nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Hypophosphataemic osteomalacia and Fanconi syndrome of adult onset with dominant inheritance. Possible relationship with diabetes mellitus.

Adult-onset osteomalacia with multiple renal tubular defects and generalized aminoaciduria is uncommon, and where familial it is characteristically an autosomal recessive disorder. This paper describes a kindred in which the syndrome has appeared in four successive generations, apparently inherited in a dominant manner, and possibly associated with diabetes mellitus. The proposita had hypophosphataemia, renal glycosuria, proteinuria and generalized aminoaciduria, and at the age of 22 developed symptoms of osteomalacia which responded to treatment with oral phosphate. Her father had been similarly affected: renal glycosuria was first noted when he was 24, and 12 years later he developed diabetes mellitus from which he died. One sister, aged 31, has renal glycosuria, aminoaciduria and hypophosphataemia without bone disease. In the three preceding generations at least seven other individuals had crippling bone disease and profound muscle weakness of early adult onset; in four, preterminal polydipsia was recorded, and others had renal glycosuria or diabetes mellitus. Three of the five children in the latest generation have slight proteinuria but not other detectable abnormality. The possible association between these renal tubular defects and diabetes mellitus is discussed.

Field of study: Medicine
Understanding and Treating Pain in Ethnically Diverse Patients

A revolution has taken place during the past 25 years in the understanding and treatment of chronic pain. Psychologists have contributed tremendously to this revolution. However, the primary psychological models of pain treatment have failed to adequately integrate the empirical findings and theoretical understanding of the role of ethnic factors. The goal of this paper is to address this problem by demonstrating the importance of understanding ethnic factors in treating pain, providing an overview of ethnic factors in pain, and proposing guidelines for Clinical Psychologists who treat pain patients from ethnically diverse backgrounds.

Field of study: Psychology
Mechanism of optical breakdown in transparent dielectrics

An experimental investigation was made on the dependence of the optical breakdown threshold of various organic liquids on their purity. It was found that the optical strength of a liquid could be increased by two orders of magnitude by the removal of "mechanical" impurities. It was concluded that the optical strength of laser resonator elements was governed by the presence of absorbing microparticles in the bulk and, particularly, on the surfaces of these elements.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Spektralphotometrische untersuchung der reaktionen von wismut, thorium, zirkonium, vanadin, titan und scandium mit xylenolorange und bestimmung von spurenmengen dieser metalle in uran

The optimum conditions for the reactions of Xylenol Orange with Bi/sup 3+/, Th/sup 4+/, Zr/sup 4+/, V /sup 5+/, Ti/sup 4+/, and Sc/s up 3+/ were found, the composition of the complexes formed was determined, and the values of the corresponding formation and stability constants were calculated. The theoretical and practical possibilities for the determination of trace amounts of these metals in U were indicated. (tr-auth)

Field of study: Chemistry
Preparation and function assay of monoclonal antibodies against human CD20 by recombinant CD20 antigen

To obtain monoclonal antibodies (McAb) against human CD20. Mothods BALB/c mice were immunized with CD20-expressing NIH-3T3 cells. The spleen cells of immunized mice were used to prepare the McAb by hybridoma techniques. CD20-McAb was selected by indirect immunofluorescence experiments on Daudi cells with cultural supernatant of hybridoma cells. Immunoprecipitation and flow cytometry (FCM) analysis were used to identify the surface molecules on Daudi cells recognized by the prepared antibody. Apoptosis assay and cell proliferation inhibition were examined by MTT, FCM and microscopy.  A monoclonal antibody against CD20(1-28) was produced. The antibody recognized 33kD molecules on the surface of Daudi cells. FCM analysis indicated that 1-28 accorded with CD20-McAb in specific reaction with cell lines. Functional assay revealed that 1-28 could markedly inhibited the growth of Daudi cells and Raji cells, induced apoptosis of Daudi cells.  A hybridoma cell line 1-28 secreting CD20-McAb stably was obtained by recombinant CD20 antigen, and the CD20-McAb inhibited proliferation and induced apoptosis of CD20 positive cells.

Field of study: Biology
Growth of superconducting MgB2 thin films via postannealing techniques

We report the effect of annealing on the superconductivity of MgB2 thin films as functions of the postannealing temperature in the range from 700 C to 950 C and of the postannealing time in the range from 30 min to 120 min. On annealing at 900 C for 30 min, we obtained the best-quality MgB2 films with a transition temperature of 39 K and a critical current density of ~ 10^7 A/cm^2. Using the scanning electron microscopy, we also investigated the film growth mechanism. The samples annealed at higher temperatures showed the larger grain sizes, well-aligned crystal structures with preferential orientations along the c-axis, and smooth surface morphologies. However, a longer annealing time prevented the alignment of grains and reduced the superconductivity, indicating a strong interfacial reaction between the substrate and the MgB2 film.

Field of study: Physics
Acutely administered ethanol participates in testosterone synthesis and increases testosterone in rat brain.

The interaction of alcohol and testosterone has long been of interest, mainly due to the effect of alcohol on aggression and sexual behavior. To date, there have been very few, if any, studies examining the effect of acute alcohol administration on testosterone concentrations in the brain. The administration of 1,1-dideuteroethanol ([1,1-2H2]ethanol) provided the opportunity to trace the deuterium label into newly synthesized deuterotestosterone in brain samples to determine whether ethanol oxidation was directly linked to testosterone synthesis.



Unoperated and adrenalectomized-gonadectomized (ADX/GDX) rats were given either ethanol or [1,1-2H2]ethanol in a single intraperitoneal dose of 2 g/kg body weight. We used gas chromatography/mass spectrometry to accurately determine both the amount of steroids present and the degree of deuterium incorporation into specific steroids isolated from brain samples.



Thirty minutes after alcohol administration, the level of total testosterone increased 4-fold in the frontal cortex and 3-fold in the plasma of unoperated male Wistar rats. The relative increase in the abundance of monodeuterated testosterone 30 min after [1,1-2H2]ethanol administration was significant (p < 0.05) in both brain and plasma. ADX/GDX animals treated with alcohol had testosterone concentrations that were 5% of those found in unoperated animals dosed with ethanol.



Acutely administered ethanol increased brain concentrations of testosterone 4-fold in male Wistar rats. ADX/GDX surgery reduced brain concentrations of testosterone in response to alcohol by 95%. The deuterium labeling of testosterone after [1,1-2H2]ethanol showed that ethanol oxidation is directly linked to testosterone biosynthesis and that the deuterium-labeled testosterone is present in the central nervous system. These results demonstrate that peripherally administered ethanol directly contributes to the concentrations of testosterone in the central nervous system and that the testosterone found in brain samples is primarily synthesized in the periphery. These findings may be important for understanding the behavioral changes associated with acute alcohol consumption.

Field of study: Medicine
Competing carboxylases: circadian and metabolic regulation of Rubisco in C3 and CAM Mesembryanthemum crystallinum L.

The temporal co-ordination of ribulose 1·5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPc) activities by Mesembryanthemum crystallinum L. in C(3) and crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) modes was investigated under conventional light-dark (LD) and continuous light (LL) conditions. When C(3) , net CO(2) assimilation rate increased during each subjective night under LL with maximum carboxylation unrelated to Rubisco activation state. The CAM circadian rhythm of CO(2) uptake was more pronounced, with CO(2) assimilation rate maximal towards the end of each subjective night. In vivo and in vitro techniques were integrated to map carboxylase enzyme regulation to the framework provided by CAM LL gas exchange activity. Rubisco was activated in vitro throughout each subjective dark period and consistently deactivated at each subjective dawn, similar to that observed at true dawn in constitutive CAM species. Instantaneous carbon isotope discrimination showed in vivo carboxylase co-dominance during the CAM subjective night, initially by Rubisco and latterly C(4) (PEPc), despite both enzymes seemingly activated in vitro. The circadian rhythm in titratable acidity accumulation was progressively damped over successive subjective nights, but maintenance of PEPc carboxylation capacity ensures that CAM plants do not become progressively more 'C(3) -like' with time under LL.

Field of study: Environmental science
Porphyrins 32.* mass spectrometric study vic-dihydroxy-and vic,vic-tetrahydroxychlorins

A mass spectrometric investigation has been carried out on dihydroxy- and tetrahydroxychlorins, derivatives of vic-dols of etioporphyrin-1 and octaethylporphyrin, the vic-diol and vic, vic-tetraol of the tetraethyl ester of coproporphyrin-1, dmers of bischlonns linked together with a methylene bridge, and also of their trimethylsitylated products. It was established that in the spectra of porphynn dots the molecular ion peaks were either of low intensity or were completely absent. In the spectra of trimethylsilyl derivatives, the ion peaks of maximum intensity were caused by the sitylation of only one of each two neighboring hydroxyl groups in the initial compounds.

Field of study: Chemistry
The Determination of Silicon, Chromium and Cobalt in Steels by Proton-Induced Prompt Photon Spectrometry

Prompt ¿-ray spectra from pure samples of Si, Cr and Co induced by protons between 3.5 and 6.0 MeV were used to evaluate the analytical feasability of the method and to calculate interference-free sensitivities. The bombarding energy was selected from experimentally determined sensitivity curves and the method was tested on NBS standard steels. Using protons of 4.0 and 4.5 MeV the Si-content was determined from the yield of the 1779-keV 29Si p(l,0) ¿-ray with a relative precision of 2.1 and 0.6% resp. Possible sources of spectrographic interference were Al and P but these elements were not present in the steel in significant concentrations. The Cr-content was found from the 378-keV 53Cr n(1,0) ¿-ray with a relative precision of 1.3 and 1.6% resp. Likely interference from ¿-rays between 375 and 380 keV could come from Ca, Sc, Fe, Se, Cd and W of which Fe and W were the most serious. Co was determined from the yield of the 343-keV 59Co n(l,0) ¿-ray with a relative precision of 2.3% using 4.5 MeV protons. Other ¿-rays from Co of 878, 1190, 1337 and 1948 keV could also be used. Routine analyses lasted 15-20 min but longer periods were needed when low concentrations were measured. The method was found to be suitable for steels containing Si above 0.01%, Cr above 0.12% and Co above 0.10% by mass.

Field of study: Physics
Lower and upper bounds on extinction cross sections of arbitrarily shaped strongly absorbing or strongly reflecting nonspherical particles.

The general belief that the sphere of equal volume provides a better approximation for the extinction cross section of a nonspherical particle than a sphere of equal surface area at small values of the size parameters is not correct. At some values of x, the equal volume sphere is a better approximation; at others, the equal surface area sphere is better. Details depend on the shape, size, and refractive index. For strongly absorbing particles at x > pi, the extinction cross section of an equal volume sphere sigma(EV) provides the lower bound, and ) (where S(N) is the surface area of considered nonspherical particle, and S(EV) is the surface area of equal volume sphere) provides the upper bound on the extinction cross section of an arbitrarily shaped nonspherical particle.

Field of study: Physics
DPDP: An interactive debugger for parallel and distributed processing

This article presents the debugger for parallel and distributed processing (DPDP) system. First, the processing environment is defined; then, several types of bugs that may occur within that environment are investigated. DPDP is designed to provide an adequate tool for parallel and distributed debugging. Accordingly, it enables the programmer to monitor, detect, and correct a system interactively. The system design is based on a formal event-action model that exploits a trace file to record the events, whereas the actions are determined according to a syntactic analysis of the underlying events. This work also includes the design and implementation of the DPDP system on a local area network.  The study includes experiments for finding race conditions, debugging of sequencing errors, and detecting both resource and communication deadlocks.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Effect of dimethyl carbonate (DMC) on the electrochemical and cycling properties of solid polymer electrolytes (PVP-MSA) and its application for proton batteries

Proton-conducting polymer electrolyte systems (PVP-MSA), with polyvinylpyrrolidone as a host polymer and methanesulfonic acid as a proton donor, were prepared by a facile solution-cast technique. The effects of plasticizer, dimethyl carbonate, on the electrical and electrochemical properties of PVP-MSA complexes were plausibly investigated for the first time. The complexation behaviors of both plasticized and unplasticized polymer electrolyte systems were confirmed with the aid of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The conductivity values were found to be enhanced due to the addition of DMC, and a maximum value of 3.27 × 10−5 S/cm was achieved. The ionic transport number values were found to be in the range of 0.96–0.99. The discharge analysis suggested that the proton battery constructed with the plasticized polymer electrolyte showed better performance compared to that constructed with the unplasticized polymer electrolyte, which in turn means it could be utilized as a promising candidate for primary proton batteries.

Field of study: Materials science
Triangulating tunneling resonances in a point contact

in a self-aligned poly-silicon double gate enhancement mode Si-MOS device structure. We identify which resonances are likely candidates for transport through the antimony donor as opposed to unintentional disorder induced potentials using capacitance triangulation. We determine the capacitances from the resonant feature to each of the conducting gates and the source/drain two dimensional electron gas regions. In our device geometry, these capacitances provide information about the resonance location in three dimensions. Semi-classical electrostatic simulations of capacitance, already used to map quantum dot size and position, identify a combination of location and connement potential size that satisfy our experimental observations. The sensitivity of simulation to position and size allow us to triangulate possible locations of the resonant level with nanometer resolution. We discuss our results and how they may apply to resonant tunneling through a single donor.

Field of study: Physics
Mutation breeding strains and optimization of solid state fermentation medium for AMP deaminase production by Aspergillus melleus

In order to further enhance the activity of AMP deaminase produced by Aspergillus melleus, We used ultraviolet mutagenesis to screening strains, and get a mutant strain that the activity improved by 40%. Then the solid state fermentation medium of the mutant strain was optimized by single factor and orthogonal design methods. The results showed that the best fermentation medium composition was glucose 4%, corn steep powder 1%, Na2HPO4 0.3%, KH2PO4 0.2%, MgSO4 0.1%, wheat bran 20 g and water 20 g. Under the above optimum fermentation conditions the enzyme activity of AMP deaminase can be enhanced to 7533 U/g, increasing 49.27% than before optimization.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Every reinforcer counts: reinforcer magnitude and local preference.

Six pigeons were trained on concurrent variable-interval schedules. Sessions consisted of seven components, each lasting 10 reinforcers, with the conditions of reinforcement differing between components. The component sequence was randomly selected without replacement. In Experiment 1, the concurrent-schedule reinforcer ratios in components were all equal to 1.0, but across components reinforcer-magnitude ratios varied from 1:7 through 7:1. Three different overall reinforcer rates were arranged across conditions. In Experiment 2, the reinforcer-rate ratios varied across components from 27:1 to 1:27, and the reinforcer-magnitude ratios for each alternative were changed across conditions from 1:7 to 7:1. The results of Experiment 1 replicated the results for changing reinforcer-rate ratios across components reported by Davison and Baum (2000, 2002): Sensitivity to reinforcer-magnitude ratios increased with increasing numbers of reinforcers in components. Sensitivity to magnitude ratio, however, fell short of sensitivity to reinforcer-rate ratio. The degree of carryover from component to component depended on the reinforcer rate. Larger reinforcers produced larger and longer postreinforcer preference pulses than did smaller reinforcers. Similar results were found in Experiment 2, except that sensitivity to reinforcer magnitude was considerably higher and was greater for magnitudes that differed more from one another. Visit durations following reinforcers measured either as number of responses emitted or time spent responding before a changeover were longer following larger than following smaller reinforcers, and were longer following sequences of same reinforcers than following other sequences. The results add to the growing body of research that informs model building at local levels.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Palaeobiology of an extinct Ice Age mammal: Stable isotope and cementum analysis of giant deer teeth

The extinct giant deer, Megaloceros giganteus, is among the largest and most famous of the cervids. Megaloceros remains have been uncovered across Europe and western Asia, but the highest concentrations come from Irish bogs and caves. Although Megaloceros has enjoyed a great deal of attention over the centuries, paleobiological study has focused on morphometric and distributional work until now. This paper presents quantitative data that have implications for understanding its sudden extirpation in western Europe during a period of global climate change approximately 10,600 14C years ago (ca. 12,500 calendar years BP). We report here the first stable isotope analysis of giant deer teeth, which we combine with dental cementum accretion in order to document age, diet and life-history seasonality from birth until death. Enamel ?13C and ?18O measured in the second and third molars from seven individual giant deer suggest a grass and forb-based diet supplemented with browse in a deteriorating, possibly water-stressed, environment, and a season of birth around spring/early summer. Cementum data indicate that the ages of the specimens ranged from 6.5 to 14 years and that they possessed mature antlers by autumn, similar to extant cervids. In addition, the possibility for combining these two techniques in future mammalian paleoecological studies is considered. The data presented in this study imply that Megaloceros would have indeed been vulnerable to extirpation during the terminal Pleistocene in Ireland, and this information is relevant to understanding the broader pattern of its extinction

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Das Quadrupolmoment des 2,3 MeV-Zustandes in120Sn

AbstractTime differentialγγ-angular correlation measurements have been performed to determine the electric interaction of the 2.3 MeVI=5− state of120Sn in different polycristalline antimony compounds. A calibration of the field gradient was achieved by Mößbauerexperiments with the 23.8 keVI=3/2+ state in119Sn using identical sources. From the ratio of the measured electric interactions the ratio of the quadrupole moments is deduced as:
$$\left| {\frac{{Q(2.3{\mathbf{ }}MeV level,{\mathbf{ }}I = 5^ - ,^{120} Sn)}}{{Q(2.8{\mathbf{ }}keV level,{\mathbf{ }}I = {3 \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {3 2}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} 2}^ + ,^{119} Sn)}}} \right| = 2.86(15)$$
. Using 0.06 (2) b for the quadrupole moment of the 23.8 keV level in119Sn one gets for the quadrupole moment of the 2.3 MeV level in120Sn ¦Q(2.3 MeV level,I=5−,120Sn)¦=0.021 (8) b.

Field of study: Physics