nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Assessing Assessment Literacy of Science Teachers in Public Secondary Schools in Ekiti State

The study investigated assessment literacy of science teachers in public secondary schools in Ekiti State using survey design. Participants were 337 teachers (Male=152, Female=185) selected from 85 out of 184 public secondary schools in Ekiti State using stratified random sampling technique. Research instrument was a self-constructed questionnaire, ‘Teacher’s Assessment Literacy’, having three sections: A, B and C. Section A was on biodata: gender (male/female) and teaching experience (in years) defined as 0—5 (low), 6—15 (average) and 16 + (high). Section B contained 15 items multiple choice test of knowledge of assessment techniques with reliability coefficient=0.79 using KR-21 formula. Section C contained 20 items assessment techniques in which teachers were asked to indicate their degree of emphasis on each using a five-point scale: Always (5), Often (4), Sometimes (3), Rarely (2) and Never (1), with reliability coefficient=0.82 using Cronbach-?. Data were analysed using percentiles, means, standard deviations, t-test and one-way ANOVA tested at 0.05 level of significance. Results showed that majority of the teachers had low knowledge of assessment techniques. However, female teachers were more assessment-literate than males, while high experienced teachers were more assessment-literate than low and average experienced teachers. Moreover, teachers placed more emphasis on formal assessment procedures than the informal. It was recommended that regular seminar/workshop be organised for science teachers on assessment practices for quality assessment in the classroom.  Assessing, Assessment literacy, Science teachers, Secondary schools

Field of study: Education
Henry David Thoreau: The Instrumental Transcendentalist?

At the outset, it is important to note that the nature of this essay is exploratory, an effort to open a conjunctive discussion of two seemingly disparate strands of the American intellectual tradition. Of the handful of what we might refer to as indigenously unique philosophical traditions, the two most likely to survive a serious debate on this matter would have to be Institutionalism and New England Transcendentalism. Both emerged in the nineteenth century, at least in part as a reflection of the unique experiences of the geographical and cultural settlement of the United States. Both might also be characterized as unique philosophical reactions to the intellectual and religious baggage that found its way across the Atlantic from Europe. We might perhaps go further, saying that both are in the business of reconstruction, as neither Institutionalism nor Transcendentalism is fond of the dogmatic assertions, the veiled authority, or the habits and customs of orthodoxy, whether religious, philosophical, or otherwise. While these similarities persist, and would under normal circumstances be enough to initiate our discussion, it seems that common understanding has and continues to oppose it. After all, it is generally conceived that idealism

Field of study: Economics
Between Brazil and Bahia: Celebrating Dois de Julho in Nineteenth-Century Salvador

Commemorating the expulsion of Portuguese troops from Salvador, Bahia, on 2 July 1823, the Dois de Julho festival represented Bahian society collectively and marked differences of national origin, class, and race. It challenged the Brazilian state's official patriotism by articulating a regional identity, and through its commemoration of the independence-era popular mobilisation, presented a story of Brazil's origins that contradicted the official patriotism which celebrated Emperor Pedro I as Brazil's founder. Dois de Julho's popularity and durability, moreover, suggest a significant and socially-broad engagement with the imperial state, which cannot be considered a remote and alien entity to the urban population.

Field of study: Political science
A threshold voltage model for short-channel MOSFETs taking into account the varying depth of channel depletion layers around the source and drain

In this paper, an analytical model for threshold voltage of short-channel MOSFETs is presented. For such devices, the depletion regions due to source/drain junctions occupy a large portion of the channel, and hence are very important for accurate modeling. The proposed threshold voltage model is based on a realistic physically-based model for the depletion layer depth along the channel that takes into account its variation due to the source and drain junctions. With this, the unrealistic assumption of a constant depletion layer depth has been removed, resulting in an accurate prediction of the threshold voltage. The proposed model can predict the drain induced barrier lowering (DIBL) effect and hence, the threshold voltage roll-off characteristics quite accurately. The model predictions are verified against the 2-D numerical device simulator, DESSIS of ISE TCAD.

Field of study: Engineering
Hunting for What Works: Adolescents in Addiction Treatment.

Although adolescents are developmentally distinct from adults, they often receive addiction treatment based on adult models. This is problematic because adolescents face significantly different conditions in addiction treatment, including distinct basic biological and neurodevelopmental stages, unique sociodevelopmental concerns, distinctive addiction trajectories, and, in turn, disparate treatment goals and outcomes. In sum, it can be difficult for even savvy clinicians to know how to approach addiction treatment with this important age group. In an effort to help clinicians and researchers consider substance use via a neurodevelopmental lens, we approached this review with 4 goals: (i) characterize the prevalence, and related health and safety implications of substance use within this age group; (ii) identify the nature of the adolescent brain, including characteristic features of this phase of neurodevelopment relevant to adolescent substance use treatment; (iii) provide an overview of current adolescent addiction interventions and avenues to improve clinical treatment and clinical research efforts for adolescents; and (iv) examine the intersection between the nature of the developing brain and adolescent substance use, and utilize that information to inform alternative routes and directions for substance use treatment in this critical age group. This review concludes by offering a novel neurodevelopmental model and framework to examine substance use interventions, along with a series of recommendations to optimize adolescent substance use treatment and clinical research.

Field of study: Medicine
Correlation of Gulf Coast provincial Paleogene stages with European standard stages

One of the chief goals of stratigraphy is to correlate the provincial stages used in many countries with the standard chronostratigraphic scale based on European stages. In this study, United States Gulf Coast provincial Paleogene stages in their type area are correlated with the European standard Paleogene stages by use of calcareous nannoplankton. Gulf Coast provincial stage boundaries can be placed in Martini9s standard calcareous nannoplankton zonation as follows: Midwayan-Sabinian boundary—mid-NP 5; Sabinian-Claibornian boundary—base NP 12; Claibornian-Jacksonian boundary—mid-NP 17; Jacksonian-Vicksburgian boundary—mid-NP 21; Vicksburgian-Chickasawhayan boundary—base NP 24; upper Chickasawhayan boundary—mid-NP 24. Gulf Coast stages therefore correlate with the European stages as follows. The Midwayan Stage corresponds to all of the Danian Stage and the lowest part of the Selandian Stage. The Sabinian Stage corresponds to the rest of the Selandian and the lower half of the Ypresian Stage. The Claiboraian Stage includes the upper half of the Ypresian, all of the Lutetian, and approximately the lower two-thirds of the Bartonian. The Jacksonian includes the upper third of the Bartonian, all of the Priabonian, and the lower part of the Rupelian. The Vicksburgian corresponds to all but the lowermost and uppermost fractions of the Rupelian, and the Chickasawhayan, to the upper one-tenth of the Rupelian and the lower one-fifth of the Chattian.

Field of study: Geology
Focus defect and dispersion mismatch in full-field optical coherence microscopy.

Full-field optical coherence microscopy (FFOCM) is an optical technique, based on low-coherence interference microscopy, for tomographic imaging of semi-transparent samples with micrometer-scale spatial resolution. The differences in refractive index between the sample and the immersion medium of the microscope objectives may degrade the FFOCM image quality because of focus defect and optical dispersion mismatch. These phenomena and their consequences are discussed in this theoretical paper. Experimental methods that have been implemented in FFOCM to minimize the adverse effects of these phenomena are summarized and compared.

Field of study: Physics
Does stewardship program participation influence Canadian farmer engagement in biodiversity-friendly farming practices?

Biodiversity and farming are inextricably linked. Naturally occurring biodiversity supports the ecosystem services that are indispensable for agricultural production. Although the intensification of farming during the twentieth century has resulted in increased yields, this has often been at the expense of biodiversity. At present, farm biodiversity conservation efforts are largely confined to voluntary programs. This research project examined the relationship between pro-biodiversity attitudes, participation in a voluntary stewardship program, and engagement in biodiversity-friendly farming activities among farmers in Nova Scotia, Canada. This investigation was completed through a quantitative survey measuring respondents’ attitudes toward, knowledge of, and management of biodiversity. Significant links were found between program participation and increased engagement in two out of six biodiversity-friendly activities the program promotes: (1) modified harvest, such as changes to mowing equipment, timing, pattern or height to reduce animal mortality; and (2) riparian management, such as buffers and fencing. Engagement in other practices could not be traced to program participation. Pro-biodiversity attitudes, however, were linked to some of these other activities, but not linked to the increased uptake of riparian management or modified harvest. The instruction given to participants about riparian and harvest activities was much more detailed and site-specific than instructions for the activities that were linked to pro-biodiversity attitude, however. This suggests that the quantity and quality of instruction provided to stewardship program participants may have an impact on their uptake of conservation activities.

Field of study: Environmental science
A Contrastive Analysis of Delexicalized Verbs between English and Chinese

Delexicalized verbs can be understood as part of the shift that they have less of a clear and independent meaning gradually while more of grammatical function. It is worth noting that it has obtained a greater capability in collocation, substitution and conjunction with other words. Therefore, delexicalization is believed to contribute to the native-like speech that the language learners make. In a word, delexicalized verbs are believed to entail such a delexicalized beauty that they are preferred by speakers in use, thanks to which they enrich everyday words simultaneously.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Realization and characterization of thin single crystal Ge films on sapphire

We have successfully produced and characterized thin single crystal Ge films on sapphire substrates (GeOS). Such a GeOS template offers a cost-effective alternative to bulk germanium substrates for applications where only a thin (<2 ?m) Ge layer is needed for device operation. The GeOS templates have been realized using the Smart CutTM?technique. 100?mm diameter GeOS templates have been manufactured and characterized to compare the Ge thin film properties with bulk Ge. Surface defect inspection, SEM, AFM, defect etching, XRD and Raman spectroscopy were all performed. The results obtained for each characterization technique used have highlighted that the material properties of the transferred thin Ge film were very close to the ones of a bulk Ge reference. An epitaxial AlGaInP/GaInP/AlGaInP double heterostructure was grown atop the GeOS template to demonstrate the template's stability under the conditions encountered in typical device realization. The photoluminescent behavior of this epitaxial structure was nearly identical to that of a similar structure grown on a bulk Ge substrate. The GeOS templates therefore offer a viable alternative to bulk Ge substrates in the fabrication of devices whose operation is compatible with a thin film structure.

Field of study: Materials science
Superconductivity at 35 K in an oxyarsenide with double FeAs layers

We report exploration of superconductivity in an iron oxyarsenide RbGd$_2$Fe$_4$As$_4$O$_2$. The new material is isostructural to the fluo-arsenide KCa$_2$Fe$_4$As$_4$F$_2$, both of which contain separate double FeAs layers that are hole doped by the materials themselves. Unlike KCa$_2$Fe$_4$As$_4$F$_2$ with obviously unequal Fe$-$As bond distances, the Fe$-$As bondlengths in RbGd$_2$Fe$_4$As$_4$O$_2$ turn out to be identical within the measurement uncertainty. Bulk superconductivity at 35 K is demonstrated by the measurements of electrical resistivity, dc magnetic susceptibility and heat capacity.

Field of study: Physics
Concentric mixtures of Mallows models for top-k rankings: sampling and identifiability

In this paper, we consider mixtures of two Mallows models for top-$k$ rankings, both with the same location parameter but with different scale parameters, i.e., a mixture of concentric Mallows models. This situation arises when we have a heterogeneous population of voters formed by two homogeneous populations, one of which is a subpopulation of expert voters while the other includes the non-expert voters. We propose efficient sampling algorithms for Mallows top-$k$ rankings. We show the identifiability of both components, and the learnability of their respective parameters in this setting by, first, bounding the sample complexity for the Borda algorithm with top-$k$ rankings and second, proposing polynomial time algorithm for the separation of the rankings in each component. Finally, since the rank aggregation will suffer from a large amount of noise introduced by the non-expert voters, we adapt the Borda algorithm to be able to recover the ground truth consensus ranking which is especially consistent with the expert rankings.

Field of study: Computer science
Local linear estimation of a generalized regression function with functional dependent data

This work deals with a local linear non parametric estimation of the generalized regression function in the case of a scalar response variable given a random variable taking values in a semimetric space. The rates of pointwise and uniform almost complete convergence are established for the studied estimator when the sample is an α-mixing sequence. Two real datasets are used to illustrate the performance of a studied estimator with respect to the kernel method.

Field of study: Mathematics
Here Come the Yankees! The Rise and Decline of United States Colonies in Cuba, 1898–1930

Just after noon onJanuary 4, I900, the ancient city of Nuevitas, Cuba, lazily basking in the midday sunshine, witnessed a sight which had not been paralleled in the four hundred years of its existence. A steamer was dropping anchor in the placid water of the harbor a mile off shore, and her decks were thronged with a crowd of more than two hundred eager and active Americans. They wore no uniforms, nor did they carry either guns or swords; and yet they had come on an errand of conquest.... It was the vanguard of the first American colony planted in Cuba.

Field of study: History
Correction to "Estimating two-dimensional frequencies by matrix enhancement and matrix pencil"

The authors describe an amendment to the paper by Hua ( 1992). The amendment is to the tables where a numerical error was caused by a bug in the noise generation subprogram. The error was not major enough to alter any conclusion drawn. Specifically, the patterns shown in Figs. 1-8 of the original paper are actually the same as the correct ones, but the biases and deviations shown in Tables I and II should be replaced by those given in the present correction.

Field of study: Engineering
Clustering of XML Schemas for Information Integration

As a prerequisite for information integration, this paper presents an efficient method for clustering XML schemas. The proposed method first computes similarities among schemas. The similarity is defined by the size of the common structure between two schemas under the assumption that the schemas with less cost to be integrated are more similar. Specifically, we extract one-to-one matchings between paths with the largest number of corresponding elements. Finally, a hierarchical clustering method is applied to the values of similarity. Experimental results with many XML schemas show that the method has performed better compared with previous works in terms of the accuracy of clustering, the clustering rate, the quality of clustering, and the time complexity.

Field of study: Computer science
The Fiction of Ruth Prawer Jhabvala: The Politics of Passion (review)

The recent recognition that Ruth Jhabvala has gained from her novels, short stories, and film scripts justifies this sometimes compelling, sometimes irritatingly polemic book. Laurie Sucher is at her best when she analyzes individual works; I question the adamancy of her feminist stance as she ignores the context of the work. It is undeniable that Jhabvala's books mark the stages of her own journey through lifeÂ—as the victim of political upheaval; as an outsider looking in on an alien culture; and as the wife of a man who himself belongs to a minority within a culture that makes agonizing demands on the individual. Sucher is comprehensive in her analyses of the quests towards "the shedding of illusion" that Jhabvala paints with wit and irony. This book is a concentrated study of four books written after 1972, two set in India, and two away from it. Their themes are more serious than the earlier ones, more direct in their treatment of love between women and between homosexual men, and more pessimistic in the portrayal of contemporary self-interest. Each examination is preceded by commentary on earlier stories that introduce the context and themes developed in the novels. A major section of the book deals with Heat and Dust, the work best known in the U.S. Although there is a valuable analysis of Jhabvala's indebtedness to E. M. Forster for significant names and even descriptions, Sucher's determined feminist approach limits her effectiveness. One cannot ignore the elements of the culture within which the novel is set despite her confession at the first of the book that her "perspective is probably more politically feminist than her subject's." The struggle of adaptation to and survival in an alien culture compels us away from a single point of view. For example, "Desecration," the story that leads into Heat and Dust, does not simply depict a woman who reaps the scorn of the village because she flees from boredom. Her very marriage is a violation of the social code: a Muslim married to a Hindu has already challenged tradition and belief. Olivia, too, in the novel, suffers the "ambiguity of eros" because she has stepped too far to the other side. Sucher is so well able to examine the Gothic tradition in Jhabvala, the eternal, "human" quest for wisdom and the writer's virtuosity as she layers story upon story, that the narrowness of her generalizations are bothersome. To claim that women engage in love "at their extreme peril" because "God is thought

Field of study: Art
Noninvasive estimation of blood alcohol concentrations: ethanol vapor above the eye.

The present study describes, in animals, a novel approach to the in vivo, noninvasive determination of alcohol in the body. The concentration of ethanol in vapor above the lacrimal fluid in the eye was analyzed in situ by the use of a fast (1-min) gas sensor method developed previously for biological liquids. After an oral dose of 1 g/kg to 11 animals, eye vapor measurements and blood samples were obtained over 4 hr. The correlation of 61 blood ethanol concentrations obtained by the two methods yielded a correlation coefficient of 0.92 and a slope of 0.99. The metabolic rates of ethanol determined by gas chromatographic analysis of blood and by ethanol eye vapor analysis are virtually identical. The data suggest that ethanol eye vapor analysis may be an attractive, noninvasive method for the determination of ethanol in animals. The method is not subject to false high readings due to alcohol in the buccal cavity and thus might constitute an alternative to breath analysis in the human. In a separate series, ethanol was determined by head space gas chromatography in samples of blood and lacrimal fluid while the animals were under ketamine anesthesia. The correlation of ethanol concentrations in blood and lacrimal fluid (r = 0.99) shows that ethanol is distributed in lacrimal fluid which comprises part of total body water.

Field of study: Medicine
Vergleichsuntersuchungen von bleivergiftung bei in verschiedenen Druchereisbteilungen (in verschiedenartiger Höhe) untergebrachten Tieren

Unsere Untersuchungen wollten anband von biologischen Material feststellen, ob sich Tiere als Kriterium faktischer Toxizität des Arbeitsplatzes verwenden lassen, je nachdem wo sie untergebracht sind, um auf dieser Basis den Schädlichkeitsgrad verschiedener Druckereiabteilungen zu ermitteln. Zugleich bildeten diese Tiere einen Kontrollfaktor für die Ergebnisse von physikalisch-chemischen Untersuchungen der Atmosphäre in Produktionsräumen sowie des Schädlichkeitsgrades von verschieden grossen Bleistaubteilchen fur den lebenden Organismus.

Field of study: Chemistry
The Effect of Age and Role Information on Expectations for Big Five Personality Traits

In four studies, the authors investigated the extent to which expectations for personality traits in age-graded roles correspond to patterns of personality trait change across the life course. In Studies 1 (N = 43) and 2 (N = 126), the authors examined the age-graded roles of high school student, college student, parent, and grandparent and found that expectations for how people behave in these age-graded roles showed strong parallels to the documented pattern of personality trait development and that this pattern of expectations was largely shared by younger and older participants. In Studies 3 (N = 252) and 4 (N = 123), the authors separated age and role information (e.g., marital, parental, and employment status) and found that people use both sources of information independently in forming expectations of others. The implications for understanding the interplay of expectations and personality trait development are discussed.

Field of study: Psychology
Evaluating Error-Correction Procedures for Oral Reading

Six procedures for correcting oral reading errors were examined. Five learning-disabled, junior-high students served as subjects in the experiment. The experiment consisted of 5 phases, each lasting a minimum of 7 days. Treatment effects were assessed on 2 word-recognition measures 1 day after corrections were applied. Results indicated that some form of error correction tended to be significantly superior to no correction, but that many correction procedures used by teachers appeared to produce rather small effects on word recognition. One correction procedure, which consisted of isolated word drill, far exceeded the other corrections and produced relatively high levels of word recognition. Results are discussed in terms of their implications for instructional practice.

Field of study: Education