nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Effect of visual experience on the habituation of orienting behavior.

Orienting behavior elicited by novel visual and auditory stimuli was examined in light-reared (LR) and dark-reared (DR) rats at 30, 60, 90, or 120 days of age. Orienting behavior was assessed by examining the rat's ability to interrupt ongoing licking and perform appropriate head and postural adjustments when apparently moving or stationary light displays or tones were presented. When the lights were first presented to the LR and DR rats, their orienting behavior did not differ at any of the ages examined. However, age and visual experience did influence habituation and recovery of orienting with changes in the light display. The older DR rats habituated with fewer repeated presentations of the light displays than their LR counterparts and did not recover orienting as effectively to all the subsequent changes of the light displays. The younger LR and DR rats did not differ reliably. These results are discussed with regard to the nature of the habituation process for rodents and the relation between visual experience and habituation of attentional responses.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Comparison of soil derived tetraether membrane lipid distributions and plant-wax δD compositions for reconstruction of Canadian Arctic temperatures

Polar amplification of climate warming has received much attention as these rapidly rising temperatures have the potential to alter ecosystem function and biogeochemical cycles. In particular carbon preserved in Arctic tundra soil and permafrost may be especially vulnerable resulting in carbon cycle perturbations providing an additional positive feedback to climate change. Reliable methods for reconstructing past temperature changes in polar regions have been established from ice cores and marine sediments; however techniques for the continental terrestrial environments are lacking, but are imperative to examine polar amplification of climate warming. Here we compare two molecular methods for reconstructing continental annual mean air temperature (MAT) for the Canadian Arctic based on the distribution of soil bacterial-derived glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether (GDGT) membrane lipids (MBT-CBT proxy) and the hydrogen isotopic composition (δD) of plant wax-derived n-alkanes. These two proxies were applied to both modern soil and paleosols collected from the Yukon Territory, Canada, to evaluate both the accuracy of the reconstructed absolute temperatures as well as the relative change in temperature between the Last Glacial and the Holocene. Branched GDGT-based estimates using the recently revised MBT′-CBT calibration are overall higher by ca. 6 °C compared to the original calibration. MAT estimates for modern soils based on the original MBT-CBT calibration are comparable with those based on the δD of extracted C29 n-alkanes and instrumental data, however produced a 6 °C higher temperature signal for the glacial paleosols. Therefore, branched GDGT based temperature reconstructions for glacial soils in the high Arctic may represent the higher temperatures at the time of soil formation when bacterial activity was optimal whereas δD of C29 n-alkane plant lipids appear to integrate an average annual signal. When used in tandem, these geochemical proxies may provide a more comprehensive method for reconstructing Arctic paleoclimate.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Impulsivity and Cluster B Personality Disorders

ReviewImpulsivity is a multifaceted construct and an important personality trait in various mental health conditions. Among personality disorders (PDs), especially cluster B PDs are affected. The aims of this review are to summarize the relevant findings of the past 3 years concerning impulsivity in cluster B PDs and to identify those subcomponents of self-reported impulsivity and experimentally measured impulse control that are most affected in these disorders.Recent FindingsAll studies referred to antisocial (ASPD) or borderline PD (BPD), and none were found for narcissistic or histrionic PD. In ASPD as well as BPD, self-report scales primarily revealed heightened impulsivity compared to healthy controls. In experimental tasks, ASPD patients showed impairments in response inhibition, while fewer deficits were found in delay discounting. BPD patients showed specific impairments in delay discounting and proactive interference, while response inhibition was less affected. However, after inducing high levels of stress, deficits in response inhibition could also be observed in BPD patients. Furthermore, negative affect led to altered brain activation patterns in BPD patients during impulse control tasks, but no behavioral impairments were found.SummaryAs proposed by the DSM-5 alternative model for personality disorders, heightened impulsivity is a core personality trait in BPD and ASPD, which is in line with current research findings. However, different components of experimentally measured impulse control are affected in BPD and ASPD, and impulsivity occurring in negative emotional states or increased distress seems to be specific for BPD. Future research could be focused on measures that assess impulsive behaviors on a momentary basis as this is a promising approach especially for further ecological validation and transfer into clinical practice.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Biased Parameter Estimation for LDA

Latent Dirichlet Allocation(LDA)and other related topic models are increasingly popular tools for applications in discrete data.However,the Dirichlet distribution over latent topics in LDA did not capture the co-relation between topics very well.To overcome the drawback,directed acyclic graph(DAG)and other algebra distribution,such as logistic normal distribution,were introduced to describe the correlations between topics.They were effective but relatively expensive.We alleviated it by bias parameter estimation,which made the topics in LDA more independent than standard LDA.We introduced the background for biased estimation at first.Then we presented the detail method of the biased estimation within LDA frame.We report the result of the biased model in Ad hoc IR experiment showing that the biased estimation outperforms the basic EM method.Finally,the influence of some model parameters was analysis briefly.

Field of study: Computer science
On the Consideration of Several Problems of Our Nation's Anti-monopoly Legislat ion

The article attempts to discuss several relevant problems of our nation's anti-mono poly legislation. Such as: the final purpose, the objects , the law structure an d the law consequence of anti-monopoly, and whether the administrative monopoly should be limited or not. By this discussion, we want to provide some suggestio ns for our nation's anti-monopoly legislation.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Recent progress in carotenoid and retinoid synthesis

Photoisomerization of peridinin and its related sulfone gave the novel 6s allenic isomers. (6s)-Peridinin was synthesized in an optically active form. The first total synthesis of optically active fucoxanthin was accomplished starting from the readily available (4R,6R)-4-hydroxy-2,2,6-trimethylcyclohexanone by the application of the rearrangement of a-acetylenic alcohols to a,P-unsaturated carbonyl compounds by silylvanadate catalyst followed by iodine-catalyzed isomerization. Recent work on the synthesis of bicyclic retinal analogues is also described. In connection with studies on photosynthesis, further interest has again been centered around the two major allenic carotenoids, fucoxanthin 1. and peridinin 2 (Scheme 1) (ref. l), which function as light-harvesting pigments for photosynthesis in the sea and have, in vivo, anti-tumor or anti-cancer-promoting activity (ref. 2). Scheme 1

Field of study: Chemistry
Knowing and guessing—by examples

RADFORD chose to discuss the possibility of knowledge without belief in terms of the third of the examples which he produced in his article 'Knowledge-by examples'.' He argues (p. 5) that English speakers would say, given the conditions of the example, that Jean knew some history, and that they would say so with good reason, for Jean's answers are correct, or nearly correct, often enough to show that he must have learned, and not forgotten, some history. So Jean knows some history. But he denies that he knows any, and insists that he is only guessing the answers. Thus he does not believe what he knows. I take it that Radford does not wish to hold that Jean cannot conceivably have been guessing, and that he necessarily knows, when the circumstances are as described. Radford does not try to show that the supposition that Jean was genuinely guessing, and did not know, in the given circumstances involves a contradiction. So everything turns on what it is reasonable for an English speaker to say about Jean in the light of the circumstances put before us in the example. I wish to argue that it would not be reasonable for an English speaker to make the judgment which Radford recommends. I think we could give the 1 ANALYSIS,

Field of study: Philosophy
A 1.7 ps Equivalent Bin Size and 4.2 ps RMS FPGA TDC Based on Multichain Measurements Averaging Method

A high precision and high resolution time-to-digital converter (TDC) based on multichain measurements averaging method is implemented in a 40 nm fabrication process Virtex-6 FPGA. The results of the detailed theoretical analysis and the simulation with the MATLAB tool based on a complete TDC module show that the resolution limitation determined by the intrinsic cell delay of plain tapped-delay chain can be overcame, which results in an improvement on both resolution and precision without increasing the dead time. The test results agree with the simulation results quite well. In such a TDC, the input signal is connected to multiple tapped-delay chains simultaneously (the number of the chains is M), and each chain is just a plain TDC and generates a timestamp for a hit signal. Therefore, M timestamps should be obtained in total, which, after averaging, give the final timestamp. A TDC with 1.7 ps equivalent bin size, 1.5 ps averaged bin size and 4.2 ps RMS has been implemented with M being 16, which performs much better than the plain TDC constructed of a single tapped delay chain having 42.3 ps equivalent bin size, 24.0 ps averaged bin size resolution and 13.2 ps RMS precision. The comparisons of equivalent bin size and averaged bin size show that the nonlinearity is improved with a larger M. Due to the real time integral nonlinearity (INL) calibration and averaging calculation, the multichain TDC is almost insensitive to the process voltage and temperature (PVT) variations.

Field of study: Physics
A-Legality: Postnationalism and the Question of Legal Boundaries

This paper critically examines the prevailing assumption that legal boundaries are becoming irrelevant in postnationalism. While the boundaries of the nation-state are forfeiting some of their hold on human behaviour, postnational legal orders are simply not legal orders unless they can in some way draw the spatial, temporal, material and subjective boundaries that make it possible to qualify human behaviour as legal or illegal. This implies that reflexively constituted legal orders – whether national or postnational – must be presented as legal unities. To the extent that boundaries are the necessary condition of national and postnational legal orders, and therewith of legal unity, they also spawn the possibility of political plurality, manifested in behaviour that resists the very distinction between legality and illegality, as drawn by an order of positive law: a-legality. Rather than signalling the demise of legal boundaries, postnationalism ushers in a novel way of dealing therewith – and with a-legality.

Field of study: Law
Characterization of the polyene macrolide P450 epoxidase from Streptomyces natalensis that converts de-epoxypimaricin into pimaricin.

The biosynthesis of the antifungal agent pimaricin by Streptomyces natalensis has been proposed to involve a cytochrome P450 encoded by the gene pimD. Pimaricin is derived from its immediate precursor de-epoxypimaricin by epoxidation of the C-4-C-5 double bond on the macrolactone ring. We have overproduced PimD with a N-terminal His6 affinity tag in Escherichia coli and purified the enzyme for kinetic analysis. The protein showed a reduced CO-difference spectrum with a Soret maximum at 450 nm, indicating that it is a cytochrome P450. Purified PimD was shown to catalyse the in vitro C-4-C-5 epoxidation of 4,5-de-epoxypimaricin to pimaricin. The enzyme was dependent on NADPH for activity with optimal pH at 7.5, and the temperature optimum was 30 degrees C. The kcat value for the epoxidation of de-epoxypimaricin was similar to the values reported for other macrolide oxidases. Enzyme activity was inhibited at high substrate concentration. This is the first time that a polyene macrolide P450 mono-oxygenase has been expressed heterologously and studied. The unique specificity of this epoxidase should be useful for the oxidative modification of novel polyene macrolide antibiotics.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
The career development of Mexican American adolescent women: A test of social cognitive career theory.

This study tested R. W. Lent, S. D. Brown, and G. Hackett's (1994) model of career choice with 364 Mexican American adolescent women. Path analyses were run to determine the influence of contextual and social cognitive variables on career aspiration, career choice prestige, and traditionality. Partial support for the model was evidenced as nontraditional career self-efficacy, parental support, barriers, acculturation, and feminist attitudes predicted career choice prestige. Acculturation, feminist attitudes, and nontraditional career self-efficacy predicted career choice traditionality. Feminist attitudes and parental support predicted career aspiration. The paths between nontraditional career interests and the 3 outcome variables were not supported. Finally, none of the background contextual variables in this study predicted nontraditional career self-efficacy. Implications of the results and suggestions for future research are discussed.

Field of study: Psychology
CATALYTIC ACTIVITIES OF ALKALINE EARTH METAL OXIDES FOR ISOMERIZATIONS OF 2-PINENE AND 2(10)-PINENE

The isomerization of 2-pinene or 2(10)-pinene over evacuated MgO, CaO, SrO and BaO catalysts was carried out at room temperature or 150°C. All catalysts were found to exhibit extremely high selectivities for the formation of 2(10)-pinene or 2-pinene. The highest activity was observed over SrO, where the isomerization took place at room temperature and attained its equilibrium in only 15 min.

Field of study: Chemistry
The feasibility of additive conjoint measurement in measuring utilities in breast cancer patients

Evaluation of health outcomes can play a role in guiding individual treatment decisions. We developed a utility test based on the principles of conjoint measurement for use in patients with breast cancer. These patients can choose two treatment options: breast conserving treatment or amputation. The test was presented to patients who had undergone either mastectomy or breast conserving treatment for a malignant breast tumor ( n =15), to test feasibility and acceptability of the test. The test was modified after these first experiences and presented a second time to patients, who cooperated also in the first test round ( n =12). We discuss both our preliminary experiences with this test and its appropriateness for this specific clinical problem. We conclude, that this test is not readily convenient for this clinical problem, but that it is a promising approach to utility measurement in general, because of the extensive consistency checks that are possible. We outline the medical problems, for which the test can easily be adapted and the direction of future research in order to solve the problems that we encountered.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
A decade of remotely sensed observations highlight complex processes linked to coastal permafrost bluff erosion in the Arctic

Eroding permafrost coasts are likely indicators and integrators of changes in the Arctic System as they 
are susceptible to the combined effects of declining sea ice extent, increases in open water duration, 
more frequent and impactful storms, sea-level rise, and warming permafrost. However, few 
observation sites in the Arctic have yet to link decadal-scale erosion rates with changing environmental 
conditions due to temporal data gaps. This study increases the temporal fidelity of coastal permafrost 
bluff observations using near-annual high spatial resolution (<1 m) satellite imagery acquired 
between 2008–2017 for a 9 km segment of coastline at Drew Point, Beaufort Sea coast, Alaska. Our 
results show that mean annual erosion for the 2007–2016 decade was 17.2 m yr−1, which is 2.5 times 
faster than historic rates, indicating that bluff erosion at this site is likely responding to changes in the 
Arctic System. In spite of a sustained increase in decadal-scale mean annual erosion rates, mean open water season erosion varied from 6.7 m yr−1 in 2010 to more than 22.0 m yr−1 in 2007, 2012, and 2016. This variability provided a range of coastal responses through which we explored the different roles of potential environmental drivers. The lack of significant correlations between mean open water season erosion and the environmental variables compiled in this study indicates that we may not be adequately capturing the environmental forcing factors, that the system is conditioned by long-term transient effects or extreme weather events rather than annual variability, or that other not yet considered factors may be responsible for the increased erosion occurring at Drew Point. Our results highlight an increase in erosion at Drew Point in the 21st century as well as the complexities associated with unraveling the factors responsible for changing coastal permafrost bluffs in the Arctic.

Field of study: Environmental science
First principles calculation of conductance and current flow through low-dimensional superconductors

We present a novel formulation to calculate transport through disordered superconductors connected between two metallic leads. An exact expression for the current is derived, and is applied to a superconducting sample described by the negative-$U$ Hubbard model. A Monte Carlo algorithm that includes thermal phase and amplitude fluctuations of the superconducting order parameter is employed, and a new efficient algorithm is described. This improved routine allows access to relatively large systems, which we demonstrate by applying it to several cases, including superconductor-normal interfaces and Josephson junctions. The effects of decoherence and dephasing are shown to be included in the formulation, which allows the unambiguous characterization of the Kosterlitz-Thouless transition in two-dimensional systems and the calculation of the finite resistance due to vortex excitations in quasi one-dimensional systems. Effects of magnetic fields can be easily included in the formalism, and are demonstrated for the Little-Parks effect in superconducting cylinders. Moreover, the formalism enables us to map the local super and normal currents, and the accompanying electrical potentials, which we use to pinpoint and visualize the emergence of resistance across the superconductor-insulator transition.

Field of study: Physics
Mirdita Zone ophiolites and associated sediments in Albania reveal Neotethys Ocean origin

The Mirdita Ophiolite Zone in Albania is associated with widespread mélanges containing components of up to nappe-size. We dated matrix and components of the mélange by radiolarians, conodonts, and other taxa. The components consist of radiolarites, pelagic limestones and shallow-water limestones, all of Triassic age, as well as ophiolites. Triassic radiolarite as a primary cover of ophiolite material proves Middle Triassic onset of Mirdita ocean-floor formation. The mélange contains a turbiditic radiolarite-rich matrix (“radiolaritic flysch”), dated as Late Bajocian to Early Oxfordian. It formed as a synorogenic sediment during west-directed thrusting of ophiolite and sediment-cover nappes representing ocean floor and underplated fragments of the western continental margin. The tectonic structures formed during these orogenic events (“Younger Kimmeridian or Eohellenic Orogeny”) are sealed by Late Jurassic platform carbonates. The geological history conforms with that of the Inner Dinarides and adjoining areas; we therefore correlate the Mirdita-Pindos Ophiolite Zone with the Vardar Zone and explain its present position by far-distance west-directed thrusting.

Field of study: Environmental science
Expression of canine interleukin-4 in canine chondrocytes inhibits inflammatory cascade through STAT6.

Interleukin-4 (IL-4) is a pleiotropic cytokine with broad spectrum of biological effects on target cells. This study deals with the mammalian expression of canine IL-4 (cIL-4) in canine articular chondrocytes (CAC) and its ability to down-regulate pro-inflammatory cytokines, enzyme mediators and their catabolites. We transfected cIL-4 in CAC which were then stimulated with canine recombinant IL-1beta and TNFalpha or left as untreated control CAC. The cIL-4 protein was detected by Western blot analysis and quantified by sandwich ELISA utilizing monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies raised against recombinant cIL-4. Pro-inflammatory cytokines and enzyme mediators were quantified by quantitative real-time PCR, and nitrite production was measured by a calorimetric assay. Our results show that cIL-4 is expressed in CAC as a 17kD protein, which inhibits various cytokines and inflammatory mediators when stimulated by IL-1beta and TNFalpha. Thus, cIL-4 expressed in CAC is biologically active and suppresses inflammatory mediators in vitro. Since STAT6 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 6) was solely expressed in transfected CAC and not at all detectable in control cells, it is likely that IL-4 exerts its anti-inflammatory effects through STAT6 signaling. These studies allowed us to identify the canine form of STAT6 which we have partially sequenced.

Field of study: Medicine
User requirements modeling and analysis of software-intensive systems

The increasing complexity of software systems makes Requirements Engineering activities both more important and more difficult. This article is about user requirements development, mainly the activities of documenting and analyzing user requirements for software-intensive systems. These are modeling activities that are useful for further Requirements Engineering activities. Current techniques for requirements modeling present a number of problems and limitations. Based on these shortcomings, a list of requirements for requirements modeling languages is proposed. The proposal of this article is to show how some extensions to SysML diagrams and tables can fulfill most of these requirements. The approach is illustrated by a list of user requirements for a Road Traffic Management System.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering