nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Integration of Pharmacy Students Within a Level II Trauma Center

To integrate fourth-year doctor of pharmacy (PharmD) students within a level II trauma center team to improve their patient care and professional communication skills.  PharmD students completed 2 consecutive 4-week internal medicine APPEs during the course of their fourth year, which included approximately 5 weeks working on an interprofessional trauma team. During patient rounds with the interprofessional trauma team, students provided patient care in a stepwise approach, drug information responses, patient counseling, and other services requested by team members. Assessment. Ability-based outcomes (ABOs) assessment, faculty evaluations, and student self-assessment were conducted in the following areas: effective communication, drug therapy assessment and decision making, critical thinking and problem solving, and drug information retrieval. Students’ mean score in these areas was 3.8 on a 5-point scale. Areas in which students needed improvement included: providing recommendations in a timely manner, self-confidence, identifying opportunity to verbally communicate with other team members, and addressing insecurities when answering drug information questions posed by the team.  Integrating fourth-year PharmD students within a trauma and acute surgery team and use of ABO assessment allowed for identification of areas of the curriculum in which improvements were needed, resulting in a more targeted approach earlier in the curriculum to improve students’ abilities to provide appropriate and effective patient care in an interprofessional setting.

Field of study: Education, Medicine
S-Kademlia: A trust and reputation method to mitigate a Sybil attack in Kademlia

Peer-to-peer architectures have become very popular in the last years for a variety of services and applications such as collaborative computing, streaming and VoIP applications. The security and integrity of the overlay involved in such networks is a fundamental prerequisite for deploying such a technology. Withstanding multiple false identities in the overlay, also known as a Sybil attack, is one of the main challenges in securing structured peer-to-peer networks. Poisoning routing tables through these identities may make the routing and storage and retrieval processes extremely difficult and time consuming. In this paper we investigate possible countermeasures and propose a novel method for making the routing and the storage and retrieval of resources in a Kademlia network more secure through the use of a combined trust-based algorithm exploiting reputation techniques. Our solution provides a balanced mixing of standard Kademlia algorithms and trust-based algorithms showing promising results in thwarting a Sybil attack in a Kademlia network, in comparison with similar methods as well.

Field of study: Computer science
PENGEMBANGAN SUMBER BELAJAR IPS MENGGUNAKAN ADOBE FLASH DENGAN TEMA POTENSI SUMBER DAYA ALAM INDONESIA PADA SISWA SMP KELAS VII

Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi kurangnya variasi sumber belajar alternatif 
bagi siswa IPS SMP kelas VII. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk: 1) mengembangkan 
sumber belajar IPS menggunakan adobe flash dengan tema potensi sumber daya 
alam Indonesia; 2) mengetahui kelayakan sumber belajar IPS menggunakan 
adobe flash dengan tema potensi sumber daya alam Indonesia berdasarkan 
penilaian ahli materi, ahli media, penilaian guru IPS dan ujicoba terhadap siswa. 
Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian pengembangan (Research and 
Development). Prosedur pengembangan menggunakan model Borg & Gall yang 
disederhanakan yaitu: 1) tahap pengumpulan informasi; 2) tahap perencanaan; 
3) validasi ahli materi; 4) pembuatan produk; 5) validasi ahli media; 6) penilaian 
guru IPS dan uji coba terhadap siswa. Subjek penelitian adalah siswa kelas VII 
MTs Negeri 1 Yogyakarta. Teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan angket 
validasi untuk ahli materi, ahli media, penilaian guru IPS dan angket uji coba 
terhadap siswa. Sumber belajar IPS menggunakan adobe flash dengan tema 
potensi sumber daya alam Indonesia dianggap layak untuk digunakan apabila 
hasil validasi ahli materi, validasi ahli media, penilaian guru IPS dan uji coba 
terhadap siswa memperoleh kategori rerata skor minimum “baik”. 
Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa 1) penelitian ini menghasilkan produk 
sumber belajar IPS menggunakan adobe flash dengan tema potensi sumber daya 
alam Indonesia untuk siswa SMP kelas VII; 2) hasil validasi ahli materi 
memperoleh skor rata-rata 4 dengan kategori baik, hasil validasi ahli media 
memperoleh skor rata-rata 3,5 dengan kategori baik, hasil penilaian guru ips 
memperoleh skor rata-rata 3,5 dengan kategori baik, hasil uji coba lapangan pada 
siswa memperoleh skor rata-rata 3,9 dengan kategori baik. Berdasarkan hasil 
tersebut maka sumber belajar IPS menggunakan adobe flash dengan tema potensi 
sumber daya alam Indonesia dinyatakan layak digunakan dengan kateogiri baik. 
Kata kunci: sumber belajar, adobe flash, IPS

Field of study: Sociology
Unified Framework to Regularized Covariance Estimation in Scaled Gaussian Models

We consider regularized covariance estimation in scaled Gaussian settings, e.g., elliptical distributions, compound-Gaussian processes and spherically invariant random vectors. Asymptotically in the number of samples, the classical maximum likelihood (ML) estimate is optimal under different criteria and can be efficiently computed even though the optimization is nonconvex. We propose a unified framework for regularizing this estimate in order to improve its finite sample performance. Our approach is based on the discovery of hidden convexity within the ML objective. We begin by restricting the attention to diagonal covariance matrices. Using a simple change of variables, we transform the problem into a convex optimization that can be efficiently solved. We then extend this idea to nondiagonal matrices using convexity on the manifold of positive definite matrices. We regularize the problem using appropriately convex penalties. These allow for shrinkage towards the identity matrix, shrinkage towards a diagonal matrix, shrinkage towards a given positive definite matrix, and regularization of the condition number. We demonstrate the advantages of these estimators using numerical simulations.

Field of study: Engineering
Landscape dynamics and habitat selection by the alien invasive Fallopia (Polygonaceae) in Belgium

Habitat patch colonization dynamics and distribution patterns were analysed at a landscape scale in four invasive Fallopia (Polygonaceae) species. Fallopia sachalinensis and F. aubertii were uncommon and population expansion was not evident during the three consecutive years of study. The two most widespread species, F. japonica and F. × bohemica displayed similar habitat selection patterns with ruderal and natural/semi-natural forests favoured. The highest densities of F. japonica and F. × bohemica individuals were at the edge of preferred habitat patches with different patterns of edge selection. Linear network played an important role in species invasion, with 71% of all F. japonica and F. × bohemica occurring within a 10 m buffer of total linear networks (roads, railways, and rivers). However, the buffer represented only 14.5% of the total landscape surface. The rate of population increase was higher for F. japonica (75.8% and 35.2%, in 2002 and 2003, respectively) than for F. × bohemica (63.6% and 0% in 2002 and 2003, respectively) and was largely the result of intra-patch dynamics with low inter-patch colonization. The total surface area occupied by Fallopia clones in the landscape grew by 34.7% over 2 years of the study, with comparable area growth means for F. japonica and F. × bohemica (34.9% and 34.7%, respectively). The hypothesis that F. × bohemica exhibits higher invasive dynamics due to both clonal and sexual reproduction was not supported by our results.

Field of study: Environmental science
Polymers containing groups of potential biological activity

The activity of many enzymes has been shown to depend on the presence of sulphhydryl groups13, not all of which are of equal reactivity nor of equal importance for the proper functioning of the enzyme. Three types of sulphhydryl groups are recognized depending on their reactivity with oxidizing, alkylating and mercaptide-forming reagents. These sulphhydryl groups are classified as freely reactive, sluggishly reactive and " masked ". The " masked" groups become freely reactive when the protein is denatured. It is believed that this is due to the unfolding of the peptide chains, thus making these hitherto inaccessible sulphhydryl groups freely available4 • Resistance to oxidation of some of the sulphhydryl groups of the enzyme is thought tobe due to the distance between sulphhydryl in the native protein, which prevents the formation of a disulphide bond. Barron has reported that for a series of dithiols, the greater the distance between the thiol groups the slower will be the oxidation 5• The presence of electronegative groups in a molecule was also found to influence the ease of oxidation 5, the effect being a decrease in the degree of dissociation of the -SH bond resulting in a decrease in the rate of oxidation. High energy irradiation of water containing dissolved oxygen has been shown to produce the oxidizing agents hydroxyl and hydroperoxyl radicals6 • Since thiols are easily oxidized by mild oxidizing agents, it was not surprising to find that ionizing radiation would rapidly oxidize biologically essential sulphhydryl groups and thus be detrimental to life6• However, reversal of inhibition and, further, protection on addition of sulphhydryl compounds such as cysteine and glutathione was shown to take place 710• The detoxification of hydroxyl and hydroperoxyl radicals is most probably accomplished by a rapid reaction of these radicals with the thiol groups, a reaction of relatively low activation energy. Thus, the efficiency of sulphhydryl compounds as protectors against the Iethai effects of radiation has been shown tobe related to their ease of oxidation11• Recently3 \ the suggestionwas made that darnage by irradiationwas due to the oxidation of biologically necessary cuprous ion to cupric.

Field of study: Chemistry
SU-E-J-90: 2D/3D Registration Using KV-MV Image Pairs for Higher Accuracy Image Guided Radiotherapy.

In this work, we investigate the impact of using paired portal mega-voltage (MV) and kilo-voltage (kV) images, on 2D/3D registration accuracy with the purpose of improving tumor motion tracking during radiotherapy. Tumor motion tracking is important as motion remains one of the biggest sources of uncertainty in dose application. 2D/3D registration is successfully used in online tumor motion tracking, nevertheless, one limitation of this technique is the inability to resolve movement along the imaging beam axis using only one projection image.



Our evaluation consisted in comparing the accuracy of registration using different 2D image combinations: only one 2D image (1-kV), one kV and one MV image (1kV-1MV) and two kV images (2-kV). For each of the image combinations we evaluated the registration results using 250 starting points as initial displacements from the gold standard. We measured the final mean target registration error (mTRE) and the success rate for each registration. Each of the combinations was evaluated using four different merit functions.



When using the MI merit function (a popular choice for this application) the RMS mTRE drops from 6.4 mm when using only one image to 2.1 mm when using image pairs. The success rate increases from 62% to 99.6%. A similar trend was observed for all four merit functions. Typically, the results are slightly better with 2-kV images than with 1kV-1MV.



We evaluated the impact of using different image combinations on accuracy of 2D/3D registration for tumor motion monitoring. Our results show that using a kV-MV image pair, leads to improved results as motion can be accurately resolved in six degrees of freedom. Given the possibility to acquire these two images simultaneously, this is not only very workflow efficient but is also shown to be a good approach to improve registration accuracy.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
The fate of recombinant plasmids during composting of organic wastes

Composting was investigated as a means for safe disposal of organic waste containing bacteria that carry transgenes in recombinant plasmids. To generate model recombinant plasmids, a mobile IncQ plasmid, RSF1010, and a non-mobile plasmid, pGFP, were genetically modified to carry a DNA segment encoding both green fluorescent protein and kanamycin resistance and were designated as RSF1010-GFPK and pGFPK. Escherichia coli (E. coli) C600 harboring these plasmids were inoculated into chicken manure specimens that were placed in compost at 20 and 60 cm from the bottom of a 1.0-m high compost bin. Control specimens were held at ambient temperature. By day 10, compost temperatures at the lower and upper levels of the bin had reached 45.3 and 61.5°C, respectively, and at both levels the target E. coli had been inactivated and the plasmids had lost their capacity to be transformed or mobilized. Furthermore, based on real time Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), the transgene fragments along with the host chromosomal DNA fragment from specimens at the upper level had been degraded beyond the detection limit. However, at the lower level where temperatures remained below 48°C these fragment persisted to day 21. At ambient temperatures (0–8°C), the E. coli, plasmids and the transgene fragments persisted in manure specimens throughout the 21 day test period. The study showed the potential for composting as a safe procedure for disposal of bacteria carrying transgenes in recombinant plasmids.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
The Queen Charlotte Islands refraction project. Part II. Structural model for transition from Pacific plate to North American plate: Discussion

The oceanic-continental boundary west of the Queen Charlotte Islands is marked by the active Queen Charlotte Fault Zone. Motion along the fault is predominantly dextral strike slip, but relative plate motion and other studies indicate that a component of convergence between the oceanic Pacific plate and the continental North American plate presently exists. This convergence could be manifest through different types of deformation: oblique subduction, crustal thickening, or lateral distortion of the plates. In 1983, a 330 km offshore–onshore seismic refraction profile extending from the deep ocean across the islands to the mainland of British Columbia was recorded to investigate (i) structure of the fault zone and associated oceanic–continental boundary and (ii) lithospheric structure beneath the islands and Hecate Strait to define the regional transition from Pacific plate to North American plate and thus the nature of the convergence. Two-dimensional ray tracing and synthetic seismogram modelling of many...

Field of study: Environmental science
The Contents of Consciousness: Reply to Hellie, Peacocke and Siegel

I would like to thank Benj Hellie, Chris Peacocke, and Susanna Siegel for their very interesting commentaries on The Character of Consciousness. All of them focus mainly on issues from the second half of the book, especially issues concerning the contents of consciousness. Hellie focuses especially on the role of acquaintance and perceptual attention in perception and introspection and on the ontology of consciousness. Peacocke focuses especially on my Fregean account of the content of spatial experience. Siegel focuses especially on my account of the Edenic content of perception and its relation to Fregean content. I will reply to the three commentaries in alphabetical order. Each of the commentaries raises many issues, and space precludes me from replying in detail on each issue. Instead, in each part I concentrate especially on a single central issue: acquaintance with phenomenal states for Hellie, spatial externalism for Peacocke, perceptual Frege cases for Siegel. I aim to discuss the central issue in depth and then discuss other issues more briefly. I have tried to start each section with a relatively accessible discussion of the central issue that does not presuppose much knowledge of my book or of the

Field of study: Philosophy
Quantum fluctuations of the current in a tunnel junction at optical frequencies

We have investigated the mechanism at the origin of the infra-red radiation emitted by a biased tunnel junction by detecting photons at frequencies $\nu<eV/h$. To address this regime, the bias voltage $V$ exceeds one volt and the potential profile of the tunnel barrier is driven far from its equilibrium state. As a consequence, the $I(V)$ characteristic of the junction is strongly nonlinear. At optical frequencies, the transport through the junction cannot be simply expressed in term of the dc current and the current fluctuations are no longer described by the fluctuation-dissipation relation. Taking into account the energy and voltage dependence of the transmission of the tunnel junction in a Landauer-Buttiker scattering approach, we experimentally demonstrate that the photon emission results from the fluctuations of the current inside the tunneling barrier.

Field of study: Physics
Lost Causes in the House of Lords: Fairchild v Glenhaven Funeral Services

Like Matthew Arnold's Oxford, disease litigation is the home of lost  Over many years, the courts have intervened to ease the frequently formidable factual difficulties of proving causation, in cases of disease. The House of Lords in Fairchild v Glenhaven Funeral Services has carried that process of relaxation to its furthest point yet, in a decision of far-reaching  The case concerned claimants who had contracted mesothelioma (a lung tumour) through exposure to asbestos, over a lifetime of work for different employers. All the employers were admittedly in breach of the relevant duties of care. However, the medical evidence on the aetiology of the disease indicated that it did not necessarily build up gradually but might be triggered suddenly, through one individual fibre causing a single cell in the lung to become malignant, or possibly by a number of such fibres. Accordingly, while each successive employer, and indeed each day of exposure to asbestos, increased the risk of mesothelioma, none could actually be said to have been a contributory cause of the disease. Even if the background risk could be dismissed, it could not be shown which employer(s) were responsible for the possibly solitary fatal fibre(s). This is by way of contrast to the lung disease asbestosis, which becomes incrementally more severe with increased duration of exposure, and to which any exposure to asbestos could, accordingly, be said to have contributed.3 For these reasons, the Court of Appeal concluded that the claimants were unable to prove which of the defendants had caused their mesothelioma, and dismissed their claims.4 The House of Lords however, allowed the appeal on the basis that, in this exceptional case, it was sufficient for the claimants to show an increased risk of the disease consequent upon the defendants' negligence, even though actual causal contribution was impossible to prove. At the heart of four of the speeches was the conception of causation in law as a nollllative phenomenon. An elementary principle, Lord Nicholls said, is that 'the extent to which the law requires a defendant to assume responsibility for loss following upon his wrongful conduct always involves a value judgment', and this could mean both limiting liability when the defendant's conduct was a cause but

Field of study: Law
Boost in bioethanol production using recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae with mutated strictly NADPH-dependent xylose reductase and NADP(+)-dependent xylitol dehydrogenase.

The xylose-fermenting recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae and its improvement have been studied extensively. The redox balance between xylose reductase (XR) and xylitol dehydrogenase (XDH) is thought to be an important factor in effective xylose fermentation. Using protein engineering, we previously successfully reduced xylitol accumulation and improved ethanol production by reversing the dependency of XDH from NAD(+) to NADP(+). We also constructed a set of novel strictly NADPH-dependent XR from Pichia stipitis by site-directed mutagenesis. In the present study, we constructed a set of recombinant S. cerevisiae carrying a novel set of mutated strictly NADPH-dependent XR and NADP(+)-dependent XDH genes with overexpression of endogenous xylulokinase (XK) to study the effects of complete NADPH/NADP(+) recycling on ethanol fermentation and xylitol accumulation. All mutated strains demonstrated reduced xylitol accumulation, ranging 34.4-54.7% compared with the control strain. Moreover, compared with the control strain, the two strains showed 20% and 10% improvement in ethanol production.

Field of study: Biology, Engineering
MEASUREMENT OF THE DEFORMATION OF THE SIERRA NEVADA, CALIFORNIA, SINCE MIDDLE EOCENE

The main channel of the middle Eocene Yuba River is known from its mouth, a short distance east of the western edge of the Sierra Nevada, to the present range crest, immediately northwest of Donner Pass. Abrupt changes of gradient between variously directed reaches of this channel led Lindgren to conclude that the range had been tilted 60 feet per mile west-southwest as a rigid block. Faulting east of the summit seemed insufficient to account for such increase of slope, so he proposed uplift of an area greater than the present range with local sinking of moats. A corollary, not stated by him, is that both moats and mountains suffered absolute uplift. The aggregate downthrow of faults east of the crest is actually 3550 feet, an amount more than enough to account for the 3300-foot uplift of the summit caused by a simple tilt of 60 feet per mile. A study of Lindgren9s basic data and new information shows that uplift at Donner Pass was less than 2000 feet, or little more than half the sum of the downthrows on faults east of the pass. The deeper grabens east of the range must have suffered absolute depression since middle Eocene. The uplift of the Sierra Nevada is not due to simple tilting of a rigid block. Gradient calculations indicate five zones of deformation on the western slope. Field studies confirm two of these, the more important being a north-trending fault zone situated about midway between the summit and the western edge of the range and extending 12 miles, from Forest Hill to near Dutch Flat.

Field of study: Geology
An anomalous thermal expansion in the perovskite system, Gd1−xSrxMnO3 (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.3)

The thermal expansion behavior of sintered samples of Gd 1− x Sr x MnO 3 ( X  = 0.0–0.4) was studied. The sintered bodies in this system showed negative thermal expansion over a wide temperature range. The detailed crystal structure refinements with respect to temperature showed that the volume of the orthorhombic perovskite lattice monotonically increased with temperature, however, in addition to this, the release of distortion from the Jahn-Teller effect of Mn 3+ ion occurred over a wide temperature range, which brought the negative expansion of the a -axis, although the b - and c -axes increased with temperature. The anomalous thermal expansion is explained by the sum of the effects of the shrinkage of the a -axis and absorption of the b - and c -axes' expansion by the pores in the sintered body.

Field of study: Materials science