nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
A Deep Learning-based methodology to select Young Stellar Object candidates from IR surveys

Observed Young Stellar Objects (YSOs) are used to study star formation and characterize star forming regions. For this purpose, YSO candidate catalogs are compiled from various surveys, especially in the infrared (IR), and simple selection schemes in colour-magnitude diagrams (CMDs) are often used to identify and classify YSOs. We propose a methodology for YSO classification through Machine Learning (ML) using Spitzer IR data. We detail our approach in order to ensure reproducibility and provide an in-depth example on how to efficiently apply ML to an astrophysical classification. We used feedforward Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) that use the four IRAC bands ($3.6, 4.5, 5.8$ and $8 \mu m$) and the $24\ \mu m$ MIPS band from Spitzer to classify point source objects into CI and CII YSO candidates or as contaminants. We found that ANNs can efficiently be applied to YSO classification with a contained number of neurons ($\sim$ 25). Knowledge gathered on one star-forming region has shown to be partly efficient for prediction in new regions. Best generalization capacity was achieved using a combination of several star-forming regions to train the network. Carefully rebalancing the training proportions was necessary to achieve good results. We achieved above 90\% and 97\% recovery rate for CI and CII YSOs, respectively, with precision above 80\% and 90\% for our most general result. We took advantage of the ANN great flexibility to define, for each object, an effective membership probability to each output class. Using a threshold in this probability was found to efficiently improve the classification results at a reasonable cost of object exclusion. With this selection, we reached 90\% precision on CI YSOs, for more than half of them. Our catalog of YSO candidates in Orion (365 CI, 2381 CII) and NGC 2264 (101 CI, 469 CII) predicted by our final ANN is publicly available at CDS.

Field of study: Physics
BRIEF COMMUNICATIONS: Emission spectrum of a manganese vapor laser and its evolution in time

A study was made of the evolution of the spectral composition of the green emission lines λ=534.1 and 542.0 nm of a self-heated manganese vapor laser during an output pulse. The total average output power of these lines was 200 mW, the line at 534.1 nm consisted of four spectral components, and the line at 542.0 nm consisted of two. The half-widths of the individual components of the lines varied during a lasing pulse in the range 0.02-0.04 cm−1 and the sequence in which they appeared was directly related to the relative intensity of the corresponding hyperfine structure components of the active transitions in manganese.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
The Relationship between Sluggish Cognitive Tempo, Self-esteem, and Attention-deficit Hyperactivity Disorder among University Students

The present paper aims at determining the contribution of the Sluggish Cognitive Tempo (SCT) and self-esteem to predicting Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) among female university students in Saudi Arabia. It examines the differences in the research variables according to academic achievement. It also identifies the correlations of these variables. The authors applied the research instruments, i.e., the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS-v1.1), Adult Concentration Inventory (ACI), and Rosenberg’s Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) to a sample of 203 female university students aged 19-31 years (M = 23.29 years; SD= 3.74 years). The results showed no differences in the mean scores of ASRS, ACI, and negative self-esteem in the achievement levels among university students. In contrast, there was a positive direct relationship between ADHD, SCT, and negative self-esteem. SCT contributed significantly (by 40%), whereas self-esteem contributed by 6% in predicting ADHD among university students. The study highlighted the contribution of both negative self-esteem and SCT to predicting ADHD among Saudi university students to understand the nature of the disorder and its predictors. The findings of this study can be utilized to develop preventive programs for enhancing self-esteem and increasing attention among university students. 
  
 17 December 2020  31  5 March 2021

Field of study: Education, Sociology
Group recommendation in context

The 2011 Challenge on Context-Aware Movie Recommendation (CAMRa2011) was held in conjunction with the Fifth ACM Conference on Recommender Systems (RecSys2011). The challenge focused on group-based recommendation for households, as well as identification of household members who had rated specific movies. The participants were provided with anonymized datasets from a real world online movie recommendation community and competed against each other for obtaining the highest recommendation accuracy. Over 45 teams from 23 countries participated in the challenge. Their participation was summarized by the nine papers accepted to the CAMRa2011 workshop. This paper presents an overview of the tracks and datasets of CAMRa2011.

Field of study: Economics
Acute and chronic effect of alcohol on Ca2+ channels in hepatic stellate cells.

Hepatic stellate cells have been reported to play important roles in the regulation of hepatic microcirculation via cell contraction. Increase in intracellular calcium concentration is required to induce cell contraction. We have already reported the existence of L-type voltage-operated Ca2+ channels (VOCC), such as smooth muscle cells. On the other hand, alcohol has been known to disturb hepatic microcirculation. In this study, we evaluated the effect of acute and chronic treatment of alcohol on VOCC in rat hepatic stellate cells.



Stellate cells isolated from rats were cultured with or without 100 mM ethanol for up to 14 days. VOCC were detected by the patch clamp technique. Cells cultured for 14 days without ethanol were exposed to ethanol to investigate calcium current during membrane depolarization. alpha-Smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA) was stained by indirect immunofluorescence.



In the control model, VOCC were recognized in cells cultured for more than 7 days. Detection of VOCC increased from 9% on day 7 to 55% on day 14. On the other hand, VOCC in cells treated chronically with 100 mM ethanol appeared earlier than in the control and the incidences were significantly higher than those of the control accompanied with an early activation of cells. In contrast, simultaneous exposure to ethanol during the membrane depolarization inhibited Ca2+ current.



The expression of Ca2+ channels in stellate cells were up-regulated by the chronic treatment of alcohol accompanied with the transformation to myofibroblast-like phenotype. However, alcohol itself inhibited Ca2+ current.

Field of study: Medicine
On the Thoery of Transforming Debts into Stocks and Anal ysis of Its Policy

On the base of conclusions about thoeri es having been researched,the paper analyses further the policy of transforming debts into stocks which has put into forth.It regards the effect of the policy i s decided at last by the transformation and improvement of these state-owned co mmerce banks' and entreprises' governing mechanisms,and the change should be the same step.At the same time its effect will be decided directly by the setting-up and carrying-out of its agreements.The enlightenment is that the carrying-o ut of policy should have the preconsciousness.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Cracking Reason Analysis of SWRCH22A Self-tapping Screws

The chemical composition and comprehensive performance of raw materials for hexagon flange self-tapping screws-SWRCH 22A steel was measured,and microstructure of fracture self-screws was studied by SEM and OM.The results show that the screw breakage is due to quenching crack from improper heat treatment.The effective improvement measures to solve the problem of screw breakage are provided.

Field of study: Materials science
Timber Mountain-Oasis Valley caldera complex of southern Nevada

The Timber Mountain–Oasis Valley caldera complex lies within a volcanic field in southern Nevada that once covered 11,000 km2. The caldera complex, active from 16 to 9.5 m.y. ago, was the source of nine voluminous rhyolitic ash-flow sheets and numerous smaller rhyolitic tuffs and lava flows. Several centers of basaltic and related volcanism were active before the complex formed, continued around its periphery during caldera activity, and have since overlapped the caldera complex. Extensional normal faulting and perhaps deep-seated right-lateral deformation preceded, accompanied, and followed evolution of the caldera complex and its surrounding volcanic field.

The youngest major structure of the complex is the Timber Mountain resurgent caldera, 25 by 30 km across. Several stages of its development can be documented: (1) magmatic insurgence accompanied by gentle tumescence, formation of a ring-fracture zone, and minor rhyolitic volcanism; (2) eruption about 11 m.y. ago of a voluminous ash-flow sheet, caldera collapse during the eruption, and postcollapse caldera infilling by sediments and rhyolite flows; (3) renewed ash-flow eruptions and further caldera collapse; (4) resurgent doming of the cauldron block; and (5) postcollapse rhyolitic volcanism and filling of the caldera by sediments.

Only parts of the older calderas are preserved, but they can be interpreted in terms of evolutionary cycles similar to that of the Timber Mountain caldera. Major tectonic intersections appear to have controlled the locations and certain structural features of each major volcanic source area.

Differentiation at high crustal levels of the silicic magmas related to the caldera complex produced compositionally zoned ash-flow sheets. High-level differentiation also is represented at most of the basaltic centers of the field. Each caldera cycle probably represents a separate batch of rhyolitic magma that rose high into the crust, differentiated in place, and partly erupted to the surface. Each of these magmas probably rose independently through the crust, but all of them were related ultimately to a single magmagenetic system, as were the basaltic magmas of the field. The silicic magma bodies consolidated to form large shallow granitic plutons, and the caldera complex now overlies a small composite granitic batholith.

Field of study: Geology
The British Contribution to the Nineteenth‐Century Transatlantic Slave Trade

T HE literature on the nineteenth-century slave trade pays much more attention to the efforts of the British to suppress the traffic than to their participation in it. The sequence of events is reason enough for this. After carrying well over two and a half million slaves across the Atlantic, perhaps a third of them in the quarter-century preceding I807,2 the British not only abolished their own trade but also in the same year sent two warships to Africa to initiate a seventyfive-year naval and diplomatic campaign against the traffic of all other countries. This, moreover, was at a time when Britain's sugar colonies, unlike the British working class who helped consume their products, were experiencing high prosperity and the prospect of more to come.3 The volte face was dramatic, and this fact has not escaped historians from Lecky on, whatever their interpretation of the event. Yet the flow of British resources into the slave trade did not cease in i807. After this date British subjects owned, managed, and manned slaving adventures; they purchased newly imported Africans in the Americas; they supplied ships, equipment, insurance, and most important of all trade goods and credit to foreign slave  No doubt almost all of the Liverpool slave-ship fleet responded to "new opportunities in Central and South America and Africa",5 but indirect participation was such as to make it at least possible that British merchants cancelled out a good part of the impact of the British navy in the struggle to suppress the traffic. A fuller grasp of this double role might clarify British policy, but more important it will contribute to our sketchy knowledge of the illegal slave trade. The aim of the present study is to describe the most significant aspects, and attempt a quantitative estimate of British participation in a period when the illicit traffic was at its height. The first step is the development of a counterfactual proposition which will

Field of study: Economics, History
A metagenomic snapshot of taxonomic and functional diversity in an alpine glacier cryoconite ecosystem

Cryoconite is a microbe‐mineral aggregate which darkens the ice surface of glaciers. Microbial process and marker gene PCR-dependent measurements reveal active and diverse cryoconite microbial communities on polar glaciers. Here, we provide the first report of a cryoconite metagenome and culture-independent study of alpine cryoconite microbial diversity. We assembled 1.2 Gbp of metagenomic DNA sequenced using an Illumina HiScanSQ from cryoconite holes across the ablation zone of Rotmoosferner in the Austrian Alps. The metagenome revealed a bacterially-dominated community, with Proteobacteria (62% of bacterialassigned contigs) and Bacteroidetes (14%) considerably more abundant than Cyanobacteria (2.5%). Streptophyte DNA dominated the eukaryotic metagenome. Functional genes linked to N, Fe, S and P cycling illustrated an acquisitive trend and a nitrogen cycle based upon efficient ammonia recycling. A comparison of 32 metagenome datasets revealed a similarity in functional profiles between the cryoconite and metagenomes characterized from other cold microbe‐mineral aggregates. Overall, the metagenomic snapshot reveals the cryoconite ecosystem of this alpine glacier as dependent on scavenging carbon and nutrients from allochthonous sources, in particular mosses transported by wind from ice-marginal habitats, consistent with net heterotrophy indicated by productivity measurements. A transition from singular snapshots of cryoconite metagenomes to comparative analyses is advocated.

Field of study: Environmental science
[The genes associated with geldanamycin inhibiting replication of herpes simplex virus type 1].

Geldanamycin (GA), an ansamycin antibiotic specifically binding heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90), exhibits a broad-spectrum antiviral effect. Herpes simplex virus type 1(HSV-1) replication in vitro was significantly inhibited by GA treatment. To explore the antiviral mechanism of GA against HSV-1, the 7267-spot human long oligonucleotide microarrays were applied to investigate the genes which might involved in the antiviral activity of GA in HeLa cells infected by HSV-1. Meanwhile, the reverse regulation of GA and HSV-1 on ACTG1, RAN, SOD1, HYAL1 were validated by using semi-quantitative RT-PCR. It is the first report of gene expression profile in cells infected by virus with GA treatment. The general impact of GA on cellular transcription may help to gain an insight into mechanism of its antiviral effect.

Field of study: Biology
Solute Binding to Polymers Containing Macroheterocyclic Rings

Interactions of macroheterocycles and polymers endowed with such cation binding ligands as pendant groups, with ions or ion pairs are discussed, emphasis being placed on the binding properties of the macrocyclic polyethers or crown ethers. The use of fluorenyl and picrate salts permitted a spectrophotometric investigation of ligand interactions with ion pairs and a determination of ion pair-crown ether structures, which is of importance in the study of ion transport through low polarity media. Conductometric and spectrophotometric studies were carried out to obtain the complex formation constants of bis(crown ethers) (e.g. crown compounds with two crown moieties at opposite ends of a short aliphatic chain) to cations and their picrate tight ion pairs, as a function of the length and structure of the bis(crown ether) chain. Studies of cation binding to homopolymers and styrene copolymers of vinylbenzo-15-crown-5 and of vinylbenzo-18-crown-6 using extraction equilibria, ion transport, conductance and viscosity, demonstrated the formation of 1:1 and 2:1 crown-cation complexes, selectivity of cation binding, the dependence of the complexation constant on the number of cations bound to the chain, and the possibility of intermolecular 2:1 crown-cation complex formation and crosslinking in copolymers with a low crown content. The polymer poly(vinylbenzo-18-crown-6) exhibits unusually strong binding of organic neutral and anionic solutes in aqueous media. Binding of picrate salts, methyl orange, phenolphtaleine and other solutes were studied spectrophotometrically. The hydrophobic adsorption of organic solutes also causes this polymer to catalyze the decarboxylation of 6-nitrobenzisoxazole-3-carboxylate by dehydrating the anion. The reaction is accelerated in the presence of complexable cations, which are bound to the polycrown ether, thereby further enhancing the adsorption of organic anions by electrostatic interactions. The same polymer was found to precipitate polynucleotides in water in the presence of complexable cations such as K + . It also exerts a strong inhibitory effect on the polyriboadenylate templated elongation of oligodeoxythymidine catalyzed by murine leukemia virions.

Field of study: Chemistry
Short-term extractability of sulfadiazine after application to soils.

The long-term environmental fate of the veterinary antibiotic sulfadiazine (SDZ) in soils is determined by a reversible sequestration into a residual fraction and an irreversible formation of non-extractable residues (NER), which can be described as first-order rate processes. However, the concentration dynamics of the resulting fractions of SDZ in soil show an unexplained rapid reduction of extractability during the first 24 h. We therefore investigated the short-term extractability of SDZ in two different soils under different SDZ application procedures over 24 h: with and without manure, for air-dried and for moist soils. In all batches, we observed an instantaneous loss of extractability on a time scale of minutes as well as kinetically determined sequestration and NER formation over 24 h. Data evaluation with a simple kinetic model led to the conclusion that application with manure accelerated the short-term formation of NER, whereas sequestration was very similar for all batches.

Field of study: Environmental science
Predictive routing to enhance QoS for stream-based flows sharing excess bandwidth

We propose a new routing algorithm based on online estimation of the link load dynamics and prior information on flow holding times. The motivation for this proposal lies in supporting traffic flows such as VBR or associated with rate adaptive applications. Such traffic requires a minimal guaranteed bandwidth, but can see improved performance when sharing excess bandwidth not used to meet guarantees. The key idea underlying our approach is to route traffic flows so that they see minimal expected flow-perceived loads during their sojourn in the network. To this end we establish a routing framework where links estimate and advertise the parameters associated with their load dynamics in addition to their current load. New flows are routed based on this information and prior knowledge of their holding times so as to minimize the expected flow-perceived load. Simulations of this routing scheme in a (weighted) max-min bandwidth sharing framework show gains of 20-50% in the average flow bandwidth share over baseline routing schemes.

Field of study: Computer science
Characterization of surjective partial differential operators on spaces of real analytic functions

Let A(Ω) denote the real analytic functions defined on an open set Ω ⊂ R. We show that a partial differential operator P (D) with constant coefficients is surjective on A(Ω) if and only if for any relatively compact open ω ⊂ Ω, P (D) admits (shifted) hyperfunction elementary solutions on Ω which are real analytic on ω (and if the equation P (D)f = g, g ∈ A(Ω), may be solved on ω). The latter condition is redundant if the elementary solutions are defined on conv(Ω). This extends and improves previous results of Andersson, Kawai, Kaneko and Zampieri. For convex Ω, a different characterization of surjective operators P (D) on A(Ω) was given by Hörmander using a Phragmén–Lindelöf type condition, which cannot be extended to the case of noncovex Ω. The paper is based on a surjectivity criterion for exact sequences of projective (DFS)spectra which improves earlier results of Braun and Vogt, and Frerick and Wengenroth. This paper is concerned with the basic question when P (D) : A(Ω)→ A(Ω) is surjective. (0.1) Here P (D) is a partial differential operator with constant coefficients, Ω ⊂ Rn is an open set and A(Ω) is the space of real analytic functions on Ω. Several methods have been developed to solve this problem: The first counterexample to (0.1) is due to Piccinini [34] who showed that the heat equation is not surjective on A(R3) (see also the conjecture of De Giorgi and Cattabriga [10]). Then Hörmander [13] characterized (0.1) for convex sets Ω by means of a Phragmén–Lindelöf condition valid on the complex variety of P . Since then Hörmander’s method has been adapted by several authors for further studies on this problem (, Andreotti and Nacinovich , Zampieri [42], Braun [6] and the recent series of papers of Braun, Meise and Taylor [7, 8]).

Field of study: Mathematics
[Comparative dynamics of EEG parameters in elderly depressive patients during monotherapy and combined therapy].

To compare the changes in brain functional state in combined antidepressive treatment (venlafaxine plus cerebrolysin) vs. monotherapy with the same antidepressant in elderly depressive patients using quantitative EEG methods.



Forty patients, aged 60-79 years, mean 67.1±5.7) were randomized to two groups. Patients of group 1 were treated with venlafaxine (4 weeks, in dose of 75-150 mg/day). Patients of group 2 were additionally treated with cerebrolysin (totally 20 i/v infusions during 4 weeks, 20.0 ml in 100 ml isotonic NaCl solution).



The significant improvement of clinical conditions was shown by the end of the treatment course using both clinical assessments and HAMD-17, CGI-S, CGI-I and MMSE scores in both groups. The combined treatment with venlafaxine and cerebrolysin in patients of group 2 led to more pronounced improvement of their brain functional state (seen as an increase of spectral power and normalization of frequency alpha band of parietal-occipital EEG) in comparison with patients of group 2 treated by the same antidepressant alone.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology