nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Manufacturing of Transparent Composites Using Vacuum Infusion Process

A novel optically-transparent glass fibre reinforced polymer matrix composite has been developed by infusing a clear epoxy resin system of matching refractive index into a conventional E-glass fabric preform. Transparent composites are manufactured using a low cost, environmentally friendly vacuum infusion process. Physical and mechanical tests have been conducted. Transparent composites manufactured using the modified vacuum infusion process had a fibre volume fraction of 40%. Tensile strength and tensile modulus of these composites were 374.9 MPa and 31.74 GPa respectively. The results indicate that the transparent composites possess good physical and mechanical properties. These transparent composites form a good base for developing new generation transparent armour systems.

Field of study: Materials science
Form and internal structure of active-layer detachment slides, Fosheim Peninsula, Ellesmere Island, Northwest Territories, Canada

Three recent shallow landslides over permafrost are described. Slides occur in low- to medium-plasticity clays containing some bands of silts and fine sands. Slope failure results from rapid thaw at the base of the active layer of soil that is ice-rich due to antecedent two-sided freezing. Displaced slide blocks retain their integrity because of hardening of the active layer by cryodesiccation and summer evaporation. Blocks move over a soft basal shear zone a few millimetres to several centimetres thick. Compression in the toe zone of slides is low at sites where runout is possible, but in other locations causes emergent shears and complex folding. Failure histories are varied and range from simple unitary slides to complex sequential failures in which active-layer segments are mobilized progressively higher up the slope. This study demonstrates the importance of active-layer thermal and hydrological regimes, in addition to material properties, in determining the mode of slope failure.

Field of study: Environmental science
CRITERIA FOR RECOGNITION OF LAHARIC BRECCIAS, SOUTHERN CASCADE MOUNTAINS, WASHINGTON

Comparison of properties of laharic (volcanic mudflow) and pyroclastic breccias leads to the conclusion that two described volcanic breccias near Mt. Rainier, Washington originated as lahars. The two volcanic-breccia deposits are typical of many breccias within a thick andesitic series (Eocene-Oligocene), suggesting that rapid denudation of nearby volcanoes was an important process in the accumulation of the lower Tertiary andesitic material within the southern Cascade Mountains of Washington.

Field of study: Geology
Small Group Instruction for Students With Autism

A multiple-probe design across response chains and students was used to evaluate the combined instructional effects of progressive time delay, general case training, and observational learning on the food and drink preparation skills of three children with autism. All instruction was delivered in a group learning arrangement. The data suggested that these students acquired and maintained the targeted skills through the use of these instructional techniques. In addition, students were able to acquire response chains by observing the other student in the group and appeared to generalize the acquired skills to similar response chains. The implications for future research are discussed.

Field of study: Education
Integrate GWAS, eQTL, and mQTL Data to Identify Alzheimer’s Disease-Related Genes

It is estimated that the impact of related genes on the risk of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is nearly 70%. Identifying candidate causal genes can help treatment and diagnosis. The maturity of sequencing technology and the reduction of cost make genome-wide association study (GWAS) become an important means to find disease-related mutation sites. Because of linkage disequilibrium (LD), neither the gene regulated by SNP nor the specific SNP can be determined. Because GWAS is affected by sample size and interaction, we introduced empirical Bayes (EB) to make a meta-analysis of GWAS to greatly eliminate the bias caused by sample and the interaction of SNP. In addition, most SNPs are in the noncoding region, so it is not clear how they relate to phenotype. In this paper, expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) studies and methylation quantitative trait locus (mQTL) studies are combined with GWAS to find the genes associated with Alzheimer disease in expression levels by pleiotropy. Summary data-based Mendelian randomization (SMR) is introduced to integrate GWAS and eQTL/mQTL data. Finally, we prioritized 274 significant SNPs, which belong to 20 genes by eQTL analysis and 379 significant SNPs, which belong to seven known genes by mQTL. Among them, 93 SNPs and 2 genes are overlapped. Finally, we did 10 case studies to prove the effectiveness of our method.

Field of study: Biology
Benford’s law and cross-sections of A(n,[FORMULA])B reactions

Benford’s law, also called the first-digit law, states that in lists of numbers from many quite disparate databases, the leading digit is distributed in a non-uniform but actually logarithmic way. We have investigated the first-digit distribution of experimental cross-sections of A(n,[FORMULA])B reactions. In the case of below-barrier [FORMULA] -particle emission from compound nucleus, it is found that the (n,[FORMULA]) reaction cross-sections approximately follow the first-digit distribution indicated by Benford’s law. The origin of this first-digit distribution is discussed within the framework of the statistical model. In addition, Benford’s law is used to test the evaluated cross-sections of A(n,[FORMULA])B reactions.

Field of study: Physics
Sorption isotherms of brominated diphenyl ethers on natural soils with different organic carbon fractions.

Sorption isotherms of BDE-28 and BDE-47 on natural soils with different contents of soil organic matter (SOM) were investigated. Due to low water solubility of BDEs and resulted narrow ranges of aqueous equilibrium concentration, the linear distribution model showed similar and good fitting efficiency to the linear portion of nonlinear Freundlich curve. For the same sample, the linear and nonlinear model fitting sorption coefficients were close. At the statistically significant level of 0.05 or 0.1, significant relationships of total organic carbon fraction (fOC) with the fitting sorption coefficients can be observed. As for BDE-28, the relationships of fOC and SOM fractions with the single point partition coefficients at different aqueous concentrations of BDEs were significant; while for BDE-47, the relationships became less significant or insignificant, especially at higher aqueous concentrations. The findings in this study may facilitate more understanding on transport and fate of studied BDEs in soil systems.

Field of study: Environmental science
Assessing the economic burden of injuries due to accidents: methodological problems illustrated with some examples from the literature.

This paper provides a survey of methodological problems encountered in an assessment of the economic consequences of accidents in The Netherlands. A sound epidemiological basis for such calculations appears to be lacking due to inadequate data-registration systems. We also discuss some studies of the economic costs of injuries due to accidents for other countries, which have used either a prevalence or an incidence-based approach. It is highlighted that they may be helpful in indicating the relative economic burden posed on society but that they cannot guide priority setting in health care resource allocation. Economic evaluation studies using incidence-based scenario comparisons may be more promising in that respect.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
First Science with SAMI: A Serendipitously Discovered Galactic Wind in ESO 185-G031

We present the first scientific results from the Sydney-AAO Multi-Object IFS (SAMI) at the Anglo-Australian Telescope. This unique instrument deploys 13 fused fiber bundles (hexabundles) across a one-degree field of view allowing simultaneous spatially resolved spectroscopy of 13 galaxies. During the first SAMI commissioning run, targeting a single galaxy field, one object (ESO 185-G031) was found to have extended minor axis emission with ionization and kinematic properties consistent with a large-scale galactic wind. The importance of this result is twofold: (1) fiber bundle spectrographs are able to identify low surface brightness emission arising from extranuclear activity and (2) such activity may be more common than presently assumed because conventional multi-object spectrographs use single-aperture fibers and spectra from these are nearly always dominated by nuclear emission. These early results demonstrate the extraordinary potential of multi-object hexabundle spectroscopy in future galaxy surveys.

Field of study: Physics
Amplification of Full-length cDNA of Papaya Ringspot Virus of Hainan Strain

To determine the complete nucleotide sequence of Papaya ringspot virus of Hainan isolate,an efficient method was developed to amplify the full-length cDNA of PRSV.Total RNA was extracted by RNAprep Pure Plant Kit from susceptible papaya leaves.The first strand synthesis using Oligo-dT and random nine primers was carried out,which catalyzed by AMV Reverse Transcriptase.The full-length cDNA of PRSV was amplified by using an optimized PCR.Both A and B segment were generated and cloned using the amplified full-length cDNA segment as the template.The sequence of the full-length of PRSV of Hainan isolate was given in this paper.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Acute pulmonary inflammation is inhibited in CXCR3 knockout mice after short-term cigarette smoke exposure

CXCR3, via binding its specific ligand CXCL10, plays an important role in cigarette smoke (CS)-induced pulmonary inflammation. CXCR3 is preferentially expressed in activated T cells (chiefly CD8+ T cells). The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of CXCR3 in CS-induced pulmonary injury using CXCR3 gene-deficient (CXCR3−/−) mice.Differences in the infiltration of inflammatory cells and CD8+ T cells and the expression of inflammatory mediators and chemokines in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and lungs at the mRNA and protein levels were compared between CXCR3−/− mice and wild-type (WT) mice at 2 h after 3 d of CS exposure.Compared with their WT counterparts, the CXCR3−/− mice showed alleviated inflammation, as evidenced by fewer inflammatory cells, particularly cytotoxic CD8+ T cells, in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and lung tissues. At both the mRNA and protein levels, there were significantly lower levels of inflammatory and chemotactic cytokines, including TNF-α, interleukin-8, interferon-γ, transforming growth factor-β1, and CXCL10 in the CXCR3−/− mice.Our data show that CXCR3 is important in recruiting inflammatory cells (particularly CD8+ T cells) into the airways and lungs, as well as initiating inflammatory and fibrotic cytokines release at 2 h following a short-term CS insult. CXCR3 could be a novel target for the treatment of pulmonary inflammation induced by CS.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
PopIII-star siblings in IZw18 and WRs in metal-poor galaxies unveiled from integral field spectroscopy

Here we highlight our recent results from the IFS study of Mrk178, the closest metal-poor WR galaxy, and of IZw18, the most metal-poor star-forming galaxy known in the local Universe. The IFS data of Mrk178 show the importance of aperture effects on the search for WR features, and the extent to which physical variations in the ISM properties can be detected. Our IFS data of IZw18 reveal its entire nebular HeII4686-emitting region, and indicate for the first time that peculiar, very hot (nearly) metal-free ionizing stars (called here PopIII-star siblings) might hold the key to the HeII-ionization in IZw18.

Field of study: Physics
Multimedia Document Search on the Web

While pages on the Web contain more and more multimedia information, such as images, videos and audio, today's search engines are mostly based on textual information. There is an emerging need for a new generation of search engines that try to exploit the full multimedia information present on the Web. The approach presented in this paper is based on a multimedia model intended to describe the various multimedia components, their structure and their relationships with a pre-defined taxonomy of concepts, in order to support the information retrieval process.

Field of study: Computer science
Mixture experiments with process variables: D-optimal orthogonal experimental designs

Blending experiments with mixture in the presence of process variables are considered. We present an experimental design for quadratic (or linear) blending. The design in two orthogonal blocks is D-optimized in the case where there are no restrictions on the blending in two orthogonal blocks is presented when there are arbitrary restrictions on the blending components. The pair of orthogonal blocks can be used with and arbitrary number of process variables. The number of design points needed when different orthogonal blocks are used is usually smaller than when a single block is repeated at the various process variables levels.

Field of study: Mathematics
The Impact of ‘Stop‐Go’ Demand Management Policy on Britain's Consumer Durables Industries, 1952–65

We examine the impacts of British government stop-go policy on domestic sales of consumer durables over 1952 - 1965, via hire purchase restrictions and punitive Purchase Tax rates. Our analysis includes a general review of contemporary evidence regarding the impacts of these measures, a more detailed study of the television sector, and time-series econometric analysis for both televisions and a representative high-ticket labour-saving consumer durable washing machines. We find that the restrictions had devastating impacts on Britain's consumer durables industries, preventing firms from fully exploiting economies of scale, reducing output growth and international competitiveness, and eroding industrial relations. Government officials were aware of these problems, but considered them a price worth paying to facilitate moves towards sterling convertibility and the re-establishment of the City as a leading financial and trading centre.

Field of study: Economics, History
Fire dynamics under monsoonal climate in Yunnan, SW China: past, present and future

Climate change is likely to alter wildfire regimes, but the significance of climate-driven factors in regional fire regimes over extended temporal scales is poorly understood. Comparison of the reconstructed fire dynamics from charcoals in sediments with modern active fires may provide clues about the drivers of wildfire activities, and help us validate models of fire activity for both the past and the future. Microscopic charcoals from Miocene sediments in Wenshan Basin (Yunnan, southwestern China), were used to reconstruct fire dynamics in deep time. Palaeoclimatic data were obtained from the previous quantitative reconstruction using pollen samples from a sedimentary sequence. The relationship between palaeoclimatic parameters and the ratio of charcoals during the Miocene was explored, and compared with maximum entropy (Maxent) model results throughout different time periods. Our results indicate that the temperature in the dry season was the main factor controlling the frequency of fire in Wenshan during the Miocene. Maxent modeling results based on the modern active fire dataset of Yunnan Province from NASA Earth observations are consistent with the results from fossil sediment analysis, that dry season temperature is the main driver of fire activity. Our findings suggest a significant fire-temperature relationship under the monsoonal climate since the Neogene. Furthermore, models suggest that the last-glacial maximum (LGM) had lower levels of fire activity than present, which increased during the Holocene prior to reaching present levels. Models also predict increases in fire activity across most of Yunnan in the future.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
SU‐GG‐I‐64: MicroCT‐Based Methods of Assessing Imaging Dose to Active Marrow and Endosteum in CT, Fluoroscopy, and Nuclear Medicine

To present newly developed microCT‐based methods for assessing radiation dose to radiosensitive tissues of the skeleton within computational patient phantoms for CT,fluoroscopy, and nuclear medicine imaging. In this study, 13 skeletal sites were harvested from a 40‐year male and a 45‐year female cadaver from which 32 samples of trabecular spongiosa were cored from each and imaged under microCT. These images were thresholded and coupled to voxelized models of skeletal sites taken from the UF adult hybrid phantoms. EGSnrc‐based Paired ImageRadiationTransport was then performed for a series of monogenetic electrons localized in various spongiosa and cortical source tissues. The resultant electron absorbed fractions were used to assess (1) radionuclide S values for nuclear medicinedosimetry, and (2) bone‐specific fluence‐to‐dose response functions for CT and fluoroscopic x‐ray dosimetry. Radionuclide S values presented in this study uniquely account for the trabecular microstructure of adult bone, account for the finite size and shape of trabecular spongiosa, and allow for electron cross‐fire from particle emissions within the cortical regions of mineral bone. For assessment of bone marrow and endosteum dose during CTimaging and fluoroscopic procedures, a detailed library of photon fluence‐to‐dose response functions is presented for assessing both regional and skeletal average dose to active marrow and endosteum.  Calculations of secondary electrontransport in the microstructure of trabecular spongiosa of the adult skeleton reveal an enhancement of dose due to secondary electron disequilibrium for x‐rays entering the skeleton at energies below 200 keV. Percent excess dose to active marrow over that predicted under the kerma approximation range from 1–5% in bones such as the pelvis to a high of 25% in the cranium. Percent excess dose to the skeletal endosteum can approach 100% in some bone sites over that predicted by the kerma approximation.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Comparison of fluidized and fixed bed operations for hydrogen production from methane decomposition

The effect of reaction modes,i.e.fluidized bed and fixed bed operations,on catalyst life for hydrogen production from methane decomposition was investigated over a 75Ni15Cu10Al catalyst and a 2Co1Al catalyst.Pure methane was used as the feed.The results showed that the apparent reaction rate in the fluidized bed was much higher than that in the fixed bed,indicating that in the fixed bed the reaction was transport-controlled.The carbon formed was characterized with TEM technique,and the results showed that the size of metal particles increased with rising reaction temperature,and at the same reaction temperature the size of metal particles on the catalyst in the fixed bed was larger than that on the catalyst in the fluidized bed,signifying that fluidized bed reactor is beneficial to preventing the sintering of active metals.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Effects of endothelin ETA receptor blocker LU 135252 on cardiac remodeling and survival in a hypertensive rat model of chronic heart failure

To investigate whether the endothelin ETA receptor blocker provides similar benefit on cardiac remodeling and survival in a hypertensive rat model of chronic heart failure (Male stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive (SHR-SP) rats were subjected to permanent ligation of the left coronary artery and were treated for 6 weeks with the endothelin ETA receptor blocker LU 135252 (30 mg·kg−1·d−1) starting 24 h after ligation or untreatment. Sham-operated rats served as normal controls. The mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP), left ventricular contractility (LV dp/dtmax), left ventricular inner diameter (LVD) and circumference (LVC), septal thickness, left ventricular interstitial collagen content (ICC) and heart weight (HW) were measured at the end of the treatment.Compared with the untreated group, LU 135252 tended to increase HW (1.43 ± 0.03 vs 1.38 ±0.04 g; P>0.05), increased LVD (7.65±0.24 mm vs 6.58±0.14 mm; P<0.05), markedly increased LVC (30.11±0.83 mm vs 24.82±0.85 mm; P<0.01) and reduced left ventricular ICC (3.79%±0.09% vs 6.71%±0.11%; P<0.01), slightly lowered MAP (132±6 mmHg vs 142±4 mmHg; P>0.05), reduced LVEDP (14 4 mmHg vs 27±4 mmHg; P<0.05) and improved LV dp/dtmax(4230±450 mmHg/s vs 1950±400 mmHg/s; P<0.05); survival was not prolonged significantly (13% vs 11%; P=NS).Conclusion:In this hypertensive rat model of CHF, chronic endothelin ETA receptor blockade with LU 135252 improves cardiac hemodynamics, however, it does not affect long-term survival and worsens cardiac remodeling. Thus, endothelin ETA receptor antagonists are unlikely to have an important role in the management of patients with CHF.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Measuring and modeling nitrous oxide and methane emissions from beef cattle feedlot manure management: First assessments under Brazilian condition

Intensive beef production has increased during recent decades in Brazil and may substantially increase both methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from manure management. However, the quantification of these gases and methods for extrapolating them are scarce in Brazil. A case study examines CH4 and N2O emissions from one typical beef cattle feedlot manure management continuum in Brazil and the applicability of Manure-DNDC model in predicting these emissions for better understand fluxes and mitigation options. Measurements track CH4 and N2O emissions from manure excreted in one housing floor holding 21 animals for 78 days, stockpiled for 73 days and field spread (360 kg N ha−1). We found total emissions (CH4 + N2O) of 0.19 ± 0.10 kg CO2eq per kg of animal live weight gain; mostly coming from field application (73%), followed housing (25%) and storage (2%). The Manure-DNDC simulations were generally within the statistical deviation ranges of the field data, differing in −28% in total emission. Large uncertainties in measurements showed the model was more accurate estimating the magnitude of gases emissions than replicate results at daily basis. Modeled results suggested increasing the frequency of manure removal from housing, splitting the field application and adopting no-tillage system is the most efficient management for reducing emissions from manure (up to about 75%). Since this work consists in the first assessment under Brazilian conditions, more and continuous field measurements are required for decreasing uncertainties and improving model validations. However, this paper reports promising results and scientific perceptions for the design of further integrated work on farm-scale measurements and Manure-DNDC model development for Brazilian conditions.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Derivatives of Place Names

This study is an attempt to find out whether it is predictable for a given place name to combine with a given suffix in forming nominal and/or adjectival derivatives. It has examined over 300 place names, including all the country names, U.S. state names and a limited number of city and region names. The result points to several locally applicable tendencies rather than generally applicable rules. For example, place names of Teutonic language backgrounds are most likely to take -er, as in Berlin>Berliner, and place names of Indo-Iranian language backgrounds tend to take -i, as in Kuwait>Kuwaiti. It is suggested that a comprehensive study of the subject requires extensive field work as well as intensive investigation of the data, which is beyond the scope of this paper

Field of study: Linguistics