nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Comparisons of MVU and ML Distribution Function Estimators for Truncation Parameter Distributions

The ratio of integrated mean square errors for minimum variance unbiased and maximum likelihood estimating distribution functions is computed for truncation parameter distributions as a relative efficiency measure. A “closeness” relative efficiency is also computed for these estimators for the same class of distributions. The MVU estimator is found to be more efficient than the ML estimator for all sample sizes exceeding two in both cases.

Field of study: Mathematics
Uptake of metals by food plants grown on soils 10 years after biosolids application

Potentially hazardous trace elements such as Cd, Cu, Cr, Ni and Zn are expected to accumulate in biosolids–amended soil and remain in the soil for a long period of time. In this research, uptake of metals by food plants including cabbage, carrot, lettuce and tomato grown on soils 10 years after biosolids application was studied. All the five metals were significantly accumulated in the biosolids-amended soils. The accumulation of metal in soil did not result in significant increase in concentrations of Cu, Cr and Ni in the edible plant tissues. However, the Cd and Zn concentrations of the edible tissues of plants harvested from the biosolids receiving soils were significantly enhanced in comparison with those of the unaffected soils. The plant uptake under Greenfield sandy loam soil was generally higher than those under the Domino clayey loam soil. The metal concentration of edible plant tissue exhibited increasing trends with respect to the concentrations of the ambulated metals. The extents of the increases were plant species dependent. The indigenous soil metals were absorbed by the plants in much higher rates than those of the biosolids–receiving soils. It appeared that the plant uptake of the indigenous soil-borne metal and the added biosolids-borne metals are independent of one another and mathematically are additive.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
PHOSPHOLIPIDS REACYLATION AND PALMITOYLCOA CONTROL TUMOUR NECROSIS FACTOR-α SENSITIVITY

From the hypothesis that in TNF-alpha-resistant cells the activity of mitochondrial phospholipase A2 could be reversed by a lysophospholipid acyltransferase, we report that the mitochondrial reacylation of phosphatidylcholine as phosphatidylethanolamine was considerably higher in C6 (TNF-alpha-resistant) than in WEHI-164 (TNF-alpha-sensitive) cells. TNF-alpha did not modify the phospholipids' reacylation in C6, while in WEHI-164 it was increased several-fold. These results suggest that TNF-alpha is not sufficient to restore the barrier permeability in sensitive cells, but may be enough to explain the absence of permeability change in resistant cells. AcylCoA esters, depending on whether the acyl group is unsaturated or saturated (palmitic acid), could control membrane permeability either by participating in the reacylation of phospholipids or keeping the pore in a closed state. The analysis of the endogenous acylCoA ester pools of both cell lines show that the amount of palmitoylCoA is higher in resistant than sensitive cell lines. TNF-alpha treatment does not change these results.

Field of study: Medicine
NONLINEAR DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES WITH VISCOUS DAMPERS

Based on the story model of spatial member, the supplemental damping matrix, dynamic balance equation and relative energy balance equation of structures with viscous dampers are derived. Nonlinear dynamic analysis of structures with viscous dampers is added into the computer program HBTA (highrise building time-history analysis). Examples are provided to validate the dynamic analysis method and observe the seismic mitigation effect of viscous dampers. The inner forces and deformation of structural members and viscous dampers can be given by HBTA. Efforts are made to conduct dynamic analysis including both displacement-dependent nonlinearity and velocity-dependent nonlinearity.

Field of study: Engineering
Convective heat transfer characteristics of secondary refrigerant based CNT nanofluids in a tubular heat exchanger.

This paper reports an experimental study on the convective heat transfer characteristics of a secondary refrigerant based CNT nanofluids in a tubular heat exchanger. The nanofluid is prepared by dispersing the multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) in the water–ethylene glycol mixture (70:30 by volume). The results show that the convective heat transfer coefficient is enhanced to a maximum of ∼160% for the nanofluid containing 0.45 vol. % MWCNT, which could not be attributed solely by enhanced thermal conductivity of the nanofluids. Particle rearrangement, the very high aspect ratio and delaying the boundary layer development due the random movement of the carbon nanotubes are the possible mechanisms. Further, there is an appreciable decrease in Reynolds number for a given velocity for all the nanofluids. The enhancement in the friction factor is negligible at higher velocity and higher temperature for the nanofluids with 0.15 vol. % MWCNT.

Field of study: Engineering
Phase transition of CuBrTexSe1−x

The phase transition of the chalcogen substituted CuBrTe, CuBrTe x Se 1− x , system was investigated by X-ray diffraction, specific heat and electrical conductivity measurements in the temperature range between 10 and 473 K. Te atoms can be substituted by Se atoms in the range 0.75≤ x ≤1 as a solid solution. The replacement of Te with Se atoms in CuBrTe x Se 1− x leads to an increase in conductivity, especially in the β- and γ-phases.

Field of study: Materials science
[Effects of pseudolaric acid B on blood flows of endometrium and myometrium in pregnant rats].

Effects of pseudolaric acid B (PB) on endo- and myo-metrial blood flows were measured by hydrogen gas clearance technique in 336 pentobarbital-anesthetized rats divided into control and 2 medicated groups (ig PB 20 and 30 mg.kg-1 on d 7-9 of pregnancy). Measurements of endo- and myo-metrial blood flows were done on d 7-14 of pregnancy. Results showed that the endo- and myo-metrial blood flows were reduced by 33-66% and 30-65% respectively, vs ig 1% CMC 0.5 ml (P less than 0.01). Uterine weight during d 10-14 of pregnancy stopped gain. The systemic arterial pressure remained relatively unchanged. It is concluded that PB causes a significant decrease of blood flow in both endo- and myometrium, which is accounted as the most important cause of embryo's death.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Learning to wait for more likely or just more: greater tolerance to delays of reward with increasingly longer delays.

Little research has focused on training greater tolerance to delays of rewards in the context of delayed gratification. In delayed gratification, waiting for a delayed outcome necessitates the ability to resist defection for a continuously available smaller, immediate outcome. The present research explored the use of a fading procedure for producing greater waiting in a video-game based, delayed gratification task. Participants were assigned to conditions in which either the reward magnitude, or the probability of receiving a reward, was a function of time waited and the delay to the maximum reward was gradually increased throughout this training. Waiting increased for all participants but less for those waiting for a greater reward magnitude than a greater reward probability. All participants showed a tendency to wait in a final testing phase, but training with probabilistic outcomes produced a significantly greater likelihood of waiting during testing. The behavioral requirements of delay discounting versus delay gratification are discussed, as well as the benefits of training greater self-control in a variety of contexts.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Design and fabrication of a 14 T, Nb/sub 3/Sn superconducting racetrack dipole magnet

Most accelerator magnets for applications in the field range up to 10 T utilize NbTi superconductor and a cosine theta coil design, For fields above 10 T, it is necessary to use Nb/sub 3/Sn or other strain sensitive superconductors and other coil geometries that are more compatible with these materials. This paper describes our recent efforts to design a series of racetrack coil magnets that will provide experimental verification of an alternative magnet design philosophy, with the near-term goal of reaching a field level of approximately 14 T. The conductor and fabrication issues relevant to building high field, racetrack dipoles utilizing Nb/sub 3/Sn superconductor and a wind and react approach will also be discussed.

Field of study: Physics
Word and its Origin: The History and Evolution of Fjalëzës in Albanian

The problem of nodes in the English language is one of the fundamental issues that 'the historical grammar and take into Consideration a node respectively. General fetures detection mini word a helpful collection of information at Linguistic sector that 'makes Possible the Recognition and analysis of this mini words from genesis to this day. Principal issues that Gives "identity" and assocation mini words a language Will Be the object and the point of reference of study.Aims achi a genuinely Linguistic Interpretation through historical genesis of the "Missal" Buzuku. Multifunctional dimension of mini word a wide range of its use as a Numeral, Such as joints, and even indefinite pronoun, behave through use contectual and concret.The examples of recent Attention Will Be paid to Linguistic Ability wordformation mini word a part and an object of study morfo sintax.Through a literature study distant decade have tried "dare" somehow to enter addressing nodes, there is a Tudy and Linguists own w eight, but Also Recognize English language qualification level.Necessaty studies and we w interpretations directly related nodes, Which Can Be Brough with arguments that 'further studies the pronlem of English nodes behore more clear.

Field of study: Education, Sociology
A thin till in West-Central Saskatchewan, Canada

A thin till, commonly 1 to 10 ft thick, forms the uppermost till in an area of more than 20 000 square miles in west-central Saskatchewan. The till, named herein the Battleford Formation, is gray to light olive-gray in contrast to the underlying pale olive and pale yellow till and stratified drift. The Battleford Formation was deposited about 20 000 years ago and is separated from the underlying older drift by a disconformity whose hiatus is about 15 000 years. These dates suggest that the weathering interval prior to the deposition of the Battleford Formation is Farmdalian and that the Battleford Formation is Woodfordian.

Field of study: Environmental science
Biochemical applications of boron cluster chemistry

Monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) and their immunoreactive fragments continue to be attractive, but as yet unproven, vehicles for the selective delivery of therapeutic quantities of 1oB to tumors for the purpose of boron neutron capture therapy (BNO. Available chemical methodologies and boron-containing reagents for immunoprotein conjugation will be delineated along with the use of designed, precisely synthesized macromolecules which serve as "1OB-trailer" reagents for protein conjugation. The latter designed species have been investigated and are either synthetic peptide-like oligomers containing large quantities of boron in their component a-amino acids or they are hydrophilic polyamides comprised of boron-rich repeating units. Both classes of reagent are produced throu h solid-supported syntheses (Memfield methodology). Use of these precisely synthesizedq0B-trailer species as conjugation reagents equipped with analytically useful fluorescent labels may provide the 103 B-atoms per Mab molecule required for effective BNCT. This methodology provides Mab conjugation with a minimal loss of structural information while providing chemical reproducibility. The in vivo evaluation of this approach has led to the identification of potential improvements in the use of immunoproteins as vehicles for the selective delivery of boron (or other agents) to tumor cells. Consequently, the synthesis of a hydrophilic and boron-rich peptide which is structurally discrete and immunodirected is in progress.

Field of study: Chemistry
Relay ramps in active normal fault zones : A clue to the identification of seismogenic sources (1688 Sannio earthquake, Italy)

Relay ramps commonly occur in areas of active extension. They have relevance in terms of fault segmentation, fault linkage, and related seismic potential. We propose consideration of field evidence of an active relay ramp in a seismic area as a clue to the definition of a seismogenic normal fault. We have chosen the Calore River valley as our study area. It is located within the core of the Apennine chain of the Italian Peninsula and is characterized by active extension and associated severe seismicity. In particular, a destructive earthquake struck the study area in 1688. We integrated data deriving from a geological field survey with original geomorphic and mesostructural analyses and new radiometric dating ( 40 Ar/ 39 Ar). Results indicate that brittle deformation detected in the northern part of Mt. Camposauro could represent the surface expression of the NE-dipping main fault of an active extensional system we refer to as the Calore River fault system. Its structural connection with the neighboring Boiano Basin extensional fault system is marked by an area of complex deformation, which links them and can be described as a stage 3 relay ramp. Given that the Boiano Basin fault system is a seismogenic source, the identification of a relay ramp implies a seismogenic role also for the Calore River fault system. In turn, these results allow us to suggest a new hypothesis for the seismogenic source of the 1688 Sannio earthquake. Finally, we discuss the implications on the seismic potential of two seismogenic structures linked by a relay ramp.

Field of study: Geology
φ-meson photoproduction from nuclei

We study coherent and incoherent φ-meson photoproduction from nuclei. The available data are analyzed in terms of single- and coupled-channel photoproduction. It is found that the data on coherent photoproduction can be well reproduced within a single-channel optical model and show only little room for ω-φ mixing. These data indicate a normal distortion of the φ-meson in nuclei, which is compatible with the results obtained through the vector meson dominance model. The data on incoherent φ-meson photoproduction show an anomalous A-dependence resulting in a very strong φ-meson distortion. These data can be explained by a coupled-channel effect through the dominant contribution from the ω↦φ or the π↦φ transition or, more speculative, through the excitation of a cryptoexotic Bφ-baryon.

Field of study: Physics
Immunological detection of degradation intermediates of skeletal-muscle glycogen phosphorylase in vitro and in vivo.

Over 95% of the pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) in skeletal is bound to one protein, glycogen phosphorylase. This, and the fact that phosphorylase constitutes approx. 5% of the soluble protein in skeletal muscle, introduce the possibility that PLP might be used as a specific label to identify degradation intermediates of the enzyme. In this investigation, we have developed immunological methods, using a monoclonal antibody to PLP and polyclonal antibodies to phosphorylase, to detect degradation intermediates in vitro and in vivo. We have identified a family of degradation intermediates of glycogen phosphorylase in the high-speed-supernatant fraction of mouse skeletal muscle. These peptides react with both types of antibodies and are in the size and concentration range expected for degradation intermediates in a model in which the committed step is followed by rapid clearance of the products. Changes in amounts of degradation intermediates are examined in physiological or pathological conditions in which the rate of degradation of phosphorylase is altered.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
On the Improvement of the System of Picking-up Lost Property

The stipulation of lost property in the Civil Law of our country is too simple and general.This article is trying to state how to improve the system of lost property in two aspects.1.To improve the stipulation of the legal right and obligation.2.To improve the making of the stipulation of how to dispense if the picker-up doesn't return lost property properly.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
SGK3 Regulates Ca2+ Entry and Migration of Dendritic Cells

Dendritic cells (DCs) are antigen-presenting cells linking innate and adaptive immunity. DC maturation and migration are governed by alterations of cytosolic Ca<sup>2+</sup> concentrations ([Ca<sup>2+</sup>]<sub>i</sub>). Ca<sup>2+</sup> entry is in part accomplished by store-operated Ca<sup>2+</sup> (SOC) channels consisting of the membrane pore-forming subunit Orai and the ER Ca<sup>2+</sup> sensing subunit STIM. Moreover, DC functions are under powerful regulation of the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) pathway, which suppresses proinflammatory cytokine production but supports DC migration. Downstream targets of PI3K include serum- and glucocorticoid-inducible kinase isoform SGK3. The present study explored, whether SGK3 participates in the regulation of [Ca<sup>2+</sup>]<sub>i</sub> and Ca<sup>2+</sup>-dependent functions of DCs, such as maturation and migration.  Experiments were performed with bone marrow derived DCs from gene targeted mice lacking SGK3 (sgk3<sup>-/-</sup>) and DCs from their wild type littermates (sgk3<sup>+/+</sup>). Maturation, phagocytosis and cytokine production were similar in sgk3<sup>-/-</sup> and sgk3<sup>+/+</sup> DCs. However, SOC entry triggered by intracellular Ca<sup>2+</sup> store depletion with the endosomal Ca<sup>2+</sup> ATPase inhibitor thapsigargin (1 µM) was significantly reduced in sgk3<sup>-/-</sup> compared to sgk3<sup>+/+</sup> DCs. Similarly, bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 1 µg/ml)- and chemokine CXCL12 (300 ng/ml)- induced increase in [Ca<sup>2+</sup>]<sub>i</sub> was impaired in sgk3<sup>-/-</sup> DCs. Moreover, currents through SOC channels were reduced in sgk3<sup>-/-</sup> DCs. STIM2 transcript levels and protein abundance were significantly lower in sgk3<sup>-/-</sup> DCs than in sgk3<sup>+/+</sup> DCs, whereas Orai1, Orai2, STIM1 and TRPC1 transcript levels and/or protein abundance were similar in sgk3-/- and sgk3<sup>+/+</sup> DCs. Migration of both, immature DCs towards CXCL12 and LPS-matured DCs towards CCL21 was reduced in sgk3<sup>-/-</sup> as compared to sgk3<sup>+/+</sup> DCs. Migration of sgk3<sup>+/+</sup> DCs was further sensitive to SOC channel inhibitor 2-APB (50 µM) and to STIM1/STIM2 knock-down.  SGK3 contributes to the regulation of store-operated Ca<sup>2+</sup> entry into and migration of dendritic cells, effects at least partially mediated through SGK3-dependent upregulation of STIM2 expression.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
ACTIVE MEDIA: Luminescence spectra and lasing characteristics of some new coumarins

Luminescence spectral properties and lasing characteristics of ethanol solutions of several 7-diethylaminocoumarins, recently synthesized, have been measured. Specifically, the peaks in the absorption and luminescence spectra, the fluorescence yields, the lasing efficiency, the peak in the lasing spectrum, and the lasing region were measured. When solutions of these dyes are used as laser active media it becomes possible to tune the output wavelength continuously over the spectral interval 450?505 nm. The compounds have a fairly high lasing efficiency.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
A new genus of rhizodontid (Sarcopterygii, Tetrapodomorpha) from the Lower Carboniferous Horton Bluff Formation of Nova Scotia, and the evolution of the lower jaws in this group

Letognathus gen. nov. is described from the Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian) Horton Bluff Formation. Included in this genus is the species Letognathus hardingi (Dawson 1868), which was originally assigned toRhizodus and later toStrepsodus, but it is distinct from these genera in tooth morphology and the presence of several more primitive rhizodontid characters. By contrast with these latter more derived genera, the parasymphysial plate contacts the first coronoid; the first coronoid bears a row of lingually deflected teeth, the tooth striations occur around the entire circumference of the crown and are much finer and less regular than those ofStrepsodus, and marginal tooth row reaches anteriorly to the dentary symphysis. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that rhizodontid jaws primitively bear symphysial tusks; slender recumbent teeth; an anterior projection of the dentary over the anteromesial depression for the median symphysial plate and shows the highly derived jaws ofStrepsodus andRhizodus evolved with...

Field of study: Environmental science
A scoping review of appropriateness of care research activity in Canada from a health system-level perspective.

Jurisdictions are increasingly focusing on appropriate use of healthcare services and interventions as a means to improve health system performance. Our objectives were to conduct a scoping review to (a) map Canadian research and related activity on system-level appropriateness of care and (b) create a resource database that could be used to inform evidence-based decision-making and future research priorities in this area.



We searched Medline, EMBASE and CINAHL databases between 2003-2013 using terms including "appropriate," "inappropriate," "health technology assessment" and "cost-effectiveness." Articles were included if they were Canadian-based and relevant to our definition. The database search was complemented by a website search of relevant Canadian organizations.



4,979 articles were identified through the literature search, and 103 articles relevant to system-level appropriateness of care across Canada were charted. Of these, 64 contained an evaluation of appropriateness, 30 used a method of cost-effectiveness or total cost impact analysis and 9 involved another methodology. The most common health service categories included drug therapy (n=40) and health service utilization (n=33). Fifty-eight websites were summarized containing material relevant to system-level appropriateness of care.



Our review identifies Canadian research and related activity pertaining to appropriateness of healthcare from a system-level perspective and provides a useful resource both to support evidence-based decision-making and to guide future appropriateness research.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science