nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Prolonged feeding of ethanol to the young growing guinea pig: 1. The effect on protein synthesis in the afterloaded right ventricle measured in vitro.

Newly weaned guinea pigs weighing approximately 300 g were fed normal laboratory diets with drinking water containing 5.5% ethanol as the sole source of liquid for periods of 8-11 weeks. Growth was continuous with this diet. After this period, hearts were removed from anesthetized animals and perfused for 3 hr in a perfusion system in which pressure may be induced in the right ventricle in the face of constant coronary flow. Protein synthesis, assayed from the incorporation of labeled lysine and phenylalanine, was compared to that in hearts from identically treated weight-matched control animals who had been drinking water without ethanol. Protein synthesis in hearts from ethanol-drinking animals was decreased in the right ventricles exposed to normal pulmonary pressure, but was unchanged in the contracting but not working left ventricles. The data suggest that prolonged exposure even to low levels of ethanol in the growing animal may interfere with the cardiac protein synthetic response to the normal work stress.

Field of study: Medicine
Mechanisms of immunosensitization to metals (IUPAC Technical Report)

A project is underway within IUPAC to evaluate and harmonize the use of various biomarkers for immunosensitization to metals. This present review summarizes our knowledge of the mechanisms by which certain trace elements evoke allergenicity. Some physiological electrolytes (e.g., Na+, K+) and macronutrients (e.g., Ca2+, Fe3+) are immunologically inactive. However, some trace elements essential for cell function (e.g., Co2+, Cu2+, Cr3+), as well as nonessential elements generally considered toxic (e.g., Hg species) or in use as therapeutic agents (e.g., some species of Pt and Au), can give rise to adverse immune reactions. Specific immunological responses to Ni, Co, Cr, Hg, Be, Cu, Pt, Pd, Ir, In, and Au are discussed. In general, these elements can activate T or B cells by specific receptor interactions, resulting in clonal expansion of a metal-specific lymphocyte and an immune response (typically dermatitis) upon re-exposure. Compelling evidence points to the primary role of the T cell in responding to the metal. T-cell activation occurs when a protein of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) binds to a T-cell receptor in the presence of an MHC binding peptide. Many antigenic substances result in presentation of MHC bound antigenic peptides to the T-cell receptor; metal ions appear to act as haptens that directly or indirectly cause structural changes in MHC molecule-peptide complexes that result in recognition of these complexes by specific T-cell subsets. Nickel and gold are particularly instructive in understanding mechanisms, and are used to discuss models in which the metal may bind to the antigenic peptide (i) before or (ii) after its association with the MHC/T-cell receptor complex, (iii) may bind to the MHC/receptor complex prior to recruitment of the antigenic peptide, or (iv) may bind to the formed peptide/MHC/receptor complex through ligands contributed by one or more of the components.

Field of study: Chemistry
Manufacture and Test of the ITER TF Type HTS Current Lead Prototypes

High temperature superconducting current leads (HTS-CL) are designed to supply the current to the large superconducting ITER magnets for the operation with reduced heat load to the cryogenic system. The Toroidal field (TF) current leads are the largest with a current capacity of 68 kA each. The Institute of Plasma Physics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (ASIPP) is responsible for the supply of the current leads based on a design jointly developed with the ITER organization. Before the supply of the TF HTS-CL series, a pair of prototypes was manufactured in 2014 by ASIPP and associated manufacturers according to previously qualified manufacturing procedures. Rigorous quality control measures were developed and applied in preparation for series manufacturing. To verify compliance of the prototypes with the ITER specification, thorough testing was conducted in 2015. The test items under particular scrutiny were: the pressure drop in the counter-flow heat exchanger, the loss of flow accident test after steady state operation at 68 kA current, the so-called overheating time of the HTS module following an induced quench, the electrical resistances of the soldered joints inside the lead assembly (i.e., the low temperature superconducting (LTS) to busbar and the HTS to LTS joints), and the conduction heat load per lead to the 4.5  K end. In this paper, the main manufacturing steps are discussed, and test results are presented and discussed.

Field of study: Physics
Control system design of high purity ITCDIC based on generic model control algorithm

Internal thermally coupled distillation column(ITCDIC)is a frontier of high-efficient energy-saving distillation technology.A novel APC strategy based on generic model control(GMC)was therefore proposed to overcome the increasing nonlinearity with increasing product purity,which was difficult to deal with by the traditional linear control strategy.The basic algorithm of GMC and the application to ITCDIC were presented.Also the parameter preference method was given.The benzene-toluene system was adopted as the illustration example.The detailed comparative researches were carried out between GMC and traditional PID controller.The control performance of both servo control under step disturbance in feed composition and feed flow rate and fix-value control under step changes in set-point proves the efficiency of this proposed APC strategy for high purity ITCDIC process.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Species richness of plants and fungi in western Panama: towards a fungal inventory in the tropics

In order to document the species richness of plants and fungi in a tropical area, a trail of 500 m in tropical lowlands in the Chiriquí province, on the Pacific side of western Panama, was sampled each month during 2 years with 2 h dedicated to plants and 2 h dedicated to fungi, each by two botanists or mycologists respectively. The 24 sampling events yielded approximately 4,000 records of plants corresponding to 311 species as well as 1,614 records of fungi corresponding to approximately 567 species. Lists of more or less certain names of plants and fungi as well as voucher specimens are provided. The randomized species accumulation curve for plants approaches an asymptote and estimators yield stable values of 310–318 predicted plant species in the area of investigation. The curve for records of fungal species, however, did not saturate and all applied estimator functions failed to predict the total richness of fungi for the area convincingly. Two plant collections correspond to new records for Panama and 54 species and infraspecific taxa are new for the Chiriquí province. The identification of fungi is still in process and yielded two species probably new to science as well as 17 new records of species for Panama to date. In order to assess biodiversity patterns (e.g. fungi to plant ratios) of tropical fungi more accurately, it is necessary to repeat such investigations in other areas and to improve the tools for taxonomic identification of these highly diverse but mostly microscopic organisms.

Field of study: Environmental science
Goeie kontrakte bewerk goeie sake : verwerking

Mense vertel jou dikwels van die 'goeie ou dae' toe daar geen nodigheid vir kontrakte was nie en die belangrikste ooreenkomste na 'n mondelingse gesprek met 'n blote handdruk bevestig is, want toe was 'n man se woord nog sy eer.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
A measurement study of correlations of Internet flow characteristics

Previous studies of Internet traffic have shown that a very small percentage of flows consume most of the network bandwidth. It is important to understand the characteristics of such flows for traffic monitoring and modeling purposes. Several prior researchers have characterized such flows using different classification schemes: by size as elephant and mice; by duration as tortoise and dragonfly; and by burstiness as alpha and beta traffic. However, it is not clear how these different definitions of flows are related to each other. In this work, using data recorded from two different operational networks, we study these ''heavy-hitter'' flows in four different dimensions, namely size, duration, rate and burstiness, and examine how they are correlated. This paper makes three contributions: first, we systematically characterize prior definitions for the properties of such heavy-hitter traffic. Second, based on our datasets, we observe that there are strong correlations between some combinations of size, rate and burstiness. Finally, we provide a plausible explanation for the observed correlations. We show that these correlations could be explained by transport and application-level protocol mechanisms.

Field of study: Computer science
Measuring wavelengths and lattice constants with the Mössbauer wavelength standard

The newly proposed atomic-scale length standard, the wavelength of the 57Fe Mossbauer radiation [Shvyd'ko et al. (2000). ], is used to measure the wavelengths of the Mossbauer radiation of 151Eu, 57.556185 (27) pm, 119Sn, 51.920811 (39) pm, and 161Dy, 48.334336 (19) pm, with a relative accuracy of ∼0.5 p.p.m. Also, the lattice constants of Al2O3 are measured in a temperature range from 286 K to 374 K. At room temperature, T = 295.65 K, their values are a = 4.759213 (8) A, c = 12.991586 (4) A.

Field of study: Physics
Rheological properties of oil-in-water emulsions prepared with oil and protein isolates from sesame (Sesamum Indicum)

In this study, food emulsions of oil in water from sesame (Sesamum indicum) protein isolates and their oil were formulated and standardised. The effect of the concentrations of sesame (Sesamum indicum) protein isolates and base oil and the speed of the emulsification process for the food emulsion stability was studied. The protein isolates were achieved from the defatted sesame flour (DSF), obtaining a percentage of 80% ± 0.05% of protein. Emulsions were formulated through a factorial design 23. The rheological behaviour of sesame (Sesamum indicum) protein isolates-stabilised emulsions and microstructural composition were investigated. Stable emulsions with suitable rheological properties and microstructure were formulated at a concentration of 10% sesame oil and different concentrations of protein isolates, between 1.5% and 2.5%, with the best droplet distribution characteristics being shown for the 2.5% sesame protein isolates. The emulsions showed a non-Newtonian fluid behaviour, adjusting the Sisko model.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Rgs4 mRNA expression is decreased in the brain of Fmr1 knockout mouse.

In the Fmr1 knockout mice, a model for fragile X mental retardation syndrome, the levels of regulator of G-protein signaling (Rgs) 4 but not Rgs2 mRNA were considerably reduced (65% from control) in the cerebral cortex and hippocampal CA1 region. The expression of Rgs4 was normal in animals lacking a related protein, FXR2P, indicating that the decrease in Rgs4 expression was specific for the absence of FMRP, and suggests a role for FMRP in G-protein signaling.

Field of study: Biology
Galois connection, formal concepts and Galois lattice in real relations: application in a real classifier

In this paper, we introduce the notion of a real set as an extension of a crisp and a fuzzy set by using sequences of intervals as membership degrees, instead of a single value in [0,1]. We also propose, to extend the notion of Galois connection in a real binary relation as well as the notions of rectangular relation, formal concept and Galois lattice. We present finally a real classifier based on this mathematical foundation.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Integration of Human and Mouse Genetics Reveals Pendrin Function in Hearing and Deafness

Genomic technology has completely changed the way in which we are able to diagnose human genetic mutations. Genomic techniques such as the polymerase chain reaction, linkage analysis, Sanger sequencing, and most recently, massively parallel sequencing, have allowed researchers and clinicians to identify mutations for patients with Pendred syndrome and DFNB4 non-syndromic hearing loss. While thus far most of the mutations have been in the SLC26A4 gene coding for the pendrin protein, other genetic mutations may contribute to these phenotypes as well. Furthermore, mouse models for deafness have been invaluable to help determine the mechanisms for SLC26A4-associated deafness. Further work in these areas of research will help define genotype-phenotype correlations and develop methods for therapy in the future.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
In Vitro Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells Response to Ionic Dissolution Products from Lithium-Containing 45S5 Bioactive Glass

Since lithium (Li+) plays roles in angiogenesis, the localized and controlled release of Li+ ions from bioactive glasses (BGs) represents a promising alternative therapy for the regeneration and repair of tissues with a high degree of vascularization. Here, microparticles from a base 45S5 BG composition containing (wt %) 45% SiO2, 24.5% Na2O, 24.5% CaO, and 6% P2O5, in which Na2O was partially substituted by 5% Li2O (45S5.5Li), were obtained. The results demonstrate that human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) have greater migratory and proliferative response and ability to form tubules in vitro after stimulation with the ionic dissolution products (IDPs) of the 45S5.5Li BG. The results also show the activation of the canonical Wnt/β-catenin pathway and the increase in expression of proangiogenic cytokines insulin like growth factor 1 (IGF1) and transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ). We conclude that the IDPs of 45S5.5Li BG would act as useful inorganic agents to improve tissue repair and regeneration, ultimately stimulating HUVECs behavior in the absence of exogenous growth factors.

Field of study: Materials science
Leaf Morphology and Biochemical Studies on Different Varieties of Brinjal in Relation to Major Sucking Insect Pests

Four leaf characters, viz., leaf area, leaf thickness, trichome density and chlorophyll content were correlated with leafhopper and whitefly population. The data indicated that leaf area, leaf thickness and chlorophyll content exerted no effect on leafhopper population, while trichome density had negative correlation. The trichome density in different varieties ranged between 550.8 to 1068.5/cm2. The leaf area had positive significant effect on whitefly population, whereas leaf thickness, trichome density and chlorophyll content had no significant effect.

Field of study: Biology
How big is an OMI pixel

The Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) is a push-broom imaging spectrometer, observing solar radiation backscattered by the Earth's atmosphere and surface. The incoming radiation is detected using a static imaging CCD (charge-coupled device) detector array with no moving parts, as opposed to most of the previous satellite spectrometers, which used a moving mirror to scan the Earth in the across-track direction. The field of view (FoV) of detector pixels is the solid angle from which radiation is observed, averaged over the integration time of a measurement. The OMI FoV is not quadrangular, which is common for scanning instruments, but rather super-Gaussian shaped and overlapping with the FoV of neighbouring pixels. This has consequences for pixel-area-dependent applications, like cloud fraction products, and visualisation. The shapes and sizes of OMI FoVs were determined pre-flight by theoretical and experimental tests but never verified after launch. In this paper the OMI FoV is characterised using collocated MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) reflectance measurements. MODIS measurements have a much higher spatial resolution than OMI measurements and spectrally overlap at 469 nm. The OMI FoV was verified by finding the highest correlation between MODIS and OMI reflectances in cloud-free scenes, assuming a 2-D super-Gaussian function with varying size and shape to represent the OMI FoV. Our results show that the OMPIXCOR product 75FoV corner coordinates are accurate as the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of a super-Gaussian FoV model when this function is assumed. The softness of the function edges, modelled by the super-Gaussian exponents, is different in both directions and is view angle dependent. The optimal overlap function between OMI and MODIS reflectances is scene dependent and highly dependent on time differences between overpasses, especially with clouds in the scene. For partially clouded scenes, the optimal overlap function was represented by super-Gaussian exponents around 1 or smaller, which indicates that this function is unsuitable to represent the overlap sensitivity function in these cases. This was especially true for scenes before 2008, when the time differences between Aqua and Aura overpasses was about 15 min, instead of 8 min after 2008. During the time between overpasses, clouds change the scene reflectance, reducing the correlation and influencing the shape of the optimal overlap function.

Field of study: Environmental science
Generation of High Contrast Image from X-ray Scene Images of Brain Blood Vessel of Rat

The X-ray scene image of a brain blood vessel of a rat can be shot by using SPring-8 that is a high-performance X-ray sensing system. However, the contrast of the scene image is not enough visually. Even if the contrast of a scene image is poor, a single image that has good contrast can be generated by accumulating all frames in the scene image. However, objects in the scene image must be fixed to use the method. This paper proposes a method to generate a single image with good contrast from X-ray scene images of brain blood vessel of a rat. The partial optimal frames that are useful for generating an output image with good contrast are selected in all frames and the selected frames are accumulated after optimal two-dimensional moving. The genetic algorithm is applied to optimize the selection and moving of frames. The experimental results show that the generated output image by the proposed method had good contrast, clearness and fewer noises in comparison with the generated image by the conventional method.

Field of study: Computer science
Aggression in Borderline Personality Disorder: Evidence for Increased Risk and Clinical Predictors

This article aimed to systematically review the current literature regarding elevated risk of aggression in borderline personality disorder (BPD) and to review factors that differentiate aggressive from nonaggressive individuals with BPD. It has done so via a systematic review of the literature using Ovid MEDLINE and PsycINFO from 1980 to June 2010. Results indicate that BPD does not appear to be independently associated with increased risk of violence in the general population. History of childhood maltreatment, history of violence or criminality, and comorbid psychopathy or antisocial personality disorder appear to be predictors of violence in patients with BPD. This review concludes that the current evidence suggests that patients with BPD are not more violent than individuals in the general population. More studies are needed on factors that predict risk of aggression at an individual level.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
General Lightweight Integrated Space Environment and Effect Detection Technology

In this paper, space environments and effects are briefly introduced firstly, and then the demand of a general light integrated exploration on the space environment and effects are analyzed. Thirdly, on the basis of the analysis on foreign integrated detection device for the space environment and effects, the scheme of general lightweight integrated detection for space environment and effect in China was presented. At last, some key technologies, such as overall design, system integration, data acquisition and analysis, ground calibration and verification, spatial environment adaptability evaluation and so on, are put forward.

Field of study: Engineering
Possible high energy laser at 1.27 microm.

Preliminary theoretical and experimental evidence is presented that suggests the potential of lasing from the strongly forbidden O(2)((1)Delta(g)) ? C(2)((3)Sigma (-)(g)) transition of molecular oxygen. A rate equation model is developed which predicts pulse energies up to several hundred joules/liter atmosphere for typical mixtures of 10(3):2N(2) activated by uv photolysis in less than 10 microsec. Preliminary results from a flash photolysis laser apparatus demonstrating 1.27-microm lasing are presented. Results from a computer analysis assessing the possibility of using this system as a multipass amplifier are also given.

Field of study: Physics
Energy spectra of the soft X-ray diffuse emission in fourteen fields observed with Suzaku

The soft diffuse X-ray emission of twelve fields observed with Suzaku are presented together with two additional fields from previous analyses. All have galactic longitudes 65 deg < l < 295 deg to avoid contributions from the very bright diffuse source that extends at least 30 deg from the Galactic center. The surface brightnesses of the Suzaku nine fields for which apparently uncontaminated ROSAT All Sky Survey (RASS) were available were statistically consistent with the RASS values, with an upper limit for differences of 17 x 10^{-6} c s^{-1} amin^{-2} in R45}-band. The Ovii and Oviii intensities are well correlated to each other, and Ovii emission shows an intensity floor at ~2 photons s^{-1} cm^{-2 str^{-1} (LU). The high-latitude Oviii emission shows a tight correlation with excess of Ovii emission above the floor, with (Oviii intensity) = 0.5 x [(Ovii intensity) -2 LU], suggesting that temperatures averaged over different line-of-sight show a narrow distribution around ~0.2 keV. We consider that the offset intensity of Ovii arises from the Heliospheric solar wind charge exchange and perhaps from the local hot bubble, and that the excess Ovii (2-7 LU) is emission from more distant parts of the Galaxy. The total bolometric luminosity of this galactic emission is estimated to be 4 x 10^{39} erg s^{-1}, and its characteristic temperature may be related to the virial temperature of the Galaxy.

Field of study: Physics
Mutualism (carpooling) of ecologists and taxonomists

Ecologists and taxonomists have a common stake in the biodiversity enterprise but approach problems differently. Ecologists use structured designs to obtain multispecies samples and supporting information which they transform to data for analysis. Taxonomists obtain collections by less formal search, are specimen- rather than data-focused, target rare and undescribed species, and organize specimens and data by taxon with less attention to associated species and environmental data. Ecologists undervalue their contributions to taxonomic and distributional research. Taxonomists pass by the multispecies and negative occurrence data in collections. Complementarity of taxonomic and ecological approaches guarantees a stronger scientific product but effective collaboration requires continuing reciprocal involvement by both parties.

Field of study: Environmental science