nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Supervisor Sex and Subordinate Influence Strategies

This study explored the beliefs of men and women about what influence strategies they would consider using in a work-related disagreement with their supervisor as a function of their own sex and the sex of their supervisor. Subjects rated the likelihood of their taking each of 40 actions in order to get their own way. As expected, women considered using personal/dependent and negotiation strategies more than men; men considered using coercion/offering rewards for cooperation more than women. In addition, persons considering interaction with a female supervisor reported less likelihood of using reasoning and negotiation strategies and a greater likelihood of withdrawing from conflict than persons with a male supervisor.

Field of study: Psychology
Generalized Cubic Bézier Curves and its Application

A new formulation for the representation and designing of curves is presented,which can be regarded as a novel generalization of cubic Bezier curves.Firstly,a class of polynomial basis functions with 3 adjustable shape parameters is present.It is a natural extension to classical Bernstein basis functions.The corresponding Bezier curves,the so-called generalized cubic Bezier(GCB)curves,are also constructed and their properties studied.It has been shown that the main advantage compared to the ordinary Bezier curves is that after inputting a set of control points and values of newly introduced 3 shape parameters,the desired curve can be flexibly chosen from a set of curves which differ either locally or globally by suitably modifying the values of the shape parameters,when the control polygon remains.The C2 GCB spline curve is constructed.The resulted curves are locally adjustable.Some examples illustrate the new curves are very valuable for the design of curves and surfaces.

Field of study: Computer science
Finite irreducible modules of Lie conformal algebras $\mathcal{W}(a,b)$ and some Schr\"{o}dinger-Virasoro type Lie conformal algebras

Lie conformal algebras $\mathcal{W}(a,b)$ are the semi-direct sums of Virasoro Lie conformal algebra and its nontrivial conformal modules of rank one. In this paper, we first give a complete classification of all finite nontrivial irreducible conformal modules of $\mathcal{W}(a,b)$. It is shown that all such modules are of rank one. Moreover, with a similar method, all finite nontrivial irreducible conformal modules of Schrodinger-Virasoro type Lie conformal algebras $TSV(a,b)$ and $TSV(c)$ are characterized.

Field of study: Mathematics
Human taste cells express the G protein α-gustducin and neuron-specific enolase

Expression of the α-subunit of the taste-specific G protein α-gustducin and the glycolytic enzyme neuron-specific enolase (NSE) was investigated immunohistochemically in human circumvallate and foliate taste papillae. Immunofluorescence for α-gustducin was observed in taste cells of both types of papillae and exhibited two patterns of immunofluorescence, plasmalemmal and cytosolic. The plasmalemmal pattern showed intense immunofluorescence localized to the apical region, and was exhibited by most immunoreactive taste cells. In contrast, the cytosolic pattern, observed in one or two immunoreactive cells in a taste bud per section, showed immunofluorescence distributed throughout the cytoplasm. A subpopulation of α-gustducin-immunoreactive taste receptor cells, most of which exhibited the cytosolic pattern, also expressed NSE. Optical sectioning, using confocal laser scanning microscopy, demonstrated the highest level of expression of α-gustducin in the apical microvillar region of the taste cells in close apposition to the taste pore. These studies indicate conservation of epitopes of α-gustducin in humans and rats, and suggest that this G protein is associated with taste transduction in both rats and humans. The patterns of expression of α-gustducin, and coexpression with NSE, may correlate with specialized subtypes or developmental stages of taste receptor cells.

Field of study: Biology
The Onderstepoort IVSA exchange : the South African leg : industry

On a quiet Friday in March, a group of 10 veterinary students from the Czech Republic were bound for South Africa, while their South African counterparts finished up with the term's lectures and practical classes. The journey to the airport to meet the visitors was heavy with anticipation - after months of fundraising and planning, our long-awaited new friends were about to arrive.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Tensor factorization and Spin construction for Kac-Moody algebras

In this paper we discuss the “Factorization phenomenon” which occurs when a representation of a Lie algebra is restricted to a subalgebra, and the result factors into a tensor product of smaller representations of the subalgebra. We analyze this phenomenon for symmetrizable Kac–Moody algebras (including finite-dimensional, semi-simple Lie algebras). We present a few factorization results for a general embedding of a symmetrizable Kac–Moody algebra into another and provide an algebraic explanation for such a phenomenon using Spin construction. We also give some application of these results for semi-simple, finite-dimensional Lie algebras. We extend the notion of Spin functor from finite-dimensional to symmetrizable Kac–Moody algebras, which requires a very delicate treatment. We introduce a certain category of orthogonal g -representations for which, surprisingly, the Spin functor gives a g -representation in Bernstein–Gelfand–Gelfand category O . Also, for an integrable representation, Spin produces an integrable representation. We give the formula for the character of Spin representation for the above category and work out the factorization results for an embedding of a finite-dimensional, semi-simple Lie algebra into its untwisted affine Lie algebra. Finally, we discuss the classification of those representations for which Spin is irreducible.

Field of study: Mathematics
Reduction of 2,3,4-substituted quinolines with sodium borohydride

Abstract1,2-Dihydroquinolines were obtained by the reduction of 3-substituted 2-methyl-4-phenylquinolines with sodium borohydride in aliphatic carboxylic acids; N-alkyl derivatives are also formed. The corresponding 1,4-dihydroquinoline was obtained in the reaction of 2-methyl-3-nitroquinolinium perchlorate with sodium borohydride.

Field of study: Chemistry
Late Ordovician carbon isotope trend in Estonia, its significance in stratigraphy and environmental analysis

Carbon isotope changes during most of Late Ordovician time (from the mid-Caradoc Kinnekulle K-bentonite until the beginning of the Silurian) were investigated. As the corresponding sequence of rocks is stratigraphically nearly complete in Estonia, an attempt was made to use it to elaborate the general pattern of carbon isotope changes in the Late Ordovician. Complications were caused by several local or regional hiatuses in the middle and late Caradoc and Hirnantian. A total of 385 whole rock samples were studied from eight drill cores in northern and central Estonia. The following positive carbon isotope events were observed: (1) the mid-Caradoc excursion (peak δ13C value 2.2‰) in the uppermost part of the Keila Stage, also known in Sweden; (2) the first late Caradoc excursion (1.9‰) in the lower part of the Rakvere Stage; (3) the second late Caradoc excursion (2.4‰) in the upper part of the Nabala Stage; (4) the early Ashgill excursion (2.5‰) in the lowermost part of the Pirgu Stage; (5) the widely known large Hirnantian excursion (in Estonia the peak value reaches 6.7‰) in the Porkuni Stage. The study interval comprises a long (∼10 Ma) period characterized by low-magnitude carbon isotope changes and a following brief (∼2 Ma) interval with large changes. No obvious lithological preference for hosting the positive shifts was recorded. In principle, the δ13C values exceeding the background values may occur in all types of rocks present in a sedimentary basin. Several δ13C positive excursions (values 1.5‰ to 3‰) in the Mohawkian of North America are evidence that the minor Caradoc and early Ashgill δ13C positive shifts in Baltoscandia may have counterparts in Laurentia. If correctly correlated, these shifts may have global significance. The Hirnantian excursion is usually linked to a major glacial event, even if some carbon cycling mechanisms are not completely understood. The environmental causes suggested for the earlier minor shifts range from global climatic and glacial events to very local changes in basin regime and sea level. Our study supports the primary role of climatic or climatically triggered oceanic processes.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Low-altitude organic deposits in Michigan: Evidence for pre-Woodfordian Great Lakes and paleosurfaces

Reports of 136 glacially buried organic deposits below 200 m in altitude and other related data provide a basis for identifying relicts of several low-level Pleistocene paleosurfaces in southern Michigan. The carbonaceous material is concentrated in five areas and probably represents low places on pre-Woodfordian landscapes with local base levels far lower than the present topography. These findings have implications regarding adjacent ancestral Great Lakes that existed sometime prior to final glaciation of the peninsula.

Field of study: Geology
Algorithm for the Numerical Solution of the Inverse Problem of Filtration Theory

This paper deals with the algorithm for the numerical solution of the inverse problem of determining the permeability of the porous medium equation for unsteady filtration of a homogeneous liquid in an elastic inhomogeneous porous medium. The idea of using the method of modulating functions for the solution of inverse problems goes back to J. Loeb and D. Kahena.

Field of study: Engineering
BRIEF COMMUNICATIONS: Size of the sensitive area and distribution of the photocurrent in an integrated-optical detector with coupled waveguides

It is shown that monolithic structures with two coupled waveguides can ensure effective utilization of the absorbing surface of a large-area photodetector. The linear dimensions of this surface in the direction of propagation of the radiation depend only on the parameters of the waveguides themselves and can be varied within wide limits. The distribution of the photocurrent in the same direction is sinusoidal.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
CHILD LABOUR IN INDIA

Children in Indian society has always been a topic less spoken or discussed. Children in every society have always been taken as the greatest gift to humanity. Childhood is an important stage of human development as it holds the potential to the future development of any society. Children who are brought up in an environment, which is helpful to their intellectual, physical and social development go on to be responsible and productive part of the society. 
 If we are to engage the children in to work when they are too young for the task, we are unduly reducing their present welfare or their future income earning capabilities, either by shrinking their future external choices or by reducing their future individual productive capabilities. Generally it is said that due to economic problems children are forced to forego educational and other development opportunities and take up jobs which mostly exploit them as they are usually underpaid and engaged in hazardous conditions. Parents send their child for a job as a desperate measure due to poor economic conditions. It is therefore no wonder that the poor households represent the largest segment contributor of child labour. One of the key aspects of child labour is that children are sent to work at the expense of education. There is a strong effect of child labour on school attendance rates and the length of a child’s work day is inversely associated with their capacity to attend school. Child labour restricts the right of children to access and benefit from education and denies the fundamental opportunity to attend school. Child labour, thus, prejudices children’s education and also adversely affects their health and safety.

Field of study: Medicine
Modeling of conductivity relaxation in oxide ceramics taking account of concentration dependent chemical diffusivities and surface exchange coefficients

Conductivity relaxation of disk-shaped ceramic samples upon a sudden change of the oxygen partial pressure of the surrounding gas phase has been simulated by application of a three-dimensional finite element model. The geometry is based on a homogeneous cylindrical specimen with a diameter of 10 mm and a thickness of 0.1 mm, where four peripheral line contacts are attached to the sample in accordance with the van der Pauw method. Both the chemical diffusion coefficient and the chemical surface exchange coefficient are assumed to vary with the oxygen non-stoichiometry during the oxygen exchange reaction (oxidation or reduction). The alteration of the oxygen non-stoichiometry as well as the relaxation of the electrical conductivity are calculated simultaneously. The modeling of conductivity relaxation curves is applied to the SOFC cathode material La 0.4 Sr 0.6 FeO 3 −  δ (LSF) at 900 °C. The simulation of conductivity relaxation curves can be performed for arbitrary oxygen partial pressure changes. The present modeling approach allows the interpretation of significant differences between oxidation and reduction steps owing to the concentration (non-stoichiometry) dependence of the kinetic parameters.

Field of study: Materials science
Marine heatwaves and optimal temperatures for microbial assemblage activity

&NA; The response of microbial assemblages to instantaneous temperature change was measured in a seasonal study of the coastal waters of the western English Channel. On 18 occasions between November 1999 and December 2000, bacterial abundance was assessed and temperature responses determined from the incorporation of 3H leucine, measured in a temperature gradient from 5°C to 38°C. Q10 values varied, being close to 2 in spring and summer but were >3 in autumn. There was a seasonal pattern in the assemblage optimum temperature (Topt), which was out of phase with sea surface temperature. In July, highest 3H‐leucine incorporation rates were measured at temperatures that were only 2.8°C greater than ambient sea surface temperature but in winter, Topt was ∼20°C higher than the ambient sea surface temperature. Sea surface temperatures for the adjacent English Channel and Celtic Sea for 1982–2014 have periodically been >3°C higher than climatological mean temperatures. This suggests that discrete periods of anomalously high temperatures might be close to, or exceed, temperatures at which maximum microbial assemblage activity occurs. The frequency and magnitude of marine heatwaves are likely to increase as a consequence of anthropogenic climate change and extreme temperatures may influence the role of bacterial assemblages in biogeochemical processes.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
IL-6 restores dendritic cell maturation inhibited by tumor-derived TGF-β through interfering Smad 2/3 nuclear translocation.

We previously found, in a canine transferable tumor model, that high concentration of IL-6 produced by tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes effectively restores the MHC expression of the tumor cells and T-cell activation inhibited by tumor-derived TGF-β. This tumor also significantly suppresses monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DCs) differentiation and the functions of differentiated DCs with unknown mechanisms. In this study, we have demonstrated that a strong reaction of IL-6 was present to neutralize TGF-β-down-regulated surface marker expression on DCs (MHC II, CD1a, CD40, CD80, CD83, CD86), TGF-β-hampered DC functions and DC-associated T-cell activation. Western blotting and confocal microscopy results indicated that the presence of IL-6 markedly decreased the nuclear concentration of a TGF-β signaling transducer, Smad 2/3. In addition, while Smad 7 is a potent molecule inhibiting Smad 2/3 nuclear translocation, no significant increase in Smad 7 gene expression upon addition of IL-6 in TGF-β-pretreated DCs was detected, which suggested that the blockage of Smad 2/3 nuclear translocation by IL-6 did not occur through a Smad 7-inhibitory mechanism. In conclusion, IL-6 inhibited TGF-β signaling and concomitantly antagonized the suppression activities of TGF-β on DC maturation and activity. This study enables further understandings of host/cancer interactions an also provide hints facilitating improvements of DC-based cancer immunotherapy.

Field of study: Medicine
Factors affecting performance of polyurethane-acrylate hybrid emulsion

Because of the excellent properties and wide application, the water borne polyurethane emulsion modified by acrylate has become the research hot spot in coating industries.First, the water borne polyurethane prepolymer(PU) was prepared with the method of emulsion polymerization in situ, then through the free-radical emulsion polymerization, polyurethane-acrylate(PUA) hybrid emulsion was synthesized by adding initiator and methyl methacrylate(MMA).The hybrid emulsion was characterized by FT-IR, gel permeation chromatography(GPC) and Malvern particle size analyzer.Such factors as:NCO/OH ratio, the amounts of dimethylol propionic acid (DMPA) and methyl methacrylate, and triethylamine(TEA)/DMPA mole ratio, which affected the properties and appearance of the PUA emulsion were discussed.Prepared with the technology parameters 1.3—1.4 of NCO/OH ratio, about 2.6% of —COOH content, 20%—30% of MMA content, and 90%—100% of mole ratio of TEA/DMPA, the PUA emulsion showed good overall properties.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Vortex lines in the high-Tc superconductivity in presence of lattice distortions

We investigate the superconducting states of the high-Tc superconductors which we argue to be commensurately locked by the tilted rigid octahedral distortion. The method is based on the analysis of the kinematics of the rigid-octahedra lattice model. The distortion modes cause the competing superconducting state of the "s" and "d" type symmetry. The vortex structure of the competing orders is analysed on the ground of the Ginzburg-Landau model.

Field of study: Physics
Uptake, Translocation and Residues of Metalaxyl in Opium Plants

Metalaxyl was absorbed and translocated to leaves of opium plant apoplastically after 7 minutes of fungicidal application in roots. Basipetal movement was also observed after 2 days of fungicidal application on leaves of opium plants and the persistence studies revealed that metalaxyl persisted for 15 days in leaves and 9 days in roots when applied on foliage. Metalaxyl residue could not be detected in latex and seeds of opium plant after 115 days of seed treatment with Apron 35 S.D. at 1.2 per cent. However, metalaxyl residue was in traces in latex up to 2 ug/60 g of latex afer 50 days of fungicidal sprays and after 70 days in seeds up to 0.05 ug/60 g of seeds.

Field of study: Biology
System to Measure Semiconductor Characteristics over Decades of Time after a Radiation Pulse

The system described in this paper generates a set of semiconductor device driving pulses, logarithmic in time, which are used to display a sequence of characteristic responses on a scope. The system is especially suited for damage annealing studies following a radiation (neutron, gamma, electron) pulse. The sequence of measurements begins as soon as 50ns after the beginning of the radiation pulse and can be terminated after milliseconds, seconds, hours, or even a day. This is the only system known which can produce this range of times on a single oscilloscope picture. Representative data from experiments designed to measure the turn-on characteristics of a MOSFET following electron irradiation, the DC gain (hfE) of a 2N2222-A transistor following electron irradiation, and the fast beta annealing of transistors following a 14 MeV neutron burst, are given.

Field of study: Physics
Constrained two-stream algorithm for calculating aerosol light absorption coefficient from the Particle Soot Absorption Photometer

We present a new correction scheme for filter-based absorption photometers based on a constrained two-stream (CTS) radiative transfer model and experimental calibrations. The two-stream model was initialized using experimentally accessible optical parameters of the filter. Experimental calibrations were taken from the literature and from dedicated experiments for the present manuscript. Uncertainties in the model and calibration experiments are discussed and uncertainties for retrieval of absorption coefficients are derived. For single-scattering albedos lower than 0.8, the new CTS method and also other correction schemes suffer from the uncertainty in calibration experiments, with an uncertainty of about 20% in the absorption coefficient. For high single-scattering albedos, the CTS correction significantly reduces errors. At a single-scattering albedo of about 0.98 the error can be reduced to 30%, whereas errors using the Bond correction (Bond et al., 1999) are up to 100%. The correction scheme was tested using data from an independent experiment. The tests confirm the modeled performance of the correction scheme when comparing the CTS method to other established correction methods.

Field of study: Environmental science
Microscopic Structure of the Yrast Bands in Even Xe Isotopes

The interaction between collective states consisting mainly of the lowest-energy quadrupole phonons is considered along with that of noncollective states, including high-spin phonons in even Xe isotopes. Calculations are performed for yrast states with spins of up to $${{I}^{\pi }} = {{18}^{ + }}$$ in the boson approximation. Collective states are gradually substituted for noncollective ones in isotopes with $$A \leqslant 120$$, leading to a smooth change in values of $$B(E2)$$ as spin increases. In contrast, there is a sharp transition from the collective to the noncollective band in isotopes with $$A \geqslant 122$$: the bands intersect and the corresponding $$B(E2)$$ value falls substantially.

Field of study: Physics
Crystallization and preliminary X-ray analysis of the helicase domains of Vasa complexed with RNA and an ATP analogue.

The helicase fragment of Vasa was purified and its RNA-binding activity was examined by a UV cross-linking assay. The fragment was crystallized in complex with poly(U) RNA (U(10)) and a non-hydrolyzable analogue of ATP. The crystal belonged to space group P2(1), with unit-cell parameters a = 71.06, b = 142.35, c = 130.47 A, beta = 90.86 degrees. The cryocooled crystal diffracted to about 2.2 A using synchrotron radiation from station BL41XU at SPring-8.

Field of study: Chemistry