nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
pMOS Dosimeters: Long-Term Annealing and Neutron Response

When a metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) device is irradiated, charge builds up in the oxide and new interface states are also created. The effect has been shown to constitute a useful dosimetric principle. The trapped charges may relax in various ways but, in the precision pMOS devices described here, the "fading" is no greater than that found in other dosimeters. Results for some 10-year room-temperature anneals are given. Recent results are given for exposure of pMOS dosimeters to accelerator neutrons of energies 3 and 15 MeV. The response to both 3 MeV and 15 MeV neutrons is about 65mV per Gy (silicon) (650mV per krad (silicon)) for an irradiation bias of +20V across the gate oxide. The energy dissipated by the neutrons in silicon is much less than that dissipated in tissue, because of the high hydrogen content of the latter. This response is thus equivalent to 1.8mV per Gy (tissue) for 3 MeV neutrons and 12.14mV per Gy (tissue) for 15 MeV neutrons. The higher neutron energy is above the threshold for the onset of Si(n,¿) and Si(n,p) reactions at which there occurs a large increase in the absorbed dose per incident neutron, and this affects the MOSFET response correspondingly. The response to gamma rays is about 150 mV per Gy (silicon or tissue) (1500 mV per krad).

Field of study: Physics
A shallow water record of the onset of the Messinian salinity crisis in the Adriatic foredeep (Legnagnone section, Northern Apennines)

The Legnagnone section (North-eastern Apennines) represents one of the few shallow water records of the onset of the Messinian salinity crisis. Here we present a detailed description of a ~ 200 kyr time interval encompassing the pre-/syn-evaporitic transition based on a multidisciplinary approach, integrating sedimentological, bio-magnetostratigraphical, palaeontological and stable isotope data. Such a shallow water setting is potentially more sensitive to the palaeoenvironmental change leading to the MSC than the more often studied deeper Mediterranean basin. The aquatic palaeoenvironmental reconstruction proposed here is based on the study of foraminifer, ostracod and mollusc assemblages. It depicts a change from infralittoral (20–50 m) to inner circalittoral environment (60–100 m) that, since 6.12 Ma, was progressively affected by a reduction of oxygen at the sea floor punctuated by short-lived anoxic events. At least three cooling events have been recognized on the basis of relative abundance data in mid to high altitude pollen, which, before 6.03 Ma, are in phase with abundance peaks of Turborotalia spp., a taxon indicating eutrophic and cool surface waters. The absence of stress-tolerant benthic foraminifers during these peaks points to strong ventilation episodes triggered by a generally cooler climate. The proximity of a deltaic system and the consequent riverine input probably caused a salinity decrease of the surface waters, hindering the proliferation of planktonic foraminifers in the water column, which prevalently occur in short influxes and disappear at ca. 6 Ma. Our results suggest that the onset of the crisis occurred during a phase of relative sea level high stand, whereas no evidences of sea level drop can be envisaged. The palaeoclimatic reconstruction based on palynological data indicates the dominance of a “subtropical humid forest” vegetation type, where fresh water swamps are well represented. From 6.03 Ma onward, the transition to the salinity crisis is marked by more pronounced cyclical expansions of the temperate broad-leaved deciduous forest, along with herbaceous taxa. The establishment of the strongly evaporative condition at the crisis onset is not associated with major vegetational changes towards drier conditions, but linked to a sudden increase of δ 18 O and the disappearance of benthic foraminifers just prior to the deposition of the 1st laminated carbonate, which represents the base of the Primary Lower Gypsum unit.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Extraction of biological zinc and taurine from the head and leftover of the prawn

Using the head and leftover of the prawn as raw material, biological active zinc was extracted with ultrasonic and taurine was prepared by cation ion exchange resin as well as elution of distilled water. The technology of extraction of biological zinc and taurine was studied. The extraction amount of biological zinc was determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The structure of taurine product was characterized with infrared spectrum (IR). The experiment results showed that the optimum extraction condition of biological zinc was as follows: ultrasonic wave treatment for 20 min, the ratio of material to water at 1:4, the optimum extraction technology of taurine was: extracting temperature at 100 ℃ for 60 min, and the ratio of material to water at 1:5, and extracting twice.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Verse versus Nonverse: A Research Note

Two rhymed and metered messages were re-written to remove those poetic qualities of thyme and meter without otherwise changing the messages. A rhymed version of one message and an unrhymed version of the other message were read by 158 college students who then evaluated the authors by checking “yes” or “no” to whether each author was “probably a professional communicator” and “probably college-educated.” They also rated each author on a set of semantic differential scales. Analysis indicated that the authors of rhymed and metered messages enhance their “images” by using the poetic form.

Field of study: Psychology
Photo-CVD process for ultra thin SiO2 films

In this paper we first report the use of very low deposition rate photo-induced chemical vapor deposition process, (below 0.05 nm/min). This photo-CVD process is adequate to grow very thin and ultra thin layers of SiO 2 . Details on the design of the reaction chamber, reactive gases and process parameters to obtain the desired deposition regime are presented. Dependence of deposition rate on pressure in the chamber and gas flow ratio is discussed. Deposited layers were characterized using I – V and C – V techniques.

Field of study: Engineering
Construction and ESTs Analysis of a Normalized Full-Length cDNA Library of Brown Prunus salicina

Total RNA was extracted from the fruit of " Oil Nai" with beginning of browning.The full-length normalized cDNA library was constructed by the combination of long distance PCR,DSN(Duplex-Specific Nuclease) treatment and directed cloning.The titer of primary library was about 2.0×106pfu/mL and 99% clones were recombinant,and the length of insert cDNAs was about 1.8 kb.The cDNA library was well normalized with 8.4% redundancy.A total of 720 random clones in this cDNA library were then sequenced by 5'EST.A total of valid 684 ESTs were attained by fragment assembly,removing the contaminated sequences and frameshift mutation.Then 647 unigenes were attained,which included 21 contigs and 626 singlets.Annotation by the online Blast 2 go search against Genbank database on NCBI web server revealed that most of the genes with predicted function were related to energy metabolism,protein synthesis,degradation of secondary metabolites,cell wall metabolism and transcription factors.These results would lead to further research of mechanism of browning fruit in molecular level and develop good foundation of cloning related important genes of browning from "Oil Nai".

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
A shorter snowfall season associated with higher air temperatures over northern Eurasia

The temperature sensitivity of the snowfall season (start, end, duration) over northern Eurasia (the former USSR) is analyzed from synoptic records of 547 stations from 1966 to 2000. The results find significant correlations between temperature and snowfall season at approximately 56% of stations (61% for the starting date and 56% for the ending date) with a mean snowfall season duration temperature sensitivity of 6:2 days C 1 split over the start (2.8 days) and end periods ( 3:4 days). Temperature sensitivity was observed to increase with stations’ mean seasonal air temperature, with the strongest relationships at locations of around 6 C temperature. This implies that increasing air temperature in fall and spring will delay the onset and hasten the end of snowfall events, and reduces the snowfall season length by 6.2 days for each degree of increase. This study also clarifies that the increasing trend in snowfall season length during 1936/37‐1994 over northern European Russia and central Siberia revealed in an earlier study is unlikely to be associated with warming in spring and fall seasons.

Field of study: Environmental science
Efficient 550-600-nm tunable laser based on noncritically phase-matched frequency doubling of room-temperature LiF:F2- in lithium triborate.

We report on efficient conversion of a 1064-nm Nd:YAG laser to tunable visible light. The conversion scheme uses noncritically phase-matched second-harmonic generation of a pulsed Nd:YAG-pumped LiF:F2- laser in lithium triborate. Optimization yields 42% LiF:F2- laser efficiency and 56% frequency-doubling efficiency, providing >20% conversion from 1064 nm to broadly tunable visible output. A dramatic sensitivity of laser efficiency to pump pulse duration is recorded, with a fundamental efficiency improvement of over 30-fold measured for an increase in pump pulse duration from 5 to 34 ns.

Field of study: Physics
Experimental research of extended lifetime trigatron with new trigger electrode

The lifetime of conventional trigatron is limited by the erosion of the trigger electrode. An extended lifetime trigatron was designed with three new types of trigger electrode based on the analysis of trigger mechanism. The experimental results indicate that the performances of the new trigatron are as high as the conventional trigatron. The minimum delay time of the new trigatron is 77 ns and the jitter is 2.5 ns.

Field of study: Physics
Comparing requirements analysis methods for developing reusable component libraries

Two approaches to requirements modelling are compared-the Domain Theory [Sutcliffe, A.G., 2002. The Domain Theory: Patterns for Knowledge and Software Reuse. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah, NJ.] and Problem Frames [Jackson, M., 2001.  Analysing and Structuring Software Development Problems, Pearson Education, Harlow.]-as a means of domain analysis for creating a reusable library of software components for constructing telemedicine applications. Experience of applying each approach as a domain analysis method to specify abstract components (object system models and Problem Frames) is reported. The two approaches produced detailed specifications although at different levels of abstraction: problems frames were better for monitoring, updating and data integrity requirements whereas the Domain Theory proved more useful for task support and user interface requirements. The lessons learned from using model-based approaches to requirements specification, and their merits for creating consistent specifications for reuse libraries, are discussed.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Assessment of eco-security in the Knowledge Grid e-science environment

Ecological security is an important basis of the entire human security system, the cornerstone for human survival. Knowing the status of ecological security is crucial for making decisions to avoid ecological disaster. Existing research, both the basic research on ecological security mechanism and information service systems, is still primitive in their abilities to resolve eco-security problems. This paper investigates the eco-security impact factors and identifies eco-security types. Taking urban eco-security as an example, we develop an assessment method including the indicator system and assessment model, and construct an integrated assessment framework based on data integrity, security assessment and security management with the support of the Knowledge Grid e-science environment. The proposed assessment framework enables decision makers to better know the status of eco-security in making policies for achieving sustainability.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Biosynthetic studies on some polyene mycotoxins

Citreoviridin, asteltoxin and aurovertin B are members of a group of mycotoxins which act as inhibitors of oxidative phosphorylation in rnitochondria. The biosynthetic origin of the carbon skeleton of these metabolites was studied by incorporation of 13C—labelled precursors: [l—'3C]—, [2—'3C]—, [l,2—'3C2]—, [l—'3C,2—2H3—, and 12—'3C,2—2H3]acetate, (25)—[methyl— 13C ]methionine and [1— 3C]— and [3—13C]propionate. The results show that aurovertin B and asteltoxin can be formed via two biosynthetic pathways. The first pathway involves the methylation of an eventual C20—polyketide, followed by loss of the chain—initiating acetate unit. The second pathway involves a poly— ketide precursor formed from a propionate chain—initiating unit and eight malonate units. In addition the arrangement of intact acetate 13 units in asteltoxin derived from [1,2— C2]acetate proves that a 1,2—bond migration occurs during the formation of the 2,8—dioxabicyclo— [3.3.0]octane moiety. Citreoviridin is derived from a C18—polyketide formed from an acetate chain—initiating unit and eight malonate units. r 13 18 1 18 . . . Incorporation of L1— C, O2jacetate and 02 gas into citreoviridin, aurovertin B, and asteltoxin established the origin of the oxygen atoms and provided stereochemical and mechanistic information on the biosynthetic pathways of these metabolites. The incorporation of (25)— [methyli3C]methionine and [1,2—13C2]acetate into the fusarins, metabolites of Fusarium moniliforme, points to a biosynthetic pathway involving the condensation of a C1z—polyketide and a Cif intermediate, e.g. oxaloacetate, of the Krebs tricarboxylic acid cycle.

Field of study: Chemistry
From Command Economy to Hollow State? Decentralisation in Vietnam and China

In Vietnam and China, decentralisation is a by-product, both by default and design, of the transition to a state-managed market economy. A dual process of horizontal and vertical decentralisation is occurring simultaneously in both the economic and political arena. There is an increasingly high level of de facto political/fiscal decentralisation, much of it occurring by default as local governing units try to meet rising demand for services. This is accompanied by the marketisation and socialisation of services such as education and health. Accompanying both of these processes is a trend towards greater ‘autonomisation’ of service delivery units, including the emergence of new ‘para-state’ entities. Most of these decentralisation processes are the by-product of marketisation, rather than part of a process of deliberate state restructuring in pursuit of ideals of decentralised government. The cumulative effects include a significant fragmentation of the state, a high potential for informalisation and corruption, and a growing set of performance accountability problems in the delivery of public services.

Field of study: Political science
S-20 : Exploiting the type-1 interferon pathway as a biomarker and therapeutic target for metastatic cancer

It has been well described that the initiation and progression of some cancers is tightly controlled by tumour immunosurveillance. Our recent findings suggest that in breast cancer, the balance of pro-tumour and anti-tumour immune responses is critical in dictating metastatic cell survival and outgrowth. We revealed that tumour cells secrete type I IFN and that loss of this signalling is a tumour cell intrinsic mechanism of evading metastasis-specific immune responses and promoting bone metastasis. We have demonstrated that restored type I IFN signalling in mice bearing 4T1.2 breast tumour cells significantly reduces bone metastasis and that metastasis suppression is linked to NK cell activation and decreased accumulation of immune suppressor cells  . The key role of the host immune system in responding to tumour cell-derived IFN has also been verified using mice deficient in the type I IFN receptor (Ifnar1). In these studies, the lack of host Ifnar1 increased the incidence of bone metastasis in mice bearing breast tumours of varying metastatic potential. Our current investigations also extend to orthotopic models of prostate cancer where similar observations of increased metastasis are seen in Ifnar1 null animals. Subsequent ex-vivo studies have confirmed a crucial role of IFN signalling to NK cells in tumour cell recognition. These findings have clinical relevance as decreased primary tumour expression of the type I IFN signature or key interferon regulatory factors predict an increased risk of metastatic relapse in breast cancer patients. Additionally, we have now demonstrated potent anti-metastatic effects of IFN-based therapeutics alone or in combination with chemotherapeutics. Our studies are now focused on refining the prognostic markers that best predict metastatic relapse in patients and investigating the therapeutic window where restoring such immune responses is critical in metastasis suppression.

Field of study: Medicine
A Hybrid Particle Swarm Optimization with Adaptive Local Search

Particle swarm optimization (PSO) has shown its good search ability in many optimization problems. However, PSO often easily fall into local minima because the particles could quickly converge to a position by the attraction of the best particles. Under this circumstance, all the particles could hardly be improved. This paper presents a hybrid PSO, namely LSPSO, to solve this problem by employing an adaptive local search operator. Experimental results on 8 well-known benchmark problems show that LSPSO achieves better results than the standard PSO, PSO with Gaussian mutation and PSO with Cauchy mutation on majority of test problems.

Field of study: Computer science
Über günstige Entwicklungsverfahren und Grenzauflösungsvermögen photographischer Platten für übermikroskopische Aufnahmen

ZusammenfassungDie für die Beurteilung der Eignung einer Emulsion für übermikroskopische Aufnahmen wichtigste Größe ist die Bildpunktarbeit. Sie kann aus den gemessenen Werten der Empfindlichkeit, der Körnigkeit und der Steilheit der Emulsion berechnet werden. Für einige Emulsionen wird durch Variation der Entwicklersubstanz und der Entwicklungszeit ermittelt, welche Minimalwerte der Bildpunktarbeit erreicht werden können. Es zeigt sich, daß man bei der günstigsten und damit für die Übermikroskopie geeigneten Kombination (Agfa-Spektral-Blau-Hart-Platte, Agfa-Methol-Hydrochinon-Entwickler 25 min, großer Elektronendichtekontrast) zur Schwärzung eines Bildpunktes etwa 3 · 10−12 Ws benötigt. Im Gegensatz zu von anderer Seite vertretenen Auffassungen finden sich für die Agfa-Schumann-Hart-Platte wesentlich weniger günstige Ergebnisse, so daß zur Verwendung dieser Emulsion für übermikroskopische Aufnahmen auch wegen ihrer sonstigen Eigenheiten nicht geraten werden kann. Aus der minimalen Bildpunktarbeit lassen sich die Grenzen der Lebendmikroskopie errechnen: Es ergibt sich in Übereinstimmung mit einer früheren eigenen Untersuchung, daß mit dem Elektronenmikroskop auf der Grundlage der heute bekannten Emulsionen eine praktisch brauchbare Lebendmikroskopie hoher Auflösung nicht möglich ist. — Durch Aufnahme sehr scharfer, aber elektronenoptisch nur schwach vergrößerter Bilder von kolloidem Silber wird das Grenzauflösungsvermögen photographischer Platten unmittelbar bestimmt. Es erweist sich als in Übereinstimmung stehend mit dem aus Körnigkeit und Steilheit berechneten Auflösungsvermögen. Weiter wird gezeigt, daß man aus der Schwärzungsverteilung der Platte in Bereichen, die kleiner als das Auflösungsvermögen sind, keine Schlüsse mehr auf das abgebildete Objekt ziehen kann. In diesem Zusammenhang wird kritisch Stellung genommen zum Nachweis des Auflösungsvermögens von Elektronenmikroskopen aus elektronenoptisch ungenügend vergrößerten Bildern kleiner Objekte.

Field of study: Physics
Interaction of basement uplift and thin-skinned thrusting, Moxa arch and the Western Overthrust Belt, Wyoming: A hypothesis

Immediately north of Big Piney in western Wyoming, the Moxa arch is modeled as emplaced during the Late Cretaceous along an east-dipping, low-angle thrust (Moxa thrust) that has Precambrian basement and Paleozoic and younger cover rocks in the hanging wall. The west-verging Moxa thrust cut up-section from the basement-cover contact and flattened to the west along a detachment in Lower Triassic rocks (Thaynes detachment). During motion on the Moxa thrust, the leading edge of the hanging wall wedged westward along the Thaynes detachment, peeling back Triassic and younger rocks and thrusting them relatively eastward along the ancestral Prospect thrust. The 5.3 km of westward movement along the Moxa thrust was matched by eastward movement along the west-dipping ancestral Prospect thrust. The ancestral Prospect thrust moved an additional 5.1 km during the late Paleocene when thrust-belt deformation progressed eastward to the Moxa arch. It appears that in the Snider Basin area, the Prospect thrust does not share a ramp with the Darby thrust and that the emplacement of the Moxa arch and Prospect thrust determined the position of the later and more westerly Darby thrust.

Field of study: Geology
Izumoring: a strategy for bioproduction of all hexoses.

Izumoring is a new concept for the bioproduction of all hexose sugars - 16 aldohexoses, eight ketohexoses and 10 hexitols -- using enzymatic and microbiological reactions. The biocatalysts necessary for the strategy were (i) d-tagatose 3-epimerase [which epimerizes all ketohexoses at C-3 of the sugar], (ii) polyol dehydrogenases [which catalyze oxidation-reduction reactions between ketohexoses and the corresponding hexitols], and (iii) aldose isomerases [which catalyze isomerization reactions between aldohexoses and corresponding aldoketoses]. All ketohexoses, aldohexoses and hexitols may be arranged in a symmetric ring connected by the biochemical reactions, allowing the design for the bioproduction of all 34 hexose sugars. The ring shows there are four entrances to the l-hexose world from the natural d-hexoses. The Izumoring ring shows clearly the relationship and the position of all 34 six carbon sugars.

Field of study: Biology, Engineering