nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Cloning, expression and cytotoxicity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin PE38KDEL with high content of GC

To obtain a modified exotoxin PE38KDEL with low molecular mass and high activity.  PCR and enzyme digestion technology were used to construct the recombinant exotoxin PE38KDEL. The resulting gene encoding PE38KDEL was expressed in E.coli and the expression product was identified by Western blot assay. In order to test the biological activity of PE38KDEL, a fusion protein was constructed by genetically fusing PE38KDEL to interleukin-4 mutant cpIL4(13D) and was expressed in E.coli. After purificatioin, the fusion protein was tested for its cytotoxicity to melanoma cell line LiBr that expresses IL-4R using MTT technology.  The gene of PE38KDEL was successfully constructed and expressed in E.coli BL21(DE3). Fusion protein cpIL4(13D)-PE38KDEL was constructed and expressed in E.coli AD494(DE3). The purity of the fusion protein was above 95%. cpIL4(13D)-PE38KDEL showed significant cytotoxicity to IL4R-bearing tumor cell line LiBr.  The construction of PE38KDEL laid a solid foundation for the development of immunotoxins for potential tumor therapy.

Field of study: Biology
Assessing drinking outcomes in alcohol treatment efficacy studies: selecting a yardstick of success.

Although the number of alcohol treatment efficacy trials has mushroomed, there is no consensus on how best to measure outcomes. To advance the goal of establishing cross-trial consistency in measuring outcomes in clinical efficacy studies, the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism convened a panel of experts and charged them with exploring, debating, and, ultimately, selecting a "sentinel" or "optimal" outcome measure to be used in future alcohol treatment studies. The goal of this article, one in a series of several presented at the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism conference, is to discuss (1) the rationale underlying selection of an optimal outcome measure, (2) the necessary characteristics of an optimal outcome measure, (3) the utility of selecting an optimal measure, and (4) which drinking assessment methods could be used to collect data to portray the optimal outcome measure.



At a minimum, the criteria for an "optimal" measure include that it be psychometrically sound. In addition, it should have considerable currency in the field, thereby increasing its prospects for adoption. The measure should also be consistent with the concepts of greatest interest and relevance to the field (e.g., directly reflect the fundamental goal of alcohol treatment). In light of these highly desired features, percent of days heavy drinking was chosen at the conference as a practical and relevant measure of alcohol treatment outcome.



Percent of days heavy drinking should be the optimal measure of alcohol treatment outcome. Currently, daily drinking estimation methods are the most useful for gathering data that can reflect the optimal measure. In addition, data gathered by daily drinking estimation methods can be used to study a variety of other outcome variables of interest to clinical researchers.

Field of study: Medicine
The Other 1960s: Re-Assessing the Enduring Influence of Neoconservatism

The 1960s bequeathed to incoming generations of Americans a world in which neoconservatism became the intellectual spearhead of rightwing political thought and action. To this day, politics and policy making retain a potent neoconservative flair, which must be added to the considerable vigor of neoconservative principles in the enduring cultural wars still coloring American public life. This article reassesses the origins of neoconservatism and examines the key elements and subsequent influence of this group of American rightwing thinkers and policy makers.  La decada de los anos 1960 ha legado a las subsiguientes generaciones de estadounidenses un mundo en el que el neoconservadurismo se ha convertido en la punta de lanza intelectual del pensamiento y la accion politica de la derecha norteamericana. Desde entonces hasta la actualidad, tanto la politica como las iniciativas de gestion publica en la Gran Republica han retenido una potente connotacion neoconservadora que debe anadirse, ademas, al considerable vigor de los principios neoconservadores en las duraderas guerras culturales que aun se libran en la vida publica estadounidense. Este articulo re-evalua los origenes del neoconservadurismo y examina los elementos clave del mismo, asi como la influencia subsecuente de este grupo de pensadores y gestores publicos asociados a la derecha politica.

Field of study: History
An integrated approach to monitoring the calibration stability of operational dual-polarization radars

The stability of weather radar calibration is a mandatory aspect for quantitative applications, such as rainfall estimation, short-term weather prediction and initialization of numerical atmospheric and hydrological models. Over the years, calibration monitoring techniques based on external sources have been developed, specifically calibration using the Sun and calibration based on ground clutter returns. In this paper, these two techniques are integrated and complemented with a self-consistency procedure and an intercalibration technique. The aim of the integrated approach is to implement a robust method for online monitoring, able to detect significant changes in the radar calibration. The physical consistency of polarimetric radar observables is exploited using the self-consistency approach, based on the expected correspondence between dual-polarization power and phase measurements in rain. This technique allows a reference absolute value to be provided for the radar calibration, from which eventual deviations may be detected using the other procedures. In particular, the ground clutter calibration is implemented on both polarization channels (horizontal and vertical) for each radar scan, allowing the polarimetric variables to be monitored and hardware failures to promptly be recognized. The Sun calibration allows monitoring the calibration and sensitivity of the radar receiver, in addition to the antenna pointing accuracy. It is applied using observations collected during the standard operational scans but requires long integration times (several days) in order to accumulate a sufficient amount of useful data. Finally, an intercalibration technique is developed and performed to compare colocated measurements collected in rain by two radars in overlapping regions. The integrated approach is performed on the C-band weather radar network in northwestern Italy, during July–October 2014. The set of methods considered appears suitable to establish an online tool to monitor the stability of the radar calibration with an accuracy of about 2 dB. This is considered adequate to automatically detect any unexpected change in the radar system requiring further data analysis or on-site measurements.

Field of study: Environmental science
Application of Reliability-centered Maintenance Method in Maintenance and Control Optimization in NPPs

The safety is a prerequisite for the nuclear power plants’ operation. Various measures have been considered at the design stage to ensure the reliability of the NPPs. During the nuclear power plants’ operation, equipment reliability management is one of the primary means to ensure NPPs operate safety. RCM, Reliability-centered Maintenance, an important method for the equipment reliability management in NPPs, can be used to complete FMEA analysis for the systems and components, and develop or optimize maintenance strategies to ensure the effectiveness of preventive maintenance strategy according to RCM decision logic. At the same time, it can be used to find the insufficient of the design, improve the control logic and layout. This article describes the RCM analysis process, illustrates the application and effectiveness of the RCM analysis in maintenance and control optimization combined with the practice of nuclear power plants.

Field of study: Engineering
Kernel Density Estimator From Ranked Set Samples

We study kernel density estimator from the ranked set samples (RSS). In the kernel density estimator, the selection of the bandwidth gives strong influence on the resulting estimate. In this article, we consider several different choices of the bandwidth and compare their asymptotic mean integrated square errors (MISE). We also propose a plug-in estimator of the bandwidth to minimize the asymptotic MISE. We numerically compare the MISE of the proposed kernel estimator (having the plug-in bandwidth estimator) to its simple random sampling counterpart. We further propose two estimators for a symmetric distribution, and show that they outperform in MISE all other estimators not considering symmetry. We finally apply the methods in this article to analyzing the tree height data from Platt et al. (1988) and Chen et al. (2003).

Field of study: Mathematics
Characterization of shallow oceanic precipitation using profiling and scanning radar observations at the Eastern North Atlantic ARM observatory

Shallow oceanic precipitation variability is documented using three second-generation radar systems located at the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM)
Eastern North Atlantic observatory: ARM zenith radar (KAZR2),
the Ka-band scanning ARM cloud radar (KaSACR2) and the X-band scanning ARM
precipitation radar (XSAPR2). First, the radar systems and measurement
post-processing techniques, including sea-clutter removal and calibration
against colocated disdrometer and Global Precipitation Mission (GPM)
observations are described. Then, we present how a combination of profiling
radar and lidar observations can be used to estimate adaptive (in both time
and height) parameters that relate radar reflectivity ( Z ) to precipitation
rate ( R ) in the form Z=αRβ , which we use to estimate
precipitation rate over the domain observed by XSAPR2. Furthermore, constant
altitude plan position indicator (CAPPI) gridded XSAPR2 precipitation rate
maps are also constructed. Hourly precipitation rate statistics estimated from the three radar systems differ because KAZR2 is more sensitive to shallow virga and XSAPR2
suffers from less attenuation than KaSACR2 and as such is best suited for
characterizing intermittent and mesoscale-organized precipitation. Further
analysis reveals that precipitation rate statistics obtained by averaging
12 h of KAZR2 observations can be used to approximate that of a 40 km radius domain averaged over similar time periods. However, it was
determined that KAZR2 is unsuitable for characterizing domain-averaged
precipitation rate over shorter periods. But even more fundamentally, these
results suggest that these observations cannot produce an objective domain
precipitation estimate and that the simultaneous use of forward simulators
is desirable to guide model evaluation studies.

Field of study: Environmental science
Measuring Safety Through the Distance Between System States with the RiskSOAP Indicator

Modern engineering systems are complex socio-technical structures with a mission to offer services of high quality, while in parallel ensuring profitability for their owners. However, practice has shown that accidents are inevitable, and the need for the use of systems-theoretic tools to support safety-driven design and operation has been acknowledged. As indicated in accident investigation reports, the degradation of risk situation awareness (SA) usually leads to safety issues. However, the literature lacks a methodology to compare existing systems with their ideal composition, which is likely to enhance risk SA. To fill this gap, the risk SA provision (RiskSOAP) is a comparison-based methodology and goes through three stages: (1) determine the desired/ideal system composition, (2) identify the as-is one(s), (3) employ a comparative strategy to depict the distance between the compared units. RiskSOAP embodies three methods: STPA (System Theoretic Process Analysis), EWaSAP (Early Warning Sign Analysis) and dissimilarity measures. The practicality, applicability and generality of RiskSOAP is demonstrated through its application to three case studies. The purpose of this work is to suggest the RiskSOAP indicator as a measure for safety in terms of the gap between system design and operation, thus increasing system’s risk SA. RiskSOAP can serve as a criterion for planning system modifications or selecting between alternative systems, and can support the design, development, operation and maintenance of safe systems.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
An Efficient Single-Key Pirates Tracing Scheme Using Cover-Free Families

A cover-free family is a well-studied combinatorial structure that has many applications in computer science and cryptography. In this paper, we propose a new public key traitor tracing scheme based on cover-free families. The new traitor tracing scheme is similar to the Boneh-Franklin scheme except that in the Boneh-Franklin scheme, decryption keys are derived from Reed-Solomon codes while in our case they are derived from a cover-free family. This results in much simpler and faster tracing algorithms for single-key pirate decoders, compared to the tracing algorithms of Boneh-Franklin scheme that use Berlekamp-Welch algorithm. Our tracing algorithms never accuse innocent users and identify all traitors with overwhelming probability.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Understanding what matters: An exploratory study to investigate the views of the general public for priority setting criteria in health care.

Health care policy makers internationally are increasingly expressing commitment to consultation with, and incorporation of, the views of the general public into the formulation of health policy and the process of setting health care priorities. In practice, however, there are relatively few opportunities for the general public to be involved in health care decision-making. In making resource allocation decisions, funders, tasked with managing scarce health care resources, are often faced with difficult decisions in balancing efficiency with equity considerations. A mixed methods (qualitative and quantitative) approach incorporating focus group discussions and a ranking exercise was utilised to develop a comprehensive list of potential criteria for setting priorities in health care formulated from the perspective of members of the general public in Australia. A strong level of congruence was found in terms of the rankings of the key criteria with the size of the health gain, clinical effectiveness, and the ability to provide quality of life improvements identified consistently as the three most important criteria for prioritising the funding of an intervention. Findings from this study will be incorporated into a novel DCE framework to explore how decision makers and members of the general public prioritize and trade off different types of health gain and to quantify the weights attached to specific efficiency and equity criteria in the priority setting process.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Effects of Sanchi extract on the activation and proliferation of the mouse lymphocytes in vitro and NO secretion by peritoneal macrophages

目的 分析三七提取物(SE)对小鼠淋巴细胞体外活化、增殖以及对巨噬细胞产生NO的影响,探讨其免疫抑制作用的机制.方法 以多克隆刺激剂刀豆蛋白A(Con A)刺激淋巴细胞活化和增殖,利用荧光标记的单克隆抗体双染技术和流式细胞术检测SE对小鼠CD3+T细胞CD69表达的影响;通过CFSE染色流式细胞术检测SE对淋巴细胞增殖的影响;用脂多糖(LPS)或淋巴细胞培养上清液(lymphocytes culture supernate,LCS)体外诱导小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞分泌NO,采用Griess试剂盒检测NO的水平.结果 在Con A刺激6 h后小鼠T细胞活化率为59.79%,50、100μg/ml的SE可显著降低其活化率,分别为46.50%和37.73%(P＜0.01).在培养72 h后,不同浓度SE能明显抑制Con A诱导T细胞的增殖.SE在12.5～100μg/ml的浓度范围内对淋巴细胞培养上清和LPS诱导小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞NO的释放具有抑制作用(P＜0.01).结论 三七提取物对小鼠淋巴细胞的活化、增殖有明显抑制作用,并能抑制巨噬细胞产生NO(P＜0.01)。

Field of study: Biology
Theory and numerical simulation of a rod-pinch diode

This paper summarized the geometry and principle of the rod-pinch diode.Using Laminar model and considering the effect of background ion space charge on the one dimensional,Laminar equilibria of relativistic,magnetically self-insulated,electron flow is presented.Both positive and negative polarity diodes are simulated using MAGIC program,the current and voltage have also been solved through numerical simulation method.Results from numerical simulation are consistent with the calculations.In particular,it is shown that,as the voltage is the same,the self-pinch of negative rod-pinch diode is more difficult than that of the positive rod-pinch diode.Finally the characteristic impedance is detruded,the feasibility of laminar model has been validated.

Field of study: Physics
Treating bipolar disorder. Evidence-based guidelines for family medicine.

To provide an evidence-based summary of medications commonly used for bipolar disorders and a practical approach to managing bipolar disorders in the office.



Articles from 1990 to 2003 were selected from MEDLINE using the key words "bipolar disorder," "antiepileptics," "antipsychotics," "antidepressants," and "mood stabilizers." Good-quality evidence for many of these treatments comes from randomized trials. Lithium, divalproex, carbamazepine, lamotrigine, oxcarbazepine, and some novel antipsychotics all have level I evidence for treating various aspects of the disorder.


MAIN MESSAGE
Treatment of bipolar disorder involves three therapeutic domains: acute mania, acute depression, and maintenance. Lithium has been a mainstay of treatment for some time, but antiepileptic drugs like divalproex, carbamazepine, and lamotrigine, along with novel antipsychotic drugs like olanzapine, risperidone, and quetiapine, alone or in combination, are increasingly being used successfully to treat acute mania and to maintain mood stability.



Bipolar disorder is more common in family practice than previously believed. Drug treatments for this complex disorder have evolved rapidly over the past decade, radically changing its management. Treatment now tends to be very successful.

Field of study: Medicine
$A_\mathfrak{q}$-components of geometric classes in compact Hermitian locally symmetric spaces

Let $\Gamma\backslash G/K$ be a compact Hermitian locally symmetric space, where $G$ is simple. We study the components of a de Rham cohomology class of $\Gamma\backslash G/K$, with respect to the Matsushima decomposition, where the class is obtained by taking Poincare dual of a totally geodesic complex analytic submanifold. Using an extension of the vanishing result of Kobayashi and Oda, we specify the existence of certain components of such cohomology classes when $G=\text{SU}(p,q), 5\le p\le q$.

Field of study: Mathematics
In-flight control and communication architecture of the GLORIA imaging limb sounder on atmospheric research aircraft

The Gimballed Limb Observer for Radiance Imaging of the Atmosphere (GLORIA), a Fourier-transform-spectrometer-based limb spectral imager, operates on high-altitude research aircraft to study the transit region between the troposphere and the stratosphere. It is one of the most sophisticated systems to be flown on research aircraft in Europe, requiring constant monitoring and human intervention in addition to an automation system. To ensure proper functionality and interoperability on multiple platforms, a flexible control and communication system was laid out. The architectures of the communication system as well as the protocols used are reviewed. The integration of this architecture in the automation process as well as the scientific campaign flight application context are discussed.

Field of study: Environmental science
Research on New Five-axis Linkage CNC Systems

In current five-axis machining,programmer programs different machining procedured based on different types of five-axis machine tools. In response to this problem,this paper proposes and designs a new five-axis CNC system. Firstly,the overall structure of the new five-axis CNC system is introduced. Secondly,the RTCP functions are expatiated and also the kinematics transformation based on quaternion are carried out. Finally,the test result shows that this CNC system has a procedure machined in different types of five-axis machine tools.

Field of study: Computer science
Comparative Quality Control of Titanium Alloy Ti–6Al–4V, 17–4 PH Stainless Steel, and Aluminum Alloy 4047 Either Manufactured or Repaired by Laser Engineered Net Shaping (LENS)

Additive manufacturing attracts much interest for manufacturing and repair of structural parts for the aerospace industry. This paper presents comparative characterization of aircraft items made of Al 4047 alloy, Ti-6Al-4V alloy, and 17-4 precipitation hardened (PH) (AISI 630) stainless steel, either manufactured or repaired by laser engineered net shaping (LENS). Chemical analysis, density, and surface roughness measurements, X-ray micro-computed tomography (μ-CT) analysis, metallography, and micro-hardness testing were conducted. In all three materials, microstructures typical of rapid solidification were observed, along with high density, chemical composition, and hardness comparable to those of the counterpart wrought alloys (even in hard condition). High standard deviation in hardness values, anisotropic geometrical distortion, and overbuild at top edges were observed. The detected defects included partially melted and unmelted powder particles, porosity, and interlayer lack of fusion, in particular at the interface between the substrate plate and the build. There was a fairly good match between the density values measured by μ-CT and those measured by the Archimedes method; there was also good correlation between the type of defects detected by both techniques. Surface roughness, density of partially melted powder particles, and the content of bulk defects were significantly higher in Al 4047 than in 17-4 PH stainless steel and Ti-6Al-4V alloy. Optical gaging can be used reliably for surface roughness measurements. The implications of these findings are discussed.

Field of study: Materials science
Stable Isotope Geochemistry and the Origin of the Great Bear Lake Silver Deposits, Northwest Territories, Canada

Within the Bear Province, the Echo Bay Group of sediments and volcanics (~1800 m.y.) are intruded by Hudsonian granites and later diabases. Northeasterly trending fracture zones contain vein type U–Ag–Bi–Co–Ni–As–Cu deposits. Samples from the Terra, Norex, Silver Bay, and El Bonanza mines give a general paragenetic sequence of uraninite + hematite; Co–Ni arsenide minerals and silver; dolomite and sulfides; and sulfosalts with bismuth. The vein mineralogy is consistent with an ore fluid of high oxidation potential, low sulfur content (10−3 m) and low pH (~4).Dolomite δ 13C and δ 18O values of around −4‰ (PDB) and +15‰ (SMOW) respectively from all stages reflect a relatively constant temperature of deposition, which from mineralogical and other data is estimated at 200 °C. A δ 18O value of +2‰ (SMOW) is calculated for the ore fluid. The bulk of the sulfide δ 34S values are around +1‰ (CDT), which suggests a magmatic sulfur source. However, an equilibrium model is presented whereby the sulfur is derived from...

Field of study: Environmental science
Bereavement: Course, Consequences, and Care

This paper discusses each of several potential consequences of bereavement. First, we describe ordinary grief, followed by a discussion of grief gone awry, or complicated grief (CG). Then, we cover other potential adverse outcomes of bereavement, each of which may contribute to, but are not identical with, CG: general medical comorbidity, mood disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder, anxiety, and substance use.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology