nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Detection of Residual Glutaraldehyde in Hemoglobin-Based Oxygen Carrier with High Performance Liquid Chromatography

A method for the determination of glutaraldehyde in hemoglobin-based oxygen carrier(HBOC) by high performance liquid chromatography is described.Free glutaraldehyde was separated from HBOC by 10 kDa ultrafiltration membrane under centrifuged 3000 r/min for 20 min and derivatized under the conditions of pH=1.0,2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine(DNPH):glutaraldehyde=60:1,reaction time 30 min in 70% acetonitrile medium.Precipitation of derivatives of glutaraldehyde with DNPH was avoided under this condition and it was possible to direct injection of the sample into the LC system.Subsequent reversed phase separation and determination of the derivatives within 20 min with a mobile phase of 70% acetonitile can be achieved.The linear range of this method was from 0.1 to 10.0 mg/L(R2=0.9999) with relative standard deviation of 3.0%(n=6),the standard addition recovery was 95.3%,and the limit of detection was 1.0 ng.

Field of study: Chemistry
THE PRECISE SPACE-TIME FINITE ELEMENT METHOD FOR NONLINEAR DYNAMIC EQUATION

Based on the Hamilton variable action law, a space-time finite element is deduced. According to the principle of a transfer matrix and one-dimensionality of time, a space-time finite element matrix is transformed to a time-transfer matrix and initial value problems are converted to matrix multiplication problems so as to be solved more easily. In order to ensure the stability of the calculation, the precise space-time finite element method is established on the basis of the precise integration idea, and the calculation formula under the action of series loads is presented. The results of numerical analysis on a linear problem show that this method is very accurate and can be extended to nonlinear dynamic problems. Firstly, regarded a nonlinear solution as a superposition of an initial solution and an incremental solution, and then to calculate the incremental solution using a precise space-time finite element linear solution method, to modify solution gradually, the nonlinear solution can be achieved finally. The results of numerical experiments show that this method is a stable and efficient calculation method on solving nonlinear dynamic problems.

Field of study: Engineering
Complete remission of macroprolactinoma after long-term medical therapy with dopamine agonists.

Dopamine agonists are considered the preferred first-line treatment in patients with prolactinomas. However, surgery, alone or in combination with radiotheraphy, can achieve a definitive cure for this type of tumor.1 Complete remission of macroprolactinoma with dopamine agonists is uncommon with rates of recurrent hyperprolactinemia of 36–53% after 18 and 60 months, respectively.2–5 We report a patient with a macroprolactinoma who developed cure after long-term (10 years) medical treatment with dopamine agonists. A 26-year-old man was referred in 1995 for evaluation of a pituitary mass discovered on computed tomography scan …

Field of study: Medicine
Subtypes of alcohol-dependent men: a typology based on relative genetic and environmental loading.

Using scales that distinguish between relative genetic and environmental loading, cluster analysis was used to identify three subtypes of alcohol dependence in Caucasian men from the Epidemiologic Catchment Area study (n = 911). Although all subjects met DSM-III criteria for alcohol dependence, only the severe subtype showed evidence of substantial genetic influence. When compared on a range of clinical characteristics, the mild subtype (53% of the sample) was typically least adversely affected and the severe subtype (17%) most affected, with the dyssocial subtype (30%) falling between. Severe subtype subjects had significantly greater comorbid drug dependence and were at least four times more likely than mild subjects to have sought treatment for alcohol problems. Ratio of genetic scale score to total symptom count (genetic ratio) was highest for the severe subtype (mean = 0.37), and negatively correlated with age of first alcohol problem (rs = -0.16) and years between first intoxication and first problem (rs = 0.19). No significant correlations were found between these clinical features and genetic ratio for the mild or dyssocial subtypes. Use of these scales and subtypes may improve our ability to detect specific gene effects in genetic linkage studies and to identify environmental influences in behavioral and epidemiological studies.

Field of study: Medicine
Application of p166 recombinant proteins derived from different genotypes of hepatitis E virus (HEV) in anti- HEV antibody detection

目的 探讨不同基因型和亚型戊型肝炎病毒(HEV)ORF2重组蛋白p166用于抗体检测的价值,为研发准确可靠的戊型肝炎诊断试剂提供新的途径.方法用等浓度的不同基因型和亚型HEV p166作为包被抗原,对血清标本进行酶联免疫吸附试验测定.用HEV多基因型通用性引物逆转录套式PCR(RT-nPCR)扩增标本中HEV RNA,并测序、分型.结果8种不同p166抗原对30份健康献血者血清无抗原性,对182份来自世界不同国家和地区的已知HEV抗体阳性血清和7份HEV实验感染动物血清标本均呈阳性反应,但所得血清抗体滴度的高低与所用抗原的基因型有明显关系.RT-nPCR检测的50份中国血清标本中,19份阳性,基因分型均为Ⅳ型,与Ⅳ型中国株p166抗原反应最好.而以同属于第Ⅲ基因型的猪HEV新西兰株和人HEV美国株重组p166检测血清标本,两者结果差异无统计学意义.以多基因型p166混合抗原建立的ELISA抗体检测法与两种市售试剂盒比较,前者敏感性高,特异性好.结论不同基因型和亚型的HEV重组蛋白p166对不同血清标本HEV抗体检测的敏感性高低不同,因此多基因型和亚型p166的混合抗原是HEV抗体检测的最佳抗原。

Field of study: Biology
Foreign Investments in Less Developed Regions

The profitability of foreign investments in the periphery of the modern, capitalist system is important in the study of imperialism and dependency and, through these intermediary subjects, of the causes of war and revolution. It is also relevant to theories regarding the multinational corporation, international markets, and modernization and economic development. To shed light on these subjects, this article assesses the profitability of foreign investments in less developed regions by examining two cases of special relevance: the experience of British capitalists during the high age of imperialism in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries and the operations of U.S. multinational corporations after World War II. For each period the return on foreign investments in the less developed areas will be compared to that earned on such investments in the developed countries. These cases were chosen because of the political, military, and economic preeminence of Britain prior to World War I and the United States today. If great national power produces material benefits for investors, it should be apparent in these cases.

Field of study: Political science
Finite Element Analysis of Effect of Back Pressure on Plastic Deformation in Equal Channel Angular Pressing

The finite element study is applied to analyze the effect of back pressure on deformation characteristics during a single pass of ECAP under different initial conditions with Deform-3D software.The results show that there are many beneficial effects of back pressure in expanding the deformation zone and enhancing the effective strain and deformation uniformity.At the same time,the greater the friction coefficient,the smaller the die internal angles and exterior angle,the bigger the extrusion force of ECAP and the higher the demands on the die structure under constant back pressure.

Field of study: Materials science
Preliminary Experiments Using GALE Observations at the National Meteorological Center

Analyses and forecasts for the first 2 weeks of the Genesis of Atlantic Lows Experiment (GALE) are described. These fields were produced using the National Meteorological Center (NMC) Regional Analysis and Forecast System (RAFS). Two sets of analyses and forecasts were constructed: one using the NMC operational database only (Level IIIa), and one using the NMC data merged with high-density observations taken during GALE (Level IIIb). During the first 14 days of GALE, supplemental data were collected throughout two Intensive Observing Periods (IOPs). Comparisons of the Level IIIa and IIIb analyses over the GALE observing region in the southeastern United States indicated a worsening of the geopotential height analysis at operational NWS rawinsonde sites using the supplemental IIIb data. This was caused by inconsistencies in the height measurements at the high-density GALE rawinsonde sites. Such patterns were not observed in the wind and temperature analyses. During IOP No. 1, the Level IIIa and IIIb Nested...

Field of study: Environmental science
On a principle of reciprocity between high- and low-frequency problems concerning linear differential equations of second order

form a polynomial basis for polynomials in the components of n vectors u\r) which are linear in each of the vectors and form-invariant under the transformations associated with transverse isotropy about the x3 axis. As in the previous sections, we immediately see that a basic set of anisotropic tensors for transverse isotropy about the x3 axis is defined by du{3r) /du\r) (= a4 , say) and d(u[r) u^/diii'* duj'* (= /3,,) (r 7* s; a = 1, 2; i,j = 1, 2, 3). We obtain immediately

Field of study: Mathematics
Legalizing Identities: Becoming Black or Indian in Brazil's Northeast (review)

For years, scholars have argued that racial and ethnic identities are constructed, but few have explored that process as well as Jan Hoffman French in her study of two rural communities in northeastern Brazil over the course of the last four decades. In this important book, Hoffman French follows the transformation of two groups of impoverished mixed-race peasants. One group became legally recognized Xoco Indians; the other, legally recognized remanescentes (remnants) of a quilombo, or community of selfliberated slaves. The study's many strengths derive from Hoffman French's use of the methods and sources of cultural anthropology and social history. Her findings depend upon participant observation, but also on "more than 100 interviews with residents, former landowners, lawyers, anthropologists, activists, politicians and government officials," as well as research in government, ecclesiastical and private archives (p. xiii).

Field of study: History
Differential effects of chronic ethanol consumption and withdrawal on homer/glutamate receptor expression in subregions of the accumbens and amygdala of P rats.

Homer proteins are constituents of scaffolding complexes that regulate the trafficking and function of central Group1 metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) and N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors. Research supports the involvement of these proteins in ethanol-induced neuroplasticity in mouse. In this study, we examined the effects of short versus long-term withdrawal from chronic ethanol consumption on Homer and glutamate receptor protein expression within striatal and amygdala subregions of selectively bred, alcohol-preferring P rats.



For 6 months, male P rats had concurrent access to 15% and 30% ethanol solutions under intermittent (IA: 4 d/wk) or continuous (CA: 7 d/wk) access conditions in their home cage. Rats were killed 24 hours (short withdrawal: SW) or 4 weeks (long withdrawal: LW) after termination of ethanol access, subregions of interest were micropunched and tissue processed for detection of Group1 mGluRs, NR2 subunits of the NMDA receptor and Homer protein expression.



Within the nucleus accumbens (NAC), limited changes in NR2a and NR2b expression were detected in the shell (NACsh), whereas substantial changes were observed for Homer2a/b, mGluRs as well as NR2a and NR2b subunits in the core (NACc). Within the amygdala, no changes were detected in the basolateral subregion, whereas substantial changes, many paralleling those observed in the NACc, were detected in the central nucleus (CeA) subregion. In addition, most of the changes observed in the CeA, but not NACc, were present in both SW and LW rats.



Overall, these subregion specific, ethanol-induced increases in mGluR/Homer2/NR2 expression within the NAC and amygdala suggest changes in glutamatergic plasticity had taken place. This may be a result of learning and subsequent memory formation of ethanol's rewarding effects in these brain structures, which may, in part, mediate the chronic relapsing nature of alcohol abuse.

Field of study: Medicine
Fast and accurate statistical characterization of standard cell libraries

With devices entering the nanometer scale process-induced variations, intrinsic variations and reliability issues impose new challenges for the electronic design automation industry. Design automation tools must keep the pace of technology and keep predicting accurately and efficiently the high-level design metrics such as delay and power. Although it is the most time consuming, Monte Carlo is still the simplest and most employed technique for simulating the impact of process variability at circuit level. This work addresses the problem of efficient alternatives for Monte Carlo for modeling circuit characteristics under statistical variability. This work employs the error propagation technique and Response Surface Methodology for substituting Monte Carlo simulations for library characterization. The techniques are validated and compared using a production level cell library using a state-of-the-art 32 nm technology node and statistical device compact model. They require electrical simulation effort linear to the number of devices, thus from one to two orders of magnitude speed-up is obtained compared to Monte Carlo analysis with the error on standard deviation and mean being smaller than 2% for the Response Surface Methodology, as compared to errors of 7% when using linear sensitivity analysis.

Field of study: Engineering
Quantile interval estimation

As an alternative to the conventional sample quantile, Kaigh and Lachenbruch (1982) propose a certain U-statistic as a non-parametric estimator of a continuous population quantile. Other related quantile estimators are introduced and studied here. The jackknife procedure is applied to obtain sample variance estimates for the construction of symmetric asymptotic confidence intervals for population quantiles and Monte Carlo studies are employed to investigate validity for small samples.

Field of study: Mathematics
Several Misunderstandings on Quantitative Research in Education

Some researchers in the field of education might not well know about the quantitative methods.There are several misunderstandings about qualitative methods.First,they might not well know the differences of objective between quantitative and qualitative research,considering the quantitative research that ignores the individual differences.Second,they might not well know the way of thinking that quantitative research uses analysis first and then integrity,considering that quantitative research does not emphasize the integrity but the decomposition of the objective.Third,they might not well know that the basic characteristic and requirement of quantitative research is objectivity,considering the quantitative study to ignore subjectivity.Forth,they consider that quantitative research usually simply reveals the correlations between variables,but can not find the causal relationship.Fifth,they believe quantitative researches emphasize the form but the content,so these researches are not able to reveal the nature but more formal.For the misunderstandings mentioned above,it is necessary to clarify these misunderstandings by the means of taking some examples of quantitative research.

Field of study: Education
Plant presence and species combination, but not diversity, influence denitrifier activity and the composition of nirK-type denitrifier communities in grassland soil.

To explore potential links between plant communities, soil denitrifiers and denitrifier function, the impact of presence, diversity (i.e. species richness) and plant combination on nirK-type denitrifier community composition and on denitrifier activity was studied in artificial grassland plant assemblages over two consecutive years. Mesocosms containing zero, four and eight species and different combinations of two species were set up. Differences in denitrifier community composition were analysed by canonical correspondence analyses following terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of PCR-amplified nirK gene fragments coding for the copper-containing nitrite reductase. As a measure of denitrifier function, denitrifier enzyme activity (DEA) was determined in the soil samples. The presence as well as the combination of plants and sampling time, but not plant diversity, affected the composition of the nirK-type denitrifier community and DEA. Denitrifier activity significantly increased in the presence of plants, especially when they were growing during summer and autumn. Overall, we found a strong and direct linkage of denitrifier community composition and functioning, but also that plants had additional effects on denitrifier function that could not be solely explained by their effects on nirK-type denitrifier community composition.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Research on methanol distillation technology based on mechanical vapor recompression

A methanol distillation system scheme is proposed based on mechanical vapor recompression( MVR) technology.Latent heat of the condenser can be used as heat source of the re-boiler in methanol distillation column; no steam and cooling water are consumed in the proposed MVR methanol distillation system scheme. The simulation results show that for a methanol production system with annual 60 000 t output,compared with the conventional methanol distillation system process,MVR distillation process shows prominent technical,economic and environmental performance potential. Annual energy cost of MVR methanol distillation process is reduced 9. 86×106yuan RMB; energy consumption of the MVR methanol distillation system is117. 8 kWh /t,which is reduced about67. 7%; the cost of production is 76. 58 yuan /t,which is reduced about 68. 2%. The energy cost of MVR methanol distillation process is reduced about 6 002 t of standard coal equivalent,and the annual carbon dioxide emission is reduced about 15 725 t.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Organizing pneumonia in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis with progression to usual interstitial pneumonia.

A 63-year-old Japanese man with a history of diabetes mellitus and a 30-pack-per-year smoking history presented with a 2-month history of polyarthralgia and bilateral reticulation on a thoracic radiograph obtained during a health examination. Upon examination, the patient had a body temperature of 36.4 C, a blood pressure of 116/71 mmHg, a heart rate of 80 beats per minute, a respiratory rate of 16 breaths per minute, and an oxygen saturation of 98% in ambient air. Auscultation revealed fine crackles at the bilateral lung bases, with no cardiac murmur or rub. There was tenderness in the bilateral shoulders, left knee, right proximal interphalangeal joints and metatarsal joints of both feet. Laboratory tests revealed elevated levels of C-reactive protein (5.77 mg/dl), rheumatoid factor (121 IU/ml), anti-citrullinated peptide antibody (57.1 U/ml) and Klebs von-6 (670 U/ml). Chest CT revealed bilateral opacities in sub-pleural areas of the lung bases (Figure 1a). The patient underwent transbronchial lung biopsy, which revealed alveoli filled with granulation tissue composed of fibroblasts and collagen, consistent with a diagnosis of organizing pneumonia (OP) . The patient was diagnosed with RA associated with OP. Since naproxen only provided temporary relief from arthralgia, we treated the patient with salazosulfapyridine (1000 mg/day) and prednisolone (PSL) (30 mg/day, 0.4 mg/kg/day). Three months after the initiation of treatment, a follow-up chest CT revealed an improvement of the opacities at the lung bases . We therefore reduced the PSL dose until it was stopped 1 year later. Since the arthralgia and ILD were exacerbated 9 months after PSL discontinuation, PSL (15 mg/day) was recommenced. Despite adding bucillamine, mizoribine, tacrolimus, iguratimod and abatacept to the patient’s treatment regimen, his dyspnea, arthralgia and radiological findings progressively worsened (Figure 1d) 10 years after recommencement of treatment. We were unable to reduce the PSL dose from 15 mg/day. The patient had difficulties attending our clinic, and was referred to a clinic near his residence.

Field of study: Medicine
A Joint Simulation Analysis Method for Vibration Conditions

In this thesis, a kind of Virtual Simulation Method Based on Multi-software Platform is raised based on comparing the functions and features of several kinds of simulation software. The principle and characteristic of this method, its realization approach and detailed process are discussed. Good linkage among software, building and inserting method of 3-dimensional model, and post processing of simulation results are studied in detail. In addition, this method is applied in the lock simulation of a Spacecraft. Establish the 3D assemble model of a launcher in UG, convert the model from UG into ADAMS and ANSYS. By using the curve of the system force calculated in MATLAB, make dynamics simulation of part s of the launcher. It’s helpful to optimize the research of mechanical system design and performance.

Field of study: Engineering
Zur Quantenmechanik des radioaktiven Kerns

Grund der von G. Gamow gegebenen quantenmechanischen Deutung desα-Zerfalls werden die Zerfallskonstanten derα-Strahler aus der Energie derα-Teilchen, den Atomnummern und gewissen charakteristischen Kernradien berechnet. Für je ein Element der radioaktiven Familien wird der Kernradius so berechnet, daß die Zerfallskonstante mit der Erfahrung übereinstimmt. Daraus werden — ohne spezielle Annahmen über den Potentialverlauf in unmittelbarer Nähe des Kerns — die Zerfallskonstanten der übrigenα-Strahler berechnet und in genäherter Übereinstimmung mit den experimentellen Werten gefunden. Daran schließen sich einige qualitative Betrachtungen über den Mechanismus des radioaktiven Zerfalls.

Field of study: Physics
Organische Fluorverbindungen, VI Umsetzung von Bornadien mit Fluorwasserstoff, Darstellung von Cyclocamphanylfluorid

Durch Abspaltung von HCl aus 2.6-Dichlor-camphan konnte Bornadien (II) gewonnen werden. Dieses reagiert mit HF unter Ausbildung eines Dreiringes zum Cyclocamphanylflurid (IV). Cyclocamphanol (I) wird mit HF ohne Umlagerung in Cyclocamphanylfluorid (IV) ubergefuhrt.

Field of study: Chemistry
Empirical Bayes Estimation for Uniform Distributions with Random Right Censoring

This article deals with the empirical Bayes estimation of the parameter θ in a uniform distribution U(0, θ) based on randomly right censored data. By mimicking the form of the Bayes estimator, an empirical Bayes estimator is constructed. The asymptotic optimality of is investigated. It is shown that under certain conditions, is asymptotically optimal with a rate of convergence n −λr/2(r+1), where n is the number of past data available when the present estimation problem is considered, and 0 < λ ≤2, and r is a positive integer related to some conditions.

Field of study: Mathematics
Health Psychology in Catalonia in 2000: Current View and Future Perspective

This report describes the current status of health psychology in the nation of Catalonia (Spain). Emphasis is placed upon autonomy and self-governance, which have progressively influenced the structure and functioning of the health care system and the professional colleges. The current university educational model of training and practice in health psychology is reviewed. The most important characteristics of professional psychologists are presented. A critical view of health psychology research in medical settings and future perspectives of health psychology in Catalonia are also discussed.

Field of study: Psychology