nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Prevalent Error Sources in Transistor Delay-Time Measurements

Measurements of bipolar transistor delay times are extensively employed to predict neutron vulnerability. Of the various possible delay times, phase delay is most commonly measured. Although this is the simplest delay measurement to implement, the measurement circuit may be quite susceptible to extraneous signal coupling at the measurement frequency and this can cause the accuracy to be severely degraded. A technique for minimizing this delay-time error has been developed. It employs simple, preferably non-reactive, but at least known, networks in place of the transistor. From the differences between the "delay times" measured on these known networks, the location and magnitude of the error sources in the circuit are found. This allows one to reduce greatly the effects of the error sources on all subsequent measurements. To confirm the theory of the error-correcting technique, RC networks with known delay times were assembled on transistor headers. For a particular bridge configuration, the uncorrected delay times measured were quite frequency dependent, but this dependence was removed by adding a correction term to the delay times. The correction term is obtained from measurements on the non-reactive networks and does not at all depend on the measured RC network delay times. The effects of error-sources are particularly severe when transistors with low or moderate hfe values are measured, as when measurements are made on transistors that have been degraded by subjecting them to neutron radiation.

Field of study: Physics
Traditional Trust and Wisdom as Well as Its Educational Problem

In the traditioral sense,trust is a unity category of ontology,epistemology and theory of practice which cortains a profourd charactristic of wisdom.This category views the wisdom only as morals standard and code of conduct which deoiates from its original sense.and this should bring to our atterthon first while carrying out the education of traditional trust.Market-oriented economy is not only“legality economy”but also“morals ecomomy”.Carrying out the education of traditional trust with the developmert of socialist market-oriented economy,we must integrate this education with the education of morals and lead people to be trustful people as well as wise people.Therefore,there is a need to change the “pure etlics made of tlinking”

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Statistical Theory and Modeling: In Honour of Sir David Cox, FRS.

Part 1 Statistical theory - theoretical concepts significance tests theory of optimal tests estimation asymptotic theory. Part 2 Applied statistics - preliminary considerations statistical models statistical inference model adequancy exploratory and robust methods multi-variate methods use of computers. Part 3 Generalized linear models - a class of non-linear regression models likelihood functions estimation analysis of deviance checking the model. Part 4 Residuals and diagnostics - general remarks normal theory linear model a general definition general regression models. Part 5 Life table analysis - survival distributions inference for a single sample dependence on explanatory variables inference for models involving explanatory variables graphical methods - goodness of fit several types of failure: competing risks multi-variate failure distributions. Part 6 Sequential methods - Wald's theory of the SPRT sequential tests with nuisance parameters sequential estimation sequential clinical trials decision theory and optimality in clinical trials inference and decisions sequential design and related topics. Part 7 Time series methods - stationary models frequency domain parametric models non-parametric estimation regression with correlated errors. Part 8 Modelling stochastic phenomena - independence and the Markov property semi-Markov and Markov renewal processes point processes spatial processes applications. Part 9 Optimal design of experiments - convex design theory numerical methods some specific designs for standard problems non-standard problems. Part 10 Likelihood theory - the primary theory some refinements pseudo-likelihoods. Part 11 Quasi-likelihood and estimating functions - least squares quasi-likelihood estimation quasi-likelihood function estimating functions confidence sets an open problem. Part 12 Approximations and asymptotics - basic theory and notation edgeworth expansion saddlepoint expansion Laplace approximations stochastic asymptotic expansion.

Field of study: Mathematics
[Effects of harringtonine on induced chromosome aberrations and micronuclei].

The genetic toxicity and carcinogenic potential of harringtonine, a new antineoplastic drug, have been assessed by Chinese hamster lung cell chromosomal aberration test and micronucleus test in mice. Harringtonine induced the dose-dependent chromosomal aberrations in vitro. The highest rate of chromosomal aberrations was 47% at 0.2 microg/mL for 48 h. It also induced nuclear fragmentation of hemocytoblast of bone marrow in mice. The number of micronucleated polychromatic crythrocytes was remarkably increased in 1.8% cells at 1.25 mg/kg for 24 h. Obviously harringtonine showed a genetic toxicity and carcinogenic potential.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Stochastic resonance in locally optimal detectors

The aim of the paper is to show that the nonlinear effect known as stochastic resonance, which corresponds to the improvement of the processing of information by noise, occurs naturally in some detection problems. We illustrate this by studying the problem of detecting a small amplitude sinusoid in non-Gaussian noise. We show that in some cases, the nonlinearity that appears in locally optimal detectors can be viewed as a stochastic resonator. If the parameters of the locally optimal detector (LOD) are not well tuned, the performance can be improved by the addition of noise.

Field of study: Engineering
Prospects and Limitations of Seasonal Atmospheric GCM Predictions

Climate simulations and hindcast experiments of increasingly large ensemble size are being performed to determine the predictive capability of atmospheric general circulation models (AGCMs) on seasonal or longer time scales. These have exhibited large sensitivity to anomalous boundary forcing associated with global sea surface temperatures (SSTs). Large-scale patterns of climate anomalies are at times generated in the extratropics when the AGCM is forced by the SSTs associated with El Nino events. It remains to be determined whether on average such results imply useful predictive skill for seasonal means in the extratropics. Indeed, given the prospects for small, if not negligible, skill in the extratropics as revealed in variance tests of boundary-forced potential predictability, one is forced to question and examine the limits of AGCM methods. These issues are addressed within the context of a large ensemble of climate simulations using an AGCM forced with observed SSTs for the 1982–93 period.

Field of study: Environmental science
Topological spin Hall states, charged skyrmions, and superconductivity in two dimensions.

We study the properties of two dimensional topological spin Hall insulators which arise through spontaneous breakdown of spin symmetry in systems that are spin rotation invariant. Such a phase breaks spin rotation but not time reversal symmetry and has a vector order parameter. Skyrmion configurations in this vector order parameter are shown to have an electric charge that is twice the electron charge. When the spin Hall order is destroyed by condensation of Skyrmions superconductivity results. This may happen either through doping or at fixed filling by tuning interactions to close the Skyrmion gap. In the latter case the superconductor-spin Hall insulator quantum phase transition can be second order even though the two phases break distinct symmetries.

Field of study: Physics
The use of elements of the E. coli Ntr-system for the design of an optimized recombinant expression system for high cell density cultivations.

The inducible glnA promoter 2 of the E. coli glutamine synthetase gene is suitable as an expression unit for the production of recombinant proteins at low and high cell densities. It is active when the concentration of ammonium as the sole nitrogen source in the culture medium is below 1 mM. This nitrogen regulatory system was optimized by introduction of expression cassettes consisting of additional elements of the ntr-system. These artificial constructions result in enhanced recombinant gene expression in the production phase. Furthermore, the basic recombinant protein level during the growth phase is reduced due to a tighter promoter control. A three- to four-fold higher accumulation of chloramphenicol-acetyltransferase (as reporter protein) and of anti-EGF-receptor miniantibodies was achieved by increasing the amount of the final regulator molecule NtrC approximately P via plasmidal co-expression of the ntrC gene. The introduction of a modified glnA promoter 1 inverse to glnAp2 lowered the basic activity of glnAp2 to about one half. It is assumed that under nitrogen excess conditions sigma 70-RNA polymerase binds at glnAp1 and thereby prevents most of the binding of sigma 54-RNA polymerase at glnAp2. The optimized expression systems were successfully applied in low and high cell density cultivations. In the fed-batch phase of high cell density cultivations recombinant protein formation was induced through external nitrogen limitation under FIA-controlled concentration of glucose as carbon source.

Field of study: Biology, Engineering
Research on Relationship between LF Furnace Lining Life and Amount of Molten Steel

Analyzing the change law of repeating use times and molten steel weight in Ladle Furnace, the study date were numerically fitted by Matlab software to obtain a instructive function expression, molten steel weight in Ladle Furnace was determined according to operating life of furnace lining. Practical production proved that the method is efficient in avoiding wasting of molten steel, reducing production costs, and it is easy and reliable in use, and convenient in operation.

Field of study: Materials science
Dinosaurs and other fossil vertebrates from the Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous of the Galve area, NE Spain

Since 1950, diverse assemblages of Mesozoic vertebrates have been described from the Galve area (Teruel Province, NE Spain). More than fifty taxa have been noted, including fishes, crocodyliforms, pterosaurs, dinosaurs and mammals. The Galve fossil sites occur in an Upper Jurassic to Lower Cretaceous succession spanning some 30 myr, divided into five formations, representing marginal marine and continental settings, with a Tithonian–early Barremian regression and a transgression from the Barremian onwards. New discoveries include teeth of the hybodont shark Lonchidion microselachos, spinosaurine theropods, Eusauropoda and the dryosaurid Valdosaurus. The 30-myr succession shows some possible evolutionary shifts, with a predominance of sauropods as herbivores in older strata, and ornithopods commoner in younger beds. There are some possible replacements among mammals in the latter part of the succession, with trechnotheres, such as spalacotheriids and dryolestoids, dominant in the El Castellar Formation, and multituberculates in the Camarillas Formation. Matching of the vertebrates from the Galve succession with those from age-equivalent units throughout Europe shows close similarity with the Purbeck–Wealden succession of southern England, among others. There are many similarities with dinosaur faunas from North America and Africa, but continent-scale faunal differentiation had clearly begun.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Sulphoxidation reaction catalysed by myeloperoxidase from human leucocytes.

The oxidation of alkyl aryl sulphides by myeloperoxidase (MPO) at the expense of hydrogen peroxide was investigated under steady-state conditions. The sulphide concentration effect was studied under saturating H2O2 concentrations at pH 5.0 and 20 degreesC. The kinetic constants, kcat and Km, of the different substrates were determined and the values were in the 1-10 s-1 range and around 43+/-26 microM respectively, whatever the sulphide considered. In the case of p-substituted thioanisoles, the oxidation rate was dependent upon the substituent effect. The correlation of log(kcat) with the substituent constants (sigma+ values) (Hammett equation) could be explained by a reaction mechanism involving the enzyme compound II and a sulphenium radical cation. This conclusion was also supported by spectrophotometric analysis of catalytic intermediates of the enzyme, showing the accumulation of compound II. Moreover, chiral HPLC analyses showed that MPO oxidation of alkyl aryl sulphides produced the corresponding (R)-sulphoxides with a low enantioselectivity (4-8%). Chloride ion effects on the MPO-catalysed oxygenation of sulphides were also studied. Chloride acted as a substrate for MPO and as an activator in MPO-catalysed sulphoxidation. Inhibition occurred at chloride concentrations above 120 mM, whereas below 120 mM, chloride increased the reaction rate when using p-tolyl methyl sulphide as the substrate. In the presence of 100 mM chloride the catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km) of MPO increased 3-4-fold, whatever the sulphide considered, but racemic products were obtained. These data have been interpreted in the light of known structural information on the accessibility of the distal haem cavity.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
The Small Specific Effects of Antidepressants in Clinical Trials: What Do They Mean to Psychiatrists?

Although antidepressants continue to be a mainstay for clinicians who treat people suffering from depressive disorders, there have recently been articles published in both the scientific literature and the popular press that have raised questions about the utility of this class of medications. This paper briefly examines recent meta-analyses that have reported small drug versus placebo differences in randomized controlled trials and, from the perspective of a prescribing psychiatrist, discusses the clinical significance of these findings. It is concluded that antidepressants do have relatively modest effects (as compared with placebo) in contemporary randomized controlled trials, and that the contribution of placebo-expectancy factors to individual outcomes is often underestimated. Nevertheless, it is also concluded that the modest benefits of antidepressants in grouped datasets obscure large, specific, and very meaningful therapeutic effects for 10% to 20% of those treated with antidepressants.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Aaron Klug wins Nobel prize in chemistry

The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences has awarded the 1982 Nobel Prize in Chemistry to Aaron Klug, “for his development of crystallographic electron microscopy and his structural elucidation of biologically important nucleic acid–protein complexes.” Klug's academic degrees are in physics. After taking a master's degree at the University of Capetown in x‐ray crystallography, he received his PhD in solid‐state physics at Cambridge in 1952. Since 1962 he has been at the (British) Medical Research Council's Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Cambridge.

Field of study: Physics
Building of a modern women sports lifestyle evaluation index system

Basing his research criteria on the motive theory in behavioral science,the author preliminarily worked out a women sports lifestyle index system that includes 14 level 1 indexes and 62 level 2 indexes on such 3 dimensions as motive,behavior and effect,conducted two rounds of Delphi expert interviews respectively on the levels 1 and 2 indexes to form a women sports lifestyle index system with 11 level 1 indexes and 32 level 2 indexes on these 3 dimensions,and calculated weights for all the indexes.The author conducted a questionnaire survey on indexes on the behavior dimension,established a measurement mode in which the measurements of indexes on the behavior dimension are divided into 5 levels with an equal spacing,and ultimately completed the establishment of the women sports lifestyle index system.

Field of study: Education
A comprehensive two-dimensional computational model of PEM fuel cell with liquid water flooding

A comprehensive two-dimensional mathematic model was developed for PEMFC with conventional single parallel flow field.In this model,the transport of the two charged species,electrons and ions,as well as that of the chemical species was considered.The model also described the phenomena of liquid water flooding and water transport through membrane.The influence of pressure and liquid water flooding on the fuel cell performance was investigated respectively.The distribution of liquid water in the cathode and water content of membrane were compared under different cell voltage and relative humidity of anode gas.The polarization curves predicted by the model agreed well with the published experimental data.The result indicated that liquid water flooding was more serious with a smaller output voltage.Liquid water condensation was good for keeping high conductivity of membrane near the cathode,but it would flood the electrode and decrease the performance of the cell.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
The Logical Foundations of Urban Economics Are Consistent

The logical foundations of models in urban economics with continua of agents distributed over continuous spaces have recently been questioned. It was argued. among other things, that these models cannot represent properly models with discrete numbers of households, each occupying a parcel of land. In this paper we propose a mapping, based on the continuous model utility and defined over discrete parcels of land, which determines the discrete model utility so that the equilibrium solutions of the two models coincide. Hence the continuous model of urban economics can be used as a tool for studying equilibria and comparative statics of a discrete model which appears to have sound logical foundations.

Field of study: Economics
Management of anorectal malformation without ligation of fistula: an approach preventing posterior urethral diverticula.

The posterior urethral diverticulum is a common urologic complication requiring reoperations in anorectal malformation cases (ARM). We present a series of 24 cases of male ARM managed without ligation of fistula.



A prospective study was conducted between July 2010 and June 2012 including male neonates with ARM, where rectobladder neck and rectoprostatic fistula were approached by the abdominal route. The fistulous tract was dissected to the distal-most possible length and was excised flush with the urethra without its ligation. A per-urethral catheter was placed in situ. A record was made of any features of urinary leak and a micturating cystourethrogram was performed at the 1-year of follow-up.



Twenty-four cases of ARM, 16 with rectobladder neck fistula and eight cases with rectoprostatic fistula were included. Of these, 12 had single-stage primary abdominoperineal pull-through and 10 were managed by primary posterior sagittal anorectoplasty. Two cases with colostomy during the neonatal period were managed by laparoscopic assisted anorectoplasty at 6 months. None of the cases had a urinary leak during the postoperative period. All had a normal micturating cystourethrogram at 1 year.



The approach of dividing fistula without ligation may prevent posterior urethral diverticula, but larger long-term follow-up studies are needed.

Field of study: Medicine
Sabato's El tunel and the Existential Novel

Critics of SÃ¡batosÃ-'ÃtÃonel are agreed (insofar as they address the matter at all) that El tÃonel is an existential novel, but a clear definition of the form and the evidence that fits the book to the genre are not available in the criticism. It is the purpose of the present writing to establish the terms of the "existential" novel and to present the evidence that identifies El tÃonel as an example of that form.

Field of study: Art
Existence and global exponential stability of periodic solution for discrete-time BAM neural networks

The discrete-time analogues of bidirectional associative memory neural networks with periodic coefficients and distributed delays are formulated and studied. And by using the continuation theorem of coincidence degree theory, we derive the existence of periodic solution for the discrete-time BAM neural networks. And by constructing a appropriate Lyapunov-type sequence, we prove the global exponential stability of the periodic solution for the model. It is shown that the discrete-time analogues inherit the existence and global exponential stability of periodic solution for the continuous-time BAM neural networks. An example is given to illustrate the effectiveness of the obtained results.

Field of study: Mathematics
A Guide to the Chemical Classification of the Common Volcanic Rocks

A system is presented whereby volcanic rocks may be classified chemically as follows:I. Subalkaline Rocks:A. Tholeiitic basalt series:Tholeiitic picrite-basalt; tholeiite; tholeiitic andesite.B. Calc-alkali series:High-alumina basalt; andesite; dacite; rhyolite.II. Alkaline Rocks:A. Alkali olivine basalt series:(1) Alkalic picrite–basalt; ankaramite; alkali basalt; hawaiite; mugearite; benmorite; trachyte.(2) Alkalic picrite–basalt; ankaramite; alkali basalt; trachybasalt; tristanite; trachyte.B. Nephelinic, leucitic, and analcitic rocks.III. Peralkaline Rocks:pantellerite, commendite, etc.

Field of study: Environmental science
34: LincRNA-Cox2 is a long noncoding RNA induced by TLRs that mediates both activation and repression of immune response genes

An inducible program of inflammatory gene expression is central to anti-microbial defenses. Signal-dependent activation of transcription factors, transcriptional co-regulators and chromatin modifying factors collaborate to control this response. Large intervening non-coding RNAs (LincRNAs) are a relatively new class of genes identified as key regulators of distinct cellular functions. LincRNAs are typically 200 to thousands of nucleotides in length. It has been known for many years that a small number of lincRNAs play roles in regulating epigenetic processes such as X chromosome inactivation and imprinting, however their role in innate immunity has not been examined. Toll like receptors sense microbial infection and activate an inducible inflammatory gene expression program, important in host defense. Here we identify lincRNA-Cox2 as a highly inducible non coding RNA that acts as a key regulator of this inflammatory response. LincRNA-Cox2 is transcribed in the opposite orientation to its proximal gene Ptgs2 (Cox2). It is 1.8 kb in length and we have identified three splice variants of the transcript. Expression of lincRNA-Cox2 can be induced by ligands such as LPS, Pam3CSK4 and R848 in a MyD88 and NFkB dependent manner. To define the functional role of lincRNA-Cox2 in inflammatory gene expression, we generated macrophage cell lines in which lincRNA-Cox2 expression was silenced by shRNA. We conducted whole transcriptome analysis on macrophages deficient in lincRNA-Cox2 and results show that this lincRNA mediates both the activation and repression of distinct classes of innate immune genes. Knockdown of lincRNA-Cox2 directly resulted in increased basal levels of a number of interferon stimulated genes such as Ccl5 (Rantes) and IP10. Transcriptional repression of target genes is dependent on interactions of lincRNA-Cox2 with heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A/B and A2/B1. Collectively, these studies unveil a central role of lincRNA-Cox2 as a broad acting regulatory component of the circuit that controls the TLR-induced inflammatory response.

Field of study: Medicine