nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
On the Relationships between Ground-dwelling Spider (Araneae) Assemblages and Dead Wood in a Northern Sugar Maple Forest

Downed woody material (fallen logs) offers ground-dwelling spiders (Araneae) ideal sites for nesting and foraging, but little is known about what characteristics of dead wood influence spider assemblages. In a maple forest of Forillon National Park, in eastern Québec (Canada), spider assemblages on, adjacent to, and away from fallen logs were compared. We also tested how log type (coniferous vs. deciduous) and decomposition stage influenced spider assemblages. Sampling was done for an intensive four-week period using both litter samples and pitfall traps. A total of 5613 spiders representing 83 species from 16 families was collected. Spiders were affected by the presence of logs, as both species diversity and total number of individuals collected were significantly higher on the log surface compared to the forest floor. Ordination analysis revealed a distinct compositional difference between the spider fauna found on the wood surface compared to the forest floor. Wood type and decomposition stage had few significant effects on spider assemblages, except that less decayed logs supported higher spider diversity than logs in advanced stages of decay. Dead wood is clearly important for generalist predators such as spiders, further supporting the conservation importance of fallen logs in northern forest ecosystems.

Field of study: Environmental science
Sistem upacara tradisi perkawinan masal Di desa pengotan Bangli

Kemajemukan bangsa Indonesia dapat dilihat dari berbagai   budaya, adat istiadat, suku, ras, agama, bahkan bahasa yang dipergunakan yang tersebar dari Sabang sampai Merauke. Salah satu pulau dari gugusan kepulauan Indonesia yang memiliki ciri dan ragam kebudayaan serta tradisi yang unik adalah Pulau Bali. Di dalam kehidupan masyarakat Bali, tradisi, adat istiadat, dan kesenian telah tersinergi menjadi satu dan tidak dapat dipisahkan dalam setiap kegiatan masyarakat. Tujuan dan manfaat penelitian Sistim Upacara  Tradisi Perkawinan masal di Desa pengotanmemberikan manfaat terhadapat masyarakat   secara  praktis maupun secara teoritis bagi kalangan ilmuwan untuk usaha pengembangankan ilmu pengetahuan. Data dikumpulkan dengan Metode wawancara, metode observasi, dan metode  dokumen. 
Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dapat terungkap beberapa hal dalam Sistim Upacara Tradisi Perkawinan Masal di Desa Pengotaan Bangli, faktor kepercayaan, faktor sosial, Proses pelaksanaan Perkawinan Masal di Desa Pengotaan, pengaruh pelaksanaan perkawinan masal terhadap masyarakat desa Pengotan, dan ekonomi. Sistim perkawinan masal ini dapat memberikan pengaruh bagi masyarakat desa Pengotan dalam bidang ekonomi dapat meringankan pengluaran biaya dan dalam bidang sosial dapat mempererat tali persaudaraan dan menjunjung tinggi rasa persaudaraan

Field of study: Sociology
[The efficacy of alimemazine (solution for intramuscular injection) in complex with antidepressants in the treatment of anxiety and depressive disorders].

To evaluate the efficacy of alimemazine in the form of a solution for intramuscular injections in the treatment of anxiety and depressive disorders.



Twenty patients, who met ICD-10 criteria for anxiety and depressive disorders, participated in the clinical observation. Alimemazine was used in the form of a solution for intramuscular injection (5 mg/ml) along with SSRIs and SNRIs.



The significant positive dynamics in the reduction of anxiety-depressive disorders, sleep disorders and vegetative symptoms was observed in patients treated with alimemazine (solution) and antidepressants from the group of SSRIs and SSRIs.



The drug has demonstrated efficacy and a favorable tolerability profile.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
ON THE PHONON-INDUCED SUPERCONDUCTIVITY OF DISORDERED ALLOYS

A model of alloy is considered which includes both quenched disorder in the electron subsystem (“alloy” subsystem) and electron-phonon interaction. For given approximate solution for the alloy part of the problem, which is assumed to be conserving in Baym’s sense, we construct the generating functional and derive the Eliashberg-type equations which are valid to the lowest order in the adiabatic parameter. The renormalization of bare electron–phonon interaction vertices by disorder is taken into account consistently with the approximation for the alloy self-energy. For the case of exact configurational averaging the same set of equations is established within the usual T-matrix approach. We demonstrate that for any conserving approximation for the alloy part of the self-energy the Anderson’s theorem holds in the case of isotropic singlet pairing provided disorder renormalizations of the electron-phonon interaction vertices are neglected. Taking account of the disorder renormalization of the electron-phonon interaction we analyze general equations qualitatively and present the expressions for Tc for the case of weak and intermediate electron-phonon coupling. Disorder renormalizations of the logarithmic corrections to the effective coupling, which arise when the effective interaction kernel for the Cooper channel has the second energy scale, as well as the renormalization of the dilute paramagnetic impurity suppression are discussed.

Field of study: Physics
Geochemistry of volcanic rocks from the Tetagouche Group, Bathurst, New Brunswick, Canada

The volcanic rocks of the Tetagouche Group are predominantly dacitic to rhyolitic pyroclastics and lavas; mafic alkaline and tholeiitic volcanic rocks are less abundant. Lavas representing the intermediate range (such as andesites) are uncommon.As a consequence of intense Na2O and K2O metasomatism, the mafic volcanic rocks have been classified on the basis of relatively immobile elements such as Ti, Y, Zr, Nb, Ni and Cr.By reference to volcanic suites described elsewhere for varying geologic and tectonic environments, the Tetagouche Group appears to represent two geologic environments. It is proposed that the deposition of tholeiitic and alkaline basalts accompanied the rifting associated with the opening of the Proto-Atlantic, which began during Hadrynian times. However the calc-alkaline felsic volcanic rocks were deposited on the top of the basaltic sequence along a mature island arc system that developed with the closing of the Proto-Atlantic during Middle Ordovician time.

Field of study: Environmental science
Explaining the demand for pharmaceuticals in Spain: are there differences in drug consumption between foreigners and the Spanish population?

The aim of this study is to examine the factors driving the demand for drugs in Spain, focusing on the existence of disparities in pharmaceutical consumption between the Spanish and the foreign population.



Our analysis is based on a multilevel multinomial probit model that compares three consumption options (no consumption, prescribed consumption and self-medicated consumption) on the five most consumed drugs in Spain. Data is taken from the adult sample of the 2006 Spanish National Health Survey, including 29,478 individuals over 15 years old.



Overall, the findings show a lower consumption of medicines by some immigrants categories relative to Spaniards. In addition, the results indicate that the consumption of medicines is mainly related to variables associated to the specific cost sharing structure in Spain, such as health limitations and retirement status. Other variables found to explain the demand for drugs were: private health insurance, age, sex, alcohol and cigarette consumption and drug class.



Further understanding of the reasons for the observed differences in drug consumption on the basis of country of birth would allow the health system to design more effective health policies aimed at ensuring equality of access to health resources to all population groups.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Involvement of interleukin 1 and interleukin 1 antagonist in pancreatic beta-cell destruction in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.

In this review we propose that the balance between the action of interleukin 1 (IL-1) and its natural antagonist IL-1ra on the level of the insulin-producing pancreatic beta-cell may play a decisive role in the pathogenesis of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). We argue that IL-1 potentiated by other cytokines (tumor necrosis factor alpha, interferon gamma) is an important effector molecule involved in both early and late events in the immune-mediated process that leads to beta-cell destruction and IDDM. We also point out that surprisingly high molar excesses of IL-1ra over IL-1 are necessary to block the action of IL-1 on islet beta-cells compared to islet alpha-cells in vitro and in animals. We suggest that the selectivity of beta-cell destruction in IDDM may be conferred on several levels: (1) homing of beta-cell antigen specific T cells, (2) targeted delivery of cytokines by lymphocytic and monocytic cells beta-cells, (3) high molar excesses of IL-1ra over IL-1 needed to prevent IL-1 mediated beta-cell toxicity, (4) increased beta-cell sensitivity to free nitric oxide and oxygen radical formation induced by IL-1 and (5) inadequate oxidative stress response by beta-cells to cytokines. Further studies are needed to establish the in vivo role of an imbalance between the amounts of IL-1 and IL-1ra produced relative to their action in the pathogenesis of IDDM.

Field of study: Medicine
Improved tomographic reconstructions using adaptive time-dependent intensity normalization.

The first processing step in synchrotron-based micro-tomography is the normalization of the projection images against the background, also referred to as a white field. Owing to time-dependent variations in illumination and defects in detection sensitivity, the white field is different from the projection background. In this case standard normalization methods introduce ring and wave artefacts into the resulting three-dimensional reconstruction. In this paper the authors propose a new adaptive technique accounting for these variations and allowing one to obtain cleaner normalized data and to suppress ring and wave artefacts. The background is modelled by the product of two time-dependent terms representing the illumination and detection stages. These terms are written as unknown functions, one scaled and shifted along a fixed direction (describing the illumination term) and one translated by an unknown two-dimensional vector (describing the detection term). The proposed method is applied to two sets (a stem Salix variegata and a zebrafish Danio rerio) acquired at the parallel beam of the micro-tomography station 2-BM at the Advanced Photon Source showing significant reductions in both ring and wave artefacts. In principle the method could be used to correct for time-dependent phenomena that affect other tomographic imaging geometries such as cone beam laboratory X-ray computed tomography.

Field of study: Physics
Direct CP Violation in K→μ^{+}μ^{-}.

A rare decay K_{L}→μ^{+}μ^{-} has been measured precisely, while a rare decay K_{S}→μ^{+}μ^{-} will be observed by an upgrade of the LHCb experiment. Although both processes are almost CP-conserving decays, we point out that an interference contribution between K_{L} and K_{S} in the kaon beam emerges from a genuine direct CP violation. It is found that the interference contribution can change K_{S}→μ^{+}μ^{-} standard-model predictions at O(60%). We also stress that an unknown sign of A(K_{L}→γγ) can be determined by a measurement of the interference, which can much reduce a theoretical uncertainty of B(K_{L}→μ^{+}μ^{-}). We also investigate the interference in a new physics model, where the ε_{K}^{'}/ε_{K} tension is explained by an additional Z-penguin contribution.

Field of study: Physics
Physiographic provinces of the Arctic Ocean seafloor

The International Bathymetric Chart of the Arctic Ocean (IBCAO) grid model has been used to define the first-order physiographic provinces of the Arctic Ocean, which in this study is taken to consist of the oceanic deep Arctic Ocean Basin; the broad continental shelves of the Barents, Kara, Laptev, East Siberian, and Chukchi Seas; the White Sea; and the narrow continental shelves of the Beaufort Sea and the Arctic continental margins of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago and northern Greenland. The first step in this classification is an evaluation of seafloor gradients contained in a slope model that was derived from the IBCAO grid. The evaluation of this slope model, which emphasizes certain process-related seafloor features that are reflected in the bathymetric information, is subsequently used along with the bathymetry to classify the first-order physiographic provinces. The areas of the provinces so classified are individually calculated, and their morphologies are subsequently discussed in the context of the geologic evolution of the Arctic Ocean Basin as described in the published literature. In summary, this study provides a physiographic classification of the Arctic Ocean seafloor according to the most up-to-date bathymetric model, addresses the geologic origin of the prominent features, and provides area computations of the defined first-order physiographic provinces and of the most prominent second- order features.

Field of study: Geology
Reassessment of tissue Na(+) concentration as a criterion for salinity tolerance in bread wheat.

Wheat is the most important crop grown on many of world's saline and sodic soils, and breeding for improved salinity tolerance (ST) is the only feasible way of improving yield and yield stability under these conditions. There are a number of possible mechanisms by which cereals can tolerate high levels of salinity, but these can be considered in terms of Na(+) exclusion and tissue tolerance. Na(+) exclusion has been the focus of much of the recent work in wheat, but with relatively little progress to date in developing high-yielding, salt-tolerant genotypes. Using a diverse collection of bread wheat germplasm, the present study was conducted to assess the value of tissue Na(+) concentration as a criterion for ST, and to determine whether ST differs with growth stage. Two experiments were conducted, the first with 38 genotypes and the second with 21 genotypes. A wide range of Na(+) concentrations within the roots and shoots as well as in ST were observed in both experiments. However, maintenance of growth and yield when grown with 100 mM NaCl was not correlated with the ability of a genotype to exclude Na(+) either from an individual leaf blade or from the whole shoot. The K(+) : Na(+) ratio also showed a wide range among the genotypes, but it did not explain the variation in ST among the genotypes. The results suggested that Na(+) exclusion and tissue tolerance varied independently, and there was no significant relationship between Na(+) exclusion and ST in bread wheat. Consequently, similar levels of ST may be achieved through different combinations of exclusion and tissue tolerance. Breeding for improved ST in bread wheat needs to select for traits related to both exclusion and tissue tolerance.

Field of study: Environmental science
Contributions to the emergence and consolidation of Agent-oriented Software Engineering

Many of the issues addressed with multi-agent approaches, such as distributed coordination and self-organization, are now becoming part of industrial and business systems. However, Multiagent Systems (MASs) are still not widely adopted in industry owing to the lack of a connection between MAS and software engineering. Since 2000, there is an effort to bridge this gap and to produce software engineering techniques for agent-based systems that guide the processes of design, development and maintenance. In Brazil, Agent-oriented Software Engineering (AOSE) was first investigated by the research group in the Software Engineering Laboratory (LES) at PUC-Rio, which after one decade of study in this area has built an AOSE community. This paper presents the history of AOSE at LES by discussing the sub-areas of MAS Software Engineering research and development that have been focus of the LES research group. We give examples of relevant results and present a subset of the extensive literature the group has produced during the last decade. We also report how we faced the challenges that emerged from our research by organizing and developing a research community at the intersection of software engineering, programming and MASs with a concern for scalability of solutions.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Moisture-driven xylogenesis in Pinus ponderosa from a Mojave Desert mountain reveals high phenological plasticity.

Future seasonal dynamics of wood formation in hyperarid environments are still unclear. Although temperature-driven extension of the growing season and increased forest productivity are expected for boreal and temperate biomes under global warming, a similar trend remains questionable in water-limited regions. We monitored cambial activity in a montane stand of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) from the Mojave Desert for 2 consecutive years (2015-2016) showing opposite-sign anomalies between warm- and cold-season precipitation. After the wet winter/spring of 2016, xylogenesis started 2 months earlier compared to 2015, characterized by abundant monsoonal (July-August) rainfall and hyperarid spring. Tree size did not influence the onset and ending of wood formation, highlighting a predominant climatic control over xylem phenological processes. Moisture conditions in the previous month, in particular soil water content and dew point, were the main drivers of cambial phenology. Latewood formation started roughly at the same time in both years; however, monsoonal precipitation triggered the formation of more false rings and density fluctuations in 2015. Because of uncertainties in future precipitation patterns simulated by global change models for the Southwestern United States, the dependency of P. ponderosa on seasonal moisture implies a greater conservation challenge than for species that respond mostly to temperature conditions.

Field of study: Environmental science
Optical loss measurement of low-loss thin-film waveguides by photographic analysis.

Photographic film was used to measure low intensities of guided light scattered from three different thin-film optical waveguides. The technique is shown to permit measurement of optical loss down to 0.07 dB/cm. The method involves the taking of a photograph of a guided light beam (lambda = 632.8 nm) and the use of a microdensitometer to measure the two-dimensional scattered intensity profile. The sensitivity of the photographic film permits the measurement of low light levels, and the beam profile information permits the evaluation of the uniform scattering assumption. The technique can be adapted to channel waveguide loss by using high-definition photographic film. Additionally, the use of infrared-sensitive film can permit the technique to measure loss in the infrared.

Field of study: Physics
I Can Do That

This research investigates the role of implicit theories in influencing the effectiveness of successful role models in the leadership domain. Across two studies, the authors test the prediction that incremental theorists (“leaders are made”) compared to entity theorists (“leaders are born”) will respond more positively to being presented with a role model before undertaking a leadership task. In Study 1, measuring people’s naturally occurring implicit theories of leadership, the authors showed that after being primed with a role model, incremental theorists reported greater leadership confidence and less anxious-depressed affect than entity theorists following the leadership task. In Study 2, the authors demonstrated the causal role of implicit theories by manipulating participants’ theory of leadership ability. They replicated the findings from Study 1 and demonstrated that identification with the role model mediated the relationship between implicit theories and both confidence and affect. In addition, incremental theorists outperformed entity theorists on the leadership task.

Field of study: Psychology
Taxonomic Novelty and Distinctive Genomic Features of Hot Spring Cyanobacteria

Several cyanobacterial species are dominant primary producers in hot spring microbial mats. To date, hot spring cyanobacterial taxonomy, as well as the evolution of their genomic adaptations to high temperatures, are poorly understood, with genomic information currently available for only a few dominant genera, including Fischerella and Synechococcus. To address this knowledge gap, the present study expands the genomic landscape of hot spring cyanobacteria and traces the phylum-wide genomic consequences of evolution in high temperature environments. From 21 globally distributed hot spring metagenomes, with temperatures between 32 and 75°C, 57 medium- and high-quality cyanobacterial metagenome-assembled genomes were recovered, representing taxonomic novelty for 1 order, 3 families, 15 genera and 36 species. Comparative genomics of 93 hot spring genomes (including the 57 metagenome-assembled genomes) and 66 non-thermal genomes, showed that the former have smaller genomes and a higher GC content, as well as shorter proteins that are more hydrophilic and basic, when compared to the non-thermal genomes. Additionally, the core accessory orthogroups from the hot spring genomes of some genera had a greater abundance of functional categories, such as inorganic ion metabolism, translation and post-translational modifications. Moreover, hot spring genomes showed increased abundances of inorganic ion transport and amino acid metabolism, as well as less replication and transcription functions in the protein coding sequences. Furthermore, they showed a higher dependence on the CRISPR-Cas defense system against exogenous nucleic acids, and a reduction in secondary metabolism biosynthetic gene clusters. This suggests differences in the cyanobacterial response to environment-specific microbial communities. This phylum-wide study provides new insights into cyanobacterial genomic adaptations to a specific niche where they are dominant, which could be essential to trace bacterial evolution pathways in a warmer world, such as the current global warming scenario.

Field of study: Biology
Design and Implementation of File Layout in Redbud Parallel File System

File layout which manages the mapping relationship between logical offset of file and physical address of storage device is important for a file system.Redbud parallel file system(RFS)discards block-based file layout that distributed file systems implement in common,and carries out extent-based file layout which fits for sequential read and write on large files.Following the principle of meeting the minimum requirements which means the metadata server only returns the layout which meets the applications request on the clients can decrease the overhead on network transfers and improve the system performance of RFS.Moreover,RFS adopts the strategy of space continuous allocation and the strategy of extents real-time merger during file layout operating that can speed up metadata operations.We compared the performance of RFS with that of EXT3 and NFS by sequential and random reading and writing a 16GB file.The throughput of RFS gets 47.5% and 51.6% higher than that of NFS on random reading and writing,while it gets 65.6% and 75.1% higher on sequential reading and writing.The throughput of RFS also gets a little higher than that of EXT3 on sequential and random reading,while it gets 21.2% and 15.4% higher on sequential and random writing.The total throughput of RFS grows liner till the limitation of the test environment about 200MB/s.Test results show that Redbud parallel file system based on extent-based layout can provide high performance.

Field of study: Computer science