nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
A mid-holocene vegetational and climatic record from the subalpine zone of the Maligne Valley, Jasper National Park, Alberta (Canada)

Pollen, macrofossils and isotopic data ( 13 C, 18 O) from gastropod shells are used to reconstruct Holocene vegetational and climatic changes for a lower subalpine forest site (elevation 1690 m) in the Maligne Valley, Jasper National Park, Alberta. Subalpine forest has characterized the site since the inception of the sedimentary record in this small pond ca. 8500 yr B.P. In contrast to the vertical timberline fluctuations recorded at nearby sites above present tree-line, vegetational changes at the site appear to have been mainly horizontal, i.e. forest cover and tree density expanded or contracted laterally in response to climatic warming or cooling. At Maligne Lake forest cover was probably at its maximum extent about 7500 yr B.P., when Pseudotsuga and other montane elements had migrated to this elevation but did not displace the existing vegetation. The modern mosaic of discontinuous subalpine forest and extensive dwarf birch-dominated damp meadows and fens emerged only during the last 1300 years. A warmer Neoglacial episode, dated ca. 2600–3400 yr B.P., is indicated by increases in the temperature-limited gastropod, Lymnaea palustris , and by progressive enrichment in the 18 O and 13 C contents of their shells. Summer temperatures during this period, which has been tentatively identified elsewhere in the Canadian Rockies, may have risen by as much as 1.8°C.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Simulation Study of Fracture Behavior in a FMLs Specimen by 3D Elastic-Plastic Finite Element Model

Fiber metal laminates (FMLs) commonly occur in airplane structures and are of great interest in the aerospace industry due to their superior properties. This study simulates fracture behavior in a FMLs specimen subjected to quasi-static loading conditions by a 3D elastic-plastic finite element model in ABAQUS. Cohesive elements are used to model the interlaminar delamination, and the ABAQUS damage model for fiber-reinforced materials is used to predict behavior of the fiber-reinforced epoxy layer. The materials strength can be predicted by the simplified 3D elastic-plastic finite element model. Predictions accuracy of model are tested by the experimental results and good consistency acquired. The models presented in this study can shorten the period of new style FMLs research and the cost cut down largely.

Field of study: Materials science
Comment on Peter Temin's comment

tI seems to me that Temin's characteristically ingenious and thoughtprovoking "Comment" on my paper' is not so much a critique of its contents or conclusions as an extension of them, seeking to offer certainty where I remained in doubt. I nevertheless gladly accept the offer of the editors to add a comment of my own. Temin chooses what one might call an economist's approach rather than a historian's. He does not ask: "did this happen or did that happen?" but rather, "supposing that is what happened, can we find a formula that will take care of all the facts we feed in, and show up relationships we were not aware of before?". There are frequently two problems with models of that kind: (i) to be manageable, inputs have to be simplified to a point at which they no longer usefully represent reality, and (2) the data fed in are not the appropriate ones. Neither of these pitfalls, it seems to me, have been entirely avoided here. On the first score, it does less than justice to the Victorian investor to suggest (p. 454) that he merely had a clear choice of two types of assets: liquid foreign bonds or illiquid shares in domestic firms-quite apart from the fact that the literature I surveyed was much more concerned with returns than with liquidity. In practice, there was a large variety of intermediate choices available, from debentures in domestic industrial firms, to domestic railway shares and debentures, to local authority loans, many of which were raised for productive infrastructure enterprises which competed with potential private ventures-and many others. The trade-off between returns and liquidity, risks and foreign/domestic alternative was a continuous band rather than a clear choice. Moreover, as my article demonstrated, the literature is by no means unanimously of the opinion that high foreign investment raised the returns on domestic capital and that a transfer to home investment would have lowered them (p. 456). At least one party to the debate holds strongly that a sufficiently large switch to home investment might have raised productivity and international competitiveness to a point at which capital owners would have benefited also. Lastly, and most damagingly, it will not do (p. 455) to assume glibly that capital stocks and returns "determine" (via the S-I difference) net foreign investment. Net foreign investment is also, quite independently, "determined" simultaneously by the balance of real trading transactions which have quite different determinants, and the substantial literature which debates how these quantities might be brought into equilibrium, and which are cause and which are effect has made some of the most interesting and most difficult contributions to the ongoing discussion.

Field of study: Economics, History
The Causal Influence of Perceived Social Norms on Intimate Partner Violence Perpetration: Converging Cross-Sectional, Longitudinal, and Experimental Support for a Social Disinhibition Model

Across three studies, we develop a model of the direct and indirect paths through which the perceived prevalence (perceived descriptive norms [PDN]) of intimate partner violence (IPV) among peers may influence individuals’ likelihood of engaging in IPV. Study 1 replicated and extended previous cross-sectional research by demonstrating a positive longitudinal association between PDN and subsequent IPV perpetration. Study 2 further showed the influence of PDN on IPV perpetration to be mediated through its relation to perceived peer acceptance of IPV (perceived injunctive norms [PIN]), which in turn predicted personal IPV acceptance. Study 3 built on this model using an experimental paradigm to show that increasing PDN leads to corresponding increases in PIN and, in turn, personal IPV acceptance, which both predicted IPV perpetration. Furthermore, the effects of PIN on personal IPV acceptance and IPV propensity were strongest for dominance-oriented individuals. Results bear important implications for social norms–based interventions for IPV.

Field of study: Psychology
Recurring cryptic ecosystems in Lower to Middle Devonian carbonate mounds of Hamar Laghdad (Anti-Atlas, Morocco)

Exceptionally well-preserved fossil cryptic communities have been discovered in submarine cavities of the Lower and Middle Devonian (Emsian to Givetian) mud mounds in the Hamar Laghdad area (Anti-Atlas, Morocco). The cryptic biota encrusted the roofs of the cavities and grew predominantly oriented upside down. These unique coelobiotic communities were dominated by various solitary rugose corals, which very often displayed a “calice-in-calice” growth pattern. Apart from the rugosans, the cavities were inhabited by other sessile invertebrates: tabulate corals, cladochonids, crinoids and lithistid sponges. Many of the skeletons were encrusted by microbial structures. The high density of organisms overgrowing each other points to intensive competition for space in all studied Devonian submarine crypts. The late Emsian to latest Givetian cavities were colonised by various sets of coelobiotic inhabitants mostly originating from the surrounding deep-water marine environments. It is suggested that the local species pool was a decisive factor in determining the ecological succession and taxonomic structure of cryptic communities. The changes in taxonomic composition and diversity, over time and space, were primarily related to variations in local physical environment. Consequently, the communities in crypts affected by venting of high-temperature fluids or hydrocarbon seepage were of low diversity and included endemic elements and characteristically small specimens.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Delay Analysis of an Enhancing IEEE 802.11 Point Coordination Function MAC Protocol

The widespread use of multimedia networking applications has brought more requirements to the network, creating a need for end-to-end Quality of Service (QoS). The contention-free Point Coordination Function (PCF) with Round Robin scheme, where the Access Point controls all transmissions based on a polling mechanism, is defined in IEEE 802.11 standard to provide QoS service. This network suffers from inefficiency in the delay sensitive traffic and makes. It is difficult to provide priority-differentiated service. In this paper, a useful enhance mechanism is derived from a two-level-polling model with a parallel scheme between the polling and switch over processes. We consider two different polling schemes according to station classify: key station and normal station. This mechanism allows for a delay guarantee as well as priority service. An analytical is developed for evaluating the queuing length for the station and waiting time for the packets at nodes. Based on this model, we achieve several closed-form expressions for mean cycle time, mean queue length and mean waiting time. To verify the correctness of our analytical model, we also develop a simulator for the 802.11 PCF MAC. The simulation results well match the analytical results.

Field of study: Computer science
A complete magnetic-polarity stratigraphy of the Miocene continental deposits of Mae Moh Basin, northern Thailand, and a reassessment of the age of hominoid-bearing localities in northern Thailand

Northern Thailand comprises more than 40 Tertiary intermontane basins. These basins, tectonically interpreted as grabens or half grabens, have yielded hominoid fossils and rich Neogene mammal faunas. Relative ages provided by biochronological studies are controversial and neither absolute ages nor correlations with marine deposits are available. A precise temporal framework provided by magnetic-polarity stratigraphy is therefore crucial to understand the evolution of these Southeast Asian mammalian faunas, to estimate the timing and duration of basin formation, and finally to allow correlations with other Neogene hominoid localities of the Old World. A complete magnetostratigraphic study, which significantly extends previous paleomagnetic investigations, has been conducted in the Miocene sequence of Mae Moh Basin, Lampang Province, northern Thailand. Based on the biostratigraphic constraints, the 15 polarity zones recognized from the composite section have been correlated with Chrons C5ACr–C5r.3r, between 14.1 and 12.0 Ma. The present study provides a high-resolution magnetostratigraphic reference for the continental middle Miocene of all Southeast Asia. By correlation with the Miocene sequence of the nearby basin of Chiang Muan, the large-bodied hominoid ( Khoratpithecus chiangmuanensis )–bearing levels can be precisely dated between 12.4 and 12.2 Ma.

Field of study: Geology
On generalized a-Browder's theorem

We characterize the bounded linear operators T satisfying generalized a-Browder's theorem, or generalized a-Weyl's theorem, by means of localized SVEP, as well as by means of the quasi-nilpotent part H0(�I T) asbelongs to certain sets of C. In the last part we give a general framework in which generalized a-Weyl's theorem follows for several classes of operators. 1. Preliminaries. Let L(X) denote the space of bounded linear oper- ators on an infinite-dimensional complex Banach space X. For T ∈ L(X), denote by α(T) the dimension of the kernel ker T, and by β(T) the codi- mension of the range T(X). The operator T ∈ L(X) is called upper semi- Fredholm if α(T) < ∞ and T(X) is closed, and lower semi-Fredholm if β(T) < ∞. If T is either upper or lower semi-Fredholm then it is said to be semi-Fredholm; finally, T is a Fredholm operator if it is both upper and lower semi-Fredholm. If T ∈ L(X) is semi-Fredholm, then its index is defined by ind T := α(T) − β(T). For every T ∈ L(X) and a nonnegative integer n we shall denote by T(n) the restriction of T to T n (X) viewed as a map from T n (X) into itself (we set T(0) = T). Following Berkani ((6), (11) and (8)), T ∈ L(X) is said to be semi B-Fredholm (resp., B-Fredholm, upper semi B-Fredholm, lower semi B-Fredholm) if for some integer n ≥ 0 the range T n (X) is closed and T(n) is a semi-Fredholm (resp., Fredholm, upper semi-Fredholm, lower semi- Fredholm) operator. Note that in this case T(m) is semi-Fredholm for all m ≥n ((11)). This enables one to define the index of a semi B-Fredholm op- erator as ind T = ind T(n). The class of all upper semi B-Fredholm operators 2000

Field of study: Mathematics
Molecular Insights into hERG Potassium Channel Blockade by Lubeluzole

Lubeluzole is a benzothiazole derivative that has shown neuroprotective properties in preclinical models of ischemic stroke. However, clinical research on lubeluzole is now at a standstill, since lubeluzole seems to be associated with the acquired long QT syndrome and ventricular arrhythmias. Since the cardiac cellular effects of lubeluzole have not been described thus far, an explanation for the lubeluzole-induced QT interval prolongation is lacking.  We tested the affinity of lubeluzole, its enantiomer, and the racemate for hERG channel using the patch-clamp technique. We synthesized and tested two simplified model compounds corresponding to two moieties included in the lubeluzole structure. The obtained experimental results were rationalized by docking simulation on the recently reported cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structure of hERG. Group efficiency analysis was performed in order to individuate the fragment most contributing to binding.  We found that lubeluzole and its R enantiomer are highly potent inhibitors of human ether-ago-go-related gene (hERG) channel with an IC50 value of 12.9 ± 0.7 nM and 11.3 ± 0.8 nM, respectively. In the presence of lubeluzole, steady-state activation and inactivation of hERG channel were shifted to more negative potentials and inactivation kinetics was accelerated. Mutations of aromatic residues (Y652A and F656A) in the channel inner cavity significantly reduced the inhibitory effect of lubeluzole. Molecular docking simulations performed on the near atomic resolution cryo-electron microscopy structures of hERG supported the role of Y652 and F656 as the main contributors to high affinity binding. Group efficiency analysis indicated that both 1,3-benzothiazol-2-amine and 3-aryloxy-2-propanolamine moieties contribute to drug binding with the former giving higher contribution.  This study suggests the possibility to modulate lubeluzole hERG blockade by introducing suitable substituents onto one or both constituting portions of the parent compound in order to either reduce potency (i. e. torsadogenic potential) or potentiate affinity (useful for class III antiarrhythmic and anticancer agent development).

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
The Inquisition and the Indians of New Spain: A Study in Jurisdictional Confusion

The question of the jurisdiction of the Holy Office of the Inquisition over the native populations in New Spain and the rest of the empire has been one of controversy and confusion since the earliest days of the conquest. The perplexing problem of enforcing orthodoxy among the recently converted Indians was linked with the debate over whether or not the Indian was a rational human being who had the capacity to comprehend the Roman Catholic faith and enjoy the full sacramental system of the Church. As in the case of the rationality controversy, the position of the Indian vis-a-vis the Holy Office of the Inquisition was not resolved articulately, and after the first decades of the spiritual conquest the question took on added importance as the Mexican clergy discovered recurrent idolatry and religious syncretism among their flocks.

Field of study: History
Properties and reactions of unsaturated carbenes

The generation, and some properties and reactions, of unsaturated carbenes; (R)2CC=CC: (n=O,1,2) are explored. In particular the following are discussed: na) reaction pathways and transition state geometries of unsaturated carbene—alkene interactions; b) spin multiplicity of extended unsaturated carbenes; c) ylide formation vs. 1,2 vs. 1,4 additions and possible formation of novel persistent diradicals; d) )CC*MLn vs. —CC—; e) formation of strained systems,

Field of study: Chemistry
Frontal bones of non-avian theropod dinosaurs from the Upper Cretaceous (Santonian–?Campanian) Bostobe Formation of the northeastern Aral Sea region, Kazakhstan

Three theropod taxa have been identified based on isolated frontal bones from the Santonian–?Campanian Bostobe Formation at the Shakh-Shakh locality, in the northeastern Aral Sea region of Kazakhstan. A frontal referable to Ornithomimosauria indet. is distinct in having a slightly pronounced cerebral dome. A frontal of an unidentified therizinosaur resembles the element in Erlikosaurus (Cenomanian—Turonian of Mongolia) in most features, but it differs in having an anterolateral prong along the orbital rim, a less-developed facet for contact with the prefrontal, and a larger depression for the cerebral hemisphere. A frontal identifiable as Troodontidae indet. differs from that of Troodon (Campanian—Maastrichtian of North America) and resembles that of the Mongolian Campanian Gobivenator in having a larger supratemporal fossa and the anterior process of the parietals wedged between the frontals. This specimen is the first reliable record for Troodontidae from the Bostobe Formation.

Field of study: Environmental science
Matrix-vector multiplication using digital partitioning for more accurate optical computing.

Digital partitioning offers a flexible means of increasing the accuracy of an optical matrix-vector processor. This algorithm can be implemented with the same architecture required for a purely analog processor, which gives optical matrix-vector processors the ability to perform high-accuracy calculations at speeds comparable with or greater than electronic computers as well as the ability to perform analog operations at a much greater speed. Digital partitioning is compared with digital multiplication by analog convolution, residue number systems, and redundant number representation in terms of the size and the speed required for an equivalent throughput as well as in terms of the hardware requirements. Digital partitioning and digital multiplication by analog convolution are found to be the most efficient algorithms if coding time and hardware are considered, and the architecture for digital partitioning permits the use of analog computations to provide the greatest throughput for a single processor. To our knowledge this is the first study to propose the use of digital partitioning for optical matrix processing.

Field of study: Physics
Short Communication: Simultaneous Expression of k and λ Light Chains in a Murine IgG3 Anti-Cryptococcus neoformans Hybridoma Cell Line

Allelic exclusion normally results in the expression of only one light and one heavy chain gene. However, some hybridomas have been reported to express two different heavy chain genes. Here we report that the IgG3 hybridoma 4H3.C8B expresses both kappa and lambda light chains. 4H3.C8B was originally recovered by screening for antibody binding to Cryptococcus neoformans polysaccharide antigen and characterized as gamma 3 lambda. The gamma 3 lambda but not the gamma 3 kappa binds to polysaccharide antigen. Some of the antibody molecules were heterodimers composed of both lambda and kappa. IgG1 and IgG2b isotype switch variants were identified and isolated by the technique of sib selection, using the ELISA spot assay. Like the parent IgG3 line, the switch variants continued to express both kappa and lambda light chains but only the lambda-containing antibodies bound to the antigen. Our experience suggests that hybridomas recovered by assays that are antigen dependent should also be tested for the expression of other isotypes and light chains in a non-antigen-binding immunoassay.

Field of study: Biology
Key Recovery Method for CRT Implementation of RSA

This paper analyzes a key recovery method for RSA signature generation or decryption implementations using the Chinese Remainder Theorem (CRT) speed up. The CRT-based RSA implementation is common in both low computing power devices and high speed cryptographic acceleration cards. This recovery method is designed to work in conjunction with a side-channel attack where the CRT exponents are discovered from a message decryption or signature generation operation, the public exponent is assumed small and the public modulus is unknown. Since many RSA implementations use the small, low hamming weight public exponent 65537 this turns out to be a realistic method. An algorithm for recovering the private key, modulus and prime factorization candidates is presented with a proof of correctness. Runtime estimates and sample source code is given.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Down syndrome serum marker screening: decision criteria and implicit values.

Maternal serum markers assess the individual risk of giving birth to a fetus with Down syndrome. Because this information is a probability, and because of the infinite number of cut-off risks that can be adopted, a decision criterion is needed to define a population screening program. While a decision criterion for cut-off risks may refer to arbitrations between risks, another criterion must be considered. This criterion focuses on a societal perspective by comparing the costs of the program to the expected benefits. We will first discuss the questions that are raised when assessing, in terms of cost-effectiveness, the consequences of having adopted the policy maker's preferences for prenatal diagnosis referral. Subsequently, we will discuss the implicit values attributed to the outcomes of the program when the societal point of view is reduced to societal profitability. This is accomplished by means of a cost-benefit analysis using the 'avoided costs' approach. The consequences of screening with 'double' and 'triple' tests were assessed using a database made of 10,108 observations, including 63 Down syndrome cases. For a cut-off risk of 1:250 (resulting in a 7% amniocentesis referral rate, regardless of the technique), conclusions in terms of decision making differ according to the effectiveness indicator. Although a criterion based on resource allocation would promote the triple test, cost-benefit analysis points out the impact on results of factors such as the amniocentesis related fetal losses or the introduction of equity principles.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Collision-induced self-diffraction in an atomic gas

Laws governing degenerate self-diffraction accompanying concurrent propagation of steady-state light waves are determined for the case when the effects are exclusively due to depolarizing collisions between active and impurity atoms. An investigation is also made of the self-diffraction features which are weakly influenced by depolarizing atomic collisions or do not depend on these at all. It is demonstrated that the results can be applied in practice.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Studies of Validity for the Prison Control Scale

Locus of control seems to be important in the adjustment of prisoners both during incarceration and upon release. The Prison Control Scale is one of two measures of locus of control specific to prisons. This paper is an account of validity studies conducted on the scale. Assessments included four tests of construct validity and one each of concurrent and known-groups validity. The results support the validity of the scale. Suggestions for further scale assessment and other research are briefly discussed.

Field of study: Psychology