nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Depositional history of Lower Cretaceous strata in northeastern New Mexico: Implications for regional tectonics and depositional sequences

Lower Cretaceous strata in northeastern New Mexico reflect deposition during marine transgression and regression associated with the Kiowa-Skull Creek cycle. Development of regionally significant unconformities can be directly related to shoreline shifts during this cycle. Topography related to Early Cretaceous tectonic activity on crystalline basement structures, including the Dalhart Basin, Tucumcari Basin, and the intervening Bravo Dome, also had a direct effect on Early Cretaceous deposition and is reflected by thickness trends in marine strata. The Kiowa-Skull Creek transgression was preceded by infilling of paleovalleys represented by the Long Canyon and Campana sandstone beds of the Glencairn Formation and Tucumcari Shale, respectively. The Long Canyon and Campana sandstone beds are equivalent to the Plainview Formation of central Colorado, and together they represent an extensive drainage network, developed over a correlative unconformity, that is preserved throughout most of the southern Western Interior. Glencairn and Tucumcari marine shales represent clastic deposition during Kiowa-Skull Creek transgression and early regression. Base-level drop associated with Kiowa-Skull Creek regression resulted in dramatic shoreline regression and deposition of fluvial channel sandstone in the Dalhart Basin, which maintained a low offshore gradient. This produced an erosional unconformity at the base of Mesa Rica channel sandstone that correlates with the well-documented erosional surface at the base of the Muddy Sandstone in central Colorado. The Tucumcari Basin, which maintained a steeper offshore gradient, accumulated marine-deltaic Mesa Rica Sandstone at this time. Marine strata in both the Tucumcari and Dalhart Basins thin toward the Bravo Dome. Mesa Rica and upper Tucumcari strata represent the only extensive marginal-marine lowstand deposits found on the High Plains to date, associated with the southern arm of the Kiowa-Skull Creek sea. Major Mesa Rica deposition was followed by transgression that infilled only those Mesa Rica fluvial channels that were active at that time and, also, that deposited marine-influenced strata of the basal Pajarito Formation. This event most likely represents onset of the Greenhorn cycle in northeastern New Mexico. Other crystalline basement structures in the northern part of the United States Western Interior Basin were active during Early Cretaceous time. Tectonism in these areas may be related to structures in northeastern New Mexico and thus may be expressions of broad-scale crustal strain in the Early Cretaceous Western Interior that is undocumented by present tectonic models.

Field of study: Geology
Optimum vs. correlation methods in tracking random signals in background noise

A method of target tracking used exclusively in some applications is that of space diversity reception. We consider a two-dimensional problem with two receivers, although in principle the techniques developed are applicable to a threedimensional problem utilizing three or more receivers. With N receivers the computational difficulties increase as N2. The tracking problem considered here is formulated as follows. During a time interval 0 < t < T one observes random processes xi(t) = s(t) + nx (/) and = s(t + r0) + n2 (t), and one desires to estimate the unknown value of T0 ■ s(t), nx(t), and n2(l) are continuous, Gaussian, stationary processes with continuous, monotonoid covariance functions and with Es(t)ni(t') = Es(t)n-2(t') = 0. ih(t) and n2(t) are stationarily cross-correlated with a cross-correlation function that is in general an asymmetric function of time delay. As a criterion for an optimum estimate, To , of t0 , we use the one—commonly used in statistical literature, that t'0 should have minimum variance about the true value t0 ; that is, E(t'0 — t0)2 be a minimum. It is shown that for small values of o>„t0 (where co„ is the highest frequency in the tracking pass band) the normalized error variance E[(t'0 — t0)/t0]2 is identical to the reciprocal of the output signal-to-noise ratio—the criterion of common use in engineering literature on correlation methods. Using the Cramer-Rao inequality, an explicit expression for the minimum variance attainable by any estimate whatsoever is established. Moreover we arrive at the interesting conclusion that even with the use of optimum pre-detection filtering in a correlation system, the variance of the correlator estimate of r0 is always greater than the minimum variance given by the Cramer-Rao inequality. Gains in output signal-to-noise ratio obtained by an optimum system over a correlator vary in accordance with the statistical properties of signal and noise backgrounds. In general the gains are greater with asymmetrical cross-correlation between ni(t) and n2(t) than otherwise. From a practical viewpoint gains obtainable over correlation methods become important for large values of the time-bandwidth product. This is due to the fact that under this condition the maximum likelihood estimate of t0 has an error variance that is approximately equal to the minimum variance obtainable by any estimate. For small values of the time-bandwidth product no theory exists about the variance of the maximum likelihood estimate, since no efficient estimate of t0 exists. For this case, a worthwhile experimental study would be to compare the variance of. the maximum likelihood estimate with the minimum variance calculated from the Cramer-Rao inequality. Finally it is shown how the maximum likelihood estimate is constructed and noted that the construction involves a considerable number of operations performed simultaneously during the time interval T. In order to simplify the system, an approximate maximum likelihood estimate is obtained that is optimum only "on target", and its properties are discussed.

Field of study: Mathematics
How long has the ‘hotspot’ been ‘hot’? Past stand-scale structures at Siggaboda nature reserve in southern Sweden

Fossil pollen and plant macrofossils over the last 2000 years are documented from three small forest hollows in Southern Sweden. One of the sites is inside a 5 ha highly prized old growth mixed Fagus sylvatica and Picea abies forest of high biodiversity which has been protected since 1940. The other two hollows are located 400 and 700 m away in an outlying buffer zone established in 1995 which is mainly coniferous plantation forest. The results show that the area has been forested for at least 2000 years, but that forest composition has been under continuous change, most rapid over the last 200 years. The reduction of deciduous tree pollen particularly Quercus, Tilia, Alnus and Corylus, and the immigration of Fagus and Picea can be observed at all three sites. However, the temperate deciduous trees (Quercus or Fagus) have been much more common in the ‘hotspot’ than in the surrounding forests over the last c. 200 years, and significantly more common at least 2000 years before that. Even though the vegetation has been dynamic through time, the lower human intervention in the ‘hotspot’ area compared with the surrounding matrix forests has facilitated the longevity of deciduous trees and the many rare species which are associated with them. The palaeoecological record of key species and information on past use of the wider forest area revealed in this study, indicates how future management will require flexibility to maintain conservation ‘hotspots’.

Field of study: Environmental science
Sci‐YIS Fri ‐ 09: Small volume dosimetry with multiple scintillation probes

We present a novel matrix dosimeter with high sensitivity, good precision and reproducibility based on plastic scintillation dosimetry. This dosimeter possesses excellent water equivalence and linearity to dose, dose rate and energy. It was built by coupling scintillating fibers, chosen for their high collection efficiency, to clear optical fiber. Light measurements were performed with a color CCDcamera in order to compare two techniques to remove the stem effect: background subtraction and chromatic filtering. Chromatic filtering uses light at two different wavelengths (green and blue channels of the CCD) to remove the undesired Cerenkov radiation. Irradiations were performed at 6 MV for various doses and field sizes. Stem effect caused by Cerenkov radiation ranged from 5 % (5×5 field) to 35 % (30×30 field) of the total signal. Chromatic filtering and background subtraction both allow to extract from the signal the stem effect with a similar precision. Linearity of the system was validated down to 2.5 cGy (1.31 % standard deviation) with 0.0055 cm2 probes. At 10 cGy the standard deviation dropped below 0.6 %. Depth dose curves were also measured with a precision below 1 % compared to ionization chambermeasurements. Chromatic filtering removes the necessity of a second optical fiber for background subtraction, therefore increasing the spatial resolution while maintaining a precision below 1 % for most of the dose range. The CCDcamera allows more than 150 detectors in its field of view, which can be used in water, in phantom or in vivo.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Poor man's scaling equation for the anisotropic Coqblin--Schrieffer model

We derive the poor man's scaling equation to the second order for a general anisotropic model, describing embedded into a gas of itinerant electrons a point scatterer, with its own degrees of freedom. We show how the obtained previously scaling equations for anisotropic $s-d$ exchange model follow from it. We apply the general scaling equation to the anisotropic Coqblin--Schrieffer model. We solve analytically thus obtained poor man scaling equation for that model for the particular case $N=2$. We find the phase, which corresponds to the isotropic Coqblin--Schrieffer model with infinitely strong exchange interaction (the Kondo phase) and the phase with finitely strong Ising interaction.

Field of study: Physics
The IchnoGIS method: Network science and geostatistics in ichnology. Theory and application (Grado lagoon, Italy)

A new method is proposed for capturing, managing, analyzing, and displaying geographically referenced ichnological data: IchnoGIS. This approach is based on the integration of spatial, geostatistical techniques with network theory, aiming to characterize the environmental significance of recent traces. The efficiency of the IchnoGIS method is tested against a case-study: the Grado lagoon (Italy). The studied site, located within the epeiric Northern Adriatic Sea, consists of a complex mosaic of peritidal environments in a barrier-island context. Here, a diverse ichnofauna includes the following incipient ichnotaxa: Arenicolites, Helminthoidichnites, Lockeia, Macanopsis, Monocraterion, Parmaichnus, Polykladichnus, Skolithos, Thalassinoides and ‘squat burrows’. Ichnofaunal distribution is described by the spatial and geostatistical tools proper of the IchnoGIS approach. Additionally, the application of network theory documents the emergence of organized structures (ichnoassociations) from interactions driven by environmental factors. Our results elucidate the role that environmental processes play in producing the complex ichnological patterns of the Grado site. In particular, emersion time, hydrodynamics, substrate firmness and microbial binding are the major control factors determining the structure and distribution of trace associations. These structuring factors are used to define a predictive model of ichnoassociation composition, providing an immediate tool for future palaeoenvironmental reconstitutions.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
[Phenomenology of craving: from differentiation to adequate therapy].

The author analyzes a phenomenon of addiction from the psychological/psychiatric position and differentiates it from psychopathological disorders, including parabulia, hyperbulia, paraphylia, commonly used for the definition of drive disorders. It has been concluded that addition is a specific complex of clinical symptoms which is not similar to other drive disorders. To avoid diagnostic and therapeutic errors, the author suggests to revise definitions by assigning the biological sense to the conception of addiction within psychoactive substance dependence and sexual addiction, some forms of eating dependence and to use the definition of paraaddictive drives in cases of over-valued drives (gambling, Internet dependence, fanaticism etc).

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Vehicle Compaction Patterns in Clay Soil

SOIL density patterns were deter-mined in a clay soil field at various moisture contents using different tire sizes with varying loads and repeated passes. Laboratory tests were performed on the field samples to determine plastic and liquid limits and compaction properties of the soil. The maximum change in dry density occurred between 12-26 cm under the center of the tires. Increases in dry density reached levels up to 0.35 g/cm3 after multiple passes of the tires.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Post-Glacial marine submergence of Long Island

Perhaps more than any other equal area in America, Long Island has been the subject of indecisive geologic study and lively disputation. For over a century it has afforded the students of stratigraphie and surficial geology an opportunity for difficult diagnosis, and the complex features have been attacked from every position of geologic philosophy. But the problem has outrun the investigation. The preglacial deposits are thought to have been overridden, disturbed, and confused by the recurrent ice-sheets, and much remains to be determined with reference to correlation of strata, the origin of the island, the amount of Pleistocene movement, and the genesis of the topography. The most conspicuous topographic features of the island, which have naturally received most attention, are the belts of morainic hills. But quite as interesting and of equal significance are the extensive sandplains, equivocal in their origin. The present paper will present the facts which prove . . .

Field of study: Geology
Clinical experience of HIV/AIDS in a municipal hospital in Taiwan.

To describe the spectrum of epidemiological and major clinical manifestations of patients infected by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in a municipal hospital, a retrospective review was done of 53 HIV-1-infected patients who had been admitted to Taipei Municipal Jen-Ai Hospital between January 1990, and July 1996. The majority (94.3%) of the patients in the cohort were male. Peak incidence was found in the fourth decade (28.3%). Forty-four (83%) patients presented in the first hospital stay with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). The mean duration between establishment of diagnosis of HIV-1 infection and that of AIDS was 11.2 (0-84) months. Heterosexual transmission accounted for 54.7% of the infections in the study group, and bi-/homosexual men made up another 32%. Psychosis of new onset was noted in two patients. In all AIDS indicator conditions, Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) was the leading opportunistic infection among AIDS patients. PCP was also on the top of initial manifestations of HIV-1 infection. One patient with Penicillium marneffei infection was diagnosed to have AIDS. The mean CD4 count at admission of AIDS patients was much lower than that of non-AIDS patients (32 vs. 297/microliter, p < 0.0005). During the follow-up period 24 of 53 patients died. Mean survival time of 23 expired patients after establishment of diagnosis of AIDS was 6.4 (0-29) months. The results indicated that males outnumbered females greatly in the number of cases. Sexual activity remained the most important route of infection. Psychosis of new onset may be an early manifestation of HIV-associated encephalopathy and requires more attention. In addition, the outcome was poor as most patients in this area did not become aware of risk of HIV-1 infection until they were seriously illed with full-blown AIDS that they would seek medical help. PCP was the most common incentive for medical consultation. Penicillium marneffei infection is endemic in southeast Asia, and should be classified as an AIDS indicator condition in Taiwan.

Field of study: Biology
Contents Vol. 17, 2008

507 Abstracts of Award-Winning Posters, 13th Annual Health Sciences Poster Conference, Faculty of Medicine, Health Sciences Centre, Kuwait University, Kuwait, April 22–24, 2008  Approved for the MSc and PhD Degrees at the Faculty of Medicine, Health Sciences Centre, Kuwait University, Kuwait 515 List of Reviewers Vol. 17, 2008 517 Author Index Vol. 17, 2008 519 Subject Index Vol. 17, 2008

Field of study: Medicine
PENGARUH LATIHAN CIRCUIT TRAINING INTENSITAS MODERAT DAN INTENSITAS EXHAUST TERHADAP TEKANAN DARAH DAN DENYUT NADI RECOVERY PADA SISWA EKSTRAKURIKULER FUTSAL DI SMK NEGERI 8 MALANG

Sports is an activity that has an impact on improving health, physical, physiological, and psychological conditions. Sports are also related to the heart and blood vessels, because the heart is a vital organ that supplies blood throughout the body. The purpose of this study was to determine whether there was influence of moderate intensity circuit training and sexhaust intensity. The research design used was a Static Group Pretest-Posttest Design. The research subjects were 30 students of futsal extracurricular at SMKN 8 Malang, who were divided into groups of moderate circuit training training in 15 students and groups of 15 students in the training circuit for intenstas exhaust. The results of the SPSS Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test analysis in getting the calculation of different tests between groups using the Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test in the Test Statistics box are seen as Z -3,873 with Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed) of 0.00 or smaller than 0.05, which means that H0 is rejected and there is influence, so it was decided that there were differences in heart rate levels before and after circuit training with moderate intensity and exhaust intensity, it could be concluded that there was an effect of giving circuit training for the blood pressure work system for futsal extracurricular students at SMKN 8 Malang. circuit training, blood pressure, exercise.  Olahraga merupakan kegiatan yang berdampak terhadap peningkatan kesehatan, kondisi fisik, fisiologis, dan juga psikologis. Olahraga juga berkaitan dengan jantung dan pembuluh darah, karena jantung merupakan organ vital yang memasok kebutuhan darah di seluruh tubuh.Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui apakah ada pengaruh circuit training intensitas moderat dan intensita sexhaust. Rancangan penelitian yang digunakan berupa rancangan kelompok pembanding prates-pascates berpasangan (Static Group Pretest-Posttest Design). Subjek penelitian ada 30 siswa ekstrakulikuler futsal SMKN 8 Malang, yang dibagi menjadi kelompok latihan circuit training intenstas moderat 15 siswa dan kelompok latihan circuit training intenstas exhaust 15 siswa. Hasil analisis SPSS Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test di dapatkan perhitungan uji beda antar kelompok menggunakan Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test pada kotak Test Statistics terlihat nilai Z -3,873 dengan Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed) sebesar 0,00 atau lebih kecil dari 0,05 yang berarti H0 ditolak dan adanya pengaruh, sehingga diputuskan ada perbedaan tingkat heart rate sebelum dan sesudah latihan circuit training dengan intensitas moderat dan intensits exhaust,dapat disimpulkan bahwa ada pengaruh pemberian latihan circuit training terhadap sistem kerja tekanan darah siswa ekstrakulikuler futsal SMKN 8 Malang.  circuit training, tekanan darah, olahraga.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
500 years of regional forest growth variability and links to climatic extreme events in Europe

Climatic extreme events strongly affect forest growth and thus significantly influence the inter-annual terrestrial carbon balance. As we are facing an increase in frequency and intensity of climate extremes, extensive empirical archives are required to assess continental scale impacts of temperature and precipitation anomalies. Here we divide a tree-ring network of approximately 1000 sites into fifteen groups of similar high-frequency growth variability to reconstruct regional positive and negative extreme events in different parts of Europe between 1500 and 2008. Synchronized growth maxima or minima within and among regions indicate eighteen years in the pre-instrumental period and two events in the 20th century (1948, 1976) with extensive radial growth fluctuations. Comparisons with instrumental data showed that the European tree-ring network mirrors the spatial extent of temperature and precipitation extremes, but the interpretation of pre-instrumental events is challenged by lagged responses to off-growing season climate extremes. We were able to attribute growth minima in subsequent years to unfavourable August‐October conditions and to mild climate during winter months associated with respiratory carbon losses. Our results emphasize the importance of carry-over effects and species-specific growth characteristics for forest productivity. Furthermore, they promote the use of regional tree-ring chronologies in research related to climate variability and terrestrial carbon sink dynamics.

Field of study: Environmental science
Formation of Physical Properties in Magnetic Materials of the Rotors of Highspeed and Ultra-Highspeed Electromechanical Energy Converters

Problems of creating physical properties and magnetic and hysteresis characteristics for active hard-magnetic materials of the rotors of highspeed and ultra-highspeed hysteretic electromechanical energy converters are considered. The effect and importance of the mechanical activation of the initial powder medium, and the phase and structural changes that occur in the powder composition of hard-magnetic materials of an Fe–Cr–Co system during mechanical activation in different media with addition of surfactants, are investigated.

Field of study: Physics
Most directed forgetting in pigeons can be attributed to the absence of reinforcement on forget trials during training or to other procedural artifacts.

In research on directed forgetting in pigeons using delayed matching procedures, remember cues, presented in the delay interval between sample and comparisons, have been followed by comparisons (i.e., a memory test), whereas forget cues have been followed by one of a number of different sample-independent events. The source of directed forgetting in delayed matching to sample in pigeons was examined in a 2 x 2 design by independently manipulating whether or not forget-cue trials in training ended with reinforcement and whether or not forget-cue trials in training included a simultaneous discrimination (involving stimuli other than those used in the matching task). Results were consistent with the hypothesis that reinforced responding following forget cues is sufficient to eliminate performance deficits on forget-cue probe trials. Only when reinforcement was omitted on forget-cue trials in training (whether a discrimination was required or not) was there a decrement in accuracy on forget-cue probe trials. When reinforcement is present, however, the pattern of responding established during and following a forget cue in training may also play a role in the directed forgetting effect. These findings support the view that much of the evidence for directed forgetting using matching procedures may result from motivational and behavioral artifacts rather than the loss of memory.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology