nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Circulating immune complexes in six patients with trichinosis.

The sera of six patients infected with Trichinella spiralis were studied for the presence of circulating immune complexes (CIC). CIC were present in all six patients studied 1 month after infection. In two patients in whom serial serum samples were available, as clinical improvement occurred there was a decrease in the level of CIC and an increase in the fluorescent antibody titres.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Nicola Miller, Republics of Knowledge: Nations of the Future in Latin America (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2020), pp. vi + 304, $39.95; £34.00, hb.

political treatise within a historical account, a plan of government and reformation that would have envisioned a new Peru. Fuerst is aware that this perspective is still only a possibility without clearer evidence. As a result, the author often employs expressions like ‘possibly’, ‘seem to be’, ‘indirectly’, ‘implicitly’, etc., as his arguments rely strongly on intricate interpretations based on potential meanings or connotations from the Indigenous worldview that we must assume the Andean readers not only would have detected, but also would have assimilated to create an alleged critical message that may oppose what Garcilaso was literally stating elsewhere. Besides this caveat regarding its methodology, Fuerst’s analysis is valuable and innovative, for it explores a new set of concepts and allusions for Andean readers, and revaluates and expands previously discussed ones.

Field of study: Political science
Modeling and Simulation of Single-Event Effects in Digital Devices and ICs

This paper reviews the status of research in modeling and simulation of single-event effects (SEE) in digital devices and integrated circuits, with a special emphasis on the current challenges concerning the physical modeling of ultra-scaled devices (in the deca-nanometer range) and new device architectures (Silicon-on-insulator, multiple-gate, nanowire MOSFETs). After introducing the classification and the terminology used in this paper, we firstly present the basis of the different transport models used in device-level simulation (drift-diffusion, hydrodynamic, Monte-Carlo and some approximated and exact quantum-mechanical based approaches). We also focus on the main emerging physical phenomena affecting ultra-short MOSFETs (quantum effects, tunneling current, ballistic operation) and the methods envisaged for taking them into account at device simulation level. Several examples of device simulation are given at the end of this first part, including recent results on fully-depleted SOI and multiple-gate devices. In the second part, we briefly survey the different circuit-level modeling approaches (circuit-level simulation, Mixed-Mode, 3-D simulation of portions of circuits) of single-event effects in integrated circuits. The SEU in advanced SRAM and SEE mechanisms in logic circuits are reminded. The production and propagation of digital single-event transients (DSETs) in sequential and combinational logic, as well as the soft error rate trends with scaling are particularly addressed. Recent bibliographical examples of simulation in SRAMs and logic circuits are presented and discussed to illustrate these topics at circuit-level.

Field of study: Physics
Application of Fe–16Cr ferritic alloy to interconnector for a solid oxide fuel cell

Iron-base scaling-resistant alloys (Fe–Cr) as materials for interconnectors of planar-type solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) are proposed for application in automobile industry because of their advantages in comparison with other Ni- or Co-based alloys and ceramic materials (e.g. (La,Sr)CrO3). The oxidation kinetics of Fe–16Cr alloy (SUS 430) has been studied in H2–H2O gas mixtures (pH2/pH2O=94/6 and 97/3), and in air in the temperature range of 1023–1173 K for 3.6 up to 1080 ks, in the conditions simulating the anode and cathode environments in SOFC. It has been found that the oxide scale, composed mainly of Cr2O3, grows in accordance with the parabolic rate law. The dependence of the parabolic rate constant, kp, on temperature can be described as kp=6.8×10−4 exp(−202.3 kJ mol−1/RT) for the H2–H2O gas mixture with pH2/pH2O=94/6. The determined parabolic rate constant is independent of the oxygen partial pressure in the experimental range of 5.2×10−22 to 0.21 atm at 1073 K, which means that the growth rates of scale on Fe–16Cr alloy in the above-mentioned atmospheres are comparable. The increase in electrical resistance of the chromia scale growing on Fe–16Cr alloy vs. time, calculated from kp and the specific resistance of Cr2O3 scale, in comparison with the constant electrical resistance of a ceramic interconnector, made of (La,Sr)CrO3, indicates the necessity to modify the studied alloy surface. At 1073 K, the resistance of the Fe–16Cr alloy coated with La0.6Sr0.4CoO3 by a spray-pyrolysis method is low, the average of 45 mΩ cm2 in the H2–H2O gas mixture (pH2/pH2O=94/6) and the average of 20 mΩ cm2 in air, in comparison with the ceramic interconnector, La0.85Sr0.15CrO3, 0.5 cm thick. This indicates the applicability of SUS 430 alloy as interconnector for SOFC.

Field of study: Materials science
Software requirements validation via task analysis

As a baseline for software development, a correct and complete requirements definition is one foundation of software quality. Previously, a novel approach to static testing of software requirements was proposed in which requirements definitions are tested on a set of task scenarios by examining software behaviour in each scenario described by an activity list. Such descriptions of software behaviour can be generated automatically from requirements models. This paper investigates various testing methods for selecting test scenarios. Data flow, state transition and entity testing methods are studied. A variety of test adequacy criteria and their combinations are formally defined and the subsume relations between the criteria are proved. Empirical studies of the testing methods and the construction of a prototype testing tool are reported.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
An Experimental Study on the Strength Behavior of Compacted Loess under the Principal Stress Axis Rotation

A series of consolidated-undrained tests was carried out on compacted loess with a hollow cylinder torsional shear apparatus to investigate the stress-strain characteristics and the strength behavior of the compacted loess under different stress paths. Two kinds of stress paths were considered in these tests, including directional shear tests with fixed principal stress axes and shear tests under pure principal stress axis rotation. Test results reveal that the stress-strain curves of the compacted loess under these two kinds of stress paths followed a similar trend, in which two shear stages were observed. In the first shear stage, with the increase of the generalized shear stress, the generalized shear strain developed relatively slowly and the specimen of the compacted loess showed a rigid response. With the further increase of the shear stress, an obvious turning point appeared and the second shear stage started. In the second stage, the generalized shear strain began to develop rapidly and the specimen showed a ductile response. The results also reveal that when the directional shear was applied to the specimens of compacted loess under different principal stress directions, there was a large difference in the generalized shear stress - strain curves and the specimens showed significant anisotropic behavior. A compared with the specimens not subjected to the principal stress axis rotation, the specimens subjected to the principal stress axes rotation had remarkably higher strength. In addition, the specimens of the compacted loess had different levels of strength when they were tested at different shear rates. The decrease of the shear rate had a slight influence on the increase of the shear strength of the compacted loess.

Field of study: Engineering
The amino acid sequence of cytochrome c' from Alcaligenes sp. N.C.I.B. 11015.

The amino acid sequence of the cytochrome c' from Alcaligenes sp. N.C.I.B. 11015 (Iwasaki's ;Pseudomonas denitrificans') has been determined. This organism is the only non-photosynthetic bacterium in which the protein has been found. The protein consists of a single polypeptide chain of 127 residues, with a single haem covalently attached to two cysteines. Unlike normal cytochromes c, the haem attachment site is very close to the C-terminus. The amino acid sequence around the haem attachment site is very similar to that of Chromatium vinosum D cytochrome c'. Detailed evidence for the amino acid sequence of the protein has been deposited as Supplementary Publication SUP 50022 at the British Library (Lending Division), (formerly the National Lending Library for Science and Technology), Boston Spa, Yorks. LS23 7BQ, U.K., from whom copies may be obtained on the terms given in  (1973) 131, 5.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Cytokine profile during latent and slowly progressive primary tuberculosis: a possible role for interleukin‐15 in mediating clinical disease

Recently, mouse models for latent (LTB) and slowly progressive primary tuberculosis (SPTB) have been established. However, cytokine profiles during the two models are not well established. Using quantitative reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR) we studied the expression levels of interleukin (IL)‐2, IL‐4, IL‐10, IL‐12, IL‐15, interferon (IFN)‐γ and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)‐α during the course of LTB and SPTB in the lungs and spleens of B6D2F1Bom mice infected with the H37Rv strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). The results show that, except for IL‐4, cytokine expression levels were significantly higher during SPTB than LTB in both the lungs and spleens. During LTB, all the cytokines (except IL‐2 in the lungs) had higher expression levels during the initial period of infection both in the lungs and spleens. During SPTB, the expression levels of IL‐15 increased significantly from phases 1 to 3 in the lungs. The expression levels of IL‐10, IL‐12 and IFN‐γ increased significantly from 2 to 3 in the lungs. IL‐10 and IL‐15 increased significantly from phases 2 to 3, whereas that of TNF‐α decreased significantly and progressively from phases 1 to 3 in the spleens. Over‐expression of proinflammatory cytokines during active disease has been well documented, but factor(s) underlying such over‐expression is not known. In the present study, there was a progressive and significant increase in the expression levels of IL‐15, together with Th1 cytokines (IL‐12 and IFN‐γ) during SPTB but a significant decrease during LTB. IL‐15 is known to up‐regulate the production of proinflammatory cytokines, IL‐1β, IL‐8, IL‐12, IL‐17, IFN‐γ and TNF‐α and has an inhibitory effect on activation‐induced cell death. IL‐15 is known to be involved in many proinflammatory disease states such as rheumatoid arthritis, sarcoidosis, inflammatory bowel diseases, autoimmune diabetes, etc. Our results, together with the above observations, suggest that IL‐15 may play an important role in mediating active disease during Mtb infection.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
The Relationship of Housing Prices and Building Costs in Los Angeles, 1900–1953*

Much of the material contained in this article is derived from a study of Residential Construction in Los Angeles, 1900–53, under the direction of the Bureau of Business and Economic Research, University of California, Los Angeles. Series measuring residential construction costs and asking prices for single family dwellings in Los Angeles both had steeply rising trends of approximately equal slope from 1900 to 1953. Both series described clearly defined cyclical fluctuations of wide amplitude. However, asking prices, which are indicative of sales values, fluctuated more widely than construction costs. The ratio of asking prices to construction costs traced a cyclical pattern of large amplitude with troughs occurring in 1900, 1919, 1934, 1942, and 1950. Except for the immediate postwar period, 1945–1947, this ratio fluctuated less widely since 1934 than in the earlier part of the period analyzed.

Field of study: Mathematics
Advanced In vivo Use of CRISPR/Cas9 and Anti-sense DNA Inhibition for Gene Manipulation in the Brain

Gene editing tools are essential for uncovering how genes mediate normal brain–behavior relationships and contribute to neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders. Recent progress in gene editing technology now allows neuroscientists unprecedented access to edit the genome efficiently. Although many important tools have been developed, here we focus on approaches that allow for rapid gene editing in the adult nervous system, particularly CRISPR/Cas9 and anti-sense nucleotide-based techniques. CRISPR/Cas9 is a flexible gene editing tool, allowing the genome to be manipulated in diverse ways. For instance, CRISPR/Cas9 has been successfully used to knockout genes, knock-in mutations, overexpress or inhibit gene activity, and provide scaffolding for recruiting specific epigenetic regulators to individual genes and gene regions. Moreover, the CRISPR/Cas9 system may be modified to target multiple genes at one time, affording simultaneous inhibition and overexpression of distinct genetic targets. Although many of the more advanced applications of CRISPR/Cas9 have not been applied to the nervous system, the toolbox is widely accessible, such that it is poised to help advance neuroscience. Anti-sense nucleotide-based technologies can be used to rapidly knockdown genes in the brain. The main advantage of anti-sense based tools is their simplicity, allowing for rapid gene delivery with minimal technical expertise. Here, we describe the main applications and functions of each of these systems with an emphasis on their many potential applications in neuroscience laboratories.

Field of study: Biology
Climate indices strongly influence old-growth forest carbon exchange

We present a decade and a half (1998–2013) of carbon dioxide fluxes from an old-growth stand in the American Pacific Northwest to identify ecosystem-level responses to Pacific teleconnection patterns, including the El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO). This study provides the longest, continuous record of old-growth eddy flux data to date from one of the longest running Fluxnet stations in the world. From 1998 to 2013, average annual net ecosystem exchange (FNEE) at Wind River AmeriFlux was –32 ± 84 g C m–2 yr–1 indicating that the late seral forest is on average a small net sink of atmospheric carbon. However, interannual variability is high (>300 g C m–2 yr–1) and shows that the stand switches from net carbon sink to source in response to climate drivers associated with ENSO. The old-growth forest is a much stronger sink during La Nina years (mean FNEE = –90 g C m–2 yr–1) than during El Nino when the stand turns carbon neutral or into a small net carbon source (mean FNEE = +17 g C m–2 yr–1). Forest inventory data dating back to the 1930s show a similar correlation with the lower frequency Pacific North American (PNA) and Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) whereby highermore » aboveground net primary productivity (FANPP) is associated with cool phases of both the PNA and PDO. Furthermore, these measurements add evidence that carbon exchange in old-growth stands may be more sensitive to climate variability across shorter time scales than once thought.« less

Field of study: Environmental science
[Prevalence and Analyses of the Changing Etiology of Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease in China].

Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) is a viral infectious disease regarded to be a public-health problem worldwide. Since the 1990s, HFMD began to spread in the Asia-Pacific region (especially in South-East Asia). HFMD outbreaks have occurred in mainland China frequently since 2008, and the morbidity and mortality of HFMD has continued to increase in recent years. In mainland China, enterovirus A serotype enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) and coxsackievirus A16 (CVA16) have been the major pathogens of HFMD during these years. However, the etiological spectrum of HFMD changes with time. This review focuses mainly on the etiological spectrum of HFMD and changes in epidemic patterns in mainland China.

Field of study: Biology
Structure of the D-alanylgriseoluteic acid biosynthetic protein EhpF, an atypical member of the ANL superfamily of adenylating enzymes.

The structure of EhpF, a 41 kDa protein that functions in the biosynthetic pathway leading to the broad-spectrum antimicrobial compound D-alanylgriseoluteic acid (AGA), is reported. A cluster of approximately 16 genes, including ehpF, located on a 200 kbp plasmid native to certain strains of Pantoea agglomerans encodes the proteins that are required for the conversion of chorismic acid to AGA. Phenazine-1,6-dicarboxylate has been identified as an intermediate in AGA biosynthesis and deletion of ehpF results in accumulation of this compound in vivo. The crystallographic data presented here reveal that EhpF is an atypical member of the acyl-CoA synthase or ANL superfamily of adenylating enzymes. These enzymes typically catalyze two-step reactions involving adenylation of a carboxylate substrate followed by transfer of the substrate from AMP to coenzyme A or another phosphopantetheine. EhpF is distinguished by the absence of the C-terminal domain that is characteristic of enzymes from this family and is involved in phosphopantetheine binding and in the second half of the canonical two-step reaction that is typically observed. Based on the structure of EhpF and a bioinformatic analysis, it is proposed that EhpF and EhpG convert phenazine-1,6-dicarboxylate to 6-formylphenazine-1-carboxylate via an adenylyl intermediate.

Field of study: Chemistry
Effect of Oral Nutritional Supplementation With and Without Exercise on Nutritional Status and Physical Function of Adult Hemodialysis Patients: A Parallel Controlled Clinical Trial (AVANTE-HEMO Study).

Protein energy wasting affects the nutritional status (NS) and physical function (PF) of dialysis patients. Among the different anabolic strategies to improve NS and PF, oral nutritional supplementation (ONS) and resistance exercise (RE) or aerobic exercise (AE) have been shown to be effective. Nevertheless, the combination of both anabolic strategies has not been completely evaluated. The aim of this study is to assess the effect of exercise combined with ONS versus ONS without exercise during hemodialysis sessions on PF and NS indicators.



Young hemodialysis patients (29 ± 9.3 years) with predominantly unknown causes of renal disease (80%) were divided into the following 3 groups during a period of 12 weeks: (1) ONS (n = 15), (2) ONS + RE (n = 15), and (3) ONS + AE (n = 15). Anthropometric, biochemical, PF, and quality of life measurements were recorded at baseline and after 3 months. Repeated measures analysis of variance and effect sizes (Cohen's d) were used to assess the effect of exercise and nutrition (ISRCTN registry 10251828).



At the completion of the study, the ONS and ONS + RE groups exhibited statistically significant increases in body weight, body mass index, and in the percentage of fat mass (P < .05); the greatest effect sizes were observed in the ONS + RE group (d = 0.30 for body weight, d = 0.63 for body mass index, and d = 0.90 for the percentage of fat mass). Groups with RE and AE had statistically significant increases and large effect sizes in the six-minute walk test (RE: d = 0.94, P = .02; AE: d = 1.11, P = .03), sit-to-stand test (RE: d = 0.81, P = .041; AE: d = 1.20, P = .002), timed up and go test (RE: d = 1.04, P = .036; AE: d = 1.6, P = .000), and muscle strength (RE: d = 1.01, P = .000; AE: d = 0.60, P = .003). Regarding quality of life, the ONS + RE group had more areas of improvement at the end of the study, followed by the ONS + AE group. No statistically significant differences were found in the repeated measures ANOVA.



The combination of exercise with ONS had larger effects on PF than on ONS alone. Further studies to examine the impact of exercise on the effect of oral nutritional supplementation in dialysis patients are indicated.

Field of study: Medicine
Social externalism, self-knowledge, and memory

In , I argued that for an externalist, particularly a social externalist, slow-switching should be rather commonplace. Slow-switching (introduced by Burge ) occurs when an agent unknowingly moves between linguistic communities and thereby (unknowingly) adopts the linguistic norms of the new community. So, for example, an agent who is unaware of the individuating conditions of 'chicory' (save that it is a bitter leafy green vegetable) will defer to certain members of his linguistic community for those individuating conditions. The agent may, however, come to defer to new individuals, unaware that those new individuals have altogether different individuating conditions for 'chicory'.   has argued that the possibility of slow-switching can be used to show the incompatibility of externalism and selfknowledge. For example, it appears possible for an agent S to know his thoughts at time t, forget nothing, yet at some time later than t (having been informed of the possibility or prevalence of slow-switching) be unable to say what the contents of his thoughts were at t. As Boghossian argues,

Field of study: Philosophy
Clinical and radiographically/neuroimaging documented outcome in transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion.

OBJECT
Although transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF) is an increasingly popular surgical technique, there are a limited number of studies in which investigators have stratified outcome data with respect to surgical indications or documented radiographically proven and clinical results with respect to disc space height (DSH). The authors conducted a study to evaluate the long-term outcomes after TLIF with respect to surgical indication and radiographic/neuroimaging results.



Thirty-three consecutive TLIF-treated patients underwent follow-up investigation for a mean of 37 months. Isthmic spondylolysis was present in eight patients, recurrent disc herniation in 14, and degenerative disc disease (DDD) in 11. The operative technique involved the placement of interbody structural allograft, pedicle screw instrumentation, and morcellized autograft in the anterior interbody space and the contralateral intertransverse gutter. Surgery was performed at L4-5 in 16 patients, L5-S1 in 14, L3-4 in two, and both L4-5 and L5-S1 in one patient. Preoperative symptoms were back pain (in 91% of cases), leg pain (in 94%), sensory loss (in 67%), and motor deficits (in 30%). Postoperatively, back pain was improved in 67% of the patients, unchanged in 27%, and worsened in 7%. Leg pain improved in 80% of patients, was unchanged in 10%, and worsened in 10%. Outcome, as measured using the Prolo Functional and Economic Scales, improved from a score of 4.9 to 7. In patients with spondylolysis and recurrent disc herniation outcomes were better than in those with DDD only. There was no correlation of outcome with symptom duration, patient age, or level of surgery. In an independent review of pre- and late postoperative radiographs no significant differences in lordosis angles, Cobb angles, or DSHs were found. Fusion occurred in all cases.



The TLIF procedure was associated with good clinical outcomes and a high fusion rate but no change in the DSH. Patients who present with spondylolysis and recurrent herniations experience better outcome than those with degenerative disease alone.

Field of study: Medicine