nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Parametric amplification of ultrashort 10-μm pulses by two-photon absorption of pump radiation

A numerical investigation was made of the generation of picosecond radiation pulses in the 10-μm wavelength range by parametric amplification of injected 10-μm radiation in the field of high-power ultrashort neodymium laser pulses in a nonlinear proustite (Ag3AsS3) crystal. Calculations were carried out in the approximation of plane interacting waves and they allowed for two-photon absorption of the pump pulses and phase modulation of the interacting pulses by an electron density wave. These effects lower the efficiency of parametric amplification by two orders of magnitude (when the pump pulse intensity is 1.2 GW/cm2) and they also result in "pushing" of the signal pulse to the front of the pump pulse and cause its shortening without a significant widening of the spectrum.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Twentieth-Century Cuban Historiography

The historians of Cuba have produced a body of literature which is indeed worthy of respect, and which merits considerably more serious attention than it has generally received. Scholars in the United States have been especially remiss in this respect, and the effects are now being felt in the very practical area of human relations. Since the historiography of a nation is one key to the mind and soul of the people of that nation, this survey of Cuban historical writing will reflect the author's attempt to cast a little light upon this area of the life of Cuba. The Cuban historians of the modern period did not begin their efforts with a tabula rasa. A rich body of historical literature was produced during the colonial period, and some of these works are still classics in the true sense of the word. The colonial historiography of Cuba reached a climax during the period 1842 to 1898, with the works of such men as Jacobo de la Pezuela, Jose Antonio Saco, Pedro Jose Guiteras, and Antonio Bachiller y  The works of these and other men reflected a growing cultural maturity, a deepening tradition of scholarship based upon documentary research, as well as a widening split between the Spanish-oriented Cubans and those who were begin-

Field of study: History
Study on Temper Brittleness of Flux Cored Submerged Welding Wire W220

The temper brittleness of flux cored submerged welding wire W220 used for building up of rollers was studied.The composition of deposited metal of flux cored submerged welding wire W220 was 0.13%～0.17%C,13.1%～14.0%Cr,2.2%～2.8%Mn,4.3%～4.9 %Ni.As-welded deposited metal of submerged welding wire W220 were tempered at different temperatures.By means of hardness testing,impact toughness testing and micro-analysis of fracture surface,the hardness,impact energy and fracture surface aspects of samples after tempering were studied.The results show that the tempering brittleness temperature ranges of W220-deposied metal is 400～550 ℃.It is different from general situation that high temperature temper brittleness of W220-deposied metal occurs at quick cooling instead of slow cooling after high temperature tempering heat preservation.

Field of study: Materials science
Astrocytic apolipoprotein E mRNA and GFAP mRNA in hippocampus after entorhinal cortex lesioning.

Entorhinal cortex lesions (ECL) that damage the perforant path to the hippocampus induce rapid increases of apolipoprotein E (apo E) mRNA in the hippocampus. Apo E mRNA was localized in astrocytes by in situ hybridization in combination with immunocytochemistry for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). Unilateral ECL also increased hippocampal GFAP mRNA, with increases preceding those of apo E mRNA. The apo E mRNA and GFAP mRNA responses were transiently bilateral in non-denervated zones. The timing of response in apo E mRNA to deafferentation supports suggestions that apo E has roles in membrane remodelling during responses to neuron injury.

Field of study: Biology
Kinematic evolution of the Patagonian retroarc fold-and-thrust belt and Magallanes foreland basin, Chile and Argentina, 51°30′S

The kinematic evolution of the Patagonian fold-and-thrust belt and cogenetic Magallanes retroarc foreland basin is reconstructed using new geologic mapping, two-dimensional (2-D) seismic-reflection data, and zircon U/Pb geochronology. Results span an ~160-km-wide transect of the thrust belt and Magallanes Basin near 51°30′S and highlight the influence of inherited extensional structures on basin paleogeography, syntectonic sedimentation, and Late Cretaceous–Neogene foreland shortening. South of 50°S, the Patagonian fold-and-thrust belt developed on oceanic and attenuated crust of the predecessor Late Jurassic Rocas Verdes rift basin, resulting in a collisional nature to early fold-and-thrust belt development and foreland sedimentation atop rifted South American crust. We identify six principal stages of development between Late Cretaceous and Neogene time. A palinspastic restoration indicates ~32–40 km (~19%–23%) of retroarc shortening following closure of the Rocas Verdes Basin and incipient growth of the thrust belt. More than half of the estimated crustal shortening occurred synchronously with the deep-water phase of Late Cretaceous foreland basin sedimentation. Subsequent deformation migrated into the foreland, accounting for ~12 km of shortening across the Cretaceous–early Miocene basin fill. Thick-skinned thrust faulting along multiple detachment levels in Paleozoic metamorphic basement resulted in –5 km of foreland uplift and exposure of preforeland basin deposits. The final phase of early Miocene deformation ca. 21–18 Ma may reflect enhanced coupling between the continental and oceanic lithospheres, causing foreland basement uplifts as the Chile Ridge spreading ridge approached the trench. We speculate that Neogene foreland shortening was accommodated by reactivation of Mesozoic normal faults zones and accounts for broad uplift of the Patagonian fold-and-thrust belt.

Field of study: Geology
International Organizations as ‘Experts’ on Indicators and Measurements: Understanding the Politics of OECD’s Technocratization of Innovation

International Organizations ( IO s) act as powerful actors in construction and constitution of knowledge. This role becomes even more critical as new agendas emerge for global governance in a multi-actor world, making the process of knowledge generation and dissemination even more contentious. One of the tools to exercise such organizational power is through rankings and ratings. These indicators, designed scientifically using expert knowledge, are increasingly being used as tools of statecraft. As good governance synonymizes good business, a technocratic lens has become a preferred practice of present day policymaking. This article attempts to explore IO s’ role as authoritative knowledge actors, designing indicators for governmentality and policy advocacy. It particularly looks at OECD ’s ‘utilitarian’ measurement of innovation based on a technocratic approach.

Field of study: Political science
[Markers of gluten intolerance in children with autism spectrum disorders and Down'syndrome].

To study serological and genetic markers of gluten intolerance in children and teenagers with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and Down's syndrome (DS).



Thirty-three children with ASD (group 1) and 8 with DS (group 2), aged from 2.5 to 15 years, were examined. There were 27 boys and 6 girls in group1, 5 boys and 3 girls in group 2. Most of the children were on a regular diet and only 4 children with ASD kept gluten-free diet (GFD). Using ELI method antibodies to gliadin IgG (AntiGliadin IgG), antibodies to deamidated peptides of gliadin IgA (AntiDGP IgA), immunoglobulin A (IgA) were identified. Haplotypes HLA-DQ2 and DQ8 were determined using PCR.



AntiGliadin IgG were identified in 12.1% (4) patients of group 1, with the exception of patients on GFD in 13.8%, and in 50% patients of group 2. One child with ASD had selective IgA deficiency. Haplotypes predisposing to celiac disease had 41.9% of patients of group 1 and 37.5% of patients of group 2. In ASD, the distribution of genotypes was as follows: DQ2 (64.3%), DQ8 (28.6%), DQ2/DQ8 (7.1%,). In DS, all patients had haplotype DQ2. AntiDGP IgA were not identified in both groups.



The predominant form of gluten intolerance in children with ASD and DS is sensitivity to gluten, which can be identified in 40-50% of patients. Celiac disease, an autoimmune form of gluten intolerance, can be diagnosed in single cases, although predisposition to it is identified in 41.9% - 37.5% patients with ASD and DS, respectively. Before the start of GFD, laboratory tests should be made to identify forms of gluten intolerance and the use of GFD.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Soot Reference Materials for instrument calibration and intercomparisons: a workshop summary with recommendations

Soot, which is produced from biomass burning and the incomplete combustion of fossil and biomass fuels, has been linked to regional and global climate change and to negative health problems. Scientists measure the properties of soot using a variety of methods in order to quantify source emissions and understand its atmospheric chemistry, reactivity under emission conditions, interaction with solar radiation, influence on clouds, and health impacts. A major obstacle currently limiting progress is the absence of established standards or reference materials for calibrating the many instruments used to measure the various properties of soot. The current state of availability and practicability of soot standard reference materials (SRMs) was reviewed by a group of 50 international experts during a workshop in June of 2011. The workshop was convened to summarize the current knowledge on soot measurement techniques, identify the measurement uncertainties and limitations related to the lack of soot SRMs, and identify attributes of SRMs that, if developed, would reduce measurement uncertainties. The workshop established that suitable SRMs are available for calibrating some, but not all, measurement methods. The community of users of the single-particle soot-photometer (SP2), an instrument using laser-induced incandescence, identified a suitable SRM, fullerene soot, but users of instruments that measure light absorption by soot collected on filters did not. Similarly, those who use thermal optical analysis (TOA) to analyze the organic and elemental carbon components of soot were not satisfied with current SRMs. The workshop, and subsequent, interactive discussions, produced a number of recommendations for the development of new SRMs, and their implementation, that would be suitable for the different soot measurement methods.

Field of study: Environmental science
HVDC Applications in Power Development——Book Review on Flexible Power Transmission:The HVDC Options

New book,"flexible-HVDC power transmission choice " introduced based on the static AC-DC converter and high voltage DC transmission technology,is mainly refering to the latest power electronics technology in transforming the traditional line commutated converter(LCC)-based or current source converter(CSC)-based high voltage direct current(HVDC) transmission system,and doing a more comprehensive discussion on voltage source converter(VSC) based flexible DC-VSC-HVDC technology.This paper comments on the background and content review of the global free translation of the book and discusses with examples to support flexible HVDC power transmission grid development in the broad application prospects.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Study of the trend of development of low carbon sports tourism in China.

Low carbon sports tourism will become a new economic growth point for the sports tourism industry.The necessity to develop low carbon sports tourism mainly embodies in 4 aspects: the entire sports tourism industrial chain needs to save energy and reduce exhaust discharge;traditional sports tourism is lacking in a power mechanism for sustainable development;the requirements of traditional sports tourism and low carbon sports tourism are significantly different;the conception of low carbon sports tourism has not been sufficiently recognized by the whole society.Measures for developing low carbon sports tourism mainly include the followings: establish the environmental protection conception of low carbon sports tourism;build a low carbon sports tourism stimulation mechanism;perfect the green operating mode of low carbon sports tourism;strengthen the uniting and mutually assisting mechanism of the entire sports tourism industrial chain;cultivate management professionals in the low carbon sports tourism area.

Field of study: Education
Utilization of urea and cyanate in waters overlying and within the eastern tropical north Pacific oxygen deficient zone

In marine oxygen deficient zones (ODZs), which contribute up to half of marine N loss, microbes use nitrogen (N) for assimilatory and dissimilatory processes. Here, we examine N utilization above and within the ODZ of the Eastern Tropical North Pacific Ocean, focusing on distribution, uptake and genes for the utilization of two simple organic N compounds, urea and cyanate. Ammonium, urea and cyanate concentrations generally peaked in the oxycline while uptake rates were highest in the surface. Within the ODZ, concentrations were lower, but urea N and C and cyanate C were taken up. All identified autotrophs had an N assimilation pathway that did not require external ammonium: ODZ Prochlorococcus possessed genes to assimilate nitrate, nitrite and urea; nitrite oxidizers (Nitrospina) possessed genes to assimilate nitrite, urea and cyanate; anammox bacteria (Scalindua) possessed genes to utilize cyanate; and ammonia‐oxidizing Thaumarchaeota possessed genes to utilize urea. Urease genes were present in 20% of microbes, including SAR11, suggesting the urea utilization capacity was widespread. In the ODZ core, cyanate genes were largely (˜95%) associated with Scalindua, suggesting that, within this ODZ, cyanate N is primarily used for N loss via anammox (cyanammox), and that anammox does not require ammonium for N loss.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Concurrent schedule control of human visual target fixations.

Operant conditioning techniques were applied to the study of how target fixations are controlled by the probability of signal occurrence. In a standard vigilance setting, gaze at three illuminable volt meters was monitored by a Mackworth television eye camera with automatic recording capability. Gaze at a given meter produced illumination of the meter, and signals (deflections of the needle on the meter) were scheduled as intermittent consequences of this response. Target fixations were thus placed under the control of concurrent variable-ratio, differential-reinforcement-of-low-rate, and fixed-interval schedules in normal adult volunteers.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Preparation and Cytotoxicity of High-aspect-ratio Gold Nanorods at Single Cell Level

We have synthesized high-aspect-ratio gold nanorods(GNR) by using a three-step seed-mediated growth method.The aspect ratio of the GNRs is approximately 14.The modification of the GNRs was achieved by replacing the CTAB molecules on the surface of gold nanorods with the 11-mercaptoundecanoic(MUDA) molecules.The cytotoxicity of the as-prepared GNRs and their effects on endocytosis,adhesion,proliferation,intracellular reactive oxygen species(ROS) level and cytoskeleton of the cells were studied.Interestingly,by using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl) 2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide(MTT) assay,the GNRs did not show a significant toxicity to HeLa cells.However,single cell viability assays showed that GNR uptake could influence the cell adhesion at the early stage,though the effect was not much,and the cell proliferation was promoted to some degree.Moreover,large amounts of GNR uptake will lead to increased intracellular ROS level and impaired the cell skeleton.

Field of study: Chemistry
Some Factors Effected Student's Calculus Learning Outcome

The purpose of this study is to determine the factors effected calculus learning outcome of the student. This study was conducted with 176 respondents, which were selected rodomly. The data were obtained by questionnaire, and then analyzed by using multiple regressions, and correlation, at level of α = 0.05. The findings showed there is the significantly correlation between the basic mathematics competence of the learners, learners’ attitude towards calculus, students’ assessment on lecturers’ teaching competence with learners’ achievement on calculus separately and simultaneously.

Field of study: Education
Tucker tensor decomposition-based tracking and Gaussian mixture model for anomaly localisation and detection in surveillance videos

The anomaly detection and localisation (ADL) gains remarkable interest as dealing with the complex surveillance videos for detecting the abnormal behaviour is tedious. The human effort in monitoring and classifying the abnormal object is inaccurate and time-consuming; therefore, the method is proposed using the Tucker tensor decomposition (TTD) and classification of the objects using Gaussian mixture model (GMM). Initially, the object is detected in the frames for easy recognition using simple background subtraction. The TTD decomposes the tensor as core tensor and factor matrices and the two decomposed tensors are compared using the cosine similarity measure that determines the location of the object in the frame. Finally, the features including shape and speed of the object are extracted that is used for classification using the GMM that follows the maximum posterior probability principle to detect and locate the anomaly in the video. The experimentation for anomaly detection proves that the proposed TTD and TTD-GMM method attains a higher rate of multiple object tracking precision, accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity at 0.96375, 0.975, 1, and 1, respectively.

Field of study: Computer science
Symmetric pairs and branching laws

Let G be a compact connected Lie group and let H be a subgroup fixed by an involution. A classical result assures that the action of the complex reductive group H\_C on the flag variety F of G admits a finite number of orbits. In this article we propose a formula for the branching coefficients of the symmetric pair (G,H) that is parametrized by H\_C\F .

Field of study: Mathematics
Acceleration of the growth of Cu3Sn voids in solder joints

Soldering to Cu surface finishes usually leads to the formation of a bi-layer intermetallic structure, Cu3Sn/Cu6Sn5, that provides a more robust bond than common alternatives. Occasionally, and so far unpredictably, voids may however grow within the Cu3Sn over time and allow for premature failure of microelectronics products in service. A quantitative assessment of the reliability risk of voids observed after accelerated aging requires the knowledge of the variation of void growth with temperature and time. It is argued that in the case of realistic solder joints diffusion controlled void growth kinetics are unlikely to follow simple Arrhenius and parabolic dependencies, respectively. Nevertheless, three very different sets of samples were all shown to exhibit void growth that could be well approximated by a parabolic time dependence and an effective activation energy of 0.65–0.80 eV.

Field of study: Engineering
Responding to Deviance: Target Exclusion and Differential Devaluation

Two studies explored responses to ingroup deviance. Group-defining opinions of prowar Republicans (Study 1) and prolife Christians (Study 2) were challenged by either an ingroup or outgroup deviate. Participants evaluated the deviate and structured the boundaries of their ingroup in counterbalanced order. Of importance, boundary structuring allowed participants to exclude deviates from the ingroup. Consistent with previous research, ingroup deviates were devalued relative to out-group deviates, but only when target evaluation was participants’ first response option. Participants excluded deviates from the boundaries of their ingroup irrespective of measure order, and doing so eliminated differential devaluation when exclusion was participants’ first response option. Exclusion decreased liking for outgroup deviates in Study 1 and increased liking for ingroup deviates in Study 2. The findings suggest that devaluation is an attempt to exclude deviates from the ingroup and that doing so reduces the threat otherwise experienced.

Field of study: Psychology
Maatstawwe vir doelwitte

Suid-Afrikaanse melkboere is in die unieke posisie om presisieboerdery in hulle melkkuddes toe te pas met min moeite en sonder om groot bedrae geld te bele. Die meeste studies dui daarop dat winsgewendheid van melkkuddes verband hou met doeltreffendheid en nie noodwendig die melkprys nie. Dit is dus binne elke melkboer se vermoe om maatstawwe te stel om vlakke van doeltreffendheid te verhoog.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
USE OF HEAVY GASES IN EXPLOSIVE-DRIVEN SHOCK TUBES

Aerodynamic model tests with C4F8 in explosive-driven shock tubes revealed irregular pressure-time histories at random temporal and spatial locations on the tube wall and on the model surface. Shock-front photographs and analytical studies suggested that the irregularities were caused primarily by the decomposition of the gas behind the shock for shock-front pressure ratios > 15. A nitrogen buffer placed between the explosive and the test gas to eliminate conduction of heat to the dFs only partly alleviated the problem. Therefore, a second heavy gas SFe was selected for investigation. Photographs of the shock fronts in SFe indicated that there was no decomposition in the flow, although some irregular pressure-time histories were observed. These irregularities were neither spatially random nor were they attributable to oscillating, nonplanar shock fronts. Numerical computations of the flow-field and experimental studies confirmed that the irregular pressures were produced by the nonplanar shock fronts formed by an asymmetrical distribution of the explosive charge and by perturbations caused by an impedance mismatch at the contact surface. When these conditions were remedied, reasonably planar shocks and well-defined flow conditions were obtained in the shock tube.

Field of study: Physics
Learning Markov Network Structure using Brownian Distance Covariance

In this paper, we present a simple non-parametric method for learning the structure of undirected graphs from data that drawn from an underlying unknown distribution. We propose to use Brownian distance covariance to estimate the conditional independences between the random variables and encodes pairwise Markov graph. This framework can be applied in high-dimensional setting, where the number of parameters much be larger than the sample size.

Field of study: Computer science
ROLE OF URIC ACID, CYSTEINE, AND GLUTATHIONE AS CHAIN BREAKING ANTIOXIDANT IN AQUEOUS PHASE

Uric acid, cysteine, and glutathione suppressed the oxidations of methyl linoleate, soybean phosphatidylcholine, and erythrocyte ghosts in aqueous dispersions initiated with a water-soluble azo initiator. It was suggested that these compounds might function as a chain breaking antioxidant in vivo by scavenging oxygen radicals in an aqueous phase.

Field of study: Chemistry