nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Ambient measurements of aromatic and oxidized VOCs by PTR-MS and GC-MS: intercomparison between four instruments in a boreal forest in Finland

Proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry (PTR-MS) and gas chromatography mass spectrometry GC-MS) are commonly used methods for automated in situ measurements of various volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the atmosphere. In order to investigate the reliability of such measurements, we operated four automated analyzers using their normal field measurement protocol side by side at a boreal forest site. We measured methanol, acetaldehyde, acetone, benzene and toluene by two PTR-MS and two GC-MS instruments. The measurements were conducted in southern Finland between 13 April and 14 May 2012. This paper presents correlations and biases between the concentrations measured using the four instruments. A very good correlation was found for benzene and acetone measurements between all instruments (the mean R value was 0.88 for both compounds), while for acetaldehyde and toluene the correlation was weaker (with a mean R value of 0.50 and 0.62, respectively). For some compounds, notably for methanol, there were considerable systematic differences in the mixing ratios measured by the different instruments, despite the very good correlation between the instruments (mean R = 0.90). The systematic difference manifests as a difference in the linear regression slope between measurements conducted between instruments, rather than as an offset. This mismatch indicates that the systematic uncertainty in the sensitivity of a given instrument can lead to an uncertainty of 50–100 % in the methanol emissions measured by commonly used methods.

Field of study: Environmental science
Low temperature study of resistivity of Sm0.6Sr0.4MnO3

This work is devoted to the study of the octahedral distortion in the Sm0.6Sr0.4MnO3 composite and its influence on the electromagnetic transport (colossal magnetoresistance CMR). Comparison between the MR of Sm0.6Sr0.4MnO3 whichwas prepared in different Laboratories (Cairo University, CU, and Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, PNPI) was held. In both it was prepared using the same standard solid state reaction. The lattice parameters are the same in both samples. However, there are differences in MR values.At T = 84.4K,MRmeasured at PNPI is 81.7%atmagnetic field; H = 2.4T whileMRmeasured at CU is 90.7%at magnetic field; H = 2T and 96.4%atH = 3T. The tilt angle ofMO6 octaherda for both samples calculated and has different values. This may lead to deviation in the MR values.

Field of study: Materials science
d-Amphetamine-chlorpromazine antagonism in a food reinforced operant.

Dose effect curves for d-amphetamine and chlorpromazine were obtained with rats on a milk reinforced FR 10 schedule. A dose of d-amphetamine (2.5 mg/kg, i.p.) which completely suppressed all responding for 60 min was administered simultaneously (concomitant with the pretreatment times) with various doses of chlorpromazine. The d-amphetamine-induced cessation of responding was removed by several of the doses of chlorpromazine with maximal antagonism occurring at a dose of 1.5 mg/kg i.p. This dose of chlorpromazine, when administered independently, produced no observable side effects and showed no effect on the FR 10 schedule. One animal appeared to develop tolerance to the repeated dosages of d-amphetamine.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Ontogeny and localization of the cells produce IL-2 in healthy animals.

IL-2 is a growth factor for activated T cells and is required for maintenance of naturally arising regulatory T cells (nTregs). Mice defective in IL-2/IL-2 receptor signaling pathways have impaired nTregs and suffer from lymphoproliferative disorders, suggesting that IL-2 is present and functional in healthy animals. However, the cellular source of IL-2 is currently unknown. To determine which cells produce IL-2 in healthy animals, we established mice carrying cre gene knock in at the il-2 locus (termed IL-2(cre)). When IL-2(cre) mice were crossed with EGFP reporter mice, EGFP was exclusively expressed by a fraction of CD4 T cells present in both lymphoid and non-lymphoid tissues. Live imaging of IL-2(cre) mice that carry the luciferase reporter showed concentrated localization of ) cells in Peyer's patches. These cells were not observed in new born mice but appeared within 3days after birth. Reduction of antigen receptor repertoire by transgene expression reduced their number, indicating that recognition of environmental antigens is necessary for generation of these IL-2 producers in healthy animals. A substantial fraction of EGFP(+) cells also produce IL-10 and IFN-γ, a characteristic profile of type 1 regulatory T cells (Tr1). The data suggest that a group of Tr1 cells have addition roles in immune homeostasis by producing IL-2 along with other cytokines and help maintaining Tregs.

Field of study: Medicine
Day-to-day variation in nitrogenase activity of Alnus incana explained by weather variables : a multivariate time series analysis

A modelling system is described that indicates the extent to which day-to-day variations in nitrogenase activity in young Alnus incana (L.) Moench, grown in defined conditions in the field, may be affected by weather conditions both during and prior to the day of measurement. Nitrogenase activity (acetylene reduction activity, ARA) was measured weekly on intact field-grown grey alder (A. incana) plants, 0.15–0.42 m tall at planting, nodulated with Frankia. The measurements were done at noon on two groups of plants in 1987 and on two other groups in 1988. Each group was made up of five or six plants. Seven weather variables: daily sunshine hours, daily mean, maximum and minimum air temperature, daily mean and 1300 h relative humidity, and daily rainfall were used. The relation between log(ARA/leaf area) and the weather variables were analysed using a PLS model (partial least squares projection to latent structures). The advantage of PLS is that it can handle x-variables that are correlated. Data from 1987 were chosen as a training set. Multivariate PLS time series analysis was made by adding, in a stepwise manner, the weather data up to 5 d before the day of measurement. This procedure gave six models with n * 7 x-variables (n= 1–6). With the models from the time series analysis of 1987 data, true predictions of ARA per leaf area were made from weather data 1988 (test set 1) and from ‘early-season’ weather data from 1987 and 1988 (test set 2). The variation in ARA/leaf area could be predicted from the weather conditions. The predictions of the two test sets improved when the weather conditions one and two days before the day of measurements were added to the model. The further addition of weather data from 3 to 5 d before the day of measurement did not improve the model. The good predictions of ARA/leaf area show that the alders responded to the variable weather conditions in the same way in 1988 as in 1987, despite the ten-fold difference in size (leaf area) at the end of the growing season. Among the weather variables, air temperature and the daily sunshine hours were positively correlated to ARA, while relative air humidity and rainfall were negatively correlated to ARA. The daily minimum temperature and rainfall appeared to have least impact on ARA. By use of PLS, we could extract information out of a data set containing highly correlated x-variables, information that is non-accessible with conventional statistical tools such as multiple regression. When making measurements of nitrogenase activities under field conditions, we propose that attention should be paid to the weather conditions on the days preceding the day of measurement. The day-to-day variation in nitrogenase activity is discussed with reference to known effects of stress factors under controlled conditions.

Field of study: Environmental science
Art, Family, and Memory in Renaissance Florence. Giovanni Ciappelli , Patricia Lee Rubin

morality and honor, to work, play and life cycles, the book illuminates the social and cultural world of the Renaissance at the level of individual and collective experience. Included are materials from documents which exemplify the authors' observations and small reproductions of woodcuts depicting the patterns of quotidian life. The style is clear, breezy and perfect for the general reader or undergraduate, although with sufficient original scholarship from primary sources to interest a specialist. There is beneath the disarming charm of the narrative a sophisticated understanding of the complexity of early modern Italian life and how the various elements are deeply intertwined. The examples not only provide evidence of the wider points being made but they reflect the serious original research of the authors into the society of the Renaissance. The obvious conclusion that any reader must draw from this remarkable collection of insights into the early modern Italian mind is that the past is very much a different country which one must enter carefully, without preconceptions but with an open mind. At the end of the book, it is impossible not to look at Renaissance Italy more clearly through the eyes of those who lived there, and whose experience, assumptions and attitudes were so very different from our own.

Field of study: History
Ceramide in Redox Signaling and Cardiovascular Diseases

Lipid rafts are distinct cell membrane microdomains that consist of cholesterol, sphingolipids, and some associated proteins. Accumulating evidence suggests that activation of sphingomyelinase and generation of ceramide mediates clustering of lipid rafts to form large ceramide-enriched platforms, in which transmembrane signals are transmitted or amplified. Ceramide and reactive oxygen species (ROS) are involved in the modulation of the cell membrane and intracellular ion channels, cell proliferation and apoptotic cell death, neutrophil adhesion to the vessel wall, and vascular tone and in the development of cardiovascular diseases to name some important examples. Ceramide triggers the generation of ROS and increases oxidative stress in many mammalian cells and animal models. Moreover, inhibition of ROS generating enzymes or treatment of antioxidants impairs sphingomyelinase activation and ceramide production. Thus, a new concept has been proposed that ceramide-enriched raft platforms are important redox signaling platforms that amplify activation of ROS generating enzymes (e.g. NADPH oxidase family enzymes) and sphingomyelinases. The general function of ceramide to form redox signaling platforms amplifying oxdative stress might be critically involved in the dysfunction of vascular cells induced by death receptor ligands and stress stimuli contributing to the development of cardiovascular diseases.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Discussion on Automation Techniques Used in Pumping Station

Subject to the low level of automation,operation management and technical analysis of domestic pumping station,the production of agriculture and industry were brought huge losses by the drought which repeatedly hit our country.Droughts exposed the problem that old water conservancy facilities can not meet the development of social development.Introducing automation techniques into large-scale pumping stations,can effectively improve the operation efficiency of equipment and the level of management.Combined with the situation of pumping station in our country,puts forward an automation design scheme of pumping station,analyses the specific application of automatics in the pumping station.

Field of study: Computer science
Analysis of sensitizing components for peanut allergen

Peanut is an important food allergen and allergy to peanut is becoming a serious health problem because of increasing prevalence, clinical severity, and chronically of the reaction which may occur at any ages. Twenty cases of peanut allergy were included in this study. SDS PAGE and Immunoblot were applied to characterize the components and molecular weights of peanut allergens. Fourteen protein bands were identified, with five protein abundant bands at 63kD, 41.7kD, 39kD, 34.8kD and 17.9kD. Five major allergens were analyzed and at least eight peanut proteins showed sIgE binding capacity in peanut allergic sera. The protein allergens have molecular weights of 17.9kD(recognized by 4/8 sera), 23.5kD(recognized by 4/8 sera), 41.7kD (recognized by 4/8 sera), 48.5kD(recognized by 5/8 sera), 63kD (recognized by 4/8 sera), 34.8kD (recognized by 1/8 sera), 39kD (recognized by 3/8 sera) and 53kD(recognized by 2/8 sera) respectively. Patients may have individual difference in view of reaction to allergic components.

Field of study: Biology
Spatially Offset Active Galactic Nuclei. III. Discovery of Late-stage Galaxy Mergers with the Hubble Space Telescope

Galaxy pairs with separations of only a few kpc represent important stages in the merger-driven growth of supermassive black holes (SMBHs). However, such mergers are difficult to identify observationally due to the correspondingly small angular scales. In Paper I we presented a method of finding candidate kpc-scale galaxy mergers that is leveraged on the selection of X-ray sources spatially offset from the centers of host galaxies. In this paper we analyze new Hubble Space Telescope (HST) WFC3 imaging for six of these sources to search for signatures of galaxy mergers. The HST imaging reveals that four of the six systems are on-going galaxy mergers with separations of 1.2-6.6 kpc (offset AGN). The nature of the remaining two spatially offset X-ray sources is ambiguous and may be associated with super-Eddington accretion in X-ray binaries. The ability of this sample to probe small galaxy separations and minor mergers makes it uniquely suited for testing the role of galaxy mergers for AGN triggering. We find that galaxy mergers with only one AGN are predominantly minor mergers with mass ratios similar to the overall population of galaxy mergers. By comparison, galaxy mergers with two AGN are biased toward major mergers and larger nuclear gas masses. Finally, we find that the level of SMBH accretion increases toward smaller mass ratios (major mergers). This result suggests the mass ratio effects not only the frequency of AGN triggering but also the rate of SMBH growth in mergers.

Field of study: Physics
Über ein Mikropyrometerokular

ZusammenfassungEs wird die Konstruktion und die Meßmethode eines Mikropyrometerokulars beschrieben, das in Kombination mit dem normalen Mikroskop zur Pyrometrierung von Körpern sehr kleiner Ausdehnung (z. B. dünnen Drähten) dienen soll.

Field of study: Physics
BOLT CONNECTION BEHAVIOR AND DESIGN OF A FOUR-ANGLE ASSEMBLED STEEL BUCKLING-RESTRAINED BRACE: NUMERICAL ANALYSIS

In the assembled steel buckling-restrained brace(ABRB), the restraining part is formed by several outer parts around its core. Therefore the connection design of the outer restraining parts is a main focus in the overall design theory of ABRB, and this feature is quite different from that of the traditional BRBs which have an outer overall restraining part around the core. A simplified design method has been proposed to determine the bolt forces in a four-angle ABRB, but it is only fit for the situation that the outer restraining parts bends in one direction. Firstly, this paper presents the numerical results to verify the simplified design method already obtained, and the method is modified accordingly. Secondly, the gap between the core and the outer restraining parts makes BRB deform normally in two directions, therefore this paper also aims to determine bolt forces for the more general situation. The approach proposed in this study is to combine the bolt forces selectively, which are induced by the BRB's bends in each direction. Finally an improved connection design method for the four-angle ABRB is achieved.

Field of study: Engineering
Chinese New Energy Vehicle Industry Competitiveness Evaluation

This paper uses the comprehensive index method and the analytic hierarchy process to evaluate the competitiveness index of Chinese new energy vechile (NEV) industry based on the data of NEV industry and experts in 2018. The results show that the international competitiveness of Chinese NEV industry in 2018 is basically the same as last year, and the competitiveness index ranks the third. The new support policies for NEVs are continuously introduced and the effectiveness of the policies has been promulgated to make the NEV industry develop at a high speed.

Field of study: Engineering
Modulation of intrahepatic cholesterol trafficking: evidence by in vivo antisense treatment for the involvement of sterol carrier protein-2 in newly synthesized cholesterol transport into rat bile.

Biliary cholesterol represents one of the two major excretory pathways for sterol elimination from the body and plays a central role in cholesterol gallstone formation. Biliary cholesterol originates from a precursor pool of preformed and newly synthesized free cholesterol. Although it has been suggested that newly synthesized and preformed biliary cholesterol are secreted by independent pathways, the specific cellular and molecular mechanisms are unknown. We used male Wistar rats to study the time-course of the appearance of newly synthesized cholesterol, phosphatidylcholine and protein into bile. The specific role of sterol carrier protein-2 (SCP-2) in the transport of newly synthesized biliary cholesterol was evaluated by an in vivo antisense oligonucleotide approach. In contrast to [14C]phosphatidylcholine and [35S]proteins, the time-course of [14C]cholesterol appearance into bile was rapid, and microtubule- and Golgi-independent. In vivo SCP-2 antisense treatment reduced and delayed the appearance of biliary [14C]cholesterol. Furthermore, hepatic SCP-2 expression increased more than 3-fold over control values in rats that had been treated with diosgenin to increase biliary secretion of newly synthesized cholesterol. These results suggest that SCP-2 is necessary for the rapid transport of newly synthesized cholesterol into bile and that hepatocytes can induce SCP-2 expression according to the rate of biliary secretion of newly synthesized cholesterol.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Nanosized titanium dioxide reduces copper toxicity--the role of organic material and the crystalline phase.

Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (nTiO2) are expected to interact with natural substances and other chemicals in the environment, however little is known about their combined effects. Therefore, this study assessed the toxicity of copper (Cu) in combination with varying crystalline phases (anatase, rutile, and the mixture) of nTiO2 and differing organic materials on Daphnia magna. The nanoparticles reduced the Cu-toxicity depending on the product (0.3- to 2-fold higher 48-h EC50). This decrease in toxicity coincided with a lowered Cu-concentration in the water column, which was driven by the adsorption of Cu to nTiO2-depending on available surface area and structure-and their subsequent sedimentation. In the presence of organic material and nTiO2, the Cu-toxicity was further reduced (up to 7-fold higher 48-h EC50). This observation can be explained by a reduced Cu-bioavailability as a result of complexation and adsorption by the organic material and nTiO2, respectively. Thus, the crystalline phase composition, which is determining the surface area and structure of nTiO2, seems to be of major importance for the toxicity reduction of heavy metals, while the influence of the organic materials was mainly driven by the quantity and quality of humic substances.

Field of study: Environmental science
Atrocities in Theory and Practice: An Introduction

Classical counterinsurgency theory – written before the 19th century – has generally strongly opposed atrocities, as have theoreticians writing on how to conduct insurgencies. For a variety of reasons – ranging from pragmatic to religious or humanitarian – theoreticians of both groups have urged the lenient treatment of civilians associated with the enemy camp, although there is a marked pattern of exceptions, for example, where heretics or populations of cities refusing to surrender to besieging armies are concerned. And yet atrocities – defined here as acts of violence against the unarmed (non-combatants, or wounded or imprisoned enemy soldiers), or needlessly painful and/or humiliating treatment of enemy combatants, beyond any action needed to incapacitate or disarm them – occur frequently in small wars. Examples abound where these exhortations have been ignored, both by forces engaged in an insurgency and by forces trying to put down a rebellion. Why have so many atrocities been committed in war if so many arguments have been put forward against them? This is the basic puzzle for which the individual contributions to this special issue are seeking to find tentative answers, drawing on case studies.

Field of study: History, Sociology
Dandy-Walker Syndrome in a Child at Rural Kelantan, Malaysia

Dandy-Walker syndrome is a rare congenital malformation of the brain that involves the cerebellum and the fourth ventricle. It is characterised by a classical triad of hydrocephalus, cystic dilatation of the fourth ventricle and complete or partial agenesis of the vermis. Majority of cases are diagnosed during neonatal or early infantile period. In this case report, a seven-year-old boy complained of recurrent headaches for the past one year. Physical examination was unremarkable. Examination of the fundus on the same day revealed bilateral papilloedema. His subsequent computed tomography scan of the brain done at a major district hospital demonstrated features in keeping with Dandy-Walker malformation. Our case highlighted the importance of embarking on a detailed and thorough approach when dealing with a child with chronic headache, especially in rural settings where advanced medical equipment is not readily available.

Field of study: Medicine
Wood Sawdust Fibres as a Secondary Filler in Carbon Black Filled NR Vulcanizates

Studies into the properties of polymer-wood composites (PWC) are mostly focused on thermoplastics as the matrix phase and wood flour as a reinforcing phase. This article aims to identify the optimum contents of wood sawdust fibre and silane coupling agent to be introduced into natural rubber (NR) compounded with carbon black (CB). The authors have considered a wide range of composite properties, including cure characteristics, % bound rubber, crosslink density, sorption and desorption behaviour, tensile modulus, elongation at break, tensile and tear strengths, hardness, and morphological properties. The results suggest that the overall mechanical properties of the NR composites improved with increasing CB content, but deteriorated sharply with sawdust content up to 40 phr. Addition of further sawdust was recommended as an economical benefit to industries as the properties of the NR/CB composites remained unchanged with increasing sawdust content above 40 phr sawdust fibre. Addition of N-(βaminoethyl)-γ-aminopropyl-trimethoxy silane coupling agent to the NR vulcanisates, containing 40 phr of wood sawdust fibres and 45 phr carbon black at 0.5-1.0 %wt of wood sawdust, improved the mechanical properties. The explanations for the results given in this paper are unique in that they refer to bound rubber, crosslink density and rubber-filler phase continuity in the composites, and to a change in composite rigidity.

Field of study: Materials science