nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The Distribution of Property Values in England and Wales in 1798

The recorded yearly values of property available from the British land tax of 1798 and the accompanying Redemption Act provide the raw data necessary for a realistic measure of English wealth inequality in all counties at the end of the eighteenth century. Admittedly, there are exasperating weaknesses in the appraised rental values which stem from the varying regional procedures employed by various parish officials. Of more concern are the inequitable quotas assigned to the counties or even to the parishes which were based on economic relationships existing a century earlier. Yet these problems should not detract from the force of general quantitative statements about inequality 75 years prior to the new domesday survey of I 873.1 Thus, a finding that the number of owneroccupied properties accounted for only i O per cent of the number of families probably signifies that the top i o per cent held at least go per cent of the wealth; a sample study of multiple-property ownership signifies an even greater concentration. This article is an initial report of the distribution of property values in 1798, with an emphasis on property use. Some implications of ownership will be derived in making statements about wealth distribution in general. Statistical tests can be applied to establish bounds on inaccuracies of data and estimates of distribution parameters. The records of land ownership for the i 87os, and earlier for the inheritance tax, definitely establish the fact that there was very large inequality of wealthholding in Britain by the second half of the nineteenth century, but there is a degree of silence about the extent of this inequality in the earlier stages of the industrial revolution a century earlier. More is known about income distribution than about the use and ownership of tangible and intangible  At least one

Field of study: Economics, History
Deletion and point mutations exist in the haemagglutinins/adhesions domain of prtH gene of Porphyromonas gingivalis clinical isolates

Porphyromonas gingivalis ( P. gingivalis ) is thought to be a major etiologic bacterium associated with the initiation and progression of human periodontitis. The aim of the present study was to investigate the genetic diversity of P. gingivalis prt H gene.  Polymerase chain reaction(PCR) was applied to P. gingivalis strains, including reference strain P. gingivalis ATCC33277 and 140 clinical strains isolated from 24 unrelated Chinese periodontitis patients. To illustrate the prt H heterogeneity among P. gingivalis strains, the genomic DNAs were extracted and screened by PCR with two pairs of specific primers, and the PCR products were digested with restriction endonucleases AluⅠ. Using the biotin-labeled prt H sequence as probe, Dot blot hybridization was used to confirm the existence of prt H. To evaluate the sequence heterogeneity of the P. gingivalis prt H genes, sequence analysis of five prt H protease gene regions of clinical isolates was performed.  Using PCR with two pairs of specific primers, 54.2% (primer A) and 84% (primer B) showed the positive amplified fragment among 140 strains. Dot blot hybridization revealed that 82.4% PCR products were positive. Restriction endonucleases analyses showed that all the PCR products were P. gingivalis prt H patterns. Sequence analysis verified that there were deletion and point mutations in five PCR products, compared with the reference strain P. gingivalis ATCC33277 and W83.  The results demonstrated genetic diversity existed among these clinical strains isolated from Chinese periodontitis patients.

Field of study: Biology
Meta-Analysis of the Impact of Job Embeddedness on Employee Attitudes and Employee Performance: A Study on Commercial Banks in Egypt

Job Embeddedness (JE) is a core construct in the literature. However, there is considerably less evidence on its positive effects on Employee Attitudes (EA) and Employee Performance (EP).Purpose: The objective of this study is to provide empirical evidence on the relationships between JE, EA and EP. This paper also seeks to present the theoretical development of JE, Job Satisfaction (JS), Organizational Commitment (OC), EP and their application to employees at Egyptian Commercial Banks (ECB) practices. The method applied is to assess positive JE (JE Questionnaire, Mitchell et al.,2001), JS (JS Survey, Judge, & Bono, 2001; Best & Thurston, 2004), OC (OC Questionnaire, Porter et al., 1974;Trimble, 2006) and EP (EP Questionnaire, Black & Porter, 1991; Caligiuri, 1997). Out of the 382 questionnaires that were distributed to employees at ECB, 315 usable questionnaires were returned, a response rate of 82%.Findings: The results indicated the expected significant positive relationships between JE, JS, OC and EP. In other words, fit, links and sacrifice significantly correlated with EA and EP. The results also supported the hypothesizedmodel. The study findings support the view that JE, JS, OC, EP are related constructs. The study suggests that ECB can improve EA and EP by influencing its JE, specifically,by developing fit, links and sacrifice. The study provided that it is necessary to pay more attention to the dimensions of JE as a key source for organizations to enhance the competitive advantage which is of prime significance for EA and EP.Originality/ JE is valuable for evaluating employee retention at ECB. The study observes that there is acritical shortage of JE and that a greater understanding of the factors that influence the JE, JS, OC and EP, including fit, links and sacrifice, is of great importance. Therefore, this study examines the relationship between JE,JE, JS, OC and EP among employees at ECB.

Field of study: Business
Multi-objective Local Search Combined with NSGA-II for Bi-criteria Permutation Flow Shop Scheduling Problem (特集 確率的最適化と機械学習の統計的設計と応用)

This paper proposed a multi-objective local search procedure (MOLS). It is combined with NSGA-II for solving bi-criteria PFSP with the objectives of minimizing makespan and maximum tardiness. Utilizing the properties of active blocks for flow shop scheduling problem, neighborhood structures MOINS (multi-objective insertion) and MOEXC (multi-objective exchange) are designed in order to improve efficiency of perturbation. Any perturbation based on MOINS and MOEXC takes effect on different criteria simultaneously. The original idea of MOLS is systematic change neighborhoods in the local search procedure. The search direction of MOLS on an individual is naturally guided by interaction of MOINS and MOEXC. Moreover, there is no need to set parameters in MOLS. The MOLS combined with popular multi-objective evolutionary algorithm NSGA-II (Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm-II) is called as “NSGA-II-MOLS”. To illustrate the efficacy of proposed approach, four different scaled problems are used to test performance of NSGA-II-MOLS. The numerous comparisons show efficacy of NSGA-II-MOLS is better than most of algorithms even with the same number of individual evaluations and parameters setting.

Field of study: Computer science
Anthropogenic Impacts on the Exceptional Precipitation of 2018 in the Mid-Atlantic United States

Flash flooding surged through the old district of Ellicott City, Maryland, on 27 May 2018, turning Main Street into whitewater rapids, upending cars, destroying businesses, and leading to one death (Campbell and Rentz 2018). As of May 2019, damage from the Ellicott City f lood had cost $12 million, and the city was considering flood mitigation plans that ranged from $63 to $175 million (Logan 2019). Ellicott City was just one of 12 significant heavy precipitation and flooding events that occurred between May and September of 2018, shattering precipitation records across the region (National Weather Service 2019). Other notable events included 3 June, when eight West Virginia counties declared states of emergency after intense precipitation flooded bridges and washed out roads (Maher 2018), and 21–24 July, when historic rainfall across the Washington, D.C., Metropolitan Area and northern Baltimore County in Maryland resulted in more than a dozen highwater rescues of motorists stranded by flash flooding (Halverson and Samenow 2018). These exceptional heavy rainfall events are consistent with expectations from global warming (Pendergrass 2018) and observed increases in extreme precipitation across the broader northeastern United States (Huang et al. 2017; Hoerling et al. 2016; Frei et al. 2015). We examine the mid-Atlantic states of Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Maryland, Washington, D.C., Delaware, and West Virginia, which all experienced remarkable total and extreme (99th percentile wet days) precipitation in 2018 that contributed to flooding. For the years 1920–2018, 2018 has the highest or one of the three highest January–September total precipitation amounts at 33% and 62% of stations , respectively, and the highest or one of the three highest May–September extreme precipitation amounts at 6% and 13%, respectively . Spatially averaged, 2018 has the highest total precipitation on record (1-in-99 year event), while extreme precipitation is the fourth highest (4-in-99 year event), shown in Figs. 1c and 1d. Here, we assess the fraction of 2018 total and extreme precipitation risk attributable to anthropogenic forcing using station observations and a large ensemble of climate simulations.

Field of study: Environmental science
Surgical resection of subependymoma of the cervical spinal cord.

Subependymomas can rarely occur in the spinal cord, and account for about 2% of symptomatic spinal cord tumors. It most often occurs in the cervical spinal cord, followed by cervicothoracic junction, thoracic cord and conus medullaris. It often has an eccentric location in the spinal cord and lacks gadolinium enhancement on magnetic resonance imaging. We present a rare case of symptomatic subependymoma of the cervical spinal cord, which underwent successful gross total resection. Surgical pearls and nuances are discussed to help surgeons to avoid potential complications. The video can be found here: http://youtu.be/Rsm9KxZX7Yo.

Field of study: Medicine
Characteristics of active lens antenna based on plasma

Applying the mechanics of the propagation of high power microwave in atmosphere and the theory of plasma physics, a sort of new conception antenna-active lens antenna based on plasma is put forward.Its realization is summarized, characteristic parameters such as reflection, transmission, absorption, bandwidth and optimal frequency responding to different function are also analyzed and computed.As a result, this sort of antenna can be used to focus HPM operating waves or reflect transgressive HPM waves on the bass of forming passive filter device.

Field of study: Physics
Poultry Industry in Bangladesh: Issues and Challenges

With the development of poultry industry in nineteenth decade, this industry had to face many ups and down conditions. Day by day approximate 3-4 percent of its contribution on Gross Domestic Product (GDP). A large number of people were engaged in poultry sectors as a freedom business. This study was conducted to find out the present situation and future challenges of poultry industry. In this study, data were collected from 20 reputed poultry farms located in Rajshahi district, Bangladesh using a pretested interview questionnaire. The collected data was analyzed by using statistical package on social science. The results showed statistical table with explanation so that the reader could easily realize the outcome for the study. Some challenges such as lack of inclusive poultry policy principle, technical know-how, shortage of capital, maintenance of bio security, operation management, lack of trained manpower, lack of proper management information system, lack of adequate laboratory testing facility, improper handling of medicine and vaccine, disaster management, the dependence on the channel members, neighboring country threat, seasonal fluctuation, backdated marketing strategy etc. were found from this study. Based on findings, recommendations were made on some major issues like poultry guiding principle, technological efficiency, proper registration system, bio-security, management information system, laboratory testing facility, mechanical and managerial training, symbiotic and incorporated union, protection of consumer rights, financing for small farmers, professional distribution system etc.

Field of study: Business
Decoding Generalized Reed-Solomon Codes and Its Application to RLCE Encryption Schemes

This paper compares the efficiency of various algorithms for implementing quantum resistant public key encryption scheme RLCE on 64-bit CPUs. By optimizing various algorithms for polynomial and matrix operations over finite fields, we obtained several interesting (or even surprising) results. For example, it is well known (e.g., Moenck 1976 \cite{moenck1976practical}) that Karatsuba's algorithm outperforms classical polynomial multiplication algorithm from the degree 15 and above (practically, Karatsuba's algorithm only outperforms classical polynomial multiplication algorithm from the degree 35 and above ). Our experiments show that 64-bit optimized Karatsuba's algorithm will only outperform 64-bit optimized classical polynomial multiplication algorithm for polynomials of degree 115 and above over finite field $GF(2^{10})$. The second interesting (surprising) result shows that 64-bit optimized Chien's search algorithm ourperforms all other 64-bit optimized polynomial root finding algorithms such as BTA and FFT for polynomials of all degrees over finite field $GF(2^{10})$. The third interesting (surprising) result shows that 64-bit optimized Strassen matrix multiplication algorithm only outperforms 64-bit optimized classical matrix multiplication algorithm for matrices of dimension 750 and above over finite field $GF(2^{10})$. It should be noted that existing literatures and practices recommend Strassen matrix multiplication algorithm for matrices of dimension 40 and above. All our experiments are done on a 64-bit MacBook Pro with i7 CPU and single thread C codes. It should be noted that the reported results should be appliable to 64 or larger bits CPU architectures. For 32 or smaller bits CPUs, these results may not be applicable. The source code and library for the algorithms covered in this paper are available at this http URL.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Multiplicity of solutions for integral boundary value problems of fractional differential equations with upper and lower solutions

In this paper, we study the existence of multiple solutions for the integral boundary value problems of fractional differential equations by the method of upper and lower solutions and Leray–Schauder degree theory. The sufficient conditions about the existence of at least three solutions are obtained. Moreover, it is proved that the integral boundary value problem has at least three positive solutions under the conditions of M = 0 and f is nonnegative. By given two upper and lower solutions which can be easily obtained through our methods, we can present the existence theorem of at least three solutions. Two examples are also included to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed results.

Field of study: Mathematics
Effects of Aging and Divided Attention on Recognition Memory Processes for Single and Associative Information

In the divided attention paradigm to test age-related associative memory deficits, whether the effects of divided attention occur at encoding or retrieval has not been clarified, and the effect on retention has not been studied. This study explored whether and how much divided attention at either encoding, retention, or retrieval diminished accuracy in recognizing a single feature (object or location) and associated features (object + location) by 23 elderly people (13 women; M age = 70.6 yr., SD = 2.8) recruited from a neighborhood community circle, and 29 female college students (M age = 20.8 yr., SD = 1.1). The results showed a significant decline in memory performance for both age groups due to divided attention in location and associative memory at retention, suggesting that the retention process demands attentional resources. Overall, regardless of their relative deficiency in associative memory, older adults showed an effect of divided attention comparable to that of younger adults in a recognition task.

Field of study: Psychology
The Problem of Pattern: Nabokov's Defense

THE DEFENSE,1 Nabokov's third novel and first masterpiece, is also the first in his career in which patterns pervade in every direction. Hypersensitive since childhood to pattern and to threats lurking in the world around him, Luzhin commits suicide to escape the mysterious combinations encroaching upon him and in so doing alerts even the unwariest reader to their presence. The Defense can therefore become a test case for the patterns Nabokov weaves in time. Does he expect us merely to marvel at their intricate interlacement, as if they were so much Celtic knotwork? Does he tease us to strain nail and finger to unravel the inextricable, as readers such as Douglas Fowler suppose ("the private systems of correspondence . . . the 'wayside murmur of this or that hidden theme' . . . are annotated red herrings" )? Or does he overcomplicate the design inadvertently so that it can never be untied? Strother Purdy typifies many readers at first lured by the promise of significance in Nabokov's fictional patterns

Field of study: Art
Neurotoxicity of diallate and triallate when administered orally or topically to hens.

Two allylthiocarbamate herbicides, diallate and triallate, were evaluated for neurotoxicity by oral and topical dosing studies with mature white leghorn hens. Diallate was tolerated for 90 days at topical doses of 40 mg/kg/day and oral doses of 20 mg/kg/day. Reversible ataxia and narcosis occurred at diallate doses of 80 mg/kg/day and higher by either route of administration. Triallate did not elicit signs of neurotoxicity at 300 mg/kg/day topically or 400 mg/kg/day orally. The oral dose, however, resulted in gastrointestinal irritation and severe weight loss, such that dosing was terminated after 25 days. Triallate was tolerated at oral dosages of 90 mg/kg/day and topical doses up to 330 mg/kg/day.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Commentary to "Original Koyanagi urethroplasty versus modified Hayashi technique: outcome in 57 patients".

The approach to the management of severe posterior hypospadias is quite controversial and open to different opinions. The first crucial issue is represented by the definition of ‘severe hypospadias’ and the subsequent decision on which technique to select (single vs staged approach). There is inevitably a variation in choice which is surgeon dependent and it is impossible to reach a common consensus for an isolated specific repair. Indeed, the vast majority of (but not all) primary cases can be successfully treated in a single stage, but the final decision may often be made only at surgery when the outcome and the possibility to preserve the urethral plate can be assessed only after a sequential and standardized approach. In a minority of cases, persistent severe penile curvature or poor quality of the urethral plate (hypoplasia) will require its transsection and/or substitution. Among single-stage repairs the use of para-meatally based and fully extended circumferential foreskin flaps has been widely accepted and several modifications described. The main drawback of this technique is the complete commitment required at the beginning of the procedure when you make your initial skin incisions, which might overestimate the real need for this type of repair. This interesting article presents a large series of 57 patients comparing the Koyanagi technique (Ref. 4 in article) to the Hayashi technique (Ref. 5 in article), and reflecting the wide experience of three senior surgeons from two leading French institutions (Lyon and Paris) with

Field of study: Medicine
An approach of optimal design of HTS synchronous motor using genetic algorithm

This paper describes an optimal design of 100 HP, 4 pole, 1800 rpm high temperature superconducting (HTS) synchronous motor in terms of energy efficiency and downsizing, i.e., specific power density. Ag multifilamentary tape is used as a material of HTS field coil. Design variables and constraints are appropriately set up in consideration of electromagnetic characteristics. Size of the rotor and the stator is calculated with fundamental expressions based on the two-dimensional electromagnetic analysis. As an optimization technique to obtain the dimension of optimal specific power density or energy efficiency of the HTS motor, genetic algorithm (GA) which is well-known as aglobal optimal technique modeled on the concept of natural selection and evolution has been used. Electrical characteristics such as efficiency and V-curve for the HTS motor optimally designed are also investigated.

Field of study: Physics
2,2-Dimethyl-5-(5-R-2-furfurylidene)-1,3-dioxane-4,6-diones. 4. Synthesis, stereostructures, and properties of thiophene analogs

The reaction of 2-formylthiophenes with Meldrum's acid gave the corresponding thenylidenedioxanediones, which, in contrast to the furfurylidene derivatives, have an s-trans conformation of the mutual orientation of the thiophene ring and the exocyclic double bond. Thenyldioxanediones were synthesized by the selective hydrogenation of the exocyclic double bond.

Field of study: Chemistry
HIV serotypes and their impact on HIV antibody check by ELISA

目的 分析HIV的血清型并比较不同HIV抗体酶联免疫诊断试剂检测不同血清型HIV抗体的敏感性.方法 利用血清型特异性寡肽竞争抑制EIA法对基因型明确的92份HIV样品进行血清型分析.选择血清型与基因型一致的样品以及血清型和基因型不一致的样品各4份进行系列稀释,并用7家HIV抗体酶联免疫诊断试剂进行检测.结果 对92份样品中的77份样品成功地完成了血清型分析,其中血清型A、B、C、D和E分别为3份、17份、56份、0份和1份,与基因型的一致率为93.51%,对其余15份样品无法完成血清型分析.7家HIV抗体酶联免疫诊断试剂检测不同血清型样品的灵敏度虽有差异,但无规律性.结论 HIV血清型对HIV抗体酶联免疫诊断试剂的敏感性无规律性影响。

Field of study: Biology
Electrochromic oxides: A unified view

This paper attempts to provide a unified view on electrochromism among the oxides. It is stressed that crystals of all of the well known electrochromic metal (Me) oxides are composed of MeO 6 octahedra in various corner-sharing and edge-sharing arrangements, and that these units prevail also in thin films. The coordination of the ions leads to electronic bands that are able to explain the presence or absence of cathodic and anodic electrochromism in numerous defect perovskites, rutiles and layer structures. Optical absorption can be due to intraband effects, interband transitions and polaron hopping.

Field of study: Materials science
Community, Control and Acculturation: A Case Study of Slavery in Eighteenth Century Brazil

Interest in the nature of Brazilian slavery has increased dramatically during the last ten years. In part this interest has been stimulated by the desire of North American social scientists to examine what was initially viewed to be the striking differences between patterns of race relations and slavery as they developed in the United States and Brazil. Among Brazilians the interest in slavery is older, beginning as an aspect of the larger evolution of cultural nationalism which sought to demonstrate the unique nature of the Brazilian solution to a multiracial society. Among both North American and Brazilian writers the initial tendency was to emphasize the more “humane” nature of slavery in Brazil. This was attributed to a number of factors of which the Portuguese concept of the slave as a human being based on cultural and religious traits was paramount. Increasingly this view has been subjected to intense criticism and recent works have focused on the harshness of Brazilian slavery and have sought to stress the similarities between the two systems.

Field of study: History