nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Re-encryption, Functional Re-encryption, and Multi-hop Re-encryption: A Framework for Achieving Obfuscation-Based Security and Instantiations from Lattices

In this work we define multiple relaxations to the definition of correctness in secure obfuscation. While still remaining meaningful, these relaxations provide ways to obfuscate many primitives in a more direct and efficient way. In particular, we first show how to construct a secure obfuscator for the re-encryption primitive from the Decisional Learning with Errors DLWE assumption, without going through fully homomorphic encryption. This can be viewed as a meaningful way to trade correctness for efficiency. Next, we show how our tools can be used to construct secure obfuscators for the functional re-encryption and multi-hop unidirectional re-encryption primitives. In the former case, we improve upon the efficiency of the only previously known construction that satisfies the stronger notion of collusion-resistant obfuscation due to Chandran et al. - TCC 2012 and obtain a construction with input ciphertexts of constant length. In the latter case, we provide the first known obfuscation-based definition and construction; additionally, our scheme is the first scheme where the size of the ciphertexts does not grow with every hop.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Systematics of Metastable Alloys Produced by Ion Implantation

For several years, attempts have-been made to understand the physical and chemical factors-which determine * SUBSTITUTIONAL AND/O the final state of alloys of the elements prepared by 70 STETRAHEDRAL ion-implantation. How parameters such as the soltte atomic size, electronegativity and metallurgical soluU OCTAHEDRAL bility in the solvent affect the substitutional or interstitial nature of the alloy and its final crystalOPEN SYMBOLS PREDICTE interstitial nature ~~~~~~~~SOLID SYMBOLS OBSERVED line state is still largely an open question. The influence of ballistic processes' such as radiation 6.0 induced defects and replacement collisions also needs clarification. Experiments,cited here, on the lattice o OCTAHEDRAL location of some 25 solute.elements as implanted in Be X metal have provided insight into the interplay of the various properties of the solute and the implantation Z w process itself. 50a. As Beryllium metal is an ideal host material for the J 4 Ge oC study of the factors influencing the final site of an b Ag implanted impurity element. The very low mass of the 4 A/ Be atom guarantees that medium' to high mass implanted I Pb n u impurities cannot undergo a replacement collision at 4.0Ga the end of range. This is simply a result of the T In puo

Field of study: Physics
Does it Matter if Students Have the Same Instructor for Both Lecture and Lab Sections? An Analysis of Introductory Biology Students

With the goal of increasing the immediacy of the relationship between tenure-track professors and students, science departments in liberal arts colleges may try to arrange their curriculum so that students have the same professor in both the lecture and the lab section of introductory courses. While this goal seems laudable, empirical data are currently lacking to justify the logistical hurdles and professional sacrifices likely required to match professors to students in both lecture and lab sections of large courses. To address this data gap, I analyzed student evaluations and grades from three years of an introductory biology course that included separate lecture and lab sections. There was no evidence that matching a student’s lecture and lab instructor had any benefit on either the students’ perception of the effectiveness of the labs, or on the students’ performance in their lab or lecture sections. In addition, there was no consistent pattern in students’ perceptions of the relative effectiveness of tenure-track professors, visiting professors, and adjunct instructors. This study suggests that students may even benefit from having different instructors in their lecture and lab, whether they are tenured professors, visiting professors, or part-time adjuncts.

Field of study: Education
A Solitary Fibrous Tumour of the Eyelid

To report a case of palpebral solitary fibrous tumour (SFT).  An elderly man presented with a slow-growing painless mass in the lower conjunctival fornix in the left eye. The lesion was excised and it measured 0.9 cm in maximum diameter. The microscopic features were characteristic of a benign SFT, with immunohistochemical reactivity for vimentin, CD34 and Bcl-2 protein. Nuclear staining for progesterone receptor was also observed.  This tumour displayed a benign course, with no recurrence after excision. CD34 immunohistochemistry proved to be a useful adjunct to the microscopic diagnosis.

Field of study: Medicine
Development of Electrospray/Photoionization Miniature Ion Trap Mass Spectrometer

An electrospray/ultraviolet lamp dual-source ion trap mass spectrometer was developed for the rapid detection of gas and liquid samples. A discontinuous atmospheric pressure sampling system was used in the instrument, in which both the electrospray ions and gaseous analytes were sampled and transferred by a pinch valve device. The two ionization sources used here were generally suitable for different kinds of analytes and provide complementary applications. Electrospray was used for the ionization of polar compounds in solution, while the UV ionization source was mainly applied to the analysis of gaseous organic compounds. A variety of samples such as anisole, toluene, 2,4-dimethylaniline, arginine, reserpine and aspartame were employed to test the performance in different working mode of the instrument. The result showed that the two sources was suitable for ionization of different samples, and different types of molecular ions were generated when analyzing 2,4-dimethylaniline. Two ionization sources could be used alternately or simultaneously without interference with the other and the working mode could also be switched to fit the application requirements. Dual-source configuration was an effective way to extend the applications for miniature mass spectrometers. It did not significantly increase the size of the instrument, but provided more versatile analysis to meet the need for the measurement of different types of samples.

Field of study: Chemistry
Stratigraphy and Paleontology of the Dundee Limestone of Southeastern Michigan

The purpose of this paper is to describe the Dundee limestone in southeastern Michigan so that sections in other parts of the state may be compared, both as to stratigraphy and as to fauna, with that of the type area. The name, Dundee, is generally used to designate all limestone beds occupying a stratigraphic position between the Detroit River group, composed largely of dolomites, and the overlying shales and limestones, assigned to the Traverse group. As these limestones are not of the same age in different parts of the state, the writer has made a careful study of the strata and the fauna of the type area. It is hoped that this information will help others in their work on the succession and the correlation of this formation.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS For aid in this investigation the author is greatly indebted to Professor G. M. Ehlers, of . . .

Field of study: Geology
Improving the Productivity of Industrial Systems: A Simulation-Based Case Study

The modern Industrial Engineering deals with complex engineering systems which require a holistic approach to reinforce their efficiency, flexibility, and sustainability. Deliver high-quality customized products is mandatory while maintaining high levels of productivity so, the operations managers are continuously evaluating their systems in order to improve them. These improvements are usually action based and rely on decision processes with inherent trade-offs. So, methods and tools to support these decision-making processes are essential to operations managers in order to help them to choose the best course of action. This paper reports a real-world industry case study illustrating the advantages of using simulation to analyze the current systems and to evaluate different scenarios regarding productivity improvements.

Field of study: Engineering
A note on "fulfilled expectations" equilibria

In this note, the “fulfilled expectations” equilibrium notion, found in Green , Grossman , and Kihlstrom and Mirman [S], is used to analyze a simple model of a repeated futures market. (The model used is similar to one advanced by Stiglitz [ 111.) We are primarily interested in examining this equilibrium notion in the context of this simple model, and we find that it gives rise to a number of very interesting economic phenomena. The model is specified in Section 2. The market considered exists solely for insurance purposes: Speculators have random nonmarket income which may be statistically dependent on a price which will prevail in an upcoming spot market. By speculating in a futures market for the spot market commodity, they can hedge against adverse fluctuations in their nonmarket income. (Presumably, this takes place in a world without a complete set of contingent markets.) In Section 3, the “fulfilled expectations” equilibrium notion is advanced in the context of this model. Economic motivation for this notion is given. An economic difficulty is immediately encountered: Information originally possessed by no speculator may be transmitted by equilibrium prices. This is easily resolved, by restricting attention to prices which contain no more information than is possessed by all the speculators. However, when attention is so restricted, another problem is encountered: An equilibrium need not exist. An example of this is given in Section 4. Another difficulty with this equilibrium concept arises in connection with the standard notion of a demand correspondence. Roughly, a

Field of study: Economics
Attitudinal difference among women of different educational status towards infant and mother care.

Congenital absence of tibia is a rare anomaly, and may be total or partial, unilateral or bilateral. Total absence is more frequent than partial, unilateral absence occurs more often than bilateral, with right limb more commonly affected than the left. In partial defect, almost always the distal end of the bone is affected and, of the bilateral cases, there may be total absence on both sides, or total on one side and partial on the other. Males are slightly more commonly affected than the females. Though, the family history is usually negative for congenital abnormalities and other diseases, there is a considerable chance of occurrence of congenital defect of the tibia or of other abnormalities, in near or remote relatives. We report a case of newborn having bilateral tibial hemimelia type V (right) and IV (left).

Field of study: Medicine
Protective management of trees against debarking by deer negatively impacts bryophyte diversity

When wildlife populations become too large, they impact other flora and fauna within the ecosystems that they inhabit. For example, the recent rise in population numbers of sika deer in Japan has led to the stripping of bark from tree overstories in forested areas. This has led to protective management actions, such as wrapping the trunks of trees in wire mesh. The present study investigates the impact of this management action on epiphytic diversity at Mt. Ohdaigahara, which is one of the hotspots for bryophyte diversity in Japan. The correlation between the diversity of epiphytic bryophytes and environmental variables was examined, including the presence/absence of wire mesh protection. A generalized linear model showed that species richness and bryophyte cover was significantly correlated with both tree diameter (at 1.5 m height) and tree density (P < 0.01), but negatively correlated with wire mesh protection. Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry analysis showed a significant 3- to 6-fold higher concentration of zinc in bryophytes occupying tree bark under wire mesh protection than for those without wire mesh. Hence, the high sensitivity of bryophytes to zinc accumulation, as a result of toxicity caused by galvanized iron mesh, has led to the loss of species richness and bryophyte cover on tree trunks. Furthermore, other heavy metals found in wire mesh may also contribute to the negative effect on bryophytes. Therefore, to establish best practices for biodiversity conservation that include bryophytes, materials that are free of heavy metals should be preferentially used for tree protection.

Field of study: Environmental science
Maximising phycocyanin extraction from a newly identified Egyptian cyanobacteria strain: Anabaena oryzae SOS13.

A potentially promising Egyptian cyanobacterial isolate (Anabaena oryzae) was identified by morphological, biochemical approaches as well as sequencing a fragment of the 16S rDNA gene as new strain denoted as Anabaena oryzae SOS13. The new strain was used to produce phycocyanin through extraction using a physical (freeze-thaw) or an enzymatic (lysozyme) approach. Combined freezing-thawing treatments were associated with different levels of phycocyanin yield, where the combination -50oC x 25oC achieved complete extraction of the three pigments (100% each). The enzymatic extraction of the three pigments was significantly influenced by the temperature giving maximum yields at 40oC but was much less effective than the physical freeze-thaw method that is more economic and less liable to potential chemical changes. The resulting extract could be easily purified by the two step ammonium sulfate fractionation giving a product with two SDS-PAGE bands (>15 kD and <25 kD).

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Investigation of a serpentine micro-pin fin heat and mass exchanger for absorption systems

An investigation of a heat and mass exchanger with micro-pin fins in serpentine passages for vapor absorption systems is presented. A serpentine micro-pin fin absorber sheet with a pin fin diameter of 350 µm and height of 406 µm is used. Visualization of the two-phase mixture flowing through the micro-feature component, and an investigation of the heat and mass transfer mechanisms over a range of temperatures, pressures, concentrations and flow rates are conducted. A model for the absorption of ammonia into a dilute ammonia-water solution in the geometry is developed based on insights from flow visualization results, and validated by comparing its predictions with heat transfer measurements. A computational fluid dynamics study of flow through the serpentine micro-pin fin passages is also used for additional insights. Liquid-phase mass transfer resistance is found to be the bottleneck to improved rates of vapor absorption in these absorbers.

Field of study: Engineering
The Red Queen in mitochondria: cyto-nuclear co-evolution, hybrid breakdown and human disease

Cyto-nuclear incompatibility, a specific form of Dobzhansky-Muller incompatibility caused by incompatible alleles between mitochondrial and nuclear genomes, has been suggested to play a critical role during speciation. Several features of the mitochondrial genome (mtDNA), including high mutation rate, dynamic genomic structure, and uniparental inheritance, make mtDNA more likely to accumulate mutations in the population. Once mtDNA has changed, the nuclear genome needs to play catch-up due to the intimate interactions between these two genomes. In two populations, if cyto-nuclear co-evolution is driven in different directions, it may eventually lead to hybrid incompatibility. Although cyto-nuclear incompatibility has been observed in a wide range of organisms, it remains unclear what type of mutations drives the co-evolution. Currently, evidence supporting adaptive mutations in mtDNA remains limited. On the other hand, it has been known that some mutations allow mtDNA to propagate more efficiently but compromise the host fitness (described as selfish mtDNA). Arms races between such selfish mtDNA and host nuclear genomes can accelerate cyto-nuclear co-evolution and lead to a phenomenon called the Red Queen Effect. Here, we discuss how the Red Queen Effect may contribute to the frequent observation of cyto-nuclear incompatibility and be the underlying driving force of some human mitochondrial diseases.

Field of study: Biology
Mini-beam collimator enables microcrystallography experiments on standard beamlines.

The high-brilliance X-ray beams from undulator sources at third-generation synchrotron facilities are excellent tools for solving crystal structures of important and challenging biological macromolecules and complexes. However, many of the most important structural targets yield crystals that are too small or too inhomogeneous for a ;standard' beam from an undulator source, approximately 25-50 microm (FWHM) in the vertical and 50-100 microm in the horizontal direction. Although many synchrotron facilities have microfocus beamlines for other applications, this capability for macromolecular crystallography was pioneered at ID-13 of the ESRF. The National Institute of General Medical Sciences and National Cancer Institute Collaborative Access Team (GM/CA-CAT) dual canted undulator beamlines at the APS deliver high-intensity focused beams with a minimum focal size of 20 microm x 65 microm at the sample position. To meet growing user demand for beams to study samples of 10 microm or less, a ;mini-beam' apparatus was developed that conditions the focused beam to either 5 microm or 10 microm (FWHM) diameter with high intensity. The mini-beam has a symmetric Gaussian shape in both the horizontal and vertical directions, and reduces the vertical divergence of the focused beam by 25%. Significant reduction in background was achieved by implementation of both forward- and back-scatter guards. A unique triple-collimator apparatus, which has been in routine use on both undulator beamlines since February 2008, allows users to rapidly interchange the focused beam and conditioned mini-beams of two sizes with a single mouse click. The device and the beam are stable over many hours of routine operation. The rapid-exchange capability has greatly facilitated sample screening and resulted in several structures that could not have been obtained with the larger focused beam.

Field of study: Physics
Experimental analysis of connectivity management in mobile operating systems

We are immerse in a world that becomes more and more mobile every day, with ubiquitous connectivity and increasing demand for mobile services. Current mobile terminals support several access technologies, enabling users to gain connectivity in a plethora of scenarios and favoring their mobility. However, the management of network connectivity using multiple interfaces is still starting to be deployed. The lack of smart connectivity management in multi-interface devices forces applications to be explicitly aware of the variations in the connectivity state (changes in active interface, simultaneous access from several interfaces, etc.). In this paper, we analyze the present state of the connection management and handover capabilities in the three major mobile operating systems (OSes): Android, iOS and Windows. To this aim, we conduct a thorough experimental study on the connectivity management of each operating system, including several versions of the OS on different mobile terminals, analyzing the differences and similarities between them. Moreover, in order to assess how mobility is handled and how this can affect the final user, we perform an exhaustive experimental analysis on application behavior in intra- and inter-technology handover. Based on this experience, we identify open issues in the smartphone connectivity management policies and implementations, highlighting easy to deploy yet unimplemented improvements, as well as potential integration of mobility protocols.

Field of study: Computer science
Electricity production from wastewater treatment via a novel biogas-SOFC aided process

A novel process for the treatment of municipal and industrial wastewater is developed, which leads to the direct production of electricity, and/or H 2 , by an environmentally friendly way. Through this process, production of electricity is obtained by a novel direct-biogas-fuelled fuel cell, which is also developed here, that concerns a major subunit of the overall process. Both intermediate and high temperature solid oxide fuel cells (IT- and HT-SOFCs) based on 10mol% Gd 2 O 3 doped CeO 2 (gadolinia doped ceria, GDC) and 8mol% Y 2 O 3 stabilized ZrO 2 (yttria stabilized zirconia, YSZ) solid electrolytes, respectively, have been constructed and tested, while three different Ni-based cermets were used as anodic materials. The operation performances of these cells under direct feed of simulated biogas mixtures are comparatively discussed.

Field of study: Materials science
Memory processing and apamin induce immediate early gene expression in mouse brain.

The present study analyses the effects of learning on the spatial pattern and the time-course of changes of immediate early gene messenger RNA's (c-fos and c-jun) in mouse brain produced by training in an appetitive bar-pressing task. Activation of c-fos and c-jun after training is strictly located in the hippocampal formation and is learning-dependent. Levels of both proto-oncogene mRNAs in the trained group were 4 to 5 times higher than in the sham-conditioned group. Injections of apamin, a bee venom neurotoxin that selectively blocks a class of Ca(2+)-activated K+ channels and improves learning and memory retention, produced as compared to untrained animals a 3- to 5-fold increase of expression of c-fos and c-jun with the same pattern as that observed in the trained animals. Post-training injection of 0.2 mg/kg apamin enhanced 1.4-fold the expression of both immediate early genes in CA1, CA3 and dentate gyrus as compared to trained saline-injected mice. All these results suggest that apamin-induced increase of immediate early gene expression might be related to the apamin-induced facilitation of learning.

Field of study: Biology
Optimization of the optical performance of variable-power and astigmatism Alvarez lenses.

We first explore the operating principle and optical performances of dioptric-power and astigmatism-variation lens doublets based on the L. W. Alvarez design. These fall within the scope of two ophthalmic applications: ophthalmic glasses for the correction of presbyopia, taking into account any type of ametropia, and spherocylindrical refractors. Second, we present a multiconfiguration optimization method leading to improved optical performances of such doublets over a wide field of view. We then investigate the particular distribution of the curvature on the complex surfaces of the two lenses after optimization.

Field of study: Physics