nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Effects of alcohol intake and low Km aldehyde dehydrogenase on hepatic function in a high hepatitis C virus-prevalent Japanese island population.

In Asians from the Pacific rim countries, alcohol sensitivity has been attributed mainly to a highly prevalent polymorphism in low Km aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH2). Chronic alcohol abuse may accelerate or aggravate the liver injury in chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV)-infected subjects. In this study, we examined the relationships among alcohol intake, ALDH2 genotypes, and liver injury in a high HCV-prevalent Japanese native island population. The ALDH2 genotypes are significantly associated with drinking habits. In HCV RNA positive subjects, serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), as well as aspartate transaminase (AST) and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), were significantly higher in habitual drinkers than in nonhabitual drinkers. In male habitual drinkers, the ALDH2*1/*1 subjects had higher liver necroinflammatory scores than the ALDH2*1/*2 subjects in all groups classified as: I, anti-HCV-seronegative; II, anti-HCV-seropositive with negative HCV RNA; and III, HCV RNA positive, although scores for the latter two groups were not statistically significant because of limited sample size. It was suggested that the liver function might be affected by the interaction between the ALDH2 genotypes and alcohol intake. These findings indicate that HCV-infected ALDH2*1/*1 habitual drinkers are the major target for the prevention of alcoholic liver diseases.

Field of study: Medicine
Feeding ecology of Tragelaphini (Bovidae) from the Shungura Formation, Omo Valley, Ethiopia: Contribution of dental wear analyses

To better understand the environmental conditions that prevailed in the Plio-Pleistocene Shungura Formation, Lower Omo Valley, Ethiopia, we analyze the feeding preferences of Tragelaphini, the third most common tribe of Shungura bovids. Molar mesowear and dental microwear texture analyses were applied to three species (Tragelaphus rastafari, T. nakuae, and T. gaudryi) and body mass estimates were calculated for the T. rastafari-nakuae lineage to test whether dietary shifts were linked to body mass changes. We compare our results with previous work on stable carbon isotopes (δ13C) of enamel, which indicated that tragelaphins from the Shungura Formation possessed dietary flexibility. We found that the both the T. rastafari-nakuae lineage and T. gaudryi maintained a mixed feeding dietary niche, with varying proportions of C3 versus C4 inputs, from ~3.6 to >2 Ma. Our results show that T. rastafari consumed more browse than its descendant, T. nakuae, which was a mixed feeder consuming a greater proportion of C4 dicots ~ 2.8 Ma. The T. rastafari-T. nakuae dietary shift may reflect environmental changes in the Shungura Formation during this time, but appears to be offset from body mass increases in this lineage, which occurred gradually through the Plio-Pleistocene. This study highlights the importance of a multi-proxy approach to precisely determine the dietary ecologies of extinct bovids and points to how each proxy offers a slightly different perspective on the ecology of fossil organisms.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Relation between crystal structure and ionic conductivity for Na3(1+x)Sc2−x(PO4)3

At room temperature a new superstructure is reported. The observed order-disorder transition temperature about 160°C is in agreement with conductivity data. It is pointed out that the order state corresponds to a new re-arrangement of Na ions with respect to the disordered arrangement of Na+ in R 3 c high temperature phase whereas very little change in the [Sc2(PO4)3] framework was observed at high and low temperature.

Field of study: Materials science
Ultrafast Reaction Dynamics

A decade ago this magazine devoted a special issue to laser chemistry (see PHYSICS TODAY, November 1980). One of the articles emphasized the importance of time scales in chemical reactions and the possible use of ultrashort lasser pulses to induce chemistry. Over the past 10 years new laser techniques, and gas‐phase and molecular‐beam experiments, have revealed much about the fundamental steps of elementary chemical reactions. These approaches and the tremendous detail they have exposed about the dynamics of chemical reactions are the subject of the present article. 
 
With new laser techniques and with gas phase and molecular beam experiments, it is now possible to determine the ultrafast motion in isolated chemical reactions—chemistry on the 10^(−13)‐second time scale.

Field of study: Physics
Effects of the silanized mica surface on protein crystallization.

A freshly cleaved mica surface silanized by 3-aminopropyl triethoxysilane is flat over a large area, displays a controlled degree of hydrophobicity and contains positive charges. In this paper, mica sheets silanized by this method have been used as crystallization surfaces for lysozyme, trichosanthin and three other proteins of unknown structure. Crystallization experiments have been carried out by the hanging-drop vapour-diffusion technique and the results indicate that the silanized mica surface can ameliorate the protein crystallization process considerably compared with a silanized glass cover slip control. For lysozyme on the silanized mica surface, the induction time required for crystal growth decreases markedly. For trichosanthin, the crystal size is obviously larger and the number of crystals grown is much lower. For the three proteins of unknown structure, the diffraction ability of the crystals is improved considerably.

Field of study: Chemistry
Riesz sequences and arithmetic progressions

Given a set $\mathcal{S}$ of positive measure on the circle and a set of integers $\Lambda$, one may consider the family of exponentials $E\left(\Lambda\right):=\left\{ e^{i\lambda t}\right\}_{\lambda\in\Lambda}$ and ask whether it is a Riesz sequence in the space $L^{2}\left(\mathcal{S}\right)$. We focus on this question in connection with some arithmetic properties of the set of frequencies. Improving a result of Bownik and Speegle, we construct a set $\mathcal{S}$ such that $E\left(\Lambda\right)$ is never a Riesz sequence if $\Lambda$ contains arbitrary long arithmetic progressions of length $N$ and step $\ell=O\left(N^{1-\varepsilon}\right)$. On the other hand, we prove that every set $\mathcal{S}$ admits a Riesz sequence $E\left(\Lambda\right)$ such that $\Lambda$ does contain arbitrary long arithmetic progressions of length $N$ and step $\ell=O\left(N\right)$.

Field of study: Mathematics
SU-F-T-291: Development of Physician-Driven, Clinically-Relevant Pass/fail Criteria for a DVH-Based IMRT Patient Specific QA Program.

To derive and implement physician driven metrics for dose volume histogram (DVH)-based patient specific quality assurance (QA) for prostate radiation therapy based on clinically relevant deviations.



An observership study presented 3 radiation oncology physicians from our institution with a series of artificial DVH-based IMRT QA results, each generated by introducing iteratively larger perturbations from a planned DVH (from our pool of 20 real patient plans) to portions of the bladder, rectum, and planning target volume (PTV) DVHs. Physician responses were quantified by recording acceptable deviations from both in-house defined clinical goals (e.g. V70Gy < 10cc for rectum, mean dose for bladder) and other accepted dosimetric indices from the literature . The newly defined DVH criteria were used to evaluate 14 clinical IMRT plans measured using ArcCHECK and processed using 3DVH (Sun Nuclear Corporation, Melbourne, FL), all of which passed the standard 3%/3mm 2D-Γ comparison at >90% (absolute dose). In addition, 4 intentionally perturbed plans were measured, all with close to 90% 2D-Γ passing rates (relative dose). We compared physician derived constraints against 2D-Γ results to establish the relationship with an accepted IMRT QA metric.



Of the 14 clinical patients measured, 7 were flagged for physician review (i.e. did not pass physician-derived DVH constraints). The rectum and bladder ΔD0.1cc constraint was the root cause of 5/7 of these QA failures. Of the 4 perturbed plans, 3/4 patients failed multiple DVH criteria in the bladder and rectum. Observership results from one physician-derived metric (PTV ΔD0.1cc) were found to be too strict and excluded from analysis.



We derived clinically relevant physician driven criteria for DVH-based patient specific QA at our institution. In N=14 patient plans, implementation of these criteria reduced the need for physician review of patient QA results by 50%. Further refinement of PTV D0.1cc constraint is needed. Partially funded by Sun Nuclear Corporation research agreement.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Irreducible Brillouin Zone for 2D Phononic Crystals with Different Configurations

Plane-wave expansion method are employed to investigate the effect of point-group symmetry to the irreducible Brillouin zone(BZ) of two-dimensional phononic crystals(PCs). Based on the calculations of four kind configurations with different symmetry, we find that the irreducible BZ will enlarge with the lower of the point-group symmetry of PCs and some of the maximums or minimums of bands are not locate at the periphery of the irreducible BZ. Therefore, the previous calculations of band structure, considering only the periphery of the irreducible BZ, is incomplete for PCs with low point-group symmetry. We analyze this problem and give a guide for further investigations in the paper, which is important to obtain accurate band structure of PCs with low point-group symmetry.

Field of study: Engineering
Response of the chydorid faunas to rapid climatic changes in four alpine lakes at different altitudes

The subfossil assemblages of Chydoridae from Late Glacial/Preboreal sediments of four sites from 603 m to 2290 m asl were analysed to trace the community response to rapid climatic warming that occurred at this period of time. In each site, distinct signals at the Younger Dryas/Preboreal boundary were recorded by density of remains, species diversity or community composition. However, responses varied considerably among the sites. This variation was attributed to the situation that the chydorid community structure is determined not only by temporal (Younger Dryas/Preboreal boundary) and spatial (among the sites) temperature gradients, but also by the specific local ecological conditions at the sites. In some species the classification with respect to cold tolerance should be reconsidered.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Selective ligands of estrogen receptor β discovered using pharmacophore mapping and structure-based virtual screening

To discover novel ligands of estrogen receptor (ER) β using pharmacophore mapping and structure-based screening.A computer-aided strategy combining pharmacophore mapping and structure-based screening was used to screen the Maybridge and Enamine databases. Yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) assay was used to detect the activity and selectivity of the chosen compounds. The transcriptional activities of the chosen compounds were demonstrated with luciferase reporter assays. The anti-proliferative effects of ER antagonists against MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells were examined using MTT assay, and the mechanisms of action were analyzed with flow cytometry analysis and Western blotting.Through in silico screen, 95 compounds were chosen for testing in Y2H assay, which led to 20 potent ligands, including 10 agonists, 8 antagonists and 2 partial agonists with EC50 or IC50 values at μmol/L. Furthermore, 6 agonists exhibited absolute selectivity for ERβ, and 3 agonists showed higher selectivity for ERβ. The agonists 1g and 1h (10, 25, and 50 μmol/L) dose-dependently increased ER transcriptional activities, whereas the antagonists 2a and 2d (10, 25, and 50 μmol/L) caused dose-dependent inhibition on the activities. The antagonists and partial agonists at 100 μmol/L suppressed the proliferation of ERα positive MCF-7 cells and ERβ positive MDA-MB-231 cells, but were more effective against MDA-MB-231 cells. Treatment of MDA-MB-231 cells with antagonists 2a and 2d (25 and 50 μmol/L) dose-dependently increased the population of cells in the S phase. Both 2a and 2d treatment dose-dependently decreased the expression levels of cyclin A and CDK2. Meanwhile, the downregulation of cyclin E was only caused by 2d, while 2a treatment did not cause significant changes in the protein levels of cyclin E.Conclusion:The selective ligands discovered in this study are promising drug candidates to be used as molecular probes to explore the differences between ERα and ERβ.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
In situ structural studies during denaturation of natural and synthetically crosslinked collagen using synchrotron SAXS.

Collagen is an important biomacromolecule, making up the majority of the extracellular matrix in animal tissues. Naturally occurring crosslinks in collagen stabilize its intermolecular structure in vivo, whereas chemical treatments for introducing synthetic crosslinks are often carried out ex vivo to improve the physical properties or heat stability of the collagen fibres for applications in biomaterials or leather production. Effective protection of intrinsic natural crosslinks as well as allowing them to contribute to collagen stability together with synthetic crosslinks can reduce the need for chemical treatments. However, the contribution of these natural crosslinks to the heat stability of collagen fibres, especially in the presence of synthetic crosslinks, is as yet unknown. Using synchrotron small-angle X-ray scattering, the in situ role of natural and synthetic crosslinks on the stabilization of the intermolecular structure of collagen in skins was studied. The results showed that, although natural crosslinks affected the denaturation temperature of collagen, they were largely weakened when crosslinked using chromium sulfate. The development of synergistic crosslinking chemistries could help retain the intrinsic chemical and physical properties of collagen-based biological materials.

Field of study: Physics
Crystal structures and ionic conductivity of Na5MP2O8F2 (MAl, Ga)

Single crystals of Na5MP2O8F2(MAl, Ga) were prepared by the flux technique. Both the compounds crystallize in the space group P3 with a = b = 10.468(3), c = 6.599(2) A for the Al compound and a = b = 10.560(2), c = 6.660(2) A for the Ga compound. Low ionic conductivity in these solids is attributed to a highly ordered distribution of the sodium ions in the lattice.

Field of study: Materials science
The Impact of Internal Audit Committees’ Practices on Enhancing the Independence of Internal Auditors in Jordanian Commercial Banks

This study aim to explain the impact of the audit committees' practices on enhancing the independence of internal auditors in Jordanian commercial banks from the perspective of external auditors.  The statistical descriptive approach was used, the data were collected through a questionnaire designed by the researcher, which targeted the external auditors of (90) individuals. The study included four axes, three of which were allocated to measure the internal audit committees' responsibilities, functions and powers, while the fourth axis was devoted to measuring the independence of the internal auditing bodies.  The study found that there is a statistically significant relationship to the internal audit committees' practices in enhancing the independence of the internal auditing bodies; also the role of the audit committees has been the main impact in enhancing this independence. Recommendations: the study recommends enacting and modifying laws to enhance the independence of the audit committees to supervise all matters related to internal auditors.  According to the researcher, this study is one of the first studies that dealt with the practices of the audit committees combined, therefore it is useful for researchers that motivating them to conduct further research on the practices of audit committees in other economic sectors.

Field of study: Business
WIDE-FIELD MULTIBAND PHOTOMETRY OF GLOBULAR CLUSTER SYSTEMS IN THE FORNAX GALAXY CLUSTER

We present wide-field multiband photometry of globular cluster (GC) systems in NGC 1399, NGC 1404, and NGC 1387 located in the central region of the Fornax galaxy cluster. Observation was carried out through U, B, V, and I bands, which marks one of the widest and deepest U-band studies on extragalactic GC systems. The present U-band photometry enables us to significantly reduce the contamination by a factor of two for faint sources (V {sub 0} {approx} 23.5). The main results based on some 2000 GC candidates around NGC 1399, NGC 1404, and NGC 1387 are as follows: (1) the GC system in each galaxy exhibits bimodal color distributions in all colors examined, but the shape of color histograms varies systematically depending on colors; (2) NGC 1399 shows that the mean colors of both blue and red GCs become bluer with increasing galactocentric radius; (3) NGC 1399 shows overabundance of GCs in the directions of NGC 1404 and NGC 1387, indicating their ongoing interactions; and (4) NGC 1399 also exhibits a {approx}0.'5 offset between the center of the inner GC distribution and the galaxy's optical center, suggesting that NGC 1399 is not yet dynamically relaxed and may be undergoing merger events.

Field of study: Physics
Developing Interpersonal and Intrapersonal Competence in Learning Literature Appreciation

In a global community that is no stranger with digital gadgets, a lot of default aspects that are highly praised are sweeping over time, replaced with new nuance, as seen with the rising of individual and independent aspects. At one a point a view, this can be considered as an improvement, though in another point of view this is clearly fallback of our nation’s value. This paper focuses on Interpersonal values and actions, communication, collaboration, well and polite attitude, helping others andconnecting with people. While Intrapersonal aspects focuses on diversity, doing reflection, discipline, high work ethic, perseverance, self-contained, and have intrinsic motivation to be considered in preserving national values. These values can strengthen and unite our nation from being threatened by foreign countries so our nation won’t be torn and broken. In works of literature of Indonesia, lots of expression of caring attitude, both caring for each other and for the local society are found. In novel “ Burung-burung Manyar , the attitude that stands out is caring, which can be deciphered trough behavior of the characters, same with short story Perburuan, Kado Perkawinan , and Jakarta with the attitude most contrast is cooperation mainly seen in the behavior of Pak Pong as also with Indonesian poems which reflects sympathy and empathy attitudes towards the reader which can be found in poetry “Seorang Guru kepada Murid-Muridnya” and “Natal Seorang Buruh Kecil”.The method that used to collect data that is; Collaborative discussion, questionnaire, and interview. There are a few synopses of novel, short stories, and poetry that are chosen as materials to develop interpersonal and intrapersonal attitudes in learning literature.The result shows that university students an express interpersonal attitudes and behavior that is communicating politely, collaborating, sincere in helping others, having good connection with each other. While intrapersonal behavior includes; respecting differences, doing reflection, discipline, high work ethic, perseverance, self-contained, and have intrinsic motivation to be considered in preserving national values.  Fostering values, interpersonal, intrapersonal, appreciation, Literature

Field of study: Education
Dehydration leads to a phase transition in monoclinic factor XIII crystals.

Monoclinic factor XIII crystals have been transferred to a solution containing increasing amounts of the precipitant PEG 6000. At a concentration of about 36%(w/v) PEG 6000, a phase transition was observed. The space group of the crystals was preserved on the transition, but half of the 2(1) screw axes were lost, which meant that the unit-cell volume and the content of the asymmetric unit were doubled. The structure of factor XIII in the new crystal form was solved by molecular replacement. About 80% of the changes accompanying the transition can be explained by a rigid-body rotation of half of the factor XIII dimers in the lattice by about 5 degrees. The remaining changes are mostly small interdomain movements of the four domains which constitute one factor XIII monomer.

Field of study: Chemistry
Isolation, identification of dominant spoilage bacteria and measurement of spoilage characteristics in dried beancurd

In order to study the spoilage mechanism of vacuum-packed dried beancurd, thereby offer reference to extend the shelf-life of dried beancurd. The dominant spoilage bacteria in spoiled dried beancurd were isolated. These isolates were identified basing on the morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics and 16S rRNA sequence analysis. In order to explore the spoilage characteristics of dominant spoilage bacteria, they were inoculated into aseptically vacuum-packed dried beancurd and cultured at 37 ℃ for 20 d. The results showed that one dominant spoilage bacteria strain was screened out and identified as bacillus subtilis. Some physical parameters of spoiled dried beancurd inoculated with B. subtilis, such as hardness, springiness and cohesiveness, were less than previous dried beancurd. Some chemical contents associated with spoilage were changed greatly. The content of amino acid nitrogen increased from 0.037% to 0.129%, total volatile basic nitrogen(TVB-N) content increased from 5.63 mg/100 g to 33.01 mg/100 g, and the content of total acid(as lactic acid) increased from 0.09% to 0.544%.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
International medical graduates mandated to practise in rural Australia are highly unsatisfied: results from a national survey of doctors.

Rural communities worldwide are increasingly reliant on international medical graduates (IMGs) to provide health care access, with many countries utilising health policies which mandate IMGs to practise only in rural designated areas of (medical) workforce shortage for many years. The objective of this study is to analyse the satisfaction of IMGs in their current work location, particularly in relation to the effect of mandating IMGs to small rural communities.



We used data of 3502 general practitioners (GPs) from Wave 2 of the Medicine in  Balancing Employment and Life (MABEL) longitudinal study of Australian doctors. The main outcome measures were the level of professional and non-professional satisfaction expressed by GPs with respect to various job and social aspects.



We found that non-professional satisfaction of mandated IMGs was significantly lower across all social aspects, whilst professional satisfaction was also significantly lower for most job aspects relating to their professional autonomy. In contrast, non-mandated IMGs were similarly satisfied compared to Australian trained GPs.



Mandated IMGs are currently filling a critical shortage in rural areas of Australia. However, long-term success of this policy is problematic unless outstanding issues affecting their significantly reduced professional and non-professional satisfaction can be addressed.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science