nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Holocene boreal molluscs in Greenland — palaeoceanographic implications

Boreal molluscs, now extinct in Greenland waters, occur as subfossils in West Greenland between lat. 65°30′ and 68°30′N. A number of new localities for these warmth demanding molluscs are described, and the list of species now comprises the gastropod Emarqinula fissura and the bivalvalves Heteranomia squamula, Modiolus, Arctica islandica, Panopea norvegica, and Zirphaea crispata. During their time the molluscs formed an isolated northern outpost, located in the area which — as a result of the complex oceanic circulation — today has Greenland's highest ocean surface temperatures. The occurrences are 14C dated to the interval 8400–4900 yr B.P., and summer surface temperatures were 1–3°C higher than now. For its beginning this period coincides with similar “marine optimal periods” in East Greenland and on the Baffin Island shelf, whereas it took 1000 years before the beginning of warmer than present temperatures on land. On the basis of this evidence it is concluded that the rise of sea surface temperatures was afforded by a decrease in inflow of cold polar water and/or increase in inflow of warm atlantic water into Davis Strait, rather than climatic change.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Extent and causes of 3D spatial variations in potential N mineralization and the risk of ammonium and nitrate leaching from an N-impacted permanent grassland near York, UK.

Changes in the dynamics of inorganic N species transformations with depth have been investigated for seven soil profiles from a nitrogen-impacted ancient grassland on a nature reserve outside York in the UK, using incubation experiments. In five of the profiles, both ammonification and nitrification are occurring below the rooting zone, probably partly in response to the low C:N ratio in the soils. This contributes to elevated nitrate concentrations found in an adjacent stream. Accumulation of ammonium during incubation in the sub-soils of these five profiles suggests a high probability of ammonium leaching down the profiles as ammonium inputs and outputs at a given depth approach equilibrium. This ammonium may also be nitrified at depth. However, in the two profiles with the most acidic surface horizons, net mineralization was negligible or negative; some initial ammonium-N and ammonium-N produced during incubation were nitrified, so the loss in ammonium-N was closely balanced by nitrate-N production.

Field of study: Environmental science
Elements of Strategic Management Process and PerformanceManagement Systems in U.S. Federal Agencies: Do Employee Managerial Levels Matter?

This study examines the relationship between strategic planning components and performance-based management systems in U.S. federal agencies. This research explores the correlation between government employee perception regarding strategic planning components in agencies and three dimensions of performance management systems (performance-based promotions or rewards, fairness and accuracy of performance appraisal, and managerial efforts to improve performance). This study also explores whether the perceived correlation differs across five managerial levels (non-supervisor, team leader, supervisor, manager and executive). This study explores data from the 2008 Federal Human Capital Survey (FHCS), conducted by the U.S. Office of Personnel Management (OPM). This study conducts a total of 15 regression analyses for the three dependent variables and the five supervisor levels. In the models, all five components of strategic planning are positively correlated with the three dimensions of performance management systems among all five supervisor levels. A series of regression analyses demonstrates that the correlation differs depending on the managerial level of the employee. Employees at different managerial levels have different perceptions of the correlation between strategic planning components and each dimension of performance management systems in the public sector.

Field of study: Business
Secret Sharing Schemes : A Fine Grained Analysis

In this paper we prove that embedding parity bits and other function outputs in share string enables us to construct a secret sharing scheme (over binary alphabet) robust against a resource bounded adversary. Constructing schemes robust against adversaries in higher complexity classes requires an increase in the share size and increased storage. By connecting secret sharing with the randomized decision tree of a Boolean function we construct a scheme which is robust against an infinitely powerful adversary while keeping the constructions in a very low complexity class, viz. AC. As an application, we construct a robust secret sharing scheme in AC that can accommodate new participants (dynamically) over time. Our construction requires a new redistribution of secret shares and can accommodate a bounded number of new participants.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
The HERO project for the study of high-energy primary cosmic radiation

Proposals for the High-Energy Ray Observatory (HERO) comprising scientific equipment with increased power availability are presented. Under the long exposure (>7 years), it is proposed to investigate the spectrum and charge composition of cosmic-ray nuclei up to E0 ∼ 1016 eV and to determine the behavior of the energy spectrum in the energy regions >100 GeV for cosmic-ray electrons and >50 GeV for γ radiation. The geometrical factor of the apparatus is 6.0–9.0 m2 sr depending on the type of particles.

Field of study: Physics
Recent advances in the chemistry of large-ring conjugated systems

One of the classical problems of organic chemistry concerns the question whether monocyclic hydrocarbons formally made up of alternating ~.;ingle and double bonds will show so-called " aromatic " behaviour. The bestknown example of this type of compound of course is benzene, which exhi.bits typical aromatic properties. Among these may be mentioned the fact that benzerre does not consist of distinct single and double bonds (as in formula I), but all the bonds are equivalent (as in formula II).

Field of study: Chemistry
High levels of microplastic ingestion by the semipelagic fish bogue Boops boops (L.) around the Balearic Islands.

For the first time this study reports on the presence of microplastics (1 nm to <5 mm) in the gastrointestinal tracts of small semipelagic fish (Boops boops) in the Balearic Islands (Mediterranean Sea) from March to May 2014. The results show microplastic ingestion in 68% of full stomach samples with an average of 3.75 items per fish. Only filament type microplastics were observed in B. boops full gastrointestinal tracts. The frequency of occurrence of microplastics was high, with values ranging from 42% to 80%, in comparison to the other ingested items. Spatial variability among locations is high, which suggests that this type of contamination is ubiquitously distributed and originates from multiple sources. The results are important and indirectly provide further evidence of the presence of microplastics, which can be ingested by biota, in the marine environment.

Field of study: Environmental science
Electrical and microstructural properties of thermally annealed Ni/Au and Ni/Pt/Au Schottky contacts on AlGaN/GaN heterostructures

High work-function metals such as Ni, Pt, and Au in the form of multilayer structures, Ni/Au and Ni/Pt/Au, have been investigated as Schottky metallizations on AlGaN/GaN heterostructures under thermal annealing. As-deposited Ni/Pt/Au had slightly higher Schottky barrier height than its Ni/Au counterpart. Schottky barrier heights for Ni/Au diodes on AlGaN/GaN increased by about 20% from 1.02 eV for as-deposited to 1.21 eV after annealing at 500 ?C for 2 min. Similar trends were observed for Ni/Pt/Au Schottky diodes. Thermal stability study for these devices showed that the interposition of Pt in Ni/Au systems improved the characteristics of the Schottky diodes after short-term anneal but cause significant degradation after long-term anneal at 500 ?C. Ni/Au Schottky contacts exhibited excellent leakage response under thermal annealing for long periods. Microstructural studies were carried out on Ni/Pt/Au and Ni/Au Schottky contacts to elucidate the role of the Pt interlayer in the degradation of the Ni/Pt/Au metallization under long-term thermal anneal.

Field of study: Materials science
Dimension of Seriousness in Attempted Suicide: Significance of the MF Scale in Suicidal MMPI Profiles

Survivors of suicide (184) were classified clinically into serious, ambivalent, and gesture pre- and post-suicidal states. It was noted that the MMPI profile interpretation concurs with this classification and shows the Masculinity-Femininity trend. The profile interpretation makes use of the individual interscale relationships and actuarial profiles. The relationship with the psychiatric clinical diagnostic category is also necessary. The Masculinity-Femininity Scale is essential in MMPI profile interpretation and is significant in statistical terms in differentiating the serious (high risk) attempters from the other groups. The Masculinity-Femininity Scale in conjunction with intrapsychic factor indicators (Scales 2, 4, 6, 7, 8) contributes to the profile interpretation to such an extent that one can significantly differentiate suicidal from non-suicidal depressives, schizophrenics, and personality disorders. In qualitative terms, the Masculinity-Femininity Scale suggests that the serious suicide attempters are psychosexually maladjusted, lack self-confidence, and healthy self-esteem. This is due to a disturbance in their developmental characterological structure.

Field of study: Psychology
Structural controls of Holocene reactivation of the Meers fault, southwestern Oklahoma, from magnetic studies

Holocene reactivation of the aseismic Meers fault in southwestern Oklahoma illustrates the limitation of using the historical seismic record for identifying hazardous faults in the central United States. The 26- to 37-km-long fault scarp is one of the few known scamps recording Holocene movement in the central and eastern United States. Two documented late Holocene slip events, each with about 2.5 m of net slip and estimated M s ranging from 6¾ to 7¼, identify the Meers fault as a potentially hazardous fault. During Carboniferous and Early Permian tectonism, the Meers fault displaced rocks of sharply contrasting magnetic properties. Analysis of aeromagnetic data and twelve ground-magnetic profiles provides a detailed look at the fault within the magnetic basement. Because subsequent reactivation has been minor and of an opposite sense, the pronounced magnetic anomaly associated with the Meers fault reflects Paleozoic structures in the magnetic basement. The location of the Holocene fault scarp corresponds to the strong horizontal magnetic gradient caused by Paleozoic offset of magnetic basement, indicating that the Paleozoic fault controlled Holocene displacement. Two features apparent in both sets of magnetic data are splays of the Meers fault northwest of the Holocene scarp and dikelike bodies immediately south of the fault. Magnetic susceptibility measurements and rock magnetic data from unoriented core penetrating a dikelike body were incorporated into models of the ground-magnetic profiles. In most cases, secondary faults mapped or visible on low-sun-angle photographs correspond to faults modeled from magnetic data. This correlation shows that preexisting structures probably controlled secondary faulting. However, secondary faults at the southeastern end of the 26-km long continuous fault scarp, previously interpreted from low-sun-angle photography, are not apparent in the magnetic data. Of importance to seismic hazard evaluation, the magnetic models show that the northwestern splays probably begin at the northwestern end of the reactivated segment and may indicate a persistent rupture propagation barrier to the west. In addition, the models show the dip of the Meers fault to be nearly vertical to about 0.5 km depth. This dip is consistent with the nearly straight fault trace, results of trenching studies, interpretation of shallow seismicreflection data, and regional gravity and aeromagnetic models. In the present-day strike-slip regional stress field, the observed up-to-the-north Holocene displacement suggests that either the fault continues to dip steeply at depth or the regional stress field is approaching a normal-faulting stress regime. If the former is true, the scarcity of near-vertical faults with similar orientation within the area of the southern Oklahoma aulacogen implies that few are likely candidates for reactivation.

Field of study: Geology
The Silver Coinage of Zapata, 1914-1915

T HE MEXICAN REVOLUTION caused enormous economic dislocation, of which one aspect was the collapse of the money system. The Mexico City mint, which had suspended gold coinage in 191o, ceased to strike the pesos fuertes in March, 1914, and the subsidiary silver in September. Federal gold and silver coin presently disappeared from circulation. Throughout the country masses of paper money were issued, of irregular circulation and precarious value; it was widely counterfeited, and even the genuine paper might be declared invalid overnight. Some coins were produced locally and unofficially-as far as the Federal government was concerned-in an attempt to stabilize values and provide small change. These coinages exist in great quantity and disparity, differing from the Federal and from each other in alloy, weight, types, legends and denomination. This material is by now well arranged,' yet historians have largely ignored its potential for studying monetary policies at the time. The Zapatista coinage is particularly useful, since it is the richest of all the revolutionary coinages; it issued from at least ten mints which produced an abundance of silver and bronze over a period of four years. Many of these coins still exist, and upon examination reveal some otherwise unknown aspects of (and problems within) this revolutionary regime. They also corroborate in an interesting way how conventional was the Zapatista attitude toward property. Zapata's silver $1 and $2 pieces, the subject of this paper, were first struck in Guerrero in 1914; fractional bronze did not appear until the following year. The two silver denominations were proportionately smaller, and contained less silver, than the Federal coinage, but their acceptance was encouraged by the announced presence of an amount of gold in each. The peso bears the legend "ORO: 0,300 [grams]", the

Field of study: History
Impact of Job Characteristics on Employees Emotions & Work-Related Outcomes in Pakistan

The impact of job characteristics on organizational success and its members’ work attitudes and behaviors is not new in the field of organizational behavior. However, the empirical work on gauging the influence of job features on affective states of employees and its subsequent impact on work outcomes is rather marginal. The study intends to validate the relationship amid job characteristics, employees’ affective states and their attitudes and behaviors. The five core job dimensions of Job Characteristics Model i.e. skill variety, task identity, task significance, autonomy and feedback have been adopted to determine the characteristics of the job undertaken. Affective Events Theory has been used to examine the hypothesized relationships between the antecedent (i.e. job characteristics) and consequents of affective experiences (i.e. attitudes: job satisfaction, commitment to organization; and behaviors: organizational citizenship behavior and counterproductive work behavior) of the employees while at work. Regression analysis of the survey data from 215 organizational members from private and public organizations in Pakistan, identified the significant impact of job autonomy, skill variety and task significance on the affective states of employees impacting their satisfaction level towards the job. However, the emotional experiences due to job characteristics showed no influence on employee’s commitment towards the organization as well their citizenship and counterproductive work behavior.

Field of study: Business
Health management and patients who lack capacity: forms of guardianship in European health policy.

The focus of healthcare debate has in recent years shifted from doctors and healthcare professionals in general to patients and the principle of patient self-determination. Patient competence therefore plays an increasingly central role in the legal framework of many Europeans countries. Consequently, healthcare policy has to address the possible repercussions of a non-systematic approach to cases of patient incapacity. The diverse nature of the experiences of the mentally or physically disadvantaged clearly raises problems for the healthcare professional. In this setting, we examine Italy's Law no. 6/2004 from a comparative perspective, in particular analysing legislation in the same area from Spain, France, Great Britain and the Netherlands.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Expression of human cathelicidin peptide LL‐37 in inflammatory bowel disease

Cathelicidin peptide LL‐37 plays an important role in the early host response against invading pathogens via its broad‐spectrum anti‐microbial activity. In this study, we investigated LL‐37 expression in the inflamed mucosa of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients. Furthermore, the regulatory mechanism of LL‐37 induction was investigated in human colonic subepithelial myofibroblasts (SEMFs). LL‐37 mRNA expression and protein secretion were analysed using real‐time polymerase chain reaction and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. Intracellular signalling pathways were analysed using immunoblotting and specific small interference RNA (siRNA). The expression of LL‐37 mRNA was increased significantly in the inflamed mucosa of ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. The Toll‐like receptor (TLR)‐3 ligand, polyinosinic‐polycytidylic acid (poly(I:C), induced LL‐37 mRNA expression and stimulated LL‐37 secretion in colonic SEMFs. The transfection of siRNAs specific for intracellular signalling proteins [Toll/IL‐1R domain‐containing adaptor‐inducing interferon (IFN) (TRIF), tumour necrosis factor receptor‐associated factor (TRAF)6, transforming growth factor β‐activated kinase (TAK)1] suppressed the poly(I:C)‐induced LL‐37 mRNA expression significantly. Poly(I:C)‐induced phosphorylation of mitogen‐activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and activated nuclear factor kappa B (NF‐κB) and activating factor protein (AP)‐1. siRNAs specific for NF‐κB and c‐Jun inhibited poly(I:C)‐induced LL‐37 mRNA expression. LL‐37 suppressed lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced interleukin (IL)‐6 and IL‐8 expression significantly in colonic SEMFs. The expression of LL‐37 was up‐regulated in the inflamed mucosa of IBD patients. LL‐37 was induced by TLR‐3 stimulation and exhibited an anti‐microbial effect via interaction with lipopolysaccharide (LPS).

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Uncertainty-aware specification and analysis for hardware-in-the-loop testing of cyber-physical systems

Hardware-in-the-loop (HiL) testing is important for developing cyber physical systems (CPS). HiL test cases manipulate hardware, are time-consuming and their behaviors are impacted by the uncertainties in the CPS environment. To mitigate the risks associated with HiL testing, engineers have to ensure that (1) test cases are well-behaved, e.g., they do not damage hardware, and (2) test cases can execute within a time budget. Leveraging the UML profile mechanism, we develop a domain-specific language, HITECS, for HiL test case specification. Using HITECS, we provide uncertainty-aware analysis methods to check the well-behavedness of HiL test cases. In addition, we provide a method to estimate the execution times of HiL test cases before the actual HiL testing. We apply HITECS to an industrial case study from the satellite domain. Our results show that: (1) HITECS helps engineers define more effective assertions to check HiL test cases, compared to the assertions defined without any systematic guidance; (2) HITECS verifies in practical time that HiL test cases are well-behaved; (3) HITECS is able to resolve uncertain parameters of HiL test cases by synthesizing conditions under which test cases are guaranteed to be well-behaved; and (4) HITECS accurately estimates HiL test case execution times.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Comparative study on yield and main agri-characters of five hybrid colored cotton varieties

In this paper,yields and main agri-characters of 5 hybrid colored cotton varieties were compared.The results showed that among 5 varieties,Huaizongza 1 was superior in the aspects of growth,agri-characters,leaves areas,dry matter accumulation and boll setting to others.The seed cotton yield of Huaizongza 1 was 3 298.5 kg·hm~(-2)(no significant difference with common cotton varieties),and increased by 51.7% to 90.1% than that of other 4 varieties.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
A model-driven multivariable controller for vapor compression refrigeration systems

A model-driven controller for vapor compression refrigeration systems is presented herein. Mathematical sub-models were developed for each of the system components: heat exchangers (condenser and evaporator), variable-speed compressor and variable-orifice electric expansion device. The overall system simulation model was used to design a MIMO controller based on the linear-quadratic Gaussian method using a state observer of the Kalman filter type. A purpose-built testing apparatus comprised of a variable-speed compressor and a pulse-width modulated expansion valve was used to collect data for the system identification and model validation exercises. It was found that the model reproduces the experimental trends of the working pressures in conditions far from the operation point (±30%) with a maximum deviation of ±5%. Additional experiments were also performed to verify the ability of the controller of tracking reference changes and rejecting thermal load disturbances as high as 15%.

Field of study: Engineering
Noninteractive effects of diazepam and amygdaloid lesions in two animal models of anxiety.

The role of the amygdala in mediating the anxiolytic effects of diazepam was examined in two models of rat anxiety. As in our previous experiments, amygdaloid lesions by themselves did not increase rats' exploration of the open arms of the elevated plus-maze or decrease rats' burying of an electrified probe in the shock-probe burying test. However, amygdaloid lesions did increase rats' shock-probe contacts. Diazepam (2 mg/kg) increased open-arm activity and decreased burying behavior to an equal extent in sham-lesioned and amygdala-lesioned rats and had no significant effect on the facilitation of probe contacts induced by amygdaloid lesions. These results suggest that many of the anxiolytic effects of benzodiazepines are not mediated by the amygdala.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
[Catecholamine excretion in patients with eating disorders].

To compare clinical features of eating disorders and parameters of monoamine metabolism.



Authors examined 21 patients with eating disorders during 2008-2011 using clinical/psychopathological method. To evaluate the status of monoamine neuromediator system, urine levels of dopamine, noradrenalin and adrenaline excretion were measured using high-yield liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. The reference group included 26 sex- and age-matched volunteers.



The common patterns of the pathogenesis of compulsive urges of different origin were identified. The results indicate not only nonspecific changes in catecholamine systems of patients with eating disorders associated with different stress disorders but also demonstrate the pathogenetic correlations between dopaminergic activity and clinical symptoms of addiction.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology