nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Use of depuration compounds in passive air samplers: results from active sampling-supported field deployment, potential uses, and recommendations.

Depuration compounds (DCs) are added to passive air samplers (PAS) prior to deployment to account for the wind-dependency of the sampling rate for gas-phase compounds. This correction is particularly useful for providing comparable data for samplers that are deployed in different environments and subject to different meteorological conditions such as wind speeds. Two types of PAS--the polyurethane foam (PUF) disk sampler and semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs)--were deployed at eight heights on a 100 m tower to test whether the DC approach could yield air concentrations profiles for PCBs and organochlorine pesticides and account for the wind speed gradient with height. Average wind speeds ranged from 0.3 to 4.5 m s(-1) over the 40 day deployment, increasing with height Two low volume active air samples (AAS), one collected at 25 m and one at 73 m over the 40 day deployment showed no significant concentration differences for target compounds. As expected, the target compounds taken up by PAS reflected the wind profile with height This wind-dependency of the PAS was also reflected in the results of the DCs. A correction based on the DC approach successfully accounted for the effect of wind on PAS sampling rates, yielding a profile consistent with the AAS. Interestingly, in terms of absolute air concentrations, there were differences between the AAS and PAS-derived values for some target compounds. These were attributed to different sampling characteristics of the two approaches that may have resulted in slightly different air masses being sampled. Based on the results of this study, guidelines are presented for the use of DCs and for the calibration of PAS using AAS.

Field of study: Environmental science
Capacitance characterisation of Cu2S/CdS heterojunctions

Studies of the capacitance of all sputtered CuxS/CdS heterojunctions are presented. C-F characteristics are measured in the range 100 Hz to 10 MHz and at temperatures ranging between 220 and 340 K. A deep donor level in the CdS is identified 0.25 eV below the conduction band edge. A relative distribution of interface states is deduced from C-V measurements at forward bias and low frequencies. Two types of heterojunctions are examined: (i) with a low density of interface states and (ii) with a higher density of these. Both types of heterojunction were obtained by controlling the parameters of the sputtering process at the junction formation.

Field of study: Materials science
Suppression and interpersonal harmony: a cross-cultural comparison between Chinese and European Americans.

Based on Markus and Kitayama's (1991) theory, this study was conducted to examine whether the association between emotional suppression and interpersonal harmony would be moderated by cultural group (i.e., Chinese and European Americans) and an Asian cultural value (i.e., emotional self-control). A total of 451 college students (205 Chinese and 246 European Americans) participated in this study. As expected, results indicated that the association between emotional suppression and interpersonal harmony was significantly positive for Chinese but not significant for European Americans. Similarly, when emotional self-control was examined as a moderator, the results still confirmed our hypotheses. That is, the association between emotional suppression and interpersonal harmony was significantly positive for those with stronger endorsement of emotional self-control but not for those with weaker endorsement of emotional self-control. Furthermore, we examined whether the above results could be replicated when forbearance (a construct similar to suppression) and distress disclosure (a construct opposite to suppression) were examined. The results showed the same pattern for forbearance and distress disclosure when cultural group or emotional self-control served as the moderator. The convergence of findings increased the robustness of our results. Finally, our data suggest that individuals from Eastern, interdependent cultures (e.g., Chinese) tend to value emotional suppression to preserve interpersonal harmony; individuals from Western, independent cultures may or may not necessarily suppress their emotions for this purpose. A comprehensive understanding of the different meanings of a specific strategy (i.e., emotional suppression) in different cultural contexts is important to promote effective cross-cultural counseling.

Field of study: Psychology
Alcoholic skeletal myopathy, a clinical and pathological study.

One hundred and fifty-one inpatients with a history of chronic heavy alcohol intake were examined for evidence of muscle disease. Ninety-two patients (60 per cent) had histologically abnormal biopsies of the quadriceps muscle. The most common abnormality, which was often severe, was type II muscle fibre atrophy. Seven patients (5 per cent) had histological evidence of acute myopathy, one of whom presented with the full clinical picture of acute rhabdomyolysis. Twenty-three patients had cirrhosis, 36 were significantly malnourished and 98 had evidence of a peripheral neuropathy. None of these features, however, were sufficient to account for the muscle abnormalities. There was no clear relationship between musculo-skeletal symptoms and muscle biopsy histology. Serum creatine kinase activity was elevated in only 23 subjects and was an insensitive indicator of subclinical acute myopathy and of chronic alcoholic myopathy. Follow-up studies after abstinence from alcohol invariably showed both objective and subjective improvement of muscle function - often in the absence of any clinical recovery from the peripheral neuropathy. Continued alcohol consumption was accompanied by persistence and often deterioration of muscle fibre atrophy. It is concluded that chronic skeletal myopathy is a frequent consequence of alcohol abuse and may result from a direct toxic effect of ethanol on muscle fibres.

Field of study: Medicine
Active Snf1 protein kinase inhibits expression of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae HXT1 glucose transporter gene.

Expression of HXT1, a gene encoding a Saccharomyces cerevisiae low-affinity glucose transporter, is regulated by glucose availability, being activated in the presence of glucose and inhibited when the levels of the sugar are scarce. In this study we show that Snf1 protein kinase participates actively in the inhibition of HXT1 expression. Activation of Snf1, either by physiological conditions (growth in low-glucose conditions) or by eliminating any of its negative regulators, such as Hxk2 or Reg1, leads to an inhibition of HXT1 expression. We also show that Std1, another known negative regulator of HXT1 expression, interacts physically with active Snf1 protein kinase. Std1 also interacts physically with Rgt1, a transcription factor involved in HXT1 expression, suggesting that the transcriptional properties of Rgt1 could be modulated either directly or indirectly by Std1 and Snf1 protein kinase. Finally, we show that Rgt1 interacts physically with Ssn6, a major transcriptional repressor, to regulate negatively HXT1 expression when glucose is depleted.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Status Quo and Development Trend of Engineering Project Management Information System

Status quo and existing problems of engineering project management information system in China are analyzed;development route of engineering project management information system in China is put forward and future development trend is revealed based on comparison of various engineering project management information system.Finally,solution plan suitable for informatization of project management of large-scale exploration and engineering companies are discussed with project management module of comprehensive information system of NERIN as an example.

Field of study: Materials science
THE ACTIVITY OF LIVER ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE WITH NICOTINAMIDE-ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE PHOSPHATE AS COENZYME.

1. The separation of nucleotide impurities from commercial NADP preparations by chromatography is described. All the preparations studied contained 0.1-0.2% of NAD. 2. The activity of pure crystalline liver alcohol dehydrogenase with NADP as coenzyme has been confirmed. Initial-rate data are reported for the reaction at pH 6.0 and 7.0 with ethanol and acetaldehyde as substrates. With NADP and NADPH(2) of high purity, the maximal specific rates were similar to those obtained with NAD and NADH(2), but the Michaelis constants for the former coenzymes were much greater than those for the latter. 3. The oxidation of ethanol by NADP is greatly inhibited by NADH(2), and this accounts for low values of certain initial-rate parameters obtained with commercial NADP preparations containing NAD. The kinetics of the inhibition are consistent with competitive inhibition in a compulsory-order mechanism. 4. Initial-rate data with NAD and NADPH(2) do not conform to the requirements of the mechanism proposed by Theorell & Chance (1951), in contrast with results previously obtained with NAD and NADH(2). The possibility that the deviations are due to competing nucleotide impurity in the oxidized coenzyme cannot be excluded. The data show that the enzyme reacts more slowly with, and has a smaller affinity for, NADP and NADPH(2) than NAD and NADH(2). 5. Phosphate behaves as a competitive inhibitor towards NADP.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Symmetry energy of nuclear matter and properties of neutron stars in a relativistic approach

Asymmetric nuclear matter is treated in the formalism of Dirac-Brueckner approach with Bonn one-boson-exchange nucleon-nucleon interaction. We extract the symmetry energy coefficient at the saturation to be about 31 MeV, which is in good agreement with empirical value of $30\pm 4$ MeV. The symmetry energy is found to increase almost linearly with the density, which differs considerably from the results of non-relativistic approaches. This finding also supports the linear parameterization of Prakash, Ainsworth and Lattimer. We find, furthermore, that the higher-order dependence of the nuclear equation of state on the asymmetry parameter is unimportant up to densities relevant for neutron stars. The resulting equation of state of neutron-rich matter is used to calculate the maximum mass of neutron star, and we find it to be about 2.1$M_\odot$. Possible mechanisms for the softening of the equation of state are also discussed.

Field of study: Physics
An experimental study on oil discharge ratio at inverter-driven high shell pressure scroll compressor using R410A/PVE

In this study, the oil discharge characteristics of a high shell pressure scroll compressor, which uses R410A as the refrigerant and PVE as the oil, were measured according to the conditions for oil management. The measurement of oil discharge ratio (ODR) in the system is very important to secure the operational reliability. It was made in real time through the refractive index sensor. ODR was greatly influenced by the mass flow rate and the dynamic viscosity of the refrigerant. As the rotation frequency of the compressor became higher, ODR increased rapidly. ODR at 120 Hz was 4.22 times higher than that at 60 Hz. At the same rotation frequency of the compressor, the increase of the suction pressure also played a role in increasing the ODR. In addition, in the zone where the ODR increased rapidly, the compressing efficiency of the compressor decreased significantly.

Field of study: Engineering
Food flows between counties in the United States

Food consumption and production are separated in space through flows of food along complex supply chains. These food supply chains are critical to our food security, making it important to evaluate them. However, detailed spatial information on food flows is rare. To this end, we develop the Food Flow Model, a data-driven methodology to estimate spatially explicit food flows for subnational locations without data. The Food Flow Model integrates machine learning, network properties, production and consumption statistics, mass balance constraints, and linear programming. We use the Food Flow Model to infer food flows between counties within the United States. Specifically, we downscale empirical information on food flows between 132 Freight Analysis Framework (FAF) locations (17,292 potential links) to the 3,142 counties and county-equivalents of the United States (9,869,022 potential links). Subnational food flow estimates can be used to improve our understanding of vulnerabilities within a national food supply chain, determine critical infrastructures, and enable spatially detailed footprint assessments.

Field of study: Environmental science
地域の環境騒音と自動車交通流 —GIS によるメッシュデータを用いた検討—

We have proposed a simple model to predict environmental noise in urban areas. In the model, the sound power level per unit area is estimated from the local traffic volume and the law of the conservation of energy is applied to derive the average value of LAeq in an area. In order to examine the actual relation between environmental noise and road traffic networks and verify the proposed model, field data on environmental noise and the distance traveled by vehicles in Nagoya City were analyzed statistically. The field data were converted into the grid square data by using GIS in 12 areas of the city. It has been found that a strong relation between LAeq and the distance traveled by vehicles is observed for each area. When the exceptional larger values of noise data are excluded and the observation time of LAeq becomes sufficiently large, the coefficients of determination exceed 0.8. The strong relation between them found to be consistent with that derived from the proposed simple model.

Field of study: Computer science
A STUDY OF DENOISING METHOD FOR EIGENSYSTEM REALIZATION ALGORITHM BASED ON WAVELET ANALYSIS

ERA/DC (eingensystem realization algorithm using data correlation) adopts the data correlation approach when constructing the Hankel matrix with impulse response data. Therefore, ERA/DC can restrain the white noise in the signal, but the practical data also contain other kinds of noise, such as random noise, impulsive noise, and excursion. In order to get better identification results, the impulse response data is denoised using the wavelet analysis method. Then, the ERA/DC is adopted to identify the denoised data. Simulations of a two-degree-of-freedom mass-spring-dashpot system and a satellite model are demonstrated. The results show that the denosing method based on wavelet analysis can suppress different kinds of noise, and improve the identification precision of ERA/DC. Therefore, it can be used as the denoising method for ERA/DC.

Field of study: Engineering
Steroids, XXXVII. Neighbouring Group Participation, VIII2) Neighbouring Group Participation in the 16-Hydroxymethyl-3-methoxyestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17β-ol Series

Reduction of the acetoxymethylene ketone 1b yielded a mixture of two epimeric diols 3a and 4a, which were converted into the p-toluenesulfonates 3d and 4d. Solvolysis of 3d in dry acetic acid afforded 5b after inversion at C-17. As an explanation for the formation of 5b, it was assumed that the cyclic cation 8 may be an intermediate. This was confirmed by methanolysis of 3d leading to the orthoester 10. The neighbouring group participation (AcO-6) observed during solvolysis of 3d was completely absent in the case of 4d, solvolysis of which yielded 17β-acetoxy-16α-acetoxymethyl-3-methoxyestra-1,3,5(10)-triene (4b) with retention in both acetic acid and methanol. 
 
 
 
Steroide, XXXVII. – Nachbargruppen-Beteiligung, VIII. – Nachbargruppen-Beteiligung bei 16-Hydroxymethyl-3-methoxy-ostra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17-ol-Steroiden 
 
 
 
Reduktion des Acetoxymethylen-Ketons 1b liefert ein Gemisch zweier epimerer Diole 3a und 4a, die in die p-Toluolsulfonate 3d und 4d ubergefuhrt werden. Solvolyse von 3d in trockener Essigsaure ergibt neben 3b unter partieller Inversion an C-17 5b. Das als Zwischenstufe postulierte cyclische Kation 8 kann durch Methanolyse als Orthoester 10 abgefangen werden. Die bei Solvolyse von 3d beobachtete Nachbargruppen-Beteiligung (AcO-6) tritt im Falle des Toluolsulfonates 4d nicht ein, da dessen Solvolyse sowohl in Essigsaure als auch in Methanol unter Retention der Konfiguration an C-17 zu 17β-Acetoxy-16α-acetoxymethyl-3-methoxyestra-1,3,5(10)-trien (4b) fuhrt.

Field of study: Chemistry
Pietro Pomponazzi.De incantationibus. Ed. Vittoria Perrone Compagni. With Laura Regnicoli. Lessico Intellettuale Europeo 110. Florence: Leo S. Olschki, 2011. clii + 230 pp. €40. ISBN: 978–88–222–6032–1.

Pietro Pomponazzi’s De incantationibus is his most radical work. By reducing both ancient and contemporary miracles to natural causes, Pomponazzi questions the miraculous nature of fundamental Christian beliefs: heavenly visions, cures produced by gaze and touch, stigmata, and finally the rise and fall of all religions, produced by astral forces rather than the intervention of a providential deity. Written in 1520 but published posthumously in 1556 and 1557, manuscripts of this work had a fairly wide distribution shortly after 1520, producing sharp criticism among some readers. Modern translations have been partial or both partial and full of errors, for example, H. Busson, Les causes des merveilles de la nature, ou Les enchantements (Paris, 1930). The only complete, current translation—without the benefit of a critical edition — is C. Innocenti, Gli incantasimi (Florence, 1997). With the expert philological and philosophical aid of Laura Regnicoli, as well as her own considerable knowledge of Pomponazzi manuscripts, Perrone Compagni has produced an accurate critical edition based on the sixteen extant manuscripts. In a meticulous examination of each manuscript, Regnicoli analyzes its provenance, script, and probable date. The result of this joint effort is the first critical edition of a major Renaissance philosophical work. Most recent Italian scholarship has emphasized the contingent and conjectural nature of Pomponazzi’s naturalistic conclusions, insisting that these conclusions (due to their tentative and probable status) cannot be understood as attacks on religious doctrine. Craig Martin’s recent fine work on Pomponazzi’s Meteorology (1563) confirms this view. Infallible divine revelation, so the argument runs, cannot be invalidated by human reason. Pomponazzi maintains this position in all his published works as well as in the manuscript sources. Perrone Compagni is a strong supporter of this view, presented here in the introduction to the text. The assertion of Pomponazzi’s heterodoxy, Perrone Compagni argues, is largely based on a misunderstanding of the role of the leges, the religious lawmakers. These lawmakers are not power-hungry politicians seeking to impose fables and fictitious stories on the uneducated. Rather, they have both a religious and political function. By making religious doctrine simple and clear to the masses the leges employ poetic andmetaphorical explanations that stress virtuous conduct. Through the values preached in these doctrines the masses will imbibe and internalize virtue, which then becomes a strong source of their behavior. Social harmony and civic duty thus become an intrinsic part of human behavior, allowing the preservation of the species.

Field of study: History
Effects of psychologic stress on fetal development and pregnancy outcome

Data from animal studies show that maternal stress is associated with disturbances in pregnancy outcomes and offspring development and behavior, possibly as a result of permanent structural and functional changes termed "early-life programming." There is growing interest in whether similar relationships are present in humans. Here we review recent significant findings from the literature on the impact of prenatal psychologic stressors on pregnancy outcome and offspring development, with a particular focus on the developing brain. Relevant papers were searched using PubMed, and reference lists from obtained articles were checked. In humans, prenatal stress is associated with pregnancy complications, developmental, cognitive, and behavioral disorders, and possible onset of psychopathology in later life. In contrast to the available research done in animals, virtually nothing is known about the effects of prenatal stress on morphologic fetal brain development, and the mechanisms underlying subsequent associated behavioral changes.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
On the $\Lambda$ to $\Sigma^0$ ratio from proton-proton collisions

We compare the recent COSY data on the total $pp{\to}p\Lambda{K^+}$ and $pp{\to}p\Sigma^0{K^+}$ cross sections with the predictions from two boson exchange models that either are based solely on $\pi$ and $K$ exchange or include $\pi$, $\eta$ and $\rho$ exchange as well as the virtual excitation of intermediate baryon resonances. Both models are found to reproduce the data after the inclusion of final state hyperon-nucleon interactions. Thus, within the experimental uncertainties, both models also roughly reproduce the strong dependence of the $\Lambda$ to $\Sigma^0$ ratio as a function of the excess energy near threshold, as well as at higher energies.

Field of study: Physics
The use of caddisflies (trichoptera) in palaeoecology

The extant caddisflies (Insecta: Trichoptera) show a high degree of dependence of various genera and species on particular habitat features. For this reason and due to their diversity and abundance in waterlaid sediments, the fossil caddisflies have recently gained importance in the field of palaeoecology. This paper outlines their fossil history, describes the methods used for identification of larval sclerites and discusses the types of information which can be derived at various levels of identification, in terms of both local habitat and climate.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Antithrombotic selection and risk factor management in ischemic stroke and transient ischemic attack.

In addition to appropriate antithrombotic therapy, the identification and treatment of modifiable ischemic stroke risk factors can reduce the likelihood of recurrent stroke. Neurosurgeons should be knowledgeable of the specific risk factors and general recommendations for ischemic stroke, as they may play a significant role in the management options for patients with intracranial and extracranial atherosclerotic disease. The authors of this article review the indications for and selection of antithrombotics in patients with cerebral ischemia. In addition, the identification and secondary prevention of select risk factors are discussed.

Field of study: Medicine
Secondary Yield Characters of Crops and Their Exploitation

With the objective to explore the characters of non-traditional crops yield and the application,the concep of secondary yield,the crop yield formed and harvested repeatedly,and the concept of protogenesis yield,the crop yieldformed and harvested once for one crop,were proposed.Taken Rubber tree latex production for an example,the secondary yield characters formed by multiple rational harvest stress,namely harvest time and harvest technique,were analyzed,and the strategies of the related studies and production managements of Rubber by adopting harvest stresses to improve the Rubber yield evaluation method by means of inducing the expression of secondary yield earlier,or to gain the best economic benefit were discussed.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Graphene radio: Detecting radiowaves with a single atom sheet

We present the experimental evidence of RF demodulation by a graphene monolayer embedded in a coplanar structure. The demodulator was tested in the frequency range from 100 MHz to 25 GHz using amplitude modulated input signals. An input power of 0 dBm (1 mW) was used, which is the typical power emitted for short range wireless communication systems, such as Bluetooth. The graphene demodulator exhibits good signal responsivity in the frequency range associated to industrial, scientific and medical radio band with a peak of 1100 V/W at 3.5 GHz.

Field of study: Physics