nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Cooling energy saving associated with exterior greenery systems for three US Department of Energy (DOE) standard reference buildings

Exterior greenery systems such as green walls and green roof can provide energy saving and environmental benefits. Several previous studies examined thermal impacts of green roof/walls on a test envelope or simplified buildings in local climates. However, few studies examined the effects of exterior greenery systems considering building types, air conditioning operating conditions, and wall orientations in varied climates. The objective of this study is to investigate cooling energy savings associated with exterior greenery systems for the US Department of Energy (DOE) standard reference buildings, depending on building type, wall orientation, and local climate. Hourly energy consumption was examined for three types of reference buildings: (1) medium office, (2) hospital, and (3) primary school. For the three reference buildings, hourly solar radiation and latent heat transfer rates were calculated for four representative local climates (i.e., hot-dry, hot-humid, cold-humid, and warm-dry). Results show that latent heat transfer due to plant transpiration can dominate heat transfer through the exterior greenery systems. Among the four climates studied herein, heat removal due to evaporation by green walls and roof over the summer months (June to August) is the largest (up to 680 kWh/m2) in Phoenix, while it is in similar range (300–350 kWh/m2) for green walls and roof in other cities. Building type also has notable impacts on the energy performance of the exterior greenery system. Primary school achieves the most significant cooling energy saving in all climates because of high envelope heat gains compared to medium office and hospital. For the primary school in Phoenix, annual cooling energy saving can be maximized up to 27,000 kWh/y with green walls and up to 69,000 kWh/y with a green roof. Latent heat transfer due to evaporation is similar (< 6%) between south and west green walls, implying that utilizing a west green wall could be a good alternative or complement to using a south green wall for cooling energy saving.

Field of study: Engineering
Constrained school choice

Recently, several school districts in the US have adopted or consider adopting the Student-Optimal Stable mechanism or the Top Trading Cycles mechanism to assign children to public schools. There is evidence that for school districts that employ (variants of) the so-called Boston mechanism the transition would lead to efficiency gains. The first two mechanisms are strategy-proof, but in practice student assignment procedures typically impede a student to submit a preference list that contains all his acceptable schools. We study the preference revelation game where students can only declare up to a fixed number of schools to be acceptable. We focus on the stability and efficiency of the Nash equilibrium outcomes. Our main results identify rather stringent necessary and sufficient conditions on the priorities to guarantee stability or efficiency of either of the two mechanisms. This stands in sharp contrast with the Boston mechanism which has been abandoned in many US school districts but nevertheless yields stable Nash equilibrium outcomes.

Field of study: Economics
Spontaneous Cyclotron Radiation of a Dense Electron Bunch

Short dense electron bunches generated by today’s photoinjectors [1–5] are advantageous for creating powerful sources of spontaneous coherent radiation in the terahertz frequency range. The regime of spontaneous radiation is achieved when the bunch size in the phase space is well below 2π. Coulomb interaction between particles in the dense bunches increases the axial size, and thus can limit the power and duration of radiation. It is shown this problem can be solved for cyclotron radiation by compensating for the Coulomb repulsion in the phase space.

Field of study: Physics
MiniReviewCorrelation between phylogenetic structure and function: examples from deep-sea Shewanella

The genus Shewanella is one of the typical deep-sea bacterial genera. Two isolated deep-sea Shewanella species, Shewanella benthica and Shewanella violacea, were found to be able to grow better under high hydrostatic pressure conditions than at atmospheric pressure. These species are not only piezophilic (barophilic), but also psychrophilic. Many psychrophilic and psychrotolerant Shewanella species have been isolated and characterized from cold environments, such as seawater in Antarctica or the North Sea. Some of these cold-adapted Shewanella were shown to be piezotolerant, meaning that growth occurs in a high-pressure habitat. In this review, we propose that two major sub-genus branches of the genus Shewanella should be recognized taxonomically, one group characterized as high-pressure cold-adapted species that produce substantial amounts of eicosapentaenoic acid, and the other group characterized as mesophilic pressure-sensitive species.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire: A Study of Concurrent Validity

To investigate the concurrent validity of the Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire, 82 college students completed this measure, the Repression-Sensitization Scale, Novaco's Anger Inventory, a Pleasant Activities Scale, and the Family Environment Scale. Scores on the Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire correlated with those on the Repression-Sensitization Scale and with several subscales of the Family Environment Scale, but not with scores on the Anger or Pleasant Activities Scales. Results were interpreted as providing minimal support for the test's validity.

Field of study: Psychology
Herpes simplex reactivation following neurosurgery: case report and review of the literature.

Herpes simplex encephalitis is a common viral encephalitis associated with significant morbidity and mortality if not diagnosed and treated early. Neurosurgery may be an impetus for viral reactivation, either from direct nerve manipulation or high-dose steroids often administered during cases. The authors present the 40th known case of herpes simplex virus (HSV) encephalitis following neurosurgical intervention and review the previously reported cases. In their review, the authors observed positive HSV polymerase chain reaction (PCR), which had initially been negative in several cases. In cases in which there is high suspicion of HSV, it may be prudent to continue antiviral therapy and retest CSF for HSV PCR. Antiviral therapy significantly reduces mortality associated with HSV encephalitis.

Field of study: Medicine
Physical organic chemistry: Quo Vadis?

Daniel Bellus, born in Trnava in 1938, studied chemistry in Bratislava, where he obtained his Ph. D. on a topic dealing with polymer analogous reactions. From 1967 to 1969 he carried out postdoctoral studies at the ETH Zurich with 0. Jeger and K. Schaffner in the field of organic photochemistry. In 1969 he joined Ciba-Geigy, where he is presently Head of Corporate Research Units, thus responsible world-wide for research programmes in selected areas of the chemistry of bioactive compounds, materials, and analytical science. He is the author of 85 publications and holds 48 patents. From 1980 he has lectured at the University of Fribourg (Switzerland), and received the Scientific Prize of the City of Basel (1982) and honorary doctorates from the Slovak Technical University (1991) and Comenius University in Bratislava (1992).

Field of study: Chemistry
Investigation of SBS pumped with a broadband KrF laser

The characteristics of stimulated Brillouin scattering reflectivity and pulse compression ratio for broadband (15GHz) KrF laser radiation pump in SF 6 gas are investigated numerically and experimentally in this paper. It has obtained that a peak reflectivity of 40% and 45% has been measured at 1.6MPa with lenses of focal length 15cm and 30cm, respectively, and a saturated region of SBS reflectivity is discovered at pump energy above 60mJ. SBS pulse compression ratio decreases with pump energy at 0.85MPa.and the maximum of pulse compression ration measured is 5. SBS numerical mode for a broadband multimode KrF laser pump has been built up in this paper. The basic premises of the mode are that SBS arises from each laser line with coupling to some extent. In this paper numerical results have been obtained and are compared to experimental results.

Field of study: Physics
Folds and Strain in Granville Metamorphic Rocks, Bancroft, Ontario, Canada

East of Bancroft, Ontario, metasedimentary and metavolcanic rocks lie tightly folded between a syntectonic granitic batholith in the southeast and a complex of feldspathic gneisses and plutons to the north. At least three generations of folds are well displayed in marble and calc-silicate layers. F 1 folds are isoclines with few hinges exposed and an axial-surface foliation that closely parallels stratification. F 2 folds are dominant on all scales. These folds bend the stratiform foliation, vary in tightness, and are upright to overturned northwest toward the gneiss complex. During and after F 2 deformation, minerals of the amphibolite facies crystallized. F 3 folds, only locally present, are open and recumbent; folding was virtually postmetamorphic. Axes of minor F 2 folds and parallel mineral lineations commonly plunge at low angles along the axial traces; but toward the gneiss complex and near the granitic batholith, the axes progressively increase in rake until, as in the gneiss, folds are reclined and plunge approximately down the dip of axial surfaces. Variations in thickness of folded layers indicate that folds have undergone flattening and that this strain progressively increased with increase in rake. The evidence supports the concept that during medium-grade metamorphism, constriction near plutons or feldspathic massifs led to areal changes in shape and orientation of the dominant folds.

Field of study: Geology
Three and a half asymptotic properties

We define and discuss transfinite asymptotic notions of smoothability, type, and equal norm type. We prove distinctness of these notions for a proper class of ordinals and that each class is an ideal. We also extend some results of Godefroy, Kalton, and Lancien to operators and ordinals greater than zero regarding the equivalence of equal norm asymptotic type and uniform renormings with power type smoothness. Finally, we discuss an extension of a non-linear result for quasi-reflexive, asymptotically $p$-smoothable Banach spaces to quasi-reflexive Banach spaces with asymptotic equal norm type $p$.

Field of study: Mathematics
Sphingosine 1-Phosphate as a Link between Blood Coagulation and Inflammation

Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) is a multifunctional signaling lipid generated from sphingosine by sphingosine kinases. S1P formation has been shown in numerous cells in the circulation, including platelets, vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells and monocytes. S1P also exerts multiple effects on these cells, i.e. cell proliferation and migration, activation of proinflammatory signaling pathways and release of additional inflammatory mediators. Similar activities and targets have also been identified for activated clotting factors such as thrombin or the activated factor-X (FXa), suggesting a possible involvement of S1P in thrombus-associated cellular signaling and thrombin-induced inflammatory reactions. Several levels of S1P-mediated, thrombin /FXa-induced signaling have already been identified: regulation of sphingosine kinase expression and activity, stimulation of S1P release from platelets and other cells and, possibly regulation of S1P-receptors on target cells. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge about S1P as a clotting factor-regulated molecular link between blood coagulation and inflammation. It is concluded that S1P might represent an until now underestimated lipid mediator of inflammatory reactions following activation of the clotting system and, in this context, also involved in the development and progression of atherosclerosis.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Role of Ureterocalicostomy in Children: A Follow Up Study

Dismembered pyeloplasty remains the main treatment for primary pelviureteric junction obstruction in childhood. However, ureterocalicostomy may be an alternative option in the presence of unfavourable anatomy or recurrent obstruction. Published data regarding ureterocalicostomy in paediatric patients is limited, with no large series reported since 1990. This study was undertaken to document and assess the outcome of ureterocalicostomy as both a primary and salvage procedure in a single centre series of 12 children managed over an 11 year period.  Seven girls and five boys underwent ureterocalicostomy under the care of two surgeons between 1997 and 2008. Median age at operation was 8 years (range 2 - 17). In 7 children primary ureterocalicostomy was performed for horseshoe kidney (3 cases) and gross hydronephrosis with unfavourable anatomy (4 cases). In 5 children salvage ureterocalicostomy was employed for recurrent PUJ obstruction post pyeloplasty. Indications, surgical technique and outcomes were assessed by retrospective analysis of case notes and imaging.  Similar operative techniques and post operative drainage were employed by both surgeons with a mean operating time of 151 minutes (range 80 – 240). Hospitalisation averaged 5 days (range 3 - 7). No early complications were encountered. Mean follow up was 31 months (SD = 26.7). Successful outcomes were recorded in 10 children (92%) but one child (8%) developed symptomatic recurrent obstruction at 5 months which was successfully corrected by a further procedure.  We report the first paediatric case series of ureterocalicostomy since 1990. Our findings support the use of this procedure not only as a salvage technique for recurrent pelviureteric junction obstruction but also as an effective primary treatment for selected patients, particularly when associated with horseshoe systems.

Field of study: Medicine
Effect of cooling rate and super-chilling temperature on ice crystal characteristic, cell structure, and physicochemical quality of super-chilled fresh-cut celery.

The influence of cooling rates (using different immersion temperatures of –35 °C, –45 °C, and –55 °C) and super-chilling temperatures (–1.5 °C and –3.0 °C) on the ice crystal state, cell structure, and physicochemical quality of super-chilled fresh-cut celery was investigated. Results showed that the average freezing temperature of celery was –0.48 ± 0.08 °C. Tissues super-chilled to –1.5 °C at –55 °C presented numerous tiny ice crystals with a uniform distribution outside and inside cells and well-maintained structures. The retention of texture attributes, the contents of total polyphenols, total flavonoids, and soluble solid, and the scavenging ability of DPPH· were significantly (P

Field of study: Engineering
Modification Mechanism of Rare Earth La in Al-Si Alloy

Al-17Si-xLa alloys containing different contents of La (x=0, 0.3, 1,3, 6wt%) were prepared with cast metallurgy processing. By means of optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA), the effect of La on microstructure of hypereutectic Al-Si alloys was investigated, the morphology and composition of La-rich phases were also analyzed, and the modification mechanism of La in Al-Si alloy was discussed. The results show that rare earth La has a modification effect on the Si phases in binary hypereutectic Al-Si alloys, but it has a better modification effect on eutectic Si than on primary Si phase. The optimum modification effect can be obtained with 3wt.% La addition, La are enriched in the front of Si/Al interface, hence suppressing the growth of Si.

Field of study: Materials science
Plant and insect diversity along a pollution gradient: understanding species richness across trophic levels

We analysed species richness of plants and true bugs (Insecta, Heteroptera) along a pollution gradient in Scots pine stands in Central Germany. As a consequence of particulate deposition, pH-values of soils increased in the vicinity of the emission source. Therefore, emission increased productivity. Species richness of plants increased with decreasing distance from emission source, and thus with increasing productivity. Similarly, species richness of herbivorous Heteroptera increased with decreasing distance from emission source, whereas, surprisingly, abundance decreased. The proportion of specialised herbivorous bug species is largest in the vicinity of the emission source. Thus, the diversity pattern of herbivores may be explained by the ‘specialisation hypothesis’ and not the ‘consumer rarity hypothesis’. Species richness and abundance of carnivorous Heteroptera showed no significant trend along the gradient. Overall our data favour the ‘bottom-up’ control of species diversity in the analysed system.

Field of study: Environmental science
Prostate Small Cell Carcinoma and Skin Metastases: A Rare Entity

To report a rare case of small cell carcinoma of the prostate with unusual skin metastasis.  A 60-year-old was evaluated for difficulty in urinating. Abdominal computed tomography scans revealed a prostatic mass invading the surrounding tissues and multiple perirectal, periprostatic, para-aortic and pericaval lymph nodes. Needle biopsy specimens showed both small cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma. He was treated with combination chemotherapy: cisplatin and etoposide and bilateral orchiectomy. After six cycles of the chemotherapy, disease progressed and the patient did not respond to salvage therapy; hence, palliative care was instituted. During the follow-up, papillary lesions were observed in the scrotal skin; biopsy showed metastatic small cell carcinoma.  Small cell carcinoma of the prostate is an aggressive disease with a highly metastatic potential; but skin metastases are very uncommon. It has poor prognosis despite therapy. Management resembles that of small cell carcinoma of the lung.

Field of study: Medicine
Problems existing in physical stamina training for basketball sport in China and countermeasures against the problems

The following problems exist in physical stamina training for basketball in China: The training is not adequately recognized and valued ideologically;main characteristics of basketball sport are not grasped clearly;training methods/means are simplified;physical stamina training is disengaged from single sports events;there is a lack of systemization in physical stamina training,etc.Basketball coaches and athletes in China must enhance their recognition of the importance of physical stamina training since it is good physical stamina that ensures outstanding performances,correctly grasp main characteristics of basketball sports event,carry out scientific training according to the strength making,speed making,stamina making and flexibility making as required by basketball event,strengthen the study on scientific methods for physical stamina training,employ various forms to enhance the scientific level of physical stamina training,and adopt scientific and advanced technical means to monitor physical stamina training.It is required that basketball teams at all levels assign dedicated physical coaches(such a practice should be popularized gradually and stipulated as a system),and establish and implement comprehensive and systematic physical stamina training,so as to facilitate the balanced development and mutual promotion of various sports makings of athletes.

Field of study: Education
Sanitization of FHE Ciphertexts

By definition, fully homomorphic encryption FHE schemes support homomorphic decryption, and all known FHE constructions are bootstrapped from a Somewhat Homomorphic Encryption SHE scheme via this technique. Additionally, when a public key is provided, ciphertexts are also re-randomizable, e.g., by adding to them fresh encryptions ofi¾?0. From those two operations we devise an algorithm to sanitize a ciphertext, by making its distribution canonical. In particular, the distribution of the ciphertext does not depend on the circuit that led to it via homomorphic evaluation, thus providing circuit privacy in the honest-but-curious model. Unlike the previous approach based on noise flooding, our approach does not degrade much the security/efficiency trade-off of the underlying FHE. The technique can be applied to all lattice-based FHE proposed so far, without substantially affecting their concrete parameters.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Extended asymptotic theory of unstable resonator modes.

The modes in an unstable resonator can be computed within the limit of a large Fresnel number using the asymptotic expansion of the diffraction integral, as shown by Horwitz, Butts, and Avizonis. The expansion is not valid for the points of interest around or beyond the shadow boundary of the output light. We use a better numerical representation, which extends the regions of use. The comparison of several cases with earlier work shows that the asymptotic theory can be successfully applied for all parameters without restrictions.

Field of study: Physics
A Systematic Review of Entrepreneurship in Pharmacy Practice and Education

To review literature pertaining to entrepreneurship in pharmacy practice, education, and the knowledge, skills, and attitudes (KSAs) identified for pharmacist entrepreneurs.  In terms of pharmacy practice, entrepreneurship was most frequently identified with innovation and creativity to develop new opportunities for pharmacists. The most frequent role for entrepreneurship in pharmacy education was related to schools putting a greater emphasis on innovation, creativity, or divergent thinking. Risk-taking and creativity/innovation were the most frequently identified KSAs, with 17 (63.0%) manuscripts mentioning these as important for a pharmacist entrepreneur. Other KSAs pertaining to pharmacy entrepreneurship that were mentioned in the articles included self-starter, management, proactivity, communication, strategic planning, positivity, decision-making, teamwork, versatility, marketing, critical thinking, competitiveness, proposal development, numeracy, technology, self-reflection, persistence, social responsibility, and cultural competence.  No consensus for entrepreneurship in pharmacy practice or education currently exists. In order to improve instructional design and assessment for pharmacy entrepreneurship education, a core set of KSAs for a pharmacist entrepreneur construct must be identified. The most commonly cited KSAs in related literature that are not already part of the Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education standards include risk-taking, strategic planning, marketing, competitiveness, and social responsibility. These may serve as a starting point for enhancing pharmacy curricula to embrace pharmacist entrepreneurship.

Field of study: Education, Medicine