nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Structural changes in photosystem II after treatment with the zero-length bifunctional cross-linker 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodi-imide: an electron microscopic study.

Two-dimensional (2D) crystals of photosystem II (PS II) treated with various concentrations of the zero-length crosslinker 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl))carbodi-imide (EDC) were analysed by electron microscopy in conjunction with crystallographic image processing. The preparations were characterized by SDS/PAGE and oxygen-evolution measurements, and the effectiveness of cross-linking was monitored by measuring the level of protection afforded against high concentrations of NaCl and CaCl2, which normally remove extrinsic proteins from PS II. We found that low concentrations of EDC (0.25%) increase the order of 2D crystals of PS II. Treatments with EDC concentrations higher than 0.5% did not improve the order of 2D crystals but induced gross structural changes, which were correlated with a decrease in oxygen evolution activity. Structural changes due to cross-linking did not affect packing or symmetry of the 2D crystals, further supporting the conclusion that PS II has a monomeric nature in vivo.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Formation Kinetics and Structure of 3-Octylthiophene Self-Assembled Monolayers on Gold Surfaces

The self-assembly process and the structure of a monolayer of 3-octhylthiophene (OTP) on gold surfaces were monitored and characterized by in situ surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy (SPS) and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). The formation of well-ordered OTP self-assembled monolayers was confirmed for the first time.

Field of study: Chemistry
TU-A-204B-02: On the Potential of CBCT for Range Verification in Proton Therapy

We have investigated the potential use of cone beam CT(CBCT) for beam range verifications in proton therapy treatment, in addition to its primary role in geometric targeting. Specifically, we studied the intrinsic imaging variability of a CBCT and its effect on the water equivalent path length (WEPL) calculations, in the context of daily beam range verification/correction required for a recently proposed method of treating prostate using anterior fields. The current approach uses only lateral fields due to the lack of precise range control in patient.  An anthropomorphic pelvic phantom was scanned using CBCT, in eight sessions on eight different days. In each session, the phantom was scanned twice, first at a standard position as determined by the room lasers, and then with a random shift of one centimeter in lateral directions. The Xio treatment planning system was used to perform the analysis. The average Hounsfield unit (HU) numbers for the water column in the rectal balloon was used to perform a linear calibration of the stopping power ratio, independently for each scan, as supported by the planning system. A number of WEPL values vertically from the anterior skin surface to the anterior surface of the water balloon were calculated on slices covering the region of the prostate, in relevance to a prostate treatment using an anterior field.  The HU number in the water column varied significantly even within the same CBCT. The average value also varied from day to day for up to 20 units. However, when these average values are used to calibrate the stopping power ratio, the variations in WEPL values along the anterior beam path are mostly within 2 mm.  In‐room CBCT can be used in proton therapy to make online verification of protons range in patients with 2mm accuracy.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Mechanisms for the Latchup Window Effect in Integrated Circuits

The latchup window effect has been studied in CMOS and advanced bipolar integrated circuits, using a 1.06 pm laser as a diagnostic tool. An important new finding is the identification of latchup windows in bipolar circuits with oxide-isolated sidewalls. The results show that window behavior is caused by distributed effects rather than the local mechanisms that have been assumed in previous modeling efforts. Lateral substrate currents and distributed resistances in diffused regions and metallization are important in modeling latchup window behavior in MSI devices.

Field of study: Physics
Laboratory alteration of titanomagnetites in submarine pillow lavas

Submarine basalts have been heated in water in the laboratory to study the changes of magnetic properties with oxidation of the titanomagnetite. Before heating, the titanomagnetites were cation deficient with z ~ 0.1. With prolonged heating the degree of cation deficiency, as determined from the Curie temperature, increased Further heating in an attempt to produce titanomagnetites with z > 0.6 caused phase-splitting. This phase-splitting was sometimes accompanied by a self-reversal of magnetization. From the results of the experimental alterations we are able to predict the decrease of magnetization with distance from a spreading ridge.

Field of study: Environmental science
A Facile Synthesis of Lentiginosine Analogues Based on a Highly Regio‐ and Diastereoselective Allylic Amination Using Chlorosulfonyl Isocyanate

The concise synthesis of the lentiginosine analogues pyrrolizidine alkaloid 2 and pyrroloazepine alkaloid 3 has been achieved from inexpensive and readily available D -lyxose. The key steps in the synthesis included regio- and diastereoselective amination, inter- or intramolecular olefin metathesis, and Appel cyclization. The anti-3,4-amino alcohol 6, essential for the preparation of the title compounds 2 and 3, was synthesized by the regio- and diastereoselective amination of anti-3,4-tribenzyl ether 7 using chlorosulfonyl isocyanate. The reaction of 7 with chlorosulfonyl isocyanate in toluene at 0 °C afforded 6 exclusively with a diastereoselectivity of 26:1 in 84 % yield. These results can be explained by the neighboring-group effect, which leads to retention of the stereochemistry.

Field of study: Chemistry
Reform of teaching methods: new trend of undergraduate education reform in America's research universities

Calling for the regression to rules of universities and the challenges to the 21st universities are main causes for teaching method reform in America's research universities.Key promoting forces for teachers in universities devoting into teaching methods reform are: reconsidering of academic,effects of teacher development centers and incentives of "creative contract".Research-based teaching mode,the inquiry-based freshman year and capstone experience compose core contents of the whole process of teaching method reform in universities.

Field of study: Education
The Second Debt Crisis Is Coming

Several issues of great immediacy dominate most current thinking about the world economy: How long will the American expansion continue? Will the American political system cope effectively with its huge budget deficits, and how will political systems in Europe cope with the structural problems facing their societies? Will Europe be able to expand sufficiently to start reducing unemployment? Can real interest rates be brought down to tolerable levels and renewed sharp rises, as recently experienced in Britain, be avoided? How can the huge American trade deficit be corrected-what cure can be less a problem than this particular disease? And will the debt crisis of the less developed countries remain relatively quiescent? Will Latin America be able to avoid major social disruption if it experiences several more years of substandard growth? The contemporary focus on these key questions is fully understandable. In my view, however, the issues they raise can only be diagnosed properlyand lasting answers suggested meaningfullyby stepping back to observe several related changes that appear to be evolving in the world economy.

Field of study: Economics
[The interrelationships of hepatitis B e antigen antibody and HBsAg-circulating immune complexes in asymptomatic HBsAg carriers].

The prevalence of asymptomatic HBsAg carriers and positive rate of HBsAg immune complexes (HBsAg-CICs) were comparatively higher among Chinese. The former is considered to be related with hepatitis B e antigen and the latter is not clear yet. In order to investigate the relationship between HBsAg-CICs and e antigen antibody among asymptomatic carriers. 90 subjects of carriers was tested for HBsAg-CICs by PEG-trypsinisation method and for e antigen antibody by radio-immunoassay. HBsAg-CICs were positive in 66 subjects among 90 carriers. The concentration of HBsAg-CICs (ng/ml) was significantly higher among 32 subjects with positive HBeAg (333.87 +/- 265.39) than 27 subjects with positive anti-HBe (181.03 +/- 162.05), p less than 0.02. Furthermore, the positive rate of e antigen and e antibody was just contrary among carriers with positive and negative HBsAg-CICs. Among 24 subjects with negative HBsAg-CICs, the percentage of positive HBeAg was much lower than positive e antibody. A significant interrelationship was present between positive or negative HBsAg-CICs and e antigen, antibody, the statistically significant was proved by the Chi square test. The above results showed that the high prevalence of asymptomatic HBsAg carriers among Chinese may be related to e antigen.

Field of study: Biology
Conformal covariance for the powers of the Dirac operator

A new proof of the conformal covariance of the powers of the flat Dirac operator is obtained. The proof uses their relation with the Knapp-Stein intertwining operators for the spinorial principal series. We also treat the compact picture, i.e. the corresponding operators on the sphere, where certain polynomials of the Dirac operator appear. This gives a new representation-theoretic framework for earlier results.

Field of study: Mathematics
Poster — Wed Eve—29: Validation of VMAT Delivery Using a Commercial 2D Diode Array

Volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) is a new modality that combines IMRT with rotational delivery. RapidArc (Varian Medical Systems) incorporates the capability to vary dose rate, gantry speed and dynamic multileaf collimators to optimize dose and delivery efficiency. While new systems are being developed for VMAT verification, diode arrays are efficient and convenient tools for beam‐wise verification of IMRTdelivery, and also have been employed in composite rotational delivery verification. Mapcheck2 (Sun Nuclear Corporation) is a new diode array with 1527 detectors. In this study, we investigate the use of Mapchekc2 in the MapPhan solid water phantom to validate VMAT delivery. 5 VMAT plans were generated in Eclipse using the RapidArc optimizer. All plans were delivered several times to verify consistency of delivery and measurement. Gamma analysis was used to verify the results compared to calculated dose distributions. The system was found to be sensitive to small changes in position or orientation. RapidArc beam delivery has been verified to correspond well with calculated dose distributions. Gamma values were below 1 in greater than 90% of measured points for all treatment plans. Delivery was found to be insensitive to initial dose rate. The MapPhan, with Mapcheck2 2D array in solidwater is a convenient way to verify VMAT plans. MapPhan results showed that RapidArc delivery is stable and reproducible.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Endoscopic extended transsphenoidal resection of tuberculum sellae meningiomas: nuances of neurosurgical technique.

Over the past decade, advances in endoscopic microsurgical techniques have resulted in an increasingly aggressive endonasal approach to tumors of the midline skull base. Meningiomas of the tuberculum sellae are often closely associated with cerebrovascular structures, and their removal has traditionally required a transcranial approach. An endonasal approach offers many advantages, including early tumor devascularization and tumor debulking (without manipulation of the optic apparatus), direct access to the medial optic canal, and a minimal-access corridor. Although recent articles have focused on techniques for reaching and approaching the area of the pathology (how to get there), the authors of this report discuss the technical nuances of endoscopic microsurgery when the operator is already "there." They describe their 6-step technique for endoscopic skull base bone removal, tumor dissection/resection, and closure. They also augment their description with elaborate illustrations.

Field of study: Medicine
Three-Nucleon Force in the 4He Scattering System

We report on a consistent, microscopic calculation of the bound and scattering states in the 4He system employing modern realistic two-nucleon and three-nucleon potentials in the framework of the resonating group model (RGM). We present for comparison with these microscopic RGM calculations the results from a charge-independent, Coulomb-corrected R-matrix analysis of all types of data for reactions in the A = 4 system. Comparisons are made for selected examples of phase shifts and measurements from reactions sensitive to three-nucleon force effects.

Field of study: Physics
Alpine structures in northwestern Calabria, Italy

The Tyrrhenian Coastal Chain of northwestern Calabria is underlain by five tectono-stratigraphic units that represent large thrust sheets originating in the Tyrrhenian area and emplaced in Calabria before late Miocene time. Rocks of these nappe structures were originally Mesozoic-Tertiary platform-type carbonates, Jurassic-Cretaceous oceanic crust, and segments of a Hercynian Paleozoic microcontinent.

Calcareous-dolomitic, metavolcanic, and metasedimentary rocks of the three geometrically lowest units exhibit similar structural successions and comparable meta-morphic patterns. The first deformational event recognized in such terranes generated recumbent, isoclinal, intrafolial folds with an axial-surface schistosity or slaty cleavage virtually parallel to bedding or volcanic layering. This was accompanied by metamorphism in the blueschist and lower greenschist facies and was followed by a second main deformational phase, which formed tight, inclined to recumbent folds with various types of axial-plane crenulation cleavages. Deformation and metamorphism are interpreted to have occurred before nappe emplacement, whereas during overthrusting, previous linear features such as L2 lineations underwent reorientation toward parallelism, with the stretching direction generating a structural pattern that was radial in relation to the Calabrian arc.

The uppermost tectono-stratigraphic units made of Hercynian gneissic terranes display early structures largely obliterated by Alpine cataclasis and retrograde metamorphism. Two minor deformational phases occurred throughout the nappe pile and predated the late Miocene postorogenic transgression. The Pliocene-Quaternary arching of this foldbelt was accompanied by widespread normal faulting, which determined the present outcrop pattern.

Field of study: Geology
Effect of a Thin AlOx Layer on Transition-Edge Sensor Properties

We have studied the physics of transition-edge sensor (TES) devices with an insulating AlOx layer on top of the device to allow implementation of more complex detector geometries. By comparing devices with and without the insulating film, we have observed significant additional noise apparently caused by the insulator layer. In addition, AlOx was found to be a relatively good thermal conductor. This adds an unforeseen internal thermal feature to the system.

Field of study: Physics
Topology Control Mechanism Based on Link Available Probability in Aeronautical Ad Hoc Network

In this paper; we consider traffic network with high-speed mobility nodes scenario; and give a new network topology control mechanism to rise the routing path duration in Aeronautical ad hoc network. The mechanism can use different methods to construct topology according to the node densities. For network regions having a high density of aircraft; the packets are preferentially routed over the long available links created by the aircraft moving in same direction. For low density of aircraft; the routing preferentially uses the short available links created by the aircraft moving in both directions. The mechanism can effectively decrease the probability of routing path breaks; when the nodes move with a high velocity. It can be also integrated with existing Ad hoc network routing protocols smoothly. We combine the mechanism with Optimized Link-State Routing Protocol (OLSR); and give a Path Link Availability Routing Protocol (PLAR). The performance of PLAR protocol is compared with several routing protocols in different scenes. The metrics include end-to-end delay; availability and length of path. Experimental results show that PLAR protocol exhibits a significant improvement over most routing protocols base on topology and position

Field of study: Computer science
Regular systems of inbreeding

Regular systems of inbreeding with discrete, nonoverlapping generations and the same number of individuals and mating pattern in every generation are studied. The matrix Q that specifies the recursion relations satisfied by the probabilities of identity is expressed in terms of the matrix M that describes the mating system. Necessary and sufficient conditions for convergence to genetic uniformity are given, and it is determined which probabilities of identity approach one. If the mating system has certain symmetries and these are imposed initially, then a matrix R, of lower dimension than Q, specifies the recursion relations. For such a mating system, for generic initial conditions, the condensed matrix R suffices for determining whether convergence to uniformity occurs and which probabilities of identity approach one. If Q is irreducible, the maximal eigenvalue of R is the same as that of Q. If Q is also aperiodic, this implies that the asymptotic rate of convergence to homogeneity of the condensed system is the same as that of the complete one. The above results apply to autosomal loci in monoecious (with or without selfing) and dioecious populations and to X-linked loci. As an example, all the eigenvalues and right and left eigenvectors of Q for circular mating are found.

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics
Personhood, Contraception and Population Control

There are two ways in which the contraceptive and population control movements devalue the person. First by destroying the integrity of the person and, as a result, the interpersonal relationship of marriage, and second, by their approach to the social problem of population. This paper will deal primarily with population control. The paper is not designed to give a comprehensive account of the population control movement but to highlight certain key aspects to show how both the values publicly promoted and the methods adopted to achieve their goals have diminished the person. According to a Christian personalist view of man, the person is a whole in himself and as such can never be treated simply as a part of society. Jacques Maritain has applied the philosophic distinction made by St. Thomas between individuality and personality to evaluate contemporary materialist philosophies. A social philosophy that ignores man's spirit leaves him with only material individuality and not true personality. Either anarchy tak~ uvt:r ur sUl:h a phiiosophy fWUU:S iht: pt:rson iu a mt:rt: numbt:r, all eOOIiOilUC statistic or a racial or ethnic entity.l John F. Crosby explains the difference in approach to the human being in terms of numbering. The quantitative relations oflarger and smaller are so merely because of comparison with other numbers. For example, 5 can become larger by hPino rnmn!lrpri tn ~ !Inri F. hPrnmp~ ~m!ll1pr whpn rllmn!lrPfl tn 1? If ~ vp.rv l~rQP'

Field of study: Medicine, Philosophy
Measurement of sky background luminance characteristics

光学成像和光信息空间传输等领域需要对天空背景特性进行定性或定量的研究.Modtran等模拟计算方法无法有效模拟复杂多样的气候条件和地理环境.建立专门的测量装置获取天空背景光谱特性参数,与理论模型计算结果进行了比对,分析了两者的一致性和差别.通过观测数据得出:在天空比较均匀的环境中,天空光谱亮度通常随着太阳角的增大而减小,当观测方向接近地平面时(大约同地平面夹角小于30°),天空亮度随着太阳角的增大而增大；在晴朗无云的天空中,光谱亮度分布偏蓝,天空亮度主要集中在短波段部分；在阴天和有云天观测到的天空亮度光谱明显红移.

Field of study: Physics
Evaluation of fuzzy reliability of a non-series parallel network

It is well known that conventional reliability analysis using probabilities has been found to be inadequate to handle uncertainty of failure data and modelling. To overcome this problem, the concept of “fuzzy probability” has been used in the evaluation of reliability of a general non-series parallel network. Basically, only two operations, i.e. multiplication and complementation, need to be performed in assessing system reliability of a non-series parallel system. A procedure is developed to carry out these operations efficiently.

Field of study: Engineering
Evidence for space charge effects in Y-doped BaZrO3 from reduction experiments

In general, grain boundaries in acceptor-doped BaZrO 3 are blocking for excess protons, oxygen vacancies and holes. One possible explanation for this blocking grain boundary character is the presence of an excess positive charge in the grain boundary core causing depletion of positive charge carriers in the adjacent space charge zone. A pertinent test consists in the investigation of the grain boundary effect on excess electrons. The vanishing of the grain boundary resistances in strongly reduced, n-conducting Y-doped BaZrO 3 ceramics observed in the present study is thus a strong evidence for the space charge picture. Based on this, strategies for diminishing the grain boundary resistivity for positive carriers are outlined briefly.

Field of study: Materials science
The relationship between HBV-associated histopathological indexes, X gene mutations and prognosis in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection

To identify the relationship between HBV-associated histopathological indexes, X gene mutations and prognosis in patients with chronic hepatitis B.  Patients with liver biopsy samples in 1986—1994 were followed up. All of the 83 cases were divided into three groups: Carcinogenesis, Cirrhosis, and Non-cirrhosis. The rest 20 HBV-related hepatocellular carcinoma cases were also studied. Two-step immunohisto- chemical staining showed the expression of HBsAg, HBcAg, HBeAg and HBx protein in situ. HBV DNA levels in liver were determined by fluorescence quantitative real-time PCR. nt1583-1793 in HBV X gene was amplified by PCR. Products were purified from agarose for sequence analysis in double directions.  Among the four HBV antigens, the expression of HBsAg was the highest, while HBeAg was the lowest. Missense mutations were found in nt1632-1636(AA 87/88), 1719(AA 116), 1725-1730(AA 118/119), 1752(AA127), 1762 and 1764 (AA 130/131). Statistic analysis showed that grading (P=0.001) and staging (P=0.000) of Scheuer scores were higher in Cirrhosis than those in Non-cirrhosis, as well as the expression of HBeAg in liver (P=0.008). The percentage of nt1762/1764 mutation in Carcinogenesis was significantly higher than that in Non-carcinogenesis (P=0.011). The percentage of wild type of nt1725-1730 was obviously higher in carcinoma cases than that in chronic hepatitis cases (P=0.024), while the percentage of nt1762/1764 mutations did so (P=0.001). Con- clusion Scheuer scores and the expression of HBeAg in liver closely correlate with cirrhosis in patients with chronic hepatitis B. The mutation at nt1762/1764 obviously increases the risk for hepatocarcinogenesis.

Field of study: Biology