nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
A systematic evaluation and validation of subtypes of adolescent alcohol use motives: genetic and environmental contributions.

Alcohol use motives are closely associated with specific profiles of alcohol use and reflect a subjectively derived decisional framework based on a motivational style of responding. Adult twin studies typically estimate the heritability of alcohol use motives to be between 7 and 42%, although relatively little is known about genetic and environmental influences upon alcohol use motives in adolescence.



Latent class analysis (LCA) models containing 1 through 5 classes were fitted to the data derived from 1,422 adolescent twin and siblings self-reported alcohol use motives. Using twin models, we estimated the genetic, shared, and nonshared environmental influences to the class membership data derived from the LCA.



Four drinking motives classes were identified (family-oriented, social, enhancement/social, and coping/social). The coping/social and enhancement/social classes were differentiated from the social class on measures of depression, delinquency, and aggressive behavior. Analyses indicated that nonadditive genetic factors accounted for 76% of the variance in the coping/social motives class and additive genetic influences accounted for 66% of the variance in the social motives class. There was a moderate contribution of genetic factors and shared environmental factors influencing class membership of enhancement/social motivated drinkers (28 and 20% explained variance, respectively). Substantial shared environmental influences were revealed for membership of the family-oriented class (75%).



Heritable influences may predispose individuals to drink to cope with negative affect, for social reasons, and to a lesser extent for enhancement. Familial environmental influences shape family-oriented motives for drinking in adolescents.

Field of study: Medicine
The Development and Damage of Ficus Thrips on Potted ficus and its Formula Pesticide Screening for Prevention and Control

Thrips' species,damage process and occurrence regularity were researched and identified in the potted ficus demonstration base in Zhangzhou as a observation point.The best formula pesticide and its concentration in the field for prevention and control of ficus trips were screened and determined in the use of Avermectins+ acetamiprid,MTMC+acetamiprid,Chlorpyrifos + acetamiprid these three teams of formula pesticides.The result showed that Gynairothrips uzeli Zimmerman is the main pest on potted Ficus.The control effect of MTMC + acetamiprid in the mixing ratio of four to one is most ideal because the control effects of it all exceeded 93.48% in 3 to 10 days after pesticide application,meanwhile,it had no phytotoxicity and best performance-price ratio.So MTMC+acetamiprid is the best formula pesticide and its recommendation dilution multiple was 500 to 1 500 times in the field.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
The Implementation of Secondary Education Development Plan inTanzania: A case study of community secondary school heads in Shinyanga.

The purpose of this study was to investigate how community secondary school heads in Shinyanga, Tanzania, are prepared and supported to implement the Secondary Education Development Plan (SEDP).The research was a case study employing mixed methods. Data were collected through questionnaires, interviews and statistical documents.   It was found that many teachers are appointed to headships with little skill in leadership and management, still fewer of them are sent for leadership training yearly. Moreover, results revealed that, shortage of essential services and of teachers, together with many responsibilities, causes a good number of heads to feel discontented with their job. Surprisingly, it was also found that some school heads work without guidelines on how to implement the Secondary Education Development Plan (SEDP).The study was limited by the number of respondents; simply 37.1 percent of all participants responded. This necessitates further research, employing a larger sample, on the preparation and development of schools heads in Shinyanga so as to reach an accurate conclusion. Moreover, an investigation into the importance of training to enhance performance is imperative. Mixed methods, utilizing both questionnaires and in-depth interviews would result into enriched findings. It was recommended that deputy heads should be trained before being appointed to headship positions. Additionally, other means of enhancing leadership skills like coaching, mentoring and reflection should be adopted as future support to school heads. Besides these, new heads should be encouraged to form networks amongst themselves. Key words Preparation of community secondary schools heads, Secondary Education Development Plan, School heads into headship, Shinyanga Tanzania.

Field of study: Education
The Sleepwalker is Not Insane

The Court of Appeal in R v Burgess l decided that violence occurring when the appellant was sleepwalking amounted to insanity under the M'Naghten Rules and was not non-insane automatism, even though the possibility of the recurrence of serious violence was unlikely. The court was uncomfortable about its conclusions, as was the trial judge. It was admitted that it is incongruous to label this sort of disability as insanity as Lord Diplock said in R v Sullivan2:

Field of study: Law
EXTRAÇÃO E DETERMINAÇÃO, POR CLAE, DE BIXINA E NORBIXINA EM COLORÍFICOS

One of the most important factors for food commercialization is the visual impact due to color. Among the natural colors, annatto preparations are the most consumed colorant by Brazilian industries. From the total amount of annatto seeds commercialized in Brazil, 25% is used on the preparation of oily soluble and aqueous soluble extracts, and the remainder is used to manufacture the spice "colorifico", which is totally consumed by the domestic market mainly for home preparation. The aim of the present study was to determine bixin and norbixin amounts in annatto spices found in the market, by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). For this purpose, C18 column (Spherisorb ODS-2, 150x4.6mm, 3mm) and acetonitrile/acetic acid 2% (65:35) as mobile phase at 1mL/min were employed. The carotenoids were identified by their chromatographic behavior and UV-visible spectra obtained by the diode array detector and quantified by external standardization. Seven different brands of colorifico were analyzed (two to five lots from each brand), totaling 25 samples. The main coloring component found in the different brands was bixin, varying from 154 to 354mg/100g. Norbixin was detected in trace amounts (2 ¾ 9mg/100g). The variation of carotenoid levels among lots of the same brand was small, whereas, among different analyzed brands, the variation was wide.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Self-Assessments of Risk Tolerance by Women and Men

A convenience sample of 1,741 Internet users completed a 12-item financial risk-tolerance questionnaire. They also rated themselves on their tolerance for financial risk using a 4-point rating scale. The 12-item summated rating score was used to predict the self-rating. The residual between actual and predicted self-rating was compared by sex. The residual for males was positive, indicating that men tended to overestimate their proclivity for taking risks. Conversely, the residual for females was negative, suggesting that women underestimate their tolerance for risk. The relationship held when controlling for other factors linked to risk tolerance, i.e., age, household income, marital status, and education. It was also noted that risk tolerance was overestimated by younger respondents and those with a graduate education.

Field of study: Psychology
Human B cell growth factors overcome T cell-mediated inhibition of specific antibody production: a possible mechanism for the exacerbation of autoimmune disease.

Under normal circumstances, antigen-dependent antibody production in man requires autologous T cells, B cells and macrophages. If allogeneic T cells are substituted, then antibodies are not synthesized, due to the development of inhibitory interactions. Addition of B cell growth and differentiation factors changes this pattern of response, and allows antibodies to be produced even when allogeneic T cells are the source of help. There is evidence that such B cell growth factors are released during most normal immune responses: we suggest that their ability to allow B cells to escape from inhibitory interactions and secrete antibodies, may underlie the observed exacerbation of certain autoimmune diseases by intercurrent infection.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Mechanical Design of the Next European Dipole

The next european dipole (NED) Consortium is working to develop the technology of high field, dipole magnets for a future luminosity upgrade of the LHC at CERN. The proposed magnet will be a large aperture (88 mm), high field (15 T) superconducting dipole magnet using Nb3Sn Rutherford cable and a wind-and-react manufacturing scheme. The magnet geometry (cosine-theta), scale and forces present real challenges for the design of the mechanical structure and the magnet assembly methods. This paper reports on the mechanical design studies carried out during the first phase of the NED project (2004 to 2007). This paper describes the development of a full 2-D mechanical Finite Element model of the dipole magnet including the superconducting coil, the collars, the iron yoke structure and the outer support cylinder. The model has been qualified and used to study the stress levels in the coil at assembly, cooldown and powering. Due to the strain sensitivity of Nb3Sn conductors, a primary objective has been to limit the compressive stress in the superconducting cable to 150 MPa at full field.

Field of study: Physics
Polyferric Silicate Sulfate Prepared in Different Methods for Organic Polluant Removal in Membrane Fouling Control

Laboratory experiments were conducted,in which the simulative organic pollutants of membrane included humic acid,aniline,sodium alginate and hydroxypropyl methyl fiber,representing the natural organic matter in water including hydrophobic acid,hydrophobic alkaline,hydrophilic charged and hydrophilic neutral substances that cause membrane fouling;meanwhile,polyferric silicate sulfate(PFSS)was prepared in different ways,which included methods such as polysilicate+Fe3+,polysilicate+polyferric sulfate(PFS),and polysilicte+Fe2++H2O2.PFSS worked well as a sort of flocculant to purify the water containing the natural organic matter by flocculation/sedimentation,with the supernatant to be filtered by MF membrane.The experimental study focused on the effects of the differently prepared PFSS on removal of organic matter and membrane fouling.Findings of the study suggested that aniline and sodium alginate,among others,were the most difficult to remove,while humic acid was easy to get rid of,and compared with the PFSS prepared by polysilicate +Fe3 +,the PFSS prepared by polysilicate+polyferric sulfate(PFS),and polysilicte+Fe2++H2O2 were more likely able to remove the polltants which would cause irreversible membrane fouling such as aniline,sodium alginate and hydroxypropyl methyl fiber,thus showing better membrane cleaning performance.

Field of study: Environmental science
Synthesis of Zeolite 4A from Kaolin and Its Adsorption Equilibrium of Carbon Dioxide

Zeolite 4A was successfully prepared by hydrothermal synthesis using low-grade kaolin as a raw material. The properties of the synthesized zeolite 4A were characterized by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), 29Si magic-angle spinning (MAS)-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and 27Al MAS-NMR, X-ray fluorescence (XRF), scanning electron microscopy (SEM)-energy-dispersive spectrometry (EDS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), thermogravimetry (TG)-differential thermal analysis (DTA), and carbon dioxide adsorption analysis. The textural properties of the synthesized zeolite 4A was further studied by BET analysis technique. The thermal stability analysis showed that the heat resistance of the synthesized zeolite 4A is up to 940 °C. In addition, it is found that the Langmuir model has the best agreement with the adsorption equilibrium data for carbon dioxide by synthesized zeolite 4A and commercial zeolite 4A. Meanwhile, the carbon dioxide adsorption analysis confirmed that the maximum equilibrium adsorption amount of carbon dioxide on synthesized zeolite 4A is 59.3820 mL/g, which is higher than the 55.4303 mL/g of the commercial zeolite 4A.

Field of study: Materials science
Riemannian geometry on the diffeomorphism group of the circle

The topological group $\mathcal{D}^k(\mathbb{S})$ of diffeomorphisms of the unit circle $\mathbb{S}$ of Sobolev class Hk, for k large enough, is a Banach manifold modeled on the Hilbert space $H^k(\mathbb{S})$. In this paper we show that the H1 right-invariant metric obtained by right-translation of the H1 inner product on $T_{\rm id}\mathcal{D}^k(\mathbb{S})\simeq H^k(\mathbb{S})$ defines a smooth Riemannian metric on $\mathcal{D}^k(\mathbb{S})$, and we explicitly construct a compatible smooth affine connection. Once this framework has been established results from the general theory of affine connections on Banach manifolds can be applied to study the exponential map, geodesic flow, parallel translation, curvature etc. The diffeomorphism group of the circle provides the natural geometric setting for the Camassa–Holm equation – a nonlinear wave equation that has attracted much attention in recent years – and in this context it has been remarked in various papers how to construct a smooth Riemannian structure compatible with the H1 right-invariant metric. We give a self-contained presentation that can serve as a detailed mathematical foundation for the future study of geometric aspects of the Camassa–Holm equation.

Field of study: Mathematics
Experimental and simulated study of effect of polythene film on flammable vapor cloud explosion

Polythene film used as confinement plays an important role in flammable cloud explosion.Experiments of C 2H 2/air cloud explosion were performed at 7.8% ethyne concentration.Polythene film with different thicknesses(0.02, 0.04 mm and 0.06 mm) and different layers (1—4) were adopted in the experiments.The results showed that, the maximum overpressure was 2.410 kPa in the explosion of hemisphere cloud with radius 0.5 m, while, as the thickness of film was 0.06 mm,the maximum overpressure reached 3.642 kPa.When 4 layers of film were adopted, the maximum overpressure reached 13.125 kPa.A theoretical model, considering the influences of intensity and layers of polythene film on explosion, was established and solved by SIMPLE algorithm.Compared with the test data, the maximum and average relative deviations of calculation results were 14.8% and 4.73% respectively.The results are of great significance on forecasting gas cloud explosion with weak confinements.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Serum Biomarker Identification by Mass Spectrometry in Acute Aortic Dissection

Aortic dissection (AD) is also known as intramural hematoma. This study aimed to screen peripheral blood biomarkers of small molecule metabolites for AD using high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS).  Sera from 25 healthy subjects, 25 patients with well-established AD, and 25 patients with well-established hypertension were investigated by HPLC-MS to detect metabolites, screen differentially expressed metabolites, and analyze metabolic pathways.  Twenty-six and four metabolites were significantly up- and down-regulated in the hypertensive patients compared with the healthy subjects; 165 metabolites were significantly up-regulated and 109 significantly down-regulated in the AD patients compared with the hypertensive patients. Of these metabolites, 35 were up-regulated and 105 down-regulated only in AD patients. The metabolites that were differentially expressed in AD are mainly involved in tryptophan, histidine, glycerophospholipid, ether lipid, and choline metabolic pathways. As AD alters the peripheral blood metabolome, analysis of peripheral blood metabolites can be used in auxiliary diagnosis of AD.  Eight metabolites are potential biomarkers for AD, 3 of which were differentially expressed and can be used for auxiliary diagnosis of AD and evaluation of treatment effectiveness.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Full Accounting for Verifiable Outsourcing

Systems for verifiable outsourcing incur costs for a prover, a verifier, and precomputation; outsourcing makes sense when the combination of these costs is cheaper than not outsourcing. Yet, when prior works impose quantitative thresholds to analyze whether outsourcing is justified, they generally ignore prover costs. Verifiable ASICs (VA)---in which the prover is a custom chip---is the other way around: its cost calculations ignore precomputation. This paper describes a new VA system, called Giraffe; charges Giraffe for all three costs; and identifies regimes where outsourcing is worthwhile. Giraffe's base is an interactive proof geared to data-parallel computation. Giraffe makes this protocol asymptotically optimal for the prover and improves the verifier's main bottleneck by almost 3x, both of which are of independent interest. Giraffe also develops a design template that produces hardware designs automatically for a wide range of parameters, introduces hardware primitives molded to the protocol's data flows, and incorporates program analyses that expand applicability. Giraffe wins even when outsourcing several tens of sub-computations, scales to 500x larger computations than prior work, and can profitably outsource parts of programs that are not worthwhile to outsource in full.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
The effects of chronic cigarette smoking on cognitive recovery during early abstinence from alcohol.

Alcohol use disorders are related to neurocognitive abnormalities during early abstinence in those seeking treatment for alcohol dependence (ALC). Considerable evidence indicates that chronic cigarette smoking is associated with multiple neurocognitive deficiencies. However, very little is known about the effects of chronic smoking on neurocognitive recovery during early abstinence from alcohol. We evaluated whether cigarette smoking interferes with cognitive improvement during early abstinence from alcohol, a period thought important for maintaining long-term sobriety.



Neurocognitive functions previously shown to be adversely affected by both alcohol use disorders and chronic cigarette smoking were evaluated. We assessed 35 smoking ALC (sALC) and 34 nonsmoking ALC (nsALC) at approximately 1 and 5 weeks of monitored abstinence.



Although neither group was clinically impaired, both cross-sectional and longitudinal deficiencies were observed in sALC versus nsALC in processing speed, working memory, and auditory-verbal learning and memory. Lifetime alcohol consumption, medical, and psychiatric comorbidities did not predict neurocognitive performance or improvement across assessments. Within sALC, greater drinking and smoking severities were synergistically (more than additively) related to less improvement on visuospatial learning and memory. Former smoking status in the nsALC-mediated group differences in auditory-verbal delayed recall.



Chronic cigarette smoking appears to negatively impact neurocognition during early abstinence from alcohol. Although the cognitive deficiencies observed in this cohort were not in a clinical range of impairment, they should be considered to enhance treatment efficacy. Our findings lend support to integrating smoking cessation as well as the individual assessment of cognition into early ALC treatment. Additionally, there is a need to elucidate the effects of current and former smoking status in future reports of neurocognition.

Field of study: Medicine
Evidence of eolian activity in north-central Minnesota 8,000 to 5,000 yr ago

Soil morphology and radiocarbon dates from a sequence of buried soils, exposed by wave action along the shores of Lake Winnibigoshish, north-central Minnesota, provide evidence for a period of vegetation change and landscape instability in that area between about 8,000 and 5,000 yr ago. These data correlate well with interpretations from pollen diagrams of climatic and vegetational changes during the same period. The evidence indicates that a large dune field was active in the area during this time. Conditions that led to that activity could also have been responsible for other dune movement in Minnesota, such as on the Anoka Sand Plain.

Field of study: Geology
Attenuated Heart Rate Recovery in Mercury-Exposed Individuals

minute after exercise for protocols that stop exercise abruptly [2– 4] . Since the authors did not use a post-exercise cool down protocol, HRR1 ≤ 18 beats/min should have been assumed to be abnormal in this case. Thus, their definition of abnormal HRR1 as <12 beats/min is not correct. It would be informative to know how many subjects had abnormal HRR1 in each group in this regard. Finally, the authors defined heart rate reserve as the change in heart rate from rest to peak exercise during exercise. However, heart rate reserve is actually the difference between the attainable heart rate at peak exercise (220 – age in years) and resting heart rate [2, 5] . Meanwhile, the heart rate reserve is calculated as a percentage as: (peak heart rate – resting heart rate in beats per min)/ ([220 – age in years] – [resting heart rate in beats per min]) × 100 [2, 5] . Heart rate reserve as a percentage is also considered to indicate the chronotropic response. A heart rate reserve below 80% is considered to be evidence of an impaired chronotropic response, which is a powerful indicator of mortality  . Therefore, it would be interesting to know if there was any difference between the mercury-exposed group and control subjects in terms of heart rate reserve in percentages.  We read with great enthusiasm the article by Yilmaz et al.  that investigated the heart rate recovery (HRR) of mercury-exposed individuals. They reported that HRR at the first (HRR1), second, and third minute were attenuated in mercury-exposed patients when compared to normal subjects. Interestingly, there were no significant correlations between blood, urine, or hair mercury levels and heart rate recovery at these time points. Furthermore, the duration of mercury exposure was not associated with HRR. Collectively, these findings suggest that, when toxic enough, mercury might lead to long-lasting or even permanent damage to the autonomic nervous system. HRR1 was purely vagal, meanwhile HRR at 2 and 3 min were under the control of both parasympathetic and sympathetic systems [2, 3] . Thus, mercury-induced damage is likely to be a double-edged sword to the autonomic nervous system. Is there any explanation to this in the authors’ perspectives? Are there any cut-off values for mercury to be considered toxic? The authors further reported that exercise testing was terminated (cessation of exercise) abruptly with the patient in the standing or sitting positon (with no ‘cool down’ period) or the patient kept walking at a predetermined speed and incline (cool down period). Abnormal HRR1 is usually defined as a heart rate that declines ≤ 12 beats/min in the first minute after exercise for protocols that use a cool down after exercise, or ≤ 18 beats/min in the first Published online: October 5, 2016

Field of study: Medicine