nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Fire, climate, and the persistence of desert varnish near Dampier, Western Australia

In the semi-arid region near Dampier, discontinuous black and dark red coatings (desert varnish) have developed mainly on outcrops of granophyre. Coatings which have persisted occur on the most stable surfaces of large, rather than small, boulders. Rock coatings are absent both from fire-affected outcrop margins and around sediment patches within boulder slopes, and from the spray zone on the coastal margin. Sea level rise between about 17,000 and 6000 yr B.P. would have produced a landward-migrating spray zone within which salt weathering probably destroyed varnish before inundation. The remaining rock coatings have variable chemistry, and include compound coatings with superimpositions of thin Fe-rich, thicker SiAlMnFe layers, and an upper coat of SiAlFe, indicating fluctuatinng environments. Within major outcrops, the best-developed coatings occur on large and stable boulders beyond the reach of fire and salt spray, and often in summit or mid-slope positions. Much varnish loss can be attributed to factors other than climatic change, with coatings presently forming at a slower rate than they are being destroyed.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Geophysical investigation of the structural framework of the Newark-Gettysburg Triassic basin, Pennsylvania

A residual gravity map of the Newark-Gettysburg Triassic basin has been constructed using approximately 5,000 gravity stations that are nominally 1 to 5 km apart. In a general way, the map shows gravity lows over Triassic sedimentary rocks and gravity highs over Triassic diabase bodies and pre-Triassic rocks that flank the basin. Steep gravity gradients within the basin, but near the margins, are interpreted to be due to vertical offset on faults within the basin. The presence of these presumed faults along parts of the southern margin indicates that the basin is not a simple half-graben, but is internally faulted, with irregular sediment thicknesses.

Field of study: Geology
Prenatal Maternal Stress and the Cascade of Risk to Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders in Offspring

Disruptions in fetal development (via genetic and environmental pathways) have been consistently associated with risk for schizophrenia in a variety of studies. Although multiple obstetric complications (OCs) have been linked to schizophrenia, this review will discuss emerging evidence supporting the role of prenatal maternal stress (PNMS) in the etiology of schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSD). In addition, findings linking PNMS to intermediate phenotypes of the disorder, such as OCs and premorbid cognitive, behavioral, and motor deficits, will be reviewed. Maternal immune and endocrine dysregulation will also be explored as potential mechanisms by which PNMS confers risk for SSD. PNMS has been linked to offspring SSD; however, findings are mixed due to inconsistent and retrospective assessments of PNMS and lack of specificity about SSD outcomes. PNMS is also associated with various intermediate phenotypes of SSD (e.g., prenatal infection/inflammation, decreased fetal growth, hypoxia-related OCs). Recent studies continue to elucidate the impact of PNMS while considering the moderating roles of fetal sex and stress timing, but it is still unclear which aspects of PNMS (e.g., type, timing) confer risk for SSD specifically. PNMS increases risk for SSD, but only in a small portion of fetuses exposed to PNMS. Fetal sex, genetics, and other environmental factors, as well as additional pre- and postnatal insults, likely contribute to the PNMS-SSD association. Longitudinal birth cohort studies are needed to prospectively illuminate the mechanisms that account for the variability in outcomes following PNMS.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Body burden of heavy metals among HIV high risk population in USA.

HIV high risk population may face not only the threat of HIV infection but also a higher chance of exposure to environmental contaminants. However, no previous studies have examined the body burden of environmental pollutants including heavy metals among HIV high risk populations. The aim of this study was to investigate whether adults aged 20-59 years old at high risk of HIV infection have higher blood levels of heavy metals compared to those with low risk of HIV infection in United States.



We used the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999-2010 to compare exposures to heavy metals including cadmium, lead, and total mercury by HIV risk status.



The results showed that people at high risk of HIV had higher blood concentrations of all heavy metals compared to their counterparts with lower HIV risks. In multivariate linear regression models, HIV risk status was significantly associated with increased blood cadmium, lead, and total mercury after adjusting for age, sex, race, education, and poverty income ratio.



Our study suggests that people at high risk of HIV have significantly higher body burden of heavy metals including cadmium, lead, and mercury compared to those with low risk of HIV. Further longitudinal study collecting more pollutants are warranted to determine the potential health effects of these elevated pollutants on both HIV-infected and HIV high-risk populations.

Field of study: Environmental science
Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy Targeting Fear of Progression in an Interdisciplinary Care Program: A Case Study in Systemic Sclerosis

People living with chronic illness often report uncertainty about the future, fear of disease progression, fear of becoming physically disabled, and a reduced life expectancy as important sources of stress. However, little is known about psychological interventions targeting these concerns. The aim of this study is to illustrate an intervention to reduce emotional distress and concerns about the future in a patient with systemic sclerosis (SSc), a rare chronic rheumatic disease with serious consequences for most patients, and to present a preliminary report on its effectiveness using a single-case study design. Because of the complexity of symptoms and complaints due to SSc, the psychological intervention was embedded in an interdisciplinary care program also consisting of physical therapy, occupational therapy, and specialized nurse care.

Field of study: Psychology
Study of the management of early warning for big sports games.

In the history of world competitive sports,incidents had brought tremendous challenges to the hosting of big sports games,and traditional emergency response management modes had failed to adapt to the dealing of incidents occurring in modern sports games.By referring to successful experiences in the security of big sports games in the history of world competitive sports,and by applying early warning management principles and analytical methods,the authors expatiated on the contents and processes of the management activities of early warning for big sports games.

Field of study: Education
A Research into the Status,Issue and Strategy of Agricultural Scientific Study

In recent years some achievements have been made in our agricultural scientific research,which can be seen in such many respects as scientific research project,funds and paper issue.However,some questions still exist,such as reducing scientific research staff,dislocation of research structure,a fine start and a poor finish in research process and slow spread of scientific achievements.The paper brings forward suggestions so as to solve these popular questions.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
An effective Thermodynamic Description of Galactic Haloes

The observation of flat rotation curves in asymptotic region of galaxies implies that the dark matter density profile decreases exponentially with the gravitational potential in this region. It is curious that this behavior is identical to what one would have from a Boltzmann gas in thermal equilibrium. This suggests that an {\it effective} Boltzmann gas description of dark matter is possible for the halo, which follows even though no requirement of thermal equilibrium is assumed for the dark matter particles. We examine some qualitative and quantitative consequences of such an effective description. This is done by studying a simple model that takes into account gravitational self-interactions of dark matter and its gravitational interactions with the baryonic core. 
Solutions to the dynamics are determined by two parameters, one of which is the ratio of the dark matter mass to the effective temperature of the gas. Crude estimates can be made for these parameters based on observations.

Field of study: Physics
Combinations of response-dependent and response-independent schedule-correlated stimulus presentation in an observing procedure.

Pigeons pecked a response key on a variable-interval (VI) schedule, in which responses produced food every 40 s, on average. These VI periods, or components, alternated in irregular fashion with extinction components in which food was unavailable. Pecks on a second (observing) key briefly produced exteroceptive stimuli (houselight flashes) correlated with the component schedule currently in effect. Across conditions within a phase, the dependency between observing and presentation of the stimuli was decreased systematically while the density of stimulus presentation was held constant. Across phases, the proportion of session time spent in the VI component was adjusted from 0.5 to 0.25, and then to 0.75. Results indicate that rate of observing decreased as the dependency between responses and stimulus presentations was decreased. Further, discriminative control by the schedule-correlated stimuli was systematically weakened as dependency was decreased. Increasing the proportion of session time spent in VI decreased the rate of observing. This effect was additive with the manipulation of the dependency between observing and presentation of the stimuli. Overall, these results show that conditioned reinforcers function similarly to unconditioned reinforcers with respect to response-consequence dependencies, and that stimulus control is enhanced under conditions in which the relevant stimuli are produced by an organism's behavior.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Heterogeneity of PrP in Brains of Hamsters Infected with Scrapie 263 K Strain and the Dynamic Detection by Western blot

Metabolic and conformatio nal alterations of the cellular pr ion protein(PrP~C)are the essential causes of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies in human and anim als.A hamster-adapted scrapie agen t 263K was intracerebrally inocula ted into Syrian hamsters and the differen t forms of the abnormal prion pro tein(PrP~(Sc))were dynamically detect ed on the 20~(th),40~(th),50~(th),60~(th ),70~(th),and 80~(th) day post-inoculati on by Western blot.PrP~(Sc) was firstly det ected in the brain tissues of the animals 40 days post-inoculation,t hat was much earlier than the onse t of the disease (the mean incubat ion period is 66.7±1.1 days).Besid es the PrP with standard molecular weight (30-35kD),various high mole cular masses of PrP as well as the low were repeatedly identified fro m the infected brains.The amounts of these heterogeneous PrP increas ed along with the prolongation of incubation,while the appearance of the low molecular mass of PrP in b rain tissues was most probably dis ease-specific.Deglycosylation assa ys identified another PrP fragment with much lower molecular weight i n the infected brains in addition to the PrP with standard molecular weight,whereas only the latter cou ld be found in the healthy animals .The truncated PrP in the infected brains may have the similar glycos ylation patterns as the full-lengt h PrP.Moreover,the percentage of n on-glycosylated PrP increased dram atically at the terminus of the il lness.These results suggest that variou s molecular patterns of PrP~(Sc) may indwell in brain tissues during th e infection.The metabolism of PrP in the infected hamsters may diffe r from the healthy ones.

Field of study: Biology
Research on Modification of Cathode Material LiFePO_4 for Lithium-ion Battery

The characteristics and reaction mechanism of LiFePO4 cathode material are briefly introduced.The effect of metal ion doping,carbon coating and controlling the size of the LiFePO4 on the electrochemical properties are reviewed.The purpose is to optimize the modification process of high performance cathode material and promote the performance of the lithium ion battery.

Field of study: Materials science
ID: 38: Plasmacytoid and myeloid dendritic cells in whole peripheral blood producing intracellular cytokines in patients with rheumatoid arthritis

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is characterized by active cellular reactions, in which formation dendritic cells (DC) are directly involved in particular by of various cytokines production  .  To estimate intracellular cytokine production by different subsets of DCs in peripheral blood (PB) in patients with RA.  Monoclonal antibody for flow cytometry CD3, CD16, CD19, HLA-DR, CD11c, CD123, IL-10, IL-4, IFN- α , IL-12 (BD, USA) were added to the PB of 9 patients with RA and 14 healthy donors.  Estimated low expression of IL-4, IL-10 as the key Th2 cytokines in myeloid (mDC) and plasmacytoid (pDC) dendritic cells in RA patients confirms the hypothesis of altered immune response towards Th1 pathway in this disease. Significant level of IL- 12 intracellular production was determined only in RA pDC that indicate their active involvement and participation in pathological process. This fact also confirms the presence of the cytokine imbalance as IFN- α plays an important immunoregulatory role in enhancing the Th1 cell-mediated immunity. Conclusions mDC and pDC in PB in patients with RA compared to healthy donors shows increase of IL-12 and IFN- α producing cells and decrease of IL-4 and IL-10 producing cells that indicate prevalence ability of DC in cellular immune response forming in patients with RA.

Field of study: Medicine
MicroRNA-127 Post-Transcriptionally Downregulates Sept7 and Suppresses Cell Growth in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells

Hepatocellular carcinoma is one of the most common cancers worldwide. It has been suggested that microRNAs, a class of small regulatory RNAs, are associated with tumorigenesis by targeting the mRNAs of hundreds of genes that modulate a variety of biological processes, including cellular differentiation, apoptosis, metabolism, and proliferation.  we analyzed the expression levels of mir-127 in 33 HCC and non-cancerous tissues using qRT-PCR. MiR-127 is downregulated in 69.7% of HCC tissues compared with adjacent normal tissues, but its expression level is not correlated with the TNM stage, AFP level, or age. In vitro, miR-127 can arrest Huh7 at the G2/M phase and inhibit Huh7 cell proliferation. In an in vivo xenograft model, the overexpression of miR-127 can inhibit Huh7 cell tumorigenicity. The luciferase reporter and western blot results confirm that miR-127 downregulates Sept7 expression by targeting its 3'UTR. Furthermore, the knockdown of Sept7 has the same effect on cell proliferation as the overexpression of miR-127 in Huh7 cells.  miR-127 plays a tumor-suppressor role and can serve as a potential diagnostic biomarker for HCC.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Late pleistocene pteropod-rich sediment layer in the northeast atlantic and protoconch variation of Clio pyramidata Linné 1767

Sediment samples from the northeastern Atlantic are compared with recent plankton samples from the same area. Special attention is given to the protoconch variation in the pteropod Clio pyramidata. The dominance/diversity ratio of pteropods and the variation in volume of protoconchae of Clio pyramidata prove that the upwelling off NW Africa in the Late Wurm is present in the same region as today, and that temperatures were 4–6°C lower in this period than during recent times. Possible reasons for the formation of the thin sediment layer rich in pteropods, synchronous from Portugal to Senegal, are discussed. As an hypothesis, red tides are proposed to be responsible for mass mortality of pteropods (and benthonic molluscs), thus forming the pteropod-rich sediment layer.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
An Accelerated-Time Model for Response Curves

We propose a nonparametric method of data analysis for situations where the data consist of a sample of curves and a covariate is present. We assume the observed curves to be time-accelerated versions of a basic underlying stochastic process and assume the time acceleration factor for each observed process, determining the “eigenzeit,” to be a smooth function of the covariate. We discuss an iterative procedure to estimate the components of the model nonparametrically, using cross-validation to determine smoothing parameters using a leave-one-curve-out technique. Our example concerns time courses of mortality for a sample of cohorts of fruit flies.

Field of study: Mathematics
Modified gravity (MOG) can fit the acceleration data for the cluster Abell 1689

The galaxy cluster system Abell 1689 has been well studied and yields good lensing and X-ray gas data. Modified gravity (MOG) is applied to the cluster Abell 1689 and the acceleration data is well fitted without assuming dark matter. Newtonian dynamics and Modified Newtonian dynamics (MOND) are shown not to fit the acceleration data, while a dark matter model based on the Navarro-Frenk-White (NFW) mass profile is shown not to fit the acceleration data below ~ 200 kpc.

Field of study: Physics
Identifying OSPF LSA falsification attacks through non-linear analysis

Shortest Path First (OSPF) is one of the most widely used intra-domain routing protocols. Unfortunately, it has many serious security issues. Falsification over OSPF is one of the most critical vulnerabilities that can cause routing loops and a black hole. In this paper, we introduce a novel approach by using a technique from non-linear statistical analysis to identify OSPF attacks. Firstly, we evaluate the capability of the non-linear technique to identify OSPF attacks using a controlled testbed where we introduce different types of LSA falsifications. Secondly, we evaluate our approach to detect different types of OSPF attacks using OSPF traffic associated with a single OSPF router and OSPF traffic associated with a set of OSPF routers. In both cases, our approach can detect anomalous behaviour quickly. Finally, we use various successful machine learning classifiers to analyze the outputs obtained from the non-linear analysis and calibrate their suitability in discovering such anomalies.

Field of study: Computer science
An Analytical Method of Identifying Biased Test Items.

When using an ANOVA procedure to examine a test for biased items, a follow-up technique is needed to identify the items contributing to the items-by-groups interaction. The method described in this paper includes distribution theory for assessing level of significance and is equally sensitive to items at all difficulty levels. In addition, any number of groups can be considered and the methodology is generalizable to any ANOVA design. The technique is powerful yet controls experiment-wise error rate to a.

Field of study: Education
[Complete genome sequence characteristics of human enterovirus 71 strain isolated in Yunnan, China].

The complete nucleotide sequence of two human enterovirus 71 strains (KMM09 and KM186-09) isolated in Yunnan,China, were determined by RT-PCR and sequencing. As with other human enteroviruses, the genomes were 7 409 nucleotides (nts) in length and encoded 2 193 aa. Phylogenetic analysis based on VP1 regions revealed that the two isolates belonged to subgenotype C4a. In structural genomic regions, subgenotype C4 was most homologous to other strains of C genotype when compared to other genotypes. In non-structural genomic regions, subgenotype C4 was more homologous to CA16/G10 and other strains of B genotype than to other strains of C genotype. RDP3 and Blast analysis displayed evidence of recombination in non-structural genomic regions between subgenotype B3 and C4, C4 and CA16/G10. The full-length genome of the human enterovirus 71 strains provided an overview of the diversity of genetic characteristics of a circulatinghuman enterovirus 71.

Field of study: Biology
On-demand media streaming to hybrid wired/wireless networks over quasi-geostationary satellite systems

In order to realize the dream of global personal communications, the integration of terrestrial and satellite communications networks becomes mandatory. In such environments, multimedia applications, such as video-on-demand services, will become more popular. This paper proposes an architecture based on a combination of Quasi-GeoStationary Orbit satellite systems and terrestrial networks for building a large-scale and efficient VoD system. A hybrid network made of fixed and mobile nodes is considered. The key idea of the architecture is to service fixed nodes according to the neighbors-buffering policy, a recently proposed scheme for VoD delivery, while mobile nodes are served directly from the local server. To allow users to receive their VoD applications with higher degree of mobility, issues related to mobility management are discussed and a simple scheme is proposed to guarantee a smooth streaming of video data. The importance of the proposed architecture is verified by numerical results. In case of requests coming from fixed nodes within the reach of terrestrial networks, analytical results elucidate the good performance of the architecture in terms of both increasing the system capacity and reducing the disk-bandwidth requirements. Conducted simulations indicate how efficient the proposed system is in smoothening handoffs.

Field of study: Computer science
Saving, Economic Growth, and the Arrow of Causality

its potential contribution to growth. Indeed, it probably causes it to decline in the future. Business will not continue to invest, if it can't sell its products. If we understood this, our view of the futility of many measures to "promote saving" would become clear. Individuals may be persuaded to save more by some "tax incentive." But that might be more difficult to accomplish than some think. This means that individuals would

Field of study: Economics
Identification of a dopamine-binding protein on the membrane of the human platelet.

The binding of [3H]dopamine to platelet membranes has been examined in an attempt to identify the putative dopamine-uptake mechanism of the platelet. [3H]Dopamine has been shown to bind to a 42,000 Da glycoprotein in platelet membrane with high affinity (Kd = 22.6 nM) and binding of [3H]dopamine was competed for by dopamine, molecules with catechol moieties, 5-hydroxytryptamine, GSH and ascorbic acid. Differences in pharmacological profile and molecular mass suggest that [3H]dopamine does not bind to a known receptor, a neuronal-type dopamine transporter or the platelet 5-hydroxytryptamine-uptake site. It is proposed that this novel binding site for dopamine, which has been purified 1000-fold from particulate platelet membrane, is likely to be a component of the dopamine-uptake mechanism of the human platelet.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Lake Michigan water levels and the development of Holocene beach-ridge complexes at Two Rivers, Wisconsin: Stratigraphic, geomorphic, and radiocarbon evidence

Two beach-ridge complexes formed at Two Rivers, Wisconsin, on the west shore of Lake Michigan during the past 5700 yr. Auger drilling, closely spaced vibracoring, and subsurface geophysical profiling using ground-penetrating radar along two east-west transects across ridges and swales indicate that several facies of beach sediment are capped with dune sand. 14C ages were obtained from basal-peat deposits collected from swales between successive beach ridges. Associated lake levels were interpreted from the elevation of coarse foreshore deposits observed on the east (basinward) side of the next lakeward beach ridge. 14C ages, geomorphic relationships, and stratigraphic interpretations indicate that progradation and water-level drop followed a major transgression. Lake level fluctuated on a scale of 1.7–2 m during the past 3000 yr.

Field of study: Geology