nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Growth of recombinant Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra in mouse macrophages

Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv and H37Ra were derived from the same parental strain but differ strikingly in their virulence for experimental animals. Transfer of genetic material between these closely related strains resulted in the isolation of a number of recombinant H37Ra clones bearing the in vivo growth‐promoting ivg locus of H37Rv. The recombinant strain was phagocytosed by murine peritoneal macrophages infected in vivo or in vitro and their intracellular growth rates were compared with the vector control. The intracellular growth of the recombinant was significantly faster than the vector control, but substantially slower than the wild‐type H37Rv control, regardless of the method used to infect the macrophages. The slower intracellular growth observed for the recombinant strains was not due to a genetically induced metabolic defect, since they grew in synthetic liquid medium at rates equal to those observed for both H37Rv and H37Ra. Peritoneal macrophage monolayers provide a rapid and convenient assay by which to screen H37Ra recombinants for the presence of putative virulence genes.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Design and Application of System Standby Channel Based on SSL VPN

The Dongguan Power supply bureau is the extra large type power supply enterprise,the year electricity supply capacity amounts to 60,000,000,000 kilowatt-hours,this game of metropolitan area network is in the fiber optic transmission single stranded land transport row state,has not constructed the standby channel,for guarantee load bearing's OA of metropolitan area network,the marketing and so on important system's stability and the continual usability,establishes based on the SSL VPN system standby channel,deals with the unusual circumstance which the metropolitan area network optical fiber link possibly appears.This system starts in October,2007 to implement,at present moves good,and in several partial optical fiber breakdowns guaranteed that the primary operational channel do not interrupt the relational function.

Field of study: Computer science
The characteristic polynomial of a generalized join graph

For a graph G with adjacency matrix A(G) and degree-diagonal matrix D(G), Cvetkovic et al introduced a bivariate polynomial ϕ G ( x , t ) = d e t ( x I − ( A ( G ) − t D ( G ) ) ) , where I is the identity matrix. The polynomial ϕG(x, t) not only generalizes the characteristic polynomials of some well-known matrices related to G, such as the adjacency, the Laplacian matrices, but also has an elegant combinatorial interpretation as being equivalent to the Bartholdi zeta function. Let G = H [ G 1 , G 2 , … , G k ] be the generalized join graph of G 1 , G 2 , … , G k determined by graph H. In this paper, we first give a decomposition formula for ϕG(x, t). The decomposition formula provides us a new method to construct infinitely many pairs of non-regular ϕ-cospectral graphs. Then, as applications, explicit expressions for ϕG(x, t) of some special kinds of graphs are given.

Field of study: Mathematics
Measurement of X-ray spectrum using a small size CdTe multichannel detector

A multichannel detector was fabricated with 32 elements, each 1 mm wide*0.25 mm long*0.3 mm thick, on a single CdTe crystal wafer whose overall size was 1*8*0.3 mm. One of the elements was subjected to an energy analysis using diagnostic wavelength X-rays. It is noted that the energy spectrum was distorted because of the small size of the element. Errors caused by X-ray escape and by the energy dependency of the photoelectric absorption process were appreciable; however, these errors are specific to narrow energy ranges and can be corrected. The response function of the detector to monochromatic 59.54 keV /sup 241/Am gamma-rays was measured and, by fitting the results to a calibration curve, this small-size CdTe detector was able to detect X-ray spectra reliably.

Field of study: Physics
Formation and transport of the sulfonic acid metabolites of alachlor and metolachlor in soil.

Alachlor and metolachlor are dechlorinated and transformed into their corresponding ethane sulfonic acid (ESA) metabolites in soil. In a field-disappearance study, it was shown that alachlor ESA was formed at a faster rate and at concentrations 2-4 times higher than metolachlor ESA, conforming with the observed longer disappearance half-life of metolachlor (15.5 d) in the field as compared to alachlor (8 d). Runoff data also showed higher concentrations of alachlor ESA as compared to metolachlor ESA, even though they were applied at the same levels. Data from soil cores showed transport of the ESA compounds in soil to as far down as 75-90 cm belowthe surface, at concentrations ranging from less than 0.5 microg/L to about 50 microg/L. In contrast, no parent herbicide was detected at these depths. This observation correlates with the higher log Koc values for alachlor (3.33) and metolachlor (3.01) relative to their corresponding ESA metabolites, alachlor ESA (2.26), and metolachlor ESA (2.29).

Field of study: Environmental science
Psychological stress impairs spatial working memory: relevance to electrophysiological studies of hippocampal function.

Stress blocks hippocampal primed-burst potentiation, a low threshold form of long-term potentiation, thereby suggesting that stress should also impair hippocampal-dependent memory. Therefore, the effects of stress on working (hippocampal-dependent) and reference (hippocampal-independent) memory were evaluated. Rats foraged for food in seven arms of a 14-arm radial maze. After they ate the food in four of the seven baited arms, they were placed in an unfamiliar environment (stress) for a 4-hr delay. At the end of the delay they were returned to the maze to locate the food in the 3 remaining baited arms. Stress impaired only working memory. Stress interfered with the retrieval of previously stored information (retrograde amnesia), but did not produce anterograde amnesia. Stress appears to induce a transient disruption of hippocampal function, which is revealed behaviorally as retrograde amnesia and physiologically as a blockade of synaptic plasticity.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
The Strength of Second-Tier Strategies under Globalization: A Comparative Study of Nanjing and Hangzhou as Burgeoning Second-Tier Cities

As a result of the “reform and opening up” of China in the past three decades, the country’s urban landscape has increasingly reflected the changes brought about by global integration. In recent years, the reach of globalization has extended beyond the biggest Chinese cities like Shanghai, Beijing, and Guangzhou to what is known as “second-tier” cities. This article focuses on a comparative study of post-reform Nanjing and Hangzhou, two leading second-tier cities both advantageously situated in the Yangtze River Delta Economic Region. I examine how the introduction of global forces has shaped urban development narratives of each city differently, contingent upon pre-existing relationships of the cities with the state, respective provincial governments, and Shanghai, the neighboring model global city. I assert that although on the whole, second-tier cities are strongly motivated to learn from global cities due to isomorphic pressures, the consequences of a city’s unique self-imaginary can create very different strategies and directions for urban development.

Field of study: Political science
Wavefront aberration correction analysis of an all-holographic straight-line scanner.

This paper describes an all-holographic straight-line scanner consisting only of a holographic disk and a holographic lens. Scanning beam aberration correction was extensively analyzed using diffraction theory. A new technique for simultaneously optimizing the phase transfer functions of these two holograms is proposed, and a method to construct these two holograms using holographic recording is discussed. This technique led to a compact, high resolution holographic line scanner with a 1/e(2) scanning beam spot size of 100-120 microm for a scanning width of 252 mm. The radius of the disk at the center of illumination is only 28 mm.

Field of study: Physics
ESC: An efficient, scalable, and crypto-less solution to secure wireless networks

In this paper we present ESC: an efficient, scalable, and crypto-less solution for the establishment of a secure wireless network (that is, a network where, for any pair of nodes, there exists a path composed of encrypted links). ESC guarantees the security of the 90% of the network scenario in the presence of 4 global eavesdropper adversaries with about 370 local peer-to-peer communications avoiding both pre-shared secrets and cryptographic functions. The founding block of our proposal is inspired by COKE , where the bits of the secret key associated to a link are generated via a multi-round protocol that, at each round, leverages just channel anonymity. Starting from this founding block, we further provide several relevant contributions: we devise a theoretical model and prove a lower bound for the probability to establish a safe-link in the presence of a global eavesdropper adversary. Further, we study the emergent property of network security achieved via the local property of safe-link establishment. To characterize this feature, we introduce two intuitive and useful metrics: network safety and largest safe component , both aimed at capturing the security features provided by ESC. The thorough theoretical analysis of our proposal, the security proof (under the Canetti–Krawczyk model) supporting our key establishment protocol, as well as our extensive simulations showing the effectiveness and efficiency of our protocol for a wide range of network configuration parameters, make our proposal a viable solution to enforce the security of real networks, other than paving the way for further research in this field.

Field of study: Computer science
Trends and Controls on Water-Use Efficiency of an Old-Growth Coniferous Forest in the Pacific Northwest

At the ecosystem scale, water-use efficiency (WUE) is defined broadly as the ratio of carbon assimilated towater evaporated by an ecosystem.WUE is an important aspect of carbon andwater cycling and has been used to assess forest ecosystem responses to climate change and rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations. This study investigates the influence ofmeteorological and radiation variables on forestWUEby analyzing an 18 year (1998–2015)half-hourly time series of carbon andwater fluxes measuredwith the eddy covariance technique in an old-growth conifer forest in the PacificNorthwest, USA. Three differentmetrics ofWUE exhibit an overall increase over the period 1998–2007mainly due to an increase in gross primary productivity (GPP) and a decrease in evapotranspiration (ET). However, theWUEmetrics did not exhibit an increase across the period from2008 to 2015 due to a greater reduction inGPP relative to ET. The strength of associations among particularmeteorological variables andWUE variedwith the scale of temporal aggregation used. In general, vapor pressure deficit and air temperature appear to controlWUE at half-hourly and daily time scales, whereas atmospheric CO2 concentrationwas identified as themost important factor controllingmonthly WUE.Carbon andwaterfluxes and the consequentWUE showed aweak correlation to the Standard Precipitation Index, while carbon fluxeswere strongly dependent on the combined effect ofmultiple climate factors. The inferred patterns and controls on forestWUEhighlighted have implications for improved understanding and prediction of possible adaptive adjustments of forest physiology in response to climate change and rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations.

Field of study: Environmental science
Forging Diaspora: Afro-Cubans and African Americans in a World of Empire and Jim Crow (review)

Frank Andre Guridy’s careful examination of the interactions between blacks in the United States and Cuba illustrates precisely how a diaspora comes to be. In this book, he argues that “material incentives, performance and embodiment, cultural production and its reception, [and] tourism” are what fundamentally drive diasporic movements and linkages. Guridy asks the questions: “Why did Afro-Cubans and African Americans seek out each others’ communities during the first half of the twentieth century? How does the concept of diaspora enhance our understanding of these initiatives?” (p. 4). The connections between African Americans and Afro-Cubans developed as a result of a common striving to combat racism locally as well as globally. As Guridy asserts, although the historical actors highlighted in his study did not use the term “diaspora,” their actions provide evidence of the formation of a diasporic community through social, political, intellectual and cultural exchanges. Guridy advances the idea that “Afro-diasporic linkages were made in practice” (p. 5), the product of the material needs of both communities within their respective nations as much as their historical sense of belonging to an international diaspora of African-descendant peoples.

Field of study: History
Lithography with silicon ions

Some applications of focussed ion beams are discussed with special emphasis on the lithography aspects. Experimental data on the ranges of H+, Be+ and Si++ in polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) are presented. The sensitivity of PMMA to Si++ ions is measured to be 0.35 µC/cm2. It is shown by replication through a transmission mask that Si++ ions with low to moderate incident energies, such as found in focussed ion beam systems, can be used for submicrometer lithography in single and multi-layer resist systems.

Field of study: Materials science
[Age identity disorders (infantilism/ puerilism) in the psychopathological space of endogenous diseases].

A comparative psychopathological and psychometric analysis of age identity disorders (AID) - infantilism and puerilism - on the model of schizophrenia proceeding with hysterical symptoms.



Results of the psychopathological study of 42 patients with schizophrenia and schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSD), with well-marked signs of AID in the course of the disease (22 sub. - infantilism; 20 sub. - puerilism), are summarized. Psychometric evaluation was carried out using a standardized block of pathopsychological methods; scales for assessing negative and positive psychopathological symptoms (SANS, PANSS, MFI-20); personality assessment instruments (SPQ-A; Personality Traits Questionnaire (V. Rusalova); Methods for diagnostics of personal maturity (V. Ruzhenkova)).



The differentiation between infantilism and puerilism, forming in the psychopathological space of schizophrenia and SSD, is not limited by differences in the indicators of age-related immaturity. Infantilism shows an affinity to the dimensional structures of the negative symptoms, acting as primary psychopathological formations - apathoabulic disorders. Conversely, puerilism is derived from the positive symptoms - psychopathological formations related to the dissociative disorders.



From the perspective of the modern concept of schizophrenia, infantilism and puerilism are associated with polar dimensional structures (positive-negative symptoms) and, accordingly, can be regarded as psychopathologically heterogeneous formations.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Impact of Total Quality Management (TQM) on Secondary School Education for National Transformation: the Case of Benue North-West Senatorial District of Benue State, Nigeria.

This study investigated possible transformational effects of total quality management (TQM) application to secondary schools management in Benue North-West Senatorial District of Nigeria. Three research questions and three hypotheses guided the study. The study adopted the survey research design. Three hundred and ninety-eight (398) teachers from 20 grant aided secondary schools constituted the sample of the study.  The respondents were selected using simple random sampling techniques. A four point structure 15-item rating scale questionnaire titled ‘impact of TQM on secondary education on national transformation questionnaire’ (ITQMSENTQ) was constructed by the researchers for data collection. The data collected were analyzed using simple descriptive statistics as frequency counts, percentages, mean and standard deviation to answer research questions and chi-square (x 2 ) inferential statistics for test of goodness was used to test hypotheses at p< 0.05 level of significance. The study revealed that there was significant impact of quality teachers, quality funding and quality educational facilities in Benue state secondary schools that could affect national transformation. Based on the findings, it was recommended that quality academic staff in terms of qualifications and experience should be recruited into secondary schools to provide quality services, adequate provision of funds and facilities be made available for schools to provide quality educational services in secondary schools  in Benue state.  Total Quality Management (TQM), Quality of teachers,

Field of study: Education
Performance-Based Pay as a Motivational Tool for Achieving Organisational Performance: An Exploratory Case Study

The issue of employees’ performance in furtherance of organisational objectives has occupied management attention for long. Differences in levels of performance have been attributed to differences in skills and abilities on the one hand, and to different theories of money on the other. This study examined the issue of performance-based pay as a motivational tool for achieving organisational performance, using the situation in a manufacturing company in Ghana as a case study. The main objective of the study was to assess the impact of performance-related pay on the motivation of employees and, subsequently, on the achievement of organisational goals. In all, one hundred and fifty respondents took part in the survey. The sample comprised 20 managerial staff and 60 non-managerial staff. The main research instrument was the questionnaire. A two-way ANOVA table was used to test the main hypotheses. The result of the study revealed that the effect of performance-based pay on employee performance is minimal; and the motivational effect of merit pay is often blunted by biased performance appraisal. The main limitation of the study is that it could not cover all manufacturing companies within the target population, due to time and financial constraints. In this respect, the interpretation of the results of the study should not be over-generalised.

Field of study: Business
High-order harmonic generation: A quantum-mechanical description and the effects of propagation

A theoretical investigation of the generation of high-order harmonics in an ensemble of atoms interacting with femtosecond laser pulses of high intensity is conducted. It is shown that the cut-off frequency of the photoemission spectra is saturated in a laser field of subatomic strength. A model of the effect dispersion has on the radiation of high-order harmonics in extended environments is proposed.

Field of study: Physics
Steffensen type inequalities for fuzzy integrals

We provide several Steffensen type inequalities for the Sugeno integral. The inequalities are of the form - ? a b f g d µ ≤ A - ? a a + λ f d µ + B or - ? a b f g d µ ≤ A - ? b - λ b f d µ + B , where A, B are constants, µ is a fuzzy measure on R , g: a, b] ? 0, 1], f : a , b ] ? R + is nonincreasing or nondecreasing and λ = ( b - a ) ? - ? a b g d µ . We show that some of our sufficient conditions are also necessary.

Field of study: Mathematics
Measurement and Comparison of Organic Compound Concentrations in Plasma, Whole Blood, and Dried Blood Spot Samples

The preferred sampling medium for measuring human exposures of persistent organic compounds (POPs) is blood, and relevant sample types include whole blood, plasma, and dried blood spots (DBS). Because information regarding the performance and comparability of measurements across these sample types is limited, it is difficult to compare across studies. This study evaluates the performance of POP measurements in plasma, whole blood and DBS, and presents the distribution coefficients needed to convert concentrations among the three sample types. Blood samples were collected from adult volunteers, along with demographic and smoking information, and analyzed by GC/MS for organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), chlorinated hydrocarbons (CHCs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and brominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). Regression models were used to evaluate the relationships between the sample types and possible effects of personal covariates. Distribution coefficients also were calculated using physically-based models. Across all compounds, concentrations in plasma were consistently the highest; concentrations in whole blood and DBS samples were comparable. Distribution coefficients for plasma to whole blood concentrations ranged from 1.74 to 2.26 for pesticides/CHCs, averaged 1.69 ± 0.06 for the PCBs, and averaged 1.65 ± 0.03 for the PBDEs. Regression models closely fit most chemicals (R2 > 0.80), and whole blood and DBS samples generally showed very good agreement. Distribution coefficients estimated using biologically-based models were near one and did not explain the observed distribution. Among the study population, median concentrations of several pesticides/CHCs and PBDEs exceeded levels reported in the 2007–2008 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, while levels of other OCPs and PBDEs were comparable or lower. Race and smoking status appeared to slightly affect plasma/blood concentration ratios for several POPs. The experimentally-determined distribution coefficients can be used to compare POP exposures across studies using different types of blood-based matrices.

Field of study: Biology
Experiments on density and turbidity currents, I.Motion of the head

Two series of experiments were performed in a lucite flume 5 meters long, 50 cm deep, and 15.4 cm wide. In the first series saline density currents were formed by pumping salt solutions at constant discharge into the tilted flume. In the second series, the flume was horizontal and turbidity currents were formed by the releasing of suspensions of plastic beads from a box at one end.In both series of experiments a characteristic head was formed at the front of the flow. It was found that the motion of the head in the turbidity current experiments was closely described by laws developed by Keulegan (1958) for saline surges, and it is concluded that certain aspects of the motion of turbidity current heads can be investigated indirectly by means of experiments on density currents formed from clay suspensions or salt solutions.The salt-solution experiments were designed to investigate the effect of bottom slope on the motion of density current heads. It was found that the velocity of density (and by inference, ...

Field of study: Environmental science