nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
STUDY ON STATIC STRENGTH OF TUBULAR JOINTS REINFORCED WITH VERTICAL INNER PLATE

The stiffness of the chord in radius direction is much weaker than that of the brace members in axial direction,as a result,failure occurs easily at the weld toe on the chord surface when a tubular joint is subjected to static loads.To improve the bearing capacity of tubular joints,the vertical inner plate can be placed inside the chord to increase the stiffness of the chord.Using the finite element method,overall 33 T-joint models with or without reinforcements are modeled and analyzed,and the stress development of the inner plate and the joint region is investigated.It is found from the parametric study that the length of the inner plate has great influence on the static strength of joints.The ultimate strength of a tubular joint increases remarkably as the length of the vertical inner plate increases.However,the growth rate of the static strength becomes much slower after the length of the inner plate exceeds certain values.Basically,the thickness of the inner plate has less effect on the improvement of the static strength of a tubular joint,yet it can not be too small to prevent buckling.At last,24 geometrically different T-joints with or without vertical inner plates are analyzed,and the strengthening effect is evaluated through a comparison between the unreinforced model and the reinforced model.

Field of study: Engineering
Global biodiversity research during 1900–2009: a bibliometric analysis

We performed a bibliometric analysis of published biodiversity research for the period of 1900–2009, based on the Science Citation Index (SCI) database. Our analysis reveals the authorial, institutional, spatiotemporal, and categorical patterns in biodiversity research and provides an alternative demonstration of research advancements, which may serve as a potential guide for future research. The growth of article outputs has exploded since the 1990s, along with an increasing collaboration index, references, and citations. Ecology, environmental sciences, biodiversity conservations, and plant science were most frequently used subject categories in biodiversity studies, and Biological Conservation, Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, Conservation Biology and Biodiversity and Conservation were most active journals in this field. The United States was the largest contributor in global biodiversity research, as the U.S. produced the most single-country and collaborative articles, had the greatest number of top research institutions, and had a central position in collaboration networks. We perceived an increasing number of both internationally collaborative and inter-institutionally collaborative articles, with the latter form of collaboration being more prevalent than the former. A keyword analysis found several interesting terminology preferences, confirmed conservation’s central position as a topic in biodiversity research, revealed the adoption of advanced technologies, and demonstrated keen interest in both the patterns and underlying processes of ecosystems. Our study reveals patterns in scientific outputs and academic collaborations and serves as an alternative and innovative way of revealing global research trends in biodiversity.

Field of study: Environmental science
Studies of the relationship between isoprene emission rate and CO2 or photon‐flux density using a real‐time isoprene analyser

Studies of the isoprene emission rate in response to changes in photon-flux density and CO2 partial pressure were conducted using a recently developed on-line isoprene analyser combined with a gas exchange system and chlorophyll fluorometer. Upon darkening, the isoprene emission rate from leaves of aspen (Populus tremuloides Michaux.) began to decline immediately, demonstrating that the internal pool of isoprene, or its precursors, is small and that the instantaneous emission rate is tightly coupled to the rate of synthesis. A post-illumination burst of isoprene was observed within 5 min after darkening and lasted for 15–20 min in four isoprene-emitting species that were examined. In leaves of eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus Labill.), the magnitude of the post-illumination burst was dependent on the photon-flux density that existed before darkening, but not on ambient CO2 partial pressure. The dependence of the post-illumination burst on photon-flux density paralleled that for the steady-state rate of isoprene emission. A step-wise increase in intercellular CO2 partial pressure from 24.5 to 60 Pa resulted in an immediate decrease in isoprene emission rate and non-photochemical fluorescence quenching, but an increase in CO2 assimilation rate. Given the several recent studies that link isoprene emission to chloroplastic processes, the results of this study indicate that the linkage is not dependent on the rate of CO2 flux through the reductive pentose phosphate pathway, but rather on more complex relationships involving metabolites not appreciably influenced by CO2 partial pressure.

Field of study: Environmental science
Calibration of an Analyzing Magnet Using a Time-of-Flight Technique

We have calibrated the analyzing magnet (Danfysik 90° sector, double-focussing, 2 m radius) serving the CRNL 2 MV High Voltage Mass Separator. The method depends on a measurement of the time-of-flight, and thus of the velocity, of magnetically analyzed ions of known mass and charge state. Results have been obtained for ions in the mass range 1-208 amu for fields 0.4-12.8 kG.

Field of study: Physics
The antiproliferative effects of somatostatin receptor subtype 2 in breast cancer cells

Somatostatin receptor subtype 2 (SSTR2) is the principal mediator of somatostatin's (SST) antiproliferative effects on normal and cancer cells. Therefore, we investigated whether the enhanced expression of SSTR2 could inhibit the proliferation of tumor cells, and, if so, the mechanisms that might be involved.SSTR2 expression levels were determined by qRT-PCR in several tumor cell lines. Then, a plasmid pIRES2-EGFP-SSTR2 (pSIG) was constructed and stably transfected into MCF-7 cells (MCF-7/pSIG). After SSTR2 overexpression was identified by qRT-PCR, immunofluorescence staining and a receptor binding assay, the MCF-7/pSIG cells were analyzed by PI staining for apoptosis and cell cycle arrest was tested by flow cytometry for epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) expression. The EGF-stimulated proliferation of MCF-7 cells was assayed by MTT.Results:The human breast cancer cell line MCF-7 expresses a lower level of SSTR2, thereby partly accounting for the decreased response to SST. The overexpression of SSTR2 in MCF-7 cells resulted in apoptosis, cytostasis and G1/S cell cycle arrest. Furthermore, the expression of EGFR, together with EGF-stimulated proliferation, was markedly decreased in the MCF-7/pSIG cells.Enhanced SSTR2 expression played an antiproliferative role in MCF-7 cells through inducing apoptosis and G1/S cell cycle arrest, and also by decreasing EGFR expression, thereby counteracting the growth-stimulating effect of EGF. Our data seem to indicate that developing a new therapeutic agent capable of upregulating SSTR expression could potentially be a way to block tumor progression.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Increased number of somatostatin-immunoreactive neurons in primary cultures of trisomy 16 mouse neocortex.

The gene encoding for pre-prosomatostatin is located on chromosome 16 of the mouse. To determine the effect of an extra copy of this gene on somatostatin expression in neurons, primary disaggregated cultures of neocortex prepared from 15 days gestational Trisomy 16 mice and their littermate euploid controls were subjected to immunocytochemical staining for somatostatin, neuropeptide Y and glutamic acid decarboxylase. The results demonstrate a selective and significant increase in the number of somatostatin-immunoreactive neurons.

Field of study: Biology
Nanostructured Photocatalysts and Their Applications in the Photocatalytic Transformation of Lignocellulosic Biomass: An Overview

Heterogeneous photocatalysis offer many possibilities for finding appropiate environmentally friendly solutions for many of the the problems affecting our society (i.e., energy issues). Researchers are still looking for novel routes to prepare solid photocatalysts able to transform solar into chemical energy more efficiently. In many developing countries, biomass is a major energy source, but currently such countries lack of the technology to sustainably obtain chemicals and/or fuels from it. The Roadmap for Biomass Technologies, authored by 26 leading experts from academia, industry, and government agencies, has predicted a gradual shift back to a carbohydrate-based economy. Biomass and biofuels appear to hold the key to satisfy the basic needs of our societies for the sustainable production of liquid fuels and high value-added chemicals without compromising the scenario of future generations. In this review, we aim to discuss various design routes for nanostructured photocatalytic solid materials in view of their applications in the selective transformation of lignocellulosic biomass to high value-added chemicals.

Field of study: Materials science
Leech in urinary bladder causing hematuria.

To estimate efficacy of normal saline in the management of hematuria caused by accidental entry of a leech per urethra into the urinary bladder.



An intervention study was carried out in the Department of Pediatric Surgery of Sylhet MAG Osmani Medical College between January 1998 and December 2003. A total of 43 boys (mean age 8 years, SD+/-2.6) were enrolled. In all cases, a leech had entered the urinary bladder through the urethra causing hematuria. All patients were equipped with a self-retaining Foley catheter. They were managed by infusing 50ml of normal saline into the urinary bladder through the catheter that was then clamped for 3h.



After removing the catheter, in all cases the whole leech was spontaneously expelled intact, dead or alive, within 2-24h during the subsequent act of micturition. Hematuria gradually diminished to a clear flow within the next 6h in 27 cases, 12h in 14 cases and 24h in two cases. All patients were followed up for 2 weeks, and none developed recurrent hematuria.



Catheterization and irrigation of the urinary bladder with normal saline is a relatively simple, safe and inexpensive method of removing the leech and controlling hematuria.

Field of study: Medicine
Zur quantenmechanischen Behandlung des Kreiselproblems

ZusammenfassungDas Intensitätsproblem für den symmetrischen und asymmetrischen Kreisel wird, im Anschluß an eine Arbeit von Klein, auf algebraischem Wege gelöst. Unsere Behandlungsweise ist eine direkte quantenmechanische Umdeutung der klassischen Mechanik des starren Körpers. Als ein weiteres Beispiel für eine solche Umdeutung wird der Kreisel mit eingebautem Schwungrad behandelt, obwohl diesem Problem wohl keine direkte physikalische Bedeutung zukommt.

Field of study: Physics
Ion Channels Involved in Cell Volume Regulation: Effects on Migration, Proliferation, and Programmed Cell Death in Non Adherent EAT Cells and Adherent ELA Cells

This mini review outlines studies of cell volume regulation in two closely related mammalian cell lines: nonadherent Ehrlich ascites tumour cells (EATC) and adherent Ehrlich Lettre ascites (ELA) cells. Focus is on the regulatory volume decrease (RVD) that occurs after cell swelling, the volume regulatory ion channels involved, and the mechanisms (cellular signalling pathways) that regulate these channels. Finally, I shall also briefly review current investigations in these two cell lines that focuses on how changes in cell volume can regulate cell functions such as cell migration, proliferation, and programmed cell death.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
PHYSICAL PROCESSES IN LASERS AND CONTROL OF LASER RADIATION PARAMETERS: Influence of a quenching agent on parameters of stimulated enthalpy scattering in iodine photodissociation lasers

An analysis is made of the influence of quenching of excited iodine on the parameters of stimulated enthalpy scattering in iodine photodissociation lasers. It is shown that the stability of the active mixtures of these lasers during evolution of stimulated scattering by thermal waves may be improved by selecting a suitable quenching agent and a suitable concentration.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Palliative psychopharmacology: a putative specialty to optimize the subjective quality of life.

Mainstream medicine is concerned with the diagnosis and management of disease. Control of symptoms is important, but subordinated to control of disease. However, when a disease is judged to be incurable or ‘terminal’, it may be better to manage the patient palliatively. The difference is that palliative medicine uses the medical armamentarium to optimize quality of life rather than maximize the chances of curing or preventing disease.

Mainstream psychiatry aims to cure, control or prevent psychological disease. To this end, it deploys an armamentarium of psychopharmacological agents (and psychological therapies). But if life itself is regarded as a terminal disease, and one that is for some people characterized by chronic and severe psychological symptoms, then there is a role for a palliative speciality that deploys the psychiatric armamentarium to optimize the subjective quality of life. In short, a speciality which aims to make people feel better. Such a speciality could be named palliative psychopharmacology (PP).

The difference between palliative medicine and palliative psychopharmacology is that while the first is a thriving medical speciality, the second is just an idea. The purpose of this essay is to argue that PP, or its functional equivalent, ought to exist.

It might be argued that the speciality of psychiatry already does the job of palliative psychopharmacology. However, mainstream psychiatry has several features which render it unsuited to practising a palliative function.

The most important reason is its public health role. Psychiatry is historically a speciality concerned with safety—the prime directive is to protect the public from mad people (and secondarily to protect mad people from the public and from themselves). Asylums were places of separation, of the insane from their family and communities. They may sometimes have been of therapeutic benefit, and may perhaps have made patients feel better, but even if they made …

Field of study: Medicine
Tracking the Impact of Media on Voter Choice in Real Time: A Bayesian Dynamic Joint Model

Commonly used methods of evaluating the impact of marketing communications during political elections struggle to account for respondents’ exposures to these communications due to the problems associated with recall bias. In addition, they completely fail to account for the impact of mediated or earned communications, such as newspaper articles or television news, that are typically not within the control of the advertising party, nor are they effectively able to monitor consumers’ perceptual responses over time. This study based on a new data collection technique using cell-phone text messaging (called real-time experience tracking or RET) offers the potential to address these weaknesses. We propose an RET-based model of the impact of communications and apply it to a unique choice situation: voting behavior during the 2010 UK general election, which was dominated by three political parties. We develop a Bayesian zero-inflated dynamic multinomial choice model that enables the joint modeling of: the interplay and dynamics associated with the individual voter's choice intentions over time, actual vote, and the heterogeneity in the exposure to marketing communications over time. Results reveal the differential impact over time of paid and earned media, demonstrate a synergy between the two, and show the particular importance of exposure valence and not just frequency, contrary to the predominant practitioner emphasis on share-of-voice metrics. Results also suggest that while earned media have a reducing impact on voting intentions as the final choice approaches, their valence continues to influence the final vote: a difference between drivers of intentions and behavior that implies that exposure valence remains critically important close to the final brand choice.

Field of study: Mathematics
Preparation of Electrode Modified with Analogous Prussian Blue Film Doped with Copper(II) Ion by Electrochemistry and Determination of NO_2~- on Electrode

The analogous Prussian blue modified film doped with Cu2+ ion (Cu-PB) was prepared by mixing Cu2+ ion in Prussian blue modified film (PB) using electrochemistry means.The Cu-PB film's electrochemical properties and response characteristics on NO-2 were investigated by using the cyclic voltammetry and A.C.impedance.The experimental results showed that internal structure of PB film was changed and its electrochemistry performance also had the obvious change after mixing Cu2+ ion.Further experiment indicated that there was no electro-catalytic action to NO-2 on the PB modified film,but with obvious electro-catalytic action on the Cu-PB modified film.Linear relationships between values of reductive peak current and concentration of NO-2 were obtained in the ranges of 1.0×10-2 to 5.0×10-5 mol/L (r=0.9983),with a detection limit (S/N=3) of 1.0 ×10-6 mol/L in PBS cushion solution (pH=5.85).The proposed method was employed in determining the real samples with recoveries of 97.5%-104.0%

Field of study: Chemistry
Distinct subsets of patients with systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis based on their cytokine profiles.

To assess the serum interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-18 levels in patients with systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (s-JIA) and to identify the clinical features of patient subsets with different cytokine profiles, we analyzed the serum levels of IL-6 and IL-18 in patients with s-JIA and compared them with the clinical features of s-JIA. Eighteen patients were analyzed. IL-6 and IL-18 levels were quantified in serum by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Interestingly, two distinct s-JIA patient subsets based on their serum IL-6 and IL-18 levels were identified: an IL-6 dominant and an IL-18 dominant. The serum IL-6 and IL-18 levels were consistent both at relapse and at the onset of s-JIA in each subset. The IL-6-dominant subset had a significantly greater number of joints with active disease and higher serum levels of matrix metalloproteinase-3, whereas the IL-18-dominant subset was more likely to develop macrophage activation syndrome (MAS). These findings indicate that two subsets of patients with s-JIA, one which is prone for arthritis and another with prone for MAS, can be identified on the basis of their serum IL-6 and IL-18 levels. These two subsets appear to be characterized by certain distinct clinical features.

Field of study: Medicine
Condensation of fractional excitons, non-Abelian states in double-layer quantum Hall systems and Z_4 parafermions

In this paper, we study a method to obtain non-Abelian FQH state through double-layer FQH states and fractional exciton condensation. In particular, we find that starting with the (330) double-layer state and then increasing the interlayer tunneling strength, we may obtain a single-layer non-Abelian FQH state S(330). We show that the S(330) state is actually the Z_4 parafermion Read-Rezayi state. We also calculate the edge excitation of the S(330) state.

Field of study: Physics
Mechanisms and environments of deposition of late precambrian geosynclinal tillites: Scotland and East Greenland

The late Precambrian tillites in Scotland and East Greenland lie in marine,, geosynclinal sequences and extend for hundreds of kilometers. Both tillite formations are hundreds of meters thick and contain largely conformable internal stratigraphies with many individual mixtite beds separated by sandstone, siltstone, conglomerate and dolomite interbeds. Direct evidence for deposition of the mixtures from grounded ice sheets is provided by the angular unconformities beneath the tillite formations, by the huge rafts of deformed sediment in the Great Breccia in Scotland, and by the bedded horizons within mixtites, which are often lenticular as a result of deposition in sub- or englacial tunnels. Indirect evidence that the surface of deposition was mostly too shallow for icebergs, or was even above sea level comes from: algal stromatolites, mudcracks, tidal palaeocurrent patterns and coarse (beach?) conglomerates; from the several internal, marine erosion surfaces in Scotland; and from the sandstone wedges, inferred to be of subaerial permafrost origin. Both tillite formations thus record complex glacial histories, with 17 main glacial advances in Scotland and 2 in Greenland. The tillites are compared with the thick, but little known Quaternary sequences of the North Sea Basin: they may have accumulated on continental shelves that were more gentle and extensive than the latter.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
A Bayesian Choice Model for Eliminating Feedback Loops

Self-reinforcing feedback loops in personalization systems are typically caused by users choosing from a limited set of alternatives presented systematically based on previous choices. We propose a Bayesian choice model built on Luce axioms that explicitly accounts for users' limited exposure to alternatives. Our model is fair---it does not impose negative bias towards unpresented alternatives, and practical---preference estimates are accurately inferred upon observing a small number of interactions. It also allows efficient sampling, leading to a straightforward online presentation mechanism based on Thompson sampling. Our approach achieves low regret in learning to present upon exploration of only a small fraction of possible presentations. The proposed structure can be reused as a building block in interactive systems, e.g., recommender systems, free of feedback loops.

Field of study: Computer science
Heat transfer characteristics of R410A–oil mixture flow boiling inside a 7 mm straight microfin tube

Two-phase heat transfer characteristics of R410A–oil mixture flow boiling inside a straight microfin tube with the outside diameter of 7.0 mm were investigated experimentally. The experimental conditions include the evaporation temperature of 5 °C, the mass flux from 200 to 400 kg m−2 s−1, the heat flux from 7.56 to 15.12 kW m−2, the inlet vapor quality from 0.2 to 0.7, and nominal oil concentration from 0 to 5%. The test results show that the heat transfer coefficient of R410A–oil mixture increases with mass flux of refrigerant–oil mixture; the presence of oil enhances the heat transfer at the range of low vapor qualities (xr,o   0.65), the presence of oil deteriorates heat transfer, and the heat transfer coefficient drops off very sharply with the increase of nominal oil concentration and vapor quality at high vapor qualities. A new correlation to predict the local heat transfer coefficient of R410A–oil mixture flow boiling inside the straight microfin tube was developed based on local properties of refrigerant–oil mixture, and it could agree with 89% of the experimental data within the deviation of ±30%.

Field of study: Engineering
BRUNO: A Deep Recurrent Model for Exchangeable Data

We present a novel model architecture which leverages deep learning tools to perform exact Bayesian inference on sets of high dimensional, complex observations. Our model is provably exchangeable, meaning that the joint distribution over observations is invariant under permutation: this property lies at the heart of Bayesian inference. The model does not require variational approximations to train, and new samples can be generated conditional on previous samples, with cost linear in the size of the conditioning set. The advantages of our architecture are demonstrated on learning tasks that require generalisation from short observed sequences while modelling sequence variability, such as conditional image generation, few-shot learning, and anomaly detection.

Field of study: Computer science