nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Experimental studies on thermal and rheological properties of Al2O3–ethylene glycol nanofluid

An experimental investigation has been carried out to study the thermal and rheological characteristics of ethylene glycol appended with Al 2 O 3 nanoparticles. The effect of temperature, volume fraction, particle size, pH and surfactant are studied. The samples of nanofluid are prepared using two step method. The volume fraction is varied from 0.1 to 1% and pH from 2 to 11. The nanofluid has higher thermal conductivity and viscosity compared to the base fluid. The thermal conductivity can be enhanced further by adjusting the pH of the base fluid. Non-ionic surfactant PVP shows better effects than anionic surfactants like SDBS and GA. Our studies indicate that unlike other nanofluids the thermal conductivity of this nanofluid decreases as the particle size decreases below about 50 nm. In the ranges of volume fraction and temperature investigated, highest thermal conductivity ratio obtained is 1.38 (at 1% volume fraction and temperature 50 °C). The corresponding viscosity ratio is 1.25. Unlike pure fluid, nanofluid shows shear thinning behaviour at low temperature and shear rates. At higher volume fractions this nanofluid has little potential for use as a coolant in comparison with the base liquid.

Field of study: Engineering
Impact of Debt Management Strategy on Eeconomic Growth of Sub-Saharan Africa: a Search for an Appropriate Strategy

To achieve a meaningful growth most countries in the sub-Saharan Africa may find it difficult to escape borrowing. It is on record that many of these countries have lived literally on debt, debt relief and aid from more developed economies. The effect of debt in most of the sub-Saharan was found to be negative on growth (Okosode and Isedu, 2008; Adegbite et al, 2008). Several works have supported the argument however using very insignificant samples; and few of those are from the sub-Saharan Africa (Fosu, 1996). The negative impact of debt on economic growth could be as a result of factors other than debt. Issues of corruption, mismanagement and the strategy of managing sovereign debts are often ignored. It is believed that an effective debt management strategy is a relevant factor for economic growth. The objective of this work is to determine the effect of a debt management strategy employed by a country on economic growth of such a nation. The work will employ the use of the least square regression analysis to establish the relationship between the variable of debt management (DeM) and economic growth. A Time series debt data was generated from the World Bank Economic Policy and External Debt data bank. Total external reserves as a percentage of external debt (TOTEXRES) represents economic growth in the model, and debt management (DeM) was computed from the World Bank’s debt management performance assessment (DeMPA) and the joint World Bank/IMF debt sustainability analysis (DSA) reports. It was expected that an effective debt management strategy would be positively related to economic growth.

Field of study: Business
Study on characteristics and acetic esterification of corn with high amylose starch

Properties and aggregate-state structure of high amylose starch corn were analyzed.The results indicated that many of the amylose starch granules assume anomaly shape,the surface is not smooth,with all kinds of tubers and many small bores with the diameter from 20 nm to 200 nm.The spectra of X-ray diffract revealed that its crystal is B type and the value is about 18%,far lower than that of ordinary maize starch.With the method of chemistry modification,we modified the amylose starch with acetates.The result showed that the best reaction condition was at the ratio of 1∶5.3(glucose∶acerbity),with MSA 1.5%(m/m) catalyzer,at 75℃ for 3 h.Under this condition,the degree of substitution was 2.84,more than that of the ordinary maize starch with 0.78.At the same time,infrared spectra determination suggests that high amylose starch corn may be used for producing biology function material.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Paleogene evolution of the Burmese forearc basin and implications for the history of India-Asia convergence

The geological history of the Burmese subduction margin, where India obliquely subducts below Indochina, remains poorly documented although it is key to deciphering geodynamic models for the evolution of the broader Tibetan-Himalayan orogen. Various scenarios for the evolution of the orogen have been proposed, including a collision of India with Myanmar in the Paleogene, a significant extrusion of Myanmar and Indochina from the India-Asia collision zone, or very little change in paleogeography and subduction regime since the India-Asia collision. This article examines the history of the Burmese forearc basin, with a particular focus on Eocene – Oligocene times to reconstruct the evolution of the Burmese margin during the early stages of the India-Asia collision. We report on sedimentological, geochemical, petrographical, and geochronological data from the Chindwin Basin - the northern part of the Burmese forearc - and integrate these results with previous data from other basins in central Myanmar. Our results show that the Burmese margin acted as a regular Andean-type subduction margin until the late Middle Eocene, with a forearc basin open to the trench and fed by the denudation of the Andean volcanic arc to the east. We show that the modern tectonic configuration of central Myanmar was formed 39-37 million years ago, when the Burmese margin shifted from an Andean-type margin to a hyper-oblique margin. The forearc basin was quickly partitioned into individual pull-apart basins, bounded to the west by a quickly emerged accretionary prism, and to the east by synchronously exhumed basement rocks, including coeval high grade metamorphics. We interpret this shift as resulting from the onset of strike-slip deformation on the subduction margin leading to the formation of a paleo-sliver plate, with a paleo fault system in the accretionary prism, pull apart basins in the forearc, and another paleo fault system in the backarc. This evolution implies that hyper-oblique convergence below the Burmese margin is at least twice older than previously thought. Our results reject any India-Asia convergence scenario involving an early Paleogene collision of India with Myanmar. In contrast, our results validate conservative geodynamic models arguing for a close-to-modern precollisional paleogeography for the Indochina Peninsula, and indicate that any postcollisional rotation of Indochina, if it occurred at all, must have been achieved by the late Middle Eocene.

Field of study: Geology
Serum β-Defensin-2 Levels and Their Relationship with the Clinical Course and Prognosis in Patients with Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever

The aim of this study was to investigate the role of the clinical course and prognosis of serum levels of β-defensin-2 (BD-2) in patients with Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF).  Patients who were hospitalized in the Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology of the Faculty of Medicine, Ataturk University, were considered for inclusion in this study. The patients had positive real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and/or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay results of the CCHF virus. There were 60 patients with CCHF in the study group and 25 healthy participants in the control group. Serum BD-2 levels were measured using ELISA. Data were analyzed using the Student t test or Mann-Whitney U test.  Of the 60 patients, 6 (10%) died and 54 (90%) were discharged following their recovery. The mean BD-2 level of the patient group was significantly higher (4,180.30 ± 3,944.19 pg/ml) than that of the control group (964.45 ± 266.07 pg/ml; p = 0.001). Serum BD-2 levels of the patients with fatal (1,529.81 ± 1,028.14) and nonfatal disease (4,474.80 ± 4,041.58) differed, but this difference showed only borderline significance (p = 0.055). The mean BD-2 level of the severe group was 5,507.45 ± 4,327.06 pg/ml, while it was 3,611.52 ± 3,676.73 pg/ml in the mild/moderate group, and both were significantly higher than that of the control group (p = 0.001).  In this study, the expression of serum BD-2 was raised in patients with CCHF, and this increase may beneficially affect survival. Studies with larger sample sizes are needed to confirm the association of serum BD-2 with CCHF prognosis.

Field of study: Medicine
Study on the Identification of the Signal Component of Circuit Breaker Based on Blind Source Separation

Acoustic analysis is an effective method for fault diagnosis of contacted high voltage circuit breakers. Acoustic signals are often mixed with different perturbations in the circuit breaker’s practical operation within the complex environment. The low frequency disturbance can be fully filtered by filtering equipment. Circuit breaker's error action or running state’s misjudgment may be caused by high intensity and the disturbance noise such as thunder, car horns. In this paper, a new blind source separation method is proposed to identify the signal component of acoustic signal. Firstly, the K-means algorithm is used to estimate the number of blind sources. Secondly, the IMF component is obtained by improving the EEMD decomposition signal, and then the signal is reconstructed to form a new multi-dimensional signal. Finally, the Fast ICA algorithm is used to realize the blind source separation of the signals.

Field of study: Engineering
TU‐EE‐A1‐06: Model for Development of Tumor Vasculature Based On Monte Carlo Simulations

The work aims to simulate growth of tumor vascular structure, based on the anatomical and biological information obtained from a contrast‐enhanced CT and hypoxia PET images. The model would be beneficial for optimization in anti‐angiogenic therapy.  The vascular structure was simulated as a two dimensional matrix. MATLAB environment was used in simulations. An upper limit on the vascular density was fixed and vessels were grown from a given root vessel into the space of a specific size. The vessel thickness was simulated variable, with vessels thinning as they grew. The vessel node selected for sprouting is the one which has the least density of oxygen around it. The direction in which the vessel sprouts is calculated by checking on the least dense direction around it using Monte Carlo simulation, and considering into account that vessels have a tendency to grow forwards.  The developed vasculature growth model was successfully implemented. The thicker vessels grown correspond to the thicker blood vessels and the thinnest ones to the capillaries. The density of the vasculature could be successfully controlled and modified to achieve tumor vasculature growth in the region required. A region of higher vasculature density corresponds to a less hypoxic region and vice‐versa. A known hypoxia map and an initial vasculature structure are the only requirements for the simulation.  Micro‐PET/CT images acquired in vivo provide the basic information needed for tumor growth simulations. The model could be applied as an effective tool for optimizing anti‐angiogenic therapies, when fully benchmarked to the experimentally measured conditions. The vasculature growth in a three dimensional matrix is expected to put a much more severe restriction on the computational power needed.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Ranking metrics on non-shuffled traffic

Ranking metrics are a family of metrics largely used to evaluate recommender systems. However they typically suffer from the fact the reward is affected by the order in which recommended items are displayed to the user. A classical way to overcome this position bias is to uniformly shuffle a proportion of the recommendations, but this method may result in a bad user experience. It is nevertheless common to use a stochastic policy to generate the recommendations, and we suggest a new method to overcome the position bias, by leveraging the stochasticity of the policy used to collect the dataset.

Field of study: Computer science
Automobile tires--a potential source of highly carcinogenic dibenzopyrenes to the environment.

Eight tires were analyzed for 15 high molecular weight (HMW) polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), using pressurized fluid extraction. The variability of the PAH concentrations determined between different tires was large; a factor of 22.6 between the lowest and the highest. The relative abundance of the analytes was quite similar regardless of tire. Almost all (92.3%) of the total extractable PAH content was attributed to five PAHs: benzo[ghi]perylene, coronene, indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene, benzo[e]pyrene, and benzo[a]pyrene. The difference in the measured PAH content between summer and winter tires varied substantially across manufacturers, making estimates of total vehicle fleet emissions very uncertain. However, when comparing different types of tires from the same manufacturer they had significantly (p = 0.05) different PAH content. Previously, there have been no data available for carcinogenic dibenzopyrene isomers in automobile tires. In this study, the four dibenzopyrene isomers dibenzo[a,l]pyrene, dibenzo[a,e]pyrene, dibenzo[a,i]pyrene, and dibenzo[a,h]pyrene constituted <2% of the sum of the 15 analyzed HMW PAHs. These findings show that automobile tires may be a potential previously unknown source of carcinogenic dibenzopyrenes to the environment.

Field of study: Environmental science
Editorial: Is There Still Something to Learn about the Association of Corporate Governance with Firm Performance?

The association of Corporate Governance (CG) with Firm Performance (FP) has always been an issue relevant to management literature, despite the notable heterogeneity of studies and their mixed results highlighting the opportuneness of continuing to investigate the association of CG with FP.  The article aims to contribute to this lively debate by pointing out the main causes of the mixed findings and the contributions of three papers which, in the authors’ opinion, add knowledge to the CG-FP research stream, which deserves more empirical research, as there is still something to learn about this association.

Field of study: Business
Teenage pregnancy in South Africa: Setting a new research agenda

The advent of democracy in South Africa in 1994 was coincidentally accompanied by an avalanche of research on the nation-wide risk factors of teenage pregnancy. Today, such research remains, yet the quantitative investigation of factors beyond the individual level has been limited. This study documents the statistical associations found in previous research between teenage pregnancy and key independent variables, namely: age, educational level, socio-economic status and forced sex/gender based violence, as well as a few household and community variables. It goes on to explain the fundamental shortcomings of this approach and proposes an alternative quantitative approach to examining the phenomenon of teenage pregnancy through an adaptation of Bronfenbrenner's ecology theory and Blum et al.'s multilevel and life course framework for early adolescent health and development, and from the perspective of social determinants of health. This will extend the extant knowledge of teenage pregnancy determinants and open up avenues of programme interventions and policy changes to help reduce teenage pregnancy in South Africa.

Field of study: Sociology
Conservatism and American Political Development

Editors' Preface  Studying the role of conservatives in American Political Development PART ONE 1. Environmental Policy from the New Deal to the Great Society: The Lagged Emergence of an Ideological Dividing Line 2. Social Security from the New Deal to the Great Society: Expanding the Public Domain 3. Education Policy from the New Deal to the Great Society: The Three R's, Race, Reds and Religion PART TWO 4. Environmental Policy from the Great Society to 1980: A Coalition Comes Unglued 5. Social Security from the Great Society to 1980: Further Expansion and Rekindled Controversy 6. Education Policy from the Great Society to 1980: The Expansion and Institutionalization of the Federal Role in Schools PART THREE 7. Environmental Policy from 1980 to the Present: The Politics of Prevention 8. Social Security from 1980 to Present: From Third Rail to Presidential Commitment-and Back? 9. Education Policy from 1980 to Present: The Politics of Privatization Conclusion: Conservatism and American Political Development Afterword: An Attenuated Reconstruction: The Conservative Turn in American Political Development

Field of study: Political science
The building of a long-term mechanism model for school, family and community integration to boost teenager sunshine sports activities.

Starting with the basic ideas, methods and related principles of family, school and society integrated sports health education nowadays, the authors established corresponding hypotheses, then built a long-term mechanism model for teenager sunshine sports activities by applying an exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis combined method, and verified the model. The model path indicated that teenager sports health education should stick to such a basic working idea as to base its center on school, its foundation on family, and its reliance on community; further analysis showed that school sports health education should base its focus on “sports supervision”, family sports health education should highlight the “parent model” function, while community sports health education should place its priority on working on “organization management”; the regression model path diagram and path coefficient hinted that the direct effect of health intervention by school, family and community is collectively embodied in the change of teenagers’ “perceived benefits”, and accordingly causes the change of teenagers’ physical exercise behaviors.

Field of study: Education
Study of melanin localization in the mature male Calopteryx haemorrhoidalis damselfly wings.

Damselflies Calopteryx haemorrhoidalis exhibiting black wings are found in the western Mediterranean, Algeria, France, Italy, Spain and Monaco. Wing pigmentation is caused by the presence of melanin, which is involved in physiological processes including defence reactions, wound healing and sclerotization of the insect. Despite the important physiological roles of melanin, the presence and colour variation among males and females of the C. haemorrhoidalis species and the localization of the pigment within the wing membrane remain poorly understood. In this study, infrared (IR) microspectroscopy, coupled with the highly collimated synchrotron IR beam, was employed in order to identify the distribution of the pigments in the wings at a high spatial resolution. It was found that the melanin is localized in the procuticle of the C. haemorrhoidalis damselfly wings, distributed homogeneously within this layer, and not associated with the lipids of the epicuticle.

Field of study: Physics
Personality Correlates between Need for Achievement and Subscales of the F-Scale of Authoritarianism

One section of data collected from an earlier, more complex experiment is examined to test the proposition that the achievement motive predicts authoritarian behavior. Particular subscales of the F-scale correlated differentially for 22 men and 30 women with the need for achievement, supporting the notion that authoritarianism may result, in part, from an individual with a high need for achievement.

Field of study: Psychology
Periglacial polygonal structures and sand wedges in the late precambrian glacial formations of the taoudeni basin in Adrar of Mauretania (West Africa)

Large-scale polygonal structures and sand wedges are found over a large area on top of Late Precambrian continental glacial deposits. The exceptionally good preservation of the structures allows comparison with modern periglacial frost wedges filled by wind-transported clastic material in a permafrost environment.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Governor Carranza and the Revolution in Coahuila

T'S EASIER to make a revolution, than it is to make a revolution work," Fidel Castro once told a packed audience listening to him discuss the progress of Cuba. His remark, made with characteristic candor, expressed the challenge that confronts all rebels who manage to achieve power. For the Anti-reelectionists in Mexico, the revolution had been made in the victory over federal troops at Ciudad Juirez in May, 1911. It then fell to Francisco Madero to direct the program that would make it work. He intended to justify the violent overthrow of the porfirian dictatorship by invigorating Mexican politics as a means to restore democratic government and to establish the mechanism for responsive reform of the economy and society. The critical element in his proposal was the redemption of the authority of the state governors, to whom he delegated the responsibility and the opportunity to reconstruct Mexico. This policy represented no casual abdication of authority, but a carefully devised scheme of decentralization. Madero's opposition to highly-centralized government resulted from his birthright as a son of remote Coahuila, the native state of Mexico federalism,' his political convictions, including an abiding faith in the confederated government posited in the 1857 Constitution,2 and his philosophic precepts, based on the ideals of Karl Christian Friedrich Krause and a reaction to

Field of study: History
Muon diffusion and trapping in proton conducting oxides

Trapping as a main feature of proton diffusion in proton conducting oxides was investigated by means of muon spin relaxation measurements, with the positive muon as tracer. In Sc-doped SrZrO 3 , a system with representative physico-chemical properties and favourable nuclear magnetic moments, the muons are trapped at single Sc ions at a distance of 2.49 A with a binding energy of 0.2 eV, in accordance with previous proton results. The muons form muoxide ions which are directed along the bisector of two oxygen–oxygen connection lines. The μSR spectra could quantitatively be described in terms of a two-state model for the muon diffusion comprising random sequences of trapping events and free diffusion periods.

Field of study: Materials science
Effects of 10-hydroxy-2-decenoic acid on phagocytosis and cytokines production of peritoneal macrophages in vitro.

To study the effect of 10-hydroxy-2-decenoic acid (HDA) on the macrophages activity of rats in vitro.



To measure the effects of HDA on phagocytosis, the production of antitumor cytokines tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin-1 (IL-1) in vitro.



HDA 50, 100 mg.L-1 promoted phagocytic activity from 0.353 +/- 0.017 to 0.39 +/- 0.04 and 0.382 +/- 0.017 A, increased TNF and IL-1 production from 0.23 +/- 0.07% to 0.43 +/- 0.04%, 0.47 +/- 0.04% and from 2384 +/- 180 to 2943 +/- 295, 3825 +/- 450 dpm, respectively.



The upregulating effects of HDA on phagocytosis of PMO and production of TNF, IL-1 contribute to the host antitumor and immunomodulating mechanism.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
A Likelihood Ratio Test Based Method for Signal Detection With Application to FDA’s Drug Safety Data

Several statistical methods that are available in the literature to analyze postmarket safety databases, such as the U.S. Federal Drug Administration’s (FDA) adverse event reporting system (AERS), for identifying drug-event combinations with disproportionately high frequencies, are subject to high false discovery rates. Here, we propose a likelihood ratio test (LRT) based method and show, via an extensive simulation study, that the proposed method while retaining good power and sensitivity for identifying signals, controls both the Type I error and false discovery rates. The application of the LRT method to the AERS database is illustrated using two datasets; a small dataset consisting of suicidal behavior and mood change-related AE cases for the drug Montelukast, and a large dataset consisting of all possible AE cases reported to FDA during 2004–2008 for the drug Heparin. This article has supplementary material online.

Field of study: Mathematics