nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
X-ray synchrotron studies of ultrafast crystalline dynamics.

Ultrafast X-ray experiments at synchrotron sources hold tremendous promise for measuring the atomistic dynamics of materials under a wide variety of transient conditions. In particular, the marriage of synchrotron radiation and ultrafast laser technology is opening up a new frontier of materials research. Structural changes initiated by femtosecond laser pulses can be tracked in real time using time-resolved X-ray diffraction on picosecond time scales or shorter. Here, research at the Advanced Photon Source is described, illustrating the opportunities for ultrafast diffraction with some recent work on the generation of impulsive strain, coherent phonon generation and supersonic diffusion of electron-hole plasmas. The flexibility of time-resolved Bragg and Laue diffraction geometries are both utilized to illuminate the strain generation and evolution process. Time-resolved X-ray science will become increasingly important with the construction of linac-based ultrafast X-ray sources.

Field of study: Physics
The Canadian Arctic and the Oceans Act: the development of participatory environmental research and management

In recent years in the Canadian Arctic, participatory and pluralistic approaches have become common in several areas of environmental management relevant to the resolution of multiple-use conflicts: fish and wildlife, protected area planning, integrated coastal zone management, ecosystem health monitoring, contaminants research, environmental assessment, and climate change. This paper analyzes the emergence and development of aboriginal participation in resource management in each of these areas, with emphasis on the Canada Oceans Act . Policy change seems to parallel the emergence of aboriginal land claims and the general political movement towards greater self-government. Increasing political power of northern populations in general, and aboriginal groups in particular, have led to a modification of the environmental decision-making process, and to the incorporation of local values, priorities, and traditional environmental knowledge in environmental research and management. Especially important in this process has been the emergence of traditional environmental knowledge as a mechanism by which participatory approaches can be implemented.

Field of study: Environmental science
Improved charge transport via WSe2-mediated hole transporting layer toward efficient organic solar cells

Transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) have received significant attention because of their potential for replacing or modifying the existing charge transporting materials in organic solar cells (OSCs) with their unique crystalline structure and desirable electrical properties. Poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) has been considered as the representative hole transporting material owing to its notable optical transmittance, electrical conductivity, and solution-processability. In this study, we provide a facile method to introduce a liquid-phase exfoliated TMD, tungsten diselenide (WSe2), as the device performance enhancer in OSCs. Implementation of WSe2 into PEDOT:PSS without significant change to the surface morphology mediates effective charge transport in the completed device. The phase separation of PEDOT and PSS induced by the WSe2 provides a conductivity enhancement in the modified hole transport layer (HTL), which contributes to the increase of hole mobility and decrease of charge recombination loss in the OSCs, resulting in the improvement of power conversion efficiency from 7.3% to 8.5% for pristine and modified HTL devices, respectively. These results provide a simple strategy for the enhancement of device performance in OSCs, demonstrating their promising potential in the application of TMDs for next-generation energy harvesting devices.

Field of study: Materials science
Artifact patterns in multiple scanning beam radiography.

A limitation of the use of multiple scanning beams for scatter reduction in radiography is the possible creation of artifactual aperture patterns which can be caused: (1) by a synchronization between the pattern scanning frequency and the radiation waveform ripple frequency, or (2) by the fractional overlap of the scanning beams during the final beam pass. An analysis of the stages of artifact formation and the implications for various scanning beam approaches is presented.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Electric Field Effects on Graphene Materials

Understanding the effect of electric fields on the physical and chemical properties of two-dimensional (2D) nanostructures is instrumental in the design of novel electronic and optoelectronic devices. Several of those properties are characterized in terms of the dielectric constant which play an important role on capacitance, conductivity, screening, dielectric losses and refractive index. Here we review our recent theoretical studies using density functional calculations including van der Waals interactions on two types of layered materials of similar two-dimensional molecular geometry but remarkably different electronic structures, that is, graphene and molybdenum disulphide (MoS2). We focus on such two-dimensional crystals because of they complementary physical and chemical properties, and the appealing interest to incorporate them in the next generation of electronic and optoelectronic devices. We predict that the effective dielectric constant (e) of few-layer graphene and MoS2 is tunable by external electric fields (E ext). We show that at low fields (E ext < 0.01 V/A) e assumes a nearly constant value ∼4 for both materials, but increases at higher fields to values that depend on the layer thickness. The thicker the structure the stronger is the modulation of e with the electric field. Increasing of the external field perpendicular to the layer surface above a critical value can drive the systems to an unstable state where the layers are weakly coupled and can be easily separated. The observed dependence of e on the external field is due to charge polarization driven by the bias, which show several similar characteristics despite of the layer considered. All these results provide key information about control and understanding of the screening properties in two-dimensional crystals beyond graphene and MoS2.

Field of study: Physics
Thermal Decomposition of Nanostructured Bismuth Subcarbonate

Nanostructured (BiO)2CO3 samples were prepared, and their thermal decomposition behaviors were investigated by thermogravimetric analysis under atmospheric conditions. The method of preparation and Ca2+ doping could affect the morphologies of products and quantity of defects, resulting in different thermal decomposition mechanisms. The (BiO)2CO3 nanoplates decomposed at 300–500 °C with an activation energy of 160–170 kJ/mol. Two temperature zones existed in the thermal decomposition of (BiO)2CO3 and Ca-(BiO)2CO3 nanowires. The first one was caused by the decomposition of (BiO)4(OH)2CO3 impurities and (BiO)2CO3 with surface defects, with an activation energy of 118–223 kJ/mol, whereas the second one was attributed to the decomposition of (BiO)2CO3 in the core of nanowires, with an activation energy of 230–270 kJ/mol for the core of (BiO)2CO3 nanowires and 210–223 kJ/mol for the core of Ca-(BiO)2CO3 nanowires. Introducing Ca2+ ions into (BiO)2CO3 nanowires improved their thermal stability and accelerated the decomposition of (BiO)2CO3 in the decomposition zone.

Field of study: Materials science
The secret language of destiny: stress imprinting and transgenerational origins of disease

Epigenetic regulation modulates gene expression without altering the DNA sequence to facilitate rapid adjustments to dynamically changing environmental conditions. The formation of an epigenetic memory allows passing on this information to subsequent generations. Here we propose that epigenetic memories formed by adverse environmental conditions and stress represent a critical determinant of health and disease in the F3 generation and beyond. Transgenerational programming of epigenetic regulation may represent a key to understand adult-onset complex disease pathogenesis and cumulative effects of life span and familial disease etiology. Ultimately, the mechanisms of generating an epigenetic memory may become of potentially promising diagnostic and therapeutic relevance due to their reversible nature. Exploring the role of environmental factors, such as stress, in causing variations in epigenetic profiles may lead to new avenues of personalized, preventive medicine based on epigenetic signatures and interventions.

Field of study: Biology
Neue Näherungsmethode für die Beugung am ebenen Schirm

ZusammenfassungNeben derKirchhoffschen Näherung werden eine Reihe neuerer Näherungsmethoden des Problems der Beugung einer skalaren Welle an einem ebenen Schirm mit Öffnung oder an einer ebenen Scheibe diskutiert. Sie vermögen alle keine genauen Ergebnisse für kleine Wellenlänge (großeska) zu liefern, selbst die in Einzelfällen bekannten strengen Lösungen nicht, da ihre Reihen für großeska sehr schlecht konvergieren.Um diese Lücke auszufüllen, wird ein neues, von vornherein nur auf großeska zugeschnittenes Näherungsverfahren entwickclt, das von Ersatzrandwerten auf dem Schirm Gebrauch macht, welche derSommerfeldschen strengen Lösung der Beugung an der Halbebene entnommen werden. Das Verfahren geht in seinen Ergebnissen wesentlich über dieKirchhoffsche Näherung hinaus und soll in einer weiteren Arbeit auf ein spezielles Problem angewandt werden.

Field of study: Physics
Harish-Chandra pairs for algebraic affine supergroup schemes over an arbitrary field

Over an arbitrary field of characteristic ≠ 2, we define the notion of Harish-Chandra pairs, and prove that the category of those pairs is anti-equivalent to the category of algebraic affine supergroup schemes. The result is applied to characterize some classes of affine supergroup schemes such as those which are (a) simply connected, (b) unipotent or (c) linearly reductive in positive characteristic.

Field of study: Mathematics
Inertia in Social Learning from a Summary Statistic

We model normal-quadratic social learning with agents who observe a summary statistic over past actions, rather than complete action histories. Because an agent with a summary statistic cannot correct for the fact that earlier actions influenced later ones, even a small presence of old actions in the statistic can introduce very persistent errors. Depending on how fast these old actions fade from view, social learning can either be as fast as if agents' private information were pooled (rate n) or it can slow to a crawl (rate ln⁡n). Consistent with Vives (1993), the fastest possible rate of learning falls to rate n(1/3) if actions are also observed with noise, but may be much slower. Increasing the sample size of the summary statistic does not lead to faster asymptotic learning and may reduce short run welfare.

Field of study: Economics
[Suicide and addictive characteristics of spouses with alcohol dependence according to the marriage dynamics].

To explore how alcoholism of the husband impacts the dynamics of the marriage. The authors assume and justify the existence of isolated clinical/phenomenological types of marriages in these families: with permanently closed, primarily and secondary opened marriage systems.



It has been examined 125 families with special questionnaire.



Demonstrated that no common scenario exists for spouses, in particular, for co-dependent reaction of the wife. Assessment of autoaggresive patterns, addictive and co-dependent characteristics of spouses in respect of the variants of marriage dynamics were presented. This is of importance for effective prevention and treatment both of addiction and suicide as well as significantly expands current theoretical conceptions on «alcohol» marriages in general and codependence phenomenon in particular.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Late Quaternary Araucaria forest, grassland (Campos), fire and climate dynamics, studied by high-resolution pollen, charcoal and multivariate analysis of the Cambará do Sul core in southern Brazil

Late Quaternary vegetation, fire and climate dynamics have been studied based on high-resolution dated pollen and charcoal samples and multivariate data analysis. The samples were taken from a 212-cm-long sediment core of a bog in the Cambara do Sul region on the highlands of northeastern Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. The records, including seven AMS radiocarbon dates, span 42 840 14C years, for the first time extending the reconstruction of past environmental changes on the southern Brazilian highlands back to the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and pre-LGM times. The last 1100 years provide a decadal resolution. Initially the site was a permanent shallow lake which became seasonally dry after 26 900 14C yr BP. Seasonal climate with a long annual dry period prevailed until the late Holocene. The climate was somewhat wetter from 42 840 to 41 470 14C yr BP and from 41 470 to 26 900 14C yr BP than during the LGM and the late-Glacial period. Natural fires were rare, but became very frequent after 7400 cal BP, suggesting human occupation of the southernmost Brazilian highlands since that time. The records suggest that a species-rich Campos (grassland) vegetation existed in the area under a relatively dry and cold climate during glacial times under possibly as low as −10°C. The record also suggests that small populations of Araucaria were probably only present in refugia of deep and protected valleys and/or on wetter coastal slopes. Campos vegetation existed through the early and mid-Holocene until 4320 cal yr BP, after which Araucaria forest expanded into the network of gallery forests along the streams. By 1100 cal yr BP the Araucaria forest replaced the Campos vegetation reflecting the onset of the wettest period with no marked annual dry season. The marked expansion of the Araucaria forest coincided with the reduction in fire. Between AD 1520 and 1770 Weinmannia became a common taxa in the Araucaria forest, suggesting a shift to warmer climatic conditions on the highlands. This interval was synchronous with a cool phase within the Little Ice Age known from North Atlantic land records. After about AD 1780 human activities changed the original forest composition, first by introducing cattle into the forest and than by selective logging of Araucaria trees. Multivariate analysis of the pollen data shows compositional changes that follow a trajectory alternating undirectional, random phases and phases with directional, sometimes fast transitions. The results also show that compositional changes in the vegetation are slower during cool periods (LGM compared to pre-LGM) and faster in warm periods (Holocene).

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
SIMPLIFIED METHOD FOR CALCULATING DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF SOIL-ISOLATED STRUCTURE SYSTEM

A simplified analysis model of base-isolated structure considering soil-structure interaction(SSI) is proposed based on an SR(sway-rocking) model.Rigorous and closed-form formulas for dynamic characteristic parameters are derived.In essence,the proposed methodology is an important extension of the simplified methodology for the case of non-isolated structures.The results of the proposed methodology were compared with the corresponding ones of the relatively rigorous complex eigenvalue approach with examples.And the results of comparison indicated that the proposed formulas can be applied in most engineering site conditions.However,the proposed method is more simple and practical.It is also shown that the SSI effects are more pronounced for high-rise structures in comparison to the low-rise ones.The proposed methodology can provides a concise and effective way of evaluating SSI effects on isolated structures in the schematic design phase,laying the groundwork for the study of the design method of isolated structures considering soil-structure interactions.

Field of study: Engineering
When We Observe Stigmatized and "Normal" Individuals Interacting: Stigma by Association

The stigmatization process might differ as a function of whether "marked" individuals are viewed within a context of other marked individuals or in the context of positively viewed "normals. "Several alternative impression outcomes seem plausible the destigmatization by association of marked individuals, the stigmatization by association of normal individuals, a contrast effect, or no influence of context. Two experiments produced evidence only for stigma-by-association effects-heterosexual male targets were denigrated when viewed with their homosexual friends. Moreover, this effect survived attempts both to make the heterosexual target similar to the subjects and to present him as an individual of high achieved status. More generally, these data highlight the risk of researching social cognitive phenomena within circumscribed social contexts: Crucial naturally occurring processes are too easily overlooked.

Field of study: Psychology
Abrupt Conversion of Mixed-Valence State in Trinuclear Iron Cyanoacetate Complex

The crystal structure of newly synthesized trinuclear iron cyanoacetate complex, [Fe3O(NCCH2CO2)6(H2O)3], has been determined by single-crystal X-ray structure analysis and found to have a three-dimensional hydrogen-bond network. The temperature dependence of Mossbauer spectrum shows that the complex converts from a valence-trapped state to a valence-detrapped state within a 10 K range.

Field of study: Chemistry
The durability of private sector-led marine conservation: A case study of two entrepreneurial marine protected areas in Indonesia

This paper investigates the durability of entrepreneurial marine protected areas (EMPAs) by exploring the role of the private sector in marine conservation. Set within a wider set of social science questions around the marine protected areas as negotiated interventions, we focus on whether and how tourism entrepreneurs can instill a long-term vision for marine conservation, funding and management, thereby overcoming commonly cited implementation and enforcement failures in state-led marine parks. The analysis is based on an empirical comparison of the Yayasan Karang Lestari coral restoration project in Pemuteran on the Northwest coast of Bali, and the marine tourism park around the island of Gili Trawangan off the west coast of Lombok in Indonesia. Our results show that the private sector is able to increase awareness of conservation amongst tourists and coastal communities, provide new income alternatives, and provide financial capacity to support marine conservation activities. It does not, however, appear to have the capacity to create durable, institutionalised arrangements without state support. These findings feed into a wider discussion on the formation of EMPAs, the role of alternative organisational structures and technologies in facilitating change in coastal areas, and how traditionally economic concepts such as entrepreneurship can contribute to a wider understanding of marine conservation governance.

Field of study: Environmental science
Realization of Replacing Oil-base Standard Sample with Water-base Standard Sample in X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry

In the field of oil analysis by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry,a method was developed on basis of water-based standard sample instead of oil-based standard sample.Selecting the elements of vanadium,iron,nickel and manganese as the research objects,emulsification technology was applied to synthesize oil-water mixture in sample preparation and water-based standard sample and blank oil synthesized water-in-oil emulsion with emulsifier span80.The matrix effect was corrected by theoretical α influence coefficients or internal standard method.It was found that when the matrix composition of oil-base sample or water-base sample was known,the matrix effect was corrected by theoretical α influence coefficients,calibration samples of oil-base or water-base could be exchanged,and when the matrix composition was unknown,the matrix effect was corrected by internal standard method,but only synthesized oil-water mixture,calibration to be successful.Accuracy of the method was verified by comparison test of crude oil and fuel oil samples,the method was compared with the standard method,both test results were consistent.

Field of study: Chemistry
The role of polyglucose in oxygen‐dependent respiration by a new strain of Desulfovibrio salexigens

Desulfovibrio salexigens strain Mastl was isolated from the oxic/anoxic interface of a marine sediment. Growth under sulfate-reducing conditions was accompanied by polyglucose accumulation in the cell with every substrate tested. Highest polyglucose storage was found with glucose (0.8–1.0 g polyglucose (g protein)−1), but the growth rate with this substrate was very low (0.015 h−1). Anaerobically grown cells of strain Mastl exhibited immediate oxygen-dependent respiration. The endogenous oxygen reduction rate was proportional to the polyglucose content. The rate of aerobic respiration of pyruvate was also directly related to the polyglucose content indicating that this organism was only able to respire with oxygen as long as polyglucose was present. Maximum oxygen reduction rates were found at air saturating concentrations and were relatively low (3–50 nmol O2 min−1 (mg protein)−1). Catalase was constitutively present in anaerobically grown cells. When batch cultures were exposed to oxygen, growth ceased immediately and polyglucose was oxidized to acetate within 40–50 h. Like the oxygen reduction activity, the nitro blue tetrazolium (NBT)-reduction activity in these cells was proportional to the polyglucose content. Under anaerobic starvation conditions there was no correlation between the NBT-reduction activity and polyglucose concentration and polyglucose was degraded slowly within 240 h. The ecological significance of aerobic polyglucose consumption is discussed.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Reputation and Entry Deterrence under Short-Run Ownership of a Firm

This paper discusses the role of the changing ownership of a long-run firm facing a sequence of potential entrants to its market. When there is uncertainty about the firm's type (about its cost of taking an aggressive action) that is observed only by the current owner, it is shown that there exists an equilibrium in which each generation of owners takes the same aggressive action to deter entry regardless of the type. Under a natural refinement of equilibrium beliefs, the path induced by this pooling equilibrium is shown to be unique. The results sharply contrast with the case of long-run ownership where for the same discount factor, the firm's owner separates his actions depending on the type of the firm so that the high-coat firm allows entry every period while the low-cost firm plays aggressively every period. Consequently, the value of the high-cost firm is shown to be strictly higher under short-run ownership than under long-run ownership.

Field of study: Economics
Fermi Surface and Mass Enhancement in KFe2As2 from de Haas-van Alphen Effect Measurements

We report on a band structure calculation and de Haas–van Alphen measurements of KFe 2 As 2 . Three cylindrical Fermi surfaces are found. Effective masses of electrons range from 6 to 18 m e , m e being the free electron mass. Remarkable discrepancies between the calculated and observed Fermi surface areas and the large mass enhancement (\({\gtrsim}3\)) highlight the importance of electronic correlations in determining the electronic structures of iron pnicitide superconductors.

Field of study: Physics