nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Climate Change: The Causes, Health Effects and Strategies

Some call it climate change and some global warming, regardless of the term used, it has been deemed the biggest global health threat of the 21st century. It is the 13th goal of United Nations Sustainable Developmental Goals (SDG). Multiple factors contribute to this global phenomenon including the anthropogenic causes which are man-made. The repercussions of this crisis are vast and bring effect environmentally and socioeconomically. These then ultimately lead towards an effect on individual as well as population health. 
Keywords: climate change, global warming, health impact, strategies

Field of study: Medicine
A few thoughts about the researches on the Chinese view of sports value

Based on his overview of the researches on the Chinese view of sports value,the author put forwarding 5 thoughts for further study from the perspective of sociology: The change of the view of sports value should be fur-ther studied under the background of social transition and economic system shunt;empirical researches should be made on the factors that affect the view of sport value;researches on the view of other subject value should be re-ferred to in order to make breakthroughs in the researches on the view of sports value;the system of the view of sports value should be expanded,and the researches on the view of sports value should be guided;social stratifica-tion is a new perspective for the researches on the view of sports value.

Field of study: Education
The Distribution of Wealth with Imperfect Altruism

In this paper, we study the distribution of wealth in an economy with infinitely lived families. Individual generations of each family may or may not be altruistic. This is represented as a preference shock which follows a first-order Markov process within each family, a feature representing imperfect altruism. Altruistic individuals care about the welfare of their children and are likely to leave bequests; selfish ones do not. This results in a non-trivial distribution of wealth among families at any point in time. We study an economy with a risk-free, linear production technology and show that a stationary distribution of wealth exists. This distribution is discrete and approximates the pareto distribution under additional restrictions. We also charac- terize conditions on the production technology which yields perpetual growth with increasing inequality.

Field of study: Economics
The exchange of nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide and ozone between pasture and the atmosphere.

Fluxes of NO, NO2 and O3 were determined over a drained marshland pasture in south-east England by using flux-gradient techniques. Nitric oxide was found to be emitted at rates of up to 40 ng m(-2) s(-1), the rate of emission being related to the magnitude of the eddy diffusivity. Nitrogen dioxide deposited at rates of up to 90 ng m(-2) s(-1) under the control of stomatal resistance, a clear diurnal cycle being observed. Minimum canopy resistance was of the order of 80 s m(-1). Ozone deposition was also controlled by stomatal resistance, the minimum canopy resistance being around 100 s m(-1) and fluxes reaching a maximum of 220 ng m(-2) s(-1). Corrections made to NO and NO2 fluxes to compensate for chemical reactions showed flux divergences of the order of 30% for NO and NO2, but these were not statistically significantly different from the measured fluxes. The pasture was found to be a net sink for nitrogen in the form of NOx.

Field of study: Environmental science
An Extension of the Almost Sure Central Limit Theorem for Products of Sums Under Association

We show that if {X n , n ≥ 1} is a strictly stationary positively or negatively associated sequence of positive random variables with , and (d k ) is a positive numerical sequence obeying a condition similar to Kolmogorov's condition for the LIL, then letting we have where , γ = σ/μ the coefficient of variation, F(·) is the distribution function of the random variable , and 𝒩 is a standard normal random variable. This shows that logarithmic means, used traditionally in a.s. central limit theory for products of sums, can be replaced by other means, leading to considerably sharper results.

Field of study: Mathematics
COL1A1/2 Pathogenic Variants and Phenotype Characteristics in Ukrainian Osteogenesis Imperfecta Patients

Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is a hereditary bone disorder caused by defects of type I collagen. Although up to 90% of patients harbor pathogenic variants in the COL1A1/2 gene, which codes for collagen α1/2 chains, the spectrum of OI genotypes may differ between populations, and there is academic controversy around OI genotype-phenotype correlations. In the current study, 94 Ukrainian OI families were interviewed. Clinical and genealogical information was collected from patients in spoken form, and their phenotypes were described. To identify the spectrum of collagen I pathogenic variants, COL1A1/2 mutational analysis with Sanger sequencing was performed on the youngest affected individual of every family. Of the 143 patients investigated, 67 (46.85%) had type I OI, 24 (16.78%) had type III, 49 (34.27%) had type IV, and III (2.10%) had type V. The mean number of fractures suffered per patient per year was 1.32 ± 2.88 (type I 0.50 ± 0.43; type III 3.51 ± 6.18; type IV 1.44 ± 1.77; and type 5 0.77 ± 0.23). 87.23% of patients had skeletal deformations of different severity. Blue sclera, dentinogenesis imperfecta, and hearing loss were present in 87%, 55%, and 22% of patients, respectively. COL1A1/2 pathogenic variants were harbored by 60 patients (63.83%). 27 pathogenic variants are described herein for the first time. The majority of the pathogenic variants were located in the COL1A1 gene (76.19%). Half (49.21%) of the pathogenic variants were represented by structural variants. OI phenotype severity was highly correlated with type of collagen I defect. The current article presents an analysis of the clinical manifestations and COL1A1/2 mutational spectrum of 94 Ukrainian OI families with 27 novel COL1A1/2 pathogenic variants. It is hoped that this data and its analysis will contribute toward the increased understanding of the phenotype development and genetics of the disorder.

Field of study: Biology
Photolysis Behavior of Herbicide Propisochlor in Water Media and Preliminary Analysis of Photoproducts Under Different Light Sources

Photolysis behavior of a new herbicide propisochlor in water media as well as the effects of light sources, initial concentration of propisochlor, pH value, dissolved oxygen (DO) level, and salinity on the photolysis process was investigated. It was found that the relationship between initial concentration of propisochlor and its photodegradation rate was negatively correlated. The changes in acidity and alkalinity of the reaction medium influenced the photoreaction rate evidently. In the alkaline solution the degradation was accelerated. In the reaction media with different pH values, the photolysis followed the first-order kinetics. The presence of dissolved oxygen may promote the photolysis and there existed an optimum of dissolved oxygen concentrations. Increasing the DO level can weaken the promotion and even have an adverse effect. It was demonstrated that with dissolved oxygen the photodegradation of propisochlor followed the first-order kinetics equation. The addition of salt ions Ca2+ and Mg2+ changed the ionic strength and solvent polarity, resulting in the effect on propisochlor photolysis. The photoproducts were detected by both HPLC and GC-MS methods. It was found that photolysis products varied under different light sources. Conclusions may be reached that in the photodegradation of propisochlor, the benzene ring remained intact under irradiation of both solar light and high-pressure mercury lamp, and the amido link was relatively stable, while dechlorination was liable to take place; moreover, α-hydrogen at the substituent of benzene ring was active.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Stakeholder perceptions of red lionfish (Pterois volitans) as a threat to the ecosystem and its potential for human consumption in Quintana Roo, Mexico

The invasion of red lionfish, Pterois volitans (hereafter lionfish), in the Atlantic Ocean has been a matter of concern among scientist, managers, and stakeholders. Managers and scientists of the region have responded to this invasion by promoting consumption as a measure of population control. The present study provides information regarding perceptions of stakeholders (diver-fishermen, restaurant owners, and fish consumers) related to the lionfish invasion as a threat to fisheries, as well as lionfish consumption in Cozumel and Puerto Morelos, Mexico. For both locations, all stakeholders perceived lionfish as a threat to the local fisheries and ecosystem, but diver-fishermen and fish consumers perceived lionfish as a resource to provide benefits through human consumption; all stakeholders showed high willingness to taste and consume lionfish. The information derived from stakeholder perceptions can be a useful tool to better understand the socio-ecological context related to a biological invasion. This information can provide key elements guiding management strategies to the lionfish invasion, and other marine invasive species, in the region.

Field of study: Environmental science
Benchmarking Jiangsu University to Improve Its Academic Ranking

This paper collates research on global ranking through U.S.News.com in relation to Jiangsu University’s non-appearance in global ranking of higher education institutions. The author critiques the Academic set up of the University in comparison with universities Ranked as World Class. The author navigates the study largely through descriptive and critical synthesis of published research and their variances. He explains how these measures improve the performance and ranking position of a Higher Education Institution (HEI). Looking at the international ranking systems in the world, and zeroing down to U.S.News.com; the author puts out the theory of all departments’ focus on generating quality research, high quality publications and internationalization to meet the demands of World University ranking by addressing the Gap in Jiangsu University (JU) and how to close it  Higher education ranking, Jiangsu University, U.S.News.com, international, indicators, weights

Field of study: Education
Electron Capture Cross Sections for Low Velocity Neq+ (q = 2,3,4,5 & 6) Incident upon Atomic Hydrogen

Measurements of electron capture cross sections for low velocity Neq+ ions (q = 2,3,4,5 & 6) in collisions with atomic hydrogen will be discussed. The Ne ions are obtained from a recoil ion source using a F4+ pump beam from the EN tandem accelerator. Time-of-flight techniques and post interaction electrostatic analysis provide for the experimental determination of the electron capture cross sections. Comparisons to the theories of Olson and Salop and Ryufuku et al. will be presented.

Field of study: Physics
Book Review: Surviving Death: A Practical Guide to Caring for the Dying and Bereaved

conservatism. but a serious and developed body of scholarly literature. May finishes with an interesting argument in favor of the truth of moral absolutes. He maintains that in making free choices. we do not simply choose to cause a transient bit of behavior. In choosing to do something. we determine our moral selves we give a character and shape to our moral personalities which endure until a contrary choice is made. Moral life is not so much a matter of producing good outcomes as constituting selves that are open to all that is really good. Moral absolutes provide essential guidelines for choices which have this openness. For if one violates moral absolutes. one rejects some part of what is good for human beings. Thus. one who chooses to kill an innocent person for whatever reason sets his or her heart against the good of life; one who chooses to do one of the sexual acts which the Church has rejected by one of the moral absolutes taught in the area of sexual morality sets aside the real goods of sexuality in favor of momentary satisfaction or a pale imitation of the real human goods at stake. This raises a question: why do moral absolutes. as distinct from other moral principles and norms. have a special role in preserving openness to all the goods of human beings? It seems that one who violates a moral norm. even one that is nonabsolute. rejects something of what is good for people. One who breaks his word when the circumstances do notjustify it . constitutes himself as a promise breaker. as one who cares less than one should about the bonds of trust between persons and about the other goods which trustworthy cooperation makes possible. May's conviction that moral absolutes are especially important in preserving openness to the human good is surely right . but he needs a fuller account of why. Is it because they are clearer. or because they function differently in the moral reasoning of one who cares about them? For moral absolutes do seem to function differently than other norms: once one sees that an action is excluded by a moral absolute. one knows that further consideration of the action is simply out of the question. Knowing more about the action and its circumstances is not going to change the fact that that action is of a kind which is simply wrong. Or is there perhaps something much more profound here? I hope that May. and others within the Church. will pursue this matter further. Still , if May's little book has not said everything which might be said on the difficult matter of moral absolutes . it is a real contribution to the discussion, and should prove helpful not only to professional moralists but to all who want to intelligently find their way through the complex arguments of contemporary moral theology. These debates are in many ways unfortunate. but . as May's book makes clear. they have forced us to think more deeply and more clearly than ever before about the most fundamental and enduring issues of Christian moral life. Joseph Boyle SI. Michael's College University of Toronto

Field of study: Medicine, Philosophy
Calibrated Estimators of Population Mean for a Mail Survey Design

In this article, we consider the problem of estimating the population mean of a study variable in the presence of non-response in a mail survey design. We introduce calibrated estimators of the population mean of a study variable in the presence of a known auxiliary variable. Using simulation the proposed calibrated estimators of population mean are compared to the Hansen and Hurwitz (1946) estimator under different situations for fixed cost as well for fixed sample size. The results are then extended for the use of multi-auxiliary information and stratified random sampling. We consider the problem of estimating the average total family income in the US in the presence of known auxiliary information on total income per person, age of the person, and poverty. We compute the relative efficiency of the proposed estimator over the Hansen and Hurwitz (1946) estimator through the use of large real datasets. Results are also presented for sub-populations consisting of whites, blacks, others, and two or more races in addition to considering them together in a population.

Field of study: Mathematics
UNA ESPECIE NUEVA DE PHTHEIROPOIOS (PHTHIRAPTERA, AMBLYCERA) PARASITA DE CTENOMYS SP. (RODENTIA, OCTODONTIDAE) DE LA PROVINCIA DE CORDOBA, ARGENTINA

En este trabajo nos ocupamos de una especie nueva de Phtheiropoios, parasita de una especie aun no descripta de Ctenomys procedente de la provincia de Cordoba, Argentina. Se diferencia de las dos restantes incluidas en el "grupo forficulatus" por sus medidas corporales, menor numero de setas abdominales en los segmentos I-IV, tamano y proporciones de los genitales externos masculinos, y tamano, forma y proporciones del digito y tarsomero II de la forficula masculina. Ademas de la caracteristica corionica externa de los huevos y la descripcion morfologica, se analiza la distribucion de las tres especies de este grupo en sus hospederos respectivos, concluyendo que todas son geograficamente alopatricas y que han tenido su propia historia evolutiva dentro de tres linajes diferentes de Ctenomys

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Praseodymium oxide formation by thermal decomposition of a praseodymium complex

In the present work, the synthesis of the hydrated citrate of Pr by amorphous citrate method under the same conditions used for the preparation of PrBa 2 Cu 4 O 8 system, is reported. The thermal decomposition of the complex was studied in air, nitrogen and oxygen, in order to investigate and identify the final oxides and the intermediates obtained during decomposition. A special attention was paid to the thermal decomposition of the Pr–carbonate octahydrate used in the synthesis as starting material. The experiments were performed by thermogravimetry, differential thermal analysis, X-ray diffraction and infrared spectroscopy.

Field of study: Materials science
The Cost of Living in Glasgow in the Early Nineteenth Century

I N the debate on the standard of living during the Industrial Revolution many historians, while bemoaning the absence of systematic data relating to local retail prices, have nevertheless made generalizations based on the movement of indexes derived from London's wholesale and institutional prices. There has been very little research into regional price data, and this is hardly surprising in view of the nature of the  In these circumstances, one may feel perturbed by the implications of T. S. Ashton's categoric statement that: "We cannot measure changes in real wages by means of an index of wholesale or institutional prices. We cannot apply the price data of one area to the wage data of another."3 This anxiety is emphasized by the fact that in a recent work which made much of the aggregative approach to economic history, the authors admitted that "each region had its own price history and its own set of price relationships."4 But is it necessarily so dangerous to rely upon the price series of Rousseaux, or of Gayer, Rostow, and Schwartz ?5 Might not a carefully weighted analysis of London wholesale prices be preferred to crude and incomplete regional data? This article provides a cost-of-living index for an important industrial centre, using local retail price information. The results make possible a comparison of the price experience of Glasgow in the early nineteenth century with that suggested in the "London series".

Field of study: Economics, History
The dual parameterization approach to optimal least square FIR filter design subject to maximum error constraints

This paper is concerned with the design of linear-phase finite impulse response (FIR) digital filters for which the weighted least square error is minimized, subject to maximum error constraints. The design problem is formulated as a semi-infinite quadratic optimization problem. Using a newly developed dual parameterization method in conjunction with the Caratheodory's dimensional theorem, an equivalent dual finite dimensional optimization problem is obtained. The connection between the primal and the dual problems is established. A computational procedure is devised for solving the dual finite dimensional optimization problem. The optimal solution to the primal problem can then be readily obtained from the dual optimal solution. For illustration, examples are solved using the proposed computational procedure.

Field of study: Engineering
Efficient Fully Homomorphic Encryption from (Standard) LWE

We present a fully homomorphic encryption scheme that is based solely on the(standard) learning with errors (LWE) assumption. Applying known results on LWE, the security of our scheme is based on the worst-case hardness of ``short vector problems'' on arbitrary lattices. Our construction improves on previous works in two aspects:\begin{enumerate}\item We show that ``somewhat homomorphic'' encryption can be based on LWE, using a new {\em re-linearization} technique. In contrast, all previous schemes relied on complexity assumptions related to ideals in various rings. \item We deviate from the "squashing paradigm'' used in all previous works. We introduce a new {\em dimension-modulus reduction} technique, which shortens the cipher texts and reduces the decryption complexity of our scheme, {\em without introducing additional assumptions}. \end{enumerate}Our scheme has very short cipher texts and we therefore use it to construct an asymptotically efficient LWE-based single-server private information retrieval (PIR) protocol. The communication complexity of our protocol (in the public-key model) is $k \cdot \polylog(k)+\log \dbs$ bits per single-bit query (here, $k$ is a security parameter).

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Search for low-energy resonances in the electron-positron annihilation-in-flight photon spectrum.

We present the results of a search for resonantlike structures in the two-photon decay channel of the ${e}^{+}\ensuremath{-}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ system at energies corresponding to the anomalous peaks seen at Gesellschaft f\"ur Schwerionen-forschung in heavy-ion reactions. Within our sensitivity, no evidence for resonances at the 3% level was found. This enables us to exclude the existence of a Wong-Becker-type particle and to set an upper limit on the ratio $\frac{{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{\gamma}}}{{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{{e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}}}\ensuremath{\le}0.7$ at 810 keV.

Field of study: Physics
Research for Fuzzy Matching Algorithm of Key Semantic Class in Chinese Spoken Language Understanding

This paper focuses on obtaining key semantic concepts by fuzzy matching method to solve some problems such as words' variation induced by automatic speech recognition( ASR),or missing field of key information by users in the process of voice search.Two-stage method is proposed: first,conditional random field( CRF) is used for building probabilistic models to segment and label entity names from an input sentence. Second,similarity measures are computed on Chinese pinyin of both the named entities labeled by CRF model and reference characters of dictionary. Then a key semantic concept with maximum similarity will replace the wrong named entity. Furthermore,considering one-best fuzzy matching result may be not the one which users want to,experiments about10-best are conducted to provide more candidate results for people. We compared fuzzy matching algorithms based on different similarity functions. The experiment shows that similarity measures based on Chinese pinyin method can achieve higher performance than that of based on Chinese characters.

Field of study: Computer science