nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
[Effects of hyoscine-N-butyl bromide on electroencephalography and the neuromuscular junction].

After iv hyoscine-N-butyl bromide (HNB) 20 mg/kg, the rabbits became restless without convulsion, and the EEG showed discrete sharp waves and spikes, without epileptic discharges. It suggested that iv HNB possesses some stimulating effect on CNS. 
 Epileptic discharges of EEG and repeated clonic convulsion induced by icv HNB 3 mg were antagonized by diazepam, but not by physostigmine. It suggested that the effect of HNB be related to the GABAnergic, not cholinergic, modulating function. 
 HNB (0.1-2 mmol/L) produced a concentration-dependent blocking the neuromuscular junction on rat phrenic nerve-diaphragm preparation. This result indicates that iv HNB inhibits respiration probably via the blocking of neuromuscular junction.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
The recursive form of error bounds for RFS state and observation with Pd < 1

In the target tracking and its engineering applications, recursive state estimation of the target is of fundamental importance. This paper presents a recursive performance bound for dynamic estimation and filtering problem, in the framework of the finite set statistics, for the first time. This performance limit is derived based on the meaningful distance error between two random sets, the target state set and its estimation. The estimation set is a function of the time-sequence of measurement sets. These measurement sets can be either empty or the Bernoulli random finite sets. Hence this bound can be applied when the probability of detection is less than unity. The state set model is a Markov process. The state set can be empty or not, which accounts for appearance and disappearance of the targets. Moreover, as a bound for discrete-time multidimensional filtering problems, it appears in recursive form. An application is presented to confirm the theory and reveal this bound is more general than previous bounds in the framework of random vector statistics.

Field of study: Engineering
Home Literacy Environment and Its Role in the Achievement of Preschoolers With Disabilities

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between the home literacy environment of a nationally representative sample of preschoolers with disabilities and their subsequent receptive vocabulary and reading comprehension skills using data from the Pre-Elementary Education Longitudinal Study. Results from linear regressions indicated that only a small amount of the total variance in children’s receptive language and passage comprehension skills was explained by the home literacy environment. However, the home literacy environment of 3- to 5-year-olds with less severe disabilities was a significant predictor of scores on a test of receptive vocabulary and reading comprehension in later years. The home literacy environment was not a significant predictor of receptive vocabulary or reading comprehension for children with moderate to severe disabilities.

Field of study: Education
Si K EDGE STRUCTURE AND VARIABILITY IN GALACTIC X-RAY BINARIES

We survey the Si K edge structure in various absorbed Galactic low-mass X-ray binaries (LMXBs) to study states of silicon in the inter- and circum-stellar medium. The bulk of these LMXBs lie toward the Galactic bulge region and all have column densities above $10^{22}$ cm$^{-2}$. The observations were performed with the \emph{Chandra} High Energy Transmission Grating Spectrometer. The Si K edge in all sources appears at an energy value of 1844$\pm$0.001 eV. The edge exhibits significant substructure which can be described by a near edge absorption feature at 1849$\pm$0.002 eV and a far edge absorption feature at 1865$\pm$0.002 eV. Both of these absorption features appear variable with equivalent widths up to several m\AA. We can describe the edge structure with several components: multiple edge functions, near edge absorption excesses from silicates in dust form, signatures from X-ray scattering optical depths, and a variable warm absorber from ionized atomic silicon. The measured optical depths of the edges indicate much higher values than expected from atomic silicon cross sections and ISM abundances, and appear consistent with predictions from silicate X-ray absorption and scattering. A comparison with models also indicates a preference for larger dust grain sizes. In many cases we identify \sixiii\ resonance absorption and determine ionization parameters between log $\xi$ = 1.8 and 2.8 and turbulent velocities between 300 and 1000 \kms. This places the warm absorber in close vicinity of the X-ray binaries. In some data we observe a weak edge at 1.840 keV, potentially from a lesser contribution of neutral atomic silicon.

Field of study: Physics
40Ar/39Ar geochronology and paleomagnetism of Independence volcano, Absaroka Volcanic Supergroup, Beartooth Mountains, Montana

Independence volcano is a major volcanic complex in the lower part of the Absaroka Volcanic Supergroup (AVS) of Montana and Wyoming. Recently reported Rb–Sr mineral dates from the complex give apparent ages of 91 and 84 Ma, whereas field relationships and the physical and compositional similarity of the rocks with other dated parts of the AVS indicate an Early to Middle Eocene age for eruption and deposition. To resolve the conflict between age assignments based on stratigraphic correlations and Rb–Sr dates, we report new paleomagnetic data and 40Ar/39Ar dates for Independence volcano. Paleomagnetic data for the stock and an andesite plug that cuts the stock are well grouped, of reverse polarity, and yield a virtual geomagnetic pole that is essentially identical to Late Cretaceous and Tertiary reference poles. The reverse polarity indicates that the magnetization of these rocks is probably younger than the Cretaceous normal superchron, or less than about 83.5 Ma. Hornblende from a volcanic breccia near th...

Field of study: Environmental science
Changes in Student Computer Technology Attitudes over Time

This study examined the changes in three aspects of students' attitudes toward computers: (1) appreciative attitudes toward computers, (2) critical attitudes toward computers, (3) attitudes about software usage. Subjects from an Introduction to Business Information Systems course were used for the study. The t-test and ANOVA statistical measures were used to examine attitudes and their changes over a 13-year time span. The results indicate that over time students have become more pessimistic about the impact of computers.

Field of study: Computer science
Economic Freedom, Material Wellbeing, and the Good Capitalist Governance Index

This paper assesses the economic importance and the limits of using the Economic Freedom Index (EFI) to help explain and realize higher levels of per-capita income. Specifically, I elaborate on the need to disaggregate and place the EFI into a coherent and meaningful theoretical context in order to generate economically cogent analytical predictions as well as more reasonable public policy recommendations. As it stands, the EFI can produce highly misleading causal results with potentially disastrous consequences for public policy. Hereby, I make a preliminary attempt at constructing an alternative aggregate index to measure the importance of market-related institutions for achieving higher levels of per-capita income. This alternative index, termed here the Good Capitalist Governance Index (GCGI), better correlates with per-capita income and has a higher threshold value than the Economic Freedom Index. The GCGI highlights the importance of secure private rights, limited corruption, and sound money for the realization of higher levels of per-capita income. The evidence supports the hypothesis that good capitalist governance requires a well-working, but not minimalist government.

Field of study: Economics
Polymorphism and high-temperature conductivity of Ln2M2O7 (Ln = Sm─Lu; M = Ti, Zr, Hf) pyrochlores

We present a comparative analysis of the order ─ disorder transitions in Ln 2 (M 2 ─ x Ln x )O 7 ─ δ (Ln = Sm ─ Lu; M = Ti, Zr, Hf; x  = 0, 0.096) pyrochlore-like compounds and solid solutions existing in the Ln 2 O 3 ─ MO 2 systems. In the range ~ 600 ─ 1200 °C, Ln 2 Ti 2 O 7 (Ln = Sm ─ Lu) and Ln 2 Zr 2 O 7 (Ln = Sm ─ Gd) undergo ordering transitions, F ⁎ → P I → P , which culminate in the formation of an ideal pyrochlore structure, P , existing between 1100 and 1300 °C. Above 1300 °C, Ln 2 Ti 2 O 7 (Ln = Gd ─ Lu), Ln 2 Zr 2 O 7 (Ln = Sm ─ Gd) and Ln 2 Hf 2 O 7 (Ln = Eu ─ Tb) exist as oxygen-ion-conducting phases, P II, disordered in both the oxygen and cation sublattices. Ionic conductivity data for Ln 2 (M 2 ─ x Ln x )O 7 ─ δ (Ln = Sm ─ Lu; M = Ti, Zr, Hf; x  = 0, 0.096) synthesized at 1600-1670 °C indicate that the highest conductivity in these systems is typically offered by nominally stoichiometric (Ln:M = 1:1), disordered Ln 2 M 2 O 7 (Ln = Sm ─ Lu; M = Ti, Zr, Hf) pyrochlores containing anti-structure pairs (Ln M '  + M Ln • ) and oxygen vacancies ( V O •• ) on the 48 f (O2) site. The highest conductivity of Yb 2 Ti 2 O 7 , in which the cations have the smallest radii among the lanthanides and Group IVa metals, seems to be due to the increased role of the geometric factor in the Ln 2 Ti 2 O 7 (Ln = Sm-Lu) pyrochlores with predominantly covalent metal ─ oxygen bonding M-O (Ti-O). The ion transport parameters in these materials are determined primarily by the relationship between the sizes of the mobile oxygen ions and conduction channels.

Field of study: Materials science
Simple fed-batch technique for high cell density cultivation of Escherichia coli.

A simple fed-batch process for high cell density cultivation of Escherichia coli TG1 was developed. A pre-determined feeding strategy was chosen to maintain carbon-limited growth using a defined medium. Feeding was carried out to increase the cell mass concentration exponentially in the bioreactor controlling biomass accumulation at growth rates which do not cause the formation of acetic acid (mu < mu crit). Cell concentrations of 128 and 148 g per 1 dry cell weight (g l-1 DCW) were obtained using glucose or glycerol as carbon source, respectively.

Field of study: Biology, Engineering
Untangling methodological and scale considerations in growth and productivity trend estimates of Canada’s forests

In viewof the economic, social and ecological importance ofCanada’s forest ecosystems, there is a growing interest in studying the responseof these ecosystems to climate change.Accurate knowledge regarding growth trajectories is needed for bothpolicymakers and forestmanagers to ensure sustainability of the forest resource.However, results of previous analyses regarding the sign andmagnitudeof trendshave oftendiverged.Themainobjective of this paperwas to analyse the current state of scientific knowledgeon growth andproductivity trends inCanada’s forests andprovide some explanatory elements for contrasting observations.The threemethods that are commonlyused for assessments of tree growth and forest productivity (i.e. forest inventory data, tree-ring records, and satellite observations)havedifferent underlyingphysiological assumptions andoperate ondifferent spatiotemporal scales,which complicates direct comparisonsof trend values between studies.Withinour systematic reviewof 44peer-reviewed studies, half identified increasing trends for tree growthor forest productivity,while theotherhalf showed negative trends. Biases anduncertainties associatedwith the threemethodsmay explain someof the observeddiscrepancies.Given the complexity of interactions and feedbacksbetween ecosystemprocesses at different scales, researchers should consider the different approaches as complementary, rather than contradictory.Here,wepropose the integrationof thesedifferent approaches into a single framework that capitalizes on their respective advantageswhile limiting associatedbiases.Harmonizationof sampling protocols and improvementof data processing andanalyseswould allow formore consistent trend estimations, therebyproviding greater insight into climate-change related trends in forest growth and productivity. Similarly, amore opendata-sharing culture should speed-upprogress in thisfield of research.

Field of study: Environmental science
Gr\"obner basis for fusion products

We provide a new approach towards the analysis of the fusion products defined by B.Feigin and S.Loktev in the representation theory of (truncated) current Lie algebras. We understand the fusion product as a degeneration using Grobner theory of non-commutative algebras and outline a strategy on how to prove a conjecture about the defining relations for the fusion product of two evaluation modules. We conclude with following this strategy for $\mathfrak{sl}_2(\mathbb{C}[t]) $ and hence provide yet another proof for the conjecture in this case.

Field of study: Mathematics
Regulation and role of interleukin 6 in wounded human epithelial keratinocytes.

Dermal wounding is accompanied by inflammation and the resulting proinflammatory cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-6, are thought to play an important role in the repair process. IL-6 is produced by normal human keratinocytes to various dermatological diseases and we have recently shown it is also required for normal wound repair. However, neither the events responsible for its induction nor its role in repair have been clearly identified. Using a recently developed in vitro wounding model, we demonstrate that IL-6 mRNA is expressed and immunoreactive IL-6 is released from cultures of human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEKs) following wounding. The transcription factors, NF kappa B and NF-IL-6 (C/EBP beta), which coordinately help regulate IL-6 expression, were activated following wounding and preceded the appearance of IL-6. Addition of IL-1 alpha to NHEK cultures increased IL-6 production and activated NF kappa B and C/EBP beta. Addition of the IL-1 alpha receptor antagonist inhibited both IL-6 mRNA expression and the transcription factors following wounding. Immunoreactive IL-1 alpha was detected in the medium following wounding in the absence of new message. Furthermore, addition of IL-6 to NHEK cultures decreased the expression of keratins 1 and 10, differentiation markers of keratinocytes, while proliferation was not affected. Taken together, these data indicate that constitutive keratinocyte-derived IL-1 alpha is a stimulus for IL-6 production in wounded epidermis, the response involves NF kappa B and C/EBP beta transcription factors, and IL-6 may be associated with modulation of keratinocyte differentiation rather than proliferation.

Field of study: Medicine
Proximity-induced supercurrent through topological insulator based nanowires for quantum computation studies

Proximity-induced superconducting energy gap in the surface states of topological insulators has been predicted to host the much wanted Majorana fermions for fault-tolerant quantum computation. Recent theoretically proposed architectures for topological quantum computation via Majoranas are based on large networks of Kitaev’s one-dimensional quantum wires, which pose a huge experimental challenge in terms of scalability of the current single nanowire based devices. Here, we address this problem by realizing robust superconductivity in junctions of fabricated topological insulator (Bi2Se3) nanowires proximity-coupled to conventional s-wave superconducting (W) electrodes. Milling technique possesses great potential in fabrication of any desired shapes and structures at nanoscale level, and therefore can be effectively utilized to scale-up the existing single nanowire based design into nanowire based network architectures. We demonstrate the dominant role of ballistic topological surface states in propagating the long-range proximity induced superconducting order with high IcRN product in long Bi2Se3 junctions. Large upper critical magnetic fields exceeding the Chandrasekhar-Clogston limit suggests the existence of robust superconducting order with spin-triplet cooper pairing. An unconventional inverse dependence of IcRN product on the width of the nanowire junction was also observed.

Field of study: Physics
CYTOTOXIC EFFECT OF A HYBRID PROTEIN INTERFE RON γ/TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR β ON INTERFERON γRESISTANT CELL LINES IN VITRO

Previous observations indicated that a hybrid protein composed of IFNγ and TNFβ( γTNFβ ) showed enhanced anticellular activity com pared to either of the two lymphokines alone on a human cervical carcinoma cell line ME180. We report here that this hybrid protein exerted significant, though lowered, cytotoxicity on three IFNγ resistant mutants derived from the ME180 cell line. When the cells were treated with γTNFβ, IFNrγ or TNFβ for 72 and 30hr, the IFNγ resistant mutants as well as the wild type ME180 showed significantly higher sensitivity to the killing effect of γTNFβ than that of IFNrγ or TNFbβ. This result suggests that the artificial hybrid protein may be more effective than IFNγ in the treatment of cancer patients with tumors resistant to this lymphokine.

Field of study: Biology
Supercritical CO_2 extraction of Rhinzoma atractylodis Macrocephalae:experimental and modeling

Supercritical fluid CO2 extractions with(SFE-CO2) of Rhizoma atractylodis macrocephalae were carried out under a temperature of 40～60 ℃ and pressures of 35 MPa and 45 MPa.The profiles of extraction yield with time were thus obtained and the maximum extraction yield obtained was 6.07%.The temperature and pressure effects on the extraction yield were also investigated.The Crank,Naik and Barton models were used to describe the time dependence of the extraction yield,resulting in characteristic parameters for each model.The modeled results showed that the Crank model fitted very well against experimental data with an average absolute relative deviation of less than 4%.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
A Measure Version of Gaussian Heuristic

Most applicable lattice reduction algorithms used in practice are BKZ (Block-Korkine-Zolotarev) type algorithms as the blockwise generalizations of the LLL algorithm (Lenstra-Lenstra-Lovasz). Its original version was proposed by Schnorr and Euchner in 1991. The quality of reduced lattice bases is measured by the Hermitian factor ||b1|| vol(L)1/d and the d-th root of this factor which is called root Hermitian factor. In Asiacrypt 2011 paper Y. Chen and Phong Q. Nguyen used BKZ with extreme pruning enumeration subroutine to handle the large block size lattice reduction with the purpose that the better root Hermitian factors can be expected. This BKZ 2.0 algorithm has been served as a base stone for the security evaluation of recent lattice-based cryptosystems such as fully homomorphic encryption and cryptographic multilinear mappings. In this paper we propose a measure version of Gaussian heuristic. This is a strict mathematical proven theorem. It can be used to give a strict mathematical proof for conjectured or simulated root Hermitian factors in BKZ 2.0 type algorithms and BKZ or slide reduction with large block-sizes. The theoretical analysis of these heuristic assumptions in the simulator of BKZ 2.0 type algorithms are also given.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Analysis on the "7.23" Sequent Tripping Accident of 500 kV Sanlong II and ITransmission Lines

The operation of 1000kV UHV tie-line of Huazhong and Huabei Grid brings new challenges to the operation,control and accident treatment of the grid.Through the deep study on the happening,treating and effects of the "7.23" tripping accident,some successful experiences and suggestions are presented for the accident treatment of large grid in this paper.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Relationships between magmatism and extension along the Autun–La Serre fault system in the Variscan Belt of the eastern French Massif Central

The ENE–WSW Autun Shear Zone in the northeastern part of the French Massif Central has been interpreted previously as a dextral wrench fault. New field observations and microstructural analyses document a NE–SW stretching lineation that indicates normal dextral motions along this shear zone. Further east, similar structures are observed along the La Serre Shear Zone. In both areas, a strain gradient from leucogranites with a weak preferred orientation to highly sheared mylonites supports a continuous Autun–La Serre fault system. Microstructural observations, and shape and lattice-preferred orientation document high-temperature deformation and magmatic fabrics in the Autun and La Serre granites, whereas low- to intermediate-temperature fabrics characterize the mylonitic granite. Electron microprobe monazite geochronology of the Autun and La Serre granites yields a ca. 320 Ma age for pluton emplacement, while mica 40Ar-39Ar datings of the Autun granite yield plateau ages from 305 to 300 Ma. The ca. 300 Ma 40Ar-39Ar ages, obtained on micas from Autun and La Serre mylonites, indicate the time of the mylonitization. The ca. 15-Ma time gap between pluton emplacement and deformation along the Autun–La Serre fault system argue against a synkinematic pluton emplacement during late orogenic to postorogenic extension of the Variscan Belt. A ductile to brittle continuum of deformation is observed along the shear zone, with Lower Permian brittle faults controlling the development of sedimentary basins. These results suggest a two-stage Late Carboniferous extension in the northeastern French Massif Central, with regional crustal melting and emplacement of the Autun and La Serre leucogranites around 320 Ma, followed, at 305–295 Ma, by ductile shearing, normal brittle faulting, and subsequent exhumation along the Autun–La Serre transtensional fault system.

Field of study: Environmental science
Socialization of Achievement

College students (160 males and 192 females) made achievement evaluations for 6- and 11-year-old boys and girls who differed in their efforts and outcomes on a classroom task. Males and females evaluated the performances differently, and both sex and age of the child affected the achievement evaluations. Results from previous studies were discussed and it was suggested that age trends in achievement judgments may be due not simply to cognitive-developmental changes but also to differential socialization practices by adults.

Field of study: Psychology
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells exhibit two bioenergetic steady-states in vitro.

Growing tumours have acquired several mechanisms to resist to immune recognition. Among these strategies, myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) contribute to tumour escape by suppressing T-cell specific anti-tumoural functions. The development of therapies that could specifically inhibit MDSC maturation, recruitment, accumulation and immunosuppressive functions is thus of great interest. This requires the identification of valuable biomarkers of MDSC behaviour in vitro. As for immune cells, whose energetic state is known as a biomarker of their functionality, we have characterized in vitro the metabolic and energetic behaviour of MSC-1 cells, an immortalized cell line derived from mouse MDSCs and used as model cell line. Combined results from in vitro(31)P-NMR with living cells and HPLC-MS analyses from cell extracts allowed to identify two distinct bioenergetic steady-states that coincided with exponential and stationary growth phases. While the adenylate energy charge remained constant throughout the culture duration, both the percentage of total pyrimidines, the UTP-to-ATP and PME (phosphomonoesters)-to-NTP ratios were higher at the exponential growth phase compared to the plateau phase, suggesting metabolically active cells and the production of growth-related molecules. Conversely, the NTP ratio increased at the entry of the stationary phase revealing the deterioration of the global bioenergetic status and the arrest of anabolic processes.

Field of study: Biology, Engineering