nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Reinterpretation of ‘Middle’ Cambrian stratigraphy of the rifted western Laurentian margin: Burgess Shale Formation and contiguous units (Sauk II megasequence), Rocky Mountains, Canada

Until recently, research on the renowned fossil animals of the Burgess Shale has advanced to a greater degree than an understanding of the rocks in which they are found. Studies addressing lithostratigraphy and hydrothermal petrography of the so-called ‘inner carbonate belt’ and adjacent Chancellor Group, however, have begun to re-evaluate long-standing hypotheses on the Middle Cambrian of Western Canada. Tectonic activity along the Kicking Horse Rim (buried remnants of Neoproterozoic rifting) during the Cambrian Period had more influence on local sedimentation than previously thought. Notably, large-scale collapse of the Cathedral carbonate platform margin at ∼ 509 Ma BP is evidence of reactivated basement faults. These failures produced listric Megatruncation Surfaces, having near vertical escarpments (> 150 m in height) where they terminate against the platform. The majority of what have been interpreted as shed olistoliths from the Cathedral platform margin is herein shown instead to be carbonate mud mounds. These grew in situ along the face of the Cathedral Escarpment, and are associated with fossiliferous intervals in overlying basinal mudstones at three distinct stratigraphic horizons (two within the Burgess Shale) during the Delamaran and Marjuman stages. The mounds nucleated where deep-seated normal faults intersected the seafloor, building primarily during periods of relative sea level transgression. Mound growth is associated with syndepositional exhalative activity, inferred from stratigraphic relations, sedimentology, and geochemistry. The new name Monarch Formation is proposed for the initial post-collapse beds and mounds deposited against the Cathedral Escarpment (early Glossopleura Zone); the variably-defined term ‘Takakkaw Tongue’ is thereby confined to pre-collapse slope deposits coeval to and correlative with the Cathedral Formation.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Complete genome sequence of Streptomyces fulvissimus.

The complete genome sequence of Streptomyces fulvissimus (DSM 40593), consisting of a linear chromosome with a size of 7.9Mbp, is reported. Preliminary data indicates that the chromosome of S. fulvissimus contains 32 putative gene clusters involved in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, two of them showing very high similarity to the valinomycin and nonactin biosynthetic clusters. The availability of genome sequence of S. fulvissimus will contribute to the evaluation of the full biosynthetical potential of streptomycetes.

Field of study: Biology, Engineering
Numerical Simulation Analysis on Bending Properties of Copper Alloy for Lead Frame

The finite element was used to analysis the bending forming process for three different copper alloy for lead frame materials(Cu-Fe-P,Cu-Ni-S and Cu-Cr-Sn-Zn),so the minimum bend radius of corresponding materials were found and the bending properties of different materials were compared.The results show that the bending properties of Cu-0.38Cr-0.17Sn-0.16Zn is best,that of Cu-0.1Fe-0.03P is better,that of Cu-3.2Ni-0.75Si is worst.

Field of study: Materials science
Kaon-Nucleon scattering lengths from the experiments on kaonic hydrogen and kaonic deuterium

Within the framework of a low-energy effective field theory we consider the procedure of extraction of the S-wave kaon-nucleon scattering lengths a0 and a1 from a combined fit to the kaonic hydrogen and kaonic deuterium data. It is demonstrated that, if the present DEAR central values for the kaonic hydrogen ground-state energy and width are used in the analysis of the data, a solution for a0 and a1 exists only in a restricted domain of input values for the kaon-deuteron scattering length. We therefore conclude that forthcoming measurement of this scattering length imposes stringent constraints on the theoretical description of the kaon-deuteron interactions at low energies.

Field of study: Physics
Assessing Students’ Object-Oriented Programming Skills with Java: The “Department-Employee” Project

Java is arguably today’s most popular and widely used object-oriented programming language. Learning Java is a daunting task for students, and teaching it is a challenging undertaking for instructors. To assess students’ object-oriented programming skills with Java, we developed the “Department-Employee” project. In this article, we review the history of object-oriented programming, provide an overview of object-oriented programming with Java, and present a summary of existing Java projects and their limitations. We also provide the project specifications as well as the course background, grading rubric, and score reports. Survey data are presented on students’ backgrounds, as well as students’ perceptions regarding the project. Results from the instructor score reports, correlation of the project score and the final course score, and student perceptions show that the “Department-Employee” project is effective in assessing students’ object-oriented programming skills with Java.

Field of study: Computer science
Rude and Inappropriate: The Role of Self-Control in Following Social Norms

Following social norms to avoid deviant or socially inappropriate behavior may require self-control. This was tested in two experiments that experimentally manipulated individuals’ level of self-control strength. In the first experiment, individuals whose self-control capacity was depleted were more likely to misrepresent how many problems they solved and work after being told to stop while working on a timed test. These same results were found in individuals low in trait self-control. This was especially true when the certainty of getting caught was low. In the second experiment, depleted individuals were ruder to the experimenter than nondepleted participants. The results have implications for understanding how self-control contributes to normative behavior.

Field of study: Psychology
Graph representation forecasting of patient's medical conditions: towards a digital twin

Modern medicine needs to shift from a wait and react, curative discipline to a preventative, interdisciplinary science aiming at providing personalised, systemic and precise treatment plans to patients. The aim of this work is to present how the integration of machine learning approaches with mechanistic computational modelling could yield a reliable infrastructure to run probabilistic simulations where the entire organism is considered as a whole.  We propose a general framework that composes advanced AI approaches and integrates mathematical modelling in order to provide a panoramic view over current and future physiological conditions. The proposed architecture is based on a graph neural network (GNNs) forecasting clinically relevant endpoints (such as blood pressure) and a generative adversarial network (GANs) providing a proof of concept of transcriptomic integrability.  We show the results of the investigation of pathological effects of overexpression of ACE2 across different signalling pathways in multiple tissues on cardiovascular functions. We provide a proof of concept of integrating a large set of composable clinical models using molecular data to drive local and global clinical parameters and derive future trajectories representing the evolution of the physiological state of the patient.  We argue that the graph representation of a computational patient has potential to solve important technological challenges in integrating multiscale computational modelling with AI. We believe that this work represents a step forward towards a healthcare digital twin.

Field of study: Computer science
EMERGED PHOSPHATE ISLANDS IN MICRONESIA

Eight small emerged atolls or lagoonless coral islands in Micronesia have phosphate deposits: Minami Daito, Kita Daito, Okino Daito, Marcus, Angaur, Fais, Nauru, and Ocean. Two of these have exceptionally well-preserved rims, one lagoon evidences considerable filling, several are cliffed, seven lie in stable zones, and six have low-level abrasion benches. The islands range from the equatorial zone to the marginal zone. The presence of phosphate deposits, and paleontologic and geomorphic evidence indicate that the rims and uplands are pre-Wisconsin. While the low-level abrasion benches in the equatorial as well as in the marginal zone corroborate the Glacial Control theory, the fact that such small islands have survived truncation apparently attests to the inefficacy of wave abrasion.

Field of study: Geology
The Classification of Musa L.Based on mtDNA ccb256 Sequence

The phylogeny and relationship among 42 accessions were investigated by analyzing DNA sequence obtained from mtDNA cytochrome c biogenesis orf256(ccb256).The phylogenetic tree was constructed following maximum parsimony(MP)method using MEGA4.The results indicated that Australimusa and Callimusa section grouped together;AA and other species from Eumusa clustered with Rhodochlamys section.BB species from Eumusa section were placed a outgroup which revealed its primitive position in evolution of Musa L.In addition,Ice cream(ABB)and M.balbisiana formed one group which showed that M.balbisiana may be male parent providing B genotype for Ice cream.Except for Improved lady finger(AAB),other cultivated accessions and M.acuminata formed a group.It was inferred that M.acuminata provided A genotype for these accessions as a paternal plant.M.acuminata.ssp.banksii,which was considered to be the original parent of cultivars,grouped with almost all the cultivated accessions.It had a close relationship with cultivars.The results also showed that ccb256 sequence had a moderate evolutional rate,which should assist in gaining a better understanding of the evolution of wild and cultivated bananas and of the relationships between diploid and triploid bananas.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Chronologic evidence for multiple periods of loess deposition during the Late Pleistocene in the Missouri and Mississippi River Valley, United States: Implications for the activity of the Laurentide ice sheet

The loess stratigraphy of the mid-continental U.S. is an important proxy record for the activity of the Laurentide Ice Sheet in North America. One of the most outstanding problems is deciphering the age of loess deposits in this area during the late Pleistocene. Radiocarbon dating of snails and thermoluminescence dating of the fine-silt fraction (4–11 μm) from loess at the Loveland Loess type section, Loveland, Iowa and a recent excavation at the Pleasant Grove School section. Madison County, Illinois provide new chronologic control on loess deposition in the Mississippi/Missouri River Valley chronology indicates that the Loveland Loess is Illinoian in age (135±20 ka) but is not correlative with the Teneriffe Silt which is dated to 77 ± 8 ka. Concordant radiocarbon and thermoluminescence age estimates demonstrate that the Roxana Silt and a correlative loess in Iowa, the Pisgah Formation, is probably 40-30 ka old. These age estimates in conjunction with previous results indicate that there were four periods of loess deposition during the last 150 ka at 25-12 ka, 45-30 ka, 85-70 ka and at ca. 135 ± 20 ka. This chronology of loess deposition supports the presence of both a late Illinoian and early Wisconsinan loess and associated soils. Thus, there may be more than one soil in the loess stratigraphy of the mid-continental U.S. with morphologies similar to the Sangamon Soil. The last three periods of loess deposition may be correlative with periods of elevated dust concentrations recorded in the Dye 3 ice core from southern Greenland. This is particularly significant because both areas possibly had the same source for eolian particles. Reconstructions of atmospheric circulation for glacial periods show a southerly deflected jet stream that could have transported dust from the mid-continental USA to southern Greenland. Lastly, the inferred record of loess deposition is parallel to a chronology for deglaciation of the Laurentide Ice Sheet deciphered from chronologic and stratigraphic studies of raised glacial and marine sediments in the Hudson Bay Lowlands, Canada. These chronologies indicate that the Laurentide Ice Sheet was quite dynamic during the late Pleistocene, advancing and retreating across North America at least four times during the last 150 ka.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Superconducting properties of Nd-Ba-Cu-O thick films prepared by liquid phase epitaxial growth

C-axis oriented Nd/sub 1+x/Ba/sub 2-x/Cu/sub 3/O/sub y/ thick films were grown by the liquid phase epitaxy (LPE) technique onto MgO (100) single crystal substrates in Ar gas atmosphere containing 0.5 at.% O/sub 2/. The superconducting transition temperature T/sub c/ was very broad, when the film thickness was 10 /spl mu/m but became very sharp when it was increased to 100 /spl mu/m. The T/sub c/ value for the 100 /spl mu/m thick film could be increased up to 92 K by post-annealing at 300/spl deg/C for 336 hrs in O/sub 2/ atmosphere. Moreover, the peak effect, which is characterized by an increase in magnetisation with increasing magnetic field up to 15000 G at 50 K, was observed in the 100 /spl mu/m thick film. A substantial improvement in the superconducting properties when the film thickness is increased to 100 /spl mu/m, can be attributed to the stable persistence of the steady state growth mode instead of the transient mode responsible for the first 10 /spl mu/m thick deposition.

Field of study: Physics
On the Law Operation Under the Examination of Morality

During the formulation, development and realization of law, the law operation cannot be separated from examination and guidance from social ethics. The law operation should accord with certain moral criterion, which manifests in the following processes: during legislative process, the law should not only accord with the formal justice and substantive justice, but also tally with the dominant social morality and the mentality and feelirgs of the general public; during the judicial procedure, judicial staff should pursue the justice and be equipped with good professional ethics and pay close attention to the requirements of judicature under the current transitional condition of China; during the law-abiding process, the general public should not only act lawfully and fulfill law obligations, but also should keep the law conscientiously and stand for actively their own lawful rights.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
A study of the value of school sports culture from the perspective of college spirit construction

Sports culture and college spirit are closely related; studying sports culture's in-depth influence and its roles in college spirit construction is significant for cultural development in the future. Such elements as freedom, excellence, unity and innovation pursued in sports culture are connotations which should be contained by college spirit, while value contradictions of sports culture form reflections in college spirit. In the long run, the development of sports culture should be completely blended into the connotations and presentation process of college spirit, there should be new orientation and communication for traditional cultural conceptions such as elite culture, and the establishment, implementation and steady extension of scientific development conceptions such as lifetime sports should be promoted.

Field of study: Education
Construction of a Chimeric Virus Based on an EIAV Vaccine Virus with Substitution of LTR from Its Parental Virus

Equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) causes equine infectious anemia and persistent infection as well as repeated high-titer viremia in horses.The long-terminal repeat (LTR) of EIAV proviral genome contains an eukaryotic promoter which plays an important regulation role on transcription and replication of the virus.In the study,the LTRs of an infectious molecular clone derived from EIAV donkey leukocyte-attenuated vaccine virus (DLA) were substituted with those of EIAV L strain,a virulent EIAV from which DLA strain was derived,resulting in a chimeric plasmid pOK-LTR DLA/L.The purified pOK-LTR DLA/L was used to transfect leukocyte cultures from EIAV-negative donkey.Reverse transcriptase (RT) activity was detectable by the 7th passage in cell cultures of the transfection products.The cytopathogenic effects typical for EIAV infection were developed since the 8th passage of cell cultures,and virions with cone-shaped core could be observed under electron microscope.It proved that the constructed chimeric pOK-LTR DLA/L is infective and it may be used in future for exploring of molecular mechanism of pathogenesis and immunity of EIAV.

Field of study: Biology
Content-based Image Retrieval Using Color Histogram and Contourlet Texture Feature

This paper proposed a content-based image retrieval method based on an efficient combination of color and texture features.Cumulative color histogram of the images in HSV color space is easy to compute,insensitive to rotation and scaling.Contourlet Transform(CT) has the characteristics of multiresolution、multi-directionality and anisotropy.This algorithm uses CT coefficients and cumulative color histogram of image to constrcte feature vector,Euclidean distance to measure similarity,finally realize feature matching and image retrieving.Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method is effective and has higher precision ratio.

Field of study: Computer science
Thymus transplantation restores the repertoires of forkhead box protein 3 (FoxP3)+ and FoxP3− T cells in complete DiGeorge anomaly

The development of T cells with a regulatory phenotype after thymus transplantation has not been examined previously in complete DiGeorge anomaly (cDGA). Seven athymic infants with cDGA and non‐maternal pretransplantation T cell clones were assessed. Pretransplantation forkhead box protein 3 (Foxp3)+ T cells were detected in five of the subjects. Two subjects were studied in greater depth. T cell receptor variable β chain (TCR‐Vβ) expression was assessed by flow cytometry. In both subjects, pretransplantation FoxP3+ and total CD4+ T cells showed restricted TCR‐Vβ expression. The development of naive T cells and diverse CD4+ TCR‐Vβ repertoires following thymic transplantation indicated successful thymopoiesis from the thymic tissue grafts. Infants with atypical cDGA develop rashes and autoimmune phenomena before transplantation, requiring treatment with immunosuppression, which was discontinued successfully subsequent to the observed thymopoiesis. Post‐transplantation, diverse TCR‐Vβ family expression was also observed in FoxP3+ CD4+ T cells. Interestingly, the percentages of each of the TCR‐Vβ families expressed on FoxP3+ and total CD4+ T cells differed significantly between these T lymphocyte subpopulations before transplantation. By 16 months post‐transplantation, however, the percentages of expression of each TCR‐Vβ family became significantly similar between FoxP3+ and total CD4+ T cells. Sequencing of TCRBV DNA confirmed the presence of clonally amplified pretransplantation FoxP3+ and FoxP3− T cells. After thymus transplantation, increased polyclonality was observed for both FoxP3+ and FoxP3− cells, and pretransplantation FoxP3+ and FoxP3− clonotypes essentially disappeared. Thus, post‐transplantation thymic function was associated with the development of a diverse repertoire of FoxP3+ T cells in cDGA, corresponding with immunological and clinical recovery.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Numerical Simulation of Multi-electromagnetic Field Compounded of Travelling Magnetic Field and High Frequency Alternating Magnetic Field in Directional Solidification

Based on the features of the APDL language owned by the ANSYS application software and the theory about electromagnetic field,the method was proposed for solving multi-electromagnetic field which has several orders of magnitudes in frequency difference and calculating the time average values of multi-electromagnetic field in post-processing,which combines with the characteristics of multi-electromagnetic field in directional solidification.The simulation of multi-electromagnetic field in directional solidification has been achieved in this paper.The analyzed results indicate that the magnetic flux density of multi-electromagnetic field is equal to the vector addition of traveling magnetic flux density and high-frequency alternating magnetic flux density,and Lorentz force generated by multi-electromagnetic field is much larger than linear superposition of all monochromatic fields of different frequencies.

Field of study: Materials science
Giant tufas of Lake Van record lake-level fluctuations and climatic changes in eastern Anatolia,Turkey

Lake Van, the largest soda lake in the world, is a key area where climatic changes are recorded by well-preserved sedimentary successions. In spite of the existence of such sequences, the ancient lake levels are still under debate. Here, we present U/Th ages of tufa layers exposed along the northern margin of the lake near the town of Adilcevaz. Tufa are interpreted to form during humid and temperate climate conditions in the contact zone between the highly alkaline lake water – rich in bicarbonate and carbonate ions – and calcium-rich groundwater. These contact zones most likely appear near shore. Thus, U/Th ages and altitude of the tufa present minimum ancient lakestands. The tufas obtained in our study are dated between 112.7 and 19.3 ka. They are interpreted to record two transgressional intervals, the first starting at 1701 meters above sea level (masl) altitude at 112.7 ka reaching 1706 masl at 72.5 ka (based on three U/Th ages). The second transgression starts at the present Lake Van level of 1646 masl at 30.1 ka, reaching 1725 masl at 19.3 ka (based on 15 U/Th ages). Comparison with climate proxies reveals that the first transgression was caused by intensified precipitation accompanied by warming, while the second transgression was triggered mainly by warming that initiated melting of glaciers. The lake-level fluctuations described here are almost in line with the ones gathered from dated lake terraces but contradict lake-level reconstruction based on pore water salinity.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Transcriptional regulation by Barhl1 and Brn-3c in organ-of-Corti-derived cell lines.

Barhl1 and Brn-3c have been identified as transcription factors that are essential for survival and maintenance of hair cells of the inner ear. Little is known about the mechanism of how Brn-3c or Barhl1 may regulate transcription in the inner ear. In this study, the transcriptional function of both Brn-3c and Barhl1 was investigated in the organ-of-Corti-derived cell lines, OC-1 and OC-2. We examined regulatory domains in these transcription factors by linking regions of Barhl1 and Brn-3c to the DNA binding domain of the heterologous transcription factor GAL4 and assayed their effect on a heterologous promoter containing GAL4 DNA binding sites by co-transfection into OC-1 and OC-2 cell lines. Brn-3c was found to contain an independent N-terminal activation domain that is sufficient to activate gene transcription in the organ of corti derived cell lines. Barhl1 on the other hand was found to act as a transcriptional repressor with repressive activity not restricted to a particular domain of Barhl1. In addition, we analyzed the effect of Barhl1 on the promoters of the neurotrophin genes NT-3 and BDNF in OC-1 and OC-2 cell lines. However, Barhl1 was not found to directly regulate neurotrophin promoter constructs in these cells.

Field of study: Biology