nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Design of a System for Individual Microsprinkler Control

A new microsprinkler system was developed to allow spatially variable delivery of water and fertilizer. A prototype was installed along 50 trees in a nectarine orchard. Individually addressable microsprinkler nodes were located at each tree, and a drip line controller that stored the irrigation schedule and issued commands to each node was installed at one corner of the orchard. Each microsprinkler node included a standard microsprinkler emitter, latching solenoid valve, and control circuit. A master computer allowed remote access to the drip line controller using a wireless modem. Tests were conducted to evaluate power consumption, valve and communication reliability, wireless range, and individual microsprinkler control. A lead-acid battery with solar charger powered the system for ten continuous days with no decline in average daily voltage. While testing prototype reliability, four communication errors and three valve errors occurred out of 10,250 operations. Wireless communication range between the master computer and drip line controller was 600 m with line-of-sight and 130 m with obstructions. The ability to provide microsprinkler control at the individual tree level was demonstrated by operating the emitters for different durations.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Development of New Fast Control Power Supply for EAST

Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST), a National Mage project of Science Research of China, is a very important fusion experiment facility. The ability of magnetic confinement to plasma can be improved by elongating plasma cross section in EAST. However, elongated plasma has vertical displacement instability; without control, plasma will dash against a wall of vacuum vessel and disrupt, which will cause failure of plasma discharge. Therefore, a feedback control system is needed to restrain plasma vertical displacement. Fast control power supply excites active feedback coils, which produces magnetic field to control plasma's displacement. With the development of EAST, the power supply needs to keep on enhancing the ability of fast response and output current. The structure and control method of the new power supply are introduced in this paper. The technique of carrier-wave phase-shift pulsewidth modulation is applied to raise equal switch frequency of converter and improve performance of output wave. The analysis of harmonic and the simulation are carried out, the validity of the proposed scheme and control strategy are confirmed by experiments, and the power supply system can supply large current and has the ability of fast response.

Field of study: Physics
Evaluation of Different Autologous Platelet Concentrate Biomaterials: Morphological and Biological Comparisons and Considerations

The field of regeneration interventions in oral and maxillofacial surgeries still represents a challenge for researchers and clinicians. Understanding the biological and morphological behaviour of human cells towards the materials used for the regeneration surgeries is key to successfully choosing and applying the appropriate biomaterials for specific clinical situations. The aim of the study was the biological and morphological evaluation of autologous platelet concentrate materials obtained with different protocols, in culture with human periodontal ligament fibroblasts (HPLF). The study design included the evaluation of Leukocyte-Platelet-Rich-Fibrin (L-PRF), Concentrated Growth Factors (CGF) and autologous platelet gel (APG) in contact with the HPLF cell line after 24 h, 72 h and 7 days of in vitro culture. Cell proliferation and, therefore, viability were evaluated with XTT assays. The morphological response of the cells was evaluated by light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and confocal microscopy. The XTT assay showed an interesting response in the growth curve. In particular, the material that gave the best results was the CGF. The morphological data supported the XTT assay, showing the best results for the CGF and L-PRF. In conclusion, all the platelet-derived materials stimulated the onset of the growth of the HPLF cell line, making them promising options for periodontal regeneration interventions.

Field of study: Materials science
Interaction of wide-spectrum electromagnetic pulses with materials containing a superstructure

The interaction of wide-spectrum electromagnetic pulses with materials containing a superstructure is considered. The effective equation is obtained, which has a form of classical one-dimensional sine-Gordon equation, perturbed by quantum transitions between minibands. Numerical solutions are presented, and a region is established, where transitions between minibands play a significant role in the electromagnetic pulse dynamics.

Field of study: Physics
Cellulase genes of Cellulomonas uda CB4. I. Cloning and expression of β-glucosidase genes in Escherichia coli

Two β-glucosidase genes in Cellulomonas uda CB4 were cloned in Escherichia coli with pAT325 constructed from pAT153 and pBR325. Plasmids pCC1 and pCG1 were isolated from the transformants producing β-glucosidase, and the β-glucosidase genes cloned were in 6.1 and 8.1 kb Bam HI fragments, respectively. The amount of β-glucosidase expressed in E. coli harboring pCCl and pCGI was 1.2 and 4.0 times that in the present strain. E. coli harboring pCCl grew efficiently on cellobiose.

Field of study: Biology, Engineering
elemental redistribution and interfacial reaction mechanism for the flip chip Sn-3.0Ag-(0.5 or 1.5)Cu solder bump with Al/Ni(V)/Cu under-Bump metallization during aging

In flip chip technology, Al/Ni(V)/Cu under-bump metallization (UBM) is currently applicable for Pb-free solder, and Sn−Ag−Cu solder is a promising candidate to replace the conventional Sn−Pb solder. In this study, Sn-3.0Ag-(0.5 or 1.5)Cu solder bumps with Al/Ni(V)/Cu UBM after assembly and aging at 150°C were employed to investigate the elemental redistribution, and reaction mechanism between solders and UBMs. During assembly, the Cu layer in the Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu joint was completely dissolved into solders, while Ni(V) layer was dissolved and reacted with solders to form (Cu1−y,Niy)6Sn5 intermetallic compound (IMC). The (Cu1−y,Niy)6Sn5 IMC gradually grew with the rate constant of 4.63 × 10−8 cm/sec0.5 before 500 h aging had passed. After 500 h aging, the (Cu1−y,Niy)6Sn5 IMC dissolved with aging time. In contrast, for the Sn-3.0Ag-1.5Cu joint, only fractions of Cu layer were dissolved during assembly, and the remaining Cu layer reacted with solders to form Cu6Sn5 IMC. It was revealed that Ni in the Ni(V) layer was incorporated into the Cu6Sn5 IMC through slow solid-state diffusion, with most of the Ni(V) layer preserved. During the period of 2,000 h aging, the growth rate constant of (Cu1−y,Niy)6Sn5 IMC was down to 1.74 × 10−8 cm/sec0.5 in, the Sn-3.0Ag-1.5Cu joints. On the basis of metallurgical interaction, IMC morphology evolution, growth behavior of IMC, and Sn−Ag−Cu ternary isotherm, the interfacial reaction mechanism between Sn-3.0Ag-(0.5 or 1.5)Cu solder bump and Al/Ni(V)/Cu UBM was discussed and proposed.

Field of study: Materials science
Vegetarian diet alternated with conventional low-protein diet for patients with chronic renal failure.

A dietary management program, consisting of the alternation between a vegetarian low-protein diet (VD) and an animal-based conventional low-protein diet (CLPD), aims to increase foods choices and to improve compliance with dietary prescriptions, psychologic aspects, and the quality of life of renal patients. The present study investigates the subjective effects and the practical consequences of this dietary approach in patients with chronic renal failure.



Twenty patients (13 men, 7 women, 53 +/- 10 years) with chronic renal failure (creatinine clearance, <45 mL/min) were given the possibility to alternate (at their own convenience) the CLPD with the VD. After a follow-up period of 9 +/- 8 months, biochemistries were drawn and a questionnaire was mailed to asses the patients' subjective remarks about the proposed dietary management.



Most of the patients (90%) favorably accepted this dietary schedule because it provided more variety, it was less repetitive, and it was more suitable for those leading an active life. In many cases, patients reported that their quality of life and some psychologic problems were improved, as well as the palatability of the diet. On this dietary regimen, monthly demands of starch-made foods can be reduced and, hence, the social and/or individual costs. These features contributed to better compliance with dietary prescriptions. Nutritional parameters did not change significantly, and a decrease in total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were observed.



Our observations suggest that alternating between an animal-based CLPD and a vegetable-based VD can provide a useful dietary management for renal patients, giving them more chances for long-lasting dietary compliance.

Field of study: Medicine
Keynes on the Stages of Development of the Capitalist Economy: The Institutional Foundation of Keynes's Methodology

Most economists assume that Keynes's theory of the capitalist macroeconomy is adequately represented by the standard set of "Keynesian" aggregated supply and demand curves. The generally accepted interpretation of The General Theory, pioneered and popularized by Paul Samuelson, suggests that the consumption, marginal efficiency of capital, liquidity preference, and labor supply functions constitute the scientific core of the book; the comments, observations and asides that surround this core, it is assumed, have little scientific value. These core behavioral equations of mainstream Keynesianism are derived from the optimizing decisions of typical neoclassical economic agents who are fully specified through their endowment bundles and preference orderings. Indeed, the fact that modem Keynesian theory is logically founded on such starkly defined, isolated agents is the reason it is granted scientific status. This essay is concerned with the following important implication of the standard interpretation of Keynes's theory. If mainstream Keynesian theory is indeed an adequate reflection of Keynes's approach to macroeconomic analysis, then his theory must be ahistorical and insti-

Field of study: Economics
The Rise of a European Defense

Over the last decade, the European Union's major powers have collaborated to build an increasingly integrated and technologically advanced defense industry. In Britain, for example, key weapons programs include the Storm Shadow long-range cruise missile, the Brimstone anti-tank missile, and the Eurofighter combat aircraft. In Germany, key programs include the A400M tactical and strategic airlift and the Taurus air-to-surface guided missile. In France, programs include the Galileo global navigation satellite system, the European medium-altitude long-endurance unmanned aerial vehicle, and the Scalp cruise missile. All of these weapons and platforms have something sig nificant in common: they are being developed and produced in collaboration with other European states and firms. In some areas, such as missiles, research and development occur almost exclusively at the European level through the transnational European firm MBDA. The European Union's establishment of a European Defense Agency in 2004 in Brussels has further increased the prospect of an integrated European defense market. As Henry Kissinger argues: "The emergence of a unified Europe is one of the most revolutionary events of our time."1 These developments are striking. Most Americans consider European defense cooperation more fiction than fact.2 However, a significant amount of quantitative and qualitative evidence strongly suggests that EU states are grad ually building a strong and integrated defense industrial base. This will likely have important implications for the future of the transatlantic relationship. It will also

Field of study: Political science
Magnetostratigraphy, nannofossil stratigraphy and apparent polar wander for Adria-Africa in the Jurassic–Cretaceous boundary interval

article i nfo Existing correlations of Early Cretaceous nannofossil events to polarity zones in Italian pelagic limestones are the basis for correlation of polarity chrons to geologic stages, and hence calibration of the Early Cretaceous geomagnetic polarity timescale. Here, we present correlations of nannofossil events to polarity chrons for the Late Jurassic and Jurassic/Cretaceous boundary interval from the Southern Alps, making the case for revisions of current geologic timescales in this interval. The Jurassic/Cretaceous and Kimmeridgian/Tithonian boundaries can be usefully defined at the onsets of polarity chrons CM18R and CM22R, respectively. The Oxfordian/Kimmeridgian boundary can be assigned to CM25. An apparent polar wander path (APWP) for the Southern Alps, derived from, and time-calibrated by bio-magnetostratigraphic data, is similar to, and provides a proxy for, the African APWP in the absence of adequate African data of this age. The Southern Alpine APWP is characterized by a cusp (hairpin) at ∼30°N/270°E at a time close to the Oxfordian/ Kimmeridgian boundary (polarity chron CM25, ∼154 Ma), rapid APWP from high latitude (N60°N) in the preceding middle Jurassic (Bajocian-Oxfordian) interval coincident with the onset of Central Atlantic/ Ligurian oceanic rifting, and a return to high latitudes during the Cretaceous. Early Jurassic poles at high latitudes (N60°N) are evident for Sinemurian to Toarcian-Aalenian time (175-195 Ma). An APWP for this time interval with this level of temporal calibration cannot be constructed using data from Africa itself, or from other Atlantic-bordering continents by rotation to African coordinates.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Thermodynamics of excitons in semiconductors

During the few microseconds between its laser‐induced creation in a pure semiconductor crystal and its destruction by recombination, a bound electron–hole pair, or exciton, is very active. Like the negative and positive charge carriers from which it forms, the exciton exhibits great mobility, whether it is coaxed by an applied force or simply moves under its own thermal energy. And like an atom in free space, it is bound by Coulomb forces, has discrete energy levels and may combine with other excitons into molecules or even condense into a liquid‐like state. In a semiconductor crystal such as silicon, all of this occurs at temperatures below about 30 K, for these weakly bound neutral particles ionize easily into electrons and holes at higher temperatures. The study of these particles and their products has occupied many physicists over the last couple of decades, and the investigations continue to uncover interesting new phenomena.

Field of study: Physics
Commutative Derivation Context-free Language

The concepts of commutative derivation context-free grammar and of commutative derivation context-free language are presented. It is proofed that regular language and bound context-free language is a subset of the commutative derivation context-free language,while the commutative derivation context-free language is the subset of context-free language.The expression of commutative derivation context-free language is defined,and it is proofed that commutative derivation context-free grammar is equipollence with the expression of commutative derivation context-free language.

Field of study: Computer science
Targeting of pro-apoptotic TLR adaptor SARM to mitochondria: definition of the critical region and residues in the signal sequence.

The fifth and the most well-conserved member of the TLR (Toll-like receptor) adaptor, SARM (sterile α- and HEAT/armadillo-motif-containing protein), has been reported to be an important mediator of apoptosis. However, the exact cellular localization of SARM with respect to its role is unclear. In the present study we show that SARM specifically co-localizes with mitochondria. Endogenous SARM is mainly found in the mitochondria. We demonstrate that the N-terminal 27 amino acids (S27) of SARM, which is hydrophobic and polybasic, acts as a mitochondria-targeting signal sequence, associating SARM to the mitochondria. The S27 peptide has an inherent ability to bind to lipids and mitochondria. This sequence effectively translocates the soluble EGFP (enhanced green fluorescence protein) reporter into the mitochondria. Positioning S27 downstream of the EGFP abrogates its mitochondria-targeting ability. Transmission electron microscopy confirms the ability of S27 to import EGFP into the mitochondria. Importantly, by mutagenesis study, we delineated the specificity of the mitochondria-targeting ability to the arginine residue at the 14th position. The R14A SARM mutant also showed reduced apoptotic potential when compared with the wild-type. Taken together, S27, which is a bona fide signal sequence that targets SARM to the mitochondria, explains the pro-apoptotic activity of SARM.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
On the search for the mechanism of photoreactions of some heterocyclic compounds

Photochemical inversion of the sequence of carbon and nitrogen atoms in five-membered heterocycles being a rather common phenomenon, the mechanism of a reaction of this type, the isomerization of some 2-alkylindazoles to the corresponding 1-alkyl-benzimidazoles has been investigated. The reaction is shown to be monomolecular and monophotonic. It starts from the lowest excited singlet state. The u.v, spectrum of an intermediate with lifetime in the order of seconds at room temperature could be determined. There is some evidence for the existence of a further short-lived precursor. Several theoretical models have been applied to speculate on the nature of the primary step.

Field of study: Chemistry
Acceleration and stabilization properties of minimal residual smoothing technique in multigrid

We analyze the standard multigrid method accelerated by a minimal residual smoothing (MRS) technique. We show that MRS can accelerate the convergence of the slow residual components, thus accelerates the overall multigrid convergence. We prove that, under certain hypotheses, MRS stabilizes the divergence of certain slow residual components and thus stabilizes the divergent multigrid iteration. The analysis is customarily conducted on the two-level method.

Field of study: Mathematics
Severity of Alexithymia is Related to Psychosocial Factors in Patients with Peritoneal Dialysis

We examined the relationship between alexithymia and psychosocial factors in 72 peritoneal dialysis patients. The 72 patients had significantly higher scores on alexithymia and anxiety than did 73 healthy volunteers. The alexithymia scores were significantly and positively correlated with anxiety scores, suggesting that alexithymia may be related to anxiety derived from the stress associated with dialysis therapy. After 3 yr. of follow-up consultations, patients were still showing higher scores on alexithymia and anxiety; however, alexithymia scores were not correlated with anxiety scores but rather were significantly associated with poor social support. Alexithymic characteristics may be related to psychosocial factors such as the availability of social support.

Field of study: Psychology
The Social and Economic Integration of Portuguese Immigrants in Brazil in the Late Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries

Like most of the peripheral countries of Europe in the nineteenth century, Portugal experienced population growth, agricultural expansion and even serious industrial development. By mid-century, in fact, it compared reasonably well in basic economic indices with most comparable late industrialising European countries. Although Portugal continued to develop in the second half of the century, its economy did not grow as rapidly as the rest of Europe and by the end of the century it had fallen seriously behind, becoming one of the poorest societies on the continent. This relative backwardness had several causes. Severe problems of land distribution affected the ability of national agriculture to modernise rapidly, especially in the densely populated north where minifundia land holdings predominated. Portugal's important wine industry was modernised but in only one sector and this sector could not expand its international markets.

Field of study: Political science
Origin and chemical evolution of the 1360 Ma San Isabel batholith, Wet Mountains, Colorado: A mid-crustal granite of anorogenic affinities

The 1360 Ma San Isabel batholith is a weakly foliated hornblende-biotite-sphene monzogranite consisting predominantly of two variants: a coarse-grained facies and a medium-grained equigranular facies. It is a deeper-seated portion (mid-crustal; 5-7 kbar) of the extensive rhyolite and upper-crustal granite terrane that occurs in parts of Missouri, Oklahoma, Kansas, and Texas. Mafic minerals are abundant, variable in amount (to as high as 35%) and segregated into mafic-enriched zones. The San Isabel magma probably formed in an anorogenic setting, as suggested by (1) high total alkali and high FeO/(FeO + MgO) ratios, (2) relatively dry nature, (3) trace-element plots in tectonic discrimination diagrams, (4) similar composition of its leucogranite differentiates to shallower A-type granites, and (5) contemporaneity with other A-type granites. Compared to many granitic plutons, the batholith contains small, negative Eu anomalies, low SiO 2 (56.1-72.0 wt%), moderate Sr, and high Fe, Ti, K, Mn, Ba, Sc, REE9s, and FeO/(FeO + MgO). There are large and fairly linear ranges in the abundances of elements concentrated in mafic minerals (for example, Fe, Ti, Mg, and Ca) and smaller ranges (more scatter) in elements concentrated in the felsic minerals (for example, Eu anomaly size and Ba). The San Isabel magma is thus distinctly mafic in comparison with shallow A-type magmas. The San Isabel magma could have formed by >20% aggregate melting of a tonalite/andesite or by

Field of study: Geology
The Stock Market

1. Keynes's explanation for the instability of share prices and investment 2. The Efficient Markets Hypothesis 3. Other explanations for the volatility of share prices Part II. Markets and Returns on Investment: 4. The volatility of share prices 5. The slow growth of real dividends 6. The underevaluation of equities 7. The property market Part III. The Survey: 8. The sample of institutions 9. The allocation of investments 10. Selection of shares 11. Market makers and views of the market 12. Competition between fund managers and investment strategies Part IV. . Keynes as an investor 14. The performance of fund managers 15. The Press Part V.  16. Keynes's propositions, the efficient Markets Hypothesis and bubbles 17. Implications of the study 18. Are equities undervalued.

Field of study: Economics, History
Case Analysis of Fault Exclusion and Performance Optimization of Enterprise Networks

Analyzes the fault with an ERP management information system of an enterprise networks and tries to solve the problem through a variety of techniques of diagnosis and exclusion,such as examining physical circuits,detecting ARP virus attacks,analyzing OmniPeek network protocols,testing runtime environment of the servers,etc.Provides some sound suggestions concerning optimizing enterprise networks and promoting the security and reliability when running the ERP management information system.

Field of study: Computer science