nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The Output-Inflation Tradeoff and Central Bank Reform: Evidence from New Zealand

The 1989 Reserve Bank of New Zealand Act provides a natural experiment in which the effects of institutional change on economic relationships can be studied. The act set price stability as the single objective of monetary policy and gave the bank great independence. Reforms of this nature may lead to a greater short-run output-inflation trade-off by altering optimal stabilization policy and wage indexation. Allowing for environments where 'learning' about the new regime is assumed to be rapid as well as slow, the authors find that a large rise in the New Zealand trade-off has occurred since implementation of the act.

Field of study: Economics
The Cuban Missile Crisis and the Limits of Crisis Management

Nowhere do the constitutional prerogatives of the president seem greater than in the midst of national security crises; nowhere do we invest in the president greater resources of command. Although in the past half century presidents have surrounded themselves with a vast national security apparatus, consisting of intelligence agencies and the National Security Council, it is not at all clear that presidents have been effective as crisis managers. They often lack crucial information, use incomplete or misleading analogies to understand crisis situations, find it difficult to micromanage events, and are unable to project force effectively. Even when they are successful, it is often in spite of, rather than because of, the resources of the institutionalized presidency at their disposal. The Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962 provides a case study of how John F. Kennedy and Nikita Khrushchev almost blundered into a nuclear war through the crisis management approaches of their advisory systems, but then managed to extricate themselves using personal diplomacy and old-fashioned political horsetrading. They did so without revealing to the world how they had defused the crisis, a decision to maintain confidentiality with far reaching consequences for subsequent presidential crisis decision making. The illusion that presidential crisis management can compel an adversary to submit and that a nuclear crisis can be successfully managed left Kennedy's successors with impossible burdens of public expectations. The United States and the Soviet Union were on the brink of nuclear war between 22 October, the evening that President Kennedy announced a "quar-

Field of study: Political science
Spontaneous Rotation of Ferrimagnetism Driven by Antiferromagnetic Spin Canting.

Spin-reorientation phase transitions that involve the rotation of a crystal's magnetization have been well characterized in distorted-perovskite oxides such as orthoferrites. In these systems spin reorientation occurs due to competing rare-earth and transition metal anisotropies coupled via f-d exchange. Here, we demonstrate an alternative paradigm for spin reorientation in distorted perovskites. We show that the R_{2}CuMnMn_{4}O_{12} (R=Y or Dy) triple A-site columnar-ordered quadruple perovskites have three ordered magnetic phases and up to two spin-reorientation phase transitions. Unlike the spin-reorientation phenomena in other distorted perovskites, these transitions are independent of rare-earth magnetism, but are instead driven by an instability towards antiferromagnetic spin canting likely originating in frustrated Heisenberg exchange interactions, and the competition between Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya and single-ion anisotropies.

Field of study: Physics
New Identity-based Key-exposure Free Chameleon Hash from Bilinear Pairings

Chameleon signatures are based on the well established hash-and-sign paradigm, where a chameleon hash function is used to compute the cryptographic message digest. Chameleon signatures simultaneously provide the properties of non-repudiation and non-transferability for the signed message. However, the initial constructions of chameleon signatures suffer from the problem of key exposure of chameleon hashing. Recently, some specific constructions of key-exposure free chameleon hashing are presented in the setting of certificate-based systems, but few works are done in identity-based systems. In this paper, we first analyse the hierarchical identity-based chameleon hash (HIBCH) and key-exposure free identity-based chameleon hash schemes (IBCH) proposed by Bao et al. in 2011 and then propose two improved schemes from bilinear pairings, with the idea of hierarchical key distribution. Moreover, we analyse the security and efficiency of our proposed schemes.

Field of study: Computer science
POCONO PALEOCURRENTS IN PENNSYLVANIA AND MARYLAND

A combined petrographic, stratigraphic and sedimentological study was made of the Pocono formation (Mississippian) of Pennsylvania and Maryland to determine the paleocurrent system, source area, and paleogeography of Pocono time. Measurement of 5000 cross-bedding attitudes at 254 localities and studies of other current structures showed transport direction was toward the northwest. The paleoslope, reconstructed by contouring the moving average of the largest diameter of the 10 largest quartz pebbles at each outcrop, dipped west and northwest across Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia, Pennsylvania, and western New York. Tilt-corrected trends of 325 oriented plant remains in the anthracite region of Pennsylvania are about perpendicular to the regional current direction. Extrapolation of the size-distance curve of the pebble diameters, after adjustment for crustal shortening, indicated the vicinity of Atlantic City, New Jersey, as a probable source area. Stratigraphic studies, petrographic analyses, the paleocurrent pattern, and numerous current structures indicate that the Pocono formation was fluviatile and derived from clastic sediments and low-rank metamorphic rocks. Measurements of cross-bedding in Upper Devonian, Mississippian Mauch Chunk, and Lower Pennsylvanian strata at 35 localities showed that the current pattern is essentially the same as that of the Pocono. Calculations based upon the southeastward increase in pebble size, corrected for crustal shortening, showed the Pottsville (Lower Pennsylvanian) source area was a few miles south of Philadelphia and about 100 miles northwest of that of the Pocono. The source region had migrated toward the northwest.

Field of study: Geology
LETTERS TO THE EDITOR: Parametric frequency modulation of picosecond light pulses in quadratically nonlinear crystals

Theoretical and experimental investigations were made of chirping (linear frequency modulation of the carrier frequency in a pulse) of radiation from an optical parametric oscillator pumped by linearly chirped pulses. It is shown that such an oscillator is an efficient converter of a pump chirp into a linear chirp of the output pulses. The latter may be stronger than the pump chirp, which provides new opportunities for mastering the femtosecond range.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Relationship between acute ethanol-related responses in long-sleep and short-sleep mice.

Long sleep (LS) and short sleep (SS) lines of mice were derived from a heterogeneous stock of mice (HS) and have been selectively bred on the basis of the time the animals were devoid of the righting reflex (sleep time) following acute ethanol administration. We have tested a large group of the HS mice for sleep time response to ethanol. Animals were then selected from the extremes of the HS sleep time response and designated short sleep (HS-SS) or long sleep (HS-LS). The ED50 value for loss of righting reflex was compared between these mice (HS-SS and HS-LS) and animals that had undergone 25 generations of selection (SS and LS mice). The ED50 value was not significantly different for the HS-LS (1.9 g/kg) and LS (2.17 g/kg) mice but was markedly different between HS-SS (3.02 g/kg) and SS (4.21 g/kg) mice. The ED50 values for the eight inbred strains that constituted the HS stock ranged only from 2.33 to 2.78 g/kg. The value for LD50 one hour after ethanol administration was found to be 9.03 g/kg and for SS mice 6.94 g/kg for LS mice, in contrast to our previous findings of no difference in LD50 values between SS and LS mice when ascertained 24 hr after the ethanol dose. Since the two lines were selected only for a sleep time difference, a differential sensitivity to other consequences of acute ethanol exposure, such as the lethal dose, would not be expected unless the effects shared a common genetic mechanism of action with ethanol sleep time.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Field of study: Medicine
Directional Solidification and Growth of Faceted Phases

The faceted phases exist widely in alloys solidification,whereas the present study including solidification theory and experimental research mainly focus on the investigation of non-faceted phases.As a result,many solidification phenomena caused by the growth of faceted phases remain unclear.With the development of the novel materials,such as intermetallic compound,thermoelectric material,and biomaterial,faceted phases formed in these materials will receive more attention.This paper reviews the directional solidification and growth of faceted phases involving the solidification condition and growth mechanism of the faceted phases.The theoretical analysis method is also addressed.Additionally,we briefly put forward some important unsolved problems that deserve to further explore in solidification of faceted phases.

Field of study: Materials science
Steric Effects and Steric Inhibition of Resonance in Benzene Derivatives: 2,3-Dimethylbenzoic Acid

Structure of 2,3-dimethylbenzoic acid was determined both by single-crystal X-ray diffraction and by ab initio calculation at an RHF/6-31+G** level. Comparing with a previous X-ray analysis of another crystal modification of the same compound, it was possible to estimate the effect of crystal forces on the conformation. The isolated molecule is not planar as deduced previously, mainly from IR spectra, but the carboxyl group is twisted out of the ring plane by a torsion angle ϕ = 12°. In the crystal, the molecule is more flat and ϕ is reduced to 7 and 1° in the two modifications, respectively. Further significant differences between the modifications were not detected. The flattening in the crystal structure is accompanied by additional small changes in the geometry, connected with greater steric crowding in the less twisted molecule: the example shows well the limits in which molecular structure can be deduced from the solid-state structure. Previous division of methylated benzoic acids into two subgroups, planar and nonplanar, is to be formulated with more precision: the former group includes even acids with nearly planar conformation (ϕ up to 15°).

Field of study: Chemistry
Application of Nucleic Acid Aptamers in Polypeptides Researches

Polypeptides play a vital role in physiological processes of life. The pharmacological and medical value of polypeptides has attracted the attention of researchers in recent years. Aptamers are short, single stranded DNA or RNA developed by an in vitro process called systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX). Owing to the high affinity and specificity to the target, aptamer is also called “chemical antibody” or “chemist's antibody”. To date, there are two main application aspects for polypeptides-targeted aptamers. First, aptamer can be used as specific binding elements based on their ability of recognition, which would be applied to polypeptides sensing or imaging. The other one is that aptamer can also be used as antagonists based on their ability of inhibiting, which can restrict the activity of polypeptides and block the downstream signaling pathways in vivo, thus can be used to treat the disease associated with polypeptides. In this review, we summarize a number of polypeptides-targeted aptamers and the related applications in vitro and in vivo. Current issues and development trends throughout the screening, characterizing and applying of polypeptides-targeted aptamers are also discussed.

Field of study: Chemistry
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON THE EFFECTS OF DECK CONSTRAINT ON THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF REINFORCED CONCRETE ARCH BRIDGES

The scaled one-span bridge model of a six-span Reinforced Concrete Arch Bridge that has been in service for more than 30 years was fabricated using organic glass.Considering the different constraint conditions of continuous and segmental decks,static and dynamic tests were performed respectively in laboratory.The effects of the constraint condition on the mechanical property of the bridge are discussed.It is shown that the constraint of the deck has a significant effect on the structural stiffness(the stronger the constraint,the higher the structural frequency).It is indicated that the horizontal dynamic characteristic is more sensitive to the constraint of the deck than the vertical dynamic characteristic,and the constraint condition in the middle of the deck has a great effect on the structural frequency.The variation tendency of the static mechanical property with the constraint of the bridge deck is also obtained.Comparing with the field monitoring data,the reliable bridge model that can well reflect the actual mechanical properties of the original structural is obtained.

Field of study: Engineering
TU‐G‐204‐09: The Effects of Reduced‐ Dose Lung Cancer Screening CT On Lung Nodule Detection Using a CAD Algorithm

Author(s): Young, S; Lo, P; Kim, G; Hsu, W; Hoffman, J; Brown, M; McNitt-Gray, M |  While Lung Cancer Screening CT is being performed at low doses, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of further reducing dose on the performance of a CAD nodule-detection algorithm.  We selected 50 cases from our local database of National Lung Screening Trial (NLST) patients for which we had both the image series and the raw CT data from the original scans. All scans were acquired with fixed mAs (25 for standard-sized patients, 40 for large patients) on a 64-slice scanner (Sensation 64, Siemens Healthcare). All images were reconstructed with 1-mm slice thickness, B50 kernel. 10 of the cases had at least one nodule reported on the NLST reader forms. Based on a previously-published technique, we added noise to the raw data to simulate reduced-dose versions of each case at 50% and 25% of the original NLST dose (i.e. approximately 1.0 and 0.5 mGy CTDIvol). For each case at each dose level, the CAD detection algorithm was run and nodules greater than 4 mm in diameter were reported. These CAD results were compared to "truth", defined as the approximate nodule centroids from the NLST reports. Subject-level mean sensitivities and false-positive rates were calculated for each dose level.  The mean sensitivities of the CAD algorithm were 35% at the original dose, 20% at 50% dose, and 42.5% at 25% dose. The false-positive rates, in decreasing-dose order, were 3.7, 2.9, and 10 per case. In certain cases, particularly in larger patients, there were severe photon-starvation artifacts, especially in the apical region due to the high-attenuating shoulders.  The detection task was challenging for the CAD algorithm at all dose levels, including the original NLST dose. However, the false-positive rate at 25% dose approximately tripled, suggesting a loss of CAD robustness somewhere between 0.5 and 1.0 mGy. NCI grant U01 CA181156 (Quantitative Imaging Network); Tobacco Related Disease Research Project grant 22RT-0131.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Assessment of end-of-life design in solid-state lighting

Consumers in the US market and across the globe are beginning to widely adopt light emitting diode (LED) lighting products while the technology continues to undergo significant changes. While LED products are evolving to consume less energy, they are also more complex than traditional lighting products with a higher number of parts and a larger number of electronic components. Enthusiasm around the efficiency and long expected life span of LED lighting products is valid, but research to optimize product characteristics and design is needed. This study seeks to address that gap by characterizing LED lighting products' suitability for end of life (EOL) recycling and disposal. The authors disassembled and assessed 17 different lighting products to understand how designs differ between brands and manufacture year. Products were evaluated based on six parameters to quantify the design. The analysis indicates that while the efficiency of LED products has improved dramatically in the recent past, product designers and manufacturers could incorporate design strategies to improve environmental performance of lighting products at end-of-life.

Field of study: Environmental science
RF Power System for the Separated-Orbit Cyclotron Experiment

The SOCE is designed with 11 radio frequency cavities (injector - 3, buncher - 2, SOC - 6), each requiring up to 15 kW of rf drive power under full beam loading. A separate three-stage power amplifier unit using an Eimac 4CW25, 000A tetrode as the final amplifier is provided for each cavity. Each unit is provided with automatic servo tuning, and with precise phase and amplitude regulation. A master signal generator supplies a common 50-MHz drive signal, which also serves as the phase reference. Although requirements vary from one cavity to another, all power amplifier units are identical and connected to a single set of dc power supplies and controls. The components were designed conservatively so that the rf system could be operated at greatly increased power levels for high intensity beam studies, with only the addition of an auxiliary dc plate power supply. Most of the design features in the SOCE's multiple-amplifier radio frequency system will be directly applicable to later SOC-type accelerators, even for a much higher total rf power requirement.

Field of study: Physics
Mobility of Li cations in X zeolites studied by solid-state NMR spectroscopy

Li and 7 Li MAS NMR spectra of the dehydrated zeolites LiX-1.0 [(SiAlO 4 ) 96 Li 96 ] and LiX-1.25 [(Si 106 Al 86 O 384 )Li 86 ] contain three peaks belonging to cations in the crystallographic sites SI′, SII, and SIII. 7 Li MAS NMR spectra recorded at variable temperature show that the SIII cations are mobile at temperatures above 233 K in case of LiX-1.0, and above 273 K in case of LiX-1.25. The mobility of the SIII cations causes a shorter T 1 for SIII in comparison to the non-mobile six-ring cations of LiX-1.0 at 293 K. An activation energy of 13 kJ mol −1 was determined for the SIII cations in the temperature range of T =233–313 K. We predict that the Li ion conductivity of zeolite LiX-1.0 will be higher than the Li ion conductivity of any zeolite reported up to date.

Field of study: Materials science
Research on chewable eggshell powder tablets

By means of fine-grinding technology and chemical synthesis,chewable eggshell powder tablets and chewable calcium citrate tablets are made by taking eggshell as raw materials.The best formula and the best conditions could be determined through single factor and orthogonal experiment.The dissolved calcium content in these two chewable tablets is compared in simulated gastric environment.It turns out that the dissolved calcium content in chewable eggshell powder tablets and chewable calcium citrate tablets is individually 18.75% and 19.05%.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
[Biological characteristics of a chimeric rabies virus expressing canine parvovirus VP2 protein].

To obtain a bivalence vaccine against canine rabies virus and canine parvovirus, a chimeric rabies virus expressing canine parvovirus VP2 protein was generated by the technique of reverse genetics. It was shown that the chimeric virus designated as HEP-Flury (VP2) grew well on BHK-21 cells and the VP2 gene could still be stably expressed after ten passages on BHK-21 cells. Experiments on the mice immunized with the chimeric virus HEP-Flury (VP2) demonstrated that specific antibodies against rabies virus and canine parvovirus were induced in immunized mice after vaccination with the live chimeric virus.

Field of study: Biology
Heterodyne lidar returns in the turbulent atmosphere: performance evaluation of simulated systems.

Simulations of beam propagation in three-dimensional random media were used to study the effects of atmospheric refractive turbulence on coherent lidar performance. By use of the two-beam model, the lidar return is expressed in terms of the overlap integral of the transmitter and the virtual (backpropagated) local oscillator beams at the target, reducing the problem to one of computing irradiance along the two propagation paths. This approach provides the tools for analyzing laser radar with general refractive turbulence conditions, beam truncation at the antenna aperture, beam-angle misalignment, and arbitrary transmitter and receiver configurations. Simplifying assumptions used in analytical studies, were tested and treated as benchmarks for determining the accuracy of the simulations. The simulation permitted characterization of the effect on lidar performance of the analytically intractable return variance that results from turbulent fluctuations as well as of the heterodyne optical power and system-antenna efficiency.

Field of study: Physics
CRAFT: Composable Randomness and Almost Fairness from Time

Cryptographic protocols often need to encompass time, e.g. for time outs. Modeling time formally is therefore crucial, as security of protocols can then be proven under more realistic assumptions. This is particularly important when considering composition, as protocols are rarely used in a stand-alone setting. This work extends the recent TARDIS model of abstract composable time (ACT) to the case of multiparty functionalities encompassing communication, publicly verifiable time-based primitives and secure computation. We model delayed multiparty communication through an ACT treatment of broadcast channels and public ledgers. Next, we introduce a publicly verifiable time-lock puzzle (TLP) functionality which we realize by showing that the TLP construction from TARDIS is publicly verifiable. Finally, we show that these new primitives can be used as building blocks for obtaining highly efficient composable randomness beacons and MPC with output independent abort and financial fairness.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Stress Transfer Within Granular Geomaterials

Local stresses within granular materials are random variables whose variance depends on the size of the elementary surface considered. This paper shows that this 'mechanical scale effect' is closely related to internal random variations of porosity ('geometric scale effect') and can be described through a simple analytical expression supported by experimental data obtained on Schneebeli's material. The results presented are relevant to problems of measurement of stresses within coarse geomaterials used in civil engineering.

Field of study: Engineering