nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Specific binding characteristics of high affinity monoclonal antidigitoxin antibodies.

The specificity of various monoclonal antidigitoxin antibodies was characterized using 6 cardiac glycoside analogs. Spleen cells from BALB/c mice, immunized with BSA- or KLH-digitoxin conjugates, were fused with NS1 myeloma cells, and antibody-producing hybrids were identified by radioimmunoassay. Twenty-one monoclonal antidigitoxin-specific antibodies were obtained, 10 of which were cloned and characterized for affinity and specificity. All the antibodies had a high affinity constant, ranging from 8.10(8) to 2.5.10(10) 1/M. On the basis of their binding specificities, the antibodies could be classified into 3 groups: the first contained 7 antibodies exhibiting high cross reactivity (42-100%) with digitoxigenin, whereas the second and third groups did not recognize this analog (cross-reactivity of 1%). In the former group, the absence of the sugar moiety only slightly affected the binding reaction, although for the two other groups, this structure did appear to be involved in antibody recognition. Changes in the functional groups of the hapten molecule led to considerable changes in the antibody-antigen reaction. For all the antibodies except one, saturation of the lactone ring considerably affected binding. These results demonstrated that monoclonal antibodies of different specificities with respect to both the steroid backbone and the sugar moiety of digitoxin can be induced using a digitoxin-protein conjugate.

Field of study: Biology
Using spider web types as a substitute for assessing web-building spider biodiversity and the success of habitat restoration

Arthropods have been regarded as good indicators of habitat quality due to their sensitivity to changes in habitat state. However, there are many constraints to working with arthropods that make them inaccessible to land managers and most volunteer-driven initiatives. Our study examined a novel approach for detecting changes in web-building spider communities by focussing on the types of webs that spiders build rather than the spider itself. This method was cost-effective, easy-to-use, and importantly, we found a strong congruency between the diversity of web architecture and the diversity of web-building spider genera. The metrics derived from this method could distinguish differences in web-building communities among habitat types that represented a successional gradient, and thus we concluded that the method was useful for monitoring the progress of restoration. Many other applications for the method are possible such as environmental impact assessment and agricultural pest management, and we encourage development in these areas.

Field of study: Environmental science
INFLUENCE OF VEHICLE AND AMBIENT TEMPERATURE ON THE FATIGUE DAMAGE OF STEEL BRIDGE DECK SURFACING

The fatigue damage characteristic of the steel bridge deck epoxy asphalt concrete surfacing due to repeated vehicle load and ambient temperature, is analyzed by using the method of damage mechanics. From the method, the fracture, stress and strain field in the composite beam for fatigue tests are presented. As an example, using the composite beam fatigue test on the steel bridge deck epoxy asphalt concrete surfacing of Yangtze River Bridge, a predictive formula for the fatigue life of the beam is proposed. Fatigue life calculated accounting to thermal action was less than not. The value was decreased by approximately 44%. The results indicate that stiffness modulus of the asphalt mixture surfacing will vary with the fluctuate of ambient temperature, leading to change in mechanical characteristic and fatigue life of steel bridge deck asphalt mixture surfacing composite structure. It is too simplified to take fatigue damage characteristic of asphalt mixture surfacing only as the function of moving vehicle, and thermal action should not be ignored. Furthermore, epoxy asphalt surfacing appears to provide good fatigue resistance.

Field of study: Engineering
Microstructure of Welded Joint of Die-cast AZ91D Alloy Plates Welded by TIG

As-cast AZ91D alloy plate with 3 mm thickness was welded by both sides using TIG.The welding process was that the current of first side was AC 120A and that of reverse side was 80A,90A and 100A,the welding speed and protection gas flow was constant.After welding,the cross-sections of the sample were prepared using standard procedures.The microstructure was investigated by optical microscopy.The results show that the surface appearance of the weld beads is not good,there are some visible defects;with the increase of electric current of reverse side,the amount of the continuous β-Mg17Al12 phase decrease,while the amount of the granular β-Mg17Al12 phase increase.

Field of study: Materials science
Dissipation and Mobility of Permethrin in the Field with Repeated Applications Under Tropical Conditions

Studies on persistence, mobility and the effect of repeated application of permethrin on its half‐life were carried out under field conditions. The half‐life of permethrin in the top 20 cm of the soil increased from 11.5 to 23.6 days as the application rates increased from 35 to 140 g ha− 1. Induced by heavier rainfall, more residues moved downward in trial 2 than in trial 1. Repeated applications enhanced degradation rates and mobility of permethrin in the soil. The residue level in the 0–5‐cm layer was reduced at day 28 after 17 consecutive applications to a level lower than after 5 applications. The half‐life of permethrin was reduced from 15.9 days to 11.2 days after 5 and 17 applications, respectively. The residue reached the 15–20 cm layer much earlier (approximately 3 days after treatment) in soil that received 17 applications as compared to those with two applications.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling of daurisoline and dauricine in beagle dogs.

To study the combined pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) model of daurisoline and dauricine, and compare their effects on cardiac electrophsiology, blood pressure, and hemodynamics in beagle dogs.



The plasma drug concentration was determined by the reversed-phase HPLC method and the effects on cardiac and hemodynamics were recorded by polygraph. The pharmacokinetic and PK-PD model parameters were calculated.



The pharmacokinetics were best fitted to a two-compartment open model, and the relationship between effect and effect compartment concentration of both drugs could be represented by the sigmoid-E(max) model. There were no significant differences in main pharmacokinetics and PK-PD parameters between the two drugs.



No statistically different kinetic disposition characteristics and potencies of inhibitory effects on myocardial function of daurisoline and dauricine were found in beagle dogs.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Evidence of microbial activity from a shallow water whale fall (Voghera, northern Italy)

The fossil bones, associated carbonate cements and enclosing concretion of a Miocene mysticete from inner shelf deposits (Monte Vallassa Formation, northern Italy) were analyzed for evidence of microbial activity. Optical and scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and stable C and O isotope geochemistry were used for high spatial resolution microfacies and biosedimentological analyses. Whale cancellous bones were filled by different carbonate cements including microcrystalline dolomite, rhombohedral dolomite and sparry calcite. Biofabric and biominerals such as microbial peloids, clotted textures and pyrite framboids were associated with the dolomite cements. Dolomite inside cancellous bones and in the enclosing concretion showed similar isotopic values (avg δ 13 C: −7.12‰; avg δ 18 O: +3.81‰), depleted with respect to the (late) sparry calcite cement (avg δ 13 C: −0.55‰; avg δ 18 O: −0.98‰). Microcrystalline barite (BaSO 4 ) was observed on the external surface of the bones. In addition, two different types of microborings were recognized, distinguished by their size and morphology and were ascribed respectively to prokaryote and fungal trace makers. Our results testify for the development of a diverse microbial ecosystem during the decay of a shallow water whale carcass, which could be detected in the fossil record. However, none of the observed biosignatures ( e . g ., microbial peloids, clotted textures) can be used alone as a positive fossil evidence of the general development of a sulfophilic stage of whale fall ecological succession. The occurrence of the hard parts of chemosynthetic invertebrates associated with fossil whale bones is still the more convincing proof of the development of a sulfide-base chemoautotrophic ecosystem.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
ODP Leg 107 in the Tyrrhenian Sea: Insights into passive margin and back-arc basin evolution

Leg 107 of the Ocean Drilling Program drilled a west-northwest-east-southeast transect of seven sites across the Tyrrhenian Sea, the youngest of the sub-basins of the Mediterranean Sea. Sites 654, 653, 652, and 656 document the rifting and subsidence of the Sardinia passive continental margin. On the upper margin (Site 654), we cored a classic transgressive sequence: subaerial conglomerates, overlain by oyster-bearing sands, overlain by marine marl. Comparison between the recovered lithologies and seismic reflection profiles suggests that the synrift sediments on the upper margin are Tortonian (late Miocene) to Messinian (latest Miocene) in age, whereas synrift sediments on the lower margin are Messinian to Pliocene in age. During the Messinian desiccation of the Mediterranean, Sites 654 and 653, now on the upper Sardinian margin, apparently occupied a basinal setting, where they received nannoplankton-bearing clays interbedded with laminated gypsum. Sites 656 and 652, now on the lower Sardinia margin, were apparently higher standing during the desiccation event; their Messinian facies are subaerial and lacustrine, respectively. We infer from these lines of evidence that tilting and subsidence occurred more than a million years earlier on the upper margin than on the lower margin. Such diachroneity can be interpreted in terms of migration of the zone of maximum extension above a "rolling-back" subduction zone, or in terms of extension of continental crust, by shear along a deep "detachment fault."

Sites 655, 651, and 650 were drilled into two small basalt-floored basins of the central and eastern Tyrrhenian. Emplacement of basaltic crust in the central Tyrrhenian (Vavilov Basin) apparently began more than a million years before, emplacement of basaltic crust in the eastern Tyrrhenian (Marsili Basin). This observation is compatible with previous suggestions that the Tyrrhenian has grown southeastward in response to "rollback" of the down-going slab that currently dips northwestward under the toe of Italy. At the easternmost site, high vesicularity of the basalt and benthic foram assemblages in the oldest sediments imply that the basalt erupted in water shallower than 2,500 m. It has apparently subsequently subsided to its present depth of >4,100 m below sea level nearly three times as fast as normal subsidence of crust formed at a mid-ocean ridge.

Field of study: Geology
The Application of Broadband Remodeling Inversion in Saertu Oil Bed of the First Northeast Area

There is a problem in forecasting thin sandstone in development with the earthquake in the area with dense well network. The research was done on Saertu oil bed in the first northeast area of Lamadian reservoir Make use of the fuzzy system as recovery of the low frequency of the wave impedance inversion, and use the parawave independence remodeling inversion as the compensation of the high frequency, the broadband remodeling inversion came true. The remodeling inversion result not only the thick sandstone more than 5 meters and the thin sandstone less than 2 metres could be recognized. As a result, sedimentary phase modified by well to seismic integration integration after the vertical contact and spatial distribution of sandstone accurately locating, provided the reliable analysis inference for the research of the remaining oil in the thin sandstone. With the constant improvement of the degree of oilfield development,Daqing oilfield has entered the stage of high watercut stage mining of Changyuan,caused by factors such as reservoir heterogeneity in residual oil highly fragmented distribution, that is easy to develop the potential for residual oil in thick oil layer decreasing year by year,and more and more proportion of remaining oil in the oil sheet,remaining recoverable reserves of effective development more and more difficult,seriously affect the oilfield development,so looking for thin oil reservoir remaining oil problems aroused people's more and more attention. According to the company "build a new Changyuan oilfield geological understanding system, looking for determining further improve oil recovery potential" the instruction spirit, in 2006 decided to carry out full cover in Daqing Changyuan fine three dimensional seismic work development, further defined the fine development of Changyuan earthquake "315" project research goal in 2008. Completed in 2008 in Lamadian oil field 100km2 digital detection of Changyuan three-dimensional threecomponent seismic acquisition and Saertu 690km2 figure oilfield high density 3D seismic acquisition work, since then reveal the prelude of seismic reservoir development work. With the deepening of the reservoir prediction work, in thin reservoirs in Lamadian oilfield remaining oil research is becoming more and more attention.The writer use the north of the east area Saertu figure reservoir as the goal, to take advantage of high resolution seismic inversion method to carry out the thin sandstone reservoir inversion, objectively explained reservoir spatial distribution characteristics of dense well pattern.

Field of study: Engineering
Monooxygenase‐Mediated Baeyer−Villiger Oxidations

Enzyme-mediated Baeyer−Villiger oxidations offer a “green chemistry” approach for the production of chiral lactones. Several organisms have been found to catalyze this reaction in the course of their metabolic pathways. A number of flavin-dependent monooxygenases have been characterized, and acceptance of a multitude of non-natural substrates has been found. Such biocatalysts are used in synthetic chemistry either as isolated enzymes in combination with appropriate cofactor recycling systems or as living whole cells, in native or recombinant form, for the production of valuable intermediates. This review gives an overview of the most widely utilized enzymes and the corresponding substrate profiles, together with applications in natural product and bioactive compound synthesis.

Field of study: Chemistry
Irrigation with oxygen-nanobubble water can reduce methane emission and arsenic dissolution in a flooded rice paddy

A remarkable feature of nanobubbles (<10–6 m in diameter) is their long lifetime in water. Supplying oxygen-nanobubbles (NBs) to continuously flooded paddy soil may retard the development of reductive conditions, thereby reducing the emission of methane (CH4), a potent greenhouse gas, and dissolution of arsenic, an environmental load. We tested this hypothesis by performing a pot experiment and measuring redox-related variables. The NBs were introduced into control water (with properties similar to those of river water) using a commercially available generator. Rice (Oryza sativa L.) growth did not differ between plants irrigated with NB water and those irrigated with control water, but NB water significantly (p < 0.05) reduced cumulative CH4 emission during the rice-growing season by 21%. The amounts of iron, manganese, and arsenic that leached into the drainage water before full rice heading were also reduced by the NB water. Regardless of the water type, weekly-measured CH4 flux was linearly correlated with the leached iron concentration during the rice-growing season (r = 0.74, p < 0.001). At the end of the experiment, the NB water significantly lowered the soil pH in the 0–5 cm layer, probably because of the raised redox potential. The population of methanogenic Archaea (mcrA copy number) in the 0–5 cm layer was significantly increased by the NB water, but we found no correlation between the mcrA copy number and the cumulative CH4 emission (r = –0.08, p = 0.85). In pots without rice plants, soil reduction was not enhanced, regardless of the water type. The results indicate that NB water reduced CH4 emission and arsenic dissolution through an oxidative shift of the redox conditions in the flooded soil. We propose the use of NB water as a tool for controlling redox conditions in flooded paddy soils.

Field of study: Environmental science
A digital method for computing target margins in radiotherapy.

Computer methods for determining the planning target volume from the gross tumor volume for both conventional and conformal radiotherapy are presented. Production of a two-dimensional (2D) treatment plan is assisted by projecting outlines of the gross tumor onto a single transverse plane, so that the total extent of the tumor can be easily visualized. A 2D margin can then be added to the resulting outline, so as to account for microscopic tumor spread, organ motion, and setup uncertainty. The margin may be anisotropic to account for the known differences in setup accuracy in the anterior, posterior, left and right directions. For three-dimensional (3D) treatment planning, it is necessary to add a 3D margin to the gross tumor volume to define the planning target volume, the anisotropy of the margin now being allowed to extend to the superior and inferior directions also. Robust methods for automatically calculating these regions are described, and illustrated for the case of a prostate tumor. It is demonstrated that while a slicewise 2D margin is adequate for 2D planning, a fully 3D margin must be used for 3D conformal planning to avoid underdosing the superior and inferior extremities of the clinical target volume.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Local Massage with Topical Analgesic, a Novel Treatment Modality for Temporomandibular Muscular Pain, a Case Study Report of 5 Consecutive Cases

Temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) represent a group of painful conditions involving the muscles of mastication and the temporomandibular joint. Ping On Ointment has been used in the Chinese Orthopedics as a soothing massage balm for muscular aches, strain and sprain. If topical application of the ointment can be effective for the treatment of TMD muscular pain, it may be the long-sought-after method for safe, simple, cheap, non-invasive, and effective treatment modality of TMD muscular pain.  This report documented a case study of the first five consecutive cases using this treatment modality.  All cases resulted in complete remission of pain within one month of topical massage.  This treatment method has high potential to benefit a significant number of people and randomized control trials should be performed.

Field of study: Medicine
Valid Transfers Excluded from Gross Estate

Under IRC section 2036(a) and Treasury regulations section 20.2036-1(a) there are two exceptions that prevent transfers from being included in a decedent's gross estate. First, if a transfer is a bona fide sale for adequate and full consideration, it is not part of the gross estate. Second, the transfer also can avoid inclusion if the decedent did not retain possession, enjoyment or rights to the transferred property or the right to designate who would possess or enjoy the property. In 1991 Ruth Kimbell transferred the bulk of her estate to a revocable living trust. In January 1998 the trust and Mrs. Kimbell's son David and his wife formed a limited liability corporation (LLC) with the trust holding a 50% interest. David was the LLC's sole manager. Later that month, the trust and the LLC formed a limited partnership (LP) to which the trust contributed $2.5 million, receiving a 99% limited partnership interest. The LLC contributed $25,000 and received a 1% general partnership interest. At the LP's reception, approximately 11% of the assets were working interests in oil and gas properties. On March 25, 1998, Mrs. Kimbell died, leaving a will. In December her estate filed a federal estate tax return claiming a 49% discount on the value of Mrs. Kimbell's interests in the LP and LLC based on lack of control and marketability, of the LR The IRS subsequently audited the Kimbell estate, determining that the transfers to the LP and LLC were subject to section 2036(a) and that the value of the assets transferred should be included in the gross estate. The estate paid the additional tax and filed liar a refund. A district court agreed with the IRS determination and the estate appealed the decision to the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals.  For the taxpayer. The Fifth Circuit first determined the transfer to the LP (by far the larger and more important) was for full and adequate consideration. To reach this conclusion, the court focused on three main points: (1) the trust and LLC received partnership interests proportionate to the assets each contributed; (2) the partnership accounts were properly credited; and (3) the partnership agreement required distributions on termination or liquidation according to the partner's capital balances. The Fifth Circuit then determined the transfer to the LP was a bona fide sale based on four factors: (1) Mrs. Kimbell had had sufficient assets outside the partnership to support her personal needs; (2) all partnership formalities were satisfied and the transferred assets were actually assigned to the partnership; (3) most of the assets transferred did require active management; and (4) non-tax-objective business reasons existed for the transfer to a partnership that the trust could not satisfy. …

Field of study: Business
Lesions centered on the medial amygdala impair scent-marking and sex-odor recognition but spare discrimination of individual odors in female golden hamsters.

The medial amygdala (Me) has been implicated in various social behaviors that depend on chemosensory cues, but its precise role in discriminating and learning social odors is not known. Female golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) received electrolytic lesions of the Me or sham surgery and were tested for their ability to (a) discriminate between odors of individual males in a habituation-discrimination task, (b) show preferences for male over female odors in a Y maze, and (c) scent-mark in response to male and female odors. All females discriminated between scents of individual males. In contrast, Me lesions eliminated female preferences for male odors in a Y maze. Females with Me lesions also showed a substantial reduction in vaginal marking and virtually no flank marking in response to odors. Thus, the Me in female hamsters is critical for differential investigation of opposite-sex odors and for scent-marking behavior but is not involved in discrimination between odors of individuals.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology