nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Direct Access to Cumbersome Aminated Quaternary Centers by Hyperbaric Aza‐Michael Additions

The aza-Michael addition of secondary amines to α,β- or β,β-disubstituted α,β-unsaturated esters was efficiently achieved under high pressure (10-16 kbar) in protic solvents in the absence of any catalyst. The expected cumbersome β-aminesters bearing a tertiary amine directly connected to a quaternary carbon atom could be isolated in fair to good yields. By using α,β,δ,γ,-unsaturated esters (alkyl sorbate), the addition took place regioselectively in a 1,6 manner and afforded the β,γ-unsaturated δ-aminoesters.

Field of study: Chemistry
The reproductive stage and experience of sexually receptive mothers alter their preference for pups or males.

Female rats show postpartum estrus, a unique stage in their reproductive cycle in which they are able to display maternal and sexual responses at the same time. To assess the relative value of pups or males for sexually receptive mothers with different hormonal profiles and reproductive experiences, we employed a 3-point star maze with 3 choice compartments containing: pups, a sexually active male, or no stimulus (neutral). Cycling maternal and nonmaternal females in late proestrus, independently of their previous reproductive experience, strongly preferred the male to the pups, although most postpartum estrous dams did not exhibit preference for the male. The majority of the postpartum primiparous females did not prefer the litter's chamber either, but a previous reproductive experience strongly determined their preference for the pups. These results suggest that the hormonal changes of the proestrus, in contrast to those of the postpartum estrus, promote a strong preference for the male that is not diminished by the maternal condition. Conversely, the endocrine changes of the postpartum facilitate the effect of previous reproductive experience in strengthening the incentive value of the pups.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Progressive cardiomyopathic lentiginosis.

Based mainly on the findings in eight patients and their families, a new syndrome is presented, consisting of multiple symmetrical lentigines and (mainly) left-sided obstructive cardiomyopathy, with associated growth retardation and at times slight intellectual impairment. The hypothesis is presented that the pathogenesis of the disorder is an extensive dysfunction of pigmentary and other elements of neural crest origin, and the signs and symptoms of the syndrome can be explained satis factorily by this. It is suggested that the obstructive cardiomyopathy is related to this defect, either primarily (because the neural crest contributes to heart structures) or secondarily (through the lentigines), and it is concluded that the disorder, which evidence suggests to be at least often dominantly inherited in an autosomal manner, has variable manifestations and, possibly, penetrance. Cases with lentigines, but without obstructive cardiomyopathy and, conversely, cases with obstructive cardiomyopathy but without lentigines, as well as some other clinical syndromes, may be pathogenetically related to the new syndrome. The hypothesis concerning the origin of the syndrome, which is supported by a number of hitherto unrelated observations, appears to be testable by biochemical studies of affected persons and by a careful investigation of their melanocytes and their melanosomes (see, e.g., Mishima, 1966) in normal and pigmented skin, and by detailed studies of the outflow cardiac tracts, their structure and metabolism.

Field of study: Medicine
Revealed Preference Axioms for Rational Choice

This paper provides a simple axiomatic foundation of rational choice when the indifference relation is not necessarily transitive. Utilizing a notion of revealed preference relation, which says that an alternative x is revealed preferred to an alternative y whenever x is chosen while y is available, this paper establishes that the requirement that a rejected alternative of a set A can never be revealed preferred to some chosen element of A (resp. some element of A) is equivalent to quasi-transitive (resp. acyclic) rationalization; i.e., is a necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of a strict partial order (resp. a suborder); while the requirement that at least one of the chosen elements of a set A is always strictly revealed preferred to every rejected alternative of A is equivalent to pseudotransitive rationalization i.e., is a necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of an interval order.

Field of study: Economics
Threshold scattering of the η-meson off light nuclei

The scattering lengths of η-meson collisions with light nuclei 2H, 3H, 3He, and 4He are calculated on the basis of few-body equations in coherent approximation. It is found that the η-nucleus scattering length depends strongly on the number of nucleons and the range parameter. By taking into account the off-shell behavior of the ηN amplitude, the ηα scattering length increases considerably.

Field of study: Physics
PLEISTOCENE CLIMATE AND TOPOGRAPHY OF THE AREQUIPA REGION, PERU

In the reconnaissance studies of the Arequipa region, two principal subjects were investigated. One was the enormous deposits of tuff, originating as incandescent flows of Katmaian type, which cover most of the region; and the second was the climatic conditions that prevailed during Pleistocene time, and their effect upon topography. Since a large part of the evidence on climate is found in the tuff deposits the two subjects are closely inter-related, and cannot be wholly separated. Nevertheless it has been thought best to describe the tuffs in one article, immediately preceding this, as representing a certain phase of volcanic activity; and the topographic features and their significance in another. A preliminary reading of the first paper will help in the better understanding of the present paper. Considerably before the establishment of glaciers on the high mountains north of Arequipa the lower country had been covered by a series of incandescent tuff flows. In these, deep quebradas (gulches) had been cut and a new valley of Chili River had been established before the glaciers became active. This erosion was accomplished by torrential streams, and a pluvial period preceding glaciation is indicated. Next, the gulches were filled with bowldery sediments, which also spread over the intervening pampa surfaces, and finally the sediments were almost completely removed. These later events are regarded as the consequences of the overloading of glacial streams with detritus, followed by still greater flow of glacial melt-waters. The belief that during the Pleistocene there were great glaciers at work on the high mountains bordering the basin is based chiefly on the presence of huge heaps of bowlders at the bases and on the slopes of the mountains. As the importance of glaciers in this and other Andean regions has been questioned by some observers, the deposits are described in detail and the possibility of their having been formed by other processes is examined. It is concluded that no other process is satisfactory as the principal agency. Other processes doubtless co-operated, but it is believed that glaciers were the chief means by which the materials were gathered up, worked over, and deposited where now found.

Field of study: Geology
Estimates for the kernel and continuity properties of pseudo-differential operators

This work studies the continuity of pseudo-differential operators in H6rmander's class .~emn (cf.  in several function spaces, including L p spaces, Hardy spaces, weak L 1 and BMO. The basic assumption throughout the paper is that 0< Q<= 1, 0<_-6<I, in particular, all our results are valid for 6=>Q. The stress is on sharp conditions over the order and type of the operators. Our point of view is that in many spaces continuity should follow from the functional calculus and simple computations, once L 2 estimates and suitable estimates for the kernel are known. Thus, we prove three different types of estimates for kernels of pseudo-differential operators: pointwise, integral and "dyadic integral" in w 1, w 2 and w 5 respectively; the first two types extend [14, p. 1053] and [1, p. 75], the last one may be new. Then we combine these estimates with the L2-continuity results proved in  to obtain (L 1, weak L~), (L ~, BMO), (L p, L q) and (H p, L p) continuity conditions that extend or improve results due to C. Fefferman [9], L. H6rmander [11] and J. Alvarez and M. Milman  (most results are classic for 6< Q or 6_<-0). We also prove a pointwise estimate for the sharp maximal function (Lf) ~ in terms of the generalized Hardy--Littlewood maximal function Mpf for some pseudo-differential operators L extending [2, p. 424]. It is well-known that these pointwise estimates give weighted L p estimates for L. When 0= 1, pseudo-differential operators of non-positive order are associated to standard kernels, i.e., they are generalized Calderdn--Zygmund operators. However, when ~<1, in order to obtain the best continuity properties, one is led to consider kernels that blow up at the diagonal faster than standard kernels. It is then natural to ask to what extent properties valid for operators associated to stan-

Field of study: Mathematics
Effects of heat treatment on the endoplasmic reticulum stress of skeletal muscles of rats and its function in protecting the adaptability of skeletal muscles

In order to study the effects of heat treatment on the endoplasmic reticulum stress of skeletal muscles of rats and its functions in protecting skeletal muscles,by using incremental heat treatment as their research means,the authors divided SD rats randomly into a calm control group(C) and a heat treatment group(H),further divided the heat treatment group into an immediate after teat treatment group(H1),a 24 h after heat treatment group(H2),a 48 h after heat treatment group(H3) and a 6d after heat treatment group(H4) according to the times after heat treatment was finished;each group contained 8 rats.The results showed the followings: after heat treatment,the CK and LDH concentrations of the rats in groups H1,H2 and H3 were lower than those of the rats in group C,but the differences were not significant;the SOD activity of the rats in heat treatment group H2 was the highest,significantly different from that of the rats in group C(P0.05),and the MDA concentration of the rats in group H2 was significantly lower than that of the rats in group C(P0.05),the MDA concentrations of the rats in other groups were lower than that of the rats in group C,but the differences were not significant;after heat treatment,the level of expression of GRP78 of the rats in groups H1,H2 and H3 increased significantly as compared with that of the rats in group C.The results indicated the followings: after heat treatment,the skeletal muscles of the rats produced stress proteins,endoplasmic reticulum stress reaction occurred,which caused the skeletal muscles of the rats to produce adaptive protection,thus preventing skeletal muscle damage.

Field of study: Education
The Degree of Transitivity in Korean: A Functional-Typological Approach

In this paper, the A. analyzes transitivity in the light of typological universals. Transitivity features can be manifested both morpho-syntactically and semantically. Thus he will examine examples of correlations between morphosyntactic features and semantic interpretations. He will show that covariation between transitivity and the case marking of objects observed in Korean is by and large consistent with Hopper & Thompson's Transitvity Hypothesis

Field of study: Linguistics
Characterizing metallurgical reaction of Sn3.0Ag0.5Cu composite solder by mechanical alloying with electroless Ni-P/Cu under-bump metallization after various reflow cycles

Electroless Ni-P/Cu under-bump metallization (UBM) is widely used in electronics packaging. The Sn3.0Ag0.5Cu lead-free composite solder pastes were produced by a mechanical alloying (MA) process doped with Cu6Sn5 nanoparticles. In this study, the detailed interfacial reaction of Sn3.0Ag0.5Cu composite solders with EN(P)/Cu UBM was investigated after reflow. A field-emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) was employed to analyze the interfacial morphology and microstructure evolution. The intermetallic compounds (IMCs) formed at the interface between the Sn3.0Ag0.5Cu composite solders and EN(P)/Cu UBM after one and three reflows were mainly (Ni1−x,Cux)3Sn4 and (Cu1−y,Niy)6Sn5. However, only (Ni1−x,Cux)3Sn4 IMC was observed after five reflows. The elemental distribution near the interfacial region was evaluated by an electron probe microanalyzer (EPMA) as well as field-emission electron probe microanalyzer (FE-EPMA). Based on the observation and characterization by FESEM, a EPMA, and an FE-EPMA, the reaction mechanism of interfacial phase transformation between Sn3.0Ag0.5Cu composite solders and EN(P)/Cu UBM after various reflow cycles was discussed and proposed.

Field of study: Materials science
Hubei Power Grid Digital Simulation System Type Selection

In this paper,the experiment methods,simulation mode and simulation system of power system at present are introduced and comparatively analyzed.Based on the practical condition of Hubei power grid,digital real-time simulation method,electromechanical-electromagnetic transient hybrid simulation model and ADPSS simulation system are used.The works establishes the base for Hubei power grid digital simulation research.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Changeover behavior and preference in concurrent schedules.

Pigeons were trained on a multiple schedule of reinforcement in which separate concurrent schedules occurred in each of two components. Key pecking was reinforced with milo. During one component, a variable-interval 40-s schedule was concurrent with a variable-interval 20-s schedule; during the other component, a variable-interval 40-s schedule was concurrent with a variable-interval 80-s schedule. During probe tests, the stimuli correlated with the two variable-interval 40-s schedules were presented simultaneously to assess preference, measured by the relative response rates to the two stimuli. In Experiment 1, the concurrently available variable-interval 20-s schedule operated normally; that is, reinforcer availability was not signaled. Following this baseline training, relative response rate during the probes favored the variable-interval 40-s alternative that had been paired with the lower valued schedule (i.e., with the variable-interval 80-s schedule). In Experiment 2, a signal for reinforcer availability was added to the high-value alternative (i.e., to the variable-interval 20-s schedule), thus reducing the rate of key pecking maintained by that schedule but leaving the reinforcement rate unchanged. Following that baseline training, relative response rates during probes favored the variable-interval 40-s alternative that had been paired with the higher valued schedule. The reversal in the pattern of preference implies that the pattern of changeover behavior established during training, and not reinforcement rate, determined the preference patterns obtained on the probe tests.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
"Reelizing" Arab and Jewish Ethnicity in Mexican Film

As a historian of Mexican history who studies Middle Eastern immigrants to Mexico in the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries, I have approached the topic of ethnic film with both trepidation and great interest. Attuned to the historiography of what and who is Mexican, I view the films El baisano Jalil and Novia que te vea for their representations of ethnic difference and suggestions of a multicultural Mexico. Here, I wish to explore how these films not only show the presence of immigrant groups in the cultural fabric of Mexico, but also how the films demonstrate that public discourses (via film) can enhance scholarly understanding of multiculturalism. My purpose is to make a discrete intervention in Mexican historiography by underscoring the importance of film in conceptualizing the dimensions of ethnic identity. I suggest that these films are rooted in a particular Mexican social context in which both Arab and Jewish immigrants have been able to manipulate the ambiguities of what it means to be Mexican.

Field of study: History
Effect of surface modification and oxygen deficiency on intercalation property of lithium nickel manganese oxide in an all-solid-state battery

LiNbO 3 -coated LiNi 0.5 Mn 1.5 O 4 powders were synthesized by a sol–gel method, and their intercalation property as a cathode material was investigated using all-solid-state batteries with Li 10 GeP 2 S 12 solid electrolyte and In–Li metal anode. The LiNbO 3 coating delivered reversible lithium intercalation of LiNi 0.5 Mn 1.5 O 4 through an electrochemical interface with the Li 10 GeP 2 S 12 . Oxygen-deficient LiNi 0.5 Mn 1.5 O 4 − δ with a higher electronic conductivity than LiNi 0.5 Mn 1.5 O 4 improved the intercalation activity. An all-solid-state battery consisting of 3 wt.%-LiNbO 3 -coated LiNi 0.5 Mn 1.5 O 4− δ /Li 10 GeP 2 S 12 /In–Li exhibited a discharge capacity of 80 mAh g − 1 at the first cycle with an average discharge voltage of 4.1 V (vs. In-Li), which demonstrates the possibility of 5 V class all-solid-state batteries with a high voltage spinel cathode.

Field of study: Materials science
Abdominoscrotal hydrocele: excision of sac may not be necessary.

Abdominoscrotal hydroceles (ASH) are uncommon occurrences in boys and usually treated similarly to a hernia with the assumption that there is an associated patent processus vaginalis. Treatment in this manner may be challenging due to sac size, extension and adherence to the spermatic cord. Due to the rarity of ASH, the literature is mostly limited to small, single-institution case studies.



Our goal was to evaluate two techniques in large number. We hypothesized a simplified scrotal technique with eversion, Jaboulay procedure, would demonstrate less complications and equivalent efficacy to standard excision.



We retrospectively reviewed medical records at three tertiary children's hospitals to identify boys who underwent surgical repair of ASH between 1998 and 2018. Group 1 had excision and/or ligation of the hydrocele sac. Group 2 had a scrotal incision with limited excision and then eversion of the hydrocele sac (Jaboulay procedure). Variables that were analyzed included preoperative imaging, surgical technique, surgical findings, length of follow up, complications and recurrence of swelling.



We identified 61 boys, who had 77 abdominoscrotal hydroceles. Group 1 included 38 patients with 48 hydroceles. Group 2 included 23 patients with 29 hydroceles. Complications were more common in Group 1 patients (18% vs 0%) but complication rate and operative time were not statistically associated with surgery type or age. No patient in either group had recurrence of hydrocele.



Although this is a large study for this rare condition, the analysis is limited by number and its retrospective nature.



For the rare and difficult to treat abdominoscrotal hydrocele, we were unable to prove with statistical significance that a simplified technique of eversion via the scrotum is safer. However, this large series did demonstrate that the simplified procedure provides equal efficacy as excision.

Field of study: Medicine
Synthese von Metallchelaten des 4‐(p‐Cumyl)‐4‐hydroxy‐3‐buten‐2‐ons, des 1,6‐Diphenyl‐1,3,4,6‐hexantetraons und des 1,6‐Di(p‐cumyl)‐1,3,4,6‐hexantetraons

Die Metallchelate von Cu2+, Ni2+, Co2+, Fe2+ und Fe3+ mit 4-(p-Cumyl-4-hydroxy-3-buten- 2-on (l), von Cu2+, Ni2+, Fe2+ und Fe3+ mit 1,6-Diphenyl-1,3,4,6-hexantetraon (6) und die Chelate von Fe2+ und Fe3+ mit 1,6-Di(p-cumyl)-l,3,4,6-hexantetraon (7) wurden dargestellt. 
 
 
 
Synthesis of Metal Chelates of 4-(p-Cumenyl)-4-hydroxy-3-buten-2-one, 1,6-Diphenyl-1,3,4,6- hexantetraone, and 1,6-Di(p-cumenyl)-l,3,4,6-hexanetetraone 
 
 
 
The metal chelates of Cu2+, Ni2+, Co2+, Fe2+ and Fe3+ with 4-(p-cumenyl)-4-hydroxy-3-buten- 2-on (1) are prepared, as are those of Cu2+, Ni2+, Fe2+ and Fe3+ with 1,6-diphenyl-l,3,4,6- hexanetetraone (6), and those of Fe2f and Fe3+ with 1,6-di(p-cumenyl)-l,3,4,6-hexanetetraone (7).

Field of study: Chemistry
Ability of Pseudoalteromonas tunicata to colonize natural biofilms and its effect on microbial community structure.

We investigated the effectiveness of surface colonization by the epiphytic marine bacterium Pseudoalteromonas tunicata firstly on a complex biofilm community on glass slides, and secondly, on the epiphytic community of Ulva australis. The effectiveness of P. tunicata was compared with the performance of Phaeobacter sp. 2.10, also a marine epiphytic isolate in the U. australis colonization experiments. Pseudoalteromonas tunicata cells were able to colonize the glass slide community at densities found naturally in the water column (9.7 x 10(4) cells mL(-1)). However, P. tunicata was a poor invader of the epiphytic community on U. australis at densities of 10(6) cells mL(-1). At densities of 10(8) cells mL(-1), P. tunicata again exerted little impact on the epiphytic community. Phaeobacter sp. 2.10 was also a poor invader at lower densities, but was able to invade and become dominant at densities of 10(8) cells mL(-1). Differences in the ability of P. tunicata and Phaeobacter sp. 2.10 to invade natural communities may be due to differences in the antibacterial compounds produced by the two species. These experiments suggest that epiphytic communities may have protective effects compared with inanimate surfaces.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Growth and properties of YSr/sub 2/Cu/sub 2.75/Mo/sub 0.25/O/sub 7-/spl delta// thin films

We report on the epitaxial growth of YSr/sub 2/Cu/sub 2.75/Mo/sub 0.25/O/sub 7-/spl delta// (YSCMO) thin films by pulsed laser ablation, and discuss the superconducting find normal state transport properties of microbridges patterned from such films. To investigate the dopant oxygen mobility of this material, we have used electrical biases applied at near room temperature to induce long range displacement of chain oxygen vacancies in these microbridges. We find that with electromigration, the T/sub c/ of the microbridges can be raised to |60 K. This transition temperature is higher than any previously achieved for this compound, including the T/sub c/'s achieved. As result of extended very high pressure oxygen anneals, or by high pressure in situ measurements. Micro-Raman spectroscopy measurements have been used to examine and characterize the oxygen order in the film before and After electromigration. These measurements indicate that, as suggested by the final T/sub c/ achieved, a very high degree of oxygenation and chain oxygen order can be induced in the microbridge by this process. Thus the as-grown properties of YSCMO appear to be dominated by the low level of oxygenation and the low degree of oxygen homogeneity obtained by normal annealing processes.

Field of study: Physics
Error Analysis and Bounds in Time Delay Estimation

We have analyzed the error propagation in the classical delay estimation based on the identification of the maximum of the cross correlation between the input signals. The resulting error propagation model has the form of a linear combination of the errors additional to the signal samples. These errors are weighted by the derivative of the input signals at the sampling instants. Based on the error propagation model we have further found an upper bound to the square of the estimation error. The use of the model is demonstrated by two simple examples.

Field of study: Engineering