nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Superconducting critical fields of K$_{0.8}$Fe$_{2}$Se$_2$ single crystal

We report the results of an experimental study of dc and low frequencies magnetic properties of K$_{0.8}$Fe$_{2}$Se$_2$ single crystal when the dc magnetic field is applied parallel to the $\bf{ab}$ plane. From the data obtained, we deduce the full H-T phase diagram which consists of all three H$_{c1}$(T), H$_{c2}(T)$ and H$_{c3}(T)$ critical magnetic field plots. The two H$_{c1}$(T) and H$_{c2}$(T) curves were obtained from dc magnetic measurements, whereas the surface critical field H$_{c3}$(T) line was extracted by ac susceptibility studies. It appears that near T$_c$, the H$_{c3}$(T)/H$_{c2}$(T) ratio is $\approx 4.4$ which is much larger than expected.

Field of study: Physics
Women Report Being More Likely Than Men to Model Their Relationships after What They have Seen on TV

Students (21 men and 50 women) anonymously answered questions about imitating relationships seen on TV. The women were more likely than men to report trying to model family life after what they saw on TV situational comedies and to expect their significant other to act as those seen on TV. They also more frequently reported experiencing a significant other acting as those on TV. There was no difference by sex in current age, parents' marital status during the students' formative years, or age of separation, divorce, or widowing if any occurred. For neither women nor men did a broken home during the formative years correlate with looking to TV for information on relationships.

Field of study: Psychology
Yeast communities associated with the bulk-soil, rhizosphere and ectomycorrhizosphere of a Nothofagus pumilio forest in northwestern Patagonia, Argentina.

Soil microorganisms play an important role in soil quality and they interact closely with vegetation. Little is known about yeast diversity and function in forest soil ecosystems and their interactions with other biotic soil components, particularly in the mycorrhizosphere. We studied the diversity of yeasts inhabiting the bulk-soil, rhizosphere and ectomycorrhizosphere of a Nothofagus pumilio forest in Nahuel Huapi National Park (Bariloche, Argentina). Ectomycorrhizal infection was observed in all N. pumilio trees studied. A total of 126 yeast isolates were obtained, including 18 known and three possibly new species. Basidiomycetous yeasts were predominant in all soil fractions, and the most frequently isolated species was Cryptococcus podzolicus. Diversity indices and multivariate analyses were used to study and compare yeast communities in the bulk-soil, rhizosphere and ectomycorrhizosphere. Yeasts able to ferment glucose were found associated with the rhizosphere. Many of the recovered yeast species were associated with lignocelluloses compound degradation, which suggest that yeast plays an important role as a decomposer in these forest soils. Each soil fraction has a distinct yeast assemblage related to their physiologic capacities and soil nutrient availability.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
猪去氧胆酸化学——IV.从猪去氧胆酸立体选择性合成熊去氧胆酸和鹅去氧胆酸的新法

本文报道以猪去氧胆酸甲酯( 4b )为原料立体选择性合成熊去氧胆酸( 1 )和鹅去氧胆酸( 3 )的新方法. 从猪去氧胆酸甲酯出发经8步反应得熊去氧胆酸(1),总收率26％. 经7步反应得鹅去氧胆酸甲酯( 3b ),总收率31％.

Field of study: Chemistry
Student Learning with Generated and Answered Peer-written Questions

To investigate the degree to which student-generated questions or answering student-generated multiple-choice questions predicts course performance in medicinal chemistry.  Students enrolled in Medicinal Chemistry III over a 3-year period were asked to create at least one question per exam period using PeerWise; within the software, they were also asked to answer and rate one peer question per class session. Students’ total reputation scores and its components (question authoring, answering, and rating) and total answer scores (correctness of answers submitted indicating agreement with the author’s chosen answer) were analyzed relative to final course grades.  Students at the non-satellite campus and those who generated more highly rated questions performed better overall in the course accounting for 12% of the variability in course grades. The most notable differences were between the top third and bottom third performing students within the course. The number of questions answered by students was not a significant predictor of course performance.  Student generation of more highly rated questions (referred to as more thoughtful in nature by the software program) is predictive of course performance but it only explained a small variability in course grades. The correctness of answers submitted, however, did not relate to student performance.

Field of study: Education, Medicine
The Trial Investigation and Theory Analysis on Sharp Stop Technics Measure of Iron Continuous Casting

The drawing technics that iron continuous casting adopting method of direct current timing motor dragging has heen analyzed.The theory analyzing has indicated that it can bring about some disadvantage influence because of the whole drawing system's mechanical inertia.Base on this,the sharp stop technics measure has been adopted to deal with practical problem and a set of sharp stop control unit has been developed.The application result demonstrated that this technics measure not only can get rid of this bad effect,but also be benefit to increase the productivity.

Field of study: Materials science
The Court Records of Philadelphia, Bucks, and Berks Counties in Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries

The court records of early Pennsylvania contain valuable information about the relationship between law and society, the workings of government and justice, and the meaning of change within family structures. Unfortunately, few historians of seventeenth and eighteenth-century Pennsylvania society have used legal records. Local court records in particular remain untapped sources as a result of their awkward organization and inconvenient disposition in courthouses, state and city archives, and historical societies. Those studying Pennsylvania law and society must grapple with more than the usual problem of deciphering the scrawls of court clerks. They also face the time consuming (or in some cases, impossible) task of locating continuous runs of court records. Scholars long believed that for the county of Philadelphia only a few miscellaneous colonial court records had survived. Stories of fires in the bowels of City Hall deterred even the most impetuous graduate students from pursuing the search. Historians tended to neglect the few available legal records on the assumption, probably correct, that they could not convey an accurate picture of early Pennsylvania courts. In fact, however, historians were too quick in accepting rumors of total disaster. There exists a complete body of orphans court records for Philadelphia County beginning in 1719, and a large number of common pleas and quarter sessions records as well. Used in conjunction, these documents reveal a great deal about early justice. Court records in the nearby counties are nearly complete and convey additional information about Pennsylvania law and society outside Philadelphia. Although there is a significant body of legal records, they are inconveniently located. In some states such as Maryland and South Carolina, legislatures have acted to centralize all historical records.

Field of study: History
The effects of acridine orange on deoxyribonucleic acid in Escherichia coli.

1. Acridine Orange inhibits growth of Escherichia coli K12 when incubated at pH 7.9, but not at pH 7.4.2. At a non-permissive temperature for DNA polymerase I, Acridine Orange inhibits growth of a temperature-sensitive strain and also increases the rate of elimination of the F'-Lac plasmid. 3. DNA isolated from cells treated with Acridine Orange under conditions that inhibit growth contains material of low molecular weight, which is absent from DNA isolated from cells treated under conditions in which growth is not impaired. 4. Cells incubated with Acridine Orange at both pH 7.4 and 7.9 suffer degradation of DNA, as shown by loss of labelled DNA from the acid-insoluble fraction, which is not observed with untreated cells at either pH. 5. The results suggest that elimination of the F'-Lac plasmid by Acridine Orange requires inactivation of repair processes.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Screening of Lactobacillus for efficient cholesterol-degrading

In this paper,25 Lactobacillus acidophilus were studied in the experiments.The quantity of the cholesterol-degrading in MRS-CHOL medium was used to analyze their cholesterol-reducing ability,then bile-tolerance and acid-tolerance.The results showed that all strains could remove cholesterol from media and removal rates of in which 6 strains were more than 40%.Meanwhile,these 6 strains had high removal effectiveness.As a result,these 6 strains were screened for their excellent cholesterol-reducing ability.Acid-tolerance and bile-tolerance were tested and compared with reducing cholesterol ability of these 6 strains respectively.The bile-tolerance and acid-tolerance were varied from strain to strain.Among 6 strains,1 strains Lactobacillus acidophilus demonstrated higher ability of removal cholesterol,acid-tolerance and bile-tolerance than other strains.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Ultra-Mini Pcnl With Clear Petra® Suction- Evacuation Access Sheath And Warming Irrigation Fluid System (Rocamed®) For Stone Treatment In Children

Inadvertent perioperative hypothermia (a drop in core temperature to below 36 °C) occurs because of interference with normal temperature regulation by anaesthetic drugs, skin exposure for prolonged periods and the introduction of large volumes of intravenous and irrigation fluids. If the temperature of these fluids is below core body temperature, they can cause significant heat loss. Warming irrigation fluids might prevent some of this heat loss and subsequent hypothermia and that is the role of warming irrigation fluid systems.  The video describes prone ultra mini PCNL with suction-evacuation access sheath under warming irrigation fluid system in a 15 month-old boy with a 2 cm-600HU staghorn calculi and one stone of 7 mm-500HU in proximal ureter.  The surgery was performed without intraoperative complications and perioperative hypothermia was prevented. The patient started the surgery at 35.4 °C and the final temperature was 36.3 °C in 90 minutes of procedure, in addition to being free of stones.  The warming irrigation fluid system can be helpful in preventing inadvertent perioperative hypothermia in children, improving the safety of ultra mini PCNL with suction-evacuation access sheath and shows promising results with high stone-free rates and low complications.

Field of study: Medicine
On the Construction of Teaching Staff in Higher Vocational Colleges under the Background of Innovation and Entrepreneurship

The state to promote innovation and entrepreneurship education reform, higher vocational education level put forward higher requirements, higher vocational colleges should cultivate innovative talents as the goal, deepen the reform of education and teaching. The role of vocational college teachers five important aspects in the reform and innovation and entrepreneurship education of higher vocational college teachers, then aiming at the existing problems, combined with Sichuan Areospace Vocational College in innovation and entrepreneurship education reform practice teaching construction experience, puts forward some countermeasures and suggestions.

Field of study: Engineering
Actively Secure Setup for SPDZ

We present the first actively secure, practical protocol to generate the distributed secret keys needed in the SPDZ offline protocol. As an added bonus our protocol results in the resulting distribution of the public and secret keys is such that the associated SHE ‘noise’ analysis is the same as if the distributed keys were generated by a trusted setup. We implemented the presented protocol for distributed BGV key generation within the SCALE-MAMBA framework. Our method makes use of a new method for creating doubly (or even more) authenticated bits in different MPC engines, which has applications in other areas of MPC-based secure computation. We were able to generate keys for two parties and a plaintext size of 64 bits in around five minutes, and a little more than eighteen minutes for a 128 bit prime.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Technical Note: Non-invasive mid-IR Fiber-optic Evanescent Wave Spectroscopy (FEWS) for Early Detection of Skin Cancers.

Melanoma is the most lethal of the three primary skin cancers, including also Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC) and Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC), which are less lethal. The accepted diagnosis process involves manually observing a suspicious lesion through a Dermascope (i.e. a magnifying glass), followed by a biopsy. This process relies on the skill and the experience of a dermatologist. However, to the best of our knowledge, there is no accepted automatic, non-invasive, and rapid method for the early detection of the three types of skin cancer, distinguishing between them and non-cancerous lesions, and identifying each of them. It is our aim to develop such a system.



We developed a Fiber-optic Evanescent Wave Spectroscopy (FEWS) system based on middle infrared (mid-IR) transmitting AgClBr fibers and a Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectrometer. We used the system to perform mid-IR spectral measurements on suspicious lesions in 90 patients, before biopsy, in-situ, and in real time. The lesions were then biopsied and sent for pathology. The spectra were analyzed and differences between pathological and healthy tissues were found and correlated.



Five of the lesions measured were identified as melanomas, seven as BCC, and three as SCC. Using mathematical analyses of the spectra of these lesions we were able to tell that all were skin cancers and we found specific and easily identifiable differences between them.



This FEWS method lends itself to rapid, automatic and non-invasive early detection and characterization of skin cancers. It will be easily implemented in community clinics and has the potential to greatly simplify the diagnosis process.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Crystal structure and ion transport properties of solid electrolyte CsAg4Br3-I2+ (0 < x < 1)

Silver-based ionic conductive materials have attracted much interest due to their potential application in the solid electrolyte ion sources (SEIS) in ionic thrusters. In this work, a mechano-chemical synthesis process was developed for preparation of crystalline superionic conductors CsAg4Br3-xI2+x (0

Field of study: Materials science
The Effects of Biconical Outflows on Lyα Escape from Green Peas

We analyze the spectra of 10 Green Pea galaxies, previously studied by Henry et al., using a semi-analytical line transfer model to interpret emission and absorption features observed in UV galactic spectra. We focus our analysis on various ionization states of silicon, associated with the cool (∼104 K) and warm (∼105 K) gas. By analyzing low-ionization lines, we study the relationships between the distribution and kinematics of the outflowing H i gas and the observed Lyα escape fraction, , as well as the Lyα emission peak separation, Δpeak. We find that outflow geometries that leave a portion of the source uncovered along the line of sight create the best conditions for Lyα escape and have narrow peak separations, while geometries that block the observer’s view of the source create the worst conditions for Lyα escape and have large peak separations. To isolate the effects of outflow kinematics, we restrict our testing set to galaxies with spherical outflows and find that and the Lyα luminosity both increase with the extent of the galactic winds. A simple estimate suggests that the collisional excitation of neutral hydrogen by free electrons in the cool gas of the winds can account for the Lyα luminosity observed in these objects. Finally, we speculate on the relationship between outflows and the escape of ionizing radiation from the circumgalactic medium.

Field of study: Physics
Hand-on-shoulder touch as a resource for constructing a pedagogically relevant participation framework

This article explores tactile practices in pedagogical settings by focusing on one specific pedagogical touch type, teacher-initiated hand-on-shoulder touch, which is examined particularly as a reactive practice for classroom management. Drawing on multimodal conversation analysis, the present study analyses variations in hand-on-shoulder touch as well as the relationship between these variations and the pedagogical functions of touch, specifically as they relate to the construction of a pedagogically relevant participation framework. The datasets consist of video recordings of naturally occurring classroom interaction in Finnish schools. From this, three types of hand-on-shoulder touch are described (serial, sustained, and extended) and their characteristics outlined (e.g., duration, force, body posture). Hand-on-shoulder touch is also discussed as a touch type with multifaceted pedagogical potential and variable use in coordinating and orchestrating students' attention and participation in classroom settings. This study thus contributes to both conversation analytical research on tactile practices and pedagogical research on classroom management.

Field of study: Education, Linguistics
A new pathway for hexavalent chromium formation in soil: Fire-induced alteration of iron oxides.

Iron oxides are important pedogenic Cr(III)-bearing phases which experience high-temperature alteration via fire-induced heating of surface soil. In this study, we examine if heating-induced alteration of Cr(III)-substituted Fe oxides can potentially facilitate rapid high-temperature oxidation of solid-phase Cr(III) to hazardous Cr(VI). Synthetic Cr(III)-substituted ferrihydrite, goethite and hematite were heated up to 800 °C for 2 h. Corresponding heating experiments were also conducted on an unpolluted Ferrosol-type soil, which had a total Cr content of 220 mg kg-1, initially undetectable Cr(VI) and Fe speciation comprising a mixture of hematite, goethite and ferrihydrite (according to Fe K-edge EXAFS spectroscopy). Up to ∼50% of the initial Cr(III) was oxidised to Cr(VI) during heating of Cr(III)-substituted ferrihydrite and hematite, with the greatest extent of Cr(VI) formation occurring at 200-400 °C. In contrast, heating of Cr(III)-substituted goethite resulted in up to ∼100% of Cr(III) oxidizing to Cr(VI) as the temperature approached 800 °C. In the Ferrosol-type soil, heating at ≥400 °C also resulted in large amounts of Cr(VI) formation, with a maximum total Cr(VI) concentration of 77 mg kg-1 forming at 600 °C (equating to oxidation of ∼35% of the soil's total Cr content). A relatively large portion (31-42%) of the total Cr(VI) which formed during heating of the soil was exchangeable, implying a high level of potential mobility and bioaccessibility. Overall, the results show that Cr(VI) forms rapidly via the oxidation of Fe oxide-bound Cr(III) at temperatures which occur in surface soils during fires. On this basis and given the frequency and extent of wild-fires around the world, we propose that fire-induced oxidation of Fe oxide-bound Cr(III) may represent a globally-significant pathway for the natural formation of hazardous Cr(VI) in surface soil.

Field of study: Environmental science
URANIUM-BEARING VEINS IN PLATEAU STRATA, KANE CREEK, UTAH.

Uranium deposits in the metallogenic province of the Colorado Plateau, with a few possible exceptions, are commonly peneconcordant, completely enclosed in sedimentary strata, and lack hydrothermal feeder dikes. Among the few exceptional vertical uranium-bearing structures penetrating Plateau strata are the deposits of Kane Springs Canyon, Utah, where evidence for upward migration of uranium ions may be critically examined. Here nearly vertical uranium-bearing mineralized fractures (age about 60 m.y.) penetrate older strata (age about 225 m.y.). Closely associated with the uranium minerals of the veins are clay minerals, chlorite, and a local development of micaceous foliation. While evidence in support of an original hydrothermal source for the uranium ions is strong, several links are missing in the interpretation of natural events which would tie the vertical fractures to deposits in overlying horizontal strata. Combined field and laboratory study indicate that two periods of fluid invasion caused mineral alteration along faults in the Cutler Formation at Kane Creek. Normally, red and purple strata exhibit massive areas of bleaching up to 50 feet thick which gradually taper away from the faults and disappear within a mile or more. This early bleaching is followed by a later, localized green-gray clay-mineral alteration which ranges from a few inches to 20 feet thick and closely follows steeply inclined fault planes. These fault planes are uranium-bearing, with uraninite (UO 2 ) being the principal ore mineral. The mineral assemblage of the veins provides evidence that moderate- to low-temperature thermal solutions prevailed during the formation of the ores.

Field of study: Geology
A gee regression model for the association between an ordinal and a nominal variable

A model is proposed for analyzing the association between a nominal response variable and an ordered categorical response variable, as well as modeling the responses themselves. For parameter estimation, a generalized estimating equation approach Is employed utilizing two sets of estimating equations, The first set of estimating equations models the marginal distribution for each variable, The second set of estimating equations models the joint distribution of the two variables using local-global association. Covariate effects may be incorporated into the modeling of association, Simulation results demonstrate the usefulness of the proposed method, An application of the proposed model Is illustrated using data from the Established Populations for Epidemiologic Studies of the Elderly Project.

Field of study: Mathematics
The complete genome sequence of the actinobacterium Streptomyces glaucescens GLA.O (DSM 40922) carrying gene clusters for the biosynthesis of tetracenomycin C, 5`-hydroxy streptomycin, and acarbose.

The secondary metabolite acarbose is used worldwide in the clinical treatment of diabetes mellitus type 2 patients. Acarbose is a - glucosidase inhibitor and supports patients to control their blood glucose as well as their serum insulin levels. The secondary metabolite is produced by strains of the class Actinobacteria, in particular from Actinoplanes sp. SE50/110, which is a progenitor of today`s production strains. Moreover, secondary metabolite clusters could also be identified in Streptomyces coelicoflavus ZG0656 as well as Streptomyces glaucescens GLA.O. In this study, the genome S. glaucescens GLA.O with focus on the acarbose biosynthesis cluster (gac-cluster) was analyzed. First, the tetracenomycin C and the 5`-hydroxy streptomycin gene clusters could be described completely. Then the gac gene region in S. glaucescens GLA.O is compared to the other known biosynthesis gene cluster. In comparison to Actinoplanes sp. SE50/110 the gac-cluster showed structural variances, like the missing homolog of the glycosyltransferase AcbD in the whole genome of S. glaucescens GLA.O. Due to the lack of the glycosyltransferase, it was of particular interest whether additional acarviose metabolites other than acarbose could be formed. For detection of acarviose metabolites biosynthesis the supernatant of S. glaucescens GLA.O grown in starch supplemented complex media was harvested at 72 and 96 hours. Although a homolog of the known glycosyltransferase is absent, the LC-MS-supported analysis revealed that a spectrum of acarviose metabolites was formed.

Field of study: Biology, Engineering