nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Nationalism and Foreign Policy in Ukraine

In the fall of 1991, the world witnessed the final chapter in the momentous events that had swept Eastern Europe since the revolutions of 1989: the political disintegration and collapse of the Soviet Union. It is difficult to overestimate the significance of this culminating transformation. Not only did it introduce a further degree of uncertainty into a region that was already experiencing decisive political and economic upheaval, it also undermined a key structural principle of the postwar international system -bipolarity.1 While this latest geopolitical reformation opened up opportunities for international cooperation on the basis of shared political and economic values, it also permitted long-stifled passions to break to the surface. Many feared this dark underside of change would overwhelm the undeniable promise of the new world

Field of study: Political science
Research on the Relationship among Academic Adjustment,Dispositional Optimism,Goal Orientation,and Self-efficacy of College Students

381 college students from 6 colleges in Hunan Province had completed the questionnaire on academic adjustment.The results showed that,there was a significant main effect of gender in college students' academic adjustment;mastery goals orientation,self-efficacy and dispositional optimist were positively related to academic adjustment,while pessimist was negatively related to academic adjustment;achievement goal orientation,self-efficacy had prediction effect on academic adjustment;dispositional optimism were the mediated variable which could mediate the relationship between achievement goal orientations with academic adjustment,between self-efficacy with academic adjustment.

Field of study: Education
Cyclic climate and vegetation change in the late Miocene of Western Bulgaria

A late Miocene paludal to lacustrine sequence from a carbonate basin in NW Bulgaria (Staniantsi Basin) is analysed displaying up to 27 rhythmically bedded sedimentary cycles. In the lower part of the sequence, the cycles consist of alternating autochthonous brown coal and marls containing diverse mollusc assemblages. The upper part of the sequence is characterized by alternating dark to light grey clays and calcareous silts. A palynomorph record comprising 163 samples is analysed by statistical means to reconstruct vegetation changes. The Coexistence Approach is used to calculate quantitative palaeoclimate records for 6 parameters. The studied section displays hierarchical cyclicity patterns. Longer-term cycles possibly related to eccentricity (period ~ 100 kyr) are present in the palynomorph record and show climate changes of warmer/wetter and cooler/drier periods in combination with frequency oscillations of thermophilous elements. Short-term cycles most probably related to precession (period ~ 21.7 kyr) are expressed by alternations of brown coal and marl/shell beds and show cyclic change in peat-forming vegetation related to oscillations of the groundwater level. As a triggering mechanism, wetter/warmer and drier/cooler climate phases related to orbital precession are probable. In addition, sections sampled at high resolution display small scale climate and vegetational variability. As is shown by the analysis ferns were an important component of the peat-forming vegetation, while outside the mire, a wetland vegetation consisting of pioneers and a mixed mesophytic forest with evergreen shrubs existed. An oligo- to mesotrophic slightly alkaline lake became repeatedly established with a diverse mollusc fauna and a dense hydrophytic vegetation with characean meadows. In the upper part of the section, a spreading of herbaceous vegetation is observed, also known from other contemporaneaous palynomorph records in Bulgaria and surrounding areas. The increase of Asteraceae in the upper part of the section, combined with a marked decrease in woody taxa, points to an opening of habitats and a decrease in mean annual precipitation. This trend is paralleled by the mollusc fauna which yields several terrestrial, partly xerophilous taxa.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Health system organization and governance in Canada and australia: a comparison of historical developments, recent policy changes and future implications.

The Canadian and Australian health systems have evolved in very similar ways. Recent policy changes in each country, however, suggest a growing divergence with respect to governance. This paper traces the origins and key milestones in the evolution of governance models, with a selective focus on two provinces in Canada (Saskatchewan and Alberta) and the state of New South Wales in Australia. While divergent models seem to be manifesting, many similar underlying features remain. We assess these developments and comment on the current patterns of organization and governance, both to provide insights on future directions and to suggest what the two countries might learn from each other.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Growth and dry-mass partitioning in tomato as affected by phosphorus nutrition and light

We studied the effects of phosphorus (P) and light on the physiological and morphological components of growth of young tomato plants ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. Capita). The importance of dry-mass partitioning and starch accumulation in explaining the effects of P limitation on growth was examined more closely. Plants were grown at a wide range of exponential P supply rates (between 70 and 320 mg g − 1 d − 1 ) and one free-access treatment (1 m M ). Two light levels (70 and 300 µ mol m − 2 s − − − 1 ) were applied. Growth response coefficients (GRCs) were calculated to address the importance of different growth parameters in explaining relative growth rate (RGR). At both light levels, net assimilation rate (NAR) was more important than leaf area ratio (LAR) in explaining the effects of P on growth as indicated by GRCs. At less severe P limitation, LAR became more important and NAR less important. Dry-mass partitioning to both roots and leaves played a minor role in determining the effects of P limitation on growth as indicated by low GRCs. The increase in starch at mild P limitation showed that the assimilate supply was not limiting. At severe P limitation, the rate of photosynthesis was decreased, as suggested by the decrease in starch accumulation.

Field of study: Environmental science
An Empirical Study on the Effect of Energy Saving Measures Against Hospital Energy Consumption

Building energy consumption accounts for a relatively large proportion in the energy consumption structure of our country, while hospital buildings are the most expensive ones in public buildings. Therefore, hospital building energy efficiency research has great significance and value for energy conservation, emission reduction, saving public expenditure and improving public efficiency. Based on the survey data of 4 third-grade class-A hospitals in Xi'an, this paper empirically analyzes the impact of hospital energy saving measures on hospital energy consumption. The results show that input in medical equipment, public facilities transformation, energy saving technology in the surrounding wall and energy consumption management in hospitals have a significant impact on hospital energy consumption.

Field of study: Engineering
Tilted superlattice composition profile determined by photoluminescence and thermal disordering

The composition profile of an (AlAs)1/2(GaAs)1/2 tilted superlattice is characterized for the first time. The tilted superlattice sample is thermally disordered, and the energy of the direct band gap photoluminescence peak is measured as a function of increasing layer interdiffusion. The shift in the photoluminescence peak energy after completely disordering the tilted superlattice is 39 meV. A theoretical model is used to simulate the change in band gap as a function of layer interdiffusion for several composition profiles. The profile that gives the best fit to the experimental data is chosen. The tilted superlattice composition profile is found to be sinusoidal, varying from Al0.40Ga0.60As to Al0.60Ga0.40As.

Field of study: Materials science
Impaired learning of a motor skill in patients with Huntington's disease.

The ability of patients with Huntington's disease (HD), patients with dementia of the Alzheimer's type (DAT), and amnesic patients (AMN) to acquire the motor skills underlying a pursuit rotor task was assessed. Differences between groups in initial levels of performance were minimized by adjusting the rotation speed of the disk. The HD and DAT groups were also administered a verbal recognition span test. The results showed that the DAT, AMN, and intact control groups all significantly improved their time on target over six test blocks whereas the HD group was severely impaired in the acquisition of this motor skill. On the verbal recognition span test, the DAT and HD groups were significantly and equally impaired, but the HD group evidenced better immediate and delayed recall than did the DAT group. These results provide further evidence that the basal ganglia are critically involved in the acquisition of motor skills.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Prediction of Hypnotic Susceptibility from the Edwards Personal Preference Schedule: Negative Finding

Studies relating hypnotic susceptibility to aspects of personality measured by various personality inventories have generally been nonproductive ( 2 ) . Findings are either insignificant or conflicting, with subsequent studies yielding relationships which are inconsistent with those previously obtained (1) . Studies which have related the Edwards Personal Preference Schedule variables to hypnotic susceptibilicy seem to follow these same patterns. For college and nursing Ss, the Edwards' variable of Affiliation related to a low but significant degree with hypnotic susceptibility measured by the Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale in one study ( 6 ) . A subsequent study employing these scales failed to support this relationship but indicated that susceptibility was related to low scores on the combination of Autonomy, Dominance, and Aggression ( 7 ) . Barber and Calverley ( 3 ) found no meaningful relationships for college Ss between Edwards variables and hypnotizability as measured by the Barber Suggestibility Scale. The present study related Edwards variables to hypnotic susceptibility of college Ss as measured by Form A of the Harvard Group Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility. Twenty-four volunteer college Ss enrolled in an introductory psychology class were administered the Edwards and the Harvard scales. The mean scores on each of the fifteen Edwards variables were within one standard deviation of the respective means of the college standardization sample1 ( 4 ) . The mean susceptibility score was 7.46 + 2.76 which did not differ from the standardization mean of 7.41 2 3.04 ( 5 ) . Thus, the sample, although small, was re resentative of a broader population of undergraduate college students. ~ a n k o r L r correlations were computed between each Edwards variable and Harvard scores. Only Abasement ( r . = .41) was significantly related to hypnotic susceptibility ( p < .05). Since 15 correlations were run, even this significant relationship could have occurred by chance. The relationship accounts for too little of the total variance to permit meaningful prediction. Results support the negative findings of Barber and Calverley ( 3 ) and are consistent with the more general conclusion that hypnotic susceptibility cannot be meaningfully predicted from personality characteristics assessed by present-day personality inventories.

Field of study: Psychology
Botticelli, and: Sandro Botticelli (review)

Sienese Painting.” Second, “Patrons and Artists: Working Relationships in Transition” includes “Economic, Social, and Political Conditions and the Art Market after 1348.” Two sections on artists’ working relationships follow, divided into early Trecento and “After the Black Death: A Sienese compagnia ca. 1348– 1363” defined as “a flexibly organized network of painters” with Bulgarini as a principal member, although the “complete lack of documents explicitly referring to interactions among the painters . . . prevents our knowing whether we are dealing with a legally constituted corporation or a more informally organized confederation of artists” (81). Third, “Civic-Religious Imagery” is divided into preand post-plague sections. Fourth, “Artistic Style” includes “Stylistic Pluralism in the 1330s and ‘40s,” “The Politics of Style in the 1350s and ‘60s,” and “Style as Iconography.” Repetitions and a concluding summary allow the sections to be read separately rather than as a coherent narrative. Because this organization rests on chronological and visual evidence, the reader needs to know what dates the author ascribes to each cited painting. That information is rarely provided in the text and captions. Many pictures are blurry or photographed with glaring reflections. The reader must consult other publications for better images, dates, and dimensions. Several references cited in notes are not listed in the bibliography. Editing and typographical errors are minor disappointments. This book may put to rest traditional methods and perspectives. Answers about cultural change after epidemics are in the province of cultural history, demographics, and religion. An art historian may need a sample larger than one artist or a small group to explain even local changes in style and iconography in one enchanting Italian city. Future studies may examine questions about the cultural meanings of plague and fourteenth-century Siena with new and nuanced approaches. EDNA CARTER SOUTHARD Miami University

Field of study: History
A novel approach to the in situ measurement of oxygen concentrations in the sapwood of woody plants

A novel technique for the physico-chemical analysis of xylem sap by underwater access to the sapwood of trees is described. In situ measurements of dissolved oxygen in the sapwood are performed by combining this technique with a novel optical method for oxygen detection. In early spring, the oxygen concentration of the sapwood of Betula pendula was in the range of 80-230 μmol O 2 L -1 , corresponding to an oxygen deficit of 40-75% of air saturation. Oxygen concentration maxima and minima occurred early in the morning and in the afternoon, respectively, whereas xylem sap temperatures showed the reverse pattern. In the sapwood, hypoxia increased from the beginning of bud break until frondescence, when a deficit of 86% of air saturation marked the upper limit of oxygen depletion. There seemed to be no relationship between daily variations of oxygen concentration and xylem sap pressure. In summer, sap flow was a major determinant for the diurnal variation of dissolved oxygen concentration. Oxygen supply to the sapwood was determined by both radial influx into the trunk through intercellular gas spaces and transport of dissolved oxygen via xylem sap flow. Radial influx seemed to be favoured during night-time, when the trunk was warmer than ambient air. During daytime, the hypoxia of the sapwood rose and increased sharply in the evening, when sap flow velocity approximated zero. High temperature in the sapwood enhanced the respiratory oxygen consumption of the wood parenchyma while the supply of dissolved oxygen via the transpiration stream became ineffective.

Field of study: Environmental science
Airborne infrared observations and analyses of a large forest fire.

Extensive IR spatial images and spectral signatures were gathered from an active large brush and forest fire by the Flying Infrared Signatures Technology Aircraft of the U.S. Air Force Geophysics Laboratory. Infrared images give the apparent temperatures of actively burning and burned over regions and aid in identifying the type and intensity of the fire. Spectral signatures of hot regions from interferometer and spatial data can also be used to determine apparent fire temperatures. Gaseous combustion products in the fire plume are quantitatively identified by the IR absorption spectra at 1-cm−1 resolution using the hot fire emission as the radiation source. Concentrations of CO were measured at 50 times higher than ambient levels. The applicability of these techniques to gathering data relevant to important environmental and military problems, including atmospheric pollution from fires and possible short-term climatic effects due to fires ignited in a nuclear exchange, is discussed.

Field of study: Physics
Thermophysical properties of lulo juice concentrate at temperatures above freezing.

El lulo de castilla o naranjilla (Solanum quitoense Lam) es una planta originaria de los Andes Sudamericanos, típica en Colombia en las regiones húmedas de clima medio y frio moderado, en donde crece en forma espontánea o en siembra. Su cultivo, aunque muy incipiente, se encuentra a lo largo del callejón interandino entre Colombia y Ecuador. Este se desarrolla bien entre los 1600 y 2500 m de altitud con temperaturas entre los 22 y 25 °C (GÓMEZ et al., 2004).

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
The benzodiazepine receptor in normal and pathological human brain.

Benzodiazepines bind with high affinity to a specific benzodiazepine receptor, which occurs exclusively in the central nervous system. The affinity of various benzodiazepines to the receptor closely parallels their pharmacological and therapeutic potency. Binding to the receptor is stereospecific. The receptor is mainly localized in the synaptic membrane fraction and has its highest density in cortical areas of the brain. In Huntington's chorea a decrease in benzodiazepine receptor binding is found in caudate nucleus and putamen, which, at least in putamen, is due to a loss of benzodiazepine receptors apparently located on GABA neurones, which degenerate in Huntington's chorea. The loss of benzodiazepine receptors might explain why the ameliorative effects of benzodiazepines in the early stages of the disease are not sustained in the later stages.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Biodiversity of soil microbial communities in agricultural systems

The productivity and health of agricultural systems depend greatly upon the functional processes carried out by soil microorganisms and soil microbial communities. The biodiversity of the soil microbial communities and the effect of diversity on the stability of the agricultural system, is unknown. Taxonomic approaches to estimating biodiversity of soil microbial communities are limited by difficulties in defining suitable taxonomic units and the apparent non-culturability of the majority of the microbial species present in the soil. Analysis of functional diversity may be a more meaningful approach but is also limited by the need to culture organisms. Approaches which do not rely on culturing organisms such as fatty acid analysis and 16S/18S rRNA analysis have provided an insight into the extent of genetic diversity within communities and may be useful in the analysis of community structure. Scale effects, including successional processes associated with organic matter decomposition, local effects associated with abiotic soil factors, and regional effects including the effect of agricultural management practices, on the diversity of microbial communities are considered. Their impact is important in relation to the minimum biodiversity required to maintain system function.

Field of study: Environmental science
Projected performance advantage of multilayer graphene nanoribbons as a transistor channel material

AbstractThe performance limits of a multilayer graphene nanoribbon (GNR) field-effect transistor (FET) are assessed and compared with those of a monolayer GNRFET and a carbon nanotube (CNT) FET. The results show that with a thin high dielectric constant (high-κ) gate insulator and reduced interlayer coupling, a multilayer GNRFET can significantly outperform its CNT counterpart with a similar gate and bandgap in terms of the ballistic on-current. In the presence of optical phonon scattering, which has a short mean free path in the graphene-derived nanostructures, the advantage of the multilayer GNRFET is even more significant. Simulation results indicate that multilayer GNRs with incommensurate non-AB stacking and weak interlayer coupling are the best candidates for high-performance GNRFETs.

Field of study: Physics
New Approach for Evaluating Incomplete and Complete Fusion Cross Sections with Continuum-Discretized Coupled-Channels Method

We propose a new method for evaluating incomplete and complete fusion cross sections separately using the Continuum-Discretized Coupled-Channels method. This method is applied to analysis of the deuteron induced reaction on a 7Li target up to 50 MeV of the deuteron incident energy. Effects of deuteron breakup on this reaction are explicitly taken into account. Results of the method are compared with those of the Glauber model, and the difference between the two is discussed. It is found that the energy dependence of the incomplete fusion cross sections obtained by the present calculation is almost the same as that obtained by the Glauber model, while for the complete fusion cross section, the two models give markedly different energy dependence. We show also that a prescription for evaluating incomplete fusion cross sections proposed in a previous study gives much smaller result than an experimental value.

Field of study: Physics
Public Relations and Social Action

PUBLIC relations are something like the antennae of a radio. They involve both the sending and receiving processes: they are at once the eyes and ears and the voice of an enterprise. By their very nature and structure they are among the most important of all our social actions. Our relations with other human beings-the manner in which we get along with each other, how well or poorly we understand each other's motives, purposes, needs, and goalsdetermine in a large measure how successful or unsuccessful we are in life. There are numerous philosophical and psychological reasons for this. Human personality itself is fundamentally a product of society. None of us operates in a vacuum. Man is a piece of protoplasm with a multitude of reactions and responses to both his external environment and the inner workings of his own being. As human beings, we should be acutely aware of the need for a broad deep comprehension of the processes which make for successful human relations. No business institution today can go along, as it used to, concerned only with the task of producing a saleable product at the lowest possible cost and making it available to users in the easiest and most economical way. The social effect of the enterprise must be given careful consideration. Does it contribute to the public interest? Does it deserve to succeed because it is necessary for the welfare of mankind? How sensitive are those in charge to their social as well as moral and financial obligations? These are practical as well as philosophical questions, and they must be answered. They force all of us directly into the realm of public relations, into a study of how public relations operate in society. They operate, we find, in all walks of society, reflecting and interpreting processes. They serve through the press, the radio, the motion picture, government, and other agencies, in building prestige, securing support, and giving to the public an account of stewardship. They publicize and stimulate interest in enterprises. They report activities and achievements and make available to the public in understandable terms the results of research, scientific discovery, and the like. The governing law of conduct in public-relations operations is that they shall be honest, truthful, open, authoritative, and responsible; their test that they shall be current, interesting, informative, entertaining, and

Field of study: Education