nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Authors' reply

Kim et al concluded that lower levels of folate and vitamin B12 and raised homocysteine may be risk factors for late-life depression. We propose to include polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in future studies that will test the potential role of one-carbon metabolism in the aetiology and persistence of depression, for several reasons. First, because one-carbon metabolism is intimately linked with PUFA metabolism. The methionine– homocysteine cycle produces methyl groups for the synthesis of phosphatidylcholine from phosphatidylethanolamine catalysed by phosphatidylethanolamine methyltransferase. Phosphatidylcholine is critical for the delivery of important PUFAs such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; C22:6n-3) from the liver to the plasma and distribution to peripheral tissues. The phosphatidylcholine/phosphatidylethanolamine ratio also modulates the activity of Delta-5 and Delta-6 desaturases involved in n-3 and n-6 PUFA synthesis. Moreover, plasma homocysteine was significantly inversely correlated with DHA, total n-3 PUFAs and the n-3/n-6 PUFA ratio in healthy males. Second, these findings are relevant for psychiatry, as PUFAs – particularly DHA and arachidonic acid – are key ‘building stones’ that are required for healthy functioning of nerve and brain cells. In patients with recurrent depression, a decrease in n-3 PUFAs in erythrocyte membranes was found together with a significant positive association between the sum of plasma n-6 PUFAs and homocysteine. There is also increasing evidence from crosssectional studies and randomised controlled trials supporting the notion that an impaired PUFA metabolism is directly linked to the onset of depression. Third, both an impaired one-carbon and an impaired PUFA metabolism might explain the positive associations between depression and metabolic syndrome (a cluster of risk factors for cardiovascular disease). Patients with depression are at risk for all components of metabolic syndrome. Interestingly, metabolic syndrome is associated with a rise in plasma homocysteine levels and a decrease in DHA in plasma and cell membranes. Based on these findings, our opinion is that for a proper understanding of underlying mechanisms linking one-carbon metabolism and depression, homocysteine, folate and B-vitamins should be measured in conjunction with dietary and laboratory analyses of PUFAs.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Microwave losses of interferometers with many Josephson junctions versus DC magnetic field

The average microwave losses of interferometers with two and four strongly damped Josephson junctions biased by a microwave current source at 10 GHz much below the plasma frequency have been simulated as a function of an external magnetic field. Microwave losses appear periodically within distinct ranges of the magnetic field, with microwave amplitudes below and above threshold currents. The main period corresponds to one flux quantum in every interferometer loop. The absorption rate increases with the microwave amplitude in qualitative agreement with measurements.<<ETX>>

Field of study: Physics
pH Effects on Ethanolysis of Some Arenediazonium Ions: Evidence for Homolytic Dediazoniation Proceeding through Formation of Transient Diazo Ethers

The effects of pH on the observed rate constants (kobsd.) and on the solvolytic dediazoniation product distributions of ethanolysis of 2-, 3-, and 4-methylbenzenediazonium ions (2MBD, 3MBD, and 4MBD, respectively) were determined by a combination of spectrophotometric (UV/Vis) and chromatographic (HPLC) techniques. The variation of both kobsd. and product yields with pH follow S-shaped curves with inflection points at pH ≈ 3.6, depending on solvent composition. With increasing pH, kobsd. values increase by factors of up to about 4 (2MBD), about 3 (3MBD), and about 50 (4MBD) with respect to the kobsd. values at low pH. HPLC analyses of the reaction mixtures show that only heterolytic products are obtained at low pH, indicating that solvolytic dediazoniation takes place through an ionic mechanism, but an increase in pH favors homolytic dediazoniation, with quantitative conversion into the reduction product toluene being obtained at pH ⩾ 6 (4MBD), indicating that a turnover from the heterolytic to the homolytic mechanisms is taking place under experimental conditions under which insignificant amounts of EtO− or OH− should be present in solution. The obtained S-shaped profiles suggest that the initiation process of the homolytic pathway is the result of the formation of a highly unstable transient diazo ether complex and not by direct electron transfer from the solvent (EtOH) to the arenediazonium ions as is currently believed.

Field of study: Chemistry
Study of the diffraction pattern of cloud particles and the respective responses of optical array probes

Optical array probes (OAPs) are classical instrumental
means to derive shape, size, and number concentration of cloud and
precipitation particles from 2-D images. However, recorded 2-D images are
subject to distortion based on the diffraction of light when particles are
imaged out of the object plane of the optical device. This phenomenon highly
affects retrievals of microphysical properties of cloud particles. Previous
studies of this effect mainly focused on spherical droplets. In this study we
propose a theoretical method to compute diffraction patterns of all kinds of
cloud particle shapes in order to simulate the response recorded by an OAP.
To check the validity of this method, a series of experimental measurements
have been performed with a 2D-S probe mounted on a test bench. 
are performed using spinning glass discs with imprinted non-circular opaque
particle shapes.

Field of study: Environmental science
SPECTRUM AND SEVERTY OF TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY AT NORTHWEST GENERAL HOSPITAL & RESEARCH CENTRE, PESHAWAR.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is an important cause of death and disability in young adults and may lead to physical disabilities and long-term cognitive, behavioral psychological and social defects. Severe TBI is a major and challenging problem in critical care medicine. In general, TBI is divided into two discrete periods’ primary and secondary brain injury.  To determine the incidence of traumatic brain injury at Northwest General Hospital & Research centre, Peshawar. To evaluate  the different modes of trauma, clinical presentations and the management of such injuries in our set up.  This was a Cross Sectional analysis of data collected over three years. Retrospective data collected from 07/03/2012 to 31/03/2015.All the consecutive cases of head injury who were admitted under neurosurgical care (either through A&E or OPD) were included in the study.  Total of 386 patients received neurosurgical treatment during this period, out of which 168 patients underwent some sort of surgery and 218 were managed conservatively. Of the 386 patients, 305 were male and 81 were female, giving a ratio of 4.7: 1. The highest incidence was in patients with an age range between 21 to 30 years. 217 patients presented with history of head trauma due to road traffic accidents, making it more than half (56%) of our study population CONCLUSION There was a diverse presentation of Neurotrauma at NWGH. The primary outcome of the patients i.e. condition at the time of discharge was mostly dependent on duration since trauma and condition on arrival.  Traumatic Brain injury, Glasgow Coma Scale, Glasgow outcome scale

Field of study: Medicine
Research of Freeze-drying Slice of Raw-beef

The freeze-drying process of raw-beef slice was studied. The co-melting point, freeze-drying cure and the technological parameter were obtained. Freeze-drying raw-beef slice has the properties of long-time preservation, high-speed absorbance of water and convenience of use. In the largest degree,it can preserve the color, odour, taste and nutrition of fresh beef.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
COMPARING EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS BETWEEN COMPRESSING AND TENSILE CREEP OF SELF-COMPACTING CONCRETE

32 self-compacting concrete(SCC) three-point beams are continuously loaded to measure the strain in their tensile and compression area.By accumulation of the measured strain,the curves of tensile creep of SCC and the ratio of tensile to compression creep can be obtained.The effects of curing age,the ratio of water to binder(W/B) and the content of fly ash on the ratio of tensile to compression creep of SCC are researched.The results indicate that the tensile creep of SCC is slightly less than compression creep.Except for increment lightly with increment of fly ash in a sealed condition,the ratio of tensile to compression creep of SCC tend to decrease with the increment of curing age,W/B and the content of fly ash.Besides,the approximate equation for the ratio of tensile to compression creep of SCC is presented on the basis of experimental data and can supply the engineering practice definite reference.

Field of study: Engineering
The effects of the fraud and abuse enforcement program under the National Health Insurance program in Korea.

To examine the general deterrence effect of the Korean government's fraud and abuse enforcement program on medical clinics in the country. The effects were evaluated by analyzing the association between the fear of penalty from a potential onsite investigation and the costliness index (CI).



Using a stratified proportional systematic sampling method, 800 out of the 15,443 clinics in Korea that had not had an onsite investigation before June 2007 were selected. Perceived deterrence was measured via face-to-face interviews with the chief doctor of each clinic; these were conducted in July and August 2007. CI was calculated by dividing observed costs by expected costs based on National Health Insurance Claims from January to October 2007.



Clinics with a high fear of penalty had a significantly lower CI than did other clinics after adjusting for factors related to the provider's perception of onsite investigation, the provider's service experiences, and general characteristics such as provider's sex and age.



Designing effective fraud and abuse control programs can improve the efficiency of providing services to patients.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Palynological evidence for Late Miocene–Pliocene vegetation evolution recorded in the red clay sequence of the central Chinese Loess Plateau and implication for palaeoenvironmental change

InnorthernChina, the Late Miocene–Pliocene redclay in the easternLoess Plateau fills a gapofclimate records between the wellknown loess-soil sequences of the last 2.6 Ma and the Miocene loess-soil sequences from the western Loess Plateau. Previous studies indicate that the red clay is also of wind-blown origin, covering the period from ∼7– 8t o∼2.6 Ma. The red clay therefore provides a good archive to reconstruct paleoecological succession and paleoclimate change. In this study, a palynological investigation was conducted on the late Miocene–Pliocene red clay sequence at Xifeng, central Loess Plateau, which provides new insights into the nature of the evolution of vegetation and climate change from ∼6.2 to ∼2.4 Ma. Our results show that during this period the central Loess Plateau region was covered mainly by a steppe vegetation, indicating long lasting dry climatic condition. Three vegetational zones were recognized during this period. Zone A (∼6.2 to ∼5.8 Ma) is characterized by a steppe ecosystem; Zone B (∼5.8 to ∼4.2 Ma) is characterized by a significant increase of temperate forest plants, indicating a relatively humid regional climate; Zone C (∼4.2 to ∼2.4 Ma) indicates a typical steppe ecosystem. The vegetation shift at about 4.5–3.7 Ma, when the temperate forest plants decrease, the vegetation gradually changed to typical grassland and even to desert steppe. This is interpreted to represent a drying event. The uplift of the Tibetan Plateau at about 4.5 Ma that resulted in the intensification of the monsoon reversal is thought to have playedanimportantroleinthissignificantecological change.High-latitude coolingmayhavepartiallycontributedtotheclimateshift during ∼4.5 to ∼3.7 Ma in the Loess Plateau region, and most likely was the driving force for the ecological shift at about 3.7 Ma.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
[Predementia neurocognitive impairment in the elderly].

Cognitive decline is one of the main manifestations of brain damage especially in the elderly. In some cases, cognitive dysfunction stayed within normal aging and do not lead to social dis-adaptation, while in other cases severe cognitive impairment develops when daily activity and domestic independence is affected. However, these disturbances are preceded by prolonged intermediate stage, when cognitive deficit do not reach the degree of dementia, but already do not match normal aging. Initial terms (for example benign senescent forgetfulness) were interpreted as aging phenomena. Later this state named as mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is considered as prodromal phase of demented disease. Up to date studies allow us consider MCI as an integral part of the complex structure of overlapping syndromes ('pre-cognitive impairment'), the allocation of which have not only theoretical, but also pragmatic meaning, allow us, on the one hand, to plan clinical trials series with various therapeutic targets, and, on the other hand, to form rational approach to the modern management of patients with MCI and pre-MCI in clinical practice.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Diffraction properties of quantum-dot-array diffraction grating for visible light

Development of quantum-dot-array diffraction grating(QDADG)with single order diffraction properties is important for laser fusion research.The diffraction principle and fabrication method are introduced in this article.Diffraction properties of quantum-dot-array diffraction grating are studied when visible light radiates grating with different wavelength and incidence angle.It shows that QDADG can get rid of the influence of high order diffraction,which will solve the key problem(i.e.distortion from high order diffraction) of the present diffraction grating spectroscopy.QDADG for visible light is a potential alternative for X-ray,extreme ultraviolet and microwave diagnoses.

Field of study: Physics
SELECTIVE PUNISHMENT OF CONCURRENT PROGRESSIVE RATIO BEHAVIOR1

Key pecking of pigeons was reinforced with grain on a progressive ratio schedule during the presence of either of two key colors. Under one color, all responses were shocked; under the other color, responses were not shocked. A single response on a second key switched the key color and reset the progressive ratio, provided that the first step of the progressive ratio had been completed. A preference developed for the longer ratios of the progressive ratio under the non-shock key color. When the severity of punishment suppressed responding under the key color correlated with shock, the subjects continued to switch to the shock condition after a moderate degree of responding under the non-shock condition. Severe punishment also resulted in frequent, ineffective responses on the switching key and extended pausing under the key color associated with shock.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Enhancing the Sensitivity of Nanoplasmonic Thin Films for Ethanol Vapor Detection

Nanoplasmonic thin films, composed of noble metal nanoparticles (gold) embedded in an oxide matrix, have been a subject of considerable interest for Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance (LSPR) sensing. Ethanol is one of the promising materials for fuel cells, and there is an urgent need of a new generation of safe optical sensors for its detection. In this work, we propose the development of sensitive plasmonic platforms to detect molecular analytes (ethanol) through changes of the LSPR band. The thin films were deposited by sputtering followed by a heat treatment to promote the growth of the gold nanoparticles. To enhance the sensitivity of the thin films and the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the transmittance–LSPR sensing system, physical plasma etching was used, resulting in a six-fold increase of the exposed gold nanoparticle area. The transmittance signal at the LSPR peak position increased nine-fold after plasma treatment, and the quality of the signal increased six times (SNR up to 16.5). The optimized thin films seem to be promising candidates to be used for ethanol vapor detection. This conclusion is based not only on the current sensitivity response but also on its enhancement resulting from the optimization routines of thin films’ architectures, which are still under investigation.

Field of study: Materials science
Associations of Scores on the White-Campbell Psychological Birth Order Inventory and the Kern Lifestyle Scale

This study investigated the relations among psychological birth order, actual birth order, and lifestyle. The study also further examined the convergent validity of the White-Campbell Psychological Birth Order Inventory. This inventory and Kern's Lifestyle Scale were administered to 126 individuals in a southeastern urban university. The several analyses of variance and canonical correlation analysis (1) supported a stronger relationship between psychological birth order and lifestyle than between actual birth order and lifestyle, (2) identified differential relationships between particular birth-order positions and lifestyle scales that were predicted and in accord with Adlerian theory, and (3) further supported the validity of the inventory. The results reaffirmed the lifestyle pattern and birth-order characterizations of Adlerian theory.

Field of study: Psychology
Modified Giemsa Staining for Rapid Diagnosis of Malaria Infection

To develop and evaluate a rapid method for the diagnosis of malaria infection by microscopy of stained blood films.  Blood specimens were collected from randomly selected confirmed malaria cases (n = 75) and suspected malaria cases (n = 175). The microscopy was done on each set of blood films stained by modified and the standard Giemsa staining methods.  All the 75 previously diagnosed malaria cases were confirmed by the microscopy of blood films stained by both methods. Forty-nine (28%) of the 175 cases suspected for malaria infection showed malarial parasites on microscopy of blood films stained by both methods. However, due to homogeneous staining and clearer background of the blood films it was possible to determine the parasite species in 65% of the cases on microscopy of the thick films stained with the modified method compared to only 20% with the standard method. Further, the turnaround time for reporting the microscopy test result was 15–20 and 45–50 min with modified and standard staining methods, respectively.  Our data showed that performance of the modified staining method in detecting malarial parasites was comparable to that of the standard staining method. Moreover, the modified staining method was rapid, easy to use, and reliable.

Field of study: Medicine
Isolation and Characterization of an Allenylthioketene and 4-Methylenecyclobutenethiones Generated by Thermal Reaction of Alkynyl Propargyl Sulfides

Alkynyl propargyl sulfides underwent [3,3] sigmatropic rearrangement followed by ring closure to afford isolable 4-methylenecyclobutenethiones, and an intermediary allenylthioketene 2 was isolated ...

Field of study: Chemistry
Pragmatic naturalism and moral objectivity

Suppose that Darwin is right that human morals or something like them originated and persisted among our remote ancestors as a set of adaptations fashioned through natural selection. Suppose further that in his new book Philip Kitcher (2011) is right that during the past 50 thousand years of cultural evolution our ancestors, living until the past 10 thousand mostly in small groups diversified by age and sex, built on these primitive quasimoral functions to create rules and precepts, in response to the tensions and difficulties of social living, and that they refined these functions and sometimes created new functions, similar enough to the others, to qualify as being moral or moral-like. The process of improving the old functions and creating new ones in response to new problems is iterative on his account, resulting in a long procession of small and large moral changes in diverse and changing populations. As we view them in retrospect, many of us perceive some changes as ‘morally progressive’, others as ‘morally regressive’. Kitcher (2011: 140–1, 145–53, 153–62) gives, as examples of progressive change, the dropping of the idea of exact retribution – eye for eye, tooth for tooth, life for life – from the earliest legal codes, the abolition of slavery in 19th-century America, and important changes in the civil status of women in Western Europe and North America in the past two centuries. To suppose that this kind of story captures the essence of moral evolution is to endorse a type of moral naturalism that Kitcher calls ‘pragmatic naturalism’, since the moral changes in the story are pragmatically motivated as responses to practical difficulties in living together as interdependent humans. The question we address in this article is whether pragmatic naturalism can explain moral change in a way that allows it to be, at least at some later stages of evolution, objectively progressive (or regressive). More exactly, can progressive/regressive moral change as conceived within this theory of moral evolution be normatively objective in a way that is consistent with the theory’s demand that moral change be explained with psychological realism? We will argue that it can, even given a surprisingly robust conception of normative objectivity. Consider the idea articulated by Russ Shafer-Landau (2003: 15) that an objective moral truth (or fact) must be ‘stance-independent’ in that it exists independently of all our evaluative attitudes, taken collectively, whether we have them now or would have them on reflection under ideal conditions. Sharon Street (2006) has argued that this conception of moral objectivity leads to scepticism about moral knowledge when combined with the above assumptions about moral evolution. Kitcher (2011: 178–86) offers an objection to the existence of such ‘external’ moral truths (or facts) that is related to

Field of study: Philosophy
‘Syllogisms in Productive Thinking’ by Max Wertheimer

In this essay Wertheimer investigated what he considered to be an essential aspect of truly productive logical processes. The syllogism modus barbara served as his paradigm. The older hypothesis that the syllogism was but a hidden induction, a petitio, was refuted; instead, a careful analysis of a number of examples showed that in really good syllogistic thinking Gestalt processes such as restructuring and recentering were involved, processes which could lead to genuinely new, often surprising insights and to scientific progress.

Field of study: Psychology
Three-Dimensional Electron-Beam Light Modulator

The construction and the physical basis of the operation were studied for a three-dimensional election-beam light modulator utilizing a cooled KFF crystal. A comparative analysis was made of the possible information storage methods. It was demonstrated experimentally that there was no need to employ a high-precision temperature stabilization system under nonequiUbrium recording conditions. The resolving power and the contrast of the image produced by the modulator were investigated. An analysis was made of the ways in which the system could be optimized. Various applications of the modulator were considered.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics