nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Deglaciation of Chilliwack River valley, British Columbia

Quaternary sediments and landforms in Chilliwack River valley, southwestern British Columbia, provide a detailed record of deglaciation of this area between 12 000 and 11 000 years BP. Stratigraphic, sedimentological, and radiocarbon data show that a large glacier in eastern Fraser Lowland (part of the Cordilleran Ice Sheet) blocked the mouth of Chilliwack valley at a time when the middle reaches of the valley were ice free. A lake existed between the ice dam in the lower part of the valley and a delta – sandur complex, west of Chilliwack Lake, in the upper part of the valley. Two relatively minor advances of the Fraser Lowland ice lobe into lower Chilliwack valley occurred about 11 500 and 11 200 years BP. These were separated by a brief period of recession during which tephra was deposited and a coniferous forest and soil developed on freshly deglaciated terrain. Shortly after 11 200 years BP, a glacial lake formed in Cultus Lake basin; two sets of terraces in lower Chilliwack valley are graded to diffe...

Field of study: Environmental science
Preparation and Properties of  ${\hbox{Mg}}({\hbox{B}}_{1-{\rm x}}{\hbox{C}}_{\rm x})_{2}$ Using Carbon Chemical Vapor Coated Boron

Promising initial results on bulk Mg(B1-xCx)2 prepared with carbon doped boron are presented. Carbon doping is achieved by reaction of ethylene gas on boron powder using a stainless steel tube furnace, a technique suitable for industrial scale processing. The nominal amount of doping was controlled by varying the reaction time with a fixed volume of ethylene gas, and the actual carbon uptake was determined by weight change after the reaction. The amount of carbon substitution x in the Mg(B1-xCx)2 was found using the angular shift in the (100) X-ray reflection. Carbon substitution by the full nominal content in the C doped precursor boron was obtained for doping up to 7.2 at%, as shown by a o-axis compression consistent with that of carbon doped single crystals. The critical current density of the 4 at% C doped sample for temperatures at 20-30 K and fields up to 4 T, relevant to high temperature applications, was significantly higher than those in the published literature. The JC of a 10 wt% nano-SiC doped sample, used as a comparative benchmark, was found to be lower than the C doped sample at field below 2 T, but to reduce slower at higher fields. Structure analysis of the SiC doped sample revealed a coexistence of two C substitution levels of 2.25% at and 5.25% at.

Field of study: Physics
Research on Limiting Deep Drawing Principle and the Hydraulic Press

The speed and system efficiency during the drawing down period of the hydraulic deep drawing press are the key factors to improve the machine over all efficiency,in this paper,the limit drawing concept was introduced based on the material properties,and the technique of deep drawing The feasibility for the deep drawing hydraulic press based on the “limit drawing”concept was given,the main technique specification of such limit drawing hydraulic press was presented

Field of study: Engineering
[Structure and function of 3'- untranslated region in picornavirus].

Both sides of the picornavirus genome have 5'-untranslated region (5'UTR) and 3'- untranslated region (3'UTR). This study demontrated that both the 5'-and 3'-UTR can form complex structures, such as stem-loop, clover and pseudoknot structure, These structures play an important role in the regulaton of the replication and translation of the viruses. This article reviewed the progress of research on the structure and function of picornavirus' 3'-UTR over recent years.

Field of study: Biology
Effect of colour singletness of quark-gluon plasma in quark-hadron phase transition

Consequences of the constraint of SU(3) colour singletness of quark-gluon plasma are studied. This restriction increases the free energy barrier for the formation of hadronic bubble in supercooled phase and influences significantly the dynamics of the initial stage of quark-hadron phase transition. It also introduces terms dependent on the volume occupied by the plasma in the energy density and the pressure. These modifactions vanish in the limit of an infinite volume. The last stage of the hadronization of the QGP likely to be formed in relativistic heavy ion collisions is necessarily characterized by a decreasing volume containing the quark matter, and thus these corrections become important. The nucleation of plasma droplets at AGS energies is also seen to be strongly affected by the requirement of colour singletness, and the choice of prefactor.

Field of study: Physics
Audit Expectation Gap in Auditor Responsibilities: Comparison between India and Iran

This study aims to investigate the existence of an audit expectation gap and to find similarities and differences in responsibilities of audit expectation gap among auditor and investor between two countries, and to measure the magnitude of auditor responsibility. The data for the present study has been collected from auditors and investors being sample respondents of the study. To collect information from respondents, the seven-section questionnaire was prepared and distributed to sample respondents. Sample respondents were chosen from different parts of India and Iran.The results found that wide audit expectation gaps in both the countries in the area of auditors’ responsibilities exist. There were no much differences between the opinion of auditors as well as investors in both the countries. This study covers only the responsibility area it has not covered any other areas like, role, effectiveness, independence etc, and also only auditor and investors were approached to extract the data.

Field of study: Business
[Focal features of idiopathic generalized epilepsy].

Idiopathic generalized epilepsies (IGE), in some cases, have focal features in the kinematic of seizures and in the EEG. The aim of the paper was to study these clinical phenomena using video-EEG monitoring. We studied 180 patients (80 men and 100 women) with different forms of IGE with epileptic seizures recorded with this method. The effect of the "superposition" of focal electro-clinical features on the kinematic matrix and EEG pattern of the generalized myo- (clonic)-tonic-clonic seizures was noted. The authors suggest to discuss the definition of the "phenomenon of secondary focalization". This is the clinical/electroencephalographic phenomenon developed in IGE and presented by the appearance of secondary focal features (clinical and electroencephalographic) in the structure of the generalized epileptic seizure. The evidence for the secondary generalization of the seizure with the presence of the regional cortical ictogenic source as well as the diagnosis of focal epilepsy are the exclusion criteria for the phenomenon of secondary focalization.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Endogenous information acquisition in Bayesian games with strategic complementarities

This paper studies covert (or hidden) information acquisition in common value Bayesian games of strategic complementarities. Using the supermodular stochastic order to arrange the structures of information increasingly in terms of preferences, we provide novel, easily interpretable and verifiable, though restrictive conditions under which the value of information is increasing and convex, and study the implications in terms of the equilibrium configuration. Increasing marginal returns to information leads to extreme behavior in that agents opt either for the highest or the lowest quality signal, so that the final analysis of this complex game simplifies greatly into that of a two-action game. This result can rationalize the complete information game as an endogenous outcome. Finally, we also establish that higher-quality information leads players to select more dispersed actions in the Bayesian game.

Field of study: Economics
SU-E-T-392: Evaluation of Ion Chamber/film and Log File Based QA to Detect Delivery Errors

Ion chamber and film (ICAF) is a method used to verify patient dose prior to treatment. More recently, log file based QA has been shown as an alternative for measurement based QA. In this study, we delivered VMAT plans with and without errors to determine if ICAF and/or log file based QA was able to detect the errors.  Using two VMAT patients, the original treatment plan plus 7 additional plans with delivery errors introduced were generated and delivered. The erroneous plans had gantry, collimator, MLC, gantry and collimator, collimator and MLC, MLC and gantry, and gantry, collimator, and MLC errors. The gantry and collimator errors were off by 4⁰ for one of the two arcs. The MLC error introduced was one in which the opening aperture didn’t move throughout the delivery of the field. For each delivery, an ICAF measurement was made as well as a dose comparison based upon log files. Passing criteria to evaluate the plans were ion chamber less and 5% and film 90% of pixels pass the 3mm/3% gamma analysis(GA). For log file analysis 90% of voxels pass the 3mm/3% 3D GA and beam parameters match what was in the plan.  Two original plans were delivered and passed both ICAF and log file base QA. Both ICAF and log file QA met the dosimetry criteria on 4 of the 12 erroneous cases analyzed (2 cases were not analyzed). For the log file analysis, all 12 erroneous plans alerted a mismatch in delivery versus what was planned. The 8 plans that didn’t meet criteria all had MLC errors.  Our study demonstrates that log file based pre-treatment QA was able to detect small errors that may not be detected using an ICAF and both methods of were able to detect larger delivery errors.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
New Theory of Superconductivity (Part II): Confirmation at low temperature

An application of the general equation obtained in Part I to low critical temperature superconductors utilizing an "ad hoc" phononic theory is developed. Then, we arrive to a specific expression for the bounding energy as a function of temperature. The density of states of the electron pairs is calculated and used to obtain an equation for the critical magnetic field. This result is needed for determine the electrodynamical properties. Finally, we obtain the specific heat as a function of temperature and compare it to experimental data for Sn, and calculate its jump at Tc for eight superconductors.

Field of study: Physics
Particle swarm optimization for function optimization in noisy environment

As a novel evolutionary searching technique, particle swarm optimization (PSO) has gained wide research and effective applications in the field of function optimization. However, to the best of our knowledge, most studies based on PSO are aimed at deterministic optimization problems. In this paper, the performance of PSO for function optimization in noisy environment is investigated, and an effective hybrid PSO approach named PSOOHT is proposed. In the PSOOHT, the population-based search mechanism of PSO is applied for well exploration and exploitation, and the optimal computing budget allocation (OCBA) technique is used to allocate limited sampling budgets to provide reliable evaluation and identification for good particles. Meanwhile, hypothesis test (HT) is also applied in the hybrid approach to reserve good particles and to maintain the diversity of the swarm as well. Numerical simulations based on several well-known function benchmarks with noise are carried out, and the effect of noise magnitude is also investigated as well. The results and comparisons demonstrate the superiority of PSOOHT in terms of searching quality and robustness.

Field of study: Mathematics
Assessing carbon lock-in

The term 'carbon lock-in' refers to the tendency for certain carbon-intensive technological systems to persist over time, 'locking out' lower-carbon alternatives, and owing to a combination of linked technical, economic, and institutional factors. These technologies may be costly to build, but relatively inexpensive to operate and, over time, they reinforce political, market, and social factors that make it difficult to move away from, or 'unlock' them. As a result, by investing in assets prone to lock-in, planners and investors restrict future flexibility and increase the costs of achieving agreed climate protection goals. Here, we develop a straight-forward approach to assess the speed, strength, and scale of carbon lock-in for major energy-consuming assets in the power, buildings, industry, and transport sectors. We pilot the approach at the global level, finding that carbon lock-in is greatest, globally, for coal power plants, gas power plants, and oil-based vehicles. The approach can be readily applied at the national or regional scale, and may be of particular relevance to policymakers interested in enhancing flexibility in their jurisdictions for deeper emissions cuts in the future, and therefore in limiting the future costs associated with 'stranded assets'.

Field of study: Environmental science
Optimal conditions of chemotherapeutic sensitivity in K562 cell line using tetrazolium dye assay.

Ten antineoplastic agents were used on K562 cell lines with the tetrazolium salts (MTT) assay to investigate optimal conditions of the chemotherapeutic sensitivity. The doubling time of K562 cell was 20.4 h in 96-well microtitre plates. The optical density in MTT assay of the no-drug controls was 0.77 (n = 45). A 70% reduction (IC70) in absorbance compared with control values using an ELISA reader at 570 nm was referred to as drug sensitive and < 70% (IC70) was referred to as resistant. The inhibitory effect of the theoretical maximal plasma drug concentration (Cmax) in plasma was compared with that of 10% Cmax drug concentration. At 10% Cmax after a 2-d drug exposure to daunorubicin and homoharringtonine, or after 5 d to epirubicin, 5-fluorouracil, cytarabine hydrochloride, and doxorubicin, significant cytotoxicities were shown. There were little time-dependent effects after 2-5 d drug exposure for 4 out of the 10 tested drugs, and mild or marked time- and dose-dependent effect for others.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Morphological and Mechanical Analysis of Polyamide-66/Poss Nanocomposite Fiber

Nanocomposite fibers were prepared from poly hexamethylene adipamide (PA-66) via melt mixing of polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) nanoparticles (octa-aminophenyl polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (OAPS) and octaphenyl polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (OPS)) into the PA-66 matrix. Analysis was then done using, fiber tensile testing, X-ray diffraction (XRD), FTIR, and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) to characterize the fabricated nanocomposite fibers to determine their mechanical and morphological characteristics. Tensile modulus and tenacity increased by up to 8% and 2% respectively. However, it was seen that 3% POSS loading does not give the material performance enhancements. XRD studies showed that the inter-segmental packing of the polymer chains is not disrupted by the incorporation of POSS nanoparticles. At 1%wt POSS, SEM micrographs showed a uniform cross section with no visible phase separation. As the POSS loading was increased to 3%wt, resultant nanocomposite fibre showed distinct phase separation with formation of distinctive micron size aggregates that led to reduced properties of nanocomposite fiber. OAPS at low concentrations produced nanocomposite fibers of better mechanical properties compared to OPS. OAPS at low concentrations dispersed in a polymer matrix of PA-66 has the potential to be used in nanocomposite fabrication and is recommended for further research.

Field of study: Materials science
Capacity of 60 GHz Wireless Communication Systems over Fading Channels

This paper considers the channel capacity of 60GHz wireless communications systems over Rayleigh fading channels and Ricean fading channels. The SNR and therefore capacity varies according to the communication distance. The capacity is presented for line-of-sight (LOS) and non-line-of-sight (NLOS) channels given based on a 60GHz link budget model. Phase shift keying (PSK) modulation is considered under FCC power constraints for the unlicensed 59-64GHz radio spectrum. The channel capacity over Rayleigh fading channels is compared with the capacity in additive white Gaussian noise channels. The paper also investigates the channel capacity of 60GHz wireless communications systems over Ricean fading channels and gives the channel capacity compariasion with q-ary PSK modulation over Ricean fading channel, AWGN channel and Rayleigh channel when the SNR per symbol is given. The results show that a 60GHz wireless system is more suitable for short range communications less than 100 meters rather than long distances

Field of study: Computer science
The commercial trend of mordern track and field sports

The development of modern track and field sports tends to be commercial.This trend brings huge economic benefit to supply the fast,full-scale development of track and field sports with material security.With the socialist economic market gradually completing,the track and field sports of china is accelerating the commercial progress.If the track and field sports wants to develop continuously: it must obey the principle that" commercial benefit can never go far beyond the development of itself" during the commercial progress.

Field of study: Education
The Regulation of Regulation

The controversy over the level and nature of regulatory activities in the economy is shaped by both the methodology of analysis and its perspective. Most of the tools used to evaluate specific portions of the regulatory system are embedded in neoclassical economic theory. Further, these tools are applied from the perspective of questioning only the efficiency aspects of the regulations. These neoclassical tools and perspectives constrain the analysis to an evaluation limited to government activities in the regulatory matrix. The analysis compares the effects of regulation to equilibrium in a competitive market system. The criteria of evaluation are based on efficiency, while equity considerations may have been the impetus for creating the regulation. This process limits the range of conscious alternatives that policy makers have. If the neoclassical concepts of Pareto optimality and the theory of second best are applied in a strict sense, the conclusion will usually be for the status quo. Pareto optimality tends to prevent the development and evolution of new policies in two ways. First, in the political sphere there is nearly always some interest group or person that will insist that their welfare will be reduced by any change in the existing rule structure. Secondly, it can be shown that when any new policy is evaluated using "efficient" prices and values generated by an existing set of policies, there is a bias in favor of the existing policy. This bias has been called "conservative reinforcement."' The theory of second best holds that the correction of one defect

Field of study: Economics
[The principles of pharmacotherapy of poststroke shoulder pain].

To analyze the results of examination and treatment of patients with poststroke shoulder pain.



The study included 213 patients who have had a stroke, including 16.4% patients with poststroke shoulder pain in early recovery period and 35.9% patients with poststroke shoulder pain in late recovery period. Therapeutic efficacy of amitriptyline, lidocaine (intravenously), pregabalin, tizanidine and non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs was assessed.



Dysfunction of nervous system plays the main role in this pain syndrome. The efficacy of the drugs in the early/late recovery period was estimated as follows: nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs - 33%/12%, amitriptyline - 24%/42%, gabapentin - 10%/13%, lidocaine - 95%/100%, tizanidine - 29%/33%. Seventy-six percent of patients were free of pain after treatment using a regimen suggested by the authors.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Atmospheric remobilization of natural and anthropogenic contaminants during wildfires.

Globally, wildfires are increasing in frequency and severity, exposing populations to toxic trace elements stored within forests. Trace element and Pb isotope compositions in aerosols (n = 87) from four major wildfires near Sydney, Australia (1994-2004) were evaluated (Mood's median test) to determine any significant differences in concentration before, during or after wildfires. The US EPA's positive matrix factorization (PMF) model was used to distinguish a wildfire-related particulate source factor. Atmospheric concentrations of Cd and Mn were approximately 2.5 times higher during fire periods. PMF modelling distinguished a soil factor (Ca, Si, Ti and Zn) and an anthropogenically-sourced factor (Cd, Pb). The Cd, Pb anthropogenic factor was present at twice the concentration during wildfire periods (compared to before or after). Lead isotopic analyses of aerosols revealed that former leaded gasoline depositions were subject to remobilization during post-2000 wildfire periods. Trace element increases during wildfires are unlikely to exceed health-based criteria.

Field of study: Environmental science
Formation of juvenile continental crust in the Arabian–Nubian shield: evidence from granitic rocks of the Nakasib suture, NE Sudan

Major and trace element data, U–Pb zircon ages, and initial isotopic compositions of Sr, Nd, and Pb are reported for ten granitic and one rhyolitic rock sample from the neo-Proterozoic Nakasib suture in NE Sudan. Chemical data indicate that the samples are medium- to high-K, "I-type" granitic rocks that mostly plot as "volcanic arc granites" on discriminant diagrams. Geochronologic data indicate that rifting occurred 790±2 Ma and constrain the time of deformation associated with suturing of the Gebeit and Haya terranes to have ended by approximately 740 Ma. Isotopic data show a limited range, with initial 87Sr/86Sr=0.7021 to 0.7032 (mean=0.7025), εNd(t) =+5.5 to +7.0 (mean=+6.4), and 206Pb/204Pb = 17.50–17.62. Neodymium model ages (TDM; 0.69–0.85 Ga; mean = 0.76 Ga) are indistinguishable from crystallization ages (0.79–0.71 Ga; mean=0.76 Ga), and the isotopic data considered together indicate derivation from homogeneously depleted mantle. The geochronologic data indicate that the terrane accretion to form the Arabian–Nubian shield began just prior to 750 Ma. The isotopic data reinforces models for the generation of large volumes of juvenile continental crust during neo-Proterozoic time, probably at intra-oceanic convergent margins. The data also indicate that crust formation was associated with two cycles of incompatible element enrichment in granitic rocks, with an earlier cycle beginning approximately 870 Ma and culminating approximately 740 Ma, and the second cycle beginning after pervasive high-degree melts – possibly hot-spot related – were emplaced approximately 690–720 Ma.

Field of study: Environmental science
High-temperature Properties of AlSiCrTi Coating on Ti Alloy Surface Prepared by Slurry Roasting Process

The AlSiCrTi coating were prepared on Ti6Al4V titanium alloy surface by slurry roasting process,and the coating was roasted by oxyacetylene blaze at 2000 ℃×10 min in air.The surface morphology,cross section,composition of the coating before and after the oxidization testing were analyzed by SEM,EDS and XRD.The results show that the high-temperature oxidation resistance of Ti6Al4V considerably improves by AlSiCrTi coating.

Field of study: Materials science