nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Cluster Identification Using Projections

This article describes a procedure to identify clusters in multivariate data using information obtained from the univariate projections of the sample data onto certain directions. The directions are chosen as those that minimize and maximize the kurtosis coefficient of the projected data. It is shown that, under certain conditions, these directions provide the largest separation for the different clusters. The projected univariate data are used to group the observations according to the values of the gaps or spacings between consecutive-ordered observations. These groupings are then combined over all projection directions. The behavior of the method is tested on several examples, and compared to k-means, MCLUST, and the procedure proposed by Jones and Sibson in 1987. The proposed algorithm is iterative, affine equivariant, flexible, robust to outliers, fast to implement, and seems to work well in practice.

Field of study: Mathematics
Relation of Religiosity with Academic Dishonesty in a Sample of College Students

This study was conducted to estimate the relationship between academic dishonesty and religiosity in a convenient sample of college students. Scores on the Santa Clara Strength of Religious Faith Questionnaire and the Academic Practices Survey were correlated for 70 undergraduate students. Overall, religiosity and academic dishonesty were not significantly related. However, follow-up analyses by sex indicated that this association was significant for women but not men. Research should be conducted to investigate whether this pattern is robust and indicates a differing role for religiosity as a standard for appropriate or inappropriate behavior.

Field of study: Psychology
Constraints on two-body axial currents from reactor antineutrino–deuteron breakup reactions

We discuss how to reduce theoretical uncertainties in the neutrino–deuteron breakup cross-sections crucial to the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory's efforts to measure the solar neutrino flux. In effective field theory, the dominant uncertainties in all neutrino–deuteron reactions can be expressed through a single, common, isovector axial two-body current parameterized by  L 1, A . After briefly reviewing the status of fixing L 1, A experimentally, we present a constraint on L 1, A imposed by existing reactor antineutrino–deuteron breakup data. This constraint alone leads to an uncertainty of 6–7% at 7 MeV neutrino energy in the cross-sections relevant to the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory. However, more significantly for the Sudbury experiment, the constraint implies an uncertainty of only 0.7% in the ratio of charged to neutral current cross-sections used to verify the existence of neutrino oscillations, at the same energy. This is the only direct experimental constraint from the two-body system, to date, of the uncertainty in these cross-sections.

Field of study: Physics
Linking microbial community dynamics to rhizosphere carbon flow in a wetland rice soil.

Photosynthesis by terrestrial vegetation is the driving force of carbon cycling between soil and the atmosphere. The soil microbiota, the decomposers of organic matter, is the second player carrying out carbon cycling. Numerous efforts have been made to quantify rhizodeposition and soil respiration to understand and predict the carbon cycling between the soil and atmosphere. However, there have been few attempts to link directly the soil microbial community to plant photosynthesis. We carried out a pulse-chase labeling experiment in a wetland rice system in which rice plants of various ages were labeled with (13)CO(2) for 6 h and the distribution of the assimilated (13)C to soil microorganisms was estimated by analyzing the (13)C profile of microbial phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs). The results showed that total PLFA increased with plant growth, indicating an increase of microbial biomass. But the mono-unsaturated PLFAs increased faster than the branched chain fatty acids. The (13)C was incorporated into PLFAs immediately after the plant (13)CO(2) assimilation, proving the tight coupling of microbial activity to plant photosynthesis. In line with the finding of seasonal change in total PLFAs, more of (13)C was distributed to the straight chain fatty acids (16:0, 16:1omega7, 18:1omega7 and 18:1omega9) than to the branched chain fatty acids. The total plant carbon incorporation estimated from (13)C labeling roughly corresponded to the increase in total PLFAs over the growing season of plants. Our study suggests that microbial populations in rice soil differ greatly in their responses to plant photosynthate input.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Bayesian Phase I/II Biomarker-Based Dose Finding for Precision Medicine With Molecularly Targeted Agents

The optimal dose for treating patients with a molecularly targeted agent may differ according to the patient's individual characteristics, such as biomarker status. In this article, we propose a Bayesian phase I/II dose-finding design to find the optimal dose that is personalized for each patient according to his/her biomarker status. To overcome the curse of dimensionality caused by the relatively large number of biomarkers and their interactions with the dose, we employ canonical partial least squares (CPLS) to extract a small number of components from the covariate matrix containing the dose, biomarkers, and dose-by-biomarker interactions. Using these components as the covariates, we model the ordinal toxicity and efficacy using the latent-variable approach. Our model accounts for important features of molecularly targeted agents. We quantify the desirability of the dose using a utility function and propose a two-stage dose-finding algorithm to find the personalized optimal dose according to each patient's individual biomarker profile. Simulation studies show that our proposed design has good operating characteristics, with a high probability of identifying the personalized optimal dose.

Field of study: Mathematics
Cooper pair coherence in a superfluid Fermi gas of atoms

We study the coherence properties of a trapped two-component gas of fermionic atoms below the BCS critical temperature. We propose an optical method to investigate the Cooper pair coherence across different regions of the superfluid. Near-resonant laser light is used to induce transitions between the two coupled hyperfine states. The beam is split so that it probes two spatially separate regions of the gas. Absorption of the light in this interferometric scheme depends on the Cooper pair coherence between the two regions.

Field of study: Physics
Age of the Olympic Metamorphism, Washington: K-Ar Dating of Low-Grade Metamorphic Rocks

The complexly deformed core rocks of the Olympic Mountains grade from mildly sheared and recrystallized graywacke and slate to semi-schist and mica phyllite. K-Ar ages of sand-sized and matrix-sized fractions from 14 samples (28 ages) of the graywacke-semischist sequence decrease with increasing rank of metamorphism. The ages plotted against the rank of metamorphism (as determined in thin section) define a curve which, in a rough way, flattens to an asymptote at approximately 29 m.y. The ages of 8 samples of the slate-phyllite sequence define the same asymptote, which is assumed to represent the age of regional metamorphism. Four samples from brecciated and quartz-veined mica phyllite indicate a local resetting of the clock by faulting and resulting recrystallization at about 17 m.y.

Lines of equal age plotted from the average ages of samples from the graywacke-semischist sequence denote a crude metamorphic zonation which corresponds approximately to the observed metamorphic gradation. The ages of the metamorphic events are reasonable in light of known stratigraphic ages of the rocks and the regional tectonic setting, suggesting this method may be applied to other areas of low-grade rocks.

Field of study: Geology
How to Build Business Civilization

The business civilization may turn a man in the external environments into a man in the in- ternal enterprise by the ideology and action way Its substance is to make the man in the enterprise to arouse and create more vitality Many enterprisers think that the business civilization is the fifth resource after hu- man, money, matter and information. People recognize the importance of business civilization day by day But now the business civilization seems to originate to lot of enterprises in China. Therefore, in this article,the author analyses several problems to build the business civilization.

Field of study: Education
Triacetoneamine derivatives: Industrial applications and recent developments

Over the last 25 years, the continuous improvements in polymer stabilization have been synonymous with the development of Hindered Amine Stabilization technology. Hindered Amine Stabilizers (H.A.S.) act as long-term Light Stabilizers (H.A.L.S.) as well as long-term Thermal Stabilizers (H.A.T.S.). Their ability to interrupt polymer degradation efficiently by radical scavenging is based on the sterically hindered amine functional group which is able to form stable N-Oxyles as catalytic active intermediates. The starting point in the synthesis of all commercial H.A. S. is 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidone, more known as triacetoneamine (TAA). By reaction at the ketone moiety and/or the hindered amine function respectively, TAA is first transformed to its derivatives, which represent the central building blocks for the stabilizers. By oxidation of TAA or its derivatives the corresponding tetramethylpiperidine-N-oxyles, called TEMPO-products are formed, which can be used, e.g. as polymerization inhibitors, molecular weight regulators, short stoppers or oxidation catalysts. This paper will give a brief overview of current industrial and possible future applications of TAA derivatives as precursors for H.A.S. and TEMPO products. Conventional methodologies as well as some novel developments, e.g. reactive or polymer bounded stabilizers are highlighted.

Field of study: Materials science
Relations Among Achievement, Self-Concept, and Motivation in Mathematics and Language Arts: A Longitudinal Study

Relations among achievement, self-concept, and motivation in mathematics and language arts were examined in a longitudinal 2-wave, 3-variable panel study. The participants were 3 cohorts of Norwegian elementary and middle school students (N = 1,005). The 1st data collection took place in October and November 1996, when the students in the 3 cohorts attended 3rd, 6th, and 8th grades. The 2nd data collection took place 1 academic year later. LISREL 8 was used in the separate analyses of mathematics and language arts data; the data were analyzed for each cohort by means of 6 path analyses for latent variables. In all cohorts, the results were consistent with a skill-development model of the achievement-self-concept relation, that is, the view that achievement affects subsequent self-concept. No evidence was found that self-concept affects subsequent achievement (self-enhancement model). Moreover, in the 2 oldest cohorts, motivation was affected by previous achievement. However, there was no evidence...

Field of study: Education
Reflections on Writing Biography of Public Men

Some years ago, when the late Professor Lindsay Rogers set about writing a life of Nicholas Murray Butler, President of Columbia University from 1902 to 1945, Rogers prepared some notes on the writing of political and intellectual biography which he hoped to use later in the foreword. Unfortunately, he was unable to complete the study before his death. His thoughts on various approaches to the art of writing political biography have an intrinsic interest apart from the Butler life and are well worth the consideration of any scholar approaching such a task. Consequently, Rogers' notes are published here with only minor editorial changes.-Robert H. Connery

Field of study: Political science
Latent variable modelling with non‐ignorable item non‐response: multigroup response propensity models for cross‐national analysis

When missing data are produced by a non‐ignorable non‐response mechanism, analysis of the observed data should include a model for the probabilities of responding. We propose such models for non‐response in survey questions which are treated as measures of latent constructs and analysed by using latent variable models. The non‐response models that we describe include additional latent variables (latent response propensities) which determine the response probabilities. We argue that this model should be specified as flexibly as possible, and we propose models where the response propensity is a categorical variable (a latent response class). This can be combined with any latent variable model for the survey items, and an association between the latent variables measured by the items and the latent response propensities then implies a model with non‐ignorable non‐response. We consider in particular such models for the analysis of data from cross‐national surveys, where the non‐response model may also vary across the countries. The models are applied to data on welfare attitudes in 29 countries in the European Social Survey.

Field of study: Mathematics
Experimental investigation of the influence of dilutiongas on the O_2(a~1Δ) yield

The Raman scattering spectrum has been used to measure the yield of singlet oxygen molecules in singlet oxygen generator of COIL. We presented the experimental results on a 0.1 mol/s JSOG. The effect of dilution gas on the yield has been studied. The different dilution gas and different dilution ratio have different efficiency to the delta oxygen yield. For a given COIL device, it is essential to choose suitable dilution gas and dilution ratio.

Field of study: Physics
MODELING OF LOAD-RESISTANCE MECHANISMS OF REINFORCED CONCRETE KNEE JOINTS

Based on the previous test research findings, the load-resistance models for reinforced concrete knee joints were proposed. It is shown that the joint strength depends not only on shear resisting mechanism but also on moment resisting mechanism as well as anchorage mechanism of the joint. The mechanism in the opening direction differs from that in the closing direction. In the closing direction, the anchorage strength of the beam bars passing through joints is governed by the tail length of the upper bars, the concrete strength, and the diameter of the bars; whereas in the opening direction, the flexural strength of the joints is governed by the yield strength of beam or column bars, the amount of joint hoops, the column interior bars and projection length of beam or column bars in the joint. Predictions of the joint strength by the model presented in this paper agree well with the experimental results.

Field of study: Engineering
The design and evaluation of path matching schemes on compressed control flow traces

A control flow trace captures the complete sequence of dynamically executed basic blocks and function calls. It is usually of very large size and therefore commonly stored in compressed format. On the other hand, control flow traces are frequently queried to assist program analysis and optimization, e.g. finding frequently executed subpaths that may be optimized. In this paper, we identify path interruption and path context problems in querying an intraprocedural path over control flow traces. While algorithms that perform pattern matching on compressed strings have been proposed, solving new challenges requires the extension of traditional algorithms. We design and evaluate four path matching schemes including those that match in the compressed data directly and those that match after decompression. In addition, simple indices are also designed to improve matching performance. Our experimental results show that these schemes are practical and can be adapted to environments with different hardware settings and path matching requests.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Hypervalent iodine in the structure of N-heterocycles: synthesis, structure, and application in organic synthesis

The review is devoted to one of the most substantial trends in the chemistry of hypervalent iodine – synthesis, structure, and properties of heterocyclic and pseudoheterocyclic systems based on λ3- and λ5-iodanes. Among the variety of cyclic reagents based on hypervalent iodine, special attention has recently been paid to iodanes having close contact between I and N atoms. The review is addressing the synthetic approaches, structural features, and application of these reagents. The review includes more than 100 literature sources, mainly covering publications from 1990 to 2020 and key research from earlier years.

Field of study: Chemistry
A radiometric age of deformed granitic rocks in north-central New Brunswick

A Rb–Sr whole-rock isochron age of 489 ± 14 Ma based on a half-life of 5.0 × 1010 years is obtained from deformed granites in north-central New Brunswick indicating a Lower Ordovician age for these rocks. The corresponding age using a half-life of 4.88 × 1010 years is 479 ± 14 Ma. The granite is consanguineous with felsic volcanic rocks of the Tetagouche Group.

Field of study: Environmental science
Study on modification of soy protein isolate hot-pressed

The soy protein isolate(SPI) was hot-pressed directly, and was hot-pressed after modified with epoxy chloropropane, surface hydrosulfuryl content of SPI, surface hydrophobicity of SPI, molecule shape of SPI were studied. The results show that surface hydrosulfuryl content was decreased and surface hydrophobicity was increased, SPI globulin structure was destroyed.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Stability analysis of stitched composite plate system with delamination under hygrothermal pressure

In this study, a very recent stitched composite structure made of fiber reinforced polymers is analyzed. This composite structure is modeled by two specially orthotropic adhesively bonded, delaminated and stitched plates under in-plane compressive and shear loads and internal hygro-thermal pressure acting on delamination surfaces of plates which are considered as identical simply supported plates. While the adhesive layer between plate layers is modeled by mechanical linear normal and shear springs, stitches are modeled by discrete bilinear normal springs for the first time in the literature. In the stitch modeling, it is assumed that they can carry only normal loads because they are very thin and also initial imperfections are included with the parameter of looseness because of the fact that the stitching yarns are slack initially. The mathematical model of the problem is solved by Rayleigh-Ritz method. After strain energies of plates, the adhesive layer and stitches and energy potentials for external loads such as compressive normal loads, shear loads and internal hygro-thermal pressure are expressed, sine series as shape functions for plate vertical deflections satisfying simply supported boundary conditions are applied. Then, minimizing them gives deflections for the given loading. The stability condition is obtained as an eigenvalue problem to give critical buckling loads and corresponding mode shapes as well. Results are presented as plots of deformed shapes of the system and tables of parametric studies showing effects of changing parameters on stitch stresses and displacements, critical buckling loads and corresponding mode shapes.

Field of study: Physics
Gene gun delivered DNA-based immunizations mediate rapid production of murine monoclonal antibodies to the Flt-3 receptor.

Class-switched, affinity-matured murine monoclonal antibody (MAb)-producing cell lines were generated against the Flt-3 receptor in less than 4 weeks following polynucleotide immunizations, used in conjunction with repetitive immunizations, multiple sites (RIMMS). Plasmid DNA encoding Flt-3/Fc was coated onto gold particles, which were subsequently propelled into the epidermis of mice using biolistic particle bombardment using the Accell gene gun. Pools of immune peripheral lymph node cells were somatically fused 13 days after the onset of delivery of DNA encoding the target antigen. To determine if early responses could be augmented, DNA-encoding murine GM-CSF was delivered 3 days prior to the Flt-3/Fc DNA immunizations. The data presented demonstrates the successful identification and characterization of class-switched, affinity-matured MAbs that bind to the Flt-3 receptor. When compared to conventional methodologies or intramuscular targeted DNA-based immunization for the generation of MAbs, use of the gene gun in conjunction with RIMMS allows for a more rapid production of affinity-matured MAb-producing cell lines.

Field of study: Biology
Diffusion of lithium in carbon

To estimate the solid state diffusion coefficient of lithium in lithium intercalated carbon electrodes, a new model based on the GITT (galvanostatic intermittent titration technique) method was developed after a careful consideration of the models and methods used in the literature. The concept of CPE (constant phase element) which is often used in the interpretation of ac impedance spectroscopy was introduced to account for the roughness of the electrode, leading to a model closer to the powder pellet electrode often used in lithium batteries. Diffusion coefficient of lithium in three kinds of carbon, i.e. pyrolytic poly(furfural alcohol) (PFA), coke and MCMB (mesophase carbon, 1000 °C) were calculated by fitting the voltage response due to a constant low current perturbation with the new proposed model. The results were compared with those obtained according to an old model, which involved an ideal planar electrode. Introduction of the CPE element led to an increase of two orders of magnitude in the D values. The D ~ x ( x in Li x C 6 ) and diffusion activation energy E a ~ x relationships were also obtained and were interpreted in terms of the structures of the carbons.

Field of study: Materials science
On the 2-linearity of the free group

We construct an action of the free group $F_n$ on the homotopy category of projective modules over a finite dimensional zigzag algebra. The main theorem in the paper is that this action is faithful. We describe the relationship between homotopy classes of paths in the punctured disc and complexes of projective zigzag modules and explore the connection between gradings on the zigzag algebra and monoids in $F_n$. We use this connection to give homological constructions of the standard and Bessis dual word length metrics on the free group.

Field of study: Mathematics
Doping evolution of the anisotropic upper critical fields in iron-based superconductor Ba$_{1-x}$K$_x$Fe$_2$As$_2$

In-plane resistivity measurements as a function of temperature and magnetic field up to 35~T with precise orientation within the crystallographic $ac-$plane were used to study the upper critical field, $H_{c2}$, of the hole-doped iron-based superconductor Ba$_{1-x}$K$_x$Fe$_2$As$_2$. Compositions of the samples studied were spanning from underdoped $x=$0.17 ($T_c$=12~K) and $x$=0.22 ($T_c$=20~K), both in the coexistence range of stripe magnetism and superconductivity, though optimal doping $x$=0.39 ($T_c$=38.4~K), $x$=0.47 ($T_c$=37.2~K), to overdoped $x$=0.65 ($T_c$=22~K), $x$=0.83 ($T_c$=10~K). We find notable doping asymmetry of the shapes of the anisotropic $H_{c2}(T)$ suggesting important role of paramagnetic limiting effects in $H \parallel a$ configuration in overdoped compositions and multi-band effects in underdoped compositions.

Field of study: Physics