nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Reliable vehicle type recognition based on information fusion in multiple sensor networks

With the purpose to improve the real-time performance and accuracy of vehicle type recognition in complex traffic scenes, this paper proposed an information fusion based vehicle type recognition method. Firstly, the multiple sensor network built of geomagnetic sensors is described, whose characteristics include easy deployment and being budget friendly. Then, the vehicle type recognition method for the proposed multiple sensor network is applied. The main innovation of the method is matching the data collected by multiple sensors to form a fusion feature waveform for a single vehicle. Finally, the experimental results showed that the proposed method had 95% accuracy for small vehicles (Passenger vehicles and Sport utility vehicles) and 90% accuracy for large vehicles (Buses and Vans) approximately, which can provide a reference for multiple sensor network design and traffic data collection.

Field of study: Computer science
Activation of protein kinase A prevents the ethanol-induced up-regulation of δ-opioid receptor mRNA in NG108-15 cells

We have used a sensitive solution hybridization assay with a riboprobe transcribed from the coding sequence of the δ-opioid receptor gene (DOR) to study the up-regulation of the DOR mRNA by ethanol in NG108-15 cells. Exposure of the cells to compounds that increase cAMP levels (forskolin, forskolin+IBMX, or dibutyryl cAMP) resulted in the attenuation of ethanol-induced up-regulation of DOR mRNA. The inactive analogue of forskolin, 1,9-dideoxy forskolin had no effect. Northern blot analysis of RNA extracts from ethanol-, forskolin- or ethanol+forskolin-treated cells showed proportional changes in each of the multiple DOR mRNA bands, so that no difference was observed in the fraction of the total hybridization signal produced by each band of the DOR mRNA. In the absence of ethanol, forskolin or dibutyryl cAMP reduced the basal levels of DOR mRNA. The cAMP analogue (Rp)-cAMPS, a protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor, increased DOR mRNA levels. However, the combination of (Rp)-cAMPS and ethanol did not further increase DOR mRNA levels compared to ethanol or (Rp)-cAMPS alone. Signaling through cAMP and PKA down-regulates DOR mRNA levels. The ethanol-induced increase in DOR mRNA levels in NG108-15 cells appears to be mediated via a reduction of PKA.

Field of study: Biology
Toward an Improved High Strength, High RRR CMS Conductor

CMS (Compact Muon Solenoid) is a general-purpose detector designed to run at the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC), including a 4-layer superconducting solenoid with 6 m diameter by 12.5 m long free bore operated at 4 T and at 4.5 K. The Rutherford type superconductor, stabilized by high purity 99.998% aluminum, is reinforced by aluminum alloy sections welded to the superconductor by electron beam. Due to the high magnetic forces at nominal field inside the winding pack, the conductor itself represents a main structural component to get a self-supporting winding structure. In view of an upgrade oriented to a possible new project, an improvement of the mechanical performances of the reinforced conductor starting from the CMS concept has been considered, aimed to increase the reachable field based on an optimized layout

Field of study: Physics
Performance evaluation of air distribution systems in three different China railway high-speed train cabins using numerical simulation

Air distribution system is very important to indoor air quality (IAQ) in China railway high-speed (CRH) train cabin. Air distribution systems in three different CRH train cabins are simulated and evaluated in this paper by using the computational fluid dynamic (CFD) method. CFD models of CRH1, CRH2 and CRH5 train cabins are developed and validated basing on the field experiments in three train cabins. Flow field, temperature field, and airflow pattern in the three train cabins are investigated respectively by using the CFD models developed. Four improved performance indexes which can eliminate influences of geometric dimension are utilized to evaluate the air distribution systems in the cabins. The cough droplets dispersion processes inside the CRH train cabins are simulated to investigate the cough droplets removal ability. Simulation results show that good airflow pattern is very critical to guarantee the uniform distribution of flow field, temperature field and thermal comfort in the train cabin. The air distribution system employed in CRH5 train cabin is the most efficient among the three train cabins. Moreover, CRH5 train cabin has stronger cough droplets removal ability than CRH1 and CRH2 train cabins. Air distribution system in CRH5 train cabin should be adopted in the next generation CRH train cabin in the future.

Field of study: Engineering
HEXIM1 down-regulates hypoxia-inducible factor-1α protein stability.

We have previously reported on the inhibition of HIF-1α (hypoxia-inducible factor α)-regulated pathways by HEXIM1 [HMBA (hexamethylene-bis-acetamide)-inducible protein 1]. Disruption of HEXIM1 activity in a knock-in mouse model expressing a mutant HEXIM1 protein resulted in increased susceptibility to the development of mammary tumours, partly by up-regulation of VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) expression, HIF-1α expression and aberrant vascularization. We now report on the mechanistic basis for HEXIM1 regulation of HIF-1α. We observed direct interaction between HIF-1α and HEXIM1, and HEXIM1 up-regulated hydroxylation of HIF-1α, resulting in the induction of the interaction of HIF-1α with pVHL (von Hippel-Lindau protein) and ubiquitination of HIF-1α. The up-regulation of hydroxylation involves HEXIM1-mediated induction of PHD3 (prolyl hydroxylase 3) expression and interaction of PHD3 with HIF-1α. Acetylation of HIF-1α has been proposed to result in increased interaction of HIF-1α with pVHL and induced pVHL-mediated ubiquitination, which leads to the proteasomal degradation of HIF-1α. HEXIM1 also attenuated the interaction of HIF-1α with HDAC1 (histone deacetylase 1), resulting in acetylation of HIF-1α. The consequence of HEXIM1 down-regulation of HIF-1α protein expression is attenuated expression of HIF-1α target genes in addition to VEGF and inhibition of HIF-1α-regulated cell invasion.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Postwar Faculty Recruitment

A LTHOUGH most of the inquiries that arise in planning the upbuilding of postwar faculties cannot be answered with finality, the shape of things to come may be perceived a little more clearly if certain pre-war trends and current tendencies are briefly outlined. It is important to hold in mind two facts. First, history repeats itself only to the extent that conditions remain the same; and second, generalizations that apply to the nation as a whole may or may not be applicable to a given institution. During the first forty years of the present century there has been a fourfold increase in the number of faculty members employed in the colleges and universities of the country. The statistical record in ten-year periods to I920 and annually since then is graphically presented in Figure i. A steady increase is shown except for temporary losses during the depression in the thirties and the sharp drop during the past academic year. The losses during the first world war were too insignificant to record. Accelerated increases appear after both the first world war and the depression. During the academic year I943-44 a rapid decrease appears. The long-time trend justifies the assumption that a rise in the number of staff members can almost certainly be expected soon after the close of hostilities. To predict the extent of the postwar rise, however, demands consideration of its causes, and of the probable effects of the present war. Foremost among the long-time causes for the increase has been a forty-year growth in the number of college students. Corresponding closely with this increase from year to year has been the increase in the number of staff members. Average faculty student-loads have tended to increase slightly in times of prosperity and to decrease slightly during times of war and depression as the following average number of students for each full-time staff member indicates: in I922, 12.1; I930, I3-4; I934, I2.1; I938, I3.I; and I944, an estimated II.2. The effects of the war are reflected in a decrease of iS.9 per cent in the total enrollment of students between the fall of I939 and the fall of I943. About 44 per cent of the students not belonging to the armed forces left college during the four years. Compulsory military service will probably continue until hostilities with Japan are terminated, if not longer; hence, it is probable that relatively few men of college age will enter college courses for civilians until that time. The increas-

Field of study: Education
Using regional geographic scale substitution to value coastal wildlife tourism: Implications for stakeholders, conservation and management

Marine and coastal wildlife tourism industries such as cetacean and shark tourism are increasing globally, as is the need to value and sustainably manage these industries. To reliably estimate expenditures attributable to wildlife tourism, it is important to consider the degree to which the target species can be substituted by other attractions in the same geographic area. However, the effect of substitution between coastal wildlife tourism industries and other geographically-connected tourist attractions across a broad region is typically neglected. We value a coastal wildlife tourism industry by considering the influence of substitution between wildlife tourism and other attractions, locally and regionally. Using surveys, we found that dolphin-watching at Chilika Lagoon was partially substituted by other attractions locally, and geographically neighbouring attractions in the region of Odisha (India). If dolphins are extirpated, stakeholders in Chilika and Odisha will lose, but neighbouring stakeholders gain. This approach is useful for: (1) estimating the value of coastal wildlife tourism where neighbouring attractions also draw tourists to a region, (2) identifying which stakeholders to target through conservation and management interventions.

Field of study: Environmental science
On the routine use of soft X-rays in macromolecular crystallography. Part III. The optimal data-collection wavelength.

Complete and highly redundant data sets were collected at different wavelengths between 0.80 and 2.65 A for a total of ten different protein and DNA model systems. The magnitude of the anomalous signal-to-noise ratio as assessed by the quotient R(anom)/R(r.i.m.) was found to be influenced by the data-collection wavelength and the nature of the anomalously scattering substructure. By utilizing simple empirical correlations, for instance between the estimated deltaF/F and the expected R(anom) or the data-collection wavelength and the expected R(r.i.m.), the wavelength at which the highest anomalous signal-to-noise ratio can be expected could be estimated even before the experiment. Almost independent of the nature of the anomalously scattering substructure and provided that no elemental X-ray absorption edge is nearby, this optimal wavelength is 2.1 A.

Field of study: Chemistry
Podocyte injury and overexpression of vascular endothelial growth factor and transforming growth factor-beta 1 in adriamycin-induced nephropathy in rats.

The aim of this study is to investigate the expression of nephrin, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1), and podocyte number in adriamycin (ADR)-induced nephropathy. A total of 60 male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into the control group and the ADR nephropathy group. The nephropathy was induced by tail-vein injection of ADR (4 mg/kg) twice at a 14-day interval. The expression levels of nephrin, VEGF, and TGF-β1 in glomeruli were assessed by immunohistochemistry and western blotting. The podocyte number was also evaluated after anti-Wilms' tumor-1 (WT1) immunohistochemical staining. In addition, the urinary protein content, biochemical parameters in serum samples and glomerular sclerosis index (SI) were compared between groups. In the ADR nephropathy group, the expression levels of nephrin was significantly decreased with the fusion of podocyte foot processes at 6 weeks after the first ADR injection, which was associated with a marked proteinuria. A decrease in podocyte number and an increase in SI with the overexpression of both VEGF and TGF-β1 were also observed in the glomeruli at 10 weeks after the first ADR injection. This was associated with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS). The study data suggest that podocyte injury and decreased nephrin, as well as increased VEGF and TGF-β1, may contribute to the development of proteinuria and FSGS in ADR-induced nephropathy in rats.

Field of study: Medicine
Optimally choosing small ensemble members to produce robust climate simulations

This study examines the subset climate model ensemble size required to reproduce certain statistical characteristics from a full ensemble. The ensemble characteristics examined are the root mean square error, the ensemble mean and standard deviation. Subset ensembles are created using measures that consider the simulation performance alone or include a measure of simulation independence relative to other ensemble members. It is found that the independence measure is able to identify smaller subset ensembles that retain the desired full ensemble characteristics than either of the performance based measures. It is suggested that model independence be considered when choosing ensemble subsets or creating new ensembles.

Field of study: Environmental science
Excellence and Relevance

I am honored and grateful to stand before you today. In the time I have with you today, I want to make several key points. These include rewarding a diversity of excellence among our members, developing preceptors as integral to the quality of the education we offer, a conspicuous acknowledgement that pharmacy is a science-based profession, a significant enhancement to our research and graduate education portfolio, and an enhanced balance of our advocacy portfolio.

Field of study: Education, Medicine
DWarn+:An Enhanced Fetch Policy for SMT Processors

Simultaneous Multithreading (SMT) processors improve performance by allowing running instructions from several threads simultaneously at a single cycle. These threads executing simultaneously share the processor′s resources, but at the same time compete for them. A thread missing in L2 cache may occupy most of available resources for a long time, causing other threads run slower than they could or even stall because of lack of resources. As a result, the overall performance of SMT processors is degraded. To prevent this situation, many instruction fetch policies are proposed. DWarn is among the most efficient fetch policies to handle L2 cache misses. In this paper, an enhanced version of the DWarn policy called DWarn+ is presented. Results show that our policy significantly improves the original one when not more than four threads run, whether using IPC as a metric or using Hmean as a metric. When the number of threads running is higher than 4, DWarn+ enhances the original one mainly for memory bounded workloads, and the average improvement for all types of workloads is very limited.

Field of study: Computer science
Pre-Baptismal Instruction and the Administration of Baptism in the Philippines during the Sixteenth Century *

Magellan’s abortive attempts to introduce baptism among the natives of the island of Cebu during the month of April of 1521 and the more successful efforts of the Spanish missionaries to preach the Gospel following the arrival of the Legazpi-Urdaneta expedition at Cebu on February 13, 1565 occurred during the initial and the culminating chapters respectively of the “spiritual conquest” of those native peoples of America and the Far East who were to enter the orbit of Spanish culture. During April of 1521, as Magellan was transforming himself into a lay missionary, Hernan Cortes was making the final preparations for the siege of Tenochtitlan. Its successful issue on August 13, 1521 laid the foundation not only of the Spanish Empire in the New World, but also it provided the Spaniards with the base of operations from which eventually they could extend their power to the Philippines. It was Cortes’ conquest of the Aztec Confederation in 1521 which enabled the Catholic missionaries of Spain to undertake one of the most extensive expansions in the history of the Christian Church. In 1565 the Spanish Church for its Philippine enterprise was able to draw upon a vast storehouse of missionary experience acquired in both North and South America. Magellan’s apostolic labors, ill-starred and brief though they were, exemplify many of the permanent features of the Spanish missionary enterprise. The Magellan episode also illustrates how his successors after 1565 did in fact profit from the Circumnavigator’s errors of judgment and tactics.

Field of study: History
A wave-front measuring method for large scale telescope system

Based on the traditional Shark-Hartmann wave-front measurement,a wave-front measuring method suitable for large scale telescope system was proposed.A set of pentagonal prism beam turning devices were introduced to transfer quasi-reference beam to scan every sub-aperture,and an improved S-H sensor was used to measure the wave-front of every sub-aperture.The wave-front measuring errors,which were induced by the manufacturing and kinetic errors of pentagonal prism,were theoretically analyzed and proved to be correct by a wave-front compensation method.The errors of selfwavefront of large scale telescope was reproduced availably.The method can be applied to measuring the wave-front of large scale telescope.

Field of study: Physics
Signal Recovery on Graphs: Variation Minimization

We consider the problem of signal recovery on graphs. Graphs model data with complex structure as signals on a graph. Graph signal recovery recovers one or multiple smooth graph signals from noisy, corrupted, or incomplete measurements. We formulate graph signal recovery as an optimization problem, for which we provide a general solution through the alternating direction methods of multipliers. We show how signal inpainting, matrix completion, robust principal component analysis, and anomaly detection all relate to graph signal recovery and provide corresponding specific solutions and theoretical analysis. We validate the proposed methods on real-world recovery problems, including online blog classification, bridge condition identification, temperature estimation, recommender system for jokes, and expert opinion combination of online blog classification.

Field of study: Engineering
Comparison and implication of TEX86 and U37K' temperature records over the last 356kyr of ODP Site 1147 from the northern South China Sea

Proxy records from the South China Sea (SCS) have played an important role in understanding late Quaternary SCS environmental changes and the East Asian Monsoon (EAM) variations, but few long sea surface temperature (SST) records have been generated from the SCS. The recently established TEX86 index provides an opportunity to generate long SST records, especially for tropical oceans, but the applicability and climatic interpretation of the TEX86 index for the SCS need further study. We report and compare orbital scale resolution (ca. 5.3 kyr) TEX86 and U37K' temperature records of the past 356 kyr for ODP Site 1147 from the northern SCS. Both records display clear and similar glacial–interglacial patterns. The U37K' SST fluctuated between 22.3 °C and 28.3 °C, with a glacial–interglacial difference of 4–5 °C; while the TEX86 temperature fluctuated between 20.3 °C and 25.4 °C, with a slightly smaller glacial–interglacial difference of ca. 4 °C. The TEX86 temperature has been consistently lower than the U37K' temperature over the past 356 kyr, consistent with previous studies suggesting that the U37K' index is a proxy for SST but the TEX86 index is a proxy for subsurface temperature. Thus, it is proposed that the temperature difference (ΔT) between the U37K' and TEX86 records reflects mixed layer depth (MLD) changes in the northern SCS, which fluctuated between 0.3 and 4.0 °C with high values mostly during interglacials and lower values mostly during glacial stages. MLD changes in the northern SCS are interpreted to be driven by EAM changes, with stronger winter monsoon resulting in a deeper MLD and a smaller ΔT. Thus, the combination of U37K' and TEX86 records and their ΔT can be used to reconstruct East Asian winter monsoon variations, as well as their influences on the hydrographic structure of the SCS.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
A Novel Fabrication Method for Functionally Graded Materials under Centrifugal Force: The Centrifugal Mixed-Powder Method

One of the fabrication methods for functionally graded materials (FGMs) is a centrifugal solid-particle method, which is an application of the centrifugal casting technique. However, it is the difficult to fabricate FGMs containing nano-particles by the centrifugal solid-particle method. Recently, we proposed a novel fabrication method, which we have named the centrifugal mixed-powder method, by which we can obtain FGMs containing nano-particles. Using this processing method, Cu-based FGMs containing SiC particles and Al-based FGMs containing TiO2 nano-particles on their surfaces have been fabricated. In this article, the microstructure and mechanical property of Cu/SiC and Al/TiO2 FGMs, fabricated by the centrifugal mixed-powder method are reviewed.

Field of study: Materials science
Grab the new opportunities / Gryp die geleenthede aan : as we see it / soos ons dit sien

At the recent World Dairy Summit in Yokohama, Japan, it became clear international dairy companies are preparing for a significant increase in international trade. High population growth is forecast for Africa and Asia and it is expected that demand for food will outstrip total consumption of the past 500 years within the next 50 years. Major investment is needed to deliver on demand expectations and global dairy companies are revising marketing strategies to ensure functional penetration in new markets.
Tydens die onlangse Wereldsuiwelspitsberaad in Jokohama, Japan, was dit duidelik dat internasionale melkmaatskappye hulle regmaak vir aansienlike stygings in wereldhandel. 'n Hoe bevolkingsaanwas word in Afrika en Asie voorspel en na verwagting sal die vraag na voedsel die totale verbruik van die afgelope 500 jaar binne die volgende 50 jaar verbysteek. Aansienlike beleggings is nodig om aan die vraag te voldoen en suiwelmaatskappye is besig om hul bemarkingstrategiee te hersien om funksionele penetrasie in nuwe markte te verseker.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences