nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Uniform asymptotic solutions for lamellar inhomogeneities in piezoelectric solids

We study the problem of a lamellar inhomogeneity of arbitrary shape embedded in a piezoelectric matrix of infinite extent. Uniform asymptotic solutions for the equations of elastostatics and electrostatics on this configuration are obtained. The first order terms, in the inhomogeneity thickness, are explicitly determined for piezoelectric inclusions, rigid inclusions of electric conductor, impermeable cracks, and cracks with inside electric field. We give real-form expressions of mechanical and electric fields at the interface and on the inhomogeneity axis. Detailed first order solutions are obtained for elliptic and lemon-shaped inhomogeneities. It is found that, while for elliptic piezoelectric inclusions the perturbation stresses and electric displacements at the inclusion ends have the same order as those given at infinity, for a lemon-shaped inclusion they are an order-of-magnitude smaller. Intensity factors are calculated for lemon-shaped cavities. It is shown that, when inside electric fields are considered, the stress intensity coefficients are influenced by the material anisotropy.

Field of study: Mathematics
Effects of physical and chemical factors on callus growth and flavonoid production in Cyclocarya paliurus

The effects of different physical and chemical factors on callus growth and flavonoid production in Cyclocarya paliurus were studied.The results showed that(1) The optimal subculture times of callus growth was the eighth,the flavonoid content of the tenth times was the highest,the peak content was 2.02%;(2) The callus cultured in light for 12 h·d-1 were suitable for the callus growth and flavonoid accumulation;(3) The suitable pH value of medium for callus growth were 5.8,for flavonoid production was 6.0;(4) 3%sucrose and 5 mg·L-1 E material was optimal for callus growth and flavonoid formation;(5) The suitable material for callus subculture is from the stems in the middle of May,and for flavonoid accumulation is in the middle of July.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Ecotoxicological effects of sulfonamides and fluoroquinolones and their removal by a green alga (Chlorella vulgaris) and a cyanobacterium (Chrysosporum ovalisporum).

In recent years, antibiotic pollution has become worse, especially in China. In this study, the ecotoxicological effects of four frequently used antibiotics with different lipophilic degrees (log Kow) (sulfadiazine (SD), sulfamethazine (SM2), enrofloxacin (ENR), and norfloxacin (NOR)) at four concentrations of 1, 5, 20, and 50 mg L-1 were examined using batch cultures of green alga Chlorella vulgaris and cyanobacterium Chrysosporum ovalisporum for 16 days based on changes in chlorophyll fluorescence parameters (chl a, Fv/Fm, and ΦPSII) and responses of the antioxidant system. Besides, the antibiotics removal efficiencies of the two microalgae were investigated. Sulfonamides (SD and SM2) had no significant inhibitory effect on the growth of C. ovalisporum, but had an inhibitory effect on C. vulgaris, whereas fluoroquinolones (ENR and NOR) significantly inhibited C. ovalisporum. The activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione reductase suggested that C. vulgaris was more tolerant to these antibiotics than C. ovalisporum. The increased malondialdehyde level in both algae indicated their tolerance against antibiotics. When compared with C. ovalisporum, C. vulgaris presented better capacity to remove antibiotics. In summary, the four antibiotics exerted time- or concentration-dependent ecotoxicological effects on the microalgae examined, whereas the microalgae could remove the antibiotics based on the log Kow of the antibiotics. The findings of this study contribute to effective understanding of the ecotoxicological effects of antibiotics and their removal by microalgae.

Field of study: Environmental science
EFFECT OF SOLVENTS ON HYDROGENATION OF OLEFINIC SUBSTRATES

The presented work is a continuation of earlier studies and it is aimed at a quantitative interpretation of relations between the nature of a solvent and the rate of hydrogenation and adsorptivity of nine olefinic substrates. Hydrogenation experiments were performed at normal conditions in seven solvents with a catalyst containing 5% Pt on silica gel. Simultaneously, relations between the structure of substrates and their reactivity and adsorptivity in separate solvents were tested.

Field of study: Chemistry
Effects of Proration on the Wisc Iqs of Mentally Retarded Children

Of the 12 subtests in the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC), only 10 were used to establish the IQ tables presented in the test manual (Wechsler, 1749). In the interest of shortening examination time, Digit Span was omitted from the Verbal Scale and Mazes from the Performance Scale, although E may substicute Mazes for Coding. Wechsler strongly advises that all 12 subcests be included in clinical situations, a procedure thac requires proracing before the IQs are computed. While Anderson (1753) has argued cogently against "including inferior material and prorating to find an IQ" (p. 478), no previous empirical study of the effects of proration has been found. All 12 subtests of the WISC were administered to 40 hospitalized retardates, 28 boys and 12 girls. Their mean age was 12.9 yr. (SD = 2.29), and their mean length of hospitalization, 2.4 yr. (SD = 1.76). For 28 of the children, there was no clinical or historical indication of organic disease or pathology. The mean Full Scale IQ of the sample was 50.4 (SD = 9.04). Verbal IQs were computed on the basis of the five subrests used by Wechsler in constructing the WISC norms, and also by prorating the Verbal Scaled Score on all six subtests, including Digir Span. Performance IQs were computed in an analogous fashion. The t rest for correlated measures was used to evaluate the significance of the differences berween five-subtest and six-subtest (prorated) 1Qs. '[iMs and SDs of subtest scores were: Info., 2.6 2 1.43; Comp., 2.8 2 1.94; Arith.,

Field of study: Psychology
Intercultural Adaptation Strategies to Culture Shock of International Students in China: A Case Study

The purpose of this study is to explore a case on culture shock and adaptation of an international student in China during the period from September 01, 2016 to May 01, 2017. This is the self-case study research which has been analyzed from multicultural context through a 50 sample research participants. A sample questionnaire survey on 32 international students from different developing countries and two Focus Group Discussions (FGD-1 and FGD-2) with 18 Bnagladeshi PhD and Master’s students in China have been conducted through online social media such as WeChat/Skype, Facebook, e-mail and/or personal contact in order to identify the forms of intercultural shock, and also to make a list of possible intercultural adaptation strategies to evaluate the best fit intercultural adaptation strategies. This study used judgmental convenience sampling technique. As psychological and social issues affect negatively the sojourner, the culture shock and adaptation curves show ups and downs trend as our heart does all the time and this is called heartbeat and again this would be sustainable. However, this proposed heartbeat model requires approval from scholars. This study identified the best fit intercultural adaptation strategies such as harmonious relationship, integration, assimilation, and separation. This study suffers from smaller sample size and shorter time period which could be covered in the future research. The findings and recommendations have positive implications to the international students those who are normally nervous and hesitated to enter into a new foreign culture to pursue higher studies for a long period of time.

Field of study: Business
Acetylcholin III. Eine Empfindliche Bestimmung Von Coenzym A Mit der Acetylcholin‐Synthetisierenden Transacetylase Von Streptobacterium Plantarum 10 S

Die von Coenzym A abhangige Acetylcholinbildung aus Acetylphosphat und Cholin durch die Acetylcholin-synthetisierende Transacetylase der Bakterien ermoglicht zusammen mit dem Nachweis von Acetylcholin am Blutegelmuskel eine Bestimmung sehr geringer Mengen Coenzym A.

Field of study: Chemistry
Influences of Te-Rich and Cd-Rich Precipitates of CdZnTe Substrates on the Surface Defects of HgCdTe Liquid-Phase Epitaxy Materials

Influences of Te-rich and Cd-rich precipitates of CdZnTe substrates on the surface defects of HgCdTe epilayers grown by Te-rich liquid-phase epitaxy were investigated. The results show that HgCdTe surface defects are mainly attributable to precipitates on CdZnTe substrate surfaces. At the same time, the remelting of substrate surface layers during the liquid-phase epitaxial process also affects the number and morphology of HgCdTe surface defects. According to the morphological characteristics of surface defects, three types of surface defects were observed on the surfaces of HgCdTe epilayers. There are no obvious differences in the morphologies of the surface defects grown on Te-rich and Cd-rich substrates. However, the dislocation distributions around surface defects are different for HgCdTe epilayers grown on different substrates.

Field of study: Materials science
Industrialization of LHC main quadrupole cold masses up to series production

Whereas the prototypes of the main quadrupoles had been pursued at CEA Saclay under contract with CERN, the contract to build all MQ magnets and the complete cold masses had been placed with ACCEL Instruments GmbH. After careful evaluation of design concepts and fabrication processes some revisions have been introduced to ease an industrial fabrication of the 400 MQ magnets and cold masses to be delivered to CERN. First batches of magnets were successfully cold tested. We report about the upgrading of the fabrication facility including the MQ specific layout of all machinery, the upgrading and qualifying of personnel resources and processes, the technical performance of the products and main activities and experiences on the way to series production.

Field of study: Physics
Personality Measurement in Children: A Dimensional Approach

llnvesligalion supported by the Bethlern Royal Research Fund. Phrases like “exceptional children” and “special education,” when used in the psychological and educational literature, are usually applied to children scoring especially high or low on some scale which measures cognitive “ability” variables: temperament and character are usually passed by-possibly because of the well-known difficulties of measurement in this area. Another reason has probably been the psychiatric and medical overtones of “abnormality” in these areas; there is a deep-seated belief that an extreme placement in regard to some of the dimensions along which personality can be measured denotes some kind of “disease,” and it goes against the grain to suggest the presence of mental disorders in young children unless, as in the case of autistic children, there is no gainsaying such abnormality. In this paper, we shall be reviewing some recent efforts to study the personality of the child in its noncognitive aspects, and to test the applicability to children of some theories originally developed in relation to the adult personality. The main notion underlying our approach has been that of the personality continuum or dimension (Eysenck, 1947). Psychiatrists diagnose patients as though they were dealing with categorical concepts or disease entities: this is probably a relic of long-established medical ways of thinking not necessarily applicable to psychological variables and concepts. Malaria, scarlet fever, syphilis, and broken bones are rightly considered “categorical” disease entities, with special causes, specific sets of symptoms, and particular types of treatment. It is equally clear that anxiety state, hysteria, and schizophrenia are not “categorical” disease entities in this sense:

Field of study: Education
Baryonic Bound State of Vortices in Multicomponent Superconductors

We construct a bound state of three 1/3-quantized Josephson coupled vortices in three-component superconductors with intrinsic Josephson couplings, which may be relevant with regard to iron-based superconductors. We find a Y-shaped junction of three domain walls connecting the three vortices, resembling the baryonic bound state of three quarks in QCD. The appearance of the Y-junction (but not a Δ-junction) implies that in both cases of superconductors and QCD, the bound state is described by a genuine three-body interaction (but not by the sum of two-body interactions). We also discuss a confinement/deconfinement phase transition.

Field of study: Physics
History of cervical disc arthroplasty.

Enthusiasm for cervical disc arthroplasty is based on the premise that motion-preserving devices attenuate the progression of adjacent-segment disease (ASD) in the cervical spine. Arthrodesis, on the other hand, results in abnormal load transfer on adjacent segments, leading to the acceleration of ASD. It has taken several decades of pioneering work to produce clinically relevant devices that mimic the kinematics of the intervertebral disc. The goal of this work is to trace the origins of cervical arthroplasty technology and highlight the attributes of devices currently available in the market.

Field of study: Medicine
A review of pulse tube refrigeration

The pulse tube belongs to the class of miniature cryogenic refrigerators usually referred to as cryocoolers. In common with Stirling and Gifford-McMahon machines, operation depends on a regenerative gas expansion cycle but unlike these coolers the pulse tube has no moving parts at low temperature and hence offers the potential for high reliability. Although comparisons may be drawn between the operation of a pulse tube and that of a Stirling cooler, the exact nature of the working cycle is far from clear and the device continues to intrigue. We provide here an introduction to the device and attempt to explain it's operation as a conventional second law system. Resume Le tube a pulsion appartient a la categorie des refrigerateurs cryogeniques miniatures communement appeles cryorefroidisseurs. Comme pour les machines Stirling et Gifford-McMahon, leur fonctionnement depend d'un cycle regenerateur a detente gazeuse; mais a la difference de ces machines, le tube a pulsion ne possede pas de partie mobile a basse temperature ce qui lui permet une grande fiabilite. Bien que l'on puisse comparer le fonctionnement d'un tube a pulsion et celui d'un refroidisseur Stirling, la nature exacte de son cycle frigorifique est loin d'etre elucidee et cet appareil suscite encore des interrogations. Nous presentons ici le dispositif et tentons d'en expliquer le fonctionnement d'une facon traditionnelle fondee sur le deuxieme principe.

Field of study: Engineering
Evidence from luminescence for Late Pleistocene formation of calcareous aeolianite (kurkar) and paleosol (hamra) in the Carmel Coast, Israel

Calcareous aeolianite (kurkar) and red loamy paleosol (hamra) units form ridges in the northern coastal plain of Israel. The kurkar ridges with hamra units have been thought to be indicators of past sea levels and of palaeoclimate, though there has been no clear chronology that could correlate units from one ridge to another or to global palaeoclimate and sea level change. We obtained detailed stratigraphy and luminescence ages for the kurkar and hamra units that range from 35 to 101 ka, indicating coeval formation of these units during the Late Pleistocene. Independent dating suggests that hamra and similar loamy soils formed at ∼45 to ∼130 ka in the Habonim Quarry site at the eastern ridge, when kurkar that has been dated by us to 50–67 ka was deposited in the coastal trough, showing facies changes from west to east. The youngest ages for exposed kurkar in the Dor Islet at the coastal ridge, 35 and 38 ka, are close to the 35 ka age obtained independently for the upper kurkar near Atlit at the eastern ridge. At that time, when kurkar was deposited and cemented on the top of both ridges, a hamra, dated by us to 37 ka, formed in the coastal trough. Our results indicate that kurkar accumulated along the coastal plain at different time intervals throughout the Late Pleistocene, and that its deposition was not necessarily associated with high sea levels. Moreover, our data as well as previous research suggest that hamra also formed at different periods, sometimes synchronous with kurkar, and its formation is therefore not related to any particular climatic events.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Fully absorbing dynamic compromise

I consider a repeated divide-the-dollar voting model with rejections leading to the implementation of the previous period's allocation (see Kalandrakis ). I show that if proposals can be non-exhaustive, then equal division can be achieved as an absorbing steady state from any initial allocation given a large enough discount factor as a part of a Markov Perfect equilibrium. This result is robust to changes in voting thresholds and persistence in proposal power outside of unanimity or total persistence.

Field of study: Economics
Coxeter element and particle masses

Let $${\mathfrak {g}}$$g be a simple Lie algebra of rank r over $$\mathbb {C}, {\mathfrak {h}}\subset {\mathfrak {g}}$$C,h⊂g a Cartan subalgebra. We construct a family of r commuting Hermitian operators acting on $${\mathfrak {h}}$$h whose eigenvalues are equal to the coordinates of the eigenvectors of the Cartan matrix of $${\mathfrak {g}}$$g.

Field of study: Mathematics
On the start point of strategy to build world top disciplines

Top discipline is the core of world class university. To meet the need of national strategic development and follow the trend of scientific and technological development, China's universities should draw upon the successful experience from world class universities and take large programs as their start point of strategy to build world top disciplines, collocate resources rationally and innovate the administrative mechanism of disciplines, so as to facilitate the course of building world class universities.

Field of study: Education
Traditional Herbal Medicines for the Treatment of Snake Bite and Scorpion Sting by the Tribes of South Surguja, Chhattisgarh, India

Snake bite is a common acute medical emergency faced by rural population in tropical and subtropical countries and in humid climate; therefore, people need to counter these types of emergencies. The Cherwa and Pando tribes were surveyed during June to July 2008, to gather information on the traditional uses of medicinal plants used in health care by them. Tribes of South Surguja use 10 plants for snake bite and 05 plants for scorpion sting. A particular family uses a particular variety of a plant species as a tradition for treatment of snake bite and scorpion sting. The study indicates that tribes depend on medicinal plants for health care.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Visfatin as marker of isolated coronary artery ectasia and its severity

&NA; Several studies have demonstrated the relationship between visfatin and increased risk of diseases caused by inflammation, however, the relationship between visfatin and coronary artery ectasia (CAE) is still unknown. The aim of our study is to investigate the association between serum visfatin with presence of coronary ectasia and its severity. We enrolled 85 individuals including 35 CAE patients (mean age: 58.40 ± 9.82 years) and 50 control persons (mean age: 53.24 ± 8.81 years). These participants underwent some biochemical tests including visfatin, fasting blood glucose and lipid profiles. In univariate analysis, the serum level of visfatin was significantly associated with ectasia in all patients with CAE and CAD coexisting with CAE groups, but a trend toward significance in isolated CAE group. In multivariate analysis, visfatin showed independently significant association with presence of ectasia in all patients with ectasia and in CAD coexisting with ectasia groups, but not significant in isolated CAE group. Visfatin was also independently associated with severity of ectasia according to MARKIS classification. We conclude that visfatin independently can be the useful predictor for the presence and severity of coronary ectasia.

Field of study: Medicine
Novel Liquid Crystalline Compounds Containing Bicyclo[3.1.0]hexane Core Units

Additions of ethyl or tert-butyl diazoacetates to 4-substituted cyclopentenes 6 and 17 under dirhodium tetraacetate/tetraoctanoate catalysis led to mixtures of tert-butyl endo,exo- and exo,exo-3-carboxyl(aryl)bicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-6-carboxylates 7 and 18 in yields of 54−90% from which exo,exo-diastereomers were isolated in yields of 39−63%. Diester exo,exo-7 was saponified and converted into diaryl diesters exo,exo-9a,b in overall yields of 42 and 46%, respectively. The esters exo,exo-18 were reduced to the corresponding hydroxymethyl derivatives, these were transformed to the iodomethyl compounds which in turn were coupled with various alkylmagnesium halides, via Li2CuCl4 catalysis, to give 3-aryl-6-alkylbicyclo[3.1.0]hexyl derivatives exo,exo-21 in overall yields of 72−83%. Fluorinated 3-(2-arylethyl)-6-pentylbicyclo[3.1.0]hexane exo,exo-32 could be prepared in five steps from 4-ethoxy-2,3-difluorobenzaldehyde 26a adopting essentially the same synthetic strategy, but in an overall yield of only 8%, and 6-(4-cyanophenyl)-3-pentylbicyclo[3.1.0]hexane exo,exo-38b was obtained by Pd(OAc)2 catalyzed cyclopropanation of 4-pentylcyclopentene 34b with (4-cyanophenyl)diazomethane 36b in 29% yield. A comparison of the liquid crystalline properties of these newly prepared compounds containing a bicyclo[3.1.0]hexane core with those of the known analogous compounds with a cyclohexane fragment shows that as a rule, a bicyclo[3.1.0]hexane moiety decreases the transition temperature, while the dielectric (Δϵ) and optical (Δn) anisotropies are comparable. However, the bicyclo[3.1.0]hexane unit has a poorer mesogenic potential.

Field of study: Chemistry
Optical profilometry of poly(methylmethacrylate) surfaces after reshaping with a scanning photorefractive keratectomy (SPRK) system.

A prototype frequency-quintupled Nd:YAG laser was used with a scanning system to create, on poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA) blocks, ablations corresponding to a correction of 6 diopters of myopia by photorefractive keratectomy. The topography of the ablated samples was measured with an optical profilometer to evaluate the smoothness and accuracy of the ablations. The ablation depth was larger than expected. With a 50% to 70% spot overlap, large valleylike variations with a maximum peak-to-peak amplitude of 20 µm were observed. With an 80% spot overlap, the rms surface roughness was 1.3 µm, and the central flattening was 7 diopters. This study shows that optical profilometry can be used to determine precisely the ablation per pulse and the smoothness and accuracy of surface ablations. Knowing the exact ablation per pulse is necessary to produce a smooth and accurate corneal surface by scanning photorefractive keratectomy.

Field of study: Physics
Leaf water stable isotopes and water transport outside the xylem.

How water moves through leaves, and where the phase change from liquid to vapour occurs within leaves, remain largely mysterious. Some time ago, we suggested that the stable isotope composition of leaf water may contain information on transport pathways beyond the xylem, through differences in the development of gradients in enrichment within the various pathways. Subsequent testing of this suggestion provided ambiguous results and even questioned the existence of gradients in enrichment within the mesophyll. In this review, we bring together recent theoretical developments in understanding leaf water transport pathways and stable isotope theory to map a path for future work into understanding pathways of water transport and leaf water stable isotope composition. We emphasize the need for a spatially, anatomically and isotopically explicit model of leaf water transport.

Field of study: Environmental science