nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Current situation and development in the areas after the implementation of Project of Conversion of Cropland to Forest,Anhui Province

The Project of Conversion of Cropland to Forest had most important functions in construction and protection of environment.Seventeen cities including 84 counties participated in this project from 2002 to 2009.Till 2009,3.3086 million ha cropland has been afforestated,including 3.056 million ha ecological forest and 0.02526 million ha economic forest.There were 16 kinds of tree species used as main afforestation species,and the largest portion was of poplar.The poplar afforestation areas were 1.456 6 million mu(667 m2).There were 4 kinds of species in Huaibei plain region,10 kinds of species in Jianghuai hill land,13 kinds of species in hilly re-gion along the Yangtse River,16 kinds of species in the region of southern Anhui,and 10 kinds of species in the region of Dabie Mountains.Afforestation preservation rate was 97.7 %.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Lattice-shifted nematic quantum critical point in FeSe1−xSx

We report the evolution of nematic fluctuations in FeSe 1− x S x single crystals as a function of Sulfur content x across the nematic quantum critical point (QCP) x c  ~ 0.17 via Raman scattering. The Raman spectra in the B 1g nematic channel consist of two components, but only the low energy one displays clear fingerprints of critical behavior and is attributed to itinerant carriers. Curie–Weiss analysis of the associated nematic susceptibility indicates a substantial effect of nemato-elastic coupling, which shifts the location of the nematic QCP. We argue that this lattice-induced shift likely explains the absence of any enhancement of the superconducting transition temperature at the QCP. The presence of two components in the nematic fluctuations spectrum is attributed to the dual aspect of electronic degrees of freedom in Hund’s metals, with both itinerant carriers and local moments contributing to the nematic susceptibility.

Field of study: Physics
A generalization of the Wiener-Hopf technique

The drag depends on the ratio of the length of the body to the distance traveled from rest to reach the speed of sound. The presence of an acceleration causes a finite drag at the speed of sound in contrast to the infinite value in the steady case. As the value of the acceleration decreases the drag tends to infinity as the inverse fourth root of the acceleration. Another difference with the steady case is the concentration of infinite pressure at the nose. In this connection it may be concluded that the lift distribution on an accelerated wing will introduce a stalling moment in going through the speed of sound. It may be seen from formula (15) that extremely high values of the acceleration are needed for usual body sizes before the effect becomes appreciable. It must be added that the methods presented in this paper are not restricted to the acceleration of a wedge. By superposition of positive and negative wedges the method solves the problem for a symmetric body of arbitrary shapes with constant acceleration. Furthermore, it will be noted that expressions (6), (7) and (8) may easily be generalized to cover not only the symmetric body of arbitrary shape but also the case of completely arbitrary motion. The present paper indicates how the pressure distribution in such cases may be completely expressed by quadratures.

Field of study: Mathematics
The Importance and Role of Students' Activities in the Educational Learning Process

The study aimed at clarifying the importance of students' activities and its role in the educational learning process through identifying the concept of students' activities and its functions and the basic standards for choosing such activities. It also aimed to explain the kinds of those activities and the difficulties that face it, in addition to the procedures taken to overcome such obstacles. The descriptive survey method was used and all what was written about such activities from the references, magazines, periodicals and internet. The findings of study showed the importance of students' activities and its role in forming a stable and perfect personality for the students' as such activities are a main part of the learning process that contributed effectively in revealing the students' abilities, tendencies and refining their hobbies. In addition, the students' activities contributed in achieving a group of functions psychological, educational, social and recreational. Moreover, the students' activities are varied cultural, social, sports, art, professional and scientific. The importance of the school activity is originated from its educational value which is clarified enough through the achieved objectives of the educational process. In the light of the findings of the study, the researches came up with some recommendations. They are as follows:   Preparing guides for students' activities explaining its importance, kinds, standards, and how it is practiced. Including special topics in students' activities to be within the programs of preparing and training teachers.  Directing towards the sources of different activities to give the students' a chance for suggesting activities as the philosophy of school activities is based on students. Finding suitable ways for taking into consideration the activities in the evaluation of the teacher and the student, as well.  Students' Activities, Educational learning process, Functions of students' activities.

Field of study: Education
DETECTION OF HARMONIC MODES WITH SPECTRAL KURTOSIS

In the operational modal analysis of rotating machines, the periodic excitations introduce harmonic modes into structural modes. Based on the different spectral kurtosis values between a structural mode and a harmonic mode, an approach for detecting harmonic modes is proposed. The definition of spectral kurtosis is introduced and an optimized fast algorithm of its estimation is presented. The frequency spatial domain decomposition modal identification method is applied to separate harmonic modes from structural modes. Finally, a simulation example and a real experiment are used to validate the approach, in which the harmonic modes are successfully distinguished and removed.

Field of study: Engineering
MSDD: a Memory Swap Scheme with Data Deduplication

Frequent access to external storage in memory swap operations significantly decreases the performance of applications. This paper presents a memory swap scheme with data deduplicaiton( MSDD),Which decreases swapping out operations by deleting redundant pages to mitigate the effect incurred by the swap operations. Given that the swapping out operation is sensitive to the operation latency and the size of the available memory,MSDD uses the improved MD5 algorithm to efficiently calculate digital fingerprints of pages and stores deduplication metadata by employing the hash-table to balance the size of memory occupancy and the retrieval time of deduplication metadata. Experiments results on four typical applications show that MSDD decreases operations of memory swap out by 36. 73% and improves the performance of applications by 15. 0%.

Field of study: Computer science
Provenance and geochemistry of Lower to Middle Permian strata in the southern Junggar and Turpan basins: A terrestrial record from mid-latitude NE Pangea

The Lower to Middle Permian terrestrial successions in the southern Junggar and Turpan basins provide a wealth of information regarding the paleoclimatic and paleogeographic evolution of mid-latitude NE Pangea. Two sections, namely the Xiaolongkou section in the southern Junggar Basin and the southwest (SW) Tarlong section in the Turpan Basin, were systematically studied using detrital zircon geochronology and whole-rock geochemical analysis. Stratigraphic studies suggest that, in both sections, the Lucaogou and Hongyanchi formations are dominated by lacustrine deposits, while the Quanzijie Formation represents mixed fluvial-lacustrine and loess environments. The Lucaogou Formation displays low CIA (Chemical Index of Alteration) values and Th/U ratios, suggesting semiarid to arid conditions in both sections. The Hongyanchi Formation shows low to intermittently moderate CIA values and Th/U ratios, indicating variably semiarid-arid conditions alternating with subhumid-semiarid episodes. The lower part of the Quanzijie Formation reflects subhumid-semiarid to semiarid-arid conditions, while the upper part of the Quanzijie Formation mainly records semiarid-arid and shifts into subhumid conditions toward the top. Detrital zircon and element data indicate that, within each section, all three formations display similar zircon age distributions and geochemical characteristics, suggesting no significant changes in provenance during deposition. However, the provenance characteristics of the two sections differ from each other; the Xiaolongkou section is rich in felsic material, with two detrital zircon age peaks, while the SW Tarlong section contains more mafic components, with a single peak in detrital zircon age spectrum. This suggests that the greater Junggar-Turpan Basin was highly partitioned with several independent provenance systems active during the Early-Middle Permian. The abrupt change in depositional environments in both sections may have resulted from uplift of the North Tian Shan, which induced rapid regression of the lakeshore and uplift of sediment source and catchment areas.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Parallel-Data-Free Voice Conversion Using Cycle-Consistent Adversarial Networks

We propose a parallel-data-free voice-conversion (VC) method that can learn a mapping from source to target speech without relying on parallel data. The proposed method is general purpose, high quality, and parallel-data free and works without any extra data, modules, or alignment procedure. It also avoids over-smoothing, which occurs in many conventional statistical model-based VC methods. Our method, called CycleGAN-VC, uses a cycle-consistent adversarial network (CycleGAN) with gated convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and an identity-mapping loss. A CycleGAN learns forward and inverse mappings simultaneously using adversarial and cycle-consistency losses. This makes it possible to find an optimal pseudo pair from unpaired data. Furthermore, the adversarial loss contributes to reducing over-smoothing of the converted feature sequence. We configure a CycleGAN with gated CNNs and train it with an identity-mapping loss. This allows the mapping function to capture sequential and hierarchical structures while preserving linguistic information. We evaluated our method on a parallel-data-free VC task. An objective evaluation showed that the converted feature sequence was near natural in terms of global variance and modulation spectra. A subjective evaluation showed that the quality of the converted speech was comparable to that obtained with a Gaussian mixture model-based method under advantageous conditions with parallel and twice the amount of data.

Field of study: Computer science
Counterparts and Comparatives

terpart of a's in some world is taller than a. At least, that's how things work out in David Lewis's counterpart theory (as presented in ). This is such a neat and direct way of expressing the content of modal comparisons that we should do well to give it up only when faced with weighty counter-evidence. Misgivings about the semantics of comparatives and the ultimate metaphysical basis of 'crossworld relations' such as are involved in comparisons between a and its counterparts do not constitute such evidence. At best they suggest that the neat and direct analysis does not yield the whole story, not that no attempt should be made to express such locutions in first-order counterpart theories nor that nothing may be learned from so doing. On the face of it, we do make comparisons between things as they are and as they might be (and even more obviously between things as they are and as they were or will be). Without prejudice to metaphysics and the semantics of comparatives I shall take these comparisons at face value. If they are to accommodate them at all, counterpart theories must do more than simply allow us to express modal comparisons. They must allow of extension in order to enable us to account for the fact that certain arguments involving modal comparisons strike us as valid. I have in mind arguments such as:

Field of study: Philosophy
How much do we know about the endangered Atlantic Forest? Reviewing nearly 70 years of information on tree community surveys

The structure of the Atlantic Forest (AF) has been studied for almost 70 years. However, the related existing knowledge is spread over hundreds of documents, many of them unpublished and/or difficult to access. Synthesis initiatives are available, but they are restricted to only a few parts or types of the AF or are focused on species occurrence. Here, we conducted an extensive review to compile quantitative tree community surveys on all types of the AF until 2013 and to study where and how these surveys were conducted. We found 1157 relevant references, containing 2441 forest surveys published since 1945. These surveys corresponded to 2.24 million trees and 1817 ha of forests sampled. This total sampled area represents only 0.01 % of the AF remnants, showing how limited our knowledge is on AF structure. For Paraguay and the Brazilian states of Bahia and Mato Grosso do Sul this proportion was much smaller. The same was true for evergreen rainforests, Brejos de altitude and deciduous forests and most probably for the rare cloud, swamp, Caxetal and Mussununga forests for which no accurate remnant estimates were found. Since the 1980s, the amount of AF area sampled each year has increased continuously, but approximately 100 years will be necessary to sample at least 1 % of the AF. Thus, we urgently need an enormous amount of high-quality quantitative data to overcome our limited knowledge of the AF and to support conservation programs aiming to safeguard this threatened biodiversity hotspot.

Field of study: Environmental science
Comment on Maxwell and Delaney

Serlin (1991) praises the Maxwell and Delaney (1990) text Designing Experiments and Analyzing Data: A Model Comparison Perspective as an excellent reference work yet expresses the opinion that it is too advanced to be used as a first-year graduate textbook. I must disagree with this opinion. In his review, Serlin begins by highlighting one sentence from the preface of the book concerning the authors' presumption that the reader will have had high school algebra and an undergraduate statistics course. He then uses this criterion to evaluate the content of the book and its appropriateness as a textbook for novice graduate students. In explaining his concerns, Serlin lists several terms that apparently are not accompanied by an explicit definition the first time they appear in the book. He interprets this to mean that the authors must be supposing students will have prior knowledge of these topics and expresses doubt that they could have obtained the necessary background from a single undergraduate statistics course. Serlin does not mention, however, that some of these early references are simply informing readers of the location where these topics are later discussed. He also fails to mention that these later discussions, rather than presuming knowledge from prior coursework, begin by introducing the topics at a basic level. To cite one example, Serlin construes that prior study of within-subjects designs is a prerequisite for the book from one sentence that simply refers to a later treatment of the topic ("However, we will see in Chapter 13 that the Bonferroni approach may be preferable . . . in within-subjects designs . . .", p. 184). In fact, 237 pages of the text are devoted to introducing within-subjects designs and analyses. Clearly Serlin's reasoning falls short of providing a meaningful assessment of the material students must know in advance to understand this book. What is most disconcerting about Serlin's review, however, is the conclusion he draws from his content analysis that the difficulty level of the book may limit its usefulness as a standard graduate statistics textbook. My own experience as a first-year graduate student belies this assessment. I had the opportunity to use this text (in manuscript form) during the second semester of a three-semester grad-

Field of study: Mathematics
Quantitative Analysis of Content of Fenvalerate and Malathion in Agrochemicals by Near-infrared,Attenuated Total Reflectance Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy

The active ingredients such as fenvalerate and malathion in pesticides were determined by the methods of near-infrared,attenuated total reflectance infrared and Raman spectroscopy.The quantitative models were established by partial least squares method and optimized.The independent validation sets were used to evaluate the accuracy of models.The coefficients R2 of determination and SEP of the near-infrared spectroscopy model for fenvalerate and malathion were 0.9981 and 0.9994,0.082 and 0.081,respectively.The R2 and SEP of mid-infrared spectroscopy were 0.9946 and 0.9998,0.082 and 0.081,respectively.Both accuracies of near-infrared spectroscopy and mid-infrared spectroscopy were similar.The coefficients R2 of determination and SEP of Raman were 0.9872 and 0.9993,0.254 and 0.317,respectively,which shows a lower accuracy compared to the other two methods.The result indicated that near-infrared,mid-Infrared and Raman spectroscopy can be applied to the rapid determination of the content of the active ingredients precisely.It is of great significance in the area of on-line determination in the enterprise and the rapid analysis of agrichemicals in the quality monitoring department.

Field of study: Chemistry
ShNPSN11, a vesicle-transport-related gene, confers disease resistance in tomato to Oidium neolycopersici.

Tomato powdery mildew, caused by Oidium neolycopersici, is a fungal disease that results in severe yield loss in infected plants. Herein, we describe the function of a class of proteins, soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptors (SNAREs), which play a role in vesicle transport during defense signaling. To date, there have been no reports describing the function of tomato SNAREs during resistance signaling to powdery mildew. Using a combination of classical plant pathology-, genetics-, and cell biology-based approaches, we evaluate the role of ShNPSN11 in resistance to the downy mildew pathogen O. neolycopersici. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis of tomato SNAREs revealed that ShNPSN11 mRNA accumulation in disease-resistant varieties was significantly increased following pathogen, compared with susceptible varieties, suggesting a role during induced defense signaling. Using in planta subcellular localization, we demonstrate that ShNPSN11 was primarily localized at the plasma membrane, consistent with the localization of SNARE proteins and their role in defense signaling and trafficking. Silencing of ShNPSN11 resulted in increased susceptibility to O. neolycopersici, with pathogen-induced levels of H2O2 and cell death elicitation in ShNPSN11-silenced lines showing a marked reduction. Transient expression of ShNPSN11 did not result in the induction of a hypersensitive cell death response or suppress cell death induced by BAX. Taken together, these data demonstrate that ShNPSNl11 plays an important role in defense activation and host resistance to O. neolycopersici in tomato LA1777.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Quantizing momentum transport in bilayer graphene

The momentum transport in ultraclean bilayer graphene is characterized by the viscous transport. In quantizing magnetic field the momentum current passes through the guiding centers of cyclotron orbits. In this study we derive the quantized Hall viscosity of bilayer graphene that is the next topological feature after the quantum Hall effect. This can be detected in the non-local magnetoresistivity measurements that varies with the quantized steps of magnetoresistivity.

Field of study: Physics
The Politics of Access and Representations of the Sodomite King in Early Modern England

This essay treats the image of the sodomite king—in Marlowe's Edward II and in the gossip surrounding James I and his favorites — as a figurative response to resentments stemming from the regulation of access to the monarch. Animosities in Marlowe's play anticipate criticism of the Jacobean Bedchamber in part because Marlowe was responding to libels provoked by innovations in the chamber politics of the French king Henri III that also anticipate Jacobean practice. The figure of the sodomite king offers a useful vehicle to explore tensions between personal and bureaucratic monarchy that are exacerbated by the regulation of access.

Field of study: History
A uniform measure of subaerial erosion

It is suggested that observations of contemporary sediment movement in subaerial situations be estimated by the physical work (in joules) that they represent. This can be conveniently done by estimating the change due to erosion in the potential energy of the landscape. An example from an alpine area in southwestern Colorado is used to illustrate the use of geomorphic work as a measure of erosion and to show how it may be compared to other environmental exchanges of material and energy.

Field of study: Geology
Porous Graphene Oxide Prepared on Nickel Foam by Electrophoretic Deposition and Thermal Reduction as High-Performance Supercapacitor Electrodes

A simple electrophoretic deposition method was developed to prepare graphene oxide (GO) films on the frameworks of nickel foam without any conductive agents and polymer binders. Then, GO was transformed into thermally-reduced graphene oxide (RGO) at an appropriate temperature. The effects of deposition voltage and thermal reduction temperature on the electrochemical properties of RGO were investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and galvanostatic charge/discharge. The appropriate combination of deposition voltage and thermal reduction temperature was established. Moreover, scanning electron microscopy, thermal gravimetric analysis, differential thermal analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray diffractometry were applied to validate the results, which showed that the highest specific capacitance of RGO was obtained when the deposition voltage was 60 V and the thermal reduction temperature was 300 °C. The specific capacitance values calculated by CV and galvanostatic charge/discharge were 139 F·g−1 (0.005 V·s−1) and 151 F·g−1 (1 A·g−1), respectively. The specific capacitance of RGO maintained 55% and 66% of the initial value when the scan rate and the current density were increased up to 0.3 V·s−1 and 10 A·g−1, respectively. RGO also displayed an excellent cycling stability by maintaining 98% of the initial specific capacitance after 500 cycles.

Field of study: Materials science
Reversal of longstanding neurological deficits after a late release of tethered spinal cord.

The importance of early surgery for tethered cord syndrome in the pediatric population is well established. Optimal treatment and prognosis of tethered cord in adults, on the other hand, is less clear. Some advocate a conservative approach in asymptomatic patients, while others recommend early detethering in all patients. For symptomatic patients, however, there is a consensus in favor of early surgery to prevent progression of neurological deficit. Many studies have reported cessation of neurological decline or reversal of recently acquired neurological deficits in patients with adult tethered cord syndrome. There are limited data in the literature about late surgery for the treatment of tethered spinal cords when the neurological deficits are longstanding. We report on a 37-year-old woman who demonstrated dramatic neurological improvement after surgical release of a tethered spinal cord more than 20 years after the onset of progressive neurological deficits.

Field of study: Medicine