nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Economic incentives for conservation: beekeeping and Saturniidae caterpillar utilization by rural communities

The economic viability of the wildlife based enterprises (bee-keeping and caterpillar utilization) in Malawi is discussed in relation to conventional agricultural enterprises (maize, beans and ground-nuts). A strong incentive emerges for rural people to adopt wildlife management as an adjunct to subsistence agriculture, and therefore, to promote conservation of natural ecosystems and wildlife habitats in the face of growing human population and demand for land. Dependence on agriculture has depleted the wildlife resource outside protected areas and has been less effective in improving the wealth and living standards of most rural people. This study illustrates that the Malawi Department of National Parks and Wildlife needs to introduce economic incentives that integrate biological conservation with economic development for the rural people. The management programme involves the adoption of a rotation burning policy that promotes vegetation coppicing, eases harvesting and promotes high caterpillar yields.

Field of study: Environmental science
Quench Behavior and Protection in Cryocooler-Cooled YBCO Pancake Coil for SMES

The thermal behavior of a high-temperature superconducting (HTS) coil is significantly different from that of low-temperature superconducting (LTS) coil because it has a greater volumetric heat capacity at the temperature required for practical use. Therefore, the possibility of quench in HTS coils is much lower than that in LTS coils. In the application of the YBCO coil to Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES) system, electrical charging and discharging are repeated; therefore, the superconducting characteristics of the YBCO coated conductor may deteriorate as a result of cyclic subjection to tensile strain. To enhance the reliability and safety of HTS coil, protection scheme assuming a quench is also required for HTS coil. In this study, we focus on the coil wound with YBCO laminated bundle (parallel) conductor supposing SMES application and investigate the characteristics of normal-zone propagation and the thermal behavior within the coil during a quench by using a newly developed computer code based on the finite element method and an equivalent circuit. And we also propose a quench detection method using observation of nonuniform current in YBCO laminated bundle conductor and discuss the validity of the detection method comparing with conventional quench-voltage detection.

Field of study: Physics
Challenge of biofuel: filling the tank without emptying the stomach?

Biofuels have become a leading alternative to fossil fuel because they can be produced domestically by many countries, require only minimal changes to retail distribution and end-use technologies, are a partial response to global climate change, and because they have the potential to spur rural development. Production of biofuel has increased most rapidly for corn ethanol, in part because of government subsidies; yet, corn ethanol offers at most a modest contribution to society’s climate change goals and only a marginally positive net energy balance. Current biofuels pose long-run consequences for the provision of food and environmental amenities. In the short run, however, when gasoline supply and demand are inelastic, they serve as a buffer supply of energy, helping to reduce prices. Employing a conceptual model and with back-of-the-envelope estimates of wealth transfers resulting from biofuel production, we find that ethanol subsidies pay for themselves. Adoption of second-generation technologies may make biofuels more beneficial to society. The large-scale production of new types of crops dedicated to energy is likely to induce structural change in agriculture and change the sources, levels, and variability of farm incomes. The socio-economic impact of biofuel production will largely depend on how well the process of technology adoption by farmers and processors is understood and managed. The confluence of agricultural policy with environmental and energy policies is expected.

Field of study: Environmental science
LIPID PEROXIDATION AND ANTIOXIDANT ENZYME ACTIVITY IN DIFFERENT ORGANS OF MICE EXPOSED TO LOW LEVEL OF MERCURY

The effects of mercuric chloride (Hg) on lipid peroxidation (LPO), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione (GSH) levels in different organs of mice (CD-1) were evaluated. Mice were exposed (2 days/week) to 0.0 (control), 0.8 (low) and 8.0 (mid) and 80.0 (high) gHg/kg/day for 2 weeks. The high dose group was excluded from the study due to high mortality. LPO levels in kidney, testis and epididymus at low and mid doses; GR and GPx levels in testis at mid dose; SOD levels in brain and testis at both doses, liver and epididymus at mid dose; GSH levels in testis at both doses were significantly increased compared to their controls. However, the GR levels in kidney at both doses and in epididymus at mid dose; GPx levels in kidney and epididymus and SOD levels in kidney at both the doses; GSH levels in epididymus at mid dose were significantly decreased compared to their control. Body weight gain and food efficiency were significantly reduced (<0.05) in mid dose. These results indicated that Hg treatment enhanced LPO in all tissues, but showed significant enhancement only in kidney, testis and epididymus suggesting that these organs were more susceptible to Hg toxicity. The increase in antioxidant enzyme levels in testis could be a mechanism protecting the cells against reactive oxygen species.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Long-term follow-up of male patients after reconstruction of the bladder-exstrophy-epispadias complex: psychosocial status, continence, renal and genital function.

There is a paucity of knowledge about long-term outcome issues in the bladder-exstrophy-epispadias complex (BEEC). Adult male BEEC patients were investigated in respect of bladder and renal function, fertility, genital function and psychosocial facts.



In a cross-sectional study, 17 adult male BEEC patients (mean age 23.4 years) from a single centre were evaluated with a questionnaire, renal and bladder ultrasound, blood tests, hormonal profile and semen analysis.



Phenotypically one patient had complete epispadias and 16 had classical bladder exstrophy. Five patients underwent a one-stage functional reconstruction as a primary and 12 as a redo procedure. After a mean follow-up of 19.4 years, 15 bladders were preserved with 12 voiding per urethram and 3 performing intermittent catheterization; 2 were secondarily diverted. Significant residual urine was present in 10; kidneys were normal in 14 patients. Sixteen patients proved ejaculations, 3 had normospermia, 7 oligoasthenospermia and 6 azospermia. In patients with only one single bladder neck procedure normospermia was statistically significant.



After functional BEEC reconstruction, long-term bladder function is preserved with mostly normal renal function. The number of bladder neck attempts has a significant influence on andrologic outcome. Detailed analysis may detect multifactorial pathogenesis from the impaired sperm quality in the BEEC.

Field of study: Medicine
Rechargeability and rate capability of polymer electrolyte batteries at different temperatures

A highly conductive ambient temperature Li polymer electrolyte has been developed. The polymer electrolyte conductivity ranges from 0.5 mS/cm at -25°C to 2 mS/cm at 50°C, conductivities which are among the highest reported for polymer electrolytes. Flat lithium polymer electrolyte batteries have been made based on in situ radiation polymerization of the polymer electrolyte. The performance in terms of discharge capacity, rechargeability and charge retention during cycling at temperatures ranging from -25°C to +50°C have been characterized. Capacity utilization at room temperature above 90% of the theoretical capacity has been realized with current densities as high as 1 mA/cm2. At subroom temperature a reduction in the capacity utilization was observed down to 20% at -25°C. This reduction is due to diffusion limitations. The battery performance realized with the polymer electrolyte is particularly interesting as it appears to have overcome the inherent difficulties seen in all-solid-state batteries with respect to low electrolyte conductivities and rate capability.

Field of study: Materials science
Postsynaptic expression of Ca2+-permeable AMPA-type glutamate receptor channels by viral-mediated gene transfer.

The ability to artificially express a particular receptor protein in the postsynaptic sites of neurons in the central nervous system (CNS) would be useful for the study of synaptic function of cloned receptor genes as well as for gene therapy of neurological disorders caused by dysfunction of postsynaptic receptors. In this study, we aimed to express the cDNA of unedited GluR2 subunit of the alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA)-type glutamate receptor that forms inwardly rectifying and Ca2+-permeable channel in CNS neurons by using adenoviral-mediated gene transfer. For this purpose, we have constructed a recombinant adenovirus bearing an expression-switching unit, where the unedited GluR2 cDNA can be activated by the Cre recombinase-mediated excisional deletion of a stuffer DNA interposed between the promotor and the coding region. When PC12 cells were infected with this recombinant adenovirus together with an adenovirus expressing Cre recombinase, the inwardly rectifying and Ca2+-permeable AMPA receptor channels were expressed in nearly 100% of infected cells. Two days after co-infection of cultured rat hippocampal neurons with these adenoviruses, fast excitatory neurotransmission in the glutamatergic synapse was mediated predominantly by the inwardly rectifying and Ca2+-permeable AMPA receptor channels. This indicates that the native AMPA receptors in the postsynaptic sites of the glutamatergic synapse are replaced rapidly with recombinant receptors newly produced by the viral-mediated gene transfer.

Field of study: Biology
Role of target-material particles in the dynamics of a self-ignited pulsed optical discharge

An experimental study was made of the dynamics of the interaction of laser radiation with the damage products of metallic targets in a self-ignited pulsed optical discharge. The spatial distributions of the electron density and of the temperature in this discharge were investigated. It was found that the zone of maximum screening of the laser radiation was located close to the target and was determined by the presence of particles of the target material in the condensed phase. The target material particles, formed by bulk vaporization, facilitated ignition of the optical discharge.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
SCATTERING OF SH-WAVE BY INTERFACE CRACK AND NEIGHBOURING CIRCULAR CAVITY IN BI-MATERIAL VERTICAL HALF-SPACE

The scattering of SH-wave by a bi-material interface crack and a neighbouring circular cavity in vertical half-space are studied based on the image method.Firstly,a suitable Green's function is constructed in right-angle plane.Secondly,the methods of 'interface conjunction' and crack-division are used to construct the scattering model of SH-wave.The Bi-material media is divided into two right-angle planes along the horizontal interface,and horizontal surfaces are loaded with undetermined anti-plane forces in order to satisfy continuity conditions at the linking section,with some reverse forces to produce cracks by means of crack-division technique.Then the problem is converted into the solution of Fredholm integral equations of first kind by means of the Green's function.Finally,using the attenuation speciality of SH-wave,the integral equations can be dispersed to linear equations directly,so the numerical solution can be obtained.The dynamic stress concentration factors around the circular cavity are discussed.The calculating results show that the existence of free boundary of vertical half-space has great effects on the dynamic stress concentration factors.Moreover,the existence of interface crack has also great effects on the dynamic stress concentration factors around the circular cavity.

Field of study: Engineering
Late Pliocene climate variability on Milankovitch to millennial time scales: A high-resolution study of MIS100 from the Mediterranean

Astronomically tuned high-resolution climatic proxy records across marine oxygen isotope stage 100 (MIS100) from the Italian Monte San Nicola section and ODP Leg 160 Hole 967A are presented. These records reveal a complex pattern of climate fluctuations on both Milankovitch and sub-Milankovitch timescales that oppose or reinforce one another. Planktonic and benthic foraminiferal d 18 O records of San Nicola depict distinct stadial and interstadial phases superimposed on the saw-tooth pattern of this glacial stage. The duration of the stadial–interstadial alterations closely resembles that of the Late Pleistocene Bond cycles. In addition, both isotopic and foraminiferal records of San Nicola reflect rapid changes on timescales comparable to that of the Dansgard–Oeschger (D–O) cycles of the Late Pleistocene. During stadial intervals winter surface cooling and deep convection in the Mediterranean appeared to be more intense, probably as a consequence of very cold winds entering the Mediterranean from the Atlantic or the European continent. The high-frequency climate variability is less clear at Site 967, indicating that the eastern Mediterranean was probably less sensitive to surface water cooling and the influence of the Atlantic climate system. Concomitant changes in the colour reflectance of ODP Site 967 and the calcium carbonate record of San Nicola probably indicate that part of the high-frequency climate variability (3–5 kyr) in the eastern Mediterranean is related to changes in Saharan dust supply. Evidently, enhanced dust deposition in the Mediterranean correlates with the cold intervals of the millennial-scale D–O oscillations suggesting that the Atlantic pressure system may have played a critical role in varying the wind strength and/or aridification of northern Africa. D 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Dexamethasone enhances level of GAP-43 mRNA after nerve injury and facilitates re-projection of the hypoglossal nerve.

Application of dexamethasone was found to induce an enhanced expression level of mRNA encoding the growth associated protein (GAP-43) after peripheral nerve injury. Following hypoglossal nerve axotomy, a dexamethasone releasing pellet (1.5 mg released in 3 weeks) was placed near the transected nerve. GAP-43 mRNA was detected in the hypoglossal nucleus by non-radioactive in situ hybridization histochemistry using an alkaline phosphatase-labeled oligonucleotide probe. A significant elevation of GAP-43 mRNA level was observed 2 weeks after the transection in dexamethasone treated animals. This induction was not observed in the dorsal motor nucleus of vagus which expresses moderately high levels of GAP-43 mRNA even without nerve injury. Although dexamethasone did not alter the maximum level of GAP-43 mRNA in the hypoglossal nucleus after nerve injury, it prolonged the period in which the mRNA expression remained elevated. This may be due to post-transcriptional effect by the glucocorticoid. Dexamethasone treatment also caused a slight facilitation of reprojection. This may be due to the enhancement of GAP-43 mRNA level by the glucocorticoid.

Field of study: Biology
The effect of beam time structure on counting detectors in SRS experiments.

Counting detector systems are increasingly used in X-ray experiments because of their attractive properties as regards linearity, large dynamic range and simple noise properties. In synchrotron radiation source (SRS) applications of X-ray detectors, counting rates are generally high enough to require dead-time correction. The time structure of an SRS beam interacts with the dead-time characteristics of the detector in a way that the simple stochastic dead-time models cannot always handle. This report generates analytical and Monte Carlo mathematical models which describe the rate performance of any given detector system when used with the typical beam structures encountered in an SRS.

Field of study: Physics
Crossing of shears bands in (197)Pb: B(M1) values and semiclassical description.

Subpicosecond lifetimes of states in shears band 1 in (197)Pb were measured by means of the recoil distance method employing Gammasphere and the New Yale Plunger Device. The extracted reduced matrix elements, B(M1), show a clear sensitivity to the crossing of different shears configurations reflecting the closing and reopening of the shears blades. The energies and B(M1) values in the band crossing region are successfully described in the framework of the semiclassical model of the shears bands. The relevance of core rotation contributions are shown. The results point to the existence of shears states with an angular momentum coupling angle larger than 90 degrees.

Field of study: Physics
A Convenient Method for the Preparation of Linear Furoquinolin-2-ones

Fries rearrangement of 7-acetoxy-4-methylquinolin-2-one and subsequent condensation of the 6-acetyl-7-hydroxy-4-methylquinolin-2-one obtained with α-chloro ketones gives a series of furo[3,2-g]quinolin-7-ones.

Field of study: Chemistry
Electricity generation and pollutant degradation using a novel biocathode coupled photoelectrochemical cell.

The photoelectrochemical cell (PEC) is a promising tool for the degradation of organic pollutants and simultaneous electricity recovery, however, current cathode catalysts suffer from high costs and short service lives. Herein, we present a novel biocathode coupled PEC (Bio-PEC) integrating the advantages of photocatalytic anode and biocathode. Electrochemical anodized TiO2 nanotube arrays fabricated on Ti substrate were used as Bio-PEC anodes. Field-emission scanning electron microscope images revealed that the well-aligned TiO2 nanotubes had inner diameters of 60-100 nm and wall-thicknesses of about 5 nm. Linear sweep voltammetry presented the pronounced photocurrent output (325 μA/cm(2)) under xenon illumination, compared with that under dark conditions. Comparing studies were carried out between the Bio-PEC and PECs with Pt/C cathodes. The results showed that the performance of Pt/C cathodes was closely related with the structure and Pt/C loading amounts of cathodes, while the Bio-PEC achieved similar methyl orange (MO) decoloration rate (0.0120 min(-1)) and maximum power density (211.32 mW/m(2)) to the brush cathode PEC with 50 mg Pt/C loading (Brush-PEC, 50 mg). The fill factors of Bio-PEC and Brush-PEC (50 mg) were 39.87% and 43.06%, respectively. The charge transfer resistance of biocathode was 13.10 Ω, larger than the brush cathode with 50 mg Pt/C (10.68 Ω), but smaller than the brush cathode with 35 mg Pt/C (18.35 Ω), indicating the comparable catalytic activity with Pt/C catalyst. The biocathode was more dependent on the nutrient diffusion, such as nitrogen and inorganic carbon, thus resulting in relatively higher diffusion resistance compared to the brush cathode with 50 mg Pt/C loading that yielded similar MO removal and power output. Considering the performance and cost of PEC system, the biocathode was a promising alternative for the Pt/C catalyst.

Field of study: Environmental science
We Study Life

A FEW years from now Thomas Mendoza's skull may be found occupying a post of honor outside some head-hunting chieftain's hut somewhere in the Philippines. If I learn of it, I shall take steps to inscribe his name on the roll of martyrs to psychology. I shall grieve at the too early end of a promising young life, but I shall not be greatly surprised. Thomas is confidentpathetically so, it seems to me that when he returns to his native isles, he will make a brilliant success and render a valuable service educating and managing the wild Moros and Igorrotes according to the principles we worked out together in Psychology i04. My blessing goes with him. I hope for the best, but I disclaim any responsibility for his safety. For some four or five times now I have studied with my students what the science of psychology has to say about the most interesting problems of human life. In our catalogue the course is advertised as follows: 104. Development of Personality.' Infancy, childhood, adolescence, sex, marriage and the family, maturity, senescence, typical conflicts and disorders at each stage of development.

Field of study: Education
Preparation of bilberry beverage for improving vision

Products that can improve vision have a large potential market. A new kind of juice drink was exploited.The main material in this drink is bilberry, which is rich in anthocyanins. Semen Cassiae, a traditional Chinesemedicine used for eye protection, was also added to the drink. In addition, It used vaccinium myrtillus extract,sucrose, citric acid, CMC- Na, xanthan gum as supplementary materials. The beverage with special flavor andrich nutrition, and have improve vision efficacy. As one kind of phytochemical fortified beverages, this product isunique in China. Therefore, it has a bright future to supply a gap in the market of eye products.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
SU-E-J-51: Dose Response of Common Solid State Detectors in Homogeneous Transverse and Longitudinal Magnetic Fields.

Solid state radiation detectors are often used for dose profiles and percent depth dose measurements. The dose response of selected solid state detectors is evaluated in varying transverse and longitudinal magnetic fields for eventual use in MR-Linac devices.



A PTW 60003 and IBA PFD detector were modeled in the Monte Carlo code PENELOPE, incorporating a magnetic field which was varied in strength and oriented both transversely and longitudinally with respect to the incident photon beam. The detectors' long axis was in turn oriented either parallel or perpendicular to the photon beam. Dose to the active volume of each detector was scored, and its ratio to dose with zero magnetic field strength (dose response) was determined. Accuracy of the simulations was evaluated by measurements using both chambers taken at low field with a small electromagnet. Simulations were also performed in a water phantom to compare to the in air results.



Significant dose response was found in transverse field geometries, nearing 20% at 1.5T. The response is highly dependent on relative orientations to the magnetic field and photon beam, and on detector composition. Low field measurements confirm these results. In the presence of longitudinal magnetic fields, the detectors exhibit little dose response, reaching 0.5-1% at 1.5T regardless of detector orientation. Water tank simulations compared well to the in air simulations when not at the beam periphery, where in transverse magnetic fields only, the water tank simulations differed from the in air results.



Transverse magnetic fields can cause large deviations in dose response, and are highly position orientation dependent. Comparatively, longitudinal magnetic fields exhibit little to no dose response in each detector as a function of magnetic field strength. Water tank simulations show longitudinal fields are generally easier to work with, but each detector must be evaluated separately.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Geometry of representations of quantum spaces

The quantum plane $A=\mathbb{C}_\rho[x,y,z]$ with $\rho$ a root of unity has singularities in its representation variety $\mathbf{trep}_nA$ and its center $Z(A)$. Using the technique of a noncommutative blow-up, we prove that this technique fails in contrast to the 3-dimensional Sklyanin algebras if we want to resolve the singularities in the representation variety. However, we will see that the singularity of the center in the origin can be made better using this technique.

Field of study: Mathematics