nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
A Bibliography of Scottish Economic History during the Last Decade: 1963-197O

T1 THE third of this series appeared in the Economic History Review, 2nd ser. xvi (i963); it professed to cover publications of the years I95i-62. The interval between compilation and publication and the inaccessibility of some works meant that a few items of the early 'sixties were omitted. The present list, completed in October I970, endeavours to include publications up to that date. The study of Scottish economic history has been further advanced by the expansion of departments in the older universities, and their creation in the newer, notably at Strathclyde under the direction of Prof. S. G. E. Lythe. Popular interest is evinced and encouraged by co-operative amateur research, especially under the auspices of Edinburgh University Adult Education Department, guided by Mr Basil Skinner, which put out a Guide to Local History in Scotland (Edinburgh, i966); Skinner has an article on 'Local History in Scotland', Scottish History Review, XLVII (i968). Older local societies, primarily archaeological, especially those of Dumfries and Galloway, East Lothian and Hawick, occasionally include in their transactions short papers on local economic history. Several postgraduate students have engaged in research, much as yet unpublished. The new discipline of Industrial Archaeology flourishes; a survey, Industrial Archaeology of Scotland byJohn Butt (Newton Abbot, I 967), has appeared. A few standard volumes long out of print have been republished by Frank Cass and David & Charles (Newton Abbot). The Scottish History Society and the Old Edinburgh Club now extend their scope to the nineteenth century. The Three Banks Review, published by the Royal Bank of Scotland, frequently contains anonymous articles relating to banking history. The Abertay Society of Dundee has published booklets on local history, several of economic content. The School of Scottish Studies of Edinburgh Universityissues a periodical, which sometimes contains articles on economic history; so also does the Scottish Geographical Magazine. A new series of general histories, the Edinburgh History of Scotland, is in course of publication. Volumes already published are: Scotland: James V to James VII by G. Donaldson (Edinburgh, i965) and Scotland: i689 to the Present Day by W. Ferguson (Edinburgh, i968); both give due attention to economic aspects. This is less true of the one-volume textbooks byJ. D. Mackie, A History of Scotland (i964), and Rosalind Mitchison, A History of Scotland (I970). S. G. Checkland's article 'Scottish Economic History: Recent Work', Economica, XXXI (i 964), reviews publications of the early I 960's (all mentioned below) as illustrating "problems of comparative history". Studies in Scottish Business

Field of study: Economics, History
Taxus baccata in the Azores: a relict form at risk of imminent extinction

Taxus baccata L., a Tertiary relict formerly widespread in the Azores Archipelago, was recently classified as “probably extinct”. This paper documents the persistence of the species in the Azores and provides its first characterization by means of morphometric and genetic analyses. Only five individuals were found, growing on Pico Island. Although the population size is critically small it retains some highly significant characteristics for the assessment of the genetic diversity of the species and its phylogeography. The leaves of the Azorean provenance were smaller than those of all other Taxus baccata described in literature; moreover, they have a higher stomata density and more numerous stomata rows. These features are all “primitive”, according to suggested morphological evolutionary trends. We assume that sequence analysis of the chloroplast trnS–trnQ intergenic spacer demonstrates that the Azorean population represents a different evolutionary line within Taxus. This suggests a more direct derivation from ancestors than provenances from Mediterranean and European regions. These individuals may be the last survivors of an ancient lineage, preserved in the Azores as part of the Macaronesian flora. Immediate conservation action focusing on site protection and ex situ reproduction strategies is recommended to save this lineage from imminent extinction.

Field of study: Environmental science
Information Sharing among Untrustworthy Entities

Most of current technologies that enable secure information sharing assume that entities that share information are mutually trustworthy. However, in recent applications this assumption is not realistic. As applications become sophisticated, information systems are required to share information securely even among untrustworthy entities. This paper discusses two kinds of problems about information sharing among untrustworthy entities, i.e. secure statistical data gathering and anonymous authentication, and proposes their solutions. The former is a problem to calculate statistics while ensuring that raw data are not disclosed to any entity including ones that calculate statistics, and the latter is a problem to authenticate entities while keeping their identities confidential.

Field of study: Computer science
Electronic Two-Transition-Induced Enhancement of Emission Efficiency in Polymer Light-Emitting Diodes

With the development of experimental techniques, effective injection and transportation of electrons is proven as a way to obtain polymer light-emitting diodes (PLEDs) with high quantum efficiency. This paper reveals a valid mechanism for the enhancement of quantum efficiency in PLEDs. When an external electric field is applied, the interaction between a negative polaron and triplet exciton leads to an electronic two-transition process, which induces the exciton to emit light and thus improve the emission efficiency of PLEDs.

Field of study: Materials science
Surface Free Energy Modification of Crude Rubber Using Oxygen Plasma and Uv Laser Treatment

A study has been made of the surface properties of nitrile-butadiene rubber and ethylene-propylene-diene monomer crude rubber, basic raw materials for offset lithographic printing blankets manufacturing. Increased surface free energy of the crude rubber was achieved by treatment with the low-pressure oxygen plasma. After plasma activation, samples were treated using a UV laser to deactivate the surface layer. The surface free energy was calculated on the basis of contact angles with different liquids. Plasma-treated samples had higher surface free energy, especially the polar component, and the effect was larger for nitrile-butadiene rubber samples. This surface free energy decreased after exposure to UV laser light. FTIR-ATR spectroscopy was used to detect possible changes in chemical structure of the surface, but no differences were obtained. Changes of surface free energy were thus most likely a consequence of changes in the surface structure.

Field of study: Materials science
Can atmospheric composition influence plant fossil preservation potential via changes in leaf mass per area? A new hypothesis based on simulated palaeoatmosphere experiments.

Atmospheric composition, particularly levels of CO2 and O2, impacts all aspects of life but its role in relation to plant preservation in the fossil record is largely unconsidered. Plants, angiosperms in particular, have been widely shown to increase leaf mass per area (LMA) under high CO2 conditions and decrease LMA in low CO2 conditions. Leaf thickness has long been known to be a contributory factor in preservation potential in the plant fossil record, with thicker leaves considered to have a greater recalcitrance than thinner ones. Therefore, any change in leaf density/thickness, through changes to LMA, could lead to an increased or decreased preservation potential of fossil leaves at times of elevated or decreased CO2, respectively. Additionally, the impact of changes to atmospheric O2 and to the atmospheric CO2:O2 ratio on LMA has not been previously considered in detail. This investigation examines the effect of simulated Mesozoic atmospheres, times of high CO2 and low O2, on LMA in a suite of gymnosperms that act as nearest living equivalents for common elements of Mesozoic floras. Exposure to high CO2 (~ 1500 ppm) led to a statistically significant (p

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Stimulation of Suicidal Erythrocyte Death by Phosphatase Inhibitor Calyculin A

The serine/threonine protein phosphatase 1 and 2a inhibitor Calyculin A may trigger suicidal death or apoptosis of tumor cells. Similar to apoptosis of nucleated cells, erythrocytes may enter eryptosis, the suicidal erythrocyte death characterized by cell shrinkage and cell membrane scrambling with phosphatidylserine translocation to the erythrocyte surface. Triggers of eryptosis include increase of cytosolic Ca2+ activity ([Ca2+] i). Eryptosis is fostered by activation of staurosporine sensitive protein kinase C, SB203580 sensitive p38 kinase, and D4476 sensitive casein kinase. Eryptosis may further involve zVAD sensitive caspases. The present study explored, whether Calyculin A induces eryptosis and, if so, whether its effect requires Ca2+ entry, kinases and/or caspases  Phosphatidylserine exposure at the cell surface was estimated from annexin-V-binding, cell volume from forward scatter, and [Ca2+] i from Fluo-3 fluorescence, as determined by flow cytometry.  A 48 hours exposure of human erythrocytes to Calyculin A (≥ 2.5 nM) significantly increased the percentage of annexin-V-binding cells, significantly decreased forward scatter and significantly increased Fluo-3 fluorescence. The effect of Calyculin A on annexin-V-binding was significantly blunted by removal of extracellular Ca2+, by staurosorine (1 µM), SB203580 (2 µM), D4476 (10 µM), and zVAD (10 µM).  Calyculin A triggers cell shrinkage and phospholipid scrambling of the erythrocyte cell membrane, an effect at least in part requiring Ca2+ entry, kinase activity and caspase activation.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
The isolated strains from kimchi and its use in semi-dry fermented sausage

This study was carried out to investigate the utilization of probiotic lactic acid bacteria from kimchi for semi-day fermented sausage.3 probiotic strains of lactic acid bacteria were selected from kimchi and identified as Lactobacillus plantarum,Lactobacillus sakei and Weissella cibaria by 16S rDNA sequencing method.The isolated L.plantarum,L.sakei and W.cibaria and one commercial Lactobacillus plantarum starter strain(control) were inoculated as starter culture in semi-dry sausage fermentation.The raw sausage material(200 g) was stuffed into 10 mm collagen casings and fermented for 1 day(23 ℃,relative humidity 95%),then followed by a gradual reduction of temperature during the next 5 days.After 7 days of fermentation sausages were ripened for 25 days at 15 ℃(from relative humidity 88% to 78%).At pre-determined time intervals in 25 days,lactic acid bacteria,E.coli,pH,and aw values were determined.Also,sensory values of the final fermented sausages sensory were determined by 15 persons.During fermentation process the numbers of lactic acid bacteria increased from approx.6 lg cfu/g to 8～9 lg cfu/g and the pH values decreased from 6.0 to 5.0 at 7 d,and then little increased to 5.2～5.8 by the end of ripening.The aw values of all sausages decreased to 0.87～0.89 by the end of ripening,respectively.E.coli of all sausages were not detected after 15 days of ripening.L.plantarum of kimchi more led to an effective decrease in pH and E.coli than that of commercial starter.Also,the sensory test indicated the sausages fermented with the L.plantarum strain were better than the one fermented with a commercial starter.However,the dry sausage fermented with W.cibaria was inferior to the control sausage in pH drop and,E.coli decreasing and sensory test.These results indicate that the isolated L.plantarum from kimchi can improve the quality of dry sausage as much as commercial starters.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Comparisons of quasi-static and fully dynamic solutions for electromagnetic field calculations in a cylindrical cavity

A fully dynamic, self-consistent computer code has been developed to solve internal electromagnetic pulse (IEMP) problems in cylindrical geometries excited by a pulse of ionizing radiation. Comparisons between the fully dynamic and previous quasi-static solutions are made, and the range of validity of the quasi-static approximation is defined. Results show that non-linear effects arising from field-perturbed electron motion significantly affect the range of validity of the quasi-static approximation.

Field of study: Physics
Generation of sound in a liquid as a result of absorption of modulated laser radiation

A theoretical analysis is made of the excitation of sound in a liquid as a result of absorption of timemodulated optical radiation. Attention is concentrated on steady-state generation of monochromatic sound resulting from quasicontinuous irradiation of the liquid. The patterns established in the far and near acoustic wave zones are considered; definite advantages of the far-zone generation are pointed out. The optimal modulation frequency ensuring the maximum amplitude of the acoustic wave in the far zone (for given laser radiation power) is considered. A statistical analysis is made of the influence of random inhomogeneities in the transverse distribution of the intensity of a laser beam. Numerical estimates are obtained for the generation of sound in water by CO2 and YAG laser radiations.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
The effects of cocaine on behavior maintained by timeout from avoidance.

Rats were trained on concurrent schedules under which responses on one lever postponed shock (avoidance) and responses on the other lever produced brief (2-min) periods of signaled timeout from avoidance. For 6 rats, timeout from avoidance was programmed on a variable-interval 45-s schedule that generally resulted in rates that were lower than those on the avoidance lever. For another 6 rats, timeout was arranged on a variable-ratio 15 schedule that produced higher baseline rates. Cocaine (3 to 40 mg/kg) produced large, dose-dependent increases in behavior maintained by timeout in both groups of rats. Avoidance responding was also generally increased by cocaine, but the increases were of lesser magnitude. Increases in response rates were seen across a broad range of doses on behavior maintained by either interval or ratio schedules, an outcome that was unexpected on the basis of most studies of cocaine on food-maintained behavior. These results were similar to those of previous studies of the effects of amphetamine on behavior maintained by timeout from avoidance and suggest that stimulant drugs affect behavior maintained under a shock-postponement schedule differently than they affect behavior maintained by timeout from avoidance.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Top incomes in the UK over the 20th century

Recent changes in the distribution of income need to be placed in historical context. The paper provides new evidence about the evolution of top incomes in the UK over the 20th century. Making use of published tabulations of the income tax statistics, and of microdata for recent years, we construct estimates of the shares of top income groups, giving for the first time an annual time series for gross incomes that spans more than 90 years. The paper pays particular attention to the problems of data construction and of the interpretation of tax-based evidence. The resulting statistics have evident limitations but throw light on periods, such as that between the First and Second World Wars, for which there is little other empirical material. The results bring out clearly how the major equalization of the first three-quarters of the century in the UK has been reversed, taking the shares of the top income groups back to levels of inequality found 50 years ago. A similar U-shaped pattern is found for the USA, but the post-war experience of France is different from that in the UK.

Field of study: Mathematics
“Deficient Education,” “Academic Questions,” and Student Movements: Universities and the Politics of the Everyday in Brazil's Military Dictatorship, 1969–1979

As the globally eventful year of 1968 drew to a close, Brazilian university students living in what was then a four-year-old dictatorship faced two new challenges that would profoundly alter student politics and resistance on campuses in the coming decade. The more infamous was Ato Institucional 5 (Institutional Act No. 5, or AI-5), which Brazil's military regime decreed on December 13, 1968 (a Friday). History and historiography have rightfully acknowledged AI-5 as ushering in the most repressive and authoritarian phase of Brazil's military dictatorship, with the regime closing the national congress and dramatically escalating state-sponsored violence and political silencing in ways that exponentially intensified earlier forms of repression and censorship.

Field of study: History
Merit Goods, Education Public Policy--India at Cross Roads.

Merit Goods have always received handsome attention and allocation from countries which have witnessed a congruence between high significant economic growth and Human Development Index (HDI). The Emerging Market Economies (EMEs) have become significant manufacturing hubs by universalizing education and improving their Incremental Capital Output Ratio (ICOR). Allocational priority to sectors like education, health and sanitation and their easy accessibility and affordability to people Below Poverty Line (BPL) hold the key to inclusive growth. The paper brings out how our poor development records in terms of Infant Mortality Rate (IMR), Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR), and Gini Coefficient can be substantially mitigated by better allocational commitment, high Research & Development, allocation, improvement in factor productivity and global collaboration.  HDI, ICOR, BPL, EMEs, IMR & MMR

Field of study: Education
Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) inhibits DNA synthesis of PWM-stimulated PBMC via suppression of IL-2 and IL-6 production

The multifunctional cytokine transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) is known to inhibit the proliferation of lymphocytes. However, the role of TGF-β1 in the production and secretion of various interleukins is not yet clear. In this study we have analysed in parallel the effects of TGF-β1 on both DNA synthesis and production of the cytokines IL-1, IL-2, IL-6, and TNF-α by pokeweed mitogen-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells. With this stimulation system we show that TGF-β1 at a concentration of 15 ng/ml significantly suppresses IL-2 and IL-6 production. The release of IL-1 and TNF-α, however, was not influenced under these conditions. Under similar conditions DNA synthesis of PWM-stimulated PBMC was found to be inhibited by 50 ± 10%. Using flow cytometric methods we could demonstrate that TGF-β1 arrested the cells in the G 0 /G 1 phase of the cell cycle. Taken together, these results suggest that TGF-β1 may suppress immune responses by inhibiting the endogenous production of IL-2 and IL-6.

Field of study: Medicine
Interaction of mithramycin with chromatin.

Mithramycin (MTR) is an anti-cancer antibiotic that blocks the macromolecular biosynthesis via reversible interaction with DNA template in the presence of bivalent metal ion such as Mg2+. In absence of DNA, mithramycin forms two types of complexes with Mg2+, complex I (with 1:1 stoichiometry in terms of MTR: Mg2+) and complex II (with 1:2 stoichiometry in terms of MTR: Mg2+). In an eukaryotic system, the drug would interact with chromatin, a protein-DNA complex. We have employed the spectroscopic techniques such as absorption and fluorescence to study the interaction of MTR: Mg2+ complexes with rat liver chromatin. In this report, we have shown that the two types of ligands have different binding potentials with the same chromatin. This supports our proposition that complexes I and II, are different molecular species. We have also shown that the histone protein(s) reduce the binding potential and the number of available sites for both ligands.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Physics
Ecological Adaptability of Several Tropical Legumes Forage Shrubs in South Guizhou Province

The ecological adaptability of seven leguminous forage shrubs varieties was tested in south Guizhou.The results showed that five varieties,including Pinkflowers Indigo,Shortleaf Senna,Pigeonpea,Pale Rattle Box and Yunnan Bauhinia,could flower and seed normally in south Guizhou.Three varieties including Pinkflowers Indigo,Shortleaf senna,and Pigeonpea,showed resistance to drought and soil infertility,higher fresh and dry mass yield and seeds yield.The annual fresh mass,dry mass yield and seed yield for Pinkflowers Indigo,Shortleaf senna,Pigeonpea was 54.24 t/hm2,16.49 t/hm2,and 2 430.04 kg/hm2;31.54 t/hm2,6.47 t/hm2,1 727.53 kg/hm2;15.44 t/hm2,4.90 t/hm2,2 345.89 kg/hm2,respectively.The crude protein content was 16.77%~26.07%.They are worth for promoting south Guizhou as excellent leguminous forage shrubs.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Functional diversity along elevational gradients in the high altitude vegetation of the western Himalaya

The analysis of species distribution and functional diversity (FD) in natural gradients of aridity and temperature at high altitudes could provide indication of future changes in plant communities as both are responsive to environment and strongly influence ecosystem functioning and stability. We established eleven altitudinal transects in high altitude region of western Himalaya, six of which represented north aspect and the rest represented south aspect. In each transect, vegetation was sampled randomly at every 200 m elevation to estimate species rarity, niche width and different FD indices [community-weighted mean traits (CWM), functional richness (FRic), functional divergence (FDiv), functional dispersion (FDis) and functional specificity (FSpe)]. These indices indicate resource utilization, competition for resources, optimal plant strategies, and presence of functionally specialist species. We found a total of 418 plant species, most of which were having narrow niche and distribution. Proportion of species with narrow niche was high at higher elevations, 36.5% species were rare with 17% of them being endemic to Himalaya. At south aspect, lower values of CWM plant height along with lower FRic, FDiv, FDis, and FSpe were recorded. Further, CWM plant height, FRic, FDiv, FDis and FSpe significantly decreased with increasing elevation. Influence of gradients of aridity (aspect) and decreasing temperature (elevation) on species distribution and FD suggest that functioning of high altitude communities is very likely to be affected in future. Our findings therefore emphasize that the plant communities present at higher elevations are more vulnerable under climate change.

Field of study: Environmental science