nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
New developments in A1 and A2 adenosine receptor antagonists

The aim of this article is to briefly present progress in the development of the potent adenosine receptor (AR) antagonists with high selectivity for either A1, A2A, or A2B ARs. The structural requirements for each AR subtype were discussed as well as their potential therapeutic use. In the search for new AR antagonists, series of imidazo-, pyrimido-, and diazepino-purindione derivatives as well as oxazolo-, oxazino-, and oxazepino-purindiones were designed, synthesized, and preliminarily evaluated in pharmacological studies. Oxygen-containing tricyclic derivatives were shown to be moderately potent AR antagonists exhibiting selectivity either for A1 or A2A ARs. Tricyclic purindiones with nitrogen in the third ring were generally more A2A AR selective. The compounds tested in vivo according to the Antiepileptic Drug Development Program of the National Institutes of Health (USA) were generally active as anticonvulsants in chemically induced seizures.

Field of study: Chemistry
The Experiential Caribbean: Creating Knowledge and Healing in the Early Modern Atlantic by Pablo F. Gómez (review)

Pablo Gómez’s book fills a significant fissure in our understanding of the processes and countervailing forces at play in the production of knowledge in the early modern Atlantic. Gómez argues “that rather than depending on references to first principles, tradition, or dogma, black Caribbean ritual practitioners’ power and knowledgecreating strategies were based on experiential phenomena they manufactured anew on the basis of localized successes in different Caribbean locales” (3). Black ritual practitioners were at the forefront of creating and circulating authoritative medical knowledge. In order to prosper, practitioners deployed “sensorially evident practices that demonstrated a capacity to effectively understand, classify, and manipulate the natural world” (3).

Field of study: History
The minimum norm method for the determination of the charge density from elastic electron scattering data

Unphysical behavior in the QR algorithm based least squares determination of the expansion coefficients of the charge density obtained from limited information about the charge form factor occurs when the spread of the singular values in the matrix relating these quantities becomes too large. Setting the smallest singular values equal to zero in the singular value decomposition used in the minimum norm method yields a much more reasonable determination of the charge density. Increasing the size of the basis without increasing the range of the prior information about the charge form factor leads to ambiguities in the determination of the charge density. Numerical results in an analytic model are presented.

Field of study: Physics
BRIEF COMMUNICATIONS: Precision of retroreflection in quasidegenerate four-wave interaction

An experimental determination was made of the direction of propagation of a reflected wave in the case of a quasidegenerate four-photon interaction. This direction was different from the exact retroreflection of the signal wave. Characteristics of the deviation from the exact retroreflection were determined and it was found that the magnitude of the deviation depended strongly on the angle of incidence of the signal wave on the boundary of a nonlinear interaction region.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
The lower Lesser Himalayan sequence: A Paleoproterozoic arc on the northern margin of the Indian plate

The lower Lesser Himalayan sequence marks the northern extremity of the exposed Indian plate, and is generally interpreted as a passive margin. Five lines of evidence, however, collectively suggest a continental arc setting: (1) igneous intrusions and volcanic rocks occur at this stratigraphic level across the length of the Himalaya, (2) ages of intrusive and metavolcanic (?) rocks cluster at 1780–1880 Ma but also indicate a long-lived igneous process, (3) detrital zircon ages in clastic rocks cluster at 1800–1900 Ma, with a unimodal age distribution in some rocks, (4) the mineralogy and chemistry of metasedimentary rocks differ from typical shales and suggest a volcanogenic source, (5) trace-element chemistries of orthogneisses and metabasalts are more consistent with either an arc or a collisional setting. Intercalation of volcanic rocks with clastic sediments and a general absence of Proterozoic metamorphic ages do not support a collisional origin. An arc model further underscores the profound unconformity separating lower-upper Lesser Himalayan rocks, indicating that a Paleoproterozoic arc may have formed the stratigraphic base of the northern Indian margin. This, in turn, may indicate disposition of the Indian plate adjacent to North America in the ca. 1800 Ma supercontinent Columbia. Felsic orthogneisses (“Ulleri”) likely represent shallow intrusions, not Indian basement.

Field of study: Geology
Larval exposure to Francisella tularensis LVS affects fitness of the mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus.

Francisella tularensis is an environmental bacterium capable of infecting a wide spectrum of species from mammals and birds to reptiles. It has been demonstrated that F. tularensis can invade and survive within protozoa, but an association with aquatic insects has not been thoroughly investigated. We examined the interaction of F. tularensis LVS biofilms and Culex quinquefasciatus larvae to determine the effects on larvae and adults. Our results demonstrate that F. tularensis LVS can form and persist as biofilms in natural water and that the mosquito larvae of C. quinquefasciatus readily feed on biofilm and planktonic forms of F. tularensis LVS. Larvae raised in both bacteria-only cultures suffered significant delays in pupation. Adults resulting from larvae continuously exposed to the bacteria had significantly reduced wing lengths in males and fecundity of both sexes. The bacteria may be exerting these effects through localization and persistence within the midgut and Malpighian tubule cells of the larvae. The study of oral acquisition of pathogens by insect larvae can significantly contribute to the study of environmental persistence of pathogens. We show that oral uptake of F. tularensis LVS by C. quinquefasciatus larvae results in not only larval effects but also has effects on adult mosquitoes. These effects are important in understanding both the ecology of tularemia as well as bacterial interactions with aquatic invertebrates.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
MO-FG-BRA-03: A Novel Method for Characterizing Gating Response Time in Radiation Therapy.

Low temporal latency between a gating ON/OFF signal and the LINAC beam ON/OFF during respiratory gating is critical for patient safety. Current film based methods to assess gating response have poor temporal resolution and are highly qualitative. We describe a novel method to precisely measure gating lag times at high temporal resolutions and use it to characterize the temporal response of several gating systems.



A respiratory gating simulator with an oscillating platform was modified to include a linear potentiometer for position measurement. A photon diode was placed at linear accelerator isocenter for beam output measurement. The output signals of the potentiometer and diode were recorded simultaneously at 2500 Hz (0.4 millisecond (ms) sampling interval) with an analogue-to-digital converter (ADC). The techniques was used on three commercial respiratory gating systems. The ON and OFF of the beam signal were located and compared to the expected gating window for both phase and position based gating and the temporal lag times extracted using a polynomial fit method.



A Varian RPM system with a monoscopic IR camera was measured to have mean beam ON and OFF lag times of 98.2 ms and 89.6 ms, respectively. A Varian RPM system with a stereoscopic IR camera was measured to have mean beam ON and OFF lag times of 86.0 ms and 44.0 ms, respectively. A Calypso magnetic fiducial tracking system was measured to have mean beam ON and OFF lag times of 209.0 ms and 60.0 ms, respectively.



A novel method allowed for quantitative determination of gating timing accuracy for several clinically used gating systems. All gating systems met the 100 ms TG-142 criteria for mean beam OFF times. For beam ON response, the Calypso system exceeded the recommended response time.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Study of Cold Extrusion Forming Process for Piston Pin

On the basis of the analysis of piston pin structure,the cold extrusion process plan and extrusion map were designed,the die diameter and the combined sizes were determined;the combined punch die which facilitates adjustment and replacement was designed to ensure the extrusion concentricity.According to the working characteristics of the punch die,taking the appropriate heat treatment process,the use life of the die can be lengthened.

Field of study: Materials science
Cultural Estrangement and Terror Management Theory

A new measure of cultural estrangement was described. The scale assesses the extent to which individuals believe (a) that their ideas, beliefs, or values differ from those of most Americans (the A typicality subscale) and (b) that they do not fit in with main-stream American culture (the Misfit subscale). Those scoring high on the A typicality subscale reported that they perceived themselves to be nonconformists, yet these individuals did not show evidence of poor psychological adjustment. In contrast, those scoring high on the Misfit subscale reported being alienated, depressed, anxious, and low in self-esteem and life satisfaction. Self-discrepancies (a perceived gap between one's real and ideal self) were found to partially mediate the relationships between feeling like a misfit and these negative psychological outcomes. Results were discussed primarily within the context of terror management theory.

Field of study: Psychology
Increased expression of Toll‐like receptor 4 in peripheral blood leucocytes and serum levels of some cytokines in patients with ankylosing spondylitis

Toll‐like receptor 4 (TLR4) is a member of the Toll‐like receptor family, which can bridge innate and adaptive immune responses. Activation of the TLR4 signalling pathway may induce the release of proinflammatory cytokines such as tumour necrosis factor (TNF)‐α and interleukin (IL)‐12, which was considered to play an important role in pathogenesis of immune‐mediated diseases. Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is an immune‐mediated disease whose aetiology remains unknown. The aim of the study was to investigate the expression of TLR4 and serum TNF‐α, IL‐12 and soluble tumour necrosis factor‐related apoptosis‐inducing ligand (sTRAIL) level in AS patients. The results indicated that TLR4 protein and mRNA levels were significantly higher in AS patients than in healthy controls; however, there was no significant difference between human leucocyte antigen (HLA)‐B27‐positive and ‐negative AS patients, as well as serum levels of TNF‐α, IL‐12 and sTRAIL. In addition, in HLA‐B27‐positive AS patients, TLR4 level showed close associations with the cytokines and laboratory parameters of disease activity [erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and plasma C‐reactive protein (CRP)], respectively. Similarly, the strong associations between the cytokines or between IL‐12 and ESR or CRP were observed in HLA‐B27‐positive AS patients. Interestingly, in HLA‐B27‐positive AS patients, TNF‐α correlated significantly with ESR, but did not with CRP. In contrast, sTRAIL correlated with CRP, but did not with ESR. Among HLA‐B27‐negative patients, no close correlation was found. In our study, it was suggested that the abnormal activation of TLR4 signalling and serum TNF‐α, IL‐12 and sTRAIL may play a key role in the development and progression of AS, which may be dependent on the status of HLA‐B27 antigen.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Ductile nappe stacking and refolding in the Cycladic Blueschist Unit: insights from Sifnos Island (south Aegean Sea)

New geological and structural mapping combined with kinematic and amphibole chemistry analyses is used to investigate the deformation history of the Cycladic Blueschist Unit (CBU) on Sifnos Island (Cyclades, Aegean Sea). We concentrate on north Sifnos, an area characterized by exceptionally well-preserved eclogites and blueschists. Our data show that the early, main phase (D2) of ductile deformation in the CBU occurred synchronous with the transition from prograde to close-to-peak retrograde conditions. This deformation phase took place at middle Eocene and is related to ESE-directed thrusting that emplaced the metavolcano-sedimentary subunit over the Marble subunit. The subsequent exhumation-related (D3) deformation is characterized by gently NE-plunging folds and NE-directed contractional shear zones that formed parallel to the axial planes of folds. NE-directed shearing occurred under blueschist and transitional blueschist-/greenschist-facies conditions during late Eocene–Oligocene and caused the restacking of the early nappe pile. We suggest that a mechanism of ductile extrusion of the CBU in a tectonic setting of net compression could explain better the recorded exhumation-related deformation than a mechanism of syn- and post-orogenic extension. Our new kinematic results in combination with previous works in the Cyclades area reveal a regional scale change in tectonic transport direction from (W)NW–(E)SE at Late Cretaceous–middle Eocene to (E)NE–(W)SW at late Eocene–Oligocene times. The observed change in transport direction may be governed by the relative motion of Africa with respect to Europe during Alpine orogeny.

Field of study: Environmental science
Fault diagnosis of VRF air-conditioning system based on improved Gaussian mixture model with PCA approach

The timely fault diagnosis of HVAC systems is important for building energy saving, equipment maintenance and indoor comfort. The Gaussian mixture model method has rarely been studied in the fault diagnosis application of HVAC systems. Therefore, a novel fault diagnosis strategy is proposed based on the Gaussian mixture model (GMM) method for the variable refrigerant flow air-conditioning system. To reduce excessive input variables resulting in large model complexity and long running time, the principal component analysis approach (PCA) is used to perform data dimensionality reduction. Therefore, the fault diagnosis model combining the Gaussian mixture model and principal component analysis is established, which is evaluated using the four types of faults of the variable refrigerant flow system. These faults include refrigerant undercharge, refrigerant overcharge, outdoor unit fouling and four-way reversing valve faults. Experiments are carried out under three heating conditions. Results show that the PCA-GMM approach can effectively reduce the running time. Especially for the VVV type model, the running time is reduced from 176.78 s to 15.18 s. Meanwhile, established PCA-GMMs still have good fault diagnosis correct rates when the input data dimension is reduced. Especially, some PCA-GMMs have fault diagnosis correct rates of over 99% when the number of principal components exceeds 7.

Field of study: Engineering
UV/visible/near-infrared reflectance models for the rapid and non-destructive prediction and classification of cotton color and physical indices.

HVI, utilized in the cotton industry to determine the qualities and classifications of cotton fibers, is time consuming and sometimes destructive. UV/visible/NIR spectroscopy, a rapid and easy sampling technique, was investigated as a potential method for the prediction of such key cotton color and physical attributes as reflectance (Rd), yellowness (+b), micronaire, strength, mean length, upper-half mean length, short fiber index, and uniformity index. Cotton fibers were scanned in the region of 220-2200 nm, and HVI values were measured as the references. PLS regression models were individually developed and then compared for each property in three spectral ranges. The best performances for nearly all properties were obtained from the region covering the UV/visible absorptions, which was in consistent agreement with Pearson correlations from HVI data alone. On the basis of RPD value in the validation set, the suitability of UV/visible/NIR predictive models could be in the descending order of micronaire, +b, Rd, mean length, upper-half mean length, uniformity index, short fiber index, and strength. In addition, to limit the possibility of misclassification for boundary samples from the micronaire PLS model, a 3-class SIMCA/PCA model was developed and the classification efficiency was compared. The comparison indicated that the discrimination model utilizing the UV/visible region could assign one cotton fiber to an appropriate micronaire class of "Discount Range," "Base Range," or "Premium Range" with a success rate of 100% for the samples under investigation. Both prediction and classification results suggested that the UV/visible/NIR technique is an accurate means of determining fiber micronaire for cotton quality grading and classification.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Localization-delocalization transition in a system of quantum kicked rotors.

The quantum dynamics of atoms subjected to pairs of closely spaced delta kicks from optical potentials are shown to be quite different from the well-known paradigm of quantum chaos, the single delta-kick system. We find the unitary matrix has a new oscillating band structure corresponding to a cellular structure of phase space and observe a spectral signature of a localization-delocalization transition from one cell to several. We find that the eigenstates have localization lengths which scale with a fractional power L approximately h(-0.75) and obtain a regime of near-linear spectral variances which approximate the "critical statistics" relation summation2(L) approximately or equal to chi(L) approximately 1/2 (1-nu)L, where nu approximately 0.75 is related to the fractal classical phase-space structure. The origin of the nu approximately 0.75 exponent is analyzed.

Field of study: Physics
Changes in Comorbid Conditions After Prolonged Exposure for PTSD: a Literature Review

Prolonged exposure (PE) is an effective psychological treatment for patients who suffer from PTSD. The majority of PTSD patients have comorbid psychiatric disorders, and some clinicians are hesitant to use PE with comorbid patients because they believe that comorbid conditions may worsen during PE. In this article, we reviewed the evidence for this question: what are the effects of PE on comorbid symptoms and associated symptomatic features? We reviewed findings from 18 randomized controlled trials of PE that assessed the most common comorbid conditions (major depression, anxiety disorders, substance use disorders, personality disorders, and psychotic disorders) and additional symptomatic features (suicidality, dissociation, negative cognitions, negative emotions, and general health and work/social functioning). Although systematic research is not available for all comorbid populations, the existing research indicates that comorbid disorders and additional symptomatic features either decline along with the PTSD symptoms or do not change as a result of PE. Therefore, among the populations that have been studied to date, there is no empirical basis for excluding PTSD patients from PE due to fear of increases in comorbid conditions or additional symptomatic features. Limitations of the existing research and recommendations for future research are also discussed.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Thread migration and its applications in distributed shared memory systems

In this paper we describe the way thread migration can be carried in distributed shared memory (DSM) systems. We discuss the advantages of multi-threading in DSM systems and the importance of preempted dynamic thread migration. The proposed solution is implemented in MILLIPEDE: an environment for parallel programming over a network of (personal) computers. MILLIPEDE implements transparent computation migration mechanism: a mobile computation thread in a MILLIPEDE application can be suspended almost at every point during its lifetime and be resumed on another host. This mechanism can be used to better utilize system resources and improve performance by balancing the load and solving ping-pong situations of memory objects, and to provide user ownership on his workstation. We describe how some of these are implemented in the MILLIPEDE system. MILLIPEDE, including its thread migration module, is fully implemented in user-mode (currently on Windows-NT) using the standard operating system APIs.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
[Effect of anisodine with chlorpromazine on the content of acetylcholine in various brain areas].

The effects of anisodine-HBr and chlorpromazine (CPZ) on the Ach content in some brain areas have been studied by both microbioassay on leech dorsal muscle and radioimmunoassay. 
The Ach content in the cerebral cortex and striatum was decreased after iv anisodine 3 mg/kg alone and in combination with CPZ 4 mg/kg, while the Ach content in the hippocampus remained the same as the control group. CPZ did not show any marked effect on the content of Ach in the brain areas studied except striatum. It is suggested that there is no correlation between the behavioral activity of animal and the content of Ach in the above mentioned brain areas.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Studium der van der Waals-Kraft im Bereich kleiner Abstände

The theory of Dzyaloshinskii allows us to calculate the van der Waals force acting between two surfaces which are held at a distance of 104 Å and less. This calculation was based on the experimentally determined absorption data of quarz. The deflection of a thin quarz plate which was supported at one end with a vaporized bar has been measured to verify the theoretical results. Within the range of accuracy a fair agreement could be reached.

Field of study: Physics
Controlled Growth of Tungsten Oxide Films by Hydrothermal Synthesis for Underwater Superoleophobicity Regulation

Through controlling the pH of the precursor, we have achieved creatively controllable growth of tungsten oxide on stainless steel meshes with different morphologies via a simple hydrothermal method. Consequently, under the synergistic action of micro/nanostructures and the intrinsic hydrophilic property, the underwater superoleophobicity of tungsten oxide films can also be regulated successfully, which is helpful in the design of functional nanomaterials with various morphologies.

Field of study: Chemistry
Sign changes and resonance of intrinsic spin Hall effect in two-dimensional hole gas

The intrinsic spin Hall conductance shows rich sign changes by applying a perpendicular magnetic field in two-dimensional hole gas. Especially, notable sign changes can be achieved by adjusting the characteristic length of the Rashba coupling and hole density at moderate magnetic fields. The resonant intrinsic spin Hall conductance appears in high hole density and strong magnetic field due to the transition between mostly spin −12 holes and spin 32 holes is confirmed. Two likely ways to establish intrinsic spin Hall effect in experiments and a possible application are suggested.

Field of study: Physics