nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The genetic architecture of photosynthesis and plant growth-related traits in tomato.

To identify genomic regions involved in the regulation of fundamental physiological processes such as photosynthesis and respiration, a population of Solanum pennellii introgression lines was analyzed. We determined phenotypes for physiological, metabolic, and growth related traits, including gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters. Data analysis allowed the identification of 208 physiological and metabolic quantitative trait loci with 33 of these being associated to smaller intervals of the genomic regions, termed BINs. Eight BINs were identified that were associated with higher assimilation rates than the recurrent parent M82. Two and 10 genomic regions were related to shoot and root dry matter accumulation, respectively. Nine genomic regions were associated with starch levels, whereas 12 BINs were associated with the levels of other metabolites. Additionally, a comprehensive and detailed annotation of the genomic regions spanning these quantitative trait loci allowed us to identify 87 candidate genes that putatively control the investigated traits. We confirmed 8 of these at the level of variance in gene expression. Taken together, our results allowed the identification of candidate genes that most likely regulate photosynthesis, primary metabolism, and plant growth and as such provide new avenues for crop improvement.

Field of study: Environmental science
[Effect of 3,4-dihydroxyacetophenone on the generation of PGI2-like substances in the rat aorta].

Studied against platelet aggregation, 3, 4-dihydroxyacetophenone (DHAP) 200 microg/mL decreased the formation of PGI2-like substances by rat aorta rings in vitro. However 1 microg/mL which inhibited AA-induced aggregation 90% or 60 mg/kg administered in vivo did not inhibit the generation of PGI2. On the contrary, indomethacin inhibited PGI2 generation significantly either in vitro or in vivo. 
There is a synergic effect of DHAP and the fluid incubating rat aorta rings on inhibition of platelet aggregation.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
The Paleocene–Eocene thermal maximum (PETM) in Svalbard — clay mineral and geochemical signals

For the first time the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM) interval has been identified in drillcores and field outcrops from the Paleogene Central Basin in Svalbard, based on mineralogical and geochemical information. Grumantbyen and Frysjaodden formations, a more than 300 m thick Paleogene interval, representing deltaic, delta-influenced marine shelf and deep water slope environments. The PETM has been recognized in the deepest and most distal deposits in the lower parts of the Frysjaodden Formation. Here, this global event is displayed in clay mineralogical distributions as significantly increased kaolinite abundances reflecting a period with intensified chemical weathering in the land areas surrounding this Paleogene basin. The period was characterized by dominantly reducing sea floor conditions, as seen in the Th/U distribution and the well developed parallel lamination in the pyrite-rich shales; all to be expected during an interval with increased temperature and precipitation.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Determination of Impurity Anions in High Pure Fluoride Reagents by Ion Chromatography with Column-Switching

A method was developed for the determination of trace anions(Cl~-,NO_3~-,PO_4~(3-) and SO_4~(2-) ) in high pure fluoride reagents by ion chromatography(IC) with column-switching.Ion excluding column IonPac ICE-AS6 was used in the first step to separate the trace anion analytes from the high concentrated fluoride using deionized water as the mobile phase,separated analytes were enriched in the pre-concentration column IonPac TAC-ULP1 at the same time.By using a mixture of 4.5 mmol/L Na_2CO_3-0.8 mmol/L NaHCO_3 as the eluent at a flow rate of 1.2 mL/min,the analytes were eluted from the pre-concentrated column after switching the pre-concentrated column into the analytical system.The separation of the analytes was performed with IonPac AG23(50 mm×4 mm) as guard column and IonPac AS23(250 mm×4 mm) as analytical column,and the detection was performed by suppressed conductivity detector.As a result,the linear ranges of the method for Cl~-,NO_3~-,PO_4~(3-)and SO_4~(2-) were 0.02-5.0 mg/L(r= 0.9996),0.02 - 5.0 mg/L(r=0.9999),0.05- 10.0 mg/L(r = 0.9998), 0.02—5.0 mg/L(r = 0.9997) respectively.The average recoveries were 92.0%—103.5%with the relative standard deviations(RSD,n = 7) less than 3.0%.The detection limits(S/N = 3) were 0.2, 0.6,3.0 and 0.5 mg/kg for Cl~-,NO_3~-,PO_4~(3-)and SO_4~(2-),respectively.

Field of study: Chemistry
Influence of synthetic surfactants on the uptake of Pd, Cd and Pb by the marine macroalga, Ulva lactuca.

Uptake of Pd, Cd and Pb by the marine macroalga, Ulva lactuca, has been studied in the presence of an anionic (sodium dodecyl sulphate, SDS), cationic (hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide; HDTMA) and non-ionic (Triton X-100; TX) surfactant. Compared with the surfactant-free system, metal sorption was reduced in the presence of SDS or TX. Neither surfactant, however, had any measurable impact on cell membrane permeability, determined by leakage of dissolved free amino acids (DFAA), or on metal internalisation. We attribute these observations to the stabilisation of aqueous Cd and Pb by SDS and the shielding of otherwise amenable sorption sites by TX. Presence of HDTMA resulted in a reduction in the extent of both sorption and internalisation of all metals and a significant increase in the leakage of DFAA. Thus, by enhancing membrane permeability, HDTMA exerts the greatest influence on metal behaviour in the presence of U. lactuca.

Field of study: Environmental science
Nonequilibrium Kondo transport through a quantum dot in a magnetic field

We analyze the universal transport properties of a strongly interacting quantum dot in the Kondo regime when the quantum dot is placed in an external magnetic field. The quantum dot is described by the asymmetric Anderson model with the spin degeneracy removed by the magnetic field resulting in Zeeman splitting. Using an analytical expression for the tunneling density of states found from a Keldysh effective field theory, we obtain in the whole energy range the universal differential conductance and analytically demonstrate its Fermi-liquid and logarithmic behavior at low and high energies, respectively, as a function of the magnetic field. We also show results on the zero-temperature differential conductance as a function of the bias voltage at different magnetic fields as well as results on finite-temperature effects out of equilibrium and at a finite magnetic field. The modern nonequilibrium experimental issues of the critical magnetic field, at which the zero bias maximum of the differential conductance starts to split into two maxima, as well as the distance between these maxima as a function of the magnetic field, are also addressed.

Field of study: Physics
Synthesis of crystallized LiCo0.2Ni0.8O2 films on nickel substrates by soft solution processing

LiCo 0.2 Ni 0.8 O 2 thin-film cathodes are synthesized by soft solution processing (SSP) on nickel substrates in a homemade solution containing lithium and cobalt ions. Single-phase LiCo 0.2 Ni 0.8 O 2 films are fabricated at 120 °C with a cyclic voltage from 0 to 1.2 V. Their chemical composition, structure and electrochemical activity are checked by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES), X-ray diffraction (XRD), infrared spectrometry (IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and cyclic voltammetry (CV) pattern analysis. The prepared LiCo 0.2 Ni 0.8 O 2 films show R3¯m crystallinity. The films consist of many inhomogeneous spherical grains. The films have pores and fissures which provide electrically conductive pathways and very low resistivities. The thin-film electrodes display reasonable electrochemical activity. The formation of LiCo 0.2 Ni 0.8 O 2 film under our present conditions is based on an absorption, oxidation and dissolution–precipitation mechanism.

Field of study: Materials science
Construction and immunological evaluation of recombinant Lactobacillus plantarum expressing HN of Newcastle disease virus and DC- targeting peptide fusion protein.

Newcastle disease virus (NDV) has been considered as one of the most severe threats to poultry industry. In this study, we constructed a series of food grade recombinant Lactobacillus plantarum (L. plantarum) strains (RLP) synthesizing either virus hemagglutinin-neuraminidase protein (HN) alone or HN fused with DC cells targeting peptides (DCpep), named RLP(pSIP409-HN) and RLP (pSIP409-HN-DCpep), respectively. The immune responses and protective efficacy were then evaluated in chickens. Results showed that the presence of DCpep in RLP (pSIP409-HN-DCpep) group significantly increased the production of secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) in intestines and the percentages of CD3(+)CD4(+) T cells in spleen and peripheral blood leukocytes (P<0.05) compared to chickens immunized with RLP (pSIP409-HN). In addition, the similar enhancement effects were also observed with regard to trachea SIgA, T lymphocytes proliferation and survival rates after NDV challenge, even without significant statics differences. The results demonstrated the possibility to take use of DCpep as an immune adjuvant in the design of NDV vaccine.

Field of study: Biology, Engineering
GaN grown by hydride vapor phase epitaxy on p-type 6H-SiC layers

Abstract6H-SiC/GaN pn-heterostructures were grown by subsequent epitaxial growth of p-SiC by low temperature liquid phase epitaxy (LTLPE) and n-GaN by hydride vapor phase epitaxy (HVPE). For the first time, p-type epitaxial layers grown on 6H-SiC wafers were used as substrates for GaN HVPE growth. The GaN layers exhibit high crystal quality which was determined by x-ray diffraction. The full width at a half maximum (FWHM) for the ω-scan rocking curve for (0002) GaN reflection was ∼120 arcsec. The photoluminescence spectra for these films were dominated by band-edge emission. The FWHM of the edge PL peak at 361 nm was about 5 nm (80K).

Field of study: Materials science
Effect of Problem Based Learning Toward Mathematical Communication Ability and Self-Regulated Learning

This study was essentially set out in order to determine the significant effect of problem-based learning and conventional model to students’ mathematics communication skills and their independent study in which the students’ responses were included for each lesson. The study design was a factorial design. The population involved was the entire students of class VIII SMPN 1 Dewantara, North Aceh. Sample using random sampling instrument used in the study consisted of testing the ability of early mathematics, mathematical communication skills, as well as independent learning questionnaire. The data was analyzed by using ANACOVA. The results showed that: (1) a significant difference model (PBL, Conventional) on the ability of mathematical communication, the average difference communication abilities of female students is higher than male students is 16.202 compared to male students 14.769, (2 ) There is a significant effect model (PBL, Conventional) on the ability of independent learning. (3) The process of settlement of the students' answer to Problem Based Learning is better than conventional learning.  Mathematics Communication Skills, Self-Regulated Learning, Problem based learning,  Conventional Learning.

Field of study: Education
Progress in studies of huperzine A, a natural cholinesterase inhibitor from Chinese herbal medicine

AbstractHuperzine A (HupA), a novel alkaloid isolated from the Chinese herb Huperzia serrata, is a potent, highly specific and reversible inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Compared with tacrine, donepezil, and rivastigmine, HupA has better penetration through the blood-brain barrier, higher oral bioavailability, and longer duration of AChE inhibitory action. HupA has been found to improve cognitive deficits in a broad range of animal models. HupA possesses the ability to protect cells against hydrogen peroxide, β-amyloid protein (or peptide), glutamate, ischemia and staurosporine-induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis. These protective effects are related to its ability to attenuate oxidative stress, regulate the expression of apoptotic proteins Bcl-2, Bax, P53, and caspase-3, protect mitochondria, upregulate nerve growth factor and its receptors, and interfere with amyloid precursor protein metabolism. Antagonizing effects of HupA on N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors and potassium currents may also contribute to its neuroprotection as well. Pharmacokinetic studies in rodents, canines, and healthy human volunteers indicated that HupA was absorbed rapidly, distributed widely in the body, and eliminated at a moderate rate with the property of slow and prolonged release after oral administration. Animal and clinical safety tests showed that HupA had no unexpected toxicity, particularly the dose-limiting hepatotoxicity induced by tacrine. The phase IV clinical trials in China have demonstrated that HupA significantly improved memory deficits in elderly people with benign senescent forgetfulness, and patients with Alzheimer disease and vascular dementia, with minimal peripheral cholinergic side effects and no unexpected toxicity. HupA can also be used as a protective agent against organophosphate intoxication.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Tidal wave in 102Pd: Rotating condensate of up to seven d-bosons

The yrast states of even even vibrational and transitional nuclei are inter- preted as a rotating condensate of interacting d-bosons and the corresponding semi-classical tidal wave concept. A simple experimental manifestation of the anharmonicity caused by the boson interaction is found. The interpretation is substantiated by calculations based on the Collective Model and the Cranking Model.

Field of study: Physics
CPAs Provide Expertise for Transfer Pricing Analyses

Transfer pricing, the process by which multinational companies set arm's-length prices for cross-border transactions within a corporate group, is complex and consistently ranks as the No. 1 international tax issue facing multinational companies, according to Ernst & Young's 2009 Global transfer pricing survey (Unyurl.com/yj7eh77). To avoid penalties and potential interest, most tax authorities require taxpayers to prepare annual transfer pricing reports when they file tax returns. During its infancy, transfer pricing was dominated by economists. However, as global transfer pricing regulations developed, international examiners gained experience and financial accounting standards evolved. Consequently, companies now need experienced tax accountants not only to validate the reliability of the data during tax controversies but also to guide taxpayers during implementation. There is definitely still a role for economists on project teams, but CPAs are probably more conversant with such steps as making a compensating adjustment journal entry or quantifying FIN 48 risks (FASB Interpretation no. 48, Accounting for Uncertainty in Income Taxes, now codified in FASB ASC Topic 740) for financial reporting purposes. Below are examples of transfer pricing issues where expert accounting skills are important: Financial reporting. Certain industries have unique accounting revenue and expense treatment, and to calculate the appropriate benchmark ratios for transfer pricing purposes, an accountant needs to analyze the financial statement footnotes and understand which items are characterized as operating, pass-through, etc. For example, the income statements for a professional services firm include a special line item called "reimbursements" under the revenue and cost-of-sales categories. Reimbursements are generally pass-through contractor costs and reimbursed expenses and would likely be excluded from the operating revenue and operating expense calculations for transfer pricing purposes. In addition, with the currently volatile economy and corresponding impact on profitability, companies are increasingly monitoring their taxable income in each jurisdiction and likely making year-end compensating adjustments to the books and records to get profit margins within the arm's-length ranges. Transfer pricing audit document requests. The IRS and other tax authorities historically requested that taxpayers provide copies of their transfer pricing reports to support their pricing during audit years. Fast-forward to the current environment, and a typical audit request specifies tying the transfer pricing data from reports to general ledgers, consolidating income statements and balance sheets. …

Field of study: Business
An Analysis on Production System,Supply and Demand of Livestock Products in China

Animal husbandry has been a very important sector in Chinese agriculture since 1980's.From the early 1980's to the end of 1990's,the economical status of China had been increasing faster than before,especially for the food supply and demand.Now people consume more food from animal farm than before.This article analyses the characters in livestock production system,supply and demand of livestock products,and construction of livestock products in China.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Interim efficiency with MEU-preferences

Recently Kajii and Ui (2009)  proposed to characterize interim efficient allocations in an exchange economy under asymmetric information when uncertainty is represented by multiple posteriors. When agents have Bewley's incomplete preferences, Kajii and Ui (2009)  proposed a necessary and sufficient condition on the set of posteriors. However, when agents have Gilboa-Schmeidler's MaxMin expected utility preferences, they only propose a sufficient condition. The objective of this paper is to complete Kajii and Ui's work by proposing a necessary and sufficient condition for interim efficiency for various models of ambiguity aversion and in particular MaxMin expected utility. Our proof is based on a direct application of some results proposed by Rigotti, Shannon and Stralecki (2008) .

Field of study: Economics
Interpretation of variations in MODIS-measured greenness levels of Amazon forests during 2000 to 2009

This work investigates variations in satellite-measured greenness of Amazon forests using ten years of NASA Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) enhanced vegetation index (EVI) data. Corruption of optical remote sensing data with clouds and aerosols is prevalent in this region; filtering corrupted data causes spatial sampling constraints, as well as reducing the record length, which introduces large biases in estimates of greenness anomalies. The EVI data, analyzed in multiple ways and taking into account EVI accuracy, consistently show a pattern of negligible changes in the greenness levels of forests both in the area affected by drought in 2005 and outside it. Small random patches of anomalous greening and browning—especially prominent in 2009—appear in all ten years, irrespective of contemporaneous variations in precipitation, but with no persistence over time. The fact that over 90% of the EVI anomalies are insignificantly small—within the envelope of error (95% confidence interval) in EVI—warrants cautious interpretation of these results: there were no changes in the greenness of these forests, or if there were changes, the EVI data failed to capture these either because the constituent reflectances were saturated or the moderate resolution precluded viewing small-scale variations. This suggests a need for more accurate and spatially resolved synoptic views from satellite data and corroborating comprehensive ground sampling to understand the greenness dynamics of these forests.

Field of study: Environmental science
Steady-state availability of a system with two subsystems working alternately

The authors have considered the reliability aspect of a system with two subsystems working alternately in the previous paper in this issue. As the system was modelled on an electric power system with two subsystems of hydroelectric power supply and thermal electric supply, the steady state availability of the system assumes importance. We have a system consisting of two subsystems working alternately. In model I, no subsystem works in the period of working of the other. In model II, subsystem 2 is switched on when subsystem 1 fails in its working period. When a unit of subsystem 1 is repaired, it continues to work in its period and subsystem 2 is off line. On the other hand if subsystem 2 fails in its working period, subsystem 1 is not switched on. The availability expressions for both models are derived.

Field of study: Engineering
Flexibility and viscometric studies of globular proteins ovalbumin and ovotransferrin.

The ultrasonic velocity, density and viscosity of two egg proteins, ovalbumin and ovotransferrin in phosphate buffer have been studied at the physiological pH values. The thermodynamic functions for unfolding, ellipticity, surface amino acid residues and compressibility have been obtained for thermal and chemical denaturation in these food proteins. The computed values of Huggin's constant and shape factor, at a fixed ionic strength 0.16 M are found to be in agreement with the reported values for globular proteins. The slow increase in free-energy of unfolding with temperature at a fixed pH 7 suggests uncoiling and in turn, disappearance of biological activity. It has been observed that the effects of temperature and chemical denaturant on the native protein may give rise to different conformational states. In the presence of urea and sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS), the proteins gave the excessively denatured states at 25 degrees C and pH 7, in comparison to the thermal denatured state. The positive values of partial adiabatic compressibility (see symbol in text) beta s over the temperature range 45-75 degrees C suggest the possibility of large internal flexibility in ovotransferrin than in ovalbumin.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Physics
Holon-pair boson theory based on the U(1) and SU(2) slave-boson approaches to the t-J Hamiltonian

To supplement our recent brief report on the theory of holon-pair boson approach to the t-J Hamiltonian [S.-S. Lee and Sung-Ho Suck Salk, ], in this paper we present a full exposure to the theory, detailed physical implications and predicted various physical properties of high $T_c$ cuprates. We discuss the significance of coupling (interplay) between the spin and charge degrees of freedom in the Heisenberg interaction term of the t-J Hamiltonian. We discuss its importance in causing the arch-shaped superconducting transition temperature $T_c$ and the pseudogap (spin gap) temperature $T^*$ tangential to $T_c$ in the overdoped region in the observed phase diagram of high $T_c$ cuprates. A universal parabolic scaling behavior of $T^*/T_c$ (or $T_c/T^*$) with hole doping concentration is predicted in agreement with observations, indicating that there exists correlation between the pseudogap (spin gap) phase and the superconducting phase through antiferromagnetic fluctuations. Our proposed holon-pair boson theory is shown to be self-consistent in that it not only yields the arch (dome) shape structure of $T_c$ but also reproduces various other physical properties such as superfluid weight, bose condensation energy, spectral function, optical conductivity and spin susceptibility, including their temperature and doping dependence.

Field of study: Physics