nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Construction of a high-efficiency cloning system using the Golden Gate method and I-SceI endonuclease for targeted gene replacement in Bacillus anthracis.

To investigate gene function in Bacillus anthracis, a high-efficiency cloning system is required with an increased rate of allelic exchange. Golden Gate cloning is a molecular cloning strategy allowing researchers to simultaneously and directionally assemble multiple DNA fragments to construct target plasmids using type IIs restriction enzymes and T4 DNA ligase in the same reaction system. Here, a B. anthracis S-layer protein EA1 allelic exchange vector was successfully constructed using the Golden Gate method. No new restriction sites were introduced into this knockout vector, and seamless assembly of the DNA fragments was achieved. To elevate the efficiency of homologous recombination between the allelic exchange vector and chromosomal DNA, we introduced an I-SceI site into the allelic exchange vector. The eag gene was successfully knocked out in B. anthracis using this vector. Simultaneously, the allelic exchange vector construction method was developed into a system for generating B. anthracis allelic exchange vectors. To verify the effectiveness of this system, some other allelic exchange vectors were constructed and gene replacements were performed in B. anthracis. It is speculated that this gene knockout vector construction system and high-efficiency targeted gene replacement using I-SceI endonuclease can be applied to other Bacillus spp.

Field of study: Biology, Engineering
Porous Silicon—A Versatile Host Material

This work reviews the use of porous silicon (PS) as a nanomaterial which is extensively investigated and utilized for various applications, e.g., in the fields of optics, sensor technology and biomedicine. Furthermore the combination of PS with one or more materials which are also nanostructured due to their deposition within the porous matrix is discussed. Such nanocompounds offer a broad avenue of new and interesting properties depending on the kind of involved materials as well as on their morphology. The filling of the pores performed by electroless or electrochemical deposition is described, whereas different morphologies, reaching from micro- to macro pores are utilized as host material which can be self-organized or fabricated by prestructuring. For metal-deposition within the porous structures, both ferromagnetic and non-magnetic metals are used. Emphasis will be put on self-arranged mesoporous silicon, offering a quasi-regular pore arrangement, employed as template for filling with ferromagnetic metals. By varying the deposition parameters the precipitation of the metal structures within the pores can be tuned in geometry and spatial distribution leading to samples with desired magnetic properties. The correlation between morphology and magnetic behaviour of such semiconducting/magnetic systems will be determined. Porous silicon and its combination with a variety of filling materials leads to nanocomposites with specific physical properties caused by the nanometric size and give rise to a multiplicity of potential applications in spintronics, magnetic and magneto-optic devices, nutritional food additives as well as drug delivery.

Field of study: Materials science
Work, unemployment and leisure.

The difficulties which have plagued the British economy over the past ten years have been associated with declining employment opportunities and, in recent years, unparalleled levels of registered unemployment. With no immediate prospect of a reversal in this disturbing trend and the likelihood that the continuation of high rates of unemployment in the future represents evidence not only of a sustained cyclical downturn in economic activity, but is also symptomatic of structural changes in the economy as a result of technological developments, it is becoming increasingly relevant to examine the contemporary influence of work, unemployment and leisure on personal well-being. This paper draws on the findings from recent research on the psychological and social effects of joblessness among groups of redundant adults and unemployed school-leavers in Bradford and Birmingham, in addition to theories and earlier empirical studies of employment and unemployment. It offers an examination of the impact of job depri...

Field of study: Sociology
SELECTIVE FORMATION OF STYRENE AND HYDROGEN FROM ETHYLBENZENE OVER MoO3/MgO CATALYSTS

The catalytic conversion of ethylbenzene into styrene and hydrogen has been studied over various supported molybdenum catalysts. MoO3/MgO catalysts exhibited remarkably high activity, selectivity, and resistivity against sulfur species even in the absence of additives. The relationships between the surface structure and the catalytic activity of the MoO3/MgO catalysts were also studied by XPS.

Field of study: Chemistry
A Method of Software Requirements Acquisition from Data of Organization Business

Presents a method of software requirements acquisition from large data of organization business.The basic idea of this approach is,there are the potential software requirements which exist by knowledge form in large data of organization business,these solutions on the use of knowledge are software requirements.First builds a complete unconflict model of software system goals and goals' relation,under the guidance of software system goals,knowledge is discovered by data mining in database.Secondly,distinguishes the usefulness and usability of knowledge.Finally,provides solutions for the use of the usability knowledge,and then obtains the recessive software requirements hidden in the large amounts of data.

Field of study: Computer science
Contribución del bombeo de Ekman a los cambios en las propiedades y volumen del Agua Intermedia del Pacífico Sur Oriental

An update on the Eastern South Pacifi c Intermediate Water (ESPIW) distribution has been possible based on ARGO (Array for Real-Time Geostrophic  Oceanography) data. This study comprised over 46,000 profi les obtained during 2007-2012 from an area between the western coast of South America and 150°W, and 5° and 40°S. This information was complemented with data from the World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE) P06 transects conducted in 1992 and 2010 at 32°30’S in the South Pacifi c Ocean. Based on a comparison of this update and data from 1990-2001, it was established that the ESPIW volume has increased by approximately 53%. Moreover, the area occupied by ESPIW in the 2010 WOCE P06 transect was 48% higher than in 1992. Ekman pumping velocity, calculated from the wind for the time and region of ESPIW formation, showed a signifi cant increase in Ekman pumping between 2000 and 2012. The increase in Ekman pumping from 2000 onward could explain the observed changes in ESPIW distribution (the water mass had extended zonally) and properties (salinity showed a decrease of 0.1). These changes could be explained as the consequence of atmospheric climate variability over the interior ocean.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Polar coordinate quantizers that minimize mean-squared error

A quantizer for complex data is defined by a partition of the complex plane and a representation point associated with each cell of the partition. A polar coordinate quantizer independently quantizes the magnitude and phase angle of complex data. The authors derive design equations for minimum mean-squared error polar coordinate quantizers and report some interesting theoretical results on their performance, including performance limits for " phase-only" representations. The results provide a concrete example of a biased estimator whose mean-squared error is smaller than that of any unbiased estimator. Quantizer design examples show the relative importance of magnitude and phase encoding.

Field of study: Engineering
Electron transport via saturated hydrocarbon bridges: 'exciplex' emission from flexible, rigid and semiflexible bichromophores

The photophysical properties are compared of systems containing electron donor- acceptor (D/A) pairs linked by saturated hydrocarbon bridges with various degrees of flexi- bility. It is concluded that even in fully extended conformations rapid (subnanosecond) pho- toinduced electron transfer can occur, thus providing a mechanism for quenching of 'local' fluorescence that is not restricted by the conformational dynamics of the bridge. Especially in solvents of low dielectric constant electrostatic forces strongly modify the conformational dynamics occurring after the initial charge separation (harpooning mechanism'). Further- more it is shown that the extended charge separated state may undergo radiative recombina- tion resulting in the observation of 'exciplex-like' emission. For flexibly bridged systems this allows the occurrence of multiple 'exciplex' emission from widely different conforma- tions ranging from fully extended to fully folded. The distance across which charge separa- tion and radiative recombination occur with significant rate can be extended by through-bond interaction (TJ3I) via the bridge, but even if the bridge structure and conformation do not al- low for important TBI these rates can be quite significant for bridges with a length up to that corresponding to an extended pentamethylene chain.

Field of study: Chemistry
Personality Traits of Music Therapists

The personality traits of music therapists were measured by the factored 16 PF test. A contrast group of musician-performers was also tested. The objective pattern of sten scores was reported for each group. Music therapists were more sober and prudent, more conscientious, and tended to be more trusting than their performing counterparts, but the contrasts were not extreme. Differences between the profile patterns of each group and the general adult normative population were described and compared.

Field of study: Psychology
Unusual myocardial (myostromal) "repair" in cardiac transplant patient.

A 57-year-old man received a cardiac allograft for severe ischemic heart disease. His endomyocardial biopsy at eight weeks postoperatively showed a focus of unusual myocardial morphology characterized by small diameter myocytes associated with loose, myxoid appearing stroma and a myocytic mitotic figure. We feel this may represent a unique type of myocardial repair.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Influence of internal variability on population exposure to hydroclimatic changes

Future freshwater supply, human water demand, and people’s exposure to water stress are subject to multiple sources of uncertainty, including unknown future pathways of fossil fuel and water consumption, and ‘irreducible’ uncertainty arising from internal climate system variability. Such internal variability can conceal forced hydroclimatic changes on multi-decadal timescales and near-continental spatial-scales. Using three projections of population growth, a large ensemble from a single Earth system model, and assuming stationary per capita water consumption, we quantify the likelihoods of future population exposure to increased hydroclimatic deficits, which we define as the average duration and magnitude by which evapotranspiration exceeds precipitation in a basin. We calculate that by 2060, ~31%–35% of the global population will be exposed to >50% probability of hydroclimatic deficit increases that exceed existing hydrological storage, with up to 9% of people exposed to >90% probability. However, internal variability, which is an irreducible uncertainty in climate model predictions that is under-sampled in water resource projections, creates substantial uncertainty in predicted exposure: ~86%–91% of people will reside where irreducible uncertainty spans the potential for both increases and decreases in sub-annual water deficits. In one population scenario, changes in exposure to large hydroclimate deficits vary from −3% to +6% of global population, a range arising entirely from internal variability. The uncertainty in risk arising from irreducible uncertainty in the precise pattern of hydroclimatic change, which is typically conflated with other uncertainties in projections, is critical for climate risk management that seeks to optimize adaptations that are robust to the full set of potential real-world outcomes.

Field of study: Environmental science
Research of Modeling and Verification of Component-based Real-time System

Using component based software design method in complex real-time system development has become a hot research topic.Verify whether the real-time software meets the given time requirement and reduce the complexity of the verification process is one of the main challenges in real-time computing research area.This paper proposes timed interface model and using it for formal modeling the interactions between component interfaces.Based on interface automata theory the timed interface automata is proposed and used to describe the action and composition of components under the interaction of timed interface.To cope with state space exploration problem,the product of timed interface automata models of components is reduced by eliminating incorrect states before verifying related properties.A simple example through this paper is studied in detail to illustrate how to apply the proposed approach.

Field of study: Computer science
Comparison of the tendencies and differences between researches on teenager health related behaviors

The author studied the tendencies and differences between literatures of researches on Chinese teenager health related behaviors,and revealed the following findings: in term of research method,questionnaire survey was adopted in most researches;in terms of investigation subject selection,there were researches on college,middle school and elementary school students,but they were not evenly distributed;in terms of research content,there were more researches on health harming behaviors than researches on health promoting behaviors;level 1 indexes for investigation were relatively unified,but level 2 indexes were different.The author thought that the perspective of researches should be expanded,and that researches on the extensiveness and profoundness of harming behaviors should be strengthened.

Field of study: Education
[Psychosomatic disorders (clinical picture, epidemiology, therapy and models of health services].

: 53.6% of the patients of general hospital suffer from psychosomatic disorders (PSD). Two-dimensional (psychologic/ clinical) model of psychosomatic interrelations is presented which proposes the estimation of the influence of both somatic and psychological factors within PSD pathogenesis. The clinical classification of PSD includes 4 types: somatization (somatoform disorders)--organ neuroses--27%; psychogenic (nosogenic) reactions--57%; stress-related exacerbation of the medical illness (symptomatic lability)--14%; exogenous (somatogenic) reactions--1%. Except psychotherapy, PSD treatment demands pharmacological intervention (including tranquilizers, antidepressants, cerebroprotectors and neuroleptics). Pharmacotherapy should be proceeded with the account of both its possible somatic effects and its interaction with conventional medical agents. The results of the follow-up study prove superiority of psychopharmacotherapy over psychotherapy in terms of long-term efficacy. The most effective model of the organization of psychiatric care in PSD clinic is liasion psychiatry (psychiatrist consults and general practitioner treats). Inpatient treatment of non-psychotic PSD patients requires an organization of specialized units within a general hospital.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Petroleum in Canada

Compared with the United States, Canada is but a small producer of petroleum, the output of the two countries for the year 1915 being about 281,104,104 and 215,464 barrels respectively. In other words, the production of Canada was less than one-tenth of one per cent of that of the United States. Preliminary estimates for 1916 are 198,123[2][1] and 292,300,000[3][2] barrels respectively. With the exception of a very small output in Alberta, Ontario and New Brunswick are the only provinces that are producing petroleum in commercial quantities. A little has been found in numerous places beyond the limits of the producing areas in the two provinces and elsewhere in Canada.

Owing to the comparatively small importance of the industry in Canada, and also to the fact that information concerning the distribution and modes of occurrence of petroleum in this country is in readily available form, in recent government publications, the subject . . .

 :

Field of study: Geology
New Packet Synchronization System by High-Dimensional Discrete Torus Knot Code

In recent years, it is said that communication speed of next-generation cellular phones will reach 100Mbps. Accordingly, demand for robust error correction codes with high-speed processing is increasing. High-dimensional discrete torus knot code (torus code) performs well in fields with many errors. We propose a new and unique synchronization system that uses the torus code. It performs error correction and synchronization processing effectively and simultaneously. According to results of comparison with a conventional system (HDLC:High Level , performance (Loss of Lock Probability) of the proposed synchronization system is as much as 5 figures better than the conventional HDLC in the 10-4 field (Input BER). By applying a LSI technology, we have developed a FPGA(3Dm5, 125bit, r=0.512) with the proposed synchronization system and have built a high-speed MPEG communication device which uses the newly developed FPGA. The high-speed MPEG communication device can transmit a video signal of 20Mbps.

Field of study: Computer science
Principal Component Analysis of Factors Affecting CD 4 Count Level of HIV/AIDS Patients at Mainland Hospital Yaba, Lagos Nigeria

This work highlights the importance of CD4 counts in the study and management of HIV/AIDS. Data for the study were obtained through the use of 29 items structured questionnaire administered on 200 volunteered HIV/AIDS patients at Lagos Mainland Hospital Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria. The variables identified for the study were categorised into demographic characteristics (educational level, marital status, age and gender) and some selected HIV/AIDS administrative variable (HIV/AIDS confirmation period, type of antiretroviral drug being used, duration of use of antiretroviral administration, and nature of patient job).Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin (KMO) test of sampling adequacy was conducted which gave a coefficient of 0.650 and Bartlett’s test or sphericity of Chi-square p-value 0.00 indicating that the variables are correlated enough to provide reasonable basis for factor analysis. Correlation test was conducted to ensure non existence of multicolinearity among the components by correlation matrix and the components found to have high correlation coefficient had one removed. A principal component analysis was performed to determine the principal components among the identified components. Findings from total variance explained and the screen plot identified four components (type of antiretroviral drug being taken, duration of HIV/AIDS confirmation, duration of antiretroviral drug application, patient age,) as the principal components to the determination of CD4 count in HIV/AIDS patients at the hospital. The study recommended that HIV/AIDs patients should be encouraged to commence early application of antiretroviral drug once traces of HIV/AIDS is detected, and that research should be intensified on the efficiency level of the different antiretroviral drug in the different patient.

Field of study: Medicine
Sulfur Dioxide-Supplemented Ambient Air Drying of High-Moisture Corn

AMBIENT air grain drying in the Corn Belt has been hampered by climatic conditions that yield a rate of drying too slow to prevent grain deterioration. Rather than attempting to increase the drying rate through sup­ plemental energy or increased air flow, an investigation was made to determine the feasibility of using sulfur dioxide gas as a microbial growth inhibitor to extend the time for safely drying with ambient air. In laboratory tests, 25 percent moisture corn was treated with various concentrations of sulfur dioxide (0.01 to 1.82 percent wt S02/wt corn). Under conditions ideal for mold growth, corn treated with 0.4 percent or more S02 withstood microbial deterioration for several weeks. In field tests, application of sulfur dioxide reduced the initial microbial population in freshly harvested corn. Subsequent intermittent applications of sulfur dioxide maintained low microbial counts until ambient air dry­ ing was completed. High microbial counts were present in a control bin throughout drying, and visible quality deterioration due to this microbial activity was observed. No detrimental decrease in corn quality was evident from the use of the "trickle-S02" process as measured by of­ ficial grading of the corn, fatty acid analysis, thiamine analysis, and corn dry milling results. The results of this research are presented for the pur­ pose of providing information on the potential use of sulfur dioxide and do not imply endorsement or authori­ zation for this use by USDA.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Late Maastrichtian continental vertebrates from southwestern France: Correlation with marine fauna

The Cassagnau locality (Marignac-Laspeyres, Haute-Garonne department) has yielded the richest vertebrate assemblage of Late Maastrichtian age in western Europe. Numerous bones can be referred to various fishes, amphibians, chelonians, squamates, crocodiles, dinosaurs and birds, some of which constitute the first Late Maastrichtian occurrences in Europe (a large varanoid lizard, a longirostrine crocodile, an enantiornithine bird) or in Southern France (a titanosaurid dinosaur). The latter discovery shows that at least five dinosaur families were represented in the Late Maastrichtian of western Europe. As for other localities of the French Petites Pyrenees, the age of the Cassagnau locality can be directly constrained by biostratigraphical and biochronological evidence based on associated marine and continental microfauna and microflora; therefore, the assemblages from these localities can be considered as reference assemblages for the continental Late Maastrichtian localities of Southern Europe, the age of which has been much disputed.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Single molecule measurements of repressor protein 1D diffusion on DNA.

We used single-molecule imaging techniques and measured the one-dimensional diffusion of LacI repressor proteins along elongated DNA to address the long-standing puzzle of why some proteins find their targets faster than allowed by 3D diffusion. Our analysis of the LacI transcription factor's diffusion yielded four main results: (1) LacI diffuses along nonspecific sequences of DNA in the form of 1D Brownian motion; (2) the observed 1D diffusion coefficients D1vary over an unexpectedly large range, from 2.3x10(-12) cm2/s to 1.3x10(-9) cm2/s; (3) the lengths of DNA covered by these 1D diffusions vary from 120 nm to 2920 nm; and (4) the mean values of D1 and the diffusional lengths indeed predict a LacI target binding rate 90 times faster than the 3D diffusion limit.

Field of study: Physics