nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Dopamine release in the medial preoptic area of female rats in response to hormonal manipulation and sexual activity.

Dopamine (DA) is responsive to hormonal manipulations and has been implicated in the regulation of female rat sexual behavior. In the present studies, extracellular DA levels were assessed in the medial preoptic area (MPOA) of ovariectomized female rats in response to exogenous ovarian hormones and during sexual activity. In female rats primed with a low dose of estradiol benzoate (2 microg), but not with a higher dose (20 microg), a 500-microg progesterone injection increased extracellular DA and facilitated copulatory behavior. Extracellular DA levels in the MPOA were further augmented during sexual interactions with a male rat in a nonpacing copulatory chamber by either perineal or vaginal stimulation. However, in a pacing chamber, DA efflux did not increase, although the metabolites rose significantly during copulation. Together, these findings suggest that extracellular DA in the MPOA responds to the hormonal state of the female rat and may contribute to her expression of sexual behavior.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Thermodynamic Study of the CuCl2-MCl2-H2O Systems (M = Mg, Co) at 298.15 K

The Pitzer ion-interaction model was used for a simulation of the CuCl2-MCl2-H2O (M = Mg, Co) systems at 298.15 K. The necessary thermodynamic functions (binary and ternary ion-interaction parameters and thermodynamic solubility products) were calculated and the theoretical solubility diagrams plotted. A very good agreement was obtained between the calculated and observed data.

Field of study: Chemistry
Integrated Theoretical Model for Employees’ Intention to Participate in Non-Mandatory Trainings

The significance of non-mandatory training is presently being acknowledged across the globe and currently its importance has been raised to a level near to that of compulsory training. However, research evidence indicates that if the training is non-mandatory, employees are generally reluctant to participate in training programs. Yet, a study of the current literature suggests there is no appropriate theoretical framework to predict and explain the motivational and inhibitory factors underlying employee participation in non-mandatory training. This paper addresses this lacuna, drawing from the Adult Learning theory, the Expectancy theory and the Perceived Organizational Support (POS) theory; it argues that the perception of a supportive environment in the organization, the fostering of employees’ dispositional characteristics, job involvement and career motivation, working together enhance employees’ intention to participate in the non-mandatory training programs. Building on this argument further, it is proposed that when the perceived benefit of training is stronger, its effect on employee dispositional characteristics, job involvement and career motivation pertaining to participation in non-mandatory training becomes stronger. Being one of the early attempts at theorizing on employees’ intention to participate in non-mandatory training, this paper hopes to provide an appropriate theoretical foundation for the empirical work in this field, while providing an insight for managers involved in non-mandatory training of employees.

Field of study: Business
Empirical formalism for the production of neutron-rich nuclei using fragmentation of medium heavy neutron-rich Rare Isotope Beam

We report here an empirical formalism for predicting the cross-sections of neutron-rich nuclei produced in fragmentation of relativistic \b{eta}-unstable neutron-rich projectiles in the mid-mass region. The formalism is based on the abrasion-ablation picture of the projectile fragmentation reaction. It has been shown that the formalism can accurately reproduce the experimental cross-section data for nuclei produced in the fragmentation of 132Sn. The formalism, it is shown, can also reproduce the experimental cross-sections of neutron-rich nuclei produced in the fragmentation of 129Xe fairly accurately. The formalism is used to bring out the advantage in the production cross-sections of neutron-rich isotopes, especially the more neutron-rich ones; that one can expect by using unstable doubly magic neutron-rich projectile 132Sn as compared to comparatively less neutron-rich unstable projectile 128Sn and also 124Sn, the isotope which is most neutron-rich among the stable isotopes of Sn (tin). The formalism is used to predict the cross-sections of neutron-rich nuclei produced in the fragmentation reaction of unstable 144Xe and 146Cs, which are expected to be produced with sufficient intensity in the upcoming RIB facilities and in the existing RIB facilities after beam intensity upgrade.

Field of study: Physics
Osteoporotic vertebral fractures.

Osteoporosis is a significant public health problem. Vertebral fractures are the most common fracture in patients with osteoporosis, occurring in approximately 750,000 cases each year. The fractures may cause acute or chronic pain, reduce the quality of life, and shorten life expectancy. Several medications are available that reduce the risk of fracture. Vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty (balloon-inflated expansion of collapsed vertebrae followed by injection of bone cement) may reduce or relieve pain in selected patients. Although surgery is rarely necessary for the management of osteoporotic vertebral fractures, it may be indicated for other reasons. No studies have been conducted to determine if the outcome of spinal fusion is different in patients with osteoporosis and, if it is, whether management of the patient's osteoporosis will improve the outcome.

Field of study: Medicine
Trilobite biodiversity trends in the Devonian of North Africa

Taking advantage of the exceptional record of Devonian trilobites in North Africa, a new dataset was compiled in order to reveal their long-term evolutionary history leading to their extinction. This dataset comprises 1171 trilobite occurrences from 168 different localities, within 22 consecutive and discrete chronostratigraphic intervals (substage temporal scale), representing 556 species, 179 genera, and 15 families scattered among nine North African basins. The reconstructed palaeobiodiversity trajectories by means of various biodiversity estimators of taxonomic richness are consistent and highlight a progressive and continuous diversification throughout the Early Devonian to reach a maximum of diversity at the end of the Emsian. Most families encountered in North Africa contribute to this increase of diversity. This regional diversification shows the same trends as the global one. Thereafter, the trilobite diversity began to decline due to extinction rates higher than origination rates during the Eifelian (Middle Devonian). From the middle Givetian to the late Frasnian, the trilobite diversity remained low. After this major decline, and the Frasnian events, a faunal change occurred, especially in phacopid and proetid trilobites, which were the only two families crossing the Frasnian/Famennian boundary. Indeed, the Kellwasser Event impacted an already impoverished diversity leading to a major faunal renewal associated with quick taxonomic changes at the genus level. A larger proportion of deeper water and reduced-eye/blind trilobites who acted as opportunists characterized the Famennian recovery. Finally, these palaeobiodiversity trends are compared to those of ammonoids from the same area.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Flashing light emitting diodes (LEDs) induce proteins, polyunsaturated fatty acids and pigments in three microalgae.

As the periodic emission of light pulses by light emitting diodes (LEDs) is known to stimulate growth or induce high value biocompounds in microalgae, this flashing light regime was tested on growth and biochemical composition of the microalgae Nannochloropsis gaditana, Koliella antarctica and Tetraselmis chui. At low flashing light frequencies (e.g., 5 and 50 Hz, Duty cycle = 0.05), a strain-dependent growth inhibition and an accumulation of protein, polyunsaturated fatty acids, chlorophyll or carotenoids (lutein, β-carotene, violaxanthin and neoxanthin) was observed. In addition, a 4-day application of low-frequency flashing light to concentrated cultures increased productivities of eicosapentaenoic acid and specific carotenoids up to three-fold compared to continuous or high frequency flashing light (500 Hz, Duty cycle = 0.05). Therefore, applying low-frequency flashing light as finishing step in industrial production can increase protein, polyunsaturated fatty acids or pigment contents in biomass, leading to high-value algal products.

Field of study: Biology, Engineering
A Comparison Study of Machine Learning Based Algorithms for Fatigue Crack Growth Calculation

The relationships between the fatigue crack growth rate (da/dN) and stress intensity factor range (ΔK) are not always linear even in the Paris region. The stress ratio effects on fatigue crack growth rate are diverse in different materials. However, most existing fatigue crack growth models cannot handle these nonlinearities appropriately. The machine learning method provides a flexible approach to the modeling of fatigue crack growth because of its excellent nonlinear approximation and multivariable learning ability. In this paper, a fatigue crack growth calculation method is proposed based on three different machine learning algorithms (MLAs): extreme learning machine (ELM), radial basis function network (RBFN) and genetic algorithms optimized back propagation network (GABP). The MLA based method is validated using testing data of different materials. The three MLAs are compared with each other as well as the classical two-parameter model (K* approach). The results show that the predictions of MLAs are superior to those of K* approach in accuracy and effectiveness, and the ELM based algorithms show overall the best agreement with the experimental data out of the three MLAs, for its global optimization and extrapolation ability.

Field of study: Materials science
The Belief in a Just World and Immanent Justice Reasoning in Adults

Deciding that negative experiences are punishment for prior misdeeds, even when plausible causal links are missing, is immanent justice (IJ) reasoning (Piaget, 1932/1965). Three studies examined a just world theory analysis of IJ reasoning in adults (Lerner, 1980). Studies 1 and 2 varied the valence of a target person's behavior prior to them experiencing an unrelated negative (car accident, Study 1) or positive (lottery win, Study 2) outcome. Participants viewed the outcomes as the result of prior behavior most when they fit deservingness expectations (good person won the lottery, bad person injured in automobile accident), suggesting that just world concerns influenced IJ reasoning. The lottery-winning finding (Study 2) also extends IJ reasoning to positive experiences. A third study found that a manipulation of just world threat in one context (prolonged or ended suffering of an HIV victim) influenced IJ responses in a subsequent unrelated context (automobile accident scenario).

Field of study: Psychology
Late Quaternary palaeoenvironmental evolution of the Adriatic coastal plain and the onset of Po River Delta

Despite abundant geologic literature about the Po coastal plain, stratigraphic architecture beneath modern Po River Delta is virtually unknown. In this paper, combined sedimentological, micropalaeontological and geochemical investigations of three continuous cores (cores 1 to 3), about 40 m thick, enable for the first time the detailed reconstruction of subsurface stratigraphy in the Po River Delta area, along with its late Quaternary palaeoenvironmental evolution. Lowstand deposits, formed during the Last Glacial Maximum, are expressed as a fining-upward succession of fluvial-channel and related overbank deposits, capped by a stiff, overconsolidated horizon. Above this unconformable surface, the lower post-glacial succession (transgressive systems tract or TST) is less than 7 m thick and includes a deepening-upward succession of back-barrier, shoreface and inner-shelf deposits. On the other hand, the overlying highstand systems tract is considerably thicker (up to 27 m) and comprises the bulk of recent delta progradation ( i.e. , vertically stacked prodelta, delta front and delta-plain deposits). Stratigraphic correlations within early transgressive, back-barrier deposits show vertically stacked, thin shallowing-upward successions, reflecting an internal subdivision of TST into small-scale parasequences. The homogeneous shallow-marine clay that accumulated at the turnaround from transgressive to highstand conditions can be palaeontologically differentiated into two packages ( Miliolidae -dominated and Ammonia/Cribroelphidium -dominated), reflecting open-marine and river-influenced conditions, respectively. Timing of maximum marine ingression (maximum flooding surface-MFS) is recorded within the open-marine clays at about 5500 calibrated yr BP by minor changes in microfauna. Geochemical characterization of Core 1 testifies that distinct changes in sediment provenance accompanied the palaeoenvironmental evolution of the study area under changing relative sea-level conditions. At lowstand times, the study area was an alluvial plain under the influence of Adige River, as suggested by comparatively high Ba/Al values within pre-Holocene fluvial deposits. Increasing upward values of Cr/Al 2 O 3 and Ni/Mg within TST suggest an increasing sediment provenance from the Po River during early stages of transgression, via the longshore drift. The onset of modern-age Po Delta in the study area is precisely identified in Core 1 at 25.10 m depth, and has a distinctive, double signature. In terms of microfaunal assemblages, Po River sediments are clearly marked by the development of a characteristic foraminiferal association dominated by the opportunistic species Nonionella turgida , a taxon typically abundant in the marginal zone of present northern Adriatic Sea mud-belt. Po River deposits are also fingerprinted by a peculiar geochemical composition, corresponding to maximum Cr and Ni concentrations.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Ankle Arthritis in a 6-Year-Old Boy After a Tick Bite – A Case Report

Monoarthritis of the ankle is a rare condition in children, and is most often caused by a bacterial infection. Lyme disease is endemic in southern Scandinavia, and diagnosis remains a challenge. The clinical presentation of Lyme disease varies greatly, and often with considerable delay between exposure and presentation.  We report a case of ankle arthritis in a boy who presented one year earlier with a tick bite on the dorsum of the foot. He was suboptimally treated with oral antibiotics for one week, and developed in the following months a painless limp. Radiographs revealed a severe arthritis of the right ankle joint with necrosis of the talus and deformation of the talocrural and subtalar joints. There was no history of malaise, fever or other systemic symptoms. He remains seronegative for antibodies against B. burgdorferi.  The suboptimal oral antibiotic treatment may have hindered the antibody production against B burgdorferi, while not being therapeutic, resulting in severe ankle arthritis due to seronegative Lyme disease.

Field of study: Medicine
Limitations of Blended Learning in Bangladesh: A Measurement for a Decade

This study portrays a picture of why blended learning process in Bangladesh is now not appropriate to the students in any level of education systems. A total of 21 teachers and 17 administrators in more than 25 public and private universities interviewed with a set of 11 questions in a questionnaire. The results of frequency count from the questionnaire showed that blended learning requires a minimum of 12-15 years to be implemented across the country. There were also some positive signs of quick adaptation of blended learning process in Bangladesh on conditions. Inadequate logistic support causes the obstacle to achieve the goal of blended learning in Bangladesh. The acknowledgement of the interviewees on acceptability and sustainability of blended learning to the students enhances the popularity of this process. Based on the analysis of the answers of interviewees in this study, some suggestions have been added to make conscious to the policy makers in education sectors.  Blended Learning, Logistic Support, Sustainability, Quick Adaption, Policy Makers

Field of study: Education
Photoluminescence of nanocrystals embedded in oxide matrices

We used the theory of finite periodic systems to explain the photoluminescence spectra dependence on the average diameter of nanocrystals embedded in oxide matrices. Because of the broad matrix band gap, the photoluminescence response is basically determined by isolated nanocrystals and sequences of a few of them. With this model we were able to reproduce the shape and displacement of the experimentally observed photoluminescence spectra.

Field of study: Physics
"In the Footsteps of the Ancients." The Origins of Humanism from Lovato to Bruni. Ronald G. Witt

Ronald G. Witt , "In the Footsteps of the Ancients." The Origins of Humanism from Lovato to Bruni (Studies in Medieval and Reformation Thought, 74.) Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2000. xiii + 514 pp.  90-04-11397-5. This is an outstanding work of scholarship, and an intellectual feast for students of ancient, medieval, and Renaissance literary history. It was preceded by the author's "Medieval Italian Culture and the Origins of Humanism as a Stylistic Ideal" (in Renaissance Humanism, vol. 1, ed. Albert Rabil, 1988), and accompanied by his subentry on "The Origins of Humanism" in the Encyclopedia of the Renaissance (1999; vol. 3, s.v. "Humanism"). One criterion we can use to assess large books like this is whether the chapters stand alone as independent units or function as integral parts of the whole, and often enough we are glad if we find that they stand alone, so that we can select the ones we want to read, even though their sum total is an aimless or shapeless book. In this one the chapters are definitely subordinate to the whole, which does have an aim and a shape, and which I think most scholars will want to read right through. Witt's aim is to shift the conventional low dating of the origins of humanism (roughly speaking, circa 1350) to a higher date two generations earlier, circa 1290; and to locate it rather precisely in the city of Padua, the home of Lovato dei Lovati and Albertino Mussato. His narrative, however, begins a century or more above even that date, for he sees humanism emerging out of the literary history of Europe in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. This is a broad territory, but Witt, whose linguistic range and command of the technicalities of genre, stylistics, metric, and rhetoric are remarkable, has immersed himself in the primary sources, and he succeeds in mapping it in high relief. Italy was overshadowed by France, and the literatures and dialects of northern and southern France each flowed into the peninsula and exerted influence there. This movement brought not only chivalric epic and troubador lyric, but also the seeds of the classicizing revival that we call humanism. The revival itself needed the urban, laic, secularly-minded, and rhetorically and legally sophisticated society of the north Italian communes to flourish. Witt takes the time and the space to show just what the halting revival of classicism meant for the writer at his desk, as he analyzes the prose and poetry of Lovato, and those who followed, at the level of the individual prose sentence or passage of verse. With the shift in chapter five to Tuscany in the age before and after Dante, we move onto territory that most of us may feel we know a little better. Still, the richness of detail with which Witt explores the interplay and interweave between

Field of study: History
The Mechanism of Lanthanum Dehydrogenation on Al-Alloy

The effects of the rare earth La on the hydrogen in the Al Si alloy are analyzed by Degle method and the decompression solidification method. The results indicate that the content of the hydrogen and the defect of the needle holes in the aluminum alloy decreases apparently when La is added to the alloy. The principle of the dehydrogenation is discussed. The main reasons of the dehydrogenation are that La decreases the activity of the hydrogen in the aluminum melt, decreases the liberation pressure of the hydrogen, and increases the validity partition coefficient during solidification. The formation of the LaH x is not the reason of dehydrogenation. The authors also discuss the conditions of formation of the LaH x from the point of the thermodynamics.

Field of study: Materials science
Specificities of anti‐neutrophil autoantibodies in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA)

The objective of this study was to characterize antigens recognized by neutrophil‐specific autoantibodies from patients with RA. Sera from 62 RA patients were screened by indirect immunofluorescence (IIF). Positive sera were further tested by ELISAs for antibodies against various granule proteins and by immunoblotting of electrophoretically separated cell, granule or nuclear extracts. Forty‐two sera (68%) reacted with ethanol‐fixed neutrophils. In the ELISAs 32% of the 28 medium to strongly IIF‐positive sera were negative, while 43% were weakly positive for more than one antigen. Immunoblots of whole neutrophils showed IgG reactions at 25–35 kD, in the 55‐kD region, at 80 kD, and at 110kD. Most sera reacted with more than one band. Except for the 55‐kD antigen, none of the antigens appeared in lymphocytes. The most notable reactivity in subcellular fractions was with lactoferrin and with bands of 25–35 kD from nuclei. In conclusion, anti‐neutrophil autoantibodies from RA patients recognize different antigens in the cytoplasm and in the nucleus. Lactoferrin is one of the common antigens recognized, but also unknown nuclear antigens of 25–35 kD mol. wt are involved.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Modelling the spatial distribution of ammonia emissions from seabirds in the UK.

Knowledge of the sources and distribution of ammonia (NH3) emissions underpins our understanding of the nitrogen budget. Research has focused on quantifying NH3 emissions from anthropogenic sources, whilst those from natural sources have received little attention internationally. Seabirds excrete large quantities of nitrogen, making seabird colonies a major natural source of NH3. Ammonia emissions from each UK seabird species were estimated and combined with population distribution data to model their spatial distribution. Total NH3 emissions from UK seabirds were estimated at 2.7 kt per year. Seabird emissions are concentrated in remote parts of the UK where anthropogenic emissions are small, so that seabirds often represent the main source of NH3 emissions in these areas. Seabird NH3 emissions were found to have increased by 34% since the 1970s. This corresponds to population changes which may be influenced by human activities, showing that even this natural source can be anthropogenically modified.

Field of study: Environmental science
The distribution of rare alleles

Population geneticists have long been interested in the behavior of rare variants. The definition of a rare variant has been the subject of some debate, centered mainly on whether alleles with small relative frequency should be considered rare, or whether alleles with small numbers should be. We study the behavior of the counts of rare alleles in samples taken from a population genetics model that allows for selection and infinitely-many-alleles mutation structure. We show that in large samples the counts of rare alleles — those represented once, twice, ... — are approximately distributed as a Poisson process, with a parameter that depends on the total mutation rate, but not on the selection parameters. This result is applied to the problem of estimating the fraction of neutral mutations.

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics