nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Marine and terrestrial sedimentation across the T–J transition in the North German Basin

The global Mesozoic sea-level rise contributed to the stepwise flooding of the Central European Basin (CEB) across the T-J transition and transformed the CEB from a late Triassic inland playa to an early Jurassic semi-enclosed inland sea. The calibration of sections from North Germany and Thuringia using high-resolution palynomorph and ammonite biostratigraphy contributes to the improved temporal and spatial resolution of this decisive period. The herein proposed Deltoidospora-Concavisporites (DC) Zone, placed between the Rhaetian Ricciisporites-Polypodiisporites (RP) Zone and the Hettangian Pinuspollenites-Trachysporites Zone, marks the transitional zone of overlapping Rhaetian and Hettangian palynomorphs in brackish-marine, brackish and terrestrial environments of the North German Basin (NGB). Thus, the DC Zone enables the identification of the T-J transition in the NGB. Following a short-term ingression in the late Norian Corollina-Porcellispora Subzone, the first Rhaetian transgression contributed to substantial marine-terrestrial facies shifts. The diachronous transgressive onlap of brackish-marine strata culminated in a first Rhaetian maximum flooding in the upper Corollina-Enzonalasporites Zone to lower Rhaetipollis-Limbosporites (RL) Zone. After a regressive maximum in the middle RL Zone, the next transgression culminated in a second Rhaetian maximum flooding in the upper RL Zone. Following the end-Triassic regression, herein assigned to the upper RP Zone, the diachronous transgressive onlap of marine shales marks the change to marine Jurassic environments. The herein proposed Deltoidospora-Concavisporites (DC) Zone, placed between the Rhaetian Ricciisporites-Polypodiisporites (RP) Zone and the Hettangian Pinuspollenites-Trachysporites Zone, marks the transitional zone of overlapping Rhaetian and Hettangian palynomorphs in brackish-marine, brackish and terrestrial environments of the North German Basin (NGB). Thus, the DC Zone enables the identification of the T-J transition in the NGB. At the western gate of the CEB, the onset of marine Hettangian strata with ammonites, dated as the P. erugatum Biohorizon at St. Audrie's Bay, postdates the base Hettangian GSSP by ~ 250 kyr. From there to Thuringia, the diachronous onlap of marine Hettangian strata with ammonites, herein dated as the P. plicatulum Biohorizon, took place over ~ 100 kyr. The first Jurassic maximum flooding is dated as the interval of the P. psilonotum to P. plicatulum Biohorizons (lower Planorbis Zone). Rhaetian–Hettangian 3rd-order sequences of the CEB correlate with contemporaneous sequences described from Tethyan and peri-Tethyan basins pointing to circum-Tethyan eustatic cycles. The 4th-order sequences are evident in the Rhaetian-Hettangian, but only a set of Rhaetian 4th-order sequences can be correlated in the NGB so far.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Humanae Vitae: Thirty-Five Years Later

"A prophet is not without honor except in his own country." Perhaps a worse fate lies with the prophet when he is without honor both in his country and elsewhere. So it has been with Pope Paul VI when exactly thirty-five years ago he issued his prophetical encyclical Humanae Vitae on birth control. At the time (1968) the sexual revolution was in full swing, the majority opinion of the so-called Birth Control Commission composed of eminent theologians and laity from all over the world had opted for the acceptance of artificial birth control in marriage and public opinion, both Catholic and non-Catholic was decidedly against the Pope. As with the good news of the gospel, the Pope's message was inopportune, countercultural, and out of sync with the times. It was condemned in both Catholic and non-Catholic circles. Even some national episcopal conferences around the world had difficulty accepting the teaching of the Pope. The Pope's teaching was both simple and, in the light of the times, revolutionary. Human sexuality, the Pope said, could be morally exercised only within the context of legitimate marriage between a man and a woman. This sexual dynamism of its very nature had both a unitive function to unite the couple in love and gift of each other to each other, and a procreative function, that is, an opening to life which could not be artificially separated from the unitive function by various forms of artificial birth control. As Vatican II held, the Pope placed the decision about the number of children for a particular couple in their conscience, which had to take into consideration such factors as economics, health, children already born and even overpopUlation. But the one thing the Pope clearly held was the moral character of both sexual dimensions which could not be artificially separated. Of course, the couple could abstain during fertile periods if there

Field of study: Medicine, Philosophy
Does effort play a role in the effect of response requirements on delayed matching to sample?

The possible role of "effort" in the accuracy of pigeons' performance on a delayed matching-to-sample procedure was investigated by examining the effects of response requirements that accompanied a trial-initiating stimulus and that accompanied a sample stimulus. In the first experiment, the effect of varying the size of a fixed-ratio requirement for responses during an initiating stimulus was compared to that of varying a similar requirement for responses during the sample stimulus. Accuracy increased reliably with increases in the ratio scheduled during the sample stimulus, but was not significantly affected by increases in the ratio scheduled on the key during the initiating stimulus. In another phase of Experiment 1, sample duration was held constant while the ratio requirement was varied during the initiating stimulus. Again, accuracy of matching to sample was not significantly affected by the size of the ratio scheduled during the initiating stimulus. Experiment 2 provided a systematic replication of these results in another group of pigeons and included a more detailed analysis of responding. These results support the view that increases in sample-response requirement facilitate accuracy of delayed matching by increasing the durations of exposure to the sample stimuli, and do not support a role of effort in the sample-response effect. In Experiment 3, the facilitative effect of responses on the sample but not of those on the initiating stimulus was replicated using a simultaneous matching-to-sample procedure. This finding provides further evidence against an interpretation of response-requirement effects that appeals to effort; the finding also suggests that sample exposure might affect initial discrimination of the sample rather than remembering the sample.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Vacuum Nozzle Design for Seed Metering

SEVEN vacuum nozzles were evaluated in a stationary device similar to horticultural seedflat seeders to learn correct seed orientation, air pressure for pickup, holding and transport, brush-off method, and seed ejection. Theoretical derivations and experiments showed that the pressure difference needed for pickup of a seed increased with the fourth power of the pickup height for heights of more than one seed radius. An exponential relationship was found to apply closer to the nozzle. Recommendations for a suitable pneumatic metering device for nearly spherical seeds were made with regard to nozzle type, seed lift height, seed orientation, brush-off device, and seed ejection

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Remote Monitoring for VIPs Using GPRS

By Using GPRS patient condition can be monitor In communication channel of a teleoperation control task, there always exists a time-delay problem which causes poor performance and even instability of the system. The aim of this project is to provide an ECG medical monitoring for the user at any time and any place, if there is any abnormal change of ECG data. It also explains the advanced relief measures for the soldiers such as automatic injection system and Vibrotactile system which is used for oxygen pumping.The portable remote medical monitoring unit consists of Advanced RISC Machines (ARM) with the embedded operating system, wearable, GPS and a GPRS (Gsm) module capable of transmitting information to processing centers. GPRS System, ECG monitoring System , Automatic injection system.

Field of study: Engineering
3D Shape and Pose Estimaion of Deformable Tapes from Multiple Views

In this paper, we propose a method to estimate 3D shape of deformable plastic tapes from multiple camera images. In this method, the tape is modeled as serial connection of multiple rectangular plates, where the size of each plate is previously known and node angles of between plates represent the shape of the object. The node angles of the object are estimated by 2D silhouette shapes taken in the multiple images. The estimation is performed by minimizing the difference of the silhouette shapes between the input images and synthesized images of the model shape. For demonstrating the proposed method, 3D shape of a tape is estimated with two camera images. The accuracy of the estimation is sufficient for making the assembling robot in our plant to handle the tape. Computation time is also sufficiently short for applying the proposed algorithm in the assembling plant.

Field of study: Computer science
Political Science and Presidential Nominations

Two concerns prompt this study. The first, plainer and more specific, is to use post-1976 hindsight to appraise selected generalizations that political scientists made about presidential nominations before the nominations of 1976. The second concern flows largely from the extent to which the generalizations are found to hold for the nominations of 1976 and for those that might be thought to follow. Does the appraisal lead to a favorable view of the "science" of a discipline that seeks to describe and explain politics in the present tense, now and for at least a near future? Or does it suggest that we should limit ourselves to the reconstruction of what happened, and why it happened, in the historical past7 The second question arises in less than ideal conditions for scientific endeavor. Students of politics can make a stronger argument for the science of their work when they deal with quantitatively more tractable subject matter. Generalizations about presidential nominations are based on small numbers-only two major party choices every four years-a mere twenty nominations in four decades of "contemporary" politics. Even that span may be too long given recent substantial changes in the rules for delegate selection and for campaign finance. Moreover, most of the generalizations about presidential nominations that command attention, here and elsewhere, are probabilistic, predictive statements that are often untestable in any rigorous sense. Rather than stating only the relations between variables, they also try to forecast what will happen as a result of such relations. It should be plain that I do not intend to belabor my political science colleagues for any mistaken expectations about the 1976 nominations. I had

Field of study: Political science
Clinical and Biochemical Analysis of a Case of Manic-Depressive Psychosis Showing Regular Weekly Cycles

The patient under investigation, at the age of 51, became subject to a state of depression, which lasted for 14 years without complete remission. In 1942, at the age of 65, he developed weekly mental cycles in which he was in a depression for five days, followed by a manic state of two days. At first the mania appeared in the early part of the week, and gradually shifted to the week-end. When this investigation started the mania occurred every saturday and sunday, but lately it has appeared on Friday and Saturday. The transition from one phase to the other was characterized by a mixed state, showing both depressive and manic features. This patient belongs to a small group recognized by Kraepelin, which is characterized by the onset of depression in late middle age, changing in old age to a manic depressive cycle.

Closely correlated with his mental cycles are cyclic clinical and metabolic fluctuations. There was a definite rise in the bloodpressure, pulse and respiratory rates, during the manic phase, and a corresponding fall during the depression. The basal metabolism estimated for three weeks was found to be plus 30 in the mania and about minus 10 during the depression.

There was a gain of 2 to 3 lb. in weight during the depression, and a corresponding weight loss during the manic phase. There was a regular diminution of creatinine in the twenty-four-hourly urine passed in the period during which the transition from depression to mania occurred, although the urinary volumes on these days were the highest for the week.

The most marked fluctuations found were those in the water, chloride, and sodium output in the urine. The water excretion for the two days of mania amounted to nearly hail the weekly total, and the amounts of sodium and chloride were correspondingly high on these two days. There was, therefore, a cyclic metabolic fluctuation, which consisted of a retention of water and salt in the depressive phase, and a release of these in the manic phase. This means that the urinary constituents showing variation were probably derived from the extra cellular body fluid.

Furthermore, it appears that a sudden rise in the flow of the urine started when the patient was stillin his depression, and was maintaified at this high rate during the opening stages of his mania. By the time the patient had reached his most excited state this rate had already decreased. Also, there appeared to be no connection between the excessive output of the urinary constituents and the rise in blood pressure, pulse and respiratory rates during these transitions.

Further investigations on this case are in process, and the results of these will be published later.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Molecular and cellular biophysics, CRC Series in Pure and Applied Physics, by Jack A. Tuszynski

This is an ambitious text. The treatment is described on the book’s cover as, ‘Logically organized from small-scale (molecular) to large-scale (cellular) systems, the text first defines life, discussing the scientific controversies between mechanists and vitalists, the characteristics of living things and the evolution of life. It then delves into molecular structures, including nucleic acids, DNA, RNA, interatomic interactions and hydrogen bonds. After looking at these smaller systems, the author probes the larger cellular structures. He examines the cytoplasm, the cytoskeleton, chromosomes, mitochondria, motor proteins and more. The book concludes with discussions on biophysical processes, including oxidative phosphorylation, diffusion, bioenergetics, conformational transitions in proteins, vesicle transport, subcellular structure formation and cell division’. The ‘references at the end of each chapter’ and the ‘many illustrations to enhance comprehension of the material’ are also highlighted. For such a wide-ranging text, offered as presenting the current state of knowledge in each area with references to original sources, the reader can reasonably wish to be assured that the material presented is accurate and the conclusions drawn are the product of informed and mature analysis. Sadly, this book cannot be recommended as meeting these criteria. There are serious factual errors, the organisation of references is chaotic and likely to prove extremely frustrating, illustrations are variable in style and quality, and many which do not appear to be original to this text lack specific references which would allow further information about features in them to be obtained. The text also suffers from the order in which topics are treated, most obviously in the positioning of the account of the origin of life and discussions of proposals for artificial life in Chapter 1 (‘What is life?’). While it may be attractive ‘to begin at the beginning’ current models for the origin of life rest heavily on properties of nucleic acids and proteins, including in particular, relatively recent knowledge of catalytic properties of RNA. Since the structure and function of these molecules are treated at length in Chapter 2 (‘What are the molecules of life?’) and in Chapter 3 (‘What is a biological cell?’) it would have been more useful to have discussed the roles they may have played in the origin of life and how their capabilities to store, copy and express information might be mimicked artificially in Chapter 4 (‘What are life processes?’). The rambling and repetitive style characterising much of this text is particularly apparent in the discussion of the basic features of the properties of amino acids and their role in determining protein structure – a subject already well-rehearsed with excellent treatments in the literature. Confusion is also likely to be caused by the categorization in

Field of study: Materials science
ÜberA1 Π →X1Σ- (IV. Pos.) Kohlenoxydbanden. II

ZusammenfassungDie Rotationsanalyse der IV. pos. Kohlenoxydbanden wird vervollständigt. Meßdaten über die Banden (9, 18), (11, 20), (12, 22) und (13, 24), ferner ein Nullinienschema von 84 Banden und die daraus berechneten Vibrationsterme des X1Σ- und A1Π-Zustandes, werden angegeben. Die Höhe der Prädissoziationsstelle des A1Π-Zustandes wird mit 77497 ± 44 cm/s-1 über dem X1Σ-Grundzustand bestimmt; eine andere Prädissoziation wird bei 81880 cm−1 vermutet. Die Dissoziationsenergie des CO-Moleküls ergibt sich zu 55 820 cm−1 bzw. 6,89 Volt.

Field of study: Physics
Onsager's inequality, the Landau-Feynman ansatz and superfluidity

We revisit an inequality due to Onsager, which states that the (quantum) liquid structure factor has an upper bound of the form , for not too large modulus of the wave vector . This inequality implies the validity of the Landau criterion in the theory of superfluidity with a definite, nonzero critical velocity. We prove an auxiliary proposition for general Bose systems, together with which we arrive at a rigorous proof of the inequality for one of the very few solvable examples of an interacting Bose fluid, Girardeau's model. The latter proof demonstrates the importance of the thermodynamic limit of the structure factor, which must be taken initially at . It also substantiates very well the heuristic density functional arguments, which are also shown to hold exactly in the limit of large wavelengths. We also briefly discuss which features of the proof may be present in higher dimensions, as well as some open problems related to superfluidity of trapped gases.

Field of study: Physics
Optimization of the computational efficiency of a 3D, collapsed cone dose calculation algorithm for brachytherapy.

Brachytherapy dose calculations based on point kernel superposition using the collapsed cone method have been shown to accurately model the influence from finite dimensions of the patient and effects from heterogeneities including those of high atomic numbers. The collapsed cone method is for brachytherapy applications most effectively implemented through a successive-scattering approach, in which the dose from once and higher order of scattered photons is calculated separately and in successive scatter order. The calculation speed achievable is directly proportional to the number of directions used for point kernel discretization and to the number of voxels in the volume. In this work we investigate how to best divide the total number of directions between the two steps of successive-scattering dose calculations. Results show that the largest fraction of the total number of directions should be utilized in calculating the first-scatter dose. Also shown is how the number of directions required for keeping discretization artifacts at acceptably low levels decreases significantly in multiple-source configurations, as a result of the dose gradients being less steep than those around single sources. Investigating the number of kernel directions required to keep artifacts low enough within the high dose region of an implant (i.e., for dose levels above approximately 5%-10% of the mean central target dose) reveals similar figures for brachytherapy as for external beam applications, where collapsed cone superposition is clinically used. Also shown is that approximating point kernels with their isotropic average leads to small dose differences at low and intermediate energies, implying that the collapsed cone calculations can be done in a single operation common to all sources of the implant at these energies. The current findings show that collapsed cone calculations can be achieved for brachytherapy with the same efficiency as for external beams. This, combined with recent results on gains in efficiency through implementing the algorithm on graphical card parallel hardware indicates that dose can be calculated with account for heterogeneities and finite dimensions within a few seconds for large voxel arrays and is therefore of interest for practical application to treatment planning.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
THE EXTENSION OF CONJUGATED SYSTEM IN PYRIDYL-SUBSTITUTED MONOAZATRIPHENYLENES FOR THE TUNING OF PHOTOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES

We propose a method for the synthesis of diaryl-substituted pyridylmonoazatriphenylenes by the heterocyclization reaction of dihalosubstituted phenanthrenequinones with pyridine-2-carboxylic acid amidrazone, followed by aza-Diels–Alder reaction and Suzuki cross coupling. The obtained compounds showed more promising photophysical properties, compared to non-arylated analogs.

Field of study: Chemistry
Quality of service approaches in cloud computing: A systematic mapping study

Cloud computing is a new computing technology that provides services to consumers and businesses. Due to the increasing use of these services, the quality of service (QoS) of cloud computing has become an important and essential issue since there are many open challenges which need to be addressed related to trust in cloud services. Many research issues have been proposed in QoS approaches in the cloud computing area. The aim of this study is to survey current research on QoS approaches in cloud computing in order to identify where more emphasis should be placed in both current and future research directions. A systematic mapping study was performed to find the related literature, and 67 articles were selected as primary studies that are classified in relation to the focus, research type and contribution type. The majority of the articles are of the validation research type (64%). Infrastructure as a service (48%) was the largest research focus area, followed by software as a service (36%). The majority of contributions concerned methods (48%), followed by models (32%).Conclusion: The results of this study confirm that QoS approaches in cloud computing have become an important topic in the cloud computing area in recent years and there remain open challenges and gaps which require future research exploration. In particular, tools, metrics and evaluation research are needed in order to provide useful and trustworthy cloud computing services that deliver appropriate QoS. 67 primary studies addressed QoS in cloud computing.The largest of studies discussed validation.The majority of studies considered infrastructure as service.Most studies focused on methods or models.QoS approaches require further research.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering