nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Chronic Exposure to Water-Pipe Smoke Induces Alveolar Enlargement, DNA Damage and Impairment of Lung Function

Epidemiological evidence indicates that water-pipe smoking (WPS) adversely affects the respiratory system. However, the mechanisms underlying its effects are not well understood. Recent experimental studies reported the occurrence of lung inflammation and oxidative stress following acute and subacute exposure to WPS. Here, we wanted to verify the extent of inflammation and oxidative stress in mice chronically-exposed to WPS and to evaluate, for the first time, its effect on alveolar injury and DNA damage and their association with impairment of lung function.  Mice were nose-only exposed to mainstream WPS (30 min/day; 5 days/week for 6 consecutive months). Control mice were exposed using the same protocol to atmospheric air only. At the end of the exposure period, several respiratory parameters were assessed.  In bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, WPS increased neutrophil and lymphocyte numbers, lactate dehydrogenase, myeloperoxidase and matrix metallopeptidase 9 activities, as well as several proinflammatory cytokines. In lung tissue, lipid peroxidation, reactive oxygen species, superoxide dismutase activity and reduced glutathione were all increased by WPS exposure. Along with oxidative stress, WPS exposure significantly increased lung DNA damage index. Histologically the lungs of WPS-exposed mice had foci of mixed inflammatory cells infiltration in the interalveolar interstitium which consisted of neutrophils, lymphocytes and macrophages. Interestingly, we found dilated alveolar spaces and alveolar ducts with damaged interalveolar septae, and impairment of lung function following WPS exposure.  We show the persistence of lung inflammation and oxidative stress in mice chronically-exposed to WPS and demonstrate, for the first time, the occurrence of DNA damage and enlargement of alveolar spaces and ducts associated with impairment of lung function. Our findings provide novel mechanistic elucidation for the long-term effects of WPS on the respiratory system.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
INTERVAL PERTURBATION FINITE ELEMENT METHOD FOR STRUCTURAL STATIC ANALYSIS

Based on a new method for evaluation the bounds of system responses with interval parameters, the high-order solution methods of interval perturbation finite element method based on Taylor expansion and interval parameter perturbation finite element method are presented. A new interval perturbation method is introduced, in which the inverse matrix of an uncertain stiffness matrix is expressed as a series of Neumann expansion series, and the upper and lower bounds of the perturbation of structural responses were obtained. The presented method is used for the direct robustness evaluation of the uncertain structural responses, and hence it is named as interval robust perturbation finite element method. The precision and efficiency are compared among these three methods. The results of numerical examples show that the new interval perturbation finite element method has good accuracy and can be applied in the uncertain analysis and optimization for large-scale aerospace structure.

Field of study: Engineering
Influence of maleic anhydride-methacrylic acid copolymer on calcium scales cyrstallinity and morphology

The formation of calciumcarbonate and calciumsulphate scales in cooling water wasmitigated by adding poly(maleicanhydride-co-methacrylic acid) polymer.Maleic anhydride- methacrylic acid copolymer (Man-MAA) was synthesized by adopting bulk polymerization procedure. The synthesized Man-MAA copolymer was characterized through Ultraviolet-visible (Uvvisible) spectroscopy and Fourier transformation Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy methods. The viscosity of the polymer was only 1.1CPS, which is more responsible for the antiscaling property of the polymers. Antiscaling performance of this polymer was evaluated by performing chemical screeing test, constant potential electrolysis and electrochemical impedance techniques. The addition ofMan-MAA polymer is not altered the crystal structure of the either CaCO3 or CaSO4 crystals, it affects only the crystal growth and thus much reduced size was the result, which is evident from the SEM andXRD results. TheMan-MAApolymer has offered very good antiscaling property in both of the brines.

Field of study: Materials science
Possible effects of thermal effluents on fish: A review

Thermal stress is known to have general and specific effects on the physiology of fish. In general, over a species-specific temperature range, increasing temperatures increase metabolic rates and other activity. Deviations from optimum temperature could cause a cessation of spawning behaviour or an increase of abnormal fry. The final level of temperature acclimation is a function of species, size, condition, and past environment. Most fish can acclimate faster to higher temperatures than to lower temperatures. Fluctuating temperatures increase thermal resistance in some species. Temperature preferences in fish are a function of acclimation temperature and of the species-specific optimum temperature. Slight increases in temperature can be lethal because of synergism.

Field of study: Environmental science
Late Quaternary vegetation near Battle Ground Lake, southern Puget Trough, Washington

Pollen and plant-macrofossil records from Battle Ground Lake, along with published data, are used to reconstruct the late-Quaternary vegetation history of the nonglaciated southern Puget Trough. Coinciding with the end of the Evans Creek Stade (circa 20,000-17,000 yr B.P.) of Fraser Glaciation, Gramineae, Artemisia , herbs, and Picea cf. engelmannii grew in a parkland/tundra around Battle Ground. This assemblage, recorded throughout the southern Puget Trough, implies cold, relatively dry conditions similar to subalpine environments east of the Cascade Range. The presence of Pseudotsuga, Picea sitchensis , and Alnus rubra as macrofossils suggests a slight interstadial warming between 17,000 and 15,000 yr B.P. Cool, humid conditions prevailed during the Vashon Stade when, south of the Cordilleran Ice Sheet, open forest or parkland featured mesophytic subalpine taxa. At Battle Ground Lake, temperate conifers were part of forest communities circa 11,200 yr B.P., but elsewhere they were present as early as 12,500 yr B.P. From 10,000 to 4500 yr B.P., Pseudotsuga-Quercus savannah spread into the Battle Ground area, offering evidence for summer drought more severe than today. Pseudotsuga and Thuja forest was established in the late Holocene with the introduction of the modern humid climate. Consideration of all the pollen data from the southern Puget Trough and the available radiometric chronology suggests that postglacial migration of most lowland conifers into the Puget Trough was rapid and not necessarily from southern refugia.

Field of study: Geology
Spacial pattern and sampling techniques of Geranium carolinianum Linn.in the rape field

Investigation on 36 kinds of rape field has been conducted.Five aggregation indices test show that the dominant spacial pattern of Geranium carolinianum Linn.is aggregated distribution,and random distribution exists in the low density fields.Regression analysis indicates that this two kinds of distribution pattern depend on the plant density,and suggesting the suitable sampling techniques are "five points"and "Z"shape sampling.The theoretical sampling number is also presented under different densities.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
The Relationship among Leadership Style, Employees Engagement and Management Performance in Grid Company

By analyzing relative literature, the paper launches on research revolved on the relationship between leadership style and management performance, by taking employees engagement and psychological empowerment as intermediary variables. It is necessary to adjust managers' own leadership style, pay attention to use human care, work guidance and knowledge aid to promote employees involvement, and go about improving psychological empowerment to promote management performance.

Field of study: Engineering
Shakespeare's Pictures: Visual Culture in Drama. Keir Elam. London: Bloomsbury Arden Shakespeare, 2017. xviii + 380 pp. $108.

forest against government legislation designed to exploit it and restrict its traditional common use often felt impelled to signal their identification with the place by disguising themselves, on their protest outings, as women” (112). Chapter 6 surveys forest plays, mainly Shakespearean, and concludes with a reading ofMacbeth’s BirnamWood, which she calls a “sentient forest” that proves “a punitive but also an autonomous, just and ultimately benevolent judge” (137). The Shakespearean Forest features an afterword by Peter Holland. It’s a detailed account of Barton’s life and works, but it also rehearses a couple of injudicious observations about Barton’s personal appearance and style. In light of how this volume has been framed, their inaptness raised this reader’s eyebrows.

Field of study: History
Insights into the mechanism of pyrrole polymerization catalysed by porphobilinogen deaminase: high-resolution X-ray studies of the Arabidopsis thaliana enzyme.

The enzyme porphobilinogen deaminase (PBGD; hydroxymethylbilane synthase; EC 2.5.1.61) catalyses a key early step of the haem- and chlorophyll-biosynthesis pathways in which four molecules of the monopyrrole porphobilinogen are condensed to form a linear tetrapyrrole. The active site possesses an unusual dipyrromethane cofactor which is extended during the reaction by the sequential addition of the four substrate molecules. The cofactor is linked covalently to the enzyme through a thioether bridge to the invariant Cys254. Until recently, structural data have only been available for the Escherichia coli and human forms of the enzyme. The expression of a codon-optimized gene for PBGD from Arabidopsis thaliana (thale cress) has permitted for the first time the X-ray analysis of the enzyme from a higher plant species at 1.45 Å resolution. The A. thaliana structure differs appreciably from the E. coli and human forms of the enzyme in that the active site is shielded by an extensive well defined loop region (residues 60-70) formed by highly conserved residues. This loop is completely disordered and uncharacterized in the E. coli and human PBGD structures. The new structure establishes that the dipyrromethane cofactor of the enzyme has become oxidized to the dipyrromethenone form, with both pyrrole groups approximately coplanar. Modelling of an intermediate of the elongation process into the active site suggests that the interactions observed between the two pyrrole rings of the cofactor and the active-site residues are highly specific and are most likely to represent the catalytically relevant binding mode. During the elongation cycle, it is thought that domain movements cause the bound cofactor and polypyrrole intermediates to move past the catalytic machinery in a stepwise manner, thus permitting the binding of additional substrate moieties and completion of the tetrapyrrole product. Such a model would allow the condensation reactions to be driven by the extensive interactions that are observed between the enzyme and the dipyrromethane cofactor, coupled with acid-base catalysis provided by the invariant aspartate residue Asp95.

Field of study: Chemistry
Dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor and oligodendroglioma: the diagnostic value of magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Case report and review of the literature.

Preoperative differentiation between dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor (DNT) and low-grade glioma is often not possible. Dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor is a recently described entity of uncertain origin; however, the diagnosis has important clinical implications. Clinical and radiological findings of DNT and low-grade glioma, especially oligodendroglioma, may be similar. Treatment options and prognosis differ significantly between these two lesions; consequently, accurate diagnosis is imperative. The authors describe two individuals who presented simultaneously at their institution: one patient with an oligodendroglioma and a second patient with DNT. The natural history, neurodiagnostic, and pathological features of each are reviewed with special emphasis on the potential utility of magnetic resonance spectroscopy in differentiating these lesions.

Field of study: Medicine
Geochemical analysis and paleoecological implications of phosphatic microspherules (otoliths?) from Frasnian–Famennian boundary strata in the Great Basin, USA

Phosphatic microspherules (<1 mm diameter) recovered from the Upper Devonian (uppermost Frasnian) Guilmette Limestone in eastern Nevada are interpreted here to be fish otoliths and thus provide insight into ocean water chemistry just prior to the Frasnian–Famennian mass extinction boundary. Analysis by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and electron microprobe indicates that they are apatite (francolite) and consist of radially aligned, concentrically banded crystals around a central nucleus. This type of microspherule, previously interpreted to be conodont pearls, has compositions more similar to fish teeth derived from the same unit than to conodonts. Microspherules and fish teeth have consistently lower concentrations in wt% of P2O5 (31.88–36.32), F (3.05–5.12), SrO (0.15–0.34), and analysis totals (indicating higher concentrations of OH and/or CO3; 90.66–96.09) and higher CaO (51.67–55.15), SO2 (0.50–0.90), MgO (0.09–0.15), and Fe2O3 (0.11–0.21) than the associated conodonts (P2O5: 37.32–40.01; F: 4.99–6.89; SrO: 0.32–1.79; totals: 96.07–100.55; CaO: 52.32–53.06; SO2: 0.05–0.21; MgO: 0.01–0.05; Fe2O3: 0.02–0.11). These differences in composition are consistent from core to rim in all microfossils analyzed and reflect primary biogenic compositions rather than diagenetic or metamorphic signatures. We interpret the apatite microspherules to be genetically related to the fish teeth rather than to the conodonts based on the geochemical analysis. The microspherules are morphologically similar to modern teleost fish otoliths. The fish teeth found associated with the microspherules are from Acanthodian or Actinopterygian fish, which possessed otoliths in the Devonian and are the distant ancestors to modern teleost fish. Modern fish otoliths normally have a calcium carbonate composition, but their trace element composition is highly sensitive to ambient water temperature and chemistry. We speculate that the stratigraphically restricted range and phosphatic composition of the Devonian otoliths reflects secretion by fish under conditions of excess dissolved reactive phosphorus in the water column that was most likely associated with upwelling and cooler-water conditions on the shelf during maximum transgression.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Gilbert M. Joseph and Daniela Spenser (eds.), In from the Cold: Latin America's New Encounter with the Cold War (Durham NC and London: Duke University Press, 2008), pp. ix+439, £64.00, £14.99 pb.

Mexico’s oil exports – not in the 1880s, as stated here (p. 25), but the 1910s) – and about the contents of Article 123 (pp. 56, 58). And although some interesting issues are portrayed in this work, I feel it could have provided a deeper analysis of the company’s performance and of its role in the regional economy. Finally, the book confirms an intriguing aspect about Mexico’s railroad history. As happened with other railroad companies in Mexico, the SPM made a significant contribution to the country (by means of integrating the western coast into the rest of the territory, offering fast and cheap transportation, and providing an exit – to the internal as well as the external markets – for the flourishing regional production of fruits an vegetables) but was far less successful from an entrepreneurial point of view.

Field of study: Political science
Reliability analysis for TO-247 multilayered power module packaging under mechanical oscillation based on finite element method

This paper presents the simulation and hardware test results for determining the fatigue life of the solder joints of a printed circuit board (PCB) including a DC to AC inverter circuit with six power metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistors (MOSFETs) by using the finite element method (FEM) under different vibration effects. This board is exposed under different angles by a vibration machine. The selected angles were performed on the power module to find the maximum stress points of the power module for different vibration frequencies. The results indicate that the maximum stress is observed at the corners of the solder layer. The stress of the solder joints significantly increases when the input frequency increases, and the failure, voids generation and crack formation and propagation are more observable under this condition. Furthermore, the loading direction changes show that the peeling stress of the solder layer is directly affected by lower angles. The shear stress occurs in lower angles of loading directions, and this situation results in the peeling stress. The simulation investigations are proved by the experimental results in the study. According to the observations, the fatigue effects result in the coalescence and the void growths in lower angles of vibration loadings. The paper also investigates the normal loading condition of the power inverter circuit, and the highest reliability is obtained compared to all other experimental tests.

Field of study: Engineering
Long standing problem of {sup 210}Bi and the realistic proton-neutron effective interaction

The odd-odd nucleus {sup 210}Bi is studied within the framework of the shell model using effective two-body matrix elements derived from the CD-Bonn nucleon-nucleon potential. The experimental energies of the proton-neutron multiplet {pi}h{sub 9/2}{nu}g{sub 9/2} are remarkably well reproduced by the theory, which accounts for the 1{sup -} state being the ground state instead of the 0{sup -} predicted by the Nordheim strong coupling rule. It is shown that the core-polarization effects are crucial to produce this inversion. The similarity between proton-neutron multiplets in the {sup 132}Sn and {sup 208}Pb regions is discussed in connection with the effective interaction.

Field of study: Physics
An Academician Preparation Program for Pharmacy Residents

To assess the evolution and effectiveness of the Academician Preparation Program to provide knowledge and skills in teaching and evaluating to pharmacy residents, as well as generate interest in academic careers.  Participants attended seminars and participated in additional teaching, precepting, facilitating, and evaluating activities. Residents maintained a teaching portfolio and met with a faculty mentor quarterly to review their progress toward completion of the requirements for the Academician Preparation Program certificate. Assessment. Since the program was first offered in 2005, it has expanded to 7 sites throughout the state. As of June 2012, 155 residents had completed the program and 20 (13%) had accepted full-time academic positions. Many others were serving as adjunct faculty members or preceptors. The majority of those enrolled in pharmacy residencies completed the program.  An optional, organized academic preparation program was of interest to residents, fostered academic careers, and helped meet residency accreditation guidelines.

Field of study: Education, Medicine
Microfluid Dynamics and Acoustics of Resonant Liners

It is known that most of the acoustic dissipation associated with a resonant liner takes place around the openings of the resonators. However, because the openings are physically very small, there has not been any direct experimental observation of the flow and acoustic fields in this region. As a result, current understanding of liner dissipation mechanisms are either completely theoretical or are based on experiments using much larger physical models. Inasmuch as large openings were used in these experiments, the true Reynolds numbers were unfortunately not reproduced. The flow around and inside a typical liner resonator under the excitation of an incident acoustic field is investigated by direct numerical simulation (DNS). There are two distinct advantages in using DNS. First, by the use of a carefully designed grid, even very small-scale features of the flowfield can be resolved and observed. Second, the correct Reynolds number can be imposed in the simulations. Numerical experiments reveal that at low sound intensity, acoustic dissipation comes mainly from viscous losses in the jetlike unsteady laminar boundary layers adjacent to the walls of the resonator opening. At high sound intensity, dissipation is due to the shedding of microvortices at the mouth of the resonator. The energy dissipation rate associated with the shedding of microvortices is found to be very high. Results of a parametric study of this phenomenon are reported.

Field of study: Physics
Electrical and Self-Sensing Properties of Alkali-Activated Slag Composite with Graphite Filler

The electrical properties of concrete are gaining their importance for the application in building construction. In this study, graphite powder was added to alkali-activated slag mortar as an electrically conductive filler in order to enhance the mortar’s conductive properties. The amount of graphite ranged from 1% to 30% of the slag mass. The effect of the graphite powder on the resistivity, capacitance, mechanical properties, and microstructure of the composite was investigated. Selected mixtures were then used for the testing of self-sensing properties under compressive loading. The results show that the addition of an amount of graphite equal to up to 10% of the slag mass improved the electrical properties of the alkali-activated slag. Higher amounts of filler did not provide any further improvement in electrical properties at lower AC frequencies but caused a strong deterioration in mechanical properties. The best self-sensing properties were achieved for the mixture with 10 wt% of graphite, but only at low compressive stresses of up to 6 MPa.

Field of study: Materials science
Research of Chemiluminescent Assay of Alkaline Phosphatase Based on Microplate

Enzymatic dephosphorylation of CDP-Star by ALP leads to CDP-Star decompose and continuously emit light.Optimal conditions for the determination of ALP by chemiluminescent method were investigated in this research.125 μmol/L CDP-Star reacted with ALP in the buffer solution of pH=9.5 and incubated for 10 min at 37 ℃ were selected as the optimal conditions for the determination of ALP.The amount of ΔRLU is proportional to ALP activity.Therefore,the method of chemiluminescent assay of ALP based on microplate was established.The results showed that the linear range for the determination of ALP was 0.05-10 U/L and 10-1000 U/L.This method was more rapid,sensitive and reproducible than that of traditional colorimetric method.Therefore,this method can be developed into a kit used in the high-throughput automatic biochemical analyzer.

Field of study: Chemistry
A new approach to fault-tolerant scheduling using task duplication in multiprocessor systems

In this paper we propose a new approach to fault-tolerant scheduling of parallel programs in multiprocessor systems. It is well known that inter-processor communication makes serious effects on the performance of parallel processing, and that task duplication is an effective technique to reduce overheads of communication. Though it was originally developed only for improving performance, we propose the use of this technique also for achieving fault-tolerance. Based on this approach, we develop a scheduling algorithm for tolerating a single processor failure. This algorithm duplicates all tasks of a program and allocates them to processors so as to eliminate communication delays as much as possible. The experimental results show that the obtained schedules can achieve fault-tolerance at the cost of small degree of time redundancy.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering