nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The Enigmatique Toolkit

This paper describes a new method of creating systems of polyalphabetic, symmetric ciphers with a large set of algorithms. The method uses two translation tables containing the code-text character set, one for encryption and the other for decryption. After each character is encrypted or decrypted, these tables are permuted through a series of pseudo random, pairwise swaps. The implementation of alternative swap formulas leads to systems with large sets of encryption/decryption algorithms. Systems that contain more than a googol (1E100) algorithms have been easily implemented. An algorithm set can be easily sub-setted, producing hierarchical systems where a program may contain a single algorithm or a portion of the full set. The strength of these systems has not been determined. However strength can be inferred through the use of a substantial number of numeric keys , pseudo random number generators, algorithm switching, and other features.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Application of Fuzzy Clustering and Later Regression in Time Series Prediction of Airport Noise

Under the prediction of airport noise,two kinds of methods of time series prediction,based on fuzzy clustering and later support vector regression,are proposed. One is Fuzz C-Means and later regression,which first makes the samples within the same cluster,and then the similar samples are used to regress and predict. The other is Shadowed Rough-Fuzzy C-Means and later regression,which first partitions the cluster into the lower bound and the boundary region,where the samples in the lower bound contribute more to the cluster than those in the boundary region,and thus makes the samples within the same region of the same cluster. And then the similar samples in the same one are used to regress and predict. Two frequently-used datasets and measured data of an airport in Beijing are selected in the experiment. Results demonstrate that this forecasting technique of pre-clustering and later regression,proposed in this article,is more accurate than that from regression.

Field of study: Computer science
EXAFS study of Nd-exchanged Na beta″ alumina crystal and powder

The Nd L III edge was studied by EXAFS with the x-ray polarization vector parallel to the conduction plane of a 35% exchanged single crystal of Na beta″-alumina. By rotating the crystal along its c-axis, the x-rays probe preferentially in the conduction plane in directions parallel to the polarization axis. An analysis of preliminary data indicates differences in the backscattering of the ejected photoelectrons for the polarization vector at different directions in the conduction plane.

Field of study: Materials science
A step towards understanding plant responses to multiple environmental stresses: a genome-wide study.

In natural habitats, especially in arid areas, plants are often simultaneously exposed to multiple abiotic stresses, such as salt, osmotic and heat stresses. However, most analyses of gene expression in stress responses examine individual stresses. In this report, we compare gene expression in individual and combined stresses. We show that combined stress treatments with salt, mannitol and heat induce a unique pattern of gene expression that is not a simple merge of the individual stress responses. Under multiple stress conditions, expression of most heat and salt stress-responsive genes increased to levels similar to or higher than those measured in single stress conditions, but osmotic stress-responsive genes increased to lower levels. Genes up-regulated to higher levels under multiple stress condition than single stress conditions include genes for heat shock proteins, heat shock regulators and late embryogenesis abundant proteins (LEAs), which protect other proteins from damage caused by stresses, suggesting their importance in multiple stress condition. Based on this analysis, we identify candidate genes for engineering crop plants tolerant to multiple stresses.

Field of study: Environmental science
[Disturbance and restoration of the cortical brain microcirculation in the global ischemia].

In the global brain ischemia, the leucocytes are adhered in the venules and smallest veins thus impeding the capillary blood circulation. In a more severe ischemia, the leucocytes conglomerates are formed. This causes the occlusion of venous vessels, blocks the venous outflow and practically is a reason of animal' death from ischemia. We suggest a method for removing leucocytes and leucocytes conglomerates from vessels.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Timing and Extent of Inbreeding in African Goats

Genetic characterization of African goats is one of the current priorities in the improvement of goats in the continent. This study contributes to the characterization effort by determining the levels and number of generations to common ancestors (“age”) associated with inbreeding in African goat breeds and identifies regions that contain copy number variation mistyped as being homozygous. Illumina 50k single nucleotide polymorphism genotype data for 608 goats from 31 breeds were used to compute the level and age of inbreeding at both local (marker) and global levels (FG) using a model-based approach based on a hidden Markov model. Runs of homozygosity (ROH) segments detected using the Viterbi algorithm led to ROH-based inbreeding coefficients for all ROH (FROH) and for ROH longer than 2 Mb (FROH > 2Mb). Some of the genomic regions identified as having ROH are likely to be hemizygous regions (copy number deletions) mistyped as homozygous regions. Although the proportion of these miscalled ROH is small and does not substantially affect estimates of levels of inbreeding for individual animals, the inbreeding metrics were adjusted by removing these regions from the ROH. All the inbreeding metrics varied widely across breeds, with overall means of 0.0408, 0.0370, and 0.0691 and medians of 0.0125, 0.0098, and 0.0366 for FROH, FROH > 2Mb, and FG, respectively. Several breeds (including Menabe and Sofia from Madagascar) had high proportions of recent inbreeding, while Small East African, Ethiopian, and most of the West African breeds (including West African Dwarf) had more ancient inbreeding.

Field of study: Biology
An Exploratory Analysis of Personality, Attitudes, and Study Skills on the Learning Curve within a Team-based Learning Environment

To examine factors that determine the interindividual variability of learning within a team-based learning environment.  Students in a pharmacokinetics course were given 4 interim, low-stakes cumulative assessments throughout the semester and a cumulative final examination. Students’ Myers-Briggs personality type was assessed, as well as their study skills, motivations, and attitudes towards team-learning. A latent curve model (LCM) was applied and various covariates were assessed to improve the regression model.  A quadratic LCM was applied for the first 4 assessments to predict final examination performance. None of the covariates examined significantly impacted the regression model fit except metacognitive self-regulation, which explained some of the variability in the rate of learning. There were some correlations between personality type and attitudes towards team learning, with introverts having a lower opinion of team-learning than extroverts.  The LCM could readily describe the learning curve. Extroverted and introverted personality types had the same learning performance even though preference for team-learning was lower in introverts. Other personality traits, study skills, or practice did not significantly contribute to the learning variability in this course.

Field of study: Education, Medicine
Characterization and nucleotide sequences of the variable regions of a monoclonal antibody against alpha-fetoprotein.

alpha-Fetoprotein (AFP) is a well-known tumor marker of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Monoclonal antibodies against AFP possessing specific binding ability to HCC are potential candidates for immunoscintigraphy and immunotherapy. A new monoclonal antibody against AFP (0325-6-9) was isolated. Its specificity and targeting tumor ability were characterized by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), cell immunostain and complement killing. These results suggest that 0325-6-9 is specific to hepatoma cells. The nucleotide sequences of variable regions of 0325-6-9 were determined by M13 dideoxynucleotide sequencing method. With the information of nucleotide sequence, this antibody then could be modified by recombinant technology for its usage in in vivo diagnosis and immunotherapy.

Field of study: Biology
Moving away from singly-magic nuclei with Gorkov Green’s function theory

Ab initio calculations of bulk nuclear properties (ground-state energies, root mean square charge radii and charge density distributions) are presented for seven complete isotopic chains around calcium, from argon to chromium. Calculations are performed within the Gorkov self-consistent Green's function approach at second order and make use of two state-of-the-art two- plus three-nucleon Hamiltonians, $NN$+$3N\text{(lnl)}$ and NNLO$_{\text{sat}}$. An overall good agreement with available experimental data is found, in particular for differential energies (charge radii) when the former (latter) interaction is employed. Remarkably, neutron magic numbers $N=28,32,34$ emerge and evolve following experimental trends. In contrast, pairing gaps are systematically underestimated. General features of the isotopic dependence of charge radii are also reproduced, as well as charge density distributions. A deterioration of the theoretical description is observed for certain nuclei and ascribed to the inefficient account of (static) quadrupole correlation in the present many-body truncation scheme. In order to resolve these limitations, we advocate the extension of the formalism towards incorporating breaking of rotational symmetry or, alternatively, performing a stochastic sampling of the self-energy.

Field of study: Physics
Exogenous abscisic acid alleviates zinc uptake and accumulation in Populus × canescens exposed to excess zinc.

A greenhouse experiment was conducted to study whether exogenous abscisic acid (ABA) mediates the responses of poplars to excess zinc (Zn). Populus × canescens seedlings were treated with either basal or excess Zn levels and either 0 or 10 μm ABA. Excess Zn led to reduced photosynthetic rates, increased Zn accumulation, induced foliar ABA and salicylic acid (SA), decreased foliar gibberellin (GA3 ) and auxin (IAA), elevated root H2 O2 levels, and increased root ratios of glutathione (GSH) to GSSG and foliar ratios of ascorbate (ASC) to dehydroascorbate (DHA) in poplars. While exogenous ABA decreased foliar Zn concentrations with 7 d treatments, it increased levels of endogenous ABA, GA3 and SA in roots, and resulted in highly increased foliar ASC accumulation and ratios of ASC to DHA. The transcript levels of several genes involved in Zn uptake and detoxification, such as yellow stripe-like family protein 2 (YSL2) and plant cadmium resistance protein 2 (PCR2), were enhanced in poplar roots by excess Zn but repressed by exogenous ABA application. These results suggest that exogenous ABA can decrease Zn concentrations in P. × canescens under excess Zn for 7 d, likely by modulating the transcript levels of key genes involved in Zn uptake and detoxification.

Field of study: Environmental science
Institutional Mismatch and the Inevitably Failed Operation of Section 46 of the Trade Practices Act

Following a series of narrow interpretations by the High Court of Australia, s 46 of the Trade Practices Act 1974 (Cth), has been rendered inoperable. The legislative provision seeks to prevent corporations from ‘misusing their market power,’ and is concerned with one of the long standing questions in political economy: the role of the government in the market. This article establishes that s 46 has inevitably failed as a consequence of institutional mismatch between the interpretive expectations that parliament has of the courts, and the limits of discretion in judicial interpretation.

Field of study: Political science
Domain model-driven software reengineering and maintenance

This article describes a method for reengineering business systems. The method's objective is to produce a library of reusable software components based on the analysis of existing code. The library contains conceptual data models, procedural pseudocode, screens, and reports that can be fed into a CASE repository and code generators. The domain model plays a central role in this approach. By grouping procedures around data model entities and attaching procedures to screens and reports, the domain model creates an object-oriented view of a system. In business applications, many domain objects correspond to entities in a conceptual data model. Therefore, we first reconstruct a data model and then derive the first-cut domain model from it. Data definitions in a program are directly linked to domain objects. The programmer inspects a program via the domain model. Combinations of pattern matching, program slicing, and other static program analysis techniques help the programmer to identify and recover procedural code related to system functionalities. Recovered design abstractions are linked to the domain model and form a library of reusable components. By integrating the original system with the library, the domain model ensures that software components recovered from code are kept up to date with changes made to the system during ongoing maintenance.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Microarray Expression Profile of Circular RNAs in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells from Active Tuberculosis Patients

Dysregulated expression of circular RNAs (circRNAs) was demonstrated to be implicated in many diseases. Here, we aimed to determine circRNA profile in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from active tuberculosis (TB) patients to identify novel biomarkers for TB.  Expression profile of circRNAs in PBMCs from 3 active pulmonary TB patients and 3 healthy controls were analyzed by microarray assay. Six circRNAs were selected for validation using real time-quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) in 40 TB patients and 40 control subjects. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was constructed to evaluate their values in TB diagnosis. Hsa_circRNA_001937 was chosen for further evaluation in an independent cohort consisting of 115 TB, 40 pneumonia, 40 COPD, 40 lung cancer patients and 90 control subjects. An eight-month follow up was performed in 20 newly diagnosed TB patients to investigate the expression change of hsa_circRNA_001937 after chemotherapy.  We revealed and confirmed that a number of circRNAs were dysregulated in TB patients. Of the six studied physio circRNAs, the levels of hsa_circRNA_001937, hsa_circRNA_009024 and hsa_ circRNA_005086 were significantly elevated and hsa_circRNA_102101, hsa_circRNA_104964 and hsa_circRNA_104296 were significantly reduced in PBMCs from TB patients as compared to healthy controls. ROC curve analysis suggested that hsa_circRNA_001937 has the largest area under the curve (AUC = 0.873, P<0.001). Hsa_circRNA_001937 was significantly increased in patients with TB compared with patients with pneumonia, COPD and lung cancer. Hsa_ circRNA_001937 was correlated with TB severity (r = 0.4053, P = 0.010) and its expression significantly decreased after treatment.  This study identified a set of deregulated circRNAs in active TB PBMCs, our data also suggest that hsa_circRNA_001937 can be used as a potential diagnostic biomarker of TB.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
An Associative Memory ModelI Derived from Cross-Coupled Hopfield Nets and The Roll of Noise-Space Dynamics

In this paper, the association characteristics of Cross-Coupled Hopfield Nets (CCHN) proposed as a mod ular neural network model are discussed in an analytical way. In the CCHN, an arbitrary number of modules (Hopfield networks) can be mutually connected via feedforward networks called "internetworks", whose out puts generate the interactions among module networks. To evaluate the CCHN as a modular neural network, it has been applied to associative memories so far. Although its excellent association performance is sup ported by many simulation results, it is still difficult to compute the memory capacity exactly and examine the dynamical properties rigorously, because the information processing of the CCHN includes strong non linearity. Hence, as the first step to the analytical approach, this paper focuses on a 1-module CCHN whose interaction is realized by a two-layered feedforward internetwork. In this case, the connection matrix of the CCHN degenerates into a single square-matrix like a conventional au to association type of associative memory. Through the eigenvalue analysis for the connection matrix, we reveal that the essential differences between the association characteristics of the CCHN and a conventional auto-correlation associative memory originate from the dynamics in the noise-space which is the orthogonal complement of the subspace generated from memory patterns.

Field of study: Computer science
John Hughes and Russian Metallurgy

J ohn Hughes was born at Merthyr in South Wales in i814 and died in St Petersburg at the Hotel Angleterre in i889. In his seventy-four years he Was associated with the development of the steam-engine, and he evolved an improved mounting for naval guns. But it is his part in the development of the Russian iron and steel industry which earned him his honourable mention in history books. This article is intended primarily to assess his contribution to Russian metallurgy. Merthyr was the largest and richest of the Welsh iron towns and Hughes, after a home education, worked under his father, who was an engineer at the Cyfartha works. After gaining a practical knowledge of the industry Hughes moved to Ebbw Vale, and then founded his own Newport works. Here he earned a reputation as an innovator, before joining the Milwall ironworks where he became director in i 86o. The 'Hughes stringer', a new and successful mounting for heavy naval guns, appeared during his Milwall period.' The development of the ironclad battleship led indirectly to Hughes's interest in Russia. The Admiralty was seeking the best possible material for its ships and held trials of various British and French manufacturers' armourplate. In these trials the Milwall product was shown to be more resistant to gunfire than its competitors.2 This attracted the attention of the Russian government, which ordered Milwall iron for the armouring of its Constantine Fortress in Kronstadt. Two military engineers, General Tomleben and Colonel Gern, were sent as representatives from St Petersburg and it was through their acquaintance with Hughes that the latter was persuaded to take up a concession granted to Prince Kochubei in i868 for an iron-rail factory in the south of Russia. Hughes visited the proposed site, saw that it was good, and returned to England to form a company to exploit the concession. This done, he quit Britain and lived the rest of his life in Russia. The Russian government's incentive to start an iron industry in southern Russia (or, more exactly, the southern Ukraine) was the realization that the growing demand for iron, and especially for cheap iron, could not be satisfied

Field of study: Economics, History
Spatial Pattern and Theoretical Sampling Number of Eggs of Banana Weevil Cosmopolites sordidus(Germar) in Hainan

The banana weevil Cosmopolites sordidus(Germar) occurred in the banana gardens and caused damage to banana plantations in Hainan.In order to find out the distribution and occurrence law of C.sordidus and guide the field sampling,the spatial distribution pattern and theoretical sampling frequency of C.sordidu eggs were investigated and analyzed,using related aggregation index formulae,power law of Taylor and m-m regression formulations of Iwao.The results showed that C.sordidus eggs presented an aggregated distribution under certain density condition,and that their spatial distribution accorded with the negative binomial distribution.The aggregation indexes were as follows:I0,m/m1,C1,Ca0.The simulation of the Taylor power model showed that the aggregating intensity of Cosmopolites sordidus increased with the population density.The calculation results of m-m regression formulations of Iwao showed that m and m were significantly correlated,that individuals of C.sordidus were mutually attracted,and that the correlation of the suitable sampling frequency(n) with density of eggs(m) and relative error(D) was:n=1/D2(1.3717/m+0.0463).

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Modeling Charge Loss in CMOS MAPS Exposed to Non-Ionizing Radiation

A model, approximating minority carrier diffusion with a discrete random walk and accounting for radiation induced reduction of minority carrier lifetime, is proposed to predict the effects of neutron irradiation on the charge collection properties of monolithic active pixel sensors (MAPS) in CMOS technology. The model has been implemented in a Monte Carlo code to simulate MAPS operation in minimum ionizing particle detection systems. For the purpose of validating it, the results from the characterization of monolithic sensors irradiated up to an integrated fluence of 1014 1- MeV-neutron equivalent/cm2 have been compared with the outcomes of the Monte Carlo simulations. The monolithic sensors taken into consideration for the model validation are based on two different CMOS processes, one featuring a triple well option, the other one featuring a quadruple well structure and a standard (10 Ω·cm) or high (1 kΩ·cm) resistivity epitaxial layer. Simulation results are shown to be in good agreement with experimental data. The consistency between the model and the measurement results seems to confirm that radiation induced increase in the recombination rate is the main source of charge collection degradation in neutron-irradiated MAPS.

Field of study: Physics