nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Nationalism and the Pathology of Legal Systems: Considering the Quebec Secession Reference and its Lessons for the United Kingdom

Questions relating to the disintegration and destruction of legal systems or what H.L.A. Hart called the 'pathology of legal systems'" are extremely difficult to confront as questions of law. When political allegiance to one legal system begins to erode, the natural tendency of judges may be to struggle to save the system from collapse, thereby putting at risk the chance of orderly transition to succeeding nascent legal systems. However, just as it is best for a natural person to order his or her affairs and write a will while of sound mind, perhaps a legal system even one with promise and potential remaining should likewise plan for its orderly, and lawful, demise. Indeed, by confronting the unthinkable, perhaps it can (unlike a natural person contemplating eventual death) achieve partial survival, so that in the aftermath of its dismemberment a remnant of the system remains worthy of allegiance from at least some of its citizens. This was, in essence, the task that the Supreme Court of Canada accepted in Reference re the Secession of Quebec from Canada.2 In what the Chief Justice of Canada, Antonio Lamer, described as the most important judgment in the Court's history,3 the nine Supreme Court justices ruled unanimously that the Dominion of Canada is divisible and (by implication) destructible, and that there are legal rules governing such division and destruction. The case arose when the federal government of Canada invoked the advisory jurisdiction of the Court by referring to it three questions, namely: (1) Can the government or legislature of the province of Quebec effect the secession of Quebec from Canada unilaterally under Canadian law? (2) Can the government or legislature of Quebec effect secession unilaterally under international law? (3) If Canadian and international law conflict on this point, which prevails?4 Thus, the Court confronted the same basic legal issue as did the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in the famous case of Madzimbamuto v LardnerBurke5 with the critical difference that, in that case, the Rhodesian government had

Field of study: Law
Multiresidue determination of carbamate, organochlorine, organophosphorus, and dicarboximide pesticides in lettuce by GC/MS

An extraction method based on matrix solid-phase dispersion was developed to determine pirimicarb, methyl parathion, malathion, procymidone, α -endosulfan and β -endosulfan in lettuce using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The best results were obtained using 4.0 g of lettuce, 2.0 g of silica as dispersant sorbent, 0.1 g of activated carbon as clean up sorbent and acetonitrile as eluting solvent. The method was validated using lettuce samples fortified with pesticides at six different concentration levels (0.1 to 2.0 mg/kg). Average recoveries (7 replicates) ranged from 50 to 120 %, with relative standard deviations between 0.6 and 8.0 %. Detection and quantification limits for lettuce ranged from 0.01 to 0.02 mg/kg and 0.04 to 0.10 mg/kg, respectively.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Clinical effect of laparoscopic myomectomy in 35 cases of broad ligament myoma

To investigate the clinical effect of laparoscopic treatment in 35 cases of broad ligament myoma.MethodsRetrospectively analyzed the clinical data of 35 patients with broad ligament myoma. The mean diameter of the tumors was 7.2 cm(3~12 cm). Under general anesthesia uterus-lifting apparatus was employed in non-virgin patients.Pitnitrin was used to reduce intraoperative blood loss. drainage tube was placed after the procedure.ResultsThe procedure was completed successfully in all patients without injuries to the ureter and adjaeent organs. The mean operation time was 68.8 min(50~115 min). And the blood loss ranged 30~200 ml with an average of 80 ml. The gastrointestinal function recovered in 6~28 h (average 16.5 h) after the operation. The patients were discharged from hospital within a mean of 4 postoperative days(3~6 d). ConclusionLaparoscopie myomectomy is safe and effective for broad ligament myoma.However, a variety of laparoscopic surgical techniques are the key to successful operation.

Field of study: Medicine
MT. Baker, a Cascade Volcano

Mt. Baker in Washington is the northernmost of the major Cascade volcanoes. The actual cone measures 6000 feet in height and 8 miles in diameter. The craterrim, however, is 10,750 feet above sea level as the base of the volcano rests on top of the Cascade range. The lavas of Mt. Baker poured out on an erosion surface of Paleozoic and Mesozoic rocks which had a relief of approximately 5000 feet. The first flows formed a cone known as the Black Buttes, then the vent shifted 2 miles to the east and formed Mt. Baker. These lavas are noteworthy because of their lack of variation; all are pyroxene andesites. Almost all the lavas contain a type of hypersthene with inclined extinction. The lavas from Mt. Baker and the subsidiary vents probably began to form in the Pleistocene, and activity continued until historic time.

Field of study: Geology
On security proof of McCullagh?Barreto's key agreement protocol and its variants

McCullagh and Barreto presented an identity-based authenticated key agreement protocol in CT-RSA 2005. Their protocol was found to be vulnerable to a key-compromise impersonation attack. In order to recover the weakness, McCullagh and Barreto and Xie proposed two variants of the protocol respectively. In each of these works, a security proof of the proposed protocol was presented. In this paper, we revisit these three security proofs and show that all the reductions in these proofs are invalid, because the property of indistinguishability between their simulation and the real world was not held. As a replacement, we slightly modify the McCullagh and Barreto's second protocol and then formally analyse the security of the modified scheme in the Bellare Rogaway key agreement model.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Spectroscopy of the deformed 125Ce nucleus

The odd-even nucleus 125Ce was studied via in-beam γ-ray spectroscopy using the 40Ca + 92Mo reaction at 190 MeV. Four rotational bands were observed, two of them being identified for the first time. New connecting transitions were identified between the bands, which leads to new spin assignment for one of the previously known bands. We propose J = 7/2- for the ground state of 125Ce. The bands are discussed in the framework of the IBFM + broken-pairs model.

Field of study: Physics
P-T conditions of quartz-calcite boudins and vein formation within a low-angle detachment fault in Tinos Island (Aegean Sea): a fluid-inclusion study

Fluid inclusions were investigated in successive generations of quartz-calcite boudins and veins in the vicinity of, and within, the low-angle detachment fault (of Early Miocene age) exposed on Tinos Island (Cyclades, Greece). Abundant boudins, veins, tension gashes and mineral segregations were formed during various stages of ductile and brittle shear along the detachment indicating fluid flow at various crustal levels, assisted motion and slip along the detachment. Three generations of fluid inclusions were identified: (1) syn-deformation aqueous inclusions; (2) local- late-deformation H2O-CO2 inclusions; (3) post-slip deformation, partly decrepitated aqueous and H2O-CO2 inclusions. The conditions of inclusion trapping correspond to the greenschist facies, at temperatures between 300 and 450°C and pressures in the range of 1.5–4.0 kb. A gradient of pressure of about 0.5 kb from the fault zone to the rocks of upper and lower plates is suggested. The results indicate that the syn-deformation fluid was NaCl-KCl-sulfate-dominated with a salinity of about 5 wt% NaCl equiv. Downward infiltration of meteoric water is a suitable source for this fluid. During the late stage of fault activity, in the brittle field, fluid was of H2O-CO2 composition. Very rapid exhumation of the entire section (unrelated to motion on the investigated fault) is marked by numerous decrepitation clusters of the fluid inclusions.

Field of study: Environmental science
Prediction of Soil-Bulldozer Blade Interaction Using Discrete Element Method

Modeling the interaction between soil and a tillage implement, such as a bulldozer blade, is a complex task, involving many factors, such as ground layout, soil strength, soil buildup in front of the tool, soil flow, and cracks that may occur in the soil during blade work. The discrete element method (DEM) is a numerical tool designed to model granular materials. Soil, and particularly sandy soil, may be described as a granular material. Therefore, DEM seems to be a promising tool for modeling the interaction between a blade and soil. The model parameters are usually set using a trial-and-error process, as there is no robust theory for determining the soil parameters of the model. This article suggests a method for determining the parameters for the DEM model and simulates the soil-blade interaction of cohesionless soil, as a case study, using a 2D DEM program (PFC2D). The method is based on the interlocking property of the particles. The maximum error of the parameters obtained by the method compared with the actual soil parameters was 22.8%. Selecting the optimum spring constant between the particles may reduce the error. Two-dimensional simulations were performed of a bulldozer blade moving in a particle medium, working at different blade angles and depths, and in different soil parameters. Comparing the simulations with the prediction results using McKyes's calculation model, the DEM model predicted an average draft force 7.2% greater than, and an average vertical force 1.7% less than, the forces predicted by McKyes's approach. The failure line was defined in the simulation according to the differences in particle velocities; the results fit the prediction of the failure line according to McKyes's approach. The contribution of this article lies in the use of DEM as a qualitative and quantitative predictive simulation tool.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Long Non-Coding RNAs: the New Horizon of Gene Regulation in Ovarian Cancer

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), a class of non-coding transcripts, have recently been emerging with heterogeneous molecular actions, adding a new layer of complexity to gene-regulation networks in tumorigenesis. LncRNAs are considered important factors in several ovarian cancer histotypes, although few have been identified and characterized. Owing to their complexity and the lack of adapted molecular technology, the roles of most lncRNAs remain mysterious. Some lncRNAs have been reported to play functional roles in ovarian cancer and can be used as classifiers for personalized medicine. The intrinsic features of lncRNAs govern their various molecular mechanisms and provide a wide range of platforms to design different therapeutic strategies for treating cancer at a particular stage. Although we are only beginning to understand the functions of lncRNAs and their interactions with microRNAs (miRNAs) and proteins, the expanding literature indicates that lncRNA-miRNA interactions could be useful biomarkers and therapeutic targets for ovarian cancer. In this review, we discuss the genetic variants of lncRNAs, heterogeneous mechanisms of actions of lncRNAs in ovarian cancer tumorigenesis, and drug resistance. We also highlight the recent developments in using lncRNAs as potential prognostic and diagnostic biomarkers. Lastly, we discuss potential approaches for linking lncRNAs to future gene therapies, and highlight future directions in the field of ovarian cancer research.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Room temperature laser emission of 1.5 μm from InAs/InP(311)B quantum dots

We report on the 1.5 μm laser emission from InAs quantum dots (QDs) grown on a InP(311)B substrate. The control of the optical wavelength emission is obtained by a two-step modified growth procedure, called the 'double cap' procedure. This enables us to obtain a 1.55 μm optical emission from InAs/InP(311)B QDs, with a narrow height dispersion. Laser emission on a six-stacked InAs QD layer sample has been demonstrated with optical excitation at room temperature. Lasing has been obtained on an excited state, for a low optical excitation density of 10 kW cm−2. This shows that a QD laser could emit at the optical telecommunication wavelength.

Field of study: Materials science
POSITIVE BEHAVIOR MANAGEMENT MODEL DEVELOPMENT SOCIETY IN REDUCING THE STATUS STUNTING BADUTA IN MINING AREAS, CEMPAKA BANJARBARU

Cempaka is one area in Banjarbaru have land mines. These conditions make the Cempaka 
mine be the only producer in this area. Additionally, Cempaka has the largest area compared to other 
areas in Banjarbaru is 146.70 km2. The majority of people with lower economic level., The livelihoods 
of casual workers (wage labor), diamond prospectors, farmers potentially have baduta (under two years) 
with stunting. Based on the research results Rahayu, et al., (2013) and Riskesdas 2013 in Cempaka, 
Banjarbaru and found that the prevalence of stunting baduta higher than the national respectively of 
50.9% and 37.2%. This study aims to develop a model of behavior management positifdalam lowering 
stunting in baduta status. This research is an action research (operational research). The study design 
using the Pre and Post Test One Group Design. Subjects were whole baduta with stunting status taken 
based on the number baduta with malnutrition at most. The determination of the nutritional status baduta 
using WHO reference standard anthropometry 2007 krieria as follows: baduta said to suffer from 
stunting, if the nutritional status baduta very short (z score <-3.0 SD); Short nutritional status (≥- 3 SD 
s.d<-2 SD), and did not experience stunting, if baduta normal nutritional status (≥ 2 SD).  
research receipts paired T-test (Paired Samples Test) with a 95% confidence level. Outcomes of this 
study was the establishment of the involvement of active community participation, especially families 
who have baduta stunting in an attempt to resolve the issue. 
Keywords- baduta, stunting, positive behavior management

Field of study: Engineering
Magnetic moments of JP = $ {\frac{{3}}{{2}}}$+ decuplet baryons using the statistical model

A suitable wave function for the baryon decuplet is framed with the inclusion of the sea containing quark-gluon Fock states. Relevant operator formalism is applied to calculate the magnetic moments of JP = $ {\frac{{3}}{{2}}}$+ baryon decuplet. The statistical model assumes the decomposition of the baryonic state in various quark-gluon Fock states and is used in combination with the detailed balance principle to find the relative probabilities of these Fock states in flavor, spin and color space. The upper limit to the gluon is restricted to three with the possibility of emission of quark-antiquark pairs. We study the importance of strangeness in the sea (scalar, vector and tensor) and its contribution to the magnetic moments. Our approach has confirmed the scalar-tensor sea dominancy over the vector sea. Various modifications in the model are used to check the validity of the statistical approach. The results are matched with the available theoretical data. A good consistency with the experimental data has been achieved for $ \Delta^{{++}}_{}$ , $ \Delta^{{+}}_{}$ and $ \Omega^{{-}}_{}$ .

Field of study: Physics
A Method of Thresholding Segmentation and Spot Center Coordinates Calculation for Light Spot-Image

It is often asked to extract the regions of light spot from light spot-image,and calculate their center coordinates in industry measurement.The light spot-images are characterized by darkand large background,bright and small target(spot).Proposes a thresholding segmentation algorithm for light spot-image,a method to calculate a single spot coordinates using center of gravity,and presents a method to calculate the coordinates of multiple light spots using connected component labeling and sorting based on size of regions.Experimental result shows that the proposed method can obtain better performance of segmenting regions of light spot from light spot-image than other thresholding segmentation methods,and its result is closest to that of thresholding segmentation of artificial selection.The method can accurately calculate the coordinates of light spots and it has lower computation time.

Field of study: Computer science
Rantes –403g>a Functional Polymorphism and Upper Urinary Tract Infections in Children

Chemokines play a key-role in leukocytes recruitment in the site of inflammation, through the interaction with trans-membrane receptors. Genes that codify these chemokines and their receptors may present polymorphisms, which influence the proteins' level of expression and/or function. We have recently described an increased susceptibility to the development of acute pyelonephritis in children with interleukin 8 –251A > T polymorphism, presenting the first episode of upper urinary tract infection. Functional polymorphism of RANTES chemokine and its receptor CCR5 have been also identified.  We carried out an association study of RANTES-403 G > A and CCR5Δ32 in 273 children with the first episode of upper urinary tract infection (UTI). Control population was represented by 326 blood umbilical cord DNAs coming from the same geographic area.  Statistical analysis showed that RANTES-403 G > A phenotypic frequencies in the UTI group significantly differed from those of the control population (p = 0,007). A significant difference persisted when the genotype AA + GA was compared with the GG one (p = 0,002). Furthermore, comparing the frequencies observed in acute dimercaptosuccinic acid scan (DMSA)-positive and DMSA-negative patient with those observed in controls, a significant difference did emerge (p = 0,023 and p = 0,008 respectively). In addition, RANTES-403 G > A polymorphism frequency was significantly different in patients with vesico-ureteric reflux compared with the control population (p = 0,020). No difference were observed in the genotype distribution of CCR5Δ32 polymorphism.  Our results show that RANTES-403GG genotype is associated with an increased susceptibility to upper urinary tract infection.

Field of study: Medicine
Kinetics of pinacol rearrangement in high temperature liquid water

The kinetics of non-catalyzed pinacol rearrangement in high temperature liquid water was investigated at 10 MPa and temperature from 180℃ to 220℃. Rate constants were evaluated with the first-order reaction assumption. The activation energy evaluated was 176.4 kJ·mol -1 . The experimental results demonstrate that non-catalyzed pinacol rearrangement in high temperature liquid water is possible with high pinacol conversion and pinacolone yield over 80%.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Statistical Techniques Employed in AERJ and JCP Articles from 1988 to 1997: A Methodological Review

The authors of the present methodological review investigated the patterns of statistical usage and reporting practices in 756 articles published in the American Educational Research Journal (AERJ) and in the Journal of Counseling Psychology (JCP) over a 10-year period. First, some findings from other similar reviews are summarized. Second, the authors present a framework for characterizing selected research practices that emphasizes, in part, elements of the recent report of the American Psychological Association (APA) Task Force on Statistical Inference (Wilkinson & APA Task Force on Statistical Inference, 1999). Third, characterizations of 10 years of analytic practices in 2 journals are presented and evaluated within that framework. The article concludes with a discussion of the changes that may be necessary to improve the statistical state of affairs in behavioral research.

Field of study: Education
Extreme events in the dispersions of two neighboring particles under the influence of fluid turbulence.

We present a numerical study of two-particle dispersion from point sources in three-dimensional incompressible homogeneous and isotropic turbulence at Reynolds number Re≃300. Tracer particles are emitted in bunches from localized sources smaller than the Kolmogorov scale. We report the first quantitative evidence, supported by an unprecedented statistics, of the deviations of relative dispersion from Richardson's picture. Deviations are due to extreme events of pairs separating much faster than average, and of pairs remaining close for long time. The two classes of events are the fingerprints of complete different physics, the former dominated by inertial subrange and large-scale fluctuations, and the latter by dissipation subrange. A comparison of the relative separation in surrogate white-in-time velocity field, with correct viscous-, inertial-, and integral-scale properties, allows us to assess the importance of temporal correlations along tracer trajectories.

Field of study: Physics
Exploring dress, identity and performance in contemporary dance music culture

Electronic dance music and its associated cultures have experienced significant growth and diversification in recent decades, evolving from their origins in the warehouse, acid house and rave ‘scenes’. The myriad of interrelated scenes under the umbrella term ‘dance culture’ provides a range of aesthetic and social event experiences, where participants can experiment with and perform multiple identities. This paper explores the significance of dress and identity within dance culture, drawing on an autoethnographic study which included participant observation, field trips, online research, focus groups and interviews. It investigates performance and presentation of identity within these commodified places, in particular how participants negotiate and traverse various credible roles. It suggests that the performance metaphor is useful in conceptualising event spaces and demonstrates the hugely significant role that dress and identity play in the construction and consumption of these events.

Field of study: Sociology
Parametric Sparse Bayesian Dictionary Learning for Multiple Sources Localization With Propagation Parameters Uncertainty

Received signal strength (RSS) based source localization method is popular for its simplicity and low cost. However, this method is highly dependent on the propagation model whose parameters are hard to be captured in practice. In this paper, we estimate the locations of multiple co-channel sources from the superimposed RSS observations, while jointly inferring the parametric propagation model. Specifically, we first model the multiple sources localization (MSL) problem as being parameterized by the unknown source locations and propagation parameters, and then reformulate it as a joint parametric dictionary learning (PDL) and sparse signal recovery (SSR) problem, which is solved by sparse Bayesian learning with iterative parametric dictionary approximation. Moreover, a fast iterative update strategy is developed for the proposed method to reduce the complexity from $\mathcal {O}(MN^2)$ to $\mathcal {O}(MN)$ for high-dimensional large-scale problems, and the Cramér-Rao lower bound (CRLB) is derived to analyze the theoretical estimation error bound. Finally, some important properties of the assumed MSL model and the proposed algorithms, as well as the future research directions are discussed. Comparing with the state-of-the-art sparsity-based MSL algorithms as well as CRLB, extensive simulations show the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed methods.

Field of study: Engineering