nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Analysis of Parasitic PNP Bipolar Transistor Mitigation Using Well Contacts in 130 nm and 90 nm CMOS Technology

Three-dimensional TCAD models are used in mixed- mode simulations to analyze the effectiveness of well contacts at mitigating parasitic PNP bipolar conduction due to a direct hit ion strike. 130 nm and 90 nm technology are simulated. Results show careful well contact design can improve mitigation. However, well contact effectiveness is seen to decrease from the 130 nm to the 90 nm simulations.

Field of study: Physics
Ravaging The Glycoproteins (Gp120 –Gp41) On The HIV's Membrane Using Acoustic Nonowaves (Theoretical Study)

We know that the membrane of the virus HIV consists of glycoproteins which give to the virus its full function ,and by destroying it the virus became unactive .Our study is just a theoretical one in which we propose a new method to eliminate the activity of the virus , and that the destruction of glycoproteins using acoustic nanowaves. Subsequently when appling those waves in a very high frequency on the virus the glycoproteins deformed producing a total ravage for the proteins. So with this method we utterly eliminate the HIV.

Field of study: Medicine
Microsopic nuclear level densities by the shell model Monte Carlo method

The configuration-interaction shell model approach provides an attractive framework for the calculation of nuclear level densities in the presence of correlations, but the large dimensionality of the model space has hindered its application in mid-mass and heavy nuclei. The shell model Monte Carlo (SMMC) method permits calculations in model spaces that are many orders of magnitude larger than spaces that can be treated by conventional diagonalization methods. We discuss recent progress in the SMMC approach to level densities, and in particular the calculation of level densities in heavy nuclei. We calculate the distribution of the axial quadrupole operator in the laboratory frame at finite temperature and demonstrate that it is a model-independent signature of deformation in the rotational invariant framework of the shell model. We propose a method to use these distributions for calculating level densities as a function of intrinsic deformation.

Field of study: Physics
Intracanyon flows of the Columbia River Basalt Group in the lower Columbia River Gorge and their relationship to the Troutdale Formation

The Priest Rapids Member (Wanapum Basalt) and the Pomona Member (Saddle Mountains Basalt) of the Columbia River Basalt Group crossed the Miocene Cascade Range into western Oregon and Washington as intracanyon flows about 14 m.y. and 12 m.y. ago, respectively. A thick, allogenic, bedded palagonite complex underlying the Priest Rapids intracanyon flow originated when the first Priest Rapids flow (Rosalia chemical type) interacted with a shallow lake on the Columbia Plateau, displacing water that flushed hyaloclastic debris into an incipient ancestral Columbia River channel. The Priest Rapids flow then overfilled the canyon, forcing the river northward, where it established the Bridal Veil channel. The Bridal Veil channel, part of a river system that extended across the Columbia Plateau, was only partly filled by the Pomona flow, allowing the river to remain in this channel through the Cascade Range. The Troutdale Formation is made up of (1) older alluvial gravels deposited below and above the Pomona intracanyon flow while the ancestral Columbia River occupied the Bridal Veil channel and (2) younger, more varied alluvial deposits characterized by clastic and hyaloclastic debris from Boring and High Cascade volcanism, spread over a much wider area, when aggradation overfilled the Bridal Veil channel less than 6 m.y. ago. The shift of the lower Columbia River to its present course took place during this time of maximum alluviation, aided by scattered eruptions of younger volcanoes of the Boring and High Cascade Lavas. The present Columbia River Gorge was formed in post-Troutdale time by entrenchment of the Columbia River during rapid uplift of the Cascade Range of northern Oregon during the past 1 to 2 m.y.

Field of study: Geology
Foreign Interests in the War of the Pacific

T HE PACIFIC WAR of 1879-1883 has been studied by a number of writers on the basis of State Department papers and of South American materials. In this article some of its aspects are discussed in the light of the British Foreign Office records.' Exceedingly tortuous in detail, the causes of the war were exceedingly simple in essence. Bolivia had nitrate deposits in her coastal province in the Atacama desert; Peru, her ally since 1873, had guano and nitrates in the Tarapaca province bordering it on the north. Chile, to the south, with few deposits of her own, had invested in the development work in Bolivia and to some extent in Tarapaca. All three countries were hard up, and run by oligarchies which disliked paying taxes and looked to revenue from these fertilizers as a substitute. Peru set up a state monopoly, taking over private enterprises in exchange for certificates. Bolivia put an export tax on the Chilean coinpany at Antofogasta. Chile denounced this as a breach of agreement, and in February, 1879, seized the port. Bolivia declared war on Chile, and Peru supported her ally. Equally simple in outline is the story of the hostilities. In the desert battles of November, 1879, Peru lost Tarapaca, and the Bolivian army was eliminated. In December President Prado fled from

Field of study: History
Can Ice-Nucleating Aerosols Affect Arctic Seasonal Climate?

Mixed-phase stratus clouds are ubiquitous in the Arctic and play an important role in climate in this region. However, climate and regional models have generally proven unsuccessful at simulating Arctic cloudiness, particularly during the colder months. Specifically, models tend to underpredict the amount of liquid water in mixed-phase clouds. The Mixed-Phase Arctic Cloud Experiments (M-PACE), conducted from late September through October 2004 in the vicinity of the Department of Energy's Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) North Slope of Alaska field site, focused on characterizing low-level Arctic stratus clouds. Ice nuclei (IN) measurements were made using a continuous-flow ice thermal diffusion chamber aboard the University of North Dakota's Citation II aircraft. These measurements indicated IN concentrations that were significantly lower than those used in many models. Using the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS), we show that these low IN concentrations, as well as inadequate parameteri...

Field of study: Environmental science
Bio-Based Polyurethane Composite Foams with Improved Mechanical, Thermal, and Antibacterial Properties

Among different organic fillers, the chemical composition of Syzygium aromaticum, commonly known as cloves, has great potential as a sustainable reinforcement for polymeric materials. In the study, grounded cloves were used as cellulosic filler for a novel polyurethane (PU) composite foams. Soybean oil-based PU composite foams were successfully reinforced with different concentrations (1, 2, and 5 wt%) of clove filler. PU foams were examined by rheological behavior, processing parameters, cellular structure (scanning electron microscopy analysis), mechanical properties (compression test, impact test, three-point bending test), thermal properties (thermogravimetric analysis), viscoelastic behavior (dynamic mechanical analysis) as well as selected application properties (apparent density, dimensional stability, surface hydrophobicity, water absorption, color characteristic). In order to undertake the disc diffusion method, all PU composites were tested against selected bacteria (Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus). Based on the results, it can be concluded that the addition of 1 and 2 wt% of clove filler leads to PU composite foams with improved compression strength (improvement by ≈18% for sample PU-1), greater flexural strength (increase of ≈11%), and improved impact strength (increase of ≈8%). Moreover, it has been proved that clove filler may be used as a natural anti-aging compound for polymeric materials. Based on the antibacterial results, it has been shown that the addition of clove filler significantly improved the antibacterial properties of PU foams and is suitable for the manufacturing of antimicrobial PU composite foams. Due to these positive and beneficial effects, it can be stated that the use of cloves as a natural filler in PU composite foams can promote a new application path in converting agricultural waste into useful resources for creating a new class of green materials.

Field of study: Materials science
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON SEISMIC BEHAVIOR OF CONCRETE PERFORATED BRICK WALLS

Based on six cyclic-load tests of concrete perforated brick masonry wall, its deformation behaviors, failure types, loading capacity and seismic performance were investigated. Many factors related to the cracking load, ultimate load and deformation behaviors are studied, including high-width ratio, existing of structural concrete column and openings on the wall. The formula for shear capacity was proposed, and some valuable conclusions were drawn.

Field of study: Engineering
Preparation of Electrochemical Sensor Based on Morphology-Controlled Platinum Nanoparticles for Determination of Chemical Oxygen Demand

Platinum nanoparticles with different shapes, such as spheres, rhombs and flowerlike sheets, were in situ deposited on the surface of Pt disk electrode via reduction of 1 mM H 2 PtCl 6 in 0.1 M H 2 SO 4 . By variation of reduction potential and time, the morphology and catalytic activity of Pt nanoparticles were readily tuned. Electrochemical tests revealed that the response of chemical oxygen demand (COD) on nano-Pt surface was shape-dependent. Compared with nanospheres and nanorhombs, the flowerlike Pt nanosheets which were deposited at −0.3 V for 2 min greatly increased the response current of COD, displaying strong signal enhancement for COD. The influences of pH value and detection potential were discussed. As a result, a novel electrochemical sensor using flowerlike Pt nanosheets as sensing film was constructed for COD, and the detection limit was 1.83 mg L −1 . It was used for different lake water samples, and the results consisted with the values obtained by the national standard method.

Field of study: Chemistry
Inspirations from the sports instructor qualification certification system in foreign countries

The characteristics of the sports instructor qualification certification system in USA,UK,Germany,Japan and Canada mainly embody in five aspects: 1)sports instructors are subject to a classifying and rating system,and certificate conferred and managed by different organizations;there are only two types of sports instructors in most countries,namely,fitness instructor and rehabilitation instructor;2)main functions of sports instructors are to pro-vide fitness guidance and rehabilitation guidance,which embodies the peculiarity of the career of sports instructors;3)sports instructors are subject to pre-career training and post-career training combined training;4)for the certifica-tion of occupational qualification of sports instructors,some countries have a unified qualification certification sys-tem,but most countries have the certification standard established by respective certification institutions at their own discretion;5)in foreign countries there is strict stipulation on the effective period of sports instructor qualifica-tion.These characteristics have some inspirations for the establishment and implementation of the social sports in-structor occupational qualification certification system in China:1)fully exert governmental power to implement the social sports instructor occupational qualification certification system;2)establish a regular social sports instructor qualification certification system;3)establish a social sports instructor pre-career education and post-career educa-tion combined qualification certification system.

Field of study: Education
On the Effect of Suboptimal Estimation of Mutual Information in Feature Selection and Classification

This paper introduces a new property of estimators of the strength of statistical association, which helps characterize how well an estimator will perform in scenarios where dependencies between continuous and discrete random variables need to be rank ordered. The new property, termed the estimator response curve, is easily computable and provides a marginal distribution agnostic way to assess an estimator's performance. It overcomes notable drawbacks of current metrics of assessment, including statistical power, bias, and consistency. We utilize the estimator response curve to test various measures of the strength of association that satisfy the data processing inequality (DPI), and show that the CIM estimator's performance compares favorably to kNN, vME, AP, and H_{MI} estimators of mutual information. The estimators which were identified to be suboptimal, according to the estimator response curve, perform worse than the more optimal estimators when tested with real-world data from four different areas of science, all with varying dimensionalities and sizes.

Field of study: Computer science
Ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in sediment and human health risk assessment of heavy metals in fishes in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River basin.

The concentrations of heavy metals (Cr, Cd, Hg, Cu, Zn, Pb and As) in the water, sediment, and fish were investigated in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, China. Potential ecological risk analysis of sediment heavy metal concentrations indicated that six sites in the middle reach, half of the sites in the lower reach, and two sites in lakes, posed moderate or considerable ecological risk. Health risk analysis of individual heavy metals in fish tissue indicated safe levels for the general population and for fisherman but, in combination, there was a possible risk in terms of total target hazard quotients. Correlation analysis and PCA found that heavy metals (Hg, Cd, Pb, Cr, Cu, and Zn) may be mainly derived from metal processing, electroplating industries, industrial wastewater, and domestic sewage. Hg may also originate from coal combustion. Significant positive correlations between TN and As were observed.

Field of study: Environmental science
Parallel and perpendicular phonon-drag thermopower in semiconductor superlattices

Phonon-drag thermopower is calculated in a semiconductor superlattice with temperature gradient parallel and perpendicular to the superlattice axis. Umklapp processes associated with the superlattice periodicity are considered. Numerical results are presented for parameters characteristic of a GaAs/GaAlAs superlattice. Effect of inclusion of umklapp processes is to suppress the magnitude of thermopower parallel to the superlattice axis and to change its sign for Fermi energies near the top of the miniband. The behaviour of thermopower in the plane of the layer is found to be similar to that of a two-dimensional electron gas.

Field of study: Materials science
Archean variolites—quenched immiscible liquids: Discussion

tholeiite varieties are such common magma types. Finally, a small point of nomenclature. If these structures come to be accepted as having originated by immiscibility, "variole" and "variolitic" are perhaps rather poor terms to employ, as these terms already have a precise connotation in terms of a mineralogy and texture in which immiscibility plays no part. "Ocelli" could perhaps be preferable. However, the writer prefers to believe for the present that they are in fact (metasomatized) varioles.

Field of study: Environmental science
Studies of the Synthesis of Large VAPO-5 Crystals and Incorporation of Vanadium Ions

The molecular sieve VAPO-5 has been synthesized hydrothermally in form of large crystals up to 660 μm in length. They have been used as a model substance for the study of vanadium incorporation into the framework. Our results show that vanadium was incorporated into the framework though in relatively small amounts. The results are in agreement with earlier findings for powder preparations of VAPO-5, except for the oxidation state of the vanadium ions and its stability. These conclusions agree with those arrived at previously for vanadium silicate KVS-5.

Field of study: Chemistry
Author Response on the Book Review Roundtable

First of all, I would like to thank all the reviewers for taking the time to read my book and their intriguing comments on its content and to Civil Wars for agreeing to publish this review panel. After Payam Foroughi informed me about the review roundtable in 2017, I started rereading the Origins of the Civil War in Tajikistan, bracing myself for the reviews and anticipating critique on issues I would address in a different form today. I expected criticism for at least three themes and topics: First, I had (and still have) the impression that I did not elaborate the issue of contingency sufficiently and fully, both from the empirical and the theoretical points of view, and in particular the link between agency and contingency in the specific historical constellations (for instance, the rise of field commanders in the early days of the civil war). Second, I should have invested more time and space for discussing masculinities in Soviet and postSoviet Tajikistan, particularly the relevant social imaginaries, the institutional context and importantly the relational aspects of masculinity. Finally, I should have expanded the section on the autobiographical sources and elaborated in greater detail the particularities of the source genre. To some extent, the reviewers mentioned these issues, but highlighted a range of other themes and topics which are at the least as relevant and important as the ones I have anticipated. Parviz Mullojonov kindly shares his first-hand knowledge on the origins of the conflict and reminds us of the early involvement of Russian special forces, in particular Russia’s Main Intelligence Directorate (GRU), supporting the militias from Kulob as early as June 1992. Based on a few autobiographical accounts, I have referred to their involvement (p. 291f.) but should have consulted a broader range of sources documenting the Russian military involvement that might have tipped the military balance in favour of the ‘People’s Front’ already in the Summer of 1992. Importantly, Mullojonov raises a topic I have indeed largely ignored, i.e. that of ‘hybrid warfare’ and the Russian media’s role in undermining public support for the interim government in Dushanbe between May and September 1992. My ignorance on this issue is to some extent related to the primary sources I have consulted, but Mullojonov addresses here a highly relevant question for future research.

Field of study: History, Sociology
Temperature-driven directional coalescence of silver nanoparticles.

Silver nanoparticles were synthesized with a chemical reduction method in the presence of polyvinylpyrrolidone as stabilizing agent. The thermal stability behavior of the silver nanoparticles was studied in the temperature range from 25 to 700°C. Thermal gravimetric analysis was used to measure the weight loss of the silver nanoparticles. Scanning electron microscopy and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy were used to observe the morphology and the change in shape of the silver nanoparticles. In situ temperature-dependent small-angle X-ray scattering was used to detect the increase in particle size with temperature. In situ temperature-dependent X-ray diffraction was used to characterize the increase in nanocrystal size and the thermal expansion coefficient. The results demonstrate that sequential slow and fast Ostward ripening are the main methods of nanoparticle growth at lower temperatures (<500°C), whereas successive random and directional coalescences are the main methods of nanoparticle growth at higher temperatures (>500°C). A four-stage model can be used to describe the whole sintering process. The thermal expansion coefficient (2.8 × 10(-5) K(-1)) of silver nanoparticles is about 30% larger than that of bulk silver. To our knowledge, the temperature-driven directional coalescence of silver nanocrystals is reported for the first time. Two possible mechanisms of directional coalescence have been proposed. This study is of importance not only in terms of its fundamental academic interest but also in terms of the thermal stability of silver nanoparticles.

Field of study: Physics
Interaction of a dengue virus NS1‐derived peptide with the inhibitory receptor KIR3DL1 on natural killer cells

Killer immunoglobulin‐like receptors (KIRs) interact with human leucocyte antigen (HLA) class I ligands and play a key role in the regulation and activation of NK cells. The functional importance of KIR–HLA interactions has been demonstrated for a number of chronic viral infections, but to date only a few studies have been performed in the context of acute self‐limited viral infections. During our investigation of CD8+ T cell responses to a conserved HLA‐B57‐restricted epitope derived from dengue virus (DENV) non‐structural protein‐1 (NS1), we observed substantial binding of the tetrameric complex to non‐T/non‐B lymphocytes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from a long‐standing clinical cohort in Thailand. We confirmed binding of the NS1 tetramer to CD56dim NK cells, which are known to express KIRs. Using depletion studies and KIR‐transfected cell lines, we demonstrated further that the NS1 tetramer bound the inhibitory receptor KIR3DL1. Phenotypical analysis of PBMC from HLA‐B57+ subjects with acute DENV infection revealed marked activation of NS1 tetramer‐binding natural killer (NK) cells around the time of defervescence in subjects with severe dengue disease. Collectively, our findings indicate that subsets of NK cells are activated relatively late in the course of acute DENV illness and reveal a possible role for specific KIR–HLA interactions in the modulation of disease outcomes.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Testing process capability for one-sided specification limit with application to the voltage level translator

Process capability indices CPU and CPL have been widely used in the microelectronics manufacturing industry as capability measures for processes with one-sided specification limits. In this paper, the theory of statistical hypothesis testing is implemented for normal processes, using the uniformly minimum variance unbiased estimators of CPU and CPL. Efficient SAS computer programs are provided to calculate the critical values and the p-values required for making decisions. Useful critical values for some commonly used capability requirements are tabulated. Based on the test a simple but practical step-by-step procedure is developed for in-plant applications. An example on the voltage level translator manufacturing process is given to illustrate how the proposed procedure may be applied to test whether the process meets the preset capability requirement.

Field of study: Engineering
Miniband structures and effective masses of n-type -doping superlattices in GaN

Self-consistent electronic structure calculations of n-type -doping superlattices (SLs) in GaN are performed using effective-mass theory and local density functional theory. The electron bulk mass of cubic GaN is obtained from ab initio full potential linear augmented plane wave (FLAPW) band-structure calculations. For the SLs, self-consistent potentials, subband levels, miniband dispersions and Fermi-level positions are calculated, assuming sheet donor concentrations up to and periods between 50 A and 400 A which cover the whole range between an isolated-well and SL regime. The miniband effective masses exhibit strong dependence on the SL wavevector. The confinement effects in GaN n-type -doping SLs are strong enough to be seen experimentally in transport and optical properties. A comparison of the results obtained for GaN with -doped layers in other III-V compounds, such as GaAs, is made.

Field of study: Materials science