nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
On Adjustment of Industrial Structure and Development of Tertiary Industry in China's Rural Area.

As an important content of the rural economic structure ,rural industrial structure is a key aspect in the structural adjustment .The problem of current rural industrial structure lies in the unbalance of the three industry,i.e.tertiary industry in rutal area has underdeveloped compared with secondary industry,which hampered the sustainable development of rural economy.This paper testifies the measures to future development.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Analyzing Whistleblowing Practices at Higher Secondary School Level in District Mianwali

The purpose to conducts this research work was Analyzing Whistleblowing Practices at Higher Secondary School Level  1995). All the teaching staff and all the students of Higher Secondary of District Mianwali were constitute the population of the study. The selection of the sample of the study was made by using the multi-stage sampling technique. At first stage, a cluster random sampling was employed to make cluster of population. At second stage, stratified sampling technique was employed to draw the sample from 14 Higher Secondary Schools of District Mianwali; at third stage simple random sampling technique was employed to select 6 Higher Secondary Schools in District Mianwali for the study. The questionnaire was the tool of the study. With the help of questionnaire data were collected. After collection the researches utilized more than one statistical technique for instance percentage, mean scores, SD, t-test, and Correlation for data analysis and tabulating.  Whistleblowing, Whistleblower, Higher Secondary School.

Field of study: Education
Cell Polarity Protein Pals1-Associated Tight Junction Expression Is a Favorable Prognostic Marker in Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma

The Pals1-associated tight junction (PATJ) is a Crumbs (CRB) complex component that regulates epithelial cell apico-basal polarity and directional migration. This study assessed PATJ expression in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) vs. normal tissues and associated with ccRCC progression and prognosis.  The effects of PATJ knockdown were investigated on regulation of normal kidney epithelial cell viability and protein expression in vitro. The PATJ mRNA data in ccRCC were obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) databases and analyzed with UALCAN, LinkedOmics, Kaplan-Meier Plotter, GEPIA, and SurvExpress tools. Immunohistochemistry was performed for PATJ in tissue microarray sections (n = 150 ccRCC and 30 normal renal specimens). Normal human kidney tubular epithelial cell (HKC) cells were transfected with PATJ and negative control siRNA for cell viability CCK-8 assay, flow cytometry, and western blots.  The data showed that PATJ mRNA and protein were downregulated in ccRCC tissues and cell lines. Downregulation of PATJ mRNA was associated with male patients, advanced tumor stages, grades, and ccB subtypes as well as poorer overall and disease-free survival of patients. Furthermore, PATJ protein was also significantly downregulated in ccRCC tissues and associated with advanced tumor pathologic, TNM stages and poorer overall. In vitro, knockdown of PATJ expression promoted HKC proliferation and the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) pathway proteins.  This study revealed that a decrease of PATJ in ccRCC, which was associated with male patients, advanced tumor, and poorer survival, suggesting that PATJ may be a useful prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target for ccRCC.

Field of study: Biology
Characteristics of GaAs DCFL MESFET's and inverters exposed to high-energy neutrons

A systematic investigation of the effects of high-energy neutrons on GaAs metal-semiconductor field-effect transistors (MESFETs) and direct-coupled FET logic (DCFL) gates has been carried out. Measurements were made of the threshold voltage shifts and the transconductance and saturation current degradation of GaAs enhancement- and depletion-mode MESFETs, which comprise the DCFL logic gates, at neutron fluences ranging from 5*10/sup 13/-2*10/sub 15/ n/cm/sup 2/ (E>keV). DCFL inverter characteristics were measured and successfully simulated with SPICE using device parameters extracted from the neutron-damaged FETs. Ring oscillator measurements were made to determine the effects of high-energy neutrons on the frequency performance of DCFL circuits. Measurements confirm that propagation delays scale inversely with the device transconductance. The results of this investigation are useful in predicting how GaAs ICs, fabricated using DCFL logic, will perform in a high-energy-neutron environment.

Field of study: Physics
In pursuit of accuracy: Nomenclature, assumptions, and standards

Accuracy is the central measure of quality in Analytical Science. Three topics, essential in the pursuit of accuracy, especially in the exposure and reduction of the "big" errors in analytical measurements, are reviewed in this article. The first topic, Analytical Nomenclature, lies at the heart of any effort to realize and communicate the nature and level of accuracy of the Chemical Measurement Process (CMP). The discussion centers about the historic role of IUPAC in this endeavor, together with some outstanding problems in Analytical Nomenclature, particularly as related to detection and identification. The second topic comprises assumptions and standards (materials and data) that are crucial in the search for major errors and in the control of accuracy, both within and between laboratories. Standard (Certified) Reference Materials have long been central to this effort, but more recently they have been joined by Standard Test Data. The latter, data sets having known characteristics, designed to simulate the structure of complex analytical signals, show great promise for the control of quality in the computational phase of the CMP. The final topic relates to Revolutions in Analytical Measurement Science that can make the most profound impact on accuracy: revolutions in sampling, measurement, and computation. Two illustrations are presented: (1) Accelerator Mass Spectrometry, a fundamentally new approach to atomic and isotopic mass spectrometry that makes possible the direct measurement of element and isotope ratios as small as and (2) Exploratory Statistical Graphics, a data visualization tool that permits analytical scientists to directly apply their intuitive "vision" to the assessment of multivariate data quality, and to search for unsuspected relationships in complex chemical datasets.

Field of study: Chemistry
Spectral Ergodicity in Deep Learning Architectures via Surrogate Random Matrices.

In this work a novel method to quantify spectral ergodicity for random matrices is presented. The new methodology combines approaches rooted in the metrics of Thirumalai-Mountain (TM) and Kullbach-Leibler (KL) divergence. The method is applied to a general study of deep and recurrent neural networks via the analysis of random matrix ensembles mimicking typical weight matrices of those systems. In particular, we examine circular random matrix ensembles: circular unitary ensemble (CUE), circular orthogonal ensemble (COE), and circular symplectic ensemble (CSE). Eigenvalue spectra and spectral ergodicity are computed for those ensembles as a function of network size. It is observed that as the matrix size increases the level of spectral ergodicity of the ensemble rises, i.e., the eigenvalue spectra obtained for a single realisation at random from the ensemble is closer to the spectra obtained averaging over the whole ensemble. Based on previous results we conjecture that success of deep learning architectures is strongly bound to the concept of spectral ergodicity. The method to compute spectral ergodicity proposed in this work could be used to optimise the size and architecture of deep as well as recurrent neural networks.

Field of study: Computer science
Response of the Lateglacial fauna to climatic change

This study deals with faunal finds from the Swiss Paleolithic, especially from the Late Glacial. Faunal assemblages from archeological sites as well as off-site finds dated by scientific means are included. In the middle of the Oldest Dryas the large glacial species – mammoth, rhinoceros, cave bear, musk ox – become extinct. During the Early Bolling the last arctic species disappear, and are succeeded by animals like red deer and elk, preferring a moderate climate. From the middle of the Allerod, species typical of a denser forest (roe deer and wild boar) are very frequent.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
The slantlet transform

The discrete wavelet transform (DWT) is usually carried out by filterbank iteration; however, for a fixed number of zero moments, this does not yield a discrete-time basis that is optimal with respect to time localization. This paper discusses the implementation and properties of an orthogonal DWT, with two zero moments and with improved time localization. The basis is not based on filterbank iteration; instead, different filters are used for each scale. For coarse scales, the support of the discrete-time basis functions approaches two thirds that of the corresponding functions obtained by filterbank iteration. This basis, which is a special case of a class of bases described by Alpert (1992, 1993), retains the octave-band characteristic and is piecewise linear (but discontinuous). Closed-form expressions for the filters are given, an efficient implementation of the transform is described, and improvement in a denoising example is shown. This basis, being piecewise linear, is reminiscent of the slant transform, to which it is compared.

Field of study: Engineering
Effects of external noise on the Swift-Hohenberg equation.

The Swift-Hohenberg equation is studied in the presence of a multiplicative noise. This stochastic equation could describe a situation in which a noise has been superimposed on the temperature gradient between the two plates of a Rayleigh-Benard cell. A linear stability analysis and numerical simulations show that, in constrast to the additive-noise case, convective structures appear in a regime in which a deterministic analysis predicts a homogeneous solution

Field of study: Physics
Learning Discriminative Multilevel Structured Dictionaries for Supervised Image Classification

Sparse representations using overcomplete dictionaries have proved to be a powerful tool in many signal processing applications such as denoising, super-resolution, inpainting, compression or classification. The sparsity of the representation very much depends on how well the dictionary is adapted to the data at hand. In this paper, we propose a method for learning structured multilevel dictionaries with discriminative constraints to make them well suited for the supervised pixelwise classification of images. A multilevel tree-structured discriminative dictionary is learnt for each class, with a learning objective concerning the reconstruction errors of the image patches around the pixels over each class-representative dictionary. After the initial assignment of the class labels to image pixels based on their sparse representations over the learnt dictionaries, the final classification is achieved by smoothing the label image with a graph cut method and an erosion method. Applied to a common set of texture images, our supervised classification method shows competitive results with the state of the art.

Field of study: Computer science
In Conversation with Bill Gaskins

Anthony Barboza’s professional career began in in 1968 after he completed a tour of duty in the United States Navy, where he worked as a photojournalist. When he became a member of the legendary Kamoinge Workshop, formed in 1963 to address the underrepresentation of black photographers in the art world, he worked with master artists, intellectuals, and photographers. Also in 1968, a group of black men—plus one woman—formed Essence Communications Inc. A momentous triangulation of the women’s liberation movement, the cultural nationalism of African American people in the United States, and a late-twentieth-century black-capitalist movement, Essence magazine was designed to direct print editorial and advertising content toward African American women. It also provided the most important platform for Anthony Barboza, enabling him to play an influential role in transforming how African American, Latin American, and African and Caribbean women and men were represented in fashion and advertising in the United States.In this interview, we discuss such topics as how race plays a part in the fashion industry, hair styling, and working with models.

Field of study: Art
Nonperturbative Renormalization Group Function for Quantum Hall Plateau Transitions Imposed by Global Symmetries

As a unified theory of integer and fractional quantum Hall plateau transitions, a nonperturbative theory of the two-parameter scaling renormalization group function is presented. By imposing global symmetries known as ``the law of corresponding states'', we seek a possible form of renormalization group flows. Asking for consistency with the result from weak-localization perturbation theory, such restriction is so intense that we can analytically determine its concrete form. Accordingly, the critical exponent $\nu$ and the irrelevant scaling index $y$ are obtained analytically and turn out to be irrational. Their values ($\nu\approx 2.1$, $y\approx 0.3$) agree favorably well with experiments and numerics.

Field of study: Physics
Thoughts on Exploiting Ecological Civilization Educational Resource in the Curriculum of Ideological and Political Education in Higher Education Institutions

It's one of the important manners to develop ecological civilization education by the way of the curriculum of ideological and political education in higher education institutions.Exploiting ecological civilization educational resource in the curriculum of ideological and political education is important to improve their effectiveness.Based on the problems in exploiting ecological civilization educational resource,it proposes two countermeasures: one is to highlight and make full use of ecological civilization educational resource in the existing curriculum;the other is to develop the potential ecological civilization educational resource vigorously.

Field of study: Education
From Forest to Farmland: Species Richness Patterns of Trees and Understorey Plants along a Gradient of Forest Conversion in Southwestern Cameroon

Vegetation surveys were carried out at 24 sampling stations distributed over four land use types, namely near-primary forest, secondary forest, agroforestry systems and annual crop lands in the northeastern part of the Korup region, Cameroon, to assess the impact of forest conversion on trees and understorey plants. Tree species richness decreased significantly with increasing level of habitat modification, being highest and almost equal in secondary and near-primary forests. Understorey plant species richness was significantly higher in annual crop lands than in other land use types. The four land use types differed in tree and understorey plant species composition, the difference being smaller among natural forests. Tree and understorey plant density differed significantly between habitat types. Density was strongly correlated with species richness, both for trees and understorey plants. Five tree and 15 understorey plant species showed significant responses to habitat. A 90% average drop in tree basal area from forest to farmland was registered. Our findings support the view that agroforestry systems with natural shade trees can serve to protect many forest species, but that especially annual crop lands could be redesigned to improve biodiversity conservation in agricultural landscapes of tropical rainforest regions.

Field of study: Environmental science
Numerical approach for the solution of hypersingular integro-differential equations

The main purpose of this article is to present an approximation method of hypersingular integro-differential equations in the most general form under the mixed conditions in terms of the second kind Chebyshev polynomials. This method transforms mixed hypersingular integro-differential equations and the given conditions into matrix equation which corresponding to a system of linear algebraic equation. The error analysis and convergence for the proposed method is also introduced. The reliability and efficiency of the proposed scheme are demonstrated by some numerical experiments and performed on the computer algebraic system Maple10.

Field of study: Mathematics
The Zeno effect and an inter-layer pairing mechanism for high-temperature superconductivity in layered materials

Quantum Zeno Effect (QZE) is the suppression of the inter-subspace transition 
by a relatively fast intra-subspace decoherence. Earlier, we had proposed 
a QZE-based mechanism for the temperature-dependent normal-state c-axis 
resistivity of the layered high-T c cuprate superconductors in which the singleparticle 
inter-layer tunneling is blocked by the strong intra-layer decoherence 
(entanglement). We now argue that while the single-particle inter-layer tunneling 
is thus blocked, the tunneling of the bosonic BCS-like pairs must remain 
unblocked inasmuch as a BCS pairing condensate is an eigenstate of the pair 
annihilation operator. This pair tunneling stabilizes high-T c superconductivity 
energetically.

Field of study: Physics
What does Ophiomorpha irregulaire really look like

Ophiomorpha irregulaire is a surprisingly poorly characterised ichnotaxon given its common occurrence in hydrocarbon reservoir facies. Current debate surrounds the ichnotaxobases suitable for ichnospecific-level identification and also the palaeogeographic distribution of the taxon. O. irregulaire is conventionally characterised in core by the presence of “spikey”, fine-grained, wall-lining pellets, since the horizontal “meander maze” that is also part of the ichnospecific diagnosis cannot normally be demonstrated. To resolve ichnotaxonomic issues concerning the validity of pellet morphology as a primary ichnotaxobase, material from the type locality is re-described (Cretaceous Book Cliffs, Utah), with an emphasis on burrow wall morphology. Comparative neoichnological studies using the callianassid crustacean Neotrypaea californiensis were additionally conducted to understand the behaviour of modern taxa that produce burrows closely resembling O. irregulaire. High-resolution, three-dimensional morphological models were created from specimens of Ophiomorpha from the type locality of O. irregulaire in Utah, USA, and from Eocene deep marine turbidites of the Juncal Formation, California. Comparison of the morphological features from these two localities, as well as specimens observed in core from offshore Newfoundland, demonstrate conclusively that O. irregulaire is not restricted to the Cretaceous Western Interior Seaway. O. irregulaire may have a stratigraphic range from Jurassic to Recent, and occur in palaeoenvironmental settings ranging from shallow marine to continental slope settings. The flame-like pellet morphology is considered characteristic of the type material, and is a valid criterion for identifying O. irregulaire in core.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Separation Behavior of Penicillin in Aqueous Two-Phase Flotation

Based on the application of aqueous two-phase flotation (ATPF) in the separation and concentration of penicillin from aqueous phase, the separation behavior of penicillin in the ATPF process is investigated. The kinetic behavior and the penicillin status in organic phase are studied under the conditions of room temperature, 300 mL penicillin aqueous solution of 2.5 g L −1 , initial pH 7.0, ammonium sulfate concentration of 350 g L −1 , and 10 mL polyethyleneglycol (PEG) aqueous solution (50%, w / w ). Using three flow rates, the kinetic results showed that there are two stages in the separation process of ATPF: (1) precipitation flotation and (2) molecular adsorption flotation, and both of them follow the first-order kinetics equation. Moreover, the differential spectrum of organic phase showed that penicillin ion could directly dissolve into PEG phase. This is the reason that the separation efficiency of ATPF is significantly higher than that of the traditional extraction techniques.

Field of study: Chemistry
A Research on the Extension of Lexical Meanings under the Perspective of Metonymic Mechanism

As one of the chief cognitive mechanisms,metonymy possesses the following important traits like contiguity,prominence and cognitive accessibility,etc,which provides the extension of lexical meanings with motivations.The lexical meanings usually include conceptual meanings,facets,as well as microsenses in which the former one is the existing meaning of the lexical items while the latter two are merely reflected in the contexts.Metonymy contributes to the meaning extension from the conceptual meanings respectively to the facets,microsenses,and other conceptual meanings.The illustration further proves that metonymy is essentially conceptual,and it is also viewed as one of the most fundamental processes of meaning extension.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Improved survival of the diabetic foot: the role of a specialized foot clinic.

A specialized foot clinic for diabetic patients has made a detailed analysis of the presentation of diabetic foot ulcers and from this a new, organised approach to treatment has been derived. Over three years it has achieved a high rate of ulcer healing and reduced the number of major amputations. It has brought together the skills of chiropodist, shoe-fitter, nurse, physician and surgeon to manage the distinctive lesions of the neuropathic and ischaemic diabetic foot. The neuropathic ulcer was invariably associated with callus, whereas the ischaemic ulcer presented as areas of necrosis often from localised pressure of tight shoes. Essential aspects of management are specially constructed shoes, intensive chiropody and precise antibiotic treatment. Healing was achieved in 204 out of 238 (86 per cent) neuropathic ulcers and 107 out of 148 (72 per cent) ischaemic ulcers. Relapse rate in special shoes was 26 per cent compared with 83 per cent who preferred to wear their own shoes. In the two years before the establishment of the clinic, there were 11 and 12 major amputations yearly. This rate has now been reduced to seven, seven and five amputations yearly.

Field of study: Medicine