nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
(Finite) Field Work: Choosing the Best Encoding of Numbers for FHE Computation

Fully Homomorphic Encryption (FHE) schemes operate over finite fields while many use cases call for real numbers, requiring appropriate encoding of the data into the scheme’s plaintext space. However, the choice of encoding can tremendously impact the computational effort on the encrypted data. In this work, we investigate this question for applications that operate over integers and rational numbers using p-adic encoding and the extensions p’s Complement and Sign-Magnitude, based on three natural metrics: the number of finite field additions, multiplications, and multiplicative depth. Our results are partly constructive and partly negative: For the first two metrics, an optimal choice exists and we state it explicitly. However, for multiplicative depth the optimum does not exist globally, but we do show how to choose this best encoding depending on the use-case.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Dunkelstrom und lichtelektrischer Strom in Cu2O im elektrischen Wechselfeld

ZusammenfassungDie Dunkelleitfähigkeit verschiedener Cu2O-Proben mit Leitfähigkeiten von 4–11 · 10−3Ω m−1 bei Raumtemperatur ist im untersuchten Bereich von 0 bis 16 MHz frequenzunabhängig. Der lichtelektrische Strom einer sehr hochohmigen Cu2O-Probe (10−5Ω−1m−1) sinkt mit wachsender Frequenz zwischen 50 kHz und 10 MHz auf rund 1/5; Versuch einer Deutung.Die dielektrische Konstante einer Cu2O-Probe wird zu 7,88 bestimmt; eine etwaige änderung bei Belichtung bleibt unter 5‰

Field of study: Physics
Degree of Applying International Standards for Selecting Teachers of Talented Students in the State of Kuwait from Specialists in talent and Educational Supervisors View Point

This study aimed at identifying the Degree of Applying International standards for selecting teachers of talented students in the state of Kuwait from specialists in talent and educational supervisors view point, and to achieve the study objective; the researcher used a questionnaire consisted of (30) items divided into four dimensions, and a random sample consisted of (102) educational supervisor, and (20) talent specialist were chosen from the seventh educational districts of Kuwait, during the first academic semester 2017/2018. The study findings showed that Degree of Applying International standards for selecting teachers of talented students in the state of Kuwait from specialists in talent and educational supervisors view point was medium, and the dimensions came in descending order as follows: (Research and inquiry, Instructional strategies, evaluation dimension, professional development and ethical practice dimension, Program Development and Organization). And findings showed that there are significant statically differences in Degree of Applying International standards for selecting teachers of talented students in the state of Kuwait attributed to gender variable, in favor of female, and that there are no significant statically differences attributed to either years of experience or career position variables.

Field of study: Education
Real-time tumor tracking with preprogrammed dynamic multileaf-collimator motion and adaptive dose-rate regulation.

The authors have developed a new method for real-time tumor tracking with dynamic multileaf-collimator (MLC) motion under condition of free breathing. Unlike other previously proposed tumor-tracking methods, their new method uses a preprogrammed dynamic MLC sequence in combination with real-time dose-rate control. This new scheme circumvents the technical challenge in MLC-based tumor tracking of having to control the MLC motion in real time, based on real-time detected tumor motion. With their new method, the movement of the tumor, as a function of breathing phase, amplitude, or tidal volume, is reflected in the preprogrammed MLC sequence. The irregularity of breathing during treatment is handled by real-time regulation of the machine dose rate, which effectively speeds up or slows down the delivery of radiation as needed. This method is based on the fact that all of the parameters in dynamic radiation delivery, including MLC motion, are enslaved to the cumulative dose, which, in turn, can be accelerated or decelerated by varying the dose rate. Because commercially available MLC systems do not allow the MLC delivery sequence to be modified in real time based on the patient's breathing signal, previously proposed tumor-tracking techniques using a MLC cannot be readily implemented in the clinic today. By using a preprogrammed MLC sequence to handle the required motion, the task for real-time control is greatly simplified. With their new scheme, which they call dose-rate-regulated tracking (DRRT), it is possible to use existing linear accelerators that have dynamic MLC capability to achieve real-time tumor tracking, provided that the beam dose rate can be controlled externally. Tracking-error evaluation for 13 patients out of 14 resulted in a tracking error of less than 1 mm (1 sigma), if the effect of the response time of the treatment machine on the dose-rate modulation can be neglected. Film measurements on a moving phantom with variable breathing patterns and DRRT delivery showed that 97% of the measurement points have gamma values less than 1 (for 3% and 2-mm criteria), while non-DRRT delivery showed only 87%. This study shows that real-time tracking is feasible with DRRT even when the patient breathing frequency is irregular. Effects of the variation of breathing amplitude and of base line drift on the tracking error with DRRT are discussed; pending further study, a criterion is suggested for patient selection in the application of this new technique in the clinic.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Sex, Gender and the Making of the ‘Enemy Within’ in Cold War Argentina

This article studies the unfolding of a broad conservative bloc amidst the politico-cultural battles that took place in Cold War Argentina. Focusing on the unexplored gendered, sexual and generational dimensions of the figure of the ‘enemy within’, the article shows that this figure was at the core of a project which coincided with authoritarian practices emanating from the state and also from segments of civil society. The creation of that figure had significant effects, not only in the political but also in the educational and cultural realms, including the imposition of censorship and the delineation of restrictive sexual policies. Moreover, it conditioned the ways in which political repression developed in the context of 1970s state terrorism.

Field of study: Political science
The interplay between solute solvation and solute-solute interactions in solutions containing amino acids, peptides and related species

A summary is presented of some of the work we and others have done on compounds containing amino acid and pe tide species, or other compounds which are structurally related to these. $he information is addressed from the viewpoints of solvation and solute-solute interactions and some general comments on the behaviour of solutes in solutions are made. Correlations are presented between solvational properties and interactive properties and a general chemical principal is su gested from the correlations, uir. the more with otter solutes. strong1 solutes are solvated the f ess they will be their tendency to interact

Field of study: Chemistry
Improved aerosol correction for OMI tropospheric NO2 retrieval over East Asia : Constraint from CALIOP aerosol vertical profile

Satellite retrieval of vertical column densities (VCDs) of tropospheric
nitrogen dioxide ( NO2 ) is critical for NOx pollution and impact
evaluation. For regions with high aerosol loadings, the retrieval accuracy is
greatly affected by whether aerosol optical effects are treated implicitly
(as additional “effective” clouds) or explicitly, among other factors. Our
previous POMINO algorithm explicitly accounts for aerosol effects to improve
the retrieval, especially in polluted situations over China, by using aerosol
information from GEOS-Chem simulations with further monthly constraints by
MODIS/Aqua aerosol optical depth (AOD) data. Here we present a major
algorithm update, POMINO v1.1, by constructing a monthly climatological dataset of aerosol extinction profiles, based on level 2 CALIOP/CALIPSO data over
2007–2015, to better constrain the modeled aerosol vertical profiles. We find that GEOS-Chem captures the month-to-month variation in CALIOP
aerosol layer height (ALH) but with a systematic underestimate by about 300–600 m
(season and location dependent), due to a too strong negative vertical
gradient of extinction above 1 km. Correcting the model aerosol extinction
profiles results in small changes in retrieved cloud fraction, increases in
cloud-top pressure (within 2 %–6 % in most cases), and increases in
tropospheric NO2 VCD by 4 %–16 % over China on a monthly basis in
2012. The improved NO2 VCDs (in POMINO v1.1) are more consistent with
independent ground-based MAX-DOAS observations ( R2=0.80 , NMB  = −3.4  %, for
162 pixels in 49 days) than POMINO ( R2=0.80 , NMB  = −9.6  %), DOMINO v2 ( R2=0.68 , NMB  = −2.1  %), and QA4ECV
( R2=0.75 , NMB  = −22.0  %) are. Especially on haze days, R2 
reaches 0.76 for POMINO v1.1, much higher than that for POMINO (0.68),
DOMINO v2 (0.38), and QA4ECV (0.34). Furthermore, the increase in cloud
pressure likely reveals a more realistic vertical relationship between cloud
and aerosol layers, with aerosols situated above the clouds in certain
months instead of always below the clouds. The POMINO v1.1 algorithm is a
core step towards our next public release of the data product (POMINO v2), and
it will also be applied to the recently launched S5P-TROPOMI sensor.

Field of study: Environmental science
QTL and Its Effect for Fertility of Indica-Japonic Hybrids in Rice

The F2 population of Zhenshan 97B / xiushui 13 were used for the material to test the effect of the fertility QTL to provide a theoretical basis for the utilization of heterosis between Indica and japonica, based on the F1fertility phenotypes of Indica-compatible Male Sterile Line. The results showed that: There was a QTL qPF5 controlling the pollen fertility with a value of additive effect-8.65 and a contribution rate of phenotype11.25%. Two QTLs conferring spikelet fertility were detected( qSF5 and qSF6). qSF5, with a value of additive effect-5.95 and a contribution rate of phenotype 9.11%, was the same fertility QTL with the control of pollen fertility of qPF5. qSF6, with a value of additive effect-8.55 and a contribution rate of phenotype 16.31%, was considered to be a wide compatible gene S5n. Breeding of indica type Male Sterile Lines of QTL(qSF6) derived from the indica alleles or wide compatibility gene could effectively improve the spikelet Indica-Japonica Hybrids fertility. qSF5 also had obvious influence. The sterility of Indica and japonica hybrid was affected not only by the fertility QTL, but also with the Indica-Japonica components of the parents and other factors.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Development of the Monte Carlo model CASCADE-2004 of high-energy nuclear interactions

The Monte Carlo code CASCADE for the calculation of inelastic hadron- and nucleus-nucleus interactions at energies from several tens of MeV up to several tens of GeV and for modelling of nuclear-physical processes accompanying the transport of particles and nuclei in matter is improved by considering a more detailed model of decay of highly excited residual (after-intranuclear-cascade) nuclei. Results of calculations are in good agreement with experiment. However, there are some deviations for light-isotope production, which prompt the necessity of developing more correct models of evaporation and strong asymmetric high-energy fission.

Field of study: Physics
Energy from Inertial Fusion

Fusion is potentially a safe clean source not limited by political boundaries. Magnetic and inertial fusion share this promise, but there are differences between them. An inertial fusion power plant is based on different physics and technology from a magnetic fusion power plant and therefore presents somewhat different benefits and challenges. The facilities required to demonstrate inertial fusion power are potentially much smaller. In this article we describe concepts for such a power plant, its beneficial features and a low‐cost reactor test facility for developing practical fusion power.

Field of study: Physics
Readiness and Attitude of Female Workers towards Retirement In Rivers State

The study investigated the readiness and attitude of female workers towards retirement. Simple random sampling technique was adopted to select 400 female workers from ministries, teaching service commission, tertiary institutions as well as private establishments in Rivers State. The “Readiness and Attitude of Female Workers Toward Retirement Questionnaire” (RAFWTRQ) was administered to the respondents to collect relevant data. The t-test and Analysis of variance (ANOVA) statistics were used to test three generated null hypotheses. The findings showed that there were no significant differences between and among respondents’ readiness and attitude towards retirement based on religious affiliations, marital status, academic qualification and job type. Significant differences were, however, found among the female workers based on age group. Based on the findings, some recommendations were made. Amongst them are: professional counselors in Nigeria should step up efforts at establishing their own counseling clinics where they would be able to provide assistance to serving workers on readiness for retirement and counselors should effectively utilize their general counseling skills through the different non governmental organizations (NGOs), women organizations and groups in enlightenment campaigns on readiness for retirement.  Readiness, Attitude, Retirement

Field of study: Education
Prediction of activated carbon adsorption capacities for organic vapors using quantitative structure-activity relationship methods

Quantitative structur-activity relationship (QSAR) methods were used to develop models to estimate and predict activated carbon adsorption capacities for organic vapors. Literature isotherm data from two sources for 22 organic contaminants on sir different carbons were merged to form a training set of 75 data points. Two different QSAR approaches were evaluated: the molecular connectivity approach and the linear solvation energy relationship approach. The QSAR model developed in this studyusing the molecular connectivity approach was able to fit the erperimental data with r=0.96 and standard error of 0.09. The utility of the model was demonstrated by using predicted k values to calculate adsorption capacities of 12 chemicals on two different carbons and comparing them with experimentally determined values

Field of study: Environmental science
Effects of crossing on nutrient digestibilities in Dingyuan sows.

The nutrient digestibility and its heterosis of hybrid pigs with different Dingyuan genes proportion(Ng) were estimated for scientific production and diet formula of hybrid pigs.Twenty-four testing sows about 2-year-old,16 sows in late pregnancy and 8 boars,were from Dingyuan,Duroc,Duroc(male)×Dingyuan(G1) and backcross Duroc×G1(G2),respectively.The dejecta and diets of all pigs fed in single pen were sampled for consecutive 3-day in trial period,and the nutrient contents in fecal and diet samples were detected.Using acid insoluble ash(AIA) for indicator of feed digestibility,the nutrient digestibilities were calculated.The heterosis of nutrient digestibility was analyzed.The digestibilities in boars increased by 6.31%,10.19%,36.94%,4.01%,26.10%(P0.01) and 8.04%(P0.05) for total energy,crude protein,crude fiber,NFE,crude ash and phosphorus compared with that in sows,respectively,and no significant difference(P0.05) on crude fat and calcium.The digestibilities in hybrids with different Ng and Hc no-significantly difference(P0.05),but the regression of digestibility with Ng and Hc was significant(P0.01).Heterosises of digestibilities were 19.14%,9.18%,6.09% and 4.01% for calcium,phosphorus,crude fat and crude fiber,respectively,and the heterosis in G1 was higher than that in G2,but heterosises of digestibilities of total energy,crude protein,NFE and crude ash were lower about-0.5 ~-2.5%.In conclusion,the heterosis of nutrient digestibility indicated that the level of dietary nutrient should be reasonable for nutritional requirements in hybrid pigs with Chinese swine genes,especially in calcium,phosphorus,crude fat and crude fiber.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
A formal program complexity model and its application

This article takes an axiomatic approach to defining program complexity using complexity rankings and measures. A complexity ranking is an abstract, qualitative comparison between programs that is approximated by a complexity measure on each program. A set of axioms are stated and a classification scheme is presented with properties of each class. This is extended a series of properties developed by Weyuker. The formal model has many applications, including evaluating and classifying existing complexity measures and serving as criteria for complexity measure selection.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
A Soft Polydimethylsiloxane Liquid Metal Interdigitated Capacitor Sensor and Its Integration in a Flexible Hybrid System for On-Body Respiratory Sensing

We report on the dual mechanical and proximity sensing effect of soft-matter interdigitated (IDE) capacitor sensors, together with its modelling using finite element (FE) simulation to elucidate the sensing mechanism. The IDE capacitor is based on liquid-phase GaInSn alloy (Galinstan) embedded in a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microfludics channel. The use of liquid-metal as a material for soft sensors allows theoretically infinite deformation without breaking electrical connections. The capacitance sensing is a result of E-field line disturbances from electrode deformation (mechanical effect), as well as floating electrodes in the form of human skin (proximity effect). Using the proximity effect, we show that spatial detection as large as 28 cm can be achieved. As a demonstration of a hybrid electronic system, we show that by integrating the IDE capacitors with a capacitance sensing chip, respiration rate due to a human’s chest motion can be captured, showing potential in its implementation for wearable health-monitoring.

Field of study: Materials science
Adjustment, IQ, Family Size, and Illiteracy

The rising crescendo of concern over stepped-up population increments caused the writer to dust off some data he had collected during World War I1 while he was serving as chief psychological handmaiden to more than 15,000 illiterate soldiers. These men, whose Army Wechsler IQs were in the upper sixties, were administered orally a painstakingly validated, 36-item adjustment test ( 1 ) which was locally constructed. Curiosity as to the relation of family size (median between five and six) to IQ and adjustment among this highly "selected" and unrepresentative group led the writer to calculate the mean IQ and maladjustment scores for the soldier who was an only child ( N = 73) on up the scale, in sequence, to the illiterates from 13-children families (N = 26). Inspection of the data indicated that the extremes, as opposed to in-between groups, might yield significant differences. The mean IQ for extreme groups (families of 1, 2, 12, and 13 children) was 70.85, sigma of 10.48, for 226 soldiers; for the 1,107 Ss from intermediate-sized families, the mean IQ was 68.44, sigma of 10.53. This mean difference in IQs is significant at the .O1 level of confidence. The relative (how appropriate the adjective! ) brightness of the scions of small families needs no justification; and it may be that the anomalous finding concerning the representatives of 12and 13-children families is due to the inability of the parents (already poor) to afford even a modicum of schooling for the entire brood. The mean maladjustment scores for soldiers who came from families of extreme size ( 1,2, 12, 13 children) versus those from families of in-between size diverged significantly ( p = .05 ), the group from the extremes being better adjusted. It should also be noted that 633 soldiers from smaller families ( 1 through 5 children) were better adjusted ( p = .01) than the 700 soldiers from the larger families ( 6 through 13 ) . It would seem, therefore, that higher IQs and better adjustment among illiterates are related to extremes in family size, though it may well be that the reasons differ at each extreme. It would also appear that smaller families ( 1 to 5 children) produce better adjusted adults among this unlettered group.

Field of study: Psychology
Deficiency in kwashiorkor serum of factors required for optimal lymphocyte transformation in vitro.

Blastogenic responses of normal human peripheral blood lymphocytes cultured in media supplemented with serum from children with kwashiorkor were, on average, 47.7% of those observed when the same cells were cultured in the presence of normal AB serum. Incorporation of radioactive uridine was also diminished in the presence of normal AB serum. Incorporation of radioactive uridine was also diminished in the presence of kwashiorkor serum indicating that lectin-induced RNA synthesis was also affected. The kwashiorkor serum effect was not due to a cytotoxic action nor could it be attributed to the presence of saccharides or other inhibitors of the inducing lectins. Mixing experiments showed that kwashiorkor serum was not inhibitory, but that it lacked factors present in normal serum that are required for optimal lymphocyte blastogenesis. The deficiency of these factors could largely be rectified by supplementing kwashiorkor serum with an ultrafiltrate of normal serum containing components with molecular weights of less than 500 Daltons. We conclude that nutritional deprivation of severity sufficient to cause kwashiorkor leads to a deficiency of low molecular weight lymphocyte growth factors. This lack may contribute to the immunodeficiency associated with the disease.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Positive almost periodic solution for a class of Lasota-Wazewska model with infinite delays

By utilizing a fixed theorem in cones, we study the existence of a unique positive almost periodic solution for a generalized Lasota–Wazewska model with infinite delays. Some sufficient conditions which ensure the existence of a unique positive almost periodic solution are derived and it cannot be obtained by the contraction mapping principle. Furthermore, under proper conditions, we establish some criteria to ensure that all solutions of this model converge exponentially to a positive almost periodic solution. An example is provided to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed result.

Field of study: Mathematics
Spin-parity measurements in the neutron-rich N ∼ 20 34P and 36S nuclei

Yrast and near-yrast energy levels in the neutron-rich N ∼ 20 nuclei 34P, 36S were populated using transfer/deep-inelastic processes following the 34S + 115In reaction at an incident energy of 140MeV. The use of a multi-clover array has facilitated polarization measurements of the observed γ-rays and necessitated some changes in the previously known level scheme. The observation of the negative-parity levels in these nuclei on the periphery of the “island of inversion” is indicative of the influence of the intruder orbitals on the level structure at low spins. Shell-model calculations indicate that the inclusion of the orbitals from the upper pf shell is important even for the low-lying positive-parity states.

Field of study: Physics