nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Reading Readiness and Reading Achievement in First Grade

Recent studies have generally shown that placement in first grade is not advisable solely on the basis of a chronological age of six years. For example, Betts1 reports that investigators have found that a mental age of six to six and one-half is essential for suc cessful reading achievement. Hildreth2 states that children below the range from 6 yrs. 3 mos. to 6 yrs. 6 mos. do not succeed as well as older children. On the other hand Gates3 has presented data to indicate that children with a mental age of five can successfully be taught to read when the individual child's abilities are considered and adequate methods and materials are utilized. Furthermore, it has also been shown that children under six with above average intelligence can make satisfactory progress in first grade.4 In addition to the factors of age and intel ligence, other factors are undoubtedly related to reading success in the first grade. These factors have been incorporated into the con cept of reading readiness. These factors imply that the child has had a variety of visual, motor, auditory, and language (verbal) ex perience all related to reading. They include: acquiring a fund of information about objects and events common to childhood; building and making things; playing cooperative games; singing songs and reciting rhymes; listening to stories being told and read; tell ing stories and exploring pictures; drawing, tracing, painting, cutting, and pasting; con versing, talking, acting, and playing language games; etc. Tests have been designed to measure the development of reading readiness and these tests have been proven to be positively re lated to reading achievement. Wright5 found a correlation .44 and .61 between the Metro politan Readiness Tests and the Gates Pri mary Reading Tests and teacher's marks respectively. Monroe6 reported for her read ing aptitude tests a correlation of .75 with reading achievement measured by Gray's Oral Paragraphs and the Iota Word Test. Yet from Monroe's manual it is also brought out that even though children may be deficient in reading aptitude, they may attain average success in reading. Twenty-five percent of those who scored at the 20th percentile on the aptitude tests became average readers. Similarly, Grant7 wrote that "a high readiness score alone does not always assure success in reading; and a low readiness score does not always mean failure." Since children are nevertheless placed in first grade when they are six years of age, the problem facing schools is one of insuring reading success for as many children as possible; with whatever degree of intelligence or of reading readiness they possess. It is the problem of preventing the reported average failure of 20 to 25 percent of first grade children principally because of reading

Field of study: Education
Local density approximation for pairing correlations in nuclei

We introduce a natural and simple to implement renormalization scheme of the Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov (HFB) equations for the case of zero range pairing interaction. This renormalization scheme proves to be equivalent to a simple energy cut-off with a position or density dependent running coupling constant. Subsequently, we present self-consistent HFB calculations with a full consideration of the continuum of long chains of spherical tin and lead nuclei (essentially from one drip line to another) using the SLy5 interaction. In the pairing channel we use a zero range interaction, treated by means of this new regularization scheme.

Field of study: Physics
Novel soft-photon analysis of $ppγ$ below pion-production threshold

A novel soft-photon amplitude is proposed to replace the conventional Low soft-photon amplitude for nucleon-nucleon bremsstrahlung. Its derivation is guided by the standard meson-exchange model of the nucleon-nucleon interaction. The new amplitude provides a superior description of ppγ cross section data for kinematic conditions where the Low amplitude disagrees with potential-model calculations.

Field of study: Physics
The effect of noise on the estimation of rebar radius by inversion of GPR scan data

Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) is largely used nowadays in civil engineering applications as an effective technique of structural monitoring. This paper describes a method using radargram acquired by the GPR for estimating the radius of a steel rebar buried in a concrete massif, which is assumed to be homogeneous and isotopic. Considering the forward problem under B-scan procedure, a closed form mathematical formula was derived for the hyperbola trace appearing as the diffraction pattern provided by a circular steel bar. This equation relates the observed hyperbola parameters in the obtained radargram to the characteristics of the object and those of the host medium where the object is buried. The inverse problem was solved in two steps. Using the extracted raw data in terms of the hyperbola characteristics and Hough transform, the coordinates of the peak hyperbola are identified. Then the wave speed, the rebar radius as well as the coordinates of the rebar centre are estimated by a curve fitting procedur...

Field of study: Engineering
Improving macromolecular atomic models at moderate resolution by automated iterative model building, statistical density modification and refinement

An iterative process for improving the completeness and quality of atomic models automatically built at moderate resolution (up to about 2.8 A) is described. The process consists of cycles of model building interspersed with cycles of refinement and combining phase information from the model with experimental phase information (if any) using statistical density modification. The process can lead to substantial improvements in both the accuracy and completeness of the model compared with a single cycle of model building. For eight test cases solved by MAD or SAD at resolutions ranging from 2.0 to 2.8 A, the fraction of models built and assigned to sequence was 46-91% (mean of 65%) after the first cycle of building and refinement, and 78-95% (mean of 87%) after 20 cycles. In an additional test case, an incorrect model of gene 5 protein (PDB code 2gn5; r.m.s.d. of main-chain atoms from the more recent refined structure 1vqb at 1.56 A) was rebuilt using only structure-factor amplitude information at varying resolutions from 2.0 to 3.0 A. Rebuilding was effective at resolutions up to about 2.5 A. The resulting models had 60-80% of the residues built and an r.m.s.d. of main-chain atoms from the refined structure of 0.20 to 0.62 A. The algorithm is useful for building preliminary models of macromolecules suitable for an experienced crystallographer to extend, correct and fully refine.

Field of study: Chemistry
Moral, Philosophical and Religious Considerations in Hopeless and Dying Patients: A Seminar with Medical Students*

This essay originally appeared in the November, 1970, issue of The Linacre Quarterly. Dr. Galla was, at the time, a professor at the University of Pittsburgh. His essay emphasizes the importance of moral formation in the practice of medicine, as well as the difficulty in encouraging such formation in a multicultural environment. The need for an understanding of the connection of religion to medicine—and the importance of religion on the care of patients—is as important, and as difficult, today as it was then. Well-rounded physicians must not only understand the importance of moral considerations in practice from their own perspectives, but must also appreciate the importance of religion to the patients they treat.

Field of study: Medicine, Philosophy
Substrate-dependent CO2-fixation in heterotrophic bacteria revealed by stable isotope labelling.

Virtually all heterotrophs incorporate carbon dioxide by anaplerotic fixation. Little explored, however, is the interdependency of pathways and rates of CO2-fixation on the concurrent usage of organic substrate(s). Potentially, this could reveal which substrates out of a pool of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) are utilised by environmental microorganisms. To explore this possibility, Bacillus subtilis W23 was grown in a minimal medium with normalised amounts of either glucose, lactate or malate as only organic substrates, each together with 1 g/ L NaH13CO3. Incorporation of H13CO3- was traced by elemental analysis-isotope ratio mass spectrometry (EA-IRMS) of biomass and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) of protein-derived amino acids. Until the late logarithmic phase, 13C-incorporation into the tricarboxylic acid cycle increased with time and occurred via [4-13C]oxaloacetate formed by carboxylation of pyruvate. The levels of 13C-incorporation were highest for growth on glucose and lowest on malate. 13C-Incorporation into gluconeogenesis products was mainly detected in the lactate and malate experiment, whereas glucose down-regulated this path. A proof-of-principle study with a natural groundwater community confirmed the ability to determine incorporation from H13CO3- by natural communities leading to specific labelling patterns. This underlines the potential of the labelling approach to characterise carbon sources of heterotrophic microorganisms in their natural environments.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Second-order leptonic radiative corrections for lepton-proton scattering

The interpretation of high-precision lepton-nucleon scattering experiments requires the knowledge of higher-order radiative corrections. We present a calculation of the cross section for unpolarized lepton-proton scattering including leptonic radiative corrections up to second order, including one- and two-loop corrections, radiation of one and two photons and one-loop corrections for one-photon radiation. Numerical results are given for the planned P2 experiment at the MESA facility in Mainz, and some results are also discussed for Qweak and the suggested MUSE experiment.

Field of study: Physics
Recent advances in the genetics of obsessive-compulsive disorder

This article reviews recent developments in understanding the genetic etiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Family studies provide further support for the familial aggregation of OCD. Genome-wide linkage studies indicate that specific chromosomal regions are linked to OCD. Moreover, results from recent molecular genetic studies suggest that several candidate genes are associated with OCD. However, specific genes causing OCD have not been conclusively identified, and the molecular pathogenesis of the disorder has not been elucidated. The search for genes is complicated by the clinical and etiologic heterogeneity of OCD, as well as the possibility of gene-gene and gene-environment interactions. Despite this complexity, further refinement of the phenotype and developments in molecular and statistical genetics hold promise for further deepening our genetic understanding of OCD in the future.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Constraints on Miocene oceanography and climate in the Western and Central Paratethys: O-, Sr-, and Nd-isotope compositions of marine fish and mammal remains

The Paratethys evolved as a marginal sea during the Alpine–Himalayan orogeny in the Oligo-Miocene. Sediments from the northern Alpine Molasse Basin, the Vienna, and the Pannonian Basins located in the western and central part of the Paratethys thus provide unique information on regional changes in climate and oceanography during a period of active Alpine uplift. Oxygen isotope compositions of well-preserved phosphatic fossils recovered from the sediments support deposition under sub-tropical to warm-temperate climate with water temperatures of 14 to 28 °C for the Miocene. δ18O values of fossil shark teeth are similar to those reported for other Miocene marine sections and, using the best available estimates of their biostratigraphic age, show a variation until the end of the Badenian similar to that reported for composite global record. The 87Sr/86Sr isotope ratios of the fossils follow the global Miocene seawater trend, albeit with a much larger scatter. The deviations of 87Sr/86Sr in the samples from the well-constrained seawater curve are interpreted as due to local input of terrestrially-derived Sr. Contribution of local sources is also reflected in the eNd values, consistent with input from ancient crystalline rocks (e.g., Bohemian Massif) and/or Mesozoic sediments with eNd   − 7. Excluding samples showing local influence on the water column, an average eNd value of − 7.9 ± 0.5 may be inferred for the Miocene Paratethys. This value is indistinguishable from the eNd value of the contemporaneous Indian Ocean, supporting a dominant role of this ocean in the Western and Central Paratethys.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
A single chain Fv specific against Western equine encephalitis virus.

A recombinant single chain Fv (scFv) specific against Western equine encephalitis virus (WEE) was developed and characterized. The scFv was generated from 11D2 hybridoma producing anti-WEE antibody reactive to E1 component of viral envelope glycoprotein. V(L) and V(H) gene segments of 11D2 scFv were generated and joined together with a (gly4ser)3 linker by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The resulting scFv was successfully expressed in P. pastoris expression system. Fifteen individual plasmids were tested and six of them were shown to drive scFv expression. DNA sequence analysis from three productive plasmids showed that they all carried the same VL and V(H) gene segments with a few base differences. Comparison of 11D2 scFv DNA sequence to the Kabat database showed that VH of 11D2 antibody belonged to subgroup IIID and subfamily XIV, while VL domain did not belong to any known subgroup or subfamily. Western blot analysis of 11D2 scFv using anti-c-myc antibody for detection showed different band pattern among clones derived from different plasmids. This was thought to be due to the different glycosylation where amino acid substitution occurred. Successful purification of 11D2 scFv could be done by immobilized metal affinity chromatography with an unoptimized yield of 700 microg/L. Functional studies showed that 11D2 scFv could bind to its respective WEE antigen as demonstrated by Western blot analysis and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The binding affinity of 11D2 scFv is reasonably good compared to the parental 11D2 bivalent monoclonal antibody (MAb). Thus, 11D2 scFv and its derivatives have a potential use as immunotherapeutic and immunodiagnostic agents of WEE infections.

Field of study: Biology
On the participation of the public in the government making decisions on public sports services.

By analyzing public sports service decision making in the process of service type government construction,the authors found sports appeals with government preference and public negligence,and such a problem as valuing opinions of experts and departments in charge but neglecting public participation.In order to prevent subjectivity and arbitrariness in the process of public sports service decision making,via their research the authors put forward ways for the public to participate in public sports service decision making,such as the government should,in a timely fashion,publicize public sports service decision making information,establish channels for public expression and sports appealing,invite the public to participate in the selection of decision making plans,so as to enhance the scientific performance of public sports service decision making.

Field of study: Education
Environmental dispute resolution

Mediation is often particularly appropriate for resolving environmental conflicts. This possibility was discussed at length at the National Conference on Environmental Dispute Resolution, sponsored by the Conservation Foundation and held in Washington, DC in late January 1983. Conference participants gave many reasons why the courtroom is often a less-than-satisfactory vehicle for resolving environmental conflicts. Environmental suits are almost always tied to specific points of law. They may have little to do with what the plaintiff is attempting to accomplish. Another drawback of litigation is that it often creates a winner and a loser. In contrast, mediation seeks a solution that makes both sides winners. Furthermore, when a court is forced to find a solution, this sometimes results in placing the burden of running an environmental agency or fishery, for instance, on the court - which does not have the appropriate expertise. Another reason mediation is useful is that the courts have become overloaded with environmental disputes. Mediation frequently obtains results more favorable than what a court could order, and it may restrain the tendency of conflicting parties to advocate an extreme position in anticipation of being forced into a compromise. Mediation is generally less costly and time-consuming than litigation.

Field of study: Environmental science
Major Structural Break between Paleozoic and Mesozoic Rocks in the Eastern Sierra Nevada, California

A major structural break lies between the Paleozoic and Mesozoic rocks in the eastern Sierra Nevada. Tight folds in the Paleozoic section are overturned to the west and faulted against an apparently downthrown steeply dipping sequence of Mesozoic metavolcanic rocks on the west. This fault is a segment of a large regional high-angle fault that separates the Paleozoic and Mesozoic strata in the eastern Sierra Nevada from the Pine Creek pendant northward approximately 50 mi (80 km) to Mount Dana. The development of this fault preceded the widespread intrusions of the Upper Cretaceous magmas of the John Muir sequence of the Sierra Nevada batholith.

Field of study: Geology
Fractal binding and dissociation kinetics of prion proteins on biosensor surfaces

This chapter presents a fractal analysis for the binding and dissociation of C1q in solution to the PrP protein immobilized on a sensor chip surface. The analysis provides physical insights into the interactions of C1q and the PrP protein occurring on the sensor chip surface. The values of the binding and dissociation rate coefficient k and k d respectively, and the state of disorder or degree of heterogeneity (fractal dimension) on the sensor chip surface are provided for both the binding phase D f and the dissociation phase D fd . On the basis of the pre-factor analysis for fractal aggregates, quantitative (predictive) expressions are developed for the binding rate coefficient k as a function of the C1q concentration in solution; the fractal dimension D fd as a function of the C1q concentration in solution; the dissociation rate coefficient k d as a function of the fractal dimension D fd ; the affinity K=k/k d as a function of the ratio of fractal dimensions D f / D fd and also as a function of the C1q concentration in solution; the binding rate coefficient k 2 as a function of the fractal dimension D f2 ; and the affinity K 2 (=k 2 / k d ) as a function of the ratio of fractal dimensions D f2 / D fd . The expressions obtained for the binding rate coefficient for a single- and a dual-fractal analysis as a function of the fractal dimension indicate the high sensitivity of the binding and dissociation rate coefficient on the fractal dimension on the SPR biosensor surface. The fractal analysis provides unique physical insights into the interactions between C1q and the PrP protein, and the quantitative expressions developed for the C1q–PrP interactions should assist in the better control of the SPR biosensor performance parameters such as stability, sensitivity, and response time.

Field of study: Mathematics
A systematic case study on using NMR models for molecular replacement: p53 tetramerization domain revisited.

Molecular replacement using search models derived from nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy has often proved problematic. It has been known for some time that the overall differences in atomic positions (r.m.s.d.) between the crystalline and the solution states of the same protein are of the order of 1-2 A and approach the limit of molecular replacement. In most cases, this structural difference is a result of calculating the NMR structure with insufficient data, yielding an NMR structure of limited accuracy. A systematic case study was performed to investigate the use of NMR models for molecular replacement on the p53 tetramerization domain: NMR search models of varying degrees of accuracy were employed to solve phases for the 1.5 A X-ray diffraction data. An approximate correlation was found between the accuracy of the NMR search model and the clarity and quality of the molecular-replacement solution. It was found that ensemble models perform better than single averaged models and have a larger tolerance in model inaccuracy. Also, distance-derived B factors can improve the performance of single models.

Field of study: Chemistry
Thinking about the Creativity Based on System Approach

Creativity is an essential element of success in contemporary organizations, yet much remains to be discovered about how creativity happens. Based on the system approach, this paper tries to explore how the creativity happens in the minds of individuals. Then it gives three cases to discuss the process of an idea for new product or new technology. And finally, it shows the result of creating knowledge is not an individual’s activity but continual interaction standing in individuals or between system and its environment.

Field of study: Business
Validated band model for the NO fundamental.

A previously reported transmission model for the 5.3-microm band of NO, whose defining parameters had been developed with line-by-line calculated spectra, is now presented in validated and upgraded form through the use of measured transmittance data. The model consists of a double-exponential function, which approximates homogeneous-path transmittance at 5-cm(-1) intervals with a sepctral resolution of 20 cm(-1). The use of the proposed model parameters in transmittance calculations yielded an average standard deviation of 0.28% and an overall maximum deviation of 1.48% from the measured transmittance data. This compares favorably with the results obtained with the use of the previous parameters to predict the measurements, which resulted in an average deviation of 1.05% and overall maximum transmittance deviation of 4.94%.

Field of study: Physics
Crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction analysis of human calcium-binding protein S100A12.

S100A12, a member of the calgranulin family, isolated from human blood, has been crystallized by vapour diffusion in the presence of Ca(2+). Crystals belong to the space group R3 with unit-cell dimensions a = b = 99.6 c = 64.2 A. There are two monomers per asymmetric unit, with a solvent content of 57.9%. The crystals diffract to at least 2.2 A resolution and complete X-ray data have been collected to 2.5 A on a conventional laboratory source.

Field of study: Chemistry
Construção e validação preliminar de instrumento de avaliação do desempenho técnico-tático individual no basquetebol

O objetivo deste estudo foi construir e validar de forma preliminar um instrumento de avaliacao do desempenho tecnico-tatico individual nas categorias de formacao do basquetebol (IAD-BB). A elaboracao dos indicadores baseou-se na literatura e em instrumentos de avaliacao de desempenho. O processo de validacao de conteudo foi efetivado por 10 profissionais de Educacao Fisica, especialistas da area dos esportes coletivos. A fidedignidade intra-avaliador e interavaliadores foi testada a partir da observacao das acoes de jogo desempenhadas por duas atletas. A analise dos dados ocorreu por meio de percentual, coeficientes de correlacao ( Spearman , intraclasse) e indices de concordância ( Kappa ). Os resultados apresentaram elevados percentuais de aceitacao entre os avaliadores, tanto nos indicadores das acoes quanto nas componentes tecnico-taticos. Os dados de fidedignidade intra e interavaliadores evidenciaram indices de correlacao e concordância considerados satisfatorios. Conclui-se que o IAD-BB revelou-se um instrumento cientificamente valido e util como tecnica de avaliacao dentro dos estudos da analise do jogo.

Field of study: Education