nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The Obsevation Between Yueaxin Injection and Huangqi injection in the therapeutics for acute virus myocarditis

To investigate the therapeutic effect of Yueaxin injection and Huangqi injection for acute virus myocarditis. 58 patients with acute virus myocarditds from May 2004 to December 2005 , divided into therapeutic group(30 patients) and control group(28 patients) randomly. Patients in two groups are all asked to lying in bed, and given symptomatic treatment for obvious cardiac arrhythmia and heart failure. Therapeutic group with 5%Glucose solution, Yueaxin injection and Huangqi injection, one course of treatment is 15 days. patients in the therapeutic group(30 patients) are healing well, 14 patients excellence, 5 patients utility,1 patients ineffective, the total effective power is 96.6%; 5 patients in the control group (28 patients) are healing well, 8 patients excellence, 8 patients utility, 7 patients ineffective, the total effective power is 75%. There is significantantly difference between two groups(P0.05). Conlusion There is significantantly therapeutics for acute virus myocarditis with Yueaxin injection and Huangqi injection .

Field of study: Medicine
Fast identification of mineral inclusions in diamond at GSECARS using synchrotron X-ray microtomography, radiography and diffraction

Microinclusions in diamond reveal geochemical signatures from the Earth’s deep mantle. A methodology is developed for non-destructive, high-throughput in situ characterization of mineral inclusions using synchrotron X-ray microtomography, radiography and diffraction at GSECARS, Sector 13 of the Advanced Photon Source.

Field of study: Physics
A study of branching ratios of cross sections in the charge symmetric reactions10B(d,p)11B and10B(d, n)11C

It is shown that the investigation of cross section branching ratios of (d,p) and (d, n) reactions which lead to isobaric analogue states in the residual nuclei may provide some information about reaction mechanism in the low energy region. For the (d, p) and (d, n) reactions on10B the calculation of integrated cross sections by use of DWBA shows that the branching ratio is not so sensitive to the choice of the optical model parameters than angular distribution and absolute cross section. Under the assumption of statistical compound nucleus model the calculated values of branching ratios deviates from those predicted by DWBA, such that the reaction modes can be distinguished.The experimental result is compared with the calculations.

Field of study: Physics
Analysis of the major antigenic determinants of the characteristic phenolic glycolipid from Mycobacterium leprae.

Antibodies to the major phenolic glycolipid purified from Mycobacterium leprae have been demonstrated previously in sera of leprosy but not tuberculosis patients using an ELISA. The major antigenic determinants on this molecule were investigated using antisera raised in rabbits to the purified glycolipid and with a pool of sera from human lepromatous leprosy patients. A small, but significant cross-reaction was observed with the glycolipids from M. bovis and M. kansasii, which contain the phenolphthiocerol dimycocerosate part of the molecule but have different sugars, and also with a semi-synthetic 'attenuation indicator lipid' which shares the phenolphthiocerol but has no sugars. There was however no cross-reaction with phthiocerol dimycocerosate. The disaccharide, corresponding to the two terminal sugars of the M. leprae glycolipid has been chemically synthesized and shown to inhibit the reaction between glycolipid and antibody in the ELISA. The cross-reactivity observed with the M. bovis and M. kansasii glycolipids was not inhibited by the synthetic disaccharide. These findings suggest that the cross-reactivity is associated with the phenol ring and implies the disaccharide may be a unique antigenic determinant of M. leprae.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Practical Lattice-Based Zero-Knowledge Proofs for Integer Relations

We present a novel lattice-based zero-knowledge proof system for showing that (arbitrary-sized) committed integers satisfy additive and multiplicative relationships. The proof sizes of our schemes are between two to three orders of magnitude smaller than in the lattice proof system of Libert et al. (CRYPTO 2018) for the same relations. Because the proof sizes of our protocols grow linearly in the integer length, our proofs will eventually be longer than those produced by quantum-safe succinct proof systems for general circuits (e.g. Ligero, Aurora, etc.). But for relations between reasonably-sized integers (e.g. $512$-bit), our proofs still result in the smallest zero-knowledge proof system based on a quantum-safe assumption. Of equal importance, the run-time of our proof system is at least an order of magnitude faster than any other quantum-safe scheme.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Lyapunov type inequalities for second-order differential equations with mixed nonlinearities

In this paper, we present some new Lyapunov and Hartman type inequalities for second-order equations with mixed nonlinearities: x ′′ ⁢ ( t ) + p ⁢ ( t ) ⁢ | x ⁢ ( t ) | β - 1 ⁢ x ⁢ ( t ) + q ⁢ ( t ) ⁢ | x ⁢ ( t ) | γ - 1 ⁢ x ⁢ ( t ) = 0 , $x^{\prime\prime}(t)+p(t)|x(t)|^{\beta-1}x(t)+q(t)|x(t)|^{\gamma-1}x(t)=0,$ where p ⁢ ( t ) ${p(t)}$ , q ⁢ ( t ) ${q(t)}$ are real-valued functions and 0 < γ < 1 < β < 2 ${0<\gamma<1<\beta<2}$ . No sign restrictions are imposed on the potential functions p ⁢ ( t ) ${p(t)}$ and q ⁢ ( t ) ${q(t)}$ . The inequalities obtained generalize the existing results for the special cases of this equation in the literature.

Field of study: Philosophy
A Kernel-Type Estimator of a Quantile Function from Right-Censored Data

Based on right-censored data from a lifetime distribution F 0, a kernel-type estimator of the quantile function Qo (p) = inf{t: F 0(t) ≧ p}, 0 ≦ p ≦ 1, is proposed. The estimator is defined by , which is smoother than the usual product-limit quantile function , where denotes the product-limit estimator of F 0 from the censored sample. Under the random censorship model and general conditions on hn, K, and F 0, it is shown that Qn (p) is strongly consistent. In addition, an approximation to Qn is shown to be asymptotically equivalent to Qn with probability one. A small Monte Carlo simulation study shows that for several values of the bandwidth hn, Qn performs better than in the sense of estimated mean squared errors. An optimal bandwidth hn may be estimated by bootstrap methods in some cases. The procedure is illustrated by an application to data from a mechanical-switch life test.

Field of study: Mathematics
Study on the Hardness and Microstructure of Carbon Nanotubes/Buctile Cast-iron Composites Fabricated by Lost Foam Casting

It has been investigated that the carbon nanotube(CNT) was added into ductile iron using lost foam casting method.The microstructure and hardness for the carbon nanotube-ductile iron composite samples were observed and measured.The results showed that the CNT can in effect be added into ductile iron using lost foam cast method.As the CNTs added in,graphite nodule size in the ductile iron reduces,ferrite content and pearlite content unchanged,the brinell hardness increased;the excessive addition resulted in aggregation.

Field of study: Materials science
A hepatitis C virus core polypeptide expressed in chloroplasts detects anti-core antibodies in infected human sera.

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major disease agent affecting approximately 3% of the world's population. Expression in plant chloroplasts enables low-cost production of the conserved HCV core protein used in diagnostic tests to combat virus spread in developing countries with high infection rates. The bactericidal activity of the 21 kDa precore protein hinders cloning the core gene in plastid expression cassettes, which are active in bacteria due to the similarities between bacterial and plastid promoters and ribosome binding sites. This was overcome by using a topology-dependent expression cassette containing tandem rrn and psbA plastid promoters, whose activity was shown to be dependent on temperature. The viral core gene and a codon-optimised gene encoding a C-terminal truncated 16 kDa core polypeptide were expressed in tobacco chloroplasts. The codon-optimised gene increased monocistronic core mRNA levels by at least 2-fold and core polypeptides by over 5-fold, relative to the native viral gene. Expression of the 16 kDa core polypeptide was stable in leaves of different ages. Anti-core antibodies in HCV-infected human sera were detected by the 16 kDa core polypeptide in total leaf protein fractionated on Western blots providing a first step towards developing a chloroplast-based HCV diagnostic method.

Field of study: Biology, Engineering
Expression of the glial glutamate transporter EAAT2 in the human CNS: an immunohistochemical study.

Glutamate transporters play an essential role in terminating the excitatory glutamatergic signal at post-synaptic receptors and in protecting neurones from excitotoxic effects, as well as replenishing the neurotransmitter supply at glutamatergic synapses. The distribution and density of glutamate transporters may be important determinants of vulnerability to glutamate-mediated injury. There is emerging evidence that glutamate transporter dysfunction may be present in motor neurone disease (MND). In this study, a monoclonal antibody, suitable for immunohistochemistry (IHC) in human post-mortem tissue, was produced to the human astrocytic glutamate transporter EAAT2 (excitatory amino acid transporter 2). Western blotting of homogenates of human cortical tissue with the EAAT2 antibody produced a discrete band at 66 kDa. Detailed IHC analysis of the expression of the EAAT2 protein in the human CNS was undertaken. EAAT2 was exclusively localised to astrocytes, with preferential expression in the caudate nucleus, nucleus basalis of Meynert, spinal ventral horn, cerebral cortex and hippocampus, but with lower levels of expression throughout many other CNS regions. Motor neurone groups vulnerable to neurodegeneration in MND appeared distinctive in being surrounded by extensive, coarse, strongly immunoreactive perisomatic glial profiles. Motor neurone groups which tend to be spared in MND, such as those present in the oculomotor nucleus, showed a lower expression of EAAT2, with fewer perisomatic profiles. The EAAT2 antibody will provide a useful tool for increasing our understanding of the role of EAAT2 in excitatory neurotransmission in health and disease states.

Field of study: Biology
Ethanol decreases cytosolic-free calcium ions in vascular smooth muscle cells as assessed by digital image analysis.

Effects of ethanol on intracellular-free Ca2+ concentration in cultured rat aortic smooth muscle cells were examined by digital imaging fluorescence microscopy using the Ca2+ fluorescence indicator, fura-2. Ethanol induced dose-dependent decrements in cytosolic-free Ca2+ concentration at 45 mM and 90 mM, which was consistent with previously reported observations of relaxation in intact rat aortic tissues. However, ethanol at high pharmacological concentrations (e.g., 450 mM) failed to induce any further inhibition in cytosolic-free Ca2+ concentration. Our results suggest that the vasodilator effects of ethanol, observed on intact blood vessels, may result in part from an interference with the availability of Ca2+ for excitation-contraction coupling in vascular smooth muscle cells.

Field of study: Medicine
Meshless method for solving coupled radiative and conductive heat transfer in complex multi-dimensional geometries

A meshless method DAM is employed to solve the coupled radiative and conductive heat transfer problem in a semi-transparent medium enclosed in complex 2D and 3D geometries. The meshless method for radiative transfer is based on the even parity formulation of the discrete ordinates method. Cases of combined conduction–radiation are presented and the results are compared with other benchmark approximate solutions.

Field of study: Mathematics
The Dynamical Origin of the Local Arm and the Sun's Trapped Orbit

The Local arm of the Milky Way, a short spiral feature near the Sun whose existence is known for decades, was recently observed in detail with different tracers. Many efforts have been dedicated to elaborate plausible hypotheses concerning the origin of the main spiral arms of the Galaxy; however, up to now, no specific mechanism for the origin of the Local arm was proposed. Here we explain, for the first time, the Local arm as an outcome of the spiral corotation resonance, which traps arm tracers and the Sun inside it. We show that the majority of maser sources belonging to the Local arm, together with the Sun, evolve inside the corotation resonance, never crossing the main spiral arms but instead oscillating in the region between them. This peculiar behavior of the Sun could have numerous consequences to our understanding of the local kinematics of stars, the Galactic Habitable Zone, and the Solar System evolution.

Field of study: Physics
Molluscan evidence for early middle Miocene marine glaciation in southern Alaska

Profound cooling of Miocene marine climates in southern Alaska culminated in early middle Miocene coastal marine glaciation in the northeastern Gulf of Alaska. This climatic change resulted from interaction of the Yakutat terrane with southern Alaska beginning in late Oligocene time. The ensuing extreme uplift of the coastal Chugach and St. Elias Mountains resulted in progressive regional cooling that culminated in coastal marine glaciation beginning in the early middle Miocene (15-16 Ma) and continuing to the present. The counterclockwise flow of surface water from the frigid northeastern Gulf of Alaska resulted in a cold-temperate shallow-marine environment in the western Gulf of Alaska, as it does today. Ironically, dating of Gulf of Alaska marine glaciation as early middle Miocene is strongly reinforced by the presence of a few tropical and subtropical mollusks in western Gulf of Alaska faunas. Shallow-marine waters throughout the Gulf of Alaska were cold-temperate to cold in the early middle Miocene, when the world ocean was undergoing peak Neogene warming.

Field of study: Geology
Assessing the impact of land abandonment, nitrogen enrichment and fairy-ring fungi on plant diversity of Mediterranean grasslands

Semi-natural calcareous grasslands are of great conservation interest because of their high species richness, but they are threatened by land abandonment and nitrogen eutrophication. These plant communities evolved as a result of a long history of human activity, which generated and maintained these habitats by extensive grazing and mowing. Calcareous grasslands are listed as a priority for conservation in the EC Habitats Directive. However, the effects of different management regimes, nitrogen enrichment, and soil-borne pathogens on plant species diversity are less clear for grasslands of the Mediterranean Basin, compared to meadows in Northern and Central Europe. In this study, we assessed the impact of land abandonment, nitrogen enrichment, and fairy-ring fungi on species diversity in semi-natural grasslands found in the Mediterranean Basin by comparing the available literature with findings from recent studies carried out in Central Italy. In a series of field experiments, the cutting of abandoned grassland consistently reduced the living biomass of the dominant perennial grasses, such as Brachypodium rupestre and Bromus erectus, and promoted a rapid increase in species richness and diversity by allowing the establishment of rare species. There was a similar, but less effective, restoration of species diversity and composition in mowed grassland after litter removal. We also show that nitrogen enrichment at levels comparable to atmospheric deposition depresses species diversity, which also hampers the positive effects of litter removal. Our findings are consistent with previous results achieved in Northern and Central Europe, which however, mainly focused on grasslands with intermediate to high primary productivity levels. The limited availability of data from low-productivity, drought-prone Mediterranean grasslands requires further studies to assess the impact of land abandonment and nitrogen eutrophication in such ecosystems. Finally, we discuss the role of fairy-ring fungi in the maintenance of plant diversity in species-rich grassland. We show that fairy-ring fungi (e.g. Agaricus campestris) critically affect the spatial distribution and diversity of coexisting plant species. By killing the dominant perennial herbs, these radially growing plant pathogens produce empty niches for rare, short-lived species, thus affecting the vegetation pattern. Overall, our results are of interest for environmental managers, as they provide guidelines for the restoration of abandoned areas and the conservation of these species-rich habitats.

Field of study: Environmental science
Saltwater crocodile and human conflict around Bhitarkanika National Park, India: A raising concern for determining conservation limits

Recently, there has been an increase in saltwater crocodile-human interaction around Bhitarkanika National Park and the present article briefs the recent attacks of saltwater crocodiles on humans in the region. Information regarding the attacks was extracted from national newspapers and CrocBITE. It is found that in last 15 years, total of 57 persons got attacked by saltwater crocodile (Crocodylus porosus Schneider, 1801) in and around Bhitarkanika National Park. The trend of incidents shows that the attack on humans is increasing every year, which might be due to the increase in the density of C. porosus in a limited area of natural habitat. July to October was considered as the critical season when maximum attacks occur as this is the nesting and probable hatching season of C. porosus during which the species remain highly aggressive. In the last 42 years, since the crocodile breeding and management project implemented in India, the conservation of the species has resulted in a significant increase of their number in Bhitarkanika National Park. Existing reports suggest that the present density of C. porosus in Bhitarkanika National Park has surpassed the value (Five to six crocodiles per km length of water) which was proposed while initiating the conservation programme. The present scenario demands for development and implementation of an updated management plan for the coexistence of humans and saltwater crocodiles. The conservation and management strategy of SWCs shall include determination of carrying capacity of the sanctuary, minimizing exploitation of natural resources, relocation of the SWCs to other feasible sites, creating awareness among local people, development of alternative livelihood for the locals and construction of more number of bath huts along the water bodies.

Field of study: Environmental science
XAFS study of Mn-Ni/Al2O3 catalyst for carbon dioxide reforming of methane.

As an effective catalyst for carbon dioxide reforming of methane, manganese-promoted Ni/Al2O3 catalyst was studied with XAFS. The catalysts after the reduction above 1073 K contained the metallic nickel, and several phases of manganese were shown by XANES and EXAFS. Results of EXAFS curve fitting indicated that the surface of large metallic nickel particles was partly covered with patches of MnO and metallic Mn. Radial structure function (RSF) of Mn K-edge showed the peaks due to Mn-Ni scattering without Mn-Mn scattering, indicating that the metallic manganese was attached to nickel in a highly dispersed state. Separate manganese phase was also formed without interaction with nickel.

Field of study: Physics
Patients' experiences of a dialysis diet and their implications for the role of the dietitian.

Although developments in medical technology, pharmacology, and nutritional science continue to improve treatment possibilities for patients with renal failure, the level of compliance with medical and dietetic advice remains poor. Previous research on compliance with treatment of chronic illness has led to recommendations for an improved understanding of what is involved in living with chronic illness in order to tailor treatment more appropriately to individual needs. This qualitative study set out to examine, the experiences and difficulties of patients on hemodialysis who follow dietary restrictions, and to ascertain how the dietitian can most effectively support patients in adapting to dietary change.



A semi structured interview format with thematic analysis was chosen.



The interviews took place in the patients' homes and lasted between 30 and 60 minutes.



Participants for the study were approached at Taunton and Yeovil dialysis centres in Somerset, England, and were selected according to the following criteria: (1) all had been on hemodialysis for at least 6 months, (2) all had been advised to follow dietary and/or fluid restrictions at one time, and (3) none had any diagnosed intellectual impairment. Eight subjects were recruited, 4 men and 4 women. The age range was 20 to 68 years.



Participants were asked to describe in depth their experiences of renal failure and of a renal diet. They were asked what had helped them cope with the difficulties they had faced and how they saw the role of the dietitian.



The interviews were recorded, transcribed, and coded according to the following categories: (1) Difficulties experienced by participants. (2) What helped them cope with these difficulties. (3) How the dietitian can help support the coping process.



Findings showed a variety of physical, social, and psychological difficulties that can result from the onset of illness, commencement of dialysis, and the imposition of dietary restrictions. A loss of autonomy was an underlying theme. Greater understanding, hope, support from others, individual activity, and personal responsibility on the part of patients helped them to cope more positively with the changes in life.



Recommendations from this research include ways by which the dietitian can encourage greater autonomy when advising patients, and how they can give information in a positive, sensitive, and supportive way.

Field of study: Medicine
Monitoring of the production of monoclonal antibodies by hybridomas. Part I: Long-term cultivation in hollow fibre bioreactors using serum-free medium.

The long-term cultivation of hybridoma cells in hollow fibre bioreactors using serum-free medium, was monitored with respect to quantitative and qualitative aspects of the produced mAbs, cell viability, LDH and proteolytic activity. During the culture periods of hybridoma cells producing mAb OT-1C and 3A, the mAb concentration showed a decreasing trend with a concomitant increase of IgG fragments. The major IgG fragments did not bind the antigen and the molecular weights were significantly different from the corresponding IgG heavy and light chains. In addition, a good correlation was found between cell lysis, the presence of acid protease(s) and IgG fragments. The physicochemical and immunochemical properties of the "intact" mAbs (such as molecular weights, IEF patterns and affinity) did not change significantly during the culture period.

Field of study: Biology, Engineering