nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Follow the Yellow Brick Road or Lost in the Forest of Professional Educational Argument

ion and educational platitude but rarely, if ever, served by the schools, I can still muster a sincere though forlorn amen to this latest incantation for a merging of forces to serve that longsuffering soul. However, I would hope to do so with a map of the road to heaven before me that is as accurate as possible. I am not at all sure that Lerner provides an accurate map in this article, though sooner or later, as I’ve said, we do meet in that heavenly plea for apple pie in every kitchen. One of the problems in reading Lerner’s paper is its stylistic penchant for syntactic balance but substantive bias. In attempting to compare/ contrast specialists in RR with specialists in LD, Lerner, perhaps unintentionally, more than once resorts to such &dquo;logic&dquo; as we used to trade in quips when we were high school sophomores: &dquo;Do you walk to school or carry your lunch?&dquo; Except that Lerner also tends to load the question, non sequiter that it is:

Field of study: Education
Inference in Forensic Identification

The problem of quantifying the weight of evidence in forensic identification is addressed. The essence of the problem is abstracted in a simple paradigm, the analysis of which yields valuable insights and highlights important distinctions. A special case of this analysis gives a resolution of the so-called island problem. The paradigm is extended to assess the effects of several features which may be important in practical situations, such as possible alibis, heterogeneous populations of potential suspects and informative protocols for finding suspects. The analyses of the paper clarify several issues pertaining to the weight of evidence associated with matching deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) profiles and raise some new concerns. In addition, established concerns regarding the incorrect interpretation of probabilistic evidence by juries are discussed in the DNA profile context.

Field of study: Mathematics
Methyltrimethoxysilane hybrid film reinforced by silica sol particles with surface modification

With the polycondensates of methyltrimethoxysilane(MTMS)as film forming materials,the silica sol[hydrolysis products of tetraethylorthosilicate(TEOS)]surface-modified by 3-(methacryloxypropyl)-trimethoxysilane(MEMO)as an inorganic reinforcing material,the transparent organic-inorganic hybrid film on polycarbonate(PC)was prepared by the co-condensation reaction between hydroxy groups.The effects of the silica sol modified by MEMO on the properties and structure of the hybrid films were studied with TG/DTA,FTIR,UV-vis and metallographic microscope.The results showed that the cross-linked inorganic structure end-capped with organic groups formed on PC by the co-condensation reaction between hydrolysis products of MTMS and TEOS,whose base backbone was Si—O—Si network structure.At 150—250℃,thermally-initiated polymerization of CC was observed and the hybrid film became more flexible with increase of MEMO.The film increased the transparency of PC while MEMO modification had little effect on its transparency.The film can obviously improve the hardness of PC,and the addition of MEMO can increase the thickness of film and make the film less liable to crack.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Faster Cryptographic Hash Function From Supersingular Isogeny Graphs

We propose a variant of the CGL hash  that is significantly faster than the original algorithm, and prove that it is preimage and collision resistant. For n = log p where p is the characteristic of the finite field, the performance ratio between CGL and the new proposal is (5.7n + 110)/(13.5 logn + 46.4). This gives an exponential speed up as the size of p increases. Assuming the best quantum preimage attack on the hash has complexity O(p 1 4 ), we attain a concrete speed-up for a 256-bit quantum preimage security level by a factor 33.5. For a 384-bit quantum preimage security level, the speed-up is by a factor 47.8.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Environmental determinants of geographic butterfly richness pattern in eastern China

A long-standing task for ecologists and biogeographers is to reveal the underlying mechanisms accounting for the geographic pattern of species diversity. The number of hypotheses to explain geographic variation in species diversity has increased dramatically during the past half century. The oldest and the most popular one is environmental determination. However, seasonality, the intra-annual variability in climate variables has been rarely related to species richness. In this study, we assessed the relative importance of three environmental hypotheses: energy, seasonality and heterogeneity in explaining species richness pattern of butterflies in Eastern China. In addition, we also examined how environmental variables affect the relationship between species richness of butterflies and seed plants at geographic scale. All the environmental factors significantly affected butterfly richness, except sampling area and coefficient of variation of mean monthly precipitation. Energy and seasonality hypotheses explained comparable variation in butterfly richness (42.3 vs. 39.3 %), higher than that of heterogeneity hypothesis (25.9 %). Variation partitioning indicated that the independent effect of seasonality was much lower (0.0 %) than that of energy (5.5 %) and heterogeneity (6.3 %). However, seasonality performed better in explaining butterfly richness in topographically complex areas, reducing spatial autocorrelation in butterfly richness, and more strongly affect the association between butterflies and seed plants. The positive relationship between seed plant richness and butterfly richness was most likely the result of environmental variables (especially seasonality) influencing them in parallel. Insufficient sampling may partly explain the low explanatory power of environmental model (52.1 %) for geographic butterfly richness pattern. Our results have important implications for predicting the response of butterfly diversity to climate change.

Field of study: Environmental science
Dynamic Changes of Endogenous Hormone Contents in the Pericarp of Seedless Litchi during Fruit Growth and Development

The changes of endogenous indol-3-acetic acid(IAA),gibberellins(GA3),zeatin(ZT)and abscisin acid(ABA)contents in 3 cultivars of seedless litchi fruit during fruit growth and development were determined by high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC),The relationship between contents of endogenous hormones and seedless litchi fruit growth and development were compared with that of seedy litchi,and the reason for seedless litchi fruit was also discussed.The results showed that the change patterns of GA3 and ABA in seedless litchis were about equal to that of seedy litchi during the period of fruit growth and development,and the changes trend of ZT and IAA showed great differences between seedless and seedy litchis.It was suggested that either the different phytohormone regulations of fruit growth and development existed respectively in two different types of litchis,or fruit growth and development was more closely related to the content of GA3 and ABA.Furthermore,High content IAA and low levels ZT in fruit of seedless litchi may be an important reason of seedless.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
[Clinical Aeromonas hydrophila contain the DNA fragments with nucleotide sequence similar to those of hemolysin and cholera-toxin gene].

The artificially synthesized aquatic Aeromonas hydrophila partial aerolysin gene DNA (Ae, containing 48 oligonucleotides), and partial cholera-toxin gene DNA fragments (C1 and C2, containing 34 and 19 oligonucleotide, respectively) were used as probes to determine their DNA sequence homology to the chromosome DNA of 191 strains of the clinically isolated A. hydrophila, using the colony hybridization test. The three probes had a positive reaction with clinical A. hydrophila strains. Several positive strains of this organism were further screened by cutting reaction with restriction endonuclease BamHI and EcoRI, the alkaline Southern transfer, and DNA hybridization test. Some strains were found to be positive in reacting with Ae and C1, but negative with C2. The findings led to the conclusion that the DNA sequences were homologous among the clinical A. hydrophila toxin gene, cholera-toxin gene and aquatic A. hydrophila aerolysin gene.

Field of study: Biology
Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of Al-2Fe-xCo Ternary Alloys with High Thermal Conductivity

The microstructures, mechanical properties, and thermal conductivity (TC) of Al-2Fe-xCo (x = 0~0.8) alloys in as-cast, homogeneous annealed, and cool rolled states are systematically studied. Results indicate that appropriate Co modification (x ≤ 0.5) simultaneously improves the thermal and mechanical properties of as-cast Al-2Fe alloys. The improvement of TC is attributed to ameliorating the morphology of primary Al3Fe phases from needles to short rods and fine particles, which decreases the scattering probability of free electrons during the electronic transmission. However, further increasing the Co content (x = 0.8) decreases the TC due to the formation of a coarse plate-like Al2FeCo phase. Besides, the thermal conductivity of annealed Al-2Fe-xCo alloys is higher than that of as-cast alloys because of the elimination of lattice defects and spheroidization of Al3Fe phases. After cool rolling with 80 % deformation, thermal conductivity of alloys slightly increases due to the breaking down of Al2FeCo phases. The rolled Al-2Fe-0.3Co alloy exhibits the highest thermal conductivity, which is about 225 W/(m·K), approximately 11 % higher than the as-cast Al-2Fe sample. The ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and elongation (EL) of as-cast Al-2Fe-0.5Co (UTS: 138 MPa; EL: 22.0 %) are increased by 35 % and 69 %, respectively, compared with those of unmodified alloy (UTS: 102 MPa; EL: 13.0 %).

Field of study: Materials science
Descendance and Social Genealogies: Toward an Evolutionary Conception of Economic History

pattems found in biology are prevalent in economics as well and that, therefore, they are accessible through the same set of instruments. A metaphor, by contrast, serves mainly as inspiration for the development of theories original to the social sciences. Metaphors transfer ideas stemming from one discipline on to a completely different context, leading to the development of theories with elements alien to the original context. 4. In the literature, there appears to be some confusion about the term causal-genetic. Veblen introduced this term in order to describe his approach of using social genealogies. However, today this term appears to be used with a slightly different meaning (as for example in Robin Cowan and Mario Rizzo (1996)), where any cause-consequence relationship based on planned human behavior is subsumed under the term causal-genetic. Thus, this use of the term implies that all laws based on the assumption of planned behavior can be called causal-genetic. As the discussion of social genealogies shows, however, this was not Veblen's reasoning when he introduced the term causal-genetic. For him, this term was a clear reference to historically oriented research taking the complexity of human behavior

Field of study: Economics
Soins primaires aux adultes ayant une déficience développementale Lignes directrices consensuelles canadiennes

Resume Objectif Mettre a jour les lignes directrices canadiennes de 2006 sur les soins primaires aux adultes ayant une deficience developpementale (DD) et presenter des recommandations pratiques fondees sur les connaissances actuelles pour traiter des problemes de sante particuliers chez des adultes ayant une DD. Qualite des preuves Des professionnels de la sante experimentes participant a un colloque et un groupe de travail subsequent ont discute et convenu des revisions aux lignes directrices de 2006 en se fondant sur une recherche documentaire exhaustive, la retroaction obtenue des utilisateurs du guide de pratique et les experiences cliniques personnelles. La plupart des preuves disponibles dans ce domaine viennent de l’opinion d’experts ou de declarations consensuelles publiees (niveau III). Message principal Les adultes ayant une DD ont des problemes de sante complexes, dont plusieurs different de ceux de la population en general. De bons soins primaires permettent d’identifier les problemes de sante particuliers dont souffrent les adultes ayant une DD pour ameliorer leur qualite de vie et leur acces aux soins de sante et prevenir la morbidite et le deces premature. Ces lignes directrices resument les problemes de sante generale, physique, comportementale et mentale des adultes ayant une DD que devraient connaitre les professionnels des soins primaires et presentent des recommandations pour le depistage et la prise en charge en se basant sur les connaissances actuelles que les cliniciens peuvent mettre en pratique. En raison de l’interaction des facteurs biologiques, psychoaffectifs et sociaux qui contribuent a la sante et au bien-etre des adultes ayant une DD, ces lignes directrices insistent sur la participation des aidants, l’adaptation des interventions, au besoin, et la consultation aupres de divers professionnels de la sante quand ils sont accessibles. Elles mettent aussi en evidence la nature ethique des soins. Les lignes directrices sont formulees dans le contexte d’un cadre ethique qui tient compte des questions comme le consentement eclaire et l’evaluation des bienfaits pour la sante par rapport aux risques de prejudice.  La mise en œuvre des lignes directrices proposees ici ameliorerait la sante des adultes ayant une DD et minimiserait les disparites sur les plans de la sante et des soins de sante entre les adultes ayant une DD et la population en general.

Field of study: Medicine
Vacuum Coating of Heat-Sensitive Liquid Ingredients onto Feed Pellets

An experimental vacuum coating system was developed. Liquid vitamin was sprayed into pellets of different 
diameters under vacuum. A special mixing paddle was developed and incorporated into the coating chamber to improve the 
mixing uniformity. The effects of vacuum pressure and spray pressure on the mixing uniformity were studied using the 
methylene violet tracing method. A proper spray pressure needs to be selected to obtain the best mixing uniformity. No effect 
of vacuum pressure on the mixing uniformity among pellets was observed. The effects of liquid dosing, vacuum release time, 
and pellet size on the gradient of liquid concentration between the central and the outer region of pellet were studied. 
Decreasing the vacuum release time reduced the gradient of liquid concentration. Increasing liquid dosing caused a decrease 
of the gradient of liquid concentration. The smaller the pellets, the smaller the gradient of liquid concentration.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Combination of ECG Features with Artificial Neural Networks for the Detection of Ventricular Fibrillation

Early detection of cardiac pathologies is crucial for the success of the defibrillation therapy. A wide variety of detection algorithms have been proposed based on temporal, spectral or complexity parameters extracted from the ECG. However, these algorithms are mostly constructed by considering each parameter individually. This study presents a novel life-threatening cardiac pathology detection algorithm that combines ECG parameters to a single feature vector and classifies using machine learning techniques. A total of 16 ECG parameters were computed accounting for morphological, spectral, complexity features and statistical measures of the ECG signal. A wavelet based feature extraction for statistical parameters was proposed to analyze, how they affect the detection performance. The proposed methodology was evaluated in the scenario, VF versus non-VF rhythms using the information contained in the medical imaging technology database. The combination of ECG parameters using statistical learning algorithms may improve the detection efficiency of life-threatening cardiac pathologies. Feature extraction, Ventricular fibrillation(VF) detection, Wavelet, Neural Networks.

Field of study: Engineering
Are Black Women and Girls Associated With Danger? Implicit Racial Bias at the Intersection of Target Age and Gender

We investigated whether stereotypes linking Black men and Black boys with violence and criminality generalize to Black women and Black girls. In Experiments 1 and 2, non-Black participants completed sequential-priming tasks wherein they saw faces varying in race, age, and gender before categorizing danger-related objects or words. Experiment 3 compared task performance across non-Black and Black participants. Results revealed that (a) implicit stereotyping of Blacks as more dangerous than Whites emerged across target age, target gender, and perceiver race, with (b) a similar magnitude of racial bias across adult and child targets and (c) a smaller magnitude for female than male targets. Evidence for age bias and gender bias also emerged whereby (d) across race, adult targets were more strongly associated with danger than were child targets, and (e) within Black (but not White) targets, male targets were more strongly associated with danger than were female targets.

Field of study: Psychology
A climate-scale satellite record for carbon monoxide: the MOPITT Version 7 product

The MOPITT (Measurements of Pollution in the Troposphere) satellite instrument has been making observations of atmospheric carbon monoxide since 2000. Recent enhancements to the MOPITT retrieval algorithm have resulted in the release of the version 7 (V7) product. Improvements include (1) representation of growing atmospheric concentrations of N2O, (2) use of meteorological fields from the MERRA-2 (Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications) reanalysis for the entire MOPITT mission (instead of MERRA), (3) use of the MODIS (Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) Collection 6 cloud mask product (instead of Collection 5), (4) a new strategy for radiance-bias correction and (5) an improved method for calibrating MOPITT's near-infrared (NIR) radiances. Statistical comparisons of V7 validation results with corresponding V6 results are presented, using aircraft in situ measurements as the reference. Clear improvements are demonstrated for V7 products with respect to overall retrieval biases, bias variability and bias drift uncertainty.

Field of study: Environmental science
Na1−xSn2P2 as a new member of van der Waals-type layered tin pnictide superconductors

Superconductors with a van der Waals (vdW) structure have attracted a considerable interest because of the possibility for truly two-dimensional (2D) superconducting systems. We recently reported NaSn2As2 as a novel vdW-type superconductor with transition temperature (Tc) of 1.3 K. Herein, we present the crystal structure and superconductivity of new material Na1−xSn2P2 with Tc = 2.0 K. Its crystal structure consists of two layers of a buckled honeycomb network of SnP, bound by the vdW forces and separated by Na ions, as similar to that of NaSn2As2. Amount of Na deficiency (x) was estimated to be 0.074(18) using synchrotron X-ray diffraction. Bulk nature of superconductivity was confirmed by the measurements of electrical resistivity, magnetic susceptibility, and specific heat. First-principles calculation using density functional theory shows that Na1−xSn2P2 and NaSn2As2 have comparable electronic structure, suggesting higher Tc of Na1−xSn2P2 resulted from increased density of states at the Fermi level due to Na deficiency. Because there are various structural analogues with tin-pnictide (SnPn) conducting layers, our results indicate that SnPn-based layered compounds can be categorized into a novel family of vdW-type superconductors, providing a new platform for studies on physics and chemistry of low-dimensional superconductors.

Field of study: Physics
Recent Advances in Behavioral Addiction Treatments: Focusing on Mechanisms of Change

In the latter half of the 20th century, research on behavioral treatments for addictions aimed to develop and test effective treatments. Among the treatments found to be at least moderately effective, direct comparisons failed to reveal consistent superiority of one approach over another. This ubiquitous finding held true despite underlying theories that differed markedly in their proposed causal processes related to patient change. In the 21st century, the focus of treatment research is increasingly on how treatment works for whom rather than whether it works. Studies of active treatment ingredients and mechanisms of behavioral change, while promising, have yielded inconsistent results. Simple mediation analysis may need to be expanded via inclusion of models testing for moderated mediation, mediated moderation, and conditional indirect effects. Examples are offered as to how these more complex models can lead to increased understanding of the conditions under which specific treatment interventions will be effective and mechanisms of change operative in improving behavioral treatments for addictions.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Two-proton emission

A review of experimental and theoretical achievements obtained in the field of the direct two-proton emission in the the last three years is given. The topics discussed include emission from excited states of 17Ne and 18Ne as well as from the ground state of 45Fe. A search for other candidates of two-proton radioactivity is mentioned. A design of a new type of time projection chamber with optical readout, suitable for studies of proton-proton correlations in the decay of 45Fe, is presented.

Field of study: Physics
Generation of a Heteropolycyclic and sp3‐Rich Scaffold for Library Synthesis from a Highly Diastereoselective Petasis/Diels–Alder and ROM–RCM Reaction Sequence

Efficient access to diverse screening compounds with desirable, lead-like properties can be a bottleneck in early drug discovery and chemical biology. Here we present an efficient, rapid route to three structurally distinct classes of compounds (A–C) from a single precursor, which in turn is available through a one-pot Petasis 3-component-reaction–Diels-Alder cascade reaction. We demonstrate the versatility of the approach through the synthesis of 35 exemplary compounds from the three classes, as well as by the production of 2188 final compounds, which have been included in the Joint European Compound Library of the European Lead Factory.

Field of study: Chemistry
A study on the tensile fracture mechanism of 15 μm copper wire after EFO process

In this study, 15 μm copper wires were bonded on substrates with thermosonic process, and the tensile fracture characteristics of FAB, as well as bonded samples, were investigated. For electronic packaging applications, all 15 μm wires were fully annealed, and the microstructures consisted of equiaxed grains. After EFO (electric flame-off) process, the microstructure of wire can be divided into three parts: (1) free air ball (FAB) with columnar grains, (2) heat-affected zone (HAZ) with equal-diameter grains, (3) annealing zone with equiaxed grains. According to tensile test results, EFO process simultaneously reduced UTS and elongation of the wire. For both FAB and bonded samples, the tensile fracture zones were either in the region of equal-diameter grains or in coarse grains located within 100 μm from the ball. And it was observed that the breakage sites appeared near the twins and the columnar grains when tensile fracture happened. Meanwhile, the relationship between hardness and microstructure of wires after EFO process were analyzed with nano-indentation. The nano-hardness value of 15 μm wire was 1.2–1.45 GPa.

Field of study: Engineering