nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
A quadratic programming approach to image labelling

Image labelling tasks are usually formulated within the framework of discrete Markov random fields where the optimal labels are recovered by extremising a discrete energy function. The authors present an alternative continuous relaxation approach to image labelling, which makes use of a quadratic cost function over the class labels. The cost function to be minimised is convex and its discrete version is equivalent up to a constant additive factor to the target function used in discrete MRF approaches. Moreover, its corresponding Hessian matrix is given by the graph Laplacian of the adjacency matrix. Therefore the optimisation of the cost function is governed by the pairwise interactions between pixels in the local neighbourhood. This leads to a sparse Hessian matrix for which the global minimum of the continuous relaxation problem can be efficiently found by solving a system of linear equations using the Cholesky factorisation. The authors elaborate on the links between the method and other techniques elsewhere in the literature and provide results on synthetic and real-world imagery. The authors also provide a comparison with competing approaches.

Field of study: Computer science
Seasonal variability of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity in prickly pear cladodes of Opuntia and Nopalea genres

The Opuntia spp. and Nopalea spp. are grown in the semiarid region of northeastern Brazil, as basic food support of ruminants, especially in the dry season. It is estimated that the area of species Opuntia ficus indica and Nopalea cochenillifera cultivated in Brazil is 600.000 ha. This region is characterized by having a high index of annual evaporation, approximately 2,000 mm, and an average of 750 mm rainfall, concentrated in a period of three to five months (Araújo et al., 2005).

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Medium range structure and activation energy of ion transport in glasses

Most existing models of ionic conduction in glasses relate the ion transport to some specific structural features. However, there is a lack of investigation concerning the role of the medium range structure on the ionic conduction. In the present paper, with the objective to fill this gap and gain further insights about the microscopic mechanism of ion transport in glasses, the relationship between activation energy of ion transport and the wave number of First Sharp Diffraction Peak (FSDP) has been studied. It is found that the activation energy decreases with the decrease of FSDP wave number. The relationship has been interpreted by using the bond fluctuation model of superionic conductors.

Field of study: Materials science
Terahertz excitation of a coherent three-level {\Lambda}-type exciton-polariton microcavity mode

Interactions of few-cycle terahertz pulses with the induced optical polarization in a quantum-well microcavity reveal that the lower and higher exciton-polariton modes together with the optically forbidden 2p-exciton state form a unique {\Lambda}-type three-level system. Pronounced nonlinearities are observed via time-resolved strong-terahertz and weak-optical excitation spectroscopy and explained with a fully microscopic theory. The results show that the terahertz pulses strongly couple the exciton-polariton states to the 2p-exciton state while no resonant transition between the two polariton levels is observed.

Field of study: Physics
Using two-dimensional correlation size exclusion chromatography (2D-CoSEC) to explore the size-dependent heterogeneity of humic substances for copper binding.

Knowledge of the heterogeneous distribution of humic substances (HS) reactivities along a continuum of molecular weight (MW) is crucial for the systems where the HS MW is subject to change. In this study, two dimensional correlation spectroscopy combined with size exclusion chromatography (2D-CoSEC) was first utilized to obtain a continuous and heterogeneous presence of copper binding characteristics within bulk HS with respect to MW. HS solutions with varying copper concentrations were directly injected into a size exclusion chromatography (SEC) system with Tris-HCl buffer as a mobile phase. Several validation tests confirmed neither structural disruption of HS nor competition effect of the mobile phase used. Similar to batch systems, fluorescence quenching was observed in the chromatograms over a wide range of HS MW. 2D-CoSEC maps of a soil-derived HS (Elliot soil humic acid) showed the greater fluorescence quenching degrees with respect to the apparent MW on the order of 12500 Da > 10600 Da > 7000 Da > 15800 Da. The binding constants calculated based on modified Stern-Volmer equation were consistent with the 2D-CoSEC results. More heterogeneity of copper binding affinities within bulk HS was found for the soil-derived HS versus an aquatic HS. The traditional fluorescence quenching titration method using ultrafiltered HS size fractions failed to delineate detailed distribution of the copper binding characteristics, exhibiting a much shorter range of the binding constants than those obtained from the 2D-CoSEC. Our proposed technique demonstrated a great potential to describe metal binding characteristics of HS at high MW resolution, providing a clear picture of the size-dependent metal-HS interactions.

Field of study: Environmental science
Note on Knight's Analysis of the Wais—III Instruction Effect on the Matrix Reasoning Subtest

Knight's 2003 analysis of the effect of the WAIS–III instructions on the Matrix Reasoning subtest was based on multiple t tests, which is a violation of conventional statistical procedures. Using this procedure significant differences were found between the group who know the subtest was untimed versus the group which did not know if the subtest was timed or untimed. Reanalysis of the data used three statistical alternatives: (a) Bonferroni correction for all possible t tests, (b) one-way analysis of variance, and (c) selected t tests with the Bonferroni correction. All three analyses yielded nonsignificant differences between means, thereby changing the conclusions of Knight's study.

Field of study: Psychology
Type A-B Behavior and Caffeine Use in College Students

It has been demonstrated that Type A college students tend to sleep less ( 4 ) and are mice as likely to report sleep problems (3) than Type B students. In a comprehensive discussion of sleep. disorders, several factors were identified which contribute to insomnia and complaints of sleep problems ( 6 ) . Prominent among these is the use of caffeine. This led us to speculate that there might be differences in daily caffeine ingestion between Type A and Type B students. T o test this hypothesis, we asked 171 college students to respond to the Glass ( 2 ) version of the Jenkins Activity Survey for college students and to estimate their daily consumption (i.e., the number of cups or glasses) of coffee, tea, and cola drinks. T h e Jenkins Survey was scored using the system developed by Glass, and on the basis of local norms ( 5 ) , we defined Type A as Jenkins score 2 9 (i.e., n = 69) and Type B as Jenkins score < 9 (i.e., n = 102). W e computed a rough index of daily caffeine intake for each student by summing the reported daily number of units of coffee, tea, and cola drinks. The mean dumber of caffeine-bearing drinks for the two groups was significantly different, i.e., for the Type As, M = 3.25 2 2.40; for the Type Bs, M = 2.10 2 1.95. with t,, = 3.31, p < .01. Put differently, the self-reported caffeine intake of the Type A group was about 50% greater than that reported by Type B group. This finding is consisreor with rhe fact chat Type As are more likely to experience sleep problems than Type Bs. Their greater use of this stimulant is also congruent with the behavior described as the major symptom of Type A behavior ( I ) , i.e., a sense of time urgency or 'hurry sickness.' Finally, these data suggest that perhaps greater attention should be paid,to the dietary factors that may be assoc~ated with the Type A syndrome.

Field of study: Psychology
A relação dos alunos com os saberes nas aulas de Educação Física

A pesquisa objetiva compreender a relacao que os alunos estabelecem com os saberes aprendidos na Educacao Fisica escolar e suas implicacoes para a constituicao da especificidade desse componente curricular. Do tipo narrativa, define como colaboradores alunos do 6o e 9o anos do ensino fundamental de uma escola da Prefeitura Municipal de Vitoria/Espirito Santo, sendo 30 discentes do 6o ano e 25 do 9o ano. Possui como instrumentos para producao das fontes: desenhos, explicacoes sobre os desenhos, grupos focais e entrevistas semiestruturadas. Pelo fato de a Educacao Fisica ser uma disciplina que trabalha com as experiencias e praticas corporais, os alunos tendem a associar o aprendizado dos conteudos a ludicidade e ao prazer. Para compreender essa associacao, analisam-se os processos de escolarizacao e a insercao da Educacao Fisica nesse contexto.  THE RELATION OF THE STUDENTS WITH KNOWLEDGES IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION CLASSES  The research aims to understand the relation than students establish with the knowledges learned in school physical education and its implications for the constitution of the specificity of this curricular component. Of a narrative type, it defines students as collaborators of 6th and 9th grades of elementary education at a school of the City of Vitoria/Espirito Santo, with 30 students in 6th grade and 25 in 9th grade. Features as tools for the production of sources: drawings, explanations of the drawings, focal groups and semi-structured interviews. Because physical education is a discipline that works with the experiences and bodily practices, the students tends to associate the learning content to the ludicity and pleasure. To understand this association, the processes of schooling are analyzed as well as the inclusion of physical education in this context.

Field of study: Education
On the Indices of Zeros of Nash Fields

Given a game and a dynamics on the space of strategies it is possible to associate to any component of Nash equilibria, an integer, this is the index, see Ritzberger (1994). This number gives useful information on the equilibrium set and in particular on its stability properties under the given dynamics. We prove that indices of components always coincide with their local degrees for the projection map from the Nash equilibrium correspondence to the underlying space of games, so that essentially all dynamics have the same indices. This implies that in many cases the asymptotic properties of equilibria do not depend on the choice of dynamics, a question often debated in recent litterature. In particular many equilibria are asymptotically unstable for any dynamics. Thus the result establishes a further link between the theory of learning and evolutionary dynamics, the theory of equilibrium refinements and the geometry of Nash equilibria.The proof holds for very general situations that include not only any number of players and strategies but also general equilibrium settings and games with a continuum of pure strategies such as Shapley-Shubik type games, this case will be studied in a forthcoming paper.

Field of study: Economics
Multivariate empirical test of the Leopold and Miller stream order–hydraulic geometry hypothesis

The relationship between stream order and hydraulic geometry was tested using multivariate discriminant analysis. Data on the hydraulic geometry variables were collected for 103 streams of order 3 through 6 in the Pecatonica River drainage network in southwestern Wisconsin. The results indicate that the relationship is not as strong as suggested by L. R. Leopold and J. P. Miller. Channel width, depth, and gradient appear to account for the existing strength, whereas velocity and roughness make only a negligible contribution.

Field of study: Geology
Neural Network Based Garbage Collection Scheduling Method

Automatic memory garbage collection mechanism is now the necessary feature in modern programming language.The downside of GC is that collection is not called in time and consuming much more CPU resource.The paper presents a RBF neural network based scheduling method to determine the time of GC running.The method is divided into predefined training and dynamic training to improve the precise.The paper describes implementation of the method in detail and analyzes the performance tests which prove that it a practical method.

Field of study: Computer science
PREDICTION OF VOID FRACTION AND PRESSURE DROP FOR UPWARD GAS-LIQUID TWO-PHASE FLOW THROUGH VERTICAL CONCENTRIC ANNULUS

In this paper,the prediction of void fraction and pressure drop for upward gas-liquid annular flow in a vertical annulus is studied.According to the idea of Kelessidis(1989)for the flow pattern transition from churn to annular flow and the integral analysis method of Wallis(1969)for the velocity profile of single-phase flow in an annulus,a new model for prediction of void fraction and pressure drop is proposed based on considering the structural feature of the concentric annulus and the flow pattern characteristics.The present model is compared with existing models and the experimental data from this paper and the literature.It is in better agreement with experimental data than existing models.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Frequency shifts of laser modes in solid state and gaseous systems

The present paper calculates the frequency shifts of laser modes which are brought about by the nonlinear response of the active laser material. The active material is supposed to consist of a set of N atoms each with three or four levels either at random lattice sites or moving with a Gaussian velocity distribution. The formalism developed in our previous work in which a homogeneously broadened line was considered is now applied to a line which is in addition inhomogeneously broadened. The physically most important case of an inhomogeneous Gaussian is treated in detail up to orderγ/α, whereγ is the natural linewidth and α that of the superimposed inhomogeneous broadening. Starting from first principles our present microscopic theory represents especially a foundation of Bennetts concept of hole burning effects. Furthermore it contains the effects of time-dependent nonlinearities as well as that of polarization. Besides the well known mode pulling effect of an inhomogeneous Gaussian several new effects show up. If only one mode lasers an additional repulsive term occurs in both solid state and gaseous systems, which stems from the time independent response of the atomic system. It is small in the solid state case but can be pronounced in the gas laser if the mode frequency is close to the center of the broadened line. If two modes oscillate simultaneously, the mode interaction leads to a repulsive term which can be appreciable both for solid state and gaseous lasers. The results for a solid state laser are in qualitative agreement with line pushing as observed bySnitzer. For comparison with gas laser experiments the He-Ne-Laser is considered in detail. If wide angle scattering of Ne-atoms is slow, the frequency pushing is governed by the time independent response. Our theoretical results are in favorable agreement with various experimental findings byBennett.Finally, the stability of simultaneous laser modes is treated in detail both for the solid state and gaseous case.

Field of study: Physics
Editor's corner can english majors write maintenance documentation?

We software folk have never been very good at apparently astoundingly ill equipped)-but writing documentation. We write such abominable user maintenance documentation is another matter. The manuals that a whole industry has sprung up-book audience for maintenance documentation is softpublishers publish books that (of all things) tell you ware people, and maintenance documentation if how to use software products! Well, there’s a related nothing else must be tech talk. Furthermore, to idea emerging. Those English majors who brought write maintenance documentation you have to be us understandable and readable user manuals are able to read programs. English majors, untrained in now beginning to look at writing maintenance manuwriting programs, are being asked to read programs? als. And, as far as I can tell (and to my vast surprise), In languages like COBOL and even assembler? It they’re doing well at it. still boggles my mind. I do some education and training in companies around the world, and one of them hired me several months ago to talk to a bunch of people doing software maintenance documentation. When I arrived, much to my discomfort, I found that my audience was not just the usual bunch of software folk (“my kind of audience,” I like to think of them), but some nonsoftware-knowledgeable English major types. The second time they invited me in, I was somewhat better prepared! But imagine trying to give a typical software presentation about maintenance to an audience that knows nothing about writing software. But my course attendees say they are doing it, say they are successful at doing it, and say they are happy doing it. They are, as you might imagine, especially well-screened English majors, with a talent for logical thinking and in-depth analysis, but still . . . . English majors reading programs? With no formal training in writing them?

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Studies on the Efficacy and Economics of Sprays of Synthetic Pyrethrows Against Mustard Aphid, Lip Aphis Erysimi (Kalt) On Rape Seed.

Two field experiments were conducted during 1983–85 at Hissar (Haryana) to compare the efficacy of four synthetic pyrethroids - permethrin (100 g/ha), cypermethrin (100 g/ha), decame-thrin (28 g/ha) and fenvalerate (100 g/ha) with the organophosphorus insecticide oxy-demeton methyl (250 and 500 g/ha) on mustard for the control of the aphid, Lipaphis eyrsimi (Kalt.). Based on counts at 3,7 and 15 days after spray, the synthetic pyrethroids, especially fenvalerate and decamethrin gave good control of the aphid, comparable, to oxy-demeton methyl. However, at 20 days after spray considerable aphid build up occurred only in plots sprayed with the synthetic pyrethroids. Based on the overall seed yield and the cost of spraying the insecticides, it was found that the synthetic pyrethroids had narrower cost: benefit ratios than oxy-demeton methyl.

Field of study: Biology
Substrate access channel topology in membrane-bound prostacyclin synthase.

Results from our molecular-modelling and site-directed-mutagenesis studies of prostaglandin I(2) synthase (PGIS) have suggested that the large PGIS cytoplasmic domain is anchored to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane by the N-terminal segment in a way that orients the substrate access channel opening to face the membrane. To test this hypothesis we have explored the accessibility of the PGIS substrate channel opening to site-specific antibodies. The working three-dimensional PGIS model constructed by protein homology modelling was used to predict surface portions near the substrate access channel opening. Two peptides corresponding to the surface immediately near the opening [residues 66-75 (P66-75) and 95-116 (P95-116)], and two other peptides corresponding to the surface about 10-20 A (1 A=0.1 nm) away from the opening [residues 366-382 (P366-382) and 472-482 (P472-482)] were used to prepare site-specific antibodies. All four antipeptide antibodies specifically recognized the synthetic segments of human PGIS and recombinant PGIS, as shown by binding assays and Western-blot analysis. The site-specific antibodies were used to probe the accessibility of the substrate access channel opening in transiently transfected COS-1 cells expressing recombinant human PGIS, and in spontaneously transformed human endothelial cell line ECV cells expressing endogenous human PGIS. Immunofluorescence staining was performed for cells selectively permeabilized with streptolysin O and for cells whose membranes were permeabilized with detergent. Antibodies to peptides in the immediate vicinity of the substrate channel (P66-75 and P95-116) bound to their targets only after general permeabilization with Triton X-100. In contrast, the two antibodies to peptides further from the channel opening (P366-382 and P472-482) bound to their targets even in cells with intact ER membranes. These observations support our topology model in which the PGIS substrate access channel opening is positioned close to the ER membrane.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
The diagnosis and treatment of neurosarcoidosis

In 14% of patients with respiratory tract sarcoidosis granulomatous lesions were found in the central nervous system. Clinical classification of neurosarcoidosis was developed which included specific granulomatous forms: CNS arachnoiditis and perivasculitis, sarcoid myositis, as well as nonspecific forms (vasoautonomic dystonic syndrome, angiotrophoneurosis). Diagnostic and therapeutic techniques are presented.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Protein crystals orientation in a magnetic field.

Nucleation and crystal growth of hen egg-white lysozyme, bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor and porcine pancreatic alpha-amylase were carried out in the presence of a magnetic field of 1.25 T produced by small permanent magnets. Crystals were oriented in the magnetic field, except when heterogeneous nucleation occurred. The orientation of protein crystals in the presence of a magnetic field can be attributed to the anisotropic diamagnetic susceptibility of proteins resulting from the large anisotropy of the alpha-helices due to the axial alignment of the peptide bonds.

Field of study: Chemistry
Polyclonal T cell elimination by prolonged immunostimulation in an experimental model

An experimental model of immunological deficiency obtained by treating mice for 6 months with serum of human blood drawn from different healthy individuals has been studied. The results show that an alteration of a circulating lymphocyte population with alterations of the ratio CD4+/CD8+ appeared in mice stimulated for a long period with immunogens. Mice treated for 2–4 months showed an increase in B lymphocytes and a decrease in the total number of T lymphocytes, with a decrease in CD4+ lymphocytes and an increase in CD8+ lymphocytes. After 4 months, the CD8+ lymphocyte population started to decrease, with a ratio of CD4+/CD8+ reaching almost 1. In animals treated for 2–3 months, the mean survival time (MST) following experimental infection with Salmonella typhimurium presented a decrease to 5 days, and after 5–6 months of treatment presented a decrease to 3‐2‐5 days. The bacteraemia was modified in comparison with controls. Prolonged exposure to antigens also induced lymphocyte apoptosis: cells of animals treated for 4–6 months presented increased levels of apoptosis with a percentage that reached 30–35%. A semiquantitative evaluation of the level of heat shock protein (hsp) in splenic lymphocytes showed an increase in the presence of hsp60 and hsp70 in the first 3 months of treatment, which then remained constant for up to 6 months.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Electron transfer between horse ferritin and ferrihaemoproteins.

Reactions of reduced horse spleen ferritin with horse and Saccharomyces cerevisiae ferricytochromes c, cow ferricytochrome b5, sperm-whale metmyoglobin and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ferricytochrome c-551 were investigated by u.v.-visible spectrophotometry. In all cases the reduced ferritin reduced the ferrihaemoproteins. The rate of reduction varied from less than 0.2 M-1.s-1 for metmyoglobin to 1.1 x 10(3) M-1.s-1 for horse ferricytochrome c (0.1 M-phosphate buffer, pH 7.4, at 25 degrees C). We conclude that the mechanism of ferrihaemoprotein reduction involves long-range electron transfer through the coat of ferritin and that such electron transfer is rapid enough to account for the rates of iron release observed by other workers in reductive release assays.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science