nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
A three-dimensional map of the Milky Way using classical Cepheid variable stars

Cepheids help to map the Galaxy Cepheid variable stars pulsate, which allows their distances to be determined from the periodic variations in brightness. Skowron et al. constructed a catalog of thousands of Cepheids covering a large fraction of the Milky Way. They combined optical and infrared data to determine the stars' pulsation periods and mapped the distribution of Cepheids and the associated young stellar populations across the Galaxy. Their three-dimensional map demonstrates the warping of the Milky Way's disc. A simple model of star formation in the spiral arms reproduced the positions and ages of the Cepheid population. Science, this issue p. 478 Mapping the Milky Way in three dimensions using Cepheid variable stars shows the Galaxy’s warped disk. The Milky Way is a barred spiral galaxy, with physical properties inferred from various tracers informed by the extrapolation of structures seen in other galaxies. However, the distances of these tracers are measured indirectly and are model-dependent. We constructed a map of the Milky Way in three dimensions, based on the positions and distances of thousands of classical Cepheid variable stars. This map shows the structure of our Galaxy’s young stellar population and allows us to constrain the warped shape of the Milky Way’s disk. A simple model of star formation in the spiral arms reproduces the observed distribution of Cepheids.

Field of study: Physics
Dictionary Subselection Using an Overcomplete Joint Sparsity Model

Many natural signals exhibit a sparse representation, whenever a suitable describing model is given. Here, a linear generative model is considered, where many sparsity-based signal processing techniques rely on such a simplified model. As this model is often unknown for many classes of the signals, we need to select such a model based on the domain knowledge or using some exemplar signals. This paper presents a new exemplar based approach for the linear model (called the dictionary) selection, for such sparse inverse problems. The problem of dictionary selection, which has also been called the dictionary learning in this setting, is first reformulated as a joint sparsity model. The joint sparsity model here differs from the standard joint sparsity model as it considers an overcompleteness in the representation of each signal, within the range of selected subspaces. The new dictionary selection paradigm is examined with some synthetic and realistic simulations.

Field of study: Engineering
Enhanced Chameleon Clustering Algorithm

In view of the fact that Chameleon clustering algorithm can identify the data with arbitrary shape,size and density,and one-pass clustering algorithm has the efficient feature,an efficient clustering algorithm is presented,the clustering algorithm can process the data with categorical attributes.First,Chameleon is improved to process the data with categorical attributes.Second,by combining one-pass clustering algorithm with improved Chameleon clustering algorithm,a two-stage enhanced Chameleon clustering algorithm is presented.In the first stage,one-pass clustering algorithm is used for grouping the data(we call it original partition).In the second stage,we merge that partition with improved Chameleon clustering algorithm so that the final clusters are obtained.The experimental results on real datasets and synthetic datasets show that the presented clustering algorithm is effective and practicable.

Field of study: Computer science
Gamma-Ray Imaging Using a Fresnel Zone Plate Aperture, Multiwire Proportional Chamber Detecior, and Computer Reconsteuction

The use of the multiwire proportional chamber in a Fresnel zone plate coded aperture gamma-ray imaging system is described. Image reconstruction is by computer using the fast Fourier transform algorithm. Criteria for design parameters of the imaging system are established. A calculation of the signal/noise ratio of images reconstructed from computer-generated on-axis zone plate holograms gives values, for larger numbers of gamma-ray events, which are somewhat smaller than theoretical values based on a shot-noise formula. The use of a positive and a negative zone plate combination is shown to eliminate the large background usually associated with on-axis zone plate imaging.

Field of study: Physics
The Arctic-Boreal vulnerability experiment model benchmarking system

NASA’s Arctic-Boreal Vulnerability Experiment (ABoVE) integrates field and airborne data into modeling and synthesis activities for understanding Arctic and Boreal ecosystem dynamics. The ABoVEBenchmarking System (ABS) is an operational software package to evaluate terrestrial biospheremodels against key indicators of Arctic and Boreal ecosystemdynamics, i.e.: carbon biogeochemistry, vegetation, permafrost, hydrology, and disturbance. TheABS utilizes satellite remote sensing data, airborne data, andfield data fromABoVE aswell as collaborating research networks in the region, e.g.: the Permafrost CarbonNetwork, the International Soil CarbonNetwork, theNorthernCircumpolar Soil CarbonDatabase, AmeriFlux sites, theModerate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer, theOrbiting CarbonObservatory 2, and the SoilMoisture Active Passivemission. TheABS is designed to be interactive for researchers interested in having theirmodels accurately represent observations of key Arctic indicators: a user submitsmodel results to the system, the system evaluates themodel results against a set of Arctic-Boreal benchmarks outlined in the ABoVEConcise Experiment Plan, and the user then receives a quantitative scoring ofmodel strengths and deficiencies through aweb interface. This interactivity allowsmodel developers to iteratively improve theirmodel for the Arctic-Boreal Region by evaluating results from successivemodel versions.We showhere, for illustration, the improvement of the Lund–Potsdam–Jena-Wald Schnee und Landschaft (LPJwsl) versionmodel through theABoVEABS as a newpermafrostmodule is coupled to the existingmodel framework. TheABSwill continue to incorporate new benchmarks that address indicators of ArcticBoreal ecosystemdynamics as they become available.

Field of study: Environmental science
Advances in liquid-solid-interfacial-energy-difference effect and condensation heat transfer enhancement

This paper reviewes the advances in the investigation of the solid-liquid-interfacial-energy-difference(SLIED) effect on the heat transfer processes of filmwise, transition(filmwise and dropwise co-existing) and dropwise condensation modes for pure vapor and mixture vapor in the presence of non-condensable gas.The heat transfer models with consideration of the SLIED effect of each condensation mode mentioned above are proposed.A comparison of the theoretical results and the experimental data is presented for confirming the significance of this novel mechanism for heat transfer enhancement.Other heat transfer enhancing technologies are also introduced.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
[The safety and efficacy of alimemazine (teraligen) in relieving anxiety in patients with alcohol addiction].

To assess the efficacy of monotherapy of anxiety in alcoholism with alimemazine (teraligen).



Thirty-six patients with alcohol addiction were treated with alimemazine in dose 15 mg during 9 month. In control group (11 patients) teraligen was no used.



A significant positive effect of treatment with teraligen was observed. There were the improvement in alcohol addiction course, decrease in scores on the Addiction Severity Index (ASI) from severe to mild level and decrease in trait and state anxiety measured with the Spielberger-Khanin scale from high to low levels. The reduction on symptoms of depression from moderate (at baseline) to subdepressive levels on the Beck Depression Inventory was noted in the end of treatment.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Experimental Study on Vibration Properties of the Full-scale Flat-plate Floor Subjected to Fire

To further understand the fire behavior and vibration characteristic of flat-plate floor, this paper examines the results of a full-scale flat-plate floor subjected to fire. The case under experimental study models the reality of fire conditions and uses a special furnace to heat the bottom surface of the slab with ISO 834 standard fire curve. Detailed experimental data in the form of describing temperature distribution, vertical and edge horizontal deflections, failure pattern and vibration frequency are presented. The experiment results indicate that the top crack pattern is consistent with that at ambient temperature, and it can be assumed that the yield-line pattern at elevated temperatures should follow the conventional one. Frequency variation of the slab under fire obtained by FFT shows that the first vibration mode was generated, and the mechanical behavior could be distinguished as cracks rapidly emerge and develop phase, existed cracks slowly develop phase and stationary phase by the frequency variation. Frequency analysis also shows that the frequency can be expressed by the simultaneous central vertical displacement of the slab with a quadratic equation.

Field of study: Engineering
Democratization and the Domestic Sources of Foreign Policy: Turkey in the 1974 Cyprus Crisis

The claim that democracies do not go to war with one another has become one of the most widely accepted propositions in the field of international relations. This proposition may be true for stable and highly institutionalized democracies but to what extent is the claim generalizable to the full range of "democratic" regime types around the globe? Recent research that examines the relationship between democratization and war has argued that a number of boundary conditions must be placed on the general proposition that democracies do not fight each other. Since fully half of the new democracies in todays world can be classified as "illiberal" and most democratizing regimes are composed of a variety of democratic and undemocratic liberal and illiberal elements the relationship between domestic processes of democratization and their foreign policy outcomes is worth exploring in more detail through structured case studies. In this article I take up this task by examining Turkish foreign policy making during the 1974 Cyprus crisis. I argue that evidence from the Turkish case lends support to much of the causal logic of the democratization and war argument and it further demonstrates that both structural and normative explanations for the "democratic peace" may only be valid under limited sets of conditions. (excerpt)

Field of study: Political science
Gene-alcohol interactions identify several novel blood pressure loci including a promising locus near SLC16A9

Alcohol consumption is a known risk factor for hypertension, with recent candidate studies implicating gene-alcohol interactions in blood pressure (BP) regulation. We used 6882 (predominantly) Caucasian participants aged 20–80 years from the Framingham SNP Health Association Resource (SHARe) to perform a genome-wide analysis of SNP-alcohol interactions on BP traits. We used a two-step approach in the ABEL suite to examine genetic interactions with three alcohol measures (ounces of alcohol consumed per week, drinks consumed per week, and the number of days drinking alcohol per week) on four BP traits [systolic (SBP), diastolic (DBP), mean arterial (MAP), and pulse (PP) pressure]. In the first step, we fit a linear mixed model of each BP trait onto age, sex, BMI, and antihypertensive medication while accounting for the phenotypic correlation among relatives. In the second step, we conducted 1 degree-of-freedom (df) score tests of the SNP main effect, alcohol main effect, and SNP-alcohol interaction using the maximum likelihood estimates (MLE) of the parameters from the first step. We then calculated the joint 2 df score test of the SNP main effect and SNP-alcohol interaction using MixABEL. The effect of SNP rs10826334 (near SLC16A9) on SBP was significantly modulated by both the number of alcoholic drinks and the ounces of alcohol consumed per week (p-values of 1.27E-08 and 3.92E-08, respectively). Each copy of the G-allele decreased SBP by 3.79 mmHg in those consuming 14 drinks per week vs. a 0.461 mmHg decrease in non-drinkers. Index SNPs in 20 other loci exhibited suggestive (p-value ≤ 1E-06) associations with BP traits by the 1 df interaction test or joint 2 df test, including 3 rare variants, one low-frequency variant, and SNPs near/in genes ESRRG, FAM179A, CRIPT-SOCS5, KAT2B, ADCY2, GLI3, ZNF716, SLIT1, PDE3A, KERA-LUM, RNF219-AS1, CLEC3A, FBXO15, and IGSF5. SNP-alcohol interactions may enhance discovery of novel variants with large effects that can be targeted with lifestyle modifications.

Field of study: Biology
Pick of the year : industry

The fifth annual De Heus KwaZulu-Natal Jersey On-farm Challenge was held recently, showcasing some of KwaZulu-Natal's best Jersey animals. Animals were judged in their working clothes on the farm. Despite what has arguably been one of the worst seasons for dairy farmers in many years, breeders across the province came to the party and presented some stunning animals to the judges.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Increased expression of negative regulators of cytokine signaling during chronic HIV disease cause functionally exhausted state of dendritic cells

HIGHLIGHTSDysfuctional DC during HIV infection have far reaching consequences.DC os HIV‐1 infected patients depict functional exhaustion.Upregulated expression of negative regulatory factors lead to exhausted state of DCs.  Mechanisms of functional impairment of dendritic cells (DCs) during chronic HIV‐1 infection are not well understood. In order to understand this phenomenon, we aimed to study the expression of negative regulators of cytokine signaling and correlate with DC exhaustion during chronic HIV‐1 disease. Monocyte‐derived DCs (mo‐DCs) from 27 HIV‐1 infected patients (CD4+ T‐cell counts: 429 ± 44 cells/&mgr;L, plasma viral load: Log10 3.9 ± 1.0 copies/ml) and 19 healthy controls (HCs) were stimulated ex vivo with TLR4 agonist, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for 2 days to evaluate their functional fitness. The expression of a set of genes associated with cytokine signaling was evaluated in a custom designed PCR array by Real‐Time PCR. The mo‐DCs from HIV‐1 infected patients depicted functional exhaustion as evident by decreased allo‐stimulation index (mean ± SD: 10 ± 6 vs. 24 ± 16) (p < 0.05), decreased cytokine production (pg/ml) (IL‐12: 4.6 ± 16 vs. 25 ± 85; TNF‐&agr;: 128 ± 279 vs. 286 ± 544; IL‐10: 6 ± 12 vs. 13 ± 20; IL‐8: 10,688 ± 11,748 vs. 17,470 ± 125,049) and retained endocytosis (1.1 ± 0.3 vs. 1.0 ± 0.29) (p < 0.05) even after LPS‐stimulation, as compared to HCs. Significantly upregulated expression of SOCS‐1 (mean ± SD fold change: 2.2 ± 2vs.0.8 ± 0.6), SOCS‐3 (6.3 ± 7.4vs.1.4 ± 0.4), PIAS‐1 (1.6 ± 0.1vs.1.0 ± 0.3) and SHP‐1 (0.8 ± 0.4vs.0.4 ± 0.2) correlated positively with PD‐L1 expression in these DCs (Spearman's coefficient, SOCS‐1: 0.63, SOCS‐3: 1.0 and PIAS‐1: 0.7) (p < 0.05). The expression of these molecules trended positively with plasma viral load and negatively with CD4+ T‐cell counts. These findings suggest that the upregulation of negative regulatory factors during chronic HIV disease have profound down‐modulatory effects on DC functions and establishment of an overall exhausted state. Understanding mechanisms causing upregulation of these factors may lead to the design of new generation therapeutics based on silencing of their gene expression.

Field of study: Medicine
Operant conditioning of eye movement in the monkey (Macaca nemestrina).

With the horizontal electrooculographic potential as the operant, four monkeys (Macaca nemestrina) were conditioned to move their eyes at high and low rates by initial use of fixed-ratio schedules of reinforcement, followed by a changeover to multiple schedules of fixed-ratio reinforcement and discriminated differential reinforcement of low rate. These differences in rate of eye movement were not observed in a control animal given the same patterns of discriminative stimuli and deliveries of the reinforcing agent independent of its eye movements.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy (Eswl) in Infant Urolithiasis Management

We evaluated the efficiency of ESWL in the treatment of urinary calculi in children under 2 years old.  Forty five renal units of forty patients (29 boys, 11 girls, median age: 10 months range: 10 days- 24 months), were treated with ESWL for urolithiasis (median age: 13 months range: 3-24 months) under sedation. Stones were in lower calyx in 14, mid calyx in 15, upper calyx in 6, the renal pelvis,in 21, the proximal ureter in one patient. The mean stone burden was 76,8±55 mm 2 (16 - 247 mm 2 ).Efficiency of treatment is calculated with Efficiency quotient (EQ: stone-free% X 100/ (100% + %re-treatment rate+% auxiliary procedures) formula.  ESWL sessions (mean:1,33±0,67,range1-4) were performed. Stone free (SF) rate was 82,2% (37/45), clinical insignificant residual fragment (CIRF) rate was 17,7% and ESWL failure was not observed in any patients. Mean EQ was 0,64. There was no significant statistical association between the locations, size and the number of successfully treated calculi (table). SF CIRF Total  Renal Units (n) 37 8 45  Median Age (months) 11 9 10  Mean Calculus Size (mm2) 77,76 72,62 76,8  Mean SWL Session 1.29 1.37 1.33  Mean Shock Number 1400 1375 1382  Mean Maximum Energy 1.59 1.4 1.53  Mean Average Energy 1 0,97 0,99 Calculus Localization (%) EQ Pelvis 85,7% 14,28% 0.69 21 Upper pole 83,3% 16,7% 0.63 6 Middle pole 80% 20% 0,50 15 Lower pole 78,6% 21,4% 0,58 14 Proximal ureter 100% 1 1 Conclusions ESWL is a safe and a very efficient treatment method in infant age group.All of the patients presented with a complete or partial response. Complete stone clearance was possible 82,2%. There was no marked difference in different locations in this age group.

Field of study: Medicine
Relationships between visceral/subcutaneous adipose tissue FABP4 expression and coronary atherosclerosis in patients with metabolic syndrome.

Cytoplasmic fatty acid-binding proteins facilitate the transport of lipids to specific compartments in cells. Fatty acid-binding protein 4 (FABP4), also known as aP2 or A-FABP, plays a key role in the development of atherosclerosis, insulin resistance, obesity, and metabolic syndrome (MS). The FABP4 polymorphisms are associated with protein expression changes in vitro and metabolic and vascular alterations in vivo. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between FABP4 messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expression levels in epicardial (EAT), pericardial (PAT), and subcutaneous adipose tissues (SAT), and the extent of coronary atherosclerosis in coronary artery disease (CAD) patients with MS. Furthermore, the relationship between the extent of coronary atherosclerosis and epicardial adipose tissue volume (EATV) and FABP4 gene variations was evaluated.



A total of 37 patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting because of CAD (MS CAD group) and 23 non-MS patients undergoing heart valve surgery (control group) were included. Coronary angiography was performed for all patients and the extent of coronary atherosclerosis was assessed using the Sullivan's scoring system. The mRNA expression levels of FABP4 gene in EAT, PAT, and SAT, and FABP4 polymorphisms were analyzed using the quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR).



An increased FABP4 expression was observed in EAT and PAT of MS CAD group compared to controls. In the MS CAD group, FABP4 mRNA expression levels in EAT was 2.8-fold higher compared to PAT. The expression of FABP4 in EAT was positively correlated with the extent of atherosclerosis and EATV in MS CAD group (r = 0.588, P= 0.001, r = 0.174, P = 0.001, respectively). There were no correlations between PAT and SAT versus the extent of atherosclerosis and EATV. The FABP4 EAT mRNA expression levels were found to significantly increase in mutant allele carriers of rs1054135, whereas they significantly decreased in mutant allele carriers of rs77878271 (T-87C) in MS CAD group (P < 0.05). The extent of atherosclerosis was also found to be significantly associated with rs1054135 (P < 0.05). A cut-off point of 57.5 cm3 EATV was used indicating the presence of CAD with a significant area under the curve of 0.783%, 98% sensitivity, and 100% specificity (95% CI 0.620-0.880; P < 0.05).



Our study results suggest that FABP4 expression in EAT is strongly associated with the extent of atherosclerosis and EATV in MS CAD patients.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Asymptotic Expansions of the Distributions of the Likelihood Ratio Criteria for Covariance Matrix

the characteristic function directly. The asymptotic expansion of the non-null distribution of the LR criterion for sphericity (iii), is obtained by using the differential operator due to Welch [15], and also the limiting non-null distribution of the LR test for the equality of k covariance matrices is derived in a similar way. This method has been shown to be useful in other problems in multivariate analysis by Ito , Siotani [11], Okamoto [8], and others. All the limiting non-null distributions of these test criteria are shown to be normal distributions, whereas the limiting distributions under hypothesis are x2-distributions as in Box  or Anderson (, Chapter 10). It may be interesting to note that the limiting non-null distribution of the likelihood ratio criterion for the multivariate linear hypothesis is noncentral X2, the asymptotic expansion of which was obtained by Sugiura and Fujikoshi [13]. 2. Expansion of the distribution of the criterion for z = lo. Let p X 1 vectors

Field of study: Mathematics