nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Implementing experimental research of research type teaching in swimming teaching

In order to seek for a new method for PE teaching,the author,aiming at the shortages of traditional PE teaching,carried out a research type teaching experiment in accordance with research type teaching theories and by combining the characteristics of swimming technique teaching and referring to the achievements of modern teaching theories,and revealed the following findings: After 2 rounds (with 60 students in the first round and 53 students in the second round) of experiment for one month per round,the swimming technique,basic knowledge and examination score of students in the experiment class are all superior to those in the control class, and the differences are remarkable (P0.005 and 0.001),indicating that the result of research type teaching is superior to that of traditional teaching. Research type teaching is a teaching method that deserves to be popularized.

Field of study: Education
Effect of nitric oxide(NO) fumigation for different period on the post harvest quality of tomato

Tomato fruits were fumigated for a series of periods of 20 μL/L nitric oxide(0.5,1,1.5,2 h) to investigate the effect of nitric oxide(NO) fumigation with different period on the post harvest weight loss,respiration,pulp hardness and soluble solids of tomato.The results showed that:NO fumigation for 1~2 h could effectively inhibit the post harvest weight loss and pulp hardness of tomato.Meanwhile,the post harvest respiration and the total soluble solids loss of tomato were also controlled,which suggested that the treatment of NO fumigation could postpone the progress of post harvest ripeness and senescence of tomato.However,NO fumigation for 0.5 h had no significant effects on the post harvest quality of tomato.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Unprecedented January-July warming recorded in a 178-year tree-ring width chronology in the Dabie Mountains, southeastern China

Previous tree-ring studies indicate that tree growth at high elevations is strongly limited by temperatures in the southeastern China, where the climate is dominated by the East Asian monsoon. Based on this result, we built a highly replicated 202-year tree-ring width chronology from high elevation sites in the Dabie Mountains, southeastern China. The most reliable period of the chronology is from 1834 to 2011 according to a subsample signal strength cutoff of 0.85. Based on this chronology, January–July minimum temperature was reconstructed for the last 178 years, with an explained variance of 57.6% during the instrumental period 1956–2010. The reconstructed temperature series matches reasonably well with three other tree-ring based temperature reconstructions at decadal time scales in the region. The coldest periods are 1891–1898 and 1904–1914, however, the longest cold period is from 1948 to 1973. The warmest period is 1990–2010. Both the recent (1990–2010) warming and recent (1948–2010) temperature increase rates are unprecedented compared with any same long period during the past 178 years in the study region.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Upgrade of laser pump time-resolved X-ray probes in Beijing synchrotron.

The upgrade of the laser pump time-resolved X-ray probes, namely time-resolved X-ray absorption spectroscopy (TR-XAS) and X-ray diffraction (TR-XRD), implemented at the Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility, is described. The improvements include a superbunch fill, a high-efficiency fluorescence collection, an efficient spatial overlap protocol and a new data-acquisition scheme. After upgrade, the adequate TR-XAS signal is now obtained in a 0.3 mM solution, compared with a 6 mM solution in our previous report. Furthermore, to extend application in photophysics, the TR-XAS probe is applied on SrCoO2.5 thin film. And for the first time, TR-XAS is combined with TR-XRD to simultaneously detect the kinetic trace of structural changes in thin film.

Field of study: Physics
72 : EGR2 is critical for peripheral Naïve T cell differentiation and the T-cell mediated response to influenza

EGR1 and EGR2 are closely related members of an early growth response family of transcription factors, with EGR1 generally considered to be a positive regulator and EGR2 a negative regulator of T cell activation, promoting T cell anergy while decreasing autoimmunity. Here, we have studied the roles of these factors during influenza infection and unexpectedly found that EGR2, but not EGR1, is required for peripheral naive T cell differentiation and T cell-mediated immune responses. Deletion of either the Egr1 or Egr2 gene delayed TCR-induced proliferation of peripheral naive CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, with Egr2 -deficient T cells having lower proliferation and cytokine expression than Egr1 -deficient T cells, with lower IFN- γ , IL-4, IL-9, and IL-17A expression under Th1, Th2, Th9, and Th17 conditions, respectively. Moreover, Egr2 was necessary for T cellmediated immune responses to influenza infection, with delayed virus clearance, greater weight loss, and more severe pathologic changes in Egr2 conditional KO (CKO) mice than in WT or Egr1 KO mice. The Egr2 CKO mice also had defective CD4+ T cell immune responses, with dysregulated cytokine expression and augmented infiltration of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells that had a memory precursor phenotype and decreased cytolytic activity. Collectively, these results unexpectedly reveal that EGR2 is an essential transcriptional regulator for the differentiation of naive T cells and a critical positive regulator of the normal T cell-mediated immune response to influenza infection.

Field of study: Medicine
Residual Compressive Strength of Recycled Aggregate Concretes after High Temperature Exposure

Sustainability requirements are gaining importance in the construction industry, which needs to take specific measures in the design and construction of concrete structures. The use of recycled aggregates in concrete may be of special interest. Recycling a construction waste will close the life cycle of the original materials (e.g., concrete). Thus, environmental benefits would come from the lower waste generation, and from a lower necessity of raw materials for new structures. The current Spanish code for structural concrete considers the use of recycled aggregates in replacement rates up to 20% by aggregate mass, assimilating their properties with those of concretes without aggregate replacement. Higher substitution percentages would require further testing. In this work, substitution of coarse aggregate for recycled aggregates (with replacement percentages of 25%, 50% and 100%) has been studied, and the concrete’s residual properties after exposure to high temperatures (between 350 °C and 850 °C) have been assessed. Compressive strength and capillary water absorption tests were made after heating, and the experiments showed higher residual strength in concretes with the greatest content of recycled aggregates. However, a statistical analysis made with additional data available in the literature seemed to predict otherwise, and the recycled aggregate replacement would have a negative effect on the residual strength.

Field of study: Materials science
Effects of Anthropogenic Forcing and Natural Variability on the 2018 Heatwave in Northeast Asia

QIAN —Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster of Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, China, and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, and Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences Program, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey; MURAKAMI—National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey, and University Corporation for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado; HSU—Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster of Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, China; KAPNICK—National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey

Field of study: Environmental science
Control of dopamine-secretion by Tet-Off system in an in vivo model of parkinsonian rat

We established a PC12 cell line (PC12TH Tet-Off) in which human tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) expression can be negatively controlled by Doxycycline (Dox). First, dopamine (DA)-secretion from PC12TH Tet-Off cells was controlled by Dox-administration in a dose-responsive manner ranging from 0 to 100 ng/ml for 70 days in vitro. Furthermore, Parkinson's disease model of rats receiving encapsulated PC12TH Tet-Off cells displayed a significant decrease of dopamine concentration in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and increase of the number of apomorphine-induced rotations by Dox-administration, as compared to transplanted rats without Dox-administration, although the significant decrease of the reduction ratio of DA concentration in the CSF with Dox-administration was recognized over time. At 2 months post-implantation, concentration of dopamine in the implanted striatum and from the retrieved capsules demonstrated that the control of DA-secretion could be partially achieved for 2 months in vivo. Our results support both the value of cell therapy using Tet-Off system and the technique of encapsulation might be a feasible option for Parkinson's disease especially in resolving the problem of dopamine oversupply in the future, although a more efficient way to control DA-secretion with quicker regulation and much titration of dose should be explored before clinical application.

Field of study: Biology
Probing the Faintest Galaxies

The concept of a galaxy as a vast organized system of stars originates with Galileo's Observation in 1610 that the Milky why cound be resolved into “innumerable” faint stars. Confirmation that many of the faint patches of light seen through small telescopes were actually galaxies like our own came in 1923, when Edwin Hubble, working with the just‐completed 2.4‐meter telescope at Mount Wilson in southern California, measured the brightnesses of individual stars in the Andromeda nebula. At about the same time, Vesto Slipher, working at the Lowell Observatory in Arizona, was making the first systematic measurements of the Doppler shifts of galaxies. Of several dozen galaxies measured, all but two were found to be receding. In 1929, Hubble showed that the recession velocities of Slipher's galaxies were directly proportional to their distances, thus introducing the concept of an expanding universe

Field of study: Physics
The positivist philosophy in Mexican education, 1867-1873.

Positivism in educational thought in 1867 was the rational expression of a liberating philosophy which had been operating upon the Mexican scene from the turn of the century. Under the aegis of liberalism educational theory had moved slowly forward, but application had lagged far behind. This situation was not an unnatural consequence of the chaotic conditions which obtained after the achievement of independence. Independence had brought political freedom, but the masses, economically and culturally, had gained little. As early as 1823 educators had clamored for popular education, and although public education was given some consideration during succeeding administrations, hopes of realizing changes in education were lost within the maelstrom of social and political intrigues. The control of education was thus left in the hands of individuals, many of whom were not fit to be teachers, or to the Church, whose attention to education was greatly lessened by the growing Church-State question.

Field of study: History
From support $\tau$-tilting posets to algebras

The aim of this paper is to study a poset isomorphism between two support $\tau$-tilting posets. We take several algebraic information from combinatorial properties of support $\tau$-tilting posets. As an application, we treat a certain class of basic algebras which contains preprojective algebras of type $A$, Nakayama algebras, and generalized Brauer tree algebras. We provide a necessary condition for that an algebra $\Lambda$ share the same support $\tau$-tilting poset with a given algebra $\Gamma$ in this class. Furthermore, we see that this necessary condition is also a sufficient condition if $\Gamma$ is either a preprojective algebra of type $A$, a Nakayama algebra, or a generalized Brauer tree algebra.

Field of study: Mathematics
Structures of bovine, equine and leporine serum albumin.

Serum albumin first appeared in early vertebrates and is present in the plasma of all mammals. Its canonical structure supported by a conserved set of disulfide bridges is maintained in all mammalian serum albumins and any changes in sequence are highly correlated with evolution of the species. Previous structural investigations of mammalian serum albumins have only concentrated on human serum albumin (HSA), most likely as a consequence of crystallization and diffraction difficulties. Here, the crystal structures of serum albumins isolated from bovine, equine and leporine blood plasma are reported. The structure of bovine serum albumin (BSA) was determined at 2.47 Å resolution, two crystal structures of equine serum albumin (ESA) were determined at resolutions of 2.32 and 2.04 Å, and that of leporine serum albumin (LSA) was determined at 2.27 Å resolution. These structures were compared in detail with the structure of HSA. The ligand-binding pockets in BSA, ESA and LSA revealed different amino-acid compositions and conformations in comparison to HSA in some cases; however, much more significant differences were observed on the surface of the molecules. BSA, which is one of the most extensively utilized proteins in laboratory practice and is used as an HSA substitute in many experiments, exhibits only 75.8% identity compared with HSA. The higher resolution crystal structure of ESA highlights the binding properties of this protein because it includes several bound compounds from the crystallization solution that provide additional structural information about potential ligand-binding pockets.

Field of study: Chemistry
Measures to Prolong the Service Life of Lining in Alumina Rotary Drier

This paper analyzes the cause of damage of lining in alumina rotary drier. According to the tenet of improving property of refractory materials, using different sort of them in divided areas and meeting operating condition, measures are taken in aspects of using, laying and operating, which prolong the average life of lining in rotary drier by 1.5-1.8 times and obtain remarkable economic benefit.

Field of study: Materials science
Building enabling conditions for integrated coastal management at the national scale in Tanzania

Applying the orders of outcome framework introduced by Olsen et al. (Crafting Coastal Governance in a Changing World, The Coastal Resources Center, Narragansett, 2003, 376pp.), this article describes how the Tanzania Coastal Management Partnership (TCMP) built the enabling conditions necessary to establish a national integrated coastal management (ICM) program in Tanzania. The article shows how the TCMP created a nested governance system that features partnering with national and district government agencies, local ICM programs, scientists and non-governmental organizations (NGOs). The article introduces the regional East African context and local Tanzanian context for coastal management—contexts that have provided strong roots for ICM in Tanzania, and a body of experience on which to construct a national ICM program. The article outlines the key management strategies used by the TCMP to create enabling conditions for a national ICM program, describes how the national ICM Strategy was approved, and finally presents the key outcomes seen by the Partnership by early 2004.

Field of study: Environmental science
Biomonitoring of Fusarium spp. Mycotoxins: Perspectives for an Individual Exposure Assessment Tool

Fusarium species are probably the most prevalent toxin-producing fungi of the northern temperate regions and are commonly found on cereals grown in the temperate regions of America, Europe and Asia. Among the toxins formed by Fusarium we find trichothecenes of the A-type or B-type, zearalenone, fumonisins or nivalenol. The current exposure assessment consists of the qualitative and/or quantitative evaluation based on the knowledge of the mycotoxin occurrence in the food and the dietary habits of the population. This process permits quantifying the mycotoxin dietary intake through deterministic or probabilistic methods. Although these methods are suitable to assess the exposure of populations to contaminants and to identify risk groups, they are not recommended to evaluate the individual exposition, due to a low accuracy and sensitivity. On the contrary, the use of biochemical indicators has been proposed as a suitable method to assess individual exposure to contaminants. In this work, several techniques to biomonitor the exposure to fumonisins, deoxynivalenol, zearalenone or T-2 toxin have been reviewed.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Implementation of a Medicare Plan Selection Assistance Program Through a Community Partnership

To describe the implementation and outcomes of a sustainable Medicare Plan Selection Assistance Program conducted through a partnership between Auburn University Harrison School of Pharmacy (AU) and the Alabama State Health Insurance and Assistance Program (SHIP) since 2013.  The program’s goal is to assist Medicare beneficiaries in Medicare Part D plan selection. Reported outcomes included Medicare beneficiaries’ plan cost savings and satisfaction, and pharmacy students’ self-reported changes in knowledge and attitudes.  Each year, more than 80 pharmacy students assist more than 120 beneficiaries; at least 10 events are held covering 6-10 Alabama counties. On average, Medicare beneficiaries had a projected savings of $278.71 (2013), $1,081.66 (2014), $842.84 (2015), and $1,382.90 (2016) after enrolling in a new plan, and most students reported perceived increased ability to help beneficiaries select the most appropriate Medicare Part D plan.  The program produced positive outcomes for both beneficiaries and students. Other pharmacy schools may consider partnering with their State Health Insurance and Assistance Program to deliver a similar program to benefit their students and Medicare beneficiaries.

Field of study: Education, Medicine
Baryon resonances of the proton and few-body systems in the 200–800 MeV energy range

The total photoabsorption cross sections for 1H, 2H, 3He, and 4H have been measured (for the first time for 3He) with high precision on the MAMI-B accelerator (Mainz, Germany) with a tagged photon beam and the large acceptance detector DAPHNE. The dynamics of baryon resonances along the periodic table is analyzed, and they are compared with the sum of partial reactions on proton and deuteron. Preparation and the first stage of polarization measurements of photoabsorption cross sections on proton in the Δ resonance region are reported.

Field of study: Physics
Reliability and lifetime evaluation of different wire bonding technologies for high power IGBT modules

IGBT modules for power transmission, industrial and traction applications are operated under severe working conditions and in harsh environments. Therefore, a consequent design, focused on quality, performance and reliability is essential in order to satisfy the high customer requirements. One of the main failure mechanisms encountered in high power IGBT modules subjected to thermal cycles is wire bond lift-off, which is due to the large thermal expansion coefficient mismatch between the aluminum wires and the silicon chips. The paper describes various bonding technologies using different wire materials directly bonded onto chip metallisation as well as the ABB solution where the wire is bonded on a thin molybdenum strain buffer soldered onto the chip. We assess in the present paper the potential of these technologies to enhance module reliability and lifetime through a power cycling test. Failure analysis results are presented and the failure mechanisms related to each technology are explained in detail.

Field of study: Engineering
A QoS-aware Batch-mode Scheduling Algorithm in Grid Environment

In grid environment, the goal of batch-mode scheduling is the throughput of system without consideration of single users quality of service (QoS) demands. Considering tasks deadline, this paper presents a QoS-aware batch-mode scheduling algorithm. The simulation results proved that, compared to traditional batch-mode scheduling algorithm, with equal throughput of system, the in-time complete ratio of QoS-aware batch-mode scheduling algorithm has been improved obviously. This algorithm also presents nice adaptability encountered expecting task execution time error.

Field of study: Computer science
Numerical Simulation of Electromagnetic Thermal Coupling Field of Slab Works in Floating Induction Heating

The slab finite element method(FEM) model was built on the basis of electromagnetic and thermal field FEM analysis.With the flow of coupling calculation using universal FEM software ANSYS,the practical induction-heating quenching process was simulated.Considering parameters along with temperature changing,the calculation results were validated and analyzed by many aspects such as temperature and power.The results show that the computer simulation has the instruction significance to the actual project.

Field of study: Materials science
Generalisation Guarantees for Continual Learning with Orthogonal Gradient Descent

In continual learning settings, deep neural networks are prone to catastrophic forgetting. Orthogonal Gradient Descent (Farajtabar et al., 2019) achieves state-of-the-art results in practice for continual learning, although no theoretical guarantees have been proven yet. We derive the first generalisation guarantees for the algorithm OGD for continual learning, for overparameterized neural networks. We find that OGD is only provably robust to catastrophic forgetting across a single task. We propose OGD+, prove that it is robust to catastrophic forgetting across an arbitrary number of tasks, and that it verifies tighter generalisation bounds. The experiments show that OGD+ outperforms OGD on settings with long range memory dependencies, even though the models are not overparameterized. Also, we derive a closed form expression of the learned models through tasks, as a recursive kernel regression relation, which captures the transferability of knowledge through tasks. Finally, we quantify theoretically the impact of task ordering on the generalisation error, which highlights the importance of the curriculum for lifelong learning.

Field of study: Computer science
Using Author Studies in Children's Literature to Explore Social Justice Issues

An author-study approach to children's literature provides students with a criticial tool for text analysis. When students analyze an author's biography, interviews, and collection of work, they see writing as a powerful tool of personal expression. In this article, the author presents a week-to-week plan for analyzing multiple texts from one author and then comparing this author's voice to that of another author. Students are encouraged to use writing to express their own values and beliefs. These activities provide an opportunity for teachers and students to discuss prejudice and social justice.

Field of study: Sociology