nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Electrochemical performance of mixed ionic–electronic conducting oxides as anodes for solid oxide fuel cell

Mixed ionic–electronic conducting (MIEC) oxides, SrFeCo 0.5 O x , SrCo 0.8 Fe 0.2 O 3− δ and La 0.6 Sr 0.4 Fe 0.8 Co 0.2 O 3− δ have been synthesized and prepared on yttria-stabilized zirconia as anodes for solid oxide fuel cells. Power output measurements show that the anodes composed of such kinds of oxides exhibit modest electrochemical activities to both H 2 and CH 4 fuels, giving maximum power densities of around 0.1 W/cm 2 at 950°C. Polarization and AC impedance measurements found that large activation overpotentials and ohmic resistance drops were the main causes for the relative inferior performance to the Ni-YSZ anode. While interlayered with an Ni-YSZ anode, a significant improvement in the electrochemical performance was observed. In particular, for the SrFeCo 0.5 O x oxide interlayered Ni-YSZ anode, the maximum power output reaches 0.25 W/cm 2 on CH 4 , exceeding those of both SrFeCo 0.5 O x and the Ni-YSZ, as anodes alone. A synergetic effect of SrFeCo 0.5 O x and the Ni-YSZ has been observed. Future work is needed to examine the long-term stability of MIEC oxide electrodes under a very reducing environment.

Field of study: Materials science
Risk factors for Autistic Spectrum Disorders at Assiut City

Autism is a neurological disorder characterized by qualitative impairments in social interaction, qualitative impairments in communication, and restricted repetitive, stereotyped patterns of behavior, interests, and activities. Autistic Spectrum Disorders are relatively common without known etiology can be found in 80-90% of cases. The aim of this study is to recognize the risk factors for Autistic Spectrum Disorders at Assiut City. The study was descriptive research design; it was conducted in all autism centers at Assiut city which includes 7 centers and included 47 parents who agree to participate in this study selected by convenient sample. The study included a structured interview sheet; this sheet divided into two parts Socio demographic characteristics, and parent’s knowledge about risk factors of Autism. The main findings of the study are: male represent a higher prevalence (72.3%) rate of autism than females (27.7%), and autistic children were more prevalent among families living in urban areas (80.9%) than rural (19.1%). The present study clears that (63.8%) of the fathers and 61.7% of the mothers had university level, the majority (85.1%) of autistic parents’ children hadn’t consanguinity degree while only (14.9%) from them had consanguinity from first degree (cousin), the vast majorities (97.9%) of studied children haven’t family history of autism; the present study found that all mothers of studied children hadn't any history of rubella, diabetes, thyroid and infectious diseases while only (4.3%) were exposed to eclampsia. The study recommended that, increase of public awareness about the risk factors of autism and its prevention by community leaders, mass media, and others especially at rural area. The curriculum of medicine and nursing faculties should include the Autistic Spectrum Disorder (risk factors, diagnosis and different treatment methods). Further studies should be conducted and gained a lot of attention for Autistic children and their parents.  Autism - Autism Spectrum Disorders – Risk factors

Field of study: Education
Sign Structure of Susceptibilities of Conserved Charges in the (2+1) Polyakov Quark Meson Model

The sign structure of correlations of conserved charges are investigated in a QCD like model: the (2+1) flavor Polyakov Quark Meson model. We compute all susceptibilities of the conserved charges on the $(\mu_{B}-T)$ plane up to fourth order and a few at higher order as well. By varying the mass of the sigma meson, we are able to study and compare scenarios with as well as without a critical point. In the hadron-quark transition regime we identify certain correlations that turn negative unlike expectation from ideal hadron resonance gas calculations. The striking feature being that these remain negative deep into the hadronic side and thus could be measured in experiments. Measurement of such quantities in heavy ion collision experiments can elucidate the location of the QCD transition curve and possibly the critical point.

Field of study: Physics
How will forest fires impact the distribution of endemic plants in the Himalayan biodiversity hotspot?

Global warming is causing shifts in distribution of plants, leading to alterations in the native flora. In addition, increased intensity and frequency of wildfires is posing threats to Himalayan ecosystems. Modeling a species’ ecological niche and its potential distribution under projected impacts of climate change and distribution of wildfires provides an understanding of the behavior of native flora in altered climatic conditions. In this study, we predicted future distribution of four endemic tree species Pinus roxburghii, Quercus semecarpifolia, Rhododendron arboretum, and Cedrus deodara in western Himalaya under A1B scenario of Special Report on Emission Scenarios for 2030, 2050, and 2080, under two conditions: (i) without wildfire and (ii) with wildfire. We included wildfire occurrence as a predictor variable in the Maxent model along with 35 climate variables, to predict the future distribution of four indicator species. As per the predictions, there will be a significant reduction in the geographic distribution of the indicator species under the ‘with wildfire’ scenario as compared to the ‘without wildfire’ scenario. The future distribution range was shifted towards the northern and north-eastern regions of our study area owing to higher moisture availability. We predicted reduction in the range of C. deodara during 2030, R. arboreum during 2050, and P. roxburghii during 2080, while the distribution of Q. semecarpifolia remained unchanged. Our modeling predicted that climate change could induce reduction, expansion, and shift in the distributions of endemic plant species, which could lead to alteration in the endemic flora of the Himalayas.

Field of study: Environmental science
Brønsted Acid-promoted Facile Synthesis of N-Fused Angular Imidazoquinolines

Bronsted acid promoted straightforward synthesis of N-fused tricyclic angular imidazoquinolines is developed in high yields through a succinct 1,3-hydride shift. The protocol is operationally simple, scalable, and features broad scope. Photophysical study revealed that these π-extended imidazoquinolines display large Stokes shifts (up to 158 nm) and high fluorescent quantum yields.

Field of study: Chemistry
STUDY ON THE MODAL PARAMETER IDENTIFICATION BASED ON IMPROVED EMD AND INDEPENDENT COMPONENT ANALYSIS

Considering the problem of a false modal and the decision of a real IMF in an improved Empirical Mode Decomposition(EMD) by using frequency-band filters,a signal analysis method based on the combination of improved EMD and Independent Component Analysis(ICA) was proposed.This proposed method does not require setting a threshold in advance,and the real IMF component can be isolated automatically.This method also can eliminated the false modal components,which appeared in the process of an improved EMD,thusly it can make sure the validity of an EMD very well.Afterwards,the random decrement technique(RDT) is used to obtain free vibration modes of each IMF.Finally,Hilbert Transform(HT) and the least square fitting are employed to identify structural modal parameters from these free vibration modes.Finally,the presented method is used to identify modal parameters of two numerical examples and a seven-story steel frame.The results show that the proposed method can resolve the drawbacks of an improved EMD more effectively,and the modal parameters can be identified successfully.

Field of study: Engineering
Improvement in angular color uniformity of white light-emitting diodes using screen-printed multilayer phosphor-in-glass.

Angular color uniformity (ACU) is a key optical property of white light-emitting diodes (WLEDs) and high ACU is strongly demanded in illumination applications. In this paper, a multilayer phosphor-in-glass (PiG), which can be produced by the screen-printing method, is proposed to improve the ACU of LED packages. The screen-printing method provides a feasible scheme to produce multilayer, various-shaped PiG with a controllable pattern. Angular correlated color temperature (CCT) distributions of the LED packages with multilayer PiG are simulated numerically and measured experimentally. Optical performance of the LED package with optimized three-layer cone-shaped PiG is compared with that of packages with two-layer and one-layer PiG. The experimental measurements indicate that the deviation of angular CCT can be reduced from 761 to 171 K by cone-shaped PiG at average CCT of 6000 K. The results demonstrate that higher angular color uniformity can be achieved by LED packages with multilayer cone-shaped PiG.

Field of study: Physics
Random forests for survival analysis using maximally selected rank statistics

The most popular approach for analyzing survival data is the Cox regression model. The Cox model may, however, be misspecified, and its proportionality assumption is not always fulfilled. An alternative approach is random forests for survival outcomes. The standard split criterion for random survival forests is the log-rank test statistics, which favors splitting variables with many possible split points. Conditional inference forests avoid this split point selection bias. However, linear rank statistics are utilized in current software for conditional inference forests to select the optimal splitting variable, which cannot detect non-linear effects in the independent variables. We therefore use maximally selected rank statistics for split point selection in random forests for survival analysis. As in conditional inference forests, p-values for association between split points and survival time are minimized. We describe several p-value approximations and the implementation of the proposed random forest approach. A simulation study demonstrates that unbiased split point selection is possible. However, there is a trade-off between unbiased split point selection and runtime. In benchmark studies of prediction performance on simulated and real datasets the new method performs better than random survival forests if informative dichotomous variables are combined with uninformative variables with more categories and better than conditional inference forests if non-linear covariate effects are included. In a runtime comparison the method proves to be computationally faster than both alternatives, if a simple p-value approximation is used.

Field of study: Computer science
The objectives of regulating colleges' charging tuition

Regulation is a set of government laws or rules designed to control the behaviors of firms for the sake of public interests.Currently,regulation studies in China mainly focus on public affairs,but are insufficient in the regulation of colleges' charging tuition.By now,educational administrations in China have successfully controlled tuition standard at the level of year 2000,however,the regulation has not yielded a satisfactory result,for it fails to meet the tuition standard acceptable to the public,it can't establish a scientific internal governance system in a university or college either.The ultimate objectives of regulation are to establish a healthy order.After maximum tuition is under control,to systematically ponder governmental ojgectives on the regulation of colleges' charging tuition is the primary problem we should consider while establishing college running orders.A feasible objective at present is to use cost analysis model to replace complete cost accounting standard and change the asymmetic status.

Field of study: Education
The kinetics of the interconversion of intermediates of the reaction of pig muscle lactate dehydrogenase with oxidized nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide and lactate.

Oxamate competes with pyruvate for the substrate binding site on the E(NADH) complex of pig skeletal muscle lactate dehydrogenase. When this enzyme was mixed with saturating concentrations of NAD(+) and lactate in a stopped-flow rapid-reaction spectrophotometer there was no transient accumulation of enzyme complexes with the reduced nucleotide. The steady-state rate of formation of free NADH was reached within the dead-time of the instrument (3ms). When oxamate was added to inhibit the steady state and to uncouple the equilibration:  see text] through the rapid formation of E(NADH) (Oxamate), the rate of formation of E(NADH) could be measured by observation of the first turnover. This pH-dependent transient is controlled by the rate of dissociation of pyruvate and the fraction of the enzyme in the form E(NADH) (Pyruvate).

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Constant defect in neutrophil locomotion but with age decreasing susceptibility to infection in Shwachman syndrome.

Chemotaxis, phagocytosis and bactericidal activity of neutrophils obtained from eight patients with Shwachman syndrome were studied repeatedly over a 9 year period. In a membrane filter the patient neutrophils migrated both toward casein and toward zymosan activated serum significantly less than did the control cells. Chemokinetic migration in casein was likewise significantly impaired. As determined by agarose assay, random locomotion of the patient neutrophils was significantly depressed. The differences in phagocytosis and bactericidal activity between the patients and the control subjects were not significant. However, phagocytosis by neutrophils obtained from healthy subjects was significantly impaired in sera from four patients, compared with that in control sera. The follow-up study showed the neutrophil migration defect to be constant in repeated tests, whereas infectious episodes diminished in number after the patients reached the age of 3-7 years.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Evaluation of micro rain radar-based precipitation classification algorithms to discriminate between stratiform and convective precipitation

In this paper, we present two micro rain radar-based approaches to discriminate between stratiform and convective precipitation. One is based on probability density functions (PDFs) in combination with a confidence function and the other one is an artificial neural network (ANN) classification. Both methods use the maximum radar reflectivity per profile, the maximum of the observed mean Doppler velocity per profile and the maximum of the temporal standard deviation (±15 min) of the observed 5 mean Doppler velocity per profile from a micro rain radar (MRR). Training and testing of the algorithms were performed using a two year data set from the Julich Observatory for Cloud Evolution (JOYCE). Both methods agree well giving similar results. However, the results of the artificial neural network are more reasonable since it is also able to distinguish into an inconclusive class, in turn making the stratiform and convective classes more reliable.

Field of study: Environmental science
Exclusion of the beta-subunit of type II calmodulin kinase for the wobbler spinal muscular atrophy gene.

The wobbler mouse (wr) is an attractive model for studying motor neuron disease but the genetic defect is unknown. The beta-subunit of calmodulin kinase II (beta-CaMK II) is a good candidate for the wr mutation because of its chromosomal localization and tissue distribution. In this report, we found normal levels of CaM KII mRNA and enzyme activity making it highly unlikely that a mutation in the beta-CaM KII gene is the cause of the wr phenotype.

Field of study: Biology
Discrete Element Modeling for Sieve Analysis with Image-based Realistic Aggregates

Grain sizes play significant roles in determining internal structure and mechanical behaviors of a granular assembly. The main objectives of this research are to develop a numerical method for sieve analysis through an image-based discrete element modeling and apply the newly-developed method for analyzing aggregate particle sizes. The discrete element software package, PFC5.0 Suite, was employed to establish a virtual sieving testing method to determine aggregates grain size. X-ray Computed Tomography was employed to scan the selected individual aggregate particles. Then, a speciallydesigned discrete element model was created for the virtual sieve tests. Finally, three vibration patterns were considered to investigate their effects on the sieving analysis results. Through this research, the recommendations were made for aggregate sieve analysis.

Field of study: Engineering
Highly Sensitive Measurement of Moisture Content Using HTS-SQUID

We developed a highly sensitive magnetic system for measuring moisture content using an HTS-SQUID sensor. The system consists mainly of an exposure coil, a Dewar flask containing HTS-SQUID immersed in liquid nitrogen, a cancellation coil, a lock-in amplifier, magnetically shielded box, and FLL circuit. The cancellation coil was used to eliminate the applied magnetic field at the sensor position, and then a cancellation ratio of more than -40 dB was obtained. By the high performance, the subject can be exposed to a powerful magnetic field strength in the order of muT, and a weak magnetic signal of less than tens of pT from the subject can be detected. Using a magnetic vector analysis technique, more precise measurement of moisture content is realized.

Field of study: Physics
Optimum Double Sampling Tests of Given Strength I. The Normal Distribution

For a normally distributed random variable with unknown mean θ and known variance, optimum double sampling tests of strength (θ1, α, θ2, β) are found and compared with the single sampling test and the SPRT of the same strength. Two optimality criteria are used—minimax ASN and Bayes ASN. Tables of these optimum tests are given. Approximations to optimum double sampling tests for Poisson and binomially distributed variables are discussed.

Field of study: Mathematics
Improvement of Precision Forging Process for a Outer Cone Gear Ring in Double Cone Synchronizer

The characters of a outer cone gear ring in a double cone synchronizer were introduced,the reasons causing defects were analyzed,the proposals for improving process were given.By changing the section shape,orientation position and die structure as well as adding a discharge slot,the quality of the products meet the technical requirements,the pass rate of the products reaches to 70% or more,and requirements for batch production is met,the die can be used for longer time.

Field of study: Materials science
ACTIVE MEDIA: Deexcitation of the 6s states of the Xe atom in high-pressure Ar-Xe mixtures

The processes of collisional deexcitation of the 3P1 resonant and 3P2 metastable states of the Xe atom in high-pressure Ar–Xe mixtures with a low concentration of Xe were investigated using an absorption probing method. Measurements were made of the effective rate constants of three-particle and two-particle quenching collisions of Xe*(3P1,2) atoms with neutral particles.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Rearrangement of 1-[2-oxoalkyl(aryl)]indole-2,3-dione to form 2-acylindolyl-3-carboxylic acid

It has been shown that 1-[2-oxoalkyl(aryl)]indole-2,3-diones are recyclized under the influence of sodium alcoholate to form 2-acylindolyl-3-carboxylic acids. A reaction scheme is proposed for this rearrangement.

Field of study: Chemistry
DYNAMIC BEHAVIOR OF SNAP-THROUGH BUCKLING IN RETICULATED DOMES

The local buckling of a node, which is one of the most dangerous forms of instability in single-layer reticulated domes. It is characterized by a snap-through buckling which can cause the collapse of a large zone. Based on the nonlinear equilibrium equations, the dynamic behavior of snap-through buckling in single-layer reticulated domes is studied. The new approach which combines the static geometrically nonlinear analysis for pre-buckling and the dynamic geometrically nonlinear analysis for post-buckling is employed to describe the natural behavior of single-layer reticulated domes during buckling. Examples show that the method presented in this paper is effective for the study of the buckling mechanism and the potential propagation of buckling in single-layer reticulated domes.

Field of study: Engineering
Preparation of highly crystallized BaMoO4 film using a solution reaction assisted by electrochemical dissolution of molybdenum

Highly crystallized BaMoO 4 films have been prepared on a molybdenum substrate in an alkaline solution containing barium ions at room temperature (25 °C). The film formation is based on a solution reaction assisted by an electrochemical dissolution of metal molybdenum. The film (thickness ~ 3 μm) was polycrystalline with a grain size of about 6 μm. The film morphology is related to the nucleation and growth behavior of the BaMoO 4 particles on a molybdenum metal substrate.

Field of study: Materials science
Structure of the Iron‐Binding Exopolysaccharide Produced Anaerobically by the Gram‐Negative Bacterium Klebsiella oxytoca BAS‐10

Klebsiella oxytoca BAS-10 is a Gram-negative micro-organism capable of growing on high concentrations of heavy metals. This bacterium produces large amounts of an iron-binding exopolysaccharide that, in the presence of metallic cations, precipitates as a dense gel. The primary and secondary structure of the repeating unit of such polysaccharide has been characterised by chemical and spectroscopic methods, resulting in the following heptasaccharide: 2)-α-Rha-(13)-β-Gal-(12)-α-Rha-(14)-β-GlcA-[β-GlcA-(14)]-(13)-α-Rha-(13)-α-Rha-(1. The absolute configurations for the Rha units are L, while those for the GlcA and Gal residues are D. ( 2007)

Field of study: Chemistry
Threshold quantities for helminth infections

For parasites with a clearly defined life-cycle we give threshold quantities that determine the stability of the parasite-free steady state for autonomous and periodic deterministic systems formulated in terms of mean parasite burdens. We discuss the biological interpretations of the quantities, how to deal with heterogeneity in both parasite and host populations, how to incorporate the effects of periodic discontinuities, and the relation of the threshold quantities to the basic reproduction ratio R0. Examples from the literature are given. The analysis of the periodic case extends easily to ‘micro-parasitic’ systems.

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics
On the motility of living invertebrates The case of Artemia Salina

Using a laser beam deflection technique a non-destructive and non-invasive method is developed. This method is applied to monitor the motility of small invertebrates, in particular we study the important case of the crustacean Artemia Salina and the motion of its different parts. We find out that its dynamics can be explained as a superposition of several periodic motions with very well defined frequencies.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Depression and Attributional Complexity

Recent research suggests that mildly and moderately depressed individuals are more sensitive to social information than the non depressed individuals are. The relationship between severity of depression and a measure relevant to this social sensitivity, attributional complexity, was examined. As predicted, a significant quadratic contrast indicated an inverted-U-shaped relationship between depression and attributional complexity. Mildly depressed individuals had the highest attributional complexity scores; nondepressed and severely depressed individuals had the lowest scores. Sex differences for both depression and attributional complexity were replicated. More women than men were depressed, and women also had higher attributional complexity scores. Finally, the relationship between attributional complexity and depression was interpreted as reflecting depressives' responses to heightened contingency uncertainty and expectations of uncontrollability.

Field of study: Psychology