nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Study on the Spatial Morphology and Protection Strategy of Tusi Official Village of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau—Taking Zhuo Keji Official Village as an Example

Taking the Zhuo KeJi official village as an example, the paper makes a breakthrough in the traditional way of thinking which takes architectural ontology space as the research object, and expands the space of Tusi official village to the domain space of the Tusi governance with the theory of "core edge" that was put by Friedman, to analyze the mechanism of formation and evolution of core and edge space of Tusi, and reveal the spatial morphological features of Tusi official village , and propose the overall space protection strategy, "core edge" , of Tusi official village, furthermore, to provide ideas for the protection of Tusi official village of Qinghai-Tibet

Field of study: Engineering
A technique for on-board CT reconstruction using both kilovoltage and megavoltage beam projections for 3D treatment verification.

The technologies with kilovoltage (kV) and megavoltage (MV) imaging in the treatment room are now available for image-guided radiation therapy to improve patient setup and target localization accuracy. However, development of strategies to efficiently and effectively implement these technologies for patient treatment remains challenging. This study proposed an aggregated technique for on-board CT reconstruction using combination of kV and MV beam projections to improve the data acquisition efficiency and image quality. These projections were acquired in the treatment room at the patient treatment position with a new kV imaging device installed on the accelerator gantry, orthogonal to the existing MV portal imaging device. The projection images for a head phantom and a contrast phantom were acquired using both the On-Board Imager kV imaging device and the MV portal imager mounted orthogonally on the gantry of a Varian Clinac 21EX linear accelerator. MV projections were converted into kV information prior to the aggregated CT reconstruction. The multilevel scheme algebraic-reconstruction technique was used to reconstruct CT images involving either full, truncated, or a combination of both full and truncated projections. An adaptive reconstruction method was also applied, based on the limited numbers of kV projections and truncated MV projections, to enhance the anatomical information around the treatment volume and to minimize the radiation dose. The effects of the total number of projections, the combination of kV and MV projections, and the beam truncation of MV projections on the details of reconstructed kV/MV CT images were also investigated.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Inquiry Based Method and Student Academic Achievement in Secondary School Home Economics

The study sought to find out the effect of inquiry based method on academic achievement of secondary school students in Home Economics. The study covered the secondary schools in Orumba South Local Government Area of Anambra State. Quasi-experiment design was the design used. Two study groups were randomly sampled from the 15 schools in the Local Government Area and assigned to experimental and control groups respectively. The experimental groups was taught with inquiry based method while the control group was taught using lecture method. A thirty five items Home Economics Achievement test developed by the researcher and validated by researchers colleagues was used to asses the subject achievement. Data collected were analyzed using percentage, mean and t-test statistics. The findings revealed that the experimental group (inquiry based method) achieved significantly higher than the control group (lecture method). Based on the findings, it was recommended that inquiry based method should be employed in teaching Home Economics. 
 DOI: 10.5901/jesr.2013.v3n4p109

Field of study: Education, Sociology
Temperature variations in the flux of high-energy muons

The flux of high-energy muons (threshold energy, 220 GeV) as a function of atmospheric temperature is measured using data from the Baksan Underground Scintillation Telescope (BUST). The temperature was measured every 12 h by radiosonde at different levels of observations. The results from studying the correlation coefficient between the counting rate of muons and the temperature of the atmosphere at different altitudes are presented.

Field of study: Physics
Between Coca and Cocaine: A Century or More of U.S.-Peruvian Drug Paradoxes, 1860-1980

hospitality and largesse during writing; Julio Cotler (Instituto de Estudios Peruanos, Lima) for his commentary; Gil Joseph and two anonymous HAHR readers; and colleagues and helpers in the larger research project behind this essay. And our new son, Danyal Natan Sainz-Gootenberg (b. 1/2000), for allowing some needed sleep to put this all together. 1. And largely unknown: this essay is part of a larger archival project to unveil this hidden history. For the United States itself, we now have the superb study by Joseph F. Spillane, Cocaine: From Medical Marvel to Modern Menace in the United States, 1884–1920 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins  1999); for global views, see Paul Gootenberg, ed., Cocaine: Global Histories ( 1999); as background, Steven B. Karch, M.D., A Brief History of Cocaine (Boca Raton: CRC Press, 1998). A strong source on transnational issues is William Walker III’s Drug Control in the Americas (Albuquerque: Univ. of New Mexico Press, 1981).

Field of study: History
An Empirical Analysis of the stock Price-Volume Relationship——Comparative Analysis Among Bull Market、Bear Market and Concussive Market of Shanghai Stock Market

The relationship of price and volume is the basis of stock market and technical analysis.The relationship may be not the same under the three situations,so we make a comparison.The paper use the data of price index and volume of Shanghai stock market,use Cointegration analysis、Vector Error Correction Model and Impulse Response Function approach.The conclusions are:there exists a long term equilibrium between price and volume;the change of price index can explain change of volume,but it is not correct contrarily;some technical analysis founded on volume lose efficacy,just effective in "bull market".At the same time,we found Shanghai stock market is partial effective in short-term,but completely effective in long-term.

Field of study: Economics
Kingship and Favoritism in the Spain of Philip III, 1598-1621. Antonio Feros

were excluded from trade with Henry's Atlantic islands or Guinea, except for the hated Castilians. In the period after Henrys death, secrecy and exclusivity would become the norm with the Portuguese, the Spanish, and later the Dutch. Russell concludes that Henry's work led to the establishment of an overseas Portuguese empire that would last for centuries. Since Prince Henry only voyaged to Africa twice (both short trips to the Ceuta area) and along the Portuguese coast, Russell refrains throughout his book from calling him "the Navigator." He also points out that there is no evidence that a navigational school existed at the Sagres (Algarve). Russell also stresses that the horoscope cast by an astrologer at Henry's birth shows that he was "predestined to devote himself both to making 'great and noble conquests and to the uncovering of secrets previously hidden from men'" (15). Henry's motto was "a hunger to perform worthy deeds" (23). His horoscope and his motto had a continuing impact on Henry for the rest of his life. Although he was the third son of King John I of Portugal and Queen Philippa, the daughter of John of Gaunt, Henry was the king's favorite son. From the moment that he won his spurs at age twenty-one with the conquest of the Moorish North African Fort of Ceuta in 1415, Henry seemed to live a charmed life. No matter how many setbacks Henry endured, especially the defeat of his Portuguese forces at Tangier in 1437, he seemed to escape blame and thus appears as a "Teflon" prince in Russell's evaluation of Henry's popularity in Portugal. Professor Russell makes so many major points that it is difficult to cover them all in a brief review. A close reading of this brilliant study will reward all who are interested in the opening of the Atlantic through exploration and trade as well as the development of future imperialism and colonization. RAND BURNETTE MacMurray College

Field of study: History
Comparative Analysis of the Complete Mitochondrial Genomes for Development Application

This present research work reports the comparative analysis of the entire nucleotide sequence of mitochondrial genomes of Serranochromis robustus and Buccochromis nototaenia and phylogenetic analyses of their protein-coding genes in order to establish their phylogenetic relationship within Cichlids. The mitochondrial genomes of S. robustus and B. nototaenia are 16,583 and 16,580 base pairs long, respectively, including 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 2 ribosomal RNA genes, 22 transfer RNA genes, and one control region (D-loop) which is 888 and 887 base pairs long, respectively, showing the same gene order and identical number of gene or regions with other well-elucidated mitogenomes of Cichlids. However, with exception of cytochrome-c oxidase subunit-1 (COX-1) gene, all the identified PCGs were initiated by ATG-codons. Structurally, 11 tRNA genes in B. nototaenia species and 9 tRNA genes in S. robustus species, folded into typical clover-leaf secondary structure created by the regions of self-complementarity within tRNA. All the 22 tRNA genes in both species lack variable loop. Moreover, 28 genes which include 12-protein-coding genes are encoded on the H-strand and the remaining 9 genes including one protein-coding gene are encoded on the L-strand. Thirteen sequences of concatenated mitochondrial protein-coding genes were aligned using MUSCLE, and the phylogenetic analyses performed using maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference showed that S. robustus and B. nototaenia had a broad phylogenetic relationship. These results may be a useful tool in resolving higher-level relationships in organisms and a useful dataset for studying the evolution of the Cichlidae mitochondrial genome, since Cichlids are well-known model species in the study of evolutionary biology, because of their extreme morphological, biogeographical, parental care behavior for eggs and larvae and phylogenetic diversities.

Field of study: Biology
The Plasma Universe

For millennia we have based our views of the universe on observations in the narrow visual octave of the electromagnetic spectrum, 400–800 nm, supplemented during the last half‐century by infrared and radio observations. During the last decade, however, space research has opened the full spectrum, including the entire infrared region and the ultraviolet, x‐ray and γ‐ray regions (see the photo on the cover and figure 1).

Field of study: Physics
Ground-level climate at a peatland wind farm in Scotland is affected by wind turbine operation

The global drive to produce low-carbon energy has resulted in an unprecedented deployment of onshore wind turbines, representing a significant land use change for wind energy generation with uncertain consequences for local climatic conditions and the regulation of ecosystem processes. Here, we present high-resolution data from a wind farm collected during operational and idle periods that shows the wind farm affected several measures of ground-level climate. Specifically, we discovered that operational wind turbines raised air temperature by 0.18 °C and absolute humidity (AH) by 0.03 g m−3 during the night, and increased the variability in air, surface and soil temperature throughout the diurnal cycle. Further, the microclimatic influence of turbines on air temperature and AH decreased logarithmically with distance from the nearest turbine. These effects on ground-level microclimate, including soil temperature, have uncertain implications for biogeochemical processes and ecosystem carbon cycling, including soil carbon stocks. Consequently, understanding needs to be improved to determine the overall carbon balance of wind energy.

Field of study: Environmental science
Determination of Super Cooling Points and Freezing Points of Asecodes hispinarum and Tetrastichus brontispae

Both Asecodes hispinarum and Tetrastichus brontispae are important parasitoid invasive pests of Brontispa longissima.Super cooling points and freezing points were assayed to understand the cold hardiness of these two parasitoids.The results indicated that Asecodes hispinarum and Tetrastichus brontispae had considerable high cold-resistance.They could survive in the areas where B.longissima are distributing.Both super cooling points and freezing points were different between A.hispinarum and T.brontispae.Either super cooling points or freezing points were the highest in pupae stage of these two parasitoids.However,there were no differences in super cooling points and freezing points between female and male insects.Asecodes hispinarum and Tetrastichus brontispae could be applied in the distribution areas of coconut leaf beetles in China.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Civil War Stories: An Integrative Approach to Developing Perspective

reating personal connections to C history i s a struggle for many educators. We want to engage our students, hut not at the expense of sacrificing content. We want to integrate the curriculum, finding concepts and content that complement each other; the f i t needs to he a natural one. When teachers select literature with prominent voices of history, students begin to add perspective to their historical understanding and voices to their writing. In the Civil War uni t that we describe i n this article, seventh and eighth grade students apply language arts skills to social studies activities while they gain a richer understanding of the Civil War. The activities, when used together, form a model for the development of perspective, which cnkibles students to interpret and remember history by examining the voices of the past. One of the primary goals of the unit was to have students with a limited Civil War history background assume a personal perspective of the reality of any war and especially of a civil war.

Field of study: Sociology
ISAR Cross-Range Scaling Using Iterative Processing via Principal Component Analysis and Bisection Algorithm

In this paper, we propose a novel cross-range scaling technique to estimate the rotational velocity (RV) of a maneuvering target. The proposed method includes three steps. First, a feature from accelerated segment test (FAST) is applied to two sequential inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) images to find the locations of their robust feature points. Second, the rotation angle (RA) is estimated using two major axes, which are obtained using a principal component analysis (PCA) of the two feature data sets scaled by a candidate RV. Third, an RV search operation based on the measured RA is carried out via the bisection algorithm, which optimizes a newly devised cost function. Compared with the conventional method, the proposed method has two main advantages: 1) it requires no information about the rotation center of a target, and 2) it can efficiently generate a well-scaled ISAR image within a very short time. Finally, the results of experiments using point scatterers and real flying aircraft are provided to demonstrate the validity of the proposed method.

Field of study: Engineering
Transverse bacterial migration induced by chemotaxis in a packed column with structured physical heterogeneity.

The significance of chemotaxis in directing bacterial migration toward contaminants in natural porous media was investigated under groundwater flow conditions. A laboratory-scale column, with a coarse-grained sand core surrounded by a fine-grained annulus, was used to simulate natural aquifers with strata of different hydraulic conductivities. A chemoattractant source was placed along the central axis of the column to model contaminants trapped in the heterogeneous subsurface. Chemotactic bacterial strains, Escherichia coli HCB1 and Pseudomonas putida F1, introduced into the column by a pulse injection, were found to alter their transport behaviors under the influence of the attractant chemical emanating from the central source. For E. coil HCB1, approximately 18% more of the total population relative to the control without attractant exited the column from the coarse sand layer due to the chemotactic effects of alpha-methylaspartate under an average fluid velocity of 5.1 m/d. Although P. putida F1 demonstrated no observable changes in migration pathways with the model contaminant acetate under the same flow rate, when the flow rate was reduced to 1.9 m/d, approximately 6-10% of the population relative to the control migrated from the fine sand layer toward attractant into the coarse sand layer. Microbial transport properties were further quantified by a mathematical model to examine the significance of bacterial motility and chemotaxis under different hydrodynamic conditions, which suggested important considerations for strain selection and practical operation of bioremediation schemes.

Field of study: Environmental science
The Impact of Culture on Business Negotiation Styles: A Comparative Study between Bangladesh and China

The People’s Republic of Bangladesh is an emerging and booming trade partner with different countries especially with the People’s Republic of China. China achieved a double-digit GDP which is a remarkable economic record or milestone. A long-term win-win business relationship between Bangladesh and China is being sustained and through this relationship a significant number of business dealings have been made each and every year. One of the greatest challenges that Bangladeshi and Chinese business executives are facing in international business is effective communication with their counterparts during the negotiations. This study aims at investigating the impact of culture in negotiation styles – accommodation, collaboration, competition, compromise and withdrawal. Business executives were the targeted population for this study. About 50 business executives from Bangladesh and 40 Chinese business executives working in Bangladesh were selected for the study. Data has been analyzed by SPSS software. The finding shows that both groups have international business experiences and have completed successful negotiations before. Accommodation, competition, and withdrawal negotiation styles are affected by culture and other two styles – compromise and collaboration – are not affected by culture. Hofstede’s cultural dimension index also supports these hypotheses. The findings of this study will help both Chinese and Bangladeshi business executives to achieve successful negotiations.

Field of study: Business
Poster ‐ 49: Assessment of Synchrony respiratory compensation error for CyberKnife liver treatment

The goal of this work is to quantify respiratory motion compensation errors for liver tumor patients treated by the CyberKnife system with Synchrony tracking, to identify patients with the smallest tracking errors and to eventually help coach patient's breathing patterns to minimize dose delivery errors. The accuracy of CyberKnife Synchrony respiratory motion compensation was assessed for 37 patients treated for liver lesions by analyzing data from system logfiles. A predictive model is used to modulate the direction of individual beams during dose delivery based on the positions of internally implanted fiducials determined using an orthogonal x-ray imaging system and the current location of LED external markers. For each x-ray pair acquired, system logfiles report the prediction error, the difference between the measured and predicted fiducial positions, and the delivery error, which is an estimate of the statistical error in the model overcoming the latency between x-ray acquisition and robotic repositioning. The total error was calculated at the time of each x-ray pair, for the number of treatment fractions and the number of patients, giving the average respiratory motion compensation error in three dimensions. The 99th percentile for the total radial error is 3.85 mm, with the highest contribution of 2.79 mm in superior/inferior (S/I) direction. The absolute mean compensation error is 1.78 mm radially with a 1.27 mm contribution in the S/I direction. Regions of high total error may provide insight into features predicting groups of patients with larger or smaller total errors.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Formation of Palimpsest Sediments, Conception Bay, Southeastern Newfoundland

Grain-size analysis of 74 samples shows that gravel, very fine sand, and mud populations compose the principal bottom sediments in Conception Bay, southeastern Newfoundland. These individual populations, plus mixtures of the populations, gives rise to 11 textural types. The sediments were deposited as glacial drift during periods of lower sea level and then reworked into discrete particle-size populations during postglacial marine transgression. Subsequent deposition of the winnowed finer grained populations as distinct sedimentary units in deep water and upon coarser lag deposits in shallower water resulted in the variety of textural types. These are defined by Swift and others (1971) as palimpsest sediments. A model proposed for formation of the 11 textural types in Conception Bay is probably applicable to other formerly glaciated inlets. The relation between mean size and sorting (standard deviation) of the trimodal sediments is complex because there are several possible combinations of mixing of particle-size populations. Analysis of this relation is useful for identifying sediments composed of mixtures of particle-size populations.

Field of study: Geology
PRE-MAIN-SEQUENCE STELLAR POPULATIONS ACROSS SHAPLEY CONSTELLATION III. I. PHOTOMETRIC ANALYSIS AND IDENTIFICATION*, **

We present our investigation of pre‐main-sequence (PMS) stellar populations in the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) from imaging with Hubble Space Telescope WFPC2 camera. Our targets of interest are four starforming regions located at the periphery of the super-giant shell LMC 4 (Shapley Constellation III). The PMS stellar content of the regions is revealed through the differential Hess diagrams and the observed colormagnitude diagrams (CMDs). Further statistical analysis of stellar distributions along cross-sections of the faint part of the CMDs allowed the quantitative assessment of the PMS stars census, and the isolation of faint PMS stars as the true low-mass stellar members of the regions. These distributions are found to be well represented by a double Gaussian function, the first component o f which represents the main-sequence field stars and the second the native PMS stars of each region. Based on this result, a cluster membership probability was assigned to each PMS star according to its CMD position. The higher extinction in the region LH 88 did not allow the unambiguous identification of its native stell ar population. The CMD distributions of the PMS stars with the highest membership probability in the regions LH 60, LH 63 and LH 72 exhibit an extraordinary similarity among the regions, suggesting that these stars s hare common characteristics, as well as common recent star formation history. Considering that the region s are located at different areas of the edge of LMC 4, this finding suggests that star formation along the super-gi ant shell may have occurred almost simultaneously.  HII regions ‐ Hertzsprung‐Russell and C‐M diagrams ‐ open clusters and associations: individual (LH 60, LH 63, LH 72, LH 88) ‐ stars: formation ‐ stars: pre‐main-sequence

Field of study: Physics