nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Institutional Analysis of Banks and Personal Loan Companies: Lesson from Poland

The purpose of the article is to explain changes in the behavior of individuals, their actions, choices and ways of thinking that took place under the influence of banking and personal loan companies in Poland. The hypothesis adopted here is that mistakes made in the lawmaking process in Poland caused a number of adverse social changes, which affected the poorest part of society. The article is devoted to legal norms which banks started to apply as prudential regulations after the financial crisis from 2008 to 2015. In 2016, new important legal regulations were introduced which slightly changed the image of the market described in the article. The article describes the results of the author’s research concerning far-reaching social consequences of the regulations introduced at that time. Such consequences include people already in the lowest-income levels of society falling further into poverty, as well as loss of trust in the state as an institution failing to protect all of its citizens.

Field of study: Economics
Do we really need family medicine research?

amily medicine research has a low profile in Canadian medical schools and among community-based family doctors. Some family practitioners believe that all research should be done only by specialists, as they know more about conditions within their specialties. Most community practitioners are unaware of any family medicine research that has infl uenced the way they practise. Ninety-three percent of medical students completing an exit survey after the Canadian Resident Matching Service matches in 2002 and 2003 said they would never consider family medicine if they were interested in an academic career; 97% said they would never consider family medicine if they were interested in a research career. Many family medicine residents complain about their program’s requirement to complete an academic project during their residency. Some applicants for family medicine residencies go as far as avoiding programs that require a project. The quality of resident academic research projects assessed by the College of Family Physicians of Canada’s (CFPC’s) Section of Researchers to determine the two best Canadian resident projects each year is quite exceptional. Th e projects are publishable and make important contributions to family medicine. Every year, many residents’ career choices are infl uenced by the work they did on their projects.

Field of study: Medicine
Mechanical tuning of conductance and thermopower in helicene molecular junctions.

Helicenes are inherently chiral polyaromatic molecules composed of all-ortho fused benzene rings possessing a spring-like structure. Here, using a combination of density functional theory and tight-binding calculations, it is demonstrated that controlling the length of the helicene molecule by mechanically stretching or compressing the molecular junction can dramatically change the electronic properties of the helicene, leading to a tunable switching behavior of the conductance and thermopower of the junction with on/off ratios of several orders of magnitude. Furthermore, control over the helicene length and number of rings is shown to lead to more than an order of magnitude increase in the thermopower and thermoelectric figure-of-merit over typical molecular junctions, presenting new possibilities of making efficient thermoelectric molecular devices. The physical origin of the strong dependence of the transport properties of the junction is investigated, and found to be related to a shift in the position of the molecular orbitals.

Field of study: Physics
Study on selective differential medium of Vibrio hollisae

To develop a more economical,simple and rapid separation,identification or detection method of Vibrio hollisae. We designed and developed the selective differential medium according to the nutritional requirements,the specific enzyme systems,the corresponding metabolisms and the tolerance to different antibacterial ingredients of Vibrio hollisae.We did the tests of color effects,plating efficiency,sensitivity and specificity to evaluate the efficiency of Vibrio hollisae selective differential medium(VhDM).Results: We used VhDM to detect Vibrio hollisae and got good selectivity and specificity.The Vibrio hollisae grown to be red colonies on VhDM after incubation for 16~24 h at 37 ℃,while other species of bacteria no growth or formed yellow colonies.The plating efficiency of Vibrio hollisae on VhDM was(90.65±1.72)% and its detection limit was 10 cfu/mL.Conclusion: As compared with the conventional methods,the method of rapid separation and detection of Vibrio hollisae with VdDM is simpler operation,lower cost,more convenient for observation,higher sensitivity and specificity.Accordingly,it is suitable for kinds of inspection.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Reactivation treatment prevents the memory-impairing effects of scopolamine in preweanling rats.

The authors report that the expression of a conditioned odor aversion is impaired in preweanling rats when they are conditioned on Postnatal Day 12 and tested under the influence of scopolamine hydrobromide (0.2 or 0.5 mg/kg, intraperitoneal) after a 48-hr, but not after a 2-hr, retention interval (Experiment 1). This effect of scopolamine is not dependent on maturation of the cholinergic system between Days 12 and 14 (Experiment 2), nor is it due to peripheral mechanisms (Experiment 3). When pups are reexposed to the unconditioned stimulus (footshock) before drug administration, performance on the 48-hr retention test is not impaired by scopolamine (Experiment 4). These findings demonstrate that the cholinergic system may be critical for the retrieval and expression of long-term or weak memories in young rats. However, the expression of active memories (recent or recently reactivated) may not be dependent on the cholinergic system to the same extent as is the expression of inactive memories.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Utilization of freshwater sponges in paleolimnological studies

Prior to the past decade, freshwater sponges had not been utilized in paleolimnological studies. There were valid reasons for this: the taxonomy of the spongillid freshwater sponges of the world was in complete disarray; the ecological parameters of freshwater sponge species either were not known or were presented in scattered publications that were not readily available to paleolimnologists. The revisionary work of Penney and Racek finally brought order into the chaos of spongillid systematics. Shortly after the appearance of the Penney-Racek landmark monograph, Poirrier, and later Harrison, described the ecological parameters of North American spongillid freshwater sponges in a series of species-by-species treatments. Racek, in a body of pioneering studies, evaluated spicular remains of freshwater sponges in cores dating to 30,000 yr B.P. from several lakes, i.e., Lake Huleh, Lago di Monterosi, Laguna de Petenxil, while Harrison and colleagues characterized the past history of Lake Okeechobee (3000–4000 yr B.P.) and of Serendipity Bog, Graham Island, British Columbia (9400-8500 yr B.P.) using spicular components. It is now evident that freshwater sponge skeletal and reproductive structures can be used to characterize accurately past ecological conditions of freshwater habitats. In this paper, I will introduce the reader to the pertinent literature in freshwater sponge taxonomy, will characterize spongillid species into broad groups based upon their environmental parameters, and will summarize present paleolimnological studies using freshwater sponge remains as a diagnostic tool.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Synthesis of 3-alkyl(aryl)-3-aminoquinuclidines

A series of 3-alkyl(aryl)-3-aminoquinuclidines was synthesized by means of the interaction between 3-alkyl(aryl)-3-oxyquinuclidines and acetonitrile in the presence of concentrated sulfuric acid with subsequent hydrolysis of the 3-alkyl(aryl)-3-acetaminoquinuclidines. It was shown that in addition to acetamino derivatives 3-alkyl-Δ2-dehydroquinuclidines and 3-alkylidenequinuclidines are formed, the structure of which was established by the method of NMR.

Field of study: Chemistry
Occupational Health Hazards of Agriculture

According to the International Labour Organization (ILO), the agricultural sector is one of the most hazardous to health worldwide. Agricultural work possesses several characteristics that are risky for health: exposure to the weather, close contact with animals and plants, extensive use of chemical and biological products, difficult working postures and lengthy hours, and use of hazardous agricultural tools and machinery. This brief outlines the occupational health hazards of agriculture, presents a case study on the trade-offs between their health and economic impacts, and proposes responses.

Field of study: Medicine
A Hybrid System for Magnetic Hyperthermia and Drug Delivery: SPION Functionalized by Curcumin Conjugate

Cancer is among the leading causes of death worldwide, thus there is a constant demand for new solutions, which may increase the effectiveness of anti-cancer therapies. We have designed and successfully obtained a novel, bifunctional, hybrid system composed of colloidally stabilized superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPION) and curcumin containing water-soluble conjugate with potential application in anticancer hyperthermia and as nanocarriers of curcumin. The obtained nanoparticulate system was thoroughly studied in respect to the size, morphology, surface charge, magnetic properties as well as some biological functions. The results revealed that the obtained nanoparticles, ca. 50 nm in diameter, were the agglomerates of primary particles with the magnetic, iron oxide cores of ca. 13 nm, separated by a thin layer of the applied cationic derivative of chitosan. These agglomerates were further coated with a thin layer of the sodium alginate conjugate of curcumin and the presence of both polymers was confirmed using thermogravimetry. The system was also proven to be applicable in magnetic hyperthermia induced by the oscillating magnetic field. A high specific absorption rate (SAR) of 280 [W/g] was registered. The nanoparticles were shown to be effectively uptaken by model cells. They were found also to be nontoxic in the therapeutically relevant concentration in in vitro studies. The obtained results indicate the high application potential of the new hybrid system in combination of magnetic hyperthermia with delivery of curcumin active agent.

Field of study: Materials science
Examining Adoption Behavior of Mobile Government

M-government (MG), as a subset of E-government (EG), has expedited the dynamic nature of EG and also created certain channels which either are not available or would be problematic for EG. This has resulted in offering more dynamic and versatile methods for citizens to access certain government services. The objective of the current study is to address and posit the factors which can contribute to an understanding of citizen intention to adopt MG services. A model was used to capture citizen behavior in MG service adoption, and the results from this model are contrasted with adoption behavior for EG from a similar study. To that end, we have developed and validated a model entitled “citizen adoption behavior of MG” (CAB-MG).

Field of study: Computer science
Plasmonic opals: observation of a collective molecular exciton mode beyond the strong coupling

Achieving and controlling strong light-matter interactions in many-body systems is of paramount importance both for fundamental understanding and potential applications. In this paper we demonstrate both experimentally and theoretically how to manipulate strong coupling between the Bragg-plasmon mode supported by an organo-metallic array and molecular excitons in the form of J-aggregates dispersed on the hybrid structure. We observe experimentally the transition from a conventional strong coupling regime exhibiting the usual upper and lower polaritonic branches to a more complex regime, where a third nondispersive mode is seen, as the concentration of J-aggregates is increased. The numerical simulations confirm the presence of the third resonance. We attribute its physical nature to collective molecule-molecule interactions leading to a collective electromagnetic response. A simple analytical model is proposed to explain the physics of the third mode. The nonlinear dependence on molecular parameters followed from the model are confirmed in a set of rigorous numerical studies. It is shown that at the energy of the collective mode molecules oscillate completely out of phase with the incident radiation acting as an effictive thin metal layer.

Field of study: Physics
Ambivalence Toward the Body: Death, Neuroticism, and the Flight From Physical Sensation

Based on terror management theory, the authors suggest that ambivalent reactions to the human body are partially rooted in the association of the physical body with inescapable death and that individuals high in neuroticism are particularly vulnerable to such difficulties. Three experiments demonstrated that priming thoughts about one’s death leads individuals high in neuroticism to flee from physical sensations, including pleasurable ones. In response to mortality salience, highly neurotic individuals spent less time submerging their arm in ice-cold water and using an electric foot massager but did not avoid stimulation in nontactile modalities (i.e., listening to music). The discussion highlights the role of existentially motivated self-repression in inhibitions surrounding the body.

Field of study: Psychology
Conflict, Congruence, and Generic University Goals

Although much has been written about what the goals of participants in the higher education process are and what they ought to be, surprisingly little is known about the sources of goal differences and when they are likely to be congruent or in conflict. This article explores the latter two questions and offers a number of suggestions for additional research. Our analysis begins with a discussion of the various terms used in the literature to describe the purposeful behavior of universities. A definition of the term "generic goal" is then introduced and the major generic goals for each of the major participants in the higher education process are discussed. Several sources of the differences observed among participants are explored and a number of observations are offered concerning when goals will coincide and when they will conflict.

Field of study: Education
Optimization Model of Tourist Regulation and Control in Aba Prefecture Scenic Spot

Aba Prefecture is a famous tourist attraction in China. In the peak season of tourism, some scenic spots in Aba Prefecture often appear the phenomenon of excessive concentration of tourists. After studying the general situation of Aba Prefecture scenic spot, this paper establishes an optimization model of tourists' regulation and control based on the maximal capacity of tourist attractions from the macro point of view by using tourists' follow-up routes, and obtains the optimal collocation scheme. Finally, the feasibility of the model is verified by data simulation. The model can make the spatial distribution of tourists in each scenic spot more balanced, avoid the phenomenon of excessive concentration of tourists in the same scenic spot at the same time, and provide a new research idea for the control of the number of tourists in Aba scenic spot or other similar scenic spots.  Aba Prefecture, located in the northwest of Sichuan Province, is a tourist attraction in China. From the spatial distribution of Aba Prefecture's tourism scenic spots, it has a wide area, many scenic spots, a large distance between different scenic spots and a single route. Therefore, the diversion management of tourists in Aba scenic spot is rather difficult, especially in the peak period of tourism, diversion resources are often in short supply. How to effectively control the tourist flow in scenic spots to reduce congestion is one of the difficulties faced by scenic area management.  Scholars began to pay attention to issues related to tourism capacity and congestion in the 1960s. In terms of tourism capacity, Lapage (1963) pioneered the concept of “tourism capacity”  ; Wager (1964) explained the concept of “environmental capacity”  ; ecologist Streeter (1970) warned: to maintain The quality of the tourist site must be avoided to destroy the comfortable atmosphere and wildlife  . Shelby and Heberlein (1986) divided tourism capacity into four types: ecological capacity, social capacity, environmental capacity and facility capacity  ; D. Pearee (1986) and Inskeep (1989) successively carried out regional tourism environmental capacity and tourism. Research on bearing capacity [5-6] ;Gramann et al. (1984) found that the determinants of three types of congestion are: acceptable levels of psychological crowding, influence of others' behavior and spatial influence [7] ;Yamada (1996) proposed shortest path and minimum cost flow are used to optimize emergency evacuation, which provides ideas for evacuation of tourism congestion [8] ; Zhao Honghong (1983), Bao Jigang (1987), Zhou Gongning (1992), Yang Rui (1996), Cui Fengjun and Liu Jiaming (1998), Xu Xiaoyin (1999) and many other scholars have successively revolved

Field of study: Engineering
Nonlinear anomalous Hall effect and negative magnetoresistance in a system with random Rashba field.

We predict two spin-dependent transport phenomena in two-dimensional electron systems, which are induced by a spatially fluctuating Rashba spin-orbit interaction. When the electron gas is magnetized, the random Rashba interaction leads to the anomalous Hall effect. An example of such a system is a narrow-gap magnetic semiconductor-based symmetric quantum well. We show that the anomalous Hall conductivity reveals a strongly nonlinear dependence on the magnetization, decreasing exponentially at large spin density. We also show that electron scattering from a fluctuating Rashba field in a two-dimensional nonmagnetic electron system leads to a negative magnetoresistance arising solely due to spin-dependent effects.

Field of study: Physics
3D Analysis of Deformation and Porosity of Dry Natural Snow during Compaction

The present study focuses on three-dimensional (3D) microstructure analysis of dry natural snow during compaction. An X-ray computed microtomography (micro-CT) system was used to record a total of 1601 projections of a snow volume. Experiments were performed in-situ at four load states as 0 MPa, 0.3 MPa, 0.6 MPa and 0.8 MPa, to investigate the effect of compaction on structural features of snow grains. The micro-CT system produces high resolution images (4.3 μm voxel) in 6 h of scanning time. The micro-CT images of the investigated snow volume illustrate that grain shapes are mostly dominated by needles, capped columns and dendrites. It was found that a significant number of grains appeared to have a deep hollow core irrespective of the grain shape. Digital volume correlation (DVC) was applied to investigate displacement and strain fields in the snow volume due to the compaction. Results from the DVC analysis show that grains close to the moving punch experience most of the displacement. The reconstructed snow volume is segmented into several cylinders via horizontal cross-sectioning, to evaluate the vertical heterogeneity of porosity distribution of the snow volume. It was observed that the porosity (for the whole volume) in principle decreases as the level of compaction increases. A distinct vertical heterogeneity is observed in porosity distribution in response to compaction. The observations from this initial study may be useful to understand the snow microstructure under applied stress.

Field of study: Materials science
Comprehensive assessment of elderly patients.

Comprehensive assessment of elderly patients is becoming of increasing importance with our changing demography. This paper discusses the major areas of functional impairment: immobility, falling, incontinence of urine and feces, and confusion. These problems may lead to physician contact because of the strain they impose on care providers, the increased dependency they create, or the social crisis they precipitate. It is important for the family physician to assess patients on the basis of the particular functions related to these problems. Multidisciplinary teams with special training are being developed to cope with the increasing need for assessment of the elderly. It is important that these assessments be made carefully, and that the full rehabilitation potential of each patient be realized. Only in this way can optimum use be made of limited resources and unnecessary suffering reduced.

Field of study: Medicine
Distance Learning in Undergraduate Education: Methods, Opportunities, and Challenges for Institutions and Educators

The term ‘distance learning’ represents a variety of educational models that have in common the physical separation of the educator and some or all of the students. Students can be reached through any combination of media: closed-circuit television, video and audio conferencing via telephone lines, and multimedia interaction via the internet. In the past decade, the expansion of distance learning has mirrored the rapid technological advances in the late 20th century that have resulted in a proliferation of educational programs available from an ever-growing number of institutions. This paper reviews the origins and current status of distance learning as an educational medium (including examples of excellent distance learning programs), describes the educational models underpinning distance learning, and discusses the opportunities and challenges for institutions and educators in developing distance learning-based curricula. The research method used was that of a modified systematic literature review. The findings of the literature review show an overwhelming number of distance learning programs now available through a multitude of delivery mechanisms, especially the internet. With regard to the educational models for distance learning, three considerations influence the eventual choice: structure, process, and outcome. To ensure excellence in distance learning, six issues must be addressed: administration, financial resources, human resources, marketing, consumer issues, and the method of assessing distance learning programs. Changing social, professional, and lifestyle dynamics, as well as the rapid evolution of the educational principles of distance learning and the technology available, ensure that demand for lifelong learning will be significant. To respond to this demand, universities and other centers of higher education must recognize and meet the needs of learners who are quite different from the traditional student of the past. This paper presents an overview of the main issues facing institutions and educators who are considering distance learning as a part of their educational programs.

Field of study: Medicine