nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Welding Characteristics Analysis and Application on Spacecraft of Friction Stir Welded 2A14-T6 Aluminum Alloy

According to the actual size parameters, the finite element model (FEM) of friction stir welding (FSW) was established, and the FEM was updated by experiments. The FSW of the 2A14-T6 high-strength aluminum alloy was simulated under a reasonable welding process parameter range, and the welding process parameters with good simulation effect were determined. The test was carried out under the same parameters, and the axial force of the FSW tool and temperature of the workpiece measuring point were collected. The comparison between the simulated data and the experimental data is reasonable, indicating the correctness of the FEM. The microstructure analysis of the welded joint shows that the grain size in the upper part of the weld nugget was smaller than that in the middle and lower parts, and there are obvious boundaries of grain size in each region of the joint. The hardness of the joint in the upper layer is higher than that in the middle and lower layers, and the minimum Vickers hardness value of the joint appears near the interface between the thermo-mechanically affected zone and the heat-affected zone on both sides of the weld. Tensile testing shows that the strength coefficient of the joint reaches 82.5% under this process parameter, and the sample breaks at the intersection of the material flow during stretching. After analyzing the final mechanical properties of the joint, we found that a degree of aerospace application can be achieved. Under this parameter, the welding test was carried out on the top cover of the rocket fuel tank. Firstly, melon valve welding, which is relatively difficult in welding conditions, was carried out, and a high-quality joint with good surface and no defects was obtained.

Field of study: Materials science
MS-stability of the Euler-Maruyama method for stochastic differential delay equations

The aim of this paper is to investigate the stability of the Euler-Maruyama method for the stochastic differential equations with time delay. The definition of MS-stability of numerical methods is established. The condition of the mean square stability of analytical solution is obtained for a linear scalar system with multiplicative noise, and the MS-stability of the numerical scheme is proved.

Field of study: Mathematics
Elevation of striatal and accumbal preproenkephalin, preprotachykinin and preprodynorphin mRNA abundance subsequent to N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor blockade with MK-801.

The effect of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor blockade on the expression of preproenkephalin (PPE), preprotachykinin (PPT) and preprodynorphin (PPD) mRNAs in the caudate-putamen and nucleus accumbens was assessed with the non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801. Administration of MK-801 once daily for 7 consecutive days increased the abundance of all three neuropeptide mRNAs in the caudate-putamen (CPU) and nucleus accumbens (NAc). (1) PPE mRNA abundance was increased in the anterior CPU (26%) as well as dorsal and ventral CPU (46% and 39%, respectively) but was unaffected in the NAc. (2) PPT mRNA was increased in the NAc (33%), anterior CPU (27%), dorsal CPU (43%) and ventral CPU (67%). In the ventral CPU, PPT mRNA abundance doubled when the dose of MK-801 increased two-fold (from 67% to 119% above control). (3) PPD mRNA was elevated in dorsal and ventral regions of the CPU (49% and 24%, respectively) and in anterior CPU (50%). In the NAc PPD mRNA was increased only at the higher dose (0.1 mg/kg) of MK-801. Cellular analysis of the distribution of grains per cell shows that increases are due to increased accumulation of mRNA by previously expressing cells of the CPU and NAc. These observations demonstrate that NMDA receptor activity plays a significant role in the regulation of neuropeptide expression in the caudate-putamen and accumbens of the rat brain.

Field of study: Biology
Mouse strain differences in apomorphine-induced behavior: an empirical and methodological study.

The behavioral response to 0.5-32.0 mg/kg apomorphine was evaluated in BALB/cJ, CBA/J, and C57BL/6J mice. Dose-response curves for each component of the drug-induced behavioral repertoire were derived, and ED50 (the dose at which 50% of the subjects meet or exceed a given rating) and slope were calculated for each. This method of analysis allows for a more quantitative estimate of drug sensitivity. Although some strain differences were observed in the qualitative characteristics of the response, differences in actual drug sensitivity (ED50s) were significant only at the higher ratings.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Compared Analysis of LncRNA Expression Profiling in pdk1 Gene Knockout Mice at Two Time Points

Previous studies have indicated that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNA) are related to the occurrence and development of many human diseases, such as cancer and the HELLP and the brachydactyly syndromes. However, studies of LncRNA in heart failure have not yet been reported. Here, we investigated cardiac lncRNA expression profiles in the myocardial-specific knockout pdk1 gene (KO) mouse model of heart failure.  Cardiac samples were obtained from PDK1 KO and WT mice on postnatal (P) day 8 (P8) and day 40 (P40), and lncRNA expression profiles were analyzed by sequencing and screening using the Arraystar mouse lncRNA microarray. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis of these lncRNAs confirmed the identity of some genes.  Comparisons of the KO and control groups showed fold changes of >1.5 in the expression levels of 2,024 lncRNAs at P8, while fold changes of >2 in the expression levels of 4,095 lncRNAs were detected at P40. Nineteen lncRNAs were validated by RT-PCR. Bioinformatic and pathway analyses indicated that mkk7, a sense overlap lncRNA, may be involved in the pathological processes of heart failure through the MAPK signaling pathway.  These data reveal differentially expressed lncRNA in mice with a myocardial-specific deletion of the pdk1 gene, which may provide new insights into the mechanism of heart failure in PDK1 knockout mice.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Don't Overlook Rehabilitation

REHABILITATING an old house rather than build-ing a new one is stirring new interest today. The glamour of new construction that once led to the destruc-tion of many older homes has been met by a groundswell to save the old. Because of the major benefits in con-serving our timber resource and the potential of improved housing at reasonable costs, the Forest Products Labora-tory has provided guidelines for evaluating buildings, planning improvements, and accomplishing rehabilitation. Recent projects have shown the current practicality of rehabilitation. Examples of projects and costs involved are presented to illustrate the potential that exists. The information here should emphasize the appeal of rehabilitation in improving housing. Several publica-tions are listed that can be helpful in planning educa-tional programs.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Differential responses of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi to nitrogen addition in a near pristine Tibetan alpine meadow.

Elucidating the responses of soil microbial abundance and community composition to nitrogen (N) addition is important for predicting ecosystem function under increased atmospheric N deposition. We examined the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal community under three N forms (NH4(+)-N, NO3(-)-N, and NH4NO3-N) and two N rates (1.5 and 7.5 g N m(-2) year(-1)) in an alpine meadow of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. AM fungal extraradical hyphal density was significantly decreased by NH4(+)-N in May, but was not affected by N form nor N rate in August. N rate, but not N form, significantly affected AM fungal spore density; high N rate decreased spore density. No direct N addition effect was observed on AM fungal community; however, soil available phosphorus, pH, and NO3(-)-N were considered as important factors that influenced AM fungal community composition. Structural equation model results showed that N rate, not N form, strongly affected soil characteristics, which directly influenced community compositions of plants and AM fungi, as well as spore density. Therefore, AM fungal community was influenced by N addition, primarily because of altered soil characteristics, and partially by a modified plant community, but not or just slightly by direct N addition effects in this alpine meadow ecosystem.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Detector Applications

Semiconductor detectors are now applied to a very wide range of problems. The combination of relatively low cost, excellent energy resolution, and simultaneous broad energy-spectrum analysis is uniquely suited to many applications in both basic and applied physics. Alternative techniques, such as magnetic spectrometers for charged-particle spectroscopy, while offering better energy resolution, are bulky, expensive, and usually far more difficult to use. Furthermore, they do not directly provide the broad energy-spectrum measurements easily accomplished using semiconductor detectors. Scintillation detectors, which are approximately equivalent to semiconductor detectors in convenience and cost, exhibit 10 to 100 times worse energy resolution. However, their high efficiency and large potential size recommend their use in some measurements.

Field of study: Physics
The Role of the Catholic Hospital and Medical Staff in Modern Society

Eugene G. Laforet, M.D. Corresponding Editors: Mariano M. Alimurung, M.D., Manila · Ernest J. Borges, M.D., Bomhay J. Bernard Costello, M.D., Vance 1Ver H. P. Dunn, M.D., Auckland Thomas S. Durant, M.D., Saigon Andrew Gunn, M.D., Dundee Michael Kelly, M~D., Melbourne Prof. 0. K. Khaw, Taipei Chong-Eun (Joannes) Kim, M.D. Seoul Professor T. E. Miura, Tokyo Robert F. O'Donoghue, M.R.C .. O.G., Cork W. B. J. Pemberton, M.D., Lo'1don Michel Riquet, S.J., Paris Victor M. Santana Carlos, M.D., Lisbon James A. Whelton, M.D., Boston (United States correspondent for the foreign journals) LrNACRE QuART ERLY . FATHER HUMENSKY The Second V atioan Council opened the Church's windows to let in the gentle breeze of Pope John's policy of aggiornamento in all phases of its life and activities. It is opportune, therefore, that we also scrutinize the role of the Catholic hospital and its medical staff in modem society, in order to see if and where changes or adaptations may be necessary. To be 'sure, the goals of the Church's apostolate to the siCk and injured, to the infirm and distressed have not changed. However, the methods of achieving these objectives are undergoing constant change and we must address our thinking to this challenging fact lest our hospitals become obsolete and ineffective institutions giving inadequate service to the sick. The task of determining the role of Catholic health institutions and services is rather complicated. The difficulty stems from 'the fact that a number of external pressures and forces have disrupted the traditional method of rendering health services to the sick, including Federal laws such as the Hill-Burton ConstrueMAY, 1967 The Role of the Catholic Hospital a11d Medical Staff in Moder11 Society REVEREND JoHN J. HuMENSKY, S.T.D., PH.D. tion Act, Medicare, Medicaid and other important legislation.  modern research in drugs, diagnostic, therapeutic and surgical procedures, in addition to the high degree of medical specialization, has improved medical practice tremendously. Some idea of the impact of research on medical practice today can be seen from the magnitude of grants appropriated by Congress to the National Institutes of Healtha sum of 900 million dollars. Private industry, philanthropies and Foundations appropriated many more millions for the same purpose. In fact, all of this has ushered in an era of unprecedented medical care in functional, air-conditioned hospitals that are equipped with sophisticated equipment which requires highly specialized personnel with technical skills to operate it.  Blue Cross and Blue Shield prepayment plans have set a new pattern of health insurance that has changed the whole concept of reimbursement to hospitals and physicians.  organized labor has been negotiating fringe benefits in the fi.eld of health

Field of study: Medicine, Philosophy
Ozone injury on cutleaf coneflower (Rudbeckia laciniata) and crown-beard (Verbesina occidentalis) in Great Smoky Mountains National Park.

Incidence and severity of visible foliar ozone injury on cutleaf coneflower (Rudbeckia laciniata L.) and crown-beard (Verbesina occidentalis Walt.) were determined along selected trails at three locations in Great Smoky Mountains National Park during the summers of 2000 and 2001: Clingmans Dome, Cherokee Orchard Road and Purchase Knob. Cutleaf coneflower exhibited a greater amount of foliar injury than crown-beard each year of the 2-year study. Incidence and severity of injury was significantly greater for cutleaf coneflower growing near the edge of the Clingmans Dome trail than in the interior of the stand. Injury was greater at Clingmans Dome than Purchase Knob (70% vs. 40% ozone-injured plants, respectively), coincident with greater ozone exposures. In contrast to Clingmans Dome, there were no differences in injury between plants growing near- and off-trail at Purchase Knob. Differences in sensitivity to ozone were not observed for crown-beard growing near the edge compared with the interior of the stand adjacent to the Cherokee Orchard Road Loop. Ozone injury was greatest on the lower leaves for both species sampled with over 95% of the injured leaves occurring on the lower 50% of the plant. This is the first report of foliar ozone injury on these plant species in situ, in the Park, illustrating the great variability in symptom expression with time, and within and between populations.

Field of study: Environmental science
Surface Modification of Magnesium Sulfate Whisker with Stearic Acid

In order to enhance the interfacial adhesion between magnesium oxysulfate whisker (MOSw) particles and polymers, the hydrophobicity of MOSw was improved by surface modification using stearic acid. The morphologies and structure of MOSw before and after surface modified (MOSw-SA) were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD). The interfacial interactions between MOSw and stearic acid were studied by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses. The results showed that the surface of MOSw was changed from being hydrophilic into being hydrophobic. And the stearic acid molecular binds strongly to the surface of MOSw. Chemical bond (COO-Mg<) was formed by the reaction between R–COOH and the hydroxyl group of MOSw. The reaction occurred only between the stearic acid and the surface of MOSw without altering MOSw’s morphology and crystal structure. Besides, the reaction mechanism of surface modification which was similar to the “acid-base neutrilization” was proposed.

Field of study: Engineering
Challenges Facing Adaptive Mesh Modeling of the Atmosphere and Ocean

Weller—National Centre for Atmospheric Science, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom; ringler—Climate, Ocean, and Sea Ice Modeling Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico; PiggoTT— Grantham Institute for Climate Change, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Wood—Met Office, Exeter, United Kingdom CORRESPONDENCE AUTHOR: Hilary Weller, Department of Meteorology, University of Reading, Earley Gate, Reading RG6 6BB, United Kingdom E-mail: h.weller@reading.ac.uk

Field of study: Environmental science
Isospin breaking in pion Compton scattering

Using chiral perturbation theory we calculate for pion Compton scattering the isospin-breaking effects induced by the difference between the charged and neutral pion mass. At one-loop order this correction is directly proportional to $\ensuremath{m_{\pi^\pm}^2-m_{\pi^0}^2}$ and free of (electromagnetic) counterterm contributions. The differential cross-section for charged pion Compton scattering $\ensuremath{\pi^-\gamma \rightarrow \pi^-\gamma}$ gets affected (in backward directions) at the level of a few permille. At the same time the isospin-breaking correction leads to a small shift of the pion polarizabilities by $\ensuremath{\delta(\alpha_\pi- \beta_\pi) \simeq 1.3 \cdot 10^{-5}}$ fm^3. In case of the low-energy $\ensuremath{\gamma\gamma \rightarrow \pi^0\pi^0}$ reaction isospin breaking manifests itself through a cusp effect at the $\ensuremath{\pi^+\pi^-}$ threshold. We give an improved estimate for it based on the empirical $ \pi$$ \pi$ -scattering length difference $\ensuremath{a_0-a_2}$ .

Field of study: Physics
Genome-wide association study of alcohol dependence implicates a region on chromosome 11.

Alcohol dependence is a complex disease, and although linkage and candidate gene studies have identified several genes associated with the risk for alcoholism, these explain only a portion of the risk.



We carried out a genome-wide association study (GWAS) on a case-control sample drawn from the families in the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism. The cases all met diagnostic criteria for alcohol dependence according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-Fourth Edition; controls all consumed alcohol but were not dependent on alcohol or illicit drugs. To prioritize among the strongest candidates, we genotyped most of the top 199 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (p < or = 2.1 x 10(-4)) in a sample of alcohol-dependent families and performed pedigree-based association analysis. We also examined whether the genes harboring the top SNPs were expressed in human brain or were differentially expressed in the presence of ethanol in lymphoblastoid cells.



Although no single SNP met genome-wide criteria for significance, there were several clusters of SNPs that provided mutual support. Combining evidence from the case-control study, the follow-up in families, and gene expression provided strongest support for the association of a cluster of genes on chromosome 11 (SLC22A18, PHLDA2, NAP1L4, SNORA54, CARS, and OSBPL5) with alcohol dependence. Several SNPs nominated as candidates in earlier GWAS studies replicated in ours, including CPE, DNASE2B, SLC10A2, ARL6IP5, ID4, GATA4, SYNE1, and ADCY3.



We have identified several promising associations that warrant further examination in independent samples.

Field of study: Medicine
The Comparative Efficiency of Public and Private Enterprise in Britain: Electricity Generation between the World Wars

The present British government's interest in transferring the ownership and control of nationalised industries into private hands appears to have been unaccompanied by any detailed analysis of whether, and if so by how much, privatisation will produce efficiency benefits. Crude comparisons reported in the daily press cannot claim to hold other factors constant. Pryke's (1981) study of British nationalised industry performance and Rowley and Yarrow's (1981) study of the British steel industry are among the few academic references to experience outside North America.1 Here we tap a rich vein of experience to compare the productive efficiency of the enterprise types under a distinctively British (i.e. not 'armslength') approach to regulation. Recent British economic history has rarely thrown up data as useful as that in the United States where comparable plants co-exist under different control regimes, but earlier periods have. The supply of electricity between the world wars by mixed ownership is very well documented in the Reports of the Electricity Commissioners. We focus on electricity generation rather than supply as a whole, partly to ensure a greater homogeneity of the products of the firms and partly because of interest in the 1983 Energy Act allowing private generation to supply the CEGB with electricity for grid distribution. First we discuss some general ideas on comparative performance of public and private enterprise and consider the relevance of these ideas to an evaluation of efficiency in the electricity industry. In the second section we specify the cost function for the industry, then go on to discuss the data and the sample. In Section III we present the parameter estimates and consider their implications. This is followed by a short concluding section.

Field of study: Economics
Geologic correlation of the Himalayan orogen and Indian craton: Part 1. Structural geology, U-Pb zircon geochronology, and tectonic evolution of the Shillong Plateau and its neighboring regions in NE India

The Himalayan orogen has experienced intense Cenozoic deformation and widespread metamorphism, making it diffi cult to track its initial architecture and the subsequent deformation path during the Cenozoic India-Asia collision. To address this issue, we conducted structural mapping and U-Pb zircon geochronology across the Shillong Plateau, Mikir Hills, and Brahmaputra River Valley of northeastern India, located 30‐100 km south of the eastern Himalaya. Our work reveals three episodes of igneous activity at ca. 1600 Ma, ca. 1100 Ma, and ca. 500 Ma, and three ductile-deformation events at ca. 1100 Ma, 520‐500 Ma, and during the Cretaceous. The fi rst two events were contractional, possibly induced by assembly of Rodinia and Eastern Gondwana, while the last event was extensional, possibly related to breakup of Gondwana. Because of its prox imity to the Himalaya, the occurrence of 500 Ma contractional deformation in northeastern India implies that any attempt to determine the magnitude of Cenozoic deformation across the Himalayan orogen using Proterozoic strata as marker beds must fi rst remove the effect of early Paleozoic deformation. The lithostratigraphy of the Shillong Plateau established by this study and its correlation to the Himalayan units imply that the Greater Himalayan Crystalline Complex may be a tectonic mixture of Indian crystalline basement, its Proterozoic-Cambrian cover sequence, and an early Paleozoic arc. Although the Shillong Plateau may be regarded as a rigid block in the Cenozoic, our work demonstrates that distributed active left-slip faulting dominates its interior, consistent with earthquake focal mechanisms and global positioning system velocity fi elds across the region.

Field of study: Geology
Causal Links between Foreign Direct Investment and Exports: Evidence from Malaysia

Malaysia has encouraged foreign investment not only for its role in technology transfer but also for its contribution to Malaysian exports. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate empirically the causal relationship between FDI inflows and exports in Malaysia. The methodologies of stationarity of time series and the multivariate Granger concept of causality were employed to carry out the investigation. The finding that time series variables are cointegrated implies that there is a long term relationship between them. The results appear to support the effectiveness of the outward looking orientation policy deployed in this country.

Field of study: Business