nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Patterns of alcohol consumption and alcohol-impaired driving in the United States.

Alcohol-related motor vehicle crashes kill approximately 17,000 Americans annually and were associated with more than $51 billion in total costs in 2000. Relatively little is known about the drinking patterns of alcohol-impaired (AI) drivers in the United States.



2006 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) was analyzed for alcohol consumption and self-reported AI driving among U.S. adults aged > or =18 years for all states. Alcohol consumption was divided into 4 categories: binge/heavy, binge/nonheavy, nonbinge/heavy, and nonbinge/nonheavy. Binge drinking was defined as > or =5 drinks for men or > or =4 drinks for women on one or more occasions in the past month, and heavy drinking was defined as average daily consumption of >2 drinks/day (men) or >1 drink/day (women). The prevalence of AI driving was examined by drinking pattern and by demographic characteristics. Logistic regression analysis was used to assess the association between drinking patterns and AI driving.



Five percent of drinkers were engaged in AI driving during the past 30 days. Overall, 84% of AI drivers were binge drinkers and 88% of AI driving episodes involved binge drinkers. By drinking category, binge/nonheavy drinkers accounted for the largest percentage of AI drivers (49.4%), while binge/heavy drinkers accounted for the most episodes of AI driving (51.3%). The adjusted odds of AI driving were 20.1 (95% CI: 16.7, 24.3) for binge/heavy, 8.2 (6.9, 9.7) for binge/nonheavy, and 3.9 (2.4, 6.3) for nonbinge/heavy drinkers, respectively.



There is a strong association between binge drinking and AI driving. Most AI drivers and almost half of all AI driving episodes involve persons who are not heavy drinkers (based on average daily consumption). Implementing effective interventions to prevent binge drinking could substantially reduce AI driving.

Field of study: Medicine
Purkinje cell expression of the mouse aldolase C gene in transgenic mice is directed by an upstream regulatory element.

We have sought to understand the regulation of the expression pattern of aldolase C (Zebrin II) in cerebellar Purkinje cells. Normally, aldolase C is expressed in a series of sagittal stripes of Purkinje cells interrupted by stripes of little or no expression. Genomic aldolase C:LacZ fusion genes with 1.8 kb of sequence 5' to the transcription start site drive CNS expression of LacZ only in astrocytes and cells of the pia mater. If the 5' portion of the transgene is extended to a full 5.0 kb, expression is reliably observed in Purkinje cells, yet none of the astrocyte expression is lost. We broke the additional 3.0 kb into 1.0 kb fragments and tested each for Purkinje cell enhancer activity when appended to the original 1.8 kb construct. We show that the 886 bp region from nucleotide -2796 to -3682 (relative to the start of transcription) contains virtually all of the Purkinje cell enhancer activity. However, neither the full 5.0 kb nor the 886 bp region directed a striped expression pattern, as is seen for the endogenous gene. Taken together, our study localizes a Purkinje cell enhancer to a small 5' region of the aldolase C gene and illustrates that the element(s) responsible for the normal anatomically complex pattern of aldolase C expression are separate from those conferring cell-type specificity. The relationship of these findings to previous work in other laboratories is discussed.

Field of study: Biology
Multiple cytokine analyses of aqueous humor from the patients with retinitis pigmentosa.

Cataracts are the most common eye complications of retinitis pigmentosa (RP). This study aimed to investigate the cytokine profiles of the aqueous humor of RP with cataracts.



The aqueous humor was collected from RP eyes with cataract (RP group, n = 20) and age-related cataract eyes (ARC group, n = 20) during cataract surgery. The levels of 37 mediators were measured with multiplex fluorescent bead-based immunoassay and compared across groups. The correlation among chemokines, growth factors, and cytokines was analyzed with Spearman's rank correlation coefficient.



Twelve cytokines (IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-4, IL-10, TNF-α, IFN-γ, EGF, GM-CSF, PDGF-AB/BB, TGF-α, BMP-9, and E-selection) were below the limit of detection, and the detection rate of IL-6 was significantly higher in RP group than in the ARC group (P < 0.01). Compared with those in the control group, the aqueous humor levels of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), interleukin-(IL-)8, interferon gamma-induced protein (IP)-10, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), platelet-derived growth factor AA (PDGF-AA), matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), MMP3, MMP-7, MMP-8, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), and thrombospondin-2 (TSP-2) in the RP group increased significantly (P < 0.01). A lower level of BMP-4 in the aqueous humor was observed in the RP patients than in the controls (P < 0.05).



Significantly increased levels of PDGF-AA, MMP2, MMP3, MMP-7, MMP-8, PAI-1, and TSP-2 and lower levels of BMP-4 were found in the aqueous humor of RP patients. This result indicates a disturbance of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and cytokines in RP patients and suggests a possible role of these cytokines in the pathogenesis of capsular contraction syndrome (CCS) in RP patients.

Field of study: Medicine
Necessary and sufficient conditions for protocell growth

We consider a generic protocell model consisting of any conservative chemical reaction network embedded within a membrane. The membrane results from the self-assembly of a membrane precursor and is semi-permeable to some nutrients. Nutrients are metabolized into all other species including the membrane precursor, and the membrane grows in area and the protocell in volume. Faithful replication through cell growth and division requires a doubling of both cell volume and surface area every division time (thus leading to a periodic surface area-to-volume ratio) and also requires periodic concentrations of the cell constituents. Building upon these basic considerations, we prove necessary and sufficient conditions pertaining to the chemical reaction network for such a regime to be met. A simple necessary condition is that every moiety must be fed. A stronger necessary condition implies that every siphon must be either fed, or connected to species outside the siphon through a pass reaction capable of transferring net positive mass into the siphon. And in the case of nutrient uptake through passive diffusion and of constant surface area-to-volume ratio, a sufficient condition for the existence of a fixed point is that every siphon be fed. These necessary and sufficient conditions hold for any chemical reaction kinetics, membrane parameters or nutrient flux diffusion constants.

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics
Cloning and Bioinformatical Analysis of Phospholipase Dα1 Gene and Its Promoter in the Latex of Rubber Tree(Hevea brasiliensis Muell.Arg.)

Phospholipase D alpha 1(PLDα1) is involved in wound signal transduction in plant cells,and is a key component for wound-induced jasmonic acid(JA) production.The investigation of PLDα1 expression would facilitate unraveling the signaling pathway of JA and its regulation of the rubber biosynthesis in Hevea brasiliensis(rubber tree).The PLDα1 gene from the Hevea latex,HbPLDα1,and its promoter were cloned based on the EST sequences using RACE and Genome Walking.The full-length cDNA of HbPLDα1 gene was 2 870 bp with a complete ORF of 2 427 bp.HbPLDα1 had the similar typical conserved domains of plant PLD with those of other plants,and showed the highest identity with those of PLDα1 from Ricinus communis and Jatropha curcas.The promoter of HbPLDα1 was 1 559 bp long,including not only the ordinary cis-acting elements of TATA and CAAT box,but also such cis-acting elements responsive to phytohormones(JA,ABA,GB) and environmental stresses.The data demonstrated that the expressed of HbPLDα1 gene could be regulated by signals of both plant hormones and environmental stresses,and it's suggested that HbPLDα1 might play key roles in the responses to hormone stimulation and environmental stresses for rubber trees.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
First-principles study of the effects of oxygen vacancy on hole tunneling current

The effects of oxygen vacancies on the electronic structure of silicon dioxide and the hole tunneling current were investigated using first-principles calculations. A level related to oxygen vacancy was obtained to be nearly 2.0 eV from the top of valence band within the bandgap of the α-quartz supercell with one oxygen vacancy. And therefore the defect assisted hole (electron) tunneling currents were calculated. The results shows that the hole tunneling current will be dominant for a thinner oxide thickness at low oxide field and the contribution of trap assisted hole tunneling to the total tunneling current decreases with oxide thickness and oxide field increasing. It is concluded that the effects of the oxygen vacancies on the hole tunneling current become smaller with larger oxide thickness and higher electric field.

Field of study: Engineering
A Missed Opportunity or Party Rational? Ambivalent French Communists in May 1968

The purpose of this study is the investigation of organizational behavior of the French communists in the May Movement in 1968. Particularly at the first part of the movement, a severe rivalry between the French Communist Party (PCF) and the radical student organizations occurred. Although both of them pursued the same political goals, they could not work out for a united front. Such a behavioral choice taken by the French communists enormously influenced the course of the events. Even if the atmosphere had not been ripe enough for a revolutionary movement, the actors involved could have pulled it off through instigative appeals in order to create an acute situation. Since the electoral results had clearly indicated that the PCF possessed a concrete support mechanism, the party could have a chance to grasp a casting board, even cooperating with the students. However, the PCF did not take it. Did the communists miss the opportunity? No, they did not. The French communists acted based on their party rational, combining both new and traditional ideas on that occasion. For the party, the May Movement offered them an occasion to show the public what they stood for. That was quite enough for a social movement actor as well as a political party.  10.5901/jesr.2014.v4n6p435

Field of study: Education, Sociology
Health care technology in the United Kingdom.

The UK National Health Service (NHS) is based on the principle that everyone is entitled to any kind of medical treatment for any condition, free of charge. The NHS is funded primarily from general tax revenues. The health service is presently in the middle of a profound change in philosophy and practice. Health authorities have been given specific responsibility for identifying their population's health needs and for using public money to buy services under a specific contract so as to meet those needs. Health care technology assessment (TA) has also developed very rapidly in the UK recently. While the limited budgets of the NHS have controlled expenditures for health care, there has not been a coherent policy for technology development until very recently. During the past decade, awareness of the concepts of appropriateness, effectiveness, and cost-benefit analysis have moved to center stage on the agenda of policy makers. A new R&D strategy in the NHS is emphasizing technology assessment as an aid to choice and management of technology. The increased necessity for making choices, and the increasing availability of results from health care TA, seem to indicate that such research will have an increasing impact on health care and its management.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Precipitation Forecast Based on Mathematics Modelling Method

This text analyzes the character of the precipitation data using difference numerical value fitting method with a set of precipitation data, build up the precipitation forecast optimizing analysis to get the precipitation forecast optimized. And based on it, we establish the mathematics modelling of the precipitation forecast and present the source code implementation. This method improves the accuracy and timeliness of the precipitation forecast in reality, and make the forecast more satisfied.

Field of study: Engineering
A local coincidence triggering system for PET tomographs composed of large-area position-sensitive detectors

A local triggering system composed of small overlapping triggering channels has been designed for use in PET (positron emission tomography) tomographs composed of continuous position-sensitive detectors. This triggering system functionally divides the continuous detectors into smaller subdetectors for the purposes of event detection and coincidence timing. Such a system is necessary in tomographs with a continuous detector ring, such as a cylindrical NaI(Tl) detector, where it is necessary to detect two coincident events in the same detector. A preliminary version of the local triggering system has been designed, and the effect of triggering channel size and overlap has been tested on a single large-area NaI(Tl) detector. Based on these tests it is concluded that such a coincidence triggering system is feasible and that the local triggering system may reduce coincidence triggering system deadtime significantly.

Field of study: Physics
Boron and the kidney.

Boron, the fifth element in the periodic table, is ubiquitous in nature. It is present in food and in surface and ocean waters, and is frequently used in industrial, cosmetic, and medical settings. Exposure to boron and related compounds has been recently implicated as a potential cause of chronic kidney disease in Southeast Asia. This observation prompted the present review of the published data on the effects of acute and chronic exposure to boron on renal function and structure in human beings and in experimental animals.

Field of study: Medicine
The thermodynamic and thermoelectric properties of LixTiS2 and LixCoO2

The partial thermodynamic functions Δ H Li and Δ S Li for Li x Ti 1.03 S 2 (0.13 ⩽ x ⩽ 0.97) and Li 0.95 CoO 2 were obtained from EMF-temperature measurements ( T =-30−20° C ). For Li x Ti 1.03 S 2 , the x -dependence of these quantities is discussed in relation to a semiempirical expression for the EMF- x relation. The electronic component of the thermoelectric power in Li x Ti 1.03 S 2 (0 ⩽ × ⩽ 0.97, T = 50−200° C ) and Li x CoO 2 (0.20 ⩽ x ⩽ 1.00, T = 30−400° C ) was determined. From the sign of the (electronic) Seebeck coefficient it followed that Li x Ti 1.03 S 2 is a n -type and Li x CoO 2 a p - type electronic conductor. The influence of the amount of inserted lithium and temperature dependence on the Seebeck coefficient is discussed. A new method to determine the ionic heat of transport directly from the ionic Seebeck co-efficient was developed. This method was applied to Li x Ti 1.03 S 2 (0.61 ⩽ x ⩽ 0.97, T = -30−30° C ). The heat of transport is uch smaller than the activation enthalpy for Li + -conduction, indicating a high ionic polaron binding energy. Thermogravimetric analysis indicates that Li x CoO 2 with x 1 CoO 2 and Co 2 O 3 at temperatures higher than 80°C. This is sustained by the data for the electronic Seebeck coefficient. Also the thermodynamic, thermoelectric and kinetic data of Li x Ti 1.03 S 2 are critically compared with those of Ag x TiS 2 .

Field of study: Materials science
The effects of noradrenergic activation of the nucleus tractus solitarius on memory and in potentiating norepinephrine release in the amygdala.

Although it is known that norepinephrine (NE) modulates memory by acting on limbic areas, few studies describe how structures supplying NE to the limbic system, such as the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) contribute to this process. The present study examined the effects on memory of activating the NE pathway between the NTS and the amygdala (AMYG). Rats received buffer or the beta-noradrenergic agonist clenbuterol (CLN; 10, 50, or 100 ng/0.5 microl) into the NTS after footshock training in a Y-maze discrimination task. Infusion of 100 ng CLN significantly improved memory when retention was tested in the absence or presence of cues associated with the footshock. Experiment 2 used in vivo microdialysis to determine whether the mnemonic effects of CLN are mediated by influencing NE output in the AMYG. Subjects were given an intra-NTS infusion of CLN or phosphate buffered saline, footshock (0.8 mA, 1 s), and injected with epinephrine (EPI; 0.3 mg/kg ip) or saline. CLN or EPI injection produced a significant increase in NE sampled from the AMYG. These findings indicate that activation of NTS neurons that project to and release NE in the AMYG modulates memory storage processing.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Persistence of hexaconazole, a triazole fungicide in soils

Persistence of hexaconazole (2‐(2,4‐dichlorophenyl)‐l‐(lH‐l,2,5‐triazol‐l‐yl) hexan‐2‐ol) was studied in alluvial, red and black soils under flooded and nonflooded conditions. This fungicide was more persistent in all soils under flooded conditions than under nonflooded conditions and at 27°C than at 35°C. Degradation of hexaconazole in sterilized and nonsterilized soils proceeded at identical rates indicating a minor role of micro‐organisms in its degradation. The soil persistence of hexaconazole was not affected by the addition of wheat straw both under flooded and nonflooded conditions.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Side-channel Masking with Pseudo-Random Generator

High-order masking countermeasures against side-channel attacks usually require plenty of randomness during their execution. For security against t probes, the classical ISW countermeasure requires \(\mathcal{O}(t^2 s)\) random bits, where s is the circuit size. However running a True Random Number Generator (TRNG) can be costly in practice and become a bottleneck on embedded devices. In [IKL+13] the authors introduced the notion of robust pseudo-random number generator (PRG), which must remain secure even against an adversary who can probe at most t wires. They showed that when embedding a robust PRG within a private circuit, the number of random bits can be reduced to \(\mathcal{\tilde{O}}(t^{4})\), that is independent of the circuit size s (up to a logarithmic factor). Using bipartite expander graphs, this can be further reduced to \(\mathcal{\tilde{O}}(t^{3+\varepsilon })\); however the resulting construction is impractical.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Surface slip distributions and geometric complexity of intraplate reverse-faulting earthquakes

Earthquake ground surface ruptures provide insights into faulting mechanics and inform seismic hazard analyses. Surface ruptures for eleven historical (1968 to 2018) moment magnitude (Mw) 4.7 to 6.6 reverse earthquakes in Australia are analyzed using statistical techniques and compared to magnetic, gravity, and stress trajectory datasets. Of the total combined (summative) length of all surface ruptures (~148 km), 133 km (90%) to 145 km (98%) align with geophysical structure in the host basement rocks. Surface rupture length (SRL), maximum displacement (MD), and probability of surface rupture at a specified Mw are high compared with equivalent Mw earthquakes globally. This is attributed to (i) steep cratonic crustal strength gradient at shallow depths promoting shallow hypocenters (~1 to 6 km) and limiting down-dip rupture widths (~1 to 8.5 km), and (ii) favorably-aligned crustal anisotropies (e.g., bedrock foliations , faults, fault intersections) that enhance lateral rupture propagation and/or surface displacements. Combined (modeled and observed) MDs are in the middle third of the SRL with 68% probability, and either the ≤ 33rd and ≥ 66th percentiles of SRL with 16% probability. MD occurs proximate to or directly within zones of enhanced fault geometric complexity (as evidenced from surface ruptures) in 8 of 11 earthquakes (73%). MD can be approximated by 3.3 ± 1.6 (1σ) × AD (average displacement). S-transform analysis indicates high-frequency slip maxima also coincide with fault geometric complexities, consistent with stress amplifications and enhanced slip variability due to geometric and kinematic interactions with neighboring faults. Rupture slip taper angles exhibit large variations (-90 % to + 380 % with respect to the mean value) towards rupture termini and are steepest where ruptures terminate at obliquely-oriented magnetic lineaments and/or lithology changes. Incremental slip approximates AD between the 10th and 90th percentiles of the SRL. The average static stress drop of the studied earthquakes is 4.8 ± 2.8 MPa. A surface rupture classification scheme in cratonic stable regions is provided to describe the prevailing characteristics of intraplate earthquakes across diverse crustal structural-geophysical settings. New scaling relationships and suggestions for logic tree weights are provided to enhance probabilistic fault displacement hazard analyses for bedrock-dominated intraplate continental regions.

Field of study: Geology
Hybridized Verbs in Urhobo - English Code-Mixing

One of the outcomes of language contact is the emergence of intermediate forms which cannot be attributed to any of the two languages in contact at the surface structure level.  This is analogous to the biological process of hybridization.  The focus of this study is an analysis of hybridized verbs that emerge from Urhobo-English code-mixing.  Hybrid verbs are intermediate forms that cannot be fully identified with either Urhobo or English.  The two types of verbs discussed in this study are: first, the insertion of ‘bare’ verbs from English to Urhobo grammatical structure.  These uninflected verbs correspond to that of native Urhobo verbs since Urhobo is the matrix language and English is the embedded language based on Myers-Scotton’s (2002) matrix language frame.  Second is the adjoinment of Urhobo helping verbs, as well as Urhobo negative particle, to English main verb in the code-mixed structure.  The essay concludes that the bilingual verbs in this study constitute part of the structural basis of Urhobo-English code-mixing.  hybridized verbs, code-mixing, code-switching, Urhobo/English, Grammatical aspects of code switching and multilingualism.

Field of study: Education
Impact of sea level change on coastal soil organic matter, priming effects and prokaryotic community assembly.

Salt marshes are coastal areas storing high amounts of soil organic matter (SOM) while simultaneously being prone to tidal changes. Here, SOM-decomposition and accompanied priming effects (PE), which describe interactions between labile and old SOM, were studied under controlled flooding conditions. Soil samples from two Wadden Sea salt marsh zones, pioneer (Pio), flooded two times/day, and lower salt marsh (Low), flooded ∼eight times/month, were measured for 56 days concerning CO2-efflux and prokaryotic community shifts during three different inundation-treatments: Total-drained (Drained), all-time-flooded (Waterlogged) or temporal-flooding (Tidal). Priming was induced by 14C-glucose addition. CO2-efflux from soil followed Low>Pio and Tidal>Drained>Waterlogged likely due to O2-depletion and moisture maintenance, two key factors governed by tidal inundation regarding SOM mineralisation. PE's in both zones were positive (Drained) or absent (Waterlogged, Tidal) presumably by prokaryotes switching from production of extracellular enzymes to direct incorporation of labile C. A doubled amount prokaryotic biomass in Low compared to Pio probably induced higher chances of cometabolic effects and higher PE. 16S-rRNA-gene-amplicon-based analysis revealed differences in bacterial and archaeal community composition between both zones revealing temporal niche adaptation in both zones with flooding treatment. Strongest alterations were found in Drained likely due to inundation mediated changes in C binding capacities.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science