nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Fusarium udum is resistant to the mycolytic activity of a biocontrol strain of Bacillus subtilis AF 1

In vitro interaction of the pigeonpea wilt pathogen Fusarium udum and a biocontrol strain of Bacillus subtilis AF 1 showed that the fungus forms chlamydospore-like structures and increases vacuolation, when both cultures are simultaneously inoculated into potato dextrose broth. If B. subtilis AF 1 was inoculated after 24 h of growth of F. udum, chlamydospores were not formed and regular conidiation was observed. The growth of F. udum was significantly affected in the presence of AF 1 in terms of dry weight. Extracellular proteins of B. subtilis AF 1 reduced the growth of F. udum in proportion to the concentration of the protein precipitate. Cell-free filtrates of B. subtilis AF 1 prepared from chitin-containing medium showed chitinase activity. The formation of chlamydospore-like structures and vacuolated portions in mycelium of F. udum in the presence of AF 1 suggests that F. udum has a mechanism to tolerate mycolytic activity and grows slowly with regular conidiation.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Nonproportionality of Scintillator Detectors. V. Comparing the Gamma and Electron Response

This paper is the fifth in a series of articles on the basic physics of light yield nonproportionality in scintillators. Here, we compare and contrast the nonproportionality as registered by gamma rays and high-energy electrons. As has been noted in the past, these two types of data have different curve shapes (for plots of the light yield against electron or gamma energy). Herein, we show how the experimental gamma nonproportionality curve can be calculated from the electron response by accounting for the distribution of high energy electrons created by the gamma photon via the photoelectric interaction. Similarly, we measure and model the gamma-induced resolution as a function of energy and compare this data to predictions from our model. The utility of the model is explored using data acquired with the scintillators SrI2(Eu), GYGAG(Ce) and CsI(Na).

Field of study: Physics
Dynamical aspects of some convex acceleration methods as purely iterative algorithm for Newton's maps

In this paper we define purely iterative algorithm for Newton's maps which is a slight modification of the concept of purely iterative algorithm due to Smale. For this, we use a characterization of rational maps which arise from Newton's method applied to complex polynomials. We prove the Scaling Theorem for purely iterative algorithm for Newton's map. Then we focus our study in dynamical aspects of three root-finding iterative methods viewed as a purely iterative algorithm for Newton's map: Whittaker's iterative method, the super-Halley iterative method and a modification of the latter. We give a characterization of the attracting fixed points which correspond to the roots of a polynomial. Also, numerical examples are included in order to show how to use the characterization of fixed points. Finally, we give a description of the parameter spaces of the methods under study applied to a one-parameter family of generic cubic polynomials.

Field of study: Mathematics
Informational Gain and Racial Effects in the Attribution of Attitudes

Attitude attribution was investigated defining corre spondent inference as informational gain. Varied were the race of the actor, the racial association and direction of an essay, and the constraint on the target. The degree of change from pre- essay to post-essay attributions was highly specific to the conditions of the experiment. Informational gain was highest when a black argued against affirmative action. However, subjects gained the least confidence in their attribution in this condition.

Field of study: Psychology
Reentrant anisotropic phases in a two-dimensional hole system

Anisotropic charge transport is observed in a two-dimensional (2D) hole system in a perpendicular magnetic field at filling factors nu=7/2 and nu=11/2 for temperatures below 150mK. In stark contrast, the transport at nu=9/2 is isotropic for all temperatures. Our results for a two-dimensional hole system differ substantially from 2D electron transport where no anisotropy has been observed at nu=7/2, the strongest anisotropy occurs at nu=9/2, and reentrant behavior is not evident. We attribute this difference to strong spin-orbit coupling in the hole system.

Field of study: Physics
A framework for evaluating approximation methods for Gaussian process regression

Gaussian process (GP) predictors are an important component of many Bayesian approaches to machine learning. However, even a straightforward implementation of Gaussian process regression (GPR) requires O(n2) space and O(n3) time for a data set of n examples. Several approximation methods have been proposed, but there is a lack of understanding of the relative merits of the different approximations, and in what situations they are most useful. We recommend assessing the quality of the predictions obtained as a function of the compute time taken, and comparing to standard baselines (e.g., Subset of Data and FITC). We empirically investigate four different approximation algorithms on four different prediction problems, and make our code available to encourage future comparisons.

Field of study: Computer science
Ba+BrC n H 2 n +1 ( n =1,2,3,4,5)微观反应动力学

本文利用LIF方法,在单次碰撞条件下,首次研究了Ba与C 2 H 5 Br, n -C 3 H 7 Br, n -C 4 H 9 Br, n -C 5 H 11 Br的反应。通过计算机模拟实验光谱,得到了产物BaBr的振动布居,发现其振动激发和反应截面随碳链增长而增大。同时从实验结果反演出了Ba+CH 3 Br的“准三原子”LEPS模型势能面,并利用基于模型势能面的经典轨线计算对以上体系进行了研究。这些研究表明,质量因子和C—Br键强度的不同是引起产物振动激发和反应截面随碳链增大而变化的最重要的因素,得到了描述所有Ba+C m H 2 m +1 Br反应体系的势能面。而且进行了ab initio,证实了所构造势能面的可靠性。

Field of study: Chemistry
The Impact of the Minimum Legal Drinking Age on Alcohol-Related Chronic Disease Mortality.

The minimum legal drinking age (MLDA) of 21 has been associated with a number of benefits compared to lower MLDAs, including long-term effects, such as reduced risk for alcoholism in adulthood. However, no studies have examined whether MLDA during young adulthood is associated with mortality later in life. We examined whether individuals exposed to permissive MLDA (<21) had higher risk of death from alcohol-related chronic disease compared to those exposed to the 21 MLDA. Because prior work suggests that MLDA affects college students differently, we also conducted conditional analyses based on ever having attended college.



Data from the 1990 through 2010 U.S. Multiple Cause-of-Death files were combined with data on the living population and analyzed. We included individuals who turned 18 during the years 1967 to 1990, the period during which MLDA varied across states. We examined records on death from several alcohol-related chronic diseases, employing a quasi-experimental approach to control for unobserved state characteristics and stable time trends.



Individuals who reported any college attendance did not exhibit significant associations between MLDA and mortality for the causes of death we examined. However, permissive MLDA for those who never attended college was associated with 6% higher odds for death from alcoholic liver disease, 8% higher odds for other liver disease, and 7% higher odds for lip/oral/pharynx cancers (odds ratio [OR] = 1.06, 95% confidence interval [CI] [1.02, 1.10]; OR = 1.08, 95% CI [1.03, 1.13]; OR = 1.07, 95% CI [1.03, 1.12], respectively).



The 21 MLDA likely protects against risk of death from alcohol-related chronic disease across the lifespan, at least for those who did not attend college. This is consistent with other work that shows that the long-term association between MLDA and alcohol-related outcomes is specific to those who did not attend college.

Field of study: Medicine
Book Club Elective to Facilitate Student Learning of the Patient Experience With Chronic Disease

To evaluate the impact of a book club experience on pharmacy students' learning about chronic illness.  Students read autobiographies/biographies regarding the patient experience of chronic illness. Similar to a traditional book club, small group discussions were held based on questions submitted by students. Other activities included written reflections, a final paper, and an oral presentation. Assessment. A retrospective pretest and posttest were administered at the end of the course. Students indicated improvement in the key aspects of the course with significant differences (p < 0.01) between retrospective pretest and posttest scores for all course objectives assessed. Students also indicated that the course contributed to their development as pharmacists, motivated them to learn about new topics, and helped them reconsider their attitudes.  A book club elective course was successful in helping students understand the patient experience.

Field of study: Education, Medicine
A Mediator-free Horseradish Peroxidase Biosensor Based on Concanavalin A

A media-free horseradish peroxidase (HRP) biosensor has been developed. First, HRP was adsorbed by gold nanoparticles and then immobilized on the bare gold electrode surface by activated concanavalin A (Con A). The factors influencing the performance of the resulting biosensor were studied in detail. The optimum conditions were pH 7.0 and an applied potential of −150 mV. The electrode provided a linear response to H2O2 over a concentration range of 5.0×10−6 to 1.2×10−2 M with a detection limit of 2.9×10−6 M. The system was applied for the determination of the samples, and the results obtained were satisfactory.

Field of study: Chemistry
Die sagte kant van suiwel : nuwe produkte

Suiwel, veral kaas, kan in verskillende interessante teksture verwerk word. Dit is die sagter verwerking van suiwel wat aan verbruikers 'n uitgebreide keuse bied wanneer hulle 'n spyskaart beplan. Sagte suiwelprodukte bied interessante opsies vir nagereg en verskeie soorte sagte kaas is 'n goeie bestanddeel vir enige voorgereg of hoofgereg.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Medium Effect on the Reaction of N‐Butyl‐2,4,6‐trinitroaniline with NaOH

The kinetics of the reaction of N-butyl-2,4,6-trinitroaniline (3) with NaOH have been studied in 10 and 60 % 1,4-dioxane/H2O at 25 °C. In both cases, several processes were observed. In 10 % 1,4-dioxane/H2O the only product formed was 2,4,6-trinitrophenol (4), whereas in 60 % 1,4-dioxane/H2O a mixture of 4 and 5,7-dinitro-2-propyl-1H-benzimidazole 3-oxide (5) was observed in ratios that depend on the HO– concentration. A mechanism involving the formation of σ complexes through the addition of one or two HO– anions to unsubstituted ring positions is proposed for 2,4,6-trinitrophenol formation. The presence of these complexes was confirmed by NMR studies in 60 % [D8]1,4-dioxane/D2O. The mechanism suggested for the formation of the N-oxide includes the cyclization of an N-alkylidene-2-nitrosoaniline-type intermediate as the rate-determining step. The decrease in solvent polarity produces a decrease in the observed rate constant for the formation of 4 of about one order of magnitude making the cyclization reaction a competitive pathway.

Field of study: Chemistry
SUSTAINABLE SOIL MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AND QUALITY OF POTATO GROWN ON ERODIBLE LANDS

Land productivity can decline when top soil is lost. In Kentucky, limited resource farmers often produce vegetable crops on erodible lands. The objectives of this study were 1) to quantify the impact of three soil management practices (SMPs) on quantity of potato produced on erodible land, 2) to evaluate the impact of pyrethrin and azadirachtin insecticides on potato tuber quality, and 3) to assess the impact of yard waste compost on the chemical composition (ascorbic acid, free sugars, phenol contents) of potato tubers. Potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Kennebec) were grown in a silty loam soil of 10% slope. Plots (n=18) were 3.7 m wide and 22 m long (10% slope), with metal borders of 20 cm above ground level. Two botanical insecticides, Multi-Purpose Insecticide (containing pyrethrin 0.2%) and Neemix 4EC (containing 0.25% azadirachtin) were sprayed twice on potato foliage during each of two growing seasons (1997 and 1999) at the recommended rates of 6 lbs and 2 gallons.acre 1, respectively. The SMPs were tall fescue strips (FS) intercropped between each two potato rows, soil mixed with yard waste compost (COM) and no-mulch (NM) treatment (roto-tilled bare soil). The experimental designwas a 2×3×3 factorial with main factors of two insecticides and three SMPs replicated three times. Average potato yield was lowest in NM and FS and highest in COM treatments. Yield obtained from the bottom of the plots was greater than that obtained from the top of plots. Tuber defects (rot, scab, sun green, hollow heart, necrosis, and vascular discoloration) were signifi-cantly different between the two growing seasons. The two insecticidal treatments did not have much influence on potato yield or tuber defects. Tubers obtained from tall fescue treatments had low levels of ascorbic acid and reducing sugars compared to compost treatments.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Model Study of Lithium-Ion Battery Temperature Field

Using finite element analysis software -ANSYS, numerical simulation on temperature changes was done for the CA60 lithium-ion battery under different rate constant current charge and discharge status in this paper. The temperature distributions of every part of lithium-ion battery have been computed. And the data comparison of numerical simulation and actual measurement was carried out. The temperature changes in different part of the lithium-ion battery were analyzed. This study shows that the temperature distributions are significantly influenced by discharge time and thermal conductivities of component materials of lithium-ion battery. The research can provide the basis for the development of the thermal management system of lithium-ion battery.

Field of study: Engineering
High-Speed Isothermal Analysis of Atmospheric Isoprene and DMS Using On-Line Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography

An instrument has been developed that allows rapid measurements of two of the most important volatile organic species in the atmosphere. The method utilizes two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled to a programmed temperature vaporization injector used for sample preconcentration and injection. Attention is paid to the deter mination of atmospheric concentrations of isoprene (the most reactive hydrocarbon species) and dimethyl sulfide (DMS), the major source of sulfur in the marine troposphere and a precursor to cloud formation. A sorbent packed liner placed inside a programmed temperature vaporization injector was held subambiently by means of a Peltier device during sample collection. Thermal desorption is performed and the analytes passed to a primary column, separating with respect to analyte vapor pressure. Selected linear or “heart-cut” transfer is performed to a second column where the final separation is performed with respect to chemical functionality. Both primary and secondary separa tions ar...

Field of study: Environmental science
Cosío Villegas’ Historia moderna de México

HIS is an age of academic specialization-by disciplines and within them. Scholars in large measure devote their energies to monographic studies covering narrow subjects and limited periods of history to provide the required elements for more general synthesized and analytical recreations of the past. A work which combines both phases-monographic research and a broad sweep over a long period of a nation's history-requires not only scholarly talents and effort but organizational ability as well. Daniel Coslo Villegas' multivolume 1Iistoria modernc de Mexico is such a work, and when the final volume is completed, it will be a landmark in Latin American historiography.' The logical procedure for such an evaluation is to understand the goal which Cosio Villegas set for himself and his associates and then to judge the extent to which they have realized it. The group's plan of work, definition of terms, and method of operation are set forth in the Llamada general which serves as an introduction to the initial volume of the series. Here the author explains decisions relative to time limits, periodization, material to be covered, and the structure and dimensions of his work. In his own words, he determined :2

Field of study: History
Analytic torsion for arithmetic locally symmetric manifolds

In this paper we define a regularized version of the analytic torsion for quotients of a symmetric space of non-positive curvature by arithmetic lattices. The definition is based on the study of the renormalized trace of the corresponding heat operators, which is defined as the geometric side of the Arthur trace formula applied to the heat kernel. Then we study the limiting behavior of the analytic torsion as the lattices run through a sequence of congrunece subgroups of a fixed arithmetic subgroup. Our main result states that for sequences of principal congruence subgroups, which converge to 1 at a fixed finite set of places and strongly acyclic flat bundles, the logarithm of the analytic torsion, devided by the index of the subgroup, converges to the $L^2$-analytic torsion.

Field of study: Mathematics
Rapid assessment of biodiversity using acoustic indices

The evolutionary success of a species is linked to its ability to communicate. Auditory, optic and olfactory systems are biological communication channels. Compared to the latter two, auditory systems are less impeded by physical obstructions. Successful species have effectively articulated this to their advantage. Decoding the acoustic dynamics of a landscape can ingeniously be crafted as a rapid tool to assess biological diversity. Here, we present results of the acoustic analysis carried out in three contrasting soundscapes in Kerala, India. Representative sound samples were recorded at Ernakulam, Kerala, India using Marantz PMD 661 III sonic recorder from 6.00 a.m. to 6.00 p.m. (IST) from an urban park [Hill Palace Museum (L1)], a sacred grove [Iringole Kavu (L2)], and a legally protected area Salim Ali Bird Sanctuary (L3). Acoustic characteristics of these sites expressed as Acoustic Complexity Index (ACI), Acoustic Diversity Index (ADI), Acoustic Evenness Index (AEI), Bioacoustic Index (BI) and Normalized Difference Soundscape Index (NDSI) were related to corresponding avian diversity. The objective finding reveals the distinctiveness of sonic characteristics and the status of diversity in each soundscape. Rapid assessment of biodiversity using acoustic indices is a prospective option that can be adopted as a means to generate biodiversity indicators of Sustainable Develeopment Goals (SDGs).

Field of study: Environmental science
Quantitative Research by Non-local Fracture Criterias Difference of Frozen Soil Strength in Different Tensile Test

Frozen soil strength is an important index in practical engineering design, but different test methods can get different strength values. Non localization theory characterizes material properties by describing the characteristic length of nonuniform materials. In this paper, the non-localized theory of mesoscopic materials is introduced into frozen soil, explaining that the difference of different test strengths of frozen soil comes from the non-uniformity of frozen soil. The relationship between non-uniformity and strength and the relationship between uniaxial tensile strength and bending tensile strength are described quantitatively through uniaxial tensile test and bending tensile test.

Field of study: Engineering
Conciliation and Confession: The Struggle for Unity in the Age of Reform, 1415-1648 (review)

than “Renaissance” in its orientation, even though Heller and some of his colleagues were aware of the new astronomy that began to dismantle medieval cosmology. Davis notes that the Maharal’s “new curriculum” did not include the studia humanitatis and for this reason he resists calling Heller a “Jewish humanist.” However, Davis also shows that Heller shared the Renaissance attention to neglected ancient texts as a focus of study, in his case the Mishnah, the close attention to the omnisignificance of the biblical text, attention to editorial work involved in production of sacred texts, both biblical and rabbinic, correction and emendations of earlier commentaries on the Mishnah, and a collection of manuscripts of certain medieval Ashkenazi works on dietary laws. As rich and satisfying as this portrait is, without a conclusion the reader is left to wonder why was the revival of philosophy and natural sciences among Ashkenazi Jews so short (about fifty years)? Why did the opposition to philosophy and the natural sciences among Ashkenazi Jews diminish in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries only to be renewed with vigor in the early seventeenth century? Why did Lurianic kabbalah win and medieval rationalism lose the minds and hearts of Ashkenazi Jews, even though the worldview of Ashkenazi Jews remained decidedly medieval? Davis is so knowledgeable about Ashkenazi Jewry that I would have welcomed an attempt on his part to explore these questions. Nonetheless, this is an exemplary study of Ashkenazi Jewry in the early modern period through the lens of one of its leading personalities.

Field of study: History
203: Endogenous matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9, and not MMP-2, promotes rheumatoid synovial fibroblast survival, inflammation and cartilage degradation

To investigate the effect of endogenous matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9 on the invasive characteristics of rheumatoid synovial fibroblasts (SF).  SF isolated from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) or osteoarthritis (OA) were treated with MMP siRNAs, inhibitors and recombinant (r) proteins or TNF-a, with or without cartilage explants. Cell viability and proliferation were measured by MTT and BrdU proliferation assays, respectively; apoptosis by an in situ cell death detection kit; migration and invasion by CytoSelectTM invasion assay, scratch migration and collagen gel assays; cartilage degradation by 1,9-dimethylmethylene blue assay; inflammatory mediators and MMPs by ELISA, western blot and zymography. Results MMP-2 was expressed by both OASF and RASF, whereas only RASF expressed MMP-9. Suppressing MMP-2 or MMP-9 reduced RASF proliferation equally. However, MMP-9 siRNA had greater effects, compared to MMP-2 siRNA, on promoting apoptosis and suppressing RASF viability, migration and invasion. Suppression/inhibition of MMP-9 also decreased the production of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α, inactivated nuclear factor (NF)-κB, ERK and JNK and suppressed RASF-mediated cartilage degradation. In contrast, Suppression/inhibition of MMP-2 stimulated TNF-a and IL-17 secretion and activated NF-κB, while rMMP-2 inactivated NF-κB and suppressed RASF-mediated cartilage degradation. Results using specific inhibitors and rMMPs provided supportive evidence for the siRNA results.  Endogenous MMP-2 or MMP-9 contribute to RASF survival, proliferation, migration and invasion, with MMP-9 having more potent effects. Additionally, MMP-9 stimulates RASF-mediated inflammation and degradation of cartilage, whereas MMP-2 inhibits these parameters. Overall, our data indicate that MMP-9 derived from RASF may directly contribute to joint destruction in RA.

Field of study: Medicine