nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Communication Set and the Perception of Ongoing Behavior

Four studies demonstrate that communication set can affect the initial perception of ongoing behavior, which, in turn, can affect subsequent reactions to, or judgments based on, that behavior. Participants expecting to transmit information from an observed behavior sequence to another person unitized (i.e., perceptually organized) that sequence into fewer, but not qualitatively different, meaningful actions than did either participants expecting to receive information from another person or participants with no expectation (controls). In addition, transmitters (relative to receivers or controls) attributed traits to an observed actor less confidently (Study 2), recalled fewer actions from the behavior sequence (Study 3), and experienced less positive affective reactions to the sequence (Studies 3 and 4). It appears from these results that, at least in some instances, the objective of transmitters from the outset is to construct a simpler, more easily communicable summary of information, but not one that is fundamentally different in content from receivers or controls.

Field of study: Psychology
Activity of methanotrophic bacteria in Green Bay sediments

Sediment pore water samples obtained from a 19 m station in Green Bay in Lake Michigan were examined for levels of ambient dissolved methane and copper, and for the potential for in situ methane oxidation by methanotrophs found within surface sediments. The in situ methane concentration in the upper oxic sediment layer ranged from 20–150 μmol · 1−1 at this station. The activity of methanotrophs and the kinetics of methane oxidation in these sediments were demonstrated by the uptake of radiolabeled methane. Ks values varied between 4.1–9.6 nmol · cm3 of sediment slurry. High Vmax values (12.7–35.2 nmol · cm−3 · h−1) suggest a large population of methanotrophs in the sediments. An average methane flux to the oxic sediments of 0.24 mol · m−2 · year−1 was calculated from the pore water methane gradients. Pore water concentrations of copper in the upper sediment layer ranged from 10–120 nmol · 1−1. Based upon the copper concentration, other measured parameters, and equilibrium conditions defined by WATEQF4, an estimate for dissolved free Cu2+ concentration of 5–38 nmol · 1−1 pore water was obtained. Several factors control the rate of methane oxidation, including oxygen, methane, and the bioavailability of free Cu2+.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Lesions of the nucleus accumbens in rats reduce opiate reward but do not alter context-specific opiate tolerance.

Bilateral electrolytic lesions of the nucleus accumbens in rats eliminated the capacity of 10 mg/kg morphine to produce a conditioned place preference (Experiment 1). However, these lesions did not alter the capacity to establish context-specific tolerance to the analgesic effects of 5 mg/kg of morphine (Experiment 2). This latter finding indicates that rats with nucleus accumbens lesions are not impaired in associating the effects of morphine with a particular location. Thus, the failure of morphine to produce a conditioned place preference in these lesioned rats probably cannot be attributed to an inability to associate the effects of morphine with a particular chamber, i.e., the initially nonpreferred chamber. Rather, morphine may fail to establish a conditioned place preference in these rats because nucleus accumbens lesions disrupt a pathway that is critical in mediating the rewarding effects of opiates.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Cognitive Dissonance, Status and Growth of the Underclass

We present a model of cognitive adaptation to examine the growth and behaviours of the underclass. In the model, individuals experiencing cognitive dissonance between status seeking and social recognition adapt their attitudes regarding what is deemed status worthy. This yields the endogenous formation of an underclass in which non-pecuniary social returns counteract the effect of traditional incentives (i.e. wages) in motivating behaviour. By gaining insight into the process of psychological adaptation of those living in poverty, the paper sheds light on economic policies that mitigate the disenfranchisement and hence the growth of the underclass.

Field of study: Economics
Neutron-induced SEU in bulk SRAMs in terrestrial environment: Simulations and experiments

This work investigates the sensitivity of bulk technologies in the terrestrial neutron environment as a function of technology scaling. Their sensitivity is analyzed with both experiments and Monte Carlo simulations. The soft error rate (SER) of future technology generations is extrapolated, analyzed and discussed on the basis of different parameters such as the interaction volume, the secondary ion species and the incident neutron energy ranges.

Field of study: Physics
Low Power Active Inductor Using Symmetrical Structure

This paper proposes power-consumption and chip-area reduction technique for OTA-C based active inductors. In the proposed technique a conventional floating active inductor is divided into two identical active inductors whose chip-size and power consumption are half of the original one. The two divided active inductors are connected in parallel. In the parallel connection opposite ends of the two divided active inductors are connected. Thanks to this modification two pairs of OTAs can be merged and the total number of OTAs is minimized. The proposed technique ideally achieves 33 % reduction in power consumption and more than 33 % reduction in chip-area of the conventional active inductor. Moreover, the proposed active inductor has low mismatch characteristics because it is perfectly symmetrical. It is also shown that the proposed technique is vely effective in low power design of a pair of active inductors for fully balanced circuits.

Field of study: Computer science
Lexico-Semantic Errors of the Learners of English: A Survey of Standard Seven Keiyo- Speaking Primary School Pupils in Keiyo District, Kenya

The purpose of this research was to study the Lexico-semantic errors of the Keiyo-speaking standard seven primary school learners of English as a Second Language (ESL)   in Keiyo District, Kenya.  This study was guided by tw           o related theories: Error Analysis Theory/Approach by Corder (1971) which approaches L2 learning through   a detailed analysis of the learners’ own language and Interlanguage Theory by Selinker (1972) which looks at the language   of L2 learners as an interim grammar advancing towards TL. The two theories complemented each other for the identifications, analysis and categorization of the learners’ errors as found in the composition, story telling and teachers questionnaires. The data was classified, analyzed and interpreted through descriptive and inferential statistical technique to test the hypotheses. Data was presented in form of tables and figures. From the learners’ compositions and story telling tape recorded, two types of broad error categories were established: Interlingual and Intralingual. Interlingual errors which comprised 35.74% of the total number of errors made, included phonologically induced, language switch, paraphrase, calques and epenthesis. The intralingual errors were the majority. They comprised 64.27%. These errors included: semantic contiguity, coinage, malapropisms, learning induced, collocation and ignorance errors. From the data, though L1errors were few, it hampers both communication and affects the affective component of the learners. In the findings of this study the nature and causes of the errors found can be used to get solutions to learners’ poor performance in English Language.  Lexico–Semantic erros, Learners, L1 interference ,

Field of study: Education
The Formation of Quinolin-2(1H)-ones via Electrocyclic Reaction of o-Isocyanatostyrenes Generated in situ from o-Isocyanostyrenes

A convenient one-pot preparation of 4-substituted or 3,4-disubstituted quinolin-2(1H)-ones from 2-isocyanostyrene derivatives, which involves mCPBA oxidation to the corresponding isocyanate intermediates followed by electrocyclization, is described.

Field of study: Chemistry
Effect of apoptosis of rVvhA on J774A.1 and the related mechanism

To investigate the activity of recombinant Vibrio vulnificus hemolysin (rVvhA) on the apoptosis of J774A.1 cells and the related mechanism.  The cytotoxic effect of rVvhA on the growth of J774A.1 cells was identified by MTT, celluar and mitochondrial morphology were observed by transmission electron microscopy, apoptosis or necrosis and mitochondrial membrane potential in J774A.1 cells were measured by flow cytometry, activities of caspase-3 ,-8,-9 were detected by spectrophotometry.  The viability of J774A.1 cells exposed to rVvhA was inhibited, and it is dependent on dose. Celluar and mitochondrial uhrastructure both occurred to change obviously observed by transmission electron microscopy in J774A.1 treated by 2.0 HU/ml and 3.0 HU/ml rVvhA after 8 hours; and 3.0 HU/ml rVvhA group had a better cytotoxic effect on J774A.1 than that of 3.0 HU/ml rVvhA group. The percentage of apoptosis is (7.80±0.62)%, (12.33±0.12)%, respectively. Besides, the mitochondriai membrane potential also reduced, because the rate of fluorescence which is green increase 1.0% (normal) to 9.8% (2.0 HU/ml rVvhA) and 39.2% (3.0 HU/ml rVvhA). At the same time, the caspase-3, -9 activity increased gradually, but caspase-8 remained unchanging. In J774A.1 cells treated by 3.0 HU/ml rV-vhA + caspase-3 inhibitor(Ac-DEVD-FMK) or caspase-9 inhibitor(Ac-LEHD-FMK), The apoptosis of was reduced to(6.23±3.95)% ,(9.60±3.14)%, and the activity of caspase-3, -9 reduced, too.  The rVvhA has cytotoxic effect on J774A.1. Mitochondria-mediated apoptosis pathway which is dependent on caspase may be related to apoptosis induced by rVvhA in J774A.1. 
 
 
Vibrio vulnificus;  Cytolysin;  J774A.1;  Apoptosis;  Mitochondria

Field of study: Biology
COMPONENTS OF LASER SYSTEMS AND PROCESSES OCCURRING IN THEM: Natural amplitude fluctuations in a ring He-Ne laser under phase resonance conditions

An experimental investigation was made of the spectra of natural amplitude fluctuations of counterpropagating (opposite) waves in a ring He–Ne laser under phase resonance conditions. The form of the spectrum was then qualitatively different from the spectrum obtained in the standing-wave regime. A theoretical analysis provided a satisfactory explanation of the characteristics of the observed spectra.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Evolutionary Game of Counterfeit between Industrial E-commerce Third-Party Platform and Settled Merchants under New Media Environment

Settled merchants counterfeiting on industrial e-commerce platform have become the focus of government and media. To analysis the evolutionary mechanism of counterfeiting between industrial e-commerce platform and settled merchants under New Media environment, an evolutionary game model was built. The influence and authenticity of New Media reports were taken into account in the counterfeit game between platform and settled merchants. The research shows that the influence and authenticity of New Media reports have a significant impact on the evolution of counterfeit on industrial e-commerce platform. The third-party platforms tend to supervise and the settled merchants tend to legitimate operation under efficient and accurate New Media environment. Meanwhile, third-party platforms tend to ignore supervision and settled merchants tend to counterfeit when New Media reports lack credibility. So, enhancing the supervision and improving the authenticity of New Media have a positive effect on counterfeiting in the third-party industrial e-commerce platform.

Field of study: Engineering
Bayesian Semiparametric Mixed Effects Markov Models With Application to Vocalization Syntax

Studying the neurological, genetic, and evolutionary basis of human vocal communication mechanisms using animal vocalization models is an important field of neuroscience. The datasets typically comprise structured sequences of syllables or “songs” produced by animals from different genotypes under different social contexts. It has been difficult to come up with sophisticated statistical methods that appropriately model animal vocal communication syntax. We address this need by developing a novel Bayesian semiparametric framework for inference in such datasets. Our approach is built on a novel class of mixed effects Markov transition models for the songs that accommodate exogenous influences of genotype and context as well as animal-specific heterogeneity. Crucial advantages of the proposed approach include its ability to provide insights into key scientific queries related to global and local influences of the exogenous predictors on the transition dynamics via automated tests of hypotheses. The methodology is illustrated using simulation experiments and the aforementioned motivating application in neuroscience.

Field of study: Mathematics
Desalination of mixed tannery effluent with membrane bioreactor and reverse osmosis treatment.

A limiting factor for the reuse and recycling of treated tannery wastewater for irrigation and other uses is the high salt content, which persists even after conventional treatment. Reverse osmosis (RO) membrane treatment has been shown to significantly reduce the salt contents of tannery effluents. However, the high organic content of tannery effluent leads to rapid scaling and biofouling of RO membranes with a consequent reduction in flux rates and performance. Membrane bioreactors (MBR) have been shown to be highly effective in the removal of organic pollutants and suspended solids from tannery effluent. This research investigated the use of a combined MBR and RO treatment process to treat tannery effluents to an acceptable level for irrigation purposes. The MBR was operated at 17-20 h retention time, at a F/M ratio of 0.52 kg COD x kg SS(-1) x day(-1) and a volumetric loading rate of 3.28 kg COD x m(-3) x day(-1). This treatment reduced the COD, BOD, and ammonia concentrations of the effluent by 90-100%. The MBR was shown to be an excellent pretreatment prior to RO technology, due to the high removal efficiency of organic compounds and suspended solids, with average concentrations of 344 mg x L(-1) COD and 20 mg x L(-1) BOD achieved in the permeate. RO treatment reduced the salt content of the MBR permeate by up to 97.1%. The results of the research demonstrated that the MBR system developed was appropriate for the treatment of tannery effluents and, in combination with the RO treatment, reduced the salt content to acceptable levels for irrigation. The MBR pretreatment reduced bio-fouling and scaling of subsequent RO treatment and improved the overall performance of the RO unit. It is believed that this is the first investigation of a combined MBR and RO treatment for tannery effluents. This research provided data for an outline design of a full-scale MBR and RO plant with a treatment capacity of 5000 m3 per day for mixed tannery effluents.

Field of study: Environmental science
The synthesis of N-substituted β-(5-amino-2-furyl) nitroolefins

Studying nucleophilic substitution reactions in a number of β-(5-halo-2-furyl) nitroolefins (I) with secondary amines, we have shown for the first time the possibility of synthesizing the previously unknown N-substituted β-(5-aminofuryl)nitroolefins (II). We have found that the smoothest substitution reaction takes place in the case of the 5-halo-furylnitropropenes (I, R=CH3) with morpholine and methylaniline when their alcoholic solutions are heated.

Field of study: Chemistry
A comparison of multiple imputation and doubly robust estimation for analyses with missing data

Multiple imputation is now a well-established technique for analysing data sets where some units have incomplete observations. Provided that the imputation model is correct, the resulting estimates are consistent. An alternative, weighting by the inverse probability of observing complete data on a unit, is conceptually simple and involves fewer modelling assumptions, but it is known to be both inefficient (relative to a fully parametric approach) and sensitive to the choice of weighting model. Over the last decade, there has been a considerable body of theoretical work to improve the performance of inverse probability weighting, leading to the development of 'doubly robust' or 'doubly protected' estimators. We present an intuitive review of these developments and contrast these estimators with multiple imputation from both a theoretical and a practical viewpoint.

Field of study: Mathematics
Research on Timetabling System Based on Information Acquistion of Web

Establishes a timetabling system which uses Web model to collect preliminary information.Combining with the constraints of online timetabling ststem,tries to develop an automatic timetabling system gathering preliminary information collection and limit rules making.The primary feafure of this system is that it can provide arranging resources that can be collected and compiled,and the user environment of constraints.Besides,this system also provides two scheduling modes,manual and automatic,to give more flexibility for the timetabling manager.

Field of study: Computer science
Comparison of Turbulent Prediction Methods with Ground and Flight Test Heating Data

Theme E turbulent heating data and predictions usually are compared as a function of one test variable with others held constant. Data measured at different test conditions can be compared with predictions if the data are transformed to an incompressible plane according to the particular prediction method.  In this investigation, data obtained in both ground and flight tests for which the flow conditions are documented or are calculated readily are compared with results from several prediction methods in the respective incompressible planes. The purpose of this comparison is to provide simple engineering approaches for predicting turbulent boundary-layer heating. The results of this investigation cover a wide range of experimental data and are unique since a direct comparison of flight and ground test results is possible.

Field of study: Physics
Cloning and characterization of gp36, a human mucin-type glycoprotein preferentially expressed in vascular endothelium.

A mucin-type glycoprotein has been described in murine, rat and canine tissues as a differentiation antigen and influenza-virus receptor. We have cloned a cDNA from human placenta RNA encoding the corresponding human protein, a type-I integral membrane protein of 162 amino acids. Madin-Darby canine kidney cells transfected with the cDNA clone directed the cell-surface expression of a 36-kDa O-glycosylated sialoglycoprotein, gp36, and two minor isoforms of 28 and 70 kDa. gp36 has a broad tissue distribution with strong expression in lung, placenta and skeletal muscle, as shown by PCR screening of different cDNA libraries. Immunohistochemical detection of gp36 in cryo-sections of human placenta, kidney, lung and nasal polyps showed that the glycoprotein is expressed at the apical plasma membrane of vascular endothelial cells. Expression of gp36 was not restricted to endothelial cells, as alveolar epithelial cells were found to express gp36 as well.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Direct anterior screw fixation for recent and remote odontoid fractures.

OBJECT
The management of odontoid fractures remains controversial. Only direct anterior screw fixation provides immediate stabilization of the spine and may preserve normal C1-2 motion. To determine the indications, optimum timing, and results for direct anterior screw fixation of odontoid fractures, the authors reviewed the surgery-related outcome of patients who underwent this procedure at two institutions.



One hundred forty-seven consecutive patients (98 males and 49 females) who underwent direct anterior screw fixation for recent (< or = 6 months postinjury [129 patients]) or remote (> or = 18 months postinjury [18 patients]) Type II (138 cases) or III (nine cases) odontoid fractures at the University of Utah (94 patients) and National Institute of Traumatology in Budapest, Hungary (53 patients) between 1986 and 1998 are included in this study (mean follow up 18.2 months). Data obtained from clinical examination, review of hospital charts, operative findings, and imaging studies were used to analyze the surgery-related results in these patients. In patients with recent fractures there was an overall bone fusion rate of 88%. The rate of anatomical bone fusion of recent fractures was significantly (p < or = 0.05) higher in fractures oriented in the horizontal and posterior oblique direction (compared with anterior oblique), but this finding was independent (p > or = 0.05) of age, sex, number of screws placed (one or two), and the degree or the direction of odontoid displacement. In patients with remote fractures there was a significantly lower rate of bone fusion (25%). Overall, complications related to hardware failure occurred in 14 patients (10%) and those unrelated to hardware in three patients (2%). There was one death (1%) related to surgery.



Direct anterior screw fixation is an effective and safe method for treating recent odontoid fractures (<6 months postinjury). It confers immediate stability, preserves C1-2 rotatory motion, and achieves a fusion rate that compares favorably with alternative treatment methods. In contradistinction, in patients with remote fractures (> or = 18 months postinjury) a significantly lower rate of fusion is found when using this technique, and these patients are believed to be poor candidates for this procedure.

Field of study: Medicine
Ibrolipim increases ABCA1/G1 expression by the LXRα signaling pathway in THP-1 macrophage-derived foam cells

To determine the effects and potential mechanisms of ibrolipim on ATP-binding membrane cassette transporter A-1 (ABCA1) and ATP-binding membrane cassette transporter G-1 (ABCG1) expression from human macrophage foam cells, which may play a critical role in atherogenesis.Human THP-1 cells pre-incubated with ox-LDL served as foam cell models. Specific mRNA was quantified using real-time RT-PCR and protein expression using Western blotting. Cellular cholesterol handling was studied using cholesterol efflux experiments and high performance liquid chromatography assays.Ibrolipim 5 and 50 μmol/L significantly increased cholesterol efflux from THP-1 macrophage-derived foam cells to apoA-I or HDL. Moreover, it upregulated the expression of ABCA1 and ABCG1. In addition, LXRα was also upregulated by the ibrolipim treatment. In addition, LXRα small interfering RNA completely abolished the promotion effect that was induced by ibrolipim.Ibrolipim increased ABCA1 and ABCG1 expression and promoted cholesterol efflux, which was mediated by the LXRα signaling pathway.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine