nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Effect of the particle size of micro-scale and nano-scale additions on the formation of compositional fluctuations in Sm-Ba-Cu-O material

Recently, many studies imply that the existence of field induced pinning centers, which include RE-rich clusters and compositional fluctuations, contribute to the flux pinning in high field regions. The mechanisms to introduce field induced pinning centers have been proposed for different single grained high T/sub c/ superconductor systems. Our previous studies indicated that the addition of nano-scale RE/sub 2/BaCuO/sub 5/ (RE211, RE: rare elements) form nano-sized compositional fluctuations during the melt-growth process and thus act as field induced pinning centers. It has been noted that samples with the addition of nano-Nd/sub 4/Ba/sub 2/Cu/sub 2/O/sub 10/ (Nd422) particles exhibit a higher J/sub c/-H performance than those with nano-Sm211 precursors, which were supposed to be the result of the different solubility, peritectic temperature, and atomic size of Nd compared to Sm. It is therefore believed that the optimum size of compositional fluctuations will be related to the diffusivities of RE elements, solubility, and the precursor particle size. In this study, Nd/sub 4/Ba/sub 2/Cu/sub 2/O/sub 10/ (Nd422) particles of two different sizes: micro scale and nano scale, were used to reveal the size effect. Different microstructures and J/sub c/-H performance were observed which are related to different reactions between the Nd422 additions and the 123 matrix during the melt-textured growth process.

Field of study: Physics
Microbial diversity in bovine papillomatous digital dermatitis in Holstein dairy cows from upstate New York.

Papillomatous digital dermatitis (PDD) is one of the most prevalent diseases of cattle, adversely affecting the dairy industry by its negative effect on milk production and reproductive performance. Our objective was to use culture-independent methods to determine the microbial diversity in different strata of PDD lesions of three Holstein dairy cows, analyzing whether major differences exist compared to foot skin of three non-infected cows. Both group-specific 16S rRNA gene PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and clone library sequencing of broad-range 16S rRNA gene showed differences between the microbial composition of healthy dairy cows and the different strata of the lesion. The predominant bacterial community in the lesion, regardless of the stratum, consisted of 166 specific phylotypes belonging to seven bacterial phyla. Spirochetes (particularly, treponemes) was the most prominent group detected in PDD deep biopsies and was only found in samples from the lesion. Additionally, one phylotype phylogenetically affiliated with uncultured Euryarchaeota was detected in two strata of the lesion. Sequences from healthy foot skin samples revealed 86 specific phylotypes that were affiliated with Firmicutes and Proteobacteria. Our study corroborates the theory that treponemes are involved in PDD disease etiology and suggests, for the first time, the presence of archaeal members in this particular bovine infection.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
A 2N order compact finite difference method for solving the generalized regularized long wave (GRLW) equation

The generalized regularized long wave (GRLW) equation is solved by fully different numerical scheme. The equation is discretized in space by 2N order compact finite difference method and in time by a backward finite difference method. At the inner and the boundary nodes, the first and the second order derivatives with 2N order of accuracy are obtained. To determine the conservation properties of the GRLW equation three invariants of motion are evaluated. The single solitary wave and the interaction of two and three solitary waves are presented to validate the efficiency and the accuracy of the proposed scheme.

Field of study: Mathematics
Unleashing the power of meta-threading for evolution/structure-based function inference of proteins

Protein threading is widely used in the prediction of protein structure and the subsequent functional annotation. Most threading approaches employ similar criteria for the template identification for use in both protein structure and function modeling. Using structure similarity alone might result in a high false positive rate in protein function inference, which suggests that selecting functional templates should be subject to a different set of constraints. In this study, we extend the functionality of eThread, a recently developed approach to meta-threading, focusing on the optimal selection of functional templates. We optimized the selection of template proteins to cover a broad spectrum of protein molecular function: ligand, metal, inorganic cluster, protein, and nucleic acid binding. In large-scale benchmarks, we demonstrate that the recognition rates in identifying templates that bind molecular partners in similar locations are very high, typically 70–80%, at the expense of a relatively low false positive rate. eThread also provides useful insights into the chemical properties of binding molecules and the structural features of binding. For instance, the sensitivity in recognizing similar protein-binding interfaces is 58% at only 18% false positive rate. Furthermore, in comparative analysis, we demonstrate that meta-threading supported by machine learning outperforms single-threading approaches in functional template selection. We show that meta-threading effectively detects many facets of protein molecular function, even in a low-sequence identity regime. The enhanced version of eThread is freely available as a webserver and stand-alone software at http://www.brylinski.org/ethread.

Field of study: Biology
Investigation of Medium Plate Forming Process and Die Design of Special-shaped Wave-guide Based on Numerical Simulation

The special-shaped wave-guide play an important role in radar system,so there is higher quality requirement on geometry.In order to enhance production efficiency,and ensure the symmetry and vertical degree of part,according to the features of part shape,the deep drawing and reverse redrawing warm forming process of four-one plate medium used for the part was introduced,and the forming process was simulated by the DEFORM-3D software.In the die design,the use of spherical punch made the process of deep drawing and reverse redrawing achieved in one set of mold and common hydraulic press.

Field of study: Materials science
Measurement of the clearance function of macrophages with 125i- -labelled polyvinyl pyrrolidone.

The rate constant of the exponential decay in blood radioactivity between 18 and 48 hr after intravenous injection of 30–80 μg of 125I-labelled polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) in mice has the characteristics of a test of the clearance function of macrophages. It is reduced by carbon, PVP or hydrocortisone, and increased by oestrogen. Clearance is independent of dose over this range, and probably measures resting unstimulated phagocytic function; this is perhaps different from the function measured by existing techniques. Preliminary evidence suggests that it is applicable to man.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Synthesis of α‐amino phosphonic acids via oxoiminium salts

The oxoiminium salts 4a, b, and 8 obtained by alkylation with Et3OBF4 of the aldonitrones 3a, b, and 7 react with diphenyl hydrogen phosphite to give the N-alkoxy α-amino phosphonic esters 6 and 9a, b. Similarly, the cyclic imine oxides 10a, b and the cyclic oxime ethers 14a, b afford the α-branched N-alkoxy α-amino phosphonic esters 12a, b and 16a, b, respectively. Hydrogenolysis and ester hydrolysis affords the α-methyl α-amino phosphonic acid hydrochlorides 13a, b and 17a, b.

Field of study: Chemistry
Coupled Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes/Large-Eddy Simulation for Outlet Guide Vane and Prediffuser Flows

The objective of the present study was the development/testing of a novel hybrid Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes/large-eddy simulation methodology for predicting the flow at the compressor/combustor interface of a gas turbine engine. The coupling between the flow through the outlet guide vanes and the downstream combustor prediffuser represents the first key component of this interface. Important flow characteristics include three-dimensional turbulent outlet guide-vane wakes, end-wall boundary layers, and both favorable and adverse pressure gradient effects. There is a risk of flow separation if diffuser length and area ratio are not appropriately chosen; alternatively, a significant opportunity exists to reduce system flow losses if this risk is managed properly. Outlet guide-vane/prediffuser flow thus represents a significant modeling challenge. In the present approach to Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes/large-eddy simulation computational fluid dynamics, the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes solver is ap...

Field of study: Physics
Transport theory for quantum crystals

A correlation function approach is developed to treat non-equilibrium phenomena of quantum crystals at low frequency and long wavelength within the renormalized harmonic approximation (RHA). The derivation of the transport equations is carried out by studying the hierarchy of equations of motion for the retarded Green's functions of a pure, nonprimitive, nonionic, anharmonic lattice. Using a factorization technique to take into account the most important terms due to the particle fluctuations and the leading contributions to the hydrodynamic singularities of the phonon self-energy, we find a differential equation for the displacement field and a generalized transport equation for the phonon gas. The microscopic RHA expressions for the local temperature, the local heat density and the energy current are derived; the quasiparticle parameters (elastic constants, generalized Grüneisen parameters, quasiparticle interaction) entering the equations of motion are shown to be consistent with the RHA. In the hydrodynamic regime the general equations are reduced to two coupled differential equations for the lattice deformations and for the local temperature. Then only the displacement-displacement, the displacement-energy density and the energy density-energy density correlation functions show macroscopic fluctuations; for these functions thermodynamical sum-rules are derived.

Field of study: Physics
Thermal Expansion and Electrical Characteristics of Ba(1−x)CaxTi0.92Zr0.08O3 Lead-Free Ceramics Prepared by a Modified Pechini Method

Ba(1−x)CaxTi0.92Zr0.08O3 (BTZ-xCa; x = 0–0.20) lead-free ceramics were prepared at a low temperature of 1210°C using as-synthesized nanoparticles through a modified Pechini method. The structure, permittivity, ferroelectricity, piezoelectricity, and thermal expansion characteristics of the ceramics that were influenced by varying calcium contents were studied in detail. X-ray powder diffraction and Raman results suggested that calcium could not induce the rhombohedral phase transition, and impurity phases were detected with excessive x. The electrical properties were basically elevated firstly in the room temperature direction of the temperature of phase transitions for orthorhombic-to-tetragonal with weaker internal stress, and then they apparently deteriorated with the shrunk octahedron size and strongly distorted structure with an increase of calcium content. The optimum electrical properties, i.e., d33, kp, and Qm of the BTZ-xCa ceramics were 261 pC/N, 24.9%, and 98 were obtained when the calcium content was 0.05, respectively. Additionally, the thermal expansion coefficient was studied for providing guidance on the ceramic materials production and usage.

Field of study: Materials science
Effects of habitat disturbance can be subtle yet significant: biodiversity of hawkmoth-assemblages (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) in Southeast-Asia

Sphingid biodiversity was compared in a large number of light-trapping samples on Borneo and elsewhere in the Indo-Australian tropics, using our own quantitative light-trapping samples supplemented by other collectors’ published and unpublished data. No effects of anthropogenic habitat disturbance on the within-habitat diversity (measured as Fisher’s α) were observed, but the faunal composition of assemblages differs significantly under varying degrees of disturbance. Altitude, year of sampling and sampling regime (full night vs. part of the night) were identified as additional parameters that influence the composition of local samples. The frequency of subfamilies in samples varies under different disturbance regimes: Smerinthinae decline along a gradient from primary habitats to heavily disturbed sites, while Macroglossinae show the reverse trend. Connections between the reactions of subfamilies to disturbance and altitude and potential life-history differences between the subfamilies are discussed. Hypothetically, capital breeding Smerinthinae might be commoner and more speciose in stable primary habitats, whereas many income breeding Macroglossinae are probably adapted to thrive in ephemeral, disturbed habitats. Furthermore, we show that estimates from local samples fall short of the total known species richness of Borneo by about 10%.

Field of study: Environmental science
Increased productivity as a primary driver of marine anoxia in the Lower Cambrian

The relationship between metazoan evolution and ocean-atmosphere oxygen levels has been extensively debated. Similarly, there is no consensus on the factors controlling the evolution of the marine redox landscape. The early Cambrian is a particularly critical time interval to examine, as there is a marked increase in metazoan body plan diversity and increased ecosystem complexity, but few constraints on marine redox conditions during this seminal interval. We present an assessment of early Cambrian marine redox conditions from the Luojiacun section in west Hubei Province (the upper Yangtze platform). There are low trace elements enrichments (U, Mo) in the Yanjiahe Formation followed by an abrupt increase in the overlying Shuijingtuo Formation. U-Mo systematics in the most metal-enriched samples suggest deposition under a weakly restricted offshore basin, which is consistent with previous studies. There is correlation between excess Ba (Baxs) and total organic carbon (TOC), suggesting a strong production control on organic matter concentration. Further, higher Ba excess in the Shuijingtuo Formation than the Yanjiahe Formation indicates dysoxic-oxic conditions in the Yanjiahe Formation is linked to lower productivity, and anoxic conditions in the Shuijingtuo Formation are linked to higher productivity. Although strong productivity controls on Proterozoic and Paleozoic marine redox conditions have been commonly invoked, we provide some of the first empirical evidence for this control on marine redox structure. More broadly, we find that excess barium coupled with redox proxies may provide useful constraints on the interplay between preservation and production controls on organic matter abundances in the Paleozoic successions.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Retirees' Leisure: Activities, Benefits, and their Contribution to Life Satisfaction

This article examines the structures of leisure activities and leisure benefits of individuals who have recently retired. It also explores the contribution of leisure activities and benefits to a higher life satisfaction at this phase of life. The study is based on in‐person quantitative interviews with 383 retirees in an Israeli national sample survey. Results indicate that there are 13 factors of leisure activities and five factors of leisure benefits, all of which are interrelated. Six of the activity factors contribute significantly to retirees' life satisfaction (high culture and ‘dolce‐vita’, free out of home activities, spirituality and enrichment, popular culture, following generation, and independent home activities). The only leisure benefit that indicates a significant influence on life satisfaction is essentiality. The results of this study support and clarify the Activity Theory, and enhance understanding of the role of leisure in achieving a high level of life satisfaction, which is equivalent to a successful adaptation to retirement.

Field of study: Sociology
Growing up in the temperate zone: Age, growth, calcification and carbonate mineralogy of Melicerita chathamensis (Bryozoa) in southern New Zealand

The cheilostome bryozoan Melicerita chathamensis from the continental shelf around southern New Zealand is unusual in having macroscopic annual growth checks. It thus presents an opportunity to examine annual variations in age, growth, calcification and carbonate mineralogy in a temperate bryozoan. Forty-one colonies dredged south of Snares Islands, New Zealand (47° 49.537′S, 166° 45.910′E, 166 m water depth, 2 February 2008) ranged from 2 to 9 years old and were up to 40 mm long. Segment length varied from 0.94 to 13.67 mm, with a mean growth rate of 5.27 mm yr− 1, whereas segment weight varied from 0.1 to 37 mg, with an average calcification rate of 9.2 mg yr− 1. Low-Mg calcite ranged from 0.8 to 3.6 wt.% MgCO3, with a mean of 2.1 wt.% MgCO3, whereas high-Mg calcite ranged from 6.6 wt.% MgCO3 to 9.7 wt.% MgCO3 with a mean of 8.1 wt.% MgCO3. The well-studied polar Melicerita obliqua, in contrast, grows more slowly over a much longer period and calcifies more rapidly, suggesting that polar bryozoans may be more effective at sequestering carbon than their temperate counterparts. The proportion of each mineral in skeletal segments generally varied with age, from almost entirely high-Mg calcite in the oldest segments to entirely low-Mg calcite at the growing tips, with a mean of 60.7% high-Mg calcite. This unusual dual-calcite mineralogy appears to be analogous to some other cheilostomes which also produce a primary skeleton of low-Mg calcite but their secondary mineral is aragonite. Such bimineralic bryozoans, which are sophisticated mineralisers that exert a great deal of control over their skeletal composition, may be able to mineralise despite decreasing sea-water pH. Bimineral skeletal sediments, however, could be especially vulnerable to dissolution, as both aragonite and high-Mg calcite are more soluble than low-Mg calcite. Weakening of the skeleton by dissolution of secondary thickening could increase the likely effects of temperate abrasion and bioerosion.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
On two approaches of the school administrators' authority establishment

The school as a social organization,its administrators can establish their authority through orders and physical stimulations in a instrumental rational way(the visual approach); and the administrators can also do that through building up the school vision and constructing a relation of collaboration-motivation among the staff in valuable rational way(the tacit approach). The authors have suggested that the authority should be built in a hidden way through the idea of value and education and the way of working.

Field of study: Education
Test-Retest Reliability and Validity of the Nutrition-Specific Quality of Life Questionnaire.

The purpose of this study is to test the Nutrition-Specific Quality of Life (NSQOL) questionnaire for test-retest reliability and validity in a sample of patients on maintenance hemodialysis (MHD).



Test-retest reliability of the NSQOL questionnaire via two patient interviews and comparison of the NSQOL questionnaire to a comprehensive nutrition assessment performed by a registered dietitian nutritionist for validity testing. This study was conducted in one outpatient MHD center in Chicago, IL. Adults, aged 18 years or older, treated with MHD for at least six months prior to start of the study. A Spearman's correlation coefficient was used to determine test-retest reliability and a Cronbach's alpha was used to determine the internal consistency of the 2 NSQOL questionnaires. Validity testing was done by comparing the NSQOL questionnaire to the most recent comprehensive nutrition assessment.



The sample consisted of 17 men (63%) and 10 women (37%), with a mean age of 60 ± 13, who were mostly African American (63%) and Caucasian (26%). There was a significant correlation (P = .001) between the initial NSQOL interview and repeat NSQOL interview in all questions except for question 14 (P = .100). The NSQOL questionnaire was found to have excellent internal consistency with an α = 0.900. No significant relationship was found among total NSQOL score and age, dialysis vintage, albumin, or normalized protein catabolic rate; however, older participants had lower total NSQOL questionnaire scores. Although not statistically significant, there was variability between NSQOL questionnaire score and nutritional status.



The NSQOL questionnaire was found to be reliable and had high internal consistency in this sample of patients receiving MHD. The NSQOL questionnaire may be beneficial for monitoring nutrition quality of life changes in-between nutrition assessment intervals.

Field of study: Medicine
Particle Swarm Optimization Model of Distributed Network Planning

With the continuous improvement of computer hardware, major factors affecting the efficiency of computer network have been the pros and cons of the network structure. So it can ensure the operational efficiency, stability and security of the network and save a lot of hardware resources to reasonably plan the distributed computer network. At present, planning levels of many distributed computer networks are not very high, which results in the lower computer network efficiency. For this reason, this study presents the optimal planning algorithm basing on particle swarm.What’s more, network nodes can be encoded as particles in the progress of planning the distributed computer network, then judge the feasibility of particles and evaluate the sufficiency of particles according to the built models, finally, determine the optimal results to improve the computer network’s especially the distributed one’s efficiency per the general requirement

Field of study: Computer science
Effects of Frequency of Nitrogen Application on Yield and Quality of Smooth Cayenne Pineapple

Ananas comosusr cv.Cayenne under 400 kg/hm2 nitrogen application was studied.The fertilization frequency was from 0 to 4 in order to analyze the effects of frequency of fertilizer application on the yield and quality of pineapple.The results showed that average application in two times was the most appropriate treatment to increase the yield of smooth Cayenne.Based on it,less or more than 2 fertilizer application times would result in a decline in fruit weight and yield.With the quality of smooth Cayanne,increasing the frequency of fertilizer application would result in a decline in titratable acid,sugar content and vitamin C.So increasing the frequency of fertilizer application was not conducive to maintaining the quality of smooth Cayenne.The study provided a reference for farmers engaged in Cayenne varieties cultivated fertilization.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences