nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Electromagnetic Field-Based Control of Distributed Generator Units to Mitigate Motor Starting Voltage Dips in Power Grids

Direct online starting inrush current of induction motors results in voltage dip across the distribution network. The voltage sensitive loads that are connected to such networks tend to trip and disconnect from the networks during such voltage disturbances. There has been rising installation of rotary and static distributed generator DG units that include diesel generators, combined heat and power generators, small wind turbines, and solar photovoltaics. This paper presents control strategy to minimize the impact of induction motor starting on the network voltage using voltage feedback based reactive power support from the existing DGs. Simulation studies are presented to validate the theoretical framework. It is shown that DGs can restore the motor starting transient voltage dip quickly due to the fast response of the voltage controller designed for the DG.

Field of study: Physics
Numerical Simulation and Experimental Research on Roll Forming for Waveform Thread of Drill Rod

The advantages of roll forming process for drill rod were introduced.The FE software Deform-3D was used for the numerical simulation of roll forming process for waveform thread of drill rod,the stress-strain laws were acquired.Meanwhile,the effect factors of the roll forming were acquired by experiment.Finally,some defects in the experiment were analyzed,and the improvements were proposed.

Field of study: Materials science
A biomechanical, histological and biochemical study in an experimental rabbit hypospadias repair model using scanning acoustic microscopy.

To investigate the biomechanical, histological and biochemical properties of rabbit urethra at long-term follow up after hypospadias simulation and acute repair.



Thirty-eight white New Zealand male rabbits underwent experimental creation of a hypospadias-like defect and acute repair (mobilization and advancement, tubularized incised posterior urethral plate (TIP), modified TIP) and sham operation. After 23 weeks all groups + controls underwent biomechanical, histological and biochemical assessments.



The mobilization and advancement group showed a higher stiffness compared to the TIP groups (P < 0.05) in the posterior urethra, whereas the TIP group was stiffer compared to the other two operative groups (P < 0.001) in the ventral urethra. In the dorsal urethra, the mobilization and advancement group and the modified TIP group had a higher collagen content compared to shams (P < 0.05). No differences in collagen content were found between groups in the ventral urethra. A correlation between acoustic and histological layers was found, partially related to collagen content.



The urethras had different microelastic properties in different layers of the dorsal and ventral urethra, with higher stiffness in the connective tissue layers surrounding and within the urethra. The repaired urethras had partially recovered their elasticity at micrometer resolution at long-term follow up. Scanning acoustic microscopy elucidated structure-function relationships at microscopic level in normal and operated urethra.

Field of study: Medicine
Radionuclides, heavy metals and fluorine incidence at Tapira phosphate rocks, Brazil, and their industrial (by) products.

Inorganic phosphate fertilizers may contain radionuclides, heavy metals and fluorine. This paper presents the possible environmental hazards from Tapira phosphate rocks and their (by) products (Brazil) utilized as phosphate fertilizers. The activity concentration of 238U, 234U, 226Ra and 40K in Tapira phosphate rocks is within the world range for these rock types. The 232Th activity concentration is higher than the mean reported in phosphate rocks. A value of 2184 nGy h(-1) was obtained for the exposure dose rate in Tapira phosphate deposit area, which is indicative of a high background radiation area. The flotation-separation process causes the incorporation of no more than 9%, 11% and 24% of radionuclides, heavy metals and fluorine, respectively, into the phosphate concentrate. The radionuclides and heavy metals existing in phosphate fertilizers applied in Brazilian crops according to the recommended rates, do not raise their concentration in soils to harmful levels.

Field of study: Environmental science
The recognition of sports value under the concept of happiness

Pursuing happiness is the main part of human life,while receiving education is a part of human life.Not only receiving education is to prepare for future happy life, but also receiving education itself should be a joyful stage.The idea to emphasize on intelligent investment yet ignore physical condition is a unilateral consideration of preparing for future life,which has neglected present happy experience. Sport is most close to happiness when seen closely,while physical health derived from sports has a profound influence on one's lifetime happiness when observed remotely. Sports value can be better highlighted if sport is recognized from the perspective of pursuing happiness in one's life.

Field of study: Education
Tarnishing of Mo/Si multilayer x-ray mirrors.

Multilayer x-ray mirrors of molybdenum and silicon operating at normal incidence at energies just below the Si L(II,III) absorption edges are a key component in the development of soft-x-ray projection lithography. In this application high reflectivity is essential. Aging tests on such reflectors, with Mo as the last layer deposited, show that the structures decline in reflectivity with time when stored in air. Chemical analysis of a well-aged surface by photoelectron spectroscopy techniques reveals that the uppermost Mo layer eventually becomes completely oxidized to MoO(3) and MoO(2) and contaminated with carbonaceous materials. The oxidation can be prevented by storing the mirrors in an oxygen-free atmosphere or by depositing the silicon as the top layer. The reflectivity of tarnished mirrors can be restored by removing the oxides by argon-ion etching or wet chemical methods.

Field of study: Physics
The Consistency and Robustness of Modified Cramér–Von Mises and Kolmogorov–Cramér Estimators

This article focuses on the minimum distance estimators under two newly introduced modifications of Cramér–von Mises distance. The generalized power form of Cramér–von Mises distance is defined together with the so-called Kolmogorov–Cramér distance which includes both standard Kolmogorov and Cramér–von Mises distances as limiting special cases. We prove the consistency of Kolmogorov-Cramér estimators in the (expected) L1-norm by direct technique employing domination relations between statistical distances. In our numerical simulation we illustrate the quality of consistency property for sample sizes of the most practical range from n = 10 to n = 500. We study dependence of consistency in L1-norm on ϵ-contamination neighborhood of the true model and further the robustness of these two newly defined estimators for normal families and contaminated samples. Numerical simulations are used to compare statistical properties of the minimum Kolmogorov–Cramér, generalized Cramér–von Mises, standard Kolmogorov, and Cramér–von Mises distance estimators of the normal family scale parameter. We deal with the corresponding order of consistency and robustness. The resulting graphs are presented and discussed for the cases of the contaminated and uncontaminated pseudo-random samples.

Field of study: Mathematics
Increased resolution data from a large unit cell crystal collected at a third-generation synchrotron X-ray source.

A third-generation synchrotron source was used to collect data from crystals with a very large unit cell. There was an increase in the effective resolution of the data from 5 to 3.5 A. Data were collected on crystals of HK97 mature empty capsids, space group P2(1), with unit-cell parameters a = 580, b = 625, c = 790 A, beta = 90.0 degrees. Like other crystals with very large unit-cell dimensions, the intensity falls off rapidly as a function of resolution, with a precipitous drop beginning at 9 A resolution. Synchrotron data from these crystals were previously observed at the CHESS F1 beamline to about 3.5 A resolution, but the intensities could not be accurately measured beyond 5 A. In experiments conducted at the Advanced Photon Source (APS) beamline 14-BM-C, data from identical crystals could be processed to a resolution of 3.5 A. The lifetime of the crystals in the beam was increased from one exposure per crystal volume to between four and eight exposures per crystal volume. More than 500 images were collected in two trips, allowing the extension of the resolution of the data set and the structure determination to 3.5 A resolution. Factors in the increased resolution may include X-ray flux, beamline geometry and low background scatter. These results suggest that other crystals with large unit cells and pronounced intensity falloff with resolution may benefit from the use of this or similar beamlines.

Field of study: Chemistry
A Three-Dimensional View of Faculty Development

The paradox of emphasizing faculty development in a time of budget cuts and inflation may appear to be professional protectionism. In fact, however, its roots lie in significant issues facing the academic community and in the changed relationship between postsecondary institutions and society. To meet these conditions planning for faculty development must be programmatic and encompass a larger framework of ideas, issues, and practices. Three dimensions are proposed: the professional dimension embodies some of the critical conceptual questions; the curricular dimension includes not only the improvement of instruction, but also designs for learning; the institutional dimension, long submerged, but now surfacing as a set of new demands on higher education. From a consideration of these dimensions a set of principles for planning and a matrix for programming are derived.

Field of study: Education
Detection of Energy Hole in Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless sensor network consists of multiple numbers of sensor nodes which are densely deployed in an unattended environment with the capabilities of sensing, wireless communications, and computations. Due to various factors, several deviations can occur in wireless sensor networks that may lead into energy holes. If holes are not detected at early stage, coverage hole size will increase rapidly. This paper proposes a topology based hole detection algorithm. The spiral algorithm focuses on efficient routing protocol for longevity of WSNs. WSNs; Energy hole; Hole detection; Minimizing hole; Routing protocols; Cluster head.

Field of study: Engineering
Knight shift vs hole concentration in Hg1201 and Hg1212

We studied the hole concentration dependences of 63Cu Knight shifts in single-CuO2-layer high-Tc cuprate superconductors HgBa2CuO4+δ and double-layer HgBa2CaCu2O6+δ. We found that the spin Knight shift at room temperature as a function of the hole concentration in the single-layer superconductor is different from that in the double-layer superconductor. Two type relations between the spin Knight shift and the hole doping level serve to estimate the individual hole concentrations of the non-equivalent CuO2 planes in a unit cell.

Field of study: Physics
Cervantes's Novel of Modern Times: A New Reading of Don Quijote (review)

notes are a model in their accuracy, rigor, and mastery of critical tecnique. In fact, the whole edition is an example of both the best of philology (especially the learning of Italian philology) and literary criticism in its conciseness, originality, and a difficult combination of unusual attention to the minute detail and its placement in a broad context. Let us hope it will serve for the much needed edition of Cartagena’s translations of Seneca and of his work as chronicler.  Universidad Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona

Field of study: History
IgG subclass distribution of the rheumatoid arthritis‐specific autoantibodies to citrullinated fibrin

In the rheumatoid synovium, deiminated (‘citrullinated’) forms of fibrin are the major targets of IgG autoantibodies to citrullinated proteins (ACPA), the most specific serological markers of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). To further the characterization of ACPA, we determined their subclass distribution. From a previously validated highly sensitive and specific enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) onto in vitro deiminated human fibrinogen − antihuman fibrin(ogen) autoantibodies (AhFibA)‐ELISA − we derived and calibrated four ELISAs, using monoclonal antibodies to each of the four IgG subclasses, to determine the proportions of AhFibA subclasses in the sera. A series of 186 serum samples from RA patients was analysed. All AhFibA‐positive sera contained IgG1‐AhFibA, which reached the highest titres and accounted for more than 80% of AhFibA in three‐quarters of the sera. One or two other subclasses were associated with IgG1 in 39% of the sera, IgG4‐AhFibA being observed much more frequently and at higher titres than IgG3‐ or IgG2‐AhFibA. IgG1 alone or IgG(1 + 4)‐AhFibA were the AhFibA subclass profiles found in more than 80% of patients. AhFibA are mainly IgG1 and, to a lesser extent, IgG4. Such IgG subclass profiles may influence the effector phases of the immunological conflict between ACPA and deiminated fibrin that takes place specifically in the rheumatoid synovium and therefore may play a critical role in the self‐maintenance of rheumatoid inflammation.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
The Korean tidal flat of the Yellow Sea: Physical setting, ecosystem and management

The present article provides a regional overview of the Korean tidal flat extensively developed along the West Sea of Korea, encompassing oceanographic features, geology, and biology. In particular, the Korean tidal flat was fully described in the aspects of spatial scale (viz. size), geographical distribution, biodiversity, and local culture. A particular emphasis was given to explain the framework of the coastal management in Korea, in terms of a legal aspect, by highlighting reclamation versus protection issues. First, we described the Yellow Sea by sketching the boundary, ocean and tidal currents, discharges from the major rivers, sedimentology, and the cooperative surveys between Korea and China. Next, the West Sea of Korea, where the offshore boundary often neighbored rather close to coastal zone because of the associating traditional livelihoods, was described to point out certain characteristics of hydrography, coastal landscape, tidal channels, tide, and sedimentary process. Then the Korean tidal flat which is the main topic of this article was introduced by highlighting the geographical distribution, biodiversity of benthic diatoms and macrozoobenthos, artisanal fisheries, and local culture in aspect of ecosystem services in tidal flats. Meantime, the issue of reclamation was mini-reviewed by tracking the chronicle development, aerial coverage, and deteriorated environmental impacts on the coastal ecosystem. Herein, the untiring efforts towards protection of the Korean tidal flat are also included in viewpoints of legal framework and the designation of protected areas. Overall, the present collective description aims an introductory guidance for the individual papers of the special issue on the Korean tidal flat, with provisioning several key maps to be cross-utilized or referred.

Field of study: Environmental science
Estimating Historical Heights

Historical samples of military, naval, and merchant marine heights suffer from undercounts of short people, undercounts highly irregular compared to the truncated distributions for which standard methods are available. Our knowledge is too imprecise for parametric models of the undercount process but it suffices for intuitive description of the deviations from normality with which estimators should cope. Two new estimators are developed. The first adapts maximum likelihood for truncated normals to height histograms with gradual lower-tail shortfall. The second exploits bends in quantile-quantile plots. Standard error estimates based on Efron's bootstrap appear reliable. The estimators show average heights from British Royal Marine samples much shorter than their American opponents in the Revolutionary War and reveal a statistically significant increase by the 1820's in the British heights.

Field of study: Mathematics
Consumer Capital as the Source of Happiness: The Missing Economic Theory Underlying the Income-Happiness Paradox

Self-reported happiness does not generally increase with rising income, as established by Richard Easterlin. We argue that the current debate in economics about the income-happiness paradox has paid too little attention to the theoretical foundation of the expected positive relation between income and happiness, seeking an empirical resolution through better data and more elaborate estimating equations instead. We return to the history of economics and revisit the contributions of Irving Fisher and Kenneth Boulding for the missing economic theory that underlies the income-happiness paradox. According to both Fisher and Boulding, “consumer capital” is the ultimate source of welfare, whereby consumer capital is defined as an accumulated stock of tangible and intangible instruments that yield a stream of services over their useful life. In the view of Fisher and Boulding, it is the utilization of this capital stock that renders happiness to individuals. Moreover, income that pays for the goods of consumption can be a “bad,” reflecting the cost of maintaining the consumer capital stock. Therefore, Fisher and Boulding’s insights bring a new perspective to the Easterlin paradox, showing that the empirical finding that rising income contributes only little, if anything, to levels of happiness has been overemphasized at the expense of the theoretically more relevant relation between consumer capital and happiness, and the exact role of income therein.

Field of study: Economics
Transitional cell papilloma of the bladder in a child: a case report and review of literature.

Transitional cell papillomas of the bladder are tumours of epithelial origin that are extremely rare in children. A large number have been found to be sited adjacent to one of the ureteric orifices. They are benign and endoscopic excision has been considered curative; however, the rate of recurrence reported in the literature is fairly high, with the earliest recurrence being at 3 months. We report the case of a 7-year-old girl who presented with the rare lesion situated just above the right ureteric orifice.

Field of study: Medicine
Composition Dependence of the Band Gap Energy of Dilute Bismuth and Nitride GaNxBiyAs1−y−z Alloy (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.05, 0 ≤ y ≤ 0.05)

The band gap evolution of dilute bismuth and nitride GaNxBiyAs1−x−y alloy is analyzed. It is found that the location of the Г conduction band minimum (CBM) of GaNxBiyAs1−x−y is determined by two factors. One is the influence of the Bi content on the Г CBM of GaAs. The other is the interaction and the hybridization between the N level and the Г CBM of GaBiyAs1−y. For the Г valence band maximum (VBM) of GaNxBiyAs1−x−y, the main factor to determine its location is the interaction and the hybridization between the Bi level and the Г VBM of GaAs. According to the physical mechanism for the band gap evolution, a model is established to depict the band gap energy of GaNxBiyAs1−x−y depending on N and Bi contents quantitatively. The results obtained using the model are consistent with the experimental data.

Field of study: Materials science
跨膜Ca 2+ 梯度对重组腺苷酸环化酶活力及构象的影响

本文将分离并部分纯化的腺苷酸环化酶催化亚基(ACc)重组于具有或不具有跨膜Ca 2+ 梯度的大豆磷脂脂质体上.酶活性的测试结果表明,酶活性中心一侧Ca 2+ 浓度低于另一侧(500倍)的脂酶体(类似生理条件)酶活性最高;在Ca 2+ 浓度梯度相反的情况下酶活性最低.外加Ca 2+ 载体A23187消除脂酶体两侧的Ca 2+ 梯度可导致前者酶活力降低而后者酶活力升高.不具有Ca 2+ 浓度梯度的脂酶体酶活性介于上述两种脂酶体之间. 蛋白内源荧光及KI对其淬灭效率的测试结果均反映上述几种脂酶体中ACc构象的差异.

Field of study: Chemistry
Detailing the effects of geometry approximation and grid simplification on the capability of a CFD model to address the benchmark test case for flow around a computer simulated person

This paper details the use of a simplified CFD model to predict the flow patterns around a computer simulated person in a displacement ventilated room. The use of CFD is a valuable tool for indoor airflow analysis and the level of complexity of the model being investigated is often critical to the accuracy of predictions. The closer the computational geometry is to the real geometry of interest, the more accurate the corresponding results are expected to be. High complexity meshes enable elaborated geometries to be resolved. The drawback is, however, their increased computational cost. The Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) model (Version 5) enabled to investigate the effects of geometry and computational grid simplification on the accuracy of numerical predictions. The FDS model is based on a three-dimensional Cartesian coordinate system and all solid obstructions are forced to conform to the underlying numerical grid which is a potential limitation when dealing with complex geometries such as those of a human body. Nevertheless, the developed computational model was based exclusively on a three-dimensional rectangular geometry. At the same time, in order to limit the total number of grid cells, a relatively coarser grid than those used for similar simulations was adopted in the investigation. The developed model was then assessed in terms of its capability of reproducing benchmark temperature and air velocity distributions. The extent to which numerical results depend on different simulation settings was detailed and different boundary conditions are discussed in order to provide some guidance on the parameters that resulted to affect the accuracy of the predicted results. The comparison between numerical results and measurements showed that a simplified CFD model can be used to capture the airflow characteristics of the investigated scenario with predictions showing a favourable agreement with experimental data at least in the qualitative features of the flow (the detailed investigation of the local airflow field near the occupant can not be probably conducted apart from considering the real human geometry). Significant influence of simulator geometry and of boundary conditions was found.

Field of study: Engineering
Current situation and measures for the development of mass sports in economy underdeveloped regions in Guangdong Province

Exercising sampling investigation, case study and on-site examination,the authors carried out a survey and research on mass sports work carried out in 4 mountainous counties in Guangdong province, and revealed the following findings:In economy underdeveloped counties in Guangdong province,management mechanism is relatively complete and sound;sports fields and facilities have formed a certain scale;mass sports activities are being developed as planned. Main problems existed are the followings:The resources to develop sports undertaking are seriously inadequate;sports consciousness of the masses is weak; sports means are lack of diversity;mass sports are poorly and not regularly organized.The authors worked out 6 measures for development based on the findings above.

Field of study: Education