nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Investigating the ice crystal morphology in frozen cooked rice based on size, fractal dimension and ANN modeling

Cooked rice was frozen in an air blast freezer at freezing temperatures of −5, −10, −15, −30 and −45 °C and stored at −5, −10, −15, −30 and −45 °C for up to 90 days. Cross-sectional images were captured using a fluorescence staining method, and then the equivalent diameters and perimeters of ice crystals were determined. The size and fractal dimensions were affected by the relationship between the freezing and storage temperatures. Artificial neural network analysis revealed that the behavior of response surface curves of both sizes and fractal dimensions were similar. The models demonstrated that the storage temperature of −25 °C for 90 days was required for maintaining the size and morphology of ice crystal immediately after freezing at −25 °C. These models would be effective tools for identifying the optimum operating conditions of frozen cooked rice based on the relationship between the ice crystal size and morphology.

Field of study: Engineering
Strong Coupling between a Trapped Single Atom and an All-Fiber Cavity.

We demonstrate an all-fiber cavity quantum electrodynamics system with a trapped single atom in the strong coupling regime. We use a nanofiber Fabry-Perot cavity, that is, an optical nanofiber sandwiched by two fiber-Bragg-grating mirrors. Measurements of the cavity transmission spectrum with a single atom in a state-insensitive nanofiber trap clearly reveal the vacuum Rabi splitting.

Field of study: Physics
Evidence of localised upwelling in Pemba Channel (Tanzania) during the southeast monsoon

Oceanographic and biogeochemical observations collected in Pemba Channel, a deep-water (800 m) channel separating Pemba Island from mainland Tanzania, during the South East monsoon indicate the presence of active upwelling along the western edge of Pemba Island. Surface salinity values, nutrient concentrations and the presence of coccolithophore species previously reported from the mid to lower euphotic zone all suggest upwelling from at least 80–100 m depth. The surface waters of the channel were characterised with low NO3−:PO43− (0.68:1) and NO3−:Si (0.04:1) ratios far below the Brzezinski-Redfield ratio indicating the presence of N-limitation and the possibility that these waters may be susceptible to anthropogenic N inputs. Surface NO3− concentrations averaged 0.09 ± 0.10 μmol L−1 but increased to 0.5 μmol L−1 in the centre of upwelling where coincidentally both integrated nutrient concentrations and surface POC/PON pools were approximately 2-fold higher than the channel average. Despite its significance for local productivity upwelling is tentatively estimated, via stoichiometric assumptions, to enhance local productivity by only 20%. The modest productivity response to upwelling may be explained by picoplankton (0.2–2 μm) dominance of the phytoplankton community with this size-class representing ~80% of total chlorophyll-a. Nevertheless, important spatial variability was identified in larger size fractions and supported by taxonomic analyses with indications that the distribution of Chaetoceros spp. alone may be particularly relevant for understanding the variability in larger (>20 μm) chlorophyll-a size fractions. The location of upwelling has previously been shown to host large concentrations of small pelagic fish thus management of this regionally important resource would benefit from additional investigation of the underlying physical mechanism driving upwelling and subsequently how trophic interactions and ecosystem productivity are influenced.

Field of study: Environmental science
The effects of maltodextrin as a drying aid and drying temperature on production of tamarind powder and consumer acceptance of the powder.

Tamarind pulp with varying levels of added maltodextrin was foam-mat dried to improve the stability of the tamarind and to study consumer acceptance and attitudes towards the tamarind powder. Tamarind foam-mats were prepared using hydroxypropyl methycellulose (HPMC) as a foaming agent and maltodextrin at either 0%, 5%, 10%, or 15% as a drying aid. The resulting mixtures were foamed and dried at either 55OC, 60OC, or 70OC. Increasing the maltodextrin content resulted in a lighter colour, with a decrease in redness and yellowness. Also the pH increased and the total acidity decreased with increasing maltodextrin. Dispersibility of the tamarind powder was improved by adding maltodextrin. A consumer test (n = 114) found increasing the amount of added maltodextrin also improved the overall acceptance score. The sample with 15% maltodextrin added, then dried at 70OC had the highest overall acceptance score. Investigation into the buying behaviour of the consumers found participants would consider purchasing the tamarind powder if the price range was USD 0.16-0.19 per 10 g (c.a. 5-6 Baht). Moreover, the product being approved by the Food Standard Institute was the most important variable affecting buying decisions, with secondary considerations being product characteristics such as colour, odour and taste. The consumers suggested that the tamarind powder could replace tamarind pulp for cooking; be used as an instant juice powder; added to Thai curry paste, or; used as an ingredient in cosmetics.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Rousseau's Two Models: Sparta and the Age of Gold

co Jean-Jacques Rousseau was not a professional philosopher. He never pretended that he was. His great claim was that he alone had been "the painter of nature and the historian of the human heart."' It was an art that did not demand great logical rigor or systematic exposition of abstract ideas. Rousseau did not even aspire to these accomplishments. He did not think that perfect consistency was really very important. What did matter was always to be  By truthfulness he meant what we generally tend to call sincerity, and in his case it involved an overriding will to denounce the social world around him. It made him one of the greatest of the nay-sayers. His denial was comprehensive, embracing civilization as a whole. And in his tone of undeviating contempt for all he saw around him, he was singularly consistent. Moreover, if he was the very prototype of the "homme revolte," he was not without a deep sense of order, and his ideas found expression in a form of social criticism that was both formal and traditional in its

Field of study: Political science
Measurement of relativistic electron beam bunch length by electro-optic sampling method

Electro-optic sampling measurement of relativistic electron pulses is promising.In this paper the theory and the experiment setup of the measurement are introduced.The coulomb field of electron bunch is analyzed and simulated.The relation of this field with the electro-optic effect of ZnTe crystal is studied.The polarization change of the probe light and the relation of the electron bunch length and the detected signal are calculated by Jones calculus.The results show that the coulomb field of electron bunch should be perpendicular to the axis of ZnTe crystal,the initial polarization of probe light should lie at an angle of 45° or 135° with y″ axis of ZnTe crystal and the fast axis of 1/4 wave plate should lie at an angle of 45° with z″ axis of ZnTe crystal.In such situation,the signal of balance detector will be directly proportinoal to the coulomb field of electron bunch Eb.The purpose of 1/4 wave plate is to move the working point from the nonlinear region to the linear region.The balance detector is used to simplify the relation of the signal of Eb and enhance the SNR.This paper provides a reference for the experiment.

Field of study: Physics
Involvement of palliative care in patients requesting medical assistance in dying.

To determine the level of palliative care involvement before and after medical assistance in dying (MAID) requests, and to compare the differences between those who completed MAID and those who requested but did not complete MAID.



Retrospective chart review.



The Ottawa Hospital (TOH) in Ontario.



Ninety-seven patients who requested MAID at TOH between February 6, 2016, and June 30, 2017.



Completion of MAID.



Eighty-four patients were included in the study. Fifty patients (59.5%) completed MAID. The most common reasons for not completing MAID were death before completion of the required assessments (47.0%), ineligibility (26.5%), and loss of capacity (14.7%). The most common diagnoses were cancer (72.6%) and neurologic disease (11.9%). The most frequent reasons for requesting MAID were physical suffering (77.4%), loss of autonomy (36.9%), and poor quality of life (27.4%). Patients who completed MAID in this study were more likely to report physical suffering as the reason for their request than those who did not complete MAID (84.0% vs 67.6%; P = .08), yet only 23.8% of all patients requesting MAID had an Edmonton Symptom Assessment Scale completed. Before MAID request, 27.4% of patients had a community palliative care physician and 59.5% had palliative care involvement in any setting. The TOH palliative care team was involved in 46.4% of patients who requested MAID.



There is still inadequate provision of palliative care for those requesting MAID. Guidelines, legislation, and guidance are needed to help physicians ensure patients are aware of and understand the benefits of palliative care in end-of-life decisions. However, the involvement of palliative care with patients who completed MAID was similar to those who did not complete MAID. Multicentre studies are needed to further explore the MAID process and clarify the role of palliative care in that process.

Field of study: Medicine
Long-term decline of a winter-resident bird community in Puerto Rico

Despite concern expressed two decades ago, there has been little recent discussion about continuing declines of migrant bird populations. Monitoring efforts have been focused almost exclusively on the breeding grounds. We describe the long-term decline of a winter-resident bird population in Guánica Commonwealth Forest, Puerto Rico, one of the last remaining tracts of high-quality tropical dry forests in the Caribbean. The winter bird community has exhibited dramatic declines, with constant-effort mist netting now capturing about one-third as many birds as it did 20 years ago. Population estimates for the three most common species have declined dramatically, even though survival rates have remained constant, and other species are now virtually absent from a site where they once were fairly common. Although explanations for these declines are speculative, particularly because they involve multiple species, we argue that the strength and duration of these declines in well-preserved dry forest within a biosphere reserve should stimulate renewed discussion of migrant population trends and comparison with other recent monitoring activities.

Field of study: Environmental science
On the Choice of Metallic Contacts with Polycrystalline PbSe Films and Its Effect on Carrier Sweepout and Performance in Mid-wave Infrared (MWIR) Photodetectors

Carrier sweepout is one of the many phenomena that limit critical performance metrics of mid-wave infrared (MWIR) photodetectors, such as the photoconductive gain (γ), photoresponsivity (η), specific detectivity (D*), and hence the overall performance of cameras built using these detectors. Preventing carrier sweepout in photoconductors at high applied bias and modulation frequencies can increase the electrical operating bias range and consequently expand the possible read-out integrated circuit design space and capabilities. Polycrystalline PbSe-based MWIR photodetectors have shown great potential for building integrated high-performance devices. We discuss herein the choice of metallic contacts for such detectors built by Northrop Grumman Systems Corp. under this program using the complex physics of carrier trapping and the interface of the contact metal with the photosensitive PbSe film that allows these detectors to be essentially free of carrier sweepout even at high applied electric fields.

Field of study: Materials science
Review of nuclear techniques in subsurface geology

Nuclear techniques used to obtain data on geological strata require detailed analysis to understand the meaning of the measurements because of the extended region of the interactions and the complications introduced by the borehole environment. In addition, the nuclear parameters that are measured must be related to the geological parameters that are of interest. Types of measurements that can be performed, their relationship to geological parameters, limitations imposed by the need to make measurements in extended media under hostile conditions, and methods to analyze the measurements are presented.

Field of study: Physics
Biogenic chaos: Cryptobioturbation and the work of sedimentologically friendly organisms

Biogenic chaos, from an ichnological point of view, can be defined as total bioturbation of sediment by infaunal organisms, such that the original sedimentary fabric and associated sedimentary structures are entirely destroyed. The truth, however, is that not all forms of thorough bioturbation are purely destructive. As improbable as it initially sounds, sediment can be pervasively (potentially 100%) bioturbated, and yet have suffered remarkably little distortion of the original bedding. In nature there exist many different levels of organism communities. Historically, the study of any natural system begins with the most obvious, attention-grabbing elements. Only later do the more innocuous aspects come to be discovered and appreciated. Ichnology shows a similar historical pattern. The most obvious aspects of the science, the discrete burrow or track forms, have been well studied for many years. Only recently have more subtle biogenic disturbances, such as micro borings, bacterial trails, meiofaunal burrows, infaunal tiering, etc., gained attention. Likewise, another level of bioturbation – cryptobioturbation – exists and is becoming more evident in the rock record. Owing to its diminutive and obscure nature, cryptobioturbation has not received widespread attention. As the name implies, cryptobioturbation is characteristically small in scale and exceedingly subtle in expression. What sets it apart from other forms of bioturbation, however is its tendency to preserve rather than to destroy the sediment’s primary physical structure. The fabric that results from cryptobioturbation can have significant influence on resulting permeability and porosity trends. In some systems where both cryptically bioturbated sandstone and generally unburrowed sandstone are present, mini-permeameter measurements show that numerous heterogeneities are retained in the unburrowed sandstone, resulting in a wide range of permeabilities. In contrast, cryptically bioturbated sandstone intervals show that these heterogeneities are less pronounced, and the resulting permeability curve is more uniform. The effect of cryptobioturbation does not result in enhanced permeabilities, but rather diminishes internal heterogeneities, leading to a more uniform permeability distribution.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Sticky Normal-Superconductor Interface

We study the quantum Goos-H\"{a}nchen(GH) effect for wave-packet dynamics at a normal/superconductor (NS) interface. We find that the effect is amplified by a factor $(E_F/\Delta)$, with $E_F$ the Fermi energy and $\Delta$ the gap. Interestingly, the GH effect appears only as a time delay $\delta t$ without any lateral shift, and the corresponding delay length is about $(E_F/\Delta)\lambda_F$, with $\lambda_F$ the Fermi wavelength. This makes the NS interface "sticky" when $\Delta \ll E_F$, since typically GH effects are of wavelength order. This "sticky" behavior can be further enhanced by a resonance mode in NSNS interface. Finally, for a large $\Delta$, the resonance-mode effect makes a transition from Andreev to the specular electron reflection as the width of the sandwiched superconductor is reduced.

Field of study: Physics
Lagrangian construction of the $(gl_n, gl_m)$-duality

We give a geometric realization of the symmetric algebra of the tensor space $C^n \bigotimes C^m$ together with the action of the dual pair $(gl_n, gl_m)$ in terms of lagrangian cycles in the cotangent bundles of certain varieties. We establish geometrically the equivalence between the $(gl_n, gl_m)$ duality and Schur duality. We establish the connection between Springer's construction of (representations of) Weyl groups and Ginzburg's construction of (representations of) Lie algebras of type $A$.

Field of study: Mathematics
Methods of investigating the role of absorbing microinclusions in damage to transparent dielectrics by laser radiation. I - Passive methods

Methods are considered for investigating absorbing inclusions of dimensions di3×10−5cm in transparent dielectrics. A quantitative criterion is proposed for discriminating between inclusions in respect of their size determined by investigation of light scattering. An ultramicroscopic method of measuring the sizedistribution function of inclusions of diameter di~10−6–3×10−5 cm in the bulk of a transparent dielectric was proposed, tested experimentally, and appled to the industrial glasses K8 and TF5 and to liquating Na-7-B-23 glass. It is shown that all these glasses contain inhomogeneities of di~10−6–10−5 cm size, with a concentration of 1011 cm-3, whereas the concentration of inhomogeneities of di3×10−5 cm size does not exceed 3×106 cm−3. Plots are made of the size-distribution functions of the inclusions in these glasses.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
A numerical and experimental study of turbulent flow through the evaporator coil in an air-conditioning unit

Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and heat transfer has matured to the stage where state-of-the-art commercial codes can address real engineering problems. However, the advances in finite volume numerical capability which permit this, such as full three-dimensionality, generalised coordinate systems and multiblocking, require convincing validation procedures to demonstrate quantitative engineering potential. In this paper a two-dimensional incompressible turbulent flow in an industrial packaged air-conditioning system is investigated numerically, with specific reference to the air flow through the tube banks of the evaporator coil. The system modelled comprises an outer casing containing the coil which has three rows of 20-mm diameter tubes in staggered formation, each row having tubes, and a condensate tray with complex geometry. The analysis is based on the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations in conjunction with the standard k-ϵ turbulence model. The finite-volume method (FVM) is used to solve the governing partial differential equations on a non-staggered grid. In order to treat the detailed fin tube geometry, a novel method called ‘masking’ has been developed to construct body-fitted curvilinear grids quickly and efficiently. In the computation, several differencing schemes of various orders are outlined and their accuracy are examined. In a parallel experimental investigation conducted on the actual air-conditioning unit, both the mean velocity profiles and turbulence properties of the flow were obtained from triple hot-wire anemometry measurements. These were then used to compare with the computational results and validate the mathematical models developed. It is found that the predictions were generally in good agreement with the measurements, especially for the higher-order differencing scheme. An immediate practical effect of the study was that it revealed the flow disturbance resulting from the condensate tray. This has been suspected but its magnitude not anticipated. The consequent amendment of the design of this component in the commercial unit led to an improved performance of the evaporator.

Field of study: Engineering
Strain paths and folding of carbonate rocks near Blue Ridge, central Appalachians

Two-dimensional incremental and accumulating strain paths have been calculated from displacement paths preserved by syntectonic, fibrous growths of calcite in ten specimens from limbs of various folds of the Conococheague Formation. The folds are asymmetric, possess a slaty cleavage, and consist of multilayers of mechanically stiff dolomite interlayered with less stiff limestone in which displacement paths were measured. The strain paths are referred to a local, rotating coordinate frame which is approximately defined by the strata as they rotate during folding. The calculated strain paths give an estimate of the change in orientation of the principal directions of strain with respect to layering on fold limbs. As expected, the principal extensional strain begins at a high angle to layering and rotates toward layering as folding progresses. The sense of rotation reverses on opposite fold limbs, and one limb tends to have smaller magnitudes of rotation than the other. Similar strain paths occur on the limbs of finite-element computer models of asymmetric folds produced by buckling single layers inclined as much as 15° to the direction of boundary shortening. Although the natural folds are multilayers, comparison with the computer models indicates that strata near Blue Ridge were locally inclined as much as 15° to the direction of bulk shortening. If this direction was nearly horizontal, some strata may have had dips as high as 15°NW prior to late Paleozoic deformation.

Field of study: Geology
Functional Significance of the Kainate Receptor GluR6(M836I) Mutation that is Linked to Autism

Previous studies revealed a linkage of the kainate receptor GluR6 with autism, a pervasive developmental disorder. Mutational screening in autistic patients disclosed the amino acid exchange M836I in a highly conserved domain of the cytoplasmic C-terminal region of GluR6. Here, we show that this mutation leads to GluR6 gain-of-function. By using the two-electrode voltage clamp technique we observed a significant increase of current amplitudes of mutant GluR6 compared to wild type GluR6. Western blotting of oocytes injected with mutant or wild type GluR6 cRNA and transfection of EGFP-tagged GluR6 receptors into COS-7 cells revealed an enhanced plasma membrane expression of GluR6(M836I) compared to wild type GluR6. Membrane expression of GluR6(M836I) but not of wild type GluR6 seems to be regulated by Rab11 as indicated by our finding that GluR6(M836I) but not wild type GluR6 showed increased current amplitudes and protein expression when coexpressed with Rab11. Furthermore, injection of GTP plus Rab11A protein into oocytes increased current amplitudes in GluR6(M836I) but not in wild type GluR6. By contrast, Rab5 downregulated the currents in oocytes expressing wild type GluR6 but had only little, statistically not significant effects on currents in oocytes expressing GluR6(M836I). Our data on altered functional properties of GluR6(M836I) provide a functional basis for the postulated linkage of GluR6 to autism. Furthermore, we identified new mechanisms determining the plasma membrane abundance of wild type GluR6 and GluR6(M836I).

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry