nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Late Pleistocene luminescence chronology of loess deposition in the Missouri and Mississippi river valleys, United States

The loess stratigraphy of the mid-continental U.S. is an important proxy record for the advance of the North American ice sheet into the catchment of the Mississippi, Missouri and Ohio rivers. One of the most outstanding problems is deciphering the age of the loess deposits in this area during the Late Pleistocene. We used multiple-aliquot additive dose procedures under infrared stimulated luminescence (IRSL) and single aliquot regeneration (SAR) protocols to resolve ages of loess at the Loveland Silt type locality, Iowa, the Pleasant Grove School section, Illinois, and the Bonfils Quarry section, Missouri. Radiocarbon dated levels in the Peoria Loess and Roxana Silt were used to test the accuracy of the IRSL and SAR methods. SAR on polymineral and quartz extracts yielded underestimates in age by 20–55%, whereas IRSL gave concordant ages to the 14C control and was used to date the loess sequences. The oldest loess, the Bonfils Silt, gave IRSL ages between 159 and 264 ka and are considered non-finite estimates because the luminescence response was near saturation with additive β dose. The Loveland Silt at the type locality exhibited considerable luminescence in growth with additive β dose and yielded the mean age of 159±14 ka (n=4). The Teneriffe Silt gave a mean IRSL age of 93±5 ka (n=4) which, overlaps at two σ with a previous TL age and indicates deposition sometime between 100 and 80 ka. The Roxana Silt yielded stratigraphically consistent IRSL ages between ca. 60 and 30 ka. Luminescence and radiocarbon dating indicate that there were four distinct periods of loess deposition in the Mississippi and Missouri river basins at ca. 180–140 ka, 100–80 ka, 60–30 ka, and 25–12 ka which are concordant with periods of meltwater input to the Gulf of Mexico, another proxy of glaciation in mid-continental North America.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Minimax robust deconvolution filters under stochastic parametric and noise uncertainties

The author consider the design of robust deconvolution filters for linear discrete time systems with stochastic parameter and noise uncertainties. It is assumed that some large but bounded uncertainties exist in the driving and measurement noise covariances as well as the second-order statistics of stochastic parameters and initial conditions. Three kinds of minimax sensitivity criteria are used to develop the techniques to the synthesis of minimax deconvolution filters under uncertain linear stochastic systems. Their approach is based on saddle-point theory and the sensitivity analysis of Kalman filters. The design algorithms give the recursive realization of the minimax deconvolution filters for the time-varying uncertain systems under fairly general conditions. For the time-invariant uncertain case the existence and solutions of steady-state deconvolution filters are further developed. Finally, the utility of the minimax design approaches and the properties of the resulting minimax deconvolution filters are illustrated by a numerical example.

Field of study: Engineering
Operational constraints and hydrologic variability limit hydropower in supporting wind integration

Climate change mitigation will require rapid adoption of low-carbon energy resources. The integration of large-scale wind energy in the United States (US) will require controllable assets to balance the variability of wind energy production. Previous work has identified hydropower as an advantageous asset, due to its flexibility and low-carbon emissions production. While many dams currently provide energy and environmental services in the US and globally, we find that multi-use hydropower facilities would face significant policy conflicts if asked to store and release water to accommodate wind integration. Specifically, we develop a model simulating hydroelectric operational decisions when the electric facility is able to provide wind integration services through a mechanism that we term 'flex reserves'. We use Kerr Dam in North Carolina as a case study, simulating operations under two alternative reservoir policies, one reflecting current policies and the other regulating flow levels to promote downstream ecosystem conservation. Even under perfect information and significant pricing incentives, Kerr Dam faces operational conflicts when providing any substantial levels of flex reserves while also maintaining releases consistent with other river management requirements. These operational conflicts are severely exacerbated during periods of drought. Increase of payments for flex reserves does not resolve these operational and policy conflicts.

Field of study: Environmental science
Social equilibrium and cycles on compact sets

One proof of existence of general equilibrium assumes convexity and continuity of a preference correspondence on a compact convex feasible set W. Here the existence of a local equilibrium for a preference field which satisfies, not convexity, but the weaker local acyclicity is shown. The theorem is then applied to a voting game, σ, without veto players. It is shown that if the dimension of the policy space is no greater than ν(σ) − 2, where ν(σ) is the Nakamura number of the game, then no local cycles may occur and a local equilibrium must exist. With convex preferences, then, there will exist a choice of the game from W.

Field of study: Economics
An evaluation of a visual-visual successive matching-to-sample procedure to establish equivalence classes in adults.

Traditionally, behavior analysts have studied stimulus equivalence using a matching-to-sample (MTS) preparation. Although researchers have shown the utility of MTS to yield equivalence classes, the procedure requires several prerequisite skills for a learner to accurately respond. Previous research with humans and nonhumans has shown that relational responding can be produced via compound stimulus discrimination and successive matching-to-sample (S-MTS). We conducted four experiments with college students to further evaluate the effectiveness of S-MTS in the establishment of stimulus relations. S-MTS trials consisted of the presentation of a single sample stimulus followed by one comparison in a fixed location on a computer screen. Depending upon the sample-comparison relation, participants touched (i.e., go) or did not touch (i.e., no-go) the comparison stimulus. Following training of the baseline relations (AB/BC), we assessed the emergence of symmetry, transitivity, and equivalence performances (i.e., BA/CB and AC/CA). Results support the utility of the S-MTS procedure as a possible alternative to traditional MTS. This study has direct implications for participants for whom traditional three-array MTS procedures may be challenging.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Tameness and Homogeneity

Let $\Lambda$ be a finite-dimensional algebra over an algebraically closed field, then $\Lambda$ is either tame or wild. Is there any homological description in terms of AR-translations on tameness? Or equivalently, is there any combinatorial description in terms of AR-quivers? The answer is yes. In the present paper we prove the following main theorem: ``$\Lambda$ is tame if and only if almost all modules are isomorphic to their Auslander-Reiten translations, if and only if they lie in homogeneous tubes". 
The method used in the paper is bimodule problem, which has been studied by several authors. We treat bimodule problems and their reductions in terms of matrices and generalized Jordan forms respectively. In particular, we introduce a concept of freely parameterized bimodule problems corresponding to layered bocses in order to define the reductions of bimodule problems. Moreover, we list all the possibilities of the differential of the first arrow of a layered bocs such that the induced bocs is still layered and preserves all the free parameters, especially in wild case.

Field of study: Mathematics
藻类光合原初过程的计算机模拟——III.C-藻蓝蛋白三聚体及六聚体中的能量传递

本文以晶体结构数据为依据,计算了C-藻蓝蛋白的三聚体和六聚体(天然聚集态)内进行的能量传递过程,结果表明:在荧光发射前,激发能可以在一些途径上重复传递多次,聚集态越高,重复传递次数越少;三聚体中一个单体上的m色团与相邻单体上的f色团有最近的距离和适宜的取向,因而在这样两个色团之间的传递具有最短的时间常数(

Field of study: Chemistry
Carotenoids content of Corchorus olitorius and Solanum macrocarpon - commonly used Ghanaian vegetables

Green leafy vegetables are rich in carotenoids. The study investigated the effect of duration of storage and cooking time on the carotenoids in Corchorus olitorius and Solanum macrocarpon, locally known as ‘adeimey’ and ‘gboma’ respectively. The storage conditions were: overnight at room temperature (25°C), refrigeration for one day and a week, and cooking at 100 o C for thirty minutes. The three individual carotenoids and total carotenoid content (TCC) were quantified using HPLC and by measuring absorbance at 450 nm, respectively. The TCC varied from 17.1 mg/100 g to 670.2 mg/100 g. The β-carotene content ranged from 7.5 mg/100 g to 196.3 mg/100 g while lutein ranged from 1.4 mg/100 g to 112.8 mg/100 g. The zeaxanthin content ranged from 0.7 mg/100 g to 16.3 mg/100 g. These results show that the two green leafy vegetables are good sources of carotenoids. There were variations in the concentrations of carotenoids in Solanum macrocarpon and Corchorus olitorius with the latter having a higher carotenoids content than the former. β-carotene was the most predominant carotenoid whilst zeaxanthin was the lowest in the vegetables studied. It was observed that the β-carotene, lutein, zeaxanthin and the total carotenoid contents decreased drastically when the vegetables were left to stand overnight at room temperature, refrigerated for one day and a week and then cooked for thirty minutes. These findings suggest modification in the storage and cooking practices of these green leafy vegetables to ensure retention of the carotenoids for the best nutritional value and health benefit; hence the need for policy towards nutrition education on vegetable processing and storage.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Diné Bikéya: Teaching about Navajo Citizenship and Sovereignty

The Navajo Nation, comprising the largest land area allocated mainly to a Native American jurisdiction in the United States, offers a unique opportunity to enhance students’ understandings of citizenship rights and sovereignty. For example, what does sovereignty mean on the reservation? What is the relationship between the Navajo Nation and the U.S. government? What is the relationship between the Navajo people and the U.S. Constitution? In this article, the authors provide a brief overview of the history and governmental structure of the Navajo Nation, and then offer specific ideas and resources for teaching about Navajo history and sovereignty, legislation and sovereignty, and court cases and sovereignty. The appendix includes a comprehensive list of relevant court cases, along with book and website recommendations.

Field of study: Sociology
Present stituation and forth new ideas'ways for training method of basketball talent in Chinese colleges and universities

By using investigating with inquiring paper and documentary material research, the paper makes an analysis for present sistuation of basketball league and training talent.Lacking in clearing guilding developmental atomsphere and training talant system are the existing questions in training method of high level basketball talent.So the method must bring forth new ideas and the purpose is development of people in an all round ways.The article put forward some points and suggestions on the inproving and reforming in chinese colleges basketball.

Field of study: Education
Multi-stage zeolite facies mineralization in the Hvalfjördur area, Iceland

The Hvalfjördur area, 30 km north of Iceland’s capital Reykjavik, belongs to the sequence of Late Tertiary to early Quaternary flood basalts with minor intercalations of hyaloclastites and rhyolites. The basalts are affected by progressive low-temperature metamorphism, caused by the burial of the lava succession and higher heat flow from nearby central volcanoes. Low-grade zeolite facies metamorphism of basaltic lavas in the Hvalfjördur area results in two distinct mineral parageneses that can be correlated to events in the burial and hydrothermal history of the lava pile. Stage Ia represents syn-eruptive near-surface alteration in which celadonite and silica were precipitated along primary pores. During regional burial metamorphism (stage Ib), hydrolysis of olivine and glass led to the formation of mixed-layer chlorite/smectite clays. The chlorite content of stage Ib phyllosilicate vesicle rims increases with increasing burial depth and temperature. Stage II occurred after the burial and is marked by zeolite mineralization caused by higher heat flow from the Laxárvogur and Hvalfjördur central volcanoes. Altogether 11 different zeolites were found in the Hvalfjördur area: analcime, chabazite, epistilbite, heulandite, laumontite, levyne, mesolite, stilbite, stellerite, thomsonite and yugawaralite. In total, three separate depth and temperature-controlled “zeolite zones” occur in the Hvalfjördur area.

Field of study: Environmental science
Sensitivity of LEACHN Model Predictions to Changes in Nitrogen Transformation Rate Constants and Bulk Density

LEACHN is a deterministic model that could be used as a decision support tool to simulate NO 3 -N (nitrate-N) movement through the soil profile in order to make management decisions (i.e., when and how much effluent to apply on land) at effluent-irrigated land disposal sites. However, using this model as a â€œblack boxâ€ is not satisfactory, and an in-depth understanding of how the model works is essential before the model is used by the operators and managers of land treatment systems. This article provides a brief description of LEACHN, the N (nitrogen) cycle and soil hydrological properties in LEACHN, and an assessment of LEACHN. This article also provides the key findings of a previous study as background knowledge for the current study. The main focus of this article is to investigate the sensitivity of LEACHN predictions to changes in N transformation rate constants, i.e., K min (mineralization), K nit (nitrification), and K den (denitrification), at field scale, and also to explore the effect of changes in soil bulk density on leachate NO 3 -N concentrations and amount of N leached. This study shows that LEACHN was sensitive to K min values, and this parameter had a significant impact on soil humus-N and the amount of NO 3 -N leached. The total amount of NO 3 -N leached was slightly affected by K nit values. However, the K den value had no significant impact on the total amount of NO 3 -N leached. This analysis also highlighted the need for accurate measurements of bulk density as inputs to the LEACHN model. The optimized LEACHN model (using the best N transformation rate constants values) was tested successfully for two field data sets.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
3D Printing of Bioceramic Scaffolds—Barriers to the Clinical Translation: From Promise to Reality, and Future Perspectives

In this review, we summarize the challenges of the three-dimensional (3D) printing of porous bioceramics and their translational hurdles to clinical applications. The state-of-the-art of the major 3D printing techniques (powder-based and slurry-based), their limitations and key processing parameters are discussed in detail. The significant roadblocks that prevent implementation of 3D printed bioceramics in tissue engineering strategies, and medical applications are outlined, and the future directions where new research may overcome the limitations are proposed. In recent years, there has been an increasing demand for a nanoscale control in 3D fabrication of bioceramic scaffolds via emerging techniques such as digital light processing, two-photon polymerization, or large area maskless photopolymerization. However, these techniques are still in a developmental stage and not capable of fabrication of large-sized bioceramic scaffolds; thus, there is a lack of sufficient data to evaluate their contribution. This review will also not cover polymer matrix composites reinforced with particulate bioceramics, hydrogels reinforced with particulate bioceramics, polymers coated with bioceramics and non-porous bioceramics.

Field of study: Materials science
Inotropic effect of histamine on papillary muscle of guinea pig with right ventricular hypertrophy.

The effects of histamine and its antagonists on guinea pig right ventricular papillary muscle rendered hypertrophy by chronic pulmonary artery constriction were observed. In the HT-I group (hypertrophy 10-15 d), the dose-response (D-R) curves of PT, +dT/dtmax of histamine, compared with CTL-I (age-matched sham-opcrated group), shifted leftward and upward. In the HT-II group (hypertrophy 30-35 d), while the histamine dosages ranged 0.1-1 vmol/L the D-R curves only slightly changed from CTL-II, but remarkably shifted rightward and downward in high concentrations (3-30 vmol/L), showing an augrnentation of response in the early stage and an attcnuation of response in the late stage. The pattern of D-R curves of epinephrine was virtually similar to those of histamine. In the presence of cimetidine, these curves all parallelly shifted to the right; and the biphasic inotropism were still clearly shown.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Investigation on the Control Method of APF Forecast Based on the Three-phase Four-leg Converters

To solve the asymmetric three-phase four-wire power system harmonic pollution,in this paper,a method is applied to the three-phase four-leg active power filter(APF) control,the method is used to predict the net side voltage and converters output current values from T+1 sampling time when in T sampling time,calculate the reference voltage values in T+1 times based on the establishment of a systemic mathematical model,then use the three-dimensional voltage space vector to modulate control signal of main circuit,drive the main circuit to output compensation current to achieve the objective of eliminating harmonic.This method can reduce the delay caused by sampling and calculation,having the advantages of high efficiency usage of DC voltage,good dynamic response.The simulation results show the feasibility of the method.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Oversea Chinese and compatriots in Hong Kong and Macau vs. the development of sports undertaking of China

By means of historical review and summarization,the authors introduced touching stories about the sup-port given by oversea Chinese and compatriots in Hong Kong and Macau to sports undertaking of China over a long period time.Their support main embody in three aspects: 1)excellent sports talents came back to China to serve the country;2)they generously aided the sport undertaking financially and materially;3)they supported sports under-taking of hometowns of oversea Chinese,and promoted mass sports.As proven by facts,a lot of oversea Chinese and compatriots in Hong Kong and Macau are connected to homeland China consanguineously,loving China dearly;such splendid sports undertaking of China as it is today is inseparable from their unselfish contributions.

Field of study: Education
Small-Sample Comparisons of Exact Levels for Chi-Squared Goodness-of-Fit Statistics

The small-sample properties of three goodness-of-fit statistics for the analysis of categorical data are examined with respect to the adequacy of the asymptotic chi-squared approximation. The approximate tests based on the likelihood ratio and Freeman-Tukey statistics yield exact levels that are typically in excess of the nominal levels for moderate expected values. In contrast, the Pearson statistic attains exact levels that are quite close to the nominal values. The reason for the large number of rejections for the likelihood ratio and Freeman-Tukey statistics is related to their handling of small observed counts.

Field of study: Mathematics
Hypertension as one of the risk factors for age-related macular degeneration

Age-related macular degeneration (ARMD) is one of the causes of loss of central vision in older people. While age is the undisputed, the most important risk factors such as genetic, race, sex, sunlight exposure, diet, vitamin, smoking, cardiovascular disease, hypercholesterolemia, and hypertension have been incriminated to be associated with the development of ARMD. The study of ARMD is very rare in Indonesia.  To investigate the possible association of presumed hypertension, and other risk factors in patients with age-related macular degeneration.  A case-control study of 120 subjects, 60 cases with ARMD and 60 cases of normal control in Dr. Sardjito General Hospital and Dr. YAP. Eye Hospital, Yogyakarta. ARMD and normal control were compared. Interview, eye examination, blood pressure, and blood sample were performed.  Hypertension was observed in 38 (76%) of 60 patients with age-related macular degeneration. Of 60 normal control patients, only 12 (24%) had hypertension. Statistical analysis result showed that hypertension was one of the risk factors for the development of age-related macular degeneration OR: 6,909 (3,037-15,720). But hypertension was not a predictor for the development of age-related macular degeneration (regression coefficient = 0,0000).  Besides other risk factors, hypertension is one of the risk factors for the development of age-related macular degeneration.  age-related macular degeneration - central vision - older people - risk factors - hypertension

Field of study: Medicine
The calcium-dependent protein kinase CPK7 acts on root hydraulic conductivity.

The hydraulic conductivity of plant roots (Lp(r)) is determined in large part by the activity of aquaporins. Mechanisms occurring at the post-translational level, in particular phosphorylation of aquaporins of the plasma membrane intrinsic protein 2 (PIP2) subfamily, are thought to be of critical importance for regulating root water transport. However, knowledge of protein kinases and phosphatases acting on aquaporin function is still scarce. In the present work, we investigated the Lp(r) of knockout Arabidopsis plants for four Ca(2+)-dependent protein kinases. cpk7 plants showed a 30% increase in Lp(r) because of a higher aquaporin activity. A quantitative proteomic analysis of wild-type and cpk7 plants revealed that PIP gene expression and PIP protein quantity were not correlated and that CPK7 has no effect on PIP2 phosphorylation. In contrast, CPK7 exerts a negative control on the cellular abundance of PIP1s, which likely accounts for the higher Lp(r) of cpk7. In addition, this study revealed that the cellular amount of a few additional proteins including membrane transporters is controlled by CPK7. The overall work provides evidence for CPK7-dependent stability of specific membrane proteins.

Field of study: Environmental science