nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
TACR1 genotypes predict fMRI response to alcohol cues and level of alcohol dependence.

The tachykinin receptor 1 (TACR1) gene is a promising candidate gene in the search for the genetic basis of alcohol dependence (AD); TACR1 antagonists improve symptomology not only in preclinical models of AD but also in a clinical sample of detoxified alcoholics (George et al.,  2008). The purpose of the current study was to determine whether TACR1 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were associated with (i) blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) activation in response to gustatory alcohol cues in a sample of heavy drinkers and (ii) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition, text revision (DSM-IV-TR) AD symptom count in a large, publicly available data set-the Study of Addictions: Genetics and Environment Genome Wide Association study (SAGE GWAS) (Bierut et al., 2010).



First, we examined relationships between TACR1 genotypes and neural responses during a craving task in 326 individuals with alcohol use disorders. Next, correlational analyses between 69 TACR1 SNPs and DSM-IV-TR AD symptoms were performed on the SAGE data set.



rs3771863, rs3755459, and rs1106855 predicted BOLD activation in response to alcohol cues in those same reward and reinforcement brain areas, especially in the medial prefrontal cortex, striatum, and insula. rs3771863 also predicted AD symptom count in the SAGE data set and BOLD activation in the mesocorticolimbic pathway response to alcohol cues.



Each of the 5 SNPs in the TACR1 gene that was significantly related to AD severity in the SAGE data set and/or the BOLD response to the craving task is near the 3' or 5' areas of the gene and may therefore be near mutations with potential functional significance. In particular, the potential functional significance of rs1106855 should be explored because of its location within a stop codon.

Field of study: Medicine
Rapid assessment of coastal water quality for recreational purposes: Methodological proposal

Coastal waters and beaches are the main tourist attraction in the Caribbean, reporting an estimated income of US $ 25 billion dollars a year. However, sewage discharge, solid waste leachates, and oil spills threaten these resources, requiring management strategies to control water quality, which sometimes is difficult given the lack of adequate technical tools. The present article proposes a quick methodology to determine the quality of coastal waters for recreational purposes, using San Andres Island, Colombian Caribbean, as a study case. The proposal includes seven variables indicative of water quality, in three scenarios: normative, permissive and restrictive. The methodology initially uses a univariate weighting that qualifies the water quality at each sampling station by parameter, then a multivariate weighting to determine the quality with the set of indicator variables and its comparison with a general pollution scale. The application is presented with a dataset of 15 sampling stations between 2001 and 2016 from the systematic coastal monitoring network implemented by CORALINA. The results lead us to conclude that the proposed methodology is a useful tool for a rapid assessment of coastal water quality in areas destined to recreation by primary and secondary contact. It is also an input for the elaboration of management plans in coastal zones.

Field of study: Environmental science
An Experimental Study of Tectonic Overpressure in Franciscan Rocks

Approximately 4 kb tectonic overpressure was required, according to one theory, for the formation of jadeite-aragonite-bearing rocks of the Franciscan. Strength of two common Franciscan rocks—massive graywacke, and thin-bedded shale and graywacke—was determined to see if this tectonic overpressure could have been generated under the conditions of metamorphism; that is, 4 kb confining pressure, 200 to 300° C, in the presence of aqueous pore fluid. The strength was found to depend markedly on both pore and total pressures. The required tectonic overpressure could only have been generated in massive graywacke, and only when pore pressure was less than hydrostatic. With even moderate amounts of interbedded shale, tectonic overpressure could not have exceeded 1 kb.

Field of study: Geology
EFFECT OF INITIAL STRESS ON BEARING CAPACITY OF DUMBBELL CONCRETE-FILLED STEEL TUBE ARCH BRIDGE

The problem of the effect on the initial stress to the bearing capacity of the concrete-filled steel tube (CFST)arch bridge are constantly concerned by bridge engineers.According to the section mechanical characteristic of an arch bridge when the ultimate capacity reached,for the comprehensive consideration of the initial stress of the steel tube and the confined effect between the steel tube and the core concrete,a new method which included both the spatial solid-beam element and the general spatial beam element with the initial stress to analyze the effect on the initial stress to the bearing capacity of the dumbbell CSFT arch bridge was introduced. Based on this method,the both element stiffness matrices were given and a computing program was developed. On basis of these,the influences of the initial stress ratio,sectional steel ratio and spans and so on were comprehensively studied.The analytical results show that the bearing capacity of dumbbell CSFT arch bridge will reduce due to the existence of the initial stress of the steel tube.The maximum reduction is large than 10%.At last, a limitation to the initial stress of the steel tube and a formula of the influence factor of the bearing capacity of the dumbbell CFST arch bridge have been put forward;these are useful for engineering design and construction.

Field of study: Engineering
Computerized tomography evaluation of a resorbable implant after transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion.

OBJECT
Synthetic bioabsorbable implants have recently been introduced in spinal surgery; consequently, the indications, applications, and results are still evolving. The authors used absorbable interbody spacers (Medtronic Sofamor Danek, Memphis, TN) packed with recombinant bone morphogenetic protein (Infuse; Medtronic Sofamor Danek) for single- and multiple-level transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF) procedures over a period of 18 months. This is a consecutive case series in which postoperative computerized tomography (CT) scanning was used to assess fusion status.



There were 22 patients (17 men, five women; 39 fusion levels) whose mean age was 41.6 years (range 23-70 years) and in whom the mean follow-up duration was 12.4 months (range 6-18 months). Bridging bone was noted as early as the 3-month postoperative CT scan when obtained; solid arthrodesis was routinely noted between 6 and 12 months in 38 (97.4%) of 39 fusion levels. In patients who underwent repeated CT scanning, the fusion mass appeared to increase with time, whereas the disc space height remained stable. Although the results are early (mean 12-month follow-up duration), there was only one noted asymptomatic delayed union/nonunion at L5-S1 in a two-level TLIF with associated screw breakage. There were no infections or complications related to the cages.



The bioabsorbable cages appear to be a viable alternative to metal interbody spacers, and may be ideally suited to spinal interbody applications because of their progressive load-bearing properties.

Field of study: Medicine
How does weather affect the use of public transport in Berlin?

The effect of weather on public transport usage in Berlin is analysed. The number of single and day tickets sold is used as a proxy for the number of occasional public transport users. Analysing more than 3 years of hourly ticket sale data, it is shown that the most important factor influencing ticket sales is temperature. Temperatures below -5 °C lead to an increase in ticket sales by up to 30% on working days, while on hot days (>28°C) passenger numbers drop by up to 5%. Precipitation increases the number of sales on working days by up to 5%. On weekends, the lowest ticket-sale numbers are associated with wet and either very cold or very hot conditions. Another factor influencing ticket sales is sunshine duration, while wind and snowfall don't seem to play a role for ticket sales in Berlin. It is demonstrated that it is possible to predict ticket sales depending on date, time and weather conditions using a statistical model. On designated public transport routes the effect of weather on passenger numbers can be much stronger than the district average. This is shown for the example of a bus route to a public beach. With each degree of temperature increase, passenger numbers on this line go up by approximately 30%.

Field of study: Environmental science
The fermentation of whole wheat flour by Pediococcus pentosaceus / Fermentación de harina de trigo integral con Pediococcus pentosaceus

A whole wheat flour:water brew (1:3) was fermented (at 32 °C) with a Pediococcus pentosaceus culture at inoculation levels (I) of log10 I = 0 (control), 5, 6, 7 and 8 cfu/g brew. A direct relationship was observed between the inoculation level and the absolute values of the b and c parameters of the fitted fermentation equation: pH = a + bt + ct 2. The first derivative of the fermentation equation was used to determine the duration of the lag phase period. When the inoculation level was increased from log 10 I = 0 to log10 I = 8 cfu/g brew the lag phase period (Lp) and the fermentation time (t) decreased from 5.2 to 0.8 h and from 18.0 to 4.2 h, respectively. The model lag phase period and the model fermentation time at inoculation levels other than those examined in this study were calculated using the equa tions LpM= 5.2 + 0.0245I - 0.0714I 2 and t M5.0 = 18 - 1.15I- 0.075 I 2, respectively. The acid production phase comprised 68% of the fermentation period. The fermentation rate (F) within each of the three periods of the fermentation increased as the inoculation level increased. The acid production rate- inoculation plot showed a discontinuity at an inoculation level of log10 I = 7.0 cfu/g brew.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
A Walsh—Fourier Analysis of the Effects of Moderate Maternal Alcohol Consumption on Neonatal Sleep-State Cycling

Recent discussions of the functional significance of ultradian rhythms emphasize their importance to human physiology. Over the past 25 years, electroencephalographic (EEG) sleep patterns have been used in assessing the cerebral and central nervous system maturation of neonates. Through an interdisciplinary effort, spectral (Fourier) methods have been developed to discriminate between the various stages of sleep based on EEG recordings. Nevertheless, there has been little effort to develop methods for the statistical analysis of sleep-state cycling. In particular, attention has primarily been focused on the ultradian rhythm of sleep as it cycles between two states, active or rapid eye movement (REM) and quiet or non-REM sleep. There are, however, several components of REM and non-REM sleep, as well as a transitional state (indeterminate sleep) and abrupt alterations of state (arousal). Moreover, few studies have investigated the effects of prenatal alcohol exposure on the neurophysiological devel...

Field of study: Mathematics
Measurements and Analysis of the SIS-300 Dipole Prototype During the Functional Test at LASA

The FAIR facility, under construction at GSI, includes the synchrotron SIS300 (300 Tm rigidity). In order to reach the required high intensities of proton and heavy ion beams, the bending dipole magnets (beam tube diameter aperture 100 mm) have to be pulsed from the injection magnetic field of 1.5 T to the extraction field of 4.5 T at the rate of 1 T/s. The first 3.9-m-long model dipole has been built and the tests have been carried out at LASA Lab in 2012. These tests have allowed assessment of the performance of the magnet, also in pulsed regime. The performance limitation in fast ramp condition appeared mostly due not only to the ramp rate, but also to the total variation of the current, suggesting an effect due to induced current in the superconducting strands in a particular zone of the conductor. The paper illustrates the results of the measurements and presents some models to describe the quench during the ramp of the current.

Field of study: Physics
Estimating transport coefficients of interacting pion gas with K-matrix cross sections

We estimate the transport coefficients, $viz.$, shear and bulk viscosities as well as thermal and electrical conductivities, of hot pionic matter using relativistic Boltzmann equation in relaxation time approximation. We use K-matrix parametrization of pion-pion cross sections to estimate the transport coefficients which incorporate multiple heavy resonances while simultaneously preserving the unitarity of S-matrix. We compare transport coefficients estimated using K-matrix parametrization with existing literature on pionic transport coefficients. We find that the K-matrix scheme estimations are in reasonable agreement with previous results.

Field of study: Physics
Lower-Order $H_{\infty} $ Filter Design for Bilinear Systems With Bounded Inputs

We propose an optimization-based method for designing a lower order Luenberger-type state estimator, while providing L2-gain guarantees on the error dynamics when the estimator is used with the higher order system. Suitable filter parameters can be computed by modelling the bilinear system as a linear differential inclusion and solving a set of bilinear matrix inequality constraints. Since these constraints are nonconvex, in general, we also show that one can solve a suitably defined semi-definite program to compute a bound on the level of suboptimality. The design method also allows one to explicitly take account of linear parameter uncertainties in order to provide a priori robustness guarantees. The H-infinity estimator not only has lower real-time computational requirements compared with a Kalman filter, but also does not require knowledge of the noise spectrum. For a numerical example, we consider the estimation of the radiation force for a wave energy converter, where a low-order model is used to approximate the radiation dynamics.

Field of study: Engineering
Application of Virtual Private Network on Environmental Automatic Monitoring of Jiangsu Province

Based on the investigation of the status of a virtual private network (VPN) in the environmental monitoring, combined with the integrated design of Automatic Station of Jiangsu Province in conjunction with China Environmental Monitoring Station, and practices of several environmental automatic monitoring data acquisition platforms in our province, the advantages and disadvantages of VPN network in the environmental monitoring applications has been discussed. Finally, countermeasures and suggestions to improve the virtual private network application on the environmental monitoring have been put forward.

Field of study: Environmental science
Characterization of cerebral hemodynamic phases following severe head trauma: hypoperfusion, hyperemia, and vasospasm.

The extent and timing of posttraumatic cerebral hemodynamic disturbances have significant implications for the monitoring and treatment of patients with head injury. This prospective study of cerebral blood flow (CBF) (measured using 133Xe clearance) and transcranial Doppler (TCD) measurements in 125 patients with severe head trauma has defined three distinct hemodynamic phases during the first 2 weeks after injury. The phases are further characterized by measurements of cerebral arteriovenous oxygen difference (AVDO[2]) and cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen (CMRO[2]). Phase I (hypoperfusion phase) occurs on the day of injury (Day 0) and is defined by a low CBF calculated from cerebral clearance curves integrated to 15 minutes (mean CBF 32.3 +/- 2 ml/100 g/minute), normal middle cerebral artery (MCA) velocity (mean V[MCA] 56.7 +/- 2.9 cm/second), normal hemispheric index ([HI], mean HI 1.67 +/- 0.11), and normal AVDO(2) (mean AVDO[2] 5.4 +/- 0.5 vol%). The CMRO, is approximately 50% of normal (mean CMRO(2) 1.77 +/- 0.18 ml/100 g/minute) during this phase and remains depressed during the second and third phases. In Phase II (hyperemia phase, Days 1-3), CBF increases (46.8 +/- 3 ml/100 g/minute), AVDO(2) falls (3.8 +/- 0.1 vol%), V(MCA) rises (86 +/- 3.7 cm/second), and the HI remains less than 3 (2.41 +/- 0.1). In Phase III (vasospasm phase, Days 4-15), there is a fall in CBF (35.7 +/- 3.8 ml/100 g/minute), a further increase in V(MCA) (96.7 +/- 6.3 cm/second), and a pronounced rise in the HI (2.87 +/- 0.22). This is the first study in which CBF, metabolic, and TCD measurements are combined to define the characteristics and time courses of, and to suggest etiological factors for, the distinct cerebral hemodynamic phases that occur after severe craniocerebral trauma. This research is consistent with and builds on the findings of previous investigations and may provide a useful temporal framework for the organization of existing knowledge regarding posttraumatic cerebrovascular and metabolic pathophysiology.

Field of study: Medicine
Extending CMIP5 projections of global mean temperature change and sea level rise due to thermal expansion using a physically-based emulator

We present a physically-based emulator approach to extending 21st century CMIP5 model simulations of global mean surface temperature (GMST) and global thermal expansion (TE) to 2300. A two-layer energy balance model that has been tuned to emulate the CO2 response of individual CMIP5 models is combined with model-specific radiative forcings to generate an emulated ensemble to 2300 for RCP2.6, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5. Errors in the emulated time series are quantified using a subset of CMIP5 models with data available to 2300 and factored into the ensemble uncertainty. The resulting projections show good agreement with 21st century ensemble projections reported in IPCC AR5 and also compare favourably with individual CMIP5 model simulations post-2100. There is a tendency for the two-layer model simulations to overestimate both GMST rise and TE under RCP2.6, which is suggestive of a systematic error in the applied radiative forcings. Overall, the framework shows promise as a basis for extending process-based projections of global sea level rise beyond the 21st century time horizon that typifies CMIP5 simulations. The results also serve to illustrate the differing responses of GMST and Earth's energy imbalance (EEI) to reductions in greenhouse gas emissions. GMST responds relatively quickly to changes in emissions, leading to a negative trend post-2100 for RCP2.6, although temperature remains substantially elevated compared to present day at 2300. In contrast, EEI remains positive under all RCPs, and results in ongoing sea level rise from TE.

Field of study: Environmental science
Reliability in the era of electrification in aviation: A systems approach

With an increasing amount of electrification projects in aviation, reliability becomes a key question. Integrating electric and electronic equipment in areas that have been dominated by thermal machines poses big challenges and opportunities. This presentation provides insights into the methods used to determine the required reliability by assessing the whole system and exploring the electromechanical and environmental interactions that define the new requirements to be met. Finally, it will discuss the interlinked nature between safety and reliability in aviation.

Field of study: Engineering
Injunctive Norms and Alcohol Consumption: A Revised Conceptualization.

Injunctive norms have been found to be important predictors of behaviors in many disciplines with the exception of alcohol research. This exception is likely due to a misconceptualization of injunctive norms for alcohol consumption. To address this, we outline and test a new conceptualization of injunctive norms and personal approval for alcohol consumption. Traditionally, injunctive norms have been assessed using Likert scale ratings of approval perceptions, whereas descriptive norms and individual behaviors are typically measured with behavioral estimates (i.e., number of drinks consumed per week, frequency of drinking). This makes comparisons between these constructs difficult because they are not similar conceptualizations of drinking behaviors. The present research evaluated a new representation of injunctive norms with anchors comparable to descriptive norms measures.



A study and a replication were conducted including 2,559 and 1,189 undergraduate students from 3 different universities. Participants reported on their alcohol-related consumption behaviors, personal approval of drinking, and descriptive and injunctive norms. Personal approval and injunctive norms were measured using both traditional measures and a new drink-based measure.



Results from both studies indicated that drink-based injunctive norms were uniquely and positively associated with drinking, whereas traditionally assessed injunctive norms were negatively associated with drinking. Analyses also revealed significant unique associations between drink-based injunctive norms and personal approval when controlling for descriptive norms.



These findings provide support for a modified conceptualization of personal approval and injunctive norms related to alcohol consumption and, importantly, offer an explanation and practical solution for the small and inconsistent findings related to injunctive norms and drinking in past studies.

Field of study: Medicine
Estradiol Modulates the Expression Pattern of Myosin Heavy Chain Subtypes via an ERα-Mediated Pathway in Muscle-Derived Tissues and Satellite Cells

Muscle-derived satellite cells (MDSCs) express MHC molecules intimately related to muscle function, which is supposed to be affected by local estrogen (E2) levels. However, cellular targets and molecular mechanisms involved are poorly understood.  Genioglossus (GG) muscle tissues and MDSCs were derived from SHAM, ovariectomized or ovariectomized and 17 β-estradiol injected rats (n=10 ⁄ group). ERα, ERβ, MHC expression and underlying regulatory mechanisms were investigated by RT-PCR, western blot and immunohistochemistry, inter alia upon selective antagonist exposure and Si-RNA transfection. MDSC viability and cell cycle were examined by MTT and flow cytometry.  E2 upregulated MHC-I and downregulated MHC-IIb expression in MDSCs. E2 mediated effects on these molecules were inhibited by ERα-selective antagonist MPP and si-ERα, whereas they persisted upon exposure to ERβ-selective antagonist PHTPP. ERα was significantly higher expressed in muscle tissues compared to ERβ. ER positive stainings were fewer in the ovariectomized than in the SHAM group. Injection of E2 only increased the positive staining of ERα, but not of ERβ.  Results suggest that E2 regulates MHC expression mainly through an ERα-mediated pathway with opposing effects on MHC-I and MHC-IIb. Thus, different hormonal processes that impact muscular pathophysiology presumably govern the functional properties of these molecules.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Simulation by Finite Difference Numerical Method of ${\rm Nb}_{3}{\rm Sn}$  Strand Under Bending Strain

We report on the simulation of the current distribution in Nb3Sn strand subjected to pure bending strain, obtained by resolving the implicit diffusion equations with finite difference algorithm in Mathworks environment. The critical current dependence on bending, temperature, and magnetic field is modeled by the Improved Deviatoric Scaling Law and is used in the power law electric field dependence across the superconductor. The strand is discretized in elements representing groups of twisted filaments embedded in the stabilization matrix and a distributed constant circuit model is applied for current transfer among filament bundles. The code is preliminarily validated by comparison with analytical solutions for different simplified situations, each one corresponding to a proper boundary condition. Transverse matrix resistivity and twist-pitch values are crucial elements for matching numerical results with experimentally measured critical currents.

Field of study: Physics