nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises’ Activities, Income Level and Poverty Reduction in Ghana – A Synthesis of Related Literature

The paper reviews the literature on the importance of MSMEs to economic development and poverty alleviation. Two divergent views of MSMEs, the pro-MSMEs and the anti-MSMEs, have been identified in the literature. Whereas the pro-MSMEs believe in the significant role played by small business in the economic prosperity of a country, the anti-MSMEs are of the view that larger organisations played relatively significant role than MSMEs. However, from the reviewed literature small businesses play key role in the creating job (especially female employment), contribute to tax, export and import revenues, facilitate the distribution of goods, contribute to human resource development and are the cradle of innovations and entrepreneurship. MSMEs in Ghana are found in the fields of farming, fishing, small scale mining, restaurants, food processing and other services. It was recommended to government and policymakers to institute viable credit support and non-financial business support services to help MSMEs grow.

Field of study: Business
Variance analysis between TaqMan probe and SYBR Green real-time quantitative PCR for determining the copy number of transgene in transformed plants

To explore the differences between TaqMan probe and SYBR Green real-time quantitative PCR technique for estimating the transgene copy number in a transgenic plant.we used TaqMan probe and SYBR Green real-time quantitative PCR technique to determine the copy number of twelve transgenic rice,and then used the software SAS 9.1 to analyze the results with the two methods.As a result,the t-test analysis showed that when the amplification efficiency of the endogenous reference gene was close to the target gene,the variances between TaqMan probe and SYBR Green real-time quantitative PCR technique were not significant;As the amplification efficiency of the endogenous reference genes was in accord with the target gene,the results of the two methods were similar.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Context-Specific Coordinately Regulatory Network Prioritize Breast Cancer Genetic Risk Factors

Breast cancer (BC) is one of the most common tumors, leading the causes of cancer death in women. However, the pathogenesis of BC still remains unclear, and the atlas of BC-associated risk factors is far from complete. In this study, we constructed a BC-specific coordinately regulatory network (CRN) to prioritize potential BC-associated protein-coding genes (PCGs) and non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs). We integrated 813 BC sample transcriptome data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and eight types of regulatory relationships to construct BC-specific CRN, including 387 transcription factors (TFs), 174 microRNAs (miRNAs), 407 long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), and 905 PCGs. After that, the random walk with restart (RWR) method was performed on the CRN by using the known BC-associated factors as seeds, and potential BC-associated risk factors were prioritized. The leave-one-out cross-validation (LOOCV) was utilized on the BC-specific CRN and achieved an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.92. The performances of common CRN, common protein–protein interaction (PPI) network, and BC-specific PPI network were also evaluated, demonstrating that the context-specific CRN prioritizes BC risk factors. Functional analysis for the top 100-ranked risk factors in the candidate list revealed that these factors were significantly enriched in cancer-related functions and had significant semantic similarity with BC-related gene ontology (GO) terms. Differential expression analysis and survival analysis proved that the prioritized risk factors significantly associated with BC progression and prognosis. In total, we provided a computational method to predict reliable BC-associated risk factors, which would help improve the understanding of the pathology of BC and benefit disease diagnosis and prognosis.

Field of study: Biology
Self-blocking of shear bands and the delocalization of plastic flows in amorphous alloys upon megaplastic deformation

Features of the formation of shear bands and nanocrystalline phases upon the megaplastic deformation of amorphous alloys based on iron, nickel, and titanium at room temperature in a Bridgman chamber are analyzed via transmission electron microscopy. It is shown that the transition from strongly localized to quasi-homogeneous plastic deformation occurs at a definite stage of the inhomogeneous plastic flow. Mechanisms based on the self-blocking of propagating shear bands by particles of the nanocrystalline phase that emerge due to a dissipative increase in the temperature along the front of shear bands are proposed for the delocalization of plastic flow.

Field of study: Physics
Isospin effects on subthreshold kaon production in heavy-ion collisions

Subthreshold kaon (K$^{0}$ and K$^{+}$) production in neutron-rich nuclear reactions to probe the kaon-nucleon interaction in nuclear medium and to extract the isospin dependent part of the nuclear equation of state at high-baryon densities, is investigated within an isospin and momentum dependent transport model. A repulsive kaon-nucleon potential is implemented in the model through reproducing the flow data in heavy-ion collisions, which enhances the energetic kaon emission squeezed out in the reaction zone and leads to a variation of the high-momentum spectrum of the K$^{0}$/K$^{+}$ yields. It is found that the stiffness of nuclear symmetry energy plays a significant role on the isospin ratio with decreasing the incident energy and a hard symmetry energy has a larger value of the K$^{0}$/K$^{+}$ ratio in the domain of subthreshold energies.

Field of study: Physics
Comparisons of IASI-A and AATSR measurements of top-of-atmosphere radianceover an extended period

This study examines the trustworthiness of the Advanced Along-Track Scanning Radiometer (AATSR) and the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI-A), as on-orbit reference instruments that are useful in re-calibrating the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) series (Mittaz and Harris, 2011). To do this, a 39-month period (1 January 2008 to 31 March 2011) of AATSR and IASI-A inter-comparisons of top-of-atmosphere (TOA) radiance measurements is examined. Our inter-comparison reveals features of the AATSR and IASI-A bias with respect to scan angle, scene temperature, time and orbital maneuvers, and gives insight into their trustworthiness as an in-orbit reference instruments. The first feature that our study reveals is that the AATSR (nadir view) and IASI-A are both stable (have no perceptible trends in the period of study). The second feature is that IASI-A is perhaps more accurate ( ∼  0.05 K) than its stated accuracy (0.5 K). In fact the AATSR and IASI-A bias is close to the AATSR pre-launch bias (plus a small offset of +0.07 K) implying that IASI-A can get close to pre-launch levels of accuracy. Third, a very small scan angular dependence of AATSR and IASI-A bias indicates that the IASI-A response vs. scan angle algorithm is robust, while the instrument is in orbit. Inter-comparisons of AATSR with IASI-A further reveal the impact of orbital maneuvers of the ENVISAT, the platform carrying AATSR, done in October 2011 and not anticipated previously. Our study reveals that this maneuver introduced a temperature-dependent bias in the AATSR measurements for low temperatures ( We also present a set of recommendations to help identify the parameters under which these instruments can provide the most trustworthy observations for the AVHRR re-calibration.

Field of study: Environmental science
Two-component galactic bulge probed with renewed galactic chemical evolution model

Results of recent observations of the Galactic bulge demand that we discard a simple picture of its formation, suggesting the presence of two stellar populations represented by two peaks of stellar metallicity distribution (MDF) in the bulge. To assess this issue, we construct Galactic chemical evolution models that have been updated in two respects: first, the delay time distribution of Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) recently revealed by extensive SN Ia surveys is incorporated into the models. Second, the nucleosynthesis clock, the s-processing in asymptotic giant branch stars, is carefully considered in this study. This novel model first shows that the Galaxy feature tagged by the key elements, Mg, Fe, and Ba, for the bulge as well as thin and thick disks is compatible with a short-delay SN Ia. We present a successful modeling of a two-component bulge including the MDF and the evolutions of [Mg/Fe] and [Ba/Mg], and reveal its origin as follows. A metal-poor component (([Fe/H]) {approx} -0.5) is formed with a relatively short timescale of {approx}1 Gyr. These properties are identical to the thick disk's characteristics in the solar vicinity. Subsequently from its remaining gas mixed with a gas flow from the disk outside the bulge, amore » metal-rich component (([Fe/H]) {approx} +0.3) is formed with a longer timescale ({approx}4 Gyr) together with a top-heavy initial mass function that might be identified with the thin disk component within the bulge.« less

Field of study: Physics
Robust Cooperative Spectrum Sensing Method in Cognitive Radio Networks

Cooperation can improve the performance of spectrum sensing by taking advantage of diversity gains.However,in the process of cooperative spectrum sensing,malicious users could send false local sensing results to the fusion center,which can cause severe distortion of the final sensing decision.To improve the immunity of cooperative spectrum sensing against false sensing information,we propose a robust cooperative spectrum sensing scheme which is based on weighted sequential probability ratio test(WSPRT) technology.Through reputation maintenance,weight allocation and multithreaded detection,the proposed scheme can identify and weed out malicious users accurately and quickly,which improves the robostness of cooperative spectrum sensing.

Field of study: Computer science
Input, instruction, and feedback in second language acquisition

to participate in a symposium at the Ninth World Congress of the International Association of Applied Linguistics in Greece in April 1990. Organized by the Scientific Commission on Second Language Acquisition, the symposium had as its theme ’Focused input and corrective feedback in second language acquisition’. Earlier versions of the papers by Vivian Cook, Jacquelyn Schachter, Michael Sharwood Smith, and Lydia White were presented at that symposium. At the invitation of Edward Arnold Publishers, those four papers, together with the paper by Sascha Felix and Wilfried Weigl, have been collected in this issue of Second Language Research. The theme of this issue has expanded somewhat beyond that of the symposium to include more general questions about the role of instruction in second language acquisition and the nature of both the internal mechanisms which permit language acquisition to take place and the effect of different types of input in contact with those mechanisms. A particular focus in several of the papers is the question of the sufficiency of so-called ’positive evidence’ (examples of utterances which are grammatical in the target language) for second language acquisition. Some researchers take the position that positive evidence is enough to trigger the learner’s internal mechanisms for second language acquisition. Others argue that ’negative evidence’ (information about which sentences are not grammatical) is also required, at least for the acquisition of some aspects of the target language system. The five papers which make up this collection include three theoretical papers on the role of positive and negative evidence and two

Field of study: Linguistics
Low cost and state of the art methods to measure nitrous oxide emissions

This letter provides an overview of the available measurement techniques for nitrous oxide (N2O) flux measurement. It is presented to aid the choice of the most appropriate methods for different situations. Nitrous oxide is a very potent greenhouse gas; the effect of 1 kg of N2O is estimated to be equivalent to 300 kg of CO2. Emissions of N2O from the soil have a larger uncertainty compared to other greenhouse gases. Important reasons for this are low atmospheric concentration levels and enormous spatial and temporal variability. Traditionally such small increases are measured by chambers and analyzed by gas chromatography. Spatial and temporal resolution is poor, but costs are low. To detect emissions at the field scale and high temporal resolution, differences at tens of ppt levels need to be resolved. Reliable instruments are now available to measure N2O by a range of micrometeorological methods, but at high financial cost. Although chambers are effective in identifying processes and treatment effects and mitigation, the future lies with the more versatile high frequency and high sensitivity sensors.

Field of study: Environmental science
[Cloning and sequence analysis of the DHBV genome of the brown ducks in Guilin region and establishment of the quantitative method for detecting DHBV].

Brown ducks carrying DHBV were widely used as hepatitis B animal model in the research of the activity and toxicity of anti-HBV dugs. Studies showed that the ratio of DHBV carriers in the brown ducks in Guilin region was relatively high. Nevertheless, the characters of the DHBV genome of Guilin brown duck remain unknown. Here we report the cloning of the genome of Guilin brown duck DHBV and the sequence analysis of the genome. The full length of the DHBV genome of Guilin brown duck was 3 027bp. Analysis using ORF finder found that there was an ORF for an unknown peptide other than S-ORF, PORF and C-ORF in the genome of the DHBV. Vector NTI 8. 0 analysis revealed that the unknown peptide contained a motif which binded to HLA * 0201. Aligning with the DHBV sequences from different countries and regions indicated that there were no obvious differences of regional distribution among the sequences. A fluorescence quantitative PCR for detecting DHBV was establishment based on the recombinant plasmid pGEM-DHBV-S constructed. This study laid the groundwork for using Guilin brown duck as a hepatitis B animal model.

Field of study: Biology
The Equilibration of a Parton Plasma Created In Relativistic Heavy Ion Collisions

We study the equilibration of a parton plasma in terms of its parton compositions and its state of thermalization. In studying the evolution of the plasma, one has to assume a small value of the strong coupling constant. This value is by no means fixed. By varying this only parameter in our calculation, we show the dependence of equilibration on its magnitude. It is shown that both kinetic and parton equilibration are faster with increasing coupling but the plasma cools much more rapidly resulting in shortened lifetime. The degree of equilibration improves significantly for quarks and antiquarks but not so for gluons and the total generated entropy is reduced. With a coupling depending on the average parton energy, there is additional acceleration in the equilibration during the evolution.

Field of study: Physics
EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH ON THE EFFECT OF MODEL STRUCTURE ON VENTILATED SUPERCAVITY

A series of model experiments in water tunnel were carried out to investigate the effect of model structure on the shape and hydrodynamic characteristics of ventilated supercavity. It is shown that the characteristics of ventilated supercavity are affected by many factors, such as: cavitator, gas deflector, main-body combining cone with cylinder, contractive rear-body, section shape of the strut and its connection type. Consequently, the conclusions are drawn as: 1) If the number of cavitation remains unchanged, the length of supercavity increases with the cavitator diameter. 2) With equal diameters, disc cavitator can produce longer supercavity than cone cavitator, and both the choke ratio and the supercavity length increase with the model scale. 3) Hysteresis effect may happen on the main-body. 4) Strut section should be in the shape of streamline. 5) Different supercavity characteristics should be analyzed using different strut types. 6) If front-strut type is used, supercavity shape and hydrodynamics should be calculated with effective cavitator diameter.

Field of study: Engineering
PURY: a database of geometric restraints of hetero compounds for refinement in complexes with macromolecular structures

The number and variety of macromolecular structures in complex with `hetero' ligands is growing. The need for rapid delivery of correct geometric parameters for their refinement, which is often crucial for understanding the biological relevance of the structure, is growing correspondingly. The current standard for describing protein structures is the Engh–Huber parameter set. It is an expert data set resulting from selection and analysis of the crystal structures gathered in the Cambridge Structural Database (CSD). Clearly, such a manual approach cannot be applied to the vast and ever‐growing number of chemical compounds. Therefore, a database, named PURY, of geometric parameters of chemical compounds has been developed, together with a server that accesses it. PURY is a compilation of the whole CSD. It contains lists of atom classes and bonds connecting them, as well as angle, chirality, planarity and conformation parameters. The current compilation is based on CSD 5.28 and contains 1978 atom classes and 32 702 bonding, 237 068 angle, 201 860 dihedral and 64 193 improper geometric restraints. Analysis has confirmed that the restraints from the PURY database are suitable for use in macromolecular crystal structure refinement and should be of value to the crystallographic community. The database can be accessed through the web server http://pury.ijs.si/, which creates topology and parameter files from deposited coordinates in suitable forms for the refinement programs MAIN, CNS and REFMAC. In the near future, the server will move to the CSD website http://pury.ccdc.cam.ac.uk/.

Field of study: Chemistry
Effect of Fe Content on Corrosion Resistance of High Aluminum Bronze

The effects of Fe content on corrosion resistance of new high aluminum bronze were studied by using alloying method, EPMA, SEM and static immersing corrosion test. The results show that, with the increase of Fe content, K phase forms, which is mainly composed of AlFe, AlFe3 and so on, and is dispersed in the alloy, resulting in the refinement of microstructure and the increase of corrosion resistance of the alloy. When Fe content is 5wt%, the corrosion resistance of the alloy is best, but when Fe content is over 5wt%, the corrosion resistance of the alloy decreases.

Field of study: Materials science
Anxiety disorders in the elderly

Although the epidemiology, neurobiology, and treatment of anxiety disorders have received considerable attention in the child and adult literature, they have not received the same consideration in the geriatric population. This disparity is remarkable given the prevalence and associated costs of these disorders that can persist into late life. Further, although a considerable amount is known about these disorders in younger age groups, it is unclear whether the phenomenology of anxiety evolves over the course of the aging process. Thus, conclusions drawn based on younger populations of anxious adults may not hold true for older cohorts. This article reviews issues of epidemiology, phenomenology, neurobiology, and medical comorbidity, as well as pharmacologic and psychotherapeutic treatments in older adults.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Development of high Sn content bronze processed Nb/sub 3/Sn superconducting wire for high field magnets

Bronze processed Nb/sub 3/Sn superconducting wire with Cu-16wt%Sn-0.3wt%Ti (16%Sn bronze) matrix has been developed. For the development, two-step approach was taken. At the first step, two kinds of small size round wires, having a bronze to niobium ratio (bronze ratio) of 2.5 and 1.9, were prepared. Heat treatment was made on these wires at 650/spl deg/C or 700/spl deg/C and the effects of bronze ratio and heat treatment temperature on critical current density (J/sub c/) in magnetic field region from 18 to 25 T were examined. A sample with a bronze ratio of 2.5 and heated at 700/spl deg/C was found to show the highest J/sub c/ of all. In the second step, we manufactured commercial scale rectangular cross-sectioned wire using 16%Sn bronze. J/sub c/ n-value in high magnetic field region are estimated for this wire. As a result, the wire showed J/sub c/ and n-value of 115 A/mm/sub 2/ and 37, respectively, at 22 T, 2.1 K, demonstrating the possibility as a candidate superconducting wire for high field magnets such as over-920 MHz NMR magnet.

Field of study: Physics
Politics and health.

In a recent QJM editorial,1 Daniels began by stating that medicine and politics are inextricably intertwined, yet concluded that medical journals should publish less ‘political’ material in favour of a more technical agenda. If journals adopt this approach, they are failing doctors, patients and wider society. Many of the issues that influence both health and the practice of medicine are deemed political; it is therefore appropriate for medical journals to inform health professionals about these issues.

Even the best evidence-based technical medical intervention will be unsuccessful if the political solutions that allow it to be implemented are not identified. Jones et al . estimate that the implementation of a limited range of interventions could prevent 63% of the worldwide 10 million deaths per year in the under-5 age group.2 The interventions considered in this analysis were selected based on their evidence and feasibility for high coverage in low-income settings. If the objective is to improve global health, we have to look beyond the randomized control trial to what is really impeding progress, even if this leads us into slightly less comfortable ‘political’ areas.

Technical matters are far from being a refuge from politics. Even the most seemingly apolitical and technical medical article profoundly reflects its political environment. As Taracena states, …

Field of study: Medicine