nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Modelling crystal aggregation and deposition in the catheterised lower urinary tract

Urethral catheters often become encrusted with crystals of magnesium struvite and calcium phosphate. The encrustation can block the catheter, which can cause urine retention in the bladder and reflux into the kidneys. We develop a mathematical model to investigate crystal deposition on the catheter surface, modelling the bladder as a reservoir of fluid and the urethral catheter as a rigid channel. At a constant rate, fluid containing crystal particles of unit size enters the reservoir, and flows from the reservoir through the channel and out of the system. The crystal particles aggregate, which we model using Becker–Döring coagulation theory, and are advected through the channel, where they continue to aggregate and are deposited on the channel’s walls. Inhibitor particles also enter the reservoir, and can bind to the crystals, preventing further aggregation and deposition. The crystal concentrations are spatially homogeneous in the reservoir, whereas the channel concentrations vary spatially as a result of advection, diffusion and deposition. We investigate the effect of inhibitor particles on the amount of deposition. For all parameter values, we find that crystals deposit along the full length of the channel, with maximum deposition close to the channel’s entrance.

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics
Modeling the effect of spin polarization of magnetic moments of electrons on crossover formation

We present the results from investigations of the effect of spin polarization on crossover formation in electron microscopes. Spatial distributions of magnetic states of electrons for the electron beams in the crossover of the electron gun are analyzed by the example of a self-consistent spin-polarization field. The factors able to affect the spatial resolving ability and sensitivity of scanning microscopy are evaluated.

Field of study: Physics
Fixed Point and Tripled Fixed Point Theorems under Pata-Type Conditions in Ordered Metric Spaces

In this paper, we first prove a version of the fixed point theorem obtained in [V. Pata, A fixed point theorem in metric spaces,  (2011) 299–305], adjusted for monotone mappings in ordered metric spaces, as well as some generalizations. Then we apply them to obtain results of this type for tripled fixed points in two cases—for monotone and mixed-monotone mappings with three variables. An example is given to show the difference between some of these results.

Field of study: Mathematics
Monoclonal antibodies against recombinant AtHOS15.

Histone modifications are important components of transcriptional regulation and chromatin-based regulatory processes. In addition, WD40-repeat protein and several other components are involved in these functions. Here we present the development of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against Arabidopsis HOS15, a WD40-repeat protein. Mice were immunized with recombinant HOS15 (rHOS15) protein for generating MAbs via the classic hybridoma production technique. We confirmed the specific activity of anti-HOS15 MAbs by tobacco transient expression assays. Based on immunoprecipitation assays, the anti-HOS15 MAb was able to detect endogenous HOS15 in Arabidopsis wild-type plants, but not in hos15 mutant plants. Finally, the anti-HOS15 MAbs are highly sensitive for detecting endogenous HOS15 protein. They can be used for immunological and immunoprecipitation assays to support other experimental strategies. In particular, the anti-HOS15 MAbs will be essential tools to investigate the role of HOS15 in the regulation of tolerance to environmental stresses in plants.

Field of study: Biology
The Effect of Board and Ownership Structure on the Efficiency of Banks in Tunisia: The Stochastic Frontier Approach

The corporate governance problem is likely to be worse in banks due to their attributes (greater opaqueness than other industries, greater government regulation...) that weaken many traditional governance mechanisms. The purpose of this research is to explore the governance characteristics of the Tunisian listed banks and to detect the impact of the internal governance mechanisms on their efficiency during the period 2002-2009. Our findings indicate that the structure and the size of the board of directors and the ownership structures present divergent effects on the banks efficiency. Then, empirical results show that Tunisian listed banks display a middle efficiency level of 81.60% during the period 2002-2006. The deterioration of the efficiency level is owed to big public bank; in fact, private banks are more efficient than the public ones.

Field of study: Business
Strap Design for Carrying Split-phase Grounding Wires

In order to meet the new requirement of carrying and erecting split-phase grounding wires onto the pole in the transmission line when power-off,by applying mechanics principle and horizontal and vertical bi-directional load-bearing principle and human-oriented design principle,a new kind of strap that closely contacts the whole body to carry the grounding wires is designed.The design can be considered as a great innovation compared with the traditional tool of carrying and erecting split-phase grounding wires,and the new design has been put into use in Xinxiang district.This innovation boosts standard and efficient carrying and erecting split-phase grounding wires,can be adopted by the relevant power department.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Discriminant Analysis: A Comment.

The frequent incorrect application or interpretation of statistical methods in publications that use statistics has been noted by a number of authors (e.g., Altman, 1982; Bartko, 1986; Fletcher, Rice, & Ray, 1978; Oakes, 1986; Strube & Hartmann, 1982; Wade & Hartmann, 1978; White, 1979). Bartko indicated, for example, that about half of publications of this type examined in several recent reviews had statistical errors ranging from minor to major, "including false conclusions" (p. 1199). More recently, the frequent occurrence of statistical errors in substantive articles refereed by Long led him to devote an entire book to this subject (Long, 1988). Perhaps as a consequence of the growing awareness of the problem, articles that attempt to inform researchers about statistical methods and promote their correct use have been appearing with increasing frequency in most of the empirical journals of the American Psychological Association. Betz's (1987) recent article on the use of discriminant function analysis in counseling psychology research is of this type. Betz noted that "it is hoped that [the article] will increase readers' interest in and ability to appropriately use discriminant analysis [DA]" (p. 402). The article, in fact, correctly and accurately describes many features of DA that are of use to researchers in counseling psychology. However, there are also some sections of Betz's article that may result in misinterpretation or misapplication of DA. These sections are concerned with (a) methods of testing the significance of discriminant function weights, (b) goals of classification rules, and (c) methods of testing the significance of differences between observed and chance total hit rates. In this article I present information related to these topics and hope to increase the likelihood of the correct application and interpretation of DA. The first topic is considered more important, and is consequently discussed in more detail, than either the second or third topics.

Field of study: Psychology
A mathematical analysis of small mammal populations

Populations of Microtus montanus, the montane vole, have been extensively studied. It is known that their reproductive activity is closely linked to the availability of the chemicals in growing plants. We use a mathematical model here to study how the length of the vegetative season and the natural reproduction rhythm of voles are involved in the long term dynamics of the population numbers. In particular, we use data obtained from Timpie Springs, Utah, and from Jackson Hole, Wyoming, to formulate a model. The novelty of this model is its use of littering curves that highlight the temporally discrete nature of vole reproduction. The model shows how the timing of the vegetative season can influence vole population sizes.

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics
Synergistic Effect of Inflammatory Cytokines and Body Adiposity on Insulin Resistance and Endothelial Markers in Patients With Stages 3-5 Chronic Kidney Disease.

High body adiposity, inflammatory cytokines, insulin resistance (IR), and the endothelial markers-soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1) and soluble vascular adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1)-are among cardiovascular risk factors observed in chronic kidney disease (CKD). Synergistic interaction of inflammatory cytokines with adiposity on IR, sICAM-1, and sVCAM-1 has not been reported in nondialysis-dependent CKD (NDD-CKD) patients. Thus the study aim was to evaluate the interaction of inflammatory cytokines on the association of body adiposity with the cardiometabolic risk factors-IR, sICAM-1, and sVCAM-1-in NDD-CKD patients. Cytokines association with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and body adiposity was also examined.



A cross-sectional study was conducted in an interdisciplinary outpatient Nephrology Clinic.



NDD-CKD adults with eGFR ≤60 mL/minute/1.73 m2 under regular treatment. Inflammatory cytokines, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), sICAM-1, sVCAM-1, eGFR (by CKD-Epidemiology collaboration equation)-EPI equation, and body composition assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and anthropometry were evaluated. Synergistic effects of inflammatory markers with body adiposity on studied cardiometabolic risk factors were assessed by interaction and mediation analysis.



The study cohort comprised 241 NDD-CKD patients (54.8% men; eGFR = 29.4 ± 12.9 mL/minute/1.73 m2). Variables evaluated: Inflammatory cytokines were not associated with eGFR and not different among CKD stages. Percentage of total body adiposity (%TBA) was independently associated with tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) and HOMA-IR. Waist-to-height ratio was independently associated with TNFα, interleukin-8, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP1), and HOMA-IR. Interaction analysis showed TNFα, interleukin-8, and MCP1 as independent mediators of the effects of high percentage of total body adiposity and waist-to-height ratio on HOMA-IR (P < .0001). Body adiposity did not associate with sICAM-1 and sVCAM-1. TNFα (β = 0.40) and MCP1 (β = 0.31) were independently associated with sVCAM-1 (P < .01).



In NDD-CKD patients, inflammatory cytokines synergistically mediated the effects of body adiposity, enhancing the cardiometabolic risk. Inflammation was associated with sVCAM-1, but not with eGFR.

Field of study: Medicine
Study on extraction and stability of pigment from lagerstroe mia specious flower

Extraction conditions, basic properties and stability of the pigment from lagerstroe mia specious flower were investigated in this paper. It was tested that the effects of pH value, temperature, light, oxidant, reducer, kinds of metal ions, and food additives on stability of the pigment. The result showed that good yield of pigment could be obtained by acid extraction: use the aqueous solution including 0.1% hydrochloric acid and 99.7% alcohol (v:v=1:1) as extractive reagent, extracting for 5 hours under the room temperature. The pigment is classified to water-soluble pigment, alcohol-soluble pigment, for which pH value has significant effects on the tone of pigment. And its maximum absorption wavelength was 250.0nm. It is stable below 60℃ and room-temperature under the acidic condition, but sensitive to oxidant. The pigment has a good resistance to light, reducing agent. Most metal ions (except Fe3+ and Sn2+) have no bad effects on the pigment. Some common food additives, such as glucose, sucrose, starch, citric acid, salt, sodium benzoate, having no harmful effect on it.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Droplet nuclei in non-precipitating clouds: composition and size matter

The composition of cloud droplet nuclei was compared to the composition of ambient aerosol particles in non-precipitating clouds in different regions. Single-particle electron microscope techniques were used to identify particle types. The smallest particles (<0.2 µm diameter) exhibited a dependence of composition on nucleating ability, with salts (chlorides and sulfates of Na, K, Ca and Mg) being preferred nuclei types, followed by ammonium sulfates and organics. Crustal and industrial metals were less likely to be incorporated into cloud droplets. However, for experiments where only larger particles were sampled, a weaker dependence on composition was found. This suggests that larger particles have sufficient soluble material to nucleate despite their primary type. Both size and composition seem to be important, with composition becoming increasingly important as smaller particles activate at higher supersaturations in the cloudy environment.

Field of study: Environmental science
Remote Limb Ischaemic Postconditioning Protects Against Myocardial Ischaemia/Reperfusion Injury in Mice: Activation of JAK/STAT3-Mediated Nrf2-Antioxidant Signalling

This study aimed to evaluate the protective effect and mechanisms of remote limb ischaemic postconditioning (RIPostC) against myocardial ischaemia/reperfusion (IR) injury.  Male mice underwent 45 min of coronary artery occlusion followed by 2 h of reperfusion. RIPostC was achieved by three cycles of 5 min of ischaemia and 5 min of reperfusion in the left hind limb at the start of the reperfusion period. After 2 h of cardiac reperfusion, myocardial infarct size, cardiac enzyme release, apoptosis and oxidative stress were assessed. Protein expression and phosphorylation were measured by Western blotting.  RIPostC significantly decreased cardiac IR injury, as reflected by reduced infarct size and cellular apoptosis (22.9 ± 3.3% vs 40.9 ± 6.2% and 13.4% ± 3.1% vs 26.2% ± 3.1%, respectively, both P < 0.01) as well as plasma creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release (21.97 ± 4.08 vs 35.86 ± 2.91 ng/ml and 6.17 ± 0.58 vs 8.37 ± 0.89 U/ml, respectively, both P < 0.01) compared with the IR group. RIPostC significantly increased the phosphorylation of myocardial STAT3, Akt and eNOS (P < 0.01). In addition, RIPostC elevated the nuclear translocation of Nrf2 and the expression of HO-1 and reduced myocardial oxidative stress (P < 0.05). Interestingly, pretreatment with the JAK/STAT3 inhibitor AG490 blocked the cardioprotective effect of RIPostC accompanied by decreased phosphorylation of myocardial STAT3, Akt and eNOS (P < 0.05), decreased nuclear translocation of Nrf2 and expression of HO-1, as well as increased oxidative stress (P < 0.05).  RIPostC attenuates apoptosis and protects against myocardial IR injury, possibly through the activation of JAK/STAT3-mediated Nrf2-antioxidant signalling.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
The Apply of Eigenvalue-construct Method in Signal Distinguish of Multi-objects OFDM System

This paper analyzes the characteristic of OFDM's multi- path environment, proposes the method of distinguishing multi- objects signal on the basis of information of frame synchronization of OFDM,eigenvalue- construct method such as ESPRIT and MUSIC have been used joining with pseu- data correlative matrix method to estimate signal s DOA, thus could be used in subject of object identify.The following theoretical analysis and computer simulations help confirm its effectiveness in multi- objects identify and signal distinguish in OFDM system.

Field of study: Engineering
The Columbia College Citizenship Program: A Student Laboratory in Civic Affairs

E ACH week hundreds of Columbia and Barnard students tutor underprivileged children, assist hospital personnel in pediatrics wards and emergency rooms, conduct interviews for neighborhood conservation, and work in government offices. This work in the community, part of the Columbia College Citizenship Program, is purely voluntary, with no service or academic credits. The program is administered by a student group of fifty called the Citizenship Council, which finds worth-while projects, recruits volunteers, screens applicants, and follows up on day-to-day problems. This is not a guided-tour type of operation; each participant agrees to devote several hours every week to voluntary work. Columbia believes that the teaching function of a college is not limited to the classroom. A college must make its students aware of the social and political problems of our society and instill in them a moral commitment to do something about those problems. The Citizenship Program fulfills this function. It reminds the college student of the duties as well as the rights implicit in the concept of citizenship and encourages active participation in civic affairs. It is a purely voluntary activity, for we believe that to work for course credit would take away from the spirit of the program. When plans for the program were announced in I957, objections were raised by students and faculty. Skeptics thought it was too idealistic. Others believed participation should be a requirement for graduation. The faculty opposed anything that implied compulsion. Some already existing student-activity groups feared a loss of their power and prestige. Many agencies in the community were reluctant to rely on college students. Gradually, all of these objections have been overcome. Today, the Citizenship Program of Columbia College is, in the eyes of the campus and the outside community, the largest and most vital of campus extracurricular activities. In this voluntary program which utilizes our urban setting to reveal city life in many aspects hitherto unknown to them, our students gain an insight into the problems of education, poverty, discrimination, slum clearance, and disease. The compassion and under-

Field of study: Education
Reading Popular Romance in Early Modern England. Lori Humphrey Newcomb

through the men's eventual enlightenment and admiration for female wit. In both plays, Cavendish suggests that gender is a product of social training, and men and women alike benefit from redefining traditional roles. Alexandra Bennett's introduction is useful, if brief, and she includes an extensive bibliography and five contextualizing appendices. Of particular note are contemporary accounts of "warrior women" in the English Civil War, including a letter from Henrietta Maria to Charles I, in which the queen refers to herself as "her she-majesty generalissima" (217). These provocative plays by Margaret Cavendish should find a place alongside Aphra Behn's in the study and performance of seventeenth-century British drama. CYNTHIA GARRETT Wells College

Field of study: History
Part-Time Work in Sweden: Trends and Equality Effects

Along with the steep rise in female labor force participation rates over the past two decades, part-time employment has increased among women in most Western countries.' In the United States, the United Kingdom and other countries, part-time work often implies low pay, lack of social benefits and poor chances of increasing hours to full time. Many critics argue, therefore, that part-time work is a "trap" leading to women's marginalization in the labor market [Hurstfield 1978; Beechey and Perkins 1987]. Supporters, however, maintain that it provides an important work and earnings opportunity for those women for whom full-time work is not possible [Kahne 1985; Moen 1989]. Is it inevitable that part-time work lead to the negative outcome of marginalization? Using Sweden as a test case, I argue that part-time work has not marginalized women but, on the contrary, has increased the continuity of their labor force attachment, strengthened their position in the labor market, and reduced their economic dependency. Sweden is an interesting case because it has a high female labor force participation rate and has long had a high proportion of part-time women workers who work relatively long hours, have job security and full social benefits and are highly unionized. Sweden may seem anomalous, but the fact is that with the increase in female labor force participation and part-time work, similar policies are currently being

Field of study: Economics
Hydrothermal synthesis of nanosized BaTiO3 powders anddielectric properties of corresponding ceramics

BaTiO3 fine powders were synthesized by hydrothermal method at 150 °C or 250 °C for 7 h, starting from a mixture of TiCl3 + BaCl2 or TiO2 + BaCl2. The size of the crystallites is close to 20 nm whatever the starting mixture and the reaction temperature. These powders are well crystallized and constituted of a mixture of the metastable cubic and stable tetragonal phases. The ceramics obtained after uniaxial pressing and sintering at 1250 °C for 10 h or 20 h present high densification (up to 99.8%). The Curie temperature (Tc) and the electrical permittivity ( r) of the ceramics strongly depend on the type of titanium source that has been used for preparing the powder and on the sintering dwell time. Particularly, Tc is shifted towards lower temperature when TiCl3 is used. The permittivity value at Tc of BaTiO3 sintered at 1250 °C for 10 h reaches 
7000 and 11,000 with respectively TiCl3 and TiO2 used as titanium source.

Field of study: Materials science
Le modèle stochastique SIS pour une épidémie dans un environnement aléatoire

RésuméDans un environnement aléatoire qui est une chaîne de Markov en temps continu à deux états, le temps moyen jusqu’à extinction du modèle stochastique SIS pour une épidémie croît, dans le cas surcritique, exponentiellement par rapport à la taille de la population si les deux états sont favorables, et suivant une loi de puissance si l’un des états est favorable alors que l’autre est défavorable à la propagation.AbstractThe stochastic SIS epidemic model in a random environment. In a random environment that is a two-state continuous-time Markov chain, the mean time to extinction of the stochastic SIS epidemic model grows in the supercritical case exponentially with respect to the population size if the two states are favorable, and like a power law if one state is favorable while the other is unfavorable.

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics
Rapid Differentiation of Candida dubliniensis from Candida albicans by Early D-Xylose Assimilation

To determine if D-xylose (XYL) and/or α-methyl-D-glucoside (MDG) assimilation can be used reliably as a rapid test to differentiate Candida dubliniensis from Candida albicans at an earlier time point such as 2 h after inoculation.  Thirty isolates of C. albicans and C. dubliniensis recovered from anatomical sites and clinical specimens were used. Isolates were inoculated into the API 20C AUX yeast identification system, and incubated at 30°C. XYL and MDG assimilations were read at 2-hour intervals beginning 2 h after the initial inoculation and up to 24 h of incubation; thereafter, results were read after 48 and 72 h.  Twenty-nine (97%) C. albicans isolates had assimilated XYL at 16 h and, by 24 h, all isolates were positive for XYL assimilation. None of the C. dubliniensis isolates assimilated XYL. The MDG assimilation revealed that 24, 40, 92 and 100% of C. albicans isolates became positive after 16, 24, 48 and 72 h of incubation, respectively, whereas only 3% of C. dubliniensis isolates assimilated MDG after 72 h.  The findings showed that it is possible to rapidly differentiate C. albicans from C. dubliniensis isolates using the API 20C AUX carbohydrate assimilation kits after 16 h of incubation at 30°C based on the XYL assimilation.

Field of study: Medicine