nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Millennial climatic instability during penultimate glacial period recorded in a south-western France speleothem

This study focuses on an earlier MIS (marine isotopic stage) 6 flowstone deposit (Vil-car-1 core, Villars Cave, SW-France) that recorded millennial scale climatic events. This speleothem provides a high resolution record of the penultimate glacial period on mid-latitude land. The flowstone high growth rate and the episodes with depleted calcite δ 13 C c values suggest that marine isotopic substage 6e environmental conditions were relatively warm and humid. Its δ 13 C c profile clearly displays five main climatic oscillations from 177 to 165 ka, correlated with stadial–interstadial events. Similarly to the MIS3 period, the transitions in between those interstadials and stadials are characterised by abrupt changes and intra-interstadial variability is observed.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Optical tomography of thermal blooming in high energy laser beam

Computer tomography is widely used in density measurement, and this method is also introduced into analysis of airflow as optical tomography. The airflow characteristic of thermal blooming in high energy laser(HEL) beam and the disadvantage of traditional method are discussed. The optical tomography of thermal blooming is presented in this paper, and it can measure HEL inner beam thermal blooming non-intrusively. By the numerical simulation of tomographic optical HEL beam thermal blooming, the feasibility and dependability of this approach are tested.

Field of study: Physics
Effects of Cooling After Rolling on Thermal Stress of H-beam Steel

Controlled cooling of H-beam steel after rolling can change the microstructure,increase strength and improve the comprehensive mechanical properties and service performance. According to the actual production, three dimensional FE model of controlled cooling of H-beam steel was established by adopting the rational thermal boundary condition. The four kinds of cooling schemes were designed. Spray cooling was used. Transient temperature field and stress field were simulated by using the FE software ANSYS/Multiphysics. Through analyzing the relationship between the temperature field and stress field, it was obtained that the main reasons for producing residual thermal stress are the section temperature difference in the cooling process of H-beam steel after rolling.

Field of study: Materials science
FAILURE ENVELOPE AND FAILURE ASSESSSMENT OF PLANE FRAME STRUCTURES

The bar element of failure assessment for the plane frame structure is defined. The normalized end moment and normalized end curvature of the element are introduced. The failure envelope, the state diagram, and the failure index of the failure-assessment bar element are presented. Then the failure envelope, the state diagram, and the failure index of the plane frame structure are initiated. Three structure failure indexes are constructed considering the probability distribution. The weighted average and maximum value are obtained form the distribution of the points in the diagram representing the elements, respectively. As a geometrical scheme, the structure failure assessment which differs from the common damage assessment depending on the physical property variation of the structure is implemented concisely and graphically with these failure indexes. A frame of 3 spans and 6 storeys is analyzed. The failure indexes of the frame are solved for various loads, ratios between stiffness factors of the beams and columns, and division density of the failure-assessment bar element.

Field of study: Engineering
Local mechanical and structural properties of healthy and diseased human ascending aorta tissue.

This study investigates the mechanics and histology of healthy and dilated human ascending aortas (AA). The regional variation in mechanical response and tissue structure were compared.



Rings of human AA from healthy (n=5), dilated tricuspid aortic valve (TAV, n=5), and dilated bicuspid aortic valve (BAV, n=6) patients were mechanically tested. Each aortic ring was sectioned into quadrants-anterior, posterior, medial (inner curvature) and lateral (outer curvature). Low- and high-stress elastic moduli were calculated from the equibiaxial stress strain curve to determine the local mechanical properties. Histological analysis was used to quantify the percent composition of elastin, collagen, and smooth muscle cells.



BAV tissue was thinnest and contained the largest percent composition of collagen. Both TAV and BAV tissue had significantly less elastin than healthy tissue. At low strain in the circumferential direction, TAV tissue was on average the least stiff. The elastic modulus was dependent on quadrant and tissue type but not direction (isotropic). Generally, the lateral quadrant tissue was the stiffest and the medial quadrant the least stiff. There were no apparent local variations in the tissue histology.



Local variations in tissue thickness and mechanical properties were evident in all samples analyzed and may be linked to the type of aortic valve present.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Fracture of Corn Endosperm in Bending Part II: Fracture Analysis by Fractography and Optical Microscopy

FRACTURE in corn endosperm, studied by both a scanning electron microscope and an optical microscope, occurs as an intergranular brittle fracture at lower temperatures, but as an intergranular ductile frac-ture at higher temperatures. The mode of crack propagation is not affected by temperature and rate of loading since there were no ap-parent differences between ruptured surfaces due to bending as simple beams and stress-crack surfaces due to heated-air drying. The fracture in corn endosperm was found to initiate in the center of the kernel, apparently due to internal flaws, and propagate toward the outside through the cell walls and around the starch granules.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Considerations for evaluating hot-electron reliability of strained Si n-channel MOSFETs

Tensile-strained Si on relaxed Si 1− x Ge x buffers has emerged as an important channel material for improving CMOS performance. The ability of tensile-strained Si to dramatically improve MOSFET drive currents has received much attention in the literature in recent years, but little is known about its reliability characteristics. In this review we discuss some of the issues that should be considered in the analysis of hot-electron reliability of strained Si n-channel MOSFETs.

Field of study: Engineering
A comparison of alternative systems to catch and kill for mitigating unprovoked shark bite on bathers or surfers at ocean beaches

Responses to unprovoked shark bite involve public policies and management approaches that contend with the needs of public safety and the responsibility to protect threatened species. In Australia (Queensland and New South Wales) and South Africa, methods that aim to capture and kill large sharks adjacent to popular beaches are a long-standing approach aimed at reducing the risk of shark bite. This paper reviews non-lethal alternatives to catch and kill methods, and suggests optimal conditions for non-lethal systems that will assist policy makers and beach authorities in choosing public safety responses that can be applied at the ocean beach scale. Deployment needs to be strategic with sufficient knowledge of their likely effectiveness under local conditions. At this stage we believe there is no single approach universally applicable to ocean beaches where unprovoked shark bite occurs, although well considered and locally appropriate mitigation measures can reduce risk.

Field of study: Environmental science
Induction of non-specific human suppressor cells in vitro by defined Onchocerca volvulus antigens.

In the present study the activity of Onchocerca volvulus total antigens (OVA) on the proliferative response of human lymphocytes from healthy donors was investigated. Normal human lymphocytes were cultured for 72 h with polyclonal activators, phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) or pokeweed mitogen (PWM), together with OVA, and thymidine uptake was measured. The proliferation of normal lymphocytes was markedly inhibited by the parasite antigens. The inhibition was not attributable to a cytotoxic effect of OVA, since at least 80% viable cells were recovered at the end of cell cultures. The inhibition was not abrogated by removal of the adherent cell population. The passage of OVA through immunosorbent column containing human antibodies to O. volvulus significantly reduced the suppressive activity of OVA. The in vitro response to mitogens (PHA, PWM) of normal human lymphocytes was suppressed by co-culture with allogeneic or syngeneic lymphocytes, which had previously been exposed for 72 h to OVA. The suppression was not abrogated by the irradiation of mononuclear cells before the exposure to OVA. A significant reduction of the suppression was however observed when OVA pre-treated cells were T cell depleted by centrifugation of E rosettes. Thus, parasite antigens, which are recognized by antibodies in infected human sera may participate in the modulation of the cellular immune response during O. volvulus infection by inducing suppressor cells. This suppression could in addition contribute to the survival of the parasite in its host.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
The application of physical surrogates to predict the distribution of marine benthic organisms

The identification of marine habitats based on physical parameters is increasingly important for marine reserve design, allowing characterisation of habitat types over much wider areas than is possible from often patchy biological data. Marine management zones often contain a wide array of physical environments, which may not be captured in the biological sampling effort. The mismatch between biological and physical information leads to uncertainty in the application of bio-physical relationships at the broader management scale. In this study, a case study from northern Australia is used to demonstrate a methodology for defining uncertainties which result from the extrapolation of bio-physical associations across areas where detailed biological data is absent. In addition, uncertainties relating to the interpolation of physical data sets and that resulting from the cluster analysis applied to the physical data are calculated and mapped, providing marine managers with greater robustness in their analysis of habitat distributions.

Field of study: Environmental science
Early clean intermittent catheterization may not prevent dimercaptosuccinic acid renal scan abnormalities in children with spinal dysraphism.

To determine whether early initiation of clean intermittent catheterization is associated with increased renal preservation in children with spinal dysraphism based on dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) renal scans.



A retrospective review was performed of 100 patients from a pediatric spinal defects clinic from June 2007 to October 2011 who were followed with routine studies including DMSA scans, voiding cystourethrograms, renal/bladder ultrasounds, and urodynamics. DMSA scans were reviewed for evidence of renal cortical loss as defined by presence of scarring or difference in differential function greater than 15%. Multivariate analysis was performed for risk factors for upper tract damage.



Renal cortical loss on DMSA scan was found in 43/100 (43%) of patients. CIC was started at birth in 17/100 (17%) of patients with the rest starting at a median age of 5 years (IQR 3-9). Upon multivariate regression analysis, age at DMSA scan (OR 1.21; 95% CI 1.08-1.36), history of VUR (OR 8.64; 95% CI 2.52-29.57), history of hydronephrosis (OR 3.44; 95% CI 1.12-10.5), and CIC from birth (OR 9.26; 95% CI 1.99-43.18) were statistically significant predictors of kidney damage.



Early initiation of CIC may not reduce the incidence of DMSA abnormalities in pediatric patients with spinal dysraphism.

Field of study: Medicine
Reply to Comment on "Superfluid stability in the BEC-BCS crossover" by Sheehy and Radzihovsky

The reason behind the discrepancy between the phase diagrams of our earlier work  and the comment of Sheehy and Radzihovsky  is discussed. We show that, in contrast to what is claimed in , the requirement of positive susceptibility is sufficient to rule out states that are local maximum of the free energy (as a function of the order parameter $\Delta$

Field of study: Physics
Efficient Nonenzymatic Sensors Based on Ni-MOF Microspheres Decorated with Au Nanoparticles for Glucose Detection

Au nanoparticles were decorated on Ni-based metal–organic frameworks to improve their electrochemical performance for nonenzymatic glucose detection through a convenient and fast microwave-assisted process. Various techniques including scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, energy dispersive X-ray mapping and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy were used to characterize the Au@Ni-BTC composites. The results revealed that Au nanoparticles were uniformly deposited on the Ni-BTC microspheres. The constructed Au@Ni-BTC sensors showed highly increased glucose detection performance with a wide linear range (5–7400 μM), high sensitivity (1447.1 μA mM −1  cm −2 ) and low detection limit (1.5 μM). Moreover, they also exhibited good selectivity and preferable feasibility for serum sample analysis. The improved glucose sensing performance may be due to the synergistic effects of Au nanoparticles and Ni-BTC, which facilitated faster charge transfer in the electrochemical process. The study of Au@Ni-BTC may also provide a promising material for constructing highly efficient nonenzymatic glucose sensors.

Field of study: Materials science
Bioinformatics Tools and Databases to Assess the Pathogenicity of Mitochondrial DNA Variants in the Field of Next Generation Sequencing

The development of next generation sequencing (NGS) has greatly enhanced the diagnosis of mitochondrial disorders, with a systematic analysis of the whole mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequence and better detection sensitivity. However, the exponential growth of sequencing data renders complex the interpretation of the identified variants, thereby posing new challenges for the molecular diagnosis of mitochondrial diseases. Indeed, mtDNA sequencing by NGS requires specific bioinformatics tools and the adaptation of those developed for nuclear DNA, for the detection and quantification of mtDNA variants from sequence alignment to the calling steps, in order to manage the specific features of the mitochondrial genome including heteroplasmy, i.e., coexistence of mutant and wildtype mtDNA copies. The prioritization of mtDNA variants remains difficult, relying on a limited number of specific resources: population and clinical databases, and in silico tools providing a prediction of the variant pathogenicity. An evaluation of the most prominent bioinformatics tools showed that their ability to predict the pathogenicity was highly variable indicating that special efforts should be directed at developing new bioinformatics tools dedicated to the mitochondrial genome. In addition, massive parallel sequencing raised several issues related to the interpretation of very low mtDNA mutational loads, discovery of variants of unknown significance, and mutations unrelated to patient phenotype or the co-occurrence of mtDNA variants. This review provides an overview of the current strategies and bioinformatics tools for accurate annotation, prioritization and reporting of mtDNA variations from NGS data, in order to carry out accurate genetic counseling in individuals with primary mitochondrial diseases.

Field of study: Biology
The complex crosstalk between inflammatory cytokines and ventricular arrhythmias

HighlightsCytokines present a non‐linear relationship with arrhythmogenic potential of myocardium.Cytokines affect the autonomic innervation of the heart.Serum cytokine levels predict the occurrence of arrhythmia after infarction.Serum cytokine levels affect the outcome of Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy.  The network of cytokines consists one of the most extensively studied signaling systems of human body. Cytokines appear to modulate pathogenesis and progress of many different diseases in the human body, particularly in regards to cardiovascular system. However, their effects on the electrical system of the heart has been neglected. Over the past decade, attemps to understand this relationship led to the uncovering of the direct and indirect effects of cytokines on action potential propagation and cell depolarization. This relationship has been depicted in clinical practice as serum levels of cytokines are increasingly associated with prevalence of ventricular arrhythmias either isolated or secondary to either a heart condition or a systemic auto‐immune disease. Thus, they present an appealing potential as a biomarker for prediction of arrhythmia generation, as well as the ourtcome of electrophysiological interventions.

Field of study: Medicine
FORM-FINDING OF SINGLE-LAYER CYLINDRICAL LATTICED SHELLS

By introducing the concept of form-finding widely used in flexible structures into rigid structures,this paper presents a form-finding method for single-layer cylindrical latticed shells based on the force density method,aimed at investigating the rational form-finding problem of latticed gird shell structures.The form-finding of a single-layer cylindrical latticed shell with zero Gaussian curvature is realized by accounting for the self-weight of the structure during the form-finding process,and the bending moments and shear forces caused by the self-weight may be minimized through the process.The geometrical shape of a form-finding latticed shell is similar to that of a traditional cylindrical shell,but leads to a significant enhancement in the stability bearing capacity of the structure.The proposed form-finding method is of high efficiency and good convergence,providing a new approach for the design of single-layer cylindrical latticed shells.

Field of study: Engineering
Spin Hall magnetoresistance in heterostructures consisting of noncrystalline paramagnetic YIG and Pt

The spin Hall magnetoresistance (SMR) effect arises from spin-transfer processes across the interface between a spin Hall active metal and an insulating magnet. While the SMR response of ferrimagnetic and antiferromagnetic insulators has been studied extensively, the SMR of a paramagnetic spin ensemble is not well established. Thus, we investigate herein the magnetoresistive response of the as-deposited yttrium iron garnet/platinum thin film bilayers as a function of the orientation and the amplitude of an externally applied magnetic field. Structural and magnetic characterization shows no evidence for the crystalline order or spontaneous magnetization in the yttrium iron garnet layer. Nevertheless, we observe a clear magnetoresistance response with a dependence on the magnetic field orientation characteristic for the SMR. We propose two models for the origin of the SMR response in paramagnetic insulator/platinum heterostructures. The first model describes the SMR of an ensemble of noninteracting paramagnetic moments, while the second model describes the magnetoresistance arising by considering the total net moment. Interestingly, our experimental data are consistently described by the net moment picture, in contrast to the situation in compensated ferrimagnets or antiferromagnets.The spin Hall magnetoresistance (SMR) effect arises from spin-transfer processes across the interface between a spin Hall active metal and an insulating magnet. While the SMR response of ferrimagnetic and antiferromagnetic insulators has been studied extensively, the SMR of a paramagnetic spin ensemble is not well established. Thus, we investigate herein the magnetoresistive response of the as-deposited yttrium iron garnet/platinum thin film bilayers as a function of the orientation and the amplitude of an externally applied magnetic field. Structural and magnetic characterization shows no evidence for the crystalline order or spontaneous magnetization in the yttrium iron garnet layer. Nevertheless, we observe a clear magnetoresistance response with a dependence on the magnetic field orientation characteristic for the SMR. We propose two models for the origin of the SMR response in paramagnetic insulator/platinum heterostructures. The first model describes the SMR of an ensemble of noninteracting paramagn...

Field of study: Physics
Confidence Subset Containing the Unknown Peaks of an Umbrella Ordering

Umbrella ordering has received considerable attention in the statistical literature during the past 15 years. However, there is still no solution to the important problem of estimating the unknown peaks of an umbrella ordering. This article discusses confidence estimation of the unknown peaks. A random subset of all of the treatments that contains the unknown peaks of an umbrella ordering with any prespecified confidence level is considered. The proposed order-restricted confidence subset theory explicitly utilizes the order information and has several advantages for umbrella orderings over the usual subset selection theory. The utility and general applicability of the proposed method is shown by its applications in various experimental designs, assuming normal or other location-scale distributions with known or unknown variances. Examples based on real data are provided.

Field of study: Mathematics
The Face That Launched a Thousand Ships: The Mating-Warring Association in Men

Questions about origins of human warfare continue to generate interesting theories with little empirical evidence. One of the proposed explanations is sexual selection theory. Within and supportive of this theoretical framework, the authors demonstrate a mating—warring association among young heterosexual men in four experiments. Male, but not female, participants exposed to attractive, as compared to unattractive, opposite-sex photographs were significantly more likely to endorse war-supporting statements on a questionnaire. The same mating effect was not found in answering trade conflict questions. Male participants primed by attractive faces or legs of young women were significantly faster in responding to images or words of war than those primed by unattractive faces or national flags. The same mating effect was not found in responding to farming concepts or general aggression expressions. Results underscore the link between mating and war, supporting the view that sexual selection provides an ultimate explanation for the origins of human warfare.

Field of study: Psychology
Factors Affecting Employee Commitment in the Workplace: An Analysis

In today’s organizational settings whether private or government agencies are continuously facing different challenges concerning unrelenting productivity and producing committed workforce. No organization can perform at ultimate levels unless each employee is committed to the organization’s objectives and goals. Therefore, undeniably it is important that the organization understands the concept of employee commitment and its feasible outcome and viable impact. This study explored factors affecting employee commitment in the workplace of private and public higher education institutions. Specifically, it sought to answer the current work-relationship of the employee towards manager, colleagues and the perception on employee commitment in the workplace. In the present study, the models used to explore the work-relationship and commitment is the social exchange theory or norm of reciprocity, and psychological contract. Psychological contract explained individuals’ beliefs about their employment relationship and guide employee beliefs about what they think they are entitled to receive because of real or perceived promises from their employing organization and as we are living in a social world, reciprocity creates a normative bond among people and injects in them the obligation to return, any benefits received by them.  Education, Management, Commitment, Workplace, Employees DOI: 10.7176/JEP/11-27-19 Publication date: September 30 th 2020

Field of study: Education