nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Comparison between the classical and QELSS determination of diffusion coefficients. Sharp polymer fractions

Proposition de simplification de la methode des cumulants pour le calcul des donnees de QELLS avec une marge d'erreur de 2% dans le cas de polymeres peu polydisperses. Calcul des deviations dues a la polydispersite; determination et verification experimentale des criteres d'applicabilite de l'ajustement du 1er et du 2eme cumulant pour une precision donnee. Un bon accord entre les coefficients de diffusion classique et QELLS est obtenu pour des mesures faites a des concentrations ou la variation du coefficient de diffusion avec la concentration est negligeable

Field of study: Chemistry
Lipid Peroxidation Inhibitory Effects of Hizikia Fusiformis Methanolic Extract on Fish Oil and Linoleic Acid

The lipid peroxidation inhibitory effects of Hizikia fusiformis methanolic extract (HME) on fish oil and linoleic acid were studied by means of peroxide value (PV), thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS), conjugated diene hydroperoxides (CDH) and weight gaining assays. Heat and UV light stability were determined by DPPH assay. HME significantly (p<0.05) reduced the lipid peroxidation in a dosedependent manner. Increasing the level of HME from 0.01 to 0.1% caused a higher antioxidative effect than the one produced by butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) (BHT reported the best effect compared to -tocopherol and butylated hydroxyanisole). HME reduced the formation of primary oxidation products as showed by the lower CDH values compared to its control counterpart. HME reduced also the addition of oxygen to form lipid peroxyl radicals that indicated a low weight gaining in HME-treated oils. Moreover, it could reduce the formation of lipid peroxide. Furthermore, it diminished the total lipid peroxidation resulting in low TBARS values. The heat and UV light study showed that H. fusiformis contained heat- and UV-light resistant antioxidants. These results indicated that the H. fusiformis antioxidants could be useful in preventing oxidative damages of food oils.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Compensation for small-scale nonlinear distortions of optical beams using wavefront reversal

A statistical description of four-wave parametric scattering of complex optical fields is used to investigate interaction of high-power radiation with a transparent nonlinear distorting medium and a nonideal wavefront-reversing mirror. It is found that the regime involving compensation for nonlinear perturbations of the wavefront based on averaging these perturbations is unstable when the coefficients of energy reflection from the reversing mirror are high (of the order of or greater than unity). Possible conditions for suppression of this instability are discussed.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
The role of sensory peptidergic nerve fibers and neurogenic inflammation in the development of posttraumatic complex regional pain syndrome

To study the involvement of sensory peptidergic fibers in the posttraumatic regional pain syndrome (RPS).  We examined 57 patients with distal radial bone fractures (27 with noncomplicated fractures and 30 with the development of posttraumatic RPS) using computed thermography and laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF) with wavelet-analysis of skin blood flow oscillations.  It has been shown that neurogenic inflammation, along with sensory peptidergic fibers activation, is an early component of posttraumatic RPS. Thermographic and LDF criteria for early diagnosis of posttraumatic RPS during the 1st month after the injury are singled out.  The microvascular blood flow oscillatory structures, reflected sensory peptidergic activation and inflammatory sympatholysis are the most effective diagnostic signs (diagnostic effectiveness is 91.2%).

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Nitrate reduced arsenic redox transformation and transfer in flooded paddy soil-rice system.

Inhibition of reductive transformation of arsenic (As) in flooded paddy soils is of fundamental importance for mitigating As transfer into food chain. Anaerobic arsenite (As(III)) oxidizers maintain As in less mobile fraction under nitrate-reducing conditions. In this study, we explored the dynamic profile of As speciation in porewater and As distribution among the pools of differential bioavailability in soil solid phase with and without nitrate treatment. In parallel, the abundance and diversity of As(III) oxidase gene (aioA) in flooded paddy soil with nitrate amendment was examined by quantitative PCR and aioA gene clone library. Furthermore, the impact of nitrate on As accumulation and speciation in rice seedlings was unraveled. With nitrate addition (25 mmol NO3- kg-1 soil), porewater As(III) was maintained at a consistently negligible concentration in the flooded paddy soil and the reductive dissolution of As-bearing Fe oxides/hydroxides was significantly restrained. Specifically, nitrate amendment kept 81% of total soil As in the nonlabile fraction with arsenate (As(V)) dominating after 30 days of flooding, compared to only 61% in the unamended control. Nitrate treatment induced 4-fold higher abundance of aioA gene, which belonged to domains of bacteria and archaea under the classes α-Proteobacteria (6%), ß-Proteobacteria (90%), ɣ-Proteobacteria (2%), and Thermoprotei (2%). By nitrate addition, As accumulation in rice seedlings was decreased by 85% with simultaneously elevated As(V) ratio in rice plant relative to control after 22 days of growth under flooded conditions. These results highlight that nitrate application can serve an efficient method to inhibit reductive dissolution of As in flooded paddy soils, and hence diminish As uptake by rice under anaerobic growing conditions.

Field of study: Environmental science
Fabrication and Microstructures of Sequentially Electroplated Sn-Rich Au-Sn Alloy Solders

Three Sn-rich, Au-Sn alloy solders with eutectic, hypoeutectic, and hypereutectic Sn compositions were fabricated by sequential electroplating of Au and Sn and then the dual-layer films were reflowed at 250°C. The microstructures and phase compositions of the deposited Au/Sn dual-layer film and the reflowed Sn-rich Au-Sn alloys were studied. Microhardness values of the different phases or phase zones for the reflowed alloys were also tested. Finally, two Si wafers were bonded together with the eutectic Sn-rich Au-Sn alloy solder. For as deposited Au/Sn dual-layer films, reaction between Au and Sn occurs at room temperature leading to the formation of Au5Sn, AuSn, and AuSn2 at the Au/Sn interface. After reflowing at 250°C, two phases remain, Sn and AuSn4, with the morphology and phase distribution depending on the original solder composition. In the Sn-rich, eutectic Au-Sn alloy, AuSn4 particles are distributed uniformly in the Sn matrix. In the Sn-rich hypoeutectic/hypereutectic Au-Sn alloys, the proeutectic phase, AuSn4 (Vickers hardness, Hv 125) or Sn (Hv 14.2), is larger in size and is surrounded by the eutectic zone (Sn + AuSn4) (Hv 16.1). In all cases, the TiW adhesion and barrier layer remains intact during annealing. After reflowing at 250°C under a pressure of 13 kPa, two Si wafers are joined by the Sn-rich eutectic Au-Sn alloy solder, without crack or void formation at the Si wafer/solder interface or within the solder.

Field of study: Materials science
Decay rates and global existence for semilinear dissipative Timoshenko systems

The main goal of this paper is to prove optimal decay estimates for the dissipative Timoshenko system in the one-dimensional whole space, and to prove a global existence theorem for semilinear systems. More precisely, if we restrict the initial data ((φ0,ψ0),(φ1,ψ1)) ∈ ( Hs+1 ( RN ) ∩L1,γ ( RN )) × ( Hs ( RN ) ∩L1,γ ( RN )) with γ ∈ [0,1], then we can derive faster decay estimates than those given in . Then, we use these decay estimates of the linear problem combined with the weighted energy method introduced by Todorova and Yordanov [35] with the special weight given in [11], to tackle a semilinear problem.

Field of study: Mathematics
Developmental expression of the VIP-gene in brain and intestine

Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is a major regulatory peptide in the nervous system, playing a role in normal brain activity. VIP levels change dramatically during postnatal rat brain development, raising the question of how these changes are regulated. To study VIP-gene expression, a sensitive RNA detection assay which uses in vitro-transcribed RNA hybridization probes, corresponding to 4 exons of the VIP-gene, was adapted. Results show that the major VIP-mRNA was 2000–2100 bases long in the rat. The amounts of this RNA varied markedly with development. In the frontal cortex of the rat brain, the 2000–2100-base mRNA increased by at least 5-fold from birth to 3–4 days, showing a maximal content at 14–16 days. VIP-mRNA synthesis therefore apparently precedes peptide synthesis by several days, as VIP in the rat cortex begins to increase only at about 7 days of age. Similarly, in the parietal cortex, VIP-mRNA was detected by 3 days of age. However, the increase in the mRNA content from 3 to 14 days of age was greater than in the frontal cortex, while almost no VIP-mRNA was detected in the newborn rat parietal cortex. In contrast, the hypothalamus and intestine contained significant quantities of VIP-mRNA at birth, the hypothalamic levels in newborns being much higher than anticipated from the peptide levels. In the hippocampus, the major peak in VIP-mRNA content occurred at 8 days of age. Taken together, these results indicate local controls of VIP-gene expression and a developmentally associated role for VIP-gene products. As the VIP-mRNA levels did not always parallel the peptide levels, regulation at the post-transcriptional stage may be essential for normal VIP function.

Field of study: Biology
Left-right asymmetry and orbiting valence quarks in polarized protons and antiprotons

It is shown that the asymmetry observed in the recent single-spin large-xF inclusive pion production experiments at high-energies should be considered as a strong indication for the existence of orbiting valence quarks in polarized protons and antiprotons. The underlying physical picture in which orbiting valence quarks give rise to flavor-currents is discussed. The close connection between these currents and the measured quantities — in particular baryon's magnetic moment and the abovementioned asymmetry — is pointed out.

Field of study: Physics
A feedback control system for the precise and continuous regulation of photosynthetic photon flux density

A simple and inexpensive feedback control system that provides continuous and precise control of photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) in a whole plant cuvette is described. A ‘Plexiglass’ tank is interposed between a light source and cuvette and PPFD changed by varying the level of dyed liquid in the tank. The amount of liquid pumped into or drained from the tank is a function of the difference (error) between a defined set point value of PPFD and that measured in the cuvette. The set point can be varied as a function of time, can follow the output of a quantum sensor measuring ambient PPFD or can be driven by values of PPFD read from a data file. Within the 0.4 to 0.64 μm waveband, the dye acts as a neutral density filter so that there is no change in spectral distribution with PPFD. Photosynthetic photon flux density in the cuvette was controlled to better than 20 μmol m−2s−1 when the set point was varied from 200 to 1100 μmol m−2s−1 over 3 min. When the set point was held constant or changed less rapidly, errors did not exceed 5 μmol m−2s−1. Net photosynthesis of Western redcedar (Thuja plicata Donn.) seedlings held at 18 °C closely followed rapid changes in PPFD.

Field of study: Environmental science
Inhibition of Cgkii Suppresses Seizure Activity and Hippocampal Excitation by Regulating the Postsynaptic Delivery of Glua1

The imbalance between excitation and inhibition is a defining feature of epilepsy.   To explore the role of cGKII in epilepsy, we investigated the expression of cGKII in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) and in a pilocarpine-induced rat model and then performed behavioral, histological, and electrophysiological analyses by applying either a cGKII agonist or inhibitor in the hippocampus of the animal model.  cGKII expression was upregulated in the epileptogenic brain tissues of both humans and rats. Pharmacological activation or inhibition of cGKII induced changes in epileptic behaviors in vivo and epileptic discharges in vitro. Further studies indicated that cGKII activation disrupted the balance of excitation and inhibition due to strengthened AMPAR-mediated excitatory synaptic transmission. Moreover, cGKII regulated epileptic seizures by phosphorylating GluA1 at Ser845 to modulate the expression and function of GluA1 in the postsynaptic membrane.  These results suggest that cGKII plays a key role in seizure activity and could be a potential therapeutic target for epilepsy.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Optimal Sample Allocation in Group-Randomized Mediation Studies with a Group-Level Mediator

We derive sample-allocation formulas that maximize the power of several mediation tests in two-level–group-randomized studies under a linear cost structure and fixed budget. The results suggest that the optimal individual sample size is typically smaller than that associated with the detection of a main effect and is frequently less than 10 under parameter values commonly seen in the literature. However, the optimal sample allocation can be heavily influenced by the group-to-individual cost ratio, the ratio of the treatment-mediator to mediator-outcome path coefficients, and the outcome variance structure. We illustrate these findings with a hypothetical group-randomized trial examining a school-discipline reform policy. To encourage utilization of the sample allocation formulas we implement them in the R package PowerUpR and powerupr Shiny application.

Field of study: Education
A REVELATION PRINCIPLE FOR COMPETING MECHANISMS

In modelling competition among mechanism designers, it is necessary to specify the set of feasible mechanisms. These specifications are often borrowed from the optimal mechanism design literature and exclude mechanisms that are natural in a competitive environment; for example, mechanisms that depend on the mechanisms chosen by competitors. This paper constructs a set of mechanisms that is universal in that any specific model of the feasible set can be embedded in it. An equilibrium for a specific model is robust if and only if it is an equilibrium also for the universal set of mechanisms. A key to the construction is a language for describing mechanisms that is not tied to any preconceived notions of the nature of competition.

Field of study: Economics
An interdisciplinary oral history initiative.

To achieve a significant educational experience that offered effective and lasting change in students' attitudes about expertise and collaboration, the authors designed an interdisciplinary project that purposefully linked students from history of pharmacy and communication studies courses. Over 3 successive semesters, 60 students formed interdisciplinary teams to design, conduct, and transcribe area pharmacists' oral histories. This project challenged students to overcome stereotypes, address anxiety about working with people outside traditional peer groups, and recognize specialized knowledge and skills they offered to the interdisciplinary partnership. Fifty-seven students wrote individual reflective self analyses that examined their own attitudes and experiences prior to, during, and after the project. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of the students' accounts provided substantial insight into the value of the interdisciplinary and intergenerational experience as well as students' recognition of disciplinary expertise, both in and outside of their respective majors.

Field of study: Education, Medicine
Identifying Five Hidden Troubles and Key Precontrol Countermeasures on the Transmission Line Construction Site

During the transmission line construction process,dangerous situations such as lifting,machinery,transportation,at height,charged or near charged body etc.risks are frequent happenings.Based on the transmission line construction practice,introduced in the Henan No.2 Thermal Power Construction Company on the construction sites the five main hidden problems such as toppling from the heights,collapse,electricity damage,line deviation and vehicle damages and their precontrol countermeasures,in order to ensure construction personnel safety in the work.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Probe of spin dynamics in superconducting NbN thin films via spin pumping

The emerging field of superconductor (SC) spintronics has attracted intensive attentions recently. Many fantastic spin-dependent properties in SCs have been discovered, including large magnetoresistance, long spin lifetimes, and the giant spin Hall effect, etc. Regarding the spin dynamics in superconducting thin films, few studies have been reported yet. Here, we report the investigation of the spin dynamics in an $s$-wave superconducting NbN film via spin pumping from an adjacent insulating ferromagnet GdN film. A profound coherence peak of the Gilbert damping of GdN is observed slightly below the superconducting critical temperature of the NbN, which agrees well with recent theoretical prediction for $s$-wave SCs in the presence of impurity spin-orbit scattering. This observation is also a manifestation of the dynamic spin injection into superconducting NbN thin film. Our results demonstrate that spin pumping could be used to probe the dynamic spin susceptibility of superconducting thin films, thus pave the way for future investigation of spin dynamics of interfacial and two-dimensional crystalline SCs.

Field of study: Physics
Production of IL-13 in spleen cells by IL-18 and IL-12 through generation of NK-like cells.

Treatment of Nylon wool-passed cells (NWC) prepared from the spleen of C57BL/6 mice with IL-18 and IL-12, but not with IL-18 alone, resulted in induction of IFN-gamma, a Th1 cytokine, and GM-CSF at 24 h, and IL-13, a Th2 cytokine at 72 h. The induction of IL-13 was suppressed by anti-GM-CSF antibody, indicating involvement of GM-CSF in IL-13 production. When NWC incubated with IL-18 and IL-12 for 72 h ("primary treatment") were treated again with the same cytokines ("secondary treatment"), IL-13 was induced much more quickly than observed in the primary treatment. Flow cytometric analysis of NWC after the primary treatment showed marked increases in the CD4(-)CD8(-) non-T cell population bearing CD25(+), CD45RB(super high) and CD122(+). These cells were positive for CD49b but negative for NK1.1, indicating that they were not typical but NK-like cells. The NK-like cells produced IL-13 in response to the treatment with IL-18 alone, indicating that the generation of these cells in the primary treatment likely accounts for the quick production of IL-13 in the secondary treatment. These results show that IL-18 and IL-12 generates the NK-like cells in NWC by a process mediated by GM-CSF that are ready for producing IL-13.

Field of study: Medicine
Numerical and experimental analysis of transient supercooling effect of voltage pulse on thermoelectric element

This paper presents a mathematical model and its solution algorithm for analyzing the transient supercooling effect of voltage pulse on a thermoelectric (TE) element. Realistic boundary conditions, including the hot-end convection heat transfer coefficient ( h ) and cold-end cooling load, are considered in solving the model. The numerical simulation results show that the transient supercooling occurs when the steady input voltage experiences a step change. However, the minimum supercooling temperature ( T mts ) cannot approach absolute zero as reported in previous research due to the co-existence of Joule heat and Peltier effect. There is a cost-effective h to achieve T mts and maximum hold time of the supercooling temperature. However, the cold-end cooling load only affects T mts . Experiments are conducted to test the transient supercooling effect of voltage pulse. The trends of the cold-end temperature responding to voltage pulses obtained in numerical simulation and experiment tests match well.

Field of study: Engineering
On degree structure of American postgraduate education for professional degree and its enlightenment

From the perspective of system theory,this article researches the hierarchical structure,type structure and discipline structure of American postgraduate education for professional degree.The research finds that the degree structure has characters of clear levels,varied types and elastic disciplines.The development of professional degree in our country needs defining the types and building the system,meeting the needs of society and enlarging the scale,increasing the sorts and expanding the disciplines.

Field of study: Education
The Rise and Fall of Bank-Loan Capitalism: Institutionally Driven Growth and Crisis in Japan

In any market economy, banks play a key role in money creation and investment. They are the single most important intermediary for indirect finance across the world. The securities (such as stocks and bonds) market is also another ubiquitous presence for direct finance. The latter, however, normally develops and gains in importance pari passu with economic development; in general, the higher the per capita income, the greater the role of securities (vis-a-vis bank loans) as a source of external funds for business investment [Levine 1997]. Securities involve greater financial risks than bank loans. The American economy has become more dependent on securities than on bank loans for business finance. I In large measure because of' pension funds and mutual funds, more than half of American households are estimated to be shareholders in one way or another.2 America's financial industry is the world's undisputed leader in innovations in the areas of derivatives and securitization, all adding to the rapid growth of the securities market. In these respects, American capitalism can be appropriately called "securities-market capitalism." In contrast, Japan's financial industry, although it was actually remodeled on the American system after World War II, has been sui generis in many respects. It is dominated by banks to such an extent that Japanese-style capitalism can be characterized as "bank-loan capitalism," especially in light of the relatively insignificant role played by the corporate bond market. Bank loans have been critical in financing Japan's phenomenal economic growth in the postwar period-and ironically,

Field of study: Economics
Concurrent ADHD and bipolar disorder

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) frequently is present concurrently with bipolar disorder (BPD) in youth. This concurrence appears to be more common in younger children. The degree to which ADHD is present in adults with BPD has not been well studied. The psychiatric and behavioral symptoms associated with ADHD and BPD have significant overlap. The core symptoms of BPD are relatively independent and respond to different pharmacologic and behavioral strategies. Although much symptomatic overlap exists between ADHD and BPD, these conditions can be reliably differentiated from each other and require independent treatments that frequently need to be sequenced.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology