nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Implementation of Model-driven Complex System Engineering Development System

This paper summarizes the related technologies of model-driven complex system engineering development system and establishes a framework for the development system. Then, expounds the implementation process of the development system in detail and emphasizes the key path points of how to achieve the model-driven system research and development capability. Finally, the author puts forward two suggestions for the application and promotion of the development system.  Since the 1960s, system engineering has become the main method to guarantee system development of national defense field such as aviation and space  , while, as the complexity and the cross-domain coupling of systems increasing, rapid changes in external demand and situation have higher requirements in efficiency, quality and innovation capabilities of systems development. Disadvantages of traditional systems engineering method which using text as the main information carrier become more and more obvious in system development: 1) Capturing requirements inaccurately; 2) Changing and tracing the source of Information is difficult; 3) Controlling progress, costs and risks of system development is difficult. To solve the problem of complex system development, the European industry proposed the concept of model-based system development and advocated that the text should be replaced by the models as the main information carrier and driving the whole process of complex system development. As the new round of industrial revolution sweeping the whole world, China is promoting the deep integration of information technology and industrial technology [2] . These theories and techniques, such as Industrial Internet, Model Based Definition, Model Based Systems Engineering, Cyber-Physical Systems, CAD/CAE, Digital Thread, Digital Twin have created a powerful external environment for the “model-driven” development of complex systems engineering. In this context, this paper have studied the implementation process of the model-driven complex system engineering system systematically and put forward two suggestions for the application and promotion of the development system. Overview of Relevant Technologies Model Based Definition The core idea of Model Based Definition  (MBD) is to express the product structure, shape, size, process and manufacturing information through 3D model. After the emergence of CAD technology, 2D drawings have become the main basis for product designing and manufacturing, while 3D model is an auxiliary reference. The emergence of MBD technology integrates the design information and product manufacturing information into a three-dimensional digital model perfectly, which help to

Field of study: Engineering
ATLASGAL-selected massive clumps in the inner Galaxy: V. Temperature structure and evolution

Observational identification of a solid evolutionary sequence for high-mass star-forming regions is still missing. Spectroscopic observations give the opportunity to test possible schemes and connect the phases identified to physical processes. 
 
 We aim to use the progressive heating of the gas caused by the feedback of high-mass young stellar objects to prove the statistical validity of the most common schemes used to observationally define an evolutionary sequence for high-mass clumps, and characterise the sensitivity of different tracers to this process. 
 
 From the spectroscopic follow-ups carried out towards submillimeter continuum (dust) emission-selected massive clumps (the ATLASGAL TOP100 sample) with the IRAM 30?m, Mopra, and APEX telescopes between 84 GHz and 365 GHz, we selected several multiplets of CH3CN, CH3CCH, and CH3OH emission lines to derive and compare the physical properties of the gas in the clumps along the evolutionary sequence, fitting simultaneously the large number of lines that these molecules have in the observed band. Our findings are compared with results obtained from optically thin CO isotopologues, dust, and ammonia from previous studies on the same sample. 
 
 The chemical properties of each species have a major role on the measured physical properties. Low temperatures are traced by ammonia, methanol, and CO (in the early phases), the warm and dense envelope can be probed with CH3CN, CH3CCH, and, in evolved sources where CO is abundant in the gas phase, via its optically thin isotopologues. CH3OH and CH3CN are also abundant in the hot cores, and we suggest that their high-excitation transitions are good tools to study the kinematics in the hot gas associated with the inner envelope surrounding the young stellar objects that these clumps are hosting. All tracers show, to different degrees according to their properties, progressive warming with evolution. The relation between gas temperature and the luminosity-to-mass (L/M) ratio is reproduced by a simple toy model of a spherical, internally heated clump. 
 
 The evolutionary sequence defined for the clumps is statistically valid and we could identify the physical processes dominating in different intervals of L/M. For L/M ? 2 L?M?-1 a large quantity of the gas is still accumulated and compressed at the bottom of the potential well. Between 2 L?M?-1 ? L/M ? 40 L?M?-1 the young stellar objects gain mass and increase in luminosity; the first hot cores hosting intermediate- or high-mass ZAMS stars appear around L/M ~ 10 L?M?-1. Finally, for L/M ? 40 L?M?-1 Hii regions become common, showing that dissipation of the parental clump dominates.

Field of study: Physics
Creative and Competitive Learning Based on Equinumber of Inputs in Partition Space.

In this paper, we exhibit that partition errors are equivalent to each other when the numbers of inputs in a partition space are mutually equal, and describe that the average distortion is asymptotically minimized. According to the equinumber principle, a creation method of competitive learning is proposed with the objective of avoiding the initial dependency of reference vectors. The present approach which has output units without neighboring relations equalizes the numbers of inputs in a partition space. To begin with, only one output unit is prepared at the initial stage, and a reference vector, according to the unit, is updated under competitive learning. Then output units are created sequentially to reach a prespecified number of neurons based on the equinumber principle, and competitive learning occurs until the termination condition is satisfied. Experimental results show the effectiveness of the present technique in the average distortion. Furthermore the present approach is applied to image data and the validity in employing as an image coding system is examined.

Field of study: Computer science
Effects on the rheological properties of dough and steamed bread quality after addition of germinated cowpea flours

The nutritional benefits of cowpea will be improved afer germination. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of the addition of germinated cowpea flours on rheological properties of dough and steamed bread quality. The result showed that: ash, wet gluten content and falling number were influenced significantly by the addition of germinated cowpea flours; The impact to the dough rheological parameters was negative; Basic physical and chemical indicators, water absorption, tensile energy, elongation and maximum tensile resistance of the mixed flours have been significantly correlated with sensory evaluation score. The study proved that 3% addition can improve the rheological properties and steamed bread quality.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Microstructure and Properties of Tungsten Heavy Alloy Connections Formed during Sintering with the Participation of the Liquid Phase

Tungsten heavy alloys (THA) are used in the defense industry for subcaliber bullet cores due to their high density and strength. Typically methods of joining tungsten rod elements include: soldering, friction welding or threaded sleeve splicing. The properties of the joints were tested for three types of material containing 90.8, 96.2 and 98.2 wt.%. tungsten, density from 17.3 to 18.4 g/cm3 and strength range 400–1000 MPa. Combination in the liquid phase at the sintering temperature was carried out in a vacuum furnace at a temperature of 1520 °C in a hydrogen atmosphere, and tests used pairs of both identical and dissimilar materials. After that, some of the bars were subjected to additional heat treatment at 1100 °C for 3 h. The tests of the mechanical properties in the static tensile test and the measurement of impact strength showed that the obtained strength of the joints was comparable to that of the parent material. The microstructure analysis showed that the resulting joint area, while maintaining the appropriate roughness of the joined end faces of the bars, is homogeneous without areas of the solidified matrix of the joint line. Research showed that it is possible to bond under sintering conditions with the participation of a solid liquid phase of homonymous and dissimilar THA materials. The strength of joints in dissimilar materials was comparable to a tungsten heavy alloy material with lower strength in the bonded pair while homonymous materials were comparable to the original material. The test results provided a good basis for further research in which the obtained pairs of joints will be subjected to plastic working processes.

Field of study: Materials science
FURTHER INVESTIGATION OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF ATOMIC COBALT IN THE FLAME

For measuring the exact distribution of metal atoms in the flame, HITACHI 207 atomic absorption spectrophotometer was modified to a single light path with a smaller diameter of the light beam. Using this improved spectrophotometer, the more detailed distribution of cobalt atoms in the air-acetylene flame was measured in terms of some cobalt(III) complexes.

Field of study: Chemistry
GREEN SYNTHESIS AND ANALYSIS OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES USING Leucas aspera

1,2,3 Department of Biotechnology, Bapuji Institute of Engineering and Technology, Davangere AbstractThe green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using plant leaf extract (Leucas aspera) for the reduction of aqueous silver ions. Stable silver nanoparticles were formed by treating aqueous solution of silver nitrate (AgNO3) with the plant leaf extract. The formation of dark brown color confirmed the synthesis of silver nanoparticles. UVvisible spectroscopy was used to monitor the quantitative formation of silver nanoparticles. The size and shape of the nanoparticles was characterized by using SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy). This environmental friendly method provides simple, easy and cost effective faster synthesis of nanoparticles than chemical methods. Further, the antimicrobial activity of synthesized silver nanoparticles showed effective inhibitory activity against pathogens and non pathogenic bacterium strains viz. E. coli, Bacillus cereus, L. monocytogenes, M. luteus,S. aureus, Yersenia. The cytotoxic effect of synthesized silver nanoparticles is studied by using Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT). KeywordsGreen Synthesis, Silver Nanoparticles, Plant Leaf Extract, SEM, Antimicrobial Activity, Brine Shrimp Lethality Test

Field of study: Engineering
High-spatial-resolution mapping of precipitable water vapour using SARinterferograms, GPS observations and ERA-Interim reanalysis

A high spatial and temporal resolution of the precipitable water vapour (PWV) in the atmosphere is a key requirement for the short-scale weather forecasting and climate research. The aim of this work is to derive temporally differenced maps of the spatial distribution of PWV by analysing the tropospheric delay "noise" in interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR). Time series maps of differential PWV were obtained by processing a set of ENVISAT ASAR (Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar) images covering the area of southern California, USA from 6 October 2007 to 29 November 2008. To get a more accurate PWV, the component of hydrostatic delay was calculated and subtracted by using ERA-Interim reanalysis products. In addition, the ERA-Interim was used to compute the conversion factors required to convert the zenith wet delay to water vapour. The InSAR-derived differential PWV maps were calibrated by means of the GPS PWV measurements over the study area. We validated our results against the measurements of PWV derived from the Medium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MERIS) which was located together with the ASAR sensor on board the ENVISAT satellite. Our comparative results show strong spatial correlations between the two data sets. The difference maps have Gaussian distributions with mean values close to zero and standard deviations below 2 mm. The advantage of the InSAR technique is that it provides water vapour distribution with a spatial resolution as fine as 20 m and an accuracy of ∼ 2 mm. Such high-spatial-resolution maps of PWV could lead to much greater accuracy in meteorological understanding and quantitative precipitation forecasts. With the launch of Sentinel-1A and Sentinel-1B satellites, every few days (6 days) new SAR images can be acquired with a wide swath up to 250 km, enabling a unique operational service for InSAR-based water vapour maps with unprecedented spatial and temporal resolution.

Field of study: Environmental science
GANsDTA: Predicting Drug-Target Binding Affinity Using GANs

The computational prediction of interactions between drugs and targets is a standing challenge in drug discovery. State-of-the-art methods for drug-target interaction prediction are primarily based on supervised machine learning with known label information. However, in biomedicine, obtaining labeled training data is an expensive and a laborious process. This paper proposes a semi-supervised generative adversarial networks (GANs)-based method to predict binding affinity. Our method comprises two parts, two GANs for feature extraction and a regression network for prediction. The semi-supervised mechanism allows our model to learn proteins drugs features of both labeled and unlabeled data. We evaluate the performance of our method using multiple public datasets. Experimental results demonstrate that our method achieves competitive performance while utilizing freely available unlabeled data. Our results suggest that utilizing such unlabeled data can considerably help improve performance in various biomedical relation extraction processes, for example, Drug-Target interaction and protein-protein interaction, particularly when only limited labeled data are available in such tasks. To our best knowledge, this is the first semi-supervised GANs-based method to predict binding affinity.

Field of study: Biology
Environmentally-Friendly Extraction of Cellulose Nanofibers from Steam-Explosion Pretreated Sugar Beet Pulp

Cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) with an average diameter of 22 nm were prepared from sugar beet pulp (SBP) via an environmentally-friendly method. Steam-explosion pretreated SBP was treated with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) bleaching, high-speed blending, and ultrasonic treatment. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that hemicellulose was partially hydrolyzed in the steam-cooking stage, pectin was removed in the explosion stage, and lignin was removed by H2O2 bleaching. The removal of non-cellulosic components was confirmed by Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. Morphological analysis showed that steam-explosion pretreatment largely extracted the binder materials of hemicellulose and pectin. This exposed the microfibrillated cellulosic fibers, which promoted subsequent nanofibrillation. X-ray diffraction showed that the CNFs had a crystallinity index of 62.3%. The CNFs had good thermal stability, and thus have potential for use as fillers in polymer matrices. The only chemical reagent used in this green method was H2O2. Combining H2O2 bleaching with steam explosion, high-speed blending, and ultrasonic treatment reduced the overall energy consumption and increased the efficiency of the CNFs extraction. The method, therefore, has potential application in industrial processes.

Field of study: Materials science
Current state and development mode of sports in new rural areas in eastern re- gion of Hebei province

With regard to sports in new rural areas in eastern region of Hebei province,fitness events are selected diversely and traditionally,fitness places are selected randomly and naturally,fitness behaviors are spontaneous and blind,and fitness consumption is conservative.The development of sports in new rural areas in eastern region of Hebei province henceforward should get on the track of the development mode in which "labor production,cultural art,ecologic tourism,enterprise,family,and development model" are combined.

Field of study: Education
Observation of excess resistance anomaly at resistive transitions in Ag/Au nanostructures

The resistive transition in nanocomposite films of silver (Ag) nanoclusters of ~ 1 nm diameter embedded in gold (Au) matrix exhibits an anomalous resistance peak at the onset of the transition, even for transition temperatures as high as 260 K. The maximum value of the resistance ranges between ~ 30% - 300% above that of the normal state depending on devices as well as lead configuration within a single device. The excess resistance regime was observed in about 10% of the devices, and extends from ~ 10 - 100 K. Application of magnetic field of 9 T was found to partially suppress the excess resistance. From the critical current behavior, as well as negative differential resistance in the current-voltage characteristics, we discuss the possibility of interacting phase slip centers and alternate physical scenarios that may cause the excess resistance in our system.

Field of study: Physics
Reproducing the fine-scale layered structure of the stratosphere and lower thermosphere by means of infrasound remote sensing

A technique for the infrasound remote sensing of the atmosphere is proposed. The technique is based on the phenomenon of acoustic pulse scattering by layered inhomogeneities of wind velocity and atmospheric temperature up to heights in the lower thermosphere on the order of 140 km. Vertical profiles of wind velocity fluctuations are reproduced for heights in the upper stratosphere and lower thermosphere (90–140 km) that are less accessible when using other methods for remote sensing of the atmosphere.

Field of study: Physics
A depolarisation lidar-based method for the determination of liquid-cloud microphysical properties

The fact that polarisation lidars measure a depolarisation signal in liquid clouds due to the occurrence of multiple scattering is well known. The degree of measured depolarisation depends on the lidar characteristics (e.g. wavelength and receiver field of view) as well as the cloud macrophysical (e.g. cloud-base altitude) and microphysical (e.g. effective radius, liquid water content) properties. Efforts seeking to use depolarisation information in a quantitative manner to retrieve cloud properties have been undertaken with, arguably, limited practical success. In this work we present a retrieval procedure applicable to clouds with (quasi-)linear liquid water content (LWC) profiles and (quasi-)constant cloud-droplet number density in the cloud-base region. Thus limiting the applicability of the procedure allows us to reduce the cloud variables to two parameters (namely the derivative of the liquid water content with height and the extinction at a fixed distance above cloud base). This simplification, in turn, allows us to employ a fast and robust optimal-estimation inversion using pre-computed look-up tables produced using extensive lidar Monte Carlo (MC) multiple-scattering simulations. In this paper, we describe the theory behind the inversion procedure and successfully apply it to simulated observations based on large-eddy simulation (LES) model output. The inversion procedure is then applied to actual depolarisation lidar data corresponding to a range of cases taken from the Cabauw measurement site in the central Netherlands. The lidar results were then used to predict the corresponding cloud-base region radar reflectivities. In non-drizzling condition, it was found that the lidar inversion results can be used to predict the observed radar reflectivities with an accuracy within the radar calibration uncertainty (2–3 dBZ). This result strongly supports the accuracy of the lidar inversion results. Results of a comparison between ground-based aerosol number concentration and lidar-derived cloud-droplet number densities are also presented and discussed. The observed relationship between the two quantities is seen to be consistent with the results of previous studies based on aircraft-based in situ measurements.

Field of study: Environmental science
PLGamide characterization and role in osmoregulation in leech brain.

Neurons immunoreactive to an antiserum specifically directed against the Prolyl-Leucyl-Glycinamide peptide (PLGamide: Melanocyte Inhibiting Factor: MIF) were detected in the brain of the leech Theromyzon tessulatum. Radioimmunoassay titrations of the PLGamide-like material at different physiological stages of the life cycle indicated a maximal amount at stage 3B, which is correlated to phase of both maximal water uptake and coelomic vitellogenin accumulation. In vivo experiments demonstrate that this cerebral PLGamide-like material is an anti-diuretic factor that would act at stage 3B in order to permit a water uptake leading to water retention allowing coelomic yolk protein accumulation. In brains of the Gnatobdellid leech Hirudo medicinalis and the Pharyngobdellid leech Erpobdella octoculata, anti-PLGamide material was also detected with an amount not differing with the degree of sex maturation of the animals, confirming the link between osmoregulation and ovogenesis in rhynchobdellid leeches. Using a combination of biochemical techniques including high-pressure gel permeation chromatography followed by reversed-phase HPLC on brain extracts and Edman degradation, we demonstrated the presence of an authentic MIF-1 peptide in leech brain. Finally, since in vertebrates MIF-1 belongs to the non-classical opioid peptide family, we studied its binding displacement, in contrast to morphine, on mu-receptors and on nitric oxide (NO) release experiments in leech brain. PLGamide did not bind to mu-alkaloid opioid receptors and did not stimulate NO release.

Field of study: Biology
Estimators Based on Order Statistics of Small Samples from a Three-Parameter Lognormal Distribution

The expectations of order statistics of a logarithmic-normal distribution are expressed as functions which are linear in a location and a scale parameter but nonlinear in a shape parameter of the distribution. The regression of the observed small-sample order statistics on approximations to their expectations is considered and an iterative procedure is proposed which leads to approximate weighted least squares estimates of all three parameters. The performance of the iterative procedure as well as the properties of the estimators are studied by means of Monte Carlo simulation experiments involving samples of size 10, 15 and 20 from standardized distributions (zero median, unit geometric mean) with shape parameter (natural logarithmic variance) in the range zero to unity. It is shown that the iterative procedure always converges and that almost unbiased estimates may be obtained. The variances of the location and scale parameter estimates compare favorably with those of the well-known order-statis...

Field of study: Mathematics