nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
A Weighted Method to Improve the Centroid-based Classifier

Centroid-Based Classifier (CBC) is one of the most widely used text classification method due to its theoretical simplicity and computational efficiency. However, the accuracy of CBC is not satisfactory when it deals with the skewed distributed data. In this paper, we propose a new classification model named as Gravitation Model (GM) to solve the model misfit of CBC. In the proposed model, we give each category a mass factor to indicate its distribution in vector space and this factor can be learned from training data. We provide the performance comparisons with CBC and its improved methods based on the results of experiments conducted on twelve real datasets, which show that the proposed gravitation model consistently outperforms CBC. Furthermore, it reaches the same performance as the best centroid-based classifier and is more stable than the best one.

Field of study: Engineering
Discuss on the Cultural Risk Management in Enterprises' Internal Control

Great development has already taken place in the practice and the theory of enterprises' internal control.However lots of misunderstandings still exist in enterprises' internal control.Among of them,the cultural risk as well as its management is one of the most aspects.A great deal of problems in enterprises' internal control are result from cultural risk,whose concrete acts need us to recognize again and whose origin is tradition.As a result,strengthening the cultural risk management in enterprises' internal control is not only necessary but also feasible.

Field of study: Economics
Effects of Human Relations Training with Houseparents on Attainment of Group Facilitation Skills

24-hr. (12 wk., 2 hr. per week) systematic training in human relations with 16 houseparent couples produced higher mean facilitation skills as measured by the Index of Responding than was achieved by a control group of 16 houseparent couples. Students (boys) residing in cottages whose parents received the training did not perceive their parents more favorably in the core helping dimensions of Empathic Understanding, Level of Regard, Unconditionality of Regard, and Congruence (measured by the Relationship Inventory) than did boys whose parents did not receive the training. Greater variability of the trained group on all dimensions suggested that the training may have enabled some houseparents to function more effectively (as perceived by the boys) whereas in other instances they were perceived to function less effectively than did the control houseparents.

Field of study: Psychology
Serious leisure profiles and well-being of older Korean adults

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between different levels of serious leisure qualities and the happiness, health perceptions, and life satisfaction of older Korean adults who are members of community-based, sports clubs. A cluster analysis was used in order to examine patterns of serious leisure qualities (e.g. perseverance, significant effort, career development, identification and unique ethos). The core devotees who identified higher levels of serious leisure qualities reported experiencing higher levels of happiness, health perceptions, and life satisfaction when compared to the moderate devotees. The results of this study suggest that serious leisure serves as a catalyst for health and well-being which can, in turn, contribute to successful ageing.

Field of study: Sociology
N2‐fixation and complementary chromatic adaptation in non‐heterocystous cyanobacteria from Lake Constance

Non-heterocystous, mostly filamentous cyanobacteria were isolated from the crust of stones, from the periphyton of two macrophytes from the littoral zone and from the pelagic environment of Lake Constance. All isolates were cultivated as unialgal strains. DNA analysis by restriction fragment length polymorphism with the psbA gene probe revealed high genetic diversity among the strains from the littoral zone. For all genotypes, the occurrence of the nifH gene encoding a nitrogenase subunit and of genes encoding subunits of phycoerythrin and phycocyanin were tested by Southern blot hybridization. In addition, the isolates were investigated for their ability for complementary chromatic adaptation (CCA) and for anaerobic N2-fixation. With respect to these characteristics, all cyanobacteria included in this study were assigned to four different types: (1) strains without the capability to fix N2 or to perform CCA of the group III type (CCA III); (2) strains which show both features; (3) strains with the ability to fix nitrogen, but that do not show any CCA III; and (4) strains that produce phycoerythrin, but without the capacity for CCA III or N2-fixation. By examining the frequency distribution of isolates, these types were shown to prefer different habitats. While cyanobacterial strains capable of N2-fixation, but without CCA III, were mainly obtained from stone crusts in the supralittoral zone, those with the potential for N2-fixation as well as for CCA III were largely isolated from submersed macrophytes. Cyanobacteria that produce phycoerythrin, but do not perform CCA III or N2-fixation, were found in the pelagic zone only.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Image-based surface deformation for multi-view three-dimensional facial reconstruction

The authors present a new technique to generate highly detailed three-dimensional facial models from the images of a human face. Unlike the traditional stereo matching-based multi-view geometry and statistical model-based approaches, the key idea of the proposed approach is to deform a template model using photometric consistency metric defined by all input images. The image-based facial deformation as a continuous optimisation problem is formulated. The objective function ensures the deformed surface model not only matches the image measurement among all the input images but also keeps the fine details of the template model. Also, an efficient gradient-based optimisation technique is employed to find an optimal facial model that precisely matches an individual's face in input images. Template-based deformation avoids the difficulty because of occlusion in images, and the robust estimation technique also improve the quality of facial reconstruction. The experimental results using synthetic and real images show that the proposed method provides a stable and quality facial reconstruction on wide-baseline images.

Field of study: Computer science
Hydrogen pumps using proton-conducting ceramics and their applications

By applying a direct current to a proton-conducting ceramic membrane, hydrogen can be electrochemically transported across the membrane. This is a kind of electrochemical hydrogen pump. This pump may be applied to devices for the separation, the removal or the supply of hydrogen. In this paper, the working principles and advantages of the hydrogen pump and its derivatives are described. Some experimental results obtained in the author’s laboratory using perovskite-type oxide proton-conducting ceramics as a solid electrolyte are also introduced.

Field of study: Materials science
Tunnel junctions on as-grown superconducting MgB/sub 2/ thin films

We demonstrate that good superconductor/insulator/normal-metal tunnel junctions can be fabricated on as-grown superconducting MgB/sub 2/ thin films. The as-grown films were prepared by coevaporation at low growth temperatures of around 280/spl deg/C. The insulating barrier was formed by an Mg overlayer, which is subsequently oxidized in air. The tunneling spectra for Au/MgO/sub x//MgB/sub 2/ junctions showed a reproducible and well-defined superconducting gap (/spl Delta/=/spl sim/2.5 meV). The resultant 2/spl Delta//k/sub B/T/sub c/ was significantly smaller than the predicted BCS value of 3.52.

Field of study: Physics
Osmotic adjustment to water stress in pearl millet (Pennisetum americanum [L.] Leeke) under field conditions

Osmotic adjustment, a mechanism whereby plants maintain positive turgor despite low water potential (ψ), was investigated in pearl millet (Pennisetum americanum [L.] Leeke) in three types of field experiment at Hyderabad, India: 
1.Osmotic adjustment during the growing season was evaluated by comparing solute potential (ψs) of leaves taken at midday from irrigated and droughted plots and allowed to rehydrate in the laboratory. The degree of seasonal adjustment was also estimated by comparing observed values of ψs in the field with those expected if ψs decreased solely in proportion to water loss. Both types of assessment indicated the maximum seasonal adjustment to be about 0.2 MPa. The cultivars BJ 104 and Serere 39 differed in their capacity to adjust osmotically over the season; Serere 39 was least able to osmoregulate. 
2.Measurements of diurnal variations in ψ and ψs in BJ 104 revealed osmotic adjustment during the afternoon hours. At a given value of ψ, turgor (ψp) was about 0.1 MPa higher in irrigated, and over 0.2 MPa higher in droughted plants, in the afternoon, than in the morning. 
3.Osmotic adjustment of different leaves within the canopy was investigated. Upper leaves had lower ψ than basal leaves. Differences in ψ were matched by gradients in ψs, so that turgor was similar for all leaf layers.

Field of study: Environmental science
Functions of RARs and RXRs in vivo: Genetic dissection of the retinoid signaling pathway

Retinoids, the active metabolites of vitamin A, regulate complex gene networks involved in vertebrate morphogenesis, growth, cellular differentiation, and homeostasis. They are used for the treatment of skin disorders and as chemopreventive agents for certain cancers. Molecular biology and genetic studies performed during the last 15 years in vitro, using either acellular systems or transfected cells, have shown that retinoid actions are mediated through heterodimers between the 8 major RARα, β, and γ; isoforms and the 6 major RXRα, β and γ isoforms that belong to the nuclear receptor (NR) superfamily, and act as ligand-dependent transcriptional regulators. Furthermore, RXRs not only heterodimerize with RARs, but also with numerous other members of the NR superfamily. As in vitro studies are carried out under nonphysiological conditions, they only indicate what is possible, but not necessarily what is actually occurring in vivo. Therefore, mutations have been introduced by homologous recombination (HR) in F9 embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells, a cell-autonomous system that differentiates in the presence of RA, in order to disrupt RAR and RXR genes and establish their cellular and molecular functions in RA-induced differentiation. However, genetic approaches in the animal should be used to determine the function of retinoid receptors under truly physiological conditions. HR in embryonic stem (ES) cells, has therefore been used to generate null mutations of the various RARs and RXRs in the mouse germline. As reviewed here, the generation of such RAR and RXR germline mutations, combined with pharmacological approaches to block the RA signaling pathway, has provided many valuable insights on the developmental functions of RA receptors. However, due to (i) the complexity in "hormonal" signaling through transduction by the multiple RARs and RXRs, (ii) the functional redundancies (possibly artefactually generated by the mutations) within receptor isotypes belonging to a given gene family, and (iii) in utero or postnatal lethality of certain germline null mutations, these genetic studies through germline mutagenesis have failed to reveal many of the physiological functions of RARs and RXRs, notably in adults. We conclude that spatio-temporally controlled somatic mutations generated in animal models in given cell-types/tissues and at chosen times during pre- and postnatal life, are required to reveal the physiological and pathophysiological functions of the receptor genes involved in the retinoid signaling pathway throughout the life of the mouse.

Field of study: Chemistry
VEGF-A and VEGF-B Coordinate the Arteriogenesis to Repair the Infarcted Heart with Vagus Nerve Stimulation

Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) suppresses arrhythmic activity and minimizes cardiomyocyte injury. However, how VNS affects angiogenesis/arteriogenesis in infarcted hearts, is poorly understood.  Myocardial infarction (MI) was achieved by ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) in rats. 7 days after LAD, stainless-steel wires were looped around the left and right vagal nerve in the neck for vagus nerve stimulation (VNS). The vagal nerve was stimulated with regular pulses of 0.2ms duration at 20 Hz for 10 seconds every minute for 4 hours, and then ACh levels by ELISA in cardiac tissue and serum were evaluated for its release after VNS. Three and 14 days after VNS, Real-time PCR, immunostaining and western blot were respectively used to determine VEGF-A/B expressions and α-SMA- and CD31-postive vessels in VNS-hearts with pretreatment of α7-nAChR blocker mecamylamine (10 mg/kg, ip) or mACh-R blocker atropine (10 mg/kg, ip) for 1 hour. The coronary function and left ventricular performance were analyzed by Langendorff system and hemodynamic parameters in VNS-hearts with pretreatment of VEGF-A/B-knockdown or VEGFR blocker AMG706. Coronary arterial endothelial cells proliferation, migration and tube formation were evaluated for angiogenesis following the stimulation of VNS in coronary arterial smooth muscle cells (VSMCs).  VNS has been shown to stimulate VEGF-A and VEGF-B expressions in coronary arterial smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and endothelial cells (ECs) with an increase of α-SMA- and CD31-postive vessel number in infarcted hearts. The VNS-induced VEGF-A/B expressions and angiogenesis were abolished by m-AChR inhibitor atropine and α7-nAChR blocker mecamylamine in vivo. Interestingly, knockdown of VEGF-A by shRNA mainly reduced VNS-mediated formation of CD31+ microvessels. In contrast, knockdown of VEGF-B powerfully abrogated VNS-induced formation of α-SMA+ vessels. Consistently, VNS-induced VEGF-A showed a greater effect on EC tube formation as compared to VNS-induced VEGF-B. Moreover, VEGF-A promoted EC proliferation and VSMC migration while VEGF-B induced VSMC proliferation and EC migration in vitro. Mechanistically, vagal neurotransmitter acetylcholine stimulated VEGF-A/B expressions through m/nACh-R/PI3K/Akt/Sp1 pathway in EC. Functionally, VNS improved the coronary function and left ventricular performance. However, blockade of VEGF receptor by antagonist AMG706 or knockdown of VEGF-A or VEGF-B by shRNA significantly diminished the beneficial effects of VNS on ventricular performance.  VNS promoted angiogenesis/arteriogenesis to repair the infracted heart through the synergistic effects of VEGF-A and VEGF-B.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Barbados: A Major Submarine Gravity Slide

The geology of the Island of Barbados is interpreted as the manifestation of an early Tertiary submarine gravity slide. Recent geological and geophysical data from the sea floor of the western Atlantic indicates that the Barbados Ridge was similarly formed. It is proposed that the westward-drifting Atlantic sea floor under-thrusted and uplifted the Caribbean block, and formed the Puerto Rican trough and the associated negative gravity anomaly. In early Tertiary time, shallow-water marine and continental clastic sediments, present along the eastern border of the Caribbean block, slid downslope into an area of deep-water deposition. The Antillean volcanic arc appeared at about the same period. Continued westward drift of the sea floor uplifted the slide mass to form the ridge and island of Barbados.

Field of study: Geology
A High Performance Buffer Management Mechanism for Embedded Stack

This paper proposes a two stage buffer management mechanism MYBUF,it has memory protected mode,configurable,support static and dynamic allocation and backup allocation,this mechanism which has high performance,simple and reliable characteristic meet the management requirement of embedded system.By using this MYBUF Buffer Management Mechanism,data zero copy technology has been realized while transfer data through the embedded TCP/IP stack.The management mechanism has been successfully applied to the bidirectional system platform for HDTV(High Definition Television),which has DOCSIS MAC layer chip developed in our lab,and meets the demands of set top box and other embedded system network communications.The tests in real network conditions show that the system provides a good performance and reliability.With generality,the MYBUF buffer management mechanism can be applied to other embedded network communication system.

Field of study: Computer science
[Augmentation with carnicetine for late depression].

Comparative evaluation of the efficacy and safety of antidepressant monotherapy and complex antidepressant therapy in combination with carnicetine in the treatment of depression in elderly patients in a psychiatric hospital.



Two groups of hospitalized patients, aged from 60 to 79 years, with mild or moderate depression (according to ICD-10), comparable in basic demographic and clinical characteristics, received mono- or complex (in combination with carnicetine) antidepressant therapy for 8 weeks. Treatment efficacy was assessed with HAM-D, HARS, CGI-S and CGI-I; the level of cognitive activity was assessed with MMSE, the 10-word memory test and clock drawing test.



It has been established that the use of complex antidepressants therapy with the inclusion of carnicetine allows to achieve a more rapid and pronounced therapeutic response compared to antidepressant monotherapy. This is confirmed by the earlier (by the 4th week) and significant reduction of depressive and anxiety symptoms (p<0.01), a greater number of responders and better quality of depressive outcomes to the end of treatment and a more rapid improvement in cognitive functioning.



The results allow us to recommend the inclusion of carnicetine for the augmentation of antidepressant therapy in elderly patients of the psychiatric hospital to achieve a more rapid and complete therapeutic response and reduce the duration of hospitalization.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Temporal coherence length and speckle: a simultaneous approach to those problems in holography; authors' reply to comment.

It appears that the comment of Yu on our Letter, which relates to one of his previous works, has arisen due to misunderstanding. We believe the reason is due to the lack of sufficient explicitness in the papers involved. The main assertion of our Letter (third paragraph) is that a forceful reduction of one hologram into smaller subholograms for speckle averaging does not, in general, improve the over-all quality of the image  unless the entire object spectrum can be contained effectively within each of the subholograms. Yu and Wang's claim that the "hologram image speckle can be made to disappear" has been contradicted by Kermisch's analysis, which establishes an upper limit in the reduction of speckle contrast. It is true that Yu and Wang briefly stated that the "speckle reduction is possible" at the cost of resolution. But their paper does not make the following points explicitly clear: (1) that, due to the reduction in area of any one of their sampling subapertures, the average physical size of the individual speckle increases, and (2) that their random-aperture-sampling introduces a severe reduction in the object contrast (explicitly analyzed by Kermisch and also reported by Hariharan and Hegedus). Besides, we assert that the over-all quality of the image of a general object reconstructed from the entire hologram at a time is better than the incoherently speckleaveraged image after dividing the same hologram into many subholograms.

Field of study: Physics
Adiponectin - A possible factor in the pathogenesis of carbohydrate metabolism disturbances in patients with pheochromocytoma.

Glucose metabolism disturbances are relatively common feature in pheochromocytoma patients. Decreased insulin secretion due to the inhibitory effect of supraphysiological plasma catecholamine concentrations was considered to be the main cause for pheochromocytoma-associated diabetes mellitus. However, data from animal and clinical studies have suggested that catecholamines can induce insulin resistance. More recent trials support the hypothesis that catecholamines inhibit adiponectin secretion.



The aim of the present study was to evaluate the relationship between adiponectin levels and insulin sensitivity in patients with endocrine hypertension due to pheochromocytoma comparing them to these in patients with essential hypertension and healthy subjects.



Three groups of subjects were enrolled in the study: 26 patients with pheochromocytoma, 30 normal-weight patients with essential hypertension and 31 healthy subjects. Adiponectin levels were determined by radioimmunoassay (RIA).



Serum adiponectin concentrations were significantly lower in patients with pheochromocytoma compared to these in normal-weight hypertensive patients and healthy controls. Postoperative adiponectin levels were significantly higher then preoperative despite of the increased BMI in pheochromocytoma patients. There was a significant negative correlation between adiponectin serum concentrations and preprandial glucose, insulin levels and HOMA as a marker of insulin sensitivity. In contrast to previous studies, we did not find a significant difference between circulating adiponectin levels in normal-weight patients with EH and healthy subjects.



Hypoadiponectinemia in pheochromocytoma patients may represent a possible pathogenic factor for the development of carbohydrate metabolism disturbances in these patients.

Field of study: Medicine
Functional characterization of the human phosphodiesterase 7A1 promoter.

In this paper, the human phosphodiesterase 7A1 (h PDE7A1 ) promoter region was identified and functionally characterized. Transient transfection experiments indicated that a 2.9 kb fragment of the h PDE7A1 5'-flanking region, to position -2907, has strong promoter activity in Jurkat T-cells. Deletion analysis showed that the proximal region, up to position -988, contains major cis -regulatory elements of the h PDE7A1 promoter. This minimal promoter region contains a regulatory CpG island which is essential for promoter activity. The CpG island contains three potential cAMP-response-element-binding protein (CREB)-binding sites that, as judged by in vivo dimethyl sulphate (DMS) footprinting, are occupied in Jurkat T-cells. Moreover, over-expression of CREB results in increased promoter activity, but, on the other hand, promoter activity decreases when a dominant-negative form of CREB (KCREB) is over-expressed. In vivo DMS footprinting strongly indicates that other transcription factors, such Ets-2, nuclear factor of activated T-cells 1 (NFAT-1) and nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB), might also contribute to the regulation of h PDE7A1 promoter. Finally, h PDE7A1 promoter was found to be induced by treatment with PMA, but not by treatment with dibutyryl cAMP or forskolin. These results provide insights into the factors and mechanisms that regulate expression of the h PDE7A gene.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science