nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
‘PSORIASIS’ - An immune disease in the research pipeline

The current review article focuses on “Psoriasis”, a form of over-active wound healing response, relatively common, chronic, inflammatory and hypersensitive disease of unsolved pathogenesis affecting skin and joints in 2-3% of the general population. Psoriasis is a skin disease driven by immune system which starts below the skin's surface and cause severe pain and adverse mental health effects. Genetic susceptibility as well as environmental factors plays an important role in determining the development and prognosis of psoriasis.  Natural Killer (NK) cells are lymphocytes that are best known for killing virally infected and cancer cells. However, evidence is emerging to support a role for NK cells in psoriasis. NK cells are found in the inflammatory infiltrate in psoriatic skin lesions. They can produce a range of inflammatory cytokines, many of which are important in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. Elucidation of the Immunopathogenesis of psoriasis has led to the discovery of novel biologic agents for the treatment of moderate to-severe plaque psoriasis. There are countless therapies currently in the research pipeline, with mechanisms ranging from receptor antagonism to signal transduction pathway inhibition.

Field of study: Medicine
Reply to the comment on “No evidence for fungal infection of Upper Jurassic horseshoe crabs: A comment on Błażejowski et al. (2019)” by Zatoń 2020. Palaeo3, XXX–XXX

In the comment on our paper (this issue), Zaton (2020) questions the conclusions reported in Blazejowski et al. (2019). We present further arguments defending our theses. Late Jurassic horseshoe crabs preserved in sediments of the Kcynia Formation, (Owadow-Brzezinki Quarry), lived in a restricted lagoon repeatedly subjected to dysoxia/anoxia, which promoted their excellent state of preservation. The palaeobiological interpretation of the traces visible on horseshoe crab exoskeletons is consistent with the occurrence of temporal oxygen deficiency.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Effects of Material Cross-anisotropy on the Mechanical Responses of Asphalt Pavements

Granular road materials have been experimentally demonstrated to be cross-anisotropic. This paper explores the mechanical behavior of asphalt pavements with cross-anisotropic unbound aggregate layers (UAB)/subgrade through three-dimensional (3D) finite-element (FE) simulation. The analysis results indicate that (1) the cross-anisotropy of UAB has significant effects on the critical stresses and strains at critical depths; (2) the cross-anisotropy of subgrade has considerable effects on the surface deflection and the vertical strain at the top of the subgrade. Subsequent pavement performance predictions indicate that cross-anisotropy of UAB has great negative effect on pavement life in terms of fatigue cracking and rutting potential. Therefore, the cross-anisotropy of UAB and subgrade layer should be considered in the mechanical analysis of asphalt pavements.

Field of study: Engineering
SU‐GG‐I‐126: An Adaptivie Regularization for the Demons Algorithm

An examination of the regularization methods of the deformation vector field obtained with the “Demons” algorithm. The application of the adaptive smoothing for incremental variability of the similarity between the source and target image and its effect on the general characteristics of the transformation map.  The synthetic images are used for the numerical experiments. An adaptive iterative smoothing of the deformation field computed with the “Demons” algorithm is examined. The transformation map is examined with respect to the degree of the dissimilarity between the matched images and adaptive filtering . The standard Gaussian filtering with varying standard deviations (σ) is used for the adaptive smoothing. The magnitudes if the deformation vectors and the smoothness characteristics of the deformation maps are examined.  The deformation map reflecting the degree of the dissimilarity between the source and the target image gains truthfulness after application of the adaptive regularization. The real magnitude of the deformation between registered objects affects the effectiveness of the filtering. Since this value is not known an arbitrary a priori selection of the Gaussian filter is never optimal. The larger the filter's σ the smaller the magnitude of the deformation vectors is obtained. An inverse trend is observed for the magnitude of the map's standard deviation. The convergence rate of the algorithm is affected by the selection of the given σ. The mean squared sum of intensity differences measures the images similarity.  The application of the adaptive regularization of the deformation field reflects the varying scales of the real deformation and how the algorithm is parametrically allowed to accommodate these differences during the iteration. This idea might be extended to anisotropic adaptive filtering to accommodate inhomogeneity of the real deformation at a given resolution scale.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Bayesian Model Choice in Exponential Survival Models

This article introduces four survival models: simple model, change point model, finite mixture model, and survival fraction model. Among these models, in order to choice the best model, we proposed a model choice method using approaches of Gelfand and Ghosh (1998). Then to avoid the computational difficulties, data augmentation method (Tanner and Wong, 1987) and Gibbs sampler (Gelfand and Smith, 1990) are employed. Our methodology is applied to simulated data and Stangl data On-impramint Hydrochloride data. The results indicate that our methodology is not sensitive for prior and weight of criterion.

Field of study: Mathematics
Determining the value of the port transport waters: Based on improved TOPSIS model by multiple regression weighting

The determination of the value of sea area used for port transportation involves the distribution of economic interests between the Chinese government and the users of sea areas. This paper builds an evaluation index system for the value of port transport sea areas. It is the first of its type to introduce the multiple regression weighting TOPSIS method (Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to an Ideal Solution) to study the value of a port transport sea area. This method was applied in the determination and calculation of the value of port transport sea areas in coastal counties (cities, districts) in Zhejiang province. The results show that various influencing and impact factors significantly affect the value of the sea area. These factors differ in their level of effect; the value and grade of the sea area for port transportation are closely linked with the order of quality relating to the sea area. The multiple regression weighting TOPSIS method has superior advantages with regard to the adaptability of its evaluation method and the accuracy of evaluation results, with calculated results showing growth at different levels compared with the criteria for the sea area use fee. This research will play a very important role in these three fields: valuation system construction for government marine resources, ocean development and ocean management by the government.

Field of study: Environmental science
Another Approach to Pairing Computation in Edwards Coordinates

The recent introduction of Edwards curves has significantly reduced the cost of addition on elliptic curves. This paper presents new explicit formulae for pairing implementation in Edwards coordinates. We prove our method gives performances similar to those of Miller's algorithm in Jacobian coordinates and is thus of cryptographic interest when one chooses Edwards curve implementations of protocols in elliptic curve cryptography. The method is faster than the recent proposal of Das and Sarkar for computing pairings on supersingular curves using Edwards coordinates.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
MAGNETIZED GAS IN THE SMITH HIGH VELOCITY CLOUD

We report the first detection of magnetic fields associated with the Smith High Velocity Cloud. We use a catalog of Faraday rotation measures toward extragalactic radio sources behind the Smith Cloud, new H I observations from the Robert C. Byrd Green Bank Telescope, and a spectroscopic map of Hα from the Wisconsin H-Alpha Mapper Northern Sky Survey. There are enhancements in rotation measure (RM) of 100 rad m–2 which are generally well correlated with decelerated Hα emission. We estimate a lower limit on the line-of-sight component of the field of 8 μG along a decelerated filament; this is a lower limit due to our assumptions about the geometry. No RM excess is evident in sightlines dominated by H I or Hα at the velocity of the Smith Cloud. The smooth Hα morphology of the emission at the Smith Cloud velocity suggests photoionization by the Galactic ionizing radiation field as the dominant ionization mechanism, while the filamentary morphology and high (1 Rayleigh) Hα intensity of the lower-velocity magnetized ionized gas suggests an ionization process associated with shocks due to interaction with the Galactic interstellar medium. The presence of the magnetic field may contribute to the survival of high velocity clouds like the Smith Cloud as they move from the Galactic halo to the disk. We expect these data to provide a test for magnetohydrodynamic simulations of infalling gas.

Field of study: Physics
Rapid Determination of Paclobutrazol in Fruits by QuEChERS Cleanup and Gas Chromatography-tandem Mass Spectrometry

In this study,an analytical method was established for the determination of paclobutrazol in fruits(peach,leechee and cherry) using the Quick,Easy,Cheap,Effective,Rugged and Safe(QuEChERS) cleanup and gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.The paclobutrazol of fruits sample was extracted with acetonitrile,removed the water with anhydrous magnesium sulfate and sodium chloride,cleaned up with dispersive method on primary secondary amine and graphitized carbon black,and detected by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry under multiple reaction monitoring mode.The qualitative results were obtained based on the characteristic m/z 236125 and m/z 236167,and the quantitation results were on the intension of the characteristic m/z 236125.The recoveries of the paclobutrazol were in the range from 86.7% to 130% at the spike levels of 0.005,0.05 and 0.5 mg/kg into three fruits matrixes,the relative standard deviations(RSDs) were between 2.0% and 19.6%,and the limits of detection were 0.4,0.5 and 0.5 μg/kg.The method is simple,quick,safe,reproducible and applicable to confirm paclobutrazol residue in the fruits sample.

Field of study: Chemistry
Market Imaginary by Joanna Grabski (review)

Market Imaginary represents a welcome departure from traditional documentary coverage of African peoples. By focusing on a historic market, the Marché Colobane, in Dakar, director Joanna Grabski subverts stereotypes and expectations of consumerism and art making in Senegal. Grabski presents a history of Colobane not through a chronological, historical, or economic lens, but through an aesthetic consideration of the abundant objects themselves as they are offered up at the market. More importantly, Market Imaginary does not present Grabski’s aesthetic interpretation of these market objects; rather, it offers those of the Senegalese vendors, residents, and artists who engage with the market and its merchandise.

Field of study: Art
Skin Temperature Modeling and System Controller Design Under Infrared Physiotherapy Apparatus

To establish the mathematical model of human skin temperature changes under the infrared physiotherapy apparatus. To design the fuzzy PID controller based on the mathematical model.  The skin of the back was irradiated by an infrared physiotherapy apparatus. The skin temperature data from an initial steady state to a new steady state was measured, recorded and analyzed. With the MATLAB software’s help, mathematical models of human skin temperature changes under infrared irradiation were established using the curve fitting method. Fuzzy PID controller was designed with METLAB Fuzzy Logic and Simulink toolbox based on the mathematical model.  The mathematical model of human body irradiated by infrared physiotherapy apparatus is second-order plants with time delay. Under the control of fuzzy PID controller, the system is more stable and more secure.

Field of study: Engineering
SFQ standard cell-based circuit design of an internal link speeded-up Batcher-Banyan packet switch

We are developing a single-flux-quantum (SFQ) packet switch for over 1-Tb/s switching systems. Investigation of several switch topologies leads us to select the Batcher-Banyan packet switch because of its simplicity and regularity. The packet switch structure we propose consists of simple 2/spl times/2 unit switches each connected by speeded-up internal links. Numeric simulation showed that the speeded-up links greatly improved the throughput by resolving packet blocking, which is a major drawback of the Banyan switch. High throughput compatible to a crossbar switch was attained by using links whose speed was quadrupled. Moreover, the throughput did not decrease even though the number of input/output ports increased. Taking the speed of SFQ basic gates into account, the cycle time of the 2/spl times/2 unit switch reaches 25 ps, which is sufficient to achieve the 40-GHz operation. If unit switches are connected by quadrupled internal links, the Batcher-Banyan switch can accept the 10-Gb/s external input rate per channel. This indicates that the total throughput of a 128/spl times/128 switch exceeds 1 Tb/s. The unit switch was designed down to the SFQ gate level. To design a large SFQ circuit, we built several "standard" SFQ cells whose shape was square or rectangular with a unit width and height. Such shapes make it easier to place and connect a number of cells. We show some experimental results of testing SFQ standard cells and logic circuits.

Field of study: Physics
Study on Flowering Phenology and Reproductive Features of Phalaenopsis pulcherrima(Orchidaceae)

Flowering phenology is an important part of the reproductive ecology research and the most widely and deeply aspect of plant phenology research.From 2011 to 2012,an investigation was conducted on the flowering phenology of three Phalaenopsis pulcherrima natural populations in Bawangling National Nature Reserves of Hainan Province,and the indices such as flowering duration,flowering amplitude,relative flowering intensity and flowering synchrony were adopted to study.The results show that: The flowering period of test populations was from late May to early October,lasting 120～138 days,the flowering duration of individual plants was averagely 39～69 days,but the life span of single flower was(2.79±1.01)d(emasculated)  check)respectively;The flowering had multimodal peak,concentrated in a continue period.P.pulcherrima had a lower relative flowering intensity,being from 10% to 20%.The correlation analysis of flowering indices and reproductive features showed that the onset time of flowering had significant negative correlation with the duration of flowering and flower number,and negative correlations with fruit set ratio;The duration of flowering had significant positive correlations with flower number but significant negative correlations with fruit set ratio;The flower number was significantly positively correlated fruit set ratio;The flowering synchrony index was significantly negatively correlated with the onset time and flower number,but positive correlations with duration of flowering.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Polarimetry for Weather Surveillance Radars

This paper is an overview of weather radar polarimetry emphasizing surveillance applications. The following potential benefits to operations are identified: improvement of quantitative precipitation measurements, discrimination of hail from rain with possible determination of sizes, identification of precipitation in winter storms, identification of electrically active storms, and distinction of biological scatterers (birds vs insects). Success in rainfall measurements is attributed to unique properties of differential phase. Referrals to fields of various polarimetric variables illustrate the signatures associated with different phenomena. It is argued that classifying hydrometeors is a necessary step prior to proper quantification of the water substance. The promise of polarimetry to accomplish classification is illustrated with an application to a hailstorm.

Field of study: Environmental science
Ultrapotassic magmatism in the heyday of the Variscan Orogeny: the story of the Třebíč Pluton, the largest durbachitic body in the Bohemian Massif

The Třebíč Pluton (TP) comprises plutonic rocks of the ‘durbachite series’, i.e., ultrapotassic biotite–amphibole quartz melasyenites–melagranites with conspicuous K-feldspar phenocrysts and abundant mafic enclaves. The TP with its satellite bodies intruded the eastern Moldanubian Zone (orogenic root of the Variscan Bohemian Massif) at c. 338 Ma. Overall, the entire TP durbachite series (SiO 2  = 52–67 wt%) remains highly magnesian, reduced, and (except when strongly contaminated) metaluminous. The durbachitic rocks are markedly enriched in lithophile elements (esp. Cs, Rb, Th, U, K and Pb) and LREE; in contrast, the contents of high-field strength elements (Nb, Ta, and Ti) and Sr are much lower, resulting in conspicuous negative anomalies in Primitive mantle-normalized multielement plots. The proposed petrogenetic model requires re-enrichment of the depleted, harzburgitic lithospheric mantle by deeply subducted crustal material of the Saxothuringian lower plate, directly and/or via (U)HP melt/fluid. This process produced phlogopite-rich metasomes (phlogopite harzburgites and/or glimmerites). The metasomes re-melted soon thereafter by a short thermal pulse caused by slab break-off or decompression melting of rising diapirs of the relatively light metasomatized mantle, yielding primary ultrapotassic melts ( 87 Sr/ 86 Sr 337  > 0.712 and $$\varepsilon_{{{\text{Nd}}}}^{337}$$ ε Nd 337  ≤ 7.6). Upon their passage through the Moldanubian upper plate, ultrapotassic primary magmas mixed with felsic anatectic melts ( 87 Sr/ 86 Sr 337  < 0.710; $$\varepsilon_{{{\text{Nd}}}}^{337}$$ ε Nd 337  > – 6.5). K-feldspar-driven fractional crystallization ± accumulation represented only a late modifying influence. The occurrence of such ultrapotassic enriched/crustally contaminated mantle-derived magmatism complicates any conventional mass-balance assessments of relative roles of crustal recycling vs. growth in hot collisional orogens, e.g., Variscides or Himalayas.

Field of study: Environmental science
Seasonal and geographic climate variabilities during the Last Glacial Maximum in North America: Applying isotopic analysis and macrophysical climate models

Climate models provide estimates of climatic change over periods of time in the ancient past. Macrophysical climate models (MCM) differ from the more widely used general circulation models (GCM), in that MCMs provide temporally high-resolution (~ 100 years) and site-specific estimations of monthly values of climate variables such as temperature and precipitation. In this paper, seasonal changes in climate variables are modeled for six 14C-dated fossil localities in North America. Five of these localities represent the time of maximum extent of ice during the most recent glacial episode, the Full Glacial (25 + –15 ka), including one at the peak of the Last Glacial Maximum (17–15 ka). The other locality represents the time as the ice began to recede, the Late Glacial (15–11 ka). Seasonal variations in temperature and precipitation modeled by MCM are herein compared with interpretations of seasonal variation based upon oxygen isotopes from serially sampled hypsodont teeth (mostly Equus and Bison) collected from each of these localities. Additionally, the MCM-modeled seasonal variations are used to predict the expected abundances of different plant functional groups (PFG) during those times, especially C3 and C4 functional groups, using modern relationships. These predictions are compared with carbon isotopic values from the same teeth. The importance of atmospheric pCO2 for the relative abundance of plants utilizing the C4 metabolic pathway is discussed, given that glacial episodes are known to have been times of lower atmospheric pCO2. Interpretations of seasonal variability and the relative abundance of C3 versus C4 vegetation based upon isotopes from tooth enamel are in broad agreement with predictions using the MCM and the modern distribution of PFGs with climate variables. The influence of pCO2 on the distribution of C4 vegetation during glacial times appears to be negligible.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Of Mussels and Men

Some species are more equal than others. Robert T. Paine (American ecologist, 1933–2016) discovered that if you remove starfish – what he called a “keystone species” – from a tide pool, the complex ecosystem collapses. Without the predator starfish, mussels choke out other animals and plants. This phenomenon is general. Sea otters eat the sea urchins that eat the kelp that provides food and habitat for other species. On the vast Serengeti plains, wildebeest “mow” the grass, protecting habitat for many other species. Understanding the “rules” that govern the numbers and diversity of species in an ecosystem is essential to efficient and sustainable management. But those same rules apply to us. Free of predation, humans are swarming over the planet, choking out other species. We are the planetary mussels. What next? A “mussel-bound” world, or perhaps renewed microbial predation?

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Climatic forcing of asymmetric orogenic evolution in the Eastern Cordillera of Colombia

New apatite fission-track data, paleoelevation estimates from paleobotany, and recently acquired geological data from the Eastern Cordillera of Colombia document the onset of increased exhumation rates in the northeastern Andes at ca. 3 Ma. The Eastern Cordillera forms an efficient orographic barrier that intercepts moisture-laden winds sourced in the Amazon lowlands, leading to high rainfall and erosion gradients across the eastern flank of the range. In contrast, the drier leeward western flank is characterized by lower rates of deformation and exhumation. In light of the geological evolution of the Eastern Cordillera, the combination of these data sets suggests that the orographic barrier reached a critical elevation between ca. 6 and ca. 3 Ma, which ultimately led to protracted, yet more focused erosion along the eastern flank. Sequentially restored structural cross sections across the eastern flank of the Eastern Cordillera indicate that shortening rates also have increased during the past 3 Ma. From fission-track and structural cross-section balancing, we infer that accelerated exhumation led to increasing tectonic rates on the eastern flank, creating a pronounced topographic and structural asymmetry in the Eastern Cordillera. The tectonic and climatic evolution of this orogen thus makes it a prime example of the importance of climatic forcing on tectonic processes.

Field of study: Geology