nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
MECHANICAL ANALYSIS OF MULTI-VERTICAL-LINE-ELEMENT MODEL OF RC SHEAR-WALLS AND ITS IMPROVEMENT

The mechanical property of Multi-vertical-line-element model is analyzed.For the beam element whose behavior can be simulated with the multi-vertical-line-element model,the functions of rotation angle and lateral displacement are proved to be linear.To obtain the bending lateral displacement,one node numerical integration should be adopted.The meaning of c,the center of rotation of the Multi-vertical-line-element model,is discussed.It is figured out that the value of c reflects the variation of quadrature nodes and the influences of the element stiffness.Improved modes for the arrangements of vertical spring are put forward.Calculation efficiency is imporved if the springs are arranged at Gauss points rather than uniformaly.Finally,new idea to improve the model is presented.

Field of study: Engineering
User Equilibrium Exchange Allocation Algorithm Based on Super Network

The theory of super network is an effective method to various traffic networks with means of multiple decision-making. It provides us with a favorable pricing decision tool for it combines a practical transport network with the space pricing decision. Spatial price equilibrium problem has always been the important research direction of the Transport Economics and regional transportation planning. As to how to combine the two, this paper presents the user equilibrium exchange allocation algorithm based on super network, which successfully keep the classical spatial price equilibrium problems (SPE) into a super-network analysis framework. Through super-network analysis, we can add two virtual nodes in the network, which correspond to the virtual supply node and the super-super-demand virtual node, analysis the user equivalence with the SPE equilibrium and find the concrete steps of users exchange allocation algorithm based on super-network equilibrium. Finally, we carried out experiments to verify. The experiments show that: through the user equilibrium exchange SPE allocation algorithm based on super-network, we can get the steady-state equilibrium solution, which demonstrate that the algorithm is reasonable.

Field of study: Computer science
Antioxidant activity of qizhu tang.

To study the antioxidant, activity of Qizhu Tang (QZT) both in vivo and in vitro.



QZT consists of 4 herbal constituents (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae, Poria cocos, Kadix Notoginseng, and Radix Astragali), each of the components and their combinations were examined in vitro for 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and hydroxyl radical scavenging activities, and for the inhibition of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) formation in rat liver homogenate. At the same time, their in vivo protective effect on cerebral ischemia-areperfusion injury was determined in rats.



Only the preparations having a higher antioxidant activity comparable to QZT in all three in vitro assays were relatively active in vivo both for TBARS inhibition and glutathione peroxidase preservation, although the activities were much lower than that of QZT as a whole.



QZT formula is a good natural antioxidant having an effective preventive effect against cerebral ischemia reperfusion damage.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Molecular dynamics study of ion migration mechanism in rubidium nitrate

Rubidium nitrate has different crystalline modifications (phases I–IV), and the most interesting among them is the orientationally disordered phase III which is the most conducting. We used classical molecular dynamics simulation to study the mechanism of ion migration and the role of the orientational disordering in the high ionic conductivity. In our preliminary simulation (N.F. Uvarov et al., Solid State Ionics. 188 (2011) 78–82) the point defect formation energy was calculated, and it was found that phase III demonstrates lower values of the energy than phases II and IV. It was suggested that the conductivity in the rubidium nitrate can be limited by the defect formation rather than the cationic migration process. In this paper we have performed additional simulations and also calculated the activation energy of cationic migration for phases III and IV. This energy is less than the energy of the defect formation by one order of magnitude in both phases. It confirms our suggestion that the main reason for the high conductivity of phase III is the lower energy of the defect formation.

Field of study: Materials science
Establishment of Omnidirectional Competency Modeling of Enterprise Leaders

Competency modeling of enterprise leaders is the key criterion to distinguish excellent leaders from ordinary leaders. A successful competency modeling of enterprise leaders is good to recruit, elevate and evaluate leaders. The paper has managed to establish omnidirectional competency modeling of enterprise leaders based on mature theories on leaders including the theory of particularities of successful leaders, the theory of leading behaviors and styles and the theory of leading environment. Combined with management practice of enterprise, the establishment of the model is expected to help select and foster leaders for all kinds of corporations.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Performance of a hydrocarbon driven domestic refrigerator based on varying concentration of SiO2 nano-lubricant

This experimental work studies the performance of varying concentrations of SiO2 nanoparticle in mineral oil lubricant using LPG refrigerant, as a retrofit to R134a in a domestic refrigeration system. The test rig is fitted with thermocouple K, pressure gauges and a watt-meter to monitor the suction, discharge, the condensing temperatures, pressures and power consumption in accordance with ISO 8187 recommendations. Performance parameters investigated included: pull down time, compressor power consumption and input, coefficient of performance and thermal conductivity and viscosity. Findings showed that all the selected charges of LPG refrigerant infused with varying concentrations of nano-lubricants, achieved equal values of -3 °C (ISO 8187), or lower values of evaporator air temperatures at lower refrigerant charges, than the baseline R134a refrigerant. All the selected nano-lubricants based refrigerants resulted in improved Coefficient of Performance (COP) than R134a refrigerant, with COP values ranging from 2.05 with 50 g charge of LPG using 0.4 g/L nano-lubricant to 2.65 with 60 g of LPG using 0.2 g/L SiO2 based lubricant. Lower power input was recorded by the compressor for all the selected charges of SiO2-lubricant based LPG than R134a refrigerants, having 28.81 W (with 60 g charge of LPG using 0.2 g/L) and 39.21 W (with 100 g charge of R134a refrigerant using pure compressor oil lubricant). In addition, at low concentration of nanoparticle in the lubricants based LPG refrigerant, reduction in power consumption of the compressor was observed, whereas higher concentration of nanoparticle in the lubricant, resulted in a rise in power consumption. Furthermore, thermal conductivity values were found to be low at the suction and discharge ends of the compressor for R134a using pure mineral oil lubricant, whereas the values were high for retrofit working fluid (pure LPG refrigerant, and LPG with varying concentrations of nano-lubricants), at the suction and discharge ends of the compressor.

Field of study: Engineering
A Study on Attention Guidance to Driver by Subliminal Visual Information (Japanese Title

This paper presents a new warning method for increasing drivers' sensitivity for recognizing hazardous factors in the driving environment. The method is based on a subliminal effect. The results of many experiments performed by three dimensional head-mounted display shows that the response time for detecting a flashing mark tended to decrease when a subliminal mark was shown in advance. Priming effects are observed in subliminal visual information. This paper also proposes a scenario for implementing this method in real vehicles.

Field of study: Computer science
Source emission characterization of residential wood-burning stoves and fireplaces: fine particle methyl chloride ratios for use in chemical mass balance modeling.

The results of an experiment to determine the ratio of fine aerosol to methyl chloride in residential wood burning are presented. Accurate measurements of this ratio are necessary for receptor models that use methyl chloride as a unique tracer of woodsmoke and for chemical mass balance (CMB) models that include methyl chloride in the wood-burning source composition matrix. It is demonstrated how the values of the fine particle to methyl chloride ratios for various types of wood and burn conditions may be used in a stratified sampling scheme to determine a composite value of the ratio, which is found to be about 0.68 +/- 0.13 (..mu..g/m/sup 3/)/parts per trillion (volume) in Portland, OR. The ratio is used in a CMB calculation to estimate the wood-burning contribution to fine particulate concentrations in a residential neighborhood. Ratios of several hydrocarbon gases to CO/sub 2/ in residential wood burning are also presented for use in models that may attempt source reconcilation of hydrocarbon species. 20 references, 1 figure, 6 tables.

Field of study: Environmental science
Stimulation of Suicidal Erythrocyte Death by Ipratropium Bromide

Ipratropium bromide, an anticholinergic agent widely used in obstructive lung disease, has previously been shown to trigger suicidal death of nucleated cells or apoptosis. Despite their lack of mitochondria and nuclei, key organelles in the execution of apoptosis, erythrocytes may similarly undergo suicidal cell death, which is characterized by cell shrinkage and by cell membrane scrambling with phosphatidylserine-exposure at the cell surface. Triggers of eryptosis include increase of cytosolic Ca2+-activity ([Ca2+]i). The present study explored whether ipratropium bromide triggers eryptosis.  [Ca Ca2+]i was estimated utilizing Fluo3 fluorescence, cell volume from forward scatter, phosphatidylserine-exposure from annexin-V-binding, and hemolysis from hemoglobin release.  A 48 h exposure to ipratropium bromide (1 nM) significantly increased [Ca2+]i, decreased forward scatter and increased annexin-V-binding. Ipratropium bromide treatment was followed by slight but significant increase of hemolysis. Removal of extracellular Ca2+ or inhibition of Ca2+ permeable cation channels with amiloride (1 mM) virtually abolished cell membrane scrambling. Ca2+ ionophore ionomycin (1 µM, 30 min) increased the percentage of phosphatidylserine exposing erythrocytes to similarly high levels in the absence and presence of ipratropium bromide (1 nM).  Ipratropium bromide triggers suicidal erythrocyte death or eryptosis, an effect mainly due to stimulation of Ca2+-entry.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
REVIEW ARTICLE: Electrical properties of grain boundaries in polycrystalline compound semiconductors

In polycrystalline semiconductors the trapping of charge at the grain boundaries has a decisive influence on the electrical transport properties through the formation of electrostatic potential barriers. By proper materials processing many interesting device applications can be realised, which exploit the electrical activity of these interfaces. In this review, the authors describe both the origin and the consequences of the charge capturing at grain boundaries. Special emphasis is given to polycrystalline compound semiconductors, where they summarise the present knowledge on the interface microstructure and its electrical properties. The model of a double Schottky barrier is shown to provide a quantitative basis for understanding the wide range of electrical phenomena in this class of materials. The steady-state current-voltage characteristic becomes highly non-linear through the interplay between the applied bias and the occupation of the defect states at the interface and in the depletion regions. For large potential barriers, high doping levels and elevated bias, large electric fields build up in the depletion regions. This triggers minority carrier generation through impact ionisation by hot majority carriers and strongly enhances the non-linearities in the charge transport. The dynamic electrical properties are probed by AC admittance or pulse measurements and can be traced back to the finite relaxation times of the trapped electron and hole charges. Comparing the experimental results with the theoretical predictions allows one to obtain valuable information on the electronic grain boundary parameters. The relationship between the observed electrical properties and the electronic structure of the junctions is discussed in detail, with ZnO varistors providing the majority of the experimental data. First indications for a general picture of the grain boundary electronic structure appropriate for all compound semiconductors are presented.

Field of study: Materials science
[Modern diagnostics of vestibular dysfunction].

Based on the data of anatomy and physiology of vestibular apparatus, authors reviewed methods of assessment of its functional state, theoretical and practical aspects of their strength and limitations. A special attention is drawn to current approaches to investigation of vestibular-ocular reflex (VOR) in different pathologies. The authors emphasized that the diagnostics of vestibular dysfunction should be based on a battery of tests. Both traditional and new methodologies should be used.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Quantifying genetic distance between wild and captive strains of the grey partridge Perdix perdix in France: conservation implications

The grey partridge Perdix perdix is an important gamebird in Europe. Its numbers have decreased dramatically during the XXth century and releases are commonly undertaken for the conservation of the populations and/or hunting purposes in Western Europe. However, this practice that generally involves birds from commercial farms raises several concerns, among which a potential hybridization between farmed and wild individuals. Herein, based on microsatellite markers, we characterize the genetic patterns of farmed birds in view of wild birds of the two French subspecies (P. p. armoricana in central-northern France and P. p. hispaniensis in the Pyrenees). Hence, we estimate the risk of genetic introgression between wild and farmed birds. Our results highlight a genetic divergence between both subspecies—in accordance with the known evolutionary history of the grey partridge during the Quaternary. In central-northern France, a slight but significant difference in the genetic signature between wild and farmed partridges is detected. This difference however does not seem prone to alter the gene pool of wild birds if farmed birds are released in the wild and reproduce. On the contrary, in the Pyrenees, the large and significant genetic difference between wild and farmed birds represents a real risk of genetic introgression. This threat should be taken into account in population management.

Field of study: Environmental science
Precise determination of elastic constants by high-resolution inelastic X-ray scattering.

Inelastic X-ray scattering (IXS) measurements have been performed on an MgO single crystal in order to evaluate IXS as a methodology for accurate and precise determination of elastic constants and sound velocities. By performing the IXS experiment using a 12-analyzer array, the complete set of single-crystal elastic constants of MgO were determined to a precision better than 0.8% (sound velocities to better than 0.2%). The results are consistent with values in the literature. The precision and accuracy of this work, which is significantly better than other published work to date, demonstrates the potential of IXS in determining elastic properties.

Field of study: Physics
The Tragedy of the Anticommons: A Concise Introduction and Lexicon

This article gives a concise introduction to the ‘tragedy of the anticommons.’ The anticommons thesis is simple: when too many people own pieces of one thing, nobody can use it. Usually, private ownership creates wealth. But too much ownership has the opposite effect – it leads to wasteful underuse. This is a free market paradox that shows up all across the global economy. If too many owners control a single resource, cooperation breaks down, wealth disappears, and everybody loses. Conceptually, underuse in an anticommons mirrors the familiar problem of overuse in a ‘tragedy of the commons.’ The field of anticommons studies is now well‐established. Over a thousand scholars have detailed examples from across the innovation frontier, including drug patenting, telecom licensing, climate change, compulsory land purchase, oil field unitisation, music and art copyright, and post‐socialist economic transition. Fixing anticommons tragedy is a key challenge for any legal system committed to innovation and economic growth.

Field of study: Law
Unwanted Early Sexual Experiences among Belgian and South African University Women Students

This study examined the unwanted early sexual experiences of 736 South African and 1,587 Belgian women students. The Early Sexual Experiences Checklist was administered to all consenting women students attending orientation programmes at a Belgian and a South African university. Respondents were Belgians (M age=18.2 yr., SD =1.0) and South Africans (M age=19.6 yr., SD = 4.1). Such experiences were found for 31.3% (231) of South African respondents and 14.2% (226) of Belgian respondents. 64% of South African women indicated that such an experience occurred only once, and 65% of Belgian women reported this also. 34% of Belgian and 32% of South African respondents reported not being bothered at all by the unwanted experience at the time the event took place; 23% of Belgian and 36% of South African respondents were extremely bothered by the experience.

Field of study: Psychology
Macroheterocycles. 34. Synthesis and enantiomeric selectivity of chiral azacrown

Chiral azacrown ethers were obtained by the condensation of (4S,5S)-4,5-ditosyl-oxymethyl-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolane with 6-benzyl-3,9-dioxa-6-azaundecane-1,11-diol. Their debenzylation and deacetalization were realized. The enantiomeric selectivity in the complex formation between the obtained crown ethers and the hydrochlorides of L- and D-valine methyl esters was determined by a potentiometric method. The chiral azacrown ethers exhibit higher enantioselectivity than their oxygen analogs.

Field of study: Chemistry
Educational Implications of Efforts To Train Intelligence

This paper suggests the potential of intelligence theory in guiding the development of educational programs for the mentally retarded. The Campione-Brown model is used to infer skills, states, and processes of trainable mentally retarded and profoundly mentally retarded children that are modifiable and to target objectives for educational interventions. The integration of components in the architectural and executive systems, such as perceptual efficiency, strategies, and knowledge states, represents functional intelligence. Trainable components of intelligence can serve as objectives in educational planning, while the identification of structural limitations leads to programming the environment to meet diminished efficiency or to developing support systems, such as self-instructional routines. In short, a reciprocal relationship is suggested for emerging theories of intelligence and changing educational practices.

Field of study: Education
Synthesis and characterization of nanocrystalline A6Sb4ZrO18 (A = Ca, Sr and Ba) functional ceramics

The cation deficient A 6 Sb 4 ZrO 18 ( A  = Ca, Sr and Ba) rhombohedral perovskites are synthesized for the first time by the modified combustion method. The samples show nano size when observed through the transmission electron microscope which is in good agreement with the X-ray diffraction analysis. The tilted octahedral structure of the compounds is confirmed using vibrational spectroscopic analysis. The optical band gap of the samples is between 3.5 and 4 eV. The sintering enhances the grain growth along the c axis and hence rods like grains are observed in the scanning electron microscopic image. The impedance plots can be de-convoluted into three semicircles indicating the contribution of grain, grain boundary and electrode effects. Highest conductivity 15.14 × 10 − 2  S/m is observed for Ba composition at 750 °C.

Field of study: Materials science
Viewpoint of Undergraduate Engineering Students on Plagiarism

Undoubtedly, plagiarism has been a global-concern, especially so, in institutions of higher-learning. Furthermore, over the past-decades, cases of student-plagiarism, in higher-education, have increased, substantially. This-issue cannot be taken, without due-consideration, and it is crucial for educators, and universities, at large, to find the best-ways, to discourage and reduce the acts of students’ plagiarism. The aim of this-study, therefore, was to address plagiarism in professional-university-education from undergraduate-engineering-students’ attitudinal-perspective. In particular, to ascertain how plagiarism is defined by the students; which factors, they perceive, exacerbate plagiarism; how they justify plagiarism; and severity and penalty related to the misconduct. This-paper illustrates a fraction of a larger-research on plagiarism at the School of Engineering. The study-design used a descriptive-survey-approach and a document-analysis. A designed confidential self-report-questioner was applied as the main-instrument for this-study, with the sample-size (N=25), and a response-rate (RR=84%). The tool was pre-tested to ensure its validity and reliability. The data-collection-instrument was subjected to the statistical-analysis to determine its reliability via Cronbach’s alpha-coefficient, and found high inter-item consistency ( a > 0.9). The major-results of this-study revealed overall and widespread-deficiency in students’ understanding of plagiarism; also more than half of the students, in the-subject-sample, were not adequately-informed about plagiarism in academic-writing; 76% of the respondents agreed, that those who say, they have never plagiarized, are lying; and also that everyone else around are plagiarizing (e.g., students, researchers, and academic-staff); 48% of the respondents agreed, that they keep on plagiarizing, because they have not been caught yet, while 33% stated, that they are tempted to plagiarize because, even if caught, the punishment (if any) will be light (the reward outweighs the risk). Several-specific-recommendations, on how to fight plagiarism, were provided, alongside with identification of areas for further-research. This-study would offer awareness to the undergraduates, lecturers, and the faculty-administrators, on the gravity of plagiarism-acts and how to avoid it, in the university. The study also will make a contribution (in its small-way) to the body of knowledge on the subject-matter.  Plagiarism, undergraduate, engineering, students.

Field of study: Education