nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
[An analysis of treatment of the Russian group of patients in the international observational study «Factors influencing response to botulinum toxin type A in patients with idiopathic cervical dystonia»].

The analysis of the results of treatment of the Russian patient population in the frame of international, multicenter, non-interventional study of CD, the primary purpose of which was to determine the response rate to therapy with BTA at the peak of the effect: after one course of injections in settings of routine practice, as well as the results of application of modern definition for "response" to treatment with BTA.



In Russia 60 patients with idiopathic CD were included. Patients were classified as «responders» according to the following 4 criteria: effect size (improvement by ≥ 25% assessed by TWSTRS); effect duration: ≥ 12 weeks interval between the BTA injection and the day when the patient reported a decrease of clinical effect, indicating the need for repeated treatment; good tolerability of treatment (no treatment-related serious adverse events (AEs) during the study period); patient-reported Clinical Global Improvement (CGI) score is +2 («significant improvement») or +3 («very significant improvement») at the visits 2 or 3.



In the Russian population, patients with a ≥ 25% improvement by TWSTRS scale at visit 2 (peak effect) accounted for 88.3%. Most of patients (81.6%) and physicians (81.7%) evaluated the efficacy of therapy as a «significant improvement» or «very significant improvement» by CGI. The criterion of the effect duration was achieved in 50% of cases. The BTA therapy was well tolerated (no severe AEs related to treatment) in 98.3% of patients. Overall, 40% of all patients met all the criteria for response to BTA treatment. According to the analysis of the general population, a high degree of response was observed for the effect size (73.6%), tolerability (97.5%) and patient-reported global clinical improvement (69.8%). Subjective assessment of the duration of the effect was achieved in 49.3% of patients, with 28.6% of patients considered as responders. Most patients met three of the four criteria. The proposed multifactorial definition of «response» may be of practical use for routine practice.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Exact quantum distribution for parametric oscillators.

Optical parametric oscillators (OPOs) are quantum mechanical devices with a definite threshold for selfsustained oscillations [1—4]. They have played a central role in squeezing and twin-beam noise reduction experiments . Theoretical understanding of these properties of the OPOs has been based mostly on linearized treatments above and below the threshold of oscillation [7—9]. In the region of threshold where linearization fails, the complex-P distribution has been used . The complexP distribution, unfortunately, does not have the character of a probability density and is of limited use for gaining insights into the coherence properties of the OPOs. Another distribution, closely related to the complex P, is the positive-P distribution which is a true probability density [11]. In this paper we present an analytic solution for the positive-P function for the optical parametric oscillators. With the help of analytic solutions tremendous insights into the coherence properties of other oscillators have been gained [12—14]. Our analytic treatment is based on the observation that the quantum dynamics of OPOs is naturally confined to a bounded region in an eight-dimensional phase space. The solution presented here provides us with an elegant picture of how the coherence properties of the OPOs are transformed in the threshold region. It also allows us to discuss quantum features that survive even as the field amplitudes grow up to macroscopic values above threshold. We model the parametric oscillator by two quantized field modes of frequencies co] and co2 interacting with a third mode of frequency co3 = ~& + co2 inside an optical cavity via a ~~ ) nonlinearity. Modes co] and ~2 experience linear losses characterized by the decay rates yl = y2 = y, and mode co3 suffers linear losses characterized by the decay y3. The cavity is excited by a classical pump at frequency ~3. In the interaction picture the microscopic Hamiltonian takes the form

Field of study: Physics
Assessment of uncertainties in the projected concentrations of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere (International Workshop, ECN, Petten, The Netherlands: 4-6 July 1990)

S. A. Penkett (UK; 1987-1991); H. I. Schiff (Canada; 1986-1991); X. Tang (China; 1987-1991); P. Warneck (Germany; 1988-1991); Associate Members: N. M. Bazhin (USSR; 1987-1991); R. H. Brown (UK; 1987-1991); K. H. Eickel (Germany; 1989-1991); J. A. Kerr (UK; 1987-1991); 0. Lindqvist (Sweden; 1989-1991); D. E. Tevault (USA; 1987-1991); Wm. E. Wilson (USA; 1989-1991); National Representatives: R. A. Cox (UK; 1986-1991); H.-J. Grosse (Germany; 1986-1991); 8.

Field of study: Chemistry
Stability of compensation regimes for nonlinear distortions of beams with any polarization

Conditions are analyzed for the stability of compensation for nonlinear distortions, by means of wavefront reversal for the four combinations of polarizations of opposite waves. It is shown that the most stringent requirements on the reflectivity of the wavefront reversal mirror are satisfied for linearly polarized waves. Problems of stability of polarization states of opposite pump waves in a medium with cubic nonlinearity are considered.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Synthesis of O‐ and N‐Heterocycles by Silyl‐Prins Cyclization of Allylsilanes

Prins cyclization has emerged as one of the most valuable methods for the construction of heterocycles. It proceeds through intramolecular addition of a π-nucleophile to an oxocarbenium or related ion. The use of electron-rich alkenes, such as allylsilanes (so-called silyl-Prins cyclization) offers the benefit of allowing more selective reactions. The regio- and stereochemical outcomes of these transformations are explained by well-stablished transition states. This review presents the most important contributions involving silyl-Prins cyclization to the stereoselective preparation of oxygen and nitrogen heterocycles. The influence of different structural variants in the selectivity of the cyclization is discussed. These reactions have frequently been used as key steps in the synthesis of a wide variety of natural products.

Field of study: Chemistry
Changing Travel Patterns of Older Women: Policy, Safety and Mobility

Geiska Baker is the author of this edited transcription of Dr. Sandra Rosenbloom’s presentation at the CRP Department on May 11, 2006. Dr. Rosenbloom thesis is that transportation planning must meet different needs from different users, and be able to respond to market segmentation. She discussed the importance of identifying the travel patterns of older women in planning for an aging population and presented research information from the US and Great Britain Sandra Rosenbloom, Ph.D., is professor of planning, natural renewable resources, gerontology and women studies at the University of Arizona. She was the director of the Drachman Institute for Land and Regional Development Studies, a research and public service unit of the university (1990-2004). Geiska Baker is a graduate student of the MCRP program. There is a potpourri of transportation issues facing older-people; but more particularly older women because they face different problems and have different resources than older men. In general, there are very few older women in comparable positions to older men. Older men are more advantaged in a number of ways and this is revealed in their travel patterns, mobility patterns and general life style.

Field of study: Medicine
Potassium Absorption,Accumulation and Distribution Characteristics of Potato in Winter

The potassium absorption,accumulation of potato in winter was carried out by field experiment with NPK basal fertilizer and top dressing proportion.The results showed: The potassium concentration in the leaves reached a peak about 65 days after full emengence and then decreased;In the stems,the potassium concentration reached the peak 15 and 45 days after full emengence;In the tubers,the concentration of potassium in the mass reached the maximum 35 days after full emengence,and then decreased.In cold and wet year,5.82 kg potassium(K),and 7.28 kg(K)in cool and dry year was needed to produce 1 000 kg of tubers.Potassium in the leaves reached the peak after full emengence 5 days,about 70% potassium was allocated to leaves and then decreased to about 10% in last stage.Potassium in the stem reached the peak after full emengence 15 days,about 30%,at last about 10% of the potassium still kept in leaves;In tubers,potassium distribution ratio increased gradually,about 80% potassium transferred into tubers in the end of development stage.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Divalent carbon insertions into Group IV hydrides and halides

A summary, dealing in large part with the author's own work, is presented of reactions in which a methylene bridge (CH2, CHX, CX2, etc.) is introduced into a Group IV element-to-other element covalent bond In these reactions M is silicon, germanium, tin or lead; Y can be hydrogen, halogen, carbon, mercury and, in the case of tin, another tin. The reagents which effect such methylenations include diazoalkanes, carbenes and ‘carbenoid’ organometallics. Emphasis is placed on carbenes generated via phenyl(trihalomethyl)mercury compounds and on diazomethane. The scope and mechanism of these reactions are discussed.

Field of study: Chemistry
What do software practitioners really think about project success: A cross-cultural comparison

Due to the increasing globalization of software development we are interested to discover if there exist significant cultural differences in practitioners' definition of a successful software project. This study presents the results of a survey in which Chilean software practitioners' perceptions of project success are compared with previous research with US practitioners. Responses from both groups of practitioners indicate that there is a relationship between team-work and success; our results also indicate that there are similar perceptions related to the importance of job satisfaction and project success. However, Chilean responses suggest that if a practitioner is allowed too much freedom within the work environment, job stress results; this in turn is reflected in increasing demands for both job satisfaction and good environmental conditions. This may indicate the potential for the attribution of failure to conditions outside the team, thus preventing a search for problematic team issues and technical problems. In contrast, the data suggests peer control inside the US teams indicating a less stressful environment.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Optimization of the extraction of lycopene from freeze-dried tomato powder

Response surface methodology was used to optimize extraction conditions of lycopene from freeze-dried tomato powder(≥200 mesh).On the basis of the optimum process,comparison of the effect of different pretreatments on the extraction yield of lycopene was studied.The results showed that the best extraction conditions for lycopene as follows: time 66.43 min,temperature 50.2 ℃,liquid-to-material ratio 12.75:1 and extraction times n=3.Under this condition,the average extraction yield of lycopene was 2.5825 mg/g DW(n=1).The predicted value was in consistent with the measured value,the reliability of the models was proved.The average extraction yield of lycopene of freeze-dried tomato powder was 2.5314 mg/g DW(n=1),which was obviously higher than yield of saponification tomato pulp,a better application value belonged to the former.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Conditioned behavioral responses to a context paired with the predator odor trimethylthiazoline.

Contextual fear conditioning is the learning of a fear response in a specific context in response to repeated application of aversive stimuli (e.g., foot shocks) or danger-related stimuli (predator odors) within that context. Cat odor, a danger-related stimulus common in laboratory studies of fear in the past, has often been replaced recently with trimethylthiazoline (TMT), a component of fox feces. No contextual fear conditioning in response to TMT has been reported so far, whereas cat odor has often been shown to induce such fear conditioning in rats. Using TMT in both a 1-compartment and a 2-compartment setup, the authors found conditioned fear behavior (expressed as avoidance behavior) in the 2-compartment setup but not--as reported by others--in the 1-compartment setup. Detailed analysis revealed 2 different coping strategies in the 2-compartment setup: Half of the rats showed pronounced avoidance behavior, whereas the other half showed intense risk assessment behavior. These results indicate that expression of conditioned fear behavior in response to a TMT-paired context is dependent on the experimental setup used, as well as the strategy of the individual rat.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Sci‐AM2 Sat ‐ 05: Dose verification for rotating multileaf collimator IMRT

A new method of delivering IMRT has been proposed in which the entire MLC is rotated between each segment. Current linacs were not designed for IMRT delivery with collimator rotation and extensive quality assurancetesting must be done before it can be used clinically. This work describes the different areas of testing that need to be considered, namely (1) the commissioning and QA of the Dynamic Beam Delivery (DBD) Toolbox (Varian Medical Systems, Palo Alto) required for collimator rotation control on a Varian CL21EX linac, (2) accurate fluence modeling of rotated apertures, and (3) dosimetric verification of full IMRT treatments delivered with a rotating MLC (RMLC). The DBD toolbox was tested and the collimator rotation angle was found to be accurate and reproducible to within 0.5 degrees. Fluence distributions of varying complexity were generated using the RMLC algorithm and the accuracy of the fluence modeling was validated using film based verification methods. IMRT treatment plans for a prostate, nasopharynx, and c‐shape target were generated with the RMLC segmentation algorithm and were delivered to a phantom. Measured and calculated dose distributions were compared using dose difference, distance‐to‐agreement, gamma factor maps and two‐dimensional profiles. The level of agreement was comparable to clinically accepted plans. Our results show that we can accurately control collimator rotation and precisely model fluence distributions generated from rotating MLC apertures. We also show that the RMLC technique is capable of delivering 3D clinical dose distributions accurately and reproducibly. This work was supported in part by Varian Medical Systems.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Development and Application of 16-Channel Two-Mode Recording System for Neurochemical and Neuroelectrical Signals

A 16-channel two-mode recording system used for detection of neurochemical and neuroeletrical signals was developed. The instrument system consists of hardware and software components whose current and voltage resolutions are 10 pA and 0.6 μV, respectively. The software adopted multithreading, multicache, and other techniques to achieve real-time detection, spike separation, IIR filter, chronoamperometry, cyclic voltammetry, etc. The performance of the system was demonstrated in electrophysiological experiment and dopamine concentration measurement. The signal-to-noise ratio ( S/N ) recorded from VTA of SD rat was 9.7. The current response increased linearly with the concentration of dopamine in the range of 0.1–378 μM with a correlation coefficient of 0.9958. The results indicated that the recording system had high resolution and was suitable for electrophysiological and the electrochemical signal detection.

Field of study: Chemistry
Small-molecule crystal structures as a structural basis for drug design.

For a long time, the crystal structures of small molecules were regarded as useful only for establishing the stereochemical formulae of the crystallized compounds. Recently, chemists have realized that in the study of the environment in the solid state there exists valuable structural information on the binding characteristics of chemical groups. Numerous comparisons have been made which show the nearly perfect correlation between small-molecule structural results, and the observed binding in receptor-substrate complexes. Moreover, the observed conformations of flexible substrates interacting with the neighbouring molecules in their crystal structures, can lead to valuable hypotheses on their conformation when bound in the active site of a biological macromolecule.

Field of study: Chemistry
The Open and Distance Learning Approach: An Information and Communication Technology Mode of Enhancing Social and Academic Development in Kenya: Opportunities and Challenges

Open and distance learning (ODL) has in the recent times become an educational theme of significance the world over. The growth of ODL has occurred as a result of its flexibility with respect to time, pace, entry requirements, affordability and quality. In Kenya, despite the rapid expansions and innovations in the education sector in the past two decades, challenges to access and equity in ICT still exist. As we focus attention on the use of ODL as one of the popular mediums of social and academic development in Africa, Kenya needs to do more than it has done to provide opportunities that will enable its citizens to acquire and use ICT effectively. The introduction of free primary education in 2003 and free secondary tuition in 2008 are an indicator that Kenya is moving along other countries in the world to embrace change and to ensure that all children are given a chance to get an education as well as an exposure to ICT. This has resulted into a population explosion in educational institutions and thus the need for ODL. This paper examines some of the opportunities and challenges of ODL in Kenya today. It recommends that the Kenyan government through the Ministry of Education should aggressively develop ODL. It should also develop proper means of communication technology towards the country’s educational curricula as a means of expanding equity and access to education through ODL as medium of effective social and academic development.  Open and distance learning (ODL), opportunities, challenges, approach and mode.

Field of study: Education
Production of a single-chain fragment of the murine anti-idiotypic antibody ACA125 as phage-displayed and soluble antibody by recombinant phage antibody technique.

The F(ab')2 fragment of the murine monoclonal anti-idiotypic antibody ACA125 mimicking the tumor-associated antigen CA125 is used as a vaccine for the induction of an anti-tumoral immunity in patients with ovarian carcinoma. We tried to generate a single-chain fragment (ScFv) composed of ACA125 heavy- and light-chain variable domains connected by a polypeptide linker as an alternative to the corresponding F(ab')2 fragment. Heavy- and light-chain genes of antibody-producing mouse hybridoma cell line were amplified separately and assembled into a ScFv gene with linker DNA by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The ScFv gene was ligated into the phagemid vector pCANTAB5E, which allows the production of both phage-displayed and soluble ScFv. Transformed Escherichia coli TG1 cells were infected with M13K07 helper phage to yield recombinant phage, which display ScFv fragments as a g3p fusion protein on the surface of the filamentous phage M13. Recombinant phages could be selected by binding to the idiotypic antibody OC125 after one round of panning and directly used to reinfect E. coli TG1 cells. The E. coli nonsuppressor strain HB2151 was infected with an antigen-positive phage clone, previously screened by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), to express soluble ScFv fragments. Functional soluble ScFv binding to the idiotypic antibody OC125 F(ab')2 could be detected in the bacterial periplasm by Western blot and ELISA. The variable heavy- and light-chain genes of the ACA125 ScFv fragment were further sequenced and compared with known antibody sequences.

Field of study: Biology
Dithiooxamide as an Effective Sulfur Surrogate for Odorless High‐Yielding Carbon–Sulfur Bond Formation in Wet PEG200 as an Eco‐Friendly, Safe, and Recoverable Solvent

In this study, we have employed dithiooxamide, a solid, odorless, and commercially available compound, as a sulfur surrogate for the preparation of dialkyl sulfides from available alkyl halides in high yields. This sulfur transfer agent was also used for a copper-catalyzed high-yielding preparation of diaryl sulfides from their available aryl halides and for the preparation of thia-Michael adducts in high yields. All the reactions were performed under odorless conditions in wet PEG200 (PEG = polyethylene glycol), which is an eco-friendly, safe, and recoverable solvent. The protocols were easily applicable to large-scale operation.

Field of study: Chemistry
Preparation and characteristic of typhoid Vi conjugate vaccine

To prepare a typhoid Vi conjugate vaccine and investigate its characteristics.  Recombinant exoprotein A( rEPA) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was derived with adipic acid dihydrazide (ADH) and bound to the capsular polysaccharide of Salmonella typhi (Vi). The conjugates were analyzed with proper chemical and biological methods. Immunogenicity of the conjugates was tested in particular in mice model.  The conjugates were much larger in size than polysaccharide and carrier protein alone. The Vi/protein ratio (wt/wt) was 1.2 and more than 70% of Vi stayed in conjugate form. Analysis of HPLC(TSK5000) showed that the conjugates with Kd(partition coefficient)≤0.2 occupied 94% . Endotoxin content, anaphylactoid test, abnormal toxicity test in guinea pigs and mice gave evidence of the safety of the conjugates. Double-immunodiffusion demonstrated that both Vi and rEPA in the conjugates kept intact immunogenicity. Immunogenicity test in mice showed that the conjugates could induce significant responses, and elicit boosted responses while Vi not.  Vi conjugate vaccine was successfully developed. It was safe and got strong immunogenicity in mice.

Field of study: Biology