nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Crystallization and preliminary X‐ray diffraction analysis of the homodimeric form α2 of the HU protein from Escherichia coli

The homodimeric form α2 of the Escherichia coli DNA-binding protein HU was crystallized by the hanging-drop vapour-diffusion method using PEG 4000 as a precipitant. The crystals belong to space group I222, with unit-cell parameters a = 31.09, b = 55.34, c = 117.63 A, and contain one monomer per asymmetric unit. A full diffraction data set was collected to 2.3 A resolution on a conventional X-ray source. The molecular-replacement method, using the HU crystallographic model from Bacillus stearothermophilus as a starting point, gave a reliable solution for the rotation and translation functions.

Field of study: Chemistry
Efficient recovery of environmental DNA for expression cloning by indirect extraction methods.

Using direct and cell extraction-based (indirect) isolation methods, DNA was obtained from environmental samples with largely differing characteristics (loam soil, sand soil, sediment, activated sludge, and compost) and evaluated with respect to the comprised bacterial diversity and its suitability for expression cloning in Escherichia coli. Indirect DNA extraction methods yielded 10 to 100-fold lower amounts of DNA than direct procedures, but the bacterial diversity of DNA recovered by indirect means was distinctly higher as shown by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. Furthermore, much lower amounts of eukaryotic DNA were co-extracted if cell extraction-based methods were used (<8% of eukaryotic DNA by indirect methods versus 61-93% by direct lysis protocols). Considering the higher purity, i.e. higher cloning efficiency of DNA isolated by indirect methods, similar numbers of clones carrying prokaryotic inserts could be produced by either strategy. Gene banks prepared from directly extracted DNA, however, are expected to contain large portions of clones with eukaryotic inserts, whereas those constructed from indirectly isolated DNA should mainly contain inserts of bacterial origin. As eukaryotic genetic information is generally not expressed in bacterial host organisms but increases the library size, our findings suggest that the use of indirect DNA isolation methods allows the construction of environmental gene banks of superior quality.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Encouraging progress with Livermore mirror machine

The 2XIIB mirror device at Lawrence Livermore Laboratory has produced plasma temperatures of 10–14 keV, more than four times higher than temperatures reached in an earlier version of the device. Simultaneous with this achievement of reactor‐level temperatures in a dense plasma was a tenfold increase in plasma confinement time, to about five milliseconds. Although these new results are not being taken to mean that magnetic‐mirror confinement has suddenly become the favorite for producing a practical fusion reactor, they do show that the plasma produced in such a device continues to follow classical energy scaling at high temperatures. Confinement time, that is, does increase with energy, indicating that most of the plasma losses are caused by collision between plasma particles rather than by the more serious effects of internal instabilities. Moreover, notes Frederic Coensgen, leader of the California experimental group, the temperature reached was just that predicted two‐and‐one half years ago, and succes...

Field of study: Physics
Primary pneumococcal peritonitis can be the first presentation of a familial complement factor I deficiency1

Primary pneumococcal peritonitis is a rare infection that has been described in women but has not been previously linked with immunodeficiency. The complement system plays a central role in immune defence against Streptococcus pneumoniae and, in order to evade complement attack, pneumococci have evolved a large number of mechanisms that limit complement‐mediated opsonization and subsequent phagocytosis. We investigated an apparently immunocompetent woman with primary pneumococcal peritonitis and identified a family with deficiency for complement factor I. Primary pneumococcal peritonitis should be considered a possible primary immunodeficiency presentation.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Regular Exercise, Subjective Wellbeing, and Internalizing Problems in Adolescence: Causality or Genetic Pleiotropy?

This study tests in a genetically informative design whether exercise behavior causally influences subjective wellbeing (SWB) and internalizing problems (INT). If exercise causally influences SWB and INT, genetic and environmental factors influencing exercise behavior will also influence SWB and INT. Furthermore, within genetically identical (MZ) twin pairs, the twin who exercises more should also show higher levels of SWB and lower levels of INT, than the co-twin who exercises less, because genetic confounding is excluded. Data on these phenotypes were available in a sample of 6317 adolescent twins and 1180 non-twin-siblings. Most participants had longitudinal data with 2-year follow-up. Exercise behavior was cross-sectionally and longitudinally associated with fewer internalizing problems and increased SWB (correlations ranged from 0.12 to 0.16). Cross-sectional and longitudinal associations were mainly accounted for by genetic factors, whereas the contribution of environmental factors was negligible. Within MZ twin pairs, the twin who exercised more did not show fewer internalizing problems and increased SWB. This was found cross-sectionally and longitudinally. We conclude that exercise behavior is associated with fewer internalizing problems and higher levels of SWB. The association largely reflects the effects of common genetic factors on these traits.

Field of study: Biology
Heterogeneous equilibria in a Ho-Mn-O system

Heterogeneous equilibria in a Ho-Mn-O system at low oxygen pressures were studied by a static method in combination with X-ray diffraction analysis of quenched solid phases. The sequence of phase equilibria upon the dissociation of HoMn2O5 and HoMnO3 was determined. A fragment of an isothermal section of the phase equilibrium diagram at 1173 K was constructed for a Ho-Mn-O system in the coordinates of composition and oxygen pressure.

Field of study: Physics
Kinetics of alpha-chymotrypsin catalyzed hydrolysis of 4-nitrophenyl acetate in ethanolamine surfactants.

The kinetics of alpha-chymotrypsin (alpha-CT) catalyzed hydrolysis of 4-nitrophenyl acetate has been studied in aqueous solution of alkyldimethylethanolammonium bromide (cetyl, dodecyl, decyl) surfactants at concentrations below and above their critical micelle concentration. From Michaelis-Mcnten kinetics, the catalytic rate constant kcat and the Michaelis constant KM have been determined. The bell-shaped profiles of alpha-CT activity with increasing surfactant concentrations indicate the interaction between the micelle-bound enzyme and substrate.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Physics
[Features of neurological manifestations of the COVID-19 in children and adults].

The number of COVID-19 patients is increasing worldwide and the number of patients with neurological manifestations of a new coronavirus infection is increasing as well. Pathognomonic for COVID-19 is the presence of cephalgic syndrome, infectious-toxic encephalopathy, hypo- and anosmia and ageusia. Inducing of pathological autoimmune response contributes to the development of Miller Fischer and Guillain-Barré syndrome. Hyperergic reaction with the generation of the so-called «cytokine storm» provokes multisystem hemorrhagic complications such as Kawasaki disease and acute necrotizing hemorrhagic encephalopathy. There is also a special form of COVID-19-associated stroke. Almost all post-COVID-19 patients complain of severe fatigue, emotional lability, and sometimes have features of asthenic-neurotic, anxiety-phobic disorders and apato-abulic syndromes, which require rehabilitation measures, as well as courses of restorative neurotrophic and nootropic therapy.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Multi-group-multi-class domain adaptation for event recognition

In this study, the authors propose a multi-group–multi-class domain adaptation framework to recognise events in consumer videos by leveraging a large number of web videos. The authors’ framework is extended from multi-class support vector machine by adding a novel data-dependent regulariser, which can force the event classifier to become consistent in consumer videos. To obtain web videos, they search them using several event-related keywords and refer the videos returned by one keyword search as a group. They also leverage a video representation which is the average of convolutional neural networks features of the video frames for better performance. Comprehensive experiments on the two real-world consumer video datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of their method for event recognition in consumer videos.

Field of study: Computer science
Relationships between nitrogen uptake and carbon assimilation in whole plants of tall fescue

The present study investigates the relationships between nitrogen uptake, transpiration, and carbon assimilation. Plants growing on nutrient solution were enclosed for 10–16 d in a growth chamber, where temperature, photon flux density, vapour saturation deficit and CO2 concentration were controlled. One of these factors was modified every 4 to 5 d. Shoot photosynthesis and root and shoot respiration were recorded every half-hour. Nitrogen uptake from the root medium and plant transpiration were measured daily. In most cases, an increase in photon flux density led to increases in transpiration, net daily carbon assimilation, and nitrogen uptake. By modifying transpiration rate without changing photosynthesis (varying vapour saturation deficit), or by modifying transpiration and carbon assimilation in opposite ways (varying CO2 air concentration), it was shown that nitrogen uptake does not follow transpiration, but is linked to the carbon uptake of the plant. When light was increased from low to intermediate levels, the N uptake/C assimilation ratio remained constant. At higher photon flux density, this ratio declined markedly. It is proposed that in the first case, growth is limited by carbohydrate availability, thus any increase in carbon assimilation leads to a proportional increase in nitrogen uptake, in contrast to the second situation where carbohydrates may accumulate in the plant without further nitrogen requirement.

Field of study: Environmental science
The Internationalization of China's Universities——A Scale Beam and A Route Chart

The internationalization of universities is the irreversible tendency in the economic globalization,the indispensable idea and the development strategy in running school.Unequal to the summation of foreign affairs,the internationalization of universities aims to improve teachers' international quality and school-running ability,and enhance the students' internationalization quality and eventual achievements.Therefore,we can draw a specific route chart for the internationalization of a school,to measure the degree of internationalization.

Field of study: Education
Studies on the control of ovulation in the rat.

排卵の支配機構の解明は繁殖生理学の基本課題の一つであると同時に実用的見地からも重要な課題であります。正常な性周期における排卵を観察しますと, まずそれが2つの規則性を有することが知られます。第1は排卵が発情周期に伴い一定の間隔で周期的に起こるという事実です。第2は一発情期に排卵される卵子の数がそれぞれの動物種によってほぼ一定しているという点です。したがって排卵の支配機構を完全に解明するにはこの両者, すなわち (1) 排卵時期の支配および (2) 排卵数の支配の両者を研究する必要があります。本研究は, これらの問題点に関しラットを用いて基礎的な検討を行なったものです。

Field of study: Biology
Kelsen, Secular Religion, and the Problem of Transcendence

The Board of Trustees of the Hans Kelsen Institut (HKI) has decided, after much hesitation, consultation and deliberation, to publish one more posthumous work by Hans Kelsen – a book he himself withdrew from the press several times, the last time in 1964 from the University of California Press, and after due payment of considerable compensations to the publishing house. The present text is pub‐ lished from the galley proofs with Kelsen’s last  We do not know exactly why Kelsen withdrew the manuscript at the very last moment. There is some evidence that he eventually left the decision whether to publish it or not after his death, to some of his close friends, most notably Lewis Feuer. His daugh‐ ter Maria has confirmed this to the HKI. But it was Richard Potz (the author of a brief Introduction to the edition) who finally convinced the HKI that the text should be published after new research of both the manuscript and the archives that were meanwhile trusted to the HKI. The main reason for accepting this pro‐ posal was that the trustees believed it to be topical (again), against the backdrop of contemporary developments in science, politics, and religion. These develop‐ ments entail, first and foremost, an alleged ‘return of religion’ to the public domain in the USA and (to a lesser extent) Europe. I will hardly, if at all, go into the history of the book now published, almost forty years after Kelsen’s death in 1973. Nor will I dispute the somewhat remarkable decision by the HKI Trust to have this text published separately from the Hans Kelsen Werke and with a different publisher.2 Also, and most emphatically, I am not about to write a review of Kelsen’s book, the core of which is an elaborated critique of his former student Eric(h) Voegelin’s account of Modernity. My focus will be on the general drift of Kelsen’s argument and its relevance in our time. As I will find Kelsen’s argument wanting in some (though certainly not in all) respects, I will assess the topicality of the book differently from the HKI Trustees. I will first briefly summarize Kelsen’s main argument against what he calls ‘secu‐ lar religion,’ which boils down to the negative thesis that ‘secular transcendence’ is an oxymoron, as is ‘religion without transcendence’ or ‘religion without a God.’

Field of study: Philosophy
Near-optimal range and depth estimation using a vertical array in a correlated multipath environment

This paper proposes a near-optimal procedure to localize a single stationary source in a two-path underwater acoustic environment. The investigation is for an M-element vertical array with omnidirectional sensors. The range and depth estimators are developed using a linear least-squares technique when a set of auto- and cross-correlators is used for time difference of arrival (TDOA) estimates. A weighting matrix is derived to achieve the approximate maximum likelihood (ML) performance of the weighted least-squares range and depth estimators. The expressions for error variances and covariances of the range and depth estimates are derived with a small error analysis technique. It is verified analytically that the error covariance matrix of the weighted least-squares solutions reaches the Cramer-Rao lower bound in the small error region. The correlation of the range and depth estimation errors is investigated. Results show that the range and depth estimation errors are highly correlated in a multipath environment. The accuracy properties of the proposed multipath localization procedure are analyzed using different array configurations. The results show that the performances of the range and depth estimators are significantly improved if the linear-dependent TDOA estimates are included for localizing and that the unweighted range and depth estimators, using the entire set of TDOAs, are approximately optimal for most of the applications. The theoretical development of error variance and covariance expressions of the range and depth estimates, which incorporates the correlation in the TDOA estimates, is corroborated with Monte Carlo simulations.

Field of study: Engineering
Sodium butyrate-induced death-associated protein kinase expression promote Raji cell morphological change and apoptosis by reducing FAK protein levels

To investigate the role of death-associated protein kinase (DAPK) on the apoptosis of Raji cells induced by sodium butyrate.The apoptosis of Raji cells were induced by sodium butyrate for 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 d. Simultaneity, the Raji cells were inhibited to adhere on culture flask by polyHEME. Cell viability was detected by 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide method and the cell apoptosis percentage was estimated by flow cytometry. DAPK and focal adhesion kinase (FAK) expression were measured by Western blotting. Coding sequence on the C-terminal of DAPK, which can suppress the function of DAPK, was tranfected into the Raji cells to investigate whether the C-terminal of DAPK could inhibit the apoptosis of Raji cells induced by sodium butyrate.After being treated with sodium butyrate, the Raji cells expressed DAPK and displayed many protrusions to adhere onto the culture flask. The Raji cells were susceptive to apoptosis when they were inhibited adhesion by polyHEME. At that time, the cell viability decreased, the cell apoptosis percentage increased and the protein levels of total FAK were reduced. The Raji cells, which were transfected with the coding region on the C-terminal of DAPK, sustained apoptosis and the FAK protein level when treated with sodium butyrate.Sodium butyrate induced DAPK expression. It caused the Raji cells to display many protrusions all around the cells and adhere onto the culture flask. DAPK expression prompted apoptosis by reducing the FAK protein level in sodium butyrate-induced Raji cells.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Upper Paleozoic to lower Mesozoic strata and their conodonts, western Coast Plutonic Complex, British Columbia

Six lithologic units, including two newly named formations, were mapped on Randall, Dunira, and nearby islands. The islands are characterized by greenschist-facies metamorphism and westerly directed thrusting. The oldest unit is a Late Mississippian, massive limestone on Ducie Island. The Dunira Formation, composed of thin-bedded limestone and siltstone, is Early and Middle Pennsylvanian in age. It is unconformably overlain by limestone and dolomite of the Upper Triassic Randall Formation. The Randall Formation grades upwards into a green phyllitic unit of Late Triassic(?) age. Rhyolitic and more mafic volcanic rocks may represent a bimodal volcanic suite of Early Jurassic age, based on a U–Pb date of 188 Ma on zircons. These five units correlate with rocks in the Alexander Terrane in southeastern Alaska. The sixth and presumed youngest unit consists of flysch-like sedimentary rocks of probable Middle Jurassic to Early Cretaceous age that may correlate with rocks of the Gravina–Nutzotin belt. The three ol...

Field of study: Environmental science
Kry die beste uit jou plaastoerusting : fokus op meganisasie

Meganisasiekoste maak die grootste deel van 'n melkprodusent wat sy eie ruvoer aanplant, se totale koste uit. Dit is dus noodsaaklik dat meganisasie so doeltreffend moontlik aangewend word ten einde onnodige koste te bekamp. Hierdie artikel bespreek enkele aspekte waaraan 'n boer aandag kan gee in 'n poging om hierdie kostes te beperk.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Analysis of 6 T SRAM cell in sub-45 nm CMOS and FinFET technologies

The semiconductor industry is exploring technology scaling to pursuit the Moore's Law. The actual processors operation frequency grows the need for fast memories. Nowadays, SRAM cells occupy a considerable area in VLSI designs. Several challenges follow this performance improvement achieved at each new technology node. The Process, Voltage, and Temperature (PVT) variability, aging effects due to BTI influence and radiation-induced Single-Event Upset (SEU) are three relevant issues on the SRAM nanometer design. The main contribution of this work is to present a panorama of these effects on SRAM as technology scaling. The most frequently used SRAM cell, the 6 T, is evaluated from 45 nm to 7 nm bulk CMOS and FinFET technologies. Results observed the effects on delay, power, and noise margins, showing that process variability can introduce up to 100% of power deviation. Read Static Noise Margin (RSNM) presents about 20% of deviation under process variability and the cell noise robustness is reduced dramatically in worst cases. FinFET technology and high-performance models show more robustness against radiation. SRAM cells with low-power devices demonstrated more sensitive to delay degradation due to aging effects.

Field of study: Engineering
Tuning Y–Ba–Cu–O Focused Helium Ion Beam Josephson Junctions for Use as THz Mixers

We present Josephson junctions fabricated from high transition temperature superconductor YBa2Cu3O7 coupled to spiral THz antennas. The fabrication process involves creating a Josephson junction at the center of a superconducting bridge embedded into a THz spiral antenna using irradiation from a focused helium ion beam. For low doses of helium irradiation, the junctions have metallic barriers and operate at temperatures as high as 67 K. For higher doses of irradiation, insulator barriers are created. These devices have higher resistance but require cooling to lower temperatures (∼10 K) due to smaller critical currents. Through optimization of the dose and by trimming the width of the junctions, we have created high resistance devices to improve the impedance match to a spiral antenna. Under 90-GHz radiation, we observe up to 17 Shapiro steps in the I–V curve out to approximately 3 mV at a temperature of 10 K.

Field of study: Physics
Determining the valence state of manganese ions in complex oxides La1–xCaxMnO3 (x = 0.5, 0.7, 0.85, and 0.9) based on Mn2p and Mn3s X-ray photoelectron spectra

The valence state of manganese ions in complex oxides La1–xCaxMnO3 (x = 0.5, 0.7, 0.85, and 0.9) is studied on the basis of Mn2p and Mn3s X-ray photoelectron spectra. It is shown that manganese ions have the valence of Mn3+ and Mn4+ in the studied compounds. The relative Mn3+/Mn4+ content is determined.

Field of study: Physics
Probe of the teaching reform of item-chosen for the course of tackwondo in Guangdong's Higher-learning institutions

In this paper, the author, through the survey and analysis of students' learning motives and behaviors toward the item-chosen for the course of tackwondo as well as teachers' working attitudes and teaching methods and the training of students' abilities of tackwondo, discusses problems existed in the item chosen for the course of tackwondo in the higher-learning institutions of Guangdong Province and puts his suggestions for improvements.

Field of study: Education