nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Comparing the Commercial Theaters of Early Modern London and Madrid

Comparative studies have revealed uncanny similarities between the theatrical cultures of Shakespearean England and Golden Age Spain, and in particular between the Elizabethan amphitheaters and the Spanish corrales de comedia (courtyard playhouses). Contrary to conventional wisdom, however, Spain’s (and, in particular, Madrid’s) courtyard theaters may have resembled the English indoor public playhouses, especially London’s Blackfriars, more than the Globe-like amphitheaters with which they are so often matched. That the corrales could simultaneously play the part of both Globe and Blackfriars also helps account for the absence of indoor public playhouses in Habsburg Spain.

Field of study: History
Cerebral angiospasm in subarachnoid hemorrhages

Publications on the prevalence and causes of subarachnoid hemorrhages (SAH) and one of the most frequent their complications, cerebral vasospasm (CV), are reviewed. The issues of the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of CV in SAH are covered, basic methods of its clinical and paraclinical verification are described. The authors reviewed the reasons of the discrepancy between clinically significant and angiographic vasoconstrictive reactions. The angiographic criteria of ranking angiospasm by the degree of its severity are described. Strengths and limitations of current methods of detection CV and its combinations are reviewed. The special attention is drawn to ultrasound criteria that allow to confirm the presence of CV and evaluate its severity, the reasons of present interpretative and factological inconsistencies are analyzed. The conclusions based on the literature reviewed are presented.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Analysis and elimination of protein perturbation in infrared difference spectra of acyl-chymotrypsin ester carbonyl groups by using 13C isotopic substitution.

I.r. spectroscopy has been applied to the study of hydrogen-bonding of the unique ester carbonyl group of acylchymotrypsins in the oxyanion hole of the enzyme. This catalytic device provides electrophilic stabilization of negative charge in the transition states and tetrahedral intermediates along the reaction pathway. The use of 13C isotope substitution of the ester carbonyl group reinforces the previous observation [White & Wharton (1990) ] that the ester carbonyl group is significantly polarized in the ground state by hydrogen bonding in the oxyanion hole. I.r. difference spectra of [carbonyl-12C]-minus [carbonyl-13C]-cinnamoyl-chymotrypsin as well as each of these acylenzymes minus free enzyme are reported. These spectra show that the contribution of protein perturbation (i.e. spectral features that arise from the enzyme which is distorted on acylation) in [carbonyl-12C]cinnamoyl-chymotrypsin minus free enzyme spectra is significant. The contribution of the perturbation components of the spectra is pH-dependent and can represent up to 50% of the total absorbance in the spectral region from 1690 to 1740 cm-1. Use of the isotopic difference method has allowed problems associated with protein perturbation to be eliminated. Similar difference spectra are presented for dihydrocinnamoyl-chymotrypsin. In this case the effect of perturbation is very marked and leads to the cancellation of the band assigned to the non-bonded conformation of the acyl group which has previously only been observed at higher pH. The isotopic difference method again proves reliable and shows that the frequency difference previously used to calculate the ground-state electronic strain induced by the oxyanion-hole catalytic device is not affected by the perturbation, although the amplitudes of the spectral features are different. A study of the deacylation of cinnamoyl-chymotrypsin in water and deuterium oxide using both u.v. and i.r. spectroscopies has confirmed that the use of deuterium oxide as solvent has no serious effect on the deacylation behaviour of the enzyme. I.r. bands assigned to nonproductive and productive conformers decline identically during deacylation, which shows that the conformers are in dynamic exchange on the reaction time-scale.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Single centre experience: long term outcomes in spina bifida patients.

To determine our single centre experience of long term renal function and mortality rates of our cohort of spina bifida patients born since 1970.



We collected a prospective database and included all patients born with spina bifida between 1970 and 2011 managed by our centre. Data we collected included the glomerular filtration rates, results of renal tract imaging, management strategies and mortalities.



Of 160 patients identified, 120 were included for analysis with a mean age of 20 years. In our cohort 48% (58/120) had normal renal function and only 1.6% (2/120) had severe renal impairment or end stage renal failure. There was a mortality rate of 4.4% and there were no deaths from renal failure.



Spina bifida patients have been reported to have high mortality rates and high morbidity secondary to renal failure. Historical data does not appear to reflect current advancements and we would therefore be more optimistic when counselling families about long term survival into adulthood.

Field of study: Medicine
Microbiological quality and some bioactive compounds in relation to sensory profiles during germination of brown-purple-pigmented rice.

Brown rice contains many nutrients such as carbohydrates, proteins and bioactive compounds such as GABA and antioxidant compounds (e.g. anthocyanins and phenolic compounds). These may increase during grain germination which in turn could affect the sensory attributes. Therefore, the present work was aimed to study the effect of different germination times (24, 36 and 48 h) on changes of the bioactive compounds, the physical parameters in colour, texture properties and sensory attributes of germinated glutinous purple brown rice, Niew Dam (NDGBR) and germinated non-glutinous purple brown rice, Hom Nil (HN-GBR). The germination of the two cultivars led to the differences in GABA, polyphenolic compound content, and DPPH radical scavenging activity. The ND-GBR yielded higher GABA and polyphenolic compounds than those found in HN-GBR. Moreover, the aerobic mesophilic bacteria and yeasts and mould were found in the early phase of germination, but the lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were found in the late phase of the course. The physical properties including colour, textural properties and sensory characteristics were examined. The cooked HN-GBR was more polished than the cooked ND-GBR with longer time of germination. The samples had positive a* values and negative b* values. The cooked ND-GBR was harder but had higher chewiness than the cooked HN-GBR. The result indicated that the germination of rice could improve the softness of the GBR texture. These interactions provided the unique characteristics in sensory profiles. It was found that HN-GBR provided high endurance rice bran and fermented odour. Meanwhile, the deeply purple-coloured, rubbery and gluey-like attributes, oiliness and brittleness are unique attributes for ND-GBR. Furthermore, the stickiness, the steamed banana leaf-like odour and the glossiness and less sweetness were dominantly in longer germinating time of ND-GBR.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Refrigerating machine operating characteristics under various mixed refrigerant mass charges

This paper reports the results of experimental investigation of a low-temperature Joule–Thomson refrigerating machine, working by use of a non-azeotropic mixture of refrigerants and with a single-stage hermetic compressor. The temperature, hydraulic and power performance of the machine are determined experimentally in relation to the mixed refrigerant (MR) mass charge. Variations of the MR refrigerating machine operating performance with the working mixture mass charge are found to be considerably different from the analogous performance variations of a refrigerating machine charged with a pure refrigerant. The peculiarities of those relationships are analyzed theoretically. The specific value of a minimum acceptable MR mass charge for the investigated system and its correlation with internal processes in the machine loop are established as well. If the refrigerant mixture mass charges are below the minimum ones, the temperature and power performance of the MR machine differ essentially from the design performance and such operating modes are considered inadmissible.

Field of study: Engineering
Single-pass parametric generation of light in an α-HIO3 crystal pumped with ultrashort pulses

An experimental investigation was made of the energy and spectral characteristics of single-pass parametric generation of light in an α-HIO3 crystal pumped with ultrashort pulses. This crystal produced continuously tunable radiation (λ = 0.71–1.115 μ) of 2×10–4 J energy. The angular structure of the parametric generation spectrum was determined.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Lives of the Milanese Tyrants. Pier Candido Decembrio. Ed. Massimo Zaggia. Trans. Gary Ianziti. The I Tatti Renaissance Library 88. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2019. liv + 340 pp. $29.95.

Both authors emphasize the importance of laus, or praise, in Valla’s Sermo, seeing his effort to inspire wonder at the operation of the sacrament as exemplifying his general approach to difficult and potentially divisive theological questions. And while neither essay offers an entirely fresh perspective on Valla’s thought, the specific focus on the Sermo is helpful. The same is true of Marsico’s chapter summarizing earlier scholarly discussions of the work. In a volume so large that the primary text itself can seem like an afterthought, it may almost escape notice that Marsico has translated the Sermo itself. Rather than sitting conveniently across from the Latin, the Italian rendering of Valla’s oration is wedged into the midst of Marsico’s opening essay, but it is still extremely helpful. Marsico emphasizes the essence of Valla’s meaning, untangling and simplifying a few overextended sentences, and she does not hesitate to make bold choices—e.g., supplying mistero for res, when the context demands it. For the reader less interested in the reconstruction of the text or its reproduction across the centuries than in its actual meaning, this short, effective translation may be the single most valuable part of the volume, other than Valla’s speech itself.

Field of study: History
ODMR investigations of DX centres in Sn- and Si-doped AlxGa1-xAs

In a thick (100 mu m) Sn-doped Al0.35Ga0.65As layer and an 11 mu m Si-doped Al0.41Ga0.59As layer the magnetic circular dichroism (MCDA) of the optical absorption, the optically detected electron spin resonance (ODEPR) and the photoconductivity (only in the Sn layer) have been measured simultaneously. All signals appear together after the photoionization of the DX centre and are directly correlated to each other. The ODEPR spectra measured in the MCDA bands show the hyperfine doublets due to the magnetic 117Sn and 119Sn isotopes (I=1/2) in Sn-doped samples and an ODEPR line (I=0) in Si-doped layers. The 4.7% abundant 29Si (I=1/2) isotopes could not be observed. The authors show that the MCDA is due to a neutral (Si0, Sn0) donor, a deep level which is stable at 1.6 K in the dark. This DX0 state needs thermal energy or light to capture an electron to form the negative-U DX- ground state which contains one donor dopant in a large lattice configuration.

Field of study: Materials science
Geology of southern Prince of Wales Island, southeastern Alaska

Geologic mapping on southern Prince of Wales Island combined with U-Pb (zircon) geochronologic, geochemical, and conodont studies yield new information about the early Paleozoic geologic framework and evolution of the southern Alexander terrane. The oldest rocks recognized consist of arc-type(?) meta-volcanic and metasedimentary rocks (Wales metamorphic suite) which were derived from late Proterozoic(?)-Cambrian protoliths. These rocks were deformed, metamorphosed, and uplifted during the Middle Cambrian-Early Ordovician Wales orogeny. Beginning soon after this orogenic event and continuing into Early Silurian time, basaltic to rhyolitic rocks and marine clastic strata (Descon Formation) were deposited, and dioritic to granitic plutons were emplaced. A variety of geochemical data suggest that these Ordovician-Early Silurian rocks formed in a volcanic-arc environment. 
 
The middle Silurian-earliest Devonian Klakas orogeny marked the end of arc-type magmatism; it is manifest on southern Prince of Wales Island by regional imbrication on southwest-vergent thrust faults, penetrative brecciation and pervasive hydrothermal alteration of pre-Devonian rocks in some areas, and at least several kilometres of structural uplift. Lower Devonian strata (Karheen Formation) record the waning stages of this event: conglomeratic redbeds low in the section were deposited in topographically rugged, subaerial to shallow-marine environments, whereas strata high in the section were deposited in more distal marine environments. 
 
Post-Devonian rocks on southern Prince of Wales Island include the Bokan Mountain Granite (Jurassic), basaltic to dacitic(?) dike swarms, and mid-Cretaceous granodiorite and diorite bodies. Prior to emplacement of the mid-Cretaceous plutons, the Devonian and older rocks were offset along several sets of strike-slip faults and then downdropped along the Keete Inlet fault.

Field of study: Geology
Bryozoans in transition: The depauperate and patchy Jurassic biota

Bryozoans were profoundly affected by the end Permian and probably also by the end Triassic mass extinction events. Their recovery in terms of diversity and disparity during the Jurassic was slow and geographically patchy. Critical compilation of data from the published literature reveals only 172 valid species – 160 cyclostomes, 10 ctenostomes and 2 cheilostomes – some as yet not formally named. However, the rate of description of new Jurassic bryozoan species during the last two hundred years implies that many more species remain to be discovered and described. The Jurassic is the only geological period during which cyclostomes were the dominant order and is also important in having the oldest cheilostome bryozoan, the first representative of the order that dominates the modern bryozoan biota. Species diversity peaked in the Bathonian where local assemblages may contain up to 33 species. Encrusters account for 124 (73%) of the 172 Jurassic species, among which small sheet-like forms, especially those assigned to the form-genus 'Berenicea', are the most numerous. The overwhelming predominance in the Jurassic of ‘weeds’ with runner, ribbon or sheet colony-forms is striking. Unlike the Triassic and Cretaceous, large, tree-like or frondose erect colonies are uncommon, and species with fenestrate, articulated and free-living colonies are unknown. Of 92 geographically categorized entries for Jurassic bryozoans in the Zoological Record (1937–2003), 80 (87%) are European records. Outside Europe, diversity appears to have remained low throughout the Jurassic, and non-weedy species are particularly scarce. Compared with the Cretaceous, Jurassic bryozoans show no adaptations that can be interpreted as related to the increased predation pressure associated with the Mesozoic Marine Revolution. The Jurassic bryozoan biota shares characteristics with both the stenolaemate-dominated Palaeozoic–Triassic biota and the cheilostome-dominated Cretaceous–Recent biotas.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction study of mammalian mitochondrial seryl-tRNA synthetase.

The mitochondrial seryl-tRNA synthetase (mt SerRS) from Bos taurus was overexpressed in Escherichia coli and crystallized using the sitting-drop vapour-diffusion method. Crystals grew in a very narrow range of conditions using PEG 8000 as precipitant at room temperature. An appropriate concentration of lithium sulfate was critical for crystal nucleation. Crystals diffracted well beyond a resolution of 1.6 A and were found to belong to the orthorhombic space group C222(1), with unit-cell parameters a = 79.89, b = 230.42, c = 135.60 A. There is one dimer (M(r) approximately 113 kDa) in the asymmetric unit, with a solvent content of 55%. Efforts to solve the phase problem by molecular replacement are under way.

Field of study: Chemistry
EVALUATION OF A LASER SCANNING SENSOR IN DETECTION OF COMPLEX-SHAPED TARGETS FOR VARIABLE-RATE SPRAYER DEVELOPMENT

Sensors that can accurately measure canopy structures are prerequisites for development of advanced variable-rate sprayers. A 270° radial range laser sensor was evaluated for its accuracy in measuring the dimensions of target surfaces with complex shapes and sizes. An algorithm for data acquisition and three-dimensional (3-D) canopy image construction were designed and processed with an embedded computer. Test targets included three beach balls at three heights, a rectangular box, a cylinder, two artificial trees, and three field-grown ornamental trees. Other variables included 2, 3, 4, and 5 m detection distances and sensor travel speeds of 3.2, 4.8, 6.4, and 8.0 km h-1. The laser sensor measurements of the test targets were statistically similar with the actual measurements. The average root mean square error (RMSE) and coefficient of variation (CV) varied slightly with detection distance and travel speed. Among all the dimension measurements in the ranges of 0.58 to 2.54 m in the X direction, 0.58 to 2.54 m in the Y direction, and 0.58 to 2.94 m in the Z direction, the highest average RMSE of 68 mm occurred in the Z direction and the highest average CV of 8.6% occurred in the Y direction. Similarity of paired images from the laser sensor and a camera was greater than 0.85 for all targets. These tests confirmed the capability of the laser sensor and the algorithm to accurately measure complex-shaped targets, offering potential for integration of the sensor and algorithm into sprayers that would make real-time adjustment of spray outputs to match plant structures and travel speeds.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Effects of low pH and aluminum on root morphology of Japanese red cedar saplings

The effects of low pH or excess Al on the root morphology and nutritional status of Japanese red cedar (Cryptomeria japonica D. Don) saplings were separately examined using glass beads as a medium. We also compared the effects of pH or Al determined by the glass-beads method with those determined by soil-acidification treatment using brown forest soil. An increased number of branching roots, reduced root length and decreased concentrations of Ca and Mg in the white roots were the common symptoms induced by low pH and excess Al. Browning and reduction of K were specific symptoms in white roots subjected to low-pH treatment. The effects of excess Al were characterized by an increase of root diameter and increased concentrations of P and Al in the white roots. Moreover, the effects of Al were very similar to those resulting from exposure to pH 2.0 solution in brown forest soil. These results suggest that the root morphology of the saplings was adversely influenced not by low pH but by excess Al in brown forest soil, indicating that this type of soil may have the potential for producing a decline in the root systems of Japanese red cedar.

Field of study: Environmental science
A Qualitative Examination of Graduate Advising Relationships: The Advisee Perspective.

Sixteen 3rd-year counseling psychology doctoral students were interviewed about their relationships with their graduate advisors. Of those students, 10 were satisfied and 6 were unsatisfied with their advising relationships. Satisfied and unsatisfied students differed on several aspects of the advising relationship, including (a) the ability to choose their advisors, (b) the frequency of meetings with their advisors, (c) the benefits and costs associated with their advising relationships, and (d) how conflict was dealt with in the advising relationship. Furthermore, all of the satisfied students reported that their advising relationships became more positive over time, whereas many of the unsatisfied students reported that their advising relationships got worse (e.g., became more distant) over time.

Field of study: Psychology
Properties and intergranular phase analysis of a ZnO–CoO–Bi2O3 varistor

The electrical properties, microstructures and phase content of a ZnO–CoO–Bi2O3 varistor have been characterised. High-resolution TEM and selected area electron diffraction provided detailed information on the distribution and structure of the intergranular Bi-rich phase. Triple points between the ZnO matrix grains contained crystallites that could be indexed to tetragonal β-Bi2O3, cubic γ-Bi2O3 and δ-Bi2O3, or corresponding isostructural ZnO-Bi2O3 phases. Thin-film, 1–2 nm grain boundaries were found to be amorphous, but for the first time, crystalline precipitates (with the β-Bi2O3 type structure) were also detected in some thicker, 4–5 nm films.

Field of study: Materials science
Prefrontal control of trace versus delay eyeblink conditioning: role of the unconditioned stimulus in rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus).

The conditioned eyeblink (EB) response was studied with trace conditioning procedures in rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) with lesions to the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) or sham lesions. Three experiments were performed in which either periorbital shock or a corneal airpuff served as the unconditioned stimulus (US) in separate groups of sham or mPFC-lesioned rabbits. Acquisition of the EB conditioned response (CR) was faster and reached a higher asymptote with the eyeshock US than with the airpuff US. However, mPFC lesion-induced trace conditioning deficits were obtained only in the groups that received the airpuff US. All rabbits showed normal delay conditioning and extinction. These results suggest that mPFC mediates trace EB conditioning when emotional arousal is low. However, in circumstances when emotional arousal may be high (i.e., during exposure to aversive periorbital shock), other structures (such as amygdala) may be activated to permit learning even in the absence of input from mPFC.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
AACP Council of Deans Report, July 2011

Nominating Committee (standing) * Charge: Develop a slate of nominees by May 31, 2011 and provide a report at the COD Business Meeting in July 2011.  Status: The Committee is pleased to advance the following slate of candidates for the position of Chair- For Chair-elect: Lynn M. Crismon (Texas) and Daniel C. Robinson (Western) Resolutions Committee (standing) * Charge: Develop resolutions from the COD as needed to come before the HOD at the July 2011 Annual Meeting. Provide a report on any resolutions to the COD Business Meeting in July 2011.  Dave Forbes (Montana) * Status: There have been no resolutions brought to the COD this year. Task Force on Dean's Development Priorities * Charge: Development of a needs assessment for CEO Deans and Associate/Assistant Deans of Schools/Colleges of Pharmacy focusing on priorities of programming for leadership and administrative development.  Establish a model to systematically increase advocacy-relevant communications between members and AACP.  Donna West-Strum COF (Mississippi), Jerry Nesamony COF (Toledo) * Status: Progress report to be presented at the 2011 COD Business Meeting Joint Task Force on Faculty Workforce-COD/COF * Charge: The TF was extended for 2010-2011 to complete the writing of the report.  Kathy Knapp COD Co-Chair(Touro-California), Shane Desselle COF Co-Chair (Oklahoma), Dan Acosta COD (Cincinnati), Lisa Deziel-Evans COD (Nova Southeastern), Michael Manolakis COD (Wingate), Russ Melchert COD (UMKC), Delores Nobles-Knight COF (Chicago State), Andrew Webster COF (Belmont), Donald Kishi COF (UCSF), Keith Olsen COF (Nebraska) * Status: Completed and published in AJPE 2011; 75(4) Article 63 (electronic). …

Field of study: Education, Medicine