nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Current barriers in Y-Ba-Cu-O coated conductors

Current barriers in high temperature superconductors occur on many length scales. Eliminating them is critical to making superconductors more favorable for commercial applications. In state-of-the-art YBa/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O (YBCO) coated conductors, barriers to current in short lengths of tapes are grain boundaries. On the scale of several tens of micrometers, the role of grain boundaries in the nickel substrate was investigated using a combination of plan-view scanning electron microscopy (SEM), backscattered electron Kikuchi pattern (BEKP) analysis, magneto-optical (MO) imaging, and focused ion beam (FIB) analysis. The combined techniques showed enhanced magnetic flux penetration, and hence reduced critical current density (J/sub c/), in the YBCO above nickel grain boundaries that have misorientation angles (/spl theta/) greater than 4/spl deg/ in pulsed laser deposited YBCO films and 5/spl deg/ in BaF/sub 2/-grown YBCO films. Additionally, BEKP percolation maps show that the YBCO layer is single-crystal-like below a percolation limit of a few degrees; the BEKP grain boundary maps displays the constrictions of the current path on the scale of 50-100 /spl mu/m. On the sub-micrometer scale, the misorientation angles of grain boundaries in the YBCO layer were investigated using transmission electron microscopy imaging and diffraction analysis. The average and range of /spl theta/ between neighboring YBCO islands above a single grain of the metal substrate were essentially the same in two samples with J/sub c/ values that differed by a factor of four. This suggests that defects on the macroscale, specifically the underlying nickel grain boundaries, may influence the J/sub c/ more than defects on the microscale. The results of this study suggest that that the way to improve the superconducting properties in the YBCO is to eliminate /spl theta/>4-5/spl deg/ boundaries in the nickel substrate or engineer the conductors in a way to increase the threshold angle.

Field of study: Physics
Weather and climate needs for lidar observations from space and concepts for their realization

The spectrum of weather and climate needs for lidar observations from space is discussed. This paper focuses mainly on the requirements for winds, temperature, moisture, and pressure. Special emphasis is given to the needs for wind observations and it is shown that winds are required to depict realistically all atmospheric scales in the tropics and the smaller scales at higher latitudes, where both temperature and wind profiles are necessary. The need for means to estimate air-sea exchanges of sensible and latent heat also is noted. Lidar can aid here by measurement of the slope of the boundary layer. Recent theoretical feasibility studies concerning the profiling of temperature, pressure, and humidity by differential absorption lidar (DIAL) from space and expected accuracies are reviewed. Initial ground-based trials provide support for these approaches and also indicate their direct applicability to path-average temperature measurements near the surface. An alternative approach to Doppler lidar wind meas...

Field of study: Environmental science
Experimental Study on Phosphorus-containing Wastewater Treatment by Acid Modified Fly Ash

Fly ash which was modified by various acids was used in the treatment of phosphorus-containing wastewater.Influence of various factors on the reactions was studied.Experimental results showed that fly ash was good at removing phosphorus from wastewater at pH from 4 to 10.Adding original fly ash 70 g/L and 80 g/L into the solution of containing 100mg/L phosphate after stirring and reaction for 40 min,the effluent can meet Grade II and I under the Integrated Wastewater Discharge Standard of GB9878-1996.Removal rate of phosphorus had improved significantly when wastewater was treated by sulfuric acid modified fly ash.The acid modified fly ash was good at removing phosphorus from wastewater at pH from 4 to 10.Adding the acid modified fly ash 7 g/L and 10 g/L into the solution of containing 100 mg/L phosphate after stirring and reaction for 5min,the effluent can meet separately Grade II and I of GB9878-1996.

Field of study: Environmental science
Diversity of calcium action in regulation of mammalian calmodulin-dependent cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase.

Calmodulin(CaM)-dependent cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (PDE1) plays a critical role in the complex interactions between the cyclic nucleotide and Ca(2+) second messenger systems. Bovine brain contains two major PDE1 isozymes, designated according to tissue origin and subunit molecular mass as brain 60 kDa and 63 kDa PDE1 isozymes. Kinetic properties suggest that 63 kDa PDE1 isozyme is distinct from 60 kDa, heart and lung PDE1 isozymes. Although 60 kDa, heart and lung PDE1 isozymes are almost identical in immunological properties, they are differentially activated by calmodulin (CaM). These isozymes are further distinguished by the effects of pharmacological agents. Another main difference is that 60 kDa PDE1 isozyme is a substrate of cAMP-dependent protein kinase, whereas, 63 kDa PDE1 isozyme is phosphorylated by CaM-dependent protein kinase. The phosphorylation of PDE1 isozymes is accompanied by a decrease in the isozyme affinity towards CaM, and it can be reversed by a CaM-dependent phosphatase (calcineurin). The complex regulatory properties of PDE1 isozymes are precisely regulated by cross-talk between the Ca(2+) and cAMP signaling pathways.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Physics
Learning Beam Search Policies via Imitation Learning

Beam search is widely used for approximate decoding in structured prediction problems. Models often use a beam at test time but ignore its existence at train time, and therefore do not explicitly learn how to use the beam. We develop an unifying meta-algorithm for learning beam search policies using imitation learning. In our setting, the beam is part of the model and not just an artifact of approximate decoding. Our meta-algorithm captures existing learning algorithms and suggests new ones. It also lets us show novel no-regret guarantees for learning beam search policies.

Field of study: Computer science
Happiness as a Belief System: Individual Differences and Priming in Emotion Judgments

Three studies involving 104 undergraduates sought to examine how an individual’s level of life satisfaction organizes their knowledge concerning the self’s emotions. Participants judged the self’s positive and negative emotions within a computerized task. Key results sought to determine whether judging two positive emotions in a consecutive sequence speeds the second judgment—a pattern of priming that would suggest a tighter, more interconnected structure in semantic memory related to one’s positive emotions. As expected, individual differences in life satisfaction predicted the magnitude of this priming effect (Studies 1 & 2), which appeared to be unique to judgments of the self’s emotions (Study 3). The results indicate that happy, relative to less happy, individuals organize information concerning their positive emotions in a qualitatively different and tighter semantic manner.

Field of study: Psychology
An Assessment of Immersion Silver Surface Finish for Lead-Free Electronics

The worldwide transition to lead-free electronics has increased the usage of several lead-free pad finishes for electronic assembly manufacturers, including immersion silver, immersion tin, electroless nickel-immersion gold, and organic solderability preservatives. This study assesses and compares immersion silver as a circuit board finish in terms of its ease of use, wettability, solderability, shelf life, appearance, solder joint strength, intermetallic and void formation, reliability, and costs.

Field of study: Materials science
Polyphosphate kinase 1-coding gene (ppk1) is involved in the oxidative stress resistance in uropathogenic Escherichia coli by modulating the expression of katG and katE genes

To investigate the role and the mechanism of ppk1 gene (coding for polyphosphate kinase 1) in oxidative stress resistance in uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC). 
 
 
 
Mutant strains with ppk1-deletion (△pk1) and complemented strains (△pk1-C) were constructed based on the UPEC strain CFT073. A comparative analysis was conducted to analyze survival rates of CFT073, △pk1 and △pk1-C strains at different time points while they were under oxidative stress. Differences in protein expression between CFT073 and △pk1 strains were analyzed using mass spectrometric analysis. Differences between CFT073 and △pk1 strains in expression of katG and katE genes were analyzed using real-time quantitative RT-PCR. 
 
 
 
The survival rate of △pk1 strains was lower than that of CFT073 strains at every time point, while the survival rate of △pk1-C strains was basically the same as that of CFT073 strains. Gel image analysis and mass spectrometric analysis revealed that six proteins were down-regulated and one was up-regulated in △pk1 strains as compared with those in CFT073 strains. Expression of the catalase-coding genes katG and katE in △pk1 strains were respectively (20.5±8.2)% and (20.9±6.9)% of those in CFT073 strains (P<0.05). 
 
 
 
The ppk1 gene plays an important role in oxidative stress resistance in UPEC by modulating the expression of catalase-coding genes katG and katE. 
 
 
 
Urinary tract infection; Escherichia coli; Polyphosphate kinase 1; Oxidative stress

Field of study: Biology
Platonic Theology, and: Platonic Theology, and: Platonic Theology (review)

refreshing alternative to current post-Foucauldian approaches, which tend to describe women as passive and suppressed by male instructors and patrons. Nevile has produced one of the most vibrant accounts of fifteenth-century choreographic practice in recent literature. Her outstanding book combines practical dance experience with detailed archival work, and a new approach which links the origins of dance-as-literature to humanism in Italy, an area which has so far been virtually absent from the scholarly discourse. The Eloquent Body will, it is hoped, not only have an impact on dance research but also on future academic writing about humanism. BARBARA RAVELHOFER University of Durham

Field of study: History
Feedback stability of charge amplifiers with continuous reset through forward-biased diode junctions

A low noise charge sensitive amplifier that does not require a feedback resistor nor an additional reset device has recently been proposed and successfully tested in several spectroscopy systems. The discharge of the leakage and signal current from the detector is performed continuously through the forward-biased gate to channel junction of the input JFET or, in general, through a diode shunting the preamplifier input. Up to now this forward-biased FET charge amplifier (FBFA) has been used only with detectors having currents limited to a few tens of pA. Recent applications of the FBPA for larger area detectors operating at room temperature with leakage current up to few nA reveals that the original feedback configuration of the FBFA is no longer stable and can show low frequency oscillations. In this work the double feedback loop of the FBFA and its stability is analyzed in detail, and a solution to the mentioned problem is found. The acceptable limit of the input current value in the original configuration of the amplifier is analytically determined, and a new configuration of the singularities of the loop gain, which guarantees stability of the FBFA response at higher input current, is proposed. Experimental tests are presented that show the critical condition of the original FBFA configuration and verify the feasibly of the new proposed solution.

Field of study: Physics
The Effect of Te Substitution for Sb on Thermoelectric Properties of Tetrahedrite

We present the study of the effect of Te substitution on the thermoelectric properties for Sb in Cu12Sb4−xTexS13 tetrahedrite compounds with x ranging from 0.2 to 1.5 in the temperature range of room temperature to 723 K. Powder x-ray diffraction and electron microscopy results indicate a successful homogenous substitution without the alteration of the crystal structure or the introduction of secondary phases. Thermoelectric property measurements show that the excess electrons from Te during the substitution fill the unoccupied levels near the top of the valence bands in pure Cu12Sb4S13 compound, moving the Fermi level closer to the top of the valence bands. This leads to an enhancement in thermopower but also to an increase in electrical resistivity. Overall, the reduction in total thermal conductivity gives rise to improved ZT values in all substituted samples. The highest ZT value obtained in this study is 0.92 at 723 K for x = 1, which is comparable to that of other p-type bulk thermoelectric materials.

Field of study: Materials science
Heat-flow data in the Four Corners area suggest Neogene crustal warming resulting from partial lithosphere replacement in the Colorado Plateau interior, southwest USA

The uplift of the Colorado Plateau is of great geologic interest, and low-noise terrestrial heat-flow data can provide boundary conditions that should be met by proposed models of uplift. The structural continuity of the plateau interior with respect to the neighboring Basin and Range and Southern Rocky Mountains implies a distinctive Neogene lithosphere-crustal evolution. The Four Corners area represents a unique location in the Colorado Plateau interior, and likely the world, where both heat-flow data with little variability, and mineralogy studies relating to pre-Neogene lithosphere temperatures, are available. Together these studies allow one to calculate data-derived heat-flow values at two different times, ca. 25 Ma and the present. Using a first-order model for temperature-depth profiles, these two heat-flow values imply ∼100 km of Neogene lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary (LAB) shallowing in the study area. If crustal radiogenic heat remains constant, the calculated Neogene increase in heat flow of ∼17 mW m –2 will be produced below the Moho. Several mechanisms are considered that might cause the LAB to shallow and the near-surface heat flow to increase. Derived Neogene lithosphere thinning of ∼100 km leads one to consider lithosphere displacement of the same order. If the presented finite-difference model approximates Neogene thermal phenomena in the Four Corners, then partial lithosphere replacement of the upper-mantle lithosphere appears to be the most suitable cause of the heat-flow rise in the area, as well as the near-uniform heat flow over large regions of the plateau interior identified by low-noise heat-flow data.

Field of study: Geology
Autophagy activation prevents sevoflurane-induced neurotoxicity in H4 human neuroglioma cells

The inhaled anesthetic sevoflurane may induce cognitive impairment in both animals and humans. Previous study has shown that sevoflurane triggers ER stress and may lead to apoptosis in rat hippocampal neurons. In this study, we examined whether sevoflurane caused autophagy and its contributions to sevoflurane induced neuronal cell injury.H4 human neuroglioma cells were exposed to 4.1% sevoflurane for 6 h. Cell viability and apoptosis ratio were assessed using a CCK8 kit and flow cytometry, respectively. Autophagosomes in the cells were detected using GFP-LC3 plasmid transfection or transmission electronic microscopy. The expression of LC3B, p62/SQSTM, C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) and glucose-related protein 78 (GRP78) was assessed with Western blotting.Sevoflurane treatment induced apoptosis and markedly increased the LC3-II level and GFP-LC3 puncta number, decreased p62 expression in H4 cells. Activation of autophagy by rapamycin (1 μmol/L) significantly reduced sevoflurane-induced apoptosis and increased cell viability, whereas inhibition of autophagy with 3-MA (5 mmol/L) caused the opposite effects. Furthermore, sevoflurane treatment markedly increased the expression of CHOP and GRP78, two hallmark proteins of ER stress. Inhibition of ER stress by 4-phenylbutyrate (500 μmol/L) abrogated sevoflurane-induced autophagy and apoptosis, and improved the viability. Moreover, sevoflurane-stimulated expression of CHOP and GRP78 was inhibited by rapamycin, but further enhanced by 3-MA.Conclusion:Sevoflurane treatment induces ER stress and activates autophagy, which antagonizes sevoflurane-induced apoptosis in H4 human neuroglioma cells. The results suggest that autophagy may be a potential therapeutic target in preventing sevoflurane-induced neurotoxicity.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Search for the 70 keV resonance in17O(p, α)14N

A direct search for theER=70 keV resonance in17O(p, α)14N was carried out using17O enriched Ta2O5 targets in combination with a 1 mA proton beam and suitable detectors of large solid angle. The observed upper limit for the resonance strength isωγ≤8×10−10 eV.

Field of study: Physics
How Social Network Characteristics Affect Users' Trust and Purchase Intention

These days, young college students cannot imagine life without social network service (SNS). They access andbrowse social network sites everyday to get information, find friends, enjoy entertainment, and express theiropinion. Despite an extraordinary amount of time consumed on SNS by young adults, there have not beenextensive researches and discussion of social networking services and their impact on purchase intention. Theaim of this research is to discover how SNS characteristics affect SNS users’ trust and purchase intention inChinese SNS Weibo. Regression analysis from the SPSS 13.0 program was used to conduct the research. Thisresearch identified the social network characteristic (informativeness) that affects trust in Weibo. This article alsosuggests variables (trust and informativeness) that have an effect on the purchase intention on the Weibo. Thus,we hope this study will help practitioners and companies that can formulate appropriate marketing strategies onsocial network platforms when selling their products and service.

Field of study: Business
Genome-wide association study of response to cognitive–behavioural therapy in children with anxiety disorders

Anxiety disorders are common, and cognitive–behavioural therapy (CBT) is a first-line treatment. Candidate gene studies have suggested a genetic basis to treatment response, but findings have been inconsistent.  To perform the first genome-wide association study (GWAS) of psychological treatment response in children with anxiety disorders (n = 980).  Presence and severity of anxiety was assessed using semi-structured interview at baseline, on completion of treatment (post-treatment), and 3 to 12 months after treatment completion (follow-up). DNA was genotyped using the Illumina Human Core Exome-12v1.0 array. Linear mixed models were used to test associations between genetic variants and response (change in symptom severity) immediately post-treatment and at 6-month follow-up.  No variants passed a genome-wide significance threshold (P=5×10–8) in either analysis. Four variants met criteria for suggestive significance (P<5×10–6) in association with response post-treatment, and three variants in the 6-month follow-up analysis.  This is the first genome-wide therapygenetic study. It suggests no common variants of very high effect underlie response to CBT. Future investigations should maximise power to detect single-variant and polygenic effects by using larger, more homogeneous cohorts.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Computer End-User Skills Important for Business Professionals Now and toward 2005

This study determined the computer end-user skills important for business professionals now and toward 2005 by surveying the Fortune 500 largest U.S. corporations. Fifty-one HR and IT executives in charge of corporate recruitment, training and development in their corporations completed a questionnaire that identified the important computer end-user skills related to hardware, operating systems, word processing, spreadsheet, presentation, database, desktop publishing, telecommunications and groupware, programming, and discipline-specific information systems. The findings indicate that (a) 12 basic hardware and software skills and 13 Internet/Web-centered communication skills are important for all business professionals now and toward 2005, (b) programming skills are important mainly for IT professionals, and (c) skills of using discipline-specific information systems are important for professionals in the respective disciplines, and these systems are considered as integrated components of Web-enabled enterprise systems such as ERP and SCM.

Field of study: Computer science
Positive solutions of nonlinear operator equations with sign-changing kernel and its applications

In this paper, the existence of positive solutions of nonlinear operator equation u = λ Tu are studied, where λ > 0 is a parameter, T is a compact operator with sign-changing kernel. By using the Leray–Schauder degree theory, the existence of positive solutions of nonlinear operator equations with sign-changing kernel are obtained. The obtained abstract theorem can be applied easily, to illustrate this point the paper also introduces some applications.

Field of study: Mathematics
Localized Charge Carrier Transport Properties 
of Zn1−xNixO/NiO Two-Phase Composites

We report the localized charge carrier transport of two-phase composite Zn1−xNixO/NiO (0 ≤ x ≤ 1) using the temperature dependence of ac-resistivity ρac(T) across the Néel temperature TN (= 523 K) of nickel oxide. Our results provide strong evidence to the variable range hopping of charge carriers between the localized states through a mechanism involving spin-dependent activation energies. The temperature variation of carrier hopping energy εh(T) and nearest-neighbor exchange-coupling parameter Jij(T) evaluated from the small poleron model exhibits a well-defined anomaly across TN. For all the composite systems, the average exchange-coupling parameter (Jij)AVG nearly equals to 70 meV which is slightly greater than the 60-meV exciton binding energy of pure zinc oxide. The magnitudes of εh (∼0.17 eV) and Jij (∼11 meV) of pure NiO synthesized under oxygen-rich conditions are consistent with the previously reported theoretical estimation based on Green’s function analysis. A systematic correlation between the oxygen stoichiometry and, εh(T) and Jij(T) is discussed.

Field of study: Materials science
A Method based on Multi-scale to Analyze Fluid Flow in Fibrous Porous Media

Fluid flows through multi-scale fibrous porous media occur in a class of natural and engineering systems. It is of great importance to understand the transport mechanisms in fibrous materials. In this paper, the different scales are separated and each point at macroscopic scale is associated to a representative volume at the finest scale where homogenization can be carried out. A localization tensor which relates different scale velocities be defined. Then, the relationship among three scales of fibrous porous media is developed by using the tensor.

Field of study: Engineering