nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Level-1 phylogenetic networks and their balanced minimum evolution polytopes

Balanced minimum evolution is a distance-based criterion for the reconstruction of phylogenetic trees. Several algorithms exist to find the optimal tree with respect to this criterion. One approach is to minimize a certain linear functional over an appropriate polytope. Here we present polytopes that allow a similar linear programming approach to finding phylogenetic networks. We investigate a two-parameter family of polytopes that arise from phylogenetic networks, and which specialize to the Balanced Minimum Evolution polytopes as well as the Symmetric Travelling Salesman polytopes. We show that the vertices correspond to certain level-1 phylogenetic networks, and that there are facets or faces for every split. We also describe lower bound faces and a family of faces for every dimension.

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics
Influence of additives on Saccharomyces cerevisiae β-glucan production.

In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, many changes in carbohydrate composition of cell wall occur when cells grow under various conditions. In this study, effects of sole additives (SDS, EDTA, and NaCl) including SDS in combination with NaCl and EDTA were studied in order to enhance β-glucan production in S. cerevisiae Angel®. The results showed that all media supplemented with the studied additives could be able to enhance b-glucan production in different levels (7-40%). Yeast cultured in YPD medium supplemented with 100 ppm SDS produced the highest β-glucan content, followed by one supplemented with a combination of 20 ppm SDS and 3000 ppm NaCl. This indicated that sole SDS was the best additive to enhance β-glucan production, compared with control. Consequently, the β-glucan from yeast cultured with this condition was extracted and characterized. Its chemical structure was revealed by 13C-NMR. Not only the highest β-glucan content but also the lowest proteins determined using FTIR were found in yeast cells cultured with this condition. In addition, it was found that β-glucan from all additives addition cultures seemed to possess higher branching chains than control, with exception in EDTA 50 ppm. Apart from the composition, changes in morphology of yeast cells when cultured in various studied conditions were investigated by confocal microscope and SEM. Furthermore, based on aspect ratio, cells cultured with sole SDS were slightly more spherical than other treatments. Overall, the obtained results implied that the additives could activate cell wall synthesis of yeast cell, relevant to β-glucan content and β-glucan branching formation.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Rademacher complexity of stationary sequences

We show how to control the generalization error of time series models wherein past values of the outcome are used to predict future values. The results are based on a generalization of standard i.i.d. concentration inequalities to dependent data without the mixing assumptions common in the time series setting. Our proof and the result are simpler than previous analyses with dependent data or stochastic adversaries which use sequential Rademacher complexities rather than the expected Rademacher complexity for i.i.d. processes. We also derive empirical Rademacher results without mixing assumptions resulting in fully calculable upper bounds.

Field of study: Computer science
Pharmacy Students' Perceptions of Pharmaceutical Care in Retail and Clinic Settings

To determine whether completion of a patient counseling course improved pharmacy students' perceptions of the importance of pharmaceutical care and whether there was a difference in students' perceptions of pharmaceutical care provided in retail settings compared to that provided in clinic settings.  A pre-course and post-course survey instrument was designed to measure students' perceptions of the importance of pharmacists' performing 20 items describing pharmaceutical care. Also, each student wrote a technical report describing a counseling encounter observed between a pharmacist and a patient. This report was subject to content analysis.  After taking a patient counseling course, students perceived five out of 20 pharmaceutical care tasks performed by pharmacists to be most important. Also, student analyses of pharmacist/patient interactions indicated that barriers to communication were fewer, students' experiences were more educational, and privacy, monitoring and assessmen...

Field of study: Education, Medicine
REVISED CARBONATE-WATER ISOTOPIC TEMPERATURE SCALE

The relationship between temperature and O^(18) content relative to that for a Cretaceous belemnite of the Pee Dee formation previously reported (Epstein, Buchsbaum, Lowenstam, and Urey, 1951) has been re-determined using modified procedures for removing organic matter from shells, and is found to be 
t(°C) = 16.5 - 4.3δ + 0.14δ^2 
where δ is the difference in per mil of the O^(18) to O^(16) ratio between the sample and reference gas. The new relationship agrees with that determined by McCrea (1950) for inorganically precipitated calcium carbonate. Carbonate-carbon dioxide exchange experiments were done to determine the direct and indirect effects of organic matter in the shell on the mass spectrometer analyses.

Field of study: Geology
Sequence analysis of the P and M genes of human metapneumovirus circulating in Beijing

目的 进一步了解北京地区人偏肺病毒(hMPV)编码基因的特征.方法从分属于hMPV的两个不同基因进化簇(即基因型)的2份临床标本BJ1816和BJ1887中扩增P和M全基因,克隆至pBS-T载体中并进行测序,与GenBank中的hMPV的基因序列进行比较分析和种系进化分析.结果经扩增BJ1816和BJ1887的P基因全长为885个核苷酸,编码294个氨基酸;M基因全长765个核苷酸,编码254个氨基酸.BJ1816和BJ1887的P和M蛋白基因与同一基因簇内的hMPV有相当高的氨基酸同源性(91.9%～100%).BJ1816和BJ1887间P基因的氨基酸同源性仅为85.8%,而M基因的氨基酸同源性为96.9%.结论BJ1816和BJ1887的P和M蛋白基因特征与其他国外文献中所报道的hMPV相似,不同型的hMPV的P基因之间比M基因显示了更强的基因多样性。

Field of study: Biology
Degenerative disease of the lumbar spine

In the past 15 years there has been an explosion of technical advances in the management of degenerative disease of the lumbar spine. From a conceptual point of view it has become apparent that in certain circumstances augmentation of pedicle screw fixation with transforaminal interbody fusion of the lumbar spine produces results that are superior to pedicle screw fixation alone in terms of success of the operation and patient satisfaction. Intraoperative image guidance has made the placement of lumbar instrumentation safer and more accurate. In the final analysis, the development of less invasive approaches to decompression and fusion of the lumbar spine has resulted in less postoperative pain, shorter hospital stays, decreased costs, and better preservation of the paraspinous musculature. In this issue of Neurosurgical Focus, specific aspects of these advances are discussed. Minimally invasive surgical techniques for the excision of lumbar synovial cysts as well as for the placement of pedicle screws and the performance of transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion are described. The use of new and conventional intraoperative imaging is integral to the procedures detailed in several of these articles. The technical note on the management of high-grade spondylolisthesis represents a novel approach to a difficult problem. The advances described in most of these articles would not have been imagined 25 years ago, and it is likely that 10 or 15 years from now, technical and conceptual advances will be even more far-reaching. We live in exciting times.

Field of study: Medicine
Thinking Critically about Intellectual Liabilities: A Practice-Based Perspective

The aim of this study is to understand ILs for a practice-based perspective. This research will try to answer the following research questions: How do companies conceive ILs? How do they measure ILs? and how do they manage ILs? Alvesson and Deetz’s (2000) critical management research framework was selected for the examination. The study is based on a field study that has involved large Italian companies. 

The main findings are the following. First, there is a relevant gap between theory and practice as most of the ideas about ILs seem to have not entered into organizations. Second, the use of expressions like “intangible risk” appear to be more effective and understandable than “intellectual liabilities. as the word “intangibles” is more understandable than “intellectual capital”. Third, companies tend to focus on human capital risks, customer risks, and IP risks as they are perceived as the most relevant ones. Fourth, ILs’ measurements seem to be stand alone, ambiguous, simple and designed (or co-designed) by their direct users. Fifth, the management of ILs appear to be rather informal and fragmented.

Field of study: Business
Heterogeneity in The drivers of health expenditures financed by health insurance in a fragmented health system: The case of Switzerland.

Switzerland is the world's second largest spender on health care, both per capita and as a share of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). The Swiss health care system is a federation of 26 cantonal systems with highly fragmented provision and financing of care, leading to important geographical disparities in expenditures. We propose a simple conceptual framework to guide the decomposition of health care expenditures into five core components (i.e. demography, propensity to use health services, substitution between domains of care, quantity of services delivered, and unit price of these services), with the objective of better understanding the drivers of geographic variation. We illustrate this framework using aggregated insurance data from 85 % of the 2006 insured population and measure cross-cantonal variation disaggregated into these five components. Results obtained indicated a West-East gradient of controllable costs after adjusting for demography and propensity to use health services. Moreover, we found specific explanations for cost overruns: visits to physicians in private practice in some cantons, and, e.g., outpatient hospital care or variations in drug related expenses in others. This shows that the simple proposed approach provides interesting insights into the drivers of cost differences between regions, specifically in terms of substitution among health services, quantity of delivered services, and their prices.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Analysis of Management Practices in Lagos State Tertiary Institutions through Total Quality Management Structural Framework

This research investigated total quality management practices and quality teacher education in public tertiary institutions in Lagos State. The study was therefore designed to analyse management practices in Lagos state tertiary institutions through total quality management structural framework. The selected public tertiary institutions in Lagos State were Lagos State University (LASU) Ojo, University of Lagos (UNILAG) Akoka, Michael Otedola College of Primary Education (MOCOPED) Inaforija, Epe, Federal College of Education Technical (FCET)Akoka, and Adeniran Ogunsanya College of Education (AOCOED) Oto-Ijanikin. A descriptive survey research design was adopted. A Total Quality Management practices and Quality Teacher Education Questionnaire (TQMP-QTEQ) was used to obtain data for the study. The structured questionnaire was administered on 905 academic and non-academic staff members and final year students of sampled institutions using purposive sampling technique. The questionnaire was content-validated using expert opinion method and Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) statistics of sampling adequacy. In terms of the measure of reliability, the Cronbach’s Alpha values for the two major constructs of the study are satisfactory – quality teacher education (0.838) and TQM (0.879). Their Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) statistics of sampling adequacy were equally above the acceptable standard of 0.7. The hypotheses were tested at the 5 percent level of significance. Among the findings is that there is a substantial, significant, and positive relationship between Total Quality Management practices and quality teacher education in public tertiary institutions in Lagos State (r = 0.695; p<0.05). The study also found that there is a significant positive relationship between Total Quality Management practices and quality teacher education in public colleges of education in Lagos State (r=0.315; p<0.05), and in public universities too (r=0.245; p<0.05) One of the recommendations of the study is that an effective quality management is required to be put in place in all the public tertiary institutions in Lagos state.  total quality management practices, quality teacher eduaction, public tertiary institutions, Lagos state, management analysis, framework

Field of study: Education
Size adaptation of turing prepatterns

Spontaneous pattern formation may arise in biological systems as primary and secondary bifurcations to nonlinear parabolic partial differential equations describing chemical reaction-diffusion systems. Such Turing prepatterns have a specified geometry as long as D/R2 (the diffusion coefficient of the morphogen D divided by the square of a characteristic length) is confined to a (usually) limited interval. As real biochemical systems like cleaving eggs or early embryos vary considerably in size, Turing prepatterns are unable to maintain a specified prepattern-geometry, unless D/R2 is varied as well. We show, that actual biochemical control systems may vary Dapp/R2, where Dapp(k) is an apparent diffusion constant, dependent on enzyme regulated rate constants, and that such simple control systems allow Turing structures to adapt to size variations of at least a factor 103 (linearly), not only in large connected cell systems, but in single cells as well.

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics
Evaluation of bladder capacity in children with lower urinary tract symptoms: Comparison of 48-hour frequency/volume charts and uroflowmetry measurements.

Objective evaluation of bladder capacity (BC) in children with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) is important for recognizing types of bladder dysfunction. Bladder capacity is evaluated from 48-hour frequency/volume (48-h F/V) charts or by uroflowmetry with ultrasound post-void assessment. There are limited data on the reliability of both methods of assessment in children.



The aim of the study was to compare two modalities of assessment, (F/V chart and uroflowmetry) in cohorts of children with bladder dysfunctions.



Maximum bladder capacity (MBC) obtained from 48-h F/V charts was compared with volumes calculated from uroflowmetry in a cohort of 86 children with different bladder dysfunctions. The BC obtained by the two modalities was compared for the three most frequent subtypes of bladder dysfunction: monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis (MNE), overactive bladder (OAB), and dysfunctional voiding (DV). Considering a 48-h F/V chart as standard, the sensitivity, specificity, negative and positive predictive values of uroflowmetry measurements were calculated for detecting low bladder capacity.



The mean maximal bladder capacity (188 ± 99.42 ml) obtained from home 48-h F/V chart measurement was 17 ml lower than the mean value obtained from uroflowmetry (205 ± 112.11 ml) (P = 0.58). The differences between bladder capacities estimated by 48-h F/V chart and uroflowmetry for subjects were not significant (Figure). Concordance between 48-h F/V chart and uroflowmetry categorization of BC was present in 64 (74%) subjects. The sensitivity and specificity of uroflowmetry, in comparison with 48-h F/V chart evaluation, for recognizing low bladder capacity were 75.5% and 73.17%. The sensitivity and specificity for the different types of LUTS achieved 68.42% and 58.83% for OAB, 80% and 83% for MNE, and 50% and 83.3% for DV.



According to the International Children's Continence Society, the management of MNE in children can be made without uroflowmetry. History and MBC evaluation by 48-h F/V charts yields sufficient information. Nevertheless, in situations where F/V charts are unreliable or unavailable, uroflowmetry can be used as an alternative method. The highest discrepancy between both methods of BC evaluation was found in DV; this was mainly due to the mean PVR of 31 ml.



For children with MNE, both 48-hour frequency/volume charts and triplicate urine flow measurement with PVR evaluation are reliable methods of maximum bladder capacity evaluation. For children with OAB or DV, both methods may be necessary for accurate evaluation of decreased BC, as F/V chart and uroflow results may not be comparable.

Field of study: Medicine
Design of Graduation Design Process Platform Based on JSF

The graduation design is the most important part in the undergraduate teaching practice,it has been integrated application of all study courses knowledge and skills which students have mastered,and it carries out the professional training in scientific research with the subject-based model.Analyzes the main problems and reasons of the current graduation design process,designs the graduation design process management platform based on JSF,uses the opening Web management model,provides a protection mechanism of teaching in order to improve the quality of graduation design.

Field of study: Computer science
Large switches or blocking multi-stage networks? An evaluation of routing strategies for datacenter fabrics

Cloud computing clusters require efficient interconnects to deal with the increasing volume of inter-server (east-west) traffic. To cope with these new traffic patterns, datacenter networks are abandoning the oversubscribed topologies of the past, and adopt fat-tree fabrics with high bisection bandwidth. However, these fabrics typically employ either single-path or coarse-grained (flow-level) multipath routing.In this paper, we characterize the waste of bandwidth due to routing inefficiencies. Our analysis, confirmed by computer simulations, demonstrates that under a randomly selected permutation the expected throughputs of d-mod-k routing and of Equal-Cost-Multi-Pathing (ECMP) (or flow-level multipath routing) (Thaler and Hopps, 2000) 1 are close to 63% and 47%, respectively. Furthermore, nearly 30% of the flows are expected to undergo an unnecessary 3-fold slowdown. In contrast, packet-level multipath routing consistently delivers full throughput to all flows, thus serving the growing demands of inter-server (east-west) traffic better.Using unmodified TCP stacks, we also demonstrate that under typical traffic conditions and system configurations flow-level multi-path routing can abruptly increase the completion time of latency-critical flows by more than one order of magnitude. In contrast, packet-level multipath routing, proactively avoids in-fabric backlogs, and minimizes the flow completion time across the full range of configurations that we examine. Finally, we present the design of a cost-efficient switch node performing adaptive packet-level spraying.

Field of study: Computer science
The Zuni Life Skills Development Curriculum: Description and Evaluation of a Suicide Prevention Program.

In collaboration with the Zuni pueblo, a culturally tailored intervention program was designed using a model of social cognitive development to remediate the behavioral and cognitive correlates of suicide. The Zuni Life Skills Development curriculum was introduced in the tribal high school and evaluated using a multimethod approach including self-report, behavioral observation, and peer rating. Students exposed to the curriculum scored better than the no-intervention group at posttest on suicide probability and hopelessness. In addition, the intervention group showed greater ability to perform problem-solving and suicide intervention skills in a behavioral assessment. The effectiveness of the program and recommendations for similar prevention programs are discussed.

Field of study: Psychology
Calcium transport between tissues and its distribution in the plant

The low cytosol concentration of free Ca2+ makes the symplast of roots an ineffective pathway for the supply of the calcium needed for healthy growth in the aerial parts of plants. Ca2+ moves rapidly across the cortical apoplast by diffusion and mass flow but is probably diverted across the plasmamembranes of endodermal cells by Casparian bands. A proposal is made to account for the movement of calcium across the endodermis and it is estimated that Ca-fluxes are likely to be appreciably greater than in the regulation of cell Ca level by cortical cells. 
 
Ca transport in the xylem occurs by mass flow of free Ca2+, and some organically complexed Ca, and by chromatographic movement along Ca-exchange sites in the xylem walls. Delivery of Ca to transpiring leaves and to weakly transpiring meristematic zones is discussed in relation to the two modes of Ca movement in the xylem. Competition between sinks is intensified when [Ca2+] in xylem is low and transpiration is great. 
 
Tropic growth responses involve pumping of vacuolar calcium into the apoplast followed by its migration along gradients of electrical potential which develop in the apoplast after geo-stimulation. An attempt is made to estimate plasmalemma efflux during this process. 
 
Redistribution from mature tissues to meristems in the pholem is likely to be small, if it occurs at all, since sieve tubes cannot have more than micro-molar concentrations of free-Ca2+ in them.

Field of study: Environmental science
Reaction of 2,3,5,6-tetrachloropyridine-4-sulfenyl chloride with olefins

The direction of the reaction of 2,3,5,6-tetrachloropyridine-4-sulfenyl chloride (I) with unsymmetrical 1-alkenes was established by means of the PMR spectra. The reaction gives primarily a mixture of two adducts. The oxidation of several adducts was studied.

Field of study: Chemistry
Gaussian Sampling Precision and Information Leakage in Lattice Cryptography

Security parameters and attack countermeasures for Lattice-based cryptosystems have not yet matured to the level that we now expect from RSA and Elliptic Curve implementations. Many modern Ring-LWE and other lattice-based public key algorithms require high precision random sampling from the Discrete Gaussian distribution. The sampling procedure often represents the biggest implementation bottleneck due to its memory and computational requirements. We examine the stated requirements of precision for Gaussian samplers, where statistical distance to the theoretical distribution is typically expected to be below 2−90 or 2−128 for 90 or 128 “bit” security level. We argue that such precision is excessive and give precise theoretical arguments why half of the precision of the security parameter is almost always sufficient. This leads to faster and more compact implementations; almost halving implementation size in both hardware and software. We observe that many of the proposed algorithms for discrete Gaussian sampling may leak significant amounts of secret information in easily mounted timing attacks. We further offer new recommendations for practical samplers.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
MP71-06 COMPARISON BETWEEN INTERNAL DOUBLE J AND EXTERNAL PYELOURETERAL STENTS IN OPEN PEDIATRIC PYELOPLASTY: A MULTICENTER STUDY

requirements in infants than with ureteral stents or external drains. Using multivariate logistic regression to adjust for patient age and weight, nephroureteral catheters in infants had a significantly higher likelihood of a parent phone call when compared with external drains or ureteral stents (p [ 0.025 and p [ 0.010). When compared to nephroureteral catheters, the odds of a documented parent phone call device was 95% lower with a ureteral stent and 85% lower with an external drain.  Nephroureteral catheters were also associated with higher documented call rates and higher pain control requirements in infants than with ureteral stents or external drains. Avoidance of drains, catheters, or stents remains an option in this population as well.

Field of study: Medicine