nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Aortic Stiffness and Inflammation: Dyslipidemia or Matrix Metalloproteinases?

lipidemia as another risk factor leading to aortic stiffness, patients with lichen planus and the control group differed just with respect to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Thus, it would be helpful to learn whether high-density lipoprotein cholesterol was independently associated with aortic stiffness – how many patients had metabolic syndrome in each group? The association between lichen planus and chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection has been described in several epidemiological studies with conflicting data due to study design and country-specific prevalences of the HCV burden  . Many agree to routinely check for HCV infection in patients with a clinically and histologically confirmed diagnosis of lichen planus disease  . Therefore, what was the prevalence of HCV infection in the study population? Answering these questions would aid the understanding of what is really behind the aortic stiffness.  We read with great interest the article by Koseoglu et al.  investigating the aortic elastic properties and the myocardial performance index in patients with lichen planus. They reported that the parameters reflecting the myocardial performance index and aortic stiffness were augmented while those of aortic strain and distensibility were attenuated in patients. They also pointed out that as the duration of the disease lengthened the condition of the aorta and myocardium worsened. Therefore, this study has contributed to the field of cardiovascular diseases associated with inflammation. Inflammation is frequently discussed as a potential major mechanistic contributor to atherothrombosis, and the measurement of inflammatory markers could potentially improve risk stratification beyond current global risk assessment  . Indeed, inflammation contributes to all stages in the pathogenesis of atherogenesis from plaque formation to the acute atherothrombotic event and the myocardial damage following ischemia  . Koseoglu et al.  further suggested that inflammation would lead to disruption in aortic elastic properties, probably through the degradation of aortic collagen and elastin by means of cytokines in patients with lichen planus. Although they also suggested that dysPublished online: August 9, 2016

Field of study: Medicine
New results from isochronous mass measurements of neutron-rich uranium fission fragments with the FRS-ESR-facility at GSI

Masses of uranium fission fragments have been measured with the FRagment Separator (FRS) combined with the Experimental Storage Ring (ESR) at GSI. A 410-415 MeV/u 238U projectile beam was fast extracted from the synchrotron SIS-18 with an average intensity of 109/spill. The projectiles were focused on a 1g/cm2 beryllium target at the entrance of the FRS to create neutron-rich isotopes via abrasion-fission. The fission fragments were spatially separated with the FRS and injected into the isochronous storage ring ESR for fast mass measurements without applying cooling. The Isochronous Mass Spectrometry (IMS) was performed under two different experimental conditions, with and without B$\rho$-tagging at the high-resolution dispersive central focal plane of the FRS. The evaluation has been done for the combined data sets from both experiments with a new method of data analysis. The use of a correlation matrix has provided experimental mass values for 23 different neutron-rich isotopes for the first time and 6 masses with improved values. The new masses were obtained for nuclides in the element range from Se to Ce. The applied analysis has given access even to rare isotopes detected with an intensity of a few atoms per week. The novel data analysis and systematic error determination are described and the results are compared with extrapolations of experimental values and theoretical models.

Field of study: Physics
Teaching about Civil Disobedience: Clarifying a Recurring Theme in the Secondary Social Studies

In this article, the authors offer social studies educators a way to deepen students' understanding of civil disobedience as a democratic and nonviolent means of instigating social change. The authors explore the concept of civil disobedience from a historical perspective and examine the justifications and ramifications of each historical example. In addition, they provide several examples of events that are often mistakenly categorized as civil disobedience. Through these examples, the authors develop a sound definition of the concept, while explaining its application to contemporary society. In actualizing the significance of civil disobedience in the secondary social studies classroom, the authors use five components: the historical importance of civil disobedience, the concept of civil disobedience, the argument for civil disobedience, the argument against civil disobedience, and teaching about civil disobedience. They also incorporate civil disobedience into a lesson plan.

Field of study: Sociology
Determination of Perfluorooctane Sulphonate in Fabrics and Leathers using Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry

A method was established for the determination of perfluorooctane sulphonate (PFOS) in fabrics and leathers using liquid chromatography -mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). PFOS in fabrics and leathers was extracted by sonication with 0.1 M HCl and methanol. The extract was separated on a Zorbax SB-C18 column (150 mm × 2.1 mm, 3.5 μm) with methanol-10 mM ammonium acetate (70:30) as the mobile phase at a flow rate of 0.3 ml min –1 and determined by negative ESI MS/MS. The conditions of extraction and LC-MS/MS were optimized. The quasi-molecular ion of PFOS at m/z 499 was selected as the precursor ion for MS/MS analysis, and its product ions at m/z 169, 230, 280, 330 and 419 were selected for confirmation. The TIC of MS/MS was used for the qualitative analysis of PFOS. The recovery of PFOS was in the range of 90%–99% and the RSD was less than 8.6%. The limit of detection was 1.5 mg kg –1 . The method was proved to be simple and accurate, and has been applied to the determination of PFOS in fabrics and leathers.

Field of study: Chemistry
Trade-off between environmental and economic objectives in the optimization of multi-energy systems

An increase in the energy and environmental performance of building system can be found in a design that allows the operators to choose between multiple energy sources. Such a system can be referred to as multi-energy system and recently a strong interest was put in this topic at both district and building levels. Since multi-energy systems use non conventional aggregation of energy sources, new energy converters, and unusual system layouts, it is of the foremost importance to provide modelling and optimization procedures for those systems. In this paper, some objective functions based on a set of economic and environmental criteria are defined and used to perform the system optimization. The relations between the outcomes of the optimizations are then analyzed on a case study as a function of the customer, the energy costs, and the pollutants emissions showing that there is generally a trade-off between environmental and economic objectives.

Field of study: Engineering
Early-Life Stress Alters Synaptic Plasticity and mTOR Signaling: Correlation With Anxiety-Like and Cognition-Related Behavior

Early-life stress (ELS) predisposes individuals to psychiatric disorders, including anxiety and depression, and cognitive impairments later in life. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms are not completely understood. Developmental deficits in hippocampal synaptic plasticity are among the primary detrimental alterations in brain function induced by ELS. Impaired synaptic plasticity is usually accompanied by decreased synaptic proteins, such as postsynaptic density 95 (PSD95) and synaptophysin, which are important for synaptic function. The mTOR signaling pathway plays a vital role in regulating protein translation, and mTOR activation is functionally associated with synaptic protein synthesis. In the present study, we observed whether ELS impacts synaptic protein synthesis and mTOR signaling, which is involved in synaptic plasticity. Herein, we established a maternal separation (MS) and chronic restraint stress (CRS) model and evaluated anxiety-like behavior and cognitive function (e.g., learning and memory) in adulthood through behavioral examination and analyzed hippocampal expression levels of PSD95 and synaptophysin. To explore whether the mTOR signaling pathway was associated with ELS, we also examined the activity of mTOR and s6. The behavior tests indicated that maternally separated mice showed increased anxiety-like behavior and cognitive impairments. PSD95 and synaptophysin mRNA and protein expression levels were decreased in the hippocampus, and phosphorylated mTOR and phosphorylated s6 were significantly decreased in maternally separated mice vs. those not exposed to MS. Our data demonstrate that MS impairs synaptic plasticity and inhibits mTOR signaling, specifically via s6. Therefore, we speculate that ELS decreased synaptic plasticity via the inhibition of the mTOR pathway in the hippocampus, which may underlie vulnerability to stress and mental disorders in adulthood.

Field of study: Biology
On the distribution of quotient of random variables conditioned to the positive quadrant

Statistical Mechanics and Its Applications, 499, 2018, 457–471], we derive the exact distribution of X/Y conditioned on X > 0, Y > 0 for more than ten classes of distributions, including the bivariate t, bivariate Cauchy, bivariate Lomax, Arnold and Strauss’ bivariate exponential, Balakrishna and Shiji’s bivariate exponential, Mohsin et al.’s bivariate exponential, Morgenstern type bivariate exponential, bivariate gamma exponential and bivariate alpha skew normal distributions. The results can be useful in finance and other areas.

Field of study: Mathematics
Relationship between photochemical reflectance index and leaf ecophysiological and biochemical parameters under two different water statuses: towards a rapid and efficient correction method using real-time measurements.

The use of the photochemical reflectance index (PRI) as a promising proxy of light use efficiency (LUE) has been extensively studied, and some issues have been identified, notably the sensitivity of PRI to leaf pigment composition and the variability in PRI response to LUE because of stress. In this study, we introduce a method that enables us to track the short-term PRI response to LUE changes because of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) changes. The analysis of these short-term relationships between PRI and LUE throughout the growing season in two species (Quercus robur L. and Fagus sylvatica L.) under two different soil water statuses showed a clear change in PRI response to LUE, which is related to leaf pigment content. The use of an estimated or approximated PRI0, defined as the PRI of perfectly dark-adapted leaves, allowed us to separate the PRI variability due to leaf pigment content changes and the physiologically related PRI variability over both daily (PAR-related) and seasonal (soil water content-related) scales. The corrected PRI obtained by subtracting PRI0 from the PRI measurements showed a good correlation with the LUE over both of the species, soil water statuses and over the entire growing season.

Field of study: Environmental science
Studies of Sub-synchronous Oscillation Caused by the Series Compensation Transmission in System with Large-Scale Wind Power

In recent years, the technology of wind power developed very rapidly, In order to solve the issue of wind power consumption and improve the utilization of wind power. Large-scale wind power transmission is imperative. Series compensation technology is currently one of the economic and effective measures to solve large-scale wind power transmission. However, after the series compensation, sending wind power will cause sub-synchronous oscillation. In this paper, firstly, the structure and characteristics of three common wind turbines are introduced, and then they are summarized according to the characteristics of various turbines. The generation mechanism, related characteristics, and suppression measures of subsynchronous oscillations caused by series complement sending. The analysis method of the subsynchronous oscillation of the current large-scale wind power sending system is described. Finally, the part that needs further research is explained.

Field of study: Engineering
Transport and dielectric studies on silver based molybdo-tungstate quaternary superionic conducting glasses

The molybdo-tungstate (MoO 3 -WO 3 ) combination of glass formers with silver oxide (Ag 2 O) as glass modifier and silver iodide (AgI) as ionic conductor were prepared to study the transport and dielectric properties of 60% AgI-40% ( x Ag 2 O- y (WO 3 -MoO 3 ) for x/y =0.33 to 3.0 and establish the feasibility of using these glasses as electrolytes in the fabrication and characterisation of solid state batteries and potential memory devices. The details of the preparation of glasses and methods of measurement of their capacitance, dielectric loss factor and ac conductivity in the frequency range 100 Hz–100 kHz from 30–120°C have been reported. The electronic contribution to the total conductivity, the ionic and electronic transport numbers were determined using Wagners dc polarisation technique. The observed high ionic and low electronic conductivities were attributed to the formation of ionic clusters in the glass and the effect of mixing two glass formers. The observed total ionic conductivity and its temperature dependence was explained using Arrhenius relation σ=σ 0 / T exp(− E/RT ) and the measured dielectric constant and dielectric loss were explained on the basis of Jonschers theory. The frequency dependence of dielectric constant obeys the theory based on the polarisation of ions.

Field of study: Materials science
Polynomial Phase Estimation by Least Squares Phase Unwrapping

Estimating the coefficients of a noisy polynomial phase signal is important in fields including radar, biology and radio communications. One approach attempts to perform polynomial regression on the phase of the signal. This is complicated by the fact that the phase is wrapped modulo 2π and must be unwrapped before regression can be performed. In this paper, we consider an estimator that performs phase unwrapping in a least squares manner. We call this the least squares unwrapping (LSU) estimator. The LSU estimator can be computed in a reasonable amount of time for data sets of moderate size using existing general purpose algorithms from algebraic number theory. Under mild conditions on the distribution of the noise we describe the asymptotic properties of this estimator, showing that it is strongly consistent and asymptotically normally distributed. A key feature is that the LSU estimator is accurate over a far wider range of parameters than many popular existing estimators. Monte-Carlo simulations support our theoretical results and demonstrate the excellent statistical performance of the LSU estimator when compared with existing state-of-the-art estimators.

Field of study: Engineering
Potential effects of Thiram on Medicago - R. meliloti symbiotic association.

The effects of Thiram and 2 commercial Thiram formulations on the growth and respiration of rhizobia were tested to compare the extent of bacteriostasis under controlled conditions. Although bacteriostasis was measurable at all concentrations tested, liquid cultures grew to maximum optical density in Thiram suspensions containing less than 10 micrograms/ml. Percentage germination, root elongation, and subsequent nodulation by R. meliloti of 2 cultivars of alfalfa, were determined in thiram suspensions to determine potential physiological effects of the fungicide on the host plant. Conditions were identified which produced enhancement or inhibition of germination, root elongation and development of nodular nitrogenase activity. At concentrations of the fungicide recommended for seed application, only minor, temporary bacteriostasis was observed as a possible negative effect while germination rates of fungi-contaminated seed were markedly increased.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Self-Monitoring and Beliefs about Partner Compatibility in Romantic Relationships

Self-monitoring differences in the manner in which people assess the compatibility of couples as romantic partners were explored. On the basis of previous research, we hypothesized that high, in contrast to low, self-monitoring individuals focus relatively more on the match between the levels of physical attractiveness of a couple when assessing compatibility. Low, in contrast to high, self-monitors were expected to focus relatively more on the similarity between the personality traits and interests of a couple when assessing compatibility. High -and low-self-monitoring participants were given photographs and personality information about 5 men and 5 women. Participants indicated the five couples they felt were most compatible by using the 10 targets to create five couple pairings. As predicted, high, relative to low, self-monitors created matches in which targets were more similar in ratings of physical attractiveness while low, relative to high, self-monitors created matches in which targets were more similar in personality traits and interests. Implications of these results for previous research on self-monitoring and dating relationships are discussed.

Field of study: Psychology
WRSE - a non-parametric weighted-resolution ensemble for predicting individual survival distributions in the ICU

Dynamic assessment of mortality risk in the intensive care unit (ICU) can be used to stratify patients, inform about treatment effectiveness or serve as part of an early-warning system. Static risk scoring systems, such as APACHE or SAPS, have recently been supplemented with data-driven approaches that track the dynamic mortality risk over time. Recent works have focused on enhancing the information delivered to clinicians even further by producing full survival distributions instead of point predictions or fixed horizon risks. In this work, we propose a non-parametric ensemble model, Weighted Resolution Survival Ensemble (WRSE), tailored to estimate such dynamic individual survival distributions. Inspired by the simplicity and robustness of ensemble methods, the proposed approach combines a set of binary classifiers spaced according to a decay function reflecting the relevance of short-term mortality predictions. Models and baselines are evaluated under weighted calibration and discrimination metrics for individual survival distributions which closely reflect the utility of a model in ICU practice. We show competitive results with state-of-the-art probabilistic models, while greatly reducing training time by factors of 2-9x.

Field of study: Computer science
An Evaluation of the Role of the State and Property Rights in Douglass North’s Analysis

This paper intends to show that the role Douglass North has attributed in his latest works to the modern State in the working of economic system permits the development of a political economy theory which joins the political and economic dimensions with abstract generalizations quite different from and more interesting than the ahistorical and asocial neoclassical ones, at the same time avoiding a narrow descriptive character. Notwithstanding the fact that some of these ideas have been presented elsewhere, 1 more development is necessary, especially concerning the possibility of spontaneous coopera- tive behavior to dismiss the role of the State in property rights assignment and enforce- ment as a necessary condition for modern market functioning. Thus, the next section explores in North's analysis the links between transaction costs, multidimensional prop- erty rights, and third-party enforcement in modern societies, which demands the State's intervention not only in the enforcement but also in the definition of property rights, as a necessary condition for market operation. The third section discusses the modern institutional analysis of spontaneous emer- gence of social cooperation essentially founded on Robert Axelrod's contribution, for its approach seems to contradict the role of the State as a third-party agent to define and enforce property rights. The fourth section discusses the determinants of the State's institutional action to define and enforce property rights according to North's analysis. Then, it will be demonstrated that North's analysis of these determinants is unsatisfac- tory but states a future research agenda for the study of the relationship between politi- cal and economic systems. The last section summarizes the most important questions for future research.

Field of study: Economics
Gated Conditional Displacement Readout of Superconducting Qubits.

We have realized a new interaction between superconducting qubits and a readout cavity that results in the displacement of a coherent state in the cavity, conditioned on the state of the qubit. This conditional state, when it reaches the cavity-following, phase-sensitive amplifier, matches its measured observable, namely, the in phase quadrature. In a setup where several qubits are coupled to the same readout resonator, we show it is possible to measure the state of a target qubit with minimal dephasing of the other qubits. Our results suggest novel directions for faster readout of superconducting qubits and implementations of bosonic quantum error-correcting codes.

Field of study: Physics
An Investigation of Supervision of Television Viewing As A Factor in Pre-Schoolers' Sociability in Play

In the modern culture, media is unavoidable .Today, it is a well accepted and experienced reality that all over the world, children come into daily contact with different forms of media .Out of the many channels of media T.V is the most common and plays a monumental role in the lives of children .This study investigated the supervision of T.V viewing as a factor in pre-schoolers’ sociability in play. The result should assist the media, parents, pre-school teachers and regulatory organs in protecting the pre-schoolers from negative influence of T.V viewing. For collection and presentation of the data, this study adopted a mixed methodology approach and descriptive survey design. The mixed methodology approach helped in broadening the understanding by incorporating qualitative and quantitative research. Both the qualitative and quantitative data were collected concurrently. Stratified and random sampling techniques were used in selecting pre-schools, parents with pre-schoolers, pre-schoolers and pre-school teachers.  Questionnaires, Interview guides and observation schedules were employed in data collection. To test the validity and reliability of the instruments, pilot study was carried out on three pre-schools from each zone. The quantitative data was analyzed descriptively based on tables, frequencies and percentages. Qualitative data was analyzed thematically. The study found that due to economic demands, parents have limited time to view T.V with their children and therefore pre-school children enter into the world of fantasy inadequately guided by their parents Key words: Social incompetence, unsupervised T.V watching, sociability in play, aggression behavior, pro-social behavior.

Field of study: Education
Polynomial Representation of $E_7$ and Its Combinatorial and PDE Implications

In this paper, we use partial differential equations to find the decomposition of the polynomial algebra over the basic irreducible module of E6 into a sum of irreducible submodules. It turns out that the cubic polynomial invariant corresponding to the Dicksons' invariant trilinear form is the unique fundamental invariant. Moreover, we obtain a combinatorial identity saying that the dimensions of certain irreducible modules of E6 are correlated by the binomial coefficients of twenty-six. Furthermore, we find all the polynomial solutions for the invariant differential operator corresponding to the Dickson trilinear form in terms of the irreducible submodules.

Field of study: Mathematics