nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Prospective immunological profiling in a case of immune dysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy, X‐linked syndrome (IPEX)

IPEX syndrome is a genetic autoimmune disease characterized by immune‐mediated polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy, and X‐linked inheritance. We describe a case of IPEX in which lymphocyte phenotypes were assessed at birth, before initiation of Cyclosporin A therapy, and at frequent intervals to 18 months of age. We performed flow cytometry for lymphocyte subtypes and for activation markers (HLA‐DR, CD25, and CD69 or CD71). The ratios of both T to B cells and CD4+ to CD8+ cells were elevated at birth, but CD4+ cells were not activated. HLA‐DR+ and CD25+ activated T‐cells increased in association with two episodes of clinical deterioration: colitis and the onset of type I diabetes mellitus. These results indicate that measures of activation, particularly HLA‐DR+ and CD25+ frequency, correlate well with the development of early active disease and may presage clinical episodes. Continuous maintenance of immunosuppression, once started, appears critical for prevention of permanent tissue damage.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Quantum Entanglement of a Tunneling Spin with Mechanical Modes of a Torsional Resonator

We solve Schr\"odinger equation describing a tunneling macrospin coupled to a torsional oscillator. Energy spectrum is studied for various quantum regimes. Magnetic susceptibility and noise spectrum are computed. We show that entanglement of the spin with mechanical modes of a subnanometer oscillator results in the decoherence of spin tunneling. For larger oscillators the presence of a tunneling spin can be detected through splitting of the mechanical mode at the resonance. Our results apply to experiments with magnetic molecules coupled to nanoresonators.

Field of study: Physics
In vitro induction of human helper T cell activity by Trypanosoma brucei.

Proliferation of peripheral blood T lymphocytes from unsensitized donors in response to fractions of Trypanosoma brucei was observed to be monocyte-dependent. The activated T cells displayed enhanced 'helper' activity, but no 'suppressor' activity during pokeweed mitogen (PWM)-induced immunoglobulin (IgM and IgG) synthesis, and were resistant to the inhibitory effects of theophylline on E rosette formation. Whilst in vivo studies have failed to reveal excessive T cell proliferation in patients with sleeping sickness, these results suggest a possible role for T cells in the induction of hypergammaglobulinaemia characteristic of this disease. Trypanosome fractions were not inhibitory to PWM-induced proliferation, and actually enhanced immunoglobulin synthesis. Thus it is unlikely that direct inhibition by the parasite per se is a major factor in the generation of immunosuppression by the T. brucei subgroup.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Are protected areas truly protected? The impact of road traffic on vertebrate fauna

The extension of road networks is considered one of the major factors affecting fauna survival. Roadkill has been documented widely and affects all taxonomic groups. Although roadkill is associated mainly with traffic density, some life-history traits of species and the area surrounding roads are expected to modify number of roadkills both taxonomically and geographically. Here we studied the number of roadkills of vertebrates in an extensive region in the northeastern Iberian Peninsula. We surveyed 820 km of 41 roads in two different seasons (spring and autumn), that differ in traffic intensity. In addition, we covered zones with distinct climatic characteristics and levels of protection of the surrounding habitats. Amphibians showed the highest number of roadkills whereas reptiles, birds and mammals had similar rates. General Linear Model tests showed no differences in roadkills by climatic region; however, differences in number of roadkills were linked to protection status, with the highest number of casualties in highly protected areas. Redundancy Analysis demonstrated that the number of amphibians and reptiles killed was associated with roads in highly protected areas whereas that of mammals and birds was linked to unprotected areas. Protected areas often receive many visitors, which in turn may increase wildlife casualties as a result of greater traffic density. We recommend that correction measures be taken to reduce the high number of vertebrate fauna killed along roads that cross protected areas.

Field of study: Environmental science
Exploring the Special Education Advocacy Process According to Families and Advocates

Although many parents report needing advocates to receive special education services for their children with disabilities, the advocacy process is largely unexplored especially in relation to school and child outcomes. The purpose of this study was to explore the special education advocacy process by conducting interviews with nine parent–advocate dyads. Findings indicate that advocates and parents agreed on the advocacy process. Participants reported that schools often responded positively to the advocate; however, some schools were confrontational and surprised. Regardless of the school’s response, advocates and parents perceived that advocacy positively influenced child and family outcomes. Implications for research, practice, and policy are discussed.

Field of study: Education
On-farm milk cooling solution based on insulated cans with integrated ice compartment.

A solution for on-farm milk cooling was assessed under controlled laboratory conditions. The basic principle is to use insulated milk cans with an integrated ice compartment for the transport of morning milk and the storage of evening milk with a maximum capacity of 30 L milk and 8 kg ice. The experimental results show the ability of the system to cool down 30 L milk to 17 °C in less than 90 min with 6 kg ice. By using the same milk-can with 20 L and 8 kg ice, milk remains below 13 °C over 12 h at 35 °C ambient temperature. In both cases, the proliferation of bacteria was effectively prevented for 3.5 and 12 h, respectively. A computational model was developed and fitted to the experimental results in order to predict cooling curves of other milk/ice ratios and ambient temperatures. Furthermore, the possibility of using water as low-cost substitute for milk for research purposes was analyzed experimentally.

Field of study: Engineering
Exploring the optoelectronic properties of Nitrido-magneso-silicates: Ca [Mg3SiN4], Sr [Mg3SiN4], and Eu [Mg3SiN4]

Optoelectronic properties of the Nitrido-magneso-silicates Ca[Mg3SiN4], Sr[Mg3SiN4], and Eu[Mg3SiN4] compounds have been investigated using the relativistic full-potential augmented plane-wave method (FLAPW) based on the density functional theory (DFT). The calculations of the electronic and optical properties were conducted by using the local density approximation (LDA), generalized gradient approximation (GGA), and modified Becke Johnson (mBJ) potential. A study of the band structures shows that these compounds are indirect band gap materials. We found a great variation in the obtained energy band gap value as we changed the functionals. The mBJ functional leads to a greater band-gap value compared to LDA and GGA cases. Based on the calculated electronic structure, the optical properties computed, such as the complex dielectric function, absorption coefficient, reflectivity, energy loss function and refractive index, were functions of the photon energy. Origins of the spectral peaks in the optical spectra were discussed and assigned to different electronic transitions observed from the electronic structure calculation.

Field of study: Materials science
Differential effects of the N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist DL-2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate on acquisition of fear of auditory and contextual cues.

Intracerebroventricular (icv) administration of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDA) antagonist DL-2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate (APV) before tone-shock pairings caused a dose-dependent suppression of acquisition of fear of contextual cues associated with shock. Acquisition of fear of the tone was not impaired. Experiment 2 showed that the fear of the tone was associative and that this tone-shock association was less affected by APV than was a context-shock association. Rats receiving APV before context-shock pairings showed an equivalent loss of fear regardless of whether testing occurred 1 or 28 days after training. It appears that icv administration of APV blocks acquisition of context conditioning by affecting NMDA receptors in the hippocampus. Activity at these receptors at the time of acquisition seems critical for later expression of both intermediate (1 day to 2 weeks) and remote (4 weeks) fear memories.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Iodinated contrast media-induced hyperthyroidism

Currently, iodinated contrast media (ICM) is widely used in radiology, therefore numerous patients are exposed to contrast administration during diagnostic and interventional procedures. ICM contains an amount of iodine well above the recommended dietary allowance, which can lead to thyroid dysfunction. Indeed, individuals that are highly susceptible to increased iodine intake are often patients with pre-existing thyroid disease. ICM-induced hyperthyroidism (IIH) is usually transient, however, it may present as clinically significant thyrotoxicosis. Although IIH has been investigated in multiple studies, there is still a lack of consensus regarding prophylactic therapy of IIH and no specific guidelines. This review aimed to summarise previous literature concerning the influence of ICM exposure on thyroid status and prophylactic therapy of IIH.

Field of study: Medicine
New Superconducting Phase of Li x (C 6 H 16 N 2 ) y Fe 2− z Se 2 with T c = 41 K Obtained through the Post-Annealing

Post-annealing effects on the crystal structure and superconductivity of the lithium- and hexamethylenediamine (HMDA)-intercalated superconductor Lix(C6H16N2)yFe2−zSe2 have been investigated. Through the post-annealing, a two-step reduction of the interlayer spacing between neighboring Fe layers, d, has been observed. It has been found that a new phase of Lix(C6H16N2)yFe2−zSe2 with d = 10.30(2) A and Tc = 41 K different from the as-intercalated phase is stabilized owing to the possible stable inclination of HMDA intercalated between FeSe layers. This result supports the domic relation between Tc and d in the FeSe-based intercalation superconductors. The reason why Tc increases with a decrease in d through the post-annealing is discussed.

Field of study: Physics
The Costs of Suppressing Negative Emotions and Amplifying Positive Emotions During Parental Caregiving

How do parents feel when they regulate their emotional expressions in ways that are incongruent with their genuine feelings? In an experimental study, parents reported experiencing lower authenticity, emotional well-being, relationship quality, and responsiveness to their children’s needs when they recalled caregiving experiences in which they suppressed negative emotions and amplified positive emotions, relative to a control condition. In a 10-day daily experience study, parents tended to use both regulation strategies simultaneously. In addition, assessing their unique effects indicated that positive emotion amplification, but not negative emotion suppression, had an indirect effect on parental outcomes via authenticity, with negative emotion suppression no longer being costly. This indirect effect was dampened when accounting for care difficulty. In both studies, effects were independent of a child’s mood. The current results suggest that parents’ attempts to suppress negative and amplify positive emotions during child care can detract from their well-being and high-quality parent–child bonds.

Field of study: Psychology
A note on the impedance response of Li/LiCl/solid electrode system

The influence of solid electrodes such as lithium, platinum and conductive paints (silver print and conductive carbon cement) on the overall impedance response of a Li(parent electrode)/LiCl(polycrystalline)/solid electrode system is reported. The impedance response is measured as a function of d.c. voltage bias. The observed changes in impedance spectra are compared to the corresponding measurements in systems involving liquid solutions (lithium batteries) as given in literature. The contribution of poor contact at the LiCl/solid electrode interface and the porosity of the LiCl film to the measured impedance response is discussed.

Field of study: Materials science
High Temperature Flow of Dunite and Peridotite

Deformation experiments on dunite and peridotite, both in the presence and absence of externally released H 2 O, have been carried out in solid pressure media apparatus in the confining pressure range 5 to 30 kb, temperature interval 300°C to 1400 ° C at constant strain rates ranging from 10 −3 to 10 −8 /sec. At the lower temperatures and higher rates, olivine deforms by plastic flow on the system T = (110), t = [001], the slip systems changing with increasing temperature and decreasing strain rate through {0kl} [100] to (010) [100]. At a strain rate of 10 −3 /sec, polygonization (dislocation climb) is first observed at about 1000 ° C and recrystallization first appears at about 1050 ° C; these temperatures decrease by about 50 ° C with a ten-fold reduction in strain rate. Preliminary mechanical results indicate that steady state deformation takes place only in the temperature-strain rate range in which the diffusion controlled processes of polygonization and recrystallization are important or dominant. The steady state data are best fit by a power creep equation with the stress exponent, n ≃ 2.4 and 4.8 and the creep activation energy, Q ≃ 80 and 120 Kcal/mole for deformation in the presence and absence of externally released H 2 O, respectively. Extrapolation of the equation for the dunite deformed dry to a representative geological strain rate of 10 −14 /sec gives shear stresses in the range 100 bars to 1 bar and effective viscosities from 10 23 to 10 20 poise for the temperature interval 1000 ° C to 2000 ° C. The estimated variation in shear stress over most of the upper mantle, where T/Tm (the ratio of ambient to melting temperature) is greater than 0.75, is about 6 to 15 bars, and in viscosity in the range 10 20 to 10 21 poise. These inferences are in accord with estimates based on other geophysical observations, and our results suggest that flow in the upper mantle may be governed primarily by a non-linear creep law.

Field of study: Geology
Suppression of boron penetration through thin gate oxides by nitrogen implantation into the gate electrode in PMOS devices

PMOS devices with and without nitrogen implant into the gate electrode before doping with boron and with nitridation of the gate oxide were manufactured. The influence of nitrogen on the penetration of boron ions into the substrate through ultra-thin gate oxides was investigated by electrical and SIMS measurements. Boron diffusion can be effectively prevented by high nitrogen concentrations located immediately above the gate oxide and within the polysilicon gate electrode.

Field of study: Engineering
Cell Volume Regulation and Signaling in 3T3-L1 Pre-adipocytes and Adipocytes: On the Possible Roles of Caveolae, Insulin Receptors, FAK and ERK1/2

Caveolae have been implicated in sensing of cell volume perturbations, yet evidence is still limited and findings contradictory. Here, we investigated the possible role of caveolae in cell volume regulation and volume sensitive signaling in an adipocyte system with high (3T3-L1 adipocytes); intermediate (3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes); and low (cholesterol-depleted 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes) caveolae levels. Using large-angle light scattering, we show that compared to pre-adipocytes, differentiated adipocytes exhibit several-fold increased rates of volume restoration following osmotic cell swelling (RVD) and osmotic cell shrinkage (RVI), accompanied by increased swelling-activated taurine efflux. However, caveolin-1 distribution was not detectably altered after osmotic swelling or shrinkage, and caveolae integrity, as studied by cholesterol depletion or expression of dominant negative Cav-1, was not required for either RVD or RVI in pre-adipocytes. The insulin receptor (InsR) localizes to caveolae and its expression dramatically increases upon adipocyte differentiation. In pre-adipocytes, InsR and its effectors focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK1/2) localized to focal adhesions and were activated by a 5 min exposure to insulin (100 nM). Osmotic shrinkage transiently inhibited InsR Y146-phosphorylation, followed by an increase at t=15 min; a similar pattern was seen for ERK1/2 and FAK, in a manner unaffected by cholesterol depletion. In contrast, cell swelling had no detectable effect on InsR, yet increased ERK1/2 phosphorylation. In conclusion, differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes exhibit greatly accelerated RVD and RVI responses and increased swelling-activated taurine efflux compared to pre-adipocytes. Furthermore, in pre-adipocytes, Cav-1/caveolae integrity is not required for volume regulation. Given the relationship between hyperosmotic stress and insulin signaling, the finding that cell volume regulation is dramatically altered upon adipocyte differentiation may be relevant for the understanding of insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Environmental assessments in the built environment: crucial yet underdeveloped

Environmental assessments have been developed with increasing emphasis since the wide-scale emergence of environmental concerns in the 1970s. However, after decades there is still plenty of room left for development. These assessments are also rapidly becoming more and more crucial as we seem to be reaching the boundaries of the carrying capacity of our planet. Assessments of the emissions from the built environment and especially of the interactions between human communities and emissions are in a very central role in the quest to solve the great problem of sustainable living. Policy- makers and professionals in various fields urgently need reliable data on the current conditions and realistic future projections, as well as robust and scientifically defensible models for decision making. This recognition was the main motivation to call for this Focus Issue, and the published contributions truly highlight the same point. This editorial provides brief summaries and discussions on the 16 articles of the Focus Issue, depicting the several interesting perspectives they offer to advance the state of the art. Now we encourage academics, practitioners, government, industry, individual consumers, and other decision makers to utilize the available findings and develop the domain of environmental assessment of the built environment further. Indeed, we hope that this Focus Issue is merely a kernel of a significantly large future body of literature.

Field of study: Environmental science
Bestimmung des magnetischen Moments des As75-Kerns aus dem Zeeman-Effekt eines Kernquadrupol-Resonanzübergangs

ZusammenfassungIn polykristallinem Arsentrioxyd wurde bei Zimmertemperatur eine Absorptionslinie mit der Frequenz νQ=(116,26±0,02) MHz beobachtet1. Diese Linie ist dem As75-Kern zuzuordnen und stellt einen Resonanzübergang zwischen zwei Termen dar, deren Energiedifferenz durch die Wechselwirkung des Arsenkernquadrupolmoments mit dem inhomogenen elektrischen Molekülfeld gegeben ist. In einem Arsentrioxyd-Einkristall wurde eine magnetische Aufspaltung dieses Kernquadrupol-Resonanzübergangs vorgenommen. Aus derZeeman-Aufspaltung in Magnetfeldern von etwa 100 Oe konnte das magnetische Kernmoment des Arsens zu μI=(1,44±0,03) K. M. ermittelt werden.

Field of study: Physics
Effects of photochemical oxidation on the mixing state and light absorption of black carbon in the urban atmosphere of China

The relationship between the refractory black carbon (rBC) aerosol mixing state and the atmospheric oxidation capacity was investigated to assess the possible influence of oxidants on the particles' light absorption effects at two large cities in China. The number fraction of thickly-coated rBC particles (F rBC) was positively correlated with a measure of the oxidant concentrations (OX = O3 + NO2), indicating an enhancement of coated rBC particles under more oxidizing conditions. The slope of a linear regression of F rBC versus OX was 0.58% ppb−1 for Beijing and 0.84% ppb−1 for Xi'an, and these relationships provide some insights into the evolution of rBC mixing state in relation to atmospheric oxidation processes. The mass absorption cross-section of rBC (MACrBC) increased with OX during the daytime at Xi'an, at a rate of 0.26 m2 g−1 ppb−1, suggesting that more oxidizing conditions lead to internal mixing that enhances the light-absorbing capacity of rBC particles. Understanding the dependence of the increasing rates of F rBC and MACrBC as a function of OX may lead to improvements of climate models that deal with the warming effects, but more studies in different cities and seasons are needed to gauge the broader implications of these findings.

Field of study: Environmental science
A study of the sulphur amino acids of rat tissues.

1. In a study of the metabolism of l-[(35)S]methionine in vivo, the labelled sulphur compounds of rat liver and brain were separated first by ion-exchange chromatography into two fractions containing (i) free sulphur amino acids such as methionine, cystathionine, cyst(e)ine and homocyst(e)ine and (ii) glutathione. 2. Two-dimensional paper chromatography with butan-1-ol-acetic acid or propionic acid-water in the first direction and 80% acetone or acetone-ethyl methyl ketone-water in the second direction was found superior to other solvent systems for separating the sulphur amino acids. 3. At 10min. after injection of [(35)S]methionine only a small part of the (35)S was found combined in free methionine or other free sulphur amino acids. 4. Evidence was obtained of the presence of adenosyl[(35)S]methionine and adenosyl[(35)S]homocysteine in perchloric acid extracts of rat liver and brain. 5. The trans-sulphuration pathway was active in brain as well as in liver.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Natural History of Anterior Shoulder Instability

The shoulder is the most complex joint in the body. The large freedom of motion in this joint is the main cause of instability. Instability varies in its degree, direction, etiology and volition and there is a large spectrum of conditions.  Based on literature research and also in our own experience, we propose to elucidate the reader about the natural history of instability and its importance for the appropriate management of this pathology, by answering the following questions: What happens in the shoulder after the first dislocation? Which structures suffer damage? Who are the patients at higher risk of recurrence? How does the disease evolve without treatment? Will surgical treatment avoid future negative outcomes and prevent degenerative joint disease? Who should we treat and when?  80% of anterior-inferior dislocations occur in young patients. Recurrent instability is common and multiple dislocations are the rule. Instability is influenced by a large number of variables, including age of onset, activity profile, number of episodes,delay between first episode and surgical treatment.  Understanding the disease and its natural evolution is determinant to decide the treatment in order to obtain the best outcome. It is crucial to identify the risk factors for recurrence. Delay in surgical treatment, when indicated, leads to worse results. Surgical technique should address the type and severity of both soft tissue and bone lesions, when present.

Field of study: Medicine