nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Stem cell therapies for malignant glioma.

The prognosis for patients with malignant glioma, which is the most common primary intracranial neoplasm, remains dismal despite significant progress in neurooncological therapies and technology. This is largely due to the inability of current treatment strategies to address the highly invasive nature of this disease. Malignant glial cells often disseminate throughout the brain, making it exceedingly difficult to target and treat all intracranial neoplastic foci, with the result that tumor recurrence is inevitable despite aggressive surgery and adjuvant radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy. The use of neural stem cells (NSCs) as delivery vehicles for tumor-toxic molecules represents the first experimental strategy aimed specifically at targeting disseminated tumor pockets. Investigators have demonstrated that NSCs possess robust tropism for infiltrating tumor cells, and that they can be used to deliver therapeutic agents directly to tumor satellites, with significant therapeutic benefit. With the aim of developing these findings into a clinically viable technology that would not be hindered by ethical and tissue rejection-related concerns, the use of adult tissue-derived stem cells has recently been explored. These technologies represent important progress in the development of a treatment strategy that can specifically target disseminated neoplastic pockets within the brain. Despite encouraging results in preclinical models, however, there are significant impediments that must be overcome prior to clinical implementation of this strategy. Key among these are an inadequate understanding of the specific tropic mechanisms that govern NSC migration toward invasive tumor, and the need to refine the processes used to generate tumor-tropic stem cells from adult tissues so that this can be accomplished in a clinically practicable fashion. Despite these limitations, the use of stem cell therapies for brain tumors holds significant promise and may emerge as an important therapeutic modality for patients with malignant glioma.

Field of study: Medicine
Effects and effecting mechanism of microwave irradiation on the radio fuse

The effects of microwave irradiation on the certain integrate circuit radio fuse from aspects of service and normal working state are studied. The damaged and accidental explosion threshold values for microwave irradiation on the radio fuse under test are determined, which are 140~150 kW/cm~2 and 100 kW/cm~2 respectively. The effecting mechanism of microwave irradiation is analyzed, which shows that the high-frequency module and low-frequency module of radio fuse can be destroyed by antenna coupling for microwave irradiation. Experiments show that microwave irradiation can lead to false action of electronic modules and result in malfunction of explosion executing-device, that is the ultimate reason of accidental explosion for radio fuse under test.

Field of study: Physics
An analysis of numerical models of air pollutant exposure and vegetation response.

A number of empirical (statistical, regression oriented) and mechanistic (process oriented) models are presently available to examine the relationship between air pollution stress and plant response. These models have their strengths and weaknesses. In all these models, a major concern is the numerical definition of the pollutant exposure kinetics (dose). At present there are no numerical definitions of dose which make satisfactory biological sense. A key issue is the existence of a biological time clock where plants respond differently to the pollutant stress at different stages of their growth. On the other hand, policy makers and regulatory personnel prefer a simple approach which would facilitate implementation and administration of ambient air quality standards. Long-term air pollutant averaging techniques create artifacts due to the non-normal distribution of ambient concentrations. A more appropriate approach may be the use of 'median' and 'percentiles' computed from short duration pollutant concentrations. Such an approach would be free of the influence of the non-normal distribution, but would require the development of appropriate exposure-response models. Any transfer of results from unit level models to regional level leads to 'scaling error'. There is no general agreement among researchers on how to deal with the scale problem. While this situation persists, any policy formulated on regional impact assessment must acknowledge the uncertainty.

Field of study: Environmental science
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF A HOME EXERCISE PROGRAM FOR SEDENTARY ELDERLY WITH NINTENDO WII

The physical activity promotes changes in the habits and lifestyle of the elderly; therefore, they can control or delay the onset of chronic diseases, as well as prolong the physical functions and maintain their independence in the activities of daily living. Therefore, the present study aimed to verify the effectiveness of a home exercise program in physical and psychological dimensions in the elderly using the Nintendo Wii®. Thus, an experimental design was conducted, composed of 24 elderly individuals, who were divided into two groups: experimental and control. The groups were evaluated before and after the intervention period. The results showed a reduction in time spent on the Timed Up and Go test (experimental, pre: 11.8 ± 3.3 s and post: 11.4 ± 6.1 s; control, pre: 11.6 ± 2.5 s and post: 11.9 ± 2.4 s) and trails (experimental, pre: 3.9 ± 1.8 min and post: 3.4 ± 1.3 min; control, pre: 3.5 ± 1.3 min and post: 3.4 ± 1.1 min), but only for the experimental group (p <0.05) and higher scores were observed in the satisfaction of life questionnaire answers to the following questions: "my life is close to my ideal" (experimental, pre: 5 ± 2 s and post: 6 ± 2; control, pre: 5 ± 2 and post: 5 ± 2) and "if I could live my life again I would not change almost anything"(experimental, pre: 5 ± 2 and post: 6 ± 2; control, pre: 5 ± 2 and post: 5 ± 2), for both comparisons, only in the experimental group (p <0.05). Based on the answers of this research, we conclude that the intervention through video game was effective regarding the variables: agility, attention and satisfaction with life.

Field of study: Education
Inverse texture synthesis in wavelet packet trees

Inverse texture synthesis (ITS) plays an important role in many computer vision applications. It aims at generating small compaction images to capture significant features of textures, from which arbitrarily large images with similar textures can be re-synthesised. This study presents a fast approach to ITS with two algorithms developed in hierarchical wavelet packet (WP) trees: the modified inverse texture synthesis (MITS) algorithm, which extends the ITS algorithm into the WP domain, and the wavelet-packet-tree-based cropping (WPTC) algorithm for the initialisation of MITS. Experimental results show that the combination of WPTC and MITS termed the image compaction in wavelet packet trees algorithm outperforms the ITS algorithm in terms of the `peak signal-to-noise ratio' and computation time.

Field of study: Computer science
A novel test circuit for automatically detecting electrochemical migration and conductive anodic filament formation

The rapid growth of the global electronics manufacture environment has brought about the onset of a variety of new, untested materials and processing chemicals. The interactions between substrates and processing chemicals that can occur during manufacture, storage and use must be assessed in order to determine long-term reliability. Surface insulation resistance (SIR) testing is a standard industry technique used to assess the interactions between processing chemicals (e.g., soldering fluxes) and substrates. SIR test method conditions vary in terms of the temperature and the humidity used to accelerate the normal failure modes. Typically, a 45 to 50 volt bias is applied to an interdigitated comb pattern, and periodic SIR measurements are made using a 100 volt test. Pass/fail criteria based solely on SIR electrical values, (e.g., 100 MΩ) however are inadequate. Often the electrical measurement fails to reveal the presence of surface dendrites due to contaminants related to processing chemicals. This failure occurs because the dendrite burns out between electrical readings when the circuit continues to be biased at 50 volts. A new “linear test circuit” has been developed to overcome this deficiency. The circuit uses an operational amplifier to detect the formation of a surface dendrite between electrodes on the comb pattern. When the dendrite shorts the circuit, voltage to the comb pattern is removed. Thus, the presence of the dendrite is captured electrically, and the dendrite is preserved for further analysis. This paper will present the circuit used and data showing its’ effectiveness at detecting both surface dendrites and subsurface conductive anodic filament formation.

Field of study: Materials science
Recovery from the depression : Australia and the world economy in the 1930s

List of authors List of figures List of tables Preface 1. An overview R. G. Gregory 2. The Australian recovery of the 1930s in international comparative perspective Barry Eichengreen 3. The recovery of the 1930s and economic policy in Britain T. J. Hatton 4. A macro interpretation of recovery: Australia and Canada Alan G. Green and Gordon R. Sparks 5. Depression and recovery in New Zealand G. R. Hawke 6. The Japanese economy and economic policy in the 1930s Tasukichi Yasuba 7. The battle of the plans: a macroeconometric model of the interwar economy T. J. Valentine 8. Australian budgetary policies in the 1930s  Monetary policy in depression and recovery M. W. Butlin and P. M. Boyce 10. Sharing the burden: the Australian labour market during the 1930s R. C. Gregory, V. Ho and L. McDermott 11. Manufacturing and economic recovery in Australia, 1932-1937 Mark Thomas 12. Agriculture and the recovery from the depression B. R. Davidson 13. Unemployment and the Australian economic recovery of the 1930s C. Forster 14. Government unemployment relief in the 1930s: aid or hindrance to recovery? G. D. Snooks 15. Unequal sacrifice: distributional aspects of depression and recovery in Australia Ian W. McLean References Index.

Field of study: Economics, History
Wide view supertwisted nematic liquid-crystal light shutter.

We present a novel concept of a wide viewing angle liquid-crystal display (LCD) light shutter, taking advantage of the highly symmetric 180 degrees -twisted liquid-crystal (LC) configuration and the light propagation starting with a single mode. In a specific case of the high voltage driven LCD light shutter, the resulting very high overall symmetry allows for the efficient angular compensation of the light attenuation in the optically closed state using just a simple, specifically tuned, negative-birefringent c-plate retarder. The latter can be adapted to compensate for the positive optical birefringence of the homeotropically aligned LC molecules as well as also for a great deal of the angular dependence of the crossed polarizers. We show that the additional partial compensation of the angular dependence of the crossed polarizers can be explained by a combined effect of the positive birefringence of the homeotropically aligned LC molecules, negative-birefringence c-plate retarder, and an in-plane residual positive birefringence (a-plate) of the boundary layers of the LC molecules.

Field of study: Physics
Improved confidence intervals for the exponential mean via tail functions

The method of tail functions is applied to confidence estimation of the exponential mean in the presence of prior information. It is shown how the “ordinary” confidence interval can be generalized using a class of tail functions and then engineered for optimality, in the sense of minimizing prior expected length over that class, whilst preserving frequentist coverage. It is also shown how to derive the globally optimal interval, and how to improve on this using tail functions when criteria other than length are taken into consideration. Probabilities of false coverage are reported for some of the intervals under study, and the theory is illustrated by application to confidence estimation of a reliability coefficient based on some survival data.

Field of study: Mathematics
What is a good class in a university

One and one classes carry the fundamental mission of the teacher.A teacher brings to the class not only the text book,the presentation,the emotion,and the confidence,but also a full package of questions.Teaching is to teach the students how to ask questions.Creation begins from question,teaching that triggers inquisition and/or investigation are what we refer to "problem instuction".In a good class,the students bring forward a lot of questions.In a better class,more challenging questions arise.

Field of study: Education
Blocking IL-17A Alleviates Diabetic Retinopathy in Rodents

Interleukin (IL)-17A, a proinflammatory cytokine, has been implicated in several autoimmune diseases. However, it is unclear whether IL-17A is involved in diabetic retinopathy (DR), one of the most serious complications of autoimmune diabetes. This study aimed to demonstrate that IL-17A exacerbates DR by affecting retinal Müller cell function.  High glucose (HG)-treated rat Müller cell line (rMC-1) was exposed to IL-17A, anti-IL-17A-neutralizing monoclonal antibody (mAb) or/and anti-IL-17 receptor (R)A-neutralizing mAb for 24 h. For in vivo study, DR was induced by intraperitoneal injections of streptozotocin (STZ). DR model mice were treated with anti-IL-17A mAb or anti-IL-17RA mAb in the vitreous cavity. Mice that were prepared for retinal angiography were sacrificed two weeks after intravitreal injection, while the rest were sacrificed two days after intravitreal injection.  IL-17A production and IL-17RA expression were increased in both HG-treated rMC-1 and DR retina. HG induced rMC-1 activation and dysfunction, as determined by the increased GFAP, VEGF and glutamate levels as well as the downregulated GS and EAAT1 expression. IL-17A exacerbated the HG-induced rMC-1 functional disorders, whereas either anti-IL-17A mAb or anti-IL-17RA mAb alleviated the HG-induced rMC-1 disorders. Intravitreal injections with anti-IL-17A mAb or anti-IL-17RA mAb in DR model mice reduced Müller cell dysfunction, vascular leukostasis, vascular leakage, tight junction protein downregulation and ganglion cell apoptosis in the retina.  IL-17A aggravates DR-like pathology at least partly by impairing retinal Müller cell function. Blocking IL-17A is a potential therapeutic strategy for DR.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Lewis C. Seifert.Manning the Margins: Masculinity and Writing in Seventeenth-Century France. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press, 2009. xii + 340 pp. index. bibl. $85 (cl), $28.95 (pbk). ISBN: 978–0–472–07058–9 (cl), 978–0–472–05058–1 (pbk).


Field of study: History
Genotypic variability in incidence of charcoal rot (Macrophomina phaseolina) and grain yield losses in maize.

Field experiments conducted for three winter seasons during 1985, 1986 and 1987 indicated that the maize hybrid DHM 103 was less susceptible to the charcoal rot incidence and yielded significantly more than Ganga-5. The linear regression models established that the estimated damage to yield per unit incidence of the disease was more in the latter (2.75 qfha) than in the former hybrid (2.04 q/ha). The locally grown cultivar ‘Warangal local’ was predisposed to a maximum incidence and yielded very low. But, the rate of yield loss per unit incidence was much less (1.45 q/ha). Seed dressing with Captaf @2 gjkg and drenching the soil with bleaching powder @ 1000 ppm chlorine cocentration at 45 and 60 days reduced the charcoal rot incidence and increased the grain yield significantly.

Field of study: Biology
Implementing and Proving the TLS 1.3 Record Layer

The record layer is the main bridge between TLS applications and internal sub-protocols. Its core functionality is an elaborate form of authenticated encryption: streams of messages for each sub-protocol (handshake, alert, and application data) are fragmented, multiplexed, and encrypted with optional padding to hide their lengths. Conversely, the sub-protocols may provide fresh keys or signal stream termination to the record layer. Compared to prior versions, TLS 1.3 discards obsolete schemes in favor of a common construction for Authenticated Encryption with Associated Data (AEAD), instantiated with algorithms such as AES-GCM and ChaCha20-Poly1305. It differs from TLS 1.2 in its use of padding, associated data and nonces. It also encrypts the content-type used to multiplex between sub-protocols. New protocol features such as early application data (0-RTT and 0.5-RTT) and late handshake messages require additional keys and a more general model of stateful encryption. We build and verify a reference implementation of the TLS record layer and its cryptographic algorithms in F*, a dependently typed language where security and functional guarantees can be specified as pre-and post-conditions. We reduce the high-level security of the record layer to cryptographic assumptions on its ciphers. Each step in the reduction is verified by typing an F* module, for each step that involves a cryptographic assumption, this module precisely captures the corresponding game. We first verify the functional correctness and injectivity properties of our implementations of one-time MAC algorithms (Poly1305 and GHASH) and provide a generic proof of their security given these two properties. We show the security of a generic AEAD construction built from any secure one-time MAC and PRF. We extend AEAD, first to stream encryption, then to length-hiding, multiplexed encryption. Finally, we build a security model of the record layer against an adversary that controls the TLS sub-protocols. We compute concrete security bounds for the AES_128_GCM, AES_256_GCM, and CHACHA20_POLY1305 ciphersuites, and derive recommended limits on sent data before re-keying. We plug our implementation of the record layer into the miTLS library, confirm that they interoperate with Chrome and Firefox, and report initial performance results. Combining our functional correctness, security, and experimental results, we conclude that the new TLS record layer (as described in RFCs and cryptographic standards) is provably secure, and we provide its first verified implementation.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Image quality with Kirkpatrick-Baez microscope in hard X-ray

An important diagnosis methodKirkpatrick-Baez microscope system in ICF experiments was researched.The brief aberration of the Kirkpatrick-Baez microscope was calculated.The main aberration,spherical aberration was analyzed,and the spherical aberration is 94% of the total aberration.The configuration was simulated by the ray tracing method.Resolutions in different fields and mirror-lengths were compared.The modal of Kirkpatrick-Baez microscope was made in computer with 10 μm resolutionat 8 keV.It was studied about the adjusting tolerance method of Kirkpatrick-Baez microscope.When numerical aperture is 0.003 7,the angle error range is-0.087°~0.067°.

Field of study: Physics
Sustained attention deficit in bipolar disorder.

Recovery in bipolar disorder is central to its definition but is rarely complete. Previous work has suggested that neuropsychological impairment persists during the euthymic state but has been confounded partly by mild affective symptoms in remitted patients.



To characterise neuropsychological functioning in the euthymic phase of bipolar disorder with an emphasis on tasks of executive functioning.



Thirty euthymic patients with bipolar disorder were compared with thirty healthy controls on neuropsychological tasks differentially sensitive to damage within prefrontal cortex.



Bipolar I patients were impaired on tasks of attentional set shifting, verbal memory and sustained attention. Only sustained attention deficit survived controlling for mild affective symptoms. This deficit was related to progression of illness, but was none the less present in a subgroup of patients near illness onset.



Sustained attention deficit may represent a neuropsychological vulnerability marker for bipolar disorder, providing a focus for further understanding of the phenotype and analysis of the neuronal networks involved.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Coarse-grained nonmarine volcaniclastic sediment : terminology and depositional process

Modern and ancient volcaniclastic sedimentary sequences contain depositional units whose features cannot be attributed to fully turbulent, dilute stream flow or viscous debris flow. The characteristics of these poorly sorted sediments suggest rapid deposition from high-concentration dispersions but not en masse . Sedimentation thus appears related to high-discharge flows intermediate in sediment/water ratio between stream flow and debris flow. The term “hyperconcentrated flood flow” is proposed for describing this intermediate condition. Hyperconcentrated flood-flow deposits are distinguished from debris-flow deposits by lack of matrix support or reverse grading and instead exhibit distribution normal grading and horizontal stratification. These deposits are distinguished from normal, dilute stream-flow deposits by lack of cross-stratification in sand facies and by very poor sorting, poor imbrication, and numerous clasts with long axes oriented parallel to flow direction in gravel facies. The horizontal bedding that dominates sandy hyperconcentrated flood-flow deposits consists of sediment too coarse grained and strata too thick to have been produced in the boundary layer of the upper-flow regime and should not be confused with the more familiar thin, graded laminae of fine- to medium-grained sand often associated with parting lineation. Hyperconcentrated flood-flow deposits are not unique to volcanic settings; they also occur in arid, alluvial-fan sequences. Debris-flow and hyperconcentrated flood-flow deposits, however, are much thicker and more extensive in volcanic regions than on alluvial fans because explosive volcanism leads to rapid mobilization of large volumes of sediment and water on a scale unparalleled in nonvolcanic settings. In volcanic regions, therefore, these deposits have greater preservation potential, show greater lateral variability, and are more voluminous. Transformation of channelized debris flow to hyperconcentrated flood flow by dilution with stream water, recently observed at Mount St. Helens, is recorded in ancient volcaniclastic sequences and may serve as the primary mechanism for generating hyperconcentrated flood flow.

Field of study: Geology
Structural modification on silica glass surface induced by thermal poling for second harmonic generation.

O-K edge XANES spectroscopy evidences structural modification induced by thermal poling treatment in surfaces of bulk Herasil silica glass presenting second harmonic generation. Considering model silicon dioxide clusters, calculations based on full multiple scattering approach have been performed in order to explain accurately the differences observed on XANES spectra at different stage of the poling treatment. These structural modifications on extreme surface affect both network and defects by breaking Si-O-Si bridging bonds. Despite of the formation of bridging bond occurring during the thermal depoling -which erases the SHG inside the glass-, the initial structure of the unpoled sample is not reproduced.

Field of study: Physics