nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Oxygen semi-permeation properties of Ba1-xSrxFeO3-δ perovskite membranes

This work is focused on the evaluation of oxygen semi-permeation performances of free cobalt perovskite membrane materials, Ba1-xSrxFeO3-δ perovskites. A wide range of Ba and Sr contents was studied. The best performances were obtained for Ba0.9Sr0.1FeO3-δ perovskite membranes with oxygen fluxes of 4.1 10−3 mol.m−2.s−1 at 850 °C. For a better understanding of the rate determining step of oxygen transport through Ba1-xSrxFeO3-δ perovskite membranes (with x = 0.1, 0.5, and 0.7), the oxygen diffusion and oxygen desorption coefficients were determined using a specific method based on oxygen semi-permeation.

Field of study: Materials science
Heterozygous Deletion of the SHOX Gene Enhancer in two Females With Clinical Heterogeneity Associating With Skewed XCI and Escaping XCI

Skewed X-chromosome inactivation (XCI) plays an important role in the phenotypic heterogeneity of X-linked disorders. However, the role of skewed XCI in XCI-escaping gene SHOX regulation is unclear. Here, we focused on a heterozygous deletion of SHOX gene enhancer with clinical heterogeneity. Using SNP array, we detected that the female proband with Leri-Weill dyschondrosteosis (LWD) carried an 857 kb deletion on Xp22.3 (encompassing SHOX enhancer) and a 5,707 kb large-fragment deletion on Xq25q26. XCI analysis revealed that the X-chromosome with the Xq25q26 large-fragment deletion was completely inactivated, which forced the complete activation of the other X-chromosome carrying SHOX enhancer deletion. While the Xp22.3 deletion locates on the escaping XCI region, under the combined action of skewed XCI and escaping XCI, transcription of SHOX gene was mainly from the activated X-chromosome with SHOX enhancer defect, involving in the formation of LWD phenotype. Interestingly, this SHOX enhancer deletion was inherited from her healthy mother, who also demonstrated completely skewed XCI. However, the X-chromosome with SHOX enhancer deletion was inactivated, and the normal X-chromosome was activated. Combing with escaping XCI, her phenotype was almost normal. In summary, this study was a rare report of SHOX gene enhancer deletion in a family with clinical heterogeneity due to skewed inactivation of different X-chromosomes, which can help in the genetic counseling and prenatal diagnosis of disorders in females with SHOX defect.

Field of study: Biology
The Development And Application Of Age Progress Percentile Norms Of Elementary School Achievement

Origin of study.?Problems of individual learning have assumed somewhat greater prominence within the last decade than they previously had, and in the testing field greater attention is being given to developing better standard reference points for the evaluation of individuals than the traditional grade norms provide. In 1934 an opportunity was presented of studying the records of pupils in a small com munity who had been tested annually by Stanford Achievement Tests for five years. The major objective of the study was to de vise a method by which the progress of pupils as measured by tests might be used in evalu ating the effectiveness of the educational pro gram. The testing program in this commu nity had been inaugurated at the same time that the educational program in the elemen tary school had been radically modified in the direction of informality. Since the em phasis of the new program was upon the indi vidual pupil, it seemed that if an evaluation of the program in terms of measurement should be possible, it would come about through the evaluation of individual pupil growth. Need of individualized progress norms.?To measure individuals' growth adequately, the use of grade norms seemed inadequate. The author's belief was at that time, and still is, that a school grade, in a modern school, is an equivocal reference point to which to refer all questions of standards. If a child is not at age for grade, should his educational status be measured with reference to the school grade in which he is, or the one in which he should be if "rightly" placed for his age? For twenty years school testing programs have been accumulating evidence that: i. Even when there is considerable retarda tion and acceleration presumably to "adjust" pupils to their school work, it is found that pupils are not placed in grades in accordance with any rigid criterion that their school work is at that grade level. All school surveys have insistently shown that in any grade some pupils may be found whose accomplishment is two to four grades below the grade level and other pupils whose accomplishment is two to four grades above.

Field of study: Education
The impact of anxiety and mood disorders on physical disease: The worried not-so-well

Depression and anxiety can adversely affect the course of chronic physical illnesses, increasing morbidity and mortality. The literature during the past year is reviewed for gastrointestinal disorders, cancer, pain, heart disease, diabetes, and pulmonary disease. Causes for this relationship are behavioral and biological. Behavioral factors in patients with depressive and anxiety disorders include unhealthy lifestyle choices, disrupted sleep, and poor adherence to medical regimens. Biological mechanisms include increased inflammatory response and disruption of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
MicroRNA-29a Promotes Pancreatic Cancer Growth by Inhibiting Tristetraprolin

The microRNA (miR) 29 family has been studied extensively for its involvement in several diseases, and aberrant expression of its members is associated with tumorigenesis and cancer progression. Here, we examined the role of miR-29a in pancreatic cancer and the involvement of tristetraprolin (TTP).  We monitored miR-29a and TTP expression in pancreatic cancer by qRT-PCR and western blotting. The effect of miR-29a on pancreatic cancer was determined through MTT assay and migration assay. The results were validated in the tumorigenesis model.  We found that miR-29a was up regulated in pancreatic tumor tissues and cell lines and positively correlated with metastasis. Ectopic expression of miR-29a increased the expression of pro-inflammatory factors and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers, through down regulating TTP. TTP was down regulated in tumor tissues, and its ectopic expression decreased cell viability and migration in vitro, inhibited tumor growth and the EMT phenotype in vivo, and reversed the effect of miR-29a on tumor cell proliferation and invasion in vitro and in vivo.  Our results suggest that miR-29a acts as an oncogene by down regulating TTP and provide the basis for further studies exploring the potential of miR-29a and TTP as biomarkers and targets for the treatment of pancreatic cancer.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Mimosa pudica: Electrical and mechanical stimulation of plant movements.

Thigmonastic movements in the sensitive plant Mimosa pudica L., associated with fast responses to environmental stimuli, appear to be regulated through electrical and chemical signal transductions. The thigmonastic responses of M. pudica can be considered in three stages: stimulus perception, electrical signal transmission and induction of mechanical, hydrodynamical and biochemical responses. We investigated the mechanical movements of the pinnae and petioles in M. pudica induced by the electrical stimulation of a pulvinus, petiole, secondary pulvinus or pinna by a low electrical voltage and charge. The threshold value was 1.3-1.5 V of applied voltage and 2 to 10 microC of charge for the closing of the pinnules. Both voltage and electrical charge are responsible for the electro-stimulated closing of a leaf. The mechanism behind closing the leaf in M. pudica is discussed. The hydroelastic curvature mechanism closely describes the kinetics of M. pudica leaf movements.

Field of study: Environmental science
Research on DNA Electrochemiluminescence Biosensing

Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) signal is generated directly or indirectly by the electrochemical reactions. Due to its characteristics of high sensitivity, specificity, easy realization of integration, real-time and in-situ detection, ECL detection provides powerful research tools and methods in life sciences at molecular level. Research on deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is an extremely important aspect in life science and shows the significance in the areas of forensic identification, epidemic prevention and environmental monitoring, especially for the early diagnosis and treatment of diseases. DNA-ECL biosensing is considered as the most promising technology for DNA analysis and has been a hot research topic in the fields of biology and medicine. This review summarizes the research on DNA-ECL biosensing technologies in China in the recent five years. Also, we look into its research prospects.

Field of study: Chemistry
Inhibitory effect of carioca bean tannins on phaseolin digestibility assessed by two multi-enzymatic systems

Variable amounts of the two multienzymatic systems, trypsin-chymotrypsin-peptidase and pepsin-pancreatin, were utilized for evaluating the effect of Carioca's bean tannins on the digestibility of native and denatured phaseolin. Three methods were used for this evaluations: the pH drop method, measurement of degree of hydrolysis by the ninhidrin reaction, and by electrophoretic techniques. The results showed the adverse effect of condensed tannins on phaseolin digestibility, for the two multienzymatic systems. Ours results strongly indicate that phaseolin is dificult to be hydrolysed when saturated with tannins (5/20 tannin/protein ratio w/w or higher). Resistant peptides of 45.7KDa and 24KDa, that remained intact even after prolonged digestion were detected. This was due to the presence of very resistant tannin/protein complexes, which were not hydrolysed even at high enzyme concentrations. These results suggested the simultaneous reaction of tannins in a specific manner with more than one site on the protein, forming a protein-enzyme-tannin complex (PTE*) producing an undigestible phaseolin fraction.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Influence of Homogenization and Solution Treatments Time on the Microstructure and Hardness of Inconel 718 Fabricated by Laser Powder Bed Fusion Process

In the present study, Inconel 718 (IN718) superalloy fabricated by laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) has been characterized focusing on the effect of both homogenization and solution treatment time on grains structure, crystallographic texture, precipitates formation/dissolution and material hardness. For this purpose, a heat-treatment time window with a wide range of soaking times for both treatments was established aiming to develop the optimal post-treatment conditions for laser powder bed fused IN718. It was found that the as-printed IN718 is characterized by very fine columnar/cellular dendrites with Laves phase precipitating at the grain boundaries as well as inter-dendritic regions, which differs from the microstructure of wrought and cast materials and requires special heat-treatment conditions different from the standard treatments. The results reveal that the relatively short homogenization treatment at 1080 °C for 1 h was not enough to significantly change the as-printed grain structure and completely dissolve the segregates and Laves phase. However, a completely recrystallized IN718 material and more Laves phase dissolution were obtained after homogenization treatment for 4 h. A further increase in time of the homogenization treatment (7 h) resulted in grain growth and coarsening of carbides precipitates. The solution treatment time at 980 °C did not cause noticeable changes in the crystallographic texture and grain structure. Nevertheless, the amount of δ-phase precipitation was significantly affected by the solution treatment time. After applying the heat-treatment time window, the hardness increased by 51–72% of the as-printed condition depending on the treatment time due to the formation of γ′ and γ″ in the γ-matrix. The highest material hardness was obtained after 1 h homogenization, whereas the prolonged time treatments reduced the hardness. This study provides a comprehensive investigation of the post heat-treatments of the laser powder bed fused IN718 that can result in an optimized microstructure and mechanical behavior for particular applications.

Field of study: Materials science
Foliar physiognomy in Cathaysian gigantopterids and the potential to track Palaeozoic climates using an extinct plant group

Foliage of Late Palaeozoic Cathaysian gigantopterids encompasses a large diversity of forms, both inter- and intraspecific, and includes many with striking resemblance to the leaves of extant woody dicotyledons. Similarities include leaf size, shape, margin and venation. Other vegetative similarities between angiosperms and gigantopterids include the presence of water conducting vessels with the potential for maintaining similar vascular physiologies. In combination, these features suggest that Late Palaeozoic gigantopterids can be regarded as vegetative analogues for flowering plants. This convergence in vegetative morphology probably reflects a comparable response to environmental conditions. In this paper, we document the morphological diversity of a broad taxonomic sample of gigantopterids. These gigantopterids are described and illustrated both photographically and as line drawings, these data forming a significant record of gigantopterid physiognomic diversity. Rather than using standard taxonomic schemes a morphotype approach is adopted in order to accurately and, where possible, quantitatively characterise foliar physiognomic variation using a standard terminology throughout. In doing this, we highlight physiognomic features shared with extant angiosperms, allowing us to consider the reasons for this similarity. Quantitative techniques based on foliar physiognomy in angiosperms are applied exclusively to gigantopterids for the first time, including Leaf Margin Analysis (LMA) and Climate Leaf Analysis Multivariate Program (CLAMP). Results suggest that the striking similarity in foliar physiognomy between gigantopterids and angiosperms has the potential to track Late Palaeozoic climates, although limitations of the currently available collections have prevented us from doing so in a robust manner. Foremost of these limitation is an absence of sufficient gigantopterid taxa from individual beds, floral assemblages and geological formations, restricting the application of angiosperm based techniques that rely on over 20 taxa for statistical confidence. Other limitations relate to the incompleteness of many of the specimens for which architectural characters cannot be adequately discerned. Although quantitative physiognomic methods have been limited by the data available, the problems identified can be overcome in the future by adequate and systematic collecting. This detailed foliar physiognomic treatment of Cathaysian gigantopterids should also form a substantive basis for future systematic revision of the group.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Integrable Models of Quantum Optics

A list of exactly solvable many-body models of quantum optics is presented. The problem of the cascade radiation spectrum of an arbitrary multilevel system, the solution to which contains tasks considered earlier as special cases, is highlighted. Examples of spectra for a three-level system, a harmonic oscillator, the Dicke model, and an equidistant system with a constant rate of spontaneous transition are given.

Field of study: Physics
The Restricted Isometry of ReLU Networks: Generalization through Norm Concentration

While regression tasks aim at interpolating a relation on the entire input space, they often have to be solved with a limited amount of training data. Still, if the hypothesis functions can be sketched well with the data, one can hope for identifying a generalizing model. 
In this work, we introduce with the Neural Restricted Isometry Property (NeuRIP) a uniform concentration event, in which all shallow $\mathrm{ReLU}$ networks are sketched with the same quality. To derive the sample complexity for achieving NeuRIP, we bound the covering numbers of the networks in the Sub-Gaussian metric and apply chaining techniques. In case of the NeuRIP event, we then provide bounds on the expected risk, which hold for networks in any sublevel set of the empirical risk. We conclude that all networks with sufficiently small empirical risk generalize uniformly.

Field of study: Computer science
Internet use and the logics of personal empowerment in health.

The development of personal involvement and responsibility has become a strategic issue in health policy. The main goal of this study is to confirm the coexistence of three logics of personal empowerment through health information found on the Internet.



A theoretical framework was applied to analyze personal empowerment from the user's perspective. A well-established Canadian Web site that offers information on personal health was used as a case study. A close-ended questionnaire was completed online by 2275 visitors and members of the Web site.



The findings confirm that the development of feelings of competence and control through Internet use is structured around three different logics. This implies three types of aptitudes that are fostered when the Internet is used to seek health information: doing what is prescribed (the professional logic), making choices based on personal judgment (the consumer logic), and mutual assistance (the community logic).



A recurring issue in three logics is the balance of roles and responsibilities required between the individual and the health provider.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Hydrogenation of chlorobenzene to cyclohexane over colloidal Pt nanocatalysts under ambient conditions.

A series of finely dispersed poly(vinyl-2-pyrrolidone)-stabilized platinum colloidal nanocatalysts (PVP-Pt) were prepared and characterized by TEM. Hydrogenation of monochlorobenzene (MCB) was carried out in a batch mode using hydrogen over PVP-Pt at 298 K and atmospheric pressure. The product consisted of benzene and cyclohexane during the reaction, and nearly 100% selectivity to cyclohexane could be obtained at approximately 100% conversion of MCB. The catalytic performance of the PVP-Pt colloids is dependent on the preparation conditions. The small amount of the stabilizing polymer (PVP) in the preparation of colloidal platinum could not protect the platinum colloid commendably, but the large amount of PVP hindered the contact of reactant with catalyst surface and the desorption of product. Extra PVP added in the reaction system has some inhibiting effect on the reaction activity, and also resulting in some decrease in selectivity to cyclohexane. The reaction was verified to be first order to the concentration of MCB. The polymer-stabilized noble metal nanoparticles could be suitable to be hydrodehalogenation and reduction catalysts forthe remediation of various chloroaromatic compounds in the environment.

Field of study: Environmental science
Late Permian palynomorph assemblages from Ufimian and Kazanian type sequences in Russia, and comparison with Roadian and Wordian assemblages from the Canadian Arctic

Tentative biostratigraphic correlations, based on marine faunas, have been made by various workers between Ufimian and Kazanian sequences in their type areas in the Volga–Urals region of Russia and Roadian and Wordian sequences in their type area in Texas, United States. Unfortunately, palynological correlation between the Russian and United States sequences is not possible, due to lack of data from the latter. However, detailed palynological data are available from rocks of Roadian and Wordian age in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago, and therefore indirect correlations are possible. Palynomorph assemblages from the Canadian Arctic and other circumpolar areas, such as the southern Barents Sea and Greenland, are different from those of the Ufimian and Kazanian Russian sequences in their type areas. This is likely to be the result of variations in the parent flora in response to significant paleoclimatic differences. For example, the climate of the Volga–Urals region in Late Permian times was probably hot an...

Field of study: Environmental science
Coulomb dissociation of 19C

We aim to re-investigate the structure of the neutron rich exotic nucleus ^{19}C through studies of its Coulomb breakup reactions, assuming that its excitation is to states in the low energy continuum. The method used retains all finite-range effects associated with the interactions between the breakup fragments and can use realistic wave functions for this possibly halo nucleus. We apply the method to compute the longitudinal momentum distribution of ^{18}C, exclusive neutron angular distribution and relative energy spectrum of ^{19}C following Coulomb breakup of ^{19}C on heavy targets at beam energies below 100 MeV/nucleon. The calculated results are compared with recently available experimental data. In the majority of the few cases, the data favour ^{18}C(0^+) \otimes 1s_{1/2} as the probable ground state configuration of ^{19}C, with a one-neutron separation energy of 0.53 MeV. However, it appears that the existing experimental data do not allow to draw a clear conclusion about the ground state configuration of this nucleus.

Field of study: Physics
Novel Holistic Approaches for Overcoming Therapy Resistance in Pancreatic and Colon Cancers

Gastrointestinal (GI) cancers, such as of the colon and pancreas, are highly resistant to both standard and targeted therapeutics. Therapy-resistant and heterogeneous GI cancers harbor highly complex signaling networks (the resistome) that resist apoptotic programming. Commonly used gemcitabine or platinum-based regimens fail to induce meaningful (i.e. disease-reversing) perturbations in the resistome, resulting in high rates of treatment failure. The GI cancer resistance networks are, in part, due to interactions between parallel signaling and aberrantly expressed microRNAs (miRNAs) that collectively promote the development and survival of drug-resistant cancer stem cells with epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) characteristics. The lack of understanding of the resistance networks associated with this subpopulation of cells as well as reductionist, single protein-/pathway-targeted approaches have made ‘effective drug design' a difficult task. We propose that the successful design of novel therapeutic regimens to target drug-resistant GI tumors is only possible if network-based drug avenues and agents, in particular ‘natural agents' with no known toxicity, are correctly identified. Natural agents (dietary agents or their synthetic derivatives) can individually alter miRNA profiles, suppress EMT pathways and eliminate cancer stem-like cells that derive from pancreatic cancer and colon cancer, by partially targeting multiple yet meaningful networks within the GI cancer resistome. However, the efficacy of these agents as combinations (e.g. consumed in the diet) against this resistome has never been studied. This short review article provides an overview of the different challenges involved in the understanding of the GI resistome, and how novel computational biology can help in the design of effective therapies to overcome resistance.

Field of study: Medicine