nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Interaction of hydration and subfornical organ lesions in sodium-depletion induced salt appetite.

The authors tested whether the level of hydration after furosemide diuresis and 22 hr of sodium depletion affects the amount of water or 0.3 M NaCl solution consumed by rats with intact brains or with lesions of the subfornical organ (SFO). Rats received 2 (underhydrated) or 10 (euhydrated) ml/kg water by gavage as the only fluid input 2, 4, and 20 hr after 10 mg/kg furosemide. These hydration treatments had little or no effect on the amount of saline consumed in 2 hr by intact rats. SFO lesions reduced water intake regardless of hydration condition. Euhydrated, SFO-lesioned rats drank a normal amount of saline, but underhydrated, lesioned rats drank less saline than any other group. Thus, euhydration may facilitate salt appetite in SFO-lesioned rats, and the deficits in salt appetite noted in SFO-lesioned rats may result from deficits in water ingestion rather than from a destruction of angiotensin II receptor sites that directly provoke salt appetite.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Air Blowing by Air Conditioner to Theatre

The paper introduces the features of air current distribution in audience hall of theatre,such as blowing air in from hall top and exhausting out from hall bottom,air blowing by induced air conditioning chair and ventilating for air change and the mode of blowing air by air conditioner to stage,back-stage and stage storehousing.Now these venting modes are adopted in the design of theatre project.

Field of study: Materials science
Dynamical Friction from field particles with a mass spectrum

The analytical generalization of the classical dynamical friction formula (derived under the assumption that all the field particles have the same mass) to the case in which the masses of the field particles are distributed with a mass spectrum is presented. Two extreme cases are considered: in the first, energy equipartition is assumed, in the second all the field particles have the same (Maxwellian) velocity distribution. Three different mass spectra are studied in detail, namely the exponential, discrete (two components), and power‐law cases. It is found that the dynamical friction deceleration can be significantly stronger than in the equivalent classical case, with the largest differences (up to a factor of 10 or more in extreme cases) arising for test particle velocities comparable to the mass‐averaged velocity dispersion of the field particles. The present results are relevant to our understanding of the dynamical evolution of globular clusters, in particular in the modelization of mass segregation...

Field of study: Physics
A Semiparametric Bayesian Extreme Value Model Using a Dirichlet Process Mixture of Gamma Densities

In this paper we propose a model with a Dirichlet process mixture of gamma densities in the bulk part below threshold and a generalized Pareto density in the tail for extreme value estimation. The proposed model is simple and flexible allowing us posterior density estimation and posterior inference for high quantiles. The model works well even for small sample sizes and in the absence of prior information. We evaluate the performance of the proposed model through a simulation study. Finally, the proposed model is applied to a real environmental data.

Field of study: Computer science
Cirriped assemblage zones of the eocene claibornian and jacksonian stages, southeastern Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains

Two Eocene cirriped assemblage zones are recognized in the Gulf Coastal Plain of Alabama and Mississippi. The Arcoscalpellum subquadratum Zone is characterized by A. subquadratum (Meyer and Aldrich), Aporolepas americana (Withers), Euscalpellum eocenense (Meyer), and Solidobalanus antiquus (Meyer), and ranges through the upper Claibornian Stage. The Arcoscalpellum jacksonense Zone is characterized by A. jacksonense Withers, A. choctawensis Weisbord, Aporolepas howei Cheetham, and Solidobalanus sp. aff. S. antiquus (Meyer), and ranges through the Jacksonian Stage. Representative species of one or both of these cirriped zones are found also in Texas, Georgia, South Carolina, and North Carolina, and afford an additional means for correlating Claibornian and Jacksonian marine units between the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains. The Arcoscalpellum subquadratum Zone is represented in the Cook Mountain Formation of Texas and Mississippi, the upper Lisbon Formation and overlying Gosport Sand of Alabama, the McBean Formation of Georgia, and the Cubitostrea sellaeformis beds of the restricted Santee Limestone of South Carolina. The A. jacksonense Zone is represented in the Moodys Branch Formation of Mississippi and Alabama, the Cocoa Sand of Alabama, the Pachuta Marl of either Mississippi or Alabama, the Shubuta Clay equivalents in Alabama, the Clinchfield Sand and Dry Branch Formation of Georgia, the Cross Formation of South Carolina, and the biosparrudite and biomicrudite members of the Castle Hayne Limestone in North Carolina. Some cirriped species found in these zones in the southeastern Atlantic Coastal Plain are not represented in the Gulf Coastal Plain. Solidobalanus n. sp. 1, a species unrelated to the S. antiquus group, occurs in the McBean Formation of Georgia ( Arcoscalpellum subquadratum Zone). Kathpalmeria georgiana Ross is found in the Griffins Landing Member of the Dry Branch Formation of Georgia and has tentatively been identified from the Inglis Formation of northern Florida ( Arcoscalpellum jacksonense Zone). Euscalpellum carolinensis Zullo and Baum and Solidobalanus n. sp. 2 (related to Solidobalanus n. sp. 1) are found in the Cross Formation of South Carolina and the Castle Hayne Limestone of North Carolina ( Arcoscalpellum jacksonense Zone). Recognition of the A. jacksonense Zone in the Cross Formation and the Castle Hayne Limestone supports recent conclusions based on calcareous nannofossil zonation and radiometric determinations that these units are Jacksonian rather than Claibornian in age.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Cuba's First Venture in Africa: Algeria, 1961–1965

It was in Algeria that Cuba's involvement in Africa began. Until the overthrow of President Ben Bella in 1965, Algeria was Cuba's closest friend on the continent. Cuba provided both military and civilian assistance not only to the Algerian republic but also, before their victory, to the rebels of the Algerian National Liberation Front. Using Cuban documents, as well as US documents and interviews with protagonists, this article examines Cuba's relationship with Algeria in 1961–5. It is a relationship that clashes with the image of Cuban foreign policy – cynical ploys of a client state – that prevails not only in the United States but also in many European capitals.

Field of study: Political science
Suitable Structure of PM and Copper Plate Systems for Reducing Vibration Transmission and Improving Damping Effect in a Superconducting Seismic Isolation Device

We have investigated the basic properties of levitation force and vibration transmission in a magnetic levitation type superconducting seismic isolation device. Since it is very difficult in a real device of a seismic isolation device to keep the stationary levitation against any horizontal disturbances, we have devised a permanent magnet-permanent magnet (PM-PM) system with a copper plate and verified that the stable stationary levitation of the seismic isolation object could be achieved by using the PM-PM system with the copper plate. In addition, to improve the damping effect, we adopted vibration absorbing system composed of a copper plate and a permanent magnet. We investigated the basic properties of vibration transmission and damping effect in the model device having the PM-PM system with the copper plate and vibration absorbing system. The vibration transmission was reduced and the damping effect was greatly improved by the magnetic interaction between the copper plate and the permanent magnet in the PM-PM system with the copper plate and vibration absorbing system. We investigated the relationship between the magnetic interaction between the copper plate and the permanent magnet and obtained a suitable thickness of the copper plate in the PM-PM system and a suitable structure of vibration absorbing system for reducing the vibration transmission and improving the damping ratio effectively.

Field of study: Physics
Framework for evaluation and selection of the software packages: A hybrid knowledge based system approach

Evaluation and selection of the software packages is complicated and time consuming decision making process. Selection of inappropriate software package can turn out to be costly and adversely affects business processes and functioning of the organization. In this paper we describe (i) generic methodology for software selection, (ii) software evaluation criteria, and (iii) hybrid knowledge based system (HKBS) approach to assist decision makers in evaluation and selection of the software packages. The proposed HKBS approach employs an integrated rule based and case based reasoning techniques. Rule based reasoning is used to capture user needs of the software package and formulate a problem case. Case based reasoning is used to retrieve and compare candidate software packages with the user needs of the package. This paper also evaluates and compares HKBS approach with the widely used existing software evaluation techniques such as analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and weighted scoring method (WSM).

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Synthesis of Benzazepines by Gold‐Catalysed Reactions of N‐Allenylamides

The gold-catalysed reactions of alleneamides give different products depending on the substrate and the reaction conditions. In particular, N-(2-alkynylphenyl)-N-allenyltosylamides give benzazepines when using gold(III) catalysts in the presence of nucleophiles. This sequential process may follow two different reaction pathways, and these are discussed. Metal coordination to the alkyne followed by nucleophilic attack of the allene and trapping of the intermediate with NuH accounts for the formation of 4, but coordination to the allene and addition of NuH to give 3, which can decompose into other products and also form 4, is postulated as a better explanation for these results.

Field of study: Chemistry
Electron-lattice interaction of Ag− and Cu− centers in alkali halides

Absorption, emission, and excitation spectra of Ag− centers in KCl, RbCl, CsCl, and CsBr are measured at low temperatures. The positions of theA emission bands are slightly different afterC andA band excitation, respectively. This is believed to be due to the existence of two different types of minima in the adiabatic potential energy surface of the3T1u state.The symmetry of the energy minima in the1T1u state is trigonal for KCl∶Ag− and Cu−, but tetragonal for CsBr∶Ag−. This becomes evident from the polarization properties of the emission. The energy and temperature dependence of the polarization is discussed.Uniaxial stress causes polarized emission of Ag− and Cu− centers measured from LHeT to 100 K. This is due to a splitting and mixing of the relaxed excited states by the stress. The effects are used to calculate the coupling constants between thep electron and theEg andT2g lattice modes. They are compared with predictions from the point-charge model for different lattice structures.A new assignment of the absorption bands of KCl∶Cu− to the excited states of Cu− is established on measurements of emission spectra and lifetimes.

Field of study: Physics
Chronology of Caledonian high-pressure granulite-facies metamorphism, uplift, and deformation within northern parts of the Western Gneiss Region, Norway

Sm-Nd, U-Pb, and 40 Ar- 39 Ar age constraints are presented for the P-T and deformation history of rocks exposed in central Vestranden, Norway, where supracrustal sequences were infolded with Precambrian granitoid orthogneisses during associated Caledonian metamorphism up to at least upper-amphibolite-facies conditions. The peak of metamorphism reached high-pressure granulite facies in many sequences through-out west-central Vestranden. Interlayered orthogneisses and supracrustal rocks structurally overlie the Roan Window in western Vestranden. Geometric relations require tens of kilometers of thrust displacement. Rocks both within and above the window record maximum P-T conditions of ∼860 °C and 12-14.5 kbar, suggesting that large-scale thrusting occurred prior to and(or) during attainment of peak metamorphic conditions. A Sm-Nd isochron (opx-cpx-wr-gt) of 432 ± 6 Ma from a basic, high-pressure granulite within the window is interpreted to closely date attainment of peak metamorphic conditions. These sequences experienced subsequent, nearly isothermal uplift into medium-to low-pressure granulite- and amphibolite-facies conditions. The time of subsequent cooling is reflected by 40 Ar/ 39 Ar hornblende ages. Six hornblende concentrates from supracrustal rocks yield well-defined plateau ages ranging from 396 ± 2 to 406 ± 3 Ma. Seven hornblende ages from the orthogneiss complex range between 386 ± 6 and 413 ± 3 Ma. Six 40 Ar/ 39 Ar muscovite ages from orthogneisses and supracrustal rocks date later cooling through appropriate closure temperatures between 390 ± 2 and 395 ± 2 Ma. A U-Pb age of 398 ± 3 Ma for zircons from an undeformed granodioritic pegmatitic dike provides a lower age limit for the deformation recorded within orthogneiss and supracrustal complexes. The P-T evolution suggests that the rocks experienced initial rapid uplift with little cooling. This was followed by rapid cooling with minimal uplift. Small differences in the closure ages recorded by hornblende and muscovite are consistent with late rapid cooling. Tectonic unroofing likely was the main factor responsible for the rapid exhumation of Vestranden.

Field of study: Geology
LETTERS TO THE EDITOR: Stimulated emission of the 535 nm thallium line as a result of quasiresonant optical pumping of a Tl-He mixture by radiation from a recombination He-Ca laser

Stimulated emission of the 535 nm line of thallium was observed when a Tl-He mixture was pumped optically in the violet wing of a pressure-broadened resonance line of thallium at 377.6 nm by a recombination He–Ca laser emitting at λ = 373.7 nm. Pumping resulted from the absorption transitions between repulsive terms of the Tl-He quasimolecule. The average stimulated radiation power reached 5 mW when the pulse repetition frequency was 6 kHz. The efficiency of conversion of the useful part of the pump pulse was 45%.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
The effect of the blackout method on acquisition and generalization.

In discrimination training with the Lyons' blackout method, pecks to the negative stimulus are prevented by darkening the chamber each time the subject approaches the negative stimulus. Stimulus generalization along a stimulus dimension was measured after training with this method. For comparison, generalization was also measured after reinforced responding to the positive stimulus without discrimination training, and after discrimination training by extinction of pecks to the negative stimulus. The blackout procedure and the extinction of pecks to the negative stimulus both produced a peak shift in the generalization gradients. The results suggest that after discrimination training in which the positive and negative stimulus are on the same continuum, the blackout method produces extinction-like effects on generalization tests.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Advanced Medical Accelerator Design

This report describes the design of an advanced medical facility dedicated to charged particle radiotherapy and other biomedical applications of relativistic heavy ions. Project status is reviewed and some technical aspects discussed. Clinical standards of reliability are regarded as essential features of this facility. Particular emphasis is therefore placed on the control system and on the use of technology which will maximize operational efficiency. The accelerator will produce a variety of heavy ion beams from helium to argon with intensities sufficient to provide delivered dose rates of several hundred rad/minute over large, uniform fields. The technical components consist of a linac injector with multiple PIG ion sources, a synchrotron and a versatile beam delivery system. An overview is given of both design philosophy and selected accelerator subsystems. Finally, a plan of the facility is described.

Field of study: Physics
Thermo-regulated water-organic biphasic system for phenol catalytic hydrogenation

Based on the fact that reactant phenol is immiscible with water at room temperature, while it is soluble at the reaction temperature, and the products cyclohexanone and cyclohexanol are slightly soluble in water, water as the green solvent instead of volatile solvents of organic compounds is proposed and used for phenol catalytic hydrogenation.For this process, the reaction rate is not limited by the solubility of reactant into water, and the products can be easily separated from the solvent water by phase separation technique after reaction.Meanwhile, the solvent water after reaction could be reused, which indicates that it is an environmental benign process.Furthermore, it might be a potential approach to increasing the reaction rate of organic hydrogenation and improving the selectivity to desired products due to the different adsorption-desorption properties of reactants and products on the surface of catalyst in various solvents.For example Raney Ni is of more powerful adsorption to H2 in water than in organic solvent.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Tree species diversity in small, tropical riparian forest fragments in Belize, Central America

Tree species diversity was measured in a network of very small galleryforests within the Mountain Pine Ridge savanna in Belize. Research focussed onforest patches smaller than 1 ha in size (micro-forests) and linearstrips of trees along creeks lacking interior core zones with low understoreylight levels (tree thickets). Twenty-five micro-forests and 51 tree thicketsites were sampled throughout the savanna. A total of 144 morphospecies ≥5cm dbh (106 in micro-forests and 117 in tree thickets) werefound, which represents 1/5 of the approximately 700 native tree species in Belize.Most (85.3%) of the species encountered are typically found in tropical rainforests and few are restricted to savanna or riparian environments. Speciesaccumulated at a much faster rate in micro-forests than in tree thickets. Onlyone species, the palm Acoelorraphe wrightii, was extremelyabundant, accounting for almost 30% of all stems. Many of the species werepresent in very low densities: 19% of all species found in micro-forests and 42%of those found in tree thickets had on average one or fewer stems per hectare. Alarge proportion of species were also found infrequently across the landscape,being present in only 36% of micro-forests and at 52% of tree thicket sites. Theresults indicate that networks of very small forest patches can contain highnumbers of species and could therefore contribute to the maintenance of regionalbiodiversity.

Field of study: Environmental science
Normal inhibitory avoidance learning and anxiety, but increased locomotor activity in mice devoid of PrP(C).

Prions are the causative agents of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. The transmissible agent (PrP(Sc)) is an abnormal form of PrP(C), a normal neuronal protein. The physiological role of PrP(C) remains unclear. In the present report, we evaluated behavioral parameters in Prnp(0/0) mice devoid of PrP(C). Prnp(0/0) mice showed normal short- and long-term retention of a step-down inhibitory avoidance task and normal behavior in an elevated plus maze test of anxiety. During a 5-min exploration of an open field, Prnp(0/0) mice showed normal number of rearings, defecation, and latency to initiate locomotion, but a significant increase in the number of crossings. The results suggest that Prnp(0/0) mice show normal fear-motivated memory, anxiety and exploratory behavior, and a slight increase in locomotor activity during exploration of a novel environment.

Field of study: Biology
Prediction of temperature time series of Tongling city based on season ARIMA model

In this article,we analyzed the time series data of month mean temperature in Tongling city us-ing EVIEWS software,and got modeling prediction according to the dynamical data.We preprocessed the sample data using difference method,and then made sure the model order and estimated the parameter values for estab-lishing the season autoregressive integrated moving average(ARIMA) model to fit the time series.The prediction results showed that the average absolute error of the season ARIMA model is 0.875.Comparing the result of ARIMA model and RBF(radial basis function)neural network,the season ARIMA model is better than radial basis function(RBF) neural network.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Opening of the pyridine ring of compounds of the hydroxyquinoline series

The nitrosation of 2-, 3-, and 4-hydroxyindoles was investigated. The Beckmann rearrangement with opening of the pyridine ring to form anthranilic acids or their derivatives occurs during the action of benzenesulfonyl chloride in alkaline media on 3-nitroso-4-hydroxycarbostyrils.

Field of study: Chemistry
O'Connor, Alvarez, and Robbins Reply.

The preceding Comment by Xu et al. ( (2019); ) erroneously applies the entropic stress expression in our Letter (T.C. O'Connor et al.,  (2018); ) to transient stress. In addition, the authors only apply this expression at extreme extension rates where we clearly showed deviations from the entropic stress expression for steady-state extensional flow. Hence the surprisingly minor discrepancies noted in the Comment between observed and "predicted" stress are entirely expected and have no bearing on the discussion or conclusions in our Letter.

Field of study: Physics
Different catalytic effects by copper and chromium on the formation and degradation of chlorinated aromatic compounds in fly ash.

Fly ash from municipal solid waste incineration may catalytically enhance the formation and degradation of chlorinated aromatic compounds. The activities of three Deacon catalysts in this process were investigated in a statistically designed experiment. Chlorides of copper, chromium, and nickel were added to fly ash samples and the resulting samples heated at 300 degrees C for 2 h in an air atmosphere. The addition of copper increases the formation of all chlorinated aromatic compounds except the low chlorinated congeners of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans. The addition of chromium decreased the formation of most chlorinated aromatic compounds except the highest chlorinated species, where it was without effect. The addition of nickel did not show any significant effect. The outcome of the experiment can be interpreted as two competing processes: the chlorination of aromatic rings and the oxidation of carbon-carbon and carbon-oxygen bonds. The delicate balance between chlorination and oxidation could probably be further exploited to minimize both the emissions and the net production of chlorinated aromatic compounds from combustion.

Field of study: Environmental science