nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The Imperfect Peasant Economy: The Loire Country, 1800-1914

List of figures and tables Preface Part I.  1. Aims and scope 2. The Loire Country: the land and its settlements 3. 'The theory of peasant economy' Part II. Space: 4. Relative space: town and country 5. The connectors 6. The rural economy in toto Part II.  7. Peasant family and peasant population 8. Peasant properties 9. Crisis and stability: the rural economy through time Conclusion Notes Bibliography Index.

Field of study: Economics, History
Effects of chlorpromazine on appetitive and aversive components of a multiple schedule.

A multiple schedule having both an appetitive and an avoidance component was maintained in two dogs to create a complex behavioral base line for observing the effects of chlorpromazine. Both soluble and "Spansule" chlorpromazine generated similar functions relating drug dose to measures of behavioral output. Although the dose ranges and the drugging procedures differed markedly for the different preparations of CPZ, the functions generated were comparable. There was no evidence that chlorpromazine had a differential depressing effect as a function of type of reinforcement. At low doses, rates of responding on the food-reinforced components increased slightly, whereas rates on the avoidance components remained relatively unchanged. At higher doses, both components showed an approximately equal depression of responding. These results are discussed with reference to some of the logical and experimental difficulties inherent in making comparisons across components of a multiple schedule and across schedules in general.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Bayesian mixture model averaging for identifying the different gene expressions of chickpea (Cicer arietinum) plant tissue

Identification of different gene expressions of chickpea (Cicer arietinum) plant tissue is needed in order to develop new varieties of chickpea plant which is resistant to disease through the insertion of genes. This plant is the third legume plant of the Leguminosae (Fabaceae) family and is much needed in the world due to its high-protein seeds and roots that contain symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria. This paper has succeeded to demonstrate the work of Bayesian mixture model averaging (BMMA) approach to identify the different gene expressions of chickpea plant tissue in Indonesia. The results show that the best BMMA normal models contain from 727 (73%) up to 939 (94%) models from 1,000 generated mixture normal models. The fitted BMMA models to gene expression differences data on average is 0.2878511 for Kolmogorov–Smirnov (KS) and 0.1278080 for continuous rank probability score (CRPS). Based on these BMMA models, there are three groups of gene IDs: downregulated, regulated, and upregulated. The results of this grouping can be useful to find new varieties of chickpea plants that are more resistant to disease. The BMMA normal models coupled with Occam's window as a data-driven modeling have succeed to demonstrate the work of building the gene expression differences microarray experiments data.

Field of study: Mathematics
Bladder stones after bladder augmentation are not what they seem.

Bladder and renal calculi after bladder augmentation are thought to be primarily infectious, yet few studies have reported stone composition.



The primary aim was to assess bladder stone composition after augmentation, and renal stone composition in those with subsequent nephrolithiasis. The exploratory secondary aim was to screen for possible risk factors for developing infectious stones.



Patients treated for bladder stones after bladder augmentation at the present institution between 1981 and 2012 were retrospectively reviewed. Data were collected on demographics, surgeries and stone composition. Patients without stone analysis were excluded. Stones containing struvite, carbonate apatite or ammonium acid ureate were classified as infectious. The following variables were analyzed for a possible association with infectious bladder stone composition: gender, history of cloacal exstrophy, ambulatory status, nephrolithiasis, recurrent urea-splitting urinary tract infections, first vs recurrent stones, timing of presentation with a calculus, history of bladder neck procedures, catheterizable channel and vesicoureteral reflux. Fisher's exact test was used for analysis.



Of the 107 patients with bladder stones after bladder augmentation, 85 met inclusion criteria. Median age at augmentation was 8.0 years (follow-up 10.8 years). Forty-four patients (51.8%) recurred (14 multiple recurrences, 143 bladder stones). Renal calculi developed in 19 (22.4%) patients with a bladder stone, and 10 (52.6%) recurred (30 renal stones). Overall, 30.8% of bladder stones were non-infectious (Table). Among patients recurring after an infectious bladder stone, 30.4% recurred with a non-infectious one. Among patients recurring after a non-infectious stone, 84.6% recurred with a non-infectious one (P = 0.005). Compared with bladder stones, renal stones were more likely to be non-infectious (60.0%, P = 0.003). Of patients with recurrent renal calculi after an infectious stone, 40.0% recurred with a non-infectious one. No clinical variables were significantly associated with infectious stone composition on univariate (≥0.28) or bivariate analysis (≥0.36).



This study had several limitations: it was not possible to accurately assess adherence with bladder irrigations, and routine metabolic evaluations were not performed. The findings may not apply to patients in all clinical settings. While stone analysis was available for 3/4 of the stones, similar rates of incomplete stone analyses have been reported in other series.



In patients with bladder augmentation, 1/3 of bladder stones and >1/2 of renal stones were non-infectious. Furthermore, an infectious stone does not imply an infectious recurrent stone and no known clinical variables appear to be associated with stone composition, suggesting that there is a possible metabolic component in stone formation after bladder augmentation.

Field of study: Medicine
Field-scale isotopic labeling of phospholipid fatty acids from acetate-degrading sulfate-reducing bacteria.

Isotopic labeling of biomarker molecules is a technique applied to link microbial community structure with activity. Previously, we successfully labeled phospholipid fatty acids (PLFA) of suspended nitrate-reducing bacteria in an aquifer. However, the application of the method to low energy-yielding processes such as sulfate reduction, and extension of the analysis to attached communities remained to be studied. To test the feasibility of the latter application, an anoxic test solution of 500 l of groundwater with addition of 0.5 mM Br- as a conservative tracer, 1.1 mM SO4(2-), and 2.0 mM [2-13C]acetate was injected in the transition zone of a petroleum hydrocarbon-contaminated aquifer where sulfate-reducing and methanogenic conditions prevailed. Thousand liters of test solution/groundwater mixture were extracted in a stepwise fashion after 2-46 h incubation. Computed apparent first-order rate coefficients were 0.31+/-0.04 day(-1) for acetate and 0.34+/-0.05 day(-1) for SO4(2-) consumption. The delta13C increased from -71.03 per thousand to +3352.50 per thousand in CH4 and from -16.15 per thousand to +32.13 per thousand in dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC). A mass balance suggested that 43% of the acetate-derived (13)C appeared in DIC and 57% appeared in CH4. Thus, acetate oxidation coupled to sulfate reduction and acetoclastic methanogenesis occurred simultaneously. The delta13C of PLFA increased on average by 27 per thousand in groundwater samples and 4 per thousand in sediment samples. Hence, both suspended and attached communities actively degraded acetate. The PLFA labeling patterns and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) analyses of sediment and groundwater samples suggested that the main sulfate-reducing bacteria degrading the acetate were Desulfotomaculum acetoxidans and Desulfobacter sp. in groundwater, and D. acetoxidans in sediment.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Conductivity relaxation experiments on Ni1−δO

The chemical diffusion coefficient D of polycrystalline nickel oxide was studied as a function of oxygen activity (10 5 atm < p O2 < 1 atm) and temperature (700°C < T < 1200°C) employing electronic conductivity relaxation experiments in the van der Pauw configuration. With this technique the sample is equilibrated under a given oxygen pressure. The oxygen content of the atmosphere surrounding the sample tablet is then changed stepwise and re-equilibration of the sample is followed by monitoring the conductivity relaxation. The chemical diffusion coefficient is obtained from the time-dependent variation of the electronic conductivity. The temperature dependence of D between 700 and 1200°C can be described by D(cm 2 s -1 ) = 2.40 × 10 -3 exp(-0.70±0.05 eV/kT). The chemical diffusion coefficient is found to be almost independent of the oxygen partial pressure and thus of oxide composition. The electronic conductivity at 1000°C shows a 1/6 dependence on the oxygen partial pressure, indicating the presence of doubly ionized nickel vacancies and electron holes as predominant defects. The D values are compared with literature results on single crystals.

Field of study: Materials science
Evidence for a dimeric intermediate on the crystallization pathway of ribonuclease A.

Early steps in the crystallization process of pancreatic ribonuclease have been investigated by time-dependent fluorescence anisotropy, using a labeled protein as a fluorescent probe. Previous experiments have shown that steady-state fluorescence anisotropy is sensitive to protein-protein interactions and can be used to find new crystallization conditions. The present work describes an attempt, by means of time-resolved experiments, to detect and characterize species appearing in the early stages of the crystallization pathway. Fluorescence anisotropy decay was measured with synchrotron radiation as a light source under a variety of conditions where it is known that the solutions tend towards crystallization; the decay was analyzed by a maximum-entropy method that calculates a rotational correlation-time distribution. Fluorescence anisotropy originates in the Brownian rotatory motion of macromolecules and the values of the correlation times are related to the size and shape of different species present in the solution. In the presence of high salt concentrations, a bimodal distribution is always observed. Whereas a peak of protein monomer is still present, a second peak appears as a stable intermediate in the crystallization pathway. The correlation time of this new species varies between two and three times the correlation time of the monomer. The second peak is possibly the symmetrical dimer of the ribonuclease molecules commonly observed in all the high-salt crystal forms.

Field of study: Chemistry
Effect of carbon dioxide on the survival of ram spermatozoa frozen by the pellet method.

Two experiments were conducted to examine the effect of carbon dioxide (CO2 gas) on the survival of ram spermatozoa frozen by the pellet method. Frozen-thawed semen was flushed with CO2 gas for various periods and the motility of spermatozoa after thawing was investigated. The longer periods for more than 135 seconds of CO2 gas treatment significantly (P<0.01) depressed the motility of spermatozoa after thawing. However, flushing with CO2 gas for less than 90 seconds did not affect the motility. It appears that flushing with CO2 gas for a limited time, 90 seconds at the time of insemi-nation could be effectively utilized for the rapid method of non-surgical intrauterine in-semination with frozen-thawed semen in sheep.

Field of study: Biology
La santé en situation linguistique minoritaire

Les communautes francophones vivant en situation minoritaire evaluees a 1 million de personnes (4,4 % de la population canadienne) sont dispersees un peu partout au pays. Les plus fortes concentrations sont en Ontario (509 265) et au Nouveau Brunswick (239 400), alors qu'ailleurs, on peut compter de 63 000 francophones (Alberta) a moins de 500 francophones (Nunavut) (Statistique Canada 2002). Ces communautes presentent un profil diversifie : elles sont en general moins jeunes, moins scolarisees et moins nombreuses sur le marche du travail, bien que leur revenu moyen soit cependant similaire a celui des anglophones. Elles sont davantage concentres dans des regions ou l'economie est plus instable rendant ainsi plus difficile le developpement et l'acces aux ressources sociales. La communaute anglophone minoritaire n'existe, par definition, qu'au Quebec et represente 13,9 % de la population quebecoise, soit 1 009 185 de personnes. 
 
La refonte de la Loi sur les langues officielles de 1988 a engage le gouvernement federal a appuyer le developpement des communautes francophones et anglophones en situation minoritaire au Canada et a promouvoir la pleine reconnaissance et l'usage du francais et de l'anglais. La langue revet une dimension particuliere lorsqu'il s'agit de la sante. Une revue de la litterature faite pour Sante Canada decrit les effets negatifs de la barriere linguistique sur l'acces aux services de sante, sur la qualite des soins, sur les droits des patients, sur l'efficacite de la communication patient-medecin, et sur la sante elle-meme (Bowen 2001). La barriere linguistique reduirait le recours aux services preventifs et le suivi adequat des patients particulierement en ce qui a trait aux services bases sur la communication (sante mentale, readaptation, services sociaux). En contrepartie elle contribuerait a accroitre l'utilisation des services d'urgence et le recours a des tests additionnels. Quelques etudes montrent qu'il y a lieu d'investiguer cette situation. Celle de la Federation des communautes francophones et acadiennes du Canada (FCFA 2001) a revele qu'entre 50 et 55 % des francophones ont aucunement ou rarement acces a des services de sante en francais. Une analyse secondaire de l'ESCC indique que 62 % des francophones âges de 65 ans et plus de l'Ontario communiquent en anglais avec leur medecin et sont plus insatisfaits de l'accessibilite et de la qualite des services (Bourbonnais et al.). Enfin, selon une etude de Statistique Canada (2006), les francophones (de 16 a 65 ans) minoritaires affichent un niveau d'alphabetisme plus faible que les anglophones, ce qui peut exercer une influence negative sur la sante. 
 
Ces quelques observations permettent de soutenir l'hypothese d'une sante differentielle et d'un role plus grand chez les minoritaires de certains determinants.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Aging and Raman scattering study of scandia and yttria doped zirconia

The changes of electrical conductivity during annealing at 1273 K in stabilized zirconia with 8 mol% Y 2 O 3 (8YSZ), 8 mol% Sc 2 O 3 (8ScSZ) and 11 mol% Sc 2 O 3 (11ScSZ) have been examined. 8YSZ and 8ScSZ showed significant decrease in conductivity during the initial stage of annealing, whereas 11ScSZ showed no conductivity decrease. The Raman scattering technique was used to analyze the phase change in the annealed samples. The observed Raman spectrum suggested that the conductivity decrease in 8YSZ and 8ScSZ was caused by a local ordering toward the formation of tetragonal phase in the cubic matrix by annealing at 1273 K.

Field of study: Materials science
EASY-II: a system for modelling of n, d, p, γ and α activation and transmutation processes

EASY-II is designed as a functional replacement for the previous European Activation System, EASY-2010. It has extended nuclear data and new software, FISPACT-II, written in object-style Fortran to provide new capabilities for predictions of activation, transmutation, depletion and burnup. The new FISPACT-II code has allowed us to implement many more features in terms of energy range, up to GeV; incident particles: alpha, gamma, proton, deuteron and neutron; and neutron physics: self-shielding effects, temperature dependence, pathways analysis, sensitivity and error estimation using covariance data. These capabilities cover most application needs: nuclear fission and fusion, accelerator physics, isotope production, waste management and many more. In parallel, the maturity of modern general-purpose libraries such as TENDL-2012 encompassing thousands of target nuclides, the evolution of the ENDF format and the capabilities of the latest generation of processing codes PREPRO-2012, NJOY2012 and CALENDF-2010 have allowed the FISPACT-II code to be fed with more robust, complete and appropriate data: cross-sections with covariance, probability tables in the resonance ranges, kerma, dpa, gas and radionuclide production and 24 decay types. All such data for the five most important incident particles are placed in evaluated data files up to an incident energy of 200 MeV. The resulting code and data system, EASY-II, includes many new features and enhancements. It has been extensively tested, and also benefits from the feedback from wide-ranging validation and verification activities performed with its predecessor

Field of study: Physics
Analysis of the gene characteristic correspondence on rats with Hantavirus and the human infected Hantavirus in natural epidemic areas of HFRS in Shenzhen

To compare and contrast the gene characteristic correspondence of hantaviruses(HV) carried by rats in natural epidemic areas of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome(HFRS) and infected among HFRS patients in Shenzhen,provide a reasonable scientific basis for controlling of HFRS.Methods We collected the patients serum specimens in acute stage and lung tissues samples of rats.ElISA and direct immunofluorescence were applied to screen the positive samples,respectively.The partial G2 fragments of M segment and S segment were amplified from the representative patients' serum positivesamples and lung tissues positive samples in different areas with reverse transcription-nested-polymerase chain reaction(RT-nested PCR) by the hantaviruses genotype specific primers.The amplified genes were then sequenced,and subjected to genotyping and homology analysis with other known hantaviruses. Four hundred and seventy-two rats were trapped in the main epidemic areas,and Hantavirus specific-antigens in lung tissues samples were identified in 47 out of the 472 by direct immunofluorescence.Twelve partial M and S segments were amplified from 60 patients serum specimens positive with specific IgM antibodies against hantavirus with ELISA by RT-nested PCR.The homology of M and S genome segments among 16 strains of Hantaviruses showed more than 95% and 96.5% at nucleotide level,respectively.And the deduced amino acid sequences homology was 98.0% -100% and 98.4%-100%,respectively.The genotype of hantavirus carried by rats and infected among patients were identified to the same subtype-SEO S2.Conclusion The genotype of Hantavirus carried by rats and infected among patients in Shenzhen all belongs to S2 SEOV.The nucleotide homology of SEO type of Hantavirus in the same or nearby areas is higher and the viruses are highly conserved. 
 
 
Hantavirus; Genotype; Correspondence; RT-nested PCR; Phylogenetic tree

Field of study: Biology
The Study of Resource Racing with Message-based Model

There is a widely used architecture model named as message-based model, which can construct a loosely coupled system and provide primitive support for rapid asynchronous transaction processing. A comprehensive message-based model server for multiple concurrent transactions and synchronization mechanism for acquiring resources are unavoidable, but there are some dead lock problems caused by inappropriate acquiring and releasing of resources among current transactions. This paper analyzed the resource contention problem caused by inappropriate usage of synchronization mechanism in message-based model, which provided several key techniques and solutions to resolve such resource contention problem from different dimensions. These solutions can provide guidelines for the system designers and developers to avoid resource dead lock risk during system design and implementation. Thus the system could be more stable and robust.

Field of study: Engineering
Geometrical limitations in grating pair pulse compression.

Optical-pulse compression using gratings has become a standard technique for producing ultrafast pulses outside a laser cavity. Short pulses produced by a mode-locked laser are focused into an optical fiber. There, self-phase modulation and group velocity dispersion act to broaden the bandwidth of the pulse and impart to it a negative chirp. A pair of diffraction gratings are placed following the fiber. Different frequencies follow different paths through the grating pair; if they are properly oriented, the gratings can compensate for the linear chirp of the pulse. In this way the spectral components of the pulse are compressed in time. The net effect of the system is to produce an output pulse that is shorter than the input pulse because of the additional frequencies generated in the fiber.

Field of study: Physics
Improving on technique of preparing sodium copper chlorophyllin from silkworm faeces

Using silkworm faeces as material,the traditional technique to prepare sodium copper chlorophyllin was improved.Chlorophyll was reacted with copper sulphate when it was being extracted.Chlorophyll,which is not endurable with heat and light,was transformed to copper chlorophyll.Comparing the two methods,the middle product was more stable,the quality and the yield of product were higher than traditional method.Besides,the reasons of the difference were discussed primarily.Other unsteady medicament from plants could be extracted according this way.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Disentangling the effects of available area, mid-domain constraints, and species environmental tolerance on the altitudinal distribution of tenebrionid beetles in a Mediterranean area

Most studies have attempted to identify the major environmental factors responsible for elevational variations in species richness. Such studies have been mainly performed in temperate and tropical areas, whereas the mediterranean biome has been substantially neglected. The aim of this paper was to disentangle the effects of available area, mid-domain constraints, and the environmental tolerance of species, on the altitudinal distribution of tenebrionid beetles in a Mediterranean region. A comprehensive faunistic database was used to assess the elevational distribution of tenebrionids in Latium (Central Italy). Variations in species richness, beta diversity and nestedness were analysed in association with variation in species ranges and midpoints. Variation in species richness was contrasted with patterns expected on the basis of the mid domain effect (MDE) and available surface area. After correcting for differences in area availability due to the conical shape of mountains, an unexpected triphasic pattern emerged: (1) at low altitudes, species richness was higher than expected on the basis of the effect of area and the MDE; (2) at around 800 m elevation, there is an abrupt change in species assemblages, and richness values fit those predicted by the MDE; (3) a new dramatic change occurred at 1,700 m, with tenebrionid assemblages composed of a small number of mainly eurytopic species. The integrated approach used in this study demonstrates that neither MDE nor monotonic patterns fully explain the observed diversity patterns. Variations in species ranges indicate that the elevational gradient filters species according to their ecological tolerance.

Field of study: Environmental science