nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Theoretical determination of the temporal and spatial structure of /spl alpha/-particle induced electron-hole pair generation in silicon

Physics-based modeling of the impact ionization process in silicon was performed to determine the time constants and radial distribution of electron-hole pairs after an /spl alpha/-particle strike. The radial distribution exhibited a Gaussian shape with a radius of approximately 50 nm. The impact ionization process took place over a period of less than approximately 500 fsec, implying time constants for use in semiconductor device simulations on the order of a few hundred fsec, a value much smaller than has been used in earlier device simulation work. Device simulations then show that the implication of using these shorter time constants is the creation of a higher concentration of electron-hole pairs at shorter times that cause stronger shunting effects for /spl alpha/-particle strikes between source and drain of MOS transistors.

Field of study: Physics
Tunable Thermoelectric Performance in Porous Armchair Graphene Nanoribbons as a Function of Strain, Pore Morphology and Temperature

In this paper, the thermoelectric performance of porous armchair graphene nanoribbons under tensile and compressive strain is investigated as a function of pore morphology and temperature. For all the porous structures irrespective of their pore size, the performance improves at a compressive strain of 10%, while for tensile nature, the minimum cut-off strain required for improved thermoelectric figure of merit (ZT) shows an inverse relation with the pore size. In addition, optimal pore shape geometry can yield better performance, even at lower values of strain. Further analysis reveals that tensile strain is not able to improve the performance at low and intermediate temperatures of around 300 K, whereas tensile/compressive strain is effective in enhancing the performance of porous armchair graphene nanoribbons at higher temperatures. Furthermore, the structures are found to be more sensitive to compressive strain than the tensile one since the effect of compressive strain is found to improve ZT more significantly. Our analysis based on Non-Equilibrium Green’s function calculations suggests a possible route for tailoring the functionality of nanomaterials so as to achieve great potentials for thermoelectric applications at various temperatures.

Field of study: Materials science
GPR52 agonists attenuate ropinirole-induced preference for uncertain outcomes.

Dopamine D2/3 receptor agonists are less likely to trigger dyskinesias than L-dopa while still offering relief from the motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD). However, these drugs can cause serious impulse control problems and gambling disorders. Adjunctive therapies capable of blocking these side effects without impacting the antiparkinsonian effect would be clinically useful. G-protein-coupled receptor 52 (GPR52) is an orphan Gs-protein-coupled receptor that is coexpressed with striatal D₂ receptors. Activating GPR52 attenuates behaviors associated with increased striatal dopamine release without altering basal function. Iatrogenic gambling disorder may be mediated, at least partly, by striatal dopamine signaling. We therefore investigated whether 2 potent small-molecule GPR52 agonists (BD442618, BD502657) could block the increase in preference for uncertain outcomes caused by acute d-amphetamine and chronic ropinirole, without altering baseline choice patterns. In the rat betting task (rBT), subjects choose between a guaranteed reward (the "wager") versus the 50:50 chance of double the wager or nothing. Although wager size varies across trial blocks, both options are constantly matched for expected value. The effects of BD442618 on the rBT were acutely assessed alone or in combination with d-amphetamine and subsequently in combination with chronic ropinirole. The latter experiment was then repeated with BD502657. BD442618 did not alter baseline decision making but attenuated the increase in preference for uncertainty caused by both acute amphetamine and chronic ropinirole administration. Similarly, BD502657 abrogated chronic ropinirole's effects. These data provide the first evidence that GPR52 agonists may be useful in treating iatrogenic gambling disorder or other conditions hallmarked by hyperdopaminergic states.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
A Rigorous Least-Squares Analysis of Complex Gamma-Ray Spectra with Partial Compensation for Instrumental Instability

The least-squares method for analyzing multichannel gamma-ray spectra is one of great power and versatility, but its full potential is difficult to realize due to instrumental instabilities. For sources having low or moderate activities and for which the counting times range from a few minutes to several hours, the most important instabilities are long term drifts in zero-energy channel-intercept and gain. A computer routine based on the use of a special reference source is described, which can detect changes in zero-intercept of as little as 0.05 channels (for a 512 channel analyzer), and in gain of as little as 0.1%. By prior transformation of the data to compensate for these effects, and by the use of appropriate weighting factors in the least-squares analysis, the goodness of fit is dramatically improved. Often, the goodness of fit indicator "chi-squared over degrees of freedom" is reduced from a value in excess of three, to a value which does not differ significantly from unity. The weighting procedure described takes into account the statistical errors in both the complex spectrum which is to be analyzed, and in the reference spectra which are its components. These computer methods have been applied to the analysis of gamma-spectra from biological materials containing low activities of the natural series of radionuclides, and of atomic fallout products.

Field of study: Physics
PHOTO-HYDROGEN EVOLUTION BY IMMOBILIZED MARINE GREEN ALGAE PLATYMONAS SUBCORDIFORMIS

Platymonas subcordiformis was immobilized in the alginate-gel beads under the addition of 15 μmol·L~(-1)proton gradient uncoupler CCCP for H_2 evolution. Among 5 different metal cations acted as gel bead stabilizing agents, calcium alginate beads increased H_2 evolution activity by 20％ compared with the control. The optimum bead diameter for photo-hydrogen evolution is lmm. At a wide range of cell loading the hydrogen yield is stable. The optimum pH range is enlarged with a shift of 0. 5—1 pH to the acidic conditions. The optimum temperature and light intensity are 25℃and 4000lx. After hydrogen evolution, the beads washed with 2％ DMSO were re-cultured for 7 days and showed a similar photo-hydrogen evolution activity.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
An enhanced MOSFET threshold voltage model for the 6-300 K temperature range

An enhanced threshold voltage model for MOSFETs operating over a wide range of temperatures (6–300K) is presented. The model takes into account the carrier freeze-out effect and the external field-assisted ionization to address the temperature dependence of MOS transistors. For simplicity, an empirical function is incorporated to predict short channel effects over the temperature range. The results from the proposed model demonstrate good agreement with NMOS and PMOS transistors measured from fabricated chips.

Field of study: Engineering
Optimum discrete wavelet scaling and its application to delay and Doppler estimation

This paper studies the scaling of an arbitrary waveform from its samples. The scaling problem is formulated as a mean-square minimization, and the resulting estimator consists of two parts: noise filtering and sinc function scaling. Sinc function scaling is a time-dependent process and requires O(N/sup 2/) operations, where N is the data length. A fast algorithm based on the FFT is proposed to reduce the complexity to O(Nlog/sub 2/N). This new algorithm is applied to wideband time delay and Doppler estimation, where the optimum wavelet is one of the received signal samples that has no analytic form. The scaling method is found to be very effective in that the estimation accuracy achieves the Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRLB).

Field of study: Engineering
Making Profits in Wartime: Corporate Profits, Inequality, and GDP in Germany During the First World War

Making profits in wartime: corporate profits, inequality, and GDP in Germany during the First World War. This article reconsiders, and rejects, Kocka's (1973) hypothesis that a strong income redistribution from workers to capital owners occurred in Germany during the First World War. A small number of firms profited from the war, but the majority experienced a decline in real income, similar to the decline in workers' real wages. This finding also has important implications for the political history of the Weimar Republic. The authors also use their figures to improve German GDP estimates for the war period, since their sample makes it possible to estimate private service sector development. Economic indicators were worse for the war year of 1917 than previously believed.

Field of study: Economics, History
User experience and design thinking as a global trend in healthcare

Human-centered design describes a process and methodology that begins and ends with accommodating the needs and desires of our end users – the patients, families, providers, and other stakeholders, who each play a crucial role in the innovative healthcare creation process. Based on the desktop research it was found that human-centered design methodologies and tools are trending in the different fields and areas of healthcare design systems. It was found that customer-centric approach is the key fact of innovation creation process whether it is product or service, technology or organization level. The conclusion is that it is time for healthcare to start solving real people problems by implementing the human-centered approach in order to achieve high results and create innovative solutions that will match their customers and stakeholders needs and desires.

Field of study: Medicine
Olive phenology as a sensitive indicator of future climatic warming in the Mediterranean

Experimental and modelling work suggests a strong dependence of olive flowering date on spring temperatures. Since airborne pollen concentrations reflect the flowering phenology of olive populations within a radius of 50 km, they may be a sensitive regional indicator of climatic warming. We assessed this potential sensitivity with phenology models fitted to flowering dates inferred from maximum airborne pollen data. Of four models tested, a thermal time model gave the best fit for Montpellier, France, and was the most effective at the regional scale, providing reasonable predictions for 10 sites in the western Mediterranean. This model was forced with replicated future temperature simulations for the western Mediterranean from a coupled ocean-atmosphere general circulation model (GCM). The GCM temperatures rose by 4·5 °C between 1990 and 2099 with a 1% per year increase in greenhouse gases, and modelled flowering date advanced at a rate of 6·2 d per °C. The results indicated that this long-term regional trend in phenology might be statistically significant as early as 2030, but with marked spatial variation in magnitude, with the calculated flowering date between the 1990s and 2030s advancing by 3–23 d. Future monitoring of airborne olive pollen may therefore provide an early biological indicator of climatic warming in the Mediterranean.

Field of study: Environmental science
University Ideological and Political Education under the Guidance of the Scientific Concept of Development

The scientific development concept is an important part of Chinese characteristic socialism theory system.It is the sublimation of Party ruling idea,and the basic policy and guiding principle for building a well-off society in an all-round way and socialist modernization.It is also the guidance of university ideological and political education work.This article will propose the method and the way to complete and enhance the university ideological and political education work under the guidance of scientific development concept.

Field of study: Economics
Essential Oil Composition, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Guazuma Ulmifolia from Brazil

In this study, the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities and essential oil composition of Guazuma ulmifolia were investigated. The essential oil extracted by hydrodistillation (Clevenger apparatus) was investigated by GC-MS technique and thirty-one compounds were identified, consisting of a complex mixture of sesquiterpenes and monoterpenes. The main components in the oil were thymol (20.97%), carvacrol (13.76%), eugenol (10.13%), spathulenol (7.09%), β-caryophyllene (6.74%), sabinene (5.18%), globulol (5.56%), γ-terpinene (3.27) and α-copaene (3.17%). The antioxidant property of the oil was assessed by free radical scavenging (DPPH) assay. G. ulmifolia essential oil presented interesting radical scavenging activity (IC50=7.61 ± 0.09 μg/mL). The antibacterial activity of the oils also was tested by broth dilution method against 12 microorganisms. Essential oil showed good activity against P. aeruginosa and S. aureus (MIC=62.50 and 125.00 μg/mL, respectively), and moderately activity against E. coli and S. epidermidis (MIC=500 and 750 μg/mL, respectively). Investigated essential oil has a certain level of antioxidant and antimicrobial effects, which may be attributed to their chemical compounds.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Some transformations of amines of the dihydropyran series

Thioureas, chloroacetamides, and 4-thiazolinone and 2-aminothiazole derivatives were obtained from 4-methyl-5-(R-amino)-5,6-dihydro-2H-pyrans and 4-(R-aminomethyl)-5,6-dihydro-2H-pyrans.

Field of study: Chemistry
Study on Surface Brinell Hardness of Cylinder Specimen Based on Indentation Hardness Test

The brinell hardness of non-ferrous metals in planar specimen and cylindrical specimen was measured.The morphology of deformation of indentation was observed and the characteristic parameters were obtained.Contrast the indentation of cylindrical specimen with the one of planar specimen,the representation based on characteristic parameter was set up.The results show that the indentation shape of non-ferrous metal cylindrical specimen is approximate ellipse.The equivalent relation between indentation of cylindrical specimen and indentation of planar specimen is established through measurement of characteristic parameters,and the hardness of cylindrical specimen can be achieved.

Field of study: Materials science
Cost-effectiveness of cognitive behaviour therapy for patients with chronic fatigue syndrome.

There is some evidence that cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) is efficacious in chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), but little data on its cost-effectiveness.



Prospective economic analysis alongside a randomized clinical trial.



CFS patients were randomly assigned to CBT, guided support groups (SG), or the 'natural course' (NC, no protocol-based interventions). Patients were treated for 8 months and followed-up for another 6 months. Costs per patient showing clinically significant improvement, based on the CIS fatigue scale, and costs per quality-adjusted life year, were determined for a time period of 14 months.



Data were available for 171 patients at 8 months and for 128 at 14 months. At 8 and 14 months, the percentages of improved patients were 31% and 27% for CBT, 9% and 11% for SG, and 12% and 20% for NC. Mean QALYs gained at 14 months were, for CBT, SG and NC, respectively, 0.0737, -0.0018 and 0.0458. CBT and SG mean treatment costs were euro1490 and euro424. Other medical costs for CBT, SG, and NC, respectively, were euro324, euro623 and euro412 for the first period, and euro232, euro561 and euro378 for the second period. Non-medical costs for these periods for CBT, SG and NC were euro262, euro550, euro427 and euro226, euro439, euro287, respectively. Productivity costs were considerable, but not significantly different between groups.



CBT was less costly and more effective than SG. Compared to NC, the baseline incremental cost-effectiveness of CBT was euro20 516 per CFS patient showing clinically significant improvement, and euro21 375 per QALY. The bootstrap ratios showed considerable uncertainty regarding the results. Future research should focus on productivity costs, and follow patients prospectively over a longer period.

Field of study: Medicine
Management of Seed and Seedling Diseases of Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Through Seed Treatment

Aspergillus niger and Rhizoctonia bataticola are the potential fungi which cause seed rot and seeding blight leading to sub-optimal plant stand in groundnut. Seed treatment with fungicides was found to check the damage due to these fungi under artificial infestation. Carbendazim SD (0.05% + Captan 0.125%) was found to be the best of the treatments tried in reducing seed rot pre and post-emergence seedling blight and increasing pod yields significantly in all the three seasons of field experimentation. Captafol (0.25%) closely followed the above treatment.

Field of study: Biology
Three-dimensional Insight on the Evolution of a Supramolecular Preorganization Complex to Hollow-Structure Carbon Nitride

The supramolecular preorganization approach can be applied to effectively fabricate various morphologies of graphitic carbon nitride(g-CN)with improved photocatalytic activity, while a comprehensive understanding for the morphology evolution from supramolecular aggregates to g-CNs is lacking. Herein, 3D characterizations from electron tomography provide a fundamental insight on the evolution from rod-like melamine-cyanuric acid(MC)complex to hollow-structure g-CN in the thermal polycondensation process. The internal region and a group of surfaces of the rod-like complex initially underwent polycondensation, while the other two groups of surfaces with ~100 nm thickness almost unchanged. With the temperature reached to 550 degree C, the hollow-structure g-CN eventually formed due to most of the internal matter vanishing, and voids arose in the previously unaffected surfaces(edges),resulting in a porous shell structure. Quantitative electron tomography indicates that the key of structure evolution is the differentiated condensation polymerization between edges and inner region of the rod-like MC complex, which is ascribed to a higher dense of surfaces and a lower dense of inner matter with loose, defective orignization.

Field of study: Physics
Do Convection-Permitting Regional Climate Models Improve Projections of Future Precipitation Change?

AbstractRegional climate projections are used in a wide range of impact studies, from assessing future flood risk to climate change impacts on food and energy production. These model projections are typically at 12–50-km resolution, providing valuable regional detail but with inherent limitations, in part because of the need to parameterize convection. The first climate change experiments at convection-permitting resolution (kilometer-scale grid spacing) are now available for the United Kingdom; the Alps; Germany; Sydney, Australia; and the western United States. These models give a more realistic representation of convection and are better able to simulate hourly precipitation characteristics that are poorly represented in coarser-resolution climate models. Here we examine these new experiments to determine whether future midlatitude precipitation projections are robust from coarse to higher resolutions, with implications also for the tropics. We find that the explicit representation of the convective st...

Field of study: Environmental science
Quantification of Bax/Bcl‐2 ratios in peripheral blood lymphocytes, monocytes and granulocytes and their relation to susceptibility to anti‐Fas (anti‐CD95)‐induced apoptosis

Neutrophils have the shortest half‐life among circulating leucocytes and rapidly undergo apoptosis in vitro. The homologous Bcl‐2 and Bax proteins have opposing effects, with Bcl‐2 extending cellular survival and Bax promoting cell death following an apoptotic stimulus. We determined Bcl‐2 to Bax expression ratios in peripheral blood lymphocytes, monocytes and granulocytes and related them to the susceptibility of these cells to anti‐Fas (anti‐CD95)‐induced apoptosis. Here, we show that Bax/Bcl‐2 ratios are high in granulocytes and relatively low in monocytes and lymphocytes. Furthermore, we show a relation between this ratio in the different leucocyte subsets and their susceptibility to anti‐Fas‐induced apoptosis, with granulocytes showing the highest susceptibility, followed by monocytes and lymphocytes. It is concluded that the balance between Bcl‐2 and Bax forms an apoptotic rheostat, which seems to determine sensitivity to apoptosis.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Retention of international medical graduates following postgraduate medical training in newfoundland and labrador.

We linked the Memorial University of Newfoundland (MUN) postgraduate database with Scott's Medical Database to determine 2004 work locations of physicians who started residency training at MUN by 1998 to assess whether international medical graduates (IMGs) are as likely as MUN and other Canadian medical graduates (CMGs) to work in Canada and Newfoundland and Labrador (NL). In 2004, 66.8% of the residents were in Canada (87.8% MUN graduates, 47.3% IMGs, 67.3% CMGs) and 18.8% were in NL (43.2% MUN graduates, 7.9% IMGs, 4.8% CMGs). Compared to MUN medical graduates, IMGs and CMGs were less likely to work in Canada and NL.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Consistency of spectral hypergraph partitioning under planted partition model

Hypergraph partitioning lies at the heart of a number of problems in machine learning and network sciences. Many algorithms for hypergraph partitioning have been proposed that extend standard approaches for graph partitioning to the case of hypergraphs. However, theoretical aspects of such methods have seldom received attention in the literature as compared to the extensive studies on the guarantees of graph partitioning. For instance, consistency results of spectral graph partitioning under the stochastic block model are well known. In this paper, we present a planted partition model for sparse random non-uniform hypergraphs that generalizes the stochastic block model. We derive an error bound for a spectral hypergraph partitioning algorithm under this model using matrix concentration inequalities. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first consistency result related to partitioning non-uniform hypergraphs.

Field of study: Computer science
Nitrogen cycling process rates across urban ecosystems.

Nitrogen (N) pollution of freshwater, estuarine, and marine ecosystems is widespread and has numerous environmental and economic impacts. A portion of this excess N comes from urban watersheds comprised of natural and engineered ecosystems which can alter downstream N export. Studies of urban N cycling have focused on either specific ecosystems or on watershed-scale mass balances. Comparisons of specific N transformations across ecosystems are required to contextualize rates from individual studies. Here we reviewed urban N cycling in terrestrial, aquatic, and engineered ecosystems, and compared N processing in these urban ecosystem types to native reference ecosystems. We found that net N mineralization and net nitrification rates were enhanced in urban forests and riparian zones relative to reference ecosystems. Denitrification was highly variable across urban ecosystem types, but no significant differences were found between urban and reference denitrification rates. When focusing on urban streams, ammonium uptake was more rapid than nitrate uptake in urban streams. Additionally, reduction of stormwater runoff coupled with potential decreases in N concentration suggests that green infrastructure may reduce downstream N export. Despite multiple environmental stressors in urban environments, ecosystems within urban watersheds can process and transform N at rates similar to or higher than reference ecosystems.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science