nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Über den normalen Photoeffekt

ZusammenfassungEs ist der normale photoelektrische Effekt bei den Metallen Al, Zn, Sn, Ni, Ag, Cd, Pb, Cu, Pt untersucht worden. Die Metalle wurden mit einzelnen Linien des Quecksilberbogens λ=2302 Å, 2400 Å, 2537 Å, 2653 Å, 2802 Å, 2967 Å, 3022 Å und 3130 Å bestrahlt. Nach der Methode des sphärischen Kondensators wurde die Geschwindigkeitsverteilung der aus dem Metall herausfliegenden Elektronen untersucht; hierbei wurden die nötigen Korrektionen auf den sogenannten Rückstrom gemacht. Die Bestimmung der maximalen Elektronengeschwindigkeiten hat erlaubt, die Plancksche Konstante h zu ermitteln; sie wurde zu h=6,539, 6,542, 6,540, 6,556, 6,536, 6,546 . 10−27, im Mittel 6,543 . 10−27 Erg. sec bestimmt, ein Wert, welcher dem aus optischen Versuchen gefundenen Wert 6,545.10−27 Erg. sec sehr nahe kommt. Aus den Maximalgeschwindigkeiten konnten außerdem für die untersuchten Metalle die Anregungsgrenzen hvo ermittelt werden. Der Vergleich dieser Anregungsgrenzen mit den für dieselben Metallproben bestimmten Kontaktpotentialdifferenzen zeigt, daß die Gleichung hv1−hv2=e K1,2, wobei K1,2 die Kontaktpotentialdifferenz zwischen den Metallen 1 und 2 bedeutet, innerhalb der Beobachtungsfehler (einige hundertstel Volt) stets erfüllt ist. Dies erlaubt den Schluß, daß die Träger des Photoeffekts die nämlichen Elektronen sind, welche die elektrische Leitfähigkeit der Metalle bedingen. Die Geschwindigkeitsverteilung der Photoelektronen ist, wenn sie auf dieselbe Elektronenzahl und dieselbe Maximalgeschwindigkeit reduziert wird, bei verschiedenen Metallen und für verschiedene Wellenlängen nicht genau dieselbe. Diese Geschwindigkeitsverteilung ist dadurch bedingt, daß die aus größerer Tiefe abgelösten Elektronen schon im Metall an Geschwindigkeit verlieren. In der Tat zeigt sich, daß je dünner die Metallschicht genommen wird, um so mehr die Elektronengeschwindigkeiten monochromatisch sind und sich der maximalen Geschwindigkeit nähern.

Field of study: Physics
Yearend Assessment for PFP Clients

Lane, CPA, CFP, tax manager in the Scottsdale, Arizona, office of Virchow, Krause & Company, provides questions CPAs can ask PFP clients at yearend to help them organize their finances. The end of the year is a good time for practitioners to help clients review their financial goals and determine whether they have taken the right steps to meet them. Here are some of the most important questions CPAs can ask: 1. Do you know how much discretionary income you will have this coming year and over the next several years? Clients should set up a personal budget for 1990 so they know how much extra money is available for entertainment, vacations, gifts, etc. Without this budget, they may be spending and charging more than they can afford. A personal budget for clients and their families is a very important first step. 2. Have you reviewed your homeowner and auto insurance policies within the last two years? Homeowner insurance must adequately cover the full replacement value of the home and its contents; clients also should have the separate coverage required for jewelry, computers or a business in the home. Auto insurance liability limits must be high enough to cover potential losses and accidents involving uninsured and underinsured drivers. Clients who don't perform this review may have inadequate coverage and may be paying too much in premiums. 3. Have you estimated your income needs at retirement? Clients should consider how many more years of earning power both spouses have. They can determine how much they will need to save now to live comfortably at retirement based on their estimated costs. They may be shocked to discover that Social Security alone will not assure them the same standard of living in their retirement years. It's important they start planning now. The younger clients are when they start saving, the less they will have to put away each year. 4. Do you have an investment strategy based on your income needs, age, goals and risk tolerance level? Clients should have a systematic and goal-oriented approach to their investment strategies. They should realize that different investments are suitable for different age groups and levels of risk tolerance. In other words, if they focus on safety of principal at all times, they may be losing out on generating a higher current rate of return and possible future appreciation. If they have no investment strategy, they may actually end up with less, not more, than they started with. Clients should set goals and follow through on them. 5. Have you reviewed your life insurance needs within the past three years to see if you and your family are adequately covered and if your premiums are reasonable? The right amount of life insurance is important to overall financial health. …

Field of study: Business
Empirical Bayesian Analysis for Computer Experiments Involving Finite-Difference Codes

Computer experiments are increasingly used in scientific investigations as substitutes for physical experiments in cases where the latter are difficult or impossible to perform. A computer experiment consists of several runs of a computer model or “code” for the purpose of better understanding the input → output relationship. One practical difficulty in the use of these models is that a single run may require a prohibitive amount of computational resources in some situations. A recent approach uses statistical approximations as less expensive surrogates for such computer codes; these provide both point predictors and uncertainty characterization of the outputs. A widely used class of computer codes is the finite-difference solvers of differential equations, which produce multivariate output (e.g., time series). The finite-difference relationship underpins the statistical model proposed here, and we show that this strategy has clear computational and accuracy advantages over a direct multivariate extension of the popular scalar modeling methodology.

Field of study: Mathematics
Non-biotic controls of observed diversity in the paleontologic record: An example from the Permo-Triassic Karoo Basin of South Africa

Paleodiversity trends through geologic time can be affected by a number of geologic, taphonomic, and anthropogenic biases that obscure or prejudice paleoecological patterns in the fossil record. Although much work has concentrated on the relationship between geologic exposure, sample size, and taxonomic richness (i.e., number of taxa), few studies have investigated the potential effects of dataset quality and changing taxonomy. We use four different specimen-level datasets of Permo-Triassic tetrapods from the Karoo Basin of South Africa to investigate how sample size, geologic outcrop, dataset quality, and taxonomic revision all affect observed estimates of generic richness, evenness, and relative abundance. Our results indicate that large-scale patterns of richness, evenness, and abundance, such as the effects of the end-Permian mass extinction, are generally robust to these potential biases across the four different datasets. In contrast, absolute values vary significantly as do finer-scale patterns. In agreement with past studies, taxonomic errors, revised taxonomy, and new taxa have little effect on patterns of richness and evenness; instead, the addition of large numbers of new specimens to the dataset has the largest effect on these paleodiversity metrics, despite application of sample-standardization. We conclude that although large specimen datasets (hundreds to thousands of specimens) are robust to various potential biases, and can recover large-scale paleobiologic trends, they are still affected by many non-biotic controls, and workers should strive to improve dataset quality and understand the underlying reasons for observed paleodiversity patterns.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
THE TASMANIAN PUBLIC SERVICE AND THE FUTURE

: State governments in Australia have been regarded essentially as service deliverers, with the result that the specialist heads of public organizations, although technically competent, have rarely questioned the need for their activities. Nor does the argument that such questioning is the responsibility of the politician take account of the inertia of the existing system; an analysis of the activities which the Tasmanian government has undertaken over the past six years—including those of statutory authorities—shows a fair degree of stability. Thus we should consider building into the State's existing organizational arrangements some means of evaluating existing programs and new proposals. Such policy analysis should widen the narrow focus of the advice currently offered by public servants. Although there have been some moves in this direction in Tasmania (particularly in the Premier's Department), it has not been reflected in the structures of the public service generally. A survey of 22 government departments showed that only eight had officers concerned with evaluatory planning, and only three departments were engaged in innovative and initiatory planning. Other directions in which Tasmania's public organizations could move with benefit include an increase in lateral recruitment; breaking down the rigidity of the promotion appeals and classification systems; introducing flexible management and budgeting procedures throughout the service as a whole; and continually reviewing the structure and functions of public organizations. The questions that have been raised by recent inquiries into State and Federal government administration, namely coordination, efficiency, economy, effectiveness, decentralization and participation, have not stressed sufficiently the key issue for the public services of the 1980s, which is the nature of the relationship between the politician, the public service and the community.

Field of study: Political science
Activated leucocyte cell adhesion molecule (ALCAM/CD166) regulates T cell responses in a murine model of food allergy

Food allergy is a major public health problem. Studies have shown that long‐term interactions between activated leucocyte cell adhesion molecule (ALCAM/CD166) on the surface of antigen‐presenting cells, and CD6, a co‐stimulatory molecule, influence immune responses. However, there are currently no studies on the functions of ALCAM in food allergy. Therefore, we aimed to identify the functions of ALCAM in ovalbumin (OVA)‐induced food allergy using ALCAM‐deficient mice. Wild‐type (WT) and ALCAM‐deficient (ALCAM–/–) mice were sensitized intraperitoneally and with orally fed OVA. The mice were killed, and parameters related to food allergy and T helper type 2 (Th2) immune responses were analysed. ALCAM serum levels increased and mRNA expression decreased in OVA‐challenged WT mice. Serum immunoglobulin (Ig)E levels, Th2 cytokine mRNA and histological injuries were higher in OVA‐challenged WT mice than in control mice, and these were attenuated in ALCAM–/– mice. T cell proliferation of total cells, CD3+CD4+ T cells and activated T cells in immune tissues were diminished in OVA‐challenged ALCAM–/– mice. Proliferation of co‐cultured T cells and dendritic cells (DCs) was decreased by the anti‐CD6 antibody. In addition, WT mice sensitized by adoptive transfer of OVA‐pulsed ALCAM–/– BM‐derived DCs showed reduced immune responses. Lastly, serum ALCAM levels were higher in children with food allergy than in control subjects. In this study, serum levels of ALCAM were elevated in food allergy‐induced WT mice and children with food allergy. Moreover, immune responses and T cell activation were attenuated in OVA‐challenged ALCAM–/– mice. These results indicate that ALCAM regulates food allergy by affecting T cell activation.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Influence of Hydrothermal Temperature on the Optical Properties of Er-Doped SnO2 Nanoparticles

This work reports on crystallization and optical properties of SnO2:Er3+ with a fixed Er3+ concentration of 0.25 at.%, prepared by the hydrothermal method. Crystal structure and morphology of the materials were studied by x-ray diffraction (XRD) and field emission transmission electron microscopy. Characteristic light emission at 1.5 μm for radiative 4I13/2 → 4I15/2 transitions within the 4f electron shell of Er3+ ions was studied by photoluminescence (PL) and excitation spectroscopy. The optical bandgap of the nanoparticles was examined by ultraviolet--visible absorption measurements. SnO2:Er3+ nanoparticles were formed in single-phase tetragonal rutile structure by applying temperatures ranging from 120°C to 200°C during the hydrothermal synthesis. An average crystal size of 5 nm was estimated by the Scherrer equation using the XRD data and found to be independent from the investigated hydrothermal temperatures. Whereas, the Er3+-related PL intensities were found to increase strongly with the hydrothermal temperature.

Field of study: Materials science
Dishonest Deed, Clear Conscience: When Cheating Leads to Moral Disengagement and Motivated Forgetting

People routinely engage in dishonest acts without feeling guilty about their behavior. When and why does this occur? Across four studies, people justified their dishonest deeds through moral disengagement and exhibited motivated forgetting of information that might otherwise limit their dishonesty. Using hypothetical scenarios (Studies 1 and 2) and real tasks involving the opportunity to cheat (Studies 3 and 4), the authors find that one’s own dishonest behavior increased moral disengagement and motivated forgetting of moral rules. Such changes did not occur in the case of honest behavior or consideration of the dishonest behavior of others. In addition, increasing moral saliency by having participants read or sign an honor code significantly reduced unethical behavior and prevented subsequent moral disengagement. Although dishonest behavior motivated moral leniency and led to forgetting of moral rules, honest behavior motivated moral stringency and diligent recollection of moral rules.

Field of study: Psychology
Adaptively Secure ABE for DFA from k-Lin and More

In this work, we present: 
 
 
the first adaptively secure ABE for DFA from the k-Lin assumption in prime-order bilinear groups; this resolves one of open problems posed by Waters [CRYPTO’12]; 
 
 
the first ABE for NFA from the k-Lin assumption, provided the number of accepting paths is smaller than the order of the underlying group; the scheme achieves selective security; 
 
 
the first compact adaptively secure ABE (supporting unbounded multi-use of attributes) for branching programs from the k-Lin assumption, which generalizes and simplifies the recent result of Kowalczyk and Wee for boolean formula (NC1) [EUROCRYPT’19].

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
The multidimensional stationary-phase method for an asymptotic estimate of edge effects in the multiple Kirchhoff diffraction by curved surfaces

An analytical approach is proposed to study the contribution of edge effects in the multiple high-frequency diffraction, according to guidelines of classical Kirchhoff theory in (scalar) wave propagation. We start from a suitable asymptotic analysis of the Kirchhoff diffraction integral, here set up in a generalized (iterated) form to describe the multiple reflections from an arbitrary sequence of curved reflecting (smooth) surfaces. The explicit formula obtained for a concrete example of double reflection is compared with the results from direct numerical simulation.

Field of study: Mathematics
Maximum Bulk Density Achieved During Soil Compaction as Affected by the Incorporation of Three Organic Materials

Maximum dry bulk density (MDBD) and the corresponding critical moisture content (CMC) were measured in the laboratory for two Trinidadian soils (sandy loam and clay) mixed with three organic materials [peat, farm yard manure (FYM), and filter press mud (FPM)] each at four levels (0, 4, 8, 12% by mass) and compacted using 5, 15, and 25 standard Proctor hammer blows. The compaction tests on the soils were carried out at different moisture contents determined according to the consistency limits of the soils. While the mean MDBD declined significantly (P < 0.001) from 1.51 to 1.26 Mg m–3, the mean CMC increased from 23.2 to 32.9% as added organic materials increased from 0 to 12%. While the former increased, the CMC decreased with increasing compaction efforts. The effectiveness of the organic materials in terms of reducing MDBD and increasing CMC was in decreasing order: peat, FYM, and FPM. Clay soil achieved lower values of MDBD at higher corresponding CMC than the sandy loam. The significant interaction effects observed between some of the experimental factors were used to describe the effect of incorporation of organic materials on soil compaction. Prediction equations for MDBD and CMC were derived for each of the organic materials and all of them combined.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Explusion of placenta and glass bowls after fetectomy in the pregnant rat

1)1側の胎児と胎盤除去後ガラス玉を挿入した群の他側の胎児のみを除去して残置した胎盤は,交尾後24日~25日目の発情回帰までには100%娩出したが,ガラス玉の排出率は39.2%であった。2)子宮角上部の胎児と胎盤除去後ガラス玉を挿入したラットの正常分娩予定期間内における下部残存胎盤の娩出率は86.2%であった。しかしガラス玉の排出率はわずかに7.6%すぎなかった。3)子宮角下部の胎児と胎盤除去後ガラス玉を挿入した群の正常分娩予定期間内における上部残存胎盤の娩出率は66.6%で,ガラス玉は80.6%の排出率であった。

Field of study: Biology
In-Hospital Outcomes of Patients on Maintenance Dialysis With Frailty: 10-year Results From the US National Inpatient Sample Database.

The in-hospital mortality rate of patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) is 6-8 times greater than that of the general population. A large fraction of patients with ESRD are frail, which further exacerbates this poor outcome. This study aimed to determine the impact of frailty on in-hospital outcomes of patients with ESRD.



This population-based, retrospective study used data from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS), the largest all-payer US inpatient care database. Data of 1,424,026 hospitalized patients on maintenance dialysis between 2005 and 2014 were included. Patients were classified with respect to frailty status. Primary endpoints were all-cause in-hospital mortality, discharge disposition, length of hospital stay, and hospital costs. Patient characteristics included age, sex, race, income, insurance status, and Charlson's comorbidity index. Logistic regression and linear regression analyses were conducted to evaluate the associations between frailty and clinical outcomes.



After adjustment for the confounders, hospitalized patients with frailty on maintenance dialysis were at double the risk of in-hospital mortality, 3 times the risk of discharge to long-term facilities, had hospital stays 5 days longer, and incurred $40,000 more in-hospital costs than those without frailty. The impact of frailty on all these in-hospital outcomes was greater among patients aged <65 years than among older adults.



For hospitalized patients on maintenance dialysis, frailty independently predicts worse in-hospital outcomes, with stronger effects on younger patients. The development of adequate interventions for frailty in patients with ESRD and vigilance in treating this subgroup during hospitalization are highly warranted.

Field of study: Medicine
Advanced electronic prognostics through system telemetry and pattern recognition methods

Electronic Prognostics (EP) is a technique used in high-reliability and high-availability systems to actively and proactively detect faults, allowing the reduction of system downtime and unplanned repairs. The approach of Sun Microsystems to EP consists of a Continuous System Telemetry Harness (CSTH) that is coupled with Sequential Probability Ratio Test (SPRT) and Multivariate State Estimation Technique (MSET) algorithms. This approach provides a unique and complete EP solution, harnessing the rich information from sensors and system variables, and providing means for their storage and analysis. The background theory behind SPRT and MSET techniques as well as their implementation for advanced EP in enterprise servers is presented in this paper.

Field of study: Engineering
Development of a Leakage Flux-Controlled Reactor

In order to flexibly compensate reactive power, it is necessary to develop a controllable reactor in long distance and ultrahigh voltage system. A leakage flux-controlled reactor (LFCR) is developed in this paper. The operation principles of LFCR are discussed in detail, and a 380 V single-phase LFCR prototype is developed. Relevant experiments have been done to test its performance. The results of the experiments indicate that LFCR has no harmonic and the reactance of LFCR is stable. Also, LFCR with two control windings can realize four kinds of reactance adjustment rates: 1.94%, 75.99%, 90.53%, and 99.05%.

Field of study: Physics
Impedance Spectroscopic Studies of B2O3-Substituted CeO2-Gd2O3 Systems

In this paper, the change in the conduction mechanism due to B2O3 addition in a ceria-based nanoceramic system is understood by studying the nature of conductivity and the variation of electric modulus function with frequency at different temperatures. The studies revealed that oxide ion conduction in the prepared system is prominent only after 500°C. The activation energy for electrical conduction and oxide ion hopping in the system is found to be 0.26 eV and 0.85 eV, respectively. The discrepancy in the values of the activation energies itself is evidence of a different mechanism other than oxide ion hopping occurring in the present sample. The electric modulus function shows two relaxation peaks at lower temperatures corresponding to short-range and long-range relaxation for the charge carriers. Relaxation energies for the processes are found to be 0.27 eV and 0.95 eV. This is evidence of the occurrence of Maxwell–Wagner relaxation phenomena in the ceramic system. Explicitly, thermally activated oxide ion migration, along with the relaxation of electrons at the site of the bound pair (B–Vo)· is observed in the prepared nanocrystalline system.

Field of study: Materials science
Spin wave excitations in AFe1.5Se2 (A = K, Tl): analytical study.

By generalizing the equation of motion method, we can analytically solve the spin wave excitations for the intercalated ternary iron-selenide AFe(1.5)Se(2) (A = K, Tl) in a complex 4 × 2 collinear antiferromagnetic order. It is found that there are one acoustic branch (gapless Goldstone mode) and two gapful optical branches of spin wave excitations with each in double degeneracy. By examining the non-imaginary excitation frequency condition, we can determine the corresponding phase boundary. The exchange couplings between Fe moments in AFe(1.5)Se(2) are derived based on the first-principles total energy calculations. The Fe spin is found to be S = 3/2 through computing the antiferromagnetic quantum fluctuation. It is also found that a very small spin-orientation anisotropy can remarkably suppress the antiferromagnetic quantum fluctuation. The spin dynamical structure factors are calculated and discussed in association with neutron inelastic scattering experiment.

Field of study: Physics
Cloning and Expression of Chicken Interferon-gamma Gene

A specific DNA fragment with a length of 500 bp was cloned from concanavalin A (ConA)-activated spleen lymphocytes by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) with a pair of designed primers. By means of endonuclease and sequencing, this fragment was identified as the gene of chicken interferon-gamma (CHIFN-γ),it was inserted into PGEX-4T-1, a prokaryotic expression plasmid, and expressed in Escherichia coli BL21, which were further induced by IPTG and cultured,and a fusion protein was obtained with about 43 000 of molecular weight in SDS-PAGE. This result showed that the cloned CHIFN-γ gene was expressed in prokaryotic cells.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences