nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Lymphotoxin α stimulates proliferation and pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion of rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblasts.

TNFα plays a crucial role in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) by stimulating fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS). Lymphotoxin α (LTα) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine with significant homology to TNFα. We compared the effects of both cytokines on cultured RA FLS.



Receptor expression on RA FLS was analyzed by FACS. Cells were stimulated with LTα or TNFα and proliferation was measured by [3H]thymidine incorporation and secretion of inflammatory cytokines and metalloproteinase 3 by ELISA. Activation of MAP kinases and Akt was analyzed by Western blotting. Nuclear translocation of NFκB was visualized by immunofluorescence.



60-80% and 30-50% of the RA FLS tested expressed TNF receptors I and II, respectively, and 70-75% expressed HVEM. LTα induced RA FLS proliferation at the same level of TNFα, which was blocked by etanercept. Both LTα and TNFα induced activation of MAP kinases ERK1/2 and p38 as well as Akt. 95-98% of FLS showed nuclear translocation of NFκB after stimulation with either cytokines. LTα and TNFα were potent to induce secretion of IL-6, IL-8 and metalloproteinase 3 in FLS.



LTα is as effective as TNFα in stimulating RA FLS. Blocking both cytokines might allow a better control of inflammation and synovial proliferation in RA.

Field of study: Medicine
Herbivore-induced DMNT catalyzed by CYP82D47 plays an important role in the induction of JA-dependent herbivore resistance of neighboring tea plants.

Herbivore-induced plant volatiles play important ecological roles in defense against stresses. However, if and which volatile(s) are involved in the plant-plant communication in response to herbivorous insects in tea plants remains unknown. Here, plant-plant communication experiments confirm that volatiles emitted from insects-attacked tea plants can trigger plant resistance and reduce the risk of herbivore damage by inducing jasmonic acid (JA) accumulation in neighboring plants. The emission of six compounds was significantly induced by geometrid Ectropis obliqua, one of the most common pests of the tea plant in China. Among them, (E)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene (DMNT) could induce the accumulation of JA and thus promotes the resistance of neighboring intact plants to herbivorous insects. CsCYP82D47 was identified for the first time as a P450 enzyme, which catalyzes the final step in the biosynthesis of DMNT from (E)-nerolidol. Down-regulation of CsCYP82D47 in tea plants resulted in a reduced accumulation of DMNT and significantly reduced the release of DMNT in response to the feeding of herbivorous insects. The first evidence for plant-plant communication in response to herbivores in tea plants will help to understand how plants respond to volatile cues in response to herbivores and provide new insight into the role(s) of DMNT in tea plants. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Field of study: Environmental science
SU-DD-A3-05: Radiosensitization of Endothelial Cells Model Using Gold Nanoparticles for Microbeam Radiotherapy

Microbeam radiotherapy(MRT) is a technique that use array parallel thin (<100μm) slices of synchrotron generated x‐ray beam. In this study, we investigated the radio‐sensitizing effects of goldnanoparticles (AuNps) on endothelial cells culture model in combination with irradiation of MRT.Method and Materials: Bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAECs) were cultured as a confluent monolayer on a 2 well chamber slides with 0mM, 0.5 mM and 1.0mM of AuNps. The cells were irradiated with 10 Gy of synchrotron generated x‐ray beam of median energy 150 kVp. Each microbeam is approximately 30 microns wide with a spacing of 200 microns between adjacent microbeams. Gafchromic films were attached to the cells culture slide to verify the dose received by the cells. The experiments were performed on the BL28B2 beamline at the SPring8 Synchrotron Japan. The cells were then fixed at 6, 12 and 24 hours after irradiation and were imaged using phase contrast microscope. Cells viability assays using tryphan blue exclusion method were performed after 24 hours of irradiation.  The observations under phase contrast microscopy show all the cells were dead at the area of irradiation. Samples with AuNps clearly showed the path of microbeam which is visible as a straight line compared to the samples without AuNps. There are some neighbouring cells start to migrate to the irradiated area, filling the gap for both samples. The cells viability results showed the dose enhancement effects where only 52% cells survived for 0.5 mMol AuNps and only 18% survive for 1mMol AuNps when irradiated with microbeam. These results were expressed as percentage relative to the control samples.  The results demonstrate that the AuNps are effective radiosensitizer that will increase the therapeutic efficacy of MRT.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
The Common Inaccessible Phenomena and Solving Suggestion of In-service Inspection in PWR Plant

This paper introduces the standards and specifications requirements of inservice inspection in PWR plant, and it also introduces the common inaccessible phenomena and instances of in-service inspection, it provides the solutions to solve the inaccessible phenomena in nuclear power plant design and implementation stages, such as nondestructive testing method of substitution, etc.

Field of study: Engineering
Suppression of void coalescence in thermal aging of tin-silver-copper-X solder joints

Addressing the potential for drop impact failure of Pb-free interconnects, the shear ductility after extensive aging of Sn-Ag-Cu (SAC) solders has been improved radically by Co or Fe modifications. Several other SAC+X candidates (X=Mn, Ni, Ge, Ti, Si, Cr, and Zn) now have been tested. Solder joint microstructures and shear strength results show that new SAC+X alloys also suppress void formation and coalescence at the Cu (substrate)/Cu3Sn interface (and embrittlement) after aging at 150°C for up to 1,000 h. Microprobe measurements of 1,000 h aged samples suggest that Cu substitution by X is usually accentuated in the intermetallic layers, consistent with X=Co and Fe results.

Field of study: Materials science
Amores perritos: Puppies, Laughter and Popular Catholicism in Bourbon Mexico City

In late eighteenth-century Mexico City, Spanish colonials, particularly members of the urban middle and popular classes, performed a number of weddings and baptisms on puppies (which were wearing clothes or bejewelled collars) in the context of fandangos or dance parties. These ceremonies were not radical challenges to orthodoxy or conservative reactions in the face of significant economic, political, religious and cultural Bourbon reforms emanating from Spain. Employing Inquisitorial investigations of these ceremonies, this article explores the rise of pet keeping, the meanings of early modern laughter and the implications of the cultural and religious components of the Enlightenment-inspired Bourbon reforms in late colonial Mexico.  A fines del siglo XVIII en la ciudad de México, colonos españoles, particularmente urbanos de las clases media y popular, realizaron un número de casamientos y bautizos de perritos (portando ropa o collares con joyas) en el contexto de los fandangos o fiestas de baile. Estas ceremonias no eran desafíos radicales a la ortodoxia o reacciones conservadoras frente a las importantes reformas económicas, políticas, religiosas y culturales borbónicas que emanaban de España. Empleando investigaciones inquisitoriales de estas ceremonias, el artículo explora el surgimiento de las mascotas, los significados de los inicios de la risa moderna, y las implicaciones de los componentes culturales y religiosos de las Reformas Borbónicas inspiradas por la Ilustración en el México colonial tardío. Portuguese abstract Na Cidade do México, colonos espanhóis, particularmente membros da classe média e popular, promoveram vários casamentos e batizados de filhotes de cachorros (vestidos a rigor ou com coleiras adornadas) no contexto dos fandangos ou festas dançantes do final do século XVIII. Estas cerimônias não eram enfrentamentos radicais à ortodoxia ou reações conservadoras em virtude das significativas reformas econômicas, políticas, religiosas e culturais bourbônicas originadas na Espanha. Empregando investigações inquisitoriais destas cerimônias, este artigo explora o aumento da criação de animais de estimação, os significados da risada em tempos modernos, e as implicações no México colonial tardio dos componentes cultural e religioso das reformas bourbônicas inspiradas no Iluminismo.

Field of study: Political science
Linear Network Coding Construction for Multi-source Multicast Connection

Aiming at multi-source multicast connection,this paper proposes a linear network coding construction to implement data transmission with maximum throughput.The multi-sources multicast network is divided into several sub-graphs,and each of which is a single-source multicast network.In order to get the maximal throughput,this paper converts the partition of sub-graph into a combinatorial optimization problem,then proposes an algorithm to solve it according to genetic algorithm.Moreover,the network coding construction of each single-source multicast network is implemented by existing technique.Simulation results show the proposed approach is feasible and can implement the linear network coding construction for multi-source multicast connection.

Field of study: Computer science
Selection of Mixed Copula Model via Penalized Likelihood

A fundamental issue of applying a copula method in applications is how to choose an appropriate copula function for a given problem. In this article we address this issue by proposing a new copula selection approach via penalized likelihood plus a shrinkage operator. The proposed method selects an appropriate copula function and estimates the related parameters simultaneously. We establish the asymptotic properties of the proposed penalized likelihood estimator, including the rate of convergence and asymptotic normality and abnormality. Particularly, when the true coefficient parameters may be on the boundary of the parameter space and the dependence parameters are in an unidentified subset of the parameter space, we show that the limiting distribution for boundary parameter estimator is half-normal and the penalized likelihood estimator for unidentified parameter converges to an arbitrary value. Finally, Monte Carlo simulation studies are carried out to illustrate the finite sample performance of the proposed approach and the proposed method is used to investigate the correlation structure and comovement of financial stock markets.

Field of study: Mathematics
Environmental and Potential Health Effects of Growing Leafy Vegetables on Soil Irrigated Using Sewage Sludge and Effluent: A Case of Zn and Cu

The use of sewage sludge and effluent as a source of nutrients and water for crop production is increasing worldwide. A study was conducted in 2001 at Pension farm (near Harare) to determine the effect of long term (>30 yrs) application of sewage sludge and effluent on Zn and Cu accumulation in top soil, uptake of these metals by lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) and mustard rape (Brassica juncea L.), and dry matter yield. Application of sewage sludge/effluent significantly (p < 0.001) increased total Zn (13.7–1563.9 mg kg−1) and Cu (2.5–133.3 mg kg−1) in the top soil (0–20 cm depth) compared to the control. Sewage sludge/effluent addition significantly (p < 0.001) increased Zn uptake by both test crops, while Cu uptake was significant in the first crop of lettuce and the second crop of mustard rape. Based on the dietary patterns of poor urban households in Zimbabwe, the maximum possible intake of Cu will only constitute 40% the Maximum Daily Intake (MDI). The toxicological implications for Zn will however be more severe, exceeding the MDI by 77% through exposure by lettuce consumption and by 251% consumption of mustard rape. It was concluded that long-term addition of sewage sludge/effluent to soil at Pension farm had increased the concentration of Zn and Cu in top soil to levels that pose environmental concern. The consumption of leafy vegetables produced on these soils pose a health risk to poor communities that reside around the study site, especially children, through possible Zn toxicity.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
A magnetic model for the Budgell Harbour Stock, Newfoundland

A detailed analysis of the aeromagnetic data over the Budgell Harbour Stock indicates that the stock can be modelled as a vertical prism having a depth to the bottom of approximately 5.5 km. The depth of the body has been calculated using the measured magnetic susceptibility and NRM data for 6 sample sites from the stock. The modelling results indicate that the apparent susceptibility determined from the surface rock samples are too small to explain the observed anomaly. This indicates that the true apparent susceptibility for the stock is larger than the observed apparent susceptibility. Une etude detaillee des donnees aeromagnetiques du massif de Budgell Harbour indique que le massif peut ttre represent6 par un prisme vertical dont la base est a une profondeur d'environ 5.5 km. Cette profondeur a Cte dkduite a partir de la susceptibilite magnttique observee et des donntes NRM de six echantillons du massif. Les resultats de cette representation indiquent que la susceptibilite apparente determinee a partir d'kchantillons de surface est trop faible pour expliquer I'anomalie mesuree. Ce qui est une indication que la susceptibilite apparente reelle de ce massif est plus grande que la susceptibilite apparente mesuree. [Traduit par le journal]

Field of study: Environmental science
Laparoscopic-assisted surgical reconstruction of a rare congenital abdominal wall defect in two children misdiagnosed with prune-belly syndrome.

Abdominal wall laxity is typically associated with prune-belly syndrome (PBS). Incomplete forms of PBS have been rarely reported with only the abdominal wall laxity. Herein, we describe a rare congenital abdominal wall defect that has been confused with PBS and illustrate the laparoscopic-assisted surgical technique used for reconstruction.



Two boys with symmetrical, bilateral absence or hypoplasia of the internal and external oblique muscles and no genitourinary abnormalities underwent a laparoscopic-assisted abdominal wall reconstruction utilizing the technique previously described by Firlit. Each patient had a Ct scan which confirmed the absence of the oblique muscles. In one patient EMG data confirmed no electrical activity of the obliques. Radiologic evaluation of the urinary tracts revealed no abnormalities. The abdominal wall was plicated utilizing bilateral subcostal incisions.



Both patients had excellent cosmetic and functional results with no weakness or bulging of the lateral abdominal wall and improvement of associated symptoms.



We believe these two cases and their congenital abdominal wall defects are a rare and often misdiagnosed muscular deficiency separate from PBS. The novel laparoscopic-assisted surgical technique illustrated is feasible and highly successful for these and possible other patients with similar rare congenital abdominal wall defects.

Field of study: Medicine
Influence by zirconium plastic deformation at temperature of 4.2 K on zirconium crystal lattice structure and magnitude of superconducting transition temperature Tc

We have researched the effect of the zirconium deformation by the extension at the temperature of 4.2 K, with the subsequent heating up to the room temperature of 300 K, on both the zirconium crystal grating structure and the magnitude of superconducting transition temperature Tc, using the zirconium samples, synthesized by the method of the electron beam melting. In our opinion, a registered substantial increase of the critical temperature Tc (by 20%) is a result of both the superconductivity enhancement in the plastic deformation regions at the twin boundaries of the zirconium crystal grating and the effective change of the inter-electron attraction constant magnitude.

Field of study: Physics
Great harms from small benefits grow: how death can be outweighed by headaches

Suppose that a very large number of people, say one billion, will suffer a moderately severe headache for the next twenty-four hours. For these billion people, the next twenty-four hours will be fairly unpleasant, though by no means unbearable. However, there will be no side-effects from these headaches; no drop in productivity in the work-place, no lapses in concentration leading to accidents, no unkind words spoken to loved ones that will later fester. Nonetheless, it is clearly desirable that these billion people avoid the headaches. Even though the headaches are moderate, they are impervious to pain-killing drugs, acupuncture, transcendental meditation, and just about any other remedy. In fact, there is only one way in which the headaches can be avoided. In a remote South American village, a young woman, Agnes, is suffering from a fever. A simple dose of antibiotics will save her life, otherwise she will die. If, and only if, she dies, the billion headaches will be prevented. You just happen to be passing through the village, in full knowledge of the circumstances. Although not a doctor (and therefore not bound by codes of professional ethics, Hippocratic oaths, etc.), you possess the requisite dose of antibiotics, for which you have no other use, and which will become useless, if not used in the next two hours. What ought you to do? Our ordinary moral intuitions tell us that you ought to save Agnes's life, even though this leaves a billion people unprotected from twenty-four hours of moderate headache. We think it is worse that one person die than that a billion suffer moderate headaches. In fact, many, perhaps most, people would agree to an even stronger claim:

Field of study: Philosophy
Virulence determines beneficial trade-offs in the response of virus-infected plants to drought via induction of salicylic acid.

It has been hypothesized that plants can get beneficial trade-offs from viral infections when grown under drought conditions. However, experimental support for a positive correlation between virus-induced drought tolerance and increased host fitness is scarce. We investigated whether increased virulence exhibited by the synergistic interaction involving Potato virus X (PVX) and Plum pox virus (PPV) improves tolerance to drought and host fitness in Nicotiana benthamiana and Arabidopsis thaliana. Infection by the pair PPV/PVX and by PPV expressing the virulence protein P25 of PVX conferred an enhanced drought-tolerant phenotype compared with single infections with either PPV or PVX. Decreased transpiration rates in virus-infected plants were correlated with drought tolerance in N. benthamiana but not in Arabidopsis. Metabolite and hormonal profiles of Arabidopsis plants infected with the different viruses showed a range of changes that positively correlated with a greater impact on drought tolerance. Virus infection enhanced drought tolerance in both species by increasing salicylic acid accumulation in an abscisic acid-independent manner. Viable offspring derived from Arabidopsis plants infected with PPV increased relative to non-infected plants, when exposed to drought. By contrast, the detrimental effect caused by the more virulent viruses overcame potential benefits associated with increased drought tolerance on host fitness.

Field of study: Environmental science
Plasma sampling - a versatile tool in plasma chemistry

In order to determine the nature of the charged constituents of plasmas, various sampling techniques have been applied succesfully in different laboratories. It is the aim of this paper to show the limitatiorof these techniques due to sources of error, caused by effects occurring in the plasma sheath in front of a sampling orifice and effects within it, such as reactive collisions or collisional breakup, mass dependent transmission of the ions or the change of the energy distributions of the various types of ions in collisions during the extraction process.  Plasma sampling had its early beginnings in experiments concerned with the nature of anode and cathode rays (Refs. 1-4). Although these experiments date back to the end of the last century, it was not until the fifties that the sampling technique was recognized as a powerful tool in plasma diagnostics (5—8) .During extensive investigations of combustion processes in 1953 Calcote and King measured the dependence of the ion concentration on the distance from the luminous flame zone in propane air mixtures (5). In 1957 Pahl and Weimer started systematic studies on the dependence of the wall current in a positive column on the discharge parameters and analyzed the positive ion current penetrating through a tiny orifice in the wall of the discharge vessel (Fig.1) with a magnetic mass spectrometer.  Apparatus of Pahl and Weimer (Ref.8) used for the investigation of the wall current in a positive column burning in a glass tube. + Present address: SRI International, Molecular Physics Laboratory, Menlo Park, Ca. 94025, USA.

Field of study: Chemistry
Timing and temperature of decollement on hydrocarbon source rock beds in cyclic lacustrine successions

The generation of hydrocarbons causes lubrication of source rock bedding planes which can enhance deformation during basin subsidence and subsequent tectonic events. Deformation includes decollement, i.e. gravitational sliding of rocks above the lubricated horizon. In cyclic sequences, such as occur in many lacustrine basins, decollement is generally restricted to the organic-rich beds of the cycle. Case studies in lacustrine successions in the Devonian Orcadian Basin, Scotland, and the Triassic–Jurassic Hartford–Deerfield Basin, USA, show that movement of material associated with the decollement surface occurred in the current down-dip direction. These extensional basins experienced rapid subsidence and a high heat flow such that hydrocarbon generation, and therefore decollement, occurred early in the basin histories. During extension, half-graben rotation ensured that the beds were dipping during hydrocarbon generation, facilitating decollement. Inversion of the Orcadian Basin reactivated decollement surfaces, involving thrust motion in some cases. Minerals precipitated in tension cavities associated with decollement yield fluid inclusion homogenization temperatures in the ranges 96–139°C and 85–96°C for the Orcadian and Hartford–Deerfield basins, respectively. These data are consistent with burial into the oil window at depths of between 1.5 and 2.0 km.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography