nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The interleukin-1 receptor in Raji human B-lymphoma cells. Molecular characterization and evidence for receptor-mediated activation of gene expression.

In a previous paper [Horuk, Huang, Covington & Newton (1987) ] we reported that there were fundamental differences in the biochemical properties of the interleukin-1 (IL-1) receptor between Raji and EL4 cell lines. In the present study we have investigated the basis for these differences. Kinetic studies measuring the on and off rates of IL-1 receptor binding revealed that the low-affinity IL-1-binding sites observed in Raji cells, compared with EL4 cells, result from a combination of a lower association rate and a higher dissociation rate in the Raji cells. The turnover of the Raji IL-1 receptor, measured by inhibiting protein synthesis with cycloheximide, was much faster than that of the EL4 IL-1 receptor, with a half-time of 2 h as against 5 h. Treatment of 125I-IL-1-labelled IL-1 receptors in Raji and EL4 cells with neuraminidase decreased their molecular mass by approx. 2-5 kDa as assessed by SDS/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis (PAGE). The covalently labelled IL-1 receptors in both cell types were sensitive to treatment with endoglycosidase F, which decreased their molecular mass on SDS/PAGE by 12-13 kDa. Incubation of Raji cells with maximally stimulating doses of IL-1 resulted in an increase in the nascent RNA levels of several genes, including the IL-2 receptor and the proto-oncogenes c-Ha-ras and c-myc.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Strategic candidacy for multivalued voting procedures

Dutta et al. ( (2001) 1013) (Dutta, Jackson, and Le Breton-DJLeB) initiate the study of manipulation of voting procedures by a candidate who withdraws from the election. A voting procedure is candidate stable if this is never possible. We extend the DJLeB framework by allowing: (a) the outcome of the procedure to be a set of candidates; (b) some or all of the voters to have weak preference orderings of the candidates. When there are at least three candidates, any strongly candidate stable voting selection satisfying a weak unanimity condition is characterized by a serial dictatorship. This result generalizes Theorem 4 of DJLeB. (C) 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Field of study: Economics
Design of a mobile aerosol research laboratory and data processing tools for effective stationary and mobile field measurements

A compact mobile aerosol research laboratory (MoLa) for stationary and mobile measurements of aerosol and trace gas characteristics was developed at the Max Planck Institute for Chemistry (MPIC) in Mainz, Germany. Major efforts were made to design an aerosol inlet system which is optimized and characterised for both, stationary and mobile measurements using a particle loss modelling approach. The instrumentation on board allows the determination of a multitude of physical and chemical aerosol parameters, for example particle number and mass concentration (PM1/2.5/10), particle size distributions in the diameter range 6 nm up to 32 μm, and chemical composition of the sub-micron aerosol. Furthermore, trace gas concentrations of O3, SO2, CO, CO2, NO, NO2 and water vapour as well as meteorological parameters like temperature, relative humidity, pressure, wind, solar radiation and precipitation are measured together with various housekeeping parameters. All instruments collect data with high time resolution in the second to minute-range. The measurement platform, as well as data acquisition and handling tools, are optimized for efficient application to various measurement settings. The mobile laboratory is designed to be used for mobile investigation of anthropogenically influenced environments. Possible applications include pollutant mapping, chasing of mobile sources or Lagrangian-type measurements in emission plumes, but also stationary measurements with possible frequent position changes and a well-characterised instrument setup. In addition to the design and features of the mobile laboratory, its inlet system and instrumentation as well as examples of applications of this platform are presented. Challenges associated with such measurements and approaches to extract the desired information from the mobile datasets are discussed.

Field of study: Environmental science
Philippe Glardon, ed.L'histoire naturelle au XVIesiècle: Introduction, étude et édition critique deLa nature et diversité des poissonsde Pierre Belon (1555). Travaux d'Humanisme et Renaissance 483. Geneva: Librairie Droz, 2011. xi + 716 pp. $98.82. ISBN: 978–2–600–01438–0.


Field of study: History
Valence-band dispersion in angle-resolved resonant photoemission from LaSb.

Angle-resolved photoemission spectra taken on single crystals of LaSb at the La 4{ital d}{r_arrow}4{ital f} resonance show dispersion of resonantly emitted valence-band electrons. This is the first direct demonstration that the Bloch component of valence states participates in resonant photoemission.

Field of study: Physics
Pragmatism and Conscience: A Religious Perspective on Competing Values in Embryo Experimentation

Most people realize that key terms such as "Reproductive Technologies" immediately involve us in the most major issues of our society. Yet a spokesperson for Health Canada recently said that any new regulatory body for reproductive technologies would include representatives of those who oppose some of the proposed measures on religious and moral grounds. The reason given was that: "This is not just a medical issue ... "1 It is remarkable that this needed to be restated, and speaks volumes about our overly specialized culture where we are sometimes too dependent on science, which, taken in a narrow sense, reigns supreme. Who we are in relation to one another is a fundamental issue for all cultures. How we treat one another continues to shape our culture. We have learned many lessons from history about how that has been done, and how we continue to influence it. Culture is not something passive in which we are immersed. It is true that we are strongly influenced by the society in which we find ourselves, but society is itself a product of historical conditioning, and in many ways we help to shape future society. Our values lie at the heart of this task, and it is at this level that the shaping of culture is the most challenging. Who are we? Why are we here? What is our relationship to others? How do we treat each other? When does any responsibility towards another begin? And, digging even more deeply,

Field of study: Medicine, Philosophy
A comparative investigation on optical, opto-thermal and mechanical properties of transparent semiconductor metal oxides

The iÂ¬-dependent optical refractive and extinction coefficients n and k of oxides thin layers (Sb2O4, SnO2, ZnO andWO3) have been determined from experimental measurement of reflection R(iÂ¬) and T(iÂ¬) transmission ratios within the Ultraviolet-Visible-Near-Infrared (UV/VIS/NIR) domain (300- 1800nm). This study allowed deducing a1(iÂ¬) and a2(iÂ¬) expressions. Exploitation of results concerning their variations enabled estimating the plasma pulse up, the relaxation time o, the dielectric constant iÂ¥+ and susceptibility iÂ£e. Furthermore, opto-thermal and mechanical investigations have been carried out and discussed relatively to the already established optical and thermal characteristics. Comparison confirmed the recently conjectured advantages of Sb2O4 in terms of both mechanical and electrical resistance.

Field of study: Materials science
Global Security and Legal Restraint: Reconsidering War Powers after September 11

The United States Constitution mandates a sharp division of the au thority to make war between the Congress and the president, but in the contem porary global order, in which technology and new institutional arrangements have fundamentally altered the pace of world politics and the very nature of power itself, this divided authority is not functioning as intended. The most telling recent example of this fact occurred only days after Sep tember 11, when both houses of Congress overwhelmingly authorized the presi dent to use force against not only those who had attacked the United States but also against individuals who had helped or harbored them, groups with similar ideologies, and those who might be planning such activities for the future. The resolution passed by Congress ceded to the president the right to decide who these enemies were and how the war would be conducted, without any limita tion in time or geographic scope. A little more than a year later, Congress au thorized the president to conduct a war to topple the government of Iraq in similarly vague terms. These new wars represent the latest in a decades-long series of steps away from the constitutional balance of war-making powers. While the Tonkin Gulf Resolution remains the most important symbol of this trend, more recent uses of force may be just as significant, since they have shown that it will continue even absent the Cold War.

Field of study: Political science
Understanding the effects of biotic and abiotic factors on sources of aquatic environmental DNA

Analysis of environmental DNA (eDNA) offers an unprecedented ability to accurately survey biodiversity from aquatic ecosystems. Although eDNA methods have been applied to myriad taxa, scientists are now moving away from proof-of-concept work, ultimately evaluating the limits and opportunities of this technology to detect and quantify abundance across organisms and environments. Important considerations enabling such methodology to be used for aquatic conservation contexts includes understanding both the effects of (1) the amount of eDNA released from focal taxa—sources, and (2) the removal of eDNA in the environment—sinks. I review publications on aquatic macroorganism eDNA that have evaluated or considered the effect of sources on signal detection (or quantification) and find few studies acknowledge, and fewer still evaluate, the impact of eDNA production on genomic signal recovery. In this review, I encourage readers to carefully consider source dynamics, and using previously published literature, dissect what roles biotic (e.g. life-history traits, species interactions including stressors) and abiotic (e.g. temperature, salinity) factors likely play in eDNA deposition and recovery, and how this impacts detection, abundance, biomass estimation, and ultimately informed signal interpretation. I further explore the physical sources of eDNA and propose other methods (spatial and temporal) and markers to assist in identifying eDNA origins in aquatic systems. Understanding how these parameters influence variation in eDNA sources will allow for a more comprehensive survey tool, and potentially give insights into environment-population responses.

Field of study: Environmental science
ORGMA: Reliable opportunistic routing with gradient forwarding for MANETs

For decades, numerous routing protocols have been designed to serve unicast traffic in wireless ad hoc networks. However, these routing protocols still provide limited performance in dynamic environments of mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). In this paper, we review representative routing protocols and evaluate their performance through NS-3 simulations to identify their main weaknesses. Based on our observations, we develop a reliable and practical opportunistic routing protocol for MANETs, named as ORGMA. We adopt the gradient forwarding approach, where the sender simply broadcasts a packet and the receivers make the routing decision. Our contributions include the use of instantaneous signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for the routing cost and the development of light-weight cost management based on flooding. They enable ORGMA to achieve high packet delivery ratio under dynamic MANET environments. Through NS-3 simulations, we evaluate ORGMA in comparison with other routing schemes, and the results show that ORGMA not only greatly outperforms the state-of-the-art routing schemes, but also achieves the performance close to an ideal routing scheme with global information.

Field of study: Computer science
Distributed Maximum Likelihood Sensor Network Localization

We propose a class of convex relaxations to solve the sensor network localization problem, based on a maximum likelihood (ML) formulation. This class, as well as the tightness of the relaxations, depends on the noise probability density function (PDF) of the collected measurements. We derive a computational efficient edge-based version of this ML convex relaxation class and we design a distributed algorithm that enables the sensor nodes to solve these edge-based convex programs locally by communicating only with their close neighbors. This algorithm relies on the alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM), it converges to the centralized solution, it can run asynchronously, and it is computation error-resilient. Finally, we compare our proposed distributed scheme with other available methods, both analytically and numerically, and we argue the added value of ADMM, especially for large-scale networks.

Field of study: Engineering
The 1.30 A resolution structure of the Bacillus subtilis chorismate mutase catalytic homotrimer.

The crystal structure of the Bacillus subtilis chorismate mutase, an enzyme of the aromatic amino acids biosynthetic pathway, was determined to 1.30 A resolution. The structure of the homotrimer was determined by molecular replacement using orthorhombic crystals of space group P2(1)2(1)2(1) with unit-cell parameters a = 52.2, b = 83. 8, c = 86.0 A. The ABC trimer of the monoclinic crystal structure [Chook et al. (1994),  was used as the starting model. The final coordinates are composed of three complete polypeptide chains of 127 amino-acid residues. In addition, there are nine sulfate ions, five glycerol molecules and 424 water molecules clearly visible in the structure. This structure was refined with aniosotropic temperature factors, has excellent geometry and a crystallographic R factor of 0.169 with an R(free) of 0.236. The three active sites of the macromolecule are at the subunit interfaces, with residues from two subunits contributing to each site. This orthorhombic crystal form was grown using ammonium sulfate as the precipitant; glycerol was used as a cryoprotectant during data collection. A glycerol molecule and sulfate ion in each of the active sites was found mimicking a transition-state analog. In this structure, the C-terminal tails of the subunits of the trimer are hydrogen bonded to residues of the active site of neighboring trimers in the crystal and thus cross-link the molecules in the crystal lattice.

Field of study: Chemistry
Acoustic startle response in young and aging C57BL/6J and CBA/J mice.

C57BL/6J (C57) mice demonstrate progressive age-related hearing loss during the first year of life, whereas CBA/J (CBA) mice lose little sensitivity through 18 months of age. The acoustic startle response (ASR) was measured in these strains to determine behavioral correlates of aging with and without presbycusis. The stimuli were tone pips (10-ms duration, 1-ms rise-fall) with frequencies of 4, 8, 12, 16, or 24 kHz at intensities of 70, 80, 90, or 100 dB SPL. ASR "thresholds" (the minimum SPL required to elicit ASRs more than 50% of the time) increased with age, and startle amplitudes became smaller in both strains. However, the changes in these startle parameters were much more pronounced in C57 mice, with middle to high frequencies (12-24 kHz) severely affected. The startle latencies at and above ASR "threshold" increased with age in C57 mice, but did not change in CBA mice. The CBA data indicate that aging, per se, has little effect on ASR parameters; the C57 data show that hearing loss is a cogent factor. However, ASR parameters of C57 mice are altered to a greater extent than expected, on the basis of the elevations of absolute sensory thresholds, particularly for middle frequencies (12-16 kHz). Both peripheral and central mechanisms are proposed to account for the discrepancy.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Chemical composition of some underutilized green leafy vegetables of Sonitpur district of Assam, India.

The objective of this study was to analyze the nutritional, antinutritional and mineral compositions of eight locally available underutilized green leafy vegetables of Sonitpur district of Assam, India. Moisture and ash of the green leafy vegetables were in the range of 71.7498.20 g / 100 g and 8.23-26.01 g / 100 g respectively. Fiber was higher in Basella rubra (8.61 g / 100 g) and lower in Moringa oleifera and Amaranthus viridis (0.25 g / 100 g). Protein content largely varied from 2.29-18.56 g / 100 g, whereas carbohydrate ranged from 5.45-11.16 g / 100 g respectively. Ascorbic acid was higher in Diplazium esculentum (23.59 mg / 100 g) and lower in Brassica nigra (8.50 mg / 100 g), β-carotenoid ranged between 4.65-18.90 mg / 100 g in all the green leafy vegetables. Antioxidant and phenolic contents of the green leafy vegetables were almost similar. Brassica nigra had the highest iron content (241.20 mg / 100 g) and Moringa oleifera recorded the lowest iron content (29.40 mg / 100 g). Calcium, potassium was almost in same range in leafy vegetables whereas sodium varied from 29.00-116.66 mg / 100 g respectively. Highest zinc content was recorded in Brassica juncea and Chenopodium album (7.50 mg / 100 g) and lowest zinc content was found in Moringa oleifera (1.50 mg / 100 g). Green leafy vegetables are the powerhouse of health promoting phytochemicals and can be used by the people of all ages and are useful to alleviate and combat many deficiency diseases.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
The Canadian Cancer Society's New Look in Cancer Education.

The Canadian Cancer Society has changed its attitude to public education about cancer from concentration on danger signals to emphasis on safeguards. There is much public ignorance about the nature of cancer. One in four Canadians, for instance, believes that cancer cannot be cured.With our present medical organization it would be impossible for each person to have yearly check-ups for cancer but each area should work out the best way of providing this service to the public by using medical and paramedical personnel to the best advantage. Increasing emphasis is being placed on the value of sigmoidoscopic examinations. Overall incidence of cancer in Canada is increasing. Only with the continued support and active participation of the family physician can the Society's education program be successful.

Field of study: Medicine
High-Dimensional Sparse Factor Modeling: Applications in Gene Expression Genomics

We describe studies in molecular profiling and biological pathway analysis that use sparse latent factor and regression models for microarray gene expression data. We discuss breast cancer applications and key aspects of the modeling and computational methodology. Our case studies aim to investigate and characterize heterogeneity of structure related to specific oncogenic pathways, as well as links between aggregate patterns in gene expression profiles and clinical biomarkers. Based on the metaphor of statistically derived “factors” as representing biological “subpathway” structure, we explore the decomposition of fitted sparse factor models into pathway subcomponents and investigate how these components overlay multiple aspects of known biological activity. Our methodology is based on sparsity modeling of multivariate regression, ANOVA, and latent factor models, as well as a class of models that combines all components. Hierarchical sparsity priors address questions of dimension reduction and multiple comparisons, as well as scalability of the methodology. The models include practically relevant non-Gaussian/nonparametric components for latent structure, underlying often quite complex non-Gaussianity in multivariate expression patterns. Model search and fitting are addressed through stochastic simulation and evolutionary stochastic search methods that are exemplified in the oncogenic pathway studies. Supplementary supporting material provides more details of the applications, as well as examples of the use of freely available software tools for implementing the methodology.

Field of study: Mathematics
Preliminary X-ray crystallographic analysis of a novel maltogenic amylase from Bacillus stearothermophilus ET1.

A novel maltogenic amylase from Bacillus stearothermophilus ET1, which has a dual activity of alpha-1,4- and alpha-1,6-glycosidic bond cleavages and alpha-1,6-glycosidic bond formation, was crystallized by using the hanging-drop vapor-diffusion method. The best crystals were obtained by employing a high concentration of protein (56 mg ml-1) and a precipitant containing 22% glycerol, 1.6 M ammonium sulfate in 0.1 M Tris-HCl (pH 8.5). Native diffraction data to 2.66 A resolution have been obtained from crystals flash-frozen at 110 K. The crystals belong to the space group P212121 with unit-cell dimensions of a = 77.62, b = 121.23, c = 244. 29 A, and contain three or four protomers per asymmetric unit. Structure determination by multiple isomorphous replacement is in progress.

Field of study: Chemistry
Menstrual induction--termination of early pregnancy with a new prostaglandin analogue SHB 286.

The efficacy and side effects of a new synthetic analogue, 16 phenoxy 17, 18, 19, 20 tetranor prostaglandin E2 methyl sulphonylamide (SH 286) for menstrual induction was studied at the Kandang Kerbau Hospital in Singapore. Subjects were 150 patients with a delay in menstruation of 7-14 days. In 128 patients the pregnancy test before prostaglandin administration was positive and in 22 patients it was negative. Most of the 22 patients with a delay in menstruation had other symptoms suggestive of pregnancy. The prostaglandin analogue (50 mcg in 1 cc of saline) was instilled into the uterine cavity via a 6 mm catheter introduced through the cervix. The catheter was flushed with 1.5 cc of saline and immediately withdrawn. The patients were observed for the next 6 hours and allowed to go home. At the follow-up visit 10-14 days later, the pregnancy test was repeated. The criteria for successful treatment was vaginal bleeding after prostaglandin administration followed by a negative pregnancy test at the follow-up visit. The treatment was successful in 144 patients (96%). Of the remaining 6 patients, 4 had uterine bleeding for 2-13 days but pregnancy test remained positive. The prostaglandin failed to induce bleeding in 2 patients. The uterus was evacuated in these 6 patients by vacuum aspiration. The interval between prostaglandin administration and onset of bleeding ranged between 30 minutes and 6 hours. The average length of uterine bleeding was 7.3 days with a range of 2-13 days. All patients experienced mild uterine pain a few minutes after prostaglandin administration, but only 11 patients required analgesics. Side effects included 1 or 2 episodes of vomiting in 9 patients and headache in 6 patients. There were no changes in blood pressure, pulse, or respiration. 1 patient was treated for pelvic infection 10 days after prostaglandin administration, and curettage was performed in 2 patients for intermittent bleeding 2 weeks after successful treatment with prostaglandin. 16 phenoxy 17, 18, 19, 20 tetranor prostaglandin E2 methyl sulphonylamide was found to be effective in inducing menstruation when this was delayed by up to 2 weeks.

Field of study: Medicine
The Crystal-Structure of Tetragonal Form Pbsnf4

We carried out single crystal X-ray diffraction measurement of tetragonal form PbSnF4: a=4.215 (3) A , c=11.744 (32) A , V=208.6 (5) A 3 , space group P4/nmm, z=2, and Dcalc=6.26 g/cm3. The structure was refined to wR=0.031 by the least-squares methods, using 132 reflections. The compound has the order arrangement of Pb and Sn metals constructing the sequence of …PbPbSnSnPbPb… along the c-axis direction. The fluorine ions in M2(Sn) cube were disordered in distorted tetrahedra. It is considerable that the disordered ions are related with the high ionic conductivity in PbSnF4.

Field of study: Materials science