nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
BRIEF COMMUNICATIONS: Nonlinear conversion of infrared images allowing for the influence of a turbulent atmosphere

A theoretical and experimental investigation is made of the parametric conversion of an infrared image in the presence of phase fluctuations which appear during propagation of radiation through a turbulent atmosphere. It is shown that in frequency conversion systems these wavefront distortions not only cause a deterioration in the quality of the image but also produce fluctuations in the output radiation intensity. The influence of these factors on the operation of a receiving system is determined. The experiments confirm the results of the calculations.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Impact of usability on process lead-time in information systems: A case study

Technological advancements have started to demand the need for information systems to survive in the business world. There is an inherent need to be fast and efficient to conquer the market. In order to reduce time to market there is a need to shorten the lead-time in design and development process of products. Hence, lead-time is a significant performance metric for a product development organizations having information systems. It is important to explore the factors which affect the process lead-time in information systems. The objective of this study is to explore the impact that usability (one of the factors that may affect the process lead-time) has on process lead-time. This paper presents a case study involving qualitative and quantitate data from Volvo Group, which uses an information system called KOLA for their design and development process. Data was collected through 29 interviews, 17 think aloud sessions, 5 document studies, and 73 responses from a survey. This study identifies which usability factors and heuristics that have an impact on process lead-time. Moreover, the results show that the users level of experience determines the effective utilization of accelerators and thereby affecting the process lead-time. Finally, usability plays an important role in shortening the process lead-time in information systems.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Llamamiento General, Repartimiento, and the Empire of Acolhuacan

A PASSAGE in the Relaciwn geogr6fica of the city of Texcoco, written in 1582 by Juan Bautista Pomar, provides the point of departure for this study of fifteenthand sixteenth-century jurisdictions in central Mexico. Pomar's duty was to prepare a description of Texcoco in response to the general questionnaire distributed by the government of Philip II. Pomar fulfilled his duty in a characteristic, almost predictable, way. He remarked upon the geographical disintegration of the Texcocan area under Spanish rule, observing that an alcaldia mayor had been created with authority over Texcoco and four near-by towns, Huexotla, Coatlichian, Chiauhtla, and Tezayuca. In Indian government these towns and others formerly dominated by Texcoco had become "pueblos de por si," i.e., they were in the 1580's administered by native gobernadores with ayuntamientos of alcaldes and regidores, all separate from the authority of the Indian government of Texcoco. Pomar contrasted these conditions of the 1580's with the far-flung Texcocan hegemony of the era of Nezahualcoyotl and Nezahualpilli, the imperial area that had formed a part of the territory of the Aztec Triple Alliance. In only one respect, Pomar asserted, was the ancient dominion of Texcoco still recognized as such, namely in the llamamientos generales. And these, he stated, had become rare.' Pomar's reference is an obscure one, for liamamiento (calling) is not a word of frequent usage in the socio-political vocabulary of sixteenth-century New Spain. A number of instances may be cited, nevertheless, to suggest the kinds of situation for which it was regarded as appropriate. Thus a Spanish document of 1580 mentions that diirino Cortes' rpsidenee in Covoaean following the conouest.

Field of study: History
Application of gelcasting process in ceria membranes formation

Lanthanides doped ceria is one of the most promising materials for intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cells, which may operate below 700 °C. There are many studies focused mainly on finding the optimal dopant and its proper concentration. The optimized material should be later formed into a thin, strong, durable and gas-proof membrane. Durable and strong ceramics, in almost of any shape, may be obtained by a gelcasting process. On the other hand, application of nanocrystalline powders leads to lowering the sintering temperature what may result in better process control. In the present study the gelcasting process was applied to formation of ceria membranes from nanopowders derived from a reverse microemulsion technique as well as from commercial microcrystalline powders. It was found that morphology of the starting powders, characterized by N 2 -BET (low temperature nitrogen adsorption) and DLS (dynamic light scattering) methods, was a key-parameter influencing the membrane properties formed in the gelcasting process. The sintering process of the obtained nanopowders was studied by a dilatometry method. The morphology of the obtained membranes was characterized by SEM (scanning electron microscopy) and AFM (atomic force microscopy) techniques. It was found that using the nanopowders the nonporous ceria membranes can be obtained in the gelcasting process after sintering in relatively low temperatures 900–1100 °C.

Field of study: Materials science
[Computing pharmacokinetic parameters from blood level--time data of equi-interval samplings (author's transl)].

In pharmacokinetics, the method of residuals is commonly used for calculating pharmacokinetic parameters of drug. In the case of oral, intramuscular or intravenous administrations, the drug elimination rate constant(K) obtained by this method may contain significant errors which affect the accuracy of the drug absorption rate constant estimated, when Ka approach to K. This paper suggested a new method of pharmacokinetic experimental design and data-processing,that is,computing pharmacokinetic parameters of drugs from blood level-time data of equi-interval sampleings. Theoretical analysis and examples were given for one- or two-compartment open models after iv administration and for one-compartment open model after po or im admistrations. The results show that this method can ben used to calculate effectively pharmacokinetic parameters without the defects of the method of residuals.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Influence of inherited paleotopography and water level rise on the sedimentary infill of Lake Ossa (S Cameroon) inferred by continuous color and bulk organic matter analyses

Lacustrine records hold considerable archives providing access to valuable information. However, to decode this information it is necessary to know how the lake in question and its catchment area function. In this study we propose to highlight the different factors that govern sedimentation by studying different core samples covering the Holocene taken from lake Ossa, Cameroon. To do this we chose to use organic matter as a tracer of changes in sedimentation by coupling two complementary methods: spectrophotometry for color measurement and Rock Eval pyrolysis for bulk geochemical analysis. Spectrophotometry is used classically to quantify color and obtain data very rapidly, at very high resolution and non-destructively. Rock Eval data give geochemical indication on organic matter composition. Thus, it was possible to highlight different types of organic matter at different stages of transformation, including different sources that can be responsible of this transformation (distal, proximal, autochtonous). The synthesis of this information led to the formulation of a scenario of how Lake Ossa was filled. Although this lake had already been used for paleoclimatic/environmental purposes, we show here that most of the forcing responsible for the sedimentation in the lake was due to the paleotopography and the rise in the lake level during the Holocene.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Effect of Nucleon Dressing on the Triton Binding Energy.

The effect of nucleon dressing by pions, on the binding energy of three nucleons interacting via two-body forces, is calculated for the first time within a conventional nuclear physics approach. It is found that the dressing increases the binding energy of the triton by an amount approximately in the range from 0.3 MeV to 0.9 MeV, depending on the model used for dressing. This suggests that nucleon dressing may help explain the underestimation of the triton binding energy in previous calculations using only two-nucleon forces.

Field of study: Physics
Design and Realization of Universal Data Accessing Component

ASP.NET technology separats the user interface and business logic, and operats database by ADO.NET technology. But to ADO.NET technology, it realizes different operations on various database, and can also promulgate these data to face page in order to generating dynamic page by ASP.NET. According to multilayer Web application system structure, carrys through decomposition to ADO.NET default structure, and realizes an universal or public data accessing component.

Field of study: Computer science
Sobolev embeddings into BMO, VMO, andL∞

LetX be a rearrangement-invariant Banach function space onRn and letV1X be the Sobolev space of functions whose gradient belongs toX. We give necessary and sufficient conditions onX under whichV1X is continuously embedded into BMO or intoL∞. In particular, we show thatLn, ∞ is the largest rearrangement-invariant spaceX such thatV1X is continuously embedded into BMO and, similarly,Ln, 1 is the largest rearrangement-invariant spaceX such thatV1X is continuously embedded intoL∞. We further show thatV1X is a subset of VMO if and only if every function fromX has an absolutely continuous norm inLn, ∞. A compact inclusion ofV1X intoC0 is characterized as well.

Field of study: Mathematics
Design of a Superconducting Magnet for Trapping Antihydrogen Atoms at CERN

The ATRAP collaboration (Antihydrogen Trapping) operates an experiment at the Antiproton Decelerator (AD) at CERN with the objective to create antihydrogen atoms and confine them at a very low temperature. The goal is to perform precise spectroscopy on antihydrogen in comparison to hydrogen as a high precision test of charge, parity and time invariance (CPT).

Field of study: Physics
Non-Parametric Calibration of Probabilistic Regression

The task of calibration is to retrospectively adjust the outputs from a machine learning model to provide better probability estimates on the target variable. While calibration has been investigated thoroughly in classification, it has not yet been well-established for regression tasks. This paper considers the problem of calibrating a probabilistic regression model to improve the estimated probability densities over the real-valued targets. We propose to calibrate a regression model through the cumulative probability density, which can be derived from calibrating a multi-class classifier. We provide three non-parametric approaches to solve the problem, two of which provide empirical estimates and the third providing smooth density estimates. The proposed approaches are experimentally evaluated to show their ability to improve the performance of regression models on the predictive likelihood.

Field of study: Computer science
Schema-Consistent and Schema-Inconsistent Information

Processing effort for schema-consistent, inconsistent, and neutral information was assessed by a secondary task technique. Schema-consistent and inconsistent information received similar processing effort, and both of these received greater effort than schema-irrelevant (neutral) information. These results suggest that the amount of cognitive effort in processing a sentence is dependent on the relevance of the sentence to a particular schema, and not on whether or not it fits the schema.

Field of study: Psychology
Some Singular Vector-Valued Jack and Macdonald Polynomials

For each partition τ of N, there are irreducible modules of the symmetric groups S N and of the corresponding Hecke algebra H N t whose bases consist of the reverse standard Young tableaux of shape τ . There are associated spaces of nonsymmetric Jack and Macdonald polynomials taking values in these modules. The Jack polynomials form a special case of the polynomials constructed by Griffeth for the infinite family G n , p , N of complex reflection groups. The Macdonald polynomials were constructed by Luque and the author. For each of the groups S N and the Hecke algebra H N t , there is a commutative set of Dunkl operators. The Jack and the Macdonald polynomials are parametrized by κ and q , t , respectively. For certain values of these parameters (called singular values), there are polynomials annihilated by each Dunkl operator; these are called singular polynomials. This paper analyzes the singular polynomials whose leading term is x 1 m ⊗ S , where S is an arbitrary reverse standard Young tableau of shape τ . The singular values depend on the properties of the edge of the Ferrers diagram of τ .

Field of study: Mathematics
Expression and tissue-specific localization of nitrate-responsive miRNAs in roots of maize seedlings.

Nitrogen availability seriously affects crop productivity and environment. The knowledge of post-transcriptional regulation of plant response to nutrients is important to improve nitrogen use efficiency of crop. This research was aimed at understanding the role of miRNAs in the molecular control of plant response to nitrate. The expression profiles of six mature miRNAs were deeply studied by quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction and in situ hybridization (ISH). To this aim, a novel optimized protocol was set up for the use of digoxygenin-labelled Zip Nucleic Acid-modified oligonucleotides as probes for ISH. Significant differences in miRNAs' transcripts accumulation were evidenced between nitrate-supplied and nitrate-depleted roots. Real-time PCR analyses and in situ detection of miRNA confirmed the array data and allowed us to evidence distinct miRNAs spatio-temporal expression patterns in maize roots. Our results suggest that a prolonged nitrate depletion may induce post-transcriptionally the expression of target genes by repressing the transcription of specific miRNAs. In particular, the repression of the transcription of miR528a/b, miR528a*/b*, miR169i/j/k, miR169i*/j*/k*, miR166j/k/n and miR408/b upon nitrate shortage could represent a crucial step integrating nitrate signals into developmental changes in maize roots.

Field of study: Environmental science
Innovation and Venture Capital Exits

This paper addresses the choice between different exit routes of venture capitalists for a project yielding a quality-improving product innovation. We explicitly introduce product market characteristics into the analysis with the aim to identify their effects on the optimal exit strategy and on the financial contract. Going public can be more profitable than a trade sale (i.e., selling the venture to an existing company) when the new product is sufficiently innovative. This leads to an agency conflict if the entrepreneur enjoys private benefits from staying an independent manager in the firm after the exit of the venture capitalist. The entrepreneur has incentives to distort the innovation strategy so as to make an IPO the preferred exit. We derive the optimal financing strategy under different allocations of control rights and market power. The use of an optimal mix of debt and equity can partially mitigate such a distortion. We also discuss empirical implications and offer partial empirical evidence.

Field of study: Economics
Physicochemical properties study of stearate cassava starch

Stearate cassava starch is prepared by cassava starch and the properties of stearate starch are also investigated in this paper.The results show that physicochemical properties of cassava starch are significantly changed after acidolysis and esterify.With the increase of the degree of substitute (DS),the solubility,transparency,emulsifying stability,as well as freezing thawing stability of stearate cassava starch increase,the viscosity of the paste decrease,at the same time with the temperature increasing the paste viscosity of samples with the same DS decline.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Cycloid psychosis: An examination of the validity of the concept

The diagnosis of cycloid psychosis has a long tradition in European psychiatry. However, it has been poorly assimilated within the DSM IV and ICD-10 diagnostic systems. Leonhard set the basis for the current conceptualization of the disorder, and Perris and Brockington developed the first operational diagnostic criteria. However, the two conceptualizations of the disorder are not the same and differ across a number of meaningful variables. Cycloid psychosis is a useful concept in that it possesses both clinical and predictive validity. Despite the high prevalence of mood symptoms and syndromes, cycloid psychosis does not equal schizoaffective disorder. Although a substantial body of evidence suggests that cycloid psychosis differs meaningfully from typical schizophrenia, it is less clear whether it differs from major mood disorders or represents an independent nosological entity. The existence of putative subtypes is also likely, and the differentiation between affective and nonaffective subtypes has received some support.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Phosphoinositide specific phospholipase C activity of goat spermatozoa in transit from the caput to the cauda epididymis.

Goat sperm lysate from cauda epididymis was incubated in the presence of [14C]phosphatidyl-choline, -ethanolamine, -inositol and diphosphatidyl-glycerol. The release of [14C]diacylglycerol from only phosphatidyl inositol confirmed the presence of phosphatidyl inositol specific phospholipase C. The enzyme activity was linear up to 1 hr of incubation at a sperm concentration of 1-10 x 10(9). It had pH optimum of 7.5 in a broad range of pH activity profile (pH 6-9). Maximum activity was observed at 8 mM calcium ion concentration. EDTA and EGTA (5 mM) did not inhibit the activity completely. A comparative study on spermatozoa and fluid from caput, corpus and cauda epididymis revealed 6.5-fold increase of activity in spermatozoa and a 4-fold decrease in case of fluid during the epididymal transit. However, the total protein content remained unchanged in fluid and decreased up to the extent of 2.4-fold in spermatozoa during this process. Thirty five percent of the caudal sperm activity was soluble and the rest was associated with head (44%), mid-piece (10%) and tail (10%).

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Physics
Physiography and Structure at Cumberland Gap

Cumberland Mountain is one of those “even-crested” Appalachian ridges whose summits, in general, are commonly supposed to represent a peneplain—the Schooley, or “Cretaceous,” peneplain—which once covered the region. Cumberland Gap is a notch, cut to a depth of about 600 feet in that ridge, but not now occupied by a stream. If the apparent evenness of the ridge crest is due to peneplanation, one would expect the crest to have essentially the same altitude on the two sides of the gap. As a matter of fact, the ridge crest on the southwest side lies about 300 feet lower than on the northeast side. This difference in level on the two sides of the gap is a striking feature, which immediately attracts the attention of the physiographer (figures 1 and 2 and profile, . Why should this marked change in the elevation of the ridge crest be . . .

Field of study: Geology
[Acute cerebral sinus-thrombosis due to polyangiitis overlap syndrome with granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener's granulomatosis) and eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Churg-Strauss syndrome)].

A brief review of literature is made on the problem of modern classification, diagnosis and treatment of systemic vasculitis. The authors present a clinical case of a 40-YO male, in whom the disease started with focal neurological signs: epileptic seizures, disorder of consciousness, light euphoria, nasolabial fold insufficiency and left upper extremity hypoesthesia. Initial examination revealed upper sagittal sinus together with right lateral sinus thrombosis with forming of bilateral frontal lobe's hemorrhages; development of stable thrombocytopenia and platelet antibodies in blood species as well as hyperhomocysteinemia and a MTHFR gene mutation. Further, the patient was followed-up by the hematologist and treated by steroids. Systemic vasculitis of granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener's granulomatosis) and eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Churg-Strauss syndrome) were late diagnosed in this patient, and coexistence of two systemic vasculitis predetermined extremely severe course of the disease with fatal outcome in nearly 5 years after the disease started, and after steroid and rituximab treatment. It is concluded that the diagnosis of cerebral venous thrombosis in a young patient should exclude systemic vasculitis as one of its possible causes.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Dynamic response of a long case-bonded viscoelastic cylinder

Time-dependent pressures are applied in an encased viscoelastic cylinder and on the surface of the case. The resulting dynamic response of the cylinder-case system is the subject of a theoretical analysis. The viscoelastic material of the cylinder is assumed to be incompressible and a forced vibration is therefore excited without initial wave effects. The cylinder is viscoelastic in shear, showing short-time elastic behavior and delayed elasticity. The displacement, the circumferential stress, and the radial stress are investigated. If a time-dependent pressure is applied to the case, the radial bond stress at the cylinder-case interface is periodic and shows tensile peaks for high values (^104) of the ratio of Young's modulus of the shell to the rubbery shear modulus of the cylinder. The stresses are damped exponentially to the compressive quasi-static solution. Analytical solutions are presented for step loading and standard linear viscoelastic shear behavior. A numerical procedure using measured values of the relaxation function is indicated. The solutions are relevant to a compressible cylinder for times long compared to the passage-time of a dilatational wave.

Field of study: Physics
Hippocampal response patterns during discriminative eyeblink/jaw movement conditioning in the rabbit.

Rabbits were given concurrent training in eyeblink (EB) and jaw movement (JM) conditioning in which 1 tone predicted an airpuff and another tone predicted water. After 10 days of discrimination training, the animals were given 10 days of reversal training. In the discrimination phase, acquisition of the 2 conditioned responses was not significantly different; however JM discrimination errors were much more frequent than were EB errors. In the reversal phase, correct performance on EB trials increased gradually, as was expected, whereas there was immediate behavioral reversal on JM trials. Differences in size and topography of dorsal CA1 multiple-unit responses reflected the ability of the hippocampus to discriminate between stimuli in trained animals, corresponding to the performance of the behavioral discrimination. During JM trials, the rhythmicity of the neural response was further modulated by the type of the prior trial, suggesting the coding of sequential events by the hippocampus. Thus, hippocampal conditioned activity can rapidly change its magnitude and pattern depending on the specific trial type during a concurrent EB/JM discrimination task and its reversal.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology