nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Analysis of Porting GCC for Control Transfer Structure

From the important of control transfer structure for any computer program,describes our efforts towards the analysis of porting the GNU Compiler Collection GCC for PIC16C5X architecture,gives a detailed motivation and introduces how to fix ABI and templates about control transfer structure on PIC16C5X architecture.Following,motivate important design decisions made during the compiler being debug and demonstrate solutions to problems which happen during debugging times,with a critical evaluation and an outlook onto future project stages.

Field of study: Computer science
Measurement of the vapor–liquid equilibrium properties of the binary low GWP refrigerant R32/R1123

The vapor-liquid equilibrium properties of R32/R1123 binary refrigerant mixtures were precisely determined. Such mixtures have the potential to provide a reduced global warming potential although data regarding their properties is extremely limited, especially with regard to vapor-liquid equilibrium characteristics such as boiling point and dew point pressures, for which no actual experimental data exist. The present study acquired such data by means of two recirculation type apparatuses located at different universities. One apparatus, which was used to measure data in high temperature region, is installed at Toyama Prefectural University and includes an optical cell and two circulation loops with a thermostatted liquid bath. After thermal equilibration, a part of the sample in both loops is sandwiched between two valves and mixed with helium, following which the compositions are determined using gas chromatograpy. The other apparatus, which was for lower temperature region, at Kyushu University, has a similar design. The vapor-liquid equilibrium data were obtained between 300 and 330 K using the apparatus for high temperatures and from 273 to 313 K using the apparatus for low temperatures. These data were compared with predictions from the Helmholtz-type equation of state and a systematic deviation of approximately 1% was observed at low temperatures. A regression analysis using the binary interaction parameter kij for the modified Peng-Robinson equation of state more accurately reproduced the present measurement results.

Field of study: Engineering
Slab break-offs in the Alpine subduction zone

After the onset of plate collision in the Alps, at 32–34 Ma, the deep structure of the orogen is inferred to have changed dramatically: European plate break-offs in various places of the Alpine arc, as well as a possible reversal of subduction polarity in the eastern Alps have been proposed. We review different high-resolution tomographic studies of the upper mantle and combine shear- and body-wave models to assess the most reliable geometries of the slabs. Several hypotheses for the tectonic evolution are presented and tested against the tomographic model interpretations and constraints from geologic and geodetic observations. We favor the interpretation of a recent European slab break-off under the western Alps. In the eastern Alps, we review three published scenarios for the subduction structure and propose a fourth one to reconcile the results from tomography and geology. We suggest that the fast slab anomalies are mainly due to European subduction; Adriatic subduction plays no or only a minor role along the Tauern window sections, possibly increasing towards the Dinarides. The apparent northward dip of the slab under the eastern Alps may be caused by imaging a combination of Adriatic slab, from the Dinaric subduction system, and a deeper lying European one, as well as by an overturned, retreating European slab.

Field of study: Environmental science
Effect of ethanol on p36 protein kinase substrate and insulin receptor substrate 1 expression and tyrosyl phosphorylation in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells.

Ethanol inhibits insulin (IN) and epidermal growth factor (EGF)-induced hepatocyte DNA synthesis. Growth factor receptor kinases, such as IN and EGF, phosphorylate insulin receptor substrate (IRS-1) and p36 protein kinase substrate, respectively, on tyrosine residues. IRS-1 and p36 are thought to be important intracellular signal transduction molecules involved in the regulation of cell growth. These investigations explored the effect of ethanol additions on the expression and tyrosyl phosphorylation (TP) of p36 and IRS-1 in a human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line (FOCUS) in relationship to cell proliferation induced by IN and serum growth factor stimulation. It was found that p36 was constitutively and highly expressed in serum-starved cells and protein, and mRNA levels did not change with cell proliferation induced by growth factors. However, exposure of FOCUS cells to ethanol additions substantially inhibited TP of p36. The early TP of IRS-1 induced by IN stimulation was also reduced by ethanol additions. Finally, there was a parallel decrease of FOCUS cell proliferation in ethanol-exposed cultures. These studies suggest that one possible mechanism of ethanol inhibitory effect on cell proliferation is through reduced TP of putative intracellular signal transduction molecules, such as p36 and IRS-1.

Field of study: Medicine
Fan Response to Boundary-Layer Ingesting Inlet Distortions

The modeling capabilities of TURBO, an existing turbomachinery analysis code, have been extended to include the ability to solve the external and internal flow fields of a boundary-layer ingesting inlet. Flow solutions are presented and compared with experimental data for several high-Reynolds-number flows to validate the solver modifications. The upstream flowfield was coupled to a hypothetical compressor fan to present a fully developed distortion to the fan. Although the total pressure distortion upstream of the fan was symmetrical for this geometry, the pressure rise generated by the fan blades was not, because of the velocity nonuniformity of the distortion. Total pressure profiles at various axial locations are computed to identify the overall distortion pattern, how the distortion evolves through the blade passages and mixes out downstream of the blades, and where any critical performance concerns might be. Stall cells are identified that are stationary in the absolute frame and are fixed to the in...

Field of study: Physics
Anomalous behavior of the F19 motional relaxation in PbF2 doped with alkali halides

The F 19 motional relaxation in PbF 2 doped with alkali halides is studied as a function of temperature and frequency using nuclear magnetic resonance. The results of spin lattice relaxation rate measurements in the rotating frame and in the laboratory frame are reported and some striking anomalies are pointed out. We propose that these anomalies, not accountable by a straightforward application of the predictions of the Bloembergen-Purcell-Pound theory, arise from a non-uniform mobility of fluorine atoms around the impurities. A model that attempts to explain some of these discrepancies is discussed.

Field of study: Materials science
Semi-supervised Anomaly Detection on Attributed Graphs

We propose a simple yet effective method for detecting anomalous instances on an attribute graph with label information of a small number of instances. Although with standard anomaly detection methods it is usually assumed that instances are independent and identically distributed, in many real-world applications, instances are often explicitly connected with each other, resulting in so-called attributed graphs. The proposed method embeds nodes (instances) on the attributed graph in the latent space by taking into account their attributes as well as the graph structure based on graph convolutional networks (GCNs). To learn node embeddings specialized for anomaly detection, in which there is a class imbalance due to the rarity of anomalies, the parameters of a GCN are trained to minimize the volume of a hypersphere that encloses the node embeddings of normal instances while embedding anomalous ones outside the hypersphere. This enables us to detect anomalies by simply calculating the distances between the node embeddings and hypersphere center. The proposed method can effectively propagate label information on a small amount of nodes to unlabeled ones by taking into account the node's attributes, graph structure, and class imbalance. In experiments with five real-world attributed graph datasets, we demonstrate that the proposed method achieves better performance than various existing anomaly detection methods.

Field of study: Computer science
Fossils and palaeontological distributions of Macaranga and Mallotus (Euphorbiaceae)

The correct identification of described plant fossils from the sister genera Macaranga and Mallotus (Euphorbiaceae) needs to be confirmed in order to correctly date their phylogeny and map their palaeontological distributions. Previous identifications of fossil specimens often appear to be unreliable since the distinctive features for identification such as leaf details and stamen thecae are usually not preserved in the fossils. Fossil pollen, seeds, wood and leaf (imprints) are so general in appearance that they are only typical either for both genera and their sister group Hancea (pollen), the family Euphorbiaceae (seeds) or even a large group of families (wood, leaf venation). Out of 54 fossils only four could be reliably identified as Macaranga and Mallotus, which is sufficient for dating the phylogeny, but insufficient to provide an insight into palaeontological distributions. All discussed fossils are mapped in order to assess the possibility of ancestral distributions outside the presently known distribution of Macaranga and Mallotus, which otherwise is impossible due to the limitations of the current historical biogeographic techniques that are based on present day distributions. A short overview of best practice to evaluate fossils and their identification is presented.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Managing Student Self-Disclosure in Class Settings: Lessons from Feminist Pedagogy

The present article describes difficulties and opportunities associated with students’ disclosure of their personal experiences in university class settings. In classes that deal with topics such as violence, racism, family dynamics, mental health or social justice, students with first-hand experience of these topics can bring valuable real-life experience to class discussion. However, bringing intimate information to class may also raise issues of appropriate boundaries and the role of the classroom setting for sharing potentially upsetting information. Drawing on principles of feminist pedagogy and using examples from classes I teach about women and psychology, I detail the challenges related to students’ personal biographies and beliefs about their experiences, and outline some strategies that may usefully find balance between respecting their experiences and providing a learning environment while teaching about the values and ethics of an academic discipline.

Field of study: Education
Pigeons' spatial memory: III. Effect of distractors on delayed matching of key location.

The effect of distractors on pigeons' delayed matching of key location was investigated. Baseline trials began with a "ready" stimulus (brief operation of the grain feeder). Then one (randomly chosen) key from a three-by-three matrix was lit briefly as the sample. After a short delay (retention interval) the sample key was lit again along with one of the other eight keys. A peck at the key that had served as the sample (correct comparison) produced grain reinforcement, whereas a peck to the other key (incorrect comparison) produced only the intertrial interval. In Experiment 1, a houselight distractor, presented during either the sample, retention interval, or choice phases of the trial, had little if any effect on accuracy of matching key location. In Experiment 2, one of three types of spatial stimuli was interpolated during the retention interval, or the interval was blank as during baseline trials. The three stimuli were: the sample (correct comparison) location for that trial, the incorrect comparison location for that trial, or one of the seven unused locations for that trial. Relative to blank trials, accuracy improved slightly on sample-interpolated trials, decreased slightly on unused location-interpolated trials, and decreased considerably on incorrect comparison-interpolated trials. In Experiment 3, retention intervals were blank or had one of six types of interpolation: the sample, the incorrect comparison, two presentations of the sample, two presentations of the incorrect comparison, the sample followed by the incorrect comparison, or the incorrect comparison followed by the sample.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Better structures from better data through better methods: a review of developments in de novo macromolecular phasing techniques and associated instrumentation at LURE

This paper presents a survey of developments in de novo phasing methods and instrumentation in protein crystallography that have been carried out over the past 20 years at the French synchrotron radiation facility LURE. This includes progress in detector technology, particularly with multiwire proportional chambers, contributions to the development of the MAD and MASC methods for experimental phase-determination via anomalous dispersion, the exploration of the use of xenon and krypton as heavy atoms and anomalous scatterers, as well as the substantialization of parts of the `Bayesian programme' for structure determination in highly efficient and user-friendly software. It is shown how the conjunction of high-quality data collection with novel phasing methods and with optimized data-processing schemes can bring about major improvements, even when the signal is very weak, in the accuracy of structural determinations.

Field of study: Physics
Bandpass nonlinear systems identification by higher order cross correlation

Nonlinear systems constituted by a zero-memory nonlinearity cascaded with linear filters can be identified by input-output cross correlation using a Gaussian input signal. The method is extended to complex systems through a pair of complex invariance theorems. The stated properties allow identifying the linear parts of systems characterized by magnitude/phase nonlinearities with the joint use of second- and third-order input-output moments. The method can be employed for a wide class of communication bandpass circuits when signals are represented by complex envelopes.

Field of study: Engineering
Ecological half-life of caesium in roe deer (Capreolus capreolus).

Biological half-lives for various radionuclides have been determined for many animals kept in the laboratory or under controlled conditions. Only occasionally has been it possible to determine the ecological half-lives of radionuclides in wild animals, where the contamination has occurred in their natural habitats. Following the fallout from the Chernobyl accident and its subsequent ingestion by wildlife, no one knew how long it would take the wild animals to eliminate the radionuclides, and in particular radiocaesium, from their bodies. In this study of roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), bucks (males)were shot at weekly/fortnightly intervals from mid-May till the end of July, as part of the annual cull on an area, which included some young forestry (Stone Chest-National Grid Reference NY48090), planted in 1971/72. The ration of 137Cs:134Cs, typical of the Chernobyl fallout, was seldom observed in these animals due to the highly variable concentrations of 137Cs originating from bomb fallout. Therefore, 134Cs was used instead because its presence was almost entirely due to the Chernobyl fallout. After using log10 transformation of the 134Cs concentrations, a significant (p < 0.01) regression was obtained which accounted for 85% of the variation. From the regression, the ecological half-life for 134Cs was found to be 28.3 days.

Field of study: Environmental science
Feeling and Speaking: Mood Effects on Verbal Communication Strategies

What is the role of affect in language use, and the production of requests ini particular? Two experiments predicted and found that (a) sad moods increase and happy moods decrease request politeness, and (b) these mood effects are greater when considering more risky and unconventional requests that require more elaborate processing. In Experiment 1, sad persons preferred more polite requests, and decisions about unconventional requests were particularly sensitive to affective influences. Experiment 2 used an unobtrusive method to elicit natural requests in a conversation. Negative affect produced greater politeness and longer delays in posing requests. Recall data and mediational analyses confirmed that greater mood effects were linked to the more extensive processing recruited by unconventional requests, consistent with the Affect Infusion Model (AIM). The cognitive mechanisms that mediate mood effects on language production are discussed, and the implications of the findings for strategic communication and for theories of affect and cognition are considered.

Field of study: Psychology
Spontaneous order in higher education:chaotic source or well-ordered

Social order may be formed by way of the order-obedience system,also by way of spontataneity in people's free activitivies.The former is the plan order,while the latter is the spontaneous order and it has rationality in logic and the reality.In China's higher education,plan order is the mainstream,but spontanous order also exists.Spontaneous order has indefinite directions,and sometimes it may depart from the basic value.But we must cultivate and standard the spontaneous order because there are intrinsic conjunctions between spontaneous order and higher education.

Field of study: Education
Low Energy Behavior of the \protect(^{7}\protect) Be \protect( (p,\gamma)^{8}\protect) B reaction

Three related features of the astrophysical S-factor, (S_{17}), for low energies are an upturn as the energy of the proton goes to zero, a pole at the proton separation energy and a long ranged radial integral peaking at approximately 40 fm. These features, particularly the last, mean (S_{17}) at threshold is largely determined by the asymptotic normalization of the proton bound-state wave function. In this paper we show that by taking the pole explicitly into account, (S_{17}) can be calculated in terms of purely short range integrals involving the two-body potential. Much of the discusion is relevant to other radiative capture processes especially those wth weakly bound final states.

Field of study: Physics
Characterization of a novel two dimensional diode array the "magic plate" as a radiation detector for radiation therapy treatment.

Intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) utilizes the technology of multileaf collimators to deliver highly modulated and complex radiation treatment. Dosimetric verification of the IMRT treatment requires the verification of the delivered dose distribution. Two dimensional ion chamber or diode arrays are gaining popularity as a dosimeter of choice due to their real time feedback compared to film dosimetry. This paper describes the characterization of a novel 2D diode array, which has been named the "magic plate" (MP). It was designed to function as a 2D transmission detector as well as a planar detector for dose distribution measurements in a solid water phantom for the dosimetric verification of IMRT treatment delivery.



The prototype MP is an 11 × 11 detector array based on thin (50 μm) epitaxial diode technology mounted on a 0.6 mm thick Kapton substrate using a proprietary "drop-in" technology developed by the Centre for Medical Radiation Physics, University of Wollongong. A full characterization of the detector was performed, including radiation damage study, dose per pulse effect, percent depth dose comparison with CC13 ion chamber and build up characteristics with a parallel plane ion chamber measurements, dose linearity, energy response and angular response.



Postirradiated magic plate diodes showed a reproducibility of 2.1%. The MP dose per pulse response decreased at higher dose rates while at lower dose rates the MP appears to be dose rate independent. The depth dose measurement of the MP agrees with ion chamber depth dose measurements to within 0.7% while dose linearity was excellent. MP showed angular response dependency due to the anisotropy of the silicon diode with the maximum variation in angular response of 10.8% at gantry angle 180°. Angular dependence was within 3.5% for the gantry angles ± 75°. The field size dependence of the MP at isocenter agrees with ion chamber measurement to within 1.1%. In the beam perturbation study, the surface dose increased by 12.1% for a 30 × 30 cm(2) field size at the source to detector distance (SDD) of 80 cm whilst the transmission for the MP was 99%.



The radiation response of the magic plate was successfully characterized. The array of epitaxial silicon based detectors with "drop-in" packaging showed properties suitable to be used as a simplified multipurpose and nonperturbing 2D radiation detector for radiation therapy dosimetric verification.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
NpNn Scheme and the Valence Proton-Neutron Interaction

We examine the common belief that the $N_pN_n$ scheme is manifested as a direct consequence of the valence proton-neutron interaction which has proven to be a dominant factor in developing collectivity in nuclei. We show that the simplification of the $N_pN_n$-plot of the lowest $2^+$ excitation energy is introduced merely because the excitation energy always decreases when the valence nucleon number becomes larger.

Field of study: Physics
Microbial adaptation in vertical soil profiles contaminated by antimony smelting plant.

Antimony mining has resulted in considerable pollution to the soil environment. Although studies on antinomy contamination have been conducted, its effects on vertical soil profiles and depth-resolved microbial communities remain unknown. Current study selected three vertical soil profiles (0-2 m) from the world's largest antimony mining area to characterize the depth-resolved soil microbiota and investigate the effects of mining contamination on microbial adaptation. Results demonstrated that contaminated soil profiles showed distinct depth-resolved effects when compared to uncontaminated soil profiles. As soil depth increased, the concentrations of antimony and arsenic gradually declined in the contaminated soil profiles. Acidobacteria, Chloroflexi, Proteobacteria, and Thaumarchaeota were the most variable phyla from surface to deep soil. The co-occurrence networks were loosely connected in surface soil, but obviously recovered and were well-connected in deep soil. The metagenomic results indicated that microbial metabolic potential also changed with soil depth. Genes encoding C metabolism pathways were negatively correlated with antimony and arsenic concentrations. Abundances of arsenic-related genes were enriched by severe contamination, but reduced with soil depth. Overall, soil depth-resolved characteristics are often many meters deep and such effects affected the indigenous microbial communities, as well as their metabolic potential due to different contaminants along vertical depths.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science