nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Nucleon-Nucleon Spin Dependent Scattering Amplitudes to Describe Final State Interactions in Electromagnetic and Electroweak Nuclear Processes

NUCLEON-NUCLEON SPIN DEPENDENT SCATTERING AMPLITUDES TO DESCRIBE FINAL STATE INTERACTIONS IN ELECTROMAGNETIC AND ELECTROWEAK NUCLEAR PROCESSES William P. Ford Old Dominion University, 2013 Director: Dr. J. Wallace Van Orden There are currently no models readily available that provide nucleon-nucleon spin dependent scattering amplitudes at high energies (s ≥ 6 GeV). This work aims to provide a model for calculating these high-energy scattering amplitudes. The foundation of the model is Regge theory since it allows for a relativistic description and full spin dependence. A parameterization of the amplitudes is presented, and comparisons of the solution to the assembled data set are shown. In addition, an application of the model to describe final state interactions in deuteron electrodisintegration is presented. Overall the model works as intended, and provides an adequate description of the nucleon-nucleon interaction at these energies.

Field of study: Physics
[Tenoxicam (texamen) in the treatment of acute cervicalgia: results of an open comparative trial].

Acute cervical pain is one of the most common reasons for a visit to a doctor and temporal disability. We studied efficacy and safety of the nonsteroid anti-inflammatory drug tenoxicam (texamen) in the treatment of acute cervical pain in myofascial syndrome.A trial included 50 people (42 women and 8 men, mean age 42,2±6,8 years) with acute cephalgia. A main group (30 patients) received tenoxicam in dose 20 mg daily in the morning during 7 days with simultaneous therapeutic exercises with elements of postisometric relaxation of cervical muscles. A control group (20 patients) received myorelaxants and massage of a cervical-collar zone.The analgesic effect was more rapid in patients treated with texamen compared to controls. Statistically significant differences were seen in 1-3 days of treatment. In the main group, the analgesic effect long, only 16,6% of patients reported the aggravation of pain in the evening hours during the first day of treatment and 10% in the 2nd day; 23,3% patients of the main group used an additional dose of texamen, another nonsteroid anti-inflammatory drug (ibuprofen) or triptan to stop pain.The introduction of nonsteroid anti-inflammatory drugs, in particular texamen, in the complex treatment of acute cephalgia can significantly reduce pain syndrome.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Effect of cement dust on the growth and yield of Brassica campestris L.

Plants of Brassica campestris L. var. G-S20 were treated with cement dust, at rates of 3 (B(1)), 5 (B(2)) and 7 (B(3)) gm(-2) day(-1) for 90 days. Treated plants showed a consistent reduction in growth, photosynthetic pigments, yield and oil content over control plants. The overall phytomass of treated plants was significantly decreased, the maximum reduction being 64.8% in B(3) plants, followed by B(2) plants (55.3%) and B(1) plants (43.69%) at 60 days. The effect on oil content was also greatest in B(3) plants, where it was decreased by 6.13%.

Field of study: Environmental science
Recent data on the structure of the carbohydrate moiety of glycoproteins. Metabolic and biological implications

The author reviews the information acquired in the last four years on the structure of isoglycans (branched glycans) N-glycosidically linked to asparagine. Developments of the structural methodology of conjugated carbohydrates are analysed with reference to the following procedures: sugar determination, chemical (partial acid hydrolysis, acetolysis, hydrazinolysis—nitrous deamination), and enzymatic (exoand endoglycosidases) cleavage of polysaccharide chains, and methylation. Several structures of glycans are described. It appears that all possess the common pentasccharidic core of the following mannotriosido-di-N-acetylchitobiose on which are conjugated either neuraminyl (or fucosyl)-N-acetyllactosamine or oligomannoside residues. It is proposed to term these glycan structures, respectively, N-acetyllactosaminic type and oligomannosidic type. The author demonstrates that these structures are in a good agreement with recent data concerning, on the one hand, the biosynthesis and pathological catabolism of glycoproteins and, on the other hand, the biological role of carbohydrate moieties considered as cell recognition signals.  Four years ago, in a lecture given at the Fifth International Symposium on Carbohydrate Chemistry, I reviewed the' present state of knowledge concerning the structure of the carbohydrate moiety of the glycoproteins. The conclusion was that about one century after the discovery of these compounds, no structure was known, except those of some linear glycans (n-glycans). Our ignorance was due, partly, to the microheterogeneity of glycoproteins and glycans and partly to the lack of precise methods for structural investigation of the branched glycans (iso-glycans). The review82 concluded by emphasizing the fact that 'an enormous methodological work 431

Field of study: Chemistry
Filtering Effects of Queueing Systems on End-to-End Network Performance

A network is a mesh connection of network elements (NEs), each of which can be characterized as a single server queueing system. Upon arrival to the single server queueing system, a customer may see another customer already in service, and yet others may be in the queue. The new arrival either joins the queue, or is lost if there is no room available. By studying the traffic parameters at the ingress and egress of a generic NE, it is possible to deduce the filtering effect of a single server queueing system. On the assumption of exponential on – off traffic flows, we have derived equations to recursively compute the output traffic parameters as a function of the input traffic parameters. Since the output from the i th NE is also the input to the ( i +1)st NE, the recursive equations allow us to assess the end-to-end network performance. Simulation results are used to gauge the accuracy of the analytical approach.

Field of study: Computer science
Structure of the S pilus periplasmic chaperone SfaE at 2.2 A resolution.

S pili are sialic acid binding hair-like appendages expressed by pathogenic strains of Escherichia coli. The presence of S pili has been implicated as a virulence factor in both urinary-tract infections and new-born meningitis. Assembly of S pili proceeds via the ubiquitous chaperone/usher pathway. Previously, structures of the homologous chaperones PapD and FimC involved in assembly of P and type-1 pili, respectively, have been solved. Here, the 2.2 A X-ray structure of the S pilus chaperone SfaE is reported. SfaE has the same overall L-shaped structure as PapD and FimC, with two immunoglobulin-like domains oriented at about a 90 degrees angle to each other. Conserved residues in the subunit-binding cleft known to be critical for chaperone function occupy essentially identical positions in SfaE, FimC and PapD. As in free PapD and FimC, the long F1-G1 loop connecting the two last strands of the N-terminal domain is disordered. SfaE crystallizes as a dimer with an extensive dimer interface involving the subunit-binding surfaces of the chaperone. Dimerization via these regions has previously been observed for PapD and might be a general side effect arising from the subunit-binding properties of periplasmic chaperones. The domain interface contains an extended hydrogen-bond network involving three invariant charged residues and two structurally conserved water molecules. It is suggested that disruption of the domain interactions may destabilize the N-terminal domain through exposure of three conserved hydrophobic residues, thereby promoting release of pilus subunits during pilus assembly.

Field of study: Chemistry
Assessing Environmental Impacts of newly created Earth Roads in Developing Countries: The case of Cameroon

Newly created earth roads are fundamental facilitators for development in many developing countries. However, positive or negative environmental and human impacts accompany its construction. This study investigated the assessment of the possible environmental and human impacts of the 70 km Benakuma-Bawuro-Akwaya earth road construction project in Cameroon. The study employed qualitative and quantitative approaches. Data were collected using interviews, road observation and questionnaire. Result of the study reveals that inhabitants were not motivated from the destruction of their properties. Water pollution, the destruction of water sources, Soil and farms pollution/destruction and fauna and flora destruction were identified as major negative environmental impacts, while human damages were recorded mainly in the domains of housing and changing Socio-cultural and demographic features. The total cost of destruction accessed using the EIA was far more than the government estimation called “compensation cost”. In conclusion, the implementation of Impacts Assessment prior to, during and after the construction of newly earth roads would encouraged a stronger participation of beneficiary communities to optimize positive pre and post construction benefits and minimize negative ones; while reducing possible pressure on evaluators and minimizing corruption avenues which can be very common in developing countries.  Earth road construction, pollution, impact assessment

Field of study: Education
ANALYSIS OF EFFECT OF SOLID-LIQUID CONTACT ANGLE ON HEAT TRANSFER ENHANCEMENT OF FILMWISE CONDENSATION

In order to study the influence of solid liquid interfacial energy on the filmwise condensation heat transfer performance, a correlation relating heat transfer coefficient with contact angle was derived with respect to liquid film flow and heat transfer at vapor liquid interface. The calculated results for steam filmwise condensation indicated that heat transfer coefficient increased with increasing contact angle when the contact angle was within a certain range. When contact angle was very small (approaching 0°), the predicted heat transfer coefficient was consistent with the result of classic Nusselt theory.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Effects of buthionine sulfoximine on the outcome of the in utero administration of alcohol on fetal development.

The adverse effects of the maternal consumption of alcohol on the fetus have been recognized for centuries. Fetal alcohol syndrome is characterized by pre- and postnatal growth retardation, mental retardation, behavioral deficits, and facial deformities. Despite numerous animal studies, the biochemical mechanism(s) by which alcohol produces teratogenic effects on the developing fetus are not well understood. Several studies have shown that administration of alcohol to adult rats produces a decrease in hepatic levels of glutathione (GSH). In utero administration of alcohol has also been shown to produce a decrease in GSH levels, as well as prenatal growth retardation and intrauterine death. In an effort to determine if GSH may have a vital role in protecting the fetus against the teratogenic effects of alcohol, buthionine (SR)-sulfoximine (BSO) was used to deplete GSH levels in the mother and fetus. Timed pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were placed on a liquid BioServ diet containing either 0%, 11%, 23%, 29%, 31%, 33%, or 35% ethanol-derived calories, with or without BSO (888 mg/kg/24 hr), starting on day 1 of pregnancy. Another set of mothers were fed lab chow and water as a control group for the liquid diet. The mothers were maintained on the diet until gestation day 21 when they were anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital and the pups delivered by cesarean section. The offspring were counted, weighed, killed, and the brain and liver weighed. The effects of BSO on the alcohol dose-response curves (body weights, brain weights, and litter number) were then determined to ascertain if a depletion in GSH potentiated the effects of alcohol. In utero administration of BSO, aside from the depletion of GSH in the liver and brain in the developing fetus, produced a shift to the left in the alcohol dose-response curve.

Field of study: Medicine
Weyl modules, Demazure modules and finite crystals for non-simply laced type

We show that every Weyl module for a current algebra has a filtration whose successive quotients are isomorphic to Demazure modules, and that the path model for a tensor product of level zero fundamental representations is isomorphic to a disjoint union of Demazure crystals. Moreover, we show that the Demazure modules appearing in these two objects coincide exactly. Though these results have been previously known in the simply laced case, they are new in the non-simply laced case.

Field of study: Mathematics
Estabilidade do suco tropical de acerola (Malpighia emarginata d.c.) adoçado envasado pelos processos hot-fill e asséptico

This work aimed to evaluate the stability of the sweetened tropical juice of acerola, produced by the hot fill (glass bottles) and aseptic (packings carton) processes, regarding the chemical, physicochemical, sensorial and microbiological changes, during 350 days of storage (28 °C ± 2 °C). At the end of the experiment it was verified that the samples of both processes maintained an appropriate microbiological stability during the storage. The juice of the hot fill process presented a small increase in the global acceptance, while, the one of the aseptic process maintained, at the end of the 350 days, the same initial acceptance. Initially, the samples of the aseptic process presented better flavor, in comparison with the samples of the hot fill process, however, the juices of the hot fill process maintained stable flavor, while, that the flavor of the juices of the aseptic process was less accepted along the storage. There were still observed, chemical and physicochemical changes in the juices of both processes, showing the samples of the hot fill process greater stability.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Three-Frequency Nonlinear Heterodyne Detection. 1: cw Radar and Analog Communications.

Though heterodyne detection provides a valuable technique for detecting small signals, the conventional system has several inherent disadvantages. In applications such as communications and radar, obtaining a reasonably high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) requires (1) a good knowledge of the velocity of the transmitter or target, (2) a stable yet tunable local oscillator, and (3) a target or source that presents a minimum of frequency broadening. These conditions are frequently not adhered to by real systems, particularly in the ir and optical, giving rise to detection capabilities far below optimum. Calculations are presented for the use and operation of a three-frequency nonlinear heterodyne system that eliminates many of the stringent conditions required for conventional heterodyne detection, while maintaining its near-ideal SNR. The technique, which is similar in principle to heterodyne radiometry, makes use of a two-frequency transmitter and a nonlinear second detector and is particularly useful for signal acquisition; for signals of unknown Doppler shift, in fact, performance is generally superior to that of the conventional system. Although primary emphasis is on the ir and optical because of the large Doppler shifts encountered there, application of the principle in the microwave and radiowave is also discussed. For cw radar and analog communications, the SNR, power spectral density (PSD), and minimum detectable power (MDP) are obtained and compared with the standard configuration. Both sinewave and Gaussian input signals are treated. A variety of specific cases are discussed including the optimum performance case, the typical radar case, and the AM and FM communications case. Evaluation of the technique for pulsed radar and digital communications applications (both in the absence and in the presence of the lognormal atmospheric channel) is reserved for Part 2 of this paper [ (1975)].

Field of study: Physics
HOT GAS FLOW AND MILD PYROLYSIS OF COAL IN FIXED BED

A simple pyrolysis method is presented,in which the coal is preheated with flue gas in a fixed bed. The high heat penetration into the packed bed of coal particles is described mathematically with a reaction and transport model. The temperature profiles for the particles,and the transient local distribution of volatile matter are examined under different conditions. The thermal penetration into the packed-bed particles by fluid flow is analyzed. The thermal penetration depth and coal pyrolysis zone moves along the bed with time. Increasing inlet gas temperature tends to enhance the temperature level in the thermal penetration zone and decrease the pyrolysis time. The model results are found to agree the experimental data available in literature.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Family sport: the foothold for developing modern rural sports in China

The deep rooted family consciousness or family complex of people in rural areas in China indicates that the development of rural sports cannot be isolated from families,hence developing rural sports based on family sports is provided with historical and time bases.Traditional culture restricts the life styles of rural families and the thinking manners of peasants;the implementation of the family contracting responsibility system has intensified family complex,and highlighted the physical education function of families;peasant workers going back to their hometowns as well as family size and structure becoming smaller provide more vitality for rural family sports in China.

Field of study: Education
Polymorphism in the oxides R2BaNiO5 (R=Tm, Yb, Lu)

The family of compounds R 2 BaNiO 5 for R=Nd, Dy, Y, Ho and Er are orthorhombic, Immm, whereas for R=Tm, Yb, Lu two different orthorhombic phases can be stabilized, Immm and Pnma, depending on the synthesis conditions. The main feature of the Immm-phase is the existence of one-dimensional chains of vertex-sharing NiO 6 octahedra along the a -axis. The Pnma-phase is isomorphous to the so called “green phase” Y 2 BaCuO 5 , where the transition metal occupies isolated pyramidal-coordinated sites in the structure. The overall agreement between the valence bond sums and formal charges is very poor for the case of the Immm-phase for all the members of the family, indicating that this structure is under very high internal stress. The dimorphism found for the Tm, Yb and Lu compounds is discussed in the light of the preliminary high temperature X-ray diffraction experiments.

Field of study: Materials science
Defining Strong Privacy for RFID

In this work, we consider privacy in radio frequency identification (RFID) systems. Our contribution is twofold: (1) we propose a simple, formal definition of strong privacy useful for basic analysis of RFID systems, as well as a different (weaker) definition applicable to multi-verifier systems; and (2) we apply our definition to reveal vulnerabilities in proposed privacy-enhancing RFID protocols. This paper is a highly abbreviated version of Juels, A et al, (2005)

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Indirect-to-direct band gap crossover in few-layer MoTe₂.

We study the evolution of the band gap structure in few-layer MoTe2 crystals, by means of low-temperature microreflectance (MR) and temperature-dependent photoluminescence (PL) measurements. The analysis of the measurements indicate that in complete analogy with other semiconducting transition metal dichalchogenides (TMDs) the dominant PL emission peaks originate from direct transitions associated with recombination of excitons and trions. When we follow the evolution of the PL intensity as a function of layer thickness, however, we observe that MoTe2 behaves differently from other semiconducting TMDs investigated earlier. Specifically, the exciton PL yield (integrated PL intensity) is identical for mono and bilayer, decreases slightly for trilayer, and it is significantly lower in the tetralayer. The analysis of this behavior and of all our experimental observations is fully consistent with mono and bilayer MoTe2 being direct band gap semiconductors with tetralayer MoTe2 being an indirect gap semiconductor and with trilayers having nearly identical direct and indirect gaps. This conclusion is different from the one reached for other recently investigated semiconducting transition metal dichalcogenides for which monolayers are found to be direct band gap semiconductors, and thicker layers have indirect band gaps that are significantly smaller (by hundreds of meV) than the direct gap. We discuss the relevance of our findings for experiments of fundamental interest and possible future device applications.

Field of study: Physics
Bedrock benches and boulder bars: Floods in the Burdekin Gorge of Australia

The Burdekin Gorge of northeastern Australia lies within the seasonal tropics and is characterized by high discharge variability. Slackwater sediments and paleostage indicators in the gorge record seven large floods that have occurred during the past 1,200 yrs. These floods range in magnitude from 11,000 to 30,000 m 3 s -1 and are characterized by large downstream variations in hydraulics. The floods generate high values of velocity, boundary shear stress, and stream power per unit area. Downstream fluctuations in these variables help to explain the location of boulder bars, high flood levees, small-scale erosional features in the bedrock, and the formation of inner channels. Boulder bars and flood levees form where shear stress and stream power decrease due to channel widening. Small-scale erosional features, such as potholes and troughs, are best developed at sites of channel constriction and associated increases in shear stress and stream power. The development of the inner channel appears to be controlled by complex interactions between bedrock lithology and structure, and by flow hydraulics. All of the channel features are related to the hydraulics of large floods, which therefore are the dominant controls on many aspects of channel morphology in this bedrock gorge.

Field of study: Geology
New ways to print living cells promise breakthroughs for engineering complex tissues in vitro.

The ability to control the placement of cells and the assembly of networks in vitro has tremendous potential for understanding the regulation of development as well as for generating artificial tissues. To date, most engineering tools that can place materials with precision are not compatible with the requirements of living cells, and so approaches to tissue engineering have focused on patterning substrates as a way of controlling cell growth rather than patterning cells directly. In this issue of Biochemical Journal, however, Eagles et al. adapt electrohydrodynamic printing technology to 'print' living cells from a neuronal cell line on to a substrate. The importance of this approach is that it has the potential for unprecedented control over the position of cells in culture by directly placing them, thus allowing for the systematic assembly of cell networks.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Contrast media induced transient cortical blindness.

Learning points for clinicians

Transient cortical blindness is a rare complication of contrast media use seen in cerebral and coronary angiography. Computed tomography typically shows occipital gyral and subarachnoid hyperdensity. The blindness is self-limiting, resolving within 2–4 days of onset.

A 60-year-old man who had previous coronary artery bypass graft surgery with a left internal mammary artery (LIMA) graft, underwent a coronary angiogram to investigate multiple episodes of angina. His only other significant past medical history was well-controlled hypertension. The patient was previously exposed to iodinated contrast media with no history of reaction. His pre-procedural blood pressure and renal function was noted to be normal. No premedication was used. During injection of the LIMA, the patient …

Field of study: Medicine