nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Choosing your health insurance package: a method for measuring the public's preferences for changes in the national health insurance plan.

With rising healthcare expenditure and limited budgets available, countries are having to make choices about the content of health insurance plans. The views of the general population can help determine such priorities. In this article, we investigate whether preferences of the general population regarding the content of health insurance plans could be measured with the help of a stated preference method: the Basket Method (BM). In this method, people use an online tool to include or exclude healthcare interventions from their hypothetical insurance package; this then affects their monthly premium. The study was conducted in the Netherlands. In total, 1007 members of two panels managed by the NIVEL filled out an online questionnaire that included the BM. The suitability of the BM was tested with the help of five criteria, e.g. the BM's ability to distinguish between healthcare interventions. Our results suggest that the BM is suitable for measuring preferences of the general population regarding the content of the health insurance plan, as it performs well on most criteria. Policy makers can use these preferences when deciding the content of the health insurance plan. Its contents will then be more aligned to the population's needs and preferences.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Metallic carbon nanotube quantum dots with broken symmetries as a platform for tunable terahertz detection

Quantum dots (QD) in metallic single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNT) have shown great potential to build sensitive terahertz (THz) detection devices usually based on photon-assisted tunneling. A recently reported mechanism based on a combination of resonant QD transitions and asymmetries in the tunneling barriers results in narrow linewidth photocurrent response with a large signal to noise ratio under weak THz radiation. However in such devices, due to metallic SWNTs linear dispersion relation, the detection range is intrinsically limited to allowed energy transitions between equidistant quantized states set by the QD length. Here, we show that simultaneously breaking translational, rotational and mirror symmetries in metallic SWNT QDs leads to a quantized spectrum with non-equidistant energy levels. This result stems from tight-binding and first-principle simulations of a defect-induced metallic zigzag SWNT QD and is validated experimentally by scanning tunneling spectroscopy studies. Importantly, we show that breaking symmetries in metallic SWNT QDs of arbitrary chirality strongly relaxes the selection rules in the electric dipole approximation, leading to a richer set of allowed optical transitions spanning frequencies from as low as 1 THz up to several tens of THz for a $\sim$10 nm QD. Such findings make metallic carbon nanotube QDs with broken symmetries a promising platform to design tunable THz detectors operating above liquid helium temperatures. In this context, we propose a device design based on a metallic SWNT QD engineered with artificially created defects.

Field of study: Physics
Effect of storage temperature and moisture content on seed vitality of Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis).

In this study,the germination abilities were compared among air drying Moso bamboo seeds which were stored in five different storage temperature for two and half years.The effects of moisture content on seed vitalities were analyzed after the Moso bamboo seeds stored for two years in different storge temperature.Results showed that low temperature and moderate drying were significant factors and effective methods for keeping seed vitality of Moso bamboo seeds,only low temperature was not helpful to seed storage.The optimum moisture content for seeds storage depended on storge temperature,the lower the temperature was,the wider the optimum moisture content range was and the optimum moisture content for keeping higher seed vitality was higher.The optimum seeds moisture content at 4℃ and 25℃ were 7.45% and 6.46%,respectively.The MDA content of Moso bamboo seeds stored at 4℃ was obviously lower and activities of three kinds of antioxidant enzymes POD,SOD and CAT were remarkably higher than that of stored at 25℃.The MDA content decreased obviously and the activities of POD,SOD and CAT increased remarkably in the moderately dried seeds of Moso bamboo.The main reasons to keep seed vitality were increasing antioxidant ability and suppressing lipid peroxidation of Moso bamboo seeds with moderately drying and low temperature during storage.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Closeness Discrepancies and Intimacy Interference: Motivations for HIV Prevention Behavior in Primary Romantic Relationships

Relational closeness has been positively associated with relationship quality and mental health; however, desire for closeness and intimacy in a relationship may also motivate sexual risk-taking, that is, forgoing condom use. This study examined the impact of desiring more closeness with a primary partner (i.e., motivation for reducing closeness discrepancies) on HIV prevention behavior. Using pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) as a case study, we examined the extent to which closeness discrepancies motivate behavioral intentions (Study 1) and actual behavior (Study 2). In both studies, desiring more closeness and believing that condoms interfere with intimacy were independently positively associated with PrEP adoption. Understanding the relational needs for closeness and intimacy in motivating prevention behavior is critical for social psychology, relationship science, and public health efforts to improve sexual health.

Field of study: Psychology
Convergence in Variation and Rates of Approximation for Bernstein-Type Polynomials and Singular Convolution Integrals

This paper is concerned with the Variation detracting property and the rate of approximation of the Bernstein, Kantorovitch and Szasz-Mirak'jan Operators, as well as of general singular convolution operators. These problems are studied with respect to the Variation seminorm. In the instance of the Bernstein polynomials the Variation detracting property Vio,i][ßn/l < ^o,i)[/] holds for all functions / of bounded Variation. However, Um„_,oo V\o,i][Bnf / ] = 0 is vahd if and only if f is absolutely continuous. The chief aim is the approach for multivariate convolution Integrals, not Standard in approximation, employing the theory of functions of bounded Variation in the sense of Tonelli, perfected by the work T. Rado and C. Vinti.

Field of study: Philosophy
The Exceedance Test for Truncation of a Supplier's Data

The purpose of this paper is to present an easily applied test useful in determining whether or not a supplier's data have been truncated. The proposed test has the following desirable properties: (i) it is the uniformly most powerful rank test, (ii) it is asymptotically uniformly most powerful, (iii) power computations can easily be made for arbitrary sample sizes, formulas for such computations being given in the paper. Although formulated in the context of verifying a supplier's data, the test can be applied to other situations in which false representation of data in the form of truncation is important. Such is the case, for example, in reliability demonstrations or legal suits involving physical measurements.

Field of study: Mathematics
THE EFFECTS OF RETAILERS' MOBILE ADVERTISEMENTS TO CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR

Nowadays, the technological changes are quite closely related to both manufacturers and consumers. Especially, the introduction of the Internet and the emergence of mobile communications in all aspects of life led to the emergence of new applications of mobile content. Rapid changes in mobile communication technologies have led to changes in firms' marketing strategies. Now that everyone has a mobile phone and carry it any time and anywhere, the companies have been forced to include tools with mobile content in their marketing practices. Thus, mobile phones have transformed as not only a tool facilitating the users’ communication but also paving the way for the emergence of concepts such as mobile marketing, mobile ads and SMS ads. Therefore, this study aims to determine consumers' attitudes towards retailers’ mobile marketing applications. For this purpose, a questionnaire was was applied among the consumers in the center of Aydin Province. The results were analyzed with SPSS 17 software

Field of study: Business
Video Retrieval Method Applied to VOD Systems

A novel type for video-on-demand(VOD)is presented.The user uses the interested part of single image as the query.The system server,which stores the video summary in the whole system,co-segments the frames in video summaries according to the query,and computes the distance between the image and the query.Furthermore,the server can localize and play the video that the user requested.The query can come from the poster or from the frame itself,since it only handles the region of interest(ROI),no constraints are required for the color of the background(out of ROI).Experiments show that it is a novel and effective style for video retrieval,and can be applied in the VOD system.

Field of study: Computer science
Contingent laws rule: reply to Bird

In a recent paper (Bird 2001), Alexander Bird argues that the law that common salt dissolves in water is metaphysically necessary and he does so without presupposing dispositionalism about properties. If his argument were sound, it would thus show that at least one law of nature is metaphysically necessary, and it would do so without illicitly presupposing a position (dispositionalism) that is already committed to a necessitarian view of laws. I shall argue that Bird's argument is unsuccessful. Briefly, and omitting some subtleties that are not relevant to my purposes, Bird's argument runs as follows. A certain law of nature Coulomb's law needs to be true in order for salt to dissolve in water. But Coulomb's law also needs to be true in order for salt to exist at all. This is because

Field of study: Philosophy
Make the healthy choice the easy choice: using behavioral economics to advance a culture of health

Despite great advances in the science and technology of health care, a large gap separates theoretically achievable advances in health from what individuals and populations actually achieve. Human behavior sits on the final common pathway to so many of our health and health care goals, including the prevention and management of illness and the fostering of wellness. Behavioral economics is a relatively new field offering approaches to supplement many of the conventional approaches to improving health behaviors that rely on education or standard economic theory. While those conventional approaches presume that an educated public will naturally make decisions that optimize personal welfare, approaches derived from behavioral economics harness existing and predictable patterns of behavior that often lead people to make choices against their best interests. By keeping these predictable patterns of behavior in mind when designing health insurance, health care programs or the health-related aspects of everyday life, behavioral economists aim to meet people half-way: no longer asking them to reshape their behavior to something more health promoting, but helping the behavioral patterns they already follow lead them to better health.

Field of study: Medicine
Magnetic bistability of Co nanodots.

Size-dependent magnetic single-domain versus vortex state stability of Co/Ru(0001) nanodots is explored with spin-polarized low-energy electron microscopy, analytical modeling, and micromagnetic simulations. We show that both single-domain and vortex states can be stabilized in a broad region near the phase boundary. The calculated width of the bistability region and temperature dependent heights of the energy barriers between both states agree well with our experimental findings.

Field of study: Physics
A Review of Different Types of Digital Delay-Locked Loop in 65nm CMOS technology

A review of wide-range all-digital delay-locked loop is proposed in this paper . Based on the binary search scheme, the locking time can be reduced. Besides, the proposed leakage delay unit (LDU) can easily generate a large delay to reduce the difficulties to build up the high-speed digital counter in the cycle-controlled delay unit (CCDU) for a very low frequency operation. By using the cycle-controlled delay unit (CCDU), it reuses the delay units to enlarge the operating frequency range rather than cascading a large amount of delay units. Thus, the chip area can be reduced, too. A 600 kHz to 1.3 GHz all-digital delay-locked loop has been fabricated in UMC 65nm CMOS technology. The proposed DLL consumes a maximum power of 2.6 mW at 1.2 GHz. When the operating frequency is 1.2 GHz, the measured rms jitter and peak-to-peak jitter is 3.38 ps and 39.29 ps, respectively. In the current era of technological progress, with the fast evolution of the semiconductor manufacturing process entering the VLSI system. As the rapid grow up of high-speed circuits, the complexity of the chip and the clock frequency increases with time. Therefore, requirements for clock signal quality for the on-chip modules becoming more and more important now. How to eliminate the clock skew in high-speed, high-performance VLSI and System-On-Chip (SoC) becomes a very important issue. Most of the sequential systems use the clock signal for entire system synchronization. However, many circuits need an external oscillator due to design consideration, process factor and other reasons such like chip co-works with a synchronized clock. There are many problems in signal transmission from off-chip clock source. The wire-mismatch causes the clock rising edge does not transit at the same time in all modules. The clock signal arrives to different components at different times is called clock skew. With the complexity of VLSI system increases rapidly, the clock skew is also a phenomenon in a single chip. In order to distribute the clock for large clock loading nets, clock tree synthesis is needed. Thus how to minimize the clock skew among all modules is very important. Clock skew causes setup time and hold time violations, thus it may destroy the correctness of latched data. Both Phase-Locked Loops (PLL's) and Delay-Locked Loops (DLL's) can be used to solve the clock skew problems in microprocessors and high-speed I/O interfaces. However, PLL accumulates phase error or clock jitter, makes jitter performance worse than DLL. If the frequency multiplication is not required, the DLLs are preferred for its unconditional stability, faster locking time and better jitter performance.

Field of study: Engineering
A case of vasculopathy of unknown etiology associated with fatal hydrops fetalis and review of the literature on intimomedial mucoid degeneration.

Non-immune hydrops fetalis (NIHF) has a high mortality rate . Many etiologies of NIHF have been identified, including cardiovascular abnormalities, severe anemia, and genetic defects. In patients with cardiovascular etiology, structural malformations lead to fluid accumulation resulting in increased intravascular hydrostatic pressure. We report a fatal case of NIHF in a 31 week gestational age, Caucasian neonate with heart remodeling associated with a stenotic vasculopathy of the right pulmonary artery. The artery revealed partial occlusion with vascular wall abnormalities, including disarrayed smooth muscle fibers, hyperplasia within the tunica media, and myxoid change within the media and intima. Identical vasculopathy was also identified within a mesenteric artery, and this contributed to hemorrhage and early ischemic necrosis of the small intestine, discovered on postmortem examination.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Most safely on the fence? A round table on the possibility of a Canadian foreign policy after 9/11

The attacks of September 11, 2001, changed both the nature of world politics and how Canadians perceive their place in the world. Subsequent wars in Afghanistan and Iraq only reinforced the sense that something of epochal significance had occurred. The organizers of the Canadian section of the International Studies Association wondered if the notion of something “Canadian” in foreign policy might no longer be relevant in a world reconfigured by the pre‐eminence of the US and its single‐minded pursuit of its war on terror. A round table was held on this question at the February 2003 meeting of the association in Portland, Oregon. This article reproduces the edited remarks that each participant presented at that time, with a second round of comments that each participant made in response to the other presentations and to subsequent questions posed by the moderator.

Field of study: Political science
Nature of electrosorbed H and its relation to metal dependence of catalysis in cathodic H2 evolution

Electrocatalysis in the cathodic H2 evolution reaction (HER) is characterized by a dependence of exchange current-densities, io, on metal properties represented by “volcano relations”, e.g. between log io and chemisorption energy of H. A maximum in log io arises with the Pt metals that has been rationalized by the standard Gibbs energy, ΔGHo, of chemisorption of the H intermediate from 1 2 H2 being zero, corresponding to half coverage by H on Pt or other electrode metal sites. However, at the Pt metals, their surfaces are already virtually fully covered at the reversible potential by underpotential deposited (UPD) H so the H intermediate is not directly chemisorbed at free sites on the Pt metal surface but in some less strongly bound way on, or amongst, the already UPD H film which modifies the electronic properties of the Pt surface for H2 evolution. The consequences of this situation for interpretation of volcano relations for the HER are examined as is also the sequence of experimental apparent enthalpies of activation for the HER at various metals and alloys.

Field of study: Materials science
An Adaptive Online HDP-HMM for Segmentation and Classification of Sequential Data

In the recent years, the desire and need to understand sequential data has been increasing, with particular interest in sequential contexts such as patient monitoring, understanding daily activities, video surveillance, stock market and the like. Along with the constant flow of data, it is critical to classify and segment the observations on-the-fly, without being limited to a rigid number of classes. In addition, the model needs to be capable of updating its parameters to comply with possible evolutions. This interesting problem, however, is not adequately addressed in the literature since many studies focus on offline classification over a pre-defined class set. In this paper, we propose a principled solution to this gap by introducing an adaptive online system based on Markov switching models with hierarchical Dirichlet process priors. This infinite adaptive online approach is capable of segmenting and classifying the sequential data over unlimited number of classes, while meeting the memory and delay constraints of streaming contexts. The model is further enhanced by introducing a learning rate, responsible for balancing the extent to which the model sustains its previous learning (parameters) or adapts to the new streaming observations. Experimental results on several variants of stationary and evolving synthetic data and two video datasets, TUM Assistive Kitchen and collatedWeizmann, show remarkable performance in segmentation and classification, particularly for evolutionary sequences with changing distributions and/or containing new, unseen classes.

Field of study: Computer science
Bryozoan event from Middle Miocene (Early Badenian) lower neritic sediments from the locality Kralice nad Oslavou (Central Paratethys, Moravian part of the Carpathian Foredeep)

Fossil Bryozoa occurs usually in shallow-water environments. One of the rare deep-water associations of Bryozoa has been studied in a profile at Kralice nad Oslavou. According to studies of foraminifera, the paleodepth was more than 150 m and less than 500 m. The bryozoan assemblages are poor, consisting of four species only, dominated by Tervia irregularis (Cyclostomatida) and Reteporella kralicensis sp.n. (Cheilostomatida), a new species being described in detail.

Field of study: Environmental science
Dad 'never said much' but… Young Men and Great War Veterans in Day-to-Day-Life in Interwar Britain.

This article explores whether, how, and what young men in interwar Britain heard about the Great War from its veterans. Oral histories are used to enable the first detailed examination of the hitherto largely unexplored topic of the intergenerational transmission of representations of the Great War in interwar Britain. It shows that although many veterans were reticent about their war experiences, young men heard about Great War experiences from veterans more frequently than has previously been acknowledged. What they heard was heterogeneous, like representations in popular culture, but tended to emphasize positive and rewarding elements of wartime service rather than disillusion. While veterans' narratives could be fleeting and ephemeral, this examination of their character shows they should be considered an important component of the wider body of representations of the Great War in interwar popular culture through which young men might 'know' about the Great War. As well as examining what young men heard, consideration is given to alternative ways that young men learned about familial service, and to what triggered veterans' narratives and why some remained silent. Reasons for the trope of the silent veteran are suggested, and its strength in contemporary popular memory is illustrated in discussion of the 'discomposure' it could cause some interviewees.

Field of study: History
Physiological Effects of CO_2 Enrichment on Lycopersicon esculentum var. cerasiforme in the Plastic House

Carbon dioxide is one of the most important factors limiting vegetable photosynthesis.Applied 600～1 200 μmol·mol -1 CO 2 to the plastic house could increase photosynthetic rates and ratio of C/N,promote vegetative and reproductive growth of Lycopersicon esculentum var.cerasiforme plants.Plant height,stem diameter,leaf thickness and leaf area increased by 7 95%～37 11%,21 33%～74 67%,29 25%～42 45% and 14 64%～40 24%,respectively.Primary flower head position decreased,and average single fruit weight and yield were 7 94%～20 63% and 6 21%～13 91% higher than that in normal air.The optimum concentration of CO 2 in L.esculentum var.cerasiforme in spring was about 1 000 μmol·mol -1 .

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Operators with absolute continuity properties: an application to quasinormality

An absolute continuity approach to quasinormality which relates the operator in question to the spectral measure of its modulus is developed. Algebraic characterizations of some classes of operators that emerged in this context are invented. Various examples and counterexamples illustrating the concepts of the paper are constructed by means of weighted shifts on directed trees. Generalizations of these results that cover the case of q-quasinormal operators are established.

Field of study: Mathematics