nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
This little piggy went to market: using a health education market as a learning strategy for preregistration Bachelor of Nursing students

In the academic year 1997/98 at the University of Tasmania, students undertaking the research unit in their second year of the Bachelor of Nursing (BN) took part in producing a health education market for the staff and students on the Launceston campus of the University. The cafeteria and outside grassed areas were transformed into a network of information stalls, displays and activities. The students reported a constant flow of interested and enthusiastic people to their stalls. Integrating research findings, technical and interpersonal skills and creative ability, students were encouraged to synthesize many areas of theory in the nursing programme in order to present high quality, informative and engaging stalls. Formal evaluation of both group and individual work was integrated into the process in such a way as to provide prompt feedback and encouragement, ongoing quality control and to generate a final grade for each student.

Field of study: Education, Medicine
Acute pain responses in dairy calves undergoing cornual nerve blocks with or without topical anesthetic.

Dairy calves are routinely administered medicines, vaccines, and anesthesia via injection. Although injections are painful, little is known about methods to alleviate this pain. The aim of this study was to determine whether lidocaine-prilocaine cream, a topical anesthetic, reduced calves' pain response to a subcutaneous injection around the cornual nerve. Calves were assigned 1 of 2 treatments: lidocaine-prilocaine cream at the sites of injection (n = 10) or no cream (n = 9). Thirty minutes after treatment, calves received a subcutaneous injection of 2% buffered lidocaine hydrochloride around the left and right cornual nerves. Contrary to our hypothesis, calves that received anesthetic cream beforehand displayed more escape behaviors during the injections than control calves. Both treatments had similarly low amounts of head-related behaviors afterward. Maximum eye temperature did not differ between the calves that received anesthetic cream and control calves, although eye temperature increased over time for both treatments. Heart rate increased during the 30 s following the first injection in both treatments. There were no treatment differences for any heart rate measures over the 5-min period after the first injection (mean heart rate, root mean square of successive differences, high-frequency power, and the ratio of low-frequency power to high-frequency power). These results suggest that cornual nerve blocks with buffered lidocaine are painful and that a lidocaine-prilocaine cream was not only ineffective in reducing this pain but that it may also worsen it.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Call for Papers for the 1987 Annual Meeting of the American Dairy Science Association

The 82nd Annual Meeting of the American Dairy Science Association will be held at University of Missouri, Columbia, June 21-24, 1987. All members of the Association are encouraged to present papers. Abstracts must be received by division chairperson no later than February 15, 1986. Abstracts of papers for student competition should be accompanied by a letter of intent. Type the abstract on the form supplied by the ADSA Executive Secretary according to directions on the form; submit original and four copies to the chairperson of the division. Follow style of the Journal; refer to abstracts published in the 1986 Journal Supplement for guidance. Indicate clearly in the title the nature of the research and in the abstract objectives, design, and major results. Make the data meaningful with brief essential statistics. Papers must have sufficient substance to justify presentation, but the author(s) should also exercise care not to try to present too much factual material for the audience to comprehend. Only 12 minutes are allotted to develop and communicate the ideas to the audience. If critical data are to be exposed fully, only one, two, or possibly three major points can be developed fully. Presentation of material in 12 minutes that is of such scope as to require 30 minutes for its full revelation is a disservice to the audience. More attention should be given to providing an opportunity for discussion and questions following paper presentations. Abstracts of research accepted for publication by a scientific journal before the annual meeting are not acceptable. The Program Committee favors the general policy that a person present only one paper. If the total number of papers submitted by the membership is too great to include in the program, the Committee will assign some papers to be read by title only. Stimulating the highest quality of applied and fundamental research is the goal of the Committee. Mathematical and statistical units should be rechecked to avoid costly corrections in final printing. Careful experimental design and interpretation of results are necessary prerequisites. Compliance with the instructions for preparation of abstracts will simplify tasks of the Program Committee and of the Editor's offices. Careful editing of abstracts before submission is essential. Mimeographed copies (200) of pertinent details and data are desirable for distribution at the time of presentation. Projected material, such as 2 x 2 slides, should include large lettering for easy reading. Names and addresses of the chairpersons to whom abstracts should be sent are given below. If acknowledgment of the receipt of the abstract is not received by March 15, the appropriate chairperson should be contacted.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
INVESTIGATION OF INTELLECTUAL DISABLED CHILDREN AGED 0 TO 6 YEARS IN CHANGSHU OF JIANGSU PROVINCE

To investigate the intellectual development and morbidity of intellectual disability(ID)of chil-dren at the age of 0-6 years in Changshu so as to analyze its causes and search for strategies.[Methods] 199 children aged 0-6 years in 8 villages of 4 towns were selected in Changshu areas by cluster random sampling method.All children were screened by Denver Development Screening Test(DDST).Children who demonstrated to be positive were further diagnosed and mea-sured with Gesell Development Scale(GDS)and Infantile-Junior Middle School Student Social Life Ability Scale.[Results] 2 children were identified with ID among 199 children with the prevalence rate of 1.005% in Changshu areas.The main risk factors for the ID of children were neonatal asphyxia and incorrect education.[Conclusion] The cause of the ID in children included biologic factors,and some acquired factors such as society and cultures.Early diagnosis,early intervention and education of the disorder,and activity rehabilitation management as well as training could improve these children to integrate into the community and families.

Field of study: Medicine
Effect of Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Soil Compaction on Shoot and Root Growth of Field Bean and Soybean

The study was done to observe the effects of soil compaction on field bean and soybean growth in greenhouse. Plastic cylindrical tubes of 58 cm height and 12 cm diameter were filled with silty loam soil with three bulk densities i.e., low (1.25 g/cm3), medium (1.45 g/cm3) and high (1.65 g/cm3) either separately or in combination of low/medium (level 1), low/high (level 2) and medium/high (level 3) as top and sub-soil densities. 
 
General effect of compaction was a reduction in shoot and root growth and in yield of both the legumes; probable reason seemed to be mechanical impedance. At homogeneous compaction throughout the soil profile high bulk density decreased the root dry matter from 6 to 32 % and total root length from 30 to 57% but total root volume was not much affected due to thickening of the roots. From 4 to 31% reductions were also observed in shoot dry matter. Increase in only subsoil density from medium to high (level 2) decreased shoot and root dry matters (8 to 36% and 16 to 39%, respectively) but not the total root length. Plant growth was more hampered when both top and subsoil densities were increased (level 3) but the total root length was not highly affected in the upper (0 to 20 cm) and middle (20 to 40 cm) layer.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Evaluation of southwestern Kansas native grasses

Native grass samples were collected monthly for five years and analyzed for nutrient content. Crude protein and ADF content indicate that grass quality is highest in May and June, then steadily declines until October. Stocker operators may need to begin protein supplementation as early as July to sustain weight gains. Trace mineral values were erratic from year to year and month to month between and within years, indicating that trace mineral supplementation should probably be maintained throughout the grazing season.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Laboratory Studies of the Life Cycle of the Carrot Weevil

In laboratory rearing studies on the carrot weevil, Listronotus oregonensis (LeC.), at Urbana, Illinois, during the summers of 1951 and 1952, the average duration of the life cycle from egg to adult in two generations each ranged from 33.5 to 41.1 days. With maximum longevity for adult females of 103 days for the first generation and 428 days for second generation extreme overlapping makes a clear demarcation of the two principal generations difficult.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Transfer of herbicide resistant gene bar into cultivated wheat variety by backcrossing

A herbicide resistant gene bar was transferred into two cultivated wheat Wanmai 48 and Yangmai 158 by backcrossing.The test of herbicide-resistance,chlorophyll content,glutamine synthetase(GS)activity and phosphinthricin acetyltransferase(PAT)activity indicated that the backcross generations B2F1 showed positive reaction of the bar gene.It suggested that the foreign gene bar had been transferred into and was expressed in two cultivated wheat.Most of agronomic characters of the backcross generations B2F1 were similar to their recurrent parents.The results confirmed that transfering bar gene into other variety by backcrossing is a simple and effective approach to get a new wheat variety resistant to herbicide PPT.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences, Biology
Bivalves on mecochirid lobsters from the Aptian of the Isle of Wight: Snapshot on an Early Cretaceous palaeosymbiosis

Fossil symbioses (Bary 1879) that are not recognized in modern assemblages are rare. This holds true especially because fossil remains of interspecific association are sporadic and difficult to document. Thus, fossil associations illustrated on a large number of specimens are of particular interest. Numerous specimens of mecochirid lobsters (Glypheidea, Decapoda, Crustacea) from the Lower Cretaceous of the Atherfield Clay Formation (Isle of Wight, UK) seer small epibiotic bivalves on their exoskeleton. We propose to identify the post-mortem or syn-vivo nature of this association. To this end, we test and revise the systematic assignment of both crustacean and molluscan partners. A new genus name is proposed for the crustacean Meyeria magna M'Coy, 1849, as well as the new combination Atherfieldastacus magnus (M'Coy, 1849). To understand the nature of the association, a qualitative and quantitative study of the association is conducted on newly examined material (161 lobsters) looking at prevalence, density and abundance of the infestation (per anatomical region of the lobsters). Angularities and flat surface of exoskeletons were also evaluated. The distribution of the bivalves on both sides of the crustaceans (60% of the colonized lobsters), their preservation and their downward growth orientation suggests no post-mortem attachment of the mollusks. Hence, the association may be ascribed to a true palaeosymbiosis between these organisms. The non-homogeneous distribution of bivalves, that is to say an important colonization of the angular ridges of the carapace, is interpreted as selected sites by the mollusks for larval fixation, and may indicate possible half-burrowing posture of lobsters. This palaeosymbiosis has no modern equivalent, as cemented bivalve shells have never been reported on any population of decapod crustaceans. This fossil association may be ascribed to a local Aptian palaeoenvironment comprising swarming spats of anomiid bivalves.

Field of study: Biology
Identification of Volatile Acids in Cured Whale Meat by Paperpartition Chromatography

Paper chromatographic isolation of individual volatile acid in the spoiled Cured whale meat was made according to the method of Fink and Fink (1949). About 450 mgms of total volatile acids were obtained from 350g of sample and converted to mixed esters of the acids, then the esters were synthetized to Potassium hydroxamates. A drop of this hydroxamates in methyl alcohol solution was deyeloped by n-butyl alcohol on one-dimensional filter paper. Saturated Fecl8 solution (in butylalcohol) is sprayed on the paper after development is completed. As Rf values of dark purple spot are agreed with that reported by Fink and Fink, the writers assumed the existence of butylic, propionic, acetic and formc acid in the sample  and this result is also proved by Behrens' petrograplic microscopic method.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Yield and water requirement of Boro rice grown on a clay terrace soil of Bangladesh

A field experiment was carried out in a clay terrace soil to assess grain yield, water requirement, and weed control for Boro rice cultivation in Bangladesh to avoid wastage of water without hampering crop yield. Boro was grown in the dry to pre-monsoon seasons of 1992 and 1993 under different irrigation and weeding treatments with recommended applications of fertilizers. Limited irrigation, maintaining a moisture regime between field capacity and saturation, significantly reduced grain yield. However, irrigation leading to standing water showed no significant difference in grain yield, irrespective of the depth of water, and gave grain yields of 4.5-5.0 t ha -1 . No weeding also significantly reduced grain yield but only in one year. The water requirement for Boro was 620-700 mm from transplanting to harvest. Water use efficiency was highest for irrigation with minimum standing water between saturation and 1 cm, or for moisture regime between field capacity and saturation, depending on the intensity of rainfall during the growing season. A single weeding was sufficient for control. Deep standing water significantly retarded weed growth.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Parametric changes of radon (222Rn) concentration in ground water in Northeastern Hungary

Variation of radon concentration in ground water in the area of Northeastern Hungary was investigated. Specific geological features of this region result in high radon concentration in well waters (between 100 and 350 Bq l −1 ) and in the air of dwellings (occasionally as high as 10 000 Bq m −3 ). The observed radon concentrations of well waters show unpredictable variability both in space and time. In adjacent wells, concentration values may change by a factor of 10. In the case of some wells, a variation by a factor of 3–6 (between 20 and 180 Bq l −1 ) was measured during a year. Measurements were made in order to find correlations between radon concentration in soil air, radon concentration in water and meteorological parameters, i.e. external air pressure, temperature, wind speed and air humidity. A good correlation (with correlation coefficient of k =−0.84) between radon concentration in soil air and air pressure was found.

Field of study: Environmental science
Toxicity and bioaccumulation of cadmium and lead in aquatic invertebrates

Cadmium toxicity and lead toxicity to four species of insects ( Pteronarcys dorsata, Hydropsyche betteni, Brachycentrus sp. and Ephemerella sp.), one snail ( Physa integra ) and one amphipod ( Gammarus pseudolimnaeus ) were determined during 28-day exposures. The 28-day LC50 values for cadmium-exposed snails and lead-exposed amphipods were eleven and four times lower than the 7- and 4-day (96 h) values for these metals, respectively. Lowest effect concentrations obtained after 28 days for cadmium-exposed mayflies ( Ephemerella sp.) and snails and lead-exposed amphipods were similar to those affecting fish exposed over their complete life cycle in water of similar quality. Lethal threshold concentrations were not observed for species exposed to either metal, indicating that possible effects could occur at lower concentrations during longer exposure periods. Cadmium and lead concentrations in the animals tested generally increased with increasing water concentrations and were up to 30,000 and 9000 times greater than corresponding metal concentrations in the water.

Field of study: Biology
The Stone Age Revisited: Building a Monolithic Inorganic Lithium-Ion Battery

A new path for the design of safe and efficient, all‐solid‐state Li‐ion batteries by spark plasma sintering (SPS) is considered. To reach a good electrochemical performance from such batteries, several parameters are investigated, such as the composite‐electrode formulation (active material/electrolyte/carbon ratio) and the influence of the sintering parameters on their compactness. The formulation is optimized to ensure good ionic and electronic percolation through the composite electrode's volume. The compactness has to be sufficient to guarantee a good mechanical aspect, while the residual porosity in the composite electrode allows electrode‐volume changes upon insertion and deinsertion, preserving the electrode/electrolyte interfaces, which are crucial in such technology. Based on these investigations, an all‐solid‐state battery with a surface capacity of 2.2 mA h cm−2 is assembled by SPS, displaying a promising electrochemical performance at 80 °C.

Field of study: Materials science
Synthesis and some transformations of 2-(2′-thienyl)benzothiazole

Condensation of ortho-aminothiophenol with 2-thenoyl chloride in 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidone was used to synthesize 2-(2′-thienyl)benzothiazole. Its reactions of electrophilic (nitration, bromination, oxymethylation, formylation, acylation) and radical (nitration, arylation) substitution were studied.

Field of study: Chemistry
K-shell excitations in NO and O2 by 2.5 keV electron impact

Energy loss spectra of 2.5 keV electrons, scattered by NO and O 2 through small angles, have been studied in the regions of the respective nitrogen and oxygen K-edges. The spectra are similar to those for the diatomic molecules N 2 and CO in that they are dominated by the first discrete transition. The nitrogen and oxygen K-shell spectra of nitric oxide are in qualitative agreement with that expected from an O 2 and NF description respectively of the K-shell excited molecule. Similarly the ionization potential of the oxygen monofluoride (OF) radical, deduced from the oxygen K-shell spectrum of molecular oxygen, is in fair agreement with experimental and theoretical values.

Field of study: Chemistry
An EXAFS study of the structure of rubidium polyethyleneoxide salt complexes

EXAFS measurements on the Rb K edge of RbSCN(PEO) x and RbI(PEO) x (x=4,88) for temperatures in the range 80K to 453K have been performed to gain information about the local structural environment of Rb in these complexes. It has been shown that Rb adopts well-defined sites of four co-ordination with ether oxygens, the actual configuration being anion-dependent. For the iodide samples, there are two short and two long Rb-O bonds with the iodide situated outside the first co-ordination shell at 3.7A. The thiocyanate complexes have a single shell of oxygen neighbours and it is suggested that the N atom of the thiocyanate group is also located within the first shell. No anomalous change in thermal motion, nor any change in cation site geometry is observed on heating.

Field of study: Chemistry
Molybdenum carbide catalysts. I. Synthesis of unsupported powders

Temperature-programmed reaction between MoO3 of low specific surface area Sg and a CH4H2 mixture produces unsupported powders of hexagonal Mo2C with Sg from 50 to 100 m2 g− and CO uptake number density of up to 5.0 × 1014 cm−2. Depending on the preparation conditions, this material can be synthesized with a surface free of contamination by noncarbidic carbon (Mo2C-I) or with a surface completely covered by polymeric carbon layers (C-Mo2C). For the latter case a method of treatment with dihydrogen was developed that removes the carbon contamination to create an active carbide surface (Mo2C-lI).

Field of study: Chemistry
Synthesis and reactivity of organotin(IV) nitrates with heterocyles systems

The reactions of R4-nSn(NO3)n Ph, Bun; n = 1,2) compounds with benzimidazole and 2-aminobenzthiazole have been mad and investigated in relation to the reaction conditions. The IR, NMR and MS techniques have been used to characterize the final reaction products.

Field of study: Chemistry
ESCA studies of fast ion conducting glasses

The results of the X-ray excited Auger and photoelectron spectra for the AgI-Ag2O-P2O5 glassy system are discussed here. The Ag core electron binding energies of the Ag2O-P2O5 system do not show any appreciable changes with the variation of Ag2O content whereas the addition of AgI as dopant results in significant changes, the values of which alter within a range limited by the different phases of AgI(α,β). The binding energies of O1s and P2p have not altered with the addition of AgI. The peak synthesis of P2p spectra reveals the abundant presence of different structural unit such as PO−3 or P2O4−7 or PO3−4 when the molar ratio of Ag2O to P2O5 is 1 or 2 or 3 respectively. The values of the Auger parameters for silver and phosphorus indicate that the chemical environments of P and Ag are relatively more polarisable in doped system than in the undoped modified system.

Field of study: Chemistry
Preliminary study on profiles of VOC_S emitted from coking

Volatile organic compounds (VOC_S) from indigenous coking and surrounding the mechanized coking plant were determined by multi-bed adsorbent tube sampling followed by thermodesorption and GC/MSD detection. The concentration of TVOC reached as high as 1782.2μg/m~(3) in the emission from the indigenous coking. The result reveals that VOC_S are composed of aromatic compounds, alkanes, chlorinated compounds and terpenes. The aromatics are the main components and 75.63%、72.25% in the indigenous coking emissions and the surrounding out of mechanized coking plant, respectively. The relative ratios of BTEX indicate that profiles of VOC_S from coking are different from those emitted from motor vehicles.

Field of study: Materials science
Study on Extraction and Stability of Yellow Pigment Apricot

Study on extraction and stability of yellow pigment from apricot. The yellow pigment has the maximum absorptionwavelength λmax=450nm. The satisfactory solvent is alcohol. The optimum conditions were: concentration of solvent 70%,pH 4 and temperature of extraction 60℃. It is quite stable, lightfast, heatproof, antioxidizing and antireducing. The pigmentsare hardly affected by common food additives, such as cane sugar, essence, prservatives, VC and Mg2+、Al3+、Ca2+、Cu2+ or Fe3+.

Field of study: Chemistry