nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
What Is Your Fraud IQ? Think You Can Spot Corruption in Any of Its Many Forms? Take This (Deceptively) Simple Test to Find out Just How Much You Know

1. Which of the following assets are most often pilfered? a. Cash b. Accounts receivable c. Inventory d. Intellectual property 2. Which of the following techniques are used to detect cash frauds? a. Bank reconciliations b. Review of cost trends c. Investigation of customer complaints d. All of the above 3. Corruption payments usually begin with cash and currency because they are less obvious. However, eventually, the payments will be made with gifts and favors. a. True b. False 4. The type of companies LEAST susceptible to financial statement fraud are: a. Startup companies b. Companies transitioning from fast growth to slower growth c. Companies dealing with a period of constant growth d. Companies struggling to maintain their market position 5. Which of the following audit steps would be used in searching for a ghost employee? a. Compare a listing of current and former employees to the payroll b. Determine if all employees have executed tax withholding forms c. Verify the existence of the reported Social Security number d. All of the above 6. In a bribery case, it is enough to prove that a thing of value was given. It is not necessary to prove that it was given with the intent to influence the receiver. a. True b. False 7. -- is the crediting of one account through the abstraction of money from another account. a. Skimming b. Lapping c. Rigging d. Padding 8. Jones is a buyer for Smith & Co. He buys exclusively from Brown despite the fact that other suppliers are better and cheaper. Jones has an undisclosed interest in Brown's business. This situation would be classified as-- a. Embezzlement b. Larceny c. Conflict of interest d. Bribery 9. The criminologist responsible for the well-known hypothesis of the "fraud triangle" is: a. Immanuel Kant b. Marshall B. Clinard c. Donald R. Cressey d. Jeremy Bentham 10. If you wanted to compare the amount spent on various expenses relative to the total expense amount, which of the following techniques would you be most likely to employ? a. Horizontal analysis b. Vertical analysis c. Reasonableness tests d. None of the above ANSWERS 1. (a) Cash defalcations are the most common of all employee embezzlement schemes. However, since most companies keep relatively good control over cash, the schemes are frequent but rarely result in large losses. 2. (d) There are several basic accounting techniques that are used to detect cash frauds. They include bank reconciliations, cut-off bank statements, surprise cash counts, investigation of customer complaints, journal entry review, and review of historical sales and cost trends. …

Field of study: Business
Study on the Immunogenicity of HIV-1 Clade B gp120 Gene before and after Codon Optimization

To compare the immunogenicity of HIV-1 clade B gp120 gene using optimized codons with wild-type gene based on recombinant adeno-associated virus vector(rAAV),we,firstly,generated a synthetic HIV-1 gp120 sequence in which most wide-type codons were replaced with codons from highly expressed human genes(modgp120) and identified its better expression in vitro than that of wild-type gene(wtgp120)using Western blot;secondly,we inserted wtgp120 and modgp120 into rAAV vector and produced pure rAAV-wtgp120 and rAAV-modgp120.Balb/C mice were immunized with rAAV-wtgp120 and rAAV-modgp120 separately,the antibody and CTL responses were tested.Results indicated that modgp120 gene expressed more antigen in vitro and induced higher specific CTL response in vivo than that of wild-type gp120 gene.There was no detectable antibody to gp120.

Field of study: Biology
The effect of annealing temperature on the carrier concentration OF Hg0.6Cd0.4Te

The carrier concentration dependence of Hg0.6Cd0.4Te on annealing temperature for the Hg and Te saturation condi-tions is presented in this paper. At low annealing tempera-tures, TA < 350‡ C, residual donor impurities apparently limit the carrier concentration. In contrast, at higher annealing temperatures, 350‡ C < T < 700‡ C, the stoichio-metric acceptor density is increased such that the residual donors are compensated and the material is converted to p-type with an acceptor density as large as 1017 cm−3 . An empirical expression describing this dependence of the acceptors on annealing temperature is given for both the Hg and Te saturation condition: P (Hg saturation) = 1.46 × 1022 exp (−0.84/kTA), P (Te saturation) = 1.90 × 1018 exp (−0.15/kTA).

Field of study: Materials science
Data Amplification: A Unified and Competitive Approach to Property Estimation

Estimating properties of discrete distributions is a fundamental problem in statistical learning. We design the first unified, linear-time, competitive, property estimator that for a wide class of properties and for all underlying distributions uses just 2n samples to achieve the performance attained by the empirical estimator with n\sqrt{\log n} samples. This provides off-the-shelf, distribution-independent, ``amplification'' of the amount of data available relative to common-practice estimators. We illustrate the estimator's practical advantages by comparing it to existing estimators for a wide variety of properties and distributions. In most cases, its performance with n samples is even as good as that of the empirical estimator with n\log n samples, and for essentially all properties, its performance is comparable to that of the best existing estimator designed specifically for that property.

Field of study: Computer science
Research and Practice on the Training Mode of Mechanical and Electrical Integration Specialized Technical Talents in Higher Vocational Colleges

Through the investigation of the status quo, machinery manufacturing enterprises, the existing problems and development trend of the professional graduates, students, teachers and schools of similar analysis, and put forward to improve and perfect the professional mechanical and electrical integration in higher vocational training mode, curriculum system, knowledge content, teaching methods and means, the higher vocational colleges the mechanical manufacturing industry graduate students' knowledge structure, ability and quality to meet the needs of modern machinery manufacturing industry, highlighting the characteristics, truly outstanding technical talents training and teaching practice.

Field of study: Engineering
MicroRNA-212 Inhibits Osteosarcoma Cells Proliferation and Invasion by Down-Regulation of Sox4

Multiple MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been identified in the development and progression of osteosarcoma. However, the expression and roles of miR-212 in osteosarcoma remain largely undefined.  Real-time PCR assays were used to detect the expression of miR-212 in human osteosarcoma tissues. MiR-212 mimics were introduced into MG63 and U2OS cells. Bioinformatic prediction was used to identify the potential targets of miR-212. Protein expression analysis, luciferase assays and rescue assays were used to confirm the substrate of miR-212.  miR-212 was significantly down-regulated in human osteosarcoma tissues, compared with adjacent normal tissues. Introduction of miR-212 mimics into MG63 and U2OS cells inhibited cell proliferation and invasion. Besides, miR-212 overexpression could also inhibit tumor growth in the nude mice. Additionally, bioinformatic prediction suggested that the sex-determining region Y-box 4 (Sox4) is a target gene of miR-212. Sox4 inhibition phenocopied the roles of miR-212, while restored expression of Sox4 dampened miR-212-mediated suppression of tumor progression.  The miR-212/Sox4 interaction plays an important role of in the osteosarcoma progression.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Aberrant expression of interleukin‐10 in rheumatoid arthritis: Relationship with IL10 haplotypes and autoantibodies

HighlightsIn rheumatoid arthritis there is an exacerbated up‐regulation of IL‐10 at the transcriptional level.Increased IL‐10 levels are associated with seropositivity for RF and anti‐CCP antibodies.GCC haplotype was associated with higher IL‐10 serum levels compared with the ACC and ATA haplotypes in RA patients.There was no significant association between IL10 haplotypes and risk of RA in a Mexican population.  (IL‐10) is an immunomodulatory cytokine that plays a central role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. Different studies consistently show increased IL‐10 serum levels in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and it appears to be caused by genetic variants. Three polymorphisms situated at positions −1082, −819 and −592 of IL10 gene and its major haplotypes have been associated with regulating IL10 promoter activity. In this study, we evaluated whether IL10 haplotypes are associated with mRNA expression and IL‐10 serum levels as well as susceptibility to RA in a Western Mexican population. A total of 240 RA patients and 240 control subjects (CS) were included. Genotyping of IL10 polymorphisms was performed by PCR and PCR‐RFLP, respectively. IL10 mRNA expression was determined by real‐time PCR and IL‐10 serum levels were measured using an ELISA kit. IL10 mRNA expression was 50‐fold higher in RA patients than CS (p < 0.001), while IL‐10 serum levels did not show differences between groups. However, high IL‐10 serum levels were positively related to a higher seropositivity for rheumatoid factor (FR) and anti‐CCP antibodies (p < 0.05). No significant differences between the distribution of haplotype frequencies were observed between both study groups, but GCC haplotype was associated with higher IL‐10 serum levels compared with the ACC and ATA haplotypes in RA patients (p < 0.05). In addition, patients carrying ATA and GCC haplotypes showed higher mRNA expression than ACC (5.4‐fold and 8.8‐fold, respectively) and surprisingly, this trend was reversed in the controls, although it was not significant. In conclusion, our findings suggest that IL10 (GCC, ACC, and ATA) haplotypes may not be a susceptibility marker for RA in a population from Western Mexico. Nevertheless, independently of the presence of these variants, there is an aberrant overexpression of IL10 gene in RA, and it may play an important role in the pathogenesis of RA.

Field of study: Medicine
Extraction of bioactive principles from Mucuna pruriens seeds.

Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. Syn. M. prurita Hook. (Papilionaceae) is used in male impotency, as aphrodisiac, in sexual debility, and as nervine tonic. It also possesses anti-parkinson property, possibly due to the presence of L-DOPA. In the present study, attempts were made to develop the suitable method(s) for extraction of L-DOPA/other active components from the seeds using different solvents. The various extracts were also screened for their neuroprotective and antioxidant activities. In addition, TLC and HPLC fingerprinting of the extracts for amino acid components were also developed for preliminary and sophisticated analysis. The L-DOPA could be obtained in good yield on extraction with EtOH-H2O mixture (1:1) using ascorbic acid as protector. Interestingly, n-propanol extract, which contained negligible amount of L-DOPA, had shown significant neuroprotective activity, suggesting that some components, other than L-DOPA, might also be responsible for anti-Parkinson property of seeds. The extract (MW-0100) containing mainly amino acids and water-ethanol extract (1:1) (MWEL-1299) showed promising antioxidant activity (EC50 = 2.5 microg) against DPPH radicals. MWEL-1299 also exhibited encouraging results against 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion (MPP+) toxicity. The TLC fingerprinting may be used to authenticate the plant material in herbal industry.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Physics
Falling film evaporation in a triangular tube bundle under the influence of cross vapor stream

The falling film evaporation and the effect of cross vapor stream in falling film evaporator with triangular tube bundle using R123 was experimentally investigated. The variations of local and bundle average heat transfer coefficients were described. The tube bundle consisted of 4 × 3 (column × row) of triangular horizontal copper tubes. The tests without vapor effect were conducted with nominal heat fluxes of 20 to 60 kWm–2, saturation temperatures of 6 to 16 °C and film flow rates of 0.016 to 0.18 kgm–1s–1. Cross vapor stream effect experiments were operated at three heat fluxes of 20, 30 and 40 kWm–2 and two film flow rates of 0.035 and 0.07 kgm−1s−1, and the vapor velocity at the narrowest interstice in the tube bundle varies from 0 to 5.0 ms−1. It is indicated that the heat transfer is seriously influenced by the bundle effect while less affected by changing of saturation temperature. With the increase in vapor velocity, the heat transfer performance is generally weakened; the cross vapor stream has a strong influence on falling film evaporation of R123.

Field of study: Engineering
Combinatorics of Fourier transforms for type A quiver representations.

We describe two new combinatorial algorithms (using the language of "triangular arrays") for computing the Fourier transforms of simple perverse sheaves on the moduli space of representations of an equioriented quiver of type A. (A rather different solution to this problem was previously obtained by Knight-Zelevinsky.) Along the way, we also show that the closure partial order and the dimensions of orbits have especially concise descriptions in the language of triangular arrays.

Field of study: Mathematics
Observation of quasiparticles for phase incoherent d-wave pairing in Bi2212

In contrast to a complex feature of antinodal state, suffering from competing order(s), the "pure" pairing gap of cuprates is detected in the nodal region, which therefore holds the key to the superconducting mechanism. The pairing gap has been viewed to be rather conventional, closing at the superconducting transition temperature (Tc). However, the density of states contributed from the nodal region was claimed to have a gap-like structure even above Tc. Here we present a missing evidence for a single-particle gap near the node signifying the realization of a phase incoherent d-wave superconductivity above Tc in the optimally doped Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+d. We find that the pair formation is formulated by momentum-independent temperature evolutions of three parameters: a BCS-type energy gap (Delta), a single particle scattering rate (Gamma_single) and a pair breaking rate (Gamma_pair). The superconductivity occurs when the Gamma_pair value is suppressed smaller than Gamma_single on cooling, and the magnitude of Tc in cuprates is governed by a condition of Gamma_single(Tc)=Gamma_pair(Tc).

Field of study: Physics
Isolation of cDNAs from Brassica napus encoding the biotin-binding and transcarboxylase domains of acetyl-CoA carboxylase: assignment of the domain structure in a full-length Arabidopsis thaliana genomic clone.

One independent and two overlapping rape cDNA clones have been isolated from a rape embryo library. We have shown that they encode a 2.3 kb and a 2.5 kb stretch of the full-length acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase) cDNA, corresponding to the biotin-binding and transcarboxylase domains respectively. Using the cDNA in Northern-blot analysis we have shown that the mRNA for ACCase has a higher level of expression in rape seed than in rape leaf and has a full length of 7.5 kb. The level of expression during rape embryogenesis was compared with both oil deposition and expression of two fatty acid synthetase components enoyl-(acyl-carrier-protein) reductase and 3-oxoacyl-(acyl-carrier-protein) reductase. Levels of ACCase mRNA were shown to peak at 29 days after anthesis during embryonic development, similarly to enoyl-(acyl-carrier-protein) reductase and 3-oxoacyl-(acyl-carrier-protein) reductase mRNA. In addition, a full-length genomic clone (19 kb) of Arabidopsis ACCase has been isolated and partially sequenced. Analysis of the clone has allowed the first plant ACCase activity domains (biotin carboxylase-biotin binding-transcarboxylase) to be ordered and assigned. Southern-blot analysis using the Arabidopsis clone indicates that ACCase is a single-copy gene in Arabidopsis but is encoded by a small gene family in rape.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Opioid modulation of pavlovian learning in rabbits: involvement of sublenticular pathways.

Intravenous naloxone enhanced, and D-Ala2-Met-enkephalinamide (DALA) impaired, Pavlovian conditioned heart rate discrimination in rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) during initial training trials, compared with saline; naloxone also delayed subsequent extinction of the discrimination. These effects of the opioid treatments on discrimination were abolished by parasagittal knife-cut lesions in the sublenticular substantia innominata that did not, themselves, impair discrimination. Both naloxone and DALA decreased the magnitude and altered the topography of bradycardiac conditioned responses, and the lesions also abolished these effects of the opioid treatments, but they did not alter the effect of naloxone to decrease bradycardiac orienting response magnitude. These findings suggest that fibers in the sublenticular area mediate specifically the effects of systemic opioids on associative functions during Pavlovian cardiac conditioning and extinction.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Phenomenological research methods for counseling psychology

This article familiarizes counseling psychologists with qualitative research methods in psychology developed in the tradition of European phenomenology. A brief history includes some of Edmund Husserl’s basic methods and concepts, the adoption of existential-phenomenology among psychologists, and the development and formalization of qualitative research procedures in North America. The choice points and alternatives in phenomenological research in psychology are delineated. The approach is illustrated by a study of a recovery program for persons repeatedly hospitalized for chronic mental illness. Phenomenological research is compared with other qualitative methods, and some of its benefits for counseling psychology are identified. Phenomenology is a qualitative research method originally developed by the philosopher Edmund Husserl. In the tradition of Giambattista Vico, Franz Brentano, and William Dilthey, Husserl broadened the concepts and methods of modern science to include the study of consciousness, profoundly influencing philosophy, other humanities, and the social sciences throughout the 20th century. Husserl formulated scientific methods that are uniquely fashioned to assist psychological researchers in the investigation of human experience and behavior.

Field of study: Psychology
Study on the Optimal Activation Condition of Microbial Agents for Algaecide and the Analysis of the Mechanism

Activation conditions of microbial agents before being used for algaecide was discovered by orthogonal experiments and the algaecide mechanism was preliminary study. Results showed that urea was the most affective factor, followed by the sugar and dissolved oxygen with the minimal impact. When urea is 0.022 5 g/g IBC, sugar is 0.1 g/g IBC and the speed is 80 r/min(dissolved oxygen is 8.5 mg/L), it is with the maximum number of viable bacteria cells and best algaecide effect. To be the same algae removal effect, the dosage of IBC can be decreased by 600 g/t. The enhanced algaecide effect mainly due to the increased bacterial amount, and bacterial product or extracellular secretion of certain substances lead to the dissolve of microcystis aeruginosa.

Field of study: Environmental science
The Impact of Principals’ Transformational Leadership Practices on Tutors’ Self-Efficacy Beliefs in the University Colleges of Education in Ghana

Research studies have consistently demonstrated the statistically significant relationships between principals’ transformational leadership practices and teachers’ sense of efficacy in student engagement, instructional strategies and classroom management. What is less studied and very much less researched is the extent to which principals’ transformational leadership practices account for the variances in teachers’ sense of efficacies in tertiary institutions. This current study investigates tutors’ perceptions of the specific principals’ transformational leadership practices which impact on their sense of efficacy in student engagement, instructional strategies and classroom management in the university colleges of education in Ghana. Data was garnered using the PLQ and TSES questionnaire instruments. Following cluster sampling procedures, 629 tutors from 15 university colleges were selected for the study. Descriptive statistics, correlational and multiple regression analyses were to index the specific principals’ transformational leadership practices which accounted for the total variances in the three dimensions of tutors’ sense of efficacy. Findings indicate that principals’ transformational leadership practices such as providing vision and direction and holding high performance expectations accounted for most of the variances in tutors’ sense of efficacy in all three factors. This implies that principals who frequently exercise these leadership qualities are more likely to enhance their tutors’ self-efficacy beliefs in student engagement, instructional strategies and classroom management.  Principal Leadership Practices, transformational leadership, teacher performance, teacher self-efficacy beliefs, tutor sense of efficacy.  10.7176/JEP/11-3-04 Publication date: January 31 st 2020

Field of study: Education
Analysis of Nutrient Components at Vegetative Stage on Desmodium Desv.

The nutritional components of 17 Desmodium Desv. accessions were studied at vegetative stage. The results indicated that CIAT3787(D. hererocarpum) had the hightest CP(22.34%),and the next was CIAT46562(D. dunniinicaraguense)(22.32%). CIAT 13218(D. velutinum) had the highest CF(38.70%),and significantly higher than other accessions. Nutritional components of Desmodium Desv. had different degree of correlation coefficient. CF with Ash,NFE and P had extremely significant(p 0.01) negative correlation. Ash with P had extremely significantly positive correlation(p 0.01),with Ca had significantly positive correlation(p 0.05). Based on nutritional components,the accessions were clustered into three groups. CIAT46562 and CPI46561(D. incanum)all solely were a group.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Race and Regionalism in the Politics of Taxation in Brazil and South Africa (review)

Evan Lieberman's study is a longitudinal comparison of the interplay of fiscal and social structures roughly between 1880 and today, a historically sensitive study of nation building and state-building through the lens of taxation policy. What make this study especially innovative are the countries he analyzes. Brazil and South Africa are rarely compared, even though they would seem to demand comparison. The first is American, colonized by the Portuguese with heavy Italian immigration; the second is African and colonized by the English and the Dutch Afrikaner. Brazil , was one of the first American countries to win independence (1822) and to establish a solid central state under a constitutional monarch; South Africa was not a unified country until almost a hundred years later, and separated from the British Commonwealth in 1961. The national myths and conventional wisdom of the two countries are almost diametrically opposed: Brazil is known as the country of racial democracy (slavery was abolished in 1888), while South Africa is the land of racial apartheid, a system institutionalized in 1948.

Field of study: History