nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Gravimetrische Feldmessungen und Modellberechnungen im Gebiet des Krimmler Ache-Tales und Obersulzbachtales (Großvenediger Gebiet / Österreich)

ZusammenfassungEs wird über gravimetrische Messungen in den Tälern der Krimmler Ache und des Obersulzbaches (Oberpinzgau) berichtet.Die Ergebnisse der gravimetrischen Feldmessungen werden in folgender Form mitgeteilt:a)Profile der Bouguer-Anomalien (BA),b)Profile der Restanomalien und des Regionalfeldes.
Eine Verbesserung der gemessenen BA wird durch die Berechnung der oberflächennahen geologischen Strukturen in digital simulierten Modellen erreicht. Aus einem dreidimensionalen Untergrundmodell für die beiden Meßgebiete können erste Abschätzungen bezüglich Tiefe und Lage der geologischen Bauelemente gewonnen werden.AbstractGravity measurements in the Krimmler Ache Tal and Obersulzbachtal (Oberpinzgau/ Austria) have been carried out.The results of the measurements are presented as follows:a)Profiles of Bouguer anomalies (BA),b)Profiles of regional and residual anomalies.
Superficial geological structures are simulated by synthetic models and taken into account for correcting geologically the measured BA's. By the aid of a three-dimensional underground model a first estimation concerning deapth and position of geological structures is possible.RésuméRapport concernant des mesures gravimétriques effectuées dans les vallées du Krimmler Ache et du Obersulzbach (Oberpinzgau/Autriche).On communique les résultats des mesures gravimétriques sous la forme suivante:a)Profils des anomalies de Bouguer (BA),b)Profils des anomalies résiduelles et du champ régional.
On atteint une amélioration des BA mesurées par le calcul des structures géologiques proches de la surface avec modèles simulés à l'ordinateur. Partant d'un modèle de soussol à trois dimensions pour les deux régions étudiées, on peut obtenir les premières estimations concernant la profondeur et la situation des structures géologiques.Краткое содержаниеСообщается о данных г равиметрического из мерения в долинах КриммлерАхе и Оберсульцбаха (Обер пинцгау). Результаты э тих измерений при полевы х работах представлен ы в виде:а)профилей аномалии Bouguer'a;б)профилей остаточно й аномалии и регионал ьных полей.
Рассчетом близких к п оверхности геологич еских структур на дигиталь носимулирующих моделях улучшили изм ерение аномалии Bouguer'a. По трехразмерной модели фундамента дл я обоих областей изме рения удалось оценить глубину и положение г еологических структ урных элементов.

Field of study: Environmental science
The geometric nature of the fundamental lemma

The Fundamental Lemma is a somewhat obscure combinatorial identity introduced by Robert P. Langlands as an ingredient in the theory of automorphic representations. After many years of deep contributions by mathematicians working in representation theory, number theory, algebraic geometry, and algebraic topology, a proof of the Fundamental Lemma was recently completed by Ngo Bao Chau, for which he was awarded a Fields Medal. Our aim here is to touch on some of the beautiful ideas contributing to the Fundamental Lemma and its proof. We highlight the geometric nature of the problem which allows one to attack a question in p-adic analysis with the tools of algebraic geometry.

Field of study: Mathematics
Effect of TNF-α Inhibition on Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Neurological Function Recovery after Spinal Cord Injury via the Wnt Signaling Pathway in a Rat Model

The present study aimed to examine the effect of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) inhibition on bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) in neurological function recovery after spinal cord injury (SCI) via the Wnt signaling pathway in a rat model.  The rat model of SCI was established using Allen’s method. Seventy-two adult male Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were randomly assigned into 4 groups (18 rats in each group): the sham control group, saline control group, BMSCs group (injection with BMSCs at the injured site) and BMSCs + TNF-α group (injection with BMSCs under TNF-α treatment at the injured site). Immunochemistry was performed to characterize the culture media after TNF-α-induced differentiation. qRT-PCR and Western blotting analyses were performed to detect the mRNA and protein expression of β-catenin, Wnt3a, GSK-3β and Axin. The Basso Beattie Bresnahan (BBB) locomotor score, neurological deficit score (NDS), and balance beam test (BBT) score were used to assess neurological functional recovery of SCI rats.  In the BMSC group, numerous spherical cell clusters grew in suspension, and the cells were nestin-, NF200- and GFAP-positive. Compared with the sham control and BMSC groups, the β-catenin and Wnt3a mRNA and protein expression was increased, but the GSK-3β and Axin mRNA and protein expression was decreased in the BMSCs + TNF-α group. The SCI rats in the BMSCs + TNF-α group exhibited lower BBB scores, and higher NDSs and BBT scores compared to the BMSCs group.  Our study provides evidence that TNF-α inhibition may weaken the ability of BMSCs in neurological functional recovery after SCI by activating the Wnt signaling pathway.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Population pharmacokinetic modeling and simulation of huperzine A in elderly Chinese subjects

Our preliminary results show that huperzine A, an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor used to treat Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients in China, exhibits different pharmacokinetic features in elderly and young healthy subjects. However, its pharmacokinetic data in elderly subjects remains unavailable to date. Thus, we developed a population pharmacokinetic (PPK) model of huperzine A in elderly Chinese people, and identified the covariate affecting its pharmacokinetics for optimal individual administration.A total of 341 serum huperzine A concentration records was obtained from 2 completed clinical trials (14 elderly healthy subjects in a phase I pharmacokinetic study; 35 elderly AD patients in a phase II study). Population pharmacokinetic analysis was performed using the non-linear mixed-effect modeling software Phoenix NLME1.1.1. The effects of age, gender, body weight, height, creatinine, endogenous creatinine clearance rate as well as drugs administered concomitantly were analyzed. Bootstrap and visual predictive checks were used simultaneously to validate the final population pharmacokinetics models.The plasma concentration-time profile of huperzine A was best described by a one-compartment model with first-order absorption and elimination. Age was identified as the covariate having significant influence on huperzine A clearance. The final PPK model of huperzine A was: CL (L/h)=2.4649*(age/86)(−3.3856), Ka=0.6750 h−1, V (L)=104.216. The final PPK model was demonstrated to be suitable and effective by the bootstrap and visual predictive checks.A PPK model of huperzine A in elderly Chinese subjects is established, which can be used to predict PPK parameters of huperzine A in the treatment of elderly AD patients.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Ilmenite–hematite solid solution films for novel electronic devices

Unique magnetic and electric properties of solid solutions of ilmenite (FeTiO 3 ) and hematite (α-Fe 2 O 3 ) can be expected for new electronics, optics and spintronics applications. We have successfully prepared well-crystallized and epitaxial Fe 1.23 Ti 0.77 O 3+δ (001) films on α-Al 2 O 3 (001) substrates by reactive helicon plasma-sputtering technique. Structure, magnetic and electric properties of the films were seriously dependent on both the oxygen pressure and the substrate temperature during the sputtering deposition. The subsequent annealing of the films in vacuum at high temperature (600 °C) promoted the order (R 3 ) structure of Fe 1.23 Ti 0.77 O 3+δ , where the Ti and Fe ions occupied the cation sites alternatively along the c -axis. Only the films having the R 3 symmetry had large ferrimagnetic moments at low temperature (78 K), although the magnetization values were depending on not only the order parameter between the R 3 and the R 3 c structures but also the oxidization states of Fe ions in Fe 1.23 Ti 0.77 O 3+δ . The film prepared at an oxygen partial pressure ratio of 1.4% and substrate temperature of 400 °C had considerably large spontaneous magnetization of 275 emu/cm 3 at 78 K after the subsequent annealing at 600 °C. However, highly oxidized nonstoichiometirc Fe 1.23 Ti 0.77 O 3+δ films with the R 3 c symmetry could not give the ordered structure with the R 3 symmetry.

Field of study: Materials science
Enantioselective Total Synthesis of 1,3‐Disubstituted β‐Carboline Alkaloids, (–)‐Dichotomine A and (+)‐Dichotomide II

(S)-(–)-Dichotomine A and its enantiomer were synthesized from the key intermediate, methyl 1-(1-hydroxyethyl)-β-carboline-3-carboxylate, by enantioselective esterification with Lipase QLM. The first total synthesis of (+)-dichotomide II and its enantiomer were also achieved from (S)-(–)-dichotomine A methyl ester and its enantiomer. The absolute configuration of the stereogenic center of the reported (+)-dichotomide II was determined to be R.

Field of study: Chemistry
Scale Up of High-Performance REBCO Tapes in a Pilot-Scale Advanced MOCVD Tool With In-Line 2D-XRD System

We have reported the development of an Advanced Metal-Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition (A-MOCVD) method featuring ohmic heating of the substrate for REBCO film growth, direct tape temperature monitoring, and laminar precursor flow. This A-MOCVD method has been used to fabricate 4–5 <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mu$</tex-math></inline-formula>m thick film REBCO tapes with record-high performance: critical currents exceeding 8700 A/12 mm at 30 K, 3 T; and engineering current density of 5200 A/mm<inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$^2$</tex-math></inline-formula> at 4.2 K, 15 T. Recently, we constructed a pilot-scale reel-to-reel A-MOCVD system to scale up the technology to long tapes. Preliminary batches of tapes exhibit consistent performance and good uniformity along the length. An in-line 2D X-ray Diffraction (XRD) system has been integrated into the pilot A-MOCVD tool to monitor the REBCO texture and composition, RE<inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$_2$</tex-math></inline-formula>O<inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$_3$</tex-math></inline-formula> content, and the dimensions of BaMO<inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$_3$</tex-math></inline-formula> (BMO, M=Zr,Hf) nanorods that act as artificial pinning centers. Specifically, the streaking angle between REBCO (103) and BZO (101) has been found to correlate well with (Ba+M)/Cu of the film, lift factor in critical current over a range of temperatures and magnetic fields, and the size of the BMO nanorods. The in-line 2D-XRD is expected to serve as a valuable quality measuring tool supporting realtime feedback control for the process to yield uniform and consistent manufacturing of high-performance REBCO tapes by Advanced MOCVD.

Field of study: Physics
Cerebral perfusion imaging in vasospasm.

Vasospasm following cerebral aneurysm rupture is one of the most devastating sequelae and the most common cause of delayed ischemic neurological deficit (DIND). Because vasospasm also is the most common cause of morbidity and mortality in patients who survive the initial bleeding episode, it is imperative not only to diagnose the condition but also to predict which patients are likely to become symptomatic. The exact pathophysiology of vasospasm is complex and incompletely elucidated. Early recognition of vasospasm is essential because the timely use of several therapeutic interventions can counteract this disease and prevent the occurrence of DIND. However, the prompt implementation of these therapies depends on the ability to predict impending vasospasm or to diagnose it at its early stages. A number of techniques have been developed during the past several decades to evaluate cerebral perfusion, including positron emission tomography, xenon-enhanced computed tomography, single-photon emission computed tomography, perfusion- and diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging, and perfusion computed tomography. In this article, the authors provide a general overview of the currently available perfusion imaging techniques and their applications in treating vasospasm after a patient has suffered a subarachnoid hemorrhage. The use of cerebral perfusion imaging techniques for the early detection of vasospasm is becoming more common and may provide opportunities for early therapeutic intervention to counteract vasospasm in its earliest stages and prevent the occurrence of DINDs.

Field of study: Medicine
Mixed RE Modification and Semi-solid Microstructure Evolution of In-situ Mg_2Si/Al-Si Composites

The effects of mixed RE on microstructure in in-situ Mg2Si/A1-Si composite and the semi-solid microstructure evolution of the composites under different temperature were investigated.The result shows that 1.0%(mass fraction) mixed RE can modify primary silicon effectively,the average grain size decreases from 175μm to 55μm;after isothermal heat treatment,the primary silicon grain size decreases first and then increases with the increase of temperature,and α phase in the composites is spheroidized at 560℃.

Field of study: Materials science
The Acute Scrotum: A Review of 40 Cases

To determine the relative importance of clinical presentation, laboratory studies, and ultrasonography in the diagnosis of acute scrotum, and to suggest an effective method of management.  Forty patients who were hospitalized between January 2002 and December 2002 for acute scrotum were studied with respect to history, physical examination, blood tests, urine analysis including culture, and scrotal ultrasonography with color Doppler study.  Epididymitis (n = 24) was the commonest cause of acute scrotum followed by testicular torsion (n = 11), torsion of testicular appendages (n = 4), and idiopathic scrotal edema (n = 1). Both mean age (40.7 vs. 13.8 years), and average duration of pain at presentation (4.5 days vs. 19.1 h) were higher in patients with epididymitis than in torsion. Onset was usually insidious in epididymitis, sudden in testicular torsion, and variable in torsion of testicular appendages. The majority (87.5%) of patients with epididymitis were managed conservatively. The testis was salvaged in 81.8% of patients with testicular torsion. The accuracy of ultrasonography was only 72.7% in testicular torsion, but was good in epididymitis.  Our results show that a careful clinical evaluation, by an experienced examiner, provides the correct diagnosis in acute scrotum rather than ultrasonography. It is of utmost importance to exclude testicular torsion in those who are younger than 16 years and whose pain duration is less than 24 h.

Field of study: Medicine
Über die Sedimentationsgeschwindigkeit rezenter Tiefseesedimente

ZusammenfassungNach einer kurzen Erörterung der wichtigsten Methoden, die die Sedimentationsgeschwindigkeit in rezenten Tiefseeablagerungen auf verschiedenen Wegen zu erfassen versuchten, werden die Werte über die Absatzgeschwindigkeit näher besprochen, die sich aus der Stratigraphie der Meeresablagerungen im äquatorialen Atlantischen Ozean an der Hand der Grundproben der „Meteor“-Expedition ergeben. Um zuverlässige Werte über die Sedimentationsmenge der heutigen ozeanischen Ablagerungen zu erhalten, ist es zu allererst erforderlich, die stratigraphischen Verhältnisse im Sediment festzulegen, d. h. die gleichzeitig abgelagerten Horizonte auszuscheiden, aus deren Mächtigkeit die Sedimentationsgeschwindigkeit berechnet werden kann. Danach wird auf dem äquatorialen Atlantischen Tiefseeboden seit dem Ausgang des Diluviums durchschnittlich 1 cm in 1000 Jahren sedimentiert (Tab. 1). - Auf Grund der im äquatorialen Atlantischen Ozean gewonnenen stratigraphischen Erkenntnisse wird nach einigen Grundproben der Deutschen Südpolar-Expedition die Sedimentationsgeschwindigkeit im südlichen Indischen Ozean etwas genauer als bisher festgelegt. Sie ist sehr viel geringer als in der atlantischen Äquatorialzone (. Für den äquatorialen Atlantischen Ozean ist außerdem die Absatzgeschwindigkeit während der letzten Diluvialzeit angegeben und das Sedimentationsverhältnis zwischen Blauschlick, Globigerinenschlamm und Rotem Ton. Dies Verhältnis hat sich seit der letzten Eiszeitperiode nicht geändert.

Field of study: Environmental science
Gorbachev and Obstacles Toward Detente

The November 1985 Geneva summit meeting between General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev and President Ronald Reagan has revived the hopes of many for a United States-Soviet detente similar to that of the early 1970s. Reagan administration officials indicate privately that they see the summit as showing Soviet readiness for rapid progress toward agreements substantially reducing strategic nuclear weapons on both sides, while foregoing their previous insistence on a simultaneous ban on the United States' Strategic Defense Initiative. The Soviet willingness, expressed just prior to the summit, to reunite a few Soviet citizens with their American spouses raises expectations for wider cooperation on humanitarian and emigration issues. While a persuasive case can be made that many opportunities for a lasting improvement in significant areas of U.S.-Soviet relations were indeed missed in the 1970s, I it is a mistake to believe that Gorbachev's approach to relations with the United States, whether the issue be arms control, economic relations, human rights, or almost any other foreign policy question, will bear but a superficial similarity to that of the Brezhnev regime in the early 1970s. In fact, this article argues that Gorbachev's deeply held perspectives, assumptions, and beliefs reflect a sea change in Soviet conceptions of what is possible and desirable in U.S.-Soviet relations. This change is away from notions of superpower partnership and toward greater

Field of study: Political science
Atom efficiency and catalysis in organic synthesis

The key to waste minimization in fine chemicals manufacture is the widespread substitution of classical organic syntheses employing stoichiometric amounts of inorganic reagents with cleaner, catalytic alternatives. The E factors (by waste per kg product) of chemical processes increase dramatically on going downstream from bulk to fine chemicals and pharmaceuticals, mainly owing to the use of "stoichiometric" methods. The concept of atom efficiency is a useful tool for rapid evaluation of the amount of waste generated by alternative processes. The general theme of atom-efficient, catalytic processes is illustrated with industrially relevant examples. These include catalysis by solid acids and bases, catalytic reductions and oxidations, catalytic C_C bond formation, asymmetric catalysis, biocatalysis, and catalysis in novel media (aqueous and fluorous biphasic systems, supercritical fluids, and ionic liquids).

Field of study: Chemistry
Mitochondrial thiol oxidase Erv1: both shuttle cysteine residues are required for its function with distinct roles

Erv1 (essential for respiration and viability 1), is an essential component of the MIA (mitochondrial import and assembly) pathway, playing an important role in the oxidative folding of mitochondrial intermembrane space proteins. In the MIA pathway, Mia40, a thiol oxidoreductase with a CPC motif at its active site, oxidizes newly imported substrate proteins. Erv1 a FAD-dependent thiol oxidase, in turn reoxidizes Mia40 via its N-terminal Cys30–Cys33 shuttle disulfide. However, it is unclear how the two shuttle cysteine residues of Erv1 relay electrons from the Mia40 CPC motif to the Erv1 active-site Cys130–Cys133 disulfide. In the present study, using yeast genetic approaches we showed that both shuttle cysteine residues of Erv1 are required for cell growth. In organelle and in vitro studies confirmed that both shuttle cysteine residues were indeed required for import of MIA pathway substrates and Erv1 enzyme function to oxidize Mia40. Furthermore, our results revealed that the two shuttle cysteine residues of Erv1 are functionally distinct. Although Cys33 is essential for forming the intermediate disulfide Cys33–Cys130′ and transferring electrons to the redox active-site directly, Cys30 plays two important roles: (i) dominantly interacts and receives electrons from the Mia40 CPC motif; and (ii) resolves the Erv1 Cys33–Cys130 intermediate disulfide. Taken together, we conclude that both shuttle cysteine residues are required for Erv1 function, and play complementary, but distinct, roles to ensure rapid turnover of active Erv1.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Modeling Powerful Social Studies: Bridging Theory and Practice with Preservice Elementary Teachers

This article reports on the practice of a teacher educator in an elementary social studies, teacher education course while he attempts to promote a view of powerful social studies teaching and learning through modeling powerful social studies lessons and publicly sharing his thinking about the lessons as they unfolded. Findings from this self-study of practice describe the challenges and highlight the potential of using modeling in teacher education as an intellectual and pedagogical method to facilitate preservice teachers’ learning about teaching social studies.

Field of study: Sociology
Prinzipien der Elektrodynamik

ZusammenfassungMan hat sich angewöhnt, in der Elektrodynamik von den Feldgleichungen auszugehen und diese mehr oder weniger als a priori gegeben zu betrachten. Das hat verschiedene historische Gründe. Da uns elektromagnetische Felder nicht unmittelbar gegeben sind, sondern durch ihre Wirkungen auf geladene Körper, wird der Inhalt der Elektrodynamik anschaulicher, wenn man einerseits von den Ladungen, die unmittelbar meßbar sind (z. B. im Silbervoltameter) und andererseits von den Kräften auf sie ausgeht, die man ebenfalls messen kann, ohne den Inhalt der Elektrodynamik zu kennen. Im folgenden leiten wir die Elektrodynamik aus der Kontinuitätsgleichung und dem Ausdruck für die Lorentz-Kraft ab unter Hinzuziehung von Prinzipien, die in dem Sinne evident sind, daß man keine anderen haben kann, wenn man erst die Grundkonzeption der Elektrodynamik akzeptiert.

Field of study: Physics
Disentangling climatic and anthropogenic controls on global terrestrial evapotranspiration trends

We examined natural and anthropogenic controls on terrestrial evapotranspiration (ET) changes from 1982 to 2010 using multiple estimates from remote sensing-based datasets and process-oriented land surface models. A significant increasing trend of ET in each hemisphere was consistently revealed by observationally-constrained data and multi-model ensembles that considered historic natural and anthropogenic drivers. The climate impacts were simulated to determine the spatiotemporal variations in ET. Globally, rising CO2 ranked second in these models after the predominant climatic influences, and yielded decreasing trends in canopy transpiration and ET, especially for tropical forests and high-latitude shrub land. Increasing nitrogen deposition slightly amplified global ET via enhanced plant growth. Land-use-induced ET responses, albeit with substantial uncertainties across the factorial analysis, were minor globally, but pronounced locally, particularly over regions with intensive land-cover changes. Our study highlights the importance of employing multi-stream ET and ET-component estimates to quantify the strengthening anthropogenic fingerprint in the global hydrologic cycle.

Field of study: Environmental science