nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Mathematical modeling of the cathodoluminescence of excitons generated by a narrow electron beam in a semiconductor material

A mathematical model of the cathodeluminescence of free excitons excited by a narrow electron beam in a semiconductor material is described and investigated. The model is based on an analytical solution to equations of the three-dimensional diffusion of excitons. It is shown that the model can be used to estimate the diffusivity of excitons from experimental time-of-flight measurements of samples coated with a lightproof mask with round apertures. The parameters of gallium nitride were used in the modeling.

Field of study: Physics
Present status of isobar models for elementary kaon photoproduction

Some basic properties of isobar models are demonstrated and discussed on examples of the Saclay-Lyon and Kaon-MAID models. Predictions of these models are compared with experimental data for various processes and kinematical regions. Results of the isobar models are also compared with the Regge-isobar hybrid model, Regge-plus-resonance.

Field of study: Physics
Vinylation of pyridylcarboxamides with vinyltrimethoxysilane

A convenient method has been developed for the direct N-vinylation of pyridylcarboxamides with vinyltrimethoxysilane in the presence of copper(II) acetate and tetrabutylammonium fluoride. The yield of N-vinylamides depends on the nature of the starting amide and the solvent. The molecular structure of the products was confirmed by X-ray structural analysis.

Field of study: Chemistry
Stability of Exponential Euler Method for Linear Stochastic Differential Equations with Piecewise Continuous Arguments

In this paper, exponential stability in mean square of the exponential Euler method to linear stochastic differential equation with piecewise continuous arguments (LSEPCAs) is showed. We give the exponential stability in mean square of the exact solution to linear stochastic differential equation with piecewise continuous arguments by using interval with integral end-points method and definition of logarithmic norm. The exponential Euler method to linear stochastic differential equation with piecewise continuous arguments is proved to share the same stability for any step size by property of logarithmic norm. Finally, an example is provided to illustrate our theories.

Field of study: Engineering
XHX - A Framework for Optimally Secure Tweakable Block Ciphers from Classical Block Ciphers and Universal Hashing

Tweakable block ciphers are important primitives for designing cryptographic schemes with high security. In the absence of a standardized tweakable block cipher, constructions built from classical block ciphers remain an interesting research topic in both theory and practice. ) publication from 2015, Wang et al. proposed 32 optimally secure constructions at ASIACRYPT’16, all of which employ two calls to a classical block cipher each. Yet, those constructions were still limited to n-bit keys and n-bit tweaks. Thus, applications with more general key or tweak lengths still lack support. This work proposes the XHX family of tweakable block ciphers from a classical block cipher and a family of universal hash functions, which generalizes the constructions by Wang et al. First, we detail the generic XHX construction with three independently keyed calls to the hash function. Second, we show that we can derive the hash keys in efficient manner from the block cipher, where we generalize the constructions by Wang et al.; finally, we propose efficient instantiations for the used hash functions.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Approach-related complications after decompression for cervical ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament.

The surgical management of compressive cervical ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL) can be challenging. Traditionally, approach indications for decompression of cervical spondylotic myelopathy have been used. However, the postoperative complication profile after cervical OPLL decompression is unique and may require an alternative approach paradigm. The authors review the literature on approach-related OPLL complications and suggest a management strategy for patients with single- or multiple-segment OPLL with or without greater than 50% canal stenosis.

Field of study: Medicine
Use of a Heated Graphite Scrubber as a Means of Reducing Interferences in UV-Absorbance Measurements of Atmospheric Ozone

A new solid-phase scrubber for use in conventional ozone (O3) photometers was investigated as a means of reducing interferences from other UV-absorbing species and water vapor. It was found that when heated to 100–130 C, a tubular graphite scrubber efficiently removed up to 500 ppb ozone and ozone monitors using the heated graphite scrubber were found to be less susceptible to interferences from water vapor, mercury vapor, and aromatic volatile organic compounds (VOCs) compared to conventional metal oxide scrubbers. Ambient measurements from a graphite scrubberequipped photometer and a co-located Federal equivalent method (FEM) ozone analyzer showed excellent agreement over 38 days of measurements and indicated no loss in the scrubber’s ability to remove ozone when operated at 130 C. The use of a heated graphite scrubber was found to reduce the interference from mercury vapor to ≤ 3 % of that obtained using a packed-bed Hopcalite scrubber. For a series of substituted aromatic compounds (ranging in volatility and absorption cross section at 253.7 nm), the graphite scrubber was observed to consistently exhibit reduced levels of interference, typically by factors of 2.5 to 20 less than with Hopcalite. Conventional solid-phase scrubbers also exhibited complex VOC adsorption and desorption characteristics that were dependent upon the relative humidity (RH), volatility of the VOC, and the available surface area of the scrubber. This complex behavior involving humidity is avoided by use of a heated graphite scrubber. These results suggest that heated graphite scrubbers could be substituted in most ozone photometers as a means of reducing interferences from other UV-absorbing species found in the atmosphere. This could be particularly important in ozone monitoring for compliance with the United States (U.S.) Clean Air Act or for use in VOC-rich environments such as in smog chambers and monitoring indoor air quality.

Field of study: Environmental science
Acceleration of image analyst training with transcranial direct current stimulation.

Humans today are routinely and increasingly presented with vast quantities of data that challenge their capacity for efficient processing. To restore the balance between man and machine, it is worthwhile to explore new methods for enhancing or accelerating this capacity. This study was designed to investigate the efficacy of transcranial DC stimulation (tDCS) to reduce training time and increase proficiency in spatial recognition using a simulated synthetic aperture radar (SAR) task. Twenty-seven Air Force active duty members volunteered to participate in the study. Each participant was assigned to 1 of 3 stimulation groups and received two, 90-min training sessions on a target search and identification task using SAR imagery followed by a test. The tDCS anode was applied to site F10 according to the 10-20 electroencephalographic electrode convention while the cathode was placed on the contralateral bicep. Group 1 received anodal tDCS at 2 mA for 30 min in the first training session and sham tDCS in the second session. Group 2 received the stimulation conditions in the opposite order. Group 3 did not receive stimulation at all. Results showed that participants receiving training plus tDCS attained visual search accuracies ~25% higher than those provided with sham stimulation or no stimulation. However, a corresponding performance improvement was not found in the first training session for the change detection portion of the task. This indicates that experience with the imagery is important in the tDCS-elicited performance improvements in change detection.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Cis-stilbene glucoside in Polygonum multiflorum induces immunological idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity in LPS-treated rats by suppressing PPAR-γ

The root of Polygonum multiflorum Thunb (PM) has been used in China to treat a variety of diseases, such as constipation, early graying of the hair and hyperlipemia. Recent evidence shows that PM causes idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury (IDILI) in humans. In this study, we investigated the molecular basis of PM-induced liver injury in a rat model of IDILI based on a non-hepatotoxic dose of LPS. SD rats were orally administered 3 potentially hepatotoxic compounds of PM: cis-stilbene glucoside (cis-SG, 50 mg/kg), trans-SG (50 mg/kg) or emodin (5 mg/kg), followed by injection of LPS (2.8 mg/kg, iv). Serum and liver histology were evaluated 7 h after LPS injection. Among the 3 compounds tested, cis-SG, but not emodin or trans-SG, induced severe liver injury in rats when combined with LPS. The levels of AST and ALT in plasma and inflammatory cytokines in both plasma and liver tissues were markedly elevated. The liver tissues showed increased injury, hepatocyte apoptosis, and macrophage infiltration, and decreased cell proliferation. Microarray analysis revealed a negative correlation between peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) and LPS/cis-SG-induced liver injury. Immunohistochemical staining and RT-PCR results further confirmed that cis-SG significantly inhibited activation of the PPAR-γ pathway in the liver tissues of LPS/cis-SG-treated rats. Pre-treatment with a PPAR-γ agonist pioglitazone (500 g/kg, ig) reversed LPS/cis-SG-induced liver injury, which was associated with inhibiting the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathway. These data demonstrate that cis-stilbene glucoside induces immunological idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity through suppressing PPAR-γ in a rat model of IDILI.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Anilazine: formation of bound residues in a degraded loess soil

The incorporation and extractability of benzene [ring‐U‐14C] and [triazine‐U‐14C] anilazine in a degraded loess soil were studied over a period of 100 days. The soil was extracted with a simulated soil solution (0.01 M CaCl2), as well as with two different organic solvent mixtures, on day 0, 6, 28 and 100 after applying the active substance. Immediately after the application of anilazine to the soil, only 31% of the 14C activity applied could still be rendered soluble by 0.01 M CaCl2. This fraction dropped to 16% after 6 days and at the conclusion of the experiment after 100 days amounted to approximately 10% of the radioactivity applied. The two solvent mixtures dissolved 54 and 57% of the applied radioactivity respectively on day 0. From day 6 to day 100 the extractable portions were with 26 and 14% almost constant. It was determined by means of thin‐layer chro‐matography that with increasing experimental duration dihydroxy‐anilazine represented the major fraction of radioactivity in the organi...

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Bypass experiment for capturing CO_2 from cement furnace flue gas by low pressure CO_2 recovery technology

A bypass experiment facility for capturing CO_2 from cement furnace flue gas is designed.A self-developed blended amine is used for CO_2 capturing.The experimental results show that the CO_2 volume content in the purified gas is lower than 1.41%,while the CO_2 purity of the product gas is higher than 99%.Using this technology,CO_2 emission reduction can be realized.At the same time,CO_2 product with high purity can be produced.This technology can be used as an effective technological support for enterprises to reduce CO_2 emission.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
TOA-Based Robust Wireless Geolocation and Cramér-Rao Lower Bound Analysis in Harsh LOS/NLOS Environments

We consider time-of-arrival based robust geolocation in harsh line-of-sight/non-line-of-sight environments. Herein, we assume the probability density function (PDF) of the measurement error to be completely unknown and develop an iterative algorithm for robust position estimation. The iterative algorithm alternates between a PDF estimation step, which approximates the exact measurement error PDF (albeit unknown) under the current parameter estimate via adaptive kernel density estimation, and a parameter estimation step, which resolves a position estimate from the approximate log-likelihood function via a quasi-Newton method. Unless the convergence condition is satisfied, the resolved position estimate is then used to refine the PDF estimation in the next iteration. We also present the best achievable geolocation accuracy in terms of the Cramér-Rao lower bound. Various simulations have been conducted in both real-world and simulated scenarios. When the number of received range measurements is large, the new proposed position estimator attains the performance of the maximum likelihood estimator (MLE). When the number of range measurements is small, it deviates from the MLE, but still outperforms several salient robust estimators in terms of geolocation accuracy, which comes at the cost of higher computational complexity.

Field of study: Engineering
Cryogenic microwave source based on nanoscale tunnel junctions

We experimentally realize an incoherent microwave source driven by voltage-controlled quantum tunneling of electrons through nanoscale normal-metal--insulator--superconductor junctions coupled to a resonator. We observe the direct conversion of the electronic energy into microwave photons by measuring the power spectrum of the microwave radiation emitted from the resonator. The demonstrated total output power exceeds that of 2.5-K thermal radiation although the photon and electron reservoirs are at subkelvin temperatures. Measurements of the output power quantitatively agree with a theoretical model in a wide range of the bias voltages providing information on the electrically-controlled photon creation. The developed photon source is fully compatible with low-temperature electronics and offers convenient in-situ electrical control of the photon emission rate with a predetermined frequency, without relying on intrinsic voltage fluctuations of heated normal-metal components nor suffering from unwanted dissipation in room temperature cables. In addition to its potential applications in microwave photonics, our results provide complementary verification of the working principles of the recently discovered quantum-circuit refrigerator.

Field of study: Physics
Conditioning with masked stimuli affects the timecourse of skin conductance responses.

In Pavlovian fear conditioning, an aversive unconditional stimulus (UCS) is repeatedly paired with a neutral conditional stimulus (CS). As a consequence, the subject begins to show conditional responses (CRs) to the CS that indicate expectation and fear. There are currently two general models competing to explain the role of subjective awareness in fear conditioning. Proponents of the single-process model assert that a single propositional learning process mediates CR expression and UCS expectancy. Proponents of a dual-process model assert that these behavioral responses are expressions of two independent learning processes. We used backward masking to block perception of our visual CSs and measured the effect of this training on subsequent unmasked performance. In two separate experiments we show a dissociation between CR expression and UCS expectancy following differential delay conditioning with masked CSs. In Experiment I, we show that masked training facilitates CR expression when the same CSs are presented during a subsequent unmasked reacquisition task. In Experiment II we show that masked training retards learning when the CS+ is presented as part of a compound CS during a subsequent unmasked blocking task. Our results suggest that multiple memory systems operate in a parallel, independent manner to encode emotional memories.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Late Quaternary history of colluvial deposition and erosion in hollows, central California Coast Ranges

Colluvial deposits in hollows are the predominant source of debris flows in many mountainous areas, and the depositional history of hollows can provide insight into land-slide frequency and long-term hillslope processes. Detailed study of colluvial deposits in 20 hollows in the northern San Francisco Bay area, California, reveals diverse histories of erosion and deposition. Basal radiocarbon ages range from 1 to 29 ka and document deposition of colluvium throughout this period at different sites. Ages from multiple stratigraphic levels confirm that the deposits are cumulative and have thickened through the Holocene. Radiocarbon dates and stratigraphic observations document unconformities in hollows, reflecting incomplete evacuation of colluvium during both Pleistocene and Holocene events and providing evidence for a cycle of alternating accumulation and evacuation of colluvium. This cycle has apparently been affected by major climatic changes, and the common occurrence of basal ages at ca. 9 to 14 ka may record widespread slope instability during the Pleistocene-Holocene transition. By analogy with modern landsliding, the increased erosion may have been caused by an increased frequency of high-intensity storms during extended periods of meridional flow in the upper atmosphere. The accelerated discharge of colluvium from hillslopes may have contributed to stream aggradation in diverse parts of California.

Field of study: Geology
Equity in exchange economies

Let ψ be a “fair” choice correspondence, i.e., ψ associates to every economy in some initial position a set of final allocations at which the gains from trade have been fairly distributed. We propose to declare equitable any final allocation which is invariant under arbitrary permutations among the agents of the components of the initial allocation, followed by the operation of ψ. We also formulate a series of other criteria patterned on this model, and we investigate the existence of allocations satisfying these criteria for several natural choices of ψ.

Field of study: Economics
Effect of Propagation Delays on ALOHA Systems

Effect of propagation delays on the steady state behavior in ALOHA systems is investigated. The basic model of ALOHA systems with propagation delays is introduced and analyzed in line with the catastrophe theory. The bifurcation set, which shows the necessary and sufficient condition that the system is either monostable or bistable, is given explicitly in terms of a few system and user parameters including propagation delays. The global behavior of the system is determined by the cusp catastrophe. Analysis of bifurcation sets shows that propagation delays stabilize the system.

Field of study: Computer science
Ego Deficits in Anorexia Nervosa Patients and Incest Victims: An MMPI Comparative Analysis

Ego deficit is a frequent theme in the clinical literature for both patients of anorexia nervosa and victims of incest, but no previous study has analyzed, compared or contrasted the dynamics of the two groups psychometrically. The present investigation utilized the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) to study the mean profiles of 30 hospitalized anorexic women, 30 female victims of father-daughter incest, and 30 female subjects in a matched contemporary control group. Remarkable similarities were noted between the anorexic and incest groups (and differences from the control group) in characterological elevations on five clinical scales and lower scores on Barron's ego strength (Es) scale. The results are discussed in terms of ego deficits shared by the two groups in spite of their distinctly different developmental and behavioral histories.

Field of study: Psychology
Carbon dioxide sequestration as mineral carbonates

The volume of carbon dioxide associated with the use of fossil fuels to generate electricity is enormous.Carbon dioxide is one of the major greenhouse gases whose concentration in the atmosphere has threatened the living environment of mankind.The advantages of a mineral CO_2 mitigation scheme are presented.Enormous deposits of ultramafic rock such as serpentine [Mg_3Si_2O_5(OH)_4] and olivine [(Mg, Fe)_2SiO_4] exist in nature, providing a large potential capacity of CO_2 sequestration.The resulting magnesite product is thermodynamically stable and environmentally benign, and the overall process is exothermic with the potential to be implemented with acceptable economics.In this study,the theory of mineral carbonation was discussed.An experimental bench scale unit was established and some experiments were made on different conditions of carbonation.X-ray diffraction analysis(XRD) identified magnesite as the primary reaction product, and under optimal conditions 58% stoichiometric conversion of the silicate to carbonate was achieved in 60 minutes.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
A DYNAMIC SUBSTRUCTURE TECHNIQUE FOR THE TRANSIENT DYNAMICS OF NON-HOMOGENEOUS FLEXIBLE BARS WITH IMPACT

The fixed-interface mode synthesis dynamic substructure technique was applied to study the impact problems of the non-homogeneous flexible bars with variable cross-section longitudinally struck at its free end by a moving rigid mass. The transient dynamics equations were derived and expressed in mode coordinates. The two methods to determine the initial conditions of impact were discussed. The dynamic substructure technique can calculate the complicated impact force history successfully, the transient wave propagation along the bars and the impact transient response. Numerical examples show that the calculation results are convergence and the precision of the numerical solution is high enough compared with the analytical solution when the number of element exceeds to 180 and only two fixed-interface normal modes are selected. When the more elements and higher order normal mode are chosen, this method may be applied to the study of the transient dynamic of the complicate flexible structure.

Field of study: Engineering
SWI/SNF chromatin-remodeling complexes in cardiovascular development and disease.

Our understanding of congenital heart defects has been recently advanced by whole exome sequencing projects, which have identified de novo mutations in many genes encoding epigenetic regulators. Notably, multiple subunits of switching defective/sucrose non-fermenting (SWI/SNF) chromatin-remodeling complexes have been identified as strong candidates underlying these defects because they physically and functionally interact with cardiogenic transcription factors critical to cardiac development, such as TBX5, GATA-4, and NKX2-5. While these studies indicate a critical role of SWI/SNF complexes in cardiac development and congenital heart disease, many exciting new discoveries have identified their critical role in the adult heart in both physiological and pathological conditions involving multiple cell types in the heart, including cardiomyocytes, vascular endothelial cells, pericytes, and neural crest cells. This review summarizes the role of SWI/SNF chromatin-remodeling complexes in cardiac development, congenital heart disease, cardiac hypertrophy, and vascular endothelial cell survival. Although the clinical relevance of SWI/SNF mutations has traditionally been focused primarily on their role in tumor suppression, these recent studies illustrate their critical role in the heart whereby they regulate cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis of cardiac derived cell lines.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Magnetic moments of isomeric levels in the Br-isotopes measured with in-beam NMR-PAC

The γ-ray angular correlation of the 9/2+, 37 μs state in81Br and of the 181 keV, 120 μs state in78Br was disturbed by nuclear magnetic resonance. Theg-factors were determined to be ¦g¦=1.297±0.015 for the 37 μs level in81Br and ¦g¦=1.025±0.003 for the 120 μs state in78Br.

Field of study: Physics