nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The effect of active serum albumin on PC12 cells: I. Neurite retraction and activation of the phosphoinositide second messenger system.

Vertebrate blood sera contain a factor that triggers oscillatory chloride currents in Xenopus oocytes through activation of the phosphoinositide/Ca2+ second system. The active serum component consists of lipids bound to an isoform of serum albumin that we have named active serum albumin (ASA). In undifferentiated PC12 cells, micromolar concentrations of ASA inhibit the early morphological changes induced by NGF, whereas in differentiated PC12 cells ASA caused a rapid withdrawal of neurites, which was reversible and dependent upon culture age. In contrast to normal serum, plasma and thrombin did not cause neurite retraction. Preincubation of ASA with monospecific antibodies to serum albumin suppressed its ability to induce neurite retraction in a dose dependent fashion. As in the oocyte, ASA activated the phosphatidylinositol second messenger system of PC12 cells, causing a several fold increase in Ins1,4,5P3 levels within minutes of application. The Ins1,4,5P3 increase was also blocked, in a titratable fashion, when ASA was preincubated with monospecific antibodies to serum albumin. This suggests that ASA-induced neurite retraction in PC12 cells may depend, at least in part, on activation of the phosphatidylinositol second messenger system. Results involving albumin-depleted sera show that ASA is the main factor responsible for serum vulnerability of neurites in PC12 cells. These findings point to some limitations in the use of serum in culture media, and raise the possibility that the serum factor may impair neuronal plasticity in disorders that are accompanied by the activation of blood coagulation together with a breakdown of the blood-brain barrier.

Field of study: Biology
Intramolekulare Aromatenalkylierungen, II1) Synthese von 1,2,3,4,4a,5,6,10b‐Octahydrobenzo[f]chinolinen

Substituierte 2-(2-Phenylathyl)pyridiniumsalze 8 lassen sich mit Natriumborhydrid in die korrespondierenden Tetrahydropyridinderivate 9 umwandeln, die zu den 1,2,3,4,4a,5,6,10b-Octahydrobenzo[f]chinoline 10 cyclisiert werden. 
 
 
 
Intramolecular Alkylations of Aromatic Compounds, II1). – Synthesis of 1,2,3,4,4a,5,6,10b-Octahydrobenzo[f]quinloines 
 
 
 
Substituted 2-phenylethyl)pyridinium salts 8 are reduced by sodium borhydride to the corresponding tetrahydropyridine derivatives 9, which can be cyclized to the 1,2,3,4,4a,5,6,10b-Octahydrobenzo[f]quinloines 10.

Field of study: Chemistry
The Direction of Ring Fission of Unsymmetrically-substituted Succinic Anhydrides. 1. Interaction of α-Tetrahydrofurylsuccinic Anhydride with Benzylamine and 2,5-Xylidine

The reaction of α-tetrahydrofurylsuccinic anhydride with amines proceeds regiospecifically at room temperature with the formation of N-substituted 2-(α-tetrahydrofuryl)succinamic acids. On increasing the temperature the reaction direction is changed and the 3 isomer is mainly formed.

Field of study: Chemistry
Marriage and the Family in Colonial Vila Rica

TRADITIONALLY the family has been viewed as the nexus of a constellation of social institutions which together comprised Luso-Brazilian society. While a number of studies have appeared describing contemporary Brazilian social organization, not until very recently has more than scant attention been paid to the colonial antecedents of present-day social phenomena. This essay is an effort to fill in that background, using Vila Rica, the capital of colonial Brazil's goldmining region, as a case study. Three major contentions will be advanced. First, the patriarchal, extended family, so often viewed as the predominant colonial family type, existed for only a handful of people. Second, in preindustrial Vila Rica a wide range of family types existed, with nuclear and matrifocal families predominating. Third, marriage was not a means of integrating the society but served instead to differentiate segments of the population. Foremost among earlier efforts to describe colonial social organization is the pioneering work of Gilberto Freyre, exemplified by his major works, Casa-grande & senzala and Sobrados e  In these studies, Freyre traced the development of the upper-class patriarchal family, then its displacement from the plantation "big house" to the city. In both settings, the patriarchal extended family was considered the central institution for transmitting culture. Freyre's observations had a great impact on other students of social organization. But, whereas he precisely identified the patriarchal,

Field of study: History
On the use of several auxiliary variables in estimation of current population mean in successive sampling

The present work intends to put emphasis on the role of several auxiliary variables on both the occasions to improve the precision of estimates at current occasion in two-occasion successive sampling. Utilizing the readily available information on several auxiliary variables on both occasions and the information on study variable from the previous occasion, an efficient estimation procedure of population mean on current occasion has been suggested. Optimum replacement strategy and the efficiencies of the proposed estimator have been discussed. Empirical studies are carried out, and appropriate recommendations have been put forward for practical applications.

Field of study: Mathematics
Having Your Cake and Eating It? Union Eagle v Golden Achievement Ltd

In Union Eagle Ltd v Golden Achievement Ltd' the Privy Council considered whether equitable relief was available to a purchaser of land who had failed to meet a contractual time stipulation by a mere ten minutes, and whose deposit of 10 per cent of the purchase price had been forfeited. It concluded that equity cannot grant relief from the effect of rescission in the context of an ordinary contract for the sale of land where time was of the essence. Although the refusal of specific performance may be justifiable for commercial policy reasons the refusal to grant relief against forfeiture of the deposit seems unduly harsh, and the stated limitations to the scope of the equitable jurisdiction to grant relief unnecessarily restrictive.

Field of study: Law
Signature of the Λ(1405) Resonance in Neutron Spectra from the K− + d Reaction

Neutron spectra from the reaction $${K^- + d \rightarrow \pi + \Sigma + n}$$ were calculated in the energy range $${E^{cm}_{K^-} = }$$ 0–50 MeV using coupled channel Faddeev equations for the description of the $${\bar{K} N N - \pi\Sigma N}$$ three-body system. The aim was to trace the signature of the Λ(1405) resonance in the spectra. We found, that while in the direct spectra kinematic effects mask completely the peak corresponding to the resonance, the deviation spectrum method of Esmaili et al. ( 2011) is able to eliminate kinematics and differentiate between different models of Λ(1405). Four different phenomenological $${\bar{K} N - \pi\Sigma}$$ interactions were used in order to study the effect of their pole positions on the neutron spectra.

Field of study: Physics
SPECULATIONS ON THE ORIGIN OF THE ALGODONES DUNES, CALIFORNIA

The Algodones dune belt, which lies on the southeastern border of the Imperial Valley in southeastern California, represents a coastal dune system probably derived from the shore lines of fresh-water and marine inundations of the Cahuilla Basin. The estimation of the volume of sand in the dune belt is 380,000 million cubic feet. Assuming climatic conditions similar to those of today existed during formation of the dune belt, computations of wave regimen and resultant longshore currents showed that fresh-water and marine inundations of the basin aggregating a minimum of 160 thousand years would be required to provide and transport this volume of sand from the source areas to the present site of the dunes. Inundations of the Cahuilla Basin during part of the Pleistocene as well as the Recent are necessary for such a formation of the dune belt.

Field of study: Geology
[A mathematical description of ligand-receptor interaction and computer identification of its parameters].

For the purpose of making the parameter estimation more reasonable and accurate in the receptor research, one form for the Feldman’s formula is given as the mathematical model of ligand-receptor interaction, and the corresponding microcomputer algorithm is presented in this paper. By using this program, the character of an unknown ligand-receptor interaction system and all the parameters in the model describing this system can be identified.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
The Linkage of Employee Satisfaction and Loyalty In Hotel Industry in Klang Valley, Malaysia

Many organizations in the hotel industry face difficulties in retaining employees since they are unable to identify the factors that contribute to both employee satisfaction and loyalty.  This study, covers 13 satisfaction variables and 3 loyalty variables. Employment tenure, employee future plan with the company, and recommending employment in the company would be taken as the 3 loyalty indicators in this study. This study sought to identify  factors which could lead to increased tenure, in addition, any linkage between employee satisfaction and employee loyalty was investigated. In order to do that, a business model, called the Service Profit Chain was used and applied in hotels in the Klang Valley area in Malaysia. A portion of the model that measures employee satisfaction and employee loyalty was adopted for this study. The findings indicate the existence of a correlation between employee satisfaction and employee loyalty. Four of the thirteen satisfaction variables, namely, relationship with supervisor, recognition and rewards, working conditions, teamwork and cooperation showed the strongest correlation with the three loyalty variables afore mentioned. It is hoped that the findings could be used by managers in the service industries in developing effective employee training programmes by placing emphasis on the four satisfaction variables which correlated strongly with the three loyalty variables. However, since the sample of this study comprises only the front line employees, it is hoped that a future extended study would be carried out which would include the back of the house staff as well. If the findings are similar, then the theories of employee satisfaction and loyalty would apply equally to the entire hotel staff and this would greatly assist hotels in organizing uniform, effective and cost saving training programmes for all the staff to increase the level of employee satisfaction and loyalty for the mutual benefit of the employee and the organization.

Field of study: Business
Molecular Characteristics Analysis of Wood Extractives from Pinus Massoniana Trees

Pinus massoniana is a fast growing tree widely grown in China that is, unfortunately, difficult to process and develop due to the extractive substances. The molecular characteristics of the wood extractives from Pinus massoniana were removed by a method of petroleum ether/Benzene extraction and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) in order to provide scientific guidance for improving the processing and utilization of this plant. Twenty-eight chemical components were discovered, including: 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, butyl octyl ester (62.69%), 1,5-Hexadien-3-yne (6.00%), Squalene (3.31%), 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)- (1.29%), Heptadecane (1.14%) and Eicosane (1.01%). The analysis of the GC-MS results show that the main retention time of the wood extractives is 20–30 minutes with a total content percentage of 80.18%, and the richest components are esters, which compose 80.01%.

Field of study: Materials science
Deployment and communication patterns in microservice architectures: A systematic literature review

Microservice is an architectural style that separates large systems into small functional units to provide better modularity. A key challenge of microservice architecture design frequently discussed in the literature is the identification and decomposition of the service modules. Besides this, two other key challenges can be identified, including the deployment of the modules on the corresponding execution platform, and adopted communication patterns.  This study aims to identify and describe the reported deployment approaches, and the communication platforms for microservices in the current literature. Furthermore, we aim to describe the identified obstacles of these approaches as well as the corresponding research directions.  A systematic literature review (SLR) is conducted using a multiphase study selection process in which we reviewed a total of 239 papers. Among these, we selected 38 of them as primary studies related to the described research questions.  Based on our study, we could identify three types of deployment approaches and seven different communication patterns. Moreover, we have identified eight challenges related to the deployment and six challenges related to the communication concerns.  Our study shows that in addition to the identification of modules, the deployment and communication approaches are equally crucial for a successful application of the microservice architecture style. Various deployment approaches and communication patterns appear to be useful for different contexts. The identified research directions in the literature study show that still more research is needed to cope with the current challenges.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
The response (1958-1997) of permafrost and near-surface ground temperatures to forest fire, Takhini River valley, southern Yukon Territory

Forest fires in permafrost areas often modify ground surface conditions, causing deepening of the active layer and thawing of near-surface permafrost. Takhini River valley lies in the discontinuous permafrost zone of southern Yukon Territory. The valley floor is covered by glaciolacustrine deposits, which are locally ice rich. In 1958 extensive forest fires burned most of the vegetation and the soil organic horizon in the valley, but, 50 km west of Whitehorse, 1 km2 of spruce forest adjacent to the Alaska Highway escaped burning. Permafrost beneath this stand of trees is in equilibrium with surface conditions: the active layer is 1.4 m thick, the base of permafrost is at 18.5 m, the annual mean temperature at the top of permafrost (1.5 m) is -0.8°C, and the temperature gradient in permafrost is constant with depth. At burned sites nearby there has been little regeneration of forest vegetation since the fire, and long-term permafrost degradation has occurred. At one burned site, the permafrost table is mor...

Field of study: Environmental science
DISCOVERY OF A FLAT-SPECTRUM RADIO NUCLEUS IN NGC 3115

The early-type galaxy NGC 3115, at a distance of 10.2 Mpc, hosts the nearest billion-solar-mass black hole. Wong et al. recently inferred a substantial Bondi accretion rate near the black hole. Bondi-like accretion is thought to fuel outflows, which can be traced through their radio emission. This paper reports the discovery of a radio nucleus in NGC 3115, with a diameter less than 017 (8.4 pc), a luminosity at 8.5 GHz of 3.1 × 1035 erg s–1, and a flat spectrum (α = –0.23 ± 0.20, S∝να). The radio source coincides with the galaxy's photocenter and candidate X-ray nucleus. The emission is radio loud, suggesting the presence of an outflow on scales less than 10 pc. On such scales, the Bondi accretion could be impeded by heating due to disruption of the outflow.

Field of study: Physics
VLA-β1 Integrin Subunit-Specific Monoclonal Antibodies MB1.1 and MB1.2: Binding to Epitopes Not Dependent on Thymocyte Development or Regulated by Phorbol Ester and Divalent Cations

We report here the isolation of two new monoclonal antibodies (MB1.1 and MB1.2) against mouse VLA-β1 integrin subunit. Characterization by flow cytometry demonstrated binding of MB1.1 and MB1.2 to freshly isolated thymocytes, primary bone marrow mast cell lines, as well as cell lines of distinct lineage each expressing different combination of VLA integrins. The specificity of MB1.1 and MB1.2 was determined by (1) their binding to antigen with Mr about 120 kDa, and (2) the ability of antiserum against the carboxyl terminal of VLA-β1 subunit to deplete antigens for MB1.1 and MB1.2 in sequential immunoprecipitation experiments. The epitopes for MB1.1 and MB1.2 were in close proximity to each other since preincubation of cells with one MAb inhibited the binding of the other. However, MB1.1 and MB1.2 differed in their affinity for the β1 subunit. In addition, neither MAbs had any effect on cell adhesion to matrix proteins indicating that the epitopes involved are distant from VLA integrin ligand-binding sites...

Field of study: Biology
Revisiting internal gravity waves analysis using GPS RO density profiles: comparison with temperature profiles and application for wave field stability study

We revise selected findings regarding the utilization of Global
Positioning System radio occultation (GPS RO) density profiles for
the analysis of internal gravity waves (IGW), introduced by
 Sacha et al. ( 2014 ) . Using various GPS RO datasets, we show that the
differences in the IGW spectra between the dry-temperature and
dry-density profiles that were described in the previous study as
a general issue are in fact present in one specific data version
only. The differences between perturbations in the temperature and
density GPS RO profiles do not have any physical origin, and there is
not the information loss of IGW activity that was suggested in
 Sacha et al. ( 2014 ) . We investigate the previously discussed question
of the temperature perturbations character when utilizing GPS RO
dry-temperature profiles, derived by integration of the hydrostatic
balance. Using radiosonde profiles as a proxy for GPS RO, we provide
strong evidence that the differences in IGW perturbations between
the real and retrieved temperature profiles (which are based on the
assumption of hydrostatic balance) include a significant
nonhydrostatic component that is present sporadically and might be
either positive or negative. The detected differences in related
spectra of IGW temperature perturbations are found to be mostly
about ±10 % . The paper also presents a detailed study on the utilization of GPS
RO density profiles for the characterization of the wave field
stability. We have analyzed selected stability parameters derived
from the density profiles together with a study of the vertical
rotation of the wind direction. Regarding the Northern Hemisphere
the results point to the western border of the Aleutian high, where
potential IGW breaking is detected. These findings are also
supported by an analysis of temperature and wind velocity
profiles. Our results confirm advantages of the utilization of the
density profiles for IGW analysis.

Field of study: Environmental science
Initialization and inner product computations of wavelet transform by interpolatory subdivision scheme

The initialization of wavelet transforms and the inner product computations of wavelets with their derivatives are very important in many applications. In this correspondence, the interpolatory subdivision scheme (ISS) is proposed to solve these problems efficiently. We introduce a general procedure to compute the exact values of derivatives of the interpolatory fundamental function and then derive a fast recursive algorithm for the realization of the initialization and inner product evaluations. Error analysis of the algorithm and its comparison with other approaches are discussed. Numerical experiments demonstrate the high performance of the algorithm.

Field of study: Engineering
Longitudinal sound in impure jellium for small frequency and wavevector

The behaviour of long wavelength (q ≪kF) and low frequency (ω ≪ εf) longitudinal sound in jellium containing a small concentration of defects (τ−1≪εf) is discussed without making use of the unitary transformation to a frame moving with the ion velocity. The relevant contributions for the phonon Green's function are formulated in terms of diagrams within a laboratory-frame perturbation theory. As a special result Pippard's formula for sound-damping is rederived within this formalism.

Field of study: Physics
OZI violation in low energy omega and phi production in the pp system in a quark-gluon model

We investigate OZI violation in near-threshold omega and phi production in the pp system. Assuming ideal omega/phi mixing (corrections are estimated), the energy dependence of the ratio R(omega/phi) is analyzed in a perturbative quark-gluon exchange model up to the third other in the strong coupling constant alpha(s) with the proton represented as a quark - scalar diquark system. We give a very natural explanation of the violation of the OZI rule in omega/phi production and its energy dependence near the production thresholds.

Field of study: Physics
Designing a New Molecular Probe: The Potential Role for Tilmanocept (Lymphoseek®) in the Assessment of Patients with Painful Hip and Knee Joint Prostheses

There is a long history of nuclear medicine developments in orthopaedics beginning in the early 20th century. Technetium-99m (99mTc) has a short half-life of six hours, emits 140 keV gamma rays and is the most widely used isotope, imaged with the Anger (gamma) camera. Gamma image quality and test sensitivity in painful prosthetic joints can be improved with single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and SPECT/CT. Positron Emission Tomography-Computed Tomography (PET-CT) with Sodium Fluoride (18F-NaF) and 18Fluorine-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) PET have promising and limited roles respectively in the investigation of painful prosthetic joints. New SPECT/CT and PET-CT isotopes targeting activated macrophages with 99mTc Tilmanocept (Lymphoseek®) and 68Gallium labelled Tilmanocept respectively show potential as agents to demonstrate wear particles ingested by macrophages and multinucleated giant cells. An imaging algorithm using SPECT and/or PET agents is proffered as a cost effective way of speedily and accurately arriving a diagnosis.  Review of the historical role of nuclear medicine in orthopaedics and research into the potential role of new radiopharmaceutical agents was undertaken. Guidelines and algorithms for the imaging of complicated joint prosthesis are provided.  There is an established role for nuclear medicine in orthopaedics and particularly in the investigation of complicated joint prostheses. Imaging with Tilmanocept provides new opportunities to shorten the time to diagnose loosened and infected joint prostheses.  There is a potential new role for Tilmanocept, which can be utilised with both PET-CT and SPECT-CT technologies. Tilmanocept is a relatively new radiopharmaceutical which has a potential role in the imaging assessment of painful joint prosthesis.

Field of study: Medicine