nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Carrier mobility in inversion layers of Si–thin Ta2O5 structures

The behaviour of carrier mobility in the inversion channel of gateless p -MOSFETs with thin (7–50 nm) Ta 2 O 5 layers, having a dielectric constant of (23–27) and prepared by rf sputtering of Ta in an Ar–O 2 mixture, has been investigated. It is shown that independently of the high dielectric constant of the layers, the transport properties in the channel are strongly affected by defects in Ta 2 O 5 /Si system in the form of oxide charge and interface states. These defects act as scattering centers and are responsible for the observed minority carrier mobility degradation. Both, the oxide and the interface state charges are virtually independent on the oxygen content (in the range 10–30%) during the sputtering process. A reduction of the oxide charge and the density of interface states with increasing Ta 2 O 5 film thickness was found, which results in the observed increase of the inversion channel mobility with thickness. It is assumed that the bond defects (broken or strained Ta-bonds as well as weak Si–O bonds in the transition region between Ta 2 O 5 and Si) are much more probable sources of defect centers rather than Ta and O vacancies or impurities.

Field of study: Engineering
Prelimbic cortex specific lesions disrupt delayed-variable response tasks in the rat.

The role of the prelimbic cortex (PL) in rats was investigated with excitotoxic lesions. PL lesions altered the alternation scores in spontaneous and reinforced spatial delayed-alternation tasks. PL lesions induced a delay in conditioning under a temporal go/no-go alternation schedule but not under a continuous food-reinforcement schedule in a runway. PL lesions had no effect on the acquisition of a standard radial-arm-maze task nor on a fixed-goal location task but disrupted the acquisition of a variable-goal location task in a radial-arm maze. The present results indicate that PL lesions replicated most of the behavioral deficits obtained with larger prefrontal lesions. PL lesions disrupted the acquisition of delayed-variable response tasks while leaving unaffected fixed-response tasks. These results are discussed in relation with a working-memory, a response-selection, and an attentional hypothesis.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Structural insights into SUMO E1-E2 interactions in Arabidopsis uncovers a distinctive platform for securing SUMO conjugation specificity across evolution.

SUMOylation of proteins involves the concerted action of the E1-activating enzyme, E2-conjugating enzyme and E3-ligases. An essential discrimination step in the SUMOylation pathway corresponds to the initial interaction between E1 ubiquitin-fold domain (UFD) and E2 enzymes. Although E2 orthologs possess high sequence identity, the E2 binding region of the UFD domains have diverged across evolution. Moreover, in reciprocal in vitro conjugation reactions Arabidopsis E1 and E2 SCE1 fail to interact efficiently with cognate human E2 Ubc9 and E1 partners, respectively. To gain more insights into the properties of this interface in evolutionary distant organisms, we solved the crystal structure of SUMO E2 SCE1 and its complex with E1 UFD in Arabidopsis. In addition to a few common structural determinants, the interface between the E1 UFD and E2 in Arabidopsis is distinct compared with human and yeast, in particular by the presence of a longer α-helix in the Arabidopsis UFD domain. Despite the variability of E1 UFD domains in these surfaces, they establish specific interactions with highly conserved surfaces of their cognate E2 enzymes. Functional analysis of the different E2 interface residues between human and Arabidopsis revealed Val37 (Met36 in human), as a determinant that provides specificity in the E1-E2 recognition in plants.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Potential role of nutrients on immunity.

The immune system protects the host against pathogenic organisms and acts to ensure tolerance to self, to food and environmental components. Bovine milk, micronutrients and many nutrients beneficially affect the host immunity. Bovine milk has many components that improve the body immune functions. In addition, a significant mass of research now exists investigating the role of probiotic and prebiotic in ameliorating immunity during various intestinal diseases. Vitamins and minerals boost immunity. Micronutrient deficiency suppresses immune function by affecting the innate T-cell mediated immune response and adoptive antibody response. Moreover essential fatty acids, and some amino acids have numerous important influences on immune responses. Besides, glutathione and nucleotides are important components of immunonutrient mixes. Also, in this article, an overview of how nutrient-nutrient interaction may affect host immunity, was discussed.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Highlighting Relatedness Promotes Prosocial Motives and Behavior

According to self-determination theory, people have three basic psychological needs: relatedness, competence, and autonomy. Of these, the authors reasoned that relatedness need satisfaction is particularly important for promoting prosocial behavior because of the increased sense of connectedness to others that this engenders. In Experiment 1, the authors manipulated relatedness, autonomy, competence, or gave participants a neutral task, and found that highlighting relatedness led to higher interest in volunteering and intentions to volunteer relative to the other conditions. Experiment 2 found that writing about relatedness experiences promoted feelings of connectedness to others, which in turn predicted greater prosocial intentions. Experiment 3 found that relatedness manipulation participants donated significantly more money to charity than did participants given a neutral task. The results suggest that highlighting relatedness increases engagement in prosocial activities and are discussed in relation to the conflict and compatibility between individual and social outcomes.

Field of study: Psychology
Chinese squash leaf curl virus: a new whitefly-transmitted geminivirus.

Coat protein (CP) gene of the Chinese squash leaf curl virus (SqLCV-C) was amplified through PCR, cloned and completely sequenced. Based on the comparisons at the levels of both CP gene nucleotide and CP-deduced amino acid sequences with other geminiviruses, SqLCV-C is confirmed to be distinct from the American squash leaf curl virus (SqLCV-E). It is a new geminivirus transmitted by whitefly Bemisia tabaci, which infects dicotyledonous plants and is more closely related to the Indian cassava mosaic virus (ICMV).

Field of study: Chemistry
SigAttack: New High-level SAT-based Attack on Logic Encryptions

Logic encryption is a powerful hardware protection technique that uses extra key inputs to lock a circuit from piracy or unauthorized use. The recent discovery of the SAT-based attack with Distinguishing Input Pattern (DIP) generation has rendered all traditional logic encryptions vulnerable, and thus the creation of new encryption methods. However, a critical question for any new encryption method is whether security against the DIP-generation attack means security against all other attacks. In this paper, a new high-level SAT-based attack called SigAttack has been discovered and thoroughly investigated. It is based on extracting a key-revealing signature in the encryption. A majority of all known SAT-resilient encryptions are shown to be vulnerable to SigAttack. By formulating the condition under which SigAttack is effective, the paper also provides guidance for the future logic encryption design.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Responses of CHO cell lines to increased pCO2 at normal (37 °C) and reduced (33 °C) culture temperatures.

The correlation between dissolved carbon dioxide (pCO2) and cell growth, cell metabolism, productivity and product quality has often been reported. However, since pCO2 values in bioprocesses always vary concurrently with other bioprocess variables, it is very difficult to distinguish only the effect of pCO2. The aim of our work was to investigate further the specific effect of pCO2 and cell response on a proteome level. Proteome responses of three different CHO-Der3 cell lines in the exponential growth phase at normal (37 °C) and reduced (33 °C) culture temperatures, with normal (10%) and increased (20%) pCO2, were studied by comparative proteomic analysis (2D-DIGE). Cell viability and cell density, and the concentration of glucose, glutamine and lactate monitored over 72-h cultures showed that elevated pCO2 did not affect cell viability or productivity at either culture temperature, while metabolic activity was reduced. The specific metabolic profile also indicated altered glucose metabolism toward a less efficient anaerobic metabolism. Two-way ANOVA of proteomic data discriminated many more pCO2-specific changes in protein abundance (p<0.01) at 33 °C than at 37 °C and PCA analysis was able to distinguish clusters distinguishing cell lines and culture conditions at low temperature and elevated pCO2, indicating substantial proteome changes under these culture conditions. Cell sensitivity to increased pCO2 at the lower temperature was further confirmed by a significantly increased abundance of twelve proteins involved in anti- oxidative mechanisms and increased abundance of six proteins involved in glycolysis, including L-lactate dehydrogenase. Proteomic results support the metabolic data and the proposed pCO2 invoked metabolic switch toward anaerobic pathways. Anti- oxidative mechanisms, together with the anaerobic metabolism, allow the cells to detoxify while maintaining sufficient energy levels to preserve their vitality and functionality. This study provides further insight into the proteome responses of CHO cell lines to increased pCO2 at the two culture temperatures.

Field of study: Biology, Engineering
Kronenether mit verschiedenen pharmakophoren Gruppen

Die Darstellung von Arzneimittel-Kronenethern mit unterschiedlicher Ionenselektivitat wird be-schrieben. Auser Kronenetheraminen mit Acetylsalicyl-, p-Aminobenzoyl-, Trimethoxycinnamoyl-, Phenothiazinylresten und anderen Substituenten wurden verschiedene Barbiturate sowie Papaverin-, Eupaverin-, Isoproterenol- und Orciprenalin-Abkommlinge mit intramolekularen Kronenethereinheiten synthetisiert. Von dem Liganden 22 wurde ein kristalliner Komplex mit Ca(SCN)2 erhalten, der 1 mol H2O enthalt. 
 
 
 
Crown Ethers With Different Pharmacophoric Groups 
 
 
 
The preparation of drug crown ethers with different ion selectivities is described. Apart from crown ether amines with acetylsalicyl-, p-aminobenzoyl-, trimethoxycinnamoyl-, phenothiazine-and other substituents several barbiturates as well as papaverine, eupaverine, isoproterenol, and orciprenaline derivatives with intramolecular crown ether units have been synthesized. A crystalline complex of ligand 22 with Ca(SCN)2 and containing 1 mol H2O has been obtained.

Field of study: Chemistry
CHEERS: The chemical evolution RGS sample

The chemical yields of supernovae and the metal enrichment of the intra-cluster medium (ICM) are not well understood. The hot gas in clusters of galaxies has been enriched with metals originating from billions of supernovae and provides a fair sample of large-scale metal enrichment in the Universe. High-resolution X-ray spectra of clusters of galaxies provide a unique way of measuring abundances in the hot intracluster medium (ICM). The abundance measurements can provide constraints on the supernova explosion mechanism and the initial-mass function of the stellar population. This paper introduces the CHEmical Enrichment RGS Sample (CHEERS), which is a sample of 44 bright local giant ellipticals, groups, and clusters of galaxies observed with XMM-Newton.  The CHEERS project aims to provide the most accurate set of cluster abundances measured in X-rays using this sample. This paper focuses specifically on the abundance measurements of O and Fe using the reflection grating spectrometer (RGS) on board XMM-Newton. We aim to thoroughly discuss the cluster to cluster abundance variations and the robustness of the measurements.  We have selected the CHEERS sample such that the oxygen abundance in each cluster is detected at a level of at least 5 sigma in the RGS. The dispersive nature of the RGS limits the sample to clusters with sharp surface brightness peaks. The deep exposures and the size of the sample allow us to quantify the intrinsic scatter and the systematic uncertainties in the abundances using spectral modeling techniques.  We report the oxygen and iron abundances as measured with RGS in the core regions of all 44 clusters in the sample. We do not find a significant trend of O/Fe as a function of cluster temperature, but we do find an intrinsic scatter in the O and Fe abundances from cluster to cluster. The level of systematic uncertainties in the O/Fe ratio is estimated to be around 20-30%, while the systematic uncertainties in the absolute O and Fe abundances can be as high as 50% in extreme cases. Thanks to the high statistics of the observations, we were able to identify and correct a systematic bias in the oxygen abundance determination that was due to an inaccuracy in the spectral model.  The lack of dependence of O/Fe on temperature suggests that the enrichment of the ICM does not depend on cluster mass and that most of the enrichment likely took place before the ICM was formed. We find that the observed scatter in the O/Fe ratio is due to a combination of intrinsic scatter in the source and systematic uncertainties in the spectral fitting, which we are unable to separate. The astrophysical source of intrinsic scatter could be due to differences in active galactic nucleus activity and ongoing star formation in the brightest cluster galaxy. The systematic scatter is due to uncertainties in the spatial line broadening, absorption column, multi-temperature structure, and the thermal plasma models.

Field of study: Physics
Polynomial Representation of $F_4$ and a New Combinatorial Identity about Twenty-Four

Singular vectors of a representation of a finite-dimensional simple Lie algebra are weight vectors in the underlying module that are nullified by positive root vectors. In this article, we use partial differential equations to find all the singular vectors of the polynomial representation of the simple Lie algebra of type $F_4$ over its basic irreducible module. As applications, we obtain a new combinatorial identity about the number 24 and explicit generators of invariants. Moreover, we show that the number of irreducible submodules contained in the space of homogeneous harmonic polynomials with degree $k\geq 2$ is $\geq [|k/3|]+[|(k-2)/3|]+2$.

Field of study: Mathematics
Effectiveness of Multi-Cycle Deal Teaching Model to Improve the Science Concept of Elementary School Students

This study aims to determine the effectiveness of Multi-Cycle DEAL teaching model to improve elementary students’ mastery of science concepts. The subject of this study was fourth grade elementary school students in Surabaya. The research was conducted in the second semester of the school year 2012/2012 by using Randomized Control Group Pretest-Posttest Design. The research data were collected with mastery test of science concepts. Research data were analyzed using ANOVA. Results showed that learning science by using the Multi Cycle DEAL teaching model is more effective to improve the mastery of science concepts to elementary school students learning compared to the previous teaching models. Based on these results, further research needs to be done with a range of material and the broader subject of research.  learning models, Multi Cycle DEAL, mastery of concepts, science teaching in elementary schools

Field of study: Education
Involvement of calcitonin gene-related peptide in nitroglycerin induced improvement of preservation with cardioplegic solution.

To study improvement of preservation with cardioplegic solution induced by nitroglycerin was related to stimulation of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CG RP) release.



The isolated rat heart was arrested using St Thomas Hospital cardioplegic solution and then was reperfused with normothermic Krebs-Henseleit solution for 40 min after the 4-h hypothermic ischemic period. Hear t rate, coronary flow, left ventricular pressure (LVP), and its first derivative (+/- dp/dtmax) were recorded, and the calcitonin gene-related peptide-like immunoreactivity (CGRP-LI) and the release of creatine kinase (CK) were measured.



Nitroglycerin (0.1 or 1 micro;mol/L) or CGRP (5 or 10 nmol/L) caused an improvement of cardiac function (LVP and +/- dp/dtmax) and a decrease in the release of creatine kinase during reperfusion. The protection induced by nitroglycerin was abolished by CGRP(8-37), the selective CGRP receptor antagonist, or pretreatment wit h capsaicin to deplete sensory nerves neurotransmitter content, but was unaltered by treatment w ith glibenclamide, the blocker of the ATP-sensitive potassium channel (KATP). The protection induced by exogenous CGRP was not also blocked by glibenclamide. Levels of CGRP-LI in the coronary effluent were significantly increased in the hearts treated with nitroglycerin. However, the elevated level of CGRP-LI by nitroglycerin was abolished by pretreatment with capsaicin.



The improvement of preservation with cardioplegic solution induced by nitroglycerin was related to stimulation of CGRP release in the rat heart, and the effect is not related to the activation of the KATP channel.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Increasing expansion of large-scale crop production onto deforested land in sub-Andean South America

A combination of high commodity crop prices, rising global food demand, and technological advances has transformed the scale of global crop production. Farming in South America is a prime example, where large-scale cash crops, such as soy, have transformed the land use dynamics at the forest frontier. We evaluate this transformation in sub-Andean South America by estimating crop and forest cover and detecting individual cropland field parcels using Landsat imagery in 5 year intervals over a 24 year period. From 1990 to 2014, cropland expansion onto deforested land was increasingly driven by large fields (>50 ha), whose contribution increased from 32% to 48% (+16% increase), while the contribution of smaller fields (<20 ha) declined from 36% to 26% (−10% decrease). This shift toward large-scale farming replacing cleared land across the region has important implications for food security and biodiversity conservation. Policy efforts will need to target different actors and transcend national borders in order to tackle the changing nature of South American deforestation.

Field of study: Environmental science
Simulation and experimental comparison of GGNMOS and LVTSCR protection cells under ElectroStatic Discharges

To assess the capabilities of the device simulation tool in the field of ElectroStatic Discharges (ESD), two protection structures were studied: a Grounded Gate NMOS transistor (GGNMOS) and a Low Voltage Threshold Silicon Controlled Rectifier (LVTSCR). Both compounds were tested with the Transmission Line Pulse test method and simulated with the software Dessis-ISE. Hence, checking the behaviour of each device in terms of ESD has been possible.

Field of study: Engineering
Circum-Caribbean Tectonic and Igneous Activity and the Evolution of the Caribbean Plate: Reply

Convergence of the North and South American blocks and northeastward movement of the East Pacific-Caribbean plate during the Late Cretaceous and early Tertiary led to the Laramide tectonic and igneous activity that has been recorded in the geology of the circum-Caribbean region. Volcanism in Central America and the initiation of major transcurrent faulting along northern South America during the late Eocene suggest that the Caribbean decoupled from the East Pacific plate near the end of the Laramide Orogeny. Lack of post-Eocene structural activity in the Greater Antilles is consistent with the initiation of eastward movement of the Caribbean plate during the Eocene.

The evolution of the Cayman Trough and the history of orogenic activity in Cuba can be explained by assuming that Caribbean lithosphere was transferred to the Americas plate as the trough developed from west to east. As each new section was added to the eastward-growing trough, a new transform fault formed in the Caribbean lithosphere to connect the eastern end of the trough with the Cuban Trench. This west to east stepping of the plate boundary transferred “Caribbean” lithosphere to the Americas plate and allowed underthrusting and related tectonic activity to continue longer in eastern than in western Cuba. The presence of intermediate depth earthquakes and high seismicity along the Puerto Rico Trench suggest that the Atlantic lithosphere which underthrust Puerto Rico prior to the Oligocene is beginning to break away from the Americas plate. Fault displacements inferred along the Caribbean-Americas boundary in the Greater Antilles are equivalent to a constant post-Eocene eastward movement of 0.5 cm/yr for the Caribbean plate.

Field of study: Geology
Human-Derived Corneal Epithelial Cells Expressing Cell Cycle Regulators as a New Resource for in vitro Ocular Toxicity Testing

The Draize test has been used on rabbits since the 1960s to evaluate the irritation caused by commercial chemicals in products such as cosmetics or hairdressing products. However, since 2003, such tests, including the Draize test for cosmetics, have been prohibited in European countries because they are considered problematic to animal welfare. For this reason, replacement of in vivo methods with the alternative in vitro methods has become an important goal. In this study, we established a corneal epithelial cell line co-expressing a mutant cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4), Cyclin D1, and telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT). The established cell line maintained its original morphology and had an enhanced proliferation rate. Furthermore, the cells showed a significant, dose-dependent decrease in viability in an irritation test using glycolic acid and Benzalkonium chloride. These cells can now be shared with toxicology scientists and should contribute to increasing the reproducibility of chemical testing in vitro.

Field of study: Biology
AC Losses and Critical Current Densities of NbTi/Cu Multifilamentary Tapes

Several kinds of NbTi/Cu multifilamentary tapes with high aspect-ratio cross-sections were fabricated in order to develop new conductors used for windings of conduction-cooled LTS pulse- coils with both low ac losses and high stability. These tapes were obtained by the cold rolling process from normal multifilamentary wires. For the edge-on transverse magnetic field at 4.2 K, about 20% increases in critical current densities at 6 T were observed for the tape with the highest aspect ratio of 7.4, and its hysteresis losses estimated from the observed magnetization were reduced to approximately one-half of those in the original wire. In this edge-on filed condition, the observed coupling losses in the tape were also decreased to about 1/17 times as large as those in the original wire. These experimental results showed that the NbTi/Cu multifilamentary tape had strong anisotropy of electromagnetic properties such as critical currents, hysteresis losses, and coupling losses and that good performances were obtained for edge-on transverse magnetic fields.

Field of study: Physics