nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Impaired delay eyeblink conditioning in amnesic Korsakoff's patients and recovered alcoholics.

The performance of amnesic Korsakoff patients in delay eyeblink classical conditioning was compared with that of recovered chronic alcoholic subjects and healthy normal control subjects. Normal control subjects exhibited acquisition of conditioned responses (CRs) to a previously neutral, conditioned tone stimulus (CS) following repeated pairings with an unconditioned air-puff stimulus, and demonstrated extinction of CRs when the CS was subsequently presented alone. Both amnesic Korsakoff patients and recovered chronic alcoholic subjects demonstrated an impairment in their ability to acquire CRs. These results indicate that the preservation of delay eyeblink conditioning in amnesia must depend on the underlying neuropathology of the amnesic syndrome. It is known that patients with amnesia caused by medial temporal lobe pathology have preserved conditioning. We have now demonstrated that patients with amnesia caused by Korsakoff's syndrome, as well as recovered chronic alcoholic subjects, have impaired conditioning. This impairment is most likely caused by cerebellar deterioration resulting from years of alcohol abuse.

Field of study: Medicine
Potential use of real-space refinement in protein structure determination.

Through testing refinement protocols using free R-factor estimates of model quality, it is shown that real-space refinement can be a useful addition to conventional reciprocal-space refinement, even for protein structures with poor electron-density maps derived from multiple isomorphous replacement. By alternating real- and reciprocal-space refinements, starting with an experimental map, then calculating 2F(o) - F(c) maps, it is demonstrated with the structure of HMG-CoA reductase, that quick automatic refinement can yield a model with a free R factor 1.5% better than exhaustive reciprocal-space refinement, and within 1% of a model that was interactively rebuilt and refined repeatedly.

Field of study: Chemistry
[Clinical characteristics of the endogenous intoxication syndrome in Russian tick-born encephalitis].

: The paper characterizes the clinical and laboratory indices of the endogenous intoxication syndrome (EIS) in 173 patients with acute Russian tick-borne encephalitis. In its feverish form, EIS is characterized by the general intoxication syndrome and a slight increase in the luciferase index (LI). In its meningeal form, EIS is accompanied by overall cerebral symptoms, cardiovascular, respiratory and hepatic detoxifying dysfunctions, which are manifested by increases in both the intoxication leukocyte index of (ILI) and LI. In its focal form, EIS is characterized by the signs of multiorgan failure with the most pronounced alterations in the laboratory indices of endotoxemia (LID and LI).

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
a study of the generalized tukey lambda family

The Tukey lambda family of distributions together with its extensions have played an important role in statistical practice. In this paper a con¬tinuously defined two-parameter generalization of this family, which holds promise of a variety of additional applications, is variously studied. The coefficients of skewness and kurtosis and the density shapes of its members are examined and the family is related to the classical Pearsonian system of distributions.

Field of study: Mathematics
Mapping pervasive selective logging in the south-west Brazilian Amazon 2000–2019

Tropical forests harbour the highest biodiversity on the planet and are essential to human livelihoods and the global economy. However, continued loss and degradation of forested landscapes, coupled with a rapidly rising global population is placing incredible pressure on forests globally. The United Nations has developed the Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation (REDD+) programme in response to the challenges facing tropical forests and in recognition of the role they can play in climate mitigation. REDD+ requires consistent and reliable monitoring of forests, however, national-level methodologies for measuring degradation are often bespoke and, because of an inability to track degradation effectively, the majority of countries combine reporting for deforestation and forest degradation into a single value. Here, we extend a recent analysis that enabled the detection of selective logging at the scale of a logging concession to a regional-scale estimation of selective logging activities. We utilized logging records from across Brazil to train a supervised classification algorithm for detecting logged pixels in Landsat imagery then predicted the extent of logging over a 20 year period throughout Rondonia, Brazil. Approximately one-quarter of the forested lands in Rondonia were cleared between 2000 and 2019. We estimate that 11.0% of the forest area present in 2000 had been selectively logged by 2019, comprising >11,500 km2 of forest. In general, rates of selective logging were twice as high in the first decade relative to the last decade of the period. Our approach is a considerable advance in developing an operationalized selective logging monitoring system capable of detecting subtle forest disturbances over large spatial scales.

Field of study: Environmental science
Different effects of the glucosidase inhibitors 1-deoxynojirimycin, N-methyl-1-deoxynojirimycin and castanospermine on the glycosylation of rat alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor and alpha 1-acid glycoprotein.

The glucosidase inhibitors 1-deoxynojirimycin, N-methyl-1-deoxynojirimycin and castanospermine were used to inhibit oligosaccharide processing in primary cultures of rat hepatocytes. Their effect on the glycosylation of alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor (alpha 1PI) and alpha 1-acid glycoprotein (alpha 1AGP) was studied. Of the three glucosidase inhibitors examined, 1-deoxynojirimycin inhibited not only oligosaccharide trimming but also glycosylation de novo of newly synthesized proteins, resulting in the formation of alpha 1PI with two and three (normally carrying three) and alpha 1AGP with two to five (normally carrying six) oligosaccharide side chains. In the presence of the glucosidase inhibitors, glucosylated high-mannose-type oligosaccharides accumulated. Whereas most of the endoglucosaminidase-H-sensitive oligosaccharides formed in the presence of 1-deoxynojirimycin contained only one glucose residue, N-methyl-1-deoxynojirimycin and castanospermine led mainly to the formation of oligosaccharides with three glucose residues. None of the three glucosidase inhibitors completely prevented the formation of complex-type oligosaccharides. Thus, in their presence, alpha 1PI and alpha 1AGP with a mixture of both high-mannose and complex-type oligosaccharides were secreted.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Magnetic X-ray absorption fine structure for Ni-Mn alloys.

Magnetic X-ray absorption fine-structure (XAFS) spectra have been measured for Ni-Mn alloys. The magnetic XAFS in the near-edge region (X-ray absorption near-edge structure, XANES) and X-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD) of the Mn and Ni K-edge for Ni(1-x)Mn(x) (x = 0.25, 0.24 and 0.20) show that (i) the local magnetic structure around the Mn atom is quite different from that around the Ni atom, and (ii) the peak intensity in the magnetic XANES of the Mn K-edge depends on the magnetization of the sample in contrast to the Ni K-edge. The Mn K-edge magnetic EXAFS (extended XAFS) for Ni(0.76)Mn(0.24) is also measured. The second and fourth peaks in the Fourier transform are observed to be enhanced in comparison with the non-magnetic EXAFS, indicating that the second- and fourth-shell Ni atoms are replaced by Mn atoms due to heat treatment (atomic ordering). Semi-relativistic theoretical calculation explains the observed magnetic EXAFS.

Field of study: Physics
The Development of Online Tutorial Program Design Using Problem-Based Learning in Open Distance Learning System

This research aimed to evaluate of online tutorial program design by applying problem-based learning Research Methods currently implemented in the system of Open Distance Learning (ODL). The students must take a Research Methods course to prepare themselves for academic writing projects. Problem-based learning basically emphasizes the process of problem-solving, active learning, and collaborative learning in order to develop problem-solving skills and self-learning abilities. It is expected that the program will be implemented for the students as a learning program as eligible criteria for learning as well as for a good presentation in ODL systems. This research adopted the methods of Research-Based Development (Borg& Gall 2005), and several steps of research-based development methods were used to create effective problem-based learning for the Online Tutorial package of the Research Methods course. The researcher divided the research and development into five stages, namely, Need Analysis,  Evaluation Design Program, and Implementation Program. The population of study was all students in Semester 2015.2 who took the Research Methods course. The study sample consisted of 20 students, facilitated by two Online Tutor facilitators. Sample selection was carried out randomly regardless of ability or particular capacity. At this stage of development of the learning models, the evaluation model of learning was developed using the expert research method (expert judgments) and designers of learning. The tool is a measuring instrument used in the Evaluation Instrument of the Program. The finding of this research shows that Online Tutorial Program Design has already developed the criteria for learning as well as criteria for a good presentation of students’ Open Distance Learning. Based Learning, Research Based- Development,

Field of study: Education
Establishment of a novel cell-based assay for screening small molecule antagonists of human interleukin-6 receptor

Blockade of interleukin-6 (IL-6) or its receptor (IL-6R) is effective in preventing the progression of autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis. In the present study, we established a novel cell-based assay for identifying small molecule IL-6R antagonists.HEK293A cells were transfected with recombinant plasmids pTaglite-SNAP-IL6R and pABhFc-IL6 to obtain membrane-bound IL-6R and recombinant human IL-6 coupled with human Fc fragment (rhIL-6), respectively. A novel screening assay based on the interaction between IL-6R and rhIL-6 was established, optimized and validated. The stability of the assay was also assessed by calculating the Z′-factor.RhIL-6 dose-dependently bound to IL-6R expressed at HEK293A cell surface. The IC50 value of the known antagonist ab47215 was 0.38±0.08 μg/mL, which was consistent with that obtained using the traditional method (0.36±0.14 μg/mL). The value of Z′-factor was 0.68, suggesting that the novel assay was stable for high throughput screening. A total of 474 compounds were screened using the novel screening assay, and 3 compounds exhibited antagonistic activities (IC50=8.73±0.28, 32.32±9.08, 57.83±4.24 μg/mL). Furthermore, the active compounds dose-dependently inhibited IL-6-induced proliferation of 7TD1 cells, and reduced IL-6-induced STAT3 phosphorylation in U937 cells.A novel cell-based screening assay for identifying small molecule IL-6R antagonists was established, which simplifies the procedures in traditional cellular ELISA screening and profiling and reduces the costs.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Chomsky, London and Lewis

David Lewis famously argued that the time traveller �can� murder her grandfather, even though she never will: it is compossible with a particular set of facts including her motive, opportunity and skill (1976: 150). I argue that while ordinary agents �can� under Lewis�s conception, philosophers cannot � the latter will not only fail to fulfill their homicidal intentions but also fail to form them in the first place.

Field of study: Philosophy
Numerical Simulation of Mobility Effects on Transient Electroluminescence Spikes in Organic Light-Emitting Diodes

In this study, we simulate the transient electroluminescence (EL) in organic light-emitting diodes. The forming mechanism of transient EL spikes is discussed in detail. After applying a voltage pulse, the remaining mobile charges drift to the opposite trapped charges and lead to an increase in the exciton recombination rate, which corresponds to the EL spike phenomenon. We observe an EL spike in a solution-processed 2,4,5,6-tetrakis(carbazol-9-yl)-1,3-dicyanobenz-ene(4CzIPN)-doped emitting device, in which 4CzIPN acts as an electron trapping center and confines the electrons within the emitting layer. To further study the effect of the mobility on the EL spike, we simulate it at different electron/hole mobilities. The results show that increasing the hole mobility increases the EL spike. Moreover, when the charge mobility is temperature- and electric field-dependent, the simulation results suggest that if the charge mobility is more susceptible to the electric field, then a lower EL spike is observed, whereas with temperature decrease, a longer tailing is noticeable at the falling edge.

Field of study: Materials science
Total synthesis of hamacanthin B class marine bisindole alkaloids

A method for the synthesis of 1-(1 H -indol-3-yl)ethane-1,2-diamines, key synthetic precursors of a number of marine alkaloids, has been developed based on the reduction of adducts of O -benzylhydroxylamine and N -protected 3-(2-nitrovinyl)indoles. For the first time, the total synthesis of 6’,6”-didebromohamacanthin B, 6’-debromohamacanthin B, and 6”-debromohamacanthin B, the secondary metabolites of the sponges Spongosorites and Discodermia calyx , was carried out.

Field of study: Chemistry
Secondary Electron Emission from Thin Metal Foils Produced by 30-MeV Electrons

Secondary electron emission from thin metal foils is measured for incident 30-MeV electrons as a function of foil thickness from 0.02 to 3 g/cm2. The emission is divided into high-energy and low-energy components with the magnitude of the high-energy emission ranging from 3 to 12 percent and the low-energy emission from 3 to 6 percent. This experimental data can be described satisfactorily by two theoretical models.

Field of study: Physics
Investigation of the reactions of atomic iodine in a photodissociation laser using n-C3F7I and i-C3F7I molecules

A photodissociation iodine laser, employing n-C3F7I and i-C3F7I molecules, was used in a study of the kinetics of the reactions which accompanied the photolysis of these compounds. The results obtained confirmed the earlier observation that the recombination processes involving iodine atoms in the ground state I(52P3/2) had much larger rate constants than those of the corresponding reactions involving excited iodine atoms I*(52P1/2). A study was made of the influence of the structure of the radical R, formed by the photolysis of an RI molecule, on the rate constant of the recombination reaction R + R → R2. The rate constants of several chemical reactions involving iodine atoms and R radicals were determined and the influence of these constants on the energy characteristics of photodissociation lasers was analyzed.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Can designs inspired by control theory keep deployment policies effective and cost-efficient as technology prices fall?

Deployment policies based on economic incentives are among the most effective tools for speeding up the diffusion of clean energy technologies. Policy instruments such as feed-in tariffs have played a critical role in driving the growth of solar photovoltaics, and could accelerate the uptake of other technologies that are key to the decarbonization of energy systems. Historical experiences, however, show that failing to adjust economic incentives to falling technology prices can fundamentally undermine these policies' effectiveness and cost-efficiency. This paper addresses this challenge by assessing three novel policy designs. Based on control-theory principles, the proposed mechanisms modify incentives in response to changes in deployment, policy costs, or profitability for adopters. We assess the outcomes that each policy design would have achieved when applied to Germany's feed-in tariff for solar photovoltaics between 2000 and 2016. For this purpose, we developed an agent-based model that allows us to simulate the adoption decisions of individual households and medium-sized and large firms, as well as the evolution of technology prices. Our results show that responsive designs inspired by control theory might produce policies that follow their targets more closely, and at a lower cost. In addition, our analysis suggests that the studied designs could greatly reduce uncertainty over policy outcomes and windfall profits. This research also highlights the role of the temporal distribution of policy targets, and identifies relevant policy design tradeoffs in order to derive important implications for the design of future deployment policies.

Field of study: Environmental science
Empirical Analysis of Subsidies Allowance in College of China

The allowance for subsidy makes up an important component of income for university faculty.When the wage reform is to be implemented within the college and university scope,comprehensive analysis of the current situation of allowance subsidies is of great practical significance.The intension of this paper is to survey 32 colleges allowance subsidies data thus to make overview analysis,composition analysis and geographical characteristic analysis to identify existing problems,deeply analyze the reasons,and to put forward some suggestions and reflection on clean-up standards about college allowance subsidies.

Field of study: Economics
Development of a multiplex real-time PCR to detect three respiratory viruses

目的 建立多重实时PCR检测体系可同时快速检测引起人呼吸道感染的甲型流感病毒(IAV)、呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV)和SARS冠状病毒(SARS-CoV).方法 通过对PCR反应条件的优化,建立了同时检测IAV、RSV和SARS-CoV的多重实时PCR方法.结果 经熔解曲线分析,证实了该法可同时或分别检测3种重要呼吸道病毒.检测灵敏度分别为100.7TCID50/ml、1 TCID50/ml和10-0.5TCID50/ml.采用相同的反应体系和条件,分别对其他7种呼吸道病毒(包括乙型流感病毒,副流感病毒2型,柯萨奇病毒B3和B5血清型及腺病毒2、3和7血清型)进行扩增,均未检测出扩增产物.此种方法可在4 h内完成.结论 建立的多重实时PCR检测方法适用于3种重要呼吸道病毒的快速检测。

Field of study: Biology
Impurity Screening and Surface Acoustic Wave Absorption in a Dipolar Exciton Condensate at Finite Temperatures

We describe the behavior of a repulsively interacting Bose-Einstein condensate of indirect dipolar exciton gas in a double quantum well (QW) system under external static or dynamic electric fields at finite temperatures. Electrostatic perturbation is considered to be created by an impurity atom or shot-range defect of QW fluctuation. The screening of this defect potential by an exciton condensate is studied. We find asymptotic spatial dependence of the screened potential and analyse its dependence on the temperature and exciton concentration. It is shown that the asymptotic of the screened potential has a steep power law dependence in contrast to the well known results of electron gas. This peculiarity reflects the bosonic nature of the exciton condensate. The behavior of exciton condensate under external alternative field created by a surface acoustic wave (SAW) is examined in detail. We focus our attention on the dependence of SAW absorption coefficient on temperature and exciton concentration. We found that at zero temperatures Landau damping does not contribute to the SAW absorption, but the Belyaev mechanism produces unusual behavior of SAW absorption coefficient on exciton concentration: if the exciton concentration exceeds some critical value, the SAW absorption vanishes. At finite temperatures Landau damping comes into action and results in washing out the sharp absorption behavior. Such unusual SAW absorption properties can be used for experimental evidence of the exciton condensation. This method is also applicable to the experimental testing of both dark and bright exciton condensates, that is impossible to do with the optical luminescence technique.

Field of study: Physics
Changes in Public Opinion and the American Welfare State

The debate over the welfare state in the United States has un folded in the throes of a very long-running tension between on one hand, a deep-seated belief that charity corrupts its recipients and on the other, a con viction of our collective responsibility to care for the vulnerable among us. What makes this interesting, of course, is that many if not most Americans put stock in both sides of the debate. This tension plays out in legislative wran gling over the design of anti-poverty programs, it permeates mass media cov erage of the poor, and it has characterized measures of public opinion toward poverty relief as long as there have been such  As the American welfare state has grown in fits and starts since the advent of Civil War pen sions, voters and policymakers have continued to wrestle with an ambivalence about how to help and how much help to extend to the economically vulner able, under what circumstances, and from what sources. As the United States confronts steeply rising health care costs, the retirement of the baby boomers, and growing economic inequality, this ambivalence offers both a foundation for the expansion of redistributive policies and a potential obstacle to needed reforms. In tracing some recent contours of public opinion toward redistribu tion, this essay attempts to elaborate both the political opportunities and chal lenges to bringing America's welfare state more into line with the needs of a dynamic population. The long-standing sense of obligation to help the poor among us?whether driven by guilt, the practical need to raise up the next generation of citizens,

Field of study: Political science
Walk your way through water stewardship

Farmers are expected to comply with a litany of legislation, from slurry dam registration to water usage regulations. It is no wonder then that many farmers seem to be suffering from "compliance fatigue". WWF South Africa and the Danish Embassy recognised the need to simplify compliance and best practice, and contracted DHI South Africa to assist in developing an easy-to-use, free, web-based water stewardship tool.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Knot and Tonk: Nasty Connectives on Many-Valued Truth-Tables for Classical Sentential Logic

Prior’s Tonk is a famously horrible connective. It is defined by its inference rules. My aim in this article is to compare Tonk with some hitherto unnoticed nasty connectives, which are defined in semantic terms. I first use many-valued truth-tables for classical sentential logic to define a nasty connective, Knot. I then argue that we should refuse to add Knot to our language. And I show that this reverses the standard dialectic surrounding Tonk, and yields a novel solution to the problem of many-valued truth-tables for classical sentential logic. I close by outlining the technicalities surrounding nasty connectives on many-valued truth-tables.

Field of study: Philosophy