nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
TH-A-9A-05: Initial Setup Accuracy Comparison Between Frame-Based and Frameless Stereotactic Radiosurgery.

To evaluate initial setup accuracy for stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) between Brainlab frame-based and frameless immobilization system, also to discern the magnitude frameless system has on setup parameters.



The correction shifts from the original setup were compared for total 157 SRS cranial treatments (69 frame-based vs. 88 frameless). All treatments were performed on a Novalis linac with ExacTrac positioning system. Localization box with isocenter overlay was used for initial setup and correction shift was determined by ExacTrac 6D auto-fusion to achieve submillimeter accuracy for treatment. For frameless treatments, mean time interval between simulation and treatment was 5.7 days (range 0-13). Pearson Chi-Square was used for univariate analysis.



The correctional radial shifts (mean±STD, median) for the frame and frameless system measured by ExacTrac were 1.2±1.2mm, 1.1mm and 3.1±3.3mm, 2.0mm, respectively. Treatments with frameless system had a radial shift >2mm more often than those with frames (51.1% vs. 2.9%; p<.0001). To achieve submillimeter accuracy, 85.5% frame-based treatments did not require shift and only 23.9% frameless treatment could succeed with initial setup. There was no statistical significant system offset observed in any direction for either system. For frameless treatments, those treated ≥ 3 days from simulation had statistically higher rates of radial shifts between 1-2mm and >2mm compared to patients treated in a shorter amount of time from simulation (34.3% and 56.7% vs. 28.6% and 33.3%, respectively; p=0.006).



Although image-guided positioning system can also achieve submillimeter accuracy for frameless system, users should be cautious regarding the inherent uncertainty of its capability of immobilization. A proper quality assurance procedure for frameless mask manufacturing and a protocol for intra-fraction imaging verification will be crucial for frameless system. Time interval between simulation and treatment was influential to initial setup accuracy. A shorter time frame for frameless SRS treatment could be helpful in minimizing uncertainties in localization.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Designing Data Augmentation for Simulating Interventions

Machine learning models trained with purely observational data and the principle of empirical risk minimization (Vapnik, 1992) can fail to generalize to unseen domains. In this paper, we focus on the case where the problem arises through spurious correlation between the observed domains and the actual task labels. We find that many domain generalization methods do not explicitly take this spurious correlation into account. Instead, especially in more application-oriented research areas like medical imaging or robotics, data augmentation techniques that are based on heuristics are used to learn domain invariant features. To bridge the gap between theory and practice, we develop a causal perspective on the problem of domain generalization. We argue that causal concepts can be used to explain the success of data augmentation by describing how they can weaken the spurious correlation between the observed domains and the task labels. We demonstrate that data augmentation can serve as a tool for simulating interventional data. Lastly, but unsurprisingly, we show that augmenting data improperly can cause a significant decrease in performance.

Field of study: Computer science
Preparation of vanadium-titanium acid-polyaniline film modified electrode and electrochemical properties

With aniline and self-made vanadium-titanium acid as raw materials,ITO conductive glass as basal electrode,the vanadium-titanium acid-PANI films modified electrodes is prepared by one-step and two-step methods.The mechanism and electrochemical behavior of the composite films are investigated systematically.The results show that the preparation process of one-step is simple,and vanadium-titanium acid fix in the PAn thin films layer by layer.The modified electrodes not only maintain the electrochemical and electrocatalytic properties of vanadium-titanium acid,but also have good stability.The modified electrodes show high catalytic activity towards the iodate ions in acidic aqueous solution.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Invariant Description and Retrieval of Planar Shapes Using Radon Composite Features

This paper proposes a novel feature-based invariant descriptor termed Radon composite features (RCFs) for planar shapes. Instead of analyzing shapes directly in the spatial domain, some shape features are extracted from the Radon transform plane using statistical and spectral analysis. The proposed method overcomes the drawbacks of existing shape representation techniques since it accomplishes the invariances to common geometrical transformations without any normalization process, which usually causes inaccuracies. A novel hierarchical strategy with RCFs can achieve low complexity and coarse-to-fine retrieval, and perform accurately when retrieving shapes, while remaining robust against variations. Experiments demonstrate that RCF provides a higher degree of discrimination as compared with several state-of-the-art approaches.

Field of study: Engineering
The Essential Spectrum of a Sequence of Linear Operators in Banach Spaces

In this work we introduce some essential spectra $(\sigma_{ei}, i=1,...,5)$ of a sequence of closed linear operators $(T_{n})_{n\in\mathbb{N}}$ on Banach space, we prove that if $(T_{n})_{n\in\mathbb{N}}$ converges in the generalized sense to a closed linear operator $T$, then there exists $n_{0}\in \mathbb{N}$ such that, for every $n\geq n_{0}$, we have $\sigma_{ei}(\lambda _{0}-(T_{n}+B))\subseteq \sigma _{ei}(\lambda_{0}-(T+B)), i=1,...,5$, where $B$ is a bounded linear operator, and $\lambda _{0}\in \mathbb{C}$. The same treatment is made when $(T_{n}-T)$ converges to zero compactly.

Field of study: Mathematics
Effects of Perceived Procedural Justice and Exchange Ideology on Employees' Affective Commitment: Evidence from Saudi Arabia

This paper examined how perceived procedural justice and exchange ideology affect employees’ commitment inSaudi private sector companies. A self-administered questionnaire was distributed to a random sample of 104Saudi employees. Descriptive statistics, reliability analysis and regression analysis, were used to analyze thedata. The results revealed that perception of organizational procedural justice influenced employees’commitment towards their organizations. Employees with high exchange ideology perceiving procedural justiceas unfair who fear the loss of such fairness would consider staying with the company to be risky and would intendto leave were not affectively committed toward their organizations, while those perceiving procedural justice withlow exchange ideology had a moderate or no relation with affective commitment.

Field of study: Business
Study on craft and seasoning of the hot dried fish floss from Tilapia's flesh frittered

For the sake of utilization of Tilapia′s flesh frittered which is byproduct of quick freezing Tilapia′s flake. We study on craft and seasoning of dried fish floss from Tilapia′s flesh frittered was made in this paper. Through orthogonal design and organoleptic test, the best craft and recipe of seasoning were ascertained. Under the craft and recipe the dried fish floss sample is golden yellow and taking the form of wadding. The color and luster is even and unanimous. The fibre is pure and loose, mouthfeel is fine and smooth, there are flavor of hot and fish′s fragrant and no peculiar smell.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
RFC: Range feature code for TCAM-based packet classification

Packet classification has been widely used in various Internet applications, including the recent hot topic SDN. Generally, TCAM is a typical device for high-speed packet classification. However, when it comes to some classification rules that contain ranges, since TCAM is not well designed to represent ranges, range expansion problem is caused. Range expansion could cost much more TCAM entries than the number of rules, thus impairing the utilization of TCAM. In practice, there are some unused bits in a TCAM entry, which could be used to reduce the range expansion. In this paper, we propose a scheme to efficiently represent ranges with such extra bits. Our scheme is based on the observation that in prior encoding schemes that use extra bits to represent ranges, the encoding in extra bits and its fallback scheme are always regarded as two totally separate processes. Even though the two encoding methods are different, as they both focus on the same rule, there actually exists some relevance in information of the two encoding process. In our scheme, the two encoding processes are brought together with range feature code (RFC) as the link, thus reducing the information redundancy between them. Experiment results show that when 36 extra bits are available in TCAM, our scheme reduces the redundancy of range rules by around 36% compared with the best prior scheme.

Field of study: Computer science
Long-term timing of millisecond pulsars and gravitational wave detection

(Abridged) This thesis presents long-term timing results on 20 millisecond pulsars (MSPs). It has been predicted that such timing may detect gravitational waves (GWs) - a major (but untested) prediction of general relativity. Our results demonstrate that most of the investigated MSPs have sufficient stability to enable such detection experiments. Furthermore, the timing data of the brightest few sources shows that timing at sub-100 ns precision may be achievable and that, therefore, GW detection within the next decade is likely. Finally, we use our data to place a strong limit on the strength of a predicted background of GWs.

Field of study: Physics
Quadratic stability and stabilization of switched dynamic systems with uncommensurate internal point delays

This paper deals with the quadratic stability and linear state-feedback and output-feedback stabilization of switched delayed linear dynamic systems with, in general, a finite number of non-commensurate constant internal point delays. The results are obtained based on Lyapunov’s stability analysis via appropriate Krasovsky–Lyapunov’s functionals and the related stability study is performed to obtain both delay independent and delay dependent results. It is proved that the stabilizing switching rule is arbitrary if all the switched subsystems are quadratically stable and that it exists a (in general, non-unique) stabilizing switching law when the system is polytopic, stable at some interior point of the polytope but with non-necessarily stable parameterizations at the vertices defining the subsystems. It is also proved that two subsystems individually parametrized in different polytopic-type sets which are not quadratically stable might be stabilized by a (in general, non-unique) switching law provided that a convexity-type condition is fulfilled at each existing pair of vertices, one corresponding to each subsystem. Some extensions are provided for a typical class of neutral time-delay systems.

Field of study: Mathematics
Retention Behaviors of Strongly Polar Compounds from Traditional Chinese Medicine in Hydrophilic Interaction Chromatography

The retention behaviors of six polar compounds from traditional Chinese medicine were investigated with hydrophilic interaction chromatography ( HILIC) by changing kinds of organic solvent and concentration, additives ( salt and organic acid) in mobile phase and column temperature. The retention curves of six solutes exhibit"U"shape with the change in the concentration of water from 0 to 100% ( V/V) in mobile phase, indicating a mixed-mode of hydrophilic interaction and reversed phase chromatography. The retention times of all solutes increased with the increase of salt concentration,and the retention of the acidic solutes increased with the decrease of the acidity of organic acid,trifluoroacetic acid,formic acid and acetic acid in the same concentration of the additives in the mobile phase. These results might have some instruction role to select the condition in the separation of traditional Chinese medicine.

Field of study: Chemistry
Diverse array-designed modes of combination therapies in Fangjiomics

In line with the complexity of disease networks, diverse combination therapies have been demonstrated potential in the treatment of different patients with complex diseases in a personal combination profile. However, the identification of rational, compatible and effective drug combinations remains an ongoing challenge. Based on a holistic theory integrated with reductionism, Fangjiomics systematically develops multiple modes of array-designed combination therapies. We define diverse “magic shotgun” vertical, horizontal, focusing, siege and dynamic arrays according to different spatiotemporal distributions of hits on targets, pathways and networks. Through these multiple adaptive modes for treating complex diseases, Fangjiomics may help to identify rational drug combinations with synergistic or additive efficacy but reduced adverse side effects that reverse complex diseases by reconstructing or rewiring multiple targets, pathways and networks. Such a novel paradigm for combination therapies may allow us to achieve more precise treatments by developing phenotype-driven quantitative multi-scale modeling for rational drug combinations.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
BCS-BEC crossover and pairing fluctuations in a two-band superfluid/superconductor: a $T$-matrix approach

We investigate pairing fluctuation effects in a two band fermionic system, where a shallow band in the Bardeen–Cooper–Schrieffer–Bose–Einstein condensation (BCS-BEC) crossover regime is coupled with a weakly interacting deep band. Within a diagrammatic T matrix approach, we report how thermodynamic quantities such as the critical temperature, chemical potential, and momentum distributions undergo the crossover from the BCS to BEC regime by tuning the intraband coupling in the shallow band. We also generalize the definition of Tan’s contact to a two band system and report the two contacts for different pair-exchange couplings. The present results are compared with those obtained by the simpler Nozieres–Schmitt–Rink approximation. We confirm a pronounced enhancement of the critical temperature due to the multiband configuration, as well as to the pair-exchange coupling.

Field of study: Physics
SU-E-T-128: Applying Failure Modes and Effects Analysis to a Risk-Based Quality Management for Stereotactic Radiosurgery in Brazil

The goal of the present work was to evaluate the process maps for stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) treatment at three radiotherapy centers in Brazil and apply the FMEA technique to evaluate similarities and differences, if any, of the hazards and risks associated with these processes.  A team, consisting of professionals from different disciplines and involved in the SRS treatment, was formed at each center. Each team was responsible for the development of the process map, and performance of FMEA and FTA. A facilitator knowledgeable in these techniques led the work at each center. The TG100 recommended scales were used for the evaluation of hazard and severity for each step for the major process “treatment planning”.  Hazard index given by the Risk Priority Number (RPN) is found to range from 4–270 for various processes and the severity (S) index is found to range from 1–10. The RPN values > 100 and severity value ≥ 7 were chosen to flag safety improvement interventions. Number of steps with RPN ≥100 were found to be 6, 59 and 45 for the three centers. The corresponding values for S ≥ 7 are 24, 21 and 25 respectively. The range of RPN and S values for each center belong to different process steps and failure modes.  These results show that interventions to improve safety is different for each center and it is associated with the skill level of the professional team as well as the technology used to provide radiosurgery treatment. The present study will very likely be a model for implementation of risk-based prospective quality management program for SRS treatment in Brazil where currently there are 28 radiotherapy centers performing SRS. A complete FMEA for SRS for these three radiotherapy centers is currently under development.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Satellite mapping of the Pacific tropical cloudiness.

The generally held assumption, that the bulk of tropical rain over the oceans is generated where the sea is warmer than the air, is being largely verified in this article with the new tool of satellite cloudiness mapping. The discussion focuses on the satellite-observed variable position of the boundary between the west Pacific equatorial rain clouds over warm ocean water and the east Pacific aridity along the equator over cool upwelling water. The often quite abrupt changes between these two regimes in the mid-Pacific are known from an eighteen-year sequence of ocean and atmosphere data at Canton Island. This article describes the same phenomena delineated by satellite television data recorded during 1962–67, and adds features of the geographic cloudiness distribution not obtainable from the widely spaced fixed points of observation.

Field of study: Environmental science
Production and performance of the LHC interaction region quadrupoles at KEK

The MQXA superconducting low-beta quadrupole magnets for the LHC interaction regions are required to generate a field gradient of up to 215 T/m at 1.9 K along an effective magnetic length of 6.37 m. After completion of an R&D program on short models and full length prototypes, the series production of magnets has started, with to date five series magnets subsequently tested at KEK. Basic characteristics such as normal training, subsequent full energy dump, thermal cycle, ramp rate dependence and temperature dependence have been studied and results indicate that magnets have satisfactory quench performance. Magnetic field measurements performed at 1.9 K show the field quality to be uniform and to satisfy the stringent beam optics requirements.

Field of study: Physics
Determination of the ultra long range spin-spin coupling constants using overall line shape analysis in the1H NMR spectra of fullerene-C60 cycloadducts with 1-(4-nitrophenyl)-3-phenylnitrile ylide

On the basis of the overall signal line shape in the1H NMR spectra of [6,6]-closed and [5,6]-open fullerene-C60 cycloadducts with 1-(4-nitrophenyl)-3-phenylnitrile ylide we determined the values of the long range spin-spin coupling for the aliphatic proton of the heterocyclic fragment with the aromatic protons.

Field of study: Chemistry
Implicating causal relations between cellular function and learning behavior.

Learning in the nudibranch mollusc Hermissenda shows many features of vertebrate associative conditioning. Pairings of light and rotation produce conditioned suppression of phototaxis, which is retained for days, shows savings, extinction, contingency sensitivity, and, recently, temporal specificity. In addition, specific features of the behavior have been shown to undergo classical Pavlovian conditioning. Extensive analysis of the neural networks mediating the flow of visual and graviceptive information have demonstrated convergent pathways at specific cellular loci. These cells are critically implicated for a primary role in the conditioned modifications of behavior. A variety of experimental approaches consistently support the proposal that reductions of specific K+ currents in the Type B photoreceptor soma play a causal role for several different behavioral expressions of the conditioning. In this article, we review several of these behaviors to show how the demonstrated close temporal correspondence of cellular and behavioral functions further implicates certain causal relations. For example, studies of the shadow withdrawal behavior of Hermissenda suggest a causal relation between the long-lasting depolarization of the Type B photoreceptor and the animal's reduced ability to turn towards the light at light/dark boundaries. Whereas the shadow response corresponded to cellular events at the end of a light step, responses to the onset of light or rotation were largely unexplored. By using a different approach, we identified behavioral responses during the first few seconds of stimulation with light and rotation. These responses, for which Pavlovian conditioning was demonstrated, correspond closely in time to known cellular correlates.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Chiral nitrogen-stabilized Fischer carbene complexes: an efficient tool in the stereocontrolled elaboration of additional stereogenic centers

The elaboration of the organic ligand of amino and hydrazino carbene complexes of the Fischer type through the reactions of their anions with electrophiles is a useful tool for achieving the stereoselective formation of new carbon-carbon bonds. Anions of chiral carbene complexes substituted with a C2 symmetry amine give stereoselective 1,4-Michael additions to nitroolefins, thus achieving a new entry to b-aryl-g-aminobutyric acid derivatives, which are biologically important molecules. Moreover, two new and complementary protocols for the synthesis of alkyl hydrazino carbene complexes have been developed and the first reactions of their conjugated bases with alkyl halides and aldehydes are reported.

Field of study: Chemistry
Bendable 3D-structured x-ray photodetectors based on pure PbI2 single crystal

PbI2 crystal is a typical layered material with a I–Pb–I monolayer as a repeating unit. Benefiting from the coexistence of ionic and van der Waals bonding, the crystal exhibits low hardness and a low Young’s modulus, slips easily along the a–b plane, and is endowed with inherently high flexibility. In this work, bendable three-dimensional (3D)-structured x-ray photodetectors based on PbI2 crystal were prepared, and finite element simulation was employed to reveal the von Mises stress distribution from the surface to the bulk of the crystal, indicating the bending stress associated with the crystal’s thickness. The uniformly distributed electric bias field inside the crystal constrains the carrier transport process, provides a consistent geometric variation and electrical contact between the crystal and the electrodes, and further ensures a high effective collection area and enhanced collection capacity for photocarriers, even when the device is subjected to bending. The degradation percentage of the sensitivity after 100 bending cycles is 12.7% and 6.6% for thick (100 μm) and thin (10 μm) samples, respectively. All the simulated and experimental results indicate that PbI2 crystal, when used to construct a 3D-structured device of appropriate thickness, is a promising candidate for the development of flexible x-ray photodetectors.

Field of study: Materials science