nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Über die durchdringende Strahlung im Meeresniveau

ZusammenfassungIonisationsmessungen hinter sehr starken Erdabschirmungen erbringen in Verbindung mit anderen Messungen von G. Hoffmann den Beweis für das Vorhandensein einer sehr harten Komponente der durchdringenden Strahlung, deren Absorptions-koeffizient noch unter dem von anderen Autoren gefundenen Wert liegt. — Schwan-kungsmessungen der durchdringenden Strahlung im Meeresniveau über 14 Tage mit exakter photographisch registrierender Apparatur ergeben trotz starker Abschirmung der seitlich einfallenden Strahlung mit großen Bleimassen keine Anzeichen einer zeitlich periodischen Schwankung. Die gefundenen Werte der Schwankung sind rund zehnmal kleiner als von anderen Autoren angegeben. Sie lassen sich in ihrer Größe durch statistische Schwankung des aus α-Teilchen bestehenden Reststromes erklären. Es wird darauf hingewiesen, daß in größerer Höhe wegen der Inhomogenität der Strahlung trotzdem periodische Schwankungen bestehen könnten. — Es wird ein Einfluß des Luftdrucks auf die Intensität der Strahlung nachgewiesen. — Durch Richtungsmessungen wird festgestellt, daß der weiche Anteil der Höhenstrahlung mit größter Strahlungsdichte senkrecht einfällt und nach den Seiten ein starker Abfall vorhanden ist. Der daraus berechnete Absorptionskoeffizient stimmt größenordnungsmäßig mit dem von anderen Autoren gefundenen Wert überein. — Absorptionsmessungen mit bis zu 60 cm Pb steigender Abschirmung zeigen die Inhomogenität der Strahlung. Aus dem starken Intensitätsabfall innerhalb der ersten 10 cm Pb ergibt sich ein Absorptionskoeffizient, der wesentlich über dem sonst beobachteten Wert liegt. Die Messungen mit stärkeren Bleiabschirmungen, die die Hoffmannschen Messungen bestätigen und fortführen, ergeben dagegen einen sehr kleinen Absorptionskoeffizienten. Es wird auf die Schwierigkeiten einer einheitlichen Deutung dieses Intensitätsabfalls hingewiesen. Gegen die Annahme des primären Ursprungs der gesamten Strahlung sprechen die dafür zu kleinen Intensitätswerte in größeren Höhen, und der Erklärung durch Sekundärstrahlung steht der Barometereffekt entgegen. Auf die Möglichkeit, daß hier nach G. Hoffmann ein Streueffekt beim Übergang von einem Absorptionsmedium ins andere (Luft in Blei) stattfindet, wird aufmerksam gemacht. — Die Differenzen zwischen den Wasser- und Bleimessungen in bezug auf die Absorptions-koeffizienten bleiben noch bestehen.

Field of study: Physics
Dating and palaeoenvironmental reconstruction of the sediments around the Miocene/Pliocene boundary in Yermak Plateau ODP Hole 911A using marine palynology

The late Neogene evolution of the Arctic to Subarctic region is poorly understood due to few available records and poor age control. At the margin of the Arctic Ocean, Yermak Plateau Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Hole 911A is strategically located for establishing a stratigraphic framework for the Arctic. Here we present dinoflagellate cyst and acritarch data from 24 stratigraphic levels in the lower part (474.26–505.64 metres below the seafloor of ODP Hole 911A. The marine palynomorphs indicate a latest Miocene to earliest Pliocene age (between 5.8 and 5.0 Ma) for the base of the hole based on the co-occurrence of the dinoflagellate cyst Barssidinium evangelineae and acritarch Lavradosphaera crista . Our age estimate can possibly be further refined to 5.0–5.33 Ma based on the presence of Achomosphaera andalousiensis suttonensis , which apparently has a range restricted to the Pliocene. An age close to the Miocene/Pliocene boundary agrees with the planktonic foraminifer data. Together with recently available magnetostratigraphic data, the base of the hole is likely to be placed at ~ 5.2 Ma. This new chronostratigraphy is a first step towards a better understanding of the late Neogene palaeoenvironment for the Yermak Plateau and also for the wider Arctic to the Subarctic region. The terrestrial and fresh water palynomorphs were most likely redistributed and/or displaced from the shelf towards deeper parts of the basin during contourite deposition under the influence of the West Spitsbergen Current. The in situ marine dinoflagellate cyst assemblage contains a mixture of cool water and thermophilic taxa, indicating sea-ice free, cool-temperate, and warmer than present conditions at the Yermak Plateau. Rivers were likely the source for the freshwater influence. Warmer than present conditions may have occurred due to northward warm water transport via the West Spitsbergen Current, but also the absence of sea-ice and consequent lower albedo could have played a role.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Study on adsorption refrigeration cycle utilizing activated carbon fibers. Part 1. Adsorption characteristics

Thermal heat driven adsorption systems using natural refrigerants have been focused on the recent energy utilization trend. However, the drawbacks of these adsorption systems are their poor performance in terms of system cooling capacity and coefficient of performance (COP). The objective of this paper is to improve the performance of thermally powered adsorption cooling system by selecting new adsorbent–refrigerant pair. Adsorption capacity of adsorbent–refrigerant pair depends on the thermophysical properties (pore size, pore volume and pore diameter) of adsorbent and isothermal characteristics of the pair. In this paper, the thermophysical properties of two PAN types of activated carbon fibers (FX-400 and KF-1000) are determined from the nitrogen adsorption isotherms. The standard nitrogen gas adsorption/desorption measurements on various adsorbents at liquid nitrogen of temperature 77.3 K were performed. Surface area of each adsorbent was determined by the Brunauer, Emmett and Teller (BET) plot of nitrogen adsorption data. Pore size distribution was measured by the Horvath and Kawazoe (HK) method. As of the adsorption/desorption isotherms, FX-400 shows very small hysteresis when the value of P/Po exceeds 0.4, while KF-1000 has no hysteresis in the whole range of P/Po. The adsorption capacity of FX-400 is about 30% higher than that of KF-1000. The adsorption equilibrium data of activated carbon fiber (ACF)-methanol are presented and correlated with simple equations. The adsorption equilibrium data of ACF (KF-1000)-water also presented in order to facilitate comparison with those of ACFs-methanol pair. The results will contribute significantly in designing the adsorber/desorber heat exchanger for thermally driven adsorption cooling system.

Field of study: Engineering
The rate of substrate cycling between fructose 6-phosphate and fructose 1,6-bisphosphate in skeletal muscle from cold-exposed, hyperthyroid or acutely exercised rats.

The effects of cold-exposure, the hyperthyroid state and a single exercise bout in vivo on the maximal enzyme activities of 6-phosphofructokinase and fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase in vastus lateralis muscle and the rates of fructose 6-phosphate/fructose 1,6-bisphosphate cycling measured in epitrochlearis muscle in vitro were investigated. In all cases significant changes in substrate cycling rates were observed, whether in the absence of added hormones in vitro (acute exercise), or when stimulated by insulin plus adrenaline (cold-exposure), or with respect to the catecholamine-sensitivity of the cycling rate (the hyperthyroid state).

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Synthesis and tautomerism of 1-substituted 3,3-dialkyl-3,4-dihydroisoquinolines

A number of ethyl esters of 3,3-dialkyl-3,4-dihydroisoquinoline-Δ1(2H), α-α- alkylacetic acids have been synthesized. The effect of replacement of α-hydrogen by alkyl radicals on the azomethine-enamine tautomeric equilibrium was shown.

Field of study: Chemistry
Manipulability Theory and Event Types

Les theories de la causalite fondees sur la "manipulabilite" analysent la causalite en termes de notre capacite humaine a produire des evenements. L'A. montre qu'il y a une serie de cas dans lesquels on ne peut invoquer la presence d'une action humaine dans les productions causales. P. 151-153: "Reply to Lowe on Actions" par J. HORNSBY.

Field of study: Philosophy
Blazed diffraction gratings fabricated using X-ray lithography: fabrication, modeling and simulation

Diffraction gratings are used in optical communications devices, spectrographs, optical scanners, monochromators, and in other instances. Diffraction gratings are either transmission or reflection. Reflective gratings are, usually, either ruled or holographic. Blazed gratings (step-echelette or phase gratings) are non-planar gratings. We present the fabrication of blazed diffraction gratings using X-ray lithography. We model, theoretically, the development process of X-ray exposed X-ray sensitive resist material (polymethyl methacrylate), and we establish a simulation algorithm, the ray-tracing algorithm based on the Hamilton–Jacobi equation. Theoretical predictions based on simulation results validate fully the fabricational results.

Field of study: Engineering
Investigation of nonuniform surface properties of classically manufactured fused silica windows.

We report on investigations of the spatial variations of contamination, roughness, and index of refraction of classically manufactured polished fused silica surfaces. Therefore, laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy was used to probe surface and subsurface impurities via the detection of aluminum. Measurements at different positions on the surface of the cylindrical fused silica windows evidenced an almost contamination-free center region, whereas a relatively large contamination area was found close to the edge. In-depth measurements verify the presence of aluminum atoms in the bulk until a depth of several tens of microns for the edge region. In addition, atomic force microscopic measurements show that the surface roughness is larger in the center region compared to the edge. Further, the index of refraction increases from the center region towards the edge as measured via ellipsometry. The results indicate a nonuniform impact of the grinding, lapping, and polishing tools on the surface. The findings turn out to be of specific interest for different applications, particularly for the realization of large-scale high-performance coatings.

Field of study: Physics
A single-chain antibody fragment against human thyroglobulin: construction and evaluation of immunoreactivity.

Smaller recombinant antibody fragments are at the forefront of in vivo diagnosis and therapy. These units possess better distribution and faster clearance than larger molecules. Among these, single chain antibody fragments (scFv) are emerging as credible alternatives. These proteins are shown to have same specificities and affinities for their antigens as the parental monoclonal antibody (MAb). We have attempted to produce scFv against human thyroglobulin (H-Tg) using anti-Tg secreting hybridoma cells and PCR-based cloning approach. Hybridoma secreting anti-Tg MAb B10IV was established. cDNA was prepared from hybridoma cells. The V(H) and V(L) genes were amplified and cloned. The gene sequences were submitted to Genebank database (accession nos. AJ508533 and AM072962, respectively.) V(L) and V(H) genes were then linked together with a linker peptide and successfully cloned in pET28a and expressed as His-tag fusion protein in expression host BL21 (DE3). The scFv protein from IPTG-induced cells was purified under native conditions by immobilized metal affinity chromatography on a Ni-NTA agarose column. The yield expressed in Escherichia coli was approximately 8 mg/L. ScFv could be labeled with (125)I and its immunoreactivity evaluated in radioassays. Although scFv demonstrated specific binding to H-Tg, the immunoreactivity was low (10.3%) compared to the parental MAb B10IV, which showed immunoreactivity of 37.27%. Inhibition radioassays exhibited that scFv and MAb interact with the same epitope on the target antigen, indicating its specificity.

Field of study: Biology
Re: enuretic children with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome: should they see otolaryngology first?

The authors reviewed 648 children 5 to 18 years old with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome who underwent tonsillectomy and/or adenoidectomy (T&A) between 2008 and 2010. The authors contacted 417 patients, of whom 101 had enuresis before T&A as defined by telephone questionnaire. Of those with enuresis before T&A enuresis persisted in 52 and resolved in 49. The authors conclude that about a quarter of children with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome who undergo T&A for the release of the upper airway obstruction have associated nocturnal enuresis. In this series a favorable therapeutic effect on enuresis was present in about 50% of these children following surgery. The probability of resolution decreased if the child was premature, was obese or had a family history of nocturnal enuresis.

Field of study: Medicine
Fabrication and reliability of dye solar cells: A resonance Raman scattering study

In this work, the effect of reverse bias stress tests on Dye Solar Cells (DSCs) based on N719 dye was investigated in detail using resonant micro-Raman spectroscopy. First the Raman lines were assigned to vibrations from the different constituents in a fresh solar cell. Then the mechanism of thiocyanato (SCN − ) loss under stress conditions was reported.

Field of study: Engineering
Predicting nanotoxicity by an integrated machine learning and metabolomics approach.

Predicting the biological responses to engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) is critical to their environmental health assessment. The disturbances of metabolic pathways reflect the global profile of biological responses to ENPs but are difficult to predict due to the highly heterogeneous data from complicated biological systems and various ENP properties. Herein, integrating multiple machine learning models and metabolomics enabled accurate prediction of the disturbance of metabolic pathways induced by 33 ENPs. Screening nine typical properties of ENPs identified type and size as the top features determining the effects on metabolic pathways. Similarity network analysis and decision tree models overcame the highly heterogeneous data sources to visualize and judge the occurrence of metabolic pathways depending on the sorting priority features. The model accuracy was verified by animal experiments and reached 75%-100%, even for the prediction of ENPs outside of databases. The models also predicted metabolic pathway-related histopathology. This work provides an approach for the quick assessment of environmental health risks induced by known and unknown ENPs.

Field of study: Environmental science
Rüdiger Ahrens, ed.The Construction of the Other in Early Modern Britain: Attraction, Rejection, Symbiosis. With Yolanda Caballero Aceituno and Primavera Cuder. Anglistische Forschungen 433. Heidelberg: Winter, 2013. viii + 228 pp. €46. ISBN: 978-3-8253-6083-2.


Field of study: History
On q-analogs of weight multiplicities for the Lie superalgebras gl(n,m) and spo(2n,M)

The paper is devoted to the generalization of Lusztig's q-analog of weight multiplicities to the Lie superalgebras gl(n,m) and spo(2n,M). We define such q-analogs K_{lambda,mu}(q) for the typical modules and for the irreducible covariant tensor gl(n,m)-modules of highest weight lambda. For gl(n,m), the defined polynomials have nonnegative integer coefficients if the weight mu is dominant. For spo(2n,M), we show that the positivity property holds when mu is dominant and sufficiently far from a specific wall of the fundamental chamber. We also establish that the q-analog associated to an irreducible covariant tensor gl(n,m)-module of highest weight lambda and a dominant weight mu is the generating series of a simple statistic on the set of semistandard hook-tableaux of shape lambda and weight mu. This statistic can be regarded as a super analog of the charge statistic defined by Lascoux and Schutzenberger.

Field of study: Mathematics
Do as I say, not as I do. The new epidemic of childhood obesity.

The epidemic of childhood obesity has spread unchecked worldwide and will likely evolve into an epidemic of premature cardiovascular disease in  Obese children become obese adults, and this generation of children could well be the first to be outlived by their parents. The implications of the enormous disease, economic, and social burden this will create have not yet been forecasted, but they will undoubtedly put a tremendous strain on the health care system.2 The article by Plourde (page 322) carefully highlights the issues and the important and essential role that family physicians must play in preventing, identifying, and managing overweight status and obesity in children. 
 
While childhood obesity is ultimately a behavioural health problem, success in managing it cannot be achieved without addressing the toxic environment in which children live today. Childhood obesity is a multibillion-dollar business, not in terms of its treatment but in terms of the pervasive marketing and consumption of unhealthy food and drink and sedentary pursuits specifically targeted at children. Any efforts health care providers direct at individual children and families must take these forces into account.

Field of study: Medicine
Synthesis of the Hydroxyamino Sugar of Calicheamicins

Methyl 6-deoxy-2,3-O-isopropylidene-4-O-mesyl-α-D-galactopyranoside (6) was prepared from D-galactose in six steps. 6 was subjected to a nucleophilic displacement reaction with sodium azide as the nucleophile to yield methyl 4-azido-4,6-dideoxy-2,3-O-isopropylidene-α-D-glucopyranoside (7) in 75% yield. Reduction of the azido group with NaBH4 afforded the amino sugar 8 (81%) which was adsorbed on silica gel and subsequently oxidized with ozone to methyl 4,6-dideoxy-2,3-O-isopropylidene-4-nitro-α-D-glucopyranoside (10, 80%). This crystalline and stable compound 10 was reduced with Zn/NH4Cl to yield the desired methyl 4,6-dideoxy-4-hydroxy-amino-2,3-O-isopropylidene-α-D-glucopyranoside (11, 85%), which is unstable to air and therefore has to be transferred to its N,O-diacetate derivate 12. No chromatographic purification was necessary.

Field of study: Chemistry
Endogenous myocardial protection of strength conditioning

Strength exercise can suscitation the endogenous anti-damage ability,and it is the effect meaure to protect ischemia heart.Suitable strength training can obtain the cardiol prconditioning protective effect,provid a new chance to clinical application for IPC,and have favourable prospect.But strength training may induce myocardic ischemia and ischemical reperfusion injury because of high exercise intensity,there are still many questions need to be solved.The artide focused on the cellule and molecule character of myocardic ischemia and ischemical reperfusion injury induced by strength training,the essential feature of strength training preconditioning and the signal transduction mechanism and the intra-cellular effector of myocardial preservation,proposing the research strategy,concrescencing the theory of contemporary strength training,clarifying some hot questions and important future di-rections on endogenous myocardial protection of strength training.

Field of study: Education
Modelling of the baroreflex-feedback mechanism with time-delay

The cardiovascular system is considered. A direct modelling of the non-linear baroreflex-feedback mechanism, including time-delay, is developed based on physiological theory and empirical facts. The feedback model is then evaluated on an expanded, but simple, non-pulsatile Windkessel model of the cardiovascular system. The stability of the entire model is analyzed and the effect of the value of the time-delay is investigated and discussed. The time-delay may cause oscillations. A finite number of stability switches may occur dependent on the value of the time-delay. The location of these stability switches turns out to be sensitive to the value of the parameters in the model. We suggest a simple experiment to determine whether or not the time-delay is responsible for the 10 second Mayer waves. Data from an ergometer bicycle test is used for evaluation of the model.

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics
Climate variations in the Boreal Triassic - inferred from palynological records from the Barents Sea.

This paper presents palynological evidence from the late Early Triassic (late Smithian) to the Late Triassic (Rhaetian) of the Barents Sea area: A continuous palynological succession from an exploration well (7228/7-1A) in the Nordkapp Basin (SW Barents Sea) and palynological data from a series of shallow cores drilled at the Svalis Dome (Central Barents Sea) representing selected Triassic intervals. These fully marine sediments are independently dated by marine faunas. Both records show significant shifts in the distribution of the main floral elements. 
 
Changing ratios of spore-pollen taxa, grouped as hygrophytes versus xerophytes and spores versus pollen, reveal major changes of the floras within the studied interval. One distinct turnover coincides with the Smithian/Spathian boundary where lycopsid and pteridophyte spores dominated assemblages change to pollen (pteridosperms and conifers) dominated assemblages. Lower Middle Triassic assemblages are again dominated by lycopsid spores while the assemblages from the upper part of the Middle Triassic and the lower part of the Late Triassic are characterised by dominance of coniferous pollen and show the decline of pteridosperms. In the latest Triassic fern spores are abundant and diverse. In contrast to the Middle Triassic the pollen assemblages are characterized by cycadophytes and Araucariacites. These distribution patterns are interpreted to reflect climatic changes. 
 
The presented results from Norwegian Boreal areas confirm the significant differences between quantitative distribution of specific taxa as well as diversity of major groups in plant assemblages from low and mid latitudes. The present survey opens new perspectives for more detailed comparisons and climatic interpretations of floras from the Triassic period, a time during which Mesozoic vegetation established. The major changes in the dominance of specific floral elements, especially the diversification and spreading of the conifers, can probably be related to climatic changes.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Influence of annealing on physical properties of evaporated SnS films

The effect of annealing on the composition, crystal structure, surface features and electro-optical properties of tin mono-sulfide (SnS) films, deposited by thermal evaporation at $300^\circ C$, has been studied. Elemental analysis of the films shows sulfur deficiency, which increases at higher annealing temperatures $(T_a)$. The SnS structure in the as-deposited and annealed films remains orthorhombic. With an increase in $Ta_$, the grain size and the surface roughness are reduced. The electrical resistivity also decreases with increasing $T_a$. The variation of activation energy and optical parameters with $Ta_$ has been explained by taking into account the degree of preferred orientation of the grains. The films annealed at $100^\circ C$ show some unusual features compared to those annealed at other temperatures.

Field of study: Materials science
"A Remarkable Case": A Surgeon's Letter to the Huntington County Globe

It would have taken an extraordinary set of wounds to surprise a Union surgeon four years into the bloody war. A remarkable letter buried in the pages of the Huntington County Globe in August 1865, however, details just such a case and gives us a glimpse into the rigors of life as a soldier and into the practice of medicine during the Civil War.  Sergeant Michael Logan of the Sixteenth Pennsylvania Cavalry had the misfortune of being treated for so many grievous battle injuries that in August 1865, a week after Logan’s company had mustered out in Richmond, Virginia, J. E. P., the surgeon of the ward at the York, Pennsylvania, hospital wrote a letter to Logan’s local newspaper describing the case.

Field of study: History