nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Paleomagnetism, Geochemistry, and Potassium-Argon Ages of the Rio Grande de Santiago Volcanics, Central Mexico

Seventy-two oriented cores of 2.5 cm diameter have been drilled from seven bodies comprising part of a sequence of ignimbrite sheets interdigitated with basalts and basaltic andesites, in the Grand Canyon of the Rio Grande de Santiago of the Mexican Cordilleran Volcanic Province. Field observations and whole-rock analyses reveal two groups: an olivine basalt-high alumina basalt-basaltic andesite series, and a sequence of rhyolitic ignimbrite sheets, with some rhyolitic and obsidian lava flows. Crystal separation, partial melting of oceanic tholeiite, and simple mixing of basalt and oceanic sediments or granodiorite cannot acceptably explain the observed fractionation trends. The favored origin is a partial melting of a second or third stage product, such as a basalt or amphibolite enriched in K, Rb, Th, and Pb, relative to oceanic tholeiite. The observed fractionation trends are parallel to those of the andesite-dacites of the Mexico City region, but the Rio Grande de Santiago rocks have a systematically higher K 2 O/SiO 2 ratio, which can be explained by a greater magma generation depth. The paleomagnetic polarity sequence with decreasing age is R,R,N,R,R,N,N, providing easily measurable markers of high potential stratigraphic value. The mean virtual geomagnetic pole is not significantly different from the present spin axis. The potassium-argon analyses show that the sampled section contains two distinct volcanic episodes, from approximately t = 4.6 to 5.5. m.y. and from approximately t = 8.7 to 9.5 m.y. The polarities recorded by the youngest volcanic cycle are consistent with the predicted polarity time scale of Heirtzler and others (1968), while the older cycle polarities can be explained by minor modification of the predicted polarity scale, to include a short period of reversed polarity between 9.0 and 9.5 m.y., within the normal polarity anomaly 5 (t = 8.79 to 9.94 m.y.) of the time scale.

Field of study: Geology
Characteristics of junctions and resistors fabricated using an all-NbN superconductor integrated circuit foundry process

Trilayer NbN/MgO/NbN tunnel junctions and Mo and NbN/sub x/ resistors fabricated over a NbN ground plane form the basis of a high performance, 10 K, superconductor integrated circuit foundry process. To produce high yield LSI and VLSI superconductor integrated circuits requires predictable device characteristics, stable, well-characterized, thin film deposition processes, and control of critical dimensions (CD). In this paper, we discuss improvements in thin film deposition processes, device characteristics, and CD control. Repeatable trilayer characteristics have been achieved through the use of feedback control of critical MgO and NbN sputtering parameters. Run-to-run variations in MgO film thickness have been reduced to less than /spl plusmn/1.0% (1/spl sigma/) using a novel computer feedback control technique. Improvements in MgO deposition uniformity and CD control of junction size have reduced across wafer I/sub c/ nonuniformity to less than /spl plusmn/10% (3/spl sigma/) and 100 junction array I/sub c/ nonuniformity on 0.5 cm chips to /spl plusmn/2% (1/spl sigma/). We report on the electrical characteristics of junctions and resistors and on component spreads and stability of our NbN foundry process.

Field of study: Physics
The Implementation of Character Education Model Based on Empowerment Theatre for Primary School Students

This study aimed at constructing character education model implemented in primary school. The research method was qualitative with five samples in total, comprising primary schools in Malang city/regency and one school as a pilot model. The pilot model was instructed by theatre coach teacher, parents, and school society. The result showed that hindrances were found during the implementation of character education in school, such a human resource problem, lack of facility, and less support from family. The implementation of character education in primary school has not yet attracted many parties and its evaluation form has not been developed sustainably. Reconstruction result and the implementation of character education based on empowerment theatre were likely to give new experience to students to develop better self characters. Observation and evaluation of student characters done by parents, teachers, schools, and communities might be used as the basis for policy making related to character education in schools, especially in primary school level.

Field of study: Education
Dichotomy between the Hole and Electron Behavior in Multiband Superconductor FeSe Probed by Ultrahigh Magnetic Fields.

Magnetoresistivity ρ(xx) and Hall resistivity ρ(xy) in ultrahigh magnetic fields up to 88 T are measured down to 0.15 K to clarify the multiband electronic structure in high-quality single crystals of superconducting FeSe. At low temperatures and high fields we observe quantum oscillations in both resistivity and the Hall effect, confirming the multiband Fermi surface with small volumes. We propose a novel approach to identify from magnetotransport measurements the sign of the charge carriers corresponding to a particular cyclotron orbit in a compensated metal. The observed significant differences in the relative amplitudes of the quantum oscillations between the ρ(xx) and ρ(xy) components, together with the positive sign of the high-field ρ(xy), reveal that the largest pocket should correspond to the hole band. The low-field magnetotransport data in the normal state suggest that, in addition to one hole and one almost compensated electron band, the orthorhombic phase of FeSe exhibits an additional tiny electron pocket with a high mobility.

Field of study: Physics
Plasma estradiol-17.BETA. and progesterone levels and ovarian activity in postpartum cows.

分娩後および帝王切開後の牛4頭における卵巣機能の回復ならびに発情発現と末梢血中E2,P値の動態との関係を検討し,以下の成績を得た。分娩後の初回排卵は14~40日目に生じたが,この間のE2値に一定の傾向はなく,P値は低値で推移した。分娩後の第1性周期は9~14日と短く,黄体は十分に発育せず,P値の上昇はわずかであった。第2性周期以降は触診上ほぼ正常な卵巣周期が営まれ,またE2,P値は従来報告された正常性周期のそれとほぼ同様であり,この時点で卵巣機能が回復したものと思われた。牛No.1におけるCCL形成期のP値は低かったが,その破砕後形成された黄体のP分泌は活発であった。また同時に形成されたCFはその後60日余り存続したが,その間にも排卵がみられた。触診上正常と思われる卵巣周期を示すウシにおいて,鈍性発情を呈した性周期では,発情徴候の明瞭な性周期と比較し,Pのピーク形成が黄体期の前半に出現し,黄体後期に徐々に低下するため,卵胞期にかけて急激な低下を示す時点でのP値は,ピーク値よりもかなり低下していることが認められた。

Field of study: Biology
Dependence of the tray transmission factor on collimator setting and source-surface distance.

When blocks are placed on a tray in megavoltage x-ray beams, generally a single correction factor for the attenuation by the tray is applied for each photon beam quality. In this approach, the tray transmission factor is assumed to be independent of field size and source-surface distance (SSD). Analysis of a set of measurements performed in beams of 13 different linear accelerators demonstrates that there is, however, a slight variation of the tray transmission factor with field size and SSD. The tray factor changes about 1.5% for collimator settings varying between 4x4 cm and 40 x 40 cm for a 1 cm thick PMMA tray and approximately 3% for a 2 cm thick PMMA tray. The variation with field size is smaller if the source-surface distance is increased. The dependence on the collimator setting is not different, within the experimental uncertainty of about 0.5% (1 s.d.), for the nominal accelerating potentials and accelerator types applied in this study. It is shown that the variation of the tray transmission factor with field size and source-surface distance can easily be taken into account in the dose calculation by considering the volume of the irradiated tray material and the position of the tray in the beam. A relation is presented which can be used to calculate the numerical value of the tray transmission factor directly. These calculated values can be checked with only a few measurements using a cylindrical beam coaxial miniphantom.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Computational Study of the Intramolecular Pericyclic Reactions of Aldazines and Some Pseudopericyclic Variants

The mechanisms of the complex cascade cyclizations of homoallenyl aldazines and analogues to afford tetracyclic compounds has been computed. Double sequential crisscross 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition through azomethine imine intermediates was characterized both for the homoallenyl aldazine and for its ketene analogue. If conjugation of the two interacting groups (azine and allene/ketene) was introduced through the presence of an olefin system or an oxygen atom in place of the saturated carbon, pseudopericyclic mechanisms were also characterized. Unlike in the parent system, the barrierless cascade electrocyclization of [(Z)-hexa-2,4,5-trien-1-ylidene]hydrazine and of its ketene analogue is interrupted after formation of the 2,2′-methylenebis(dihydropyridine) and bis-2,2′-pyridone, respectively, by pseudoelectrocyclic reactions. The cascade reaction of a hypothetical diazine with an allenylformimidate structure generates a compound containing four fused five-membered heterocyclic rings through a sequence that differs from that of the parent homoallenyl aldazine in the involvement of 6π-electron-5-atom electrocyclization and nucleophile–electrophile reaction steps before the final 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition. The analysis of the aromaticities of the transition structures through the computation of the NICS is consistent with their characterization as pericyclic or pseudopericyclic processes.

Field of study: Chemistry
Longline métiers and associated economic profiles in eastern Mediterranean fisheries: The case study of Kalymnos Island (South Aegean Sea)

The small-scale fishery has a high socio-economic importance in the Mediterranean Sea. This is especially relevant for specific areas that harbor, proportionally, very large part of the fleet, and thus, represent hot spots. Among such areas, Kalymnos Island merits special attention as it harbors the largest and most active small-scale fleet in the eastern Mediterranean. Therefore, the present study analyzes the small-scale longline fishery in Kalymnos, using the metiers approach, to assess its dynamics and evaluate associated economic profiles. A multivariate analysis was used to identify the relevant metiers, by inputting the main resources and fishing gear data that were recorded during landings. Six main practices were observed using set longlines, drifting longlines, handlines and squid jig-lines as fishing gears, and targeting the species Pagrus pagrus, Diplodus vulgaris, Pagellus erythrinus, Sparus aurata, Xiphias gladius, Octopus vulgaris and Loligo vulgaris; the above metiers earned a profit margin. The study revealed the multi-species nature of longline fishery in Kalymnos, and provided baseline information for their associated economic profiles, towards the development and implementation of sustainable management plans.

Field of study: Environmental science
A new compact model for bipolar RRAMs based on truncated-cone conductive filaments—a Verilog-A approach

A new model for bipolar resistive random-access memories (RRAMs) is presented in this article. Redox and diffusion processes are used to describe in detail the physics behind the filamentary resistive switching (RS) mechanisms of the RRAMs under study. The model includes truncated-cone shaped filaments which are known to be close to the real conductive filament (CF) geometry and a detailed thermal approach, where two temperatures are considered to describe the rupture process at the CF's narrowest part and also the main CF body's electrical conductivity variations. Ti/ZrO2/Pt RRAM devices have been fabricated and measured, and the model has allowed us to reproduce the experimental data for all the cases analyzed. Finally, the model has been implemented in Verilog-A code within the ADS circuit simulator, and the response of a device to pulsed external voltages within a characterization circuit has been simulated, producing good results when compared with experimental measurements.

Field of study: Materials science
Coupling losses and transverse resistivity of multifilament YBCO coated superconductors

We studied the magnetization losses of four different types of filamentary YBCO coated conductors. A 10 mm wide YBCO coated conductor was subdivided into 20 filaments by laser ablation. We measured the frequency dependence of the total losses in the frequency range 0.1 Hz < f < 608 Hz. The coupling loss was obtained from the total by subtracting the hysteresis loss. The latter was measured at low frequencies since only hysteresis loss is nonnegligible at frequencies below 1 Hz. The transverse resistivity, ρtr, was determined from the coupling losses; it was assumed that the sample length is equal to half of the twist pitch. The values of ρtr deduced from the loss data were compared with those obtained by the four-point measurements with current flowing perpendicular to the filaments. Preliminary results indicate the existence of electrical contacts between the superconducting filaments and the substrate in some areas of the samples. This was also confirmed by the Hall probe mapping of the magnetic field in the vicinity of the tape. The measured transverse resistivity was close to the resistivity of the substrate (Hastelloy).

Field of study: Physics
Seasonality, montane beta diversity, and Eocene insects: Testing Janzen's dispersal hypothesis in an equable world

We test Janzen's (1967) hypothesis that the low temperature seasonality in the modern tropics accounts for increased local species turnover (beta diversity) across montane landscapes relative to those of the more seasonal Temperate Zone. In the Eocene, low seasonality extended beyond the hot tropics to Polar Regions, therefore, its effects on montane dispersal ability should have been decoupled from low latitude. We sampled fossil insect communities across the Okanagan Highlands: a thousand kilometer transect of temperate, low temperature seasonality, higher mid-latitude Eocene uplands of far-western North America. We find high species turnover, supporting a prime role of temperature fluctuation in controlling montane beta diversity. This high upper mid-latitude montane endemism is consistent with greater Eocene global biodiversity.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Effect of potassium deficiency on the plasma membrane H+‐ATPase of the wood ray parenchyma in poplar

The effect of K + deficiency on the plasma membrane (PM) H + -ATPase was studied in young stems of poplar plants (Populus tremula x tremuloides) grown with low or full-strength K + supply. Immunological assays using different antibodies were applied to test if K + deficiency affects the amount of immunodetectable PM H + -ATPases in the stem tissue. The monoclonal antibody clone 46 ES B11 revealed an increased abundance of PM H + -ATPases under conditions of low K + supply, and immunolabelling experiments showed that this increase was restricted to vessel-associated cells (VACs) of the wood ray parenchyma. Replacement of the monoclonal antibody by a polyclonal antibody against PM H + -ATPase gave a specific immunoreactivity on blots as well as tissue sections too, but the labelling intensity showed no difference between plants with low or full-strength K + supply Measurements of extracellular H + concentrations using non-invasive, H + -selective microelectrodes revealed a lowering of the pH at the surface of VACs and an enhancement of net efflux of H + in plants grown with low K + supply. The present results indicate an up-regulation of specific isoforms of the PM H + -ATPase in VACs under K + -deficient conditions and suggest a key role for these PM H + -ATPases in unloading K + from the xylem stream.

Field of study: Environmental science
Balanced-budget rules: Chaos and deterministic sunspots

Schmitt-Grohe and Uribe [11] illustrate that a balanced-budget rule can lead to aggregate instability. In particular, under such a rule it is possible for a steady state to be locally indeterminate, and therefore sunspot equilibria are possible. In this paper, I extend their analysis to investigate the possibility of chaotic equilibria under a balanced-budget rule. A global analysis reveals Euler equation branching which means that the dynamics going forward are generated by a differential inclusion of the form . Each branch alone will not imply interesting dynamics. However, by switching between the branches, I show that the existence of Euler equation branching in an arbitrarily small neighborhood of a steady state implies topological chaos in the sense of Devaney on a compact invariant set with non-empty interior (the chaos is "thick"). Moreover, the chaos is robust to small perturbations. This branching under a balanced-budget rule occurs independently of the local uniqueness of the equilibrium around the steady state(s).

Field of study: Economics
High-pressure cryocooling for capillary sample cryoprotection and diffraction phasing at long wavelengths.

Crystal cryocooling is usually employed to reduce radiation damage during X-ray crystallography. Recently, a high-pressure cryocooling method has been developed which results in excellent diffraction-quality crystals without the use of penetrative cryoprotectants. Three new developments of the method are presented here: (i) Xe-He high-pressure cryocooling for Xe SAD phasing, (ii) native sulfur SAD phasing and (iii) successful cryopreservation of crystals in thick-walled capillaries without additional cryoprotectants other than the native mother liquor. These developments may be useful for structural solution of proteins without the need for selenomethionine incorporation and for high-throughput protein crystallography.

Field of study: Chemistry
Media access protocol for a coexisting cognitive femtocell network

Femtocell networks are widely deployed to extend cellular network coverage into indoor environments such as large office spaces and homes. Cognitive radio functionality can be implemented in femtocell networks based on an overlay mechanism under the assumption of a hierarchical access scenario. This study introduces a novel femtocell network architecture, that is characterized by a completely autonomous femtocell bandwidth access and a distributed media access control protocol for supporting data and real-time traffic. The detailed description of the architecture and media access protocol is presented. Furthermore, in-depth theoretical analysis is performed on the proposed media access protocol using discrete-time Markov chain modeling to validate the effectiveness of the proposed protocol and architecture.

Field of study: Computer science
Intrinsic pinning in layered antiferromagnetic superconductor

The intrinsic pinning in high-temperature superconductors with long range antiferromagnetic order of rare earth ions confined to the isolating planes is described. The interaction of antiferromagnetic and superconducting subsystems in the mixed state may lead to the creation of spin–flop domain along the vortex core. It is shown that the behaviour of several physical quantities such as magnetization, activation energy, current–voltage characteristic and flux creep changes when the direction of the external field changes in the basal a b -plane. It is also shown that the decay of the trapped flux is a logarithmic function of time.

Field of study: Physics
Reducing stranded assets through early action in the Indian power sector

Cost-effective achievement of the Paris Agreement's long-term goals requires the unanimous phase-out of coal power generation by mid-century. However, continued investments in coal power plants will make this transition difficult. India is one of the major countries with significant under construction and planned increase in coal power capacity. To ascertain the likelihood and consequences of the continued expansion of coal power for India's future mitigation options, we use harmonised scenario results from national and global models along with projections from various government reports. Both these approaches estimate that coal capacity is expected to increase until 2030, along with rapid developments in wind and solar power. However, coal capacity stranding of the order of 133-237 GW needs to occur after 2030 if India were to pursue an ambitious climate policy in line with a well-below 2°C target. Earlier policy strengthening starting after 2020 can reduce stranded assets (14-159 GW) but brings with it political economy and renewable expansion challenges. We conclude that a policy limiting coal plants to those under construction combined with higher solar targets could be politically feasible, prevent significant stranded capacity, and allow higher mitigation ambition in the future.

Field of study: Environmental science
Stability Selection for Structured Variable Selection

In variable or graph selection problems, finding a right-sized model or controlling the number of false positives is notoriously difficult. Recently, a meta-algorithm called Stability Selection was proposed that can provide reliable finite-sample control of the number of false positives. Its benefits were demonstrated when used in conjunction with the lasso and orthogonal matching pursuit algorithms. 
In this paper, we investigate the applicability of stability selection to structured selection algorithms: the group lasso and the structured input-output lasso. We find that using stability selection often increases the power of both algorithms, but that the presence of complex structure reduces the reliability of error control under stability selection. We give strategies for setting tuning parameters to obtain a good model size under stability selection, and highlight its strengths and weaknesses compared to competing methods screen and clean and cross-validation. We give guidelines about when to use which error control method.

Field of study: Computer science