nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
SU‐FF‐T‐105: Clinical Implementation of a Sector‐Integration Method for Calculating Electron Output Factors

To develop a spreadsheet that enables a physicist or dosimetrist to quickly determine electron‐beam cutout factors for irregularly‐shaped apertures.  Cutouts with circular apertures from 10cm to 1cm diameter were fabricated to fit inside a 10×10cm electron applicator. The cutout factor for each was measured for five electron energies at two depths (dmax and R90). A polynomial fit to the data yielded the cutout factor as a function of aperture radius for each energy‐depth combination. A spreadsheet was written that estimates the cutout factor for an irregularly‐shaped cutout by dividing the cutout into sectors, calculating the cutout factor for each sector, and taking the average.  The spreadsheet was tested using 10 electron cutouts from actual patient treatments. For each cutout, the cutout factor was measured for all five energies at both depths. The spreadsheet was used to estimate the cutout factor for each cutout at each energy and depth. We determined that 16 sectors were sufficient for a quality result. Except for cases where the cutout was especially narrow and concave, the spreadsheet estimated the cutout factor to within 1% of the measured value.  The spreadsheet correctly estimated the cutout factor for most clinical situations, and took only a few minutes to use. Using this spreadsheet reduces the need for the physicist to measure the cutout factor directly, which can be a considerable time savings. It also removes any need to use less‐accurate approximations.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Toxicity of pirimiphos-methyl: I. The acute and subacute oral toxicity in albino rats.

In an acute study, albino rats of both sexes were orally administered graded doses of Pirimiphosmethyl, and the statistically computed median lethal dose (LD-50) were 1861 and 1667 mg/kg body weight for male and female rats respectively. No treatment related changes were discernible with regard to food intake, growth, gross or histopathology of the organs. In a time-course study, the correlation between symptoms and degree of esterase inhibition was examined in rats administered the minimum lethal dose (MLD: 1000 mg/kg b.w.) of the insecticide. Time-course inhibition pattern of both cholinesterase (ChE) and non-specific carboxylesterase (NSE) activities in brain and plasma revealed maximum inhibition at 24 h post-treatment which correlated well with the intensity of symptoms. In a subacute study, groups of male rats were fed dietary Pirimiphos-methyl at 0, 10, 250, 500 and 1000 ppm for 28 days. Food consumption and growth rate were not affected throughout the experimental period. At necropsy after 28 days, no gross pathological changes were seen in any of the organs except a slight increase in liver weight at 1000 ppm. Though no statistical differences were observed in the levels of hepatic transaminases, a significant increase in serum transaminase was evident. Significant increase in the activities of hepatic ALP, beta-GLR and serum ALP were evident at 500 and 1000 ppm. Further, significant inhibition of plasma PChE was evident at 250, 500 and 1000 ppm while the degree of inhibition of brain AChE was significant only at the higher dosages. No histopathological alterations were observed in any of the organs.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Synthesis and study of some bis(1′,8′-naphthoylene-1,2-benzimidazoles)

A number of previously undescribed bis(1′,8′-naphthoylene-1,2-benzimidazoles) were obtained by reaction of bis(o-phenylenediamines) with various structures with naphthalic anhydride. Under the same conditions, the reaction of o-phenylenediamine with naphthalene-1,4,5,8-tetracarboxylic acid dianhydride leads to a mixture of cis and trans isomers of bisbenzimidazobenzophenanthrolinedione. The spectral and thermal characteristics of the synthesized compounds were studied.

Field of study: Chemistry
Stronger Security Notions for Decentralized Traceable Attribute-Based Signatures and More Efficient Constructions

We revisit the notion of Decentralized Traceable Attribute-Based Signatures (DTABS) introduced by El Kaafarani et al. (CT-RSA 2014) and improve the state-of-the-art in three dimensions: Firstly, we provide a new stronger security model which circumvents some shortcomings in existing models. Our model minimizes the trust placed in attribute authorities and hence provides, among other things, a stronger definition for non-frameability. In addition, our model captures the notion of tracing soundness which is important for many applications of the primitive. Secondly, we provide a generic construction that is secure w.r.t. our strong security model and show two example instantiations in the standard model which are more efficient than existing constructions (secure under weaker security definitions). Finally, we dispense with the need for the expensive zero-knowledge proofs required for proving tracing correctness by the tracing authority. As a result, tracing a signature in our constructions is significantly more efficient than existing constructions, both in terms of the size of the tracing proof and the computational cost required to generate and verify it. For instance, verifying tracing correctness in our constructions requires only 4 pairings compared to 34 pairings in the most efficient existing construction.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Study on the purification of polysaccharides from Noscoc flagelliforme with radial flow chromatography

^Aeie~Ai= The isolation and purification of polysaccharide from kceAcA=Na~OEaaaNceaE by radial flow chromatography were studied. The column (7.7 cm of bed length and 229.6 cm 3 of bed volume) was packed with DEAE-01 anion ion-exchange resin and gradient eluted with NaCl solutions. The content of the polysaccharide was determined with the phenol-sulfuric acid method. The effects of sampling weight, elution velocity, and elution concentration gradient on the separation efficiency were examined and three isolated peaks were obtained. The optimal separation conditions are 10 mg of the sampling weight (sampling volume is 20 mL), 1.0 mL/min of the elution velocity, and 1.00 mol/L 2 of NaCl gradient elution. The adjacent peak resolutions among the three main components (1, 2, and 3 according to their elution order) are 0.660 (o12) and 0.786 (o23), respectively. It is deduced that 39.8 cm of the bed length is required for the fully separation of the three polysaccharides.

Field of study: Biology, Engineering
Devaluation of stimuli contingent on choice: evidence for conditioned reinforcement.

Pigeons were presented a concurrent-chains schedule of reinforcement that had terminal links of equal duration. The initial links of the schedule were periodically interrupted by 15-s periods during which an extinction schedule was in effect. The extinction periods were presented on either a response-contingent or a noncontingent basis. Relative response rate for the left alternative decreased when the extinction periods were accompanied by the left terminal-link stimulus. Relative response rate for the right alternative decreased when the extinction periods were accompanied by the right terminal-link stimulus. Relative response rate varied inversely with the frequency of presentation of the extinction periods but was unaffected by presence versus absence of the response contingency in the schedule of extinction-period presentation. Furthermore, relative response rate was unaffected by presentation of extinction periods accompanied by a novel stimulus. When the extinction periods were presented after reinforcement in the left terminal link instead of as interruptions of the initial links, relative response rate for the left alternative was reduced if the postreinforcement extinction period was accompanied by the terminal-link stimulus for the left chain and reduced less if the extinction period was accompanied by the terminal-link stimulus for the right chain. The results demonstrate that the correlation between the terminal-link stimulus and extinction influenced the relative response rate in the initial link.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Analysis on Educational Equality's Subject and Object

Educational equality is an important theoretical and practical issue in educational research field,and analyzing educational equality's subject and object is an important way to understand.The subjects of educational equality include the individuals and the groups,when the subject for the individual,equality means for all individuals or all groups and individuals within groups are equal;while the objects of educational equality include educational rights,educational opportunities and educational results.In the current education researches,educational opportunities' equality between groups should be the main topic.

Field of study: Education
On the system xn+1=ynxn-k/(yn-k+1(an+bnynxn-k)), yn+1=xnyn-k/(xn-k+1(cn+dnxnyn-k))

It is shown that the system of difference equationsx"n"+"1=y"nx"n"-"ky"n"-"k"+"1(a"n+b"ny"nx"n"-"k),y"n"+"1=x"ny"n"-"kx"n"-"k"+"1(c"n+d"nx"ny"n"-"k),[email protected]?N"0,where [email protected]?N, the sequences a"n,b"n,c"n,d"n, [email protected]?N"0, and the initial values x"-"i,y"-"i, i=0,[email protected]? are real numbers can be solved in closed form. Asymptotic behavior of well-defined solutions of the system for the case when all the sequences a"n,b"n,c"n and d"n are constant is studied in detail.

Field of study: Mathematics
Thermally induced bias error due to strain inhomogeneity through the fiber optic gyroscope coil.

One of the performance limits of a navigation grade fiber optic gyroscope is the bias error due to the thermal sensitivity of the fiber coil. Thermal stress inside the fiber coil is an important source of the bias error. The reduction of the total stress inside the fiber coil can be limited. In this paper, it is shown that further improvement can be achieved by controlling the strain inhomogeneity through the fiber coil. A validated simulation environment is presented for strain distribution analysis. Thermally induced bias error formation mechanisms are compared. The effect of the strain inhomogeneity is reduced by presenting a different coil cross section and spool material. Experiments utilizing a coil design with better performance are presented for the verification of the approach.

Field of study: Physics
Preparation of blend fixed carrier membranes containing polyvinylamine and its CO_2/CH_4 separation performance

Polyvinylamine(PVAm)/polyethylene glycol(PEG) and PVAm/Poly(N-vinyl-γ-sodium aminobutyrate)(PVSA) polymer blends were prepared in this study. Composite membranes for the facilitated transport of CO_2 were prepared by using the dip-coating process with polymer blends as separation layer and polyethersulfone ultrafiltration membrane as substrate.The effects of blending composition on the structure and performance of the membranes were investigated by testing the crystallinity and gas permselectivity of membrane. The results showed that the proper blending of PVAm with PEG could reduce the membrane crystallinity and increase the effective permeation area and carrier content.The membrane with 10%(mass)PEG has the highest pure CO_2 permeation rate of 4.2×10 -9 cm3(STP)·cm -2·s -1·Pa -1 and highest CO_2/CH_4 ideal selectivity of 63.1 at 25℃ and 122.7 kPa of feed pressure. As for the PVAm/PVSA blend membrane, a proper blending composition could also improve the permselectivity of membrane. The membrane with 33%(mass) PVSA showed the highest CO_2/CH_4 ideal selectivity, while the membrane with 50%(mass) PVSA possessed the highest CO_2 permeation rate.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Heat transfer during evaporation of R1234ze(E), R32, R410A and a mixture of R1234ze(E) and R32 inside a horizontal smooth tube

This experimental study measured and compared the heat transfer coefficients during in-tube evaporation of R1234ze(E), R32, the nearly azeotropic HFC refrigerant blend R410A and a zeotropic mixture R1234ze(E)/R32 (55/45 mass %) inside a water heated double tube heat exchanger. The experiment has been carried out under the conditions of mass flux varying from 150 to 445 kg m −2  s −1 , the saturation temperatures are 5 and 10 °C, over the vapor quality range 0.0–1.0. The effect of vapor quality, mass flux and saturation temperature on heat transfer coefficients have been analyzed. It is found that the experimental heat transfer coefficients of R1234ze(E) are lower than R1234ze(E)/R32 (55/45mass%), R410A and R32 by 11%, 56% and 83%, respectively, at about 0.48 vapor quality and 300 kg m −2  s −1 mass velocity. Experimental results have been compared with some well-known correlations.

Field of study: Engineering
Koszul duality for extension algebras of standard modules

We define and investigate a class of Koszul quasi-hereditary algebras for which there is a natural equivalence between the bounded derived category of graded modules and the bounded derived category of graded modules over (a proper version of) the extension algebra of standard modules. Examples of such algebras include, in particular, the multiplicity free blocks of the BGG category [O], and some quasi-hereditary algebras with Cartan decomposition in the sense of Konig.

Field of study: Mathematics
Lys63‐polyubiquitination by the E3 ligase casitas B‐lineage lymphoma‐b (Cbl‐b) modulates peripheral regulatory T cell tolerance in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus

T cells from systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients display a wide array of anomalies in peripheral immune tolerance mechanisms. The role of ubiquitin ligases such as Cbl‐b has been described recently in these phenomena. However, its role in resistance to suppression phenotype in SLE has not been characterized, which was the aim of the present study. Thirty SLE patients (20 with active disease and 10 with complete remission) and 30 age‐ and sex‐matched healthy controls were recruited. Effector (CD4+CD25–) and regulatory (CD4+CD25+) T cells (Tregs) were purified from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) by magnetic selection. Suppression assays were performed in autologous and allogeneic co‐cultures and analysed by a flow cytometry assay. Cbl‐b expression and lysine‐63 (K63)‐specific polyubiquitination profile were assessed by Western blotting. We found a defective Cbl‐b expression in Tregs from lupus patients in contrast to healthy controls (1·1 ± 0·9 versus 2·5 ± 1·8, P = 0·003), which was related with resistance to suppression (r = 0·633, P = 0·039). Moreover, this feature was associated with deficient K63 polyubiquitination substrates and enhanced expression of phosphorylated signal transducer and activation of transcription 3 (pSTAT‐3) in Tregs from lupus patients. Our findings support that Cbl‐b modulates resistance to suppression by regulating the K63 polyubiquitination profile in lupus Tregs. In addition, defective K63 polyubiquitination of STAT‐3 is related to increased pSTAT‐3 expression, and might promote the loss of suppressive capacity of Tregs in lupus patients.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
The enigma of high-latitude paleoclimate

The geological record of paleontology, paleobotany and oxygen-isotope determinations show conclusively that the Mesozoic and early Tertiary paleoclimates of arctic and antarctic latitudes were far warmer than that of the present. Observations indicate that temperate to subtropical conditions existed in these regions in the past. The problem is just as cogent for the paleogeaphic reconstructions of North America and Antarctica that are based on studies of rock magnetism. Temperatures computed by the application of a thermodynamic climate model to paleogeography, which verify well for the present and most of the past, are very discrepant for high-latitude observations. Tentative explanations of the climate problem that involve changes in solar luminosity, earth's axial tilt and ocean currents appear to be untenable. Another tentative and somewhat heretical proposal is offered here that paleogeography as related to former pole positions determined from rock magnetism may have gross errors due to a long-term bias between the rotational and dipole pole locations. As a consequences erroneous high paleolatitude locations would be assigned to regions whose fauna, flora and paleolatitudes all suggest lower-latitude locations.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Preference elicitation and inverse reinforcement learning

We state the problem of inverse reinforcement learning in terms of preference elicitation, resulting in a principled (Bayesian) statistical formulation. This generalises previous work on Bayesian inverse reinforcement learning and allows us to obtain a posterior distribution on the agent's preferences, policy and optionally, the obtained reward sequence, from observations. We examine the relation of the resulting approach to other statistical methods for inverse reinforcement learning via analysis and experimental results. We show that preferences can be determined accurately, even if the observed agent's policy is sub-optimal with respect to its own preferences. In that case, significantly improved policies with respect to the agent's preferences are obtained, compared to both other methods and to the performance of the demonstrated policy.

Field of study: Computer science
GEOLOGIC APPLICATION OF THE AIR PYCNOMETER: A STUDY OF THE PRECISION OF MEASUREMENT

Specific gravity of weighed specimens can be obtained by volume displacement of air. The method is safe, rapid, and convenient, and is applicable to masses and powders. Precision, based on the air pycnometer alone and given by the standard deviation of replications, is 0.003 to 0.004. This is adequate for mapping the distribution of specific gravity in the granitic rocks of the batholith of southern California where within-localities standard deviations range from 0.004 to 0.02.

Field of study: Geology
Reexamining the Relationships between Racial Identity, Cultural Mistrust, Help-Seeking Attitudes, and Preference for a Black Counselor.

The purpose of the present study was to examine the extent to which Black racial identity attitudes, cultural mistrust, and help-seeking attitudes predicted preference for a Black counselor in a sample of 168 African American adults. Participants were recruited from college and community settings in an urban, southern location in the United States. Participants completed 4 self-report measures: the Cross Racial Identity Scale (B. J. Vandiver et al., 2000), the Cultural Mistrust Inventory (F. Terrell & S. Terrell, 1981), the Attitudes Toward Seeking Professional Psychological Help―Short Form (E. H. Fischer & A. Farina, 1995), and a modified version of the Counselor Preference Scale (T. A. Parham & J. E. Helms, 1981). Multiple regression analyses revealed that racial identity, cultural mistrust, and help-seeking attitudes significantly predicted preference for a Black counselor. Elevated cultural mistrust attitudes, low assimilation attitudes, and strong internalized Afrocentric attitudes significantly and uniquely predicted participants' preference for a Black counselor. The results are discussed with respect to individual differences within groups. Implications for counselors and counseling center directors regarding counselor-client race matching are discussed.

Field of study: Psychology
Leakage radiation from electron applicators on a medical accelerator.

The leakage characteristics of electron applicators on our Clinac 2500 linear accelerator have been measured. The leakage radiation in the patient plane and at the surface of the electron applicators has been measured for applicator sizes from 6 cm×6 cm to 25 cm×25 cm and beam energies from 6 to 22 MeV. For certain applicator/energy combinations the leakage radiation was significant. The leakage radiation, relative to the central axis dose, was found to be up to 7% in the patient plane and up to 39% at the applicator surface. Reducing the collimator setting or adding lead at select locations on the applicator surface was effective in reducing the magnitude of the radiation leakage.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Preparation of preferred oriented LiCoO2 thin films by soft solution processing

Binder free, thin-film LiCoO 2 electrodes are prepared by soft solution processing on cobalt and nickel substrates in a home-made solution containing lithium and cobalt ions. By controlling the current density of 0–5 mA/cm 2 , temperature of 100 °C, and time of 20 h, single-phase LiCoO 2 films are synthesized. The structure, chemical composition, and electrochemical activity are studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction pattern analysis (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and cyclic voltammetry (CV). The fabricated films exhibit a good crystallinity and a strong preferred orientation. For films on cobalt, grains are (003) oriented, while for films on nickel, the percentage of (101) oriented grains increase greatly.

Field of study: Materials science
Umlagerung der N‐(3‐Oxo‐1‐butenyl)‐Derivate von Hexahydrocyclohept[b]indol und Hexahydrocyclooct[b]indol

Die N-(3-Oxo-1-butenyl)-Derivate 1, 2 von Hexahydrocylcohept- und -oct[b]indol werden mit methanolischer Salzsaure zu 3a und 4a umgelagert. Auserdem entstehen 3b, 4b und 5. 3a und 4a werden durch Derivate charakterisiert (6, 7) sowie stereoselektiv zum gesattigten Keton 8a und den Allylalkoholen 9 und 10 reduziert. 8a liefert bei der Boranat-Reduktion die stereoisomeren Alkohole 8d und e, die auch bei der Hydrierung von 3a an Raney-Nickel entstehen und hinsichtlich Konfiguration und Konformation untersucht werden. Der Reaktionsverlauf wird erortert. 
 
 
 
Rearrangement of the N-(3-Oxo-1-butenyl) Derivatives of Hexahydrocyclohept[b]indole and Hexahydrocyclooct[b]indole 
 
 
 
The N-(3-oxo-1-butenyl) derivatives 1, 2 of hexahydrocyclohept- and-oct[b]indole are rearranged by methanolic hydrochloric acid to give 3a and 4a. Additionally, 3b, 4b, and 5 result. 3a and 4a are transformed into typical derivatives (6, 7) and stereoselectively reduced to the saturated ketone 8a as well as the allylic alcohols 9 and 10. On boranate reduction, 8a yields the stereoisomeric alcohols 8d and e which are also formed by hydrogenation of 3a with Raney nickel and are investigated with regard to their stereochemistry. The reaction pathway is discussed.

Field of study: Chemistry
[The cytotoxic activity of natural killer cells in patients with the first episode of endogenous psychosis (a comparative study of test methods)].

Authors studied the cytotoxic activity (CA) of natural killer cells (NK) in 16 schizophrenic patients, aged from 18 to 25 years, with the first episode of psychosis. A significant decrease in CA NK was found in the total group of patients compared to healthy controls that suggested the dysregulation of natural immunity at this stage of disease. The addition of serotonin to the cell culture in vitro in concentrations 10-9 M stimulated the NK activity while the elimination of monocytes resulted in the significant reduction of CA NK. The parallel use of two methods for assessment of CA NK (a radioactive method and an easy and safe method using multifunctional particle size analyzer Multisizer MS-4) revealed similar results.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Necessity and Feasibility of the Development of Risk Investment in China

Currently, the world is stepping into a knowledge economy era from the previous industrial economy era. So in this era promoting the industrialization of high-tech and the transformation from high-tech achievements to productive forces become the main task of social economy development in China.The industrialization of hi-tech achievements is an innovation process to input new technologies into the original economy system, which need large amount of funds. Risk investors find its deveoloping future and the profit opportunity in it and start investment with high risks. The rising, development, characteristics and usage of risk investment are illustrated in this article,and meanwhile the necessity and feasibility of the development of risk investment in China are studied.

Field of study: Education