian oceanic Mo concentration is estimated as ~ 50 nmol, which is about half of the modern ocean Mo concentration (~ 105 nmol) but is significantly higher than that of the Mesoproterozoic oceans (10–20 nmol). The marked increase in oceanic Mo reservoir is therefore interpreted as recording significant rise of atmospheric oxygen and pervasive ocean oxygenation, which may have facilitated the diversification of macroscopic metazoans during the early Cambrian.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Time-based and count-based measurement of preference.

Rats' pressing on two levers was reinforced according to two independent variable-interval schedules that were varied during the experiment. Since the levers were connected directly to the programming equipment, bypassing the standard pulseformers, reinforcement could occur while a lever was held down. Although the time a lever was pressed might, therefore, have varied independently of number of presses, these two measures covaried substantially, because the average duration of the presses remained roughly constant. This rough invariance may have resulted from the rats' tendency to make bursts of brief presses (i.e., to jiggle the levers), even though the contingencies encouraged holding. When duration did vary, presses on the two levers tended to vary together. As a result, relative time spent pressing corresponded closely to relative number of presses. Both of these measures conformed well to the matching law. Absolute behavioral frequency at a lever, measured either way, varied directly with proportion of reinforcement for that lever, in accordance with the generalized version of the matching law. Number of presses seemed, on balance, to be a slightly more reliable measure than pressing time. The substantial interchangeability may prove more significant than the slight disparity, however, because it supports the notion that all behavior can be measured on a common scale of time.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Light-Activated Gigahertz Ferroelectric Domain Dynamics.

Using time- and spatially resolved hard x-ray diffraction microscopy, the striking structural and electrical dynamics upon optical excitation of a single crystal of BaTiO_{3} are simultaneously captured on subnanoseconds and nanoscale within individual ferroelectric domains and across walls. A large emergent photoinduced electric field of up to 20×10^{6}  V/m is discovered in a surface layer of the crystal, which then drives polarization and lattice dynamics that are dramatically distinct in a surface layer versus bulk regions. A dynamical phase-field modeling method is developed that reveals the microscopic origin of these dynamics, leading to gigahertz polarization and elastic waves traveling in the crystal with sonic speeds and spatially varying frequencies. The advances in spatiotemporal imaging and dynamical modeling tools open up opportunities for disentangling ultrafast processes in complex mesoscale structures such as ferroelectric domains.

Field of study: Physics
Transient processes in propagation of an ultrashort pulse in a three-level medium

An analysis is made of the effects associated with the propagation of an ultrashort pulse in a three-level resonance medium. It is shown that the dynamics of the changes in the pulse during its propagation differs considerably from the usual self-induced transparency effect in a two-level medium. It is predicted theoretically that there should be a propagation regime accompanied by periodic variation of the pulse shape.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
The MOVPE growth and characterization of Hg1-xMnxTe

The authors report the influence of growth conditions and substrate type on the quality of Hg1-xMnxTe (MMT) epitaxial layers. MMT epitaxial layers were grown using di-isopropyl telluride (DIPTe) tricarbonyl methylcyclopentadienyl manganese (TCMn) and elemental Hg in a horizontal atmospheric-pressure MOVPE reactor. Mn concentration depends strongly on both growth temperature and position of the substrate on the susceptor. This is primarily due to the large difference in pyrolysis characteristics between the DIPTe and TCMn precursors. Epitaxial growth was possible up to x approximately 0.8 but high growth temperature led to polycrystalline deposition. Investigation of the morphology and crystallinity of the epitaxial layers on GaAs (100), (Cd, Zn)Te (100) 2 degrees off to nearest (110), (211)B and (111)B substrates revealed that (Cd, Zn)Te (100) 2 degrees off to nearest (110) substrate was the most suitable of all tested substrates. The room-temperature reflectance and transmission spectra over the wavelength range 0.3-30 mu m were taken. Thicknesses of the films have been estimated from the interference fringe peaks near 20 mu m. The optical transition Lambda 4.5v- Lambda 6c (the E1 peak) and its doublet (the E1+ Delta 1 peak), the absorption edge in transmission, and the behaviour of the interference extrema with Mn composition have been examined.

Field of study: Materials science
Use of a two-compartment model to assess the pharmacokinetics of human ethanol metabolism.

The relationship between blood ethanol concentration and hepatic ethanol metabolism commonly is calculated using the Michaelis-Menten equation and a one-compartment model that assumes equality of blood and hepatic ethanol concentrations. However, at low blood concentrations, most of the ethanol arriving at the liver is metabolized, and hepatic ethanol concentrations may fall far below that of the entering blood. We have developed a two-compartment model of ethanol metabolism that accounts for the fall in ethanol concentration that may occur as blood traverses the liver and used this model to make predictions concerning ethanol metabolism at various blood ethanol concentrations. The two-compartment model predicts that near-complete saturation will occur more abruptly and at a lower blood concentration (approximately 3 mM) than is the case with the one-compartment model. Thus, the two-compartment model predicts a near-constant ethanol elimination rate for blood ethanol concentrations above 3 mM (as commonly observed in human subjects), whereas the one-compartment model predicts an increasing elimination rate over the range of concentrations observed in experimental studies. In agreement with observed data, the two-compartment model predicts that first-pass metabolism should be extremely sensitive to the rate of ethanol absorption. Application of this model to previously published data indicated that, when absorption was slowed via concomitant food ingestion, first-pass metabolism accounts for approximately 50% and 10% of ethanol dosages of 0.15 g/kg and 0.3 g/kg, respectively. When ingested without food, there is negligible first-pass metabolism of even very small ethanol dosages (0.15 g/kg). These findings suggest that first-pass metabolism is an unimportant determinant of the blood ethanol response to ingestion of potentially inebriating doses of ethanol.

Field of study: Medicine