nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
SU-D-217BCD-03: Impact of Jaw Width on the Megavoltage Computed Tomography Image Quality and Imaging Dose with Helical Tomotherapy.

On-treatment megavoltage computed tomography on Helical Tomotherapy (Accuray Inc., Sunnyvale, CA) is critical for image guided radiotherapy. A strategy was developed to assess the impact of various jaw widths on image quality and imaging dose with Tomotherapy.



A cheese phantom (Gammex RMI, Middleton, WI) made of water equivalent materials was employed in this study. Three sets of measurements were independently carried out. Firstly, in the imaging dose measurement, the phantom was placed on the couch and aligned with a stationary green laser and beam isocenter. The measurement point was 10 mm up from the cente of the phantom. Three slices on either side of the middle slice were selected. Secondly, two inserts with different rows of holes of various sizes were placed inside the phantom for image contrast and resolution investigation. Lastly, twelve density inserts were placed into the outer holes in the phantom for measurement of the image value to density table (IVDT). A comparison of imaging dose, image resolution and contrast, IVDT table between different jaw configurations was performed to evaluate the imaging system.



Imaging dose was 2.93 cGy with a jaw size of one mm as opposed to 1.62 cGy with a four mm jaw, both of which are below the vendor's requirement: 3 cGy. However, image quality is improved significantly with the smaller jaw. Four lines of holes can be readily identified on images using smaller jaw while only three lines visible with the larger jaw. Image contrast is similarly enhanced when reducing the jaw size. On average CT numbers are 6% higher with the smaller jaw than those obtained with the larger one.



Significant improvement in image quality is achieved with the smaller jaw field in Tomotherapy while the imaging dose is kept at a clinically acceptable level.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
What are the physical links between Arctic sea ice loss and Eurasian winter climate

Rapid sea ice retreat and increases in temperature have characterised the Arctic basin in the last few decades. A number of studies have suggested that these changes have had a direct impact on extremes of weather and climate in the midlatitudes, while others have submitted that the evidence for this may not be robust. Sato et al (2014 ) cast considerable light on this divergence of perspectives by revealing that apparent links between Barents Sea ice coverage and cold Eurasian winters form just a sector of a teleconnection pattern which originates remotely in the North Atlantic Gulf Stream region.

Field of study: Environmental science
Application of RADSAFE to Model the Single Event Upset Response of a 0.25 $\mu$m CMOS SRAM

The RADSAFE simulation framework is described and applied to model SEU in a 0.25 mum CMOS 4 Mbit SRAM. For this circuit, the RADSAFE approach produces trends similar to those expected from classical rectangular parallelepiped models, but more closely represents the physical mechanisms responsible for SEU in the SRAM circuit.

Field of study: Physics
TDNAscan: A Software to Identify Complete and Truncated T-DNA Insertions

Transfer (T)-DNA insertions in mutants isolated from forward genetic screens are typically identified through thermal asymmetric interlaced polymerase chain reaction (TAIL-PCR), inverse PCR, or plasmid rescue. Despite the popularity and success of these methods, they have limited capabilities, particularly in situations in which the T-DNA is truncated. Here, we present a next generation sequencing (NGS)-based platform to facilitate the identification of complete and truncated T-DNA insertions. Our method enables the detection of the corresponding T-DNA insertion orientation and zygosity as well as insertion annotation. This method, called TDNAscan, was developed to be an open source software. We expect that TDNAscan will be a valuable addition to forward genetics toolkits because it provides a solution to the problem of causal gene identification, particularly genes disrupted by truncated T-DNA insertions. We present a case study in which TDNAscan was used to determine that the recessive Arabidopsis thaliana hypersensitive to latrunculin B (hlb3) mutant isolated in a forward genetic screen of T-DNA mutagenized plants encodes a class II FORMIN.

Field of study: Biology
The Influence of Parameters on the Adhesion of γ-Al2O3 Layers Deposited on FeCrAl Metallic Supports

Using the three-step method (pre-oxidation, primer deposition and coating deposition), a well-adhered γ-Al2O3 coating on FeCrAl metallic support was attained. The research researched the primer deposition including the influence of the acidity ([H+]/[AlOOH]) in starting dispersion, aging time and temperature.

Field of study: Engineering
Research on the promotive effect of puerarin on exercise ability

Puerarin is an effective ingredient of the traditional Chinese herb radix puerariae lobata.Many experimental evidence have proved that Pue have the function of protecting arterial vein and myocardial ischemia and reperfusion injury,scavenge of oxygen free radicals and antioxidant injury,and so on.The research on relationship of Pue and exercise is very few,it is concerning the effect of puerarin on exercise-induced physical injury.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
The future of psychiatry

There is widespread concern among psychiatrists that the profession is in crisis and that it faces an array of external and internal challenges. Indeed, some observers have questioned whether the psychiatrist is an endangered species. This paper argues that medical specialties can become extinct as the case of the apothecaries exemplifies. The training template for psychiatry in the UK was put in place 40 years ago and there is a need to carefully examine whether it is still fit for purpose. Advances in theoretical knowledge and in basic understanding of psychiatric disorders have not significantly influenced the structure of clinical placements; rather it is service developments and administrative demands that have been the determinants of changes in training. Urgent action is required to address the need for reform of training that will ensure the future of psychiatry as a profession.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Structural controls on hypozonal orogenic gold mineralization in the La Ronge Domain, Trans-Hudson Orogen, Saskatchewan

The La Ronge Domain is a granitegreenstone belt in the Saskatchewan segment of the ca. 1.91.8 Ga Trans-Hudson Orogen. The La Ronge volcanic arc was accreted to the Archean Hearne craton from ca. 1.87 to 1.86 Ga. Subduction of oceanic lithosphere beneath the accreted La Ronge  Hearne margin produced a voluminous suite of continental-arc intrusions. In the Waddy Lake area, the 1852.6 ± 1.5 Ma Corner Lake stock and 1859 ± 4 Ma and 1861 ± 2 Ma feldspar porphyry dykes crystallized from magmas generated from melting of the subducted oceanic slab. During the ca. 1.831.80 Trans-Hudson collision of the Hearne craton with the Archean Sask and Superior cratons, a penetrative regional foliation and a steeply plunging lineation formed within the La Ronge Domain. During further contraction across the domain, the deformation became localized in dextral and oblique-slip shear zones that generally follow contacts between more competent and less competent rock units. Orogenic gold mineralization is associated with quar...

Field of study: Environmental science
Aminozucker-Synthesen, XXII. Über D-Threosamin und D-Erythrosamin

Uber die Benzylaminonitrile I und IX wurden die beiden 2-Desoxy-2-aminotetrosen der D-Reihe, VI und XIV, dargestellt. Die sterische Zuordnung der Epimeren lies sich durch Umwandlung in die Aminocarbonsauren V und XIII sichern; der Cu-Komplex von V zeigt (+)-Cotton-Effekt. Threosamin · HCl (VI) und Erythrosamin · HCl (XIV) sowie deren N-Acetyl-Verbindungen konnen nur Furanose-Formen bilden. Dadurch tritt gegenuber allen bekannten N-Acetylaminozuckern die Farbreaktion mit p-Dimethylamino-benzaldehyd schon in der Kalte ein, und beim Erwarmen mit Pyridin erhalt man leicht 3-Acetamino-furan (XVI). D-Threosamin und D-Erythrosamin reduzieren Fehlingsche Losung und ammoniakalische Silberlosung schon in der Kalte. — Aus N-Acetyl-D-threosamin wurde durch Addition von HCN und anschliesende Halbhydrierung 3-Acetamino-3-desoxy-D-xylose erhalten.

Field of study: Chemistry
Geology and mineralization of the San Antonio mine, Santa Eulalia district, Chihuahua, Mexico

The mineral deposits of the San Antonio mine, in the Santa Eulalia district of Chihuahua, Mexico, occur in Upper Cretaceous and possibly Lower Cretaceous limestones. They lie within a downfaulted limestone block, are closely associated with a zone of acid dikes, and form replacement deposits of the contact-metamorphic type. The chief yield has been lead and silver ore, but tin and vanadium ores have been produced commercially. The bodies are unusual in that lead and vanadium are important products from a contact-metamorphic area and in that tin occurs in replacement deposits in limestone. Detailed descriptions of tin and vanadium ore bodies are given. The writer concludes that tin was the last ore element to be introduced and suggests it may have been pneumatolytic ; that the vanadium ore has been derived in large measure from the breakdown of primary vanadium-bearing silicates; and that the deposits are best classed in the pyrometasomatic group, of contact origin.

Field of study: Geology
High risk association of IL-4 VNTR polymorphism with asthma in a North Indian population.

A case-control study was conducted to evaluate the role of IL-4 VNTR polymorphism in asthma that has been associated with various inflammatory diseases worldwide. This is the first case-control study conducted in India, investigating the role of IL-4 VNTR polymorphism in asthma pathogenesis.



A case-control study was performed with a total of 824 adult subjects, inducting 410 asthma patients and 414 healthy controls from North India. The genotypes were identified by polymerase chain reaction.



Statistical analysis for the IL-4 VNTR polymorphism revealed that the Rp1 allele was significantly associated with asthma with OR=1.47, 95% CI (1.11-1.94) and p=0.005. The Rp1/Rp1 homozygous mutant genotype posed a high risk towards asthma with OR=2.39, 95% CI (0.96-6.14) and p=0.040. The Rp2/Rp1 heterozygous genotype also posed a risk towards asthma with OR=1.39, 95% CI (1.00-1.94) and p=0.040. Most of the phenotypic traits were significantly associated with the disease.



IL-4 VNTR polymorphism is a high risk factor for asthma in the studied North Indian population.

Field of study: Medicine
The penetration of formulated Guthion spray through selected fabrics.

A technique for comparing pesticide penetration through fabric was devised. It involved passing fabric swatches through a controlled spray system and measuring the pesticide residue transferring on and through the tested fabric. Six variations in fabric were selected for testing: 100% cotton woven chambray, Scotch-guard treated chambray, Tyvek, Crowntex, and two variations of Gore Tex. Guthion (azinphos-methyl) was chosen as the insecticide for controlled use in this experiment because of its widespread use and relatively high toxicity. Gas chromatographic analysis of the amount of Guthion transferred through the outer fabric was made by the use of analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Duncan's multiple range test. The ANOVA for experiment replication showed no significant difference among the replications of each fabric. The treatment ANOVA was highly significant at the 0.01 level. Duncan's multiple range test further analyzed the differences in the treatment, and three groups were found to be significantly different from each other. The two types of Gore Tex, Tyvek and Crowntex comprised the group permitting the least penetration Scotch-guard treated chambray followed, and untreated chambray allowed the greatest penetration.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
PVB/PEG-Based Feedstocks for Injection Molding of Alumina Microreactor Components

The ceramic injection molding (CIM) process is a cost-effective powder-based near net shape manufacturing process for large-scale production of complex-shaped ceramic functional components. This paper presents the rheological analysis of environmentally friendly CIM feedstock formulations based on the binder components polyvinyl butyral (PVB) and polyethylene gycol (PEG). The prepared PVB/PEG-based alumina molding compounds were investigated with respect to their PVB:PEG ratios as well as to their powder filling degrees in the range between 50 and 64 vol.%. Corresponding viscosities and shear stresses were determined for increasing shear rates to show the effects of increased PEG content and solid loadings on them. Two single reactor components were injection molded and subsequently joined in their green state for fabrication of an alumina microreactor. The intended purpose of the alumina microreactors is their potential application as wear-resistant and hydrothermal stable multifunctional devices (µ-mixer, µ-reactor, µ-analyzer) for continuous hydrothermal synthesis (CHTS) of metal oxide nanoparticles in supercritical water (sc-H2O) as the reaction medium.

Field of study: Materials science
Organic‐Inorganic Molecular Nano‐Sensors: A Bis‐Dansylated Tweezer‐Like Fluoroionophore Integrating a Polyoxometalate Core

Functionalization of the bis-lacunary Keggin polyoxotungstate [γ-SiW10O36]8– has been achieved with a two-step synthesis, by the covalent attachment of a 3-aminopropylsilane spacer and further linkage of the dansyl (5-dimethylamino-1-naphthalenesulfonyl-) residue. The resulting bis-decorated molecular hybrid [{{(CH3)2N}C10H6SO2NH(CH2)3Si}2O(γ-SiW10O36)]4– has been isolated and characterized in solution and in the solid state by FTIR, multinuclear NMR, ESI-MS, UV/Vis, luminescence spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS), and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The inorganic polyoxometalate provides a molecular nano-surface where the dansyl fluorophores are anchored with a tweezer-type arrangement. The merging of the organic and inorganic domains of the bis-dansylated complex dictates its fluorescence features, which are observed in the range 375–600 nm, its amphiphilic properties, and the multi-site recognition/signaling of cationic analytes due to the complementary effect of the tungsten oxide polyanionic surface. Indeed, the interplay of the appended sulfonamide moieties and of the molecular metal oxide fosters an enhanced selectivity for Cu2+ and Pb2+ ion sensing, even in the presence of potentially interfering cations such as Co2+. These latter are preferentially captured by the inorganic platform. By virtue of its hybrid nature, the title fluoroionophore evolves to supramolecular architectures and extended systems in mixed organic solvent/aqueous environment, yielding spherical vesicles and macroporous thin films. Flat polymeric membranes incorporating the hybrid fluorophore can also be obtained, suggesting the generation of heterogeneous sensing devices that integrate both filtration and separation functionalities.

Field of study: Chemistry
[Effects of oxyfedrine on blood rheology in rabbits].

The effects of oxyfedrine (OF) on blood viscosity (BV), hematocrit (HCT), plasma viscosity (PV), and erythrocyte electrophoretic mobility (EEM) were studied in rabbits. OF (0.12 mg/kg iv) decreased BV. (At shear rate of 70 s-l, peak value 1.01+0.44 mN.s/m2. P<O.O1: at shear rate of 700 s-l, peak value 0.35+0.13 mN.s/m2, P<0.05. HCT (peak value 2.04+1.66%, P<O.01) and PV (peak value 0.14 +0.13 mN.s/m2, P<0.05), and increased EEM (peak value 0.12+0.12 (vm .s-l)/(V.cm-l), P<0.05). These actions lasted about 100 min. There were no significant differences in the reduction of BV among 4 groups (iv OF 0.12, 0.24, 0.49, 1.00 mg/kg,respectively). These data suggest that OF decreases BV may be related to the decreasing of HCT and PV, and increasing of EEM by OF. It provides an explanation for the anti-anginal action of OF.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Review of sports aesthetical researches

Sports aesthetical researches started in the late 20th century.Due to different national circumstances,there are differences in research subject,method and result between countries in the world,which can be roughly divided into such 3 categories as former Soviet Union,East European countries and Japan,representing different academic traditions and styles.Sports aesthetical researches done in former Soviet Union strictly follow epistemology of Marxism,focusing more on enjoyment of competitive activities than on basic aesthetical characteristics of body movement;sports aesthetical researches done in East European countries are pretty much the same as and profoundly influenced by those done in former Soviet Union;sports aesthetical researches done by East European countries are free,extensive,school various and theory miscellaneous,and aesthetical researches in the sports area done by schol-ars have made remarkable achievements,especially in quantitative study;sports aesthetical researches done in Japan are good at absorbing advanced western cultures,and forming practical features in conformity with its own social life traditions via digestion.Although sports aesthetical researches in China started late,they have formed their own fea-tures preliminarily,mainly probing into research subject and scope,self characteristics,sport beauty,sports event classification,true beauty in sport,and sports aesthetical beauty,but having such sports aesthetic development obsta-cles as lacking in mature sports culture conceptions,researchers neglecting the learning of aesthetical principles,and deviation from actual development.With the rapid development of the Chinese society,sport as an aesthetical culture that promotes physical and mental health is glowing with ecological,green and humanistic characteristics,telling the pursuit for the ideal of harmonious coexistence between man and nature.

Field of study: Education
Comparing uncertain alternatives for a possible airport island location in the North Sea

This paper presents a methodology for making decisions based on previous termuncertainnext term information through the use of an analytical feasibility study of an airport island in the North Sea as an previous termalternativenext term to the present inland airport, Amsterdam Schiphol, in The Netherlands. The multidisciplinary project, called Flyland, quantified several conflicting aspects, including uncertainties, for each of five previous termalternativenext term locations for the new airport. The methodology combines the Analytic Hierarchy Process and Monte Carlo approaches and allows comparison of the previous termalternativesnext term on the basis of their morphological and ecological effects. The resulting scores rank the previous termalternativesnext term and quantify the distinctions between them by taking uncertainties into account. We found that with respect to morphology and ecology, it is most favourable to keep the Dutch national airport inland. The methodology can easily be extended to include other factors and reflect a wider range of multidisciplinary aspects (costs, accessibility, environmental aspects) of the airport island location.

Field of study: Environmental science
Ice formation process by cooling water-oil emulsion with stirring in a vessel

An emulsion, which was a mixture of silanol-aqueous solution and silicone oil, was investigated as a heat storage material for a dynamic type ice storage system. The emulsion was poured into a vessel, which was immersed into a constant temperature bath at a low temperature, and frozen with stirring. Using stainless steel vessels coated with PFA resin and PTFE vessels with different thickness, the experiments were carried out under various conditions of temperature. Measuring the temperature history in the vessel, overall heat transfer coefficients before the start of freezing and during the ice formation were obtained. The effects of the material of the cooling surface and the thermal resistance of the wall on the ice formation process were clarified. If the heat flux of the wall was less than a critical value, slurry ice was formed without adhesion to the cooling surface. The results obtained under the same condition of the thermal resistance proved that it was effective against ice adhesion to coat PFA resin inside the vessel. It was found by the experiments in which the PTFE vessels were used that the critical value of the heat flux was nearly constant regardless of the thermal resistance.

Field of study: Engineering
Social facial touch in rats.

We know much about how rats use their whiskers to discriminate simple tactile properties, but little about how they are used in natural settings. Here we studied whisker motion during social interactions between rats in order to gain a better understanding of natural whisker use in this model system for sensorimotor integration. In the first set of experiments, an intruder was placed in a second rat's home cage. Anogenital sniffing immediately ensued; later in the trial, facial interactions occurred at least as frequently. Whereas much previous work has focused on the importance of anogenital sniffing during social interactions, these facial interactions were accompanied by some of the most intense whisker behaviors described to date. Whisker trimming increased biting but reduced boxing. In addition, whiskers were more protracted and whisking amplitude was larger in aggressive than in nonaggressive interactions. In a second set of experiments, rats interacted facially across a gap. As rats approached each other, whisking amplitude decreased and whiskers were more protracted. Whisker trimming disrupted facial alignment and reduced the frequency of interactions, indicating that whisker use, and possibly whisker protraction, is important for rats to orient themselves with respect to one another. We also found that females whisked with smaller amplitude when interacting with males than with females, and that they held their whiskers less protracted than males. The natural whisker use described here should further our understanding of this important somatosensory system during social interactions.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Photofission of209Bi,232Th and238U in the quasi-deuteron energy region

Photofission cross sections of209Bi,238U and232Th are very different, both in magnitude and in their dependence on the incident photon energy. In fact, in the quasi-deuteron energy region,σf (Bi)<10−2σf(U), withσf(Th) having intermediate values. Alsoσf(Bi) increases monotonically vs.Eγ whileσf(U) andσf(Th) (above 75 MeV) are approximatively constant. We propose here a parametrization of photofission in the quasi-deuteron region, which fits, up toEγ ⋃mπ, the photofission cross sections of these three nuclei.

Field of study: Physics