nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Holocene paleolakes of Lake Canyon, Colorado Plateau: Paleoclimate and landscape response from sedimentology and allostratigraphy

Middle and late Holocene paleoclimate can be inferred from lake-level fluctuations recorded in the sediment of two, fresh, groundwater‐controlled paleolakes in Lake Canyon, southeast Utah. The record from Lake Canyon contributes proxy climate data for the region as well as insight into climate controls on sedimentation. The paleolakes were formed immediately upcanyon of side-stream confluences where disproportionately large volumes of alluvium were focused into the bedrock canyon. Excellent exposure allows a depositional facies model to be developed and allostratigraphic units to be defined. A facies-based proxy for the past shoreline position is applied to the allostratigraphy and radiocarbon-based chronostratigraphy to produce a record of lake level through time that is corroborated by diatom proxy data. The earliest known lake formed during an episode of aggradation that began just before 5180 14 C yr B.P., and an arroyo-cutting event drained the lake before 3050 14 Cy r B.P. The Lake Canyon record for the past 3 k.y. is composed of wet-dry cycles that have a periodicity of ~520 yr, matching cycles resolved by the regional tree-ring record and the timing of the Medieval Warm Period and Little Ice Age. Lake level rose after 420 14 C yr B.P. and aggradation continued until an advancing arroyo headcut drained the upper lake in A.D. 1915. Fluvial and lacustrine aggradation in Lake Canyon accompanied shifts to wetter climate when sediment stored in upper reaches of the drainage basin was delivered to the canyon, whereas arroyo cutting in the canyon is more a function of sediment supply and internal complex-response mechanisms than dry climate conditions. Correlation with other records is hindered by differences in resolution and the influence of local controls on alluvial stratigraphy. The Lake Canyon record confirms that episodes of high flood frequency in Holocene time have been wetter overall, but not all wet periods have been marked by high flood frequency.

Field of study: Geology
The Topsails igneous suite, western Newfoundland: an Early Silurian subduction-related magmatic suite?

The Topsails igneous suite contains several Late Ordovician to Early Silurian volcanic and intrusive sequences, which overlie and intrude Early to Middle Ordovician oceanic and arc rocks. The oldest components of this suite may represent calc-alkaline, continental-arc magmatism. The younger components are bimodal, with felsic compositions vastly predominating, and include a major (> 2200 km2) alkaline (A-type) granite complex. These felsic components have similarities to peralkaline suites formed in unusual subduction-related settings. Younger mafic components resemble within-plate basalts emplaced in a continental setting.Silurian magmatic activity in the Canadian Appalachians is widespread, includes diverse magmatic types, and has contrasting metamorphic and tectonic overprinting, even in contiguous areas. These features and the probability of major post-Silurian displacements in the orogen render correlation and interpretation difficult. Tectonic models that consider basin closure and major plate movem...

Field of study: Environmental science
Chemi-ionization in K-I collisions

Accurate partial and integral cross sections for chemi-ionization have been calculated for a two-state model representing collisions between ground state K and I atoms from threshold to 6 eV relative energy using a coupled equations method. In addition, these quantities have been calculated in the Landau-Zener and Stueckelberg approximations. They furnish results for the charge transfer channel which agree with the accurate ones, down to the threshold energy, to within 7%. The integral cross sections for charge neutralization are obtained from the ionization cross sections by microscopic reversibility, and it diverges asE−1.

Field of study: Physics
[Effectiveness of a new Soviet drug Benzonal, inductor of microsomal enzymes of the liver, in the complex treatment of hemolytic disease of newborn].

: The effects of benzonal on the course of neonatal hemolytic disease due to the Rhesus factor-conflict was studied in comparison with that of phenobarbital. Dynamic follow-up of infants in the early neonatal period showed benzonal to produce a more pronounced hypobilirubinemic effect which was manifested as a prompter disappearance of skin jaundice and lower percentages of complications. By depressing the activity of organospecific enzymes and lowering the serum biliary acid levels, benzonal promotes normalization of the metabolic shifts present in neonatal hemolytic disease. The findings make it possible to recommend the new inductor of microsomal liver enzymes benzonal as part of the combined therapy of neonatal hemolytic disease.

Field of study: Medicine
Probability Steiner trees and maximum parsimony in phylogenetic analysis

The phylogenetic tree (PT) problem has been studied by a number of researchers as an application of the Steiner tree problem, a well-known network optimisation problem. Of all the methods developed for phylogenies the maximum parsimony (MP) method is a simple and commonly used method because it relies on directly observable changes in the input nucleotide or amino acid sequences. In this paper we show that the non-uniqueness of the evolutionary pathways in the MP method leads us to consider a new model of PTs. In this so-called probability representation model, for each site a node in a PT is modelled by a probability distribution of nucleotide or amino acid states, and hence the PT at a given site is a probability Steiner tree, i.e. a Steiner tree in a high-dimensional vector space. In spite of the generality of the probability representation model, in this paper we restrict our study to constructing probability phylogenetic trees (PPT) using the parsimony criterion, as well as discussing and comparing our approach with the classical MP method. We show that for a given input set although the optimal topology as well as the total tree length of the PPT is the same as the PT constructed by the classical MP method, the inferred ancestral states and branch lengths are different and the results given by our method provide a plausible alternative to the classical ones.

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics
Excitation of 6Li above the breakup threshold in the 6Li + 208Pb system around the Coulomb barrier

The excitation energy above the breakup threshold of the $\alpha + d/^6$Li system, after the interaction of 6Li nuclei with a 208Pb target, was deduced from the invariant mass of the $\alpha + d$ system. Data were collected with a large-solid-angle detector set-up at four beam energies around the Coulomb barrier. The excitation of the 6Li nucleus above the breakup threshold (1.47 MeV) has a quite similar behavior at each measured beam energy and angle; it is peaked at $\sim 1$ MeV above the threshold and shows an exponential decay on the high energy side, which is a clear signature of a direct breakup process. The experimental excitation energies are reproduced both in shape and absolute value by 1) fully quantum-mechanical Coupled-Channel calculations with coupling to discretized-continuum 6Li excitations, 2) semi-classical Coupled-Channel approach, where the relative motion is treated along a classical trajectory.

Field of study: Physics
Anti-Diabetic Effects of the Ethyl-Acetate Fraction of Trichilia catigua in Streptozo-tocin-Induced Type 1 Diabetic Rats

Trichilia catigua A. Juss., known as “catuaba” in Brazil, has been popularly used as a tonic for fatigue, impotence and memory deficits. Previously, our group demonstrated that the ethyl-acetate fraction (EAF) of T. catigua has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. The present study evaluated the anti-diabetic activity of EAF in type 1 diabetic rats.  Male Wistar rats were divided into four groups (N: non-diabetic group, D: type 1 diabetic group, NC: non-diabetic + EAF group and DC: type 1 diabetic + EAF group). The latter two groups were treated with 200 mg/kg EAF. Type 1 diabetes was induced by intravenous streptozotocin (STZ) injection (35 mg/kg). Starting two days after STZ injection, EAF was administered daily by gavage for 8 weeks.  EAF attenuated body mass loss and reduced food and water intake. EAF improved hyperglycaemia and other biochemical parameters, such as alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST). Furthermore, the number of pancreatic β-cells and the size of the islets had increased by β-cell proliferation in the DC group. EAF promoted reduction in kidney tissue damage in STZ-induced diabetic rats by reduction of renal fibrosis.  The present study showed that EAF improves glucose homeostasis and endocrine pancreas morphology and inhibits the development of diabetic nephropathy in STZ-induced diabetic rats.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Construction of large families of pseudorandom subsets using elliptic curves

Recently, Dartyge and S´¨ ozy investigated the measures, i.e., the well distribution measure and the correlation measure of order k, of pseudorandomness of subsets of the setf1; 2;:::; Ng, and they presented several constructive examples for subsets with strong pseudorandom properties when N is a prime number. In this article, we present a construction of pseudorandom subsets using elliptic curves over finite fields and estimate the pseudorandom measures. Character sums play an important role in the proofs.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
A facies analysis of the cambrian of wales

The Cambrian sediments of Wales are analysed with particular regard to lithology, directional and non-directional inorganic sedimentary structures and trace fossils. It is deduced that deposition occurred in a narrow, fault controlled, roughly northeast-southwest trending trough. The northwestern margin of the trough was variously situated on and to the northwest of Anglesey while the southeastern margin probably lay in the Welsh Borderlands or English Midlands. The axial terminations of the trough are unknown. Sediment transport within the trough appears to have been mainly by turbidity and other bottom currents, with the coarser sediment generally laterally derived from nearby fault uplifted landmasses and the finer sediment axially derived from a more distant southwesterly source. The biogenic and inorganic sedimentary structures are consistently in agreement in indicating that the sediments did not all accumulate in either shallow or deep water as has been previously claimed but in variable water depth at all localities. The depositional history of the area does not readily accord with the early stages of the generally accepted scheme of geosynclinal evolution and the Cambrian sequence should not therefore be considered as part of the so-called Welsh Lower Palaeozoic geosynclinal sediments as advocated by Jones (1938).

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Modeling systems with high early failure occurrence patterns

Skew data are by no means exceptional and so various distributions such as lognormal, Weibull, Gamma, the Pareto family, the modified extreme value families, etc. have been noted and considered, (1, 3, 4, 5, 7) This paper puts forward the Alpha distribution and the inverse Gaussian distribution as reliability models for systems with high early failure patterns.

Field of study: Engineering
How to make Integrated Coastal Erosion Management a reality

Coastal-erosion management actions require a knowledge of sediment behaviour and interchange in all related offshore, shore and inland environments. Approaches to managing erosion include hard/soft protection measures (hold/advance the line), accommodation, managed retreat, use of ecosystems and sacrifice (do nothing). In reshaping these options, an essential addition is the most attractive but usually the least used strategy:  Concerning the Erosion Causes (ICEC). Minimizing erosion via ICEC not only means specific local actions, but certainly also involves the restoration of natural protective habitats, and even the removal of anthropogenic structures that block sediment production and its flow to and through coastal systems. The spatial and temporal environmental, physical and social knowledge related to the area of interest forms the core of the ICEC approach to solve or at least minimize coastal erosion.

Field of study: Environmental science
A study on the effect of deoxynivalenol on serotonin receptor binding in pig brain membranes.

Central serotoninergic (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5HT) pathways are believed to be involved in the mechanisms of anorexia and/or emesis evoked by the trichothecene mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON). Using an in vitro membrane receptor binding assay, the competitive potency of DON was investigated against several radioactive ligands that have a high affinity for selective 5HT receptor subgroups. Receptor site densities and displacement profiles in twelve selected regions of pig brain were investigated. Overall, DON possessed only minimal efficacy to competently block any of the 5HT-ligands tested. IC50 values (50% inhibitory concentration) of at least 5 mM DON were required to inhibit binding, and in certain regions concentrations of 100 mM were ineffective. In comparison, several standard 5HT-antagonists showed 10(3)-10(5) times greater capability than DON to displace binding of these ligands. Because these results indicated DON possesses only weak affinity for the 5HT-receptor subtypes investigated here, this suggested that in vivo, unless relatively high concentrations of the toxin are present, its pharmacological effects may be mediated by mechanisms other than a functional interaction with serotoninergic receptors at the central level.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Isotopieverschiebungskonstanten von Th, U, Pu und Am

The isotope shifts of unperturbed electron configurations have been determined from isotope shift measurements in the spectra of Th, U, Pu, and Am. The screening of the 7s electron charge density at the nucleus by 6d, 7s, and 7p electrons is discussed. It turns out that the same screening factors as for the 6s electron in lighter elements can be used. The screening of the 7s electron charge density at the nucleus by one 5f electron amounts to about 25%: [δT(fns)−δT(fn)]/[δT(fn}s)−δ(fn})]=0.75. The charge density at the nucleus due to the filleds (andp1/2) shells is considerabely screened by anf electron. The isotope shiftδT(fn}-1dm+2)−δT(fndm) produced by this effect is of the same order of magnitude as the isotope shiftδT(fndms)-δT(fndm) due to ans electron. The experimental isotope shift constants are found to be:Β Cexp(Th230–Th232)=880±120;Β Cexp(U233–U235)=1000±180;Β Cexp(U234–U236)=1070±200;Β Cexp(U236–U238)=1080±180;Β Cexp(Pu238–Pu240)=1200±120;Β Cexp(Pu239–Pu241)=1060±100;Β Cexp(Pu240–Pu242)=900 ±90;Β Cexp(Am241–Am243)=890±50 [10−3cm−1]. The ratiosΒ Cexp/Cth are discussed.

Field of study: Physics
Samta Benyahia Le Polygone et Le Dédale (review)

"Le Polygone et Le Dedale" (detail), Dreams and Conflicts, 2003, Glass, enamel, metal, wood, 220 x 245 cm. 50th Venice Biennale. Courtesy the artist and Martine et Thibault de la Chatre gallery. Samta Benyahia originally based her design for Le Polygon et Le Dedale—literally, "The Polygon and the Labyr i n t h "—on the Fatima rosette, an intense turquoise-blue motif commonly found in Andalusian-Arabic pottery and architecture. More than a mere ornament or stylistic device, this rosette, pared down and purified, is a common feature of her work: set on the ground or adorning stained-glass screens or the Moucharabieh partitions that both divide and interconnect spaces, allowing the viewer to see without being seen and symbolizing the opposition between the internal and the external, the feminine and the masculine, fullness and void.

Field of study: Art
Age differences in Olympic volunteering experiences: an examination of generativity and meaning in life

This paper examined differences in generativity and meaning in life among middle-aged and older adult volunteers for the 2010 Vancouver Winter Olympic Games. It was hypothesised that older volunteers would exhibit a stronger association between sense of belonging and meaning in life, whereas middle-aged ones would demonstrate a stronger association between self-esteem and meaning in life. Data were utilised from the Older Olympic Volunteer Project, which collected the information on volunteering experiences among 255 middle-aged and older adults before and after the intensive mega-event. For middle-aged volunteers, the association between self-esteem and meaning in life increased significantly after controlling for socio-demographic factors. Among older volunteers, the association between sense of belonging and meaning in life also strengthened. The associations between self-esteem, sense of belonging and meaning in life were not replicated for the other age group as predicted. Overall, the findings support generative processes linked to volunteering experiences.

Field of study: Sociology
Hormonal evaluation in adolescents with varicocele.

Varicocele is one of the most frequent disease affecting the fertility potential;  the aim of this study is to assess the correlation between clinical and radiological grade of varicocele and hormonal values.



The data about adolescents with left unilateral varicocele aged between 13 and 16 years, with Tanner stage V, followed at the Authors' Institution between September 2016 and September 2019 were investigated; inclusion and exclusion criteria were created. Patients underwent standard visit, Ultrasound, Doppler velocimetry and hormonal tests (at T0 and T1). Those patients with testicular hypotrophy underwent surgery.



During the study period, 75 subjects with left unilateral varicocele were enrolled; 8 patients were excluded.A total of 67 patients were then studied. Among these patients, 37 had testicular hypotrophy, while the others had normal testicular volume. There was no correlation between grade of varicocele and testicular hypotrophy (p = 0.12); among those patients with testicular hypotrophy, there was a statistical correlation with the grade of spermatic vein reflux (grade 4 vs grades 1-2-3) (p = 0.03). Focusing on hormonal values, there was a statistical significant difference between FSH levels, clinical grades of varicocele and grade of spermatic vein reflux: FSH levels were higher in patients with clinical grade 3 varicocele respect to patients with grade 1-2 varicocele and, in particular, patients with grade 3 varicocele, testicular hypotrophy and grade 4 spermatic vein reflux (14 patients) had higher FSH level respect to others (p = 0.02). After surgery there was a significant FSH reduction.



Our results demonstrate that higher grade of spermatic vein reflux is associated with testicular hypotrophy and higher FSH levels.

Field of study: Medicine
Inequity in healthcare use among older people after 2008: The case of southern European countries.

Despite the sizeable cuts in public healthcare spending, which were part of the austerity measures recently undertaken in Southern European countries, little attention has been devoted to monitoring its distributional consequences in terms of healthcare use. This study aims at measuring socioeconomic inequities in primary and secondary healthcare use experienced some time after the crisis onset in Italy, Spain and Portugal. The analysis, based on data drawn from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE), focuses on older people, who generally face significantly higher healthcare needs, and whose health appeared to have worsened in the aftermath of the crisis. The Horizontal Inequity indexes reveal remarkable socioeconomic inequities in older people's access to secondary healthcare in all three countries. In Portugal, the one country facing most severe healthcare budget cuts and where user charges apply also to GP visits, even access to primary care exhibits a significant pro-rich concentration. If reducing inequities in older people's access to healthcare remains a policy objective, austerity measures maybe pulling the Olive belt countries further away from achieving it.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Research on Ammonia-Ammonium Chloride Leaching of a High Alkaline Zinc Oxide Ore

The leaching of a high alkaline zinc oxide ore was studied in ammonia-ammonium chloride solution.The influence of technical parameters including ammonia concentration,the ratio of liquid to solid,reaction time and temperature on leaching rate was studied and the relevant leaching process was analyzed.The optimum condition was found to be: the molar concentration ratio of ammonia to ammonium chloride is 1:1,the ammonia concentration is 5mol/L,the ratio of liquid to solid is 3:1,the leaching time is 2h and the leaching temperature is 40℃.The leaching ratio of zinc is 89.3% under that condition.

Field of study: Materials science
Signal Analysis of Torsional Vibration of Transmission System Cause by Pavement Excitation

This paper conducts a road test with a certain brand SUV as the test object, and collects the rotation signal through the magnetic speed sensor, and then analyzes the various excitation components in the signal. In this paper, we analyze and process the rotation signal with MATLAB, and process the acquisition signal by interpolation method, in order to eliminate the frequency aliasing phenomenon,and then filtering out the engine excitation through the design of a simple filter. Finally, the time domain signal is Fourier transformed to obtain the frequency spectrum. Through the frequency spectrum analysis under the same speed of different gears, the law of torsional vibration of the driveline under the pavement excitation is obtained, and the abnormal fluctuation in the signal is diagnosed.

Field of study: Engineering
Accountability: definition and relationship to verifiability

Many cryptographic tasks and protocols, such as non-repudiation, contract-signing, voting, auction, identity-based encryption, and certain forms of secure multi-party computation, involve the use of (semi-)trusted parties, such as notaries and authorities. It is crucial that such parties can be held accountable in case they misbehave as this is a strong incentive for such parties to follow the protocol. Unfortunately, there does not exist a general and convincing definition of accountability that would allow to assess the level of accountability a protocol provides.
 In this paper, we therefore propose a new, widely applicable definition of accountability, with interpretations both in symbolic and computational models. Our definition reveals that accountability is closely related to verifiability, for which we also propose a new definition. We prove that verifiability can be interpreted as a weak form of accountability. Our findings on verifiability are of independent interest.
 As a proof of concept, we apply our definitions to the analysis of protocols for three different tasks: contract-signing, voting, and auctions. Our analysis unveils some subtleties and unexpected weaknesses, showing in one case that the protocol is unusable in practice. However, for this protocol we propose a fix to establish a reasonable level of accountability.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Equilibrium using credit or money with indivisible goods

This note studies the trade of indivisible goods using credit or money in a frictional market. We show how indivisibility matters for monetary equilibrium under different assumptions about price determination. Bargaining generates a price and allocation that are independent of the nominal interest or inflation rate over some range. This is not the case with price posting and directed search. In either case, we provide conditions (the nominal rate cannot be too high) under which stationary monetary equilibrium exists, and we show it is unique or generically unique.

Field of study: Economics