nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Zirconium phosphate Nafion® composites — a microstructure-based explanation of mechanical and conductivity properties

It is known that by addition of zirconium phosphate to perfluorinated sulfonic acid ionomers the proton conductivity of the resulting PFSA-ZP-composite decreases. Nevertheless, at high temperatures the stability and efficiency of the composite is greatly increased. In order to clarify these, at first sight, contradicting observations mechanical properties and conductivity of a PFSA ionomer (Nafion® 117) and PFSA-ZP-composites were examined under conditions similar to fuel cell application. Water sorption-isotherms were used to directly relate mechanical and electrical properties to the water content at 75 °C. The results point at a strong coulombic interaction between organic and inorganic phase which at the same time increases the stiffness and T G by ionic crosslinking and decreases conductivity. The interaction is the more pronounced when the water activity is lower. A threshold of about three water molecules per sulfonic acid group was identified, above which a significant proton conductivity is achieved and, concurrently, most of the mechanical stiffening effect has vanished.

Field of study: Materials science
Efficacy of Desmopressin and Enuretic Alarm as the First and Second-Line Treatment for Monosymptomatic Nocturnal Enuresis; A Prospective, Randomized, Cross-Over Study

To compare the efficacy of desmopressin (DESM) and enuretic alarm (EA) for the treatment of monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis (MNE).  Children with MNE were randomly assigned to either oral DESM or EA group. After 3 months of the treatment, result was assessed by 1-month wetting diary; full response (FR): reduction rate in the wetting episode of ≥90% or mean wetting episode of ≤ 1/month, partial response (PR): reduction rate of 50∼89%, no response (NR): reduction rate of 1/month. Children with PR or NR were switched to the alternative treatment and the result was evaluated after 3-month of the treatment.  Of the total of 97 children (74 boys, 23 girls), 51 were assigned to DESM and 46 to EA. Mean age was 8.4±2.1 years, and mean baseline wetting episode was 5.6±1.9/week. After the first-line treatment, 39.2% of DESM and 54.3% of EA obtained FR (p=0.302). And 82.3% of DESM and 89.1% of EA achieved successful result. Of the children with FR, 33% of DESM and 12% of EA experienced relapse (p=0.095). After the second-line treatment, 55.5% of EA-DESM and 50.0% of DESM-EA obtained FR (p=0.572). And 83.3% of EA-DESM and 75.0% of DESM-EA achieved successful result.  Treatment efficacy and relapse rate were comparable between DESM and EA in the children with MNE. Switch to the alternative treatment gave an additional benefit.

Field of study: Medicine
The Differential Effects of Solo Status on Members of High- and Low-Status Groups

Individuals experience solo status when they are the only members of their social category (e.g., gender or race) present in a group. Field research indicates that women and racial minorities are more debilitated by solo status than White men. However, lab oratory research indicates that men and women are equally debilitated as solos. We noted that laboratory studies introduced solo status during learning, whereas field research examined solo status at performance. Therefore, we predicted that high and low social status group members would be differentially influenced by solo status experienced during testing. In two laboratory experiments, men and women and African Americans and Whites experienced solo status during an oral examination. In Experiment 1, White women performed more poorly than White men taking the exam before an opposite-sex (but same-race) audience. In Experiment 2, African American women performed more poorly than White women taking the exam before an other-race (but same-gender) audience.

Field of study: Psychology
Canards for a reduction of the Hodgkin-Huxley equations

This paper shows that canards, which are periodic orbits for which the trajectory follows both the attracting and repelling part of a slow manifold, can exist for a two-dimensional reduction of the Hodgkin-Huxley equations. Such canards are associated with a dramatic change in the properties of the periodic orbit within a very narrow interval of a control parameter. By smoothly connecting stable and unstable manifolds in an asymptotic limit, we predict with great accuracy the parameter value at which the canards exist for this system. This illustrates the power of using singular perturbation theory to understand the dynamical properties of realistic biological systems.

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics
Gadam: Combining Adaptivity with Iterate Averaging Gives Greater Generalisation

We introduce Gadam, which combines Adam and iterate averaging (IA) to significantly improve generalisation performance without sacrificing adaptivity. We argue using high dimensional concentration theorems, that the noise reducing properties of IA are particularly appealing for large deep neural networks trained with small batch sizes. We contrast and compare with popular alternatives, such as the exponentially moving average (EMA), batch size increases or learning rate decreases. Furthermore, under mild conditions adaptive methods enjoy improved pre-asymptotic convergence, hence in finite time we expect this combination to be more effective than SGD + IA. We show that the combination of decoupled weight decay and IA allows for a high effective learning rate in networks with batch normalisation, which exerts additional regularisation. For language tasks (PTB) we show that Gadam is superior to finely tuned SGD, SGD with IA and Adam by a significant margin. For various image classification tasks (CIFAR-10/100, ImageNet-32) Gadam is consistently superior to finely tuned SGD and its partially adaptive variant GadamX outperforms SGD with IA.

Field of study: Computer science
The Geology of the New Quebec Crater: Discussion

Two different theories of the origin of the New Quebec Crater are presently receiving serious consideration. One is the meteorite impact theory and the other is the volcano-tectonic theory, proposed by K. L. Currie (1965). Currie's thorough investigation of this crater and his theory on its origin have received much less attention than they deserve; partly because of the much too modest 50/50 claim which he makes for the probability of his theory versus the impact theory. The purpose of this discussion is to add one more piece to the impressive evidence which Currie has presented to support his theory. In particular, a quite plausible environment is suggested which satisfies the necessary conditions for the growth of large well-developed

Field of study: Environmental science
CD 36: Focus on Epigenetic and Post-Transcriptional Regulation

CD36 is a transmembrane protein involved in fatty acid translocation, scavenging for oxidized fatty acids acting as a receptor for adhesion molecules. It is expressed on macrophages, as well as other types of cells, such as endothelial and adipose cells. CD36 participates in muscle lipid uptake, adipose energy storage, and gut fat absorption. Recently, several preclinical and clinical studies demonstrated that upregulation of CD36 is a prerequisite for tumor metastasis. Cancer metastasis-related research emerged much later and has been less investigated, though it is equally or even more important. CD36 protein expression can be modified by epigenetic changes and post-transcriptional interference from non-coding RNAs. Some data indicate modulation of CD36 expression in specific cell types by epigenetic changes via DNA methylation patterns or histone tails, or through miRNA interference, but this is largely unexplored. The few papers addressing this topic refer mostly to lipid metabolism-related pathologies, whereas in cancer research, data are even more scarce. The aim of this review was to summarize major epigenetic and post-transcriptional mechanisms that impact CD36 expression in relation to various pathologies while highlighting the areas in need of further exploration.

Field of study: Biology
Quasielastic scattering of 17C from a carbon target at 40 MeV/nucleon

The quasielastic scattering angular distribution of 17C from a carbon target at 40MeV/nucleon was measured using the inverse kinematics method. The analysis of the experimental data was started using the optical model. The data were reproduced very well and the optical potential in the Woods-Saxon form was obtained. Within the framework of the coupled-channel method, the contribution from the inelastic channels to the experimental data is found significant at large angles. A systematic analysis of the elastic/quasielastic scattering of 11-13,17C + 12C was performed as well. The present work indicates that 17C is a normal nucleus whose radius is not anomalously large.

Field of study: Physics
Species diversity of ostracode shells in bottom sediments of the adriatic sea

Species-diversity patterns of ostracode shells in bottom sediments of the Adriatic Sea are mainly determined by three factors: (a) transport due to gravity slides, turbidity currents, and grain flow; (b) presence of fossil ostracodes in many parts of the Adriatic; and (c) present ecological conditions, especially in the areas with Recent sedimentation. Two (relatively) sample size independent diversity formulas, those of Simpson and Shannon-Wiener, produced very similar diversity patterns.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Computerized detection of breast cancer on automated breast ultrasound imaging of women with dense breasts.

Develop a computer-aided detection method and investigate its feasibility for detection of breast cancer in automated 3D ultrasound images of women with dense breasts.



The HIPAA compliant study involved a dataset of volumetric ultrasound image data, "views," acquired with an automated U-Systems Somo●V(®) ABUS system for 185 asymptomatic women with dense breasts (BI-RADS Composition/Density 3 or 4). For each patient, three whole-breast views (3D image volumes) per breast were acquired. A total of 52 patients had breast cancer (61 cancers), diagnosed through any follow-up at most 365 days after the original screening mammogram. Thirty-one of these patients (32 cancers) had a screening-mammogram with a clinically assigned BI-RADS Assessment Category 1 or 2, i.e., were mammographically negative. All software used for analysis was developed in-house and involved 3 steps: (1) detection of initial tumor candidates, (2) characterization of candidates, and (3) elimination of false-positive candidates. Performance was assessed by calculating the cancer detection sensitivity as a function of the number of "marks" (detections) per view.



At a single mark per view, i.e., six marks per patient, the median detection sensitivity by cancer was 50.0% (16/32) ± 6% for patients with a screening mammogram-assigned BI-RADS category 1 or 2--similar to radiologists' performance sensitivity (49.9%) for this dataset from a prior reader study--and 45.9% (28/61) ± 4% for all patients.



Promising detection sensitivity was obtained for the computer on a 3D ultrasound dataset of women with dense breasts at a rate of false-positive detections that may be acceptable for clinical implementation.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Reliability and Reactivity of Self-Recording by Preschool Children

Reliability and reactivity are two important aspects of self-recording which have been studied in school-age children and adults. Little research on reliability and reactivity of self-recording by preschool children is available. The reliability of preschool children as recorders of their own behavior and whether reactive changes (or increases in behavior) occurred as a result of self-monitoring were evaluated. Two types of training in self-monitoring (didactic instruction vs guided practice) were received by two independent groups of 6 preschool children. Reliable self-recording for children ages 4 through 5 was not attained. Reactive changes in the recorded behavior were not observed.

Field of study: Psychology
Cooperative game and regional agglomeration——The development mechanism of China's higher education in post massification stage

With the continuous growth of the enrollments,higher education in China is heading for post massification stage.However,the non-cooperative game and disorder competition between colleges is getting more and more serious,causing unbearable inefficiency,which is profoundly manifested in zero-sum game of fighting for public resources,chaotic market competition,and Derby rivalry of academic prestige.According to the cooperative game theory,and agglomerative and sharing propensity of academic capital,the strategy of cooperative game between colleges will improve the overall revenue.Then regional agglomeration is the effective mechanism of cooperation game.In order to create cooperative game space and promote the agglomerative development of colleges,impartial allocation system of public resources,orderly division and coordination system,and pluralism evaluation system should be established.

Field of study: Education
Research Progress and Prospects of Effect of Rare Earth on High-strength High-conductivity Copper Alloy

Rare earth's various functions in copper alloys such as purifying,improving microstructure,mechanical properties and conductive properties of copper alloy,changing recrystallization temperature,enhancing antioxidant activity and corrosion resistance and other function were summarized.Some questions of rare earth application for high strength and high conductivity copper and the prospect were put forward.

Field of study: Materials science
Honey Hill Fault in Eastern Connecticut: Regional Relations

The Honey Hill fault is a thick slab of highly strained (cataclastic) rock formed from units lying within 1 km of the contact between quartz-feldspar rocks (basement) and the varied, but generally more micaceous, rocks (mantle) overlying them. The cataclastic rocks evolved from sillimanite-zone units through progressive reduction in grain size without retrogression, a reduction effected by a variety of mechanisms acting primarily on quartz and biotite. This evolution is presented schematically as the cumulative result of cataclastic deformations near the basement-mantle boundary during F1 (disharmonic folding of the mantle related to the formation of an anticlinorium having a north-south axial surface located at the present Rhode Island-Connecticut boundary), F2 (development of an anticline having an east-west axial surface parallel with and just north of the present coastline), and post-F2 (development of more localized domes and anticlines warping the Honey Hill fault and earlier folds). The intensity of cataclastic deformation depends not on the “displacement,” but on the location and amplitude of successive anticlines and domes and on ductility contrasts between contiguous rock masses. The model (hypothesis) is based on a comparison of three areas located along the 40-mi trace of the fault. Differences between any two areas are related to differences in their positions relative to the crest of each of the successive domes or anticlines. The Honey Hill fault is neither a simple thrust fault nor a fundamental fault; the cataclastic rocks seem to result from displacements parallel to the zone and flattening normal to it, both related in large part to relative upward movement of basement at different places at different times from Late Devonian to Permian(?).

Field of study: Geology
β-Elemene Inhibits Human Sperm Function by Affecting Sperm Vitality and Intracellular Calcium

β-Elemene is a bioactive sesquiterpene compound that exhibits a potent anti-tumor effect and is used in various clinical applications. However, little is known about its effect on the male reproductive system. The objective of this study was to investigate the in vitro actions of β-elemene on human sperm function and elucidate the underlying mechanism.  The cytotoxicity of β-elemene toward MCF-10A, MDA-MD-231, and A549 cells was evaluated with cell proliferation and colony formation assays. Additionally, human sperm were treated with different concentrations (0, 10, 20, 40, 80, 160, and 320 µM) of β-elemene in vitro. The characteristics in human sperm essential for fertilization, including vitality, motility, capacitation, acrosome reaction, responsiveness to progesterone, and intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) were examined with a computer-assisted sperm analysis system, chlortetracycline staining, and a fluorescent Ca2+ indicator.  A comprehensive evaluation of sperm motility, especially hyperactivated motility, revealed that treatments with 40–320 μM β-elemene decreased human sperm vitality, motility (total motility, progressive motility, and curvilinear velocity), and penetrating ability in a dose-dependent manner, but were non-toxic or minimally toxic toward MCF-10A, MDA-MD-231, and A549 cells. Although 10 and 20 μM β-elemene did not affect sperm vitality and motility, these concentrations increased the spontaneous acrosome reaction and inhibited progesterone-induced sperm functions by affecting sperm [Ca2+]i.  These results suggest that β-elemene inhibits human sperm function by affecting sperm vitality and [Ca2+]i. These observations must be considered when using β-elemene to treat cancer patients who may wish to preserve their fertility.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Testing the Evolutionary Link between Type 1 and Type 2 Quasars with Measurements of the Interstellar Medium

In a popular scenario for the coevolution of massive black holes and galaxies, major mergers of gas-rich galaxies fuel vigorous star formation and obscured (type 2) quasar activity until energy feedback from the active galactic nucleus clears away the gas and dust to reveal an unobscured (type 1) quasar. Under this scenario, the precursor type 2 quasars should be more gas-rich than their type 1 counterparts, and both types of quasars are expected to be gas-deficient relative to normal, star-forming galaxies of similar stellar mass. We test this evolutionary hypothesis by investigating the infrared (~ 1-500 micron) spectral energy distribution of 86 optically selected z < 0.5 type 2 quasars, matched in redshift and [O III] luminosity to a comparison sample of type 1 quasars. Contrary to expectations, the gas content of the host galaxies of type 2 quasars is nearly indistinguishable from that of type 1 quasar hosts, and neither type exhibits the predicted deficit in gas relative to normal galaxies. The gas mass fraction of quasar hosts appears unaffected by the bolometric luminosity of the active nucleus, although their interstellar radiation field is preferentially higher than that of normal galaxies, potentially implicating active galactic nucleus heating of the large-scale galactic dust.

Field of study: Physics
Symbiotic interactions in the Ordovician of Baltica

Eleven symbiotic associations between taxa occur in the Ordovician of Baltica, most involving colonial animals. Bryozoans formed the most numerous associations (including possible polychaete bioclaustrations, possible polychaete borings, conulariids, and crinoids) and had the highest number of symbiosis cases. In Baltica, the Late Ordovician symbiotic associations differ from those in the Middle Ordovician by a remarkable increase in the numbers of recorded cases. This is most likely explained by the Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event (GOBE). The higher faunal diversity may have created more opportunities for symbiotic relationships. These changes in the symbiotic interactions in the Ordovician of Baltica were probably not related to climate change, but had an evolutionary cause.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Gabriel Lafond and Ambrose W. Thompson: Neglected Isthmian Promoters

LYING ROUGHLY between Alniirante Bay and the Chiriqui Lagoon on the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Chiriqui and Golfo Dulce on the Pacific Ocean is the Chiriqui region of the Americanl Isthmus. The international boundary which divides it was not established definitively until 1941, a fact that helped to complicate the affairs of citizens of third states who attemnpted to exploit the region. Today Golfo Dulce and the land surrounding it are in Costa Rica 's Province of Puntarenas, while Almirante Bay and Chiriqui Lagoon are in Panama 's Province of Bocas del Toro. This de jtre arrangement is nearly the same as the de facto arrangement that existed, although niot without protest, during the nineteenth century. As late as 1947 there was no definitive map of the entire region.1 Here was the locale, beginning in the mid-nineteenth century, of iiiteroceanic transit and colonization projects under the lead, first of Gabriel Lafond and then of Ambrose W. Thompson, the former a Freleh promoter and the latter a North American. Their efforts, though obscured by more spectacular and in some cases more successful enterprises, of which nlote will be taken, deserve more attention from historians than they have received up to the present. It was in Chiriqui Lagoon that Columbus gave up his search for

Field of study: History
Study on optimizing the performance of infrared detectors using material chip technology

Using material chip technology, large area n-on-p planar junctions with various boron implantation doses have been fabricated on an Hg1−xCdxTe (x = 0.291) film, similarly grown using molecular beam epitaxy, for the mid-infrared wavelength range. The current–voltage characteristics of p–n junctions have been measured on a cold stage at 77 K and an optimized ion implantation dose has been discovered. Zero bias resistance of all the junctions has been calculated and shows distinct dependence upon the boron implantation doses.

Field of study: Materials science
Tertiary age and paleostructural inferences of the eclogitic imprint in the Austroalpine outliers and Zermatt–Saas ophiolite, western Alps

The Austroalpine Sesia–Lanzo inlier and upper Austroalpine Dent Blanche, Mt. Mary and Pillonet outliers occur on top of the western-Alpine orogenic wedge and, as a whole, override the structurally composite ophiolitic Piemonte zone. Instead, the Mt. Emilius, Glacier–Rafray, Etirol–Levaz and other lower Austroalpine eclogitic outliers are inserted within the Piemonte zone, between its upper (Combin) and lower (Zermatt–Saas) tectonic elements, or within the latter. Rb–Sr dating on phengitic micas show that the eclogitic imprint in the lower Austroalpine outliers, conventionally regarded as Late Cretaceous by comparison with the Sesia–Lanzo inlier, is of Eocene age (49–40 Ma), like the underlying Zermatt–Saas ophiolite (45–42 Ma) between the Aosta valley and Gran Paradiso massif. 40Ar–39Ar plateau ages on the same mica concentrates of the ophiolitic Zermatt–Saas nappe (46–43 Ma) are consistent with Rb–Sr dating, whereas that on the Austroalpine Glacier–Rafray klippe (92 Ma) is influenced by argon excess. The lower Austroalpine outliers underwent the subduction metamorphism concurrently with the Zermatt–Saas nappe, 20–25 Ma later than the eclogitic Sesia–Lanzo inlier and blueschist Pillonet klippe. The temporal gap and present intra-ophiolitic position mean that the lower Austroalpine outliers were probably derived from an intraoceanic extensional allochthon (Mt. Emilius domain) stranded inside the Piemonte–Ligurian ocean far from the Dent Blanche–Sesia domain and Adriatic margin.

Field of study: Environmental science