nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Pesticide decontamination from fabric by laundering and simulated weathering.

This laboratory study investigated the effectiveness of selected detergents and the phenomenon of simulated environmental conditions (weathering) on the removal of a commercial-grade mixture of parathion and methyl parathion from a three-layer laminated fabric. The weathering treatment consisted of exposure and non-exposure to simulated environmental conditions of heat, light, and humidity. Contaminated fabric samples were laundered in one of three detergents containing an anionic, a nonionic, and a combined anionic and nonionic surfactant. The test fabric, a three-layer fabric containing an impermeable microporous film laminated between two layers of nylon, was pipette-contaminated with 400 microliters of field strength pesticide solution and allowed to dry. Half of the contaminated samples were weathered in an Atlas Fade-Ometer. All of the contaminated samples were subsequently laundered in a Launder-Ometer. Percent of pesticide residue was determined by gas chromatography. Weathering did significantly reduce both parathion and methyl parathion residues remaining in the test fabric. No statistically significant difference was found among the three detergents. High amounts of both parathion and methyl parathion remained in the test fabric after weathering and laundry treatments. Before the test fabric can be recommended for use in protective garments further research is needed to develop more effective decontamination procedures.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Criteria for Evaluating the Success of Nontraditional Postsecondary Education Programs

Many institutions of higher education are experimenting with ways of reaching new clientele, or with ways of providing more effective educational experiences to learners. A variety of kinds of nontraditional programs have thus arisen, some as part of, and others apart from, existing institutions. This article suggests criteria whereby nontraditional programs might be evaluated. It is argued that attention to effectiveness criteria must be paid early in the development of such programs, to assist in planning and to anticipate questions about worth and value. The criteria outlined in the article may also be applicable to traditionalpostsecondarv institutions and programs.

Field of study: Education
Simulation calculation for the energy deposition profile and the transmission fraction of intense pulsed electron beam at various incident angles

The incident angles have a heavy effect on the intense pulsed electron beam energy deposition profile, energy deposition fraction and beam current transmission fraction in material. This article presents electron beam energy deposition profile and energy deposition fraction versus electron energy(0.5-2.0MeV), at various incident angles for three aluminum targets of various thickness via theoretical calculation. The intense pulsed electron beam current transmission fractions versus electron energy(0.4-1.4MeV) at various incident angles for three thickness of carbon targets were also theoretically calculated. The calculation results indicate that the deposition energy in unit mass of material surface layer increases with the rise of electron beam incident angle, and electron beam with low incident angle (closer to normal incident angle) penetrates deeper into the target material. The electron beams deposit more energy in unit mass of material surface layer at 60°～70° incident angle.

Field of study: Physics
Impossible differential cryptanalysis of 13-round CLEFIA-128

Block cipher plays an important role in the domain of information security. CLEFIA is a 128-bit block cipher proposed by SONY Corporation in FSE 2007. Using the previous 9-round impossible differentials, the redundancy in the key schedule and the early-abort technique, we present the first successful impossible differential cryptanalysis of 13-round CLEFIA-128 in this paper. The data and time complexities of the attack with the whitening layers are 2^1^1^9^.^4 and 2^1^2^5^.^5^2, respectively. And for the attack without the whitening layers, more relationships among the subkeys can be used, thus the data and time complexities are reduced to 2^1^1^1^.^3 and 2^1^1^7^.^5, respectively. As far as we know, the presented results are the best compared with the previously published cryptanalytic results on reduced-round CLEFIA-128.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Alcohol, Gender and Drinking Problems: Perspectives from Low and Middle Income Countries. Edited by Isidore S. Obot & Robin Room. World Health Organization. 2005. 235pp. US$45.00 (pb). ISBN 9241593504

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Alcohol consumption is enmeshed in social and cultural norms and problems relating to drinking can not be considered in isolation from these. Because the place of gender within social and cultural interactions is unique and has important ramifications for the behaviour and

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Synthetic versus natural cat odorant effects on rodent behavior and medial amygdala plasticity.

Fear and anxiety behaviors are underpinned by neuronal changes within the amygdala. Here, the effects of exposure to natural and synthetic cat odor on behavior and amygdala plasticity were determined. Exposure to natural odor elicited typical and persistent anxiety-related behaviors, such as avoidance, freezing, and flat-back approach; however, synthetic odorant evoked no significant alteration in behavior. Furthermore, ex vivo induction of long-term potentiation within the medial nucleus of the amygdala, a principal area involved in olfactory perception, was significantly reduced after exposure to natural, but not synthetic, odor. Data presented here suggests that the synthetic odorant utilized may lack the constituents that are required to indicate predator presence in rodents and also the capacity to modulate neuronal plasticity within the medial nucleus of the amygdala.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Iron porphyrins reinvistigated by new method: Mössbauer spectroscopy using synchrotron radiation

Nuclear resonant forward scattering (NFS) of synchrotron radiation represents Mossbauer spectroscopy in the time domain. This new technique complements the conventional nuclear resonance absorption, e.g. Mossbauer spectroscopy in the energy domain, by supplying highly brilliant, polarized, collimated and timed radiation. In NFS the hyperfine interaction of coherently excited nuclei manifests itself as quantum beats, i.e. as modulation of the time-dependent intensity of the transmitted radiation, which is delayed with respect to the incoming synchrotron pulse. We have investigated 57Fe-enriched iron porphyrins to test NFS for first biophysical applications. NFS spectra of the diamagnetic porphyrin Fe02(SC6HF4)(TPpivP) and of the paramagnetic porphyrin [Fe(CH3COO)(TPpiVP)]were recorded at various temperatures, with and without reference scatterer, with and without applied field , Dynamic molecular properties, e.g. dynamic structural disorder or spin-lattice relaxation document as variation of the time-delayed count rate. Measured NFS spectra were analysed theoretically by programs which are basically the analogue in the time domain compared to the usual calculations in the energy domain.  Nuclear resonant scattering techniques (l) , i. e. nuclear forward scattering (hW) (2-5) and nuclear inelastic scattering (NIS) (64, have become available as spectroscopic methods with the 2nd and 3'd generation sources of synchrotron radiation. In the present contribution we focus on NFS, which represents Mossbauer spectroscopy in the time domain, and which complements the conventional nuclear resonance absorption, e.g.-Mossbauer spectroscopy in the energy domain. NFS makes use of the specific properties of synchrotron radiation, e.g. high brilliance (large flux of light within a narrow bandwidth of energy), high degree of polarization, timed structure of radiation (narrow and equidistant pulses of light) and high degree of beam collimation (1 mm2 at the 3'd generation machines). N F S is used to study hyperfine interactions and, via effective sample thickness, also molecular dynamics. Here we present first biophysical applications, i. e. on the "picketfence" porphyrins FeO2(SC6HF4)(TPpi,P) and [Fe(CH3COO)(TPpivP)]~. With respect to NIS, which we have employed to study molecular vibrations in an iron(Q spin-crossover complex, we refer to separate contributions which we present at this conference (9) and at the Intemational Conference on the Applications of the Mossbauer Effect (ICAME 97) (10).  The time dependence of NFS intensity was obtained with the nuclear resonance station at beamline RW4 (1 1) of HASYLAB, DESY in Hamburg, Germany . The beam of white X-rays was monochrornatized by a double-crystal Si( 11 1) premonochromator to a bandwidth of about 2.5 eV at.tbe resonance ener-

Field of study: Chemistry
Efficacy of Insecticidal Seed Dressing Against Soybean Stemfly, Melanagromyza sojae (Zehntner).

The efficacy of four insecticides in E.C. and two in SP formulation as seed dressing against stemfly, Melanagromyza sojae (Zehntner) (Diptera: Agromyziidae) in soybean was evaluated in field trials at R R S Chiplima (Orissa) during kharif seasons of 1991 and 1992. Carbosulfan 50 SP followed by isofenphos 40 SP were found to be effective in controlling stemfly both at seedling and vegetative stages without hampering the seed germination. These insecticides have also recorded significantly higher grain yield. The chemicals viz; endosulfan, quinalphos and chlorpyriphos in E C formulations were also effective with little adverse effect on seed germination.

Field of study: Biology
On the Redisposition of Resources in Enterprise Merging

This paper puts forward the basis and method for the redisposition of resources in enterprise merging. It holds that any matching method has its reasonability, where there is no best,but better, based the author's analysis, evaluation omparison, from a historical and historical point of view. Different enterprises must make a wise choice with a full knowledge of their of their own development stages, market and social environment.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Explosive synchronization in adaptive and multilayer networks.

At this time, explosive synchronization (ES) of networked oscillators is thought of as being rooted in the setting of specific microscopic correlation features between the natural frequencies of the oscillators and their effective coupling strengths. We show that ES is, in fact, far more general and can occur in adaptive and multilayer networks in the absence of such correlation properties. We first report evidence of ES for single-layer networks where a fraction f of the nodes have links adaptively controlled by a local order parameter, and we then extend the study to a variety of two-layer networks with a fraction f of their nodes coupled with each other by means of dependency links. In the latter case, we give evidence of ES regardless of the differences in the frequency distribution, in the topology of connections between the layers, or both. Finally, we provide a rigorous, analytical treatment to properly ground all of the observed scenarios and to advance the understanding of the actual mechanisms at the basis of ES in real-world systems.

Field of study: Physics
EBIC determination of lateral dopant diffusion and junction depth in planar devices

A measurement method based on the electron beam induced current (EBIC) phenomenon is described; it gives the lateral dopant diffusion in planer devices and allows an estimation of the junction depth. The method is particularly well suited for deep junctions and does not require any cleavage or removal of the field oxide on top of the structure. It is a quick and convenient method for device failure analysis or device reverse-engineering. The method has been checked with a numeric simulation and measurements on two bipolar transistors.

Field of study: Materials science
Discovery of a novel competitive inhibitor of PTP1B by high-throughput screening

The aim of the present study was to discover novel protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) inhibitors. We expressed and purified the human PTP1B catalytic domain and set up a molecular level high-throughput screening (HTS) assay to screen a set of 48 000 pure compounds.HTS was finished with an averaged Z′ factor of 0.63, and LGH00081, a competitive inhibitor of PTP1B with novel structure and relatively good selectivity for receptor-type protein tyrosine phosphatases, was identified.We established a molecular level assay which is useful for the screening of PTP1B inhibitors with therapeutic potential. The novel competitive PTP1B inhibitor LGH00081 offers a good start for structure modification and cellular functional activity study.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Radiation-resisted shock waves in gas-particle flows

The effect of thermal radiation on the structure of normal shock waves in gas-particle flows is analyzed. The study is restricted to conditions at which the gas flow can be decoupled from the particle flow and where the gas contribution to radiation is negligible. An approximate closed-form solution, derived for a gray, absorbing particle cloud, demonstrates that, within the limits of the analysis and for a given shock Mach number, radiative influences increase with increasing stagnation temperature and particle diameter and decreasing pressure and particle loading. The radiation-affected regions were found to extend large distances upstream of the gas phase discontinuity. Results from numerical calculations are in substantial agreement with those of the approximate theory. Decreasing the shock Mach number, at constant pressure, stagnation temperature, particle loading, and particle diameter, increased the fraction of the particle temperature rise across the shock occurring upstream of the gas phase discontinuity.

Field of study: Physics
A Secure and Robust Method for Image Steganography by AES Method of Encryption.

Engineering,Nagpur-16,MH.(INDIA) Abstract -The speedy development in exchange of data through digital media made it easy to exchange the data to the destination quickly. There are large number of transmission mediums to transfer the data to destination like e-mails; simultaneously it may be easier to change and misuse the valuable information through tampering and hacking. So, in order to transfer the data securely to the destination without any alteration, there are many approaches like Cryptography and Steganography. This paper deals with the secure transfer of audio signals to the destination. This is achieved by encrypting the image with a secret message and then using the AES algorithm to perform steganography. The outstanding progress of digital technology has increased the ease with which digital data is reproduced and retransmitted. However, since the advantages of such a progress are broadly available, they give equally increasing potential to both legal and unauthorized data manipulation. Consequently, the necessity for the copyright protection of digital products against unauthorized recording attempts is known as data piracy.

Field of study: Engineering
ARM Research In The Equatorial Western Pacific: A Decade And Counting

The tropical western Pacific (TWP) is an important climatic region. Strong solar heating, warm sea surface temperatures, and the annual progression of the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) across this region generate abundant convective systems, which through their effects on the heat and water budgets have a profound impact on global climate and precipitation. In order to accurately evaluate tropical cloud systems in models, measurements of tropical clouds, the environment in which they reside, and their impact on the radiation and water budgets are needed. Because of the remote location, ground-based datasets of cloud, atmosphere, and radiation properties from the TWP region have come primarily from shortterm field experiments. While providing extremely useful information on physical processes, these short-term datasets are limited in statistical and climatological information. To provide longterm measurements of the surface radiation budget in the tropics and the atmospheric properties that affect ...

Field of study: Environmental science
Change or no-change? Reflections on the Courts and Legal Services Act 1990

The passing of the Courts and Legal Services Act through Parliament on l November 1990 was the culmination of an extraordinarily well-orchestrated and determined political process. Irrespective of the effect of the legislation on the working of the courts or the legal profession, its enactment was a dramatic example of the parliamentary process in action. The fill details of that process and the parts played by the various actors in it will not be known until official records are available in 30 years time. What we do already know, from the published record, is that at least certain provisions of the Act and the policy discussions that preceded it generated an extraordinary degree of hostility, much of it directed against the Lord Chancellor himself. l The Act itself is 'framework' legislation, in two senses of that term: in the technical sense, it provides the legal basis for much delegated legislation; in the practical sense, it purports to set the context within which legal services and the work of the courts are to be set in the years to come. It is a complex piece of legislation, dealing with a wide variety of matters. This note cannot offer a detailed summary of the Act itself; what it does attempt is a preliminary analysis of the likely significance of the Act.2 Comment here will focus on three main issues: the courts; competition in legal services; and consumer protection. At the end of this note, brief mention will be made of certain matters the Act did not address and some conclusions will be drawn.

Field of study: Law
Discovery of the early Jurassic Gajia mélange in the Bangong–Nujiang suture zone: Southward subduction of the Bangong–Nujiang Ocean?

Mélange records a series of geological processes associated with oceanic subduction and continental collision. This paper reports for the first time the presence of Early Jurassic mélange from NW Nagqu in the southern margin of the Bangong–Nujiang suture zone, termed as the Gajia mélange. It shows typically blocks-in-matrix structure with matrix of black shale and siliceous mudstone, and several centimeters to several meters sized blocks of sandstone, silicalite, limestone and basalt. The sandstone blocks consist of homologous sandstone and two types of exotic sandstone, with different modal compositions. The Group 1 of exotic sandstone blocks consists of mainly of feldspar and quartz, whereas the Group 2 is rich in volcanic detritus. The Group 3 of homologous sandstone blocks is rich in feldspar and volcanic detritus with rare occurrence of quartz. U–Pb age data and in situ Hf isotopic compositions of detrital zircons from sandstone blocks are similar to those from the Lhasa terrane, suggesting that the sandstone blocks in the Gajia mélange most probably came from the Lhasa terrane. The YC1σ(2+) age of homologous sandstone blocks is 177 ± 2.4 Ma, suggesting an Early Jurassic depositional age for the sandstones within the Gajia mélange. The Gajia mélange likely records the southward subduction of the Bangong–Nujiang Ocean during the Early Jurassic.

Field of study: Environmental science
Effect of sodium glycyrrhetinate on chemical peritonitis in rats.

To study the anti-inflammatory mechanisms of sodium glycyrrhetinate (SG).



Rat chemical peritonitis was used. The protein content and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) content in exudate were measured by Folin-phenol assay and RIA, respectively. SOD activity in neutrophils (Neu) was determined by pyrogallol-NBT colorimetry. cAMP content in Neu was detected by competitive protein binding assay.



In peritonitis caused by histamine, SG 10-20 mg.kg-1 i.m. reduced exudate volume and Neu counts, and 5-20 mg.kg-1 i.m. lowered the protein content in exudate. In peritonitis induced by carrageenan, SG 20 mg.kg-1 i.m. reduced exudate volume, Neu counts, protein content and PGE2 content in exudate, increased SOD activity in Neu, but did not affect beta-glucuronidase release from Neu. In peritonitis induced by arachidonic acid, SG 20 mg.kg-1 i.m. reduced Neu counts, protein content, and PGE2 content in exudate, and attenuated the reduction of cAMP level in Neu.



SG exerts its anti-inflammatory action by lowering permeability of capillaries in inflammatory site, inhibiting Neu emigration and PGE2 biosynthesis, and scavenging oxygen free radicals.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Research on physique and its pertinent exercise factors of Guangzhou adults participating in physical exercise factors

Analyze 6335 adults who participate physique test during 2000 in Guangzhou. The results showed the physique of Guangzhou adults who take parts in exercises is better than that of no exercises, and the rate up to stan- dard is better than the national average level. Even over 40 years old, they still keep height rate up excellent and up to standard. But sidestep index that reflect the heart function is no significance between exercise group and no ex- ercises group.

Field of study: Education
Enhanced appetitive learning and reversal learning in a mouse model for Prader-Willi syndrome.

Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is caused by lack of paternally derived gene expression from the imprinted gene cluster on human chromosome 15q11-q13. PWS is characterized by severe hypotonia, a failure to thrive in infancy and, on emerging from infancy, evidence of learning disabilities and overeating behavior due to an abnormal satiety response and increased motivation by food. We have previously shown that an imprinting center deletion mouse model (PWS-IC) is quicker to acquire a preference for, and consume more of a palatable food. Here we examined how the use of this palatable food as a reinforcer influences learning in PWS-IC mice performing a simple appetitive learning task. On a nonspatial maze-based task, PWS-IC mice acquired criteria much quicker, making fewer errors during initial acquisition and also reversal learning. A manipulation where the reinforcer was devalued impaired wild-type performance but had no effect on PWS-IC mice. This suggests that increased motivation for the reinforcer in PWS-IC mice may underlie their enhanced learning. This supports previous findings in PWS patients and is the first behavioral study of an animal model of PWS in which the motivation of behavior by food rewards has been examined.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Sur les champs de vecteurs invariants sur l'espace tangent d'un espace symétrique

Let $G$ be a real reductive connected Lie group and $\sigma$ an involution of $G$. Let $H$ denote the identity component of the group of fixed points of $\sigma$, $\mathfrak g$ the Lie algebra of $G$ and $\mathfrak q$ the $-1$ eigenspace of $\sigma$ in $\mathfrak g$. The group $H$ acts naturally on $\mathfrak q$ via the adjoint representation. Let $C^{\infty}(\mathfrak q)^H$ denote the algebra of $H$-invariant smooth functions on $\mathfrak q$, and $\mathfrak X(\mathfrak q)^H$ the space of $H$-invariant smooth vetor fields on $\mathfrak q$. Any vetor field $X\in \mathfrak X(\mathfrak q)^H$ defines naturally a derivation $D_X$ of the algebra $C^{\infty}(\mathfrak q)^H$. We prove that the image of the map $X\mapsto D_X$ is the set of derivations of the algebra $C^{\infty}(\mathfrak q)^H$ preserving the ideal $\it{\Phi}C^{\infty}(\mathfrak q)^H$ of $C^{\infty}(\mathfrak q)^H$, where $\it{\Phi}$ is a discriminant function on $\mathfrak q$.

Field of study: Mathematics