nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
New materials based on metal complexes of sulphur donor ligands

A comparative account is given of the stuctures and properties of the complexes of the type N(M(mnt)2)( where N is a monovalent cation, M is Ni, Pd or Pt and mnt is C&S2) together with the recently discovered new lowdimensional metal Cs(Pd(amit)2)2(where dmit is C3S5). Metal complexes of sulphur donor ligands have been widely studied, often because their intense c olours made them useful in analysis. In the 1960's studies on metal complexes of ligands such as the dithiolenes centred on their unusual redox Properties (ref. 1). More recently it has been found that they exhibit a wide range of structures and properties in the solid state dependent upon the nature and extent of the interactions between the metal-complex anions (refs. 2-7). Extensive studies have been made of the complexes formed between the ligands l,Z-dicyanoethylene-l,2dithiol( (HS)zCz( CN)z, HZmnt ) and 4,5-dimercapto-1, a-dithiole-2-thione (dmit) and nickel( I1 ), palladium( 11) and platinum( I1 ) salts, The resulting complex anions are planar and can readily exist either as the mono- or di-anion. The di-anion contains a pair of electrons in the HOMO and therefore inter-anion interactions in the solid state are extremely unlikely. The mono-anion, however, possesses a single e lectron in the HOMO, and therefore inter-anion interactions due to overlap of the HOMOS on adjacent anions are possible. The occurrence and the nature of these interactions is found to be very dependent on the central metal involved and the size of the cation. Thus the resulting complex can be a diamagnetic semiconductor or insulator, a semiconductor exhibiting a magnetic transition or a lowdimensional metal as discussed below.

Field of study: Chemistry
Scintigraphy evaluation of the types of functional constipation in children with bowel bladder dysfunction.

To evaluate the types of constipation according to colonic transit time in chronically constipated children with dysfunctional voiding (bowel bladder dysfunction, BBD group) and to compare the results with transit type in children with chronic functional constipation without urinary symptoms (constipation group) and children with normal bowel habits, but with lower urinary tract symptoms (control group).



One-hundred and one children were included and their medical histories were obtained. The BBD group kept a voiding diary, and underwent urinalyses and urine culture, ultrasound examination of bladder and kidneys and uroflowmetry with pelvic floor electromyography. Radionuclear transit scintigraphy was performed in all children according to a standardized protocol. Patients were categorized as having either slow-transit (ST), functional fecal retention (FFR) or normal transit.



FFR was diagnosed in 31 out of 38 children with BBD, and 34 out of 43 children in the constipation group. ST was found in seven children with BBD, compared with nine children in the constipation group. The control group children demonstrated normal colonic transit. Urgency, daily urinary incontinence and nocturnal enuresis were noted only in children with FFR. Both children with ST constipation and FFR complained of difficulties during voiding, voiding postponement and urinary tract infections.



FFR is the most common form of constipation in children with dysfunctional voiding. However, some children might suffer from ST constipation. Differentiation between these two types of constipation is clinically significant because they require different treatment. Future studies with larger numbers of patients are needed to confirm the noted differences in urological symptoms in these two groups of constipated children..

Field of study: Medicine
Geomagnetic events and relative palaeointensity variations during the past 300 ka as recorded in Kolbeinsey Ridge sediments, Iceland Sea: indication for a strongly variable geomagnetic field

Magnetostratigraphic analyses of five sediment cores recovered from the Kolbeinsey Ridge area revealed consistent records of several geomagnetic events linked with low relative palaeointensities within the past 300 ka. Interpretation of various rock magnetic parameters clearly rule out the possibility that the recorded non-normal polarity directions are linked to a deviating magnetomineralogical fraction or a distorted magnetic fabric. Therefore, these directions are interpreted as true recordings of geomagnetic field variations. Hysteresis parameters and thermomagnetic measurements revealed pure pseudo single-domain (PSD) magnetite with Curie temperatures of 580  °C as the dominant remanence carrier mineral. Due to the homogeneity of the rock magnetic parameters, the sediments are also suitable for relative palaeointensity determinations. Oxygen-isotope stratigraphies for two of the cores provided a time frame to estimate the age ranges for the recorded geomagnetic field variations. The obtained record of ten events of up to 12 ka duration during the past 300 ka and the related record of relative palaeointensity indicate a fairly dynamic character of the Earth's magnetic field, which is in clear contrast to published polarity time scales.

Field of study: Environmental science
Towards Surface Potential Mapping on Atomic Length Scale

The surface diffusion potential landscape plays an essential role in a number of physical and chemical processes such as self-assembly and catalysis. Diffusion energy barriers can be calculated theoretically for simple systems, but there is currently no experimental technique to systematically measure them on the relevant atomic length scale. Here, we introduce an atomic force microscopy based method to map the surface diffusion potential on an atomic length scale. We show that the atomic force microscope damping signal at constant frequency-shift can be linked to non-conservative processes associated with the lowering of energy barriers and compared with calculated single-atom diffusion energy barriers.

Field of study: Physics
The Response of Various Soil Strength Indices to Changing Water Content and Bulk Density

VARIOUS soil strength parameters were measured in the laboratory using a bevameter and a recording soil cone penetrometer. Measurements were made at various levels of soil bulk density and water content. Results were discussed in terms of similar published analyses. Two dissimilar methods of predicting vehicular tractive performance were compared and evaluated in terms of potential utility with respect to prediction of soil trafficability.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Changes in cardiovascular function on treatment of inhibitors of apoptotic signal transduction pathways in left ventricular remodeling after myocardial infarction.

It has been suggested that apoptosis in cardiac remodeling after myocardial infarction (MI) occurs in cardiomyocytes and is critically involved in the process of postinfarct cardiac remodeling. We investigated the pathophysiological link between myocardial apoptosis and cardiovascular function by modulating apoptotic signal transduction pathways.



Either a caspase-3 inhibitor (CasI) or a calpain inhibitor (CalI) was administered immediately after MI in a rat model of MI. Blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), and blood flow velocity (BFV) were measured, and pressure-rate product (PRP) was calculated to estimate the changes in cardiovascular function (n=6 for each group).



BFV showed no remarkable changes in any of the groups. Both systolic blood pressure (SBP) and HR changed significantly (P<.01) in the MI+CasI and MI+CalI groups at 1 day after MI and returned to control levels thereafter. In contrast, SBP and HR remained significantly (P<.01) altered in the MI group. PRP in the MI groups was significantly decreased (P<.05 in the MI and MI+CasI groups; P<.01 in the MI+CalI group) at 1 day after MI and returned to control levels at 4 days.



This study suggests that inhibition of apoptosis during left ventricular remodeling ameliorates cardiovascular function in remodeled hearts.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Production of heavy-chain class-switch variants of human monoclonal antibody by recombinant DNA technology.

We have previously established a human-mouse heterohybridoma (H6-3C4), which produced a human sperm-immobilizing antibody (mu, lambda of human type). The human rearranged immunoglobulin mu-chain and lambda-chain genes were cloned from the hybridoma H6-3C4. The cloned V region of the heavy chain (VH) gene was ligated to human immunoglobulin gamma 1-heavy chain constant region (C gamma 1) genes. This resulted in the heavy-chain class-switch from mu-chain to gamma 1-chain of H6-3C4 antibody. The class-switched heavy-chain gene as well as the cloned lambda-chain gene were introduced into mouse myeloma cell line X63Ag8.653 by protoplast fusion and electroporation. The stable transformants produced the human IgG monoclonal antibody, which fully retained specificity to human sperm cells and sperm-immobilizing activity.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Review and Prospect of the Research on Overseas R&D Investment of MNEs and Subsidiary Performance

In recent years, as globalized R&D activities have been launched on a large scale, more and more scholars have started to study overseas investment activities, but most of the research perspectives only focus on overseas investment entry methods, investment motives, and less on the study of reverse technology spillover of overseas R&D investment and the relationship with parent company innovation performance. Unlike overseas investment, overseas R&D investment is based on the knowledge base view, which considers knowledge as an important resource for enterprises, and tacit knowledge that is not easily understood and difficult to be expressed plays a key role in creating competitive advantage for enterprises. The dissemination of tacit knowledge is based on face-to-face interactions between individuals or organizations, and overseas R&D allows R&D activities to be geographically close to overseas markets and host country environments, thus enabling the transfer of home country knowledge and the acquisition of local knowledge. This study focuses on the motivation of overseas R&D investment, reverse technology spillover and relationship with parent company performance, and discusses future research directions.

Field of study: Business
The Promise of Montessori for Special Education

Montessori Society of Greater Washington, D.C. Maria Montessori, born in 1870, began her career as the first woman in Italy to receive a medical degree. One of her early assignments after beginning her practice was the inspection of asylums for the insane. There she met groups of mentally retarded children, who at that time were institutionalized without efforts to train them, recognize their needs, or humanize them through any educational process. Montessori noted that after their

Field of study: Education
A Reflection on Current Scientific Utilization of Rural Land Resources:In the Perspective of Land Ecological Ethics

There is a dialectical unity relationship between land ecological ethics and the effective use of land, both of which aim at achieving harmony between human and land.Currently,during the utilization of rural land in Anhui Province,aphenomenon has come out that the land ecological ethics declined in some areas.Reasons for this phenomenon include partial understanding of the relationship between man and nature, misunderstanding of resource consumption errors,lack of ecological ethics education,lack of dialectical consideration towards advantages of science and technology,imperfect legal system,incompetence of governmental departments,and so on.To deal with this situation, active measures should be taken,such as richening educational content,broadening the publicity channels,improving people's awareness,guiding moderate consumption,taking more advantage of science and technology,strengthening international cooperation,building up the legal system, bringing publicity into play,paying attention to theoretical research,constructing appraisal mechanism,insisting on balancing and promoting all parts,sharing responsibility,etc.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
How Status Inheritance Rules Affect Marital Sorting: Theory and Evidence from Urban China

Using a matching model, we show that marital sorting by status tends to decline as parental statuses become less complementary in determining their children's status. Our test explores a policy change in China in which men are granted the same rights as women in passing residency permits (hukou) to their children regardless of their spouse's hukou – a change resulting in a less complementary status inheritance technology. We find that this change disrupted the previously rigid sorting by hukou and that the position of local men in the urban marriage market improved, whereas that of local women deteriorated.

Field of study: Economics
Adult Attachment, Social Self-Efficacy, Self-Disclosure, Loneliness, and Subsequent Depression for Freshman College Students: A Longitudinal Study

This longitudinal study examined whether social self-efficacy and self-disclosure serve as mediators between attachment and feelings of loneliness and subsequent depression. Participants were 308 freshmen at a large midwestern university. Results indicated that social self-efficacy mediated the association between attachment anxiety and feelings of loneliness and subsequent depression, whereas selfdisclosure mediated the association between attachment avoidance and feelings of loneliness and subsequent depression. These relationships were found after controlling for the initial level of depression. A total of 55% of the variance in loneliness was explained by attachment anxiety, social self-efficacy, and self-disclosure, whereas 42% of the variance in subsequent depression was explained by the initial level of loneliness and depression. Implications of the findings for enhancing freshman adjustment are discussed.

Field of study: Psychology
Determination of Total Arsenic and Arsenic Metabolites in Human Liver Hepatocytes

The effects of direct sampling and three digestion methods were investigated on the determination of arsenic in Chang liver hepatocytes after ultrasonic disintegration were investigated.The results showed that the efficiency of microwave digestion and obturator digestion was better than cold digestion and direct sampling.The day precision(present as RSD) of microwave digestion and obturator digestion were 2.1% and 1.2%,the inter-day precision were 1.2% and 2.0%,respectively.The spike recovery for the total As in the sample is 95.7%-108.1%.The As detection limits with these four sample treatment methods(including direct sampling) were 0.74-0.93 μg/L.In addition,arsenic speciation in Chang liver hepatocytes was also analyzed using the hyphenated technique of high performance liquid chromatography coupled with inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry.The experimental results indicated that dimethylarsinic acid(DMA) and an intermediate metabolite of DMA were found in Chang liver hepatocytes besides inorganic arsenic(As(Ⅲ) and As(Ⅴ)).

Field of study: Chemistry
Stratigraphy and Heavy Minerals of the Bays Formation, Bays Mountain Synclinorium, Northeast Tennessee

The Bays Mountain synclinorium is in the Valley and Ridge province in northeast Tennessee, southwest of Kingsport and west of Greeneville.

The more clastic part of the Bays formation lies in the east section of the synclinorium. The thickness of the Bays decreases from about 870 feet on the east to about 600 feet on the west. Presumably, the red beds and primary features of the Bays formation formed under deltaic conditions. A Camarocladia Zone near its base indicates a time-transgression of the Bays. The Bays is older at the base to the east than at its base to the west.

The heavy minerals of the Bays were compared with those of the Cambrian and Precambrian(?) sediments, volcanic rocks, and accessory minerals of the crystalline complex which now comprise the Blue Ridge. The minerals identified include nearly all those in the Cambrian and Precambrian(?) sediments as well as additional minerals not found in these older sediments but that are in the crystalline complex. Such minerals indicate that at least a part of the crystalline complex was above sea level during the Middle Ordovician.

Field of study: Geology
Comparative effects of captopril, nitroprusside, dopamine and lanatoside C on a new model of rabbit congestive heart failure.

A new animal model of congestive heart failure that mimics failure of coronary heart diseasL with hypertension was established in rabbits 6-9 d after gradual aortic constriction superimposed on myocardial infarction. The model resulted in significant hypertrophy of the left ventricle and whole heart. an increase of LVEDP (1.7+0.6 vs 0.4+0.3 kPa, p<0.01) and especially significant decreasc of ventricular segmental contraction within the non-infarct area (AL. 0.8+0.4 vs l.4+0.5 mm, p<0.01) as monitored by a sonomicrometer. Comparative evaluation of captopril. nitroprusside, dopaminc and lanatoside C was performed on this model. It was demonstrated that captopril and nitroprus-side significantly lowered the dP/dtmax left ventricular pressure (LVP), and enhanced the segmental contraction; dopamine predominantly increascd dP/dtmax, while lanatoside C manifested significant positive effect on both dP/dtmax and segmental contraction. Vasodilators captopril and nitroprusside were also characterized by a significant reduction of the tension-timc index (TTI). while dopamine increased it.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Is Traffic Still an Important Emitter of Monoaromatic Organic Compounds in European Urban Areas?

Trends of long-term observations and emission inventories suggest that traffic emissions will no longer dominate the concentrations of monoaromatic compounds (i.e., TEX - toluene, xylenes, and ethylbenzene) in European urban areas. But the split limit between traffic and other emission sector contributions such as solvent use remains tenuous. Here long-term observations of an extensive set of hydrocarbons, including TEX, at traffic and urban background sites in London, Paris and Strasbourg were combined to estimate the relative importance of traffic emissions on TEX in every city. When analyzing the urban enhancement emission ratios of TEX-to-benzene on a seasonal basis, two potential source signatures other than traffic could be differentiated in all cities (1) summertime evaporation from fuel and/or solvent and (2) wintertime domestic heating. However, traffic emissions still unambiguously dominate the concentration levels of TEX in every city despite the reduction of their emissions at exhaust pipe over the last two decades. Traffic explains between 60% and 96% (at ±20%) of TEX levels while it is less clear for xylenes at some locations. Our results provide a basis to evaluate regional emission inventories. The method is applicable at any urban area where speciated hydrocarbon monitoring is available.

Field of study: Environmental science
Effect of Li doping on structure and superconducting transition temperature of Mg1-xLixB2

We report the preparation of Mg 1− x Li x B 2 compounds. Nearly single phase samples were obtained for x ⩽0.3. The in-plane lattice parameter a decreases with Li doping, while the lattice parameter c does not show obvious change. The superconducting transition temperature of Mg 1− x Li x B 2 decreases with Li doping and loss of superconductivity occurs for x =0.5 sample. The results were discussed in terms of the T c dependence on hole doping and contraction of the lattice parameter a .

Field of study: Physics
Implementation of innovation to improving leadership skill of TVET student

Leadership is influencing activities, directing ability, the ability to create, process, influencing, directing effort, power relationships, ability to convince, persuade art, the way a person has influence and get someone else to do something. The innovative systems, tools, and thinking are essential for organizational health and future viability, to help their skills and knowledge to learn more by using innovation technology to improving the self esteem and their creativity thinking to competition with another student. The characteristic of leadership is qualities that stand out, that can easily be distinguished from the crowd, especially in the aspect of performance ability, responsibility, involvement and status. TVET Students should have a leadership role in facilitating the implementation of ongoing innovation. Leadership should be applied in students because students will become future leaders. Implementation of innovation is essential focus for the current desire of innovation in life. This paper is study to identify implementation of innovation to improving leadership skill of TVET student.

Field of study: Education
Leptin Suppresses Glutamate-Induced Apoptosis Through Regulation of ERK1/2 Signaling Pathways in Rat Primary Astrocytes

Leptin is a hormone expressed by adipose tissue that regulates body energy homeostasis and weight loss by activating leptin receptors in the hypothalamus. Leptin receptors are also expressed in astrocytes. An anti-apoptosis effect of leptin in brain has recently been reported. However, the anti-apoptosis mechanism of leptin in the brain is unknown.  To investigate whether leptin exerts protective effects against glutamate-induced apoptosis in astrocytes, we performed cell viability assays and apoptosis assays using rat primary astrocytes. Intracellular signaling pathways involved in anti-apoptosis effects of leptin were analyzed by immunoblotting together with a leptin mutant (S120A/T121A) with antagonist function and pharmacological inhibitors.  We found that glutamate-induced apoptosis in rat primary astrocytes was significantly decreased by treatment with leptin. Leptin inhibited glutamate-induced phosphorylation of ERK1/2 in astrocytes. The leptin S120A/T121A mutant did not inhibit glutamate-induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation and ERK1/2-mediated apoptosis.  Collectively, our results provide initial evidence that leptin exerts an anti-apoptotic effect against glutamate toxicity through activation of intracellular signaling pathways which reverse glutamate-induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation in primary astrocytes. Therefore, our findings suggest that leptin might be considered a candidate for potential therapeutic applications in glutamate-induced brain excitotoxicity.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Static and Dynamic Comparative Advantage: A Multi-Period Analysis with Declining Terms of Trade

There is no body of economic theory that has achieved greater professional acceptance than David Ricardo's theory of comparative advantage and the modern emendations of Ricardo's "law." Criticisms of comparative advantage and its extensions from a theoretical perspective have not resulted in any substantial weakening of the overall strength of this body of theory nor of its corollary, a free trade regime. Certain special-case exceptions to the law of comparative advantage have been demonstrated. Jagdish Bhagwati showed that under unrestricted free trade "immiserizing growth" could occur [Bhagwati 1958]. More recently, the "new" trade theorists have focused on the policy implications of trade under conditions of increasing returns and imperfect competition, arguing that under such conditions violations of free trade policy could be optimal. 1 Our purpose is not to revisit these issues. Rather, we intend to reconsider the theory of comparative advantage from a more dynamic perspective than is found in the literature. We believe it is possible to demonstrate that the basic Ricardian theory of comparative advantage, including its extensions, is too static a theory on which to rest a first-best argument in favor of free trade in quite a number of realistic scenarios. Especially for poor, less-developed nations, we show that the generalized argument in favor of free trade policy derived from trade theory cannot be sustained once one takes the long-term historical trend of the terms of trade into

Field of study: Economics