nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Optimization of Cu addition and RHQ-treatment time for Cu-added Nb/sub 3/Al wire

In a Nb/Al-Cu precursor wire, Nb/sub 3/Al filaments are formed directly through a proper rapid heating and quenching (RHQ) treatment, and show the excellent superconducting properties at two different regions in the RHQ-treatment conditions. The region at heating energy density, W, of 4.4-4.6 J/mm/sup 3/ is one of the best RHQ treatments to obtain the excellent superconducting properties, when the Cu content in Al-Cu alloy is 1.2 to 5.2at%. The other optimized region was observed at W of 5.2-5.6 J/mm/sup 3/, which exists clearly for the 2.5 and the 5.2at%Cu added wires, but unclearly for the 1.2at%Cu added wire. The best improvement in J/sub c/ is obtained for 2.5at%Cu addition, such as J/sub c/(4.2 K) values of 800 A/mm/sup 2/ in 20 T and 1200 A/mm/sup 2/ in 18 T, which are the highest values among the metallic multifilamentary superconductors. The best T/sub c/ of 18.34 K is obtained for the 2.5at%Cu added wire. The wires with 1.2at%Cu addition show intermediate J/sub c/ vs. B curves between those of the 2.5at%Cu added and non-Cu added wires.

Field of study: Physics
ID: 100: Regulation and B-cell help mediated by distinct subsets of IL10-producing T-cells

IL10 is a B-cell growth factor produced by CD4 + helper T-cells, but it also mediates suppression of T-cell responses by regulatory T-cells. We found that IL10-producing regulatory T-cells (Tr1) and IL10-dependent B-helper T-cells are distinct subsets in humans and mice. Tr1 cells that suppressed T cell proliferation and experimental colitis co-expressed CCR5 and PD1, but not CCR6 or IL-7R. They down-regulated IL-10 production in response to pro-inflammatory cytokines, and consequently produced only low levels of IL-10 in the intestine of IBD patients. Tr1 cells failed to up-regulate CD40L and did not promote B-cell responses, but conversely suppressed IgG production. However, Tr1 cells from lupus patients were unable to inhibit B cell responses. In marked contrast, IL10-producing IL-7R + CCR6 + helper T-cells expressed CD40L and induced B-cell antibody production via IL10. Notably, these IL10-dependent B-helper T-cells were distinct from conventional TFH and Th17-cells, were auto-reactive and consequently provided spontaneous B cell help in lupus patients. In summary, we defined a strategy to distinguish IL10 producing T-cell subsets with opposing functions in B-cell responses and in autoimmune diseases.

Field of study: Medicine
Heart rate response to alcohol and intoxicated aggressive behavior.

This study examined the elevated heart rate (HR) response to alcohol intoxication, thought to reflect an increased sensitivity to alcohol-induced reward, as a potential factor in the increased likelihood of alcohol-induced aggression.



Three groups, intoxicated high (n=37) and low (n=37) HR responders and sober controls (n=73), participated in a laboratory measure of physical aggression, the Taylor Aggression Paradigm.



Results revealed that intoxicated high HR responders were more aggressive than the intoxicated low HR responders and sober controls.



These findings are interpreted within a hypothetical model relating increased alcohol-induced aggression to a dysregulation in the motivational system responding to rewards.

Field of study: Medicine
Water Quality Evaluation Based on Entropy Coefficient and Blind Number Theory Measure Model

The blind number theory was applied to define the blind numbers of the parameters of environmental system according to the characteristics of several kinds of uncertainties coexisting in water environmental system. Entropy coefficient method was calculate indicator weight based on the differences of water evaluation indicators and effectively solve the problems of weight calculation and effect of subjective factor. On this basis, A new model for water quality evaluation that is representative of overall water quality of river stretch was established based on water quality comprehensive index evaluation model. The results of simulation case study showed that comparing with the deterministic model is feasible and reliable.

Field of study: Computer science
Limited habitat and conservation value of a young artificial reef

Loss and degradation of natural habitats and their biodiversity may, arguably, be mitigated or compensated through the creation of human-engineered habitats: the underlying conservation tenet is that these artificial habitats compensate for diminished diversity caused by human impacts at local or regional scales. This approach is widely used in the sea by purposefully scuttling ships to create artificial reefs, but its performance as a conservation tool is seldom critically examined in these situations. Here we test if the diversity of sessile invertebrate assemblages on a large, but young (3 years), artificial reef, created by sinking a 133 m long battle ship off Eastern Australia, can mimic that of nearby natural reefs. We use this system as a model to test whether this artificial reef can form compensatory habitat of comparable quality and levels of biodiversity. Our assessment is based on the abundance, species richness, and species composition of sessile invertebrate assemblages, including corals. Despite some signs that temporal trajectories of ecological metrics, such as cover, began to approach natural conditions after 3 years, the ecological structure of sessile invertebrate assemblages on this young wreck remained fundamentally different from those on nearby natural reefs. In particular, large, long-lived corals were abundant on natural rocky reefs, but were rare and covered little area on the young wreck. These data demonstrate that when trajectories to community convergence with natural habitats are prolonged, as may be the case here, any compensatory effects of artificial habitats will have a considerable time lag. Such lags have implications for appraising the conservation value of wrecks and artificial reefs, and they emphasize the need to explicitly acknowledge temporal dynamics when using artificial habitats as complementary conservation tools to augment larger conservation efforts on natural systems.

Field of study: Environmental science
Cost-Benefit Analysis: A Survey

The order of discussion in this survey article will be as follows: in I we shall outline the development and scope of the subject in general terms; II will be concerned with general principles; in III we shall survey particular applications of cost-benefit techniques, examining the uses made of them in a variety of fields—water-supply projects, transport, land usage, health, education, research, etc. We shall proceed to a general summing up in IV, and conclude with a bibliography.

Field of study: Economics
The transport of carboxylic acids and important role of the Jen1p transporter during the development of yeast colonies.

On solid substrates, yeast colonies pass through distinct developmental phases characterized by the changes in pH of their surroundings from acidic to nearly alkaline and vice versa. At the beginning of the alkali phase colonies start to produce ammonia, which functions as a quorum-sensing molecule inducing the reprogramming of cell metabolism. Such reprogramming includes, among others, the activation of several plasma membrane transporters and is connected with colony differentiation. In the present study, we show that colony cells can use two transport mechanisms to import lactic acid: a 'saturable' component of the transport, which requires the presence of a functional Jen1p transporter, and a 'non-saturable' component (diffusion) that is independent of Jen1p. During colony development, the efficiency of both transport components changes similarly in central and outer colonial cells. Although the lactate uptake capacity of central cells gradually decreases during colony development, the lactate uptake capacity of outer cells peaks during the alkali phase and is also kept relatively high in the second acidic phase. This lactate uptake profile correlates with the localization of the Jen1p transporter to the plasma membrane of colony cells. Both lactic acid uptake mechanisms are diminished in sok2 colonies where JEN1 expression is decreased. The Sok2p transcription factor may therefore be involved in the regulation of non-saturable lactic acid uptake in yeast colonies.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Die Struktur der β-Form des festen Kohlenoxyds

ZusammenfassungDie Kristallstruktur der β-Form von C O (oberhalb 61,5° K beständig) ist röntgenometrisch bestimmt und mit derjenigen von β-N2 praktisch identisch gefunden. In beiden Fällen führen die Moleküle im Gitter Rotationsbewegungen aus. Die Anordnung entspricht nur annähernd derjenigen der hexagonalen dichtesten Kugelpackung. Die Dichte von β-C O ist röntgenometrisch bestimmt.

Field of study: Physics
Quantum dot spin cellular automata for realizing a quantum processor

We show how single quantum dots, each hosting a singlet–triplet qubit, can be placed in arrays to build a spin quantum cellular automaton. A fast (∼10 ns) deterministic coherent singlet–triplet filtering, as opposed to current incoherent tunneling/slow-adiabatic based quantum gates (operation time ∼300 ns), can be employed to produce a two-qubit gate through capacitive (electrostatic) couplings that can operate over significant distances. This is the coherent version of the widely discussed charge and nano-magnet cellular automata, and would increase speed, reduce dissipation, and perform quantum computation while interfacing smoothly with its classical counterpart. This combines the best of two worlds—the coherence of spin pairs known from quantum technologies, and the strength and range of electrostatic couplings from the charge-based classical cellular automata. Significantly our system has zero electric dipole moment during the whole operation process, thereby increasing its charge dephasing time.

Field of study: Materials science
Robustness of the Analysis of Variance, the Welch Procedure and a Box Procedure to Heterogeneous Variances

AbstractNumerous studies have documented the robustness of t and F to heterogeneous variances under the restricted condition of equal n’s. Likewise, the distortion of α in the presence of unequal n’s and variances has been demonstrated in both mathematical and empirical studies. Several investigations, however, have shown the Welch technique to be robust to this disturbing situation in the two group case. The present study was addressed to the k group AOV situation. Monte Carlo methods were employed to contrast several procedures with respect to a.) control over Type I errors and b.) power. Results indicate that the generalized Welch technique may be substituted for the AOV when variances are heterogeneous and n’s are unequal.

Field of study: Education
Stability and Change in Adult Attachment Style over the First-Year College Transition: Relations to Self-Confidence, Coping, and Distress Patterns.

This study explored whether patterns of stability or change in adult attachment styles were associated with corresponding changes in self-confidence, problem coping styles, and distress. Two hundred seven students completed measures of the key variables near the start and toward the end of their freshman year. Participants were classified into change groups on the basis of their successive scores on a measure of adult attachment style. Results indicated that (a) change group had significant main effects on self-confidence ratings and problem coping styles, and (b) time and change group had significant main and interaction effects on the set of distress measures. Implications of the findings for an attachment theory-informed perspective on the transitional adjustment of entering freshmen are discussed.

Field of study: Psychology
Management effects on botanical composition of species-rich meadows within the Natura 2000 network

Species-rich hay meadows have evolved through traditional management. They are important habitats for plant and animal species and therefore protected by the EU Habitats Directive. The maintenance of these meadows requires regular cutting, but this can only be guaranteed if farmers benefit in some way. Both agricultural productivity and botanical composition are fundamentally affected by management practices. For this reason, a management that balances productivity and conservation goals is necessary. The purpose of this study is to determine the site-specific influence of extensive fertilisation and date of first cut on the botanical composition of species-rich hay meadows. Three fertilisation variants (none, PK and NPK) and four cutting-date variants (based on phenological stage: first cut before, at beginning of, at end of and after flowering of main grasses) were tested on lowland hay meadows at two sites. However, after the 3 years of the trial, the date of first cut had still not significantly influenced botanical composition at the first site. By contrast, annual fertilisation was found to have a significant effect on botanical composition. The conservation status of the species-rich meadows was downgraded (grades given according to assessment parameters) mainly through the application of NPK fertiliser (35 kg P2O5, 120 kg K2O and 35 kg N ha−1) each year. At one site, cutting before flowering led to declining proportions of annuals and biennials. Surprisingly, at the other site, the date of first cut had still not significantly influenced botanical composition by the end of the 3-year trial.

Field of study: Environmental science
Inverse Problems in Biomechanics

The FEM (Finite Element Method) is a powerful numerical technique in solving boundary value problems in Biomechanics, which are difficult to analyze by other closed form or numerical procedures due to their complexity and irregularity in shape, size and forces applied. We define the inverse problem as one where the distribution of the material property of a structure is obtained given the original and the deformed geometrical shape and the loading pattern. In this paper, an example of an inverse FEM technique has been used to analyze the diastolic tissue elastic stiffness ('E'-value) of the left ventricle. The concept of an index for normal left ventricle based on 'E'-values has been introduced so that the ischemic tissue can be identified from the normal ones based on their 'E'. The study is based on the angiographic images of left ventricle which are further corrected for both magnification and pin-cushion distortion effects for accurate determination of regional 'E'-values.

Field of study: Engineering
Particle trajectory in vortex classifier rotor

A simplified single particle dynamic model is proposed to study the particle trajectory in the classifier rotor.The particle movement in the radial direction is assumed resulting from local equilibrium of two forces, the air drag force and the centrifugal force. By this equilibrium, the fine and coarse particles to be separated have different trajectories in the classification zone. For the convenience of finding the solution, the original governing equation is converted to one in rotating coordinate system. Particle trajectories are determined according to different rotor rotating speeds, different gas flow rates, different blade spaces, and different blade angles. Numerical results show that the increase of the rotating speed and the decrease of the gas flow rate can significantly reduce the cut size. Narrow blade space causes more collision between particles and the wall. With respect to decreasing the cut size of the classifier,the blade with negative angle is better than that of zero angle, and zero angle is better than positive angle, while other parameters of the vortex classifier are kept the same.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Manipulations of serotonin function in the nucleus accumbens core produce differential effects on ethanol and sucrose seeking and intake.

Behaviorally relevant stimuli, including alcohol, are processed through the nucleus accumbens/ventral tegmental area (VTA)/prefrontal cortex circuit. It is hypothesized that serotonin affects ethanol-directed behaviors by interacting with this system via projections from the dorsal raphe to the nucleus accumbens and VTA. The current studies utilized two different operant paradigms, one focusing on reinforcer seeking and one focusing on reinforcer self-administration (both with an ethanol and a sucrose solution as the reinforcer) to elucidate serotonin-specific regulation of these behaviors.



The present experiments assessed the effects of microinjections of a serotonin1B agonist (CGS12066B) and a serotonin1A agonist (8-OH-DPAT) in the nucleus accumbens core on ethanol- and sucrose-reinforced seeking and intake. In four separate experiments, male Long-Evans rats were trained to complete a single response requirement that resulted in access to 10% ethanol or 2% sucrose for a 20-min drinking period.



Before microinjections, ethanol-reinforced subjects were consuming an average of 0.5-0.95 g/kg ethanol and making 50-100 responses during intermittent nonreinforced sham (no drug) sessions (sucrose groups had similar baseline response levels). In summary, findings from the four experiments showed the following: (1) manipulations of serotonin function that had effects on ethanol-reinforced responding had either no effect or less pronounced effects on sucrose-reinforced responding; (2) administration of the serotonin1B agonist decreased seeking behaviors to a greater degree than drinking behaviors; and (3) administration of the serotonin1A agonist decreased ethanol intake but not seeking with no impact at all on sucrose-reinforced behaviors.



Manipulations of serotonin activity in the nucleus accumbens core had little effect on sucrose-reinforced behaviors and differential effects on ethanol seeking versus intake, suggesting that this area may play a complex but selective role in the stimulus processing of external and internal alcohol-associated cues.

Field of study: Medicine
Isolation and in vitro susceptibility of Acanthamoeba from a patient with keratitis.

The acanthamoebae are facultative parasites of man, and may infect the brain, skin, bone, respiratory passages and eyes. Over the past several years, Acanthamoeba keratitis has become a growing problem. This is the first case isolating Acanthamoeba polyphaga from a corneal biopsy of an ophthalmic patient in Taiwan. Direct impression smear by trichrome stain gave positive result. To provide effective clinical treatment, chemotherapeutic agents available for ophthalmic use were tested for its susceptibility with a microtiter plate method. Reading at 24- and 48-hour intervals, only amphotericin B, clotrimazole and neomycin-polymyxin B had an MIC (minimal inhibition concentration) lower than 1,000 micrograms/ml. If reading interval was prolonged to one week, neomycin, 5-flucytosine and gentamicin also showed appreciable activity. Amoebicidal concentrations (AC) and cysticidal concentrations (CC) were much higher than MIC. Only neomycin-polymyxin B, neomycin, and amphotericin B of high concentration were proved to be cysticidal.

Field of study: Biology
"Trident" preputial plasty for phimosis in childhood.

To evaluate the functional and cosmetic result of modified-triple incision preputial plasty for surgical management of phimosis in children.



This prospective study involved all consecutive children (age 3-15) with phimosis, managed at our Institution in a one-year period. All patients unable to retract the foreskin and symptomatic with episodes of posthitis or balanoposthitis or ballooning of the foreskin with voiding were initially included. After a two-month trial of topic corticosteroids treatment, for patients refractory to conservative ointment treatment, "trident" preputial plasty was offered. This procedure combines two lateral Z-plasty and one middle Y-V plasty. All the procedures were performed as a day care, in general anaesthesia by two senior surgeons. Outpatient follow-up controls were scheduled at 1 and 2 week, 1, 6 and 12 months after surgery, respectively.



A total of 41 patient were enrolled. Mean operative time was 24 minutes (range 15-43). At 12-month follow-up, all but one patients (97.6%) was able to retract the prepuce. Cosmetic and functional results were satisfactory.



In selected group of children with phimosis, the "trident" preputial plasty provided excellent cosmetic and functional result. Adequate retraction of the prepuce by the patients soon after surgery is mandatory.

Field of study: Medicine
An estimate of QGP viscosity from STAR data on phi mesons

In the Israel-Stewart's theory of dissipative hydrodynamics, with a lattice based equation of state, where the confinement-deconfinement transition is a cross-over at $T_{co}$=196 MeV, we have analysed the STAR data on $\phi$ meson production in Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s}$=200 GeV. From a simultaneous fit to $\phi$ mesons multiplicity, mean $p_T$ and integrated $v_2$, we obtain a phenomenological estimate of QGP viscosity, $\eta/s =0.15 \pm 0.05 \pm 0.03$, the first error is due to the experimental uncertainty in STAR measurements, the second reflects the uncertainties in initial and final conditions of the fluid. A host of STAR data, e.g. $\phi$ multiplicity, integrated $v_2$, mean $p_T$, $p_T$ spectra ($p_T <$3 GeV), in central Au+Au collisions, are consistent with the estimate of viscosity.

Field of study: Physics
Generalization Guarantees for Neural Architecture Search with Train-Validation Split

Neural Architecture Search (NAS) is a popular method for automatically designing optimized architectures for high-performance deep learning. In this approach, it is common to use bilevel optimization where one optimizes the model weights over the training data (lower-level problem) and various hyperparameters such as the configuration of the architecture over the validation data (upper-level problem). This paper explores the statistical aspects of such problems with train-validation splits. In practice, the lower-level problem is often overparameterized and can easily achieve zero loss. Thus, a-priori it seems impossible to distinguish the right hyperparameters based on training loss alone which motivates a better understanding of the role of train-validation split. To this aim this work establishes the following results. (1) We show that refined properties of the validation loss such as risk and hyper-gradients are indicative of those of the true test loss. This reveals that the upper-level problem helps select the most generalizable model and prevent overfitting with a near-minimal validation sample size. Importantly, this is established for continuous search spaces which are highly relevant for popular differentiable search schemes. (2) We establish generalization bounds for NAS problems with an emphasis on an activation search problem. When optimized with gradient-descent, we show that the train-validation procedure returns the best (model, architecture) pair even if all architectures can perfectly fit the training data to achieve zero error. (3) Finally, we highlight rigorous connections between NAS, multiple kernel learning, and low-rank matrix learning. The latter leads to novel algorithmic insights where the solution of the upper problem can be accurately learned via efficient spectral methods to achieve near-minimal risk.

Field of study: Computer science