nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Protective effects of 3,6-dimethylamino-dibenzopyriodonium edetate on global ischemia reperfused isolated rat hearts.

The effects of 3,6-dimethylamino-dibenzopyriodonium edetate (IHC-72) on global ischemia reperfused rat hearts were investigated. In the isolated working rat heart, 40-min global ischemia followed by 30-min reperfusion resulted in increases of ventricular tachycardia (VT) and ventricular fibrillation (VF), increases of creatine kinase (CK) release and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents, but decreased superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. Following ischemia and reperfusion, the accumulation of myocardial calcium increased. IHC-72 50 mumol.L-1 given 10 min before ischemia and during reperfusion decreased the cardiac CK release, VT, and VF, reduced the MDA contents, prevented the reduction of SOD activity and attenuated the accumulation of myocardial calcium and sodium vs control. These results indicated that IHC-72 protected myocardial reperfused injury.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Highlighting two integration technologies based on vias: Through silicon vias and embedded components into PCB. Strengths and weaknesses for manufacturing and reliability

Manufacturers of electronic components and systems are currently undergoing profound changes. For foundry manufacturers, Moore's law is fast approaching, and they must find technological solutions to further densify their electronic circuits. For PCB (Printed Circuit Board) manufacturers, the change is even more important as they have to bury components inside their circuitry. In this paper we present physics analysis and simulations of copper via to study the impact of this kind of assembly process on the reliability of these new electronic circuits. Manufacturers can head towards the through silicon (TSV) via or embedded components. First, we present analysis made with the SAM (scanning acoustic microscope) using shear wave's generation to extract information about strain induced by the copper via in TSV. Finite element analysis shows the correlation between the two technologies. Secondly, we present finite element analysis made on embedded active components inside PCB and an evaluation of the fatigue lifetime on via. TDM (Topography and Deformation Measurements) are made to calibrate the model generated by finite elements. A discussion is then conducted to determine the weaknesses and strengths of each of these technologies in order to determine their long-term robustness.

Field of study: Engineering
TEST ON STRAIN RATE EFFECTS AND ITS SIMULATION WITH DYNAMIC DAMADED PLASTICITY MODEL FOR RC SHEAR WALLS

It has been widely recognized that strain rate has effects on the performance of concrete materials and reinforced concrete(RC) structures.In this study,experimental study on two RC shear walls under different rate loads are carried out.The damage plastic model with the consideration of the strain rate effects is employed to simulate the behavior of the two specimens tested in this study and additional three other specimens under pseudo-static loads.Simulation results show that the developed dynamic damage plastic model can simulate the nonlinear behavior of RC walls under both pseudo-static and high rate loads with acceptable accuracy.Moreover,the developed damage plastic model is also used to study the effects of axial load ratios on the nonlinear behavior of RC wall specimens under different load rates.

Field of study: Engineering
Bromocyclization of 1,1-dioxo-3-thiolen-3-yl esters of N,N-dialkyldithiocarbamic acids

Bicyclic 1,3-dithiolan-2-iminium salts were obtained by bromocyclization of 1,1-dioxo-3-thiolen-3-yl esters of N,N-dialkyldithiocarbamic acids.

Field of study: Chemistry
High Li ion conductivity in strontium doped Li7La3Zr2O12 garnet

Strontium doped lithium ion garnets Li 7 La 3 Zr 2 O 12 (LLZ) with 0.9 wt% to 8.4 wt% content of added Sr were synthesized via conventional solid-state reaction. X-ray diffraction patterns confirmed the cubic garnet structure of the sintered samples. A small amount of strontium was substituted to lanthanum in LLZ lattice. Further analysis showed SrCO 3 acted as a sintering aid for cubic LLZ ceramics and significantly increased the grain size of the sintered pellets. A conductivity of 2.10 × 10 − 4  S/cm at 297 K was obtained for the undoped LLZ. The total ionic conductivity reached a maximum of about 5 × 10 − 4  S/cm at 297 K with an activation energy of about 0.31 eV for 1.7 wt% Sr added LLZ sintered for 20–24 h in alumina crucible.

Field of study: Materials science
Quantitative Trait Loci Mapping for Lameness Associated Phenotypes in Holstein–Friesian Dairy Cattle

Lameness represents a significant challenge for the dairy cattle industry, resulting in economic losses and reduced animal health and welfare. The existence of underlying genomic variation for lameness associated traits has the potential to improve selection strategies by using genomic markers. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify genomic regions and potential candidate genes associated with lameness traits. Lameness related lesions and digital cushion thickness were studied using records collected by our research team, farm records, and a combination of both. Genome-wide analyses were performed to identify significant genomic effects, and a combination of single SNP association analysis and regional heritability mapping was used to identify associated genomic regions. Significant genomic effects were identified for several lameness related traits: Two genomic regions were identified on chromosome 3 associated with digital dermatitis and interdigital hyperplasia, one genomic region on chromosome 23 associated with interdigital hyperplasia, and one genomic region on chromosome 2 associated with sole haemorrhage. Candidate genes in those regions are mainly related to immune response and fibroblast proliferation. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) identified in this study could enlighten the understanding of lameness pathogenesis, providing an opportunity to improve health and welfare in dairy cattle with the addition of these regions into selection programs.

Field of study: Biology
China's ocean economic efficiency depends on environmental integrity: A global slacks-based measure

Absolute This paper measures the regional oceanic economic performance in China's 11 coastal areas from 2007 to 2014 using a dynamic growth efficiency framework. We construct a new global Malmquist ocean performance index (GMOPI), which integrates the global benchmark technology with the slacks-based measure (SBM) and Malmquist-Luenberger (ML) productivity index. This index can successfully eliminate a common infeasibility problem encountered in ML cross-period problem. Furthermore, the labour input, capital input, economic output, and environmental output contribution indexes are proposed by internally decomposing the GMOPI, which can explain which factor could bias technological progress. The empirical results indicate two different modes of China's oceanic economic growth during the examined time period, i.e., a volatility phase (2007–2010) and a stability phase (2011–2014). Moreover, the factor contribution indexes show that the low contribution scores for environmental integrity and capital in the volatility phase. The findings highlight the need for the further strengthening of environmental and investment policies in China.

Field of study: Environmental science
Ring Imaging Cherenkov Detector Prototype Results for E665 at Fermilab

A proportional wire chamber (PWC) with cathode pad readout has been used to measure the position of Cherenkov photons produced by the passage of a 100 GeV muon beam in a five meter long radiator at Fermilab. We observe, on average, 6.2 photo-electrons per muon using Tetrakis (Dimethyl Amino) Ethylene (TMAE) as the photo ionizing vapor for detecting Cherenkov photons and 3.5 photo-electrons using triethylamine (TEA). The observed radius resolution was 3mm FWHM for the TEA data and 5mm FWHM for the TMAE data. In both cases a CaF2 window transmitted the Cherenkov light from the radiator into the photon detector. The radiator gas was 20% argon and 80% helium producing Cherenkov rings with an average radius of 70mm. The detector described here offers the advantage of good timing resolution, (less than 100 nsec when using TEA), and high multi photon and multi ring reconstruction capability.

Field of study: Physics
Optimal control of epidemics with limited resources

We extend the existing work on the time-optimal control of the basic SIR epidemic model with mass action contact rate. Previous results have focused on minimizing an objective function that is a linear combination of the cost associated with using control and either the outbreak size or the infectious burden. We instead, provide analytic solutions for the control that minimizes the outbreak size (or infectious burden) under the assumption that there are limited control resources. We provide optimal control policies for an isolation only model, a vaccination only model and a combined isolation–vaccination model (or mixed model). The optimal policies described here contain many interesting features especially when compared to previous analyses. For example, under certain circumstances the optimal isolation only policy is not unique. Furthermore the optimal mixed policy is not simply a combination of the optimal isolation only policy and the optimal vaccination only policy. The results presented here also highlight a number of areas that warrant further study and emphasize that time-optimal control of the basic SIR model is still not fully understood.

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics
Chronic ethanol administration impairs degradation of formaldehyde-treated albumin by the perfused rat liver.

Nonparenchymal cells of the liver appear to be important in the pathogenesis of various liver diseases, including that caused by ethanol. It is known that chronic ethanol administration impairs the process of receptor-mediated endocytosis in hepatocytes. Liver endothelial cells are also actively endocytic cells, playing a prominent role in the clearance from the circulation of a variety of macromolecules. In this study, we assessed the effect of ethanol administration on this "scavenger" function of liver endothelial cells by measuring the degradation of formaldehyde-treated albumin in isolated, perfused livers of ethanol-fed rats. Rats were pair-fed for 1 or 4 weeks with a liquid diet containing either ethanol as 36% of total calories or an isocaloric amount of carbohydrate. Chronic ethanol administration in this manner for 1 or 4 weeks significantly impaired the degradation of this endothelial cell ligand (by 60 +/- 9% and 37 +/- 9%, respectively). Liver perfusions were also performed on rats that had been administered ethanol acutely or in which ethanol was added to the perfusate. No acute effect of ethanol on the degradation of this ligand was seen. These results demonstrate that chronic ethanol ingestion impairs receptor-mediated endocytosis of formaldehyde-treated albumin by liver endothelial cells, indicating that the adverse effects of ethanol on protein trafficking within the liver are not limited to the hepatocytes.

Field of study: Medicine
STUDY ON THE COUPLED MODEL OF “PZT CHIP-ADHESIVE LAYER-MAIN STRUCTURE”

The EMI technique,as a structural damage detection(SDD) technique,has been successfully applied in fields of aviation,mechanical engineering and civil engineering.However,compared with its application in recent years,the study on the theory and numeric is lagged behind.To avoid the theoretical lack in the application of EMI technique,in this paper,the author puts forward a new coupled model of "PZT chip-adhesive layer-main structure(PAS)",which bases on recent several PAS models.By constructing the assumptions of the simplified model and deducing the overall procedure of theoretical calculation,we get the admittance formulation.This new EMI coupled model has a higher degree of accuracy and considers more factors including damping,which provides a reference for deeper theoretical study of EMI technique and a new clue for further study.

Field of study: Engineering
Genistein Represses HOTAIR/Chromatin Remodeling Pathways to Suppress Kidney Cancer.

Genistein, a soy isoflavone, has been shown to have anti-cancer effects in various cancers including renal cancer. Long non-coding RNA, HOX transcript antisense RNA (HOTAIR), is involved in cancer progression and metastasis, such as renal cancer. Our aim was to investigate the effects of genistein on HOTAIR chromatin remodeling functions.



We used MTS assays and Transwell migration assays to study the effects of genistein on cell proliferation and migration respectively in human renal cell carcinoma (RCC) cell lines. We used Western blots to analyze SNAIL and ZO-1 expression. We performed chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays to study recruitment of the polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) to the ZO-1 promoter. We performed RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) assays to study interaction between HOTAIR and PRC2, SMARCB1 or ARID1A. We also performed transfection experiments to overexpress EED, HOTAIR and knockdown SMARCB1.



Genistein reduced cell proliferation and migration of human renal cell carcinoma cell lines. ChIP assays indicated that genistein reduces recruitment of the PRC2 to the ZO-1 promoter and increased its expression. RIP assays showed that genistein inhibits HOTAIR interaction with PRC2, leading to tumor suppression. Immunoprecipitation also revealed that genistein reduced EED levels in PRC2, suggesting that decreased EED levels suppress HOTAIR interaction with PRC2. EED overexpression in the presence of genistein restored PRC2 interaction with HOTAIR and reduced ZO-1 transcription, suggesting genistein activates ZO-1 by inhibiting HOTAIR/PRC2 functions. RIP assays also showed that HOTAIR interacts with SMARCB1 and ARID1A, subunits of the human SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex and genistein reduces this interaction. Combination of HOTAIR overexpression and SMARCB1 knockdown in the presence of genistein revealed that genistein inhibits SNAIL transcription via the HOTAIR/SMARCB1 pathway.



Genistein suppresses EED levels in PRC2 and inhibits HOTAIR/PRC2 interaction. Genistein suppresses HOTAIR/PRC2 recruitment to the ZO-1 promoter and enhances ZO-1 transcription. Genistein also inhibits SNAIL transcription via reducing HOTAIR/SMARCB1 interaction. We demonstrate that the reduction of HOTAIR interaction with chromatin remodeling factors by genistein represses HOTAIR/chromatin remodeling pathways to suppress RCC malignancy.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Bayesian Topological Learning for Brain State Classification

Investigation of human brain states through electroencephalograph (EEG) signals is a crucial step in human-machine communications. However, classifying and analyzing EEG signals are challenging due to their noisy, nonlinear and nonstationary nature. Current methodologies for analyzing these signals often fall short because they have several regularity assumptions baked in. This work provides an effective, flexible and noise-resilient scheme to analyze EEG by extracting pertinent information while abiding by the 3N (noisy, nonlinear and nonstationary) nature of data. We implement a topological tool, namely persistent homology, that tracks the evolution of topological features over time intervals and incorporates individual's expectations as prior knowledge by means of a Bayesian framework to compute posterior distributions. Relying on these posterior distributions, we apply Bayes factor classification to noisy EEG measurements. The performance of this Bayesian classification scheme is then compared with other existing methods for EEG signals.

Field of study: Computer science
An Entrance for the Eyes: Space and Meaning in Seventeenth-Century Dutch Art. Martha HollanderArt and Home: Dutch Interiors in the Age of Rembrandt. Mariët Westermann

Gibson describes how the countryside rapidly became a physical and mental "urban playground" for the citizen elite (114). A discussion of the rise of the country house situates the appreciation of landscape representation in an upper-class realm of armchair recreation. In his most original discussion, Gibson notes that in this congested environment even the "rustic ruin" could become charming. He compellingly sees the new pictorial attachment to run-down hovels as a brief moment in the history of the picturesque. Critical analysis of the class-based character of this aesthetic would have been welcome, for the shed-dweller surely did not share the Dutch humanist's envy of his carefree existence. Gibson's locally-specific passages make clear that a long tradition of rustic recreation cannot account for the sudden Dutch proclivity for recognizably local landscape. Even as it promotes Dutch identification and prompts religious reflection, this countryside of the imagination appears to try to restore a connection between culture and nature that the new urban landscape was sacrificing for economic growth. The taste for casual landscape in the Netherlands was fed by that conflicted development of the modern western understanding of "nature" as something at once alien, to be feared, to be conquered, and to be protected — a process fed by the socioeconomic realities and urban sentiments that Keith Thomas has charted for early modern English culture. MARIET WESTERMANN Institute of Fine Arts, New York

Field of study: History
Ballistic heat pulses in crystals

The physics of phonons, or elastic waves, with gigahertz to terahertz frequencies is currently gaining considerable attention. A variety of new phonon techniques has been developed over the past few years as a result of new technologies and materials; they include notable advances in the generation of tunable monochromatic phonon beams at terahertz frequencies, in the creation of “phonon optics” devices such as reflection gratings for ultrasonic waves, and in the interaction of high‐frequency phonons with impurities and free carriers in semiconductors. This recent activity was particularly evident at the Third International Conference on Phonon Scattering in Condensed Matter held last year at Brown University.

Field of study: Physics
A Combined $\nu_\mu \to \nu_e$ and $\bar\nu_\mu \to \bar\nu_e$ Oscillation Analysis of the MiniBooNE Excesses

The MiniBooNE experiment at Fermilab reports results from an analysis of the combined $\nu_e$ and $\bar \nu_e$ appearance data from $6.46 \times 10^{20}$ protons on target in neutrino mode and $11.27 \times 10^{20}$ protons on target in antineutrino mode. A total excess of $240.3 \pm 34.5 \pm 52.6$ events ($3.8 \sigma$) is observed from combining the two data sets in the energy range $200<E_\nu^{QE}<1250$ MeV. In a combined fit for CP-conserving $\nu_\mu \rightarrow \nu_e$ and $\bar{\nu}_{\mu}\rightarrow\bar{\nu}_e$ oscillations via a two-neutrino model, the background-only fit has a $\chi^2$-probability of 0.03% relative to the best oscillation fit. The data are consistent with neutrino oscillations in the $0.01 < \Delta m^2 < 1.0$ eV$^2$ range and with the evidence for antineutrino oscillations from the Liquid Scintillator Neutrino Detector (LSND).

Field of study: Physics
Application of intensity modulated photon fields in radiation oncology (in German)

Intensity-modulated radiation therapy(IMRT) with a maximum photon energy near 10 MeV can produce highly conformal dose distributions to minimize the dose to normal tissues while delivering a high dose to the planning target volume. IMRT is especially useful for obtaining optimal dose distributions in irregularly shaped tumors which surround radiation-sensitive normal tissues. This thesis describes fixed beam modifiers for IMRT developed for routine clinical use. They consist of individually shaped negative forms, cut into Styrofoam with a computer controlled milling machine, that are then filled with steel powder. The individually designed beam attenuator is mounted on a perspex plate, covered with another perspex plate, and secured in the accessory holder of any medical accelerator. The steel powder does not absorb enough radiation for proper shielding of irregularly shaped radiation fields. The addition of a custom designed cerrobend block permits intensity-modulated photon fields even with older linear accelerators lacking multi-leaf collimation. Several verification procedures for intensity-modulated photon fields are described using a treatment plan for a virtual tumor in an anthropomorphic Alderson–Rando phantom. Beam fluence maps are checked with a video camera based megavoltage imaging system (“BIS 710,” Wellhofer Dosimetrie). Ionization chambers, films and an amorphous silicon prototype megavoltage imaging system (“ADAS,” Wellhofer Dosimetrie) are used to verify the dose distribution delivered by each field. The doses measured at 200 points in the Alderson–Rando phantom with thermoluminescent dosimeters were compared with doses calculated with two treatment planning systems (“KonRad” and “VOXELPLAN,” Cancer Research Centre DKFZ in Heidelberg, Germany). Other dose measuring tools and methods are described.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Process, Outcomes and the Invention of Tradition: The Growing Importance of the Appearance of Judicial Neutrality.

When the U.S. Supreme Court in Caperton v. Massey ruled that judicial recusal under the Due Process clause did not depend upon proof of actual bias but required reference to an objective standard, it asserted the importance of appearance as an aspect of judicial legitimacy and brought this aspect of its jurisprudence into line with that of the European Court of Human Rights. The formulations of both jurisdictions reference the same common law tradition of procedural fairness but now draw divergent conclusions concerning the implications for judges who use technical advisors. This paper explores the tension between process and outcomes which this divergence exposes. It takes the view that the current emphasis on appearances represents a repositioning of recusal jurisprudence within the context of a normative tradition to reflect contemporary concerns with a perceived loss of confidence in the integrity of the institutions of public life. It argues that the consequent priority accorded to matters of form as opposed to substance rests on a model of the importance of free-standing or dignitary procedural values which appears to be supported by the empirical findings of social scientific research but pays insufficient attention to the role of correct judicial outcomes as a basis for public trust and is, to that extent flawed. It concedes that courts will be reluctant to base recusal decisions upon popular suspicions which have no factual basis to support them and recognizes the argument that an excessive preoccupation with issues of transparency and accountability may itself have negative repercussions in terms of public trust. Nevertheless, to the extent that there is in the popular imagination at least a disconnect between matters of appearance and matters of institutional integrity upon which legitimacy depends, this paper considers that as a contribution to an emerging jurisprudence of appearances the development represents an appropriate contemporary response. 1 Ph. D. ; Solicitor of the Supreme Court; Senior Lecturer, Law School, Birmingham City University 2 Ph. D.; Senior Academic, Law School, Birmingham City University

Field of study: Law