nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Viewpoint representation validation: a case study on two metrics from the Chidamber and Kemerer suite

A metric definition follows from a comprehensive sequence of steps that takes into account all the requirements of the representational theory of measurement. The last step emphasises that numerical relations must preserve and are preserved by empirical relations or viewpoints. It is the preservation of viewpoints in numerical relations that we have tried to empirically validate for the metrics depth of inheritance tree (DIT) and number of children (NOC), proposed by Chidamber and Kemerer [S.R. Chidamber, C.F. Kemerer,  (1994) 476–493], and which we also refer to as viewpoint representation validation. An analysis of the results indicates the possibility of the two metrics not preserving the viewpoints adequately.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Reaction pp [FORMULA] pp[FORMULA][FORMULA][FORMULA] as a background for hadronic decays of the [FORMULA] meson

Isospin violating hadronic decays of the [FORMULA] and  mesons into 3[FORMULA] mesons are driven by a term in the QCD Lagrangian proportional to the mass difference of the d and u quarks. The source giving large yield of the mesons for such decay studies are pp interactions close to the respective kinematical thresholds. The most important physics background for [FORMULA],[FORMULA][FORMULA][FORMULA][FORMULA][FORMULA] is coming from direct three-pion production reactions. In case of the [FORMULA] meson the background for the decays is relatively low (  10% . The purpose of this article is to provide an estimate of the direct pion production background for the [FORMULA][FORMULA] 3[FORMULA] decays. Using the inclusive data from the COSY-11 experiment we have extracted the differential cross-section for the pp[FORMULA]pp -multipion production reactions with the invariant mass of the pions equal to the [FORMULA] meson mass and estimated an upper limit for the signal to background ratio for studies of the [FORMULA][FORMULA][FORMULA][FORMULA][FORMULA] decay.

Field of study: Physics
Residual strains and optical properties of ZnO thin epilayers grown on r-sapphire planes

ZnO epilayers with a thickness of ?360 nm were directly grown on r-sapphire planes at different temperatures (550, 500, 450 ?C) with metal-organic chemical vapor deposition. Residual strains along the vertical direction and optical properties of the epilayers were investigated by using a variety of techniques including x-ray diffraction, low-temperature photoluminescence (PL), cathodoluminescence and Raman scattering. Compressive strains were revealed to exist in all the epilayers. Their strengths were found to reduce with increasing growth temperature. In addition, the optical properties of the epilayers were studied and the relationship between the strain and PL peak position was unveiled.

Field of study: Materials science
Bending Algorithm for Mesh Models

To create 3D models rapidly is an important technique in 3D game and animation.Building a new model from existed models is an efficient modeling method.A novel bending algorithm for mesh models is proposed.The algorithm composes of following steps:Firstly,cut part of mesh from source model and align it with the target model.Then,convert the two mesh models into point models and convert the point models into implicit surfaces with RBF interpolation.Thirdly,merge the two implicit surfaces by union operation.And finally,triangulate the implicit surface in connecting area after Boolean operation.Then the final new mesh model is obtained.The influence area is defined,which can control the transition between two meshes.The expanding triangulation from the meshes boundaries is implemented,so features of the original models that out of the bending regain are remained.The experiments show that good results can be obtained with the algorithm.The approach can be used to create new models for 3D game and animation efficiently.

Field of study: Computer science
Connecting to learn, learning to connect: Thinking together in asynchronous forum discussion

This article combines a sociocultural model of classroom talk with a linguistically-oriented model (systemic functional linguistics) to explore what characterizes effective asynchronous online discussion in higher education (HE). While the benefits of discussion are commonly accepted in face-to-face learning, engaging students in effective asynchronous discussion can often be ‘hit or miss’, due in part to the shift to interacting asynchronously. This hybrid mode of spoken-like/written-like communication demands skills which are rarely made explicit, often with the assumption that students (and lecturers) are proficient. The combined framework presented here enabled macro- and micro-understandings of discussion forums through an array of resources in the SFL model and the talk type descriptors to map linguistic features of knowledge constructing talk in an Australian postgraduate HE context. The notion of ‘listening’ (or attending to others) is proposed as a crucial condition for whether discussion progresses beyond simply ‘posting’. Consequently, this article provides much needed insight into the murky space of asynchronous discussion forums.

Field of study: Education, Linguistics
Über die Anwendung des Geigerschen Spitzenzählers bei der Messung kleiner Röntgenintensitäten

ZusammenfassungEs wird eine Anordnung des Geigerschen Spitzenzählers beschrieben, bei der durch streifenden Einfall der Röntgenstrahlen auf die Innenseite der Stirnfläche des Zählers die Zahl der in den wirksamen Zählraum gelangenden Photoelektronen erhöht wird. Insbesondere bei härteren Röntgenstrahlen lassen sich mit dieser Anordnung die Meßzeiten gegenüber den photographischen Belichtungszeiten wesentlich abkürzen.

Field of study: Physics
The Akato Tagh bend along the Altyn Tagh fault, northwest Tibet. 2: Active deformation and the importance of transpression and strain hardening within the Altyn Tagh system

We investigated active deformation within the Akato Tagh restraining double bend to determine the age of the active Altyn Tagh fault relative to the Altyn Tagh system and thereby evaluate the extent to which this system evolved by net strain-hardening or softening. Active structures were mapped based on their geomorphology and disruption of Quaternary(?) deposits/surfaces. The style of active faulting is strongly correlated with fault strike: 065°-070° striking segments show pure left-slip whereas faults with more northward or eastward strikes are transtensional or transpressional, respectively. Our mapping further suggests that the 065° to 070°-striking western and eastern segments of the Akato Tagh bend are characterized by pure strike-slip motion, with partitioned transpression along the ∼090°-striking central segment of the double bend. It remains unclear how this active, bend-perpendicular shortening is absorbed. In conjunction with previous work, the present study fails to support the commonly held idea that Tarim-Tibet motion is strongly oblique to the Altyn Tagh system. Estimates for the age of the Akato Tagh bend derived in a companion study suggest the bend is only a few million years old. The current principal trace is probably similarly young because formation of the bend by recent deformation of an old trace should result in transpression along the western and eastern segments, contrary to the pure left-slip shown here. The Altyn Tagh system comprises multiple fault strands in a zone ∼100 km wide across strike. Because the main trace appears to be much younger than the system in which it is embedded, we speculate that this system evolved by the sequential formation and death of short-lived fault strands. In particular, we suggest that geometrically complex strike-slip fault systems such as the Altyn Tagh may form via system strain hardening, where this net response reflects a dynamic competition between hardening and softening processes that are active simultaneously within the fault zone. Hardening mechanisms may include growth of restraining bend topography or material hardening of phyllosilicate-rich gouge, whereas softening processes might include R-P shear linkage or reduction in bend angle by vertical axis rotation. Our analysis suggests that net strain hardening of a fault system can produce continental deformation that is spatially localized over the 1-5 m.y. during which an individual strand is active, but distributed over the 10-100 m.y. corresponding to the life-span of the whole fault system and the collision zone in which it is contained. Thus, time scale is critically important in determining whether or not continental deformation is spatially distributed or localized.

Field of study: Geology
U.S. Diasporas and Their Impacts on Homeland Technological and Socioeconomic Development: How Does Sub-Sahara Africa Compare?

More science and technology talented nationals emigrate to the United States from a few Asian countries, by far, than from all of Africa, yet only the latter suffers a "brain drain" whereas the former group experiences net gains as a result of "brain circulation." Brain drain is the one-way flow of talent out of countries where it is most needed in absolute terms (south) to locations where it is most needed in productive terms (the West). The paper finds that, unlike African nations, a number of Asian nations have a brain circulation or technical talent continuously cycling out of the homeland into the United States where the talent is amplified and wealth is generated as the homeland state encourages redirection of some of each to the homeland economy. In these instances, the homeland state and the US-based diaspora work collaboratively in the interest of both. African nations experience little of this brain circulation, partially as a result of weak diaspora—homeland collaborative development agendas. The principal proposition clarified in this comparative analytic project is that developing nations with ongoing collaborative technology development agendas between the homeland state and its US-based diaspora have a huge comparative advantage over those developing nations that do not.

Field of study: Political science
Effect of ethanol on endogenous rhythms of growth hormone secretion.

Studies in man on the effect of ethanol on growth hormones (GH) release have been inconclusive. In order to investigate the effect of ethanol on spontaneous episodic secretion of GH, rats were implanted with chronic carotid catheters to permit frequent sampling in unanesthetized rats. Secretion during the 3 hr before (0--180 min) and after (181--360 min) ethanol or saline was assessed by means of samples drawn every 15 min. Secretion patterns after saline or ethanol 0.5 and 2 g/kg were indistinguishable, but ethanol in doses of 3 and 4 g/kg abolished rat GH (rGH) secretion in a majority of animals. Mean rGH after saline injection for the period 181--360 min was 62 +/- 9 ng/ml. When ethanol was given, mean rGH values for this time period were 0.5 g/kg, 63 +/- 6 ng/ml; 2.0 g/kg, 47 +/- 7 ng/ml; 3 g/kg, 28 +/- 3 ng/ml; and 4 g/kg, 23 +/- 2 ng/ml. Differences were not statistically significant between saline and 0.5 or 2 g/kg ethanol, but were significant (p less than 0.01) for 3 or 4 g/kg ethanol. Thus, a single dose of ethanol can abolish spontaneous rGH secretion, but it must be a high dose. The effect of chronic ethanol administration remains to be investigated.

Field of study: Medicine
The End of Innocence: Peruvian Foreign Policy and the United States, 1919–1942

From I9I9 to I942, Peruvian foreign policy focused on two interrelated issues: the resolution of Peru's territorial disputes with Chile, Colombia and Ecuador, and the reconciliation of an expanding and deepening relationship with the United States government. The two issues were entwined since the Peruvian government and people, for part of the period, expected the support and assistance of the United States government in resolving the three territorial issues. Partially in an attempt to respond to these expectations, the United States government was aggressively and extensively involved, albeit sometimes in a manner contrary to Peruvian desires, in the resolution of all three disputes. On the whole, United States foreign policy seldom equaled Peruvian expectations throughout the period, and its failure to do so precipitated or accelerated the growth of major new tenets in Peruvian foreign policy. Augusto B. Legula, President of Peru from 1908 to I912, returned to Peru after five years of exile in London and was re-elected in May I9I9. Not waiting to be installed constitutionally, he seized the National Palace in a golpe del estado on 4 July 1919. For the next eleven years, he ruled as a dictator with only a facade of constitutional authority. One of Legufa's lifelong foreign policy concerns was Peru's territorial disputes with its five neighbors: Colombia, Ecuador, Brazil, Bolivia, and Chile. The first four disputes originated at the time of Peru's independence from Spain and were largely the result of Spain's failure to delineate the boundaries of its American colonies. The dispute with Chile was more recent in nature, involving former Peruvian territories which Chile occupied after the War of the Pacific (I87983). Leguia considered himself a statesman and wanted to be the Peruvian responsible for ending these annoying disputes. During his first administration, he had negotiated settlements of Peru's boundary disputes with Brazil and Bolivia, and during his second term the principal goal of his foreign policy was to complete the delineation of Peru's territorial limits. As early as 1918, he told a Colombian friend and journalist that he believed it was time for Peru to terminate all disputes with its neigh-

Field of study: Political science
A DAMAGE DETECTION ALGORITHM BASED ON SUBSTRUCTURES FOR LARGE SIZE STRUCTURES UNDER LIMITED MEASUREMENTS

In this paper,a damage detection algorithm is proposed for large size structures under limited input and output measurements.A large size structure is decomposed into small size substructures based on its finite element formulation.The interconnections between adjacent substructures are treated as 'additional unknown inputs' to substructures.By sequentially utilizing the extended Kalman estimator for the extended state vector and a least squares estimation for the unmeasured external inputs,the algorithm can identify element dynamic parameters in each substructure.Structural local damage in the large size structure can be detected by tracking the changes in the identified values of dynamic parameters at an element level,e.g.,the degrading of stiffness parameters.The numerical example of detecting structural damages in a relatively large size plane truss bridge validates the feasibility of the proposed algorithm.Compared with other approaches,the proposed algorithm requests fewer input and output measurements.

Field of study: Engineering
Revisiting Public Opinion on Voter Identification and Voter Fraud in an Era of Increasing Partisan Polarization

This Article updates previous findings concerning the relationship between voter identification laws and perceptions of voter fraud. Courts have established that voter identification laws can be justified as measures that safeguard “voter confidence.” We demonstrate once again, but with the benefit of new survey data, that people who live in states with voter identification laws do not have greater confidence in elections or perceive lower rates of voter impersonation fraud. Since we last published on the subject, however, we notice an increase in the partisan structure of public opinion on voter identification and voter fraud. As the issue has become more salient and partisan in tone, partisan identity has become a more powerful variable in predicting both support for voter identification laws and beliefs in the prevalence of voter fraud. We note, however, that strong majorities continue to support such laws, even though a large share of the population remains unaware of the existence of voter identification requirements.  Charles Stewart III is the Kenan Sahin Distinguished Professor of Political Science at MIT. Stephen Ansolabehere is Professor of Government at Harvard University; he consulted for the Department of Justice in Veasey v. Perry, before the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Texas, Corpus Christi Division (No. 2:13cv00193). Nathaniel Persily is the James B. McClatchy Professor of Law at Stanford Law School. Volume 68 June 2016 Stanford Law Review Revisiting Public Opinion on Voter Identification and Voter Fraud 68 STAN. L. REV. 1455 (2016)

Field of study: Law
A Low-Energy Channel-Multiplier Spectrometer for ATS-E

A compact channel-multiplier instrument has been designed and developed for spectral analysis of low-energy (0.5-500 keV) electrons and protons at synchronous altitude on the ATS-E satellite. The instrument package, which weighs 1.3 kg, contains 11 sensors and features a completely automatic in-flight calibration system for the interrogation of sensor and electronic performance. A detailed discussion of experimental objectives and design and calibration data for the instrument is presented. The results of studies of the long-term behavior of channel-multipliers is emphasized.

Field of study: Physics
The delta envelope: a technique for dose distribution comparison.

The gamma index is a tool that compares a dose distribution with a reference distribution by combining dose-difference and distance-to-agreement criteria. It has been widely used for ten years despite its high computational cost. This cost is due to both a search process for each reference point and the necessity to remove overestimations caused by the discrete nature of dose grids. The method proposed in this paper is much faster since it avoids both these problems. It consists in computing the delta envelope formed by the gamma ellipsoids around the points of the reference distribution. This delta envelope provides dose-difference tolerances that are then used to create new indices, called the delta indices, that provide useful information to interpret the deviations. Applied to both 1D and 2D test cases and compared to the gamma index, the S indices proved to be very accurate and intuitive. Their computational efficiency was evaluated on a 3D case: the delta envelope can be computed in 8 s on a 250 x 250 x 50 grid. Moreover it can be precomputed if the reference dose is known in advance. Then the delta indices are obtained in less than 2 s.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Application of Aptamers in Food Safety

Aptamers are all new ligands with a high affinity for considerably differing molecules ranging from large targets as proteins over peptides,complex molecules to drugs and organic small molecules or even metal ions.These molecules are identified and selected through an in vitro process called systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment(SELEX).Aptamers are widely used,including medical and pharmaceutical basic research,drug development,diagnosis,and therapy.Analytical and separation tools bearing aptamers as molecular recognition and binding elements are another big field of application.The SELEX method was modified over the years in different ways to become more efficient and less time consuming,to reach higher affinities of aptamers selected and higher automation of process.In reviewing this technology,the article covers the topic,following a general introduction,under the headings: the SELEX protocol,the development of aptamers by use of SELEX,and the application of aptamers in food safety.

Field of study: Chemistry
CATALYTIC DEGRADATION OF MACROMOLECULAR CONSTITUENTS OF ASPHALTIC SANDS IN IONIC LIQUIDS

s This paper illustrates the reaction pattern of catalytic degradation of macromolecules in asphaltic sands.Such parameters as ionic liquid catalyst system and H+ proton donor,that affect the change of the organic phase and the mass of organic matter in residual phase of asphaltic sands,were investigated.It was found that chloroaluminate (Ⅲ) ionic liquid/H 3PO 4 systems as reaction medium was an effective catalyst system for asphaltic sands degradation.The catalytic degradation of asphaltic sands was related to the kinds of chloroaluminate (Ⅲ) ionic liquids and H+ proton donor. In [BMIM][AlCl 4]/H 3PO 4 reaction catalytic medium, the degradation of asphaltenes in the organic phase reached 16.44%, the degradation of asphaltenes in the residual phase reached 30.74%.TLC-FID analysis of asphaltic sands showed that the main degradation products were saturates and aromatics,and resin fractions as well.At a temperature close to oil-bearing formation and with absense of oxygen,the yield of H 2S reached 74%, which indicated that catalytic degradation of sulphur-containing compounds was easier.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Heterogeneous Class and Teaching Practices within the French Course

This study deals with the heterogeneity of classes of French foreign language, the strategies and devices that are suitable to the learning profiles of the public. Learners are different regarding: the learning skills, the way of thinking, their motivation to learn, modes of communication and expression, the socio-cultural environment, culture, beliefs, family history, values, psychological characteristics personality, attention, will, curiosity, energy, rhythm, etc. Individual disparities that show the heterogeneous classes rather appear as a challenge for a "traditional FLE1" teaching. Facing heterogeneous learners, it is essential to implement varied, diversified, cooperative, and comprehensive pedagogy. Differentiated pedagogy, tutoring activities and interaction between students are the methods we have experimented in order to improve the written expression of the students which led us to getting positive results in function of teacher-student interaction. The central idea is that interaction enables students to benefit from the differences by considering them as a source of learning and not as an obstacle.  10.5901/jesr.2015.v5n2p53

Field of study: Education, Sociology