nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Cortical involvement in acquisition and extinction of trace eyeblink conditioning.

Previous studies have implicated 2 cortical regions interconnected with the hippocampal formation, the retrosplenial cortex (RSC) and the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), as loci important for the acquisition of hippocampally dependent trace eyeblink conditioning. These loci have also been proposed to serve as long-term storage sites of task critical information. This study used lesions made prior to training to investigate the roles of the RSC, as well as the caudal and rostral subdivisions of the mPFC, in the acquisition and subsequent extinction of trace eyeblink conditioning in the rabbit. The caudal mPFC and rostral mPFC were shown to be critical for acquisition and extinction of the conditioned reflex, respectively. The data indicate that the RSC is not critical for acquisition or extinction of the trace conditioned reflex.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Utilization of long duration high-volume sampling coupled to SPME-GC-MS/MS for the assessment of airborne pesticides variability in an urban area (Strasbourg, France) during agricultural application

Atmospheric samples have been collected between 14 March and 12 September 2012 on a 2-week basis (15 days of sampling and exchange of traps each 7 days) in Strasbourg (east of France) for the analysis of 43 pesticides. Samples (particle and gas phases) were separately extracted using Accelerated Solvent Extraction (ASE) and pre-concentrated by Solid Phase Micro-Extraction (SPME) before analysis by gas chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). Four SPME consecutive injections at distinct temperatures were made in order to increase the sensitivity of detection for the all monitored pesticides. Currently used detected pesticides can be grouped in four classes; those used in maize crops (acetochlor, benoxacor, dicamba, s-metolachlor, pendimethalin, and bromoxynil), in cereal crops (benoxacor, chlorothalonil, fenpropimorph, and propiconazole), in vineyards (tebuconazole), and as herbicides for orchards, meadows of green spaces (2,4-MCPA, trichlopyr). This is in accordance with the diversity of crops found in the Alsace region and trends observed are in accordance with the period of application of these pesticides. Variations observed permit also to demonstrate that the long time sampling duration used in this study is efficient to visualize temporal variations of airborne pesticides concentrations. Then, long time high-volume sampling could be a simple method permitting atmospheric survey of atmospheric contamination without any long analysis time and consequently low cost.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Existence and uniqueness of steady-state equilibrium in a two-sector overlapping generations model

In his seminal paper Galor [A two-sector overlapping generations-model: a global characterization of the dynamical system, Econometrica 60 (1992) 1351-1386] establishes conditions for the existence of equilibrium in the two-sector overlapping generations (OLG) model. Although appealing theoretically, these conditions are implicit and not easy to apply. This paper develops new theorems on the existence and uniqueness of steady-state equilibrium in the two-sector OLG model. We provide explicit conditions on the utility and production functions for the existence and uniqueness of equilibrium, with which one only needs to check the derivatives of the production and utility functions and their interactions, without requiring solving for the savings function and its derivatives. We present detailed steps to check the existence and uniqueness of equilibrium and provide illustrative examples.

Field of study: Economics
Predictors of Health-Related Quality of Life over Time Among Adolescents and Young Adults with Sickle Cell Disease

Little is known about what factors affect the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of adolescents and young adults (AYAs) with sickle cell disease (SCD), and how their HRQoL changes over time. This retrospective study included 87 AYAs attending a SCD Adolescent Clinic who completed a measure of HRQoL at each visit over the course of approximately 1.3 years. Results suggested that the following were associated with poorer physical HRQoL: being female, more healthcare utilization events, and presence of internalizing symptoms. Internalizing and externalizing symptoms were the only factors correlated with poorer psychosocial HRQoL. Generalized linear mixed models indicated that physical and psychosocial HRQoL improved among all participants during the assessment period, and those with externalizing behaviors reported faster improvement in physical HRQoL over time. AYAs with SCD may benefit from early mental health screening and intervention to optimize clinical care.

Field of study: Psychology
On Reviewing International Studies.

The Presidential Commission on Foreign Language and International Studies [21 ] is only one of a number of national efforts to gain support for internationally oriented research at American universities. In times of declining enrollments and shrinking budgets, harder and harder questions will be asked of the relatively expensive international centers that have grown up over the past twenty to thirty years. The time seems ripe for a reassessment of international research centers not only by foundations, national commissions, and governmental agencies, but by universities as well. It will be important not to leave the terms of the discussion up to the internationalists themselves, as has tended to happen so far in the national reviews.

Field of study: Education
On active controls for a biped mechanism

The purpose of this study is to simulate the motion of the lower extremity of a human being, a biped mechanism, walking along a straight path and to suggest a control strategy for minimizing the deviation from the linear path. A “gait” function is defined as a control that ensures that the biped walks along a straight path. By varying some parameters associated with the “gait” functions, which is chosen in such a manner as to simulate the motion of one member of the biped relative to an adjoining member, the most suitable combinations of such parameters for the specified geometry is subsequently determined. The study contributes to a better understanding in the design of robots, humanoids, and other artificial intelligence (A.I.) systems.

Field of study: Mathematics
Response of ocean acidification to a gradual increase and decrease of atmospheric CO2

We perform coupled climate–carbon cycle model simulations to examine changes in ocean acidity in response to idealized change of atmospheric CO2. Atmospheric CO2 increases at a rate of 1% per year to four times its pre-industrial level of 280 ppm and then decreases at the same rate to the pre-industrial level. Our simulations show that changes in surface ocean chemistry largely follow changes in atmospheric CO2. However, changes in deep ocean chemistry in general lag behind the change in atmospheric CO2 because of the long time scale associated with the penetration of excess CO2 into the deep ocean. In our simulations with the effect of climate change, when atmospheric CO2 reaches four times its pre-industrial level, global mean aragonite saturation horizon (ASH) shoals from the pre-industrial value of 1288 to 143 m. When atmospheric CO2 returns from the peak value of 1120 ppm to pre-industrial level, ASH is 630 m, which is approximately the value of ASH when atmospheric CO2 first increases to 719 ppm. At pre-industrial CO2 9% deep-sea cold-water corals are surrounded by seawater that is undersaturated with aragonite. When atmospheric CO2 reaches 1120 ppm, 73% cold-water coral locations are surrounded by seawater with aragonite undersaturation, and when atmospheric CO2 returns to the pre-industrial level, 18% cold-water coral locations are surrounded by seawater with aragonite undersaturation. Our analysis indicates the difficulty for some marine ecosystems to recover to their natural chemical habitats even if atmospheric CO2 content can be lowered in the future.

Field of study: Environmental science
Let them eat during dialysis: an overlooked opportunity to improve outcomes in maintenance hemodialysis patients.

In individuals with chronic kidney disease, surrogates of protein-energy wasting, including a relatively low serum albumin and fat or muscle wasting, are by far the strongest death risk factor compared with any other condition. There are data to indicate that hypoalbuminemia responds to nutritional interventions, which may save lives in the long run. Monitored, in-center provision of high-protein meals and/or oral nutritional supplements during hemodialysis is a feasible, inexpensive, and patient-friendly strategy despite concerns such as postprandial hypotension, aspiration risk, infection control and hygiene, dialysis staff burden, diabetes and phosphorus control, and financial constraints. Adjunct pharmacologic therapies can be added, including appetite stimulators (megesterol, ghrelin, and mirtazapine), anabolic hormones (testosterone and growth factors), antimyostatin agents, and antioxidative and anti-inflammatory agents (pentoxiphylline and cytokine modulators), to increase efficiency of intradialytic food and oral supplementation, although adequate evidence is still lacking. If more severe hypoalbuminemia (<3.0 g/dL) not amenable to oral interventions prevails, or if a patient is not capable of enteral interventions (e.g., because of swallowing problems), then parenteral interventions such as intradialytic parenteral nutrition can be considered. Given the fact that meals and supplements during hemodialysis would require only a small fraction of the funds currently used for dialysis patients this is also an economically feasible strategy.

Field of study: Medicine
Study on Corrosion Resistance and Surface Structure of RE Conversion Coating with HF

The influence of HF-on the corrosion resistance was investigated by 5% NaCl solution at 30 ℃ and potentiodynamic polarization curves.Coating microstructure was analysed by SEM and EDX.The results show that the anticorrosive properties of the coatings enhance by adding accelerant A,and the coating is mainly formed by Ce oxides/hydroxides,but addition of intermetallic compounds (such as AlFeSiMn,β-AlFeSi) and the irregular particles on the surface of the coatings derived from alkali corrosion stage have different opposite effect.The existent particles contribute to the improvement of cathode properties of out phase interface and offer underlay for the depositon of Ce.The electric doublet and tip stress are formed,which can decrease the properties of conversion coating.

Field of study: Materials science
Evaluation of Escherichia coli recBC sbcBC mutants for cloning by recombination in vivo.

In vivo recombination as a tool for plasmid construction was analyzed using a model system based on the properties of the RecF pathway in Escherichia coli. This pathway was used after a double strand break (DSB) effected by restriction enzyme cleavage of the plasmids of interest. DSB repair was shown to be independent of the methylation state of the vector or insert DNA, of the type of restriction enzyme used (5' or 3' overhanging or blunt ends) and of dephosphorylation of the vector and/or template. Since the E. coli repair system does not recognize insertions, this recombination mechanism can be used to exchange cDNAs between different vectors. Some implications of the results on the mechanism of recombination are discussed.

Field of study: Biology, Engineering
Protein crystal growth in microgravity.

Protein crystal growth is quite important for the determination of protein structures which are essential to the understanding of life at molecular level as well as to the development of molecular biotechnology. The microgravity environment of space is an ideal place to study the complicated protein crystallization and to grow good-quality protein crystals. A number of crystal-growth experiments of 10 different proteins were carried out in August, 1992 on the Chinese re-entry satellite FSW-2 in space using a tube crystallization equipment made in China. A total of 25 samples from 6 proteins produced crystals, and the effects of microgravity on protein crystal growth were observed, especially for an acidic phospholipase A2 and henegg-white lysozyme which gave better crystals in space than earth-grown crystals in ground control experiments. The results have shown that the microgravity in space favors the improvement of the size, perfection, morphology and internal order of the grown protein crystals.

Field of study: Chemistry
Hawking radiation in sonic black holes.

I present a microscopic description of Hawking radiation in sonic black holes. A one-dimensional Fermi-degenerate liquid squeezed by a smooth barrier forms a transonic flow, a sonic analog of a black hole. The quantum treatment of the noninteracting case establishes a close relationship between sonic Hawking radiation and quantum tunneling through the barrier. Quasiparticle excitations appear at the barrier and are then radiated with a thermal distribution in exact agreement with Hawking's formula. The signature of the radiation can be found in the dynamic structure factor, which can be measured in a scattering experiment. The possibility for experimental verification of this new transport phenomenon for ultracold atoms is discussed.

Field of study: Physics
The Use of Digital Technology to Reshape the Retail Store

The creation of a retail store able to offer multidimensional experiences is one of the main challenges of the last few years. The blend of physical and digital elements permits to create a new manner to consider the evolution of a fixed retail store. The traditional retail store is able to integrate physical elements normally placed in a store with digital technology in order to create immersive experiences where people can interact with digital content by using only hand gestures and natural movements, in an interactive environment.

From literature analysis, emerged that the Internet use and digital and interactive strategies are not being exploited in a broad way in order to revitalize retail stores normally placed within an urban area. Thus, this work will provide a new point of view about a traditional retail store becomes a multidimensional place by combining physical and digital elements.

Field of study: Business
Quality control for a guaranteed product

The use of a guarantee as a tool for increasing both reliability and payments for achieving it is suggested. It is shown that a guarantee in which the manufacturer agrees to pay a sizeable penalty each time one of his products fails (a penalty-clause guarantee) may be beneficial both to the manufacturer and the user. The quality control problem associated with such guaranteed products is similar to a number of problems in other areas. The use of concepts developed by insurance companies is suggested as an adjunct to conventional quality control testing. Mean values of probability distributions are used to illustrate some of the potentialities of a penalty-clause guaranteed product. References to some of the related efforts that might help in designing quality control tests for guaranteed products are provided.

Field of study: Engineering
A Moving Control Strategy Based on RSSI Real-time Localization in Multi-tier Mobile Sensor Networks

R esearch on communication collection pattern for traditional fixed nodes with some mobile ones has been already extensive. However, almost nothing is done in tiered movement policy while movement track is unknown and sensor nodes drift at random direction. To fit the development of “smart dust” wireless sensor network, a new moving control strategy based on RSSI real-time localization is proposed in the multi-tier mobile sensor networks. First, we divide the monitoring field into several sub-regions so that fusion nodes can collect data in their own parts respectively, and use constraints-based mobile localization (CML) algorithm to calculate the location information of each sensor node. Then, a new Maximum Likelihood Nearest Neighbor (MLNN) algorithm is proposed to design optimal routes for fusion nodes. Finally, each fusion node can collect sensed data along this route. Simulation results show that the moving control strategy can provide a good solution of the problem on tiered mobile network of instable communication and high-fraction of event loss . Only layouting a small number of fusion nodes, the network can receive higher data success rate and lower data transmission delay, and is very suitable for the large-scale industry real-time monitoring application of wireless sensor networks.

Field of study: Computer science
La Gran Linea: Mapping the United States-Mexico Boundary, 1849-1857 (review)

succeed in bringing the margins to the center. Lane fills in areas that so many of Ecuador’s major historians have avoided and narrates the scattered, marginal, and disparate parts of Quito’s history, rather than the central, interconnected, and coherent. As he states in his epilogue, this shows the colony to be as much an “enigma, an organic cryptogram,” as a consistently articulated “colonial society” (p. 234).

Field of study: History
Quantification of two-phase refrigerant distribution in brazed plate heat exchangers using infrared thermography

This paper presents a method to quantify two-phase refrigerant flow distribution in brazed plate heat exchangers (BPHEs) from infrared images. In this method, the two-phase length of the refrigerant channels is first estimated from the IR images of the BPHE sidewall. Then, the refrigerant distribution is adjusted in a BPHE evaporator model, to have the predicted two-phase length of the channels match the identified results from the IR images. The overall performance of the BPHE is also predicted in the quantification process. The proposed quantification method is validated by the experimental data: heat exchanger capacities, pressure profiles, and surface temperature profiles of the sidewall. This non-intrusive method can effectively quantify two-phase refrigerant distribution in BPHEs with the premise that all liquid refrigerant has evaporated in the heat exchangers.

Field of study: Engineering
Ribosomal accretion, apriorism and the phylogenetic method: a response to Petrov and Williams

Historical (ideographic) and non-historical (nomothetic) studies of ribosomal accretion appear to arrive at diametrically opposite conclusions. Phylogenetic analysis of thousands of RNA molecules and protein structures in hundreds of genomes supports the structural origin of the ribosome in RNA decoding and ribosomal mechanics. Predictions from extant features in a handful of rRNA structural models of the large ribosomal subunit support its origin in protein biosynthesis. In recent correspondence, one of us reported that correcting dismissals of conflicting data and avoiding unwarranted assumptions of the nomothetic method reconciled conclusions. In response, Petrov and Williams dismissed our arguments claiming we did not understand their algorithmic model of ribosomal apical growth. Instead, they controverted the historical approach. Here we show that their objections to the phylogenetic method are unjustified, that their algorithm subjectively guarantees back-in-time molecular deconstructions toward the protein biosynthetic core, and that processes of ribosomal growth are much more complex. We prompt abandoning apriorism, decreasing ad hoc hypotheses and integrating historical and non-historical scientific methods.

Field of study: Biology
A statistically predictive model for future monsoon failure in India

Indian monsoon rainfall is vital for a large share of the world’s population. Both reliably projecting India’s future precipitation and unraveling abrupt cessations of monsoon rainfall found in paleorecords require improved understanding of its stability properties. While details of monsoon circulations and the associated rainfall are complex, full-season failure is dominated by large-scale positive feedbacks within the region. Here we find that in a comprehensive climate model, monsoon failure is possible but very rare under pre-industrial conditions, while under future warming it becomes much more frequent. We identify the fundamental intraseasonal feedbacks that are responsible for monsoon failure in the climate model, relate these to observational data, and build a statistically predictive model for such failure. This model provides a simple dynamical explanation for future changes in the frequency distribution of seasonal mean all-Indian rainfall. Forced only by global mean temperature and the strength of the Pacific Walker circulation in spring, it reproduces the trend as well as the multidecadal variability in the mean and skewness of the distribution, as found in the climate model. The approach offers an alternative perspective on large-scale monsoon variability as the result of internal instabilities modulated by pre-seasonal ambient climate conditions.

Field of study: Environmental science
Digital Computer Matching of Tooth Color

This study aimed to determine the validity of the digital photocolorimetric (PCM) method in matching the color of human teeth. First, two Vitapan Classical shade guides, each containing 16 shade guide teeth, were visually shade matched, and digital photographs of each three pair of shade guide teeth were taken in a color matching booth. Secondly, visual shade matching of the upper central incisors of 48 subjects was performed by two prosthodontists independently in a chair, using the Vitapan Classical shade guide. The three closest shade guide teeth were visually selected and ranked in order of preference, for which digital photographs were taken under ceiling daylight-corrected fluorescent lighting. All digital images were analyzed on a computer screen using software to calculate the color difference between the reference tooth and other teeth in the same digital image. The percent color matching for the shade guide teeth and human teeth was 88% and 75%, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference in matching the tooth color between the shade guide teeth and human teeth. The digital PCM method is valid for the range of human teeth based on the Vitapan Classical shade guide. This method enhances communication with the laboratory personnel in matching the tooth color.

Field of study: Materials science
The Effectiveness of Direct and Indirect Coded Written Feedback in English as a Foreign Language

Despite continuing interest in the relative effectiveness of different types of written corrective feedback in both second language (L2) research and classroom, no one type of written feedback has yet been conclusively shown to be more effective than another. The present study investigated the differential efficacy of two types of focused written corrective feedback, direct error correction and indirect coded feedback, for L2 development. Forty-three Korean English as a foreign language (EFL) learners from three intact classes at a university were assigned to a control group or one of two experimental groups (i.e., direct vs. indirect coded feedback). A pretest-post-test design was employed to assess improvement in learners’ ability to use the target structure, the past counterfactual conditional. Only the direct written feedback group significantly outperformed the control group on the post-test involving a new piece of writing. Results indicated that direct written feedback was more effective than indirect written feedback provided in the form of coded feedback in improving learners’ subsequent accuracy in using a complex syntactic structure in a short-term period.

Field of study: Linguistics