nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
NEW GROUP CONTRIBUTION METHOD FOR ESTIMATING AVERAGE BOILING POINT OF HEAVY OIL FRACTIONS

Heavy oil was separated into over dozen cuts under a lower temperature(250 ℃) to avoid thermal cracking by the supercritical fluid extraction and fractionation method (SFEF).The properties and 1H NMR, 13 C NMR spectra of the fractions were measured to determine their structure parameters and construct average molecular models.The boiling points of heavy oil fractions were measured up to 950 K.Based on Rarey’s group contribution model recently published, 12 groups were defined for heavy oil cuts.It was found that Rarey’s model was accurate for below C 50 fractions but show higher errors for heavier cuts.The dependence of boiling point on total atom number (except hydrogen) was refitted, while the value of the original group kept unchanged.Estimation for boiling point of two different residua from Russian crude oil and a mixed crude oil of Daqing(70% in mass) with Russian(30% in mass) was found with an average deviation 1 4% in the range of 600 K to 950 K.The T b prediction of normal alkanes from C 3 to C 120 was also found in good agreement with literature data.It verifies that the group definition and structure expression for heavy oil fractions are reliable.The group contribution method combined with SFEF can extend T b estimation up to 1050 K with carbon numbers over 100.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
An Analysis of the Operating Mechani sms in Agricultural Industrialization

Agricultural industrialization is a multi-section,multi-industry an d multi-subject systematic enginee ring.The key to the implementation of the developme ntal strategy of agricultural industrialization depends on whether the systems are functioning effectively.In this paper the author deals with how to build up to operating mechanisms in the cur rent situation through a practical analy sis of operating modes and operating mechanisms of agricultural industr ialization.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Model Experimental Study on Pre-dispersed Blanking Maldistribution of Flash Furnace

River sand and concentrate powder were selected to model blanking for pre-dispersed part of flash furnace on a model rig.The qualitative maldistribution degree was analyzed by using high-speed camera to shoot the particle flow in the feed tube and distributor channel.The quantitative maldistribution degree was analyzed by processing screened and weighted data.The experimental results indicate that there are many particles in the angle of slip tube and distributor channel and there are few particles near circular peripheral area of the distributor channel.There is an obvious axial maldistribution and local maldistribution.Circumferential maldistribution exists because the particles collide with channel separator vertically.With the increased feed capacity,circumferential maldistribution and local maldistribution increase and axial maldistribution change is not obvious.

Field of study: Materials science
Quasi Steinberg character for Symmetric, Alternating groups and their double covers

An irreducible character of a finite group $G$ is called quasi $p$-Steinberg character for a prime $p$ if it takes the nonzero value on every $p$-regular element of $G$. In this article, we classify the quasi $p$-Steinberg characters of all Symmetric ($S_n$) as well as Alternating ($A_n$) groups and their double covers. In particular, an existence of a non-linear quasi $p$-Steinberg character for $S_n$ implies $n \leq 8$ and for $A_n$ implies $n \leq 9$.

Field of study: Mathematics
Conjugacy Separation Problem in Braids: an Attack on the Original Colored Burau Key Agreement Protocol

In this paper, we consider the conjugacy separation search problem in braid groups. We deeply redesign the algorithm presented in  and provide an experimental evidence that the problem can be solved for 100% of very long randomly generated instances. The lengths of tested randomly generated instances is increased by the factor of two compared to the lengths suggested in the original proposal for 120 bits of security. An implementation of our attack is freely available in CRAG, . In particular, the implementation contains all challenging instances we had to deal with on a way to 100% success. We hope it will be useful to braid-group cryptography community.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Electromechanical Performance Study on Silver Diffusion Joints of REBCO Coated Conductors Under Axial Tensile Stress

Silver diffusion method is a promising candidate for joining the second generation high temperature superconducting tapes that can achieve a joint resistance of nΩ level while retaining full critical current. In this study, silver diffusion joints with joint resistance as low as <; 2 nΩ was demonstrated. The performance of silver diffusion joints under axial tension load, which is considered as a key parameter for their practical applications, was also systematically studied. It was investigated that the nominal critical axial tensile stress of the unlaminated silver diffusion joint fabricated by the coated conductor tapes from Shanghai Superconductor Co., Ltd. was in the range of 430-480 MPa, which is significantly lower than that of the single tape (approximately 590 MPa) and could hardly be improved by increasing the overlap length from 1 to 10 cm or by modifying the configuration from the lap-type to the enhanced bridge-type. According to the experimental results, the failure mechanism of silver diffusion joints under tensile stress was discussed. Based on which, a post-lamination process was proposed to alleviate the local stress concentration. The laminated silver diffusion and single straight tape exhibited consistent behavior under axial tension load and, therefore, the same critical axial tensile stress.

Field of study: Physics
Diagnosis and treatment of the rheumatic diseases: some practical pointers.

The rheumatic diseases include all forms of arthritis and rheumatism. Successful management of R & A patients depends upon precise diagnosis which, in turn, depends upon a knowledge of prevalence and patterns of the particular diseases in this group. The rheumatic diseases most commonly encountered are discussed in detail. Diagnostic tests, specific and otherwise, are referred to. The practical usefulness of such tests is emphasized. The main objectives of treatment are discussed.

Field of study: Medicine
Perpendicular electron transport in GaAs/AlGaAs multiple quantum wells studied by junction space charge techniques

Transient capacitance and admittance spectroscopy techniques have been used to investigate the perpendicular electron transport properties of GaAs/AlGaAs multi-quantum wells. Two transport processes have been studied at weak electric fields: thermionic transport over the barriers and tunnelling processes through the barriers. Purely exponential time dependences have been observed in both cases and the transport rates could therefore be directly measured and compared with theory. The conduction band offset at the GaAs/AlGaAs interface was determined using both measurement techniques and compared with previously published data.

Field of study: Materials science
Optical properties of UV transmitting acrylics for use in a heavy water Cerenkov detector.

The absorption, refraction, and scattering properties of several UV transmitting acrylics have been investigated over the wavelength range 300-700 nm using a combination of near-normal incidence regular transmittance and reflectance and diffuse-only reflectance measurements, followed by a Fresnel and a Kubelka-Munk analysis. The samples were evaluated in the as-cast and thermoformed forms, and both before and after an accelerated aging procedure. The results show significant differences in the optical behavior of the various acrylics in the UV region and stress the importance of carefully characterizing acrylic from different sources for each intended use. In our case, acrylic is the proposed material for a heavy water containment vessel for the detection of solar neutrinos. The significance of our findings to the overall performance of this Cerenkov detector, known as the Sudbury neutrino observatory detector, is discussed.

Field of study: Physics
Diplomatische Strategien der Reichsstadt Augsburg: Eine Studie zur Bewältigung regionaler Konflikte im 15. Jahrhundert. Evelien Timpener. Städteforschung: Veröffentlichungen des Instituts für vergleichende Städtegeschichte in Münster 95. Cologne: Böhlau Verlag, 2017. viii + 240 pp. €36.


Field of study: History
Changes of Tb Emission by Non-radiative Energy Transfer 
from Dy in Gd2O2S:Tb Phosphor

In this study, the Gd2O2S:Tb1.5Dyx=0.3,0.6,0.9 nanophosphor were synthesized by the homogenous precipitation method followed with a sulfur reaction. The fluorescence of Gd2O2S:Tb1.5,Dy nanophosphors, and the energy transfer between dysprosium (Dy) and Tb have been studied. Although, the two weak emissions of Dy were observed, the terbium (Tb) emission was increased due to energy transfer from Dy ions to Tb ions. The results illustrated that the co-activator of Dy had a significant influence on the spectral properties of the Gd2O2S:Tb1.5 nanophosphor with an optimal amount of Dy (0.3 mol%). Moreover, Gd2O2S:Tb1.5 and Gd2O2S:Tb1.5,Dy nanophosphors screens were prepared with 10 mg/cm2 coating thickness. The scintillation properties of these screens have been investigated. We found a Gd2O2S:Tb1.5,Dy0.3 scintillator can be employed in x-ray imaging applications.

Field of study: Materials science
Neglected native or undesirable alien? Resolution of a conservation dilemma concerning the pool frog Rana lessonae

Introduced species often pose serious threats to biodiversity, but occasionally confusion arises as to whether a species really is introduced or is in fact an overlooked native. A recent UK conservation dilemma has centred on the status of the pool frog Rana lessonae. This species has been the subject of documented introductions from central and southern Europe since the early 1800s, the accepted position being that all UK R. lessonae populations are descended from these introductions. However, a closer examination of early UK literature sources, and recent discoveries of isolated, native R. lessonae populations in Sweden and Norway, led some herpetologists to question whether the species was in fact present as a native at some locations prior to the introductions. Research was initiated along four major lines of enquiry: genetic, bioacoustic, archaeozoological and archival. A high degree of convergence among the genetic and bioacoustic investigations demonstrated that the potentially native UK pool frogs were closely related to Scandinavian frogs, thus ruling out introductions from further south as a potential origin. Subfossil evidence of pool frogs was found from ca. 1000 years before present, demonstrating that the species occurred in the UK prior to known introductions. Archival sources produced no historical support for introductions from northern Europe. The postglacial history inferred for these northern populations is consistent with the known climatic and geographical conditions. Taken together, the evidence for the native status of the pool frog is compelling, and furthermore the UK population appears to be part of a distinct northern clade.

Field of study: Environmental science
The treatment of propofol induced the TGF-β1 expression in human endothelial cells to suppress endocytosis activities of monocytes.

Propofol anesthesia and sedation are known to downregulate the functions of many hematopoietic cells, such as macrophages and neutrophils, in vivo. However, the effects of propofol on secretion of the regulatory cytokine transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) in vivo are unknown. In this study, the effects of propofol on TGF-β1 expression in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), lymphocytes (Jurkat) and monocytes (THP-1) were tested. Moreover, these sera were also tested for regulatory activity on monocyte endocytosis with or without treatment with the TGF-β1 pathway inhibitor SB431542. Propofol raised levels of both total and activated TGF-β1 in propofol-treated patient sera after surgical operations. Furthermore, propofol induced secretion of latent TGF-β1 in HUVEC cells and enhanced TGF-β1 activation in THP-1 and Jurkat cells in vitro. Additionally, sera from propofol-treated patients suppressed monocyte endocytosis ex vivo, an effect that was abrogated by the TGF-β1 pathway inhibitor SB431542.

Field of study: Medicine
The Superior Position of the Creditor in the Community Property Regime: Has the Community Become a Mere Creditor Collection Device?

This article is a first step in an effort to critically examine the continued vitality of the community regime for regulating spousal property. Specifically, the article examines the American community property regimes in light of how they measure up against non-community property states in terms of creditor protection. The results are often surprising. The community regime grants creditors access to a variety of property for all manner of debts. For instance, the entirety of the community property, including the non-debtor spouse's wages, may be seized in some community property states for the other's premarital debts. That the non-debtor spouse has no connection to the debt and, indeed, that it carries no benefit for the family is irrelevant. Nearly everything brought in by the spouses during marriage may be seized for it. Such a result would never obtain in the forty-one non-community property states, of course, where a creditor is fairly allowed to seize only the property of the party with whom he engages. A community creditor often receives quite a windfall. Exploration of other creditor rights demonstrates similar bizarre results. The neutral observer might correctly conclude that the community property regime in the twenty-first century is really little more than a creditor collection device. After exposing the exceptional creditor bent of the community property regime, the article goes on to explore the problem with the community's approach to debt collection. Examining the history of the regime's adoption and retention shows that the community has strayed so far from its goals of protecting women and attracting settlement in community property states that it is almost unrecognizable. Moreover, such a departure is unnecessary in light of the reasonable expectations of the creditors involved with the spouses and the protection they are granted by other, more general, laws. The article concludes by suggesting that the community needs to begin utilizing a more "common law" approach to debt collection if it is to remain a viable marital property regime for the centuries to come.

Field of study: Law
Potential exposure of children and adults to cypermethrin following use of indoor insecticide foggers

The magnitude and distribution of cypermethrin from total release, over-the-counter foggers was studied in a test room and in residences to facilitate evaluation of regulatory exposure algorithms and new human exposure assessments based upon urine biomonitoring. Surface residue (SR) was evenly distributed in a small test room (3.6 μ g cypermethrin/cm2) where thorough mixing of the aerosol occurred. In a residence SR was significantly affected by room size and distance from the fogger. Air levels in the residence were as high as 30 μ g cypermethrin/cm3 after 4.5 h. The availability of surface residues was measured with an automated surface cotton cloth wipe and ethyl acetate extraction. Only 5% of the SR was available from nylon carpet. Tile, wood and linoleum resulted in 30, 10, and 10% of SR being available, respectively. These data are used to estimate cypermethrin exposure of children and adults for comparison with existing regulatory reference dosages and exposure assessments based upon biomonitoring.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Thermal characterization of different graphite polystyrene

The development of high performance insulating materials incorporating nanotechnologies has enabled considerable decrease in the effective thermal conductivity. Besides the use of conventional insulating materials, such as mineral fibers, the adoption of new nano-technological materials such as aerogel, vacuum insulation panels, graphite expanded polystyrene, is growing. In order to reduce the thermal conductivity of polystyrene insulation materials, during the manufacturing, nano/micro-sized graphite particles are added to the melt of the polystyrene grains. The mixing of graphite flakes into the polystyrene mould further reduces the lambda value, since graphite parts significantly reflect the radiant part of the thermal energy. In this study, laboratory tests carried out on graphite insulation materials are presented. Firstly, thermal conductivity results are described, and then sorption kinetic curves at high moisture content levels are shown. The moisture up-taking behaviour of the materials was inves...

Field of study: Engineering
Sickness, Recovery, and Death among the Enslaved and Free People of Santos, Brazil, 1860–1888

Between 1802 and 1849, cholera and influenza pandemics killed hundreds of thousands from Shanghai to Seville to New York, but these diseases did not dip below the South American portion of the equator. As a result, Brazil gained a reputation of good health, an opinion confirmed by European travelers and some provincial authorities. This rosy reputation wilted in 1849 when a yellow fever epidemic devastated several seaports, including the imperial capital of Rio de Janeiro. Following this outbreak, waves of epidemics swept the nation with unfamiliar and terrifying virulence. Brazilians were struck again and again by cholera, smallpox, yellow fever, and bubonic plague until the early 1900s.

Field of study: History
Condensation and evaporation heat transfer of R410A inside internally grooved horizontal tubes

Heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop were measured for condensation and evaporation of R410A and HCFC22 inside internally grooved tubes. The experiments were performed for a conventional spiral groove tube of 8.01 mm o.d. and 7.30 mm mean i.d., and a herring-born groove tube of 8.00 mm o.d. and 7.24 mm mean i.d. To measure the local heat transfer coefficients and pressure drop, the test section was subdivided into four small sections having 2 m working length. The ranges of refrigerant mass flow density was from 200 to 340 kg/(m2 s) for both condensation and evaporation of R410A and HCFC22, and the vapour pressure was 2.41 MPa for condensation and 1.09 MPa for the evaporation of R410A. The obtained heat transfer data for R410A and HCFC22 indicate that the values of the local heat transfer coefficients of the herring-bone grooved tube are about twice as large as those of spiral one for condensation and are slightly larger than those of spiral one for the evaporation. The measured local pressure drop in both condensation and evaporation is well correlated with the empirical equation proposed by the authors.

Field of study: Engineering
Physicians Ought Not Kill

Dying well or experiencing death with dignity and ease is the root understanding of the Greek word euthanasia. A pious Catholic could invoke the help ofSt. Joseph for such a death. But in the twentieth century, dying well has become a serious problem owing ironically and in no small part to the medically advanced and highly technologized treatment we have devised. To many sick and terminal patients, not only their illness but the prospect of such treatment is overwhelming and frightening. Facing their mortality has led some of them to propose suicide as a form of dying well, specifically, physician-assisted suicide. The proposal and, in the state of Oregon, the actual practice have stirred moral and public policy debates as the literature amply attests. I While this paper treats of some of those debates, its primary concern is the vital distinction between killing and letting die. The distinction all too easily escapes popular notice but nonetheless determines the debate about physician-assisted suicide and euthanasia. Doctors and health care workers need no reminding about the mixed results which the union of medicine and technology has had in patient care. "The same technology which extends the life of one person may simply prolong the dying of another.,,2 In cases where partial or full recovery is in doubt, images of sedated or comatose patients tethered to machines raise the question whether such treatment is worth it after all. The Quinlan case in 1976 and the Cruzan case in 1988, and a succession of cases between

Field of study: Medicine, Philosophy
Miocene foraminiferal paleoecology of the basin of Vence, Southeast France

Two transgressive—regressive cycles occurred in the Basin of Vence during the Miocene. The sea transgressed the region from the southeast direction. The first cycle commenced in the Early Aquitanian and probably ended in the Burdigalian. A second minor cycle was terminated by Late- to post-Miocene tectonic activity related to the last phases of the Alpine Orogeny in the region. Benthonic and planktonic foraminiferal assemblages indicate that the Miocene deposits represent littoral to mesopelagic zones in the tropical to temperate Miocene sea in which turbidity currents were active. These assemblages, comprising characteristic shallow-water forms ( Cibicides lobatulus, Uvigerina peregrina, U. subperegrina, Nodosaria ovicula, Guttulina communis, Siphonodosaria nuttalli and Spiroplectammina carinata ) and deep-water species like Hoeglundina elegans, Lagena striata, Marginulina glabra, Bulimina elongata, Melonis pompilioides, Sphaeroidina bulloides and Pullenia bulloides plus abundant planktonic foraminifera, in the western and eastern parts respectively, indicate that the sea shoaled progressively westwards. Lithology, macrofaunal content and sedimentary and biogenic structures support these conclusions. Renewed post-Miocene transgressions in the area extended only as far northwest as the Pliocene basin of the Var.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Research on Quality Evaluation Model with the Application of Mechanical and Electrical Products Based on IAHP

Aiming at the multi-level and multi-index problem of the quality evaluation index of mechatronic products, a comprehensive analysis method based on the improved AHP model is put forward. The analytic hierarchy process (AHP) determines the relative importance of each factor by pairwise comparison, and then synthesizes the decision. In the actual operation process, the analytic hierarchy process uses "nine scale" method to determine the judgment matrix. The judgment process is complex that often cannot get consistent results and reduce reliability. In this paper, the improved analytic hierarchy process (IAHP) is used to quantify the influence of parameters on the quality evaluation index. The judgment matrix is determined by the "three scale" method. The operation is simpler and easier to keep the consistency of the matrix. The method should be applied to modeling and calculating the factors affecting the quality of electromechanical products in an enterprise, and the validity of the method is verified.

Field of study: Engineering