nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Liver-derived exosome-laden lncRNA MT1DP aggravates cadmium-induced nephrotoxicity.

Cadmium (Cd) is a well-characterized toxic heavy metal which could cause severe kidney injury. However, currently the knowledge of Cd toxicity towards kidney is still insufficient. Our previous data has identified that MT1DP (metallothionein 1D pseudogene) could promote Cd-induced detrimental effects on hepatocytes. Herein, we further found that MT1DP was also an important intermediate to aggravate Cd-induced nephrotoxicity. Through analyzing the data of 100 residents from Cd-contaminated area in Southern China, we found that the blood MT1DP levels correlated to the urine Cd content and the extent of nephrotoxicity. Although MT1DP was predominantly induced by hepatocytes in the liver, liver-secreted MT1DP was found to be packaged into extracellular cargoes: exosomes, by which MT1DP was delivered into circulation and thereafter targeted kidney cells. Furthermore, exosome-laden MT1DP worsened Cd-induced nephrotoxicity, as evidenced in both Cd-poisoned individuals and in vitro cells. Moreover, MT1DP was found to reinforce Cd-induced toxicity in kidney cells by indirectly breaking the equilibrium between the pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic effects conducted by BAX and Bcl-xL, respectively. Collectively, our data unveiled that hepatocyte-derived MT1DP depends on the delivery of exosomes to wreak considerable havoc in Cd nephrotoxicity. This study offers new insights into the molecular mechanisms of Cd-induced kidney injury.

Field of study: Environmental science
Modification of a response bias through differential amount of reinforcement.

A procedure is described for assessing response bias to either the form or color dimension of a compound standard stimulus. Responding was assessed under conditions of equal reinforcement (three tokens) for responding to either the form or color dimension. Under these conditions, the four male subjects (aged 7 to 11 yr) differentially responded to the form dimension. After a bias was assessed, the number of tokens delivered contingent upon form responses was reduced. After a reversal in differential responding, the equal-reinforcement condition was reintroduced. Two of the subjects returned to their initial response bias when equal reinforcement for either dimensional response was reintroduced, and two maintained the reversal established during the differential-reinforcement phase. For the latter two subjects, differential reinforcement was again imposed, in favor of form. This partial replication reinstated their original pattern of response bias.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
The cardiovascular pathologist: A pathologist awaiting better definition.

Cardiology arose as a separate entity and discipline within clinical medicine as a result of an explosive growth of knowledge and a need for its application. These developments particularly related to the modern epidemic of ischemic heart disease because of concerns for cardiovascular diseases in terms of morbidity and mortality and in association with the beginnings of cardiovascular surgery. Thus, almost 50 years ago the need for well-trained cardiologists was recognized. Why the cardiovascular pathologist is still undefined in terms of training, duties, and legal responsibilities is unclear. Several factors seem important in explaining current circumstances. One is an increasing tendency, paralleling an accelerating technological evolution, to ignore static morphology represented by the cadaver or the surgical pathology specimen in favor of imaging (e.g., echocardiography, angiocardiography, and nuclear imaging), which is often done without appreciating that clinical pathological correlations are still vital. Another is the "graying" of pathology attributable to the early retirement of some and less emphasis on recruitment (1). Potential trainees are more enthused by the application of sophisticated diagnostic techniques applied to the patient in vivo than by autopsy practice, and thus they go to other disciplines. Senior staff must act here; remember that pathology practice is multifaceted and

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Interaction of human GTP cyclohydrolase I with its splice variants.

Tetrahydrobiopterin is an essential cofactor for aromatic amino acid hydroxylases, ether lipid oxidase and nitric oxide synthases. Its biosynthesis in mammals is regulated by the activity of the homodecameric enzyme GCH (GTP cyclohydrolase I; EC 3.5.4.16). In previous work, catalytically inactive human GCH splice variants differing from the wild-type enzyme within the last 20 C-terminal amino acids were identified. In the present study, we searched for a possible role of these splice variants. Gel filtration profiles of purified recombinant proteins showed that variant GCHs form high-molecular-mass oligomers similar to the wild-type enzyme. Co-expression of splice variants together with wild-type GCH in mammalian cells revealed that GCH levels were reduced in the presence of splice variants. Commensurate with these findings, the GCH activity obtained for wild-type enzyme was reduced 2.5-fold through co-expression with GCH splice variants. Western blots of native gels suggest that splice variants form decamers despite C-terminal truncation. Therefore one possible explanation for the effect of GCH splice variants could be that inactive variants are incorporated into GCH heterodecamers, decreasing the enzyme stability and activity.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Insights on the Theory and Practice of Proscribing Sterilization

Physicians are often regarded and treated in modern American society as nearly all-powerful technocrats, speaking their own arcane language of the relevant sciences, and suited to dispense cures for the bodily machine. Physic remains, however, at its best, the art and science of patient-care. In a somewhat similar way, while philosophy at its best remains precisely what common sense stubbornly expects it to be, namely wisdom, it is nevertheless often the case that philosophers speak more to one another more than they speak to the real needs of the world. Nevertheless, in our time as in all times, the larger public stands in serious need of the wisdom that is philosophy. The questions of the thoughtful person remain perennially the same: who am I? Where did I come from? Where am I going? The issues also remain the same which draw attention: the meaning oflife, of death, oflove. The physician (among others) cannot give what he does not have, and the need for wise physicians is deeply real. Dr. Moloney and I have attempted in a series of occasional conversations over the past two years to address one important and practical juncture between philosophy and medicine. We would now like to share some of the contents of that conversation with this audience. Often the physician in general or family practice is asked to prescribe contraceptives and/ or sterilization, both to men and to women. l We might well add that this is taken to be a mere matter of course by many patients, and that prima facie the physician might feel foolish if he declines to act according to the patient's wishes.

Field of study: Medicine, Philosophy
Palinopsia posing as a psychotic depression.

The experience of visual images appearing as well-described persons and objects, either familiar or unfamiliar to the patient, has frequently prompted psychiatric evaluation for apparent psychotic or schizophrenic disorders. A case of apparent psychotic depression is reported, in which the symptoms were due to the patient's experience of palinoptic images. Answers to particular questions in the initial interview can obviate the need for psychiatric consultation, as various consistencies have been reported in the non-psychiatric symptom of palinopsia.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Biochemical Variables are Predictive for Patient Survival after Surgery for Skeletal Metastasis. A Prediction Model Development and External Validation Study

Biochemical Variables are Predictive for Patient Survival after Surgery for Skeletal Metastasis. A Prediction Model Development and External Validation Study Michala Skovlund Sørensen, Elizabeth C. Silvius, Saniya Khullar, Klaus Hindsø, Jonathan A. Forsberg and Michael Mørk Petersen Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Musculoskeletal Tumor Section Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, København, Denmark DecisionQ, Inc. Washington, D.C., US Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Pediatric Orthopedics Section Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, København, Denmark Orthopaedics, USU-Walter Reed Department of Surgery, Bethesda, MD, USA Division of Orthopaedic Oncology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA

Field of study: Medicine
Reaction of 1,3‐Disubstituted Acetone Derivatives with Pseudohalides: A Simple Approach to Spiro[4.4]nonane‐Type Bis‐Oxazolidines and ‐Imidazolidines (Bicyclic Carbamates, Thiocarbamates, Ureas, and Thioureas)

Prochiral 1,3-dihydroxyacetone forms racemic oxazolidine- and oxazoline-type spiro[4.4]nonanes upon reactions with potassium (thio)cyanate and cyanamide. In contrast, 1,3-diaminoacetone yields only the corresponding spiro-bisimidazolidinethione under similar conditions together with monocyclic by-products, but the spiro-bisimidazolidinone is accessible by reaction of 1,3-dichloroacetone with urea. The resolution of the racemic spiro-bisoxazolidinethione 2a was achieved by using brucine as the resolving agent.

Field of study: Chemistry
FIFTH VAVILOV CONFERENCE ON NONLINEAR OPTICS, NOVOSIBIRSK, JUNE 1977: Vibrational-translational relaxation in SF6 at high excitation rates

Acceleration (by a factor of 5–7) of the vibrational-translational relaxation in gaseous SF6 was observed experimentally on increase in the intensity of a CO2 laser beam which excited resonantly molecular vibrations.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Link scheduling in wireless networks with successive interference cancellation

Successive interference cancellation (SIC) is an effective way of multipacket reception (MPR) to combat interference at the physical layer. To understand the potential MPR advantages, we study link scheduling in an ad hoc network with SIC at the physical layer. The fact that the links detected sequentially by SIC are correlated at the receiver poses key technical challenges. A link can be interfered indirectly when the detecting and removing of the correlated signals fail. We characterize the link dependence and propose a simultaneity graph (SG) to capture the effect of SIC. Then interference number is defined to measure the interference of a link. We show that scheduling over SG is NP-hard and the maximum interference number bounds the performance of a maximal greedy scheme. An independent set based greedy scheme is explored to efficiently construct a maximal feasible schedule. Moreover, with careful selection of link ordering, we present a scheduling scheme that improves the bound. The performance is evaluated by both simulations and measurements in a testbed. The throughput gain is on average 40% and up to 120% over IEEE 802.11. The complexity of SG is comparable with that of conflict graph, especially when the network size is not large.

Field of study: Computer science
A simple condition for the multivariate CLT and the attraction to the Gaussian of Lévy processes at long and short times

We show that a necessary and sufficient condition for the sum of iid random vectors to converge (under appropriate centering and scaling) to a multivariate Gaussian distribution is that the truncated second moment matrix is slowly varying at infinity. This is more natural than the standard conditions, and allows for the possibility that the limiting Gaussian distribution is degenerate (so long as it is not concentrated at a point). We also give necessary and sufficient conditions for a d-dimensional Lévy process to converge (under appropriate centering and scaling) to a multivariate Gaussian distribution as time approaches zero or infinity.

Field of study: Mathematics
Thrusted Paleozoic Rocks in the Northern and Central HD Range, Northeastern Nevada

The northern and central HD Range in northeastern Nevada is formed of a succession of six major thrust plates that lie on Mississippian Chainman Shale in the central part and are juxtaposed or lie on Lower Permian quartzites and limestones at the northern end. Each plate has its own characteristic stratigraphy: the lowest plate consists of Ordovician chert unconformably overlain by Mississippian Diamond Peak quartzite; the succeeding three are characterized by thin, leptogeosynclinal, Ordovician-Silurian sections, or by intercalations of eu- and miogeosynclinal facies; the two upper plates have thin Ordovician-Silurian sections unconformably overlain by Pennsylvanian and Permian limestone and clastics. Three new formations have been differentiated in the Ordovician, one in the Silurian, and one in the Pennsylvanian. Directional structures and regional stratigraphic comparisons indicate that the last move of the plates, except the upper one, was in a south-southeasterly direction; more than one direction of movement is recorded within single plates, and rotation of large segments of one or more plates appears to have been common. Structures are the result of thrusting of thin, incompetent sections: imbrications, up- and overthrusting, and folding of the frontal ends of thrusts are common to many tectonic plates. The emplacement of the allochthon occurred in two stages: (a) the Ordovician and Silurian eugeosynclinal rocks were first affected in Late Devonian or Mississippian time by the Antler Orogeny and thrust eastward over the miogeosyncline from a source in southern Oregon or southwestern Idaho; subsequently, an overlap sequence of clastics and carbonates was laid down over them, (b) The allochthonous Ordovician-Silurian rocks and the overlap sequences were moved southeastward from south-central Idaho to their present position in early Mesozoic time prior to the intrusion of the mid-Jurassic Contact Pluton. This last phase of thrusting is possibly one of the earliest phases of deformation recorded in the eastern Great Basin east of the Antler Orogenic Belt and preceeded more extensive late Mesozoic thrusting in the Sevier and Laramide Belts of Utah and Wyoming. The occurrence of eugeosynclinal rocks in northeastern Nevada cannot be attributed directly to Antler thrusting: Mesozoic rethrusting of these rocks is to be considered in evaluating their tectonic history. The eastern limits of the Antler Belt do not extend to northeastern Nevada. The upper thrust plate in the north-central HD Range belongs to a separate tectonic succession in the southern part of the range and was emplaced from a more westerly source in late Mesozoic or Tertiary time.

Field of study: Geology
Tabulate corals across the Frasnian/Famennian boundary: architectural turnover and its possible relation to ancient photosymbiosis

The Frasnian-Famennian biodiversity crisis has traditionally been considered one of the “Big Five” mass extinctions; among deep changes in the biosphere, it almost completely erased shallow-water marine ecosystems like coral-stromatoporoid reefs, which were widespread on the carbonate platforms in the Devonian. The high biodiversity of bioconstructors during the Givetian-Frasnian acme of Palaeozoic reef development contrasts sharply with very low biodiversity levels during the Famennian. One of major bioconstructing groups in the Palaeozoic was tabulate corals. A statistical analysis of colony architecture of Givetian-Frasnian and Famennian tabulates from the Holy Cross Mountains (Poland) reveals that Givetian and Frasnian tabulate faunas had smaller corallite diameters and higher colony integration, compared to the Famennian faunas. A similar pattern occurs in the Devonian of the Ardennes. In the Holy Cross Mountains the biodiversity drastically decreases in the Late Frasnian. We interpret Givetian-Frasnian tabulate communities as generally photosymbiotic, and their Famennian counterparts as generally aposymbiotic. In Recent corals temperatures above 32 °C are generally considered as a threshold for bleaching (expulsion of photosymbionts), a literature review indicates that in the late Frasnian sea surface temperatures exceeded this threshold. This leads to a discussion of the late Frasnian rise of temperature as a contributing cause of extinction of photosymbiotic bioconstructors, and possibility of a Late Devonian “bleaching event”.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Soil Nutrient Status at Zhayun,Qiongzhong County of Hainan Province

A study on soil nutrient status at Zhayun,Qiongzhong County of Hainan Province was conducted and 276 soil samples were collected to determine pH,organic matter,nitrogen,phosphorus,potassium,calcium,magnesium,zinc and boron contents in November,2007.The results showed that:(1)Of the 276 collected soil samples,235 ranged from 4.6 to 5.5 and 21 from 5.5 to 6.5,apparently,the soils had strong acidity;(2)Soil organic matter ranged from 0.25 to 34.0 g/kg with a mean of 17.0 g/kg,which was ranked in the middle level;(3)Soil total nitrogen ranged from 0.33 to 2.07 g/kg and available nitorgen ranged from 60～150 mg/kg;(4)Soil phosphorus contents,whatever in total form or available form were extremely low ranged from 0.171 to 0.384 g/kg with a mean of 0.231 g/kg and from 0.3 to 54.2 mg/kg with a mean of 4.4 mg/kg for total P and available P,respectively;(5)Both total potassium and available potassium were extremely deficient ranged from 0.58 to 19.08 g/kg with a mean of 4.42 g/kg and from 13.9 to 362.5 mg/kg with a mean of 65.5 mg/kg for total K and available K,respectively;(6)Soil exchangeable calcium were relatively high with a mean of 740.4 mg/kg while soil exchangeable magnesium were low with a mean of 68.4 mg/kg;(7)As micronutrients,available zinc in the soil was high with a mean of 1.85 mg/kg and soil boron was extremely low with a mean value of 0.128 mg/kg.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Effects of scutellarin on PKCγ in PC12 cell injury induced by oxygen and glucose deprivation

To evaluate the neuroprotective effect and mechanisms of scutellarin (Scu) against PC12 cell injury after oxygen and glucose deprivation followed by reperfusion (OGD-Undifferentiated rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cells, exposed to oxygen and glucose deprivation followed by reperfusion (OGD-Rep), used as an in vitro model of ischemia/reperfusion. Cell survival was evaluated by diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and the amount of LDH release was determined using assay kits. Scu inhibits the increase of [Ca2+]i and the activation of PKCγ, exerting protective effects against PC12 cell injury induced by OGD-Rep.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
On the Generalization of the Likelihood Function and the Likelihood Principle

The parametric likelihood and likelihood principle (LP) play a central role in parametric methodology and in the foundations of statistics. The main purpose of this article is to extend the concepts of likelihood and LP to general inferential aims and models covering, for example, prediction and empirical Bayes models. The likelihood function is the joint distribution of the data and the unobserved variables of inferential interest, considered as a function of the parameters and these inferential variables. LP is based on this likelihood, and the principles of sufficiency (SP) and conditionality (CP) are modified such that the equivalence SP and CP ⇔ LP is valid, generalizing Birnbaum's theorem.

Field of study: Mathematics
Autonomy,freedom and responsibility:Max Weber's view on universitiy

To deal with the problems and crisis confronted universities in Germany around the 20th century,Max Weber,from a particular academic perspective,probed into the factors endangering autonomy and academic freedom of universities and opposed the bureaucratic system of universities.Plus,Max Weber held to the tradition of autonomy and academic freedom in universities as well as "value-free" on the platforms,and appealed to scholars for their responsibilities for academy.Weber's view on university secures our understanding of the nature and features of the modern university.

Field of study: Education
Joint sampling clock offset and channel estimation for OFDM signals: Crame/spl acute/r-Rao bound and algorithms

This paper considers the problem of sampling clock synchronization and channel estimation for orthogonal-frequency-division multiplex (OFDM) systems. In such systems, when the number of subcarriers is large, a sampling clock frequency mismatch between the transmitter and the receiver dramatically degrades the performance. So far, the literature proposes ad hoc estimation algorithms. However, a complete performance analysis, especially the Crame/spl acute/r-Rao bound (CRB) derivation, remains to be done. Obviously, the channel-impulse response is unknown at the receiver and also needs to be estimated. Therefore, the CRB associated with this joint estimation is theoretically evaluated. When the number of subcarriers and the channel degree are large, very compact closed-form expressions for the CRB are obtained. Furthermore, along with the maximum-likelihood (ML) estimator, suboptimal estimation algorithms are introduced and compared with some existing approaches and with the CRB.

Field of study: Engineering
Control Schemes of Quantum-Based Pico-Newton Force Measurement

We propose control-measurement schemes for flux-quantum-based pico-newton force metrology. A micron-sized superconducting ring placed in magnetic field gradients can serve as a pico-newton force gauge. Constant-force steps can be realized by controlling the flux quanta in the superconductor ring. Two different schemes are proposed to control and measure the number of flux quanta in the ring. They are the fixed bias-flux mode and the fixed bias-current mode. In the fixed bias-flux (bias-current) mode, external bias-flux (transport bias-current) is fixed just below the resistive transition and entry of the flux quanta is monitored by counting the voltage bumps with increasing the bias current (the external flux). At the targeted number of flux quanta, bias current and flux are reset to zero. The number of flux quanta trapped in the ring can be confirmed by counting the voltage bumps with increasing the bias current up to the maximum critical current of the ring. Simultaneous flux control and force measurement is made by measuring force steps in field gradient with counting the number of flux quanta exciting the ring with increasing the bias current.

Field of study: Physics
Cold Stamping Simulation of Automobile Covering Parts

Thermoforming technology of ultra high strength steel is one of the important ways to reduce the automobile mass. And it is divided into two categories, named indirect and direct thermoforming. In indirect thermoforming, there are two key steps, that is, cold stamping and quenching. Aiming at the key steps of cold stamping technology of indirect thermo-forming, the cold stamping process of automobile covering parts for 22MnB5 steel was simulated by using software Autoform. Its forming results were analyzed and optimized. On the basis of these results, considering the subsequent quenching operation, the analysis of springback and springback compensation were carried out to ensure the subsequent normal procedure.

Field of study: Materials science