nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Externally controlled local magnetic field in a conducting mesoscopic ring coupled to a quantum wire

In the present work, the possibility of regulating local magnetic field in a quantum ring is investigated theoretically. The ring is coupled to a quantum wire and subjected to an in-plane electric field. Under a finite bias voltage across the wire a net circulating current is established in the ring which produces a strong magnetic field at its centre. This magnetic field can be tuned externally in a wide range by regulating the in-plane electric field, and thus, our present system can be utilized to control magnetic field at a specific region. The feasibility of this quantum system in designing spin-based quantum devices is also analyzed.

Field of study: Physics
Lessons from the Failure of Perestroika

The old Soviet Union, long the central preoccupation of U.S. foreign policy, has been swept into history. In its place are fifteen newly independent successor countries and a quite limited Commonwealth of Independent States. Unfortunately, the political and economic situation in virtually all these countries is one of instability, and even their boundaries are coming into question. There are clearly many new problems and serious risks. But there is also great opportunity. Sometimes it helps to glance backwards in order to see better how and where to move forward. At this critical juncture, we need to understand more clearly why and how the perestroika era the final act in the history of the USSR occurred and failed.

Field of study: Political science
Quinoxaline N-oxides

It is found that 2,3-dimethylquinoxaline-l, 4-di-N-oxide reacts with formaldehyde only in the presence of alkaline reagents, and that independent of the amount of formaldehyde taken, 2-(β-hydroxyethyl)-3-methyl- and 2, 3-bis (β -hydroxyethyl) quinoxaline-di-N-oxides are formed. Oxidation of quinoxaline derivatives of general formula VI gives the corresponding mono- and di-N-oxides.

Field of study: Chemistry
Life in the Balance: Are Women’s Possible Selves Constrained by Men’s Domestic Involvement?

Do young women’s expectations about potential romantic partners’ likelihood of adopting caregiving roles in the future contribute to whether they imagine themselves in nontraditional future roles? Meta-analyzed effect sizes of five experiments (total N = 645) supported this complementarity hypothesis. Women who were primed with family-focused (vs. career-focused) male exemplars (Preliminary Study) or information that men are rapidly (vs. slowly) assuming greater caregiving responsibilities (Studies 1-4) were more likely to envision becoming the primary economic provider and less likely to envision becoming the primary caregiver of their future families. A meta-analysis across studies revealed that gender role complementarity has a small-to-medium effect on both women’s abstract expectations of becoming the primary economic provider (d = .27) and the primary caregiver (d = −.26). These patterns suggest that women’s stereotypes about men’s stagnant or changing gender roles might subtly constrain women’s own expected work and family roles.

Field of study: Psychology
Gaetan Souchet D'Alvimart, The Alleged Envoy of Napoleon to Mexico, 1807–1809

When in 1808 Napoleon replaced the unfortunate Bourbon King, Charles IV, by his own brother Joseph Bonaparte on the throne of Spain, he undoubtedly was not unmindful of the Spanish possessions in America. Without them Spain would be no more than a second rate power. Mexican silver must have lured the French Emperor, who like all conquerors was in constant need of money. The wealth of the Indies was one of the arguments he used in order to convince Joseph to give up the Crown of Naples for that of Spain. Furthermore, it had been for many years the dream of French merchants to trade with the distant and wealthy lands which the poorly documented work of the Abbe de Raynal, Histoire Philosophique … had made quite popular in Europe by the end of the eighteenth century.

Field of study: History
Cloning and sequencing of complete genome of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV-2) YU A strain

The replicative genomic DNA of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV-2) of YU A strain was extracted from the infected PK-15 cells. The complete genome of YU A strain was amplified by utilizing an inverse PCR approach with one pair of special primers. A 1.76kb fragment was obtained and cloned into pMD-18T vector resulting the recombinant plasmid T-PCV-2 that contained the complete genomic DNA of YU A strain. The sequence analysis showed that YU A strain genome consisted of 1767nt, which shares 97% sequence identity with other PCV-2 strains in GenBank. We also found replicative genome of YU A strain contained ten open reading frames (ORFs). The major ORFs were ORF1 and ORF2, that encoded 314 and 234 amino acids respectively. Amino acid sequence homology of ORF1 and ORF2 between YU A strain and PCV-1 were 85% 66% respectively. The ORF1 of YU A strain displayed 98%-99% identity based on amino acids with other PCV-2 strains, but 92%-97% in ORF2.

Field of study: Biology
The Greatest Man In the World. The life and ethics of Albert Schweitzer in the eyes of students pursuing medical and legal degrees

Albert Schweitzer (1875–1965) was an Alsatian doctor, philosopher‑ethicist, theologist, lutheran pastor and musician‑organ player and musicologist. In 1913 he started his medical practice in Lambarene (Gabon) in which he built from scratch his greatest legacy – The Albert Schweitzer Hospital. Due to an involvement of doctors and nursing staff from all over the world this hospital has been functioning and developing to this day. In 1952 he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his engagement into the promotion of peace, disarmament and the prevention of imperial arms race. Currently, his spiritual and scientific legacy constitutes an element of biophilic angle in academic curricula at all levels of education also in medical sciences mainly in the United States and Western Europe.  The research is based on a questionnaire evaluating the level of awareness of Albert Schweitzer’s person, his legacy and concepts. The survey was completed by 53 law students of the SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities in Poznan and 435 medical studies students of the University of Medical Sciences in Poznan. The respondents did the following various studies: medicine, dentistry, pharmacy, obstetrics, paramedicine, dietetics, optometry, physiotherapy and occupational therapy.  Only 5.5% (n27) of the students from both Universities know about Albert Schweitzer and his works. Albert Schweitzer is not perceived as a medical doctor, entrepreneur-philanthropist, lutheran pastor, political activist, musician, musicologist and the winner of the Nobel Peace Prize. Not many people have heard about the Reverence for Life (19%, n93), however, they recognise Albert Schweitzer’s connection to philosophy and ethics.  Despite the Albert Schweitzer’s presence in the Polish bioethical debate and his popularity in the 60s to the 80s, today he becomes obsolete. Even at the university level education in the areas of science in which morality and ethics provide basic professional principles – an unaided recall of his name and works among young people is rare.

Field of study: Medicine
The Distribution of Mercury in the Surficial Sediments of Lake Huron

Total mercury has been determined in 163 samples of the topmost 3 cm of sediment taken from Lake Huron during 1969. Total mercury values range from 54 to 805 p.p.b. with a mean of 222 p.p.b. and a standard deviation of 162 p.p.b. The mercury distribution in the lake sediments shows a trend for increasing concentration from nearshore and mid-lake shallow water, coarse sediment deposits outwards into the fine-grained sediments in the deeper water basins. The application of a quartz correction to compensate for the dilution by an inert constituent reveals two major anomalies of higher mercury concentration. The Saginaw anomaly occurs in the southern basins of the lake and is believed to be due to the input of industrial mercury from Saginaw Bay; the Bruce anomaly in the northeastern part of Manitoulin basin is believed to be due to the weathering of sulfide deposits with subsequent concentration in the lake sediments being related to major water circulation patterns in the lake. From statistical analysis the...

Field of study: Environmental science
Evaluation of instant light-response curves of chlorophyll fluorescence parameters obtained with a portable chlorophyll fluorometer on site in the field

Miniaturized pulse-amplitude modulated photosynthesis yield analysers are primarily designed for measuring effective quantum yield (ΔF/Fm′) of photosystem II under momentary ambient light conditions in the field. Although this provides important ecophysiological information, it is often necessary to learn more about the potential intrinsic capacities of leaves by measuring light-response curves. Thus, instruments provide light-curve programmes, where light intensities are increased in short intervals and instant light-response curves are recorded within a few minutes. This method can be criticized because photosynthesis will most likely not be in steady state. This technical report shows that with the appropriate precautions instant light curves can nevertheless provide reliable information about cardinal points of photosynthesis. First, the geometry of the light source of the instrument in relation to the quantum sensor must be considered and quantum sensor readings must be corrected. Second, the measurements of the light-response curves must be compared with readings of effective quantum yield of photosystem II under ambient light conditions where photosynthesis is in steady state. This may show that in the critical range of the light curves either both measurements perfectly coincide or are offset against each other by a constant value (examples are given here). In the first case results of light curves can be taken at face values, and in the second case a simple correction can be applied. With these precautions and careful interpretations instant light-response curves can be an enormous advantage in ecophysiological field work.

Field of study: Environmental science
Intrusion Detection Scheme based on IPSO-RBF

In order to overcome the separately selection advantages of traditional feature and RBF neural network parameter, increase accuracy rate of network’s intrusion detection, there came up with a research on neural network intrusion detection of improved particle swarm optimization. According to optimize the feature selection of network and RBF neural network parameter, established a neural network intrusion detection model of IPSO-RBF, made convergence and disturbance variation analysis on improving optimized particle swarm optimization, finally made a experimental simulation to this detection model, the result showed: compared with traditional models, the neural network intrusion detection of improved particle swarm optimization was faster and has a higher accuracy rate as well as efficiency.

Field of study: Computer science
Human secretory immunoglobulins. II. Salivary secretions from individuals with selectively excessive or defective synthesis of serum immunoglobulins.

Increased amounts of IgG were transmitted into the salivary secretions of patients with elevated serum levels of this immunoglobulin. Both its glandular and extra-glandular transfer apparently depended upon passive diffusion or epithelial `leakage'. 
 
High serum levels of IgM (in macroglobulinaemia), and especially local synthesis of this immunoglobulin (in IgA deficiency), enhanced its transfer into the saliva. The transmission through secretory epithelium (glandular transfer) seemed to be an active or selective process, probably dependent upon specific `transfer sites' in the heavy polypetide chains of IgM. 
 
The transmitted immunoglobulin (secretory IgM) was physicochemically and immunochemically similar to its 19S counterpart in serum. In IgA-deficient secretions no significant association between immunoglobulin components and secretory piece (SP) could be detected; the latter was physicochemically and immunochemically characterized as free SP.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
MACHINE VISION IDENTIFICATION OF TOMATO SEEDLINGS FOR AUTOMATED WEED CONTROL

A thread rolling monitoring system in which one or more signal generating devices is provided in the mounting system of the stationary die of a pair of thread rolling dies. A sensor develops a signal which is a function of the reaction forces in a direction substantially parallel to the axis of the workpiece being threaded. The signal provides a running indication of the match or mismatch of the dies, as well as other conditions of improper operation. The signal is used to control the operation of the machine and to separate improperly formed parts as they are produced.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Immunogenetic features in children with narcolepsy

To study the immunogenetic features in children with narcolepsy for diagnosis,treatment and long-term prognosis.  Forty patients were diagnosed as narcolepsy based on clinical characteristics,routine examination,and multiple sleep latency tests (MSLT). All patients were checked for HLA-DRB1*15 low resolution,DRB1*15 and DQB1*6 high resolution by PCR/SSP(sequence specific primers),and gene frequencies of these alleles were compared with those in control group.  All patients but three were HLA-DRB1*15 positive (92.5%) and most of DRB1*15 (94.59%) were DRB1*1501 (RR=23.33,χ 2=47.12,P c0.01),and DQB1*0602 increased markedly too (RR=20.69,χ 2=43.61,P c0.01). Two patients were DRB1*1502 and DQB1*0601 positive. 1501 and DQB1*0602 alleles were significantly associated with narcolepsy. They are the main markers in immunogenetic features of this disease.

Field of study: Biology
SCATTERING OF ELASTIC WAVE AND DYNAMIC STRESS CONCENTRATIONS IN THE THIN PLATE WITH A CIRCULAR HOLE

This paper deals with theoretical and numerical analyses of scattering of elastic wave and dynamic stress concentrations in an infinite thin plate with a circular hole using boundary boundary method Based on the reciprocal-work theorem of dynamics, the boundary integral equation for flexural waves of thin pate is established Using the software Mathematica, the formulas of influence coefficients are derived. Numericalresults for the dynamic Stress concentration factors in the thin plate with a circular hole are given

Field of study: Engineering
Expression of the Japanese encephalitis virus NS3 and NS2b proteins as glutathione S-transferase fusions.

Flaviviruses generate their structural and nonstructural proteins by proteolytic processing of a single large polyprotein precursor. These proteolytic events are brought about both by host cell signalase and a virally encoded protease. The virally encoded proteolytic activity has been shown to reside within the nonstructural protein 3 (NS3) and requires the product of the nonstructural 2b (NS2b) gene. In order to obtain sufficient quantities of pure NS2b and NS3 proteins for kinetic analysis, we have expressed both these proteins in recombinant systems as fusions to glutathione S-transferase (GST). The fusion constructs were driven by the strong bacteriophage T7 promoter. Transfection of these constructs into the African green monkey kidney cell line CV-1 previously infected with a recombinant vaccinia virus expressing the T7 RNA polymerase resulted in synthesis of the fusion proteins. Both the fusion proteins could be purified to homogeneity in a single step using a glutathione agarose affinity matrix.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Physics
Study on Formation Mechanism of Gray Iron Welding Cold Crack by Finite Element Method

Gray iron is of more C,S,P,low-intensity,poor plastic,these characteristics determine that its welding ability is poor,welded joints are easy to produce cold heat cracks. Using finite element analysis software ANSYS,a finite element model was built,the thermal stress analysis was done,and the cause of the cold crack formation was analyzed. At the same time,the result showed that the numerical simulation results basically consistent with the experiment results by the verifying experiment.

Field of study: Materials science
Iterative Fourier approach for describing linear, multiple plane, coherent optical processors.

In this paper it is shown that the formal mathematical description of a quite general, multiplane, coherent, optical processor can always be reduced to an iterative Fourier transform and multiply procedure. In orderto write the system description in this manner, only suitable notational changes are needed. The principaladvantage of this alternate form is that more tractable models result for system synthesis. In particular, one may investigate the feasibility of performing any given linear operation in an optical processor systemby exploring the realizability through simple Fourier trans form and multiply operations. Examples of current processors, including ambiguity functions, and advanced processor concepts are given.

Field of study: Physics
Hispidulin induces ER stress-mediated apoptosis in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells in vitro and in vivo by activating AMPK signaling pathway

Hispidulin (4’,5,7-trihydroxy-6-methoxyflavone) is a phenolic flavonoid isolated from the medicinal plant S. involucrata, which exhibits anti-neoplastic activity against several types of cancer. However, the mechanism underlying its anti-cancer activity against hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has not been fully elucidated. In this study, we investigated whether and how hispidulin-induced apoptosis of human HCC cells in vitro and in vivo. We showed that hispidulin (10, 20 μmol/L) dose-dependently inhibited cell growth and promoted apoptosis through mitochondrial apoptosis pathway in human HCC SMMC7721 cells and Huh7 cells. More importantly, we revealed that its pro-apoptotic effects depended on endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) and unfolded protein response (UPR), as pretreatment with salubrinal, a selective ERS inhibitor, or shRNA targeting a UPR protein CHOP effectively abrogated hispidulin-induced cell apoptosis. Furthermore, we showed that hispidulin-induced apoptosis was mediated by activation of AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway as pretreatment with Compound C, an AMPK inhibitor, or AMPK-targeting siRNA reversed the pro-apoptotic effect of hispidulin. In HCC xenograft nude mice, administration of hispidulin (25, 50 mg/kg every day, ip, for 27 days) dose-dependently suppressed the tumor growth, accompanied by inducing ERS and apoptosis in tumor tissue. Taken together, our results demonstrate that hispidulin induces ERS-mediated apoptosis in HCC cells via activating the AMPK/mTOR pathway. This study provides new insights into the anti-tumor activity of hispidulin in HCC.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Correlation between Scores on the Beck Depression Inventory and the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale

The Beck Depression Inventory and the Zung Self-rating Depression Scale were administered to a stratified sample of 78 college students. The two measures of depression were significantly correlated .54. In addition, Beck scores were influenced by an interaction of year and college variables, and Zung scores were different for males and females. It is concluded that these two scales offer somewhat different measures of depression.

Field of study: Psychology
Exploring climate change adaptive capacity of surf life saving in Australia using Bayesian belief networks

Surf Lifesaving (SLS) in Australia is an icon of local beach culture with more than 300 clubhouses distributed along the coastline. Their distribution at the interface of the terrestrial and marine environments means that assets and operations associated with SLS are particularly vulnerable to the effects of climate variability and climate change from both the land and the sea. For Australia, this is particularly pertinent given that the east coast is projected to experience SLR that is higher than global average. This study describes how a probabilistic modelling approach (Bayesian belief networks (BBNs)) and participatory modelling techniques were used to help elicit information on the key adaptive capacity determinants influencing the ability of Australian SLS to implement climate change adaptation options. 10 BBNs were developed across four stakeholder workshops at four locations within Australia. Results of this participatory modelling show that most determinants of adaptive capacity broadly related to funding, knowledge, equipment, communication and community support. For each workshop, the BBNs indicated broad consensus in the beliefs of the stakeholders for these broad and perhaps well-known determinants of effective adaptation. Conversely, there was less agreement between the stakeholders regarding the more specific determinants as evidenced by the results of the sensitivity analyses and in the levels of debate between the stakeholders. This highlights that as the determinants of adaptive capacity become more nuanced, there is more likely to be an imperfect, and less likely to be a shared, understanding of the system by the stakeholders. Overall, the approach used in this study has shown to be effective in exploring adaptive capacity at the community level and to improve community understanding and awareness of coastal hazards and climate change risks.

Field of study: Environmental science
ROLES OF REPULSIVE AND ATTRACTIVE FORCES IN DETERMINING THE STRUCTURE OF NONUNIFORM LIQUIDS : GENERALIZED MEAN FIELD THEORY

The structure of a nonuniform Lennard-Jones (LJ) liquid near a hard wall is approximated by that of a reference fluid with repulsive intermolecular forces in a self-consistently determined external mean field incorporating the effects of attractive forces. We calculate the reference fluid structure by first determining the response to the slowly varying part of the field alone, followed by the response to the harshly repulsive part. Both steps can be carried out very accurately, as confirmed by Monte Carlo simulations, and good agreement with the structure of the full LJ fluid is found. . Because of the constantly changing molecular arrangements, such correlations play a much more fundamental role in liquids than they do in other condensed phases such as glasses and solids, which sample only a few basic configurations. Indeed, a model with only repulsive intermolecular forces [2] can give a surprisingly accurate description of the full density correlations seen in a uniform dense simple liquid like Ar because the vector sum of the longer ranged attractive forces on a given particle essentially cancels  in most typical configurations. Nonuniform liquids present a greater and qualitatively different challenge, since even the averaged effects of attractive forces clearly do not cancel . We discuss here an example where both attractive and repulsive forces can greatly influence the liquid’s structure: a LennardJones (LJ) fluid next to a hard wall. We obtain accurate numerical results using a physically suggestive generalized mean field description of the attractive forces . We consider first the effects of these slowly varying forces on the liquid’s structure before taking account of the response to the rapidly varying (hard-core-like) part of the external field. This treatment of attractive interactions is quite different from that used in conventional integral equation and density functional methods , and we believe it offers important conceptual and computational advantages.

Field of study: Physics