nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Flaming in Internet Forums on Abortion: A Contrastive Pragmatic Analysis

Flaming refers to an online vitriolic verbal brawl where participants are not respectful of each other and cannot control their tempers. They often trade insults and call each other names. Recent developments of the Internet and SNS have commonly created an epidemic of this phenomenon almost all around the world, including Korea and America. However, the strategies that people use to degrade each other vehemently when their opinions clash can vary from language to language. The present study is an attempt to discover and compare the characteristics and structure of flaming in Korean and in English in Internet forums about abortion one of the hottest issues that frequently draw virulent and violent expressions, especially in computer-mediated communication. The commonalities and differences are investigated from the perspectives of Culpeper’s theory of impoliteness. To this end, a total of 200 threads posted in four different Korean and English YouTube forums on abortion were collected and analyzed in terms of impoliteness strategies. The distribution and frequency of impoliteness types and strategies employed as well as the structure of flaming in each language are discussed from the perspective of contrastive pragmatics.

Field of study: Linguistics
Ronnie J.Phillips, ed., US credits and payments, 1800-1935, vol. I: building and loan associations (London: Pickering & Chatto, 2013. Pp. xxxiii + 267. ISBN 9781848932944a Hbk. £275, vols. 1-3)Ronnie J.Phillips, ed., US credits and payments, 1800-1935, vo


Field of study: Economics, History
A Quantitative Procedure for the Identification of Effective Schools.

AbstractThis paper outlines a quantitative procedure for identifying effective schools. Effective schools are defined as those schools that produce student test performance that departs markedly, in an upward direction, from pre-established school and district trends. The methodology for this procedure is described, and correlations of procedure results with important student enrollment and attendance statistics, teacher background variables, and previous and concurrent absolute levels of student achievement are discussed. Finally, the use of this procedure for rewarding outstanding schools is described.

Field of study: Education
Development of an H-TDMA for long-term unattended measurement of the hygroscopic properties of atmospheric aerosol particles

A new hygroscopic tandem differential mobility analyzer (H-TDMA) has been constructed at Lund University within the frameworks of the EU FP6 Infrastructure Project EUSAAR ( http://www.eusaar.org/ ). The aim of this coordinated H-TDMA development is to design and evaluate a new generation of H-TDMAs that are capable of conducting long term measurements of the hygroscopic growth and state of mixing of sub-micrometer atmospheric aerosol particles at the EUSAAR aerosol super-sites across Europe. The H-TDMA constructed for this project has been validated with respect to hygroscopic growth factor, stability of relative humidity (RH), temperature stability and its ability to operate unattended for longer periods of time. When measuring growth factors of ammonium sulphate, the new H-TDMA system was found to measure within a growth factor deviation of ±0.05 compared to previously recorded data by Tang et al. (1994). The long term RH of the system has been found stable at 90.0% with a standard deviation of ±0.23% and an average temperature variability of the second DMA less than ±0.1 K. Daily automated ammonium sulphate measurements have validated the ambient measurements. The instrument is operated at the EMEP/EUSAAR background station Vavihill in the southern part of Sweden.

Field of study: Environmental science
ON NONPARAMETRIC ASYMPTOTICALLY MINIMAX TESTS

0.  In this paper are studied asymptotically minimax properties of nonparametric tests. It is shown that for two different definitions of asymptotically minimax test, sequences of Wilcoxon tests are asymptotically minimax. The first definition concerns asymptotic power of tests with fixed level, and the other is a more decision-theoretic one.

Field of study: Mathematics
Stress relaxation performance of glass fiber-reinforced high-density polyethylene composite

The article presents a study about the stress relaxation by means of time-sensitive interfacial shear stress transfer between the interface of the fiber and matrix. The behavior of stress relaxation of glass fiber (GF)-reinforced high-density polyethylene (HDPE) composites is measured experimentally and then compared with Cox shear-lag analytical model predictions. Furthermore, the effect of supplemented interfacial interaction between the interface of the fiber and matrix is analyzed by the introduction of an interfacial coupling agent called Fusabond M603. In addition, the results showed that the stress relaxation behavior of GF-reinforced HDPE composite can be predicted by using a Cox shear-lag model. On examination, the experimental data and analytical model showed a favorable correlation which can be useful for future applications of the intended products made of polymer-based composites.

Field of study: Materials science
Population & health services research. Editorial.

“This is an exciting time for pediatric urology research.” This is how Dr. Jonathan C. Routh put it in the proposal for a section of health services research (HSR) that he and several others (including myself), submitted to the editors of the Journal of Pediatric Urology last year. By this, he meant that increasing numbers of clinician-scientists are performing new types of research, which are pushing the boundaries of our field. These new research methods allow us to examine areas that have been heretofore unknown or unexamined, which in turn will allow us to improve the quality of the care that we provide to our young patients. I have been given the distinct honor of serving as the first assistant editor in charge of this new section, which has been designated as the Section of Population and Health Services Research. What is HSR? This term means many things to many people. The Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality’s definition states that “Health services research examines how people get access to health care, how much care costs, and what happens to patients as a result of this care. The main goals of health services research are to identify the most effective ways to organize, manage, finance, and deliver high quality care; reduce medical errors; and improve patient safety.” The “bumper sticker” version is that HSR seeks to ensure that the right patient gets the right care, at the right time and place, in the right way, in a cost-effective and safe manner, every time. As clinicians, this is obviously a goal that we all share and seek to accomplish every day in our professional lives. As researchers, these definitions provide a framework to guide the questions we ask, and how we seek to answer them. What kinds of research qualify as HSR? While the boundaries are hazy, some of the investigational methods that health services researchers may employ include patient-reported outcomes assessment (and development of tools to facilitate this), cost-effectiveness studies and decision analysis, systematic reviews and meta-analysis, research into healthcare financing and its impact on care access and quality, comparative effectiveness research, quality improvement, medical error prevention and patient safety, research on socioeconomic disparities in access to

Field of study: Medicine
Research on the System Modeling of Key Project Management and Cadres Assessment Based on UML

The UML is a visual tools that to provide full support for object-oriented software development,UML Can accurately describe the system and model according to the requirement of system.Makes the key project management and cadres assessment system as the background,combines with software engineering,uses UML to model the system.Analyses and designs case diagram,static model,dynamic model,and implementation model of the system.

Field of study: Computer science
Multiresidue Screening Methods for the Determination of Pesticides in Tomatoes

The possibility of applying thin layer chromatography (TLC) detection for the analysis of pesticide residues in tomatoes was investigated. Samples of tomatoes that have never been treated with pesticide were fortified with atrazine, carbaryl, carbofuran, chloroxuron, diuron, dimethoate, imazalil, oxamyl and methamidophos. The samples were extracted, cleaned‐up by gel permeation chromatography and then applied on silica gel plates. The pesticides were eluted with ethyl acetate and dichloromethane. Two eluting solvent systems were tested, one using the reagents o‐ toluidine + potassium iodite (o‐TKI) and the other p‐ nitrobenzene fluoroborate (NBFB). After the development of the plates, the diameter of the spots was measured. The lowest minimum detection quantity (MDQ) for o‐TKI system for atrazine was 12 ng. The highest was 125 ng for carbofuran. Using NBFB system, the lowest MDQ was 60 ng for carbaryl and the highest was 70 ng obtained for carbofuran. Considering the concentration of these pesticides in the spiked tomato samples, the minimum concentration was 1.1 ng/µL and 32.3 ng/µL for atrazine and carbofuran, respectively, by using o‐TKI system. For NBFB system the minimum concentration reached was 3.5 ng/µL and 4.3 ng/µL for carbaryl and carbofuran, respectively. This study showed that TLC can be used for semi‐quantitative analysis.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Correlation between plasma zinc (Zn) level and nutritional status of children under five years

The aim of this study is to determine Zn plasma level of under five year old children (age 12-48 months) in various nutritional status according to NCEIS - WHO (1983). There were 130 under-five-year old children involved in this study. The subjects were recruited from 10 Posyandu. Clinical data such as general health, weight/age (W/A), height/age (H/A), and clinical history as well as food behaviour were collected from Posyandu. Blood sampling for determination of Zn plasma level, total protein, albumin, hemoglobin, leucocyte count, hematocrit, IgM and IgG level were collected at Puskesmas. The food consumption consisted of 16 different kind of vegetables, 10 from animals, and 3 from fruits. The interviews were done by nutritionists from Dr. Sardjito General Hospital, Yogyakarta. Zn plasma level determination was done by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS), Hitachi polarized. Blood examination was done at the Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Gadjah Mada University/Dr. Sardjito General Hospital, Yogyakarta. The results of the study showed that the nutritional status of the children, age 12-48 months was as follows: According to W/A nutrient index 60.3% good, 35.6% moderate, 4.1% poor, and none was bad. According to H/A nutrient index 73.0% good, 19.1% moderate, 6.4% poor, and 1.5% bad. By w/h nutrient index 71.9% good, and 28,1% poor. According to Percentile Index those were lower than Percentile 3 are W/A 41.3%, H/A 57.7%, and W/H 15% between (3-5) percentile W/A 14.2%, H/A 7.1%, and W/H 12.9%, between (5-10) percentile W/A 19.0%, H/A 7.1%, and W/H 12.9%. The mean Zn plasma level was 43.4 (SD=30.4) mcg/dL, mean Zn consumption per day was 5.2 mg. According to the health indicator 1989 under-five-year old children with good nutrient status were 53.9%. By this study according to W/A index, 60.3% was good, H/A index, 73.0%, and by W/H index, 71.9% was good. There was an increasing correlation of coefficient, r in fail nutritional status categories (r=0.134) according to W/A, r = 0.197, according to H/A, and r = 1.000 according to H/W index in the poor category, but no correlation at all between good and moderate nutritional status categories.  plasma zinc level - nutritional status category - children under five year - Zn dietary consumption.

Field of study: Medicine
Maser emission during post-AGB evolution

This contribution reviews recent observational results concerning astronomical masers toward post-AGB objects with a special attention to water fountain sources and the prototypical source OH 231.8+4.2. These sources represent a short transition phase in the evolution between circumstellar envelopes around asymptotic giant branch stars and planetary nebulae. The main masing species are considered and key results are summarized.

Field of study: Physics
The limits of Mendeleev’s insight

Between his initial proposal in February 1869 and his final table of November 1870, Mendeleev made radical improvements, linking his groups to highest oxidation states, clarifying the relationship of element and substance, and making detailed predictions of the properties of three missing elements. However, his inflexible belief in an alternating structure of rows of VII and VIII groups made it impossible for him to include the ‘rare earths’, and the relationship between the two rows of VII at the top confused the system. From 1873 onwards, other interests prevented him from thinking about his table, apart from accommodating the noble gases. His final table of 1906 shows no significant advance on that of 1870, and indeed, the top row contains absurd guesses about elements around hydrogen.

Field of study: Chemistry
Redefinition and description of the Los Pinos Formation of north-central New Mexico

The Los Pinos Formation, consisting of upper Oligocene to upper Miocene volcaniclastic rocks with interbedded ash-flow tuffs, flow breccias, and basalt flows, is exposed in the Tusas Mountains of north-central New Mexico. The Los Pinos Formation contains two penecontemporaneous members: the Esquibel and the Cordito. The Esquibel Member is a detrital apron of intermediate volcanic clasts derived from the north, primarily the San Juan Mountains of Colorado. It thins southward. In the southern Tusas Mountains, it is locally absent or underlies the Cordito Member. The Cordito Member, composed of predominantly rhyolitic clasts, is present only in the southern Tusas Mountains and was derived from source areas to the east (the volcanic center near Questa and another center possibly buried beneath the Pliocene Taos plateau basalts in the Rio Grande rift). The Abiquiu Tuff of Smith (1938) is considered equivalent to the Cordito Member.

Field of study: Geology
Does a serious game increase intrinsic motivation in children receiving urotherapy?

Urotherapy is considered the treatment of choice for children suffering daytime urinary incontinence (DUI). Urotherapy intends to improve bladder dysfunction for children with DUI. For children with refractory DUI, an intensive inpatient bladder training program exists, which focuses on relearning, concentration on, and awareness of the bladder. Children's motivation and adherence are key determinants of a successful training outcome. It is hypothesized that motivation endurance throughout the treatment process may be enhanced by a serious game training tool, which could make the training more appealing and rewarding.



The study explores intrinsic motivation in children receiving bladder training for DUI and whether using a serious game improves their intrinsic motivation.



In this pragmatic study, 50 children were allowed to choose among receiving bladder training with (intervention group) or without the application of a serious game (control group). At 4, 8, and 12 weeks of training, children and parents were asked to complete the Intrinsic Motivation Inventory (IMI). Children also completed the Pediatric Urinary Incontinence Quality of Life Tool (PinQ) before the start of the training and 6 months thereafter. At 6-month follow-up, patients were ask to participate in two focus groups, wherein the children discussed how they used the serious game and which improvements they would prefer.



Children who received standard bladder training with the addition of a serious game did not differ in terms of intrinsic motivation from children who underwent standard bladder training only. Training results were equal in both the groups, with 80% good or improved. Incontinence-related quality of life (QoL) improved accordingly.



In contrast to the study expectations, this game did not increase intrinsic motivation. Findings on training and QoL results are consistent with those of previous studies in both interventions. Although a randomized design could have yielded more valid results than this preference-based approach, the latter is more congruent with clinical practice. In contrast to existing bladder diary apps, this game offers a combination of child-friendly instructions, explanation of bladder (dys)function, and keeping a bladder diary. Mobile devices are playing an increasingly important role in health care; therefore, an urotherapy app can be a complementary therapeutic tool.



Most children find it attractive to combine bladder training with a serious game. However, no added value was found regarding intrinsic motivation and training results. All children with persistent DUI in this cohort were highly motivated to complete an intensive bladder training program.

Field of study: Medicine
Nature of the quantum insulator to superconductor and superconductor to normal state transitions in cuprate superconductors

Using the scaling theory of quantum critical phenomena we present a detailed analysis of various superconducting properties of La$_{2-x}$Sr$_{x}$CuO$_{4}$, Y$_{0.8}$Ca$_{0.2}$-123, Tl-1212 and Tl-2201. Our results include: the experimental data are fully consistent with a 2D insulator to superconductor (ISQ) transition in the underdoped limit. The quantum critical properties appear to be equivalent to those of a dirty 2D bosonic system with long range Coulomb interaction. Together with previous evidence, this transition appears to be a generic feature of cuprate superconductors. The 3D superconductor to normal state quantum transition (SNQ) turns out to be less unique. More extended experimental data is needed to settle the nature of this transition unambiguously.

Field of study: Physics
Measurements of delays of gas-phase compounds in a wide variety of tubing materials due to gas–wall interactions

Losses of gas-phase compounds or delays on their transfer through tubing are
important for atmospheric measurements and also provide a method to
characterize and quantify gas–surface interactions. Here we expand recent
results by comparing different types of Teflon and other polymer tubing, as
well as glass, uncoated and coated stainless steel and aluminum, and other
tubing materials by measuring the response to step increases and decreases
in organic compound concentrations. All polymeric tubings showed absorptive
partitioning behavior with no dependence on humidity or concentration, with
PFA Teflon tubing performing best in our tests. Glass and uncoated and
coated metal tubing showed very different phenomenology due to adsorptive
partitioning to a finite number of surface sites. Strong dependencies on
compound concentration, mixture composition, functional groups, humidity,
and memory effects were observed for glass and uncoated and coated metals,
which (except for Silonite-coated stainless steel) also always caused longer
delays than Teflon for the compounds and concentrations tested. Delays for
glass and uncoated and coated metal tubing were exacerbated at low relative
humidity but reduced for RH >20  %. We find that conductive PFA
and Silonite tubing perform best among the materials tested for gas-plus-particle sampling lines, combining reduced gas-phase delays with good
particle transmission.

Field of study: Environmental science
The relation between first-and second-language writing skills: Evidence from Puerto Rican elementary school children in bilingual programs

Writing skills of 38 fourth and fifth graders in a Spanish-English bilingual program were assessed using a picture description task administered in both Spanish and English. The children had been rated by their teachers as ‘good’ or ‘poor’ on the basis of oral, aural, and reading skills in both Spanish and English, producing three groups: children rated good in both languages (GG), children rated poor in both languages (PP), and children rated poor in English but good in Spanish (PG). Measures of complexity, sophistication, and semantic content of the children's writing showed significant group differences, with the GG and the PG groups scoring better than the PP group in Spanish, as would be expected, but also in English. The fact that the PG group wrote longer, syntactically more complex, and semantically more complete essays than the PP group in English as well as in Spanish suggests they were transferring academic and literacy skills from L1 to L2 before their L2 oral-aural skills had developed very far. The poor performance of the PP group in English could be a reflection of their lack of academic and literacy skills in their first language.

Field of study: Education, Linguistics
A note on a superconvergence result for the generalized airfoil equation

We obtain convergence results and error estimates for calculating linear functionals of solutions of a class of Cauchy singular integral equations via Galerkin's method. These results generalize the superconvergence estimates obtained by Miel [7], and involve extending the class of functionals, relaxing the smoothness conditions imposed, and determining the effects of quadrature errors in the numerical implementation of this method. In particular, it is shown that full superconvergence can be restored by evaluating the integrals sufficiently accurately.

Field of study: Mathematics
Transmittance measurements in the integrating sphere.

The finite-difference equation method is used to derive expressions for the directional–hemispherical transmittance as measured in the integrating sphere; and for the correction factor necessary with a one-port sphere to account for changes in the enclosure caused by substituting the open port (the standard device) for the sample. Expressions are also derived for the hemispherical reflectance, since this quantity is necessary to compute the correction factor. It is also shown that no correction factor is necessary with a two-port (comparative) sphere.

Field of study: Physics