nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Role of Serum miRNAs in the Prediction of Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome in Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome Patients

Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) causes a significantly increased risk of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS). Here, we focused on the altered expression of serum miRNAs and their predictive value for OHSS in PCOS patients.  We used the TaqMan low density array followed by individual quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction to identify and validate the expression of serum miRNAs in PCOS patients likely to develop severe OHSS.  The miR-16 and miR-223 expression levels were significantly reduced in the patients who were likely to develop severe OHSS than in the control subjects who were likely to develop mild or no OHSS. The sensitivity and specificity of the basal LH, basal LH/FSH, and body mass index (BMI) as OHSS predictors were also evaluated. miR-16 was the most efficient for OHSS prediction as it yielded the highest AUC. Logistic binary regression analyses revealed a positive association of miR-223 and BMI.  Serum miRNAs are differentially expressed in PCOS patients likely to suffer from severe OHSS. We identified and validated two serum miRNAs that have potential for use as novel noninvasive biomarkers to accurately predict OHSS before controlled ovarian hyperstimulation (COH) for PCOS patients.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Asymptotic behaviour of averages of k-dimensional marginals of measures on ℝⁿ

We study the asymptotic behaviour, as n → ∞, of the Lebesgue measure of the set {x ∈ K ; |PE(x)| ≤ t} for a random kdimensional subspace E ⊂ R and K ⊂ R in the class of isotropic convex bodies. For k growing slowly to infinity, we prove it to be close to the suitably normalised Gaussian measure in R of a t-dilate of the Euclidean unit ball. Some of the results hold for a wider class of probabilities on R. 1. Preliminaries and Notation Let E be a k-dimensional subspace of R, 1 ≤ k ≤ n and denote by PE the orthogonal projection onto E. For any Borel probability P on R, its marginal probability on E is defined as PE(A) := P(A + E⊥) = P(x ∈ R | PE(x) ∈ A), A ⊆ E . A Borel probability P is isotropic if ∫ Rn x dP(x) = 0 and its covariance matrix is a multiple of the identity. A convex body K of volume 1 is isotropic if the uniform measure on K is. In this case, such multiple of the identity is denoted by LK . In [Kl2] the author solved the so called Central limit problem for convex bodies (posed in [ABP], [BV] for k = 1 and considered in [BK], [BHVV], [KL], [MM], [Mi], [Wo]). He showed that every isotropic convex body K (and more generally, every isotropic log-concave probability measure) has the property that most of its k-dimensional marginal distributions are approximately Gaussian, with respect to the total variation metric, provided that k << log n log log n . In a more general probabilistic setting, the k-dimensional version of the problem goes back to [W] (see also [DF], [Bo], [Su]). In [NR], the authors studied proximity of k-marginals to the Gaussian measure with respect to the (weaker) T-distance, for a class of isotropic probabilities satisfying some concentration hypothesis. In [M], Gaussian approximation of k-marginals Date: June 13, 2008.

Field of study: Mathematics
Economic characteristics and management strategies of sport lotteries.

Sport lottery as a special commodity has distinctive economic characteristics.Based on his analysis of such economic characteristics of sport lotteries as commodity attributes,consumption motives,relation between demand and supply,and market structure,the author put forward the following sport lottery management strategies: develop commercialized operation,highlight the entertaining characteristics of sport lotteries;intensify the winning motive,boost public welfare and entertainment motives;rationally handle the demand and supply relation,supply sport lotteries in a highly efficient,normative and scientific way;reinforce the monopolistic market structure,encourage competition,develop enterprise like operation.

Field of study: Education
Magnetism in one dimension

Not just biological phenomena but most physical phenomena as well become drastically altered or impossible in spaces of fewer than three dimensions. As is well known, the cooperative behavior of many‐body systems depends very strongly on the coordination of the closely interacting particles and therefore on the number of spatial dimensions. As we shall see, not only does an examination of physics in fewer than three dimensions illuminate the familiar world of three dimensions, there are also real systems whose structure effectively reduces their dimensionality and for which, therefore, low‐dimensional physics is a prerequisite. As a consequence, a considerable effort has been expended in explaining the properties of lower‐dimensional and, especially, linear systems. During the last decade there has been a veritable explosion in the “one‐dimensional” literature. In this article we would like to discuss in the context of magnetism some of the motivating factors for this explosion and the progress that has b...

Field of study: Physics
[Augmented antipsychotic therapy with pantogam active in patients with schizophrenia].

to study the efficacy of the GABA-ergic drug pantogam active (D-, L-gopantenic acid) in patients with schizophrenia treated with typical neuroleptics and to assess the rate of treatment response and tolerability of the drug.



A sample consisted of 70 patients with schizophrenia stratified into main (n=35) and control (n=35) groups. All patients received one of typical antipsychotics (haloperidol, zuclopenthixol, promazine or perphenazine). Patients of the main group received in addition pantogam active in dose of 1200-1800 mg daily. The maximum allowed dose of 1800 mg daily was used in 62.9% of the patients.



The long-term combined therapy with the addition of D-, L-gopantenic acid (pantogam activ) allowed to achieve clinical improvement earlier (on 8th week in the main group versus 16th week in the control group). The frequency and severity of secondary negative symptoms associated with antipsychotic therapy were decreased as well. The high efficacy and tolerability of the combined therapy allow to improve quality of life in patients with schizophrenia and their compliance to treatment as well as to reduce costs of medical care.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Geochemical and petrological evidence for a suprasubduction zone origin of Neoarchean (ca. 2.5 Ga) peridotites, central orogenic belt, North China craton

The 2.55–2.50 Ga Zunhua and Wutaishan belts within the central orogenic belt of the North China craton contain variably metamorphosed and deformed tectonic blocks of peridotites and amphibolites that occur in a sheared metasedimentary matrix. In the Zunhua belt, dunites comprise podiform chromitites with high and uniform Cr-numbers (88). Peridotites and associated picritic amphibolites are characterized by light rare earth element (LREE)–enriched patterns and negative high field strength element ( Nb, Zr, and Ti) anomalies. They have positive initial ϵ Hf values (+7.9 to +10.4), which are consistent with an extremely depleted mantle composition. Mass-balance calculations indicate that the composition of the 2.55 Ga mantle beneath the Zunhua belt was enriched in SiO 2 and FeO T compared to modern abyssal peridotites. These geochemical signatures are consistent with a suprasubduction zone geodynamic setting. Metasomatism of the subarc mantle by slab-derived hydrous melts and/or fluids at ca. 2.55 Ga is likely to have been the cause of the subduction zone geochemical signatures in peridotites of the Zunhua belt. In the Wutaishan belt, chromitite-hosting harzburgites and dunites display U-shaped rare earth element (REE) patterns and have high Mg-numbers (91.1–94.5). These geochemical characteristics are similar to those of Phanerozoic forearc peridotites. The dunites might have formed by dissolution of orthopyroxene in reactive melt channels, similar to those in modern ophiolites. However, they differ in detail, and they might be residues of Archean komatiites. Following the initiation of an intra-oceanic subduction zone, they were trapped as a forearc mantle wedge between the subducting slab and magmatic arc. Slab-derived hydrous melts infiltrating through the mantle wedge metasomatized the depleted mantle residue, resulting in U-shaped rare earth element (REE) patterns.

Field of study: Geology
Incidence of positive tuberculin tests by age and place of birth: a study.

In central Toronto tuberculin positive rates of 35% and 48% were found in young adult immigrants from the Caribbean and Asia. Foreign born residents, representing 22.2% of the population, contributed 68.3% of all the active cases of tuberculosis in Ontario in 1980.The incidence of active tuberculosis in Ontario in 1980 in males aged 70 years and over was 43.4 per 100,000 compared to 11.1 per 100,000 for males and females of all ages.The need for surveillance of immigrants and refugees as well as the elderly is emphasized.

Field of study: Medicine
A continuous record of Holocene eolian activity and vegetation change at Lake Ann, east-central Minnesota

Wind-blown silt and sand in the lacustrine sediments of Lake Ann in east-central Minnesota provide a continuous record of Holocene eolian activity of the adjacent Lake Ann dune field. Results of grain size, loss-on-ignition, and especially magnetic susceptibility determinations indicate the variable quantities of eolian material present in the lacustrine sediments. Comparison of this eolian component with the vegetation history determined by pollen analysis indicates that dunes were apparently not present during Late Wisconsin (late glacial) and early Holocene times when trees were common on the Anoka Sand Plain. Dune development began about 8000 yr B.P. when arboreal vegetation was seriously reduced by dry conditions. The middle Holocene history is subdivided into three distinct episodes, each with a similar sequence of events: (1) drought and reduced vegetation cover, (2) increased eolian flux, (3) increased precipitation and tree cover, and (4) slow decline in eolian erosion. Maximum eolian flux during these episodes occurs at ca. 7400, 5800, and 4900 yr B.P. The mid-Holocene climate at Lake Ann is similar to that inferred for other Midwest sites, such as Elk Lake in northwestern Minnesota, where intervals of dryness or strong winds occur when eolian activity is high at Lake Ann. Dune activity in east-central Minnesota appears to have been primarily initiated by severe droughts of relatively brief duration during the general aridity of the mid-Holocene interval.

Field of study: Geology
Patterns of Geographical and Potential Adaptive Divergence in the Genome of the Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio)

The common carp, Cyprinus carpio, is a cyprinid fish species cultured in Europe and Asia. It accounts for >70% of freshwater aquaculture production worldwide. We conducted a population genomics analysis on C. carpio using high-throughput SNP genotyping of 2,198 individuals from 14 populations worldwide to determine the genetic architecture of common carp populations and the genetic bases for environmental adaptation. Structure analyses including phylogeny and principal component analysis were also conducted, showing distinct geographical patterns in European and Asian populations. The linkage disequilibrium block average lengths of the 14 populations ranged from 3.94 kb to 36.67 kb. Genes within selective sweep regions were identified by genome scanning among the different populations, including gdf6a, bmpr1b, and opsin5. Gene Ontology and KEGG enrichment analyses revealed potential trait-related loci and genes associated with body shape, scaling patterns, and skin color. This population genomics analysis may provide valuable clues for future genome-assisted breeding of C. carpio.

Field of study: Biology
High‐School Physics: Progress and Continuing Challenge

In September 1983, PHYSICS TODAY devoted a special issue to the crisis in US high‐school physics education. That issue was prepared in the wake of a series of well‐publicized reports from a number of prominent national commissions and committees that documented the severity of the crisis. Of particular interest to the physics community was the shortage of qualified high‐school physics instructors across the nation and the low level of high‐school physics enrollment.

Field of study: Physics
Highway State Gating for Recurrent Highway Networks: Improving Information Flow Through Time

Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) play a major role in the field of sequential learning, and have outperformed traditional algorithms on many benchmarks. Training deep RNNs still remains a challenge, and most of the state-of-the-art models are structured with a transition depth of 2–4 layers. Recurrent Highway Networks (RHNs) were introduced in order to tackle this issue. These have achieved state-of-the-art performance on a few benchmarks using a depth of 10 layers. However, the performance of this architecture suffers from a bottleneck, and ceases to improve when an attempt is made to add more layers. In this work, we analyze the causes for this, and postulate that the main source is the way that the information flows through time. We introduce a novel and simple variation for the RHN cell, called Highway State Gating (HSG), which allows adding more layers, while continuing to improve performance. By using a gating mechanism for the state, we allow the net to “choose” whether to pass information directly through time, or to gate it. This mechanism also allows the gradient to back-propagate directly through time and, therefore, results in a slightly faster convergence. We use the Penn Treebank (PTB) dataset as a platform for empirical proof of concept. Empirical results show that the improvement due to Highway State Gating is for all depths, and as the depth increases, the improvement also increases.

Field of study: Computer science
Multiscale assessment of the influence of habitat structure and composition on bird assemblages in boreal forest

The relative contributions of habitat structure and composition to biodiversity are often scale-dependent. Although bird communities in boreal forest have been largely altered and threatened by forest harvesting, bird habitat selection in this ecosystem has not been fully understood. Our study aimed to assess the relative contributions of habitat structure and composition on the assemblages of boreal birds at multiple spatial scales characterized by radii ranging from 100 to 1,000 m. We recorded bird species occurrence at 96 stations located in an old-growth forest in the Côte-Nord region of Québec, Canada. We characterized habitat structure using the proportion of dense, open, and sparse stands, and habitat composition using the proportions of coniferous, mixedwood, and deciduous stands. We used partial canonical correspondence analyses and hierarchical variance partitioning to assess the relative contribution of habitat structure and composition on bird assemblage, and logistic regression to model the probability of occurrence for individual species in response to habitat variables. Our results revealed that habitat structure and composition explained similar proportions of the variance in bird assemblage (21.7 vs. 21.6 %), regardless of spatial scale. Whilst logistic regression yielded fair predictions in the occurrence of individual species (i.e., area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve >0.70 for 90 % of the species), it further confirmed our findings in community level analysis. Our study indicates that habitat structure and composition are both important in shaping bird assemblages, but spatial scale draws little influence on their relative contributions.

Field of study: Environmental science
Theα- andβ-decay of187Pb

Sources of187Pb were produced by the142Nd(48Ti, 3n)187Pb reaction followed by online mass separation of the products. Measurements ofγ-γ andα-γ coincidences and half-lives were performed. Twoα-emitting states in187Pb were found with half-lives of 15.2±0.3 s and 18.3±0.3 s, respectively. Theα-γ coincidences yielded excitation energy and possible spin values for a few levels in183Hg. Gamma-transitions in187Tl were identified and a level scheme for187Tl is proposed on the basis of the coincidence relationships and the level systematics of the heavier odd-thallium isotopes.

Field of study: Physics
AN ESTIMATE OF THE INTEGRAL [xxx] WITH HOLDER CONTINUOUS FUNCTIONS a v(x) AND v(x)

In the present paper we establish the estimate b j u'(x)v{x) dx\ < K{b a) assuming that the given integral exists, u(x) e Lipa, v(x) e Lipp (0 < Q < 1, 1-Q < ß <1); the constant K depends on q, ß, max|t;(x)| and the Holder constants of the functions u{x) and ?;(z). It was established in the papers of L.C.Young  and V.Kondurar . V.I.Macaev and M.Z.Solomjak  considered the weak Riemann-Stieltjes in2 0 8 Umanskiy tegral 1 j f d g 0 and obtained an estimate of the corresponding integral sums when the functions f(x) and g{x) satisfy appropriate conditions (see theorem 1 below). In this paper we will obtain an estimate of the Riemann integral 0 j u'{x)v{x) dx with Holder continuous functions u{x) and v(x) satisfying some additional conditions (see theorem 2).This estimate can be used in the qualitative theory of partial differential equations for the exploration of removable singularities for Holder continuous solutions of peurtial differential equations with Holder continuous coefficients. Let C'(c,d) be the Space of functions f(x) having continuous first order derivative f'(x) for all ie(c,d) .Denote by Lipa[c,d] (0<q<1) the class of functions f(x) (x e [c,d]) satisfying the Holder inequality |/(a;)-/(j/)| <const|x-j/r for all x,j/e[c,rf].The Holder constant of a function f{x)eLipa[c,d] is defined as usual by Laif) = sup — r — T ^ . F y\ Let Li [0,1] denote the Space of the Lebesgue integrable functions f{t) for which 1 ii/ik = / \m\dt<^. 0 For /(t)eLi[0,1] consider l r wi[f-,h]= snp [ \f(t + r)-f(t)\dt {0<h<l) 0<r<h J 0 and for. 0 < a < 1 define 1 dh if this (Lebesgue) integral exists.The following theorem was proved in  (see theorem 1, page 518). b An estimate of the integral / u ' ( x ) v { x ) dx 2 0 9 THEOREM 1 (V.I.Macaev and M.Z.Solomjak). Suppose /(i)6Li[0,1] and M,a(/)<oo for some number 0<a<l.Let ff(t)eLipi_a[0,1]. For an arbitrary set of points 0 = to < < • • • < tn = 1 denote R= m^{tk-tk-i). l<K<.n Then the following limit exists Jmdt K-^O^i tk-tk-l tk-l and it is independent of the choice of points  Using this result we will prove the following theorem. Suppose that a function u(x)eC"(c,d) n Lipa[c,d\ and a function v{x)eLipß[c,d], where 0 < q < 1 , 0 < / ? < l a n d a + /3>l.Let V = sup |»j(x)| ie(c,<i] and [a, b] C {c,d) be an arbitrary interval such that 0 < 6 a < l.Then i j u'(x)v(x)dx\ ^Kib-a)" a with K = K{a, ß, K, Lß{v)) > 0.  let t = {x a)/{b a). Then x = x{t) = a + t{b a) with [0,1]. Consider the functions f(t) = v{x{t))=v{a + t(b-a)) and g{t) = u(x{t)) = u{a + t{b a)). where t 6 [0,1]. Then g{t) e C"[0,1], u'(x{t)) = g'it)/ib a) and therefore 6 1 Ju'(x)v(x)dx = Jg'{t)f(t)dt. a 0 Consider an arbitrary set of points 0 = to < ti < • • • < t„ = 1 and denote

Field of study: Philosophy
The great cholesterol myth: unfortunate consequences of Brown and Goldstein's mistake.

Dear Sir,

Dr Adams has certainly challenged conventional thinking with his review in the October QJM . Cholesterol has always been a fascinating and star subject. Some 13 scientists have been awarded Nobel prizes for studies on cholesterol, its structure and physiology. Brown and Goldstein in their Nobel Prize Lecture described cholesterol as the ‘the most highly decorated small molecule …

Field of study: Medicine
Empathy in Schizophrenics, Neurotics, and Normals

No significant differences were found between the group mean scores of 7 schizophrenics, 7 neurotics, and 7 normals on the Literature Empathy Test. However, there was support for the hypothesis that normals respond in terms of a generalized conventional other, while schizophrenics respond in a more idiographic manner.

Field of study: Psychology
Spatial processing for frequency diversity schemes

A novel technique to obtain optimum blind spatial processing for frequency diversity spread spectrum (FDSS) communication systems is introduced. The sufficient statistics for a linear combiner, which prove ineffective due to the interferers frequency characteristics, are modified to yield improved detection under partial jamming in the spectral domain. Robustness to partial time jamming is achieved by extending the notion of replicas over the frequency axis to a repetition over the time variable. Analysis and simulations are provided, showing the advantages of using FDSS with spatial diversity to combat the interference when it is confined to a narrow frequency band or short time interval relative to the desired signal extent in either domain.

Field of study: Engineering
The threatened plant intermediate wintergreen (Pyrola media) associates with a wide range of biotrophic fungi in native Scottish pine woods

The plant intermediate wintergreen (Pyrola media, Ericaceae) is in need of conservation action in Scotland. Although widespread, it is locally distributed in dwarf shrub heath and more commonly in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) woodlands. A recent study on the mycorrhizal status of Pyrola suggested that they associate with a restricted range of ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi. Here, we examined the hypothesis that specialisation by P. media for fungi usually associated with Scots pine is a factor in promoting its occurrence in this habitat. The fungal community associated with the roots of P. media growing in a Scots pine forest was determined by morphotyping, polymerase chain reaction, cloning and sequencing. Molecular identification found 49 taxa representing ecto- and ericoid mycorrhizal fungi, dark septate endophytes, saprotrophs, and fungi of unknown trophic status. The majority of the taxa (67.4%) were Basidiomycota, with 24.4% known to be ECM fungi specific to Pinus sp. or conifers. However, a wide range of other mycorrhizal fungi with varying degrees of host specificity were also found, including taxa usually associated with deciduous hosts. In conclusion, the broad range of mycorrhizal fungi recovered from the roots of P. media suggests that specialization is not a major factor in determining its distribution.

Field of study: Environmental science
Solder–Graphite Network Composite Sheets as 
High-Performance Thermal Interface Materials

Low-cost solder–graphite composite sheets (≥55 vol.% solder), with solder and graphite forming interpenetrating networks to a degree, are excellent thermal interface materials (TIMs). Solders 63Sn-37Pb and 95.5Sn-4Ag-0.5Cu are separately used, with the latter performing better. In composite fabrication, a mixture of micrometer-size solder powder and ozone-treated exfoliated graphite is compressed to form a graphite network, followed by fluxless solder reflow and subsequent hot pressing to form the solder network. The network connectivity (enhanced by ozone treatment) is lower in the through-thickness direction. The electrical conductivity obeys the rule of mixtures (parallel model in-plane and series model through-thickness), with anisotropy 7. Thermal contact conductance ≤26 × 104 W/(m2 K) (with 15-μm-roughness copper sandwiching surfaces), through-thickness thermal conductivity ≤52 W/(m K), and in-plane thermal expansion coefficient 1 × 10−5/°C are obtained. The contact conductance exceeds or is comparable to that of all other TIMs, provided that solder reflow has occurred and the composite thickness is ≤100 μm. Upon decreasing the thickness below 100 μm, the sandwich thermal resistivity decreases abruptly, the composite through-thickness thermal conductivity increases abruptly to values comparable to the calculated values based on the rule of mixtures (parallel model), and the composite–copper interfacial thermal resistivity (rather than the composite resistivity) becomes dominant.

Field of study: Materials science