nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Cyanobacterial community composition in Arctic soil crusts at different stages of development

Cyanobacterial diversity in soil crusts has been extensively studied in arid lands of temperate regions, particularly semi-arid steppes and warm deserts. Nevertheless, Arctic soil crusts have received far less attention than their temperate counterparts. Here, we describe the cyanobacterial communities from various types of soil crusts from Svalbard, High Arctic. Four soil crusts at different development stages (ranging from poorly-developed to well-developed soil crusts) were analysed using 454 pyrosequencing of the V3-V4 variable region of the cyanobacterial 16S rRNA gene. Analyses of 95 660 cyanobacterial sequences revealed a dominance of OTUs belonging to the orders Synechococcales, Oscillatoriales and Nostocales. The most dominant OTUs in the four studied sites were related to the filamentous cyanobacteria Leptolyngbya sp. Phylotype richness estimates increased from poorly- to mid-developed soil crusts and decreased in the well-developed lichenized soil crust. Moreover, pH, ammonium and organic carbon concentrations appeared significantly correlated with the cyanobacterial community structure.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Lightweight Post-Quantum-Secure Digital Signature Approach for IoT Motes

Internet-of-Things (IoT) applications often require constrained devices to be deployed in the field for several years, even decades. Protection of these tiny motes is crucial for end-to-end IoT security. Secure boot and attestation techniques are critical requirements in such devices which rely on public key Sign/Verify operations. In a not-so-distant future, quantum computers are expected to break traditional public key Sign/Verify functions (e.g. RSA and ECC signatures). Hash Based Signatures (HBS) schemes, on the other hand, are promising quantumresistant alternatives. Their security is based on the security of cryptographic hash function which is known to be secure against quantum computers. The XMSS signature scheme is a modern HBS construction with several advantages but it requires thousands of hash operations per Sign/Verify operation, which could be challenging in resource constrained IoT motes. In this work, we investigated the use of the XMSS scheme targeting IoT constrained. We propose a latency-area optimized XMSS Sign or Verify scheme with 128-bit post-quantum security. An appropriate HW-SW architecture has been designed and implemented in FPGA and Silicon where it spans out to 1521 ALMs and 13.5k gates respectively. In total, each XMSS Sign/Verify operation takes 4.8 million clock cycles in our proposed HW-SW hybrid design approach which is 5.35 times faster than its pure SW execution latency on a 32-bit microcontroller.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Faster publication in acta crystallographica section D

Acta Crystallographica Section D will appear monthly in 1999 Acta Crystallographica Section D: Biological Crystallography will now appear monthly. This, together with an increased number of staff at Chester to process manuscripts, should greatly decrease the time from receipt of a manuscript to its publication. Section D contains full-length research papers, invited topical reviews, lead articles, fast communications, short communications, crystallization papers and letters to the editor. Such articles include structure reports (mainly of macromolecules), new methods of growing, mounting and measuring diffraction from crystals, new methods of structure determination and re®nement, and reports on crystallization conditions together with unit-cell dimensions and space groups. Where necessary for clarity in description, color pictures are published free of cost to the author. The 1999 notes for authors are included with this issue. There are very few changes from the previous notes. In addition to the copyright form, we request signatures to show that each listed author has seen the manuscript as submitted; this has been carried out so as to avert some of the problems we had early in the history of Acta Crystallographica Section D. Deposition of atomic coordinates and structure factors in the Protein Data Bank is required for those reporting structures obtained by diffraction methods; a reference code is published with the paper, but authors have the option to delay the release of atomic coordinates and structure factors, a policy which is currently under review by the IUCr Executive Committee (see the letter to the Editor in this issue on this subject). We are also proceeding to investigate the use of mmCIF ®les which include data on all aspects of the diffraction study and remarks, where necessary, from the authors. We look forward to receiving such ®les for structures in the future. My sincere thanks to the many members of the crystallographic community who have served as reviewers of submitted papers. They do a wonderful job and their input is essential in the maintenance of standards by the journal. In addition, the staff at Chester, particularly Louise Clark-Jones, have performed an excellent job in shepherding the articles to the publishers. The co-editors are also deserving of our thanks; they oversee the publication fate of a large proportion of the submitted manuscripts. Without their careful work the expansion of the journal to a monthly issue would not have been possible. My thanks to John Helliwell, Editor-in-Chief, for advice and help when requested. Finally, I also would like to thank Eileen Pytko here in Philadelphia for her handling of queries from authors and the processing of manuscripts sent to my of®ce. Acta Crystallographica Section D Biological Crystallography

Field of study: Chemistry
Charcoal-adsorption air purification system for chamber studies investigating atmospheric photochemistry

An air purification system has been designed and constructed to furnish the very pure matrix air required for environmental chamber studies of photooxidations of very low concentrations of hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides. The system furnishes air containing a few parts per billion carbon (ppbC) or less of individual organic impurities and nitrogen oxides. Methane is an exception but is reduced to less than half the natural background level, more than sufficient for chamber studies. Carbon monoxide is reduced to less than 1% of its ambient concentration. In this system air is drawn through Purafil beds, compressed by a liquid (water) ring compressor to 100 psig, and passed successively through a heatless dryer, a Hopcalite tower, and a second heatless dryer packed with activated coconut charcoal. The yield is a purified air stream that is approximately 20% of the inlet flow or typically 12 to 15 scfm. The extremely dry pure air can be rehumidified up to approximately 90% RH and brought to any desired temperature between 55 and 122/sup 0/F prior to being admitted to either of two 6000-l. irradiation chambers. The system has been in daily operation for three years with only routine maintenance and recharging of filter beds.

Field of study: Environmental science
A communication course for a linguistically diverse student population.

To establish an elective course designed to improve oral communication skills of students whose first or best language or dialect is not North American English.



A course that combined English as a Second Language pedagogy with pharmacy applications and content was created. Class exercises on language skills in pharmacy-specific content areas were conducted. Course evaluations were administered at the end of each course offering.


ASSESSMENT
The majority of students in the 11 sections who completed Oral Communication in Health Care improved their oral skills sufficiently to pass the exit examination and clinical courses requiring oral proficiency. Course evaluation forms show that students found this course useful, including the 15 students who took the course in fall 2005, described here.



An oral communication course targeted to students enrolled in a doctor of pharmacy or pharmaceutical sciences degree program whose first or best language was not English resulted in improved mastery of course outcomes and thus improved oral communication skills. As with any language acquisition process, continued practice is required to maintain proficiency.

Field of study: Education, Medicine
Does F.A. Hayek's Road to Serfdom Deserve to Make a Comeback?

As anger at President Barack Obama's social policies grows in some quarters, scholars and talk show hosts alike have said Friedrich von Hayek's 1944 best-seller The Road to Serfdom warrants another look. But does it? Hayek maintained that even the U. S. social welfare net would lead to totalitarian government. It has not. But that does not stop some from citing the book as a foundation for ominous warnings about the United States.

Field of study: Economics
Relationship between near bandedge absorption and photoluminescence efficiency in semi-insulating GaAs

We demonstrate that near bandedge photoluminescence efficiency in SI bulk GaAs can be increased by low temperature photo-quenching of native point defects in the material. These defects cause infrared absorption at photon energies just below the bandgap energy in cooled samples and their concentrations anti-correlate with those of EL2 in unannealed crystals. This absorption has been previously termed “Reverse Contrast.” The increase in PL efficiency is almost an exponential function of the photoquenching time and proportional to the Reverse Contrast absorption coefficient.

Field of study: Materials science
Molecular identification for Islamic meet food

DNA technology(DNA barcoding) is a new technique for species identification. This technology is used as markers to identify very fast, accurate using a standard DNA sequences, similar to the commodity bar codes. In this paper, identification of lamb, beef, pork, dog meat, flesh of a donkey five kinds of meat using DNA barcode technology. Through the optimization design of genes and primers effective, to determine the Y primer from X gene(this part has been applied for patent), the primer for the target fragments were efficient amplification. By the technology, We realize the molecular experiment can meet identification requirements.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Harmonious development of college students' sports value views and the Sunny Sports movement.

By studying the interrelations between the Sunny Sports movement and college students’ sports value views,which mainly include sports education value view,sports health value view,sports leisure entertainment value view,sports competition value view and sports moral value,the author concluded that college students’ sports value views play an positive role in boosting the implementation of the Sunny Sports movement in college,but the influence of negative factors should not be neglected.The Sunny Sports movement has an obviously positive effect on college students’ sports value views;actively guiding college students’ sports value views and constantly perfecting the Sunny Sports movement are keys to boost their mutually harmonious development.

Field of study: Education
Falcotentorial meningiomas: clinical, neuroimaging, and surgical features in six patients.

OBJECT
Meningiomas arising from the falcotentorial junction are rare. As a result, their clinical presentation and surgical management are not well described. During the past 3 years, the authors have treated six patients with falcotentorial meningiomas.



Most patients presented with symptoms related to raised intracranial pressure, including headaches, papilledema, and visual and gait disturbances. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a smooth, oval, or round mass, which was typically homogeneously enhancing. Angiography was useful in evaluating arterial supply for embolization, when possible, and determining the status of venous collateral supply and sinus patency. The authors detail the surgical technique used in all six patients. Postoperatively, patients experienced transient cortical blindness, which in all cases spontaneously resolved during the course of several days to weeks. They provide a comprehensive description of the presentation and surgical management of falcotentorial meningiomas.



An excellent outcome can be expected when surgery is predicated on detailed preoperative neuroimaging and knowledge of the nuances of the surgical technique.

Field of study: Medicine
Query Optimization Strategy for Dirty Database

With the development of the era of data,more and more dirty data exist in the database. Dirty data bring negative impact on the data and reduce the usability and efficiency of database management systems. Entity-based relational data model is one of effective data model for dirty data,in which one tuple represents an entity in real-world. With the consideration that the execution of a query operation baced on the model such as selection or connection may generate a large set of intermediate results can be useless to the final results. If these useless intermediate results are filtered in time,query efficiency can be improved. It is a crucial difference between query optimization for dirty database and that for traditional relational database. This paper focuses on the research in the process of query optimization which considers the intermediate results filtering and experiments to demonstrate.

Field of study: Computer science
Über Gneisbildung und Aufschmelzungszonen der Erdkruste in Europa

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Field of study: Environmental science
Volcanic history and magmatic evolution of Seguam Island, Aleutian Island arc, Alaska

New 40 Ar/ 39 Ar dating coupled with detailed field mapping, stratigraphy, and chemical analyses have established an eruptive chronology that reveals and constrains the compositional and volumetric evolution of Seguam Island in the Aleutian Island arc, Alaska. Sixty new 40 Ar/ 39 Ar ages from lavas, domes, and pyroclastic deposits were obtained using furnace incremental-heating techniques on replicate samples of whole-rock and ground-mass separates, and they constrain the duration of Pleistocene to Holocene subaerial volcanism to 318 k.y. The 40 Ar/ 39 Ar plateau ages indicate that over 85% of the complex, ∼68 km 3 of material, was erupted almost continuously between 318 ka and 9 ka. At ca. 9 ka, a stratocone on the eastern half of the island partially collapsed producing a 4-km-wide crater. Rhyolitic dome-forming eruptions followed from vents in the newly created crater, and were likely contemporaneous with 8.0 km 3 of basaltic and basaltic andesitic effusions from Pyre Peak, and a 1.4 km 3 basaltic eruption from a monogenetic cone on the far eastern end of the island. Geochemical changes over the last 318 k.y. are subtle. Most notably, the earliest eruptions from 318 to 142 ka produced no andesite, and basalt from this period has larger ranges in Zr/Rb and La/Yb than younger basalts. Small volumes of dacitic to rhyolitic magma were produced from basalt by a monotonic crystal-liquid fractionation process that varied only slightly in successive eruptive phases over 318 k.y. We identified minor geochemical changes in magma composition during each of the three main stages of volcanism, but overall the monotonic variations in major- and trace-element compositions of basaltic andesitic to rhyolitic lavas are consistent with an origin via closed-system fractional crystallization of basalt. Using the 40 Ar/ 39 Ar geochronology and estimates of individual flow volumes, we calculated a time-averaged eruptive rate at Seguam that is similar to growth rates of other well-dated arc volcanoes in the Cascades and Chilean Southern volcanic zone but less than that of Mount Katmai and Mount Mageik, which are located on the Alaska Peninsula. The eruptive flux at Seguam has been highly variable, fluctuating more than an order of magnitude, from 0.07 km 3 /k.y. during the early history of bimodal volcanism to 1.18 km 3 /k.y. over the past 9 k.y.

Field of study: Geology
Tuesdays with Worry: appreciating nature with a dog at the end of life

Dogs have been called ‘social lubricants’ for their uncanny ability to help people with serious illnesses and trauma find brief moments of catharsis, create meaningful relationships when there are none and connect with healthcare providers and other support team members for those with serious illnesses. In this paper, the therapeutic qualities of human–dog interactions will be demonstrated by focusing on one woman’s terminal cancer diagnosis while in end-of-life care through her shared leisure experiences with a dog in a natural environment. This auto/ethnography sought to exhibit the simple importance of a dog to the meaning-making process for someone coming to terms with their mortality. Complementary therapies and support are essential to those receiving medicalised care, but for those beyond the treatment stage, the important and necessary support is to be found in the relationships and activities that are of the most significance. As is demonstrated, dogs can provide this necessary kind of therapeutic support that may not be found elsewhere.

Field of study: Sociology
Glycoprotein II from adrenal chromaffin granules is also present in kidney lysosomes.

Glycoprotein II (GP II) is a protein found in the membranes of chromaffin granules from adrenal medulla. Immunoblotting (one- and two-dimensional) revealed that this antigen is also present in liver and in kidney. Subcellular fractionation of the latter organ indicated that GP II was present in lysosomes. This was confirmed by immunoelectron microscopy. The antiserum against GP II immunolabelled the membranes of organelles which could be identified as lysosomes by the labelling of their contents with an antiserum against cathepsin D. Thus GP II is an antigen common to secretory vesicles and lysosomes.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Modelling the impact of tidal range energy on species communities

Tidal energy has the potential to form a key component of the energy production in a number of countries, including the UK. Nonetheless, the deployment of tidal energy systems is associated with potential environmental impacts as prime resource sites often coincide with unique ecosystems inhabited by sensitive organisms. Previous studies have generally focused on the hydrodynamic impact of tidal energy schemes, i.e. how schemes alter the flow dynamics and sedimentary transport processes. Whilst these efforts are key in understanding environmental impacts, there is no straightforward step for translating sediment to faunal changes. Species distribution models offer methods to quantitatively predict certain possible impacts of tidal energy extraction. The River Severn is a distinguished candidate region for tidal energy in the UK featuring sites under stringent ecological protection regulations. We examine the impact of a proposed Severn tidal barrage on 14 species via the linking of hydrodynamic modelling to species distribution models. Through a selection of species that are linked via a simple food web system we extrapolate changes in prey species to the respective predator species. We show that species at lower trophic levels would be adversely affected by the barrage, but higher trophic level organisms increase in possible habitable area. Once food web relationships are acknowledged this increase in habitat area decreases, but is still net positive. Overall, all 14 species were affected, with most gaining in distribution area, and only four losing distribution area within the Severn Estuary. We conclude that a large-scale tidal barrage may have detrimental and complex impacts on species distribution, altering food web dynamics and altering food availability in the Severn Estuary. The methodology outlined herein can be transferred to the assessment and optimisation of prospective projects globally to aide in the sustainable introduction of the technology.

Field of study: Environmental science
On the decreasing trend of the number of monsoon depressions in the Bay of Bengal

This study unravels the physical link between the weakening of the monsoon circulation and the decreasing trend in the frequency of monsoon depressions over the Bay of Bengal. Based on the analysis of the terms of Genesis Potential Index, an empirical index to quantify the relative contribution of large scale environmental variables responsible for the modulation of storms, it is shown here that the reduction in the mid-tropospheric relative humidity is the most important reason for the decrease in the number of monsoon depressions. The net reduction of relative humidity over the Bay of Bengal is primarily due to the decrease in the moisture flux convergence, which is attributed to the weakening of the low level jet, a characteristic feature of monsoon circulation. Further, the anomalous moisture convergence over the western equatorial Indian Ocean associated with the rapid warming of the sea surface, reduces the moisture advection into the Bay of Bengal and hence adversely affect the genesis/intensification of monsoon depressions. Hence, the reduction in the number of monsoon depression over the Bay of Bengal could be one of the manifestations of the differential rates in the observed warming trend of the Indian Ocean basin

Field of study: Environmental science
Symmetry broken and restored coupled-cluster theory I. Rotational symmetry and angular momentum

We extend coupled-cluster theory performed on top of a Slater determinant breaking rotational symmetry to allow for the exact restoration of the angular momentum at any truncation order. The main objective relates to the description of near-degenerate finite quantum systems with an open-shell character. As such, the newly developed many-body formalism offers a wealth of potential applications and further extensions dedicated to the ab initio description of, e.g., doubly open-shell atomic nuclei and molecule dissociation. The formalism, which encompasses both single-reference coupled cluster theory and projected Hartree-Fock theory as particular cases, permits the computation of usual sets of connected diagrams while consistently incorporating static correlations through the highly non-perturbative restoration of rotational symmetry. Interestingly, the yrast spectroscopy of the system, i.e. the lowest energy associated with each angular momentum, is accessed within a single calculation. A key difficulty presently overcome relates to the necessity to handle generalized energy {\it and} norm kernels for which naturally terminating coupled-cluster expansions could be eventually obtained. The present work focuses on $SU(2)$ but can be extended to any (locally) compact Lie group and to discrete groups, such as most point groups. In particular, the formalism will be soon generalized to $U(1)$ symmetry associated with particle number conservation. This is relevant to Bogoliubov coupled cluster theory that was recently formulated and applied to singly open-shell nuclei.

Field of study: Physics