nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The role of naming in stimulus categorization by preschool children.

The purpose of the current study was to assess whether children would categorize pictures when taught the relevant listener and speaker behaviors separately. A category-sort test was used to assess emergent conditional relations. Category-sort trials consisted of looking at (Test 1) or tacting/labeling (Test 2) a sample stimulus and selecting the appropriate comparison stimuli. In Experiment 1, 4 children (3-5 years) were taught to tact pictures of six U.S. state maps as either north or south. An assessment was conducted to determine whether they would (1) correctly categorize or sort when presented with a visual sample and (2) select the correct stimuli when hearing their category names (listener behavior). Two of the children categorized the pictures during Posttest 1 after the initial (pairwise) tact training. The other 2 categorized after receiving additional tact training with all pictures presented together. However, one of them categorized only during Posttest 2. In Experiment 2, 4 children (3-5 years) were taught to select pictures when hearing their category names. An assessment was conducted to determine whether they would (1) correctly categorize or sort and (2) tact the stimuli (speaker behavior). One child categorized the pictures during Posttest 1, and two during Posttest 2. The other child required additional training with all pictures grouped together. When participants failed to categorize, they also failed to tact the pictures accurately. Taken together, results from Experiments 1 and 2 show that both speaker and listener behavior play an important role in stimulus categorization.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Parities of v-decomposition numbers and an application to symmetric group algebras

We prove that the v-decomposition number $d_{\lambda\mu}(v)$ is an even or odd polynomial according to whether the partitions $\lambda$ and $\mu$ have the same relative sign (or parity) or not. We then use this result to verify Martin's conjecture for weight 3 blocks of symmetric group algebras -- that these blocks have the property that their projective (indecomposable) modules have a common radical length 7.

Field of study: Mathematics
Plague and Long‐Term Development: The Lasting Effects of the 1629–30 Epidemic on the Italian Cities

The paper aims to analyze the effects of plague on the long-term development of Italian cities, with particular attention to the 1629-30 epidemic. By using a new dataset on plague mortality rates in 49 cities covering the period 1575-1700 ca., an economic geography model verifying the existence of multiple equilibria is estimated. It is found that cities affected only by the 1629-30 plague recovered in the short run, whereas cities affected by both the 1575-77 and 1629-30 epidemic show persistent decline in the long run. This new finding contrasts with previous literature and is hence interpreted in the light of the new concept of “urban frailty”.  Plague, Italian cities, Urban development, Urban demography, Multiple equilibria, Early modern period, Mortality crises.

Field of study: Economics, History
A synchrotron radiation X-ray scattering study of aqueous solutions of native DNA

Synchrotron radiation small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) was used to investigate solutions of native DNA at different ionic strengths and temperatures. The mass per unit length, radius of gyration of the cross-section of DNA and apparent second virial coefficient (A2) were obtained from Zimm plots in the rodlike particle approximation. The values of A2 obtained in this way are positive and almost constant indicating that the repulsive interactions still influence the scattering patterns at resolutions as high as 5–8 nm. SAXS measurements in continuous temperature scans indicate that the rod approximation is valid over a wide temperature range during DNA melting and confirm that the rodlike–wormlike transition temperature increases with ionic strength.

Field of study: Physics
STUDY ON FLOW BOILING HEAT TRANSFER CORRELATION OF VAPOR-LIQUID-SOLID THREE-PHASE FLOW

Theoretical analyses and experimental studies on flow boiling heat transfer were made in a vapor-liquid-solid three-phase fluidized bed. A heat transfer coefficient correlation incorporating asymptotic model and suface renewal was proposed. In this heat transfer coefficient correlation,total heat transfer between the fluidized bed and wall surface is divided into three parts:convection heat transfer between solid particles and wall surface, convection heat transfer between vapor-liquid two-phase flow and wall and flow nuclei boiling heat transfer with the presence of solid particles. The calculated values agree well with the experimental data.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Hydrogen effects on fabrication of SGOI by oxidation of SiGe layers on SOI wafers

SiGe-on-insulator (SGOI) materials were fabricated by thermal oxidation of SiGe layers on SOI wafers. H ions were implanted into a SiGe layer before oxidation and the effects of implantation of H ions during oxidation were studied. The implantation of H ions decreased the oxidation rate of the SiGe layer during oxidation. After thermal oxidation, SGOI materials with a high Ge fraction were obtained. The results show that the implantation of H ions can decrease the loss of Ge in the SiGe layer during oxidation and H ions diffused out of the SiGe layer after oxidation.

Field of study: Materials science
Enantiocontrolled route to natural products using chiral equivalents of cyclopentenone and cyclohexenone

Efficient preparation of two tricyclic dienones, (1) and (2), in both enantiomeric forms has been developed by employing lipase-mediated resolution. A variety of natural products have been synthesized in enantiocontrolled manners by utilizing the former as a chiral equivalent of 2- cyclopentenone (as well as cyclopentadienone) and the latter as a chiral equivalent of 2-cyclohexenone (as well as 2,5-cyclohexadienone). Enantiocontrolled functionalization of cyclopentane and cyclohexane derivatives is one of the most important subjects in the synthesis of optically active materials. In this regard the enantiotopical preparation of two tricyclic dienones 1 and 2 was investigated with intent to use the former as a chiral equivalent of cyclopentenone (as well as cyclopentadienone) and the latter as a chiral equivalent of cyclohexenone (as well as 2,5-~yclohexadienone) in the chiral synthesis of natural products. Because of their biased framework and thermal susceptibility, they allowed highly stereoselective functionalization and generation of the olefin functionality which led to enantiocontrolled synthesis of a variety of natural products.

Field of study: Chemistry
Human action recognition based on tensor shape descriptor

Human action recognition is an important task. This study presents an efficient framework for recognising action with a 3D skeleton kinematic joint model in less computational time for practical usage. First, a tensor shape descriptor (TSD) is proposed in this study, which takes advantage of the spatial independence of body joints, avoids a lot of difficult problem of the explicit motion estimation required in traditional methods, reserves the spatial information of each frame. Thus, the new TSD is a complete and view-invariant descriptor. Second, a novel tensor dynamic time warping (TDTW) method is proposed to measure joint-to-joint similarity of 3D skeletal body joints locally in the temporal extent, which is implemented by extending DTW to that of two multiway data arrays (or tensors). Then, a multi-linear projection process is employed to map the TSD to a low-dimensional tensor subspace, which is classified by the nearest neighbour classifier. The experiment results on the public action data set (MSR-Action3D) and motion capture data set (CMU_Mocap) show that the proposed method can achieve a comparable or better performance in recognition accuracy compared with the state-of-the-art approaches.

Field of study: Computer science
On the sensitivity of some APN permutations to swapping points

We define a set called the pAPN-spectrum of an (n, n)-function F , which measures how close F is to being an APN function, and investigate how the size of the pAPN-spectrum changes when two of the outputs of a given F are swapped. We completely characterize the behavior of the pAPN-spectrum under swapping outputs when F (x) = x −2 is the inverse function over F2n . We also investigate this behavior for functions from the Gold and Welch monomial APN families, and experimentally determine the size of the pAPN-spectrum after swapping outputs for representatives from all infinite monomial APN families up to dimension n = 10.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
How Development Projects Persist: Everyday Negotiation with Guatemalan NGOs by Erin Beck (review)

The underlying logic that shaped the abuse of state power, and the advocacy for the rights of asylum seekers, continue to outline the contemporaryUS detention policy. Based on his careful reading of US sources, Lindskoog sets up his questions well and makes his points clearly and strongly. His research findings are most impressive regardingUS policy toward the Haitians in the 1980s. The writing style is handsome, and this book will be especially suitable for classroom discussion. It can be hoped that this book will provoke further debates over the global spread of the US immigration detention model after the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, as well as the contemporary movement against immigration detention and its inherited challenges.

Field of study: History
Application of Scraped Surface Heat Exchanger for Making Ghee

IN the manufacture of ghee either from cream or butter, non-fat milk solids form scale on the heat transfer surface. Besides reduced heat transfer rates, local burning of this scale imparts undesirable flavors to the product. It is thus essential to remove the scale rapidly from the heating surface. A scraped surface heat exchanger was employed for this purpose and heat transfer co-efficient was determined for varying speeds of scraper and product feed rates. The heat transfer co-efficient increased with the speed of the scraper and attained a value of 15.5 x 103 (kcal/h-m2) at 550 rpm.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
On‐target deposition of aerially applied deltamethrin

The mean amount of deltamethrin deposited on natural substrates (i.e., soil and vegetation) in three experiments was 63, 73, and 76% of applied. Composite samples taken from 16 sites/replicate gave representative and repeatable measures of deposition. The use of Teflon discs as artificial targets to measure aerial deposition was investigated. The discs had only 34–71% mean trapping efficiency for the spray droplets. Deposition was quite variable among different sampling sites within a field (CV=73–83%). Much of this variation was caused by irregular overlapping of spray swaths.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
A test for homogeneity when the sample is a positive lagrangian poisson distribution

In this note, we obtain, based on the sample sum, a statistic to test the homogeneity of a random sample from a positive (zero truncated) Lagrangian Poisson distribution given in Consul and Jain (1973). This test statistic conforms, in a special case, to Singh (1978). A goodness-of-fit test statistic for the Borel-Tanner distribution is obtained as a particular case cf our results.

Field of study: Mathematics
A rapid and high-throughput quantum dots bioassay for monitoring of perfluorooctane sulfonate in environmental water samples.

Currently HPLC/MS is the state of the art tool for environmental/drinking water perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) monitoring. PFOS can bind to peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor-alpha (PPARα), which forms heterodimers with retinoid X receptors (RXRs) and binds to PPAR response elements. In this bioassay free PFOS in water samples competes with immobilized PFOS in ELISA plates for a given amount of PPARα-RXRα. It can be determined indirectly by immobilizing PPARα-RXRα-PFOS complex to another plate coated with PPARα antibody and subsequent measuring the level of PPARα-RXRα by using biotin-modified PPARα-RXRα probes-quantum dots-streptavidin detection system. The rapid and high-throughput bioassay demonstrated a detection limit of 2.5 ng L(-1) with linear range between 2.5 ng L(-1) and 75 ng L(-1). Detection results of environmental water samples were highly consistent between the bioassay and HPLC/MS.

Field of study: Environmental science
Uniformity of evidence-based treatments in practice? Therapist effects in the delivery of cognitive processing therapy for PTSD.

Various factors contribute to the effective implementation of evidence-based treatments (EBTs). In this study, cognitive processing therapy (CPT) was administered in a Veterans Affairs (VA) posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) specialty clinic in which training and supervision were provided following VA implementation guidelines. The aim was to (a) estimate the proportion of variability in outcome attributable to therapists and (b) identify characteristics of those therapists who produced better outcomes.



We used an archival database of veterans (n = 192) who completed 12 sessions of CPT by therapists (n = 25) who were trained by 2 nationally recognized trainers, 1 of whom also provided weekly group supervision. Multilevel modeling was used to estimate therapist effects, with therapists treated as a random factor. The supervisor was asked to retrospectively rate each therapist in terms of perceived effectiveness based on supervision interactions. Using single case study design, the supervisor was interviewed to determine what criteria she used to rate the therapists and emerging themes were coded.



When initial level of severity on the PTSD Checklist (PCL; McDonald & Calhoun, 2010; Weathers, Litz, Herman, Huska, & Keane, 1993) was taken into account, approximately 12% of the variability in the PCL at the end of treatment was due to therapists. The trainer, blind to the results, identified the following characteristics and actions of effective therapists: effectively addressing patient avoidance, language used in supervision, flexible interpersonal style, and ability to develop a strong therapeutic alliance.



This study adds to the growing body of literature documenting the importance of the individual therapist as an important factor in the change process.

Field of study: Psychology
Effect of swainsonine on interleukin-2 alpha chain receptor expression and proliferation of human lymphocytes.

Swainsonine, an inhibitor of mannosidase II, involved in N-linked glycoprotein processing, modifies expression of cell surface receptors. This alkaloid has strong anti-metastatic and immunomodulatory activity; it enhances stimulation of lymphocytes triggered by concanavalin A (ConA) but suppresses stimulatory effects of phytohaemagglutinin (PHA). We presently observe that swainsonine decreases expression of the interleukin-2 (IL-2) receptor (IL-2R) on PHA-stimulated human peripheral blood lymphocytes, measured by binding of a monoclonal antibody that recognizes the 55-kD glycoprotein subunit (alpha) of this receptor. Proliferation of the PHA-stimulated lymphocytes is suppressed by swainsonine, which manifests in the decreased proportion of both cells entering G1 (from G0) and those progressing through S. G2 and M. This suppression can be overcome by addition of IL-2 into cultures. In contrast, swainsonine has no effect on IL-2R expression and stimulation (cell cycle progression) of lymphocytes triggered by the monoclonal antibody OKT3. The data suggest a possibility that the observed swainsonine effects on lymphocytes stimulated by PHA are mediated via surface receptors other than IL-2R. These receptors may appear prior to IL-2R and be also involved in cell stimulation by PHA but not by other mitogens.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Enhancing the maximum coefficient of performance of thermoelectric cooling modules using internally cascaded thermoelectric couples.

This paper presents an approach of fabricating thermoelectric cooling (TEC) module for enhancing the maximum coefficient of performance (COP) of TEC module. A significant novelty is that each stage thermoelectric couples have different leg lengths which decrease stage by stage from cold side to hot side of TEC module so that the lower stage can completely pump the heat dissipated by the upper stage. In the design configuration of the TEC module, the lower and upper stages are connected electrically in parallel and thermally in series only through intermediate copper metal strips and copper conducting wires, and thus the interstage thermal resistances and the heat leakage can be reduced compared with that of a conventional pyramid-styled configuration. A mathematical model is also developed to simulate the performances of the TEC module. The simulation results show that the enhancement in maximum COP of the TEC module can be obtained by using internally cascaded multistage thermoelectric couples.

Field of study: Engineering
Medical Nutrition Therapy for Pediatric Kidney Stone Prevention, Part 3: Cystinuria.

Audience: Pediatrics; Nephrology Outpatient Clinic CYSTINURIA IS AN inherited, genetic condition that causes hyper-excretion of cystine and other dibasic amino acids (lysine, arginine, and ornithine) in the urine due to impaired transport in the proximal renal tubules. The low solubility of cystine leads to precipitation and the formation of renal stones. While rare, this condition accounts for a relatively significant proportion of pediatric nephrolithiasis, up to 10% in children compared to 1% in adults. Furthermore, as compared to other causes of pediatric stone formation, cystinuria is more likely to result in frequent recurrence, morbidity, and need for medical interventions. Careful attention to disease management is required to prevent disease-related complications, specifically chronic kidney disease. The dietary management of cystinuria is a two-pronged approach involving (1) a reduction in the overall urinary excretion of cystine and (2) an increase in urinary cystine solubility. The first objective may be obtained by restricting dietary intake of animal proteins, which, in comparison to plant-based proteins, are generally higher in cystine and its metabolic precursor methionine. Avoiding excessive dietary intake of sodium will also reduce urinary excretion of cystine. The second objective, increased urinary cystine solubility, can be improved with increased fluid intake; in pediatric patients, this is commonly estimated using body surface area and approximates 2 L/m 3 body surface area. Cystine solubility also increases with urinary alkalinity, so once again it is important for patients to avoid excessive animal protein, whose sulfur containing amino acid profile acidifies the urine.

Field of study: Medicine
The Ross orogeny of the transantarctic mountains: a northern Victoria Land perspective

Northern Victoria Land (Antarctica) is made up of three terranes of Cambrian–Ordovician rocks: the Wilson (WT), Bowers (BT) and Robertson Bay terranes (RBT). The WT comprises a low- to high-grade metasedimentary sequence intruded by calc-alkaline plutons with magmatic arc affinity; the BT is composed of low-grade metavolcanic and metasedimentary rocks usually interpreted as an intra-oceanic arc; the RBT is a very low-grade flysch-like sequence. Terrane juxtaposition has traditionally been attributed to accretion during the Cambro-ordovician Ross orogeny. We propose a new model in which the WT, BT and RBT are interpreted as an arc/back-arc/trench system, developed in the context of a SW-dipping subduction zone. The subducting plate carried a continent originally located outboard of the turbidite fan of the RBT. Collision between this continent and the East Antarctic craton caused partial subduction of the intervening back-arc basin and, ultimately, the end of Ross-orogenic subduction. The turbidite fan of the RBT originally sedimented above the trench and on the subducting oceanic plate; due to collision it was thrusted on the continent, that constitutes, at least in part, the present basement of the RBT turbidite. The eastern portions of this continental mass were later dissected by the tensile tectonics related to the opening of the of the Southern Ocean.

Field of study: Environmental science
Study of Geohydroacoustic Fields as a Physical Basis for Monitoring Local Heterogeneities and Hydrocarbon Deposits in the Arctic Region

A technique for the remote sensing of heterogeneous formations in ice-covered northern seas is described. It is shown theoretically and confirmed experimentally that localization of heterogeneities in the lithosphere–hydrosphere–ice cover system can be based on analyzing the mode structure of geohydroacoustic fields. The obtained results can serve as the physical basis of innovative technologies for passive year-round monitoring of local heterogeneities in the Arctic region.

Field of study: Physics
Effect of Superfine Grinding on Microstructure and Nutrients of Phyllostachys pubescens Shoot

Laser granulometer and scanning electron microscopy(SEM) were usede to study the effect of superfine grinding on the microstructure and nutrients of Phyllostachys pubescens shoot under different grinding time.Nutrients including dietary fiber, protein, fat, sugar and metal element content etc. were analyzed by national standard testing methods. The results showed that as the extension of superfine grinding time, the particle size decreased significantly. And the fiber structure of superfine powder were obviously damaged. Soluble dietary fiber(SDF) increased while the insoluble dietary fiber reduced. The content of sugar increased, but protein, fat and metal elements were not significantly changed. According to the infrared spectrogram, the absorption peak of hydrogen-bonding and sugar was enhanced after superfine grinding.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Thrombolysis in the air. Air-ambulance paramedics flying to remote communities treat patients before hospitalization.

ADDRESSED
First Nations* communities in the North have a high prevalence of coronary artery disease and type 2 diabetes and face an increasing incidence of myocardial infarction (MI). Many conditions delay timely administration of thrombolysis, including long times between when patients first experience symptoms and when they present to community nursing stations, delays in air transfers to treating hospitals, uncertainty about when planes are available, and poor flying conditions.



To develop a program for administration of thrombolysis on the way to hospital by air ambulance paramedics flying to remote communities to provide more rapid thrombolytic therapy to northern patients experiencing acute MIs.  Critical care flight paramedics fly to northern communities from Sioux Lookout, Ont; assess patients; communicate with base hospital physicians; review an exclusion criteria checklist; and administer thrombolytics according to the Sioux Lookout District Health Centre/Base Hospital Policy and Procedure Manual. Patients are then flown to hospitals in Sioux Lookout; Winnipeg, Man; or Thunder Bay, Ont.



This thrombolysis program is being pilot tested, and further evaluation and development is anticipated.

Field of study: Medicine