nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Implementation of tidal turbines in MIKE 3 and Delft3D models of Pentland Firth & Orkney Waters

As part of the Terawatt project, two regional-scale hydrodynamic models of the Pentland Firth & Orkney waters were developed using unaltered commercially-available software (MIKE 3 and Delft3D), in order to investigate the suitability of such software for predicting the effects of tidal stream energy development. Realistic scenarios for tidal energy extraction were implemented in each, and the predictions of the models with and without turbines compared. Similar predictions were made of depth-averaged current speed (spatial correlation of R2=0.95), but bed stress in one model was more than double that in the other due to the use of different values for bed resistance. The effects of energy extraction are consistent between the models at a regional scale but show considerable local differences. We conclude that these model codes are suitable for broad-scale assessment of the effects of energy extraction but that caution, and more detailed survey data, is required at fine scales.

Field of study: Environmental science
Benefits of cryo-implantation for 28 nm NMOS advanced junction formation

In this paper, the integration benefits from cryogenic NMOS source drain extension implants on a state-of-the-art 28 nm logic flow are demonstrated and discussed. It is shown that device benefits, such as improved short channel effect, drain-induced barrier lowering and static random access memory yield improvement, can be achieved via damage engineering and enhanced dopant halo activation.

Field of study: Materials science
Holographic telescope arrays.

A typical job in optical computing is to illuminate an array of small nonlinear optical components, separated by wide gaps to avoid crosstalk. We do this by letting a wide uniform beam fall onto a densely packed array of minifying telescopes. Each telescope produces a narrow bundle of parallel rays which illuminates one of the nonlinear optical components. The holographic telescopes can do more than change the width of the bundles of parallel rays. Their image forming capability allows the transmission of many pixels per channel in parallel. The pair of lenslets of a single holographic telescope (Kepler or Galilean) is produced in rigid coupling. The monolithic production avoids adjusting the two lenslets later on.

Field of study: Physics
Lidar algorithms for atmospheric slant range visibility, meteorological conditions detection, and atmospheric layering measurements.

Visibility at airports has to do, in many ways, with flight and ground safety. We present a novel method and algorithms based on lidar measurements and signal noise subtraction to provide atmospheric layering and estimated visibility values for tower controllers and meteorologists as well as from the pilot's point of view, according to the International Civil Aviation Organization and World Meteorological Organization requirements.

Field of study: Physics
Losses in BeO ceramic waveguides in the 10.6 μ region

Infrared reflection and Raman scattering spectra of a single crystal of BeO and of BeO ceramic were studied. It was then possible to establish the form of the permittivity function whose values determine the infrared Q factor of waveguides made from these materials. The ceramic was found to be a polycrystalline material whose damping constant for optical phonons exceeded the corresponding value for a single crystal by roughly 30%. Consequently, in the 10.6 μ region, the losses in an "ideal" ceramic waveguide (i.e., neglecting the irregularities of its internal surface) exceeded those in a waveguide made from a single crystal by a factor of roughly 1.5. A comparison of the infrared reflection spectra of the ceramic and of a single crystal indicated that when calculating the losses in real ceramic waveguides one must take these irregularities into account and so also the scattering processes associated with them and, possibly, the excitation of surface polaritons. The structure of the reflection spectra was found to be a function of the sintering regime of the ceramic.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Mercury methylation and hydrogen sulfide production among unexpected strains isolated from periphyton of two macrophytes of the Amazon.

The periphyton of macrophytes had previously been identified as important spots for mercury methylation in the Amazon basin, but the microorganisms that facilitate methylation in such compartment are still to be identified. Here, bacteria were isolated from periphyton associated with Eichhornia crassipes and Polygonum densiflorum in Widdel and Pfennig medium and tested for mercury methylation with a stable isotope tracer technique using (198)HgCl, hydrogen sulfide production and molybdate inhibition. Three Pleomorphomona spp., one unidentified Deltaproteobacteria, two Klebsiella spp., and one Tolumonas sp. were isolated. All except Tolumonas sp. were able to methylate mercury (up to 5% of the (198)HgCl added) and produce up to 4 mM of H(2)S, while the Deltaproteobacteria was also able to demethylate methylmercury. Although these bacteria may not be as strong mercury methylators as sulfate-reducing bacteria, they have the potential to contribute to methylmercury accumulation in the system.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Comparison of fatty acid contents of erythrocyte membrane in hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis patients.

Membrane fatty acid composition plays an important role in the cellular function. Erythrocyte fatty acid composition mirrors that of myocardium and is influenced by diet. Earlier studies have shown significant alterations of membrane fatty acid composition in ethnically mixed patients with end-stage renal disease. Given the impact of ethnic and dietary factors, we sought to examine membrane fatty acid composition in an ethnically homogeneous end-stage renal disease population residing in a coastal region of Korea with high fish consumption.



Cross-sectional study.



Outpatient facility at Dong-A University Hospital, Busan, Republic of Korea.



We recruited 15 stable hemodialysis patients, 14 peritoneal dialysis patients, and 10 age- and gender-matched normal controls. Patients with significant malnutrition, short duration of dialysis, recent infection, malignancy, or liver disease were excluded. Dietary intake and use of omega-3 fatty acid supplements were determined.



Erythrocyte membrane fatty acid contents measured by gas chromatography.



Palmitoleic acid and alpha-linolenic acid levels were lower, whereas oleic acid, linoleic acid, and arachidonic acid levels were higher in patients with end-stage renal disease compared with the control group. Total monounsaturated fatty acids (palmitoleic acid and oleic acid) were significantly higher in peritoneal dialysis than in hemodialysis patients. Eicosapentaenoic acid and omega-3 docosapentaenoic acid were significantly higher, but total omega-6 fatty acids, omega-6/omega-3, and arachidonic acid/eicosapentaenoic acid ratios were significantly lower in hemodialysis patients consuming omega-3 supplements compared with those who did not.



Patients with end-stage renal disease exhibited significant alterations in erythrocyte membrane fatty acids, which were partially modified by the dialysis modality and omega-3 fatty acid supplementation.

Field of study: Medicine
On positive embeddings of C(K) spaces

We investigate isomorphic embeddings $T: C(K)\to C(L)$ between Banach spaces of continuous functions. We show that if such an embedding $T$ is a positive operator then $K$ is an image of $L$ under a upper semicontinuous set-function having finite values. Moreover we show that $K$ has a $\pi$-base of sets which closures a continuous images of compact subspaces of $L$. Our results imply in particular that if $C(K)$ can be positively embedded into $C(L)$ then some topological properties of $L$, such as countable tightness of Frechetness, pass to the space $K$. We show that some arbitrary isomorphic embeddings $C(K)\to C(L)$ can be, in a sense, reduced to positive embeddings.

Field of study: Mathematics
A Study on the Issues concerning Vulnerable Left-Behind People in Mountainous Areas——Taking Changyang County Hubei Province as An Example

China is a country with large mountainous areas,where the economy is relatively backward and a large number of people turn to migrant workers.The vulnerable rural left-behind people face a lot of difficulties.Based on the investigation into the situation of Changyang County Hubei Province,the paper analyzes the vulnerable left-behind people's difficulties in mountainous areas and the reasons,and proposes to establish service community and family community,strengthen the education function of schools and teachers,establish and improve concern and love service system and so on.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Unsupervised Learning of Central Cases of Audio-Visual Events

Kento Nishibori Non-member (Nagoya Institute of Technology, nishibori.kento@nitech.ac.jp) Tetsuya Matsumoto Non-member (Nagoya University, matumoto@ohnishi.m.is.nagoya-u.ac.jp) Yoshinori Takeuchi Non-member (Nagoya University, takeuchi@ohnishi.m.is.nagoya-u.ac.jp) Hiroaki Kudo Member (Nagoya University, kudo@ohnishi.m.is.nagoya-u.ac.jp) Noboru Ohnishi Member (Nagoya University, ohnishi@ohnishi.m.is.nagoya-u.ac.jp)

Field of study: Computer science
SiC field-effect devices operating at high temperature

Field-effect devices based on SiC metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) structures are attractive for electronic and sensing applications above 250°C. The MOS device operation in chemically corrosive, high-temperature environments places stringent demands on the stability of the insulating dielectric and the constituent interfaces within the structure. The primary mode of oxide breakdown under these conditions is attributed to electron injection from the substrate. The reliability of n-type SiC MOS devices was investigated by monitoring the gate-leakage current as a function of temperature. We find current densities below 17 nA/cm2 and 3 nA/cm2 at electric field strengths up to 0.6 MV/cm and temperatures of 330°C and 180°C, respectively. These are promising results for high-temperature operation, because the optimum bias point for SiC MOS gas sensors in near midgap, where the field across the oxide is small. Our results are valid for n-type SiC MOS sensors in general and have been observed in both the 4H and 6H polytypes.

Field of study: Materials science
Calibration of response curves for X-ray film

A calibration method of absolute response for TianjinⅢ X-ray film on Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility was introduced.In experiment,a shutter and standard detector were used to control the exposure time and integrated light intensity,hence the absolute light intensity recorded by the film could be obtained,and optical density was obtained by scanning the film with densitometer.In data processing,the shutter response was calibrated and the non-homogeneous source distribution was studied,which could reduce the uncertainty of light intensity.The experimental data of the absolute response between absolute light intensity and the optical density at photo energy of 1keV and 1.5keV were obtained respectively,the experimental results were fitted with Henke's theoretic formula to obtain absolute response curves.

Field of study: Physics
FUT8: from biochemistry to synthesis of core-fucosylated N-glycans

Glycosylation is a major posttranslational modification of proteins. Modification in structure on N-glycans leads to many diseases. One of such modifications is core α-1,6 fucosylation, which is only found in eukaryotes. For this reason, lots of research has been done on approaches to synthesize core-fucosylated N-glycans both chemically and enzymatically, in order to have well defined structures that can be used as probes for glycan analysis and identifying functions of glycan-binding proteins. This review will focus on FUT8, the enzyme responsible for core fucosylation in mammals and the strategies that have been developed for the synthesis of core fucosylated N-glycans have been synthesized so far.

Field of study: Chemistry
Effect of Low-Amplitude Load Oscillations on Stiffness and Hardness for Al and W in Loaded Nanocontacts

The effect low-amplitude oscillations have on the mechanical properties of Al and W in nanocontacts is studied by means of continuous stiffness measurements (CSM). It is established that the additional superpositioning of oscillations until a critical amplitude is reached has no effect on the mechanisms, kinetics, or plastic deformation of a material. The threshold amplitudes and frequencies of such oscillations are determined for Al (2.5 nm) and W (3.5 nm).

Field of study: Physics
Travelling waves and pattern formation in a model for fungal development

Under a variety of conditions, the hyphal density within the expanding outer edge of growing fungal mycelia can be spatially heterogeneous or nearly uniform. We conduct an analysis of a system of reaction-diffusion equations used to model the growth of fungal mycelia and the subsequent development of macroscopic patterns produced by differing hyphal and hence biomass densities. Both local and global results are obtained using analytical and numerical techniques. The emphasis is on qualitative results, including the effects of changes in parameter values on the structure of the solution set.

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics
United States Tax Reform: A Common Sense Approach

The fairness of the United States Tax system is at the center of the debate on economic growth and deficit reduction. The prevailing solutions seems centered on stimulating the economy by cutting taxes and cutting spending to minimize its impact on the federal budget deficit. The major area of disagreement lies in the fairness of the current tax system and the belief that the segment of the society most able to bear the cost of government are paying the least or not paying their fair share. The objective of this paper is to propose a tax code that is fair, a tax code that is simple enough that a taxpayer does not need a professional to help him or her to figure out their tax bill. This tax system is based on a combination of personal income tax, consumption tax and the elimination of the corporate income tax.

Field of study: Business
Airborne quartz concentration in an urban site

The International Agency for Research on Cancer, IARC, has recently classified crystalline silica as carcinogenic to man. This new assessment calls for the determination of the concentration levels of crystalline silica to which the general population is exposed to. This paper reports the results of the determinations of airborne quartz – the most common form of crystalline silica – in a site of the metropolitan area of Rome, Italy. We studied the respirable fraction of the airborne particulate (PM10) sampled in spring 1996 with a cascade impactor, by means of a scanning electron microscope equipped with an X-ray microprobe. Ten components were identified of which 3.7% on the average was total silica (crystalline and amorphous). On the basis of these data we started a methodical study of quartz concentrations in the historical series of the PM10 daily sampled with an Airborne Particles Monitor (APM) apparatus at the above-mentioned site. PM10 was collected on cellulose filters which were then incinerated in oxygen plasma at low temperature to eliminate the organic component. The residue was deposited on silver membrane filters that were then read with a conventional X-ray diffractometer to determine quartz amounts. Twenty eight filters were analysed which corresponded to four weeks representative of the four seasons of 1994, the year when samples started to be systematically collected. Results show that the mean weekly concentration of airborne quartz ranged between 0.6 and 1.5 μg/Nm 3 , which corresponded to 1.7% and 3.4% of total PM10, respectively. These data are substantially in agreement with our previous data obtained with electron microscopy, and show that the quartz levels present in the urban atmosphere under study were approximately 100-fold lower than the threshold limit value (TLV), currently suggested by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) for the workplaces, namely 100 μg/Nm 3 – threshold that is currently applied in Italy.

Field of study: Environmental science
Self-reported gingivitis among pregnant women and nonpregnant women in the City of Derna, Libya: Is there any difference? a cross-sectional survey

Good oral hygiene maintain for pregnant women is the optimal goal of all health-care professionals. The purpose of this study is to assess and compare the prevalence of self-reported gingivitis among pregnant and nonpregnant women in the city of Derna, Libya.  a cross-sectional survey design was used. A total of 363 women (182 [50.1%] pregnant and 182 [49.9%] nonpregnant women) who attended to public and private clinics of maternity health care in Derna city were randomly invited to have face-to-face interviews to evaluate their gingival and dental status. A questionnaire was used to explore the gingival status of the participants, including oral hygiene practice, gingival bleeding, socioeconomic status, and dental conditions. Collected data were analyzed using the SPSS software and applying appropriate statistical tests at P = 0.05.  The overall mean age of the participants is 27.60 ± 6.04 years (28.70 ± 6.09 and 26.50 ± 5.80 years in pregnant and nonpregnant women, respectively, P = 0.001). The prevalence of gingivitis (bleeding on using of tooth brushing) among all participated was 64.7% (68.1% and 61.3% for pregnant and nonpregnant women, respectively, P = 0.175). The pregnant women were more likely to report bleeding from their gum during brushing their teeth as compared to the nonpregnant women (odds ratio = 1.34, 95% confidence interval, 0.87–2.07).  The prevalence of self-reported gingivitis in our study did not approach the statistically significant difference between pregnant and nonpregnant women. However, promoting oral health during pregnancy should be a routine practice to raise awareness about this common disease within pregnant women community.

Field of study: Medicine
PARAMETER IDENTIFICATION FOR VISCOELASTIC DAMAGE CONSTITUTIVE MODEL OF PBX

A viscoelastic damage model for PBX based on Visco-scram equations is established by introducing an internal variable for damage characterizing microscopic defects in materials.The model is implemented into finite element software ABAQUS through user subroutines interface UMAT provided by ABAQUS.Combining the forward computation based on ABAQUS and the genetic optimization algorithm,an inverse technique is advanced to identify the parameters of a viscoelastic damage constitutive model for PBX.An example is carried out using the proposed technique.The results show that the technique is feasible for the parameters identification of a PBX viscoelastic damage model,and it can be applied to the parameter identification of other models.

Field of study: Engineering
College and University Presidents in Fiction

This article explores the ways in which college and university presidents are depicted in American "academic novels."' There are more than four hundred of these literary epics-fictionalized accounts of life in American institutions of higher learning-and presidents appear in nearly all of them.2,3 Indeed, the very first American academic novel, Nathaniel Hawthorne's Fanshawe , contained a detailed portrait of the Reverend Dr. Melmoth, president of Harley College. Harley was modeled after Bowdoin, Hawthorne's alma mater, but the character of the Reverend Melmoth was not based upon Dr. William Allen, the stern and autocratic president of Bowdoin during

Field of study: Education
COVID-19 Outbreak and Hospital Air Quality: A Systematic Review of Evidence on Air Filtration and Recirculation

The outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 has made us all think critically about hospital indoor air quality and the approaches to remove, dilute, and disinfect pathogenic organisms from the hospital environment. While specific aspects of the coronavirus infectivity, spread, and routes of transmission are still under rigorous investigation, it seems that a recollection of knowledge from the literature can provide useful lessons to cope with this new situation. As a result, a systematic literature review was conducted on the safety of air filtration and air recirculation in healthcare premises. This review targeted a wide range of evidence from codes and regulations, to peer-reviewed publications, and best practice standards. The literature search resulted in 394 publications, of which 109 documents were included in the final review. Overall, even though solid evidence to support current practice is very scarce, proper filtration remains one important approach to maintain the cleanliness of indoor air in hospitals. Given the rather large physical footprint of the filtration system, a range of short-term and long-term solutions from the literature are collected. Nonetheless, there is a need for a rigorous and feasible line of research in the area of air filtration and recirculation in healthcare facilities. Such efforts can enhance the performance of healthcare facilities under normal conditions or during a pandemic. Past innovations can be adopted for the new outbreak at low-to-minimal cost.

Field of study: Environmental science
[Distribution and metabolism of calcium [3H]metronidazolamate in mice].

The blood radioactivity-time curve after iv calcium [3H]metronidazola-mate in mice was to be a diexponential model. It was rapidly distributed in various tissues. The highest radioactivities were found in liver and kidney, followed by lung, blood, heart, spleen, and the lowest in brain and testes. Bile and bone marrow contained only a slight radioactivity. In 7 d the cumulative excretion of radioactivity was 52 +/- 17% of the iv dose in urine and 10.3 +/- 2.4% in feces. The measurement by TLC and liquid scintillation counting of urine taken at 24 h after iv calcium [3H] metronidazolamate to mice revealed that approximately 77% of the total radioactivity in urine was excreted as the drug in unchanged form and 7% as its hydrolysate, metronidazole. Calcium [3H]metronidazolamate remained at a high level in blood on account of its longer T1/2 beta (34 h) and 20% were bound to plasma protein, thus making it available for longterm fractional radiotherapy of tumors.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Dynamical Screening Effect on $\alpha$-$\alpha$ Resonant Scattering and Thermal Nuclear Scattering Rate

We study the dynamical screening effect in the QED plasma on the $\alpha$-$\alpha$ scattering at the $^8$Be resonance. Dynamical screening leads to an imaginary part of the potential which results in a thermal width for the resonance and dominates over the previously considered static screening effect. As a result, both the resonance energy and width increase with the plasma temperature. Furthermore, dynamical screening can have a huge impact on the $\alpha$-$\alpha$ thermal nuclear scattering rate. For example, when the temperature is around $10$ keV, the rate is suppressed by a factor of about $900$. We expect similar thermal suppressions of nuclear reaction rates to occur in nuclear reactions dominated by an above threshold resonance with a thermal energy. Dynamical screening effects on nuclear reactions can be relevant to cosmology and astrophysics.

Field of study: Physics