nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The philosophical terrain of behavior analysis: a review of B. A. Thyer (Ed.), The Philosophical Legacy of Behaviorism.

The Philosophical Legacy of Behaviorism, edited by Bruce A. Thyer, is a set of original contributions, each dealing, from a behavioral stance, with one of the following major topics of philosophy: epistemology, ethics, consciousness, language, free will and determinism, and self-control. Confusions about radical behaviorism and its similarities to, and differences from, other behavioral and non-behavioral approaches are described in the book, which provides a state-of-the-art description of the philosophical underpinnings of behavior analysis.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
A new information-theoretic approach to signal denoising and best basis selection

The problem of signal denoising with an orthogonal basis is considered. The existing approaches convert the considered problem into one of finding a threshold for estimates of basis coefficients. In this paper, a new solution to the denoising problem is proposed. The method is based on the description length of the noiseless data in subspaces of the bases. For each subspace, we estimate the desired description length and suggest choosing the subspace for which this quantity is minimized. We provide a method of probabilistically estimating the reconstruction error. This estimate is used for probabilistic validation of the desired description length. In existing thresholding methods, the optimum threshold is obtained as a function of the additive noise variance. In practical problems, where the noise variance is unknown, the first step is to estimate the noise variance. The estimated noise variance is then used in calculating the optimum threshold. Unlike such approaches, in the proposed method, the noise variance estimation and the signal denoising are done simultaneously.

Field of study: Engineering
Countering chosen-ciphertext attacks against noncommutative polly cracker-type cryptosystems

In , Stanislav Bulygin presents a chosen-ciphertext attack against certain instances of noncommutative polly cracker-type cryptosystems which were proposed in [7] and . In this article, we present generalized versions of this attack, which can be used against virtually all polly cracker-type cryptosystems. We then present a simple but effective techique to counter these attacks. We also present a technique to counter an adaptive chosen-ciphertext attack which was first described by Neil Koblitz in .

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Roots-eye view: Using microdialysis and microCT to non-destructively map root nutrient depletion and accumulation zones.

Improvement in fertilizer use efficiency is a key aspect for achieving sustainable agriculture in order to minimize costs, greenhouse gas emissions, and pollution from nutrient run-off. To optimize root architecture for nutrient uptake and efficiency, we need to understand what the roots encounter in their environment. Traditional methods of nutrient sampling, such as salt extractions can only be done at the end of an experiment, are impractical for sampling locations precisely and give total nutrient values that can overestimate the nutrients available to the roots. In contrast, microdialysis provides a non-invasive, continuous method for sampling available nutrients in the soil. Here, for the first time, we have used microCT imaging to position microdialysis probes at known distances from the roots and then measured the available nitrate and ammonium. We found that nitrate accumulated close to roots whereas ammonium was depleted demonstrating that this combination of complementary techniques provides a unique ability to measure root-available nutrients non-destructively and in almost real time.

Field of study: Environmental science
Review and Prospects of Indian Wheat and Rice Policies

Within the past 60 years,Indian grain policies have led its wheat and rice industry through the important transition from demand exceeding supply to self-sufficiency with surplus for export.In recent years,due to tremendous cost of government operation and slower growth of grain production and per capita consumption,the Indian government is taking steps to better target grain consumption subsidies to low-income consumers,to decentralize the central government's operation in grain procurement and distribution,and to decrease growth of producer price support.As one of the biggest grain producing and consuming countries in the world,any changes in Indian future grain policies will surely have great impact on global wheat and rice markets.

Field of study: Economics
Unified strategy for the synthesis of C-aryl glycosides

A unified approach for the synthesis of the four major groups of C-aryl glycosides has been developed. The strategy incorporates two integrated approaches, the first of which features the [4+2] cycloaddition of a glycosyl furan with a substituted benzyne followed by the acid-catalyzed opening of the resultant adduct. The second route involves the sequential palladium-catalyzed opening of a benzyne-furan cycloadduct with an iodo glycal followed by oxidation of the resultant dihydronaphthol ring and reduction of the glycal moiety. The utility of this strategy has been established by a concise formal synthesis of the C-aryl glycoside antibiotic galtamycinone.

Field of study: Chemistry
A palaeoenvironmental and palaeoecological analysis of fine-grained Paleogene estuarine deposits of North Germany

The lower Tertiary successions of the North German Basin predominantly consist of shallow marine, fine-grained siliciclastic rocks which grade towards the SE and S into continental deposits infilling bays and estuaries. In the study area around the Gorleben salt dome, glauconitic sandstones, siltstones and mudstones were laid down together with tuffs in a depositional environment that is interpreted as a shelf-estuary transition. Syngenetic salt tectonics strongly affected the basin architecture and the composition of the sediments under study. Analysis of the depositional environment is based on sedimentological, mineralogical and chemical data. Although bathymetry and salinity may be often calibrated by means of microfossils by analogy with present-day species, there is much debate as to their validity for palaeodepth reconstructions in the North Sea. Interdisciplinary interpretation of data from biological and sedimentological studies on the same material may improve the quality of the palaeoenvironmental reconstruction. Core examination and the investigation of wireline logs form the basis of the palaeogeographical model of the North German Basin. This model shows a deepening of the basin from the Paleocene through the late Eocene, leading eventually to the transgression of the Rupelian sea into the estuary. The history of the palaeo-shelf and estuary area during the Tertiary is described in analogy with modern depositional environments, such as the present-day Celtic Sea, the western end of the English Channel, the German Bight and the Isle of Helgoland, which is situated above a salt diapir off the North German coast. The climate in this area, however, was much warmer during the Paleogene than today.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Urological and sexual outcome in patients with Hirschsprung disease: A systematic review.

There is a paucity of recent evidence regarding long-term urological and sexual outcomes following surgery for Hirschsprung disease (HD). We aimed to undertake a systematic review of all HD literature to define these outcomes.



A systematic literature search was conducted on studies from 1966 to 2014. Relevant articles were assessed for urological/sexual operative complications and functional sequelae. Studies were analysed in qualitative (Rangel score) and quantitative syntheses.



Initially 257 reports were assessed, with 24 studies were eligible for inclusion (1972-2014). Mean study quality was 16.5 ± SD 4.8 (range 6-23), indicating overall fair/poor quality. Ten studies (1021 patients) reported operative complications, with ureteric/urethral/vaginal injury occurring in seven (0.7%) patients. In three studies, the primary outcome was urological functional assessment. From 17 studies, 52/2546 patients (2.0%) had reported urinary incontinence. In infants, absent spontaneous erections post-operatively was reported in 3/203 patients (1.5%, 5 studies); of these 3, parents did not note spontaneous erections pre-operatively either. In older patients, erectile dysfunction occurred in 6/498 (1.2%) males. Other sexual outcomes were reported in 10 studies, with 5/10 studies (416 patients) reporting no erectile dysfunction. In the other studies reports ranged from non-specified sexual dysfunction in one study to diverse sexual related problems in nine (7.8%) of their patients in another.



Urological/sexual outcomes are rarely reported after HD surgery (24 studies over 42 years). Study quality is usually poor and a large proportion of the studies are more than 30 years old. In the majority of series it is unclear whether urological and sexual function impairments were not present or if they were not assessed. Prospective reporting of urological/sexual outcome is required, in particular in the era of new surgical techniques/approaches to HD.

Field of study: Medicine
To seek help or not to seek help: The risks of self-disclosure.

Investigations into the reasons why people seek counseling have, for the most part, focused on approach factors, those variables that are associated with a potential client's increased likelihood of seeking psychological services. The purpose of this research, however, is to explore the role of avoidance factors, those factors that are associated with a potential client's decreased likelihood of seeking services. Across 2 studies of primarily Caucasian college students (ns = 209 and 268, respectively), the results of simultaneous multiple regression analyses demonstrated that avoidance factors predict negative attitudes toward counseling as well as decreased intentions to seek counseling. Overall, results demonstrate that avoidance factors account for at least as much help-seeking variance as traditionally studied approach factors.

Field of study: Psychology
Research and Exploitation of Expert System on Bridge Blasting

This paper applied the basic principle of expert system to demolition field, developed Intelligent System for Design of Blasting Demolition of the Bridge (ISDB) that carries out engineering design imitating the way of thinking of blasting specialists. It relieves the lack of blasting specialists and technical personnel, optimizes demolition design, and raises the efficiency and level of the design. It has passed the usage of the actual engineering also, obtaining better result.

Field of study: Computer science
A new CMOS IC structure and its characterization

In this paper a new N-channel MOS transistor structure providing the improvement of electrical characteristics with respect to the conventional structure and simplified fabrication compared to generally accepted drain extension structure is presented. Description and optimisation of technologycal procedure for fabrication of the new N-channel MOS transistor structure are given. Also, static and dynamic characteristics of the N-channel MOS transistor realized by new procedure are investigated and compared to the corresponding characteristics of N-channel MOS transistors realized by conventional and drain extension procedures. Finally, reliability of the CMOS ICs realized by new procedure is investigated using both static and dynamic life tests.

Field of study: Engineering
MANGANESE DIOXIDE AS SPECIFIC REDOX CATALYST IN THE PHOTOSENSITIZED OXYGEN GENERATION FROM WATER

Catalytic formation of oxygen from water was observed in the photosensitized reaction by trisbipyridineruthenium(II) using manganese dioxide as a redox catalyst and pentaammine chlorocobalt(III) as an electron acceptor in acidic solution. The β- and “activated” materials are found to be the most efficient and specific redox catalysts, and a 230% of O2 yield based on MnO2 is obtained.

Field of study: Chemistry
THE WEPP MODEL FOR RUNOFF AND EROSION PREDICTION UNDER SPRINKLER IRRIGATION

Potential runoff and erosion is a serious problem for some types of sprinkler irrigation systems, particularly 
traveling laterals and center pivots on medium– to heavy–textured soils operating on sloping land. Prediction of when runoff 
might occur is part of the system design process. The USDA–ARS Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP) model was tested 
with 3 years of field data under high–rate sprinklers in southern Idaho. Runoff and soil loss were measured on the upper, 
middle, and lower portions of a hillslope. The main parameter affecting infiltration and runoff was the effective hydraulic 
conductivity. Model predictions for average runoff and soil loss were improved when hydraulic conductivity values were 
adjusted to account for soil variability across the field. Runoff amounts were small, and prediction variability for individual 
furrows was quite high, but no more than would be expected from previous studies of infiltration variability. Soil loss 
predictions were unreliable for the small runoff amounts occurring in this study. The most reasonable use of WEPP for 
sprinkler irrigation would be for estimating when potential runoff might occur under center pivots for different soils, slopes, 
and crop management practices, and to determine limits on application depths and rates to avoid serious runoff.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Construction of proteolysis resistant human interleukin-2 by fusion to its protective single chain antibody.

Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is a 15 kDa cytokine secreted by T-cells. Consequence to its natural function as locally secreted short-term messenger, its half-life in circulation is short and provided mainly by fast renal clearance due to its low molecular weight and its proteolytic susceptibility. These are common characteristics for most cytokines, resulting in low clinical utility. In this study we report the construction of an IL-2 fusion-protein comprising a protective anti-hIL-2 single chain antibody that was selected from a phage display library and the hIL-2. This IL-2 fusion-protein is fully human and resistant to inactivation by the ubiquitous lysosomal protease-cathepsin D, which is implicated in the in vivo inactivation of IL-2. In contrast, the native IL-2 lost practically all of its activity under these conditions. This resistance is due to the interaction of the single chain domain with its epitope on IL-2 thus masking possible cleavage sites. We suggest that this 45 kDa proteolysis resistant IL-2 fusion-protein upon further increase of its molecular weight by common fusion techniques to at least 75 kDa will exhibit significantly longer half-life in vivo and a higher clinical utility than either the native IL-2 or any of its reported long T/2 derivatives.

Field of study: Medicine
Efforts to produce human cytotoxic T-cell hybridomas by electrofusion and PEG fusion.

Cytotoxic human T cells from different sources were fused with different types of human T-lymphoma cells and mouse B-myeloma cells using variations of the polyethylene glycol (PEG) method and electrofusion. Both techniques yielded proliferating hybridomas. The frequency of wells with proliferating hybridomas depended on the tumor fusion partner used; the best results were obtained with HSB-1, whereas fusions with JURKAT-1 and HPB-1 did not yield any hybridomas. For one tumor cell line (HSB-1), considerably more hybridomas were obtained with electrofusion than with the PEG fusion (with or without heat shock). There was no consistent relationship between the presence or absence of cytotoxic activity of the T lymphocytes against the tumor fusion partner and the yield of hybridomas. In human-human as well as in human-mouse hybridomas most of the lymphocyte derived chromosomes were lost. Four of the more than 600 hybridomas tested showed transient cytotoxic activity, but in none of them this function could be immortalized. Two of the hybridomas obtained with CEM-1 as tumor fusion partner expressed low levels of lymphocyte-derived CD3 antigens. Two hybridomas obtained with HSB-1 were highly invasive in vitro in rat hepatocyte cultures, whereas HSB-1 tumor cells were not.

Field of study: Biology
Morphing algorithm for building individualized 3D skeleton model from CT data

There are constant efforts to improve speed and automation of the segmentation process of CT data. We propose a semi-automatic, atlas-based method of building 3D individualized skeletons. The intervention of human operator is minimal and is limited to selection of one voxel for each bone to be segmented, measuring a few distances for a successful reconstruction and approving the final result of an alignment. As a proof of the concept, an example of creating a patient-specific model of a left femur bone is presented. The results are discussed in order to chart the route to an automatic solution. It is believed that the areas like orthopedic operation planning and patient positioning systems could benefit from our method.

Field of study: Mathematics
Development of Magnetic Flux Leakage Robot for Large-Sized Tanks Bottom Floor

This study develops a wheeled robot with magnetic flux leakage testing device. This testing robot is designed to detect the corrosion-oriented defects on the bottom plates of large-sized tanks at petrochemical plants. A Hall-effect encoder is used to achieve the function of location detection. Besides, the magnetization device consists of NdFeB permanent magnets and silicon steel sheets, with the detection probe adopting Hall magnetic sensor. Experimental results show that the magnetic flux leakage testing device is highly reliable as it can accurately detect defects sized 2 mm and being 4 mm deep on the surface of a S20C steel plate being 10 mm thick. Besides, with a S20C steel plate being 5 mm thick, the device can detect defects sized 2 mm and being 2 mm deep on the front and reverse sides.

Field of study: Engineering
Magnetic molecule on a microcantilever: quantum magnetomechanical oscillations.

We study the quantum dynamics of a system consisting of a magnetic molecule placed on a microcantilever. The amplitude and frequencies of the coupled magnetomechanical oscillations are computed. Parameter-free theory shows that the existing experimental techniques permit observation of the driven coupled oscillations of the spin and the cantilever, as well as of the splitting of the mechanical modes of the cantilever caused by spin tunneling.

Field of study: Physics
Changeover delay effects on topographically tagged discriminative behavior.

In a multiple variable-interval extinction schedule, pigeons' responses on an operant key were differentially reinforced in the presence of discriminative stimuli located on a signal key. Changeover delays of zero, one, two, or four seconds specified the time following a signal-key response within which an operant-key response was not reinforced. Systematic reduction of signal-key response rates with increasing changeover-delay duration indicated that signal-key responding was largely maintained by reinforcement of adventitious signal-key/operant-key response chains.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Propagation characteristics of continuously tuning distorted Airy-like beams.

We investigate theoretically and observe experimentally a continuously tuning distorted Airy-like beam, which is generated by introducing a controllable rotation angle into the phase patterns. The beam wavefront can be tuned flexibly by using the introduced angle. The main lobes of beams can be controlled readily to propagate along specified parabolic trajectories. The relevant optical behaviors are discussed and demonstrated in detail. The experimental results are in good agreement with the theoretical analysis. The intriguing characteristics of the continuously tuning Airy-like beams could provide more degrees of freedom in cell and atom manipulation.

Field of study: Physics
The Four-Year Junior College

1 NH E Stephens College experiment with the four-year junior A.. college is based upon the following assumptions. The first is that the essential elements of the work now done in the junior high school, the senior high school, and the junior college should be completed by the end of the twelfth grade. Should a longer period for general education be required, the remaining two years should cover upper-division courses of the liberal-arts college and should lead definitely to the baccalaureate degree. The second assumption is that the junior college, however defined, is an integral part of the secondary-school system. Third, the work of the junior college should be organized upon the collegiate as distinguished from the high-school level, just as the work now attempted in the junior high school should be organized upon a secondary as distinguished from an elementary-school level. These changes may be brought about by increased teaching efficiency, by the elimination of duplicate courses in college and secondary curriculums, by a thorough reorganization of curricular content making it more definitely functional. These reforms may result in saving two years of time for the student and two years of expense for the community, but this may be done without serious loss. The specific nature of the experiment authorized by the North Central Association of Colleges and Secondary Schools is shown by Figure i.

Field of study: Education
Linking catabolism to cyclodextrin extractability: determination of the microbial availability of PAHs in soil.

When assessing the potential of a contaminated site for bioremediation, it is desirable to know how much of the contaminant(s) is available for microbial degradation, thus allowing the likelihood of successful bioremediation to be predicted. The aims of this study were to investigate the degradation of PAHs in two soils by a catabolic inoculum and indigenous soil microflora and link this to the cyclodextrin extractable fraction in the presence of transformer oil (0.05, 0.01, or 0.005%). This study showed very little difference between indigenous and inoculum-derived degradation for phenanthrene in laboratory-aged soil, and strong relationships were also observed between both of the microbial degradative conditions and the amount of phenanthrene extracted by cyclodextrin. Furthermore, the indigenous degradation of PAHs in a field-contaminated soil showed significant linear correlations with the cyclodextrin extractable fraction, with gradients approximating to 1. There are several novel facets to this study. First, in aged, contaminated soils, indigenous microflora gave an equally sensitive determination of degradative availability as that measured by the catabolic inoculum. Second, this is the first time intrinsic biodegradation of PAHs has been predicted by the cyclodextrin extraction in laboratory-spiked and field-contaminated soils. The cyclodextrin extraction technique represents a powerful tool for predicting the extent of intrinsic and augmented microbial degradation and will be useful in the assessment of contaminated land prior to bioremediation.

Field of study: Environmental science