nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Sulfur compounds, potential turnover of sulfate and thiosulfate, and numbers of sulfate‐reducing bacteria in planted and unplanted paddy soil

Sulfate reduction potentials (SRP), thiosulfate consumption potentials (TCP), numbers of sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) and the vertical profiles of sulfate, thiosulfate, acid volatile sulfides (AVS) and chromium reducible sulfides (CRS) were measured within 10-cm-deep 13-week-old planted and unplanted paddy soil microcosms. The soil pore water of unplanted microcosms showed sulfate concentrations 300 μM and > 150 μM, respectively, indicating that oxidation of reduced sulfur was stimulated in this zone (the root zone of the rice plants). On the other hand, concentrations of AVS were also much higher in the upper layers of planted versus unplanted microcosms indicating that reduction of oxidized sulfur compounds was also stimulated in this zone. The highest AVS and CRS concentrations were 1.6 and 1.3 μmol cm −3 soil, respectively. Indeed, planted soils showed a two- to five-fold higher SRP and TCP ( −3 d −1 , respectively) compared to unplanted microcosms ( −3 d −1 ). Concentrations of acetate and lactate were also higher, especially in the uppermost soil layers. However, SRP and TCP were only stimulated by the addition of hydrogen. SRB were enumerated by the MPN technique using hydrogen, acetate, propionate, lactate, butyrate, succinate and benzoate as electron donors. Vertical profiles indicated that the SRB were relatively homogenously distributed in the paddy soil microcosms. The SRB populations growing on H 2 , propionate and succinate appeared to be higher in planted than in unplanted paddy soil microcosms although at a relatively low statistic significance (α Desulfovibrio, Desulfotomaculum, Desulfobulbus , and Desulfobotulus . Our results indicate a very dynamic cycling of both reduced and oxidized sulfur species in the rhizosphere of planted paddy soil.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Intracranial haemorrhage in patients treated with monoamineoxidase inhibitors.

The complications occurring in patients treated with monoamineoxidase inhibitors are reviewed under the headings of paroxysmal headache, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular syndromes.

Sixteen patients are described who developed intracranial haemorrhage.

Fourteen were being treated with Parstelin, and of these five were left with severe permanent neurological disability.

Two were being treated with phenelzine, and one had a permanent hemiplegia.

The importance of precipitating factors, such as a cheese meal and sympathicomimetic drugs, is discussed.

The syndrome of intracranial haemorrhage occurring in an individual who is being treated for his depression with monoamineoxidase inhibitor drugs is one which will probably decrease in frequency.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Policy analysis of Chinese higher education administration system reformation

China's main policies to reform higher education administration system in the past two decades had many innovations with theoretical values,while at the same time there were weaknesses including objective deviation,object indistinct,subject absent and way indefinite.The core goal of reforming polices of higher education administration system should definitely aim at changing government's administration functions and bringing government and higher education institutions into better relationship.Therefore,it is necessary to redesign reforming policies.

Field of study: Education
Prop. Regs Clarify Basis Reporting for Debt, Options

In late November, the IRS released proposed regulations (REG-102988-11) clarifying how debt instruments and options will be treated under the new securities basis information reporting regime of Sec. 6045. The IRS had previously addressed treatment of stock under the reporting requirement, which was instituted by the Energy Improvement and Extension Act of 2008, P.L. 110-343. Generally, Sec. 6045, as amended by the act, requires securities brokers and other affected persons to report to the IRS and customers (on Form 1099-B, Proceeds From Broker and Barter Exchange Transactions) the adjusted basis of covered securities sold and whether any gain or loss upon their sale is long or short term. It requires securities brokers to begin providing this information with respect to corporate stock purchased in 2011 and later years, or beginning in 2012 with respect to stock for which an average-basis method is permissible under  Reporting on all other specified securities, including debt instruments and options, will begin with securities acquired or granted after Dec.  2012. Final regulations issued in October 2010 (T.D. 9504) addressed average-basis methods and other basis determination and reporting issues (see JofA online news coverage at tinyurl.com/6noagTq). The proposed regulations would amend Regs. Secs. 1.6045-1, 1.6045A-1 and 1.6045B-1 to extend to debt instruments and stock options acquired or granted after Jan. 1, 2013, the general rules that currently apply to stock. In addition, the general rules relating to transfer statements and issuer statements are extended to debt instruments and options. The proposed regulations also reconcile differences among stock, debt instruments and stock options by providing additional definitions and guidelines: security" and clarifies that an option on one or more specified securities and indexes of such a specified security or financial attributes of such a specified security are "covered" securities. The proposed regulations change the definition of a "closing transaction" to include the cancellation, lapse, expiration or other termination of an option as well as a cash settlement. The regulations distinguish between option transactions that are physically settled and those that are not physically settled. Brokers must adjust premiums paid or received into the basis reported for options that have been physically settled. The gross proceeds from sold options or options that are part of a closing transaction that does not require physical settlement must be reported, as well as whether the gain or loss was long or short term. …

Field of study: Business
Omnidirectional Vision for Mobile Robot Navigation

Machine vision has been widely studied, leading to the discovery of many image-processing and identification techniques. Together with this, rapid advances in computer processing speed have triggered a growing need for vision sensor data and faster robot response. In considering omnidirectional camera use in machine vision, we have studied omnidirectional image features in depth to determine correlation between parameters and ways to flatten 3-dimensional images into 2 dimensions. We also discuss ways to process omnidirectional images based on their individual features.

Field of study: Computer science
A MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF RAT VENTRICULAR CARDIOMYOCYTE WITH ANOVEL DESCRIPTION OF INTRACELLULAR AND T-TUBULAR Ca2+ DYNAMICS

In this paper, we present a novel quantitative description of
intracellular and t-tubular Ca2+ dynamics in a model of rat
cardiac ventricular myocyte. In order to simulate recently
published data, the model incorporates t-tubular and peripheral
dyads and intracellular subspaces, segmentation of the
t-tubular luminal volume, reformulation of the inactivation
properties of t-tubular and peripheral L-type calcium current
(ICa) and a description of exogenous Ca2+ buffer function in
the intracellular space. The model is used to explore
activity-induced changes of ion concentrations in the
intracellular and t-tubular spaces and their role in excitation
– contraction coupling in ventricular myocytes.

Field of study: Engineering
Development of a series of dummy loads in S-band

A series of S-band dummy loads are developed by microwave Group these years. After the simulation and optimization for the S-band series of dummy loads in CST, the simulation results show that all the dummy loads achieved a voltage standing wave ratio less than 1.04 as well as a frequency bandwidth more than 100 MHz (to satisfy voltage standing wave ratio less than 1.1). All the fabricated products of the mentioned dummy loads achieved a voltage standing wave ratio less than 1.05 in low power microwave test. Among which the 14-rod high power dummy load was tested for high power performance in South Korea, where VSWR of 1.093 was tested with a pulse repetition frequency of 60 Hz as well as a pulse width of 1 μs and a klystron output power of 50.7 MW. The working state of the dummy load was stable. The other dummy loads mentioned were all assembled on accelerators domestic or abroad, all of which were very stable and reliable after a long time operation.

Field of study: Physics
Study on Aggregation Induced Emission of Casein for 1,8-Naphthalimide Bearing Two Acetic Carboxylic Groups by Spectroscopic Method and Analytical Application

A water-soluble 1,8-naphthalimide-based fluorescent probe 2,bearing two acetic carboxylic groups,exhibited specificity emission enhancement for casein. The mechanism is the acetic carboxylic groups of 2 docks into the hydrophobic sub-domains of casein and binds with the Trp and Tyr residues through hydrophobic interaction and hydrogen effect. The un-bound Trp and Tyr residues are buried in hydrophobic cave,which makes casein be more compact. The chromophore of naphthalimide adsorbs on the surface of casein micelle,and the aggregation induced emission enhancement( AIE) occurs. When the excitation wavelength is set at 300 nm,the fluorescence intensity around 480 nm of probe 2 is proportional to the concentration of casein,based on which,an AIE quantitative assay of casein is presented at pH 5. 5. The linear range was 0.1-9.5 mg / L and the detection limit was 2.9 μg / L. Relative standard deviation was less than 3% with different concentration of casein parallel determination for nine times. The melamine,urea,whey, serum album,collagen I and crude ovalbumin did not interfere or only interfered slightly under the permission of ± 5.0% relative error. The results of detecting casein in milk powder by this method were in good agreement with those of Biuret method.

Field of study: Chemistry
New Directions in Study Abroad: Opportunities for Students in the Professional Schools

AN INTERESTING trend in higher education in recent years has been the growth of programs for study abroad. Thus far, this movement has given impetus chiefly to the establishment of undergraduate programs in the liberal arts or to the "junior year abroad." With due recognition of the importance of the junior-year movement, it might be well to consider whether sufficient attention has been paid to the needs of students in the nation's professional schools. Students majoring in the humanities and social sciences make up the overwhelming majority of participants in college overseas programs at present. For example, some of the biggest professional schools at the University of California have had no students participating in the Education Abroad program of the university. For most students in such professional fields as architecture, business administration, or engineering-graduates and undergraduates alike-foreign study is an attractive but remote possibility. In some of the larger American universities, students in the professional schools comprise perhaps 30 per cent of the college population. In view of the leadership the professions exert in modern society and the increasing political and economic participation of the United States in world affairs, it can be argued that the need to establish opportunities for students in the professions to study abroad is as great as in other departments of the university, if not greater. Most of the problems we face today, whether they are related to the challenges posed by overpopulation, disease, Communism, or even the renewal of American cities, will depend in large part for their solution upon comparative studies and co-operation in many fields on a world scale. The faculties of the leading professional schools realize that their students should spend some time studying or interning abroad, and many schools have taken steps to enable them to do so. Most of their programs, however, are conducted on an ad hoc basis, and the number of students participating in them is extremely limited-probably less than half of one per cent of the schools' student bodv. Although the various professional schools encompass diverse dis-

Field of study: Education
Reply to “Comment on Manuella et al. ‘The Hyblean xenolith suite (Sicily): an unexpected legacy of the Ionian–Tethys realm’ by Beccaluva et al. (2015)”

One of the most important pieces of background information left in our pen (Manuella et al. 2015) regards the circumstance that, during the last 25 years, international marine geology expeditions brought crucial advances in understanding the composition and tectonic evolution of present and fossil oceanic lithosphere (e.g., Pearce 2002; Dick et al. 2003; Boschi et al. 2006; Snow and Edmond 2007; Ildefonse et al. 2007; Miranda and Dilek 2010; Silantyev et al. 2011). In particular, we would draw attention to some fault-bounded abyssal highs, called oceanic core complexes (OCCs), located in the crest zone of (ultra) slow-spreading mid-ocean ridges. OCCs mostly consist of serpentinized mantle peridotites and gabbroic rocks exhumed to the ocean floor along systems of detachment faults, related to serpentinite diapirism. Most elevated blocks even reach the ocean surface to form non-volcanic ocean islands, as well as the St. Peter and St. Paul Rocks located near the axial zone of MAR in the equatorial region (e.g., Campos et al. 2010; Sharkov 2012). More in general, magmatic layers of the normal oceanic crust are very thin or even absent at OCCs sites, seismic profiles being compatible with a serpentinite layer overlying almost unaltered mantle ultramafics (e.g., Blackman et al. 2004a, b). In this respect, the concept of a “crust” had to be called into question, and hence, the Moho can be regarded as a serpentinization front (e.g., Minshull et al. 1998). Oxide-rich gabbros with sheared texture are considered obliged components of the gabbroic suite of present and fossil OCCs (e.g., Sharkov 2012). Veins of plagiogranites are also relatively common in these oceanic structures, intruding both gabbros and peridotite bodies. Oxide gabbros and plagiogranites from OCCs typically bear zircon as accessory phase (e.g., Aranovich et al. 2013). OCC basalts,

Field of study: Environmental science
Nonlinear refraction in semiconductor lasers (review)

A strong optical nonlinearity is typical of semiconductors. A large contribution to the nonlinearity comes from the influence of free carriers on the refractive index and the carrier density itself depends on the intensity either because of photoelectric absorption or because of stimulated emission. In semiconductor lasers this gives rise to a number of effects, such as self-focusing, nonlinearity of the optical losses with associated emission dynamics anomalies, bistable operation in compound resonators and amplifiers, frequency self-modulation, and nonlinear scattering by electron density waves. Self-stabilization of single-frequency emission, which makes it possible to increase the intensity of coherent radiation emitted from a semiconductor laser, has the same physical basis as the aforementioned effects.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Small-scale slope instability on the submarine flanks of insular volcanoes: the case-study of the Sciara del Fuoco slope (Stromboli)

Small-scale landslides affecting insular and coastal volcanoes are a relevant geohazard for the surrounding infrastructures and communities, because they can directly impact them or generate local but devastating tsunamis, as demonstrated by several historical accounts. Here, a review of such landslides and associated predisposing/triggering mechanisms is presented, with particular reference to the submarine volcanic flanks. We take into account, as a case study, the instability phenomena occurring on the Sciara del Fuoco (SdF, hereafter), a 2-km wide subaerial-submarine collapse scar filled by volcaniclastic products, which form the NW flank of the Stromboli volcano. Because of its steepness (> 30°) and the high amount of loose volcanic material funneled from the summit crater towards the sea, the submarine part of the SdF is prone to instability phenomena recurring at different spatial and temporal scale. Particularly, landsides with a volume of some millions of cubic meters, as the 2002 tsunamigenic landslide, can repeatedly affect the submarine slope. Based on the integration of 11 years (2002–2013) of morpho-bathymetric monitoring of the SdF with geotechnical characterization of volcaniclastic and lava flow materials, stability analyses of the subaerial and submarine slope and previous literature studies, we analyze the role of different triggering mechanisms in controlling the occurrence and size of submarine slope failures at the SdF, such as dykes intrusion as occurred in 2002 or the emplacement of a large delta as occurred in 2007.

Field of study: Environmental science
Proportion estimation in mixtures with covariates

Linear maps of a single unclassified observation are used to estimate the mixing proportion in a mixture of two populations with homogeneous variances in the presence of covariates. with complete knowledge of the parameters of the individual populations, the linear map for which the estimator is unbiased and has minimum variance amongst all similar estimators can be determined. Plug-in estimator based on independent training samples from the component populations can be constructed and is asymptotically equivalent to Cochran's classification statistic V* for covariate classification; see Memon and Okamoto (1970). Under normality assumptions, asymptotic expansion of the distribution of the plug-in estimator is available. In the absence of covariates, our estimator reduces to that suggested by Walker (1980) who has investigated the problem based on information on large unclassified samples from a mixture of two populations with heterogeneous variances. In contrast, distribution of Walker's estimator seems i...

Field of study: Mathematics
Integrating a Primary Oral Health Care Approach in the Dental Curriculum: A Tanzanian Experience

This paper is based on a conference presentation made during the inauguration of the Faculty of Dentistry, Kuwait University, as a World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Primary Oral Health Care (POHC) on November 27-28, 2012. The aim of this paper is to review how the POHC approach has been integrated into the dental curriculum, sharing the Tanzanian experience as a case presentation from a developing country. The burden of oral diseases worldwide is high, and the current oral health workforce is inadequate to meet the challenges. Curative oral health care is very costly and not accessible to the poor and minorities. To tackle the problem, the POHC approach rooted in primary health care that emphasizes equity, community involvement, prevention, appropriate technology and a multi-sectorial approach was developed and has been operating for more than 3 decades now. Execution of a comprehensive POHC requires a trained oral health workforce mix with essential competencies. For this case study, a literature search was done using the search engines subscribed to by the library of Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, including PubMed, Cochrane, ScienceDirect and Scopus, Wiley-Blackwell Interscience, Sage and the Health InterNetwork Access to Research Initiative (HINARI) that gives access to Scirus and Google Scholar. Challenges are discussed with an emphasis more on addressing the common risk factors and determinants of oral health. Integration of the POHC approach in the dental curriculum for training a competent workforce is crucial in attaining better oral health. Resources are still a major challenge, and the impact of the POHC approach in the curriculum is yet to be evaluated.

Field of study: Medicine
Significant relationship between the backward scattering coefficient of sea water and the scatterance at 120 degrees.

Computations of Mie scattering by marine particles indicate that the ratios between the backward scattering coefficient and the scatterance at 120 degrees are ~6.9 +/- 0.4, 7.2 +/- 0.6, and 7.1 +/- 0.5 for Junge, normal and log-normal particle size distributions, respectively. In situ observations of the scattering confirm this result.

Field of study: Physics
Strategic Construction of Nanjing Metropolitan in the Pan-Yangtze River Delta Division and Co-operation

Metropolitan coordinating region is one of the basic forms of spatial organization in regional economy development.This paper analysis the domain of Nanjing metropolitan in the structure of the Pan-Yangtze River Delta,We then design the function position of Nanjing metropolitan in the structure of the Pan-Yangtze River Delta.Based on the empirical study outcomes,we point out the improvement path and counter measurements of the Nanjing metropolitan development.

Field of study: Economics
Transformation properties of annular beams passing through an astigmatic lens

The model of annular beams is given based on the model of flattened multi-Gaussian beams proposed by Tovar.Using the generalized Huygens-Fresnel diffraction integral,the transformation and focusing properties of annular beams passing through an astigmatic lens are studied and analyzed.Furthermore,the effect of astigmatism on the beam quality of the annular beams passing through an astigmatic lens is also discussed.The results show that the annular beams become non-rotational symmetric after passing through an astigmatic lens.The focusing intensity decreases gradually with the increasing of the astigmatic coefficients.The azimuth angle of focusing spot is determined merely by astigmatic coefficients.For the given beam orders and the wavelength of the annular beams,the transformation properties and the beam quality of the annular beams passing through an astigmatic lens depend not only on astigmatic coefficients,but also on the Fresnel number of the systems.With the increase of the astigmatic coefficient,or decrease of the Fresnel number,the beam quality becomes worse.

Field of study: Physics
Dendrochronological investigation of the high Andean tree species Polylepis besseri and implications for management and conservation

High-altitude Polylepis besseri woodlands in Bolivia are under increasing threat from human use and disturbance. Currently, there is no information regarding P. besseri growth rates, age structures or the relationship between environmental variables and growth. Such information would be useful for effective management and conservation of the remaining woodlands. We used standard dendrochronological techniques to determine the age and radial growth rates for 23 trees from two Polylepis besseri populations in Sacha Loma (mountains Uypa and Chutu Senega), and investigated the relationship between climate and radial growth. Wood samples exhibited semicircular porosity and visible tree-ring boundaries. The sample trees were young (mean age 40 years, max age 63 years) and growing slowly (<1 mm/year). Trees at Chutu Senega were older and growing more slowly than those at Uypa. The strong linearity of cumulated radial increments suggest that P. besseri may maintain consistent growth rates beyond 60 years. Our results indicate that radial growth is limited by the accumulation of reserves the year before ring formation, and that a warm period before the growing season (humid period) can increase P. besseri’s growth in the Bolivian-Tucuman biogeographic Province. It seems that local factors are more important than regional factors in these high Andean woodlands. This study improves our understanding of the biology of Polylepis and demonstrates the usefulness of dendrochronology for investigating the biotic, abiotic and anthropogenic effects on woodlands in areas lacking long term historical data.

Field of study: Environmental science