nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Thromboembolic findings in patients with heart failure at autopsy.

The risk of thromboembolic events is increased in patients with heart failure (HF); however, few studies have reported thromboembolic findings in HF patients who have undergone autopsy.



We reviewed 1457 autopsies (January 2000/July 2006) and selected 595 patients with HF. We studied the occurrence of thromboembolic events in patients' autopsy reports. Mean age was 61.8±15.9 years; 376 (63.2%) were men and 219 (36.8%) women; left ventricular ejection fraction was 42.1±18.7%. HF etiologies were coronary artery disease in 235 (39.5%) patients, valvular disease in 121 (20.3%), and Chagas' disease in 81 (13.6%). The main cause of death was progressive HF in 253 (42.5%) patients, infections in 112 (18.8%), myocardial infarction in 86 (14.5%), and pulmonary embolism in 81 (13.6%). Altogether, 233 patients (39.2%) suffered 374 thromboembolic events. A thromboembolic event was considered the direct cause of death in 93 (24.9%) patients and related to death in 158 (42.2%). The most frequent thromboembolism was pulmonary embolism in 135 (36.1%) patients; in 81 events (60%), it was considered the cause of death. When we compared clinical characteristics of patients, sex (OR=1.511, CI 95% 1.066-2.143, P=.021) and Chagas disease (OR=2.362, CI 95% 1.424-3.918, P=.001) were independently associated with the occurrence of thromboembolisms.



Thromboembolic events are frequent in patients with heart failure revealed at autopsy, and are frequently associated with the death process. Our findings warrant a high degree of suspicion for these occurrences, especially during the care of more susceptible populations, such as women and Chagas patients.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
EXTRACTION OF MALEIC ACID BY REVERSIBLE CHEMICAL COMPLEXATION(I) EXTRACTION EQUILIBRIUM

The extraction process based on chemical complexation is of higher capacities and selectivities for dilute polar organic solution.In this work,phase equilibrium governing the reactive extraction of maleic acid from aqueous solution into solutions of TOA in the diluents chloroform,4-methyl-2-pentanone (MIBK), n -hexane and n -octanol was investigated.The results showed that the influence of the diluents on extraction depended on the concentration of maleic acid.Protonation diluent was more effective than others in low equilibrium concentration of maleic acid.In high equilibrium concentration of maleic acid,the sequence of extraction capacity was MIBK n -octanol n -hexanechloroform.Overloading existed and the sequence was MIBK n -octanol n -hexanechloroform.FT-IR spectroscopic analysis of organic samples loaded with maleic acid was carried out,the results showed that amine formed 1∶1 complexation with maleic acid.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Investigating the toxic effects of 2-aminoanthracene ingestion in pregnant Sprague Dawley dams

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) refer to organic compounds that are byproducts of incomplete combustion of fossil fuels and wood. One specific polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, 2-aminoanthracene (2AA), is a member of a broader group of compounds known as anthracenes, which have been classified by the United States Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ASTDR) as one of a group of PAHs of top concern based on their greater potential risk for exposure and greater harmful effects to humans, compared to other PAHs. Previous research has shown that 2AA affects genes involved in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, inflammatory stress responses, and immune system responses, among other processes. The objective of the present study was to examine the toxicity of dietary ingestion of 2AA from gestation through the postnatal period. Pregnant dams (Day 1) were purchased from Taconic Hudson, NY, and assigned into dose regimens of 0 mg/kg- (control-C), 50 mg/kg- (low dose-LD) and 100 mg/kg-diet (high dose-HD) 2AA. Dams were fed 2AA contaminated diet during the period of gestation and postpartum. Insulin and H&E immunohistochemical staining were undertaken and indicated no significant changes between control and treated groups. However, percent pancreatic islets (islets within the pancreas) were larger in the exposed groups. The value was 1.5% in the control dams compared to 3.2% and 4.3% low dose and high dose groups respectively. Serum concentrations of albumin and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were increased in the exposed groups, with the HD group experiencing the greater increase. Analyses of Fabp4, Mgmt , Fas, Nhej1, Aldh1a1 and Ncam1 were conducted via real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-pPCR), using β-Actin as the control gene. There was an up-regulation of the Mgmt and Nhej1 gene transcripts in the exposed groups, with the extent of upregulation being highest in the HD group. Taken together, a link between environmental exposure to 2AA and pancreatic effects appears to exist.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Is There a Novelty Effect on Student Attitudes Toward Personalized Instruction

This study attempted to shed light on the question of whether the positive student attitudes toward personalized instruction reported in recent research can be explained in terms of a novelty effect. A departmental attitude survey was sent to all undergraduate students taking personalized instruction psychology courses at C.W. Post College. A correlational analysis revealed no significant relationship between student attitudes and number of personalized psychology courses taken concurrently. These data do not support the “novelty effect” hypothesis and suggest future areas for research on the relationship of personalized instruction to student attitudes.

Field of study: Education
Comprehensive process analysis of insight events in cognitive-behavioral and psychodynamic-interpersonal psychotherapies.

Comprehensive Process Analysis (CPA) is an interpretive, qualitative research method for analyzing significant therapy events. CPA was used to analyze 6 client-identified significant insight events in 2 treatments. Two events are presented in depth. The psychodynamic-interpersonal therapy event documented the existence of 2-part significant events and the value of key words. The cognitive-behavioral therapy event illustrated the role of context in transforming small therapy events into significant events. Events in both therapies involved therapist interpretations of recent difficult life events that were delivered in a firm but interactive style. Interpersonal therapy events were distinguished by links to themes from previous sessions and led to awareness of painful emotions. Cognitive therapy events were externalizing reattributions given to more clinically distressed clients. A revised 5-stage microprocess model of the insight is presented.  A key concept in psychotherapy theories since Freud, insight seems at once both simple and difficult to define. The sense of suddenly seeing a previously missed perceptual pattern, or the ah-hah experience of solving a difficult intellectual or personal puzzle, is a familiar one. Although insight is a central concept in the modern institution of psychotherapy and counseling, relatively little is actually known about it. For example, the defining features of insight have not been properly clarified, nor is it clear what factors give rise to therapeutic insight, how insight unfolds, or what its consequences are. An analysis of standard words, definitions, and usage, as well as client accounts (Elliott, 1984), suggests that insight may have four major elements. The first element is metaphorical vision, or seeing with figurative eyes (e.g., "It made me see I have a tremendous conflict there"). This element also includes the metaphorical illumination that makes the "seeing into" possible ("The light went on"). This visual metaphor is in keeping with the etymology of the word insight as "internal seeing" (The Compact Edition of

Field of study: Psychology
Almost Interior Points in Ordered Banach Spaces and the Long--Term Behaviour of Strongly Positive Operator Semigroups

The first part of this article is a brief survey of the properties of so-called almost interior points in ordered Banach spaces. Those vectors can be seen as a generalization of `functions which are strictly positive almost everywhere' on $L^p$-spaces and of `quasi-interior points' in Banach lattices. Almost interior points appear in numerous articles and monographs, but many of their properties are scattered throughout the literature. Here we gather an overview of their basic properties, their relations to other concepts and their appearance in an operator theoretic context as well as a discussion of several examples and an open problem which we consider to be central to their theory. 
In the second part we study the long--term behaviour of strongly positive operator semigroups on ordered Banach spaces; these are semigroups which, in a sense, map every non-zero positive vector to an almost interior point. Using the Jacobs--de Leeuw--Glicksberg decomposition together with the theory presented in the first part of the paper we deduce sufficiency criteria for such semigroups to converge (strongly or in operator norm) as time tends to infinity. This generalises known results for semigroups on Banach lattices as well as on normally ordered Banach spaces with unit.

Field of study: Mathematics
Die Granulite der südlichen Böhmischen Masse

ZusammenfassungDie Granulite von Pöchlarn und Wieselburg und des Dunkelsteiner Waldes (Niederösterreich) wurden neu kartiert. Danach gliedert die Diendorfer Störung, eine große Blattverschiebung, den früher einheitlichen Granulitkörper in zwei Teile. Mineralogische und chemische Untersuchungen ergaben, daß verschiedenartige Sedimente mit Tuffeinlagerungen und saure Magmatite die Ausgangsgesteine waren. Die Granulite stellen einen älteren Metamorphosezyklus als die umgebenden Gesteine dar.AbstractThe granulites of Pöchlarn-Wieselburg and of the Dunkelsteiner Wald (Niederösterreich) were mapped again. Thereafter the Diendorf fault, a great wrench fault, divides the formerly coherent granulite body into two parts. Mineralogical and chemical analyses proved that different sediments with intercalated tuffs and acid igneous rocks have been the primary rocks. The granulites represent an older metamorphic cycle than the country rocks.RésuméLes granulites de Pöchlarn-Wieselburg et du Dunkelsteiner Wald ont été cartographiées. On a constaté que l'accident de Diendorf est une grande faille verticale de décrochement, partageant la masse des granulites en deux parties. Des analyses minéralogiques et chimiques ont montré que les roches primaires étaient des sédiments divers avec des couches intercalées de tuf et de roches acides ignées. Les granulites representent un cycle métamorphique qui est plus vieux que les roches encaissantes.Краткое содержаниеПроведена геологиче ская съемка гранулит ов в районе Пехлярна, Вивельбурга и Дункел ьштейнвальда (нижняя Австрия). Причем зона тектонических наруш ений при Диндорфе — кр упное смещение когда-то единого гранитного т ела — разделяется на д ве части. Минералогические и химические исследо вания показали, что ис ходными породами были кислые магматиты и ра зличные осадочные по роды со включениями туффов. Гранулиты представл яют собой более древн ий цикл метаморфоза, чем окружающие их породы.

Field of study: Environmental science
Irreducible Anterior Shoulder Dislocation with Interposition of the Long Head of the Biceps and Greater Tuberosity Fracture: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

Failure of closed manipulative reduction of an acute anterior shoulder dislocation is seldom reported in the literature and is usually due to structural blocks such as soft tissue entrapment (biceps, subscapularis, labrum), bony fragments (glenoid, greater tuberosity) and severe head impaction (Hill-Sachs lesion).  We present a case of an irreducible anterior shoulder dislocation in a 57-year-old male patient after a road-traffic accident. He had severe impaction of the head underneath glenoid rim and associated fracture of the greater tuberosity. Closed reduction performed in the emergency room under sedation and later at the theatre under general anaesthesia was unsuccessful. Open reduction using the dectopectoral approach revealed that the reason for obstruction was the posterolateral entrapment of the biceps tendon between the humeral head and the tuberosity fragment. Reduction was achieved after subscapularis tenotomy and opening of the joint; the tuberosity fragment was fixed with transosseous sutures and the long head of the biceps tendon was tenodesized. The patient had an uneventful postoperative recovery and at his last follow up, 12 months postoperatively, he had a stable joint, full range of motion and a Constant score of 90.  A comprehensive literature review revealed 22 similar reports affecting a total of 30 patients. Interposition of the LHBT alone or in combination with greater tuberosity fracture was the most common obstacle to reduction, followed by subscapularis tendon interposition and other less common reasons. Early surgical intervention with open reduction and confrontation of associated injuries is mandatory for a successful outcome.

Field of study: Medicine
Rules for multidimensional multirate structures

Identifies a comprehensive set of compact rules and efficient algorithms for simplifying and rearranging structures common in multidimensional multirate signal processing. The authors extend the 1D rules reported by Crochiere and Rabiner (1983), especially the many equivalent forms of cascades of upsamplers and downsamplers. They also include rules reported by other authors for completeness. The extension to mD is based primarily on the Smith form decomposition of resampling (nonsingular integer square) matrices. The Smith form converts non-separable multidimensional operations into separable ones by means a shuffling of input samples and a reshuffling of the separable operations. Based on the Smith form, the authors have developed algorithms for 1) computing coset vectors 2) finding greatest common sublattices 3) simplifying cascades of up/downsampling operations. The algorithms and rules are put together in a form that can be implemented efficiently in a symbolic algebra package. The authors have encoded the knowledge in the commercially available Mathematica environment.

Field of study: Engineering
Genetic Diversity of norA, Coding for a Main Efflux Pump of Staphylococcus aureus

NorA is the best studied efflux system of Staphylococcus aureus and therefore frequently used as a model for investigating efflux-mediated resistance in this pathogen. NorA activity is associated with resistance to fluoroquinolones, several antiseptics and disinfectants and several reports have pointed out the role of efflux systems, including NorA, as a first-line response to antimicrobials in S. aureus. Genetic diversity studies of the gene norA have described three alleles; norAI, norAII and norAIII. However, the epidemiology of these alleles and their impact on NorA activity remains unclear. Additionally, increasing studies do not account for norA variability when establishing relations between resistance phenotypes and norA presence or reported absence, which actually corresponds, as we now demonstrate, to different norA alleles. In the present study we assessed the variability of the norA gene present in the genome of over 1,000 S. aureus isolates, corresponding to 112 S. aureus strains with whole genome sequences publicly available; 917 MRSA strains sourced from a London-based study and nine MRSA isolates collected in a major Hospital in Lisbon, Portugal. Our analyses show that norA is part of the core genome of S. aureus. It also suggests that occurrence of norA variants reflects the population structure of this major pathogen. Overall, this work highlights the ubiquitous nature of norA in S. aureus which must be taken into account when studying the role played by this important determinant on S. aureus resistance to antimicrobials.

Field of study: Biology
Electron irradiation effects on photoconductive semiconductor switches (PCSSs) used in sub-nanosecond transient generators

Radiation-induced damage occurs in GaAs photoconductive semiconductor switches used in sub-nanosecond transient generators when subjected to 600 keV and 6 MeV electron irradiation. These switches are made from semi-insulating (SI) compensated material through a EL2/carbon compensation mechanism, and the liquid encapsulated Czochralski process. New defect levels are formed as a result of the non-ionizing energy loss (NIEL) process. The formation of new defect levels in the device alters the compensating balance between the existing deep level EL2 trap/donors and carbon acceptors, and changes the material properties. As a result, two important parameters of the device are adversely affected-the hold-off voltage of the switch at the pulse-charging (off) state, and the rise time during the conduction (on) state. The hold-off voltage shifts to a lower value since there are more trap-filled regions available that can fill up and alter the homogenous nature of the device material. Unstable filamentary conduction then occurs at a lower voltage and leads to premature breakdown. As with EL2 trap levels, new defect states induced by electron irradiation will further contribute to the delay in the rise time of the switch. The rise time determines the maximum energy transferred to the load. The electron damage mechanism and its effects on the switch characteristics depend on the material properties. Intrinsic material, or material made through compensation other than through the deep donor and shallow acceptor balancing process are not expected to behave similarly. Simulation results at higher bias show a marked degradation of material properties. The switch current-voltage (I-V) characteristic when the bias increases to the kilovolt range is similar to trap-dominated semiconductors. An initial sublinear current regime at low bias is followed by a super-linear regime of current flow at higher bias, and is in agreement with earlier observations.

Field of study: Physics
Two-Proton Knockout Cross Section ${\sigma}_{-2p} (^{44}S \rightarrow ^{42}{si})$: Strong Evidence of Magicity and Sphericity of $^{42}_{14}si_{28}$

The issue of whether $^{42}_{14}Si_{28}$ is doubly magical or not has been a contentious one. Fridmann {\it et al.} ( (2005) 922) through studies of two-proton knockout reaction $^{44}_{16}S_{28} \rightarrow ^{42}_{14}Si_{28}$, presented a strong empirical evidence in support of magicity and sphericity of $^{42}_{14}Si_{28}$. However in complete conflict with this, Bastin {\it et al.} ( (2007) 022503) gave equally strong empirical evidences, to show that the N = 28 magicity had completely collapsed, and that $^{42}_{14}Si_{28}$ was a well deformed nucleus. At present the popular consensus (Gade {\it et al.},  (2019) 222501) strongly supports the latter one and discards the former one. Here, while we accept the latter experiment as being fine and good, through a careful study of an RMF model calculation, we show that actually the experimental results of Fridmann are also independently good and consistent. As per the Fridmann experiment, the sphericity and magicity of $^{42}_{14}Si_{28}$ is manifested only through proton number Z=14 being a strong magic number, while the neutron magic number N=28 disappears (or goes into hiding); and still this nucleus is spherical. This is a new and amazing property manifesting itself in this exotic nucleus $^{42}_{14}Si_{28}$. In this paper we provide a consistent understanding of this novel reality within a QCD based model. This model, which has been successful in explanation of the halo phenomenon in exotic nuclei, comes forward to provide the physical reason as to why the Fridmann experiment is correct. This QCD based model shows that it is tritons, as elementary entity making up $^{42}_{14}Si_{28}$, which then provides consistency to the above amazing conclusions arising from the Fridmann experiment.

Field of study: Physics
Jagged1 is Clinically Prognostic and Promotes Invasion of Glioma-Initiating Cells by Activating NF-κB(p65) Signaling

Jagged1 is the ligands of the Notch signaling and has been shown to promote glioma-initiating cells (GICs) in glioblastoma. The role of Jagged1 in GICs invasion and underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear.  Survival data from R2 genomics analysis, the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), the Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas (CGGA) and visualization platform database were used to evaluate the effects of Jagged1 on overall patient survival. we investigated Jagged1 induced the GICs cells’ invasion by matrix degradation assays and Transwell cell invasion assays in vitro, then we further explored the underlying molecular mechanisms using Co-immunoprecipitation (co-IP) analysis.  High expression of Jagged1 in human glioma was associated with poor survival. Clinical data analysis showed that the Jagged1 was positively correlated with NF-κB(p65). Jagged1-induced invasion of GICs cells through activation of NF-κB(p65) pathway. In vivo, knockdown of Jagged1 could suppress the tumorigenicity of GICs cells through NF-κB(p65) signaling.  Insights gained from these findings suggest that Jagged1 plays an important oncogenic role in GICs malignancy by activation of NF-κB(p65) signaling, and Jagged1 could be employed as an effective therapeutic target for GICs.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Christian Personalism versus Utilitarianism: An Analysis of Their Approaches to Love and Suffering*

Although Christian ethics and contemporary utilitarian ethics both employ terms such as “love” and “compassion” in their efforts to deal with human suffering, they are in fact polar opposite ethical views. This fact is not at all easy to discern. One key to perceiving the radical opposition between them lies in clarifying their respective concepts of love and suffering and the relation between the two. In Christian personalism, suffering is always understood as the suffering of individual persons, while in utilitarianism, suffering is primarily understood as a quantifiable entity detached from the individuals who experience it. This detachment of suffering from individuals leads to the depersonalizing and commodifying recommendations of utilitarianism. The dignity of persons as understood in Christian anthropology serves as the foundation of Christian ethics and is the only basis on which ethics can avoid commodifying people. The article begins with an explanation of the utilitarian approach to suffering and its concept of love. It then proceeds to express the view of love and suffering that flows from the Christian perspective. The article concludes by exposing the inherently self-defeating structure of utilitarian ethics and offers the hope-filled, if challenging, approach of Christian personalism. Although Christian anthropology and ethics developed within the historical context of Christianity, and in fact could only have developed there, the arguments here are primarily philosophical elucidations of the differences between the two opposing schools of thought discussed, while here and there including occasional theological points.  The article examines the difference between Christian ethics and utilitarian ethics, bringing out their stark opposition on the topics of love, suffering and the human person.

Field of study: Medicine, Philosophy