nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Two birds, one stone: dual targeting of the cancer cell surface and subcellular mitochondria by the galectin-3-binding peptide G3-C12

Active tumor-targeting approaches using specific ligands have drawn considerable attention over the years. However, a single ligand often fails to simultaneously target the cancer cell surface and subcellular organelles, which limits the maximum therapeutic efficacy of delivered drugs. We describe a polymeric delivery system modified with the G3-C12 peptide for sequential dual targeting. In this study, galectin-3-targeted G3-C12 peptide was conjugated onto the N-(2-hydroxypropyl) methacrylamide (HPMA) copolymer for the delivery of D(KLAKLAK)2 (KLA) peptide. G3-C12-HPMA-KLA exhibited increased receptor-mediated internalization into galectin-3-overexpressing PC-3 cells. Furthermore, G3-C12 peptide also directed HPMA-KLA conjugates to mitochondria. This occurred because the apoptosis signal triggered the accumulation of galectin-3 in mitochondria, and the G3-C12 peptide that specifically bound to galectin-3 was trafficked along with its receptor intracellularly. As a result, G3-C12-HPMA-KLA disrupted the mitochondrial membrane, increased the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and induced cytochrome c release, which ultimately resulted in enhanced cytotoxicity. An in vivo study revealed that the G3-C12 peptide significantly enhanced the tumor accumulation of the KLA conjugate. In addition, G3-C12-HPMA-KLA exhibited the best therapeutic efficacy and greatly improved the animal survival rate. Our work demonstrates that G3-C12 is a promising ligand with dual-targeting functionality.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
MICROSTRUCTURAL EXPERIMENT AND CALCINATION CHARACTERISTICS OF SHELLS

In this paper,calcination characteristics and desulfurization property of several kinds of shells are studied by using thermogravimetic analysis methods.On the basis of theoretical analysis and experimental study,the kinetic model of shell calcination reaction is obtained and apparent activation energy is calculated and compared with that of limestones.The results indicate that apparent activation energy of shells is approximately 100?kJ·mol -1 lower than that of limestone.By using SEM,the microstructure of shells can be observed.From SEM photos of shells and limestone,this paper compares shells with limestone in specific surface area and porosity.Finally the reason for better desulfurization with shells than with limestones can be explained.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
MNN-RSによるダイナミックチャネル割当て法と そのFPGA化

In cellular mobile communication systems, a channel assignment problem has been extensively studied. In order to avoid exhaustive search, the number of reallocatable channel is limited only one in TPB method which is one of dynamic channel assignment proposed by Chang. In this paper, a dynamic channel assignment by using the maximum neural network with reinforced self-feedback (MNN-RS) is proposed. From numerical experiments, it is confirmed that the proposal improves blocking probability and reduces the probability that blocking probability exceeds arrowable rate. Lastly the proposed model is implemented on Xilinx FPGA XCV300E and scalability is discussed.

Field of study: Computer science
Application of Membrane Technology in Wastewater Treatment System of Shaoguan Smelting Plant

The membrane technology is successfully applied to wastewater treatment system of Shaoguan Smelting Plant by scientific verification,the ratio of recycled industrial water is increased from 87% to 96.3% and water discharge to outside is reduced greatly.The paper introduces in detail the scale,process control,equipment,facilities,operation and maintenance of the membrane system project.

Field of study: Materials science
Increased proportion of antigen-specific antibody-producing hybridomas following an in vitro immunization with in vivo immunized mouse spleen cells.

Development of murine monoclonal antibodies to weakly immunogenic antigens was accomplished by combining both in vivo and in vitro immunizations. Following immunization of mice with Treponema hyodysenteriae outer membrane antigens, Manduca sexta apolipoproteins, and Drosophila melanogaster DNA polymerase, respectively, a significant increase in percentage of antibody-producing hybrids were identified when immune spleens were subjected to an in vitro immunization prior to fusion with SP2/0 myeloma cells. The hybrids developed, produced Abs to a T. hyodysenteriae 14 Kd carbohydrate, M. sexta apolipoproteins I, II, and III, and D. melanogaster DNA polymerase. The use of both in vivo and in vitro immunizations may increase the likelihood of generating monoclonal antibodies to weakly immunogenic antigens.

Field of study: Biology
Local food in Iceland: Identifying behavioral barriers to increased production and consumption

Increased production and consumption of local food may reduce the negative environmental, social, and economic impacts of industrialized and globalized food production. Here we examined potential barriers to increasing production and consumption of food produced in Iceland. First, we developed a new framework to address the behaviors of production and consumption simultaneously, to comprehensively analyze their potential barriers. We examined structural barriers by estimating the food production capacity of Iceland, and cultural and personal barriers through survey data on cultural norms and purchasing behavior from Matis, a research and development company. We found no structural barriers preventing Iceland from increasing production of local cereals, which would compliment current local production of meat and dairy and reduce reliance on imports, currently at 50% of the daily caloric intake. However, if food production became entirely local without changing the current mix of crops grown, there would be a 50% reduction in diversity (from 50 to 25 items in eight out of ten food categories). We did not identify any cultural barriers, as survey results demonstrated that consumers hold generally positive worldviews towards local food, with 88% satisfied with local food they had purchased. More than two-thirds of consumers regarded supporting the local farmer and considerations such as environmentally friendly production, fewer food miles, lower carbon footprint as important. However, they rated the local food they have access to as lower in meeting sustainability criteria, showing that they make justifications for not choosing local food in practice. This is a personal barrier to increased consumption of local food, and implies that marketing strategies and general knowledge connected to local food in Iceland might be improved. Although the results apply to the case of Iceland, the method of identifying behavioral barriers to change is applicable to other countries, regions, or foodsheds interested in assessing their food security through an analysis of local food.

Field of study: Environmental science
Comparing impacts of climate change and mitigation on global agriculture by 2050

Systematic model inter-comparison helps to narrow discrepancies in the analysis of the future impact of climate change on agricultural production. This paper presents a set of alternative scenarios by five global climate and agro-economic models. Covering integrated assessment (IMAGE), partial equilibrium (CAPRI, GLOBIOM, MAgPIE) and computable general equilibrium (MAGNET) models ensures a good coverage of biophysical and economic agricultural features. These models are harmonized with respect to basic model drivers, to assess the range of potential impacts of climate change on the agricultural sector by 2050. Moreover, they quantify the economic consequences of stringent global emission mitigation efforts, such as non-CO2 emission taxes and land-based mitigation options, to stabilize global warming at 2 °C by the end of the century under different Shared Socioeconomic Pathways. A key contribution of the paper is a vis-a-vis comparison of climate change impacts relative to the impact of mitigation measures. In addition, our scenario design allows assessing the impact of the residual climate change on the mitigation challenge. From a global perspective, the impact of climate change on agricultural production by mid-century is negative but small. A larger negative effect on agricultural production, most pronounced for ruminant meat production, is observed when emission mitigation measures compliant with a 2 °C target are put in place. Our results indicate that a mitigation strategy that embeds residual climate change effects (RCP2.6) has a negative impact on global agricultural production relative to a no-mitigation strategy with stronger climate impacts (RCP6.0). However, this is partially due to the limited impact of the climate change scenarios by 2050. The magnitude of price changes is different amongst models due to methodological differences. Further research to achieve a better harmonization is needed, especially regarding endogenous food and feed demand, including substitution across individual commodities, and endogenous technological change.

Field of study: Environmental science
Modelling potentially toxic elements in forest soils with vis-NIR spectra and learning algorithms.

The surface organic horizons in forest soils have been affected by air and soil pollutants, including potentially toxic elements (PTEs). Monitoring of PTEs requires a large number of samples and adequate analysis. Visible-near infrared (vis-NIR: 350-2500 nm) spectroscopy provides an alternative method to conventional laboratory measurements, which are time-consuming and expensive. However, vis-NIR spectroscopy relies on an empirical calibration of the target attribute to the spectra. This study examined the capability of vis-NIR spectra coupled with machine learning (ML) techniques (partial least squares regression (PLSR), support vector machine regression (SVMR), and random forest (RF)) and a deep learning (DL) approach called fully connected neural network (FNN) to assess selected PTEs (Cr, Cu, Pb, Zn, and Al) in forest organic horizons. The dataset consists of 2160 samples from 1080 sites in the forests over all the Czech Republic. At each site, we collected two samples from the fragmented (F) and humus (H) organic layers. The content of all PTEs was higher in horizon H compared to F horizon. Our results indicate that the reflectance of samples tended to decrease with increased PTEs concentration. Cr was the most accurately predicted element, regardless of the algorithm used. SVMR provided the best results for assessing the H horizon (R2 = 0.88 and RMSE = 3.01 mg/kg for Cr). FNN produced the best predictions of Cr in the combined F + H layers (R2 = 0.89 and RMSE = 2.95 mg/kg) possibly due to the larger number of samples. In the F horizon, the PTEs were not predicted adequately. The study shows that PTEs in forest soils of the Czech Republic can be accurately estimated with vis-NIR spectra and ML approaches. Results hint in availability of a large sample size, FNN provides better results.

Field of study: Environmental science
Growth and rooting of Solanecio mannii : comparison of seedlings and air layers on a 24-month trial in East Africa

Vegetative propagation of trees remains understudied in Africa. Such methods however provide potential for producing trees and shrubs with high social and economic value. Air layering is one of these techniques and can be used in Uganda for the domestication of underutilized multipurpose trees. The main purposes of this trial were to compare the growth rates of 30 Solanecio mannii plants grown from seed and 30 plants grown from air layering, and to observe the main morphological differences that affected the growth and root system of those 60 plants. This 24-month preliminary and prospective trial was conducted to compare the growth characteristics of seedlings and air layers, by measuring their height, diameter, precocity to flower and fruit, and their root system quality. Air layers were stronger, quickly reaching maturity but showing weakness in their root systems, while seedlings seemingly smaller and slower showed more stability with a well-structured root system. Air layering could be used to reproduce desirable genotypes. Due to their unbalanced root system observed in the field after two years, the air layers, once transplanted into a nursery, should be propagated by cuttings or grafting only.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Protein Phosphatase 1 Beta is Modulated by Chronic Hypoxia and Involved in the Angiogenic Endothelial Cell Migration

Endothelial cell migration is required for physiological angiogenesis, but also contributes to various pathological conditions, including tumour vascularization. The mRNA expression of PP1cβ, the beta isoform of the catalytic PP1 subunit, was shown to be upregulated in chronic hypoxia. Since hypoxia is a major regulator of angiogenesis, the potential role of PP1cβ in angiogenesis was investigated.  We examined PP1cβ protein level in pediatric heart following chronic hypoxia and found PP1cβ upregulation in cyanotic compared with acyanotic myocardium. By treating HUVEC cells with hypoxia mimicking agent, PP1cβ protein level increased with maximum at 8 hours. The effect of PP1cβ pharmacological inhibition, knockdown and overexpression, on endothelial cell migration and morphogenesis, was examined using in vitro wound healing scratch assay and endothelial tube formation assay. The PP1cβ knockdown effects on F-actin reorganization (phalloidin staining), focal adhesion formation (vinculin) and focal adhesion kinases (FAK) activation, were evaluated by immunocytochemical staining and immunoblotting with specific antibodies.  PP1cβ knockdown significantly reduces endothelial cell migration, but does not have any significant effect on endothelial tube formation. Endothelial cell migration in the knockdown group is restored to the control level upon consecutive transfection with PP1cβ cDNA. PP1cβ overexpression does not significantly affect endothelial cell migration. Furthermore, PP1cβ knockdown induces profound cytoskeletal reorganization, loss of focal adhesion sites and impairment of focal adhesion kinases (FAK) activation.  PP1cβ is regulator of endothelial cell migration, which is critical in the angiogenic process. PP1cβ inhibition reduces endothelial cell migration through focal adhesion turnover and actin polymerization pathways.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Water/Methanol-Insoluble Brown Carbon Can Dominate Aerosol Enhanced Light Absorption in Port Cities.

Light absorption enhancement (Eabs) of black carbon (BC) is a key factor in global climate models, and is impacted by brown carbon (BrC) and the lensing effect of coatings. We conducted an in-depth field study of Eabs for ambient aerosols at a monitoring point in Shanghai, China, by real-time aerosol optical property monitoring and HPLC/DAD/Q-ToF MS analysis. The results showed Eabs at λ = 530 nm caused by the lensing effect was about 1.39 ± 027, accounting for 18.84% of total light absorption. In this study, BrC is classified as soluble BrC (soluble in both water and methanol) or insoluble BrC (insoluble in both water and methanol). Soluble BrC accounted for 13.68% ± 11.15% of the total aerosol light absorption. For the first time, we concluded that insoluble BrC can contribute over 60% and 97% of total aerosol and BrC light absorption in port cities, respectively. The molecular analysis of soluble BrC identiﬁed N-containing aromatic compounds (4-nitrophenol, 4-nitrocatechol, methyl nitrophenol, methyl nitrocatechols, and nitro-1-naphthol) commonly observed in biomass burning emissions or biomass burning-impacted atmospheres. A series of components (C16H26O3S, C17H28O3S, C18H30O3S and C19H32O3S) were determined to be emissions from nearby cargo ships filled with heavy fuel oil (HFO), which further confirmed that insoluble BrC emitted from cargo ships could be the largest contributor to Eabs. This study confirms the global significance of evaluating HFO used in port cities in climate models. The control measures of cargo ship emission should be considered for related environmental and health issues in port cities.

Field of study: Environmental science
IMT-2000 wireless terminal mobility over object-oriented distributed platforms

The international mobile telecommunications systems 2000 (IMT-2000) system is being developed as a solution to the rapid growth and the diversity of mobile services. Concurrently, the telecommunication information networking architecture (TINA) service framework is providing a general software architecture for future telecommunication networks and services, based on the use of distributed object-oriented technology. The TINA service framework appears to complement the IMT-2000 system, by providing an integrated communication and computing infrastructure. Both the IMT-2000 and TINA principles are considered to be determinant for the provision of future services. However, the TINA service framework does not actually incorporate wireless networks. Similarly, the use of object-oriented distributed platforms in TINA, which is seen as a fundamental basis for future service, has not been studied in IMT-2000. This paper first summarizes the principles of the IMT-2000 system and the TINA service framework. It then presents the design and engineering issues of an IMT-2000 terminal mobility service that uses the TINA service framework. It terminates with an initial specification of a mobile object service, and scenarios for the re-use of existing standards. Although, the support of mobility on TINA is still under study in various fora and projects, the technical contents of this paper reflects the original evaluation and synthesis carried out by the authors to provide IMT-2000 wireless mobility on object-oriented distributed platforms such as CORBA and that conforms to the TINA principles.

Field of study: Computer science
166: Isocyperol isolated from rhizomes of Cyperus rotundus, inhibits iNOS and pro-inflammatory cytokines through suppressing STAT3 pathway in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells

The rhizomes of Cyperus rotundus (Cyperaceae) have been used in Korean traditional medicines for treatment of gynecological and inflammatory diseases. Recent scientific studies have demonstrated that C. rotundus has various pharmacological activities such as anti-bacterial, anti-mutagenic, and anti-genotoxic activities. In the present study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of isocyperol isolated from the rhizomes of C. rotundus in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells.  The levels of nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin2 (PGE2) were measured using EIA assay kit. The expression of iNOS, COX-2, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β and activation of STAT3 were determined by RT-PCR and/or Western blot analysis.  Isocyperol significantly inhibited NO production by suppressing LPS-induced expression of iNOS at both mRNA and the protein levels. However, PGE2 production and COX-2 expression were barely inhibited by isocyperol treatment. In addition, isocyperol down-regulated the expression of inflammatory cytokine TNF-α and IL-1β, but not IL-6. Moreover, treatment with isocyperol reduced STAT3 activation in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells.  These data suggest that the anti-inflammatory activity of isocyperol is related to the down-regulation of iNOS and pro-inflammatory cytokines through suppressing STAT 3 pathway in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells.

Field of study: Medicine
Study on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Low Alloy Cast Steel by Surfacing with Transition Layer and Anti-wear Layer

The surfacing welding experiment with transition Layer+anti-wear layer on low alloy cast steel were carried out.The welding transition layer can improve the interfacial microstructure of low alloy cast steel,transition layer and anti-wear layer,which can also increase the bonding strength and thermal mechanical properties.

Field of study: Materials science
CHEMICAL EVOLUTION OF THE GALACTIC BULGE: SINGLE AND DOUBLE INFALL MODELS

Recent work has produced a wealth of data concerning the chemical evolution of the galactic bulge, both for stars and nebulae. Present theoretical models generally adopt a limited range of such constraints, frequently using a single chemical element (usually iron), which is not enough to describe it unambiguously. In this work, we take into account constraints involving as many chemical elements as possible, basically obtained from bulge nebulae and stars. Our main goal is to show that different scenarios can describe, at least partially, the abundance distribution and several distance-independent correlationss for these objects. Three classes of models were developed. The first is a one-zone, single-infall model, the second is a one-zone, double-infall model and the third is a multizone, double infall model. We show that a one-zone model with a single infall episode is able to reproduce some of the observational data, but the best results are achieved using a multizone, double infall model.

Field of study: Physics
Business Service Object Supporting Event-driven Data Connection

To solve the delay problem led by manual operation in the process of real-time interaction of different business processes,we propose a business service object supporting event-driven data connection in this paper.Based on the domain-specific cohesion and stability,the domain experts model the business service object,including business service and data object,upon which the data connection business rule is.These business rules enable the different business processes to interactive run through event-driven.Our experiment shows,the distributed state transition algorithm based on business service object has good error-tolerance and high efficiency.

Field of study: Computer science
Adolescents' Attributions for Delinquent Behavior

This studs' examines adolescents' causal attributions for their own and others' delinquent behavior and the relationship between those attributions and delinquent involvement. In addition, the impact of living in a state school for delinquents on attributions is examined. Seventy institutionalized adolescents and 69 ninth-graders completed measures of attributions and delinquent involvement. Multivariate analyses of these data indicate the following: (1) adolescents attribute both their own and others' behavior to situational over dispositional causes; (2) adolescents use both situational and dispositional attributions to a greater degree when explaining others' behavior than when explaining their own behavior; (3) institutionalization effects attributions; and (4) there is no relationship between attributions for one's own behavior and degree of involvement in that behavior.

Field of study: Psychology
OnM-structure, the asymptotic-norming property and locally uniformly rotund renormings

AbstractLetr, s ∈ [0, 1], and letX be a Banach space satisfying theM(r, s)-inequality, that is,
$$\parallel x^{***} \parallel \geqslant r\parallel \pi _X x^{***} \parallel + s\parallel x^{***} - \pi _X x^{***} \parallel for x^{***} \in X^} ,$$
 where πX is the canonical projection fromX*** ontoX*. We show some examples of Banach spaces not containingc0, having the point of continuity property and satisfying the above inequality forr not necessarily equal to one. On the other hand, we prove that a Banach spaceX satisfying the above inequality fors=1 admits an equivalent locally uniformly rotund norm whose dual norm is also locally uniformly rotund. If, in addition,X satisfies
$$\mathop {\lim \sup }\limits_\alpha \parallel u^* + sx_\alpha ^* \parallel \leqslant \mathop {\lim \sup }\limits_\alpha \parallel v^* + x_\alpha ^* \parallel $$
 wheneveru*,v* ∈X* with ‖u*‖≤‖v*‖ and (xα*) is a bounded weak* null net inX*, thenX can be renormed to satisfy the,M(r, 1) and theM(1, s)-inequality such thatX* has the weak* asymptotic-norming property I with respect toBX.

Field of study: Mathematics