nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Deformation history of a synorogenic sedimentary wedge, northern Cilento area, southern Apennines thrust and fold belt, Italy

In the northern Cilento area of the southern Italian Apennines, a deformed turbiditic succession of Langhian to lower Tortonian age (the Cilento unit) unconformably overlies tectonic units (Liguride and Sicilide) derived from an oceanic accretionary complex and, to the east, overlies Mesozoic–Cenozoic carbonates belonging to the Apulian continental paleomargin. The turbiditic succession, representing the sedimentary infill of a Miocene foreland basin developed over the flexured southwestern margin of the Apulian plate, shows a complete record of the deformation at the macroscopic and mesoscopic scales. Structures postdating synsedimentary (slump) features in the Cilento unit include Neptunian dikes and extensional veins perpendicular to bedding, all related to high pore-fluid pressures associated with burial. Early tectonic structures consist of minor thrust faults, often conjugate and at a low angle to bedding, produced by initial layer-parallel shortening. The main regional structure mapped in the area consists of a moderately inclined to recumbent (hinterland-vergent) backfold. This structure probably developed by shortening of the strata caught between shear surfaces that cut obliquely across bedding, within the framework of a noncoaxial progressive deformation. The main shear surface constituting the upper boundary to the shear zone is represented by a regional backthrust which brings Mesozoic-Cenozoic carbonates onto the terrains of the Cilento unit, forming a triangle zone where backfolding of the latter occurred. Minor open domes and basins deform both limbs of the main regional structure, probably as a result of progressive shear deformation and, possibly, of deformation above underlying thrust culminations. It appears that high pore-fluid pressures must have been important not only during the development of pretectonic (i.e., burial-related) structures, but also during the main tectonic deformation. Abnormally high fluid pressures, reducing the effective stress and favoring intergranular movements, suppressed cleavage formation and pervasive strain during the main folding event. Later in the deformation sequence, a decrease in pore-fluid pressure probably favored local cleavage development during refolding. The deformation sequence outlined above provides a case history of the structural evolution of synorogenic clastic deposits progressively deformed and incorporated within a thrust belt. This study, documenting the deformation of a sedimentary wedge dominated by backfolding associated with hinterland-vergent reimbrication, should contribute to a better understanding of the wide range of deformation sequences and processes characterizing the tectonic evolution of thrust-belt–foredeep systems.

Field of study: Geology
ISOSPIN AND DENSITY DEPENDENCIES OF NUCLEAR MATTER SYMMETRY ENERGY COEFFICIENTS

Symmetry energy coefficients of explicitly isospin asymmetric nuclear matter at variable densities (from 0.5ρ0 up to 2ρ0) are studied as generalized screening functions. An extended stability condition for asymmetric nuclear matter is proposed. We find the possibility of obtaining stable asymmetric nuclear matter even in some cases for which the symmetric nuclear matter limit is unstable. Skyrme-type forces are extensively used in analytical expressions of the symmetry energy coefficients derived as generalized screening functions in the four channels of the particle hole interaction producing alternative behaviors at different ρ and b (respectively, the density and the asymmetry coefficient). The spin and spin-isospin coefficients, with corrections to the usual Landau Migdal parameters, indicate the possibility of occurring instabilities with common features depending on the nuclear density and n–p asymmetry. Possible relevance for high energy heavy ions collisions and astrophysical objects is discussed.

Field of study: Physics
Eosinophils function as antigen presenting cells

To examine the capacity of HLA DR expressing eosinophils to serve as antigen presenting cells (APC) for presenting antigen tetanus toxoid to autologous T lymphocytes.  Freshly isolated eosinophils were cultured in vitro for 24 hours with granulocyte macrophage colony factor to induce HLA DR expression, and then exposed to different concentrations of tetanus toxoid. The capacity of HLA DR + eosinophils to function as APC was evaluated with the response of T cell proliferation induced by eosinophils.  HLA DR +eosinophils stimulated T cell proliferation in the presence of tetanus toxoid in a dose dependent manner. It was also found that the T cell proliferation response elicited by eosinophils was inhibited by anti HLA DR monoclonal antibody.  Human eosinophils can uptake and process antigen and function as HLA DR dependent APC in stimulating T lymphocyte response.

Field of study: Biology
Ab initio phasing of a 4189-atom protein structure at 1.2 A resolution.

The phase problem remains a key rate-limiting step in the determination of macromolecular X-ray structures. Direct methods, applying probability theory to the native data set, can routinely solve structures of up to about 200 non-H atoms, although much larger structures have been solved given sufficiently high resolution data and the presence of heavy atoms. Here it is shown that maximum-likelihood refinement of free-atom models with ARP/wARP can solve ab initio a much larger metalloprotein structure than the largest so far solved by conventional direct methods. The protein, OppA, is not naturally associated with metal ions but was co-crystallized with uranium.

Field of study: Chemistry
Modelled distributions of Triebel-Lizorkin type

In order to provide a local description of a regular function in a small neighbourhood of a point $x$, it is sufficient by Taylor's theorem to know the value of the function as well as all of its derivatives up to the required order at the point $x$ itself. In other words, one could say that a regular function is locally modelled by the set of polynomials. The theory of regularity structures due to Hairer generalizes this observation and provides an abstract setup, which in the application of singular SPDE extends the set of polynomials by functionals constructed from, e.g., white noise. In this context, the notion of Taylor polynomials is lifted to the notion of so-called modelled distributions. The celebrated reconstruction theorem, which in turn was inspired by Gubinelli's sewing lemma, is of paramount importance for the theory. It enables to reconstruct a modelled distribution as a true distribution on $R^d$ which is locally approximated by this extended set of models or "monomials". In the original work of Hairer, the error is measured based on H\"{o}lder norms. This was then generalized to the whole scale of Besov spaces by Hairer and Labb\'{e} in subsequent papers. It is the aim of this work to adapt the analytic part of the theory of regularity structures to the scale of Triebel-Lizorkin spaces.

Field of study: Mathematics
Linking pollution to biodiversity and ecosystem multifunctionality across benthic-pelagic habitats of a large eutrophic lake: A whole-ecosystem perspective.

Biodiversity loss is often an important driver of the deterioration of ecosystem functioning in freshwater ecosystems. However, it is far from clear how multiple ecosystem functions (i.e., ecosystem multifunctionality, EMF) relate to biodiversity across the benthic-pelagic habitats of entire ecosystems or how environmental stress such as eutrophication and heavy metals enrichment might regulate the biodiversity-EMF relationships. Here, we explored the biodiversity and EMF across benthic-pelagic habitats of the large eutrophic Lake Taihu in China, and further examined abiotic factors underlying the spatial variations in EMF and its relationships with biodiversity. In our results, EMF consistently showed positive relationships to the biodiversity of multiple taxonomic groups, such as benthic bacteria, bacterioplankton and phytoplankton. Both sediment heavy metals and total phosphorus significantly explained the spatial variations in the EMF, whereas the former were more important than the latter. Further, sediment heavy metals mediated EMF through the diversity of benthic bacteria and bacterioplankton, while nutrients such as phosphorus in both the sediments and overlaying water altered EMF via phytoplankton diversity. This indicates the importance of pollution in regulating the relationships between biodiversity and EMF in freshwater environments. Our findings provide evidence that freshwater biodiversity loss among phytoplankton and bacteria will likely weaken ecosystem functioning. Our results further suggest that abiotic factors such as heavy metals, beyond nutrient enrichment, may provide relatively earlier signals of impaired ecosystem functioning during eutrophication process.

Field of study: Environmental science
Late onset systemic lupus erythematosus and lupus-like disease in patients with apparent idiopathic glomerulonephritis.

We report 17 patients who presented with either apparent idiopathic glomerulonephritis (16 patients) or post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis (one patient). Doubts arose about the nature of these patients' disease, either because their initial renal histology was suggestive of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in the absence of its clinical or serological features, or because they developed with time the clinical or serological features of SLE. Three patients had a positive antinuclear antibody (ANA) test at the onset of their illness, but normal levels of serum binding of double-stranded DNA (dsDNAB). In another four patients the dsDNAB was slightly raised but with a negative ANA. On renal biopsy the predominant appearance was membranous glomerulonephritis (GN) in 10, subendothelial mesangiocapillary GN (MCGN) in three, and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis in two; one patient each had a focal proliferative GN and a diffuse endocapillary GN. On 1 micron renal sections stained with toluidine blue, 10 patients had immune deposits at multiple sites within the glomeruli. Over a period of one to 14 years, six patients developed extrarenal features suggestive of SLE, nine a positive ANA, and 12 increased serum levels of dsDNAB. Five patients became hypocomplementaemic. Cryoglobulins were isolated from the sera of 10 out of 12 patients; seven contained DNA. Separated cryoglobulin IgG from eight patients showed antibody activity directed against both ss and dsDNA in four, and against dsDNA only in three. On the basis of the clinical, histological and serological observation during follow-up five patients were reclassified as definite SLE, four as probable SLE and two as possible SLE. Rarely, SLE may present with nephritis as the sole disease manifestation, antedating other clinical features and even immunological markers of the disease by years. In addition, some patients with a glomerulonephritis may show clinical and immunological, or histological features of SLE, but do not fit accepted definitions of the disease.

Field of study: Medicine
Intercomparison study of atmospheric 222 Rn and 222 Rn progeny monitors

The use of the noble gas radon ( 222Rn ) as a tracer for different research studies, for example observation-based estimation of greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes, has led to the need of high-quality 222Rn activity concentration observations with high spatial and temporal resolution. So far a robust metrology chain for these measurements is not yet available. A portable direct atmospheric radon monitor (ARMON), based on electrostatic
collection of 218Po , is now running at Spanish stations. This monitor has not yet been compared with other 222Rn and 222Rn 
progeny monitors commonly used at atmospheric stations. A 3-month intercomparison campaign of atmospheric 222Rn and 222Rn 
progeny monitors based on different measurement techniques was realized
during the fall and winter of 2016–2017 to evaluate (i) calibration and
correction factors between monitors necessary to harmonize the atmospheric
radon observations and (ii) the dependence of each monitor's response in
relation to the sampling height and meteorological and atmospheric aerosol
conditions. Results of this study have shown the following. (i) All monitors were able to
reproduce the atmospheric radon variability on a daily basis. (ii) Linear
regression fits between the monitors exhibited slopes, representing the
correction factors, between 0.62 and 1.17 and offsets ranging between −0.85 and −0.23  Bq m −3 when sampling 2 m above ground level
(a.g.l.). Corresponding results at 100 m a.g.l. exhibited slopes of 0.94 and 1.03 with offsets of −0.13 and 0.01 Bq m −3 , respectively.
(iii) No influence of atmospheric temperature and relative humidity on monitor responses was observed for unsaturated conditions at 100 m a.g.l.,
whereas slight influences (order of 10−2 ) of ambient temperature were
observed at 2 m a.g.l. (iv) Changes in the ratio between 222Rn progeny and 222Rn monitor responses were observed under very low atmospheric aerosol concentrations. Results also show that the new ARMON could be useful at atmospheric radon
monitoring stations with space restrictions or as a mobile reference
instrument to calibrate in situ 222Rn progeny monitors and fixed radon monitors. In the near future a long-term comparison study between ARMON, HRM, and ANSTO monitors would be useful to better evaluate (i) the uncertainties of radon measurements in the range of a few hundred millibecquerels per cubic meter to a few becquerels per cubic meter and (ii) the response time correction of the ANSTO monitor for
representing fast changes in the ambient radon concentrations.

Field of study: Environmental science
Few-neutron removal from238U at relativistic energies

As part of a comprehensive study of uranium fragmentation at relativistic energies at the GSI projectile fragment separator, FRS, inclusive neutron-removal cross sections have been measured for severalxn channels at projectile energies of 600 and 950A MeV using targets of Al, Cu and Pb. The variation of the experimental cross sections with target nuclear charge is used to disentangle nuclear and electromagnetic contributions. The electromagnetic cross sections agree surprisingly well with a simple harmonic oscillator calculation of giant dipole resonances based on measured photonuclear cross sections and do not require an extra enhancement of the two-phonon giant dipole excitation as concluded from similar measurements with197Au.

Field of study: Physics
Analysis of Compounded Pharmaceutical Products to Teach the Importance of Quality in an Applied Pharmaceutics Laboratory Course

To assess the effectiveness of a product-analysis laboratory exercise in teaching students the importance of quality in pharmaceutical compounding.  Second-year pharmacy students (N=77) participated in a pharmaceutical compounding laboratory exercise and subsequently analyzed their final product using ultraviolet (UV) spectrometry. Assessment. Reflection, survey instruments, and quiz questions were used to measure how well students understood the importance of quality in their compounded products. Product analysis showed that preparations compounded by students had an error range of 0.6% to 140%, with an average error of 23.7%. Students’ reflections cited common sources of error, including inaccurate weighing, contamination, and product loss during both the compounding procedure and preparation of the sample for analysis. Ninety percent of students agreed that the exercise improved their understanding of the importance of quality in compounded pharmaceutical products. Most students (85.7%) reported that this exercise inspired them to be more diligent in their preparation of compounded products in their future careers.  Integrating an analytical assessment during a pharmaceutical compounding laboratory can enhance students’ understanding of quality of compounded pharmaceutical products. It can also provide students a chance to reflect on sources of error to improve their compounding technique in the future.

Field of study: Education, Medicine
Dynamic trading with developing adverse selection

We study a dynamic trading game in which the information asymmetry between the agents develops over time. A seller and potential buyers start out symmetrically uninformed about the quality of a good, but the seller becomes informed after the game begins. We show that this developing adverse selection gives rise to novel trading dynamics. In particular, if the seller's learning speed is high, the equilibrium features “collapse-and-recovery” behavior: Both the equilibrium price and the trade probability first drop and then increase over time. While the trade surplus monotonically decreases as the learning speed increases, the seller's surplus may change non-monotonically.

Field of study: Economics
Possibility of a (bi)polaron high-temperature superconductivity in Poly A/ Poly T DNA duplexes

Dynamical equations for a polaron and bipolaron in a DNA duplex are obtained on the basis of Holstein-Hubbard Hamiltonian. It is shown that in a Poly A/Poly T duplex especially stable is a bipolaron state in which holes are localized on different chains of the duplex. With the use of the polaron and bipolaron free energy, the temperature of bipolaron decay is found to be Td ≈ 350 K which can serve as an approximate estimate of the superconducting transition temperature. The way of constructing superconducting nanowires on the basis of DNA is suggested.

Field of study: Physics
Statistical modelling of mitochondrial power supply

By experiment and theory, formulae are derived to calculate the response of mitochondrial power supply, in flux and potential, to an ATP consuming enzyme load, incorporating effects of varying amounts of (i) enzyme, (ii) total circulating adenylate, and (iii) inhibition of the ATP/ADP translocase. The formulae, which apply between about 20% and 80% of maximum respiration, are the same as for the current and voltage of an electrical circuit in which a battery with potential, linear in the logarithm of the total adenylate, charges another battery whose opposing potential is also linear in the same logarithm, through three resistances. These resistances produce loss of potential due to dis-equilibrium of (i) intramitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, (ii) the ATP/ADP translocase, and (iii) the ATP-consuming enzyme load. The model is represented geometrically by the following configuration: when potential is plotted against flux, the points lie on two pencils of lines each concurrent at zero respiration, the two pencils describing the respective characteristics of the mitochondrion and enzyme. Control coefficients and elasticities are calculated from the formulae.

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics
Using enterprise architecture and technology adoption models to predict application usage

Application usage is an important parameter to consider in application portfolio management. This paper presents an enterprise architecture analysis framework which can be used to assess application usage. The framework, in the form of an architecture metamodel, incorporates variables from the previously published Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and the Task-Technology Fit (TTF) model. The paper describes how the metamodel has been tailored for a specific domain, viz. industry maintenance management. The metamodel was tested in the maintenance management domain through a survey with 55 respondents at five companies. Data collected in the survey showed that the domain-specific metamodel is able to explain variations in maintenance management application usage. Integrating the TAM and TTF variables with an architecture metamodel allows architects to reuse research results smoothly, thereby aiding them in producing good application portfolio decision-support.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Purification of anti-Japanese encephalitis virus monoclonal antibody by ceramic hydroxyapatite chromatography without proteins A and G.

Antibody purification using proteins A and G has been a standard method for research and industrial processes. The conventional method, however, includes a three-step process, including buffer exchange, before chromatography. In addition, proteins A and G require low pH elution, which causes antibody aggregation and inactivates the antibody's immunity. This report proposes a two-step method using hydroxyapatite chromatography and membrane filtration, without proteins A and G. This novel method shortens the running time to one-third the conventional method for each cycle. Using our two-step method, 90.2% of the monoclonal antibodies purified were recovered in the elution fraction, the purity achieved was >90%, and most of the antigen-specific activity was retained. This report suggests that the two-step method using hydroxyapatite chromatography and membrane filtration should be considered as an alternative to purification using proteins A and G.

Field of study: Biology
Analysis of stationary subdivision schemes for curve design based on radial basis function interpolation

This paper provides a large family of interpolatory stationary subdivision schemes based on radial basis functions (RBFs) which are positive definite or conditionally positive definite. A radial basis function considered in this study has a tension parameter @l>0 such that it provides design flexibility. We prove that for a sufficiently large @l>=@l"0, the proposed 2L-point (L@?N) scheme has the same smoothness as the well-known 2L-point Deslauriers-Dubuc scheme, which is based on 2L-1 degree polynomial interpolation. Some numerical examples are presented to illustrate the performance of the new schemes, adapting subdivision rules on bounded intervals in a way of keeping the same smoothness and accuracy of the pre-existing schemes on R. We observe that, with proper tension parameters, the new scheme can alleviate undesirable artifacts near boundaries, which usually appear to interpolatory schemes with irregularly distributed control points.

Field of study: Mathematics
Prevention of Alzheimer disease. Encouraging evidence.

To review the evidence regarding prevention of Alzheimer disease (AD) in order to highlight the role of family medicine.



Most of the evidence relating to prevention of AD is derived from observational (cross-sectional, case-control, or longitudinal) studies. Evidence from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) is available only for blood pressure control and for hormone replacement therapy for menopausal women.


MAIN MESSAGE
Many preventive approaches to AD have been identified, but no RCTs support their efficacy. Evidence from RCTs supports the effectiveness of blood pressure control in reducing incidence of AD, but demonstrates that postmenopausal women's use of estrogen is ineffective in reducing it. Observational studies suggest that some preventive approaches, such as healthy lifestyle, ongoing education, regular physical activity, and cholesterol control, play a role in prevention of AD. These approaches can and should be used for every patient because they carry no significant risk. Currently, no effective pharmacologic interventions have been researched enough to support their use in prevention of AD.



Health professionals should educate patients, especially patients at higher risk of AD, about preventive strategies and potentially modifiable risk factors.

Field of study: Medicine