nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Oñate’s Effort to Gain Political Autonomy for New Mexico

To Don Juan de Oiate belongs the honor of having been the founder and first governor of New Mexico. Long before the Pilgrims, on the other side of the continent, sought refuge in a "new" England, he had established the first settlements in the great southwest. Ofiate, as is well known, had been preceded by Coronado and his followers who in the 1540's made the pioneer exploration of this area. For a thousand miles beyond Tepic up the west coast of Mexico, and from the Colorado River to Kansas, Coronado had searched diligently for the treasures hinted at by Cabeza de Vaca a dozen years earlier. But fate was against Coronado. The treasures he sought did not exist. The fertile plains that he crossed had little attraction for him, and the Pueblo Indians of New M/fexico were modest farmers without the riches of this world.' Nearly a half-century after Coronado's time, while Ofiate and others were still occupied in exploitation of the mines of Zacatecas, miners and cattlemen again drew attention to the north when they heard rumors of the Pueblo Indians, a people who were said to live in great houses and to possess turquoise, which seemed to indicate vast wealth. To investigate these stories, two parties reexplored the New Mexico area in the 1580's and on their return told anew of the docile Indians, the evidences of mineral outcroppings, and the hopes of still greater riches farther on.2 Since these explorers had revived the dream of finding another Mexico in this northern region, the king, on the viceroy's recommendation, issued a cedula in 1583 providing for the conquest and pacification of this new land.3 And when half a dozen bidders had failed to satisfy the crown of their ability to perform the task, Don Juan de Ofiate of Zacatecas, descendant of a famous family of conquerors in New Spain and himself a veteran of

Field of study: History
Second generation monoclonal antibodies to the human integrin α6β4

Second generation monoclonal antibodies to the α6β4 subunits of human integrins have been prepared. MAbs 450-9D, 10D, and 11A1 react at different sites on the β4 molecule and MAbs 450-30A1 and 33D react at the same site on the α6 subunit. Double determinant (two-site) radioimmunoassays using combinations of these MAbs have been developed. Two assays for β4 distinguish between the whole β4 molecule and the β4 molecule truncated from the C-terminus (form c) while another assay measures the presence of α6 subunits. Data from the two-site assays support the following conclusions: (1) Colon tumors and normal colon mucosa express large amounts of α6β4 although only form c of the β4 was detected; (2) There is no evidence for α6β4 expression in colon; however, some of this complex may be present in certain lung tumors. The extracellular domains of α6 and β4 can associate with each other even if the cytoplasmic domain of the β4 subunit is not present. MAbs to specific domains of the β4 molecule may be useful in an...

Field of study: Biology
Low temperature resonances in the electron heat capacity and its spectral distribution in finite systems.

Temperature variations of the heat capacity (C) are studied in a low temperature regime T < �F ∼ "F/N for 2D-, and 3D-systems with N ∼ 10 2 ÷ 10 4 treated as a canonical ensemble of N-noninteracting fermions. The analysis of C is performed by introducing function '("), the spectral distribution of C, that gives the contribution of each single-particle state to C. This function has two peaks divided by the energy interval �" ≈ (2 ÷ 5)T. If at some temperature Tres there takes place a resonance i.e. the positions of these peaks coincide with energies of two levels nearest to "F then C vs T can show a local maximum at Tres. This gives possibility to assess the single-particle level spacings near the Fermi level.

Field of study: Physics
Calcareous microfossils and paleoenvironmental changes across the Cretaceous-Paleogene (K-Pg) boundary at the Cerro Azul Section, Neuquén Basin, Argentina

We investigate changes in calcareous nannofossil and ostracod communities, which reflect surface and bottom water conditions, respectively, across the Cretaceous-Paleogene transition (K-Pg) at the Cerro Azul Section, Jaguel Formation, Neuquen Basin, Argentina. The K-Pg transition at the Cerro Azul Section is characterized by calcareous nannofossil and ostracod turnovers, from assemblages dominated by Cretaceous forms to assemblages composed by incoming Danian taxa and several survivor species. These assemblage changes were associated with a collapse in carbonate production at the K-Pg boundary, probably related to a drop of surface water productivity, and a subsequent recovery in the early Danian, as suggested by carbonate content, log(Ba/Fe) and log(Ba/Ti) trends. During the Late Maastrichtian, peak relative abundances of Eiffellithus spp., just before the K-Pg transition, were probably related to enhanced surface water productivity. High abundances of Cervisiella operculata suggest decreased surface productivity during the earliest Danian. This surface productivity collapse may have reduced food availability in the benthic habitat, which probably led to the stablishment of Citherudiae-dominated ostracod assemblages. Upward in the section, increased relative abundances of Braarudosphaera bigelowii, are probably related to overall intensified weathering conditions and, consequently, increased continental runoff and fresh water input.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Evidence for flexural shear folding associated with extensional faults

The maintainance of bed length and bed thickness within the hanging wall of extensional fault systems requires the development of bed-parallel shear. Four field examples of bed-parallel-shear related structures are described from a number of positions within the hanging wall and footwall to extensional faults. Flexural shear folding is a characteristic of both fault bend and fault-propagation folding. The dominant direction of the over-riding shear is directed toward the fault surface in the case of fault-bend folds. The fault surface may be considered to represent the finite neutral surface of the fold. In extensional fault-propagation folds, the direction of the overriding shear is toward the synclinalfold axial surface. The observations suggest that the direction of flexural shear for extensional and contractional folds is opposite for folds of geometrically similar form.

Field of study: Geology
Complete genome sequence of Thermococcus eurythermalis A501, a conditional piezophilic hyperthermophilic archaeon with a wide temperature range, isolated from an oil-immersed deep-sea hydrothermal chimney on Guaymas Basin.

Thermococcus eurythermalis A501 is a conditional piezophilic hyperthermophilic archaeon, isolated from an oil-immersed hydrothermal chimney located on Guaymas Basin. This isolate is an anaerobic chemoorgano-heterotroph and can grow over wide temperature, pressure and pH ranges. The genome consists of one circular chromosome (2,122,535 bp) and one plasmid (3629 bp) as the extra-chromosome DNA. The genomic information will contribute to studying extreme adaptation in hydrothermal vent and also the development of industrial enzymes with high stability under extreme condition.

Field of study: Biology, Engineering
Meschac Gaba's The Street: Two for the Price of One

Meschac Gaba's Tresses cycles draw on West African masking traditions invested with psychosocial power and magic. At the same time, they are rooted in secular fashions, specifically the styling of hair extensions. Gaba's new Car Tresses cycle inverts the relationship between First and Third Worlds, looking at vehicular transport as a metonymic element within consciousness. His Colours of Cotonou installation uses the device of the frame as a relatively traditional meditation on art and value, but Gaba goes beyond this in two ways: in his conscious play on the French word cadre, meaning both "frame" and "political party operative," and in his refusal to offer critique through his work, embracing instead an existential diaspora of contradiction.

Field of study: Art
Gastroprotective effect of Nigella sativa seed on ethanol-induced gastric ulcer in rats

Peptic ulcer is a gastrointestinal disease characterized by mucosal damage. The study is aimed at evaluating the gastroprotective effect of Nigella sativa seed extract in rats.  Twenty rats were divided into four groups of five rats each and were fasted for 18 h. Rats in Groups 1, 2, 3, and 4 were pretreated with normal saline, gestid, and N. sativa extract at 320 mg/kg and 640 mg/kg, respectively, 30 min before administration of 80% ethanol. All the rats were sacrificed after 1 h and the stomachs were cut open. The stomachs were examined for macroscopic lesions and processed for light microscopic study.  There was a significant decrease in ulcer index of rats pretreated with gestid suspension, 320 and 640 mg/kg of N. sativa extract as compared to those of rats pretreated with normal saline at P < 0.05. The stomach of rats pretreated with normal saline showed mucosa full of lesions, those of rats pretreated with gestid suspension showed very few vascular congestion, while those of rats pretreated with 640 mg/kg of N. sativa showed few vascular congestion. Photomicrograph of the stomach of rats pretreated with normal saline showed vacuolation of basement epithelium while those of rats pretreated with gestid suspension and N. sativa extract showed normal basement epithelium.  N. sativa seed extract was able to protect the stomach mucosa from gastric ulceration.

Field of study: Medicine
Synthesis of 2-(2,2-dimethyl-1-oxopropyl)-indole-3-carboxylic acid by the indoledione-indole rearrangement method in NaOH/AQ. DMSO

l-(2-Oxoalkyl)indole-2,3-diones (la-f) undergo the indoledione-indole rearrangement in 0.4-1% aq. NaOH to give the sodium salt of the corresponding 2-(l-oxoalkyl)indole-3-carboxylic (Ila-f) [1-4]. Under the same conditions, only opening of the heterocycle occurs in the case of l-(3,3-dimethyl-3-oxobutyl)indole-2,3-dione (Ig) to give the Na salt of 2-(3,3-dimethyl-2-oxobutyl)phenyloxoacetic acid (III).

Field of study: Chemistry
Design of Self-Diagnosis System for Nuclear Instrumentation

The use of non-randomness measurements for self-diagnosis of a pulse-counting system is described. Characteristic patterns of interval distributions for nuclear pulse trains have been measured under various types of malfunctions. They can be fundamental data in designing a stochastic indicator for malfunctions. Discussions on possible applications of interval distributions are made. An example of diagnosis system is shown which indicates the presence of malfunction by data processing of time interval distributions.

Field of study: Physics
STUDY ON COUPLED VIBRATION CHARACTERISTICS OF A CYLINDRICAL TANK WITH A FLEXIBLE ANNUAL BAFFLE

The coupled vibration characteristics of liquid and a flexural annular baffle in a cylindrical rigid tank were studied.The complicated fluid domain is separated into four simple sub-domains composed of two circular columns and two annular columns,respectively.The velocity potential functions corresponding to every fluid sub-domain were analytically solved by using the separation variable method and the decomposition method.The dry-modal functions were used to expand the wet modes in order to solve the differential equation of coupled vibration of the baffle and liquid.Based on the consistent conditions of liquid movement between the sub-domain interfaces and the surface wave equation of fluid,the unknown coefficients in the solutions were determined by using the Fourier series expansions and the Bessel series expansions.Finally,the eigenvalue equation was obtained.The coupled frequencies were numerically calculated by using the searching root method for non-linear equations.The convergence study shows high accuracy of the present method.The numerical results were compared with those obtained from the ADINA finite element software.An excellent agreement has been achieved.

Field of study: Engineering
An indigenous community-based monitoring system for assessing forest health in New Zealand

The underlying ethos of ‘nature’s benefits’ contributing to human wellbeing provides a common platform for understanding the function and value of biodiversity for stakeholders. Diverse societal worldviews however create differences in the way cultures relate to and understand the environment. The objective of this study was to identify community-based indicators and metrics used by Māori in New Zealand to monitor forest health and community wellbeing. Eighty semi-directed interviews were conducted with 55 forest users within the Tuawhenua tribal group to identify forest health indicators and associated gradient of metrics to assess each indicator. Indicators were grouped within nine culturally-relevant themes: (1) food procurement (mahinga kai), (2) natural productivity (hua o te whenua), (3) nature of water (āhua o te wai), (4) nature of the land (āhua o te whenua), (5) nature of the forest (āhua o te ngahere), (6) perpetual occupation of land and place (ahikaaroa), (7) spiritual dimension (taha wairua), (8) physical health (taha kikokiko), and (9) mental health (taha hinengaro). Within these themes, indicators and associated metrics were aligned within two monitoring approaches: field survey and interview-based. Community members (n = 35 individuals) were asked to prioritise field survey indicators using a seven point Likert Scale of importance. A second survey was also conducted with Tuawhenua elders (n = 43 individuals) to determine changes in the frequency of forest use by the community. A decline in the proportion of the community venturing into the forest over the last 60 years for activities such as hunting, fishing, camping, and collecting plant resources was reported. This decline in regular forest use suggests a field survey approach would be an effective method for applying community-based indicators and to gain an understanding of forest health. Forest indicators that are evaluated over a longer timeframe (months, seasons or even years), or those indicators aligned with community wellbeing, would be better evaluated using an interview-based approach. The alignment of some community-based indicators with scientific-based measures would enrich and deepen knowledge about the state of biodiversity, broaden the relevance of monitoring and reporting within indigenous communities, and help to mitigate issues of ‘shifting baselines’.

Field of study: Environmental science
Design of automatic control system for the precipitation of bromelain from the extract of pineapple wastes

In this work, bromelain was recovered from ground pineapple stem and rind by means of precipitation with alcohol at low temperature. Bromelain is the name of a group of powerful protein-digesting, or proteolytic, enzymes that are particularly useful for reducing muscle and tissue inflammation and as a digestive aid. Temperature control is crucial to avoid irreversible protein denaturation and consequently to improve the quality of the enzyme recovered. The process was carried out alternatively in two fed-batch pilot tanks: a glass tank and a stainless steel tank. Aliquots containing 100 mL of pineapple aqueous extract were fed into the tank. Inside the jacketed tank, the protein was exposed to unsteady operating conditions during the addition of the precipitating agent (ethanol 99.5%) because the dilution ratio "aqueous extract to ethanol" and heat transfer area changed. The coolant flow rate was manipulated through a variable speed pump. Fine tuned conventional and adaptive PID controllers were on-line implemented using a fieldbus digital control system. The processing performance efficiency was enhanced and so was the quality (enzyme activity) of the product.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Inbred mouse strains differentially susceptible to Leishmania donovani infection differ in their immune cell metabolism

Highlights129/Sv mice are resistant but BALB/c mice are susceptible to Leishmania donovani.IL‐10 spleen is less in L. donovani‐infected 129/Sv, but high in BALB/c, mice.Glycolytic enzymes expression correlate with resistance to L. donovani infection.  Leishmania donovani is a protozoan parasite that infects mammalian macrophages, wherein the parasite resides and replicates as amastigotes, inflicting the potentially fatal disease visceral leishmaniasis. The disease is characterized by severe immunosuppression and hypocholesterolemia implying metabolic changes in L. donovani infection; whether such metabolic changes are also linked to susceptibility to the infection is not known. Herein, four inbred mouse strains were first characterized for their resistance or susceptibility profile to L. donovani infection. It was observed that these four mouse strains were differentially susceptible to L. donovani infection. Splenic expression of four key cytokines– IL‐10, IL‐12, IFN‐&ggr; and IL‐4‐ revealed that the differential susceptibility of these four mouse strains to L. donovani was partially associated with these cytokines. The association was further correlated with the expression of different enzymes of the glycolytic pathway in the spleen of these L. donovani‐infected mice. Thus, the observations reported here suggest an association between host metabolism, cytokine secretion profile and L. donovani susceptibility. As the chemotherapeutic choices are extremely limited and a vaccine for human use is yet to be discovered for the neglected tropical disease that is prevalent in 88 countries affecting 320 million people, this metabolic study is a significant research area that has potentials to develop a new target for anti‐leishmanial chemotherapy.

Field of study: Medicine
Delocalization-localization transition due to anharmonicity.

Analytical and numerical calculations for a reduced Fermi-Pasta-Ulam chain demonstrate that energy localization does not require more than one conserved quantity. Clear evidence for the existence of a sharp delocalization-localization transition at a critical amplitude A_c is given. Approaching A_c from above and below, diverging time scales occur. Above A_c, the energy packet converges towards a discrete breather. Nevertheless, ballistic energy transportation is present, demonstrating that its existence does not necessarily imply delocalization.

Field of study: Physics
分散培養系において「クオリアが生じる可能性」についての考察

The fundamental frameworks for possessing qualia are “embodiment” and the network structures of the relationships between internal modules. We proposed “Anaplastic cognitive agent (ACA)” composed by interactions between sub modules with hierarchical history functions and network structures. A dissociated culture system can discriminate several distinct spatiotemporal patterns of action potentials evoked by current inputs, and possesses kinds of history function; a history properties of network dynamics, synaptic plasticity, and so on. These features are fundamental for parts to compose ACA.

Field of study: Computer science
Targeted Cleavage of the Human Cytomegalovirus ul54 Gene mRNA by M1GS

Guide sequences(GSs) are small RNA molecules that consist of a sequence complementary to a targeted mRNA and render the targeted RNA susceptible to degradation by the catalytic RNA subunit of RNase P from Escherichia coli(M1 RNA).A sequence-specific ribozyme(T7-M1GS) derived from GSs and M1 RNA was used to target a region of ul54 gene D segment mRNA of human cytomegalovirus(HCMV).Through the experiments about targeted cleavage in vitro and in vivo of the HCMV ul54 gene D segment mRNA by T7-M1GS,the results showed that T7-M1GS can effectively cleave ul54 mRNA.This provides an experimental basis for treatment of HCMV by ribozymes.

Field of study: Biology
Modified multiscale cross-sample entropy for complex time series

We introduce the CMCSE and further propose the RCMCSE method.MCSE, CMCSE and RCMCSE methods are employed to artificial and financial time series.RCMCSE reduces standard deviation and the probability of inducing undefined entropy.RCMCSE can provide better robustness and more accurate entropies.RCMCSE is more applicable for the study between US and Chinese stock markets. In this paper, we introduce the composite multiscale cross-sample entropy (CMCSE) which may induce undefined entropies and then further propose the refined composite multiscale cross-sample entropy (RCMCSE) which modifies CMCSE. First, we apply multiscale cross-sample entropy (MCSE), CMCSE and RCMCSE methods to three types of artificial time series in order to test the validity and accuracy of these methods. Results show that RCMCSE reduces not only standard deviation, but also the probability of inducing undefined entropy effectively, which can provide better robustness and more accurate entropies. Then, these three methods are employed to investigate financial time series including US and Chinese stock indices. For the study between stock indices in the same region, some conclusions which are consistent with previous study are drawn by the RCMCSE results. Meanwhile, it can be found that undefined entropies are induced and the numbers of inducing undefined entropy by three methods for investigation between three US stock indices and two Chinese mainland stock indices are given. Compared with MCSE and CMCSE, RCMCSE method is capable of reducing the number of undefined entropy and providing more accurate entropies. Moreover, the differences on inducing undefined entropy between results for US stock indices & two Chinese mainland stock indices and results for US stock indices & HSI demonstrate a much closer relation between US stock markets and HSI than between US stock markets and two Chinese mainland stock markets. Hence, it can be concluded that RCMCSE is more applicable for the study between US and Chinese stock markets.

Field of study: Mathematics
GENERALIZED ISOBAR MODEL, AND THE PIONIC FORM FACTOR OF THE NUCLEON

It is pointed out that in a simple model in which the isobar is excited by a virtual pion, the deviations can be understood in a simple way in terms of the decreasing probability of isobar excitation for increasing fourmomenta transfer between colliding nucleons. This model predicts moderately well-defined peaks in the inelastic spectrum, corresponding to the various nucleon isobars. These isobars are in turn considered to correspond to the peaks in the pi -N cross section; the first three correspond to isobar masses M/sub 1/' = 1.23 Bev, M/sub 2/' = 1.52 Bev, and M/sub 3/' = 1.67 Bev. The predominant features of the experimental results are outlined.

Field of study: Physics
Hommage aux récipiendaires des prix du CMFC en 2013

![Figure][1] 

Chers collegues,

Je vous ai parle de certaines des initiatives du Programme des prix et bourses du CMFC et de la Fondation pour la recherche et l’education dans le numero de decembre du Medecin de famille canadien [1][2]. Je vous invite maintenant a passer en revue la

Field of study: Medicine
Effect of Adding ZrO_2 Nano-powder on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Cold Rolled Carbon Steel

ZrO2nano-powder,which the size is in 40-50 nm,is added into Q235 steel by different quality fraction(0.1%,0.3%,0.5%,0.7%,0.9%).After rolling and annealing treatment,the grain size and mechanical pro-perties of the steel specimen was tested.The conclusions show that the grain become finer markedly when the ZrO2nanopowder is added.The optimal quality fraction of ZrO2nano-powder is 0.3%.Compared with the steel without addition ZrO2,the mechanical properties of the steel with 0.3% ZrO2nano-powder addition increase obviously.

Field of study: Materials science