nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Adenosine, thyroid status and regulation of lipolysis.

Adipocytes from hypothyroid rats do not respond to adrenaline with increased glycerol release. Adenosine deaminase largely restores lipolytic sensitivity. This effect is reversed by 2-deoxycoformycin, an inhibitor of the enzyme, and by N6-(phenylisopropyl)adenosine, which is not deaminated. Lipolytic response of normal cells to adrenaline is only 50% inhibited by phenylisopropyladenosine, whereas in cells from hypothyroid rats blockage is total. Inhibition of 50% was seen at 100 and 1 nM concentrations respectively. Insensitivity to adrenaline of hypothyroid-rat adipocytes can, at least partly, be explained by increased sensitivity to adenosine.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Aging of Ultra-Thin Niobium Films

We characterize the evolution of the electrical properties of ultra-thin niobium films stored in ambient conditions over a period of approximately seven months. Patterned films with thicknesses between 8 and 16 nm were fabricated via electron-beam deposition on unheated silicon substrates using a lift-off process. The film quality is similar to previous results obtained with sputter deposition onto unheated silicon substrates. The increase of the resistance and the decrease of the superconducting critical temperature are well described by an exponential function with a time constant of approximately 37 days.

Field of study: Physics
A Study of Cognitive Metonymy and Textual Coherence from the Pragmatic Perspective

Based on the cognitive nature of metonymy,this paper discusses the coherent function of referential metonymy,predicational metonymy and illocutionary metonymy in discourses from the pragmatic perspective,proves the coordination of coherent mechanism in meta-function categories and cognitive mechanism in realizing textual coherence,and emphasizes the combination of cognitive,functional and pragmatic factors in textual comprehension.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Southwest Airlines Low-Cost Strategy of the United States and the Enlightenment to China

To analyze the strategic of the US-based Southwest Airlines low-cost short-haul routes to application in China. Southwest Airlines strategies include: increasing scale; to extend the aircraft's flight time to short-haul routes based; second-tier major airport operators and reducing staff time off; only the type of aircraft using the unique and only providing basic services; to adhere to the centralized procurement and cost control of the aircraft in terms of transition; simplify processes and low fares. Low-cost airlines of Chinese face some difficulties, for example, the macro-economic environment for the development environment; in the economic environment in the aviation industry challenger - high-speed rail outstanding performance and pilot training; the industry itself features, and so on. In specific applications, the need for a specific treatment is based on low-cost airline in the external environment.

Field of study: Engineering
Perceived Task Difficulty, Causal Attributions, and Preferences for Structural Change in Resource Dilemmas

This study investigated the effects of causal attributions for group performance on Preferences for structural change in resource dilemmas. Six-person groups performed a resource management task in which members harvested resource units from a common, replenishable pool. All subjects. received preprogrammed feedback that their group had failed to maintain the common resource. After 10 harvest trials, subjects voted whether to elect a group leader to manage the common pool in a second session. In a 2 × 2 factorial design, two variables were manipulated: perceived cause of group performance (task difficulty, personal greed) and attribution questionnaire (present, absent). As expected, a higher proportion of task difficulty subjects voted for a group leader than did personal greed subjects. This finding suggests that causal attributions for group performance moderate the perceived effectiveness of the structural change, thereby influencing numbers'choices in a manner consistent with structural goal/expectation theory of instrumental cooperation in social dilemmas.

Field of study: Psychology
Improving Students' Evaluation of Informal Arguments

Evaluating the structural quality of arguments is a skill that is important to students' ability to comprehend the arguments of others and produce their own. The authors examined college and high school students' ability to evaluate the quality of 2-clause (claim-reason) arguments and tested a tutorial to improve this ability. These experiments indicated that college and high school students had difficulty evaluating arguments on the basis of their quality. Experiments 1 and 2 showed that a tutorial explaining skills important to overall argument evaluation increased performance but that immediate feedback during training was necessary for teaching students to evaluate the claim-reason connection. Using a Web-based version of the tutorial, Experiment 3 extended this finding to the performance of high school students. The study suggests that teaching the structure of an argument and teaching students to pay attention to the precise message of the claim can improve argument evaluation.

Field of study: Education
A high performance charge plasma based lateral bipolar transistor on selective buried oxide

In this paper, we present a new structure of lateral bipolar transistor on selective buried oxide. The device does not use highly doped regions; however, it employs the concept of creating n and p type charge plasma in undoped silicon by using metal electrodes of different work functions. The proposed device is named as the selective buried oxide based bipolar charge plasma transistor (SELBOX-BCPT). An extensive 2D simulation study has revealed that the proposed SELBOX-BCPT device not only possesses all the advantages of the conventional BCPT device, but it also addresses various severe problems of the BCPT device. A significant improvement in major issues of poor cutoff frequency (fT), low breakdown voltage and thermal efficiency has been achieved. It has been observed that the fT has increased by ∼94.6%, the breakdown voltage by 23.47% and the device is much cooler than the conventional BCPT device. A large current gain is obtained in the proposed device and is on a par with the conventional BCPT device. Further, by using mixed-mode simulation feature of the Atlas simulator, inverting amplifiers based on SELBOX-BCPT and the conventional BCPT have been realized. A significant improvement of 15% in switching-on transient time and 25.8% in switching-off transient time has been achieved in the proposed device in comparison to the conventional BCPT device.

Field of study: Materials science
Reduced hypothalamic POMC and anterior pituitary CRF1 receptor mRNA levels after acute, but not chronic, daily "binge" intragastric alcohol administration.

Endogenous corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), its pituitary CRF1 receptor, and proopiomelanocortin (POMC) may be involved in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) responses to alcohol.



Alcohol (1.5 g/kg) or water was administered intragastrically to male Fischer rats after the "binge" pattern regimen, that is, three times daily at 1 hr intervals at the beginning of the light cycle. The levels of CRF, CRF1 receptor, and POMC mRNAs in the hypothalamic-pituitary axis were measured after acute (1 day) or chronic (14 days) binge pattern alcohol administration. Plasma levels of ACTH and corticosterone were measured to examine time-dependent alterations of HPA responses.



Plasma ACTH and corticosterone levels were elevated dramatically after 1 day of acute binge pattern alcohol administration. After 14 days of chronic alcohol, however, no elevation in plasma ACTH levels and an attenuated elevation in plasma corticosterone levels were found. CRF mRNA levels in the hypothalamus were not altered after either acute or chronic alcohol administration. CRF1 receptor mRNA levels in the anterior pituitary were decreased significantly after acute administration, with no change after chronic alcohol administration. POMC mRNA levels in the anterior pituitary were not altered by either acute or chronic alcohol administration. In the hypothalamus, POMC mRNA levels were decreased significantly after acute but not chronic binge alcohol administration.



These results suggest that (1) rats exposed to chronic binge alcohol develop tolerance in HPA activity, as shown by no elevation of ACTH and an attenuated corticosterone response to chronic alcohol after initial dramatic elevations by acute alcohol administration; (2) a concurrent acute decrease in CRF1 receptor mRNA levels in the anterior pituitary is associated with increased HPA activity, and (3) alterations of POMC gene expression in the hypothalamic region may have implications for a molecular understanding of the neuroendocrine response to alcohol.

Field of study: Medicine
The process p¯↦γπwithin the handbag approach

We analyse the exclusive channel p¯↦γπ0, assuming handbag dominance. The soft parts are parametrized in terms of CGLN amplitudes for the q¯↦γπ0 transition and form factors for the p¯↦q¯ ones; the latter represent moments of Generalized Distribution Amplitudes. We present a combined fit to Fermilab data from E760 taking simultaneously into account information from other exclusive reactions, especially from p¯↦γγ data. Overall a nicely consistent picture emerges, such that one can hope, that our theoretical analysis will be reliable also for the kinematics of GSI/FAIR, which, hopefully, will provide much more precise and complete data. Consequently, data from this facility should improve our knowledge both on the proton-antiproton distribution amplitudes and the pion production mechanism.

Field of study: Physics
Legal responsibilities of Olympic volunteers for damage compensation

There is a certain damage compensation relation between the Olympic volunteer organization,Olympic volunteer and guest.In volunteer activities,responsibilities for the damage of an Olympic volunteer as a victim should be undertaken by the third party,Olympic volunteer organization and volunteer himself/herself;a volunteer as an inflictor should undertake responsibilities for damage compensation;while the volunteer organization should undertake responsibilities as an organizer."Damage insurance" and "liability insurance" should be established to protect the volunteers.

Field of study: Education
New method for measurement of surface pressure using magnetic tape

A new method of surface pressure measurement has been developed using magnetic tape as a sensor—instead of the usual strain gage, piezogage or semiconductor —within a diaphragm-type pressure transducer. The method is based on the idea that a pressure value applied to the diaphragm is related to the deflection of the diaphragm, and the deflection can be related to the value of magnetization strength sensed in the tape. The merit of the new method is that it can be easily applied for measurement of pressure distributions on model surfaces because many pressure transducers are contained in a single sheet only about 1-mm thickness. The proposed method can be used in the high-temperature, short-duration measurement conditions, and so it is well suited to hypersonic wind-tunnel use. The sheet can be bonded onto a model surface. In this study, experiments using the new pressure sensor were performed in a hypersonic gun tunnel at a Mach number of 10 for a duration time of 10 ~2 s. Pressure distributions around two models in hypersonic flow were measured successfully.

Field of study: Physics
Formulation and Optimization of Natural Polysaccharide Hydrogel Microbeads of Aceclofenac Sodium for Oral Controlled Drug Delivery

The objective of this study was to prepare and evaluate calcium alginate (CA) microbeads with calcium chloride as cross-linking agent for aceclofenac sodium by ionotropic external gelation method. Calcium alginate microbeads represent a useful tool for oral sustained/ controlled drug delivery but show several problems, mainly related to the stability, and rapid drug release at higher pH that, in most cases, is too fast due to increase porosity. To overcome such inconveniences, which was to develop CA microbeads coated with Guar gum (GG) and Locust bean gum (LBG) as drug release modifiers to improve stability and prolong the drug release. While increasing in the concentration of sodium alginate and other polymer dispersion increased size distribution, flow properties, mean particle size, swelling ratio and drug entrapment efficiency. The mean particle sizes of drug-loaded microbeads were found to be in the range 596.45±1.04 to 880.10±0.13. The drug entrapment efficiency was obtained in the range of 63.24±0.66 to 99.75±0.87. The shape and surface characteristics were determined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). No significant drug-polymer interactions, physical changes and crystallinity of the drug in the formulations were determined by FT-IR spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray diffraction [XRD]. In-vitro drug release profiles of microbeads were pH dependent and were analyzed by different kinetic models. The mechanism of drug release from microbeads depends on swelling and erosion process resulting CA microbeads was diffusion controlled followed by First order kinetics and whereas CA microbeads coated with GG and LBG approaching to near Zero- order kinetics.

Field of study: Medicine
Plastron Respiration Using Commercial Fabrics

A variety of insect and arachnid species are able to remain submerged in water indefinitely using plastron respiration. A plastron is a surface-retained film of air produced by surface morphology that acts as an oxygen-carbon dioxide exchange surface. Many highly water repellent and hydrophobic surfaces when placed in water exhibit a silvery sheen which is characteristic of a plastron. In this article, the hydrophobicity of a range of commercially available water repellent fabrics and polymer membranes is investigated, and how the surface of the materials mimics this mechanism of underwater respiration is demonstrated allowing direct extraction of oxygen from oxygenated water. The coverage of the surface with the plastron air layer was measured using confocal microscopy. A zinc/oxygen cell is used to consume oxygen within containers constructed from the different membranes, and the oxygen consumed by the cell is compared to the change in oxygen concentration as measured by an oxygen probe. By comparing the membranes to an air-tight reference sample, it was found that the membranes facilitated oxygen transfer from the water into the container, with the most successful membrane showing a 1.90:1 ratio between the cell oxygen consumption and the change in concentration within the container.

Field of study: Materials science
Crystallization and preliminary X-ray analysis of ervatamin B and C, two thiol proteases from Ervatamia coronaria.

Two highly stable cysteine proteases, ervatamin B (ERV-B) and ervatamin C (ERV-C), purified from the latex of the medicinal plant E. coronaria have been crystallized at room temperature. Crystals of ERV-B and ERV-C diffract to 2.5 and 2.6 A, respectively. The space group is P212121 for the crystals of both proteases with unit-cell parameters a = 47.5, b = 58.8 and c = 68.8 A, and a = 43.8, b = 82.6 and c = 133.1 A, respectively. A self-rotation function for ERV-C indicates a twofold non-crystallographic symmetry relating the two molecules in the asymmetric unit.

Field of study: Chemistry
Stabilization of Optical Pulse Propagation in a Regime of Ionization and Stimulated Raman Self-Scattering

Dynamics of the propagation of soliton-like pulses in a regime of tunnel ionization and stimulated Raman self-scattering is described analytically. It is shown that the mutual compensation of these effects stabilizes signal parameters. The corresponding formulas for pulse duration are obtained.

Field of study: Physics
SURGICAL OUTCOME OF SECOND-DEGREE BURNS IN PAEDIATRIC PATIENTS: ANTIBIOTIC COATED DRESSING & SPLIT SKIN GRAFTING

To determine the outcome of burns in paediatric age patients for antibiotic coated dressing and split skin grafting.  This is a retrospective review of prospectively collected data of paediatric age patients treated at Habib Burns Centre, Peshawar, Pakistan between January 2013 and December 2015. Data analysed included patient demographics, burn characteristics (burn type, body surface area, time to presentation and culture positivity of wound surface), treatment methods with either dressing and debridement only or split skin grafting, in terms of total healing time, length of hospital stay and mortality.  Total 1777 no of paediatric patients with mean age of 10 years ±3.42 SD. The mean total body surface area (TBSA) was 18.16% ± 8.59 SD for the dressing and debridement group while it was 31.78% ± 10.74 SD for the grafting group. Mean healing time for the dressing and debridement group was 14.41 days ± 5.75 SD while it was 25.76 days ± 7.13 SD for the grafting group. Mean length of stay (LOS) for dressing group was 8.13 days ± 3.66 SD and it was 13.82 days ± 6.51 SD for the grafting group. There was a significant difference between the two treatment groups for total healing time (mean difference: -11.35, 95% CI; -11.988 to -10.71; p < 0.001, t (1175.2) = -34.81) and total length of stay (mean difference: -5.67, 95% CI; -6.24 to -5.16; p < 0.001, t (918.2) = -20.68).A positive correlation (r 2 = 0.49) was noted between TBSA and total healing time (p < 0.001) as well as TBSA and total length of stay (r 2 = 0.69, p < 0.001).  Coating with a mixture of antibiotic and silver ointments followed by covering the wound antibiotic impregnated dressing mesh gives superior results in partial thickness burn wounds. It should be employed as a measure for those patients who present late or cannot afford urgent grafting.  Burns. Paediatric, Outcome, Dressing technique, Grafting

Field of study: Medicine
A strategy for modelling typical indoor climates in historic buildings : moisture buffering of massive walls and stratification by heating

Artworks in historical church buildings degrade due to indoor conditions that are not optimal to preserve artworks. Building Energy Simulation (BES) tools are useful and powerful tools in making decisions of different retrofitting designs to improve the indoor conditions. However, to make a more detailed assessment of the preservation conditions, it is important to take typical conditions in historical church buildings into account in the simulation model. Two of them are the buffering capacity of the heavy thick walls and the stratification during heating. Although BES-tools, based on the well mixed assumption, are adequate for the prediction of an average temperature and relative humidity in small rooms, it cannot predict detailed temperature and airflow distributions within each room. To provide a more realistic representation of thermal and hygric conditions in a church building, in this paper a simplified method is suggested to take into account the stratification during heating in combination with the moisture buffering.

Field of study: Engineering
Cross-section of the Appalachians in Southern New England

The time has not yet arrived for the construction of a determined geological cross-section of southern New England from the Hudson River on the west to the sea on the east coast of Massachusetts. Partial sections have been published for the western part of Massachusetts, including the Triassic area of the Connecticut Valley; detailed local sections have been made by Perry about Worcester, Massachusetts, and detached sections have been put forth to illustrate the structure of the Boston and Narragansett areas, in eastern Massachusetts. Pumpelly, Wolff, and Dale have given a section of Greylock Mountain. Professor Emerson, in his latest map of Massachusetts, refrained from publishing a cross-section of the State, probably because of the difficulty of doing so in the region of schists occupying the middle area between Worcester and the Connecticut boundary. Here the question of the geological age of the schists regarded by Emerson as mainly .

Field of study: Geology
A single European aspen (Populus tremula) tree individual may potentially harbour dozens of Cenococcum geophilum ITS genotypes and hundreds of species of ectomycorrhizal fungi.

Ectomycorrhizal fungi (EcMF) form diverse communities and link different host plants into mycorrhizal networks, yet little is known about the magnitude of mycobiont diversity of a single tree individual. This study addresses species richness and spatial structure of EcMF in the root system of a single European aspen (Populus tremula) individual in an old-growth boreal mixed forest ecosystem in Estonia. Combining morphological and molecular identification methods for both plant and fungi, 122 species of EcMF were recovered from 103 root samples of the single tree. Richness estimators predicted the total EcMF richness to range from 182 to 207 species, reflecting the observation of 62.3% singletons and doubletons within the community. Fine-scale genetic diversity in Cenococcum geophilum indicates the presence of 23 internal transcribed spacer genotypes. EcMF community was significantly spatially autocorrelated only at the lineage level up to 3 m distance, but not at the species level. Proximity of other hosts had a significant effect on the spatial distribution of EcMF lineages. This study demonstrates that a single tree may host as many EcMF species and individuals as recovered on multiple hosts in diverse communities over larger areas.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
New Ceramic Electron Multiplier

The design and performance of a new ceramic envelope electron multiplier are described. The tube uses hemispherically shaped 3/8" diameter dynodes crimped into kovar cups. The dynode assemblies are alternately stacked between high-alumina ceramic rings and brazed into a rugged single piece construction envelope. The structure has an outside diameter of 0. 5 inches with an overall length of 2.75 inches and is capable of withstanding extreme environmental conditions. The tube withstands 100 g shocks for 11 msec duration, random vibration levels of 1.3 g2 /Hz, and can be operated over a temperature range from liquid N2 to 400°C. The electron optics of the discrete dynodes provide optimum interstage electron collection. The single electron pulse height distribution at gains higher than 108 is nearly Gaussian and has a FWHM of approximately 0.6. Complete data on pulse height distribution characteristics is reviewed over the dynamic range of the device. The photon sensitivity of the device will be discussed within the range of 58.3 to 150 nm as well as the adaptability for charged particle conversion below 3 keV. Fatigue characteristics are examined as a function of accumulated counts up to 1012, exposure to controlled atmospheres of dry air, noble gases, and maximum counting rates up to 10 MHz. Applications for these detectors are reviewed, including their projected use in mass spectroscopy experiments on the Apollo 17 mission.

Field of study: Physics