nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Interactions between fluvial dynamics and scarp retreat in the Central Ebro Basin during MCA and LIA periods: Palaeogeographical and geoarchaeological reconstruction

The scarp of Remolinos-Juslibol is an abrupt relief formed by Miocene gypsums located on the left bank of the Ebro River, in the vicinity of the city of Zaragoza. This work provides data for the reconstruction of the channel morphology and dynamics of the Ebro River and its interaction with the gypsum scarp from the Little Ice Age (LIA) to the present day. At the same time, several scenarios are also proposed for this interaction during the MCA (Medieval Climate Anomaly). To do this, different proxies are used, such as historical maps and records, morphosedimentary records of the tributary ephemeral streams, data from paleofloods, and the evolution of Medieval castles built on the scarp. During the MCA, the river was centered on its floodplain. Large alluvial fans developed by lateral ephemeral streams coming from the north since at least the Chalcolitic-Bronze age continued with their dominant dynamics during the Medieval times. Interaction with the scarp was scarce during this period and this allowed the building of castles on this relief. Later, the Ebro River moved its meanders towards the scarp, eroding most part of the lateral alluvial fans; in addition, infilled valleys were left hanging by the rapid retreat of the scarp and the events of rockfalls and landslides were very active. The map of Dew Rodolphe (1746) and the dating of these events confirm that this erosive process developed mainly during the second part of the LIA (18–19th centuries). From the middle of the 19th century, the fluvial sinuosity of the Ebro River increased and progressively separated from the scarp, which evolved to the present relative stability, in which landslides and rockfalls are scarce.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Design and Synthesis of Spirocycles

In this account we disclose a variety of simple strategies demonstrated in our laboratory in the last two decades for the assembly of diverse and intricate molecular frameworks containing spiro linkage(s) by using various metathesis protocols such as ring-closing metathesis (RCM), ring-opening cross-metathesis (ROCM), ring-closing enyne metathesis (RCEM) and ring-rearrangement metathesis (RRM). Also, cycloaddition reactions ([2+2], [4+2] and [2+2+2]) and other key processes such as Claisen rearrangement (CR), Grignard addition, Fischer indolization (FI), Suzuki–Miyaura (SM) cross-coupling and the retro-Diels–Alder (rDA) reaction have been used as key steps to construct spirocycles.

Field of study: Chemistry
Structural holes in social networks: A remark

In a recent article, [S. Goyal, F. Vega-Redondo, Structural holes in social networks,  (2007) 460-492] the authors (GVR) showed the importance of stars and cycles in a given network formation game. Implicitly, in their article, a network is called an equilibrium if it is generated by an equilibrium strategy. We extend the results of GVR to the case of a stronger requirement: namely, that a network can be called an equilibrium only if all the strategies generating it are equilibria. We also show, in a dynamic framework, that both definitions differ in crucial ways.

Field of study: Economics
Location privacy and anonymity preserving routing for wireless sensor networks

In a wireless sensor network (WSN), concealing the locations, and in some cases the identities of nodes, especially the controller (sometimes called sink or base station) is an important problem. In this paper, we explain that appropriate solutions for this problem depend on the nature of the traffic generated in the network as well as the capabilities of the adversary that must be resisted. When there is a sufficient amount of data flows (real or fake packets), our proposed DCARPS anonymous routing protocol can support location privacy against a global eavesdropper. Otherwise, it is only possible to stop packet tracing attacks by a local eavesdropper, which is what our probabilistic DCARPS protocol achieves. These protocols are based on label switching, which has not been used in this kind of network before. To enable DCARPS, we propose a new approach for network topology discovery that allows the sink to obtain a global view of the topology without revealing its own location, as opposed to what is common today in sensor networks. In order to resist traffic analysis attacks aiming at locating nodes, we have used layered cryptography to make a packet look randomly different on consecutive links. A stochastic security analysis of this protocol is provided. Another important issue in resource-constrained sensor networks is energy conservation. To this end, our protocols use only modest symmetric cryptography. Also, the sink is responsible for all routing calculations while the sensors only perform simple label swapping actions when forwarding packets. Another advantage of labels is preventing unnecessary cryptographic operations as will be seen in the manuscript. Furthermore, we have embedded a fairness scheme in the creation of the routing tree for the sensor network that distributes the burden of packet forwarding evenly.

Field of study: Computer science
Neural tube defects in Uganda: follow-up outcomes from a national referral hospital.

Children with neural tube defects (NTDs) require timely surgical intervention coupled with long-term management by multiple highly trained specialty healthcare teams. In resource-limited settings, outcomes are greatly affected by the lack of coordinated care. The purpose of this study was to characterize outcomes of spina bifida patients treated at Mulago National Referral Hospital (MNRH) through follow-up phone surveys.



All children presenting to MNRH with NTDs between January 1, 2014, and August 31, 2015, were eligible for this study. For those with a documented telephone number, follow-up phone surveys were conducted with the children's caregivers to assess mortality, morbidity, follow-up healthcare, and access to medical resources.



Of the 201 patients, the vast majority (n = 185, 92%) were diagnosed with myelomeningocele. The median age at presentation was 6 days, the median length of stay was 20 days, and the median time to surgery was 10 days. Half of the patients had documented surgeries, with 5% receiving multiple procedures (n = 102, 51%): 80 defect closures (40%), 32 ventriculoperitoneal shunts (15%), and 1 endoscopic third ventriculostomy (0.5%). Phone surveys were completed for 53 patients with a median time to follow-up of 1.5 years. There were no statistically significant differences in demographics between the surveyed and nonrespondent groups. The 1-year mortality rate was 34% (n = 18). At the time of survey, 91% of the survivors (n = 30) have received healthcare since their initial discharge from MNRH, with 67% (n = 22) returning to MNRH. Hydrocephalus was diagnosed in 29 patients (88%). Caregivers reported physical deficits in 39% of patients (n = 13), clubfoot in 18% (n = 6), and bowel or bladder incontinence in 12% (n = 4). The surgical complication rate was 2.5%. Glasgow Outcome Scale-Extended pediatric revision scores were correlated with upper good recovery in 58% (n = 19) of patients, lower good recovery in 30% (n = 10), and moderate disability in 12% of patients (n = 4). Only 5 patients (15%) reported access to home health resources postdischarge.



This study is the first to characterize the outcomes of children with NTDs that were treated at Uganda's national referral hospital. There is a great need for improved access to and coordination of care in antenatal, perioperative, and long-term settings to improve morbidity and mortality.

Field of study: Medicine
Biotechnological opportunities in veterinary interventions and challenges in their Global adoption: the research perspective

During the last 40 years studies in the mouse, including the production of chimeras, development of pronuclear injection techniques and the establishment of embryonic stem (ES) cells have provided models for the study of development and differentiation, precise and routes for genetic modification of the nuclear genome. The use of ES cells combined with homologous recombination allowed precise genetic modifications of the mouse genome including gene knockouts, knockins and modification of specific sequences producing models to study function of individual genes and their role in disease. Over this period parallel studies in other species were less successful, pronuclear injection produced transgenic animals in a range of species, however, this technique is limited to gene addition. The isolation of ES cells in domestic species would provide a more precise route to genetic modification although the extended generation times of many species as compared to the mouse may limit its use. To date, attempts to isolate ES cells have only proved successful in humans and monkeys. The development of somatic cell nuclear transfer provided novel opportunities not only for animal production but also for precise genetic manipulation. Continued research on adult derived stem cells, epiblast stem cells and studies on reprogramming which lead to the production of induced pluripotent cells (iPS). All of these technologies provide routes to the modification of domestic species in a range of basic and applied research including; models for human disease and cell based therapeutic medicine, biopharmaceuticals, modification of animal traits, genetic intervention for disease prevention and cell based therapies for animal medicine. However, application of these technologies is slow, in part this may be due to cost, but, in addition to economic considerations social, ethical and religious factors need to be discussed and addressed. This paper will review the potential biological opportunities provided by these technologies in domestic species and discuss factors restricting their global acceptance.

Field of study: Biology, Engineering
SU‐FF‐T‐13: A Fast Scan‐Plan‐Treat Mode for Topographic Breast Treatment Delivery

To develop a fast scan‐plan‐treat mode that can deliver breast treatments within 15 minutes Method and Materials: With the advent of on‐line CTimaging capability, it becomes increasingly feasible to use a radiation therapy system as a single‐source device to image, plan, and deliver a patient treatment, in as little as 10–20 minutes from patient entry to exit. Such a mode can be particularly useful for cord compressions and emergency treatments. This concept is here expanded to deliver breast treatments using topotherapy, or a radiation therapytreatmentdelivered with concurrent couch motion but with a fixed gantry angle. MLC modulation may accompany this motion. The goal of this work was to explore: Whether auto‐contouring could be used to define breast and sensitive structures. Whether this process could be completed in 10‐20 minutes. The adequacy of the plans given the time constraints on both optimization and deliveryResults: It was determined that auto‐contouring could successfully contour the ipsilateral breast, the contralateral breast, each lung, and the trachea in less than 1 minute. Planning could be completed in less than 5 minutes through use of an optimization template, along with less than 5 minutes for imaging, and less than 5 minutes for delivery of 2 topographic angles. The plan optimized in this manner treated the target breast with a homogeneity of +/− 5%, and sensitive structure sparing equivalent to a conventional breast plan. Subsequent fractions can be currently created with this tool, or treated with alternate off‐line optimizations.  The scan‐plan‐treat paradigm can be combined with a topotherapy‐style delivery to enable breast treatments in less than 20 minutes from the time a patient first enters the clinic. This work was supported by TomoTherapy Inc.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
DISCOVERY OF THE HOST CLUSTER FOR THE FUNDAMENTAL CEPHEID CALIBRATOR ZETA GEMINORUM

New and existing CORAVEL, UBVJHK{sub s} , HST, HIP/Tycho, ARO, KPNO, and DAO observations imply that the fundamental Cepheid calibrator {zeta} Gem is a cluster member. The following parameters were inferred for {zeta} Gem from cluster membership and are tied to new spectral classifications (DAO) established for 26 nearby stars (e.g., HD53588/B7.5IV, HD54692/B9.5IV): E{sub B-V} = 0.02 {+-} 0.02, log {tau} = 7.85 {+-} 0.15, and d = 355 {+-} 15 pc. The mean distance to {zeta} Gem from cluster membership and six recent estimates (e.g., IRSB) is d=363{+-}9({sigma}{sub x}-bar ){+-}26 ({sigma}) pc. The results presented here support the color-excess and HST parallax derived for the Cepheid by Benedict et al. Forthcoming precise proper motions (DASCH) and Chandra/XMM-Newton observations of the broader field may be employed to identify cluster members, bolster the cluster's existence, and provide stronger constraints on the Cepheid's fundamental parameters.

Field of study: Physics
Stability of the maximum density droplet in quantum dots at high magnetic fields

We have measured electron transport through a vertical quantum dot containing a tunable number of electrons between 0 and 40. Over some region in magnetic field the electrons are spin polarized and occupy successive angular momentum states, i.e. the maximum density droplet (MDD) state. The stability region where the MDD state is the ground state, decreases for increasing electron number. The instability of the MDD is accompanied by a redistribution of charge which increases the area of the electron droplet.

Field of study: Physics
Marine transgressions on the Pleistocene Pecangan Formation in the Sangiran area, central Java, Indonesia

Sangiran in central Jawa, Indonesia, is very famous for the occurrence of the fossil bones of Pithecanthropus erectus. The Pleistocene sediment at Sangiran area is divided into two formations; Kabuh Formation of volcanic material and Pecangan Formation of mainly clays with some diatomites, thin volcanic ashes and thick pyroclastic flow-deposits. About a hundred samples were taken from muddy beds of the Pecangan Formation for paleomagnetic measurements, diatom analysis and electric conductivity measurement. Nineteeen of them contain fossil diatoms. As the results of diatom analysis and electric conductivity measurements, four marine transgressions are found in the Pecangan Formation. The first major transgression took place after the Olduvai Event and the next one just before the Jaramillo Event. The latter can be correlated with that of the Ma0 Marine Clay Bed in the Osaka area in Japan. The results of the work indicate that the age of the marine transgression in the east Pacific areas reflects the glacial eustasy.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Study on the Pd/C‐Catalyzed (Retro‐)Michael Addition Reaction of Activated Methylene Compounds to Electron‐Poor Styrenes

Palladium on carbon (10% Pd/C) efficiently catalyzes the (retro-)Michael addition of activated methylene compounds 2a-d, such as malononitrile (2b), to mono- and doubly activated styrenes 1a-h to give the adducts 3a-1. The scope and limitations are described. The Knoevenagel condensation reaction of benzaldehyde and 2b or ethyl cyanoacetate (2c) is also catalyzed by 10 % Pd/C. In these cases the Michael adducts can even be prepared in a three-component reaction. A mechanism, with as first step the oxidative addition of 2a-d to Pd 0 , is proposed.

Field of study: Chemistry
Iinfluence of Authigenic Carbide on Microstructure and Properties of Hadifield Steel

The authigenic carbide on the microstructure and properties of hadifield steel was studied by preparing authigenic carbide with ferrovanadium,graphite and rare earth as additives put into D256 welding electrode.The statistics show that authigenic carbide is evenly distributed among austenitic matrix,which can contribute to its hardness accretion to 64 HRC.Consequently,the wear-resistance was improved to 4 times higher than D256 clad.

Field of study: Materials science
What influences raters' judgment of student writing

This article compares the results of a linguistic analysis of 30 students' compositions with the holistic ratings of nine independent judges. The compositions were the examination scripts of 17-year-old high school students drawn from the two levels of the Caribbean Examinations Council English Language examinations: General Proficiency and Basic Proficiency. The General Proficiency compositions, according to the examination syllabus, were expected to display a greater “maturity of expression” than compositions at the Basic Proficiency level. The linguistic analysis was based on four potential indicators of maturity: morphological (past tense morpheme only), syntactic, semantic, and discourse. The judges' holistic ratings, the method used to divide the compositions into two groups, “more mature” and “less mature,” were based on the judges' definition of the criterion “maturity of expression.” A comparison of the two sets of results on an implicational scale revealed that the factor that weighed most heavily with the judges was correct past tense usage.

Field of study: Education, Linguistics
Human autoantibodies to thyroglobulin are directed towards a restricted number of human specific epitopes.

Significant binding of thyroglobulin (Tg) autoantibodies was restricted to primate Tg, although some sera showed weak cross-reactivities with other species at high concentrations. In contrast rabbit anti-human Tg bound to all other animals' Tg in addition to human and this was not due to crossreactions with the thyroxyl residues. Mouse antihuman Tg monoclonal antibodies (MoAb) showed at least three different patterns of cross-reactivities. Group 1 MoAb, like Tg autoantibodies, were primate specific; two out of six MoAb bound only human Tg. Group 2 MoAb also bound a few other animals' Tg in addition to human. Of the three MoAb in group 3, two reacted with most or all of eight animal Tg tested while the other bound to all eight. However the binding of thirteen out of the fourteen MoAb against human Tg including all of the primate Tg specific group 1 MoAb was not inhibited by any of the nine Tg autoantibodies. Reactions of MoAb with heat-treated human Tg varied. Examples of decreased, increased or no change in reactivity could be demonstrated. On this basis at least five or possibly six separate human-specific epitopes could be defined by group 1 MoAb. Monoclonal antibody 1D6 (group 2) was inhibited by six out of nine Tg autoantibodies at high concentrations. This MoAb, similarly to the eight Tg autosera tested, had reduced reactivity with heat treated Tg. These studies demonstrated that human Tg has immunogenic structures conserved in the Tg of many species. The protein also has, however, primate and human-specific antigenic sites but at least five or possibly six of these are not related to autoantibody binding.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Molecular characterization of nitrogen-containing organic compounds in biomass burning aerosols using high-resolution mass spectrometry.

Although nitrogen-containing organic compounds (NOC) are important components of atmospheric aerosols, little is known about their chemical composition. Here we present detailed characterization of the NOC constituents of biomass burning aerosol (BBA) samples using high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI/MS). Accurate mass measurements combined with MS/MS fragmentation experiments of selected ions were used to assign molecular structures to individual NOC species. Our results indicate that N-heterocyclic alkaloid compounds (species naturally produced by plants and living organisms) comprise a substantial fraction of NOC in BBA samples collected from test burns of five biomass fuels. High abundance of alkaloids in test burns of ponderosa pine (a widespread tree in the western U.S. areas frequently affected by large scale fires) suggests that N-heterocyclic alkaloids in BBA may play a significant role in dry and wet deposition of fixed nitrogen in this region.

Field of study: Environmental science
Establishment of a quantitative ELISA assay recommended by WHO for the detection of human IgG antibodies specific for Streptococcus pneumoniae capsular polysaccharides （ Pn PS ELISA）

To establish a standardized quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent as- say （ELISA） recommended by WHO for the detection of human IgG antibodies specific for Streptococcus pneumoniae capsular polysaccharides （Pn PS ELISA）.  According to the WHO recommended standard Pn PS ELISA protocol, capsular polysaccharide concentrations of 13 serotypes （1, 3, 4, 5, 6A, 6B, 7F, 9V, 14, 18C, 19A, 19F, 23F） of Streptococcus pneumonia for coating were optimized; the ELISA plates and AP conjugated goat anti-human IgG antibody for the detection were experimentally selected. Using the established assay parameters assured by testing quality control standards （QCs） provided by WHO refer- ence laboratory, a panel of 16 LIBP （ Lanzhou Institute of Biological Products Co. Ltd. ） QCs were measured for comparison analysis between WHO reference laboratory and LIBP laboratory. In the meantime, the range of IgG concentrations of an internal QC panel 907 for 13 serotypes of pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide were established for routine QC work in LIBP laboratory, and inter-assay precision within LIBP laboratory was assessed as well.  The standardized Pn PS ELISA assay established in LIBP laboratory met the criteria required by WHO. There was a high correlation between the data collected by WHO reference labora- tory and LIBP laboratory （ slope = 0.94, coefficient of correlation r = 0. 97, P〈0.05 ）. Eighty one percent ofIgG concentrations measured by LIBP laboratory were within the range of ＋40% of those measured by WHO reference laboratory, which met the criteria of 75% data falling within the ambit of ＋-40% of assigned values commonly used for comparison. The ranges of IgG concentration in LIBP QC 907 for 13 serotypes had been established. The inter-assay precision in LIBP laboratory was high with coefficiency of variation （CV） less than 30%.  LIBP laboratory has successfully established the standardized ELISA recommended by WHO for quantitative detection of human IgG antibodies against pneumococcal capsular polysaccharides （ Pn PS ELISA）. The range of IgG concentrations in LIBP QC 907 for 13 seretypes of pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide are also established for routine quality-control practice. 
 
 
Streptococus pneumonia;  IgG concentration against capsular polysaccharide ;  Enzyme- linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA）

Field of study: Biology