nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Binary stars as probes of dark substructures in dwarf galaxies

We use analytical and N-body methods to examine the survival of wide stellar binaries against repeated encounters with dark substructures orbiting in the dark matter haloes of dwarf spheroidal galaxies (dSphs). Our models adopt cosmologically-motivated conditions wherein dSphs are dark-matter dominated systems that form hierarchically and orbit about a host galaxy. Our analytical estimates show that wide binaries are disrupted at a rate that is proportional to the local density of dark substructures averaged over the life-time of the binary population. The fact that external tides can efficiently strip dark substructures from the outskirts of dSphs implies that the present number and distribution of binaries is strongly coupled with the mass evolution of individual galaxies. Yet we show that for the range of dynamical masses and Galactocentric distances spanned by Milky Way dSphs, a truncation in the separation function at a_max <~ 0.1 pc is expected in all these galaxies. An exception may be the Sagittarius dSph, which has lost most of is dark matter envelope to tides and is close to full disruption. Our simulations indicate that at separations larger than a_max the perturbed binary distribution scales as dN/da \propto a^{-2.1} independently of the mass and density of substructures. These results may be used to determine whether the binary separation function found in dwarf galaxies is compatible with the scale-free hierarchical picture that envisions the existence of dark substructures in all galactic haloes. We show that the ACS camera on board of the Hubble telescope may be able to test this prediction in dSphs at heliocentric distances <100 kpc, even if the binary fraction amounts only 10% of the stellar population.

Field of study: Physics
Geophysical Profile Bearing on the Origin of the Jotun Nappe in the Norwegian Caledonides

The Jotun nappe is composed of relatively mafic allochthonous rocks that may have been emplaced by: (1) overthrusting of a rigid plate from a great distance, (2) igneous intrusion, (3) formation of recumbent folds from a near or distant source. A source area for the Jotun nappe has never been demonstrated. A gravity profile shows a positive Bouguer gravity anomaly of about 34 mgal over the Jotun nappe. Gravity interpretation yields models with maximum thickness from 8 to 15 km for a trough-shaped area of the Jotun nappe. The gravity model can be interpreted in terms of an overthrust plate or of locally derived folded nappes similar to the Swiss Alps, but locally derived folded nappes seem to be most consistent with available geological and geophysical data.

Field of study: Geology
Phycotoxins from blue-green algae

Unpredictable poisonings of livestock and wildlife by waterblooms or scums of freshwater cyanophytes (cyanobacteria) occur when toxic strains of the common spe.cies dominate composition sufficiently to provide above-threshold levels of phycótoxins by susceptible animals. Known phycotoxins from freshwater cyanophytes are alkaloids, polypeptides or pteridines. New toxins produced by new strains have been described recently. Freshwater cyanophyte waterblooms can cause allergic reactions and, in water supplies, are suspected of causing outbreaks of human gastroenteritis. The structures of dermatitis-producing and non-dermatitis-producing phycotoxins from species of marine cyanophytes have been reported recently.

Field of study: Chemistry
Empirical Bayes Testing for the Mean Lifetime of Exponential Distributions: Unequal Sample Sizes Case

This paper deals with an empirical Bayes testing problem for the mean lifetimes of exponential distributions with unequal sample sizes. We study a method to construct empirical Bayes tests {δ* nl + 1,n }∞ n = 1 for the sequence of the testing problems. The asymptotic optimality of {δ* nl + 1,n }∞ n = 1 is studied. It is shown that the sequence of empirical Bayes tests {δ* nl + 1,n }∞ n = 1 is asymptotically optimal, and its associated sequence of regrets converges to zero at a rate (ln n)4M−1/n, where M is an upper bound of sample sizes.

Field of study: Mathematics
The history of the application of core power training in the practice of competitive sports in China.

Core power training is a power capacity that bases its main purposes on stabilizing the core part of the human body,controlling the movement of the center of gravity,and delivering the power of upper and lower limbs,a "source of power explosion" for the movement of the human body.The essence of core power training is the stability of the core of the human body.Core power training was introduced into the practice of competitive sports in China until the early 21st century,which can be divided into two periods: in the early period,most people did not actually understand the essence of core power training,so the enhancement of physical stamina and sports performances was not significant;since 2006,core power training had been booming in  it was not perfect enough in terms of method,means and result evaluation,it was successful generally.Today,national and provincial sports teams have all adopted core power training.

Field of study: Education
Magneto-Transport Properties of the Rutheno-Cuprate RuSr_2GdCu_2O_8

RuSr_2GdCu_2O_8 (Ru-1212) is a triple perovskite containing both CuO_2 and RuO_2 layers. It has attracted a great deal of interest recently because it displays electronic ferromagnetism and superconductivity coexisting on a microscopic scale, with T_Curie of 135K and T_c up to 50K. 
We report magnetisation and magnetoresistance (MR) data that exhibit effects due to the interaction between the ferromagnetic ruthenium moments and the conduction electrons. The MR is negative at temperatures above T_Curie, and is proportional to the square of the applied field well above this temperature. Below T_Curie the MR displays a positive peak at fields of around 15 kOe, but at high fields it becomes negative again, and approximately linear. We analyse the high temperature data in terms of spin-disorder scattering theory and extract a value for the exchange interaction between the carriers in the CuO_2 planes and the Ru spins.

Field of study: Physics
Hippocampus and memory in a food-storing and in a nonstoring bird species.

Food-storing birds maintain in memory a large and constantly changing catalog of the locations of stored food. The hippocampus of food-storing black-capped chickadees (Parus atricapillus) is proportionally larger than that of nonstoring dark-eyed juncos (Junco hyemalis). Chickadees perform better than do juncos in an operant test of spatial non-matching-to-sample (SNMTS), and chickadees are more resistant to interference in this paradigm. Hippocampal lesions attenuate performance in SNMTS and increase interference. In tests of continuous spatial alternation (CSA), juncos perform better than chickadees. CSA performance also declines following hippocampal lesions. By itself, sensitivity of a given task to hippocampal damage does not predict the direction of memory differences between storing and nonstoring species.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials Involving Anterior Shoulder Instability

Arthroscopic repair is gaining popularity over open repair for the treatment of bankart lesions. The study aims to evaluate the outcome of arthroscopic repair with open repair in randomised controlled trials conducted comparing the two techniques.  We searched the Cochrane library, PubMed and EMBASE up to December 2017 for clinical trials comparing the outcomes of arthroscopic bankart repair with open bankart repair. We used fixed or random effects model depending upon heterogenicity. Dichotomous variables were presented as Risk Ratios (RRs) with 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs), and continuous data were measured as measured differences with 95% CIs.  Five studies were included, with sample size ranging from 42 to 196. Fixed effect analysis showed that the shoulder was more stable in open repair (RR=0.897, 95% CI: 0.821 to 0.980, P= 0.94) but the loss of external rotation at shoulder joint was also higher in those had open repair (RR=0.325, SMD=-0.411, 95% CI: -1.229 to 0.407). The functional outcome assessed by Rowe score was better in open repair (P=0.325). The operative time was lesser in arthroscopic repair but was not statistically significant (P=0.085).  Our meta-analysis showed that the use of arthroscopic repair though offers better shoulder movement but the open repair is superior in terms of shoulder stability.

Field of study: Medicine
Influence of the heat flux in mixture boiling: experiments and correlations☆

Heat transfer at nucleate pool boiling of the binary and ternary refrigerant mixtures R404A, R407C and R507 at the outside of a horizontal tube with emery ground surface has been investigated in a wide range of pressures and heat fluxes. Together with experimental data of Bednar and Bier for wide boiling ethane/n-butane mixtures, the results of these comparatively narrow boiling mixtures are used to investigate the influence of heat flux q on the heat transfer coefficient α as predicted by various correlations for nucleate boiling of mixtures. At comparatively high saturation pressures with experimental α-values markedly smaller than the molar average of the pure components, the α, q -relationships predicted differ significantly from the experimental, particularly for wide boiling mixtures.

Field of study: Engineering
Establishment of the Technique System of in vitro Polyploidy Induction for Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni

The stem sections of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni were used as explants for polyploidy induction in vitro with different concentrations of colchicines for different time treatments during shoot formation.It was investigated that the best concentrations of colchicines and suitable treatment time in order to establish the technique system of polyploidy induction in vitro for Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni.There was great effect of colchicines on plantlet formation from stem section.The best treatment of colchicines was the concentration 0.1% for 3 d,and the ratio of polyploidy was 42.3%.Meanwhile,the treatment of colchicines could influence the shoot rooting.The leaves of polyploidy became thick and solid,the leaf colour changed dark and the plantlets got dwarf.The lower epidermal stomata of the polyploidy got bigger.The nucleus of the polyploidy cell was bigger and the number of chromosomes was doubled.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Stroke and Alzheimer’s Disease: A Mendelian Randomization Study

Stroke and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) are common neurological diseases. Several exiting studies indicated that late onset-AD and ischemic stroke have shared genetic links. Different kinds of stroke have different mechanisms. However, it remains unclear whether there is a causal relationship between different types of strokes, including any stroke (AS), any ischemic stroke (AIS), large-artery atherosclerotic stroke (LAS), and cardio-embolic stroke (CES), and AD. Herein, we conducted several Mendelian randomization (MR) studies to explore genetically causal link of different kinds of strokes and AD. The results for inverse-variance weighted (IVW) meta-analysis (β = −0.039, OR = 0.9618, and P-value = 0.750) and weighted median regression (WMR) (β = −0.156, OR = 0.8556, and P-value = 0.274) demonstrated that AS is not causally associated with AD risk. The result of MR-Egger regression (β = −1.312, P-value = 0.098) and intercept term (P-value = 0.105) illustrated no pleiotropy in this MR study. According to the results for IVW (P-value = 0.305, β = −0.103, and OR = 0.9021) and WMR (P-value = 0.487, β = −0.092, and OR = 0.9121) in the MR study between AIS and AD, there is no causal association between AIS and AD risk. In addition, the MR-Egger regression (P-value = 0.290 and β = −0.512) and intercept term (P-value = 0.387) showed no potential pleiotropy. LAS is not causally associated with AD risk according to the MR results (IVW: P-value = 0.568, β = 0.037, and OR = 1.0377;  P-value = 0.793, β = −0.022, and OR = 0.9782). Additionally, the results of MR-Egger regression (P-value = 0.122 and β = −1.220) and intercept term (P-value = 0.110) showed no potential pleiotropy. Our results [IVW: P-value = 0.245, β = −0.064, and OR = 0.938; WMR: P-value = 0.331, β = −0.057, and OR = 0.9446; MR- P-value = 0.673 and β = −0.062, and intercept term (P-value = 0.985)] further demonstrated there is no causal link between CES and AD and no pleiotropy in this MR study. In conclusion, different types of stroke, including AS, AIS, LAS, and CES, would not be causally associated with AD risk.

Field of study: Biology
Functional comparison of the reverse mode of Na+/Ca2+ exchangers NCX1.1 and NCX1.5 expressed in CHO cells

To investigate the reverse mode function of Na+/Ca2+ exchangers NCX1.1 and NCX1.5 expressed in CHO cells as well as their modulations by PKC and PKA.Methods:CHO-K1 cells were transfected with pcDNA3.1 (+) plasmid carrying cDNA of rat cardiac NCX1.1 and brain NCX1.5. The expression of NCX1.1 and NCX1.5 was examined using Western blot analysis. The intracellular Ca2+ level ([Ca2+]i) was measured using Ca2+ imaging. Whole-cell NCX currents were recorded using patch-clamp technique. Reverse mode NCX activity was elicited by perfusion with Na+-free medium. Ca2+ paradox was induced by Ca2+-free EBSS medium, followed by Ca2+-containing solution (1.8 or 3.8 mmol/L CaCl2).Results:The protein levels of NCX1.1 and NCX1.5 expressed in CHO cells had no significant difference. The reverse modes of NCX1.1 and NCX1.5 in CHO cells exhibited a transient increase of [Ca2+]i, which was followed by a Ca2+ level plateau at higher external Ca2+ concentrations. In contrast, the wild type CHO cells showed a steady increase of [Ca2+]i at higher external Ca2+ concentrations. The PKC activator PMA (0.3-10 μmol/L) and PKA activator 8-Br-cAMP (10-100 μmol/L) significantly enhanced the reverse mode activity of NCX1.1 and NCX1.5 in CHO cells. NCX1.1 was 2.4-fold more sensitive to PKC activation than NCX1.5, whereas the sensitivity of the two NCX isoforms to PKA activation had no difference. Both PKC- and PKA-enhanced NCX reverse mode activities in CHO cells were suppressed by NCX inhibitor KB-R7943 (30 μmol/L).Conclusion:Both NCX1.1 and NCX1.5 are functional in regulating and maintaining stable [Ca2+]i in CHO cells and differentially regulated by PKA and PKC. The two NCX isoforms might be useful drug targets for heart and brain protection.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Reply to the comment on "A global review of the Late Mississippian (Carboniferous) Gigantoproductus (Brachiopoda) faunas and their paleogeographical, paleoecological, and paleoclimatic implications"

In the comments on our paper, Ruban (2015) provided additional data of Gigantoproductus from Kazakhstan and Siberia which indeed are inaccessible to us. The paleobiogeographical affinities of Kazakhstan and Siberia, along with latitude-related thermal gradient associated with the climate dynamics during the Lower Carboniferous are further considered in this letter, as the new records are taken into consideration.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Reconfigurable LUT: Boon or Bane for Secure Applications

Modern FPGAs offer various new features for enhanced reconfigurability and better performance. One of such feature is a dynamically Reconfigurable LUT (RLUT) whose content can be updated internally, even during run-time. There are many scenarios like pattern matching where this feature has been shown to enhance performance of the system. In this paper, we study RLUT in the context of secure applications. Next, we design several case-studies to apply this feature on security critical scenarios. These case-studies vary from destructive scenarios like stealthy hardware Trojans to constructive scenarios like implementation of secret ciphers with custom Sboxes and masking countermeasure.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
A novel technique of catheter placement with fibrin glue to prevent pericatheter leakage and to enable no break-in period in peritoneal dialysis.

Pericatheter leakage is a catheter-related complication of peritoneal dialysis (PD). To prevent pericatheter leakage, a modified technique of PD catheter insertion with fibrin glue was performed in 19 children.



At the time of PD catheter insertion, as much fibrin glue as possible was injected into the subcutaneous tissue along the tunneled segment of the catheter and then the skin was compressed.



There was no occurrence of pericatheter leakage and full PD could be initiated 1 day (median) after implantation.



This technique prevented pericatheter leakage completely even in smaller-weight infants and will enable initiation of full PD with no break-in period.

Field of study: Medicine
Effect of Pretreatment Process on Microstructure and Adhesion of TC4 Alloy Electroplating Copper Coating

The copper sulfate cyanide-free technology was employed in the preparation of copper film on TC4 titanium alloy surface,the effects of pretreatment process(including activation and pre-coating) on coating microstructure, composition and film-substrate bonding force were studied; the coating forming process and fracture characteristic were analyzed; the film fracture mechanism was discussed. The results show that: activation promotes the formation of hydride conversion film, results in the closure effect and inhibits the permeation and diffusion of oxygen during coating forming process. The film shows a dense, uniform feature and the bonding force is significantly improved compared with the film without activation. Cu/Ni/Ti multilayer structure is formed after the activation pre-coating of Ni. Ti/Ni is easy to form a metallurgical bonding which will increase the stability of interface, then a better film-substrate strength is obtained. Analysis result shows that:after activation pre-coating treatment, fracture produces in the Cu/Ni interface, indicating that the bonding force between the coating film and substrate of the activated titanium is reliable.

Field of study: Materials science
Protein microcrystals and the design of a microdiffractometer: current experience and plans at EMBL and ESRF/ID13.

There is a growing demand for the examination of protein microcrystals at third-generation synchrotron sources. After successful pilot experiments at EMBL/ESRF, which proved that protein microcrystals are often suitable for data collection, operation of the microfocus beamline ID13 was made more user-friendly and suitable for macromolecular crystallography experiments. Given the excellent quality of the beamline microfocusing optics, the key element for successful experiments becomes the handling and visualization of microcrystals. To address this, a microdiffractometer has been designed to allow maximum precision combined with ease of usage and is currently under construction.

Field of study: Chemistry
Diagonalization and Many-Body Localization for a Disordered Quantum Spin Chain.

We consider a weakly interacting quantum spin chain with random local interactions. We prove that many-body localization follows from a physically reasonable assumption that limits the extent of level attraction in the statistics of eigenvalues. In a Kolmogorov-Arnold-Moser-style construction, a sequence of local unitary transformations is used to diagonalize the Hamiltonian by deforming the initial tensor-product basis into a complete set of exact many-body eigenfunctions.

Field of study: Physics
Changes of the revenue sources structure of China’s higher education in the 2nd half of the 1990s

Through the trend of the revenue sources structure of China’s higher education from 1994 to 2001. We can see that the goal of seeking various revenue sources for higher education doesn’t seem to be completely achieved, and these changes mainly revolved around governmental appropriations for higher education and tuition fees. The paper also compares national universities’ revenue sources structure and students’ average expenditure with those of local universities which shows it is necessary in reality to incline on national university. While there should be consdered the principle of equility in order to keep a balance between the two different kinds of universities.

Field of study: Education
Production of tilapia insulin-like growth factor-2 in high cell density cultures of recombinant Escherichia coli.

An improved expression plasmid pET-insulin-like growth factor-2 (IGF2) was constructed and transferred into Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) for the expression of tilapia insulin-like growth factor-2. The recombinant insulin-like growth factor-2 was produced as inclusion bodies, and the recombinant insulin-like growth factor-2 content was as high as 10.3% of the total protein content. For production of recombinant insulin-like growth factor-2 in E. coli, pH-stat fed-batch cultures were used to achieve a high cell density culture. A cell concentration 183gl(-1) dry cell weight (DCW) was obtained after 30h cultivation and plasmid stability was maintained at high levels. Expression of insulin-like growth factor-2 was induced at three different cell concentrations, 50, 78.5, and 114.5gl(-1) dry cell weight. When cells were induced at a cell concentration of 114.5gl(-1) dry cell weight, the amount of insulin-like growth factor-2 produced was 9.69gl(-1) (11.3% of the total protein). Using a simple purification process including inclusion body isolation, denaturation, refolding and Ni-NTA affinity chromatography, 19.51mg of insulin-like growth factor-2 was obtained from a 22.5ml of culture, and the recovery yield was 20.5%. The biological activity of the purified IGF-2 was demonstrated as promoting the growth of four different cell lines by the colorimetric bioassay and the best growth stimulation ratio was obtained for the Balb/3T3 clone 31A cell line.

Field of study: Biology, Engineering
Hip Surgery Candidates: A Comparative Study of Hip Osteoarthritis and Prior Hip Fracture Patient Characteristics

To assess similarities and differences in patient-related characteristics before and after surgery for painful disabling hip osteoarthritis among elderly subgroups with and without a trauma history.  First, a cohort of 1000 hospitalized patients were assessed for trends in: perceived duration of the condition, pain intensity, functional performance ability, walking distance, body mass, and comorbidity characteristics among other factors. Then, the most salient of these patient-related characteristics were compared between 42 cases of hip osteoarthritis without a trauma history and 42 cases with a trauma history matched for age and gender, using medical records and standard data recording and analysis procedures.  Hip osteoarthritis cases with a prior hip fracture history had a longer duration of disability, and were more impaired functionally before surgery (p < 0.05) than those with no such history. They also had lower leg muscle strength and used more assistive devices.  Patients undergoing hip replacement surgery for painful hip osteoarthritis who have a hip fracture history are likely to be more impaired and disabled than those with no such history.

Field of study: Medicine
Pleistocene Glaciation in the Sierra Nevada and Basin Ranges

Lest the title of this paper may lead the reader to suppose that it contains a detailed account of the glacial phenomena of this vast region, it should be explained at the outset that it is concerned with the general facts of glacial history and the correlation of the events with those already better known in the Rocky Mountains and the eastern States. Although the writer has reconnoitered most of the ranges in the Great Basin, he has devoted his attention largely to the study of the dry eastern slope of the Sierra Nevada, where the glacial features are best displayed free from obscuring forests. There he has visited most of the glaciated valleys but has mapped only a few of them in the detail which their interest merits. It will take many years to complete the mapping, and that work will necessarily be done largely by others.

Field of study: Geology