nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Regional inequalities in health and health care in Finland and Norway.

One of the main health policy goals in Finland and Norway is to decrease regional differences in health status and in accessibility of health services. The purpose of this paper is to analyze how this policy has been implemented, how its goals have been achieved, and what the obstacles are to it. It is of special interest to assess whether the centralized Finnish planning system has been more successful in the implementation of this policy, than the more decentralized system in Norway. Of these two countries, only Norway has applied any objective computing criteria for assessing the relative need of health care resources in each province or municipality. Neither of these two countries is using any relevant statistical indicators to describe the present situation, or time-related trends in regional inequities. According to available data the regional inequalities in health status and in the provision of health services have in both countries remained more or less unchanged over the last two decades. In future a more exact definition of the concept of equity, better methods for assessing the need for services, and an improved system of health statistics and indicators for monitoring progress in equity is needed. Also the potential of the health care policy in decreasing inequities in health should be questioned at a more fundamental level.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Asymmetric depression in the serum level of IgG subclasses in patients with nephrotic syndrome.

Thirty-three nephrotic patients were studied for IgG-subclass levels in matched pairs of serum and urinary specimens. Levels in the serum were compared with those found in the sera of non-nephrotic control children and normal adults. Results have shown an asymmetric depression in the serum level of certain IgG subclasses in some patients with minimal-change nephrotic syndrome, focal glomerulosclerosis, and proliferative glomerulonephritis, indicating that the urinary loss of IgG alone cannot account for the low blood levels of this immunoglobulin class in these conditions.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Experimental study on discharge characteristics of a subnanosecond high pressure N_2 switch

Experimental study on discharge characteristics of high pressure subnanosecond N_2 switch was carried out by using a high voltage nanosecond generator in the article. The results show that when N_2 pressure ranges from 3 to 10 MPa and gap distance ranges from 0.6 to 1.2 mm, the breakdown voltage of N_2 gap increases as N_2 pressure and gap distance increases, and saturates as N_2 pressure increases. The highest breakdown electric field is about 2 MV/cm. The rise time of the output voltage of the high pressure subnanosecond N_2 switch ranges 145~190 ps, and decreases as N_2 pressure and gap distance increases.

Field of study: Physics
Ketamine, Sleep, and Depression: Current Status and New Questions

Ketamine, an N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, has well-described rapid antidepressant effects in clinical studies of individuals with treatment-resistant major depressive disorder (MDD). Preclinical studies investigating the effects of ketamine on brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and on sleep slow wave activity (SWA) support its use as a prototype for investigating the neuroplastic mechanisms presumably involved in the mechanism of rapidly acting antidepressants. This review discusses human EEG slow wave sleep parameters and plasma BDNF as central and peripheral surrogate markers of plasticity, and their use in assessing ketamine’s effects. Acutely, ketamine elevates BDNF levels, as well as early night SWA and high-amplitude slow waves; each of these measures correlates with change in mood in depressed patients who respond to ketamine. The slow wave effects are limited to the first night post-infusion, suggesting that their increase is part of an early cascade of events triggering improved mood. Increased total sleep and decreased waking occur during the first and second night post infusion, suggesting that these measures are associated with the enduring treatment response observed with ketamine.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
A 10 GHz digital amplifier in an ultra-small-spread high-J/sub c/ Nb/Al-AlOx/Nb integrated circuit process

We describe a Josephson amplifier fabricated in a high-J/sub c/ process, which is operational to speeds of at least 10 GHz, the highest reported for a voltage-state amplifier. The amplifier converts /spl sim/200 /spl mu/V digital signals to /spl sim/5 mV at 10 GHz and could be used as an interface between two superconducting systems. The bit-error-rate of the circuit was /spl sim/5/spl times/10/sup -12/ at 5 GHz, the lowest reported; bit-error-rate measurements at 10 GHz were not possible. A high-J/sub c/ process which was used to fabricate the amplifier was developed at UC Berkeley with extremely low I/sub c/ spreads; at /spl sim/9.4 kA/cm/sup 2/ /spl sigma/ as low as 0.6% was observed. At /spl sim/10 kA/cm/sup 2/, the typical junction linear dimensions are 1.5 /spl sim/ 2 /spl mu/m, sizes for which it is not possible-with available tools-to make reliable vias that are smaller than the junction. We use a nonplanarized junction process, where the via for contact of a wiring layer to a junction can be larger than the junction.

Field of study: Physics
Integrative Analysis Reveals Common and Unique Roles of Tetraspanins in Fibrosis and Emphysema

While both chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) are multifactorial disorders characterized by distinct clinical and pathological features, their commonalities and differences have not been fully elucidated. We sought to investigate the preventive roles of tetraspanins Cd151 and Cd9 -that are involved in diverse cellular processes in lung pathophysiology- in pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema, respectively, and to obtain a deeper understanding of their underlying molecular mechanisms toward facilitating improved therapeutic outcomes. Using an integrative approach, we examined the transcriptomic changes in the lungs of Cd151- and Cd9-deficient mice using functional-enrichment-analysis, pathway-perturbation-analysis and protein-protein-interaction (PPI) network analysis. Circadian-rhythm, extracellular-matrix (ECM), cell-adhesion and inflammatory responses and associated factors were prominently influenced by Cd151-deletion. Conversely, cellular-junctions, focal-adhesion, vascular-remodeling, and TNF-signaling were deeply impacted by Cd9-deletion. We also highlighted a “common core” of factors and signaling cascades that underlie the functions of both Cd151 and Cd9 in lung pathology. Circadian dysregulation following Cd151-deletion seemingly facilitated progressive fibrotic lung phenotype. Conversely, TGF-β signaling attenuation and TNF-signaling activation emerged as potentially novel functionaries of Cd9-deletion-induced emphysema. Our findings offer promising avenues for developing novel therapeutic treatments for pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema.

Field of study: Biology
FESeR: A data-driven framework to enhance sensor reliability for the system condition monitoring

The collected system information is critical for condition monitoring (CM) which is mainly implemented by utilizing various types of sensors. Hence, the reliability of sensors directly influences the evaluation result of CM. One type of data-driven framework to enhance sensor reliability is realized in this article. To be specific, the combination of sensor selection method and data anomaly detection is achieved by information theory and Kernel Principle Component Analysis (KPCA). The sensors which can provide more valuable information for system CM are selected. The correlations among sensors are analysed by mutual information. Finally, the data anomaly detection is conducted by utilizing the correlations among sensor data sets and KPCA. The effectiveness is proved by employing sensor data sets from National Aeronautics and Space Administration Ames Research Center.

Field of study: Engineering
Diversity Training and its Impact on the Employees’ Organizational Commitment: Job Satisfaction as a Moderating Variable in the Classic Fashion Apparel Industry Company

The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of diversity training on the organizational commitment and also identify the role of job satisfaction in improving the relationship between diversity training and organizational commitment of the employees. For this purpose, the data gathered from (110) individuals operating in Classic Fashion Apparel Industry Company in Jordan have been analyzed, applying statistical techniques and methods. The analysis of the research data has revealed that the diversity training had a positive impact on the organizational commitment of employees. The research data has also indicated that the job satisfaction, as a Moderating Variable, had a meaningful role in improving the relationship between diversity training and organizational commitment.

Field of study: Business
Decolonial Memory and Nuclear Migration in Albert Wendt’s Black Rainbow

Albert Wendt’s Black Rainbow (1992) was published amidst a history of transnational nuclear proliferation, forced migration, and Indigenous resistance in the Pacific. This dystopian novel, set in Aotearoa (New Zealand), details an unnamed protagonist (whose memory has been erased by a surveillance state) who goes on a heroic quest and reclaims his identity. In this essay, I argue that Wendt’s use of Oceanic storytelling techniques in Black Rainbow, which are oral, intertextual, and ecologically based, privilege circular temporalities and retellings to promote a reclamatory relationship between memory and migration for archipelagic Oceanic connections.

Field of study: Art
Screening HIV-Infected Patients with Chronic Pain for Anxiety and Mood Disorders with the Beck Anxiety and Depression Inventory-Fast Screens for Medical Settings

The Beck Anxiety (BAI-FS) and Depression (BDI-FS) Inventory-Fast Screens for Medical Settings were administered to 63 HIV-infected outpatients seeking treatment at a chronic pain clinic to evaluate how effectively these 7-item instruments would, respectively, differentiate those who were and were not diagnosed with DSM-IV anxiety, mood, or both disorders. The Anxiety and Mood Modules from the Primary Care Evaluation of Mental Disorders (PRIME-MD) were employed to establish the diagnoses. The coefficient α's for the BAI- and BDI-FS were, respectively, .80 and .84. A BAI-FS cut-off score of 4 and above yielded 82% sensitivity and 59% specificity rates for identifying patients with and without anxiety disorders, whereas a BDI-FS cut-off score of 4 and above had 90% sensitivity and 74% specificity rates for detecting patients with and without mood disorders. It was concluded that the BDI-FS was a useful instrument for screening HIV-infected patients with chronic pain for mood disorders.

Field of study: Psychology
Computer Generation of Normal Random Variables

This paper suggests that user accessibility as well as speed and accuracy should be used as a criterion to evaluate algorithms for generating random variables. FORTRAN implementations of several of the best current normal algorithms are studied. Two of the algorithms were also implemented in assembler for making comparisons with other studies and for assessing the cost of accessibility. A new mixing algorithm which combines features of the convenient and fast methods of Marsaglia et al. is introduced.

Field of study: Mathematics
Source selection problem in multi-source multi-destination multicasting

Multicast is designed to jointly deliver content from a single source to a set of destinations; hence, it can efficiently save the bandwidth consumption and reduce the load on the source. In many important applications, the appearance of multiple sources brings new opportunities and challenges to reduce the bandwidth consumption of a multicast transfer. In this paper, we focus on such type of multi-source multicast and construct an efficient routing forest with the minimum cost (MCF). MCF spans each destination by one and only one source, while minimizing the total cost (i.e. the weight sum of all links in one multicast routing) for delivering the same content from the source side to all destinations. Prior approaches for single source multicast do not exploit the opportunities of a collection of sources; hence, they remain inapplicable to the MCF problem. Actually, the MCF problem for a multi-source multicast is proved to be NP-hard. Therefore, we propose two ( 2 + ɛ ) -approximation methods, named P-MCF and E-MCF. We conduct experiments on our SDN testbed together with large-scale simulations under the random SDN network, regular SDN network and scale-free SDN network. All manifest that our MCF approach always occupies fewer network links and incurs less network cost for any multi-source multicast than the traditional Steiner minimum tree (SMT) of any related single source multicast, irrespective of the used network topology and the setting of multicast transfers.

Field of study: Computer science
Present and past uses of mangrove wood in the subtropical Bay of Paranaguá (Paraná, Brazil)

Although Brazil has defined mangroves as permanent preservation areas and banned the exploration of any mangrove resources, wood is still explored by underprivileged coastal populations. Restrictions regulating the use of mangrove wood are at odds with the social reality of many traditional or neo-traditional coastal populations that depend on this resource. The current social conflicts raised or intensified by a restrictive federal legislation clearly point to the need of less controversial management strategies. Knowledge of the present and past usage of mangrove resources is a necessary basis for the development of more viable and reasonable conservation strategies. In this study, we defined the current and past uses of mangrove wood in coastal villages of the subtropical Bay of Paranagua, in Southern Brazil. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with longtime residents or community leaders. The main past uses were woodcutting for firewood and tannin extraction, sold or used for subsistence. Current uses are mostly related to fishing activities and have been restricted to personal consumption. The use of wood has declined in the last decades due to law restrictions, the increasing availability of new energy sources and new materials for fishing such as nylon nets. We suggest that natural forest turnover, combined with appropriate management actions, could allow for sustainable wood extraction in places where populations are small and mangroves are extensive, as in this subtropical estuarine system. Even though the current need for wood resources is not significant, the use of wood may help local residents in their daily needs and improve their quality of life.

Field of study: Environmental science
Pathologic Replication-Independent Endogenous DNA Double-Strand Breaks Repair Defect in Chronological Aging Yeast

Reduction of physiologic replication-independent endogenous DNA double strand breaks (Phy-RIND-EDSBs) in chronological aging yeast increases pathologic RIND-EDSBs (Path-RIND-EDSBs). Path-RIND-EDSBs can occur spontaneously in non-dividing cells without any inductive agents, and they must be repaired immediately otherwise their accumulation can lead to senescence. If yeasts have DSB repair defect, retention of Path-RIND-EDSBs can be found. Previously, we found that Path-RIND-EDSBs are not only produced but also retained in chronological aging yeast. Here, we evaluated if chronological aging yeasts have a DSB repair defect. We found a significant accumulation of Path-RIND-EDSBs around the same level in aging cells and caffeine treated cells and at a much higher level in the DSB repair mutant cells. Especially in the mutant, some unknown sequence was found inserted at the breaks. In addition, % difference of cell viability between HO induced and non-induced cells was significantly greater in aging cells. Our results suggested that RIND-EDSBs repair efficiency declines, but is not absent, in chronological aging yeast which might promote senescence phenotype. When a repair protein is deficient, an alternative pathway might be employed or an end modification process might occur as inserted sequences at the breaks were observed. Restoring repair defects might slow down the deterioration of cells from chronological aging.

Field of study: Biology
Sugarcane Analysis Using Near Infrared Spectroscopy

Infrared (NIR) reflectance (R) spectroscopy was used to determine the pol (dextro-rotary substances), fiber, sugar and moisture contents of shredded sugarcane samples. The analysis of the NIR data was based on the second derivative of the log (1/R) values. A set of four wavelengths was then selected and calibration correlations were determined for these wavelengths for each constituent. A standard analysis was also performed for comparison with the NIR results. There was no significant difference between the pol, fiber, sugar, and moisture values using the standard press method and the NIR method developed in this study (p>0.01). Correlations between the two methods were also determined and the values were 0.957, 0.834, 0.956, and 0.957 for pol, fiber, sugar, and moisture, respectively.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Absolute Crystal Structure Determination of Ergot Alkaloid - Dihydroergocristine Methanesulfonate Monohydrate

Dihydroergocristine methanesulfonate monohydrate crystallizes in orthorhorhombic space group P2 1 2 1 2 (No. 18) with Z = 4, a = 12.736(2) A, b = 39.089(5) A, c = 7.130(1) A, V = 3549.6(9) A 3 . The indole moiety is nearly planar, both the ergoline ring C and the tripeptide ring F addopt an envelope E 6 conformation. The ergoline ring D and the tripeptide ring E have a chair 1 C 4 conformation. The conformation of the ring G is between E 1 and 5 T 1 . The benzene ring H is planar. The structure was solved by direct methods and refined anisotropically to the final R value of 0.078 for 4219 statistically significant observed reflections [I o 1.96s( I )]. The absolute chirality was determined based on anomalous dispersion as: C4 ( R ), C8 ( R ), C6 ( R ), C17 ( R ), C25 ( S ), C24 ( S ), C19 ( S ).

Field of study: Chemistry
Cohen I, Navarro V, Clemenceau S, Baulac M, Miles R:On the origin of interictal activity in human temporal lobe epilepsy in vitro. Science 298:1418–1421, 2002

The origin and mechanisms of human interictal epileptic discharges remain unclear. Here, we describe a spontaneous, rhythmic activity initiated in the subiculum of slices from patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. Synchronous events were similar to interictal discharges of patient electroencephalograms. They were suppressed by antagonists of either glutamatergic or gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic signaling. The network of neurons discharging during population events comprises both subicular interneurons and a subgroup of pyramidal cells. In these pyramidal cells, GABAergic synaptic events reversed at depolarized potentials. Depolarizing GABAergic responses in neurons downstream to the sclerotic CA1 region contribute to human interictal activity.

Field of study: Medicine
The Importance of Collaboration and Competition Within and Outside the OECD

The purpose of this paper is to address the role of the OECD in the global marketplace. The paper highlights some current trends in the global market and the changing role of the OECD. In this context, the authors discuss various perspectives on the role of OECD in a globalized world. The authors focus on recent debates on the state of the global economy and the changing position of the OECD in the world market. The authors apply a conceptual approach combined with analyses of data and secondary material. The authors also put forward an argument for investigating what determines competition within and outside the OECD. In this context, creating markets within a global economy requires considerable stimulus on the part of national governments. This necessitates national governments working together in partnership with national and global firms to reduced bureaucracy and increase transparency to boost trade in a cost effective manner. This is seen by some economists to be a prerequisite to future competitiveness. Finally, the authors seek to demonstrate how leading countries within the OECD are building innovative capability to master the challenges and opportunities that the new emerging economies present (such as Brazil).

Field of study: Business
Investigation of the impact of MIG1 and MIG2 on the physiology of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

The gene functions of MIG1 and MIG2 are well known for their role in glucose control in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A prototrophic mig1 disruptant (T468) and mig1mig2 double disruptant (T475) as well as their congenic wild-type strain (CEN.PK 113-7D) were analysed for changes in their peripheral metabolism (batch cultivations on sugar mixtures) and central metabolism (batch and continuous cultivations as well as acceleratostats). Sucrose metabolism was alleviated of glucose control in the mig1 disruptant, and even more so in the mig1mig2 disruptant compared with their wild-type strain. The lag phase in a batch cultivation grown on a glucose-galactose mixture was reduced by 50% in either disruptant, i.e. additional disruption of MIG2 in a mig1 background did not further alleviate galactose metabolism from glucose control. In contrast, both disruptants exhibited a more stringent glucose control of maltose metabolism compared with the wild-type strain. Growing on glucose, the mig1mig2 double disruptant exhibited a 12% higher specific growth rate than the wild-type strain, as well as a significantly higher respiratory capacity.

Field of study: Biology, Engineering