nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Certificate-less Mechanism for Preventing IP Prefix Hijacks Among Autonomous Systems

IP prefix hijacking is one of the top threats on the Internet.Currently,the mechanisms for preventing IP prefix hijacks based on asymmetric cryptographies are confronted with problems including public keys storaging,keys escrow and too heavy overhead of online authentications.All these problems prevent these mechanisms from practically deploying.From this,we authenticate the ownerships of IP prefixes using signature scheme of no certificate.Our preventing mechanism doesn′t need public key certificates and key escrow.The analyses show that our mechanism can improve performance at many aspects.It may push ahead the practical deploys of mechanisms for preventing IP prefix hijacks.

Field of study: Computer science
Flood geomorphology of the Katherine Gorge, Northern Territory, Australia

The Katherine Gorge is a narrow, deep canyon system developed in resistant sandstone. The tropical monsoonal climate results in rare flood events of very large magnitude. These floods flush sand-sized sediment as washload through the gorge, but local accumulations are preserved as slack-water deposits at tributary mouths. Paleoflood hydrologic analysis of the deposits, employing step-backwater flow modeling, allows quantitative estimates to be made of geomorphically significant flows. For an annual exceedence probability of 10 −2 , the gorge may experience discharges of 6,000 m 3 /s, mean velocities of 7.5 m/s, flow depths of 15 to 45 m, stream powers per unit area as great as 1 × 10 4 watts/m 2 , and bed shear stresses of 1.5 × 10 3 N/m 2 . Such flows are required to transport boulders 3 m or more in intermediate diameter that occur at large-scale riffles. At maximum stage, pools reach depths of 45 m and are preferentially developed at vertical joint intersections in the rock, probably through intense hydraulic action. Pool-and-riffle development thus reflects the channel boundary characteristics for extreme flow conditions. Additional indicators of especially intense flow phenomena include potholes, flutes, abraded facets on rock bar surfaces, and scabland development on upland bedrock surfaces.

Field of study: Geology
The Co-originality of Law and Democracy in the Moral Horizon of Modernity

In order to improve our understanding of the challenges facing constitutionalism in today’s globalizing world, Neil Walker rightly focuses on the relationship between democracy and constitutionalism. In the first part of the paper, Walker highlights the complexity of this relationship and argues that common approaches, according to which constitutionalism and democracy are either complementary or oppositional, are too simplistic. Walker tries to show that we are facing a false dichotomy and that we should appreciate that this relationship is, in fact, a double one. It is complementary because constitutionalism supports the realization of democracy in the sense that it helps to fulfil the necessary empirical conditions for democratic processes to get started or keep going. It is oppositional to the extent that constitutionalism qualifies democracy on the normative level by providing an independent rationale for non-democratic values understood in terms of individual rights or collective goods. In the second part of the paper, Walker makes use of his analysis for a reassessment of the fate of constitutionalism in the context of current day globalization. He argues, more specifically, that the double nature of the relationship between constitutionalism and democracy shows that the current debate is again set in terms which suggest an inappropriate dichotomy. On the one hand, theorists who embrace the rise of postnational constitutional structures as a fortunate reinvigoration of constitutionalism even in the absence of the concomitant rise of postnational democracy underestimate the importance of constitutionalism’s complementary relationship with democracy. On the other hand, theorists indicting postnational constitutionalism precisely because it lacks democratic credentials are too quick in assuming that constitutionalism has no proper and independent normative functions to fulfil in the absence of a proper embedding in a specific democratic polity. Instead of opting for one of the horns of this false dilemma, Walker suggests that the challenge of postnational constitutionalism consists in finding a new and adjusted architecture in which democracy retains a ‘nested centrality’ rather than a ‘singular preeminence’ in a postnational order which now no longer consists of neatly separated constitutional states but rather of intricate and only partly constitutionalized postnational networks. Although Walker’s analysis is appealing in many respects, there is a noteworthy shift in his argumentation as he moves from the first to the second part of his paper. I believe this shift is revealing in the sense that it points us towards a remaining one-sidedness and, thus, weakness of his approach. In the first part, Walker analyses the complementary relationship between constitutionalism and

Field of study: Philosophy
Molecular analysis of ectomycorrhizal basidiomycete communities in a Pinus sylvestris L. stand reveals long-term increased diversity after removal of litter and humus layers.

The number of fruiting bodies of ectomycorrhizal species in pine forests in The Netherlands has decreased dramatically in recent decades. This decrease has been attributed to an increase in nitrogen deposition and the accumulation of litter and humus. The effects of sod cutting and the removal of litter and humus, to restore ectomycorrhizal diversity in a Scots pine forest in Dwingeloo, The Netherlands, were investigated previously from 1990 to 1993. Removal of the litter and humus resulted in a significant increase in the numbers of species and fruiting bodies of ectomycorrhizal fungi. However, until now all data were obtained by counting fruiting bodies and the effects on mycelial development below ground were not assessed. To investigate hyphal development, DNA was extracted from bulk soil and polymerase chain reaction products were obtained by amplification using basidiomycete-specific internal transcribed spacer (ITS) primers. The differences in diversity between the control plots and the treated plots were analyzed using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. To assess the species composition and differences, ITS regions of the amplified fragments were cloned and sequenced. Sequences were compared with sequences from GenBank and from fruiting bodies collected from the same plots. Data indicated increased below-ground ectomycorrhizal diversity in the plots that had been subjected to removal of the litter and humus layers.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Genomewide Association Study of Alcohol Dependence Identifies Risk Loci Altering Ethanol‐Response Behaviors in Model Organisms

Alcohol dependence (AD) shows evidence for genetic liability, but genes influencing risk remain largely unidentified.



We conducted a genomewide association study in 706 related AD cases and 1,748 unscreened population controls from Ireland. We sought replication in 15,496 samples of European descent. We used model organisms (MOs) to assess the role of orthologous genes in ethanol (EtOH)-response behaviors. We tested 1 primate-specific gene for expression differences in case/control postmortem brain tissue.



We detected significant association in COL6A3 and suggestive association in 2 previously implicated loci, KLF12 and RYR3. None of these signals are significant in replication. A suggestive signal in the long noncoding RNA LOC339975 is significant in case:control meta-analysis, but not in a population sample. Knockdown of a COL6A3 ortholog in Caenorhabditis elegans reduced EtOH sensitivity. Col6a3 expression correlated with handling-induced convulsions in mice. Loss of function of the KLF12 ortholog in C. elegans impaired development of acute functional tolerance (AFT). Klf12 expression correlated with locomotor activation following EtOH injection in mice. Loss of function of the RYR3 ortholog reduced EtOH sensitivity in C. elegans and rapid tolerance in Drosophila. The ryanodine receptor antagonist dantrolene reduced motivation to self-administer EtOH in rats. Expression of LOC339975 does not differ between cases and controls but is reduced in carriers of the associated rs11726136 allele in nucleus accumbens (NAc).



We detect association between AD and COL6A3, KLF12, RYR3, and LOC339975. Despite nonreplication of COL6A3, KLF12, and RYR3 signals, orthologs of these genes influence behavioral response to EtOH in MOs, suggesting potential involvement in human EtOH response and AD liability. The associated LOC339975 allele may influence gene expression in human NAc. Although the functions of long noncoding RNAs are poorly understood, there is mounting evidence implicating these genes in multiple brain functions and disorders.

Field of study: Medicine
Oxycodone attenuates vascular leak and lung inflammation in a clinically relevant two-hit rat model of acute lung injury.

Oxycodone is a synthetic opioid receptor agonist that exerts antinociceptive activity via κ-, μ- and δ-opioid receptors (KOR, MOR and DOR, respectively). Activation of MOR has been reported to provide protection against acute lung injury (ALI). We hypothesized that pretreatment with oxycodone would attenuate lung injury at the level of alveolar tight junctions (TJs) and aquaporins (AQPs) and investigated this possibility in a two-hit model of ALI induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and mechanical ventilation (MV).



Male Sprague Dawley rats and A59 cells were divided into 6 groups: the control group, ALI group, oxycodone-pretreated group, and oxycodone/κ-, μ-, or δ-opioid receptor antagonist-pretreated groups. The rats were pretreated with oxycodone 30 min before intravenous injection of LPS and then allowed to recover for 24 h prior to MV, establishing a two-hit model of ALI. The cells were similarly treated with oxycodone (with or without antagonists) 30 min after exposure to lipopolysaccharide. The cells were cyclically stretched 24 h later to mirror the in vivo MV protocol.



Oxycodone alleviated the histological lung changes in the rats with ALI and decreased pulmonary microvascular permeability both in vivo and in vitro. Oxycodone upregulated the expression of claudin-5, ZO-1, AQP1, and AQP5 but downregulated the expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, TLR4, NF-κB, MMP9, and caspase-3 and suppressed endothelial apoptosis in vivo and in vitro. These protective effects of oxycodone were partly eliminated by KOR and MOR antagonists but not by DOR antagonists.



Oxycodone pretreatment appears to act via κ- and μ-opioid receptors to ameliorate LPS- and MV-induced lung injury by suppressing inflammation and apoptosis, and this protective effect might be mediated through the inhibition of the TLR4/NF-κB pathways.

Field of study: Medicine
Automated generation of test suites from formal specifications of real-time reactive systems

Real-time reactive systems are among the most difficult systems to test because of their size and complex time-dependent functionality. The number of test experiments for such systems is very large, if not infinite. Often such systems arise in safety-critical contexts. Hence, such systems require a rigorous analysis and thorough testing before they are deployed. This paper addresses test case generation methods and a metric-based test case selection algorithm for sufficient testing of real-time reactive systems. The methods are rigorous, and based on the formal specifications of the system and its fault models. The test generation and execution of algorithms are implemented in TROMLAB, a formal framework for developing real-time reactive systems. The methods are applied to the formal specification of the Train-Gate-Controller (TGC) example, a bench-mark case study in the real-time systems community. A brief description of the experimental results obtained on the case study is given.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
An asymptotic stability condition for inhomogeneous simple shear

Analytic steady solutions of inhomogeneous simple shear with isothermal and stress boundary conditions are found. The material is assumed to be thermoviscous and inertia and heat conduction effects are included. The basic inhomogeneous solution is spatially dependent, but time independent. Bifurcation of this solution, as the parameters vary, is analyzed. It is shown that there is a critical value of the parameter, corresponding to thermal softening, below which two steady state solutions exist for specified values of other parameters. A linear perturbation method, which gives rise to a linear set of partial differential equations (with spatially dependent coefficients), is used to distinguish the stable branch of the bifurcation diagram. After separation of variables, the existence of eigenvalues and eigenfunctions of the resulting fourth-order system is demonstrated. An asymptotic solution to the eigenvalue problem, for the case when an appropriate parameter is set equal to zero, is obtained explicitly. An integral method is then used in the general case to obtain a sufficient condition for stability.

Field of study: Mathematics
Failure Analysis on Rupture of Inlet Valve in High Power DG Diesel Engine

The chemical composition,hardness,microstructure,macromorphology and fractography of failure inlet valve were analyzed.The results show that the grains are relatively small,and there are large particles carbides with angular on microstructure;residual marks exist in the neck of valve.Based on the fault mechanism analysis,it concluds that lower solid solution temperature and the coarse neck surface cause the early fracture of inlet valve.

Field of study: Materials science
Genetic analysis of thermolabile methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase as a risk factor for myocardial infarction.

Hyperhomocyst(e)inemia is associated with an increased risk of coronary artery disease and myocardial infarction. Both genetic and environmental factors influence the plasma level of homocysteine. One of the metabolic pathways for homocysteine involves the enzyme methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR), which regulates the conversion of homocysteine to methionine. A thermolabile variant of MTHFR is associated with reduced enzyme activity and increased plasma homocysteine levels. Recently, the cause of this variant of MTFHR has been identified as a single base change altering an alanine to a valine residue in the protein. Using a PCR-based assay to distinguish the normal and thermolabile variants of MTHFR in this study, we investigated whether the thermolabile variant is a genetic risk factor for myocardial infarction. In a study of 532 subjects (310 myocardial infarction patients and 222 population-based controls), we found no difference in either MTHFR genotype distribution (p = 0.57) or allele frequencies (p = 0.68) between cases and controls. The allele frequencies of the thermolabile variant were 0.34 and 0.35 in cases and controls, respectively. The age- and sex-stratified odds ratio for risk of myocardial infarction associated with homozygosity for the thermolabile variant was 0.85 (95% CI 0.50-1.50, p = 0.57) and that with carriage of the thermolabile allele was 1.06 (95% CI 0.73-1.52, p = 0.76). The odds ratios remained non-significant when restricted to young subjects (< 60 years) or males, and were not influenced by several other risk factors for myocardial infarction considered either singly or in combination. Interestingly, in both cases and controls, there was a trend toward a higher prevalence of hypertension in subjects carrying the normal allele, although as this is a post-hoc finding it needs to be interpreted with caution. The thermolabile variant of MTHFR is not a major risk factor for myocardial infarction and is unlikely to explain a significant proportion of the reported association of hyperhomocyst(e)inemia with coronary artery disease.

Field of study: Medicine
Spin Hecke algebras of finite and affine types

We introduce the spin Hecke algebra, which is a q-deformation of the spin symmetric group algebra, and its affine generalization. We establish an algebra isomorphism which relates our spin (affine) Hecke algebras to the (affine) Hecke?Clifford algebras of Olshanski and Jones?Nazarov. Relation between the spin (affine) Hecke algebra and a nonstandard presentation of the usual (affine) Hecke algebra is displayed, and the notion of covering (affine) Hecke algebra is introduced to provide a link between these algebras. Various algebraic structures for the spin (affine) Hecke algebra are established.

Field of study: Mathematics
Preparation and characterization of magnetic hollow glass microspheres by electroless plating

Magnetic hollow glass microspheres (HGM) were prepared by electroless plating technique. Morphology, composition, structure, infrared radiation and magnetic property of hollow glass microspheres before and after platingwere characterized by SEM, EDS,XPS,XRD, IRandVSM, respectively. The results showed that Ni-P plating, composed of particles of 1~2 im diameters, was uniformly coated on surfaces of HGM. Because of the existence of Ni-P plating, peak intensity of the plated HGMin IR and XRD were lower than those before. Since the plated HGM own anti-infrared radiation and magnetic property, they are useful in some special areas.

Field of study: Materials science
Transfer Learning via Semi-supervised Boosting Method

Transfer learning aims at reusing existing instances from other related domains to help learning models for the target domain.Existing algorithms in instance-transfer learning might easily suffer from the problem of overfitting.To address this problem,we propose to incorporate additional unlabeled instances from the target domain,so that more domain knowledge can be brought into the training process.Specifically,under the generalized framework of boosting methods,we show that a semi-supervised boosting method can be applied to help re-weighting the source domain instances,making the final classifiers less sensitive to the small amount of labeled instances in the target domain.Extensive experiments confirm the efficiency of the new algorithm.

Field of study: Computer science
Analysis of heat transport mechanisms from a Late Miocene model experiment with a fully-coupled atmosphere–ocean general circulation model

The fossil record for the Late Miocene indicates that high latitudes were warmer than today and that the equator-to-pole temperature gradient was weak. Experiments with climate models have not been sufficiently able to represent warm polar conditions for the Late Miocene. This demonstrates that our explanation of warm high latitudes in the Late Miocene is not complete. In addition, heat transport mechanisms have not been so frequently addressed to understand the differences between the Late Miocene and modern climate. Here we present a model simulation for the Tortonian (11 to 7 Ma) using a complex fully-coupled atmosphere–ocean general circulation model to address heat transport mechanisms relative to modern conditions. Because of an open Central American Isthmus, the zonal mean northward ocean heat transport in the Northern Hemisphere generally decreases in our Tortonian run. As a consequence, the northward atmospheric heat transport is stronger in the Tortonian experiment. In northern mid-latitudes, the sensible and latent heat fluxes related to transient eddies increase compared to today. The stronger poleward transient eddy heat transport in the Tortonian model run correlates with intensified stormtracks in the mid-latitudes. In the palaeoclimate model run, the increased northward transient eddy heat transport together with the different-than-present land surface cover leads to a warming of polar regions and, hence, to a reduction of the meridional temperature gradient. The low elevation of Tibet in our palaeoclimate experiment causes a general weakening of the monsoon system in Asia. The E-Asian monsoon precipitation decreases compared to our reference run, but monsoon rainfall in India increases. When comparing the model results with quantitative terrestrial proxy data, we observe some discrepancies for some specific localities. However, the large patterns in our Tortonian run agree fairly well with the fossil record.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
The possible mechanism of binding interaction of insulin molecule with its receptor.

Detailed structural comparisons and investigation of DPI, 2 Zn insulin and some other derivatives of insulin were performed by the least-squares superimposition technique and the graphics technique. It is pointed out in this paper that the binding interaction with the receptor molecule should take place mainly on an amphipathic surface of the insulin molecule. In the middle, there is a hydrophobic surface with an area of about 150 A2 consisting of many hydrophobic residues; while the polar or charged groups distributing around the hydrophobic surface construct a hydrophilic zone. The hydrophobic surface is usually covered by the extended B-chain C-terminal peptides with great mobility and protected from the solvent molecules. The angle between the amphipathic surface and the surface of dimerization is about 20 degrees. The results from the detailed structural comparison between Al-(L-Trp) insulin and Al-(D-Trp) insulin have provided a very good explanation to their great difference in biological activity, and confirmed our proposed binding interaction model of the insulin molecule with its receptor as well.

Field of study: Chemistry
Conchostracans in continental deposits of the Zechstein–Buntsandstein transition in central Germany: Taxonomy and biostratigraphic implications for the position of the Permian–Triassic boundary within the Zechstein Group

The end-Permian mass extinction marks the largest biotic crisis in the geologic record. The stratigraphic position of this boundary in continental deposits is still under discussion. In the present study, conchostracans from the Zechstein–Buntsandstein (Late Permian to Early Triassic) transition in central Germany have been taxonomically reinvestigated in order to better understand their utility for fine-scale biostratigraphy in continental Permian–Triassic boundary sections. The studied material was obtained from both collections and recent sampling activities in classical key sections and new outcrops of the Zechstein and Buntsandstein Groups. The sedimentary environments of the conchostracan occurrences are interpreted as lacustrine to fluvial facies depending on the paleogeographic position within the basin of the respective sections. The conchostracan fauna in the Zechstein–Buntsandstein transition consists of Euestheria gutta, Palaeolimnadiopsis vilujensis, Cornia germari, Estheriella marginostriata, Estheriella costata, Estheriella nodosocostata, Magniestheria mangaliensis, and Euestheria nordvikensis. Based on comparison with the Early Triassic conchostracan record in the Moscow syncline, the Palaeolimnadiopsis vilujensis–Euestheria gutta association in the upper part of the Fulda Formation indicates both its Early Triassic age and a position of the continental Permian–Triassic boundary within the Zechstein Group.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography