nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Building An Institutionalist Theory of Regulation

Recent changes in the U.S. regulatory environment require reexamination of our ideas of how and why regulation evolves. With a century of experience since the creation of the Interstate Commerce Commission, two decades of "new wave" social regulation behind us, and a recent period of upheaval and uncertain direction, we find that neither traditional market failure rationales, nor private interest group theories like George Stigler's, can provide adequate explanation for the historical pattern of regulatory development. In this article I shall argue that a satisfactory theory must account for the changes in social conditions over time that affect which regulations will be politically viable. The basic pattern I wish to explain is the preponderance of "economic" regulation up to around 1970, followed by a great increase in efforts at "social" regulation. Further, I will center on the idea that much of the earlier economic regulation was of the "revenueaugmenting" type detrimental to social welfare, and that the newer social regulation is largely of the "cost-augmenting" type detrimental to industry interests. Needless to say, this generalization does not hold for all regulatory efforts, and it ignores some interesting chapters of history within the broader trend.' Nonetheless, for my analysis I will take that view as at least partially accurate; for example, I accept the argument

Field of study: Economics
Application of analytic hierarchy process in analyzing and ranking of non-financial measures that affect investor decisions

This paper presents an application of the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) used to select the most appropriate non-financial measure that investors use in decision-making. (AHP) is a method of multicriteria evaluation which organizes and simplifies decision-making. This decision model helps decision makers on reducing decision-making time and choosing a suitable decision alternative for investment situation. In addition, this study underlines the importance of different criteria, factors and alternatives that are essential to successful investment decisions by applying the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). This study provides recommendations on strategic investment decision options. Thus, the main contribution of this paper is to demonstrate the potential of AHP as a tool that could easily rank nonfinancial measures. This ranking is expected to induce innovation, improve company disclosures, increase satisfaction of statement users, and enhance total performance.

Field of study: Business
Energy spectra of protons driven by ultra-short laser interaction with thin gold foils

Proton acceleration experiments were performed by using an ultra-short laser to irradiate gold foils of 5 m and 2.1 m in thickness. The ultra-short laser pulse had the pulse duration of 120 fs and energy of 11 mJ. The peak focal intensity remained around 61016 W/cm2. A Thomson ion spectrometer with CR39 plastic nuclear track detectors were used to observe spectra of the accelerated protons. The spectrum of the 2.1 m foil featured a single peak around 74 keV due to the inefficiency of protons. The maximum energies and efficiencies of accelerated protons increased with decreasing the target thickness. The results were explained by the energy loss of electron transmission and a geometrical effect on hot electron recirculation.

Field of study: Physics
DX-center energy level dependence on silicon doping concentration in Al0.3Ga0.7As

The Hall free carrier concentration of silicon-doped Al0.3Ga0.7As alloys is studied as a function of both temperature and illumination. Different thermal activation energies were observed for the DX center as a function of silicon concentration. Excitation of the samples using an infra-red source also provided data for better insight into the DX center population. We correlated the incremental free electron photo persistent population with the activation energies obtained from the temperature dependence of the measured Hall concentration. We concluded that large free carrier concentrations can yield perturbations in the lattice potential that may alter the configuration coordinate energy barriers for capture and emission of electrons by and from the DX centers.

Field of study: Materials science
Idiotypy and idiotypic networks: a time to redefine concepts

The administration of intravenous immunoglobulin (tVIg) has been reported to benetit patients with autoimmune disease . The benefit may be transitory or long lasting. Three possible mechanisms have been proposed; (i) the IVlg preparation contains antibodies specific for a pathogen that is causative in the disease; (ii) the high levels of IgG attained result in nonspecific blockade of Fey receptors expressed on cells of the retieulo-endothelial system; (iii) the autoimmune condition results from loss of a normal regulatory pathway that is reestablished by components of the IVtg preparation. Mechanisms proposed in (i) and (ii) may be relevant to particular diseases but not to the wide spectrum of autoimmune conditions for which benefit is claimed. The mechanism most widely canvassed, under (iii), is re-establishment of immune regulation through the idiotypic network. Clearly, it is of fundamental importance and interest to examine this possibility, since, if benefit can result from application of such relatively crude preparations, appropriately targeted reagents should have dramatically improved efficacy. The paper of Barbouche et al.  reports that 28% of monoclonal immunoglobulins having polyreaetive autoantibody activity express cross-reactive idiotypes (CRI) and that these CRI are present in IVlg (Sandoglobulin). They suggest that the detection of CRI in this immunoglobulin preparation is consistent with the proposition that therapeutic benefit results from restoration of regulation through an idiotype network. The criteria used in Barbouche et al. to produce a polyclonal reagent recognizing CRI conform to convention, including successive absorptions on normal human polyclonal IgG immuno-affinity columns, using IgG prepared by the Cohn fractionation method. The absorbed antiserum is reported to detect CRI present in the IVlg preparation, indicating a radical difference in composition between the two polyclonal IgG preparations. Since Sandoglobulin is a refined preparation of IgG prepared by Cohn fractionation, this finding suggests that different immunoglobulin preparations may have significantly differing therapeutic potential; determined, presumably, by the donors contributing to the pool. This further underlines the need for precise analysis of the biological specificities and activities that are contained within such preparations, particularly with respect to idiotype and anti-idiotypic components. The first requirement is an understanding of the phenomenon of idiotypy and a precise definition of the terms used.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
The palaeoenvironmental interpretation of colluvial sediments and palaeosols of the late pleistocene hypothermal in Southern Africa

Colluvial deposits, reaching thicknesses of more than 10 m, mantle the pediment slopes and choke the streams and river valleys of an area covering about 20% of Africa south of the Zambezi. The sediments are usually deeply incised by gully systems, termed dongas, which have exposed abundant archaeological remains in the form of stone tools dating from the African Middle Stone Age. While the bedrock types in the different areas exhibiting colluvium vary greatly, the range in present mean annual rainfall is very narrow, being between 600 and 800 mm. The grain size characteristics of 55 samples of colluvium show a broad similarity in the percentages of sand-, silt- and clay-sized material. In the majority of cases the percentage of sand ranges from 45 to 65%, silt from 15 to 25% and clay from 10 to 35%. 
 
The 14C ages of palaeosols in the sediments in Swaziland, Natal and Zululand, based upon the dating of calcium carbonate nodules and charcoal from cave sediments containing identical stone tool assemblages, indicate that colluviation took place between about 30,000 and 12,000 years ago. The palaeosols and colluvial sediments of southern Africa are indicative of semi-arid conditions in which the regolith was stripped from poorly vegetated hill slopes and laid down on gently inclined pediment slopes. The age of the deposits supports the contention of several recent workers that the area experienced dry climatic conditions during the Last Glacial Maximum as a result of restricted circulation and reduced sea surface temperatures in the Southern Ocean.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Enhanced neuronal death from focal ischemia in AMPA-receptor transgenic mice.

Excitatory amino acid (EAA) receptors play an important role in neuronal cell death in acute cerebral ischemia. Blocking the alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionate (AMPA) subtype of EAA receptor has been shown to reduce cell death in global cerebral ischemia. However their role in focal stroke, although suggestive, has remained more contentious. To clarify this issue, we generated transgenic mice overexpressing the AMPA receptor (AMPAR) subunit GluR2-flip which would increase AMPAR-mediated currents. Excitatory neurons in these transgenic mice are thus predicted to be more susceptible than wild-type neurons to EAA (glutamate)-induced excitotoxic damage. Consistent with this prediction, cultured neurons from transgenic mice had a lower LD50 for exposure to glutamate (10(-3)-10(-5) M for 5 min) compared to wild-type neurons. Moreover, transgenic mice subjected to permanent focal ischemia of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) using the intralumenal filament model sustained larger infarctions compared to wild-type controls. Hence we have developed a genetic mouse model that demonstrates the crucial role of AMPAR containing GluR2-flip in the pathogenesis of focal hypoxic-ischemic neuronal cell death. This model will be a valuable tool in elucidating molecular mechanisms of glutamate excitotoxicity and evaluating the efficacy of glutamate receptor antagonists in attenuating post-ischemic neuronal cell death.

Field of study: Biology
Job Satisfaction Determinants and Its Impact on the Achievement Motivation among the Guidance School Counselors in Algeria

The objective of this study is to know the impact of the determinants of job satisfaction on the achievement motivation among the counselors of guidance and counseling school and vocational. In order to achieve the purposes of this study, the researchers adopted the descriptive analytical method ,we used two questionnaires: the first for the determinants of job satisfaction and the second one for  measuring achievement motivation. The study was applied on a sample of (300) counselors had been selected in a random sample from vocational and school guidance centers of ten provinces.After confirming the psychometric properties of the measurement instruments and data processing by the statistical package for social sciences version20, the results show that the motivation of achievement can be predicted through the dimension of work content, but can not be predicted with other dimensions of job satisfaction of guidance counselors (self actualization, self esteem, achievement value, work conditions, promotion opportunities, carrier growth, work itself  ).The research didn’t find a difference between achievement motivation and planning for the future, competition and perception of time due to the levels of job satisfaction, while there were statistically significant differences in the dimensions of the level of ambition, responsibility and perseverance.  determinants of job satisfaction, achievement, motivation, work content, competition.

Field of study: Education
Experimental research on degradation of nanolubricant–refrigerant mixture during continuous alternation processes of condensation and evaporation

Nanolubricant–refrigerant mixture used in vapor-compressor refrigeration system undergoes continuous alternation processes of condensation and evaporation, during which it degrades gradually as a result of the nanoparticle deposition. This paper quantitatively evaluates the degradation of nanolubricant–refrigerant mixture during continuous alternation processes of condensation and evaporation, and investigates the effects of lubricant mass fraction, nanoparticle mass fraction, heating condition, and cooling condition on degradation. TiO 2 /NM56/R141b is chosen as the nanolubricant–refrigerant mixture for experiments. The experimental conditions cover lubricant mass fraction of 5–20%, nanoparticle mass fraction of 0.2–1.0%, heating temperature of 50–80 o C, and cooling temperature of 5–15 o C. The experimental results show that nanolubricant–refrigerant mixture degrades by 28–77% after 20 alternation times under present experimental conditions; besides, the degradation in long-term period can be reduced at conditions of higher lubricant mass fraction, lower nanoparticle mass fraction, lower heating temperature, or lower cooling temperature.

Field of study: Engineering
Nature of stripes in the generalized t?J model applied to the cuprate superconductors

A recent study of the transport properties on the stripe phase in La1.875Ba01.25CuO4 by Li et al (2007 ) found two-dimensional (2D) superconductivity over a wide temperature range including a Berezinski–Kosterlitz–Thouless transition at a temperature T=16 K, with 3D superconducting (SC) ordering only at T=4 K. These results contradict the long standing belief that the onset of superconductivity is suppressed by stripe ordering and suggest coexistence of stripe and SC phases. The lack of 3D SC order above T=4 K requires an antiphase ordering in the SC state to suppress the interlayer Josephson coupling as proposed by Berg et al (2007 ). Here, we use a renormalized mean field theory for a generalized t–J model to examine in detail the energetics of the spin and charge stripe ordered SC states including possible antiphase domains in the SC order. We find that the energies of these modulated states are very close to each other and that the anisotropy present in the low temperature tetragonal crystal structure favors stripe resonating valence bond states. The stripe antiphase SC states are found to have energies very close to, but always above, the ground state energy, which suggests additional physical effects are responsible for their stability.

Field of study: Physics
Understanding the Allocation of Caesarean Outcome to Provider Type: A Chart Review

The concept, "most responsible provider" has a specific definition in the Canadian National Discharge Abstract Database (DAD). Variation exists in how care providers are defined in administrative data.



We compared chart data with administrative data to understand how "most responsible provider" was identified in these two data sources.



We found a 3% discrepancy between data sources. Differences between data sources were attributable to transfers in care that occurred at birth.



"Most responsible provider" should consider the full trajectory of care when assigning outcomes in order to understand how to best support optimal health among low-risk births.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Factor Vill level given by continuous infusion compared to by bolus in children with hemophilia A undergoing circumcision (case series)

hemophilia is the most common hereditary bleeding disorder in children, and can create  challenges in the treatment of complicated bleeding episode. Circumcision and other surgical procedures in persons with hemophilia require anticipatory management plan to prevent and treat bleeding prior to, during and following surgery. Prolonged bleeding can be managed by supplement therapy with Factor VIII, administered intravenously by either bolus (BI) or continuous infusion (CI) to achieve hemostatic plasma Factor VIII levels.  the aim of this study was to compare plasma activity level of factor VIII in relation to the method of intravenous administration.  commencing 4 days post circumcision, five sequential measurements of plasma Factor VIII levels were done at 6 hourly intervals in 4 boys with hemophilia A who received intravenous Factor Vill, either by 81 or Cl.  four patients given continuous infusion showed lower level of Factor VIII compared to bolus therapy.  bolus therapy has more increased level of Factor VIII compared to continuous infusion. Bleeding was not found in both therapies (Cl or BI).  AHF - continuous infusion - bolus - plasma level

Field of study: Medicine
On Lusztig's conjecture for connected and disconnected exceptional groups

Lusztig conjectured that the almost characters of a finite reductive group are up to a scalar the same as the characteristic functions of the rational character sheaves defined on the corresponding algebraic group. In this paper we verify this conjecture for the uniform almost characters of the Suzuki and the Ree groups, and to show that a conjecture of the same type holds for the disconnected case of type B 2 . We then state a conjecture on the possible values of the uniform almost characters on unipotent elements in the disconnected case of type F 4 .

Field of study: Mathematics
Microstructure and Thermoelectric Properties of AgSbO3 Ceramics Prepared by Ion-Exchange Powder Synthesis and Normal Sintering

Silver antimonate (AgSbO3) is a potential high-temperature thermoelectric oxide with a low thermal conductivity, but it is difficult to fabricate dense bulk material with high phase purity. Well-dispersed AgSbO3 nanopowder with an average diameter of 50 nm was synthesized by an ion-exchange process in this study, the sintering density of which was apparently enhanced. Nearly single-phase AgSbO3 ceramic samples with a relative density close to 90% were obtained when sintered at a relatively low temperature (1273 K). The electrical conductivity of AgSbO3 increased greatly with increasing sintering temperature, probably because of defects originating from the compositional deviation caused by sintering, in addition to increased density. This study also confirmed that AgSbO3 had a low thermal conductivity, from 1.1 W m−1 K−1 at room temperature to 0.8 W m−1 K−1 at 673 K.

Field of study: Materials science
The embryonic and post-natal expression of the nicotinic receptor alpha 3-subunit in rat lower brainstem.

The mRNA expression of the alpha 3 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit in the rat lower brainstem is more widespread in the embryo and at birth than in the mature brain, but the major cell groups expressing alpha 3 are generally the same, with two exceptions. The transcript for the alpha 3-subunit is transiently expressed in the ventral cochlear nucleus (VCN). Expression was very high in the embryonic and early post-natal VCN, but was significantly decreased in the VCN late in the post-natal period (about post-natal day 15). Conversely, alpha 3 mRNA was not expressed in the motor trigeminal nucleus until about PN3.

Field of study: Biology
How character goal pursuit “moves” audiences to share meaningful stories

Recent research has examined the theme-level determinants of how stories move readers. Our research examined what moves readers in more nuance. Specifically, we examined how readers’ perception of a character’s goal pursuit (i.e., their motivation to complete a goal, goal desire intensity, and goal pursuit struggle) leads to narrative engagement, which we posit is an antecedent to being moved. The degree to which readers are moved should then influence their intention to share the story. Across two studies, character motivation consistently influenced narrative engagement, particularly emotional engagement, which evokes the experience of being moved. Being moved by the story – but not enjoyment – increased readers’ intentions to share it with others. We argue that media psychology researchers should incorporate being moved into their broader models of narrative engagement for both basic and applied research.

Field of study: Psychology
Hydrogen Sulfide Inhibits Abnormal Proliferation of Lymphocytes via AKT/GSK3β Signal Pathway in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Patients

The abnormal activation of the AKT/GSK3β signal pathway in lymphocytes from systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients plays an important role in the pathogenesis of the disease. Recently Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has been recognized as a crucial gaseous signaling molecule, involved in regulation of cell proliferation. However, the role of H2S in regulating the abnormal activation of lymphocytes from SLE patients has not been established. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of H2S on lymphocytes and to explore the mechanisms involved.  The lymphocytes were isolated from SLE patients with or without renal disease and healthy controls. The cells were treated as indicated in each experiment. Cell viability was analyzed by CCK-8. Cell cycle distribution was determined by flow cytometry. Western blot was used to detect the expression of phosphorylated AKT (ser473), GSK3β (ser9) and CDK2, p27Kip1 and p21WAF1/CIP1.  Our findings showed that proliferation of lymphocytes was stimulated following treatment with NaHS (a H2S donor) at low NaHS concentrations (<1mM) but inhibited at high NaHS concentrations (>2mM). Similar results were observed using GYY4137, which is a slow-releasing H2S donor. Pretreatment of lymphocytes from SLE patients with NaHS at high concentrations prior to exposure to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) significantly attenuated proliferation, evidenced by decrease in cell viability and S phase distribution of cell cycle. Pretreatment with NaHS decreased PHA-induced expression of CDK2, phosphorylation levels of AKT (ser473) and GSK3β (ser9) and increased the expression of p27Kip1 and p21WAF1/CIP1. Moreover, pretreatment with NaHS blunted the stimulation of SLE lymphocyte proliferation by GSK3β inhibitor lithium chloride.  These results demonstrate that H2S inhibits the abnormal activation of lymphocytes from SLE patients throuqh the AKT/GSK3β signal pathway.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Atomic hydrogen reactions with Pb centers at the (100) Si/SiO2 interface.

We have investigated the reaction of atomic hydrogen with defects at the (100) Si/${\mathrm{SiO}}_{2}$ interface. Similar to previous results on the (111) interface, we find that the two paramagnetic defects at the (100) interface, ${\mathit{P}}_{\mathit{b}0}$ and ${\mathit{P}}_{\mathit{b}1}$, are either passivated or produced by atomic hydrogen, depending on the starting density. However, the two defects possess quantitative differences in behavior. The ${\mathit{P}}_{\mathit{b}0}$ center can be produced more readily than ${\mathit{P}}_{\mathit{b}1}$ and it is also much harder to passivate by atomic hydrogen. These differences between ${\mathit{P}}_{\mathit{b}0}$ and ${\mathit{P}}_{\mathit{b}1}$ help to explain previous observations of ${\mathit{P}}_{\mathit{b}0}$ center generation by radiation and by electrical stress.

Field of study: Physics
Estimating parameters growth traits of chinese simmental

Data from 1980 to 2000 were collected from six national Chinese Simmental farms,and genetic parameters of growth traits were estimated by using animal models and MTDFREML. The analyses showed that the heritabilities of birth weight, weaning weight, yearling weight, 18-month weight and mature cow weight were 0.32,0.11,0.27,0.36 and 0.47 respectively. Direct-maternal genetic correlations of growth traits were from (-0.39) to -0.99,while direct genetic correlations were significant between two closer growth traits.The result showed yearling weight was a good early select criterion,while the direct and maternal additive gentic correlations between yearling and 18-month weight,mature cow weight were significant.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences