nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Differential expression of nerve growth factor transcripts in glia and neurons and their regulation by transforming growth factor-beta1.

Nerve growth factor (NGF) influences neuronal development, function, and response to injury. Using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, we find that mouse and rat cortex and spinal cord, and both neurons and glia in culture, express NGF mRNA. In the mouse, NGF is regulated by at least two promoters that govern synthesis of four different transcripts, A through D, that are all expressed in the mouse tissues and cells examined. In contrast, rat NGF expression varies with tissue and with cell type: transcript C is expressed strongly in brain but weakly in spinal cord, and transcript D is undetectable in rat central nervous system (CNS). In addition to species- and tissue-specific expression, NGF transcripts also exhibit cell type-specific expression: transcripts B, C and D are expressed in rat astrocytes but poorly or not at all in rat neurons, identifying glia as an important source of NGF in rat. NGF increases sharply after injury. TGF-beta1, which also increases immediately after injury, induces NGF mRNA and protein in rat and mouse glia but not in neurons. Furthermore, transcripts A, B and D, but not C, are upregulated by TGF-beta1 in mouse glia, whereas in rat glia, the major responsive transcript is C. Thus, there may be multiple TGF-beta1-responsive elements in the NGF promoters located upstream of exons 1 and 3 that may differ between mouse and rat. Moreover, NGF transcripts are differentially expressed in a species-, cell type-, and inducer-specific manner. These results have implications for the use of mice versus rats as models for the study of NGF regulation following CNS injury.

Field of study: Biology
Mastering the Deduction of Postgraduate Education

2 Embodied in Internal Revenue Service Regulation Section 1.162-5, the rules for deducting education costs state that such expenses may be deducted only if the education maintains or improves skills required by the individual in his or her occupation, or is needed to meet the express requirements of the individual's employer or is imposed (by applicable law or regulations) as a condition to the individual's retention of his present employment, status or salary. Expenses meeting these tests will be deductible even if the education leads to a degree. At the same time, education expenses may not be deducted (even if otherwise qualifying) if the education is necessary to attain the minimum requirements for qualification in the taxpayer's occupation or if it will qualify the taxpayer for a new trade or business. This restriction is strictly defined. An individual who does work as a tax accountant may not deduct the cost of courses that prepare him to be a certified public accountant or a lawyer; being a CPA or a lawyer is considered an entirely different trade or business. Postgraduate education. The question of deductibility often comes up in the context of postgraduate courses or education that leads to some further specialized area of expertise, for example, when a lawyer or CPA attends school to obtain a graduate degree in taxation. The costs of such education are subject to the same rules that apply generally. The key factor is that the education must relate to the taxpayer's present employment; that is, to be a deductible business expense, the individual incurring the costs must already be in the trade or business. Again, this requirement is strictly construed. Thus, the costs o review courses for individuals subject to state licensing tests, such as CPA or bar examinations, are not deductible; these individuals are not yet in th(? trade or business of being a CPA or lawyer. Similarly, individuals who take! a course of study for an advanced degree immediately after graduating from law school are denied deductions for the costs of this advanced study. The same is true for those who go to graduate school after working as a law clerk or after being admitted to practice law within a jurisdiction but without actually having practiced law; again, such individuals are not in the trade or business of practicing law when the cost is incurred. Likewise, a CPA licensed to practice in one jurisdiction may not deduct the costs of courses enabling him to practice in another jurisdiction; being able to practice his profession in this other jurisdiction is considered as qualifying him for a new trade or business. …

Field of study: Business
Phospholipase C gamma 1 overexpression and activation induced by interferon beta in human T lymphocytes: an ISGF3-independent response.

Interferons exert their antiviral, antiproliferative and immunoregulatory activities by stimulating the expression of several genes. Such genes disclose a common element within their promoters, defined Interferon Stimulated Response Element (ISRE), which binds a nuclear factor(s) translocated from the cytoplasm to the nucleus (ISGF3) after the binding of interferon (IFN) to the specific receptor. Here we report the induction of the synthesis and of the hydrolytic activity of phospholipase C gamma 1 (PLC gamma 1) in human T lymphocytes by IFN-beta. The increased level of PLC gamma 1 becomes evident after 90 min of IFN-beta treatment and is still detectable after 24 h. Neither the PLC gamma 1 overexpression induced by IFN nor the increased hydrolytic activity of the enzyme appear to be affected by pretreatment of the cells with the protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor genistein, which is known to prevent the association of ISGF3 components. These results suggest that in human T lymphocytes IFN-beta can activate other transcription factor(s) distinct from ISGF3 to regulate PLC gamma 1 expression. In addition, the ability of this enzyme to hydrolyse PIP2, also in the presence of genistein, implies the possibility that this enzyme can exert its hydrolytic activity independently of protein tyrosine kinase activation.

Field of study: Medicine
Enhancing Perceptions of Mathematics Assignments by Increasing Relative Problem Completion Rates through the Interspersal Technique.

Students solved mathematics problems from 4 assignment pairs. Each control assignment contained 18 target multiplication problems that were 4 × 1-digit (4 × 1), 4 × 2, 4 × 3, or 4 × 4. Each paired experimental assignment contained 18 similar problems plus 6 interspersed 1 × 1-digit problems. After computing problems from each pair of assignments, the students rated them and chose 1 for homework. Across all assignment pairs, problem completion rates were greater on the experimental assignments, and significantly more students chose a new experimental, rather than control, assignment for homework. Furthermore, as the discrepancy between problem completion rates increased across assignment pairs, the probability of students' choosing the experimental assignment for homework and rating the experimental assignment more favorably with respect to difficulty, effort, and time also increased. The relationship between student choice behaviors and relative problem completion rates has theoretical and applie...

Field of study: Education
Multichannel demultiplexer for optical communication lines

A demultiplexer was developed on the basis of a waveguide plane made of fused quartz and intended for use in communication lines composed of fiber waveguides with a core diameter 50 μ. The dimensions of the demultiplexer were 19.8 × 20 × 0.014 mm. Aberrations of a spherical mirror were studied and partly suppressed so that the demultiplexer could be used in separation of 18 spectral channels in the wavelength λ = 0.74–1.7 μ. The total losses in the central channels of the demultiplexer were 3 dB and the cross-talk losses were 20 dB. It was found that the demultiplexer could be operated effectively using radiation sources with a spectral band not wider than 20 nm. The problem of the change in the aperture of the radiation emerging from the demultiplexer was analyzed.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Viscous drift current on the slopes of wind waves at the onset of acceleration

A technique for calculating viscous drift on the slopes of waves in the zone of their generation is proposed. Viscous stress is calculated for the wave’s front slope and the water-air interface. The calculations are performed with allowance for the eddies that form in the expanding viscous layer of wind flow and the deforming of the water’s surface. The technique is validated on the basis of experimental data.

Field of study: Physics
Multiple scattering in optical coherence microscopy.

We show that the multiple-scatter rejection provided by optical coherence microscopy (low-coherence interferometry) can be incomplete in optically turbid media and that multiple scattering manifests itself in two distinct ways. Multiple small-angle scattering results in an effective probe field that is stronger than expected from a first-order beam extinction model, but that contains a distorted wave front that enhances the apparent reflectance of small structures relative to those that are larger than the unscattered incident beam. Multiple wide-angle scattering produces a broad diffuse haze that reduces the contrast of subsequent features.

Field of study: Physics
Within-subject reversibility of discriminative function in the composite-stimulus control of behavior.

According to the composite-stimulus control model (Weiss, 1969, 1972b), an individual discriminative stimulus (S(D)) is composed of that S(D)'s on-state plus the off-states of all other relevant S(D)s. The present experiment investigated the reversibility of composite-stimulus control. Separate groups of rats were trained to lever-press for food whenever a tone or a light S(D) was present. For one group, the nonreinforced S(Delta) condition was tone-and-light absence (T+L). Tone-plus-light (T+L) was S(Delta) in the other group. On a "stimulus compounding" test that recombined composite elements, maximum responding occurred to that composite consisting only of elements occasioning response increase. That was T+L for the group trained with T+L as S(Delta) and T+L for the group trained with T+L as S(Delta). The S(Delta) composite was next reversed over groups in Phase 2. In Phase 2 tests, maximum responding that was comparable in magnitude to that of Phase 1 was again controlled by the composite consisting only of elements most recently occasioning response increase-whether T+L or T+L. The inhibitory conditioning history of both composite-elements currently occasioning responding did not weaken the summative effect. These results confirm and extend Weiss's composite-stimulus control model, and demonstrate that such control is fully reversible. We discuss how translating conditions of the stimulus-compounding paradigm to a composite continuum creates a functional and logical connection to intradimensional control measured through stimulus generalization, reducing the number of different behavioral phenomena requiring unique explanations.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Nucleate pool boiling, film boiling and single-phase free convection at pressures up to the critical state. Part I: Integral heat transfer for horizontal copper cylinders

Transcritical working cycles for refrigerants have led to increased interest in heat transfer near the Critical State. In general, experimental results for this region differ significantly from those far from it because some fluid properties vary much more there than at a greater distance. In this paper, measurements for two-phase and single-phase free convective heat transfer from an electrically heated copper tube with 25 mm O.D. to refrigerant R125 are discussed for fluid states very close to the Critical Point and far from it. It is shown that heat transfer for film boiling slightly below and for free convection slightly above the critical pressure is very similar. The new – and also previous – experimental data for nucleate boiling, film boiling, and single-phase free convection are compared with calculated results between atmospheric and critical pressure. It can be concluded that the Principle of Corresponding States in its simplest form is very well suited to transfer the results to other refrigerants. In Part II, particular attention will be given to a minimum superheat for nucleate boiling and a maximum superheat for film boiling and single-phase free convection within the circumferential variation of the isobaric wall superheat on the lower parts of the tube.

Field of study: Engineering
Cardiac metastasis from a urothelial cell carcinoma: a commented case report.

We present a case of a middle-aged male patient who was admitted to our institution because of the supposed diagnosis of endocarditis/myocarditis. Echocardiographic findings revealed cystic mass in the left myocardial wall as well as floating structures at the lateral papillary muscle, mimicking endocarditis/myocarditis. Due to progressive urinary retention and clinical signs of a beginning ileus, an abdominal and thoracic computed tomographic scan was performed, which demonstrated a large diverticle of the urinary bladder with expansive tumorous wall mass. One week later, the patient died of acute cardiorespiratory failure. On autopsy, the tumorous mass in the urinary bladder with large carcinosis of the peritoneum and multiple left and right ventricular metastases were confirmed; the histological analysis indicated a less differentiated urothelial cell carcinoma with its origin in the large diverticle of the urinary bladder with subsequent cardiac metastases.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Late Quaternary terrestrial vertebrates from Palawan Island, Philippines

Analysis of the Philippine fossil record is crucial in understanding the complex vertebrate distribution in this region and its relationship to Wallace's Line. The island of Palawan is of particular importance due to its westerly position within the Philippines, associating it more closely with islands on the Asian continental shelf, especially during the lowered sea levels of the Pleistocene. Palawan undoubtedly provided an important stepping stone for dispersing animals and humans into the Philippines. Humans first colonized Palawan ca. 40,000 year B.P. and likely had a dramatic impact on the distribution of indigenous floras and faunas. This study is the first to analyze the micro-vertebrate fossil assemblage of Palawan and to assess anthropogenic impact for the past 11,000 years. From May to July, 1997, we conducted five, small test excavations in Quezon Municipality, Palawan Province to locate productive sites for future, expanded excavations. We identified 753 terrestrial vertebrate bones (22 amphibian, 125 reptile, 35 bird, 571 mammal) resulting in 28 precisely identified species. Three species identified in the fossil assemblage are previously unrecorded from Palawan (scops-owl, Otus sp., swiftlet, Collocalia salangana , and shrew Crocidura sp.), while one, the Mountain White-eye ( Zosterops montanus ), lives only at high elevations today. Most species were recovered in a cultural site (Tarung-tung Cave) and are indicative of human consumption. Comparing these results to Borneo (a true continental island) provides insight into the affinity of the Palawan vertebrate fauna and may show the existence of a land bridge during the Pleistocene. The absence of large carnivores and primates from the Palawan fossil assemblage suggests a more insular affinity compared to Borneo. On the other hand, Palawan's fauna is relatively rich (with small carnivores and a pheasant) compared to truly oceanic islands. Future expanded excavations will focus on sampling vertebrates that lived during the first human colonization, as well as reconstructing the prehistoric ecology of the island.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Rehabilitation of the Cienaga Grande de Santa Marta, a mangrove-estuarine system in the Caribbean coast of Colombia

The colombian government has been implementing, during the last five years, a project for the rehabilitation of the Cienaga Grande de Santa Marta, a coastal estuarine lagoon in the Caribbean coast of Colombia where anthropogenic activities resulted in massive mortality of the mangrove forests, water quality degradation and concomitant diminution of biodiversity, fishing resources and life quality of human populations of the area. The project was designed in two phases: the first phase set its goal in the production of an environmental management plan (EMP) for the region and was executed by three colombian institutions, CORPAMAG, INVEMAR and CORPES C.A. with the technical cooperation of the German Agency for Technical Cooperation (GTZ). The second phase of the project is implementing specific projects and activities identified and designed in the EMP. These can be summarized in four main programs: (1) management of hydrological resources; (2) management of faunal and floral resources; (3) social development and (4) institutional strengthening. Presently, the hydrological regime is being restored by dredging canals that re-communicate the estuarine system to the Magdalena River. This has already resulted in partial regeneration of the mangrove vegetation in areas immediately adjacent to the canals. Reforestation plans and plans for the management of fishing resources are being currently designed and implemented in agreement between governmental institutions and local communities.

Field of study: Environmental science
Computational Aeroacoustics Time-Domain Method Coupled with Adaptive Noise Control Optimizer

A design of an adaptive noise control system using a computational aeroacoustics (CAA) code combined with an optimizer to control adaptively liner impedance is proposed and tested for multidimensional acoustic problems. The adaptive noise control system consists of two primary components, an expert subsystem and a liner with controllable impedance properties. For a current acoustic field due to a noise source and a given mean flow condition, an optimization process is executed by the expert subsystem in search of a set of required impedance parameters that minimize the difference between the current and the desired acoustic fields. The liner properties then can be adjusted adaptively to the required impedance parameters. For a broadband noise source, the feasibility and potential of the design concept on the coupling of a CAA time-domain method with an optimizer are demonstrated by using the three-parameter impedance model of the Helmholtz type.

Field of study: Physics
Viral complement regulators: the expert mimicking swindlers.

The complement system is a principal bastion of innate immunity designed to combat a myriad of existing as well as newly emerging pathogens. Since viruses are obligatory intracellular parasites, they are continuously exposed to host complement assault and, therefore, have imbibed various strategies to subvert it. One of them is molecular mimicry of the host complement regulators. Large DNA viruses such as pox and herpesviruses encode proteins that are structurally and functionally similar to human regulators of complement activation (RCA), a family of proteins that regulate complement. In this review, we have presented the structural and functional aspects of virally encoded RCA homologs (vRCA), in particular two highly studied vRCAs, vaccinia virus complement control protein (VCP) and Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus complement regulator (kaposica). Importance of these evasion molecules in viral pathogenesis and their role beyond complement regulation are also discussed.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Physics
Impacts of a Destructive and Well-Observed Cross-Country Winter Storm

A winter storm that crossed the continental United States in mid-February 1990 produced hazardous weather across a vast area of the nation. A wide range of severe weather was reported, including heavy snowfall; freezing rain and drizzle; thunderstorms with destructive winds, lightning, large hail, and tornadoes; prolonged heavy rain with subsequent flooding; frost damage to citrus orchards; and sustained destructive winds not associated with thunderstorms. Low-end preliminary estimates of impacts included 9 deaths, 27 injuries, and $120 million of property damage. At least 35 states and southeastern Canada were adversely affected. The storm occurred during the field operations of four independent atmospheric research projects that obtained special, detailed observations of it from the Rocky Mountains to the eastern great Lakes.

Field of study: Environmental science
Characterizing wheat response to water limitation using multispectral and thermal imaging.

Effective screening of plant genotypes for their tolerance to abiotic stress is a vital step for crop improvement. Various sensing technologies can be used for developing automated plant phenotyping systems as well as for better control of stress levels imposed on the plants. In this study, seven different wheat genotypes (G1 through G7) were grown under two different water regimes in a greenhouse. Soil moisture was monitored by soil water tension sensors distributed among the experimental plots. A sensor platform with two cameras (a multispectral camera and a thermal infrared camera) was developed to capture top-view images of the wheat plots (once a week) during the course of the experiment. Image processing algorithms were developed to extract wheat growth index (GI) and crop water stress index (CWSI). Ratios of GI and CWSI between the two water treatments were calculated as proxies to assess drought tolerance of the different genotypes. The results showed that GI was correlated with NDVI measured by a GreenSeeker sensor (R 2 = 0.65). Among the seven wheat genotypes studied, G5, G6, and G7 exhibited consistently higher GI ratios and lower CWSI ratios, an indication of their superiority in drought tolerance. It was also found that non-uniform environmental conditions in the greenhouse had quite a large influence on wheat growth, which made the characterization and differentiation of phenotypes among various genotypes more challenging. It is concluded that the multispectral and thermal infrared imaging system has potential for phenotypic screening of wheat genotypes for drought tolerance in a semi-controlled environment.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Manufacture Plastic Mould of ZG45 by Ceramic Mold Casting

L plastic bucket mould is a type of split-three-parts mould. As a poured plastic mould, we use small size snake shape cooling pipe to form the cooling pipe system of mould, which is prepared by insert casting method before. When it is annealed, amount of cokes are put into the furnace which is sealed up to prevent the oxidization of mould.

Field of study: Materials science