nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Novel approaches toward the development of Hall sensor-based magnetometric devices for charged particle accelerators

A solution to the improvement of the operation stability of Hall sensor-based magnetometric devices is presented. This solution is found through the development of a intelligent measurement system for magnetic field monitoring based on test algorithms for stabilization of transducing parameters. The basic element of the developed measurement system is a functionally integrated magnetometric transducer, which combines a radiation hard Hall microsensor and a microsolenoid to form a test signal. Test algorithms for the stabilization of transducing parameters are considered as well as the structure and parameters of the magnetic field monitoring system for charged particle accelerators.

Field of study: Physics
Emission drivers and variability of ambient isoprene, formaldehyde and acetaldehyde in north-west India during monsoon season.

Isoprene, formaldehyde and acetaldehyde are important reactive organic compounds which strongly impact atmospheric oxidation processes and formation of tropospheric ozone. Monsoon meteorology and the topography of Himalayan foothills cause surface emissions to get rapidly transported both horizontally and vertically, thereby influencing atmospheric processes in distant regions. Further in monsoon, Indo-Gangetic Plain is a major rice growing region of the world and daytime hourly ozone can frequently exceed phytotoxic dose of 40 ppb O3. However, the sources and ambient variability of these compounds which are potent ozone precursors are unknown. Here, we investigate the sources and photochemical processes driving their emission/formation during monsoon season from a sub-urban site at the foothills of the Himalayas. The measurements were performed in July, August and September using a high sensitivity mass spectrometer. Average ambient mixing ratios (±1σ variability) of isoprene, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and the sum of methyl vinyl ketone and methacrolein (MVK+MACR), were 1.4 ± 0.3 ppb, 5.7 ± 0.9 ppb, 4.5 ± 2.0 ppb, 0.75 ± 0.3 ppb, respectively, and much higher than summertime values in May. For isoprene these values were comparable to mixing ratios observed over tropical forests. Surprisingly, despite occurrence of anthropogenic emissions, biogenic emissions were found to be the major source of isoprene with peak daytime isoprene driven by temperature (r ≥ 0.8) and solar radiation. Photo-oxidation of precursor hydrocarbons were the main sources of acetaldehyde, formaldehyde and MVK+MACR. Ambient mixing ratios of all the compounds correlated poorly with acetonitrile (r ≤ 0.2), a chemical tracer for biomass burning suggesting negligible influence of biomass burning during monsoon season. Our results suggest that during monsoon season when radiation and rain are no longer limiting factors and convective activity causes surface emissions to be transported to upper atmosphere, biogenic emissions can significantly impact the remote upper atmosphere, climate and ozone affecting rice yields.

Field of study: Environmental science
A Novel DNA Methylation-Based Signature Can Predict the Responses of MGMT Promoter Unmethylated Glioblastomas to Temozolomide

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most malignant glioma, with a median overall survival (OS) of 14–16 months. Temozolomide (TMZ) is the first-line chemotherapy drug for glioma, but whether TMZ should be withheld from patients with GBMs that lack O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) promoter methylation is still under debate. DNA methylation profiling holds great promise for further stratifying the responses of MGMT promoter unmethylated GBMs to TMZ. In this study, we studied 147 TMZ-treated MGMT promoter unmethylated GBM, whose methylation information was obtained from the HumanMethylation27 (HM-27K) BeadChips (n = 107) and the HumanMethylation450 (HM-450K) BeadChips (n = 40) for training and validation, respectively. In the training set, we performed univariate Cox regression and identified that 3,565 CpGs were significantly associated with the OS of the TMZ-treated MGMT promoter unmethylated GBMs. Functional analysis indicated that the genes corresponding to these CpGs were enriched in the biological processes or pathways of mitochondrial translation, cell cycle, and DNA repair. Based on these CpGs, we developed a 31-CpGs methylation signature utilizing the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) Cox regression algorithm. In both training and validation datasets, the signature identified the TMZ-sensitive GBMs in the MGMT promoter unmethylated GBMs, and only the patients in the low-risk group appear to benefit from the TMZ treatment. Furthermore, these identified TMZ-sensitive MGMT promoter unmethylated GBMs have a similar OS when compared with the MGMT promoter methylated GBMs after TMZ treatment in both two datasets. Multivariate Cox regression demonstrated the independent prognostic value of the signature in TMZ-treated MGMT promoter unmethylated GBMs. Moreover, we also noticed that the hallmark of epithelial–mesenchymal transition, ECM related biological processes and pathways were highly enriched in the MGMT unmethylated GBMs with the high-risk score, indicating that enhanced ECM activities could be involved in the TMZ-resistance of GBM. In conclusion, our findings promote our understanding of the roles of DNA methylation in MGMT umethylated GBMs and offer a very promising TMZ-sensitivity predictive signature for these GBMs that could be tested prospectively.

Field of study: Biology
Heat source optimization in a multisection heater for the growth of bismuth germanate crystals by the low-gradient Czochralski method

The growth of bismuth germanate crystals with uniform heater control has been simulated within the time-dependent approach. To optimize the multisection heater control, the global heat transfer optimization problem in a crystallization setup was considered. A new control algorithm, based on the solution of the optimization problem, is proposed.

Field of study: Physics
Thyroxine therapy ameliorates serum levels of eicosanoids in Chinese subclinical hypothyroidism patients

The eicosanoids derived from phospholipids play key roles in inflammation. However, the profiles of serum eicosanoids in subclinical hypothyroidism (SH) patients and the effects of thyroxine replacement therapy (TRT) on these eicosanoids remain unclear. Many studies show that TSH regulates lipid metabolism. As eicosanoids derived from phospholipids play key roles in oxidative stress and immune function and inflammatory process, it was necessary to explore the profiles of serum eicosanoids in SH patients and the effects of thyroxine replacement therapy (TRT) on the eicosanoids.A total of 50 Chinese SH patients and 22 healthy volunteers were recruited. SH patients received TRT (L-T4, 25 and 50 mcg/d for patients with TSH≤10.0 mIU/L and TSH>10.0 mIU/L, respectively) for 3 months. Serum levels of major eicosanoids and cPLA2 were analyzed using LC-MS and clinical biochemical assays.The serum levels of cPLA2, eicosanoids (8-isoPGF2a, 11-dehydroTXB2 and 12-HETE) and 11-dehydroTXB2/6-Keto-PGF1a were significantly elevated in SH patients. The serum TSH levels were significantly correlated with the levels of cPLA2 (r=+0.65), 11-dehydroTXB2 (r=+0.32) and 11-dehydroTXB2/6-Keto-PGF1a (r=+0.37). After 3-month TRT, the serum levels of TSH, cPLA2 and the above-mentioned eicosanoids in SH patients were significantly decreased.The metabolism of eicosanoids is significantly altered in Chinese SH patients, and TRT can ameliorate the abnormalities of serum eicosanoid levels.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
An effective approach for software project effort and duration estimation with machine learning algorithms

During the last two decades, there has been substantial research performed in the field of software estimation using machine learning algorithms that aimed to tackle deficiencies of traditional and parametric estimation techniques, increase project success rates and align with modern development and project management approaches. Nevertheless, mostly due to inconclusive results and vague model building approaches, there are few or none deployments in practice. The purpose of this article is to narrow the gap between up-to-date research results and implementations within organisations by proposing effective and practical machine learning deployment and maintenance approaches by utilization of research findings and industry best practices. This was achieved by applying ISBSG dataset, smart data preparation, an ensemble averaging of three machine learning algorithms (Support Vector Machines, Neural Networks and Generalized Linear Models) and cross validation. The obtained models for effort and duration estimation are intended to provide a decision support tool for organisations that develop or implement software systems.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Droëkoeibehandeling : betaal nou, spaar later : langs die drukgang

Een van die belangrike prosedures wat ons moet doen as 'n koei afgedroog word, is om haar met 'n droekoeimiddel te behandel. 'n Produsent het my onlangs gekontak en genoem dat hy dit wel doen, maar hy wou weet hoe ons die koste van droekoeibehandeling wetenskaplik regverdig - ek deel graag my antwoord aan hom ook met die lesers van The Dairy Mail.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Enhanced tolerances of transgenic tobacco plants expressing both superoxide dismutase and ascorbate peroxidase in chloroplasts against methyl viologen- mediated oxidative stress

In order to better understand the role of antioxidant enzymes in plant stress protection mechanisms, transgenic tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum cv. Xanthi) plants were developed that overexpress both superoxide dismutase (SOD) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) in chloroplasts. These plants were evaluated for protection against methyl viologen (MV, paraquat)-mediated oxidative damage both in leaf discs and whole plants. Transgenic plants that express either chloroplast-targeted CuZnSOD (C) or MnSOD (M) and APX (A) were developed (referred to as CA plants and AM plants, respectively). These plant lines were crossed to produce plants that express all three transgenes (CMA plants and AMC plants). These plants had higher total APX and SOD activities than non-transgenic (NT) plants and exhibit novel APX and SOD isoenzymes not detected in NT plants. As expected, transgenic plants that expressed single SODs showed levels of protection from MV that were only slightly improved compared to NT plants. The expression of either SOD isoform along with APX led to increased protection while expression of both SODs and APX provided the highest levels of protection against membrane damage in leaf discs and visual symptoms in whole plants.

Field of study: Environmental science
On small sample properties of the mixed regression predictor under misspecification

This paper relaxes the Mittelhammer's (1981) assumption that the value of the true variance is known in the mixed regression model and examines the small sample, properties of the feasible mixed regression predictor under misspecification. The paper shows that the feasible mixed regression predictor is not always superior to the ordinary least squares predictor in terms of the weak mean square error when there exist omitted variables in the model. Further it shows that misspecificstion works favorably for the ordinary least squares predictor.

Field of study: Mathematics
Avoiding Interference: Adult Attachment and Emotional Processing Biases

The present study investigated attachment-related differences in emotional processing biases. Consistent with the proposal that avoidant individuals limit attention to potentially distressing information, attachment avoidance was associated with reductions in emotional Stroop (ES) interference for attachment-related words (e.g., intimate, loss). These biases were strongest among individuals who were currently in a romantic relationship, suggesting that being in a close relationship may activate avoidant defensive strategies. In addition, avoidant attentional biases were attenuated under cognitive load, suggesting that inhibiting attention to attachment-related information requires cognitive effort. Finally, avoidance was unrelated to ES performance for emotional, nonattachment-related words, demonstrating the specificity of these attentional biases. The present findings suggest that avoidant individuals can inhibit attention to potentially threatening information, that this ability requires cognitive effort, and that relationship status may be an important moderator of avoidant defensive strategies. The implications of these strategies for emotional functioning and well-being are discussed.

Field of study: Psychology
Power Coupling trom a C0(2) Laser by a Rotatable Reflector.

A rotatable reflector placed in the optical cavity of a laser provides a convenient practical tool for adjusting the cavity Q. It is, therefore, useful for the optimization of the power output in laser systems. In Q switched CO2 lasers, it may be used for designing an oscillator that operates at a large number of vibrational rotational transitions. The power saturation considerations show that a CO2 laser consisting of such an oscillator followed by a series of amplifiers is desirable for obtaining large power output. Also, the present analysis is useful in estimating the tolerance in setting the Brewster angle in any laser system. The method of power coupling consists of utilizing totally reflecting cavity mirrors and coupling-out the power via the rotatable plate placed in the resonator. As the plate is set at different angles, the effective losses (due to various reflections) introduced by it change; and hence the power output changes. The rotatable plate actually functions as a variable reflectivity coupling out mirror.  1 shows a laser cavity having 100% reflecting mirrors, a Brewsterized laser medium, and a rotatable plate capable of rotating in such a manner that at its Brewster angle it introduces minimum losses to the laser oscillations polarized by the Brewsterized laser tube. The reflection coefficient, R, at a surface of the rotatable plate kept at an angle of incidence, ø, is given by,

Field of study: Physics
On the asymptotic behavior of the periodograms of periodically correlated spatial processes: Periodicity detection

In this work, the asymptotic unbiasedness and the asymptotic uncorrelatedness of periodograms for the periodically correlated spatial processes are given. This will be done using the time dependent spectral representation of periodically correlated spatial processes and Cholesky factorization of the spectral density. A graphical method is also proposed to detect the period of periodically correlated spatial processes. In order to support the theory, a simulation study and a real data example are performed.

Field of study: Mathematics
Thermoelectric power of ferrous oxide, Fe1−yO, at high temperatures

This paper presents the results of thermoelectric power measurements for a monocrystalline ferrous oxide as a function of temperature (1273–1573 K) and oxygen pressure in the whole range of Fe 1− y O phase stability. It has been shown that the electrical properties of Fe 1− y O cannot be described satisfactorily if electron holes are assumed to be the only charge carriers. The analysis of thermoelectric power has revealed a semiconductor - metal transition resulting from defect structure.

Field of study: Materials science
Combined transconjunctival-eyebrow approach providing minimally invasive access to all orbital quadrants. Technical note.

Surgical approaches to treat orbital disease should provide a good exposure of intraorbital anatomical structures, allow their functional preservation, and provide good cosmetic results. The authors describe a minimally invasive, combined transconjunctival-eyebrow approach to all orbital quadrants in a step-wise manner. The indications, advantages, and limitations of the technique are highlighted. A transconjunctival approach via the postseptal area is described. It allows exposure of the medial, inferior, and lateral parts of the orbit. Depending on the orbital space to be exposed, a lateral or a medial eyebrow incision is then made. The eyebrow and the conjunctival incisions are connected by subperiosteal dissection. This combined access provides exposure to all intraconal muscles and to the superior, medial, lateral, and inferior portions of the optic nerve. The combined transconjunctival-eyebrow approach provides an excellent orbital exposure, with minimal damage to the circumjacent structures. It requires less operative time than other approaches and yields good cosmetic results. Intracranial or intrafacial tumor extension and tumors located purely in the orbital apex are limitations for the use of this technique.

Field of study: Medicine
Soft x-ray emission from li-mg and li-Al alloys and comparisons with kkr-cpa calculations.

The K emission band of Li and L(23) emission bands of Mg and Al have been measured for Li-Mg and Li-Al prepared in a range of concentrations either by coevaporation or by evaporating thin films of Li on Mg(Al) substrates or Mg(Al) on Li substrates. The Li K spectrum is nearly unchanged at all alloy concentrations in the Li-Mg system but broadens and develops a low energy shoulder for large Al concentrations in the Li-Al system. Both Mg and Al L(23) spectra are narrower and more peaked at low energy in the equilibrium alloys than in the pure metals. The many-body threshold peaks on the Al and Mg L(23) spectra are generally suppressed by alloying with Li, except for low temperature coevaporated Li-Al samples where the peak persists to very Li-rich alloys. Data for a Li(80)Mg(20) alloy are compared with KKR-CPA calculations, and good agreement is found for both the Li K spectrum and the Mg L spectrum.

Field of study: Physics
An analysis of but/other than-correlatives as 'but/than' Clefts

There is some disagreement among scholars and dictionaries concerning the categorial statuses of but/than, especially in cases where but or other than is followed by a to-infinitive, root infinitive, gerund, AP, and the like. In this paper, these tricky cases are assumed to be a kind of but/other than-correlative construction, where but or than is treated as correlative coordinate conjunction. The paper proposes 'but/than-clefts' for these correlative constructions and presents semantic and syntactic evidence of their similarity to wh-clefts. Semantically, but/other than-correlatives are the same focusing devices as wh-clefts in that the highlighting effect can be created by the focused element's being singled out from the rest of the members of the set. Syntactically, but/than-clefts take the same syntactic categories in the focus position as wh-clefts. Functionally, given the but/ than-clefting, but/other than-correlatives are viewed as expressing 'NP only VP' in a roundabout way for a rhetorical purpose, compared with their assumed underlying sentences. This paper also shows that the only difference between wh-clefts and but/than-clefts relates to the difference in the highlighting effect created depending on whether for the selection of the focused element, the focused element itself or the remaining elements is/are excluded from the whole set.

Field of study: Linguistics
The influence of Ferrous Sulphate @ 300 mg ingestion shortly after meal and 2 hours after meal on pharmacokinetic profiles of iron in serum sample in women with Hb 2 12 g/dL

Iron absorption is determined by iron status, heme- and nonheme-iron contents and amounts of various dietary factors that influence iron absorption. Few studies have examined the influence of food to iron absorption but only limited information is available about the net effect of these factors.  Objective of this study was to know the influence of Ferrous Sulphate @ 300 mg ingestion shortly after and 2 hours after meal on pharmacokinetic profiles of iron in serum sample in 12 women with Hb >_ 12 g/dL Methods : The study was carried out in a cross over design in which each of participants underwent 2 pharmacokinetic studies. One tablet of Ferrous Sulphate @ 300 mg was taken by each subject shortly after and 2 hours after standard meal at the first and second study. Series of serum samples were taken at 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 hours after iron administration. The concentrations of ferric iron in serum were measured using Vitors Fe Slides System, while pharmacokinetics parameters were calculated using a non-compartmental method.  Pharmacokinetic parameters obtained from the first and second study were compared using t test with the following results (meant SEM): C,,, 275.92 ± 28.97 & 284.58 ± 30.44 ug/dL, T.3.50 ± 0.29 & 3.50 ± 0.38 hours, K. 0.3235 t 0.0011 & 0.3816 ± 0.0010 hours-', Ka, 0.1138 ± 1.5696 & 0.1152 ± 1.3331 hours' T,201 7.80 ± 1.45 & 7.03 ± 1.02 hours and AUCo-12 2493.43 ± 397.54 & 2331.15 ± 283.64 ug/dL.hours. No difference of all pharmacokinetic parameters were detected by intervention type  It can be concluded that after ingestion of Ferrous Sulphate @ 300 mg in women with Hb 12 ug/dL shortly after and 2 hours after meal did not show significant diferrences on pharmacokinetic profiles of iron in serum sample Key words : iron absorption - pharmacokinetic - ferrous sulphate - absorption rate - Cmax

Field of study: Medicine
Identification of tyrosine phosphorylated adhesion proteins in human cancer cells.

Tyrosine phosphorylation is a form of signal transduction that regulates cell growth, differentiation, migration, and survival. This knowledge has promoted much interest in the role of tyrosine kinases and phosphatases in regulating cell behavior during development and tumorigenesis. However, it is generally less well appreciated that tyrosine phosphorylated proteins are enriched within sites of cell adhesion, particularly in transformed cells. To identify these, we developed a panel of monoclonal antibodies specific for tyrosine phosphorylated proteins in breast cancer cells, using extensive modifications of existing technologies for immunization, somatic fusion, and antibody screening. Mice were immunized with a complex mixture of phosphotyrosine containing proteins using the newly developed RIMMS method. By increasing the sensitivity of antigen recognition, we isolated reagents specific for a wide diversity of tyrosine phosphorylated adhesion proteins in breast cancer cells.

Field of study: Biology