nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Manifestations and Harm of University Administrativization

The latest decade has witnessed an increasing tendency in the domain of university administrativization.It becomes an undisputable fact that administrativization has caused considerable damage to universities.Meanwhile,there exists a logical inevitability between university administrativization and its harm.Administrativization will undoubtedly lead to university's heterogenization,the transfer of university's core values,the derangement of the power in universities,and academic plagiarism eventually.Although the reform of university administrativization is imperative under the present situation,there exists the barrier,such as failure to abide by the law,deviation of ideas,and passive attitude.Anyway,the earlier and more completely the reform is enacted,the more likely Chinese universities can enjoy the reverse to the road of healthy development.

Field of study: Education
mTORC1 signalling and eIF4E/4E-BP1 translation initiation factor stoichiometry influence recombinant protein productivity from GS-CHOK1 cells

Many protein-based biotherapeutics are produced in cultured Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell lines. Recent reports have demonstrated that translation of recombinant mRNAs and global control of the translation machinery via mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signalling are important determinants of the amount and quality of recombinant protein such cells can produce. mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) is a master regulator of cell growth/division, ribosome biogenesis and protein synthesis, but the relationship between mTORC1 signalling, cell growth and proliferation and recombinant protein yields from mammalian cells, and whether this master regulating signalling pathway can be manipulated to enhance cell biomass and recombinant protein production (rPP) are not well explored. We have investigated mTORC1 signalling and activity throughout batch culture of a panel of sister recombinant glutamine synthetase-CHO cell lines expressing different amounts of a model monoclonal IgG4, to evaluate the links between mTORC1 signalling and cell proliferation, autophagy, recombinant protein expression, global protein synthesis and mRNA translation initiation. We find that the expression of the mTORC1 substrate 4E-binding protein 1 (4E-BP1) fluctuates throughout the course of cell culture and, as expected, that the 4E-BP1 phosphorylation profiles change across the culture. Importantly, we find that the eIF4E/4E-BP1 stoichiometry positively correlates with cell productivity. Furthermore, eIF4E amounts appear to be co-regulated with 4E-BP1 amounts. This may reflect a sensing of either change at the mRNA level as opposed to the protein level or the fact that the phosphorylation status, as well as the amount of 4E-BP1 present, is important in the co-regulation of eIF4E and 4E-BP1.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Simultaneous high-speed SO2 PLIF imaging and stereo-PIV measurements in premixed swirling flame at 20  kHz.

Interactions between flow structures and premixed swirling flame were investigated using simultaneous sulfur dioxide (SO2) planar laser induced fluorescence (PLIF) and stereoscopic particle imaging velocimetry (PIV) with high temporal resolution at 20 kHz. In this work, a premixed swirling flame was operated with methane and air doped with 0.5% (volume fraction) SO2 at ambient pressure under different equivalence ratios (ϕ=0.7-1.2). The results show that global SO2 PLIF signal shows a consistent response to the density ratio with the change of equivalence ratio, making it a good indicator for the high temperature zone and a very useful tool to study the global effect of equivalence ratio. In addition, the three-component flow structure is affected by the varying equivalence ratio and the structure of the inner recirculation zone changes accordingly. The transient results show that the circumferential velocity of some vortices outside the flame zone is inconsistent with that of the main flow and these vortices cause local flame contour curling and shedding. The high temporal resolution measurements provide more details for the study of the evolution of some isolated flame isles.

Field of study: Physics
One- and Two-Stage Tunable Receivers

In this paper, we propose and assess a CFAR detector that can adjust its ldquodirectivityrdquo through a real scalar parameter. It relies on the usual assumption that a set of homogeneous training data is available and encompasses as special cases the well-known Kelly's GLRT and the recently introduced W-ABORT detector. More important, it can be tuned in order to control the level to which sidelobe signals are rejected. Such functionality is particularly important to contain the number of false alarms in presence of mismatched signals. We also consider a parametric detector which resorts to a diagonally loaded sample covariance matrix commonly adopted to take advantage of the presence of strong interferers. The performance assessment of such detector has shown that it can significantly outperform Kelly's GLRT in terms of prediction probabilities for matched signals and in terms of selectivity, but it is not strictly CFAR. We also propose to use the CFAR parametric detector as second stage of a two-stage tunable detector and show that such a two-stage detector can outperform already proposed tunable receivers in terms of selectivity. The analysis of the detectors is conducted assuming a homogeneous Gaussian environment; with reference to this scenario and to the CFAR detectors we derive analytical expressions for the probability of false alarm and the probability of detection for both matched and mismatched signals.

Field of study: Engineering
Construction of Plasmid Vector and Expression Identification of RFP Gene in Tremella fuciformis

The RFP(red fluorescent protein) gene was obtained by polymerase chain reaction(PCR) in which plasmid p ET-28a-RFP was used as a template, and cloned into p TE11 vector under the control of RP27 promoter. The recombinant plasmid p TE11-RFP was successfully constructed as confirmed by enzymatic digestion and DNA sequencing. The PEG mediated transformation method was performed to transfer plasmid DNA of p TE11-RFP into yeast-like conidia of Tremella fuciformis. The expected amplified bands appeared when the chromosomal DNA of the transformants was used as the templates for the PCR with the RFP-specific primers. The colonies showed pink in tube and distinct red fluorescence could be observed from the colonies of YLCs by fluorescence microscopy. These results indicated that RFP gene was integrated into the genome of T.fuciformis and was expressed successfully by the regulation of RP27 promoter which laid the foundation for foreign gene expression in YLCs of Tremella fuciformis.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Semi-regular sequences and other random systems of equations

The security of multivariate cryptosystems and digital signature schemes relies on the hardness of solving a system of polynomial equations over a finite field. Polynomial system solving is also currently a bottleneck of index-calculus algorithms to solve the elliptic and hyperelliptic curve discrete logarithm problem. The complexity of solving a system of polynomial equations is closely related to the cost of computing Groebner bases, since computing the solutions of a polynomial system can be reduced to finding a lexicographic Groebner basis for the ideal generated by the equations. Several algorithms for computing such bases exist: We consider those based on repeated Gaussian elimination of Macaulay matrices. In this paper, we analyze the case of random systems, where random systems means either semi-regular systems, or quadratic systems in n variables which contain a regular sequence of n polynomials. We provide explicit formulae for bounds on the solving degree of semi-regular systems with m > n equations in n variables, for equations of arbitrary degrees for m = n+1, and for any m for systems of quadratic or cubic polynomials. In the appendix, we provide a table of bounds for the solving degree of semi-regular systems of m = n + k quadratic equations in n variables for 2 <= k; n <= 100 and online we provide the values of the bounds for 2 <= k; n <= 500. For quadratic systems which contain a regular sequence of n polynomials, we argue that the Eisenbud-Green-Harris Conjecture, if true, provides a sharp bound for their solving degree, which we compute explicitly.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Crystallization and preliminary X-ray analysis of a thermoalkalophilic lipase from Bacillus stearothermophilus L1.

A thermoalkalophilic lipase from Bacillus stearothermophilus L1 (L1 lipase) was crystallized in two different crystal forms using a low concentration of the enzyme and a calcium-exchange process. The first, needle-like, crystal form, which diffracts to about 3.5 A, belongs to the orthorhombic space group P2(1)2(1)2(1), with unit-cell parameters a = 67.84, b = 72.96, c = 104.41 A. The second, monoclinic, crystal form, which behaves better than the first form for crystallographic analyses, belongs to the monoclinic space group C2 and has unit-cell parameters a = 119.62, b = 85.05, c = 98.36 A, beta = 99.73 degrees. From the monoclinic crystals, a native data set and a samarium-derivative data set were collected to 2.0 and 2.3 A resolution, respectively. The difference Patterson map between the two data sets shows strong heavy-atom peaks, indicating that the crystals are suitable for a high-resolution structure determination.

Field of study: Chemistry
The effects of N-Acetylcysteine on serum level of inflammatory biomarkers in adults. Findings from a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.

Randomized Clinical Trials (RCTs) have provided varied and conflicting findings regarding the effect of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) on inflammatory biomarkers. This study was conducted to review existing literature to determine whether NAC supplementation can affect inflammatory biomarkers in adults.



Bibliographic databases of Scopus, and PubMed were used for relevant papers published until October 2019. Results were reported as weighted mean differences (WMD) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) using multi-level models. Cochrane's Q and I-squared (I2) tests were used to determine heterogeneity among studies.



Twenty-four RCTs which include 1057 sample size were entered to analysis. NAC doses and intervention duration ranged from 400 to 2000 mg/d, and 1 to 80 weeks, respectively. Oral supplementation of NAC reduced serum level of C-reactive protein (CRP)  However, the effect of oral NAC supplementation on other inflammatory biomarkers was nonsignificant. Dose-response investigation showed a non-linear association between oral NAC supplementation with CRP.



Oral NAC supplementation reduced serum level of CRP and IL-6, but did not affect other inflammatory biomarkers. Nevertheless, more RCTs seems to be required to explore how NAC in different dosage and different routes of administration can affect inflammatory biomarkers.

Field of study: Medicine
Resilient Forces Exerted by Upland and Pima Cottons

ADSTRACT THE resilient forces exerted by Stoneville 213 and Pima S-2 varieties of cotton were compared over several levels of moisture content, quantity of cotton, and restraint density. Results indicated that varietal effects were significantly less than those of the other factors. Bale-packaging systems may be designed with little emphasis on cotton varieties.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Recent developments in male sexual dysfunction

The past few years have witnessed major developments in the management of male sexual dysfunction. The introductionof the first efficacious and safe oral medication (sildenafil) resulted in the expansion of the patient base and, the change in health care delivery, with erectile dysfunction (ED) entering the primary care physician’s practice. New guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of ED have been developed, including the Process of Care in the USA and the 1st International Consultation on ED sponsored by the World Health Organization. Well-defined algorithms for diagnosis and treatment have been adopted. These recent developments have brought up challenging issues, including the cardiovascular safety of sexual activity, societal changes, internet prescriptions, definition of the patient, expansion of clinical and laboratory research, rise of interest in female sexual dysfunction, and a significant economic impact. The recent developments in male sexual dysfunction continue with the study of new oral medications. Some of these new medications, such as sublingual apomorphine, have a central mode of action, whereas others, such as the phosphodiesterase inhibitor IC351, have a selective peripheral vasodilation-enhancing action.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Messungen des freien und inkohärenten Neutronenwirkungsquerschnitts an Silizium und Blei

The free neutron cross section of Silicone and Lead has been determined to (2.022 ± 0.003) barns and (10.58 ± 0.03) barns respectively and the incoherent cross section of the same elements to (15 ± 1.3) · 10−3 barns and (15 ± 15) · 10−3 barns respectively. From these results the coherent cross sections have been calculated under consideration of various correction terms to (2.153 ± 0.005) barns and (10.65 ± 0.05) barns.

Field of study: Physics
Metasomatism of ferroan granites in the northern Aravalli orogen, NW India: geochemical and isotopic constraints, and its metallogenic significance

The late Palaeoproterozoic (1.72–1.70 Ga) ferroan granites of the Khetri complex, northern Aravalli orogen, NW India, were extensively metasomatised ~900 Ma after their emplacement, at around 850–830 Ma by low-temperature (ca. 400 °C) meteoric fluids that attained metamorphic character after exchanging oxygen with the surrounding metamorphic rocks. Albitisation is the dominant metasomatic process that was accompanied by Mg and Ca metasomatism. A two-stage metasomatic model is applicable to all the altered ferroan intrusives. The stage I is represented by a metasomatic reaction interface that developed as a result of transformation of the original microcline–oligoclase (An12–14) granite to microcline–albite (An1–3) granite, and this stage is rarely preserved. In contrast, the stage II metasomatic reaction front, where the microcline-bearing albite granite has been transformed to microcline-free albite granite, is readily recognisable in the field and present in most of the intrusives. Some of them lack an obvious reaction interface due to the presence of stage II albite granites only. When studied in isolation, these intrusives were incorrectly classified and their tectonic setting was misinterpreted. Furthermore, our results show that the mafic mineralogy of metasomatised granites has a significant impact on the characterisation of such rocks in the magmatic classification and discrimination diagrams. Nevertheless, the stage I metasomatised granites can be appropriately characterised in these diagrams, whereas the characterisation of the stage II granites will lead to erroneous interpretations. The close spatial association of these high heat producing ferroan granites with iron oxide–copper–gold (IOCG), U and REE mineralisation in the region indicates a genetic link between the metasomatism and the mineralisation. World-class IOCG, U and REE deposits are associated with metasomatised ferroan granites, suggesting that such a relationship may act as a critical first-order exploration target for undiscovered mineral deposits.

Field of study: Environmental science
The analysis of the withdrawal force curve of the wetting curve using 63Sn-37Pb and 96.5Sn-3.5Ag eutectic solders

To analyze the withdrawal force curve in the wetting balance curve, wetting balance tests using the 63Sn-37Pb and 96.5Sn-3.6Ag eutectic solders were conducted by varying the immersion speed, sample perimeter, and solder temperature. The mechanism of the withdrawal force curve was reviewed and a new method for calculating the surface tension of solders using the withdrawal force curve was introduced. The results showed that the maximum point of the withdrawal force curve is generated when the sliding solder meets the bottom corners of a sample and the contact angle is reduced to zero. The maximum withdrawal force subtracted by end force can be expressed using force balance equation as F=pγ. Therefore, the surface tension of the solder can be calculated by dividing the maximum withdrawal force by the sample parameter.

Field of study: Materials science
Getting a CLUE: A Method for Explaining Uncertainty Estimates

Both uncertainty estimation and interpretability are important factors for trustworthy machine learning systems. However, there is little work at the intersection of these two areas. We address this gap by proposing a novel method for interpreting uncertainty estimates from differentiable probabilistic models, like Bayesian Neural Networks (BNNs). Our method, Counterfactual Latent Uncertainty Explanations (CLUE), indicates how to change an input, while keeping it on the data manifold, such that a BNN becomes more confident about the input's prediction. We validate CLUE through 1) a novel framework for evaluating counterfactual explanations of uncertainty, 2) a series of ablation experiments, and 3) a user study. Our experiments show that CLUE outperforms baselines and enables practitioners to better understand which input patterns are responsible for predictive uncertainty.

Field of study: Computer science
A note the stiring distribution of the second kind

A probability distribution with probabilities at points is called the Stirling distribution of the second kind (SDSK) with parameter λ > 0 and positive integer valued parameter n. The purpose of thisnote is to study some properties of the SDSK. We show that with respect to the parameter n the convolution of two independent SDSK's is again a SDSK, and conversely. Also a recursion relation holds for the moments of the SDSK. We also discussminimm variance unbiased astimation of the probability function of the SDSK and illustrate the results with a practical example.

Field of study: Mathematics
Production of glucosyl glycerol by immobilized sucrose phosphorylase: Options for enzyme fixation on a solid support and application in microscale flow format.

2-O-(α-d-Glucopyranosyl)-sn-glycerol (αGG) is a natural osmolyte. αGG is produced industrially for application as an active cosmetic ingredient. The biocatalytic process involves a selective transglucosylation from sucrose to glycerol catalyzed by sucrose phosphorylase (SPase). Here we examined immobilization of SPase (from Leuconostoc mesenteroides) on solid support with the aim of enabling continuous production of αGG. By fusing SPase to the polycationic binding module Zbasic2 we demonstrated single-step noncovalent immobilization of the enzyme chimera to different porous supports offering an anionic surface. We showed that immobilization facilitated by Zbasic2 was similarly efficient as immobilization by multipoint covalent attachment on epoxy-activated supports in terms of production of αGG. Enzyme loadings of up to 90mg enzyme g-1 support were obtained and the immobilized SPase was about half as effective as the enzyme in solution. The high regio- and chemo-selectivity of soluble SPase in αGG synthesis was retained in the immobilized enzyme and product yields of >85% were obtained at titers of ∼800mM. The Zbasic2-SPase immobilizates were fully recyclable: besides reuse of the enzyme activity, easy recovery of the solid support for fresh immobilizations was facilitated by the reversible nature of the enzyme attachment. Application of immobilized Zbasic2-SPase for continuous production of αGG in a microstructured flow reactor was demonstrated. Space-time yields of 500mmol αGG L-1h-1 were obtained at product titers of ∼200mM. The continuous microreactor was operated for 16days and an operational half-life of about 10days was determined.

Field of study: Biology, Engineering
Chimpanzee responding during matching to sample: control by exclusion.

Three chimpanzees performed a computerized matching-to-sample task in which samples were photographs of items and comparison stimuli were geometric symbols called lexigrams. In Experiment 1, samples were either defined (i.e., they represented items that were associated already with a specific lexigram label by the chimpanzees) or undefined (i.e., they did not have an already learned association with a specific lexigram). On each trial, the foil (incorrect) comparison could be either a defined or an undefined lexigram. All 3 chimpanzees selected the correct comparison for undefined samples at a level significantly better than chance only when the foil comparison was defined. In Experiment 2, three comparisons were presented on each trial, and in Experiment 3, four comparisons were presented on each trial. For Experiments 2 and 3, the foil comparisons consisted of either defined or undefined comparisons or a mixture of both. For these two experiments, when the chimpanzees were presented with an undefined sample, they typically made selections of only undefined comparisons. These data indicate that the chimpanzees responded through use of exclusion. A final experiment, however, indicated that, despite the use of exclusion to complete trials with undefined samples correctly, the chimpanzees did not learn new associations between undefined samples and comparisons.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Microconchid-dominated cobbles from the Upper Devonian of Russia: Opportunism and dominance in a restricted environment following the Frasnian–Famennian biotic crisis

Carbonate cobbles from the lower Famennian (crepida conodont Zone) brachiopod shell beds of the Russkiy Brod Quarry (Central Devonian Field, Russia) have been investigated with respect to paleoecology and paleoenvironment. The cobbles, composed of similar shell bioclasts as the host deposits, were eroded from lithified shell beds during intervals of non-deposition. The smooth surfaces and the presence of borings and encrustations on all sides suggest that the cobbles were periodically transported and overturned. The fact that all the bioerosion traces are encrusted and none of the encrusters were bioeroded indicates that the first colonizers of the cobbles were worm-like suspension feeders, leaving long, cylindrical borings (Trypanites). The encrusting organisms are dominated by spirally-coiled microconchid tubeworms, followed by cornulitids, productid brachiopods, hederelloids, foraminifera, enigmatic Ascodictyon and trepostome bryozoans. The high abundance but low-diversity brachiopod fauna and general rarity of such stenohaline taxa as echinoderms in the shell beds or bryozoans on the cobbles suggest that the salinity fluctuated. The presence of dolomite crystals in both the host deposit and cobbles suggests that salinity increased from normal-marine to a higher salinity level during colonization of the cobbles. In fact, as shown by the facies and palynofacies data, the cobble-bearing deposits represent near-shore, restricted environments created during the first phases of transgression of the early Famennian that followed the regional regression at the Frasnian–Famennian transition. In such shallow, restricted settings a higher salinity could have appeared seasonally during a hot and dry climate. As with the microconchids from the aftermath of the end-Permian mass extinction, those from the post-crisis early Famennian interval of Russia were also dominant due to unstable environmental conditions. Here, at least in the case of the Russkiy Brod, the periodic higher salinity episodes may have discouraged other encrusters and thus promoted the settlement of the opportunistic microconchids.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography