nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Ground flora and associated arthropod communities of forest road edges in Connemara, Ireland

Forest road edges in a conifer plantation in Connemara, Ireland weresampled for ground flora and associated terrestrial invertebrates along thenorthern edge of a forest road bordered by conifers (Conifer 1 site),broadleaves (Broadleaf site) and a clearfelled area (Open site). In addition,the southern edges of the road bordered by a clearing (Scallop site) and of anadjacent forest road bordered by conifers (Conifer 2 site) were sampled. Medianground plant species richness per quadrat was lower at the Conifer sites than atthe other sites. A positive relationship between plant species richness andlight levels was apparent. Median arthropod morphospecies richness per sweep wassignificantly greater (P < 0.01) at the Broadleaf site(39.0) than at the Conifer 2 site (25.5). Median morphospecies richness forHemiptera was significantly greater at the Open (7.0) and Broadleaf (6.5) sitesthan at the Conifer 1 site (2.0, P < 0.001) and Conifer2 site (2.0, P < 0.01). For Diptera, medianmorphospecies richness was significantly greater at the Open site (13.5) than atthe Conifer 1 site (6.0, P < 0.01), Conifer 2 site (6.0,P < 0.001) and Scallop site (8.0, P< 0.05). There was a positive relationship between plant species richness andarthropod morphospecies richness with stronger species richness relationshipsevident between plants and Diptera and between plants and Hemiptera,respectively. The results of this study suggest that open spaces and broadleafplantings in this commercial conifer plantation in the west of Ireland could beimportant for biodiversity.

Field of study: Environmental science
Differences between Guidance Platform for Graducation Thesis and Common Network Method in Graduation Thesis Guidance

Analyzes the status of the graduation thesis guiding and graduation thesis guiding way in grassroots distance education institutions,and {hen to the quality guarantee for the target,compares the differences between guidance platform for graducation thesis and common network method in graducation thesis guidance,and introduces the teaching strategy of graduation thesis in distance education institutions under the network environment.

Field of study: Computer science
The random eigenvalue problem for a differential equation containing small white noise

On considere l'equation [−p(t)u'(t)]'+[q(t)+eB(t, co)] u=λu, u(0)=0, u(1)=0 avec B(t, co) un bruit blanc. Quand e est petit, on peut obtenir l'existence et les developpements asymptotiques pour les solutions et l'on peut demontrer les proprietes normales pour les premiers termes de correction

Field of study: Mathematics
Politics or Economics? International Migration during the Nicaraguan Contra War

The issue of whether Central Americans in the United States are ‘political’ or ‘economic’ migrants has been widely debated, yet little empirical research has informed the controversy. Earlier studies have relied primarily on cross-sectional aggregate data. In order to overcome these limitations we draw on recent surveys conducted in five Nicaraguan communities by the Latin American Migration Project. Using retrospective data, we reconstruct a history of a family's migration to the United States and Costa Rica from the date of household formation to the survey date and link these data to national-level data on GDP and Contra War violence. While out migration to both Costa Rica and the United States is predicted by economic trends, US-bound migration was more strongly linked to the level of Contra War violence independent of economic motivations, especially in an interactive model that allows for a higher wartime effect of social networks. We conclude that elevated rates of Nicaraguan migration to the United States during the late 1980s and early 1990s were a direct result of the US-Contra intervention. The approach deployed here – which relates to the timing of migration decisions to macro-level country trends – enables us to address the issue of political versus economic motivations for migration with more precision than prior work.

Field of study: Political science
Immune modulatory effects of neural cell adhesion molecules on lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide production by cultured glia.

Activation of glial cells often occurs at sites of neuronal injury or death and where there is disruption of communication between glia and neurons. We have previously reported that neurons exert an inhibitory influence on LPS-stimulated nitric oxide (NO) production in glial cells. We hypothesized that neural cell adhesion molecules (NCAM) might mediate this inhibitory effect, and this study was designed to elucidate the role of NCAM on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced NO production. We found that soluble NCAMs reduced LPS-stimulated NO production by cultured glia. A monoclonal antibody that recognizes the third immunoglobulin (Ig) domain and can mimic the functions of NCAMs reduced LPS-stimulated NO production, whereas another antibody that binds to other regions of the NCAM did not modulate NO production. Using a 10-amino acid peptide from the third Ig domain of the NCAM, a peptide fragment within the region recognized by the NCAM antibody, mimics the effect of the molecule in reducing NO production. This study demonstrated that NCAMs could modulate LPS-stimulated NO production, most likely via interaction between NCAMs. These results suggest that neuron-glia interactions via NCAMs play an important role in regulating the activities of glial cells in the brain.

Field of study: Biology
Community Air Sensor Network (CAIRSENSE) project: evaluation of low-cost sensor performance in a suburban environment in the southeastern United States.

Advances in air pollution sensor technology have enabled the development of small and low-cost systems to measure outdoor air pollution. The deployment of a large number of sensors across a small geographic area would have potential benefits to supplement traditional monitoring networks with additional geographic and temporal measurement resolution, if the data quality were sufficient. To understand the capability of emerging air sensor technology, the Community Air Sensor Network (CAIRSENSE) project deployed low-cost, continuous, and commercially available air pollution sensors at a regulatory air monitoring site and as a local sensor network over a surrounding ∼ 2 km area in the southeastern United States. Collocation of sensors measuring oxides of nitrogen, ozone, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, and particles revealed highly variable performance, both in terms of comparison to a reference monitor as well as the degree to which multiple identical sensors produced the same signal. Multiple ozone, nitrogen dioxide, and carbon monoxide sensors revealed low to very high correlation with a reference monitor, with Pearson sample correlation coefficient (r) ranging from 0.39 to 0.97, 0.25 to 0.76, and 0.40 to 0.82, respectively. The only sulfur dioxide sensor tested revealed no correlation (r < 0.5) with a reference monitor and erroneously high concentration values. A wide variety of particulate matter (PM) sensors were tested with variable results - some sensors had very high agreement (e.g., r = 0.99) between identical sensors but moderate agreement with a reference PM2.5 monitor (e.g., r = 0.65). For select sensors that had moderate to strong correlation with reference monitors (r > 0.5), step-wise multiple linear regression was performed to determine if ambient temperature, relative humidity (RH), or age of the sensor in number of sampling days could be used in a correction algorithm to improve the agreement. Maximum improvement in agreement with a reference, incorporating all factors, was observed for an NO2 sensor (multiple correlation coefficient R2 adj-orig = 0.57, R2 adj-final = 0.81); however, other sensors showed no apparent improvement in agreement. A four-node sensor network was successfully able to capture ozone (two nodes) and PM (four nodes) data for an 8-month period of time and show expected diurnal concentration patterns, as well as potential ozone titration due to nearby traffic emissions. Overall, this study demonstrates the performance of emerging air quality sensor technologies in a real-world setting; the variable agreement between sensors and reference monitors indicates that in situ testing of sensors against benchmark monitors should be a critical aspect of all field studies.

Field of study: Environmental science
DNA Algorithm for Training Fuzzy Neural Networks

A DNA genetic algorithm is proposed based on DNA computing and genetic algorithms.The structure of the DNA genetic algorithms is presented,and the operators of the proposed algorithm are discussed.Compared with the grads algorithm and the genetic algorithms,the DNA genetic algorithm owns more accurate precision and faster convergent speed when it is used to train FNN.The algorithm obtains the performance of global convergence which avoids the inherent convergence when the grids algorithm is adopted to train FNN.Also the proposed algorithm accelerates FNN's training and can be used on-line.

Field of study: Computer science
Karakteristik Anthropometrik Penduduk Pulau Palue

The island of Palue belongs to the Lesser Sunda Archipelago on 121Â° 43' East and 8Â° 20' South, some 15 km north of Central Flores. The anthropometrical material given here was collected in 1966/67 by the author, At that time the island was a biological isolate. The number of individuals is 526 men and 296 women.  Indonesia - Lesser Sunda Islands - Palue - anthropometry - biological isolate

Field of study: Medicine
Capture of Circulating Tumor Cells by Hydrogel-Nanofiber Substrate

The method for detection of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) is considered as a promising cancer liquid biopsy technique. However, due to the rarity and heterogeneity, it is still a challenging task to capture CTC with high purity and viability from blood for the following enumeration and molecular analysis. Herein, we fabricated a hydrogel-chitosan nanofiber substrate to effectively capture the target cancer cells, assisted by the poly(carboxybetaine methacrylate) (pCBMA) hydrogel and the anti-epithelial cell adhesion molecule (anti-EpCAM) antibody. The pCBMA hydrogel layer was fabricated by free radical polymerization to provide an antifouling surface, which could help to reduce the non-specific capture of blood cells to improve the capture purity of CTC. Then, chitosan nanofibers were introduced onto the hydrogel layer to provide a nanostructured surface to improve the capture efficiency. Finally, the capture yield of artificial blood samples on the anti-EpCAM modified hydrogel-nanofiber substrate was up to 79.9%, revealing the potential application of the hydrogel-nanofiber substrate on efficient and sensitive capture of rare circulating tumor cells.

Field of study: Chemistry
Energy dependent kinetic freeze-out temperature and transverse flow velocity in high energy collisions

Transverse momentum spectra of negative and positive pions produced at mid-(pseudo)rapidity in inelastic or non-single-diffractive proton-proton collisions and in central nucleus-nucleus collisions over an energy range from a few GeV to above 10TeV are analyzed by a (two-component) blast-wave model with Boltzmann-Gibbs statistics and with Tsallis statistics, respectively. The model results are in similarly good agreement with the experimental data measured by a few productive collaborations who work at the Heavy Ion Synchrotron (SIS), Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS), Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC), and Large Hadron Collider (LHC), respectively. The energy dependent kinetic freeze-out temperature and transverse flow velocity are obtained and analyzed. Both the quantities have a quick increase from the SIS to SPS, and slight increase or approximate invariability from the top RHIC to LHC. Around the energy bridge from the SPS to RHIC, the considered quantities in proton-proton collisions obtained by the blast-wave model with Boltzmann-Gibbs statistics show a more complex energy dependent behavior compared with the results in the other three cases.

Field of study: Physics
Impact of Adult Attachment Anxiety on Deception Judgments: Examining the Moderating Effect of Motivation

Several psychologists have paid attention to individual differences in deception detection, but only a few studies have found significant results. The present study aimed to explore the relationship between attachment anxiety and deception judgment when there are no obvious cues to distinguish lies from truth, and to examine the moderating effect of motives. Participants were instructed to judge each of 10 audios on whether they were true or false. Subsequently, the attachment anxiety of participants was assessed using the Experiences in Close Relationships questionnaire. Results revealed that, compared with people who had low attachment anxiety, those with high attachment anxiety tend to have higher truth biases in the low-motive condition and lower accuracy in the high-motive condition.

Field of study: Psychology
Interference and transport properties of conductions electrons on the surface of a topological insulator

The surface conductivity for conduction electrons with a fixed chirality in a topological insulator with impurities scattering is considered. The surface excitations are described by the Weyl Hamiltonian. For a finite chemical potential one projects out the hole band and one obtains a single electronic band with a fixed chirality. One obtains a model of spinless electrons which experience a half vortex when they return to the origin. As a result the conductivity is equivalent to a spinless problem with correlated noise which gives rise to anti-localization. We compute conductivity as a function of frequency and compare our results with the $Raman$ shift measurement for $Bi_{2}Se_{3}$.

Field of study: Physics
Phosphatidylethanol in rat organs after ethanol exposure.

Phosphatidylethanol (PEth) is an abnormal phospholipid formed in mammalian cells that have been exposed to ethanol. It has been suggested that PEth mediates some of the damaging effects of ethanol on cells. This study was performed to investigate the level of PEth in organs of rats after in vivo alcohol exposure.



Three exposure models were studied: (1) acute, intraperitoneal injection of ethanol (n = 3 x 3); (2) chronic, forced ethanol drinking (n = 6); and (3) chronic, free choice of ethanol (n = 20). PEth was analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography after lipid extraction of the organs.



One acute injection gave detectable PEth levels in most organs analyzed, with maximal levels reached after 2 hr. The highest levels were reached in intestines, stomach, and lung. No PEth was detected in skeletal muscle, pancreas, or testis. The two exposure models for oral intake of ethanol also gave detectable PEth levels in most organs. The highest levels were reached in stomach, lung, and spleen. PEth was detected in muscle only in animals with heavy total alcohol intake.



PEth is formed in most organs of rats exposed to ethanol acutely or chronically. Variations in PEth level and rates of PEth formation and PEth degradation are organ specific.

Field of study: Medicine
Asymptotic Properties of Maximum Quasi-Likelihood Estimates in Generalized Linear Models with “Working” Covariance Matrix and Adaptive Designs

In this article, for the generalized linear models (GLMs) with “working” covariance matrix and adaptive designs, we develop the asymptotic properties of maximum quasi-likelihood estimators (MQLEs) under some mild regular conditions. The existence of MQLEs in quasi-likelihood equation, the rate of convergence and asymptotic normality of MQLEs are presented. The results are illustrated by Monte-Carlo simulations.

Field of study: Mathematics
A review of land-based greenhouse gas flux estimates in Indonesia

This study examines underlying reasons for differences among land-based greenhouse gas flux estimates in Indonesia, where six national inventories reported average emissions of between 0.4 and 1.1 Gt CO2e yr−1 over the 2000–2012 period. The large range among estimates is only somewhat smaller than Indonesia's GHG mitigation commitment. To determine the reasons for these differences, we compared input data and estimation methods, including the definitions and assumptions used for setting accounting boundaries, including emitting activities, incorporating fluxes from various carbon pools, and handling legacy fluxes. We also tested the sensitivity of methodological differences by generating our own reference emissions estimate and iteratively modifying individual components of the inventory. We found that the largest changes stem from the inclusion of legacy GHG emissions due to peat drainage (which increased emissions by at least +94% compared to the reference), methane emissions due to peat fires (+35%), and GHG emissions from belowground biomass and necromass carbon pools (+61%), modifications to assumptions of the mass of fuel burnt in peat fire events (+88%), and accounting for regrowth following a deforestation event (−31%). These differences cumulatively explain more than half of the observed difference among inventory estimates. Understanding the various approaches to emissions estimation, and how these influence the magnitude of component GHG fluxes, is an important first step towards reconciling GHG inventories. The Indonesian government's success in achieving its mitigation goal will depend on its ability to measure progress and evaluate the effectiveness of abatement actions, for which reliable harmonized greenhouse gas inventories are an essential foundation.

Field of study: Environmental science
Crowd counting using a self-attention multi-scale cascaded network

Recent developments of crowd analysis and behaviour prediction have attracted much attention. Crowd counting, as the essential and challenging task in crowd analysis, is riddled with many issues, such as large scale variations, serious occlusion, and so on. In this study, a self-attention-based multi-scale cascaded network called SAMC-Net to estimate density map for crowd counting, especially for high congested scene, is proposed. The proposed SAMC-Net consists of two components: a classification sub-network for density estimation and an end-to-end multi-scale convolution neural network for crowd counting. In order to reduce the negative effect of multi-scale issue on crowd counting task, the main network is designed as a multi-scale structure similar to U-Net. In order to enhance the crowd feature representation, this study proposes a self-attention-based crowd feature extraction way and uses it in the proposed SAMC-Net 
. Extensive experiments demonstrate the feasibility, effectiveness and robustness of the proposed SAMC-Net 
.

Field of study: Computer science
NUMERICAL INVESTIGATION OF FLUID-STRUCTURE INTERACTION OF THIN ELASTIC PLATE IN WAKE FLOWING FIELDS

A fixed square rigid body is submerged in water flowing,a thin elastic plate is attached to the rigid body in the centre of the downstream face.The vortices,which separate from the corners of the rigid body,generate periodic lift forces which excite continuous vibrations of the thin elastic plate.Numerical simulation on fluid-induced vibration of thin elastic plate was carried out.The results reveal that,on the one hand,the swirling flow of different scales comes into being due to the eddy shedding upstream and the disturbance of plate vibration downstream,on the other hand,the fluid-induced vibration is quite significant for wake flowing fields and the elastic plate shows a non-periodic and an asymmetric coupled vibrating behavior when the complex wake interacts with the plate.

Field of study: Engineering
Role of the orbital degree of freedom in iron-based superconductors

Almost a decade has passed since the serendipitous discovery of the iron-based high temperature superconductors (FeSCs) in 2008. The fact that, as in the copper oxide high temperature superconductors, long-range antiferromagnetism in the FeSCs arises in proximity to superconductivity immediately raised the question of the degree of similarity between the two. Despite the great resemblance in their phase diagrams, there exist important differences between the FeSCs and the cuprates that need to be considered in order to paint a full picture of these two families of high temperature superconductors. One of the key differences is the multi-orbital multi-band nature of the FeSCs, which contrasts with the effective single-band nature of the cuprates. Systematic studies of orbital related phenomena in FeSCs have been largely lacking. In this review, we summarize angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) measurements across various FeSC families that have been reported in literature, focusing on the systematic trends of orbital dependent electron correlations and the role of different Fe 3d orbitals in driving the nematic transition, the spin-density-wave transition, and superconductivity.

Field of study: Physics
Analysis of Quasistatic Frictional Contact Problem with Subdifferential Form, Unilateral Condition and Long-Term Memory

We consider a quasistatic problem which models the contact between a deformable body and an obstacle called foundation. The material is assumed to have a viscoelastic behavior that we model with a constitutive law with long-term memory, thus at each moment of time, the stress tensor depends not only on the present strain tensor, but also on its whole history. In Contact Mechanics, history-dependent operators could arise both in the constitutive law of the material and in the frictional contact conditions. The mathematical analysis of contact models leads to the study of variational and hemivariational inequalities. For this reason a large number of contact problems lead to inequalities which involve history dependent operators, called history dependent inequalities. Such inequalities could be variational or hemivariational and variational hemivariational. In this paper we derive a weak formulation of the problem and, under appropriate regularity hypotheses, we stablish an existence and uniqueness result. The proof of the result is based on arguments of variational inequalities monotone operators and Banach fixed point theorem.

Field of study: Mathematics
$$X(3872)$$transport in heavy-ion collisions

The production of the $X(3872)$ particle in heavy-ion collisions has been contemplated as an alternative probe of its internal structure. To investigate this conjecture, we perform transport calculations of the $X(3872)$ through the fireball formed in nuclear collisions at the LHC. Within a kinetic-rate equation approach as previously used for charmonia, the formation and dissociation of the $X(3872)$ is controlled by two transport parameters, i.e., its inelastic reaction rate and thermal-equilibrium limit in the evolving hot QCD medium. While the equilibrium limit is controlled by the charm production cross section in primordial nucleon-nucleon collisions (together with the spectra of charm states in the medium), the structure information is encoded in the reaction rate. We study how different scenarios for the rate affect the centrality dependence and transverse-momentum ($p_T$) spectra of the $X(3872)$. Larger reaction rates associated with the loosely bound molecule structure imply that it is formed later in the fireball evolution than the tetraquark and thus its final yields are generally smaller by around a factor of two, which is qualitatively different from most coalescence model calculations to date. The $p_T$ spectra provide further information as the later decoupling time within the molecular scenario leads to harder spectra caused by the blue-shift from the expanding fireball.

Field of study: Physics