nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Preoptic angiotensin and salt appetite.

Two experiments were designed to test whether angiotensin (ANG) synthesis or receptor activation in the ventral preoptic region is critical for ANG-induced salt appetite in rats. In Experiment 1, infusions of ANG into the subfornical organ (SFO) produced water drinking without saline intake, but infusions near the organum vasculosum laminae terminalis (OVLT) produced both water and saline drinking. Thus, forebrain areas that support water drinking to ANG do not all support salt appetite. In Experiment 2, rats were given oral captopril (CAP) to enhance daily intake of water and saline solution by increasing ANG II synthesis in the brain. CAP microinjected into the SFO reduced CAP-enhanced water drinking without affecting saline intake, but CAP in the OVLT reduced enhanced saline intake without affecting water drinking. Thus, ANG acting in the OVLT, the most ventral part of the median preoptic nucleus, or other nearby structures is important for ANG-induced salt appetite. Salt appetite is easily elicited by prolonged sodium depletion or hypovolemia in rats. It has recently become clear that two hormones, angiotensin and aldosterone, are responsible for the generation of much of this behavior (see Rowland & Fregly, 1988, for review). For instance, a blockade of peripheral angiotensin synthesis (Moe, Weiss, & Epstein, 1984) or of central angiotensin or aldosterone receptors (Sakai, Nicolai'dis, & Epstein, 1986; Weiss, Moe, & Epstein, 1986) can specifically reduce salt appetite in sodium depleted rats; furthermore, infusions of angiotensin into the brain ventricles of either normally hydra ted (Avrith & Fitzsimons, 1980; Bryant, Epstein, Fitzsimons, & Fluharty, 1980) or sodiumdepleted rats (Fitts, Thunhorst, & Simpson, 1985) increase saline drinking. The receptors responsible for angiotensin-induced salt appetite are in the forebrain because salt appetite can be aroused or blocked by infusions of angiotensin or its blockers in the forebrain ventricles but not in the fourth ventricle (Fitts & Masson, 1989). One site in the forebrain that is rich in angiotensin receptors, the subfornical organ (SFO), appears not to be critical for salt appetite because lesions of the SFO, fiber disconnections ventral to the SFO, and infusions of angiotensin receptor blockers in the SFO do not affect salt appetite (Fitts & Masson, 1989; Masson & Fitts, 1989; Schulkin, Eng, & Miselis, 1983; Thunhorst, Fitts, & Simpson, 1987). However, these studies did not rule out the possibility that angiotensin receptors in the SFO could support a part of the salt appetite response, perhaps through a summation with the output of other receptive areas.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Generalized Jackiw-Rebbi Model and Topological Classification of Free Fermion Insulators

We present a new perspective to the classification of topological phases in free fermion insulators by generalizing the Jackiw-Rebbi model to arbitrary dimensions. We show that a generalized Jackiw-Rebbi model where the Dirac mass ($m$) satisfies $m(x)=-m(-x)$ is invariant under a parity transformation ($P$) that relates the $x>0$ half to the $x<0$ half. Determining the form of $P$ gives rise to a Clifford algebra that has been shown to give a complete topological classification of free fermion insulators. Gapless edge states are a natural consequence of our construction and their topological nature can be understood from the fact that all gapless edge states at a given interface transform similarly under $P$ (all odd or all even). A naive non-topological model for states confined to the interface will allow both even and odd states.

Field of study: Physics
Effect of a short period of starvation in oligotrophic waters on the resistance of enteric bacterial pathogens to gastric pH conditions

Enteric bacterial pathogens may undergo severe stresses in aquatic environments. In other respects, these bacteria share an oral route of infection and have to cross the gastric barrier to cause disease in human hosts. Considering the cross-protection against environmental stress, i.e. heat, acid and oxidation, induced by osmotic shock and nutrient starvation, the ability of various enterobacteria, including species of Escherichia, Shigella, Salmonella, Klebsiella and Yersinia, to acquire resistance to the acidic conditions encountered in the stomach (pH 2.5 for 2 h) after incubation in oligotrophic fresh or seawaters was examined. Acid resistance of E. coli, shigellae and Salmonella typhimurium was enhanced by a hundred to a hundred millions times after 100 min in seawater. This effect was also observed when cells were incubated in distilled water and phosphate buffers with low or high osmolarity. It is therefore not specific to seawater. Acid resistance was, however, 2 to 4 times higher in seawater. Acquired resistance depended on the growth phase of the cells. It was lost by subculturing the cells and proved partly dependent on rpoS and on de novo protein synthesis. A similar induced acid resistance was observed in faecal coliforms from human faeces and wastewater. The increased levels of surviving acid-resistant, enteric pathogens in natural waters may have sanitary and epidemiological implications.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF GAS CONCENTRATION PROFILES IN MODIFIED ATMOSPHERE BULK PACKAGES

A three-dimensional mathematical model was developed to predict gas distribution as a function of time inside 
a perforation-generated modified atmosphere bulk package using the principle of diffusion in a ternary gas mixture. 
Product and air space layers in the package were considered. The model incorporates simultaneous oxygen consumption, 
carbon dioxide generation and porosity in the product layer. An implicit-explicit finite difference numerical technique was 
used to solve the transient three-dimensional equations. The mathematical model closely predicted measured gas 
concentrations in different types of packages. The results show package CO2 concentration increased; whereas, O2 
concentration decreased with increasing distance from the perforation. Higher gas concentration gradients were obtained 
in packages with thin air space thickness. Thus the effective distance from the perforation is an important parameter for 
gas concentrations in perforation-generated modified atmosphere bulk package.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Continuous‐Flow Microreactor Chemistry under High‐Temperature/Pressure Conditions

High-temperature organic synthesis can be performed under continuous-flow conditions in a stainless steel microtubular flow reactor capable of achieving temperatures of 350 °C and 200 bar. Under these extreme experimental environments transformations normally performed in a high-boiling solvent at reflux temperature – or under sealed-vessel microwave conditions – can be readily converted to a flow regime by using lower boiling solvents in or near their supercritical state.

Field of study: Chemistry
Testing Transferability of a Self-Developed Teaching Effectiveness Measure across Colleges of Business.

teaching effectiveness (TE). Techniques of evaluation have varied from informal, open-ended questions such as: "What did you like about this course/instructor?"; and "What did you dislike about this course/instructor?"; to highly structured, multi-item quantitative measures. In search of valid and reliable quantitative measures, institutions have borrowed from one another, have reworked instruments that originally were designed for personnel evaluative purposes in noneducational settings, and have created their own measures through individual or committee effort . Overwhelmingly, these efforts have focused on the development of standardized instruments comprised of a set of believed to be universally applicable criteria for use across disciplines within a university. A review of the literature reveals that a number of major institutions have ongoing programs pertaining to the development and use of standardized teaching evaluation instruments. These institutions include: the University of Michigan, the University of Illinois, the Educational Testing Service, the University of Arizona,

Field of study: Education
Product self-management: evolution in recycling and reuse.

This paper explores the potential to make product recycling and reuse easier by shifting responsibility for product management toward the product itself. Examples range from barcode-enabled Internet sales of used products to RFID-enabled garbage trucks that identify recyclable items and provide rebates. Initial steps toward product self-management have made opportunistic use of product bar codes and Internet markets. In the United States, Internet markets are driving increased reuse of products. In the European Union, recycling and waste management policy is driving the use of radio electronics in waste management. Prospects for product self-management are assessed from both a technological and an economic perspective. The technological analysis indicates that radio-frequency tags offer some advantages over bar codes, but their application to product self-management requires considerable investment in the waste management infrastructure. This suggests that early applications of advanced product tags are most suitable for Germany and other countries where the waste management industry has already integrated information technology into its operations. The economic analysis indicates that increased reuse of products can reduce consumption of new products and materials, although on a less than one-to-one basis, simultaneously reducing costs for consumers and deriving more value from existing products.

Field of study: Environmental science
On the asymptotic distribution of an estimate of the change point in a failure rate

The failure rate r(t) is assumed to have the shape of the"first"part of the"bathtub"model, i.e.r(t) is non-increasing for t r. Asymptotic distribution of one of the estimates proposed earlier has been investigated in this paper. This leads to a test for the hypothesis HQ r r (where TQ > 0). Asymptotic expression for the power of this test under Pitman alternatives is derived. Some simulations are reported.

Field of study: Mathematics
A model for cluster confinement in one dimensional many-body systems

A variant of the one-dimensional “toy model” for QCD of Horowitz et al. is presented, which uses a density dependent rather than the many-body force originally proposed by Lenz et al. Our approach suggests, already within the RPA framework, the occurrence of a phase transition simulating the one from quark to hadronic matter, similar to the transition foreseen by Horowitz et al. However our force is easy to handle in three dimensions as well, but in such a case, of course, the correspondence between our and the “toy model” remains to be verified.

Field of study: Physics
Cultural humility and racial microaggressions in counseling.

Racial microaggressions may contribute to poor counseling outcomes in racial/ethnic minority clients. The present study examined the occurrence of racial microaggressions in counseling using a large and diverse sample and explored the association between perceived cultural humility of the counselor and racial microaggressions. Racial/ethnic minority participants (N = 2,212) answered questions about the frequency and impact of racial microaggressions in counseling and the characteristics of their counselor. The majority of clients (81%) reported experiencing at least 1 racial microaggression in counseling. Participants most commonly reported racial microaggressions involving denial or lack of awareness of stereotypes and bias and avoidance of discussing cultural issues. There were few differences in racial microaggression frequency or impact based on client race/ethnicity and counselor race/ethnicity. Racially matched clients viewed racial microaggressions as more impactful than did clients who were not racially matched. Client-perceived cultural humility of the counselor was associated with fewer microaggressions experienced in counseling. We conclude by discussing limitations, areas for future research, and implications for counseling.

Field of study: Psychology
Cohomology and support varieties for Lie superalgebras II

In  ( 2006, ) the authors initiated a study of the representation theory of classical Lie superalgebras via a cohomological approach. Detecting subalgebras were constructed and a theory of support varieties was developed. The dimension of a detecting subalgebra coincides with the defect of the Lie superalgebra, and the dimension of the support variety for a simple supermodule was conjectured to equal the atypicality of the supermodule. In this paper the authors compute the support varieties of Kac supermodules for Type-I Lie superalgebras and of the simple supermodules for (m|n). The latter result verifies our earlier conjecture for (m|n). In our investigation we also delineate several of the major differences between Type-I versus Type-II classical Lie superalgebras. Finally, the connection between atypicality, defect and superdimension is made more precise by using the theory of support varieties and representations of Clifford superalgebras.

Field of study: Mathematics
Differential space-code modulation for interference suppression

A differential space-time modulation (DSTM) scheme, which fully exploits the receive/transmit antenna diversity, was recently proposed to perform demodulation without channel state information. DSTM is attractive in fast flat fading channels where accurate channel estimation is difficult to obtain. However, we show that this technique is interference-sensitive and is likely to deteriorate or even break down in the presence of interferences. In this paper, we propose a new coding and modulation scheme, referred to as differential space-code modulation (DSCM), which is interference resistant. We show that DSCM can be used to provide similar bit-error-rate (BER) performance to that of DSTM in the absence of interference, but significantly outperforms the latter when interferences, especially strong ones, are present. Moreover, DSCM requires lower transmission power and hence is more suitable for covert communications.

Field of study: Engineering
Local structure of uncapped and capped InGaN/GaN quantum dots.

The local structure around the indium atoms in uncapped and capped In(x)Ga(1-x)N quantum dots has been studied by In K-edge extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy. The samples were grown by metal organic vapour phase epitaxy. The EXAFS was successfully applied to study the structural properties of buried quantum dots which are not optically active. The analysis revealed that capping the quantum dots with GaN does not affect the bond distances of the In-N and In-Ga, but makes the In-In distance shorter by 0.04 A.

Field of study: Physics
Correction of adult scoliosis via a posterior-only approach.

Adult scoliosis is a pathologically different entity from adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. The curves are more rigid, and rotational deformity and multilevel sagittal vertebral slippages compound the coronal malalignment. To correct these deformities, a surgical anterior release procedure is usually required, as well as posterior instrumentation-assisted fusion. This exposes the patient to the risks of a second procedure and of a thoracotomy or laparotomy. To decrease these risks, the authors have performed an anterior release, posterior release, and reduction via a posterior-only approach. The purpose of this study was to analyze quantitatively the degree of pre- and postoperative coronal deformity, the extent of correction, and related complications.



Data obtained in 20 patients with adult scoliosis were retrospectively studied. Patients presented with persistent back or lower-extremity pain, progressive deformity, or progressive neurological deficit. Sixteen patients underwent Gill-type laminectomy, radical discectomy (including fracture of any anterior and lateral osteophytes), and posterior lumbar interbody fusion (PLIF) of all apical and adjacent segments. One to four anterior release procedures were performed in each patient. Posterior instrumentation was placed over three to 15 levels. Autograft was obtained from the laminectomy sites and posterior iliac crest for fusion. There were no deaths; all patients were followed for a minimum of 1 year. The mean coronal Cobb angle improved from 36 degrees to 14.7 degrees. All spondylolisthetic lesions were reduced to at least Grade I. At the most recent follow-up examination, evidence of fusion was demonstrated in all patients. Reoperation for adjacent-segment failure, cephalad to the highest level of fusion, was required in two cases.



In many cases of adult scoliosis, a satisfactory multiplanar correction may be obtained via a single posterior approach and by using extended PLIF techniques. Cephalad adjacent-segment failure remains a significant problem in patients with osteoporosis, and routine extension of posterior instrumentation to the upper thoracic spine should be considered in these cases.

Field of study: Medicine
Über eine neue Methode zur Messung von Anregungs- und Ionisierungsspannungen. I

ZusammenfassungEs wird eine Methode angegeben, die die Möglichkeit bietet, das „Nullelektronenkriterium“, welches Hertz bei seiner Differentialmethode zur Messung von Anregungspotentialen eingeführt hat, außer für Anregungsspannungen auch zur Messung von Ionisierungsspannungen zu verwerten. Es werden dadurch auch für die Messung von Ionisierungspotentialen die gleichen Vorteile nutzbar gemacht, die die Einführung dieses Kriteriums für die Messung von Anregungsspannungen zur Folge gehabt hat.

Field of study: Physics
Resistance to change produced by access to fixed-delay versus variable-delay terminal links.

Pigeons' responding was reinforced on a multiple schedule consisting of two two-link chain schedules presented in regular alternation. Responding in initial links (always variable-interval 60-s) produced a key-color change and access to a terminal link. The terminal link for one chain provided food after a fixed delay (fixed-interval or fixed-time); the terminal link for the other provided food after a variable delay (variable-interval or variable-time). The average duration of the terminal-link schedules was varied across conditions, but in every condition the arithmetic mean of the variable-delay terminal-link schedule was equal to the duration of the fixed delay. Response rates were higher in the initial links of the chains with the variable-delay terminal links. Response-decreasing operations (satiation, extinction) were used after performances reached asymptote. Response rates maintained by access to variable-delay terminal links tended to be more resistant to change than were rates maintained by access to fixed-delay terminal links. These results are consistent with the preference for variable- over fixed-interval terminal links observed with concurrent-chains schedules, suggesting (1) that immediacy of reinforcement influences the conditioned reinforcing potency of access to a terminal link and (2) that choice in concurrent chains and resistance of responding to change may be manifestations of the same effect of reinforcement.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Broadband and Microwave Dielectric Studies on Ba5Nb4O15 Ceramics Supplemented with Its Nanoparticles for Cryogenic Electronic Applications

Ba5Nb4O15 (BNO) nanopowders were prepared by sol–gel process. The effect of BNO nanopowders (x = 1 wt.%, 2 wt.%, and 3 wt.%) on micron-sized BNO polycrystalline powders were studied systematically. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) images of BNO nanoparticles revealed spherical and cylindrical shapes with average particle sizes of 45 nm and 60 nm, respectively. Further, the dielectric response of BNO ceramics with x wt.% of nanosized particles (x = 1–3) measured in the temperature range of 80°C to 200°C showed relaxation behaviour and is described by using Havriliak–Negami equation. The best microwave dielectric properties of εr and Q × f0 values of 39.2 GHz and 59,000 GHz, at 6.52 GHz are obtained for the x = 3 wt.% sample, sintered at 1100°C, and is attributed to maximum density, large and uniform microstructure. The acquired static dielectric response of BNO ceramics with x wt.% of nanosized particles (x = 1–3) are suitable for cryogenic electronic and dielectric resonator applications.

Field of study: Materials science
The fundamental solution of a conservation law without convexity

The signed fundamental solution of a scalar conservation law is constructed explicitly or implicitly when its flux is nonconvex. The flux is assumed to have finite number of inflection points. The fundamental solution constructed consists of a series of rarefaction waves, contact discontinuities and a shock. These analytically constructed fundamental solutions are also compared with numerical approximations, which possess the structure of the analytically constructed fundamental solution.

Field of study: Mathematics
Protective activity of secondary effector T cells generated in vitro against ectromelia virus infection in vivo.

The anti-viral activity of secondary effector cells generated in vitro against ectromelia virus infection was investigated. Depending upon the order of administration of cells and virus, 2 X 10(6) cells significantly reduce virus titres in recipient mice. Mice injected with lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCM) virus are not protected by secondary effector cells against ectromelia virus infection and vice versa. The cells conferring anti-viral activity are sensitive to anti-theta and complement treatment, and must share H-2K or H-2D region genes with the recipients in order for significant reduction of virus titres to occur. The possibility of exploiting this approach in clinical medicine by using T cell-mediated mechanisms against certain viral infections is briefly discussed.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Glaciotectonic and till or tillite genesis: Examples from pleistocene glacial drift in central Sweden

A few different wasy of formation of diamictons that to some extent could be considered till are discussed. Shearing, brecciation and flow as a result of glacier action deformed and mixed waterlaid sediments to become diamictons. The structures observed illustrate the ways of formation. Similar structures found in e.g., Precambrian sediments could be an indication of glacial deformation.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
P63 (CKAP4) as an SP-A Receptor: Implications for Surfactant Turnover

Surfactant protein-A (SP-A) plays an important role in the clearance of surfactant from the lung alveolar space and in the regulation of surfactant secretion and uptake by type II pneumocytes in culture. Two pathways are important for the endocytosis of surfactant by type II cells and the intact lung, a receptor-mediated clathrin-dependent pathway and a non-clathrin, actin-mediated pathway. The critical role of the clathrin/receptor-mediated pathway in normal mice is supported by the finding that SP-A gene-targeted mice use the actin-dependent pathway to maintain normal clearance of surfactant. Addition of SP-A to the surfactant of the SP-A null mice “rescued” the phenotype, further emphasizing the essential role of the SP-A/receptor-mediated process in surfactant turnover. This review presents an overview of the structure of SP-A and its function in surfactant turnover. The evidence that the interaction of SP-A with type II cells is a receptor-mediated process is presented. A newly identified receptor for SP-A, P63/CKAP4, is described in detail, with elucidation of the specific structural features of this 63 kDa, nonglycosylated, highly coiled, transmembrane protein. The compelling evidence that P63 functions as a receptor for SP-A on type II cells is summarized. Regulation of P63 receptor density on the surface of pneumocytes may be a novel approach for the regulation of surfactant homeostasis by the lung.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry