nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Effect of the direct current on microstructure, tensile property and bonding strength of pure silver wires

In the microelectronics assembly and packaging industry, the wire bonding has become an important process to connect lead frames and pads. In the past, gold and copper were the main materials of wire bonding. However, the cost of gold wires is getting higher nowadays and yet wire bonding cannot be wholly replaced by copper wire; thus silver wires become a novel bonding material in recent years. The reliability test of wires was a static method; this study leads electrical current into the wires to estimate the structural changing and interface properties of Al pads (positive and negative pad). After leading 90% critical fusing current density (CFCD) into a 23 μm silver wire, some grains of silver wire had grown up and formed into equal-diameter grains (EDG). After the current test, the fracture position of bonded wires moved from heat affect zone (HAZ) of electric flame-off (EFO) to the neck of HAZ. Otherwise, the current test would reduce the tensile strength of wire. The bonding strength of the positive pad was lower than that of the negative pad. The intermetallic compound (IMC) of bonding interface was AgAl 2 .

Field of study: Engineering
Prevalence of Social Anxiety Disorder and Impact on School Performance among Secondary School Students in Taif City, KSA

Social anxiety disorder (SAD) is a prevalent condition in Saudi Arabia, especially in people who are in their adolescent years. However, there is no available data on social anxiety disorder in Taif secondary male schools.  to explore the magnitude and associated factors of social anxiety disorder among secondary school students, Taif, KSA, January, 2019.  A cross-sectional study was carried out at Taif city, including a representative random sample of male secondary schools enrolled in private and governmental schools throughout the academic year 2018-2019. Data were collected using a self–administered questionnaire. It included socio-demographic characteristics of the students as well as the Arabic version of Social Phobia Inventory (SPIN) to assess SAD among them.  The study included 190 students. The age of about one-third of them (34.7%) was 17 years whereas that of 30.5% was 18 years or above. More than half of the participants (56.3%) were recruited from governmental schools. The prevalence of social phobia was 17.9%; it was mild among 11.6% of them and severe among only 2.1%. Students of lower educated mothers were more likely to have severe forms of the disorder, p=0.030. There was no difference between students of private and governmental schools regarding prevalence and severity of social phobia. Social anxiety disorder had no impact of school performance of the affected students.  The prevalence of social anxiety disorder among secondary school students in Taif is within the range of other Saudi studies. However, it is higher than those reported in Western countries and affects a considerable proportion of students.

Field of study: Medicine
MIRON ONUFRIEVICH LOZINSKII (22.08.1933-19.01.2011)

By V. N. Britsun, Yu. G. Shermolovich; V. D. Orlov; The Editorial Board of "Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds". English translation in Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds , 2011, 47 (8), pp 919-922 http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10593-011-0857-2

Field of study: Chemistry
Thalamic stimulation and functional magnetic resonance imaging: localization of cortical and subcortical activation with implanted electrodes. Technical note.

The utility of functional magnetic resonance (fMR) imaging in patients with implanted thalamic electrodes has not yet been determined. The aim of this study was to establish the safety of performing fMR imaging in patients with thalamic deep brain stimulators and to determine the value of fMR imaging in detecting cortical and subcortical activity during stimulation. Functional MR imaging was performed in three patients suffering from chronic pain and two patients with essential tremor. Two of the three patients with pain had undergone electrode implantation in the thalamic sensory ventralis caudalis (Vc) nucleus and the other had undergone electrode implantation in both the Vc and the periventricular gray (PVG) matter. Patients with tremor underwent electrode implantation in the ventralis intermedius (Vim) nucleus. Functional MR imaging was performed during stimulation by using a pulse generator connected to a transcutaneous extension lead. Clinically, Vc stimulation evoked paresthesias in the contralateral body, PVG stimulation evoked a sensation of diffuse internal body warmth, and Vim stimulation caused tremor arrest. Functional images were acquired using a 1.5-tesla MR imaging system. The Vc stimulation at intensities provoking paresthesias resulted in activation of the primary somatosensory cortex (SI). Stimulation at subthreshold intensities failed to activate the SI. Additional stimulation-coupled activation was observed in the thalamus, the secondary somatosensory cortex (SII), and the insula. In contrast, stimulation of the PVG electrode did not evoke paresthesias or activate the SI, but resulted in medial thalamic and cingulate cortex activation. Stimulation in the Vim resulted in thalamic, basal ganglia, and SI activation. An evaluation of the safety of the procedure indicated that significant current could be induced within the electrode if a faulty connecting cable (defective insulation) came in contact with the patient. Simple precautions, such as inspection of wires for fraying and prevention of their contact with the patient, enabled the procedure to be conducted safely. Clinical safety was further corroborated by performing 86 MR studies in patients in whom electrodes had been implanted with no adverse clinical effects. This is the first report of the use of fMR imaging during stimulation with implanted thalamic electrodes. The authors' findings demonstrate that fMR imaging can safely detect the activation of cortical and subcortical neuronal pathways during stimulation and that stimulation does not interfere with imaging. This approach offers great potential for understanding the mechanisms of action of deep brain stimulation and those underlying pain and tremor generation.

Field of study: Medicine
Sulfur Pollutants Treatment Using Microbial Fuel Cells from Perspectives of Electrochemistry and Microbiology

Sulfur pollutants have negative impact on natural ecosystems and biological health in dynamic processes of migration and transformation on Earth. Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) have been shown to be a promising technique for the removal of sulfur pollutants in wastewater, and research efforts have been made for the development of this area. To date, some controversies still exist in the mechanism of sulfur pollutants transformation involved in electrochemical reactions and microbial effects, limiting the practical application. This review respectively discussed the roles of electrode chemical reaction and microorganisms in sulfur pollutants treatment using MFCs, demonstrated the treatment mechanism and effecting factors, and summarized the configurations, separator types, electrode materials and catalysts, as well as sulfur recovery and electrode regeneration. Furthermore, the feasibility of sulfur pollutants removal in MFCs was assessed by capital cost between MFCs and typical anaerobic biological treatment.

Field of study: Chemistry
Cloud based security on outsourcing using blockchain in E-health systems

Recently, Electronic Health Records (EHR) plays a significant role in E-health care system that allows data exchange of patient's health records via a portal designated by healthcare professionals. In this, the lack of confidentiality and integrity factors leads to different security issues on sensitive health information and causes a serious impact on a patient's life. To accomplish the security of medical data, we propose a new scheme named Elliptical Curve Certificateless Aggregate Cryptography Signature scheme (EC-ACS) for the public verification and auditing in the Medical Cloud Server (MCS) to secure EHR using authorized blockchain technology. In this, we use Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) to encrypt medical data and the Certificateless Aggregate Signature scheme (CAS) to generate the digital signature for sharing and storing data in the cloud storage. This proposed scheme ensures security, privacy and safeguards the confidential information from unauthorized access in the cloud health system. Furthermore, the blockchain technique guarantees the integrity, traceability and secure storage of medical records in the cloud environment.

Field of study: Computer science
Nanomechanical analysis of insulinoma cells after glucose and capsaicin stimulation using atomic force microscopy

Glucose stimulates insulin secretion from pancreatic islet β cells by altering ion channel activity and membrane potential in the β cells. TRPV1 channel is expressed in the β cells and capsaicin induces insulin secretion similarly to glucose. This study aims to investigate the biophysical properties of the β cells upon stimulation of membrane channels using an atomic force microscopic (AFM) nanoindentation system.ATCC insulinoma cell line was used. Cell stiffness, a marker of reorganization of cell membrane and cytoskeleton due to ion channel activation, was measured in real time using an integrated AFM nanoindentation system. Cell height that represented structural changes was simultaneously recorded along with cell stiffness.After administration of glucose (16, 20 and 40 mmol/L), the cell stiffness was markedly increased in a dose-dependent manner, whereas cell height was changed in an opposite way. Lower concentrations of capsaicin (1.67×10−9 and 1.67×10−8 mol/L) increased the cell stiffness without altering cell height. In contrast, higher concentrations of capsaicin (1.67×10−6 and 1.67×10−7 mol/L) had no effect on the cell physical properties.A unique bio-nanomechanical signature was identified for characterizing biophysical properties of insulinoma cells upon general or specific activation of membrane channels. This study may deepen our understanding of stimulus-secretion coupling of pancreatic islet cells that leads to insulin secretion.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Reaction. pi. /sup -/p. --> omega. n at momenta from 20 to 200 GeV/c

The reaction ..pi../sup -/p..--> omega..n in the beam-momentum range from 20 to 200 GeV/c has been studied using data acquired at Fermilab. In this Letter, the integral and differential cross sections for this reaction are presented. The integral cross sections are considerably larger than those previously reported. The differential cross sections can be reproduced quite easily by Regge models. As predicted by such models, natural-parity exchange dominates production throughout this energy region.

Field of study: Physics
Preparation of Carbon Micro-beads via an Ethanol-thermal Route

Carbon micro-beads (CMB) with regular and perfect shape, high yields, and narrow size distributions were obtained via an ethanol-thermal reduction process in a stainless steel autoclave at 500°C. In this process, LaNi 5 alloy was used as a catalyst. The products were characterized with X-ray powder diffractometer (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Raman spectroscopy. There were two types of carbon micro-beads, spherical and spindle-like, in the sample. The spherical micro-beads have diameters ranging from 2 to 5 μm. The spindle-like micro-beads had diameters ranging from 2 to 4 μm and lengths ranging from 5 to 10 μm.

Field of study: Chemistry
A STUDY OF STRESS MANAGEMENT AMONG THE EMPLOYEES OF OZONE HOSPITAL HYDERABAD

The present study has been carried out to find out the potentials and consequences of stress among the employees working in Ozone Hospital. In this changing environment, participation, interaction, transaction, planning and Regulation become key issues, each with its own frustrations attracted. People feel stress, as they no longer have complete control over what happens in life. There is no escape from stress in modern life. In Today’s context, stress is a costly business expense that affects both employee health and company profits, thus it’s becomes very important to understand the causes of stress, its impact and adopting strategies or minimizing its impact. Stress is a part of dayto-day 1ife. The present study concentrates on to study potentials and consequences of stress among the employees of “Ozone Hospital, Hyderabad. It is believed that carrying out such a study can be of great use to the organization in understanding their employees and also becoming aware of facts that the organization is unaware of.

Field of study: Engineering
Reinforcement Learning Trees

In this article, we introduce a new type of tree-based method, reinforcement learning trees (RLT), which exhibits significantly improved performance over traditional methods such as random forests (Breiman 2001) under high-dimensional settings. The innovations are three-fold. First, the new method implements reinforcement learning at each selection of a splitting variable during the tree construction processes. By splitting on the variable that brings the greatest future improvement in later splits, rather than choosing the one with largest marginal effect from the immediate split, the constructed tree uses the available samples in a more efficient way. Moreover, such an approach enables linear combination cuts at little extra computational cost. Second, we propose a variable muting procedure that progressively eliminates noise variables during the construction of each individual tree. The muting procedure also takes advantage of reinforcement learning and prevents noise variables from being considered in the search for splitting rules, so that toward terminal nodes, where the sample size is small, the splitting rules are still constructed from only strong variables. Last, we investigate asymptotic properties of the proposed method under basic assumptions and discuss rationale in general settings.

Field of study: Mathematics
Combination of moral character education and mental health education in physical education teaching

In the reform of physical education curriculum,the objectives of moral character education and mental health education must be combined organically,so as to realize mutual complementation,interaction and benefit between these two aspects,instead of emphasizing only one of these two aspects and ignoring the other.The bases for this conclusion are mainly as follows: A crossing mutual complementing and affecting relationship exists in be-tween moral character education and mental health education,which has determined the necessity of the organic combination of these two aspects;the characteristics of physical education teaching itself,and the unification of the basic elements and links in physical education teaching,have provided the organic combination of these two aspects with realistic conditions.

Field of study: Education
Improving MinHash via the containment index with applications to metagenomic analysis

MinHash is a probabilistic method for estimating the similarity of two sets in terms of their Jaccard index, defined as the ratio of the size of their intersection to their union. We demonstrate that this method performs best when the sets under consideration are of similar size and the performance degrades considerably when the sets are of very different size. We introduce a new and efficient approach, called the containment MinHash approach, that is more suitable for estimating the Jaccard index of sets of very different size. We accomplish this by leveraging another probabilistic method (in particular, Bloom filters) for fast membership queries. We derive bounds on the probability of estimate errors for the containment MinHash approach and show it significantly improves upon the classical MinHash approach. We also show significant improvements in terms of time and space complexity. As an application, we use this method to detect the presence/absence of organisms in a metagenomic data set, showing that it can detect the presence of very small, low abundance microorganisms.

Field of study: Mathematics
Perceptions of a Fluid Consensus: Uniqueness Bias, False Consensus, False Polarization, and Pluralistic Ignorance in a Water Conservation Crisis

A 5-day field study (N = 415) during and right after a shower ban demonstrated multifaceted social projection and the tendency to draw personality inferences from simple behavior in a time of drastic consensus change. Bathers thought showering was more prevalent than did non-bathers (false consensus) and respondents consistently underestimated the prevalence of the desirable and common behavior—be it not showering during the shower ban or showering after the ban (uniqueness bias). Participants thought that bathers and non-bathers during the ban differed greatly in their general concern for the community, but self-reports demonstrated that this gap was illusory (false polarization). Finally, bathers thought other bathers cared less than they did, whereas non-bathers thought other non-bathers cared more than they did (pluralistic ignorance). The study captures the many biases at work in social perception in a time of social change.

Field of study: Psychology
The quantity study of viral specific CTL in patients coinfected with human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C virus

To investigate the mechanism of viral specific CTL affecting progression in patients coinfected with HIV/HCV.  The patients were divided into three groups, HIV/HCV coinfection group (n=40), simple HIV infection group (n=20), and simple HCV infection group (n=20). Flow cytometry was used to exam viral specific CTL. A prospective study was designed to compare the difference of HIV specific CTL between HIV/HCV coinfection group and HIV group, compare the difference of HCV specific CTL between HIV/HCV coinfection group and HCV group, and analyze the relationship of HIV specific CTL and HCV specific CTL in HIV/HCV coinfection.  There is no difference of HIV specific CTL between HIV/HCV coinfection group and HIV group (P=0.586). Percentage and absolute count of HCV specific CTL in HIV/HCV coinfection group are 0.37±0.29 and 3.52±3.79, higher than those in HCV group (0.15±0.05, 0.86±0.33, P=~0.001 , P=0.002). There was positive linear correlation between HIV specific CTL and HCV specific CTL cell count in HIV/HCV group (r2=0.761, P0.001).  HCV-specific CTL may play an important role on aggravating impairment of liver function of patients with HIV/HCV coinfection. There is an interaction between HIV and HCV in vivo.

Field of study: Biology
White-Tailed Eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla) Body Feathers Document Spatiotemporal Trends of Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Northern Environment.

We reconstructed the first long-term (1968-2015) spatiotemporal trends of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) using archived body feathers of white-tailed eagles (Haliaeetus albicilla) from the West Greenland (n = 31), Norwegian (n = 66), and Central Swedish Baltic coasts (n = 50). We observed significant temporal trends of perfluorooctane sulfonamide (FOSA), perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), and perfluoroalkyl carboxylates (∑PFCAs) in all three subpopulations. Concentrations of FOSA and PFOS had started decreasing significantly since the mid-1990s to 2000 in the Greenland and Norwegian subpopulations, consistent with the 3M phase-out, though in sharp contrast to overall increasing trends observed in the Swedish subpopulation. Moreover, ∑PFCA concentrations significantly increased in all three subpopulations throughout the study periods. These temporal trends suggest on-going input of PFOS in the Baltic and of ∑PFCAs in all three regions. Considerable spatial variation in PFAS concentrations and profiles was observed: PFOS concentrations were significantly higher in Sweden, whereas FOSA and ∑PFCA concentrations were similar among the subpopulations. PFOS dominated the PFAS profiles in the Swedish and Norwegian subpopulations, in contrast to the domination of FOSA and ∑PFCAs in the Greenland one. Our spatiotemporal observations underline the usefulness of archived bird of prey feathers in monitoring spatiotemporal PFAS trends and urge for continued monitoring efforts in each of the studied subpopulations.

Field of study: Environmental science
Warping of the Western Highland Rim Peneplain in Tennessee by Ground-Water Sapping

The Western Highland Rim in central Tennessee is the upland physiographic province between the Central Basin on the east and the Mississippi Embayment on the west. In this area, there is close similarity in the configuration of the upland, the structure of the base of the Cretaceous, and the erosional levels of graded streams. Two alternative causal connections are likely: either (1) more recent steep-sided valleys are incised in old wide gentle valleys cut before Middle Cretaceous time by the same streams; or (2) the stream-flow system extends its erosional influence beneath the rim, and the inward-sloping surface of the old upland (capped by Cretaceous outliers) sags toward the incised streams because of ground-water sapping. The author prefers the second explanation. An unlikely third possibility is that streams flow in synclines folded after development of the upland. In order to compare upland levels, bottom land levels, and Cretaceous structure (each having a different density of basic information), the writer used the envelope and subenvelope, which are arbitrarily generalized reproducible contour maps. The envelope (a device already in widespread informal use by geomorphologists) is a surface over the topography that graphically “fills in” valleys and sags. It limits topography on the high side and is regarded herein as an attempt to restore the topography to an hypothetical earlier stage before the valleys were incised. The subenvelope (newly devised for this paper) is a surface passing beneath the land surface, graphically “tearing away” hills. It limits topography on the low side and may be regarded in this case as an attempt to predict topography that may develop if the stream system continues a long time at its present grade. Parallelism of contours developed by these techniques is consistent with either ground-water sapping or a rejuvenated stream cycle. The length of time (about 70 m.y.) elapsed since the development of the upland, however, seems excessive for the supposedly new stream peneplain to be so little developed, and a stream-developed-peneplain origin for the relatively level Highland Rim surface is doubtful.

Field of study: Geology
Occurrence and distribution of organophosphorus esters in soils and wheat plants in a plastic waste treatment area in China.

This study for the first time reported the occurrence, distribution and concentrations of organophosphate esters (OPEs) in soils caused by plastic waste treatment, as well as their influence on OPE accumulation in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Eight OPEs were detected with the total concentrations of 38-1250 ng/g dry weight in the soils from the treatment sites, and tributoxyethyl phosphate and tri(2-chloroethyl) phosphate present as the dominant OPEs. There were similar distribution patterns of OPEs and significant correlations between the total OPE concentrations in the soils from the plastic waste treatment sites with those in the nearby farmlands (P < 0.005), indicating that plastic waste treatment caused the OPE contamination of farmland soils. The uptake and translocation of OPEs by wheat were determined, with OPEs of high hydrophobicity more easily taken up from soils and OPEs with low hydrophobicity more liable to be translocated acropetally.

Field of study: Environmental science