nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Marriage or cohabitation: a competing risks analysis of first‐partnership formation among the 1958 British birth cohort

A discrete time competing risks hazards model is used to analyse entry into first partnership among men and women born in Britain in 1958. Using a life-course approach we identify family background and current life experiences which affect the timing and type of first-partnership formation. Education is a key factor influencing the age of entry into first partnership and whether or not the respondent will experience pregnancy before forming the partnership. Religiosity, experience of parental separation and the geographical region of residence are more important in affecting the decision to cohabit rather than to marry directly. The analyses highlight the importance of transitions in other domains such as leaving the parental home in encouraging cohabitation.

Field of study: Mathematics
Kondo induced {\pi}-phase shift of microwave photons in a circuit quantum electrodynamics architecture.

Mesoscopic systems constitute appealing platforms to study many-body physics with light and matter degrees of freedom. The Kondo effect refers to the screening of a spin-1/2 impurity by a cloud of conduction electrons, then forming a many-body Fermi liquid ground state. The Kondo resonance produces a phase shift in the transmitted electronic wave packet which depends on the symmetry and nature of the many-body ground state. Theoretical calculations suggest that the Kondo resonance can interact with the irradiation photon field and should give rise to a {\pi}-phase shift of the photon signal in the case where the ground state is a Fermi liquid. This {\pi}-phase shift of microwave photon is driven from the Korringa-Shiba relation of quantum impurity Fermi-liquid ground states. We report the first observation of such a {\pi}-phase shift in a graphene double quantum dot within a circuit quantum electrodynamics architecture where the microwave photons couple to the pseudo-spin or charge degrees of freedom. The observed Kondo temperature TK ~ 550 mK is in agreement with DC conductance measurements. All our results support the formation of a Kondo resonance located above the Fermi level of the electronic reservoirs and the occurrence of an SU(4) Fermi-liquid ground state. We finally study how the Kondo-photon interactions can be tuned by inter-dot electron tunnel coupling strengths. Our experimental achievements may contribute to a better understanding of many-body physics in hybrid circuit systems, and open up new applications in atomic thin materials from the light-matter interaction.

Field of study: Physics
A bacterial single-chain Fv antibody fragment that inhibits binding of its parental anti-E-selectin monoclonal antibody to activated human endothelial cells.

Using the polymerase chain reaction, we cloned, modified, and linked antibody variable (V) region coding genes from a mouse hybridoma, and produced a bacterial single-chain Fv (scFv) antibody fragment specific for E-Selectin. A vector of pBR322 origin, bearing the tryptophan promoter and the ompA bacterial signal peptide, was used to direct scFv expression to periplasm. The vector included a six-histidine coding sequence 5' to the scFv for the purification of the expressed protein using immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC). We found that the VH-Linker-VL 32-33 kDa scFv remained insoluble after cellular fractionation, and transmission electron microscopy showed the new protein to be present in the periplasm as inclusion bodies. The scFv was solubilized using urea, purified using IMAC, and renatured to its active form. In a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with activated human vein endothelial cells in the solid phase, the scFv competed for binding with the original monoclonal antibody.

Field of study: Biology, Engineering
Origin of Room Temperature Ferromagnetism in Cr-Doped Lead-Free Ferroelectric Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3 Materials

The development of multiferroic materials based on lead-free ferroelectric material provides an opportunity to fabricate next-generation electronic devices. In this work, Cr-doped lead-free ferroelectric Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3 materials were synthesized by using the sol–gel method. The optical band gap was reduced from 3.12 eV to 2.12 eV for undoped and 9 mol.% Cr-doped Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3 with the substitution of Cr at the Ti-site. Cr-doped Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3 materials exhibited weak ferromagnetism at room temperature. Saturation magnetization was approximately 0.08 μB/Cr at 5 K. Our work will facilitate the further understanding of the role of transition metal ferromagnetism in lead-free ferroelectric materials at room temperature.

Field of study: Materials science
Achebe and the Negation of Independence

Chinua Achebe's contribution to the emergence and survival of the Nigerian novel has been crucial and formidable. By the Nigerian novel we simply mean any novel written by Nigerians, and whose matter and manner reveal an understanding that life has a peculiar meaning for the inhabitants of the geographical location and political entity we call Nigeria. Formulated within the framework of the referential function of literary production, this study is animated by the conviction that a work of art establishes a distance from lived experience, transfixing it so that we can see its apparatus at work. This study, therefore, has endeavored to il-

Field of study: Art
Atmospheric modeling for space measurements of ground reflectances, including bidirectional properties.

A fairly accurate analytical expression of the measured reflectance is established for the general case of a non-Lambertian and nonuniform ground by separating the atmospheric and surface effects. The signal is nearly linear in the function of intrinsic atmospheric reflectance, the actual target reflectance, and two average ground reflectances, angular and spatial, to be defined. Contrast reduction by the atmosphere, defined in the cases of Lambertian and directional ground reflectances, has been evaluated using this formulation.

Field of study: Physics
NK cell activity and skin test antigen stimulation of NK like CMC in vitro are decreased to different degrees in pregnancy and sarcoidosis.

Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMNC) isolated from normal subjects, pregnant women and patients with sarcoidosis were assayed for natural killer (NK) cell activity on day 0 and for NK like cell-mediated cytolysis (CMC) after 5 days of exposure, in vitro to Candida antigen, purified protein derivative (PPD), and human leucocyte interferon (IFN). Pregnant women and women with sarcoidosis had significantly decreased levels of NK cell activity compared to normal women. Pregnant women had the lowest mean NK cell activity. Cells from women with sarcoidosis and from pregnant women also had lower levels of killing than those from the normal women after in vitro stimulation of NK like CMC with Candida antigen, PPD and IFN. The lowest stimulations of NK like killing occurred in the cells from women with sarcoidosis. Skin test antigen stimulation of NK like CMC in vitro and the DTH response in vivo were strongly correlated for both Candida antigen and PPD in the sarcoidosis patients. There was no correlation between the level of NK cell activity in the PBMNC of sarcoid patients on day 0 and the amount of NK like CMC that was present in cells from those patients after 5 days of culture with Candida antigen, PPD or IFN. A significant correlation was found, however, between Candida antigen stimulation of NK like CMC and IFN stimulation of NK like CMC in both pregnant and sarcoid groups. Reduced NK cell activity on day 0 in a given patient thus did not necessarily indicate that skin test antigen or IFN stimulation of NK like CMC on day 5 would also be depressed. In addition, NK cell activity was often noted to be normal in patients with depressed in vitro stimulation of NK like CMC.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Sea-level rise impact models and environmental conservation: A review of models and their applications

Conservation managers and policy makers need tools to identify coastal habitats and human communities that are vulnerable to sea-level rise. Coastal impact models can help determine the vulnerability of areas and populations to changes in sea level. Model outputs may be used to guide decisions about the location and design of future protected areas and development, and to prioritize adaptation of existing protected area investments. This paper reviews state-of-the-art coastal impact models that determine sea-level rise vulnerability and provides guidance to help managers and policy makers determine the appropriateness of various models at local, regional, and global scales. There are a variety of models, each with strengths and weaknesses, that are suited for different management objectives. We find important trade-offs exist regarding the cost and capacity needed to run and interpret the models, the range of impacts they cover, and regarding the spatial scale that each operates which may overstate impacts at one end and underestimate impacts at the other. Understanding these differences is critical for managers and policy makers to make informed decisions about which model to use and how to interpret and apply the results.

Field of study: Environmental science
The Great Divergence and the Economics of Printing

While China's invention of printing took place several centuries ahead of Europe's, it was in Europe where the more advanced printing technology of movable type took hold and where book production reached far higher levels. This article explores the extent to which China's complex logographic writing system explains these different outcomes. Using an economic analysis, I show how China's preference for block printing technology over movable type can be justified as the rational choice of commercial producers. In addition to this, model simulations also predict that movable type would be used in China under some specific circumstances which closely match the historical record. On the other hand, the use of block printing would not have led to larger printing costs in China, and as such should not be regarded as the reason behind China's modest level of book production when compared to Europe's.

Field of study: Economics, History
The Effect of Cognitive, Affective and Psychomotor Development on Children's Creativity in Education Games of Al-Khairaat Kindergrten at Palu City

This study aims are : (1) to determine the effect of cognitive development on children's creativity in educational games of Al-Khairaat kindergarten at Palu City, (2) to find the effect of affective development on children's creativity in educational games of Al-Khairaat kindergarten at Palu City, (3) to know the effect of psychomotor development on children's creativity in educational games of Al-Khairaat kindergarten at Palu City.The method used is quantitative. There are three independent variables of (X1) Cognitive Development, (X2) Affective Development and (X3) Psychomotor Development and one dependent variable of (Y) Kindergarten Children Creativity. This research was conducted at Al-Khairaat Kindergarten in Palu City, Central Sulawesi. The data was collected by five point Likert scale and analyzed by regression analysis with SPSS version 21 software.The results are follows. First, cognitive development had a very significant effect on children's creativity. This means that education by drawing, colouring, arranging blocks, children paying attention to understand game that can enhance his creativity. Second, affective development has a very significant effect on children's creativity. This means that educational education by drawing, colouring, arranging blocks, playing with peers, happy with presence of interesting game tools increase creativity. Third, psychomotor development has a very significant effect on children's creativity. This means that educational education by moving, running and jumping can train children to increase their creativity.  Cognitive Development, Affective, Psychomotor, Kindergarten Child Creativity.

Field of study: Education
Postcolonial Gothic: Ruth Prawer Jhabvala and the Sobhraj Case

Gothic motifs are exceptionally prevalent in postcolonial fiction, even from very different locations. Classic postcolonial transformations of Gothic emanate from the Caribbean ( and India (Ruth Prawer Jhabvala's Heat and Dust). In Canada, Gothic is almost the norm, whether in Margaret Atwood's comic Lady Oracle, or Anne HA©bert's HA©loise (the QuA©bA©cois tale of a vampire who haunts the Paris Metro), or Bharati Mukherjee's Asian-Canadian Jasmine. Not surprisingly, when the heroine of Alice Munro's Lives of Girls and Women thinks of writing about Jubilee, Ontario, she promptly chooses to begin a Gothic novel. Nearer home, ghosts wander the pages of Paul Scott's Raj Quartet, and J. G. Farrell begins his Empire Trilogy in a decaying Great House, complete with mysteriously fading heroine, demonic cats, and an ever-widening crack in the external wall. Further afield, what is lsak Dinesen doing on a coffee farm in Kenya in 1931 but writing Seven Gothic Tales? It is Dinesen's activity which first raises the question of the ideological consequences of the transfer of a European genre to a colonial environment. Gothic does not always travel well. As Eric O. Johannesson was swift to note, Dinesen creates a fictional Africa

Field of study: Art
Effect of drying methods on Thai dried chilli's hotness and pungent odour characteristics and consumer liking.

Dried chilli is widely used for its hotness and pungent odour enhancing properties. In an attempt to get a broad overview of drying effects on hotness and pungent odour characteristics contributing to dominant features of various types of Thai dried chilli, major volatile flavour 
compounds responsible for perceived hotness and pungent odour of the dried chilli-(freeze(FD), hot air (HD) and sun (SD) dried samples) were identified by trained panel (n=15) 
in conjunction with HS-SPME/GC-MS and LLE/GC-MS. Consumer liking of the three dried chilli was assessed on the basis of pungent odour and hotness characteristics by  
consumers (n=120) using 9 point–category hedonic scale. The GC-MS and trained panel data were analyzed by PLS and results show that capsaicin was the main compound responsible for the oral hotness sensation, while 1-penten-3-one compound was found to be an indicator of 
strong pungent odour. The FD sample presented the highest intensity of hotness characteristic(p≤0.05). The content of 1-penten-3-one in FD was also higher than that of HD and SD. 
Although trained panellists could not differentiate between the intensities of pungent odour of FD and HD (p>0.05), consumers had a tendency to prefer HD. This research proposes that there is substantial value to analysis such as this that integrates human sensorial perception 
with objective measurement. The outputs of this research can be used to provide guidance on dried chilli product development based on consumer acceptance criteria.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Beyond the Atom: The Philosophical Thought of Wolfgang Pauli

I Introduction.- Biographical Information.- II Positivism and Realism.- Pauli's Positivism.- Pauli's Realism.- III The Reality of Opposites.- Seekers of Another Way.- Absolute Causality and Freedom.- IV The Metaphysical Roots of Science.- The Birth of a Mathematical Natural Science.- A New Concept of Causality.- V Spirit and Matter.- The  Idea of a Detached Observer.- In  The Limits of Knowledge.- Uncertainty.- Pauli's Attitude.- Archetypes.- Sychronicity.- VII Mysticism.- Another Way.- Explanatory Comments.- Die Wissenschaft und das abendlandische Denken (1955).- VIII The Problem of Evil.- Irrationality and Evil.- Excerpts from Pauli's Letter to Fierz of Oct. 11, 1953.- Henry More: The Dream of Bathynous.- The Darker Side of God.- A Certain Dream.- IX Quaternity.- The Number Four and Reality.- The Problem of "The Fourth".- Where Leads the Road?.- The Quarternarian Concept of Reality.- X Transcendental Reality.- Synchronicity.- Observer and Observed.- The Veiled Reality.- The Irrational Dimensions of Reality.- Appendices.

Field of study: Physics
Parametric Testing of HYPRES Superconducting Integrated Circuit Fabrication Processes

A set of diagnostic chips for process control and design parameters evaluation has been developed for HYPRES' 1.0 kA/cm2, 4.5 kA/cm2, and 20 kA/cm2 fabrication processes, consisting of four 5times5-mm chips. Testing was performed on automated test setup (OCTOPUX) that automatically logs results and maintains records of fabrication process and design parameters. The design of diagnostic structures and automated testing algorithms are discussed. Statistical data are presented on the uniformity and run-to-run variation of the critical currents, critical current density, junction size, inductances, and other fabrication and design parameters collected since September 2005. The influence of the fabrication parameters deviation on operational margins and yield of large superconducting digital integrated circuits is discussed, as well as requirements for the 20 kA/cm2 (80 GHz) process.

Field of study: Physics
Arthropod biodiversity loss and the transformation of a tropical agro-ecosystem

The coffee (Coffea arabica) agro-ecosystem in the Central Valley of Costa Rica was formerly characterized by a high vegetational diversity. This complex system has been undergoing a major transformation to capital-intensive monocultural plantations where all shade trees are eliminated. In this study we examined the pattern of arthropod biodiversity loss associated with this transformation. Canopy arthropods were sampled in three coffee farms: a traditional plantation with many species of shade trees, a moderately shaded plantation with only Erythrina poeppigeana and coffee, and a coffee monoculture. An insecticidal fogging technique was used to sample both canopy and coffee arthropods. Data are presented on three major taxonomic groups: Coleoptera, non-formicid Hymenoptera, and Formicidae. Data demonstrate that the transformation of the coffee agro-ecosystem results in a significant loss of biological diversity of both canopy arthropods as well as arthropods living in coffee bushes. Percentage of species overlap was very small for all comparisons. Furthermore, species' richness on a per tree basis was found to be within the same order of magnitude as that reported for trees in tropical forests. If results presented here are generalizable, this means that conservation efforts to preserve biological diversity should also include traditional agro-ecosystems as conservation units.

Field of study: Environmental science
Orthogonality constraints and entropy in the SO(5)-theory of high Tc-superconductivity

Zhang has put forward the idea that high-temperature-superconductors can be described in the framework of an SO(5)-symmetric theory in which the three components of the antiferromagnetic order-parameter and the two components of the two-particle condensate form a five-component order-parameter with SO(5) symmetry. Interactions small in comparison to this strong interaction introduce anisotropies into the SO(5)-space and determine whether it is favorable for the system to be superconducting or antiferromagnetic. Here the view is expressed that Zhang's derivation of the effective interaction Veff based on his Hamiltonian Ha is not correct. However, the orthogonality constraints introduced several pages after this “derivation" give the key to an effective interaction very similar to that given by Zhang. It is shown that the orthogonality constraints are not rigorous constraints, but they maximize the entropy at finite temperature. If the interaction drives the ground-state to the largest possible eigenvalues of the operators under consideration (antiferromagnetic ordering, superconducting condensate, etc.), then the orthogonality constraints are obeyed by the ground-state, too.

Field of study: Physics
Drift corrected Odin-OSIRIS ozone product: algorithm and updated stratospheric ozone trends

A small long-term drift in the Optical Spectrograph and Infrared Imager
System (OSIRIS) stratospheric ozone product, manifested mostly since 2012, is
quantified and attributed to a changing bias in the limb pointing knowledge
of the instrument. A correction to this pointing drift using a predictable
shape in the measured limb radiance profile is implemented and applied within
the OSIRIS retrieval algorithm. This new data product, version 5.10, displays
substantially better both long- and short-term agreement with Microwave Limb Sounder
(MLS) ozone throughout the stratosphere due to the pointing correction. 
reported stratospheric ozone trends over the time period 1984–2013, which
were derived by merging the altitude–number density ozone profile
measurements from the Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment (SAGE) II
satellite instrument (1984–2005) and from OSIRIS (2002–2013), are
recalculated using the new OSIRIS version 5.10 product and extended to 2017.
These results still show statistically significant positive trends throughout
the upper stratosphere since 1997, but at weaker levels that are more closely
in line with estimates from other data records.

Field of study: Environmental science
Predictors of outcome of subdural empyema in children.

The aim of this study was to report the etiology, clinical features, microbiology, surgical outcome, and predictors of outcome of spontaneous subdural empyema (SDE).



The authors conducted a retrospective study in a tertiary hospital. Children up to 18 years of age, with a diagnosis of SDE with infective etiology, were included in the present cohort. Patients with posttraumatic, postsurgery, and tubercular origin of SDE were excluded from the study. The Glasgow Outcome Scale was used for outcome assessment at the end of 3 months. For analysis purposes, the demographic data, clinical features, radiological data, microbiology, type of surgery, and complication data were categorized, and univariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to identify the factors associated with outcome.



Ninety-eight children were included in the study and the mean age was 10.9 years. Otogenic origin (34.7%) was the most common source of infection, followed by meningitis (14.3%). The mean duration of symptoms was 12 days. Seventy-six children presented with Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score > 8 and the supratentorial location was the most common location. Almost 75% of the children underwent craniotomy or craniectomy and the rest had burr-hole evacuation. Beta-hemolytic Streptococcus (10%) was the most common organism isolated. Cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT; 10.2%) was the most frequent complication in this cohort. The other complications were infarction (6.1%), new-onset seizure (4.1%), and bone flap osteomyelitis (4.1%). Thirteen cases had a recurrence of pus collection, which was more common in the craniotomy group than in the burr-hole group. Age (p = 0.02), GCS score ≤ 8 (OR 8.15, p = 0.001), CVT (OR 15.17, p = 0.001), and presence of infarction (OR 7, p = 0.05) were strongly associated with unfavorable outcome. In multivariable logistic regression analysis, only GCS score ≤ 8 (p = 0.01), CVT (p = 0.02), and presence of infarction (p = 0.04) had a significant impact on unfavorable outcome.



Prompt diagnosis and immediate intervention is the goal of management of SDE, especially in children as a delay in diagnosis can result in unconsciousness and secondary complications such as CVT and infarction, which adversely affect outcome.

Field of study: Medicine
Vortex clustering: The origin of the second peak in the magnetisation loops of type-two superconductors

We study vortex clustering in type-II superconductors. We demonstrate that the "second peak" observed in magnetisation loops may be a dynamical effect associated with a density-driven instability of the vortex system. At the microscopic level the instability shows up as the clustering of individual vortices at (rare) preferential regions of the pinning potential. In the limit of quasi-static ramping the instability is related to a phase transition in the equilibrium vortex system.

Field of study: Physics