nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Public and Private Self-Consciousness and the Recall of Self-Relevant Information

Two experiments were conducted to assess the extent to which public and private self-consciousness affect the recall of self-relevant information. Subjects rated adjectives under one of three conditions (public self-reference, private self-reference, non-self-reference) and were given a surprise recall task. Results indicated that subjects showed the "self-reference memory enhancement effect"(Rogers, 1981) for those words processed under the self-referent condition congruent with their types of self-consciousness. High public self-conscious subjects recalled significantly more words rated under the public self-reference condition than the other two conditions, whereas high private self-conscious subjects recalled significantly more words rated under the private self-reference condition. Implications for further research are discussed.

Field of study: Psychology
Using intuitionistic fuzzy sets for fault-tree analysis on printed circuit board assembly

Fault-tree analysis (FTA) is a powerful technique used to identify the root causes of undesired event in system failure by constructing a tree of sub-events, spreading into bottom events, procreating the fault and finally heading to the top event. From integrating expert’s knowledge and experience in terms of providing the possibilities of failure of bottom events, an algorithm of the intuitionistic fuzzy fault-tree analysis is proposed in this paper to calculate fault interval of system components and to find the most critical system component for the managerial decision-making based on some basic definitions. The proposed method is applied for the failure analysis problem of printed circuit board assembly (PCBA) to generate the PCBA fault-tree, fault-tree nodes, then directly compute the intuitionistic fuzzy fault-tree interval, traditional reliability, and the intuitionistic fuzzy reliability interval. The result of this proposed method is compared with the existing approaches of fault-tree methods.

Field of study: Engineering
Sums of Powers of Independent Random Variables

Let $(x_{nk}), k = 1, \cdots, k_n; n = 1, 2, \cdots$ be a double sequence of infinitesimal random variables which are rowwise independent (i.e., $\lim_{n\rightarrow\infty} \max_{1\leqq k \leqq k_n} P (| x_{nk} | > \epsilon) = 0$ for every $\epsilon > 0,$ and for each $n x_{n1}, \cdots, x_{nk_n}$ are independent). Let $S_n = x_{n1} + \cdots + x_{nk_n} - A_n$ where the $A_n$ are constants and let $F_n(x)$ be the distribution function of $S_n.$ Necessary and sufficient conditions for $F_n(x)$ to converge to a distribution function $F(x)$ are known, and in particular we know that $F(x)$ is infinitely divisible. In this paper we shall investigate the system of infinitesimal, rowwise independent random variables $(| x_{nk} | ^r), r \geqq 1.$ In particular we shall be interested in large values of $r$. Specifically, let $S^r_n = | x_{n1} | ^r + \cdots + | x_{n1} | ^r - B_n(r),$ where $B_n(r)$ are suitably chosen constants. Let $F_n^r(x)$ be the distribution function of $S^r_n.$ Necessary and sufficient conditions for $F_n^r(x)$ to converge $(n \rightarrow \infty)$ to a distribution function $F^r(x)$ are given, and also necessary and sufficient conditions for $F^r(x)$ to converge $(r \rightarrow \infty)$ to a distribution function $H(x)$ are given. The form that $H(x)$ must take is obtained and under rather general conditions it is shown that $H(x)$ is a Poisson distribution. In any case it is shown that $H(x)$ is the sum of two independent random variables, one Gaussian and the other Poisson (including their degenerate cases).

Field of study: Mathematics
自体外周血干细胞移植纠正选择性IgA缺乏症

选择性IgA缺乏症(SIgAD)是原发性免疫缺陷病中最常见的类型,约占60%以上,其患者分泌性IgA减少,血清中的IgA浓度低于0.05g/L,同时其他类型的免疫球蛋白的含量通常是在正常范围.2001年6月我们对1例难治性系统性红斑狼疮合并选择性IgA缺乏症患者行自体外周血干细胞移植(APBSCT)并进行CD34+细胞分选治疗,现已随访24个月,患者除SLE的相关症状获得满意缓解、实验室检查指标恢复正常外,意外的发现其血清IgA水平也逐渐恢复至接近正常的水平(见表1)。

Field of study: Biology
Study of the effect of bee milk on the exhausted movement ability in rats

To study the mechanism of free radical's lessening and preventing the injury of the body tissues and its anti-fatigue action in the exhausted rats taking bee milk.Divide the rats into two groups: the test group taking bee milk and the control group and determine the weight,the ability of movement,MDA,SOD,the ph value of the plasma,the serum calcium synthesizing ability of ATP and changes of the liver and muscle glycogen in the exhausted rats of both groups. there is an increase in weight,an improvement in the ability of movement,an obvious decrease of MDA,an increase of the activity of SOD,an increase of the value of PH and AFT,a lower level of blood lactic acid and serum calcium,and a significant increase of the liver and muscle glycogen.Bee milk is a promising effective material in physical energy recovery.

Field of study: Education
The Unionization of Florida Cigarmakers and the Coming of the War With Spain

HE FORCES and arguments leading the United States to intervene in Cuba on behalf of "Cuba Libre" were numerous and interacting. It is virtually impossible to disentangle theimi and rank them according to their importance in shaping American policy. The story of how the combination of factors precipitated aln armed confliet between Spain and the United States has been told a number of times.' Nevertheless, every historian has neglected to nmention the role of the American labor movement in creating a climate of sentiment favorable to United States action on behalf of the struggling Cubans. The organiized American labor movement was not large in the midnineties. That portion of it that was most vocal in support of the Cubans was probably weak in comparison to the forces of yellow journalism, humanitarians, professional imperialists, patriotic organizations, and political party leaders. Nevertheless, among the workingmen who were urging interventioni on behalf of Cuban independence, the leadership was taken by the Cigarmakers' International Union. It was one of the largest, best organized, and most competently led craft unions.2 By virtue of its economic successes in the past and the prestige of its leadership by such a figure as Samuel Gompers, the Cigarmakers' Iinteriiatiolial Unlionl was able to exercise an influeinee far beyond its own ranks. For several reasons Florida was of special interest to the Cigarmakers' International Union. The cigar industry was expanding there.

Field of study: History
A Process Consolidation Based on Process Feature Structure Tree

In order to meet the individualization needs,software manufacturing companies have developed a number of individualized services. How ever,it leads to a lot of redundant softw are products and low production efficiency. In addition,it cannot quickly and efficiently respond to changes in demand. In order to solve above problems,the concept of configurable process model w as proposed. Given a configurable process model,analysts are able to define a configuration of this model by assigning values to its variation points based on a set of requirements. Once a configuration is defined,the model can be individualized. Because OWL-S is a language on the semantic Web w hich can describe the service process,it's selected as the carrier of the business processes of this article. In this paper,w e propose the feature structure tree of the OWL-S process w hich extracts the process features in OWL-S. Meanw hile,based on the superimposition method,the consolidation method of process feature structure tree is proposed w hich can realize the consolidation of processes.

Field of study: Computer science
The fuel market effects of biofuel policies and implications for regulations based on lifecycle emissions

The absence of a globally-consistent and binding commitment to reducing greenhouse emissions provides a rationale for partial policies, such as renewable energy mandates, product emission standards, etc to target lifecycle emissions of the regulated products or services. While appealing in principle, regulation of lifecycle emissions presents several practical challenges. Using biofuels as an illustrative example, we highlight some outstanding issues in the design and implementation of life cycle-based policies and discuss potential remedies. We review the literature on emissions due to price effects in fuel markets, which are akin to emissions due to indirect land use change, but are, unlike the latter, ignored under all current life cycle emissions-based regulations. We distinguish the current approaches to regulating indirect emissions into hard and soft approaches and discuss their implications.

Field of study: Environmental science
COTTON IRRIGATION SCHEDULING USING REMOTELY SENSED AND FAO-56 BASAL CROP COEFFICIENTS

Multispectral vegetation indices calculated from canopy reflectance measurements have been used to simulate 
real-time basal crop coefficients (Kcb), which have been validated to improve evapotranspiration (ETc) estimation for several 
crops. In this article, an application of the approach was evaluated for cotton using remote sensing observations of the 
normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) to estimate Kcb as a function of NDVI. The dual crop coefficient procedures 
of FAO Paper 56 (FAO-56) were used to calculate ETc and determine irrigation scheduling using Kcb estimates from remote 
sensing (NDVI treatment) as well as from time-based Kcb curves (FAO treatment), which were developed locally for standard 
crop conditions using FAO-56 procedures. Two cotton experiments, conducted in 2002 and 2003 in central Arizona, included 
sub-treatments of three levels of plant density and two levels of nitrogen management to impose a wide range of crop 
development and water use. The NDVI-Kcb relationships used for 2002, developed from previous data for a different cotton 
cultivar, row orientation, and soil type, substantially underestimated ETc, resulting in significantly less irrigation water 
applied and lower lint yields for NDVI compared to the FAO treatment. The 2002 data were used to recalibrate the NDVI-Kcb 
relationships, which were then used for the NDVI treatments in 2003. The FAO Kcb curve used in 2002 described ETc and 
irrigation scheduling reasonably well for sparse plots, but consistently underestimated water use and soil water depletion 
for the higher plant densities during the first half of the season. Consequently, an adjusted FAO Kcb curve, based on 2002 
results, was employed for the FAO treatment in 2003. For the 2003 experiment, estimated cotton ETc for the NDVI treatment 
resulted in a mean absolute error of 9% compared to 10% for the FAO treatment, where the difference was not significant 
between treatments. However, the NDVI-Kcb relations used in 2003 greatly improved estimates for ETc compared to the 
previous year, where the mean absolute error for the NDVI treatment in 2002 was 22%. Predicted ETc using the FAO Kcb curve 
of 2003 for typical planting density and high nitrogen conditions resulted in a mean absolute error of 10% compared to 15% 
in 2002. Final lint yields for 2003 were not significantly different between the two Kcb methods. Although additional research 
is needed to validate remote sensing Kcb estimation for other conditions than those in these experiments, this study did not 
show significant advantages for the NDVI approach over a carefully derived single FAO Kcb application. However, the NDVI 
approach has the potential to further extend our present crop coefficient estimation capabilities when weather, plant density, 
or other factors cause cotton canopy development and water use patterns to depart from typical conditions.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
High-density lipoproteins neutralize C-reactive protein proinflammatory activity.

C-reactive protein (CRP), a well-recognized marker of atherosclerosis, has recently been suggested to have a direct proinflammatory effect. The constitutive expression of low levels of CRP in normal plasma suggests the likelihood that a natural factor exists to neutralize the effect of CRP. This factor(s) has not yet been identified.  The proinflammatory effect of CRP was measured by the induction of inflammatory adhesion molecules in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). We show that CRP significantly induced upregulation of adhesion molecules in both protein and mRNA levels. The CRP-induced expression of these inflammatory adhesion molecules was completely suppressed when the cells were preincubated with a physiological concentration (1 mg/mL apolipoprotein A-I) of HDLs derived from human plasma (native HDL) or reconstituted HDL (rHDL) at a very low concentration (0.01 mg/mL apolipoprotein A-I). A novel mechanism of HDL inhibition is likely to operate, because (1) rHDL was 100 times more potent than native HDL, (2) preincubation with HDL and its sustained presence were obligatory, and (3) oxidized 1-palmitoyl-2-linoleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine was the fundamental active component.



The CRP-induced upregulation of inflammatory adhesion molecules in HUVECs was completely prevented by HDL via their oxidized phospholipid components.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Appreciation of China's Flavor in Englishing Culturally-loaded Chinese Words and Expressions

Translation is a vital channel of cultural exchange between different nations as well as an indispensable way of human social communication.From the perspective of inter-cultural communication,this paper is to exemplify and analyze some common strategies and methods in transferring culturally-loaded Chinese words and expressions into English both in foreign and domestic newspapers.And it is definitely necessary to have the translation with "China's flavor" in conveying unique Chinese things and cultures.

Field of study: Economics
Hygroscopic behavior of buriti (Mauritia flexuosa) fruit

The objective of this study was to perform an analysis of the characterization of buriti fruit (Mauritia flexuosa). Each part of the fruit (peel, pulp, and fibrous part) was analyzed and their hygroscopic behavior was evaluated to establish the drying and storage conditions. Adsorption and desorption isotherms were obtained at 25 °C to the monolayer value was estimated, and the application of the Halsey, Handerson, Kuhn, Mizrahi, Oswin, Smith, BET, and GAB models was evaluated to the prediction of the isotherms. The fruit pulp was classified as rich in high quality oil, and like the peel and the fibrous part, it was also considered as rich in dietary fiber. The isotherms of the fruit parts were classified as type II, and their microbiological stability (aw < 0.6) can be maintained at 25 °C if the moisture content is lower than 8.5, 7.3, and 11.0 g H2O.100 g-1 of dry matter (d.m.), respectively. The hygroscopic behavior showed that in order to ensure stability, the fruit parts should be packaged with low water vapor permeability. The monolayer demonstrated that the peel, pulp, and the fibrous part cannot be dried under moisture content lower than 5.9, 5.0, and 6.4 g H2O.100 g-1 d.m., respectively. GAB was the most adequate model to describe their isotherms.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Implications of incorporating air-quality co-benefits into climate change policymaking

We present an analysis of the barriers and opportunities for incorporating air quality co-benefits into climate policy assessments. It is well known that many strategies for reducing greenhouse gas emissions also decrease emissions of health-damaging air pollutants and precursor species, including particulate matter, nitrogen oxides, and sulfur dioxide. In a survey of previous studies we found a range of estimates for the air quality co-benefits of climate change mitigation of $2- 196/tCO2 with a mean of $49/tCO2, and the highest co-benefits found in developing countries. These values, although of a similar order of magnitude to abatement cost estimates, are only rarely included in integrated assessments of climate policy. Full inclusion of these co-benefits would have pervasive implications for climate policy in areas including: optimal policy stringency, overall costs, distributional effects, robustness to discount rates, incentives for international cooperation, and the value of adaptation, forests, and climate engineering relative to mitigation. Under-valuation results in part from uncertainty in climatic damages, valuation inconsistency, and institutional barriers. Because policy debates are framed in terms of cost minimization, policy makers are unlikely to fully value air quality co-benefits unless they can be compared on an equivalent basis with the benefits of avoided climatic damages. While air quality co-benefits have been prominently portrayed as a hedge against uncertainty in the benefits of climate change abatement, this assessment finds that full inclusion of co-benefits depends on—rather than substitutes for—better valuation of climate damages.

Field of study: Environmental science
Professional Competencies of Resource Room Teachers for Students with Learning Difficulties in Jordan

This descriptive study aimed at identifying the degree of availability of professional competencies for the teachers of the resource rooms in teaching students with learning difficulties in Irbid Governorate. An intentional sample of 96 male and female teachers was selected. The developed questionnaire was validated before the actual data collection. The findings showed that the availability degree of professional competencies of the participants was medium. There were significant differences at (α ≤ 0.05) in the availability of professional competencies of resource room teachers attributed to sex variable, however, academic qualification and experience variables were not significantly associated with the outcome. The researcher strongly recommended conducting training courses and workshops for teachers of resource rooms to develop and improve their competencies.  professional competencies, resource rooms, resource room teachers, students with learning difficulties.

Field of study: Education
Siderophore-mediated cooperation and virulence in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Why should organisms cooperate with each other? Helping close relatives that are likely to share the same genes (kin selection) is one important explanation that is likely to apply across taxa. The production of metabolically costly extracellular iron-scavenging molecules (siderophores) by microorganisms is a cooperative behaviour because it benefits nearby conspecifics. We review experiments focusing on the production of the primary siderophore (pyoverdin) of the opportunistic bacterial pathogen, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which test kin selection theories that seek to explain the evolution of cooperation. First, cooperation is indeed favoured when individuals interact with their close relatives and when there is competition between groups of cooperators and noncooperators, such that the benefit of cooperation can be realized. Second, the relative success of cheats and cooperators is a function of their frequencies within populations. Third, elevated mutation rates can confer a selective disadvantage under conditions when cooperation is beneficial, because high mutation rates reduce how closely bacteria are related to each other. Fourth, cooperative pyoverdin production is also shown to be favoured by kin selection in vivo (caterpillars), and results in more virulent infections. Finally, we briefly outline ongoing and future work using this experimental system.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Tunka-133: Status 2008 and development of methods for data analysis

The activity on creation of a array with an area of 1 km2 for recording extensive air showers using Cherenkov light began in the Tunka valley in 2006. The new array will allow one to study cosmic rays in the energy range 1015–1018 eV by the unified method. In the winter of 2007–2008, the array operated with 4 clusters, 7 detectors in each cluster. Experimental data obtained during 270 h of fair weather in moonless nights demonstrated unique capabilities of the new array, related with the possibility of recording the pulse shape with a step of 5 ns from each detector.

Field of study: Physics
An Untapped Treasure: Research Opportunities in Pennsylvania's Federal District Court Records

HOW MANY bodies of unpublished records contain the bankruptcy file of the financier of the American Revolution, a landmark case in the development of motion pictures, and the prosecution of Pennsylvania's brewers in the 1920s? These are but a sample of the rich treasures available in a relatively untouched body of historic United States government records—namely, the records of the federal courts for Pennsylvania. Those records document a broad range of the activities of Pennsylvanians from 1789 to the present. It is little wonder that those materials have not been used, however, since until quite recently they were in poor order and lacked adequate finding aids. Also the complex jargon that enshrouds legal records can be intimidating to those without formal legal training. Assuming those problems were overcome, the question remains, how can court records be used by historians? The Commonwealth's first district court was established in Philadelphia in 1789. In 1801 Pennsylvania received a second federal court in Pittsburgh, when outgoing President John Adams enlarged the

Field of study: History
Probing a novel potato lipoxygenase with dual positional specificity reveals primary determinants of substrate binding and requirements for a surface hydrophobic loop and has implications for the role of lipoxygenases in tubers

A new potato tuber lipoxygenase full-length cDNA sequence (lox1:St:2) has been isolated from potato tubers and used to express in Escherichia coli and characterize a novel recombinant lipoxygenase (potato 13/9-lipoxygenase). Like most plant lipoxygenases it produced carbonyl compounds from linoleate (the preferred substrate) and was purified in the Fe(II) (ferrous) state. Typical of other potato tuber lipoxygenases, it produced 5-HPETE [5(S)-hydroperoxy-(6E, 8Z, 11Z, 14Z)-eicosatetraenoic acid] from arachidonate. In contrast to any other potato tuber lipoxygenase, it exhibited dual positional specificity and produced roughly equimolar amounts of 13- and 9-hydroperoxides (or only a slight molar excess of 9-hydroperoxides) from linoleate. We have used a homology model of pea 9/13-lipoxygenase to superimpose and compare the linoleate-binding pockets of different potato lipoxygenases of known positional specificity. We then tested this model by using site-directed mutagenesis to identify some primary determinants of linoleate binding to potato 13/9-lipoxygenase and concluded that the mechanism determining positional specificity described for a cucumber lipoxygenase does not apply to potato 13/9-lipoxygenase. This supports our previous studies on pea seed lipoxygenases for the role of pocket volume rather than inverse orientation as a determinant of dual positional specificity in plant lipoxygenases. We have also used deletion mutagenesis to identify a critical role in catalysis for a surface hydrophobic loop in potato 13/9-lipoxygenase and speculate that this may control substrate access. Although potato 13/9-lipoxygenase represents only a minor isoform in tubers, such evidence for a single lipoxygenase species with dual positional specificity in tubers has implications for the proposed role of potato lipoxygenases in the plant.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science