nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Flavor content of nucleon form factors

The flavor content of nucleon form factors is analyzed using two different theoretical approaches. The first is based on a phenomenological two-component model in which the external photon couples to both an intrinsic three-quark structure and a meson cloud via vector-meson dominance. The flavor content of the nucleon form factors is extracted without introducing any additional parameter. A comparison with recent data from parity-violating electron scattering experiments shows a good overall agreement for the strange form factors. A more microscopic approach is that of an unquenched quark model proposed by Geiger and Isgur which is based on valence quark plus glue dominance to which quark-antiquark pairs are added in perturbation. In the original version the importance of s„ s loops in the proton was studied. Here we present the formalism for a new generation of unquenched quark models which, among other extensions, includes the contributions of u„ and d„ d loops. Finally, we discuss some preliminary results in the closure limit.

Field of study: Physics
Fractional Moments and Maximum Entropy: Geometric Meaning

We consider the problem of recovering a probability density on a bounded or unbounded subset D of [0, ∞), from the knowledge of its sequence of fractional moments within a maximum entropy (MaxEnt) setup. Based upon entropy convergence results previously formulated, the fractional moments are selected so that the entropy of the MaxEnt approximation be minimum. A geometric interpretation of the reconstruction procedure is formulated as follows: the two moment curves generated by the unknown density and its MaxEnt approximation are interpolating in Hermite-Birkoff sense; that is, they are both interpolating and tangent at the selected nodes.

Field of study: Mathematics
Patterns and drivers of lichen species composition in a NW-European lowland deciduous woodland complex

We surveyed lichens in an extensive area of lowland deciduous oak and beech dominated forest under wood pasture management within the New Forest National Park, southern England. This provided the basis for an investigation of factors affecting the species density and composition of epiphytic lichen communities. Fifteen 1 hectare plots were established in the same sites as a parallel invertebrate survey, of which nine were in old growth forest and six in oak plantations of between c. 150 and 300 years old. In each plot 12 trees were identified for sampling and lichens were sampled on four aspects of each trunk. Results at the plot level showed that species density was significantly higher in the old growth woodland plots from those in plantations. Plot age had a significant effect on species on oak but this was not significant for lichen communities on beech. The species density of lichens associated with Trentepohliaceae photobionts on oaks showed a linear positive relationship with increasing plot age while the species density of species with other coccal green Chlorophyta decreased with age of the plot. A major part of the lichenised fungi with Trentepohliaceae photobionts includes indicator and notable species used in conservation evaluation and this component is most affected by fragmentation and isolation of forest sites. The results emphasise the importance of long term connectivity and ecological continuity in this extensive mosaic of lowland deciduous forest.

Field of study: Environmental science
Arthur H. Vandenberg, Internationalism, and the United Nations

Well-the battle is over-89 to 2! only [Senators Henrik] Shipstead [a Republican from Minnesota] and [William] Langer [a Republican from North Dakota] in opposition. Hi[ram] Johnson [a Republican Senator from California] couldn't vote because he is in the Naval Hospital again.... It really was an amazing outcome.... Everybody now seems to agree that I could have beaten the United Nations Charter if I had taken the opposition tack. I must confess, now that it's all over, that I am very proud to have been at least one of its fathers. It has stood up amazingly under every possible scrutiny. The things we did at Frisco [sic.] to remove potential Senate opposition have paid rich

Field of study: Political science
Osteoid osteomas and osteoblastomas of the spine.

OBJECT
Osteoid osteomas and osteoblastomas are rare primary bone tumors that usually do not arise in the spine. In this report the authors analyze 16 cases of osteoid osteoma or osteoblastoma of the spine that were surgically treated over a 27-year period.



A retrospective study was conducted in which the following data were found: five patients had osteoid osteomas (two male and three female patients) and 11 had osteoblastomas (seven male and four female patients). The site of the tumor was the cervical spine in four, thoracic in six, and lumbar spine in six. In 14 patients, the tumor involved the posterior vertebral elements, with lumbar and thoracic levels being the most common. Only two patients had tumors in the body of a cervical vertebra. The mean age of the patients was 20 years for osteoid osteoma and 19 years for osteoblastoma. The most common symptom was local pain in the area of the tumor. Among 11 patients with osteoblastoma, six (two with paraparesis, four with monoparesis) had neurological deficits caused by extradural compression. None of the patients with osteoid osteoma had neurological deficits. The diameters of osteoblastomas were 3 to 8 cm (mean 4 cm), and those of osteoid osteomas were 1.5 to 2 cm (mean 1.7 cm). Although the peritumoral bone was normal in patients with osteoblastoma, a sclerotic rim was observed in all patients with osteoid osteoma. All patients were treated with resection; tumor excision was complete in 15 cases. Follow-up periods ranged from 2 months to 13 years (mean 36 months). Complete pain relief was achieved in 15 patients; the other patient described mild pain with activity. There was no tumor recurrence except one regrowth in a patient with osteoblastoma who then received radiation therapy. There were two complications: one surgery was performed at the wrong level, and there was one instrument failure that required revision.



With the help of modern imaging modalities that aid in diagnosis and surgical planning, a complete removal and cure may be achieved for most of these rare tumors.

Field of study: Medicine
Les adjoints au médecin en Ontario: Il est temps de prendre une décision

L’integration des adjoints au medecin (AM) du monde civil dans le systeme ontarien de la sante a commence en 2007 dans le contexte d’un projet de demonstration conjoint, sous l’egide du ministere de la Sante et des Soins de longue duree (MSSLD) et de l’Ontario Medical Association.

Field of study: Medicine
Structures of human constitutive nitric oxide synthases.

Mammals produce three isoforms of nitric oxide synthase (NOS): neuronal NOS (nNOS), inducible NOS (iNOS) and endothelial NOS (eNOS). The overproduction of NO by nNOS is associated with a number of neurodegenerative disorders; therefore, a desirable therapeutic goal is the design of drugs that target nNOS but not the other isoforms. Crystallography, coupled with computational approaches and medicinal chemistry, has played a critical role in developing highly selective nNOS inhibitors that exhibit exceptional neuroprotective properties. For historic reasons, crystallography has focused on rat nNOS and bovine eNOS because these were available in high quality; thus, their structures have been used in structure-activity-relationship studies. Although these constitutive NOSs share more than 90% sequence identity across mammalian species for each NOS isoform, inhibitor-binding studies revealed that subtle differences near the heme active site in the same NOS isoform across species still impact enzyme-inhibitor interactions. Therefore, structures of the human constitutive NOSs are indispensible. Here, the first structure of human neuronal NOS at 2.03 Å resolution is reported and a different crystal form of human endothelial NOS is reported at 1.73 Å resolution.

Field of study: Chemistry
Bevatron Guide Field Control

The Bevatron guide field power supply has been under computer control for one year. This facility allows operational parameters to be programmed at operator request in order to provide the desired field profiles commensurate with the current experimental program. With a requirement of one part in fifteen thousand accuracy for resonant extraction, the digital system has been enlarged until a realtime closed-loop control function meet this specification. A one gauss window for entry into flat-zones is now maintained, while a relative flatness tolerance of ±1/ 2 gauss is held during the typical 2-sec. flatzone. This paper includes the structure of a new data-acquisition system with emphasis upon the use of a fast magnetic-core memory to gather blocks of data, as well as to hold the necessary digital threshold values to be arithmetically compared with the results of the data gathering facility. Also covered, is the implementation of the system in the detection and ultimate reduction of incipient fault conditions within the guide field power supply.

Field of study: Physics
A 23Na NMR study of mixed cation β-aluminas

The 23Na NMR spectrum of Na, Ti β- and Na, Cd s-alumina can be understood in the same terms of cation site occupation used to interpret the spectrum of the pure Na crystal. The monovalent Tl ion enters the conduction plane and, up to a level of 60% of exchange, occupies the cation site in the singly occupied cell. The divalent Cd ion, on the other hand, moves initially into the doubly occupied cell, the cell that also contains the charge compensating oxygen. This difference in exchange behavior, as observed by NMR, can be related to differences in mixed cation behavior between these two mixed crystals.

Field of study: Materials science
Honoring the Trust: Quality and Cost Containment in Higher Education (review)

contributors telling their stories. For “theft”, as discussed in the book’s first section, suggests that something is being stolen from “traditional” academics by outsiders, business leaders and corporations. However, the stories of graduate assistants, adjunct faculty, and organizers suggest quite a different picture, of many tenure-track faculty joining administrators in fighting unionization, in seeking to maintain existing hierarchies, and effectively internalizing and advancing an academic capitalist agenda in a new economy (Slaughter and Rhoades forthcoming) of academic employment. That story, offering a fuller and more complex understanding of the current state of the university (and of community colleges), makes this a valuable book.

Field of study: Education
The chemokine receptor CCR7 is expressed on epithelium of non‐inflamed gastric mucosa, Helicobacter pylori gastritis, gastric carcinoma and its precursor lesions and up‐regulated by H. pylori

CCR7 chemokine‐receptor expression on tumour cells of gastric carcinoma has been associated with lymph‐node metastasis and is thought to play an important role in metastasis. However, so far it is unknown whether CCR7 is newly up‐regulated on gastric carcinoma or already expressed in non‐neoplastic gastric epithelium. Therefore, epithelial CCR7 expression was investigated in the process of gastric carcinogenesis: non‐inflamed mucosa –Helicobacter pylori gastritis – intestinal metaplasia/dysplasia – gastric carcinoma. CCR7 was expressed by gastric epithelium in non‐inflamed gastric mucosa (n = 5), H. pylori gastritis (n = 17), intestinal metaplasia (n = 10), dysplasia (n = 3) and on tumour cells in 20 of 24 patients with gastric carcinoma (13/14 intestinal‐type; 7/10 diffuse‐type) as tested by immunohistochemistry. As CCR7 expression by gastric epithelium was significantly stronger in H. pylori gastritis than in non‐infected mucosa, the influence of H. pylori on CCR7 receptor expression of gastric epithelial cells was investigated by fluorescence activated cell sorter analysis. H. pylori strains up‐regulated the CCR7 chemokine‐receptor in CCR7‐positive cell lines. No difference in CCR7 up‐regulation between cag+ and cag–H. pylori strains was found. Epithelial CCR7 up‐regulation by H. pylori may alter the metastatic fate of gastric carcinoma. Additionally, CCR7 expression not only on gastric carcinoma, but also on non‐neoplastic gastric epithelium, suggests a novel biological function.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Why Few Women Hold Public Office: Democracy and Sexual Roles

The 1974 general elections showed a marked increase in the number of women running for and elected to public office. Despite these gains, however, one should not lose sight -of the fact that relatively few women hold elected public office at any level of government in America today.' Whether a trend toward increased participation of women in elected public office is underway still remains to be seen. Ultimately it will depend on whether the factors that prohibited or inhibited women from participating in the past will continue to diminish in importance in the future. Serious attention should be given, therefore, to identifying these factors and to assessing their impact on women's political participation in the years to come. This article presents the results of a survey conducted among men and women participating in local politics in four suburbs of Westchester County, New York. The regrettable but straightforward conclusion of this study is that the percentage of women holding public office is unlikely to increase by a substantial amount in the future unless radical changes occur in current sexual role assignments. The findings show that the nature of sexual role assignments and role expectations in America (especially those related to child care) are such that

Field of study: Political science
Ubiquinone deficiency in an auxotroph of Escherichia coli requiring 4-hydroxybenzoic acid.

1. Escherichia coli 156:53D2 synthesized ubiquinone only when the growth medium was supplemented with 4-hydroxybenzoate acid. 2. Little or no vitamin K(2) was formed by the mutant under the growth conditions employed, in contrast with wild-type strains. 3. In the mutant ubiquinone deficiency was correlated with low respiration and with low particulate NADH-oxidase and NADH-cytochrome b(1)-reductase activity. 4. Preincubation of ubiquinone-deficient particles with ubiquinone-30 largely restored the NADH-oxidase and NADH-cytochrome b(1)-reductase activities. 5. Various NADH-dye-linked reductases which may be associated with NADH dehydrogenase were not affected by the absence of ubiquinone. 6. The succinate-oxidase complex was less affected than the particulate NADH oxidase by ubiquinone deficiency. 7. A pathway for electrons in the NADH-oxidase complex of the auxotroph of E. coli is proposed and its relationship to the pathway in the wild-type strain is discussed.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Generation of recombinant parapoxviruses: non-essential genes suitable for insertion and expression of foreign genes.

Orf virus (OV) is an epitheliotropic poxvirus and belongs to the genus Parapoxvirus (PPV). PPV, especially OV, is regarded as a promising candidate for an expression vector. Among available live vaccines only strain D1701 represents a highly attenuated OV strain with clearly reduced pathogenicity. Therefore, we started to identify potentially non-essential genes or regions of D1701, which might be suitable for insertion and expression of foreign genes. The present contribution reviews some of the progress using the vegf-e (homologue of the mammalian vascular endothelial growth factor) gene locus for the generation of recombinant D1701. The vegf-e gene of D1701 is dispensable for virus growth in vitro and in vivo, and represents a major virulence determinant of OV. It is shown that foreign genes can be inserted and functionally expressed in the vegf-e locus, also leading to the induction of a specific immune response in the non-permissive host. Furthermore, it is reported that adaptation to VERO cells led to the deletion of three further regions of the OV D1701 genome, which seems to be combined with additional virus attenuation in sheep. Molecular analysis of this OV D1701 variant allows the identification of new, potentially non-essential sites in the viral genome.

Field of study: Biology, Engineering
Optimum mixture designs in some constrained experimental regions

In a mixture experiment, the response depends on the mixing proportions of the components present in the mixture. Optimum designs are available for the estimation of parameters of the models proposed in such situations. However, these designs are found to include the vertex points of the simplex Ξ defining the experimental region, which are not mixtures in the true sense. Recently, Mandal et al. (2015) derived optimum designs when the experiment is confined to an ellipsoidal region within Ξ, which does not include the vertices of Ξ. In this paper, an attempt has been made to find optimum designs when the experimental region is a simplex or is cuboidal inside Ξ and does not contain the extreme points.

Field of study: Mathematics
The Mixtecs of Oaxaca: Ancient Times to the Present ed. by Ronald Spores and Andrew K. Balkansky (review)

Chapters 2 and 3 deal competently with pre-contact Pueblo history and with the PlainsPueblo interactions of the period before Spanish arrival. The last four chapters cover Spanish contact and its consequences, and Carter is clearly much more in his element here. But for long stretches in these chapters the book becomes a very conventional historical summary covering the conquest of the Aztecs and subsequent expeditions to the north. The “alliance” theme, never particularly well developed, largely recedes into the background in these sections. In fact, the term “alliance” is never defined: it is absent from the index, and the range of economic, religious, and political behaviors grouped together under the term is so wide as to dilute its descriptive or explanatory power.

Field of study: History
Die Intensität der Mehrfachlinien und ihrer Zeemankomponenten

Das Korrespondenzprinzip gestattet, wie bekannt, aus dem kinematischen Charakter der Atombahnen auf die Intensitat der Spektrallinien zu schliesen, die dem Wechsel der Atombahnen entspringen. Der kinematische Charakter einer Atombahn ist qualitativ bekannt, wenn die sie charakterisierenden Quantenzahlen festgestellt sind. Die letztere Aufgabe darf heutzutage fur grose Gruppen von Spektrallinien als gelost gelten, nicht nur fur Einfachlinien, sondern auch fur Mehrfachlinien (Dubletts, Tripletts, allgemein „Multipletts“) und ihre magnetischen Aufspaltungen (die anomalen Zeemankomponenten).

Field of study: Physics
Interaction of a Ti–Cu Alloy with Carbon: Synthesis of Composites and Model Experiments

Titanium carbide (TiC), is the most thermodynamically stable compound in the Ti–C–Cu system, which makes it a suitable reinforcement phase for copper matrix composites. In this work, the interaction of a Ti–Cu alloy with different forms of carbon was investigated to trace the structural evolution leading to the formation of in-situ TiC–Cu composite structures. The reaction mixtures were prepared from Ti25Cu75 alloy ribbons and carbon black or nanodiamonds to test the possibilities of obtaining fine particles of TiC using ball milling and Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS). It was found that the behavior of the reaction mixtures during ball milling depends on the nature of the carbon source. Model experiments were conducted to observe the outcomes of the diffusion processes at the alloy/carbon interface. It was found that titanium atoms diffuse to the alloy/graphite interface and react with carbon forming a titanium carbide layer, but carbon does not diffuse into the alloy. The diffusion experiments as well as the synthesis by ball milling and SPS indicated that the distribution of TiC particles in the composite structures obtained via reactive solid-state processing of Ti25Cu75+C follows the distribution of carbon particles in the reaction mixtures. This justifies the use of carbon sources that have fine particles to prepare the reaction mixtures as well as efficient dispersion of the carbon component in the alloy–carbon mixture when the goal is to synthesize fine particles of TiC in the copper matrix.

Field of study: Materials science
Performance characterization of R134a and R245fa in a high aspect ratio microchannel condenser

An experimental study on parametric characterization of two-phase condensing flows of refrigerants R134a and R245fa in a single microchannel was carried out utilizing a microchannel with a cross-section of 0.4 mm × 2.8 mm (7:1 aspect ratio) and length of 190 mm. The study investigated parametric effects of variations in saturation temperatures between 30 °C and 70 °C, mass flux between 50 and 500 kg m−2 s−1, and inlet superheats between 0 °C and 20 °C on the average heat transfer coefficient and overall pressure drops in the microchannel. The results of the study suggest that while the saturation temperature and mass flux have a significant effect on both the heat transfer and overall pressure drop coefficients, the inlet superheat has little or no effect. In addition, the applicability of the Dobson–Chato correlation for heat transfer coefficient and Lockhart–Martinelli correlation for pressure drop for the range of parameters was investigated.

Field of study: Engineering
Occurrence of alkylphenolic substances in a Great Lakes coastal marsh, Cootes Paradise, ON, Canada.

Occurrence and fate of alkylphenols (APs), known endocrine disruptors, were investigated in a Great Lakes coastal wetland, Cootes Paradise, ON. The wetland, which receives discharges from a Wastewater Treatment Plant (WTP) and several Combined Sewer Overflows (CSOs), is an important spawning ground for fish and crucial habitat for other fauna. Elevated concentrations of nonylphenol ethoxylates (NPEs) and their degradation product nonylphenol (NP) were found in water and sediment samples near the sources. Since transfer of APs through the food chain is of concern, we compared their concentrations in invertebrates from clean and contaminated sites. The results reveal transfer of alkylphenolics from sediments to biota and their accumulation in the invertebrate tissue, particularly the highly hydrophobic 4-NP, whose concentrations ranged from 1.9 to 6.3 microg g(-1). To our knowledge, this is the first study to evaluate AP concentrations in tissue of benthic invertebrates under real environmental conditions.

Field of study: Environmental science
Insulin stimulates the tyrosyl phosphorylation and activation of the 52 kDa peripheral plasma-membrane cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase in intact hepatocytes.

The 52 kDa subunit of the peripheral-plasma-membrane insulin-stimulated high-affinity cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase can be specifically detected by the antibody PM1 by Western-blotting procedures and also can be immunoprecipitated from a hepatocyte extract. PM1-mediated immunoprecipitation from hepatocyte extracts showed that insulin treatment of intact 32P-labelled hepatocytes caused the rapid phosphorylation of the peripheral-plasma-membrane cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase. Phosphoamino acid analysis and the use of a phosphotyrosine-specific antibody indicated that phosphorylation occurred on tyrosyl residue(s) of this phosphodiesterase. Prior treatment of hepatocytes with glucagon (10 nM) completely blocked the insulin-mediated tyrosyl phosphorylation of this 52 kDa protein, as detected with both the PM1 and the anti-phosphotyrosine antibodies. Treatment of hepatocytes with glucagon alone did not increase the phosphorylation state of the peripheral-plasma-membrane cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase. The specific anti-phosphotyrosine antibody also detected the insulin-stimulated phosphorylation of proteins of 180 kDa, 95 kDa and 39 kDa. Prior treatment of hepatocytes with glucagon decreased the ability of insulin to phosphorylate the 180 kDa and 39 kDa species, but not the 95 kDa species.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science