nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Effect of freeze drying on antioxidant activity and phenolic contents of mango (Mangifera indica).

This study was carried out to determine the antioxidant activity and the total phenolic content of fresh and freeze-dried mango. DPPH method was used to determine the antioxidant activity and Folin-Ciocaltue method was used to determine the phenolic contents of the samples. For measurement of antioxidant activity different concentration of the sample were taken. Methanol extract of fresh green mango at 50mg/ml has showed high scavenging activity (98.72 ± 0.88%) and low scavenging activity was showed by Green freeze dried mango (97.26 ± 1.8%) at 50mg/ml compared to the other samples. For total phenlic contents, absorbance at different concentration of samples were plotted against the standard Gallic acid curve and the value shows that fresh ripe mango contain higher amount of phenolic content. This study also shows a positive correlation between phenolic content and antioxidant activity where r 2 =0.916. Significant (p < 0.05) differences were found between the fresh and freeze-dried fruit samples.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Nonperiodic sampling and the local three squares theorem

AbstractThis paper presents an elementary proof of the following theorem: Given {rj}jm=1 with m=d+1, fix
$$fix R \geqslant \sum\nolimits_{j = 1}^m {r_j } $$
 and let Q=[−R, R]d. Then any f∈ L2(Q) is completely determined by its averages over cubes of side rj that are completely contained in Q and have edges parallel to the coordinate axes if and only if rj/rk is irrational for j≠k. Whend=2 this theorem is known as the local three squares theorem and is an example of a Pompeiu-type theorem. The proof of the theorem combines ideas in multisensor deconvolution and the theory of sampling on unions of rectangular lattices having incommensurate densities with a theorem of Young on sequences biorthogonal to exact sequences of exponentials.

Field of study: Mathematics
Bulk-solvent correction in direct-methods phasing.

It is shown that for crystals of large proteins at low diffraction resolution, with N approximately 10 000 independent non-H protein atoms and d(min) approximately 8 A, a simple bulk-solvent correction yields the Sayre equation in its classical form, F(h) = q summation operator(k)F(k)F(h - k). In the low-resolution protein case, the proportionality factor becomes q = 1/[( - rho(S))V], where V is the unit-cell volume, rho(S) is the assumed constant electron density in the solvent regions of the crystal and is the average electron density in the protein regions. The classical form of the tangent formula follows from the bulk-solvent-corrected Sayre equation and its validity at low resolution is verified in empirical calculations.

Field of study: Chemistry
Feeding behavior responses of a juvenile hybrid grouper, Epinephelus fuscoguttatus♀ × E. lanceolatus♂, to microplastics.

In recent decades, microplastic (MP) pollution has become a severe problem in aquatic environments. Yet the behavioral and selective responses of fish toward different types of MPs remain unclear. We therefore conducted laboratory-based video observations to investigate the behavioral responses of hybrid grouper juveniles (tiger grouper Epinephelus fuscoguttatus♀ × giant grouper E. lanceolatus♂) to eight different types of MPs. We observed four distinct feeding behaviors: (i) normal ingestion of MPs, which rarely occurred (0%-6%); (ii) pursuit, capture, and tasting of MPs, after which MPs were quickly spat out; (iii) detection and rejection of MPs without attack; and (iv) no significant response to MPs. Our results indicate that juveniles can distinguish MPs as inedible particle and behave differently between MPs with different sizes, colors, and materials, primarily using visual and gustatory senses. Notably, 50%-90% of MP rejection events occurred before capture. Juveniles spent double the time evaluating large nylon particles than they did evaluating large polyvinyl chloride particles before capture, but half the time tasting after capture. Although we observed no sub-lethal or lethal effects of MPs, we conclude that the presence of MPs can still have an impact on groupers in aquaculture. For instance, in the densely stocked conditions of an aquaculture unit, the fish could lose visibility and can inadvertently ingest MPs, thus suffering from their toxic impacts.

Field of study: Environmental science
Coenzyme Q10 and diabetic endotheliopathy: oxidative stress and the 'recoupling hypothesis'.

Increased oxidative stress in diabetes mellitus may underlie the development of endothelial cell dysfunction by decreasing the availability of nitric oxide (NO) as well as by activating pro-inflammatory pathways. In the arterial wall, redox imbalance and oxidation of tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) uncouples endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). This results in decreased production and increased consumption of NO, and generation of free radicals, such as superoxide and peroxynitrite. In the mitochondria, increased redox potential uncouples oxidative phosphorylation, resulting in inhibition of electron transport and increased transfer of electrons to molecular oxygen to form superoxide and other oxidant radicals. Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ), a potent antioxidant and a critical intermediate of the electron transport chain, may improve endothelial dysfunction by 'recoupling' eNOS and mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. CoQ supplementation may also act synergistically with anti-atherogenic agents, such as fibrates and statins, to improve endotheliopathy in diabetes.

Field of study: Medicine
Harmonisation of Technical Standards: Reculer Pour Mieux Sauter?

This article will examine the harmonisation of technical standards in the light of the free movement of goods rules of the EC Treaty and the Community's attempts to create a single European market by the end of 1992. It does so from the perspective of the manufacturer and distributor of goods who is faced with a confusing and conflicting array of legal and semi-legal norms. The rules which will determine such a manufacturer's behaviour come from a variety of sources; they include domestic legislation, treaty rules as interpreted by the European Court of Justice, decisions taken jointly by fellow manufacturers under the auspices of British and European standards institutes and cognate legal rules relating to product liability. The manufacturer will find that the world of the free movement of goods is one in which there is conflict between the economic liberalism of the European Court of Justice which is expressed in abstract legally formal decisions and the interventionism of the European Commission. These two institutions, whilst perhaps sharing the ultimate desire to create a common market, approach the free movement of goods rules from entirely different perspectives. For the manufacturer who wishes to sell goods in the single market the rules seem fairly clear. Article 30 EEC prohibits, amongst other things, quantitative restrictions on imports and all measures having an equivalent effect. In the context of this paper, the key prohibition is that on measures having equivalent effect to quantitative restrictions. As Steiner says '[The prohibition] has been interpreted very generously by both the Commission and the Court, to include not merely overtly protective measures or measures applicable to imports or exports ("distinctly applicable" measures) but measures applicable to imports (or exports) and domestic goods alike ("indistinctly applicable" measures), often introduced (seemingly) for the most worthy purpose." The Court of Justice, in its famous Cassis de Dijon judgment, introduced a test to identify what national measures were permissible under Article 30.2 In this case, the Court held that certain national measures will not breach Article 30 if they are necessary in order to satisfy 'mandatory requirements' relating in particular to the effectiveness of fiscal supervision, the protection of public health, the fairness of commercial transactions and the defence of the consumer. In the case of

Field of study: Law
Performance optimization of irreversible combined Carnot refrigerator based on ecological criterion

This work presents a computational model based on exergy analysis for refrigeration cycles by taking the profit finite-time ecological optimization criterion as the objective. Firstly we investigate a generalized irreversible single refrigeration cycle with losses of heat leakage, internal irreversibility and external irreversibility, using this criterion. Then, we apply this study to a two-stage generalized irreversible combined refrigeration cycle. The optimal coefficient of performance (COP) and corresponding ecological function (E) of the combined cycle with respect to the two combined cycle design parameters (β1 and β2) are analyzed. This analysis identifies lower and upper bounds to the maximum ecological function and corresponding COP of the combined cycle. These results were compared with those of the single cycle. Finally we establish the optimal COP and maximum ecological function rational regions that define the design parameter limits of performed combined refrigeration cycles.

Field of study: Engineering
Maximum Margin Principal Components

Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is a very successful dimensionality reduction technique, widely used in predictive modeling. A key factor in its widespread use in this domain is the fact that the projection of a dataset onto its first $K$ principal components minimizes the sum of squared errors between the original data and the projected data over all possible rank $K$ projections. Thus, PCA provides optimal low-rank representations of data for least-squares linear regression under standard modeling assumptions. On the other hand, when the loss function for a prediction problem is not the least-squares error, PCA is typically a heuristic choice of dimensionality reduction -- in particular for classification problems under the zero-one loss. In this paper we target classification problems by proposing a straightforward alternative to PCA that aims to minimize the difference in margin distribution between the original and the projected data. Extensive experiments show that our simple approach typically outperforms PCA on any particular dataset, in terms of classification error, though this difference is not always statistically significant, and despite being a filter method is frequently competitive with Partial Least Squares (PLS) and Lasso on a wide range of datasets.

Field of study: Computer science
A combined approach using coupled reduced alternating group explicit (CRAGE) algorithm and sixth order off-step discretization for the solution of two point nonlinear boundary value problems

The aim of this paper is to discuss the application of two parameter coupled reduced alternating group explicit (CRAGE) and Newton-CRAGE iteration method to the sixth order accurate numerical solution of the two point singular boundary value problem - u ? + ? ( x , u , u ' ) = 0 , subject to natural boundary conditions. For all approximations for u and its derivatives, we use only three uniform grid points and for known variable x we use three uniform grid points and two off-step grid points. We also discuss the application of CRAGE iteration method to the singular problem. The convergence of the CRAGE iteration method is discussed in detail. We have compared the results of proposed CRAGE iteration method with the results of corresponding two parameter alternating group explicit (TAGE) iteration methods to demonstrate computationally the superiority of the proposed method.

Field of study: Mathematics
Optimal Beamforming for Dual-Hop MIMO AF Relay Networks With Cochannel Interferences

In this paper, we investigate a beamforming (BF) scheme for a dual-hop multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) amplify-and-forward (AF) relay network in the presence of multiple cochannel interferences (CCIs) at both the relay and the destination nodes. In order to maximize the signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio at the destination node, the optimal BF weights for the relay network in the presence of CCIs are derived. A tight lower bound on the outage probability (OP) is derived in a closed form by assuming that multiple CCIs have equal power at the relay and destination nodes. Through computer simulations, it is shown that the proposed BF scheme can outperform the existing schemes. Furthermore, the impacts of antenna configurations, CCIs, and power allocation on the outage performance of the MIMO AF relay systems have been demonstrated with simulations.

Field of study: Engineering
Inhibition of farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase prevents angiotensin II‐induced cardiac fibrosis in vitro

Farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase (FPPS)‐catalysed isoprenoid intermediates are important for the activation of Ras homologue gene family, member A (RhoA) in angiotensin (Ang) II‐induced cardiac fibrosis. This study was designed to investigate the specific role of FPPS in the development of cardiac fibrosis. We demonstrated that FPPS expression was elevated in both in‐vivo and in‐vitro models of Ang II‐mediated cardiac fibrosis. FPPS inhibition by zolendronate and FPPS knock‐down by a silencing lentivirus decreased the expression of cardiac fibrosis marker genes, including collagen I, collagen III and transforming growth factor (TGF)‐β1. FPPS inhibition was reversed by geranylgeraniol (GGOH) and mimicked by RhoA knock‐down with siRhoA. The antagonistic effect of GGOH on the zolendronate‐mediated modulation of RhoA activation in Ang II‐stimulated cardiac fibroblasts was demonstrated by a pull‐down assay. Furthermore, FPPS knock‐down also prevented RhoA activation by Ang II in vitro. In conclusion, FPPS and RhoA may be part of a signalling pathway that plays an important role in Ang II‐induced cardiac fibrosis in vitro.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
[Territorial translation of the National Health and Nutrition Program in Midi-Pyrénées, France].

Inspired by the Hygienist Movement, which associates good health with regular, moderate exercise, the National Health and Nutrition Program identifies a lack of physical activity as a risk factor for many chronic diseases. As such, the Program encourages people to take care of their bodies by inciting a moral obligation to develop a physically active lifestyle and follow a healthy diet. With the overall goal of improving the health of the population by acting on nutrition, the Program focuses on primary prevention, screening and early treatment of conditions like heart disease, cancer, obesity, osteoporosis and diabetes. As an incentive program developed in keeping with the biopolitical views of the 1970s that saw education as an alternative means to hospitals for achieving good health, the Program is also a good public action tool for controlling costs.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Ein neuer Zugang zu [2.3.4]Cyclazinen

Auf der Suche nach Wegen zu 5b,7a-Dihydrocyclobuta[a]-[2.2.3]cyclazinen 2, die Ausgangsprodukte fur eine photochemische Synthese des diradikaloiden [2.3.4]Cyclazins (1) sein konnten, wurden Cycloadditionen elektronenarmer Olefine und Acetylene an Indolizine 8 in Abwesenheit von Dehydrierungsmitteln studiert. Aus 8b wurde mit 1-Cyclobuten-1,2-dicarbonitril der Tetracyclus 9 erhalten, der oxidativ in das [2.3.4]Cyclazin 10 ubergefuhrt werden konnte. – Mit Maleinsaure-dimethylester entstanden aus den Indolizinen 8b und c die Cycloaddukte 6a und b, die konventionell uber 21 in die Tetracyclen 22 ubergefuhrt wurden. Versuche zur Ringverengung von 22b uber eine Stevens-Umlagerung ergaben das 3,5-Divinyldihydroindolizin 24. Cycloaddition von Acetylendicarbonsaure-dimethylester an Indolizine 8 fuhrt zu [2.2.3]Cyclazinderivaten 3 und 4a–c. 
 
 
 
A New Route to [2.3.4]Cyclazines 
 
 
 
In search of routes to 5b,7a-dihydrocyclobuta[a][2.2.3]cyclazines 2, which should be starting materials for a photochemical synthesis of the diradicaloid [2.3.4]cyclazine (1), cycloaddition reactions of indolizines 8 with electron-deficient olefins and acetylenes in the absence of dehydrogenating reagents have been studied. The tetracyclic compound 9 was obtained from 8b and 1-cyclobutene-1,2-dicarbonitrile. Upon oxidation 9 was rearranged to yield the [2.3.4]cyclazine 10. – The cycloadducts 6a and b have been obtained from the reaction of dimethyl maleate with the indolizines 8b and c. The compounds 6a and b were transformed into the cyclic thioethers 22 on conventional routes. A Stevens rearrangement of 22b, intended to result in a ring contraction, gave the 3,5-divinyldihydroindolizine 24 in good yields. Cycloaddition reactions of dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate and indolizines 8 yielded the [2.2.3]cyclazine derivatives 3 and 4a–c.

Field of study: Chemistry
Plasmons in strongly coupled shock-compressed matter.

We present the first measurements of the plasmon dispersion and damping in laser shock-compressed solid matter. Petawatt laser produced K-α radiation scatters on boron targets compressed by a 10 ns-long 400 J laser pulse. In the vicinity of the Fermi momentum, the scattering spectra show dispersionless, collisionally damped plasmons, indicating a strongly coupled electron liquid. These observations agree with calculations that include the Born-Mermin approximation to account for electron-ion collisional damping and local field corrections reflecting electron-electron correlations.

Field of study: Physics
Rift induced delamination of mantle lithosphere and crustal uplift: a new mechanism for explaining Rwenzori Mountains’ extreme elevation?

With heights of 4–5 km, the topography of Rwenzori Mountains, a large horst of old crustal rocks located inside a young passive rift system, poses the question “Why are the Rwenzori Mountains so high?”. The Cenozoic Western Rift branch of the East African Rift System is situated within the Late Proterozoic mobile belts between the Archean Tanzania Craton and Congo Craton. The special geological setting of the massif at a rift node encircled by the ends of the northern Western Rift segments of Lake Albert and Lake Edward suggests that the mechanism responsible for the high elevation of the Rwenzoris is related to the rifting process. Our hypothesis is based on the propagation of the rift tips, surrounding the stiff old lithosphere at Rwenzori region, thereby triggering the delamination of the cold and dense mantle lithosphere (ML) root by reducing viscosity and strength of the undermost lower crust. As a result, this unloading induces fast isostatic pop-up of the less dense crustal Rwenzori block. We term this RID—“rift induced delamination of Mantle Lithosphere”. The physical consistency of the RID hypothesis is tested numerically. Viscous flow of 2D models is approximated by a Finite Difference Method with markers in an Eulerian formulation. The equations of conservation of mass, momentum and energy are solved for a multi-component system. Based on laboratory data of appropriate rock samples, a temperature-, pressure- and stress-dependent rheology is assumed. Assuming a simple starting model with a locally heated ML, the ML block between the weakened zones becomes unstable and sinks into the asthenosphere, while the overlying continental crust rises up. Thus, RID seems to be a viable mechanism to explain geodynamically the extreme uplift. Important conditions are a thermal anomaly within the ML, a ductile lower crust with visco-plastic rheology allowing significant strength reduction and lateral density variations. The special situation of a two-sided rifting or offset rift segments to decouple the ML laterally from the surrounding continental lithosphere seems to be most decisive. Further support for the RID mechanism may come from additional crustal thickness and an extensive stress field. Some parameters, such as the excess temperature and yield stress, are very sensitive, small changes determine whether delamination takes place or not.

Field of study: Environmental science
Structural Configuration of the Northwestern Caribbean Plate Boundary

The interpretation of 6,700 km of magnetic total intensity lines collected between the Cayman Trough and coastal Honduras indicates that two distinct systems of transcurrent faults control the configuration of the northwestern Caribbean plate boundary. A master fault set trends east-northeast-west-southwest parallel to the long axis of the Cayman Trough and is characterized by extensive sinistral displacements; a second-order fault system trends northwest-southeast and displays dextral offsets. Simple rotational shear deformation of rigid plates in a stress field generated by the eastward motion of the Caribbean plate relative to the North America plate can readily account for both fault sets.

Field of study: Geology
Lagrange multiplier techniques in structural analysis

7.5-mm radius sphere at 10 mm Hg as seen by a 4.3-mm wavelength radar. The same kinds of comparisons have also been made for some previously published Canadian Armament Research and Development Establishment (GARDE) data, and similar results have been obtained. In all cases, it is evident that the theory is capable of predicting a very large decrease in cross section for these very thin plasma layers, something which was not possible with previous theories. The details of radar cross section variation with speed depend critically on the development of the ionization around the body. In particular, we find that the results are very sensitive to the rate constants used in the nonequilibrium flow field calculations. Thus, there is a need for very good flow field calculations before exact comparisons between the theoretical and experimental results can be made. Work is continuing along the lines of improving the diffraction theory used in the prediction of the radar cross sections of plasma-covered metal bodies and in the calculation of the flow fields around blunt bodies. In conclusion, it appears that a theoretical explanation has been found for the large decrease in the radar cross section of a blunt-metal body when it is covered by a very thin plasma sheath. The decrease depends on partial coverage of the body by the plasma layer. It is the angular gradients of the plasma properties around the body that cause severe diffraction of the radar wave. The details of the effect depend so critically upon the distribution of ionization in the plasma sheath that the effect may be useful as a flow field diagnostic.

Field of study: Physics