nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Status of Insecticide Resistance in Spodoptera litura (Fab.) on Cotton in Guntur and Prakasam Districts of Andhra Pradesh

Experiments were conducted to assess the status of insecticide resistance in Spodopera litura (Fab.) on cotton in Guntur and Prakasam districts in Andhra Pradesh during 2003–2004. Guntur strain of S. litura showed 89.9, 49.6 and 31.3 folds at LD50 and 72.7, 39.8 and 31.8 folds resistance to chlorpyriphos at LD90 respectively at 24, 48 and 72 h after treatment. Correspondingly Prakasam strain of S. litura showed 97.2, 61.1 and 37.2 folds at LD50 and 94.0, 48.6 and 27.0 folds resistance at LD90 level to chlorpyriphos.

Field of study: Biology
In situ X-ray diffraction study of the processes that occur upon annealing frozen solutions in systems with clathrate formation, aimed at developing new forms of medicinal substances with improved properties

The use of in situ powder diffraction for investigating processes that occur upon the annealing of frozen solutions in binary clathrate-forming low-boiling liquid-water systems allows us to propose a new method for preparing ultrafine medicinal substances by freeze-drying. This approach is of a universal nature and can easily be applied to virtually all of today’s low-dosage medicinal substances to improve their pharmacokinetic profiles and processibility.

Field of study: Physics
${\rm II}_1$-factor representations of the infinite symmetric inverse semigroup

Let $\mathbb{N}$ be a set of the natural numbers. 
Symmetric inverse semigroup $R_\infty$ is the semigroup of all infinite 0-1 matrices $\left[ g_{ij}\right]_{i,j\in \mathbb{N}}$ with at most one 1 in each row and each column such that $g_{ii}=1$ on the complement of a finite set. The binary operation in $R_\infty$ is the ordinary matrix multiplication. It is clear that infinite symmetric group $\mathfrak{S}_\infty$ is a subgroup of $R_\infty$. The map $\star:\left[ g_{ij}\right]\mapsto\left[ g_{ji}\right]$ is an involution on $R_\infty$. We call a function $f$ on $R_\infty$ positive definite if for all $r_1, r_2, \ldots, r_n\in R_\infty$ the matrix $\left[ f\left( r_ir_j^\star\right)\right]$ is Hermitian and non-negatively definite. A function $f$ said to be indecomposable if the corresponding $\star$-representation $\pi_f$ is a factor-representation. A class of the $R_\infty$-central functions (characters) is defined by the condition $f(rs)=f(sr)$ for all $r,s\in R_\infty$. In this paper we classify all factor-representations of $R_\infty$ that correspond to the $R_\infty$-central positive definite functions.

Field of study: Mathematics
Diversity and ecological distribution of macrofungi in the Laojun Mountain region, southwestern China

Surveys of the macrofungi associated with eight different vegetation types in the Laojun Mountain region of southwestern China yielded approximately 520 species belonging to 175 genera. Species richness and diversity were highest in mixed conifer and broadleaf forests and deciduous broadleaf forests. In typical forests of temperate regions of the world, there are five dominant genera of ectomycorrhizal macrofungi. The distribution patterns of species in these genera for the different vegetation types indicate that they are able to associate with a wide variety of different trees. Analysis of data for common macrofungal species and taxonomic similarity of the communities present in the eight vegetation types suggest that the greater the differences in the plant species that comprise the vegetation, the less similar are the common macrofungal species associated with the most common host plants. These same data also show that some species of macrofungi occur only in one or two vegetation types. There were 156 species of edible fungi recorded from the different vegetation types, and these fungi appear to be abundant in the Laojun Mountain region. At different positions along the elevation gradient, positive correlations existed with respect to the relationship between species richness and diversity, and the general trend was for macrofungal species richness and diversity to decrease with increasing elevation, with the numbers of species recorded being significantly lower at the very highest elevation. The relative dominance of certain taxa in the assemblage of species present was found to increase with increasing elevation, and variation in the evenness component of diversity was slight. As such, the differences in dominance and evenness were also not significant (P > 0.05). Macrofungal species richness was slightly more diverse on shaded slopes than on more exposed (sunny) slopes, and the differences in species diversity, dominance and evenness were relatively minor. This suggests that slope aspect may only weakly influence the distribution of macrofungal species in the Laojun Mountain region.

Field of study: Environmental science
Preparation of O’O-lauroyl Chitosan and Self-assembly Micellar Solubilization of Acyclovir

A kind of amphiphilic derivatives of O’O-lauroyl chitosan (O’O-LCS) with different degrees of substitution (DS), which can form micelles in phosphate buffer saline (PBS), is prepared in this paper. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) of O’O-LCS is detected by the fluorescence method. Acyclovir, as hydrophobic model drug, is encapsulated by the O’O-LCS micelles. Results show that the solubilizing capacity is enhanced by increasing the concentration of O’O-LCS, the structure of acyclovir-loaded O’O-LCS micellar is characterized by TEM and DLS and the sizes of the micelles are bigger after solubilization.

Field of study: Engineering
Separating positivity and regularity for fourth order Dirichlet problems in 2d-domains

The main result in this paper is that the solution operator for the bi-Laplace problem with zero Dirichlet boundary conditions on a bounded smooth 2d-domain can be split in a positive part and a possibly negative part which both satisfy the zero boundary condition. Moreover, the positive part contains the singularity and the negative part inherits the full regularity of the boundary. Such a splitting allows one to find a priori estimates for fourth order problems similar to the one proved via the maximum principle in second order elliptic boundary value problems. The proof depends on a careful approximative fill-up of the domain by a finite collection of limaçons. The limaçons involved are such that the Green function for the Dirichlet bi-Laplacian on each of these domains is strictly positive.

Field of study: Philosophy
Aspects of the development in dysphagia and its functional dynamics

100 patients (88 women, 12 men) of 16-64 years of age with functional dysphagia were examined. In all the cases the disease develops under the influence of stress in individuals with high anxiety, easy formation of dysthymic, obsessive-phobic reactions in the situation of frustration. Functional dysphagia arises most frequently at the age of 20-40 years. 4 stages pass in the course of the disease: a stage of reactive (neurotic) depression; psychosomatic reactions; psychosomatic cycles (mono- and polysomic); psychopathization. Psychopathization manifests pathologic (psychosomatic) development of personality observed usually in long-term course of dysphagia.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Synthesis and characterization of Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8 ceramics prepared in presence of sodium

This paper aims to study Na doping in Bi-2212 superconducting ceramics. Na-doped Bi-2212 samples powders with a Bi2-uSr2-vCa1-wCu2-xNayOz stoichiometry are prepared by means of thermal treatments. The intended Na substitution level, y, is fixed at 0.3. The initial content of the other ions is adopted so that Na substitution on one crystallographic site only is expected. Samples are characterized by electrical properties, X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) and Energy Dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX). The influence of Na on the crystal chemistry and phases compatibility for 2212 materials is emphasized. Electrical resistivity results show that the critical temperature is independent of the sample initial stoichiometry. In some cases the production of a Bi-2223 phase is however enhanced.

Field of study: Physics
Impact of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Practices on Consumer Behavior (with Reference to FMCGs in Tamil Nadu)

Business enterprises are traditionally known as engines for driving the economic performance of an entity, its success being measured in terms of high returns on equity and its contribution to the development of the society. The business enterprises get everything from the society for its survival and it is the obligation of the enterprise to return positive attitudes towards the society. If it fails to meet the expectations of the society, the society will punish the firm through their purchase behavior. Hence, the success of any business enterprise depends mainly on the ethical behavior of the enterprise towards the society . The Indian Government has made mandatory the CSR provisions and almost all the companies are actively engage in CSR activities. Fast Moving Consumer Goods (FMGCs) are the fastest growing industry in India and numbers of FMCGs companies are doing different CSR practices. Hence, it is essential to study about the impact of Corporate Social Responsibility practices on consumer behavior with reference to FMCGs in Tamil Nadu. For this, 600 responses were collected from selected corporations in TamilNadu by a structured questionnaire. Convenience sampling technique has been adopted to collect the primary data. The study concluded that there has been a positive impact among the consumers as the consumers in Tamil Nadu considered CSR in their purchase evaluation criteria, and they give much importance to CSR related products etc.

Field of study: Business
A novel general framework for automatic and cost-effective handling of recoverable temporal violations in scientific workflow systems

Due to the complex nature of scientific workflow environments, temporal violations often take place and may severely reduce the timeliness of the execution's results. To handle temporal violations in an automatic and cost-effective fashion, two interdependent fundamental issues viz. the definition of fine-grained recoverable temporal violations and the design of light-weight effective exception handling strategies need to be resolved. However, most existing works study them separately without defining a comprehensive framework. To address such a problem, with the probability based temporal consistency model which defines the range of recoverable temporal violations, a novel general automatic and cost-effective exception handling framework is proposed in this paper where fine-grained temporal violations are defined based on the empirical function for the capability lower bounds of the exception handling strategies. To serve as a representative case study, a concrete example exception handling framework which consists of three levels of fine-grained temporal violations and their corresponding exception handling strategies is presented. The effectiveness of the example framework is evaluated by large scale simulation experiments conducted in the SwinDeW-G scientific grid workflow system. The experimental results demonstrate that the example framework can significantly reduce the overall average violation rates of local temporal constraints and global temporal constraints to 0.127% and 0.167% respectively.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
On weighted weak type norm inequalities for one-sided oscillatory singular integrals

We consider one sided weight classes of Muckenhoupt type and study the weighted weak type norm inequalities of a class of one sided oscillatory singular integrals with smooth kernel Introduction Oscillatory integrals have been an essential part of harmonic analysis three chapters are devoted to them in the celebrated Stein s book ST Many important operators in harmonic analysis are some versions of oscil latory integrals such as the Fourier transform the Bochner Riesz means the Radon transform in CT technology and so on For a more complete ac count on oscillatory integrals in classical harmonic analysis we would like to refer the interested reader to G L L LDY LZ PS and refer ences therein Another early impetus for the study of oscillatory integrals came with their application to number theory B In more recent times the operators fashioned from oscillatory integrals such as pseudo di erential operator in PDE become another motivation to study them Based on the estimates of some kinds of oscillatory integrals one can establish the well posedness theory of a class of dispersive equations for some of this works we refer to CM KPV KPV This paper is focused on a class of oscillatory singular integrals related to the one de ned by Ricci and Stein RS Tf x p v Z R e x y K x y f y dy where P x y is a real valued polynomial de ned on R R and K C R n f g is a Calder on Zygmund kernel which satis es jK x j C jxj jrK x j C jxj Mathematics Subject Classi cation Primary B Secondary B

Field of study: Mathematics
Estimation of the complexity of a digital image from the viewpoint of fixed point theory

The present paper introduces and estimates the complexity of the fixed point property of a digital image (X, k) for any k − D C -self-map f of (X, k), where a k − D C -self-map f of (X, k) means a digitally k-continuous self-map of (X, k) with a digital version of the Banach contraction principle. To do this work, we need to study some properties of iterations of a k − D C -self-map f of (X, k) and to establish the notion of complexity of (X, k) denote by C♯(X, k) (see Definition 7 in the present paper). According to C♯(X, k), we can estimate complexity of the fixed point property of (X, k) for any k − D C -self-map f of (X, k). Based on this approach, the present paper investigates some relationships between the k-adjacency of (X, k) and C♯(X, k). Furthermore, we prove that C♯(X, k) is not a digital topological invariant. Besides, we develop the notions of uniform k-connectedness and strict k-connectivity to calculate C♯(X, k) for some digital images (X, k). In the paper each (X, k) is assumed to be a k-connected and non-empty set and 2 ≤ | X |≨∞, where | X | means the cardinal number of the given set X.

Field of study: Mathematics
Ionic conduction in TlBr — Impact of Te acceptor dopant exsolution

Thallium bromide (TlBr) is an attractive material for high-energy radiation detection applications due to its high molecular weight and relatively large band gap. Previous studies on acceptor doping with Se and S revealed limited solubility of the acceptor dopant in the TlBr crystal, leading to long term changes in dark ionic conductivity, and, presumably, detector sensitivity and performance. Here, the ionic conductivity of TlBr acceptor doped with the larger ionic radius Te2 − (2.21 A versus 1.98 A for Se2 −) is studied using impedance spectroscopy. Due to the low concentration of Te, in contrast to Se or S doping, acceptor dopant–defect association was not observed. Acceptor exsolution was confirmed at temperatures below 100 °C by following changes in ionic conductivity with time. The time constant and activation energy (0.27 ± 0.14 eV) for exsolution of Te are considerably lower than that of Se, with the mechanistic origin of the activation energy related to Br migration, in marked contrast to that of Se exsolution, which is controlled instead by Tl migration, as discussed here. This long term, time-dependent change in dark resistance could negatively impact radiation detector sensitivity and therefore acceptor doping should be avoided.

Field of study: Materials science
The effect of the trainers' leadership style on the athletes' psychology pressure and psychology adaption

In this article the author tries to probe into the effect of the trainers' leadership style on the athletes' psychology pressure and psychology adaption by means of 《The questionnaire on the trainers' leadership style》,《The students' school behavior as well as the statistical tables》 and《Reports about school circumstances》. The findings show that the athletes' psychology adaption has a negative impact on the athletes' psychology pressure.And the athletes' psychology pressure, on the one hand, has a negative impact on the trainers' democratic leadership style; on the other hand, it has a positive effect on the trainers' authoritative and unrestrained leadership style.And what's more,the athletes' psychology adaption has a positive influence on the trainers' democratic leadership style; but it also has a negative influence on the trainers' authoritative and unrestrained leadership style. Last of all, male athletes and female athletes are quite different from each other as far as psychology pressure and psychology adaption are concerned.

Field of study: Education
Depression And Cognitive Self-Statements Of Learning Disabled And Seriously Emotionally Disturbed Adolescents

Prevalence and severity of depression and related negative cognitive self-statements were assessed in a sample of 465 junior and senior high school learning disabled (LD) and seriously emotionally disturbed (SED) adolescents receiving special education services in public school resource room programs. Twenty-one percent of the adolescents sampled experienced severe depressive symptomatology. Some senior high females exhibited a more negative cognitive style than their male peers, although no differences were found at the junior high level. There were no differences in severity of depressive symptomatology and related dysfunctional cognitive self-statements between LD and SED students. Results indicate that depression is a prevalent condition among many LD and SED adolescents, a finding that warrants increased attention among special educators. Implications for expanding school-based identification and intervention procedures are discussed.

Field of study: Education
Letters and Love in Colonial Spanish America*

Is love a modern invention? This question is perhaps not quite as ludicrous as it might appear. For nearly three decades scholars have been exploring whether contemporary ideas about love are in fact as ancient as we might believe. As a result of these investigations, some historians have concluded that our current attitudes towards love date from no earlier than the seventeenth century. This opinion was expressed most forcefully by Lawrence Stone in his 1977 The Family, Sex and Marriage in England, 1500-1800. In this path-breaking study Stone argued that recognizably modern ideas about marriage did not emerge in England until the seventeenth century. Only then did what he called “companionate marriage” develop. “Companionate marriage,” as described by Stone, was characterized by certain distinguishing features.

Field of study: History
Crystallization, X-ray characterization and selenomethionine phasing of Mlc1p bound to IQ motifs from myosin V.

Mlc1p is a calmodulin-like protein from the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, where it has been identified as a subunit of a class V myosin, Myo2p, and a binding partner of an IQGAP-like protein, Iqg1p. Through its interactions with these two proteins, Mlc1p plays a role in polarized growth and cytokinesis. Mlc1p has been crystallized in complexes with four different IQ target motifs from the neck region of Myo2p: IQ2, IQ3, IQ4 and IQ2-IQ3 (referred to as IQ2,3). Electron-density maps for two of the complexes (Mlc1p-IQ4 and Mlc1p-IQ2,3) were obtained from multiple anomalous dispersion (MAD) experiments based on selenomethionine derivatives. The other two structures (Mlc1p-IQ2 and Mlc1p-IQ3) were determined by molecular replacement using the partially refined structure of Mlc1p-IQ2,3 as a search model.

Field of study: Chemistry
An evaluation of videogame network architecture performance and security

The recent introduction of higher reward in videogame competitions is expected to motivate unethical players to pursue opportunities to gain unfair advantages while playing networked videogames. Networked videogames implement a variety of approaches to attain a balance between reliable data transfer and game performance. Certain aspects of these network approaches may be exploited by players to gain unfair advantage or degrade the gaming experience for others. This paper lays the conceptual groundwork for networked videogames by describing common network architectures that facilitate competitive videogame play. These networking concepts are then evaluated for susceptibility to potential exploits. Finally, three current gaming titles are selected as case studies, using the principles established within this paper, to evaluate the effects of client-side exploits, latency, and state synchronization, on competitive game play.

Field of study: Computer science
Possibility of Kauzmann points in the vortex matter phase diagram of single crystal YBa$_2$Cu$_3$O$_{7-\delta}$

We highlight interesting thermomagnetic history effects across the transition line between the (quasi) ordered and disordered vortex states in single crystal YBa$_2$Cu$_3$O$_{7-\delta}$, and argue that these features are indicative of the first order nature of the transition line. We suggest that the destruction of the ordered vortex state in YBa$_2$Cu$_3$O$_{7-\delta}$ leading to vortex liquid (at high temperatures and low fields) and amorphous vortex solid (at low temperatures and high fields), takes place along a unified first-order transition line. The nonmonotonic behavior of this first order transition line gives rise to the possibility of more than one Kauzmann point where the entropies of the ordered and disordered vortex states are equal. In the high temperature region, one may order the vortex lattice by warming it, giving rise to an inverse melting effect.

Field of study: Physics
Global rangeland production systems and livelihoods at threat under climate change and variability

Rangelands are one of the Earth's major ice-free land cover types. They provide food and support livelihoods for millions of people in addition to delivering important ecosystems services. However, rangelands are at threat from climate change, although the extent and magnitude of the potential impacts are poorly understood. Any declines in vegetation biomass and fluctuations in grazing availability would be of concern for food production and ecosystem integrity and functionality. In this study, we use a global rangeland model in combination with livestock and socio-economic datasets to identify where and to what extent rangeland systems may be at climatic risk. Overall, mean herbaceous biomass is projected to decrease across global rangelands between 2000 and 2050 under RCP 8.5 (-4.7%), while inter- (year-to-year) and intra- (month-to-month) annual variabilities are projected to increase (+21.3% and +8.2%, respectively). These averaged global estimates mask large spatial heterogeneities, with 74% of global rangeland area projected to experience a decline in mean biomass, 64% an increase in inter-annual variability and 54% an increase in intra-annual variability. Half of global rangeland areas are projected to experience simultaneously a decrease in mean biomass and an increase in inter-annual variability — vegetation trends both potentially harmful for livestock production. These regions include notably the Sahel, Australia, Mongolia, China, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan and support 376 million people and 174 million ruminant Tropical Livestock Units. Additionally, the rangeland communities currently the most vulnerable (here, with the lowest livestock productivities and economic development levels and with the highest projected increases in human population densities) are projected to also experience the most damaging vegetation trends for livestock production. Although the capacity of rangeland systems to adapt is highly complex, analyses such as these generate some of the information required to inform options to facilitate pastoral system mitigation and adaptation strategies under climate change.

Field of study: Environmental science