nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Quantum deformations of the restriction of $GL_{mn}(\C)$-modules to $GL_m(\C) \times GL_n(\C)$

In this paper, we consider the restriction of finite dimensional $GL_{mn} (\C)$-modules to the subgroup ${GL_m (\C)\times GL_n (\C)}$. In particular, for a Weyl module $V_{\lambda} (\C^{mn})$ of $U_q(gl_{mn})$ we construct a representation $W_{\lambda}$ of $U_q (gl_m)\otimes U_q (gl_n)$ such that at $q=1$, the restriction of $V_{\lambda} (\C^{mn})$ to $U_1 (gl_m)\otimes U_1 (gl_n)$ matches its action on $W_{\lambda}$ at $q=1$. Thus $W_{\lambda}$ is a $q$-deformation of the module $V_{\lambda}$. This is achieved by first constructing a $U_q (gl_m)\otimes U_q (gl_n)$-module $\wedge^k $, a $q$-deformation of the simple $GL_{mn} (\C)$-module $\wedge^k (\C^{mn})$. We also construct the bi-crystal basis for $\wedge^k $ and show that it consists of signed subsets. Next, we develop $U_q (gl_m) \otimes U_q (gl_n)$-equivariant maps $\psi_{a,b} :\wedge^{a+1} \otimes \wedge^{b-1} \to \wedge^a \otimes \wedge^b$. This is used as the building block to construct the general $W_{\lambda}$.

Field of study: Mathematics
Role of dust fluxes in stimulating Ethmodiscus rex giant diatom blooms in the northwestern tropical Pacific during the Last Glacial Maximum

The strontium (Sr) and neodymium (Nd) isotope compositions and clay-mineral assemblages of the lithogenic fraction of sediments in the southern Mariana Trench together with major- and trace-elements concentrations of bulk sediments have been determined to trace the sediment provenance and investigate the relationship between Asian dust input and blooms of the giant diatom Ethmodiscus rex (E. rex). Enrichment of barium (Ba) in relative to upper continental crust (UCC) and low average Rb/K ratios in all study cores point to both hydrothermal and volcaniclastic inputs to the sediments. Both the Sr-Nd isotope compositions and the clay-mineral assemblages of the lithogenic fraction reflect a two-component mixing system consisting of Mariana arc volcaniclastics and Asian eolian dust. Decreases in smectite content and kaolinite/chlorite ratio and increases in illite content and illite/kaolinite ratio just preceding the formation of laminated diatom mats (LDMs) suggest changes in the source of the eolian dust from eastern Asian deserts (EADs) to central Asian deserts (CADs) at the onset of the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) which stimulated the blooming of E. rex giant diatom. These observations suggest a potential causal linkage among atmospheric circulation patterns, the sources of Asian eolian dust, and marine productivity. We postulate that intensified eolian dust input sourced from CADs may have played a greater role in promoting biological productivity in the oligotrophic northwestern tropical Pacific Ocean during the LGM than previously realized.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
The Epidemiology, Genetics and Future Management of Syndactyly

Syndactyly is a condition well documented in current literature due to it being the most common congenital hand defect, with a large aesthetic and functional significance. There are currently nine types of phenotypically diverse non-syndromic syndactyly, an increase since the original classification by Temtamy and McKusick(1978). Non-syndromic syndactyly is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait, although the more severe presenting types and sub types appear to have autosomal recessive and in some cases X-linked hereditary. Gene research has found that these phenotypes appear to not only be one gene specific, although having individual localised loci, but dependant on a wide range of genes and subsequent signalling pathways involved in limb formation. The principal genes so far defined to be involved in congenital syndactyly concern mainly the Zone of Polarizing Activity and Shh pathway. Research into the individual phenotypes appears to complicate classification as new genes are found both linked, and not linked, to each malformation. Consequently anatomical, phenotypical and genotypical classifications can be used, but are variable in significance, depending on the audience. Currently, management is surgical, with a technique unchanged for several decades, although future development will hopefully bring alternatives in both earlier diagnosis and gene manipulation for therapy.

Field of study: Medicine
Facilitated access to an integrated model of care for arthritis in an urban Aboriginal population.

To evaluate a model of care to improve arthritis detection and treatment in an urban Aboriginal population.



Cohort study.



The Elbow River Healing Lodge in Calgary, Alta.



A total of 26 participants with noninflammatory arthritis and 12 with inflammatory arthritis.



A monthly rheumatology clinic was embedded in the primary health care service and received referrals from primary care providers and allied health care professionals, or self-referrals. All participants had a standardized assessment to determine their diagnosis. Those with noninflammatory musculoskeletal conditions were returned to primary care management and those with inflammatory arthritis conditions were followed by the rheumatologist.



Accessibility, acceptability, effectiveness, and cultural safety were evaluated as measures of quality for the model of care.



Nearly all participants (87%) thought the services were very easy or easy to obtain, and overall satisfaction with the model of care was high (89% were very satisfied or satisfied). For inflammatory arthritis patients, the swollen and tender joint counts improved over time (both P < .01) and patient safety was assured. A high degree of cultural safety was provided, with 95% of participants responding that they did not perceive discrimination on the basis of race.



This model of care facilitated access for diagnosis and return to care of inflammatory arthritis conditions, and was acceptable to participants. This model of care removes the complexities of access to non-family physician specialty care while providing health care in a setting valued by Aboriginal patients.

Field of study: Medicine
Proceedings of the Tenth Annual Meeting, held at Montreal, Canada, December 28, 29, and 30, 1897

Session of Wednesday, December 28 The Society met in the railway committee-room of the House of Commons. President G. K. Gilbert presided during the several sessions of the meeting. At 10.20 a m the President called the Society to order and after a word of salutation introduced His Excellency, the Governor-General of Canada, Sir Frederick Arthur Stanley, who extended a hearty welcome to the Fellows of the Society. Science, he said, was cosmopolitan and did not admit of distinctions of race, creed or national boundary; as far as science was concerned, all were one brotherhood. He assured the visitors that they would be shown every hospitality while in the city. The President made reply to the welcome of His Excellency, referring in complimentary terms to Canadian hospitality. The Council report was read by the Secretary as follows: REPORT OF THE COUNCIL To the Fellows of the Geological Society of America, . . .

Field of study: Geology
Securing drinking water resources for a coastal city under global change: Scientific and institutional perspectives

Most urbanized coastal cities lack fresh water resources and rely on water supply from adjacent inland watersheds. Numerous threats, including global climate change and various human activities, affect both the quantity and quality of fresh water available. Here we carried out a case study of Xiamen, a coastal city in subtropical China. Long-term data analysis showed the increasing floods and droughts that are the expected main impacts of climate change on water quality and quantity. Increasing eutrophication and harmful algal blooms in recent decades threaten water quality in Jiangdong reservoir, which supplies raw water to Xiamen and other coastal areas. In addition to excessive manganese (Mn) in surface water, other potential threats to water quality and human health include various emerging contaminants; these threats have all been scientifically detected but are beyond the scope of routine water-monitoring programs. Based on lessons learned from water supply management initiatives currently in progress, we proposed a conceptual framework for “source-to-tap” integrated water management in an attempt to secure clean and safe water supply. Long-term monitoring and research, adaptive management and actions to reduce nutrients and other pollutants loading are vital to protect water sources, and measures to adapt to climate change should be considered to achieve these goals. Institutional enablers for transboundary and cross-sector management were also suggested: enacting integrated water policies, developing an ecological compensation policy, authorizing the management institution, improving the incentive mechanism of cross-border compensation and transfer payments considering environmental responsibility, and encouraging multiple-stakeholder involvement.

Field of study: Environmental science
The Development of Individualized Family Service Plans: Roles for Parents and Staff

This naturalistic study investigated the development of Individualized Family Service Plans (IFSPs) in three early intervention programs attempting to actively involve parents in the planning process. Nine IFSP meetings were videotaped, and the principal participants were interviewed. A category system was developed: the portions presented here focus on roles taken by parents and staff. We concluded that parents have attained partial decision-making power at these sites, but that greater attention to parent participation is needed in goal setting, assessment, and negotiation. Recommendations are made for examining program practices and for future research.

Field of study: Education
Intensity fluctuations of pulsed laser radiation during thermal self-interaction in a turbulent medium

Theoretical and experimental investigations are reported of the spatial spectra of intensity fluctuations of laser radiation propagating through an absorbing turbulent medium. It is shown that during propagation of spatially coherent radiation, thermal nonlinearity initially damps and then amplifies the intensity fluctuations. Deterioration of the coherence reduces both the relative intensity fluctuations and the nonlinear effects.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
A Study of the Relation of General Semantics and Creativity

THIS STUDY was designed to investigate the hy pothesis that the teaching of certain principles of general semantics would result in superior per formance on tests of two factors of creative ability, ideational fluency and spontaneous flexibility, in a selected sample of sixth grade children in Madison, Wisconsin. General semantics refers to the study of the na ture and problems of communication. Creative ability herein refers toacomplex of abilities which are not considered to be latent intel lectual powers or faculties nor taken to be essences in the Aristotelian sense of being predetermined. Rather, the position taken is that every person is born merely with certain generalized tendencies to wards activity, towards experimentation, inventive ness, and initiative. As these generalized activi ties are expressed, there is interaction with the en vironment. To the extent that the expression of these native activities has the consequence of bring ing about further activities such as increasing ex perimentation, initiative, and inventiveness, they may be said to become primary abilities which may be called creative. Ideational fluency refers to the rate at w hic h a person can think of ideas. Spontaneous flexibility refers to the ability to shift one's thinking rapidly.

Field of study: Education
Identification of a New Anthracnose of Camellia oleifera Based on Multiple-gene Phylogeny

Camellia oleifera anthracnose is one of the most important plant diseases in China. In order to further sdudy the anthracnose, samples of diseased leaves were collected form Fenyi, Jiangxi and Chengmai, Hainan.Three strians different from other strains which could infect the leaves were obotained. Their colonies on PDA media were round with color from creamy to aurantiacus, and the mycelium growing speed was 10.8-11.3 mm/d;The appressorium from the mycelia was round, puce to sepia, neat edges,(5.3±0.9)μm×(16.1±1.1)μm sized; The conidial spores were pink first then appeared to black spore balls,(14.5 ±2.5)μm×(5.6±1.6)μm sized. The multigene phylogenetic tree system showed that the 3 pathogenic strains and the typestrain of Colletotrichum boninense clustered into one clade, the confidence level was 100%. Utilizing morphology and multi-gene analysis to indentify the pathogens, the results indicated that they belonged to C. boninense and they were a new recorded anthrax pathogen which could infect C. oleifera.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Self-aligned nanoscale SQUID on a tip.

A nanometer-sized superconducting quantum interference device (nanoSQUID) is fabricated on the apex of a sharp quartz tip and integrated into a scanning SQUID microscope. A simple self-aligned fabrication method results in nanoSQUIDs with diameters down to 100 nm with no lithographic processing. An aluminum nanoSQUID with an effective area of 0.034 microm2 displays flux sensitivity of 1.8 x 10(-6) Phi(0)/Hz(1/2) and operates in fields as high as 0.6 T. With projected spin sensitivity of 65 micro(B)/Hz(1/2) and high bandwidth, the SQUID on a tip is a highly promising probe for nanoscale magnetic imaging and spectroscopy.

Field of study: Physics
The Depth–Width Correlation for Shrinkage-Induced Cracks and Its Influence on Chloride Diffusion into Concrete

This study examined the depth–width correlation of actual shrinkage-induced cracks and its influence on the diffusion properties of concrete. An experimental setup of restrained slabs was utilized to induce the shrinkage cracks, and the geometry characteristics were quantified with image analysis technology. The results indicated the depth–width scaling λ of shrinkage cracks increases with crack width and was almost constant when the crack width was approximately 0.3 mm or more, and the tip angle of shrinkage cracks is about 1–2 degrees. The diffusion coefficients of concretes were measured by a conductivity test method. A series-parallel composite model with λ was devised to evaluate the diffusivity of shrinking cracked concrete. It was shown that the equivalent diffusion coefficient depended greatly on the crack depth instead of the crack width, and it was found to be a nonlinear relationship versus the width combining with λ. The diffusion coefficient of the crack Dcr was correlated to both crack width and λ, and increased with crack width. When the crack width is higher than 0.2 mm Dcr becomes constant, where the value obtained was 87% of the diffusion coefficient in free solution.

Field of study: Materials science
Effects of environmental variables on Magellanic penguin (Spheniscus magellanicus) strandings in southeastern Brazil

The species Spheniscus magellanicus, popularly known as the Magellanic penguin, is the most common penguin species in the Brazilian coast. Its strandings are related to several causes, ranging from fishing interaction, diseases, anthropic pressures, to the occurrence of storms and extreme weather events. These different phenomena can affect the species’ search for food, their physical conditioning and survival, and can lead individuals to death. The objective of the present study is to evaluate the effects of environmental variables on the strandings of Magellanic penguins that occurred at Ilha Comprida, in the southern coast of Sao Paulo State, Brazil, between 1998 and 2016. Strandings data were collected at the monthly frequency using beach monitoring techniques. Monthly averages of the environmental variables wave height (WH), sea level pressure (SLP), wind intensity (WI) and sea surface temperature (SST) were also obtained from various sources. The methodology applied here consisted of a preliminary correlation analysis and a subsequent multiple regression analysis using Generalized Linear Models (GLM) with binomial distribution. The results demonstrated that there is a relationship between the combined effect of the increase in SLP and the decrease in SST with the number of strandings. The strandings, as expected, were also associated with the migratory period of the species and their occurrence in the study area. The results provided new knowledge about the factors, mainly non-anthropogenic, that can lead to the stranding of Magellanic penguins on the study area, contributing to future initiatives for animal conservation and preservation.

Field of study: Environmental science
Synthesis of spiro derivatives of 1,2,3-triazolo[5,1-b][1,3,4]thiadiazines and biological activity thereof

3-Cyclopentylidene(cyclohexylidene)amino-3H-1,2,3-triazole-4-thiolates, formed via Dimroth rearrangement of 1,2,3-thiadiazolylhydrazones of cyclopentanone and cyclohexanone in the presence of triethylamine, reacted in situ with α-bromoacetophenones with the formation of spirocyclic 6,7-dihydro-5H-[1,2,3]triazolo[5,1-b][1,3,4]thiadiazines. The effect of the obtained compounds on the viability and proliferative activity of four lines of cell cultures was studied. The selective proliferative activity was determined.

Field of study: Chemistry
Distinguishing between Privacy and Security Concerns: An Empirical Examination and Scale Validation

Even though privacy concerns (PC) and security concerns (SC) are acknowledged as separate constructs, many studies argue that they are related or, even worse, confused. Building upon the non-overlapping SC and PC dimensions, we propose an Internet Users Information Transmission Security Concern (IUITSC) scale. We argue that the scale when used in conjunction with the PC scale would cover the entire gamut of SCs and PCs (SC–PC). The construct is tested in a nomological network of personality and trust. The article first develops the theoretical foundation for multiple factor structures including various first-order factor models as well as the second-order factor model. The results, based on extensive statistical tests and nomological examination, suggest that the IUITSC may be represented as a second-order construct comprising of authentication, confidentiality, integrity, and non-repudiation. We argue that information assurance is the common theme that ties these constructs into a higher order IUITSC construct.

Field of study: Computer science
Model categories structures from rigid objects in exact categories

Let $\mathcal{E}$ be a weakly idempotent complete exact category with enough injective and projective objects. Assume that $\mathcal{M} \subseteq \mathcal{E}$ is a rigid, contravariantly finite subcategory of $\mathcal{E}$ containing all the injective and projective objects, and stable under taking direct sums and summands. In this paper, $\mathcal{E}$ is equipped with the structure of a prefibration category with cofibrant replacements. As a corollary, we show, using the results of Demonet and Liu in \cite{DL}, that the category of finite presentation modules on the costable category $\overline{\mathcal{M}}$ is a localization of $\mathcal{E}$. We also deduce that $\mathcal{E} \to \mathrm{mod}\overline{\mathcal{M}}$ admits a calculus of fractions up to homotopy. These two corollaries are analogues for exact categories of results of Buan and Marsh in \cite{BM2}, \cite{BM1} (see also \cite{Be}) that hold for triangulated categories. 
If $\mathcal{E}$ is a Frobenius exact category, we enhance its structure of prefibration category to the structure of a model category (see the article of Palu in \cite{Palu} for the case of triangulated categories). This last result applies in particular when $\mathcal{E}$ is any of the Hom-finite Frobenius categories appearing in relation to cluster algebras.

Field of study: Mathematics
GLUT1 glucose transporter: differential gene transcription and mRNA binding to cytosolic and polysome proteins in brain and peripheral tissues.

The ratio of GLUT1 mRNA to actin mRNA in brain was 6- to 13- fold greater than the corresponding ratio in spleen, lung, testis, heart, and skeletal muscle in the rat. However, the ratio of GLUT1 transcription rate to actin transcription rate is comparable in brain and the five other organs. Organ extracts were fractionated into cytosol and polysomes, and ultraviolet light cross-linking studies were performed with these proteins and 32P-labeled GLUT1 mRNA containing the 3'-untranslated region (UTR) generated from transcription plasmids. The cytosol of brain, lung, spleen, C6 glioma cells in tissue culture, and freshly isolated bovine brain capillaries express a pair of 95 kDa and 74 kDa proteins, designated collectively as p88, and the polysome fraction of brain, testis, or C6 glioma cells express a 44-kDa protein, designated p44. In a middle cerebral artery occlusion model, brain cytosol p88 was up-regulated and p44 was down-regulated. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that GLUT1 gene expression is subject to regulation at the post-transcriptional level.

Field of study: Biology
Shoot and root physiological responses to localized zones of soil moisture in cultivated and wild lettuce (Lactuca spp.)

Cultivated crisphead lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) has a shallower root system than its wild relative, Lactuca serriola L. The effects of localized soil water, at depth, on plant water relations, gas exchange and root distribution were examined in the two species using soil columns with the soil hydraulic-ally separated into two layers, at (0–20 cm and 20–81) cm, but permitting root growth between the layers. Three treatments were imposed on 7-week-old plants, and maintained for 4 weeks: (i) watering, both layers to field capacity; (ii) drying the upper layer while watering the lower layer to field capacity, and (iii) drying both layers. 
 
Drying only 0–20 cm of soil had no effect on leaf water status, net photosynthesis, stomatal conductance or biomass production in L. serriola compared to a well-watered control, but caused a short-term reduction (10 d) in leaf water status and photosynthesis in L. sativa that reduced final shoot production. The different responses may be explained by differences in root distribution. Just before the treatments commenced, L. serriola had 50% of total root length at 20–80 cm compared to 35% in L. sativa. Allocation of total biomass to roots in L. serriola was approximately double that in L. sativa. The wild species could provide germplasm for cultivated lettuces to extract more soil water from depth, which may improve irrigation efficiency.

Field of study: Environmental science