nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Identification of primary and secondary metabolites with phosphorus status-dependent abundance in Arabidopsis, and of the transcription factor PHR1 as a major regulator of metabolic changes during phosphorus limitation.

Massive changes in gene expression occur when plants are subjected to phosphorus (P) limitation, but the breadth of metabolic changes in these conditions and their regulation is barely investigated. Nearly 350 primary and secondary metabolites were profiled in shoots and roots of P-replete and P-deprived Arabidopsis thaliana wild type and mutants of the central P-signalling components PHR1 and PHO2, and microRNA399 overexpresser. In the wild type, the levels of 87 primary metabolites, including phosphorylated metabolites but not 3-phosphoglycerate, decreased, whereas the concentrations of most organic acids, amino acids, nitrogenous compounds, polyhydroxy acids and sugars increased. Furthermore, the levels of 35 secondary metabolites, including glucosinolates, benzoides, phenylpropanoids and flavonoids, were altered during P limitation. Observed changes indicated P-saving strategies, increased photorespiration and crosstalk between P limitation and sulphur and nitrogen metabolism. The phr1 mutation had a remarkably pronounced effect on the metabolic P-limitation response, providing evidence that PHR1 is a key factor for metabolic reprogramming during P limitation. The effects of pho2 or microRNA399 overexpression were comparatively minor. In addition, positive correlations between metabolites and gene transcripts encoding pathway enzymes were revealed. This study provides an unprecedented metabolic phenotype during P limitation in Arabidopsis.

Field of study: Environmental science
Spectral, luminescence, and lasing properties of Nd3+ ions in systems utilizing GaCl3?SOCl2 and AlCl3?SOCl2 inorganic liquid media

An investigation is made of the absorption and luminescence spectra and of the decay kinetics of the 4F3/2 metastable level of the Nd3+ ion in the GaCl3–SOCl2 concentration series and in an AlCl3–SOCl2:Nd3+ sample at temperatures of 300, 77, and 4.2°K. It is established that in GaCl3–SOCl2 and AlCl3–SOCl2 systems the neodymium ions form several types of activator centers corresponding to different structures of the nearest coordination sphere of the neodymium ion, which is a complexing agent. The phenomenological Judd-Ofelt model is used to calculate the most important characteristics of the radiative transitions of the Nd3+ ion in a GaCl3–SOCl2–NdCl3 system. Lasing at 1.058μ with a threshold of 0.5 J/cm was obtained in a GaCl3–SOCl2 system.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Modeling accumulation capacitance-voltage characteristic of MoS2 thin flake transistors

We report a theoretical investigation on the accumulation capacitance in MoS2 thin flake transistors using a two-valley band structure. To obtain the relevant two-valley band structure parameters, first-principles calculations are performed. Then, the capacitance-voltage characteristic in the accumulation layer is simulated by a self-consistent Poisson–Schrodinger solution. It is found that the occupation of the K valley in the conduction band has a significant contribution to the accumulation capacitance, especially in the strong accumulation layer. More importantly, the calculated results using a two-valley band structure is in good agreement with the published experimental data without any fitting parameters, highlighting that the inclusion of both the Q and K conduction band valley is necessary to understand the accumulation capacitance in the strong accumulation region.

Field of study: Materials science
Integrated stratigraphy of the Smirra Core (Umbria-Marche Basin, Apennines, Italy): A new early Paleogene reference section and implications for the geologic time scale

Pelagic sections of the Umbria-Marche Basin, in the Northern Apennines (Italy), have provided key geological archives for studying critical intervals of early Paleogene time. In addition to classical sections, the Smirra Coring project provides a new record of relatively undisturbed sediments (~ 120 m from 4 overlapping holes) of the upper Scaglia Formation (Paleocene – middle Eocene). Here we present a new high-resolution integrated magneto-bio-stratigraphy of the ~ 93-m composite section drilled in Smirra Holes 1 and 2. The correlation of the magnetostratigraphy to published geomagnetic polarity timescales (GPTSs; CK95, GPTS2004, GPTS2012), as constrained by calcareous nannofossil biostratigraphy, reveals that the cores range from Chron C26r to C21n (Thanetian – Lutetian; ~ 60 to ~ 46 Ma). Sedimentation rates range from ~ 0.6 to ~ 1 cm/kyr and are comparable with those from coeval sections in the Umbria-Marche Basin. They point to significant discrepancies between existing time scales, which mainly involve the duration of Chron C23 and subchrons within C23n and C24n. Application of the average spectral misfit method on the magnetic susceptibility record reveals a strong signature of orbital forcing and allows an independent estimate of the sedimentation rates. This analysis offers additional insights into solving time scale issues, which mainly concern the duration of Chron C23n. Our results imply a significantly longer duration for C23n.2n, which would accommodate the presence of an extra third 405-kyr eccentricity related cycle in C23n. The Smirra record thus provides new constraints on the early Paleogene time scale, a key record for further cyclostratigraphic and astrochronological research, and a reference framework for paleo-climatic and -oceanographic studies.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
COMPLEX FORMATION OF EUROPIUM WITH THENOYLTRIFLUOROACETONE AND TRI-n-OCTYLPHOSPHINE OXIDE IN MICELLAR SOLUTION OF NONIONIC SURFACTANT

The distribution behavior of europium between micellar and bulk phases was investigated in aqueous solutions of europium-TTA and europium-TTA-TOPO complexes with nona-oxyethylene dodecyl ether by spectrophotofluorimetric method. Apparent equilibrium constants of these complexes were estimated.

Field of study: Chemistry
Modifications of Solid Interfaces in All Solid-State Thin Film Lithium Batteries

The development of smart devices requires matching energy units, so the research on micro-energy has attracted attention. The all solid-state thin film lithium battery is a better smart energy unit, which not only improves the safety of the lithium battery, but also improves the energy density and cycle performance of lithium battery. All solid-state thin film lithium batteries can adopt the physical deposition technique and is compatible with MEMS technology, which is favorable for the preparation of the self-powered smart device. The solid interface is a key issue that limits the performance of all solid-state thin film lithium batteries. This paper reviews a brief research on modification of solid interface in all solid-state thin film lithium batteries.

Field of study: Engineering
Variation of diphenylamine-positive materials in seminal plasma and spermatozoal acidsoluble frac-tion during in vitro storage of semen

精子DNAの安定性を調べるため,5種の動物精液の体外保存中に精しょう分画ならびに精子の酸可溶性分画中に検出されるジフェニルアミン反応陽性物質(DPM,主としてDNA由来のデオキシリボースと推察される)を調べ,次の成績を得た。1. 採取直後の精液材料では,調べた全ての動物で,両分画中にいろいろな量のDPMが検出された。とくに馬精しょう中のDPM量は精子1億あたりに換算すると最高であった。2. 原精液の4°Cまたは15°C(豚精液のみ)保存中,精しょうDPM量の増加が鶏(4時間後),馬とうさぎ(各48時間後)で有意に認められた。しかし,牛と豚では保存48時間までの間に採取直後例との有意差は認められなかった。酸可溶性分画DPM量はどの動物の精液を保存した場合でも有意の変動はみられなかった。3. 原精液を液体窒素で5分間凍結後室温で融解し,4°Cに保存した場合,精しょうDPMの増加は鶏と馬で促進されたが,うさぎ,牛ならびに豚では凍融処理の影響はみられなかった。4. 両分画のDPMの総量についてみると,その変動傾向は精しょう量の変動にほとんど一致したが,馬では総量の変動は精しょうにおけるよりも早く現われ,うさぎは総量の変動は保存中認められなかった。

Field of study: Biology
Pro�?Competitive Rationing in Multi�?Unit Auctions

In multi-unit auctions, such as auctions of commodities and securities, and financial exchanges, it is necessary to specify rationing rules to break ties between multiple marginal bids. The standard approach in the literature and in practice is to ration marginal bids proportionally. This paper shows how bidding can be made more competitive if the rationing rule instead gives increasing priority to bidders with a small volume of marginal bids at clearing prices closer to the reservation price. In comparison to standard rationing, such a rule can have almost the same effect on the competitiveness of bids as a doubling of the number of bidders.

Field of study: Economics
Origin of a Clastic Dike at St. Ludger, Quebec: An Alternative Hypothesis

Structures visible in a recent photograph of a clastic dike protruding downward from 'till' into sand at St. Ludger, Quebec suggest that it may not be till as previously reported, but part of a layer of stony lake clay deposited beneath floating ice. Flame structures and faults indicate that the underlying sand changed from a plastic to an elastic state. Probably a layer of stony lake clay was drawn down into the underlying sand by reduced pore pressure developed in part of a closed system. This occurred when adjacent sand in the system was dilated by the shear stress resulting when floating glacier ice grounded. Glacial thrusting may have provided further intrusive impulse after the initial downward deflection.

Field of study: Environmental science
Exploring nutrient and light limitation of algal production in a shallow turbid reservoir.

Harmful algal blooms are increasingly recognized as a threat to the integrity of freshwater reservoirs, which serve as water supplies, wildlife habitats, and recreational attractions. While algal growth and accumulation is controlled by many environmental factors, the relative importance of these factors is unclear, particularly for turbid eutrophic systems. Here we develop and compare two models that test the relative importance of vertical mixing, light, and nutrients for explaining chlorophyll-a variability in shallow (2-3 m) embayments of a eutrophic reservoir, Jordan Lake, North Carolina. One is a multiple linear regression (statistical) model and the other is a process-based (mechanistic) model. Both models are calibrated using a 15-year data record of chlorophyll-a concentration (2003-2018) for the seasonal period of cyanobacteria dominance (June-October). The mechanistic model includes a novel representation of vertical mixing and is calibrated in a Bayesian framework, which allows for data-driven inference of important process rates. Both models show that chlorophyll-a concentration is much more responsive to nutrient variability than mixing, light, or temperature. While both models explain approximately 60% of the variability in chlorophyll-a, the mechanistic model is more robust in cross-validation and provides a more comprehensive assessment of algal drivers. Overall, these models indicate that nutrient reductions, rather than changes in mixing or background turbidity, are critical to controlling cyanobacteria in a shallow eutrophic freshwater system.

Field of study: Environmental science
Space Telescope Key Project Completes Task of Measuring the Hubble Constant Within 10

Five years before the Hubble Space Telescope was launched in 1990, NASA designated a “Key Project” for the orbiting telescope. The project's goal was to pin down the Hubble constant H0 to within 10% At the time, H0, a fundamental cosmological parameter that measures the universe's present rate of expansion, was uncertain to within a factor of two. Estimates ranged from 50 to 100 km/s per megaparsec. (Hubble's law of universal expansion asserts that, at cosmological distances, recessional velocity is proportional to distance; 1 Mpc is about 3 million light‐years.

Field of study: Physics
Local topological phase transitions in periodic condensed matter systems

Topological properties of a periodic condensed matter system are global features of its Brillouin zone (BZ). In contrast, the validity of effective low energy theories is usually limited to the vicinity of a high symmetry point in the BZ. We derive a general criterion under which the control parameter of a topological phase transition localizes the topological defect in an arbitrarily small neighbourhood of a single point in k-space upon approaching its critical value. Such a local phase transition is associated with a Dirac-like gap closing point, whereas a flat band transition is not localized in k-space. This mechanism and its limitations are illustrated with the help of experimentally relevant examples such as HgTe/CdTe quantum wells and bilayer graphene nanostructures.

Field of study: Physics
Establishing a first\|class teacher educational system on the basis of China's conditions

The main problems of teacher educational system in China can be summed up as follows: the level and ideals of teacher education is behind the social development; the model of teacher education must be reformed promptly; and the national investment in teacher education is very inadequate.The coming future trends of higher teacher education could be to establish the more opening system of teacher education step by step, to upgrade the level of teacher education gradually, to shape up the new aspect of division and competition in different kinds of teacher education,to carry out the policy of lifelong education for teachers, to seek comprehensive pattern of investment and administration for teacher education.The core aim of reform of higher teacher education in China should be to establish a new system in 10 years that can combine the plan administration and market\|oriented principals, the directive teacher training and the opening teacher education.

Field of study: Education
Distribution of PCBs, their hydroxylated metabolites, and other phenolic contaminants in human serum from two European countries.

Human exposure to mixtures of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) may result in the formation of different profiles of hydroxylated PCBs (HO-PCBs), as a consequence of different exposures or dissimilar metabolism of parent compounds. Therefore, we investigated the levels and profiles of PCBs and HO-PCBs in human serum samples collected from two European countries with different degrees of pollution. There was no significant difference between the levels of sum PCBs measured in each set of samples, with a median concentration of 3100 pg/mL for Romanian samples (n = 53) and 3380 pg/mL for Belgian samples (n = 22). However, the median concentrations recorded for sum HO-PCBs were almost double in Belgian (310 pg/mL) compared to Romanian (175 pg/mL) samples. The detection frequency recorded for HO-PCBs in Belgian samples was also significantly higher compared to Romanian samples. The main contributors to the sum HO-PCBs in the Belgian samples were 4HO-CB107 > 4HO-CB146 > 4HO-CB187 (76% from the sum HO-PCBs) and 4HO-CB187 > 4HO-CB146 > 3'HO-CB138 (66% from the sum of HO-PCBs) in the Romanian samples. The HO-PCB profile showed that the higher chlorinated HO-PCBs had a higher contribution in the Romanian samples compared to the Belgian ones. This suggests that differences in the PCB profiles between populations can lead to the formation of different HO-PCB metabolite profiles presenting thus different risks for populations. No clear preferential mechanism of HO-PCB metabolite formation (HO-direct insertion vs. 1,2-shift of a chlorine atom) could be highlighted for investigated samples. The main chlorinated phenolic compound found in the Belgian samples was pentachlorophenol (PCP) which accounted for up to 85% of the total quantified phenolics, whereas in the Romanian samples, PCP accounted for only 35%.

Field of study: Environmental science
A review of pediatric lumbar spine trauma.

Pediatric spine fractures constitute 1%-3% of all pediatric fractures. Anywhere from 20% to 60% of these fractures occur in the thoracic or lumbar spine, with the lumbar region being more affected in older children. Younger children tend to have a higher proportion of cervical injuries. The pediatric spine differs in many ways from the adult spine, which can lead to increased ligamentous injuries without bone fractures. The authors discuss and review pediatric lumbar trauma, specifically focusing on epidemiology, radiographic findings, types and mechanisms of lumbar spine injury, treatment, and outcomes.

Field of study: Medicine
On the Security Risks of the Blockchain

The adoption of blockchain technology is taking place at a fast pace. Security features inherent in blockchain make it resistant to attack, but they do not make it immune, and blockchain security risks do exists. This paper details the associated risks and concerns of the blockchain. We explore relevant standards and regulations related to blockchain and survey and analyze 38 blockchain incidents to determine the root cause to provide a view of the most frequent vulnerabilities exploited. The paper reviews six of these 38 incidents in greater detail. The selection is made by choosing incidents with the most frequent root cause. In the review of the incidents, the paper details what happened and why and aims to address what could have been done to mitigate the attack. The paper concludes with a recommendation on a framework to reduce cyber security risks when using blockchain technologies.

Field of study: Computer science
Anti-IFN-γ Antibody Promotes Osteoclastogenesis in Human Bone Marrow Monocyte-Derived Macrophages Co-Cultured with Tuberculosis-Activated Th1 Cells

Tuberculosis induces bone loss and activates Th1 cells that play an important role in the host defense of Bacille Calmette-Guérin tuberculosis vaccine. However, the role of tuberculosis-activated Th1 cells in differentiation of osteoclast precursors to osteoclasts is unclear. As secretion of IFN-γ in Th1 cells is induced by tuberculosis, we aimed to investigate the role of anti-IFN-γ antibody on the differentiation and activation of osteoclasts in bone marrow monocyte-derived macrophages (BMMs).  BMMs were isolated and co-cultured with CD4+T helper 1 cells (Th1 cells), pretreated with anti-IFN-γ antibody. Then, cell proliferation, expression and release of cytokines, formation of actin ring, differentiation of osteoclasts and bone resorption function were measured by CCK8 assay, qRT-PCR/Western blot/flow cytometry, ELISA, immunofluorescence, tartrate-resistant acidic phosphatase (TRAP) staining and bone absorbance assay, respectively.  Anti-IFN-γ antibody inhibited the cell viability of BMMs, and induced the expressions of RANKL, TNF-α, NF-κB and TRAF6 in BMMs. In addition, it led to increased expression levels of RANK on cell surfaces, and increased production of RANKL, TNF-α, MCP-1 and SDF-1. Anti-IFN-γ antibody also induced the expression of osteoclast differentiation factor and actin ring formation, but inhibited the expression of osteoprotegerin. TRAP staining and bone resorption assays showed that anti-IFN-γ antibody induced an increase in osteoclast formation and bone resorption.  The anti-IFN-γ antibody induced osteoclast formation, and is probably mediated by RANKL-induced activation of NF-κB, that induces TRAF6 in the RANKL-RANK signaling pathway. Our data suggest an inhibitory role for IFN-γ in osteoclast formation induced by tuberculosis.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Research on the Application of Data Warehouse in Teaching Management System

Proposes a solution that is based on data warehouse,takes data warehouse and OLAP as the tool to design teaching management system and gives the system structure.Then presents the detailed design of the data warehouse,especialy the fact table,the dementinal table and the multidimensional data mode.Constructes the warehouse by SQL Sever 2000.Provides new way of how to use all the data to serve teaching,management and decision support.

Field of study: Computer science
Maximum waiting time - a threat to clinical freedom? Implementation of a policy to reduce waiting times.

This article focuses on physicians as implementers of health policy reforms. In 1992, a maximum waiting-time guarantee was introduced in Sweden. Initially the policy was a successful way to come to terms with long waiting times. However, after 2 years the waiting lists started to increase. To understand this development it is important to look at the reactions to the policy among the implementers, i.e. the physicians. Three questions are addressed: Did the implementers understand the intentions and the goals of the reform? Were they able to fulfil the guarantee? And, did they approve of the initiative? The study subjects were chief physicians at the hospital departments involved with the guarantee. Their attitudes towards the policy were ascertained by two surveys. Other material, such as statistics on waiting times, was also used. The study shows that the physicians approved of the guarantee initially. The measures taken in the first years were effective and did not conflict with earlier practice. However, increased demand in combination with economic restraints necessitated new priorities among patient groups. These changes of clinical practice did not coincide with the physicians' professional values and hence they became more critical to the initiative and finally chose to abandon the intentions in the guarantee.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Thermophilic aerobic process for the treatment of slaughterhouse effluents with protein recovery.

A pig slaughterhouse effluent was submitted to laboratory runs in order to assess the potential of the thermophilic aerobic process for the treatment of slaughterhouse and meat processing industry effluents with protein recovery. Experiments were conducted at 45 degrees C, 52 degrees C and 58 degrees C with solids retention times of 6, 12, 18, 24 and 30 h in a semi-continuously fed bioreactor. At 45 degrees C and 52 degrees C, over 90% of the Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) was removed at all retention times investigated. At 58 degrees C, COD decreased by 86%, with the exception of the 6-h retention time. A biomass containing 70% Gross Protein (GP) was recovered. The optimal specific productivity of GP (0.434 mgGP mgCOD(-1) h(-1)) occurred at 52 degrees C with a 6-h retention time. Biokinetic parameters were evaluated by fitting to appropriate mathematical models. Analysis of the GP composition confirmed that the amino acid levels in the recovered biomass meet most animal requirements.

Field of study: Environmental science
Safety evaluation of heavy metal elements in Yunnan edible yam

Using atomic absorption spectrometry and atomic fluorescence spectrophotometer, the total contents of Cu, Zn, Pb, As in Yunnan different kinds and producing areas of edible yam were determined, and the safety of these heavy metal elements was evaluated. The results were as follows:(1)The total contents of Cu, Zn, As didn't exceeded the limits of standards, but the contents of Pb in seven samples exceed the limits.(2)The single factor pollution index of heavy metals in the order of PbCuZnAs. The single factor pollution index of Pb was more larger.(3)Excluding the three samples, the comprehensive pollution index of other samples were higher than the warning line.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences