nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Oxidative Breakers Can Stimulate Halogenation and Competitive Oxidation in Guar-Gelled Hydraulic Fracturing Fluids.

A number of flowback samples derived from horizontally drilled hydraulic fracturing (HDHF) operations reveal consistent detections of halogenated organic species , yet the source of these compounds remains uncertain. Studies simulating subsurface conditions have found that oxidative "breakers" can halogenate certain additives, but these pathways are unverified in the presence of cross-linked-gels, common features of HDHF operations. Using a high-throughput custom reactor system, we implemented a reaction matrix to test the capacity for halogenation of two frequently disclosed compounds with demonstrated halogenation pathways (cinnamaldehyde and citric acid) across guar gels with varied types and concentrations of cross-linkers and oxidative breakers. Cinnamaldehyde halogenation proceeded most readily in borate cross-linked gels at high ammonium persulfate dosages. Citric acid formed trihalomethanes (THMs) broadly across the matrix, generating brominated THMs at higher levels of hypochlorite breaker. Isolated removals of cross-linker or guar enhanced or diminished certain product formations, highlighting additional capacities for relevant ingredients to influence halogenation. Finally, we analyzed flowback samples from the Denver-Julesberg Basin, finding that additions of oxidant enhanced halogenation. As a more realistic subsurface simulation, this work demonstrates strict criteria for the subsurface halogenation of cinnamaldehyde and the broad capacity for THM formation due to systematic oxidant usage as gel breakers in HDHF operations.

Field of study: Environmental science
RESEARCH ON SETTLEMENT MECHANISM AND INFLUENCE FACTORS OF RIGID PILE COMPOSITE-FOUNDATION

Considering the pile-soil-cushion combined action and the settlement varying regularities,this paper discussed some engineering characteristics of rigid pile composite-foundation in Tianjin soft-soil area.The varying regularities of pile and soil's displacement field under all sorts of loads were firstly analyzed,then,the settlement properties and their dependences on some influence factors were investigated by FEM.The influence factors considered are cushion modulus,modulus of soil between piles,and pile spacing.The settlement of rigid pile composite-foundation is found to be affected substantially by the modulus of soil between piles.The pile spacing affects the site settlement.Some measures for reducing settlement were putted forward.

Field of study: Engineering
MORPHOLOGY AND MORPHOGENESIS OF HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS-1 ISOLATE, SH01 IN MT4 CELLS

An HIV-1 strain, SH01, isolated by coculture of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) was easily passaged in MT4 cell line and multinuclear giant syncytia could be induced in MT2 cells. It was a syncytium-inducing (SI) T-cell-tropic isolate. Electron microscopy showed this isolate shared the typical features of HIV-1 in morphology, such as conical core, variation in size and budding release from cell membrane. A distinct fact was that HIV particles could be found in cytoplasmic vacuoles in MT4 cells infected at 7th day or trasformed persistently with HIV-1 SH01, but cell debris or lysosomes were seen at the same time. So these vacuoles were phagosomes or endocytic vacuoles rather than dilated vesicles of Golgi apparatus or endoplasmic reticulum. Furthermore, a large number of HIV particles were also found by chance in phagolysosomes in HIV-1 SH01-infected MT4 cells at 7th day, but it was quite common in HIV-1 SH01-transformed MT4 cells and the remnants of HIV particles were located in some phagolysosomes, yet the dissolution of phagolysosome membrane could be demonstrated simultaneously. Conclusively, it is evident that HIV particles were taken in by MT4 cells through endocytosis and digested by lysosomes, so the role of lysosomes should be paid attention to more extensively in the clearance of HIV in human body. In addition, a kind of virus-like particles was located in cytoplasmic matrix rather than in vacuoles or vesicles, which were more diversified in size with cores bigger, circular or oval and possibly produced from Golgi apparatus, but their characteristics needs to be further determined.

Field of study: Biology
Self Magnetic Field Measurements on Cable-In-Conduit Conductors for JT-60SA EF-H and EF-L coils

Self magnetic field measurements of the NbTi Cable-In-Conduit (CIC) conductors for the EF-H and EF-L coils were taken during current sharing temperature (Tcs) measurements in order to understand the characteristics of the CIC conductors without sub-wrapping tapes. Taking into account the magnetic field measurements, the current inside the conductors was analysed using analytical models. Additionally, the analytical results of the EF-H and EF-L coil conductors were compared with those of the prototype conductor with the sub-wrapping tapes in terms of the current center in the conductor. The analytical results indicate that sub-wrapping tapes will influence current transfer in the CIC conductor under DC operation.

Field of study: Physics
Fourier-transform method for the design of wideband antireflection coatings.

An iterative correction process, recently incorporated into the National Research Council of Canada Fourier-transform thin-film synthesis program, is applied to the design of wideband antireflection coatings. This type of problem is different from those solved in the past by this method. It cannot be handled in a practical way without a correction process. We consider in detail the effects-critical for this application-of constraints on the refractive indices and overall thicknesses of the solutions. Our graded-index and multilayer designs have a remarkable resemblance in performance and refractive-index structure to results obtained by more conventional techniques. The Fourier-transform method is of interest because of its speed and versatility.

Field of study: Physics
Interpolation uncertainty of atmospheric temperature profiles

This paper is motivated by the fact that, although temperature readings made by Vaisala RS41 radiosondes at GRUAN sites ( https://www.gruan.org/ , last access: 30 November 2020) are given at 1  s resolution, for various reasons, missing data are spread along the atmospheric profile.
Such a problem is quite common with radiosonde data and other profile data.
Hence, (linear) interpolation is often used to fill the gaps in published data products.
From this perspective, the present paper considers interpolation uncertainty, using a statistical approach to understand the consequences of substituting missing data with interpolated data. In particular, a general framework for the computation of interpolation uncertainty based on a Gaussian process (GP) set-up is developed. Using the GP characteristics, a simple formula for computing the linear interpolation standard error is given. Moreover, the GP interpolation is proposed as it provides an alternative interpolation method with its standard error. For the Vaisala RS41, the two approaches are shown to provide similar interpolation performances using an extensive cross-validation approach based on the block-bootstrap technique. Statistical results about interpolation uncertainty at various GRUAN sites and for various missing gap lengths are provided. Since both approaches result in an underestimation of the interpolation uncertainty, a bootstrap-based correction formula is proposed. Using the root mean square error, it is found that, for short gaps, with an average length of 5  s , the average uncertainty is less than 0.10  K . For larger gaps, it increases up to 0.35  K for an average gap length of 30  s and up to 0.58  K for a gap of 60  s .
It is concluded that this approach could be implemented in a future version of the GRUAN data processing.

Field of study: Environmental science
Method of Immune-inspired Trojan Detection

Nowadays Trojan and virus programs have a large number,are difficult to detect,and also have hidden features.Based on the study of the biological immune mechanism and Trojans on the Windows operating system,according to the similarity between the detection mechanism of Trojan horses and the body's immune mechanism,we propose a method of immune-inspired Trojan detection,design a model of immune-inspired Trojan detection,propose a improved detector generation algorithm called EV-Detector,and make a large number of experiments on the Windows operating system.The experimental results show that EVD-NSA which based on improved detector generation algorithm EV-Detector in the detection of Trojan horses has a higher detection rate and low false alarm rate compared with common methods,the detection method can effectively detect the novel unknown Trojan horses on the Windows operating system.

Field of study: Computer science
The Network-Firm as a Single Real Entity: Beyond the Aggregate of Distinct Legal Entities

This conceptual paper starts with a question regarding the nature of the firm: is the firm a nexus of contracts or a real entity? To answer this question, the article departs from a critique of firm contract theory that usually focuses on moral personification to propose some theoretical foundations of the firm as a real entity. This provides crucial insights for the analysis of modern complex organizations. Then, this paper applies the real entity paradigm to the case of the network firm: is the network firm merely a collection of distinct legal entities or a single real entity? The integrating and unifying role of intra-network power relationships is emphasized, and some legal and economic aspects of the network firm are discussed to clarify the argument that the network firm is a singular real entity composed from distinct legal entities. Considering the network firm as a single real entity has strong policy implications in terms of employment protection rights and politico-legal responsibilities.

Field of study: Economics
Numerical solutions of nonlinear fractional differential equations by alternative Legendre polynomials

In this paper, numerical techniques are presented for solving initial value problems of nonlinear fractional differential equations. The method is implemented by applying alternative Legendre polynomials. The operational matrix of fractional integration and the product for the alternative Legendre polynomials are derived in order to transform the nonlinear equations into a system of algebraic equations. The study of the error analysis of the obtained method is also considered. Furthermore, numerical examples demonstrate that this method is applicable and accurate.

Field of study: Mathematics
Healthcare access and mobility between the UK and other European Union states: an 'implementation surplus'.

European Union (EU) policy on mobility requires ensuring healthcare access for EU residents who travel between EU states. This case-study investigates how this policy has been implemented in respect of EU visitors to the UK. EU visitors to the UK have similar access to 'immediately needed' National Health Service (NHS) healthcare to UK residents. For non-urgent healthcare, the NHS has official systems to discourage 'medical tourism' and divert such patients to the private sector or to reclaim the costs of NHS hospital treatment for EU visitors. Yet these official systems contrast with the flexibility and liberality of actual NHS practice towards EU visitors. Research on health policy implementation mostly examines reasons for 'implementation failure'. However, the present study indicates a health policy being implemented more fully than policy-makers may have anticipated. In the case of healthcare access for EU visitors to the UK, an implementation surplus is evident rather than an implementation deficit.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Mixup Training as the Complexity Reduction

Machine learning has achieved remarkable results in recent years due to the increase in the number of data and the development of computational resources. However, despite such excellent performance, machine learning models often suffer from the problem of over-fitting. Many data augmentation methods have been proposed to tackle such a problem, and one of them is called Mixup. Mixup is a recently proposed regularization procedure, which linearly interpolates a random pair of training examples. This regularization method works very well experimentally, but its theoretical guarantee is not fully discussed. In this study, we aim to find out why Mixup works well from the aspect of computational learning theory. In addition, we reveal how the effect of Mixup changes in each situation. Furthermore, we also investigated the effects of changes in the Mixup's parameter. This contributes to the search for the optimal parameters and to estimate the effects of the parameters currently used. The results of this study provide a theoretical clarification of when and how effective regularization by Mixup is.

Field of study: Computer science
Hypoglycaemia downregulates endotoxin-induced production of tumour necrosis factor-α, but does not affect IL-1β, IL-6, or IL-10

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of hypoglycaemia on the production capacity of the proinflammatory cytokines tumour necrosis factor-α (TNFα) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in subjects with and without diabetes. Hyperinsulinaemic (360 pmol m −2  min −1 ) stepped hypoglycaemic (5.0–3.5–2.5 mmol l −1 ) glucose clamps were performed in eight diabetic patients and in six non-diabetic subjects, and hyperinsulinaemic normoglycaemia (5.0 mmol l −1 ) control experiments were performed in four non-diabetic subjects. Circulating levels of cytokines and endotoxin-induced production of TNFα, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-10 were assessed. The effects of insulin and adrenaline were measured in separate in vitro experiments. In non-diabetic subjects, hypoglycaemia downregulated the production capacity of TNFα in a concentration-dependent fashion ( P =0.007), but not of IL-1β, IL-6, or IL-10. Compared to controls, the production capacity of TNFα in diabetic patients was already suppressed at normoglycaemia ( P =0.02) and only fell in response to hypoglycaemic nadir ( P =0.04). The downregulation of TNFα could not be explained by increased insulin or adrenaline levels. We conclude that hypoglycaemia specifically downregulates TNFα production capacity. Diabetic patients already have a suppressed TNFα production capacity at non-hypoglycaemic levels.

Field of study: Medicine
Análise da força de reação do solo da marcha de idosos sobre a influência da simulação de sobrepeso em diferentes velocidades

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar as forcas de reacao do solo (FRS) em individuos jovens e idosos sob a influencia do sobrepeso simulado em diferentes velocidades de marcha.  30 participantes, 15 jovens jovens (JOV; 22,0±3,7 anos) e 15 idosos (IDS; 69,8±6,4 anos) caminharam em uma passarela com e sem carga adicional. A simulacao do sobrepeso se deu atraves da adicao de carga em um colete de cargas variaveis ate alcancar o indice de massa corporal (IMC) de sobrepeso (JOV 25kg/m²; IDS 27kg/m). Os dados foram coletados atraves de uma plataforma de forca (AMTI, OR6-7-2000).  A media de carga adicionada foi de 13,2±4,0 kg para JOV e 11,7±3,4 para IDS; O nivel de significância foi de p≥0,05. Ao normalizar os dados pelo peso, IDS obtiveram menores picos de FRS em relacao aos JOV em ambas as velocidades. Porem, o IDS foi maior que o JOV apenas no segundo pico da forca vertical (Fz2) em velocidade rapida.  O sobrepeso simulado de forma direta pode nao ser capaz de promover mudancas significativas nas quantidades de descarga do peso corporal que pudesse influenciar nas FRS. Os resultados encontrados apontam para uma relacao positiva das alteralcoes na FRS e o envelhecimento.

Field of study: Education
Test of the conserved vector current hypothesis in T=1/2 mirror transitions and new determination of |V ud|.

The V{ud} element of the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa quark mixing matrix has traditionally been determined from the analysis of data in nuclear superallowed 0;{+}-->0;{+} transitions, neutron decay, and pion beta decay. After providing a new test of the conserved vector current hypothesis, we present here a new independent determination of |V{ud}| from a set of five T=1/2 nuclear mirror transitions. The extracted value, |V{ud}|=0.9719+/-0.0017, is at 1.2 combined standard deviations from the value obtained from superallowed 0;{+}-->0;{+} transitions and has a precision comparable to the value obtained from neutron decay experiments.

Field of study: Physics
Ternary complex formation with 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridylate and the kinetic properties of thymidylate synthase from Lactobacillus leichmannii.

Lactobacillus leichmannii thymidylate synthase (5,10-CH2-H4PteGlu:dUMP C-methyltransferase, EC 2.1.1.45) forms a tight and stable covalently bonded ternary complex with the inhibitor 5-FdUMP in the presence of the cofactor 5,10-CH2-H4-PteGlu. 'Filter assay' employing the radioactive nucleotide ligand showed that 2 moles of FdUMP are bound per mole enzyme during the ternary complex formation with the L. leichmannii dTMP synthase. This is in line with our earlier observation on the Streptococcus faecium thymidylate synthase [Narasimha Rao, K & Kisliuk R L (1983), Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 80, 916-920]. The enzyme has Km values of 6.3 x 10(-6) M, 8.2 x 10(-5) M and 1.0 x 10(-4) M for dUMP, (dl)-L-H4PteGlu and Mg2+ respectively; Vmax for dUMP, (dl)-L-H4PteGlu and Mg2+ are; 0.55, 0.5 and 1.1 respectively. It has K(i) values of 6.7 x 10(-6) M, 2.2 x 10(-6) M, 5.0 x 10(-5) M and 2.0 x 10(-4) M for FdUMP, dTMP, MTX and Ca2+ respectively. The type of enzyme inhibition with FdUMP, dTMP, MTX and Ca2+ was competitive. dTMP Studies clearly show the 'end product' inhibition of the enzyme.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Physics
Fabrication of high-performance large-format MWIR focal plane arrays from MBE-grown HgCdTe on 4″ silicon substrates

We have developed the capability to grow HgCdTe mid-wave infrared radiation double-layer heterojunctions (MWIR DLHJs) on 4″ Si wafers by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE), and fabricate devices from these wafers that are comparable to those produced by mature technologies. Test data show that the detectors, which range in cutoff wavelength over 4–7 μm, are comparable to the trendline performance of liquid phase epitaxy (LPE)-grown material. The spectral characteristics are similar, with a slight decrease in quantum efficiency attributable to the Si substrate. With respect to R0A, the HgCdTe/Si devices are closer to the theoretical radiative-limit than LPE-grown detectors. Known defect densities in the material have been correlated to device performance through a simple model. Slight 1/f noise increases were measured in comparison to the LPE material, but the observed levels are not sufficient to significantly degrade focal plane array (FPA) performance. In addition to discrete detectors, two FPA formats were fabricated. 128×128 FPAs show MWIR sensitivity comparable to mature InSb technology, with pixel operability values in excess of 99%. A 640×480 FPA further demonstrates the high-sensitivity and high-operability capabilities of this material.

Field of study: Materials science
Errors in Moral Forecasting

Research in moral decision making has shown that there may not be a one-to-one relationship between peoples’ moral forecasts and behaviors. Although past work suggests that physiological arousal may account for part of the behavior-forecasting discrepancy, whether or not perceptions of affect play an important determinant remains unclear. Here, we investigate whether this discrepancy may arise because people fail to anticipate how they will feel in morally significant situations. In Study 1, forecasters predicted cheating significantly more on a test than participants in a behavior condition actually cheated. Importantly, forecasters who received false somatic feedback, indicative of high arousal, produced forecasts that aligned more closely with behaviors. In Study 2, forecasters who misattributed their arousal to an extraneous source forecasted cheating significantly more. In Study 3, higher dispositional emotional awareness was related to less forecasted cheating. These findings suggest that perceptions of affect play a key role in the behavior-forecasting dissociation.

Field of study: Psychology
Retrospective study to determine the short-term outcomes of a modified pneumovesical Glenn-Anderson procedure for treating primary obstructing megaureter.

Primary obstructive ureter (POM) is an upper urinary tract malformation in children. Transvesicoscopic ureteral reimplantation is increasingly being used as the first choice to correct POM, replacing the open extravesical approach. Although several procedures have been reported, there is no universally accepted technique for endoscopic ureteral reimplantation.



To report on several modifications of the Glenn-Anderson ureteral advancement technique to make it suitable for a laparoscopic pneumovesical approach to treatment of POM.



From February 2006 to December 2013, 63 children with POM, 45 male and 18 female (median age 4.2 years; range 2 months-14 years), underwent modified transvesicoscopic ureteral implantation surgery. The technique was modified by repositioning of the hiatus proximally to afford greater "tunnel" length, and use of a trough rather than a tunnel, avoiding the challenges of more adherent mucosa in the trigone. Ureter diameter was followed over a 12-month period post surgery. Voiding cystourethrography (VCUG), intravenous urogram (IVU), or radionuclide imaging were conducted in patients who still had ureteral dilation at 6 months and 12 months after surgery.



The procedure was successfully performed in 62/63 patients. The mean operating time was 105 min. Twelve months after surgery 90% of ureters were considered cured and 10% were considered improved. In patients who showed improvement ureters, the ureter diameter was significantly reduced from preoperative measurements as early as 1 month post surgery.



The Glenn-Anderson technique advances the ureteral orifice distal to the trigone near the bladder neck and allows relatively easy access to the upper urinary tract. However, the submucosal tunnel produced is relatively short, and the surgery is not recommended for patients with a small trigone or megaureter because of anatomical considerations. This study made two major modifications to the traditional Glenn-Anderson procedure: (1) the bladder wall was incised superiorolaterally to move the hiatus proximally along the course of the ureter and the detrusor muscle was sutured to the seromuscular layer of the ureter, and (2) a mucosal groove rather than tunnel was used for advancement from the ureteral hiatus to the bladder neck. This approach preserves conventional endourologic access to the upper tracts; however, the stabilizing distal stitch does leave the suture line in proximity to the mucosal suture line, a theoretical disadvantage from the standpoint of ureterovesical fistula.



These preliminary results indicate that this modified transvesicoscopic ureteral implantation is an effective procedure with minimal morbidity.

Field of study: Medicine