nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Signatures of the M31-M32 Galactic Collision

The unusual morphologies of the Andromeda spiral galaxy (M31) and its dwarf companion M32 have been characterized observationally in great detail. The two galaxies' apparent proximity suggests that Andromeda's prominent star-forming ring as well as M32's compact elliptical (cE) structure may result from a recent collision. Here we present the first self-consistent model of the M31-M32 interaction that simultaneously reproduces observed positions, velocities, and morphologies for both galaxies. Andromeda's spiral structure is resolved in unprecedented detail, showing that a rare head-on orbit is not necessary to match Andromeda's ring-like morphology. The passage of M32 through Andromeda's disk perturbs the disk velocity structure. We find tidal stripping of M32's stars to be inefficient during the interaction, suggesting that some cEs are intrinsically compact. Additionally, the orbital solution implies that M32 is currently closer to the Milky Way than models have typically assumed, a prediction that may be testable with upcoming observations.

Field of study: Physics
The Mirror of the Gods: How Renaissance Artists Rediscovered the Pagan Gods (review)

delle donne, which was published posthumously in 1600 and is considered Fonte’s most important work, seven women have come together to discuss the good and bad qualities of men. Grewe’s analytical focus is on the use of laughter in the text, because, as the author points out, in the Renaissance laughing was a highly regulated form of behavior, whose norms were clearly gendered. In Fonte’s exclusively female discourse, laughter signals release from male observation. It also demonstrates decency and discipline on behalf of the participating women, whose behavior perfectly complies with the male role model. Bettina Uppenkamp’s article relates literature, visual culture, and social history. The very last novella of Boccaccio’s Decamerone tells the story of Griselda, a girl from a poor family background who has to stand a row of cruel tests before being accepted as the proper wife of Count Gualtieri. Uppenkamp compares the literary reception of the novella and its depiction on Italian fifteenth-century cassoni and spalliere. While Petrarca and other late medieval authors conceive the girl Griselda an exemplum of female virtues, the story’s rendering on marriage chests is due to the wedding context, and does not lend itself to identification on the part of the bridal pair. The two excellent contributions by Andreas Toennesmann and Ilaria Hoppe deal with the art patronage of women regents in France and Tuscan Italy, respectively. Both articles study architectural manifestations of female power, and both pay close attention to questions of space and spatial relations. Toennesmann’s analyses of the Paris residences of Catherine of Medici (Tuileries), Mary of Medici (Palais du Luxembourg), and Anne of Austria (Val-de-Grâce) point out how the family traditions of these immigrant queens as well as genuinely French models were fused to bring about highly original architectural statements. These complied with the peculiar sociopolitical position of the woman regent in France and secured her memory. Hoppe’s article deals with the Villa Poggio  Mary Magdalen of Austria had rebuilt and decorated during her regency of the Grand-Duchy of Tuscany in the 1620s. On the villa’s ground floor the regent and her son, Frederico II of Medici, shared a double apartment, a spatial demonstration of their intertwined power. The rooms, however, were highly gendered by a fresco decoration showing famous women and their heroic deeds, as well as a genealogy of the Habsburg emperors, the dynasty Mary Magdalen came from. Her case is another fine example of how women who ruled in early modern Europe relied on the arts to shape their identity and to make it last. SIGRID RUBY Institut für Kunstgeschichte, University of Giessen

Field of study: History
Preoperative functional MRI use in neurooncology patients: a clinician survey.

Functional MRI (fMRI) is increasingly being investigated for use in neurosurgical patient care. In the current study, the authors characterize the clinical use of fMRI by surveying neurosurgeons' use of and attitudes toward fMRI as a surgical planning tool in neurooncology patients.



A survey was developed to inquire about clinicians' use of and experiences with preoperative fMRI in the neurooncology patient population, including example case images. The survey was distributed to all neurosurgical departments with a residency program in the US.



After excluding incomplete surveys and responders that do not use fMRI (n = 11), 50 complete responses were included in the final analysis. Responders were predominantly from academic programs (88%), with 20 years or more in practice (40%), with a main area of practice in neurooncology (48%) and treating an adult population (90%). All 50 responders currently use fMRI in neurooncology patients, mostly for low- (94%) and high-grade glioma (82%). The leading decision factors for ordering fMRI were location of mass in dominant hemisphere, location in a functional area, motor symptoms, and aphasia. Across 10 cases, language fMRI yielded the highest interrater reliability agreement (Fleiss' kappa 0.437). The most common reasons for ordering fMRI were to identify language laterality, plan extent of resection, and discuss neurological risks with patients. Clinicians reported that fMRI results were not obtained when ordered a median 10% of the time and were suboptimal a median 27% of the time. Of responders, 70% reported that they had ever resected an fMRI-positive functional site, of whom 77% did so because the site was "cleared" by cortical stimulation. Responders reported disagreement between fMRI and awake surgery 30% of the time. Overall, 98% of responders reported that if results of fMRI and intraoperative mapping disagreed, they would rely on intraoperative mapping.



Although fMRI is increasingly being adopted as a practical preoperative planning tool for brain tumor resection, there remains a substantial degree of discrepancy with regard to its current use and presumed utility. There is a need for further research to evaluate the use of preoperative fMRI in neurooncology patients. As fMRI continues to gain prominence, it will be important for clinicians to collectively share best practices and develop guidelines for the use of fMRI in the preoperative planning phase of brain tumor patients.

Field of study: Medicine
Bivariate Sign Test for One-Sample Bivariate Location Model Using Ranked Set Sample

In this article, we introduce a bivariate sign test for the one-sample bivariate location model using a bivariate ranked set sample (BVRSS). We show that the proposed test is asymptotically more efficient than its counterpart sign test based on a bivariate simple random sample (BVSRS). The asymptotic null distribution and the non centrality parameter are derived. The asymptotic distribution of the vector of sample median as an estimator of the locations of the bivariate model is introduced. Theoretical and numerical comparisons of the asymptotic efficiency of the BVRSS sign test with respect to the BVSRS sign test are also given.

Field of study: Mathematics
Diurnal changes in the photochemical efficiency of the symbiotic dinoflagellates (Dinophyceae) of corals: photoprotection, photoinactivation and the relationship to coral bleaching

The photochemical efficiency of symbiotic dinoflagellates within the tissues of two reef-building corals in response to normal and excess irradiance at water temperatures < 30 °C were investigated using pulse amplitude modulated (PAM) chlorophyll fluorescence techniques. Dark-adapted Fv/Fm showed clear diurnal changes, decreasing to a low at solar noon and increasing in the afternoon. However, Fv/Fm also drifted downwards at night or in prolonged darkness, and increased rapidly during the early morning twilight. This parameter also increased when the oxygen concentration of the water holding the corals was increased. Such changes have not been described previously, and most probably reflect state transitions associated with PQ pool reduction via chlororespiration. These unusual characteristics may be a feature of an endosymbiotic environment, reflective of the well-documented night-time tissue hypoxia that occurs in corals. Fv/Fm decreased to 0·25 in response to full sunlight in shade-acclimated (shade) colonies of Stylophora pistillata, which is considerably lower than in light-acclimated (sun) colonies. In sun colonies, the reversible decrease in Fv/Fm was caused by a lowering of Fm and Fo suggesting photoprotection and no lasting damage. The decrease in Fv/Fm, however, was caused by a decrease in Fm and an increase in Fo in shade colonies suggesting photoinactivation and long-term cumulative photoinhibition. Shade colonies rapidly lost their symbiotic algae (bleached) during exposure to full sunlight. This study is consistent with the hypothesis that excess light leads to chronic damage of symbiotic dinoflagellates and their eventual removal from reef-building corals. It is significant that this can occur with high light conditions alone.

Field of study: Environmental science
Incorporation of dielectric layers into the processing of III-nitride-based heterostructure field-effect transistors

Dielectric layers within III-nitride transistor technology can act either as passivation layers or as gate-dielectric layers. In this paper, we reflect on both issues and present novel approaches of dielectric schemes. In both cases, the elimination of surface traps or, more generally, of surface states is a key issue in obtaining improved device performance. As gate dielectrics, we introduced and investigated thermally and photoelectrochemically generated AlxGa2−xO3, SiO2, the combination of AlxGa2−xO3 and SiO2 (tandem-dielectric stack), and e-beam-deposited Al2O3. These dielectric layers serve simultaneously as a passivation layer. In addition, we introduced plasma-enhanced chemical-vapor deposition (PECVD)-deposited SiNx for passivation. The results highlight the importance of passivation and the introduction of gate dielectrics and emphasize the relationship between surface states and improved direct-current (DC) performance. Backed by additional measurements, we proposed a different gateleakage mechanism for heterostructure field-effect transistor (HFET) and metal-oxide semiconductor heterostructure field-effect transistor (MOSHFET) devices.

Field of study: Materials science
Effect of epidermal growth factor on cultured rat hepatocytes poisoned by CCl4.

To study the effects of epidermal growth factor (EGF) on CCl4-induced primary cultured hepatocytes injury.



Alanine amino-transferase (AlaAT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AspAT) activities and K+ concentractions were determined by the Auto-biochemistry Assay System. Malondialdehyde (MDA) was determined by thiobarbituric acid method. Radioactivity was determined by liquid scintillometry. Light microscopy and electron microscopy were used.



EGF 40 micrograms.L-1 decreased CCl4 (10 mmol.L-1)-induced damages of rat primary cultured hepatocytes by decreasing AlaAT and AspAT leakage and MDA production, and promoted RNA and DNA synthesis, with a high positive correlation between intracellular K+ leakage and DNA syntheses (r = 0.99, P < 0.01). Cytopathological study showed that EGF decreased damage of liver cells.



EGF maintains the stability of cellular lipid membrane and promotes syntheses of RNA and DNA of hepatocytes, and intracellular K+ transference is a promotor of the message transmission of DNA synthesis.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
The analysis of development trend of body movement difficulty in artistic gymnastics

Body movement difficulty has always been considered as a major breakthrough in the development of artistic gymnastics technique.Difficulty is the backbone of a set of movement and the only factor to decide technical value score for a whole set of movement.The biggest breakthrough of International Scoring Rules for Artistic Gymnastics (2003 Version) lies in the followings: the quantity of body movement difficulty is increased rapidly; the type of movement is increased and movement's technical complexity is enhanced; the magnitude of body movement difficulty is combined with the score. It has been proved once again in practice that difficulty is the precondition of competitive artistic gymnastics today.

Field of study: Education
Darstellung neuer vicinaler Tricarbonylverbindungen und einiger ihrer Schwefelanaloga

Durch geeignete Oxidationsreaktionen gelingt die Uberfuhrung der Malonamide 4 in Mesoxalamide 5, der Benzoylacetamide 17 in Benzoylglyoxylamide 19 und der Pivaloylacetamide 24 in Pivaloylglyoxylamide 26. Auch Schwefelanaloga von 5, 19 und 26, darunter das erste stabile 2-Thiomesoxalsaurederivat 11b sind zuganglich. Die spektroskopischen Eigenschaften der dargestellten Verbindungen werden diskutiert. 
 
 
 
Preparation of New Vicinal Tricarbonyl Compounds and Some of Their Sulfur Analogues 
 
 
 
Mesoxalamides 5, benzoylglyoxylamides 19, and pivaloylglyoxylamides 26 are prepared from the corresponding malonamides 4, benzoylacetamides 17 and pivaloylacetamides 24, respectively, by suitable oxidation reactions. Some of the sulfur analogues of 5, 19, and 26, including the first stable 2-thiomesoxalic acid derivative 11b, are also obtained. The spectroscopic properties of the compounds are discussed.

Field of study: Chemistry
RE-AODV: Improved AODV Routing Protocol for Repairing Efficiency

Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) is a self-organized, quickly configurable network, which does not have fixed infrastructure. Mobility is one of the most characteristic in MANET, but it may cause the failure of a valid link. There are two repair mechanisms—local repair and source repair in Ad hoc on demand distance vector protocol (AODV). The source repair mechanisms will bring higher overhead and packet loss ratio. Local Repair is an effective way to rebuild a route to destination, but its performance decline when the destination is unreachable from local repair node. This paper proposes an improved repair mechanism (RE-AODV) based on the local repair scheme, which distinguishes different route request messages and route reply messages with Local_Repair and Dst_Answer flags, and process them with different priorities. The simulation results demonstrate that the network delivery ratio can be significantly improved by using the proposed repair scheme.

Field of study: Computer science
Light weapons proliferation and misuse of fireamrs: The Ottawa working group proceedings

This report on the Ottawa Working Group on the Illegal Proliferation and Misuse of Light Weapons and Small Arms summarizes the findings of a multidisciplinary group of experts on innovative approaches to the problems created by and rebated to bight weapons proliferation. In addressing this issue, the Working Group is attempting to promote a research culture and the development of a robust paradigm to help explain what is becoming a critical security issue in the post Cold War world.

Field of study: Political science
Structurally selective protection of steel against oxygen corrosion by 1-hydroxyethylidenediphosphonatozincate

A method for protecting steel against oxygen corrosion in water solutions using an inhibitor that selectively reacts with a metal surface in corrosion centers is proposed. 1-hydroxyethylidenediphosphonatozincate, which contains a localized π bond between its phosphorus and oxygen atoms, is used as the inhibitor in combination with magnesium ions at an oxygen concentration of 0.1 to 6.0 mg dm−3 and pH in a water solution of 5.8 to 11.1. A 91–93% degree of protection is achieved at an inhibitor concentration of 6 mg dm−3.

Field of study: Physics
The Characteristics of Swelling Pressure for Superabsorbent Polymer and Soil Mixtures

Superabsorbent polymers (SAPs) are used in agriculture and environmental engineering to increase soil water retention. Under such conditions, the swelling pressure of the SAP in soil affects water absorption by SAP, and soil structure. The paper presents the results of swelling pressure of three cross-linked copolymers of acrylamide and potassium acrylate mixed at the ratios of 0.3%, 0.5% and 1.0% with coarse sand and loamy sand. The highest values of swelling pressure were obtained for the 1% proportion, for coarse sand (79.53 kPa) and loamy sand (78.23 kPa). The time required to reach 90% of swelling pressure for each type of SAP differs. Samples of coarse sand mixed with SAP K2 in all concentrations reached 90% of total swelling pressure in 100 min, while the loamy sand mixtures needed only about 60 min. The results were the basis for developing a model for swelling pressure of the superabsorbent and soil mixtures, which is a fully stochastic model. The conducted research demonstrated that the course of pressure increase depends on the available pore capacity and the grain size distribution of SAPs. The obtained results and the proposed model may be applied everywhere where mixtures of SAPs and soils are used to improve plant vegetation conditions.

Field of study: Materials science
Asymptotic performance analysis for signature waveform estimation in synchronous CDMA systems

In this correspondence, we present an asymptotic performance analysis of a subspace-based method proposed by Liu and Xu for blind signature waveform estimation in synchronous code-division multiple-access systems. In particular, we derive asymptotic, i.e., as the number of samples becomes large, expressions for the covariance of the estimated channel parameters. We also derive an algorithm independent bound on the covariance of the estimated parameters. This bound can be used as a measure against the theoretically predicted algorithmic performance. Some insight into the achievable performance of this algorithm is obtained by numerical evaluation of the bound for two cases of interest, and the results are compared to that obtained by numerical evaluation of the theoretically predicted performance, Monte Carlo simulations are used to verify the theoretical analysis.

Field of study: Engineering
Teacher Perceptions of the Classroom Behaviors of Nominated Handicapped and Nonhandicapped Students in China

Research in nations that do not use elaborate labeling systems may be particularly appropriate for studying teacher perceptions of difficult-to-teach students. This study investigated Chinese teachers' perceptions of the classroom behavior of students nominated as learning disabled (NLD), educable mentally retarded (NEMR), average (NA), and gifted (NG) based on the salient defining features commonly used in America to designate labeling categories. Behavioral ratings were obtained for a random sample of 196 nominated students from 27 teachers in two cities. Results indicated that NLD and NEMR students were rated significantly less favorably than NA and NG students; NLD students were rated significantly higher on verbal intelligence, creativity, and curiosity, and as more extroverted than NEMR students. Discriminant analysis yielded 72.19% agreement between original nominations and the classification based on the ratings. The results are compared to published findings of studies conducted in the United States.

Field of study: Education
The effect of auditory stimulus intensity on the reaction time of schizophrenics.

Experiments carried out have shown no evidence for the appearance in schizophrenics of paradoxical increase in reaction time with increase in auditory stimulus intensity. This phenomenon has previously been established for schizophrenics with visual stimulation, and the present experiments gave, with visual stimuli, further evidence of its existence. implications of the difference of results between the two sensory modalities are discussed.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
A Model of Lattice Defects in Sapphire

A model is proposed to account for the changes under ultraviolet illumination of several of the prominent optical absorption bands in neutron irradiated crystalline sapphire. This model, based on both new and previously observed photobleaching and predicted optical anisotropic properties of single and paired anion vacancies, assigns absorption and luminescent bands to specific charge states of anion divacancies.

Field of study: Physics
A novel 200 kDa plasma membrane glycoprotein with high basal tyrosine kinase activity in tumour cells.

We have detected a tyrosine phosphorylated 200 kDa glycoprotein (gp200) on the surface of two tumour cells of neural origin, namely A1235 glioma and A172 glioblastoma. gp200 (polypeptide mass of 165-170 kDa) has all the structural features of a growth factor receptor and it appears to display high basal tyrosine kinase activity, a characteristic associated with transforming proteins. Another interesting feature of gp200 is that it is immunologically highly related to the EGF receptor (polypeptide mass of 135 kDa), a member of the erb-B family of proteins; however, it lacks EGF binding activity. gp200 also differs from all other EGF-receptor-related oncogenic proteins, namely erb-B-2, erb-B-3 and erb-B-4 gene products, and hence appears to be yet another member of the erb-B family of proteins. This is further strengthened by the fact that both gp200 and the EGF receptor are also recognized by a conformation-specific anti-peptide antibody to the cytoplasmic domain of the beta-type PDGF receptor. In the EGF- and the PDGF receptors, this peptide epitope is cryptic and receptor phosphorylation unmasks this site [Panneerselvam K, Reitz H, Khan S A, and Bishayee S (1995) ] indicating that this epitope might be important in biological message transmission. In this context, the expression of a novel EGF-receptor-related 200 kDa protein with high basal kinase activity in certain tumour cells of neural origin and the fact that it contains an important peptide epitope suggest its possible role in normal and abnormal cell growth.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Physics
The Nature, Measurement, and Stability of Ethical Judgments in the Workplace

A basic interest in the Tightness and wrongness of actions predates philosophy, and the literature of organizational psychology indicates an increased interest in ethical and unethical decision-making in the workplace. Although several conceptual models of workplace ethical behavior have been offered, researchers have little guidance and few appropriate constructs for measuring a key component of these models. This paper focuses on the historical results of the Multidimensional Ethics Scale and construct of an ethical judgment and provides an exhaustive conceptual and empirical treatment of it. This analysis offers evidence for a three-dimensional structure underlying ethical judgments common to the workplace. The structure of the Multidimensional Ethics Scale is supported through an iterative approach which involves widely varying contexts and samples. Results have potential implications for developing theories of organizational ethics as well as for employees' psychological well-being.

Field of study: Psychology
Airborne Lidar Tracking of Fluorescent Tracers for Atmospheric Transport and Diffusion Studies

Development and validation of transport models for the study of regional acid deposition require improved observations of pollutant transport and dispersion processes. No suitable method for air-parcel tracking along nonconstant density surfaces is available. The feasibility of using an airborne lidar system to observe atmospheric transport and dispersion of fluorescent-dye-particle (FDP) tracers was demonstrated for various meteorological conditions and FDP-release scenarios in the general area of the Cross-Appalachian Tracer Experiment (CAPTEX) during October 1983. This paper presents some of the results obtained on six case studies, each of which illustrates a unique application of the technique.

Field of study: Environmental science