nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Saving the world from your couch: the heterogeneous medium-run benefits of COVID-19 lockdowns on air pollution

In Spring 2020, COVID-19 led to an unprecedented halt in public and economic life across the globe. In an otherwise tragic time, this provides a unique natural experiment to investigate the environmental impact of such a (temporary) ‘de-globalization’. Here, we estimate the medium-run impact of a battery of COVID-19 related lockdown measures on air quality across 162 countries, going beyond the existing short-run estimates from a limited number of countries. In doing so, we leverage a new dataset categorizing lockdown measures and tracking their implementation and release, extending to 31 August 2020. We find that domestic and international lockdown measures overall led to a decline in PM2.5 pollution by 45% and 35%, respectively. This substantial impact persists in the medium-run, even as lockdowns are lifted, there is, however, substantial heterogeneity across different types of lockdown measures, different countries, and different sources of pollution. We show that some country trajectories are much more appealing (with fewer COVID-19 casualties, less economic downturn and bigger pollution reductions) than others. Our results have important policy implications and highlight the potential to ‘build back better’ a sustainable economy where pollution can be curbed in a less economically costly way than during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Field of study: Environmental science
A Meta-Analysis of the Financial Participation Impact on Firm Performance

The theme of the financial participation and its relationship with firm performance continue to occupy an important place in the academic and professional literature. However, researches take many different perspectives that it is difficult to define a conceptual framework and results are often different questioning their generalization. In this research we propose a meta-analytic approach in order to evaluate the impact of the employees’ financial participation on firm performance. The results demonstrated a significant improvement in the economic and social performance of firms that share their profits with their employees.

Field of study: Business
Presurgical Coping, Depression, and Quality of Life in Persons with Parkinson's Disease

This study describes utilization of coping strategies and evaluates the interaction between coping strategies, depression, and quality of life (QOL) in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) who are being considered for neurosurgical intervention. Eighty patients (mean age 61.7 years) with PD being evaluated for possible deep brain stimulation completed self-report instruments of coping strategies (Coping Responses Inventory), depression (Beck Depression Inventory), and disease-specific QOL (Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire-39). Analyses showed that patients with PD cope with the acute stressor of approaching neurosurgery through a variety of strategies, but particularly avoidant and behavioral strategies. When the correlated but apparently opposing effects of cognitive and behavioral strategies were teased apart, greater use of cognitive strategies was associated with more severe depressive symptomatology (and poorer QOL), while greater use of behavioral strategies appeared to be associated with less depression. Depressive symptomatology, in turn, was associated with poorer QOL. However, coping had minimal direct association with QOL. From this it was concluded that patients with advanced PD generate a variety of coping responses to an acute stressor such as surgery, and the use of behavioral strategies, in particular seeking of alternative enjoyable activities, may be associated with better mood if salutary effects are not overwhelmed by less helpful cognitive coping techniques. The minimization of depressive symptomatology, in turn, is associated with better QOL.

Field of study: Psychology
Operative management of brainstem cavernous malformations.

Brainstem cavernous malformations (CMs) are complex lesions associated with hemorrhage and neurological deficit. In this review, the authors describe the anatomical nuances relating to the operative techniques for these challenging lesions. The resection of brainstem CMs in properly selected patients has been demonstrated to reduce the risk of rehemorrhage and can be achieved relatively safely in experienced hands.

Field of study: Medicine
Determination of rare earth elements in plant food by microwave digestion inductively coupled plasma-MS spectrometry

A method for determination of 45Sc,89Y,139La,140Ce,141Pr,146Nd,147Sm,153Eu,157Gd,159Tb,163Dy,165Ho,166Er,169Tm,172Yb,175Lu in plant food by ICP-MS was established.These elements were detected simultaneously after the samples digested by microwave digestion with 101Ru,115In,185Re as internal standard elements.The detection limits of these elements range from 0.56 ng/L to 16 ng/L,linear correlation r≥0.999.The precision was RSD7.0%,and recoveries of samples were of the range from 82% to 112%.The results were fine in different kinds of plant food.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Plutonic rocks of Jurassic age in the Alaska–Aleutian Range batholith: Chemical variations and polarity

Plutonic rocks of Jurassic age exposed on the eastern, or Pacific, side of the Alaska–Aleutian Range batholith represent the roots of a magmatic arc generally considered to have been generated in response to northwest-directed subduction. These rocks form a compositionally continuous calc-alkaline suite that ranges from hornblende gabbro through quartz monzonite. Tonalite and quartz diorite are the dominant rock types. Trend-surface analysis was used to examine the geographic variation of major oxides and a few simple oxide ratios for 102 samples from widely separated localities. Statistical tests indicate that most of the trends, although weak, are real. The direction of slope of the trends is approximately normal to the Jurassic magmatic arc K 2 O and SiO 2 increase toward the east-southeast; the other oxides increase toward the west-northwest. The K 2 O trend accounts for about 19% of the variance in the data and is significant at > 99.9% level of confidence. If the chemical trends reflect the approximate geometry of a paleosubduction zone, the polarity of the Jurassic magmatic arc is to the northwest. That is, the paleosubduction zone was on the northwest side of the arc, and subduction was directed toward the southeast. The paleosubduction zone is on the opposite side of the arc from the position that has generally been assumed, indicating that the Jurassic plutonic rocks were not generated in response to classical Andean-type convergent plate margins. The magmatic arc may have formed in an intra-ocean environment, and subsequently has been rafted northward and accreted to this part of the northern Pacific rim during the late Mesozoic. Middle and Upper Jurassic clastic sediments underlying Cook Inlet to the southeast, and derived from the magmatic arc, are classified as backarc deposits, rather than as an arc-trench gap sequence.

Field of study: Geology
Long-term artificially aging process and vibration analysis of pipes

The identification of property changes and damage in various structures is one of the major points in the engineering society. This work contains the method and results of a long-term aging process implemented by an experimental system. We applied a chemical and heat artificial aging test on metal and plastic pipes to indicate the degradation levels and results with suitable measuring instruments. During our measurements of aged pipes vibration tests were performed to get information about the changing of the vibration spreading properties of different materials. We were searching for information about the property changing of widely used pipe materials to estimate the rate of degradation and the service life of these instruments more accurately.

Field of study: Engineering
Efficient vanishing point detection method in complex urban road environments

Detecting the vanishing point in a road image is important for robot navigation, intelligent transportation and other fields. This study proposes a new vanishing point detection method that uses the vertical information in complex urban road and street environments. First, all straight lines in the road image are detected based on curvature scale space and principal component analysis methods. Second, a new road region extraction method is proposed to support vanishing point detection. In this method, the image is decomposed into approximate sky, vertical and road regions using the estimation envelopes of the vertical lines. Third, the straight lines in the road region are extracted using a path perspective triangle and line length limits. The straight lines are then categorised into groups using proposed grouping strategies. Finally, vanishing point candidates are calculated from paired lines extracted from different groups and from the same group, and the final vanishing point is then estimated for the urban road scene using the mean shift clustering method. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm can estimate the vanishing point accurately and efficiently in complex urban road environments, despite interference from vehicles and pedestrians and on curved and unstructured roads.

Field of study: Computer science
Synthesis of Polymer—Mesoporous Silica Nanocomposites

Polymer nanocomposites show unique properties combining the advantages of the inorganic nanofillers and the organic polymers. The mesoporous silica nanofillers have received much attention due to their ordered structure, high surface area and ease for functionalization of the nanopores. To accommodate macromolecules, the nanopores lead to unusually intimate interactions between the polymer and the inorganic phase, and some unusual properties can be observed, when compared with nonporous fillers. Whereas many review articles have been devoted to polymer/nonporous nanofiller nanocomposites, few review articles focus on polymer/mesoporous silica nanocomposites. This review summarizes the recent development in the methods for synthesizing polymer/mesoporous silica nanocomposites based on the papers published from 1998 to 2009, and some unique properties of these composites are also described.

Field of study: Materials science
Reconstruction of the Structure of Accretion Disks in Dwarf Novae from the Multi-Band Light Curves of Early Superhumps

We propose a new method to reconstruct the structure of accretion disks in dwarf novae using multi-band light curves of early superhumps. Our model assumes that early superhumps are caused by the rotation effect of non-axisymmetrically flaring disks. We have developed a Bayesian model for this reconstruction, in which a smoother disk-structure tends to have a higher prior probability. We analyzed simultaneous optical and near-infrared photometric data of early superhumps of the dwarf nova, V455 And using this technique. The reconstructed disk has two flaring parts in the outermost region of the disk. These parts are responsible for the primary and secondary maxima of the light curves. The height-to-radius ratio is h/r=0.20-0.25 in the outermost region. In addition to the outermost flaring structures, flaring arm-like patterns can be seen in an inner region of the reconstructed disk. The overall profile of the reconstructed disk is reminiscent of the disk structure that is deformed by the tidal effect. However, an inner arm-like pattern, which is responsible for the secondary minimum in the light curve, cannot be reproduced only by the tidal effect. It implies the presence of another mechanism that deforms the disk structure. Alternatively, the temperature distribution of the disk could be non-axisymmetric. We demonstrate that the disk structure with weaker arm-like patterns is optimal in the model including the irradiation effect. However, the strongly irradiated disk gives quite blue colors, which may conflict with the observation. Our results suggest that the amplitude of early superhumps depends mainly on the height of the outermost flaring regions of the disk. We predict that early superhumps can be detected with an amplitude of >0.02 mag in about 90% of WZ Sge stars.

Field of study: Physics
Do new and traditional models of primary care differ with regard to access?: Canadian QUALICOPC study.

To examine access to primary care in new and traditional models using 2 dimensions of the concept of patient-centred access.



An international survey examining the quality and costs of primary health care (the QUALICOPC study) was conducted in 2013 in Canada. This study adopted a descriptive cross-sectional survey method using data from practices across Canada. Each participating practice filled out the Family Physician Survey and the Practice Survey, and patients in each participating practice were asked to complete the Patient Experiences Survey.



All 10 Canadian provinces.



A total of 759 practices and 7172 patients.



Independent t tests were conducted to examine differences between new and traditional models of care in terms of availability and accommodation, and affordability of care.



Of the 759 practices, 407 were identified as having new models of care and 352 were identified as traditional. New models of care were distinct with respect to payment structure, opening hours, and having an interdisciplinary work force. Most participating practices were from large cities or suburban areas. There were few differences between new and traditional models of care regarding accessibility and accommodation in primary care. Patients under new models of care reported easier access to other physicians in the same practice, while patients from traditional models reported seeing their regular family physicians more frequently. There was no difference between the new and traditional models of care with regard to affordability of primary care. Patients attending clinics with new models of care reported that their physicians were more involved with them as a whole person than patients attending clinics based on traditional models did.



Primary care access issues do not differ strongly between traditional and new models of care; however, patients in the new models of care believed that their physicians were more involved with them as people.

Field of study: Medicine
Low Frequency High Power Energy Harvester

The vibration energy harvester has become a hot spot because it can supply energy to device without battery. Four types of vibration energy harvesters with different operation modes are introduced in low frequency and high power aspects. They are electromagnetic, magnetostrictive, electrostatic and piezoelectric vibration energy harvester. Their developments are illustrated in detail. Meanwhile, the advantages and disadvantages of the four different structures are compared, and the performances are summarized. Among them, piezoelectric vibration energy harvester was studied the earliest. So, it has better performance and can be used widely.

Field of study: Engineering
16S rRNA gene-based analysis of mucosa-associated bacterial community and phylogeny in the chicken gastrointestinal tracts: from crops to ceca.

Mucosa-associated microbiota from different regions of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract of adult broilers was studied by analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences. The microbiota mainly comprised Gram-positive bacteria along the GI tract. Fifty-one operational taxonomic units (OTUs) (from 98 clones) were detected in the ceca, as compared with 13 OTUs (from 49 clones) in the crops, 11 OTUs (from 51 clones) in the gizzard, 14 OTUs (from 52 clones) in the duodenum, 12 OTUs (from 50 clones) in the jejunum and nine OTUs (from 50 clones) in the ileum. Ceca were dominantly occupied by clostridia-related sequences (40%) with other abundant sequences being related to Faecalibacterium prausnitzii (14%), Escherichia coli (11%), lactobacilli (7%) and Ruminococcus (6%). Lactobacilli were predominant in the upper GI tract and had the highest diversity in the crop. Both Lactobacillus aviarius and Lactobacillus salivarius were the predominant species among lactobacilli. Candidatus division Arthromitus was also abundant in the jejunum and ileum.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Adiponectin/T-cadherin and apelin/APJ expression in human arteries and periadventitial fat: implication of local adipokine signaling in atherosclerosis?

Adipose tissue is considered an endocrine organ, producing bioactive peptides, called adipokines. Adipokines produced by periadventitial fat have been implicated in the pathogenesis of vascular disease, including atherosclerosis. Adiponectin has established antiatherogenic actions, while the role of T-cadherin as an adiponectin receptor is not fully elucidated. The apelinergic system, consisting of apelin and its APJ receptor, is a mediator of various cardiovascular functions and may also be involved in the atherosclerotic process. We investigated the protein expression of adiponectin, T-cadherin, apelin and APJ in human aortas, coronary vessels, and the respective periadventitial adipose tissue and correlated their expression with the presence of atherosclerosis and clinical parameters.



Immunohistochemistry for adiponectin, T-cadherin, apelin, and APJ was performed on human aortic and coronary artery samples including the periadventitial adipose tissue. Aortic and coronary atherosclerotic lesions were assessed using the american heart association (AHA) classification.



Adiponectin immunostaining, of varied intensity, was detected only in adipocytes, while T-cadherin was localized to vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and endothelial cells. Apelin immunostaining was detected in adipocytes, VSMCs, endothelial cells, and foam cells in atherosclerotic lesions, while APJ was found in VSMCs and endothelia. Periadventitial adiponectin and VSMC T-cadherin expression were negatively correlated with atherosclerosis in both sites, as was VSMC apelin expression. Several other - depot specific - associations were observed.



Our results suggest a possible role for T-cadherin as a mediator of antiatherogenic adiponectin actions, while they support the putative antiatherogenic profile for apelin and its APJ receptor in human arteries. Further research is absolutely necessary to confirm these notions.



Periadventitial adipose tissue adipokines are implicated in vascular physiology and pathology. Adiponectin/T-cadherin and apelin/APJ immunoreactivity is detected in human aortas and coronary arteries. Adiponectin/T-cadherin and apelin/APJ expression patterns were found to be inversely associated with human aortic and coronary atherosclerosis.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Image reconstruction using various discrete orthogonal polynomials in comparison with DCT

The energy compactness of various discrete orthogonal polynomials used as the basis functions in an image reconstruction kernel is being studied in this paper, specifically the discrete cosine transform (DCT), Tchebichef, Krawtchouk, Hahn and Poisson–Charlier. These polynomials were being tested with a variety of grayscale images, with and without block segmentation. As a result, we concluded that DCT is still the best among all for smooth images and Tchebichef is the best for rougher images. Krawtchouk would outperform Tchebichef sometimes; but Hahn and Poisson–Charlier performed badly overall. Moreover, the weighted form of Krawtchouk and Hahn might be slightly superior to their original form, but they create undesired blocking effects in block segmentation image reconstruction.

Field of study: Mathematics
Study on the antimicrobial and antiseptic action of pumpkin

The antimicrobial and antiseptic action of pumpkin was studied. The results showed that pumpkin antimicrobial with a certain concentration could inhibit the growth of escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, racemosus in some degree. And the Minimum Inhibition Concentration of pumpkin antimicrobial is assaied.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
On the existence of lindahl equilibria in economies with a measure space of non-transitive consumers

We present a generalization of Roberts' theorem on the existence of Lindahl equilibria in economies with a measure space of agents. The principal contribution of this paper is methodological. We show that by formulating the problem in what we consider to be its natural infinite dimensional setting, the basic structure of Debreu's proof in the theory of value can be applied. Our proof makes use of functional analysis and relies, in particular, on Artstein's characterization of weak sequential convergence in L 1 ( μ ).

Field of study: Economics
A Vector Space Projection HITS Algorithm Based on Similarity Value

There usually have several problems,such as low accuracy and data redundancy,in the result set given by the traditional search engine.HITS algorithm based on Web structure mining technology can markedly improve the effectiveness of searching Web pages.Deeply analyzes HITS algorithm and some pertinent improved algorithms,and proposes a vector space projection HITS algorithm.This algorithm,which is based on the analysis of hyperlink structure and combining page text content,can relatively eliminate the theme deviation issue in HITS algorithm without causing extra system overhead.

Field of study: Computer science
Research Progress on the Collaborative Drag Reduction Effect of Polymers and Surfactants

Polymer additives and surfactants as drag reduction agents have been widely used in the field of fluid drag reduction. Polymer additives can reduce drag effectively with only a small amount, but they degrade easily. Surfactants have an anti-degradation ability. This paper categorizes the mechanism of drag reducing agents and the influencing factors of drag reduction characteristics. The factors affecting the degradation of polymer additives and the anti-degradation properties of surfactants are discussed. A mixture of polymer additive and surfactant has the characteristics of high shear resistance, a lower critical micelle concentration (CMC), and a good drag reduction effect at higher Reynolds numbers. Therefore, this paper focuses more on a drag reducing agent mixed with a polymer and a surfactant, including the mechanism model, drag reduction characteristics, and anti-degradation ability.

Field of study: Materials science
The constitution and practice of education model for the collegePE major students in 21st century

This article has discussed the model which has reformed the traditional education model of qualified personnel and has constituted the tripartite comprehensive education model,which takes it as the centre for the over all quality education of the students,as the mainline for the knowledge education, as the focal point of ability training for being teachers, as the goal of training middle school PE teachers of high quality,rich knowledge and strong ability.The quality of the students has fully been developed by way of the combination of the teaching inside and outside of the classroom, the combination of theory and practice, and the combination of knowledge and ability. After six years of practice, it proves to be overall for the training goal, comprehensive for the training model, coordinated for the training process and easy to operate.It finally arrives at what the model is designed to be.

Field of study: Education