nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Deformation of a foreland carbonate thrust system, Sawtooth Range, Montana

An analysis of mesoscale faulting associated with thrust-belt development was completed along a transect crossing several foreland thrust sheets of the central Sawtooth Range, Montana. At a regional scale, a balanced cross section of the central Sawtooth Range, constrained by well, seismic, and surface data, indicates a minimum of 60% horizontal shortening of the upper Paleozoic carbonate bank sequence, accommodated by a forward-developing thrust system. Subsurface data delineates a 4° westward-dipping Precambrian basement and westward thickening of the Precambrian Belt Supergroup. Major decollements within the central Sawtooth Range are present at the base of the Devonian Jefferson Formation, in the lower Mississippian Allan Mountain Limestone, and in the Cretaceous Colorado Group.

Within the Diversion, French, Norwegian, and Beaver thrust sheets of the central Sawtooth Range, deformation has been partitioned into arrays of meter- to decimetersized faults that constitute brittle deformation zones (BDZs). BDZ thickness is directly related to fault displacement but is not related to fault trajectories or subsequent foreland imbrication. The ratio of BDZ thickness to displacement is nearly constant, with BDZ thicknesses ranging from 65 m to 200 m for faults whose displacements range from 2 km to 5 km. The BDZs of each thrust sheet can be separated into three regions defined by differences in fault diversity, fault intensity, and fault kinematics. Proportionally, the locations of boundaries between regions within the BDZs are remarkably constant for each of the four thrust sheets studied, indicating that the BDZs widen uniformly during thrust sheet emplacement. BDZ bases are characterized by an interlocking network of faults that exhibit great diversity and accommodate mesoscale cataclastic flow. BDZ bases are dominated by oblique-slip faults, whereas the middle and upper regions of BDZs are dominantly dip- or strike-slip faults. In all regions of a BDZ, localized zones of contractional, extensional, or more commonly, transport-parallel strike-slip faults bounded by bedding-plane detachments are present. Fault length/ m2 of outcrop decreases logarithmically to zero from a maximum of 4 m/m2 across the French and Norwegian BDZs. Zones of intense faulting alter this general pattern of decreasing fault intensity in the Diversion and Beaver thrust sheets.

Field of study: Geology
Ovarian hormones and cognition in the aged female rat: I. Long-term, but not short-term, ovariectomy enhances spatial performance.

Although research suggests that ovariectomy (ovx) is detrimental to spatial cognition in young rats, little work has evaluated the cognitive effects of ovx in aged rats. The authors investigated the effects of ovx in aged rats using the water radial-arm maze. In Study 1, young rats and aged rats receiving ovx 1.5 months before testing outperformed aged rats receiving sham surgery or ovx 21 days before testing. In Study 2, young rats and aged rats receiving ovx 2.0 or 6.0 months before testing outperformed aged sham rats. Aged rats exhibited estradiol and elevated progesterone levels comparable to those of young rats. The findings suggest that 1.5-6.0 months, but not 21 days, of ovx improves spatial memory in aged rats. The hypothesis that long-term ovarian hormone loss is detrimental to spatial memory in aged rats was not supported. The authors hypothesize that removal of elevated progesterone levels is related to the ovx-induced cognitive enhancement.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Incorporating unarmed civilian peacekeeping into Canadian foreign policy: what do Canadians think?

Although opinion polls have consistently demonstrated Canadian support of their country's peacekeeping missions, recent surveys have demonstrated decreasing public support for Canada's involvement in military combat interventions in other parts of the world. However, awareness and understanding of nonviolent alternatives to military intervention and conventional peacekeeping appear to be lacking. This survey examines Canadian public's awareness and understanding of unarmed civilian peacekeeping as an alternative to sending armed troops, and whether the public would support Canada in utilizing unarmed civilian peacekeepers (focusing on reducing direct violence through protective accompaniment, building capacity of local civil society organizations, mediation and other nonviolent communication strategies) as part of its response to violent global conflicts. The results reveal that Canadians believe unarmed civilian peacekeeping would be more effective in tasks such as reducing human rights abuses, preventing further armed conflict and promoting lasting peace. Respondents also believe the practice would benefit Canada's reputation as a peacemaker and leader. This paper concludes with recommendations for proponents of the incorporation of unarmed civilian peacekeeping into the official policy of the Canadian government.

Field of study: Political science
Accumulating Mercury and Methylmercury Burdens in Watersheds Impacted by Oil Sands Pollution.

Bitumen mining and upgrading in northeastern Alberta, Canada, releases toxic pollutants into the atmosphere, including mercury (Hg) and methylmercury (MeHg). This Hg and MeHg is then deposited to the surrounding landscape; however, the fate of these contaminants remains unknown. Here, we compare snowpack chemistry to high-frequency measurements of river water quality across six watersheds (five impacted by oil sands development and one unimpacted). Catchment scale snowpack Hg and MeHg loads normalized to watershed area were highest near oil sands operations. River water Hg concentrations and loads tracked discharge and tended to be higher downstream of mining operations, while MeHg concentrations and loads increased through the summer, reflecting peak summer MeHg production rates. Except in the reference watershed, snowpack Hg and MeHg loads equaled or exceeded the amount of Hg and MeHg exported during freshet and, in some cases, the entire hydrologic year. This suggests landscapes across the oil sands region, which are dominated by low-relief wetlands and other shallow-water systems, are accumulating Hg and MeHg. Importantly, during years of high discharge, these low-relief systems appear to become better connected and flush MeHg (and Hg) from the watershed. Thus, these watersheds may act as temporary, rather than as permanent, natural repositories of oil sands contaminants.

Field of study: Environmental science
Improving Learning Disabled Students' Skills at revising Essays Produced on a Word Processor

The present study was conducted to determine whether self-instructional strategy training would be effective in improving learning disabled students' revising behavior and the essays they compose on a word processor. Training effects were investigated using a multiple baseline across subjects design, with multiple probes in baseline. Results indicated that strategy instruction had a positive effect on students' revising behavior as well as on the length and quality of their written products. Effects were maintained over time and generalization to a paper-and-pencil writing task was also demonstrated. Following training, students reported that they were more confident in their ability to write and revise essays. Additionally, evidence on strategy usage and modification was collected.

Field of study: Education
Confronting Religion: Veiled Witnesses, the Right to a Fair Trial and the Supreme Court of Canada's Judgment in R v N.S

The Supreme Court of Canada's decision in R v N.S. is significant because the majority seems to endorse an understanding of confrontation that assumes a defendant's right to a fair trial is imperilled by a witness who seeks to give evidence while wearing the niqab. The case is of interest because it permits reflection upon the interrelationship between the right to a fair trial and the right to confront witnesses enshrined in Article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights. Given that the European Court of Human Rights conceptualises confrontation in epistemic terms, it is argued that it would be unlikely to find that a conviction based upon evidence from a niqab‐wearing witness would infringe the right to a fair trial. This note examines the value of demeanour evidence and whether the majority in R v N.S. was correct that the abrogation of the ability to assess demeanour evidence necessarily undermines trial fairness.

Field of study: Law
Synthesis and Application of Ruthenium(II) Tricarboxyterpyridyl Complex with a Nitrogen Chelete Ligand for Solar Cells Based on Nanocrystalline TiO2 Films

The ethylenediamine Ru(II) tricarboxyterpyridine complex [Ru(tctpy)(en)(NCS)]Cl (1) was newly synthesized, and its photophysical and photovoltaic properties were characterized. Solar cells based on nanocrystalline TiO 2 films sensitized with 1 exhibited efficient sensitization over the visible and near-infrared region. These solar cells generated a large short-circuit photocurrent of 17.7 mA cm - 2 and an open-circuit potential of 0.68 V under simulated AM 1.5 solar irradiation (100 mW cm - 2 ) with a solar energy conversion efficiency of 8.5%.

Field of study: Chemistry
Virtualization-based Cognitive Radio Networks

Integrate virtualization (multilayer hypervisors) into CRNs to improve performance.Allow BSs to delegate some of their management responsibilities to CR users.Reduces control overhead which leads to reduced delay and improved throughput.Show how to handle multi-cell CRNs (requires addressing self-coexistence problem).Significant improvements gained in terms of blocking probability and throughput. The emerging network virtualization technique is considered as a promising technology that enables the deployment of multiple virtual networks over a single physical network. These virtual networks are allowed to share the set of available resources in order to provide different services to their intended users. While several previous studies have focused on wired network virtualization, the field of wireless network virtualization is not well investigated. One of the promising wireless technologies is the Cognitive Radio (CR) technology that aims to handle the spectrum scarcity problem through efficient Dynamic Spectrum Access (DSA). In this paper, we propose to incorporate virtualization concepts into CR Networks (CRNs) to improve their performance. We start by explaining how the concept of multilayer hypervisors can be used within a CRN cell to manage its resources more efficiently by allowing the CR Base Station (BS) to delegate some of its management responsibilities to the CR users. By reducing the CRN users' reliance on the CRN BS, the amount of control messages can be decreased leading to reduced delay and improved throughput. Moreover, the proposed framework allows CRNs to better utilize its resources and support higher traffic loads which is in accordance with the recent technological advances that enable the Customer-Premises Equipments (CPEs) of potential CR users (such as smart phone users) to concurrently run multiple applications each generating its own traffic. We then show how our framework can be extended to handle multi-cell CRNs. Such an extension requires addressing the self-coexistence problem. To this end, we use a traffic load aware channel distribution algorithm. Through simulations, we show that our proposed framework can significantly enhance the CRN performance in terms of blocking probability and network throughput with different primary user level of activities.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Outcome measures for clinical genetics services: a comparison of genetics healthcare professionals and patients' views.

To explore genetics professionals' and patients' views about which outcome domains are most appropriate to measure the patient benefits of using a clinical genetics service.



A postal Delphi survey was sent to: 115 consultant geneticists; 162 genetic counsellors; 156 support group representatives; 106 patients. The survey contained 19 outcome domains and respondents assessed the usefulness of each for clinical genetics services.



The final professional panel comprised 115 genetics healthcare professionals and the patient panel comprised 72 patients. The outcome domains that achieved consensus (at least 75% of panel rated 'useful') for the patient and professional panels were: decision-making; knowledge of the genetic condition; perceived personal control; risk perception; satisfaction; meeting expectations; ability to cope; diagnosis accuracy; quality of life. Comparison of the ratings between the professional panel and the patient panel showed there was no statistical difference (chi(2), p<0.01) between the ratings ('useful' compared to 'not useful') for 14 of the 19 outcome domains but found differences for the perceived usefulness of: level of depression; health status; spiritual well-being; test accuracy; rate of termination.



This Delphi survey identified nine outcome domains which are good starting points to develop a core set of outcome measures for evaluating clinical genetics services.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Palaeomagnetic investigations of the tertiary and quaternary igneous rocks: VIII a palaeomagnetic and petrologic study of volcanics of the valley of Mexico

ZusammenfassungDas Becken von Mexiko befindet sich im Zentrum des Transmexikanischen Vulkangürtels, einer Ost-West-Struktur, die den nordamerikanischen Kontinent entlang des 19. Breitengrades durchschneidet.Paläomagnetische Messungen legen die Vermutung nahe, daß 2 (Guadalupe- und Chichinautzin-Gruppe) der 7 vulkanischen Phasen, die das Becken formten, von wahrscheinlich kurzer Dauer waren. Die Chichinautzin-Gruppe, die das Becken im Süden abschnürte, muß sich grundsätzlich in den letzten 700 000 Jahren gebildet haben.Die vulkanische Tätigkeit, die im Oligozän begann und sich kontinuierlich bis in dic heutige Zeit fortsetzte, förderte nachweislich im wesentlichen andesitische Produkte.AbstractThe basin of Mexico lies in the center of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt, an east-west structure which dissects the North American Continent along the 19th parallel. Paleomagnetic measurements suggest that two of the seven eruptive phases —Guadalupe Group and Chichinautzin Group — that formed the basin, probably were of short duration; the Chichinautzin Group, which finally closed the basin to the south, must have been formed principally in the last 700,000 years.The volcanic activity which began in Oligocene time and has continued until the present, has been proved to be essentially andesitic in composition.RésuméLe bassin de Mexico se trouve au centre de la ceinture volcanique de Mexico, une structure est-ouest qui recoupe le continent nord-Americain près du 19e parallèle. Les mesures paléomagnétiques conduisent à supposer que deux des sept phases d'activités volcaniques, celles de la Guadaloupe et du Chichinautzin, étaient courtes. Les roches du Groupe de Chichinautzin, fermant le bassin au sud, ont été formées pendant les derniers 700,000 ans.L'activité volcanique, qui a débuté à l'Oligocène et se continue encore actuellement a une charactère essentiellement andésitique.Краткое содержаниеМексиканский бассей н находится в центре трансмексиканского вулканического пояса — некой структу ры, которая пересекае т северо-американский материквдоль 19-й параллели с во стока на запад. Палеомагнитные изме рения разрешают пола гать, что две из семи вулканически х фаз, именно группа Guadalupe и Chichinautzin, образовавших этот бассейн, повсей вероя тности, были очень непродолжттельными. Группа Chichinautzin, продукты которой сос тавляют границу басс ейна на юге, появилась в последние 700000 лет.Вулканическая деяте льность, начавшаяся в олигоцене и продолжающаяся непрерывно по сегодн я, подняла главным обр азом андезиты.

Field of study: Environmental science
Immunoregulatory effects of atorvastatin on the MHC class II molecule expression by myocardium in experimental autoimmune myocarditis

To explore the immunoregulalory effects of atorvastatin, 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glu-taryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitor, on the expression of MHCⅡ molecules in experimental autoimmune myocarditis (EAM), and to explore the therapeutic potential for EAM.  Myocarditis was induced in Lewis rats by the injection of porcine cardiac myosin. Atorvastatin (10 mg/kg each day) or vehicle was orally administered for 3 weeks. Twenty one days after immunization, echocardiography was examined and the severity of myocarditis was evaluated histopathologically. Immunohistochemistry techniques were used to distinguish the CD4~+ or CDS~+ T lymphocytes and to evaluate the expression of MHC Ⅱ molecules in the myocardium. TypeⅠ,Ⅲ and Ⅳ CⅡ TA promoter transcription was compared by RT-PCR.  Cardiac function was improved in the ator-vastatin-treated group compared to the untreated one. In atorvastatin group, histological severity of myocarditis was attenuated, and the expression of MHC Ⅱ molecules in the "nonprofessional" APC in the myocardium was reduced. Transcription of typeⅣ CⅡTA promoter was down-regulated in the atorvastatin-treated group, but typeⅠ ,Ⅲ CⅡTA promoter mRNA were not statistically different.  Atorvastatin ameliorates cardiac function and inflammatory reaction of the myocardium in EAM, and so HMG-CoA reductase blockade may be a promising new strategy for the treatment of organ specific autoimmune myocardial impairment.

Field of study: Biology
Femtosecond Radiation Experiment Detector for X-Ray Free-Electron Laser (XFEL) Coherent X-Ray Imaging

A pixel array detector (PAD) module has been developed at Cornell University for the collection of diffuse diffraction data in anticipation of coherent X-ray imaging experiments that will be conducted at the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS) at the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory. The detector is designed to collect X-rays scattered from monochromatic femtosecond pulses produced by the LCLS X-ray laser at framing rates up to 120 Hz. Because X-rays will arrive on femtosecond time scales, the detector must be able to deal with instantaneous count-rates in excess of 1017 photons per second per pixel. A low-noise integrating front-end allows the detector to simultaneously distinguish single photon events in low-flux regions of the diffraction pattern, while recording up to several thousand X-rays per pixel in more intense regions. The detector features a per-pixel programmable two-level gain control that can be used to create an arbitrary 2-D, two-level gain pattern across the detector; massively parallel 14-bit in-pixel digitization; and frame rates in excess of 120 Hz. The first full-scale detector will be 1516 x 1516 pixels with a pixel size of 110 X 110 microns made by tiling CMOS ASICs (Application Specific Integrated Circuits) that are bump-bonded to high-resistivity silicon diodes. X-ray testing data of the first 185 X 194 pixel bump-bonded ASICs is presented. These are tiled to make the final detector. The measurements presented include confirmation of single photon sensitivity, pixel response profiles indicating a nearly single-pixel point spread function, radiation damage measurements and noise performance.

Field of study: Physics
Multilevel maximum likelihood estimation with application to covariance matrices

The asymptotic variance of the maximum likelihood estimate is proved to decrease when the maximization is restricted to a subspace that contains the true parameter value. Maximum likelihood estimation allows a systematic fitting of covariance models to the sample, which is important in data assimilation. The hierarchical maximum likelihood approach is applied to the spectral diagonal covariance model with different parameterizations of eigenvalue decay, and to the sparse inverse covariance model with specified parameter values on different sets of nonzero entries. It is shown computationally that using smaller sets of parameters can decrease the sampling noise in high dimension substantially.

Field of study: Mathematics
Laser printed fiber microlens for fiber-diode coupling by direct laser writing.

A printable microlens on fiber end for coupling between a laser diode to a single-mode fiber (SMF) is demonstrated. The fiber microlens fabricated by the novel technique based on laser direct writing using a quasi-Bessel beam has gained high coupling efficiency, long working distance, and sufficient alignment tolerance. A coupling efficiency of 53.5% was measured for SMF coupling at a working distance of 16 μm. The tolerances for a 1-dB loss increment for translational displacements and angular deviations between the fiber microlens and the laser diode were 2.5 and 1.2 μm, and 2.0 and 5.0 degrees, respectively. The printable fabrication of a microlens on a fiber endface by laser direct writing allows for a batch process to reproduce a multiple microlens with a high consistency in a simple and fast fabrication cycle, with no need of individual fiber loading and unloading.

Field of study: Physics
Cu6Sn5 Morphology Transition and Its Effect on Mechanical Properties of Eutectic Sn-Ag Solder Joints

The morphologies of Cu6Sn5 grains formed at the interface between Sn-3.5Ag (wt.% unless otherwise specified) and Cu substrates were studied in this work. Reflow experiments were performed for 60 s at peak temperatures of 513 K, 533 K, 543 K, and 553 K. Two morphologies of interfacial Cu6Sn5 grains were observed in wetting reactions: prism type, above 543 K, and scallop type, below 533 K. During aging, the two morphologies gradually transitioned to layer type. These three morphologies could be transformed into each other as long as the corresponding condition changed. The morphology transition of Cu6Sn5 in the wetting reaction was explained by the change in Jackson’s parameter with temperature. In addition, the effect of the Cu content in molten solder on interfacial Cu6Sn5 grains was examined. Significant differences in shear strength were observed for solder joints with different interfacial Cu6Sn5 morphologies in the case of a lower shear height. Joint strength is discussed in terms of the microstructure of the solder matrix and the morphology of interfacial Cu6Sn5 grains.

Field of study: Materials science
N6-Methyladenine DNA Modification in the Woodland Strawberry (Fragaria vesca) Genome Reveals a Positive Relationship With Gene Transcription

N6-methyladenine (6mA) DNA modification has been detected in several eukaryotic organisms, where it plays important roles in gene regulation and epigenetic memory maintenance. However, the genome-wide distribution patterns and potential functions of 6mA DNA modification in woodland strawberry (Fragaria vesca) remain largely unknown. Here, we examined the 6mA landscape in the F. vesca genome by adopting single-molecule real-time sequencing technology and found that 6mA modification sites were broadly distributed across the woodland strawberry genome. The pattern of 6mA distribution in the long non-coding RNA was significantly different from that in protein-coding genes. The 6mA modification influenced the gene transcription and was positively associated with gene expression, which was validated by computational and experimental analyses. Our study provides new insights into the DNA methylation in F. vesca.

Field of study: Biology
A tree augmented naive Bayesian network experiment for breast cancer prediction

In order to investigate the breast cancer prediction problem on the aging population with the grades of DCIS, we conduct a tree augmented naive Bayesian network experiment trained and tested on a large clinical dataset including consecutive diagnostic mammography examinations, consequent biopsy outcomes and related cancer registry records in the population of women across all ages. The aggregated results of our ten-fold cross validation method recommend a biopsy threshold higher than 2% for the aging population.

Field of study: Computer science