nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
PUBLIC PERSONNEL ADMINISTRATION

In 1960 a newcomer to public personnel administration in Australia would have been presented with two treatises and told that these were the alpha and omega of the subject. The first edition of R. N. Spann's Public Administration in Australia appeared in 1959, while the Boyer Report, the Report of the Committee of Inquiry into Public Service Recruitment, of which R. S. Parker was co-author, was also published in that year. The newcomer would have found in these works not only an introduction to the then generally accepted ideas about personnel management in Australian public services, but also a critical assessment of those prevailing ideas, a critique which reveals the authors' beliefs and which influenced the succeeding generation of practitioners.

Field of study: Political science
Acoustic Imaging of Clustered Rocket Nozzles Undergoing End Effects

A nonintrusive measure of the exhaust plume and immediate sound field produced by a cluster of two thrust-optimized parabolic contour nozzles is studied during two steady-state conditions. The first condition is at a nozzle pressure ratio of 25, at which point the flow is in a restricted-shock separated state. The second condition is at a nozzle pressure ratio of 37 and is when the flow and internal shock pattern transition rapidly between free-shock separated flow and the end-effects regime. These end-effects regime pulsations produce significant vibroacoustic loads due to the intermittent breathing of the last trapped annular separation bubble with the ambient. The exhaust plumes and surrounding sound field are first visualized by way of retroreflective shadowgraphy. Radon transforms of the spatially resolved shadowgraphy images are then used to characterize the statistical behavior of the acoustic wave fronts that reside within the hydrodynamic periphery of the nozzle flow. The findings reveal quantita...

Field of study: Physics
Old Rb-Sr whole-rock isochron apparent ages from Lower Cambrian psammites and metapsammites, southeastern New York

Samples from two outcrops of Poughquag Quartzite and an outcrop of Lowerre Quartzite yield nearly linear arrays of points on Rb-Sr whole-rock isochron diagrams, but the apparent ages range between 600 and 1,000 m.y. If the Lowerre Quartzite and the Lower Cambrian Poughquag Quartzite are correlative, these ages may be interpreted as maximum deposition ages that are no younger than the time of deposition and no older than the age of the source terrane (provenance age). This behavior of metamorphosed psammitic rocks contrasts with the behavior of metamorphosed pelitic rocks in southeastern New York which tend to yield minimum depositional ages bounded by the time of deposition and the time of metamorphic closure. The difference in age is believed to be a function of (1) the abundance, in the initial sediment, of unaltered detritus versus altered and diagenetic materials, and (2) the hydrous phase present during metamorphism. Unaltered detrital grains will tend to retain provenance Rb-Sr ages, whereas diagenetic minerals and weathered grains will tend to re-equilibrate during sedimentary processes and subsequent metamorphism. During metamorphism, water produced by dehydration reactions will promote the open-system behavior of rubidium, strontium, and strontium isotopes. Psammitic rocks that lack hydrous phases are more likely to remain closed systems on the scale of a hand sample during metamorphism than pelitic rocks, allowing them to retain their premetamorphic Rb-Sr age pattern. Thus the apparent age of metasedimentary rocks can have a variety of geological interpretations. The Rb-Sr whole-rock isochron method must be applied cautiously to metamorphic rocks of uncertain origin, even where the array of analyzed points on an isochron diagram is linear.

Field of study: Geology
Planning the priority protected areas of endangered orchid species in northeastern China

We used endangered orchid species as a case study for establishing priority protected areas (PPAs). We conducted a detailed investigation of 2,884 plots in northeastern China and selected 6 nationally protected orchid species (the number of plots for each species ≥5) to plan PPAs in order to conserve these endangered plants. First, we estimated the potential habitat distributions of 6 orchid species using species distribution models (in the program Maxent). Second, we identified PPAs using the results of both Maxent and systematic conservation planning software (Zonation). We found that the PPAs we identified were all distributed in the eastern, northeastern, and northern parts of the study region on which we focused. We observed that existing nature reserves in those areas were much smaller than the PPAs we identified, suggesting the need for expansion of these zones. Finally, we identified some recommended protection areas based on our PPAs, which we believe are suitable areas of in situ conservation. These areas could assist in the formulation of protection policies for these endangered orchid species. Our results have broad implications for conservation biology and the redefinition of protective zones for at-risk species.

Field of study: Environmental science
Cultivating a Vibrant and Thriving Elective Curriculum in Pharmacy Schools

Elective courses are required in Doctor of Pharmacy (PharmD) curricula in the United States, but they may receive less attention than required courses in the core curriculum. Elective courses can serve as a platform for innovation in, experimentation with, and implementation of high-impact educational practices. However, these benefits may not always be realized or maximized. We advocate for an “elective curriculum” that is strategically designed and intentionally planned and managed. Students, faculty members, and administrators all play important roles in creating this curriculum. To ensure the curriculum is vibrant and thriving, attention is needed to: alignment with institutional missions, meeting the postgraduation needs of students and employers, enhancing faculty development and faculty experience, strengthening partnerships within the university and/or external entities, and moving the profession forward.

Field of study: Education, Medicine
Transition to Adulthood as a Parent-Youth Project: Governance Transfer, Career Promotion, and Relational Processes.

This study determined how youth (ages 17-21) and their parents jointly constructed and acted on goals and strategies pertinent to the transition to adulthood. Twenty parent-youth dyads were followed over an 8-month period using the qualitative action-project method. Data included their joint conversations, video recall of internal processes, self-monitoring logs, and researcher telephone monitoring. Detailed and repeated analysis of elements, functional steps, and goals resulted in the identification of an explicit joint project for each dyad that the participants saw as pertinent to the transition to adulthood. These projects referred broadly to the youth development of identity and social inclusion in the adult world and included the specific projects of career promotion, governance transfer, and parent-youth relational processes. The findings illustrate the complexity of the transition-to-adulthood process as well as its joint construction by parent and youth. Implications for practice include identifying and following the joint parent-youth transition project.

Field of study: Psychology
Chronic subdural haematoma.

A retrospective case note survey of chronic subdural haematomata was carried out in an attempt to throw some light on the difficulties encountered in clinical diagnosis. The combination of raised intracranial pressure headache, fluctuating drowsiness and mild hemiparesis, although highly suggestive of subdural haematoma, is not always encountered, and epilepsy, aphasia, hemianopia and dense hemiplegia can all occur contrary to 'text book' descriptions. Head injury or other aetiological factors are commonly absent. The presentation may mimic tumour, dementia, cerebrovascular accident or subarachnoid haemorrhage. Non-invasive investigations may yield false negative results, although in the case of radionucleide scanning and computerized axial tomography the reliability is approaching 90 per cent. The diagnosis will, however, remain an unexpected finding at angiography in a percentage of cases.

Field of study: Medicine
Difficulties in Adopting Formal Water Trading Rules within Users’ Associations

This paper attempts to explain why collective organizations in charge of managing scarce resources can face difficulties in evolving into more efficient institutions. It is framed within a literature strand that asks why institutions fail or succeed, on the basis of some skepticism about the use of rational models of social design as well as a deliberate openness to learning from cultural and biological evolution. Rational order, in the words of Vernon Smith (2003), can be thought of "as an undesigned ecological system that emerges out of cultural and biological evolutionary process: homegrown principles of action, norms, traditions and 'morality"' (469-470). However, R. Maria Saleth and Ariel Dinar (2004) have argued, for the case of the water sector, that institutions are severely constrained by path dependency, a construct that allows them to illustrate the powerful effects of history, customs, and traditions on the observed state of water institutions around the world. Saleth and Dinar concluded that path dependency poses serious constraints for change and evolution. Some authors have built on Elinor Ostrom's works to analyze water user associations around the world (Ostrom 1990, 1993, 2001; Livingston 1985; Subramanian et al. 1997). This literature teaches us how collective entities share costs, risks, and benefits. It also shows what modes of collaboration lead to more social cohesion and to more efficient ways of dealing with various sources of collective and individual risks. Uncertain water supply may be one of the most important for irrigation schemes but certainly not the only one.

Field of study: Economics
Metabonomic Study on Secondary Metabolites of Rhizome and Tuberous Root of Curcuma longa L

A metabonomic method of GC-MS was developed to investigate the difference of secondary metabolites in the rhizome and tuberous root of Curcuma longa L.The extraction conditions,temperature program and methodology were optimized.Using the petroleum ether as the extraction solvent and Soxhlet extraction,the method displayed good precision(RSD: 1.2%-5.7%),repea-tability(RSD: 2.2%-6.3%) and linearity(R2: 0.699-0972).The analysis data were performed by SIMCA-P software.Scores plot of PCA could successfully divide the rhizome and tuberous root samples into two groups respectively,which illustrate the difference of secondary metabolites between the rhizome and tuberous root.With the loading plot and t-test,the significant difference in two groups of fourteen endogenous metabolites were found,which may be the effective substance for explaining the different usage of the rhizome and tuberous root of Curcuma longa L.in Chinese medicine.

Field of study: Chemistry
Sedimentary environments and mechanisms of organic matter enrichment in the Mesoproterozoic Hongshuizhuang Formation of northern China

The Mesoproterozoic Hongshuizhuang Formation in Jixian, northern China, is a hydrocarbon source unit containing abundant organic matter. We investigated the mechanisms controlling this organic matter accumulation by analyzing the sedimentology and geochemistry of the Qinghe section, in the Kuancheng region of northern China. Trace element geochemistry suggests that organic matter accumulation was controlled primarily by marine productivity, which was the main determinant of redox conditions. Elevated marine productivity and consequent anoxic-sulfidic bottom water conditions were coincident with accumulation of the organic-rich (TOC > 1.0%) lower part of the Hongshuizhuang Formation. Deposition of the organic-lean upper Hongshuizhuang Formation appears to have been coeval with diminished productivity and a transition to oxic-suboxic redox conditions. Enhanced organic matter accumulation in the lower Hongshuizhuang Formation was promoted by a warm, humid paleoclimate and submarine hydrothermal activity. Average Rb/Sr ratios (3.42) and negative carbon isotope excursion reflect a warm climate, likely caused by the release of volcanogenic CO 2 . Warm conditions would have promoted continental weathering, and increased the flux of nutrients into the oceans, enhancing marine productivity. An increased supply of nutrients and enhanced marine productivity would have depleted oxygen in the bottom water environment and favored the proliferation of sulfate-reducing bacteria, leading to anoxic-sulfidic conditions. The relative stability of δ 13 C carb values suggests that organic matter enrichment in the Hongshuizhuang Formation reflects changes in surface water productivity and redox conditions, caused by climate-induced sea-level fluctuations. Shale-normalized rare earth element (REE) distributions show a depletion in light REEs and enrichment in heavy REEs, positive Eu anomalies, and mean Y/Ho and Ba/Sr ratios of 33.2 and 9.91, respectively, suggesting that deposition of the Hangshuizhuang Formation was accompanied by submarine hydrothermal activity.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Characterising hot stellar systems with confidence

Hot stellar systems (HSS) are a collection of stars bound together by gravitational attraction. These systems hold clues to many mysteries of outer space so understanding their origin, evolution and physical properties is important but remains a huge challenge. We used multivariate $t$-mixtures model-based clustering to analyze 13456 hot stellar systems from Misgeld & Hilker (2011) that included 12763 candidate globular clusters and found eight homogeneous groups using the Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC). A nonparametric bootstrap procedure was used to estimate the confidence of each of our clustering assignments. The eight obtained groups can be characterized in terms of the correlation, mass, effective radius and surface density. Using conventional correlation-mass-effective radius-surface density notation, the largest group, Group 1, can be described as having positive-low-low-moderate characteristics. The other groups, numbered in decreasing sizes are similarly characterised, with Group 2 having positive-low-low-high characteristics, Group 3 displaying positive-low-low-moderate characteristics, Group 4 having positive-low-low-high characteristic, Group 5 displaying positive-low-moderate-moderate characteristic and Group 6 showing positive-moderate-low-high characteristic. The smallest group (Group 8) shows negative-low-moderate-moderate characteristic. Group 7 has no candidate clusters and so cannot be similarly labeled but the mass, effective radius correlation for these non-candidates indicates that they zare larger than typical globular clusters. Assertions drawn for each group are ambiguous for a few HSS having low confidence in classification. Our analysis identifies distinct kinds of HSS with varying confidence and provides novel insight into their physical and evolutionary properties.

Field of study: Physics
College Courses in Retrospect

E MPLOYMENT interviewers try to ascertain the interests of the men who are applicants for positions. They ask about personal and family history, schools attended, books read, recreational and leisure-time activities, previous employment, travel, hobbies, membership in societies, and a host of other questions. When 6o college graduates were interviewed for employment in a large manufacturing concern, four special questions were included in each interview, and the answers were recorded by a stenographer. The 6o applicants were interviewed by one man. The four questions were: Of all the college courses you have taken, which one have you enjoyed the most? Was that required or elective? Of all the college courses you have taken, which one have you disliked the most? Was that required or elective? These questions usually were introduced in the middle of the interview for the purpose of exploring the interests of the applicants as indicated by reactions to subjects that had been studied. They were preceded by questions about different preparatory schools and colleges attended, summer-vacation activities, and reasons for selecting particular fields of study, such as engineering, chemistry, or business management. The size of the senior class to which the applicant belonged was ascertained, and questions concerning his relative scholastic standing in the class were asked. The comment, "Now let's talk about some of the courses you have taken," was the signal for the stenographer to begin recording the applicant's remarks. She recorded the applicant's complete comments on the courses he had liked and disliked. One of the sixty interview reports is presented in its entirety. It has not been edited and is a fair sample of the results that were obtained by means of this method. Interview No.  Of all the college courses you have taken, which one have you enjoyed the most? Applicant: I think the course I enjoyed the most was probably social psychology because of the paper which I worked upon in the course. I went out in the field and interviewed the parents of fifty high-school students and interviewed the students and gave them tests. It was a studythese were selected high-school stu-

Field of study: Education
A Probability Theory of Cluster Analysis

An explicit definition of a (k, r)-cluster is proposed. Each (k, r)-cluster has the property that each of its elements is within a distance r of at least k other elements of the same cluster and the entire set can be linked by a chain of links each less than or equal to r. Some exact distributional results are derived under a nonmetric hypothesis for the case k = 1. An example is given to illustrate the use of probability theory in identifying significant clustering structures in terms of compactness and isolation.

Field of study: Mathematics
Influence on banana flour processing from different varieties

Green banana pulp contains large of starch and resistant starch. The chemical composition of five different banana varieties and their flour were detected in this report. The level of starch and resistant starch decreased significantly during banana ripening. The green fruit of Musa ABB group Xigong jiao contained the most level of starch and Musa ABB group Niujiao contained the most level of resistant starch. Yields of banana flour from green bananas obtained about 11%, with a purity of about 95%, relatively low amylose contents(11%~20%) and high resistant contents(﹥57%).

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Relationships between pain and schizophrenia.

In an examination of the phenomenology of pain in 78 patients with schizophrenia, 29 had current pain complaints. Of these 13 had an appropriate physical cause, leaving 16 with pain of seemingly psychological origin. The head, leg and back were the commonest sites. Complaints were most often described in sensory terms. Pain plausibly related to a specific delusion or hallucinatory process occurred only once, and no gross examples of insensitivity to noxious stimuli or to self-mutilation were seen. Patients with schizophrenia may have less pain than those with anxiety or depression but certainly do experience pain both from physical and psychological causes. The influence of phenothiazines on pain experience is uncertain.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Effect of the inter-subband spin-orbit interaction on the spin transistor operation

We consider the electron transport in the Datta-Das spin transistor within the two-subband model taking into account the intra- and inter-subband spin-orbit (SO) interaction and study the influence of the inter-subband SO coupling on the spin-transistor operation. Starting from the model, in which the SO coupling constants are treated as parameters, we show that the inter-subband SO interaction strongly affects the ordinary conductance oscillations predicted for the transistor with the single occupancy. Interestingly, we find that even in the absence of the intra-subband SO interaction, the conductance oscillates as a function of the inter-subband SO coupling constant. This phenomenon is explained as resulting from the inter-subband transition with spin-flip. Next, we consider the realistic spin transistor model based on the gated Al$_{0.48}$In$_{0.52}$As/Ga$_{0.47}$In$_{0.53}$As double quantum well, for which the SO coupling constants are determined by the Schr\"{o}dinger-Poisson approach. We show that the SO coupling constants rapidly change around $V_g=0$, which is desirable for the spin transistor operation. We demonstrate that for high electron densities the inter-subband SO interaction starts to play the dominant role. The strong evidence of this interaction is the reduction of the conductance for gate voltage $V_g=0$, which leads to the reduction of the on/off conductance ratio.

Field of study: Physics
Conservative tracer bromide inhibits pesticide mineralisation in soil.

Bromide is a conservative tracer that is often applied with non-conservative solutes such as pesticides to estimate their retardation in the soil. It has been applied in concentrations of up to 250 g Br L-1, levels at which the growth of single-celled organisms can be inhibited. Bromide applications may therefore affect the biodegradation of non-conservative solutes in soil. The present study investigated the effect of potassium bromide (KBr) on the mineralisation of three pesticides - glyphosate, MCPA and metribuzin - in four agricultural A-horizon soils. KBr was added to soil microcosms at concentrations of 0, 0.5, 2.5 and 5 g Br- L-1 in the soil solution. The study concluded that KBr had a negative effect on pesticide mineralisation. The inhibitory effect varied depending on the KBr concentration, the type of pesticide and the type of soil. Furthermore, 16 S amplicon sequencing revealed that the KBr treatment generally reduced the abundance of bacteroidetes and proteobacteria on both an RNA and DNA level. Therefore, in order to reduce the effect of KBr on the soil bacterial community and consequently also on xenobiotic degradation, it is recommended that KBr be applied in a concentration that does not exceed 0.5 g Br- L-1 in the soil water.

Field of study: Environmental science