nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
STRUCTURE OF LAMINAR JUNCTURE FLOWS

A computational study of both steady and periodic laminar horseshoe vortex flows generated upstream of a cylinder/flat plate juncture is presented. The flowfields are simulated using the full three-dimensional unsteady Navier-Stokes equations and a time-accurate implicit algorithm. A new type of laminar horseshoe vortex topology is identified. For the case of a single primary vortex, this new topology is found to be independent of the computational grid and is also supported by recent experimental flow visualizations. The flat plate skin-friction portraits corresponding to the new and to the standard horseshoe vortex topologies are equivalent, pointing out the nonunique relation between the wall limiting streamline pattern and the three-dimensional flow above the plate. For the new topology, the foremost line of coalescense is an attachment rather than a separation line. This unusual feature illustrates the fact that convergence of skin-friction lines is a necessary but not sufficient condition for separation. As the Reynolds number increases, the flow topology evolves from a single to multiple primary horseshoe vortices, in agreement with experimental observations. At least two different types of triple horseshoe vortex systems are shown to be possible. Above a certain value of the Reynolds number, the juncture flow becomes unsteady and periodic at a frequency that increases with Reynolds number. The unsteady horseshoe vortex process upstream of the cylinder is found in qualitative agreement with experiment. Horseshoe vortices are periodically generated and convected toward the juncture. Vorticity intensification by vortex stretching, and the eruption of vorticity from the plate surface are observed.

Field of study: Physics
Municipal Landfill Leachate Real-time Processing Measurement and Control Method

Landfill leachate is one of the main sources of stench in refuse transfer stations, and it is also one of the main pollution sources in municipal waste water pipe network. This paper designs an automatic treatment and process control system for landfill leachate based on plasma to realize real-time monitoring and automatic control of multiple parameters in the process of landfill leachate treatment. The whole system is divided into two parts: on-site control and remote control. remote control: single-chip microcomputer collects signals of each sensor, communicates with wifi module through serial port, and PC logs into internet of things cloud platform to realize real-time monitoring. The single-chip microcomputer remotely controls the external execution module through the wifi module. Field control: taking the data detected by turbidity and dissolved oxygen sensors as input of fuzzy control, establishing a correct fuzzy rule base and obtaining a fuzzy output set; IO port communication is carried out between PLC and single-chip microcomputer to read the result of fuzzy control operation of single-chip microcomputer and intelligently control the external executing mechanism. Finally realize the function of man-machine interaction.

Field of study: Engineering
Teacher Preparation Practices in Kenya and the 21st Century Learning: A Moral Obligation

Teacher preparation practices are indices used to measure quality teacher besides other variables. Whereas the current teacher preparation is test scores based inclining to cognitive knowledge, a good teacher preparation practices is a holistic development in nature oriented towards character, skills and knowledge. To embed teacher preparation in the trio domains, defines the moral duties a teacher has towards the learner akin to biblical teachings that reflect the requirements for the 21 st century teacher. The required skills correspond with workplace realities marked by creativity and innovativeness rather than transmission and consumption of knowledge. To change the current practice there is need to re-focus and align to both interactive teaching and the requisite skills of 21 st century addressed in the following critical questions; are approaches used for teacher preparation relevant to modern teaching? What role do teachers play in instructional delivery for 21 st century learners? Which modern innovations can be adopted? The article hopes to highlight the current practices versus best practices of 21 st century Skills

Field of study: Education
Equilibria in systems of interacting structured populations

The existence of a stable positive equilibrium density for a community of k interacting structured species is studied as a bifurcation problem. Under the assumption that a subcommunity of k−1 species has a positive equilibrium and under only very mild restrictions on the density dependent vital growth rates, it is shown that a global continuum of equilibria for the full community bifurcates from the subcommunity equilibrium at a unique critical value of a certain inherent birth modulus for the kth species. Local stability is shown to depend upon the direction of bifurcation. The direction of bifurcation is studied in more detail for the case when vital per unity birth and death rates depend on population density through positive linear functionals of density and for the important case of two interacting species. Some examples involving competition, predation and epidemics are given.

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics
A PRACTITIONER'S VIEWPOINT

For over a quarter of a century the work and thought of Robert Parker and Dick Spann have profoundly influenced the study of public administration in Australia. Their contributions to the discipline have been so wide-ranging and so much part of an integrated whole that when dealing with matters of general principle their work is equally relevant to the Commonwealth, State and local levels of administration. However, as this appreciation of what their work meant for a practising administrator is written from the perspective of a former State public servant, I shall concentrate below on the field with which I am most familiar.

Field of study: Political science
Self-Noise and Wake Velocity of an Axial Fan for Different Operating Conditions

Aeroacoustic and hot-wire wake measurements have been made for rotating controlled diffusion blades configured as a three- and as a nine-blade axial fan. For each rotor, six different operating conditions (cases 1 to 6), ranging from very low pressure rise to blade stall and radial pumping, have been investigated. The experimental results include the wake flow patterns and the associated noise radiation. Fluctuation intensities and phase-averaged velocity magnitudes have been obtained in the downstream region of the fan to represent the basic flow features for each defined case. An array of microphones was used to measure the acoustic emissions created by the axial fan. A beamforming technique has been used to properly represent the fan acoustic emissions from the recorded acoustic data. Self-noise signatures of the propagated sound, corresponding to the defined cases, have been obtained in the range of 200–8000 Hz. Acoustic data and their links to 1) the physics of the flows, 2) aerodynamic loading, and ...

Field of study: Physics
Plasticity and Formability of Annealed, Commercially-Pure Aluminum: Experiments and Modeling

The plasticity and formability of a commercially-pure aluminum sheet (AA1100-O) is assessed by experiments and analyses. Plastic anisotropy of this material is characterized by uniaxial and plane-strain tension along with disk compression experiments, and is found to be non-negligible (e.g., the r-values vary between 0.445 and 1.18). On the other hand, the strain-rate sensitivity of the material is negligible at quasistatic rates. These results are used to calibrate constitutive models, i.e., the Yld2000-2d anisotropic yield criterion as the plastic potential and the Voce isotropic hardening law. Marciniak-type experiments on a fully-instrumented hydraulic press are performed to determine the Forming Limit Curve of this material. Stereo-type Digital Image Correlation is used, which confirms the proportional strain paths induced during stretching. From these experiments, limit strains, i.e., the onset of necking, are determined by the method proposed by ISO, as well as two methods based on the second derivative. To identify the exact instant of necking, a criterion based on a statistical analysis of the noise that the strain signals have during uniform deformation versus the systematic deviations that necking induces is proposed. Finite element simulation for the Marciniak-type experiment is conducted and the results show good agreement with the experiment.

Field of study: Materials science
Blunted Apoptosis of Erythrocytes from Taurine Transporter Deficient Mice

In nucleated cells cellular taurine is released prior to DNA fragmentation and the breakdown of phosphatidylserine asymmetry within the plasma membrane. Similar to what is seen in nucleated cells, phosphatidylserine asymmetry is also abolished in erythrocytes exposed to osmotic shock or oxidative stress. The present study has been performed to explore the sensitivity of erythrocytes from a taurine transporter knockout mouse (taut-/-) against osmotic shock and oxidative stress. Erythrocyte cell volume was estimated from forward scatter and breakdown of phosphatidylserine asymmetry was identified by determination of annexin binding using FACS analysis. Erythrocytes from taut-/- mice were compared to erythrocytes from wild type littermates (taut+/ +). Plasma concentration and erythrocyte content of taurine was significantly lower in taut-/- than in taut+/ + mice, but the intraerythrocyte taurine concentration did not exceed the plasma concentration. Hyperosmotic shock (exposure to 700 mOsm) and oxidative stress (exposure to 0.1 mM tert-butyl-hydroperoxide) significantly decreased the cell volume and increased the number of annexin binding sites of erythrocytes from both, taut-/- and taut+/ + mice. However, decrease of cell volume and increase of annexin binding was significantly blunted in erythrocytes from taut-/- mice as compared to their taut+/ + littermates. Stimulation of erythropoiesis by prior hemorrhage did not abrogate the difference between taut+/ + and taut-/- erythrocytes. The present observations point to a decreased sensitivity of mature erythrocytes from taut-/- mice to osmotic shock and oxidative stress, rendering them more resistant to apoptosis.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
SHU00238 Promotes Colorectal Cancer Cell Apoptosis Through miR-4701-3p and miR-4793-3p

Colorectal cancer is one of the most leading causes of death. Searching for new therapeutic targets for colorectal cancer is urgently needed. SHU00238, an isoxazole derivative, was reported to suppress colorectal tumor growth through microRNAs. But the underlying mechanisms still remain unknown. Here, we explored the mechanism of SHU00238 on colorectal cancer by RT-PCR, CCK-8, flow cytometry, mirTarBase, and GO enrichment analysis. We screened partial microRNAs regulated by SHU00238 in colorectal cancer cells. Furthermore, we identified that miR-4701-3p and miR-4793-3p can reverse the acceleration of SHU00238 on colorectal cancer cell apoptosis in HCT116 Cells. Finally, we found that SMARCA5, MBD3, VPS53, EHD4 are estimated to mediate the regulation of miR-4701-3p and miR-4793-3p on colorectal cancer cell apoptosis, which targets ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling pathway and endocytic recycling pathway. Taken together, our study reveals that SHU00238 promotes colorectal cancer cell apoptosis through miR-4701-3p and miR-4793-3p, which provide a potential drug target and therapeutic strategy for colorectal cancer.

Field of study: Biology
Depressed Pollination of Lapageria rosea Ruiz et Pav. (Philesiaceae) in the Fragmented Temperate Rainforest of Southern South America

We studied the pollination and reproductive success in continuous and fragmented populations of Lapageria rosea, a self-compatible plant endemic to temperate forests of Chile. Pollinator abundance, visitation rates, flower abundance, nectar volume and concentration, pollen germination and fruit and seed production, were compared between continuous forest of 145 ha and four forest fragments of 6, 3, 3, and 1 ha respectively, surrounded by mature pine plantations of Pinus radiata. Flower abundance was lower in three out of four forest fragments relative to continuous forest. Nectar volume and sugar concentration did not differ between flowers in the two habitats. Pollinators of L. rosea, the hummingbird Sephanoides sephaniodes and bumblebee Bombus dahlbomii were less abundant and visited flowers of L. rosea at lower rates in fragments than in continuous forest. In addition, in vitro rates of pollen germination were lower for flowers in forest fragments. The number of seeds per fruit was also lower in forest fragments. We suggest that fragmentation affects the reproductive success of L. rosea, lowering the total numbers of seeds produced and possibly compromising long term persistence of fragmented populations.

Field of study: Environmental science
Quantum entanglement and controlled logical gates using coupled SQUID flux qubits

We present an approach to realize universal two-bit quantum gates using two SQUID flux qubits. In this approach the basic unit consists of two inductively coupled SQUIDs with realistic device parameters. Quantum logical gates are implemented by applying resonant microwave pulse to the qubits. This procedure is demonstrated by realizing a controlled-NOT (CNOT) gate and the maximally entangled states of the coupled qubits through highly accurate numerical solution of the time-dependent Schrodinger equation of the system. This coupling scheme is simple and can be readily extended to many-qubit circuits required for scalable quantum information processing.

Field of study: Physics
When can marine reserves improve fisheries management

Marine reserves are a promising tool for fisheries management and conservation of biodiversity, but they are not a panacea for fisheries management problems. For fisheries that target highly mobile single species with little or no by-catch or habitat impact, marine reserves provide few benefits compared to conventional fishery management tools. For fisheries that are multi-species or on more sedentary stocks, or for which broader ecological impacts of fishing are an issue, marine reserves have some potential advantages. Their successful use requires a case-by-case understanding of the spatial structure of impacted fisheries, ecosystems and human communities. Marine reserves, together with other fishery management tools, can help achieve broad fishery and biodiversity objectives, but their use will require careful planning and evaluation. Mistakes will be made, and without planning, monitoring and evaluation, we will not learn what worked, what did not, and why. If marine reserves are implemented without case by case evaluation and appropriate monitoring programs, there is a risk of unfulfilled expectations, the creation of disincentives, and a loss of credibility of what potentially is a valuable management tool.

Field of study: Environmental science
Normal vs. Malignant hematopoiesis: the complexity of acute leukemia through systems biology

Development of normal hematopoietic cells is an ordered multi-step process, tightly regulated by a complex network of intrinsic factors and microenvironmental cues that control cell fate decisions within the bone marrow (BM) (Pelayo et al., 2012; Purizaca et al., 2012; Boulais and Frenette, 2015). During malignant hematological disorders, including acute leukemias (AL), the uncontrolled differentiation of precursors of the lymphoid or myeloid series sustains tumor growth at the expense of normal blood cell production. Moreover, selection and dominance among leukemic clones occur while competing for niche resources and creating abnormal BM microenvironments that co-participate in the pathobiology of the disease (Colmone et al., 2008; Ayala et al., 2009; Purizaca et al., 2012; Kim et al., 2015; Vilchis-Ordonez et al., 2015). Thus, due to the complexity and health impact of AL (Gupta et al., 2014), new strategies to better predict cell population dynamics according to genetics, microenvironmental and clinical heterogeneous contexts may contribute to understand its pathobiology and to guide strategies for decreasing overall mortality. Mathematical modeling has emerged as a powerful tool in biomedical and health research because it enables the simulation of complex biological systems and the efficient generation of testable hypotheses. In recent years, leukemic cell dynamics has been addressed from the novel view of systems biology, resulting in helpful stochastic and deterministic models and providing clearer understanding of the disease by simplification ofmalignant clonal evolution processes (Vesely et al., 2011; Amir et al., 2013; Paguirigan et al., 2015). However, models fitted to experimental data must strike a balance between simplicity and reality, so that they can bring insights into clinical scenarios. Here we discuss the importance and challenges of incorporating the BM microenvironment into AL modeling, as a key element that will control the interplay between cell populations and the selective pressure leading to leukemic or normal hematopoiesis progression. By developing integrative tools that better mimic and predict the behavior of heterogeneous and polyclonal cells in the context of abnormal microenvironments within leukemic bone marrow, we may learn about crucial mechanisms co-participating in the etiology and progression of the disease.

Field of study: Biology
A Mixture Transformation of Watermarking Algorithm Based on DCT and DWT

The digital watermark technology is the method of protecting the information security and at present, which widely uses in the digital media copyright in the protection. Analyzes the algorithm of watermarking based on the discrete wavelet transform and the discrete cosine transform. The experimental results show that the algorithm can assure good imperceptibility for watermark image and the watermark embedded using the algorithm has good robustness against the attackssuch as JPEG compression and noise addition.

Field of study: Computer science
Social Comparison and Urban-Environmental Stress

A field study investigated the role of social comparison processes in mitigating stress associated with the threat of urban floods. Among residents of a major flood plain, extensive social comparison was associated with significantly greater levels of calm, confidence, and commitment to adaptive solutions, but only among persons who had not previously been flooded. Among previously flooded respondents, extensive social comparison was significantly related to heightened fear and feelings of desperation. Discussion focuses on the generalizability of social comparison predictions to the natural environment.

Field of study: Psychology
A review of gallium nitride LEDs for multi-gigabit-per-second visible light data communications

The field of visible light communications (VLC) has gained significant interest over the last decade, in both fibre and free-space embodiments. In fibre systems, the availability of low cost plastic optical fibre (POF) that is compatible with visible data communications has been a key enabler. In free-space applications, the availability of hundreds of THz of the unregulated spectrum makes VLC attractive for wireless communications. This paper provides an overview of the recent developments in VLC systems based on gallium nitride (GaN) light-emitting diodes (LEDs), covering aspects from sources to systems. The state-of-the-art technology enabling bandwidth of GaN LEDs in the range of >400 MHz is explored. Furthermore, advances in key technologies, including advanced modulation, equalisation, and multiplexing that have enabled free-space VLC data rates beyond 10 Gb/s are also outlined.

Field of study: Materials science
MS-IAS：集成的质谱代谢组学数据分析系统

针对代谢组学研究中的数据处理问题,本研究建立了基于质谱的数据分析系统MS-IAS（Mass spec-trometry based integrated analysis system）。此系统集成了特征选择、聚类、分类等多种方法,用以处理质谱数据,具有多种统计分析方法能对所选的特征变量进行比较,以发现与所研究问题相关的潜在生物标志物。MS-IAS支持数据与多种算法结果可图形化显示,有助于对数据的解释与分析。以肝病患者的质谱代谢组数据为例,展示MS-IAS的功能,两种特征选择算法从数据集中筛选出了40个对肝病具有区分能力的特征变量,展示了MS-IAS成为代谢组学研究中的通用质谱数据分析系统的潜力。

Field of study: Chemistry
A rationale for the high limits of quantification of antibiotic resistance genes in soil.

The determination of values of abundance of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) per mass of soil is extremely useful to assess the potential impacts of relevant sources of antibiotic resistance, such as irrigation with treated wastewater or manure application. Culture-independent methods and, in particular, quantitative PCR (qPCR), have been regarded as suitable approaches for such a purpose. However, it is arguable if these methods are sensitive enough to measure ARGs abundance at levels that may represent a risk for environmental and human health. This study aimed at demonstrating the range of values of ARGs quantification that can be expected based on currently used procedures of DNA extraction and qPCR analyses. The demonstration was based on the use of soil samples spiked with known amounts of wastewater antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) (Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Acinetobacter johnsonii, or Pseudomonas aeruginosa), harbouring known ARGs, and also on the calculation of expected values determined based on qPCR. The limits of quantification (LOQ) of the ARGs (vanA, qnrS, blaTEM, blaOXA, blaIMP, blaVIM) were observed to be approximately 4 log-units per gram of soil dry weight, irrespective of the type of soil tested. These values were close to the theoretical LOQ values calculated based on currently used DNA extraction methods and qPCR procedures. The observed LOQ values can be considered extremely high to perform an accurate assessment of the impacts of ARGs discharges in soils. A key message is that ARGs accumulation will be noticeable only at very high doses. The assessment of the impacts of ARGs discharges in soils, of associated risks of propagation and potential transmission to humans, must take into consideration this type of evidence, and avoid the simplistic assumption that no detection corresponds to risk absence.

Field of study: Environmental science
The primary-secondary care interface: does provision of more services in primary care reduce referrals to medical specialists?

Great variation in referral rates between primary care physicians has been the main reason to influence physician's referral behaviour, by for example, stimulating extra services. This study investigated the extent to which the number of therapeutic and diagnostic services performed by primary care physicians influenced referrals. Data was derived from electronic medical records of 70 general practices for the period 2006 until 2010. For the total patient population (N=651,089 patient years) and specific patients groups for whom specific services were performed mostly (28 groups; 10 services), logistic multilevel regression analyses were conducted to determine associations between the number of services performed in a practice and referrals to medical specialists. The total number of services performed in a practice was not associated with the referral rate (OR: 1.00). Only for two specific services was a significant association found: a lower referral rate for minor surgery for patient with sebaceous cysts (OR: 0.98) and a higher rate for Doppler diagnostic tests for patients with other peripheral arterial diseases (OR: 1.04). As the number of services in general practice was rarely associated with referrals, other measures might be more effective in changing referral behaviour. Another explanation for our results could be that certain preconditions have not been met.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science