nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Successful Service-Learning Programs. New Models of Excellence in Higher Education.

About the Editor. Contributors. Foreword. Preface. Acknowledgments. 1.  A New Model of Excellence. 2. On the Shoulders of Giants: Building on a Tradition of Experimental Education at Augsburg College. 3. Curriculum and Community Connection: The Center for Service-Learning at Bates College. 4. Redrawing the Bottom Line: The Bentley Service-Learning Project. 5. Community College and Service- A Natural at Brevard Community College. 6. Rediscovering our Heritage: Community Service and the Historically Black University. 7. Communal Participatory Action Research & Strategic Academically Based Community Service: The Work of Penn's Center for Community Partnerships. 8. Comprehensive Design of Community Service: New Understanding, Options, and Vitality in Student Learning at Portland State University. 9. Making a Major Commitment: Public and Community Service at Providence College. 10. Santa Clara University's Eastside Project: A Pilgrimage Toward our own Humanity. 11. We Make the Road by Walking: Building Service-Learning in and out of the Curriculum at the University of Utah.

Field of study: Education
Global existence and stability of mild solutions to the inelastic Boltzmann system for gas mixtures

We study the global existence and uniform stability estimate of mild solutions to the inelastic Boltzmann system for gas mixtures, when initial data are small and decay exponentially in phase space, and we also provide a general multi-dimensional Bony-type potential which yields a priori weighted two-point correlation estimates in phase space to the mild solutions with finite mass and energy without any smallness restriction.

Field of study: Mathematics
Bedrock channel morphology

Analyses of 41 bedrock channel reaches indicate quantifiable relationships between bedrock channel morphology and reach- scale hydraulic and substrate variables. Discriminant analysis was used to develop a discriminant criterion based on reach-averaged channel gradient, substrate heterogeneity, and Selby rock-mass strength. This criterion correctly classified 70% of the observations into one of five channel morphologic types. Channels formed at higher gradients have a morphology that effectively maximizes the erosional force, whereas a morphology that evenly distributes flow energy or dissipates flow energy internally is associated with lower gradients. These results suggest that bedrock channel morphology, like alluvial channel morphology, reflects a quantifiable balance between hydraulic driving and substrate resisting forces.

Field of study: Geology
SPring-8 in-vacuum undulator beam test at the ESRF.

Before the commissioning of SPring-8, the in-vacuum hybrid undulator developed at SPring-8 had been brought to the ESRF for the first beam test in the summer of 1996. The purpose of this test was to investigate the influence of the in-vacuum undulator on the beam and check its vacuum system. However, heating by the resistive wall impedance turned out to be a critical issue for the in-vacuum undulators.

Field of study: Physics
Marcantonio Raimondi, Raphael and the Image Multiplied. Edward H. Wouk, ed. With David Morris. Exh. cat. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2016. 240 pp. £25.

tellectual history and knowledge of craft reflects Ghiberti’s own knowledge. The book is divided into ten chapters, one for each panel. In most chapters, Bloch tracks the compositions and subjects back to Ghiberti’s readings of classical and contemporary authors such as Vitruvius, Pliny, Dante, and Alberti, and ancient and contemporary theology. She does not neglect the “baptismal context of Ghiberti’s Gates” when discussing the Noah panel, or the doors’ function when discussing viewing angles (73). This is a holistic reading of the door panels, and readers, most of whom will be familiar with the doors, must take time with this book. Bloch challenges Krautheimer’s assertion that Ghiberti was simply applying Alberti’s theory of perspective directly when she discusses the panel of Jacob and Esau. Instead, she shows that it is the sense of “deep space” and emotional ties between the figures that is the panel’s strength (150). TheMoses chapter considers the difficulty of depicting the sounds of thunder, earthquakes, and storms in the natural world. Bloch convincingly suggests that Ghiberti’s insertion of his self-portrait next to that panel was not because of his pride in demonstrating perspective, but because he had successfully challenged Apelles. Pliny’s description of the ancient artist’s painterly skill at depicting natural weather phenomena such as thunder and lightning, “visualiz[ing ] invisible nature,” had now been achieved in bronze (208). Bloch does not leave Ghiberti with his books in the workshop. She also notes that Ghiberti’s three documented trips to Venice may have been to “check on the quality of his copper, or perhaps, to be sure the alloys for his projects were being mixed correctly” (221). This is speculation, but of a very useful kind. Ghiberti was a reader, a thinker, and a writer, but most crucially a maker. Bronze is durable but delicate. The wrong balance of metals will result in disaster, and handling changes the surface. Bloch’s close examination of the panels, and references to Francesca Bewer’s work on the casting technique reveal that Ghiberti reinforced the back of the stone carrier in the Joshua panel (228–30, figs. 226, 228; 317n55). It is this type of detail that will appeal to bronze specialists in particular, though the book should be read by all who work in Italian Renaissance art and literary history.

Field of study: History
Preliminary measurements of summer nitric acid and ammonia concentrations in the Lake Tahoe Basin air-shed: implications for dry deposition of atmospheric nitrogen.

Over the past 50 years, Lake Tahoe, an alpine lake located in the Sierra Nevada mountains on the border between California and Nevada, has seen a decline in water clarity. With significant urbanization within its borders and major urban areas 130 km upwind of the prevailing synoptic airflow, it is believed the Lake Tahoe Basin is receiving substantial nitrogen (N) input via atmospheric deposition during summer and fall. We present preliminary inferential flux estimates to both lake surface and forest canopy based on empirical measurements of ambient nitric acid (HNO3), ammonia (NH3), and ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) concentrations, in an effort to identify the major contributors to and ranges of atmospheric dry N deposition to the Lake Tahoe Basin. Total flux from dry deposition ranges from 1.2 to 8.6 kg N ha-1 for the summer and fall dry season and is significantly higher than wet deposition, which ranges from 1.7 to 2.9 kg N ha-1 year-1. These preliminary results suggest that dry deposition of HNO3 is the major source of atmospheric N deposition for the Lake Tahoe Basin, and that overall N deposition is similar in magnitude to deposition reported for sites exposed to moderate N pollution in the southern California mountains.

Field of study: Environmental science
High-field performance and structure of (Nb,Ta)/sub 3/Sn superconductors produced by Ta-Sn core

New (Nb,Ta)/sub 3/Sn high-field conductors have been fabricated using a Ta-Sn powder core and a Nb-Ta alloy sheath. An appropriate Ta/Sn composition ratio in the core is 6/5 to 6/4, and an optimum Ta concentration in the sheath is 3 to 4 at%. In tape specimens, relative thickness ratio of (Nb,Ta)3Sn layer increases with decreasing total thickness of the tape. The non-Cu J/sub c/ at 23 T and 4.2 K of 0.6 mm-thick tape is 1.15/spl times/10/sup 4/ A/cm/sup 2/, while that of 0.3 mm-thick tape is 1.35/spl times/10/sup 4/ A/cm/sup 2/. 2 wt%Cu addition to the core decreases the optimum reaction temperature from 900/spl deg/C to 800/spl deg/C. More homogeneous and finer grain structure of (Nb,Ta)/sub 3/Sn is obtained in specimens with a small amount of Cu addition. 2 wt%Cu addition to the core enhances non-Cu J/sub c/ of the tape in fields lower than 22 T. Mono-core wire specimens are also easily fabricated, and show excellent non-Cu J/sub c/ values in the field range of 21 to 23 T at 4.2 K.

Field of study: Physics
Kuskusky Towns and Early Western Pennsylvania Indian History, 1748-1778

DURING THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY, Indians throughout eastern North America came under increasing pressure from Euro-American colonies. This was especially true for native societies living on the borders of Anglo-America. The growing conflict between Great Britain and France after 1689 threatened not only the peace of their respective American colonies, but also the survival of many Indian nations, from the Iroquois of New York to the Cherokees and Creeks of the southeast, who found themselves living between the imperial giants. Of equal concern to the Delawares and Shawnees of eastern Pennsylvania was the rising tide of colonial settlement that threatened to appropriate and extinguish the natives' political indepen dence and cultural identities.

Field of study: History
Conformational analysis of some ion-conducting helix polyethers by molecular modelling

Molecular mechanics calculations and computer graphics are made in order to model the interactions between a number of helix-structured polyethers and a Li ion. The structures of the helix and double-helix polyethers were optimized by minimizing the intra-molecular and intermolecular energies. The interactions potentials between the Li ion and the optimized helix-structured polyether were determined by translating the Li ion through the helix along the x -axis in steps of 0.1 A. This is only preliminary research relating to the use of molecular modelling in a study of the electric conduction properties of polyether-salt systems. Even this static model, however, can provide an explanation as to why some polyether-salt systems conduct electricity better than others.

Field of study: Materials science
International Collaboration in Armaments Production: A Second-Best Solution

Why do states collaborate in the production of advanced weaponry? Under what conditions do such collaborative arrangements succeed? These are questions of both theoretical importance and policy relevance. From a theoretical perspective, the issue of interstate collaboration is among the most prominent concerns of research in international political economy. 1 In the policy realm, the costs and benefits associated with armaments collaboration have been widely debated, as exemplified by the recent controversy over the FSX, a Japanese jet fighter that will be built using technology and systems integration techniques purchased from the American firm, General Dynamics.2 In this article I argue that collaborative arrangements for the production of complex weapons systems represent a second-best solution to the problem of defense acquisition. Such arrangements reflect the desire of states to maintain domestic military-industrial capacity on the one hand, while incorporating capital and technology from abroad on the other. In short, collaboration represents a

Field of study: Political science
Lower bounds on the efficiency of generic cryptographic constructions

We present lower bounds on the efficiency of constructions for Pseudo-Random Generators (PRGs) and Universal One-Way Hash Functions (UOWHFs) based on black-box access to one-way permutations. Our lower bounds are tight as they match the efficiency of known constructions. A PRG (resp. UOWHF) construction based on black-box access is a machine that is given oracle access to a permutation. Whenever the permutation is hard to invert, the construction is hard to break. In this paper we give lower bounds on the number of invocations to the oracle by the construction. If S is the assumed security of the oracle permutation /spl pi/ (i.e. no adversary of size S can invert /spl pi/ on a fraction larger than 1/S of its inputs) then a PRG (resp. UOWHF) construction that stretches (resp. compresses) its input by k bits must query /spl pi/ in q=/spl Omega/(k/log S) points. This matches known constructions. Our results are given in an extension of the Impagliazzo-Rudich model. That is, we prove that a proof of the existence of PRG (resp. UOWHF) black-box constructions that beat our lower bound would imply a proof of the unconditional existence of such construction (which would also imply P/spl ne/NP).

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Particle dependence of the gallium vacancy production in irradiated n-type gallium arsenide

The relative introduction rate of the gallium vacancy in n-type GaAs irradiated with /sup 60/Co /spl gamma/ rays, 7 MeV electrons, fusion (14 MeV) and fission (1 MeV) neutrons, protons (0.6 to 200 MeV), deuterons (1 to 10 MeV), /spl alpha/ particles (2.5 to 10 MeV), lithium (5 to 20 MeV) and oxygen ions (10 to 30 MeV) has been determined. Effects of annealing are reported. The measured introduction rates obtained with proton irradiation for energies up to 10 MeV, and for the heavy ions agree reasonably well with Rutherford scattering, NIEL calculations and the TRIM simulation. The results for electron irradiation also agree with the corresponding NIEL calculations.

Field of study: Physics
Enhancing fish stocks with wave-powered artificial upwelling

Ocean fisheries are declining worldwide due to overexploitation. Productivity could be enhanced and the problem alleviated by pumping nutrient-rich deep ocean water (DOW) to the surface to feed phytoplankton, the bottom end of a marine food chain, mimicking natural upwelling which sustains the most productive ocean fishing grounds in the world. Various pump types and power sources have been proposed for this purpose. The present article proposes a simple wave-powered pump to demonstrate the concept cost-effectively at prototype scale. Possible solutions to the problems of dilution and plunging of dense, nutrient-rich DOW are discussed. Two further possible benefits of this proposal are discussed: by extracting wave energy, relatively calm fishing grounds may be created close to markets, and by pumping up very large quantities of cold DOW, the surface temperature could be lowered enough to reduce coral bleaching on parts of the Great Barrier Reef.

Field of study: Environmental science
Field Quantization for Radiative Decay of Plasmons in Finite and Infinite Geometries

We investigate field quantization in high-curvature geometries. The models and calculations can help with understanding the elastic and inelastic scattering of photons and electrons in nanostructures and probe-like metallic domains. The results find important applications in high-resolution photonic and electronic modalities of scanning probe microscopy, nano-optics, plasmonics, and quantum sensing. Quasistatic formulation, leading to nonretarded quantities, is employed and justified on the basis of the nanoscale, here subwavelength, dimensions of the considered domains of interest. Within the quasistatic framework, we represent the nanostructure material domains with frequency-dependent dielectric functions. Quantities associated with the normal modes of the electronic systems, the nonretarded plasmon dispersion relations, eigenmodes, and fields are then calculated for several geometric entities of use in nanoscience and nanotechnology. From the classical energy of the charge density oscillations in the modeled nanoparticle, we then derive the Hamiltonian of the system, which is used for quantization. The quantized plasmon field is obtained and, employing an interaction Hamiltonian derived from the first-order perturbation theory within the hydrodynamic model of the electron gas, we obtain an analytical expression for the radiative decay rate of the plasmons. The established treatment is applied to multiple geometries to investigate the quantized charge density oscillations on their bounding surfaces. Specifically, using one sheet of a two-sheeted hyperboloid of revolution, paraboloid of revolution, and cylindrical domains, all with one infinite dimension, and the finite spheroidal and toroidal domains are treated. ...

Field of study: Physics
Question 16 revisited : both sides buttered

My county team had overcome an early loss in the New York competition to come back and win the tournament, representing the state on the big stage. We played Iowa: a young, well-rounded team. It was the box-type buzzers on the table before us, rather than the handheld-style similar to those on Jeopardy, which I took as a good omen.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
HYBRID SATURATION WEIGHTING & COLORCAT BASED COLOR CONSTANCY

Coloring Constancy is usually a trend that describes the human capacity to estimate the exact color of any world no matter of along together with of light with the scene. Since a photo is a new item with the light that occurs in the world and also the reflectance attributes with the world, achieving shade constancy can be an ill-posed difficulty and numerous practices have recently been proposed to address it. The newest approach in this paper will use color normalization in addition to saturation weighting while post processing of color cat to relieve the consequence of unequal illuminate in addition to poor brightness.  Digital image processing; Working of Digital image processing; Color Constancy; Techniques of color constancy; Color Cat

Field of study: Engineering
Transition metal catalyzed site-selective cysteine diversification of proteins

Site-specific protein conjugation is a critical step in the generation of unique protein analogs for a range of basic research and therapeutic developments. Protein transformations must target a precise residue in the presence of a plethora of functional groups to obtain a well-characterized homogeneous product. Competing reactive residues on natural proteins render rapid and selective conjugation a challenging task. Organometallic reagents have recently emerged as a powerful strategy to achieve site-specific labeling of a diverse set of biopolymers, due to advances in water-soluble ligand design, high reaction rate, and selectivity. The thiophilic nature of various transition metals, especially soft metals, makes cysteine an ideal target for these reagents. The distinctive reactivity and selectivity of organometallic-based reactions, along with the unique reactivity and abundancy of cysteine within the human proteome, provide a powerful platform to modify native proteins in aqueous media. These reactions often provide the modified proteins with a stable linkage made from irreversible cross-coupling steps. Additionally, transition metal reagents have recently been applied for the decaging of cysteine residues in the context of chemical protein synthesis. Orthogonal cysteine protecting groups and functional tags are often necessary for the synthesis of challenging proteins, and organometallic reagents are powerful tools for selective, rapid, and water-compatible removal of those moieties. This review examines transition metal-based reactions of cysteine residues for the synthesis and modification of natural peptides and proteins.

Field of study: Chemistry
The nucleic acid revolution continues – will forensic biology become forensic molecular biology?

Molecular biology has evolved far beyond that which could have been predicted at the time DNA identity testing was established. Indeed we should now perhaps be referring to “forensic molecular biology.” Aside from DNA’s established role in identifying the “who” in crime investigations, other developments in medical and developmental molecular biology are now ripe for application to forensic challenges. The impact of DNA methylation and other post-fertilization DNA modifications, plus the emerging role of small RNAs in the control of gene expression, is re-writing our understanding of human biology. It is apparent that these emerging technologies will expand forensic molecular biology to allow for inferences about “when” a crime took place and “what” took place. However, just as the introduction of DNA identity testing engendered many challenges, so the expansion of molecular biology into these domains will raise again the issues of scientific validity, interpretation, probative value, and infringement of personal liberties. This Commentary ponders some of these emerging issues, and presents some ideas on how they will affect the conduct of forensic molecular biology in the foreseeable future.

Field of study: Biology
Erratum to: Determination of indoor humidity profile using a whole-building hygrothermal model

This publication could be one of several versions: author’s original, accepted manuscript or the publisher’s version. / La version de cette publication peut être l’une des suivantes : la version prépublication de l’auteur, la version acceptée du manuscrit ou la version de l’éditeur. For the publisher’s version, please access the DOI link below./ Pour consulter la version de l’éditeur, utilisez le lien DOI ci-dessous.

Field of study: Engineering
Moving Target Detection Algorithm Based on Mixture Gaussian Model and Subtraction

This model is based on mixture Gaussian model suggested by Stauffer et al.It constructs a mixture Gaussians Model for each pixel,In sequence frames subtracting the model classify the pixels in each frame into background area and moving objection area.The model set a unique update rate in uncovered background area.our model moving objection area no longer creates new Gaussian distribution,so it can avoid classifying slow-moving objects to the background.The experimental resultal indicate that our model has preferable adaptive performance to the scene with many uncertain factors,and correspondence quickly.

Field of study: Computer science
Efficient Scheme for Channel Estimation in OFDM System

The choice of channel estimation is of fundamental importance in OFDM receiver designs, which further involves a trade-off between complexity and estimation accuracy. In pilot-symbol-aided OFDM system, the Least Square (LS) estimator suffers from inherent additive Gaussian noise and Inter Carrier Interference (ICI), although the estimator exhibits lower complexity and requires implicit knowledge of the channel. In comparison, the Minimum Mean-Square-Error (MMSE) estimator shows much better performance than the LS. However, a major drawback of the MMSE is its higher computational overhead, which further grows with increasing the number of pilots. Accordingly, the optimal design of channel estimators has remained an area of ongoing research. This study performs modifications to both existing LS and MMSE algorithms, followed by proposing two new channel estimators, namely Simplified Least Square (SLS) and Simplified Minimum Mean Square Error (SMMSE). Mathematical analyses and simulation results show that the proposed SLS method is more robust against the additive Gaussian noise and outperforms the original LS estimator. Moreover, this method can perform almost similar to the MMSE for a range of SNRs. Meanwhile, in our study the proposed SMMSE method requires only a minimum knowledge of the Channel Impulse Response (CIR) to efficiently estimate the channel. Additionally, the SMMSE exhibits computational complexity to be significantly lower than that of the original MMSE estimator

Field of study: Computer science