nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Do stable isotopes in carbonate cement of Mio-Pleistocene Himalayan sediments record paleoecological and paleoclimatic changes?

Non-pedogenic carbonates, such as carbonate cement and nodules in the sandstones, are quite common in the terrestrial geological record. Unlike pedogenic carbonates, their stable isotope ratios lack investigations for paleo-climatic reconstructions. The present investigation therefore, explores the possibility of use of stable isotope studies of non-pedogenic carbonates from the Mb-Pleistocene Siwalik Group of sediments exposed in the Ramnagar sub-basin of the NW Himalaya. Petrographic studies reveal the dominance of micrite fabric in carbonate nodules both of pedogenic and non-pedogenic samples irrespective of specific stratigraphic unit However, calcite as cement in the sandstones shows the dominance of micrite fabric in the younger in age sediments. Seventy-two non-pedogenic carbonate samples from the carbonate nodules and cement in the Siwalik sandstones, ranging in age between similar to 1 Ma and 12.2 Ma, were analyzed for delta C-13 and delta O-18 values. The delta C-13 values vary from -24.77 parts per thousand to -1.1 parts per thousand and delta O-18 values vary from -15.34 parts per thousand to -7.81 parts per thousand. Pedogenic and non-pedogenic carbonates ranging in age between similar to 1 Ma and 6 Ma have largely similar delta C-13 values and the range of delta C-13 values indicate the dominance of C-4 type of vegetation. However, unlike pedogenic carbonates which showed the dominance of C-3 type of vegetation pre- 7 Ma on the basis of delta C-13 -depleted isotopic values (Singh et al., 2011), delta C-13 values are largely enriched in the corresponding aged non-pedogenic carbonates revealing no information on specific type of vegetation. Likewise, paleoprecipitational reconstructions from delta O-18 values in pedogenic carbonates showed a progressive increase in aridity from similar to 12 Ma to recent excluding short term increases in rainfall/monsoon intensity at around 10 Ma, 5 Ma, and 1.8 Ma (Singh et al., 2012). On the contrary, such reconstructions are not possible from the delta O-18 values of non-pedogenic carbonates and indeed the delta O-18 values of non-pedogenic carbonates are largely depleted to as much as 6 parts per thousand from the corresponding pedogenic carbonates. Such differences in delta C-13 and delta O-18 values of non-pedogenic carbonates from pedogenic carbonates are primarily due to the dependence of the former on groundwater conditions responsible for precipitating carbonate. Further, a comparison of isotopic values between non-pedogenic and pedogenic carbonates can be interpreted that post-6 Ma and pre-6 Ma non-pedogenic carbonates were largely formed by shallow and deep groundwater conditions respectively. The result of these investigative studies therefore, suggests that the stable delta C-13 and delta O-18 values of non-pedogenic carbonates, unlike the pedogenic carbonates and irrespective of nature of calcite fabric, showed their little importance in paleoclimatic and paleoecological reconstructions.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
The environmental water of the middle Eocene Arctic: evidence from δD, δ18O and δ13C within specific compounds.

The extensive vertical exposure (> 150 m) of terrestrial sediments on Axel Heiberg Island, which contain thick fossiliferous lignites, presents an exceptional opportunity to follow the establishment and re-establishment of Arctic Metasequoia forests during the middle Eocene. We compared δ D values in n -alkanes of chain length 23, 25, 27 and 29 with δ 18 O values in phenylglucosazone (P-G) derived from α-cellulose; we also analyzed %-abundance of ferns, gymnosperms and angiosperms using pollen and spores isolated from each lignite. Our results showed that forest composition was altered upon uplift, as gymnosperms became more abundant within the relatively well-drained upland sediments. This was also reflected in the small (1‰), but significant, increase in the δ 13 C value of TOM from lowland to upland environments. However, neither the δ D values of n -alkanes nor the δ 18 O in P-G were statistically different in the upland sediments, as compared to the lowland sediments; from this we inferred that the oxygen isotope signature of environmental water available to the forests for plant growth was relatively uniform throughout the time of the fossil forests. The δ D value of environmental water implied by both n -alkanes and P-G ranged from − 168 to − 131% and was considerably enriched compared to all environmental water samples available from the modern Arctic region (

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
A Longitudinal Study of Auditory Perception and Reading Instruction with First-Grade Negro Children

from a variety of perspectives. Correlative studies have dealt with the relationship between auditory discrimination and reading achievement among both advantaged and disadvantaged children. Experimental studies have evaluated attempts to improve auditory-discrimination ability through special training programs. Some investigators have attempted to evaluate results of such programs in terms of reading progress, while others have focused on developing suitable auditory-perception skills of disadvantaged children.

Field of study: Education
Synthesis, structure, optical and electrochemical properties of the lead sulfate-lead dioxide-lead glasses and vitroceramics

The influence of PbSO4 content on structure, optical and electrochemical properties of the 4PbO2∙ Pb glassy network was investigated using XRD, FTIR and UV–VIS spectroscopies, cyclic voltammetry measurements and optical gap energy calculations. FTIR data shows that the bending modes of the Pb–O–Pb and O–Pb–O linkages from [PbO4] structural units allow the intercalation of entities provided from sulfate ions in the host chain network. Further, the increase of PbSO4 content up to 15 mol% in the host matrix implies formation of PbSO3 and PbO2 crystalline phases. Significant decrease of the gap energy can be understood in the terms of structural changes that are taking place with the introduction of PbSO4 into the glassy and vitroceramic network. Cyclic voltammograms of the electrode glasses having the xPbSO4 · (100 − x)[4PbO2·Pb] composition where x = 0–10 mol% PbSO4 show that the presence of PbSO4 in the host matrix can inhibit the growth of the anodic PbO film and can ensure a better conductivity of the electrode in a rechargeable battery. Thus, the studied samples can be promising electrode candidates for rechargeable batteries. At higher PbSO4 content, up to 15 mol%, electrochemical performances of the electrode were inhibited due to the presence of PbSO3 crystalline phase in the host network.

Field of study: Materials science
The Biomolecular Crystallization Database Version 4: expanded content and new features.

The Biological Macromolecular Crystallization Database (BMCD) has been a publicly available resource since 1988, providing a curated archive of information on crystal growth for proteins and other biological macromolecules. The BMCD content has recently been expanded to include 14 372 crystal entries. The resource continues to be freely available at http://xpdb.nist.gov:8060/BMCD4. In addition, the software has been adapted to support the Java-based Lucene query language, enabling detailed searching over specific parameters, and explicit search of parameter ranges is offered for five numeric variables. Extensive tools have been developed for import and handling of data from the RCSB Protein Data Bank. The updated BMCD is called version 4.02 or BMCD4. BMCD4 entries have been expanded to include macromolecule sequence, enabling more elaborate analysis of relations among protein properties, crystal-growth conditions and the geometric and diffraction properties of the crystals. The BMCD version 4.02 contains greatly expanded content and enhanced search capabilities to facilitate scientific analysis and design of crystal-growth strategies.

Field of study: Chemistry
Study on LAB populations during ripening of naturally fermented Chinese-style sausages

The lactic acid bacteria(LAB)populations in naturally fermented sausages-Sichuan flavor and Guangdong flavor were studied, aim to find out the rules of LAB distributing and succession changes.  (1) The amount of LAB were both at the level of 104cfu/g at the beginning, then increased two days later, the amount of Guangdong taste increased more quickly. By the 12th day, both came to the level of 106cfu/g, on the 21st day exceeded 107cfu/g, reached the peak on the 30th day, and then began to drop 40 days later. (2)The moisture content and the pH value of the fermented sausages were always falling during the ripening process. Their variation trend of the amount of LAB and pH value and moisture content were relationship at a certain extent.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Civilian Primary Care Prescribing Psychologist in an Army Medical Center

The present article discusses the integration of a civilian prescribing psychologist into a primary care clinic at Madigan Army Medical Center. A description of the role of the prescribing psychologist in this setting is provided. The author asserts that integrating prescribing psychology into primary care can improve patient access to skilled behavioral health services including psychotherapeutic and psychopharmacologic treatment. Potential benefits to the primary care providers (PCPs) working in primary care clinics are discussed. The importance of collaboration between the prescribing psychologist and PCP is emphasized. Initial feedback indicates that integration of a prescribing psychologist into primary care has been well received in this setting.

Field of study: Psychology
Conquistador y Pestilencia: The First New World Pandemic and the Fall of the Great Indian Empires

T HE MOST SENSATIONAL military conquests in all history are probably those of the Spanish conquistadores over the Aztec and Inean empires. Cortes and Pizarro toppled the highest civilizations of the New World in a few months each. A few hundred Spaniards defeated populations containing thousands of dedicated warriors, armed with a wide assembly of weapons from the stone and early metal ages. Societies which had created huge empires through generations of fierce fighting collapsed at the touch of the Castilian. After four hundred years the Spanish feat still seems incredible. Many explanations suggest themselves: the advantage of steel over stone, of cannon and firearms over bows and arrows and slings; the terrorizing effect of horses on foot-soldiers who had never seen such beasts before; the lack of unity in the Aztec and Inean empires; the prophecies in Indian mythology about the arrival of white gods. All of these factors combined to deal to the Indian a shock such as only H. G. Wells' IVar of the Worlds can suggest to us. Each factor was undoubtedly worth many hundreds of soldiers to Cortes and Pizarro. For all of that, one might have expected the highly organized, militaristic societies of Mexico and the Andean highlands to survive at least the initial contact with European societies. Thousands of Indian warriors, even if confused and frightened and wielding only obsidian-studded war clubs, should have been able to repel at least the first few hundred Spaniards to arrive. The Spaniard had a formidable ally to which neither he nor the historian has given sufficient credit-disease. The arrival of Columbus in the New World brought about one of the greatest population disasters in history. After the Spanish conquest an Indian of Yucatan wrote of his people in the happier days before the advent of the Spaniard :1

Field of study: History
pH Sensitive Phase Transition and Enzyme Activity of Trypsin-Chitosan Conjugant

Trypsin-chitosan conjugant was prepared by coupling trypsin with chitosan(CS) through the method of 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide/N-hudroxysuccinamide(EDC/NHS) coupling reactions.The resulting conjugant had borne both characteristics of pH-sensitive phase transitional behavior and enzyme catalytic activity.The critical phase transitional pH point(CPSP) of the conjugant was determined by turbid titration method.The results show that CPSP value increase with the decrease of chitosan molecular weight.The CPSP value of CS and its trypsin conjugant could reach 6.36 when the chitosan with molecular weight of 8 × 104 was used.The near neutral CPSP is in favor of stabilizing the enzyme activity during the cyclic procedure of phase transition.Trypsin-CS conjugant could preserve 69% of initial enzyme activity after 30 days storage,and 79% of enzyme activity was observed after 6 cyclic phase transitional procedure.Trypsin-CS conjugant could catalyze the degradation of BSA in homogeneous phase when the pH of solution is slightly less than CPSP value.The conjugant could be recovered by precipitating it from solution when the pH is higher than CPSP value.HPLC results demonstrated that the self degradation of trypsin was significantly inhibited and the interference from the self-degraded peptide could be eliminated in the peptide fragment mapping.

Field of study: Chemistry
Emotions in physician agency.

Two ingredients seem essential in understanding the patient-physician relationship: (i) the physician's informational advantage and (ii) the relevance of the patient's emotions. Health economics has placed great emphasis on the first phenomenon, whereas the second has been considered only recently, that is with the growth of fields of analysis such as Economics and Psychology and Behavioral Medicine, and few investigations have been undertaken. In this article, we survey and discuss the important changes of perspective which the theory that studies the patient-physician relationship has undergone over time. We focus, in particular, on the attitude of patients towards health information and on the role of patient information in physician agency.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Tailoring of global transcription sigma D factor by random mutagenesis to improve Escherichia coli tolerance towards low-pHs.

Bioconversion processes of organic acid or acid hydrolysis of raw material for microbial metabolism often suffer limitations as a result of microbial sensitivity in low-pH conditions. We adopted a three-step method called RAndom Insertional-deletional Strand Exchange mutagenesis (RAISE) to engineer the components of global regulator Sigma D factor (RpoD) of Escherichia coli to improve its acid tolerance. The best strain Mutant VII was identified from random mutagenesis libraries based on the growth performance, which exhibited much higher growth rate than the control (0.22h(-1) vs. 0.15h(-1)) at pH as low as 3.17. Combined transcriptome and phenome analysis of E. coli was carried out to better understand the global effects of RpoD on the regulatory networks. Our analysis showed that 95 (2.1%) of all E. coli genes were induced and 178 (4.0%) genes were repressed, including those for trehalose biosynthesis, nucleotides biosynthesis, carbon metabolism, amino acid utilization, except for acid resistance. Also regulated were the master regulators (ArcA, EvgA, H-NS and RpoS) and gene/operon-specific transcription factors (GadX, GadW, AppY, YdeO, KdgR). These results demonstrated that RpoD acts as global regulator in the growth phase of E. coli and consequently improves acid tolerances.

Field of study: Biology, Engineering
Assessment and Characterization of Some New Photosensitizers for Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy (aPDT)

The novelty of this study consists on the formulation and evaluation of five complex experimental natural photosensitizers (PS): gel with oregano essential oil (O), gel with methylene blue (AM), gel with a mixture of essential oils (Thieves-H), gel with arnica oil and curcuma extract (CU) and gel with frankincense essential oil (T), used as photosensitizing agents (PS) in antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) in the control of microbial biofilm in oral cavity. The experimental PS were characterized by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), UV-Vis spectroscopy, cytotoxicity assay, antimicrobial effect and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The IR spectra of the experimental PS with essential oils exhibit absorption bands due to the presence of water and glycerol in high quantities. The studied compounds had a reduced cytotoxic effect on cell cultures. The lowest cytotoxic effect was observed in experimental PS with oregano essential oil and methylene blue PS. Essential oils with proven antibacterial capabilities used in experimental PS confer antibacterial activity to the gels in which they are incorporated, an activity that may be more efficient use of a PDT therapy. Single bacteria were detected mainly by SEM after 12 h, while aggregate bacteria and micro colonies dominated the samples at 48 h.

Field of study: Materials science
An analysis of grey system models in the area of sports training control

By using examples and methods in mathematical statistics,the authors expatiated on the application of methods for analyzing grey system models in the area of sports training control,and revealed the following findings: In the area of sports training,the analysis of the grey association model can be used for the selection of athletes and calculation of the weight of various training indexes;the grey coordination model can be used for the analysis of advantages and disadvantages in competitive strength as well as the control of various training indexes;the grey predication model can be used to predict future game performances.In conclusion,the methods used for analyzing various grey system models in the area of sports training are able to provide a reference more scientifically for the implementation of the process of sports training control.

Field of study: Education
The pathway of glutamine and glutamate oxidation in isolated mitochondria from mammalian cells.

1. Pyruvate strongly inhibited aspartate production by mitochondria isolated from Ehrlich ascites-tumour cells, and rat kidney and liver respiring in the presence of glutamine or glutamate; the production of (14)CO(2) from l-[U-(14)C]glutamine was not inhibited though that from l-[U-(14)C]glutamate was inhibited by more than 50%. 2. Inhibition of aspartate production during glutamine oxidation by intact Ehrlich ascites-tumour cells in the presence of glucose was not accompanied by inhibition of CO(2) production. 3. The addition of amino-oxyacetate, which almost completely suppressed aspartate production, did not inhibit the respiration of the mitochondria in the presence of glutamine, though the respiration in the presence of glutamate was inhibited. 4. Glutamate stimulated the respiration of kidney mitochondria in the presence of glutamine, but the production of aspartate was the same as that in the presence of glutamate alone. 5. The results suggest that the oxidation of glutamate produced by the activity of mitochondrial glutaminase can proceed almost completely through the glutamate dehydrogenase pathway if the transamination pathway is inhibited. This indicates that the oxidation of glutamate is not limited by a high [NADPH]/[NADP(+)] ratio. 6. It is suggested that under physiological conditions the transamination pathway is a less favourable route for the oxidation of glutamate (produced by hydrolysis of glutamine) in Ehrlich ascites-tumour cells, and perhaps also kidney, than the glutamate dehydrogenase pathway, as the production of acetyl-CoA strongly inhibits the first mechanism. The predominance of the transamination pathway in the oxidation of glutamate by isolated mitochondria can be explained by a restricted permeability of the inner mitochondrial membrane to glutamate and by a more favourable location of glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase compared with that of glutamate dehydrogenase.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Das anomale Verhalten der magnetischen Permeabilität des Eisens in hochfrequenten Feldern

ZusammenfassungDie Herren Malov und Arkadiew haben kürzlich die Ansicht vertreten, daß die Resultate, die ich im Jahre 1927 nach der heterodynen Schwebungsmethode erhalten habe, eine systematische Abnahme der Permeabilität mit abnehmender Frequenz zeigten. Das ist angesichts meines experimentellen Materials nicht gerechtfertigt. Die Hauptfolgerung meiner damaligen Arbeit, daß sich keine Anomalie im Verhalten der Permeabilität des Eisens zwischen 3,500 und 2,50 · 106 Hertz findet, wird durch die Diskussion von Malov und Arkadiew nicht berührt. Neues Material, das mit der Resonanzmethode erhalten wurde, wird hier zum erstenmal veröffentlicht. Es betrifft die Veränderung der Permeabilität mit der Frequenz und den Einfluß von Wirbelströmen. Wirbelstromeffekte können bei dieser Methode große scheinbare Änderungen der Permeabilität mit der Frequenz vortäuschen.

Field of study: Physics
Tropospheric CO vertical profiles deduced from total columns using data assimilation: methodology and validation

This paper presents a validation of a method to derive the vertical profile of carbon monoxide (CO) from its total column using data assimilation.  MOPITT products have the advantage of providing both the vertical profiles and the total columns of CO. Furthermore, this version has been extensively validated by comparison with many independent data sets, and has been used in many scientific studies. The first step of the paper consists in the specification of the observation errors based on the chi-square (χ2) test. The observations have been binned according to three types: over land during daytime, over land during night-time, and over sea. Their respective errors using the χ2 metric have been found to be 8, 11 and 7%. In the second step, the CO total columns, with their specified errors, are used within the assimilation system to estimate the vertical profiles. These are compared to the retrieved profiles of MOPITT V3 at global and regional scales. Generally, the two data sets show similar patterns and good agreement at both scales. Nevertheless, total column analyses slightly overestimate CO concentrations compared to MOPITT observations. The mean bias between both data sets is +15 and +12% at 700 and 250 hPa, respectively. In the third step, the assimilation of total column has been compared to the assimilation of MOPITT vertical profiles. The differences between both analyses are very small. In terms longitude–latitude maps, the mean bias between the two data sets is +6 and +8% at the pressure levels 700 and 200 hPa, respectively. In terms of zonal means, the CO distribution is similar for both analyses, with a mean bias which does not exceed 12%. Finally, the two analyses have been validated using independent observations from the aircraft-based MOZAIC program in terms of vertical profiles over eight airports. Over most airports, both analyses agree well with aircraft profiles. For more than 50% of recorded measurements, the difference between the analyses and MOZAIC does not exceed 5 ppbv (parts per billion by volume).

Field of study: Environmental science