nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Owyhee River intracanyon lava flows: does the river give a dam?

Rivers carved into uplifted plateaus are commonly disrupted by discrete events from the surrounding landscape, such as lava flows or large mass movements. These disruptions are independent of slope, basin area, or channel discharge, and can dominate aspects of valley morphology and channel behavior for many kilometers. We document and assess the effects of one type of disruptive event, lava dams, on river valley morphology and incision rates at a variety of time scales, using examples from the Owyhee River in southeastern Oregon. Six sets of basaltic lava flows entered and dammed the river canyon during two periods in the late Cenozoic ca. 2 Ma–780 ka and 250–70 ka. The dams are strongly asymmetric, with steep, blunt escarpments facing up valley and long, low slopes down valley. None of the dams shows evidence of catastrophic failure; all blocked the river and diverted water over or around the dam crest. The net effect of the dams was therefore to inhibit rather than promote incision. Once incision resumed, most of the intracanyon flows were incised relatively rapidly and therefore did not exert a lasting impact on the river valley profile over time scales >10 6 yr. The net long-term incision rate from the time of the oldest documented lava dam, the Bogus Rim lava dam (≤1.7 Ma), to present was 0.18 mm/yr, but incision rates through or around individual lava dams were up to an order of magnitude greater. At least three lava dams (Bogus Rim, Saddle Butte, and West Crater) show evidence that incision initiated only after the impounded lakes filled completely with sediment and there was gravel transport across the dams. The most recent lava dam, formed by the West Crater lava flow around 70 ka, persisted for at least 25 k.y. before incision began, and the dam was largely removed within another 35 k.y. The time scale over which the lava dams inhibit incision is therefore directly affected by both the volume of lava forming the dam and the time required for sediment to fill the blocked valley. Variations in this primary process of incision through the lava dams could be influenced by additional independent factors such as regional uplift, drainage integration, or climate that affect the relative base level, discharge, and sediment yield within the watershed. By redirecting the river, tributaries, and subsequent lava flows to different parts of the canyon, lava dams create a distinct valley morphology of flat, broad basalt shelves capping steep cliffs of Tertiary sediment. This stratigraphy is conducive to landsliding and extends the effects of intracanyon lava flows on channel geomorphology beyond the lifetime of the dams.

Field of study: Geology
OS PRINCÍPIOS DO TREINAMENTO TÉCNICO APLICADOS AO JUDÔ E A INTER-RELAÇÃO COM AS FASES DO TREINAMENTO

The technical training main goal is to acquire means of motor solutions to olve the tasks and problems in sport. Basing on methodological and neurophysiological considerations, the training should be divided in order to achieve the technique - acquisition - for its application. The technical abilities development leads to an automatization and eventual practice of variants in competitions. The modern concepts of movement coordenation and motor-learning processes offer a set of rules and practices to be adopted in the elaboration of training plans. In the sportive methodology, alternatives are used to solve teaching-learning problems related to “Roth’s ABC” and to the thematical categories. Judo’s stroke techniques applied to a sequential learning model, will favour the action/answer during this training process, providing a better performance to the practitioners of this sport.

Field of study: Education
Improved Brute-Force Search Strategies for Single-Trace and Few-Traces Template Attacks on the DES Round Keys

We present an improved search strategy for a template attack on the secret DES key of a widely–used smart card, which is based on a Common–Criteria certified chip. We use the logarithm of the probability function as returned by the template attack itself, averaged over all 28 template positions along the rings representing the C and D Registers of the DES key schedule, as the sorting criteria for the key candidates. For weak keys — which in this attack model have a minimal rest entropy of only two bits — we find that on average only 37.75 bits need to be recovered by brute force when using only a single trace in the Exploitation Phase. This effort goes down to just a few bits for a single DES key when using only a few traces in Exploitation Phase.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Orbital hydatid cyst.

A 46-year-old man presented with unilateral proptosis of the right eye for 3 months. The patient was a shepherd and had contact with dogs. Visual acuity was 20/800 in the right eye and 20/25 in the left eye. Physical examination revealed an axile, irreducible and painless proptosis, without breath or thrill, associated with lower chemosis (Figure 1A, asterisk), lagophthalmos and exposure keratitis (Figure 1A, arrowheads). The CT scan showed a right intra conial hypodense mass measuring 42 mm × 29 mm, well limited, with sharp and spontaneously hyperdense edges (Figure 1B, asterisk). It pushes forward the eyeball, resulting in a grade III proptosis (figure 1B, arrows). Blood count …

Field of study: Medicine
Evidence for dopamine D2 receptor mRNA expression by striatal astrocytes in culture: in situ hybridization and polymerase chain reaction studies.

The expression of dopamine D2 receptor mRNA in cultured rat striatal and cerebellar astrocytes was examined by in situ hybridization (ISH) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Cells double-labelled for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) immuno-histochemistry and dopamine D2 receptor mRNA (ISH) provide evidence that striatal but not cerebellar astrocytes express the dopamine D2 gene in vitro. These results were confirmed by polymerase chain reaction studies. As judged by GFAP immunostaining and morphology of the cells, this gene is almost exclusively expressed by astrocytes type 1. The expression of dopamine D2 receptor mRNA by striatal astrocytes in vitro, as found in this study, brings thus evidences for the existence of dopamine D2 receptors in such glial cells. This had been previously suggested from ligand binding studies but the typical dopaminergic nature of the binding to striatal astrocytes was left questionable. Our results with molecular biological techniques thus suggest that striatal dopamine might modulate the functions of striatal astrocytes.

Field of study: Biology
Fault protection for a SiC MOSFET based on gate voltage subjected to short circuit type II

Given its small chip area and high current density, the fault protection of SiC MOSFET is a serious challenge. In this paper, a gate voltage-based fault protection method for a SiC MOSFET subjected to short circuit type II also called fault under load is proposed. The circuit implementation of the proposed method is analyzed in detail. A test with a voltage of 200 V is conducted. Experimental results verify the effectiveness of the proposed method. It is exhibited the fault response time of the proposed method is less than 1 μs, which is very fast to protect a device and is conducive to the reliable and safe operation of SiC MOSFETs.

Field of study: Engineering
Influence of gas density on measuring clusters size by Rayleigh scattering method

The Rayleigh scattering method is widely adopted in measuring cluster size.In general,it is considered that the intensity of scattering corresponds to the cluster size directly.However,this paper deduces that the intensity is not only related to cluster size,but also to gas density and binding probability.It suggests that gas density should be taken into account in analyzing the measurement results of Rayleigh scattering method.Furthermore,the method is applied in measuring the size distribution of argon cluster along the axis of nozzle.It is found that the cluster size doesn't vary linearly along the nozzle axis,whereas it reaches maximum at a certain position which depends on some parameters including the background pressure.

Field of study: Physics
ALTERNATIVES TO HIERARCHYTHE ROLE AND PERFORMANCE OF LATERAL STRUCTURES INSIDE BUREAUCRACY

: Lateral structures are the various cross linking arrangements which enable staff at similar levels to undertake project, policy or operational work in cooperation with officials in other divisions or departments. Their reliance on the expertise, judgment and commitment of their membership, and their comparative freedom from direct line control helps define these structures as an alternative to conventional hierarchies. 
 
 
 
This study examines the commonly made but rarely tested claim that lateral structures are one of the main ingredients in the organisation's capacity to achieve high quality results in situations requiring superior levels of skill and efficiency (Mintzberg 1973; Galbraith 1977). The study provides an empirical assessment of a number of important aspects of these work arrangements and reports the results of an investigation into the performance of lateral structures in the Australian public sector between 1987 and 1989. These data indicate that lateral structures outperform conventional hierarchy in quality of results, capacity to manage internal conflict, time-management and technical competence. The research also identifies the importance of professional and political commitment in explanations of the success of these structures.

Field of study: Political science
Anti‐endothelial cell antibodies (AECA) in patients with propylthiouracil (PTU)‐induced ANCA positive vasculitis are associated with disease activity

Increasing evidence has demonstrated that propylthiouracil (PTU) could induce ANCA positive vasculitis. However, our previous work has suggested that only one‐fifth of the PTU‐induced ANCA positive patients had clinical vasculitis and so the mechanism is not clear. Anti‐endothelial cell antibodies (AECA) have been implicated in the pathogenesis of various vasculitides, including primary ANCA positive systemic vasculitis. The purpose of this study is to investigate the prevalence of AECA and their possible role in the pathogenesis of patients with PTU‐induced ANCA positive vasculitis. Sera from 11 patients with PTU‐induced ANCA positive vasculitis at both active and quiescent phases, and sera from 10 patients with PTU‐induced ANCA but without clinical vasculitis, were studied. Sera from 30 healthy blood donors were collected as normal controls. Soluble proteins from 1% Triton‐100 extracted in vitro cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells were used as antigens and an immunoblotting technique was performed to determine the presence of AECA, and their specific target antigens were identified. In patients with PTU‐induced ANCA positive vasculitis, 10 of the 11 patients in an active phase of disease were serum IgG‐AECA positive and six protein bands of endothelial antigens could be blotted (61 kD, 69 kD, 77 kD, 85 kD, 91 kD and 97 kD). However, in the quiescent phase, seven of the 10 positive sera turned negative. None of the ANCA positive but vasculitis negative patients or normal controls were AECA positive. In conclusion, AECA could be found in sera from patients with PTU‐induced ANCA positive vasculitis and were associated more closely with vasculitic disease activity.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
The Effect of Using Microwave Synthesized ZnNb2O6 Powders on the Dielectric Properties of Sintered Products

In this study ZnNb2O6 (ZN) powder, which was synthesized using a microwave heating method, was used to prepare ZN ceramics via conventional and microwave sintering methods. The results show that all samples were single phase with no second phases present. The maximum densities obtained for microwave and conventionally sintered samples were 94.6% and 93.8%, respectively, of the theoretical value at 1250°C. SEM analysis showed that for all sintering temperatures, microwave sintered samples exhibit lower grain size values than those sintered via the conventional method. The variations in relative permittivity (εr) for samples sintered at different temperatures via both methods followed those of density values. The highest values for εr for conventionally and microwave sintered samples, which were observed at 1250°C, were 22.9 and 23.1, respectively. The variation of quality factor (Q × f) with sintering temperature for samples prepared through the microwave method also followed the density data. Q × f values of samples sintered via the conventional method were higher than those for samples sintered in a microwave oven because higher grain sizes were observed for these ceramics. The highest Q × f values for conventionally and microwave sintered samples were 26,197 GHz and 16,200 GHz, respectively.

Field of study: Materials science
The upper mantle of southern British Columbia

A concentration of temporary and permanent long-period stations has been used to record Rayleigh and Love waves over a region bounded by Vancouver Island in the west and a line approximately 400 km to the east. Phase-velocity information for both Rayleigh and Love waves has been calculated and inverted to provide estimates of models along the profiles. Generalized matrix inversion techniques have been employed to set confidence limits on the models. No significant upper-mantle low-velocity zone was detected under Vancouver Island or the adjacent coastal region. To the east a shallow upper-mantle low-velocity zone dipping to the northeast was required to fit the data. The transition from crust to mantle was sharper and more prominent to the northeast than to the southwest.

Field of study: Environmental science
The interaction of thin-film flow, bacterial swarming and cell differentiation in colonies of Serratia liquefaciens

The rate of expansion of bacterial colonies of S. liquefaciens is investigated in terms of a mathematical model that combines biological as well as hydrodynamic processes. The relative importance of cell differentiation and production of an extracellular wetting agent to bacterial swarming is explored using a continuum representation. The model incorporates aspects of thin film flow with variable suspension viscosity, wetting, and cell differentiation. Experimental evidence suggests that the bacterial colony is highly sensitive to its environment and that a variety of mechanisms are exploited in order to proliferate on a variety of surfaces. It is found that a combination of effects are required to reproduce the variation of bacterial colony motility over a large range of nutrient availability and medium hardness.

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics
Chemodynamics of dwarf galaxies under ram pressure

By implementing a dynamic wind tunnel model in a smoothed particle chemodynamic/hydrodynamic simulation suite, we have investigated the effects of ram pressure and tidal forces on dwarf galaxies similar to the Magellanic Clouds, within host galaxies with gas and dark matter halos that are varied, to compare the relative effects of tides and ram pressure. We concentrate on how the distributions of metals are affected by interactions. We find that while ram pressure and tidal forces have some effect on dwarf galaxy outflows, these effects do not produce large differences in the metal distributions of the dwarf disks, other than truncation in the outer regions in some cases, and that confinement from the host galaxy gas halo appears to be more significant than ram pressure stripping. We find that stochastic variations in the star formation rate can explain the remaining variations in disk metal properties. This raises questions on the cause of low metallicities in dwarf galaxies.

Field of study: Physics
Restricted adaptive oblivious transfer

In this work we consider the following primitive, that we call restricted adaptive oblivious transfer. On the one hand, the owner of a database wants to restrict the access of users to this data according to some policy, in such a way that a user can only obtain information satisfying the restrictions imposed by the owner. On the other hand, a legitimate user wants to privately retrieve allowed parts of the data, in a sequential and adaptive way, without letting the owner know which part of the data is being obtained.After having formally described the components and required properties of a protocol for restricted adaptive oblivious transfer, we propose two generic ways to realize this primitive. The first one uses a cryptographic tool which has received a lot of attention from the literature in recent years: cryptosystems which are both multiplicatively and additively homomorphic. Our second generic construction is based on secret sharing schemes.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Responses of CAM species to increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations

Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) species show an average increase in biomass productivity of 35% in response to a doubled atmospheric CO2 concentration. Daily net CO2 uptake is similarly enhanced, reflecting in part an increase in chlorenchyma thickness and accompanied by an even greater increase in water-use efficiency. The responses of net CO2 uptake in CAM species to increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations are similar to those for C3 species and much greater than those for C4 species. Increases in net daily CO2 uptake by CAM plants under elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations reflect increases in both Rubisco-mediated daytime CO2 uptake and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPCase)-mediated night-time CO2 uptake, the latter resulting in increased nocturnal malate accumulation. Chlorophyll contents and the activities of Rubisco and PEPCase decrease under elevated atmospheric CO2, but the activated percentage for Rubisco increases and the KM(HCO3−) for PEPCase decreases, resulting in more efficient photosynthesis. Increases in root:shoot ratios and the formation of additional photosynthetic organs, together with increases in sucrose-Pi synthase and starch synthase activity in these organs under elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations, decrease the potential feedback inhibition of photosynthesis. Longer-term studies for several CAM species show no downward acclimatization of photosynthesis in response to elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations. With increasing temperature and drought duration, the percentage enhancement of daily net CO2 uptake caused by elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations increases. Thus net CO2 uptake, productivity, and the potential area for cultivation of CAM species will be enhanced by the increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations and the increasing temperatures associated with global climate change.

Field of study: Environmental science
Genomic characterization of Defluviitoga tunisiensis L3, a key hydrolytic bacterium in a thermophilic biogas plant and its abundance as determined by metagenome fragment recruitment.

The genome sequence of Defluviitoga tunisiensis L3 originating from a thermophilic biogas-production plant was established and recently published as Genome Announcement by our group. The circular chromosome of D. tunisiensis L3 has a size of 2,053,097bp and a mean GC content of 31.38%. To analyze the D. tunisiensis L3 genome sequence in more detail, a phylogenetic analysis of completely sequenced Thermotogae strains based on shared core genes was performed. It appeared that Petrotoga mobilis DSM 10674(T), originally isolated from a North Sea oil-production well, is the closest relative of D. tunisiensis L3. Comparative genome analyses of P. mobilis DSM 10674(T) and D. tunisiensis L3 showed moderate similarities regarding occurrence of orthologous genes. Both genomes share a common set of 1351 core genes. Reconstruction of metabolic pathways important for the biogas production process revealed that the D. tunisiensis L3 genome encodes a large set of genes predicted to facilitate utilization of a variety of complex polysaccharides including cellulose, chitin and xylan. Ethanol, acetate, hydrogen (H2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) were found as possible end-products of the fermentation process. The latter three metabolites are considered to represent substrates for methanogenic Archaea, the key organisms in the final step of the anaerobic digestion process. To determine the degree of relatedness between D. tunisiensis L3 and dominant biogas community members within the thermophilic biogas-production plant, metagenome sequences obtained from the corresponding microbial community were mapped onto the L3 genome sequence. This fragment recruitment revealed that the D. tunisiensis L3 genome is almost completely covered with metagenome sequences featuring high matching accuracy. This result indicates that strains highly related or even identical to the reference strain D. tunisiensis L3 play a dominant role within the community of the thermophilic biogas-production plant.

Field of study: Biology, Engineering
De novo Mutations From Whole Exome Sequencing in Neurodevelopmental and Psychiatric Disorders: From Discovery to Application

Neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders are a highly disabling and heterogeneous group of developmental and mental disorders, resulting from complex interactions of genetic and environmental risk factors. The nature of multifactorial traits and the presence of comorbidity and polygenicity in these disorders present challenges in both disease risk identification and clinical diagnoses. The genetic component has been firmly established, but the identification of all the causative variants remains elusive. The development of next-generation sequencing, especially whole exome sequencing (WES), has greatly enriched our knowledge of the precise genetic alterations of human diseases, including brain-related disorders. In particular, the extensive usage of WES in research studies has uncovered the important contribution of de novo mutations (DNMs) to these disorders. Trio and quad familial WES are a particularly useful approach to discover DNMs. Here, we review the major WES studies in neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders and summarize how genes hit by discovered DNMs are shared among different disorders. Next, we discuss different integrative approaches utilized to interrogate DNMs and to identify biological pathways that may disrupt brain development and shed light on our understanding of the genetic architecture underlying these disorders. Lastly, we discuss the current state of the transition from WES research to its routine clinical application. This review will assist researchers and clinicians in the interpretation of variants obtained from WES studies, and highlights the need to develop consensus analytical protocols and validated lists of genes appropriate for clinical laboratory analysis, in order to reach the growing demands.

Field of study: Biology
Deconstructing the “Reign of Error”: Interpersonal Warmth Explains the Self-Fulfilling Prophecy of Anticipated Acceptance

People's expectations of acceptance often come to create the acceptance or rejection they anticipate. The authors tested the hypothesis that interpersonal warmth is the behavioral key to this acceptance prophecy: If people expect acceptance, they will behave warmly, which in turn will lead other people to accept them; if they expect rejection, they will behave coldly, which will lead to less acceptance. A correlational study and an experiment supported this model. Study 1 confirmed that participants' warm and friendly behavior was a robust mediator of the acceptance prophecy compared to four plausible alternative explanations. Study 2 demonstrated that situational cues that reduced the risk of rejection also increased socially pessimistic participants' warmth and thus improved their social outcomes.

Field of study: Psychology