nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ ПРОЦЕСУ НАБУХАННЯ ПОЛІСАХАРИДІВ ДЛЯ ВИКОРИСТАННЯ В ТЕХНОЛОГІЇ ВЕРШКОВИХ КРЕМІВ

У статті наведено результати досліджень процесів набухання і розчинення альгінату натрію, йота- карагінану і агару у вершках з метою обґрунтування способу їх введення в емульсійно-пінну систему вершкового крему. Встановлено, що під час охолодження збитої маси полісахариди утворюють драглеподібний каркас, що запобі- гає її розшаруванню і надає системі стабільності в період часу існування. Вивчені функціонально-технологічних властивості досліджуваних гідроколоїдів дозволяє розширити спектр їхнього застосування, покращити технологічні показники якості вершкових кремів із зменшеною часткою жиру, збільшити температурний інтервал оздоблення. Із урахуванням органолептичних і фізико-хімічних показників якості готової продукції визначено умови введення альгінату натрію і карагінану, раціональні концентрації їхнього використання.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
ON EXISTENCE OF A CLASSICAL SOLUTION AND NONEXISTENCE OF A WEAK SOLUTION TO THE DIRICHLET PROBLEM FOR THE LAPLACIAN WITH DISCONTINUOUS BOUNDARY DATA

The Dirichlet problem for the Laplacian in a planar multiply connected interior domain bounded by smooth closed curves is considered in the case when the boundary data is piecewise continuous; i.e., it may have jumps in certain points of the boundary. It is assumed that the solution to the problem may not be continuous at the same points. The well-posed formulation of the problem is given, theorems on existence and uniqueness of a classical solution are proved, and the integral representation for a classical solution is obtained. The problem is reduced to a uniquely solvable Fredholm integral equation of the second kind and of index zero. It is shown that a weak solution to the problem does not exist typically, though the classical solution exists.

Field of study: Mathematics
A Quantum Network of Silicon Qubits using Mid-Infrared Graphene Plasmons

Joint Quantum Institute, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA(Dated: July 31, 2014)We consider a quantum network of mid-infrared, graphene plasmons coupled to the hydrogen-likeexcited states of group-V donors in silicon. First, we show how to use plasmon-enhanced light-matter interactions to achieve single-shot spin readout of the donor qubits via optical excitationand electrical detection of the emitted plasmons. We then show how plasmons in high mobilitygraphene nanoribbons can be used to achieve high- delity, two-qubit gates and entanglement ofdistant Si donor qubits. The proposed device is readily compatible with existing technology andfabrication methods.

Field of study: Physics
An Empirical Evaluation of Web System Access for Smartphone Clients

As smartphone clients are restricted in computational power and bandwidth, it is important to minimise the overhead of transmitted messages. This paper identifies and studies methods that reduce the amount of data being transferred via wireless links between a web service client and a web service. Measurements were performed in a real environment based on a web service prototype providing public transport information for the city of Hamburg in Germany, using actual wireless links with a mobile smartphone device. REST based web services using the data exchange formats JSON, XML and Fast Infoset were evaluated against the existing SOAP based web service.

Field of study: Computer science
Endoscopic management of paediatric ureteric calculi by holmium:yag laser lithotripsy

To determine the efficacy and safety of ureterorenoscopic Holmium:YAG lithotripsy for ureteric stone in children.  Records of 186 children with ureteral calculi managed with ureterorenoscopic Holmium:YAG lithotripsy were reviewed between July 2005 and December 2007. Patient records were reviewed for age, sex, stone laterality, location, number and size, need for ureteral stenting and complications in perioperative period and follow up. Paediatric cystoscope(miniscope) size 6/7.6 ch, ureterorenoscopes sizes 6/7.5 ch and 7.8/9 ch were used according to the size of patient and site of stone.  Of the 186 children, 71 were female and 115 were male. Mean age was 6.1 years (age range 9months-14 years). There was no significant difference in stone laterality (eighty four left, ninety four right and eight bilateral ureteral stones). Main presenting symptoms were renal colic, hematuria and urinary tract infection or a combination of these symptoms. DJ stents were placed at the conclusion of the procedure in 54 patients while ureteral catheter was retained in rest of the cases for 24 to 48 hours. The procedure was carried in the same session for bilateral stones in eight patients. Additional procedure include PCNL in 12 and cystolithoclast in 5 cases for associated renal and bladder calculi respectively. Complete stone clearance was achieved at the end of the treatment in all patients (success rate 100%). Complications encountered during the procedure include extravasation of irrigant in 5 patients, required ultrasound guided placement of drain and per cutaneous nephrostomy in 2 patients for transient obstructive hydronephrosis. Other complications include mild haemeturia and urinary tract infection.  This study confirms the effectiveness and safety of ureterorenoscopy and holmium laser in the treatment of ureteral stones in children regardless of stone location.

Field of study: Medicine
Assessing factors underlying variation of CO2 emissions in boreal lakes vs. reservoirs.

Reservoirs and lakes were compared to test the hypothesis that they are similar with respect to factors driving the variation in CO(2) emissions to the atmosphere. Understanding this variation is necessary for the assessment of the contribution of these freshwater ecosystems to the global carbon cycle. This study, in contrast to previous ones, included analyses of the relationships between CO(2) emissions and microbial communities. Pooled data (lakes and reservoirs) showed that variations in CO(2) emissions were strongly related to variations in temperature, dissolved organic matter (DOM) quality, and bacterial production (BP). Results also showed that lakes were characterized by higher water temperature, lower DOM quality, larger size of Daphnia, and enriched δ(13) C zooplankton compared to reservoirs. Moreover, interactions within plankton communities and relationships between CO(2) emissions and zooplankton δ(13) C signatures differed in lakes vs. reservoirs, indicating among-system type differences in food web structure and carbon cycling. As a result of these ecosystem-type characteristics, CO(2) emission variation was mainly explained by temperature and BP in lakes, and by DOM quality and the ratio of phytoplankton biomass to microheterotroph biomass in reservoirs. These results showed that differences in temperature and DOM quality between lakes and reservoirs translate into differences in microbial interactions and ultimately in the importance of factors driving CO(2) emissions to the atmosphere. They indicated that considering microbial communities and environmental variables such as temperature and DOM quality can help improve our understanding of the variation in CO(2) emissions from freshwater ecosystems.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
A theoretical study of laser structures based on dilute-nitride InAsN for mid-infrared operation

New dilute-nitride InAsN/GaSb laser diodes on an InAs substrate with a 'W' or 'M' design are theoretically investigated using a ten-band k ⋅ p model including valence, conduction and nitrogen-induced bands. For these laser diodes, designed to operate at 3.3 µm at room temperature, optical transition matrix elements for TE and TM modes between the valence sub-bands and the conduction sub-bands, modal gain and total threshold current densities are calculated. Under the hypothesis of a total loss coefficient α = 50 cm−1, non-conventional 'W' and 'M' multiquantum well laser structures present a calculated threshold current density Jth lower than 1.1 kA cm−2.

Field of study: Materials science
Parental Styles and its Relation to the Scientific Fiction among Gifted students at Al Jubilee School in Jordan

The purpose of the study was to investigate parental styles and its relation to the scientific fiction among gifted students at Al Jubilee School in Jordan. The study sample consisted of (50) male and female students, (25) male students and (25) female students Al Jubilee School: it is a secondary, two research instrument were used Parental  styles scale, and scientific fiction test, which both of them had high validity and ratability indices. The research results were revealed that the popular parenting styles among the gifted students were protection, and permissive, while the (authoritarian, educational control, and the neglect) parenting styles were in the moderate level. Also, the scientific fiction among gifted students at Al-Jubilee School in Jordan was in the moderate level. In addition to, there are no significant differences in the scientific fiction due to the student gender. Finally, there were a significant correlation between some of parenting styles and scientific fiction the educational control has a positive correlation with scientific fiction, while the authoritarian parenting style has a negative correlation with scientific fiction Keyword: scientific fiction, parenting styles, gifted students.

Field of study: Education
Development of 2ZP-3Type Rice Seedling Throwing Machine

The basic components,working principle and several key techniques in the development process of 2ZP 3 type rice seedling throwing machine were outlined in this paper.The field test indicated that the labor productivity was increased greatly,the labor intensity was reduced,very fewer rice seedlings were injuned,the machine's thrower was stable,and the seedlings were well distributed,indicating this machine was useful and efficient for rice planting.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Migration and risk: net migration in marginal ecosystems and hazardous areas

The potential for altered ecosystems and extreme weather events in the context of climate change has raised questions concerning the role that migration plays in either increasing or reducing risks to society. Using modeled data on net migration over three decades from 1970 to 2000, we identify sensitive ecosystems and regions at high risk of climate hazards that have seen high levels of net in-migration and out-migration over the time period. This paper provides a literature review on migration related to ecosystems, briefly describes the methodology used to develop the estimates of net migration, then uses those data to describe the patterns of net migration for various ecosystems and high risk regions. The study finds that negative net migration generally occurs over large areas, reflecting its largely rural character, whereas areas of positive net migration are typically smaller, reflecting its largely urban character. The countries with largest population such as China and India tend to drive global results for all the ecosystems found in those countries. Results suggest that from 1970 to 2000, migrants in developing countries have tended to move out of marginal dryland and mountain ecosystems and out of drought-prone areas, and have moved towards coastal ecosystems and areas that are prone to floods and cyclones. For North America results are reversed for dryland and mountain ecosystems, which saw large net influxes of population in the period of record. Uncertainties and potential sources of error in these estimates are addressed.

Field of study: Environmental science
Discrepant trends in income, drinking, and alcohol problems in an emergent economy: Brazil 2006 to 2012.

To examine the association between increases in income and self-reported alcohol consumption, binge drinking, and alcohol problems in 2006 and 2012 in Brazil.



Participants were interviewed as part of 2 multistage representative cluster samples of the Brazilian household population between November 2005 and April 2006 and between November 2011 and March 2012. The number of current drinkers during these 2 intervals (n = 1,379 and n = 1,907, respectively) comprised the sample analyzed. Four past-year outcome variables-standard drinks per week, binge drinking, presence of alcohol-related social/health problems, and DSM-5 alcohol use disorder (AUD)-were estimated across income, age, and gender groups. Regression models were estimated to evaluate these and other sociodemographic effects on drinking and problem outcomes and to test for possible wave by income interactions.



Response rates were 66.4% in 2006 and 77% in 2012. Income increases were seen in virtually all age-gender subgroups and were particularly pronounced for younger age groups and older women. Both genders reported increased drinks per week (men: 12.82, 2006; 15.78, 2012; p < 0.01; women: 4.89, 2006; 7.66, 2012; p < 0.001) and proportion binge drinking (men: 57%, 2006; 66%, 2012; p < 0.05; women: 39%, 2006; 48%, 2012; p < 0.05), although this was not seen in all gender and age groups. Social/health problem prevalence decreased among men (37%, 2006; 26%, 2012; p < 0.001) and remained the same among women (13%, 2006; 14%, 2012). DSM-5 AUD decreased among men (34%, 2006; 24%, 2012; p < 0.01) and remained stable among women (14%, 2006; 16%, 2012).



Brazilian economic development between 2006 and 2012 led to a rise in income in several gender and age groups. Although not always directly associated with an observed increase in alcohol consumption, the rise in income may have created a sense of optimism that inhibited a rise in alcohol-related problems.

Field of study: Medicine
Phase-change thermal energy storage using spherical capsules: performance of a test plant

The aim of this paper is the study of an industrial process of energy storage usable for air conditioning or refrigeration, investigating a test plant which is a tank with a reduced size, filled with randomly dispersed commercial nodules, placed in a refrigeration loop. The nodules are spherical capsules in which phase change materials (PCM) are encapsulated. This test plant permits the study at length of the behaviour of the tank with, in particular, the charge mode taking into account the undercooling and the discharge mode. A simulation program that considers aspects of both the surrounding heat transfer fluid and the phase-change material packed inside the nodules is developed here in the cases of the charge and the discharge processes. The simulation results are then compared with experimental observations.

Field of study: Engineering
[Transdermal permeability of estradiol through human skin of different body regions in vitro].

Transdermal permeability of estradiol was carried out by using Valia-Chien double-compartment permeation cell for the following 6 skin regions with intact and without stratum corneum: chest, abdomen, hip, upper arm, thigh and back. The estradiol permeation rates and accumulative amounts within 72 h in vitro were examined by HPLC. The results showed that the permeation rates of intact skin from different regions of the body were significantly different (P less than 0.01), and for the skins without stratum corneum over different regions, the permeation rates or the permeation amounts were about 18-55 times higher than that for the intact skin. The results demonstrated that the stratum corneum acts as the rate-limiting barrier in the skin permeation of estradiol, and that the difference in estradiol permeation rates for different skin regions was mainly caused by the different extents of the barrier.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Helium diffusion through H2O and D2O amorphous ice: observation of a lattice inverse isotope effect.

The diffusion of He through both H2O and D2O amorphous solid water (ASW) has been measured between 55 and 110 K. We find the diffusion rate is dependent on the isotopic composition of the ASW lattice. This lattice isotope effect is the "inverse" of a normal isotope effect in that diffusion is faster in the heavier (D2O) isotope. Transition state theory calculations show that the inverse isotope effect is due to a tight transition state and predominantly arises from the zero-point vibrational energy associated with the frustrated rotational modes of water in the lattice.

Field of study: Physics
The status and conservation of Galliformes in Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam

Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam form a diverse and important region for the order Galliformes with at least 21 species, comprising 10 pheasants, seven partridges, three quails and one francolin. Several are endemic to the region and several are considered globally threatened. Information was collated for each species on the Indochinese range, habitat use and conservation status. This information was used to determine gross patterns in conservation requirements, prioritised partly through the global importance of the Indochinese population. The galliform species at most immediate risk in Indochina is probably Green Peafowl, through heavy hunting exacerbated by increasing human access to former wildernesses. The endemic Edwards’s Pheasant also merits specific conservation attention. Other forest species occur widely throughout surviving habitat, which remains landscape-scale despite serious losses in recent decades. Non-forest species, notably three quails (none endemic) remain very poorly known and threat levels cannot be assessed. For galliform conservation in Indochina by far the most important action is turning the existing declared protected areas networks into functional reality conserving a multitude of landscapes, each of hundreds of square kilometres, across the region. Past assessments of threat level to Indochinese forest Galliformes have been alarmist: many species are persisting in heavily-hunted fragments of the 10–50 sq. km size class, where many other forest vertebrates have been extirpated.

Field of study: Environmental science
The study of the relationship between influenza virus infection and the dysfunction of vascular smooth muscle cells

To research the influenza virus infection on rat vascular smooth cells number,proliferation,apoptosis,the amount of IL-6,sFas,platelet-derived growth factor(PDGF) and the mechanism of atherosclerosis. Flow cytometry,enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and cell count experiments were used to detect these indicators at 0 h,6 h,12 h,24 h,48 h. After influenza virus infected at 0 h,proliferation,apoptosis condition were 10.39％,0.44％,respectively; at 6 h,proliferation,apoptosis respectively increased to 12.68％,0.73％ ; proliferation reached the peak at 12 h (18.01％),instead apoptosis decreased to 0.14％ ; at 24 h,proliferation decreased to 12.89％ and apoptosis markedly increased to 1.09％ ; at 48 h,proliferation further reduced to 7.07％ and apoptosis reached the peak(4.61％).The number of cells and the cytokine secretion were statistically significant to control group (P＜0.05).Conclusion Influenza virus infection might lead to change of cell proliferation and apoptosis and involve the atherosclerosis form and development,and cytokines played an important role in them. 
 
 
Atherosclerosis;  Influenza virus;  Smooth muscle cells ;  Cell proliferation;  Cell apoptosis

Field of study: Biology
Predicting bioavailability of PAHs in field-contaminated soils by passive sampling with triolein embedded cellulose acetate membranes.

Triolein embedded cellulose acetate membrane (TECAM) was used for passive sampling of the fraction of naphthalene, phenanthrene, pyrene and benzo[a]pyrene in 18 field-contaminated soils. The sampling process of PAHs by TECAM fitted well with a first-order kinetics model and PAHs reached 95% of equilibrium in TECAM within 20 h. Concentrations of PAHs in TECAM (C(TECAM)) correlated well with the concentrations in soils (r(2)=0.693-0.962, p<0.001). Furthermore, concentrations of PAHs determined in the soil solution were very close to the values estimated by C(TECAM) and the partition coefficient between TECAM and water (K(TECAM-w)). After lipid normalization nearly 1:1 relationships were observed between PAH concentrations in TECAMs and earthworms exposed to the soils (r(2)=0.591-0.824, n=18, p<0.01). These results suggest that TECAM can be a useful tool to predict bioavailability of PAHs in field-contaminated soils.

Field of study: Environmental science
Major Mental Illness in Those Who Sexually Abuse

Purpose of ReviewThere is evidence showing an increasing prevalence of mental illness in those in conflict with the law. However, there are many factors affecting the detection, treatment, and management of criminals who are mentally ill.Recent FindingsSex offenders with major mental illness present many challenges to those providing treatment and management services. For example, it is important to consider whether sexually offensive behavior is the cause of criminal behavior or whether it is reflective of an antisocial orientation. Recent evidence suggests it may help better understand and inform risk assessment and management.SummaryThis paper will review the literature on mental illness among sexual offenders, present a typology to aid in the assessment, treatment, and management of sexual offender with mental illness, and highlight important considerations when providing treatment to sexual offenders with mental illness.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
BRIEF COMMUNICATIONS: Possible control of the gain of stimulated enthalpy scattering of light

A theoretical study is made of the influence of laser parameters on the gain of stimulated enthalpy scattering of light by ultrasound in the active media of iodine photodissociation lasers. It is shown that there is a range of intensities of the exciting laser radiation in which an increase in this intensity results in a rapid fall of the gain. Variation of the laser-transition cross section can shift this range and the gain can be varied within wide limits. The results obtained suggest that this can be used to ensure a high directionality of the radiation emitted by high-power lasers.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Self-Assessed Metacognitive Awareness among Students of the University of Ibadan, Nigeria

Metacognition consists of knowledge of cognition (metacognitive knowledge) and regulation of cognition (metacognitive regulatory skills). The growing emphasis on student/learner-centered teaching at various educational levels including universities has led to recommendations for increased use of metacognitive strategies in traditional classrooms and online classrooms. This study examined metacognitive awareness among university students. The study population included 210 undergraduates and postgraduates studying biology or genetics among their regular courses in the university. Participants provided responses to the 52-item Metacognitive Awareness Inventory (MAI) instrument that captures self-assessed level of agreement to items assessing metacognitive knowledge and metacognitive regulatory skills. We conducted statistical analysis on the data collected. Mean self-assessed MAI scores was 79.9% (41.6/52), with metacognitive regulation scores of 80.1% (28.0/35) higher than metacognitive knowledge. Metacognitive awareness tends to decrease with level of study. Metacognitive regulation associated significantly with level of study (p=0.0127) or level of study and field of biology together (p=0.005). Students think highly of their metacognitive awareness especially in the regulation of cognition and this self-belief tended to reduce with year of study. The results provide baseline for future studies and global comparisons.

Field of study: Education, Sociology