nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
High-rate properties of Li1.95FeSiO4/C/CNTs composite as cathode material for lithium-ion batteries

Li 1.95 FeSiO 4 /C/CNTs, Li 2 FeSiO 4 /C/CNTs and Li 1.95 FeSiO 4 /C composites were successfully prepared by the means of solid-state reaction in the present work. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), charge–discharge test and electrochemical impedance spectra measurement were used to characterize the above samples and their differences were comparatively discussed. It was found that the Li 1.95 FeSiO 4 /C/CNTs composite delivered the best electrochemical performance in terms of the discharge capacity, cycling stability and rate capability among the above three samples. It exhibited a discharge capacity of 148 mAh g − 1 at 0.2 C and 104 mAh g − 1 at 5 C, respectively, and after 100 cycles at 1 C, 99.2% of its initial capacity was retained. EIS result showed that electrochemical resistance of the Li 1.95 FeSiO 4 /C/CNTs electrode was obviously decreased, revealing much faster kinetics in comparison with the Li 2 FeSiO 4 /C/CNTs and Li 1.95 FeSiO 4 /C electrodes.

Field of study: Materials science
Dynamics and Autonomy of a Traditional Marketing System: Buenos Aires, 1810-1860

BUENOS AmEs-the city and the province-experienced a nineteenth-century trade boom that expanded cattle raising over much of the virgin pampa long before the age of railroads and chilled beef. The emergence of pastoral exports differentiates nineteenth-century commerce from the staple trade in Potosi's silver bullion duling the colonial era. Following de facto independence in 1810, Spanish and portefio merchants lost their dominance in foreign commerce. Englishmen and other Europeans residing in Buenos Aires now linked Argentine pastoral production to new industlial and non-industrial markets in Europe and America. Foreign merchants also assumed the continued import of manufactured goods and certain processed foods. Foreign shipping in the estuary, which increased despite the region's political and diplomatic disorders, stimulated an impressive expansion of cattle and sheepraising on the prairies south of Buenos Aires. Exportation of pastoral raw materials could not have proceeded without the corresponding development of Buenos Aires as freighthandler for the entire region. The local economy obtained its dynamism from foreign trade and the export sector, but the domestic market at the port city grew in importance as a result. The marketing system of the early nineteenth century exemplifies the relative autonomy of one Latin American economy often attributed to be "neocolonial" or "dependent" in the historical

Field of study: History
Covariance Structure Maximum-Likelihood Estimates in Compound Gaussian Noise: Existence and Algorithm Analysis

Recently, a new adaptive scheme [Conte (1995), Gini (1997)] has been introduced for covariance structure matrix estimation in the context of adaptive radar detection under non-Gaussian noise. This latter has been modeled by compound-Gaussian noise, which is the product c of the square root of a positive unknown variable tau (deterministic or random) and an independent Gaussian vector x, c=radictaux. Because of the implicit algebraic structure of the equation to solve, we called the corresponding solution, the fixed point (FP) estimate. When tau is assumed deterministic and unknown, the FP is the exact maximum-likelihood (ML) estimate of the noise covariance structure, while when tau is a positive random variable, the FP is an approximate maximum likelihood (AML). This estimate has been already used for its excellent statistical properties without proofs of its existence and uniqueness. The major contribution of this paper is to fill these gaps. Our derivation is based on some likelihood functions general properties like homogeneity and can be easily adapted to other recursive contexts. Moreover, the corresponding iterative algorithm used for the FP estimate practical determination is also analyzed and we show the convergence of this recursive scheme, ensured whatever the initialization.

Field of study: Engineering
Taphonomy of the Lamy Amphibian Quarry: A Late Triassic bonebed in New Mexico, U.S.A.

Located in Santa Fe County, New Mexico, USA, the Lamy amphibian quarry is a Late Triassic (Adamanian) bonebed stratigraphically low in the Garita Creek Formation of the Chinle Group. Well known for its mass accumulation of metoposaurid amphibians, it was initially interpreted as a drought-induced death assemblage. Based on microstratigraphic and sedimentological studies, additional and extensive collecting at the quarry and a revised understanding of the bonebed, we provide a detailed taphonomic analysis of the Lamy amphibian quarry that identifies it as a low diversity multitaxic and monodominant bonebed in pedogenically modified floodplain mudstone. The Lamy bonebed shows no evidence of drought and is characterized by a high density of completely dissociated bones that show clear alignment by current and sorting (enrichment of Voorhies Group II and III elements). The bones show no significant abrasion or weathering (stage 0), preserve virtually no evidence of scavenging and show no evidence of trampling. Based on skull lengths, the metoposaurid assemblage has a type I survivorship curve and lacks juveniles. We thus posit that the following sequence of events formed the Lamy amphibian bonebed: (1) aggregation (cause unknown) of a large number of metoposaurid amphibians at a site different from the location of the bonebed, though not distant; (2) catastrophic mass mortality; (3) complete disarticulation and disassociation of the skeletons; and (4) rapid transport of the disarticulated bones onto a floodplain surface that was undergoing pedogenesis. The Lamy amphibian bonebed is representative of the Late Triassic metoposaurid bonebeds from Morocco and the western USA, which are monodominant and nearly monotaxic. They indicate that aggregation (probably of breeding populations) and mass death of metoposaurids were relatively common across the riverine floodplains of Late Triassic Pangea.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Preliminary Study on the Inhibition of Polysaccharide of Edible Fungi to Plant Virus

In this paper, the inhibition of polysaccharide of edible fungi (Plenrotus ostreatus,Flammulina velutipes,Lentinus edodes) to plant virus (TMV,CMV) on host Chenopodium anarenticcolor were studied.The results showed that the polysaccharide extracted from three kinds of edible fungi at different concentrations could inhibit TMV and CMV effectively.Statistical analysis showed that there were no significant differences between the control effect at different concentrations,furthermore,there obviously existed inhibition and passivation on virus,but no cure effects.The inhibition of polysaccharide extracted from Pleurotus ostreatus to TMV and CMV was superior to that of polysaccharide from Flammulina velutipes, Lentinus edodes.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
The Use of Compact Cyclotrons for Producing Fast Neutrons for Therapy in a Rotatable Isocentric Gantry

This paper discusses the design and performance of a fast neutron therapy system which transports a cyclotron beam onto a beryllium target mounted in a rotatable isocentric gantry structure. Fast neutrons produced by either the proton or deuteron on beryllium reaction are directed towards the isocenter with appropriate shielding, collimation and dosimetry to control and monitor the radiation delivered onto a defined patient area. The beam optics and shielding considerations of such a radiotherapy apparatus are discussed. This paper also presents the dosimetric properties of neutron beams from different proton energies on beryllium and lithium targets.

Field of study: Physics
Optical absorption coefficient of semiconductors in the extrinsic region obtained by photoconductivity measurements: application to SI GaAs

A simple method for measurements of optical absorption coefficient in the extrinsic region of semiconductors is suggested and demonstrated for photoionisation as well as intracentre transitions using standard semi-insulating GaAs and GaAs:V wafers. Also discussed is its applicability to inhomogeneous compound semiconductors.

Field of study: Materials science
Tractable Fully Bayesian Inference via Convex Optimization and Optimal Transport Theory

We consider the problem of transforming samples from one continuous source distribution into samples from another target distribution. We demonstrate with optimal transport theory that when the source distribution can be easily sampled from and the target distribution is log-concave, this can be tractably solved with convex optimization. We show that a special case of this, when the source is the prior and the target is the posterior, is Bayesian inference. Here, we can tractably calculate the normalization constant and draw posterior i.i.d. samples. Remarkably, our Bayesian tractability criterion is simply log concavity of the prior and likelihood: the same criterion for tractable calculation of the maximum a posteriori point estimate. With simulated data, we demonstrate how we can attain the Bayes risk in simulations. With physiologic data, we demonstrate improvements over point estimation in intensive care unit outcome prediction and electroencephalography-based sleep staging.

Field of study: Computer science
Up-Regulation of Kir2.1 (KCNJ2) by the Serum & Glucocorticoid Inducible SGK3

The serum & glucocorticoid inducible kinase SGK3, an ubiquitously expressed serine/threonine kinase, regulates a variety of ion channels. It has previously been shown that SGK3 upregulates the outwardly rectifying K<sup>+</sup> channel K<sub>V</sub>11.1, which is expressed in cardiomyocytes. Cardiomyocytes further express the inward rectifier K<sup>+</sup> channel K<sub>ir</sub>2.1, which contributes to maintenance of resting cell membrane potential. Loss-of-function mutations of KCNJ2 encoding K<sub>ir</sub>2.1 result in Andersen-Tawil syndrome with periodic paralysis, cardiac arrhythmia and dysmorphic features. The present study explored whether SGK3 participates in the regulation of K<sub>ir</sub>2.1.  cRNA encoding K<sub>ir</sub>2.1 was injected into Xenopus oocytes with and without additional injection of cRNA encoding wild type SGK3, constitutively active <sup>S419D</sup>SGK3 or inactive <sup>K191N</sup>SGK3. K<sub>ir</sub>2.1 activity was determined by two-electrode voltage-clamp and K<sub>ir</sub>2.1 protein abundance in the cell membrane by immunostaining and subsequent confocal imaging or by chemiluminescence.  Injection of 10 ng cRNA encoding wild type SGK3 and <sup>S419D</sup>SGK3, but not <sup>K191N</sup>SGK3 significantly enhanced K<sub>ir</sub>2.1-mediated currents. SGK inhibitor EMD638683 (50 µM) abrogated <sup>S419D</sup>SGK3-induced up-regulation of K<sub>ir</sub>2.1. Moreover, wild type SGK3 enhanced the channel protein abundance in the cell membrane. The decay of K<sub>ir</sub>2.1-mediated currents following inhibition of channel insertion into the cell membrane by brefeldin A (5 µM) was similar in oocytes coexpressing K<sub>ir</sub>2.1 and SGK3 as in oocytes expressing K<sub>ir</sub>2.1 alone, suggesting that SGK3 influences channel insertion into rather than channel retrieval from the cell membrane.  SGK3 is a novel regulator of K<sub>ir</sub>2.1.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
CONVERSE MARCINKIEWICZ-ZYGMUND INEQUALITIES ON THE REAL LINE WITH APPLICATION TO MEAN CONVERGENCE OF LAGRANGE INTERPOLATION

We investigate converse Marcinkiewicz-Zygmund inequalities on the real line and illustrate how we may use these inequalities to deduce new results on boundedness and mean convergence of Lagrange interpolation.  Classi cation: 41A10,

Field of study: Philosophy
[Common variable immunodeficiency: an immunological study (author's transl)].

A 17-year-old school boy with recurrent sinopulmonary infection and diarrhea was found to have marked hypogammaglobulinemia. He had no family history of similar disorder. Serum IgG was measured 240 mg/dl, whereas all the other classes of immunoglobulins were undetectable with Mancini's technique. The polymorphonuclear leukocyte function and complement system were normal. Although the numbers of T and B lymphocytes were normal, we demonstrated that the patient's B cells were able to produce only IgG in subnormal amount and unable to secrete other classes of immunoglobulins. No hyperactive suppressor T cell function or inadequate helper T cell function was found. Therefore, the basic immmunopathogeneic mechanism was ascribed to intrinsic B cell defect.

Field of study: Biology
Computational soundness of symbolic zero-knowledge proofs

The abstraction of cryptographic operations by term algebras, called Dolev-Yao models, is essential in almost all tool-supported methods for proving security protocols. Recently significant progress was made in proving that Dolev-Yao models offering the core cryptographic operations such as encryption and digital signatures can be sound with respect to actual cryptographic realizations and security definitions. Recent work, however, has started to extend Dolev-Yao models to more sophisticated operations with unique security features. Zero-knowledge proofs arguably constitute the most amazing such extension. 
 
In this paper, we first identify which additional properties a cryptographic (non-interactive) zero-knowledge proof needs to fulfill in order to serve as a computationally sound implementation of symbolic (Dolev-Yao style) zero-knowledge proofs; this leads to the novel definition of a symbolically-sound zero-knowledge proof system. We prove that even in the presence of arbitrary active adversaries, such proof systems constitute computationally sound implementations of symbolic zero-knowledge proofs. This yields the first computational soundness result for symbolic zero-knowledge proofs and the first such result against fully active adversaries of Dolev-Yao models that go beyond the core cryptographic operations.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Late-Quaternary geomorphic scenario due to changing depositional regimes in the Tangtse Valley, Trans-Himalaya, NW India

Records from the Tangtse Valley in the Trans-Himalaya reveal depositional history since 48 ka, with fluvial aggradation followed by incision, lacustrine sediment fill, and later incision. Varied sedimentary architecture with fluvial episodes intervened by lacustrine pulses, flood events, colluvial and glacial activity are preserved. The valley is located west of the Pangong Tso/Bangong Co, one of the largest lakes in Tibet which has served as a spillway, flooding and damming the entire Tangtse Valley, resulting in the formation of a lake. Today Pangong Tso consists of five basins separated by shallow sills and is fed by snow melt. Documentation based on 14 C and OSL chronologies of the sediment sections throughout the valley reveals evidence of a sixth basin of Pangong Tso toward west, occupying the present day Tangtse Valley between 9.6–5.1 ka. This event coincides with periods of high lake levels in Tibet, China as well as intensified monsoon periods over the Indian subcontinent. A fluvial regime around 48 ka and 30–21 ka with comparatively arid conditions and dry phases interspersed by flooding is documented. The valley has been incised to depths of 40–50 m in the upper part and to 130 m in the lower part. The incision rate ranges from 0.3 to 1.2 mm yr − 1 in the upper part and reaches as high as 10.8 mm yr − 1 in the lower valley. Much of the incision took place between 22 and 9.6 ka although repeated sediment fill-incision cycles in the valley from 30–22 ka, 22–9.6 ka, 9.6–5.1 ka, 5.1 ka, and even to present time were observed.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Structures, factorizations, and design criteria for oversampled paraunitary filterbanks yielding linear-phase filters

We present here a special class of oversampled filterbanks (FBs), namely, paraunitary FBs with linear-phase filters. We propose some necessary conditions for the existence of such banks, based on the repartition between type I/II and type II/IV linear-phase filters in the bank. For a subset of these FBs, we develop a factorization that leads to a minimal implementation, as well as a direct parameterization of the FBs in terms of elementary rotation angles. This factorization is applied to some design examples, with two different optimization criteria: coding gain and reconstructibility of lost coefficients.

Field of study: Engineering
Exenatide therapy in insulin-treated type 2 diabetes and obesity.

Exenatide, a GLP-1 analogue, is used in combination with oral anti-diabetic agents in type 2 diabetes and obesity, and promotes weight loss. Exenatide use in combination with insulin in insulin-treated type 2 diabetes and obesity is unlicensed in the UK and outcomes are unclear.



To assess the effectiveness of exenatide in insulin-treated type 2 diabetes with obesity.



This prospective study included 174 consecutive patients with insulin-treated type 2 diabetes and obesity initiated on exenatide in our out-patient, between October 2007 and November 2008. Weight, BMI, HbA1c, serum fructosamine, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and insulin doses were recorded at baseline, 3, 6 and 12 months. Side effect profiles were recorded.



Fourteen patients discontinued exenatide before 3 months of initiation, because of side effects, and were excluded. Data were analysed on remaining 160 people all of whom completed 6 months and 57 completed 12 months treatment. Mean weight loss was 10.7 +/- 5.7 kg and 12.8 +/- 7.5 kg (P < 0.001) at 6 and 12 months. Insulin doses dropped significantly (mean 144 +/- 90 U/day at baseline to 51 +/- 55 U/day and 55 +/- 53 U/day at 6 and 12 months). At 3 months, 25% came off insulin. There was little change in HbA1c.



Exenatide therapy in insulin-treated type 2 diabetes and obesity was associated with very significant reductions in weight and insulin doses. Exenatide should be considered in people with type 2 diabetes on insulin and have obesity, weight gain and poor glycaemic control.

Field of study: Medicine
Sea of Majorana fermions from pseudo-scalar superconducting order in three dimensional Dirac materials

We suggest that spin-singlet pseudo-scalar s-wave superconducting pairing creates a two dimensional sea of Majorana fermions on the surface of three dimensional Dirac superconductors (3DDS). This pseudo-scalar superconducting order parameter Δ5, in competition with scalar Dirac mass m, leads to a topological phase transition due to band inversion. We find that a perfect Andreev-Klein reflection is guaranteed by presence of anomalous Andreev reflection along with the conventional one. This effect manifests itself in a resonant peak of the differential conductance. Furthermore, Josephson current of the Δ5|m|Δ5 junction in the presence of anomalous Andreev reflection is fractional with 4π period. Our finding suggests another search area for condensed matter realization of Majorana fermions which are beyond the vortex-core of p-wave superconductors. The required Δ5 pairing can be extrinsically induced by a conventional s-wave superconductor into a three dimensional Dirac material (3DDM).

Field of study: Physics
Developing Proactive Protocol for Blood-borne and Body Fluids Infections Prevention among Students of Health Professional Colleges in King Khalid University

Exposure to blood and body fluids is an important hazard for health professional students, which places them at a high risk for blood-borne infections. They are exposed to blood-borne diseases most commonly through accidental needle sticks and sharp injuries. Blood-borne infections are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. The introduction of safety measures guide to prevent accidental blood-borne infections in health professional college curricula are essential. Hence, the present study aims develop proactive protocol for prevention of blood borne and body fluids infections among nursing, medical, and dental students in King Khalid University. Setting; the study was conducted at Faculty of Medicine, Dental, and Nursing in University Center for the Study of Female Students at King Khalid University, Saudi Arabia. Subjects; a purposive sample of 300 female students, 130 from nursing, 126 from medical, and 44 from dental program were included in the present study. Tool; a questionnaire sheet developed by researchers based on reviewing related literature and consists of five parts was used for data collection.  the majority of studied participants reported the needle-stick injuries occur when drawing intravenous blood and giving patient intravenous injection, the primary factor lead to sharp injures is broken some ampoule and using sharp instruments, they need to know preventive and precautions to prevent blood-born infection and equipment uses to avoid it. Also it was found no significant difference between participant students regarding their attitude toward standard percussion and preventive measures for blood borne infection. Recommendations; Findings of the present study have important implication for developing a Proactive Protocol of Blood-borne and Body Fluids Infections prevention among students of nursing, medical, dental colleges. This focused on proactive and controlling blood-borne infection diseases, needle-stick, and sharp injuries and lead to a healthy life of students.  proactive protocol , blood-borne infection, Needle stick injuries, Sharps injuries, health professional collages Abbreviations: HCWs healthcare workers, HIV immunodeficiency virus, HBV hepatitis B virus, HCV hepatitis C virus, NSISIs needle stick & sharp injuries, OSHA Occupational Safety and Health Administration, PEP post-exposure prophylaxis, CDC Disease Control and Prevention, SPs standard precautions, UP universal precautions, BBFEs blood and body fluid exposures, PPE personnel protective equipment.

Field of study: Education
The Judeo-Christian Vision and the Modern Corporation

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Field of study: Economics
Effect of temperature and plasmid carriage on nonculturability in organisms targeted for release

The ability to track genetically modified bacteria released into the environment is essential for assessing their persistence and dispersal. Some bacteria can enter a ‘viable but nonculturable’ (VBNC) state in which the cells remain viable while losing the ability to grow on routine culture media. Thus, VBNC cells are not detectable by standard plating methods. In order to determine what conditions, if any, induce this state in Pseudomonas fluorescens, Pseudomonas syringae , and Escherichia coli , cells were ‘marked’ with lux genes, either chromosomally or on one of two different plasmids. Variations in temperature, but not nutrient or NaCl concentrations, affected culturability of these strains and induced the VBNC state. The temperature which induced the VBNC state in the two pseudomonads depended on whether or not the cell carried one of the two lux -marked plasmids. This effect was shown not to be due to the presence of the lux genes, as their removal from the plasmid had no effect on entry into the VBNC state. Instead, the effect appeared to depend on the location of the plasmid DNA, as a strain of P. fluorescens with the same plasmid integrated into the chromosome behaved identically to the parent strain. The fact that plasmids may have such a dramatic effect on culturability has significant implications for the monitoring of genetically modified bacteria intended for environmental release.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science