nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
A LIQUID MANURE INJECTION TOOL ADAPTED TO DIFFERENT SOIL CONDITIONS

Injection of liquid manure into soil can reduce nutrient loss through volatilization, reduce odor emission, reduce 
surface runoff pollution, and increase plant uptake of nutrients. A liquid manure injection tool was developed based on the 
following design criteria: easy adaptation, low draft force and surface exposure of injected manure, and suitability for 
different soil conditions and for variable manure application rates. The tool featured a chisel with a sweep and a shank. The 
first prototype was tested using swine manure in a field with clay soil and wheat stubble to examine the draft forces and the 
resultant manure exposure indices under different injection depths and manure application rates. Based on the field test results 
of the first prototype, a second prototype was designed with a narrower tool cutting width and a smaller rake angle, and was 
compared with the first prototype in an indoor soil bin (loamy sand soil and no residue cover). The tool geometry and features 
implemented in the design met the proposed design criteria. The second prototype required lower draft force and caused less 
soil disturbance when compared with existing injection tools reported in the literature.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Solvent effects on excited state relaxation phenomena

Solvent effects on excited state relaxation phenomena in binary solvent mixtures, studied by steady state and time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy, are discussed in the frame oE electrostatic interactions, preferential solvation, weak associations with defined stoichiometry and structure and strongly bonded ground and excited state complex formation. It is shown, that effects of hydrogen bonded complex formation can be discriminated from unspecific interactions in hydrocarbon - hydroxylic binary solvent mixtures. The structure of such complexes and their role in altering excited state proces~cs is discussed for some hydroxy- and amino- compounds (phenols, anilines, aliphatic tertiary amines, and aminmumarins etc.).

Field of study: Chemistry
Functional characterization of estrogen and glucocorticoid responsive elements in the rat oxytocin gene.

Expression of the gene encoding the oxytocin precursor occurs in the hypothalamus and, to a lesser extent, in a number of peripheral organs, the tissue-specific regulatory mechanisms of which are largely unknown. By DNA sequence analysis several elements upstream of the transcriptional start point of the rat oxytocin gene were identified matching the consensus sequence of enhancers inducible by estrogen or glucocorticoids, respectively. Their general transactivating capacities were investigated using heterologous gene constructs and revealed that the rat oxytocin gene harbours two functional estrogen responsive elements near the transcription initiation site, one of which is conserved in the respective human gene. In addition, one enhancer conferring glucocorticoid responsiveness to a reporter gene is located at nucleotide residues -2449 to -2464. These data might indicate a steroid hormone-mediated influence on oxytocin gene expression in the central nervous system and/or the periphery.

Field of study: Biology
Optimal $SL(2)$-homomorphisms

Let $G$ be a semisimple group over an algebraically closed field of \emph{very good} characteristic for $G$. In the context of geometric invariant theory, G. Kempf and -- independently -- G. Rousseau have associated optimal cocharacters of $G$ to an unstable vector in a linear $G$-representation. If the nilpotent element $X \in \Lie(G)$ lies in the image of the differential of a homomorphism $\SL_2 \to G$, we say that homomorphism is optimal for $X$, or simply optimal, provided that its restriction to a suitable torus of $\SL_2$ is optimal for $X$ in the sense of geometric invariant theory. We show here that any two $\SL_2$-homomorphisms which are optimal for $X$ are conjugate under the connected centralizer of $X$. This implies, for example, that there is a unique conjugacy class of \emph{principal homomorphisms} for $G$. We show that the image of an optimal $\SL_2$-homomorphism is a \emph{completely reducible} subgroup of $G$; this is a notion defined recently by J-P. Serre. Finally, if $G$ is defined over the (arbitrary) subfield $K$ of $k$, and if $X \in \Lie(G)(K)$ is a $K$-rational nilpotent element with $X^{[p]}=0$, we show that there is an optimal homomorphism for $X$ which is defined over $K$.

Field of study: Mathematics
Interleukin-5, interleukin-6, interferon induced protein-10, procalcitonin and C-reactive protein among mechanically ventilated severe community-acquired viral and bacterial pneumonia patients

The serum cytokine levels among 45 mechanically ventilated, intensive care unit (ICU)‐treated severe community‐acquired pneumonia (SCAP) patients with known microbial etiology in three different etiology groups were assessed.  Blood samples for C‐reactive protein (CRP), procalcitonin (PCT), interleukin (IL)‐5, IL‐6, IL‐10, human interferon gamma induced protein (IP)‐10, and TNF‐&agr; (tumor necrosis factor alpha) were collected at time points 0, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h after study inclusion.  There were 21 (43%) pure bacterial infections (bacterial group, BG), 5 (10%) pure viral infections (viral group, VG), and 19 (39%) mixed bacterial‐viral infections (mixed group, MG) among 45 mechanically ventilated SCAP patients. CRP and PCT levels were significantly higher in the MG and values decreased with time in all groups. PCT differed also in time and group analysis (P = 0.001), the highest being in the MG. IL‐5 levels were significantly higher in the VG compared to others (Ptime = 0.001, Pgroup = 0.051 and Ptimexgroup = 0.016). IL‐6 and IP‐10 levels decreased over time (Ptime = 0.003 and Ptime = 0.021), but there were no differences between groups.  SCAP patients with viral etiology have higher IL‐5 levels. Patients with mixed viral and bacterial group have higher PCT compared to other etiologies.

Field of study: Medicine
Spatial correlations of DX charges and electron mobility in AlxGa1-xAs

The low-temperature electron mobility mu in Si-doped AlxGa1-xAs (x=0.25) is not a single-valued function of the free electron density n, mu being larger if a given n value is reached through capture rather than photoionization processes. This difference is reduced by lowering the Si doping level. The result is interpreted as due to spatial correlations amongst charges at the DX centres. Analysis of mobility transients during isothermal capture processes in the temperature range 110-140 K indicates that the fast initial stage of the capture is marked by an increasing order in the spatial distribution of the scattering centres. On the contrary, the slow final stage of the capture process is characterized by a diminishing order in the distribution.

Field of study: Materials science
Sequential activation of activator protein-1-related transcription factors and JNK protein kinases may contribute to apoptotic death induced by transient hypoxia in developing brain neurons.

Previous studies have demonstrated that transient hypoxia (6 h) induces apoptotic death in cultured neurons isolated from the fetal rat forebrain. Since activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs) and subsequent phosphorylation of c-Jun are suspected to be involved in the apoptotic pathway in several cell types, the time course of activator protein-1 (AP-1) DNA-binding, in line with induction of the AP-1 components and JNK activation, was examined during hypoxia/reoxygenation in the same model. Gel shift analysis depicted the presence of functional AP-1 transcription factors in both control and hypoxic neurons. One hour after the onset of hypoxia, all AP-1 components were markedly overexpressed. They include c-Jun, Jun B, Jun D, c-Fos and Fos-related antigens. Whereas, only c-Jun remained elevated for up to 96 h post-reoxygenation, time at which neurons were injured, other gene products showed patterned induction/repression as hypoxia progressed and then during the post-reoxygenation period, with Fos-related antigens being finally induced at 96 h. Only JNK1 was constitutively detected in cultured neurons, and its expression was inhibited during hypoxia. Nonetheless, both JNK1 and JNK3 were markedly, but transiently, induced at 48 h post-reoxygenation, when apoptosis-related morphological features became apparent. These data support the hypothesis that transient hypoxia, independently of ischemia, may trigger apoptosis through JNK signaling pathway in developing brain neurons.

Field of study: Biology
Postdialysis albumin: a better nutrition marker in pediatric hemodialysis patients?

Prehemodialysis serum albumin is considered an important indicator of nutritional status in pediatric hemodialysis (HD) patients.  To determine whether serum albumin levels changed significantly from predialysis to postdialysis, and correlated with fluid changes over HD treatment.



We prospectively measured pre-HD and post-HD albumin levels in 9 pediatric patients (ages 10 to 20 years; mean age, 16.3 years) on HD over an 8-month period. Changes in weight and albumin over 45 HD treatments were compared.



A total of 66.7% of pre-HD and 100% of post-HD albumin levels were within the normal range. Post-HD albumin was significantly higher than pre-HD in 42 of 45 observations (Mean, 4.7 +/- 0.39 g/dL versus 3.8 +/- 0.37; P <.0001). Delta albumin/treatment inversely correlated with weight loss (r = 0.741, P <.0001) and prescribed ultrafiltration rate (r = 0.764, P <.0001)



Serum albumin levels increase significantly postdialysis and inversely correlate with fluid removal. Pre-HD albumin level may not be a valid indicator of protein status because of the confounding effect of interdialytic weight gain, and may instead be a marker for fluid overload. Further studies are needed to assess the value of postdialysis albumin level as an indicator of nutritional status in pediatric HD patients.

Field of study: Medicine
Energy Impacts of Wide Band Gap Semiconductors in U.S. Light-Duty Electric Vehicle Fleet.

Silicon carbide and gallium nitride, two leading wide band gap semiconductors with significant potential in electric vehicle power electronics, are examined from a life cycle energy perspective and compared with incumbent silicon in U.S. light-duty electric vehicle fleet. Cradle-to-gate, silicon carbide is estimated to require more than twice the energy as silicon. However, the magnitude of vehicle use phase fuel savings potential is comparatively several orders of magnitude higher than the marginal increase in cradle-to-gate energy. Gallium nitride cradle-to-gate energy requirements are estimated to be similar to silicon, with use phase savings potential similar to or exceeding that of silicon carbide. Potential energy reductions in the United States vehicle fleet are examined through several scenarios that consider the market adoption potential of electric vehicles themselves, as well as the market adoption potential of wide band gap semiconductors in electric vehicles. For the 2015-2050 time frame, cumulative energy savings associated with the deployment of wide band gap semiconductors are estimated to range from 2-20 billion GJ depending on market adoption dynamics.

Field of study: Environmental science
Investigation of a Nonlinear Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes Closure for Corner Flows

This study gives an insight into the corner flow around a wing mounted on a flat plate. Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes simulations and experimental data are compared for a Reynolds number based on the wing chord (Rec) equal to 3×105 and an angle of attack of 12 deg. The flat plate and wing boundary layers are fully turbulent, and the Reynolds number based on the momentum thickness of the incoming boundary layer is equal to Reθ=2200. It is shown that the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes simulation using the Spalart–Allmaras model with the Boussinesq closure predicts a massive corner flow separation, whereas on the experimental side, the separation is confined to a small area. Better predictions are obtained when resorting to the Spalart–Allmaras model with the quadratic constitutive relation closure. A comprehensive investigation of the numerical results using the experimental data is performed to get a better understanding of the behavior of the Spalart–Allmaras quadratic constitutive relation model for t...

Field of study: Physics
Effect of antioxidants on volatile flavor components of Sichuan traditional bacon lay in -18 ℃

The SDE-GC/MS was used to investigate how the antioxidants affect the change of volatile flavor components of Sichuan traditional bacon lay in -18 ℃. The result showed that after A, B,℃treatments, the types of volatile aroma components of raw materials changed from 65 at the beginning to 35, 52, 57 in the end. The types of phenols, hydrocarbons, alcohols and carbonyl compounds changed from 59 to 31, 42 and 47 and the relative content changed from 74.32% to 65.94%, 79.54% and 76.43%. The relative content of phenol, 2-methoxy, 2-methoxy-5-methylphenol, nonanal, acetyl furan, 4-hydroxy- butanoicacid, and benzaldehyde after B treatment was higher than after A treatment. The relative content of phenol, nonanal, acetyl furan after℃treatment was higher than A treatment. It showed that the antioxidants could inhibit the reduction of characteristic flavor substances of bacon lay in -18 ℃.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
A new forecasting method for time continuous model of dynamic system

Usually a linear differential equation is used to represent continuous dynamic systems, but a linear difference equation is used to represent discrete dynamic systems. AGO is one of the most important characteristics of grey theory, and its main purpose is to reduce the randomness of data. A linear differential equation, instead of a linear difference equation, is used to replace the grey differential equation to analyze discrete systems in this paper. Approximating a k-order derivative by operating after spline curve fitting of 1-AGO data, a model is directly established by means of the least square method. ARIMA models are used to analyze the leading indicator in advance, and the Fourier series with suitably chosen values of parameters is used in the fitting of leading indicator. This model is called the GDM(2, 2, 1) model.

Field of study: Mathematics
The Construction of Illusional Image in Songci

In the long historical river of literature in our country, illusion becomes cultural phenomenon because of the illusion's depiction of long standing by people. The construction of illusional image of Song ci poetry not only reflect connotation and exquisiteness of Song Dynasty poet's aesthetic mentality, but also apply myriad image's information for Song ci. It has demonstrated the actual , painful and beautiful emotion of Song Dynasty poet's mind world, has displayed the more intrinsic essential authenticity.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Performance enhancement of a desiccant evaporative cooling system using direct/indirect evaporative cooler

In this paper, three novel desiccant evaporative cooling system configurations are proposed, simulated and compared with the conventional system under a wide range of ambient air temperature (30: 40 °C) and humidity ratio (0.01: 0.02 kg v  kg a −1 ). In configuration-I, a direct/indirect evaporative cooling is inserted before the rotating heat exchanger. However, it is inserted after the rotating heat exchanger for system configuration-II. In configuration-III, an extra direct/indirect evaporative cooling is added in an opposite manner. Validation results confirm that, simulation and experimental results are in a good agreement with average errors of 2.23 and 3.87% for ambient air temperature and humidity ratio, respectively. Energetic analysis revealed that configuration-I has the highest cooling capacity while configuration-III has the highest thermal COP and air handling COP. Exergetic efficiency of config-III is higher than the conventional system with 54% as average value over the range of ambient air humidity.

Field of study: Engineering
Intraoperative electrical stimulation in awake craniotomy: methodological aspects of current practice.

There is increasing evidence that the extent of tumor removal in low-grade glioma surgery is related to patient survival time. Thus, the goal of resecting the largest amount of tumor possible without leading to permanent neurological sequelae is a challenge for the neurosurgeon. Electrical stimulation of the brain to detect cortical and axonal areas involved in motor, language, and cognitive function and located within the tumor or along its boundaries has become an essential tool in combination with awake craniotomy. Based on a literature review, discussions within the European Low-Grade Glioma Group, and illustrative clinical experience, the authors of this paper provide an overview for neurosurgeons, neurophysiologists, linguists, and anesthesiologists as well as those new to the field about the stimulation techniques currently being used for mapping sensorimotor, language, and cognitive function in awake surgery for low-grade glioma. The paper is intended to help the understanding of these techniques and facilitate a comparison of results between users.

Field of study: Medicine
A Casualty in the Class War: Canada's Medicare.

"There's class warfare, all right, but it's my class, the rich class, that's making war, and we're winning." (Warren Buffett, five years ago.) Last year's Occupy Wall Street movement suggested that people are finally catching on. Note, making war: Buffett meant that there was deliberate intent and agency behind the huge transfer of wealth, since 1980, from the 99% to the 1%. Nor is the war metaphorical. There are real casualties, even if no body bags. Sadly, much Canadian commentary on inequality is pitiably naïve or deliberately obfuscatory. The 1% have captured national governments. The astronomical cost of American elections excludes the 99%. In Canada, parliamentary government permits one man to rule as a de facto dictator. The 1% don't like medicare.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Reactivity of β-aluminas with water

The reactivity with air moisture of finely divided crystals of Na β and Li + -containing β-aluminas is analyzed with thermogravimetric and X-ray techniques. For Na β-alumina two distinct water intake processes are evident: 1) a fast one, controlled by the elastic interactions among water molecules near the crystal boundaries; 2) a slow one, driven by water diffusion away from the boundaries. For finely divided crystals of Li β-alumina the two processes cannot be distinguished but the slow one is observable in crystals of macroscopic dimensions. The water intake is generally accompanied by an expansion of the c-axis. However, the relationship between water content and c-parameter is highly non-linear and the c-axis length at room temperature depends upon the thermal history of the sample. Our results confirm previous reports suggesting that β-aluminas absorb about one water molecule per cation of the conducting plane.

Field of study: Materials science
Hille–Yosida type theorems for local regularized semigroups and local integrated semigroups

Motivated by a great deal of interest recently in operators that may not be densely dened, we deal with regularized semigroups and integrated semigroups that are either not exponentially bounded or not dened on (0;1) and generated by closed operators which may not be densely dened. Some characterizations and related examples are presented. Our results are extensions of the corresponding results produced by other authors.

Field of study: Mathematics
Initial plant diversification and dispersal event in upper Silurian of the Prague Basin

A relatively rich association of six species of embryophyte plants is known from the upper Silurian of the Prague Basin (Bohemian Massif, Czech Republic). All stratigraphically controlled specimens come from the Neocolonograptus parultimus-Neocolonograptus ultimus Zone of the Přidoli. A new genus and species, Tichavekia grandis Psenicka, Sakala et Kraft, is established. The new combination Aberlemnia bohemica (Schweitzer) Sakala, Psenicka et Kraft, comb. nov. illustrates its Lycophytina affinity. The distribution and taphonomy of these plants in the Prague Basin indicates the proximity of exposed land interpreted to be islands of volcanic origin. Two local associations show primary differences in vegetated areas of the islands and apparent ecological responses of the primitive vascular plants to their habitats. Suitable environments in the coastal zones of volcanic islands in the Prague Basin, which was situated at the outer periphery of a broad Gondwanan shelf, likely represent significant transfer points for an initial dispersion and a first expansion of land plants. Repeated vegetation of the islands is inferred from the discrete distribution of land plants at different stratigraphic levels. These changes are explained partly in context of local changes of the island relief, and partly as responses to global climatic and sea level fluctuations, and fit environmental dynamics of islands of volcanic origin in general. This Initial Plant Diversification and Dispersal Event (IPDDE) is of considerable significance in the evolution of plants documented from the Bohemian Massif.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Regulation and Role of GLI1 in Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma Pathogenesis

Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is the second most common skin tumor in humans. Although current therapies are sufficient to clear the tumor in many cases, the overall risk of cSCC metastasis is still 5%. Alternative treatment options could help to overcome this situation. Here we focused on the role of the Hedgehog (HH) signaling pathway and its interplay with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling in cSCC. The analyses revealed that, despite lack of Sonic HH (SHH) expression, a subset of human cSCC can express GLI1, a marker for active HH signaling, within distinct tumor areas. In contrast, all tumors strongly express EGFR and the hair follicle stem cell marker SOX9 at the highly proliferative tumor-stroma interface, whereas central tumor regions with a more differentiated stratum spinosum cell type lack both EGFR and SOX9 expression. In vitro experiments indicate that activation of EGFR signaling in the human cSCC cell lines SCL-1, MET-1, and MET-4 leads to GLI1 inhibition via the MEK/ERK axis without affecting cellular proliferation. Of note, EGFR activation also inhibits cellular migration of SCL-1 and MET-4 cells. Because proliferation and migration of the cells is also not altered by a GLI1 knockdown, GLI1 is apparently not involved in processes of aggressiveness in established cSCC tumors. In contrast, our data rather suggest a negative correlation between Gli1 expression level and cSCC formation because skin of Ptch +/- mice with slightly elevated Gli1 expression levels is significantly less susceptible to chemically-induced cSCC formation compared to murine wildtype skin. Although not yet formally validated, these data open the possibility that GLI1 (and thus HH signaling) may antagonize cSCC initiation and is not involved in cSCC aggressiveness, at least in a subset of cSCC.

Field of study: Biology
Kinetic model of an ultraviolet laser utilizing electron transitions in molecular xenon

A kinetic model is developed for a hypotherical laser using the electron transition [Xe2(3Σu+) + hνL(~175 nm) → Xe2(1Σg+) + 2hνL], which is pumped by the processes Kr(1S0) + hνr(116.5, 123.6 nm) → Kr(1P1,3P1), Kr(1P1,3P1) + Xe(1S0) → Kr(1S0) + Xe(3P1), and Xe(3P1) + Xe(1S0) → Xe2(1Σu+) → Xe2(3Σu+), where the lower level is depopulated rapidly by the process [Xe2(1Σg+) → 2Xe(1S0)].

Field of study: Engineering, Physics