nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Cystine Level and Urinary PH on the Recurrence of Cystine Stones

Retrospective review of the medical therapy on pediatric patients with cystin stones as regards recurrence rates.  21 patients (12 boy, 9 girl) under follow-up with cystin stones were retrospectively evaluated. Median diagnosis age was 1 year old(range:1-16). Medical therapy was applied with 10 to 15 mg/kg a-mercaptopropionylglycine and 1 mEq./kg potassium citrate or Scholl solution following the initial treatment.  Surgery was performed on 18 patients (percutaneous nephrolithotomy in 21 sessions on 13 patients, open on 8 patients); ESWL on 12 patients (in 2,7 sessions in the average). All patients received the same medical treatment stated above. Urinary pH levels increased (pretreatment/posttreatment urinary pH were from 6,0± 0.63 to 6.6± 0.59) and cystine levels decreased (from 885±1118 to 322±204mmol./mol. creatinine) after treatment. Being the control urinary pH over 6.5 was observed to be effective in the prevention of recurrences (p=0.02). Recurrence was seen in none of the patients with control urinary system levels under 150. Recurrence significantly lower in patients with control cystine levels under 150 when urinary pH was over 6.5 (p=0.044) (Table). In addition, while recurrence was seen in two patients out of six with high cystine levels and urinary pH over 7, recurrences were seen in six patients out of seven with lower pH values. Table. Effect of urinary pH>=6.5 when cystine levels are high (p=0.044) CYSTINE>150; URINARY pH CYSTINE>150; URINARY pH>=6,5 TOTAL NO RECURRENCE 0 5 5 RECCURENCE + 5 3 8 TOTAL 5 8 13 Conclusions Keeping the control urinary pH above 6.5 for the prevention of cystine stones appears to be effective even in patients with high cystine levels.

Field of study: Medicine
Sector collapse events at volcanoes in the North Tanzanian divergence zone and their implications for regional tectonics

The North Tanzanian divergence zone along the East African Rift is characterized by active faults and several large volcanoes such as Meru, Ol Doinyo Lengai, and Kilimanjaro. Based on systematic morphostructural analysis of the Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission digital elevation model and targeted field work, 14 debris avalanche deposits were identified and characterized, some of them being—to our knowledge—previously unknown. Our field survey around Mount Meru allowed previous “lahar” deposits to be reinterpreted as debris avalanche deposits and three major collapse events to be distinguished, with the two older ones being associated with eruptions. We used topographic lineaments and faults across the North Tanzanian divergence zone to derive the main tectonic trends and their spatial variations and highlight their control on volcano collapse orientation. Based on previous analogue models, the tectonic regime is inferred from the orientation of the collapse scars and/or debris avalanche deposits. We infer two types of regime: extensional and transtensional/strike-slip. The strike-slip regime dominates along the rift escarpment, but an extensional regime is inferred to have operated for the recent sector collapses. The proposed interpretation of sector collapse scars and debris avalanche deposits therefore provides constraints on the tectonic regime in the region. It is possible that, in some cases, movement on regional faults triggered sector collapse.

Field of study: Geology
Heavy Ion Injection for Stripping in the Central Region of the Cevil

We plan to inject a heavy ions beam, previously accelerated, into the median plane of the Orsay CEVIL. The heavily charged ions, obtained after the stripping operation in the central region of the cyclotron, can achieve an energy proportional to the square of the charge number. The choice of injection energy represents, in fact, a compromise between price and performance. The e/m ratio, chosen to be ? 0,1, will give the possibility of accelerating heavy ions up to bromine, and Krypton. The injector will be a linear accelerator, either pulsed or continuous. The distance between the linear accelerator and the cyclotron will allow the debunching of beam packets, at the RF frequency (25 Mc/s). The drift tube circuit is similar to the Manchester one. We have gone duply into the problem of the focusing system in order to obtain an accelerated beam of more than 100 ?A. The chosen solution was strong focusing grids, obtained by means of two parallel tungsten strips placed at the beginning of each drift tube, each pair being at 90° to the preceeding one. The theoretical studies of this apparatus are well advanced at present ; the industrial production of the main elements is under way. The whole equipment should be completely finished in July 1967.

Field of study: Physics
Numerical differentiation by a Fourier extension method with super-order regularization

Based on the idea of Fourier extension, we develop a new method for numerical differentiation. The Tikhonov regularization method with a super-order penalty term is presented to deal with the illposdness of the problem and the regularization parameter can be chosen by a discrepancy principle. For various smooth conditions, the solution process of the new method is uniform and order optimal error bounds can be obtained. Numerical experiments are also presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Field of study: Mathematics
Cenozoic basins in northern Taiwan and tectonic implications for the development of the eastern Asian continental margin

North of Taiwan, four offshore Tertiary basins extend seaward from the inner shelf of the East China Sea to the west of the Okinawa Trough. These basins are characterized by rifting features with NE-SW-trending half-grabens and fault blocks. Episodic rifting events have taken place from Paleocene to Early Miocene with the eastward shift of depositional centers. The Paleogene rift basins are filled primarily with lacustrine to shallow marine sediments, but also contain a slight amount of pyroclastics and basaltic flows. Regional subsidence has dominated during the late Tertiary and these Paleogene half-grabens have united into a large marginal sea basin overlain by a Neogene sedimentary wedge of shallow marine sediments. A fifth basin, the Paleogene Hsuehshan half-graben trough in present-day northern Taiwan has been deformed into mountain ranges by the collision of the Luzon Arc with the eastern Asian margin during the late Cenozoic Era. The tectonic development of eastern Asian margin in northern Taiwan region has evolved into two phases. First, the eastward retreat of the West Pacific subduction zone and accompanied rifting of continental crust occurred during Late Cretaceous to Eocene times. Second, as the intensity of rifting decreased, thermal subsidence of eastern Asian margin prevailed and subsequently caused a tilting seaward continental margin on which a large marginal sea basin rests. Collision of the Luzon Arc with the eastern Asian margin in Taiwan deformed the Paleogene Hseuhshan Trough into mountain ranges (Late Miocene to present)

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Test-Retest Reliability of Information about Employment Provided in Surveys by People with Spinal Cord Injuries

Agreement was examined between the answers to an employment survey administered to discharged patients with spinal cord injury on two occasions 6 mo. apart. Analysis suggested reasonable test-retest reliability, with kappas ranging from .65 to .87 for the categorical data, e.g., current employment information and amount of time before respondents achieved any return to work.

Field of study: Psychology
Motivations for Participation in Parkinson Disease Genetic Research Among Hispanics versus Non-Hispanics

Involvement of participants from different racial and ethnic groups in genomic research is vital to reducing health disparities in the precision medicine era. Racial and ethnically diverse populations are underrepresented in current genomic research, creating bias in result interpretation. Limited information is available to support motivations or barriers of these groups to participate in genomic research for late-onset, neurodegenerative disorders. To evaluate willingness for research participation, we compared motivations for participation in genetic studies among 113 Parkinson disease (PD) patients and 49 caregivers visiting the Movement Disorders clinic at the University of Miami. Hispanics were equally motivated to participate in genetic research for PD. However, Hispanic patients were less likely to be influenced by the promise of scientific advancements (N = 0.01). This lack of scientific interest, but not other motivations, was found to be likely confounded by lower levels of obtained education (N = 0.001). Overall, these results suggest that underrepresentation of Hispanics in genetic research may be partly due to reduced invitations to these studies.

Field of study: Biology
Valuing vanishing coasts: The case of Miagao coastline in Southern Iloilo, Philippines

Coastal area loss is becoming a major problem to the people living in such areas. Miagao coastline is rich in marine resources on which most of the coastal communities are dependent to for their employment opportunities, resources, goods and services, and the aesthetic value of the coasts. However in recent years, there have been observed cases of diminishing land area as the coastline moves inward. This study characterized and estimated the value of Miagao coastal area losses in selected barangays, through valuation of lost land, buildings and structures, trees, economic activities, and docking areas using market price method. The study also characterized and measured psychological impacts to the community by using Likert scale that measured the attachment of the residents to these coastal losses. Results of the study found out that coastal area loss amounted to Php 71,708,000.00, while about 60% of coastal communities were highly attached. The study suggests that coastal communities, non-government organizations, and the government should work together to formulate adaptation strategies that can reduce risk and potential damages due to coastal area loss.

Field of study: Environmental science
Clinicopathological Spectrum of Vesiculobullous Skin Lesions with Special Reference to Direct Immunofluorescence Microscopy

Accurate diagnosis of vesiculobullous lesions of skin requires evaluation of clinical, histopathological, and immunofluorescence findings.  A clinicopathological study of vesiculobullous lesions of skin was carried out over a period of 2 years in a tertiary hospital, Navi Mumbai, India. Forty-one cases of vesiculobullous disease were reported. Patients were evaluated based on their clinical findings, histopathological, and direct immunofluorescence (DIF) features to arrive at a definitive diagnosis in case of cutaneous vesiculobullous diseases. Biopsies comprised lesional as well as perilesional skin.  Majority of the patients (34.15%) were in the age group of 40 to 49 years. Male to female ratio was 1:1.4. All the cases presented with blister. Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) was the most common vesiculobullous disease accounting for 39.02% followed by bullous pemphigoid (BP) in 29.27%. Pemphigus foliaceus (PF) and Hailey-Hailey disease (HDD) constituted 7.32% each. 4.88% cases were of spongiotic dermatitis, while one case each of Pemphigus erythematous (PE), subcorneal pustular dermatoses (SCPD), epidermolysis bullosa acquisita (EBA), lichen planus pemphigoid (LPP), and bullous lichen planus (BLP) accounting for 2.44%. Histopathological features were conclusive in 85.37% cases. Direct immunofluorescence was contributory in 14.63% cases, where histopathology was inconclusive.  Histopathology was important for differentiating PV from PF. A good clinicopathological correlation was seen. Thus, correlation of clinical, histopathological, and DIF required for definitive diagnosis of vesiculobullous lesions of the skin.

Field of study: Medicine
Trade-offs between reliability and overheads in peer-to-peer reputation tracking

The success of incentive techniques to motivate freeriders to contribute resources in file-sharing Gnutella-like peer-to-peer networks depends on the availability of peer behavior tracking in terms of resource consumption and contribution. Though many reputation systems have been proposed toward the goal of behavior tracking, the overheads incurred in such tracking have received little attention. Consideration of overheads is an important factor in judging the merits of a practical reputation tracking scheme in order to maintain the scalability of the underlying peer-to-peer network. This paper proposes two methods of reputation tracking: strong and weak reputations. These methods differ in the trade-offs between reliability of reputation tracking and the overheads incurred. We formally specify and verify strong reputations and note that while the scheme yields highly reliable reputation tracking, the reliability and overhead trade-offs in weak reputations present a more viable alternative for large peer-to-peer networks.

Field of study: Computer science
Novel carrier confinement (P-N-P junctions) on (111)A GaAs substrates patterned with equilateral triangles

The properties of single quantum well (SQW) structures on (111)A GaAs grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) have been investigated. The interface abruptness of SQWs is estimated to be less than one monolayer through full width at half maximum measurements of photoluminescence. The novel lateral p-n junctions have been formed by MBE growth of silicon-doped GaAs on (111)A substrates patterned with equilateral triangles on the basis of these high-quality (111)A GaAs films. The idea of the lateral p-n junctions with a triangular p-type region bounded by three equivalent n-type slopes is based on the threefold symmetry of the (111)A surface and the acceptor nature of the silicon dopant on that surface. The lateral p-n junctions have been confirmed spatially-resolved cathodeluminescence and current-voltage measurements.

Field of study: Materials science
Beach-dune degradation in a Mediterranean context of strong development pressures, and the missing integrated management perspective

The Mediterranean coast of Tetouan, south of the Spanish enclave of Ceuta, in Morroco, comprises headland-bound beach-dune systems bordering small coastal plains that are increasingly taken up by socio-economic activities and coastal infrastructure essentially related to tourism development. The 35 km shoreline shows a long-term (multi-decadal) erosional trend due jointly to the damming of the small wadis that hitherto supplied sand to the beach-dune system, the construction of leisure harbours that trap sand and act as boundaries to longshore sand redistribution, and continuous direct dune destruction. Over 95% of the coastal dunes on this microtidal coast have now been destroyed by housing and tourism infrastructure, in a national context marked by a total absence of beach-dune management, and inscribed in an antiquated coastal development setback line of only 3 m relative to the high water level. The short-term sediment budgets of two contrasting beach-dune systems were analysed on the basis of digital elevation models obtained from three successive surveys conducted in February and March 2008 in order to document coastal response patterns to storms under the present conditions of sediment budget stress. Ksar Rimal comprises a narrow beach and a virtually completely destroyed dune, and Cabo Negro exhibits a wider beach and a partially degraded dune. The two beach-dune sites showed balanced sediment budgets, and resilience following a succession of a severe storm (maximum significant wave height (Hs) offshore of 4.2 m), a moderate storm (maximum offshore Hs of 2.8 m) and fair-weather conditions (maximum offshore Hs < 1 m). The survey period is, however, too short to identify the imprint of chronic erosion, and at the short timescale of the study, the resilience shown by both beaches may simply imply that they are presently attuned to the current storm regime. Each beach exhibited a specific resilience mode. Ksar Rimal was dominated by changes essentially limited to the steep narrow beach, involving berm erosion and reformation. The mode on Cabo Negro beach involved sand exchange with the subsisting dune. Continuous dune destruction under development pressures and sand-supply deficit from the nearby wadis will, however, definitely be detrimental to both the protective role of dunes against storms and to beach-dune sand exchanges that contribute to the maintenance of a healthy coastal sediment budget. The case of the Tetouan coast is symptomatic of the situation of large portions of the coast of Morocco now under pressure from development, a situation that, unfortunately, mimicks that of many sectors of depositional coasts in the Mediterranean. Mitigation of coastal erosion requires a firm connection between coastal science and management, but also the rapid implementation of measures aimed at restoring the coastal sediment budget and assuring active beach-dune sand exchange.

Field of study: Environmental science
Height in relation to dementia death: individual participant meta-analysis of 18 UK prospective cohort studies

That risk factors measured in middle age may not fully explain future dementia risk implicates exposures acting earlier in life. Height may capture early-life illness, adversity, nutrition and psychosocial stress.  To investigate the little-explored association between height and dementia death.  Individual participant meta-analysis using 18 prospective general population cohort studies with identical methodologies (1994–2008; n = 181 800).  Mean follow-up of 9.8 years gave rise to 426 and 667 dementia deaths in men and women respectively. The mean heights were 174.4cm (s.d. = 7.3) for men and 161.0cm (s.d. = 6.8) for women. In analyses taking into account multiple covariates, increasing height was related to lower rates of death from dementia in a dose–response pattern (P⩽0.01 for trend). There was evidence of a differential effect by gender (P = 0.016 for interaction). Thus, the association observed in men (hazard ratio per s.d. decrease in height 1.24, 95% CI 1.11–1.39) was markedly stronger than that apparent in women (HR = 1.13, 95% CI 1.03–1.24).  Early-life circumstances, indexed by adult height, may influence later dementia risk.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
On the Road with Professor Wilson

I AM grateful to Prof. Wilson for the opportunity to clarify certain points in my article which, on the evidence of his comments, are the source of some confusion. Apart from pointing to one or two proof-reading errors, for which I happily apologize to readers of the Review, his criticisms fall into six categories: my sketch of the historiography of the subject; my emphasis on traffic rather than road surfaces; the interpretation of the figures in my tables; the reality of the published carrying schedules; the selection of some literary evidences against others; and, finally, my apparent confusion over stage-coaches. I propose to deal with these points in the same order. The historiographical issues are probably the most interesting, since they involve the conflict between established views and proposed revisions. I may have been unduly severe on some of "the most widely read historians" cited by Prof. Wilson: all were more circumspect on the subject than he was himself. G. N. Clark commented on the great growth of road traffic in the later seventeenth century, though without citing any authorities.' J. U. Nef, too, acknowledged the importance of road carriage: by the end of the seventeenth century "the population of at least a fifth of all the territory of Great Britain was in a position to receive coal by land carriage at a lower-generally at a very much lower-price than that paid for water-borne coal at London". But this comment does not reflect the overall balance of Nef's assessment of transport, which quite properly stressed the importance of water carriage in the coal trade. Fay's comments on the subject related principally to the second half of the eighteenth century, but, where they can be identified with our period, tended to accept the existence of road carriage, while stressing its inefficiency.3 In so far as Prof. Wilson's authorities support his views, they do so only in showing that his use of them was somewhat incautious. Of the several shades of meaning attached by the dictionary to the word "myth", the purest definition, "a purely fictitious narrative", is undoubtedly harsh on such views and was not  I employed the word figuratively to characterize historical interpretations which had been based on a partial use of a narrow range of materials and which had gained currency as beliefs about this historical phenomenon. Used in this sense, the word adequately suggests the teaching of the many historians who, while not denying the existence of road traffic, do nowhere acknowledge that road carriage was often faster, cheaper (in real terms), and safer than water carriage, and was frequently preferred to it. 1 G. N. Clark, The Later Stuarts, i660-I714 (2nd edn. Oxford, 1955), pp. 51-2. 2J. U. Nef, The Rise of the British Coal Industry (I932), I, 104. 3 C. R. Fay, Great Britain from Adam Smith to the Present Day: An Economic and Social Survey (I 928), pp. I 74-6. 4 The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary on Historical Principles (3rd edn. Oxford, repr. I 966), p. 1306.

Field of study: Economics, History
The Heating of Mid-infrared Dust in the Nearby Galaxy M33: A Testbed for Tracing Galaxy Evolution

Infrared emission is an invaluable tool for quantifying star formation in galaxies. Because the 8 μm polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) emission has been found to correlate with other well-known star formation tracers, it has widely been used as a star formation rate (SFR) tracer. There are, however, studies that challenge the accuracy and reliability of the 8 μm emission as a SFR tracer. Our study, part of the Herschel (Herschel is an ESA space observatory with science instruments provided by European-led Principal Investigator consortia and with important participation from NASA) M33 Extended Survey (HERM33ES) open time key program, aims at addressing this issue by analyzing the infrared emission from the nearby spiral galaxy M33 at the high spatial scale of ~75 pc. Combining data from the Herschel Space Observatory and the Spitzer Space Telescope, we find that the 8 μm emission is better correlated with the 250 μm emission, which traces cold interstellar gas, than with the 24 μm emission. Furthermore, the L(8)/L(250) ratio is more tightly correlated with the 3.6 μm emission, a tracer of evolved stellar populations and stellar mass, than with a combination of Hα and 24 μm emission, a tracer of SFR. The L(8)/L(24) ratio is highly depressed in 24 μm luminous regions, which correlate with known H II regions. We also compare our results with the dust emission models by Draine & Li. We confirm that the depression of 8 μm PAH emission near star-forming regions is higher than what is predicted by models; this is possibly an effect of increased stellar radiation from young stars destroying the dust grains responsible for the 8 μm emission as already suggested by other authors. We find that the majority of the 8 μm emission is fully consistent with heating by the diffuse interstellar medium, similar to what recently determined for the dust emission in M31 by Draine et al. We also find that the fraction of 8 μm emission associated with the diffuse interstellar radiation field ranges between ~60% and 80% and is 40% larger than the diffuse fraction at 24 μm.

Field of study: Physics