nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Effects of corner modifications on wind loads and local pressures on walls of tall buildings

In this study, the aerodynamic characteristics of tall buildings with corner modifications (e.g., local wind force coefficients, mean pressure distributions, normalized power spectrum density, and extreme local pressure) were examined. Wind tunnel experiments were conducted to measure the wind pressures on building models with different heights and recessed corners of different ratios. At a wind direction of a = 0° (i.e., wind blowing on the front of a building), corner modifications effectively reduced wind forces in all cases. Specifically, small corner modification ratios reduced wind forces more effectively than their larger counterparts. However, corner modifications resulted in extreme local pressure on building surfaces. In addition, for small corner modification ratios, the probability of extreme local pressure occurring at a = 0° was high. This probability was also high for large corner modification ratios at a = 15° (i.e., wind blowing slightly obliquely on the front of a building) because wind blowing obliquely creates substantial vortex shedding on one side surface and extreme negative pressure over one building side surface. Results of computational fluid dynamic modeling were adopted to determine details of the aerodynamic characteristics of tall buildings with corner modifications.

Field of study: Engineering
Development of a portable digital radiographic system based on FOP-coupled CMOS image sensor and its performance evaluation

As a continuation of our digital X-ray imaging sensor R&D, we have developed a cost-effective, portable, digital radiographic system based on the CMOS image sensor coupled with a fiber optic plate (FOP) and a conventional scintillator. The imaging system mainly consists of a commercially available CMOS image sensor of 48times48 mum2 pixel size and 49.2times49.3 mm2 active area (RadEyetrade2 from Rad-icon Imaging Corp.), a FOP bundled with several millions of glass fibers of about 6 mum in diameter, a phosphor screen such as Min-R or Lanex series, a readout IC board and a GUI software we developed, and a battery-operated X-ray generator (20-60 kVp; up to 1 mA). Here the FOP was incorporated into the imaging system to reduce the performance degradation of the CMOS sensor and the readout IC board caused by irradiation, and also to improve image qualities. In this paper, we describe each imaging component of the fully-integrated portable digital radiographic system in detail, and also present its performance analysis with experimental measurements and acquired X-ray images in terms of system response with exposure, contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR), modulation transfer function (MTF), noise power spectrum (NPS), and detective quantum efficiency (DQE).

Field of study: Physics
Historical review of the reform of single event sports associations in China.

By reviewing history,the author summarized achievements made by the reform of single event sports associations in 30 years,performed an in-depth analysis on key reform practice restricting issues,which mainly include the followings: unclear definition of reform objectives,the lack of specific orientations for the reform as a result of not unified understandings;unclear nature of and relationship between the associations and the event management center;the association organization structure is the same as the governmental structure;a standardized association management system and running mechanism have not been formed,and the association reform lacks in necessary policy support.In order to further deepen the reform,the followings should be done: specify reform objectives,and unify understandings;clarify association nature;perfect association organization structure,manage-ment system,running mechanism and corresponding legal construction.

Field of study: Education
Leishmania donovani secretory serine protease alters macrophage inflammatory response via COX-2 mediated PGE-2 production.

Leishmania parasites determine the outcome of the infection by inducing inflammatory response that suppresses macrophage's activation. Defense against Leishmania is dependent on Th1 inflammatory response by turning off macrophages' microbicidal property by upregulation of COX-2, as well as immunosuppressive PGE-2 production. To understand the role of L. donovani secretory serine protease (pSP) in these phenomena, pSP was inhibited by its antibody and serine protease inhibitor, aprotinin. Western blot and TAME assay demonstrated that pSP antibody and aprotinin significantly inhibited protease activity in the live Leishmania cells and reduced infection index of L. donovani-infected macrophages. Additionally, ELISA and RT-PCR analysis showed that treatment with pSP antibody or aprotinin hold back COX-2-mediated immunosuppressive PGE-2 secretion with enhancement of Th1 cytokine like IL-12 expression. This was also supported in Griess test and NBT assay, where inhibition of pSP with its inhibitors elevated ROS and NO production. Overall, our study implies the pSP is involved in down-regulation of macrophage microbicidal activity by inducing host inflammatory responses in terms of COX-2-mediated PGE-2 release with diminished reactive oxygen species generation and thus suggests its importance as a novel drug target of visceral leishmaniasis.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Physics
Application of Austempering Hardness Change Rule in Continuous Tempering Condition

A austempering mathematical model of the change rule of the tempering hardness for 30CrMnSiA steel was established based on the nonlinear regression analysis.Using the three dimensional graph described by this model,the destinguish between the austempering and the continuous tempering was analyzed.Theory analysing shows that the continuous tempering course can be see as a superposition of multiple austempering courses.The tempering hardness of quenched steel under continuous tempering can be determined by austempering model so long as the changing curve of temperature for the continuous tempering course is given.The austempering mathematical model can be conveniently used to forecast hardness change of quenched steel at continuous tempering condition,or the austempering model can be used to control tempering course in the real production process on the basis of different hardness requirements.

Field of study: Materials science
Some new results on the semiduality of small sets of analytic functions

Continuing work from [5], we use some normality criteria to show that certain sets of two analytic functions are not semidual. In particular, sets of the form V := {z ↦ 1/(1 - z);φ} where φ is a rational function analytic in the unit disk are studied, and sufficient conditions for V being not semidual are given.

Field of study: Philosophy
Precipatation of calcium carbonate by Vibrio spp. from an inland saltern

Calcium carbonate precipitation by 63 strains of moderately halophilic bacteria (Vibrio spp.) isolated from water of a saltern pond has been studied, taking into account the influence of salinity and temperature on the quantity and type of crystals precipitated. The bacteria formed crystals under all the conditions tested. All the crystals were magnesium calcite, with a variable Mg content, depending upon the medium provided. No aragonite was detected, even in a media with high Mg contents. Whether these microorganisms play an active role in precipitation is discussed, as well as the possibility that they may contribute to CaCO3 precipatation in their natural habitats.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Who says: "No Fair!"? What personality and an experiment in educational value tell us about perceptions of costs and benefits of research pool requirements

Human subject pools (HSPs) are the basis for much psychological research. There is an explicit assumption that participants receive benefits from their participation, however there is little empirical research about the costs/benefits of participation. We conducted two studies with undergraduate psychology students to evaluate factors that can affect the cost/benefit ratio. Study 1 (N=46) examined Big Five personality characteristics and number of psychology courses taken, in relation to perceived benefits. There were depreciating returns for on-going participation but no personality differences in ratings. Study 2 (N=50) used a quasi-experimental design to manipulate educational value. Half of the participants completed an educational assignment that integrated their HSP research experience into course material. Students who completed the educational assignment had a strong sense of contributing to scientific knowledge whereas students who had no such assignment did not. Implications for increasing educational value in HSPs are discussed.

Field of study: Education
Comparative effectiveness of treatments for cerebral arteriovenous malformations: trends in nationwide outcomes from 2000 to 2009.

OBJECT
The development of multimodality approaches for the treatment of cerebral arteriovenous malformations (AVMs), including microsurgery, endovascular therapy, and radiosurgery, has shifted modern treatment paradigms in the last 10 years. This study examines these changes in detail from a nationwide perspective.



The authors examined data from 2001 to 2009 in the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) database, and they assessed the safety, quality, and cost-effectiveness, including the total number of discharges, discharge proportion, length of stay, and hospital charges. The authors also examined patient demographics (including age, sex, income level, and insurance), hemorrhage status at presentation, and trends in open surgical and endovascular treatment.



A total of 33,997 inpatient admissions for patients with a primary diagnosis of intracranial AVM were identified, with a mean of 4191 patients admitted annually. The mean hospital charges increased 2-fold over the study period without significant differences in outcomes. There were substantial differences between surgical, endovascular, radiosurgical, and multimodality treatments. The proportion of AVMs treated microsurgically remained stable over this period, while the proportion treated endovascularly dramatically increased in size, and the data demonstrate important patient-level distinctions among groups. Outcomes and complication profiles were significantly different between treatment modalities and were impacted by age and hemorrhage status.



Charges associated with treatment of cerebral AVMs to the payer and society have increased dramatically over the first decade of the 21st century without clear improvements in quality parameters. However, analysis of the 3 primary treatment modalities has demonstrated differences and warrants further investigation to understand which patient population would benefit maximally from each. Unfortunately, with only imprecise measurements of quality in health care delivery, it remains imperative to develop national databases in which parameters, such as survival, functional outcomes, quality of life, and complication rates, can be assessed to examine the value of care delivered in a more meaningful way. Demonstrating an ever-increasing value of delivered health care will be imperative in our evolving health care system.

Field of study: Medicine
Un espacio de aprendizaje para quien comienza a investigar

Desde hace varios anos, el Comite Editorial de Acta Medica Costarricense, ha observado con preocupacion el comportamiento de las producciones cientificas que los colegas nos envian a la revista para ser publicadas. Como parte de este material, identificamos un grupo de trabajos, usualmente realizados por investigadores noveles, que reflejan una carencia de conocimientos basicos referentes no solo a que y como investigar, sino tambien, a la forma de trabajar con los datos y de producir posteriormente un manuscrito cientifico de calidad. Por lo antes expuesto, y con la esperanza de servir de orientacion a todo aquel que se inicia en el campo de la investigacion biomedica, hemos decidido la creacion de este espacio. No pretendemos hacer una revision exhaustiva y profunda de todos los temas relacionados con este topico, pues para tales efectos, existen maravillosos libros de texto, articulos en publicaciones periodicas y cursos de excelente calidad en las universidades. Nuestro objetivo es el de presentar de una manera didactica los elementos fundamentales para despegar en el espacio de la investigacion biomedica. La ruta de vuelo, y el destino final, dependeran del talento, la orientacion y la constancia de cada uno.

Field of study: Mathematics
Critique of Paul B. Goodwin's "The Central Argentine Railway and the Economic Development of Argentina, 1854-1881"

Professor Paul Goodwin argues that: the Central Argentine' Railway (CAR) was not built ahead of demand but "in response to clearly discerned market patterns and economic opportunity;" and that "analysis of the Central's early years also provide's a test of a variant but similar theme-the railroad created demand and was a prime' mover in economic development."' His conclusions rest on a study of indicators of increased economic activity in the' 1850s and 1860s, and especially on a number of glowing descriptions of central Argentina made by contemporaries on the eve of the construction of the CAR or shortly after its arrival to the city of Cordoba. The' first conclusion is correct if the emphasis is put on economic opportunity rather than on achievement. The second of his conclusions cannot be totally supported by a detailed analysis of the Central's early years. The descriptions of Argentina made at the time of the CAR's construction must be discounted, since to some extent they reflected not what the country was like but rat-her what it was expected to become. Certainly, the shareholders of the railway did not concur in those expectations. And once the railway was in operation, the guarantee and the land grant which induced its construction gave rise to a number of problems, none' of which aided the development of the area, but led to the rescission of the guarantee in 1884. By that date, the railway could at last live up to its promise. Regarding prerailway development, consider Goodwin's statement that population had begun to move into the area between Rosario and

Field of study: History
Dedicating Copyright to the Public Domain

This article explores whether authors can dedicate their copyright to the public domain. Such dedications are becoming increasingly relevant as authors now see the expansion of the public domain as value in itself. This is facilitated by organisations providing pro forma documents for dedicating works to the public domain. However, there has been no real consideration of what, if any, legal effect a dedication to the public might have. This article suggests that such dedications are no more than copyright licences which, in English and US law at least, can be revoked at will. This means that users of such works must rely on estoppel alone to enforce any dedication to the public domain.

Field of study: Law
An Adaptive QAM Modulation System with STBC Precoding and Covariance Feedback

A low-complexity adaptive quadrature amplitude modulation(QAM) scheme was presented to increase throughput for multi-antenna communication system with covariance feedback.The optimal STBC precoding was achieved according to the criteria of minimizing average bit error rate(BER).An adaptive constellation levels were selected for different channel states to increase throughput under the constraint of the system's BER.The results show good performance,low realization complexity and low feedback overhead.

Field of study: Engineering
Optical nonreciprocity of cold atom Bragg mirrors in motion.

Reciprocity is fundamental to light transport and is a concept that holds also in rather complex systems. Yet, reciprocity can be switched off even in linear, isotropic, and passive media by setting the material structure into motion. In highly dispersive multilayers this leads to a fairly large forward-backward asymmetry in the pulse transmission. Moreover, in multilevel systems, this transport phenomenon can be all-optically enhanced. For atomic multilayer structures made of three-level cold 87Rb atoms, for instance, forward-backward transmission contrast around 95% can be obtained already at atomic speeds in the meter per second range. The scheme we illustrate may open up avenues for optical isolation that were not previously accessible.

Field of study: Physics
Synthesis and characterisation of lignin-like oligomers as a bio-inspired consolidant for waterlogged archaeological wood

The development of new materials for the consolidation of waterlogged archaeological wood from sustainable sources is an important area of research, as the most widely used consolidant today is petroleum based. Ideally a new consolidant will interact with the existing wood structure, ensuring maximum compatibility. Lignin is often the major component remaining in archaeological wood, as it is less susceptible to degradation than holocellulose. Therefore, in order to maximise the potential for interaction with the wood cells, lignin-like oligomers have been synthesized from isoeugenol using a water soluble copper salen catalyst at pH 10, giving a weight average Mw of 1.6 kDa. Analysis by NMR spectroscopy has shown that the oligomers have a lignin-like structure with β-O-4′, β-β′ and β-5′ connections. A 10 w/w% solution of the oligomers in ethyl acetate was found to thoroughly penetrate 1 cm3 samples of waterlogged archaeological wood (density of 0.146 g/mL, maximum water content of 620%) after 14 days impregnation, as determined by FTIR spectroscopy. No impregnation material could be seen by SEM, suggesting that it coats the cell walls upon drying. This indicates that dehydrogenated polymers penetrate waterlogged archaeological wood well and have the potential to be developed into consolidants.

Field of study: Chemistry
Comparison of magnetic resonance urography to dimercaptosuccinic acid scan for the identification of renal parenchyma defects in children with vesicoureteral reflux.

The objective of this study was to compare the accuracy of dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) renal scan to magnetic resonance urography (MRU) in the identification of renal parenchyma defects (RPD).



Twenty-five children with history of acute pyelonephritis and vesicoureteral reflux underwent DMSA scan and MRU to determine the presence of RPD. DMSA scans and MRUs were each evaluated by two radiologists and agreement achieved by consensus. Discordant DMSA-MRU findings were re-evaluated in a side-by-side comparison and an ultimate consensus reached.



The ultimate consensus diagnosis was 18 kidneys with RPDs in 15 patients, of which five were classified as mild RPDs, six as moderate RPDs, and seven as severe RPDs. Although DMSA scan and MRU were similar in their ability to diagnose RPDs, MRU was considered to represent the true diagnosis in 11 of the 12 discordant cases in consensus review by four pediatric radiologists. MRU showed a much higher inter-observer agreement with a weighted kappa of 0.96 for both kidneys compared to 0.71 for the right kidney and 0.86 for the left kidney by DMSA scan.



Our results suggest that MRU is superior to DMSA scan in the identification of renal parenchyma defects.

Field of study: Medicine
Non-Bayesian Periodic Cramér-Rao Bound

The Cramér-Rao bound (CRB) is one of the most important tools for performance analysis in parameter estimation. In many practical periodic parameter estimation problems, the appropriate criterion is periodic in the parameter space. However, the CRB does not provide a valid lower bound in such problems. In this paper, the periodic CRB for non-Bayesian periodic parameter estimation is derived. The proposed periodic CRB is a lower bound on the mean-square-periodic-error (MSPE) of any periodic-unbiased estimator, where the periodic-unbiasedness is defined by using Lehmann-unbiasedness. It is shown that if there exists a periodic-unbiased estimator which achieves the bound, then the maximum likelihood produces it. The periodic CRB and the performance of some periodic-unbiased estimators are compared in terms of MSPE in a linear, Gaussian problem with modulo measurements and for phase estimation problems.

Field of study: Engineering
The Review Process at PSPB: Correlates of Interreviewer Agreement and Manuscript Acceptance

Reviewer agreement and the predictors of publication judgments were investigated for first-submission manuscripts to the Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin during a 3 1/2—year period (i.e., one editor’s tenure). Among the findings were the following: Reviewers’ judgments of manuscripts were multirather than unidimensional; reviewer agreement about methodology and overall recommendation was greater among high-prestige than mixed-prestige reviewers; authors with high prestige and authors with low professional experience submitted longer manuscripts than their counterparts; author prestige and text length were positively related to publication judgments of reviewers and editors; and author gender was related to editor’s decisions with female authors receiving less favorable decisions than males. The possible mediation of these findings and their implications for understanding the peer-review process in personality and social psychology are discussed.

Field of study: Psychology
Observations on Political Legitimacy in Contemporary Europe

Before, during, and immediately after World War II, the viability of states was much discussed in political literature. Recently, however, that issue has waned as the international community has lowered its threshold requirements and definitions of what constitutes viability. States that would formerly have been deemed nonviable by virtue of their small size, awkward and indefensible frontiers, or meager human and material resources, are now normally and as a matter of course subsidized and sustained by the international community. Corresponding to this process in political life, there has occurred a simultaneous shift in the focus of political theory and political analysis away from the question of viability, and toward the issue of legitimacy as particularly important and problematical. The attention currently devoted to this problem of political legitimacy stems in part from a widespread sense that the contemporary state, while viable enough in terms of that older concern and its newer standards, is nevertheless somehow out of phase with the world's travails-seemingly too small and weak to solve such global issues as inflation, yet apparently too big and remote to evoke that cathartic trust, identification, and admiration of its subjects which the state requires if its political system is to function. This essay probes some of the problems-of theory and of policy-confronting state authorities in contemporary Europe as they seek to achieve, sustain, and enhance their always vulnerable legitimacy.

Field of study: Political science