nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
CCR3 expression induced by IL-2 and IL-4 as a terminal receptor on germinal center B cells

To study the expression and functions of chemokine receptor CCR3 induced by the action of IL-2 and IL-4 on human germinal center (GC) B cells.  Flow cytometry was used to detect the expression of CCR3 in GC B cells as well as the apoptosis of GC B cells. Realtime quantitative reverse transcription (RT)-PCR and Northern blot assay were utilized to analyze the CCR3 mRNA expressed in the GC B cells. Chemotaxis and adhesion assay were exploited to determine GC B cell chemotaxis and adhesion induced by CCR3 and its ligand.  There was few CCR3 expressed in human GC B cells. Combination of IL-2 and IL-4 were able to up-regulated CCR3 molecule expression in GC B cells as well as CCR3 mRNA in the cells. Eotaxin,the ligand to CCR3,could not induce GC B cell chemotaxis and adhesion. However,it triggered apoptosis of GC B cells.  Combination of IL-2 and IL-4 can induce expression of CCR3,which acts as a death receptor on GC B cells.

Field of study: Biology
Deposition and leaching of tebuthiuron on sugar cane straw applied with and without alkyl polyglycoside adjuvant.

A laboratory experiment was carried out aiming to study the effects of an alkyl polyglycoside adjuvant (APG) on deposition and leaching of the herbicide tebuthiuron applied on sugar cane straw. Tebuthiuron, at concentration of 1200 mg L(-1), was applied separately and in tank mix with the APG adjuvant, at concentrations of 0.07 and 0.09% (wt v(-1)), using a spraying volume of 204 L ha(-1). A precipitation equivalent to 20 mm of rain was simulated, 24 h after the applications, to evaluate the herbicide leaching. The quantification of tebuthiuron was carried out by the high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). It was observed that the addition of APG adjuvant at 0.07% (wt v(-1)) provided an increase of 11.5% in the deposition of tebuthiuron on straw, reduction of 50.4% in the drift of the herbicide and it did not affect significantly the leached amount (68.5%), when compared with the treatment where tebuthiuron was applied alone (70.8%). At the concentration of 0.09% (wt v(-1)), the APG adjuvant caused an increase of 22.7% in the deposition; it reduced the drift of the herbicide by 99.9% and reduced the leached amount by 7.6% thereby increasing the retention of the herbicide by straw.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
A three-dimensional magnetostatics computer code for insertion devices.

RADIA is a three-dimensional magnetostatics computer code optimized for the design of undulators and wigglers. It solves boundary magnetostatics problems with magnetized and current-carrying volumes using the boundary integral approach. The magnetized volumes can be arbitrary polyhedrons with non-linear (iron) or linear anisotropic (permanent magnet) characteristics. The current-carrying elements can be straight or curved blocks with rectangular cross sections. Boundary conditions are simulated by the technique of mirroring. Analytical formulae used for the computation of the field produced by a magnetized volume of a polyhedron shape are detailed. The RADIA code is written in object-oriented C++ and interfaced to Mathematica []. The code outperforms currently available finite-element packages with respect to the CPU time of the solver and accuracy of the field integral estimations. An application of the code to the case of a wedge-pole undulator is presented.

Field of study: Physics
Insights from the Talysh of Azerbaijan into the Paleogene evolution of the South Caspian region

The age and mode of formation of the South Caspian Basin are disputed. An ~10-km-thick, predominantly middle Eocene clastic and volcanic succession is exposed in the Talysh mountains of Azerbaijan at its western margin. Here, high-K alkali basalts pass laterally to the east and southeast into volcanogenic sandstone-dominated turbidity current and debris-flow deposits. These southeasterly directed depositional systems accumulated in water depths generally greater than 200 m and fed directly into the western South Caspian Basin. New Ar-Ar ages cluster around 39 Ma, with an upper, 1400-m-thick volcanic interval being deposited in 2.2 ± 0.2 m.y. We interpret that this rapid deposition and magmatism records a major back-arc extensional/transtensional event in the Talysh, north of the north-dipping Neotethyan subduction zone. This event is recognized across much of southwest Asia and may indicate a period of significant basin formation within the adjacent South Caspian Basin. A transition into Upper Eocene–Lower Oligocene strata, dominated by fine-grained turbidity current and hemipelagic sediments with slope instability features, is interpreted to mark the end of rifting and volcanism in the Talysh and the start of the Arabia-Eurasia collision. Overlying Oligocene coarse clastic rocks are interpreted as the erosional products of localized topography created by the further propagation of compressional deformation into the Talysh region.

Field of study: Geology
1000 ton per day ice plant for underground cooling at Harmony gold mine

Up to now all refrigeration plants used for mine cooling have used chilled water. When these refrigeration plants are situated on the surface, large quantities of water must be sent into the mine and pumped back to the surface again. It was suggested that a viable and economic alternative was to make ice on the surface and send this into the mine to reduce the quantity of water required. This Paper describes the world's first very large ice plant used for mine cooling. Ice from this plant is used to cool hot water originating at an underground fissure, and, in addition, provides cooling in the mine.

Field of study: Engineering
Cervical spinal stenosis and sports-related cervical cord neurapraxia.

Cervical cord neurapraxia is a common sports-related injury. It is defined as a transient neurological deficit following trauma localizing to the cervical spinal cord and can be caused by hyperextension, hyperflexion, or axial load mechanisms. Symptoms usually last less than 15 minutes, but can persist up to 48 hours in adults and as long as 5 days in children. While a strong causal relationship exists between cervical spine stenosis and cervical cord neurapraxia in adult patients, this association has not been observed in children. Likewise, while repeated episodes of neurapraxia can be commonplace in adult patients, recurrences have not been reported in the pediatric population. Treatment is usually supportive, but in adults with focal cervical lesions or instability, surgery is an option. Surgery for neurapraxia in children is rarely indicated.

Field of study: Medicine
Documenting after the fact: Recovering architectural design decisions

Software architecture documentation helps people in understanding the software architecture of a system. In practice, software architectures are often documented after the fact, i.e. they are maintained or created after most of the design decisions have been made and implemented. To keep the architecture documentation up-to-date an architect needs to recover and describe these decisions. This paper presents ADDRA, an approach an architect can use for recovering architectural design decisions after the fact. ADDRA uses architectural deltas to provide the architect with clues about these design decisions. This allows the architect to systematically recover and document relevant architectural design decisions. The recovered architectural design decisions improve the documentation of the architecture, which increases traceability, communication, and general understanding of a system.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Adjustments in β-Adrenergic Signaling Contribute to the Amelioration of Cardiac Dysfunction by Exercise Training in Supravalvular Aortic Stenosis.

Aortic stenosis-induced chronic pressure overload leads to cardiac dysfunction and congestive heart failure. The pathophysiological mechanisms of the myocardial impairment are multifactorial and include maladaptive β-adrenergic signaling. Exercise training (ET) has been used as a non-pharmacological therapy for heart failure management. The present study tested the hypothesis that exercise training attenuates diastolic dysfunction through β-adrenergic signaling preservation.



Wistar rats were submitted to ascending aortic stenosis (AS) surgery, and after 18 weeks, a moderate aerobic exercise training protocol was performed for ten weeks.



ET attenuated diastolic dysfunction, evaluated by echocardiogram and isolated papillary muscle (IPM) assay. Also, ET reduced features of heart failure, cross-sectional cardiomyocyte area, and exercise intolerance, assessed by treadmill exercise testing. The β2 adrenergic receptor protein expression was increased in AS rats independently of exercise. Interestingly, ET restored the protein levels of phosphorylated phospholamban at Serine 16 and preserved the β-adrenergic receptor responsiveness as visualized by the lower myocardial compliance decline and time to 50% tension development and relaxation during β-adrenergic stimulation in the IPM than untrained rats. Additionally, AS rats presented higher levels of TNFα and iNOS, which were attenuated by ET.



Moderate ET improves exercise tolerance, reduces heart failure features, and attenuates diastolic dysfunction. In the myocardium, ET decreases the cross-sectional area of the cardiomyocyte and preserves the β-adrenergic responsiveness, which reveals that the adjustments in β-adrenergic signaling contribute to the amelioration of cardiac dysfunction by mild exercise training in aortic stenosis rats.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Guided wave electrooptic devices for logic and computation.

The use of guided wave optical components for performing logic and computation is proposed. The basic logic gates are switches and intensity modulators fabricated on an electrooptic substrate. The states of the switches and modulators are determined by electrical signal voltages. The output signal from each of the gates is intensity-modulated light, while inputs can be electrical signals or a combination of electrical and optical signals. Individual gates can be interconnected on a substrate by dielectric waveguides, so that sequential operations are possible. This is illustrated by a configuration for a serial-parallel binary adder. The propagation delay, as determined by the optical pathlength, is calculated to be of the order of 20-40 psec/gate, assuming that the substrate material is lithium niobate, and the logic voltage level is 5 V.

Field of study: Physics
Strong coupling and double-gap density of states in superconducting MgB2

Using scanning tunneling spectroscopy at T = 4.2 K, we perform simultaneously the topographic imaging and the quasiparticle density of states (DOS) mapping in granular MgB2. We observe a new type of spectrum, showing a pronounced double gap, with the magnitudes of ΔS = 3.9 meV and ΔL = 7.5 meV, i.e. well below and well above the BCS limit. The largest gap value gives the ratio 2ΔL/kBTC = 4.5, which implies strong electron-phonon coupling. Other superconducting regions are found to have a characteristic BCS-shaped DOS. However, the variation of the spectral shape and lower gap widths, from 2.0 meV to 6.5 meV, indicate the importance of surface inhomogeneity and proximity effects in previously published tunneling data. Our finding gives no evidence for any important gap anisotropy. Instead, it strongly supports the multiple-gap scenario in MgB2 in the clean limit, and the single-gap scenario in the dirty limit.

Field of study: Physics
Network Percolation Based on Complex Network

Network percolation model is an abstraction of many practical problems, while the spread of the disease model can be described by percolation model. The problem of the spread of the disease has been the focus of academia and the medical. Recently years, the complex network is a true reflection of the some important characteristics of the system, which is the effective means to study realistic network. In this paper, we will introduce the complex networks and network percolation. We will research the disease propagation model while research the network percolation based on complex network. We will summary and analysis the two traditional disease propagation model—SIR and SIS. And it can provide some important reference for controlling the spread of the virus.  In this paper we will analyze the propagation of SIR model when consider the propagation media and the reflection SIS model. At last we will use some experiments to verify the results of those two models. And we can know that the complex network can accurate analyze the network percolation model such as disease propagation model.

Field of study: Computer science
Polycrystalline silicon thin film transistors fabricated in various solid phase crystallized films deposited on glass substrates

In this work, we have characterized various types of polysilicon films, crystallized upon thermal annealing from films deposited by low pressure chemical vapor deposition in the amorphous phase and a mixed phase using silane or in the amorphous phase using disilane. Polysilicon thin film transistors (TFTs) were fabricated, at low processing temperatures, in these three types of films on high strain point Corning Code 1734 and 1735 glass substrates. Double layer films, with the bottom layer deposited in a mixed phase and the top in the amorphous phase, allowed TFT fabrication at a drastically reduced thermal budget; optimum values of thicknesses and deposition rates of the layers are reported for reducing the crystallization time and improving film quality. Optimum deposition conditions for TFT fabrication were also obtained for films deposited using disilane. The grain size distribution for all types of films was shown to be wider for a larger grain size. Fabricated TFTs exhibited field effect electron mobility values in the range of 20 to 50 cm2/V·s, subthreshold swings of about 0.5–1.5 V/dec and threshold voltage values of 2–4 V.

Field of study: Materials science
Quantification of the in situ distribution of soil bacteria by large‐scale imaging of thin sections of undisturbed soil

A method for determining the number and in situ spatial distribution of bacterial cells over spatial scales ranging from micrometres to centimetres in mineral soils is described. Biological thin sections of undisturbed cores of soil were prepared in order to preserve the spatial distribution of bacterial cells. Composite (tessellated) images in which individual bacteria can be resolved within an area of 0.282 mm2 were acquired by means of a motorised scanning microscope stage. An image processing and analysis procedure was developed to determine the numbers and locations of bacterial cells in the composite images. The image processing procedure first homogenised the background of the images and then discriminated between bacteria and non-bacterial features using the colour and morphological properties of the images of the bacterial cells. Feature edges were detected in the green channel of colour (red, green, blue) images and bacterial cell edges were confirmed in the blue channel after elimination of autofluorescent features in the red channel. No significant difference was found between the number of bacteria or associated distributions determined automatically and control values derived interactively on individual fields of view. Data relating to total bacterial counts in thin sections and in paired dispersed samples suggested that all soil bacteria were being visualised in thin sections. Significant differences between samples taken from a depth profile of a fallow arable soil were found for both cell numbers and for cell distribution as measured by an index of dispersion.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Structure of a C-terminal AHNAK peptide in a 1:2:2 complex with S100A10 and an acetylated N-terminal peptide of annexin A2.

AHNAK, a large 629 kDa protein, has been implicated in membrane repair, and the annexin A2-S100A10 heterotetramer [(p11)(2)(AnxA2)(2))] has high affinity for several regions of its 1002-amino-acid C-terminal domain. (p11)(2)(AnxA2)(2) is often localized near the plasma membrane, and this C2-symmetric platform is proposed to be involved in the bridging of membrane vesicles and trafficking of proteins to the plasma membrane. All three proteins co-localize at the intracellular face of the plasma membrane in a Ca(2+)-dependent manner. The binding of AHNAK to (p11)(2)(AnxA2)(2) has been studied previously, and a minimal binding motif has been mapped to a 20-amino-acid peptide corresponding to residues 5654-5673 of the AHNAK C-terminal domain. Here, the 2.5 Å resolution crystal structure of this 20-amino-acid peptide of AHNAK bound to the AnxA2-S100A10 heterotetramer (1:2:2 symmetry) is presented, which confirms the asymmetric arrangement first described by Rezvanpour and coworkers and explains why the binding motif has high affinity for (p11)(2)(AnxA2)(2). Binding of AHNAK to the surface of (p11)(2)(AnxA2)(2) is governed by several hydrophobic interactions between side chains of AHNAK and pockets on S100A10. The pockets are large enough to accommodate a variety of hydrophobic side chains, allowing the consensus sequence to be more general. Additionally, the various hydrogen bonds formed between the AHNAK peptide and (p11)(2)(AnxA2)(2) most often involve backbone atoms of AHNAK; as a result, the side chains, particularly those that point away from S100A10/AnxA2 towards the solvent, are largely interchangeable. While the structure-based consensus sequence allows interactions with various stretches of the AHNAK C-terminal domain, comparison with other S100 structures reveals that the sequence has been optimized for binding to S100A10. This model adds new insight to the understanding of the specific interactions that occur in this membrane-repair scaffold.

Field of study: Chemistry
Quelques outils pédagogiques pour la classe de français de Spécialité

Cet article propose differentes suggestions d'exercices qui peuvent etre utilises lors les cours de francais de specialite (cas pratiques-francais juridique). Les auteurs partagent les methodes connues pour introduire des activites dynamisantes de la classe du francais juridique. Les recentes innovations concernant les approches participatives font de plus en plus de place aux methodes visuelles (diagrammes, representations visuelles) aux depends des methodes verbales (discussion de groupes, questions/reponses, simulation et jeu de role). Les «Technologies de l'Information et de la Communication pour l'Enseignement» (TICE) ont desormais leur place dans les curricula, qu'elles constituent une discipline autonome ou qu'elles se donnent pour une competence transversale.

Field of study: Education, Sociology
Coupled oxidation of ascorbic acid and haemoglobin: Studies on the formation of bile pigments from choleglobin and verdohaemochromogen and on their isolation from erythrocytes.

IN a preliminary paper [Lemberg, Legge & Lockwood, 1938] we have already reported the isQlation of biliverdin (dehydrobilirubin) and of biliviolin from. choleglobin solutions. Under remarkably mild conditions haemoglobin is thus transformed. into bile pigments; these conditions are such as are found in the cells of organs forming bile pigment, except that acid was used for the removal of the iron. It will be shown in the present paper that the breakdown of choleglobin to bile pigments with the removal of iron probably occurs in the later stages of the reaction with ascorbic acid at a physiological pH. We describe here in greater detail the bile pigments obtained by acid splitting from choleglobin and verdohaemochromogen. The hope of gaining information on the constitutional differences between cholehaem and verdohaem by the study of the splitting products was not fulfilled owing to secondary reactiqns by which the primary splitting products are altered and owing to the complicated nature of the mixtures of bile pigments thus formed. Great difficulties had, therefore, to be overcome in working out quantitative methods enabling us to estimate the yield of bile pigment from the bile pigmenthaematin compounds. This was, however, achieved and we can now correlate the yield of bile pigments obtained from choleglobin solutions by splitting with' acids with the choleglobin concentration of these solutions. In the above-mentioned preliminary publicationwe had also reported the isolation of bile pigments from erythrocytes. In the present paper we describe these experiments in greater detail.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Estimating acquisition loop time for time-critical real-time data acquisition applications for the purpose of selecting appropriate hardware and software

Personal computers are being utilized more and more often for data acquisition and process control applications in industry. Currently, there are numerous software packages and off-the-shelf hardware available for setting up PC data acquisition systems. For the unconventional applications and in-house developed hardware which are not satisfied with available data acquisition software packages, there are many languages available for the developer. Because most data acquisition applications are inherently real-time applications and some even time-critical, it is necessary to know whether the program or the software package is faithful in performing the required operations in time. This article shows a method for evaluating the acquisition loop time for a given hardware and software package used and suggests methods for selecting an appropriate language and improving acquisition loop time.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Nayari History, Politics, and Violence: From Flowers to Ash (review)

nature that is powerful enough to defend itself and them. When their nineteenth-century ancestors fled up the Amazonian tributaries to escape slavery, for example, Mother Waterfall hid them from their pursuers. New versions of these stories link historic struggles to recent battles with mining companies and government agencies for land. They underscore the paradoxical behavior of outsiders, who destroy the environment, then take their ancestral lands for reserves. According to them, the enchanted lake is already set aside for future generations. They recast this mythological place as a biological reserve and portray themselves as guardians of the natural world.

Field of study: History
On the application of dynamic programming to a class of implicit variational problems

A problem of this nature occurs when we wish to have the system in some specified state x0(T) at time T, without caring how the system gets there. This is usually an idealization, in the sense that a more realistic problem will involve a combination of a criterion of the type appearing in (2) together with some measure of the value of the final state. As has been shown in some recent publications, see , where further references may be found, a variety of problems of this nature arising in economic and engineering control processes may be solved computationally by combining the theory of dynamic programming with modern digital computers. In recent years, problems of less explicit nature have become more frequent. Thus, for example, what is called the "bang-bang" control problem requires that y be chosen so that the system tend to a specified equilibrium state as rapidly as possible; see , The upper limit of integration is thus not predetermined, but is rather a function of the choice of the vector y. In place of a formulation in precise analytic terms of the type appearing in (2) or (4), we encounter an implicit criterion of the following type: "When x satisfies a set of conditions Ci , C2 , ••• , Cp for the first time, we want a given scalar function of x to be as small as possible."

Field of study: Mathematics