nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Preparation of molybdenum carbide catalyst and its hydrodesulfurization performance for thiophene

Molybdenum carbide catalysts were prepared by temperature-programmed reaction using CH_4/H_2 gas mixture to carburize molybdenum trioxide at different temperatures, then were characterized with XRD and BET. TG-DTA in-situ approach was used to investigate the carburizing reaction of MoO_3 in CH_4/H_2.The catalytic performance of molybdenum carbide catalysts was evaluated for hydrodesulfurization by using 5%(vol) thiophene as the model reactant under the conditions of 300—370℃, 3.0 MPa and space velocity 6 h -1. The results indicated that molybdenum carbide catalysts possessed much higher thiophene HDS activity than MoS_2, and the HDS conversion of thiophene reached 98% at 370℃. It was also found that the BET surface area of molybdenum carbide catalysts decreased and more free carbon deposited on the catalyst surface with increasing carburizing temperature.Furthermore the HDS activity for thiophene decreased. The carburizing reaction pathway of MoO_3 in CH_4/H_2 was MoO_3→MoO_2→MoO_xC_y→Mo_2C, and the proper carburizing temperature was 675℃ as determined by experiment in this paper.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Use of a Direct Boundary Element Method for Pin-Loaded Plates

A previously developed direct boundary element method for analyzing stresses around pin-loaded holes of compositelaminates hasbeen extended witha ree ned and improved computationalalgorithm. Themethod,procedure, and computer program are verie ed by elasticity solutions in polar coordinates for eyebars and plates having an open, as well as loaded, hole. In turn, boundary tractions generated by the direct boundary element method allowing direct application of elasticity solutions are presented. Such a scheme, which couples the boundary element and analytical methods, appears to be plausible, accurate, and efe cient for practical applications.

Field of study: Physics
The Philosopher-Judge: Some Friendly Criticisms of Richard Posner’s Jurisprudence

In Overcoming Law, 1 Richard Posner has put together a very good book indeed. This addition to his numerous works is a sprawling melange of book reviews and other essays that have appeared elsewhere, combined with several important essays that have not previously been published. Although a lot of the footnotes in the book are probably due to the efforts of the nine research assistants whom Posner thanks in his preface, the range of the volume is nonetheless extraordinary. Such a book from a full-time academic would be impressive; such a book from an active judge (who has also written other vast tomes) is truly remarkable.

Field of study: Law
Concetion et étude d'un prototype de pré-série de réfrigérateur solaire basé sur une réaction solide-gaz

Resume Une etude prealable a montre la faisabilite physico-chimique du systeme LiCl/CH 3 NH 2 dans l'objectif de production de glace, avec une utilisation possible de capteur plan a surface non-selective, la temperature haute minimale necessaire a la decomposition etant de 80°C pour une temperature de condensation de 35°C. Les resultats positifs obtenus sur la maquette de laboratoire nous ont conduits a la conception et a la realisation d'un prototype de refrigerateur solaire destine a la conservation des vaccins. Les performances obtenues sur ce prototype sont actuellement une production quotidienne de 4,5 kg de glace soit 2,5 kg par m 2 de capteur et un COP solaire de 0,053.

Field of study: Engineering
Widespread brain distribution of mRNA encoding the orphan neurotransmitter transporter v7-3.

Orphan transporter v7-3 is a member of a new subfamily of Na+, Cl- dependent neurotransmitter transporters with two large extracellular loops. Distribution of v7-3 mRNA was investigated in the rat brain. In situ hybridization study revealed that v7-3 mRNA was widely distributed in the rat central nervous system, including the olfactory bulb, the hypothalamus, the cerebral cortex, the hippocampus, and the cerebellum. In addition, intense v7-3 mRNA expression was found in the motor nuclei including the oculomotor nucleus, abducens nucleus, trigeminal motor nucleus, facial nucleus, hypoglossal nucleus and ventral horn of spinal cord. Intense hybridization signals were also observed in the nuclei containing monoaminergic neurons, such as locus coeruleus, the substantia nigra pars compacta, the ventral tegmental area, the dorsal raphe nucleus and the median raphe nucleus. This multifocal and broad nature of the v7-3 distribution suggests widespread roles for this gene product in neurons mediating several important brain function.

Field of study: Biology
Physician participation in a Medicaid managed care program, the Kansas Primary Care Network.

This study was designed to identify the factors that enhance and impede physician participation in a Medicaid managed care program, the Kansas Primary Care Network (PCN). The data for the study were collected in the summer of 1993 through a mail survey of primary care physicians in the PCN service area. Logistic regression and cross tabular analytic techniques were employed for data analysis. The results indicate that physicians who are not receptive to capitation-based reimbursement practices, those who practice in the higher per capita income counties, those who do not compare the PCN reimbursement rates favorably with private insurance rates, and physicians who think that untimely payment and the requirement to document patient referrals for specialty treatment pose problems for them are less likely to participate in the PCN program. Further, the study shows that institutional physicians have larger Medicaid caseloads than solo practitioners, who have larger Medicaid caseloads than single-specialty and multi-specialty group practitioners. Since most of the variables that attain statistical significance in explaining physician participation in the PCN program have to do with money, the study reaffirms the two market theory of the United States' health care delivery system.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Time-course of injected acetate in normal and depancreatized dogs.

Armstrong, S. H. jun. (1950). Re8earch in Medical Science.  Macmillan Co. Cremer, H. D. & Tiselius, A. (1950).  E. M., Harris, H. & Warren, F. L. (1952).  Durrum, E. L. (1950).  2943. Flynn, F. V. & de Mayo, P. (1951). Lancet, 2, 235. Grassman, W., Hannig, K. & Knedel, M. (1951). Deut8ch. med. Wschr. 76, 333. Kunkel, H. G. & Tiselius, A. (1951). . Longsworth, L. G., Shedlovsky, T. & MacInnes, D. A. (1939).  (1948).  3103. Slater, R. J. & Kunkel, H. G. (1953).  (1937). . Turba, H. von & Enenkel, H. J. (1950). Naturwissen8chaften, 37, 93. Wolfson, W. Q., Cohn, C., Calvery, F. & Ichiba, F. (1948).

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
High-Pressure Cell for the Study of In-Situ Hydrates Using Energy-Dispersive X-ray Diffraction.

A high-pressure low-temperature cell has been developed for in-situ diffraction studies of carbon dioxide and propane gas hydrate crystallization. The design and implementation of the cell, which can operate up to 3.5 MPa and down to 253 K, are described. Using synchrotron energy-dispersive X-ray diffraction, the first growth of the hydrate crystals from solution has been successfully observed. The lattice parameters of the hydrate crystals were found to be 11.927 (2) and 17.196 (2) A, respectively.

Field of study: Physics
Nanoscaled surface structures of ionic crystals by spinodal decomposition

Self-organised periodic surface structures are prepared by spinodal decomposition of AgCl–NaCl single crystals and subsequent ex-solution of the alkali-rich component. While the kinetics of decomposition was studied previously by time-resolved neutron scattering, in the present paper, the etching process is studied in some detail and the surface structures are characterised by atomic force microscopy. It is shown that the duration of both, the demixing process as well as the etching process, determines the characteristic length scale of the periodic pattern. Under well controlled conditions, relief structures with wavelengths of some 100 nm are obtained that are uniform over areas of some mm 2 . These patterns can possibly be used as templates for the decoration with metals, macromolecules, etc.

Field of study: Materials science
Acute chest pain of cardiovascular aetiology: a diagnostic dilemma.

A 61-year-old gentleman was admitted to his local hospital with a 5-h history of central chest pain. He was an ex-smoker with no other cardiac risk factors or history of ischaemic heart disease. ECG on presentation demonstrated ST elevation in leads 1 and aVL consistent with acute myocardial infarction (MI) and he was therefore thrombolysed with tenecteplase. Following thrombolysis, his ST segment elevation resolved and his chest pain subsided completely. Peak CK was 1015 U/l (24–173 U/l) and troponin T 3.65 ug/l (0–0.10 ug/l). A routine PA chest radiograph revealed a widened superior mediastinum, raising the possibility of aortic dissection . An urgent contrast enhanced CT scan was therefore requested which demonstrated a type A aortic dissection with an aneurysmal ascending aorta . 



Figure 1. 
PA chest radiograph shows widening of the mediastinum and ectasia of the descending thoracic aorta. The lung fields are clear.





Figure 2. 
CT aorta demonstrates type A aortic dissection. In the dilated ascending aorta there is thrombus within the false lumen (asterisk). The dissection can be seen to extend into the descending thoracic aorta (arrow). T = true lumen.



Despite the CT findings, the patient remained well following thrombolysis with no subsequent clinical sequelae of acute aortic dissection. Further investigation with transthoracic echocardiography revealed good left ventricular function with no pericardial effusion. There was mild central aortic regurgitation but …

Field of study: Medicine
Genotypic variation in Pinus radiata responses to nitrogen source are related to changes in the root microbiome.

Variation in traits within a plant species contributes to differences in soil physicochemistry and rhizosphere microbial communities. However, how intraspecific variation in plant responses to nitrogen (N) shapes these communities remains unclear. We studied whether plant responses to organic and inorganic N forms vary among genotypes, and if these responses were associated with variation in root-associated communities. We investigated how the root microbiomes of two Pinus radiata D. Don genotypes were altered by two years of N-fertilisation in field conditions. We characterised rhizosphere bacterial and fungal communities, as well as root-associated fungal communities, of trees receiving yearly additions of NH4NO3 or L-arginine, and control trees. We also measured plant traits and rhizosphere soil physicochemical properties. Two main findings emerged: (i) N form and tree genotype affected soil physicochemical properties as well as plant measures, and these responses were associated with variation in microbial communities, and (ii) rhizosphere and root-associated communities differed in their responses to N form and host genotype. Our results suggest that N forms have different influences on N and carbon dynamics at the plant-soil interface by inducing root-mediated responses that are associated with shifts in the root microbiome such that communities more closely associated with roots are more sensitive to genotype-specific responses.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Gas Chromatographic Retention Time Rule and Mass Spectrometric Fragmentation Rule of Fatty Acids and Its Application in Food

The fat in food samples was extracted using Soxhlet technique, and in-vial derivatized to their corresponding methyl ester and subsequently analyzed by GC/MS. Sufficient separation for the homologous and isomers of methyl esters of fatty acids was achieved with HP-88 capillary column. The gas chromatographic retention time rule of homologues and isomers of fatty acids methyl esters was studied, and mass spectrometric fragmentation rule was also investigated in this study. A novel method which can ascertain the carbon atom number and double bond number in fatty acids using 3 characteristic ions, as well as can confirm cis- and trans-isomers and double-bond positional isomers based on retention time rule, was established. Using this method, the contents of homologues and different kinds of isomers of fatty acids can be determined without standards. This method can be applied to the investigation of the compositions of fatty acids, especially trans-fatty acid, and determination fatty acids in lipid and food samples. The method is accurate, reliable, and convenient, and has been applied to the quantitative determination of the content of trans-fatty acid in food samples.

Field of study: Chemistry
Behavioral Components of School Readiness.

AbstractThe purpose of the study was to determine the characteristics in the preschool migrant child that were related to school readiness. The relationship between change in school readiness and behavioral changes was investigated using 61 male and 72 female migrant preschool children (CA = 3.9 to 4.9). Change during a three-month interval in a compensatory preschool program in self-concept, delay of gratification, self-control, and risk taking was analyzed using multiple linear regression. For the girls, growth in self-concept and delay of gratification was significantly related to growth in school readiness, while for the boys, measures of change in self-control predicted growth in school readiness.

Field of study: Education
Long and high rate production of IBAD templates for YBCO coated conductors

Ion-beam-assisted deposition (IBAD) is a promising method for preparation of biaxially textured templates for YBa/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub 7-/spl delta// (YBCO) coated conductors. For the purpose of practical applications, many groups make efforts to obtain long and high-performance YBCO superconducting wires based on IBAD templates. In our laboratory, long IBAD template tape fabrication using a reel-to-reel system was developed and up to now, we have fabricated a 220-m-long tape successfully and 103-220 m tapes have been obtained steadily. On these IBAD template tapes, high critical current (I/sub c/) performances were demonstrated and a large I/sub c/ value of 182 Amps was attained with pulsed laser deposited YBCO conductors on 46 m in length. These values give a product of I/sub c//spl times/L over 8000

Field of study: Physics
Fixed-interval schedules of intravenous cocaine presentation in rats.

Fixed-interval schedules of intravenous cocaine presentation were examined as a function of injection dose (0.32 to 0.64 mg/kg) and interval duration (200 to 400 sec) in two rats. Cocaine was found to exert a dose-related temporal control over the initiation of responding that was unaffected by the fixed-interval contingency. Fixed-interval pause duration was linearly related to injection dose and was the same duration as the interresponse time found on continuous reinforcement schedules of cocaine presentation. The fixed-interval pause remained constant with changes in interval duration. Characteristic fixed-interval patterns of responding were observed. However, overall response rates were inversely related to injection dose and directly related to interval duration. Running response rates varied unsystematically with both variables. These findings are at variance with results typically found in studies of fixed-interval food and electric shock presentation.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Influence of Genipin Crosslinking on the Properties of Chitosan-Based Films

Chitosan is a promising environment friendly active polymer packaging material due to its biodegradability, exceptional film forming capacity, great mechanical strength, appropriate barrier property along with intrinsic antioxidant and antimicrobial features. Bifunctional reagent was used for producing water insoluble chitosan films. Biopolymeric films crosslinked by Genipin (Gp), which is a reagent of natural origin, should have high potential in food packaging. The influence of the ratio of functional groups in the chitosan-Gp system on film absorption in the visible and ultraviolet regions of the spectrum, sorption, physical, and mechanical properties of the films has been studied. The degree of chitosan crosslinking in the films obtained from solutions containing Gp was estimated using the experimental data on film swelling and water vapor sorption isotherms. It is demonstrated that crosslinking with genipin improves swelling, water resistance, and mechanical properties of the films.

Field of study: Materials science
Determination of the characteristics of microdefects from statistical relationships governing laser damage to solid transparent materials

An investigation was made of the nature of the dependence of the bulk laser damage threshold of solid transparent materials on the size of the focusing-lens caustic. Experiments carried out on a large number of different samples of NaCl and KCl crystals showed that for λ = 10.6 µ and the focusing-lens caustic diameter 23 µ, the dependence on this diameter was due to the presence of microdefects. It was also established that in the case of λ = 1.06 µ radiation and small caustics (5–30 µ) the same dependence could be unrelated to microdefects. A statistical theory was developed for determining the distribution function of the defect damage thresholds from the nature of the size dependence.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Voluntary formation of communities for the provision of public projects

In this paper we examine a group formation problem, where heterogeneous individuals partitioned themselves into communities, each choosing its own public project from the given space of feasible projects. The model is that of “horizontal product differentiation” where individuals display distinct preferences over the policy space. We consider the notion of “efficient” configuration that minimizes the total project-related costs and aggregate personalized costs of all individuals, and “sustainable” configurations, those are immune against breakaways by subgroups of individuals. Our main result is that, with a unidimensional project space and single-peaked personalized costs, every efficient partition is sustainable.

Field of study: Economics
EFFECT OF 5-HT3 ANTAGONIST WITH CORTICOSTEROID IN THE TREATMENT OF CHEMOTHERAPY INDUCED NAUSEA AND VOMITING

Chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) are major adverse effects of cancer chemotherapy. Inadequate control CINV can have a significant negative impact on quality of life and can compromise adherence to chemotherapy treatment. The aim of this prospective clinical trial was to evaluate the antiemetic effect of ondansetrone combined with dcexamethasone against CINV produced by high and moderate emetogenic chemotherapy in Iraqi patients.  A prospective clinical trial was conducted .Patients completed 5-day daily diaries beginning on the day of single-day chemotherapy and for one to three chemotherapy cycles, the symptoms diary was designed to collect data regarding patient’s demographic characteristics, cancer type, chemotherapy regimen to patient receive ondansetrone combined with dexamethasone for the treatment of CINV.  A total of 52 patients were enrolled in this study, with age range of 18-63 year (41.4±17.3; Mean ±SD) of both sexes (57.7% male and 42.3% female), 65.38 % of the patients classified as receiving high emetogenic chemotherapy, whereas 34.61% of the patients receiving moderate emetogenic chemotherapy. All the patients received ondansetrone combined with dcexamethasone for the treatment of CINV, the incidence of acute nausea in patients receiving high emetogenic chemotherapy (HEC) was 41.17% compared to 22.22% in patients receiving moderate emetogenic chemotherapy (MEC); The incidence percent of delayed nausea was 35.29% in patients receiving HEC compared to 22.22% in patients receiving MEC; the effect of administered antiemetics on the incidence of acute vomiting was 35.29% in patients receiving HEC compared to 22.22% in patients receiving MEC; unexpectedly, the incidence of delayed vomiting was only 11.76% in patients receiving HEC compared to 22.22% in patients receiving MEC.  the results of this study demonstrate that administration of Ondansetrone combined with dexamethasone regimen against CINV produced accepted antiemtic level compared to data reported internationally; this study highlights the need for efficient translation of standard guidelines of antiemetic to clinical practice.  Antiemetic, chemotherapy, nausea, vomiting, ondansetrone, dexamethasone.

Field of study: Medicine
A stochastic SIR model on a graph with epidemiological and population dynamics occurring over the same time scale

We define and study an open stochastic SIR (Susceptible–Infected–Removed) model on a graph in order to describe the spread of an epidemic on a cattle trade network with epidemiological and demographic dynamics occurring over the same time scale. Population transition intensities are assumed to be density-dependent with a constant component, the amplitude of which determines the overall scale of the population process. Standard branching approximation results for the epidemic process are first given, along with a numerical computation method for the probability of a major epidemic outbreak. This procedure is illustrated using real data on trade-related cattle movements from a densely populated livestock farming region in western France (Finistère) and epidemiological parameters corresponding to an infectious epizootic disease. Then we exhibit an exponential lower bound for the extinction time and the total size of the epidemic in the stable endemic case as a scaling parameter goes to infinity using results inspired by the Freidlin–Wentzell theory of large deviations from a dynamical system.

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics
Burden of copy number variation in common variable immunodeficiency

Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) has been associated recently with a dramatic increase in total copy number variation burden, the cause of which is unclear. In order to explore further the origin and clinical relevance of this finding, we quantified the total genomic copy number variation (CNV) burden in affected patients and evaluated clinical details in relationship to total CNV burden. No correlation was found between total CNV burden and either patient age or time elapsed since symptom onset, and higher total burden did not correlate with incidence of malignancy or other subphenotypes. These findings suggest that the increased CNV burden is static and intrinsic to CVID as a disease.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Developments of contemporary researches on the sport discipline in north America——From the perspective of the use of kinesiology

In the mainstream view of the sport community in the north America region,kinesiology is considered as a designation in the sport discipline,but there are debates about such a view,and also dilemmas in such issues as what are the core and connotation of kinesiology.On the basis of such argumentation,some US scholars put forward basic conceptions and methods for resolving such dilemmas;some US scholars probed into the evaluation of US in-stitutes of higher learning that use kinesiology as a designation in the sport discipline,and put forward methods for improvement.It is preliminarily concluded the change of designations in the sport discipline in the north America region is inseparably related to the interpretation of science by sport scholars in the north America region,i.e.kine-siology is closer to the original meaning of science-repeatability,which enables kinesiology to gradually become a general designation in the sport discipline in the north America region.

Field of study: Education