nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Electrochemical asymmetric reduction of prochiral carbonyl compounds, oximes, and a gem-dihalide on a poly-L-valine-coated graphite electrode.

The electrochemical asymmetric reduction of prochiral carbonyl compounds, oximes, and a gem-dihalide was examined by using a poly-L-valine-coated graphite electrode. The highest asymmetric yield (16.6%) was obtained in the reduction of 1,1-dibromo-2,2-diphenylcyclopropane to the corresponding monobromocyclopropane.

Field of study: Chemistry
Mechanical Behavior Analysis of a 1 MJ SMES Magnet

For several decades, researches and developments on superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) system have been carried out actively world wide for efficient electric power management. A large bore NbTi superconducting magnet with liquid helium bath cooling has been developed in the Institute of Electrical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences (IEE, CAS), which can be demonstrated as a micro-sized 1 MJ SMES. Even though the superconducting magnet is designed optimally in respect to the preload and electromagnetic force, consideration of mechanical integrity due to stress must not be neglected for the stable operation of the SMES system. Therefore, in order to study the mechanical behavior of the SMES magnet, a two-dimensional axisymmetric finite element analysis was performed. In the paper, the details of the magnet design, FEA model and results of the mechanical behavior analysis are presented.

Field of study: Physics
Anaerobic Transformation of the Iodinated X-ray Contrast Medium Iopromide, Its Aerobic Transformation Products, and Transfer to Further Iodinated X-ray Contrast Media.

The iodinated X-ray contrast medium (ICM) iopromide and its aerobic transformation products (TPs) are frequently detected in the effluents of wastewater treatment plants and in different compartments of the aquatic environment. In this study, the anaerobic transformation of iopromide and its aerobic TPs was investigated in water-sediment systems. Iopromide, its final aerobic TP didespropanediol iopromide (DDPI), and its primary aniline desmethoxyacetyl iopromide (DAMI) were used as model substances. Five biologically formed anaerobic TPs of iopromide and DAMI and six of DDPI, and the respective transformation pathways, were identified. The TPs were formed by successive deiodination and hydrolysis of amide moieties. Quantification of the iodinated TPs was achieved by further development of a complementary liquid chromatography (LC)-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (Q-ToF-MS) and LC-inductively coupled plasma - mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) strategy without needing authentic standards, despite several TPs coeluting with others. A database with predicted anaerobic TPs of ICMs was derived by applying the transformation rules found for the anaerobic transformation pathways of iopromide and diatrizoate to further ICMs (iomeprol and iopamidol) and their aerobic TPs already reported in the literature. The environmental relevance of the identified transformation pathways was confirmed by identifying an experimental TP and two predicted TPs using suspect screening of water taken from anaerobic bank filtration zones.

Field of study: Environmental science
Herbicidal Influence on the Uptake of Sulphur in Maize

In maize, total sulphur uptake declined by 54.74 and 44.65 percent over control by the application of 4kg/ha of atrazine, 8kg/ha of EPTC, other levels of these herbicides also caused significant reduction. The pattern was same under DPA, and 2, 4-D at all the levels to slightly lower extent. The absorption of 35s by maize was reduced by the application of herbicides which varied from 13.60 percent (8kg/ha) EPTC to 26.93 percent (0.50kg/ha atrazine) against 32.00 percent in control.

Field of study: Biology
Convulsion Therapy in War Psychoneurotics

All cases treated, save one, in a series of 40 selected cases of war-time psychoneurotics improved in varying measure as a result of convulsion therapy, though the ultimate prognosis as to the return of these patients to duty is poor. This, in practically all cases, is not due to the inefficiency of treatment, but to the negative therapeutic attitude of the patient. The best results are achieved in those cases where the effect of the removal of the symptom on the patient is most impressive, e.g. hysterical inability to walk. Similarities and differences between convulsive treatment of psychoneurotics and psychotics are described. The psycho-dynamics of the therapy are discussed and the theoretical significance of certain phenomena are considered.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Institutional Origins of the Military-Industrial Complex

With few exceptions the existing literature on the military-industrial complex (MIC) dates its origins no earlier than World War II. Most analysts have taken President Dwight Eisenhower's farewell address and the Cold War setting of Eisenhower's presidency as the starting point for conceptualizing the MIC. The common theme of previous studies has been the acceptance of C. Wright Mills's power elite model as a frame of reference. Linked to this vision of modem society is the conventional definition of the MIC as an informal coalition of groups with vested interests in high levels of defense spending. From this common ground the literature has taken two analytical directions. In one direction it has been the trend of policy-the unprecedented levels of peacetime defense spending and an increasing militarization of foreign policy-that has been the object of study, the MIC serving primarily as a convenient label for a critique of these Cold War policy trends and the altered power configurations and policymaking processes that have produced them. Within this analytical direction the debate in the literature has been over which segment of the MIC (the military, business, or political elite) is the driving force. The second analytical direction has been a focus on the bureaucratic forms that are a counterpart to the coalition of interest groups.' The two analytical

Field of study: Economics
Differential Expression of MicroRNA-19b Promotes Proliferation of Cancer Stem Cells by Regulating the TSC1/mTOR Signaling Pathway in Multiple Myeloma

MiR-19b has been reported to be involved in several malignancies, but its role in multiple myeloma (MM) is still unknown. The objective of this study was to explore the biological mechanism of miR-19b in the progression of MM.  First, we performed real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Western blot to study the expression of miR-19b, tuberous sclerosis 1 (TSC1), and caspase-3 in different groups. MTT assay was performed to explore the effect of miR-19b on survival and apoptosis of cancer stem cells (CSCs). Computation analysis and luciferase assay were utilized to confirm the interaction between miR-19b and TSC1.  A total of 38 participants comprising 20 subjects with MM and 18 healthy subjects as normal controls were enrolled in our study. Real-time PCR showed dramatic upregulation of miR-19b, but TSC1 was evidently suppressed in the MM group. MiR-19b overexpression substantially promoted clonogenicity and cell viability, and further inhibited apoptosis of CSCs in vitro. Furthermore, miR-19b overexpression downregulated the expression of caspase-3, which induced apoptosis. Using in silico analysis, we identified that TSC1 might be a direct downstream target of miR-19b, and this was further confirmed by luciferase assay showing that miR-19b apparently reduced the luciferase activity of wild-type TSC1 3´-UTR, but not that of mutant TSC1 3´-UTR. There was also evident decrease in TSC1 mRNA and protein in CSCs following introduction of miR-19b. Interestingly, reintroduction of TSC1 abolished the miR-19b-induced proliferation promotion and apoptosis inhibition in CSCs.  These findings collectively suggest that miR-19b promotes cell survival and suppresses apoptosis of MM CSCs via targeting TSC1 directly, indicating that miR-19b may serve as a potential and novel therapeutic target of MM based on miRNA expression.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Improved survival in systemic sclerosis is associated with better ascertainment of internal organ disease: a retrospective cohort study.

Systemic sclerosis (SSc) has high mortality and morbidity. Current management focuses on early detection and treatment of organ-based manifestations.



To determine whether the ascertainment of major organ complications of SSc has changed over time and if this is associated with better survival.



Retrospective cohort analysis.



A total of 520 SSc patients, 234 with disease onset between 1990 and 1993 (historical cohort) and 286 with disease onset between 2000 and 2003 (contemporary cohort), were included. Survival and frequency of internal organ complications were compared between the two cohorts.



Five-year survival among diffuse cutaneous SSc (dcSSc) patients has improved from 69% in the 1990-93 cohort to 84% in the 2000-03 cohort (P = 0.018), whereas 5-year survival among the limited cutaneous SSc (lcSSc) patients has remained unchanged-93 and 91%, respectively. Sixteen per cent of the lcSSc subjects and 38% of the dcSSc subjects from the contemporary cohort were diagnosed for the clinically significant pulmonary fibrosis compared with 3 and 7%, respectively, of the historical cohort (P < 0.001). Similarly, the diagnosis of pulmonary arterial hypertension was more frequent in the patients from the contemporary cohort (8 and 7% for lcSSc and dcSSc, respectively) compared with [ < 1% (P = 0.002) and 1% (P = 0.148), respectively] the historical cohort. There was no significant difference between the two cohorts in terms of scleroderma renal crisis and cardiac involvement.



Survival has substantially improved for the diffuse cutaneous subset of SSc with better and more complete ascertainment of lung complications as a result of systematic annual screening.

Field of study: Medicine
Electrochemical lithium intercalation in disordered manganese oxides

Four highly disordered manganese oxides were prepared by reduction of sodium permanganate by chloride, iodide, hydrogen peroxide or oxalate in aqueous medium containing a large excess of Li + ions, yielding hydrated oxides with Mn valence in the range 3.80–3.92. Thermogravimetric studies showed that the iodide-reduced oxide can be dehydrated to 92% at 240°C, while the other three ones retain water at temperatures up to ca. 400°C, where crystallization is significant. The electrochemical behaviour was studied potentiostatically and galvanostatically in lithium cells on samples dried at 240°C. All samples give a unique, broad, reversible oxidation–reduction peak in the range of 2.0–3.6 V. Cycling capacities vary in decreasing order iodide>hydrogen peroxide>chloride>oxalate. The best compound, Li 0.60 Na 0.16 MnO 2.33 I ≈0.05 , has an initial capacity of >170 Ah/kg, slowly decreasing on cycling to reach 140 Ah/kg after 70 cycles. These performances, which are far superior to those of manganese spinels, are compared to those of recently reported amorphous manganese oxi-iodides prepared in anhydrous conditions.

Field of study: Materials science
Investigation of Ge and C layer deposition on a Si substrate using SIMS profiling

Structures grown using the technique of molecular-beam epitaxy during deposition of carbon and/or germanium atoms on an Si(111) surface were investigated experimentally and theoretically. Experimental profiles of in-depth component distribution were obtained using SIMS-profiling, whereas a complex technique of computer simulation taking into account diffusion and ballistic processes was applied for the calculated profiles.

Field of study: Physics
EFFECT OF VARIABLE LINEAR ELASTIC PARAMETERS ON FINITE ELEMENT PREDICTION OF SOIL COMPACTION

An axisymmetric linear elastic finite element program was developed to investigate the effect that the two linear elastic parameters, Poisson*s ratio and Young's modulus, had on soil compaction. This program was verified against Boussinesq's linear elastic theory. It was found that increased values of Young's modulus had no effect on the stress state in the soil mass but that strain levels were decreased. Increased values of Poisson's ratio increased the stress state and decreased the strain levels. The interaction of these two parameters point to the need to be able to vary both over the entire stress range.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
EFFECTS ON DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS AND RESPONSE OF RAMMED SOIL-CEMENT PILE COMPOSITE FOUNDATION

Dynamic property experiments of full scale rammed soil-cement pile composite foundation are conducted by means of simulating natural earthquake through blast earthquake.With no load applied,the dynamic characteristics and time-history responses of natural foundation and rammed soil-cement pile composite foundation are analyzed firstly.Then the dynamic characteristics and time-history responses of single pile and group-piles rammed soil-cement pile composite foundation are analyzed under static load and explosions respectively.The horizontal displacement and the peak acceleration of single-pile and group-piles composite foundation under blast earthquake action are studied,as well as the variation frequencies under different load conditions.This research provides references for the later study of bearing capacity and deformation characteristics of rammed soil-cement pile under dynamic load.

Field of study: Engineering
Chiral Magnetic Effect Task Force Report

In this report, we briefly examine the current status of the study of the chiral magnetic effect including theory and experimental progress. We recommend future strategies for resolving uncertainties in interpretation including recommendations for theoretical work, recommendations for measurements based on data collected in the past five years, and recommendations for beam use in the coming years of RHIC. We have specifically investigated the case for colliding nuclear isobars (nuclei with the same mass but different charge) and find the case compelling. We recommend that a program of nuclear isobar collisions to isolate the chiral magnetic effect from background sources be placed as a high priority item in the strategy for completing the RHIC mission.

Field of study: Physics
Tumor necrosis factor alpha gene polymorphism is associated with cerebral infarction.

We examined whether promoter region polymorphism in the tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha) gene at position -308 affects the odds of cerebral infarction (CI). We genotyped 366 CI patients and 610 healthy controls for the same polymorphism. A significant decrease was found for the TNFalpha A allele in CI patients compared with controls (P=0.003). Our finding suggests that TNFalpha promoter region polymorphism is responsible for susceptibility to CI in Koreans.

Field of study: Biology
Molecular gas associated with IRAS 10361-5830

We analyze the distribution of the molecular gas and dust in the molecular clump linked to IRAS 10361-5830, located in the environs of the bubble-shaped Hii region Gum 31 in the Carina region, with the aim of determining the main parameters of the associated material and of investigating the evolutionary state of the young stellar objects identified there.  Using the APEX telescope, we mapped the molecular emission in the J = 3−2 transition of three CO isotopologues, 12 CO, 13 CO and C 18 O, over a 1. 5 × 1. � 5 region around the IRAS position. We also observed the high-density tracers CS and HCO + toward the source. The cold- dust distribution was analyzed using submillimeter continuum data at 870 μm obtained with the APEX telescope. Complementary IR and radio data at different wavelengths were used to complete the study of the interstellar medium.  The molecular gas distribution reveals a cavity and a shell-like structure of ∼0.32 pc in radius centered at the position of the IRAS source, with some young stellar objects projected onto the cavity. The total molecular mass in the shell and the mean H2volume

Field of study: Physics
Molecular Beam Epitaxy of Graded-Composition InGaN Nanowires

We report the growth of graded InGaN nanowires by plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy. Wire composition is linearly graded from InN to GaN along the length of each wire. The large lattice mismatch between GaN and InN (11%) introduces tensile strain in the graded region, which results in cracking of the wires. Growing with reverse grading (i.e., GaN to InN) results in crack-free nanowires. The composition is measured by energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy of individual nanowires performed in a scanning transmission electron microscope, and strain is measured by high-resolution x-ray diffraction.

Field of study: Materials science
Load Forecasting Method Research Based on Improved K-means Algorithm and SVM

A short-term load forecasting method combining k-means clustering algorithm and SVM is proposed. Euclidean distance and waveform similarity clustering of double standards is used in improved k-means clustering algorithm. The different load curves is accurately classified and their typical load curve is extracted, realized the classification function of different types of user. Then according to the classification results, select the same type of load curves and load factors with the predicted load as input of support vector machine prediction model. This method is used to classify and predict the actual daily load curve of shanghai. It shows that the method can greatly improve the prediction accuracy and is practical.

Field of study: Engineering
Distributed Control System of Casting Aging Furnace Based on Fuzzy-PID

Based on the aging technology,control characteristic and basic components of casting aging furnace,a distributed control system is proposed for design and development of casting aging furnace.The key of this system is the algorithm design of the adjusting unit.A compound strategy of the Fuzzy-PID adjusting unit of the distributed control system is established by combining the fuzzy control algorithm with the PID control algorithm Practice results show that this system can tackle the previous problems such as large temperature difference,high energy consumption and poor aging quality.

Field of study: Materials science
Agglomeration characteristics in fluidized bed incineration of organic-condensed wastewater

Incineration temperature is an important parameter to evaluate organic wastewater combustion and is also a significant factor affecting the formation of agglomeration. In the process of fluidized bed incineration of organic-condensed wastewater, the influence of incineration temperature on agglomeration was investigated experimentally and discussed. The results of the combustion tests showed that the intensity of agglomeration and the ratio of Na_2Si_3O_7 in the clinker sample were growing with increasing incineration temperature. Moreover, the dominant crystals of Na_2SO_4,NaCl were converted into the crystals of Na_2SO_4,Na_2Si_3O_7 etc. Using additives such as limestone,ferric oxide powder,kaolinite might be effective to reduce the agglomeration problem as illustrated in this paper.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
A decentralized algorithm for dynamic load balancing with file transfer

This article presents an implementation and performance evaluation of load balancing in a locally distributed system. The decentralized algorithm proposed here uses both process and file transfer. The load balancing algorithm consists of three routines. The local process queue routine decides whether to execute a user process immediately or to append the user job to the local process queue. The local monitor routine does the process and file transfer. The distributed monitor on each host collects and updates the information about the state of the local host and broadcasts this information to all the remote hosts. It is proven analytically that the decentralized algorithm can balance the system load. A number of experiments executed in the distributed system under various loading conditions and for different job submission configurations show the applications of the algorithm. The article introduces the concept of the migratable factor that allows for performance improvement through process and file transfer. The results of the experiments show that the decentralized algorithm with file transfer increases system performance through load balancing for various workloads.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
The Politics of Liberal Education

Controversy over what role “the great books” should play in college curricula and questions about who defines “the literary canon” are at the forefront of debates in higher education. The Politics of Liberal Education enters this discussion with a sophisticated defense of educational reform in response to attacks by academic traditionalists. The authors here—themselves distinguished scholars and educators—share the belief that American schools, colleges, and universities can do a far better job of educating the nation’s increasingly diverse population and that the liberal arts must play a central role in providing students with the resources they need to meet the challenges of a rapidly changing world.

Within this area of consensus, however, the contributors display a wide range of approaches, illuminating the issues from the perspectives of their particular disciplines—classics, education, English, history, and philosophy, among others—and their individual experiences as teachers. Among the topics they discuss are canon-formation in the ancient world, the idea of a “common culture,” and the educational implications of such social movements as feminism, technological changes including computers and television, and intellectual developments such as “theory.” Readers interested in the controversies over American education will find this volume an informed alternative to sensationalized treatments of these issues.

Contributors. Stanley Fish, Phyllis Franklin, Henry Louis Gates Jr., Henry A. Giroux, Darryl J. Gless, Gerald Graff, Barbara Herrnstein Smith, George A. Kennedy, Bruce Kuklick, Richard A. Lanham, Elizabeth Kamarck Minnich, Alexander Nehamas, Mary Louise Pratt, Richard Rorty, Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick

Field of study: Education
Priority setting for health technology assessment in The Netherlands: principles and practice.

The resources for health technology assessment fall short of that needed to evaluate all health technologies. Therefore, priorities have to be set. In The Netherlands, the Health Care Insurance Board tried to address this issue by developing a more explicit priority setting procedure for the Fund for Investigative Medicine, which is the most important health technology assessment programme in The Netherlands. The procedure provides one of the first examples of the application of theoretical principles for priority setting. The aim is to select those health technologies for assessment that are most relevant for policy-making. To determine the policy relevance of research proposals, different procedures for categorising, scoring, and weighting policy criteria were defined, and different classification strategies were explored. Our first experiences using the priority setting procedure are described by means of an example on low back pain. Subsequently, the procedure has been applied to research proposals submitted to the Fund for Investigative Medicine in 1998 to illustrate how decisions on the funding of health technology assessments can be guided. The results show a different rating of research proposals into one of three predefined categories of policy relevance, high, intermediate and low, implying that decisions about funding can heavily dependent on the selected procedure. Therefore, it seems to be important that the selected procedure reflects the viewpoint of the organisation wishing to set priorities. The different ratings of the research proposals using a more explicit procedure suggest that there may be scope for further development and application of the procedure.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science