nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Shape Analysis and Borderline Computing of a Free-Form Surface Based on Gauss Map

Determining convex or hyperbolic area of free-form surface and computing its borderlines is one of basic contents in analysis and control shape of free-form surface. At present, the research is limited in some special surface as developable surface, the research in free-form surface has no success in theory and method. Some geometric conclusions with respect to shape analysis of the complex free-form surface is put forward. Through computing Gauss parabolic lines, the convex area of a free-form surface was determined, and divided up, and its borderlines was computed.Convexness of a whole free-form surface was commanded. At last, two example's running results with the algorithm was provided.

Field of study: Computer science
Inhibition of regrowth of prostatic glandular cells by epristeride.

To evaluate the ability of epristeride to inhibit the prostatic glandular regrowth.



Normal rats were castrated. Testosterone was injected to induce the regrowth of glandular cells. HE staining was performed. The height of the glandular epithelium and the acinar luminal areas were determined, and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) was detected by immunohistochemistry.



Both the height and the acinar luminal areas were reduced by 48 % and 55 % in epristeride-treated group compared with control group respectively. The staining of DHT was comparatively strong in the control group. After 30-d of treatment, it turned much weaker.



The regrowth of glandular cells was inhibited by epristeride via declining of the DHT concentration in the rat prostate.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Toward an Epigenetic View of Our Musical Mind

We are transient beings, in a world of constantly changing culture. At home in the fields of Art and Science, seemingly capable of magnificent abstractions, humans have an intense need to externalize their insights. Music is an art and a highly transmissible cultural product, but we still have an incomplete understanding of how our musical experience shapes and is vividly retained within our brain, and how it affects our behavior. However, the developing field of social epigenetics is now helping us to describe how communication and emotion, prime hallmarks of music, can be linked to a transmissible, biochemical change.

Field of study: Biology
Research on Properties of Silicon Nitride Ceramic Prepared by Reaction-bonded Sintering Grouting

Two kinds of slurry with different pH were prepared in order to investigate the influence of grouting on reaction-bonded sintering silicon nitride.Fracture toughness of reaction-bonded sintering silicon nitride materials was investigated by indentation.Thermal shock resistance was investigated by quenching method.The results show that thermal shock resistance of silicon nitride when pH=11 is better than that of when pH=11.9.Fracture toughness of the former is 5.23 MPa.m1/2.

Field of study: Materials science
The predictive accuracy of population viability analysis: a test using data from two small mammal species in a fragmented landscape

This study examines the predictive accuracy of the population viability analysis package, ALEX (Analysis of the Likelihood of EXtinction). ALEX was used to predict the probability of patch occupancy for two species of small native Australian mammals (Antechinus agilis and Rattus fuscipes) among 13 patches of suitable habitat in a matrix of plantation pines (Pinus radiata). The study was retrospective, running each simulation from 1900 until 1997, and the model parameterised without knowledge of the 1997 observed field data of patch occupancy. Predictions were made over eight scenarios for each species, allowing for variation in the amount of dispersal between patches, level of environmental stochasticity, and size of habitat patches. Predicted occupancies were compared to the 1997 field data of patch occupancy using logistic regression, testing Hrandom, that there was no relationship between observed and predicted occupancy, and Hperfect, that there was a perfect, 1:1 relationship between observed and predicted occupancies. Rejection of Hrandom and failure to reject Hperfect was taken as a good match between observed and predicted occupancies. Such a match was found for one scenario with R. fuscipes, and no scenarios with A. agilis. In general, patch occupancy was underestimated, with field surveys finding that 9 of the 13 patches were occupied by R. fuscipes and 10 by A. agilis. Nonetheless, PVA predictions were in the ‘right direction’, whereby patches predicted to have a high probability of occupancy were generally occupied, and vice versa. A post hoc search over additional scenarios found few scenarios with a better match than the original eight. The results of this study support the notion that PVA is best thought of as a relative, rather than absolute predictor of the consequences of management actions in threatened populations.

Field of study: Environmental science
The Ombudsman in Latin America

During the last 20 years ombudsmen have been established in most Latin American countries. This article provides an overview of the how these institutions have evolved in six countries, particularly with regard to their political independence and strength. In spite of the potentially important role that such institutions may have in promoting public accountability, respect for human rights and the rule of law in new democracies, some ombudsmen have been more successful than others in these tasks. This article reflects on possible factors accounting for the relative effectiveness of the ombudsman, and discusses the role that this institution plays in contemporary Latin America.

Field of study: Political science
Comparison of defocusing and fractional Fourier transform in spectroholographic storage.

In spectroholographic storage systems the defocusing method is often used for spectrum uniformity and quality improvement of recorded information. The same purpose is served by the fractional Fourier transform (FRFT) storage system. To simplify the numerical analysis, we derive the expressions of the Fraunhofer spectrum and the reconstructed image at the detected plane (CCD) for both cases instead of using the Fresnel spectrum and the FRFT spectrum. The recording aperture, spectrum uniformity, and reconstructed information of both systems are investigated. A numerical comparison is also presented.

Field of study: Physics
Characteristics of water vapor turbocompressors applied in refrigeration and heat pump systems

Interdependence between centrifugal stage pressure ratio, peripheral Mach number and impeller peripheral speed, as well the influence of the refrigerating capacity on the dimensions of the centrifugal compressor are determined to obtain the range of reasonable usage of R718 refrigerating/heat pump systems. The deep vacuum operating conditions, the low specific volumetric cooling capacity of the R718 and the small molecular mass of the water are the peculiarities which determined the main parameters of the centrifugal compressor and the range of rational application of the R718 refrigerating/heat pump systems. The high peripheral impeller speed, high Mach number and high pressure ratio cause separated jet-wake flow and transonic flow phenomena in the compressor flow field. Estimation of the flow characteristics and of the performance characteristics of the water vapor centrifugal compressors is presented, using results of CFD simulations and experimental investigations for high pressure ratio centrifugal compressors.

Field of study: Engineering
Investigation of XoxF methanol dehydrogenases reveals new methylotrophic bacteria in pelagic marine and freshwater ecosystems.

The diversity and distribution of methylotrophic bacteria have been investigated in the oceans and lakes using the methanol dehydrogenase mxaF gene as a functional marker. However, pelagic marine (OM43) and freshwater (LD28 and PRD01a001B) methylotrophs within the Betaproteobacteria lack mxaF, instead possessing a related xoxF4-encoded methanol dehydrogenase. Here, we developed and employed xoxF4 as a complementary functional gene marker to mxaF for studying methylotrophs in aquatic environment. Using xoxF4, we detected OM43-related and LD28-related methylotrophs in the ocean and freshwaters of North America, respectively, and showed the coexistence of these two lineages in a large estuarine system (St Lawrence Estuary). Gene expression patterns of xoxF4 supported a positive relationship between xoxF4-containing methylotroph activity and spring time productivity, suggesting phytoplankton blooms are a source of methylotrophic substrates. Further investigation of methanol dehydrogenase diversity in pelagic ecosystems using comparative metagenomics provided strong support for a widespread distribution of xoxF4 (as well as several distinct xoxF5) containing methylotrophs in marine and freshwater surface waters. In total, these results demonstrate a geographical distribution of OM43/LD28-related methylotrophs that includes marine and freshwaters and suggest that methylotrophy occurring in the water column is an important component of lake and estuary carbon cycling and biogeochemistry.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Incorporation of Sn on GaAs (111)A substrates by molecular beam epitaty

Behavior of Sn as donor species in the MBE growth of GaAs on (111)A substrates has been investigated by varying the growth temperature from 460 to 620°C, As4:Ga flux ratio from 4 to 25, and Sn concentration from 1016 to 1020 atoms cm-3. Secondary ion mass microscopy measurements show that Sn does not surface segregate on (111)A substrates under this growth condition, in contrast to that on (001) substrates. Sn is uniformly incorporated throughout the bulk of the grown layer for all samples, apart from the most highly doped ones. To increase the Sn carrier concentration on the (111)A substrates, the measured carrier concentration shows that doping should be carried out at a low growth temperature and/or high As4:Ga flux ratio.

Field of study: Materials science
The constitutive equations for rate sensitive plastic materials

The principal im is to generalize h one- im ion l con itutive equ tions for r te-sensi ive plastic materials to general sta s of s ress. T HE DYNAMIC L YIELD CONDITIONS FOR LASTIC, VISCO-PLASTIC MATERIALS ARE DISCUS ED A D NEW R L XATION FUNCTIONS ARE INTRODUCED. S OLUTION OF THE RELAXATION EQUATIONS FOR SUCH MATERIALS ARE GIVEN.

Field of study: Mathematics
Dabigatran, intracranial hemorrhage, and the neurosurgeon.

Dabigatran etexilate (Pradaxa) is a novel oral anticoagulant that has gained FDA approval for the prevention of ischemic stroke and systemic embolism in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. In randomized trials, the incidence of hemorrhagic events has been demonstrated to be lower in patients treated with dabigatran compared with the traditional anticoagulant warfarin. However, dabigatran does not have reliable laboratory tests to measure levels of anticoagulation and there is no pharmacological antidote. These drawbacks are challenging in the setting of intracerebral hemorrhage. In this article, the authors provide background information on dabigatran, review the existing anecdotal experiences with treating intracerebral hemorrhage related to dabigatran therapy, present a case study of intracranial hemorrhage in a patient being treated with dabigatran, and suggest clinical management strategies. The development of reversal agents is urgently needed given the growing number of patients treated with this medication.

Field of study: Medicine
Phosphate fertilizers’ domestic price movement in Vietnam

This research analyses long-run and short-run co-movements among the three variables “international prices,” “domestic prices,” and “import prices” of phosphate fertilizers using co-integration test, Granger causality test, and VEC model. The findings revealed that the domestic phosphate fertilizer market in Vietnam has well integrated into the international phosphate market since shifts in the domestic phosphate fertilizer price have been in long-run equilibrium with those in the international phosphate fertilizer price. Furthermore, changes in the domestic phosphate fertilizer price were brisker than those in the import price and were uncorrelated with the import prices.

Field of study: Business
Unconventional superconducting states on doped Shastry-Sutherland lattice

By using a renormalized mean-field theory, we investigate the phase diagram of t–t′–J–J′ model on a two dimensional Shastry–Sutherland (SS) lattice which can be realized in a group of layered compounds such as SrCu2(BO3)2, Yb2Pt2Pb. We find that the symmetry of ground state depends on frustration parameter η = t ′ / t and doping concentration. For weak and intermediate |η|, d x 2 − y 2 -wave superconducting state is robust in a wide region. While for larger |η| > 1 cases, the superconducting ground state has s–s-wave symmetry. Around the most frustrated η = ± 1 point, d x 2 − y 2 -wave state, s–s-wave state as well as staggered-flux state appear, the energy favorable state is the ground state. The order of the phase transition between different states depends on the continuity of the mean field order parameters.

Field of study: Physics
Assays of polychlorinated biphenyl congeners and co-contaminated heavy metals in the transgenic Arabidopsis plants carrying the recombinant guinea pig aryl hydrocarbon receptor-mediated β-glucuronidase reporter gene expression system

The transgenic Arabidopsis plant XgD2V11-6 carrying the recombinant guinea pig (g) aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)-mediated β-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene expression system was examined for assay of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners and co-contaminated heavy metals. When the transgenic Arabidopsis plants were treated with PCB126 (toxic equivalency factor; TEF: 0.1) and PCB169 (TEF: 0.03), the GUS activity of the whole plants was increased significantly. After treatment with PCB80 (TEF: 0), the GUS activity was nearly the same level as that treated with 0.1% dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) as a vehicle control. After exposure to a 1:1 mixture of PCB126 and PCB169, the GUS activity was increased additively. However, after exposure to a mixture of PCB126 and PCB80, the GUS activity was lower than that of the treatment with PCB126 alone. Thus, PCB80 seemed to be an antagonist towards AhR. When the transgenic plants were treated with each of the heavy metals Fe, Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb together with PCB126, Cd and Pb increased the PCB126-induced GUS activity. On the other hand, Fe, Cu and Zn did not affect the PCB126-induced GUS activity. In the presence of the biosurfactant mannosylerythritol lipid-B (MEL-B) and the carrier protein bovine serum albumin (BSA), the PCB126-induced GUS activity was increased, but the Cd-assisted PCB126-induced GUS activity was not affected. Thus, MEL-B and BSA seemed to increase uptake and transport of PCB126, respectively.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Plasma potassium, serum magnesium and ventricular fibrillation: a prospective study.

Low plasma potassium and magnesium concentrations have been advanced as risk factors for ventricular fibrillation (VF). For potassium, this assertion is based almost exclusively on retrospective data; for magnesium the evidence shows an association with ventricular arrhythmias but no direct association with VF. We studied the relationship between these electrolytes and VF prospectively. Plasma potassium and serum magnesium concentrations were measured on admission to our coronary care unit. Drug therapy, time from onset of symptoms, ECG, enzyme changes and clinical status were all recorded. VF was confirmed by analysis of 24 h monitoring tapes. Mean plasma potassium in the 21 patients with VF who had measurements prior to their arrhythmia was 3.49 +/- 0.54 mmol/l, lower than that of the 1165 patients without VF (mean K 3.88 +/- 0.57 mmol/l, p < 0.05). Plasma potassium concentrations in the 17 patients with myocardial infarction and VF were lower (mean 3.58 +/- 0.41 mmol/l) than in those without VF (n = 417, mean 3.89 +/- 0.61 mmol/l) (p < 0.05). Mean serum magnesium in the 12 patients with VF, measured prior to their arrhythmia (all with myocardial infarction) was 0.80 +/- 0.07 mmol/l, which was not different from the mean for patients without VF (n = 781, 0.82 +/- 0.09 mmol/l) or from the mean of 0.81 +/- 0.08 mmol/l for those with infarction but not VF (n = 331). Low plasma potassium concentrations are associated with increased risk of ventricular fibrillation, but low serum magnesium concentrations are not.

Field of study: Medicine
Isolation and identification of Leclercia adecarboxylata from frozen pumpkin paste

Leclercia adecarboxylata is a rare microoorganism,but also a human opportunistic pathogen.A suspected strain was isolated from a sample of frozen pumpkin paste when tested for Escherichia coli.The strain was identified as L.adecarboxylata through morphological test,IMViC,VITEK and additional test.The process of inspection,isolation and identification was described in detail,and the quarantine of E.coli and the study of L.adecarboxylata were discussed.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Design Strategy with a Class of Structural Reliability Models of High Dimension

The reliability-based optimization of structural systems with reliability models of high dimension is considered. The design process is written as a two-level nonlinear constrained optimization problem. The top-level includes the overall optimization in the design variables, whereas the sublevel problem corresponds to the failure probability estimates. Attention is directed toward problems in which the structural system is modeled as a series system of a large number of secondary failure elements. The problem of calculating the system failure probability is transformed to calculating the failure probability of the secondary failure events. It is assumed that the secondary failure events are relatively simple to describe and characterized by their design points. The probability content of the individual secondary failure events is approximated by a first-order estimate. The interaction of the secondary failure events is considered by an efficient importance sampling technique that is integrated into the optimization process. Several issues regarding the numerical implementation of the methodology are addressed. The feasibility of the proposed method is demonstrated by the optimization of a steel column loaded by a set of axial loads with stability and material failure modes.

Field of study: Physics
Identification and characterization of IgA and Vicia villosa‐binding T cell subsets in rheumatoid arthritis

Autoimmunity may be due to augmentation of immune responses by human CD8 cells which bind the lectin Vicia villosa (VV). We have investigated T cells in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) by double immunofluorescence flow cytometry, in order to assess VV‐binding CD8 and CD4 cells from the peripheral blood and synovial fluid. A significant increase in CD8+ VV adherent (P<0.0001) and CD4+ VV adherent cells (P <0.001) was found in synovial fluid, as compared with peripheral blood from patients with RA. A significant increase in VV‐binding CD8+ or CD4+ cells was, however, not found in the blood of patients with RA, as compared with controls. We suggest that the lack of VV‐binding T cells separated from blood, in contrast to those from synovial fluid, may be due to an inhibiting agent expressing N‐acetyl d‐galactosamine. Indeed, IgA1 is rich in N‐acetyl d‐galactosamine, it inhibits VV binding to T cells and is significantly bound to CD8 cells (P<0.001). The IgA1 was then characterized and in about half the patients J chains and secretory component was found, suggesting that the IgA1 is of the polymeric and secretory variety. IgA bound to the T cells engaged the Fcα receptors and a significant decrease in the Fcα receptors was found in CD8 cells (P<0.000l) and CD4 cells (P<0.0l). Desorption studies were then carried out on CD8 and CD4 cells which showed that a loss of cell‐bound IgA1 was associated with an increase in VV binding. Conversely, adsorption of IgA to T cells was associated with a loss in VV binding. The results suggest that the failure of VV binding to CD8+ andCD4+ cells from peripheral blood of patients with RA can be ascribed to cell‐bound IgA 1. Cytophilic IgA1 may inhibit the function of CD8+ VV binding cells, thereby preventing augmentation of the systemic immune response, consistent with the lack of extra‐articular disease in these patients with RA.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
N-Acetyl-L-glutamate kinase from Escherichia coli: cloning of the gene, purification and crystallization of the recombinant enzyme and preliminary X-ray analysis of the free and ligand-bound forms.

The gene for Escherichia coli N-acetyl-L-glutamate kinase (NAGK) was cloned in a plasmid and expressed in E. coli, allowing enzyme purification in three steps. NAGK exhibits high specific activity (1.1 micromol s-1 mg-1), lacks Met1 and forms dimers (shown by cross-linking). Crystals of unliganded NAGK diffract to 2 A and belong to space group P6122 or its enantiomorph P6522 (unit-cell parameters a = b = 78.6, c = 278.0 A) with two monomers in the asymmetric unit. Crystals of NAGK with acetylglutamate and the ATP analogue AMPPNP diffract to 1.8 A and belong to space group C2221 (unit-cell parameters a = 60.0, b = 71.9, c = 107.4 A), with one monomer in the asymmetric unit. NAGK crystallization will allow the determination of proposed structural similarities to carbamate kinase.

Field of study: Chemistry
Application of Numerical Simulation in Al-alloy Castings in High Voltage Switch

The permanent mold low pressure casting process for CT aluminum alloy shell used in high voltage switch current transformer was analyzed and calculated. The casting process of single and double lift fluid pipe was analyzed and compared, the best process was determined. The AnyCasting simulation software was used and the parameters such as material and boundary conditions were fully considered. The position and size of casting defects were determined by simulation and calculation. In practical production, the qualified castings were produced by taking corresponding measures to prevent castings from defects.

Field of study: Materials science
Expanding Social Benefits: The Role of Social Security

On 14 August 1935, President Franklin Roosevelt signed the Social Security Act, the charter law for the closest approximation the United States would achieve to a modern "welfare state," or system of public protections for citizens against the hazards of old-age, unemployment, ill health, disability, and poverty. The programs included in the "big bang" of reforms signed into law on this one watershed day had some very distinctive patterns that have largely survived and shaped the provision of public benefits in the United States to the 1980s.1 Health insurance was omitted altogether from the Social Security Act, but there were three other major parts to the legislation as proposed and passed: unemployment insurance; public assistance; and old-age insurance. Despite proposals for a more nationally uniform approach, unemployment insurance was instituted as a federal-state system, with authority left to the states to collect contributions from employers and employed workers and to provide benefits to eligible workers who later became unemployed. Over subsequent decades, taxation and benefits would become quite uneven across the states. It would also prove impossible to reform this system to pool risks of economic downturns

Field of study: Political science