nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Securing Memory Encryption and Authentication Against Side-Channel Attacks Using Unprotected Primitives

Memory encryption is used in many devices to protect memory content from attackers with physical access to a device. However, many current memory encryption schemes can be broken using Differential Power Analysis (DPA). In this work, we present MEAS---the first Memory Encryption and Authentication Scheme providing security against DPA attacks. The scheme combines ideas from fresh re-keying and authentication trees by storing encryption keys in a tree structure to thwart first-order DPA without the need for DPA-protected cryptographic primitives. Therefore, the design strictly limits the use of every key to encrypt at most two different plaintext values. MEAS prevents higher-order DPA without changes to the cipher implementation by using masking of the plaintext values. MEAS is applicable to all kinds of memory, e.g., NVM and RAM, and has memory overhead comparable to existing memory authentication techniques without DPA protection, e.g., 7.3% for a block size fitting standard disk sectors.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Preparation of Polyaniline/Filter-Paper Composite for Removal of Coomassie Brilliant Blue

Polyaniline/filter-paper (PANI/FP) composite was prepared by in-situ polymerization of polyaniline onto filter-paper and subsequently evaluated for the removal of Coomassie brilliant blue (CBB) from aqueous solution. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy were used to investigate the morphology and physicochemical properties of PANI/FP composite. Batch experimental results showed that the pH value and temperature could affect the removal capability of the PANI/FP composite. Langmuir and Freundlich models were used to analyse the equilibrium adsorption. Pseudo-first and pseudo-second order models were used to investigate the kinetics of CBB adsorption onto PANI/FP composite.

Field of study: Materials science
Photo‐inhibition of internode elongation rate in light‐grown Vigna sinensis L. Control by light quality

In white light(W) stem elongation of green plants is stimulated when some far-red light (F) is added to W (Holmes & Smith, 1975, 1977b). The effect of adding F to a background W was quantified using Vigna sinensis L. plants and relatively high fluence rate W. F was given selectively to the 1st internode and the internode elongation rate (E.R) was recorded using linear voltage displacement transducers. Results confirm that adding F to background W stimulates internode E. R. The stimulation is very quickly measurable after switching F on and falls off rapidly after switching F off. The stimulation is not dependent on F fluence rate per per se but is strictly dependent on the quantum flux ratio F/W. These data are strongly in favour of phytochrome as the receptor, whose activity is controlled by the PFR content or the [PFR]/[P] ratio. A common mode of action for phytochrome in W and in darkness is suggested. The results indicate independence and additivity of the E. R.modulation by W light quantity and of the modulation by light quality.

Field of study: Environmental science
Matrix fitting approach to direction of arrival estimation with imperfect spatial coherence of wavefronts

The performance of high-resolution direction of arrival (DOA) estimation methods significantly degrades in several practical situations where the wavefronts have imperfect spatial coherence. The original solution to this problem was proposed by Paulraj and Kailath (1988), but their technique requires a priori knowledge of the matrix characterizing the loss of wavefront coherence along the array aperture. A novel solution to this problem is proposed, which does not require a priori knowledge of the spatial coherence matrix.

Field of study: Engineering
The relationship between interleukin-6 in saliva, venous and capillary plasma, at rest and in response to exercise.

IL-6 plays a mechanistic role in conditions such as metabolic syndrome, chronic fatigue syndrome and clinical depression and also plays a major role in inflammatory and immune responses to exercise. The purpose of this study was to investigate the levels of resting and post exercise IL-6 when measured in venous plasma, saliva and capillary plasma. Five male and five females completed 2 separate exercise trials, both of which involved standardized exercise sessions on a cycle ergometer. Venous blood and saliva samples were taken immediately before and after Trial A, venous and capillary blood samples were taken immediately before and after Trial B. IL-6 values were obtained using a high-sensitivity enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In Trial A venous plasma IL-6 increased significantly from 0.4±0.14pg/ml to 0.99±0.29pg/ml (P<0.01) while there was no increase in salivary IL-6. Venous plasma and salivary IL-6 responses were not correlated at rest, post exercise or when expressed as an exercise induced change. In Trial B venous and capillary plasma IL-6 increased significantly (venous: 0.22±0.18 to 0.74±0.28pg/ml (P⩽0.01); capillary: 0.37±0.22 to 1.08±0.30pg/ml (P<0.01). Venous and capillary plasma responses did not correlate at rest (r=0.59, P=0.07) but did correlate post exercise (r=0.79, P⩾0.001) and when expressed as an exercise induced change (r=0.71, P=0.02). Saliva does not appear to reflect systemic IL-6 responses, either at rest or in response to exercise. Conversely, capillary plasma responses are reflective of systemic IL-6 responses to exercise.

Field of study: Medicine
Randomization Analysis of Experimental Data: The Fisher Randomization Test

Fisher's classic text on the design of experiments is the principal source of inspiration for a mode of data interpretation that is usually characterized as randomization analysis. In Chapter III of this text, Fisher briefly commented on how to make a randomization test on some data generated by a Darwin experiment. Two variants of this randomization test are discussed in this article. The variant that is discussed in Section 4 may be regarded as the forerunner of all nonparametric tests. The original variant of the test is discussed in Section 6. The author concludes that the Fisher randomization test is not logically viable.

Field of study: Mathematics
Automated rain rate estimates using the Ka-band ARM zenith radar (KAZR)

The use of millimeter wavelength radars for probing precipitation has recently gained interest. However, estimation of precipitation variables is not straightforward due to strong signal attenuation, radar receiver saturation, antenna wet radome effects and natural microphysical variability. Here, an automated algorithm is developed for routinely retrieving rain rates from the profiling Ka-band (35-GHz) ARM (Atmospheric Radiation Measurement) zenith radars (KAZR). A 1-dimensional, simple, steady state microphysical model is used to estimate impacts of microphysical processes and attenuation on the profiles of radar observables at 35-GHz and thus provide criteria for identifying situations when attenuation or microphysical processes dominate KAZR observations. KAZR observations are also screened for signal saturation and wet radome effects. The algorithm is implemented in two steps: high rain rates are retrieved by using the amount of attenuation in rain layers, while low rain rates are retrieved from the reflectivity–rain rate (Ze–R) relation. Observations collected by the KAZR, rain gauge, disdrometer and scanning precipitating radars during the DYNAMO/AMIE field campaign at the Gan Island of the tropical Indian Ocean are used to validate the proposed approach. The differences in the rain accumulation from the proposed algorithm are quantified. The results indicate that the proposed algorithm has a potential for deriving continuous rain rate statistics in the tropics.

Field of study: Environmental science
Examining Micro-Level (SQL) Curriculum-Oriented and Promotional IS Enrollment Strategies

Maintaining enrollments in information systems programs capable of meeting industry demands is an ongoing challenge. While significant research has been conducted examining macro-level strategies (e.g., promoting MIS activities), very few studies have examined micro- level strategies (e.g., promoting Structured Query Language). The purpose of this study is to empirically examine both curriculum-oriented and promotional interventions by introducing SQL into foundation information systems curricula. Based on the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA), 180 students completed a survey to measure attitude, behavior norms, and plans to enroll in a database class in the future. Additionally, both the hands-on SQL instruction and the promotional SQL intervention played a moderating role on the impact attitude had on plans to take a database course. These results add to our pedagogical understanding of enrollment decisions as well as provide practical solutions educators may use to keep pace with enrollment demands.

Field of study: Computer science
Differential effects of pentobarbital and cocaine on punished and nonpunished responding.

Similar rates of punished and nonpunished responding, maintained with equated rates of reinforcement, were established in pairs of rats. One subject of each pair was exposed to a random-ratio schedule of food presentation. The interreinforcement intervals for this subject comprised the intervals of a random-interval schedule of reinforcement for the other (yoked) rat. The random-ratio schedule maintained rates of responding higher than those maintained by the same rate of reinforcement schedule according to the yoked random-interval contingency. A random-ratio schedule of electric foot shock added to the random-ratio schedule of food presentation suppressed rates of responding such that similar rates of responding were observed in rats of both groups. Pentobarbital (3.0 to 17.0 mg/kg) increased punished responding at doses that had little effect on or decreased nonpunished responding, whereas cocaine (5.6 to 30 mg/kg) increased nonpunished responding at doses that decreased or did not alter punished responding. Qualitatively different effects of pharmacological agents on punished and nonpunished responding can be obtained using procedures that generate similar rates and temporal patterns of punished and nonpunished responding. The effects of pentobarbital and cocaine on responding can be determined by factors other than simply the baseline rate of responding.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Investigating directional reflection characteristics of anisotropic machined surfaces using a self-designed scatterometer.

The directional reflection characteristics of anisotropic surfaces play an important role in the precise modeling of radiative heat transfer and target detection. Nevertheless, the directional reflection characteristics of anisotropic machined surfaces have not been fully understood. In this work, an accurate automated scatterometer was built to investigate the bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) of anisotropic machined surfaces produced by various kinds of machining methods, including plain milling, planer processing, and flat grinding. The effects of the incident angle, machining method, and surface roughness on the bidirectional reflectance properties were studied. The results indicate that the incident azimuthal angle affects the BRDF of a plain-milling surface in a vitally different way compared to planer processing and flat grinding. When the plane of incidence orients parallel to the macroscopic surface strips, the plain-milling surface displays diffuse dominated reflection (reflected energy distributed over 90°), whereas the other two show mirror-like properties, only distributed about 4° around the specular direction. Under the same surface roughness, the plain-milling surface shows the weakest reflected intensity, while the flat-grinding surface has the strongest.

Field of study: Physics
Determining the dominant partial wave contributions from angular distributions of single- and double-polarization observables in pseudoscalar meson photoproduction

This work presents a simple method to determine the significant partial wave contributions to experimentally determined observables in pseudoscalar meson photoproduction. First, fits to angular distributions are presented and the maximum orbital angular momentum Lmax needed to achieve a good fit is determined. Then, recent polarization measurements for $\gamma p \rightarrow \pi^{0} p$γp→π0p from ELSA, GRAAL, JLab and MAMI are investigated according to the proposed method. This method allows us to project high-spin partial wave contributions to any observable as long as the measurement has the necessary statistical accuracy. We show, that high precision and large angular coverage in the polarization data are needed in order to be sensitive to high-spin resonance states and thereby also for the finding of small resonance contributions. This task can be achieved via interference of these resonances with the well-known states. For the channel $\gamma p \rightarrow \pi^{0} p$γp→π0p, those are the $N(1680)\frac{5}{2}^{+}$N(1680)52+ and $\Delta(1950)\frac{7}{2}^{+}$Δ(1950)72+, contributing to the F-waves.

Field of study: Physics
PUBLIC MANAGEMENT OR PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

The debate over managerialism has been the most controversial issue in Australian public administration journals in recent years. Although most articles have been critical, there have been responses in favour of the changes by senior public servants. One unfortunate consequence of this debate has been the appearance of a gap between academic public administration and public service practice. 
 
This paper argues that, from several angles, the work now carried out by public services is management rather than administration. It argues that managerialism is a long-overdue reform to a model which has outlived its usefulness. The traditional model of public administration was an irrelevance for many years; it was never efficient or effective and deserved to be replaced. However, public management does not necessarily mean the widespread and uncritical adoption of practices from the private sector. What it should mean is that a distinctive public management needs to be developed. This should take account of the differences between the sectors, but still recognise that the work being done by public servants is now managerial rather than administrative.

Field of study: Political science
Rerandomization to Balance Tiers of Covariates

When conducting a randomized experiment, if an allocation yields treatment groups that differ meaningfully with respect to relevant covariates, groups should be rerandomized. The process involves specifying an explicit criterion for whether an allocation is acceptable, based on a measure of covariate balance, and rerandomizing units until an acceptable allocation is obtained. Here, we illustrate how rerandomization could have improved the design of an already conducted randomized experiment on vocabulary and mathematics training programs, then provide a rerandomization procedure for covariates that vary in importance, and finally offer other extensions for rerandomization, including methods addressing computational efficiency. When covariates vary in a priori importance, better balance should be required for more important covariates. Rerandomization based on Mahalanobis distance preserves the joint distribution of covariates, but balances all covariates equally. Here, we propose rerandomizing based on Mahalanobis distance within tiers of covariate importance. Because balancing covariates in one tier will in general also partially balance covariates in other tiers, for each subsequent tier we explicitly balance only the components orthogonal to covariates in more important tiers.

Field of study: Mathematics
Change and recovery of coastal mesozooplankton community structure during the Deepwater Horizon oil spill

The response of mesozooplankton community structure to the Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the northern Gulf of Mexico was investigated using data from a long-term plankton survey off the coast of Alabama (USA). Environmental conditions observed in the study area during the oil spill (2010) were compared to historical observations (2005–2009), to support the contention that variations observed in zooplankton assemblage structure may be attributed to the oil spill, as opposed to natural climatic or environmental variations. Zooplankton assemblage structure observed during the oil spill period (May–August) in 2010 was then compared to historical observations from the same period (2005–2009). Significant variations were detected in assemblage structure in May and June 2010, but these changes were no longer significant by July 2010. The density of ostracods, cladocerans and echinoderm larvae were responsible for most of the differences observed, but patterns differed depending on taxa and months. Many taxa had higher densities during the oil spill year, including calanoid and cyclopoid copepods, ostracods, bivalve larvae and cladocerans, among others. Although this result is somewhat surprising, it is possible that increased microbial activity related to the infusion of oil carbon may have stimulated secondary production through microbial-zooplankton trophic linkages. Overall, results suggest that, although changes in zooplankton community composition were observed during the oil spill, variations were weak and recovery was rapid. S Online supplementary data available from stacks.iop.org/ERL/9/124003/mmedia

Field of study: Environmental science
Quantum oscillations of the rectified voltage and the critical current of asymmetric mesoscopic superconducting loops

The current-voltage curves and magnetic dependence of the critical current of asymmetric superconducting loops are measured. It was found that sign and value of the asymmetry of the current-voltage curves changes with value of magnetic field, periodically for single loop and system of identical loops. The obtained results allow to explain the quantum oscillation of the dc voltage, observed below superconducting transition in the previous works, as rectification of ac current or noise.

Field of study: Physics
God in the Enlightenment. William J. Bulman and Robert G. Ingram, eds. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016. xiv + 322 pp. $34.95.

rera or his writings, and we have no idea whether or not he ever read him. As he tries to explain why Herrera’s works did not make it into print in Amsterdam, a center for Jewish publishing in Europe, Beltrán says that “this fact could be explained by the widely extended animadversion to Kabbalah in the bosom of the Amsterdam Jewish community, especially showed by Saul Levi Mortera” (8). However, there were some Kabbalah enthusiasts among the Amsterdam Portuguese Jews, especially Rabbi Aboab. There was also Rabbi Menasseh ben Israel, who owned his own printing press and published whatever he wanted. After a long, dense introduction that does not, in fact, really introduce either Herrera or his works, Beltrán turns to a number of philosophical themes in which he finds the influence of Herrera on Spinoza. Most revolve around the nature of substance and its causal relationship to the “modes” that (to use a kabbalistic term) “emanate” from it, as well as God as causa sui and the attributes that constitute its essence and the amor Dei intellectualis with which Spinoza’s Ethics culminates. Beltrán argues, in contrast with other studies of an influence of Herrera upon Spinoza that tend to focus on Spinoza’s earliest writings, that there is a discernable trace of Herrera’s “syncretism of kabbalah and philosophy” in the Ethics. The topic is, of course, fascinating, and Beltrán is an expert and erudite guide to Herrera’s writings. Does he prove his case? I, for one, remain skeptical, but that does not diminish the interest in the inquiry or the skill with which it is carried out (although Beltrán spends too much time engaging with the secondary literature). However, the book is not especially well written, and there are a number of typographical errors and, more frustratingly, infelicities in the English (e.g., we’re told that modes “inherit in God,” when what is meant is “inhere in God”) and a serious and confusing overuse of commas. For the price that the publisher Brill charges for this book, one would expect a better edited and more well-executed final product.

Field of study: History
METHODS FOR THE SYNTHESIS AND MODIFICATION OF LINEAR ANTHRAFURANDIONES

Derivatives of anthra[2,3- b ]furan-5,10-diones hold promise for various fields of science and technology, especially in the search for biologically active compounds. This review covers all currently known methods for the cyclization of linear anthrafurandiones, the first examples of which were synthesized approximately 30 years ago. The material has been arranged mainly in the order of increasing degree of substitution in anthrafurandiones. All the literature methods for functional group transformations providing access to a range of anthrafurandiones unavailable by direct heterocyclization have been considered separately.

Field of study: Chemistry
Algesic manifestations of depression in children and adolescents

Under conditions of a general somatic hospital were examined 148 children and adolescents at the age of 3-16 years with different algesic manifestations (cephalgias, myalgias, cardialgias). In all the patients there were depressive disorders of neurotic level of different degree of severity. In dependence on the primary affective disorder, ive propose a typology of the depressions that distinguish asthenic, anxious, melancholic and combined (asthenic-anxious, anxious-melancholic) variations. Differential therapy of 89 patients was performed taking into a consideration both the role of depression in pathogenesis of algesias and typologic variations of depressive disorders. Symptomatic treatment was administered to 59 patients. In group with pathogenetic (antidepressive) therapy either recovery or considerable improvement was achieved in 70.8% of the cases; meanwhile considerable improvement was found only in 6.8% of the patients from a group with symptomatic treatment.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Altering the relative abundance of GABA A receptor subunits changes GABA- and ethanol-responses in Xenopus oocytes.

Variations in GABRA2 and GABRG3, genes encoding the alpha2 and gamma3 subunits of the pentameric GABA(A) receptor, are associated with the risk of developing alcoholism in adults, conduct disorder at younger ages, and with differences in electroencephalographic power in the beta frequency range. The SNPs associated with alcoholism did not alter the coding of these genes, and extensive DNA sequencing of GABRA2 did not find coding changes in the high-risk haplotypes. Therefore, we hypothesize that the associations arise from differences in gene expression.



Here we report studies in Xenopus oocytes to examine the functional effects of altering the relative abundance of these 2 receptor subunits on GABA current and response to ethanol, as a model of potential effects of regulatory differences.



When human alpha2beta2gamma3 subunits are co-expressed, increasing the amount of the alpha2 subunit mRNA increased GABA current; in contrast, increasing the amount of the gamma3 subunit decreased GABA currents. Acute ethanol treatment of oocytes injected with a 1:1:1 or 2:2:1 ratio of alpha2:beta2:gamma3 subunit mRNAs resulted in significant potentiation of GABA currents, whereas ethanol inhibited GABA currents in cells injected with a 6:2:1 ratio. Overnight treatment with ethanol significantly reduced GABA currents in a manner dependent on the ratio of subunits.



These studies demonstrate that changes in relative expression of GABA(A) receptor subunits alter the response of the resulting channels to GABA and to ethanol.

Field of study: Medicine