nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Room-temperature GaInAsSb/GaSb strained quantum-well laser diodes

Diode lasers operating at room temperature with an emission wavelength of have been fabricated from compressively strained multiple-quantum-well structures grown by molecular beam epitaxy. Ridge waveguide lasers long exhibited an RT current threshold of 500 mA, optical power efficiency of /facet and a differential quantum efficiency of 14.5%. A pulsed threshold current density less than with a characteristic temperature have been achieved for broad mesa devices. The laser structure, which has a type-II band alignment at the well-barrier interface, showed an internal efficiency , controlled by the electron-hole wavefunction overlap at the interface.

Field of study: Materials science
The exploration of the local universities’ role cognition in building well-off society in rural areas

Local universities’ role cognition refers to the role played by local universities and the orientation of their functions. Local universities’ role cognition should follow the following principles: keeping responsibilities and adjusting properly, serving the local area and being a part of it, giving priority to effectiveness and stressing characteristic. Local universities are the cradle of training senior professional technical talent in rural areas, the frontier of technological innovation in agriculture, the “navigator” in improving the educational level and moral civilization construction, the propeller of constructing the lifelong education system and the local government's brain trust in making policy.

Field of study: Education
Pareto optimization scheduling with two competing agents to minimize the number of tardy jobs and the maximum cost

Two-agent Pareto optimization scheduling.The number of tardy jobs and the maximum cost.Optimal and Pareto optimal schedules.Strongly polynomial-time algorithm. This paper investigates the Pareto optimization scheduling problem on a single machine with two competing agents A and B in which agent A wants to minimize the number of tardy A-jobs and agent B wants to minimize the maximum cost of B-jobs. In the literature, the constrained optimization problem of minimizing the number of tardy A-jobs under the restriction that the maximum cost of B-jobs is bounded is solved in polynomial time. This implies that the corresponding Pareto optimization scheduling problem can be solved in a weakly polynomial time. In this paper, by presenting a new algorithm for the constrained optimization problem, we provide a strongly polynomial-time algorithm for the corresponding Pareto optimization scheduling problem. Experimentation results show that the proposed algorithm for the considered problem is efficient.

Field of study: Mathematics
A Not-So-Trival Replay Attack Against DH-PSI

In this note, we present a simple yet effective inter-session replay attack against the Diffie-Hellman style private set intersection protocol (cf. [Mea86]). The attack is indistinguishable from ordinary protocol execution, and yet allows the attacker to learn the cardinality of the intersection of honest party’s input sets. This kind of attack demonstrates the inadequacy of semi-honest security guarantee when facing more serious adversarial threats, and highlights the necessity for security augmentation of protocols derived from [Mea86].

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Flux-trapping characteristics of oxide superconducting bulks in array

The authors are investigating the possibility of using bulk magnets in the Maglev system. It is considered that bulk magnets for the Maglev system must be composed of numerous superconducting bulks arranged in rows and columns for each magnet pole because a bulk superconductor with a high critical current density doesn't have a sufficiently large size for Maglev magnet. Therefore, it is necessary to examine the flux-trapping characteristic of superconducting bulks arranged in array. Flux-trapping experiments are performed using the melt-processed YBaCuO superconducting bulks arranged in rows and columns, in which each bulk individually has a magnetizing coil, and the bulks are magnetized by field cooling. It is found that, when the superconducting bulks are arranged in rows and columns, the trapped flux density and the generated magnetic field are smaller than those when a superconducting bulk is used alone. The rate of decreases in the trapped flux density and the generated magnetic field becomes larger with increases in the number of superconducting bulks arranged in array. The trapped flux decreases conspicuously in particular at a superconducting bulk surrounded by other superconducting bulks.

Field of study: Physics
Capacitance behavior of composites for supercapacitor applications prepared with different durations of graphene/nanoneedle MnO2 reduction

Graphene/MnO 2 composites were prepared by hydrazine hydrate-mediated reduction of graphene oxide (GO)/MnO 2 at various reduction times to determine the optimal conditions for obtaining materials with excellent electrochemical performance. Variations in the oxygen-containing surface functional groups were observed as the reduction time was varied. These changes were found to affect the electrical conductivity and density of nanoneedle MnO 2 , which influence the surface area and significantly affect the supercapacitive performance of the composites. Morphological and microstructural characterizations of the as-prepared composites demonstrated that MnO 2 was successfully formed on the GO surface and indicated the efficacy of hydrazine hydrate as a reducing agent for GO. The capacitive properties of the graphene/MnO 2 electrodes prepared at a reduction time of 28 h (rGO(28)/MnO 2 ) exhibited a low sheet-resistance value as well as a high surface area, resulting in a GO/MnO 2 composite with excellent electrochemical performance (371.74 F g −1 at a scan rate of 10 mV s −1 ). It is anticipated that the formation of MnO 2 -based nanoneedles on GO surfaces by the demonstrated 28-h hydrazine-reduction protocol is a promising method for supercapacitor electrode fabrication.

Field of study: Engineering
OAT2 catalyses efflux of glutamate and uptake of orotic acid.

OAT (organic anion transporter) 2 [human gene symbol SLC22A7 (SLC is solute carrier)] is a member of the SLC22 family of transport proteins. In the rat, the principal site of expression of OAT2 is the sinusoidal membrane domain of hepatocytes. The particular physiological function of OAT2 in liver has been unresolved so far. In the present paper, we have used the strategy of LC (liquid chromatography)-MS difference shading to search for specific and cross-species substrates of OAT2. Heterologous expression of human and rat OAT2 in HEK (human embryonic kidney)-293 cells stimulated accumulation of the zwitterion trigonelline; subsequently, orotic acid was identified as an excellent and specific substrate of OAT2 from the rat (clearance=106 μl·min⁻¹·mg of protein⁻¹) and human (46 μl·min⁻¹·mg of protein⁻¹). The force driving uptake of orotic acid was identified as glutamate antiport. Efficient transport of glutamate by OAT2 was directly demonstrated by uptake of [³H]glutamate. However, because of high intracellular glutamate, OAT2 operates as glutamate efflux transporter. Thus expression of OAT2 markedly increased the release of glutamate (measured by LC-MS) from cells, even without extracellular exchange substrate. Orotic acid strongly trans-stimulated efflux of glutamate. We thus propose that OAT2 physiologically functions as glutamate efflux transporter. OAT2 mRNA was detected, after laser capture microdissection of rat liver slices, equally in periportal and pericentral regions; previous reports of hepatic release of glutamate into blood can now be explained by OAT2 activity. A specific OAT2 inhibitor could, by lowering plasma glutamate and thus promoting brain-to-blood efflux of glutamate, alleviate glutamate exotoxicity in acute brain conditions.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
jing dong mai zhou yang ying hua yu ce guan xin bing de xiang guan yan jiu

目的 利用颈动脉内中膜增厚(IMT)检测,探讨预测老年冠心病的有效预测因子,预防心血管病事件的发生.方法 利用美国Acuson 128xp/10超声诊断仪,探测≥ 60岁老年人128例,对68例可疑冠心患者行冠状动脉造影,确诊冠心患者48例非冠心患者18例.结果 冠心病组颈动脉IMT均明显高于非冠心病组(P<0.05).冠心病组中3支病变组的颈动脉IMT硬化程度重于单支病变组的颈动脉硬化程度(P<0.05).结论 颈动脉IMT检测,可对老年冠心病患者进行前瞻性检测,可作为老年患者心脑血管突发事件的预测方法 之一.

Field of study: Medicine
Different magnitude of resistance to nondepolarizing muscle relaxants in the denervated mouse skeletal muscle

To test the hypothesis that different magnitude of resistance of denervated skeletal muscle to nondepolarizing muscle relaxants (NDMRs) is related to their varying potencies at ɛ-AChR and γ-AChR.Methods:Both innervated and denervated mouse muscle cells, and human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK293) cells expressing ɛ-AChR or γ-AChR were used. The effects of NDMRs on nAChR were explored using whole-cell patch clamp technique.NDMRs vecuronium (VEC), atracurium (ATR) and rocuronium (ROC) produced reversible, dose-dependent inhibition on the currents induced by 30 μmol/L acetylcholine both in innervated and denervated skeletal muscle cells. Compared to those obtained in innervated skeletal muscle cells, denervation shifted the concentration-response curves rightward and significantly increased the 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) values (VEC: from 11.2 to 39.2 nmol/L, P<0.01; ATR: from 24.4 to 129.0 nmol/L, P<0.01; ROC: from 37.9 to 101.4 nmol/L, P<0.01). In HEK293 cell expression system, ATR was less potent at γ-AChR than ɛ-AChR (IC50 values: 35.9 vs 22.3 nmol/L, P<0.01), VEC was equipotent at both receptor subtypes (IC50 values: 9.9 vs 10.2 nmol/L, P>0.05), while ROC was more potent at γ-AChR than ɛ-AChR (IC50 values: 22.3 vs 33.5 nmol/L, P<0.05).Conclusion:Magnitude differences of resistance to different NDMRs caused by denervation are associated with distinct potencies of NDMRs at nAChR subtypes.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Obstacles Facing Female Students Using Blackboard in Curriculum Courses at the College of Education in King Saud University

The purpose of this study is to investigate the difficulties encountered by female students at the College of Education at King Saud University while using Blackboard in courses. The study sample consisted of 52 female students enrolled in the course 334 CSI-Introduction to Learning and Teaching . The students specialize in Psychology, Kindergarten, and Special Education. All female students used Blackboard in some courses. The main results of this study reveal that 59.6% of female students indicate that the faculty are using less tools that support discussions in Blackboard. And 51.9% of female students have high levels of difficulty in getting training to use Blackboard—46.2% have high difficulty for technical support and 44.2% have high difficulty in performing electronic tests—the study also revealed that 46.2% of female students face high difficulty in communication between students on the Blackboard, and 57.7% indicate a lack of activation of the bulletin board in Blackboard. The female students answered the open question, and they suggested that the University should provide a special unit to support Blackboard users and provide continuous maintenance and workshops at the beginning of each semester to explain the contents of Blackboard, as well as activating the discussions more among the students, and interaction with the faculty. Therefore, it is recommended that faculty and Blackboard administrators should encourage students to communicate in Blackboard, providing enough training programs for students to master Blackboard implementation in university courses, and urge academic departments to encourage faculty to use Blackboard.  Obstacles Using Blackboard (LMS), Female Students College of education, Saudi Arabia

Field of study: Education
LASERS AND LASER AMPLIFIERS: Influence of combination tones on the radiation intensity of a two-mode gas laser

For the first time, a theoretical and experimental analysis has been made of the contribution of combination tones to the instability of radiation from a two-mode gas laser. It was found that these tones resulted in regular oscillations of the mode intensities at twice the intermode beat frequency. The level of these oscillations and the law governing the behavior of their amplitude were determined as a function of various operational parameters in a two-mode He–Ne laser (λ = 3.3922 μm).

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Classroom Re-Design to Facilitate Student Learning: A Case Study of Changes to a University Classroom.

This case study examines the physical aspects of a particular university classroom, and what affect specific changes to the classroom had on the perceptions of students, instructors and observers regarding the room as an effective learning space. We compare survey and focus group data collected from students taking courses in the classroom prior to changes to the physical environment with comparable data from students taking courses in the same classroom after specific changes had been made. Immediately following changes to the classroom, notable increases were observed in reported perceptions of student satisfaction with the physical environment, including perceptions of the classroom as a more effective and engaging learning space. Similar perceptions of improvement as a teaching-learning space were reported by instructors and observers. However, subsequent follow-up data collection and analyses suggested little if any sustained increase in perceptions of efficacy of the room as a learning space; indeed, most reported variables returned to baseline levels. The implications of these findings and their relevance to classroom design nevertheless may provide insight regarding the manner in which physical space might support or even enhance teaching and learning.

Field of study: Education
High-resolution Hg chemostratigraphy: A contribution to the distinction of chemical fingerprints of the Deccan volcanism and Cretaceous–Paleogene Boundary impact event

There is a renewed interest in volcanism as the major trigger for dramatic climatic changes at the Cretaceous–Paleogene transition (KTB), which were accompanied by a decrease in biodiversity and mass extinction. We have used Hg contents as proxy for volcanic activity at the classical localities of Gubbio (Italy) and Stevns Klint (Denmark) where the KTB layer is easily recognizable, and at a near-complete succession exposed at the Bajada del Jaguel locality in the Neuquen Basin, Argentina. These three localities display similar δ13Ccarb trends with markedly negative excursion at the KTB layer. Bulk-rock oxygen isotopes yielded similar pathways across the KTB layers in these localities and, if considered near-primary, the negative δ18O excursion at the KTB in Gubbio and Bajada del Jaguel suggest warming temperatures during this transition, whereas the negative excursion immediately followed by positive one at Stevns Klint points to a cycle of warm followed by colder climate. At Stevns Klint, Hg contents reach 250 ng g− 1 within the KTB layer (Fiskeler Member) and 45 ng.g− 1 at 1.5 m above that, while within the Scaglia Rossa Formation at Gubbio, three Hg peaks across the KTB are observed, one of them within the KTB layer (5.3 ng g− 1). Hg shows several peaks across the KTB in the Neuquen Basin, with up to 400 ng g− 1 in the Jaguel Formation. The phenomena that caused dramatic changes at the KTB probably expelled huge amounts of Hg into the atmosphere as recorded by these high Hg levels. A co-variation between Hg and Al2O3 in the studied sections suggest that Hg is adsorbed onto clays. Hg concentrations and also Hg isotopes are perhaps a powerful tool in the assessment of the role of volcanic activity during extreme climatic and biotic events, and in assessing the role of meteorite impact versus volcanism as the predominant cause of past global catastrophes and mass extinction.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Crystallization of type I chloramphenicol acetyltransferase: an approach based on the concept of ionic strength reducers.

Chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) is responsible for bacterial resistance to chloramphenicol. It catalyzes inactivation of the antibiotic by acetyl-group transfer from acetyl CoA to one or both hydroxyl groups of chloramphenicol. Type I CAT possesses some unique properties which are not observed in other CAT variants. Type I CAT overexpressed in Escherichia coli was purified and crystals with a resolution limit of 2.22 A have been obtained using a novel procedure which is based on the concept of 'ionic strength reducers'. The crystals have the symmetry of space group P1 and unit-cell parameters a = 96.46, b = 113.86, c = 114.21 A, alpha = 119.9, beta = 94.1, gamma = 98.6 degrees. These dimensions are consistent with four to six trimers per unit cell, corresponding to a solvent fraction ranging from 65 to 47%.

Field of study: Chemistry
Double Monochromator Systems

A geometrical analysis of image formation in single monochromators is expanded to include the dual monochromator and the tandem monochromator, a system of two single monochromators used in series. The tandem system is useful in measurements of monochromator transmittance and in providing double dispersion. This analysis leads to expressions for the passbands, radiance in the final slit plane, and transmitted flux, as the widths of the intermediate and final slits are varied.

Field of study: Physics
Pioglitazone Improves Mitochondrial Organization and Bioenergetics in Down Syndrome Cells

Mitochondrial dysfunction plays a primary role in neurodevelopmental anomalies and neurodegeneration of Down syndrome (DS) subjects. For this reason, targeting mitochondrial key genes, such as PGC-1α/PPARGC1A, is emerging as a good therapeutic approach to attenuate cognitive disability in DS. After demonstrating the efficacy of the biguanide metformin (a PGC-1α activator) in a cell model of DS, we extended the study to other molecules that regulate the PGC-1α pathway acting on PPAR genes. We, therefore, treated trisomic fetal fibroblasts with different doses of pioglitazone (PGZ) and evaluated the effects on mitochondrial dynamics and function. Treatment with PGZ significantly increased mRNA and protein levels of PGC-1α. Mitochondrial network was fully restored by PGZ administration affecting the fission-fusion mitochondrial machinery. Specifically, optic atrophy 1 (OPA1) and mitofusin 1 (MFN1) were upregulated while dynamin-related protein 1 (DRP1) was downregulated. These effects, together with a significant increase of basal ATP content and oxygen consumption rate, and a significant decrease of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, provide strong evidence of an overall improvement of mitochondria bioenergetics in trisomic cells. In conclusion, we demonstrate that PGZ is able to improve mitochondrial phenotype even at low concentrations (0.5 μM). We also speculate that a combination of drugs that target mitochondrial function might be advantageous, offering potentially higher efficacy and lower individual drug dosage.

Field of study: Biology
Kry eers jou huis in orde

In die Julie-uitgawe van hierdie reeks het ons aangedui hoe belangrik kontinuiteit van ooreenkomste ten aansien van jou boerderyonderneming is. Nietemin is dit 'n goeie idee om eers die papierwerk in jou eie huis in orde te kry voordat jy aandag aan ooreenkomste met buitemense gee. In hierdie artikel bespreek ons die moontlike huweliksgoederebedeling by huweliksluiting en sekere aspekte van 'n testament.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Synthesis of 2‐deoxy sugars

The reduction of acetylated or benzoylated glycosyl halides or selenides with low concentrations of tributylstannane leads to 2-deoxy sugars. An important step in this radical-chain reaction is the cis-selective migration of an ester group. The broad applicability of this method is demonstrated by the synthesis of mono- and dideoxy sugars, of α- and β-deoxy sugars, of deoxypyranoses and deoxyfuranoses, of deoxypentosyl- and -hexosyl carbohydrates.

Field of study: Chemistry
VERTEBRATE-BEARING CONTINENTAL TRIASSIC STRATA IN MENDOZA REGION, ARGENTINA

Rusconi and others have described numerous fishes and amphibians from continental Triassic sediments in the Mendoza region of Argentina, but their stratigraphic position has been poorly understood because of conflicting stratigraphic terminology and incomplete published data on the region. All vertebrate remains appear to be derived from a sedimentary cycle termed the Cacheuta series by a majority of workers. The age appears to be Middle Triassic.

Field of study: Geology
Neuroscience of child and adolescent health development.

Recent advances in technology and neuroscience have increased our understanding of human neurodevelopment. In particular, research on neuroplasticity and psychosocial genomics lends compelling support to a biopsychosocial perspective by elucidating mechanisms through which psychosocial forces and environments shape neurobiology. This article summarizes selected results from recent investigations of neuroplasticity and psychosocial genomics, which demonstrate complex interaction between genes, epigenetic processes, and environmental experience that confers neural growth into adulthood. Counseling psychologists working with children and adolescents need to be familiar with recent literature to be more effective in their work so that they can provide developmentally appropriate counseling services. Social cognitive theory and resilience theory are introduced to illustrate how counseling psychologists can incorporate neuroscience research findings in a counseling context and hypotheses are proposed for future counseling psychology research.

Field of study: Psychology
PFM and PWM Hybrid Mode Control Strategy for Switching Power Supply and Its Implementation

A PFM and PWM hybrid control strategy for high frequency switching power supply is designed in the article. Power supply working in heavy load mode uses PWM, and power supply at startup or working in light load mode uses PFM. The TIDM-PSFB-DCDC dc regulated power supply produced by TI company is used for experimental verification in hybrid control model. Programming by the STMS320F28335 chip goes on the hardware implementation of control strategy, and a detailed introduction and key statements of the procedure are given. Through the final experimental waveform, the power supply can work smoothly under the mixed control mode, and working conditions of heavy load and light load can be distinguished, and which improves the power supply’s working efficiency.

Field of study: Engineering
Spin-orbit-driven coherent oscillations in a few-electron quantum dot.

We propose an experiment to observe coherent oscillations in a single quantum dot with the oscillations driven by spin-orbit interaction. This is achieved without spin-polarized leads, and relies on changing the strength of the spin-orbit coupling via an applied gate pulse. We derive an effective model of this system which is formally equivalent to the Jaynes-Cummings model of quantum optics. For parameters relevant to an InGaAs dot, we calculate a Rabi frequency of 2 GHz.

Field of study: Physics