nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Industrial Application of the Packaged Soft-reduction Technology for Slab Continuous Casting

Based on the conception of integration and optimization of process,mechanical,electric and hydraulic system,the advanced CISDI packaged soft-reduction technology for slab continuous casting with our full intellectual property rights has been developed successfully,which consists of the metallurgical process models with strong function and advanced arithmetic,the segment equipments with optimized structure and high strength,the basic automation program with full inspection and control function,the reliable stable hydraulic system and automatic system.It contains two control modules,viz.,the static soft-reduction function dynamic soft-reduction function,and three gap-adjustment modes,viz.,the position-control mode,pressure-control mode soft-clamping mode.From the opinions of equipment protection and production safety,some functional mechanism such as segment ordinal action,gap self-adapting adjustment,and forced protection for breakout prediction have been adopted.The whole system has been put into the industrial practice on the No.6 slab caster of Liu steel,which has shown the smooth caster operation,the steady running of system,and the good metallurgical effects on improvement of internal quality of slab like center segregation and center looseness.

Field of study: Materials science
Upheavals during the Late Maastrichtian: Volcanism, climate and faunal events preceding the end-Cretaceous mass extinction

The late Maastrichtian was a time of major climate, evolution and extinction extremes. Rapid climate warming of 2–3 °C in intermediate waters between 69.5 and 68 Ma (top C31r to base C30n) accompanied maximum evolutionary diversification (43% increase, zone CF5 to low CF4) in planktic foraminiferal history, followed immediately by a cluster of extinctions. During the last 250 ky of the Maastrichtian (C29r, zones CF2–CF1), rapid warming of 4 °C in intermediate waters and 8 °C on land resulted in high-stress environments ending in the mass extinction. The end-Cretaceous mass extinction is recorded in sediments between massive Deccan lava flows in India and attributed to SO 2 and CO 2 outgassing leading to ocean acidification. The early late Maastrichtian climate and faunal upheavals are not well known. Here we document the faunal similarities of both events from the Indian Ocean through the Tethys and Gulf of Mexico. Results show that both extreme warm events are marked by high-stress environments characterized by decreased abundance and diversity of large specialized species and dwarfing, high abundance of low oxygen tolerant species, and disaster opportunist surface dweller Guembelitria blooms. The similarity in faunal response with the Deccan warming of C29r (CF2–CF1) suggests that volcanism was also responsible for the warming and faunal upheaval of the early late Maastrichtian. Major volcanic activity at this time included the onset of Deccan eruptions and Ninetyeast Ridge volcanism. The role of the Chicxulub impact appears to have been a contributing, rather than causal, factor in the mass extinction.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Beam Quality Improvement at JULIC

To improve the external beam quality at JULIC, three different measures have been undertaken: the development of a systematic procedure for beam phase optimization, the precise adjustment of the center region to nominal values as well as the installation of harmonic coils near the cyclotron center and the introduction of two axial phase slits according to calculations for proper axial imaging. Starting with a cyclotron as it was tuned in the former day by day operation, the successive application of the above means resulted in an improvement of the radial emittance by a factor of 2 to 10 mm.mrad and of the energy resolution by a factor of 3 to below 1.5.10-3. The three different means for better machine tuning and their effect on the external beam quality are described.

Field of study: Physics
Clay mineralogical characteristics at the Permian–Triassic Shangsi section and their paleoenvironmental and/or paleoclimatic significance

High–resolution clay mineralogical investigations were conducted on the Permian–Triassic (P–Tr) carbonate– and siliceous rocks from the Shangsi section, South China. The clay mineralogy is dominated by illite and illite/smectite mixed–layers (I/S) throughout the sampled section with subordinate chlorite and vermiculite emerging from bed 24 (approaching the End–Permian mass extinction horizon–EPME) onwards. Positive correlations of clay fraction with mainly land–derived TiO2 and magnetic susceptibility (MS) indicate a primary continental origin of the clay minerals. Rock–Eval pyrolysis analysis, palynomorph coloration, scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) observations, all suggest that the rocks experienced thermal diagenesis which mainly promotes illitization processes of smectite clay minerals while discrete clay minerals are merely affected. Despite this diagenetic effect, clay minerals still carry valuable paleoenvironmental and paleoclimatic information in the Shangsi section. The overall illitic composition of the clay minerals and nearly absence of kaolinite suggest a general semi–arid condition during the P–Tr interval. Appearance of chlorite from bed 24 onwards suggests further aridification compared to the Late Permian. Occurrence of vermiculite from beds 24–28 in association with abundant volcanogenic materials, most negative δ13Ccarb values as well as enhanced soil–derived moretane abundance, suggests catastrophic soil erosion and likely soil acidification during the P–Tr transition in the source area(s) in relation with the active volcanism in that time. Further, decrease of chemical weathering and increase of physical weathering are indicated by increased input of primary clay minerals such as chlorite, a better illite crystallinity and increase of Al2O3/TiO2 ratios. A climate cooling period corresponding to the Clarkina changxingensis–Clarkina deflecta conodont zone to the lower Clarkina zhangi conodont zone is indicated by higher abundance of illite, lower terrigenous TiO2, MS and Al2O3/TiO2 in comparison with the overlying uppermost Permian strata.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
A distributed framework for demand-driven software vulnerability detection

Security testing aims at detecting program security flaws through a set of test cases and has become an active area of research. The challenge is how to efficiently produce test cases that are highly effective in detecting security flaws. This paper presents a novel distributed demand-driven security testing system to address this challenge. It leverages how end users use the software to increase the coverage of essential paths for security testing. The proposed system consists of many client sites and one testing site. The software under test is installed at each client site. Whenever a new path is about to be exercised by a user input, it will be sent to the testing site for security testing. At the testing site, symbolic execution is used to check any potential vulnerability on this new path. If a vulnerability is detected, a signature is automatically generated and updated to all client sites for protection. The benefits are as follows. First, it allows us to focus testing on essential paths, i.e., the paths that are actually being explored by users or attackers. Second, it stops an attacker from exploiting an unreported vulnerability at the client site. A prototype system has been implemented to evaluate the performance of the proposed system. The results show that it is both effective and efficient in practice.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Status of sea cucumber fishery and populations across sites with different levels of management in Palawan, Philippines

This study was conducted to investigate the sea cucumber fishery and compare populations between exploited and unexploited sites. Three islands were selected, the Arrecife Island as the unexploited site and the Johnson and Green Islands representing the exploited sites. In each site, sea cucumber species richness, diversity and densities were assessed by laying as much as 15 transects (50 m × 5 m) per habitat in each island. Differences in species richness, diversity and relative densities across sites and habitats were tested using a Two-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Tukey test for post hoc comparisons. An interview with gatherers, key informants and focus group discussions were also conducted to gather information on the sea cucumber fishery and its management. Results showed that the unexploited site had a higher species richness (14 vs. 7 and 7). Relative density of species was also higher in the unexploited site at 1245 ind ha−1 while it was only 78 and 39 ind ha−1 in exploited sites (p

Field of study: Environmental science
The relation between the height combinations of female beach volleyball athletes participating in the 28~(th) Olympic Games and the game effect

By comparing and analyzing the height combinations and statistical technical data with respect to athletes in the 24 teams participating in the women's beach volleyball game in the 28th Olympic Games,the author revealed that there are 4 types of height combinations in current women's beach volleyball game,namely,tall-tall combination,relatively short tall-tall combination,relatively tall tall-short combination,and relatively short tall-short combination.According to the game results,team members who had a better performance are mainly those who are well matched for offense and defense,showing the tall-short combination in terms of height.The game participating athletes from China employ the tall-short combination with a relatively tall stature and meet the requirement for balanced offense and defense in a better way,having a great potential for development.

Field of study: Education
The impossibility of involuntary unemployment in an overlapping generations model with rational expectations

If there is unemployment no matter how low the wage rate becomes, one speaks of involuntary unemployment. This phenomenon has been shown to arise in a variety of temporary or atemporal macro models with imperfect competition in the goods markets. In this paper, the author investigates whether the phenomenon of involuntary unemployment arises in an overlapping generations model with rational expectations. It does not, neither in the short nor in the long run.

Field of study: Economics
Hemingway's Neglected Short Fiction (review)

The most famous of Hemingway's short storiesÂ—for example, "Big Two-Hearted River," "The Killers," "A Clean Well-Lighted Place," "The Snows of Kilimanjaro"Â—have hardly suffered from neglect. Indeed, one might argue that these stories have acquired the dubious distinction of critical saturation, or at least of critical overkill. But as Beegel persuasively argues, this is not the case for other Hemingway stories such as "Mr. and Mrs. Eliot," "Homage to Switzerland," or "Out of Season." Indeed, she says that "a surprisingly large number of Hemingway's short stories are neglected. This volume contains 25 new essays treating more than 30 individual works, or about one-quarter of the author's entire output of short fiction, which Jackson Benson has estimated at 109 stories." The reasons critics offer up by way of "explanation" include the fact that some Hemingway stories remain unpublished, others have been uncollected, and efforts to provide scholars with an authoritative text of his complete short stories continue to be problematic. And, too, there is a widespread reluctance in academic circles to give the short story sustained, and serious, attention. Indeed, one need look no farther than the recent Columbia Literary History of the United States to realize that its surveying chapters include "poetry, drama, criticism, and the novel," but not so much as a by-your-leave about the genre of the short story. In Hemingway's case, the situation was also exacerbated by efforts to link his reputation with efforts to cast him as life-affirming and morally correct. Hence, "Hemingway's great theme was courage, an existential courage emphasizing the importance of living with dignity in the face of a hostile or indifferent universe, of taking responsibility for one's smallest actions, and of 'holding tight' in the face of death." Given this consciously created, semi-official Hemingway, it is hardly surprising that critics would fasten on certain stories at the expense of others. But as Beegel points out, Hemingway's reputation is now so secure that virtually anything he wrote can be publishedÂ—no matter how unorthodox, unfinished, or unrevised. Granted, not all Hemingway critics have been pleased with Scribner's efforts to milk its cash cow, but, as Beegle points out, in the case of Garden of Eden, "the inaccrochable is no longer inaccrochable; in fact, it is rather fashionable." Moreover: "the posthumous Garden of Eden has forced critics to confront for the first time themes of homosexuality, perversion, and androgyny present throughout Hemingway's career in short stories like "Mr. and Mrs. Elliot," "A Simple Enquiry," "The Sea Change," and "The Mother of a Queen," widely available for at least 50 years."

Field of study: Art
Large Fluctuations and Dynamic Phase Transition in a System of Self-Propelled Particles.

We study the statistics, in stationary conditions, of the work W_{τ} done by the active force in different systems of self-propelled particles in a time τ. We show the existence of a critical value W_{τ}^{†} such that fluctuations with W_{τ}>W_{τ}^{†} correspond to configurations where interaction between particles plays a minor role whereas those with W_{τ}<W_{τ}^{†} represent states with single particles dragged by clusters. This twofold behavior is fully mirrored by the probability distribution P(W_{τ}) of the work, which does not obey the large-deviation principle for W_{τ}<W_{τ}^{†}. This pattern of behavior can be interpreted as due to a phase transition occurring at the level of fluctuating quantities and an order parameter is correspondingly identified.

Field of study: Physics
Timing constraints on deformation history of the Sudbury Impact Structure

Herein, we present new high-resolution seismic images of the Sudbury Impact Structure, acquired across the Sudbury Igneous Complex and its environs, which provide evidence for the relative timing of the deformation events that reshaped the initial Sudbury Structure. The seismic images show that the lower unit of the Sudbury basinal fill sediments, the Onwatin argillite, is penetrated by a set of blind, imbricated thrusts, whereas the overlying Chelmsford turbidites are unaffected by faulting. We interpret this observation to mean that the deposition of the Chelmsford sediments postdates the latest major deformation of the Sudbury Structure, suggesting that the uniform paleocurrent trends observed in the Chelmsford turbidites are not related to the initial shape of the Sudbury Structure.

Field of study: Environmental science
Myocarditis and purpura fulminans in meningococcaemia.

A 17-year-old boy presented with fever and upper respiratory symptoms of 5-day duration. These symptoms were accompanied by the presence of blackish discoloration of the toes and red-brown rash, over the lower limbs. There was no history of drug intake, recent travel or rat-bite. At presentation, he had tachycardia, tachypnea and blood pressure of 90/60 mmHg. Physical examination revealed cervical lymphadenopathy and pedal oedema. Petechiae and palpable non-blanching confluent purpura were seen over bilateral upper and lower limbs (Figure 1A and B), trunk, tip of the nose and angle of mouth. He had dry gangrene of fingers and toes as depicted. There was no evidence of eschar or exfoliation. Viral exanthems, bacterial infections, rickettsial fever, vasculitides and drug reaction were entertained as differential diagnoses. Evaluation revealed anaemia, thrombocytopenia, leucocytosis, raised serum creatinine, D-dimer of 2214 ng/mL and international normalized ratio (INR) of 3.1 suggesting consumption coagulopathy. ECG revealed diffuse T wave inversion and chromatographic-immunoassay was positive for cardiac troponin I. NS1 antigen, Dengue and Scrub typhus serologies were negative. Blood culture was sterile and skin biopsy showed fibrin thrombi in the small vessels. Transthoracic echocardiography showed global hypokinesia with left-ventricular ejection fraction of 30% and no evidence of vegetations. Latex-agglutination for meningococcal antigen was positive, confirming the diagnosis of meningococcemia with purpura fulminans and myocarditis. He was started on intravenous ceftriaxone (continued for 7 days) along with nor-epinephrine infusion and platelet transfusion. Over the next 2 days, hypotension resolved and progression of rash declined. Platelet count and coagulation parameters improved and repeat echocardiography showed resolution of hypokinesia with left-ventricular ejection fraction of 50%. He was discharged following completion of antibiotic therapy and partial resolution of the rash. Close contacts were given chemoprophylaxis with oral ciprofloxacin.

Field of study: Medicine
Lentivirus-TAZ Administration Alleviates Osteoporotic Phenotypes in the Femoral Neck of Ovariectomized Rats

Osteoporosis is characterized by impairment of bone mass, strength, and microarchitecture, leading to the susceptibility to fragility fractures, especially in femoral neck region. Transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ) facilitates osteogenesis while suppressing adipogenesis via regulation of transcriptional activities of runt-related transcription factor 2 and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ. Here, we validated the role of TAZ in vivo using an ovariectomized (OVX) rat model of osteoporosis.  Serum alkaline phosphatase, triglyceride, cholesterol and urinary hydroxyproline were measured on an automatic analyzer using diagnostic reagent kits. Serum OCN and C-terminal cross-linked telopeptides of type I collagen were measured using ELISA. Bone mineral density was measured using dual-energy X-ray scanner. Mechanical parameters were detected by three-point bending assays. Bone volume per tissue volume (BV/TV), trabecular thickness (Tb. Th), trabecular number (Tb. No), and trabecular separation (Tb. Sp) were measured by MicroCT. The mRNA and protein levels were quantified by Realtime PCR and Western Blotting respectively.  After injections of lentivirus overexpressing TAZ into the femoral neck region, bone mineral density, ultimate force, stiffness, BV/TV, Tb. Th, and Tb. No were significantly increased, whereas Tb. Sp was dramatically decreased. In the TAZ-overexpression region in the femoral neck of OVX rats, the mRNA levels of Runx2 and osteocalcin were obviously elevated, whereas that of PPARγ and adipocyte protein 2 were downregulated.  Lentivirus-mediated TAZ gene therapy alleviated the osteoporotic phenotypes in the femoral neck of OVX rats, providing an alternative strategy for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis and prevention of osteoporotic fracture.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
P001 Autonomous cure of damaged human colon epithelial FPCK-1-1 cells by IL-22

It is known that inflammatory bowel disease results from the malfunction of the barrier system of the intestinal epithelium. In order to study the mechanism of intestinal inflammation, we established an in vitro culture system using FPCK-1-1 epithelial cells with quasi-normal chromosomes derived from human adenoma. In the previous model, Caco-2 cells were used instead of FPCK-1-1 cells. Caco-2 cells were co-cultured with THP-1 cells stimulated with phorbol myristate acetate (PMA). The condition of this co-culture system is different from actual events occurred in vivo in many ways. Caco-2 cells are adenocarcinoma cells with tetraploid nuclei. It is reported that peptidoglycans (PGN) from Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) cause inflammation and organ injury by inducing TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-10.We co-cultured FPCK-1-1 cells with PGN-stimulated THP-1 cells.  FPCK-1-1 cells derived from a tubular adenoma developing in a male familial polyposis coli patient have a normal karyotype with neither a point mutation on codon 12 of K-ras gene nor the amplification of myc, c-H-ras, and/or c-K–ras genes. Using a new in vitro co-culture model of intestinal inflammation, we showed the decrease of transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) and the increase in FITC-dextran permeability of FPCK-1-1 monolayer cells by co-culturing with THP-1 cells stimulated with PGN of S. aureus. As a curing reagent of this damage of tight junction, complex polysaccharides from Spirulina pacifica were used. Roles of TLR2, TLR4, and IL-22 were analyzed by using antibodies against them.  Using a newly established model, we found Spirulina complex polysaccharides not only inhibit the injuring of epithelial cells but also recover the decreased TER of FPCK-1-1 monolayer cells after FPCK-1-1 cells were damaged by co-culturing with PGN-stimulated THP-1 cells. These results suggest that Spirulina complex polysaccharides have both defensive and therapeutic potency. Recovery of the expression level of claudin-2 is a sign of the recovery from the early stage of injury of the tight junction, but not that from the late phase injury. Interestingly, we found that curative effect of Spirulina complex polysaccharides on the early and the late phase damages of human colon epithelial cells was abolished by anti-IL-22 antibodies, suggesting that IL-22 is necessary for the recovery from these damages. Signals of Spirulina complex polysaccharides through both TLR2 and TLR4 are indispensable for the production of IL-22. We found that IL-22 was produced from FPCK-1-1 cells in response to Spirulina complex polysaccharides in the absence of THP-1 cells. Furthermore, we found that FPCK-1-1 cells produced IL-22 in response to IL-1β + IL-6 + IL-23.  In conclusion, our data suggest that damages of human colon epithelial cells are cured, at least in part, by the autonomous production of IL-22.

Field of study: Medicine
Deformation Analysis of TC6 Titanium Alloy Cylinder in Backward Extrusion

3D coupled thermal-mechanical model was established based on Lagrange multiplier method of rigid plasticity FE.Under different friction factor,punch velocity and deformation temperature,the load and distribution of stress and strain in backward extrusion for TC6 titanium alloy cylinder were numerically analyzed.The results show that the center blank produces compression deformation,the blank in edge produces shear deformation,and the deformation of the bottom of edge is most.The load increases slowly in the initial contact stage,and then it increases significantly.After deformation comes into the steady stage,the load changes slowly.With the increment of punch speed and friction force as well as decrease of deformation temperature,the load increases.When the speed of punch is 10 mm/s and deformation temperature is 900℃,the backward extrusion deformation of TC6 titanium alloy cylinder is even.

Field of study: Materials science