nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Impact of design and thermal inertia on the energy saving potential of capacity controlled heat pump heating systems

The objective of this study was to develop a dynamic model of hydronic heating systems in order to get a more fair comparison of energy efficiency between continuously capacity controlled heat pumps and intermittently controlled heat pumps than what is achieved with steady-state models. Factors such as thermal inertia, different connection principles, temperature levels and lag times are also considered to see how they affect the comparison and the efficiency. The results show that performance of an intermittently controlled heat pump is reduced when using this dynamic model compared to the static models, whereas the results for a variable-speed controlled heat pump stay the same. Introducing different controller dead bands, thermal inertias, etc. change the result only to a small extent.

Field of study: Engineering
Coastal environment assessment procedure for sustainable wastewater management in tropical islands: the Mayotte example

The recent evolution of the coastal environment is characterized by an increase of human potential impacts: coastal zone is located at the cross-road of sectoral issues which give rise to a number of often competing uses. Today, the main challenges in the coastal environment management are not derived from “technical problems” but correspond to the global coastal management and to the means to harmonize the different uses. This new approach has generated the need to apply systemic concepts which are able to describe and analyze large and complex systems. In the coastal zone — and especially in sensitive environments such as tropical island surrounded by coral reefs, lagoons or boat channels — one of the major challenges is to conciliate the waste waters and pipe outfalls management and the ecological preservation. The paper presents the results which have been obtained with a global approach for the definition of a sustainable wastewater management strategy in highly sensitive coastal areas located in Mayotte, (Comoros archip, Indian Ocean). This example allows to explain and identify the necessary tools and essential procedures as hydrodynamic modelling or public participation. From this application, a procedure for a coastal environment assessment procedure is formulated and proposed.

Field of study: Environmental science
REACTION OF TRIMETHYLSILYL ENOL ETHERS WITH ISOQUINOLINIUM SALTS. A FACILE SYNTHESIS OF ETHYL 1-(2-OXOALKYL)-1,2-DIHYDROISOQUINOLINE-2-CARBOXYLATES AND THEIR CYCLIZATION

An efficient method is described for the synthesis of ethyl 1-(2-oxoalkyl)-1,2-dihydroisoquinoline-2-carboxylates by C–C bond formation between 2-ethoxycarbonylisoquinolinium chloride and trimethylsilyl enol ethers. The products were treated with a few bases to afford the corresponding pyrido [2,1-a] isoquinoline derivatives.

Field of study: Chemistry
Better the Devil You Know: The Impact of Brexit Political Uncertainty on European Financial Markets

The paper investigates the market reaction to three different events related to Brexit through an event study analysis, i.e. the announcements of the referendum date (20 February 2016), the referendum result (23 June 2016) and the election of Theresa May as Prime Minister (11 July 2016). We study the impact of these announcements on stock prices of UK companies belonging to export- and import-oriented industries. We also investigate the influence of previous events on stock prices of European companies belonging to the same sectors. Our results show that financial markets did not perceive the announcement of the referendum date and the election of Theresa May as Prime Minister as elements of political uncertainty. However, in the days before the referendum, investors priced it as an uncertain political event. The text analysis conducted on mass media sentiment about Brexit mainly supports the results of our event studies. Stock market performance around the events depends more on industry factors than on firm-specific characteristics, for both UK and EU companies. The only exception is company size, which positively affects investor reaction.

Field of study: Business
Gall bladder: the predominant source of bile IgA in man?

The sedimentation profiles of IgA and Secretory Component (SC) and the concentrations of IgA, IgG, IgM, SC and albumin were evaluated after an overnight fast in gall bladder bile of six adult subjects without hepatobiliary disease. The sedimentation profiles differed from those previously obtained in hepatic bile in three ways: gall bladder bile contained a greater percentage of free-SC, a greater percentage of polymeric-IgA (p-IgA), and a major peak of 14 to 19 S p-IgA associated to SC. In contrast to hepatic bile in which IgG is the predominant Ig, IgA clearly was the predominant Ig in gall-bladder bile, its concentration averaging 92 micrograms/ml. Relative-to-albumin coefficients of excretion of proteins in gall bladder bile averaged 0.99 for IgG, 8.6 for monomeric IgA, 196 for p-IgA and 31 for IgM, indicating that there was a selective excretion of IgA and IgM into gall bladder bile. As compared to hepatic bile, the enrichment of gall bladder bile with IgA and IgM was respectively 6.5 and 11.5 times greater than with IgG. These results suggest that quite a significant amount of p-IgA could have been added to bile during its storage in the gall bladder which should therefore be regarded as the predominant source of bile IgA in humans.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Effect of biochars on bioaccumulation and human health risks of potentially toxic elements in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivated on industrially contaminated soil.

In the present study, biochars (BCs) derived from naturally grown green waste (Cynodon dactylon L.) were investigated regarding their impacts on bioaccumulation of potentially toxic elements (PTEs), agronomic properties and human health risks of wheat crop cultivated on long-term industrially contaminated soil. Typically, three types of BCs were pyrolyzed at different highest temperature of treatment (HTT), i.e. 400 °C, 600 °C and 800 °C, in a horizontal reactor and applied to the contaminated soil with 2% and 5% (w/w) ratio. The characterization results of the BCs showed that significant positive changes in fundamental characteristics such as porosity, surface area, cation exchange capacity, dissolved organic carbon, phosphorus and potassium have occurred with increased HTT. The analytical results of wheat crop indicated that the BCs applications significantly (p ≤ 0.05) reduced concentration of PTEs in roots (48-95%), shoots (38-91%), leaves (30-91%) and grains (38-93%) of wheat plants. After the BCs application, the agronomic properties were enhanced up to 6-18%, 18-38%, 17-46%, 13-45%, 15-42%, 22-55% and 34-57% for germination rate, shoot length, shoot biomass, spike length, spike biomass, grain biomass and root biomass respectively. The human health risks of PTEs were significantly (p ≤ 0.05) decreased (31-93%) from toxicity level to safe level (except for Mn and Cu), after the BCs application. Based on the current study, the BCs (especially 800BC5) were recommended for reducing bioaccumulation of PTEs in different parts of the wheat plant, increasing growth and yield of wheat crop and decreasing human health risks via consumption of wheat grains.

Field of study: Environmental science
Future Anxiety and its Relationship to Students' Attitude toward Academic Specialization

Future anxiety is considered one of the main features as a result of economic and social changes, and increasingly emerges among university students not only because of the fear of failure in the study, but also because of the fear of lack of job opportunities – the thing that affects joining their specializations. Hence this study examines the relationship between future anxiety and specialization in the light of variables of gender and specialization. The sample consists of 380 males and females at Najran University (200 students in Humanities and 180 students in Scientific specializations), and their age ranged between 18 to 22 years. The two scales of future anxiety and specialization have been applied. The results showed a negative correlation between future anxiety and specialization, and there are differences in future anxiety for students of Humanity specializations, and gender differences in favor of males; the study also resulted in differences in the attitude towards specialization in favor of students of scientific specializations that have no differences due to gender.  future anxiety, attitudes, specialization and university students

Field of study: Education
The mouse calretinin gene promoter region: structural and functional components.

The 5' flanking region of the mouse calretinin gene was cloned and a 1.8 kbp region adjacent to exon 1 was sequenced. Putative upstream promoter and enhancer elements were identified, including appropriately positioned TATA and CAAT boxes (positions -50 and -68, respectively). There was considerable sequence and structural homology between mouse and human upstream elements. Neuron-restrictive activity was demonstrated via transfection of calretinin promoter-reporter constructs into primary embryonic mouse brain cultures expressing calretinin. In promoterless reporter constructs, the proximal upstream 1.5 kbp of the mouse calretinin gene boosted luciferase activity (up to 100-fold) exclusively in the neuronal population. Deletion analysis revealed the minimal promoter to be within the 95-bp proximal to the transcription start site. Transfections with SV40 promoter constructs in these cultures resulted in reporter gene expression predominantly in non-neuronal cells. Inserting the proximal 1.5 kbp of mouse calretinin upstream in SV40 promoter-reporter constructs reduced luciferase activity. Thus, calretinin upstream sequences increased reporter expression in cultured neurons and decreased expression from the SV40 promoter in non-neuronal cultured brain cells. The calretinin promoter contained relevant regulatory element consensus motifs and demonstrated in vitro neuron-restrictive bioactivity.

Field of study: Biology
Isolation,screening,preliminary identification and culture of Pediococcus strains from the Chinese-style dry fermented sausage

Strains with local and natural flavor from the Chinese-style dry fermented sausage of Yantai Siver Foods company are first isolated and then identified using standard conventional identification methods. Pediococcus obtained are respectively identified as follows:P1 is P. acidilactici,P2 is P. dextrinicus,P3 is P. pentosaceus. The promoting medium of 3 strains of Pediococcus are respectively optimized by uniform design. 3 strains of Pediococcus are mixed cultured on the enrichment medium. The optimum proportion of the mixed starter culture is also obtained.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Performance analysis of the ejector-expansion refrigeration cycle using zeotropic mixtures

To evaluate the performance of the ejector-expansion refrigeration cycle (EERC) using zeotropic mixtures, a numerical study is conducted. A constant-pressure two-phase ejector model for zeotropic mixtures is established. The effects of both the fluid composition and the working conditions are investigated. Mixture R134a/R143a is selected as the working and the simulation results reveal that, the cycle COP increases first and then decreases as MFt (the mass fraction of R134a) increases in the researched condition. The COP gets a maximum value of 4.18 with MFt of 0.9 and yields a minimum value of 3.66 with MFt of 0.5. With mixture 0.9/0.1, the COP improvement reaches a maximum value of 10.47%. This improvement rises at high condensing temperature or low evaporating temperature. The exergy analysis shows that the compressor and ejector contribute the most exergy destruction, and the cycle exergy efficiency achieves a maximum value with MFt of 0.7.

Field of study: Engineering
A Meta-Analysis of the 2004 Campaign Polls: An Analogy to Practice and Publication in Psychology

The current practice of relying on single sample null hypothesis tests is being re-evaluated in the behavioral sciences. To highlight the issues raised by both sides of this discussion, a meta-analysis of The Gallup Organization's most recent U.S. Presidential election polling data was conducted. During the 2004 Presidential campaign, most pre-election polling percentages reported Bush ahead of Kerry, although the differences between the voters' preferences were typically within the margin of error. The meta-analyses used in this study showed significant differences between the two candidates' polling percentages, thus yielding a more accurate prediction than the conventional analysis which was based on single samples. These improved predictions provide support for a continued discussion about potential changes in statistical approaches to psychology.

Field of study: Psychology
Über Wellen und Korpuskeln in der Quantenmechanik

ZusammenfassungBekanntlich hat Dirac gezeigt, wie man ein der Bose-Einsteinschen Statistik unterworfenes ideales Gas beschreiben kann durch die als q-Zahlen aufgefaßten Anzahlen von Atomen mit gewissen Energieen. Man kann allgemeiner die Anzahlen derjenigen Atome, bei denen irgend eine meßbare Größe β einen bestimmten Wert β′ besitzt, als q-Zahlen betrachten. Die mathematischen und physikalischen Beziehungen zwischen diesen verschiedenen Größen und ihre Bedeutung für die Probleme der räumlichen Dichteschwankungen werden erörtert.

Field of study: Physics
An in vivo study of the relationship between craving and reaction time during alcohol detoxification using the ecological momentary assessment.

To study cognitive interference associated with craving for alcohol, the Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) method was used to measure the relationship between craving and reaction time. A secondary aim was the study of the predictive factors for craving during alcohol detoxification. The EMA enables both repeated measures of craving in a natural setting and the recording of reaction time without the patient being aware of this.



Craving for alcohol, reaction time, sadness and anxiety were recorded 8 to 12 times a day, over three weeks of detoxification in 14 alcoholics (n=1767 measures), on an electronic diary issuing random prompts. Mixed models were used for statistical analysis (alpha=5%, 1-beta=88%).



Reaction time was significantly increased in univariate analysis when a craving episode occurred but this difference did not persist after multivariate analysis. Craving episodes were more frequent and intense than previously reported. Predictive factors of craving during detoxification were: age, gender, sadness, anxiety and the number of previous detoxifications. Antidepressants, anti-craving medications but not benzodiazepines were negatively associated to craving.

Field of study: Medicine
Emerging patterns in American higher education

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Field of study: Education
Loess in eastern equatorial Pangea archives a dusty atmosphere and possible upland glaciation

Carboniferous-Permian strata in basins within the Central Pangean Mountains in France archive regional paleoequatorial climate during a unique interval in geological history (Pangea assembly, ice-age collapse, megamonsoon inception). The voluminous (∼1.5 km) succession of exclusively fine-grained red beds that comprises the Permian Salagou Formation (Lodeve Basin, France) has long been interpreted to record either la-custrine or fluvial deposition, primarily based on a local emphasis of subaqueous features in the upper ∼25% of the section. In contrast, data presented here indicate that the lower-middle Salagou Formation is dominated by up to 15-m-thick beds of internally massive red mudstone with abundant pedogenic features (microscale) and no evidence of chan-neling. Up-section, limited occurrences of ripple and hummocky cross-stratification, and mudcracks record the intermittent influence of shallow water, but with no chan-neling nor units with grain sizes exceeding coarse silt. These data suggest that the most parsimonious interpretation for the Salagou Formation involves eolian transport of the sediment and ultimate deposition as loess in shallow, ephemeral lacustrine environments. Provenance analyses of the Salagou Formation indicate coarse-grained protoliths and, together with geochemical proxies (chemical index of alteration [CIA] and τ Na) that correspond respectively to a low degree of chemical weathering and a mean annual temperature of ∼4 °C, suggest that silt generation in this case is most consistent with cold-weathering (glacial and associated periglacial) processes in the Variscan highlands. Together with previous studies that detailed voluminous Perm-ian loess in western equatorial Pangea, this work shows a globally unique distribution of dust at low latitudes that can be linked either directly to glaciated alpine terranes or to reworked and deflated deposits of other types (e.g., fluvial outwash) where fine-grained material was originally generated from gla-cial grinding in alpine systems. These results further support a revised model for early Permian climate, in which extratropical ice sheets coexisted with a semiarid tropics that may have hosted significant ice at moderate elevation.

Field of study: Geology
A Quality Sorting of Fruit Using a New Automatic Image Processing Method

This paper presents an innovative approach for quality sorting of objects such as apples sorting in an agricultural factory, using an image processing algorithm. The objective of our approach are; firstly to sort the objects by their colors precisely; secondly to detect any irregularity of the colors surrounding the apples efficiently. An experiment has been conducted and the results have been obtained and compared with that has been preformed by human sorting process and by color sensor sorting devices. The results demonstrate that our approach is capable to sort the objects rapidly and the percentage of classification valid rate was 100 %.

Field of study: Computer science
The Analysis of Falsification Criterion Based on the Truth of Marxism

The falsification criterion has the enormous influence in the scientific philosophy,being the foundation stone of Popper's scientific philosophic thinking.Popper advocated that suspected,the critique and innovates unceasingly the spirit of science treating scientific research and the scientific theory encouraging people to dare to challenge authority,such can make science be in unceasingly innovative development,and even impetus science develops forward unceasingly.Looking from the Marxism truth view's,this theory already has its philosophy significance,simultaneously also has certain unreasonable epistemology factor.

Field of study: Economics
Root Distribution Models Applied to Peanuts

Greater understanding of root distribution and water uptake can lead to improved modeling of water transport processes in the soil-plant-atmosphere system. Peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) were grown in the field under both well-irrigated and limited-irrigated conditions. On four different sampling dates, root length density (RLD) data were obtained at eight depths and in three locations relative to the crop row. The RLD tended to be substantially greater at shallow depths in the crop row, and to be more uniform with depth for sampling locations away from the crop row. Linear and exponential models were developed for representing the spatial distribution of roots in either one or two dimensions. The exponential model better described the observed peanut root distributions. A normalized root length density was used to determine relative root distributions over four equal depth increments.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Impedance and lithium-7 NMR studies of polymer electrolytes based on poly(vinylidene fluoride). Interim technical report

Composite polymer electrolytes consisting of at least 35 mol% poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVdF) and mixtures of propylene carbonate (PC)and dimethyl formate (DMF), lithium salts (LiAsF6, LiN(CF3SO2)2, or LiC(CF3SO2)3 and small amounts (approx. 5 mol%) of plasticizer, either diethylphthalate (DEP) or dibutylphthalate (DBP), were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry, complex impedance analysis and (7)Li NMR spectroscopy. Despite the composite nature of these materials, they all exhibit a single glass transition temperature (Tg). Significant variations of Tg with the two different plasticizers were noted. The sample containing the LiC(CF3SO2)3) salt has the highest electrical conductivity of the series, approx. 3 X 10(exp -1)S/cm at 25 deg C. Time-dependent impedance measurements utilizing cells with lithium electrodes revealed the growth of a passivating interface layer comparable to those observed with other polymer electrolytes. The onset of NMR motional line-narrowing is correlated with Tg for all samples prepared with DBP, as is known to occur in `single component` polyether-based electrolytes. However the onset of narrowing for the samples containing DEP occurs about 30 K above Tg. Lithium-7 spin-lattice relaxation measurements exhibit non-exponential recovery profiles below Tg, with about approx. 15% of the Li species relax differently than the majority. Activation energies extracted from (7)Li T1 datamore » show that localized Li motion is significantly impeded in the DEP-containing samples relative to those prepared with DBP.« less

Field of study: Materials science
Monitoring for management of conservation and recreation in Australian protected areas

Protected areas are key to conservation of biodiversity, and Australia is one of the world’s megadiverse regions. Monitoring programs provide the information to assess the state of conservation resources, the severity of threats and the success of management responses. Here we compare the management priorities, monitoring priorities and actual monitoring practices of protected area management agencies in Australia, using four sets of data at continental scale and five at a more restricted regional scale. We track changes over a period of several years and focus at successively finer levels of detail. At both continental and regional scales, most management plans emphasise fire, invasive species and visitor management; and most monitoring programmes refer to visitor numbers and impacts as well as species and ecosystems. There is only a weak match, however, between reported management priorities and actual monitoring programmes; and the effectiveness of management responses is rarely monitored. The level of detail in visitor monitor programmes varies considerably: most parks count visitors, but few know what those visitors do. Threats from fire and invasive species receive more attention that those from recreation. At regional scale, the proportion of parks with defined monitoring programmes and priorities increased significantly from 2003/2004 to 2006/2007. Whilst only a proportion of protected areas monitor endangered species populations, for those that do this is the parameter reported in most detail, with many parks reporting single records of single individuals. Some parks also maintain anecdotal records of rare species outside routine monitoring programs.

Field of study: Environmental science