nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Recent Advances in Neutron Physics.

“At twilight on the sixth day of Creation, so say the Hebrew commentators to the Old Testament, God made for man a number of tools that give him also the gift of creation. If the commentators were alive today, they would write God made the neutron.” In these dramatic words the late mathematician and science historian Jacob Bronowski conveyed the importance of the neutron to modern man. Indeed, nuclear physics as we know it may be said to owe its origins to the 1932 discovery of the neutron. We are coming increasingly to appreciate the enormous significance and variety that neutron physics displays throughout the entire realm of the physical sciences and beyond, into such developing areas as therapy, bioanalysis, materials research and astronomy. To survey in any comprehensive fashion the advances achieved over the past decade alone would carry us far beyond the scope of an article such as this. We therefore will touch only upon some of the salient features on which fresh light is being shed and discuss so...

Field of study: Physics
Who, why and how: stakeholder attitudes toward marine non-indigenous species management in Portuguese Atlantic Islands

A key aspect for a successful management of marine non-indigenous species (NIS) is the cooperation with local stakeholders. In this study we assessed stakeholders' baseline knowledge and perceptions on marine NIS foreseeing support for their management in the Azores and Madeira archipelagos (Portugal). Survey questionnaires were designed to assess: i) current knowledge and stakeholder perception of NIS and associated problems; ii) influence of communication media on NIS dissemination; iii) stakeholder willingness to be involved in NIS management actions and; iv) which factors predict stakeholder participation in NIS management actions. Face-to face survey questionnaires were administered in recreational marinas of Sao Miguel (Azores) and Madeira islands. Four groups of stakeholders classified based on their putative relation with NIS were selected as target. In total 214 survey questionnaires were collected and analysed. Our results showed no significant differences between stakeholders based in Sao Miguel and the ones from Madeira. Overall a strong baseline knowledge on NIS and associated consequences was found but a weak accuracy to identify NIS examples was demonstrated. Types of communication media revealed to be stakeholder-specific and information-specific. Decision tree predictive models showed three powerful factors to forecast the respondent's participation in NIS management actions: 1- to belong to one of the four stakeholder groups; 2- to have a good level of NIS knowledge; and 3- to have the perception that NIS introduction is an important issue. Despite the positive attitude exhibited by stakeholders in engaging NIS management, our results highlighted a consensus to attribute governmental responsibility to such activities. The results of this work constitute a baseline to develop further management actions aiming to reduce the local spread of marine NIS and so contributing to a better environmental status of Portuguese marine waters.

Field of study: Environmental science
149: The novel influenza virus H7N9 peptide activates the inflammasome

Influenza virus is the major cause of respiratory tract infections resulting in severe immunopathologies. Understanding the molecular basis for disease severity is vital for predicting potential emerging influenzas. The recently emerged H7N9 virus isolated from human disease cases are associated with increased risk of virulence and transmissibility. Understanding the elements of H7N9 induced disease severity during virus infection and pathophysiology is vital for clinical management of high-risk cases and providing valuable insights into the pathogenesis of H7N9 virus infection.  To examine whether differences between inflammatory and non-inflammatory PB1-F2 strains influences the degree of inflammasome activation and induces influenza pathophysiology.  Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (hPBMCs) were primed with LPS (50 pg/mL) for 3 h then stimulated with PB1-F2 peptide strains (50 μg/mL) for 6 h. Immortalised wild-type bone marrow macrophages (iBMMs) were primed with LPS (100 ng/mL) for 3 h prior to stimulation with the H7N9 peptide at a range of doses (10–100 μg/mL) for 6 h. Supernatants were assayed via ELISA for levels of IL-1β protein expression as evidence of inflammasome activation. Cerulean-tagged ASC iBMMs were also stimulated with H7N9 peptide (100 μg/mL) and imaged as time-lapse for 2 h for the visual formation of cerulean ASC specks indicative of inflammasome activation.  Stimulation of hPBMCs with the different PB1-F2 influenza peptides (50 μg/mL) for 6 h induced inflammasome activation as evidenced by the increased levels of IL-1β detected compared to control cells. H7N9 (10–100 μg/mL) stimulation of iBMMs induced inflammasome activation as evidenced by the increased levels of IL-1β detected compared to control cells. H7N9 (100 μg/mL) stimulation of cerulean-tagged ASC iBMMs increased ASC speck formation visually indicative of inflammasome activation compared to control cells.  Pandemic PB1-F2 strains potently activate the inflammasome in hPBMCs. The novel H7N9 influenza peptide potently activates the inflammasome in iBMMs. Understanding the regulation of inflammasome activation during influenza infection is essential for improving influenza disease therapeutics.

Field of study: Medicine
Teaching Content Design and Organization of Data Mining Course for Statistics Postgraduates

The data mining course is very important course for statistics postgraduates. In this paper, firstly, the theory teaching content of data mining course is introduced. It contains ten parts, that are data mining concept, the data warehouse, data pre-processing, association rules, clustering algorithm, the decision tree algorithm, the neural network, intelligent optimization algorithm, web mining, recent advances in data mining. Secondly, the experimental teaching content is introduced. It contains six experiments. Finally a teaching case is introduced. The case is about the Jingdezhen Changjiang water quality prediction which uses the neural network and intelligent optimization algorithm which are described in the theory and experiment part.

Field of study: Engineering
[Advances in reverse genetics-based vaccines of foot and mouth disease].

Reverse-genetic engineering of foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV) can improve the productivity, antigen matching, antigen stability, immune response ability, and biological safety of vaccines, so vaccine candidates with anticipated biological characteristics can be promptly achieved. Negative influence in taming of virulent strains can also be decreased or avoided. Reverse genetics not only make up for deficiencies like limitation of viral nature, low success rate, and time and energy consuming, but also realize more active designing of vaccines. Therefore, reverse genetics is significant in improving integral quality and efficiency of vaccines. In this review, we use FMDV vaccines as an example to summarize improvement in biological characteristics of virulent strains and provide a reference for related researches.

Field of study: Biology
Kinetic Model for the Thermal Degradation of Poly(Methylphenylsiloxane)

The kinetics of the thermal degradation of polymethylphenylsiloxane (PMPS) were investigated by dynamic thermogravimetric analysis. The thermal degradation of PMPS has two processes: “unzipped degradation” and “rearranged degradation”. The corresponding kinetic parameters of the two stages were determined using the Kissinger and Friedman methods respectively. The results showed that the value of the activation energy (E) obtained from the Friedman method was in good agreement with that obtained by the Kissinger method. For “unzipped degradation”, E was 164.2 kJ/mol and 168.2 kJ/mol, and for “rearranged degradation”, E was 228.6 kJ/mol and 232.0 kJ/mol. The Arrhenius pre-exponential factor (A) and reaction order (n) for the two stages were also discussed. A kinetic model was built by using the obtained kinetic parameters, and the results obtained by the model were in good agreement with the measured value.

Field of study: Materials science
The Art of Straight Thinking

This book undertakes a big, important job and does it well. The author aims to help students break through the mass of prejudiced feelings and notions which beset good thinking. He proposes to make it possible for them to arrive at conclusions rationally, instead of emotionally. He goes about the business both negatively and positively, considering not only the causes, but also the cures of prejudice. The examples of unwarranted bias make an extraordinarily rich collection. The matter is not left there, however, for ways and means of arriving at more valid results are described. The study includes chapters dealing with the essentials of syllogistic, experimental, and statistical logic, as well as freer methods of thinking, such as analogy and circumstantial evidence. In each case the reader will find the treatment suggestive and its illustrations telling. Throughout the discussion one is aware of the author's strong conviction which, in the words he quotes from Bertrand Russell, is that "the hopes of the world must rest on the habit of forming opinions on evidence rather than on passions." In a longer review than here permitted, one would feel called upon to demur here and there. Personally, I should feel compelled to approach the problem of "straight thinking" in a more hesitant frame of mind than the author does. It would also seem to me desirable to encourage in college students the feeling that no one is more prone to go wrong in his thinking than the man who has too much confidence in his ability to go right. But I suppose that the office of coach calls for faith, not doubt. Nevertheless it must be confessed, I believe, that clever and able and documented as the treatment is, it does not deal adequately with basic principles. It might have been better if subjects which the author had to read up on-those dealing with logic in the stricter sense-had been omitted, and the rest more fundamentally done. Unless the student is led to appreciate underlying principles, he is in effect encouraged to substitute one set of snap judgments for those he is taught to put aside. M. C. OTTO University of Wisconsin

Field of study: Education
A Low-Cost Autonomous Robot and Educational Platform for Intelligent Automation Experiments

In this paper, we present a low-cost (less than $10) real-time mobile-robot platform: Aicar, for educational experiments in Intelligent Automation and related disciplines such as Artificial Intelligence and Robot Engineering. The Aicar platform uses Arduino open-source hardware and supports various programming interfaces including C/C++, Python and Matlab. With its attached android mobile phone, Aicar can support image capturing and video streaming for computer vision applications. With Aicar, various Intelligent Automation and Artificial Intelligence algorithms can be practiced, including rule based system, reinforcement learning and deep learning algorithms. Aicar platform is open sourced and the hardware design and software startup code for Aicar project is available for public access through the free online service.

Field of study: Engineering
Lupus anti‐ribosomal P autoantibody proteomes express convergent biclonal signatures

Lupus‐specific anti‐ribosomal P (anti‐Rib‐P) autoantibodies have been implicated in the pathogenesis of neurological complications in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The aim of the present study was to determine variable (V)‐region signatures of secreted autoantibody proteomes specific for the Rib‐P heterocomplex and investigate the molecular basis of the reported cross‐reactivity with Sm autoantigen. Anti‐Rib‐P immunoglobulins (IgGs) were purified from six anti‐Rib‐P‐positive sera by elution from enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) plates coated with either native Rib‐P proteins or an 11‐amino acid peptide (11‐C peptide) representing the conserved COOH‐terminal P epitope. Rib‐P‐ and 11‐C peptide‐specific IgGs were analysed for heavy (H) and light (L) chain clonality and V‐region expression using an electrophoretic and de‐novo and database‐driven mass spectrometric sequencing workflow. Purified anti‐Rib‐P and anti‐SmD IgGs were tested for cross‐reactivity on ELISA and their proteome data sets analysed for shared clonotypes. Anti‐Rib‐P autoantibody proteomes were IgG1 kappa‐restricted and comprised two public clonotypes defined by unique H/L chain pairings. The major clonotypic population was specific for the common COOH‐terminal epitope, while the second shared the same pairing signature as a recently reported anti‐SmD clonotype, accounting for two‐way immunoassay cross‐reactivity between these lupus autoantibodies. Sequence convergence of anti‐Rib‐P proteomes suggests common molecular pathways of autoantibody production and identifies stereotyped clonal populations that are thought to play a pathogenic role in neuropsychiatric lupus. Shared clonotypic structures for anti‐Rib‐P and anti‐Sm responses suggest a common B cell clonal origin for subsets of these lupus‐specific autoantibodies.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Growth of monolayer graphene on 8° off-axis 4H–SiC (000–1) substrates with application to quantum transport devices

Using high temperature annealing conditions with a graphite cap covering the C-face of an 8° off-axis 4H–SiC sample, large and homogeneous single epitaxial graphene layers have been grown. Raman spectroscopy shows evidence of the almost free-standing character of these monolayer graphene sheets, which was confirmed by magnetotransport measurements. We find a moderate p-type doping, high carrier mobility, and half integer quantum Hall effect typical of high quality graphene samples. This opens the way to a fully compatible integration of graphene with SiC devices on the wafers that constitute the standard in today’s SiC industry.

Field of study: Physics
Khomanani: critical discourse analysis of South Africa state-funded publications on HIV.

South Africa has been named as the country most strongly impacted by the HIV pandemic. At the end of 2007 an estimated 28.6 million people worldwide were living with HIV. In that year 2.7 million people became newly ill with HIV and an estimated 2 million people lost their lives to AIDS. Two thirds of people who are living with HIV and three quarters of people who die as a result of the illness are from the area of Sub-Saharan Africa (UNAIDS 2008). The South African government has responded to the high numbers of South African people who are becoming ill living with and dying as a result of HIV in various ways. One response is government-funded media campaigns that provide information on "prevention care treatment and support" with regard to HIV (Khomanani 2008m).  Caring Together is a program of the South African Department of Health that creates publications on HIV. These publications are free widely distributed and governmentally promoted. The present study discursively analyses the complete collection of Khomanani booklets and leaflets. The analysis explores the underlying political message of the texts by looking at the power relations that are represented and assesses the ways in which the messages in the materials maintain as well as challenge existing power relations. Hegemonic biomedicine is the main discourse that emerged in the analysis. The discourses in the text reinforce dominant and oppressive power structures couched in the language of science and presented as powerfully authoritative. The conclusion is that the materials used for HIV education in South Africa must be critically reworked to address these complex and often hidden messages.

Field of study: Political science
Louis Du Gardin.Les Premieres Addresses du chemin de Parnasse. Eds. Emmanuel Buron and Guillaume Peureux. Bibliothèque du XVIIesiècle 8; Langue, rhétorique et poétique françaises 1. Paris: Classiques Garnier, 2012. 328 pp. €38. ISBN: 978–2–8124–0390–3.


Field of study: History
Trypanosoma cruzi Infection Induces Myocardial Nitric Oxide Synthase.

Chagas’ disease caused by Trypanosoma cruzi , is an important cause of myocarditis and cardiomyopathy. Acute and chronic infection is associated with myocardial dysfunction, including dysrhythmias, conduction disturbances, and congestive heart failure. Nitric oxide (NO) has been implicated in the myocardial dysfunction associated with diseases of the myocardium. The inducible form of nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) mediates the synthesis of NO and L-citrulline from L-arginine. An abundance of iNOS mRNA by Northern blot and a marked expression of iNOS protein by Western blot was demonstrated in the myocardium of mice 30 days postinfection with the Brazil strain of T. cruzi . Immunocytochemical staining of the myocardial sections from infected mice also revealed the expression of iNOS. Consistent with these observations, the myocardial L-citrulline content was higher in infected mice, confirming NO expression in vivo. In addition, Northern blot analysis revealed that interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) mRNA were induced during infection. These data suggest that the myocardial cytokine–iNOS pathway may be an important factor in the pathogenesis of chagasic heart disease. In addition, this pathway may be a potential target of future pharmacologic intervention.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Simple approach using g-C3N4 to enable SnO2 anode high rate performance for Li ion battery

Synthesis of SnO2 powders with different shapes can be achieved by different approaches including wet and dry methods. One constrain of wet production is the complexity of process control that is not always possible when scale-up of active materials for electrodes is considered. On the other hand, simple solid state methods carried out at low temperatures with active carbon to prevent coarsening of particles are more feasible for industrial production. In this work, graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) is prepared by thermal condensation of urea and directly used to synthesize SnO2@C3N4 for LIB anodes through a scalable solid state reaction. Such fast approach allows to obtain the active material with regular and homogeneous distribution of SnO2 over g-C3N4 phase. SnO2@C3N4 enables the cell to achieve very good rate capability and excellent stability upon prolonged cycling at high rates, suggesting the prospects for next-generation high-power and low cost lithium-based batteries.

Field of study: Materials science
Polyhedral Monocarbaborane Chemistry. A Review of Recent Developments Among C -Aryl Monocarbaborane Systems

The Brellochs Reactions, of nido-B 1 0 H 1 4 with aromatic aldehydes to give [6-Ar-nido-6-CB 9 H 1 1 ] - anions in high yield, now permits excellent entries into C-aryl monocarbaborane chemistry, which is reviewed. From [6-Ar-nido-6-CB 9 H 1 1 ] - , one-step cluster-closure, cluster-Aufbau, or cluster-dismantling reactions yield [1-Ph-closo-1-CB 1 1 H 1 1 ] - , [7-Ph-nido-7-CB 1 0 H 1 2 ] - , [1-Ph-closo-1-CB 9 H 9 ] - , [2-Ph-closo-2-CB 9 H 9 ] - , [4-close-4-PhCB 8 H 8 ] - and [6-Ph-arachno-6-CB 8 H 1 3 ]. Second-step reactions involving these products yield [2-Ph-closo-2-CB 1 0 H 1 0 ] - , [6-Ph-nido-6-CB 8 H 1 1 ], [1-Ph-closo-1-CB 7 H 7 ] and [4-Ph-closo-4-CB 8 H 8 ] - , as well as alternative routes to [1-Ph-closo-1-CB 1 1 H 1 1 ] - and [1-Ph-closo-1-CB 9 H 9 ] - . This readier access to this extensive suite of C-aryl monocarbaboranes permits a readier examination of their derivative chemistry. Monohalogenated and poly-halogenated species [1-Ph-close-1-CB 9 H 9 - n X n ] - and [1-Ph-close-1-CB 1 1 H 1 1 - n X n ] - have been formed as well as (SMe 2 )-substituted {CB 1 1 } and {CB 1 0 } systems. Coupling reactions with para-substituted [XC 6 H 4 CB 1 1 H 1 0 X] - systems give rod-like anions, and with poly-iodinated [PhCB 1 1 H 5 I 6 ] - and [PhCB 9 H 4 I 5 ] - give the globular [PhCB 1 1 H 5 Ar 5 I] - and [PhCB 9 H 4 Ar 4 I] - anions. Additional interesting species include [PhCB 1 1 H 1 0 CH=CHCH 3 ] - , [PhCB 1 1 H 1 0 SMe(CH 2 ) 4 OH] - and [PhCB 9 H 8 -6-OH] - . A review with 49 references.

Field of study: Chemistry
The Lawyer of the Church: Bishop Clemente de Jesús Munguía and the Clerical Response to the Mexican Liberal Reforma by Pablo Mijangos y González (review)

What was the impact? In the public sphere, Buffington proposes that the penny press played a considerable role in the transition from a Tocquevillian associate life, rooted in civic Catholicism, to a liberal populism (rather than a popular liberalism); and that it provided a way station on the road to a more combative, oppositional, and eventually revolutionary working class. The fiestas patrias, a favored subject for assorted scholars, made earlier associations self-consciously Mexican—and Mexican in a rowdy, popular, even rebellious way that was drawn as more patriotic than the carefully restrained celebrations of the bourgeoisie. The pejorative and racist moniker ‘pelados’ was—as with sans culottes—proudly adopted as the hallmark of a subversive, oppositional social class. In private life, meanwhile, the penny press reflected and fostered a pragmatic adaptability, a model for culture, practice, and gender relations that was an alternative— and a superior one—to that of the elites.

Field of study: History
New variants of Ant Colony Optimization for Network Routing

This paper suggests new variants of Ant Colony Optimization(ACO)Techniques for Network Routing. There are three existing variants of ACO based on pheromone deposit calculation. In our earlier work we suggested three different heuristics for selecting the next node at each step of iteration. Incorporation of these heuristics in each of the above three variants result into nine variations. In this paper the performance of these nine variations have been studied. Moreover, we have modified the pheromone deposit calculation considering the transmission time of each successful packet(ant) and incorporated this new pheromone update formula in each of the nine variants. As a result, we have obtained nine new variants of ACO. The performance of these new nine variants have been compared with previous ones with respect to the speed of execution, throughput and the number of successful packets. In this paper it has been observed that the new variations of ACO have outperformed the previous. These new variants can perform efficient network routing in an environment having variable transmission time along the paths due to congestion or poor link quality.

Field of study: Computer science