nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Analogous polymer reactions, their kinetics and organic chemistry

Organ:c reactions ofhigh polymers have often been reported; in the recent reviews the various types of chemical reactions were examined both from the point of view of the reaction and the polymers1 . The present discussion is restricted to the more recently reported aspects of high polymer organic reactions covering successively organic reactions from the viewpoint of the influence of stereochemical structure of polymer, selectivity of the reactions and their analogy with reactions on homologaus low molecular weight model compounds.

Field of study: Chemistry
Model-Based Estimation of Unemployment Rates in Small Areas of Portugal

The high level of unemployment is a major problem in most European countries nowadays. Hence, the demand for small area labor market statistics has rapidly increased over the past few years. The Portuguese Labour Force Survey is the main source of official statistics at the macro level. However, it was not designed to produce reliable design-based statistics at the micro level due to small sample sizes. The goal of this article is to analyze the performance of model-based small area estimators to estimate the unemployment rate at micro level. Our results showed that the temporal estimator is the most suitable.

Field of study: Mathematics
Effects of extracts from Chinese medicines on the submerged fermentation of Grifola frondosa

The effects of extracts from 6 kinds of Chinese medicines on the production of biomass and exopolysaccharide in the submerged fermentation of G. frondosa were investigated in this paper. Of all the water extracts of 6 kinds of Chinese medicine,4 kinds can improve the culture of G. frondosa,2 kinds inhibite the growth,and Coix lachryma-jobi can increase the production of exopolysaccharide. As to the 6kinds of ethanol extracts of Chinese medicine,C. lachryma-jobi can enhance the growth of G. frondosa,but Radix scutellariae inhibites the growth,other 4 kinds have no significantly influence. The production of extracellular polysaccharide can be enhanced by the ethanol extracts from Oldenlandia diffusa,C.lachryma-jobi,Weeping forsythia and Astragalus membranaceus at the best levels(0.5 g/L,0.2 g/L,2.0 g/L,0.5 g/L,respectively). The ethanol extracts from R. scutellariae and Artemisia capillaris can inhibit the secretion of exopolysaccharide. Bio-active polysaccharide of G. frondosa can be produced by adding appropriate amount Chinese medicines in the substrate to culture G. frondosa,such as O. diffusa,C.lachryma-jobi,W. forsythia and A. membranaceus.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
ANALYSIS OF RECTANGULAR CRACKS SUBJECTED TO NON-UNIFORM LOADS IN LAYERED ROCKS

This paper analyzes the fracture mechanics of layered rocks by using the dual boundary element method(DBEM).The DBEM is based on the fundamental solutions of a layered medium.In analyzing crack problems in the layered media of an infinite extent,the DBEM degenerates into a discontinuous displacement method(DDM).In the DDM,only one crack surface is discretized,and the 9-noded continuous and discontinuous elements are used to discretize the crack surface.A rectangular crack subjected to non-uniform and compressive loads is analyzed.By using the discontinuous displacement values,the stress intensity factor(SIF) values are calculated and compared for rectangular cracks in layered rocks consisting of different rocks.

Field of study: Engineering
A functional group analysis of change in the abundance and distribution of 207 plant species across 115 years in north-central North America

Identifying declining species is essential for conservation planning. This research assessed abundance and distribution changes of 207 plant species in north-central North America and evaluated the importance of a suite of functional characteristics in predicting their persistence over 115 years (1895–2009). Functional characteristics included native versus introduced origin, pollination syndrome, symbiosis and habitat requirements, and phenological responsiveness to temperature change. Plant specimens from Ohio State University’s Herbarium were used to assess abundance and distribution changes. The partial Solow equation and the sighting rate model were used to calculate the average probability that a species had declined over the study interval. Rarefaction analysis was used to calculate the percent change in distribution as measured by county occurrences from historic (1895–1970) to modern (1971–2009) time periods. Twenty-seven percent of the 207 species decreased in abundance from 1895 to 2009 and 68 % showed distribution contraction. Native species were seven times more likely to decline in abundance and showed a two-fold greater distribution contraction compared to introduced species. Introduced species that strongly advanced flowering with warming showed greater distribution expansion than those with weak phenological responsiveness. Species that require a symbiont for growth or development were twice as likely to decrease in abundance as those without symbiont requirements. This analysis indicates non-random patterns of threat to species diversity among plant functional groups. With climate warming, highly responsive introduced species may become more widespread. Thus, climate warming may exacerbate the already substantial impacts of land-use change, symbiont loss, and non-native species invasion on species persistence.

Field of study: Environmental science
WE‐EF‐BRA‐05: Experimental Design for High‐Throughput In‐Vitro RBE Measurements Using Protons, Helium and Carbon Ions

To design and validate experimental setups for investigation of dose and LET effects in cell kill for protons, helium and carbon ions, in high throughput and high accuracy cell experiments.  Using the Geant4 Monte Carlo toolkit, we designed 3 custom range compensators to simultaneously expose cancer cells to different doses and LETs from selected portions of pristine ion beams from the entrance to points just beyond the Bragg peak. To minimize the spread of LET, we utilized mono-energetic uniformly scanned beams at the HIT facility with support from the DKFZ. Using different entrance doses and LETs, a matrix of cell survival data was acquired leading to a specific RBE matrix. We utilized the standard clonogenic assay for H460 and H1437 lung-cancer cell lines grown in 96-well plates. Using these plates, the data could be acquired in a small number of exposures. The ion specific compensators were located in a horizontal beam, designed to hold two 96-wells plates (12 columns by 8 rows) at an angle of 30o with respect to the beam direction.  Using about 20 hours of beam time, a total of about 11,000 wells containing cancer cells could be irradiated. The H460 and H1437 cell lines exhibited a significant dependence on LET when they were exposed to comparable doses. The results were similar for each of the investigated ion species, and indicate the need to incorporate RBE into the ion therapy planning process.  The experimental design developed is a viable approach to rapidly acquire large amounts of accurate in-vitro RBE data. We plan to further improve the design to achieve higher accuracy and throughput, thereby facilitating the irradiation of multiple cell types. The results are indicative of the possibility to develop a new degree of freedom (variable RBE) for future clinical ion therapy optimization. Work supported by the Sister Institute Network Fund (SINF), University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Heat-driven hydride slurry heat pumps

Thermodynamic analysis and experiments are presented for a heat-driven hydride slurry heat pump (HHSHP). The thermodynamic analysis indicates that a HHSHP can achieve cooling coefficient of performance (COPc) values >0.7. A packed bed reactor was designed and fabricated to evaluate the importance of the absorption resistance in the hydrogen-liquid-hydride slurry (HLHS) reactor. It was observed that the packed bed reactor minimizes the absorption resistance effectively. With the use of packed bed reactors the HHSHP may be a practical heat pump system.

Field of study: Engineering
Phase shifting interferometry: reference phase error reduction.

The accuracy of phase shifting interferometry is limited by reference phase errors caused by nonlinearities in the phase shifter movements, calibration errors of this device, phase drifts during the measuring interval, and low frequency mechanical vibrations. Since the error depends on the phase to be measured in a sinusoidal fashion one can greatly reduce its influence on the measuring results. For this purpose a function also containing the characteristic error function, is fitted to the measured data. In a second step the error function is subtracted from the measured phase values. In most cases an error reduction by 1 order of magnitude seems achievable as has been demonstrated by computer simulations.

Field of study: Physics
Genetic structure of the Delphinium naviculare species group tracks Pleistocene climatic oscillations in the Tianshan Mountains, arid Central Asia

Pleistocene climatic fluctuations have affected the evolution of the genetic structure of many organisms. In this study, we test the hypothesis that glacial–interglacial cycles are traceable from genetic footprints retained within plant species. Fourteen populations belonging to the Delphinium naviculare species group were sampled from the Tianshan Mountains in western China, and 14 genotypes were detected based on sequences of the two chloroplast fragments trn S– trn G and trn L– trn F. A Bayesian relaxed molecular clock approach revealed that genetic divergence in this species group began in the early Pleistocene and intensified during mid-Pleistocene. A lineage-through-time (LTT) plot shows dramatic accumulations of Delphinium lineages during the three Pleistocene interglacial periods in this area. From ecological niche modeling (ENM), it appears that the distribution of the species group most likely shrunk in the eastern arid and southwestern high-altitude parts of its range during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), suggesting that cold and drought were primary drivers of lineage migration during glacial periods. Humid valleys at mid-elevation served as refugia at these times; however, during the latest two glacial epochs, new refugia likely appeared, corresponding to a decreased extent of glaciation. In accordance with the glacial chronology derived from many proxy data such as glacial tills, lacustrine sedimentary sequences, and oxygen isotope records, the genetic structure of the D. naviculare species group reveals a paleoclimatic history that is able to differentiate three glacial–interglacial cycles and an overall trend towards aridity during the course of the Pleistocene.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Individualized care for patients with intersex (disorders/differences of sex development): part I.

The care of individuals with disorders/differences of sex development aims to enable affected individuals and their families to have the best quality of life, particularly those born with severe genital ambiguity. Two of the biggest concerns for parents and health professionals are: (1) making a gender assignment and (2) the decisions of whether or not surgery is indicated, and if so, when is best for the patient and parents. These decisions, which can be overwhelming to families, are almost always made in the face of uncertainties. Such decisions must involve the parents, include multidisciplinary contributions, have an underlying principle of full disclosure, and respect familial, philosophical, and cultural values. Assignment as male or female is made with the realization that gender identity cannot be predicted with certainty. Because of the variability among those with the same diagnosis and complexity of phenotype-genotype correlation, the use of algorithms is inappropriate. The goal of this article is to emphasize the need for individualized care to make the best possible decisions for each patient's unique situation.

Field of study: Medicine
Climate Change and Social Conflicts

This article outlines the role of globalized mass media in the perception of environmental and social threats and its reciprocal conditionality in the globalized society. It examines the reasons why the global environmental crisis will not lead to a world-wide environmental movement for change of the basic imperatives of the world economic-political system. Coherency between globalized mass media and wide-spreading of consumer lifestyle exists despite the fact that it deepens the devastation of environment and social conflicts. Globalized mass media owned by transnational corporations are not only a part of the current global economic-political system, but also the prerequisite of its creation and existence, as well as social contradictions and conflicts.

Field of study: Political science
Stability analysis in multiwall carbon nanotube bundle interconnects

Based on the transmission line model (TLM), we present an exact and general transfer function formula, useful for both single multiwall carbon nanotube (MWCNT) and MWCNT bundle interconnects. Using the standard parameters for 22-nm technology node we perform the Nyquist stability analysis, to investigate the dependence of the degree of relative stability for both single and bundle interconnects on the number of walls in each MWCNT its geometry and also on the bundle geometry. The numerical results, for 1- to 30-μm long interconnects composed of 3- to 7-wall-CNTs, show that by increasing the length or the outer shell diameter, both single and bundle interconnects become more stable. On the other hand, an increase in the number of walls, keeping the outer shell diameter constant, increases the relative stability of the single MWCNT and decreases that of the bundle interconnects.

Field of study: Engineering
GIS Mapping Representation Based on Rule and Override

According to lacking in the mapping expression of traditional GIS,introduces mapping rule and override in ArcGIS 9.2. Mapping rule is expansion of entity symbolization,which is stored in mapping representation field added in feature attributes,include symbol parameters,such as symbol size,angle,style,and offset and confliction tactics. Mapping override is exception of mapping rule,a strategy similar to symbolic entities. Based on the research,applies it to land system mapping based on a geodatabase in Foshan city. With mapping rule and override,features are being drawn to solve special display and confliction according to symbols parameters,and some complex entities be represented and conformed to mapping standard. The application methods have greatly enhanced the efficiency of the cadastral mapping and richened the ability of the complex features represented.Our research declares that it is entirely feasible to seamless integration of symbolization of the complex features,multi-purpose mapping and spatial data analysis.

Field of study: Computer science
Inhibition of varicella-zoster virus in vitro by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells.

A functional in vitro assay of cell-mediated immunity to varicella-zoster virus (VZV) is described. This procedure uses an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to measure the inhibitory effect of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells on VZV antigen production by VZV-infected cell monolayers. When mononuclear cells from VZV-immune, tetanus-immune donors were stimulated with either VZV antigen or tetanus toxoid they reduced VZV antigen production. In contrast, mononuclear cells from VZV-nonimmune, tetanus-immune donors reduced VZV antigen only when stimulated with tetanus toxoid, but not when stimulated with VZV antigen. Cell-free supernatants recovered from the VZV inhibition assays contained the anti-VZV activity. The magnitude of the anti-VZV activity of the supernatants equalled the inhibition observed when the stimulated mononuclear cells were added to the VZV-infected monolayers. Treatment of either mononuclear cells or supernatants with anti-interferon gamma antibody indicated that their VZV inhibitory capability was largely due to the production of interferon gamma by stimulated mononuclear cells.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Medical-Grade PCL Based Polyurethane System for FDM 3D Printing—Characterization and Fabrication

The widespread use of three-dimensional (3D) printing technologies in medicine has contributed to the increased demand for 3D printing materials. In addition, new printing materials that are appearing in the industry do not provide a detailed material characterization. In this paper, we present the synthesis and characterization of polycaprolactone (PCL) based medical-grade thermoplastic polyurethanes, which are suitable for forming in a filament that is dedicated to Fused Deposition Modeling 3D (FDM 3D)printers. For this purpose, we synthesized polyurethane that is based on PCL and 1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) with a different isocyanate index NCO:OH (0.9:1, 1.1:1). Particular characteristics of synthesized materials included, structural properties (FTIR, Raman), thermal (differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA)), mechanical and surfaces (contact angle) properties. Moreover, pre-biological tests in vitro and degradation studies were also performed. On the basis of the conducted tests, a material with more desirable properties S-TPU(PCL)0.9 was selected and the optimization of filament forming via melt-extrusion process was described. The initial biological test showed the biocompatibility of synthesized S-TPU(PCL)0.9 with respect to C2C12 cells. It was noticed that the process of thermoplastic polyurethanes (TPU) filaments forming by extrusion was significantly influenced by the appropriate ratio between the temperature profile, rotation speed, and dosage ratio.

Field of study: Materials science
Fluorescence Enhancement of Lanthenum-Curcumin-Cetyltrimethylammonium Bromide-Nucleic Acid System for Determination of Nucleic Acids

Curcumin(CU) is an extremely rare natural diketones antioxidant used as anti-inflammatory and anticarcinogenic agents.A new fluorimetric method for the determination of nucleic acid was developed based on the enhanced fluorescence system La3+-curcumin(CU)-cetyltrimethylammonium bromide(CTMAB)-nucleic acid.In this system,in hexamethylene-tetramine-HCl buffer(pH=5.80),1.00×10-3 mol/L CTMAB,2.00×10-5mol/L CU,1.40×10-4 mol/L La3+,nucleic acids can enhanced the fluorescence intensity of La3+-CU-CTMAB and the enhanced intensities are quantitatively in proportion to the concentrations of nucleic acids in the range of 7.00×10-4-10.00 mg/L for fsDNA,4.00×10-4-10.00 mg/L for ctDNA and 7.00×10-4-10.00 mg/L for yRNA,with corresponding detection limits(S/N=3) of 0.17,0.02,0.14 μg/L.A comparison between the proposed method and other analysis methods for nucleic acids was made.The results show that this method has a relatively wide linear range and high sensitivity.Study on reaction mechanism reveals that the phosphate group of nucleic acid can bind with CU through electrostatic attraction and meanwhile CU can interact with nucleic acid in the mode of groove binding.Such binding force changes the hydrophobic microenvironment of fluorescence probe,decrease the nonradioactive energy loses of the system and enhance its fluorescence intensity.

Field of study: Chemistry
Dynamic hardware plugins: exploiting reconfigurable hardware for high-performance programmable routers

This paper presents the dynamic hardware plugins (DHP) architecture for implementing multiple networking applications in hardware at programmable routers. By enabling multiple applications to be dynamically loaded into a single hardware device, the DHP architecture provides a scalable mechanism for implementing high-performance programmable routers. The DHP architecture is presented within the context of a programmable router architecture which processes flows in both software and hardware. Possible implementations are described as well as the prototype testbed at Washington University in Saint Louis.

Field of study: Computer science
Phantom of RAMSES (POR): A new Milgromian dynamics N-body code

Since its first formulation in 1983, Milgromian dynamics (MOND) has been very successful in predicting the gravitational potential of galaxies from the distribution of baryons alone, including general scaling relations and detailed rotation curves of large statistical samples of individual galaxies covering a large range of masses and sizes. Most predictions, however, rely on static models, and only a handful of N-body codes have been developed over the years to investigate the consequences of theMilgromian framework for the dynamics of complex evolving dynamical systems. In this work, we present a newMilgromian N-body code, which is a customized version of the RAMSES code (R. Teyssier.  (2002). doi:10.1051/00046361:20011817) and thus comes with all its features: it includes particles and gas dynamics, and importantly allows for high spatial resolution of complex systems owing to the adaptivemesh refinement technique. It further allows the direct comparison betweenMilgromian simulations and standard Newtonian simulations with darkmatter particles. We provide basic tests of this customized code and demonstrate its performance by presenting N-body computations of dark-matter-free spherical equilibrium models as well as dark-matter-free disk galaxies in Milgromian dynamics. Depuis sa premiere formulation en 1983, la dynamiqueMilgromienne (MOND) a connu de tres nombreux succes quant a la prediction du potentiel gravitationnel des galaxies a partir de la distribution des seuls baryons en leur sein. Ces nombreuses predictions couronnees de succes incluent des relations d’echelle, mais aussi les courbes de rotation detaillees de nombreuses galaxies individuelles couvrant une large gamme de masses et de tailles. Toutefois ces predictions reposent essentiellement sur des modeles statiques, et a peine une poignee de codes N-corps ont ete developpes au cours des 30 dernieres annees pour etudier les consequences de MOND sur la dynamique de systemes stellaires complexes en constante evolution dynamique. Dans ce travail, nous presentons un nouveau codeN-corps dans un cadreMilgromien, a savoir une version personnalisee du code RAMSES (R. Teyssier.  (2002). doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20011817), livree avec toutes ses fonctions et specificites: le code gere la dynamique de particulesmassives et la dynamique du gaz, et surtout permet une haute resolution spatiale en raison de la technique de raffinement adaptatif. Nous presentons des tests de base de ce code et demontrons ses performances en presentant des simulations N-corps de modeles spheriques a l’equilibre et de galaxies spirales sans matiere noire en dynamique

Field of study: Physics
A self-aligned gate GaN MOSFET using an ICP-assisted low-temperature Ohmic process

We report a new approach in fabricating a self-aligned gate GaN MOSFET. The fabrication technique is based on a double-layer photoresist (PR) and low-temperature-Ohmic formation process assisted by an inductively coupled plasma (ICP) dry etching process. In this process, the active region was automatically defined by the combination of a subsequently developed positive PR and the existing negative PR pattern. The Al Ohmic electrodes on the ICP-treated active region were formed by a lift-off process followed by 500 °C N2 1 min annealing. The specific contact resistance of 4.8 × 10−6 Ω cm2 was obtained in this process. Operation up to a gate bias of 30 V was confirmed. The maximum output current of 98 mA mm−1 and field-effect mobility of 110 cm2 V−1 s−1 were observed in the device with a gate length of 4 μm. Some non-ideal effects in this device, including the negative threshold voltage, larger off-state leakage and unsaturated on-state drain current, were also observed and analyzed. Some possible ways to improve the performance of the device were proposed.

Field of study: Materials science