nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
DNA Facilitates the Sorption of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons on Montmorillonites.

The sorption of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) to montmorillonites is largely influenced by their interactions with dissolved organic matter (DOM). However, the role of DOM rather than humic and fulvic acids (e.g., extracellular DNA) in the PAH sorption to soil clays is little known. Here, we demonstrate that extracellular double-stranded salmon testes DNA substantially increased the sorption of phenanthrene and pyrene to Na-, Ca-, and Fe-modified montmorillonites. All PAH sorption isotherms fitted the linear and Freundlich models reasonably well ( R2 = 0.918-0.999). Distribution coefficients were increased from 0.0458-0.103 and 0.0493-0.141 L/g at 0 mg/L DNA to 0.413-0.589 and 0.385-0.560 L/g at 10 mg/L DNA for phenanthrene and pyrene, respectively. Spectroscopic and computational chemistry analyses confirmed that PAHs were first inserted into DNA by binding with the nucleobases via van der Waals and π-π electron donor-acceptor interactions. Compared to PAHs, the DNA-PAH complex can be more easily sorbed to cation-modified montmorillonites by complexation between DNA phosphate and exchangeable cations in addition to intercalation into clay interlayers. This work highlights the importance of understanding the control on contaminant sorption by many organic compounds that are ubiquitous in soils but not represented by humic and fulvic acids.

Field of study: Environmental science
The Early Careers of Social Science Graduates and the Value of a PhD

To look at the relevance of a PhD to the careers of graduates in the social sciences, the Economic and Social Research Council commissioned a survey of a sample of graduates in certain social science subjects who gained firstor upper second-class honours degrees at British universities between 1972 and 1977. A substantial proportion of respondents with PhDs, and especially of those who also held first-class honours, had become university teachers. The rest were scattered over a wide range of jobs, but few of them had needed a PhD to gain their first job after completing their studies, and there was no job group where the majority of respondents said that they had needed a PhD to do their first job well. In all job groups there were some respondents who regarded skills in research as relevant to their jobs, but other qualities imparted by a university, such as a training of the mind, were generally regarded as more relevant. Graduates with no university level post-graduate qualifications were generally paid more than those with a PhD, implying that employers put a higher value on experience in employment than on post-graduate research.

Field of study: Mathematics
Performance Evaluation and Quality Assurance Management During the Series Power Tests of LHC Main Lattice Magnets

Within the LHC project, a series production of superconducting dipoles and quadrupoles has recently been completed in industry and all magnets were cold tested at CERN. The main features of these magnets are: two-in-one structure, 56 mm aperture, two layer coils wound from 15.1 mm wide Nb-Ti cables, and all-polyimide insulation. This paper reviews the process of the power test quality assurance and performance evaluation, which was applied during the LHC magnet series tests. The main test results of magnets tested in both supercritical and superfluid helium, including the quench training, the conductor performance, the magnet protection efficiency and the electrical integrity are presented and discussed in terms of the design parameters and the requirements of the LHC machine.

Field of study: Physics
High-Performance Complementary Logic Inverter Using Integrated Black Phosphorus and MoS2 Transistors

The operation of a high-performance integrated two-dimensional complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor inverter is reported. The circuit combines a few-layer MoS2 n-MOSFET and a black phosphorus (BP) p-MOSFET fabricated using a common local backgate electrode with thin (20 nm) HfO2 gate dielectric. The constituent devices have linear threshold voltages of -0.8 V and +0.8 V and produce peak transconductances of +16 uS/um and 41 uS/um for the MoS2 n-MOSFET and BP p-MOSFET, respectively. The inverter shows a voltage gain of 3.5 at a supply voltage, VDD = 2.5 V, and has peak switching current of 108 uA and off-state current of 8.4 uA (2.4 uA) at VIN = 0 (VIN = 2.5 V). In addition, the inverter has voltage gain greater than unity for VDD > 0.5 V, has open butterfly curves for VDD > 1 V, and achieves static noise margin over 500 mV at VDD = 2.5 V. The voltage gain was found to be insensitive to temperature between 270 K and 340 K, and AC large and small-signal operation was demonstrated at frequencies up to 100 kHz. The demonstration of a complementary 2D inverter which operates in a symmetric voltage window suitable for driving a subsequent logic stage is a significant step forward in developing practical applications for devices based upon 2D materials.

Field of study: Physics
Evaluation and Treatment of Children and Adolescents With Psychotic Symptoms

In recent years, there have been increasing efforts to develop early detection and prevention strategies for patients at risk of the development of psychotic disorders. These efforts have led to improved recognition and characterization of psychotic symptoms in youth. This review focuses on the evaluation of children and adolescents with psychotic symptoms who are experiencing functional impairment but who do not meet current criteria for schizophrenia. For this article, emphasis is placed on the evaluation of symptoms, differential diagnosis, and consideration of potential interventions.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Comparative sequence analysis of CO17-1A antigen-specific monoclonal antibodies.

Sequence analysis of murine monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) specific for the CO17-1A antigen is being performed to assess the structural basis for antibody specificity for this antigen. Preliminary data reveal that the heavy chain variable regions of MAbs GA733 and CO17-1A (designated Ab1s since they were isolated following immunization with CO17-1A antigen) most likely utilize distinct members of the same gene family. Remarkably, they also display identical amino acid sequences in their heavy chain CDR3 regions, reflecting absolute nucleotide sequence identity across their VH-D-JH junctions. Since these junctional sequences are randomly generated during the assembly of immunoglobulin genes and in general display enormous diversity, this homology suggests an important role for heavy chain CDR3 in determining specificity for the CO17-1A antigen in these antibodies.

Field of study: Biology
Metabarcoding of benthic eukaryote communities predicts the ecological condition of estuaries.

DNA-derived measurements of biological composition have the potential to produce data covering all of life, and provide a tantalizing proposition for researchers and managers. We used metabarcoding to compare benthic eukaryote composition from five estuaries of varying condition. In contrast to traditional studies, we found biotic richness was greatest in the most disturbed estuary, with this being due to the large volume of extraneous material (i.e. run-off from aquaculture, agriculture and other catchment activities) being deposited in the system. In addition, we found strong correlations between composition and a number of environmental variables, including nutrients, pH and turbidity. A wide range of taxa responded to these environmental gradients, providing new insights into their sensitivities to natural and anthropogenic stressors. Metabarcoding has the capacity to bolster current monitoring techniques, enabling the decisions regarding ecological condition to be based on a more holistic view of biodiversity.

Field of study: Environmental science
Survivability and metabolic activity of Lactobacillus casei 01 incorporating lychee juice plus inulin under simulated gastrointestinal environment.

A study of survivability of Lactobacillus casei 01 in simulated gastrointestinal environment under three treatment conditions i.e. L. casei 01 plus lychee juice, L. casei 01 plus lychee juice plus 3% inulin and L. casei 01 plus lychee juice plus 5% inulin was investigated, while the control, L. casei 01 in the colon fluid also run simultaneously. It was found that L. casei 01 combined with lychee juice plus inulin had significantly increased the survival cells in the gastric-bile environment. This treatment condition also significantly enhanced the growth of colon lactobacilli and benificial bifidobacteria after fermenting for 24 h but suppressed the growth of harmful microbes including fecal coliforms, clostridia and total anaerobic bacteria. Moreover, this specific treatment also stimulated significant increase of total short chain fatty acids (SCFA) in the colon section. Among all SCFA, acetate was the predominant metabolic product followed by propionate and butyrate respectively.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
The Use of the Cavity-Rim Cervical Cap in a Family Physician's Office.

This paper describes a retrospective study which looked at the effectiveness of the Prentif cavity-rim cervical cap, cap usage, cap-associated problems and acceptability for 95 women fitted with a cervical cap at a family physician's office. The pregnancy rate of this group was 12.28/100 years of exposure. Data on cap usage, cap-associated problems and acceptability are presented and briefly discussed. The authors believe that although cap fitting and teaching are time consuming, and that the reported pregnancy rate is relatively high, the cervical cap does remain a valuable alternative method of contraception for some women.

Field of study: Medicine
Synthetic Routes to Isomeric Imidazoindoles by Regioselective Ring‐Opening of Activated Aziridines Followed by Copper‐Catalysed C–N Cyclization

Two new synthetic routes that deliver substituted imidazoindoles in high yields with excellent ee values have been developed. The reactions proceed through ring-opening of activated aziridines with 2,2-dibromovinylanilines or 2-bromoindoles, followed by a Cu-catalysed domino C–N,C–N-cyclization, or a C–N cyclization, respectively. The first route gives rise to one regioisomer, and the second route gives the other.

Field of study: Chemistry
Cranial anatomy of the primitive reptile Procolophon

The skull of the Lower Triassic reptile Procolophon is described on the basis of newly prepared specimens in the collection of the British Museum (Natural History) and from casts made from high-fidelity natural molds. It is concluded that this genus had a large tympanum supported by the supratemporal, squamosal, and quadratojugal. The stapes remains incompletely known but probably functioned as part of an impedance-matching system comparable with that of modern lizards. The teeth of the upper and lower jaws are inset from the margin of the skull, suggesting the presence of cheeks. Jaw movement is confined to the vertical plane. Neither resorption pits nor weakly attached crowns provide evidence of tooth replacement. The position of the teeth is controlled so that the upper and lower teeth interdigitate exactly, with wear facets on the anterior and posterior surfaces. A natural cast of the nasal cavities resembles that of Triassic cynodont therapsids, suggesting the presence of turbinais and extensive olfa...

Field of study: Environmental science
Finding the best resolution for the Kingman–Tajima coalescent: theory and applications

Many summary statistics currently used in population genetics and in phylogenetics depend only on a rather coarse resolution of the underlying tree (the number of extant lineages, for example). Hence, for computational purposes, working directly on these resolutions appears to be much more efficient. However, this approach seems to have been overlooked in the past. In this paper, we describe six different resolutions of the Kingman–Tajima coalescent together with the corresponding Markov chains, which are essential for inference methods. Two of the resolutions are the well-known $$n$$n-coalescent and the lineage death process due to Kingman. Two other resolutions were mentioned by Kingman and Tajima, but never explicitly formalized. Another two resolutions are novel, and complete the picture of a multi-resolution coalescent. For all of them, we provide the forward and backward transition probabilities, the probability of visiting a given state as well as the probability of a given realization of the full Markov chain. We also provide a description of the state-space that highlights the computational gain obtained by working with lower-resolution objects. Finally, we give several examples of summary statistics that depend on a coarser resolution of Kingman’s coalescent, on which simulations are usually based.

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics
A Conditional Process Analysis on the Relationship Between the Use of Social Networking Sites, Attitudes, Peer Norms, and Adolescents' Intentions to Consume Alcohol

Visiting social networking sites has become an important part of adolescents' leisure activities. The current cross-sectional survey ( n = 674) of adolescents aged 13–16 years aimed to examine a conditional process model on the relationships between adolescents' use of social networking sites and their descriptive /injunctive peer norms, attitudes, and intentions regarding alcohol use. First, the results support that exposure to alcohol-related content on social networking sites predicts respondents' descriptive and injunctive norms on alcohol use. Adolescents who are more frequently exposed to alcohol-related content believe that a higher number of their friends consume alcohol and that this use is socially acceptable. These descriptive and injunctive norms were positively associated with adolescents' drinking intentions. Second, the results support that the relationship between injunctive norms and intentions is stronger for respondents being more frequently exposed to alcohol-related messages on Facebook. Overall, the results shed more light on the complex associations between social networking sites, alcohol use, and the role of peers in this relationship.

Field of study: Psychology
Aligning software engineering education with industrial needs: A meta-analysis

According to various reports, many software engineering (SE) graduates often face difficulties when beginning their careers, which is mainly due to misalignment of the skills learned in university education with what is needed in the software industry.  Our objective is to perform a meta-analysis to aggregate the results of the studies published in this area to provide a consolidated view on how to align SE education with industry needs, to identify the most important skills and also existing knowledge gaps.  To synthesize the body of knowledge, we performed a systematic literature review (SLR), in which we systematically selected a pool of 35 studies and then conducted a meta-analysis using data extracted from those studies.  Via a meta-analysis and using data from 13 countries and over 4,000 data points, highlights of the SLR include: (1) software requirements, design, and testing are the most important skills; and (2) the greatest knowledge gaps are in configuration management, SE models and methods, SE process, design (and architecture), as well as in testing.  This paper provides implications for both educators and hiring managers by listing the most important SE skills and the knowledge gaps in the industry.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Fate of the herbicide bentazon in rice plant‐grown lysimeters over four consecutive cultivation years+

When the herbicide benzene‐ring‐14C‐bentazon was applied onto two 0.25 m2 lysimeters by the conventional method(1.6 kg a.i./ha) in Korea and rice plants were grown over four consecutive years, 3.16(lysimeter I) and 17.27%(lysimeter II) of the originally applied radioactivities leached in total up to the 167th week after the application. The 14C activities translocated into rice straw in the first year ranged from 1.4 to 2.2% of the originally applied amount, reducing remarkably in the second year, and those into brown rice grain were below the MRL of 0.1 ppm bentazon set by FAO/VHO. The 14C activities remaining in the 0∼10, 10∼20, 20∼30, and 30∼40 cm soil layer were approximately 14.07, 16.45, 27.53, and 21.28%(lysimeter I) and 4.37, 10.06, 10.45, and 9.34%(lysimeter II), of the originally applied 14C, respectively, after 2 years, amounting to a total of 79.33 and 34.22%, respectively. After 4 years the residual radiocarbon in the 0—60 cm soil layer was reduced, indicating that 26.60(lysimeter I)...

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
A fast algorithm for solving linear systems of the Pascal type

In this paper, we present a fast algorithm of the complexity O( n  log  n ) for solving the linear systems with coefficient matrix of the Pascal type, which is faster than the algorithm of the complexity O( n 2 ) given in the paper [M.E.A. El-Mikkawy, On solving linear systems of the Pascal type. Applied mathematics and computation 136 (2003) 195–202]. An application in solving non-homogeneous differential equation with constant coefficients is given.

Field of study: Mathematics
Anthropologie du conscrit francais 1819-1826.

Sous ce titre tres balzacien, et donc tout a fait d'epoque, Jes auteurs presentent un exemple particulierement interessant des possibilites d'utilisation par les methodes recentes de calcul et de representation cartographique de donnees recueillies au debut d'une administration de la periode statistique. Les « comptes numeriques et sommaires du recrutement de l'armee (1819-1826)» presentent en effet une documentation continue et homogene, con servee aux Archives nationales (serie F 9), reunissant un decompte statistique des conscrits par an et par departement, les annees anterieures et posterieures presentant, au contraire, bien des lacunes, sensiblement plus importantes que celles qui existent dans les collections entre les deux dates retenues (au lieu de 8 series, elles ne comportent parfois que 6, 5 series, ou meme 3 ou 2 seulement pour l'Ain et pour la Vendee). Les documents retenus ont servi de base a cette publication, d'une qualite typo graphique trop rare en France pour qu'on ne la souligne pas. Elle reunit en fait deux etudes, une de 190 pages due a P. Du mont et a E. Le Roy Ladurie sur « l'exploitation quantitative et cartographique des comptes numeriques et sommaires » des annees 1819-1826 ; l'autre, celle de J.-P. Aron, est sous le titre « Taille, maladie et societe, essai d'histoire anthropologique ». Une introduction generale presente la premiere etude (190 pages), expose les methodes de la representation graphique utilisee, pas toujours plus claire que le vieux systeme des hachures, et commente les observations des auteurs en partant de ces docu ments, par exemple sur le recrutement sacerdotal, surtout impor tant autour de la Bretagne et du Massif central, ou encore la repartition par departement des professions que les conscrits declaraient au conseil de revision. On peut se demander si ces declarations etaient toujours sinceres : la proportion exception nellement elevee des soi-disant charretiers dans la Manche peut ainsi s'expliquer aussi bien par le souci de se definir au-dessus des simples ouvriers agricoles que par celui de signaler une

Field of study: Economics, History
Molecular inventory of faecal microflora in patients with Crohn's disease.

Intestinal microbial community is involved in the pathogenesis of Crohn's disease, but knowledge of its potential abnormalities has been limited by the impossibility to grow many dominant intestinal bacteria. Using sequence analysis of randomly cloned bacterial 16S ribosomal DNA, the dominant faecal species from four Crohn's disease patients and four controls were compared. Whereas marked inter-individual differences were observed in the faecal microflora of patients, three remained distantly related to controls on the basis of their operational taxonomic unit composition. Bacteroides vulgatus and closely related organisms represented the only molecular species shared by all patients and exhibited an unusually high rate of occurrence. Escherichia coli clones were isolated only in two patients with ileocolonic Crohn's disease. Moreover, numerous clones belonged to phylogenetic groups or species that are commonly not dominant in the faecal microflora of healthy subjects: Pectinatus, Sutterella, Verrucomicrobium, Fusobacterium, Clostridium disporicum, Clostridium glycolicum, Clostridium ramosum, Clostridium innocuum and Clostridium perfringens.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Tip heater for minimum quench energy measurements on superconducting strands

Superconducting strands can be characterized by their minimum quench energy (MQE), i.e. the minimum heat pulse needed to trigger a quench in operation conditions (field, temperature, current), in the limit of a (temporally and spatially) /spl delta/-shaped disturbance. The sub-mm//spl mu/s range of perturbation space has only been achieved using the electrical graphite-paste heater technique. The present work has put this technique into practice for the strands of the LHC main magnets, which are designed to operate at 1.9 K in peak fields of up to 9 T. No way has been found yet to calibrate MQE measurements. To make relative statements on the MQE of different samples possible, the reproducibility of the measurements was emphasized. First heater prototypes did not come up to this stipulation. Finally the tip-heater configuration was found to meet the requirements. It generates a heat pulse in a thin resistive graphite paste deposit on top of a small tip that is pressed against the sample with a clamp. The clamp guarantees a maximum of exposure of the sample to the surrounding cryogen. The most striking aspect of repeated measurements on a reference sample is that in open bath conditions the MQE as a function of transport current in subcooled helium can reach hundred times the corresponding value in adiabatic conditions (i.e. with the sample potted in a low conductivity medium). This extraordinary cooling performance of superfluid helium, predicted by many has rarely been shown in superconductor stability experiments.

Field of study: Physics