nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Ecological advantages from light adaptation and heterotrophic-like behavior in Synechococcus harvested from the Gulf of Trieste (Northern Adriatic Sea).

A preliminary study was carried out on a picocyanobacterial mixed culture harvested from the Gulf of Trieste (Northern Adriatic) and identified as Synechococcus spp. both by transmission electron microscopy observations, biliprotein composition and molecular analyses. Absorption and fluorescence spectra revealed phycourobilin and phycoerythrobilin chromophores, suggesting the presence of both CU- and C-phycoerythrin, besides phycocyanobilin chromophores typical for phycocyanins and allophycocyanins. Both biliprotein analyses and molecular identification indicated the presence of at least two Synechococcus subgroups presumably differing either in phycoerythrin type or in physiological traits. Among the exoenzymatic activities acting on different substrates, only aminopeptidase showed high hydrolysis rates and the uptake of organic molecules was positive for leucine but not for thymidine. The protein carbon mobilized was high compared with the leucine incorporation rates, resulting in low percentages of newly mobilized carbon utilized by cultures. The organic carbon incorporated as leucine was compared with the photosynthetically produced one, and the balance between the phototrophic- and heterotrophic-like processes was c. 3 : 1. Our findings suggest that the Synechococcus heterotrophy plays an important role in cell's metabolism, and that the photoheterotrophic behavior, together with their chromatic adaptation capability, might represent the key for the absolute dominance of this genus in the Adriatic Sea.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
(The Androgyny Dimension: A Comment on Stokes, Childs, and Fuehrer: And a Response.).

Stokes, Childs, and Fuehrer (1981) have recently studied the relationship between the Bern Sex-Role Inventory (BSRI; Bern, 1974) and certain indices of "self disclosure." However, the Stokes et al. study contains a critical methodological flaw; their multiple regression analyses were not performed in the appropriate hierarchical fashion (the main effects were not partialed from the interaction term), and their results are uninterpretable. The purpose of this note is to point out what went wrong in the Stokes et al. study and to suggest an alternative technique. Particular attention will be devoted to the relevance hierarchical multiple regression analysis (with interaction terms) has as a general data-analytic device for investigating the psychometric properties of the contemporary sex role inventories. In addition, the current status of the contemporary sex role literature is briefly reviewed.

Field of study: Psychology
Effect of matrix parameters on mesoporous matrix based quantum computation

We present a solid state implementation of quantum computation, which improves previously proposed optically driven schemes. Our proposal is based on vertical arrays of quantum dots embedded in a mesoporous material which can be fabricated with present technology. We study the feasibility of performing quantum computation with different mesoporous matrices. 
 
 
 
We analyse which matrix materials ensure that each individual stack of quantum dots can be considered isolated from the rest of the ensemble-a key requirement of our scheme. This requirement is satisfied for all matrix materials for feasible structure parameters and GaN/AlN based quantum dots. We also show that one dimensional ensembles substantially improve performances, even of CdSe/CdS based quantum dots.

Field of study: Physics
FTO Variant rs1421085 Associates With Increased Body Weight, Soft Lean Mass, and Total Body Water Through Interaction With Ghrelin and Apolipoproteins in Arab Population

Association studies have implicated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), particularly rs1421085, from the fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO) gene with body composition phenotypes, obesity, dietary intake, and physical activity in European, East Asian, and African populations. However, the impact of the rs1421085 variant has not been sufficiently tested in ethnic populations (such as Arabs) with high levels of obesity. Further, there is a lack of studies identifying biomarkers that interact with FTO. Therefore, we investigated the association of rs1421085 with obesity and body composition traits and metabolic biomarkers in Arab population. We genotyped rs1421085 SNP in 278 Arab individuals, where multiple biomarkers relating to obesity, inflammation, and other metabolic pathways were quantified. We performed genetic association tests under additive mode of inheritance using linear regression models and found association of rs1421085_C allele with higher levels of body weight, soft lean mass (SLM), and total body water. Examination (using linear regression models under dominant mode of inheritance) of correlation among biomarkers and interaction with genotypes at the variant revealed that measures of these three body composition traits were found mediated by interaction between carrier genotypes (TC+CC) and measures of ghrelin, ApoA1, and ApoB48. Lean body mass (LBM), to which SLM contributes, is an important determinant of physical strength and is a focal point in studies on sarcopenia. Low LBM is known to be associated with higher risk of cardiometabolic disorders. Thus, the finding on the FTO variant as a genetic determinant of SLM via interaction with ghrelin, ApoA1, and ApoB48 is important.

Field of study: Biology
Immune responses in congenitally thymus-less mice. II. Quantitative studies of serum immunoglobulins, the antibody response to sheep erythrocytes, and the effect of thymus allografting.

The concentrations of immunoglobulins in the sera of congenitally thymus-less `nude' (nu/nu) mice of various ages were studied by single radial diffusion and compared with those in phenotypically normal nu/+ controls. γM was present in normal concentrations. γA and γG2a concentrations were greatly reduced. γG1 was normal at the time of weaning (28 days of age), but fell progressively thereafter until it was indetectable in most animals more than 60 days old. The primary response to 4 × 107 sheep erythrocytes was studied by haemolytic plaque and serum haemagglutination techniques. Nu/nu mice made subnormal quantities of 19S and little or no 7S antibody. Subcutaneous grafting of neonatal CBA/H thymus at 10–25 days of age was followed by increased survival of nu/nu mice and by the appearance of normal concentrations of γG2a and γG1 globulins and near-normal concentrations of γA. Intraperitoneal injection of 108 CBA/H thymus cells resulted in still higher concentrations of these three proteins. It is concluded that the establishment of normal serum concentrations of γA, γG2a and, especially, γG1 depends upon the presence of funtional T-lymphocytes. γM shows no such T-dependence.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Researches on imidazole derivatives XL. Synthesis of benzimidazole derivatives of psilocine

Reaction of 2, 3-dinitroaniscle with N, N-dimethylethylenediamine leads to replacement of the nitro group in position 2. The resultant compound is used to synthesize benzimidazaole analogs of the naturally occuring halucinogenic drug psilocine.

Field of study: Chemistry
Rational care or rationing care? The case of cervical screening across the United Kingdom.

In 2003, The National Health Service Cervical Screening Programme (NHSCSP) in England modified its recommendation by increasing the age at which to begin screening from 20 to 25. This was on the grounds that normal changes in the cervix before the age of 25 are often identified during screening as being abnormal, resulting in many young women receiving unnecessary treatment at both a significant psychological cost to the patient and a financial cost to the service. In 2011, the cervical screening programme in Northern Ireland was also amended followed closely by Scotland in late 2012. Some 10 years later, Wales finally altered cervical screening policy in January 2013 and now invite women for an initial screen at the age of 25, in line with the rest of the United Kingdom (UK). The withdrawal of cervical screening from 20 to 24 years in England was the first occasion globally, where a population cancer screening programme was withdrawn. Although the changes in England were perceived by some as "rational care" - as they encourage utilisation of beneficial services while discouraging use of those that may lead to more harms than benefits, many people also believe them to be "rationing care". In fact, even now, a decade on from the policy alterations in England, people are still vociferously exhibiting their discontent at the decision; exacerbated by national media headlines such as: "Denying young women smear tests is a disgrace". Yet with recent, rather alarming analysis of trends in England suggesting a rise in the incidence of cervical cancer in young women, it seems of great public health interest to consider whether such a rise is attributable to reduced cervical screening activity and reflect on whether the decision to alter cervical screening policy for those under the age of 25 was, in fact, a rational and correct decision.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Panoramic Radiographic Study on Location of Mental Foramen in Patients of Orthodontic Treatment

Information on the location of the mental foramen is the need for various purposes in dental treatment. Variations in its position can be a cause of complications during local anesthesia or surgical procedures. The usual position of the mental foramen in the Vijayapur population has not been previously reported.  The purpose of this study was to determine the most common location of the mental foramen in Vijayapur population.   291 panoramic radiographs were evaluated with regard to only the position of mental foramen foramina in male and female subjects.  We found that the position of mental foramen was most common is in line with second premolar (54.2%) and second common in between the first and second premolar (37.5%).    Based on this study it appears that the most common position of mental foramen is either between the two premolars or in line with the second premolar. This is in concordance with previous studies.  Mandible; mental foramen; mental nerve; panoramic; radiography.

Field of study: Medicine
Assimilation of benzene carbon through multiple trophic levels traced by different stable isotope probing methodologies.

The flow of benzene carbon along a food chain consisting of bacteria and eukaryotes, including larvae (Diptera: Chironomidae), was evaluated by total lipid fatty acids (TLFAs)-, amino acid- and protein-stable isotope probing (SIP). A coconut-fibre textile, colonized by a benzene-degrading biofilm, was sampled in a system established for the remediation of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes (BTEX)-polluted groundwater and incubated with (12)C- and [(13)C(6)]-benzene (>99 at.%) in a batch-scale experiment for 2-8 days. After 8 days, Chironomus sp. larvae were added to study carbon flow to higher trophic levels. Gas chromatography-combustion-isotope ratio monitoring mass spectrometry of TLFA showed increased isotope ratios in the (13)C-benzene-incubated biofilm. A higher (13)C-enrichment was observed in TLFAs, indicative of Gram-negative bacteria than for Gram-positive. Fatty acid indicators of eukaryotes showed significant (13)C-incorporation, but to a lower extent than bacterial indicators. Fatty acids extracted from larvae feeding on (13)C-biofilm reached an isotopic ratio of 1.55 at.%, illustrating that the larvae feed, to some extent, on labelled biomass. No (13)C-incorporation was detectable in larval proteins after their separation by sodium-dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and analysis by nano-liquid-chromatography-mass spectrometry. The flow of benzene-derived carbon could be traced in a food web consisting of bacteria and eukaryotes.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Die Bestimmung von Materialfunktionen eines Stickstoffplasmas bei Atmosphärendruck bis 15000° K

ZusammenfassungMit Hilfe der sog. Polygonzugmethode werden aus sechs gemessenen Temperaturverteilungen und den zugehörigen Werten des Stromes, der Feldstärke und der pro Längeneinheit abgestrahlten Leistung eines zylindersymmetrischen Kaskadenbogens die elektrische Leitfähigkeit σ, die spezifische Abstrahlungu und die Wärmeleitfähigkeitx eines Stickstoffplasmas bei Atmosphärendruck als Funktion der Temperatur bis 15000° K bestimmt. Dabei wird durch Umkehrung der Rechnung eine Fehlerschranke für die berechneten Funktionen angegeben. Der Verlauf der gefundenen Kurven wird diskutiert, wobei versucht wird, eine analytische Darstellung zu finden. An Hand von theoretisch berechneten Werten und der in dieser Arbeit bestimmten Funktionen wird ein Vergleich durchgeführt. Dabei ergeben sich qualitative Übereinstimmung und quantitative Abweichungen, die teilweise erklärt werden können.

Field of study: Physics
Plasmid transfer to indigenous marine bacterial populations by natural transformation

Horizontal gene transfer among microbial populations has been assumed to occur in the environment, yet direct observations of this phenomenon are rare or limited to observations where the mechanism(s) could not be explicitly determined. Here we demonstrate the transfer of exogenous plasmid DNA to members of indigenous marine bacterial populations by natural transformation, the first report of this process for any natural microbial community. Ten percent of marine bacterial isolates examined were transformed by plasmid DNA while 14% were transformed by chromosomal DNA. Transformation of mixed marine microbial assemblages was observed in 5 of 14 experiments. In every case, acquisition of the plasmid by members of the indigenous flora was accompanied by modification (probably from genetic rearrangement or methylation) that altered its restriction enzyme digestion pattern. Estimation of transformation rates in estuarine environments based upon the distribution of competency and transformation frequencies in isolates and mixed populations ranged from 5 × 10−4 to 1.5 transformants/1 day. Extrapolation of these rates to ecosystem scales suggests that natural transformation may be an important mechanism for plasmid transfer among marine bacterial communities.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Aluminized composite solid-propellant burning rates in acceleration fields

The average burning rates of a parametric series of propellants were determined in acceleration fields up to 1000 g using a combustion bomb mounted on a centrifuge. The propellant strands were burned at 500, 1000, and 1500 psia with the acceleration field directed normal and into the burning surface. Acceleration caused a time-dependent increase of as much as 100% in the burning rate of relatively slow-burning aluminized propellants. The relative amount of burning-rate increase for the various propellants was strongly dependent on the amount of aluminum retained on the propellant surface during burning. The burning rates of two very fast-burning propellants were found to be essentially accelerationindependent. OLID-PROPELLANT rocket motors are currently being used in applications which subject the metallized propellant grains to acceleration fields. The propellant burning rates increase appreciably when the acceleration field is imposed normal and into the burning surface.1'2 Postfire inspections of motors containing metallized propellants have revealed the presence of metal and/or metal oxide residue in the motor cases. The propellant burning-rate increase and the retention of residue appear to be interrelated. The review and abstracting of the literature on the effects of acceleration on solid-propell ant performance are presented in Refs. 3 and 4. Although progress has been made toward an understanding of some aspects of burning-rate augmentation in acceleration fields, it was believed that additional experimental studies with well-controlled propellant parameters would yield valuable insight. A parametric series of aluminized propellants was formulated to establish the importance of some of the propellant parameters that could be controlled to minimize the effects of acceleration. The objectives of this investigation were twofold. The first objective was to obtain the quantitative effect of acceleration on the burning rate of the propellants as a function of propellant composition, acceleration level, and time. The second objective was to obtain quantitative information on the amount of aluminum and/or aluminum oxide residue retained in the inhibitor case as a function of propellant -composition, acceleration level, pressure level, and propellant burning rate.

Field of study: Physics
Unmanned aerial vehicle-assisted energy-efficient data collection scheme for sustainable wireless sensor networks

Recently, wireless sensor networks (WSNs), consisted of battery-powered sensor nodes, are widely adopted by various civilian/military applications for implementing real-time monitoring or long-term surveillance tasks. However, due to limited battery capacity, sensor lifetime is limited, which in turn affects the working time of the whole system. Therefore, solving the problem of improving energy efficiency is the premise for constructing a sustainable/energy-efficient WSN. To address this problem, by taking advantage of the emerging unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) techniques, we propose a novel UAV-assisted data collection scheme for improving the energy efficiency of the deployed WSN. To meet the performance requirements of systems with different scales, our algorithm has two working modes: single- and multiple-UAV scenarios. For the small-scale system, a single UAV considered data-collector is adopted to access and collect data from the deployed nodes. For the large-scale system, based on a newly designed clustering method, multiple data collectors are utilized to gathering sensed data from the deployed nodes for conserving their energy and reducing the data forwarding latency. To evaluate our proposed work, intensive simulation experiments are conducted. The results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm achieved better performance than the control group regarding system-wide energy efficiency and average end-to-end delay.

Field of study: Computer science
HIGH-ORDER MODEL OF SPRING-DASHPOT-MASS MODEL FOR LOCALIZING TIME CONVOLUTION

The localization of time convolution relation of generalized force and displacement has been the key to the construction of an pricise and infinite-domain FEM model used for the time-domain soil-structure-interaction analysis.The physical model method is used in this paper to localize time convolution as it is compatible to FEM.A novel model of high-order spring-dashpot-mass(HSDMM) is constructed using the time-and frequency-domain equations as well as the corresponding normal equations.The transformation relation for the parameters used in these two types of equations is also otained.The sufficient and necessary dynamic stability conditions for the proposed model are proposed,and a parameter identification method(PIM) considering stability condition is developed based on the penalty function and the genetic-simplex algorithm.The systemic and concise HSDMM with the proposed PIM can be readily incorporated into a dynamic commercial software and the established dynamically stable soil-structure interaction problem can be solved even using an explicit time stepping integration.Finally,the performance of HSDMM with the proposed PIM is evaluated by analyzing a semi-infinite rod on elastic foundation with it and comparing the results to the results obtained with several existing models.

Field of study: Engineering
The English Province of the Franciscans (1224–c.1350). Michael J. P. Robson, ed. The Medieval Franciscans 14. Leiden: Brill, 2017. xxx + 496 pp. $159.

ductory sense. Jonathan Juilfs addresses the question of whether any of the surviving versions of theMirror can be deemed closer to the original than any other, and responds in the negative. Juilfs presumes to demolish arguments of Hasenohr and myself, though I consider some of his work to be faulty for reasons too complicated to deal with in a limited review. Imke de Gier’s advanced piece on “The Role of the Mirror as a Book” is a “marguerite”—that is, a pearl. With great acumen de Gier distinguishes between Marguerite’s many references to “this book” as an actual book and others that are meant to stand for a spiritual journey. “This book” in the latter sense is the fiction of the “soul’s” writing project that requires work and suffering, and issues into her annihilation. According to de Gier the same project is meant to serve as a model for the reader, thereby implying that the very difficulty of the Mirror is meant to serve a constructive (actually, destructive) purpose.

Field of study: History
Research of Erosion Sesistance of HVOF-sprayed Fe-Al/Cr_3C_2 Composite Coating

The Fe-Al/Cr3C2 composite coating was made in the 20 steel by HVOF. The erosion sesistance of HVOF-sprayed Fe-Al/Cr3C2 were researched. The coatings surface was analysed by SEM. The results show that the erosion mechanism of HVOF-sprayed Fe-Al/Cr3C2 is brittleness?brittleness-ductile and ductile at 300℃?450℃ and 650℃.Impingement angles do effects to erosion resistance, the erosion resistance of HVOF-sprayed Fe-Al/Cr3C2 at 30°impingement angles is better than that at 90°. The erosion resistance of HVOF-sprayed is enhanced with the temperature increasing.

Field of study: Materials science
Deficient immune interferon production in tuberculosis.

Production of interferon (IFN)-alpha and -gamma by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were studied in 28 patients with active tuberculosis and 28 healthy control subjects matched for age, sex, ethnic origin and diet. No significant differences were found between patients and matched controls in mean titres of IFN-alpha induced by Newcastle disease virus, IFN-gamma induced by staphylococcal enterotoxin A with tetrahydrophorbyl acetate, and IFN-gamma induced by purified protein derivative (PPD). However, a subset of nine out of 25 tuberculosis patients tested produced low titres (less than 100 u/ml) of IFN-gamma in response to PBMC stimulation with PPD. In comparison to other patients, this group was characterized by lower IFN-alpha and IFN-gamma responses to virus and mitogens respectively, relative anergy to tuberculin skin testing, depressed in vitro PBMC proliferative responses to PPD, and neutrophil leucocytosis. In all nine patients effective chemotherapy restored cutaneous reactivity, PBMC proliferative responses, neutrophil counts and IFN-alpha responses to virus by 6 months, and also IFN-gamma responses to PPD in one patient re-tested.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine