nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Religious Dress in Schools: The Serban Controversy in Malaysia

There has been a spate of litigation before constitutional and human rights courts challenging restrictions on wearing religious dress in state schools as an infringement of religious freedom  These cases implicate deeper constitutional issues pertaining to State-Religion relations, religious pluralism and expressions of religious identity in the public domain of multicultural societies. Within Europe, this problem relates to the issue of integrating immigrants into national society and preserving secular political orders. The European Court of Human Rights in Leyla Sahin v Turkey2 [‘Sahin’] noted that within democratic societies, opinions ‘reasonably differ widely’ on State-Religion relations, reflected in the diversity of national approaches. For example, the 2004 French law banning ostentatious religious symbols from public schools,3 embodying a strict, doctrinaire secularism, contrasts sharply with the more accommodating liberal approach where British schools pragmatically offer students alternative uniforms to satisfy religious dress codes for public modesty. The English Court of Appeal in Shabina Begum v Governors of Denbigh High School4 [‘Begum’] held, in applying the Human Rights Act,5 that the school as a state institution was obliged to consider the claimant's religious rights under Article 9(1) of the European Convention of Human Rights [ECHR], and to justify its school policy under the Article 9(2) limitation clause. The United Kingdom is ‘not a secular state’6 as statute provides for religious education and worship in schools.

Field of study: Law
Beliefs about peer interaction and peer corrective feedback: Efficacy of classroom intervention

This study investigates the beliefs of second language learners regarding peer interaction and peer corrective feedback (CF) as well as the feasibility of a second language intervention, aimed at changing those beliefs. The classroom intervention was designed to promote collaborative learning and to train learners to provide CF to each other. Participants were university-level learners in 4 required English classes in Japan ( N = 167), each assigned to 1 of 4 treatment conditions. While all experimental classes were given peer interaction instruction, 2 classes were given CF training (prompts or recasts). Another class served as the control group. Questionnaires were administered before and after the intervention and selected learners ( n = 36) were interviewed. The quantitative (factor-analysis and matched-samples t-tests) and qualitative (grounded theory methodology) analyses revealed that, while learners held positive beliefs about peer interaction and peer CF from the onset, the intervention facilitated trust in their classmates as learning resources, and those who were given CF training displayed an increased willingness to and confidence in providing CF. Also, 2 classroom-specific variables emerged for the intervention to be effective on language development: a collaborative classroom environment and positive social relationships between learners.

Field of study: Education
Note on the Racial and Educational Factors in the Declining Birth-Rate

The declining birth-rate in the United States is usually ascribed to the diminishing rate of reproduction among the native born. It is necessary, however, to abandon the common identification of the native-born with the well-to do. A study of native, mixed, and foreign families represented in Mount Holyoke College ha the advantage of utilizing families of various nationalities but with similar economic and cultural standards. When the group studied is defined in this way the tendency toward larger families in the alien stock remains. The birth-rate in immigrant families has fallen within the last generation just as the birth-rate among the native-born has fallen, but the groups maintain their relative positions. The chances of survival for the children are lower in the immigrant families than in the (smaller) native families. A college education for the mother usually results in a smaller number of children but improved chances of survival for those children.

Field of study: Sociology
Children's Expression of Emotion in Song

Children 4-12 years of age (N = 160) were recorded (audio and video) as they sang two versions of a familiar song, once in an attempt to make an adult listener happy and once to make her sad. Coding of gestural, vocal, linguistic and musical devices revealed that children used all of these means to portray contrastive emotions. Regardless of age or singing skill, children relied primarily on expressive devices used in interpersonal communication (e.g. tempo, facial expression) and made relatively little use of music-specific devices (e.g. legato). Moreover, they used a greater variety of expressive devices in their sad performances than in their happy performances. Finally, age-related changes reflected the influence of maturity, socialisation and musical knowledge.

Field of study: Psychology
State intervention in voluntary sport: the inner city policy context

The state has defined a ‘voluntary sector’ in leisure in order to integrate elements of voluntary activity into its overall response to perceived ‘problems’ in society. The nature of this response has evolved from a general concern with the ‘problem’ of leisure in an expanding economy to the need for policies to deal with the reappearance of an open crisis of the economy and the emergence of mass unemployment. The state has taken measures to dictate the direction of grant aid and support to particular parts of the voluntary sector, in accordance with the evolution of these concerns. But the nature of the state's response also heightens tensions within existing organizations, as well as between different levels of the state apparatus.

Field of study: Sociology
K. J. Kesselring, Mercy and Authority in the Tudor State , Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003. Pp. 252. $60.00 (ISBN 0-521-81948-2).

While there is no questioning the significance of the changes that Baker describes, his characterization of at least some of them as revolutionary is somewhat problematic. Not only did the changes constitute far less than a paradigmatic shift, but the changes that did occur took place over an extended period of time. Baker’s “revolution” in the land law and the law and practice of real actions (719), for example, occurred over the course of the entire fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, while the “procedural revolution” that resulted in the greater determination of legal principle in banc (445) spanned the three quarters of a century. It makes sense that the transformation of a legal system claiming custom as its foundation would proceed gradually and that even fundamental changes would take years to unfold. Sir Edward Coke may have used conservative language to disguise the real changes that took place in English law during the early modern period, but there was plenty of continuity to give substance to his rhetoric of immutability. It is a tribute to the depth and balance of Baker’s scholarship that throughout this volume he devotes as much attention to these less dazzling continuities as to the legal transformation that provides the unifying theme of the book.

Field of study: History, Law
Leisure space: The transformation of Sydney 1945–1970

Contributors Introduction 1 Leisure in Sydney during ‘the long boom’ 2 The changing face of travel: The modern tourist office 3 Double modernity: The first international hotels 4 Motels: The ‘ultra modern’ experience 5 Sky-high ambitions: Sydney’s restaurants 6 Architecture, coffee and cocktails 7 ‘Big, bright, beautiful’: The new shopping centres 8 The rise and fall of the Sydney drive-in 9 Golf: A changing landscape 10 The leagues club: A workingclass palace 11 Ethnic clubs: ‘The dream of tomorrow’ 12 Informal modern: Holiday houses Notes Acknowledgements Index Special 20% discount offer when ordering from www.newsouthbooks.com.au

Field of study: History, Sociology
Relatives in Indo-European and Hittite

[The Hittite relative kuis is like the early Italic relative in that (1) the relative clause tends to stand before the main clause, (2) the relative itself is usually postpositive, (3) a demonstrative frequently stands within the relative clause, and (4) the relative is often doubled (kuis kuis, quis quis). This detailed correspondence proves that the relative (i.e. connective) value of the stem was Indo-European and also Indo-Hittite. Confirmation of the conclusion is furnished by the connective force of *que, which is certainly akin. Both in IE and in IH the relative zos was probably used after definite antecedents, while *quis was a general relative.

Field of study: Linguistics
Political Self-Sacrifice: Agency, Body and Emotion in International Relations

Karin Fierke examines the phenomenon of self-sacrifice in international relations (IR), using it as a gateway to break down conventional analytical, spatial, and temporal categories (agency-structure, sovereignty and power, pre-modernity, modernity, and post-modernity) often used by IR scholars. Political self-sacrifice takes place at the site of the individual body. It flows outward to a broader group of settings: society, a state, and an international context. Fierke asserts that, from this, there are three dimensions of contemporary global politics that are in tension with one another as exposed by political self-sacrifice: the sovereignty of the state versus human rights, globalization, and the media as well as different levels-of-analyses co-existing in the act of self-sacrifice. The result is a “turning of the ‘game’ of anarchy on its head” (14).

Field of study: Sociology
Book Review: Crime: Its Cause and Treatment

tiates him from the "capitalist" .........the man who lives upon income from investments-and from the "laborer", who lives by wages paid for physical work. 'I'his is clear enough so far as definetion is concerned. But, included in the .middle class thus defined, are occupational groups so varied and diverse that one questions whether they can be said to form a social class, in any definite sense of that word. As a matter of fact, these varied and diverse groups seem to have no class consciousness; indeed, very little consciousness of community of interests; no cohesion, therefore, and no organization. 1t cannot be denied that "brain workers." have suffered in the re-adjustments that have taken place since the war. Perhaps this has been due to their lack of solidarity. And tin certain countries, notably the more distressed and depressed countries of Europe, many professional men, such as teachers, are being compelled to enter the ranks of labor to avoid slow starvation. Everywhere men who must depend upon the work of their brains for a ldving are in an unusually difficult position; and our author is certainly right in contending that thlis bodes no good for the world. The author's solution for the problematical situation is the establishment of what he calls "the industrial repubhic". He does not work out in detail his conception of this proposed social order; but in general ;it consists in a modification of Guild Socialism. He would have all industries governed by elected representatives of capital and labor; and the government of the country placed largely, if not wholly, in the hands of such elected representatives. He thinks that such an arrangemnt would bring the "middle class" back to its proper position of influence. C. S. GARDNER.

Field of study: Sociology
Exploring the relationship between types of leisure activities and acculturation among Korean immigrants

Research has suggested that leisure engagement facilitates acculturation among immigrants. A dearth of information exists about which types of leisure activities are associated with acculturation among immigrants. This study focused on 434 Korean immigrants in order to determine what types of leisure activities were associated with behavioural acculturation (e.g. language usage and social context) and cultural value acculturation (e.g. collectivism, self-control and success). The results showed that participation in hobbies and indoor activities were the positive predictors of behavioural acculturation, while engagement in cultural and volunteer activities was the negative predictors of behavioural acculturation. In addition, cultural value acculturation had a positive association with social activity engagement, but had a negative association with participation in physical, cultural and volunteering activities. Overall, these findings indicated that engaging in leisure activities is positively associated with acculturation. This study suggests that leisure engagement can be beneficial in the successful acculturation process of the Korean immigrant in Western society.

Field of study: Sociology
El emprendimiento social y el empleo de calidad

There is international interest in promoting social development projects where social enterprises have an important role in creating jobs in decent conditions (Diaz, Marcuello and Marcuello, 2012), in this sense also pronounced the European Union as a Europe 2020 strategy studies on social entrepreneurship at the beginning of this century, as was evident from the effects «disproportionately» effective social enterprises in creating jobs (Harding, 2004); However, job creation in the years of the current economic crisis have raised substantial criticism as to the quality of the generated work. In this context, the aim of this work is to determine the type of employment created through social entrepreneurship in the Autonomous Community of Andalusia in recent years arises. To do this, the notion of quality employment is analyzed according to the guidelines proposed by the International Labour Organization and the European Commission (Somavia, 2004; European Commission, 2001), and according to the criterion of quality employment, the concept is studied part-time employment from the point of regulatory and statistically, in order to limit quantitatively the value of this type of work. At the same time, the employment created by social entrepreneurship in Andalusia under review, establishing a comparative analysis by type of work: permanent, temporary and part-time. The result of job creation in recent years has been to the detriment of quality jobs, jobs have increased days reduced or very reduced impeding a sustainable level of income for many families.

Field of study: Economics
Evaluation and the Creative Potential in Music

The problem of finding validation criteria for psychological tests that attempt to measure creative potential (Khatena, 1969a) is a complex one vaylor and Barron, 1963) and has been the occassion of some major criticisms of creativity tests (Mc Nemar, 1964). Attempts to use achievement measures as criteria have led either to correlation indices in opposition to creativity measures (Thurstone, 1953) or moderate correlation indices (Torrance, 1966). It may be that different frames of reference are used in the evaluation operations relative to these two kinds of measures. Evaluation of achievement applies itself to a perceptual frame of reference of recognized merit of past masters whereas evaluation of creative talent inclusive of the former applies itself to a frame of reference rooted to flexibility, novelty, sensitivity and the like. It is no wonder then that we do obtain negative or low correlations between the two kinds of measures.

Field of study: Psychology
Comparison of Chemistry Problem Solving Behaviors In the Aspects of Cognitive Developmental Level of Student and Context of Problem

The purposes of this study were to analyze chemistry problem solving processes of middle school students and to compare their problem solving behaviors in the aspects of the cognitive developmental level of student, the success in problem solving, and the context of problem. Their failures in solving problems were also analyzed in the aspects of problem solving stage and prior knowledge. Forty-two students individually solved four problems regarding density and solubility using a think-aloud method. Students' responses were analyzed after intercoder agreement for analyzing problem-solving processes had been established to be 0.94. The results were as follows: 1. Most students solved chemistry problems following the stages of understanding, planning, and solving, while few exhibited the behaviors of the reviewing stage. There was also individual difference in the number of the stages repeated and their behaviors at each stage. 2. Most students were successful in understanding problems. However, unsuccessful and/or concrete-operational students had more difficulties in understanding problems than successful and/or formal-operational students, and students tended to have more difficulties in understanding problems in everyday contexts than in scientific contexts. 3. Successful and/or formal-operational students exhibited more behaviors of the planning stage than unsuccessful and/or concrete-operational students. Students showed more behaviors of the planning stage, but failed more at this stage, in everyday contexts than in scientific contexts. 4. Most students did not review their solutions. Successful and/or formal-operational students exhibited these behaviors more than unsuccessful and/or concrete-operational students. Students tended to exhibit the behaviors more in everyday contexts than in scientific contexts. 5. Many students failed to solve problems correctly due to the lack of prior knowledge and the inability to plan appropriately.

Field of study: Psychology
Current Situation of the Studies on Education and Human Resources in Korea

The 21st century is an information society.Exploiting human resources through education is the principal development strategy of every country in the world.For this reason,Korea government changed "education department" into"education and human resources department" in 2001 and focused on establishing legal and institutional basis for education in order to push "human resources policy"synthetically and systemically.This article introduces the situation and data about education and human resources in Korea.After pointing out the problems in education,it puts forward reform program.It intends to further people's understanding of Korea education.

Field of study: Education
Patterns of financial attributes and behaviors of emerging adults in the United States

The growing socioeconomic and market complexities require all young adults to make sound financial decisions, yet a large number of them lack the necessary skills and knowledge. Literature on identifying the latent financial characteristics of American emerging adults are sparse. Based on the 2015 National Financial Capability Study, the present research explores heterogeneous patterns in financial attributes and behaviors of emerging adults (N = 3050, 18–24 years). Results indicate four different classes. More than half of the emerging adults were found to be financially precarious (32%) or financially at-risk (36%) who scored low on several financial attributes and behaviors. Financially striving (10%) and financially stable (22%) scored moderate to high on these indicators. Findings suggest that a deeper understanding of patterns of financial behaviors and attributes of emerging adults can help in designing appropriate need-based programs and increasing their program participation. Understanding this diversity in financial capabilities of emerging adults has implications for their economic wellbeing and financial socialization of their eventual children. Findings have implications for policymakers, practitioners, and socialization agencies, including families and parents.

Field of study: Economics, Psychology, Sociology
Same-sex attraction and contact in an opposite sex partner: Exploring sex, religiosity, porn consumption and participation effects

It has been recently argued that heterosexual men, as opposed to heterosexual women, find same-sex attraction and contact desirable in a partner. The current paper employs an online sample of 775 heterosexual participants in order to examine this sex difference and asses its evolutionary implications. Results showed that just over half of heterosexual men preferred some level of same-sex attraction and contact in a female partner. On the other hand, the vast majority of heterosexual women did not prefer same-sex attraction and contact in a partner. This sex difference remained significant after controlling for religiosity and porn consumption. In addition, it was found that men preferred same-sex attraction and contact more in a short-term than in a long-term partner. Moreover, men indicated a stronger preference for their partners to engage in same-sex contacts where they would also participate, than to engage in same-sex contacts without themselves participating. It was also found that men did not consider same-sex attraction to be an important selection criterion for a partner.

Field of study: Psychology
Happiness and virtue in Socrates' moral theory

ConclusionIn Section IV above we start with texts whose prima facie import speaks so strongly for the Identity Thesis that any interpretation which stops short of it looks like a shabby, timorous, thesis-saving move. What else could Socrates mean when he declares with such conviction that ‘no evil’ can come to a good man (T19), that his prosecutors ‘could not harm’ him (T16(a)), that if a man has not been made more unjust he has not been harmed (T20), that ‘all of happiness is in culture and justice’ (T16(a)), that living well is ‘the same’ as living justly (T15)? But then doubts begin to creep in. Recalling that inflation of the quantifier is normal and innocuous in common speech (“that job means everything to him, he'll do anything to get it, will stick at nothing”) we ask if there is really no chance at all that ‘no evil’ in T19, ‘not harmed’ in T20 might be meant in the same way? The shift from ‘no harm’ at T16(a) to ‘no great harm’ at T16(b), once noticed, strengthens the doubt. It gets further impetus in T21(b) when to explain how ‘all of happiness is in culture and justice’ he depicts a relation (that recurs more elaborately in T22) which, though still enormously strong, is not quite as strong as would be required by identity. The doubt seeps into T15 when we note that current usage did allow just that relation as a respectable use of ‘the same’.At that point we begin to wonder if resort to the Identity Thesis might not be just a first approximation to a subtler, more finely nuanced, doctrine which would give Socrates as sound a foundation for what we know he wants to maintain at all costs - the Sovereignty of Virtue - without obliterating the eudaemonic value of everything else in his world. We cast about for a credible model of such a relation of virtue to happiness and hit on that multicomponent pattern sketched on p. 9 above. We ascertain that this will afford a comprehensively coherent eudaemonist theory of rational action, while its rival would not, and will fit perfectly a flock of texts in Section V which the latter will not fit at all. Are we not entitled to conclude that this is our best guide to the true relation of virtue to happiness in Socrates' thought - the one for which he would have declared if he had formulated explicitly those two alternative theses and made a reasoned choice between them?

Field of study: Philosophy
Investigation of the Capability of Carbon Nanotube Membranes in Separating the Heavy Metal Ions from Aqueous Solutions by Molecular Dynamics Simulation

In this study, the ability of carbon nanotube membranes in separating three heavy metal ions from aqueous solutions, namely Zn2+, Ni2+, and Cd2+, under reverse osmosis process is investigated by using molecular dynamics simulation. Also, the impact of the type of heavy metal ion on the number of water molecules moving through membranes is evaluated. The simulation results ascertained that the highest number of water molecules is separated in the presence of nickel ion. Finally, the carbon nanotube membrane with chirality of (8, 8) under 200 MPa is introduced as the most appropriate choice for eliminating the heavy ions from water.

Field of study: Chemistry