nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Calibration of a water vapour Raman lidar using GRUAN-certified radiosondes and a new trajectory method

Raman lidars have been designated as potential candidates for trend studies by the Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change (NDACC) and GCOS (Global Climate Observing System) Reference Upper Air Network (GRUAN); however, for such studies improved calibration techniques are needed as well as careful consideration of the calibration uncertainties. Trend determinations require frequent, accurate, and well-characterized measurements. However, water vapour Raman lidars produce a relative measurement and require calibration in order to transform the measurement into a mixing ratio, a conserved quantity when no sources or sinks for water vapour are present. Typically, the calibration is done using a reference instrument such as a radiosonde. We present an improved trajectory technique to calibrate water vapour Raman lidars based on the previous work of Whiteman et al. ( 2006 ) , Leblanc and Mcdermid ( 2008 ) , Adam et al. ( 2010 ) , and Herold et al. ( 2011 ) , who used radiosondes as an external calibration source and matched the lidar measurements to the corresponding radiosonde measurement. However, they did not consider the movement of the radiosonde relative to the air mass and fronts. Our trajectory method is a general technique which may be used for any lidar and only requires that the radiosonde report wind speed and direction. As calibrations can be affected by a lack of co-location with the reference instrument, we have attempted to improve their technique by tracking the air parcels measured by the radiosonde relative to the field of view of the lidar. This study uses GRUAN Vaisala RS92 radiosonde measurements and lidar measurements taken by the MeteoSwiss RAman Lidar for Meteorological Observation (RALMO), located in Payerne, Switzerland, from 2011 to 2016 to demonstrate this improved calibration technique. We compare this technique to the traditional radiosonde–lidar calibration technique which does not involve tracking the radiosonde and uses the same integration time for all altitudes. Both traditional and our trajectory methods produce similar profiles when the water vapour field is homogeneous over the 30 min calibration period. We show that the trajectory method reduces differences between the radiosonde and lidar by an average of 10 % when the water vapour field is not homogeneous over a 30 min calibration period. We also calculate a calibration uncertainty budget that can be performed on a nightly basis. The calibration uncertainty budget includes the uncertainties due to phototube paralysis, aerosol extinctions, the assumption of the Angstrom exponent, and the radiosonde. The study showed that the radiosonde was the major source of uncertainty in the calibration at 4 % of the calibration value. This trajectory method showed small improvements for RALMO's calibration but would be more useful for stations in different climatological regions or when non-co-located radiosondes are the only available calibration source.

Field of study: Environmental science
The ethical examination on the work and mental stress of university teachers

Owning to the deepening higher education reform and its demands on the professional development for teachers, teachers' workload and mental stress have got reinforced than ever before , the two main triggering factors for which are external drives and internal anxiety. To solve the problems, we should carry out a series of measures; establish a faculty-management and assessment system that conforms with ethical regulations; guarantee the balanced development of instruction and scientific research; construct a mechanism that combines external stimulation and the development of internal resources; realize the harmonious unification of system constrain and free development.

Field of study: Education
Assessing biodiversity integrity for the conservation of grazed and burnt grassland systems: avian field metabolic rates as a rapid assessment tool

The South African grassland system is home to over 3,300 plant species, 15 of the country’s 34 endemic mammal species, 12 of the 40 endemic bird species (four of which are globally threatened) and five RAMSAR wetland sites. To assess and address the ecological integrity of farmed grasslands we used process-oriented techniques, including nesting success and field metabolic rates (FMR) of birds, and an adaptation of the multi-taxon biodiversity intactness index (BII) using plant, arthropod and bird diversity data which is a comprehensive tool for assessing ecological integrity using multiple taxonomic groups. Current pastoral management practices have a significant detrimental effect on avian abundance, species richness, nest density and fledgling output. Overall energy turnover and BII values confirm the importance of conserved areas for birds in moist highland grassland systems and support the need for further conservation efforts in grassland systems by both private landowners and reserve managers. Findings based on both avian FMRs and the BII in this study were found to be comparable, lending support to the use of FMR as a rapid assessment technique for assessing ecosystem integrity for future studies of this nature. Scenarios of potential biodiversity improvement with changes in fire management regimes are also presented.

Field of study: Environmental science
An Optimization Model Algorithm Based on MPLS Network

MPLS has becomed the important technique in NGN'development,contributing for doing an efficient Traffic Engineering(TE) in order to provide the QoS and to optimize resource allocation.For this purpose,it is possible to apply Mixed Integer Mathematical Programming(optimization) techniques to model routing problem minimizing implantation,operation and maintenance network costs.we present an optimization model applied to the MPLS network planning,which assign paths based on capacity and network architecture constraints,considering LSP survivability.The model is consolidated in two case studies, applying them to plan a MPLS network.The main characteristics of the MPLS concerning to the network planning approach are presented.

Field of study: Engineering
Interpreting Our World: Authority and the Written Word in Robert J. Conley's Real People Series

The Summer 2001 issue of the Cherokee Phoenix profiles Cherokee painter Talmadge Davis, a self-taught artist who takes as his subject matter the traditions and history of his people. Cherokee journalist Will Chavez writes that Davis "wants his paintings to teach people about Cherokee history." The article describes Davis's depic- tion of the Revolutionary War era Cherokee patriot Dragging Canoe. Interestingly, Davis titled his work "Cherokee Dragon," a title "taken with permission from the book of the same name by Cherokee author Robert Conley." Davis's Dragging Canoe "bears a striking resemblance to Cherokee actor Wes Studi because he allowed Davis to use his image for the painting" (Chavez). In the creation and naming of Davis's painting, three Cherokee artists—a writer, a painter, and an actor—converge in the production of new art representing a cultural hero few people outside Cherokee country celebrate. This artistic discourse characterizes an evolving aesthetic that seeks to explore Cherokee history, invigorate Cherokee culture, and support Cherokee nationhood. A culturally informed process of critical interpretation modeled on Cherokee oral traditional thought and performance is emerging from these artistic conversations, and at the center of

Field of study: Art
Design and Implementation of Satellite Constellation Optimization Tool

Satellite constellation optimization and design is a research key in aerospace field.This paper introduces system architecture and key features of the satellite constellation optimization tool(SCOT).This platform,including the four major sub-systems,can be achieved satellite constellation information management,computing,optimization,coverage analysis and visual simulation functions.Characteristic of this platform is to use a variety of evolutionary algorithms and multi-objective evolutionary algorithms to optimize project of satellite constellation configure and get the best solution,such as it can provide the best solution and the process of simulation for change of satellite orbit when emergency happened,and it help the relative department to make measure.The result of SCOT is compared with the result of some literatures.It has proved the correctness and effectiveness of our system.

Field of study: Computer science
Seven new neutron rich nuclides observed in deep inelastic collisions of 340 MeV40Ar on238U

The new nuclides54Ti,56V,58–59Cr,61Mn,63–64Fe, have been produced through40Ar+238U reactions. The identification combining two (ΔE×E) informations as well as two time of flight measurements was quite unambiguous. Only those isotopes showing more than some twenty events were retained. Hints are given for production of 3 additional nuclides.

Field of study: Physics
A whole-body mathematical model for intracranial pressure dynamics

Most attempts to study intracranial pressure using lumped-parameter models have adopted the classical ``Kellie-Monro Doctrine,'' which considers the intracranial space to be a closed system that is confined within the nearly-rigid skull, conserves mass, and has equal inflow and outflow. The present work revokes this Doctrine and develops a mathematical model for the dynamics of intracranial pressures, volumes, and flows that embeds the intracranial system in extensive whole-body physiology. The new model consistently introduces compartments representing the tissues and vasculature of the extradural portions of the body, including both the thoracic region and the lower extremities. In addition to vascular connections, a spinal-subarachnoid cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) compartment bridges intracranial and extracranial physiology allowing explict buffering of intracranial pressure fluctuations by the spinal theca. The model contains cerebrovascular autoregulation, regulation of systemic vascular pressures by the sympathetic nervous system, regulation of CSF production in the choroid plexus, a lymphatic system, colloid osmotic pressure effects, and realistic descriptions of cardiac output. To validate the model in situations involving normal physiology, the model's response to a realistic pulsatile cardiac output is examined. A well-known experimentally-derived intracranial pressure-volume relationship is recovered by using the model to simulate CSF infusion tests, and the effect on cerebral blood flow of a change in body position is also examined. Cardiac arrest and hemorrhagic shock are simulated to demonstrate the predictive capabilities of the model in pathological conditions.

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics
Creation of Medicinal Chemistry Learning Communities Through Enhanced Technology and Interdisciplinary Collaboration

To build an integrated medicinal chemistry learning community of campus and distance pharmacy students though the use of innovative technology and interdisciplinary teaching.  Mechanisms were implemented to bring distance students into campus-based medicinal chemistry classrooms in real time, stimulate interaction between instructors and various student cohorts, and promote group work during class. Also, pharmacy clinician colleagues were recruited to contribute to the teaching of the 3 medicinal chemistry courses. Assessment. Student perceptions on the value of technology to build community and advance learning were gleaned from course evaluations, in class feedback, and conversations with class officers and student groups. Responses on a survey of second-year students confirmed the benefits of interdisciplinary content integration on engagement and awareness of the connection between drug chemistry and pharmacy practice. A survey of clinician colleagues who contributed to teaching the 3 medicinal chemistry courses found their views were similar to those of students.  The purposeful use of technology united learners, fostered communication, and advanced content comprehension in 3 medicinal chemistry courses taught to campus and distance students. Teaching collaboration with pharmacy clinicians enhanced learner interest in course content and provided insight into the integrated nature of the profession of pharmacy.

Field of study: Education, Medicine
Methods to Increase Current Capacity of Superconducting Thin-Film Fault Current Limiter Using Au-Ag Alloy Shunt Layers

We have proposed a superconducting thin-film fault current limiter (FCL) that uses high-resistivity Au-Ag alloy shunt layers for the protection against ldquohot spotsrdquo. Its design enables reduction of the total length of FCL elements that can withstand high electric fields E > 40 Vpeak/cm, thus greatly reducing the cost of FCLs. In this paper, two methods to increase current capacity of the FCLs were demonstrated. The first method protects the films from hot spots by using capacitors in addition to external resistors. The capacitors decrease rapid voltage rise in the films at the moment of quenching. The second method maximizes the rated current of two parallel-connected thin films by using parallel connections via superconducting tapes, even if the critical currents of these films are largely different. We then successfully tested two parallel-connected YBCO films prepared by a low-cost, metal organic deposition (MOD) method. Over-current tests showed that (a) superconducting transport currents up to 380 Apeak flowed 5 cycles without quenching, which is more than 1.3 times larger than the peak value of the 200 Arms rated current and (b) after switching, E = 45.7 Vpeak/cm was achieved without film degradation.

Field of study: Physics
Determination of Six Typical Taste and Odor Compounds Using Large Volume Concentration,Solid Phase Micro-extraction and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry

The taste and odor(TO) compounds including 2-methylisoborneol(2-MIB),geosmin(GSM),2,4,6-trichloroanisole(2,4,6-TCA),β-Cyclocitral,β-Ionone and Dimethyl trisulfide(DMTS) ubiquitously exist in water environments.To simultaneously detect these compounds,large volume concentration and SPME-GC/MS method using a 100-mL customized extraction bottle was developed.The extraction conditions were optimized as follows: extraction time of 30 min,NaCl concentration of 0.3 g/mL,extraction temperature of 65 ℃,and desorption time of 2 min.The extraction was not significantly influenced by pH values(4-9).This method exhibited high sensitivity with the detection limits below 1 ng/L,good precision with recoveries ratio ranged between 86.0% and 114.2%,and good linear response for the concentrations from 1.0 to 200 ng/L.It was successfully applied to analyze various environment water samples from rivers,lakes,reservoirs as well as the effluent of water works and distribution systems.The results indicated that the concentrations of DMTS,2-MIB and β-Cyclocitral were relatively high in eutrophication water,while TCA was primary detected in distribution system with higher concentration.

Field of study: Chemistry
Phylogenetic diversity and structure of sebacinoid fungi associated with plant communities along an altitudinal gradient.

To study the diversity and phylogenetic structure of Sebacinales communities from eight vegetation communities along an altitudinal gradient in the Bavarian Alps (Germany), we analysed 456 thalli or roots of plants. We detected 264 sebacinoid sequences, spanning the intergenic transcribed spacer region, 5.8S and D1/D2 regions of the nuclear rRNA gene, mostly using a nested PCR approach. Based on 97% sequence similarity, 73 Sebacinales molecular taxonomic units were found from 70 host species belonging to 44 plant families. Twenty-six molecular taxonomic units represented singletons, the most frequent of these being restricted exclusively to either wooded or grassland habitats. Although Sebacinales appear to occur in low abundance in plant roots, these microorganisms are phylogenetically diverse and widely spread in the ecosystems studied. Ordination analyses showed that land use, pH and humus content strongly influence the diversity and assembly of Sebacinales. In most cases, Sebacinales communities in ecosystems with extreme soil conditions or intensive land use exhibited significant phylogenetic clustering, whereas in undisturbed plant communities no trend was observed. These results suggest that ecosystem disturbance and environmental forces have an influence on the diversity and structure of Sebacinales community assembly over local and spatial scales.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Physicochemical characterisation and thermal sensitivity of chitin polymer blend by cross linking with formaldehyde

The present study evaluated the properties of polymeric blend films obtained fromchitin and bentonite by the casting/solvent evaporationmethod. Polymer blend films of chitin and bentonite were prepared from homogeneous solutions in trichloroacetic acid at various proportions of chitin and bentonite. The cross linking agent like formaldehyde were incorporated into the polymer blends to improve the properties such as mechanical strength, tensile strength, surface hardness, stiffness, resistance to temperature and solvent attack. The structure and physical properties of the blend films were analyzed byFourier transformspectroscopy (FTIR), thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). FTIRanalyses confirmed that interactions were present between the hydroxyl groups of bentonite and amide group of chitin. From TGA studies, it was found that the onset degradation temperature of the blends almost changed due to the presence of strong interaction between bentonite and chitin chains. The DSC analysis showed a single glass transition temperature for all the blends, indicating that these polymers are miscible over the entire composition range.

Field of study: Materials science
Expression, purification, crystallization and preliminary crystallographic analysis of recombinant pteridine reductase of Trypanosoma cruzi.

The recombinant version of Trypanosoma cruzi pteridine reductase was expressed in Escherichia coli, purified to homogeneity from the soluble fraction of bacterial extract by metal-chelate affinity chromatography and crystallized in the presence of the cofactor (NADPH) and an inhibitor (methotrexate) at 295 K using sodium acetate as precipitant. The crystals are trigonal, belonging to space group P3(1) (or P3(2)), with unit-cell parameters a = 74.35, c = 179.96 A under cryogenic conditions. The asymmetric unit contains a tetramer, with a corresponding V(M) of 2.3 A(3) Da(-1)and a solvent content of 46%. Native data have been collected to 2.1 A resolution using Cu Kalpha X-rays.

Field of study: Chemistry
BRIEF COMMUNICATIONS: Emission of aberration-free radiation from lasers with active elements made of neodymium glass plates

An experimental investigation was made of the optical quality of active elements made of GLS-22 neodymium glass plates with reflection from polished side surfaces, as used in an UMI-35 laser system. It was found that the active element was optically equivalent to a cylindrical lens. A continuously acting phase corrector compensated wavefront distortions in the active element and ensured that the divergence of the output radiation at the exit aperture was close to the diffraction limit.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
A Directed Graph Model of the Authentication Protocols and its Security Analysis

The formal description of authentication protocol and its security analysis are one of the most important issues in the protocol analysis.In order to solve the problems in the formal description of cryptographic protocol,a method based on directed graph is presented to formally depict the authentication protocol specification.Meanwhile,a converse-searching algorithm based on directed graph is also presented to construct the protocol messages.Woo-Lam Authenticate protocol is analyzed with this method,and a new flow and its attacking trace are founded.

Field of study: Computer science
Non-logic cognition: a cybernetic view on education innovation

Non-logic cognition refers to things gained from the non-logic way of cognition, such as imagination, inspiration, insight and intuition. It is a kind of cognitive way by trial and error approach and is the negative of logic deduce. This article shows that, in order to train students’ creative spirit, excite students’ creativity, it is necessary for teachers to cultivate the students’ ability of imagination on the basis of respecting students, being tolerant, encouraging and praising, and it is useful to excite the creativity in the teaching mode of “doing nothing”.

Field of study: Education
Behaviour of plasma membrane, cortical ER and plasmodesmata during plasmolysis of onion epidermal cells

During plasmolysis of onion epidermal cells, the contracting protoplast remains connected to the cell wall by an intricate, branched system of plasma membrane (PM) ‘Hechtian strands’ which stain strongly with the fluorescent probe DiOC6. In addition, extensive regions of the cortical endoplasmic reticulum (ER) network remain anchored to the cell wall during plasmolysis and do not become incorporated into the contracting protoplast with the other cell organelles. These ER profiles become tightly encased by the PM as the latter contracts towards the centre of the cell. Thus, although the cortical ER is left outside the main protoplast body, it is nonetheless still bound by the PM of the cell. As well as being anchored to the wall, the cortical ER remains intimately linked with plasmodesmata and retains continuity between cells via the central desmotubules which become distended during plasmolysis. The PM also remains in close contact with the plasmodesmatal pore following plasmolysis. It is suggested that plasmodesmata, although sealed, may not be broken during plasmolysis, their substructure being preserved by continuity of both ER and PM through the plasmodesmatal pore. A structural model is presented which links the behaviour of PM, ER and plasmodesmata during plasmolysis.

Field of study: Environmental science
Adenotonsillar Granuloma: Histopathological Correlation

This study was undertaken to investigate the presence and nature of granulomatous changes in the adenotonsillar tissues and their relation to systemic disorders.  The study was a retrospective clinicopathological review; 21,410 specimens of tonsil and adenoid tissue were subjected to histological examination during the period from 1995 to 2003. Twenty-three cases of tonsillar and adenoid granuloma (12 males and 11 females) were identified. Haemotoxylin and eosin stains were reviewed and clinical features noted.  Of 23 cases, 11 were adenotonsillectomies, 10 tonsillectomies, 1 adenoidectomy and 1 excision biopsy of the right tonsil. Histologically, the slides reviewed showed 4 types of granulomatous inflammation that can affect the adenotonsillar tissues. The most common type was non-caseating epithelioid granulomas. Clinically, 22 cases presented with symptoms of chronic tonsillitis, nasal obstruction and obstructive sleep apnoea. None had any systemic granulomatous disorders. Only 1 case had tuberculosis.  In all the cases but one there was no obvious systemic aetiology for the granulomatous changes in the adenotonsillar tissues. Hence, the cost effectiveness of clinicopathological examination of the resected adenoid and tonsil is still questionable.

Field of study: Medicine