nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Application of quantitative mobility-spectrum analysis to multilayer HgCdTe structures

For modern semiconductor heterostructures containing multiple populations of distinct carrier species, conventional Hall and resistivity data acquired at a single magnetic field provide far less information than measurements as a function of magnetic field. However, the extraction of reliable and accurate carrier densities and mobilities from the field-dependent data can present a number of difficult challenges, which were never fully overcome by earlier methods, such as the multicarrier fit, the mobility-spectrum analysis of Beck and Anderson, and the hybrid mixed-conduction analysis. More recently, to overcome the limitations of those methods, several research groups have contributed to development of the quantitative mobility-spectrum analysis (QMSA), which is now available as a commercial product. The algorithm is analogous to a fast Fourier transform in that it transforms from the magnetic-field (B) domain to the mobility (μ) domain. The QMSA converts the field-dependent Hall and resistivity data into a visually meaningful transformed output, comprising the conductivity density of electrons and holes in the mobility domain. In this article, we apply QMSA to both synthetic and real experimental data that are representative of modern multilayer HgCdTe structures. We discuss such features as the accuracy of the extraction of individual layer conductivities and average mobilities, reconstruction of the carrier mobility distribution within a particular layer, the resolution of two carriers with similar mobilities, and limits of the sensitivity.

Field of study: Materials science
Paquets d'Arthur des groupes classiques complexes

Nous d\'ecrivons explicitement les paquets d'Arthur des groupes classiques complexes, ainsi que leur param\'etrisation interne par les caract\`eres du groupe des composantes connexes du centralisateur de leur param\`etre. Nous montrons d'abord qu'ils sont obtenus par induction parabolique pr\'eservant l'irr\'eductibilit\'e \`a partir des paquets unipotents de "bonne parit\'e". Pour ceux-ci, nous montrons qu'ils co\"incident avec les paquets d\'efinis par Barbasch-Vogan. Nous utilisons des r\'esultats profonds de Barbasch entrant dans sa classification du dual unitaire de ces groupes. 
We describe explicitly Arthur packets for complex classical groups, as well as their internal parametrization by the group of characters of the component group of the stabilizer of their parameter. We first show that they are obtained by parabolic induction preserving irreducibility from unipotent packets of "good parity". For these, we show that they coincide with the packets defined by Barbasch and Vogan. We use deep results of Barbasch entering his classification of the unitary dual of these groups.

Field of study: Mathematics
The Effects of Father Absence on the Adjustment of Culturally Disadvantaged Boys

who grow up without fathers, the influence of the father-figure on the development of the child has been of far less concern to investigators than the mother-child relationship (Nash, 1965). Reasons for the dearth of research in this area have included problems in assessing the degree to which a child has been without the influence of his father or other significant male figure, as well as the lack of natural opportunities under which to conduct such research (Ammons & Ammons, 1949;

Field of study: Education
Going to Market in Bulgaria: Uphill on a Knife Edge

Before going to Bulgaria in February 1992, I met an economist who, as head of an American advisory team, helped write a report to the country's first post-Communist government. His greeting was disarmingly simple: "I'm glad we have a chance to meet. We've got to be certain that we're all telling them the same story." His story, of course, was based upon the now familiar orthodox blueprint for "marketing" an economy: immediate privatization and the removal of price and wage controls; liberalized tax, banking, and exchange rate policies; and specified legal reforms "to remove impediments to business activity, including activities of foreign investors and foreign trade" . I cite this list of free market palliatives only to indicate the degree of politicalization that has accompanied the Bulgarian economic reforms. Odd as it may seem, some political leaders have come to dismiss the "Rahn Report" as having been tainted dangerously "red" by the Socialist government in power at that time.

Field of study: Economics
Polarisierte Fluoreszenz und Phosphoreszenz der Farbstofflösungen. IV

ZusammenfassungDer Einfachheit halber ist vorausgesetzt, daß der Strahler einen Dipol vorstellt. Die Formel (1), § 2, gibt den Grad der Polarisation als Funktion des Drehungswinkels der Achse des Dipols während der Lebensdauer des angeregten Zustandes (Verweilzeit) an. Mit Hilfe der Theorie der Brownschen Bewegung und der Formel (I) sind die Drehungswinkel der Moleküle des Farbstoffes, welche den experimentell beobachteten Polarisationsgraden entsprechen, berechnet. Ihre Kenntnis erlaubt die Ordnung der Größe τ/a3 zu berechnen (Tabelle 3), wo τ die Lebensdauer des angeregten Zustandes,a den Halbmesser der Farbstoffmoleküle bedeutet. Die Formel (II), § 3, gibt den Polarisationsgrad als Funktion des Neigungswinkels der Achse des Dipols mit seiner Rotationsachse. Mit Hilfe dieser Formel ist ein Versuch gemacht, die Erscheinung der polarisierten Phosphoreszenz zu erklären. Die allgemeine Formel (III), § 4, berücksichtigt den Einfluß auf die Polarisation sowohl der Rotation des Dipols um die Achse, wie auch der Drehung der Achse selbst während der Zeit τ. Es sind qualitative Vorstellungen entwickelt, welche den Verlauf der Kurven, die den Polarisationsgrad in Abhängigkeit von der Zähigkeit, der Temperatur und der Konzentration angeben, zu deuten erlauben (§§ 5 und 6).

Field of study: Physics
MO‐D‐330A‐03: Correction of Streaking Artifacts in CT Images and Its Influence On Monte Carlo Dose Calculations

To quantify the impact of streaking artifacts in CTimages due to metal implants in patients on Monte Carlo dose calculation and to determine the impact of their correction.  For CT artifact correction a method of interpolation of missing data in sinograms was developed. Three contrast phantoms were constructed containing two steel cylinders that produced streaking artifacts. CT scans of the phantoms were obtained and the images were corrected for the artifacts. Three sets of Monte Carlo dose calculations (MCDC) using EGSnrc/DOSXYZnrc code were performed. Dose was calculated on: (1) the original CTimage, (2) the CT artifact corrected image, and (3), the exact phantom geometry. The dose distributions of the original CTimages and the CT artifact corrected images were then compared to the dose calculated on the exact geometry.  A calibration point for metal had to be added to the default EGSnrc CTcalibration curve to improve dose calculation results. Additional improvement in dose calculation results and in image quality was noted after the artifact correction was done. MCDC without adding the extra calibration point and without correction for streaking artifacts was found to lead to large dose errors. The error in dose calculations performed with the default calibration was found to be 25% in the original CTimages. The error improved greatly when the CTimages were corrected for artifacts and when the extended calibration was used; the error decreased then to less than 2 %.  This work proves that the correction of streaking artifacts is important for MCDC; it significantly decreases dose calculation error and it improves image quality. The work also suggests that for MCTP an additional calibration point for a metallic material should be added to the default CTcalibration curve.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Porosity and Permeability Changes During Diagenesis of Pleistocene Corals, Barbados, West Indies

Porosity and permeability changes in Pleistocene corals are controlled either directly or indirectly by marine and fresh-water diagenetic processes. These diagenetic events create as well as destroy pore space. The transition of aragonite to calcite and accompanying precipitation of sparry calcite in voids are the major factors influencing porosity and permeability of the corals in the vadose zone. Porosity decreases primarily because of the growth of sparry calcite in pores, whereas permeability increases because of changes in pore aperture size that result from a fabric change associated with recrystallization. Mercury-injection-capillary-pressure data indicate that calcitic corals have larger and better sorted pore apertures than do aragonitic corals.

Field of study: Geology
Bioproteção de lingüiça de frango

To inhibit the undesirable microorganisms as well as to obtain better sensorial characteristics, bioprotective cultures were used on chicken sausages production. The chicken sausages were elaborated from a basic mixture (control) and by adding either the Elce or Bactoferm B2 plus Bactoferm S-Sx, which were kept under 8°C during its storage period. Lactic acid bacteria, psychotropic microorganisms, Gram negative counts, sensorial and the pH analysis were done. It was not observed the Staphylococcus aureus and sulfite-reducing clostridia growth, although the lactic acid bacteria were high on the treated samples, due to the addition of the bioprotective cultures. It was observed that the addition of Elce culture lowered the Gram-negative growth by two logarithmic cycles compared to the controls at the end of the storage period. The samples treated with Bactoferm B2 plus Bactoferm S-Sx showed a slight Gram negative bacteria inhibition compared to the control samples. The addition of bioprotective culture improved the sensorial characteristics of the raw chicken sausages, although when the samples were cooked the differences were not observed. Therefore, the Elce culture showed a better microbial protection giving a better microbial quality for the meat product and overall, the bioprotective cultures presented better sensorial characteristics than the control samples.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Laser-Induced Current Transients in Strained-Si Diodes

Laser-induced current transients are measured on uniaxially stressed silicon (Si) N+/P diodes using a high speed measurement system. Controlled external mechanical stress along the (110) direction is applied via a four-point bending jig while the samples are irradiated using a cavity-dumped dye laser with a wavelength of 590 nm. A decrease in the peak current is observed for increasing tensile stress applied to the diode. Unlike tensile stress, compressive stress increases the peak current. Charge collection is observed to decrease with tensile and increase with compressive stress. These results suggest that uniaxial mechanical stress alters the current transients due to strain-induced changes in electron mobility along the (001) direction. The average effective electron mass along the (001) direction increases with tensile and decreases with compressive stress resulting from the splitting of degenerate conduction band valleys and the repopulation of electrons from higher to lower valleys. The Florida object oriented device simulator (FLOODS) is used to explain the mechanism of current transients in unstressed and stressed diodes. FLOODS is also used to predict results for values of applied stress ( ~ 1 GPa) beyond those that can be obtained using the bending jig (~ 240 MPa).

Field of study: Physics
Target Lane Changing Prediction Method for ACC System

To improve the safety of adaptive cruise control system (ACC), experiment platform was built up. We obtained the movement state data of the host vehicle and vehicle ahead. Based on the distance between them, the lateral and longitudinal velocity, using Hidden Markov theory, we set up lane change intention prediction model of the vehicle ahead, which tested by the measured data. The results show that the prediction accuracy of the straight line section is 97% and in the curve section is 96%.

Field of study: Engineering
Moses Tladi, Landscape Painter: South Africa’s First Black Artist Working in the Western Tradition

Moses Tladi was a realist painter at a time when realism was internationally accepted and admired. This article outlines his life and offers an assessment of his deserved place in Africa’s art history. Tladi first exhibited in 1929 and in 1931 was the first black artist to exhibit in South Africa’s National Gallery. His career flourished until he joined up to serve his country in World War II. In 1956, during the “urban removals” enforced by the Nationalist government’s apartheid policy, Tladi and his family were brutally dispossessed of their freehold property and left homeless. He died brokenhearted in 1959, and his reputation sank into oblivion. Only since the 1990s and the arrival of South Africa’s new democracy has the work of this superbly gifted artist come to light.

Field of study: Art
The Simulation Research of Potential Loop in Redistribution of Multipoint Two-way Routing Protocol Based on the Butterfly Effect

This paper first conducted a simulation research on the redistribution theory of routing protocols, and proposed the inevitability of existence of latent ring circuit. Then the butterfly effect principle was analyzed, and putting forward the butterfly effect caused significant transformation in the complex system which was also suitable for multipoint two-way potential loop problems in the process of redistribution, leading to a collapse of the whole network. Finally, with the aid of Netlogo for simulation experiment in complex system, the simulation of butterfly effect was conducted under three situations where the potential loop produces, and the potential loop in the large-scale network, and particularly heavily node must be resolved under the network architecture. Otherwise it will cause the data stream storm because of the potential loop to result in the network paralysis.

Field of study: Engineering
On Herrnstein's equation and related forms.

In 1970, Herrnstein proposed a simple equation to describe the relation between response and reinforcement rates on interval schedules. Its empirical basis is firm, but its theoretical foundation is still uncertain. Two approaches to the derivation of Herrnstein's equation are discussed. It can be derived as the equilibrium solution to a process model equivalent to familiar linear-operator learning models. Modifications of this approach yield competing power-function formulations. The equation can also be derived from the assumption that response strength is proportional to reinforcement rate, given that there is a ceiling on response rate. The proportional relation can, in turn, be derived from a threshold assumption equivalent to Shimp's "momentary maximizing". This derivation implies that the two parameters of Herrnstein's equation should be correlated, and may explain its special utility in application to internal schedules.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
The Red Sea and Gulf of Aden Action plan: Facing the challenges of an ocean gateway

The paper outlines the peculiarities and importance of the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden Region as an ocean gateway between the Indian Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean domain through the Mediterranean Sea. It reviews the Region's major environmental problems that were recognized by the governments of the Region and hence led to the adoption of the Action Plan in 1982. For some years, the implementation of the Action Plan was hampered by various economic and political difficulties, the lack of financial and human resources and weak political will in some countries of the Region. However, clear progress was recently achieved in furthering cooperative efforts in the region that culminated in the launching of the Region's Strategic Action Programme, and the preparation of the Regional Programme of Action for the Protection of the Marine Environment from Land-Based Activities. In order to meet the present and future challenges facing the Region, concerted action is imperative. The paper proposes a multi-track approach with concrete actions suggested, revolving around four main axes of management, mitigation, cooperation/coordination and facilitation. The suggested actions clearly require two major imperatives, namely government commitment and public awareness.

Field of study: Environmental science
Performance analysis of ad-hoc routing in heterogeneous clustered multi-hop wireless networks

This paper analyzes the performance of clustered decode-and-forward multi-hop relaying (CDFMR) wireless Rayleigh fading networks, and sheds light on their design principles for energy and spectral efficiency. The focus is on a general performance analysis (over all SNR range) of heterogeneous wireless networks with possibly different numbers of relays in clusters of various separations. For clustered multi-hop relaying systems, hop-by-hop routing is known as an efficient decentralized routing algorithm which selects the best relay node in each hop using local channel state information. In this article, we combine hop-by-hop routing and cooperative diversity in CDFMR systems, and we derive (i) a closed-form expression for the probability distribution of the end-to-end SNR at the destination node; (ii) the system symbol error rate (SER) performance for a wide class of modulation schemes; and (iii) exact analytical expressions for the system ergodic capacity, the outage probability and the achievable probability of the SNR (power) gain. We also provide simple analytical asymptotic expressions for SER and the outage probability in high SNR regime. Numerical results are provided to validate the correctness of the presented analyses.

Field of study: Computer science
Denaturing action of urea and guanidine hydrochloride towards two thermophilic esterases.

The stability of two thermophilic esterases, AFEST from Archaeoglobus fulgidus and EST2 from Alicyclobacillus acidocaldarius, against the denaturing action of urea and guanidine hydrochloride has been investigated by means of steady-state fluorescence and circular dichroism measurements. Experimental results indicate that the two enzymes, even though very resistant to temperature and urea, show a resistance to guanidine hydrochloride weaker than expected on the basis of data collected so far for a large set of globular proteins. Structural information available for AFEST and EST2 and ideas that emerged from studies on the molecular origin of the greater thermal stability of thermophiles allow the suggestion of a reliable rationale. The present results may be an indication that the optimization of charge-charge interactions on the protein surface is a key factor for the stability of the two esterases.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Adherence to Current Lipid Guidelines by Physicians in Kuwait

Alarmingly high rates of dyslipidemia have been found in the Gulf region in patients presenting with acute coronary syndrome, with the highest being found in Kuwait (37%). Therefore, it is of utmost importance to treat dyslipidemia promptly and effectively. In an effort to understand the practices of local physicians, the use of evidence-based medicine, and adherence to lipid treatment guidelines, the objective of this study was to survey and assess the current standards of care.  A survey questionnaire, designed to assess physicians’ attitudes and practice towards lipid guidelines, was completed by 279 participants and returned between October 2015 and June 2016. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS.  Over 90% of physicians claimed to use lipid guidelines, with the majority rating themselves as knowledgeable. Younger physicians were found to be less knowledgeable and consequently used guidelines less frequently. The most important factor influencing clinical decision-making was the availability of clinical guidelines. The majority (72.4%) of physicians identified time limitation as a key barrier. The most commonly selected lipid guideline in daily practice was a guideline on the treatment of blood cholesterol published by the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association in 2013. The most common risk assessment tool used was the Framingham risk score.  Multiple interventions to improve guideline adherence are proposed in this study. We have taken into account the barriers to adherence, i.e., attitude, behavior, and (most importantly) knowledge, all 3 of which were reaffirmed in our investigation in Kuwait.

Field of study: Medicine
Galaxies with supermassive binary black holes: (III) The Roche Lobes and Jiang-Yeh Lobe in a core system

Three-dimensional equi-potential surfaces of a galactic system with supermassive binary black holes are discussed herein. The conditions of topological transitions for the important surfaces, i.e. Roche Lobes and Jiang-Yeh Lobe, are studied in this paper. In addition, the mathematical properties of the Jacobi surfaces are investigated analytically. Finally, a numerical procedure for determining the regions of the Roche Lobes and Jiang-Yeh Lobe is suggested.

Field of study: Physics
Freshness-keeping effect of pretreatment solution for the cut flowers of Eustoma russellianum Griessb

We researched the freshness-keeping effect of four kinds of inorganic salt of pretreatment solutions for cut flowers of Eustoma russellianum Griessb.The results of this experiment show that all pretreatment solutions can prolong the vase-holding time,increase the fresh weight and the diameter of flowers,accelerate blooming,inhibit loss of water,delay the decrease of the content of soluble sucrose,reduce the accumulation of malondialdehyde(MDA) and maintain the stability of membrane to a certain extent.The best ornamental quality was observed in the pretreatment solution:2% S(sucrose)+200 mg·L-1 Al2(SO4)3+50 mg·L-1 NaClO.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Fracture Characteristics and Analysis in Dissimilar Cu-Al Alloy Joints Formed via Electromagnetic Pulse Welding

The aim of this study was to identify and analyze the fatigue fracture characteristics of dissimilar Al 6061 to Cu (UNS C11000) lap joints made with ultrafast electromagnetic pulse welding (EMPW) via fractography, stress analysis and finite element simulation. It was observed that EMPW generated an annular (or ring-shaped) bonding area, with weld zones and a central non-weld zone when viewed from the cross section. Two types of failure modes occurred in relation to the cyclic loading levels: base metal fracture or transverse through-thickness (TTT) crack growth at a higher loading level, and joint interfacial failure at a lower loading level. In the interfacial failure, fatigue crack initiated from the outer edge of annular welding area, and propagated to form an approximate elliptical boundary. Fatigue crack propagation was characterized by fatigue striations existing in discrete areas on the fracture surface. This was attributed to a coupled role of shear and normal stresses present in a tensile lap shear sample due to the bending moment caused by the inherent misalignment. The final rapid fracture started from elliptical boundary with elongated shear dimples. Both theoretical stress analysis and finite element model revealed the maximum stress and stress concentration along the outer edge, where fatigue crack initiation occurred.

Field of study: Materials science