nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Reliability of Anthropometry-Based Equations Compared to Dual Energy Absorptiometry for Assessing Body Composition in Predialysis Chronic Kidney Disease-A Longitudinal Study.

Skinfold thickness measurements for assessing body composition are reported to have good reproducibility compared to the reference method of dual energy absorptiometry (DXA). In the current study, we compared the level of agreement between body composition measured with DXA and skinfold thickness (SFT) in CKD Stage 3 and 4, at 2 occasions, 6 months apart.



Body composition was assessed in 177 Indian patients with CKD Stage 3 and 4 using DXA and anthropometry (SFT). The body fat mass obtained by the 2 methods was compared by paired t-test, intraclass correlation coefficients, regression analysis, and Bland-Altman plots. A linear regression analysis was done to identify the patient-related parameters which would account for the intermethod differences between DXA and SFT.



Compared to DXA, SFT underestimated the fat mass at baseline as well as 6 months [DXA vs. SFT at entry: 15.85 kg (95% confidence interval, CI 15.07-16.65) vs. 13.71 kg (95% CI 13.21-14.32), P < .001; at 6 months: 16.13 (95% CI 15.33-16.93) vs. 13.85 (95% CI 13.25-14.45), P < .001]. The intraclass correlation coefficients at entry and 6 months were 0.894 (0.857-0.921) and 0.896 (0.860-0.923), respectively. The intermethod differences between DXA and SFT at baseline and 6 months were comparable: 2.08 kg (95% CI 1.66-2.5) at baseline versus 2.27 kg (95% CI 1.83-2.71) at 6 months, P = 0.200. Gender and body mass index turned out to be the significant predictors of intermethod differences at base line and exit (P < .001).



SFT-based measurements show good reproducibility compared to DXA over a period of 6 months. However, SFT systematically underestimates the fat mass by 2 Kg compared to DXA.

Field of study: Medicine
Research on Weld Crack of Dissimilar Steel Welding Between ZG270-500 and Q345B

Taking the transbeam of Single Column Boring Milling Machine assembly and welding as chance,the weld crack which happened welding between ZG270-500 and Q345B was researched,which is in the large tension stress and restraint intensity of thick plank.Combining experiment with practice,the lamellar tearing from mechanical property,stress condition and weldability was analyzed.The complex stress and large restraint intensity of thick plank of welded joint was also analyzed.The weld defects(such as microcrack,sonims and incomplete fusion)in the welded joint can be taken as crack source.Based on the analysis,the measures were put forward to avoid the welding defects.

Field of study: Materials science
The XML Twig Approximate Query Approach Based on Query Fragment Relaxation

To deal with the problem of approximate query against XML documents,based on the query fragment relaxation,this paper proposes a XML twig approximate querying approach.The approach leverages the query history to speculate the user preferences,which is used to assign the importance for each query fragment of the given twig query.Then,the query fragment importance is used to relax the original twig query.The first query fragment to be relaxed must be the least important query fragment and thus the most relevant query results can be obtained.Finally,the relevant query results are ranked according to their satisfaction degree to the original query and the user preferences.The experimental results demonstrate that the query relaxation and results ranking approach presented in this paper has the high recall and precision,and can efficiently meet the user′s needs and preferences as well.

Field of study: Computer science
Description of multiphoton collisionless dissociation of isotopes of the SF6 molecule

A solution is obtained for the evolution operator of a multilevel system interacting with a monochromatic field containing no secular terms. This is used to describe the initial stage of excitation of the ..nu../sub 3/ mode of the SF/sub 6/ molecule. Excitation in the quasicontinuum band is described by the diffusion equation. An equation is derived for the probability of dissociation of isotopes of the SF/sub 6/ molecule as a function of the field parameters and the temperature. The experimental results are accurately approximated by this equation. The possibility of isotopically selective excitation of heavy molecules having a small isotope shift in a field of 10/sup 10/ W/cm/sup 2/ intensity is discussed.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Microstructures of deformed grains in the augen gneisses of southern Menderes Massif (western Turkey) and their tectonic significance

A detailed fabric and microstructural analysis of the granitic mylonites was carried out on the southern side of Bes,parmak Mountain north of Selimiye (Milas). The mylonitic augen gneisses have a blastomylonitic texture characterized by large retort-shape porphyroclasts or augen of feldspars, around which a more ductile, medium to fine-grained matrix of muscovite, biotite, quartz and feldspar is deflected. Feldspars behave in both plastic and brittle fashion, because size reduction occurs through grain boundary migration and/or subgrain rotation, and also through fracturing. Typical “core-and-mantle” structure, characterized by a large feldspar core surrounded by a mantle of fine recrystallized grains, is very characteristic. The majority of plagioclase twins obey the albite-twin law; however, the association with pericline-law twinning suggests that many of the twins are mechanical. Evidence of strain, such as deformation twins, bent or curved twins, undulatory extinction, deformation bands and kink bands occur characteristically in plagioclase. Myrmekite is ubiquitous at K-feldspar grain boundaries, most notably on the long sides of inequant grains parallel to the S-foliation direction, which invariably face the maximum finite shortening direction. Deformation of quartz in mylonitic augen gneisses commonly results in the development of core-and-mantle structure and “type-4” quartz ribbons of elongated, preferably oriented, newly recrystallized quartz aggregates suggesting a primary dynamic recrystallization. Undulatory extinction, deformation bands and lamellae are the strain-related features associated with quartz porphyroclasts. Micas, especially biotite, undergo internal deformation by bend gliding and kinking. Most of the micas are completely attenuated and aligned such that their (001) planes are subparallel or parallel to the margins of quartz ribbons and define the foliation in the rock. These microstructures of feldspars, quartz and mica in the mylonitic augen gneisses in this part of the southern Menderes Massif are broadly consistent with fabric development under upper-greenschist- to lower-amphibolite-facies conditions, rather than almandine–amphibolite facies, as was previously believed. This supports the previous contention of the authors that the protoliths of augen gneisses are younger granitoids and do not represent an exposed Precambrian Pan-African basement in the Menderes Massif.

Field of study: Environmental science
Medicaid And The Limits of State Health Reform

Acknowledgments 1. The State Role in Health Care Reform: Why do We Care? 2. Congress Considers Health Reform 3. Explaining Medicaid Variation 4. The Medicaid Programs in New York and California 5. Paying for the Institutionalized Aged: Lessons from Nursing Home Policy 6. Alternatives to Institutionalization: Lessons from Home Care Policy 7. Reducing the Cost of Hospital Care: Lessons from New York and California 8. Moving Medicaid Clients into Managed Care 9. States and the U.S. Health Care System Notes Index

Field of study: Political science
Intracellular Expression of Hepatitis E Virus ORF2 Protein in pichia pastoris and Its Purification

We have used the methytotrophic yeast pichia pastoris to express the open reading frame 2(ORF2) protein of hepatitis E virus (HEV). The gene which encodes amino acid residues 69～660 of ORF2, was amplified from cDNA of HEV by PCR and cloned into the pichia expression vector pPIC3.5K. The recombinant plasmid was transformed into GS115 and screened for G418 resistant and Mut phenotype. The high resistant Muts clones were chosen to test the expression of HEV ORF2 protein in BMGY/BMMY media by SDS-PAGE and ELISA. The high expressing clone was scaled up and the recombinant products were purified by affinity chromatography. The expressed protein was estimated to be 59kDa with 96% purity by scanning analysis. Western blot showed it could be recognized by the McAb of HEV ORF2. The successful expression of HEV ORF2 protein in p. pastoris and the production of recombinant protein provides basis for genetically engineered vaccine development of hepatitis E.

Field of study: Biology
BRIEF COMMUNICATIONS: Problem of depolarization of linearly polarized light by a YAG : Nd3+ laser-active element under thermally induced birefringence conditions

A calculation is reported of the depolarization of linearly polarized light by a YAG : Nd3+ cylindrical active element kept under uniform heat evolution and heat removal conditions. It is shown that the losses per pass through an active element placed between two crossed polarizers can be approximately halved by the use of elements cut along the fourfold axis of a YAG : Nd3+ crystal.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Fetal growth and psychiatric and socioeconomic problems: population-based sibling comparison

It is unclear whether associations between fetal growth and psychiatric and socioeconomic problems are consistent with causal mechanisms.  To estimate the extent to which associations are a result of unmeasured confounding factors using a sibling-comparison approach.  We predicted outcomes from continuously measured birth weight in a Swedish population cohort (n = 3 291 773), while controlling for measured and unmeasured confounding.  In the population, lower birth weight (⩽2500 g) increased the risk of all outcomes. Sibling-comparison models indicated that lower birth weight independently predicted increased risk for autism spectrum disorder (hazard ratio for low birth weight = 2.44, 95% CI 1.99–2.97) and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Although attenuated, associations remained for psychotic or bipolar disorder and educational problems. Associations with suicide attempt, substance use problems and social welfare receipt, however, were fully attenuated in sibling comparisons.  Results suggest that fetal growth, and factors that influence it, contribute to psychiatric and socioeconomic problems.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
"EDUCAÇÃO FÍSICA ESCOLAR: É NORMAL?"

Considering the human movement like a way of human emancipation, which is full of meaning and intention and that can be used in a criative way in the community, we propose a reflection about the medical dispense to the Physical Education class. We note the Physical Education has living a contradition: in the school the teachers can not work with the students if they have ahy king of "anormelity", out of it, they work with any king of disabled people, making possible that these people take part in sport and any other motor activities, showing how it is important to them. Among the reasons those people can not take part in the Scholar Physical Education we com find these: the goal the contents of the Scholar Physical Education, the professional preparation, the conditions whwre the classes hapen and the cultural envioronment. We suggest that it is possible to find a way that wil enable those people to work their movement in the school.

Field of study: Education
On the origin and constitution of the upper part of the earth's mantle

SummaryThe author proves that theDirac-Gilbert equation serving as a basis for the expansion theory has the consequence that the Earth's mantle must be, excepting the uppermost 200 kilometres, similar in constitution to a magma of intermediary composition rich in volatiles. A basic or ultrabasic composition characterizes exclusively the volatile-poor shells situated immediately beneath the acidic crust.Density does not increase monotonously with depth: on the contrary, after a local maximum between 50 and 100 kilometres, it has a slight local minimum. Consequently, theGutenberg-channel is due to changes in material composition rather than to thermal effects. The hydrosphere and most of the atmosphere must have come to exist simultaneously with the crust, in the first phases of the Earth's life. The evolution of the surface of the Moon is in a close parallelism with the evolution of the Earth's mantle.ZusammenfassungVerfasser weist nach, daß dieDirac-Gilbertsche Gleichung, die die physikalische Grundlage der Erdexpansionstheorie bildet, betreffs der stofflichen Zusammensetzung des Erdmantels die Folge hat, daß diese, von der obersten etwa 200 km mächtigen Schicht abgesehen, einem intermediären Magma von hohem Leichtflüchtigengehalt nahestehen muß. Durch eine basische oder ultrabasische Zusammensetzung werden lediglich die an Leichtflüchtigen armen Schalen unmittelbar unter der sauren Kruste gekennzeichnet.Die Dichte nimmt mit der Tiefe nicht monoton zu, sondern besitzt zwischen 50 und 100 km Tiefe ein lokales Maximum, wonach sie ein schwaches lokales Minimum aufweist. DerGutenbergsche Kanal wird folglich nicht durch thermische Effekte, sondern durch Unterschiede der stofflichen Zusammensetzung bedingt. Die Hydrosphäre und der größte Teil der Atmosphäre muß zugleich mit der Kruste in den ersten Phasen der Erdentwicklung entstanden sein. Die Entwicklung der Mondoberfläche weist eine enge Parallelität mit der Entwicklung des Erdmantels auf.

Field of study: Environmental science
Correction of Temperature Effect on Dispersive Raman Spectrometer Based on Convolution with Gaussian Function

Dispersive Raman spectrometer is sensitive to the temperature of environment,which affects the consistency of measured spectra.To solve the problem,a method was proposd for correcting the temperature effect on instruments by applying convolution with a Gaussian function.A standard material was used to represent the instrumental response functions under various temperature conditions,then a Gaussian function for convolution was built,the problems of wave number drift and resolution variation were corrected.Based on spectral analysis and curve fitting,this method does not need to measure a set of well-prepared samples.Benzene was used as standard material in the experiment,and the temperature correction was performed on Raman spectra of m-xylene and a gasoline sample.Results show that it is an effective method to reduce temperature influence on dispersive Raman spectrometer,and the consistency of Raman spectra measured at different temperatures was greatly improved after correction.

Field of study: Chemistry
Panax notoginseng saponins attenuated cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity.

To study protective effects of Panax notoginseng saponins (PnS) against cisplatin-nephrotoxicity.



Cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in mice in vivo, and primary culture of rabbit proximal tubular cells (PTC) in vitro were established. Blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine, cell viability, DNA interstrand cross-link, DNA-protein cross-link, and cytosolic free [Ca2+]i were assayed with diacetyl monoxime, alkaline picrate, trypan blue, ethidium bromide binding, 125I-postlabelling, and Fur 2-AM, respectively.



With pretreatment for 2 d in mice, PnS 100 and 200 mg.kg-1.d-1 suppressed cisplatin-induced high blood urea nitrogen level to 83% and 31%, and serum creatinine level to 86% and 42%, respectively (P < 0.01). Preincubated with PTC for 24 h, PnS 10 and 100 mg.L-1 inhibited cisplatin-induced decrease of cell viability from 78% to 81% (P < 0.05) and 89% (P < 0.01), respectively. PnS 10 and 100 mg.L-1 suppressed formations of DNA interstrand cross-link to 47% and 40%, DNA-protein interstrand cross-link to 77% and 42%, and cytosolic free [Ca2+]i overload in PTC to 70% and 63%, respectively. (P < 0.01).



PnS was a prophylactic for cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity, and mechanisms were relevant to the effects that PnS reduced cisplatin-induced cytosolic free [Ca2+]i overload, and formations of DNA interstrand cross-link and DNA-protein cross-link.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Melatonin treatment prevents modulation of cell-mediated immune response induced by propoxur in rats.

The effect of melatonin, a major secretory product of the pineal gland, in attenuation of propoxur (2-isopropoxy phenyl N-methyl carbamate)-induced modulation of cell-mediated immune (CMI) response was studied in rats. Male Wistar albino rats were exposed to propoxur (a widely used pesticide) orally (10 mg/kg) and/or melatonin (10 mg/kg) orally for 4 weeks. CMI was measured by delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH), leucocyte and macrophage migration inhibition (LMI and MMI) responses and estimation of cytokines TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma levels. Rats exposed to propoxur for 4 weeks showed significant decrease in DTH, LMI and MMI responses. Propoxur also suppressed TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma production significantly. Administration of melatonin alone caused a significant increase in DTH response. Although there were no changes in the LMI and MMI response, the cytokine levels were significantly increased, as compared to control. Co-administration of melatonin along with propoxur significantly nullified the effect of the pesticide on the CMI response, except DTH and reversed levels of cytokines to near control/normal values. Thus, melatonin treatment considerably attenuated immunomodulation caused by sub-chronic treatment of propoxur in experimental animals.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Physics
Effect of sensor and actuator errors on static shape control for large space structures

An analytical study was performed to predict and assess the effect of actuator and sensor errors on the performance of a shape control procedure for flexible space structures using applied temperatures. Approximate formulas were derived for the expected value and variance of the rms distortion ratio (ratio of rms distortions with and without corrections) based on the assumption of zero-mean normally distributed random errors in measured distortions and actuator output temperatures. Studies were carried out for a 55-meter radiometer antenna reflector distorted from its ideal parabolic shape by nonuniform orbital heating. The first study consisted of varying the sensor and actuator errors for the case of 12 actuators and computing the distortion ratio. In the second study, sensor and actuator errors were prescribed and the effect of increasing the number of actuators was evaluated.

Field of study: Physics
Ozone and cardiac arrest: The role of previous hospitalizations.

Several studies have reported associations between exposure to particulate matter and incidence of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) and some have observed associations with ozone (O3). There are no studies investigating susceptibility based on previous disease history to short-term O3 exposure and the risk of OHCA.



To investigate the role of previous cardiovascular-related hospitalizations in modifying the associations between the risk of OHCA and short-term increase in O3 concentrations.



A time-stratified case-crossover analysis of 11,923 OHCA registered in the Swedish Register for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation from 2006 to 2014 was performed. Using personal identification numbers, OHCA were linked to all previous hospitalizations in Sweden since 1987 to create susceptible groups based on the principal diagnosis code at discharge. Susceptibility was based on hospitalization for i) acute myocardial infarction; ii) heart failure; iii) arrhythmias; iv) diabetes; v) hypertension; and vi) stroke. Moving 2 and 24-h averages for O3, PM2.5, PM10, and NO2 were constructed from hourly averages.



A 10 μg/m3 higher 2-h average O3 concentration was associated with a 2% higher risk of OHCA (95% CI, 0% 3%). Associations were similar for 24-h average O3 and in individuals with or without hospitalizations for AMI, heart failure, diabetes, hypertension or stroke. Individuals with previous hospitalizations for arrhythmias had a lower risk of OHCA with higher O3. No associations were observed for other pollutants.



Short-term exposure to O3 was associated with an elevated risk of OHCA, however, previous hospitalizations for cardiovascular diseases were not associated with additionally augmented risks.

Field of study: Environmental science
Natural cytotoxic activity in multiple sclerosis patients: defects in IL-2/interferon gamma-regulatory circuit.

In order to determine the factors underlying the impaired natural cytotoxic (NC) activity in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients, we have analysed the interleukin 2 (IL-2)-interferon gamma-(IFN gamma)-NC activity regulatory circuit in 40 MS patients and 40 matched healthy controls. Exogenous recombinant IFN gamma (rIFN gamma) enhanced NC activity in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) derived from MS patients and controls equally well. In contrast, PBL from MS patients showed a significantly lower increase of NC activity in response to IL-2 than healthy controls. This defect in responsiveness was independent of the dose of IL-2. Even at the highest dose of rIL-2 (1000 U/ml), MS patients showed a decreased response. PBL from MS patients required a 2 to 10 times higher dose of IL-2 to reach NC activity levels comparable to controls. In healthy individuals IL-2 can act upon both Fc gamma R+ and Fc gamma R- NC precursor cells. The decreased responsiveness to IL-2 is not confined to one subpopulation of IL-2-responsive precursor cells because depletion of Fc gamma R+ cells before culture in the presence of IL-2 revealed no significant differences in the contribution of Fc gamma R+ precursor cells to the IL-2 enhanced NC activity between MS patients and controls. Also the number of IL-2-responsive precursor cells appeared to be normal since the number of Fc gamma R+ cells in MS patients and controls was comparable. PBL from MS patients produced significantly lower amounts of IFN gamma upon stimulation with IL-2. Analysis of the different parameters of the regulatory circuit at the population level showed, both for patients and controls, a significant correlation between IFN gamma production and increase of NC activity induced by IL-2. Also the endogenous NC activity and IFN gamma production, both in patients and controls, were correlated. At the individual level, defects in NC activity could not be linked to another parameter of the regulatory circuit.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Response of six European forest sites to decided and proposed air pollutant emission reductions

Two acid deposition scenarios were simulated for six European forest sites situated in Germany, Denmark, Russia, Switzerland, Spain and Ireland. Three models were used in combination; the RAINS (Regional Acidification INformations and Simulation) model, the SAFE (Simulating Acidification in Forest Ecosystems) model and the MakeDep model. The scenarios used were based on results from international negotiations (the Oslo and Sofia protocols) and on calculations of what could be achieved using the best available technology at a reasonable cost. The parameters chosen for studying the course of acidification were base saturation, BC:Al molar ratio in soil solution and pH. Furthermore, the sites were compared with respect to deposition regimes as well as ion exchange and weathering rates, nutrient uptake and nutrient cycling. The results show, that all sites have undergone acidification. Three of the sites show BC:Al molar ratios below or very close to the threshold value of 1. Currently accepted reductions in S and N emissions will lead to a halt in acidification in all cases and a partial regeneration of the soil buffer capacity in some cases. Introducing maximum feasible reductions would improve soil conditions remarkably at all six sites. The differences in degree and course of acidification can be derived from differences in weathering rate and soil buffer capacity as well as from the deposition regimes. Detailed information on future anthropogenic base cation deposition is shown to be less important for the outcome of the scenarios than expected.

Field of study: Environmental science