nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Heterozoan carbonates in oligotrophic tropical waters: The Attard member of the lower coralline limestone formation (Upper Oligocene, Malta)

Photozoan and heterozoan skeletal assemblages are controlled by their trophic requirements (i.e. light-based photosynthesis versus other sources) and temperature. Photozoan associations tend to dominate tropical and subtropical waters, whereas heterozoan carbonate systems tend to occur in cooler waters and in localised areas that are affected by nutrient-rich upwelling or terrestrial runoff. Because of the wide climatic spectrum in which heterozoan carbonates are found, their interpretation is often problematic. We present a high-resolution analysis of the Attard Member of the Lower Coralline Limestone Formation (Upper Oligocene, Malta). The biotic associations and palaeolatitudinal reconstructions suggest that carbonate sedimentation took place in tropical waters under oligotrophic conditions. An important factor controlling the spread of heterozoan assemblages in the Late Oligocene of Malta seems to be related to the palaeoecology and evolution of zooxanthellate. The limited capacity of corals to thrive in high-light conditions and to form a wave-resistant reef promoted the diffusion of heterozoan assemblages.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Creation and Investigation of Mechanoluminescent Coatings based on Polymethylmethacrylate and Phosphor Powder SrAl2O4: (Eu2+,Dy3+)

Deformation luminescence of a composite obtained on basis of the polymer material polymethylmethacrylate and fine-dispersed powder of SrAl2O4:(Eu2+, Dy3+) phosphor is investigated. The luminescent (sensory) layer responsive to mechanical action is formed in the surface layer of the polymethylmethacrylate that is transparent in the visible spectrum. The kinetics of deformation luminescence and the photoluminescence spectra of the SrAl2O4:(Eu2+, Dy3+) phosphor microparticles in the polymethylmethacrylate matrix have been studied. Photoluminescence was excited by the nanosecond pulses of the laser with the wavelength λ=355 nm. The shock action on the sensitive luminescent layer was realized by a hammering device and an impulse of an acoustic wave generated by a nanosecond laser pulse. It has been shown that the produced mechanoluminescent layer is highly sensitive to short acoustic and mechanical shock (normal and tangential) actions and can be used in registration and visualization of mechanical actions.

Field of study: Engineering
Réduction d’une dislocation de l’épaule: La communication et une relaxation suffisante importent-elles plus que la technique?

Diverses techniques ont ete proposees pour reduire une dislocation anterieure de l’epaule a l’urgence. La superiorite d’une approche par rapport a une autre reste cependant a etablir.

La litterature medicale[1][1],[2][2] reconnait le role important d’une bonne relaxation

Field of study: Medicine
Epitaxial crystal growth of charged colloids.

A pattern of repulsive, charged lines is shown to direct three-dimensional (3D) crystallization in a system of long-range repulsive, density-matched colloids. At volume fractions where the bulk phase behavior leads to bcc crystallization, the 1D template was found to induce formation of a metastable fcc crystal. The bcc crystals were oriented with the (100) or the (110) plane, with twofold twinning, parallel to the template. The template further induced prefreezing of the (100) plane. At a large mismatch between template and interparticle spacing, 1D strings form in the surface layer of a 3D crystal.

Field of study: Physics
Equilibrium Binding Agreements

We study equilibrium binding agreements, the coalition structures that form under such agreements, and the efficiency of the outcomes that result. We analyze such agreements in a context where the payoff to each player depends on the actions of all other players. Thus a game in strategic form is a natural starting point. Unlike the device of a characteristic function, explicit attention is paid to the behavior of the complementary set of players when a coalition blocks a proposed agreement. A solution concept and its applications are discussed.

Field of study: Economics
Construction and Simulation of Failure Models in IP Network Survivability Model

The problem of failure model construction was studied to optimize the evaluation method of IP network survivability.The evaluation frame of network survivability was introduced,the characteristics of IP network failures were analyzed,analyzed the traits of failures,the influence of failures to IP network survivability and the classification of failures,on the basis of understanding the characteristics of IP network failures,the mathematical expressions of failure state aggregations were provided,the failure state were single link failure,router related failure and fiber related failure,and the constructing methods of two failure models were also provided,respectively at the situation of foreknowing the percent of every failure to all failures and foreknowing the statistical distributions of the failure′s arriving intervals.The simulation results show that two kinds of failure models could accurately simulate the real failure states.

Field of study: Computer science
Importance of thiol groups in ligand binding to D2 dopamine receptors from brain and anterior pituitary gland.

The effects of the thiol group reagent 5,5'-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB) on D2 dopamine receptors have been examined in three brain regions (caudate nucleus, putamen and olfactory tubercle), and in the anterior and neurointermediate lobes of the pituitary gland. Whereas the receptors in brain were insensitive to DTNB, a dose-dependent inhibition of [3H]spiperone binding to D2 receptors in both lobes of the pituitary gland was observed. The effects in the pituitary could be reversed by subsequent treatment with dithiothreitol and could be prevented by prior occupancy of the receptor binding site with a ligand. The effect of DTNB was to decrease the number of ligand-binding sites without altering the affinity of those remaining. The results show that modification of a thiol group of the D2 dopamine receptor in the two lobes of the pituitary gland tested here significantly affects ligand binding. There is therefore a difference between the D2 dopamine receptor populations in brain and pituitary in their sensitivity to modification by DTNB, and this may imply the existence of different receptor isoforms in the two issues.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
A Medieval Scholasticus and Renaissance Choirmaster: A Portrait of John Hothby at Lucca*

John Hothby's career as cathedral choirmaster at Lucca is one of the longest, best documented, and most exceptional of any Northern musician active in fifteenth-century Italy. As director of the cathedral school and choir, this Englishman embodied two models of music master: a scholastic trained in the old Trivium and Quadrivium, and a professional maestro di cappella. Fulfilling this double role was but one way in which Hothby differed from his fellow oltremontani by ingratiating himself with his Lucchese patrons, colleagues, and citizens at large. Another was the integration into his curriculum of older pedagogies of local and regional origin, ones designed to appeal to his Italian students. The most important example of such appropriation were the laude that formed a basis for his students’ exercises in two-voice mensural counterpoint. The latter appear in I-Lc, Enti religiosi soppressi, 3086, one of only two examples of student work to survive from before 1500. These newly discovered exercises thus illuminate not only Hothby's career, but also a hitherto obscure stage of learning by which aspiring singers progressed from strict, note-against-note discant to complex, florid polyphony.

Field of study: History
Multi-Proxy reconstruction of environmental dynamics and colonization impacts in the Mauritian uplands

A 115 cm long sediment core retrieved from the exposed uplands of Mauritius, a small oceanic island in the Indian Ocean, shows environmental change from the uninhabited era into post-colonization times. Well-preserved fossil pollen and diatoms in the uppermost 30 cm of the core reflect environmental conditions during the last 1000 years. Granulometric analysis along the core shows that the sediments below 30 cm consist of weathered material and that the record may contain hiatuses. This is also illustrated by a 14C date at 96 cm depth of 35,000 calibrated years before AD 1950 (35.0 cal ka). The pollen record shows that pristine vegetation at 650 m elevation consisted of ericaceous heathland and Pandanus marsh. Around 0.9 cal ka wet montane forest and fern-rich marsh replaced heathland vegetation, indicating higher moisture availability. Natural changes in upland vegetation associations are mainly driven by changes in sediment accumulation causing changes in soil properties and drainage conditions. The historically well-dated start of colonization (AD 1638) is reflected by the sudden arrival of exotic plant taxa Camellia sinensis (tea), Pinus spp. (pine), Casuarina equisetifolia (coastal she-oak), Psidium cattleianum (strawberry guava), Homalanthus (Queensland poplar) and Saccharum officinarum (sugar cane), as well as an increase in charcoal, indicating deforestation.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
A source location privacy protection scheme based on ring-loop routing for the IoT

The emerging Internet of Things (IoT) has become an integral part of daily activities. However, the connection of numerous devices poses many security challenges for wireless sensor networks, which represent the basis of the IoT. In this paper, we propose a source location privacy protection scheme based on ring-loop routing (SLPRR) for the IoT. To increase the backtracking time of the adversary, we introduce a confounding time-domain transmission to transmit real packets. In addition, fake packets, phantom nodes, and a confounding ring are also utilized to protect the source location privacy. A theoretical analysis and simulation experiments are conducted. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed SLPRR increases the safety time without compromising the network lifetime.

Field of study: Computer science
Mineral reactions in the sedimentary deposits of the Lake Magadi region, Kenya

The authigenic minerals, principally zeolites, in the Pleistocene to Holocene consolidated and unconsolidated sediments of the Magadi basin in the Eastern Rift Valley of Kenya have been investigated. Samples were available from outcrops as well as drill cores. The following reactions can be documented: (1) trachytic glass + H 2 O → erionite, (2) trachytic glass + Na-rich brine → Na-Al-Si gel, (3) erionite 4- Na + → analcime + K + + SiO 2 + H 2 O, (4) Na-Al-Si gel → analcime + H 2 O, (5) calcite + F-rich brine → fluorite + CO 3 −− , (6) calcite + Na-rich brine → gaylussite, and (7) magadiite → quartz + Na + + H 2 O. Erionite is the most common zeolite present, but minor amounts of chabazite, clinoptilolite, mordenite, and phillipsite were also recognized. Erionite can form directly from trachytic glass by the addition of H 2 O only. It is characteristic of the Magadi basin because of the low content of alkaline earths in the volcanic glasses and in the solutions interacting with them. Analcime is common in outcrops of the High Magadi and Oloronga Beds. It forms from erionite by a reaction probably initiated by a lowering of the silica activity, which results from the transformation of magadiite to chert. Analcime in the drill-core samples grew at the expense of a Na-Al-Si gel. This gel forms at the lake shore and is washed into the lake during flooding conditions. Fluorite is common in the core samples and can be explained by reaction of the fluoride-rich brines with calcium in the sediments, principally detrital calcite. Authigenic albite and potassium feldspar were not recognized, probably for reasons of reaction kinetics. The presence of authigenic minerals can be accounted for by considering the chemical compositions of the starting materials, mainly volcanic glasses, and the brines they come in contact with. Lake Magadi represents a unique opportunity for studies of diagenesis because authigenic minerals are forming there at the present time and because the evolution of its waters is well known.

Field of study: Geology
Specificity of neurobehavioral outcomes associated with prenatal alcohol exposure.

A current issue in alcohol research is whether a "neurobehavioral profile" can be identified for prenatal alcohol exposure, even when dysmorphic features are not present, or whether comparable neurobehavioral deficits are detected when damage is incurred by numerous neurotoxicants to which the fetus is exposed during a common developmental period. Failure to detect such differences may, in part, be an artifact of the global developmental tests used to assess outcome. Cognitive effects of prenatal exposure to three different teratogens [polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), alcohol, and cocaine] are examined to determine whether exposure to each substance results in a common or different pattern of impairment on the same set of newer, more narrow band infant tests. Comparison of findings from three independent cohorts indicate that PCB exposure was related to poorer recognition memory on the Fagan Test of Infant Intelligence (FTII) in Michigan infants exposed prenatally to PCB-contaminated fish, whereas prenatal alcohol exposure was unrelated to recognition memory but to slower processing speed on a new FTII measure and slower reaction time on Haith's Visual Expectancy Paradigm (VExP) in our Detroit alcohol-exposed infants. Preliminary findings from a new study of infants recently born to Taiwanese women accidentally contaminated with sizable amounts of PCBs indicate recognition memory deficits, confirming our Michigan findings, but no processing speed effects on the FTII. Recent findings from our Detroit cohort suggest that heavy prenatal cocaine exposure is related to poorer recognition memory on the FTII, but faster reaction times on the VExP, a pattern different from that seen for either PCBs or alcohol.

Field of study: Medicine
A note on "using intuitionistic fuzzy sets for fault-tree analysis on printed circuit board assembly"

The aim of this note is to point out and correct some errors in the definition of the four arithmetic operations for triangle intuitionistic fuzzy numbers introduced by Shu et al.  Using intuitionistic fuzzy sets for fault-tree analysis on printed circuit board assembly. Microelectron Reliab 2006;46:2139–48].

Field of study: Engineering
SU‐E‐T‐481: In Vivo and Post Mortem Animal Irradiation: Measured Vs. Calculated Doses

Computerized radiation therapy treatment planning is performed on almost all patients today. However it is seldom used for laboratory irradiations. The first objective is to assess whether modern radiation therapy treatment planning (RTP) systems accurately predict the subject dose by comparing in vivo and decedent dose measurements to calculated doses. The other objective is determine the importance of using a RTP system for laboratory irradiations.  5 MOSFET radiation dosimeters were placed enterically in each subject (2 sedated Rhesus Macaques) to measure the absorbed dose at 5 levels (carina, lung, heart, liver and rectum) during whole body irradiation. The subjects were treated with large opposed lateral fields and extended distances to cover the entire subject using a Varian 600C linac. CT simulation was performed ante-mortem (AM) and post-mortem (PM). To compare AM and PM doses, calculation points were placed at the location of each dosimeter in the treatment plan. The measured results were compared to the results using Varian Eclipse and Prowess Panther RTP systems.  The Varian and Prowess treatment planning system agreed to within in +1.5% for both subjects. However there were significant differences between the measured and calculated doses. For both animals the calculated central axis dose was higher than prescribed by 3–5%. This was caused in part by inaccurate measurement of animal thickness at the time of irradiation. For one subject the doses ranged from 4% to 7% high and the other subject the doses ranged 7% to 14% high when compared to the RTP doses.  Our results suggest that using proper CT RTP system can more accurately deliver the prescribed dose to laboratory subjects. It also shows that there is significant dose variation in such subjects when inhomogeneities are not considered in the planning process.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Two dimensional sink flow of a viscous, heat-conducting, compressible fluid; cylindrical shock waves

The steady two-dimensional sink-type flow of a viscous, heat-conducting perfect gas is investigated. An approximate solution of this problem is given for the case of large Reynolds number Re (cf. the definition given in the text). In obtaining the present solution the values of Prandtl number and the ratio of the first and second viscosity coefficient may be arbitrary. The result shows that the solution has two branches, both of physical significance. On the subsonic branch of the solution the flow speed starts from the stagnation point at infinity, increases monotonically for decreasing radial distance and eventually terminates with maximum speed at a certain point inside the inviscid sonic circle. The solutions of the supersonic branch, which start with the maximum speed at infinity, all contain cylindrical shocks. Within the shock the flow speed assumes a minimum value and after the shock all solutions tend asymptotically to the subsonic branch. In contrast to the plane shock, the cylindrical shock strength is limited to the order O(Re^-1/3), and the shock-thickness, of O(Re^-2/3) The latter quantity implies that the thickness of the region in which the viscous effects are important is thinner, in order of magnitude, than that of ordinary boundary layer (of O(Re^-1/2)) but is thicker than that of plane normal shock (of O(fRe^-1)). It is found that the entropy of the super sonic branch rises to a maximum within the shock while for the subsonic branch, the entropy increases monotonically with the radial distance. The total variation of the entropy across the shock is found to be of O(Re^-2/3) which is in general greater than that across a plane normal shock (~O {shock strength}^3). The effect on the flow quantities due to the variation in viscosity coafficients, assumed to depend on the local temperature, is found to be at most of O(Re^-2/3).

Field of study: Mathematics
Bus Differential Protection Based on Wavelet Packet Transform

When TA saturation happens,the bus big differential current waveforms have serious distortion. It is difficult for the traditional principle of full current bus differential protection to determine faults within or outside the buses. Based on principles of wavelet packet transform a new method for bus differential protection is proposed in this paper. By using the method of wavelet packet transform on the big differential currents,extracting high-frequency coefficients of wavelet packet,to decide faults within or outside the buses. A large number of simulation results show that the principle of bus differential protection is correct and reliable.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Proceedings of the Twenty-eighth Annual Meeting of the Cordilleran Section of the Geological Society of America, Held at Berkeley, California, April 12 and 13, 1929

Sessions of March 2 and 3 The twenty-seventh annual meeting of the Cordilleran Section of the Geological Society of America was held at Bacon Hall, University of California, Berkeley, on Friday and Saturday, March 2 and 3, 1928. BUSINESS MEETING  A business meeting and luncheon was held at the Faculty Club, with seventeen Fellows of the Society in attendance. A Nominating Committee appointed by the Chairman, Robert van V. Anderson, proposed the following officers for the year 1929: Chairman, Bruce L. Clark Secretary, Ralph W. Chaney Councilor, F. L. Ransome The nominees were subsequently elected in a mail ballot conducted by the Secretary. REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON PRIZES The Committee on Prizes presented the following report: 1. The prize shall be awarded annually to a young man or woman, preferably a student who has not yet received his doctor’s degree and who is under thirty years . . .

Field of study: Geology
Über Die Riechstoffe Der Chrysanthemen. Die Konstitution Des Chrysanthenons

Die Bluten von Chrysanthemum sinense SABIN. enthalten 0.9% in Ather losliche Substanz. Aus dieser wurden gewonnen: ein Paraffin vom Schmp. 53 bis 53.5°, Essigsaure, Propionsaure, Benzoesaure, Benzaldehyd, Anisaldehyd, Borneol, Bornylacetat, Campher und ein Keton der Formel C10H14O. Das Keton C10H14O, das ungefahr die Halfte des fluchtigen Anteils ausmacht, haben wir Chrysanthenon genannt. Es liefert mit methanol. Kalilauge 2.2.4-Trimethyl-Δ3-cyclohexen-carbonsaure und mit 25-proz. Schwefelsaure 3-Methyl-Δ2-cyclohexenon. Wenn man die vorliegenden Ergebnisse mit dem Verhalten von Verbenon, Piperitenon, Pulegon und Thujon vergleicht, kann man fur das Chrysanthenon die Formel XIIc ableiten, die durch das Infrarot- und Ultraviolett-Spektrum bestatigt wird.

Field of study: Chemistry
Simple approximation of cross sections for nuclear reactions involving Z = 3–12, 14 nuclei

A compact cross section data base is obtained for almost 5000 nonresonance nuclear reactions involving stable and unstable Be, B, C, N, O, F, Ne, Na, Mg, and Si isotopes. The calculations are performed using the Sãn Paulo potential and the barrier penetration formalism. The calculated cross sections are approximated by simple analytical formulas. The results are necessary for simulating nuclear burning in neutron stars.

Field of study: Physics
A revised life table and survivorship curve for Albertosaurus sarcophagus based on the Dry Island mass death assemblageThis article is one of a series of papers published in this Special Issue on the theme Albertosaurus.

In 1910 a crew from the American Museum of Natural History discovered a bone bed composed primarily of the large tyrannosaurid Albertosaurus sarcophagus in what is now Dry Island Buffalo Jump Provincial Park in Alberta, Canada. Study of the remains from the site allowed the first life table and survivorship curve for a non-avian dinosaur to be created. These have served as a model for subsequent studies of dinosaurian population biology. Since 2006, the discovery and preparation of hundreds of new elements from the bone bed stand to substantially increase the minimum number of individuals (MNI) represented. This would allow testing of previous conclusions regarding the population biology of these animals and refinement of our understanding of the patterns of survivorship. Here, four formerly unrecognized individuals from the Dry Island assemblage are revealed and a revised life table presented. As in the previous analysis, a left skewed age distribution and sigmoidal survivorship pattern were found. Annua...

Field of study: Environmental science