nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
B cells from a distinct subset of patients with common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) have increased CD95 (Apo‐1/fas), diminished CD38 expression, and undergo enhanced apoptosis

We investigated the role of apoptosis in the differentiation failure of B cells from a selected subpopulation of patients with CVID delineated by B cell surface marker analysis, in vitro. IgE response, and molecular markers of B cell VH gene repertoire. These patients had altered display of B cell surface molecules that play a role in apoptosis. The patients' ‘B cells had a 4.5 250‐fold increase in CD95 (Apo‐I. fas) expression and increased CD95 display on their T cells. CD38. a molecule important in preventing germinal centre B cell apoptosis. was reduced on the patients’ B cells. The expression of this molecule was inducible on the CVID lymphocytes with retinoic acid. Increased spontaneous apoptosis in vitro. was observed with the patients’B (23%) and T ceils (10%) compared with normal cells (13% and 3%, respectively). Stimulation in vitro. with IL‐4 and CD40 rescued the B cells from apoptosis and allowed for their differentiation. However, IL‐4 plus aCD40‐driven immunoglobulin production was not quantitatively or qualitatively normal. Failure to overcome apoptosis, a normal step in germinal centre B cell development, may be involved in the lack of differentiation seen in this subset of CVID patients.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
ANN Controller for Inter-area Oscillations Using Deep Learning in Power Systems

If the Low-frequency oscillations including Local and Inter-area Mode in power systems are not properly damped out, they can cause critical effects, including wide-area outage. In order to damp out these oscillations, the PSS (Power System Stabilizer) of each synchronous generator is typically used. This, however, cannot damp out inter-area oscillations. Although research on damping inter-area oscillations is conducted to resolve the mentioned problems, the Lead Lag Controller for damping the oscillations used in FACTS (Flexible AC Transmission System) devices including VSC (Voltage Source Converter) has limitations in that it is a linear controller designed at a linearized Power System models so there are some limitations incurred by the variable and unpredictable power system states, so that fixed controller parameters cannot properly damp out these oscillations. Meanwhile, the AI (Artificial Intelligence) techniques including supervised learning, unsupervised learning, and reinforcement learning are applied in various engineering fields to overcome a lot of nonlinear problems like those of power systems. In this paper, the ANN (Artificial Neural Network) controller, a kind of AI controller, was used to damp out inter-area oscillation at different power system operating conditions, after which the results were analyzed.

Field of study: Engineering
Changes in immediate early gene expression during postnatal development of cat cortex and cerebellum.

Postnatal brain development involves interactions between extracellular signals and preprogrammed genetic events. Immediate early genes (IEGs) are a group of genes that are induced by extracellular signals and their protein products alter transcription by binding regulatory elements in other genes. Using Northern and slot blot analysis of total RNA isolated from visual cortex, frontal cortex, and cerebellum of cats, we have determined the postnatal development patterns of mRNA expression for 5 of these genes, c-fos, erg-1, c-jun, jun-B, and c-myc. Each gene had a distinct developmental pattern of mRNA expression, and for a given gene, these patterns were often different in different brain structures. These results suggest that temporal changes in the combinatorial interaction of different IEGs during early postnatal life are important for normal brain development.

Field of study: Biology
Algorithms for the calculation of psychrometric properties from multi-fluid Helmholtz-energy- explicit models

Psychrometric properties of humid air are widely used in the analysis and modeling of thermal systems. In this work, we present a method for obtaining these properties from the multi-fluid mixture formulation of the GERG mixture model. This mixture model was originally developed to model the thermodynamics of natural gas mixtures, and more recently has been extended to model thermodynamic properties relevant for carbon capture and storage. The primary advantage of this formulation is that the dry air composition is not fixed, and can be adjusted to suit the application, for instance for combustion flue gases, for air in submarines, for Martian atmospheres, etc. Furthermore, this multi-fluid framework employs the highest accuracy pure-fluid equations of state in the literature. We present algorithms that can be used to calculate the quantity of water in the saturated vapor in vapor-liquid and solid-vapor equilibria, and other properties that arise out of these equilibria calculations, such as relative humidity and humidity ratio. We also present algorithms for converting other common sets of independent variables (e.g., wet-bulb temperatures), to the natural variables of the mixture model. Comprehensive discussion of the developed algorithms is provided, as well as sample code in the C++ language.

Field of study: Engineering
The Laurentian of the Ottawa District

Views of earlier Writers. In discussing the structure of the Laurentian rocks, as developed in the valley of the Ottawa river, their characteristics, as given in the first report of the late Sir William Logan, in 1845–’46, on “The Laurentian of the Upper Ottawa,” may here be presented. After stating that a low anticlinal crosses that river between the mouth of the Mattawa and the foot of Lake Temiscamingue, he says: “The lowest rocks which this undulation brings to the surface are of a highly crystalline quality belonging to the order which in the nomenclature of Lyell is called metamorphic instead of primary, as possessing an aspect inducing the theoretic belief that they may be ancient sedimentary formations in an altered condition. Their general character is that of syenitic gneiss. Their general color is reddish, and it arises from the presence of reddish feldspar, which is the prevailing constituent . . .

Field of study: Geology
Summer temperatures and lake development during the MIS 5a interstadial: New data from the Unterangerberg palaeolake in the Eastern Alps, Austria

Investigations of interstadials during early stages of glacial periods are of special interest, because they featured large-scale transformations of the climate system and the build-up of land-based ice sheets. Lacustrine sediment sequences are considered to be important natural archives that register past climate and environmental signals. Here, we present new multi-proxy data obtained from a palaeolake succession preserved in the inner-alpine terrace of Unterangerberg, Eastern Alps. These sediments formed during the second Early Wurmian Interstadial, equivalent to Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 5a, and were used to reconstruct changes in lake conditions and to infer past air temperatures. The sediment geochemical data and subfossil aquatic biota provide evidence of a cyclic lake–fen–lake development during this interstadial. The proxy records reveal stable lacustrine conditions with dense charophyte meadows and abundant aquatic fauna during the early part of the interstadial, a progressive shallowing of the lake resulting in the spreading out of fen vegetation in the middle part, and a transition from wetland to a renewed shallow lake stage towards the end of the interstadial. Chironomids were used to reconstruct mean July air temperatures, employing a combined Norwegian-Swiss chironomid temperature inference model. The reconstruction indicates a temperature close to present-day values of ca. 18 °C in the middle part of the record, while temperatures of ca. 13–14 °C are recorded for the lower and upper parts. The proxy data from this palaeolake provide evidence of heat and drought in the middle part of MIS 5a, supported by the chironomid-based temperature reconstruction. Our reconstruction shows a climate pattern broadly similar to that found in pollen-based estimates of mean July air temperatures from sites in the northern Alpine foreland and compares well to other European palaeoclimatic reconstructions of MIS 5a climate.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Mechanism for annelation ([2+4] cyclocondensation) of Schiff bases by β-dicarbonyl and β,β′-tricarbonyl compounds in amphiprotic media (review)

The mechanism was established for annelation ([2+4] cyclocondensation) of Schiff bases or azomethines by β-dicarbonyl and β,β′-tricarbonyl compounds in amphiprotic media. The condensation was found to be a self-catalyzed pericyclic process achieved through six-membered transition states. The key reaction intermediates are dipoles of quaternized azomethine ions and enol-anions of the β-dicarbonyl and β,β′-tricarbonyl compounds, which display 1,4-dipolarophilicity.

Field of study: Chemistry
Urban Development in England and America in the Nineteenth Century: Some Comparisons and Contrasts

T THERE is considerable historical precedent-as well as intellectual justification-for some comparative study of the ownership and development of land as it affected urban growth on both sides of the Atlantic in the nineteenth century. From the i830s to the i86os, radicals like Bright had constantly invoked the example of the United States when attacking the monopoly of rural land in England,2 by pointing to the different structure of landownership in America, and the absence of primogeniture and entail, resulting from the reforms begun by Jefferson in Virginia at the time of the Revolution, which were subsequently imitated by most other states.3 So when, in the I 88os, the attack on the aristocratic monopoly of land in England shifted its emphasis from the rural to the urban context, the transatlantic arguments and analogies were deployed once more. The American free trader Edward Atkinson, writing in the Westminster Review of I 889, looked at the land problems of the United Kingdom-

Field of study: Economics, History
Thermo-Optical Study of Short-Range Polar Order in a Ferroelectric Phase: The Ca2+ Impurity-Induced Ferroelectric Phase in SrTiO3

The magnitudes and temperature dependences of the root-mean-square of polarization fluctuations, which characterizes short-range ordering below TC, are determined for the first time for Sr0.986Ca0.014TiO3 single crystals, using temperature measurements of light refraction made in a manner developed by the authors. Ab initio calculations of the equilibrium structures and total energies of three lowtemperature phases for SrTiO3 and CaTiO3 are performed and the symmetry of the ground state of their solid solution is identified on the basis of the obtained results. Features of short- and long-range ordering in the Ca2+-induced ferroelectric phase of the Sr1 − xCaxTiO3 system are discussed.

Field of study: Physics
A global security architecture for operated hybrid WLAN mesh networks

Hybrid Wireless Mesh Network (HWMN) is a new wireless networking paradigm. Unlike traditional wireless networks, in HWMNs, hosts may rely on each other to keep the network connected. Operators and wireless internet service providers are choosing HWMNs to offer Internet connectivity, as it allows fast, easy and affordable network deployments. One main challenge in design of these networks is their vulnerability to security attacks. In this paper, we investigate the main security issues focusing on the most vulnerable part of the hybrid WLAN mesh infrastructure which concerns the ad hoc network part. Through our proposed architecture, Security Architecture for Operator's Hybrid WLAN Mesh Network (SATHAME), we identify the new challenges and opportunities posed by this emerging networking environment and explore approaches to secure users, data and communications. From the analysis of strengths and weaknesses of secured routing protocols, we designed a new robust routing structure called MacroGraph (MG). MG structure is extracted from the mesh ad hoc network for each communication to be established between a source and a destination. Especially, MG is a robust structure based on node-disjoint path routing scheme and dynamic trust management that can be adapted to respond to applications' security requirements. We present a performance analysis of our efficient, robust and scalable multipath reactive secured routing protocol. We investigate the behavior of our proposed scheme under two attack scenarios: Packet Dropping and Route Error attacks in dense network configurations.

Field of study: Computer science
Neural Modeling of Fuzzy Controllers for Maximum Power Point Tracking in Photovoltaic Energy Systems

One field in which electronic materials have an important role is energy generation, especially within the scope of photovoltaic energy. This paper deals with one of the most relevant enabling technologies within that scope, i.e, the algorithms for maximum power point tracking implemented in the direct current to direct current converters and its modeling through artificial neural networks (ANNs). More specifically, as a proof of concept, we have addressed the problem of modeling a fuzzy logic controller that has shown its performance in previous works, and more specifically the dimensionless duty cycle signal that controls a quadratic boost converter. We achieved a very accurate model since the obtained medium squared error is 3.47 × 10−6, the maximum error is 16.32 × 10−3 and the regression coefficient R is 0.99992, all for the test dataset. This neural implementation has obvious advantages such as a higher fault tolerance and a simpler implementation, dispensing with all the complex elements needed to run a fuzzy controller (fuzzifier, defuzzifier, inference engine and knowledge base) because, ultimately, ANNs are sums and products.

Field of study: Materials science
Stability analysis of non-autonomous reaction-diffusion systems: the effects of growing domains

By using asymptotic theory, we generalise the Turing diffusively-driven instability conditions for reaction-diffusion systems with slow, isotropic domain growth. There are two fundamental biological differences between the Turing conditions on fixed and growing domains, namely: (i) we need not enforce cross nor pure kinetic conditions and (ii) the restriction to activator-inhibitor kinetics to induce pattern formation on a growing biological system is no longer a requirement. Our theoretical findings are confirmed and reinforced by numerical simulations for the special cases of isotropic linear, exponential and logistic growth profiles. In particular we illustrate an example of a reaction-diffusion system which cannot exhibit a diffusively-driven instability on a fixed domain but is unstable in the presence of slow growth.

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics
An unusual cause of bone marrow 18-fluorodeoxyglucose uptake.

A 60-year-old ex-smoker of 20 pack years was further evaluated following a few month history of malaise, weight loss and abnormal chest radiograph. Initial computed tomography (CT) showed  was suggestive of primary lung cancer. CT-guided fine needle aspiration of the mass revealed numerous neutrophils with no evidence of malignancy. Given a possible diagnosis of lung cancer, positron …

Field of study: Medicine
Effects of B-Site Substitution on Up-Conversion Luminescence and Ferroelectric Properties in Er3+-Doped Strontium Barium Niobate

An effective route to regulate up-conversion luminescence (UCL) and polarization properties has been developed in tetragonal tungsten bronze ferroelectrics (TTBs). In this work, we have synthesized a series of (Sr0.29Er0.01)Ba0.7Nb2−xMoxO6 (SBN-Ax, 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.1) and Sr0.3Ba0.7(Nb1.99−xMoxEr0.01)O6 (SBN-Bx, 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.1) ceramics. Through investigating the UCL spectra of SBN-Ax and SBN-Bx ceramics, markedly different enhancement effects of UCL intensity have been revealed which can be attributed to the peculiar structural feature of TTBs. Furthermore, temperature sensing, dielectric and ferroelectric properties have also confirmed to display B-site substitution-dependent intriguing behaviors.

Field of study: Materials science
Public Goods as Characteristics of Non-Market Commodities, Economic Journal

In benefit-cost analysis, it is useful to model public goods as the quality of privately consumed nonmarketed goods. This strategy is often pursued in valuing environmental amenities. The theoretical foundations of this model have not been fully developed. In this paper, comparative statics results are derived for quality changes of nonmarket goods. The results reveal some common misconceptions about welfare measurement of quality changes. Conditions are presented for a quality-induced change in the Marshallian consumer surplus of the nonmarket good to approximate the 'true' compensated welfare measure. The conditions are equally necessary for obtaining 'exact' welfare measures.

Field of study: Economics
Epilepsy surgery in tuberous sclerosis: a review.

Seizures are the initial manifestation of tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) in 90% of individuals. The prevalence of epilepsy in TSC is 80%-90% with a large proportion refractory to antiepileptic drugs. A review of the literature of epilepsy surgery in TSC demonstrates impressive success rates for seizure-free outcomes. These studies describe a number of novel noninvasive methods for seizure localization including PET, SPECT, and magnetoencephalography. Additionally, there is a subset of patients with TSC with bilateral, multifocal, or generalized epileptiform discharges that would have previously been excluded from resection. New developments in neuroimaging and invasive monitoring with intracranial electrodes are useful methods in identifying an epileptogenic tuber in these individuals with refractory epilepsy. The authors offer a survey of the literature and description of these methods. Additionally they present an illustrative case of ictal SPECT and intracranial electroencephalography used in the preoperative evaluation of a 10-year-old girl with intractable seizures and TSC. This patient ultimately underwent resection of an epileptogenic region within the occipital lobe.

Field of study: Medicine
The academic fields of study in literacy and reading in Brazil: Conditions and perspectives in Applied Linguistics research

Over the past forty years, we have witnessed the emergence of a new academic field of research in Brazil called literacy, which resulted in a revolution in the understanding of the definition and boundaries of literacy and research in Applied Linguistics. In this brief study, the motivations and the general aspects of this academic field will be discussed, pointing out the need to define its predominantly multidisciplinary nature, which exceeds the limits of the classical notions of structure and incommensurable paradigms.

Field of study: Education, Linguistics
An emerging molecular map of the phytochromes

Molecular mapping studies and sequence comparisons are providing provocative new insights into regions of the phytochrome polypeptide important to the functional activities of the photoreceptor. The NH 2 -terminal structural domain contains the determinants for photoperception, and for the differences in photosensory specificity and photolability between phyA and phyB. However, a contiguous COOH-terminal domain is also required for the transfer of perceived informational signals downstream to transduction pathway components and for PfrA-specific degradation to proceed. The COOH-terminal domains of phyA and phyB are functionally interchangeable in these processes and a core sequence at the proximal end of this domain contains determinants necessary for signal transfer from both phyA and phyB, suggesting a common biochemical mechanism of signal transfer for the two photoreceptors. Striking sequence similarity between the NH 2 -terminal domain of a Synechocystis protein, ORF SLR0473, and the phytochromes indicates that the cyanobacteria contain phytochrome-related photoreceptors. The COOH-terminal domains of ORF SLR0473 and the phytochromes are also related to one another and both show sequence similarities to the sensor histidine kinases. These data raise the possibility that the cyanobacteria have a functional photoregulated histidine kinase signalling system and that the plant phytochromes represent remnants of that system.

Field of study: Environmental science
Evaluation of Practice Site Learning Experience for Entry-Level Doctor of Pharmacy Students.

The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate an entry-level learning experience involving 55 pharmacy students and to determine if explicit pre-site discussion of intended outcome objectives added value to the experience. All students were required to complete a daily log and a written summary of the experience. Students were also given a preand post-site self-assessment survey concerning their awareness, understanding, and mastery of the desired outcomes. With a few important exceptions (no pre-site discussion group), the students indicated through written reports and answering of surveys an increased awareness and understanding of the desired outcomes as a result of the program. The students were particularly interested in interacting with patients and lack of such interaction was often associated with negative impressions of the experience. An analysis of written reports indicated such programs are most likely to be successful when the desired objectives are discussed with students before the visit and when the student is exposed to a variety of experiences, particularly interactions with patients.

Field of study: Education, Medicine
An Approach to Automatic Motion Synthesis Harmonized with Music for Multiple Objects

This paper proposed a research approach to automatic choreography synthesis based on SMF(Standard Midi File) for multiple animated figures. Based on the K.Hevner’s theory, 8 types of emotion in each beat can be extracted from music structure elements, such as tempo, key, rythm, melody, harmony, pitch, which can be computed from SMF. The time of one beat is limited to transmit the emotion to human. By the analysis of emotion, a music can be integrated to several time intervals, every which includes several continuous beats. The top value of synthetic emotion vector represents the emotion type of the interval. Based on the experiment result of C.Matsumoto, 14 motion factors can be mapped from the emotion of interval. According to the 14 motion factors, the macro-motions at the terminals of every interval, and the micromotions between every interval can be generated by mapping rules. We made a prototype system and did a subjective evaluation experiment. The result is fairly good at the congruity between generated motions and given emotion music. A successful research to solve these issues should lead to aid the designation of 3DCG animation.

Field of study: Computer science
Rates of information aggregation in common value auctions

We study the rates at which transaction prices aggregate information in common value auctions under the different information structures in Wilson (Rev. Econ. Stud. 44 (1977) 511) and Pesendorfer and Swinkels (Econometrica 65 (1997) 1247). We consider uniform-price auctions in which k identical objects of unknown value are auctioned to n bidders, where both n and k are allowed to diverge to infinity, and k/n converges to a number in [0,1). The Wilson assumptions lead to information aggregation at a rate proportional to n/√k , but the price aggregates information at a rate proportional to n/√k in the PS setting. We also consider English auctions, and investigate whether the extra information revealed in equilibrium improves convergence rates in these auctions.

Field of study: Economics
1,3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition of Azomethine Ylides to Aldehydes: Synthesis of anti α‐Amino‐β‐Hydroxy Esters

A 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction of azomethine ylides to aldehydes is described. The azomethine ylides, generated by thermal electrocyclic ring opening of aziridines, adds to aldehydes in good ...

Field of study: Chemistry