nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Precise chronology of the last interglacial period: 234U-230Th data from fossil coral reefs in the Bahamas

A detailed study of ^(238)U-^(234)U-^(230)Th ages was made for different coral species from two Bahamian reefs to determine the time scale of the sea-level high during the last interglacial period, using recently developed mass spectrometric techniques for the measurement of U and Th isotopes. Thirty-seven coral samples were analyzed in replicate. Typical errors at 125 ky are ±1.5 ky (2σ), and 3-ky time intervals appear to be well resolved. This high precision permits detailed chronologic study with time resolution adequate to define stages of the reef's history. These data demonstrate that the time between transgression and regression of the ocean in the last interglacial was about 12 ky, after which sea level fell rapidly at more than ∼2 m/ky. The high sea-level stand began possibly by 132 ky and certainly by 129 ky ago, when sea level reached ∼6 m above present mean low sea level. High sea level was sustained until 120 ky and then fell rapidly. This time period covers the Milankovitch insolation peak at 65°N but is not sharply defined, and the sea-level high lasted from about 4 ky before the insolation peak to 8 ky after it. We find no evidence for a double peak of sea-level rise in the last interglacial episode (that is, high stands at both ∼125 and 142 ky). There appears to be some discrepancy between this precise chronology for a coral reef on a tectonically stable platform and the chronology assigned to deep-sea sediments. The present results show that the duration of the last interglacial led to a 12-ky period of high sea-level stand which is much longer than the insolation peak. 
The study area consists of two sizeable bank/barrier coral reefs of Sangamon age that crop out along the coast northwest of Cockburn Town on San Salvador Island and at Devil's Point on Great Inagua Island. The initial stage of reef development is not revealed at either site, but the main parts of both reefs are well preserved. At Cockburn Town, the beginning of the reef was marked by colonization of Acropora palmata on hardground areas and possibly other corals at 132 ky ago. Patch reefs at the southeastern flank of the developing reef were growing by 129 to 126 ky ago. By 126 to 123 ky ago, the crest of the reef was formed by the frame-building coral A. palmata, and associated patch reefs flourished along its flanks. A. palmata coral heads grew upward to a mean low sea level ∼6 m above the present one. The reef began to decline as sea level dropped at about 123 to 120 ky ago. 
Near two measured profiles at Devil's Point, the top of a rubblestone, dominated by A. cervicornis, and patch-reef corals preserved in growth position have been beveled off and represent an ancient wave-cut surface. ^(230)Th ages on corals below and above this surface indicate that it was cut at about 125 ± 1 ky ago.

Field of study: Geology
Intracerebral oxytocin is important for the onset of maternal behavior in inexperienced ewes delivered under peridural anesthesia.

Measurement of cerebrospinal concentrations of oxytocin (OT) in intact and peridural-anesthetized ewes showed that central release of OT during parturition is inhibited by this anesthesia. Also, observations of maternal behavior and attraction to amniotic fluid (AF) in inexperienced peridural-anesthetized parturient ewes after intracerebroventricular injections of either OT (2 x 10 micrograms) or saline showed that OT infusions increased the proportion of maternal females (2/17 vs. 10/20; p = .01) and attraction to AF. This study confirms that in sheep vaginocervical stimulation activates the oxytocinergic system, which induces the onset of maternal behavior, and that this action is not limited to maternally experienced females.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Effect of long range correlation on the scaling behaviors of the normalized factorial moments for first-order phase transition

Within the framework of Ginzburg-Landau theory, the effect of multiplicity correlation between the dynamical multiplicity fluctuations is analyzed for a first-order phase transition from quark-gluon plasma to hadrons. Normalized factorial correlators are used to study the correlated dynamical fluctuations. A scaling behavior is found among the factorial correlators, and an approximate universal exponent, which is weakly dependent on the details of the phase transition, is obtained.

Field of study: Physics
1 volt DC programmable Josephson voltage standard

NIST has developed a programmable Josephson voltage standard (JVS) that produces intrinsically stable voltages that are programmable from -1.1 V to +1.1 V. The rapid settling time (1 /spl mu/s), large operating current margins (2 to 4 mA), and inherent step stability of this new system make it superior to a conventional JVS for many dc measurements. This improved performance is made possible by a new integrated-circuit technology using intrinsically shunted superconductor-normal-superconductor (SNS) Josephson junctions. These junctions operate at lower excitation frequencies (10 to 20 GHz) than a conventional JVS and have 100 times greater noise immunity. The Josephson chip consists of a binary array sequence of 32 768 SNS Josephson junctions. The chip has been integrated into a completely automated system that is finding application in mechanical/electrical watt-balance experiments, evaluation of thermal voltage converters, electron-counting capacitance standards, and metrology triangle experiments.

Field of study: Physics
To track or to call: comparing methods for estimating population abundance of African lions Panthera leo in Kafue National Park

The wide-ranging behaviour of large carnivores and low densities at which they occur make direct population surveys of these species expensive and time consuming, and consequently indirect methods are widely used. We compared the accuracy, precision and cost of two methods commonly used to survey African lions, namely call-up surveys and track-count surveys. Surveys were performed in the 11,000 km2 northern sector of Zambia’s Kafue National Park (Kafue), an area for which no previous empirical lion population data are available. We estimate lion abundance of 200 individuals over 1 year of age in northern Kafue, at a density of 1.83 lions 100 km−2. We used GPS collars and regular observations of lions to establish a reference population in an Intensive Study Site for comparison with survey results. Both survey methods produced accurate results, though precision was higher for call-up surveys, despite lower costs. Stratification of the study area did not improve the survey estimates. We recommend call-up surveys as the most appropriate method for surveying lions in Kafue and similar large protected areas, and suggest standardisation of survey equipment and protocols.

Field of study: Environmental science
Solar Collector Design and Curing Effect of the Bulk Curing Barn

The curing effect between the bulk curing barn installed with sunlight greenhouse solar collector of low cost and the ordinary bulk curing barn was studied.The bulk curing barns were up-draft bulk barns.The results showed that the average coal consumption were significantly lower in the solar-heating barn(564.5 kg/kg)than the ordinary bulk curing barn(691.7 kg/kg).The coal consumption rate was 19.18% lower in the solar-heating barn than the ordinary bulk curing barn.The electricity consumption rate was 6.95% lower in the solar-heating barn.The graded structure and appearance quality of the dried tobacco leaves was slightly better in the solar-heating barn than the ordinary bulk curing barn.The main chemical components content had no significant difference.The aroma components content of the dried tobacco leaves was higher in the solar-heating barn than the ordinary bulk curing barn.It is conclude that the effect of energy-saving and environmental protection was obvious and the quality of the dried tobacco leaves was improved in the solar-heating barn than the ordinary bulk curing barn.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
PUBLIC SERVANTS, LEGISLATION AND THE PARLIAMENTARY BALANCE OF POWER*

tag=1 data=Public servants, legislation and the parliamentary balance of power. by Roewen Wishart

tag=2 data=Wishart, Roewen

tag=3 data=Australian Journal of Public Administration,

tag=4 data=52

tag=5 data=2

tag=6 data=June 1993

tag=7 data=198-207.

tag=8 data=PARLIAMENTARY GOVERNMENT%PARLIAMENT-NSW%PUBLIC SERVICE%LAW

tag=10 data=Public servants, as advisers to ministers, are active participants in the development of legislation. A parliamentary balance of power challenges government to win passage for its bill, and ministers expect public service advisers to analyse the political situation and support ministers...

tag=11 data=1993/5/11

tag=12 data=93/0655

tag=13 data=CAB

Field of study: Political science
Efficient room-temperature lasing (λ=2.088 µ) of yttrium scandium gallium garnet activated with chromium, thulium, and holmium ions

An yttrium scandium gallium garnet crystal activated with chromium, thulium, and holmium ions was investigated. A differential lasing efficiency of 3.1% was obtained (for the 5I7 → 5I8 transition in the Ho3+ ions) at room temperature and the emission wavelength was 2.088 µ.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Recent Changes in Frost Days and the Frost-Free Season in the United States

One of the signals expected with greenhouse warming is a change in what are now considered extreme temperatures. In this paper one type of extreme is examined for the 1948-99 period, that is, a change in the number of days when the minimum daily temperature dips below freezing or "frost days." This is approached by looking at two questions: 1) have there been changes in the number of frost days per year, or per season, and 2) are there trends in the dates of thefirst autumn frost, last spring frost, and length of the frost-free season? Results show that the country as a whole has experienced a slight decrease in the number of days, with the biggest decreases in the winter and spring. Changes in frost dates for autumn show small changes to a later date, but the date of the lastspring freeze shows a distinctmove to an earlier date. This results in an increase in the frost-free season. However, there is a distinct spatial pattern to the results that is consistent with the spatial pattern of annual t...

Field of study: Environmental science
Foresight and Aftermath: Matthew DeBord on Salem Mekuria's Ye Wonz Maibel (Deluge)

By now, the narratives are familiar: depictions of suffering, essays on shattered hopes and unchecked violence, hopeless pleas for Utopia, warfare and skirmishes, starvation, Western intervention. Skeletal memento mori. Mass graves. Empty landscapes. Roads decorated with the hulks of trucks and tanks. Even the usual cast of characters, within the context of this artificial legend, remains consistent, whether the film comes from deadpan moralist Werner Herzog, or from the more straightforward PBS Frontline recounting of the 1993 American military debacle in Somalia. Citizens of the bush vie for space with imperial kitsch (the former supply the Western cliches, the latter expose the absurd pomposity of tinhorn African oligarchs); exchange students dressed like Midwestern overachievers compete with martial junta drones in fatigues. Everyone looks sadly corsetted by circumstances, preserved in celluloid amber by the filmmakers' imposition of a unity on the story of events. Their afros date their politics, their naivete ensures their remorse. Salem Mekuria's recounting of her and her family's involvement with the overthrow of Hallie Selassie's Ethiopia in the late 1960s and 1970s falls into any of a number of documentary traps, but Mekuria manages to evade most of the usual charges—that her project is illustration rather than analysis, that her work has already been done by the news media—by relentlessly imposing her personal motives on what is essentially a very objective retelling of a now miserably common tale. At the core of her story is her relationship with her brother, who while Mekuria was in the United States, participated first in the revolutionary ferment that abruptly vanquished Selassie from his Empire in 1973, then in the increasingly divided effort to establish a new state in Ethiopia's ancient geography. Soft coup— as anyone acquainted with the basic progressions of African post-colonial politics will anticipate—is followed by hard coup, military dictatorship, a splintering of the socialist ideal that drove the revolution, and a gradual buildup to

Field of study: Art
Conditioning history and the control of human avoidance and escape responding.

Inter-subject differences in response rates under free-operant avoidance and escape schedules are commonly obtained from humans. Data are presented which demonstrate that such differences can be controlled experimentally by giving subjects different conditioning histories. Subjects given a fixed-ratio history avoided and/or escaped from "point-loss periods" at higher rates than subjects given a differential-reinforcement-of-low-rates history. History related differences in response rates were maintained during 40 hr of escape responding. For low-rates history subjects, response rates under escape contingencies decreased as the rate of point-loss periods decreased.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Study of Irradiation Effects on Thermal Characteristics for COMET Pion Capture Solenoid

A superconducting magnet system for the COMET experiment is now under construction in the Japan Proton Accelerator Research Complex to achieve the most intense negatively charged muon beam in the world. The main part of superconducting magnet system, the Pion Capture Solenoid, will be exposed to the severe irradiation from the production target inside magnets; consequently, superconducting coils will be heated by interactions with the secondary particle. The degradation on thermal conductivity is also expected in these conduction-cooled superconducting coils as the radiation damage can be accumulated in a continuous operation at cryogenic temperature. To investigate the irradiation influence on thermal characteristics of the magnet, a thermal analysis is performed by modeling the three-dimensional structure of the coil with the consideration of irradiation effects. Possible temperature rise in coils with a beam operation is predicted in terms of stability for a continuous operation. In addition, the impact of irradiation effects on the quench protection is discussed in this paper.

Field of study: Physics
Participatory Budgeting in Brazil: Contestation, Cooperation, and Accountability (review)

At the time of this writing there are probably over a thousand cities and towns across the world experimenting with some version of participatory budgeting (PB). A Brazilian invention dating to the early 1990s, it is at its core a blueprint for citizen involvement in decision-making about municipal budgets. This basic idea has also captured the imagination of researchers who have by now written a great deal about the advantages of implementing this system. Brian Wampler's excellent new book moves this vast debate forward by taking the discussion in a comparative direction, examining eight cities in Brazil that experimented with this system in the 1990s and 2000s. The book's main conclusion— that contextual factors matter in the eventual success of participation—is an unpretentious one, but it is also an important one, anchored as it is in carefully documented evidence and detail. It is also a conclusion to which policy makers should attend in their enthusiastic implementation of best practices.

Field of study: History
Development of a complex scintillation proximity assay for high throughput screening of PPARγ modulators

To develop a complex high-throughput screening (HTS) assay based on scintillation proximity assay (SPA) technology for identification of novel peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) modulators.Full length PPARγ and retinoid X receptor alpha (RXRα), biotinylated PPAR response element (PPER), [3H]BRL49653 and streptavidin-coated Flash Plate or microbead were used to develop an HTS assay based on SPA technology. This ‘ABCDE’ method was validated against conventional hydroxyapatite (HA) assay and applied to large-scale screening of 16 000 synthetic compounds and natural product extracts.Results:(1) IC50 values of positive control compounds (BRL49653 and troglitazone)obtained from the ‘ABCDE’ method and HA assay were comparable and consistent with those reported elsewhere; (2) Approximately 178 compounds, showing more then 70% competitive inhibition on BRL49653 binding to PPARγ, were identified initially by the ‘ABCDE’ method (microbead); (3) Secondary screening using FlashPlate and cross-reactivity studies with RARα, β, γ and RXRα, β, γ confirmed that 12 compounds possessed specific PPARγ binding properties including 2 with IC50 values less then 0.5 μmol/L and novel chemical structures.The ‘ABCDE’ method using either FlashPlate or microbead, is a highly efficient, automatable, and robust tool to screen potential PPARγ modulators in HTS setting. Its application May be expanded to other nuclear receptors that form heterodimers upon activation.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Trace element and isotopic aspects of predator-prey relationships in terrestrial foodwebs

Strontium-calcium ratio (Sr/Ca) and stable carbon isotope ratio (13C/12C) analyses of bone and enamel apatites may be used for reconstructing predator-prey relationships in vertebrate fossil assemblages. The approach is based on the rationale that 13C/12C in predator apatite closely resemble those of their prey, while Sr/Ca is predictably reduced in specific predator-prey pairs. As an example, we compare the relationship of the extant leopard, Panthera pardus, and its preferred prey in modern foodwebs, with the relationship of fossil leopards (from the Member 1 fossil faunal assemblage at Swartkrans Cave), and their likely prey. The results suggest that Swartkrans Member I leopards depended heavily on Papio baboons, with some lesser contribution from Hyrax (Procavia sp.). The approach has considerable potential for elucidating the preferred prey of extinct predators such as sabertooth cats.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Sialylated glycosylphosphatidylinositols suppress the production of toxic amyloid-β oligomers.

The production of amyloid-β (Aβ) is a key factor driving pathogenesis in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Increasing concentrations of soluble Aβ oligomers within the brain lead to synapse degeneration and the progressive dementia characteristic of AD. Since Aβ exists in both disease-relevant (toxic) and non-toxic forms, the factors that affected the release of toxic Aβ were studied in a cell model. 7PA2 cells expressing the human amyloid precursor protein released Aβ oligomers that caused synapse damage when incubated with cultured neurones. These Aβ oligomers had similar potency to soluble Aβ oligomers derived from the brains of Alzheimer's patients. Although the conditioned media from 7PA2 cells treated with the cellular prion protein (PrPC) contained Aβ, it did not cause synapse damage. The loss of toxicity was associated with a reduction in Aβ oligomers and an increase in Aβ monomers. The suppression of toxic Aβ release was dependent on the glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor attached to PrPC, and treatment of cells with specific GPIs alone reduced the production of toxic Aβ. The efficacy of GPIs was structure-dependent and the presence of sialic acid was critical. The conditioned medium from GPI-treated cells protected neurones against Aβ oligomer-induced synapse damage; neuroprotection was mediated by Aβ monomers. These studies support the hypothesis that the ratio of Aβ monomers to Aβ oligomers is a critical factor that regulates synapse damage.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
On the legal dependence of deepening sports reform on sports modern administration.

The Party Central Committee has successively made strategic deployment for comprehensively deepening reform, boosting administration modernization and comprehensively boosting country ruling by law, which had formed the rigid need and strong power for further strengthening legal sport construction in deepening sports reform and boosting sports modern administration. Based on their analysis of the relationship between reform, modern administration and legal construction, the authors put forward that sports reform should focus on the modernization and legalization of sports administration, demonstrated the leading status of constructing legal sport in sports reform and administration from the perspectives of targets, ways and assurance, and proposed to, according to the reality of sports reform development, deepen sports reform and administration in such aspects as reforming sports administration departments' law enforcement behaviors, protecting various subjects' sports rights, establishing a legal mechanism for sports socialization, strengthening sports industry legal regulation and expanding multi-dimensional sports legal service.

Field of study: Education
Overview Of A Large Scale Monitoring Project Of Energy Positive Houses: Complementarity Between Simulations And Measurements

The present paper gives an overview of a French national project on building performance. Named COMEPOS, started in 2013, it focuses on « Positive Energy » detached houses. It consists in the design, construction, operation and evaluation of 20 inhabited and innovative houses. This collaborative project includes constructors, industrial and academic partners, the latter involved both in the monitoring and the use of building performance simulation at different stages of the building's life. The paper offers an overview of how simulation technics can be used, in coordination with measurements, concerning points like the optimization of the design, performance evaluation, fault detection, but also improving simulation of real-life situations, for example by improving the knowledge about the impact of occupants' behaviour.

Field of study: Engineering
Commissioning of the accelerator-recuperator for the FEL at the Siberian Center for Photochemical Research.

A 100 MeV eight-turn accelerator-recuperator intended to drive a high-power infrared free-electron laser (FEL) is currently under construction in Novosibirsk. The first stage of the machine includes a one-turn accelerator-recuperator that contains a full-scale RF system. It was commissioned successfully in June 2002.

Field of study: Physics
Inlandeis und Salzaufstieg

ZusammenfassungDer Salzaufstieg ist nach der einen Auffassung bedingt durch die weithin erkannten orogenen Phasen; nach der anderen Deutung wurde er als kontinuierlich infolge des Hangenddruckes jüngerer Sedimente angesehen.Nach unsern Erfahrungen und Betrachtungen darf der Salzaufstieg gedeutet werden als ursprünglich eingeleitet und vielleicht zeitweise belebt durch orogene tektonische Bewegungen, zudem aber vorübergehend fortgeführt infolge verstärkter Belastung des Salz-Mutterlagers. Dazu sind in norddeutschen Strukturen Anhub und Störung der Haube getreten:a)durch Gesamtaufstieg als Folge einer Eisbelastung,b)durch Anheben der Haube infolge periglazial bedingten Ausbleibens des am Salzspiegel lösenden Grundwassers.
Nach Schwinden des periglazialen Klimas dürften die Hauben zurückgesunken sein. Jedoch gewisse Störungen in und neben den Hauben sowie Unregelmäßigkeiten im Verlauf der Eisrandlagen künden noch heute von der während der Kaltzeiten erheblich anderen Ausbildung des oberen Teiles der Salzstrukturen.Der Lauenburger Ton wird gedeutet als Gletschertrübe, die in von Salzstrukturen her versalzenen Staubecken abgesetzt wurde, also als Brackwasserfazies zu den geschichteten oder warwigen Beckenabsätzen süßer Schmelzwässer.

Field of study: Environmental science