nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Discovery and characterization of a novel inhibitor of CDC25B, LGH00045

Cell division cycle 25 (CDC25) phosphatases have recently been considered as potential targets for the development of new cancer therapeutic agents. We aimed to discover novel CDC25B inhibitors in the present study.A molecular level high-throughput screening (HTS) assay was set up to screen a set of 48000 pure compounds.HTS, whose average Z′ factor is 0.55, was finished and LGH00045, a mixed-type CDC25B inhibitor with a novel structure and relative selectivity for protein tyrosine phosphatases, was identified. Furthermore, LGH00045 impaired the proliferation of tumor cells and increased cyclin-dependent kinase 1 inhibitory tyrosine phosphorylation. In synchronized HeLa cells, LGH00045 delayed cell cycle progression at the G2–M transition.LGH00045, a novel CDC25B inhibitor identified through HTS, showed good inhibition on the proliferation of tumor cells and affected the cell cycle progression, which makes it a good hit for further structure modification.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Selection of Design Parameters for a Slurry Injection Tool

Injection has been recognized as an effective method for land application of liquid slurry. Optimization design is essential for developing higher-performance injection tools and identifying potential improvement of existing tools. In this study, design parameters of an injection tool were determined through minimizing the tool draft force with constraints which ensured that the desired amount of slurry can be injected into the soil without slurry being exposed on the soil surface. Four sweeps with different working widths (50, 110, 180, and 250 mm) and a constant rake angle of 15° were selected through applying the optimization approach. The four sweeps were tested at different working depths (75, 100, and 125 mm below soil surface) in a field with loamy sandy soil. The results showed that draft force and soil cross-sectional area tilled had similar trends as predicted in the optimization in terms of the effects of sweep width and working depth. Among all the combinations of sweep width and working depth, the 180 mm sweep working at 100 mm depth had the best performance, as indicated by its lowest draft force and most favorable soil surface profile for covering injected slurry.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Quantenphysik der biologischen Röntgenstrahlenwirkung

ZusammenfassungHistorischer Überblick über die Treffertheorie. — Erweiterung der Theorie durch Berücksichtigung der Reichweite der Elektronen. — Diskussion der Wellenlängenabhängigkeit der Schädigungskurven. — Prüfung der Theorie durch Versuche an verschiedenen biologischen Objekten. — Diskussion des Einflusses der Vielzelligkeit und der biologischen Variabilität.

Field of study: Physics
Properties of Reaction Products between Cytosine and F4TCNQ in MeOH: Two Hemiprotonated Cytosine Salts with F4TCNQ Radical Anion and Methoxy Adduct Anion

The reaction of cytosine with 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane and MeOH generated two kinds of salts involving a radical anion and a methoxy adduct anion with a hemiprotonated cytosine pair as the cation part. The crystal structure of the methoxy adduct salt showed a two-dimensional layered structure based on the intermolecular hydrogen bonds.

Field of study: Chemistry
Identification of glycinin in vivo as a polyamine-conjugated protein via a gamma-glutamyl linkage.

To identify a polyamine-conjugated protein by the action of transglutaminase in the absence of radiolabelled polyamine, extracts prepared from the leaves and developing soybean seeds were investigated for the specific activity of transglutaminase and the content of free polyamines. We identified the major storage protein, glycinin, as a polyamine-conjugated protein. This was established by the following procedures: (1) immunolocalization with antibody against putrescine prepared in rabbit against putrescine-BSA conjugate; (2) immunocross-reactivity on nitrocellulose transblot of the purified glycinin subunits by using antibody against putrescine; (3) identification of polyamines in acid hydrolysates of purified glycinin; (4) release of polyamines in proteolytic digests through the catalytic action of gamma-glutamylamine cyclotransferase, an enzyme specific for the disassembly of gamma-glutamylamines. The activity of gamma-glutamylamine cyclotransferase was also identified in soybean seeds.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
A Raman study of the binding of Fe(III) to ATP and AMP.

ATP-Fe and AMP-Fe complexes in water (H2O and 2H2O) at pH 7.5 were studied using Raman spectroscopy. Parallel and perpendicular polarization spectra were recorded in the spectral range 200-1650 cm-1, and the depolarization ratios for most of the bands were calculated. The changes in the frequencies, intensities and depolarization ratios of the ATP and AMP bands after the addition of FeCl3 showed that the adenine moiety, in addition to the phosphate(s), was involved in the binding of Fe to both ATP and AMP. Direct interactions of Fe(III) with the phosphate chain and the N-7 nitrogen and indirect interaction (via water molecules) with the amide group were proposed for the ATP-Fe complex. In contrast, direct interaction with the phosphate group and indirect interaction with the amide group were observed for the AMP-Fe complex. The different interactions of the two complexes suggest an 'anti' conformation for the ATP-Fe complex and a 'syn' conformation for the AMP-Fe complex. The strong binding of Fe to ATP compared with AMP and the difference in the conformation of the ATP-Fe and the AMP-Fe complexes may be significant in the pathway of Fe release in mitochondria.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
A Review and Expectation of the Studies of Articles in China

For the last 25 years,studies on articles have transformed from qualitative research to quantitative research and from holistic research to local research.The main researches are as follows: 1) theoretical research on the functions and uses of articles at the early stage;2) more detailed research at the second stage especially on zero articles and article translation;3) corpus-based researches on learners' acquisition and misuse of articles in a passage more recently.Review of domestic article researches is supposed to provide a better direction for research and teaching.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
The practice and principles of community-based wildlife management in Zimbabwe: the CAMPFIRE programme

This paper describes Zimbabwe's wildlife-based CAMPFIRE programme. It suggests that community-based natural resource management is a potential solution to the inter-linked problems of poverty and conservation if it is based on sound management principles that also incorporate transparency, accountability and democracy because the unit of management is a community.This first section suggests that many of the causes of these natural resource problems in communal lands are a result of the failure of mechanisms to price and allocate resources efficiently. The second section describes the evolution of CAMPFIRE, while the third section summarizes the principles that underpin the programme. The fourth section discusses the governance of natural resources and describes the process by which rights to wildlife have been devolved. This emphasizes how important political and administrative systems are to wildlife conservation. CAMPFIRE can be viewed as a five-step process: getting an enabling political, legal, administrative and economic environment; creating awareness and a demand for the programme; generating revenues; using these revenues effectively; and, finally, setting in place the institutions and capacity for locally-based natural resource management. The first four sections of the paper deal with step on — the enabling environment, what it is and how it came about. The final section describes the actual implementation of the programme and is rather brief.

Field of study: Environmental science
Study on Platinum Coating Depth in Focused Ion Beam Diamond Cutting Tool Milling and Methods for Removing Platinum Layer

In recent years, nanomachining has attracted increasing attention in advanced manufacturing science and technologies as a value-added processes to control material structures, components, devices, and nanoscale systems. To make sub-micro patterns on these products, micro/nanoscale single-crystal diamond cutting tools are essential. Popular non-contact methods for the macro/micro processing of diamond composites are pulsed laser ablation (PLA) and electric discharge machining (EDM). However, for manufacturing nanoscale diamond tools, these machining methods are not appropriate. Despite diamond’s extreme physical properties, diamond can be micro/nano machined relatively easily using a focused ion beam (FIB) technique. In the FIB milling process, the surface properties of the diamond cutting tool is affected by the amorphous damage layer caused by the FIB gallium ion collision and implantation and these influence the diamond cutting tool edge sharpness and increase the processing procedures. To protect the diamond substrate, a protection layer—platinum (Pt) coating is essential in diamond FIB milling. In this study, the depth of Pt coating layer which could decrease process-induced damage during FIB fabrication is investigated, along with methods for removing the Pt coating layer on diamond tools. The optimum Pt coating depth has been confirmed, which is very important for maintaining cutting tool edge sharpness and decreasing processing procedures. The ultra-precision grinding method and etching with aqua regia method have been investigated for removing the Pt coating layer. Experimental results show that when the diamond cutting tool width is bigger than 500 nm, ultra-precision grinding method is appropriate for removing Pt coating layer on diamond tool. However, the ultra-precision grinding method is not recommended for removing the Pt coating layer when the cutting tool width is smaller than 500 nm, because the possibility that the diamond cutting tool is damaged by the grinding process will be increased. Despite the etching method requiring more procedures to remove the Pt coating layer after FIB milling, it is a feasible method for diamond tools with under 500 nm width.

Field of study: Materials science
Revealing the transversal continuum of natural landscapes in coastal zones - Case of the Turkish Mediterranean coast

The study presents an analytical framework for examining the transversal structure, rather than the longitudinal pattern of the landscape in coastal zones. Our methodology introduces the concept of the ‘band’ as an alternative to the ‘buffer zone’. The Band is a dynamic notion which is rooted in the organic structure of landscape patterns and which relies on the order of adjacency/connectivity between land cover patches and the coastline. The study utilizes CORINE Land Cover data to produce 10 bands that stretch along the Turkish Mediterranean coast. By introducing two extra attributes: ‘band level’ and ‘transversal continuum depth’, this method is useful for the identification of; (i) transversally connected coastal natural landscape mosaics, (ii) endangered natural landscape patches to be conserved, and (iii) potential artificial surfaces to be restored. The workflow is formalized via Model Builder (ArcGIS), and is applicable to any coastal context in support of diverse decision making processes such as those of Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM).

Field of study: Environmental science
The $a_0$ -- cosmology connection in MOND

I limelight and review a potentially crucial aspect of MOND: The near equality of the MOND acceleration constant, $a_0$ -- as deduced from local, galactic phenomena -- and cosmological parameters. To wit, $a_0\sim c H_0\sim c^2\Lambda^{1/2}\sim c^2/\ell_U$, where $H_0$ is the present value of the Hubble-Lema\^{i}tre constant, $\Lambda$ is the `cosmological constant', and $\ell_U$ is a cosmological characteristic length; e.g., the Hubble distance, or the de Sitter radius associated with $\Lambda$. In itself, this near equality has some important phenomenological consequences, such as the impossibility of black holes, and of cosmological strong lensing, in the MOND regime. More importantly perhaps, this `coincidence' may be a pointer to the `FUNDAMOND' -- the more basic theory underlying MOND phenomenology. The manners in which such a relation emerges in existing, underlying scheme of MOND are also reviewed, interlaced with examples of similar relations in other physical systems, between apparently-fundamental velocity, length, and acceleration constants. Such analogies may point the way to explanation of the MOND `coincidence'.

Field of study: Physics
Attitudes Toward Education and Effectiveness of the Classroom Teacher Student Teacher Relationship

Three independent rankings of classroom teachers' supervisory effectiveness were obtained from (a) 47 classroom teachers, (b) 91 student teachers, and (c) 12 university personnel. All persons were familiar with the supervisory behavior of the 47 teachers. Each classroom teacher and student teacher also completed two standard ized attitude toward education scales, which yielded four scores. The results indicated that teachers with highly progressive and/or highly traditional attitudes toward education tended to be perceived by student teachers as somewhat less effective supervisors. There were consistent differences between supervisory class room teachers and student teachers with respect to at titudes toward education. THIS STUDY was prompted by a concern over the potential pairing of student teachers and elementary classroom teachers espousing different attitudes toward education. The purpose of the study was to determine the relationship between the effectiveness of the super vising classroom teacher and the attitudes of the class room and student teachers. Social psychology theory suggests that relationships are facilitated when persons are in agreement on the philosophical and psychological dimension in question. Classroom teachers are traditionally stereotyped as being more conservative than liberal. Student teachers are typically assumed to be moderate to liberal in their edu cational attitudes but certainly more liberal than class room teachers. If there is a discrepancy between the edu cational attitudes of these two groups of persons, is this

Field of study: Education
EARTHQUAKE DISASTER PREDICTION PROGRAM FOR BUILDINGS IN TSINGHUA UNIVERSITY AND ITS APPLICATION IN LEARNING AND TEACHING IN CIVIL ENGINEERING

"Earthquake disaster prediction program for campus buildings in Tsinghua University" is a program developed to use campus buildings as study objects. This program implements functions of conducting elasto-plastic time-history analyses, as well as featured with earthquake disaster visualization. This program is to be applied to the learning and teaching activities in civil engineering, with an aim of facilitating students to understand the concepts and theories from lectures, whilst inspiring students' enthusiasm in studying and exploration.

Field of study: Engineering
Hall polynomials for affine quivers

We use the comultiplication to prove that Hall polynomials exist for all finite and affine quivers. In the finite and cyclic cases, this approach provides a new and simple proof of the existence of Hall polynomials. In general, these polynomials are defined with respect to the decomposition classes of Bongartz and Dudek, a generalisation of the Segre classes for square matrices.

Field of study: Mathematics
The pneumotoxicant paraquat induces IL-8 mRNA in human mononuclear cells and pulmonary epithelial cells.

Paraquat (PQ) is a herbicide which is highly pneumotoxic by generating reactive oxygen intermediates (ROI). Pro-inflammatory cytokines, particularly IL-1 and TNF, have been implicated in some ROI-mediated pathologies, including bleomycin toxicity and ischaemia/reperfusion injury. We have studied the effect of PQ on the expression of the neutrophil chemotactic cytokine, IL-8, by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). While almost no IL-8 mRNA was detected in unstimulated cells, PQ (100 microM) induced high mRNA expression with a maximum at 24 h of incubation. While PQ did stimulate the appearance of IL-8 mRNA, no significant production of IL-8 protein was detected. However, PQ potentiated the production of IL-8 in the presence of 1 ng/ml of endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide, LPS). This was paralleled by an increased production of chemotactic activity for neutrophils, indicating that the IL-8 was actually bioactive. Stimulation of IL-8 mRNA by PQ was suppressed by IL-4 and by free radical scavengers (dimethylsulfoxide, mannitol). Increased IL-8 expression by PQ was also observed in the human pulmonary epithelial cell line A549 indicating that the effect of PQ was not specific for PBMC. These findings suggest that IL-8 might be involved in the pulmonary effects of PQ and that its production might be stimulated following an oxidative insult, and might clarify the pathogenetic mechanisms of adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) or oxidant-induced pulmonary fibrosis.

Field of study: Medicine
Crystallization of mitochondrial respiratory complex II from chicken heart: a membrane-protein complex diffracting to 2.0 A.

A procedure is presented for preparation of diffraction-quality crystals of a vertebrate mitochondrial respiratory complex II. The crystals have the potential to diffract to at least 2.0 A with optimization of post-crystal-growth treatment and cryoprotection. This should allow determination of the structure of this important and medically relevant membrane-protein complex at near-atomic resolution and provide great detail of the mode of binding of substrates and inhibitors at the two substrate-binding sites.

Field of study: Chemistry
Bertini intra-nuclear cascade implementation in Geant4

We present here a intra-nuclear cascade model implemented in Geant4 5.0. The cascade model is based on re-engineering of INUCL code. Models included are Bertini intra-nuclear cascade model with exitons, preequilibrium model, nucleus explosion model, fission model, and evaporation model. Intermediate energy nuclear reactions from 100 MeV to 3 GeV energy are treated for proton, neutron, pions, photon and nuclear isotopes. We represent overview of the models, review results achieved from simulations and make comparisons with experimental data.

Field of study: Physics
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF THE QUEENSWAY FOLDS, OTTAWA, CANADA

The Queensway folds are an anticline–syncline pair in layered limestone and shale of the Ottawa Formation in the Ottawa – St. Lawrence Lowlands. They are parallel, flexural-slip folds with horizontal axes trending northwest, parallel to the surface trace of the Gloucester fault.Five principal fracture subpatterns were recognized in the fold-pair, caused by at least four geometrically distinct stress fields. The principal stress directions at failure for all five subpatterns coincided, moreover, with the three orthogonal fabric axes, and the maximum principal stress was either parallel or perpendicular to the fold axes and to the Gloucester fault.Slickenside striae on bedding and on fractures at an angle to bedding indicate two principal kinematic patterns in the fold-pair; the one arises from motion in the deformation plane as a consequence of the folding and the other from strike-slip motion perpendicular to that plane as a consequence of displacement on the Gloucester fault.Slickensides indicate that each bed was free to move relative to adjacent ones during folding and that the fundamental structural unit in flexural-slip folding is the bed. Model studies support the field data and indicate that the sense and magnitude of interbed slip in any structural position is dependent upon an integral of conditions throughout the fold-pair and that the fundamental fold unit is the anticline–syncline pair.

Field of study: Environmental science
ON THE FOUNDATIONS OF STATISTICAL INFERENCE: BINARY EXPERIMENTS'

In Part A (Sections 1-5) the canonical forms of experiments concerning two simple hypotheses, and their partial ordering, are discussed. It is proved that every such experiment is a mixture (in a probability sense) of simple experiments whose sample spaces contain only two points. In Parts B (Sections 6-8) some general aspects of inference and decision problems are discussed in the usual theoretical framework, in which the overall mathematical model of an experiment is the frame of reference for all interpretations of outcomes. In Part C (Sections 9-16), attention is directed to that traditional function and basic problem of mathematical statistics, called here "informative inference," whose object is to recognize and report in appropriate objective terms those features of experimental outcomes which constitute statistical evidence relevant to hypotheses (or parameter values) of interest. The mathematical structure of statistical evidence and its qualitative and quantitative properties, are analyzed by application of (1) the mathematical results of Part A, which show that conditional experimental frames of reference (in the mixture sense) exist and are recognizable much more widely than has previously been realized; and (2) a single extra-mathematical proposition which many statisticians seem inclined to accept as appropriate for purposes of informative inference, a "principle of conditionality" which asserts that any outcome of any experiment which is a mixture of component experiments should be interpreted in the same way as if it were an outcome of just a corresponding component experiment (with the overall mixture structure otherwise ignored). This analysis establishes the likelihood function as the appropriate basis from which statistical inferences can be made directly without other reference to the structure of an experiment. For the numerical values of the likelihood function, this analysis provides direct interpretations in terms of probabilities of errors. These probabilities admit frequency interpretations of the usual kind, but they are not in general defined with reference to the specific experiment from which an outcome is obtained: they express intrinsic objective properties of the likelihood function itself, which this analysis shows to be appropriately relevant and directly useful for purposes of informative inference. The relations of this analysis of problems of informative inference to problems of testing statistical hypotheses, decision-making, conclusions, and Bayesian treatments of inference problems are discussed briefly. Generalizations of these mathematical results and their interpretations for problems involving more than two simple hypotheses will be given in a following paper.

Field of study: Mathematics
Heat Leakage Analysis on Peltier Current Leads of Different Structures

In order to expand applications of Peltier current leads (PCLs), serial-connection, variable cross-section, and copper-aluminum composite designs of conduction-cooled PCLs were introduced in this paper. The simulation models for each design were established. The results showed that serial connection of thermoelectric semiconductors with the same type is unavailable in conduction-cooled PCLs. For specified lengths of PCLs in some special occasions, the variable cross-section design is quite available. However, its decrease of heat leakages is limited. And the copper-aluminum composite structure can also reduce heat leakages.

Field of study: Physics