nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Health Services for Management of Chronic Non-Cancer Pain in Kuwait: A Case Study Review

The experience of chronic pain is universal, yet pain management services delivered by health professionals vary substantially, depending on the context and patient. This review is a part of a series that has examined the issue of chronic non-cancer pain services and management in different global cities. The review is structured as a case study of the availability of management services for people living with chronic non-cancer pain within the context of the Kuwaiti health systems, and the cases are built from evidence in the published literature identified through a comprehensive review process. The evolution of the organizational structure of the public and private health systems in Kuwait is described. These are discussed in terms of their impact on the delivery of comprehensive chronic pain management service by health professionals in Kuwait. This review also includes a description of chronic pain patient personas to highlight expected barriers as well as compliance issues with services likely to be encountered in Kuwait. The case study analysis and persona descriptions illustrate a need to move beyond pain symptom management towards considering the entire person and his/her individual experience of pain such that health care success is judged by enhancement of patient well-being rather than access to services. A road map for improving integrative chronic pain management in Kuwait is discussed.

Field of study: Medicine
Cyclic steps along the South Taiwan Shoal and West Penghu submarine canyons on the northeastern continental slope of the South China Sea

Large-scale step-like features within the South Taiwan Shoal and West Penghu submarine canyons on the northeastern continental slope of the South China Sea are investigated by integrating high-resolution multibeam bathymetric data and multichannel seismic profiles. These step-like features, ranging from 1.2 to 10.0 km in wavelength and 5.4–80.9 m in wave height, are mostly interpreted as cyclic steps formed by turbidity currents flowing through the canyons, based on their characteristic step-like morphology, in-train alignment, large wavelengths and aspect ratios (ratio of wavelength to wave height), and typical upstream-sloping backset bedding, among others. A train of 19 continuous steps delineated along the thalweg of the South Taiwan Shoal canyon measures up to 100 km and may be the longest ever reported. Nine short trains of scours identified on a terrace of the South Taiwan Shoal canyon are oriented parallel to the distributaries draining over the terrace and roughly perpendicular to the main canyon thalweg, indicating a complicated flow pattern within the canyon valley. Two trains of scours separated by an intracanyon high in the steeper middle reach of the West Penghu canyon are interpreted as transitional bed forms between antidunes and cyclic steps, which develop downstream into a train of five net-depositional cyclic steps with typical backset bedding in the gentler-sloping lower reach of the canyon. Average slope gradients for the canyon reaches with cyclic steps range from 0.26° to 1.24°. Along each thalweg step train, a slope break is identified to separate the net-erosional cyclic steps in the steeper upstream segment from the net-depositional ones in the gentler downstream segment. Rough estimations indicate that the paleoflows are 100 to 300 m thick with maximum velocities of up to 10 m s–1. The estimated flow depths match well with those inferred from geomorphologic analysis. Estimated paleodischarges of ?7–23 × 105 m3 s–1 are equivalent to ten times the discharge of the modern Amazon River.

Field of study: Geology
Norway's pivotal role in regulatory health economics and pharmaceutical cost containment--what can other countries learn?

With an increasing trend in health care consumption--together with the introduction of an increasing number of new medical technologies-- governments, insurance companies and other third party payers seek new ways of limiting increases in consumption, as well as limiting the use of new medical technologies to the most efficient ones (clinically, economically). One particular area of focus in this context is the pharmaceutical sector, where the innovational rate of new technologies (drugs) has been high. One of the forerunners in the areas of health care cost containment and regulatory health economics is Norway. This country has succeeded in keeping drug prices and drug consumption at moderate levels, as well as keeping the number of new drugs to a relatively modest level. This study describes the Norwegian drug regulatory process, the Norwegian drug market, the Norwegian cost-containment policies and future regulatory perspectives. For many European countries and in North America, where stricter price and reimbursement regulations are considered, the Norwegian drug regulatory process presents an interesting example of how a strict regulatory environment may affect the availability of drugs, as well as drug prices, drug reimbursement and drug consumption.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Landscape of competing stripe and magnetic phases in cuprates

Realistic modeling of competing phases in complex quantum materials has proven extremely challenging. For example, much of the existing density-functional-theory-based first-principles framework fails in the cuprate superconductors. Various many-body approaches involve generic model Hamiltonians and do not account for the couplings between spin, charge, and lattice. Here, by deploying the recently constructed strongly-constrained-and-appropriately-normed density functional, we show how landscapes of competing stripe and magnetic phases can be addressed on a first-principles basis in YBa2Cu3O6 and YBa2Cu3O7 as archetype cuprate compounds. We invoke no free parameters such as the Hubbard U, which has been the basis of much of the cuprate literature. Lattice degrees of freedom are found to be crucially important in stabilizing the various phases.

Field of study: Physics
Thermal extremes in regulated river systems under climate change: an application to the southeastern U.S. rivers

High river temperatures, or "thermal extremes", can cause fish mortality and thermoelectric powerplant derating. Under climate change, projected higher air temperature and stronger surface energy fluxes will lead to increased water temperatures, exacerbating thermal extremes. However, cold hypolimnetic releases from thermally stratified reservoirs can depress tailwater temperatures and therefore alleviate thermal extremes. Thermal extremes are more harmful when they coincide with low flows, which we refer to as "hydrologic hot-dry events". To assess multi-sectoral impacts of climate change over large regions, we evaluate thermal events according to three impact attributes: duration (D), intensity (I), and severity (S). We apply an established model framework to simulate streamflow and stream temperature over the southeastern US regulated river system. We quantify climate change impacts (by the 2080s under RCP8.5) by comparing historical and future periods and quantify regulation impacts by comparing unregulated and regulated model setups. We find that climate change will exacerbate thermal extremes (all three metrics) in both unregulated and regulated model setups, albeit less in the regulated setup. Thermal mitigation from reservoir regulation will be stronger under climate change, decreasing the three metrics compared to the unregulated case. Even so, thermal extremes in the regulated setup will still be more severe under climate change, and only 12.2%, 19.7%, and 26.0% of D, I, and S can be mitigated by reservoirs. Despite stronger reservoir stratification, the number of regulated river segments that experience simultaneous high temperature and low flow events (hydrologic hot-dry events) will increase by 21.4% by the 2080s under RCP8.5. These events will have a median annual duration of 10.3 days/year, over 10 times the historical value.

Field of study: Environmental science
Capitalist Financial Processes and the Instability of Capitalism

Banking is a pervasive phenomenon, not something to be dealt with merely by legislation directed at what we call banks. The experience with the control of note issue is likely to be repeated in the future; many expedients for controlling similar practices may prove ineffective and disappointing because of the reappearance of prohibited practices in new and unprohibited forms. It seems impossible to predict what forms the evasion might take or to see how particular prohibitions might be designed in order that they might be more than nominally

Field of study: Economics
Effect of rugosity on a flow governed by stationary Navier-Stokes equations

We study the stationary flow of a fluid occupying a 3D infinite horizontal domain bounded by a rough wall that is at rest and by a plane that moves with a constant velocity. The rough wall is a plane covered with periodically distributed asperities of size e. We prove that, outside a neighbourhood of the rough region, the flow behaves asymptotically as a Couette flow, as e —» 0, up to an exponentially small error.

Field of study: Mathematics
Inter-cell Interference Mitigation in Multi-cell Cooperating System Based on SLNR Method

Coordinated Multi-Point transmission/reception (CoMP) can increase the performance of the cell edge users, the spectrum efficiency and mitigate the inter-cell interference among cells. In the CoMP scenario, several base stations which usually need satisfy the cooperating condition serve a single or several cell-edge users cooperatively. As we know, the CoMP techniques can be characterized into many classes. For the joint transmission system which is a classical CoMP system, a large number of data sharing and channel information exchange will be needed, where the system inevitably become comparatively complex. However, in this paper, the coordinated beam forming system will be considered, where several base stations cope with the inter-cell interference among cells, and all the base stations will only exchange the channel information. Further, the downlink multi-cell coordinated beam forming system is considered in this paper. In this downlink multi-cell coordinated beam forming system, it is crucial to design appropriate pre-coding schemes that are able to mitigate the inter-cell interference. In obtainable pre-coding schemes, the Signal-to-leakage-and-noise ratio (SLNR) pre-coding scheme is a promising pre-coding scheme in downlink multi-cell coordinated beam forming system, which makes closed-form solution accessible. Moreover, the problem in designing the pre-coding vectors is not a coupled problem since the cooperative base stations need not optimize the pre-coding vectors jointly, which are responsible for their own design of pre-coding vectors, that is, they will just carry out independent optimization. In this paper, we proposed a novel pre-coding scheme based on the SLNR scheme, which will determine the pre-coding vectors via iteration. The simulation results show that, the proposed method outperforms the conventional SLNR pre-coding scheme in bit error rate performance.

Field of study: Computer science
Electroantennographic Responses of Fopius vandenboschi and Diachasmimorpha longicaudata to Volatile Compounds of Inhabit Plants

Both of Fopius vandenboschi(Fullaway)and Diachasmimorpha longicaudata(Ashmead)are the parasitoids of Bactrocera dorsalis(Hendel).Their electroantennogram detection(EAG)responses to 9 volatile compounds of the host plants were tested here.The detection revealed that,among the tested 9 compounds,valencene induced the significantly highest EAG response by F.vandenboschi of both sexes,while caryophyllene induced the lowest.Adult females of D.longicaudata showed the strongest EAG response to alpha-farnesene,and the lowest to dl-Limonene.The male D.longicaudata exhibited the strongest EAG response to(E)-2-decenal,and the lowest response to dihydro-beta.-ionone and caryophyllene.These results indicated that valencene may be the semiochemical for F.vandenboschi to search the host plant,and(E)-2-decenal for D.longicaudata.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
SU‐FF‐I‐65: Assessment of Advanced Algorithm in Non‐Linear Curve Fitting for DSC in Human Brain

To develop an advanced non‐linear curve fitting (NLCF) algorithm for dynamic susceptibility contrast (DSC) study of the brain.  Twenty healthy volunteers participated for the acquisition of T1‐weighted and T2*‐ weighted dynamic contrast enhanced (DCE) MRimaging. Sequential images were continuously recorded during the first passage of contrast agent with the signal intensity for ROI. The generalized kinetic model with NLF was modified with the consideration of coefficient factor.  The blood perfusion and volume estimation were accurately evaluated in the T2*‐weighted dynamic contrast enhanced (DCE)‐MR images. From each of the recalculated parameters, a perfusion weighted image was outlined by using the modified non‐linear curve fitting algorithm. The present study demonstrated an improvement of an estimation of the kinetic parameters from the dynamic contrast‐enhanced (DCE) T2*‐weighted magnetic resonance imaging data with using contrast agents.  In conclusion, we developed non‐linear curve fitting algorithm for DSC study. And the data point from the gamma‐variation curve fitting with Levenberg‐Marquardt could be useful to achieve the physiological information in the clinical cases.  This study was supported by a grant of the Seoul R&BD Program, the Korea Health 21 R&D Project, Ministry of Health & Welfare, Republic of Korea. (02‐PJ3‐PG6‐EV07‐0002) and a grant of the 2005 Nuclear R&D Plan Program, Ministry of Science & Technology, Korea.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Theoretical and experimental Raman study for mechanical stress in die-attach process

We measured the stress in a Si chip mounted on a Cu plate using Raman spectroscopy and compared the results with those calculated by using the finite element method (FEM). The difference in the stress observed at the vicinity of the chip edge was approximately 30 MPa, and the simulated value was smaller than that observed using Raman spectroscopy. We found that the difference occurred owing to the absence of the “filet” structure generated from the epoxy adhesive, and we subsequently modified the simulation model. The modified FEM results were in good agreement with the measured results. These results indicated that the “filet” structure, which was not the main structure of die-bonding, played an important role in residual stress formation. Feedback using Raman measurements is crucial, and we evaluated the stress in electronic devices with high accuracy by combining FEM with Raman microprobe measurements. In cross-sectional measurements, we observed discrepancy between the results, and the difference in the vertical stress was found to be dependent on excitation laser wavelength. Except for the discrepancy near the backside, the Raman results were in good agreement with the FEM results. This indicated that Raman spectroscopy can evaluate the stress components in the Si cross-section, and full three-dimensional stress in the packaging devices can be determined by combining FEM with cross-sectional Raman measurements, even if the internal stress is relaxed via cutting.

Field of study: Engineering
Variable crustal structure of strike-slip fault zones as observed on deep seismic reflection profiles

Seismic reflection profiling across strike-slip faults has revealed a distinct variation in deep crustal structure. Profiles across the San Andreas, Great Glen, and Bray faults depict a near-vertical, reflection-free zone that appears to truncate and in some cases offset reflections interpreted to have originated from the base of the crust. A near-vertical, crustal-penetrating fault zone is suggested for these continental transform faults. In contrast, reflection profiles across intra-plate strike-slip fault systems such as the northern Walker Lane and Garlock faults suggest that they are decoupled in the middle crust by subhorizontal detachments. These detachments are inferred from reflections that are traceable below the surface faults without disruption. Such detachments in the middle crust may act to ease the rotation of upper-crustal blocks adjacent to strike-slip fault zones, as observed in paleomagnetic studies. Furthermore, moderately dipping reflections, interpreted to be from the fault zone, project to the surface traces of the northern Walker Lane faults and the frontal faults of the Wichita Uplift, indicating that these strike-slip faults with large components of dip-slip displacement are not vertical but dip moderately into the mid-crust. Although the available data sets are still few, they suggest that there is a primary variation in fault geometry that is related to the different behavior of transform versus intra-plate strike-slip fault systems.

Field of study: Geology
Comment on the paper by Suffoletto et al. entitled: Text-message-based assessments and brief intervention for young adults discharged from the emergency department.

This commentary discusses the importance of the recent article by Suffoletto and colleagues (in press), from the perspective of the developing role that technology such as text-messaging is serving as a means of increasing the reach of brief interventions for harmful alcohol use.



This study is important as it offers evidence from a well-designed study that text-messaging can be used to survey young adults about their alcohol use shows promising results for the potential efficacy of this technology to reduce alcohol use, including risky heavy episodic use. There are ethical and clinical considerations around text-messaging that need to be examined.



Future adequately powered randomized studies are needed to show the comparative effect of new technologies, such as text-messaging, in comparison with more traditional methods of providing interventions in reducing harmful alcohol use.

Field of study: Medicine
Synthesis of Snowball Flower-like Ni Nanoparticles by Negatively Charged Micelles

Snowball-like nanoflowers of Ni have been synthesized directed by negatively-charged micelles. Positively-charged or neutral micelles can not evolve such structure. Initially, negatively-charged micelles incorporate the positively-charged Ni-ion onto its head group by electrostatic attraction and again further attraction of surfactant on the Ni +2 form a layer by layer structure and in a repetitive fashion the surfactant and positively-charged Ni salts form flower-like structure. By the reduction of Ni salts the Ni nanoflowers are formed. The sizes of nanoflowers are ca. 30 nm. The particles are superparamagnetic.

Field of study: Chemistry
Measurement of 2P-1S-transition energy in muon-barium atom

As a means of studying the nuclear charge radius, the 2P-- 1S-transition energy of the muon-barium-atom (mmmesonic K/sub alpha /-line) was measured. A 3" x 3" NaI-spectrometer was used at the muon channel of the CERN- synchrocyclotron. Since the muon intensity was high, measurements could be repeated under various conditions. Experiment, checks, and results are described. The 2P--1S-energy obtained, (3981 ction in DDT-C/ 30) kev, agrees with the value calculated by Ford and Wills (3974 kev) for a family II''-charge distribution fitted to the Stanford electron scattering data.

Field of study: Physics
Two-dimensional photonic crystal laser mirrors

Ridge waveguide lasers with an integrated 2D photonic crystal (PC) mirror have been successfully fabricated on an InGaAs/AlGaAs laser structure emitting around 995 nm. The investigated 2D PCs consist of air holes in a semiconductor arranged in a triangular lattice with periods from a = 180 to 400 nm with different lattice orientations. This is fabricated using high-resolution 100 kV electron beam lithography in connection with a triple-metal-layer mask and electron cyclotron resonance dry etching, yielding etch depths around 550 nm. The capability of this fabrication technology for semiconductor feature sizes down to 30 nm is demonstrated. The performance of the lasers with a PC mirror with respect to both laser threshold and differential efficiency clearly depends on the period and orientation of the PC lattice. This behaviour can be understood using simulations of the PC reflectivity based on 2D transfer matrix methods and finite-element analysis of the waveguide properties. The feedback from the PC mirror is confirmed using Fourier transform reflectometry analysis of a sub-threshold laser spectrum.

Field of study: Materials science
On the Functional Load of Syntactic Phenomena in Three-dimensional Linguistics

To extend the meaning of "functional load " to the volume (or quantity) of function, or the frequency of usage, I named thi s study "three-dimensional lingui sti cs": because each rule is not flatl y in the same volume but differs in the quantity of usage (or occurrence). One may not know the degree of importance and/or plausibility of rule s a priori before they are measured in the way as I suggest here. I would like to apply thi s new definition of "functional load" to the field of syntax as well as phonology. After describing the outline of Korean syntactic phenomena in secti on 2, I would like to present the result s of counting their occurrences in a corpus of sentences. Observation, inter­ pretation, and some analysis of data will follow. In measuring syntactic phenomena, we may notice what sorts of rules most frequently occur in a given language. The importance of such an in vestigation becomes clear when considering pedagogical purposes and machine translation , among oth er possible field s. For in stance, a teacher can set the order of teaching rul es of grammar after considering their frequency . And an engineer of machine translation programs can design the most economical processor by applying this result to hi s/her implementation.

Field of study: Linguistics
Basic fibroblast growth factor enhances the osteogenic differentiation induced by bone morphogenetic protein-6 in vitro and in vivo.

Some members of the bone morphogenetic protein subfamily (BMP-2 and -7) are currently used in orthopedic surgery for several applications. Although their use is considered safe at short term, the high doses of growth factors needed make these treatments expensive and their safety uncertain at long term. BMP-6 has been much less studied than BMP-2 and -7, but some authors suggest that this BMP might have a stronger osteogenic activity than the previously mentioned. Having in mind that angiogenesis plays a well-known role during bone formation, the aim of this work was to study the effect of combining BMP-6 with bFGF on both the growth and differentiation of MC3T3-E1 mouse preosteoblasts and rat bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), as well as on in vivo osteogenesis. We demonstrate that a low dose of bFGF enhances the osteogenic differentiation of MSCs induced by BMP-6 in vitro. Furthermore, we also demonstrate that bone formation in vivo induced by BMP-6 can be accelerated and enhanced by adding a low dose of bFGF, what might suggest a synergic effect between these growth factors on in vivo osteogenesis.

Field of study: Medicine