nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Screening magnetic fields by superconductors: A simple model

We introduce a simple approach to evaluate the magnetic field distribution around superconducting samples, based on the London equations; the elementary variable is the vector potential. This procedure has no adjustable parameters, only the sample geometry and the London length, λ, determine the solution. This approach was validated by comparing the induction field calculated to the one measured above MgB2 disks of different diameters, at 20 K and for applied fields lower than 0.4 T. The model can be applied if the flux line penetration inside the sample can be neglected when calculating the induction field distribution outside the superconductor. We conclude by showing on a cup-shape geometry how one can design a magnetic shield satisfying a specific constraint.

Field of study: Physics
Enhancement of light output power of GaN-based light-emitting diodes using a SiO2 nano-scale structure on a p-GaN surface

GaN (gallium nitride)-based light-emitting diodes (LEDs) with a nano-scale SiO2 structure between a transparent indium-tin oxide (ITO) layer and p-GaN were fabricated. The forward voltage at 20 mA for a GaN-based LED with a SiO2 nano-scale structure was slightly higher than that of a conventional GaN-based LED because the total area of the p-type metal contact between the transparent ITO layer and p-GaN was smaller. However, the light output power for the GaN-based LED with a nano-scale structured SiO2 at 20 mA was 24% higher than that for a conventional GaN-based LED structure. This increase in the light output power is mostly attributed to the scattering of light from the SiO2 photonic quasi-crystal (PQC) layer.

Field of study: Materials science
Gene Co-expression Analysis Indicates Potential Pathways and Regulators of Beef Tenderness in Nellore Cattle

Beef tenderness, a complex trait affected by many factors, is economically important to beef quality, industry, and consumer’s palatability. In this study, RNA-Seq was used in network analysis to better understand the biological processes that lead to differences in beef tenderness. Skeletal muscle transcriptional profiles from 24 Nellore steers, selected by extreme estimated breeding values (EBVs) for shear force after 14 days of aging, were analyzed and 22 differentially expressed transcripts were identified. Among these were genes encoding ribosomal proteins, glutathione transporter ATP-binding cassette, sub-family C (CFTR/MRP), member 4 (ABCC4), and synaptotagmin IV (SYT4). Complementary co-expression analyses using Partial Correlation with Information Theory (PCIT), Phenotypic Impact Factor (PIF) and the Regulatory Impact Factor (RIF) methods identified candidate regulators and related pathways. The PCIT analysis identified ubiquitin specific peptidase 2 (USP2), growth factor receptor-bound protein 10 (GBR10), anoctamin 1 (ANO1), and transmembrane BAX inhibitor motif containing 4 (TMBIM4) as the most differentially hubbed (DH) transcripts. The transcripts that had a significant correlation with USP2, GBR10, ANO1, and TMBIM4 enriched for proteasome KEGG pathway. RIF analysis identified microRNAs as candidate regulators of variation in tenderness, including bta-mir-133a-2 and bta-mir-22. Both microRNAs have target genes present in the calcium signaling pathway and apoptosis. PIF analysis identified myoglobin (MB), enolase 3 (ENO3), and carbonic anhydrase 3 (CA3) as potentially having fundamental roles in tenderness. Pathways identified in our study impacted in beef tenderness included: calcium signaling, apoptosis, and proteolysis. These findings underscore some of the complex molecular mechanisms that control beef tenderness in Nellore cattle.

Field of study: Biology
Importance of TNF-alpha and its alterations in the development of cancers.

TNF-alpha is involved in many physiologic and pathologic cellular pathways, including cellular proliferation, differentiation, and death, regulation of immunologic reactions to different cells and molecules, local and vascular invasion of neoplasms, and destruction of tumor vasculature. It is obvious that because of integrated functions of TNF-alpha inside different physiologic systems, it cannot be used as a single-agent therapy for neoplasms; however, long-term investigation of its different cellular pathways has led to recognition of a variety of subsequent molecules with more specific interactions, and therefore, might be suitable as prognostic and therapeutic factors for neoplasms. Here, we will review different aspects of the TNF-alpha as a cytokine involved in both physiologic functions of cells and pathologic abnormalities, most importantly, cancers.

Field of study: Medicine
Position of the Triassic–Jurassic boundary and timing of the end-Triassic extinctions on land: Data from the Moenave Formation on the southern Colorado Plateau, USA

Strata of the Moenave Formation on and adjacent to the southern Colorado Plateau in Utah–Arizona, U.S.A., represent one of the best known and most stratigraphically continuous, complete and fossiliferous terrestrial sections across the Triassic–Jurassic boundary. We present a synthesis of new biostratigraphic and magnetostratigraphic data collected from across the Moenave Formation outcrop belt, which extends from the St. George area in southwestern Utah to the Tuba City area in northern Arizona. These data include palynomorphs, conchostracans and vertebrate fossils (including footprints) and a composite polarity record based on four overlapping magnetostratigraphic sections. Placement of the Triassic–Jurassic boundary in strata of the Moenave Formation has long been imprecise and debatable, but these new data (especially the conchostracans) allow us to place the Triassic–Jurassic boundary relatively precisely in the middle part of the Whitmore Point Member of the Moenave Formation, stratigraphically well above the highest occurrence of crurotarsan body fossils or footprints. Correlation to marine sections based on this placement indicates that major terrestrial vertebrate extinctions preceded marine extinctions across the Triassic–Jurassic boundary and therefore were likely unrelated to the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province (CAMP) volcanism.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Study of different subcooling control strategies in order to enhance the performance of a heat pump.

The performance of vapor-compression systems working with subcritical refrigerants varies with the degree of subcooling. There is an optimal subcooling that maximizes efficiency. However, it depends on the operating conditions and the control of the system needs to be adapted. Most of the works available in literature are able to operate in optimal conditions only at the design point or if a system is designed to be able to adapt its subcooling, only complex control algorithms that usually are difficult to set and time-costly, are used. This work focuses on the study of the main variables influencing the optimal subcooling and analyzes two different control methodologies from the theoretical point of view. Based on the theoretical study a final control strategy is selected and tested experimentally. The reliability, stability and robustness of the selected strategy are experimentally demonstrated for a wide set of operating conditions.

Field of study: Engineering
Characterization and purification of alkaline phosphatase from Elephas trogontherii (Steppe elephant) bone.

Four isozymes of alkaline phosphatase (AP) were purified from Elephas trogontherii (Steppe elephant) from different locations in the bone (outer and inner peripheral, cytosolic, and integral) using Sephadex G-200 gel filtration and TEAE-cellulose anion-exchange chromatography. The specimen was obtained from Erzurum Museum and its age was approx. 0.3-0.5 million years old. No fungi or bacteria were present in the bone sample. The enzyme activity was determined by using p-nitrophenylphosphate as a substrate. SDS-PAGE of all the isozymes gave a single band at the same location. The molecular mass of the four isozymes as determined by using gel filtration was about 60 kDa. Optimum pHs for the four isozymes were between 8-8.5. The optimum temperatures of the isozymes were: outer peripheral, 37.5 degrees C, cytosolic, 37.5 degrees C, inner peripheral, 35 degrees C and integral, 40 degrees C. The values of V(max) and K(m), as well different optimum temperatures indicated that isozymes were structurally different.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Physics
SEROTONIN ODYSSEY IN INDIA

Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) was discovered 70 years ago and the study of serotonin and its receptors persist to acquiesce novel biological insights of medical importance in virtually all major organ systems, including the cardiovascular, pulmonary, gastrointestinal (GI), and genitourinary systems as well as the central nervous system (CNS) (Erspamer 1940, Xiao et al. 1998). Serotonin and serotonin receptors are important in the regulation of virtually all brain functions, and dysregulation of the serotonergic system has been implicated in the pathogenesis of many psychiatric and neurological disorders. A greater understanding of serotonin function has emerged during the last two decades with the cloning of at least 15 serotonin receptors, which are grouped into seven families based on signaling mechanisms. Other important advances have included the subsequent development of receptor-specific knockout mice, and the development of receptor subtype-selective drugs. These advances have also shown us that serotonin has critically important functions in many human organ systems outside the CNS, including the regulation of energy balance and food intake, GI and endocrine function, and cardiovascular and pulmonary physiology. These findings may help explain the diverse side effects of serotonergic drugs—from diabetes and metabolic syndrome to valvular heart disease. Interestingly the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of our body resides 95% of the serotonin (5-HT) of the total body in the enterochromaffin cells (EC). This warrants for a great deal of research interest towards its significance in gastrointestinal pharmacology. The Indian version of Serotonin odyssey was initiated in early sixties of the last decade to explore the natural product like banana (Fig.1) and other plants products to protect the various

Field of study: Biology
Negative regulatory regions are present upstream in the three mouse neurofilament genes.

We have cloned and examined the 5' flanking regions of the heavy (NF-H), light (NF-L) and mid-sized (NF-M) mouse neurofilament (NF) genes in order to begin to characterize the regions of each gene that regulate NF transcription. Chimeric plasmids bearing the CAT reporter gene and deletion mutants of the upstream NF genes were transiently transfected into neuronal (PC12 and Neuro 2A) and non-neuronal (HeLa) cell lines. Constructs bearing upstream regions to -4000 in NF-H, to -5600 in NF-L and to -4500 in NF-M were expressed at low levels in neuronal and in non-neuronal cells. Progressive deletion of 5' flanking sequence to -385 in NF-H, to -325 in NF-L and to -505 in NF-M caused a several-fold increase of transcription from the transfected plasmids. Increases of transcription by deletion mutants followed a similar pattern in neuronal and in non-neuronal cell lines. Negative upstream regions are located between -1314 and -385 in NF-H, between -936 and -325 in NF-L and between -874 and -505 in NF-M. Additional negative regions are present further upstream in NF-L and in NF-H. The negative regions of NF-H and of NF-L suppress transcription when placed in either orientation in front of the SV40 or a heterologous NF promoter. These studies demonstrate that the three mouse NF genes possess similar functional features, namely, that of a relatively strong and promiscuous promoter with negative upstream elements. The role of the negative elements in regulating NF expression remains unclear.

Field of study: Biology
THE DELIMITATION OF GOVERNMENT REGIONS AND STATISTICAL AREAS IN AUSTRALIA

Over the past decade State and Commonwealth governments in Australia have become increasingly concerned with the regional scale of activity where region, defined at its broadest, refers to an area which is larger than the Local Government Area (LGA) and smaller than the State. This concern arose in part with belief that “some programs and services of government are most efficiently and effectively planned, coordinated and delivered at a level intermediate to those of State and Local Government”. This in turn reflected the growth in importance of the regional scale for the whole gamut of social and economic functioning. Rapid technological changes in transport and communication; the tremendous growth in personal mobility over the past 30 years; the rapid urban growth; the powerful organizing role of urban centres and the increasing interdependence of town and country have all made the regional unit a very significant spatial and functional entity which it is impossible to ignore when organizing activity of any sort. In particular this “shrinkage of space” has enabled both public and private sector activity to be organized effectively over much larger areas than previously, while technological changes have increased the scale at which many services, especially those involving physical plant, are most efficiently performed.

Field of study: Political science
Restrictive factors of sports industry development and its countermeasure

This paper analyzes reasons which restrict the development of Chinese sports industry from aspects of finance support,direction of sports consumption and system,points out countermeasures for sports industry development in our country including ensuring nongovenmental sports industry being dominant station, establishing coordinated organization, reforming management system of sports grounds, establishing correlative financing system, providing supports of revenue and finance, fostering people's interest in joining exercise, and reforming the system thoroughly,etc.

Field of study: Education
One-dimensional multiple-temperature gas-kinetic Bhatnagar-Gross-Krook scheme for shock wave computation

Accurately computing the inner structure of normal shock waves or oblique shock waves is crucial for many hypersonic applications. As such, it will improve the prediction accuracy of aerodynamics properties and aerothermal effects on hypersonic vehicles and spacecraft during atmospheric entries. Because a shock wave usually has a thickness of a few mean free paths, it is very difficult to accurately compute the detailed nonequilibrium inner structure across a shock wave with a continuum method. This paper reports a gas-kinetic Bhatnagar-Gross-Krook scheme for computations of one-dimensional vibrationally nonequilibrium nitrogen flows through a planar shock wave. The present gas-kinetic Bhatnagar-Gross-Krook scheme solves for the shock structure with multiple temperatures, including two translational temperatures, one rotational temperature, and one vibrational temperature. The salient features of the present gas-kinetic Bhatnagar-Gross-Krook method are multifold. Its applicability covers a wide simulation regime, extending that of continuum flows to the transition flows; it is more computationally efficient in time than the traditional direct simulation Monte Carlo method for shock wave simulation. To provide proper downstream subsonic boundary conditions for very strong shock waves, it is required to determine a proper postshock equilibrium state in which all temperatures have accomplished relaxation processes to a common equilibrium temperature. Analytical expressions of a complete set of generalized Rankine-Hugoniot relations across a planar shock wave are obtained to account for the variant specific heat ratio due to inner energy excitations. Numerical simulation results by the present gas-kinetic Bhatnagar-Gross-Krook scheme and the direct simulation Monte Carlo method are found to be in good agreement.

Field of study: Physics
Elemental uptake by edible herbs and lettuce (Latuca sativa)

The total concentration of toxic elements (aluminum, cadmium, chromium and lead) and selected macro and micro elements (iron, manganese, copper and zinc) are reported in six leafy edible vegetation species, namely lettuce, spinach, cabbage, chards and green and red types of Amaranth herbs. Although spinach and chards had greater than 125 mv of iron, both the amaranthus herbs recorded > than 320 μ g g− 1 dry weight. In both the spinach and chard species, the Mn and Zn levels were appreciable recording > 225 μ g g− 1 and 150 μ g g− 1 dry weight, respectively. Aluminum concentrations were (in μ g g− 1 dry weight) lettuce (10), cabbage (11), spinach (167), chards (65), amaranthus green (293) and amaranthus red (233). All the micro and macro elements and the toxic elements (Ni, Cr, Cd and Pb) elements analyzed, were below the recommended maximum permitted levels (RMI) in vegetables. Further the elemental uptake and distribution of the nine elements, at three growth stages of the lettuce plant grown on soil bed under controlled conditions are detailed. In the soil, except for iron (16%), greater than 33% of the other cations were in exchangeable form. Generally in the lettuce plant, roots retained much of the iron (> 224 μ g g− 1) and aluminum (> 360 μ g g− 1), while leaves had less than 200 μ g g− 1 of iron and 165 μ g g− 1 of Al. Although the concentrations of elements marginally decreased with growth, the lettuce leaves had significant amounts of Mn (30 μ g g− 1), Zn (50 μ g g− 1) and Cu (3.6 μ g g− 1). Some presence of lead in leaves (2.0 μ g g− 1) was noticed, but all the toxic and other elements analyzed were well below the RMI values for the vegetables.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Secondary metabolites and plant/environment interactions: a view through Arabidopsis thaliana tinged glasses

Arabidopsis thaliana is a successful model plant for studying wide-ranging topics including plant development, genetics and pathogen resistance. In addition, significant research has been conducted in the area of secondary metabolite biochemical genetics. The secondary metabolites in Arabidopsis include glucosinolates, terpenoids, phenylpropanoids, the alkaloid-like camalexin, and other uncharacterized compounds. The genetic tools developed in studying secondary metabolite biochemistry are now being used to study how secondary metabolites control various biological processes. This includes compounds involved in plant/insect and plant/pathogen interactions, compounds preventing UV-B damage, and compounds involved in hormone homeostasis. This review will describe what light Arabidopsis is shedding on the biological and ecological importance of specific secondary metabolites.

Field of study: Environmental science
Synthesis of ZrO_2 nano-powders with pure tetragonal phase by low temperature hydrothermal method

The ZrO 2 nano-powders were prepared from zirconium(Ⅳ) nitrate by the hydrothermal method at 180℃ for 18 h in reaction solution with different pH.The ZrO 2 powders were characterized by XRD and TEM.The ZrO 2 powders of a mixture of m-ZrO 2 and t-ZrO 2 can be directly synthesized from zirconium(Ⅳ) nitrate by the low hydrothermal process in reaction solution with different pH. When the reaction solution was added with glycerin, it was found that ZrO 2 powders with pure tetragonal phase could be directly synthesized at 180℃ with certain pH.The proportion of glycerin and the pH value of reaction solution were interrelated to the crystallographic forms of the zirconia powders.The ZrO 2 powders with pure tetragonal phase are formed at 180℃ for 18 h when glycerin was added to the reaction solution with the ratio [glycerin]∶[ Zr 4+] greater than 1∶1 and the pH 9—11, in other experiments mixtures of monoclinic and tetragonal phase ZrO 2 were formed. The ZrO 2 powders with pure tetragonal phase were about 10nm and homogenous in size. Compared with the similar experiments without glycerin, addition of glycerin was important in synthesizing the tetragonal phase-ZrO 2 powders by the low temperature hydrothermal method.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
PHASE TRANSITIONS AND IONIC CONDUCTIVITY OF THE LITHIUM SULPHATE-LITHIUM PHOSPHATE SYSTEM

The phase diagram of the Li2SO4Li3PO4 binary system has been investigated using DTA, DSC, X-ray diffraction and ionic conductivity measurements. The low temperature limit of the solid solubility of the high temperature phase of Li2SO4 is an eutectoid point at 561°C and about 1 mol% Li3PO4. At 400°C the ionic conductivity in the two-phase region has a maximum of 1.5 × 10 −3 (Ω cm) −1 for 50 mol% Li3PO4 and an activation energy of 0.8 eV.

Field of study: Materials science
Pairing based mutual healing in wireless sensor networks

Secure communication for information exchange in WSN requires the nodes to share some secret key within the network. One of the possible approaches used for this purpose is that a central authority broadcasts some keying material containing secret to a group of nodes. However, there is a possibility that a node misses out on one or more broadcast. Self-healing is incorporated to get such missing information wherein, using the recent broadcast keying material, a node extracts the key used in the previous sessions, if that node was an authorized member of the session. Furthermore, if the node misses out the recent broadcast, it seeks help of its neighboring nodes and obtains the missing key through mutual healing. The literature survey shows that a bi-linear pairing based protocol is so far the most secure approach for self-healing and mutual healing. In this paper, we propose a significant performance improvement over the existing self-healing protocol based on bi-linear pairing in terms of reduced storage and computation overhead for resource constrained sensor nodes. We also discuss the improved mutual healing protocol that provides mutual authentication and key confirmation without disclosing the node locations to the adversary. The security analysis with respect to active adversary shows that the performance improvement is achieved along with the existing security features such as forward and backward secrecy, resilience against node collusion, node revocation and resistance to impersonation.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
The Abortion dispute and the American system

Does the relentless pursuit of a single policy objective--on which there are deeply felt opposing positionsendanger governmental and political institutions that citizens value and depend on? Out of concern that the abortion dispute might pose just such a question, the Brookings Institution invited pro-life and pro-choice activists to join a group of public affairs experts at a symposium on the effects of the dispute on the American system. This volume presents an introductory essay that explains the issues involved, the appraisals that provided the starting point for the symposium discussion, and a summary of the reactions of symposium participants. Lawrence M. Friedman appraises the abortion dispute in a constitutional context, focusing on the 1973 Supreme Court decision, Roe v. Wade, which legitimized abortion under certain ground rules. Roger H. Davidson considers the effects of the abortion dispute on congressional procedures. G. Calvin Mackenzie discusses the ways in which the presidential appointment process has been affected by the consideration of nominees's views on abortion. John E. Jackson and Maris A. Vinovskis analyze the role of abortion as a single issue in electoral politics. A historical note by Cynthia E. Harrison reviews the Prohibition experience, an earlier attempt to regulate conduct by constitutional restraint. The general conclusion of the scholars who wrote these essays as well as the activists and others participating in the symposium was that the abortion dispute does not jeopardize governmental institutions. Even the unprecedented or unique political techniques used by the advocates on both sides are regarded as within the norms of traditional American politics."

Field of study: Political science