nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Using a Proposed Teaching Strategy Based on the Selective Thinking on Students' Acquisition Concepts in Mathematics.

This study aimed at identify the effect of using a proposed teaching strategy based on the selective thinking in acquire mathematical concepts by Classroom Teacher Students  at Al- al- Bayt University, The sample of the study consisted of ( 74 ) students, equally distributed into a control group and an experimental group. The selective thinking strategy was taught to the experimental group. To achieve the study objectives, the researcher composed a 50-item test, measuring specific  mathematical concepts. The tool's validity and reliability were examined and their values were accepted for the study. The study results showed the following: 1-There were no statistically significant differences at (α ≤ 0.05) between the two measurements (pre and post tests) in acquiring mathematical concepts in favour of the control group. 2-There were statistically significant differences at (α ≤ 0.05) between the two measurements (pre and post tests) in acquiring mathematical concepts and in favour of the post measurement. 3- There were statistically significant differences at (α ≤ 0.05) between the scores of the two groups ( the experimental and control ) in acquiring mathematical concepts in the post measurement and in favour of the experimental group.  strategy , selective thinking , mathematical concepts , student-teacher.

Field of study: Education
Thoracic pedicle screw fixation for spinal deformity.

Techniques to improve segmental fixation have advanced the ability to correct complex spinal deformity. The purpose of instrumentation is to correct spinal deformity or to stabilize the spine to enhance the long-term biological fusion. The ultimate goal of spinal deformity surgery is the creation of a stable, balanced, pain-free spine centered over the pelvis in the coronal and sagittal planes. The minimum number of segments should be fused. These concepts remain challenging in the setting of deformity and instability. Successful results can be obtained if the surgeon understands the technology available, its capabilities, biological limitations, and the desired solution. The authors prefer to use thoracic pedicle screws when treating patients with spinal deformity because they provide greater corrective forces for realignment. This allows shorter-segment constructs and the possibility of true derotation in correction. In this article the authors focus on the use of thoracic transpedicular screw fixation in the management of complex spinal disorders and deformity.

Field of study: Medicine
Characterization of hepatitis B e antigen from human breast milk.

: Hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) but not surface antigen (HBsAg) was detected in 20% of the milk samples taken from HBsAg carrier mothers by radioimmunoassay. The density of milk e antigen particles was peaked at 1.32 g/ml in CsCl gradient ultracentrifugation. HBeAg was found in 1.33 M and 3.24 M (NH4) 2SO4 precipitates from breast milk but neither of HBeAg in both precipitates showed exactly identical with serum-derived e antigen. Five bands of polypeptides with molecular weight of 8,000, 21,500, 37,000, 53,000 and 68,000 daltons were seen after polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis from the milk e antigen. In addition, the IgA was shown significantly high in HBeAg positive milk.

Field of study: Biology
The affecting factors in and development measures for the construction of high performance sports teams in ordinary colleges and universities in China

The affecting factors in the construction of high performance sports teams in ordinary colleges and universities in China are shown as the followings:the education is separated from sports systems; training fund is inadequate; the coaches are overloaded as a result of devoting to PE teaching as well as amateur training; congenital deficiency of athletes; it is difficult to take up an occupation; the power of PE scientific research is weak, etc. The authors brought forward their own opinions and ideas for the construction of high performance sports teams in ordinary colleges and universities in China as described in the following: only if the power of colleges and universities, athletic sports systems and the society is exerted to carry out athletic sports in every college or university,and to solve the problems such as introducing and cultivating excellent coaches,can the process of construction of high performance sports teams in ordinary colleges and universities in China be accelerated and boosted, and led healthily to the path of sustainable development, so as to cultivate more excellent athletic sports talents.

Field of study: Education
INFERENCE FOR STRESS-STRENGTH MODELS BASED ON WEINMAN MULTIVARIATE EXPONENTIAL SAMPLES

The analysis of stress-strength systems is connected to the probability P(X < Y), where X represents the stress subject to an object and Y is its strength. We consider estimation of P(X < Y) when the underlying data consists of two samples of order statistics from Weinman multivariate exponential distributions with a common location parameter. Maximum likelihood estimators and uniform minimum variance unbiased estimators of P(X < Y) are presented, when the location parameter is assumed to be known and unknown, respectively. Moreover, some distributional properties, a confidence interval and asymptotic results are established. The results can be applied to various data set-ups based on exponential distributions, e.g., ordinary order statistics, progressive type II censored order statistics, sequential order statistics and record values.

Field of study: Mathematics
Reliability Models for SEC/DED Memory With Scrubbing in FPGA-Based Designs

Block RAMs on field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) are susceptible to radiation-induced single-event upsets (SEUs) and are usually protected by fault-tolerant techniques such as single error correction/double error correction (SEC/DED) codes and/or scrubbing. Scrubbing can be divided into two categories based on the mechanism that controls the scrubbing interval. With deterministic scrubbing, each memory location is scrubbed (repaired) on a regular basis and the interval is fixed. With probabilistic scrubbing, a word is checked and corrected any time it is accessed (read or written). In this case, the scrubbing interval is exponentially distributed. This paper presents two mean-time-to-failure (MTTF) models for SEC/DED memory with scrubbing, which can be applied to general applications, including FPGA designs. The first one considers only probabilistic scrubbing but takes into account nonuniform scrub rates for different memory locations. The second model combines both deterministic scrubbing and probabilistic scrubbing into a single model. The proposed models provide more accurate MTTF estimates compared with prior models. An FPGA-based DSP application is studied as an example to show how the proposed models can be used for estimating memory reliability and to reveal the impact of probabilistic scrub rates and memory access distributions on memory reliability.

Field of study: Physics
Bruce Gordon.Calvin. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2009. xvi + 398 pp. + 8 b/w pls. index. illus. map. bibl. $35. ISBN: 978–0–300–12076–9.

John Calvin was the greatest Protestant reformer of the sixteenth century, brilliant, visionary and iconic. The superior force of his mind was evident in all that he did. He was also ruthless, and an outstanding hater. Among those things he hated were the Roman church, Anabaptists and those people who, he believed, only faint-heartedly embraced the Gospel and tainted themselves with idolatry. He saw himself as an instrument of God, and as a prophet of the Church he brooked no rivals. He never felt he had encountered an intellectual equal, and he was probably correct. To achieve what he believed to be right, he would do virtually anything. Although not physically imposing, he dominated others and knew how to manipulate relationships. He intimidated, bullied and humiliated, saving some of his worst conduct for his friends. Yet as he lay dying they gathered around the bed distraught with grief. There would be no other like him.

Field of study: History
Acid-catalyzed Conversions of N-(4-Nitrobenzylidene)-2-cyclopropyl- and N-(4-Nitrobenzylidene)-2-alkenylanilines. A new Method for the Synthesis of Dihydroquinolines and Quinolines

The acid-catalyzed conversions of N-(4-nitrobenzylidene)-2-cyclopropyl- and N-(4-nitrobenzylidene)-2-alkenylanilines have been studied. It has been established that the protonated azomethine unit of N-(4-nitrobenzylidene)-2-cyclopropylanilines is not capable of initiating intramolecular heterocyclization with participation of the three-membered ring. Conversion of N-(4-nitrobenzylidene)-2-(1-methylcyclopropyl)aniline to derivatives of quinoline is possible under the influence of concentrated H2SO4. Under the same conditions 2-methylcyclopropyl- and cyclopropyl-substituted Schiff's bases form only the corresponding alkenylazomethines (isomerization of the three-membered ring). Under the influence of more moderate acids (trifluoroacetic, polyphosphoric) N-(4-nitrobenzylidene)-2-propenyl- and N-(4-nitrobenzylidene)-2-buten-2-yl)anilines are converted to the corresponding dihydroquinolines and quinolines in high yields. N-(4-Nitrobenzylide! ne)- 2-(2,2-dimethylvinyl)aniline does not form derivatives of quinoline under the influence of the same acids in the given conditions.

Field of study: Chemistry
Metabolite analysis of the effects of elevated CO2 and nitrogen fertilization on the association between tall fescue (Schedonorus arundinaceus) and its fungal symbiont Neotyphodium coenophialum.

Atmospheric CO2 is expected to increase to between 550 ppm and 1000 ppm in the next century. CO2-induced changes in plant physiology can have ecosystem-wide implications and may alter plant-plant, plant-herbivore and plant-symbiont interactions. We examined the effects of three concentrations of CO2 (390, 800 and 1000 ppm) and two concentrations of nitrogen fertilizer (0.004 g N/week versus 0.2 g N/week) on the physiological response of Neotyphodium fungal endophyte-infected and uninfected tall fescue plants. We used quantitative PCR to estimate the concentration of endophyte under altered CO2 and N conditions. We found that elevated CO2 increased the concentration of water-soluble carbohydrates and decreased the concentration of plant total amino acids in plants. Fungal-derived alkaloids decreased in response to elevated CO2 and increased in response to nitrogen fertilization. Endophyte concentration (expressed as the number of copies of an endophyte-specific gene per total genomic DNA) increased under elevated CO2 and nitrogen fertilization. The correlation between endophyte concentration and alkaloid production observed at ambient conditions was not observed under elevated CO2. These results suggest that nutrient exchange dynamics important for maintaining the symbiotic relationship between fungal endophytes and their grass hosts may be altered by changes in environmental variables such as CO2 and nitrogen fertilization.

Field of study: Environmental science
Cyclicity in the Middle Eocene Çayraz Carbonate Formation, Haymana Basin, Central Anatolia, Turkey

The Haymana Basin in central Anatolia, Turkey, developed on a fore-arc accretionary wedge during the Late Cretaceous and the Middle Eocene. Turbidite deposits fill the center of the basin and grade northwestward into shallow marine clastics and carbonates, which in turn pass into lacustrine and fluvial deposits toward the margin. The Middle Eocene Cayraz Formation represents the youngest paleotectonic unit of the Haymana Basin. It is composed of two shelf systems (SS), each formed by a package of nummulitic banks and intervening calcareous mudstones, 150–250 m thick, overlying 70–100 m thick monotonous mudstones. Within each of the two shelf systems, two orders of coarsening-upward and shallowing-upward sequences are recognized. The smaller order sequences, 3–10 m thick, are termed basic units (BU). Four types of basic units have been distinguished. These are made up of either calcareous mudstone overlain by a nummulitic bank, or silty mudstone overlain by sandy to conglomeratic beds. Each basic unit represents a specific depositional environment ranging from quiet lagoon or open marine to more energetic bank or sandy bar. Basic units are vertically associated to form three types of 15—35 m thick basic sequences (BS), which represent the time and space evolution of the shelf systems. Owing to their small scale, their lateral association, and the condensed nature of their bounding surfaces, basic units are considered to be allocyclic transgressive-regressive cycles tuned to Milankovitch bands. At the scale of basic sequences (BS) and shelf systems (SS), the lateral and vertical distribution of the sequences, and the presence of onlap structures strongly suggest sea-level changes. The sequential organization, thicknesses of basic units and basic sequences, and an estimated sedimentation rate favour sea-level changes controlled by Milankovitch climatic cycles. Amalgamation or condensation of basic units in basic sequences, and the existence of locally accentuated onlaps suggest a coupled effect of discontinuous subsidence.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Communication-Proof Equilibria in Cheap-Talk Games

We define communication-proof equilibria in simple games of communication. These equilibria satisfy a stability condition guaranteeing that they would not be affected if new opportunities to communicate arose. We look for partitions of possible equilibria into sets of good and bad equilibria. The good equilibria are those that cannot be destabilized by another good equilibrium. The remaining equilibria are bad. An equilibrium for the original game is communication proof if its is a good equilibrium in a partition of this form. We prove that communication-proof equilibria exist and, for a class of common-interest games, communication-proof outcomes are efficient.

Field of study: Economics
[Research progress in novel PA protein members of influenza A viruses].

Influenza poses a great threat to life and health in populations worldwide. Studies regarding the protein components of influenza viruses will facilitate the research and development of vaccines and diag nostic reagents. The influenza virus contains both structural and non-structural proteins. From the outset, it has been accepted that an influenza A virus possesses eight gene segments that encode eight corresponding viral proteins, respectively. Research has demonstrated that the M gene encodes the M2 ion channe! protein and the NS gene encodes the non-structural protein, NS2. In recent years, several novel viral proteins have been identified from influenza A viruses. This article will briefly describe the state of current research into PA-related proteins of influenza A viruses.

Field of study: Biology
Application of Large-scale database-based Online Modeling to plant state long-term estimation

Recently, attention has been drawn to the local modeling techniques of a new idea called “Just-In-Time (JIT) modeling”. To apply “JIT modeling” to a large amount of database online, “Large-scale database-based Online Modeling (LOM)” has been proposed. LOM is a technique that makes the retrieval of neighboring data more efficient by using both “stepwise selection” and quantization. In order to predict the long-term state of the plant without using future data of manipulated variables, an Extended Sequential Prediction method of LOM (ESP-LOM) has been proposed. In this paper, the LOM and the ESP-LOM are introduced.

Field of study: Computer science
Working Women in Mexico City: Public Discourses and Material Conditions, 1879-1931 (review)

strategies of resistance, ranging in style from the journalistic testimonies of Elena Poniatowska to the ironic portrayal of an U.S. tourist visiting Antigua by Jamaica Kincaid. In this section a profound current of sorrow intertwines with the critical eye. Thus, while Magorie Agosin pays homage to those whose lives have been lost unnecessarily, Alicia Partnoy proposes a discourse of solidarity that defies the academy's preoccupation with the truth when speaking of testimonio.

Field of study: History
Thermal decomposition process and electrical conductivity of single crystals of NH+4-β- and β″-ferrites

The thermal decomposition process and the ionic and electronic conductivities of NH + 4 -β-ferrite and Cd stabilized NH + 4 -β″ ferrites single crystals were investigated. TG curves of both ferrites exhibited the two steps of weight loss at 50–200°C and 300–430°C. The first weight loss was based on dehydration, while the second was due to the liberation of NH + 4 ions. The β and β″ structure decomposed with the loss of NH + 4 ions to form α-Fe 2 O 3 and Cd doped γ-Fe 2 O 3 , respectively. The ionic conductivities of NH + 4 -β- and β″-ferrite single crystals were 4×10 −6 S cm −1 and 3×10 −5 S cm −1 at 25 °C, respectively. Temperature dependence of ionic and electronic conductivities is discussed in terms of the thermal decomposition process.

Field of study: Materials science
Some Considerations On the Economics Education for Undergaduates in China

Followed the development of our market economy, the demand on the students of economics and management in- creases. The ratio of it to the whole normal university increase too. It not only is conducive to the development of our economics education, but also enhances the requirement of it. Now, there are still many shortcomings in our economics education, we want to learn some experiences from U. S. A. and Japan, and make some considerations on the economics education for undergraduate in China.

Field of study: Economics
Spectroscopic characterization of gelonin--assignments secondary structure and thermal denaturation.

Gelonin, a type 1 ribosome inactivating protein (RIP), having only one polypeptide chain, and which could be used against deadly diseases like cancer and AIDS is investigated spectroscopically through infrared (IR), diffused reflectance infrared fourier transform (DRIFT) and Raman techniques and observed vibrational modes are assigned. It is found that gelonin is having mainly alpha-helix and beta-sheet structure with some turn and disordered structure, the estimated percentage structure using Raman data being approximately 32% alpha-helix, approximately 20% beta-sheet, approximately 26% turn and approximately 22% disorder type. The temperature dependent infrared study of gelonin reveals its thermal stability, the denaturation temperature being around 60 degrees C and disordered contribution increasing with heating.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Physics
Probabilistic Forecasting of Transmission Line Damage and Tower Collapse from Storm Disaster

A probability forecasting model of transmission line broken and collapsed from storm disaster based on the Extreme Learning Machine(ELM) and Generalized Extreme Value(GEV) distribution is proposed.Facing the extreme wind speed,the ELM is first used to forecast the variational real-time wind speed.Subsequently,considering the variational real-time wind loads are the extreme probability events,the GEV is then employed to fit the wind loads on both transmission lines and towers.Based on the proposed model,probabilities of transmission line damage and tower collapse can be calculated.The validity and accuracy of the proposed model is verified by comparing the numerical results given by the model to the historical data of a real transmission line.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Is Angel Island the Ellis Island of the West? Teaching Multiple Perspective-Taking in American Immigration History

Education in the twenty-first century requires that all students learn the social studies skills that help them understand the complex issues related to civic ideals and practices. One of these skills is developing multiple perspective-taking. Many educators believe that this critical thinking ability is not only for upper level students but also plays an important role in elementary social studies education. The author shows how he has worked with elementary preservice teachers to develop multiple perspective-taking. Immigration history is one of the areas that is especially appropriate for using multiple perspective-taking. This article shows how to develop these skills by comparing two main immigration stations, Ellis Island and Angel Island, during the first half of the twentieth century. It challenges the commonly held perspective that both immigrant stations served very similar functions. Indeed, it shows how to teach the perspective that the treatment of the Chinese immigrants at Angel Island was more inhumane and racially discriminating than that experienced by their counterparts on Ellis Island. It is important for students of all ages to learn that the immigration policies of our nation have not always lived up to the civic ideals and practices of a democratic pluralistic society.

Field of study: Sociology
Complete genome of Jeotgalibacillus malaysiensis D5(T) consisting of a chromosome and a circular megaplasmid.

Jeotgalibacillus spp. are halophilic bacteria within the family Planococcaceae. No genomes of Jeotgalibacillus spp. have been reported to date, and their metabolic pathways are unknown. How the bacteria survive in hypertonic conditions such as seawater is yet to be discovered. As only few studies have been conducted on Jeotgalibacillus spp., potential applications of these bacteria are unknown. Here, we present the complete genome of J. malaysiensis D5(T) (=DSM 28777(T) =KCTC 33350(T)), which is invaluable in identifying interesting applications for this genus.

Field of study: Biology, Engineering
[Clinical characteristics of post-stroke anxiety disorders].

Authors studied 198 patients with first-ever cerebral stroke. Affective disorders, including depression, generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and phobias, were identified in 71.2% of patients. The study demonstrated that the anxiety syndrome developed in the post-stroke period may be regarded as relatively independent. Some post-stroke anxiety disorders had different risk and pathogenetic factors. GAD is associated with young age and phobias are associated with female sex and inherited predisposition. In contrast to post stroke depression, anxiety-phobic disorders develop more frequently in patients with mild stroke.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Segmented HPGe Detector for Nuclear Reactions Research

In this article, development results from a new p-type high-purity germanium (HPGe) detector with a segmented n+-region are presented. The intended detector is used in spectrometry; however, its sixfold segmentation allows for the determination of the direction of individual photons emitted in the nuclear reactions from a source placed inside the detector. The capacitance and current voltage characteristics of the detector are presented. At full depletion of −1500 V, the segments’ capacitance was measured to be 17 pF and leakage currents ranged between 7 and 10 pA. The energy resolution of the segments was measured with a variety of gamma sources and determined to be less than 1000 eV at 122 keV and less than 1900 eV at 1332 keV. The incident photon angle response from a radiation source placed inside the detector was also studied.

Field of study: Physics
Multi-processor systems

Microprocessor software is becoming more complex as the one unit is used to handle a multiple of tasks. This leads to considerable overhead in task scheduling software. In addition, communication between separate microprocessor systems also requires extra software. If, however, two or more microprocessors may be attached to the same bus, then many disadvantages of single microprocessor realisations are eliminated. These points, together with practical applications for systems and peripheral controllers are discussed

Field of study: Engineering