nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Event-triggered control of discrete-time switched linear systems with packet losses

The event-triggered control problem for discrete-time switched linear systems with packet losses is addressed in this paper. It is assumed that, at each event-triggered instant transmitted successfully, the controller can only access the transmitted information of system state and mode. In both cases of packet losses and no packet losses, mode dependent event-triggered transmission schemes are proposed. And the closed-loop system is modeled as a switched system with augmented switching signal. Then, based on the multiple Lyapunov function method, in the case of packet losses, exponential stability conditions are given with constraint of the maximum allowable number of successive packet losses, and design methods for state feedback controller gains and mode dependent event-triggered parameters are obtained. Finally, the effectiveness and improvement of the proposed approach are illustrated by a numerical example.

Field of study: Mathematics
Investigation and Development of Functionalized Aptamer-based Biosensor

Due to the high sensitivity and selectivity,excellent stability and wide application areas,aptamer- based biosensors have been quickly developed in recent years. Various aptamer biosensors have been designed according to different principles. In the present paper, we have mainly reviewed the development of electrochemical,fluorescent and colorimetric aptamer sensors. The potential development about aptamer-based biosensors has been discussed.

Field of study: Chemistry
Fluoreszenz lokalisierter Exzitonen in Anthrazenkristallen bei Anregung mit α-Teilchen

The time dependence of the scintillation light originating from free and lokalized excitons was analysed by a method described by Thomas and Bollinger. The results give information about the transfer of the excitation energy and show that the lifetime of lokalized excitons is reduced with decreasing temperature. This effect is compared with results which Tomura and Takahashi obtained for free excitons in anthracene crystals.

Field of study: Physics
Data Analysis Using Stein's Estimator and its Generalizations

In 1961, James and Stein exhibited an estimator of the mean of a multivariate normal distribution having uniformly lower mean squared error than the sample mean. This estimator is reviewed briefly in an empirical Bayes context. Stein's rule and its generalizations are then applied to predict baseball averages, to estimate toxomosis prevalence rates, and to estimate the exact size of Pearson's chi-square test with results from a computer simulation. In each of these examples, the mean square error of these rules is less than half that of the sample mean.

Field of study: Mathematics
TH‐D‐BRC‐01: Improvement of Megavoltage Cone‐Beam CT Image Quality Using a Low‐Atomic Number X‐Ray Target

to investigate the application of an unflattened photonbeam, generated using a low atomic number (Z) x‐ray target, to MV cone‐beam computed tomography(CBCT)imaging. Improvements of imagecontrast and contrast‐to‐noise‐ratio (CNR) versus dose are quantified and compared to the standard 6MV beam. Limitation of the contrast advantage with patient separation is examined.  The experimental beam was generated by a 2100EX linac (Varian Medical, Inc) by placing a 1.0 cm‐thick Al target 9 mm below the primary collimator vacuum window and operating the linac in 6 MeV electron mode. The flattening filtration was removed. Projections were acquired using an AS1000 detector every 2° through 360°. CBCTcontrast was compared for both the low‐Z‐target and 6MV beams.CNR was measured as a function of dose using a bone/lung phantom containing a central ionization chamber. The same phantom was located in cylindrical containers ranging in diameter from 13 cm to 25 cm to measure the rate of reduction of CBCTcontrast with separation. Finally, a pig head was imaged allowing a qualitative comparison. Contrast is improved by a factor ranging from 1.8 to 3.4 (mean 2.3) with the low‐Z‐target beam. Over an imaging dose range from 3 cGy to 23.5 cGy, CNR improves by a consistent factor of 1.7 and 2.4 for bone and lung, respectively. Contrast deteriorates with separation more rapidly for the low‐Z‐target beam than for 6MV; however for the maximum diameter of 25 cm contrast remains superior by a factor of 1.4 and 1.5 for bone and lung, respectively. Images of the pig head demonstrate qualitatively improved CNR and preservation of spatial resolution. Contrast and CNR are improved significantly in CBCTimages using the low‐Z‐target beam, over a clinically‐useful range of patient separation. Conflict of interest: Research sponsored by Varian Medical,

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Comparison of Cu and Pt point-contact electrodes on proton conducting BaZr0.7Ce0.2Y0.1O3−δ

The hydrogen oxidation kinetics of Cu and Pt point contact-electrodes on proton conducting BaZr0.7Ce0.2Y0.1O3−δ (BZCY72) were studied over a range of temperatures and hydrogen pressures using impedance spectroscopy. Characteristic capacitances were used to identify process contributions as charge and mass transfer, then Langmuir adsorption theory and Butler-Volmer charge transfer formalism were used to propose a hydrogen oxidation model to describe the experimental data. The charge transfer hydrogen pressure dependencies were p H 2 3 / 4 for Cu, attributed to a high occupancy of adsorbed oxygen at three-phase boundary sites in the water-vapor containing atmosphere, and p H 2 - 1 / 4 for Pt, corresponding to a hydrogen saturated interface. The Cu and Pt point contact electrodes exhibit similar temperature dependencies for charge transfer, with activation enthalpies of 0.82 and 0.93 eV, and pre-exponentials of approximately 160 and 1000 Ω−1cm−1, respectively. Mass transfer dominated the total polarization resistance of both metal point contact electrodes, exhibiting a p H 2 1 / 2 hydrogen pressure dependency. The activation enthalpies are 1.21 eV for Cu and 0.73 eV for Pt, reflecting the higher catalytic activity generally expected for Pt. Pre-exponentials for mass transfer of approximately 10,000 Ω−1cm−1 for Cu and 2.6 Ω−1cm−1 for Pt, indicate that Cu utilizes a much larger active interface. Cu may be a suitable candidate electrode material for use in carbonaceous atmospheres, but the results of this work indicates that it suffers from a high activation enthalpy for mass transfer in the hydrogen oxidation reaction.

Field of study: Materials science
The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPAR-α) agonist, AVE8134, attenuates the progression of heart failure and increases survival in rats

To investigate the efficacy of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPARα) agonist, AVE8134, in cellular and experimental models of cardiac dysfunction and heart failure.In Sprague Dawley rats with permanent ligation of the left coronary artery (post-MI), AVE8134 was compared to the PPARγ agonist rosiglitazone and in a second study to the ACE inhibitor ramipril. In DOCA-salt sensitive rats, efficacy of AVE8134 on cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis was investigated. Finally, AVE8134 was administered to old spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) at a non-blood pressure lowering dose with survival as endpoint. In cellular models, we studied AVE8134 on hypertrophy in rat cardiomyocytes, nitric oxide signaling in human endothelial cells (HUVEC) and LDL-uptake in human MonoMac-6 cells.In post-MI rats, AVE8134 dose-dependently improved cardiac output, myocardial contractility and relaxation and reduced lung and left ventricular weight and fibrosis. In contrast, rosiglitazone exacerbated cardiac dysfunction. Treatment at AVE8134 decreased plasma proBNP and arginine and increased plasma citrulline and urinary NOx/creatinine ratio. In DOCA rats, AVE8134 prevented development of high blood pressure, myocardial hypertrophy and cardiac fibrosis, and ameliorated endothelial dysfunction. Compound treatment increased cardiac protein expression and phosphorylation of eNOS. In old SHR, treatment with a low dose of AVE8134 improved cardiac and vascular function and increased life expectancy without lowering blood pressure. AVE8134 reduced phenylephrine-induced hypertrophy in adult rat cardiomyocytes. In HUVEC, Ser-1177-eNOS phosphorylation but not eNOS expression was increased. In monocytes, AVE8134 increased the expression of CD36 and the macrophage scavenger receptor 1, resulting in enhanced uptake of oxidized LDL.Conclusion:The PPARα agonist AVE8134 prevents post-MI myocardial hypertrophy, fibrosis and cardiac dysfunction. AVE8134 has beneficial effects against hypertension-induced organ damages, resulting in decreased mortality. The compound exerts its protective properties by a direct effect on cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, but also indirectly via monocyte signaling and increased endothelial NO production.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Video Object Removal Using Global Motion Based Affine Model

A video object removal method using global motion based affine model is proposed.Non-removal region which is usually regarded as global motion is described by affine model.And then,matching points from two continuous frames are extracted to estimate affine model parameters.By taking account of the recursion of affine model and the global motion coherence,the removal region in each frame is repaired according to the corresponding information of other frames.The experimental results show that the proposed method achieves a better performance in removing objects,such as foreground,logo and so on,than some other methods.

Field of study: Computer science
The Cenomanian-Turonian boundary at Eastbourne (Sussex, UK): a proposed European reference section

The Cenomanian‐Turonian boundary (CTB) section at Eastbourne, Sussex, England is the thickest at outcrop in the Anglo‐Paris Basin, is rhythmic throughout, rich in macro-, micro- and nanno-fossils, and shows less diagenetic alteration than other sections in NW Europe. Geochemical and biostratigraphic data are all related to detailed (rhythmic) lithostratigraphy, allowing correlation with the global boundary stratotype section to within 20,000 years and accurate estimates of rates of changes. Very detailed stable isotope curves for oxygen and carbon are presented and show that the build-up phase of the CTB carbon excursion had two portions separated by a trough. Patterns of occurrence of coarse-fraction benthic foraminifera (>250 mm) show two peaks of extinction corresponding to the two build-up phases of the carbon excursion. Benthic and planktic foraminifera, ostracods and calcareous nannofossils all show declines in diversity and abundance across the CTB. Foraminifera also decline significantly in size. Key biomarker events for the CTB include: first occurrences of the ammonites Fagesia catinus and Mammites nodosoides, the bivalve Mytiloides, the planktic foraminifera Helvetoglobotruncana praehelveticaand Marginotruncana renzi, and the calcareous nannofossils Quadrum intermedium , Q. gartneri and Eprolithus octopetalus; and last occurrences of the ammonite Sciponoceras, the planktic foraminifera Rotalipora greenhornensis and R. cushmani, the calcareous nannofossils Corolithion kennedyi, Axopodorhabdus albianus , Lithraphidites acutus, Rhagodiscus asperand Microstaurus chiastius. Cyclostratigraphy allows very precise correlation of isotopic and bioevents with other sections in Europe and North America. Eastbourne is recommended as a NW European standard section.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Asynchronous sampling for ultrafast experiments with low momentum compaction at the ANKA ring.

A high-repetition-rate pump-probe experiment is presented, based on the asynchronous sampling approach. The low-α mode at the synchrotron ANKA can be used for a time resolution down to the picosecond limit for the time-domain sampling of the coherent THz emission as well as for hard X-ray pump-probe experiments, which probe structural dynamics in the condensed phase. It is shown that a synchronization of better than 1 ps is achieved, and examples of phonon dynamics of semiconductors are presented.

Field of study: Physics
Secretin Increases the Paracellular Permeability of CAPAN-1 Pancreatic Duct Cells

The effects of secretin, the physiological secretagogue for pancreatic ducts, were studied in CAPAN-1 pancreatic duct carcinoma cells. When grown to confluence on plastic dishes, CAPAN-1 cells form domes and exhibit marked increases in culture content of Na+ and urea distribution space (UDS). This parameter is measured as an index of both intracellular and dome compartments under the conditions adopted. Both Na+ increase and dome formation are inhibited by long term incubation with phorbols, DIDS, DPC, EIPA, H2 DIDS, and brefeldin. Short term treatment with secretin or 8-Br-cAMP/teophylline causes dome collapse and a marked decrease in UDS and culture content of Na+. Secretin-induced sodium decrease is not abolished by ion channel inhibitors, suggesting that diffusion routes other than ion channels are involved in hormone effects. This hypothesis is also in agreement with data obtained on CAPAN-1 cells cultured on permeable inserts, where no change in Na+ content or UDS is detected upon secretin treatment. Confluent monolayers exhibit a high transepithelial resistance (R ms) which is markedly and reversibly decreased by secretin. The hormone also decreases the transepithelial voltage (Vms) and raises the monolayer permeability to mannitol. It is concluded that secretin enhances the paracellular permeability of pancreatic duct cells. This effect of secretin, unknown thus far, may be involved in the mechanism of pancreatic secretion in vivo.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Production and characterization of highly specific anti-methotrexate monoclonal antibodies.

Spleen cells of a Biozzi HR mouse immunized with a bovine serum albumin-methotrexate conjugate were fused with P3-X63-Ag8.653 mouse myeloma cells. Twenty-three monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), selected by indirect ELISA, were produced and partially characterized. Using methotrexate (MTX) and eight structurally related compounds, binding specificities of the MAbs were assessed by inhibition enzyme immunoassay. All the MAbs had very low affinity for folic acid and its analogs and for the major MTX metabolite 7-hydroxymethotrexate. Using a computer cluster analysis program based on the binding specificities, the MAbs were divided into three groups. The thirteen MAbs in group I recognized primarily the pteridine portion of the MTX molecule; the eight group II MAbs recognized the benzene ring as well as the pteridine structure. The two MAbs in group III poorly distinguished between the different parts of the MTX molecule. The apparent equilibrium association constants of the anti-MTX MAbs in groups I, II, and III ranged from 7 x 10(9) to 3 x 10(8) M-1 (except for 1 MAb), from 5 x 10(7) to 6 x 10(6) M-1 (except for 2 MAbs), and from 1 x 10(6) to 3.5 x 10(5) M-1, respectively.

Field of study: Biology
l-lysine production by Bacillus methanolicus: Genome-based mutational analysis and l-lysine secretion engineering.

Bacillus methanolicus is a methylotrophic bacterium with an increasing interest in academic research and for biotechnological applications. This bacterium was previously applied for methanol-based production of l-glutamate, l-lysine and the five-carbon diamine cadaverine by wild type, classical mutant and recombinant strains. The genomes of two different l-lysine secreting B. methanolicus classical mutant strains, NOA2#13A52-8A66 and M168-20, were sequenced. We focused on mutational mapping in genes present in l-lysine and other relevant amino acid biosynthetic pathways, as well as in the primary cell metabolism important for precursor supply. In addition to mutations in the aspartate pathway genes dapG, lysA and hom-1, new mutational target genes like alr, proA, proB1, leuC, odhA and pdhD were identified. Surprisingly, no mutations were found in the putative l-lysine transporter gene lysEMGA3. Inspection of the wild type B. methanolicus strain PB1 genome sequence identified two homologous putative l-lysine transporter genes, lysEPB1 and lysE2PB1. The biological role of these putative l-lysine transporter genes, together with the heterologous l-lysine exporter gene lysECg from Corynebacterium glutamicum, were therefore investigated. Our results demonstrated that the titer of secreted l-lysine in B. methanolicus was significantly increased by overexpression of lysECg while overexpression of lysEMGA3, lysEPB1 and lysE2PB1 had no measurable effect.

Field of study: Biology, Engineering
Investigations of Magnetic Behavior in Various$rm Nb_3rm Sn$Multifilamentary Wires by Means of the 1st and 3rd Harmonics of the AC Magnetic Susceptibility

The 1st and 3rd harmonics of the AC magnetic susceptibility were measured as a function of the temperature on Nb3Sn multifilamentary wires, produced by different processes: bronze route (home made) and internal tin diffusion (Oxford) These measurements were performed both with and without a DC magnetic field, up to 19T. We observed that the magnetic response of the bronze route wire is mainly characterized by vortex dynamical phenomena, such as flux creep. This is in contrast with the internal tin wire, where the static hysteretic Bean model is sufficient to describe the magnetic behavior. Moreover, by using the 3rd harmonics measurements, it has been possible to get indication about the phase transition in the vortex lattice between the Bragg Glass phase and the disordered phase, which is absent in the bronze route multifilamentary wire. The H-T phase diagram has been obtained for both samples and has been compared with the previously analyzed one for the Nb3Sn single crystals and polycrystalline samples

Field of study: Physics
Engineering Value: The Transandine Railway and the ‘Techno-Capital’ State in Chile at the End of the Nineteenth Century

By the end of the nineteenth century, railway expansion had led to the formation of a technocratic bureaucracy in Chile and other countries in Latin America. Central to this formation were the engineers who oversaw and regulated both public and private railways. Recently, historians have begun to re-examine engineers’ roles in this period. By employing methods and theoretical framings from the history of technology, this article argues that engineering was an important framework through which state–capital relations evolved, making engineers pivotal actors in the evolution of political economy at the time.

Field of study: Political science
Geochemistry of the alteration pipe at the Amulet Upper A deposit, Noranda, Quebec

The Amulet Upper A orebody is a stratiform pyritiferous copper–zinc deposit situated within a sequence of andesitic pillow lavas. Underlying the massive sulphides is a cylindrical alteration pipe containing sulphides plus cordierite–anthophyllite-bearing rock. Hydrothermal alteration considered coincident with the formation of the overlying massive sulphides resulted in the development of a chlorite–quartz assemblage occupying the center of the alteration pipe, with a sericite–epidote–quartz assemblage at the fringes. Contact metamorphism resulting from the intrusion of the Lac Dufault granodiorite isochemically transformed the chlorite–quartz assemblage to cordierite–anthophyllite, and the sericite–epidote–quartz assemblage to biotite–epidote–quartz. This caused the development of four mineralogical zones within the alteration pipe: (1) anthophyllite zone, (2) cordierite zone, (3) biotite zone, and (4) stockwork zone.Pillows within the alteration pipe and exterior to it were studied using whole-rock anal...

Field of study: Environmental science
A case of infant botulism in a 4-month-old baby.

Learning point for clinicians

This case report highlights: (i) the difficulty of infant botulism (IB) diagnosis as it is a rare disease, (ii) the efficacy and safety of trivalent equine antitoxin in IB treatment, (iii) honey is not the only cause of IB and (iv) the need for physician training to recognize and diagnose IB.

A 4-month-old baby (7 kg) was admitted to the Pediatric Department for constipation, feeding difficulties, weak cry, lethargy and weak muscular body control. Symptoms of infant botulism (IB) appeared 1 month before the admission, after hexavalent vaccine administration, with a slow and progressive evolution. The baby has become lethargic, with blunted facial expression and weak cry. Seven days before admission he started refusing breast milk. Clinical history revealed no perinatal or delivery complications and the baby was normal for development and growth (50th percentile). On admission the baby was fully conscious and the initial …

Field of study: Medicine
Tectonic discrimination of granitoids

Granitoids as categorized by tectonic environment are (1) island arc granitoids (IAG), (2) continental arc granitoids (CAG), (3) continental collision granitoids (CCG), (4) postorogenic granitoids (POG), (5) rift-related granitoids (RRG), (6) continental epeirogenic uplift granitoids (CEUG), and (7) oceanic plagiogranites (OP). Of these, the IAG, CAG, CCG, and POG are considered orogenic granitoids, and the RRG, CEUG, and OP are considered anorogenic granitoids.

The discrimination of granitoids is based on the major-element chemistry. Various discrimination plots are presented which sequentially discriminate the different tectonic environments. OP are separated from all other granitoids on the K2O versus SiO2 plot. Discrimination between group I (IAG + CAG + CCG), group II (RRG + CEUG), and group III (POG) granitoids can be achieved by using plots of Al2O3 versus SiO2, FeO(T)/ [FeO(T) + MgO] versus SiO2, and AFM and ACF ternary diagrams. In the figures, group I and group II plot in individual fields. Identification of group III is different, in that group III does not have a unique field in which it plots. Group III is identified because it consistently displays characteristics of both group I and group II. Further discrimination within group I can be accomplished on the basis of Shand's index. Only CCG have A/CNK [AL2O3/(CaO + Na2O + K2O)] values greater than 1.15. It is not possible to discriminate between IAG and CAG. Further discrimination within group II is done using the TiO2 versus SiO2 plot.

The proposed discrimination scheme is applied to the Proterozoic granitoids of the midcontinent of the United States. It is shown that the Arbuckle granitoids are not anorogenic as previously thought.

Field of study: Geology
Research and Development of Alternative Concepts in HTS Machines

High temperature superconducting (HTS) machines are recognized to offer several advantageous features when comparing to conventional ones. Amongst these, highlights the decrease in weight and volume of the machines, due to increased current density in conductors or the absence of iron slots' teeth; or the decrease in AC losses and consequent higher efficiency of the machines, even accounting for cryogenics. These concepts have been already demonstrated and some machines have even achieved commercial stage. In this paper, several alternative approaches are applied to electrical motors employing HTS materials. The first one is an all superconducting linear motor, where copper conductors and permanent magnets are replaced by Bi-2223 windings and trapped flux magnets, taking advantage of stable levitation due to flux pinning, higher current densities and higher excitation field. The second is an induction disk motor with Bi-2223 armature, where iron, ironless and hybrid approaches are compared. Finally, an innovative command strategy, consisting of an electronically variable pole pairs' number approach, is applied to a superconducting hysteresis disk motor. All these concepts are being investigated and simulation and experimental results are presented.

Field of study: Physics