nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
How Important Is Customer Satisfaction? Quantitative Evidence from Mobile Telecommunication Market

To investigates the importance of customer satisfaction in Pakistani mobile telecommunication market. This study explores whether customer satisfaction affects the relationship between customer loyalty and service quality, and also between customer loyalty and perceived value. The study found the coefficient of determination (R2) for the overall model to be considerable. The role of customer satisfaction was significant in assessing the contribution of exogenous constructs to the R2 value of endogenous constructs (f2> 0.35). All exogenous constructs in the model had good predictive relevance for endogenous constructs, as Q2 value was above the threshold (0.156 for customer satisfaction, and 0.467 for customer loyalty). The q2 effect size of customer satisfaction on customer loyalty is large (q2= 0.448). VAF accounted for more than 80% of both indirect effects, indicating the importance of customer satisfaction on the relationship between service quality and customer loyalty, and between perceived value and customer loyalty.

Field of study: Business
Constructing the Matrix Multilayer Perceptron and its Application to the VAE

Like most learning algorithms, the multilayer perceptrons (MLP) is designed to learn a vector of parameters from data. However, in certain scenarios we are interested in learning structured parameters (predictions) in the form of symmetric positive definite matrices. Here, we introduce a variant of the MLP, referred to as the matrix MLP, that is specialized at learning symmetric positive definite matrices. We also present an application of the model within the context of the variational autoencoder (VAE). Our formulation of the VAE extends the vanilla formulation to the cases where the recognition and the generative networks can be from the parametric family of distributions with dense covariance matrices. Two specific examples are discussed in more detail: the dense covariance Gaussian and its generalization, the power exponential distribution. Our new developments are illustrated using both synthetic and real data.

Field of study: Computer science
Dislocated interests and climate change

The predicted effects of climate change on surface temperatures are now emergent and quantifiable. The recent letter by Hansen and Sato (2016 ) adds to a growing number of studies showing that warming over the past four decades has shifted the distribution of temperatures higher almost everywhere, with the largest relative effects on summer temperatures in developing regions such as Africa, South America, southeast Asia, and the Middle East (e.g., Diffenbaugh and Scherer 2011  Change 107 615–24; Anderson 2011 Clim. Change 108 581; Mahlstein et al 2012 ). Hansen and Sato emphasize that although these regions are warming disproportionately, their role in causing climate change—measured by cumulative historical CO2 emissions produced—is small compared to the US and Europe, where the relative change in temperatures has been less. This spatial and temporal mismatch of climate change impacts and the burning of fossil fuels is a critical dislocation of interests that, as the authors note, has 'substantial implications for global energy and climate policies.' Here, we place Hansen and Sato's 'national responsibilities' into a broader conceptual framework of problematically dislocated interests, and briefly discuss the related challenges for global climate mitigation efforts.

Field of study: Environmental science
A simple question about a complicated object

Let n and k be positive integers with and k < n. 
Then of course SU(k,1) is contained into SU(n,1). 
Moreover, which is less clear - but proved by Khoroshkin -, the representation theory of SU(k,1) at the generalized infinitesimal character of the trivial module can be fully (and even Ext-fully) embedded into that of SU(n,1). Here is the obvious bet: This embedding is implemented by the cohomological induction functor. I conjecture that a similar phenomenon occurs whenever SU(k,1) is a Levi factor of a theta stable parabolic subalgebra of a reductive group.

Field of study: Mathematics
Educational Placement of Hearing Impaired Students as Related to Family Characteristics, Student Characteristics, and Preschool Intervention

The relation between background variables and educational placement of 188 elementary school hearing impaired students was studied by discriminant function analysis. Background information included three groups of variables: family characteristics, student characteristics, and educational intervention. The three educational settings in which the students were placed included special schools for hearing impaired students, special classes within regular schools, and regular classes with integration of hearing impaired students. Placement was related to the family socioeconomic status, hearing threshold, parental hearing status, and number of additional handicapping conditions. Results are discussed, with special consideration of the academic standards and methods of communication in each setting.

Field of study: Education
Inside Marginal Adaptation of Crowns by X-ray MicroComputed Tomography

Prosthetics treatments with total or partial reconstruction are highly recommended in order to investigate caries, fractures and for better aesthetic. The purpose of this study was to evaluated marginal and internal fit of infrastructures (ceramic and metal) by using a high resolution X-ray micro-computed tomography. Each framework was placed on the original model and scanned. Image processing analysis and statistical approaches were combined together to evaluated directly in 3D the gap between the crown and the dental, which makes it possible to have a realistic dental arcade model.

Field of study: Physics
Interpretation of the aeromagnetic anomalies of southern Vancouver Island

A low-pass filtered aeromagnetic map of southern Vancouver Island is inverted into a magnetization-contrast map that illustrates the lateral variations in the magnetization of the crust. The Island Intrusions and the West Coast Crystalline Complex are characterized by high magnetization relative to the other lithologic groups. The Island Intrusions form an almost continuous pluton in the deeper part of the crust. The low-magnetic Leech River Formation thickens northward. The almost uniform magnetic signature of the Leech River Formation in the east–west direction indicates that the crustal structure revealed from the Lithoprobe seismic results is typical throughout the formation west of the Survey Mountain fault. A low-magnetic zone, elongated in the northwest–southeast direction, cuts through the high-magnetic Metchosin basalts from the southern tip of the island to the Leech River fault. It coincides with the Sooke gabbros exposed in the southern tip of the island, implying that the gabbros probably cut...

Field of study: Environmental science
Expression Analysis of Related microRNAs During the in vitro Flowering by qPCR in Amaranthus mangostanus L.

In this experiment in vitro plantlets and the cultures during the in vitro flowering were used as the material to study the expression of related microRNAs during the in vitro flowering by qPCR in Amaranthus mangostanus L.The results showed that the most suitable reference gene was ama-miR159a by NormFinder software analysis.The relative expression levels of ama-miR156c,ama-miR156d and ama-miR156g were downtrend from the young seedling stage to the adult seedling stage,and constantly kept at lower levels during the whole developing process.The relative expression levels of ama-miR156h,ama-miR157b,ama-miR157c,ama-miR157d,ama-miR3 and ama-miR10 were downtrend from the young seedling stage to the flower-bud stage,and decreased to the lowest level at the flower-bud stage.The ama-miR172d showed the opposite expression model with miR156/miR157.The relative expression level of ama-miR319b was upstrend from the young seedling stage to the flower-bud stage.The relative expression level of ama-miR164b was higher at flower-bud stage,then decreased.The relative expression levels of ama-miR166a/miR166g were up-regulation during the whole flowering period.The relative expression levels of ama-miR167b/miR167d and ama-miR4 slightly increased at first and then decreased,and to the lowest at the flower-bud stage,finally increased.Therefore,the microRNAs played the important role in regulating the conversion from the young seedling stage to the adult seedling stage,from the vegetative growth to the reproductive growth and formation of floral organs and so on.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Spin and valley transports in junctions of Dirac fermions

We study spin and valley transports in junctions composed of silicene and topological crystalline insulators. We consider normal/magnetic/normal Dirac metal junctions where a gate electrode is attached to the magnetic region. In a normal/antiferromagnetic/normal silicene junction, we show that the current through this junction is valley and spin polarized due to the coupling between valley and spin degrees of freedom, and the valley and spin polarizations can be tuned by local application of a gate voltage. In particular, we find a fully valley and spin polarized current by applying the electric field. In a normal/ferromagnetic/normal topological crystalline insulator junction with a strain induced in the ferromagnetic segment, we investigate valley-resolved conductances and clarify how the valley polarization stemming from the strain and exchange field appears in this junction. It is found that by changing the direction of the magnetization and the potential in the ferromagnetic region, one can control the dominant valley contribution out of four valley degrees of freedom. We also review spin transport in normal/ferromagnetic/normal graphene junctions, and spin and valley transports in normal/ferromagnetic/normal silicene junctions for comparison.

Field of study: Physics
Path Scallop Calculation during Free-Form Surface Machining with Flat-End Cutter in Five-Axis Milling

 This paper presents an analytical method to calculate path scallop height during free-form surface machining with flat-end cutter in five-axis milling. In this study the effect of lead angle and tilt angle were taken into consideration in the calculation. The scallop height was determined from the coordinate of the path intersection point. Path intersection point is an intersection between the cutting tool of the current tooth path and the previous tooth path. One model part with free-form surface was tested to verify the validity of the proposed method, the result proved that the method was accurate.

Field of study: Engineering
MAX-DOAS NO 2 observations over Guangzhou, China; ground-based and satellite comparisons

In this study, the tropospheric NO2 vertical column density (VCD) over an urban site in Guangzhou megacity in China is investigated by means of MAX-DOAS measurements during a campaign from late March 2015 to mid-March 2016. A MAX-DOAS system was deployed at the Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and operated there for about 1 year, during the spring and summer months. The tropospheric NO2 VCDs retrieved by the MAX-DOAS are presented and compared with space-borne observations from GOME-2/MetOp-A, GOME-2/MetOp-B and OMI/Aura satellite sensors. The comparisons reveal good agreement between satellite and MAX-DOAS observations over Guangzhou, with correlation coefficients ranging between 0.795 for GOME-2B and 0.996 for OMI. However, the tropospheric NO2 loadings are underestimated by the satellite sensors on average by 25.1, 10.3 and 5.7 %, respectively, for OMI, GOME-2A and GOME-2B. Our results indicate that GOME-2B retrievals are closer to those of the MAX-DOAS instrument due to the lower tropospheric NO2 concentrations during the days with valid GOME-2B observations. In addition, the effect of the main coincidence criteria is investigated, namely the cloud fraction (CF), the distance (d) between the satellite pixel center and the ground-based measurement site, as well as the time period within which the MAX-DOAS data are averaged around the satellite overpass time. The effect of CF and time window criteria is more profound on the selection of OMI overpass data, probably due to its smaller pixel size. The available data pairs are reduced to half and about one-third for CF  ≤  0.3 and CF  ≤  0.2, respectively, while, compared to larger CF thresholds, the correlation coefficient is improved to 0.996 from about 0.86, the slope value is very close to unity ( ∼  0.98) and the mean satellite underestimation is reduced to about half (from  ∼  7 to  ∼  3.5  ×  1015 molecules cm−2). On the other hand, the distance criterion affects mostly GOME-2B data selection, because GOME-2B pixels are quite evenly distributed among the different radii used in the sensitivity test. More specifically, the number of collocations is notably reduced when stricter radius limits are applied, the r value is improved from 0.795 (d ≤  50 km) to 0.953 (d ≤  20 km), and the absolute mean bias decreases about 6 times for d ≤  30 km compared to the reference case (d ≤  50 km).

Field of study: Environmental science
Provenance of the Upper Cretaceous Kneehills Tuff, Southern Alberta

The areal distribution of the coarse fraction of ten samples of the Kneehills Tuff indicates a southern provenance for the volcanic ashes that originated the pyroclastic deposit. The coarse index (arithmetic mean of the fifty largest diameters in a thin section) is a useful parameter for quick grain-size studies of indurated sediments.

Field of study: Environmental science
Force decay of intermaxillary orthodontic elastics: in vitro study

Orthodontic elastics are widely used in orthodontic treatment. It’s been proved that they have advantages such as low cost, ease of use, but also disadvantages, mainly force decay in time and increased entrapment of biofilm. Amount of the force is of extreme significance. This force can be altered by physical or chemical factors.  Latex elastics in 3 different diameters were selected for this study. Each elastic was stretched and placed on hooks that are at specified distances that equal 3 times the diameter of each elastic. The forces produced by stretching was measured using tension gauge and the measurement were taken at specific time intervals of 0h, 3h, 12h, 24h. The same process was repeated for elastics in dry and artificial environment.  Elastics in the dry environment showed progressive force decay cause by stretching over time. Just after 3 hours force decay between 6,07% and 8,75% was observed. The biggest loss of force between 13,61 — 16,13 % was measured after 24 hours. Compared to the dry environment, an even more significant force decay was observed in the artificial saliva. After first 3 hours force loss was between 4,99% — 9,22%. The biggest force decay was observed after 24 hours and it was 5 % higher compared to dry environment.  1) The artificial saliva environment and time of exposure to it, have a negative effect on the properties of elastomeric. 2) To maintain the effective orthodontic strength of elastics, they should be replaced every 12 hours.

Field of study: Medicine
A multidisciplinary framework to derive global river reach classifications at high spatial resolution

Projected climate and environmental change are expected to increase the pressure on global freshwater resources. To prepare for and cope with the related risks, stakeholders need to devise plans for sustainable management of river systems, which in turn requires the identification of management-appropriate operational units, such as groups of rivers that share similar environmental and biological characteristics. Ideally, these units are of a manageable size, and are biotically or abiotically distinguishable across a variety of river types. Here, we aim to address this need by presenting a new global river classification framework (GloRiC) to establish a common vocabulary and standardized approach to the development of globally comprehensive and integrated river classifications that can be tailored to different goals and requirements. We define the GloRiC conceptual framework based on five categories of variables: (1) hydrology; (2) physiography and climate; (3) fluvial geomorphology; (4) water chemistry; and (5) aquatic biology. We then apply the framework using hydro-environmental attributes provided by a seamless high-resolution river reach database to create initial instances of three sub-classifications (hydrologic, physio-climatic, and geomorphic) which we ultimately combine into 127 river reach types at the global scale. These supervised classifications utilize a mix of statistical analyses and expert interpretation to identify the classifier variables, the number of classes, and their thresholds. In addition, we also present an unsupervised, multivariable k-means statistical clustering of all river reaches into 30 groups. These first-of-their-kind global river reach classifications at high spatial resolution provide baseline information for a total of 35.9 million kilometers of rivers that have been assessed in this study, and are expected to be particularly useful in remote or data-poor river basins. The GloRiC framework and associated data are primarily designed for broad and rapid applicability in assessments that require stratified analyses of river ecosystem conditions at global and regional scales; smaller-scale applications could follow the same conceptual framework yet use more detailed data sources.

Field of study: Environmental science
Primary health care nurses' views on patients' abilities and resources to make choices and take decisions on health care.

Recent health reforms in many European countries have emphasised patient choice as a tool for patient participation, and for the improved efficiency of services. Little attention has been paid to experiences of the nurses in these reforms, even though the reforms directly concern all health care personnel and cannot be implemented without their contribution. This study looks at patient choice from the perspective of the nurses working in primary health care clinics in Finland. In Finnish primary care, nurses have a central role in coordinating patient care and advising patients. The data come from 31 interviews conducted in 17 health care clinics. The approach adopted in the analysis is data-driven and brings forth nurses' experiences in their daily work with patients. A detailed analysis of the nurses' responses and views was conducted with discourse analysis. While nurses positioned some patients as knowledgeable, able to search for information and make use of different services without nurses' help, some of the patients were positioned as those needing nurses' advice and guidance through the complex system of health and social care services. Nurses' positions varied from co-actors and gate-keepers to advocates and spokespersons. In order to succeed future health care reforms need to take better into account the realities of health clinics and the grassroots-level knowledge that primary care nurses have on patients and clinical practices.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Professional Militarism in Twentieth-Century Peru: Historical and Theoretical Background to the Golpe de Estado of 1968

M /[OST discussions of background to the Peruvian golpe de estado of 1968 and the regime it introduced emphasize the immediate causes. These stress the military-APRA "rivalry," economic nationalism as a guiding doctrine of officers educated at the Centro de Altos Estudios Militares (CAEM), and rising hostility of officers toward civilian political leaders. Some suggest a hazily defined "leftward drift" of the officer class toward a neo-Marxist, corporatist position on socioeconomic development and political organization based on elimination of the possibility of revolution from below.' Basic to this line of reasoning is the linking of national defense to economic development and internal security, owing to fears that insurgent movements in the Andes during the 1960s might repeat the Cuban experience, thus destroying the military profession in the name of social justice. This may suffice in a general and immediate sense, but it raises several questions that beg for answers. First, was hostility toward civilian leaders linked solely to military-APRA mutual distrust, or was it a historical theme with variations? Second, were economic nationalism and developmentalism phenomena of recent origin, or were they traditionally a part of military ideology? Third, was interest in all phases of modernization symptomatic of a

Field of study: History
Do Students Distinguish Between Different Types of Performance Goals?

The authors tested whether multiple components of a performance goal were differentiated by a group of Korean middle school students (N = 239). Confirmatory factor analyses showed that the normative and outcome components as well as the approach and avoidance components correlated too highly to be considered independent. A 2-factor model with a mastery goal and a performance goal most parsimoniously illustrated students’ achievement goal responses. In structural equation modeling, these 2 achievement goals functioned as conduits between perceived learning contexts and preference for course difficulty. Mastery goals were predicted positively by perceptions of school mastery goal structures and negatively by perceived importance of ability for academic success. Performance goals were positively predicted by perceptions of both school mastery and school performance goal structures with the latter demonstrating substantially stronger predictive power. Mastery goals in turn positively predicted preference for challenging courses, whereas performance goals positively predicted preference for easy courses.

Field of study: Education
Last glacial maximum (LGM) primary productivity in the northern North Atlantic OceanThis article is one of a series of papers published in this Special Issue on the theme Polar Climate Stability Network.

To reconstruct oceanic primary productivity in the northern North Atlantic Ocean during the last glacial maximum (LGM), we have applied the modern analogue technique to dinocyst assemblages using a Northern Hemisphere database that includes 1171 reference sites. The reconstructions were made in LGM sediments (21 ± 2 ka) of a set of 62 cores collected from 36°N to 75°N. Here, we present the compilation of reconstructed seasonal and annual productivity during the LGM. Results show lower mean annual productivity during the LGM than at present in the northern North Atlantic. At most high-latitude locations, LGM productivity has been estimated at <200 gC m–2 a–1, with extremely low values (<100 gC m–2 a–1) in the Labrador Sea, Baffin Bay, and along the margins of Greenland. Such low values might be the result of reduced Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation and stratified water that characterized the glacial episode of the North Atlantic Ocean.

Field of study: Environmental science
Anderson's “theorem” and Bogoliubov-de Gennes equations for surfaces and impurities

In order to incorporate spatial inhomogeneity due to nonmagetic impurities, Anderson  proposed a BCS-type theory in which single-particle states in such an inhomogeneous system are used. We examine Anderson's proposal, in comparison with the Bogoliubov-de Gennes equations, for the attractive Hubbard model on a system with surfaces and impurities.

Field of study: Physics