nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Changes in antioxidant properties and volatile compounds of kaffir lime leaf as affected by cooking processes.

Kaffir lime leaf is one of important spices used in eastern cuisines especially in Thai food and that has been cooked in many ways. Our present study investigated the effect of cooking methods on phenolic compounds and antioxidant properties as well as volatile compounds of kaffir lime leaf. Six commonly used cooking methods including three hydrothermal processes, namely blanching, boiling and steaming, and three non-hydrothermal processes, namely frying, roasting and drying, were evaluated. The results showed steaming provided the highest values of total phenolic and total flavonoid contents along with antioxidant activities determined by in vitro DPPH and FRAP assays while drying with hot air gave the lowest values of those parameters tested. Critonella was the predominant volatile compound in fresh leaf (56%) which was enhanced by all non-hydrothermal processes however it was significantly decreased by all water involving processes. In contrast, beta-citronellol was increased by blanching and boiling but decreased by other cooking processes. Our findings suggest that different cooking methods caused various effects on the phenolic compounds and antioxidant properties of kaffir lime leaf. The presence of different volatile compounds in kaffir lime leaves cooked by each process may be a reason of a unique flavor to the food.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Role of antibiotic prophylaxis in antenatal hydronephrosis: A systematic review from the European Association of Urology/European Society for Paediatric Urology Guidelines Panel.

The benefits and harms of continuous antibiotic prophylaxis (CAP) versus observation in patients with antenatal hydronephrosis (ANH) are controversial.



The aim was to determine the effectiveness of CAP for ANH, and if beneficial to determine the best type and regimen of antibiotic and the most harmful to provide guidance for clinical practice.



A systematic literature search was performed in databases including Medline, Embase, and Cochrane in June 2015. The protocol was prospectively registered to PROSPERO (CRD42015024775). The search started from 1980, when maternal ultrasound was first introduced into clinical practice. Eligible studies were critically evaluated for risk of bias using Revman software. The outcomes included reduction in urinary tract infections (UTI), drug-related adverse events and kidney functions.



Of 797 articles identified, 57 full text articles and six abstracts were eligible for inclusion (2 randomized controlled trials, 11 non-randomized comparative studies, and 50 case series). It remains unclear whether CAP is superior to observation in decreasing UTIs. No conclusion could be drawn for drug-related adverse events and kidney function because of lack of data. Children who were not circumcised, with ureteral dilatation, and high-grade hydronephrosis may be more likely to develop UTI, and CAP may be warranted for these subgroups of patients. A majority of the studies had low-to-moderate quality of evidence and with high risk of bias.



The benefits of CAP in a heterogeneous group of children with ANH involving different etiologies remains unproven. However, the evidence in the form of prospective and retrospective observational studies has shown that it reduces febrile UTI in particular subgroups.

Field of study: Medicine
Fractal Characteristics of Corrosion-Induced Cracks in Reinforced Concrete

Based on the fractal geometry, a quantitative index describing the development degree of the internal corrosion expansion of reinforced concrete was proposed. This approach could describe the similarity and complexity of the development of corrosion-induced cracks in concrete simultaneously. Based on this approach, the influence of cracking pattern and coarse aggregate distribution on crack distribution was investigated. This study obtained the crack distribution of reinforced concrete by using the half-soaking galvanic accelerated corrosion method. The results showed that the cracking pattern was the main factor affecting the complexity of crack distribution. For cracks with the simplest cracking pattern, the presence of coarse aggregate and its surface irregularity greatly affected their development trend.

Field of study: Materials science
Discussion about "sports system" from an overall perspective.

"Sports system" covers comprehensive sports attributes such as competition and leisure,being a system consisting of many general objective congruent yet mutually interacting and constraining elements.What the comprehensive development of sports depends on is the coordinated development of all subsystems.However,when it is used,the concept of "sports system" is confused in terms of the logical relation between its parent system and subsystems,unable to accurately reflect its connotations."Sports system" should be correctly understood and accurately used,and a complete overall perspective of sports system under the new situation should be established.

Field of study: Education
Hydraulic architecture and water relations of Spartium junceum branches affected by a mycoplasm disease

Plant water relations, xylem anatomy and the hydraulic architecture of 1-year-old twigs of Spartium junceum, both healthy and affected by a phytoplasm disease, were studied. The disease causes twigs to be either shortened (witches broom disease, WBD) or flat (fasciate disease, FD). WBD twigs show a sevenfold increase in total leaf area, smaller and shorter xylem conduits, a higher stomatal conductance (g 1 ) and a decline of minimum leaf water potentials (ψ 1 ) below the turgor loss point. FD twigs had nearly twice the leaf area of the healthy controls as well as high g 1 values and ψ 1 values below the turgor loss point. Moreover, significant differences between healthy and affected twigs in stem stomatal conductance (g s ) and in the total stem area were recorded. Affected twigs die back under drought stress, which is explained by a pronounced loss of hydraulic conductivity of the infected stems (40 and 60%) in FD and WBD as well as by the unfavourable ratio of weighted conduit radius (Σr 4 ) to total surface area (A 1 ), so that the efficiency of the stem in supplying the whole transpiring area with water is strongly reduced.

Field of study: Environmental science
Technical Progress and Its Fruits: The Idea of Development in the Works of Raul Prebisch

In the past decade in Latin America, especially in the countries of the Southern Cone, there has been a simultaneous reflourishing of political authoritarianism and orthodox economic thinking, with far-reaching consequences. In the minds of many scholars and statesmen who have supported this process, there are various reasons to explain its existence from a theoretical viewpoint and to justify it from a political point of view. At the heart of these reasons is the crisis of the reformist and progressive democratic governments, which are alleged to have committed two major errors. First, they have not been capable of resolving the contradiction between the accumulation requirements of their ambitious economic and social development strategies and the pressures of the mobilized masses who support them politically, and this has had a decisive effect on their rate of economic growth. This contradiction has led them to commit a second error, consisting of the demagogically heterodox management of their economic policies, which has resulted in serious monetary, fiscal, and balance-of-payments disequilibria that have accelerated the economic and political crisis of these regimes, ending by making them weak, ineffective, and illegitimate.' The justification of political authoritarianism arises from this crisis: ecoThe author is a member of the Economic Commission for Latin America, but this article reflects his personal opinions and not necessarily those of the organization. This article was presented at the Annual Meeting of the Association for Evolutionary

Field of study: Economics
Petunia hybrida PDR2 is involved in herbivore defense by controlling steroidal contents in trichomes.

As a first line of defense against insect herbivores many plants store high concentrations of toxic and deterrent secondary metabolites in glandular trichomes. Plant Pleiotropic Drug Resistance (PDR)-type ABC transporters are known secondary metabolite transporters, and several have been implicated in pathogen or herbivore defense. Here, we report on Petunia hybrida PhPDR2 as a major contributor to trichome-related chemical defense. PhPDR2 was found to localize to the plasma membrane and be predominantly expressed in multicellular glandular trichomes of leaves and stems. Down-regulation of PhPDR2 via RNA interference (pdr2) resulted in a markedly higher susceptibility of the transgenic plants to the generalist foliage feeder Spodoptera littoralis. Untargeted screening of pdr2 trichome metabolite contents showed a significant decrease in petuniasterone and petuniolide content, compounds, which had previously been shown to act as potent toxins against various insects. Our findings suggest that PhPDR2 plays a leading role in controlling petuniasterone levels in leaves and trichomes of petunia, thus contributing to herbivory resistance.

Field of study: Environmental science
Immunohistochemical detection of prostaglandins in preimplantation embryos of hamsters, rats and rabbits.

Antisera to prostaglandins (PGs) E2 and F2α and indirect immunofluo-rescence were used to immunohistochemically demonstrate the presence of PGE2 and PGF2α in preimplantation embryos of hamsters, rats and rabbits. Fluorescence showing the presence of both PGF2 and PGF2α was observed in the cytoplasm of the eggs and embryos of all those species at the stages of unfertilized 1-cell to blastocyst. The intensity of the fluorescence was always weak in the eggs and embryos of hamsters, while strong at the 1-cell stage of rabbit eggs and 1-cell through 8-cell stages of rat eggs and embryos, but was weakened at the rest of the stages. In the 1-cell eggs of such species, no difference was observed in the in tensity of the fluorescence between the unfertilized and fertilized. These results, then, have clarified that the preimplantation embryos of hamsters, rats and rabbits constantly contain PGE2 and PGF2α in their early develop-mental stages.

Field of study: Biology
Subject-less Clefts in Korean: Towards a Deletion Analysis

This paper explores the syntactic category of a phonologically suppressed subject in the so-called subject-less cleft construction in Korean, and investigates into its derivation. In the previous analyses, Takahashi (1994) and J.-S. Kim (1997) argue against the cleft analysis of the construction at issue, proposing that the construction involves deletion of IP or a smaller category than IP. On the other hand, Nishiyama et al. (1996) and K.-W. Sohn (1998/2000) argue for the cleft analysis of the construction at issue, maintaining that the subject of the construction can be an overt or empty pronominal. In this paper, keeping in line with the latter analysis, I argue that the construction at issue is analyzed as a cleft construction. Departing from it, however, I also argue that the empty subject of the construction must be regarded as a clefted clause rather than as a pronominal subject, and results from deletion of the clefted clause.

Field of study: Linguistics
Effects of Magnesium Sulfate and Sodium Sulfide on Fresh and Hardened Cement Mortar

In this study, the effects of magnesium sulfate and sodium sulfide on fresh and hardened cement mortar were examined. Water/cement ratios of 0.63 and 0.72 were used to produce two 410 kg/m3 dosed mortars. Various concentrations of sulfate salt solutions were prepared and used as mixing water. Solutions of magnesium sulfate and sodium sulfide and reference mortars were prepared with 1 l of mixing and drinking water, respectively. The mortars were produced in 26 (2 x 13) different mixtures. Eight samples were produced from each mixture for tests including shrinkage tests. Vibratory table experiments were used to determine the workable life of the mortars. The experiments were conducted by using a Vicat apparatus to determine the effects of the tested chemical substances on the setting duration. Six samples, which were prepared from each mixture, were held in water at a temperature of 20 ± 2°C until the test was started. The samples were aged for 7 d, 28 d, and 90 d, and two specimens from each aged sample were tested under bending and compression tests. The shrinkage tests involved measuring size changes of the two samples for duration of 90 d by holding the samples in a controlled environment at 21°C and 55%–65% humidity. Analysis was performed on the effects of sulfate salts on fresh and hardened concrete mixes. It was concluded from the results that magnesium sulfate had the most detrimental effect on the concrete mixes. In contrast, sodium sulfide increased the compressive strength of the concrete mix.

Field of study: Engineering
Affinity chromatographic isolation of cell surface glycoproteins from human foetal brains and their interaction with lectins.

The cell surface glycoproteins of foetal human neurons and glial cells were isolated by affinity chromatography on Con A-Sepharose 4B. Dissociation of Con A from the matrix took place independent of buffer composition and the absence of lipids and/or detergents during chromatography. It was apparently related to the nature of glyco proteins. Pretreatment of Con A-Sepharose 4B with urea or guanidine minimized this problem. The elution of glycoproteins from the affinity matrix at 4 degrees C, instead of the usual 25 degrees C, reduced both Con A and glycolipid contamination in the eluate. Dot-enzyme-linked-lectin assay was carried out with horse radish peroxidase conjugated lectins and serotonin. It was observed that total glycoproteins contained high mannose, hybrid and a limited quantity of biantennary complex type oligosaccharide chains. O-linked oligosaccharides were also present. Desialylation and sodium chloride inhibited binding to serotonin and wheat germ agglutinin indicating the presence of sialic acid residues. Fucose was attached to the innermost core GlcNAc residue, as revealed by affinity towards pea lectin.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Physics
Discrete Vortex Method for Simulating Unsteady Flow Around Pitching Aerofoils

Amodi® ed discretevortex method to simulatetheseparatedowaround an aerofoil undergoing pitching motion is described. The vorticity generated in the thin layer around the body is discretized into vortices in accordance withthemultipanel surfacerepresentation. Byconvectionand diffusionthevorticesarereleased fromthebody and advanced in the wake as determined by the Biot± Savart law and random-walk model, respectively. Both unsteady static and pitching casesare presented, and comparison with the test data illustratesthat, without priorknowledge of the developing separation and reattachment points for the model, good agreement has been achieved. Nomenclature A = area of body (section) B = volume within the body c = aerofoil chord Fb = volume within the control zone Fw = volume outside the control zone K = number of subpanels for each panel k = unit vector k = reduced pitch rate k = X c/2V l = panel length m = index number of subpanel within the panel N = number of panels for the body P = static pressure Re = Reynolds number r, r = position vector and its magnitude S = surface of the body s, n = unit vector along and normal to the surface t = time U = ¯ ow velocity V = velocity Z = position in the form of complex number z = vortex position in the form of complex number a = angle of attack C = circulation c = circulation density 4 t = time step d = distance of nascent vortex off the body m = kinematic viscosity q = ¯ uid density r = vortex core radius W ,W = vector potential and stream function X = rotational velocity x = vorticity Subscripts

Field of study: Physics
Cartographies of Resistance: Poetics and Politics of Space in Chicano/a Writing

This review essay of Mary Pat Brady's Extinct Lands, Temporal Geographies: Chicana Literature and the Urgency of Space, and Monika Kaup's Rewriting North American Borders in Chicano and Chicana Narrative places these recent publications within a context of works that focus on spatial politics in Chicano/a Studies. It pays particular attention to the authors' methodologies.

Field of study: Art
GLS Estimation of Dynamic Factor Models

In this article a simple two-step estimation procedure of the dynamic factor model is proposed. The estimator allows for heteroscedastic and serially correlated errors. It turns out that the feasible two-step estimator has the same limiting distribution as the generalized least squares (GLS) estimator assuming that the covariance parameters are known. In a Monte Carlo study of the small sample properties, we find that the GLS estimators may be substantially more efficient than the usual estimator based on principal components. Furthermore, it turns out that the iterated version of the estimator may feature considerably improved properties in sample sizes usually encountered in practice.

Field of study: Mathematics
Crystallization and preliminary X-ray crystallographic analysis of carbamoyl phosphate synthetase from Escherichia coli.

Carbamoyl Phosphate synthetase catalyzes the formation of carbamoyl phosphate, a high-energy intermediate used in several biosynthetic pathways. The enzyme from Escherichia coli has been crystallized at pH 8 in the presence of L-ornithine, MnCl(2) and ADP, using PEG 8000 in combination with NEt(4)Cl and KCl. The crystals (apparently) belong to the orthorhombic space group P2(1)2(1)2(1) with unit-cell dimensions of a = 154.4, b = 166.5 and c = 338.7 A. The crystals are relatively sensitive to radiation damage, but show diffraction to beyond 2.8 A resolution. A low-resolution (3.5 A) native data set has been recorded and conditions for flash cooling the crystal have been established.

Field of study: Chemistry
Impacts of long-term precipitation manipulation on hydraulic architecture and xylem anatomy of piñon and juniper in Southwest USA.

Hydraulic architecture imposes a fundamental control on water transport, underpinning plant productivity, and survival. The extent to which hydraulic architecture of mature trees acclimates to chronic drought is poorly understood, limiting accuracy in predictions of forest responses to future droughts. We measured seasonal shoot hydraulic performance for multiple years to assess xylem acclimation in mature piñon (Pinus edulis) and juniper (Juniperus monosperma) after 3+ years of precipitation manipulation. Our treatments consisted of water addition (+20% ambient precipitation), partial precipitation-exclusion (-45% ambient precipitation), and exclusion-structure control. Supplemental watering elevated leaf water potential, sapwood-area specific hydraulic conductivity, and leaf-area specific hydraulic conductivity relative to precipitation exclusion. Shifts in allocation of leaf area to sapwood area enhanced differences between irrigated and droughted KL in piñon but not juniper. Piñon and juniper achieved similar KL under ambient conditions, but juniper matched or outperformed piñon in all physiological measurements under both increased and decreased precipitation treatments. Embolism vulnerability and xylem anatomy were unaffected by treatments in either species. Absence of significant acclimation combined with inferior performance for both hydraulic transport and safety suggests piñon has greater risk of local extirpation if aridity increases as predicted in the southwestern USA.

Field of study: Environmental science
Personal Strivings and Motive Dispositions: Exploring the Links

This study sought to determine the relations among personal strivings, motive dispositions, and personality needs. Subjects generated lists of their personal strivings and completed a picture story exercise similar to the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) and the Affiliation, Achievement, Dominance, and Nurturance scales of the Personality Research Form (PRF). Personal strivings were correlated with relevant scores from both the TAT and the PRF. Scores on the TAT and PRF were also not independent. Results are interpreted using McClelland's operant-respondent distinction and McClelland, Koestner, and Weinberger's distinction between implicit and explicit motivation. Personal strivings would appear to be best regarded as thought-operant schemata in McClelland's terminology.

Field of study: Psychology
Extended Virtual-tree Grid Reliability Evaluation Model

An extended reliability evaluation model is proposed,which is extended from existing Virtual Tree Grid Reliability Evaluation Model.In the extended model,a new type of failure is introduced to support reliability evaluation for real-time jobs in grid environments.By applying queueing system to model the working of grid resources,the proposed model is capable of supporting the resources with parallel processing capability,which is unsupported in previous model.The validity of the extended model and its approach to calculate real-time job's reliability are presented theoretically,and extensive simulations are conducted to verify its performance.Experimental results show that the proposed model can significantly improve the accuracy of reliability evaluation in presence of high-level workload.Also,it is able to reduce the jobs' mean response time due to its workload-aware feature.

Field of study: Computer science
The atypical thiol–disulfide exchange protein α-DsbA2 from Wolbachia pipientis is a homotrimeric disulfide isomerase

The disulfide isomerase α-DsbA2 from Wolbachia pipientisis is unexpectedly homotrimeric and lacks the ‘shape-shifting’ conformational flexibility that defines another trimeric disulfide isomerase, ScsC from Proteus mirabilis.

Field of study: Chemistry
The Effectiveness of Inquiry Learning Method to Enhance Students’ Learning Outcome: A Theoritical and Empirical Review

The necessities of the 21st century requires education to continue creating the young generation to have life skills. Life skills are trained through the learning process and identified through the learning outcomes of students. One of the affecting factors for low learning outcomes is learning models. The learning model is a design study that will be conducted by teacher in the classroom. Use a less precise model of learning in the learning process that may lead to boredom or burnout, lack of understanding of concepts, and monotonous activities that makes the students are less motivated to learn. Therefore, a model of learning that according to the effectiveness of all students, one of them is inquiry learning model. Inquiry is the process of using the intellectual students in acquiring knowledge in how to find and organize the concepts and principles into an order of importance according to the student. Inquiry does not only develop intellectual abilities but all potential students, including the emotional and also skills development.

Field of study: Education
Study on Mechanic Behavior of SC100-T6 Under Hot-working Conditions

The stress varying rules of SC100-T6 high silicon aluminum alloy during high temperature plastic deformation were studied by isothermal compression of cylindrical specimens on Gleeble-1500. The experiment temperature is from 360 ℃ to 500 ℃, strain rate is from 0.006 s-1 to 0.036 s-1. The results show that the flow stress is effected by the changes of both strain rate and deformation temperature, the flow stress decreases with the increase of temperature, while increases with the increase of strain rate. The flow stress of SC100-T6 alloy during high temperature deformation can be represented by a Zener-Hollomon parameter in sinh form.

Field of study: Materials science