nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Singular equivalences induced by bimodules and quadratic monomial algebras.

We investigate the problem when the tensor functor by a bimodule yields a singular equivalence. It turns out that this problem is equivalent to the one when the Hom functor given by the same bimodule induces a triangle equivalence between the homotopy categories of acyclic complexes of injective modules. We give conditions on when a bimodule appears in a pair of bimodules, that defines a singular equivalence with level. We construct an explicit bimodule, which yields a singular equivalence between a quadratic monomial algebra and its associated algebra with radical square zero. Under certain conditions which include the Gorenstein cases, the bimodule does appear in a pair of bimodules defining a singular equivalence with level.

Field of study: Mathematics
A Synergic Process for Outsourcing and Reengineering

Outsourcing and reengineering are the buzzwords for the 90s. Outsourcing is the practice of seeking outside professional services to meet in-house needs, while reengineering is the business-related process of change in general. Both concepts can be implemented to gain strategic organizational advantages. However, organizations tend to implement these concepts separately when striving to improve their organizational productivity. This paper will first discuss the concepts of reengineering and outsourcing individually and then look at them together to show that both techniques can be implemented successfully in a synergic way.

Field of study: Computer science
Effects of benzodiazepine receptor ligands on the ingestion of sucrose, intralipid, and maltodextrin: an investigation using a microstructural analysis of licking behavior in a brief contact test.

Microstructural analysis of licking behavior in the rat was conducted (a) to describe in detail the characteristics of benzodiazepine-induced changes in ingestion and (b) to determine if the changes are consistent with an alteration in palatability. The effects of the benzodiazepine receptor (BZR) agonist midazolam (0.3-3 mg/kg), and the partial inverse agonist Ro 15-4513 (0.3-3 mg/kg), on licking for several concentrations of sucrose, Intralipid, and maltodextrin in a brief contact test were investigated. Midazolam increased the total number of licks for all 3 fluids; conversely, Ro 15-4513 decreased the total number of licks. Midazolam increased mean bout duration for sucrose and maltodextrin drinking and there was a trend toward a similar effect with Intralipid drinking. Ro 15-4513 reduced mean bout duration for all 3 test fluids. These data are discussed in terms of bidirectional changes in fluid palatability by drug actions at BZRs.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
L3 and M4,5 absorption edges of intermediate valent cerium unravelled by resonant photoemission and resonant Auger spectroscopy.

In CeRh3 and CeTRh3 compotmds, strong resonant effects are observed in the Ce 3d and 4d photoemission spectra at the Ce L3 and M4,5 absorption edges respectively. These resonm~ces show unambiguously that interference effects exist in core level spectroscopies. In the CeRh~ mixed valent compound, the resonances of photoenfission peaks corresponding to 4f °, 4t a and 4f 2 final state character occur at different photon energies, making it possible to mu'avel the X-ray absorption profiles. Moreover, resonant L31Vh,sN4.5 Rmnan Auger lines are observed up to 10 eV above the L3 absorption edge, showing the strong localized character of the core excited state.

Field of study: Physics
Cord Blood Mesenchymal Stromal Cell-Conditioned Medium Protects Endothelial Cells via STAT3 Signaling

Cell-based therapies may be useful for treating ischemic diseases, but the underlying mechanisms are incompletely understood. We investigated the impact of cord blood mesenchymal stromal cell (CBMSC)- or fibroblast (FB)-secreted factors on starved endothelial cells and determined the relevant intracellular signaling pathways.  HUVECs were subjected to glucose/serum deprivation (GSD) in hypoxia or normoxia, in presence of CBMSC- or FB-conditioned medium (CM). Viability and proliferation were determined via WST-8 conversion and BrdU incorporation. Apoptosis was quantified by annexin V/ethidium homodimer-III staining, nuclear fragmentation and cell morphology. mRNA expression and protein phosphorylation were determined by real-time qPCR and western blot. Experiments were repeated in presence of small-molecule inhibitors.  The negative impact of GSD was most pronounced at 21% O2. Here, medium of CBMSCs and FBs increased viability and proliferation and reduced apoptosis of HUVECs. This was associated with increased STAT3 and ERK1/2 phosphorylation and BCL-2 expression. Under STAT3 inhibition, the beneficial effect of CBMSC-CM on viability and BCL-2 expression was abolished.  Factors released by CBMSCs protect endothelial cells from the deleterious impact of GSD by activation of the STAT3 survival pathway. However, this phenomenon is not CBMSC-specific and can be reproduced using juvenile fibroblasts.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
HCl EMISSION DURING CHLORIDE WASTES COMBUSTION PROCESS

The emission characteristics of HCl during the chloride waste combustion process are studied in this paper PVC, PCP, NaCl are fired separately or mixed with each other, or co fired with coal in a pipe stove The results of the study indicate that chlorine in PVC and PCP would be emitted predominantly as HCl in a short time Chlorine in PVC could be released completely from 200 ℃ to 600 ℃.The conversion rate of chlorine to HCl from PCP is not as high as from PVC In addition, moisture is not the decisive factor that influences HCl emission Oxygen concentration promotes HCl formation very effectively In reactions related to coal, chlorine conversion for NaCl increases because of the effect of sulfur The formation rate of the chlorine molecule decreases when water vapor exists Even though oxygen is in excess, the formation rate is low, about 0 8%

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
SU‐FF‐T‐40: A Novel Phantom for Use in 3‐Dimensional in Vitro Cell Experiments

To describe and characterize a novel IMRT phantom for use in 3‐dimensional in vitro cell experiments.  A cylindrical IMRT phantom was designed and fabricated from a commercially available system (CIRS Inc., Norfolk, VA). The phantom is composed of water‐equivalent plastic and contains a rectangular bore which, in combination with a set of water‐equivalent plastic inserts, can be adjusted to fit 1–3 well plates. In these initial studies, the phantom was loaded with a stack of three well plates (96 individual wells/plate), and an IMRT plan was created for two separate PTVs, each receiving a scalable uniform dose. The ratio of doses between the PTVs was fixed at 2:1. Using PTV doses of 50 and 100 cGy, measurements from TLDs placed at five locations within each PTV were compared to the expected doses. For the same irradiation technique, dose distributions were acquired from films placed above and below each well plate and compared with the treatment plan using the γ‐index. Head and neck tumor cell lines were also irradiated in this phantom and cell viability was assessed using the MTT assay. TLD measurements yielded doses of 100.3 +/− 4.6 cGy and 51.0 +/− 2.3 cGy for 100 cGy and 50 cGy PTVs, respectively. Calculations of γ were performed using a dose difference of 3.0 mm and distance to agreement of 3.0 %. The γ indices ranged from 0.18 +/− 0.13 to 0.51 +/− 0.35 in each of the PTVs. Cell irradiation experiments showed uniform viability within each of the PTVs.  The consistency between measurements obtained from the TLDs and film with the calculated dose distributions, along with uniform cell viability within each irradiation region, show that the phantom is a novel tool for 3‐dimensional in vitro cell experiments. Conflict of Interest: Supported by a grant from MedImmune.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
A recursive least M-estimate algorithm for robust adaptive filtering in impulsive noise: fast algorithm and convergence performance analysis

This paper studies the problem of robust adaptive filtering in impulsive noise environment using a recursive least M-estimate algorithm (RLM). The RLM algorithm minimizes a robust M-estimator-based cost function instead of the conventional mean square error function (MSE). Previous work has showed that the RLM algorithm offers improved robustness to impulses over conventional recursive least squares (RLS) algorithm. In this paper, the mean and mean square convergence behaviors of the RLM algorithm under the contaminated Gaussian impulsive noise model is analyzed. A lattice structure-based fast RLM algorithm, called the Huber Prior Error Feedback-Least Squares Lattice (H-PEF-LSL) algorithm is derived. Part of the H-PEF-LSL algorithm was presented in ICASSP 2001. It has an order O(N) arithmetic complexity, where N is the length of the adaptive filter, and can be viewed as a fast implementation of the RLM algorithm based on the modified Huber M-estimate function and the conventional PEF-LSL adaptive filtering algorithm. Simulation results show that the transversal RLM and the H-PEF-LSL algorithms have better performance than the conventional RLS and other RLS-like robust adaptive algorithms tested when the desired and input signals are corrupted by impulsive noise. Furthermore, the theoretical and simulation results on the convergence behaviors agree very well with each other.

Field of study: Engineering
Photodegradation of Irgarol 1051 in water

The photodegradation of a novel antifouling agent with high algicidal activity, Irgarol 1051 (2‐methylthio‐4‐tert‐butylamino‐6‐cyclopropylamino‐s‐triazine), has been investigated. Irgarol 1051 is fairly stable toward hydrolysis in water, and has been detected in European coastal and lake waters since its introduction in the late 1980's. Irgarol 1051 dissolved in six different aqueous solutions was exposed to solar irradiation for 6 months. Its rates of photodegradation in natural sea water and river water were much higher than those in pure water and buffered solutions (pH 5, 7, and 9). It appears that unknown photosensitizers in the natural waters accelerated the photodegradation of Irgarol 1051. Three significant photodegradation products ("RT5.8”;, “RT7.8”;, and “RT8.7") were observed. The degradation product RT7.8 was produced just in the natural waters and persisted for only several weeks. The other two degradation products (RT5.8 and RT8.7) were much more stable, even after 6 months irradia...

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Fourth-generation light sources

Fourth-generation light sources, which would involve potentially higher brilliance, a higher degree of coherence, and ultrashort pulses, possibly at the hard X-ray region, be based on the self-amplified spontaneous emission principle of free electron lasers, would offer a further major advance in scientific capabilities. In this paper, the development history, the relationship with SASE FEL, the unique properties and the future applications of such sources are summarized and reviewed briefly.

Field of study: Physics
Suppression of Oxygen Vacancy Defects in sALD-ZnO Films Annealed in Different Conditions

Zinc oxide (ZnO) has drawn much attention due to its excellent optical and electrical properties. In this study, ZnO film was prepared by a high-deposition-rate spatial atomic layer deposition (ALD) and subjected to a post-annealing process to suppress the intrinsic defects and improve the crystallinity and film properties. The results show that the film thickness increases with annealing temperature owing to the increment of oxide layer caused by the suppression of oxygen vacancy defects as indicated by the X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) spectra. The film transmittance is seldom influenced by annealing. The refractive index increases with annealing temperature at 300–700 °C, possibly due to higher density and crystallinity of the film. The band gap decreases after annealing, which should be ascribed to the decrease in carrier concentration according to Burstein–Moss model. The carrier concentration decreases with increasing annealing temperature at 300–700 °C since the oxygen vacancy defects are suppressed, then it increases at 800 °C possibly due to the out-diffusion of oxygen atoms from the film. Meanwhile, the carrier mobility increases with temperature due to higher crystallinity and larger crystallite size. The film resistivity increases at 300–700 °C then decreases at 800 °C, which should be ascribed primarily to the variation of carrier concentration.

Field of study: Materials science
An extended radar relative calibration adjustment (eRCA) technique for higher-frequency radars and range–height indicator (RHI) scans

This study extends the relative calibration adjustment technique for calibration of weather radars to higher-frequency radars as well as range–height indicator (RHI) scans. The calibration of weather radars represents one of the most dominant sources of error for their use in a variety of fields including quantitative precipitation estimation and model comparisons. While most weather radars are routinely calibrated, the frequency of calibration is often less than required, resulting in miscalibrated time periods. While full absolute calibration techniques often require the radar to be taken offline for a period of time, there have been online calibration techniques discussed in the literature. The relative calibration adjustment (RCA) technique uses the statistics of the ground clutter surrounding the radar as a monitoring source for the stability of calibration but has only been demonstrated to work at S- and C-band for plan-position indicator (PPI) scans at a constant elevation. In this work the RCA technique is modified to work with higher-frequency radars, including Ka-band cloud radars. At higher frequencies the properties of clutter can be much more variable. This work introduces an extended clutter selection procedure that incorporates the temporal stability of clutter and helps to improve the operational stability of RCA for relatively higher-frequency radars. The technique is also extended to utilize range–height scans from radars where the elevation is varied rather than the azimuth. These types of scans are often utilized with research radars to examine the vertical structure of clouds. The newly extended technique (eRCA) is applied to four Department of Energy Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (DOE ARM) weather radars ranging in frequency from C- to Ka-band. Cross comparisons of three co-located radars with frequencies C, X, and Ka at the ARM Cloud, Aerosol, and Complex Terrain Interactions (CACTI) site show that the technique can determine changes in calibration. Using an X-band radar at the ARM Eastern North Atlantic (ENA) site, we show how the technique can be modified to be more resilient to clutter fields that show increased variability, in this case due to sea clutter. The results show that this technique is promising for a posteriori data calibration and monitoring.

Field of study: Environmental science
Design and Analysis of Low offset High speed Dynamic Comparator

Ratansang S Vaghela1 and Priyesh P. Ghandhi2 1,2 Electronics and Communication Dept, LCIT, Bhandu, North Gujarat, India Abstract ___ This paper contain a low voltage, low offset and high speed proposed cmos voltage comparator. It has application in mainly flash and pipeline ADC. It has been characterized with features like propagation delay, offset voltage, input common mode range, slew rate and speed etc. Simulation is done with the help of mentor graphics using TSMC 180nm and Generic 90nm technology. Comparative analysis of proposed comparator with previous dynamic Comparator using both technologies has been shown.

Field of study: Engineering
Analysis of native vegetation for detailed characterization of a soil contaminated by tannery waste.

The risks for human health and the ecosystem due to potentially toxic elements (PTEs) were investigated in a farmland classified as potentially contaminated by Cr and Zn by analysing native vegetation and relative rhizo-soils. Rhizo-soils of different plant species were found to be enriched by Cr and Zn as well as by elements omitted from official environmental characterization, namely Cd, As and Pb. The ecological risk index (ERI) had a mean value of 510, indicating high to "very high" risk in different habitats. ERI above the very high risk threshold characterized the rhizo-soils of Lolium perenne, Erigeron sumatrensis, Oloptum thomasii and Amaranthus retroflexus. Two of these plant species (E. sumatrensis and A. retroflexus) are exotic in Italy and accumulated Cd in the shoots above the EU threshold for forage, suggesting a potential risk of Cd transfer to the food chain. Hence, this element was found to contribute most to the ERI. Cynodon dactylon was recognized as the most suitable plant species for the phytostabilization of the contaminated site, as it showed the highest bioavailable Cd accumulation in roots coupled with the highest frequency and soil-cover capacity during spring-summer, when the risk of soil resuspension is generally more intense.

Field of study: Environmental science
Immune complex type disease induced by HgCl2 in Brown-Norway rats: genetic control of susceptibility.

Mercuric chloride induces a biphasic autoimmune glomerulonephritis in Brown-Norway (BN) rats but not in Lewis (LEW) rats. The genetic control of susceptibility to both phases was investigated by testing the response of segregants between BN and LEW rats and of congenic LEW.1N rats. It was confirmed that susceptibility to the first phase, characterized by the appearance of anti-glomerular basement membrane antibodies, depends on several genes one of which is RT1 linked. Susceptibility to the second phase, which is an immune complex type glomerulonephritis, was found to depend on one major RT1 linked gene or cluster of genes with a role for other(s) non-RT1 linked gene(s) controlling the magnitude of the response. However, congenic LEW.1N rats were found to be resistant. This suggests that the disease gene has been lost during the strain derivation. The question of whether both phases are two different diseases or expression of the same process cannot be definitely answered; data however indicate a dissociation of both disease processes.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Highly Regioselective and Active Rh–2,2′-Bis(dipyrrolylphosphinooxy)-1,1′-(±)-binaphthyl Catalyst for Hydroformylation of 2-Octene

Rhodium catalyst bearing 2,2′-bis(dipyrrolyphosphinooxy)-1,1′-(±)-binaphthyl (ligand 1) shows high regioselectivity and activity for the hydroformylation of 2-octene. The introduction of a pyrrolyl...

Field of study: Chemistry
Study on Chromosome Technique and Karyotype of Tobacco

In the paper,the comparison of five preparatory treatments in chromosome technique of tobacco was carried out. The result showed that the essential oil solution (20%) had the best effect: both the degree of dispersion and the length of chromosomes were proper, and some of the bands were developed clearly.By this treatment,the karyotype of N.glutinosa was analyzed and the karyotype formula was 2n=2x=24=16m(2SAT)+6sm(1SAT)+2t.One satellite on each short arms of the second chromosomes and two satellites on two pairs of short arms of the fifth ones were found,respectively.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Estimation of Internal Area in the Circular Road Signs from Color Scene Image

This paper describes an algorithm for estimation of internal area in the circular road signs from color scene image due to fuzzy reasoning. The algorithm works in three steps. First, regions of circular road sign in color scene image are detected. Secondly, color information is estimated due to fuzzy reasoning by using both color features and edge information. Thirdly, the resulting region is classified into three colors: red, blue and white. The experimental results indicate that the proposed algorithm is able to accurately estimate information of internal area in the circular road signs.

Field of study: Computer science
Practical Genetic Algorithms

thor is presented in a simple situation at the beginning of Chapter 2 [formulas (2.5) and (2.11)]. This provides a unified way to carry out computations. The following chapters are devoted to particular models: standard least squares regression (Chap. 4), models with heteroscedasticity and correlation and SURE and panel data models (Chap. 5), time series models (Chap. 6), and simultaneous equations models (Chap. 7). An appendix collecting many useful basic results is provided at the end of the book. The book has two major strengths. First, it presents finite-sample results in a unified way, and it can be used as a basic reference by graduate students and researchers in econometrics and statistics. Second, it covers important econometric models by providing finite-sample results where these are available. From these points of view, this book is unique. What is missing? One could argue that a good transparent approximation based on asymptotic theory might sometimes be preferable to a complex exact finite-sample result. This is typically the case with saddlepoint approximations (Daniels 1954; Field and Ronchetti 1990), which are mentioned only briefly. There has been significant research in this field in the past 20 years, and these techniques can now be applied beyond the original simple case of the mean. In fact, very accurate approximations are available in general setups, including, for instance, multivariate M-estimators (see the references in Ronchetti 1997). Related to this and missing is the nice exact formula for the density of a maximum likelihood estimator in a general parametric model (see Skovgaard 1990; Hillier and Armstrong 1999). From the point of view of presentation, the book focuses on analytic results, and numerical results and computational aspects are scarce. This book is a good reference on exact finite-sample results in econometrics and is a valuable addition to any statistical library. It can be used as a text in a special graduate level course in econometrics and statistics. It would also be a useful reference for a researcher in these fields.

Field of study: Mathematics
Job-work fit as a determinant of the acceptance of large-scale agile methodology

The declaration of the Agile Manifesto in 2001 was hailed as a paradigmatic shift in the development of software systems. Initially, agile development was typically deployed in projects with a single team with fewer than ten members. Recently, a new kind of agile development has emerged for larger projects that may be referred to as large-scale agile methodology (LSAM). The taxonomy of LSAM is more enhanced and subsumes the Agile Manifesto. Based on the software development literature, the study investigates five important antecedents of methodology acceptance: perceived usefulness, compatibility, subjective norm, mandatoriness, and external support. As a result of the initial PLS analysis, the study introduces the notion of Job-Work Fit as a second-order construct composed of perceived usefulness and compatibility. Based on a survey of 123 respondents, the study finds that the construct job-work fit significantly explains the LSAM acceptance for large projects. Job-work fit also mediates the relationships between subjective norm and external support with LSAM acceptance. This research suggests that as the stakes become higher because of project size and agility, job-work fit emerges as the central determinant of LSAM acceptance.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering