nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Properties Evaluation of Repair Mortars Containing EVA and VA/VeoVa Polymer Powders

The repair of damaged structures is a complicated problem in the construction industry and it is no uniform standard for evaluating the effectiveness of repair materials. Two different redispersible polymer powders, ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) and polyvinyl acetate-vinyl carboxylate (VA/VeoVa), were added in the repair mortars with two water-cement ratios and three polymer-cement ratios. The effectiveness of repair materials was evaluated according to the physical, mechanical properties and micrographs. Testing program includes setting time, drying shrinkage, thermal expansion, compressive strength, tensile strength, flexural strength, bond strength, X-ray diffraction analysis, scanning electron microscopy observation. Test results show that the specimens with VA/VeoVa and w/c of 0.5 have highest compressive strength, tensile strength, flexural strength and bond strength. The specimen with EVA also has higher strength than control one at the age of 28 days. The drying shrinkage deformation of VA/VeoVa specimen is close to the control one. The specimens with VA/VeoVa have lower thermal expansion than EVA specimen when the water-cement ratio is 0.5 and there is no difference between EVA and VA/VeoVa specimens for the water-cement ratio of 0.6. The micrographs show that adding polymer powder can reduce the pore and improve the durability.

Field of study: Materials science
Adiabatische Kompression eines idealen Gases bei endlichen Kolbengeschwindigkeiten

ZusammenfassungUnter Benutzung derHugoniot-Gleichung wird eine Zustandsgleichung fÜr die adiabatische Kompression idealer Gase bei endlicher, konstanter Kolbengeschwindigkeit abgeleitet. Eine besonders einfache Beziehung erhält man fÜr den Grenzfall kleiner Kolbengeschwindigkeit.

Field of study: Physics
Meta-Cognition about Biological Sex and Gender-Stereotypic Physical Appearance: Consequences for the Assessment of Leadership Competence

Previous findings are inconsistent with regard to whether men are judged as being more or less competent leaders than women. However, masculine-relative to feminine-looking persons seem to be judged consistently as more competent leaders. Can this different impact of biological sex and physical appearance be due to the disparate availability of meta-cognitive knowledge about both sources? The results of Study 1 indicated that individuals possess meta-cognitive knowledge about a possible biasing influence of persons’ biological sex, but not for their physical appearance. In Study 2, participants judged the leadership competence of a male versus female stimulus person with either masculine or feminine physical appearance. In addition, the available cognitive capacity was manipulated. When high capacity was available, participants corrected for the influence of stimulus persons’ sex, but they fell prey to this influence under cognitive load. However, the effect of physical appearance was not moderated by cognitive capacity.

Field of study: Psychology
Fault tolerance for home agents in mobile IP

In the conventional IP protocol, whenever a mobile device moves to a different network, it must change its IP address to communicate with other nodes in the Internet. Mobile IP protocol keeps mobile nodes online without changing their IP addresses while changing the attachment points. The packets destined to mobile nodes (MN) are relayed by their home agents (HA). However, once the only one HA fails, all MNs managed by the HA will not receive packets normally. In the paper, we propose a novel protocol with multiple mobile agents (MA) where only double mobility bindings are maintained in the whole system. When an HA is failed, its backup HA can take over it in a short time without fetching the bindings from other places. Besides, we also consider the load balancing between these HAs during HA takeover and recovery. Through the simulation and analyses, we found that our method has less registration overheads, better MN-scalability, less sensitivity on MN mobility, more fault-tolerance robustness, and less takeover time than others.

Field of study: Computer science
Geology and geodynamic evolution of the high-P/low-T Maksyutov Complex, southern Urals, Russia

The high-pressure/low-temperature Maksyutov Complex is situated in the southern Urals between the Silurian/Devonian Magnitogorsk island arc and the East European Platform. The elongated N-S-trending complex is made up of two contrasting tectono-metamorphic units. Unit 1 consists of a thick pile of Proterozoic clastic sediments suggested to represent the passive margin of the East European Platform. The overlying unit 2, composed of Paleozoic sediments, volcanic rocks, and a serpentinite mélange with rodingites, is interpreted as a remnant of the Uralian Paleo-ocean. Devonian eastward subduction of oceanic crust beneath the Magnitogorsk island arc resulted in an incipient blueschist-facies metamorphism of unit 2 indicated by lawsonite pseudomorphs in the rodingites. While unit 2 was accreted to the upper plate, subduction of the continental passive margin caused the high-pressure metamorphism of unit 1. Buoyancy-driven exhumation of unit 1 into the forearc region led to its juxtaposition with unit 2 along a retrograde top-to-the-ENE shear zone. Further exhumation of the Maksyutov Complex into its present tectonic position was accomplished by later shear zones that were active as normal faults and are exposed along the margins of the complex. At the western margin a top-to-the-west shear zone juxtaposed a low-grade remnant of a Paleozoic accretionary prism (Suvanyak Complex) above the Maksyutov Complex. Along the eastern margin a top-to-the-east shear zone and the brittle Main Uralian Normal Fault emplaced the Maksyutov Complex against the Magnitogorsk island arc in the hanging wall.

Field of study: Environmental science
Saddle pulmonary thromboembolism.

A 27-year-old previously healthy man was presented to the emergency department with acute onset breathlessness since 9 h. He denied a history of fever, cough, chest pain and haemoptysis. There was no history of chest trauma. On examination, he was in respiratory distress with a respiratory rate of 40/min. His oxygen saturation was 85% by pulse oximetry while breathing ambient air. His pulse was regular at a rate of 150/min and …

Field of study: Medicine
Analysis of pediatric head injury from falls.

The authors conducted a study to describe the incidence and types of fall-related head injury observed at a pediatric trauma center. We performed a retrospective analysis of all patients under 15 years of age treated for fall-related trauma between 1992 and 1998. Falls were classified as low (< 15 feet) and high level (> or = 15 feet). Seven hundred twenty-nine cases were identified with a mortality rate of 1.7%. A fall of greater than 15 feet (high-level fall) was associated with a higher mortality rate than low-level falls (2.4% compared with 1.0%, respectively). Ninety-eight patients had sustained a calvarial fracture and 93 experienced a basal skull fracture. Twenty-six patients had suffered a cerebral contusion, 25 a subarachnoid hemorrhage, 22 a subdural hematoma, and 12 had an epidural hematoma. Forty-nine patients required surgery for traumatic injuries; of these, 10 underwent craniotomy for evacuation of a blood clot. Height was not predictive of the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score. In all four deaths resulting from a low-level fall there was an admission GCS score of 3, and abnormal findings were demonstrated on computerized tomography scanning. Death from high-level falls was attributable to either intracranial injuries (50%) or severe extracranial injuries (50%). Intracranial injury is the major source of fall-related death in children and, unlike extracranial insults, brain injuries are sustained with equal frequency from low- and high-level falls in this population. The only cause of mortality from low-level falls was intracranial injury. Trauma triage criteria must account for these differences in the pediatric population.

Field of study: Medicine
Cell Cycle and Cell Size Dependent Gene Expression Reveals Distinct Subpopulations at Single-Cell Level

Cell proliferation includes a series of events that is tightly regulated by several checkpoints and layers of control mechanisms. Most studies have been performed on large cell populations, but detailed understanding of cell dynamics and heterogeneity requires single-cell analysis. Here, we used quantitative real-time PCR, profiling the expression of 93 genes in single-cells from three different cell lines. Individual unsynchronized cells from three different cell lines were collected in different cell cycle phases (G0/G1 – S – G2/M) with variable cell sizes. We found that the total transcript level per cell and the expression of most individual genes correlated with progression through the cell cycle, but not with cell size. By applying the random forests algorithm, a supervised machine learning approach, we show how a multi-gene signature that classifies individual cells into their correct cell cycle phase and cell size can be generated. To identify the most predictive genes we used a variable selection strategy. Detailed analysis of cell cycle predictive genes allowed us to define subpopulations with distinct gene expression profiles and to calculate a cell cycle index that illustrates the transition of cells between cell cycle phases. In conclusion, we provide useful experimental approaches and bioinformatics to identify informative and predictive genes at the single-cell level, which opens up new means to describe and understand cell proliferation and subpopulation dynamics.

Field of study: Biology
L'image de la jeunesse soviétique des années 1980 à travers les groupes informels

Yvert-Jalu Helene. L'image de la jeunesse sovietique des annees 1980 a travers les groupes informels.  Materiaux pour l'histoire de notre temps, n°25, 1991. Les mouvements de jeunesse en Europe centrale et orientale, sous la direction de Rene Girault . pp. 28-34.

Field of study: Materials science
Rapid Oxidation of NO to NO2 at ppm Concentration Level in a Heterogeneous Photocatalytic Reaction on Metal Oxide Powders

Photocatalytic reactions of NO at ppm level with O2 were studied in the presence of TiO2 (anatase), PbO, and ZnO using a chemical luminescence NOX analyzer and a second derivative spectrometer. The rate of oxidation of NO was very high, e.g. 1930% cm−2 h−1 in a photocatalytic reaction on TiO2 (anatase). Photoadsorption of NOX also took place on these metal oxides.

Field of study: Chemistry
“We can speak we do it our way”: Linguistic ideologies in Catalan adolescents’ language biography raps

The article reports on workshops aimed at developing students’ plurilingual repertoires through language biography raps as opportunities for self-reflexivity and social critique. The workshops are part of a larger socio-educational project targeting adolescent school dropout. The audio-visual products of the workshops – raps produced by adolescents in their English, intertwined with other linguistic resources in their repertoires – are analysed for local processes of identity production and linguistic ideologies. The analysis suggests that Hip Hop, as a popular, non-institutionalised culture, allows for counter-narratives of teenagers’ plurilingualism and their everyday language experiences. The students’ raps interrogate linguistic ideologies in education as detached from popular culture and their local, urban communities. By and large, the students’ linguistic performances are non-standard, playful and linguistically fluid, contrary to the norm in mainstream educational contexts. The Hip Hop based intervention thus provided a space for transgression from traditional notions of language education compatible with Critical Hip Hop Language Pedagogies (CHHLP) and pedagogies of plurilingualism.

Field of study: Education, Linguistics
Geochemical evolution of groundwater on Saturna Island, British Columbia

A detailed geochemical study of surface waters, spring waters, and groundwaters was undertaken to examine the geochemical evolution of groundwater on Saturna Island, British Columbia. The purpose of the study was to characterize the nature and occurrence of saline waters and to provide insight on chemical processes that lead to salinization in the fractured sedimentary bedrock aquifers of this small island. Major ion chemistry shows that groundwater is recharged locally but mixes with saline waters that occur at depth or near the coast. Simple mixing is complicated by cation exchange (between calcium-rich waters and sodium-rich exchange sites offered by mudstone beds) and results in a spatially variable hydrochemical composition that is dependent on the island topography and geological framework (structural, sedimentological, and glacial), in combination with groundwater use patterns. Sodium, present at exchange sites, is speculated to be a remnant of ocean water intrusion during the Pleistocene, when the...

Field of study: Environmental science
Regression analysis, nonlinear or nonnormal simple and accurate p values from likelihood analysis

We develop simple approximations for the p values to use with regression models having linear or nonlinear parameter structure and normal or nonnormal error distribution; computer iteration then gives confidence intervals. Both frequentist and Bayesian versions are given. The approximations are derived from recent developments in likelihood analysis and have third-order accuracy. Also, for very small and medium-sized samples, the accuracy can typically be high. The likelihood basis of the procedure seems to provide the grounds for this general accuracy. Examples are discussed, and simulations record the distributional accuracy.

Field of study: Mathematics
REGIOSELECTIVE N-ARYLATION OF NITROAZOLES. DETERMINATION OF THE STRUCTURE OF N-ARYLNITROAZOLES ON THE BASIS OF NMR SPECTROSCOPIC DATA AND QUANTUM-CHEMICAL CALCULATIONS

Изучено N-арилирование ряда нитроазолов с помощью диарилиодониевых солей в присутствии CuI под действием микроволнового облучения. Найдено, что арилирование в каждом конкретном случае протекает региоселективно с образованием единственного из двух возможных изомеров. Корректное строение продуктов N-арилирования установлено на основании данных спектроскопии ЯМР. Как ссылаться Chertkov, V. A.; Shestakova, A. K.; Davydov, D. V. Chem. Heterocycl. Compd . 2011 , 47 (1), 45.

Field of study: Chemistry
The Effect of Written Examinations on Learning and on the Retention of Learning

Tradition seems responsible for the almost unanimous agreement that some form of ex amination should be used in the schoolroom. Examinations are used for purposes of grad ing, classification, promotion, and in fewer cases for determining the efficiency of teach ing techniques. Although the tests in sub ject matter fields are not generally used in the primary grades, they are almost universal in the intermediate grades, junior and senior high schools, colleges, and graduate schools. In the last two decades the subjective type of examination has pretty largely given way to the more objective examination, because the latter has been proved more reliable. These tests and examinations aim to deter mine not only the student's acquisition of factual information and fundamental prin ciples, but also his ability to retain informa tion. At the present time probably very few classroom examinations succeed in measuring the student's ability to apply his knowledge in the interpretation of life situations and problems.

Field of study: Education
The torsion of a hollow square

SEAC % is used to give an approximate solution to the torsion problem for a hollow square, with accurate determination of lower and upper bounds for torsional rigidity. 1. The torsion problem for a multiply connected cross section. To solve the torsion problem for a beam of multiply connected cross section, we seek a function \f/{x, y) which is harmonic in the domain A occupied by the material, and such that 4> = §r2 on the outer boundary B0, (1.1) ^ = %r2 + C\ on the inner boundaries Bx, the constants Cx being chosen so that for each inner boundary we have

Field of study: Mathematics
Thermoelectric Coolers with Sintered Silver Interconnects

The fabrication and performance of a sintered Peltier cooler (SPC) based on bismuth telluride with sintered silver interconnects are described. Miniature SPC modules with a footprint of 20 mm2 were assembled using pick-and-place pressure-assisted silver sintering at low pressure (5.5 N/mm2) and moderate temperature (250°C to 270°C). A modified flip-chip bonder combined with screen/stencil printing for paste transfer was used for the pick-and-place process, enabling high positioning accuracy, easy handling of the tiny bismuth telluride pellets, and immediate visual process control. A specific contact resistance of (1.4 ± 0.1) × 10−5 Ω cm2 was found, which is in the range of values reported for high-temperature solder interconnects of bismuth telluride pellets. The realized SPCs were evaluated from room temperature to 300°C, considerably outperforming the operating temperature range of standard commercial Peltier coolers. Temperature cycling capability was investigated from 100°C to 235°C over more than 200 h, i.e., 850 cycles, during which no degradation of module resistance or cooling performance occurred.

Field of study: Materials science
Regioselectivity of the amination of some 3‐nitropyridines by liquid ammonia/potassium permanganate

5- and 8-Nitroisoquinoline and some of their derivatives are aminated in a liquid ammonia solution of potassium permanganate to yield the corresponding 6- and 7-amino compounds. From 5,7-dinitroisoquinoline the 6,8-diamino derivative is obtained; 1-nitroisoquinoline has been found to be unreactive. FMO calculations made for a few nitroisoquinolines confirm the experimentally observed regioselectivity of the amination.

Field of study: Chemistry
FLAC3D-based Analysis on Subgrade Workaround of Asphalt Pavement Structures under Various Loading Conditions

In order to reduce subgrade permanent deformation, it is significantly important to keep the subgrade behaving elastically. However, the subgrade workaround depth in the national design specifications of China is 0.8m for different pavement structures under various loading conditions. In fact, the minimum value of the workaround depth is dependent on pavement structures and loading conditions. Under this background, this research herein presents a FLAC3D-based model for quantitative analysis on subgrade workaround depths. In terms of the geometrical model, both the subgrade and pavement are simulated with layered structures: the subgrade model consists of two layers which are the roadbed soils and original ground soils, while the pavement consists of 3~6 layers according to the pavement types. In terms of mechanical models, subgrade is simulated with Mohr-coulomb model where Young’s Modulus, Poisson ratio, angle of internal friction, cohesion coefficient are various based on the layer material properties and pavement layers are simulated with the linear elastic model where Young’s Modulus and Poisson ratio are various based on the layer material properties. In terms of loading conditions, the various static vehicular and gravity loads are applied with the axle types considered. The FLAC3D simulation outputs are the stresses underlying pavement structures during the loading history. The calculated stresses are compared at different locations to determine the subgrade workaround depth. Through this research, recommendations are provided for determining the subgrade workaround depths for different pavement types.

Field of study: Engineering
BRIEF COMMUNICATIONS: Method for the fabrication of high-efficiency small-period diffraction gratings

A method was developed for the fabrication of high-efficiency diffraction gratings with an asymmetric line profile and a period of 0.4–1.2 µ over an area of 20 cm2. The gratings were made by ion etching of the substrate through a photoresist mask produced by a holographic method. The diffraction efficiency of these gratings reached 82.5% in the first negative order in an autocollimation configuration.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
The Economic Imagination and Public Policy: Orthodoxy Discovers the Corporation

The contention of this paper is that the similarities and identities of the neoclassical orthodoxy and transaction cost economics far outweigh in number and importance the differences; that, in fact, transaction analysis fills in some major gaps in standard analysis and spins orthodoxy out to a logical conclusion. Transaction cost economics is concerned with the nature and function of the firm in the modern economy. Now, it hardly requires stating that the corporation is, and for some considerable period of time has been, a fact of modern enterprise, at least in a common sense view of the world. This is a view, however, that economic orthodoxy long has resisted. Indeed, much of contemporary orthodoxy still tends to treat the firm in undifferentiated terms, seeing little to distinguish the largest conglomerate from the neighborhood "mom and pop" hardware store. Moreover, it tends also to view the firm in individualistic terms, rather than as an aggregation; that is, as an owner-operated entity driven by the incentives and actions of a more or less innovating, risk-taking entrepreneur. It generally is recognized that Ronald Coase established the

Field of study: Economics
Effects of Certain Subject Variables on Stanford-Binet Item Performance of Five-Year-Old Children

Item performance on the Stanford-Binet by a sample (n = 289) of Georgia children (CA = 5) and by equivalent-aged children used in the test standardization was compared in terms of 5 subject variables: race, sex, socioeconomic status, intelligence level, and community size. The Georgia Sample's performance exceeded (p < .01) the norm group's performance on 62% of the items. The five subject variables were associated with these differences: among levels of the variables, variations occurred in the presence and direction of item performance differences; generally, more than one subject variable influenced item performance. These data affirm that certain variables confound intelligence test performance and that norms based on a single variable, like race, do not eliminate test biases.

Field of study: Psychology
Superconducting and microstructural properties of [001] tilt YBa/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub 7-/spl delta// thick film grain boundaries on SrTiO/sub 3/ bicrystal substrates

We present a study of superconducting and microstructural properties of [001] tilt YBa/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub 7-/spl delta// (YBCO) thick film grain boundaries (GB) on SrTiO/sub 3/ bicrystal substrates prepared using a BaF/sub 2/ ex-situ post deposition reaction process. For a 15/spl deg/ tilt boundary, multiple microbridges were patterned across the grain boundary at various locations. A large variation of local critical current density J/sub c/ was observed. Through local microstructural characterization of these GB bridges using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), a direct correlation of local GB J/sub c/ with structure is identified.

Field of study: Physics