nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
A cold supergene zinc deposit in Alaska: The Reef Ridge case

The Reef Ridge deposit is a typical supergene “nonsulfide” zinc mineralization, located in the Yukon-Koyukuk region of west-central Alaska (USA). It is hosted in sedimentary rocks of the Farewell terrane, a continental fragment sandwiched between the Siberian and Laurentian cratons during the early Paleozoic. The mineralization occurs in Lower–Middle Devonian shallow-water dolomite of a Paleozoic carbonate platform succession belonging to the Nixon Fork tectonic unit. The mineralization consists of oxidized minerals associated with minor remaining sulfides (pyrite/marcasite and sphalerite). In the oxidation zone, smithsonite is the predominant mineral, mixed with Fe-(hydr)oxides (goethite and hematite). A complete petrographic and mineralogical study was performed. Samples were analyzed by X-ray diffraction, inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry and emission spectrometry, energy dispersive scanning electron microscopy, and QEMSCAN ® (quantitative evaluation of minerals by scanning electron microscopy). The most abundant mineral in the nonsulfide ore is smithsonite. Similar to other nonsulfide Zn deposits worldwide, the first generation of smithsonite has replaced both primary sphalerite and the host carbonates. A second smithsonite generation precipitated as cement in vugs, cavities, and fractures. Minor zinc amounts also occur in the Fe-(hydr)oxides, and zinc traces have been identified in clay minerals. The carbon and oxygen isotope values of smithsonite at Reef Ridge vary from −0.7 to 2.1‰ relative to Vienna Peedee belemnite (VPDB) and 19.1‰ to 21.9‰ relative to Vienna standard mean ocean water (VSMOW). The δ 13 C values are similar to those of the host rock, suggesting that the predominant carbon source for smithsonite was the host carbonates, with only a limited contribution from organic carbon. The oxygen isotope ratios of Reef Ridge smithsonite are more depleted in 18 O compared to supergene nonsulfides from other parts of the world formed under warm-humid, temperate, or semiarid climates. The oxygen isotope fractionation between water and smithsonite, which relates the δ 18 O value of the mineralizing solution, the formation temperature of smithsonite, and its δ 18 O composition, indicates that the δ 18 O composition of Reef Ridge smithsonite is related to very low formation temperatures (~10 °C), and strong depletion in 18 O of the precipitating waters. The δ 18 O smithsonite composition, the strong 18 O depletion, and the relationship of the formation of the Reef Ridge nonsulfide deposit with the development of the Sleetmute upland surface (which started in the Late Tertiary and continues to the present) indicate that the formation of the Reef Ridge nonsulfide deposit is probably related to cold/humid weathering episodes during a period comprised between Late Tertiary and Holocene. The “traditional” interpretation on the genesis of Zn nonsulfide deposits in warm-humid, temperate, or semiarid conditions should be questioned where other climate zones are indicated.

Field of study: Geology
[Effects of m-nisoldipine and nisoldipine on isolated uterine muscle].

m-Nisoldipine (m-Nis) and nisoldipine (Nis) inhibited spontaneous contraction of isolated non-pregnant human myometrium, IC50 being 3.7 +/- 0.7 mumol.L-1 for m-Nis and 6.0 +/- 0.9 mumol.L-1 for Nis. Both drugs also suppressed spontaneous and oxytocin-induced contraction of isolated pregnant rat uterus. In isolated uterus from virgin rat, both drugs inhibited the contractions induced by KCl, acetylcholine (ACh), and oxytocin (Oxy), the values of pD'2 against KCl, ACh, Oxy being 9.0 +/- 0.2, 6.1 +/- 0.1, and 5.9 +/- 0.1 for m-Nis and 9.1 +/- 0.3, 5.7 +/- 0.2, and 5.6 +/- 0.1 for Nis respectively. The results indicate that both m-Nis and Nis may be clinically useful for the treatment of dysmenorrhea and premature labour.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Fabrication and Characterization of PVA/SPI/SiO2 Hybrid Fibres via Electrospinning Technique

In this work, an electrospinning technique was developed for the fabrication of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)/soy protein isolate (SPI)/SiO2 hybrid fibres with PVA, SPI and tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) as precursors. The effects of SiO2 content, sodium dodecylsulfate and electrospinning electrical field strength on the morphology and structure of the hybrid fibres were investigated. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that uniform hybrid fibres about 200 nm in diameter were obtained at a weight ratio of PVA to SPI 8:2, SiO2 content 5.0 wt.%, sodium dodecylsulfate 0.6 wt.% and electrical field strength 0.90 kV cm-1. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns showed that the crystalline structure of PVA was somewhat destroyed as PVA was hybridized with SPI and SiO2, and further destroyed under electrospinning process as the stretched molecular chains of the fibre solidified rapidly at high elongation rates, resulting in the amorphism of PVA/SPI/SiO2 hybrid fibres. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) showed that the components of PVA, SPI and SiO2 nanoparticles were linked by hydrogen bonds or Si–O–C bonds in the hybrid fabric networks. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) tests showed that the presence of SiO2 nanoparticles considerably improved the thermal stability of the hybrid fibres. Therefore, the PVA/SPI/SiO2 hybrid fibres may have potential as a new fibre in dressings, tissue engineering or drug delivery.

Field of study: Materials science
Quantitative Determination of Selenium Species in Se-enriched Yeast Using Liquid Chromatography-Hydride Generation Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometry

A rapid and sensitive method has been developed for the simultaneous determination of four selenium species Se?,Se?,selenomethionine,and Se-methylselenocysteine in Se-enriched yeast by liquid chromatography-hydride generation atomic fluorescence spectrometry( HPLC-HG-AFS). The isolation of the analytes from yeast samples was accomplished by protease  and trypsin enzymatic digestion. The target compounds were separated on a PRP-X100 anion exchange column and analyzed by HG-AFS. The mobile phase was 20 mmol /L( NH4)2HPO4. Good linearity was obtained for all the selenium species,with linear correlation coefficients higher than 0. 9996. The LODs of the four species were between 0. 5 and 5. 0 μg /kg.Average recoveries for the four analytes were in the ranges of 82. 5%- 101. 2%,with intra- and inter-day RSD lower than 8. 6% and 14. 5,respectively. The proposed analytical method is simple,sensitive,with low operation cost,making it applicable for the determination of the selenium species in Se-enriched feeds.

Field of study: Chemistry
Effect of spatial origin and hydrocarbon composition on bacterial consortia community structure and hydrocarbon biodegradation rates

Oil reserves in deep-sea sediments are currently subject to intense exploration, with associated risks of oil spills. Previous research suggests that microbial communities from deep-sea sediment (>1000m) can degrade hydrocarbons (HCs), but have a lower degradation ability than shallow (<200m) communities, probably due to in situ temperature. This study aimed to assess the effect of marine origin on microbial HC degradation potential while separating the influence of temperature, and to characterise associated HC-degrading bacterial communities. Microbial communities from 135 and 1000 m deep sediments were selectively enriched on crude oil at in situ temperatures and both consortia were subsequently incubated for 42 days at 20°C with two HC mixtures: diesel fuel or model oil. Significant HC biodegradation occurred rapidly in the presence of both consortia, especially of low molecular weight HCs and was concomitant with microbial community changes. Further, oil degradation was higher with the shallow consortium than with the deep one. Dominant HC-degrading bacteria differed based on both spatial origin of the consortia and supplemented HC types. This study provides evidence for influence of sediment spatial origin and HC composition on the selection and activity of marine HC-degrading bacterial communities and is relevant for future bioremediationdevelopments.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Notiz über die Erregung der sogenannten Funkenlinien in derK-Reihe der Röntgenspektren und die Theorie von Wentzel

ZusammenfassungMit dem Siegbahnschen Vakuumspektrographen sind die Linien Kα4 und Kα6 von Aluminium bei Spannungen photographiert, die geringer sind als ihre Erregungsspannungen nach Wentzel.

Field of study: Physics
The Inconvenient Truth about Teaching History with Documentary Film: Strategies for Presenting Multiple Perspectives and Teaching Controversial Issues

How can teachers effectively use documentary film to teach history, and toward what goals? This article addresses these important questions by: (1) exploring what we know about secondary teachers' practices with documentary film and secondary students' beliefs about documentary film as a source of knowledge about the past, (2) proposing a rationale for the use of documentary film that supports the goals of history education, and (3) discussing examples of documentaries that can be shown to further the rationale presented. Although there are numerous suitable purposes and methods for using documentary film, we argue that two of the most powerful and appropriate are as a way to explore multiple perspectives and as a way to teach about controversial issues.

Field of study: Sociology
Quantitative analysis of serum chemokines associated with treatment failure of direct‐acting antivirals in chronic hepatitis C

HighlightsSerum chemokine levels are higher in chronic hepatitis C patients than in controls.Lower MIP‐1&bgr; and higher RANTES levels are significantly associated with a non‐SVR in DAA therapy.A combination of MIP‐1&bgr; and RANTES is highly predictive of DAA treatment failure.Most chemokines decreased in patients with a SVR to DAA therapy.  Although serum chemokine levels have been reported to influence the outcome of interferon‐based treatment in patients with chronic hepatitis C, their effect on the hepatitis C virus (HCV) response to direct‐acting antiviral agents (DAAs), which can achieve high rates of a sustained virological response (SVR), is largely unknown. To clarify this relationship, 9 chemokines (eotaxin, GRO‐&agr;, IL‐8, IP‐10, MCP‐1, MIP‐1&agr;, MIP‐1&bgr;, RANTES, and SDF‐1&agr;) were quantified before, during, and after DAA treatment using serum samples obtained from 57 patients with chronic hepatitis C. All baseline median chemokine levels were significantly higher in patients with chronic hepatitis C than in healthy subjects (P < 0.05). In particular, lower MIP‐1&bgr; (≤71.5 pg/mL) and higher RANTES (>671.5 pg/mL) levels were significantly associated with patients who failed to clear HCV RNA (P = 0.0039 and 0.013, respectively). Prediction of a clinical response based on a combination of these chemokines demonstrated high sensitivity (82%), specificity (85%), negative predictive value (95%), and area under the curve (0.833). The non‐SVR rate (56.3%; 9 of 16) was significantly higher in patients with low MIP‐1&bgr; and high RANTES compared with other combinations. Moreover, baseline MIP‐1&bgr; and RANTES were both additive and independent for predicting a non‐SVR. Apart from an increase in eotaxin, all chemokines became decreased in patients with a SVR. In conclusion, a combination of serum MIP‐1&bgr; and RANTES levels may be predictive of a treatment response to DAAs in Japanese patients with chronic hepatitis C.

Field of study: Medicine
Mean field model for relativistic heavy ion collisions

We take up a relativistic mean-field model consisting out of nucleons coupled to a scalar and a vector meson. We solve the corresponding time-dependent mean-field equations on a three-dimensional grid.  +16O scattering at various energies and various impact parameters show significant differences with conventional TDHF calculations. We see sidewards collective flow similar as in fluid dynamics and in experiment. We observe complete spallation and remarked oscillations of the meson fields.

Field of study: Physics
Iran and Control of Its Oil Resources

Oil has been largely responsible for financing most of Iran's economic development since World War II, paying almost half of all the expenses of government, and providing the largest share of the country's exports and foreign exchange. Because of Iran's location bordering on the northern part of the Persian Gulf, the lack of pipeline connections with Europe, the closed Suez Canal, and the consequent necessity of transportation westward around the Cape of Good Hope, most of Iranian oil exports go to the Far East, especially to Japan. Only a very small amount is shipped to the United States-far less, for instance, than the shipments of the Arab countries,1 of which Iran is not one. Iranian oil revenues have

Field of study: Political science
An Adaptive Defect Weighted Sampling Algorithm to Design Pseudoknotted RNA Secondary Structures

Computational design of RNA sequences that fold into targeted secondary structures has many applications in biomedicine, nanotechnology and synthetic biology. An RNA molecule is made of different types of secondary structure elements and an important RNA element named pseudoknot plays a key role in stabilizing the functional form of the molecule. However, due to the computational complexities associated with characterizing pseudoknotted RNA structures, most of the existing RNA sequence designer algorithms generally ignore this important structural element and therefore limit their applications. In this paper we present a new algorithm to design RNA sequences for pseudoknotted secondary structures. We use NUPACK as the folding algorithm to compute the equilibrium characteristics of the pseudoknotted RNAs, and describe a new adaptive defect weighted sampling algorithm named Enzymer to design low ensemble defect RNA sequences for targeted secondary structures including pseudoknots. We used a biological data set of 201 pseudoknotted structures from the Pseudobase library to benchmark the performance of our algorithm. We compared the quality characteristics of the RNA sequences we designed by Enzymer with the results obtained from the state of the art MODENA and antaRNA. Our results show our method succeeds more frequently than MODENA and antaRNA do, and generates sequences that have lower ensemble defect, lower probability defect and higher thermostability. Finally by using Enzymer and by constraining the design to a naturally occurring and highly conserved Hammerhead motif, we designed 8 sequences for a pseudoknotted cis-acting Hammerhead ribozyme. Enzymer is available for download at https://bitbucket.org/casraz/enzymer.

Field of study: Biology
Understanding of Three Dimensional Diagrams

As a policy matter a child should be admitted in class – I after attaining the age of year 5, but in our social setup that is rarely followed. That is why, the students of year – 8 were traced from class II, III and IV of 121 Government Primary /Primary Sections of Government Middle Schools of 15 Tehsils of Five Districts from Southern Punjab. In all, 7212 students were involved in the study. Major objective of the study was to find out the age category at which the students of year 8 understand three dimensional diagrams to minimum and maximum extent. Present age was calculated by subtracting physical age of each student as recorded in the admission register from the date of test administration. It was found that only 1240 (17.18%) of the total students were of year-8, sorted out 1.0% (24) students from class II, 20% (485) of class III, and 30.18% (731) of class IV. A standardized non-verbal test and a perception test were administered to achieve the objectives. After piloting the tool, there were 42 items comprising upon 15 rectangular, 20 hexagonal, and seven diagrams from real daily life. The results highlighted that maximum average scores were found for the age category of 8 year, 2 months and 15 days and minimum average scores in the first category of age for the sampled students.  3-D Diagrams, Perception, Primary Education, Understanding

Field of study: Education
The Rural Population of Essex in the Later Middle Ages

A series of data for the English county of Essex is used to provide an index of aggregate population trends between the late thirteenth and late sixteenth centuries. "This evidence was produced by the medieval frankpledge system requiring adolescent and adult males to be enrolled into collective surety groups called tithings and consists of annual totals of tithing membership from thirteen Essex communities. The validity of these datasets can be confirmed by comparison with parochial taxation and manorial sources." (EXCERPT)

Field of study: Economics, History
On strictly semi-monotone (semi-monotone) properties in nonsmooth functions

This paper deals with characterizations of strictly semi-monotone (semi-monotone) properties in nonsmooth functions that are H -differentiable. These results give a unified treatment of such results for C 1 -functions, semi-smooth functions, and for locally Lipschitzian functions. Illustrations to nonlinear complementarity problems are given to show the usefulness of our results.

Field of study: Mathematics
Madness, Morality and Medicine: A Study of the York Retreat, 1796-1914

This detailed study of the York Retreat (famous for promoting mild methods of treatment for the insane) uses for the first time the unrivalled wealth of archival material on the Retreat's history and is thus able to tackle the complexities of the development of psychotherapy in the nineteenth century. Dr Digby's approach is both analytical and comparative, placing the Retreat in the context of related developments and evaluating the distinctive nature of its approach, the extent of its influence in Britain and the United States, and the degree of success of its treatment. The book details a computerized study of the patients and also examines the personal papers of a Retreat attendant, which provides rare insight into the attitudes of those who cared for the insane in Victorian England. This comprehensive account is further highlighted by a selection of original photographs from the Retreat's archives.

Field of study: Economics, History
Long-Term Results of Buccal Mucosa Onlay Grafts in Hypospadias Repair

Buccal mucosa onlay grafts are widely used in complex Hypospadias surgery. In a retrospective study we evaluated the long-term results in patients with a minimum follow-up of 5 years.  The questionnaire included two visual analogue scales (VAS) concerning the functional and cosmetic result (0 = very dissatisfied; 50 = satisfied; 100 = very satisfied).  A total of 85 patients with a median age at the operation of 7.4 years (1 – 60 years) could be followed for a median of 8 years (5-16 years). In 36/85 the buccal mucosa had been used in a redo-operation. For functional results, the median VAS score was 86 and for the cosmetic results, the median VAS score was 69.5. The median IPSS (international prostate symptom score) was 2; seven patients reported moderate symptoms and one had a IPSS of 25. 22 patients (26%) developed 24 complications: fistula (5), meatal stenosis (7), wound dehiscence (6), urethral stricture (3) (two strictures after 8 and 9 years were treated by optical urethrotomy) and one granuloma. 19 patients required re-operation, 3 patients were treated conservatively (2 with fistula and one with wound dehiscence).  After a median follow-up of 8 years, the overall complication rate is acceptable and confirms the durability of buccal mucosa in the long run. Proximal urethral stricture was the most common late complication.

Field of study: Medicine
Die Anregung des Tochterions Rb+ durch die plötzliche Kernladungsänderung von85Kr, eingebaut in feste Edelgase

By the sudden change of nuclear charge the daughter-ion is excited with a propability of some percent (monopole-excitation). When85Kr is trapped in various solids of rare gases, the daughter-ion Rb+ acts as a probe: The spectra of emitted photons contain information about the influence of the surrounding solid on the levels of the excited Rb+. These spectra have been observed in delayed coincidence with the nuclear process (β-decay); direct excitation by charged particles is excluded. The results are closely connected to the behaviour of the decaying atom in free state and solid krypton: There are narrow bands (the daughter-ion occupies a regular lattice site) and blue-shifted (Δ v) broad bands (emission from daughter-ion displaced to interstitial sites by recoil).Δ v is different in the various solids of rare gases and increases from Ar to Xe; this is due to the various polarizabilities and lattice constants. A theoretical estimate fits well the experimental values. Besides, the experimental results show that the excitation-probability for85Kr in Kr is greater than for85Kr in Ar or Xe, which also agrees with theoretical estimates. Furthermore, information about the displacement energies of the Rb+ in the various solids of rare gases are gained from the ratio of intensities of the narrow bands to that of the broad bands, which are compared to displacement energies gained from rare-gas pair potentials.

Field of study: Physics
Scaling up Dynamic Topic Models

Dynamic topic models (DTMs) are very effective in discovering topics and capturing their evolution trends in time series data. To do posterior inference of DTMs, existing methods are all batch algorithms that scan the full dataset before each update of the model and make inexact variational approximations with mean-field assumptions. Due to a lack of a more scalable inference algorithm, despite the usefulness, DTMs have not captured large topic dynamics. This paper fills this research void, and presents a fast and parallelizable inference algorithm using Gibbs Sampling with Stochastic Gradient Langevin Dynamics that does not make any unwarranted assumptions. We also present a Metropolis-Hastings based $O(1)$ sampler for topic assignments for each word token. In a distributed environment, our algorithm requires very little communication between workers during sampling (almost embarrassingly parallel) and scales up to large-scale applications. We are able to learn the largest Dynamic Topic Model to our knowledge, and learned the dynamics of 1,000 topics from 2.6 million documents in less than half an hour, and our empirical results show that our algorithm is not only orders of magnitude faster than the baselines but also achieves lower perplexity.

Field of study: Computer science
Bridging the gap between atmospheric physics and chemistry in studies of small-scale turbulence

The current understanding of the influence of atmospheric turbulence on chemical reactions is briefly reviewed. The fundamentals of this influence and the consequences for the transport and mixing of the reactants are discussed. A classification of the turbulent reacting flows is proposed in terms of the values of dimensionless numbers. These numbers depend on the characteristic timescale of the dynamics and the chemistry. The main findings obtained by modeling studies of various atmospheric boundary layer flows and chemical mechanisms, in particular the ones done by means of the large eddy simulation technique, are summarized. Based on the conclusions of these studies, the need to carry out intensive and comprehensive atmospheric field campaigns and laboratory experiments to corroborate the numerical results is discussed. Specific open questions are posed to improve, by combining observational experiments and modeling, our knowledge of the role played by physical processes on the transformations of reactive species in the atmospheric boundary layer

Field of study: Environmental science