nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Prostitutes and Guardian Angels: Women, Work, and the Family in Porfirian Mexico

I K E their counterparts in Europe and North America, middle-class Mexicans have often utilized gender and morality to delineate class boundaries and separate themselves from social "others." During the regime of Porfirio Diaz (18761911), members of this class advocated a new cult of female domesticity in which they carefully prescribed women's role: women were to serve as properly educated mothers and guardian angels of the home. They thereby utilized gender not only as an important means of class differentiation but also as a way to champion moral reform. The Mexican bourgeoisie hoped to eradicate vice and inculcate values of thrift, sobriety, hygiene, and punctuality in succeeding generations of workers. In short, they subscribed to a developmentalist ideology, in hopes of turning a new, and feared, floating population (poblacion flotante) of rural and urban workers-born of the mining industry, the railroads, the textile industry, and factory production-into a peaceful, hardworking, and suitably motivated work force.' Middle-class Mexicans expected the state to regulate

Field of study: History
Competitive Defluorination Influenced by Chloride Ions by Nanofiltration Membrane in Advanced Drinkingwater

The chloride is one of the most common co-existing compound in drinking water. Therefore, it is significant to study the properties of selective removal of Fand Cl- from the groundwater, and the relationship between the ions of F- and Cl- by the negatively charged nanofiltration membrane (NF) . The results showed that the rejection efficiency of F- was higher than that Cl- by NF. Selectivity coefficient (S) of F-/Cl- was prominent (S > 1.5). The F- concentrations in permeate were distributed in 0.5~1.0 mg/L with less than 3.7 mg/L of feed water. In addition, the F- rejection rates represented different characteristics affected by Cl-. It was calculated that about 10.0 mol ions of Cl- caused 1.1 mol ions of F- to penetrate NF. S value increased from 1.5 to 2.0 above with the increase of F- concentrations. The selectivity and competitive relationship existed between F- and Cl- during the defluorination by NF membrane.

Field of study: Engineering
Linc00662 Promotes Tumorigenesis and Progression by Regulating miR-497-5p/AVL9 Axis in Colorectal Cancer

Recently, multiple lines of evidence have demonstrated that linc00662 serves as an oncogene in various cancers. However, the exact mechanism of oncogenesis mediated by linc00662 in colorectal cancer (CRC) remains unknown. In this study, we aimed to explore the biological role of linc00662 in the regulation of CRC progression.  Both gene expression omnibus (GEO) and the cancer genome atlas (TCGA) datasets were used to evaluate the expression of linc00662. RT-qPCR was used to analyze the expression of linc00662, miR-497-5p, and AVL9 in CRC clinical samples and cell lines. Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8), flow cytometry, transwell assay, and xenograft model were used to investigate the effect of linc00662 on CRC cell proliferation, cell cycle, and metastasis. Western blot analysis was used to analyze the expression of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-associated markers. Furthermore, bioinformatics analysis and mechanism assays were used to elucidate the underlying mechanism. Dual-luciferase reporter assays were used to analyze the regulatory relationships among linc00662, miR-497-5p, and AVL9.  In this study, we found that the expression of linc00662 was significantly upregulated in CRC tissues compared to normal tissues and positively correlated with tissue differentiation, T stage, and lymphatic metastasis. Further, our data showed that the expression of linc00662 was positively associated with lymph node metastasis, TMN stage, and poor-moderate differentiation. Patients with higher linc00662 expression level were more likely to have poorer overall survival. Knockdown of linc00662 inhibited CRC cell growth, induced cell apoptosis, triggered cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase, and suppressed cell migration and invasion through regulating the EMT pathway. Further, mechanistic studies revealed that knockdown of linc00662 significantly reduced the expression of AVL9, a direct target of miR-497-5p. Conclusions Linc00662 was significantly upregulated in CRC, and mediated CRC progression and metastasis by competing with miR-497-5p to modulate the expression of AVL9. Therefore, our result sheds light on the potential application of linc00662 in CRC diagnosis and therapy.

Field of study: Biology
Energy Repartition of Magnons in Nonequilibrium Steady States

Magnetic insulators with weakly damped dynamics are ideal model systems to study the thermodynamics of nonequilibrium steady states (NESS). We study the properties of thermal magnons in a classical Heisenberg spin chain by analytical solutions of the stochastic Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert equation with Markovian damping in contact with local Langevin heat baths. Fluctuations are goverened by a set of normal-mode temperatures, independent of material parameters and the external magnetic field, but depending only on the bath temperature profile and the boundary conditions. The non-equilibrium magnon accumulation can be parameterized by a magnon temperature and chemical potential. We predict new regimes for the spin Seebeck effect at low temperatures that cannot be described by magnon diffusion.

Field of study: Physics
La Nacion Fault System, San Diego, California

La Nacion fault system is a series of moderate- to high-angle normal faults striking north roughly parallel to the coast line and is traceable by surface features for 33 km north of the Mexico–United States border. The fault system occurs in locally folded Tertiary and Quaternary sedimentary rocks. Vertical offset of Pleistocene sediments is as much as 85 m on a given fault branch, and for the fault system may be as much as 120 m. Geophysical evidence suggests the total offset for the fault system is 500 m. Offset of alluvium has been proved at two localities, and unexplained seismic activity may be associated with La Nacion fault system.

Field of study: Geology
Ingested (oral) tocilizumab inhibits EAE.

Blocking the activity of IL-6 can inhibit autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and Crohn's disease.



We examined whether an antibody against IL-6, tocilizumab (TCZ) (Actemra®), used clinically in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) would have similar anti-inflammatory effects in EAE after oral administration.



B6 mice were immunized with MOG peptide 35-55 and gavaged with control saline or TCZ during ongoing disease. Splenocytes, CD4(+) T cells or macrophages/monocyte lineage cells (CD11b(+)) from control fed or TCZ fed mice were adoptively transferred into active MOG peptide 35-55 immunized recipient mice during ongoing disease. Actively fed and recipient mice were examined for disease inhibition, inflammation, and cytokine responses.



Ingested (oral) TCZ inhibited ongoing disease and decreased inflammation. Adoptively transferred cells from TCZ fed donors protected against actively induced disease and decreased inflammation. There was a decrease in IL-6 in actively treated spleen, decrease in TNF-α, Th1-like cytokine IL-12 and increase in Th2-like cytokine IL-10 in active fed and adoptively treated recipients.



Ingested (orally administered) TCZ can inhibit disease, CNS inflammation, decrease pro-inflammatory Th1-like cytokines and increase Th2-like anti-inflammatory cytokines.

Field of study: Medicine
Multi-layer elemental 2D materials: antimonene, germanene and stanene grown directly on molybdenum disulfides

Similar material characteristics are observed for the elemental 2D material of group-V antimonene prepared by both molecular beam epitaxy and thermal evaporation on MoSalt;subagt;2alt;/subagt; surfaces. Group-IV germanene and stanene can also be prepared by using the same thermal evaporation technique. With the well stacked hetero-structures, lattice mismatch does not play an important role for van der Waals epitaxy between 2D materials. The observations of the elemental 2D materials instead of their conventional semiconductor structures on MoSalt;subagt;2alt;/subagt; surface demonstrate the preferential 2D structure formation on 2D material surfaces. Compared with the higher growth temperature of germanene, room-temperature growth is observed for stanene. The contact resistance reduction and the integration with the standard metal lift-off procedure on MoSalt;subagt;2alt;/subagt; surfaces has made stanene a promising candidate as the contact metal for 2D devices.

Field of study: Materials science
Molecular thermodynamics for some applications in biotechnology

As biotechnology sweeps the world, it is appropriate to remember that the great virtue of thermodynamics is its broad range of applicability. As a result, there is a growing literature describing how chemical thermodynamics can be used to inform processes for old and new biochemical products for industry and medicine.A particular application of molecular thermodynamics concerns separation of aqueous proteins by selective precipitation. For this purpose, we need phase diagrams; for constructing such diagrams, we need to understand not only the qualitative nature of phase equilibria of aqueous proteins, but also the quantitative intermolecular forces between proteins in solution. Some examples are given to show how aqueous protein-protein forces can be calculated or measured to yield a potential of mean force and how that potential is then used along with a statistical-thermodynamic model to establish liquid -liquid and liquid -crystal equilibria. Such equilibria are useful not only for separation processes, but also for understanding diseases like Alzheimer’s, eye cataracts, and sickle-cell anemia that appear to be caused by protein agglomeration.

Field of study: Chemistry
SU-D-WAB-02: MRI-Based Treatment Planning in Brain Radiation Therapy: Validation of An Atlas-Based Pseudo-CT Generation Method.

To quantify the dosimetric accuracy of an atlas-based pseudo-CT (p-CT) generation method in MRI-based treatment planning, and to evaluate the influence of specific MRI sequences on p-CT quality.



For six brain IMRT patients, a p-CT was generated from an MR image set previously used for target delineation. A research version of Advantage SIM™ software (GE Healthcare) was used to produce the p-CT. The software uses body segmentation and bone enhancement on the input MRI, to produce a p-CT image with a contrast similar to that of a bone atlas generated offline. The IMRT plan including the isocenter was copied on to the p-CT and the dose was calculated in Pinnacle™. The two dose distributions were compared using (1) gamma analysis, and (2) differences between the average DVH for the target volume, and tissue contour.



The p-CT visually co-registered well with both the MRI and conventional CT in four cases where Axial T1 Spin Echo or Fast Spoiled Gradient-Recalled Echo images were used. For these cases, the average Gamma Index 3%/3mm pass rates were 96.85%, 95.58% and 95.40%, in the axial, coronal and sagittal planes. On average, the absolute value difference between the average DVHs was 1.74 (max: 6.97) and 0.95 (max: 16.7) percentage points, for the tissue contour and target volume, respectively. Two of the MR image sequences (Axial T2 Flair and Axial T1 Fat Sat images) resulted in poor quality p-CTs and were not used for dose comparison.



A good agreement was seen between the p-CT and CT dose distributions in this preliminary study, showing the potential for using MRI for both target delineation and dose calculation for brain treatments, with the clinical integration of an automated p-CT generation method, and appropriate MRI sequences.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Sedimentology and flow behavior of a rain-triggered lahar, Mangatoetoenui Stream, Ruapehu volcano, New Zealand

On October 28, 1995, heavy rain triggered failure of approximately 3.3 × 10 5 m 3 of fall deposits on the Mangatoetoenui Glacier and generated a lahar event that flowed east-northeast of Ruapehu volcano, down the Mangatoetoenui Stream, and eventually entered the Tongariro River 19 km downstream. The lahar left multiple stacked deposits of at least three major flow surges, or pulses, which traveled down slope at calculated velocities of as much as 27 m s −1 and calculated maximum peak discharges of as much as 2900 m 3 s −1 . The source area of the Mangatoetoenui lahar is delineated by a thin furrowed lag of unsorted ash and lapilli margined by steep headwall scarps marking the edges of undisturbed fall deposits. Failure of fall deposits in the source area triggered debris flows down a north and south branch of the Mangatoetoenui Stream. These two debris flows coalesced and ponded, then flowed across seasonal snowpack covering the stream. In the proximal zone, to 5 km downstream of the source area, the deposits of the individual constituent debris flows cannot be distinguished. However, in the medial zone, between 5 and 16 km downstream of the source area, and beyond the limit of the snowpack and the junction with perennial streamflow, the depositional record of this lahar shows clear evidence for downstream transformation of individual peak flows from debris flow to hyperconcentrated flow. Transformation began at 5 km from source due to dilution (1) by each peak flow incorporating normal streamflow in the perennial Mangatoetoenui Stream and tributaries, and (2) through deposition of part of each peak flow9s sediment load. The hyperconcentrated-flow deposits frequently may be subdivided into multiple units, which is evidence that the lahar flowed as a series of surges or waves. We consider that these were caused by episodic, but contemporaneous, inputs from a divergent flow from a single source area or by ponding and episodic release of debris within the channel. Estimated Froude numbers for the Mangatoetoenui lahar are greater than 3, implying supercritical flow and the development of fluid mechanical instabilities that enhanced these flow surges.

Field of study: Geology
Quadratic Reciprocity and the Sign of the Gauss Sum via the Finite Weil Representation

We give new proofs of two basic results in number theory: the law of quadratic reciprocity and the sign of the Gauss sum. We show that these results are encoded in the relation between the discrete Fourier transform and the action of the Weyl element in the Weil representation modulo p,q ,a ndpq .

Field of study: Mathematics
The emerging state of open clusters upon their violent relaxation

The state after virialization of a small-to-intermediate N -body system depends on its initial conditions; in particular, systems that are, initially, dynamically “cool” (virial ratios Q = 2T=j j below 0:3) relax violently in few crossing times. This leads to a metastable system (virial ratio’ 1) which carries a clear signature of mass segregation much before the gentle 2 body relaxation time scale. This result is obtained by a set of high precision N body simulations of isolated clusters composed of stars of two different masses (in the ratio mh=ml = 2), and is confirmed also in presence of a massive central object (simulating a black hole of stellar size). We point out that this (quick) mass segregation occurs in two phases: the first one shows up in clumps originated by sub-fragmentation before the deep overall collapse; this segregation is erased during the deep collapse to re-emerge, abruptly, during the second phase that occurs after the first bounce of the system. This way to segregate masses, actual result of a violent relaxation, is an interesting feature also on the astronomical-observational side. In those stellar systems that start their dynamical evolution from cool conditions, this kind of mass segregation adds to the sequent, slow, secular segregation as induced by 2- and 3- body encounters.

Field of study: Physics
Attitudes toward academic service learning semesters: A comparison of business students with non-business students

This study examines the attitudes of university students toward academic service semesters and their interest in participating in them. The findings suggest that students' attitudes toward an urban-based academic service learning program may be multidimensional. Four of the six factors identified in the study as being associated with students' attitudes toward the academic service learning program were found to be related to their level of interest in participating in the program. Interestingly, no evidence was observed which would suggest that business students possess lower attitudes toward academic service learning semesters than non-business majors or that they would be less interested in participating in them.

Field of study: Education
Mobile Children: An American Tragedy?

Relationships between mobility patterns and sex, socioeconomic status, and intelligence were investigated using a sample of 586 high school students (278 males, 308 females). Analysis shows higher rates of mobility during preschool and lower rates during adolescence are associated with higher socioeconomic status at adolescence and that, regardless of social status, highly intelligent adolescents report this mobility pattern. The trend seems more pronounced for males than females.

Field of study: Psychology
Vegetation change at the southern boreal forest margin in Northeast China over the last millennium: The role of permafrost dynamics

To better understand the nature and causes of boreal forest change and, in particular, the role of permafrost dynamics, we reconstruct the recent vegetation history of the Greater Hingan Mountains of northeast China based on a lake sediment core. This core is located in an area of boreal forest underlain by permafrost, and spans a 1000-year warming-to-cooling cycle. Palynological assemblages indicate that, throughout most of its history, vegetation was characterized by changes in the relative proportions of taxa, including the cold-resistant boreal conifer species Larix and Pinus, and warmth-adapted temperate broadleaf shrub species Corylus and Rhododendron, corresponding to variations in temperature. However, after ~1950 CE, rapid warming led to the breakdown of this relationship between vegetation and climate, and the proportion of conifers increased in the short term, most likely due to permafrost thawing. This effect was most pronounced in lowland areas whose frost table depth was initially ~20 cm closer to the surface than the corresponding frost table on mountain slopes. The increase in frost table depth due to warmer temperatures provided greater root space for shallow-rooted conifers in lowlands, as well as meltwater from thawing permafrost. We speculate that the coupled system of vegetation, climate and permafrost was stable before ~1950 CE; however, most recently, there has been a transition due to warming-induced permafrost thawing. As the southern boundary of permafrost moves poleward, it is suspected that lowland rather than slope sites will witness the sharpest vegetation shifts.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Single-machine scheduling problems with both start-time dependent learning and position dependent aging effects under deteriorating maintenance consideration

In this paper we introduce a new model of joint start-time dependent learning and position dependent aging effects into single-machine scheduling problems. The machine may need maintenance to improve its production efficiency. The objectives are to find jointly the optimal maintenance position and the optimal sequence such that the makespan, the total completion time, and the total absolute deviation of completion times (TADC) are minimized. We also aim to determine jointly the optimal maintenance position, the optimal due-window size and location, and the optimal sequence to minimize the sum of earliness, tardiness and due-window related costs function. We show that all the studied problems can be optimally solved by polynomial time algorithms.

Field of study: Mathematics
Long-range atomic order and grain boundary ensemble in alloys with L12 superstructure

It is found experimentally that in the Ni3Mn and Pd3Fe alloys with superstructure L12, ordered through a two-phase region A1 + L12, an increase in the degree of long range atomic order is accompanied by a reduction in the special and twin boundaries’ angle of deviation from the special boundaries in the CSL model, and by a change in the special boundaries’ spectrum and its average energy. The dependence of the proportion of Σ3 twin boundaries within the spectrum of special boundaries and the average energy of special boundaries on the degree of long range atomic order is determined by the dependence of these parameters on the mean square displacement and probability of antiphase grain boundaries being superimposed on the boundary planes, and on the presence of second phases on special boundaries.

Field of study: Physics
The three-dimensional structure of MAP kinase p38beta: different features of the ATP-binding site in p38beta compared with p38alpha.

The p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases are activated in response to environmental stress and cytokines and play a significant role in transcriptional regulation and inflammatory responses. Of the four p38 isoforms known to date, two (p38alpha and p38beta) have been identified as targets for cytokine-suppressive anti-inflammatory drugs. Recently, it was reported that specific inhibition of the p38alpha isoform is necessary and sufficient for anti-inflammatory efficacy in vivo, while further inhibition of p38beta may not provide any additional benefit. In order to aid the development of p38alpha-selective compounds, the three-dimensional structure of p38beta was determined. To do so, the C162S and C119S,C162S mutants of human MAP kinase p38beta were cloned, expressed in Escherichia coli and purified. Initial screening hits in crystallization trials in the presence of an inhibitor led upon optimization to crystals that diffracted to 2.05 A resolution and allowed structure determination (PDB codes 3gc8 and 3gc9 for the single and double mutant, respectively). The structure of the p38alpha C162S mutant in complex with the same inhibitor is also reported (PDB code 3gc7). A comparison between the structures of the two kinases showed that they are highly similar overall but that there are differences in the relative orientation of the N- and C-terminal domains that causes a reduction in the size of the ATP-binding pocket in p38beta. This difference in size between the two pockets could be exploited in order to achieve selectivity.

Field of study: Chemistry