nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Interferenzbrechung von Elektronenstrahlen. I

ZusammenfassungDie Untersuchung der Interferenzbrechungseffekte, welche in der Feinstruktur der Elektronenbeugungsreflexe kleiner Kristalle zum Ausdruck kommen, gestattet eine quantitative Prüfung der dynamischen Beugungstheorie. Es erweist sich als möglich, aus der gegenseitigen Lage der zu einem Reflex gehörigen Intensitätsmaxima den Mittelwert und dieFourier-Koeffizienten des Kristallpotentials (Strukturfaktoren) zu ermitteln.Im I. Teil der Veröffentlichung wird die dynamische Interferenztheorie für endliche Kristalle kurz diskutiert. Die Geometrie der Strahlvektoren wird insbesondere für einen von zwei nichtparallelen Flächen begrenzten und für einen parallelepipedischen Kristall in einer für die Auswertung der Experimente bequemen Weise formuliert. Der Theorie entsprechend umfaßt die Feinstruktur eines Beugungsreflexes bei geeigneter Lage des Kristalls im Höchstfalle 13 Intensitätsmaxima, die auf 3 Geraden verteilt sind. Diese bilden ein Dreieck, dessen Fläche dem Quadrat des (kinematischen) Anregungsfehlers proportional ist.

Field of study: Physics
Research on the Basic Principles of High Performance Computer Management Software

Discusses the characteristics of high performance computer,and the working principle and structure of the its management software,as well as the implementation scheme of management software based on Java.Discusses the design and implemention of high performance computer interfaces.The high performance computer management software uses Intelligent Platform Management Interface(IPMI) protocol and through the BMC card and Internet start up to realize the setting of power and network parameter,in order to achieve the computer management.

Field of study: Computer science
A Model of Inventory and Layoff Behaviour Under Uncertainty

This paper develops a model of firm behavior under uncertainty designed to study the interac tion of inventories and layoffs. The model is a blend of a buffer sto ck model of inventory behavior and an implicit contract model of layo ffs. The model creates a distinction between inventory-biased and lay off-biased firms, each of which exhibits inherently different pattern s of response of inventories and temporary layoffs to demand shocks. In addition, the model implies that the inventory-layoff interaction tends to strengthen (weaken) the response of price and the work force to changes in anticipated demand (real interest rates).

Field of study: Economics
Cultural Identity and Cultural Diversify in the Process of Globalization

Many western countries forcefully carry out their cultural values during economy and politics contact in the process of globalization, with a view to unifying the whole world with their culture identity. However,history has proved cultural identity can never be formed. Nations that carry out it did not realize cultural identity,on the contrary,their actions resulted in more pluralism and difference. Therefore,we should realize that cultural diversity and cultural merge is a tendency,which is also a method resolving the current cultural predicament of human society.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Synthesis, characterization and enzymatic degradation of copolymers of ε-caprolactone and hydroxy-fatty acids

New copolymers of ε-caprolactone with three hydroxy-fatty acids, 12-hydroxy stearic acid, 16-hydroxyhexadecanoic acid and ricinoleic acid, were synthesized by catalytic polyesterification. The reactions were carried out in solvent-free systems and in organic solvents as well, using tin(II) 2-ethylhexanoate as catalyst, at different temperatures and molar ratios of the comonomers. Cyclic and linear polymeric products with medium molar weight of about 2000 Da have been synthesized and their chemical structures were confirmed by FT-IR, NMR and MALDI-TOF MS analysis. The synthesis parameters were optimized and the ε-caprolactone/hydroxy acid molar ratio was set as 5:1, according to mass spectrometry results. The biodegradability of the newly synthesized polymers was studied in the presence of Candida antarctica B lipase in phosphate buffer solutions (pH=7.4), at 37°C. The weight-loss profile emphasized the degradation of the 16-hydroxyhexadecanoic acid based polymer samples at more than 50% of their initial weight in 18 days of incubation in the presence of the lipase. The composition of the degradation products was assessed using the GC-MS technique and displayed residues of the comonomers moieties.

Field of study: Chemistry
Alpha-latrotoxin triggers an increase of ionized calcium in Xenopus oocytes injected with rat brain mRNA.

When Xenopus oocytes are injected with rat brain mRNA, they acquire the ability to respond to bath applied alpha-latrotoxin. This spider venom toxin is normally highly selective for nerve endings, where its binding is associated with a high-frequency, quantal discharge of neurotransmitter. By 'transplanting' toxin acceptor sites to Xenopus oocytes, we have observed both a toxin-mediated rise in cellular ionized Ca along with the triggering of a calcium-dependent chloride channel in these cells. This approach may contribute both to a better understanding of the mechanism of action of this toxin and to efforts to clone the cDNA for this binding site.

Field of study: Biology
Getting Hold of the Opportunity to Set up National Quality Curriculum, Improving the Tianjin Higher Vocational Education Quality

Quality curriculum is an important part of college teaching quality and teaching reform project in Ministry of Education. Starting from construction of quality curriculum, this article introduces the requirement of setting national quality curriculum and expounds completely the relationships between curriculum setting and teaching reforms of teachers' training, teaching conception improving, construction of teaching system and construction of practical training base.

Field of study: Education
Cultivating a Culture of Reflection Among Pharmacy Students Through Storytelling

To hold a storytelling event and assess its effect on Doctor of Pharmacy (PharmD) students’ perspectives on and attitudes toward reflection.  Story Slam, a four-hour storytelling competition, was incorporated into the spring semester of the first professional year of a PharmD program. The event featured short first-person stories told by faculty members as well as students. Students were invited to participate in a pre- and post-intervention survey and focus group. An inductive qualitative analysis of the resulting data was conducted using textual and audio artifacts.  All 136 first professional year (P1) students participated in the 2019 Story Slam. Eleven students submitted qualitative pre- and post-intervention survey instruments and participated in a semi-structured recorded focus group. Thematic analysis revealed nine themes. Students’ perspectives regarding the importance of self-reflection changed after participating in Story Slam, with students expressing a greater willingness to engage in self-reflection in the context of professional practice following the event. Students believed Story Slam created an environment conducive to reflection and engagement, resulting in strengthened relationships with peers and faculty members. Students expressed feeling a wide range of emotions as they shared their story and listened to the stories of others.  Story Slam is an effective strategy for introducing P1 students to reflection, while also strengthening the school’s reflective culture. Additionally, sharing stories may foster positive relationships and cultivate trust and respect between students and faculty members.

Field of study: Education, Medicine
Optimization and Experimental Research on Vertical Section of Pipe Belt Conveyor

Due to the material extrusion of the vertical section and the supporting force of roller groups of pipe belt conveyor, the periodic wave deformation of conveyor belt was undergoing between the supporting rollers in the vertical lifting process, with the complex change of belt bending stress. In this paper, the bending stress of vertical section of pipe belt conveyor was studied. And the calculation formula of the relationship between the belt bending strain and the roller spacing in vertical section was deduced from the vertical pipe belt bending model, which considered the wave deformation condition in actually. Moreover a testing apparatus with the adjustable rollers spacing was designed for the verification experiment. And the results showed that the theoretical calculation was consistent with the experiments. Therefore, under the certain design conditions, the layout of supporting roller groups of pipe conveyor could be optimized and determined by calculating the appropriate rollers spacing ratio C, to improve the belt stress of vertical section, the service life and reliability of the pipe belt conveyor.

Field of study: Engineering
The impact of physician supply on avoidable cancer deaths in Germany. A spatial analysis.

Measures of avoidable deaths incorporate the notion that deaths from certain causes should not occur within specified age groups given effective prevention or timely and appropriate access to health care. The present study investigated the impact on specific types of avoidable cancer deaths (ACD) of regional variations in the supply of health services over five years using German districts (Kreise und kreisfreie Städte) as units of analysis.



Age-standardized, average ACD rates were calculated for 2000-2004 for each of the 439 districts in Germany using unit-record mortality data. The distribution of ACD was subsequently analyzed using country maps and negative binomial regression with random intercepts. Potential endogeneity of physician supply to ACD was controlled for using an instrumental variable approach. The panel data for the years 2000-2004 were merged from a range of official statistics including mortality and hospital records (DESTATIS) and statistics provided by the Federal Office for Building and Regional Planning (INKAR).



In women, 27.81 per 100,000 died from preventable or treatable cancer types in an average year between 2000 and 2004. The rates for men were generally higher, with 40.07 standardized ACD per 100,000. The regression results showed that an increase in physician supply per 100,000 was significantly associated with lower ACD rates in cancer of the female breast, and cancer of the colon, rectosigmoid junction, rectum and anus in both sexes. The contribution ranged from a decrease by a factor of 0.9994 (female breast cancer) to a factor of 0.9986 (cancer of the colon, rectosigmoid junction, rectum and anus in men) in ACD rate as the physician-population ratio increased by one unit.



An increase in physician density tended to be associated with a small reduction in some ACD rates. We suggest that better accessibility or quality of care might have linked increased physician density with improved health outcomes.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Analysis of compression and burn of ion-beam inertial fusion targets including radiation transport

This paper presents implosion results of a new ion-beam inertial fusion target which has been designed for use in a reactor study, HIBALL-II. This target has been simulated using an updated version of the MEDUSA-KA code which includes radiation transport. The target contains 4 mg of DT fuel which is protected against radiative preheat by a high-Z, high-ρ lead radiation shield. The radiation shield is separated from the fuel by a reasonable thickness of lithium to improve the hydrodynamic stability. The target is driven by 10GeV Bi++ ions and the peak power in the pulse is 500 TW. The total input energy is ∼ 4.38 MJ and the gain is ∼ 152.

Field of study: Physics
Improvement of Accounting System for Small Enterprises

This text has analysed the problem of "financing difficulty" in development of small enterprise from the view of the accounting goal, and have proposed that the accounting goal of the small enterprise is to offer the useful accounting information to credit person (mainly to the bank) ; And this article also have put forward the advices for the improvement of the accounting system in small enterprise in four aspects, that is, the implementation of the accounting system in the small enterprise , system of the financial report, accounting items and notes to accounting statement.

Field of study: Economics
Caring for the Disabled? New Boundaries in Disability Discrimination

The scope of the disability-related less favourable treatment provisions of the Disability Discrimination Act 1995 has been reduced by the House of Lords in a housing case, London Borough of Lewisham v Malcolm, while the European Court of Justice has taken a broad approach to disability discrimination and carers within the EC Framework Directive in Coleman v Attridge Law. In discussing both cases, this note suggests that the pre-Malcolm approach to identifying the comparator in disability-related discrimination claims should prevail in the employment context, in view of the obligations under the EC Framework Directive.

Field of study: Law
Changes in phenotypically distinct mucosal macrophage populations may be a prerequisite for the development of inflammatory bowel disease

Previous studies have demonslraled the presence of much more marked macrophage heterogeneity in colonic mucosa affected by the idiopathic inflammatory bowel diseases (ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease) than in normal mucosa. This study examines the morphology, distribution and phenotypic expression of mucosal macrophage‐like cells in biopsies from patients with idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease in comparison with disease control samples from patients with colonic infection or ischaemia. Approximately 80% of macrophage‐like cells in histologically normal mucosa co‐express the antigens recognized by the monoclonal antibodies RFDI (an interdigitating cell marker) and RFD7 (a marker for mature tissue macrophages). In idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease, the normal colonic macrophage population is partly replaced by cells staining positively with RFD7 alone, and, to a lesser extent, with RFDI+ dendritic cells. Sections from patients with infections and ischaemia exhibited epithelial HLA‐DR positivity and infiltration of the lamina propria by a more heterogeneous population of macrophages than that seen in histologically normal mucosa. However, the displacement of the normal colonic macrophage phenotype by RFD7+ tissue macrophages occurred to a significantly greater extent in idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease than in disease control mucosa. A pathognomonic feature of the ulcerative colitis and Crohn's colitis sections was the clustering of RFD9+ epithelioid cells at the bases of disrupted crypts and adjacent to areas of mucosal damage. It is concluded that a degree of macrophage heterogeneity and macrophage infiltration can occur as a non‐specific response to colonic mucosal damage. The distinctive feature of idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease mucosa is the almost complete replacement of the normal colonic mucosal macrophage population by tissue macrophages and epithelioid cells, and this phenomenon may be important in promoting the development of a chronic inflammatory state

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Establishment of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection Model Using Tree Shrew

To establish a novel model for respiratory syncytial virus(RSV) infection in primate animal,twenty-eight tree shrews were divided into seven groups and inoculated through intranasal route with 100μl RSV of 10~7 plaque forming units(PFU).Another seven tree shrews set up as control received 100μl Hep-2 cell culture fluid.At every 24h tree shrews in one experimental group and one in control group were killed.Their right lungs were removed under aseptic condition,homogenized and centrifuged,the supernatants were collected for virus isolation and quantification of virus consecutively.Left lungs were collected for histopathological examination and detection of expression of RSV mRNA by RT-PCR.Results showed that: ⑴Tree shrews infected by RSV did not show any respiratory symptom;⑵The lung homogenate of tree shrews when inoculated onto Hep-2 cell,the cytopathogenic effect was observed in 3th,4th,5th experimental groups;⑶The pathological changes were obvious at day 3 to day 7,the most apparent change was interstitial pneumonitis;⑷Inoculated with 10~6PFU RSV,viral replication in tree shrew lungs were at low level,replication reached to maximum within 3 to 5 days,peak at day 4.The results suggest that tree shrew have potential for establishing RSV infection animal model.

Field of study: Biology
Neutron transfer dynamics and doorway to fusion in time-dependent Hartree-Fock theory

We analyze the details of mass exchange in the vicinity of the Coulomb barrier for heavy-ion collisions involving neutron-rich nuclei using the time-dependent Hartree-Fock (TDHF) theory. We discuss the time dependence of transfer and show that the potential barriers seen by individual single-particle states can be considerably different than the effective barrier for the two interacting nuclei having a single center of mass. For this reason we observe a substantial transfer probability even at energies below the effective barrier.

Field of study: Physics
Academic Pharmacy: Where is Our Influence?

To evaluate the talents of fellows from cohorts 1-10 of the Academic Leadership Fellows Program (ALFP).  This was a descriptive analysis of previously collected ALFP cohort data reflecting the talents using the Clifton StrengthsFinder assessment tool. Data consisted of 295 fellows from the first 10 years of the ALFP program. The Clifton StrengthsFinder talents were aggregated and analyzed to determine talents (strengths) distribution and domain. The aggregate of the four domains were compared among ALFP fellows using a chi-square analysis with an a priori alpha of .05.  Lowest frequency of talents was found in the influencing domain (11.2%), while the domains with the largest frequency of talents were strategic thinking (34.4%) and executing (31.1%). When looking at the specific talents within the domains among the ALFP fellows, achiever (in the executing domain) and learner (in the strategic thinking domain) were the most frequent talents, while command (in the influencing domain) and adaptability (in the relationship building domain) were the least frequent talents.  Since the profession is deficient in the influencing and relationship building domains (command and adaptability talents, respectively), this could help explain our slow progress in moving the profession from a product-focused role to a provider-based role. Perhaps the profession should be using a strategy better aligned with our signature leadership domains of executing and strategic thinking and focus on being a member of the health care team by aligning with team-based care rather than obtaining provider status.

Field of study: Education, Medicine
Functors for unitary representations of classical real groups and affine Hecke algebras

We define exact functors from categories of Harish–Chandra modules for certain real classical groups to finite-dimensional modules over an associated graded affine Hecke algebra with parameters. We then study some of the basic properties of these functors. In particular, we show that they map irreducible spherical representations to irreducible spherical representations and, moreover, that they preserve unitarity. In the case of split classical groups, we thus obtain a functorial inclusion of the real spherical unitary dual (with “real infinitesimal character”) into the corresponding p-adic spherical unitary dual.

Field of study: Mathematics
Atmospheric dynamics and ozone cycles related to nitrogen deposition in the western Mediterranean.

Recent results from EU-sponsored projects have shed new light on the workings of the atmosphere in the Mediterranean Basin, where a large airmass becomes trapped and nearly stagnant over the sea during the summer. This work reviews the developments which have led to our present understanding of air pollution dynamics and associated meteorological processes in this region. In summer, the sea breezes combine with upslope winds to create recirculations along the coasts and within the western Mediterranean basin, with residence times in the order of days. Under strong insolation these recirculations become "large natural photo-chemical reactors" where most of the NOx emissions and other precursors are transformed into oxidants, acidic compounds, aerosols and ozone, which can exceed European Union directives for several months of the year. The objective of this paper is to evaluate available experimental evidence and complementary modelling results to help in the interpretation of observed ozone cycles and to anticipate possible scenarios for anthropogenic nitrogen deposition in the region.

Field of study: Environmental science
Gradient analysis of diatom assemblages in a Puget Sound salt marsh: can such assemblages be used for quantitative paleoecological reconstructions?

Taphonomy is important to coastal paleoecologists because processes acting on diatom thanocoenoses tend to work towards obscuring original ecological relationships between diatom assemblages and the environment. The purpose of this paper is to briefly describe diatom taphonomy and present a method for quantitative reconstruction of environmental parameters from salt marsh diatom assemblages. The main hypothesis for this study is that major environmental and taphonomic processes (e.g., tides) act in predictable ways to distribute living and dead diatoms along environmental gradients. To test this hypothesis, a modern transect was established across a large salt marsh in southwestern Puget Sound for the purpose of determining modern species/environment gradients and calibrating species assemblages to environmental variables. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) relates modern species assemblages to environmental gradients, and weighted averaging calibration is used to develop transfer functions for predicting environmental information. CCA showed that the effect of salinity and elevation on the species distributions is significant, indicating that environmental processes control the distribution of sedimentary diatoms across the salt marsh surface in predictable ways. Salinity was strongly correlated with CCA Axis 1 and elevation with Axis 2. The calibration results indicate that, although mixing of allochthonous and autochthonous diatoms does occur, salt marsh diatom assemblages reflect major environmental gradients in Puget Sound salt marshes and can be effectively used for quantitative reconstructions of former environmental conditions.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Yeast chitin synthase 2 activity is modulated by proteolysis and phosphorylation.

Saccharomyces cerevisiae Chs2 (chitin synthase 2) synthesizes the primary septum after mitosis is completed. It is essential for proper cell separation and is expected to be highly regulated. We have expressed Chs2 and a mutant lacking the N-terminal region in Pichia pastoris in an active form at high levels. Both constructs show a pH and cation dependence similar to the wild-type enzyme, as well as increased activity after trypsin treatment. Using further biochemical analysis, we have identified two mechanisms of chitin synthase regulation. First, it is hyperactivated by a soluble yeast protease. This protease is expressed during exponential growth phase, when budding cells require Chs2 activity. Secondly, LC-MS/MS (liquid chromatography tandem MS) experiments on purified Chs2 identify 12 phosphorylation sites, all in the N-terminal domain. Four of them show the perfect sequence motif for phosphorylation by the cyclin-dependent kinase Cdk1. As we also show that phosphorylation of the N-terminal domain is important for Chs2 stability, these sites might play an important role in the cell cycle-dependent degradation of the enzyme, and thus in cell division.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science