nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Differential expression of the immediate early genes FOS and ZENK following auditory stimulation in the juvenile male and female zebra finch.

The brains of adult zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata) are tuned to the songs of conspecifics. In adult males, the caudomedial neostriatum (NCM) responds to zebra finch song, and in adult females the NCM and hippocampus (HP) are active following exposure to zebra finch song more than other auditory stimuli. The caudal hyperstriatum ventrale (cHV) in both sexes also responds to song, but in females not as selectively as the NCM and HP. While much is known about the adult perceptual circuit, less is known about its development. The present study exposed d30 male and female zebra finches to conspecific or heterospecific song, tones or silence, and examined the densities of FOS- and ZENK-immunoreactive nuclei in the NCM, cHV and HP. Significant interactions existed between sex and auditory stimulus condition for both immediate early genes, but they were in opposite directions. That is, across the three regions, FOS-immunoreactive neurons were increased in females following presentation of conspecific songs; males did not show an effect of stimulus exposure. In contrast, the density of ZENK-positive neurons was increased in males, but not females, following zebra finch song exposure. The FOS results demonstrate that some neural responses required for song perception may develop earlier in females than males; data on ZENK induction suggest the opposite. Overall, differences in juvenile immediate early gene activation suggest either that males and females employ divergent neural mechanisms for song perception or that the developmental trajectories leading to common neural responses differ.

Field of study: Biology
Molecular Orbital Calculations for Discoloration of Titanylphthalocyanine and Titanylporphyrin by Silyl Radical

The reactivities of a silyl radical and porphyrins or phthalocyanines were studied using the index, ΔN, derived from “hard and soft acids and bases” concept. The silyl radical and titanyl derivatives were assigned as an electron donor and acceptors, respectively, in the reaction system. The order of the value of ΔN was in well agreement with the experimental result of the discoloration reaction.

Field of study: Chemistry
Recognition of D defects in silicon single crystals by preferential etching and effect on gate oxide integrity

A method for revealing point defects in silicon single crystals has been investigated. D or A defects could be revealed by a preferential etching technique using Secco's etchant. Wedge-shaped flow patterns and etch pits were recognised in the D and A regions, respectively. The flow patterns were so characteristic that the D region could be distinguished very easily.

Field of study: Materials science
Ethanol blocks adenosine uptake via inhibiting the nucleoside transport system in bronchial epithelial cells.

Adenosine uptake into cells by nucleoside transporters plays a significant role in governing extracellular adenosine concentration. Extracellular adenosine is an important signaling molecule that modulates many cellular functions via 4 G-protein-coupled receptor subtypes (A(1), A(2A), A(2B), and A(3)). Previously, we demonstrated that adenosine is critical in maintaining airway homeostasis and airway repair and that airway host defenses are impaired by alcohol. Taken together, we hypothesized that ethanol impairs adenosine uptake via the nucleoside transport system.



To examine ethanol-induced alteration on adenosine transport, we used a human bronchial epithelial cell line (BEAS-2B). Cells were preincubated for 10 minutes in the presence and absence of varying concentrations of ethanol (EtOH). In addition, some cells were pretreated with S-(4-Nitrobenzyl)-6-thioinosine (100 microM: NBT), a potent adenosine uptake inhibitor. Uptake was then determined by addition of [(3)H]-adenosine at various time intervals.



Increasing EtOH concentrations resulted in increasing inhibition of adenosine uptake when measured at 1 minute. Cells pretreated with NBT effectively blocked adenosine uptake. In addition, short-term EtOH revealed increased extracellular adenosine concentration. Conversely, adenosine transport became desensitized in cells exposed to EtOH (100 mM) for 24 hours. To determine the mechanism of EtOH-induced desensitization of adenosine transport, cAMP activity was assessed in response to EtOH. Short-term EtOH exposure (10 minutes) had little or no effect on adenosine-mediated cAMP activation, whereas long-term EtOH exposure (24 hours) blocked adenosine-mediated cAMP activation. Western blot analysis of lysates from unstimulated BEAS-2B cells detected a single 55 kDa band indicating the presence of hENT1 and hENT2, respectively. Real-time RT-PCR of RNA from BEAS-2B revealed transcriptional expression of ENT1 and ENT2.



Collectively, these data reveal that acute exposure of cells to EtOH inhibits adenosine uptake via a nucleoside transporter, and chronic exposure of cells to EtOH desensitizes the adenosine transporter to these inhibitory effects of ethanol. Furthermore, our data suggest that inhibition of adenosine uptake by EtOH leads to an increased extracellular adenosine accumulation, influencing the effect of adenosine at the epithelial cell surface, which may alter airway homeostasis.

Field of study: Medicine
Relativistic Fluid Dynamics In and Out of Equilibrium -- Ten Years of Progress in Theory and Numerical Simulations of Nuclear Collisions

Ten years ago, relativistic viscous fluid dynamics was formulated from first principles in an effective field theory framework, based entirely on the knowledge of symmetries and long-lived degrees of freedom. In the same year, numerical simulations for the matter created in relativistic heavy-ion collision experiments became first available, providing constraints on the shear viscosity in QCD. The field has come a long way since then. We present the current status of the theory of non-equilibrium fluid dynamics in 2017, including the divergence of the fluid dynamic gradient expansion, resurgence, non-equilibrium attractor solutions, the inclusion of thermal fluctuations as well as their relation to microscopic theories. Furthermore, we review the theory basis for numerical fluid dynamics simulations of relativistic nuclear collisions, and comparison of modern simulations to experimental data for nucleus-nucleus, nucleus-proton and proton-proton collisions.

Field of study: Physics
A survey on stateful data plane in software defined networks

Defined Networking (SDN), which decouples control plane and data plane, normally stores states on controllers to provide flexible programmability and convenient management. However, recent studies have shown that such configuration may cause frequent and unnecessary interactions between data plane and controllers in some cases. For example, a DDoS detection installed on a controller needs to fetch information from data plane periodically, introducing additional network delay and controller overhead. Thus, stateful data plane is proposed to offload states and operation logics from controller to data plane. Stateful data plane allows switches to perform some operations independently, accelerating packets processing while reducing overhead on both controllers and networks. However, stateful data plane increases the complexity of network devices and imposes many new challenges to the management and schedule of SDN enabled networks. This paper conducts a comprehensive survey on the latest research works and provides insights into stateful data plane. Both stateful data plane platforms and compilers are extensively summarized and analyzed, as well as explicit design of applications based on them. Afterwards, we dwell on the fundamental technologies and research challenges, including implementation considerations of stateful data plane. Finally, we conclude this survey paper with some future works and discuss open research issues.

Field of study: Computer science
Intellectual Capital and Value Creation- Is Innovation Capital a Missing Link?

The purpose of the research is to examine the role of innovation capital in the creation of value for business organizations. Taking an intellectual capital (IC) perspective, the paper considers R&D investment and its impacts on the companies’ operating, financial, and market performance. To investigate the different components of intellectual capital using financial measures, a modified Value Added Intellectual Coefficient (VAIC TM ) is used for analysis. Empirical study is conducted on 367 Taiwan semiconductor companies using Pearson correlation and linear multiple regression whereas financial information is generated from a third party database from Taiwan Economic Journal. The result shows that a company’s IC in general has a negative impact on its financial and market performance. However, the association between innovation capital which captured by R&D expenditure efficiency (RDE) and companies’ operating, financial and market performance is significant. The results provide a different perspective apart from extant research.

Field of study: Business
Parallel distributed processing model with local space-invariant interconnections and its optical architecture.

This paper proposes a parallel distributed processing model with local space-invariant interconnections, which is more readily implemented by optics and is able to classify patterns correctly, even if they have been shifted or distorted. Error backpropagation is used as a training algorithm. Computer simulation results presented indicate that the processing is effective and the network can deal with the shifted or distorted patterns. Moreover, the optical implementation architecture using matched filters for the model is discussed.

Field of study: Physics
A downhole passive sampling system to avoid bias and error from groundwater sample handling.

A new downhole groundwater sampler reduces bias and error due to sample handling and exposure while introducing minimal disturbance to natural flow conditions in the formation and well. This "In Situ Sealed", "ISS", or "Snap" sampling device includes removable/lab-ready sample bottles, a sampler device to hold double end-opening sample bottles in an open position, and a line for lowering the sampler system and triggering closure of the bottles downhole. Before deployment, each bottle is set open at both ends to allow flow-through during installation and equilibration downhole. Bottles are triggered to close downhole without well purging; the method is therefore "passive" or "nonpurge". The sample is retrieved in a sealed condition and remains unexposed until analysis. Data from six field studies comparing ISS sampling with traditional methods indicate ISS samples typically yield higher volatile organic compound (VOC) concentrations; in one case, significant chemical-specific differentials between sampling methods were discernible. For arsenic, filtered and unfiltered purge results were negatively and positively biased, respectively, compared to ISS results. Inorganic constituents showed parity with traditional methods. Overall, the ISS is versatile, avoids low VOC recovery bias, and enhances reproducibility while avoiding sampling complexity and purge water disposal.

Field of study: Environmental science
Research on Slurry Erosion Resistance of Nano-structured WC-12Co Coatings Deposited by HVOF

The WC-12Co cermet coatings with nano-structured, multimodal and conventional were sprayed by HVOF, and the microstructure and microhardness of coatings with different structure were compared. Finally slurry erosion tests of various structured WC-12Co coatings and sprayed and fused Ni60 coating were carried out and their wear failure mechanisms of WC-12Co coatings were explored. The results show that the microstructure of nano-structured and multimodal WC-12Co coatings prepared by HVOF are dense with little porosity, and their microhardness values are obviously higher than conventional WC-12Co coating. As well, it is found that nano-structured and multimodal WC-12Co coatings exhibit better slurry erosion resistance in comparison with the conventional coating, and the slurry erosion resistance is respectively enhanced by above 50% and 20%.

Field of study: Materials science
The Taconides of western New Jersey: New evidence from the Jutland Klippe: Summary

Because of their peculiar color, exotic lithologies, and geologic setting, the predominantly pelitic rocks that are found between Jutland and Clinton, western New Jersey , have attracted considerable attention (Weller, 1903; Bayley and others, 1914; Stose, 1930, 1946; Kay, 1941; Lewis and Kummel, 1940; Willard, 1943; Ethington and others, 1958; McBrlde, 1962; Neuman and Dodge, 1964; Markewicz, 1964 (unpub. map), Barnett, 1965; Kasabach, 1966; Drake, 1969, 1970; Rodgers, 1971; and Zen, 1972). Yet, surprisingly little detailed work has been done in the area with the exception of Dodge9s (1952) stratigraphic and paleontologic study along the Lehigh Valley Railroad cut  and Drake9s investigation (1969, 1970) that led to the construction of the first stratigraphic column. Recently, Drake (1969), Rodgers (1971), and Zen (1972) have adopted the view that the Jutland sequence is a klippe of the same type as the Taeonic klippe of eastern New York and New England. The sequence of variegated shales, quartz sandstones, limestones, limestone conglomerate, and quartz pebble conglomerate, herein defined as the Jutland sequence, differs, however, in that it is found on the southeast side of the Reading Prong, whereas most of the transported sequences of this type are found northwest of Precambrian crystalline rocks. This study was undertaken to test the klippe hypothesis. The bulk of the evidence favors the view that the Jutland area rocks are allochthonous, largely inverted, and that they are in part older than and in part the same age as the immediately adjacent carbonate sequence which is right-side-up. The Taconide Zone of the Appalachian Orogen is comprised of lower Paleozoic, predominantly pelitic rocks that slid or were thrust to the northwest over or toward a carbonate bank during the latter part of Middle Ordovician time. This zone extends almost continuously from Newfoundland to southeastern New York. The continuation of the Taconide Zone into New Jersey and beyond is still being debated. Alterman (1971) and MacLachlan (1964) have demonstrated that a pelitic sequence resting atop carbonate rocks in eastern Pennsylvania forms a Taconic-style allochthon (The Hamburg Klippe). Pelitic rocks near Annandale (Pennsylvania) and Ralston (New Jersey)  may also be allochthonous and part of the Taconide Zone (Rodgers, 1971; D. B. MacLachlan, 1976, written commun.), but detailed field work is required to support this possibility.

Field of study: Geology
An overview of researches on public sports venue operation management at home and abroad.

Researches done by scholars at home and abroad in recent years cover such research areas as the nature of public sports venues,operation management mode,management system reform,business content,performance evaluation,regional sports venue operation management,school sports venue operation management,foreign public sports venue operation management etc,which cross multiple disciplines.Such areas as the relationship between public sports venue operation management and national economic and social development,multifunction development of large sports venue operation,public sports venue operation management system reform and public sports venue operation supporting policies etc are rarely covered by researches on Chinese sports venue operation management nowadays,will become primary directions for studying Chinese public sports venues.

Field of study: Education
Effect of ten quaternary ammonium cations on tetrachloromethane sorption to clay from water

The mineral surface of Wyoming bentonite (clay) was modified by replacing inorganic ions by each of 10 quaternary ammonium compounds, and tetrachloromethane sorption to the modified sorbents from water was studied. Tetrachloromethane sorption from solution to clay modified with tetramethyl-, tetraethyl-, benzyltrimethyl-, or benzyltriethylammonium cations generally is characterized by relatively high solute uptake, isotherm nonlinearity, and competitive sorption (with trichloroethene as the competing sorbate). For these sorbents, the ethyl functional groups yield reduced sorptive capacity relative to methyl groups, whereas the benzyl group appears to have a similar effect on sorbent capacity as the methyl group. Sorption of tetrachloromethane to clay modified with dodecyldimethyl(2-phenoxyethyl)-, dodecyltrimethyl-, tetradecyltrimethyl-, hexadecyltrimethyl-, or benzyldimethylhexadecylammonium bromide is characterized by relatively low solute uptake, isotherm linearity, and noncompetitive sorption. For these sorbents, an increase in the size of the nonpolar functional group(s) causes an increase in the organic carbon normalized sorption coefficient (K{sub oc}).

Field of study: Environmental science
Reconnaissance Study of the Strontium Isotopic Composition of Cenozoic Volcanic Rocks in the Northwestern Great Basin

Sixteen mafic and intermediate lava flows of Eocene to Pleistocene age from the northwestern Great Basin have initial Sr 87 /Sr 86 ratios of from 0.7029 to 0.7047. Seven upper Miocene mafic and intermediate lava flows have initial ratios of from 0.7037 to 0.7041, suggesting a common source for the Steens Basalt and contemporaneous rocks of the northwestern Great Basin. Values of 0.7047 and 0.7033 obtained on olivine basalts of early Miocene and Quaternary ages, respectively, suggest that these lavas were derived from different source materials than were the late Miocene rocks. Unusually low values of 0.7029 obtained on two specimens of andesite from the Eocene Cedarville Series of Russell (1928) suggest that these lava flows were derived from still another source material. Ten silicic volcanic rocks, most from widespread and voluminous ash-flow sheets and lava complexes, have initial ratios of approximately 0.7023 to 0.7057. Some of the more radiogenic values, obtained on very highly differentiated and strontium-poor rock units, provide only an upper limit for the initial Sr 87 /Sr 86 ratios of the parent magmas. The close similiarity of the strontium isotopic composition of the silicic rocks to those of spatially and temporally associated intermediate lavas supports the concept that the widespread Miocene silicic volcanic rocks of the northwestern Great Basin were produced by the fractional crystallization of enormous volumes of mantle-derived mafic magma. The data also provide indirect support for the interpretation that the relatively radiogenic character of many salic volcanic rocks from other parts of the Great Basin largely reflects the presence of an unusually radiogenic mantle rather than the involvement of crustal material.

Field of study: Geology
Reconciling Curvature and Importance Sampling Based Procedures for Summarizing Case Influence in Bayesian Models

Methods for summarizing case influence in Bayesian models take essentially two forms: (1) use common divergence measures for calculating distances between the full-data posterior and the case-deleted posterior, and (2) measure the impact of infinitesimal perturbations to the likelihood to study local case influence. Methods based on approach (1) lead naturally to considering the behavior of case-deletion importance sampling weights (the weights used to approximate samples from the case-deleted posterior using samples from the full posterior). Methods based on approach (2) lead naturally to considering the local curvature of the Kullback–Leibler divergence of the full posterior from a geometrically perturbed quasi-posterior. By examining the connections between the two approaches, we establish a rationale for employing low-dimensional summaries of case influence obtained entirely via the variance–covariance matrix of the log importance sampling weights. We illustrate the use of the proposed diagnostics using real and simulated data.

Field of study: Mathematics
Partners’ Withdrawal When Actors Behave Destructively: Implications for Perceptions of Partners’ Responsiveness and Relationship Satisfaction

Growing evidence indicates that whether critical and hostile behavior harms relationships depends on how partners respond. The current studies test a key behavioral indicator of partners’ responsiveness by examining whether partners’ withdrawal when actors exhibit negative-direct behavior predicts within-person and longitudinal declines in perceived partner responsiveness and relationship satisfaction. Test of Actors’ negative-direct × Partners’ withdrawal interactions indicated that partners’ withdrawal in the context of actors’ negative-direct behavior when targeted for change during conflict discussions (Study 1, N = 162 dyads) and during daily interactions (Study 2, N = 151 dyads) predicted lower perceived partner responsiveness and relationship satisfaction. This Actor × Partner effect did not emerge when actors were pushing for change during conflict (Study 1) and was more consistent predicting perceived partner responsiveness. These results illustrate the importance of Actor × Partner effects and indicate that actors’ own destructive behavior provides an important context to diagnose partners’ responsiveness.

Field of study: Psychology
Probability based dynamic-alternate routing and the corresponding converter placement algorithm in all-optical WDM networks

This paper proposes a new dynamic-alternate routing algorithm and its corresponding converter placement algorithm in order to reduce the connection blocking probability for all-optical WDM networks. The main idea in the proposed dynamic-alternate routing algorithm is to try to route the traffics according to a predefined optimal probability distribution. The problem for finding the optimal probability distribution was shown as a convex optimization problem. The problem can be solved by flow deviation method or other standard optimization techniques. Simulation results show that the proposed routing algorithm yields lower connection blocking probabilities than the previous works. The proposed routing algorithm produces similar traffic pattern as the optimal traffic pattern. The similarity between the traffic pattern produced by the proposed dynamic-alternate routing algorithm and the optimal traffic pattern can be further employed for solving other network designing problems such as converter placement problem. Since the optimal traffic pattern can be easily predicted, the optimal traffic pattern which minimizes the blocked traffic intensity is utilized for finding the locations of wavelength converters. The key idea is to place the wavelength converters at the nodes where they are needed most. Simulations have been performed to study the performance of the proposed wavelength converter placement method. The simulation results have shown that the proposed placement method combined with the proposed probability based dynamic-alternate routing algorithm yields smaller connection blocking probability than the two converter placement methods with their corresponding alternate routing algorithms.

Field of study: Computer science