nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Effects of stress on morphine-elicited locomotor activity in hamsters.

Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of stress on morphine-elicited locomotor activity in hamsters. In Experiment 1, half of the animals were habituated to handling and injection procedures (low-stress condition) and half were not (high-stress condition) prior to 6 days of testing with a low dose (2.5 mg/kg) of morphine. On the first test day, morphine elicited hyperactivity among habituated animals, whereas among nonhabituated animals morphine elicited hypoactivity. The effects of handling diminished across test days, so that on the last test day, morphine elicited hyperactivity in both habituated and nonhabituated animals. In Experiment 2, the effect of a noise stressor on activity elicited by three doses of morphine (2.5, 5.0, and 15 mg/kg) was investigated. Half of the animals were tested under conditions of low noise stress (70 dB), and half were tested under conditions of high noise stress (90 dB). Results indicated that the effects of each dose of morphine were potentiated in the high-stress relative to the low-stress condition. Both experiments demonstrated that environmental stressors can potentiate the response to exogenous opiate administration in hamsters. Moreover, the results are consistent with the hypothesis that stress induces the release of endogenous opioids which summate with exogenous opiates to determine the final effective dose.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
New Derivatives of Levoglucosan by Tandem Epoxide Allyl Alcohol Rearrangement‐Cuprate Cross‐Coupling

The alkylated allyl alcohols 6a, 7, and 8 (R = Me, Et, nBu) were formed in the reaction of the Cerný epoxide 3 with the Cyano–Gilman cuprates. The one-pot reaction was initiated by base-catalyzed epoxide allyl alcohol rearrangement to compound 5, followed by unprecedented vinyl tosylate cross-coupling with the cuprates, to form the alkylation products 6a, 7, and 8. The allyl alcohol 6a was transformed into a number of new branched 1,6-anhydro sugars in series of highly stereoselective reactions. The products are stereochemically complementary to most known Cerný epoxide derivatives and may be useful as chiral building blocks for polypropionate-derived natural products.

Field of study: Chemistry
Wind erosion mechanics: abrasion of aggregated soil

The wind erosion process on agricultural soils is being modeled as the time-dependent conservation of mass transport of soil moving as saltation and creep. Emission of loose soil and abrasion of clods and crust act as sources, whereas trapping and suspension act as sinks for the moving soil. In this study, an expression for the abrasion source term was derived. Abrasion flux from aggregates or crust was shown to be the product of three variables - fraction of saltation impacting the target, an abrasion coefficient, and saltation discharge. Various aspects of the proposed abrasion source term were then investigated in three wind tunnel studies. First, crusted trays were abraded using a range of windspeeds and sand abrader rates. Regression analysis showed there was no significant relationship between crust abrasion coefficients and fraction of abrader moving below 0.1 m (i.e. abrader trajectories). This result shows practical abrasion coefficients can be developed which depend only on the properties of the target and abrader. Second, a relationship was developed to predict fraction of saltation impacting surface aggregates (or intervening crust) as a function of surface aggregate cover and roughness. The relationship was tested in the tunnel by abrading crusted trays partially covered (0 to 30%) with non-abradable aggregates. Regression analysis showed there was good agreement (R2 = 0.97) between observed and predicted fraction of abrader impacting aggregates. In the third experiment, trays were filled with various mixtures of large- and saltation-size aggregates. The trays were abraded in the wind tunnel by a low saltation discharge from a narrow upwind aggregate bed. The results showed that, because the wind transport capacity significantly exceeded the saltation discharge, the surface tended to armor with large aggregates. In this case, the fraction of abrader impacting large aggregates was not significantly different from one for a wide range of aggregate mixtures.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Plume–lithosphere interaction and crustal contamination during formation of Coppermine River basalts, Northwest Territories, Canada

New trace-element and Nd-isotope analyses were carried out on the Coppermine River basalts, a suite of 1.27 Ga old continental flood basalts in the Northwest Territories of Canada. Although all the samples are tholeiitic basalts, their chemical and isotopic compositions change upwards in the sequence. The lowermost unit has relatively high contents of SiO2 and incompatible trace elements, high ratios of elements with different compatibilities (e.g., Th/Nb, La/Sm), high Gd/Yb, negative Nb anomalies, and low eNd. Samples at the top of the sequence have less pronounced enrichment and fractionation of incompatible elements coupled with an absence of Nb anomalies and positive eNd values. These results are interpreted to indicate that the lavas lowest in the sequence were produced by melting in the garnet stability field, at depths greater than 90 km, and probably in a mantle plume beneath the continental lithosphere. These magmas passed through magma chambers in the lower and upper crust where they became cont...

Field of study: Environmental science
Effect of 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 on intracellular IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha positive T cell subsets in pulmonary tuberculosis.

We studied the immunomodulatory effect of 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) on single cell expression of IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha cytokines in T cell subsets of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) patients (n=22) and normal healthy subjects (n=22). Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were cultured with live Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) with or without 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) (10(-7)M) for 48 h. T cell subsets positive for IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha were enumerated by flow cytometry and the culture supernatants were assayed for both the cytokines using ELISA. In both NHS and PTB patients, a significantly reduced percentage of IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha expressing CD3+, CD3+CD4+ and CD3+CD8+ T cells were observed in cultures stimulated with live MTB and treated with 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) compared to cultures without 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) (NHS; CD3+ IFN-gamma+: p<0.0001; CD3+TNF-alpha+: p=0.0292 and PTB; CD3+ IFN-gamma+: p=0.0292; CD3+ TNF-alpha+: p=0.0028). The levels of IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha in the culture supernatants of 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) treated cultures were also found to be significantly decreased in both groups (NHS; IFN-gamma: p=0.0001; TNF-alpha: p<0.0001) and (PTB; IFN-gamma: p<0.0001; TNF-alpha: p<0.0001). A positive correlation was observed between IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha expressing CD3+CD8+ T cells in MTB stimulated cultures treated with or without 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) in NHS (p=0.0001; p=0.001, respectively) and PTB patients (p=0.002; p=0.005, respectively). The present study revealed the suppressive effect of 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) on single cell expression of IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha by CD3+CD4+ and CD3+CD8+ T cells in pulmonary tuberculosis. This suppressive effect of 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) on proinflammatory and Th1 cytokine positive cells might have a role in reducing inflammation at the site of infection.

Field of study: Medicine
Effect of bacterial epiflora on egg hatching of the Atlantic sardine (Sardina pilchardus).

The aim of this work was to study the influence of bacterial epiflora on egg hatching of the sardine (Sardina pilchardus) obtained from a natural environment (Ría de Vigo, Spain) during the spawning season of the sardine (from January to June). Total bacteria, viable bacteria or the presence of specific potential pathogens for eggs, such as Pseudoalteromonas piscicida and Tenacibaculum (Flexibacter) ovolyticus, did not affect the viability of sardine eggs. Additionally, no relationship was observed between the presence of Vibrio spp., pathogenic for fish larvae, and the egg hatching. This was probably because the amount of bacteria associated with the eggs were between 10(2) and 10(4) orders lower than those found so far on the eggs of different fish species in rearing systems. Therefore, epiphytic bacteria did not affect the wild sardine eggs and, hence, in the area studied, it is probably not an important factor affecting annual recruitment success of this pelagic fish species.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
The Process of Disengagement From Personal Goals

To date, it is not well understood how individuals disengage from goals. A recent approach suggests that disengagement is often preceded by an action crisis, a motivational conflict in which the individual is torn between holding on to and letting go of a personal goal. We postulate that a dynamic interplay between the experience of action crisis and appraisals of goal desirability and attainability shapes the disengagement process from personal goals. In two longitudinal studies (N = 364), an action crisis in the goal to complete a university degree predicted devaluations of its desirability and attainability, and reversely, low goal attainability (but not desirability) predicted an increase in action crisis. Moreover, studies provided first evidence that devaluing goal desirability might be functional for well-being in an action crisis. Studies strengthen the view that disengagement is shaped by reciprocal processes between the experience of action crisis and changes in goal appraisal.

Field of study: Psychology
Thermomechanical Properties of Radiation-Modified Polyethylene/Ethylene-Propylene-Diene Copolymer/Liquid-Crystalline Copolyester Blends

Radiation-modified blends of high-density polyethylene (PE) with ethylene-propylene-diene copolymer (EPDM; 10-65 wt.%) and thermotropic liquid-crystalline polymer (LCP; 10 wt.%) were investigated. The LCP was a liquid-crystalline copolyester of 40% poly(ethylene terephthalate) with 60% 4-hydroxybenzoic acid. The constituents were blended using a circular extruder, the specimens were prepared by compression molding and irradiated by 60 Co γ-radiation up to 200 kGy. Mechanical, thermal, and morphological properties in wide temperature range were investigated for the irradiated and non-irradiated specimens. The effects of irradiation on the thermomechanical behaviour of the PE matrix are discussed. The LCP addition significantly affected the stress-strain behaviour of PE at temperatures above its melting point resulting in some anomalies in kinetics of formation of thermorelaxation stresses, which arise if the material is previously oriented. Thermosetting properties (thermorelaxation stresses and residual setting stresses under conditions of isometric heating and cooling) of the PE/EPDM/LCP blends crosslinked by irradiation and then oriented were also established. The results obtained suggest that such ternary blends improve the application properties of irradiated polyethylene and obtain useful thermosetting materials.

Field of study: Chemistry
Democracy, Authoritarianism and Education Finance in Brazil

In view of the inconclusive statistical results associated with democracy's impact on economic performance, this article unpacks the dependent variable (economic development) by examining democratisation's impact on education policy. To determine whether democracy compels politicians to provide higher levels of educational opportunity, it traces the process of repression and democratisation in Brazil along with government spending on education. It finds that democratisation has observable effects on education spending on three different levels: 1) the percentage of government spending allocated to education; 2) the distribution of federal funding among different levels of education; and 3) the distribution of funds within primary education among state and local actors.

Field of study: Political science
Guiding center linear magnetoresistance in the semi-classical regime

We predict that an unconventional guiding center (GC) motion yields a new mechanism for linear and non-saturating (transverse) magnetoresistance in 3D metals. Our theory is semi-classical and applies in the regime where the transport time is much greater than the cyclotron period, and for weak disorder potentials which are slowly varying on a length scale much greater than the cyclotron radius. Under these conditions, orbits with small momenta along magnetic field, B, are partially trapped and dominate the transverse conductivity. When disorder potentials are stronger than the Debye frequency, linear magnetoresistance is predicted to survive up to room temperature and beyond. We argue that the new GC magnetoresistance mechanism accounts for the recently observed giant linear magnetoresistance seen in 3D Dirac materials.

Field of study: Physics
METROMEX: an Investigation of Inadvertent Weather Modification

field project designed and now in progress at St. Louis, involves 4 research groups planning and working cooperatively to study inadvertent weather modification by urban-industrial effects, and, in particular, man-made changes of precipitation. Urban areas affect most forms of weather and some, such as winds, temperature, and visibility, are obvious and their changes are easily measured. inadvertent precipitation changes are harder to measure, and except for the well-documented La Porte anomaly, urban-related rain changes have had only limited study. Examination of historical data at St. Louis has revealed summer increases in the immediate downwind area of. 1) rainfall (10–17%); 2) moderate rain days (11–23%); 3) heavy rainstorms (80%) 4) thunderstorms (21%); and 5) hailstorms (30%). METROMEX field measurements in the summer of 1971 involved 220 raingages and hailpads, 3 radar sets, 70 rainwater collectors, 14 pibal stations, 4 meteorological aircraft, unique atmospheric tracers, and ...

Field of study: Environmental science
Recent progress on hypernuclei

Some of last year's progress made in hypernuclear physics is reviewed as follows: (i) resolving the $_{\Lambda}^5$He overbinding problem in single-$\Lambda$ hypernuclei ; (ii) arguing that the onset of binding double-$\Lambda$ hypernuclei is most likely at $A$=5, with the neutral systems $_{\Lambda\Lambda}^{\,\,3}$n and $_{\Lambda\Lambda}^{\,\,4}$n unbound by a large margin ; and (iii) revising the calculated value of the loosely bound $_{\Lambda}^3$H lifetime to a level of $\sim$20% shorter than the free $\Lambda$ lifetime , given recent claims from relativistic heavy ion experiments that $\tau(_{\Lambda}^3$H) is shorter than $\tau_{\Lambda}$ by as much as $\approx$(30$\pm$8)%. Also discussed briefly in this context is the lifetime expected for the questionable $_{\Lambda}^3$n hypernucleus.

Field of study: Physics
Reliable Recovery of Hierarchically Sparse Signals for Gaussian and Kronecker Product Measurements

We propose and analyze a solution to the problem of recovering a block sparse signal with sparse blocks from linear measurements. Such problems naturally emerge inter alia in the context of mobile communication, in order to meet the scalability and low complexity requirements of massive antenna systems and massive machine-type communication. We introduce a new variant of the Hard Thresholding Pursuit (<inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mathsf{HTP}$</tex-math></inline-formula>) algorithm referred to as <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mathsf{HiHTP}$</tex-math></inline-formula>. We provide both a proof of convergence and a recovery guarantee for noisy Gaussian measurements that exhibit an improved asymptotic scaling in terms of the sampling complexity in comparison with the usual <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mathsf{HTP}$</tex-math></inline-formula> algorithm. Furthermore, hierarchically sparse signals and Kronecker product structured measurements naturally arise together in a variety of applications. We establish the efficient reconstruction of hierarchically sparse signals from Kronecker product measurements using the <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mathsf{HiHTP}$</tex-math></inline-formula> algorithm. Additionally, we provide analytical results that connect our recovery conditions to generalized coherence measures. Again, our recovery results exhibit substantial improvement in the asymptotic sampling complexity scaling over the standard setting. Finally, we validate in numerical experiments that for hierarchically sparse signals, <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mathsf{HiHTP}$</tex-math></inline-formula> performs significantly better compared to <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mathsf{HTP}$</tex-math></inline-formula>.

Field of study: Engineering
Analysis of the E-Commerce Development of Zhanjiang Tourism under New Times

With the increase of people's living standard,the travel plays an important role to the public.Meanwhile the fast development of e-com-merce,tourism e-commerce also gets certain development.Zhanjiang city tourism e-commerce is facing many problems with the e-com-merce development.Gives some reasonable suggestions for promoting the development of Zhanjiang.It is based on the early stage of the work of Zhanjiang tourism e-commerce,and analyzes objective elements under the new situation,new environment of Zhanjiang.

Field of study: Computer science
In vitro fertilization and the cloacal/bladder exstrophy-epispadias complex: a continuing association.

To expand on a previously published analysis of children fertilized in vitro (IVF) who demonstrate the cloacal/bladder exstrophy-epispadias complex (CBEEC).



Data were collected on CBEEC patients who were fertilized in vitro and seen at The Brady Urological Institute of The Johns Hopkins Hospital (Brady/JHH) from 1997 to 2004. The numbers of live births and IVF births were acquired/estimated from the US Centers for Disease Control. Incidence rates for CBEEC were estimated using International Clearinghouse for Birth Defects Monitoring Systems data. A Pearson-type chi-squared analysis evaluated the association between IVF and CBEEC.



An estimated 322,937 IVF births occurred in the US in 1997-2004. The rate of CBEEC was estimated at 6.2:100,000. A total of 150 CBEEC patients born in 1997-2004 were evaluated at Brady/JHH of whom eight were IVF. Under the hypothesis of no association between IVF and CBEEC, the expected incidence of IVF in CBEEC children ranged between 0.60% and 1.59%. The observed incidence of IVF in CBEEC children evaluated at Brady/JHH ranged between 4.2% and 6.7%. Comparison of the expected and observed incidence using a Pearson-type chi-squared test resulted in a bootstrapped P value of 0.0182.



The incidence of IVF in CBEEC children appears to be higher than what would be expected if there was no association between IVF and CBEEC.

Field of study: Medicine
MISMO FIELD EXPERIMENT IN THE EQUATORIAL INDIAN OCEAN

The Mirai Indian Ocean cruise for the Study of the Madden-Julian oscillation (MJO)-convection Onset (MISMO) was a field experiment that took place in the central equatorial Indian Ocean during October–December 2006, using the research vessel Mirai, a moored buoy array, and landbased sites at the Maldive Islands. The aim of MISMO was to capture atmospheric and oceanic features in the equatorial Indian Ocean when convection in the MJO was initiated. This article describes details of the experiment as well as some selected early results. Intensive observations using Doppler radar, radiosonde, surface meteorological measurements, and other instruments were conducted at 0°, 80.5°E, after deploying an array of surface and subsurface moorings around this site. The Mirai stayed within this buoy array area from 24 October through 25 November. After a period of stationary observations, underway meteorological measurements were continued from the Maldives to the eastern Indian Ocean in early December. All observatio...

Field of study: Environmental science
Agonist administration in ovo down-regulates cerebellar GABAA receptors in the chick embryo.

Chick embryos with an undeveloped blood-brain barrier were used to examine the down-regulation of GABAA receptors in vivo. The GABAA receptor agonist isoguvacine (5 mumol) was applied to the vascularized chorioallantoic membrane of 8 day embryos. This treatment was repeated on embryonic days 11, 14, and 17, and the embryos were sacrificed on day 18 (stage 42). Isoguvacine administration reduced the clonazepam-displaceable binding of [3H]flunitrazepam to washed cerebellar membranes by 34.0 +/- 3.0% compared to vehicle-treated controls. Binding reductions of lower magnitude were found in membranes from the cerebrum and optic lobes. Administration of isoguvacine had no significant effect on the wet weights of whole embryos or cerebella, the yield of cerebellar membranes, or the binding of [3H]N-methylscopolamine. The reduction of [3H]flunitrazepam binding to cerebellar membranes was dose-dependent, allowing a half saturation value of 8 microM isoguvacine to be estimated. Scatchard analysis showed that the Bmax for [3H]flunitrazepam binding was reduced by 28.3 +/- 6.7% compared to controls, without a change in the Kd. Embryonic exposure to isoguvacine also caused a reduction of 43.6 +/- 6.0% in the binding of the GABAA receptor channel ligand [35S]t-butylbicyclophosphorothionate to washed cerebellar membranes. Taken together, these results indicate that isoguvacine induces a down-regulation of the receptor subunits in vivo. However, measurements of cerebellar GABAA receptor mRNAs for the alpha 1, beta 2L, beta 2S, beta 4, gamma 1, gamma 2L, and gamma 2S subunits by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) revealed no significant alterations by isoguvacine administration. The data suggest that translational or post-translational mechanisms, rather than those modulating the synthesis or stability of subunit mRNAs, take precedence in establishing GABAA receptor down-regulation.

Field of study: Biology
Dipole moments and the structure of the molecules of some oxadiazole derivatives

The molecular diagrams of 2-phenyl- and 2,5-diphenyl-1,3,4-oxadiazoles, their derivatives with chlorine, nitro, and dimethylamino substituents in the para positions, 3,5-diphenyl-1,2,4-oxadiazole, and 3,4-diphenyl-1,2,5-oxadiazole have been calculated by the MO LCAO method. In the heterocycle of a substituted oxadiazole there is not, as in aromatic rings, a single system of electrons present in conjugation (the π-electrons of the C=N bond and the pairs of nongeneralized electrons of the oxygen atom). The moment of the C=N bond in the heterocyclic compounds is 2.47 D and is directed from the carbon to the nitrogen. Considerable conjugation occurs between the π-or the p-electrons of the substituents in the phenyl rings of the diphenyloxazoles and the π-electrons of the C=N bonds of the heterocycle.

Field of study: Chemistry
Minimally invasive decompression for lumbar stenosis and disc herniation.

For decades, lumbar disc herniation and lumbar stenosis have been treated surgically via traditional open techniques. With recent emphasis on minimally invasive approaches in spine surgery, a number of new techniques has been introduced that are aimed at treating these 2 common pathological conditions. Currently the most widely used and efficacious minimally invasive technique for treating these disorders is direct decompression with minimally invasive surgery. Due to the scarcity of large randomized studies, however, it is difficult to compare the effectiveness and possible superiority of this technique with traditional decompression. Further studies are needed to evaluate this issue.

Field of study: Medicine