nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Stability of a liquid jet in a longitudinal time-varying electric field.

Introduction r I^HE stability of a liquid jet under various conditions has •-*been examined by various investigators and their findings are summarized by Nayyar and Murty and by Schneider. These studies begin by assuming that the difference between the perturbed radius and the unperturbed radius is given as either A(t)exp(ikz) or as a exp(ikz + jt). Here A(t) is the amplitude of the deformation of the jet, a is the initial amplitude of the deformation of the jet, k is the wave number, and j is the growth constant. For the first type of perturbation mentioned previously, an equation of motion for A(t) results whereas, for the second type of perturbation, a dispersion equation for j results. Hence the effects of the various parameters under consideration on the stability of the jet are determined from a stability analysis of either the equation of motion for A (t) or the dispersion equation for j. These studies show that a time-independent longitudinal electric field can either help to stabilize or destabilize the jet depending whether the disturbances are of long or of short wavelengths compared to the circumference of the jet. To the best of this writer's knowledge, the condition of a timevarying electric field has never been investigated. Hence this Note is concerned with the effect of the frequency of a sinusoidal electric field on the stability of a liquid jet. In this case, since it is better to employ the equation of motion for the amplitude of the deformation of the jet, the equation of motion for a time-independent electric field as developed by Nayyar and Murty is first examined and then the equation of motion for a sinusoidal electric field is considered.

Field of study: Physics
L'examen médical périodique pour les adultes ayant une déficience développementale En faisons-nous assez?

De recentes etudes de recherche ont demontre que les taux de visites a l’urgence[1][1], d’hospitalisation et de readmissions a l’hopital[2][2] sont plus eleves chez les adultes ayant une deficience developpementale (DD) que dans la population en general. De plus, ces personnes

Field of study: Medicine
Reconfigurable Adaptive Array Beamforming by Antenna Selection

Traditional adaptive array beamforming with a fixed array configuration can lead to significant inefficiencies and performance loss under different scenarios. As antennas become smaller and cheaper relative to front-ends, it becomes important to devise a reconfigurable adaptive antenna array (RAAA) strategy to yield high signal to noise and interference ratio using fewer antennas. This is achieved by selecting K from N antennas to minimize the Spatial Correlation Coefficient (SCC) between the desired signal and the interference. The lower bound of optimum SCC is formulated with two relaxation methods to give information about the suitable number of selected antennas K. A Correlation Measurement (CM) method is proposed to select the optimum subarray with K antennas, thereby reducing complexity. We carry out performance analysis and show that a 1/K2-suboptimum solution can be guaranteed with arbitrary shaped arrays. Furthermore, a Difference of Convex Sets (DCS) method is proposed to select the optimum subarray with controlled quiescent pattern in order to reduce the effect of interference during the reconfiguration time. The utility of the proposed array reconfiguration for performance improvement without increasing the cost is demonstrated using both simulated and experimental data.

Field of study: Engineering
Research on In-situ TiB_2 Particles Reinforced Al-Si Matrix Composite

Based on the thermodynamic analysis of Al-TiO2-KBF4-Na3AlF6 reaction system,TiB2/Al-18%Si composite was prepared by directional melt reaction in-situ synthesis process.The phase composition,microstructure,the distribution of TiB2 particles on the matrix and hardness of the composite were investigated by XRD,OM,EPMA,SEM and sclerometer,respectively.The results indicate that there are Al,Si and TiB2 phase in the composite.The in-situ TiB2 particle is less than 1.0 μm,and uniformly distribute in Al-18%Si matrix alloy.Compared with matrix alloy,the hardness of the composite dramatically improves.

Field of study: Materials science
Automated seed detection and three-dimensional reconstruction. II. Reconstruction of permanent prostate implants using simulated annealing.

We present an algorithm, based on simulated annealing, for automatic seed matching and three-dimensional spatial coordinate reconstruction using either three radiographic films or three fluoroscopic images taken from different perspectives. The matching problem is defined in the framework of combinatorial optimization, which allows robust reconstruction in presence of calibration imprecision, patient movements, and isometric distortions. Furthermore, by using a global criterion to select the correct matching, we evade common problems of the three-film method and its variants in presence of noise. The algorithm has been tested on 112 clinical cases and 100 simulated implants and used clinically on more than 100 cases. Simulated implants were reconstructed with an average error of 0.21 mm. For clinical cases, comparison of the precision is performed between results obtained with this new method and results obtained using the three-film technique. Compared to the latter technique, the reconstruction precision was improved in 62% of the clinical cases.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Quartz preferred orientation in naturally deformed mylonitic rocks (Montalto shear zone–Italy): a comparison of results by different techniques, their advantages and limitations

In the geologic record, the quartz c-axis patterns are widely adopted in the investigation of crystallographic preferred orientations (CPO) of naturally deformed rocks. To this aim, in the present work, four different methods for measuring quartz c-axis orientations in naturally sheared rocks were applied and compared: the classical universal stage technique, the computer-integrated polarization microscopy method (CIP), the time-of-flight (TOF) neutron diffraction analysis , and the electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). Microstructural analysis and CPO patterns of quartz, together with the ones obtained for feldspars and micas in mylonitic granitoid rocks, have been then considered to solve structural and geological questions related to the Montalto crustal scale shear zone (Calabria, southern Italy). Results obtained by applying the different techniques are discussed, and the advantages as well as limitations of each method are highlighted. Importantly, our findings suggest that patterns obtained by means of different techniques are quite similar.
 In particular, for such mylonites, a subsimple shear (40% simple shear vs 60% pure shear) by shape analysis of porphyroclasts was inferred. A general tendency of an asymmetric c-maximum near to the Z direction (normal to foliation) suggesting dominant basal slip, consistent with fabric patterns related to dynamically recrystallization under greenschist facies, is recognized. Rhombohedral slip was likely active as documented by pole figures of positive and negative rhombs (TOF), which reveal also potential mechanical Dauphiné twinning. Results showed that the most complete CPO characterization on deformed rocks is given by the TOF (from which also other quartz crystallographic axes can be obtained as well as various mineral phases may be investigated). However, this use is restricted by the fact that (a) there are very few TOF facilities around the world and (b) there is loss of any domainal reference, since TOF is a bulk type analysis. EBSD is a widely used technique, which allows an excellent microstructural control of the user covering a good amount of investigated grains. CIP and US are not expensive techniques with respect the other kind of investigations and even if they might be considered obsolete and/or time-consuming, they have the advantage to provide a fine and grain by grain “first round” inspection on the investigated rock fabric.

Field of study: Environmental science
Electromagnetic decay of the 6+ isomer of102Rh

Conversion electrons,γ and X rays from102Rhm (6+,T1/2=1057 d) have been studied. An electromagnetic branch (2.3±0.3) ·10−3 feeding the102Rh first excited state has been observed in the 6+ isomeric decay. The excitation energy of the 6+ isomer turns out to be 140.7 keV above the 2− ground state.

Field of study: Physics
Effects of Bagging Periods on Quality and Post-harvest Storage Behaviour of ‘Lidongben’ Longan Fruit

Fruit of'Lidongben'longan(Dimocarpus longan Lour.cv.Lidongben),a late mature cultivar in Fujian Province in China was used to study the effects of pre-harvest bagging at 80,95 and 110 days after full bloom on quality and post-harvest behaviour.The results were as follows: Fruit pre-harvest bagging could obviously improve appearance quality of longan fruit,also increase contents of total soluble solids,total sugars,vitamin C and soluble protein in pulp of longan fruit.Whereas,fruit pre-harvest bagging could decrease content of titratable acidity in longan pulp,effectively improve fruit quality of longan.Fruit pre-harvest bagging increased contents of total phenolics and activity of peroxidase(POD)in pericarp of longan fruit,which were closely related to pericarp browning of longan fruit,thus,pre-harvest bagging promoted the occurrence of pericarp browning during longan fruit storage.Meanwhile,fruit pre-harvest bagging could obviously increased the developments of aril breakdown and post-harvest diseases of longan fruit which resulted in reducing fruit storability and shortening storage life of longan fruit.From the results it can be seen that fruit pre-harvest bagging could obviously improve appearance quality and pulp nutritional quality of 'Lidongben' longan fruit,and the results suggested that the optimum pre-harvest bagging period of'Lidongben'longan fruit was 110 days after full bloom,i.e.,about 1 month before harvest.Whereas,pre-harvest bagging shorten storage life of longan fruit.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
A note on irregular wavelet frames

In this note, we give a necessary condition for irregular wavelet frames, which extends the results of Chui and Shi. We prove that if the system {@j"m","n@?s"m^-^1^/^2@js"m^-^1.-t"n}"m","n"@?"Z constitute a frame for L^2(R) with frame bounds A, B, then @?"m"@?"Z|@j@?(s"m@x)|^2 is bounded up and below. Moreover, the upper and lower bounds depend only on the frame bounds A, B and density of the samples t"n's, not rely on the samples s"m's and the specific generator function @j however.

Field of study: Mathematics
Geological reasoning: Geology as an interpretive and historical science

The standard account of the reasoning process within geology views it as lacking a distinctive methodology of its own. Rather, geology is described as a derivative science, relying on the logical techniques exemplified by physics. I argue that this account is inadequate and skews our understanding of both geology and the scientific process in general. Far from simply taking up and applying the logical techniques of physics, geological reasoning has developed its own distinctive set of logical procedures.

I begin with a review of contemporary philosophy of science as it relates to geology. I then discuss the two distinctive features of geological reasoning, which are its nature as (1) an interpretive and (2) a historical science. I conclude that geological reasoning offers us the best model of the type of reasoning necessary for confronting the type of problems we are likely to face in the 21st century.

Field of study: Geology
All in good fun: governing camp experiences through discourses of ‘good’ and ‘fun’

Summer camps have been conventionally associated with the positive development of individual character through the promotion of recreational ‘fun.’ However, popular narratives obscure more critical questions concerning the power-knowledge relations that have shaped the provision of summer camp fun as a significant site of child development in Canadian culture. In this article we examine how camp counsellors mobilise particular discourses about the benefits, or ‘good’, and ‘fun’ of camp to govern themselves and the campers that are in their care. We draw on Foucauldian notions of governmentality to problematise that which is often assumed as the ‘truth’ of camp experiences. We discuss how the ‘good’ of camp often draws on psy-discourses and those of entrepreneurial selves to improve or add value to campers’ lives. Additionally, ‘fun’ discourses and practices can work to produce manageable and docile campers. We conclude the article by identifying the implications of the research for developing a critical approach to the management of young staff who work to provide a broad range of recreational experiences where benefits and fun are promised.

Field of study: Sociology
The use of a T lymphocyte colony assay to measure mononuclear phagocyte function.

The control of colony formation of normal PHA-stimulated lymphocytes has been investigated using a liquid-on-agar culture system (Lowenberg & De Zeeuw, 1979). Optimal colony formation requires the presence of mononuclear cells which were characterized by their ability to adhere to plastic surfaces. This finding suggests that the assay system can be used to estimate the co-operative function of mononuclear phagocytes as well as to enumerate T lymphocyte colony-forming cells (TL-CFC). Both the capacities of the mononuclear cells to promote colony formation and the colony-forming abilities of T cells varied widely between different normal individuals. Studies in patients with haemopoietic deficiencies showed that the growth of TL-CFC can be used to distinguish between a real lack of colony-forming cells and an apparent reduction, secondary to mononuclear cell depletion.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Warm and cold parental reproductive environments affect seed properties, fitness, and cold responsiveness in Arabidopsis thaliana progenies.

Conditions in the parental environment during reproduction can affect the performance of the progenies. The goals of this study were to investigate whether warm or cold temperatures in the parental environment during flowering and seed development affect Arabidopsis thaliana seed properties, growth performance, reproduction and stress tolerance of the progenies, and to find candidate genes for progeny-related differences in stress responsiveness. Parental plants were raised at 20 degrees C and maintained from bolting to seed maturity at warm (25 degrees C) or cold (15 degrees C) temperatures. Analysis of seed properties revealed significant increases in nitrogen in seeds from warm temperature and significant increases in lipids and in the ratio of alpha-linolenic to oleic acid in seeds from the cold parental environment. Progenies of the warm parental environment showed faster germination rates, faster root elongation growth, higher leaf biomass and increased seed production at various temperatures compared with those from the cold parental environment. This indicates that under stable environmental conditions, progenies from warm parental environments had a clear adaptive advantage over those from cold parental environments. This parental effect was presumably transmitted by the higher nitrogen content of the seeds developed in warm conditions. When offspring from parents grown at different temperatures were exposed to chilling or freezing stress, photosynthetic yield recovered faster in progenies originating from cold parental environments. Cold acclimation involved up-regulation of transcripts of flavanone 3-hydroxylase (F3H) and pseudo response regulator 9 (PRR9) and down-regulation of growth-associated transcription factors (TFs) NAP and AP2domain containing RAP2.3. NAP, a regulator of senescence, and PRR9, a temperature-sensitive modulator of the circadian clock, were probably involved in mediating parent-of-origin effects, because they showed progeny-related expression differences under chilling. Because low temperatures also delay senescence, cold responsiveness of NAP suggests that this factor is linked with the regulatory network that is important for environmental acclimation of plants.

Field of study: Environmental science
Strategy contemplation and path selection with respect to the foreign relationship of sports in China in the early period after China was founded

The author discussed strategy contemplation and path selection with respect to the foreign relationship of sports in China in the early period after China was founded,and put forward the following opinions: in dealing with the foreign relationship of sports in China in the early period after China was founded,the Chinese government,by sticking to the diplomatic policy of independence,created a favorable new situation for the foreign development of sports in new China and built a good foundation for the comprehensive development of the sports undertaking in new China later by carefully adhering to unanimous diplomatic strategies of China and by selecting different specific paths,while enabling the foreign relationship of sports in China to obey and serve the diplomatic guideline of China.

Field of study: Education
Review of nature-inspired heat exchanger technology

The enormous heat and mass transfer phenomena in nature have led engineers to seek solutions for heat transfer enhancement problems from nature. In a current study, a comprehensive review of nature-inspired heat exchanger technology is presented, with focuses on fractal geometries, heat exchanger surface wettability control and evaporative cooling. Fractal geometry, widely found in respiratory systems and vascular systems of plants and animals, has been introduced into heat transfer area because of its intrinsic advantage of minimized flow resistance and strong heat transfer capability. Plant leaves with different surface wettability inspire heat exchanger surface treatment for condensation and frosting application. Evaporation of perspiration to regulate human temperature enlightened the application of evaporative condensers. Based on a review, an outline for applying biomimicry to heat exchanger design has been developed. Promising natural phenomena for future design are discussed. This review is expected to motivate future research on nature-inspired heat transfer devices.

Field of study: Engineering
Cloning and localization of the hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channel family in rat brain.

Rhythmic firing in brain and heart is mediated by pacemaker channels that are activated by hyperpolarization and regulated directly by cyclic nucleotides. Recent work has identified a new gene family that encodes such channels, which are termed hyperpolarization-activated, cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels. In this study, we report the molecular cloning and localization by in situ hybridization of HCN1-4 in adult rat brain. The rat HCN1-4 clones show high homology to the deduced amino acid sequence of the mouse channels (>97% identity). The mRNA expression of the four channels in adult brain was evaluated in a systematic manner from the olfactory bulb to lower brain stem nuclei. Each mRNA demonstrated a unique pattern of distribution. HCN1 expression is highly enriched in cerebral cortex, hippocampus, cerebellum, and facial motor nucleus; HCN2 is highly abundant in mamillary bodies, pontine nucleus, ventral cochlear nucleus, and nucleus of the trapezoid body; HCN3 expression is most pronounced in supraoptic nucleus of hypothalamus; and HCN4 expression is most abundant in medial habenula and anterior and principal relay nuclei of the thalamus. These variations in regional specificity of HCN channels could generate important differences in neuronal pacemaker activity across brain systems.

Field of study: Biology
The importance of thermal gradients on the vortex dynamics and magnetic behavior of mesoscopic superconducting samples

Usually, the measurements of electronic and magnetic properties of superconducting samples are carried out under a constant temperature bath. On the other hand, thermal gradients induce local variation of the superconducting order parameter, and the vortex dynamics can present interesting behaviors. In this work, we solved the time-dependent Ginzburg-Landau equations simulating samples under two different thermal gradients, and considering two values of the Ginzburg-Landau parameter, \k{appa}. We find out that both parameters, i.e., \k{appa} and thermal gradients, play an important role on the vortex dynamics and on the magnetization behavior of the samples.

Field of study: Physics
The Study on the Application of Antioxidant in Radiation Synthetic Preservation Techniques of Fresh or Chilled Chicken

In view of the preservation of fresh chicken focusing on broiler, with the lack of material on san-huang chicken. used the 84 disinfectant whose concentration was 1:86 wash the killed san-huang chicken for 1 min, dropped the core temperature to 4°C in 30 min and did acid treatment for 24h, then immersed in the concentration of 0.3g/L tea polyphenols+0.2g/L D-sodium erythroblast composite solution for 5 min, drained and vacuum packed, treated with the radiation source of 60Co as a 4kGy dose, and preserved in 4°C.The result showed, at the end of preservation CFU increased from 3.8×103 to 8.7×105CFU/g, epiphytic bacteria were Pseudomonas and Enterobacteriaceae, TVB-N increased from 8.24mg/100g to 14.8mg/100g, POV increased from 3.6meq/kg to 7.8meq/kg; texture profile analysis resulted that with no change of adhesion, cohesion, the hardness, elasticity and chewiness of Chicken decline, chromatic detection resulted that L value and a value increase but b value decline, the quality of fresh chicken met the national food safety standards. As a result, after comprehensive radiation treatment, the shelf life of fresh chicken was 28d.

Field of study: Engineering
Bisindoles. 14. Electrophilic substitution reactions in the di(5-indolyl) oxide series

Some electrophilic substitution reactions in the di(5-indolyl) oxide series were studied. The Vilsmeier and Mannich reactions and diazo coupling and N-alkylation were realized. The di(5-indolyl) oxide molecule was subjected to quantum-chemical calculation.

Field of study: Chemistry
Successive shifts in the microbial community of the surface mucus layer and tissues of the coral Acropora muricata under thermal stress.

The coral mucus may harbor commensal bacteria that inhibit growth of pathogens. Therefore, there is a need to understand the dynamics of bacterial communities between the coral mucus and tissues. Nubbins of Acropora muricata were subjected to increasing water temperatures of 26°C-33°C, to simultaneously explore the bacterial diversity in coral mucus and tissues by 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. Photochemical efficiency of symbiotic dinoflagellates within the corals declined above 31°C. Both the mucus and tissues of healthy A. muricata were dominated by γ-Proteobacteria, but under thermal stress there was a shift towards bacteria from the Verrucomicrobiaceae and α-Proteobacteria. Members of Cyanobacteria, Flavobacteria and Sphingobacteria also become more prominent at higher temperatures. The relative abundance of Vibrio spp. in the coral mucus increased at 29°C, but at 31°C, there was a drop in the relative abundance of Vibrio spp. in the mucus, with a reciprocal increase in the tissues. On the other hand, during bleaching, the relative abundance of Endozoicomonas spp. decreased in the tissues with a reciprocal increase in the mucus. This is the first systematic experiment that shows the potential for a bacterial community shift between the coral surface mucus and tissues in a thermally stressed coral.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science