nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Experimental fragmentation of gastropod shells by sediment compaction: Implications for interpreting drilling predation intensities in the fossil record

Compaction is one of the taphonomic processes responsible for fragmenting invertebrate shells, thereby removing them from the fossil record. Studies of drilling predation intensities in the fossil record depend on equal preservation of drilled and undrilled shells. However, predatory drill holes may weaken shells, and these shells may be preferentially destroyed during compaction, thus overprinting predation signals in the fossil record. Previous studies have experimentally compacted drilled and undrilled bivalve valves. Such experiments have not previously been performed with gastropod shells, which may respond differently to compaction. To test if drilled gastropod shells are preferentially removed by compaction, 227 undrilled and 28 drilled Olivella biplicata shells were subjected to compaction (70,602 N) within a sediment column. Multiple shells were tested together but were given ample space so as not to rest on one another, thereby avoiding forming point contacts. Many drilled and undrilled shells possessed aperture damage, removed apices, pinhole bores, and spionid worm bores, which in conjunction with shell size, were hypothesized to lower compactional shell strength. Shell strength was assessed by using the frequency of shell failure. Binomial logistic regression models were utilized to identify the variables controlling shell failure. Three models were created each using the whole O. biplicata sample. Each model used a unique and different definition of shell strength: any damage, breakage, and obliteration (

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
333 Oral type 1 interferon protection from lethal influenza virus

The persistence of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus within wild bird populations has forged interest in control measures to limit a possible human pandemic. We have identified an optimal low oral dose of IFN- α that when delivered daily as prophylactic therapy protects C57BL/6J mice from a lethal challenge with mouse adapted human influenza virus A/PR/8/34 H1N1. These results provide strong support for the application of low dose type 1 IFN pretreatment to human influenza control. Additionally, recent data suggests that low dose oral IFN- αA treatment of influenza causes the recruitment of Regulatory T cells from the spleen to the site of inflammation; this response may form the basis of the observed protection from lethal infection.

Field of study: Medicine
Research of Active Regulation for High-Stability Flat-Top Pulsed High Magnetic Field

With large energy storage and flexible control capabilities, pulse generator is an ideal power supply for flat-top magnetic fields. However, characteristics of the pulse generator, such as nonlinearity and time variance, are a limitation on improving flat-top stability. Based on the pulse generator power supply for the flat-top magnetic field at Wuhan National High Magnetic Field Center, this paper proposes an active regulator for the flat-top magnetic field. An optimal control strategy combining selective PI control and repetitive control is proposed to restrain the circulating current between the pulse generator and the active regulator. A 50 T/140 ms flat-top magnetic field with the ripple less than 100 ppm is achieved by applying an active regulator. In order to validate the effectiveness of the optimal control strategy for the high stability flat-top magnetic field with an active regulator, experimental data about the triggering angle of the rectifier are utilized in the simulation model; the result indicates that the circulating current between the pulse generator and the active regulator is suppressed to a great extent.

Field of study: Physics
Effect of Alloying on Compressive Mechanical Properties of Aluminum Foam Alloy

Several open-cell aluminum foams were prepared by alloying with Si, Mg and Cu elements. The effects of the alloying treatment on their compressive mechanical behavior and energy absorption characteristic were investigated by guasi-static compressive experiments. The results show that the stress-strain response and the energy absorption of the aluminum foams are affected remarkably by the addition of the alloying elements such as Si, Mg and Cu, and the yield strength as well as energy absorption property of the foams improve greatly.

Field of study: Materials science
An overview of short-term tests for the mutagenic and carcinogenic potential of pesticides.

In the last few years, marked progress has been made in the development of methods for evaluating the mutagenic and carcinogenic potential of pesticide chemicals. The correlation of genetic and related biological activity in short-term tests with carcinogenic activity in whole animals allows the utilization of short-term mutagenicity bioassays to prescreen chemicals for effects related to mutation induction and presumptive carcinogenicity. In addition, bioassays now available can measure directly the chemical transformation of normal cells in culture into cells capable of producing tumors when injected into animals. This paper will review briefly the major types of relevant short-term tests and will develop a rationale for a phased approach to the evaluation of the mutagenic and carcinogenic potential of environmental chemicals. This approach involves the sequential application of bioassays which are organized into a three-level matrix emphasizing first detection, then confirmation, and finally hazard assessment. Chemicals demonstrating positive results in the short-term detection systems and confirmatory bioassays are pursued in higher level whole animal define a negative result. The phased approach should facilitate a cost effective utilization of limited testing resources and provide protection for human health in proportion to the anticipated hazard. Results obtained in evaluating a series of thirty-eight pesticide chemicals according to the phased approach discussed in detail.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Who does Best at Learning Cobol

It has been found that one's learning style can be classified as “converger,” “diverger,” “assimilator,” or “accommodator.” A learning style inventory questionnaire was administered to university COBOL course students. The student scores on four learning ability scales were then correlated to COBOL exam scores. The findings imply that, for one attempting to learn COBOL, the most valuable learning ability is that of abstract conceptualization and the ideal learning style profile is that of the “converger.”

Field of study: Computer science
Synthesis of 2Н-azolo[1,5-а][1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-е]pyrimidines

6-Nitroazolo[1,5-а]pyrimidines were used as dipolarophiles in a reaction with sodium azide providing previously unknown 2Н-azolo[1,5-а]-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-е]pyrimidines.

Field of study: Chemistry
Priming Symptom Reports with Health-Related Cognitive Activity

Two experiments showed that self-reports of physical symptom frequency increase after people make abstract decisions about health connotations of common words. In Experiment 1, scores on a standardized symptom frequency inventory were substantially higher among subjects who completed the inventory after the decision task than among subjects who completed the inventory before the task. In Experiment Z similar increases were found in reports of discrete symptom episodes occurring within a specific time frame, and arousal and mood explanations were ruled out. Evidence was also obtained that manipulated accessibility of health cognitions (induced by the word decision task) and individual differences in propensity to report symptoms affect symptom reporting independently and that persons who consistently report higher levels of symptoms tend to make abstract decisions in the health domain more quickly. Discussion centers on implications for symptom measurement and on how the experimental results extend existing models of abnormal symptom reporting.

Field of study: Psychology
The Effect of Spatial and Temporal Averaging on Sampling Strategies for Cloud Amount Data

Sampling and averaging strategies are as significant an influence upon the resulting cloud climatologies as the resolution of the original cloud archives. An investigation of total cloud amount data, as represented by the U.S. Air Force 3-dimensional nephanalysis, illustrates the effects of temporal and spatial processing. Analysis of mean cloud amount as a function of the standard deviation provides a quantitative method for determining cloud size and assessing regional time series of variability. Careful definition of spatially and temporally homogeneous cloud climatology regions facilitates stratified sampling and could obviate the need for averaged data.

Field of study: Environmental science
Assessment of Nonlinear Dynamic Models by Kolmogorov–Smirnov Statistics

Model assessment is a fundamental problem in science and engineering and it addresses the question of the validity of a model in the light of empirical evidence. In this paper, we propose a method for the assessment of dynamic nonlinear models based on empirical and predictive cumulative distributions of data and the Kolmogorov-Smirnov statistics. The technique is based on the generation of discrete random variables that come from a known discrete distribution if the entertained model is correct. We provide simulation examples that demonstrate the performance of the proposed method.

Field of study: Engineering
The trace fossil Gyrophyllites in deep-sea siliciclastic deposits of the Istebna Formation (Upper Cretaceous-Palaeocene) of the Carpathians: An example of biologically controlled distribution

Gyrophyllites kwassizensis Glocker occurs abundantly in deep-sea, density current siliciclastics of the Istebna Formation (Silesian Nappe, Outer Western Carpathians; Poland, Slovakia and Czech Republic), close to the Cretaceous–Palaeogene boundary. It is composed of petal-shaped lobes radiating from a thin shaft, forming rosettes on a few levels in the sediment. The trace fossil is interpreted as a feeding structure produced by a soft-body “worm”, which actively filled the lobes with mud transported from the underlying layer, probably in response to migration of redox boundary in a generally poorly oxygenated environment. Probably due to microbial decomposition of cellulose and other organic particles, the mud from below was more nutritional than the more fresh mud from the sea floor. The number of lobes in a rosette (from 7 to 15) is referred to ontogenetic development of the tracemaker and indirectly to time of burrow occupation. The number varies between localities and may indicate a more hospitable habitat in the areas where the number is higher. G. kwassizensis occurs only in a narrow stratigraphic interval after a significant drop of sedimentation rate caused by non-eustatic reasons, in facies conditions, which are not unique during the long history (Late Jurassic–Miocene) of the external Carpathian subbasins. This suggests that facies control was less important for distribution of this trace fossil than some undetermined biological factors, which enabled successful, but incidental invasion of the tracemaker to deep-sea floor of one of the subbasins – the Silesian Basin.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Sign- versus goal-tracking: effects of conditioned-stimulus-to-unconditioned-stimulus distance.

Three pigeons were exposed sequentially across experimental phases to five different distances between the conditioned stimulus and the site of the unconditioned stimulus in a sign-/goal-tracking procedure. A computer-controlled tracking system provided a continuous record of the bird's position by continuously monitoring the location of the bird's head in three-dimensional space. It was found that birds sign-tracked (i.e., approached the conditioned stimulus) when the conditioned stimulus was closest to the site of the unconditioned stimulus, goal-tracked (i.e., approached the site of the unconditioned stimulus in the presence of the conditioned stimulus) when the conditioned stimulus was farthest from the site of the unconditioned stimulus, and engaged in both sign- and goal-tracking (or something intermediate) at intermediate conditioned-stimulus-to-unconditioned-stimulus distances. When both sign- and goal-tracking occurred, the former tended to occur in the first half and the latter in the second half of the interval in which the conditioned stimulus was present. The results suggest (a) whether sign- or goal-tracking (or both) occurs is a function of the distance of the conditioned stimulus from the site of the unconditioned stimulus, (b) the fact that pigeons but not rats have been found to sign-track consistently throughout the duration of the conditioned stimulus may be due to quantitatively rather than qualitatively different effects of conditioned-stimulus-to-unconditioned-stimulus distance across species (i.e., a "short" conditioned-stimulus-to-unconditioned-stimulus distance for a pigeon may be a "long" one for a rat), and (c) sign- and goal-tracking may be competing behavioral tendencies that can (e.g., at intermediate conditioned-stimulus-to-unconditioned-stimulus distances) cancel each other out. The findings lend support to theories that specify an interaction between phylogenetic and reinforcement variables in determining whether sign- or goal-tracking will occur in any given experimental preparation.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
新型量子点“开关”测定痕量诺氟沙星

研究并构建了一种新型CdTe量子点＂开关＂,利用量子点荧光强度的变化进行痕量诺氟沙星的检测。考察了不同缓冲溶液,pH值,Co2＋浓度等因素对体系的影响。结果表明,在pH=10的硼砂缓冲液中,Co2＋能猝灭CdTe的荧光;体系中加入诺氟沙星后,CdTe的荧光得到恢复,并且量子点荧光的恢复强度与诺氟沙星的浓度与呈良好的线性关系。基于量子点＂开关＂技术,通过检测CdTe荧光恢复强度,建立了一种测定诺氟沙星的方法。方法的线性范围为0.8×10^-8～4.4×10^-7 mol/L;检出限为2.3×10^-9 mol/L。应用于实际样品的检测,RSD≤2.2%（n=6）,回收率为98.4%～102.1%,结果令人满意。

Field of study: Chemistry
Late Mesozoic and possible early Tertiary accretion in western Washington State: The Helena-Haystack mélange and the Darrington-Devils Mountain fault zone

The Helena-Haystack melange (HH melange) and coincident Darrington-Devils Mountain fault zone (DDMFZ) in northwestern Washington separate two terranes, the Northwest Cascade System (NWCS) and the western and eastern melange belts (WEMB). The two terranes of Paleozoic and Mesozoic rocks superficially resemble each other but record considerable differences in structural and metamorphic history. The HH melange is a serpentinite-matrix melange containing blocks of adjacent terranes but also exotic blocks of schistose metavolcanic rocks and Jurassic tonalite and associated amphibolite. The HH melange must have formed between early Cretaceous and late middle Eocene time, because it contains tectonic clasts of early Cretaceous Shuksan Greenschist and is overlain by late middle Eocene sedimentary and volcanic rocks. Less certain constraints on its age are a tectonic clast of metarhyolite that yields 90 Ma metamorphic ages and the presumption that the melange was emplaced before the outboard Olympic terrane arrived at about 50 Ma. The apparent continuity of the HH melange and the Decatur terrane of the San Juan Islands suggests that the melange is the strongly tectonized equivalent of the Fidalgo ophiolite. The out-crop pattern suggests that the HH melange overlies rocks of the NWCS and it may have formed when the WEMB terranes were thrust over rocks of the NWCS. Much of the exposed belt of the HH melange is overlain by late middle Eocene feldspathic sandstone and volcanic rocks of the Barlow Pass Volcanics of Vance (1957a), which are cut by numerous faults of the DDMFZ paralleling the melange. The Barlow Pass Volcanics appear to overlie the Straight Creek fault without large offset, but a displaced exotic block of amphibolite with attached early or early middle Eocene(?) sandstone in the melange suggests that strike-slip movement along the DDMFZ was synchronous with movement on the Straight Creek fault, and stretched cobbles in the conglomerates of the Barlow Pass Volcanics suggest post-Straight Creek movement. The possible continuation of the DDMFZ to the northwest as the San Juan and the West Coast faults on Vancouver Island suggests That the structure has had a major role in the emplacement of all the westernmost terranes in the Pacific Northwest. This major suture is strongly bowed to the northeast opposite the great oroclinal bend of the Olympic terrane, suggesting that the emplacement of that terrane may have deformed a once straighter strike-slip zone.

Field of study: Geology
A Method to Restrain Parameter Drift in Trapezoidal Pulse Shaping

Trapezoidal shaping is frequently used in nuclear digital pulse processing to realize high-resolution and high-throughput spectroscopy. However, this algorithm is susceptible to parameter drifts of a front-end detector and a circuit. To examine how parameter drifts influence the performance of trapezoidal shaping, we keep the shaping parameters unchanged while varying the input signals. From shaping results, we find that the trapezoidal shapes are distorted when uni- and bi-exponential signal parameters deviating from predetermined values. While for ramp reset signal, the effects of parameter drifts can be eliminated by subtracting the baseline. Exploiting the gradient of the trapezoid top, a parameter correction method is introduced. Simulation results validate the feasibility of the algorithm and it is helpful to enhance the system robustness.

Field of study: Physics
Ventral tegmental microinjections of quinpirole decrease ethanol and sucrose-reinforced responding.

The effects of microinjections in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) of the dopamine D2/D3 agonist quinpirole on ethanol- and sucrose-reinforced responding were tested. Two groups of Long-Evans rats were trained to lever press on a fixed-ratio 4 schedule with 10% ethanol (v/v) (n = 8) and 75% sucrose (w/v) (n = 10) presented as the reinforcer. Weekly bilateral injections of quinpirole were tested in the ethanol group (0.0, 0.001, 0.01, 0.1, and 1.0 micrograms/microliters) and sucrose group (0.0, 0.01, 0.1, 1.0, and 10.0 micrograms/microliters). Quinpirole dose dependently decreased ethanol- and sucrose-reinforced responding, but the dose-effect curve for sucrose was shifted two orders of magnitude to the right of the ethanol curve. Temporal response patterns during control sessions for both reinforcers were characterized by initial high rates that terminated after approximately 10 min. VTA injections of quinpirole dose dependently delayed the onset of the first response and the initial high rate period, and resulted in an early termination of responding following onset. These data support the hypothesis that dopamine activity in the VTA is involved in the regulation of ethanol-reinforced responding in a manner similar to that of other reinforcers.

Field of study: Medicine
Aging aerosol in a well-mixed continuous flow tank reactor: An introduction of the activation time distribution

Two approaches are commonly used to simulate atmospheric aging processes in
the laboratory. The experiments are either performed in large aerosol
chambers (several m 3 ) in order to achieve extended observation times or
in small chambers ( 3 ), compensating for the short
observation times by elevated reactant concentrations. We present an
experimental approach that enables long observation times at atmospherically
relevant reactant concentrations in small chamber volumes by operating the
aerosol chamber as a continuous-flow stirred tank reactor (CSTR). We
developed a mathematical framework that allows the retrieval of data beyond
calculating mean values, such as O3 exposure or equivalent
atmospheric aging time, using the new metric, activation time
( tact ). This concept was developed and successfully tested to
characterize the change in cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) activity of soot
particles due to heterogeneous ozone oxidation. We found very good agreement
between the experimental results and the theoretical predictions. This
experimental approach and data analysis concept can be applied for the
investigation of any transition in aerosol particles properties that can be
considered a binary system. Furthermore, we show how tact can be
applied to the analysis of data originating from other reactor types such as
oxidation flow reactors (OFRs), which are widely used in atmospheric
sciences. The new tact concept significantly supports the
understanding of data acquired in OFRs, especially those from deviating
experimental results in intercomparison campaigns.

Field of study: Environmental science
SHORT-TERM THERMAL CREEP MODEL OF CONCRETE BASED ON EXPERIMENTS

The influences of stress level,load-lasting time,temperature and concrete strength on the short-term thermal creep of concrete are investigated based on experiments.It is shown that the short-term thermal creep of concrete is a linear function of the stress level,a power function of the load-lasting time,a parabolic function of the temperature and affected by the concrete strength.The influences of the concrete strength and the temperature are obviously coupled.A calculation model for the short-term thermal creep of concrete is proposed based on the experimental results.It can be used to analyze the mechanical performance of concrete structures subjected to high temperature.

Field of study: Engineering
Refrigeration systems based on long-term storage of ice

Resume Un nouveau systeme frigorifique avec stockage annuel de glace, appele bassin de glace, a ete mis au point et essaye a l'Universite de Princeton. Le premier bassin de glace commercial est maintenant en cours de construction et desservira un immeuble de bureaux de 30 000 m 3 dans la region de Princeton. Cette technique permet des reductions substantielles de la consommation d'energie par rapport au refroidissement usuel et aide a reduire la demande de pointe en electricite en ete. Dans cet article on examine la physique et l'ingenierie de la production, de la conservation et de l'utilisation de la glace. On passe en revue les resultats de recherches experimentaux de Princeton. Enfin on presente une methode d'analyse economique du systeme.

Field of study: Engineering
The 75‐kD tumour necrosis factor (TNF) receptor is specificallyup‐regulated in monocytes during Q fever endocarditis

Q fever is an infectious disease caused by Coxiella burnetii, an obligate intracellular microorganism that inhabits monocytes/macrophages. The dysregulated production of TNF‐α in Q fever endocarditis has been associated with defective killing of C. burnetii by patient monocytes. As soluble receptors for TNF‐α (TNF‐R55 and TNF‐R75) regulate TNF‐α activity, we investigated their release by monocytes in Q fever. Spontaneous and C. burnetii‐stimulated release of TNF‐R75, but not of TNF‐R55, was up‐regulated in patients with ongoing endocarditis compared with controls. The increase in TNF‐R75 release was related to the activity of Q fever endocarditis, since TNF‐R75 release was similar in patients with cured endocarditis and controls. While spontaneous release of TNF‐R75 by monocytes from patients with ongoing Q fever endocarditis occurred without changes in its membrane expression, C. burnetii increased the surface expression of TNF‐R75. In addition, TNF‐R75 transcripts were increased in resting and C. burnetii‐stimulated monocytes from patients with ongoing endocarditis. On the other hand, TNF‐R75 release was not related to TNF‐α secretion. These results indicate that the modulation of TNF‐R75 is a critical feature of the pathophysiology of Q fever endocarditis.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine