nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Finding your way in the dark: the retrosplenial cortex contributes to spatial memory and navigation without visual cues.

Path integration is presumed to rely on self-motion cues to identify locations in space and is subject to cumulative error. The authors tested the hypothesis that rats use memory to reduce such errors and that the retrosplenial cortex contributes to this process. Rats were trained for 1 week to hoard food in an arena after beginning a trial from a fixed starting location; probe trials were then conducted in which they began a trial from a novel place in light or darkness. After control injections, rats searched around the training location, showing normal spatial memory. Inactivation of the retrosplenial cortex disrupted this search preference. To assess accuracy during navigation, rats were then trained to perform multiple trials daily, with a fixed or a different starting location in light or darkness. Retrosplenial cortex inactivation impaired accuracy in darkness. The retrosplenial cortex may provide mnemonic information, which decreases errors when navigating in the dark.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Cloning, expression, purification and crystallization of the N-domain from the alpha(2) subunit of the membrane-spanning Na,K-ATPase protein.

The nucleotide-binding domain of the Na,K-ATPase ion pump was expressed with a His tag in Escherichia coli and purified. The soluble 24 kDa derivative consists of 214 amino-acid residues and was crystallized in the presence of NiCl(2). The crystals belong to space group F23, with unit-cell parameters a = b = c = 147.5 A, and diffract to 3.1 A. Complete data sets could be collected from native and thimerosal-treated crystals frozen in 50% sucrose. Five mercury positions were found and initial SIR phases calculated.

Field of study: Chemistry
Use of fiber-optics for real-time control and data acquisition

The practical use of commercially available fiber-optic components for high-speed control of and readout from a small prototype of an electronics data acquisition system for a high-energy physics detector has been demonstrated. This is the SVX microvertex detector system being readied for CDF (Collider Detector at Fermilab). The fiber-optic components include the AMD TAXI parallel/serial transmitter and receiver sets and Hewlett-Packard HFBR 1414 optical transmitters and HFBR 2416 receivers. The SVX chip is controlled by a 12-b field, which is updated via the optical fiber every clock cycle. Digital data are generated by the SVX every cycle and returned to the host system via a separate fiber. In this demonstration, the cycle time was set to approximately 200 ns; extension to 100 ns is planned. The prototype test system set up at the Lawrence Berkeley laboratory is described, and performance results are given. The expansion of this prototype system to the operation of a full-scale microvertex physics detector front-end system is also discussed.

Field of study: Physics
Earmarking Collegiate Manpower

T HE country needs trained men. The armed forces, business, industry, the government, the professions are all in need of superior young men. The demand is for potential leaders. A traditional source of such material is the college. In more normal times the selection is made from among the June graduates. The exigencies of the current situation have changed this practice. The selection is now among the Freshmen. The Army and the Navy, through programs of enlistments of college boys to inactive service by means of classifications such as V1 and Vs. now select early the promising men for their services. Business, industry, the government, and the rest will be driven, sooner or later, to devise comparable programs for selection and retention of their young hopefuls through a college education, or as much of one as the situation permits. If it be true that four or five men are needed in civilian war pursuits for every one engaged in the armed services, leadership qualities are as essential in these civilian activities as they are in the more direct military services. In addition, the secondary line of defense activities such as are carried on in research laboratories also needs an enlarged flow of welltrained help. There is likewise a shortage of doctors and engineers. Potential leaders in all these fields must not be forgotten when we deal with college material. Total war presupposes thinking in terms of the total situation. The purpose of this article is to present briefly what all this means to the colleges. In most well-conceived colleges the first two years are devoted to the completion of general education. Most seekers of potential leaders, whether they represent the Army, the Navy, business, industry, the government, or the professional schools, speak enthusiastically of their high respect for general education. What constitutes general education, however, is a matter of personal opinion. Those who have in mind the potential leaders of men engaged in technical operations conceive general education to be training in the physical sciences. The medical corps, pharmaceutical processors, and the like emphasize the biological sciences. There is no intent to ridicule any of these viewpoints but rather to direct attention to the awkwardness created within the colleges unless two conditions prevail. First, as never before, the challenge to all college administrators is to provide genuine general education for all their students irrespective of later vocational specialization. This challenge must be seriously

Field of study: Education
Immunological activity of a T-hybrid line. II. Mapping H-2 genes for the SRBC-specific suppressor factor, its acceptor, and suppression of the antibody response.

Studies are reported on the nature and action of a suppressor factor with specificity for sheep red cells produced by a mouse T-hybrid cell line. Absorption of the factor with anti-H-2 reagents indicated that it carries determinants coded between the I-J and D loci. The factor was bound well by spleen cells of certain strains (B10, B10.BR), but not others (B10.S); absorption studies with spleen cells of H-2 recombinant strains suggested that a gene contributing to a cellular acceptor site for the factor also mapped in the region between I-J and D. On the other hand, studies of functional suppression of the anti-SRBC response of different strains in vitro indicated that an H-2 gene in the I-A or I-B subregions controlled suppression. Thus, at least two H-2 genes seem to be involved in the suppressive action of this factor.

Field of study: Biology
Pit formations at AL/(100)Si contact windows

AbstractThe kinetics of etch-pit formation at Al/(100)Si contact windows have been investigated by scanning electron microscopy. Pit growth, which is controlled by the diffusion of Si into the overlying Al, exhibits an activation energy of 0.8 eV. After a 450°C, H2 anneal, the median pit size
$$\bar l(\mu m)$$
 is related to the Al/Si contact areaw (µm2) by an equation of the form
$$\bar l$$
 ∝(w)-0.4. This relationship is valid for both induction-source and electron-beam evaporated Al, of 0.8 µm and 4.0 µm grain sizes, respectively.

Field of study: Materials science
Modeling of simultaneous denitrification--anaerobic digestion--organic matter aerobic oxidation and nitrification in an anoxic-anaerobic-aerobic compact filter reactor.

A mathematical model was developed for a compact anoxic-anaerobic-aerobic filter reactor with liquid recirculation for the treatment of fishing effluents. The model includes denitrification, anaerobic digestion, aerobic carbon oxidation and nitrification steps, as well as an evaluation of the liquid gas mass transfer and pH. The model was calibrated using one experimental condition at a recycling ratio (R)=10, and was validated with R equal to 2 and 0, with an organic concentration of 554±24 mg TOCL(-1), salinity of 24 g L(-1) and hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 2 d. Carbon total removal is higher than 98%, while maximum nitrogen removal is 62% using total nitrification in the aerobic zone, due to a higher quantity of NO(x) produced which were recirculated to the anoxic zone. In the aerobic zone, simultaneous nitrification and denitrification processes occur, because the diffusion limitations cause a low oxygen penetration in the biofilm. In the anoxic-anaerobic zone, denitrification or methanogenesis inhibition by DO (caused by the recycled oxygen) is not observed.

Field of study: Biology, Engineering
Scalable, statistical storage allocation for extensible inverted file construction

An Inverted file is a commonly used index for both archival databases and free text where no updates are expected. Applications like information filtering and dynamic environments like the Internet require inverted files to be updated efficiently. Recently, extensible inverted files are proposed which can be used for fast online indexing. The effective storage allocation scheme for such inverted files uses the arrival rate to preallocate storage. In this article, this storage allocation scheme is improved by using information about both the arrival rates and their variability to predict the storage needed, as well as scaling the storage allocation by a logarithmic factor. The resultant, final storage utilization rate can be as high as 97-98% after indexing about 1.6million documents. This compares favorably with the storage utilization rate of the original arrival rate storage allocation scheme. Our evaluation shows that the retrieval time for extensible inverted file on solid state disk is on average similar to the retrieval time for in-memory extensible inverted file. When file seek time is not an issue, our scalable storage allocation enables extensible inverted files to be used as the main index on disk. Our statistical storage allocation may be applicable to novel situations where the arrival of items follows a binomial, Poisson or normal distribution.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Lifetimes of long wavelength longitudinal phonons in impure metals

The standard Green function theory of electron-phonon interaction in metals is extended to include the effect of impurities moving with the lattice. The importance of various diagrams in the perturbation expansion of the phonon Green function is discussed in the light of the accepted theories of ultrasonic absorption in impure metals. The screened impurity potential is treated as arbitrary function of the scattering angle.

Field of study: Physics
Perceived Stress, Stressors, and Coping Mechanisms Among PGY1 Pharmacy Residents

To evaluate perceived stress among postgraduate year 1 (PGY1) pharmacy residents and to examine relationships between perceived stress and certain demographic variables. Main stressors during residency training and coping mechanisms used were also determined.  A link to a web-based survey was sent to 1128 pharmacy residency program directors who were asked to forward it to current PGY1 residents in their programs. The 22-item questionnaire included the 10-item Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10), demographic information, number of working/sleeping hours, and major stressors and coping mechanisms.  There were 505 responses collected from PGY1 residents of community pharmacy, managed care, and pharmacy practice residency programs across the US. Females reported higher PSS-10 scores than males. Perceived stress scores were similar across age groups. Single residents and married residents exhibited similar PSS-10 scores. Residents with children had higher stress score compared to residents without children. Perceived stress scores were similar across types of PGY1 residency programs. A higher number of working hours was associated with a higher PSS-10 score. Time pressures, work overload, and fear of error were the top stressors reported. Spending time with family and friends, staying optimistic, and engaging in enjoyable activities were the top coping strategies employed by participants.  Female gender, having children, working longer working hours, and desire to change residency program were associated with higher PSS-10 scores. Approximately a third of the participants associated perceived stress with activities related to residency training (time pressures, workload, fear of errors) and report the use of positive coping strategies to deal with stress.

Field of study: Education, Medicine
Global versus local environmental impacts of grazing and confined beef production systems

Carbon footprint is a key indicator of the contribution of food production to climate change and its importance is increasing worldwide. Although it has been used as a sustainability index for assessing production systems, it does not take into account many other biophysical environmental dimensions more relevant at the local scale, such as soil erosion, nutrient imbalance, and pesticide contamination. We estimated carbon footprint, fossil fuel energy use, soil erosion, nutrient imbalance, and risk of pesticide contamination for five real beef background-finishing systems with increasing levels of intensification in Uruguay, which were combinations of grazing rangelands (RL), seeded pastures (SP), and confined in feedlot (FL). Carbon footprint decreased from 16.7 (RL?RL) to 6.9?kg (SP?FL) CO2 eq kg body weight?1 (BW; ?eq?: equivalent). Energy use was zero for RL?RL and increased up to 17.3 MJ kg BW?1 for SP?FL. Soil erosion values varied from 7.7 (RL?RL) to 14.8?kg of soil kg BW?1 (SP?FL). Nitrogen and phosphorus nutrient balances showed surpluses for systems with seeded pastures and feedlots while RL?RL was deficient. Pesticide contamination risk was zero for RL?RL, and increased up to 21.2 for SP?FL. For the range of systems studied with increasing use of inputs, trade-offs were observed between global and local environmental problems. These results demonstrate that several indicators are needed to evaluate the sustainability of livestock production systems.

Field of study: Environmental science
An analysis of the dynamic response of stomatal conductance to a reduction in humidity over leaves of Cedrella odorata

Single leaves of 3-month-old Cedrella odorata seedlings were exposed to a step reduction in the ambient dew point. The resultant time series of dynamic variations in leaf surface water vapour concentration, leaf surface water vapour concentration gradient, transpiration rate and stomatal conductance to water vapour, are analysed using the data-based mechanistic (DBM) modelling methodology of Young (e.g. Young & Lees 1992; Minchin et al. 1996). It is shown that the identified second-order, dynamic model between transpiration rate (as the input) and stomatal conductance (as the output) provides an appropriate, physiologically meaningful, description of the system. In particular, the dynamic relationship between these two variables is remarkably linear and can be resolved in terms of two parallel, first-order, subsystems; a model which complements the results of Cowan (1977) for cotton. The model is also compared with the recently published simulation model of Haefner, Buckley & Mott (1997).

Field of study: Environmental science
The kernel-fats of some members of the Palmae: Acrocomia sclerocarpa Mart. (Gru-gru palm), Manicaria saccifera Gaertn., Astrocaryum Tucuma Mart., Maximiliana caribaea Griseb., Attalea excelsa Mart. (Pallia palm), and Cocos nucifera Linn. (coconut).


Field of study: Biology, Computer science
On the choice of the prior distribution in hypergeometric sampling

Information in a statistical procedure arising from sources other than sampling is called prior information, and its incorporation into the procedure forms the basis of the Bayesian approach to statistics. Under hypergeometric sampling, methodology is developed which quantifies the amount of information provided by the sample data relative to that provided by the prior distribution and allows for a ranking of prior distributions with respect to conservativeness, where conservatism refers to restraint of extraneous information embedded in any prior distribution. The most conservative prior distribution from a specified class (each member of which carries the available prior information) is that prior distribution within the class over which the likelihood function has the greatest average domination. Four different families of prior distributions are developed by considering a Bayesian approach to the formation of lots. The most conservative prior distribution from each of the four families of prior distri...

Field of study: Mathematics
Effects of a Synthetic Analog of Polycavernoside A on Human Neuroblastoma Cells

Polycavernoside A is a glycosidic marine toxin first extracted from the red alga Polycavernosa tsudai in 1991 when 3 people died after the ingestion of this food. Polycavernoside A is an interesting molecule because of its complex macrolide structure and strong bioactivity. However, the target site of this toxin has not been characterized.  We studied the effects of a synthethic analog of polycavernoside A on human neuroblastoma cells by measuring changes in membrane potential with bis-oxonol and variations in intracellular calcium levels with fura-2. Fluorescent phalloidin was utilized for assaying activity on actin cytoskeleton.  Data showed that this polycavernoside A analog induced a membrane depolarization and an increase in cytosolic calcium levels.  These results provide the first insight into the mode of action of polycavernoside A, suggesting that: i) this toxin triggers an initial extracellular calcium entry neither produced across L-type voltage-gated calcium channels nor activation of muscarinic receptors ii) there is a depolarization induced by the toxin and due to the extracellular calcium entry.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Architecting with microservices: A systematic mapping study

A microservice architecture is composed of a set of small services, each running in its own process and communicating with lightweight mechanisms. Many aspects on architecting with microservices are still unexplored and existing research is still far from being crispy clear.  We aim at identifying, classifying, and evaluating the state of the art on architecting with microservices from the following perspectives: publication trends, focus of research, and potential for industrial adoption.  We apply the systematic mapping methodology. We rigorously selected 103 primary studies and we defined and applied a classification framework to them for extracting key information for subsequent analysis. We synthesized the obtained data and produced a clear overview of the state of the art.  This work contributes with (i) a classification framework for research studies on architecting with microservices, (ii) a systematic map of current research of the field, (iii) an evaluation of the potential for industrial adoption of research results, and (iv) a discussion of emerging findings and implications for future research.  This study provides a solid, rigorous, and replicable picture of the state of the art on architecting with microservices. Its results can benefit both researchers and practitioners of the field.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Device decapsulated (and/or depassivated) - Retest ok - What happened?

One of the very first steps to enter into physical device failure analysis is the device decapsulation. In some cases, an additional depassivation follows to give access to contact needles for internal probing. However, it happens from time-to-time that the device has been cured from its failure behaviour. Such cases often end as non-conclusive analysis result. Our principle investigations and results, however, will help to understand the mechanisms and allow in many “hopeless” cases to draw useful conclusions on the root causes. These are linked in most cases to metal related failures. Besides the “classical case” of touching bond wires, typical root causes are metal filament shorts in the nanometer-order-of magnitude, which can be removed easily by mechanical and/or chemical effects of any delayering procedure. Surface metal shorts may also be generated by bump metal or pad-interface-metallisation-redeposition onto the passivation surface and by metal residue-related recombinations of trimming fuses. In both latter cases, nanometer metal films short-circuit neighbouring pads or fuses in trimming-fuse-arrays. This paper describes these and some second-order mechanisms in detail, which sometimes let the chip recover after decapsulation and/or depassivation.

Field of study: Engineering
Minimax prediction in finite populations

In this paper, minimax predictors are considered for some population quantities of interest, under some specific superpopulation models. Minimax predictors are derived under a binomial superpopulation model. The well known ratio estimator is shown to be minimax under the usual simple regression normal model. Nonparametric minimax predictors are considered under some models. Some of the predictors considered also shown to be admis s ible.

Field of study: Mathematics
An Evaluation of Small Catchment Flood Estimation Techniques

Hydraulic control structures are frequently designed based on limited data and pragmatic modeling approaches. The success of the design depends largely on the experience and judgement of the engineer. An evaluation was made of the suitability of using the Rational Method, a unit hydrograph procedure, a time-area method, and a kinematic model to predict flood flows on several watersheds in Southern Africa. In order to test the flood estimation techniques for a range of conditions, watersheds were selected based on size, geographic location and land use. Watershed sizes ranged from a few hectares to nearly 100 km^, and land uses ranged from 100% urban to 100% forest. In general, each method worked best for the particular land-use condition it was designed to model. However, the performance of all the models was very disappointing, particularly when used in an uncalibrated mode. The study illustrated deficiencies in: (1) user documentation for these hydrologic models; (2) documented model input parameters; (3) field and laboratory methods to determine model input parameters; and (4) the physically-based model algorithms.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
A Novel Data Mining-Based Method for Alert Reduction and Analysis

Current system managers often have to process huge amounts of alerts per day, which may be produced by all kinds of security products, network management tools or system logs. This has made it extremely difficult for managers to analyze and react to threats and attacks. So an effective technique which can automatically filter and analyze alerts has become urgent need. This paper presents a novel method for handling IDS alerts more efficiently. It introduces a new data mining technique, outlier detection, into this field, and designs a special outlier detection algorithm for identifying true alerts and reducing false positives (i.e. alerts that are triggered incorrectly by benign events). This algorithm uses frequent attribute values mined from historical alerts as the features of false positives, and then filters false alerts by the score calculated based on these features. We also proposed a three-phrase framework, which not only can filter newcome alerts in real time, but also can learn from these alerts and automatically adjust the filtering mechanism to new situations. Moreover our method can help managers analyze the root causes of false positives. And our method needs no domain knowledge and little human assistance, so it is more practical than current ways. We have built a prototype implementation of our method. Through the experiments on DARPA 2000, we have proved that our model can effectively reduce false positives. And on real-world dataset, our model has even higher reduction rate. By comparing with other alert reduction methods, we believe that our model has better performance.

Field of study: Computer science