nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Patient dosimetry for hybrid MRI-radiotherapy systems.

A novel geometry has been proposed for a hybrid magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-linac system in which a 6 MV linac is mounted on the open end of a biplanar, low field (0.2 T) MRI magnet on a single gantry that is free to rotate around the patient. This geometry creates a scenario in which the magnetic field vector remains fixed with respect to the incident photon beam, but moves with respect to the patient as the gantry rotates. Other proposed geometries are characterized by a radiation source rotating about a fixed cylindrical magnet where the magnetic field vector remains fixed with respect to the patient. In this investigation we simulate the inherent dose distribution patterns within the two MRI-radiation source geometries using PENELOPE and EGSnrc Monte Carlo radiation transport codes with algorithms implemented to account for the magnetic field deflection of charged particles. Simulations are performed in phantoms and for clinically realistic situations. The novel geometry results in a net Lorentz force that remains fixed with respect to the patient (in the cranial-caudal direction) and results in a cumulative influence on dose distribution for a multiple beam treatment scenario. For a case where patient anatomy is reasonably homogeneous (brain plan), differences in dose compared to a conventional (no magnetic field) case are minimal for the novel geometry. In the case of a lung plan where the inhomogeneous patient anatomy allows for the magnetic field to have significant influence on charged particle transport, larger differences occur in a predictable manner. For a system using a fixed cylindrical geometry and higher magnetic field (1.5 T), differences from the case without a magnetic field are significantly greater.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Late Glacial and Holocene environmental and climatic changes from a limnological transect through Colombia, northern South America

We present a synthesis of the palaeolimnological and palaeoclimatic reconstructions of four sites in Colombia. The record from Lake El Caimito, the westernmost site on the Pacific Coast, dates from the Late Holocene and shows lacustrine sedimentation frequently interrupted by fluvial pulses. These pulses probably reflect periods of increased precipitation related to La Nina phases. East of El Caimito site is the Patia swamp, situated between the Western and Central Andean Cordilleras. The Patia records the dynamics of forest expansion/reduction and changes in water levels. Although the climatic signal of the Patia core is difficult to reconstruct, there is a clear increase in humidity in the Mid-Holocene. The Fuquene Lake record, on the Eastern Andean Cordillera, records dry and cold conditions during the Late Pleistocene, very humid conditions for the early Mid-Holocene, and dry conditions during the mid-Late Holocene.  Climate conditions from the Fuquene and Las Margaritas sites seem to reflect the Holocene movements of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ); the latter site being more affected by humidity coming from the Amazon region.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
HOW MANY PEOPLE PAY THEIR TRAM FARES

Many experimental situations lead to inverse sampling schemes with some random or non-random stopping rule, since at each experiment only a bounded number of observations can be made. This note discusses the problem of estimating the unknown probability in the underlying geometric distribution of such schemes. I encountered this problem in a very special context, that of estimating the proportion of non fare-paying passengers in a local transportation system. This aspect is stressed throughout, and some special terminology arising from this is used.

Field of study: Mathematics
Modeling the relationship of structure and activity of food preservatives based on back-propagation artificial neural network.

The minimum inhibition concentrations(MICs) of twenty food preservatives were obtained by inhibition experiments on Escherichia coli under experimental conditions;ten types of different parameters about structure,electron and physical-chemical characteristics of all food preservatives were figured out.Seventeen preservatives were taken out to act as training samples in random,and other three preservatives were used for predictive samples,and then a QSAR model based on back-propagation artificial neural network which had good prediction results of the MICs for "unknown" food preservatives was obtained.The predicted values and the measured values of the relative errors were less than ±5%.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Can Researchers’ Personal Characteristics Shape Their Statistical Inferences?

Researchers’ subjective judgments may affect the statistical results they obtain. This possibility is particularly stark in Bayesian hypothesis testing: To use this increasingly popular approach, researchers specify the effect size they are expecting (the “prior mean”), which is then incorporated into the final statistical results. Because the prior mean represents an expression of confidence that one is studying a large effect, we reasoned that scientists who are more confident in their research skills may be inclined to select larger prior means. Across two preregistered studies with more than 900 active researchers in psychology, we showed that more self-confident researchers selected larger prior means. We also found suggestive but somewhat inconsistent evidence that men may choose larger prior means than women, due in part to gender differences in researcher self-confidence. Our findings provide the first evidence that researchers’ personal characteristics might shape the statistical results they obtain with Bayesian hypothesis testing.

Field of study: Psychology
Simultaneous procedures for covariance matrices

The problem of deciding which subsets of a given set of variables have the same covariance matrices in each of two multivariate normal populations is considered. A simple technique for determining all such subsets is described. The procedure maintains (at least asymptotically) a specified upper bound on the error rate for the family of hypotheses tested. Similar methods for determining uncorrelated subsets of a given set of variables, and for finding subsets of variables whose covariance matrices are submatrices of a given matrix are also noted

Field of study: Mathematics
Lineament Detection due to Land Cover Information in Mixel Using Landsat TM Data

Lineaments are important features showing subsurface elements or structural weakness and are in general extracted by visual interpretation of experts. Lineament maps given by the visual interpretation should have a gap because of a poor contrast of the segments in data. To generate lineaments, which are collinear and broken into a series of the segments that obtained from multispectral data of Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM), this paper proposes an automated lineament detection using land cover information in mixel (mixed pixel).Many lineaments can be extracted from a drainage system for topography. Therefore, elements of water system that estimated with the fuzzy reasoning was applied to synthetic edge data from first- to fourth- band data. In addition, the edge in the region of town and paddy field, which are no relation to lineaments, was excluded. And then, we generated segments from the resulting edge data considering the feature in each band data. As a result of experience, it is clear that the proposed approach using land cover information in TM data can permit reliable extraction of segments influenced by geological structures.

Field of study: Computer science
Zircon Age of a Precambrian Rhyolite, Northeastern Wisconsin

U-Pb isotopic analyses of three cogenetic zircon fractions from a Precambrian rhyolite of the Quinnesec Formation in northeastern Wisconsin yielded a concordia intercept age of 1905 (+30 to −10) m.y. Thus, at least part of the Quinnesec Formation is late or post-Animikie in age and is not correlative with the pre-Animikie complexes of Michigan, as has been previously believed.

Field of study: Geology
Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor induces de novo methylation of the p15 CpG island in hematopoietic cells.

The process of p15 CpG island methylation induced by granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) was investigated, using MO7e cells. The cells proliferating in response to GM-CSF+fetal bovine serum (FBS) were almost fully methylated in the p15 CpG island. The withdrawal of both GM-CSF and FBS for 48 h reduced the cell viability, and increased the frequency of alleles with completely or partially demethylated CpG sites by approximately 50%. Viable cells were responsible for this epigenetic change. The add-back of GM-CSF restored the methylation. Seventy-two hours withdrawal of GM-CSF+FBS followed by 24-h exposure to inhibitors for DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) and histone deacetylase (HDAC) caused the demethylation of nearly all CpG sites in the p15 CpG island on every allele sequenced. When GM-CSF was re-added after 96-h treatment, the cells exhibited p15 transcriptional silencing via the methylation. The initial methylation event encompassed the entire CpG island. No new methylated alleles appeared in the coexistence of the DNMT and HDAC inhibitors. Taken together, GM-CSF may be able to induce de novo methylation of the p15 gene, using HDAC(s) as well as DNMT(s).

Field of study: Medicine
Evidence of a structural phase transition in superconducting SmFeAsO(1-x)F(x) from 19F NMR.

We report resistivity, magnetization and (19)F NMR results in a polycrystalline sample of SmFeAsO(0.86)F(0.14). The resistivity and magnetization data show a sharp drop at 48 K indicating a superconducting transition. The nuclear spin-lattice rate (1/T(1)) and spin-spin relaxation rate (1/T(2)) clearly show the existence of a structural phase transition near 163 K in the sample, which also undergoes a superconducting transition. This finding creates interest in exploring whether this is unique for Sm based systems or is also present in other rare-earth based 1111 superconductors.

Field of study: Physics
Preparation and Application of Atrazine Molecularly Imprinted Solid Phase Extraction Pillar

The molecular imprinted polymers(MIPs) was synthesized by polymerization for 17 h using atrazine as template, α-methacrylic aid(MAA) as monomer, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate(EDMA) as cross-linker and 2,2-azobisisobutyronitrile(AIBN) as initiator. This polymer could specially recognize atrazine. The polymers was grinded, sieved, washed and packed into cartridges. The adsorbability of the solid phase extraction(SPE) pillar being stuffed with the polymers was 600 times compared with that of the polymer sphere, and the extraction time of this SPE pillar was only 1/60 compared with that of polymer sphere, the recovery was 90% testing by HPLC. The SPE pillar could enrich atrazine at the concentration less than 2×10-8 mol/L in the water sample with the recovery of 89.3%. In comparison with C18 pillar, the MIPs-SPE pillar used only 1/3 time and 1/4 reagent, and got higher recovery, as well, purified the sample water more drastically, decreased the disturbance of peculiar peaks, improved the sensitivity and could protect the instrument against damage. And the water for agricultures could be tested using this method.

Field of study: Chemistry
Insight into the Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the Qaidam Basin, Northwest China from fracture information

Fractures can provide valuable information for tectonic evolution. According to the data of outcrops, cores, thin sections and well logs, the tectonic fractures in the Qaidam Basin can be divided into four types: small faults (including small normal fault and small reverse fault), vertical open fracture, bedding plane slip fracture and horizontal open fracture. Our fracture observations provide new constraints on the Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the Qaidam Basin. Syn-sedimentary small normal faults in the Paleogene strata indicate the extension deformation during the Paleogene. Small reverse faults, vertical open fractures and bedding plane slip fractures occurred in the Paleogene and Neogene strata have genetic relationship. According to the burial history and homogenization temperature of fluid inclusions of gypsum and calcite filled in the vertical open fractures, it can be deduced that the vertical open fractures being formed mainly from the late Miocene Shangyoushashan Formation with age of 5.1 Ma to the end of Pliocene Shizigou Formation with age of 2.6 Ma, indicating small reverse faults, vertical open fractures and bedding plane slip fractures were simultaneously formed in the Neogene. These fractures were resulted from the compression deformation. The horizontal open fractures occurred in the Paleogene, Neogene and Quaternary strata with apertures and intensities decreasing with depth were formed by the large-scale quick uplift and denudation resulted from the strong compression deformation since the Quaternary.

Field of study: Environmental science
Mouse strain differences in oral operant ethanol reinforcement under continuous access conditions.

The present experiment examined ethanol self-administration in C57BL/6J (C57) and DBA/2J (DBA) mice using a continuous access operant procedure. Adult male C57 and DBA mice were initially trained to perform a lever press response to obtain access to 10% w/v sucrose solution. Subsequently, the mice were placed in operant chambers on a continuous (23 hr/day) basis with access to food (FR1), 10% v/v ethanol (FR4), and water from a sipper tube. C57 mice displayed greater rates of responding on the ethanol-associated lever compared with DBA mice. Responding on the food lever was the same in both strains, but DBA mice consumed greater amounts of water. C57 mice consistently displayed both prandial and nonprandial episodes (bouts) of ethanol responding. DBA mice did not respond for ethanol in bouts. Following 50 consecutive sessions, ethanol concentration was altered every 5 days. Response patterns were determined using 0, 5, 10, 20, and 30% v/v ethanol concentrations. C57 mice displayed concentration-dependent responding on the ethanol lever showing that ethanol was functioning as an effective reinforcer in this strain. In contrast, responding on the ethanol lever by DBA mice did not change as a function of ethanol concentration. Saccharin (0.2% w/v) was subsequently added to the ethanol mixture, and responding was examined at 0, 5, 10, and 20% ethanol concentrations. Overall, ethanol lever responding was increased in both strains. As before, C57 mice showed higher levels of ethanol responding, compared with DBA mice. C57 mice also showed higher responding for saccharin alone. These results are consistent with findings that suggest orally administered ethanol is a more effective reinforcer in C57 mice than in DBA mice. Furthermore, C57 mice engage in ethanol-reinforced responding over a broader range of conditions than DBA mice.

Field of study: Medicine
Optimization extraction technology of flavonoids from sweet tea

Using experiment of single factor and orthogonal method to optimize the extraction process of flavonoids from Sweet tea by alcohol extraction,ultrasonic extraction,microwave extraction and enzymatic extraction.The result shown that the optimum conditions of ultrasonic extraction are:50%(v/v) ethanol concentration,solid-liquid ratio 1:40,52 W of ultrasonic power,extraction time 30 min,and temperature 40 ℃.Under such condition,the yield of flavonoids compound was 12.69%.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
A comparison of sample survey measures of earnings of English graduates with administrative data

Administrative data sets are increasingly used in research because of their excellent coverage and large scale. However, in the UK the use of administrative data on individuals’ earnings, and particularly graduates’ earnings, is novel. Understanding the strengths and weaknesses of such data is important as they are set to be used extensively for research and to inform policy. Here we compare survey‐based labour earnings data from the UK's Labour Force Survey (LFS) with UK Government administrative sources of individual level earnings data, focusing separately on young (up to age 32 years) graduates and non‐graduates. This type of administrative data set has few sample selection issues and is longitudinal and its large samples mean that the earnings of subpopulations can potentially be studied with low error. Overall we find a similar share of individuals with zero earnings in the LFS and administrative data, but a considerably higher share (conditionally on working) earning below £8000 in the administrative data. The LFS has generally higher earnings right through the distribution, though above the median a large share of the differences can potentially be explained by employee pension contributions. We also find considerably larger gender difference in the survey data. The findings hold for both graduates and non‐graduates. These differences are substantively important and suggest different conclusions about the gender wage gap, the graduate earnings premium and the extent of earnings inequality.

Field of study: Mathematics
Short-Term Wind Speed Prediction Based on the Weighted Regular Extreme Learning Machine

Accurate wind speed is the basis of the wind power prediction. And it is of great significance to the parallel operation of the wind farm. So it is to the maintenance of the safety and stability of the power system. In the view of the strong volatility and randomness of the wind speed time series, it is difficult to be predicted. A new method of short-term wind speed prediction is established based on the weighted regular extreme learning machine (Weighted Regularized Extreme Learning Machine, WRELM). First, the wind speed time series and the wind direction time series which have high correlation with the wind speed are taken account. Besides the meteorological factors are also taken as the candidate sets such as temperature, pressure, humidity and so on. Then the maximal relevance minimal redundancy (mRMR) principle is used to select the maximum serial correlation properties. And those are taken as the prediction inputs. Afterwards, the train set and test set of the prediction network are fixed to establish WRELM. Then, the network parameters are trained with the train set data. And the WRELM prediction model is built. Finally, the WRELM network is adopted to predict the short-term wind speed and the future wind speed are obtained. The data from the wind farm is carried out to do the experiment. And it wants to prove the effectiveness of the new method.

Field of study: Engineering
Diminished actin polymerization of neonatal neutrophils determined by a microvolume whole blood method.

To investigate the actin response to chemotactic stimulation of neonatal neutrophils, we developed a new procedure to measure neutrophil F-actin content directly in microvolume whole blood (100 microliters sample each test). Using this procedure, we compared neutrophil actin response to N-formyl-methyonyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (FMLP) between groups of normal neonate and adult volunteers. Relative F-actin content (FMLP/control ratio) of neonatal neutrophils is significantly lower than those of adult volunteers' neutrophils both at 30 sec (1.94 +/- 0.34 vs. 2.25 +/- 0.31; n = 16, p < 0.05, t test) and 60 sec (2.23 +/- 0.19 vs. 2.40 +/- 0.27; n = 16, p < 0.05, t test) after FMLP stimulation. These results provide new evidence of impairment of neutrophil actin response in the neonate, which may partially explain the observed chemotactic defect in neonatal neutrophils.

Field of study: Biology
EFEITOS DO TREINAMENTO DE KARATE-DŌ NA COGNIÇÃO DE IDOSOS: ENSAIO CLÍNICO RANDOMIZADO E CONTROLADO

The aim of this study was to verify the effectiveness of a Karate-Dō training, Wadō-ryū style, on cognition in healthy older adults. We conducted a single-blind randomized controlled trial with 33 older adults divided into Karate Group (KG) and Control Group (CG). In the pre and post-intervention, participants answered a sociodemographic questionnaire, a battery of neuropsychological tests, scales of subjective cognitive complaints, depressive and anxiety symptoms. The intervention was conducted twice per week for 12 weeks (lasting 60 minutes). The CG did not perform any physical activity or cognitive stimulation during the intervention period. Data analysis was performed using descriptive and inferences statistics. Performance comparisons in neuropsychological tests and scales of subjective cognitive complaints, within and between groups, pre and post-intervention, was performed by Mann-Whitney and Wilcoxon tests. KG shows better results than CG in visual memory tasks, executive functions and memory complaints in post-intervention analysis. The results suggest that 3 months of Karate-Dō practice is related to a significant improvement of the cognitive functions in healthy older adults.

Field of study: Education
Moir\'e surface states and "high-temperature" superconductivity in topological insulators

Recently, moire superlattices have been found on the surface of topological insulators (TI) due to the rotational misalignment of topmost layers. In this work, we study the effects of moire superlattices on the topological surface states. We introduce a continuum model of Dirac electrons moving in the periodic potential to describe the moire surface states and identify various (high-order) van Hove singularities (VHS), which explains the experimentally observed peaks in the density of states (DOS). We show that the power-law divergent DOS at high-order VHS significantly enhances electron-phonon superconductivity. By solving the gap equation, we derive an analytic formula for the transition temperature $T_c$, which exhibits a power-law dependence on the retarded electron-phonon interaction strength $\lambda^*$.

Field of study: Physics
“Under Four Eyes” (Unter Vier Augen): Ford Madox Ford, Propaganda, and the Politics of Translation

The phrase “under four eyes” appears twice in the text of Ford Madox Ford’s most influential novel, The Good Soldier, and although it may seem generic enough to be overlooked, this article argues that it is not only integral to the novel’s themes of sight, impression, and privacy, but also, in its translation from the German idiom unter vier Augen, indicative of Ford’s ambivalent, shifting performance of national identity during World War I. This article explores the connections between The Good Soldier and Ford’s engagement with anti-German propaganda and translation, as well as his later amendment of these views in his postwar work, Parade’s End.

Field of study: Art
Thermodynamic and experimental study of a cobalt-based alloy strengthened by tantalumcarbides

Eutectic TaC carbides are known as being particularly efficient for the high temperature strengthening of cast cobalt-based superalloys.The usual contents in carbon and tantalum may be advantageously increased to progress inmechanical performances at elevated temperature. In thiswork a chromiumrich (25wt.%Cr)TaC-reinforced cobalt-based superalloywas elaborated after preliminary thermodynamic calculations. The obtained microstructure, particularly rich in script-like shaped eutectic TaCmixed with the periphery part of the pre-eutectic dendrites of matrix, is furthermore free of any possible pre-eutectic TaC carbides. It lets hope very high creep resistance at high temperature, as preliminarily suggested by the rather high values of roomtemperature hardness.

Field of study: Materials science