nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Mass distribution in the quasi-mono-energetic neutron-induced fission of 232Th

The cumulative yields of various fission products in 232Th(n, f) with average neutron energies of 6.35, 8.53 and 10.09 MeV have been determined using an off-line $\gamma$-ray spectrometric technique. The neutron beam was produced from the 7Li(p, n) reaction. From the cumulative fission yields, the mass chain yields were obtained by using charge distribution correction of medium energy. The peak-to-valley ($P/V$) ratio, the average value of light mass ($\langle A_{L}\rangle$), heavy mass ($\langle A_{H} \rangle$) and the average number of neutrons ($\langle\nu \rangle$) at the three different neutron energies of the present work and at other energies from the literature in the 232Th(n, f) reaction were obtained from the mass yield data. The present and the existing literature data in the 232Th(n, f) reaction at various excitation energies were compared with similar data in the 238U(n, f) reaction. The fine structure in the mass yield distribution was interpreted from the point of nuclear structure effect such as shell closure proximity and even-odd effect. The role of standard I and standard II asymmetric mode of fission was discussed. The different types of mass-yield distributions between 232Th(n, f) and 238U(n, f) reactions were explained from different types of the potential energy between the two fissioning systems. The role of excitation energy was also investigated.

Field of study: Physics
Characterization of particles from ferrate preoxidation.

Studies were conducted evaluating the nature of particles that result from ferrate reduction in a laboratory water matrix and in a natural surface water with a moderate amount of dissolved organic carbon. Particle characterization included size, surface charge, morphology, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and transmission Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Characteristics of ferrate resultant particles were compared to particles formed from dosing ferric chloride, a common water treatment coagulant. In natural water, ferrate addition produced significantly more nanoparticles than ferric addition. These particles had a negative surface charge, resulting in a stable colloidal suspension. In natural and laboratory matrix waters, the ferrate resultant particles had a similar charge versus pH relationship as particles resulting from ferric addition. Particles resulting from ferrate had morphology that differed from particles resulting from ferric iron, with ferrate resultant particles appearing smoother and more granular. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy results show ferrate resultant particles contained Fe2O3, while ferric resultant particles did not. Results also indicate potential differences in the mechanisms leading to particle formation between ferrate reduction and ferric hydrolysis.

Field of study: Environmental science
Determination and uptake of abamectin and difenoconazole in the stingless bee Melipona scutellaris Latreille, 1811 via oral and topic acute exposure.

Bees are considered as important providers of ecosystem services, acting via pollination process in crops and native plants, and contributing significantly to the maintenance of biodiversity. However, the decrease of bee's population has been observed worldwide and besides other factors, this collapse is also related to the extensive use of pesticides. In this sense, studies involving the assessment of adverse effects and the uptake of pesticides by bees are of great concern. This work presents an analytical method for the determination of the insecticide abamectin and the fungicide difenoconazole in the stingless bee Melipona scutellaris exposed via oral and topic to endpoints concentrations of active ingredients (a.i.) alone and in commercial formulations and the discussion about its mortality and uptake. For this purpose, QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Efficient, Rugged and Safe) acetate modified method was used for extraction and pesticides were determined by LC-MS/MS. The validation parameters have included: a linear range between 0.01 and 1.00 μg mL-1; and LOD and LOQ of 0.038 and 0.076 μg g-1 for abamectin and difenoconazole, respectively. The uptake of tested pesticides via oral and topic was verified by the accumulation in adult forager bees, mainly when the commercial product was tested. Mortality was observed to be higher in oral exposure than in topic tests for both pesticides. For abamectin in a commercial formulation (a.i.) no differences were observed for oral or topic exposure. On the other hand, for difenoconazole, topic exposure had demonstrated higher accumulation in bees, according to the increase of received dose. Through the results, uptake and the possible consequences of bioaccumulated pesticides are also discussed and can contribute to the knowledge about the risks involving the exposure of bees to these compounds.

Field of study: Environmental science
Variations on RNA folding and alignment: lessons from Benasque

Dynamic programming algorithms solve many standard problems of RNA bioinformatics in polynomial time. In this contribution we discuss a series of variations on these standard methods that implement refined biophysical models, such as a restriction of RNA folding to canonical structures, and an extension of structural alignments to an explicit scoring of stacking propensities. Furthermore, we demonstrate that a local structural alignment can be employed for ncRNA gene finding. In this context we discuss scanning variants for folding and alignment algorithms.

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics
Effect of thermal treatment and re-doping on the volume fraction of the γ′ phase in complex-doped Ni-Al-Cr-based superalloy

Phase transformations of complex-redoped Ni-Al-Cr-based superalloys under different thermal treatment are investigated by means of diffraction electron microscopy. Alloys are obtained via directional crystallization. The factors affecting the formation of the long-range atomic order of the γ′ phase (an ordered multicomponent phase based on superstructure L12) are established from the experimental results. It is shown that the degree of long-range order is directly dependent on the strengthening of the superalloy.

Field of study: Physics
An Analysis on Stress Sources and Coping Strategies among Agriculture-Related Impoverished Undergraduates

Impoverished undergraduates are special groups in colleges.Both colleges and society are gradually focusing on the economical and psychological impoverishment of undergraduates.Therefore,based on all the researches and realities of agriculture-related impoverished undergraduates,the article analyses stress sources from perspectives including personal psychology,study-and-life factors,family and social environment,and proposes some positive coping strategies in order to help impoverished undergraduates keep psychological health and offer agriculture-related colleges constructive suggestions on psychological intervention for impoverished undergraduates.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Applying the Tremaine–Weinberg Method to Nearby Galaxies: Stellar-mass-based Pattern Speeds and Comparisons with ISM Kinematics

We apply the Tremaine–Weinberg method to 19 nearby galaxies using stellar mass surface densities and velocities derived from the PHANGS-MUSE survey, to calculate (primarily bar) pattern speeds (ΩP). After quality checks, we find that around half (10) of these stellar-mass-based measurements are reliable. For those galaxies, we find good agreement between our results and previously published pattern speeds, and we use rotation curves to calculate major resonance locations (corotation radii and Lindblad resonances). We also compare these stellar-mass-derived pattern speeds with Hα (from MUSE) and CO(J = 2 − 1) emission from the PHANGS-ALMA survey. We find that in the case of these clumpy interstellar medium (ISM) tracers, this method erroneously gives a signal that is simply the angular frequency at a representative radius set by the distribution of these clumps (Ωclump), and that this Ωclump is significantly different from ΩP (∼20% in the case of Hα, and ∼50% in the case of CO). Thus, we conclude that it is inadvisable to use “pattern speeds” derived from ISM kinematics. Finally, we compare our derived pattern speeds and corotation radii, along with bar properties, to the global parameters of these galaxies. Consistent with previous studies, we find that galaxies with a later Hubble type have a larger ratio of corotation radius to bar length, more molecular-gas-rich galaxies have higher ΩP, and more bulge-dominated galaxies have lower ΩP. Unlike earlier works, however, there are no clear trends between the bar strength and ΩP, nor between the total stellar mass surface density and the pattern speed.

Field of study: Physics
Completeness In The Sequential Case

Recently, in a series of papers, Girshick, Mosteller, Savage and Wolfowitz have considered the uniqueness of unbiased estimates depending only on an appropriate sufficient statistic for sequential sampling schemes of binomial variables. A complete solution was obtained under the restriction to bounded estimates. This work, which has immediate consequences with respect to the existence of unbiased estimates with uniformly minimum variance, is extended here in two directions. A general necessary condition for uniqueness is found, and this is applied to obtain a complete solution of the uniqueness problem when the random variables have a Poisson or rectangular distribution. Necessary and sufficient conditions are also found in the binomial case without the restriction to bounded estimates. This permits the statement of a somewhat stronger optimum property for the estimates, and is applicable to the estimation of unbounded functions of the unknown probability.

Field of study: Mathematics
Infant mortality in Victorian Britain: the mother as medium.

r he decline in infant mortality in some regions of Europe may have been prolonged. Levels of infant deaths of 200 to 300 per 1,000 births were recorded in France, Sweden, and England in the eighteenth century and by the 1840s they were nearer to 150. This trend was then halted and reversed in those areas experiencing the worst blights of rapid urbanization so that the undisputed long-term decline is, for Britain, commonly put at the beginning of the twentieth century-some 40 years or so after the downturn in overall mortality. Similar turning points have been observed in the southern German states, Austria, and Russia.2 From British evidence, however, it seems that deaths from diarrhoea related diseases may have masked a pre-existing downward trend in other sources of infant mortality. There is evidence of a rise in infant diarrhoea at the very end of the nineteenth century which has been linked to a succession of hot and dry summers and, by at least one writer, to the surge in horse transport, and hence street manure and flies.3 Estimates by Williams and Galley suggest that in rural areas in this period diarrhoea accounted for fewer than five infant deaths per 1,000 births, and work by Lee and by Williams and Mooney has demonstrated that these areas experienced little interruption in the long-term decline in infant mortality.4 Indeed, explanations for the decline in rural infant mortality are difficult to find. Infant deaths from diarrhoea in urban areas have been linked to poor sanitary and other environmental conditions. It seems that there were, on average, about 20 to 30 infant deaths from diarrhoea per 1,000 births in urban areas in the late nineteenth century. Hence, even allowing that this may not have been a precisely defined disease category, there still remained a large number of infant deaths in urban areas which were attributable to other causes. If diarrhoea related deaths are excluded, a clearer long-term downward trend emerges for urban as well as rural areas so that the long-term trend cannot be explained simply as a matter of cleaning up the urban environment. Again, no explanation has been offered in the literature.

Field of study: Economics, History
The influence of Glyceria maxima and nitrate input on the composition and nitrate metabolism of the dissimilatory nitrate-reducing bacterial community

The influence of nitrate addition and the presence of Glyceria maxima (reed sweetgrass) on the composition and nitrate metabolism of the dissimilatory nitrate-reducing bacterial community was investigated. Anoxic freshwater sediment was incubated in pots with or without G. maxima and with or without addition of nitrate. After incubation the sediments were sampled. Dilution series of these sediment samples were incubated in deep agar tubes and almost all colonies from the most diluted tubes were isolated and purified. When the nitrate concentration was low, 80% of the nitrate-reducing community in the rhizosphere of G. maxima consisted of NO2−-accumulating or NH4+-producing Bacillus strains. In bulk sediment with low nitrate concentrations, denitrifying Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter strains were dominant. The difference in the composition of the nitrate-reducing community between sediment with or without plants disappeared when nitrate was added. Denitrifying pseudomonads then made up 78–86% of the nitrate-reducing community. This shows that when the nitrate concentration was low, the presence of G. maxima greatly influenced the nitrate-reducing community. However, when nitrate was present and available, the composition and nitrate metabolism of the dominant nitrate-reducing community was probably not affected by G. maxima.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Pastoral Palimpsest: Writing the Laws of Love in L'Astrée

Mediated by Neoplatonist thought of the Quattrocento, paradox governs both form and content of Honore d'Urfe's L'Astree. The prefatory epistles to the work's first three parts establish a Foucaldian notion of ``author function'' while simultaneously positing the author's profound distrust of writing and his preference for an oral medium. Within the romance itself, the three episodes featuring the authoritative Laws of Love, their falsification, and finally their complete revision illustrate deconstruction of the ``author function'' through the force of the Platonic textual ``drift'' against which d'Urfe cautions his protagonists in his prefaces. At the same time, the revised Laws of Love announce means of collective composition prevalent in the later seventeenth century. The romance's sylvan cabinet thus reflects and resolves the dilemmas of authority and composition conceived in the prefaces' paternal Cabinet.

Field of study: History
Virtual Patients and Problem-Based Learning in Advanced Therapeutics

To enhance student learning of a complex therapeutic concept through the incorporation of 2 case-based, active-learning strategies with lecture in a required advanced therapeutics course.  A virtual patient session using a branched-outcome decision-making model and a problem-based learning (PBL) practica were developed from the course learning objectives for severe sepsis and septic shock. Following lecture of this material, students were required to complete the simulation session and attend the PBL. Assessment. Student learning was assessed through review of examination scores, as well as quality and accuracy of the pharmaceutical care plan developed as part of the PBL. Satisfaction of the teaching format was assessed through a course evaluation survey. For questions pertaining to sepsis or septic shock on the final examination, the class average was 90%, despite an average of 76% on the examination as a whole. Class average for the pharmacuetical care plan was 90%. Sixty-three percent of students stated the simulation contributed to their learning, and 93% stated the PBL contributed to their learning.  Using a multifaceted teaching approach, combining active- and passive-learning strategies, was well received by students and fostered an effective learning environment.

Field of study: Education, Medicine
High Autophagy in the Naked Mole Rat may Play a Significant Role in Maintaining Good Health

The maximum lifespan of the naked mole rat is over 28.3 years, which exceeds that of any other rodent species, suggesting that age-related changes in its body composition and functionality are either attenuated or delayed in this extraordinarily long-lived species. However, the mechanisms underlying the aging process in this species are poorly understood. In this study, we investigated whether long-lived naked mole rats display more autophagic activity than short-lived mice.  Hepatic stellate cells isolated from naked mole rats were treated with 50 nM rapamycin or 20 mM 3-methyladenine (3-MA) for 12 or 24 h. Expression of the autophagy marker proteins LC3-II and beclin 1 was measured with western blotting and immunohistochemistry. The induction of apoptosis was analyzed by flow cytometry.  Our results demonstrate that one-day-old naked mole rats have higher levels of autophagy than one-day-old short-lived C57BL/6 mice, and that both adult naked mole rats (eight months old) and adult C57BL/6 mice (eight weeks old) have high basal levels of autophagy, which may be an important mechanism inhibiting aging and reducing the risk of age-related diseases.  Here, we report that autophagy facilitated the survival of hepatic stellate cells from the naked mole rat, and that treatment with 3-MA or rapamycin increased the ratio of apoptotic cells to normal hepatic stellate cells.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Reiterating the Criminal Code

In February 1992, the Law Comrnission issued a Consultation Paper, including a draft Bill, on the criminal law. 1 The Paper contains three main elements. First, it proposes a comprehensive reform of the present law on non-fatal offences against the person. There would be new offences of intentionally causing serious injury; recklessly causing serious injury; and intentionally or recklessly causing injury; together with renderings of the present crimes of battery and assault. There would also be related offences of kidnapping, unlawful detention and such like, along fairly familiar lines. The Paper also proposes statutory definitions of 'intention' and 'recklessness,'2 but only for the purposes of these offences and not for general application. Second, the Paper proposes a statutory statement of certain general principles of the criminal law. These include supervening fault, transferred fault and defences, and the defences of duress by threats, duress of circumstances and private and public defence. These proposals largely follow the present law, though with adjustments as to details. They would be of general application and would not be confined to the new offences against the person. Third, the Paper proposes a provision on intoxication, but only by way of applying the present rules about drunken unconsciousness and drunken mistakes to the offences and defences contained in the Paper's other two elements.

Field of study: Law
Branch based blockchain technology in intelligent vehicle

Intelligent vehicle (IV) is an internet-enabled vehicle, commonly referred to as a self-driving car, which enables vehicles-to-everything communications. This communication environment is not secure and has several vulnerabilities. The major issues in IV communication are trustworthiness, accuracy, and security of received and broadcasted data in the communication channel. In this article, we introduce blockchain technology to build trust and reliability in peer-to-peer networks with topologies similar to IV communication. Further, we propose a blockchain-technology-enabled IV communication use case. Blockchain technology is used to build a secure, trusted environment for IV communication. This trusted environment provides a secure, distributed, and decentralized mechanism for communication between IVs, without sharing their personal information in the intelligent transportation system. Our proposed method comprises of a local dynamic blockchain (LDB) and main blockchain, enabled with a secure and unique crypto ID called intelligent vehicle trust point (IVTP). The IVTP ensures trustworthiness among vehicles. Vehicles use and verify the IVTP with the LDB to communicate with other vehicles. For evaluation, we simulated our proposed blockchain technology-based IV communication in a common intersection deadlock use case. The performance of the traditional blockchain is evaluated with emphasis on real-time traffic scenarios. We also introduce LDB branching, along with a branching and un-branching algorithm for automating the branching process for IV communication.

Field of study: Computer science
Composite protonic electrolytes in the system (NH4)3H(SO4)2–SiO2

Transport, thermal and structural properties of (1− x )(NH 4 ) 3 H(SO 4 ) 2 – x SiO 2 composite solid electrolytes ( x =0–0.8) were investigated, and an increase in (NH 4 ) 3 H(SO 4 ) 2 (II) low temperature phase conductivity was shown. The dependence of the low temperature conductivity on x has a smooth maximum with values five to six times higher than that of the pure polycrystalline salt and two orders of magnitude higher than that of single crystals. The (NH 4 ) 3 H(SO 4 ) 2 phase transition temperature in the composites decreases by 20 K with an increase of SiO 2 content from 0 to 0.7. The observed jump in conductivity that coincides with the phase transition becomes more diffuse and disappears at x =0.8. The thermal stability of (NH 4 ) 3 H(SO 4 ) 2 in such composites increases markedly as compared with the pure salt.

Field of study: Materials science
Formation of sub-picosecond plasmon–polariton pulses via cooperative effects in a waveguide spaser

The formation of surface plasmon–polariton pulses excited in a waveguide spaser during the collective decay of quantum dot excitons distributed in a dielectric layer near a metallic surface is considered. The waveguide spaser’s physical parameters and regimes of generation suitable for the formation of sub-picosecond plasmon–polariton pulses are determined with allowance for dissipative effects in the considered system.

Field of study: Physics
ON MECHANICAL PROPERTY OF SELF-COMPACTING CONCRETE AND ITS ENGINEERING APPLICATION

Based on the optimum design of mix proportion for self-compacting concrete, experimental study of self-compacting concrete was conducted. The anchorage bond properties between self-compacting concrete and steels and the flexure and shear properties of flexural members were investigated. Pull-out tests on bond strength of 62 members and flexure and shear tests on bearing property of 12 beams were performed. The results offer useful references for the design of self-compacting concrete construction. The engineering applications of self-compacting concrete in three tall buildings and a workshop reinforcement project are introduced.

Field of study: Engineering