nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Bursty traffic over CDMA: predictive MAI temporal structure, rate control and admission control

We study data communications for the downlink in code-division-multiple-access (CDMA) networks. The focus of this paper is to exploit the predictive temporal structure of the multi-access interference (MAI) for adaptive resource allocation, particularly for rate control and admission control. We also investigate the impact of fading and traffic burstiness on the system performance. We first present our result that when the input data traffic corresponds to multiple ON-OFF heavy tailed sources, the MAI process is asymptotically self-similar (with Hurst parameter 1/2 < H < 1). Thus the MAI has a non-trivial predictive temporal structure that enables accurate interference prediction. We exploit the predictive MAI structure to construct a multiple time-scale interference predictor. Rate adaptation is carried out based on the predicted interference level. Our numerical results show that this rate control scheme achieves significantly better performance than that using the packet-level MAI prediction only. We also devise a joint rate control and admission control scheme. To this end, we propose a sliding observation window scheme that has a two-tier flavor: Each observation window is divided into many time slots, rate control based on the interference prediction is conducted in each slot, and the corresponding throughput in the observation window is used for admission control accordingly.

Field of study: Computer science
Effect of acute ethanol administration on diamine oxidase activity in the upper gastrointestinal tract of rat.

The effect of a single dose (2 g/kg, body weight) of ethanol on diamine oxidase activity of the upper gastrointestinal tract was studied in fasted rats. Ethanol given by gastric intubation as a 10%, 20%, or 40% solution caused an early and transient increase in diamine oxidase activity in gastroduodenal fluid that was concentration-dependent. The 20% ethanol solution caused, at 3 and 6 hr, a diminution of enzyme activity in the wall of the stomach and duodenum, but not in that of the jejunum. Diamine oxidase activity in the gastroduodenal tract returned to control values at 12 hr, when ethanol had disappeared from the blood. The plasma enzyme activity diminished, starting from the first hour. The same dose of ethanol administered intravenously caused diminutions in diamine oxidase activity in the stomach and duodenum similar to those observed after gastric intubation. The enzyme decrease in the stomach and duodenum was not correlated with the gastroduodenal or blood ethanol levels. Pretreatment with pyrazole, an inhibitor of ethanol metabolism, prevented the ethanol-induced decrease in gastroduodenal enzyme activity, thus suggesting that this diminution was principally a consequence of ethanol oxidation. These results indicate that ethanol modifies in the gastroduodenal tract the activity of diamine oxidase the enzyme which regulates the physiologic activity of histamine in gastric secretion and oxidizes the toxic diamines of dietary and bacterial origin.

Field of study: Medicine
Momentum-kick model application to high multiplicity pp collisions at $\sqrt{s}=13\,\mathrm{TeV}$ at the LHC

In this study, the momentum-kick model is used to understand the ridge behaviours in dihadron $\Delta\eta$--$\Delta\varphi$ correlations recently reported by the LHC in high-multiplicity proton-proton (pp) collisions. The kick stand model is based on a momentum kick by leading jets to partons in the medium close to the leading jets. The medium where partons move freely is assumed in the model regardless of collision systems. This helps us apply the method to small systems like pp collisions in a simple way. Also, the momentum transfer is purely kinematic and this provides us a strong way to approach the ridge behaviour analytically. There are already several results with this approach in high-energy heavy-ion collisions from the STAR and PHENIX at RHIC and from the CMS at LHC. The momentum-kick model is extended to the recent ridge results in high-multiplicity pp collisions with the ATLAS and CMS at LHC. The medium property in high-multiplicity pp collisions is diagnosed with the result of the model.

Field of study: Physics
Predicting integrated thermal and acoustic performance in naturally ventilated high-rise buildings using CFD and FEM simulation

The study of ventilation windows for both natural ventilation and noise mitigation has drawn significant attention recently. This paper presents the numerical approaches to analyse the integrated thermal and acoustical performance of ventilation windows, for a residential building in tropical climate which employs double-layer noise mitigation window for natural ventilation. Given a set of outdoor wind conditions, the distributions of indoor flow and temperature fields are simulated using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model. The thermal comfort is evaluated using statistical Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) method. For the acoustic performance, noise radiation from road traffic is assumed as the noise source, and the sound insulation of building façade is simulated using Finite Element Method (FEM). From the simulation results, it is found that the thermal satisfaction response is closely related to the inlet wind temperature and speed, and the window opening size greatly affects the ventilation performance. From the case study in Singapore, during certain season, day/night time and with sufficient wind flow, the ventilation window can provide enough fresh air, maintain adequate thermal comfort and quiet acoustic environment for the occupants. The numerical approaches presented in this paper are applicable to general window design studies, and the simulation findings can be incorporated into green building planning. The advantages of using simulation approaches are highlighted and their limitations are discussed.

Field of study: Engineering
The Impact of Power Structures on Supply Chain Enterprises with Carbon Emission Reduction Decisions

This paper focuses on analyzing the impact of power structures of supply chain enterprises on their carbon emission reduction decisions. First, three game models (Nash, Manufacturer Stackelberg and Retailer Stackelberg) are constructed according to members’ different bargaining power, respectively. Then, the optimal carbon emission reduction decisions and profits of supply chain enterprises in different game models are solved and compared. The research results show that supply chain enterprises have the lowest carbon emission reduction rate in Nash game, and their corresponding profits are the least. As for Stackelberg game, the carbon emission reduction rate as a leader is greater than that as a follower, but the profit as a leader is less than that as a follower. The total profit of the entire supply chain system in Manufacturer Stackelberg model is always greater than that in Retailer Stackelberg model.

Field of study: Business
Honey Dressing in Managing Malignant Fungating Wound: A Case Report

Honey dressing has been used to treat wounds since thousand years ago, however, it has been vanished of it usage on wounds management. Lately, it resurfaces again and has been used widely by clinicians in managing hard-to-heal ulcers. With the extensive study and research been carried out by scientists, a better understanding on the usage in managing non-healing ulcers has been widely accepted nowadays. 
Keywords: medical grade honey, therapeutic honey, malignant fungating wounds, enzymatic debridement

Field of study: Medicine
Standards of Multimedia Graphic Design in Education

This study aims to determine Standards of Multimedia Graphic Design in Education through the analysis of the theoretical basis and previous studies related to this subject. This study has identified the list of standards of Multimedia, Graphic Design, each of which has a set indicator through which the quality of Multimedia can be evaluated in education. These course standards are: General Standards, Standards for using colors, Printed text, Illustrations and photographs, Cartoons, Video clips, using vocal sound, Sound effects and Music.

Field of study: Education
'Factual Causation' and 'Scope of Liability': What's the Difference?

According to a dominant view, for the negligent defendant to be held liable for the plaintiff’s harm the plaintiff must establish first, that the breach was the ‘factual cause’ of the harm, and second, that the harm is within the ‘scope of liability.’ On this view, factual causation is purely factual, while scope of liability is normative and non-causal. This article accepts the basic two-step approach, but argues that the distinction is overstated. A close analysis of the principles shows that factual causation may require value judgment, and that scope of liability often involves an assessment of the strength and nature of the causal connection between breach and harm.

Field of study: Law
Identifying Extract Class refactoring opportunities using structural and semantic cohesion measures

Approaches for improving class cohesion identify refactoring opportunities using metrics that capture structural relationships between the methods of a class, e.g., attribute references. Semantic metrics, e.g., C3 metric, have also been proposed to measure class cohesion, as they seem to complement structural metrics. However, until now semantic relationships between methods have not been used to identify refactoring opportunities. In this paper we propose an Extract Class refactoring method based on graph theory that exploits structural and semantic relationships between methods. The empirical evaluation of the proposed approach highlighted the benefits provided by the combination of semantic and structural measures and the potential usefulness of the proposed method as a feature for software development environments.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Geothermal evolution of the evaporite-bearing sequences of the Lesser Himalaya, India

Neoproterozoic evaporites occurring in the western part of the Lesser Himalaya in India, coeval to Pakistan, Iran and Oman evaporites, were investigated in order to understand the degree of metamorphism in them and in associated carbonates. The evaporite-bearing succession occurs in association of phyllite, quartzite and carbonate near the Main boundary Thrust. In order to learn the details about the burial history of these evaporite rocks, the Kübler illite crystallinity index (KI) was measured from the illite peaks of the clay minerals separated from the evaporite rocks and it indicated that this section has reached a maximum temperature up to ~300°C. Microthermometric measurements on fluid inclusions present in the associated dolomite show range of homogenization temperatures (Th), from 220 to 280°C, well within the temperature range of anchizone metamorphism. Additionally, dolomite shows a highly negative δ18O signature (mean, ), which is more likely related to diagenetic overprint from deep burial conditions rather than original precipitation from 18O-depleted seawater. The evaporites (sulfates and chloride) probably were transformed many times after their precipitation, but they have retained only the features developed during last one or two phases of alteration and deformation as they are continuously susceptible to minor changes in temperatures and stresses. The final temperature range of 42–78°C in sulfates and chloride gives thermal approximation estimate that is not in concordance with the thermal history of the basin and are likely related to conversion of anhydrite into gypsum and recrystallization of halite during exhumation. Highly negative oxygen isotopic composition, homogenization temperatures and KI values equivalent to a high anchizone metamorphism suggest a burial depth of ~10 km for these terminal Neoproterozoic evaporite-bearing sequences of the Lesser Himalaya.

Field of study: Environmental science
SYNTHETIC STUDIES OF CARBOHYDRATE DERIVATIVES WITH PHOTOCHEMICAL REACTION. IV. PHOTOCHEMICAL ADDITION REACTION OF SECONDARY ALCOHOLS TO METHYL 4,6-DI-O-ACETYL-2,3-DIDEOXY-α-D-erythro-HEX-2-ENOPYRANOSIDE

Photochemical addition reaction of 2-propanol to methyl 4,6-di-O-acetyl-2,3-dideoxy-α-D-erythro-hex-2-enopyranoside was found to give methyl 4,6-di-O-acetyl-2,3-dideoxy-2-C-(1-hydroxy-1-methylethyl)-α-D-erythro-D-glycero-hexopyranoside in 66% yield. A series of secondary alcohols were also found to give such addition products in the photochemical reaction.

Field of study: Chemistry
Unraveling the importance of rice fields for waterbird populations in Europe

Rice fields are an alternative habitat for waterbirds and provide food and shelter for many avian species, but there is a lack of information about how the use of rice fields translates into population level effects. The aim of this study was to test the relationship between the use of rice fields by European waterbirds and trends in their populations. We tested this relationship during the autumn migration season and during the breeding season. Based on counts conducted over the last 23 years in natural marshes and areas of rice fields in Doñana (SW Spain), an index of rice field use was constructed for 76 bird species, which was then compared to these species’ European population trends obtained from the literature. A positive relationship was found between waterbird population trends and the use of rice fields during autumn migration season. Our study suggests that changes in the Common Agriculture Policy in Europe leading to reductions in areas of rice cultivation may have important effects on waterbirds. The restoration of former marsh areas and the maintenance of rice cultivation would seem to be more environmentally friendly approaches than the use of these areas to grow alternative crops or solar farms.

Field of study: Environmental science
Production and characterization of monoclonal antibodies against guinea pig tracheal mucins.

Thirty-five hybridomas that secrete mouse monoclonal antibodies (MAb) against guinea pig (G.P.) tracheal mucins were established. The MAbs were characterized immunologically, biochemically, and immunohistochemically at both light and electron microscopic levels. Isotyping of the MAbs revealed 14 to be IgM, 13 IgG1, 3 IgG2, and 5 IgG3. The MAbs demonstrated various patterns of binding in immunoblots against mucins derived from G.P. tracheal explants. This suggested the presence of "subpopulations" of G.P. tracheal mucins with specific MAbs binding to different epitopes on the mucin molecules. Periodate oxidation indicated that 33 of the 35 MAbs recognized carbohydrate epitopes on the mucin molecules. Ten of the MAbs also reacted with both bovine and ferret tracheal mucins, while 7 and 6 MAbs bound only to bovine and ferret tracheal mucins, respectively. The generated MAbs should be useful for immunomeasurement of mucin secretion in vivo (e.g., in bronchoalveolar or airway lavage fluid) and in vitro (e.g., cell and organ cultures) from cells of guinea pig and (with certain MAbs) bovine and ferret origin.

Field of study: Biology
Quantum Monte Carlo calculation for the neutron-rich Ca isotopes

We computed ground-state energies of calcium isotopes from 42Ca to 48Ca by means of the Auxiliary Field Diffusion Monte Carlo (AFDMC) method. Calculations were performed by replacing the 40Ca core with a mean-field self-consistent potential computed using the Skyrme interaction. The energy of the external neutrons is calculated by projecting the ground state from a wave function built with the single-particle orbitals computed in the self-consistent external potential. The shells considered were the 1F7/2 and the 1F5/2 . The Hamiltonian employed is semi-realistic and includes tensor, spin-orbit and three-body forces. While absolute binding energies are too deep if compared with experimental data, the differences between the energies for nearly all isotopes are in very good agreement with the experimental data.

Field of study: Physics
Numerical Simulation on Effect of Filler Material on Q345/2Cr13 Dissimilar Steel Welding

Based on the welding expert numerical simulation SYSWELD,using different filler material,numerical simulation welding between Q345 low alloy steel and 2Cr13 stainless steel was carried out under different welding temperature field and residual stress.The research results show that,the effect for welding temperature field is not obvious by using different filler material,for residual stress distribution is prominent.The measuring welding thermal cycle and the simulation.

Field of study: Materials science
Dissection of hot issues about Wushu education in 30 years of reform and opening

The course of development of Wushu education in 30 years of reform and opening can be in general divided into the following periods: 1) 1978-1989: extensive discussion about the ideology for Wushu education,which played a role in freeing our minds and retrospecting Wushu;2) 1990-1999: comprehensive popularization of Wushu in scholastic education,in this period the cultural connotation and teaching of Wushu as well as the establishment of the disciplinary system of Wushu had become the focal point of attention of the academic community;3) since the beginning of the new century,scholars have gradually shifted their attention from the study of the history of Wushu education to the study of the cultural and educational values,educational reform and educational system of Wushu.It is the ever increasing perfection and development of Wushu education that went through such a course of development.However,for the following reasons we are not optimistic about the study of Wushu education in 30 years: the study of basic theories is not profound;the scale of the study of application theories is small;the research forms and methods are undiversified;the trans-discipline and trans-area researches are less than other disciplines.Via their study the authors concluded that expanding the range of study of Wushu education and focusing on diversified research forms and methods will be come a new trend for the study of Wushu education in the future.

Field of study: Education
The Persistence and Market Reaction of R&D Investment

The study investigates the value relevance of R&D investment and the reactions of investors in Korean stock markets over the period of 2001-2008. This paper examines whether R&D investment is associated with equity value and whether the information of R&D investment is truly reflected on the Korean stock markets. Consistent with the hypothesis and prior researches, the empirical results of this paper documents that R&D investment is significantly related to the market value of equity and Korean investors quickly recognize the implication of R&D investment information.

Field of study: Business
Extending Representations of sl(2) to Witt and Virasoro algebras

We study when an sl(2)-representation extends to a representation of the Witt and Virasoro algebras. We give a criterion for extendability and apply it to certain classes of weight sl(2)-modules. For all simple weight sl(2)-modules and those in any of the abelian Krull-Schmidt categories of weight modules whose unique simple object is a dense module, we fully characterize which ones admit extensions, and we obtain explicit expressions for all of them. We also give partial results in the same direction for the abelian categories of weight modules which have two and three simple objects.

Field of study: Mathematics
Applying Psychological Capital to Senior Management Development: A “Must” and Not “Nice to Have”

The purpose of this viewpoint is to describe the necessity to use psychological capital (which includes the attributes of self-efficacy, optimism, hope and resiliency) in order to develop managers, especially senior ones.

The viewpoint includes an example of optional steps of micro-intervention for senior management. In the 21st-century VUCA world, managers need to invest in processes that strengthen their resistance to psychological pressures and negative outcomes, while enabling them to cope with confidence with instability, volatility and uncertainty. In this regard, Psychological Capital (PsyCap) can and will contribute to significant changes for the better in managers and organizations as a whole. This viewpoint offers a relatively new view for developing senior managers.

Field of study: Business
Potential Role of Estrogen Metabolite 2-Methoxyestradiol in Health and Disease

Methoxyestradiol (2-ME2) is an endogenous metabolite of 17β-estradiol (E2) that was originally thought to be an inert end product of estrogen metabolism. However, studies con ducted over the past two decades have shown 2-ME2 to be a pro- mising anticancer agent. Reports suggest that 2-ME2 directly influences tumor growth through mechanisms which reduce cell proliferation or induce apoptosis as well as through the inhibition of angiogenesis. Incidentally, 2-ME2 as an anticancer agent has poor bioavailability, and this has led to the development of several analogs and derivatives, which currently have had limited success. Thus, it is imperative that we re-evaluate our understanding of 2-ME2-mediated effects in order to innovatively derive, or generate, more efficacious cancer treatment options. In this review, the roles of 2-ME2 in cancer as well as the highly variable mechanisms of action reported for this metabolite are discussed.

Field of study: Medicine
Two parallel distribution algorithms for convex constrained minimization problems

A parallel gradient distribution (PGD) approach for minimizing a nonsmooth convex function on a block-separable convex set X of R n and a parallel variable distribution (PVD) approach for minimizing a nonsmooth convex function on an inseparable closed convex set X of R n are presented, which are constructed by using the Moreau–Yosida regularization of the convex functions. The convergence analysis for the two approaches is given as well.

Field of study: Mathematics
Design and Realization of the National Territory Resources Web Office System based MAPGIS Work-Flow

Firstly, the article introduces the work-flow model based MAPGIS system in brief, and then puts forward the design of Web office system based MAPGIS work-flow. Joining together town cadastre management system, the huge and complicated system of National territory resources management system, at last, we give out part diagram of Heng Yang City National territory resources office system which we make use of this scheme to realize.

Field of study: Computer science
Evaluating the State of a Field: Effect Size Reporting in Gifted Education

The authors examined the use of effect sizes across an entire field, satisfying a goal J. Cohen (1997) suggested. They analyzed the extent to which researchers had reported effect sizes in the 5 major journals on gifted education between 1996 and 2005 and compiled data on the types of manuscripts published, whether researchers reported effect sizes when appropriate, and which effect size measures they reported. The authors analyzed 2 time periods, hypothesizing that the latter period would show greater incidence of effect size reporting due to researchers' and professional organizations' increasing calls for their use. The observed increase in reporting effect sizes was limited. The authors recommend that journal editors adopt a policy requiring effect size reporting where appropriate.

Field of study: Education
Resemblance nominalism and abstract nouns

This is a reply to Byeong-Uk Yi who argued that my Resemblance Nominalism fails to account for sentences featuring abstract nouns like (1) Carmine resembles vermillion more than it resembles French Blue and (2) Scarlet is a colour. I accept his criticism of what I said in my book on Resemblance Nominalism about (1), but then I go on to show how (1) can be accounted for. I reject his criticism of what I said in my book about (2). I also show how Resemblance Nominalism can account for other sentences featuring abstract nouns.

Field of study: Philosophy