nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Optimization of stack filters based on mirrored threshold decomposition

An adaptive optimization algorithm for the design of a new class of stack filters is presented. Unlike stack smoothers, this new class of stack filters, based on mirrored threshold decomposition, has been empowered not only with lowpass filtering characteristics but with bandpass and highpass filtering characteristics as well. Therefore, these filters can be effectively used in applications where frequency selection is critical. An adaptive optimization approach is introduced, where the positive Boolean function (PBF) that characterizes the stack filter in the binary domain of mirrored threshold decomposition is represented by a soft truth table where each possible binary input sequence is mapped to a real number in the interval [-1, 1]. At each iteration of the adaptive algorithm, the probability that the PBF makes the correct decision when a given input sequence is presented is incremented by suitably changing the entries of the soft truth table. The proposed adaptive algorithm is simple to implement since it requires only increment, decrement, and local comparison operations. The performance of optimal stack filters is illustrated by several simulations.

Field of study: Engineering
Harmonically Coupled Chaotic System for a Pseudo-random Bit Generator

Chaotic systems own many unique properties,based on which they are often applied for pseudo-random bit generators(PRBG).This paper proposes a new kind of coupling-independent-variable harmonic coupling,and constructs a new chaotic system based on tent map.Afterwards,the chaotic property of the system is analyzed in detail and a PRBG is designed based on it.Five tests such as Frequency test,Serial test,Poker test,Runs test,Auto-correlation test show that the PRBG possesses good pseudo-randomness.At last,the linear complexity of generated sequences and the cipher space of the PRBG are analyzed in brief,and a simple stream cipher is designed.

Field of study: Computer science
Metric spaces with the small ball property

A metric space (M;d) is said to have the small ball property (sbp) if for every "0 > 0 it is possible to write M as the union of a sequence (B(xn;rn)) of closed balls such that the rn are smaller than "0 and limrn = 0. We study permanence properties and examples of sbp. The main results of this paper are the following: 1. Bounded convex closed sets in Banach spaces have sbp only if they are compact. 2. Precisely the nite- dimensional Banach spaces have sbp.

Field of study: Mathematics
Systematic variations of interstellar linear polarization and growth of dust grains

The observed relation between the interstellar linear polarization curve parameters K and λmax characterizing the width and the wavelength of the polarization maximum, respectively, is interpreted quantitatively. We have considered 57 stars located in four dark clouds with evidence of star formation: in Taurus, Chamaeleon, around the stars ρ Oph and R CrA. In our modeling we have used the spheroidal dust grain model applied previously to simultaneously interpret the interstellar extinction and polarization curves in a wide wavelength range. The observed trend K ≈ 1.7λmax is shown to be most likely related to the growth of dust grains due to coagulation rather than accretion. The relationship of the interstellar polarization curve parameters K and λmax to the mean dust grain size is discussed.

Field of study: Physics
REFLECTIONS ON BEHAVIOR ANALYSIS AND EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY: A SELECTIVE REVIEW OF EVOLUTION SINCE DARWIN—THE FIRST 150 YEARS. EDITED BY M. A. BELL, D. J. FUTUYAMA, W. F. EANES, & J. S. LEVINTON

This review focuses on parallels between the selectionist sciences of evolutionary biology and behavior analysis. In selectionism, complex phenomena are interpreted as the cumulative products of relatively simple processes acting over time—natural selection in evolutionary biology and reinforcement in behavior analysis. Because evolutionary biology is the more mature science, an examination of the factors that led to the triumph of natural selection provides clues whereby reinforcement may achieve a similar fate in the science of behavior.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Variations of β-glucosidase Activities during the Processing of Qimen Black Tea

Variations of β-glucosidase activities during the manufacturing of Qimen congou and CTC black tea was studied. The results showed that for CTC black tea,β-glucosidase activity reached the highest level at the end of withering and then decreased gradually.Comparatively,the highest enzyme activity of traditional Qimen congou did not appear until the end of rolling process.Low temperature was favourable to keep higher β-glucosidase activity during black tea processing.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
[The prognostic significance of fibrinogen concentration in patients with ischemic stroke without thrombolytic treatment].

Recent studies showed that the increase of fibrinogen preceded not only thrombolytic events but also the development of intracerebral hemorrhage. The objective of the present study was to determine the threshold levels of fibrinogen concentration for the prognosis of ischemic stroke complications and, particularly, hemorrhagic transformation. Fibrinogen concentrations in patients with acute cerebral hemispheric stroke without thrombolytic treatment were examined. The lethal outcome and hemorrhagic transformation in patients during the hospital stay were selected as prognosis criteria. Four prognostic levels associated with the size of ischemic lesion, age and concomitant diseases were revealed. The high probability of the absence of complications regardless of the lesion size was observed when fibrinogen concentrations ranged between 200 and 350 mg/dL, the risk of hemorrhagic transformation with lethal outcome was higher in the range from 351 to 430 mg/dL and fibrinogen concentrations above 560 mg/dL predicted the high risk of lethal outcome.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
FLOW APPARATUS FOR MEASURING HEAT OF VAPORRIZATION FOR LIQUIDS

A flow apparatus for measuring heat of vaporization of liquids under pressure up to 6 MPa,and temperature from 260 K to 480 K is developed.Heats of vaporization of water are measured,and the differences of our experimental results with literature values are within 0.85%.The heats of vaporization HFC134a and HFC125 used as the alternatives of refrigerant Freon are determined, and 14 values of heat of vaporization are reported in this paper.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
An Optimized Frequent Item Query Algorithm for Uncertain Streaming Data

Recently, sensors are used in many fields, and the data generated are uncertain streaming data. Frequent item query is one of the most query primitives in this kind of data. In this paper, we study frequent item query for uncertain streaming data. First, we propose a basic frequent item query algorithm for uncertain streaming data basic on slide window, and then propose an optimized algorithm. Experiments show that, the proposed optimized algorithm can reduce running time and memory usage while querying frequent item for uncertain streaming data generated by sensors

Field of study: Computer science
Joint X-ray and neutron refinement with phenix.refine.

Approximately 85% of the structures deposited in the Protein Data Bank have been solved using X-ray crystallography, making it the leading method for three-dimensional structure determination of macromolecules. One of the limitations of the method is that the typical data quality (resolution) does not allow the direct determination of H-atom positions. Most hydrogen positions can be inferred from the positions of other atoms and therefore can be readily included into the structure model as a priori knowledge. However, this may not be the case in biologically active sites of macromolecules, where the presence and position of hydrogen is crucial to the enzymatic mechanism. This makes the application of neutron crystallography in biology particularly important, as H atoms can be clearly located in experimental neutron scattering density maps. Without exception, when a neutron structure is determined the corresponding X-ray structure is also known, making it possible to derive the complete structure using both data sets. Here, the implementation of crystallographic structure-refinement procedures that include both X-ray and neutron data (separate or jointly) in the PHENIX system is described.

Field of study: Chemistry
x_opt and x_c in Cuprate Superconductors

The characteristic hole concentrations x_opt = 0.16 and x_c = 0.19 in the under- to overdoped transition regime of cuprate superconductors are shown to be intimately interrelated by mesoscale organization of bond-like RVB arrays extending over 3 x 4 copper sites and comprising 2 holes spaced by 3a_0. Columnar organization maximizes T_c but reduces the superfluid stiffness, while zigzag (tweedy) organization maximizes the superfluid stiffness at reduced T_c. The latter goes hand in hand with the closure of the pseudogap. Columnar and zigzag mesoscale organizations of the bond-like RVB arrays are displacively transformed in each other between x_opt and x_c by weak overdoping.

Field of study: Physics
Optimal estimation method retrievals of stratospheric ozone profiles from a DIAL

This paper provides a detailed description of a first-principle
optimal estimation method (OEM) applied to ozone retrieval analysis
using differential absorption lidar (DIAL) measurements. The air density,
detector dead times, background coefficients, and lidar constants are
simultaneously retrieved along with ozone density profiles. Using an
averaging kernel, the OEM provides the vertical resolution of the retrieval
as a function of altitude. A maximum acceptable height at which the a
priori has a small contribution to the retrieval is calculated for each
profile as well. Moreover, a complete uncertainty budget including both
systematic and statistical uncertainties is given for each individual
retrieved profile. Long-term stratospheric DIAL ozone measurements have been
carried out at the Observatoire de Haute-Provence (OHP) since 1985. The OEM
is applied to three nights of measurements at OHP during an intensive ozone
campaign in July 2017 for which coincident lidar–ozonesonde measurements are
available. The retrieved ozone density profiles are in good agreement with
both traditional analysis and the ozonesonde measurements. For the three
nights of measurements, below 15 km the difference between the OEM and the
sonde profiles is less than 25 %, and at altitudes between 15 and 25 km the
difference is less than 10 %; the OEM can successfully catch many
variations in ozone, which are detected in the sonde profiles due to its
ability to adjust its vertical resolution as the signal varies. Above 25 km
the difference between the OEM and the sonde profiles does not exceed 20 %.

Field of study: Environmental science
Transfer Ionization in Slow Multiply Charged Ion-Atom Collisions

Transfer ionization, or exothermic capture ionization, is found to be an important reaction mechanism is slow multiply charged ion-atom collisions: more electrons are released from the target in creating a recoil ion than are found to be captured by the projectile when viewed long after the collision. These collisions generally depend upon the internal potential energy of the collision system rather than on the projectile kinetic energy.

Field of study: Physics
Identification of O-GlcNAcylation Modification in Diabetic Retinopathy and Crosstalk with Phosphorylation of STAT3 in Retina Vascular Endothelium Cells

Recently, we observed an increase in O-GlcNAc (O-linked-ß-N-acetylglucosamine) modification, and signal transducer and activator of transcription proteins 3 (STAT3) expression in primary retinal vascular endothelial cells (RVECs) under high glucose conditions and tissues altered by diabetic retinopathy (DR). In this study, we focused on the correlations between O-GlcNAcylation and STAT3 phosphorylation, and their potential effects with regards to DR.  Expression of O-GlcNAcylation and STAT3 were detected in DR-affected tissues and primary RVECs. The relationship between O-GlcNAcylation and STAT3 was further delineated by immunoprecipitation and Western blot analysis. Effects of O-GlcNAcylation on human RVEC apoptosis and involved protein expression were assayed with flow cytometry and Western blot.  Global O-GlcNAcylation and pSTAT3 levels were significantly elevated in diabetic rat retina and primary RVECs under high glucose conditions. In vitro assays demonstrated that the Tyr705 site was sensitive to high glucose. While O-GlcNAcylation inhibited p727STAT3 expression, augmented O-GlcNAcylation could balance p705STAT3 expression within relatively high levels corresponding to vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) changes. Immunoprecipitation revealed that STAT3 was modified by O-GlcNAcylation and phosphorylation simultaneously. Next, we observed that overexpression of O-GlcNAcylation could relieve human RVEC apoptosis related to the JAK2-Tyr705STAT3-VEGF pathway.  O-GlcNAcylation could relieve RVECs apoptosis through the STAT3 pathway in DR, and O-GlcNAcylation combined with STAT3 phosphorylation might open up new insights into the mechanisms of DR and other diabetic complications.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
On the Justification of Basic Rights

In recent years, there has been much debate about the justification of basic moral rights. These rights set standards that any socio-legal system must honour in order to count as morally acceptable. The challenge, for those who find the idea of basic rights compelling, is to offer an account of where these rights come from. More precisely stated, the challenge is to explain by virtue of what members of a socio-legal system possess these rights.

Field of study: Philosophy
Study on antigen-specific T cells in chronic hepatitis B patients accepting antiviral therapy

To explore the responses of antigen-specific T cells stimulated by hepatitis B virus(HBV)-specific proteins in chronic hepatitis B patients accepting antiviral therapy.  Seventeen patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) accepting antiviral therapy were included in this study. The peripheral blood monocular cell ( PBMC) were separated from the whole blood collected at the three different time of before and one and three months after accepting antiviral therapy. ELISPOT assay was used to detect the frequency and strength of secreting IFN-γ cells of PBMC stimulated by HBsAg, HBcAg and HBeAg. HBV virus loading, HBsAg, HBeAg, ALT and AST in serum were detected at the same time.  After three months therapy, ALT, TBiL were improved in all patients, and HBV DNA level were dropped and undetectable in 11 cases. The rates of T cell response in patients to HBV specific proteins were 64. 7% , 76. 5% and 82. 4% at the time of before and one and three months after accepting antiviral therapy, respectively. The frequency of responses of antigen-specific T cells stimulated by HBcAg was higher than that stimulated by HBsAg or HBeAg, and the frequency was enhanced after antiviral therapy. The average response magnitude was expressed as spot forming cells (SFC) per million input cells. SFC of T cell responses to HBcAg was also higher than to HBsAg or HBeAg. There was no significant difference in SFC of T cell responses to HBsAg or HBeAg at the time of before and after antiviral therapy, but there were significant difference in SFC of T cell responses to HBcAg at the time of before and after antiviral therapy. SFC of T cell responses to HBcAg was negatively associated with HBV DNA, and no associated with level of ALT in serum.  The responses of antigen-specific T cells were improved in CHB patients accepting antiviral therapy which associated with the decrease of HBV DNA. It suggested to investigate HBV specific T cell responses was important. 
 
 
Chronic hepatitis B;  Cell immunity;  Antigen protein;  Antiviral therapy

Field of study: Biology
Agricultural Credit in the Province of Buenos Aires, Argentina, 1890-1914

In 1879, for the first time, Argentina exported more wheat that it imported. A generation later the Republic figured among the top five exporters of wheat in the world, and wheat had become its premier earner of foreign exchange. The expansion was by any account remarkable. With the expulsion of the Amerindians from the Pampa Humeda in the late 1870s, hundreds of thousands of hectares of arable and highly fertile land were suddenly made available to settler farmers. Railways, built largely with British capital, provided the means to ship new agricultural produce out of the region to the newly erected ports. Immigrants flocked from Europe to take advantage of the opportunities offered by the vacant land, either as new property owners, as tenants, or as wage-earners. The surge in the supply of land, labour and capital initiated a period of growth in Argentina, a growth which was shared by other regions of recent European settlement which responded to similar opportunities. The credit system helped differentiate Argentina from them.

Field of study: Political science
Robert Wartenberg Syndrome and Sign: A Review Article

Robert Wartenberg, a European-American neurologist, was born in 1887 and died in 1956. His description of radial sensory nerve compression at the forearm is memorialized as Wartenberg’s syndrome. He recognized that involuntary abduction of the little finger could be caused by ulnar nerve palsy - a finding often called Wartenberg’s sign Syndrome and signs are reviewed, and a brief biography is presented.
 
 
 
 To review Wartenberg’s sign and Wartenberg’s syndrome.
 
 
 
 Compression of the superficial branch of the radial nerve, often called Wartenberg’s syndrome, is characterized by pain, paresthesia, and dysesthesia along the dorsoradial distal forearm. Non-operative treatment can include activity restriction and anti-inflammatory medication. If symptoms persist, surgical decompression of the radial nerve is an option. The abducted posture of the little finger - Wartenberg’s sign - can result from a low ulnar nerve palsy. Tendon transfer can be performed to correct this deformity.
 
 
 
 Compression of the superficial branch of the radial nerve and abducted posture of the little finger were described by Robert Wartenberg and carry his name as eponymous syndrome and sign, respectively.

Field of study: Medicine
High ionic conductivity of Li3−2M PS4 (M = Ca or Mg) at high temperature

Li3−2xMxPS4 (M = Ca or Mg) solid electrolytes were prepared by planetary ball-milling. Solid electrolytes that were amorphous in XRD were obtained with 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.115. A new crystalline phase was detected in samples with x ≥ 0.391. The addition of Ca2+ to the Li3PS4 matrix (x ≤ 0.115) resulted in reduction of the total conductivity at room temperature but conductivity enhancement was obtained at temperatures of 50 °C or higher. The sample Li2.88Ca0.06PS4 exhibited conductivity of about 9 mS cm−1 at 90 °C, which was much improved compared with the conductivity of intrinsic Li3PS4 (2 mS cm−1).

Field of study: Materials science
On a geometry of the flat violin boundary

An analytic expression for the shape of the flat boundary of the violin is suggested. The polar equation in the form ( r / a ) n = 1 − 2 Σ m = 1 N − 1 c m sin 2 ( mθ /2) has been assumed for the upper and lower bouts, whereas the C-bout has been represented by a rotated and translated ellipse. The parameters and the coefficients, computed numerically to fit a 1720 Stradivarius, are tabulated in the text.

Field of study: Mathematics
Heat capacity and phase behavior in (NH4)2HPO4 and (NH4)2HAsO2

High-resolution ac-calorimetric and low-frequency dielectric measurements have been used to study the energy changes and phase behavior of (NH4)2HPO4 and (NH4)2HAsO4 in the 80–350 K temperature range. For (NH4)2HPO4, two distinct and reversible heat capacity and dielectric constant anomalies are identified, one at 174 K and the other at 246 K. Due to the gradual change of these quantities in the 174 K transition region, it is suggestive of a second-order phase transition. However, the sudden change of the dielectric constant near 246 K phase transition seems to indicate of being nearly first-order. For (NH4)2HAsO4, only one transition is observed near 210 K, for a freshly prepared sample, as revealed by both the heat capacity and dielectric constant data. But, when the sample were annealed above 350 K and then cooled, two transitions were observed at 210 K and 260 K, respectively, which is suggestive of an induced metastable phase in the 210–260 K intermediate region.

Field of study: Materials science
Energy-aware routing algorithms for wireless ad hoc networks with heterogeneous power supplies

Although many energy-aware routing schemes have been proposed for wireless ad hoc networks, they are not optimized for networks with heterogeneous power supplies, where nodes may run on battery or be connected to the mains (grid network). In this paper, we propose several energy-aware routing algorithms for such ad hoc networks. The proposed algorithms feature directing the traffic load dynamically towards mains-powered devices keeping the hop count of selected routes minimal. We unify these algorithms into a framework in which the route selection is formulated as a bi-criteria decision making problem. Minimizing the energy cost for end-to-end packet transfer and minimizing the hop count are the two criteria in this framework. Various algorithms that we propose differ in the way they define the energy cost for end-to-end packet traversal or the way they solve the bi-criteria decision making problem. Some of them consider the energy consumed to transmit and receive packets, while others also consider the residual battery energy of battery-enabled nodes. The proposed algorithms use either the weighted sum approach or the lexicographic method to solve the bi-criteria decision making problem. We evaluate the performance of our algorithms in static and mobile ad hoc networks, and in networks with and without transmission power control. Through extensive simulations we show that our algorithms can significantly enhance the lifetime of battery-powered nodes while the hop count is kept close to its optimal value. We also discuss the scenarios and conditions in which each algorithm could be suitably deployed.

Field of study: Computer science
Tunneling into a quantum Hall system and the infrared catastrophe

We calculate the tunneling density of states for a two-dimensional interacting electron gas in a quantizing magnetic field. We show that the observed pseudogap in the density of states of the lowest Landau level can be regarded to be a consequence of an infrared catastrophe, resulting from the response of the electron system to the potential produced by the abruptly added charge during a tunneling event. Our formalism can be applied at any filling factor without the use of Chern–Simons or composite fermion theory.

Field of study: Physics