nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Magnetically aligned straight depolarization canals and the rolling Hough transform

We aim to characterize the properties of the straight depolarization canals detected in the Low Frequency Array (LOFAR) polarimetric observations of a field centered on the extragalactic source 3C 196. We also compare the canal orientations with magnetically aligned HI filaments and the magnetic field probed by polarized dust emission.  We used the rolling Hough transform (RHT) to identify and characterize the orientation of the straight depolarization canals in radio polarimetric data and the filaments in HI data.  The majority of the straight depolarization canals and the Hi filaments are inclined by ~10° with respect to the Galactic plane and are aligned with the plane-of-sky magnetic field orientation probed by the Planck dust polarization data. The other distinct orientation, of −65° with respect to the Galactic plane, is associated with the orientation of a bar-like structure observed in the 3C 196 field at 350 MHz.  An alignment between three distinct tracers of the (local) interstellar medium (ISM) suggests that an ordered magnetic field plays a crucial role in confining different ISM phases. The majority of the straight depolarization canals are a result of a projection of the complicated 3D distribution of the ISM. The RHT analysis is a robust method for identifying and characterizing the straight depolarization canals observed in radio-polarimetric data.

Field of study: Physics
Denitrification occurring on suspended sediment in a large, shallow, subtropical lake (Poyang Lake, China).

Many lakes and rivers are enriched with high levels of suspended sediments (SPS). Denitrification occurring on suspended sediments (DSS) may play an important role in nitrogen removal in water columns with high SPS concentrations. Poyang Lake, with dramatic hydrologic variations, has high spatial and seasonal variation of SPS, and we hypothesized that DSS and nitrogen removal in this lake would vary similarly. DSS in Poyang Lake was determined by the traditional acetylene-inhibition method combined with a batch mode assay. Laboratory simulation experiments were also conducted to examine the factors controlling denitrification occurring on SPS. Seasonally, DSS rates at 15 sampling sites in Poyang Lake were 0.63 ± 0.24, 0.29 ± 0.17, 0.25 ± 0.18, and 0.52 ± 0.37 μmol N·L-1·d-1, respectively in spring, summer, autumn, and winter. Spatially, average DSS rates were higher in the northern lake area, which is connected to the Yangtze River, than in the upstream and central lake area. Lowest DSS rates occurred in semi-closed bay and dish lakes. Spatial and seasonal variations of DSS rates were affected by a combination of factors, in which nitrate concentrations, SPS composition, and concentrations of organic-SPS were the most important. These influencing factors were seasonally dependent, with nitrate concentrations having stronger effects on DSS during wet seasons than dry seasons. Results from a multiple stepwise regression model also demonstrated that DSS tended to occur on fine particles (e.g., clay particles, <4 μm). Evaluation of annual nitrogen loss by DSS was estimated according to the seasonal water budget and DSS rates in Poyang Lake. The total nitrogen loss by DSS was estimated to be 10800 ± 6090 t, which accounted for 2.8-9.9% of the nitrogen input, and this proportion was comparable to nitrogen removal by sediment denitrification. This result confirms that DSS was an important nitrogen sink in this large, turbid lake.

Field of study: Environmental science
Codimension-p Paley–Wiener theorems

We obtain the generalized codimension-p Cauchy–Kovalevsky extension of the exponential function $e^{i\langle\underline{y},\underline{t}\rangle}$ in Rm=Rp⊕Rq, where p>1, $\underline{y},\underline{t}\in\mathbf{R}^{q}$, and prove the corresponding codimension-p Paley–Wiener theorems.

Field of study: Mathematics
Depoliticisation and the Changing Trajectories of Grassroots Women's Leadership in Peru: From Empowerment to Service Delivery?

This paper examines how practices of leadership have been negotiated and have changed over time in the context of a grassroots health promotion project in Lima, Peru. Tracing these trajectories in the context of the evolution of women's organising in Peru informs a broader analysis of the changing role of grassroots women in development projects, feeding into debates around the professionalisation and depoliticisation of grassroots activism and providing new empirical material on gendered experiences of grassroots leadership. The paper recognises the increasing dominance of neoliberal management mechanisms but argues that the depoliticisation of grassroots women leaders is not simply a straightforward trickledown of neoliberal development practices but is produced through the interplay of local socio-political processes and personal biographies of activism with more macro-level development trends and discourses.  Este artículo examina cómo las prácticas de liderazgo han sido negociadas y han cambiado en el tiempo en el contexto de un proyecto de base de promoción de salud en Lima, Perú. Rastreando tales trayectorias en el contexto de la evolución de la organización de mujeres en Perú, se establece un análisis más amplio de los cambiantes papeles de las mujeres de base en el desarrollo de los proyectos, alimentando los debates sobre la profesionalización y despolitización del activismo de base, lo que provee nuevo material empírico sobre las experiencias de género en el liderazgo de base. El artículo reconoce el creciente dominio de los mecanismos neoliberales de funcionamiento pero señala que la despolitización de las lideresas de base no es simplemente el resultado directo de prácticas neoliberales de desarrollo sino que ésta se produce en el rejuego de procesos sociopolíticos locales y las experiencias personales de activismo que operan al interior de posiciones y discursos de desarrollo a un nivel más macro. Portuguese abstract O artigo analisa, no contexto de um projeto popular pelo desenvolvimento da saúde em Lima, no Peru, a maneira pela qual práticas de liderança tem sido negociadas e se desenvolvido ao longo do tempo. Essas trajetórias são traçadas no contexto da evolução da organização feminina. A mudança nos papéis exercidos pelas mulheres das bases trabalhando em projetos de desenvolvimento informa uma análise mais ampla, alimentando debates acerca da profissionalização e despolitização do ativismo popular, e fornecendo dados empíricos relativos às experiências de lideranças populares relacionadas ao genero. O domínio crescente de mecanismos de gerência neoliberais é reconhecido, entretanto argumenta-se que a despolitização de líderes populares femininas não representa a simples percolação de práticas neoliberais de desenvolvimento; outro fator responsável é a interação de processos sócio-políticos locais e biografias pessoais do ativismo com tendências e discursos desenvolvimentistas em nível macro.

Field of study: Political science
Regio- and Stereoselective Tritiation of the Juvenoid Analog W 328

The juvenoid analog 2-(4-(2-(ethoxycarbamato)ethoxy)benzyl)-1-cyclohexanone ethylene acetal ( I ) (W 328) was labelled by 3 H in the benzyl position by the CESG method. 3 H NMR revealed the stereoselectivity of the labelling. The results are compared with the data published in the literature and discussed in the terms of stereoelectronic requirements.

Field of study: Chemistry
Sharp correlations in the ARPES spectra of strongly disordered topological boundary modes

Data from angle resolved photo-emission spectroscopy (ARPES) often serves as a smoking-gun evidence for the existence of topological materials. It provides the energy dispersion curves of the topological boundary modes which characterize these phases. Unfortunately this method requires a sufficiently regular boundary such that these boundary modes remain sharp in momentum space. Here the seemingly random data obtained from performing ARPES on strongly disordered topological insulators and Weyl semimetals is analyzed theoretically and numerically. Expectedly the disorder averaged ARPES spectra appear featureless. Surprisingly however, correlations in these spectra between different energies and momenta reveal delta-sharp features in momentum space. Measuring such correlations using nano-ARPES may verify the topological nature of the suggested weak topological insulator ($Bi_{14} Rh_3 I_9$) which thus far was not studied using ARPES due to the rough nature of its metallic surfaces.

Field of study: Physics
The Influence of Consumer Preference, Brand Value, Product Innovation, and Green Brand on the Willingness to Pay Premium Green Product: Studyat Beauty Clinic Brand in Indonesia

The purpose of this study is to investigate and analyse the influence of consumer preference towards the brand value, the influence of product innovation towards the green brand, the influence of brand value towards the willingness to pay and to analyse the influence of green brand towards the willingness to pay. The population in this study is the consumers of Beauty Clinic in Indonesia. Samples taken in this study were some consumers of Beauty Clinictotalling 200 respondents. Analysis of the data in this study used SEM-AMOS method. The results of this study showed that consumer preference has asignificant positive effect on brand value, product innovation has a significant positive effect on green brand, brand value has a significant positive effect on willingness to pay, and green band has a significant positive effect on willingness to pay

Field of study: Business
Fates and ecological effects of current-use pesticides (CUPs) in a typical river-estuarine system of Laizhou Bay, North China.

Current-use pesticides (CUPs) are widely applied in agriculture; however, little is known about their environmental behaviors, especially in the freshwater-seawater transitional zone. Water and sediment samples were collected in an intensively human impacted river (Xiaoqing River) from the headwaters to Laizhou Bay to investigate the distributions and environmental fates of four CUPs: trifluralin, chlorothalonil, chlorpyrifos, and dicofol. These CUPs were frequently detected in water and sediment samples. ∑CUPs in water and sediment samples ranged from 1.20 to 100.2 ng L-1 and 6.6-2972.5 ng g-1 dry weight (dw), respectively. Chlorpyrifos and chlorothalonil were the most abundant CUPs in water and sediment samples, respectively. Spatial distribution of CUPs in the Xiaoqing River aquatic ecosystem was mainly influenced by point sources, agricultural activities, the dilution effect by seawater, and environmental parameters. Field-based sediment water partitioning coefficients, normalized by organic carbon (log Koc), were calculated. Interestingly, temperature and salinity exhibited significant impacts on the distribution of log Koc of the four CUPs. The effect of temperature on the distribution of log Koc of the four CUPs varied between the CUPs. In most water samples, the levels of chlorpyrifos exceed the freshwater screening benchmarks. Hence, urgent control measures need to be devised and implemented.

Field of study: Environmental science
Role of Medicinal Plants of Traditional Use in Recuperating Devastating COVID-19 Situation

In the present scenario of COVID-19 strike and lack of potential antiviral medicines/vaccines against this extremely contagious lethal infection, identifying potential natural plant sources that can help in fighting this disease either by being viricidal or by boosting the immune system can provide significant therapeutic support. Around the globe as of 26th July 2020, there is ~15.78 million confirmed cases and 0.64 million deaths. The COVID-19 infection is produced by virulent Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus, which belongs to large corona virus family. These viruses are responsible for many recent infection outbreaks, SARS in 2003, MERS (Middle East Respiratory Syndrome) in 2012 and recent most fatal COVID-19. Also, mortality rate related to COVID-19 is found to be very high in case of people with weak immune system e.g. elderly patients, children or patients with preexisting health problems. In this relevance, medicinal plants can act as potential healing agents that can help people to fight against this infection by boosting their immune system or by posing viricidal effect. And thus, can contribute in reducing mortality rate related to SARS-CoV-2 infections. In this review, we attempted to compile and discuss different traditional medicinal plants and their bioactive components that help in strengthening our immune system and also play key role in combatting microbial infections including COVID-19. This article will help researchers and industries to identify and scrutinize potential medicinal plants that can meet their interests for various applications including development of herbal/Ayurvedic antiviral drugs, designing antimicrobial/antiviral materials, development of immunopotentiator, preparation of potential sanitizer systems etc.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
The Entremes in Sixteenth-Century Spanish America

The extremes figured conspicuously in the drama of the sixteenth-century New World because of the great preoccupation of the church with the religious, political, and social evolution then in progress. The zealous fathers matched the impressive drama at the altar with more popular elements, using realistic incident and farcical episode for the amusement and edification of the uncritical audience of the day. Faced with the trying task of winning for their God the faith of the indigenous masses, the missionary fathers were often willing to permit anything short of irreverence to relieve the tedium of lengthy, involved and abstruse, mystical dramatic pieces. These farcical episodes were intercalated in religious spectacles viewed at the church altars and in monastery schools and convents established for the Indians. Although they often conveyed a spiritual message, reshaping the material with an eye to human and spectacular values, there were some interludes which had no other object but amusement or satire. On more than one occasion the buffoonery was directed satirically at the civil authorities, whose growing influence in New World affairs was viewed with concern by the clergy. Functioning in a primitive way as the voice of the people, these brief sketches contained the germ of a critical attitude toward social and political inconsistencies. Consequently, it is not surprising to discover that some of the earliest performances of entremeses in America precipitated conflicts between the civil and church authorities. One such clash stirred the entire populace of Mexico City in December, 1574, when Viceroy Martin Henriquez de Almansa charged Archbishop Pedro Moya de Contreras with willfully and deliberately permitting performances of libelous and subversive entremeses in the cathedral during the festivities of his consecration. Fernan Gonzalez de Eslava (1534-

Field of study: History
Whereto with institutions and governance challenges in African wildlife conservation

African wildlife conservation has been transformed, shifting from a traditional, state-managed government approach to a broader governance approach with a wide range of actors designing and implementing wildlife policy. The most widely popularized approach has been that of community-managed nature conservancies. The knowledge of how institutions function in relation to humans and their use of the environment is critical to the design and implementation of effective conservation. This paper seeks to review the institutional and governance challenges faced in wildlife conservation in southern and eastern Africa. We discuss two different sets of challenges related to the shift in conservation practices: the practical implementation of wildlife governance, and the capacity of current governance structures to capture and distribute economic benefits from wildlife. To some extent, the issues raised by the new policies must be resolved through theoretical and empirical research addressed at wildlife conservation per se. However, many of these issues apply more broadly to a wide range of policy arenas and countries where similar policy shifts have taken place.

Field of study: Environmental science
Utilizing the Internet as a Competitive Tool for Non-Profit Organizations

Using Information Technology (IT) to gain competitive advantage has been long talked about in the MIS area. However, not much attention has been paid to whether (or how) the Internet can help non-profit organizations enhance their competitive advantage. This article tries to answer this question and further investigate possible use of the Internet in order to enhance competitive advantage in non-profit organizations. This article discusses the following: 1) How non-profit organizations use the Internet throughout the world; 2) How MIS frameworks and models can be applied to public school systems; and 3) How local non-profit organizations are using the Internet. The Internet can be a source for enhancing a non-profit organization's competitive advantage. However, not many nonprofit organizations seem to understand the potential of the Internet and use it to enhance their strategic/competitive advantage.

Field of study: Computer science
Corrosion of SiC Ceramic for Electromagnetic Pump in Molten Al

The corrosion resistance of clay-bonded SiC for the lift tube of electromagnetic pump in molten Al was studied.The phase composition and microstructure of corrosion layer of the attacked specimen was examined by SEM and XRD.The results show that the anti-erosion ability significantly decreases with the increase of temperature of molten Al.The thickness of corrosion layer significantly increases with the increase of corrosion time.The corrosion of clay-bonded SiC is grain boundary erosion.

Field of study: Materials science
The Beginning of the Parliamentary in Albania (1920-1924)

The years that followed post World War 1, proved to be a difficult time for the renovation of the Albanian population. A few radicalized Albanian patriots, with varying views on politics went as far as to hold meetings in the Congress with the common cause of improving the state of the country. These delegates were chosen from all different parts of the country and served as representatives of those parts. They were representing the country as well as its sovereignty. Of all these organizations, one in particular stood out. The Congress of Lushnja (28-31 January 1920) was the one to put best practice methods into place with regards to rebuilding Albania. As of this moment, the process of institutional and legislative europeanization in the country begins.  10.5901/jesr.2014.v4n4p449

Field of study: Education, Sociology
On Crossings of Levels and Curves by a Wide Class of Stochastic Processes

0.  In this paper, uperossings, downcrossings and tangencies to levels and curves are discussed within a general framework. The mean number of crossings of a level (or curve) is calculated for a wide class of processes and it is shown that tangencies have probability zero in these cases. This extends results of Ito  and Ylvisaker  for stationary normal processes, to non stationary and non normal cases. In particular the corresponding result given by Leadbetter and Cryer  for norinal, non stationary processes can be slightly improved to apply under minimal conditions. An application is also given for an important non normal process.

Field of study: Mathematics
Norway and the peace process in Sri Lanka

This article explores the motivations and rationale behind Norway's involvement in the Sri Lankan peace process. Although Norway was originally approached by the Kumaratunga government as a facilitator, her role has since had tacit approval from regional actors such as India, global actors such as the US and Britain, and domestic protagonists such as the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE). However, it has also encountered considerable opposition from local forces such as sections of the Sinhalese sangha (clergy) and the ultra‐nationalist Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna (JVP). The article also examines issues such as the complexities of third‐party involvement in ethnic conflicts, the practical and philosophical differences between facilitation and mediation, and whether, as in Israel/Palestine and other peace processes where Norway has become a player, this really provides a potential method of achieving a lasting and viable solution in Sri Lanka.

Field of study: History, Sociology
Effect of Sodium Chloride on the Modulus and Fatigue Life of Bituminous Mixtures

Bituminous mixtures are not perfectly elastic materials, so their viscoelastic properties play a decisive role in knowing their behavior. This research aims to find out this behavior through the values of the resilient modulus, the dynamic modulus, and the fatigue life for asphalt concrete and porous mixtures when they are influenced by the presence of salt (NaCl, sodium chloride). The aforementioned influence of salt has been evaluated by utilizing three different methods: submerging specimens of bituminous mixture in salt water; introducing salt into the specimens as if it was aggregate and immersing the aggregate in salt water; and drying it and then manufacturing the bituminous mixture with it. As the results indicate, the mixtures submerged in salt water do not show large differences in comparison to the reference mixtures for hot mix asphalt and porous mixtures. However, for hot mix asphalt in which salt has been added as aggregate, the resilient modulus is greater than in the reference mixture. For the bituminous mixtures in which an aggregate saturated in salt water has been used for its manufacture, the results of the resilient modulus test, dynamic modulus test, and fatigue life test are lower than in the reference mixture, especially when the specimens are submerged.

Field of study: Materials science
Structure of human TSG101 UEV domain.

The UEV domain of the TSG101 protein functions in the vacuolar protein-sorting pathway and in the budding process of HIV-1 and other retroviruses by recognizing ubiquitin in proteins tagged for degradation and short sequences in viral proteins containing an essential and well conserved PTAP motif, respectively. A deep understanding of these interactions is key to the rational design of much-needed novel antivirals. Here, the crystal structure of the TSG101 UEV domain (TSG101-UEV) is presented. TSG101-UEV was crystallized in the presence of PEG 4000 and ammonium sulfate. Under these conditions, crystals were obtained in space group R3, with unit-cell parameters a = b = 97.9, c = 110.6 A, alpha = beta = 90, gamma = 120 degrees . Phases were solved by molecular replacement and the crystal structure of TSG101-UEV was refined to an R factor of 18.8% at 2.2 A resolution. A comparison between the crystal structure and previously reported NMR structures has revealed significant differences in the conformation of one of the loops implicated in ubiquitin recognition. Also, the resulting structure has provided information about the presence of water molecules at the binding interface that could be of relevance for peptide recognition.

Field of study: Chemistry
Water and Surface Energy Balance Modeling in Botswana

From January–March 1989 an intensive field campaign was held in the eastern savanna of Botswana, Africa, to collect ground data to parameterize models which can be used to determine the physical status and water-balance terms of the earth's surface by satellite remote sensing. This paper describes the objectives of this international research activity and gives an outline of the data collected. Some preliminary measuring results also are presented.

Field of study: Environmental science