nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Paleobiology of complex trace fossils

Complex trace fossils include structurally elaborate biogenic structures such as the large, spiral forms of Zoophycos and the intricately organized graphoglyptids; compound structures consisting of connected parts that would receive different ichnotaxonomic labels if preserved in isolation; and recurrent spatial associations of different trace fossils that probably represent strong ecologic interaction. These complicated animal artefacts should not be viewed so much as preservational rarities or taxonomic puzzles, but rather as neglected sources of information on the ethologic, ecologic and evolutionary characteristics of trace producers. Trying to fit these structures into the traditional behavioral classification scheme of Seilacher is bound to fail. Many complex trace fossils appear to have been occupied for long intervals and to record re-engineering or active control of proximal habitats by the trace-producing organisms. Attempting to understand their actual biologic significance will require new descriptive and interpretive approaches. One possible descriptive approach involves making comprehensive inventories of structural elements that record particular kinds of adaptive behavior or interaction (behavioral tokens). Portraying the spatial and temporal order of tokens could be done using a kind of systems diagram (paleoethologic ‘blueprint’) that summarizes construction, operation and maintenance of complex biogenic structures. New approaches to interpretation involve viewing the structures as evidence of physiologic projection of the trace producers, or as the extended phenotypes of these organisms. A reorganized approach to the study of complex biogenic structures emphasizing biologic properties would not only lead to some very old puzzles finally being solved, but also would revitalize ichnology and forge new and productive connections to ecology and evolutionary biology.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Terrestrial degradation impacts on coral reef health: Evidence from the Caribbean

Coral reefs are in decline worldwide. While coral reef managers are limited in their ability to tackle global challenges, such as ocean warming, managing local threats can increase the resilience of coral reefs to these global threats. One such local threat is high sediment inputs to coastal waters due to terrestrial over-grazing. Increases in terrestrial sediment input into coral reefs are associated with increased coral mortality, reduced growth rates, and changes in species composition, as well as alterations to fish communities. We used general linear models to investigate the link between vegetation ground cover and tree biomass index, within a dry-forest ecosystem, to coral cover, fish communities and visibility in the case study site of Bonaire, Caribbean Netherlands. We found a positive relationship between ground cover and coral cover below 10 m depth, and a negative relationship between tree biomass index and coral cover below 10 m. Greater ground cover is associated to sediment anchored through root systems, and higher surface complexity, slowing water flow, which would otherwise transport sediment. The negative relationship between tree biomass index and coral cover is unexpected, and may be a result of the deep roots associated with dry-forest trees, due to limited availability of water, which therefore do not anchor surface sediment, or contribute to surface complexity. Our analysis provides evidence that coral reef managers could improve reef health through engaging in terrestrial ecosystem protection, for example by taking steps to reduce grazing pressures, or in restoring degraded forest ecosystems.

Field of study: Environmental science
New Active Queue Management Scheme Based on Non-Linear Control Theory

This paper proposes a new active queue management (AQM) scheme based on non-linear control theory (NLC): NLC-RED (Random Early Detection). The scheme adds the exponentially function in the original drop probability equation, and the parameter is adjusted dynamically. Theoretical analysis and experiment demonstration have proved that the stability of buffer queue occupancy in NLC-RED is better than that of the Adaptive RED, which is recently introduced.

Field of study: Computer science
Affects in the analytic experience and afterwards

In view of the theories that base the essence of the human being on the affects as indices of authenticity, Lacan supports their character, at the end of an analysis, in an unpredictable way. From then on, in addition to the debate about the place of affects for the human being, it is a matter of knowing if the experience of analysis allows an accommodation in the way in which a subject experiences affects, a way that would be of the order of a normalization. Or rather, can one postulate a singularity in the relation of a subject to his or her affects? These questions lead to another: do affects exist in a manner that might be unique to a subject who has made an analysis? What are the affects that permit the analyst to orient him or herself in the treatment? What is the place of the affects of the counter transference in the treatment? We will attempt to show what changes radically at the level of affects for someone who has made the choice of speaking to an analyst. In other words, how is the subject, affected by the unconscious, affected by the experience of analysis?

Field of study: Philosophy
Virtual Scissors in a Thin Haptic and Force Feedback Environment

The virtual scissors using virtual hands we propose enable users can cut virtual paper with their own hands. One purpose of our proposal is to facilitate implementing different tools simply by changing software parameters. Another is to make a general-purpose system with small-scale input and output devices for general applications, e.g., only using thin haptic information and force feedback. With such virtual reality (VR) scissors, we introduced feedback to cover any impressions such as interface interference during use. We evaluated whether an interaction occurred between vibration feedback and sound effects. Using this system, we found that users could manipulate virtual scissors through a data-glove similar to the use of real ones.

Field of study: Computer science
[Dualistic action of scopolamine on avoidance conditioned response in dogs (author's transl)].

Six mongrel dogs were trained to respond conditionally to an electric stimulus on the skin when a bell-ringing served as the positive conditional stimulus to which the dogs responded by raising the right foreleg to switch off the subsequent electric stimulus. The dogs were also trained to discriminate a buzzer-ringing, the negative conditional stimulus, from the bell. 
Scopolamine administered singly in these dogs produced a stimulating effect at 0.1 mg/kg as shown by failure of the dogs to discriminate the signals, and a depressive effect at 0.5 mg/kg as shown by their failure to respond to positive conditional stimuli. The dogs showed a “tolerance” to repeated doses of the drug. Scopolamine synergized with chlorpromazine in depressive effect and with amphetamine in stimulating effect. The present results confirmed the previous reports on the dualistic central action of scopolamine not only at different doses but also at an identical dose. 
In view of the development of surgical anesthesis with scopolamine and chlorpromazine on the basis of the synergism in their central depressive effect, further studies on the mechanism of their actions, alone or in combination, are desirable.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
A study of species richness and diversity in seed banks and its use for the environmental mitigation of a proposed holiday village development in a coniferized woodland in south east England

A survey was carried out to determine the density and species composition of germinable seed in the surface soil layers of 30 plots within a coniferized lowland woodland in East Kent in order to establish the resources available for habitat creation in the event of some areas being modified during a proposed holiday village development. The selected plots included conifer plantations (up to 69 years old), broad-leaved plantations and the semi-natural broad-leaved edges that remain on parts of the perimeter of the site which were used as the control. A total of 13 682 seedlings emerged from the soil samples during the four-month germination trials. Fifty-two species were identified of which eight were ancient woodland indicator species for south-east England. The most abundant species represented in the seed banks were: Juncus effusus, Rubus fruticosus, Carex sylvatica, Betula pendula and Agrostis tenuis. Between-site comparisons of coniferous plots of different ages revealed a marked reduction in the seed species and seed density in plantations over 65 years old. Results of soil nutrient and texture analyses ruled out the likelihood of edaphic factors being responsible for between-site differences in seed bank composition. Seed species richness and diversity (Shannon-Wiener diversity index) were greatest in the semi-natural broad-leaved edges, but the diversity index used also showed that two replanted conifer sites had high values despite few species being present. The usefulness and limitations of diversity indices in the context of seed bank studies is discussed. From the results of the study, management proposals for the site have been put forward in order to maintain floristic diversity and mitigate the impact of the proposed development.

Field of study: Environmental science
TREATMENT OF GRAVEL SOIL WITH SOFT LENS BY CEMENT DEEP MIXING PILES

In this paper, the layer of gravel soil with soft lens is treated using the cement deep mixing piles (CDMP). The field observation is also carried out to investigate the settlement and deformation of the apartment. Results show that, after CDMP treatment, the bearing capacity of the gravel layer with soft lens increases 63% with the replacement rate of 23%, and increases 15%―31% with the replacement rate of 11.6%. In the case of concrete-cored cement deep mixing pile composite foundation, the bearing capacity of composite foundation can increase roughly 105% if the replacement rate is 23%, and the settlement and deformation is reduced significantly.

Field of study: Engineering
Die Absorptionsbanden des Stickstoffs

ZusammenfassungEs wurde das Absorptionsspektrum des Stickstoffs untersucht und dabei festgestellt, daß das von Lyman, Birge und Hopfield im N2 gefundene Bandensystem, welches wegen der Übereinstimmung der entsprechenden Schwingungsfrequenzdifferenzen von mir dem NO zugeordnet wurde, dem Stickstoff angehört. Hingegen konnte das Absorptionssystem, das an die bekannten Stickstoffbanden anschließen soll, nicht gefunden werden.

Field of study: Physics
3D-Printed Patient-Specific ACL Femoral Tunnel Guide from MRI

Traditional ACL reconstruction with non-anatomic techniques can demonstrate unsatisfactory long-term outcomes with regards instability and the degenerative knee changes observed with these results. Anatomic ACL reconstruction attempts to closely reproduce the patient's individual anatomic characteristics with the aim of restoring knee kinematics, in order to improve patient short and long-term outcomes. We designed an arthroscopic, patient-specific, ACL femoral tunnel guide to aid anatomical placement of the ACL graft within the femoral tunnel.  The guide design was based on MRI scan of the subject's uninjured contralateral knee, identifying the femoral footprint and its anatomical position relative to the borders of the femoral articular cartilage. Image processing software was used to create a 3D computer aided design which was subsequently exported to a 3D-printing service.  Transparent acrylic based photopolymer, PA220 plastic and 316L stainless steel patient-specific ACL femoral tunnel guides were created; the models produced were accurate with no statistical difference in size and positioning of the center of the ACL femoral footprint guide to MRI (p=0.344, p=0.189, p=0.233 respectively). The guides aim to provide accurate marking of the starting point of the femoral tunnel in arthroscopic ACL reconstruction.  This study serves as a proof of concept for the accurate creation of 3D-printed patient-specific guides for the anatomical placement of the femoral tunnel during ACL reconstruction.

Field of study: Medicine
Spatio-temporal Sequence Prediction with Point Processes and Self-organizing Decision Trees

We investigate spatio-temporal prediction and introduce a novel prediction algorithm. Our approach is based on the point processes, which we use to model the event arrivals in both space and time. Although we specifically use the Hawkes process, other processes can be readily used as provided remarks in the paper. Moreover, we partition the given spatial region into subregions by an adaptive decision tree and model each subregion with individual and interacting point processes. With individual point processes for each subregion, we estimate the time and location of the events using the past event times and locations. Furthermore, thanks to the nonstationary and self-exciting point generation mechanism in the Hawkes process and the adaptive partitioning of the space, we model the data as nonstationary in both time and space. Finally, we provide a gradient based joint optimization algorithm for the adaptive tree parameter and the point process parameters. With the joint optimization, our algorithm can infer the source statistics and adaptive partitioning of the region. We also provide a training algorithm for the online setup, where we update the model parameters with newly arrived points. We provide experimental results on both simulated data and real-life data where we compare our approach with the standard approaches and demonstrate significant performance improvements thanks to the adaptive spatial partitioning mechanism and the joint optimization procedure.

Field of study: Computer science
Chemical Interaction of CdTe and CdZnTe with Aqueous Solutions of H2O2-HI-Tartaric Acid

An iodine-based etching system, H2O2-HI-tartaric acid, was tested on CdTe samples with (110), (100), (111)A, and (111)B orientations. The etching rate of CdTe was shown to depend on the sample orientation, ratio of etchant composition components, temperature, and rotation speed of the disc. A study of the chemical composition and structure of the (211)B Cd1−xZnxTe surfaces etched under different conditions was carried out. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements showed that a nearly stoichiometric surface was achieved after heating of the etched surface in vacuum. Reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED) measurements revealed a very good single-crystalline surface layer in samples etched with HI-based solutions as compared with bromine-methanol treatment.

Field of study: Materials science
О СИЛЬНО НЕЛИНЕЙНЫХ АКУСТИЧЕСКИХ ВОЛНАХ

Обсуждено различие сильно нелинейных волн и волн слабых, в которых нелинейность выражена сильно. Предлагается классификация сильно нелинейных сосредоточенных и распределенных систем. Приведены примеры математических моделей и некоторых явлений, проявляющихся в сильно нелинейных волновых полях.

Field of study: Physics
Effects of parabens on apoptosis induced by serum-free medium

Alkyl esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acids (parabens), an endocrine disrupter, are used as preservatives in cosmetics and foods. In this study, to understand the relationship between parabens and differentiation in infants, the effects of parabens on apoptosis induced by serum deprivation in PC12 cells were investigated. In addition, apoptosis-related factors were assayed. As results, a tendency toward enhancement of apoptosis was observed in the cells cultured in the serum-free medium with methylparaben, and this tendency was suggested to be related to the contents of BAD, a pro-apoptotic protein. Butylparaben did not show any tendency to enhance apoptosis.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Genetic dissection of drought and heat‐responsive agronomic traits in wheat

High yield and wide adaptation are principal targets of wheat breeding but are hindered by limited knowledge on genetic basis of agronomic traits and abiotic stress tolerances. In this study, 277 wheat accessions were phenotyped across 30 environments with non‐stress, drought‐stressed, heat‐stressed, and drought‐heat‐stressed treatments and were subjected to genome‐wide association study using 395 681 single nucleotide polymorphisms. We detected 295 associated loci including consistent loci for agronomic traits across different treatments and eurytopic loci for multiple abiotic stress tolerances. A total of 22 loci overlapped with quantitative trait loci identified by biparental quantitative trait loci mapping. Six loci were simultaneously associated with agronomic traits and abiotic stress tolerance, four of which fell within selective sweep regions. Selection in Chinese wheat has increased the frequency of superior marker alleles controlling yield‐related traits in the four loci during past decades, which conversely diminished favourable genetic variation controlling abiotic stress tolerance in the same loci; two promising candidate paralogous genes colocalized with such loci, thereby providing potential targets for studying the molecular mechanism of stress tolerance–productivity trade‐off. These results uncovering promising alleles controlling agronomic traits and/or multiple abiotic stress tolerances, providing insights into heritable covariation between yield and abiotic stress tolerance, will accelerate future efforts for wheat improvement.

Field of study: Environmental science
LIQUID AND SOLID PHASE REACTION KINETICS OF PHOSPHORIC ACID COMPLEX SYSTEM(II) EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON DIGESTION KINETICS OF PHOSPHATE ORE PARTICLE SYSTEM

Based upon the discussion of the diffusion and reaction processes in paper Ⅰ,including general analysis of crystal micro-structure ,substance phase and chemical contents of three kinds of phosphate ores of domestic mine(Jing He,Xiao Feng and Kai Yang),the reaction kinetics process involving phosphoric acid-phosphate ore particles was investigated in an experiment system.As a result,the new negative temperature effect of iron and alumium impurity reaction was discovered.Accompanying these special phenomena in fractal particles ,the self-ordering structrue arising in the diffusion process was demonstrated in the experiments by using scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis.Furthermore,the kinetic process was described by adopting the new model in paper(Ⅰ) ,and satisfactory results were obtained.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Aspects of two group concordance

A definition of concordance is derived from Rao's concept of a perfect diversity measure in order to identify aspects about which two populations of judges agree. In the case where each judge independently ranks a fixed set of items, the class of concordance measures based on the marginal distributions of the ranks is characterized by bi-affine similarity functions that measure how well pairs of judges tend to agree. This class contains population versions of several familiar indices of concordance, including Kendall's W. Concordance between two populations, refered to as intergroup concordance, is also scaled against its corresponding intragroup measures. Small sample properties of estimators of the ratio of inter-to-intra group concordance are investigated in a Monte Carlo study. An example is given to illustrate components of concordance attributable to subsets of items, and to contrast the proposed methods with previous analyses.

Field of study: Mathematics
Prednisone treatment inhibits the differentiation of B lymphocytes into plasma cells in MRL/MpSlac-lpr mice

A number of evidence shows that the differentiation of B lymphocytes into plasma cells plays an important role in lupus pathogenesis. In this study we investigated how prednisone, a classical therapeutic drug for autoimmune diseases, regulated plasma cell differentiation in MRL/MpSlac-lpr mice.MRL/lpr mice were treated with prednisone (2.5 or 5 mg·kg−1·d−1, ig) for 13 weeks, and the proteinuria levels and survival times were monitored. After the mice were euthanized, blood sample, spleen and thymus were collected. The serum levels of anti-dsDNA antibody, anti-nuclear antibody, IL-21, and IL-10 were detected using ELISA kits. Subsets of splenic B and T lymphocytes were quantified with flow cytometry. Transcription factor Blimp-1 and Bcl-6 expression was determined using qPCR and Western blot.Prednisone treatment dose-dependently attenuated the lupus symptoms in MRL/lpr mice with decreased proteinuria levels, prolonged survival times, decreased serum anti-nuclear antibody levels, and reduced spleen and thymus indices. Prednisone treatment also significantly decreased the elevated percentages of plasma cells and plasma cell precursors, decreased the percentages of activated T cells, and increased the frequency of CD4+CD62L+ cells, demonstrated that decreased anti-nuclear antibodies and improvements in lupus symptoms were associated with decreased plasma cells. Furthermore, prednisone treatment decreased serum IL-21 and IL-10 levels and reduced the expression of splenic Blimp-1 and Bcl-6 (two key regulatory factors for plasma cell differentiation) in MRL/lpr mice.Prednisone treatment restricts B lymphocyte differentiation into plasma cells in MRL/lpr mice, which may be correlated with the inhibition of IL-21 production and the restoration of the balance between Blimp-1 and Bcl-6.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
To Explore the Manifestation of Linguaculture Potentials in the English Lecturer’s Teaching

This study was attempted to explore what sorts of linguaculture potentials had been manifested by English language lecturers, and how did the lectures manifest the linguaculture potentials in English class. In general, this study applied qualitative research thoroughly. Data collection was collected in in-class observation, in which seven classes had been observed in a sum. Coding derived from the in-class observation transcript was separately analyzed, by then findings were synthesized as themes to illustrate the main points of linguaculture implements in English class. Based on the themes, there were two aspects presented from the findings. The first one was the ways of linguaculture incorporation, and second was the content of linguaculture incorporation. The study suggested the innovation in linguaculture implemented English teaching.  key words, linguaculture implements, effect, English class DOI: 10.7176/JEP/11-33-02 Publication date: November 30 th 2020

Field of study: Education
Privatisation policy and performance : international perspectives

Part 1 Privatization policy and performance - an overview. Part 2 Privatization in traditional economics: privatization in Eastern Europe what can be learned from Eastern Europe? privatization and economic reform in Mongolia, Vietnam and North Korea privatization in natural resource and energy industries. Part 3 privatization in sub-Saharan Africa: privatization in Mexico privatization in Brazil privatization in Malaysia. Part 4 Regulation in the UK: regulating the UK electricity utilities ownership reform and privatization.

Field of study: Economics