nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Signs of Phase Transitions in Two-Nucleon Systems

The properties of dense nuclear matter under extreme conditions are a subject of the large experimental activities worldwide. Heavy-ion collision experiments are the agenda item at RHIC, LHC, FAIR, and NICA facilities. Meanwhile, a complementary approach to the heavy-ion collision researches devoted to investigation of phase transitions in few-nucleon systems has not been discussed. In this paper, we try to fill up the gap. It is shown that signals of the phase transition of deuteron into 6-q bag as well as signs of formation of the pion Bose-Einstein condensate in compressed two-nucleon systems might be already observed in deuteron-deuteron collisions.

Field of study: Physics
Lead exposure during breastfeeding.

Owing to the recent concerns of lead (Pb) leaking into tap water, one of our female patients is concerned about the effects of Pb exposure to newborns while breastfeeding. How should I advise her and should she switch to formula feeding?



Lead exposure through drinking tap water while breastfeeding is not associated with any serious concerns in most available studies. There is currently no safe level of Pb exposure, but environmental exposure within Canada is low. At present, Pb levels in drinking water are carefully monitored by Health Canada and are not likely to be of concern to breastfeeding mothers. Switching to formula feeding is not necessary and not recommended, as improperly prepared formula can have higher Pb levels.

Field of study: Medicine
Haloperidol reinstates latent inhibition impaired by hippocampal lesions: data and theory.

The effect of haloperidol administration on the impairment of latent inhibition produced by aspirative lesions of the hippocampus was examined in the rat eyeblink response preparation. During the preexposure phase, rats with hippocampal or control lesions were either exposed to a tone or allowed to sit in the training apparatus. During the conditioning phase, the tone was paired with an airpuff to the eye after the rats were injected with either saline or haloperidol. Although saline-injected rats with hippocampal lesions did not show latent inhibition, the phenomenon was reinstated in rats that received haloperidol injections. A possible locus of the interaction between hippocampal lesions and haloperidol is the nucleus accumbens. The reported data are well described by a neural network model of classical conditioning. This study contributes to the understanding of the neurophysiology of latent inhibition as well as the neuropsychological bases of schizophrenia.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Software Engineering Using RATionale

Many decisions have to be made when developing a software system and a successful outcome depends on how well thought out these decisions were. One way that the decisions made, and alternatives considered, can be captured is in the rationale for the system. The rationale goes beyond standard documentation by capturing the developers' intent and all alternatives considered rather than only those selected. While the potential usefulness of this information is seldom questioned, it typically is not captured in practice. We feel that the key to motivating capture is to provide compelling uses and tool support integrated with the development environment. Here we describe the Software Engineering Using RATionale system which inferences over the rationale to evaluate decision alternatives and perform impact assessment when requirements, development criteria, and assumptions change.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
WE-FG-202-08: Assessment of Treatment Response Via Longitudinal Diffusion MRI On A MRI-Guided System: Initial Experience of Quantitative Analysis.

To report our initial experience of systematic monitoring treatment response using longitudinal diffusion MR images on a Co-60 MRI-guided radiotherapy system.



Four patients, including 2 head-and-necks, 1 sarcoma and 1 GBM treated on a 0.35 Tesla MRI-guided treatment system, were analyzed. For each patient, 3D TrueFISP MRIs were acquired during CT simulation and before each treatment for treatment planning and patient setup purposes respectively. Additionally, 2D diffusion-weighted MR images (DWI) were acquired weekly throughout the treatment course. The gross target volume (GTV) and brainstem (as a reference structure) were delineated on weekly 3D TrueFISP MRIs to monitor anatomy changes, the contours were then transferred onto the corresponding DWI images after fusing with the weekly TrueFISP images. The patient-specific temporal and spatial variations during the entire treatment course, such as anatomic changes, target apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) distribution were evaluated in a longitudinal pattern.



Routine MRI revealed progressive soft-tissue GTV volume changes (up to 53%) for the H&N cases during the treatment course of 5-7 weeks. Within the GTV, the mean ADC values varied from -44% (ADC decrease) to +26% (ADC increase) in a week. The gradual increase of ADC value was inversely associated with target volume variation for one H&N case. The maximal changes of mean ADC values within the brainstem were 5.3% for the H&N cases. For the large size sarcoma and GBM tumors, spatial heterogeneity and temporal variations were observed through longitudinal ADC analysis.



In addition to the superior soft-tissue visualization, the 0.35T MR system on ViewRay showed the potential to quantitatively measure the ADC values for both tumor and normal tissues. For normal tissue that is minimally affected by radiation, its ADC values are reproducible. Tumor ADC values show temporal and spatial fluctuation that can be exploited for personalized adaptive therapy.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Simulation and Comparison of Windbreak Structures on Highway

High wind is among top highway hazard in Xinjiang, China, especially for freeways. Windbreak structures are installed along the roadway in windy-zone to ensure the driving safety. This study was conducted to collect in-situ data of the wind speed using different types of Windbreak structure. Simulations were carried out to simulate the wind field of highway using computational fluid dynamic (CFD) software. Types of Windbreak structure, wind speed, location of installation and types of vehicles were considered in the simulation. The optimum installation location of Windbreak structure was recommended.

Field of study: Engineering
An Evaluation of Dynamic Relationship between the Level of Urbanization,Agriculture Modernization and Average Income of Peasants:Based on the Data of Guangdong Province

Given that the interaction and the interactive path between the level of urbanization,agriculture modernization and average income of peasants are not settled yet in the current academic circle,taking Guangdong province as an example,we select the province's 1982-2012 annual time series,adopt the granger causality test,impulse response analysis and variance decomposition analysis,and carry out the empirical research on the relationship between those three elements on the basis of VAR model.The results show that there is an interactive response between the three:agricultural modernization is the granger reason for farmers' income growth,and plays an obvious role in improving the average income of peasants.The policy implication is that we must promote the development of agricultural modernization vigorously so as to realize the growth of per capita income of farmers.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
A Multifactor Risk Analysis of the Record 2016 Great Barrier Reef Bleaching

The 2016 global coral bleaching event was severe: 93% of the northern, 700km stretch, of the Australian Great Barrier Reef (GBR) coral was bleached and by June, >60% of this coral was killed in association with heat stress (Hughes et al. 2017; . Bleaching occurred during an extended period of unprecedented global-average heat (Mann et al. 2016). Coral heat stress is accumulated through the magnitude and duration of temperatures above a threshold. A short-duration, high-magnitude event, or a long-duration low-magnitude event can cause bleaching, which is also moderated by thermal stress in preceding seasons (Ainsworth et al. 2016). While heat stress impacts bleaching risk, coral reef health and resilience also integrates multiple environmental and biotic factors. Resilience is predetermined in part by ecosystem health that depends on historical disturbance events, the present day water quality (e.g., exposure to runoff) and the functional redundancy of the resident reef biota (Bellwood et al. 2003). These factors are also affected by anthropogenic activities (e.g., greenhouse gas emissions, overfishing, pollution), local weather, and large-scale modes of variability (ENSO). The 2016 ENSO episode was among the most severe recorded and may have impacted GBR bleaching. The integration of multiple interrelated factors by reef ecosystems represents important considerations for attribution of bleaching. This study explores these complexities through a multifactor analysis of climatic and environmental influences contributing to the 2016 GBR bleaching.

Field of study: Environmental science
Failure Load of Mechanically Fastened Immersed Composite Laminated Plates under a Preloaded Moment

The effect of water absorption and corrosive sea water on the failure response of an angle ply glass fibre reinforced-epoxy composite oriented as [0/0/90/45]s has been experimentally investigated. The specimens were first tested in unimmersed conditions, and afterwards another group of specimens was immersed in sea water for 200 days. The experiments were performed using some parameters for the pinned and bolted specimens. The specimens were tested under pre-load moments of 3 Nm and 6 Nm. The results point out that the pre-load moments increase the failure load. Moreover, immersion of the composite specimens into the sea water under preload moments can cause a notable decrease of the failure load.

Field of study: Materials science
Assessment of Pharmacotherapy for Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia

Negative symptoms in schizophrenia include diminished ability to communicate, motivate, and socialize as potentially debilitating aspects of the illness that are associated with long-term impairment. Despite such burden, the domain has been underrepresented in drug development and treatment research. In this article, we review research regarding pharmacotherapy for negative symptoms, with a focus on studies published during the past 2 years. Clearly positive studies were limited to N-methyl-D-aspartate agonists, while antipsychotics and antidepressants did not show substantial benefit, and cognitive enhancers have yielded mixed results. Proof-of-concept studies of other agents such as minocycline and omega fatty acids yielded promising, albeit preliminary findings that warrant replication. Study outcomes and designs are discussed along with implications for future research.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Phase-field Method Simulation of the Crystal Growth with Strongly Surface Tension Anisotropy

The crystal growth morphology and behavior in strongly surface-tension anisotropy circumstance is investigated numerically using the phase-field method in two dimensions.In order to describe the strongly surface tension anisotropy in solid-liquid interface,the anisotropy function is regularized with Eggleston et al.proposed formula.In the equilibrium crystal shape simulation the phenomena of orientation missing have been quantitatively reproduced.During the free dendrite growth procedure,as the anisotropy below the critical value,the growth velocity increases with the anisotropy.When the anisotropy is across the critical value,the growth velocity dropped down about 5 percent.While the anisotropy higher than the critical value,the growth rate increases again with the anisotropy until reaches the maximum at 0.20,and then keep unchanged.

Field of study: Materials science
Simple functions for fast calculations of selected thermodynamic properties of the ammonia-water system

A set of five equations describing vapour-liquid equilibrium properties of the ammonia-water system is presented. They are intended for use in the design of absorption processes. Using variable dependences of technical relevance the equations make it possible to avoid iterative evaluations. The equations were constructed by fitting critically assessed experimental data using simple functional forms. They cover the region within which absorption cycles commonly used operate most often. The enthalpy of the gas phase has been calculated in the ideal mixture approximation. The results are presented in the form of an enthalpy-concentration diagram.

Field of study: Engineering
Islam, Democracy, and Constitutional Liberalism

It is always the same splendid setting, and the same sad story. A senior U.S. diplomat enters one of the grand presidential palaces in Heliopolis, the neighborhood of Cairo from which President Hosni Mubarak rules over Egypt. He walks through halls of marble, through rooms filled with gilded furni ture?all a bad imitation of imperial French style that has been jokingly called "Louis Farouk" (after the last king of Egypt). Passing layers of security guards, he arrives at a formal drawing room where he is received with great courtesy by the Egyptian president. The two talk amiably about U.S.-Egyptian relations, regional affairs, and the state of the peace process between Israel and the Pales tinians. Then the American gently raises the issue of human rights and suggests that Egypt's government might ease up on political dissent, allow more press freedoms, and stop jailing intellectuals. Mubarak tenses up and snaps, "If I were to do what you ask, Islamic fundamentalists will take over Egypt. Is that what you want?" The conversation moves back to the latest twist in the peace process. Over the years, Americans and Arabs have had many such exchanges. When President Clinton urged Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat to agree to the Camp David peace plan that had been negotiated in July 2001, Arafat report edly responded with words to this effect: "If I do what you want, Hamas will be in power tomorrow." The Saudi monarchy's most articulate spokesman, Prince Bandar bin Sultan, often reminds American officials that if they press his gov ernment too hard, the likely alternative to the regime is not Jeffersonian de mocracy but a Taliban-style theocracy.

Field of study: Political science
Balancing carboxylation and regeneration of ribulose‐1,5‐ bisphosphate in leaf photosynthesis: temperature acclimation of an evergreen tree, Quercus myrsinaefolia

Changes in the temperature dependence of the photosynthetic rate depending on growth temperature were investigated for a temperate evergreen tree, Quercus myrsinaefolia. Plants were grown at 250 μmol quanta m–2 s–1 under two temperature conditions, 15 and 30 °C. The optimal temperature that maximizes the light-saturated rate of photosynthesis at 350 μL L–1 CO2 was found to be 20–25 and 30–35 °C for leaves grown at 15 and 30 °C, respectively. We focused on two processes, carboxylation and regeneration of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP), which potentially limit photosynthetic rates. Because the former process is known to limit photosynthesis at lower CO2 concentrations while the latter limits it at higher CO2 concentrations, we determined the temperature dependence of the photosynthetic rate at 200 and 1000 μL L–1 CO2 under saturated light. It was revealed that the temperature dependence of both processes varied depending on the growth temperature. Using a biochemical model, we estimated the capacity of the two processes at various temperatures under ambient CO2 concentration. It was suggested that, in leaves grown at low temperature (15 °C), the photosynthetic rate was limited solely by RuBP carboxylation under any temperature. On the other hand, it was suggested that, in leaves grown at high temperature (30 °C), the photosynthetic rate was limited by RuBP regeneration below 22 °C, but limited by RuBP carboxylation above 22 °C. We concluded that: (1) the changes in the temperature dependence of carboxylation and regeneration of RuBP and (2) the changes in the balance of these two processes altered the temperature dependence of the photosynthetic rate.

Field of study: Environmental science
ASYMPTOTIC PROPAGATION OF THE BRANCH CRACK PATH OF THE CLOSED INCLINED FLAW UNDER COMPRESSIVE LOADING

Based on the sliding-crack-model and the previous study on the wing crack of the open flaw under compression,the propagation characteristics of the wing crack from the closed initial flaw is studied.Then some conclusions are drawn as the following: 1) With the propagation of the closed flaw,the wing crack path is gradually close to the line,which is parallel to the direction of the most compressive stress,called by the asymptote of the wing crack path.Then the asymptote equation is determined in the paper.Compared with the open flaw,the asymptote of the wing crack from the closed flaw does not pass though the center point of the initial flaw,and its location is related to the initial flaw length,the initial flaw inclination angle and the friction coefficient of the flaw surfaces.2) Owing to the asymptotic characteristics,the propagation path of the wing crack can be described by a hyperbolic equation approximately,and the hyperbolic equation is determined in the paper.Furthermore,the propagation characteristics of the wing crack are analyzed by the secondary development of ABAQUS.Then the comparative analysis on the propagation loading and path is made by the hyperbolic equation,by the numerical simulation and by the experiments,and the results show the propagation loading and path by the hyperbolic equation are in concordance with those by the numerical and experimental results,which shows the validity of the results in the paper.

Field of study: Engineering
Concomitant ST-elevation myocardial infarction and deep vein thrombosis in a patient with severe factor XII deficiency: case report and review of the literature.

Since its first discovery in 1955, coagulation factor XII (FXII) deficiency was, quite surprisingly, linked with thrombosis instead of haemorrhage; indeed, John Hageman ultimately died from pulmonary embolism.1 After this, several reports have highlighted the association between both arterial and venous thrombosis and FXII deficiency; however, a causal relationship is still questioned. Here, we report the case of a woman with severe factor Hageman deficiency who was presented with concomitant myocardial infarction and deep vein thrombosis.

An 86-year-old woman presented to the Emergency Department because of sudden onset dyspnoea. After initial evaluation, the presence of bilateral femoral vein thrombosis was noted ; a computed tomography scan did not reveal pulmonary embolism and was remarkable for the presence of ground-glass bilateral opacities and suspected secondary lesions of the lungs and liver .  and cardiac enzymes were consistent with subacute, ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), and the patient was admitted to Coronary Care Unit. Blood test results at admission are shown in Table 1. Due to the presence of prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), that was interpreted as caused by liver infiltration and insufficiency, the patient was treated with aspirin only and, on fifth day, transferred to our ward for further evaluation. 



Figure 1. 
Ultrasound and doppler scan of the left femoral vein showing …

Field of study: Medicine
Application of floatation-bed ion exchange reactor in production

The principle, structural characteristic of floatation bed ion exchange reactor and the regeneration status of resin are introduced. Good results are achieved when the floatation bed ion exchange reactor has application in the production of desalting water, and it has rational structural, great production ability, good quality water, low consumption of regenerant and the discharge water come up to the standard. \[

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Einfluß von Faserstruktur und Magnetfeldabkühlung auf den Magnetisierungsverlauf

ZusammenfassungBeeinflussung des Magnetisierungsverlaufs der Eisen-Nickel-Legierungen durch Fasertextur. —Einfluß der von Bozorth, Dillinger und Kelsallangegebenen Abkühlung im Magnetfeld auf gefaserte und quasi-isotrope Proben. — Einfluß der Magnetfeldabkühlung auf eisenreiche Legierungen. — Erörterung der in ihren Einzelheiten wiedergegebenen Versuchsergebnisse.

Field of study: Physics
Possible Dark Matter Annihilation Signal in the AMS-02 Antiproton Data.

Using the latest AMS-02 cosmic-ray antiproton flux data, we search for a potential dark matter annihilation signal. The background parameters about the propagation, source injection, and solar modulation are not assumed a priori but based on the results inferred from the recent B/C ratio and proton data measurements instead. The possible dark matter signal is incorporated into the model self-consistently under a Bayesian framework. Compared with the astrophysical background-only hypothesis, we find that a dark matter signal is favored. The rest mass of the dark matter particles is ∼20-80  GeV, and the velocity-averaged hadronic annihilation cross section is about (0.2-5)×10^{-26}  cm^{3} s^{-1}, in agreement with that needed to account for the Galactic center GeV excess and/or the weak GeV emission from dwarf spheroidal galaxies Reticulum 2 and Tucana III. Tight constraints on the dark matter annihilation models are also set in a wide mass region.

Field of study: Physics
空肠弯曲菌flaa—PCR—RFLP分子检测技术的初步应用

空肠弯曲菌（Campylobacter jejuni）是导致细菌性肠炎的常见病原菌，作为食源性病原菌，主要是由于食用了被污染的食物、水等而感染，建立快速、准确的分子亚分型方法对于追踪污染来源和监控暴发流行具有重要意义。PCR-RFLP（PCR restriction fragment length polymorphism）是针对单基因的一种亚分型方法，能够在短时间内对大量菌株进行调查研究，不需要特殊设备，普通临床实验室即可开展，已被应用于多种人兽共患病原菌的流行病学监测和溯源性分析。本研究选择空肠弯曲菌鞭毛基因，应用限制性内切酶Dde Ⅰ，建立针对空肠弯曲菌的flaA—PCR-RFLP方法，并对来源于腹泻病人和鸡的280株空肠弯曲菌分离株进行分子亚分型研究分析。

Field of study: Biology
A Traffic Classification Method Based on Wavelet Spectrum of Scatter Factor and Improved K-means

Based on the problem that supervised machine learning requires labeled samples and fails to identify unknown traffic, the author innovatively integrates wavelet transform and K-means algorithm of unsupervised machine learning by combining the advantage of wavelet transform in solving multi-fractal network traffic and proposes a traffic identification method based on wavelet spectrum of scatter factor and improved K-means. This method represents each stream sequence with wavelet spectrum of scatter factor, which is taken as the input of clustering algorithm. The author carries out a cluster analysis with GA K-means algorithm. The experimental result suggests that this method has an obvious superiority in stability and accuracy of classification.

Field of study: Engineering
Lectures on geometric realizations of crystals

These are notes for a lecture series given at the Fields Institute Summer School in Geometric Representation Theory and Extended Affine Lie Algebras, held at the University of Ottawa in June 2009. We give an introduction to the geometric realization of crystal graphs via the quiver varieties of Lusztig and Nakajima. The emphasis is on motivating the constructions through concrete examples. The relation between the geometric construction of crystals and combinatorial realizations using Young tableaux is also discussed.

Field of study: Mathematics