nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
‘We just thought everyone else is going so we might as well’: middle-class parenting and franchised baby/toddler swimming

In this paper, we examine the continual and rapid growth of privatised baby/toddler swimming franchises (birth to 4 years) as part of a wider trend and market growth of baby/toddler sports, for example, Rugby Tots, Baby Ballet, and Little Kickers (football). Throughout the paper, we apply Bourdieu’s concepts of capital and habitus to understand parents’ motivations for taking their baby/toddler to organised swimming classes. These sporting activities are expensive for parents with each session costing between £6-20 for a baby/toddler to participate which means that only parents with economic capital can afford to consume these activities. Our findings suggest that consuming these activities reflect views on good parenting, support the development of physical and social capital and forms of family class distinction which start in the early years. We argue this is significant as such early formative experiences support the development of leisure and sporting habitus which have value and may influence future leisure choices and opportunities.

Field of study: Sociology
Immunomodulating effects of methionine enkephalin.

Methionine enkephalin (Met-Enk), the endogenous neuropeptide, is suggested to be involved in the regulatory loop between immune and neuroendocrine systems. Our studies showed that Met-Enk over a wide range of concentrations increased interleukin-1 (IL-1) production from mouse peritoneal macrophages induced by lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and naloxone did not block the enhancing effect. Met-Enk promoted the proliferation of mouse splenocyte and the production of IL-2 and IL-6 in a dose-dependent manner. The up-regulating effects of IL-2 and IL-6 not only augmented their mRNA transcription but also increased their stability. Thus Met-Enk appears to be an important immunomodulatory signaling molecule to exert regulatory actions concerned with the expressing of pre-inflammatory cytokines.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Validity of the hangover symptoms scale: evidence from an electronic diary study.

The Hangover Symptoms Scale (HSS) assesses the frequency of 13 symptoms experienced after drinking in the past year. Cross-sectional analyses in college drinkers showed preliminary evidence for the validity of the HSS (Slutske et al., 2003). The current investigation extended this work by examining the construct validity of the HSS in an ecological momentary assessment investigation.



Frequent drinkers (N = 404) carried electronic diaries to track their daily experiences over 3 weeks. Each morning, the diary assessed prior-night drinking behaviors, the presence of current hangover, and intensity of current headache and nausea.



Adjusting for sex and body mass, the HSS significantly predicted diary endorsement of hangover (OR = 2.11, 95% CI = 1.78 to 2.49, p < 0.001). Participants who endorsed the HSS headache and nausea items were especially likely to report the elevations of corresponding symptoms in diary records made the morning after drinking. HSS scores incrementally predicted hangover when the number of drinks consumed in the episode was covaried but did not moderate the relationship between the number of drinks and diary hangover reports.



The HSS appears to be a valid tool for hangover research. Higher HSS scores identify individuals who complain of "real world" hangovers and who may be especially likely to display particular symptoms after a night of drinking. Past hangovers predicted future hangovers, suggesting hangovers do not necessarily discourage or inhibit future drinking, at least across the several-week time interval studied here. There is a need to develop and evaluate complementary measures that can more directly index individual differences in hangover susceptibility in survey designs.

Field of study: Medicine
A rapid hydroclimate change and its influence on the Songliao Basin during the Santonian-Campanian transition as recorded by compound-specific isotopes

Reconstruction of the paleoclimate and paleoenvironment of the Songliao Basin has important theoretical and practical significance to reveal the regional continental climate characteristics and continental organic matter accumulation under the Cretaceous greenhouse climate conditions. Here, we report the composition of biomarkers and the stable carbon and hydrogen isotope compositions of n-alkanes from Nenjiang Formation sediments in the Songliao Basin, which provide information on the source of organisms, paleoenvironmental conditions, and paleoclimate changes during the Late Cretaceous. Our hydrogen isotope records of n-alkanes displayed a significantly negative shift, indicating that a dramatically wet climate occurred during the Santonian-Campanian transition. A wet climate, such as that during a prolonged rainfall event, had a significant impact on the lake and resulted in the lake level increasing and the salinity decreasing in the surface water during this period. However, the freshwater input increased the salinity difference between the upper and lower water layers, which caused stable water stratification to occur in the lake. In addition, the high total organic carbon (TOC) content indicates high primary productivity because of increased precipitation carrying more terrigenous nutrients into the lake, which resulted in eutrophication during this period. Notably, the increased aryl isoprenoid ratios and the occurrence of isorenieratane indicates that photic zone euxinia (PZE) was enhanced during the Santonian-Campanian transition, which was possibly due to the dramatic change in the hydroclimate. We speculate that the large freshwater input promoted the formation of PZE in the lake. Then, PZE restricted the habitat available for aerobic organisms, which had fatal effects on the lake ecosystem.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
High-energy quasiparticle injection into mesoscopic superconductors

At non-zero temperatures, superconductors contain excitations known as Bogoliubov quasiparticles (QPs). The mesoscopic dynamics of QPs inform the design of quantum information processors, among other devices. Knowledge of these dynamics stems from experiments in which QPs are injected in a controlled fashion, typically at energies comparable to the pairing energy1–5. Here we perform tunnel spectroscopy of a mesoscopic superconductor under high electric fields. We observe QP injection due to field-emitted electrons with 106 times the pairing energy, an unexplored regime of QP dynamics. Upon application of a gate voltage, the QP injection decreases the critical current and, at sufficiently high electric field, a field-emission current (<0.1 nA in our device) switches the mesoscopic superconductor into the normal state, consistent with earlier observations6. We expect that high-energy injection will be useful for developing QP-tolerant quantum information processors, will allow rapid control of resonator quality factors and will enable the design of electric-field-controlled superconducting devices with new functionality. Typically, quasiparticles are injected into superconductors at energies comparable to the pairing energy in order to gain insights into quasiparticle dynamics. Tunnelling spectroscopy of a mesoscopic superconductor under high electric field now provides insights into a regime where electrons impinge with 106 times the pairing energy.

Field of study: Physics
Mineralization of phenanthrene and fluoranthene in yardwaste compost.

The purpose of the study was to evaluate the potential of phenanthrene and fluoranthene biodegradation in yardwaste compost materials. These polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons were chosen for this work because they are relatively readily biodegradable and ubiquitous in the environment. Compost samples were incubated in biometers with 14C-labeled phenanthrene and the evolution of "4CO2 was assessed as a measure of mineralization. The '4CO2 evolution varied widely among replicate biometers, possibly as the result of (1) uneven and patchy colonization of phenanthrene-degrading microorganisms on compost particles, and (2) non-uniform dispersion of the labeled substrate spike into the yardwaste microenvironment. Mineralization of phenanthrene reached about 40%extent of 14CO2 evolution at best before leveling off, but the maximum varied from sample to sample and could be as low as 1%after three months. Active mineralization occurred at mesophilic and thermophilic temperatures. Methanol extraction was used to recover "4C from biometer samples that were spiked with "4C-labeled phenanthrene. Extraction for 24-48 h yielded 1-14% recovery of 14C, depending on the length of the preceding incubation. The low extraction yield and relatively low maximum mineralization(<40%) indicated that residual phenanthrene was sorbed and bound within the compost matrix in the biometer. Amendment ofbiometers with 0.05% Tween 80 or addition of water did not consistently enhance the mineralization. Variability in mineralization was greatly reduced in liquid samples taken from pre-enriched compost samples. Mineralization of 14C-labeled fluoranthene was negligible in biometers but could be stimulated by pre-enrichment with salicylate or naphthalene. Pre-enrichment also accelerated the mineralization of phenanthrene.

Field of study: Environmental science
DAMP RESEARCH ON THE DAMAGE BASED STRUCTURE FEM MODELING

This paper studies the damping problems in damage based structure FEM modeling. Damping damage is proposed to formulize the damping variation when damages occurr. The accompanying damping damage and the original damping damage are defined. Several damage modeling methods are investigated to evaluate its performance in damping damage modeling. Comparison of these methods is given by numerical studies. Moreover, the effect of local stiffness damages upon the local damping properties, vibration energy distribution, and the behaviors of damp dissipation of structures are investigated separately. It is suggested that the stiffness damage and damping damage should be considered simultaneously in structural damage modeling, and the suitable damage modeling methods should be chosen.

Field of study: Engineering
Energy-tunable entangled photon sources on a III-V/Silicon chip

Many of the envisioned quantum photonic technologies, e.g. a quantum repeater, rely on an energy- (wavelength-) tunable source of polarization entangled photon pairs. The energy tunability is a fundamental requirement to perform two-photon-interference between different sources and to swap the entanglement. Parametric-down-conversion and four-wave-mixing sources of entangled photons have shown energy tunability, however the probabilistic nature of the sources limits their applications in complex quantum protocols. Here we report a silicon-based hybrid photonic chip where energy-tunable polarization entangled photons are generated by deterministic and scalable III-V quantum light sources. This device is based on a micro-electromechanical system (MEMS) incorporating InAs/GaAs quantum dots (QDs) on a PMNPT-on-silicon substrate. The entangled photon emissions from single QDs can be tuned by more than 3000 times of the radiative linewidth without spoiling the entanglement. With a footprint of several hundred microns, our design facilitates the miniaturization and scalable integration of indistinguishable entangled photon sources on silicon. When interfaced with silicon-based quantum photonic circuits, this device will offer a vast range of exciting possibilities.

Field of study: Physics
Maternal And Paternal Risk Factors For Anorectal Malformations

Anorectal malformations (ARM) are major congenital malformations, which are assumed to have a multifactorial etiology with both genetic and environmental factors playing an important role.  In a Dutch case-control study, we investigated the role of maternal and paternal risk factors in the etiology of ARM. Parents of 85 ARM cases and 650 controls filled in a questionnaire. Controls were children treated with ear ventilation tubes. The questionnaire contained questions about time to pregnancy (TTP), medical and family history, lifestyle factors, such as smoking, alcohol use, and vitamin intake, and occupation in the three months before and during pregnancy.  Forty percent of ARM cases had also urogenital tract malformations. A higher occurrence of fever during the first trimester of pregnancy was found for case mothers compared to control mothers, resulting in an OR of 7.8 (95% CI:1.2-48.6). Maternal occupational exposure to industrial cleaning agents and solvents increased the risk of ARM five times (OR:5.3, 95%CI:1.5-19.4). Overweight (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2) before pregnancy also seemed to be associated with ARM (OR:1.9, 95%CI:1.1-3.3), as well as paternal occupational exposure to exhaust fumes (OR:2.0, 95%CI:1.0-4.0). Reported ARM in at least one first or second degree family member increased the risk of having a child with ARM more than thirty times (OR:33.9, 95%CI:2.9-398).  This is the first study investigating a wide range of risk factors in the etiology of ARM. Potential risk factors may be found in fever during pregnancy, maternal overweight, and occupational exposures, but a familial component seems likely as well.

Field of study: Medicine
Image des op\'erateurs d'entrelacements normalis\'es et p\^oles des s\'eries d'Eisenstein

We have shown in a preceeding paper how to normalize intertwining operators for classical groups using the twisted endoscopy lifting. In this paper, we prove that the image of such an operator in the cases interesting in the theory of Eisenstein Series, is either 0 or an irreducible representation. As a consequence we compute explicitly the points where Eisenstein Series for square integrable representations are not holomorphic under some hypothesis at the archimedean places: at that places we mainly assume that the infinitesimal character is integral and regular.

Field of study: Mathematics
SLC1A5 Silencing Inhibits Esophageal Cancer Growth via Cell Cycle Arrest and Apoptosis

Solute-linked carrier family A1 member 5 (SLC1A5), which has high affinity to neutral amino acids, is essential for glutamine transport and amino acid metabolism in various cancers. However, the role of SLC1A5 in esophageal cancer has not been reported.  SLC1A5 expression in esophageal cancer tissues was detected by immunohistochemistry and western blotting. The effects of SLC1A5 knockdown on the growth, cell cycle, viability, and glutamine metabolism of esophageal cancer cells were investigated with flow cytometry and western blotting. Furthermore, the consequences of SLC1A5 knockdown on tumor growth and survival were also evaluated in vivo using mice carrying esophageal cancer xenografts.  SLC1A5 was expressed in 86.5% (32/37) of the cancer tissues from esophageal cancer patients. Moreover, SLC1A5 expression in the cancerous tissues was significantly higher than that in the paired adjacent normal tissues. SLC1A5 knockdown with siRNA (PZ siRNA) in TE-1 cells in vitro significantly decreased cell growth and reduced both leucine and glutamine transport, leading to inhibition of mTORC1 signaling. Additionally, siRNA-mediated SLC1A5 knockdown resulted in cell cycle arrest and apoptosis of TE-1 cells. The survival rate of athymic (nu/nu) male nude mice carrying tumors formed from TE-1 cells transfected with SLC1A5 siRNA (PZ siRNA) was also significantly improved compared with mice carrying tumors formed from TE-1 cells transfected with control siRNA. Tumor size/weight was also significantly lower for the former mice group of mice.  Our data indicate that SLC1A5 plays an important role in esophageal cancer both in vivo and in vitro. The inhibition of esophageal cancer growth by targeting SLC1A5 could, therefore, be used as a preoperative therapy for esophageal cancer.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Insulator—insulator—metal plasmonic waveguide for parasitic scattering suppression in plasmonic optics

We have shown using rigorous electromagnetic simulations that a planar structure consisting of two isotropic dielectric layers can be used to reduce parasitic scattering in plasmonic elements by an order-of-magnitude (to 1–3%). The proposed approach can be used for designing various plasmonic elements such as lenses, Bragg reflectors and plasmonic crystals.

Field of study: Physics
BIOSORBENTS – PROSPECTIVE MATERIALS FOR HEAVY METAL IONS EXTRACTION FROM WASTEWATER

The article deals with ecological safety, resource saving, economic efficienty in the technologies of wastewater purification from heavy metals ions. It is shown that modern technologies of wastewater purification from such substances need to be improved. А promising way to solve this problem is the production and wide use of carbon sorbents obtained from the waste of processing agricultural raw materials and waste generated at food enterprises. Scientific research is actively carried out in this area. This is due to the possibility of organizing the process of wastewater purification from heavy metal ions in a cheap and effective way. The development of biosorbent production is relevant for Ukraine, as the development of agriculture and food industry is of primary importance. The article presents the results of an analytical review of literary sources on various aspects of the scientific problem. In particular, possible sources of raw materials for the production of biosorbents, classical and modified technologies for their production, mechanisms of biosorption using raw materials with different chemical composition, sorption characteristics of biosorbents, and indicators of the economic efficiency of their production are considered.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Conversion of KCl into KBH4 by Mechano-Chemical Reaction and its Catalytic Decomposition

Production of KBH4, in the presence of KCl, B2O3 and MgH2 by means of a mechanical reaction and a dehydrogenation kinetic, constitute the main parts of this study. Operating time and reactant ratio are considered as two parameters for the mechanical reaction to obtain the maximum yield. The production process was carried out in a ball milling reactor, and the product residue was purified with ethylene diamine (EDA) and subsequently characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) and x-ray Diffraction (XRD) analyses. Optimum time for mechano-chemical treatment and reactant ratio (MgH2/KCl) were obtained as 1000 min and 1.0, respectively. Synthesized and commercial KBH4 were compared by hydrolysis tests in the presence of Co1−xNix/Al2O3 heterogeneous catalyst. Hydrogen generation rates, activation energy and order of the KBH4 decomposition reaction were obtained as 1578 $${\hbox{mL}}_{{{\rm{H}}_{2} }} \;\min^{ - 1} \;{\hbox{g}}_{\rm{catalyst}}^{ - 1}$$ mLH2min-1gcatalyst-1, 39.2 kJ mol−1 and zero order, respectively.

Field of study: Materials science
Burnout in Mothers and Fathers of Children Surviving Brain Tumour

The aim of this paper was to investigate the occurrence of burnout among parents of brain tumour survivors. Burnout was assessed in 24 mothers and 20 fathers of childhood brain tumour survivors, using the Shirom–Melamed Burnout Questionnaire. Parents of children with no history of chronic or serious diseases served as a reference group. Mothers’ burnout scores were significantly higher compared with reference mothers. For fathers, no relation between burnout and being a parent of a brain tumour survivor was established, despite a nonsignificant tendency in the same direction as for the mothers. In conclusion, the parenting burden after a child’s brain tumour may include chronic strain, and this may be particularly taxing for mothers. The findings encourage further studies of psychological exhaustion among parents of children with special needs.

Field of study: Psychology
Experimental results of a solar powered cooling system at low temperature

A solar thermochemical prototype producing low-temperature cold has been built and tested during the summer and autumn 2005 in Perpignan, France. It cools a 560 L cold box down to about −25 °C using only low-grade heat produced by two simple flat plate solar collectors. The process involves two cascaded thermochemical systems using BaCl2 salt reacting with ammonia. Its working mode is discontinuous, as it alternates between one decomposition mode at high pressure (daytime) and one cold production mode at low pressure (nighttime). Experimental results prove the feasibility of this new concept of solar cold production, with temperatures as low as −30 °C, demonstrate its potential use in housing, by the acceptable size and weight of the system and show the system performances during the sunniest months of the year, with a rough solar coefficient of performance (COP) of about 0.031 over the test period. The major meteorological parameters influencing the process efficiency are the solar irradiation and the outside temperature.

Field of study: Engineering
Student-Based Medical Education: Challenge for Third Millennium

Please cite this paper as: Soltani Arabshahi SK. Student-Based Medical Education: Challenge for Third Millennium. ; 35-6. DOI: 10.5812/thrita.6766 Implication for health policy/practice/research/medical education: This article is useful for medical students to see how they tasks could be, in addition to their role in teaching and learning process. Also it would be utilized by teachers who are involved in innovative curricula and have to use students as active learners.

Field of study: Medicine