nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Acculturative Stress, Emotion Regulation, and Affective Symptomology Among Latino/a College Students

Although recent work has highlighted the relation of acculturative stress with depression and anxiety symptoms specifically among Latino/a university students, the potential mechanisms underlying these associations remain relatively unknown. The present study aims to examine difficulties in emotion regulation as an explanatory factor in the relation of acculturative stress with symptoms of depression, suicidality, social anxiety, and anxious arousal. A sample of 448 Latino/a college students (Mage = 20.67 years, SD = 1.96; 78.3% female) were recruited from a southwestern public university through an online, self-report survey. Indirect effects of acculturative stress via difficulties in emotion regulation on all outcomes were observed among males and females. Follow-up analyses showed the indirect effect on all dependent variables among Latino men occurred exclusively through lack of access to emotion regulation strategies, whereas the indirect effects among Latina women occurred through a different subfactor of difficulties in emotion regulation for each dependent variable. These findings suggest the potential clinical utility of assessing and targeting acculturative stress and difficulties in emotion regulation in the treatment of depression and anxiety problems among Latino/a college students.

Field of study: Psychology
Spectrum Allocation Based on Game Theory in Cognitive Radio Networks

As a kind of intelligent communication technology, the characteristic of dynamic spectrum allocation of cognitive radio provides feasible scheme for sharing with the spectrum resources among the primary user and secondary users, which solves the current spectrum resource scarcity problem. In this paper, we comprehensively explored the cognitive radio spectrum allocation models based on game theory from cooperative game and non-cooperative game, which provide detailed overview and analysis on the state of the art of spectrum allocation based on game theory. In order to provide flexible and efficient spectrum allocation in wireless networks, this paper also provides the general framework model based on game theory for cognitive radio spectrum allocation.

Field of study: Computer science
On the Independence of Tests of Randomness and Other Hypotheses

A common problem in statistical inference is "Do the observations xi, xn come from a population with a prescribed mean value?" When the observations are normally distributed, a solution to this problem is to use the "t" test. Notice that it is not assumed that the observations represent independently and identically distributed random variables. In this paper it will be pointed out that for random samples, i.e., independently and identically distributed random variables, many of the non-parametric tests of randomness are independent of "symmetric" tests of hypotheses. This result can be used to test both the "random" and "parametric" parts of a hypothesis with procedures having known significant levels. As an application one might wish to test the hypothesis that x(t) is an observation on a Wiener Process . If the null hypothesis is true, then the quantities x(ia) -x((i-1)5) (i-1, * * , N) form a random sample from a normal distribution with mean zero and variance proportional to S. To test this hypothesis one must test for both randomness and normality. The test for randomness would depend on the alternatives of interest; perhaps rank correlation  would be found suitable. The test of normality could be performed using the classical chi-square goodness-of-fit test with one parameter estimated. If this were the test program, the rank correlation test and the chi-square test would be independent under the null hypothesis.

Field of study: Mathematics
Research and Application of Information Security Risk Management System of Power System

Presents a information security management system based on risk mangement,and making Zhongshan Power Supply Bureau as an example,describes the information security management system building process,system operation problems encountered with the use of the method,system audit approach and so on.Mainly introduces the information security management system management tools in use,such as risk assessment values used by CIA asset risk assessment methods,"two tables","the four mechanisms" used in system.These tools have been tested all through the actual inspection,has the higher guidance and reference value.

Field of study: Computer science
A Coefficient of Linear Correlation Based on the Method of Least Squares and the Line of Best Fit

Given N points in a plane, corresponding to N pairs of values for two variables, X and Y , we find the line of best fit and the line of wtorst fit, by the method of least squares*. Then we derive a cofficient of correlation based on the sum of the squares of the distances of the points from these two lines. The line of best fit is in the line such that the sum of the squares of the distances of the points from it is a minimum. The line of wtporst fit is the one from which the sum of the squares of the distances of the points is a maximum. We shall refer to them, respectively, as the ntinimum and maxinum lines. For convenience we take the origin at the centre of gravity of the points, letting x and y denote deviations of X and Y , respectively, from their arithmetic means. 1. The two lines pass thru the arithmetic means of the X's

Field of study: Mathematics
Modulation of CD4 antigen expression on human gingival Langerhans cells by gamma interferon.

Human gingival organ culture was used to test the hypothesis that gamma interferon (gamma-IFN), which induces HLA-DR and HLA-DQ antigens on Langerhans cells, modulates CD4 antigen expression on these same cells. Before culture, the density of CD4+ cells in the gingival epithelium was 12.7% +/- 3.8% of the density of CD1+ cells. gamma-IFN (200 IU/ml) enhanced CD4 expression such that at 24 h, all CD1+ cells also expressed CD4. Prostaglandin E2, which in isolation had no effect, partially abrogated the stimulatory effect of gamma-IFN on CD4 expression. These results imply that gamma-IFN and prostaglandin E2 are two signals which regulate CD4 expression on gingival Langerhans cells.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Political Constraints and Civil War Conflict Resolution

This article explores the effect of political and institutional constraints on negotiations that seek to end civil wars. Two aspects of negotiations are statistically examined. Greater political constraints on the leaders of states appear to have no effect on the likelihood of negotiations taking place, but greater political constraints do reduce the likelihood of negotiations succeeding. The results of this analysis demonstrate that political constraints are a powerful factor driving the likelihood of negotiation success. The article concludes with a discussion of why political constraints do not produce a similar reduction in the likelihood of negotiations.

Field of study: History, Sociology
Regulation and function of root exudates.

Root-secreted chemicals mediate multi-partite interactions in the rhizosphere, where plant roots continually respond to and alter their immediate environment. Increasing evidence suggests that root exudates initiate and modulate dialogue between roots and soil microbes. For example, root exudates serve as signals that initiate symbiosis with rhizobia and mycorrhizal fungi. In addition, root exudates maintain and support a highly specific diversity of microbes in the rhizosphere of a given particular plant species, thus suggesting a close evolutionary link. In this review, we focus mainly on compiling the information available on the regulation and mechanisms of root exudation processes, and provide some ideas related to the evolutionary role of root exudates in shaping soil microbial communities.

Field of study: Environmental science
Combatting Corruption and Collusion in UK Public Procurement: Proposals for Post‐Brexit Reform

Every year the UK government spends billions of pounds purchasing goods, works and services that are vital to growth, development, health and social welfare Performed well, public procurement helps a government to nurture competition, save money, and provide better public services These benefits will not be reaped, however, if the system is not protected adequately from distortion by corruption and/or supplier collusion This paper concludes that additional measures are required to protect the integrity of procurement processes in England & Wales through improving the distinct public procurement, anti‐corruption and competition regimes and uniting them around a cohesive strategy It advocates policy coordination and enhancements designed to yield major benefits to public procurement as the UK seeks to develop its own policies post‐Brexit and to grapple with the demands that the Covid‐19 pandemic has placed on public purchasing and the public purse [  Review is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use This abstract may be abridged No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract (Copyright applies to all Abstracts )

Field of study: Law
On practices,problems and challenges of Ed.D.in United States

It was constantly modified and improved on own training programs that the Ed.D.of the United States has formed training mode in accordance with their national condition after 80 years' development.However,due to uneven quality standards for Ed.D.as well as convergence of degree property and ways of training,it causes widely controversial about Ed.D.in America.Facing the challenges and the crisis,some universities unceasingly have improved the projects of Ed.D.to enhance Ed.D.'s value and the significance by breaking through traditional pattern of Ph.D.The practices,problems and challenges of Ed.D.in United States will be used for reference to Chinese future doctorate education.

Field of study: Education
Nuclear magnetic resonance studies of111Cd

The ratio of the Larmor frequencies of111Cd and2H has been measured in an aqueous solution of CdSO4 with high accuracy.111Cd chemical shifts have been investigated in aqueous solutions of CdCl2, Cd(NO3)2, CdSO4, and Cd(ClO4)2 as a function of concentration. Using these, the ratio of the Larmor frequencies of the111Cd nuclei for infinite dilution relative to2H in pure D2O is given. From this agI-factor for111Cd has been derived and has been compared with thegI-factor of an optical pumping experiment.The resulting shielding constant is σ*(hydrated111Cd versus111Cd atom)=−1.106(4) · 10−3. This yields an atomic reference scale for all measured NMR line shifts in the liquid and solid state and the possibility of comparing experimental and theoretical shielding constants. As a consequence, the amount of the Knight shift of metallic cadmium becomes 20% larger.

Field of study: Physics
The cold dark matter content of Galactic dwarf spheroidals: no cores, no failures, no problem

We examine the dark matter content of satellite galaxies in Lambda-CDM cosmological hydrodynamical simulations of the Local Group from the APOSTLE project. We find excellent agreement between simulation results and estimates for the 9 brightest Galactic dwarf spheroidals (dSphs) derived from their stellar velocity dispersions and half-light radii. Tidal stripping plays an important role by gradually removing dark matter from the outside in, affecting in particular fainter satellites and systems of larger-than-average size for their luminosity. Our models suggest that tides have significantly reduced the dark matter content of Can Ven I, Sextans, Carina, and Fornax, a prediction that may be tested by comparing them with field galaxies of matching luminosity and size. Uncertainties in observational estimates of the dark matter content of individual dwarfs have been underestimated in the past, at times substantially. We use our improved estimates to revisit the `too-big-to-fail' problem highlighted in earlier N-body work. We reinforce and extend our previous conclusion that the APOSTLE simulations show no sign of this problem. The resolution does not require `cores' in the dark mass profiles, but, rather, relies on revising assumptions and uncertainties in the interpretation of observational data and accounting for `baryon effects' in the theoretical modelling.

Field of study: Physics
STUDY OF NON-LINEAR CONSTITUTIVE MODEL FOR JOINTED ROCK MASSES

Based on the non-linear deformation character of rock joints, a new constitutive model that describes the soften deformation after the peak is presented. The new model accounts for the stress decline due to wear and degradation under shear loading. And the traditional hyperbolic relation between shear stress and shear displacement is change into a softening curve. The dilation relation, which causes coupling of the normal and shear responses is modeled with a non-linear curve, rather than linear. The predicated results agreed well with the test results.

Field of study: Engineering
Children's identity matching and oddity: assessing control by specific and general sample-comparison relations.

After children in Experiments 1 and 2 learned identity matching or oddity, control by sample-comparison relations was assessed. Tests for generalized control displayed novel samples and two comparison stimuli, one identical to the sample. Specific relations were tested with identical or nonidentical sample-comparison stimuli from one set of stimuli and substitute comparisons from either the other training set or from a novel set. When tests displayed identical stimuli, patterns of comparison selection suggested control by generalized identity and oddity. However, selection patterns varied when stimuli were nonidentical and familiar or novel substitute comparisons were used. Therefore, control by specific relations is not a precondition for generalized identity and oddity. One set of training stimuli was used in Experiment 3, and generalized performances occurred again. Moreover, control by specific relations was shown by the oddity subjects and 2 of 6 identity subjects. Generalized and specific control may therefore exist simultaneously. In Experiment 4, selections were irregular on tests displaying substitute comparisons and samples and familiar comparison stimuli; this finding supported the relational account of specific sample-comparison control found in Experiment 3.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
TOPICAL REVIEW: Structural and vibrational properties of carbon impurities in crystalline silicon

Si1-xCx alloys have been studied using self-consistent-charge density-functional-based tight-binding calculations. The origin of experimentally observed carbon-induced vibrational peaks near 475, 607 and 810 cm-1 are analysed, based on the theoretical calculations. The stability, vibrational frequencies, lattice relaxations, and energy gap variances of substitutional, interstitial single-carbon and dicarbon complexes in crystalline silicon are calculated. All the impurities induce severe lattice relaxations of adjacent Si atoms. The peak near 475 cm-1 originates from the lattice relaxations of Si atoms up to second-nearest neighbours from carbon impurities in all cases. The peak near 605 cm-1 originates mainly from the midbond interstitial carbon (which is at odds with general belief) whereas the high-energy peaks near 810 cm-1 result from the formation of the carbon complexes.

Field of study: Materials science
An Acid-stable Organoruthenium Complex Suitable as a Bidentate Building Block

A new, water-soluble organoruthenium(II) sulfato complex [Ru II (SO 4 )(Bz^py)] {1, Bz^py = 2-(pentamethylbenzyl)pyridine has been synthesized and is stable at pH from 2.0 to 8.0. This complex has a bidentate sulfato ligand as a leaving group and is a good building block for "concerto catalysis": a new way of thinking in catalysis that bridges hetero- and homogeneous catalysis.

Field of study: Chemistry
A novel approach to evaluate software vulnerability prioritization

The aim of this study is to formulate an analysis model which can express the security grades of software vulnerability and serve as a basis for evaluating danger level of information program or filtering hazardous weaknesses of the system and improve it to counter the threat of different danger factors. Through the utilization of fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (FAHP), we will organize the crossover factors of the software blind spots and build an evaluation framework. First of all, via the fuzzy Delphi method the aspects and relative determinants affecting security will be filtered out. Then we will identify the value equation of each factor and settle down the fuzzy synthetic decision making model of software vulnerability. Thanks to this model we will be able to analyze the various degrees to which the vulnerability is affecting the security and this information will serve as a basis for future ameliorations of the system itself. The higher the security score obtained therefore imply securer system. Beside this, this study also propose an improvement from the traditional fuzzy synthetic decision making model for measuring the fuzziness between enhancement and independence of various aspects and criteria. Furthermore taking into consideration the subjectivity of human in reality and constructing the fuzzy integral decision making model. Through case study, we show that the evaluation model in question is practical and can be applied on the new software vulnerabilities and measure their degree of penetration. The fuzzy integral decision making emphasize through formulation the multiply-add effect between different factors influencing information security.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Atmospheric CO2 from the late Oligocene to early Miocene based on photosynthesis data and fossil leaf characteristics

The late Oligocene represents a comparatively cool phase followed by a warming event, the so-called Late Oligocene Warming that predates the Mi-1 glacial event at the Oligocene–Miocene transition. There is evidence that these climate events were linked to level changes in atmospheric CO2. In this study, atmospheric CO2 from the late Oligocene to the early Miocene is reconstructed by a terrestrial proxy, stomatal parameters of angiosperm leaves. Fossil leaves of six plant species were considered: Laurophyllum pseudoprinceps, L. acutimontanum (both Lauraceae), Platanus neptuni (Platanaceae), Eotrigonobalanus furcinervis, Quercus rhenana and Q. praerhenana (all Fagaceae). The plant material originates from various sites in Germany (late Oligocene to the early Miocene) and Austria (early Miocene). A mechanistic-theoretical approach based on stomatal data, photosynthesis and gas exchange control was used. Since this approach also requires climate data as input parameters for calculating assimilation and transpiration rates, palaeoclimate of these sites were also derived in detail. Considerable differences were found between results obtained by the two Lauraceae taxa and all other taxa, with the Lauraceae indicating a high CO2 level. If Lauraceae are included, a CO2 level of about 700 ppm for the late and latest Oligocene is obtained and about 500 ppm for the early Miocene. All non-Lauraceae taxa belonging to different families indicate a consistently lower level of CO2 of about 400 ppm for all considered sites and time slices. A value of 400 ppm is also consistent with other proxy data that are available for that time period. A steady level of 400 ppm would indicate a decoupling of CO2 and cooling/warming events from the late Oligocene to the early Miocene. More data provided by different proxies are desirable to unravel the interactions between atmosphere and climate for the late Oligocene and the early Miocene.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Structural basis of intersubunit recognition in elongin BC-cullin 5-SOCS box ubiquitin-protein ligase complexes.

The cullin-RING ubiquitin ligases are multisubunit complexes that ubiquitinate various proteins. Six different cullins encoded by the human genome selectively pair with different adaptors and substrate receptors. It is presently poorly understood how cullin-2 (Cul2) and cullin-5 (Cul5) associate specifically with their adaptor elongin BC and a SOCS-box-containing substrate receptor. Here, crystallographic and mutational analyses of a quaternary complex between the N-terminal half of Cul5, elongin BC and SOCS2 are reported. Cul5 interacts extensively with elongin BC via residues that are highly conserved in Cul2 but not in other cullins. Cul5 also interacts with SOCS2, but via only two residues, Pro184 and Arg186, which are located in the C-terminal part of the SOCS box called the Cul5 box. Pro184 makes a ring-to-ring interaction with Trp53 of Cul5, which is substituted by alanine in Cul2. This interaction is shown to contribute significantly to the overall binding affinity between Cul5 and SOCS2-elongin BC. This study provides structural bases underlying the specificity of Cul5 and Cul2 for elongin BC and their preferential association with Cul5 or Cul2 box-containing substrate receptors.

Field of study: Chemistry
A Multi-Country Analysis of the Effects of Data Revisions on an Econometric Model

This study may be regarded as an empirical contribution to the subject of measurement error in economic statistics and its influence on econometric estimation. A small annual econometric model is specified and estimated using United Nations national accounts data for each of 21 countries for the period 1955–64. The model is fitted first to preliminary data and then to revised data. Changes in coefficient estimates and related statistics resulting from the data revisions are examined. The data revisions themselves are also examined from the point of view of their magnitude, direction, and inter-series correlation.

Field of study: Mathematics
Towards Practical PFE: An Efficient 2-Party Private Function Evaluation Protocol Based on Half Gates

Private function evaluation (PFE) is a special case of secure multi-party computation (MPC), where the function to be computed is known by only one party. PFE is useful in several real-life applications where an algorithm or a function itself needs to remain secret for reasons such as protecting intellectual property or security classification level. In this paper, we focus on improving 2-party PFE based on symmetric cryptographic primitives. In this respect, we look back at the seminal PFE framework presented by Mohassel and Sadeghian at Eurocrypt’13. We show how to adapt and utilize the well-known half gates garbling technique (Zahur et al., Eurocrypt’15) to their constant-round 2-party PFE scheme. Compared to their scheme, our resulting optimization significantly improves the efficiency of both the underlying Oblivious Evaluation of Extended Permutation (OEP) and secure 2-party computation (2PC) protocols, and yields a more than 40% reduction in overall communication cost (the computation time is also slightly decreased and the number of rounds remains unchanged).

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics